Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Economy
Meat packing is the main industry in Dodge City. The city also has farm implement manufacturing, and is a supply center for area agriculture. Livestock-raising is a major activity while wheat and sorghum are the area's main crops. 

In addition, a local tourism industry, including a casino resort, has developed to capitalize on Dodge City's history as an Old West cowtown. The service sector accounts for much of the rest of the local economy with local government, schools, retail stores, and health care providers as the city's other major employers.

Transportation 
Four U.S. Highways meet in Dodge City: U.S. Route 50, U.S. Route 56, U.S. Route 283, and U.S. Route 400. Dodge City was located on the National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, that was established in 1912.

Dodge City Regional Airport is about 2 miles (3 km) east of the city.  Three railroads serve Dodge City.

References 

County seats in Kansas
Cities in Ford County, Kansas
Juventus Stadium is a sports stadium in Turin, Italy. It is home to the club Juventus FC. It can hold 41,254 people. It was built on the site of the Stadio delle Alpi, and opened in the summer of 2011.

Gallery

References 

2011 establishments in Europe
2010s establishments in Italy
Juventus F.C.
Sports buildings in Italy
Turin
Andrea Agnelli (born December 6, 1975 in Turin) is an Italian businessman.  In 2010 he became president of Italian football club Juventus F.C..   He is an Executive Member of the European Club Association. He is also a board member of FIAT and Exor.

References

1975 births
Living people
Italian people
Princeton is a community in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756. Although Princeton is a "college town", there are other important institutions in the area, including the Institute for Advanced Study, Educational Testing Service (ETS), Opinion Research Corporation, Siemens Corporate Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sarnoff Corporation, FMC Corporation, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Amrep, Church and Dwight, Berlitz International, and Dow Jones & Company. 

Princeton is roughly same distance from both New York City and Philadelphia. Since the nineteenth century, it has been connected by rail to both cities by the Princeton Branch rail line to the nearby Princeton Junction Station on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor.  Princeton is close to many major highways that serve both cities, and receives some TV and radio broadcasts from each.
The Princeton train station was moved from under Blair Hall to its present location on University Place in 1918. Commuting to New York from Princeton became commonplace after World War II.  New Jersey Transit provides shuttle service between the Princeton and Princeton Junction stations;  the train is locally called the "Dinky", and has also been known as the "PJ&B" (for "Princeton Junction and Back").  Two train cars, or sometimes just one, are used.

New Jersey's capital is the city of Trenton, but the governor's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governor's mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a colonial mansion in the township. Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society.

In 1783, it was the capital of the United States for a few months.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Princeton Regional Convention and Visitors Bureau
Princeton Township Municipal Web Site (Government)
The Princeton Packet (Local Newspaper)
Princeton Online (Local Online Community)
Princeton Regional Schools 
Data for the Princeton Regional Schools, National Center for Education Statistics

Cities in New Jersey
Former capitals of the United States
New Jersey
Mugen Motorsports (M-TEC Co., Ltd) () is a Japanese company. It was formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda and Masao Kimura. Hirotoshi Honda is the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda. Mugen is an engine tuner (performance improvement) and parts builder. They are closely linked with Honda. Mugen has never been owned by Honda. Mugen means "Without Limit", or "Unlimited". It is common to placed word "Power" after Mugen to say "Unlimited Power". 

The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship. They also sell parts to amateur racers. Mugen was involved in Formula 3000 championships in 1990 and 1991. This led Mugen to join Formula One. They  supplied engines from 1992 to 2000. They also supplied the only engines for Formula Nippon from 1996 until 2005.

Mugen Racing
Mugen Racing

Single-seaters 
In 1986, Formula 3000 was introduced into Japan. Mugen joined with Honda to build an F3000 engine. It was introduced in the 1987 season and leased to 14 teams. In 1988, Mugen won four of the top five places in the Japanese F3000 championship. In 1989, Mugen entered European F3000 with the MF308 engine. They won the championship with Jean Alesi driving a Reynard. The same year the company produced its own prototype 3.5 L V8 Formula One engine, codenamed MF350.

In 1988, Mugen started tuning Honda engines for use in Formula Three. They won the Japanese series with Akihiko Nakaya, and in 1990 expanded to Europe. Mugen won its first Formula Three championships in Europe. They took the French title with Eric Hélary, and the British crown with Mika Häkkinen. They also won the title in 1991 with Rubens Barrichello.

Formula One
Formula One 

In 1991, Mugen built Honda V10 engines for Tyrrell. In 1992 the engine was renamed to Mugen MF351H. The engine was used by the Footwork team in 1992 and 1993. 

In 1994, Mugen moved to Team Lotus with the new Lotus 109. The team was underfunded and the 109 chassis was late arriving. The car and its engine was scored a single point. At the end of the year, Lotus closed down.

Mugen switched to the Ligier team in 1995. In 1996 Mugen won its first Formula One race. The 3.0 L engine, codenamed MF301H, won at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix with Olivier Panis driving.

