Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Tituba was a slave in Salem Village during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. She was the first to be accused of witchcraft and the first to confess. This confession was obtained after she was beaten by her master. She accused others, setting off the witchcraft hysteria that swept the village. She was never tried or executed as a witch. She was sent to jail, but later released. What happened to her after her release is not known.

Tituba was a West Caribbean Indian from the land of Barbados, where she practiced incantations and songs of conjuring. She was asked by Ann Putnam to conjure up the spirits of her dead children that she had lost to miscarriage (she believed her babies to be murdered).

Tituba is a character from Arthur Miller's play, The Crucible.

People from Massachusetts
17th-century births
Year of death unknown
Slaves
Salem Witch Trials
Caddo is one of the sixty-four parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat and most populous municipality is Shreveport. As of the 2020 count, 237,848 people lived there. It is the largest parish in the North Louisiana region and the fourth-largest in the state.

References

 
1838 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Louisiana
Edward Moss (born July 11, 1977) is an American impersonator, actor, comedian. He is best known for impersonating Michael Jackson.

Other websites
 

1977 births
American movie actors
American television actors
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
Comedians from Los Angeles
The Pulitzer Prize for Drama was first given out in 1918.  It is given to the best drama in the United States in the year.

Awards and nominations
Items marked with an asterisk (*) also won the Tony Award for Best Play or Best Musical

1910s
 1918: Why Marry? – Jesse Lynch Williams
 1919: no award

1920s
 1920: Beyond the Horizon – Eugene O'Neill
 1921: Miss Lulu Bett – Zona Gale
 1922: Anna Christie – Eugene O'Neill
 1923: Icebound – Owen Davis
 1924: Hell-Bent Fer Heaven – Hatcher Hughes
 1925: They Knew What They Wanted – Sidney Howard
 1926: Craig's Wife – George Kelly
 1927: In Abraham's Bosom – Paul Green
 1928: Strange Interlude – Eugene O'Neill
 1929: Street Scene – Elmer Rice
1930s
 1930: The Green Pastures – Marc Connelly
 1931: Alison's House – Susan Glaspell
 1932: Of Thee I Sing – George S. Kaufman, Morrie Ryskind, Ira Gershwin,
 1933: Both Your Houses – Maxwell Anderson
 1934: Men in White – Sidney Kingsley
 1935: The Old Maid – Zoë Akins
 1936: Idiot's Delight – Robert E. Sherwood
 1937: You Can't Take it with You – Moss Hart, George S. Kaufman
 1938: Our Town – Thornton Wilder
 1939: Abe Lincoln in Illinois – Robert E. Sherwood

1940s
 1940: The Time of Your Life – William