Ligier was taken over by Alain Prost in 1997, and renamed Prost Grand Prix. When Prost changed Peugeot engines in 1998, Mugen reached a two-year agreement with Jordan Grand Prix. The 1998 season saw a 1-2 finish at Spa-Francorchamps with Damon Hill and Ralf Schumacher.
In 1999, Heinz-Harald Frentzen won twice and Jorden finished the constuctors championship in third place. In 2000, the Honda Motor Company announced that it would be returning for Formula One. Honda would supply its own engines in 2000 with British American Racing. At the end of the 2000 season, Mugen pulled out of F1.

Sportscar racing 
In 1998, Mugen entered sports car racing. They built several NSX race cars. In 2000, the Mugen/Dome team was champion.

In 2001, in the JGTC, the Mugen NSX won two races. In June, the company announced the a new 4.0 L V8. The MF408S was built for the main prototype class in the 24 Hours of Le Mans and American Le Mans Series.

Vehicles 
Mugen has built concept Honda vehicles. Some models are sold in Japanese domestic market.
List of Mugen vehicles 
 Honda city turbo I and II
 1984 Mugen Honda CR-X
 2004 Honda Fit Dynamite
 2005 Honda Legend Max
 2006 Honda Fit Spec.D
 2006 Honda Civic Dominator
 the Road to Racing Concept (Honda Civic-based) (2007)
 Open-Top Pure Sports Concept (Honda S2000-based) (2007)
 Mugen Courage LC70 (Japan Le Mans Challenge LMP-1) (2007)
 Mugen S2000 (2008)
 Honda Fit F154SC (2008)
 Mugen RR Experimental Spec. (Honda Civic Type R-based) (2008)
 Honda Civic 5D MUGEN
 Honda NSX Mugen RR (2009)
 Honda Civic Mugen RR Advanced Concept (2009)
 Honda Accord Mugen 24sc (2009)
 Honda Odyssey Mugen (2009)
2005 Subaru Legacy GT Silver with Gold Rims

Production vehicles 
 Civic Mugen Si
 Civic Mugen RR
 CR-Z Mugen
 Prelude Mugen

Complete Formula One results

As an engine supplier 
(key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap.) 

Pole position in Bold.
Fastest lap in Italics.

Formula One statistics

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Mugen Official Site
 Forum Community for Mugen Enthusiasts and Owners 
Mugen authorised agent for United States of America
Mugen authorised agent for New Zealand and Pacific Islands
2009 Civic Type R Mugen Championship White available in the UK 

Formula One engine manufacturers
Iraq was first at the Olympic Games in 1948. Since 1980, Iraq has been in every game despite the [[Iraq War]]. Iraq has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.

Iraq has been represented by the National Olympic Committee of Iraq since 1948.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Iraq profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Iraq
Nations at the Olympics
Japan at the Olympics is a history which includes 41 games in 22 countries and 3,000+ athletes.  Since 1912, athletes of Japan have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Japan is JPN.

History
The Japanese National Olympic Committee was formed in 1911.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1912.   Its first president was Kanō Jigorō.

Japan's team first competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. Japan was not invited to the 1948 Games after World War II; and Japan boycotted of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

In support of the team at the 2012 Summer Olympics, each of the 518 athletes were given hand-carved good luck charm made by schoolchildren from tsunami-hit areas in Tōhoku. These special "medals" were made from driftwood. There were messages from the children on the ribbons which were attached.
Medalists
Japanese tennis players Ichiya Kumagae  and Seiichiro Kashio were the first Japanese athletes to win medals in summer sport.  They won silver medals in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

The first Japanese medal in a winter sport was in 1956 when Chiharu Igaya earned a silver medal for Alpine skiing.

Summer Games
During the course of 20 summer games, Japanese athletes have won 350+ medals, with the most gold medals won in judo.  In the 1928 games in Amsterdam, Japan's first gold medals in summer sports were won by Mikio Oda in the triple jump and by Yoshiyuki Tsuruta in swimming.

Winter Games
Japan has won 37 medals at the winter games. In the 1972 games in Sapporo, Japan's first gold medal in a winter sports was won by Yukio Kasaya in ski jumping.
Notable Olympians
Japanese Olympic greats include 
 Naoko Takahashi, marathon gold medal in 2000
 Tamara Ryoka, judoka gold medals in 2000 and 2004
 Sawao Kato, gymnast gold medals in 1968, 1972 and 1976
 Akinori Nakayama, gymnast gold medals in 1968 and 1972

The youngest Japanese competitor was Etsuko Inada (12 years, 4 days) in the 1936 Winter Olympics.  The oldest Japanese Olympian is Hiroshi Hoketsu (67 years, 139 days) in the 2008 Summer Games.

Host country
The 1940 Summer Olympics and the 1940 Winter Olympics were planned for Japan, but the organizers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.  These games were later cancelled because of World War II.

Japan was the host country three times, including
 1964 Summer Olympics
 1972 Winter Olympics
 1998 Winter Olympics

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 List of IOC country codes
 Japan national football team
 Japan women's national football team

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Japanese Olympic Committee website
  Japan profile at London2012.com 
  Japan at databaseOlympics.com

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Japan
National sports teams of Japan
Hayward is a city in Alameda County, California. It has 162,954 people, according to the 2020 census. Hayward is the sixth largest city in the San Francisco Bay Area and the third largest in Alameda County, It is on the Bay's eastern shore, next to Union City. The San Mateo-Hayward Bridge starts there. Hayward is the 37th biggest city in California by how many people live there. The city was named after William Dutton Hayward, who opened a hotel in the area in 1852.

History
People first lived in the area as long ago as 4000 B.C.E.. These people were the Native American Ohlone people.

In the 19th century, this area became part of Rancho San Lorenzo, a Spanish land grant to Guillermo Castro in 1740.
Business
Hayward was the home to a big tomato canning company, the Hunt Brothers Cannery. The cannery was opened in Hayward in 1895 by brothers William and Joseph Hunt. The whole city smelled like tomatoes for three months of each year, when the tomatoes were ripe for picking, and they were being cooked for canning. It closed in 1981.

Hayward has many businesses which make things, and many large companies have their offices there. PepsiCo has a bottling factory there. The Shasta soft drink company is in Hayward. The Role-playing game publisher Chaosium was based there. The High-tech company Dust Networks is in Hayward. The Mervyns department store chain was based in Hayward. It went out of business in 2008. The All Pro Wrestling school puts on shows in Hayward.

The top businesses in the city, which hire 7% of the people in the city, are:

† these are businesses whose main office is based in Hayward
Two businesses which had a lot of people working for them in the years 2000-2001 were Mervyns, with 2,000, and Pacific Bell, with 940.

Geography

The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 63.7 square miles (165.1 km²). 45.3 square miles (117.4 km²) of it is land and 18.4 square miles (47.7 km²) of it (28.90%) is water. The Hayward Fault Zone runs through Hayward. The United States Geologic Survey has said there will probably be a big earthquake on this fault zone. This earthquake will probably cause a lot of damage. Other cities next to Hayward are Union City, Fremont and Pleasanton.

People
People

2010
The 2010 United States Census said that 144,186 people, 45,365 households, and 32,559 families resided in the city. There were 3,181.3 people per square mile (1,228.3/km²). The people in the city were 34.2% White (18.8% not Hispanic), 11.9% African American (11.3% not Hispanic), 1.0% Native American, 22.0% Asian, 3.1% people from islands in the Pacific Ocean, 20.8% from other races, and 7.1% from two or more races. 40.7% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 48,296 houses. 52.8% were lived in by their owner. 47.2% were lived in by people renting the houses.

Government
The mayor of Hayward is Barbara Halliday.

Getting to and from Hayward

Interstate 880 and Interstate 238 go through Hayward. BART has two stations in Hayward. Amtrak, the US passenger train, has a stop in Hayward. Hayward has a small airport, the Hayward Executive Airport.
Services
The Hayward Hall of Justice is a branch of the California Superior Court. It is the largest courthouse in Alameda County.

Schools
California State University, East Bay, once known as California State University, Hayward, is mostly located there. It is part of California State University. Hayward also has Chabot College, a community college where Tom Hanks went to school.

Parks
Hayward has four parks in the East Bay Regional Park District: the Don Castro Regional Recreation Area, Dry Creek Pioneer Regional Park, the Hayward Regional Shoreline, and Garin Regional Park. Hayward has a lot of parks. The Hayward Area Recreation and Park District is the biggest in California.

Historic landmarks
Hayward has two buildings in the National Register of Historic Places: the Green Shutter Hotel and Eden Congregational Church. A third Historic Place, Meek Mansion, is close to the city. The three buildings are also California Historical Landmarks. Ukraina Honcharenko is another Historical Landmark in the city.
Notable people
Some of the people from Hayward are: the Ukrainian patriot and Greek Orthodox priest Agapius Honcharenko; football coach Bill Walsh; figure skater Kristi Yamaguchi; Treasurer of the United States Rosa Gumataotao Rios; Dwayne Johnson, also known as "The Rock", professional wrestler and actor; and Bill Lockyer, California politician, former Attorney General and State Senator, now the State Treasurer.

Sister cities
Hayward is the sister city of:
  Funabashi, Japan
  Ghazni, Afghanistan

References

Other websites

City of Hayward website
Hayward history at City website
City of Hayward Geographic Information System website , with a high quality city map
 map of Alameda County, showing Hayward's borders (Alameda County website)
Hayward Area Historical Society (HAHS) website

Cities in California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Settlements in Alameda County, California
Dioscoreales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Dioscoreaceae.

Monocots
Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned is a "studio" album by the Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was recorded in 1974-1975 in Houska Castle and in atelier in Prague. It was released in 1978 (France) and in Czech Republic in 2001. The album title is a parody on the name of The Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Tracklist 
Title (Music/Lyrics)
Dvacet (Milan Hlavsa/Egon Bondy)
Zácpa (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Toxika (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Magické noci (Hlavsa/Bondy)
M.G.M. (Hlavsa/)
Okolo okna (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Elegie (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Podivuhodný mandarin (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Nikdo (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Jó-to se ti to spí (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Já a Mike (Hlavsa/Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., translator Jaroslav Kořán)
Ranní ptáče (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Francovka (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Jednou nohou (Hlavsa/?)
Spofa blues (Hlavsa/Bondy)
Apokalyptickej pták (Hlavsa/Pavel Zajíček)
Píseň brance (Hlavsa/František Pánek)
Musicians 
Milan Hlavsa – bass guitar, vocals
Josef Janíček – guitar, vibraphone, vocals
Jiří Kabeš – violin, vocals
Vratislav Brabenec – alto saxophone
Jiří Šula – drums
Jaroslav Vožniak – drums
Vasil Šnajdr – flute
Zdeněk Fišer – theremin

The Plastic People of the Universe
1978 albums
2001 albums
Rock albums
Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa (March 6, 1951, Prague, Czechoslovakia – January 5, 2001, Prague, Czech Republic) was a Czech musician and singer. He was a founder of and bassist for the Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. In 1999, played in the White House along with Lou Reed.

References

1951 births
2001 deaths
Czech musicians
The Plastic People of the Universe
Olympic is a rock band from Prague, Czechoslovakia (today Czech Republic). The band's frontman is Petr Janda. Founding members were Petr Janda (solo guitar, vocals), Pete Kaplan (rhythm guitar), František Ringo Čech (drums) and Miroslav Berka (keyboards).

Other websites
 Official website

Czech musical groups
The red admiral (Vanessa atalanta) is a well-known colourful butterfly, found in temperate Europe, Asia and North America. It has a  wing span. The species is resident only in warmer areas, but migrates north in spring, and sometimes again in autumn.

In northern Europe, it is one of the last butterflies to be seen before winter sets in, often feeding on the flowers of ivy on sunny days. The red admiral is also known to hibernate, re-emerging individuals showing prominently darker colourings than first brood subjects. The butterfly also flies on sunny winter days, especially in southern Europe.

In North America, the red admiral generally has two broods from March through October. Most of North America must be recolonized each spring by southern migrants, but this species over-winters in south Texas.

Other red admiral species are:
The New Zealand red admiral Vanessa gonerilla.
The Indian red admiral Vanessa indica.

Painted ladies
Painted ladies 

The painted ladies are a subgenus Cynthis of the red admirals. The topside of their wings is mostly orange in colour.

The group includes:
 The painted lady (Vanessa cardui), which is almost global in its distribution
 Australian painted lady (Vanessa kershawi)
 American painted lady (Vanessa virginiensis)
 West coast lady (Vanessa annabella).

Migration 
The painted lady in the UK migrates south in the winter. This has been proved by tracking them on radar. They fly at high altitude on a 9,000-mile migration. It could take up to six successive generations for the species to complete a 9000 mile (14,400 km) round trip from tropical Africa to Europe.

Huge numbers migrate. The radar showed that 11 million painted ladies entered the UK at high altitude in spring 2009. Twenty six million were counted departing in the autumn.

References 

Nymphalidae
Sami Lepistö (born October 17, 1984 in Espoo, Finland) is a professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg of the KHL. He was drafted with the 66th overall pick by the Washington Capitals in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He first played hockey in the SM-liiga with Jokerit. He played with Jokerit with 4 seasons before being signed by the Washington Capitals on May 31, 2007. He was assigned to the Capitals AHL farm team, the Hershey Bears. He was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes on June 27, 2009. He was sent to the Columbus Blue Jackets for Rostislav Klesla and Dane Byers. On July 15, 2011, He signed a one year deal with the Chicago Blackhawks. He played one season with the Blackhawks before signing a one year contract with the rebuilding Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the KHL. He played 26 games with them and then signed a contract with Lev Prague. He played 11 games with them and currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1984 births
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Espoo
Finnish ice hockey players
Hershey Bears players
Living people
Finnish Olympic bronze medalists
Phoenix Coyotes players
Washington Capitals players
Ice hockey defencemen
Brian Connelly (born June 10, 1986 in Bloomington, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Rockford IceHogs which are the AHL farm team of the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL.

He played hockey collegically for the Colorado College Tigers for 3 seasons. Connelly also played 3 seasons with the Rockford IceHogs before he was traded to the Calgary Flames by the Blackhawks in exchange for Brendan Morrison on January 27, 2012.

On July 6, 2012, he signed as a two-year, two-way contract with the Minnesota Wild. On February 26, 2014, Connelly was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Brad Winchester.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
Living people
Abbotsford Heat players
American ice hockey defensemen
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Iowa Wild players
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Swedish Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
Nick Leddy (born March 20, 1991 in Eden Prairie, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for the New York Islanders of the NHL.

He was drafted with the 16th overall pick by the Minnesota Wild in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his hockey career when he played at the University of Minnesota with the Golden Gophers. He was drafted by the Wild and was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with Kim Johnsson for Cam Barker on February 12, 2010.

He played his first NHL game on October 8, 2010 against the Colorado Avalanche and scored his first NHL goal on October 11, 2010 against Ryan Miller of the Buffalo Sabres. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

References

Other websites 

1991 births
Living people
American ice hockey defensemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
New York Islanders players
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Stanley Cup champions
The meadow brown, Maniola jurtina, is a butterfly found in European meadows. Its larvae feed on grasses.

There is some sexual dimorphism in this species. Males are less colourful, with smaller eyespots and much reduced orange areas on the upper forewings. They are also much more active and range far about. Females fly less and often may not away from the area where they grew up.

The evolutionary significance of the upperwing eyespots is probably defence against predators. Small, peripheral eyespots deflect the attacks of birds to non-vital parts of the body. They can fly perfectly well when their wings have one or two beak-shaped clips on them.

Food plants 
Sheep's fescue Festuca ovina
Rough meadow grass Poa trivialis
Smooth meadow grass Poa pratensis

References 

Nymphalidae
The musk ox (Ovibos moschatus, muskox) is a large Arctic mammal of the Bovidae family.

It has a thick coat, and was common in the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene ice age. The males give off a strong odour, hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Musk oxen travel in herds of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their thick heads and horns against each other. The musk oxen's long, curved horns keep away predators. When a herd smells nearby wolves, all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. They lower their heads to show off their horns.

Musk oxen live in Arctic North America and Greenland, with small introduced populations in Sweden, Siberia and Norway.
Musk oxen are herbivores which graze on grasses, leaves, and some Arctic flowers. They are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called a cud) and chew it. Musk oxen, like other ruminants, have a stomach with four sections.

Fossil DNA evidence suggests musk oxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more genetically diverse. During that time, other populations of musk oxen lived across the Arctic, from the Ural Mountains to Greenland. Together with the bison and the pronghorn, the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene megafauna in North America to survive the Pleistocene/Holocene extinction event and live to the present day.

References 

Caprids
Mammals of North America
The Primitives Group was a Czech psychedelic rock group, founded in 1967, broke up two years later, in 1969. Primitives Group played songs, among others, by The Doors, The Fugs, Pretty Things and The Velvet Underground. Guitarist Josef Janíček currently playing with The Plastic People of the Universe.

References

Czech musical groups
Milan Smrčka; best known as Záviš (September 27, 1956 in Citonice, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech musician, guitarist, vocalist, songwriter and poet.

Discography
 Určeno pro uši rabijáků (1998)
 Slunce v duši (2000)
 Záviš, syn vojáka (2001)
 Sejdeme se na věčnosti (2003)
 Radost pohledět (2004)
 Život je sranda (2005)
 Když prší (2006)
 Rolník a rorýsek (2007)
 Bože, já jsem vůl (2008)
 Závišova devátá (2009)
 Záva & Pepa - Naživo za pivo (2010)
 Nevytahuj mi ho prosím na veřejnosti (2012)

 K tomu nic (2014, Ears&Wind Records)Závišova dvanáctka (2016, Ears&Wind Records)U prdele (2018, Ears&Wind Records)Hrci-prci (2020, Ears&Wind RecordsVýlet do Znojma (2022)''

1956 births
Living people
Czech singer-songwriters
Czech poets
Folk singers
Czech guitarists
52 is a year in the 1st century.  Year 52 (LII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Pliny the Elder writes his account of the German wars. 
 Saint Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, is believed to have landed in Kodungallur, India to preach the Gospel

Deaths 
 Publius Ostorius Scapula, Roman governor of Britain
 Empress Guo Shengtong

50s
56 is a leap year in the 1st century.

Events 
 War between Rome and Parthia starts because of the invasion of Armenia by Vologases I.  He replaced the Roman supported ruler with his brother Tiridates of Parthia.
 Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus becomes a consul in Rome.
 The Jianwu era of the Eastern Han Dynasty changes to the Jianwuzhongyuan era.

Births 
 Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, Roman historian (d. 117 AD)

50s
60 is a year in the 1st century.

Events
Roman Empire 
 Romans build the first London Bridge.
 Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, made a will.  He left his kingdom to his two daughters and emperor Nero.
 The Roman army annexed East Anglia. 
 Boudica, widow of Prasutagus, is flogged and then forced to witness the public rape of her daughters.
 Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, governor of Britannia, leads a campaign on the island of Mona (Anglesey).    
 Boudica joins the British Celtic tribes in revolt, along with the Cornovii, Durotriges and Trinovantes. 
 The rebels defeat Legio IX Hispana and destroyed the capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester). 
 Boudica sacks Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans). Thousands of civilians are killed.
Paulinus returns and reorganises his army. The Romans defeat Boudica's alliance, and slaughter the defeated enemy.
 Nero has people explore the historical city Meroë (Sudan).
 The Rhoxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans.
 Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of Africa.
By topic

Religion 
 The First Epistle of Peter, if by Saint Peter, is probably written between this year and c. 64.
 Paul of Tarsus goes to Rome.  He is shipwrecked at Malta. He stays for three months and converts Publius, the first Bishop of Malta.

Art and science 
 Hero of Alexandria writes Metrica, Mechanics, and Pneumatics.
 60–79 – House of the Vettii, Pompeii, is rebuilt.

Deaths 

 Domitius Afer, Roman orator

60s
62 is a year in the 1st century.

62
63 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday.

Events 
 Vespasian becomes the governor of Africa Province.
 Pompeii is damaged by an earthquake.

Deaths 
 Claudia Augusta, the only child of Nero

60s
65 (LXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar in the 1st century.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Gaius Calpurnius Piso goes against Roman emperor Nero.
 Cestius Gallus becomes legate of Syria.
 After a stage performance in which he appears and shocks the senatorial class, Nero goes against Seneca, Tigellinus, pro-republican senators, and anyone else he distrusts. 
 Nero kills his pregnant wife, Poppea Sabina, with a kick to the stomach.

By topic

Religion 
 The Gospel of Matthew is probably written between 60 and this year.
 Paul of Tarsus ordains Timothy as bishop of Ephesus (traditional date).
 In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made.
 The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter. Mark begins to write his gospel.
 Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Thaddeus, also called Saint Jude in Armenia.
 Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Simon the Canaanite in Armenia.
Deaths 
 April 30 – Lucan, Roman poet and philosopher
 Petronius, Roman writer (see 66)
 Poppea Sabina, wife of Nero
 Piso (Gaius Calpurnius Piso)
 Saint Jude, Christian martyr (in Armenia) (probably this year)
 Simon the Canaanite, Christian martyr (in Armenia) (probably this year)
 Seneca the Younger, Roman statesman, philosopher, and tutor of Nero

60s
Year 89 (LXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Fulvus and Atratinus (or, less frequently, year 842 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 89 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

80s
In computer networking, mainly Internet Relay Chat (IRC), netsplit is the event when two servers disconnect. Because how IRC networks are built, a disconnection between two servers splits the entire network into two parts. This makes it look like people on the other half of the network have quit from IRC.

Appearance of netsplits
Below is an example of typical netsplit. When two servers split, a user sees this as large number of users quitting. After the servers are reconnected, a user sees the other users rejoining.

On GUI IRC clients
<nowiki>* usera has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net)
* userb has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net)
* userc has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net)
* usera has joined #channel
* userb has joined #channel
* userc has joined #channel</nowiki>

On command-line client irssi
<nowiki>00:00 -!- Netsplit a.irc.net <-> b.irc.net quits: usera, userb, userc
00:00 -!- Netsplit over, joins: usera, userb, userc</nowiki>
To a user on a private network
<nowiki>* usera has quit (*.net *.split)
* userb has quit (*.net *.split)
* userc has quit (*.net *.split)
* usera has joined #channel
* userb has joined #channel
* userc has joined #channel</nowiki>

References

Other websites 
 Netsplit Manual (retrieved 2009-12-2)

Internet Relay Chat
Computer networking
Annie Oakley (August 13, 1860 – November 3, 1926), born Phoebe Ann Mosey, was an American sharpshooter (skilled with guns). She was a star in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. Oakley was born in Ohio to Jacob and Susan Mosey. On June 20, 1882 she married Frank E. Butler, another skilled shooter. The couple joined Buffalo Bill's show in 1885. Oakley performed before several European heads of state, including Queen Victoria and Kaiser Wilhelm II. She left the show in 1902 and began acting. Oakley died in 1926 of pernicious anemia (a type of blood disorder). She was buried in Greenville, Ohio. Frank Butler died 18 days later.

References

1860 births
1926 deaths
Deaths from anemia
Entertainers from Ohio
The Women's Professional Billiard Association (WPBA) is a professional sports group. It organizes women's billiards in the United States. Pool players Madelyn Whitlow and Palmer Byrd started the group in 1976 as the Women's Professional Billiard Alliance with Larry Miller. Miller was the editor of the National Billiard News.

Other websites
Official Page

Billiards and Snooker organizations
Sports organizations of the United States
1976 establishments in the United States
The Audi Cup 2009 (the first edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Germany. The tournament featured four teams, AC Milan, Boca Juniors, Bayern Munich and Manchester United. The winners of the tournament were Bayern Munich, defeating Manchester United 0(7) - 0(6). Boca Juniors took third place, defeating AC Milan 1(4) - 1(3).

Matches

2009 in association football
2009 in Europe
2000s in Germany
Audi Cup
21st century in Munich
The Audi Cup is a two-day football tournament. It happens at the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany. The first edition of the Audi Cup was won by Bayern Munich. The 2019 champions are Tottenham Hotspur. Bayern Munich has won the tournament the most times. Since Bayern is the host of this competition, they are the permanent participant in the Audi Cup, while three other teams are chosen based on their strength.

History 

The Audi Cup was created in 2009 to remember Audi's 100th year of trading and the hosts, Bayern Munich, won the tournament. It replaced the Franz Beckenbauer Cup for the year.

Past Results

Wins By Team 

  Bayern Munich: 3
  Atlético Madrid: 1
  FC Barcelona: 1
  Tottenham Hotspur F.C. : 1

Teams That Participated

Other websites 

 Official website

 
2009 establishments in Germany
The Audi Cup 2013 (the third edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Munich, Germany. The participating teams were Bayern Munich, Manchester City, Milan and São Paulo.

Matches

Statistics

Top scorers 

2 goals

 Mario Mandžukić (Bayern Munich)
 Edin Džeko (Manchester City)
 Stephan El Shaarawy (Milan)

1 goal

 Thomas Müller (Bayern Munich)
 Mitchell Weiser (Bayern Munich)
 Aleksandar Kolarov (Manchester City)
 Álvaro Negredo (Manchester City)
 Micah Richards (Manchester City)
 David Silva (Manchester City)
 Kingsley Boateng (Milan)
 Andrea Petagna (Milan)

References 

2013 in association football
2013 in Germany
Audi Cup
2010s in Munich
The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was the sixth FIFA Women's World Cup tournament. The tournament was on June 26 to July 17. The champions were Japan, beating United States 2(3)-2(1) with penalty shots. Because of Japan's victory, Japan became the first Asian team to win any FIFA World Cup.

The final was played in the Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt, Germany. The defending champions, Germany, lost to Japan during the quarter-finals.

Qualified Teams 

AFC (3):
  Australia
  Japan (Champions)
  North Korea

CAF (2):
  Equatorial Guinea
  Nigeria

CONCACAF (3):
  Canada
  Mexico
  United States

  Brazil
  Columbia

OFC (1):
  New Zealand

UEFA (5):
  England
  France
  Germany (Hosts)
  Norway
  Sweden

Groups

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout Stage

Awards

Top goalscorer (Golden Boot)

Other awards

All-Star Team

Other websites
RSSSF

2011 in association football
2011 in Germany
FIFA Women's World Cup
International association football competitions hosted by Germany
Hope Amelia Solo (born July 30, 1981, in Richland, Washington) is an American soccer goalkeeper. She plays for the United States women's national soccer team, and for the Seattle Reign FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), the top division of women's soccer in the United States

During the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, she got 2 official awards. The Bronze Ball and the Best Goalkeeper award. Her father Jeffrey, died on June 15, 2007, because of heart failure. She was part of the USA women's soccer team that won gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 U.S. Soccer profile

1981 births
American soccer players
American Olympic gold medalists
Living people
Sportspeople from Washington (state)
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Melissa McCarthy (born August 26, 1970) is an American actress and comedienne. She is known for her role as Sookie St. James on The WB television show Gilmore Girls and Dena on Samantha Who?. She starred in the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly, from 2010-2016.

She also starred in the movies Bridesmaids (for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress), Identity Thief, Spy and Life of the Party.

Other websites 

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
The Major League Soccer Cup (usually called the MLS Cup) is a tournament that determines the Major League Soccer champion. Los Angeles FC are the current champions after beating the Philadelphia Union in 2022. The game ended 3-3 and LAFC won 3-0 on penalties. The most successful club is the Los Angeles Galaxy, with 5 titles. The Galaxy's last title was in MLS Cup 2014 when they beat the New England Revolution 2-1.

The MLS Cup was founded in 1994, and the cup is every year. The first champions ever were D.C. United.

Winning Years 

Soccer in the United States
1994 establishments in the United States
FieldTurf is a type of "fake" grass used in stadiums. It was created by FieldTurf Tarkett division of Tarkett Inc., a company from Calhoun, Georgia, USA. In the 1990s, the design was to replicate real grass. Eventually, the FieldTurf became the best in the industry.

FieldTurf is made by many fibers, and the bottom is made of silica sand, which is a mixture of sand and ruber.
The first major use was for American football at the University of Nebraska's Memorial Stadium in 1999. After that, other famous stadiums began using it. Association football's first use of FieldTurf was in January 1997, when the English club of Middlesbrough used for it for their training ground. "Fake" grass such as FieldTurf is not liked by major association football companies. No Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup match has been played on FieldTurf. Saprissa Stadium in Costa Rica used FieldTurf for a FIFA World Cup qualifying round. 50% of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup stadiums had FieldTurf. Many players do not like playing on FieldTurf, but FIFA has said that FieldTurf will be widely used one day.

References 

Sports
Total S.A. is a French multinational integrated oil and gas company and one of the seven "Supermajor" oil companies in the world. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading.

Total is also a large scale chemicals manufacturer. Total is a major player in low-carbon energies.

Total has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense district in Courbevoie, west of Paris. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.

Elf Aquitaine was a French oil company. They merged with TotalFina to form TotalFinaElf. The new company changed its name to Total in 2003. The name Elf has been kept as a brand of Total.
History 
Elf Aquitaine's came from three French oil companies: Régie Autonome des Pétroles (RAP), Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine (SNPA), and Bureau de Recherches de Pétroles (BRP). The three companies were formed after the discovery of a gas field in Saint-Marcet in the Aquitaine region of south-western France. In December 1965 RAP and BRP merged to form Entreprise de Recherches et d'Activités Pétrolières (ERAP).

On April 28, 1967 the company's different brand names and products were combined under the Elf brand. Elf stood for Essence Lubricants France. In 1976 Elf-ERAP merged with Antar Pétroles de l'Atlantique and became Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine (SNEA). Later it became known as Elf Aquitaine. Elf Aquitaine was listed on the NYSE in 1991. In 2000 Elf Aquitaine merged with Total Fina to form TotalFinaElf. In 2003, the name was changed to Total.
Fraud scandal 
The Elf scandal came to light in 1994 in France. According to The Guardian, it was 'the biggest fraud inquiry in Europe since the Second World War... Elf became a private bank for executives who spent £200 million on political favors, mistresses, jewellery, fine art, villas and apartments'. Iraqi-born Nadhmi Auchi, received a 15-month suspended sentence and a £1.5m fine for his involvement taking illegal commissions.

Motorsport 

From its beginnings, Elf used motor racing as a means of promotion. It had four-year deal with Matra starting in the French Formula 3 series. In 1969 the combination won the Formula One World Championship with Tyrrell and Jackie Stewart. By this time, Elf was owned by the French government. They began a new long-term relationship with Renault, which was also owned by the French government at the time. The Renault F1 racing cars carried Elf sponsorship until 2009. The Elf logos were replaced with Total logos.

References
References 

1967 establishments in France
Energy companies of France
Petrol companies
Courbevoie
The United States women's national soccer team is the United States women's team that is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation. The United States team has for a long time been a great team, and is currently ranked the second best team, by FIFA. The team has won three Women's World Cup titles (1991, 1999, 2015); four Olympic Women's Gold Medals (1996, 2004, 2008 and 2012) and eight Algarve Cups (2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011).

The team was also selected as the U.S. Olympic Committee's Team of the Year (1997 and 1999). Sports Illustrated chose the team as the Sportspeople of the Year (1999).

World Cups

2011 

The United States lost to Japan in the finals, so United States finishes as runner-up (for the first time). They also beat Brazil, which had beaten them in the semifinals of the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup.
1999 
The United States won their second title on this year. After they defeated China 5-4 in the penalty kicks, a lot more people began to watch Women's football. Also, after Brandi Chastain made the last penalty, she randomly slid on the grass and ripped of her shirt. This brought a lot of attention, but Brandi Chastain said "Momentary insanity, nothing more, nothing less. I wasn’t thinking about anything. I thought, ‘This is the greatest moment of my life on the soccer field."

1991 
The United States won their first title on this year. They defeated Norway 2-1.

Most appearances 
The U.S. women's team boasts the first six players in the history of the sport to have appeared 200 times for their national team. One of them, Kristine Lilly, is the only player of either sex with 300 or more appearances.

Top scorers

References

Women's national football teams
Soccer in the United States
Pavel Sedláček (born July 4, 1941 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech rock and roll singer, songwriter and guitarist.

References

Other websites
 Official website his Cadillac Band
 Pavel Sedláček on PopMuseum.cz 

1941 births
Living people
Czech musicians
Aleš Brichta (born August 9, 1959 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech heavy metal singer. He is a founding member of Arakain, from which he left and now plays with "Aleš Brichta Band". In 2008 he was inducted to Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).

Discography

Solo career
 Růže pro Algernon (1994)
 Ráno ve dveřích Armády spásy (1996)
 Hledač pokladů (1998)
 Dívka s perlami ve vlasech - Best Of (2000)
 American Bull (2001)
 Aleš Brichta 12x (2001)
 American Bull - New Edition (2002)
 Anděl posledního soudu (2003)
 Legendy 2 (2004)
Arakain
 Rockmapa 1 (1989)  
 Rockmapa 13 (1989)
 Thrash the trash (1990)
 Schizofrenie (1991)
 History Live (1992)
 Black Jack (1992)
 Salto Mortale (1993)
 Thrash! (1994)
 Legendy (1995)
 S.O.S. (1996)
 15 Vol. 1 (1997)
 15 Vol. 2 (1997)
 15 (1997)
 Apage Satanas (1998)
 Thrash The Trash & Schizofrenie (1998)
 15 Vol. 1&2 (1998)
 Farao (1999)
 Gambrinus Live (2000)
 Gambrinus Live (2000)
 Forrest Gump (2001)
 Archeology (2002)
 20 let natvrdo (2003)
 20 let natvrdo (2003)
 Balady (2003)
 XXV Eden (2007)

Grizzly
 !New Spirit! (2003)

Aleš Brichta Band
 Divadlo snů (2006)
 Nech si to projít hlavou (2007)
 Best Of: Beatová síň slávy (2008)
 Deratizer (2009)
 50 - TESLA ARENA true live (2009)
 Grizzly (2010)

Aleš Brichta Project
 Údolí sviní (2013)

Aleš Brichta Trio 
 Papírovej drak (2014)

projects
 Zemětřesení (1993)
 Hattrick (2000)
 Zemětřesení - Live (2001)
 Hattrick I+II (2004)

compilation albums
 Dej mi víc… Olympic (1992)
 Souhvězdí Gott (1999)
 Karel Gott 70 [TV koncert] (2009)
Musical theatre 
 1994 Jesus Christ Superstar

Other websites
 Official website

Living people
1959 births
Czech musicians
Plovers are water birds belonging to the subfamily Charadriinae. There are about 40 species, most of them called 'plover' or 'dotterel'.  The closely related lapwing subfamily, Vanellinae, has another 20-odd species.

Plovers are found throughout the world, and have short bills. They wade in the water, and hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipe do. 

They feed mainly on insects, worms or other invertebrates. They use a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other waders.

The plover group of birds has a defence against predators called false brooding. They sit on an imaginary nest site, changing position sometimes as if real eggs were under them.

The plover has been known to attack when the young are threatened. The birds secrete an acidic compound from a gland located in their mouth. On contact with skin causes a burning sensation.

References 

Charadriiformes
The Gay Nigger Association of America (often referred to as the GNAA) is an anti-blogging and Internet trolling group (a group that likes causing trouble on the Internet). The group takes their name from the 1992 Danish movie Gayniggers from Outer Space, and the words gay and nigger. They have trolled (made trouble for) many popular websites and Internet people. They have trolled many bloggers, and sites including Slashdot, Wikipedia, and CNN. They have also released software and made available secret information about operating systems. In addition, they maintain a wiki-based site that makes fun of Slashdot posts and have a software archive that has many GNAA coding projects.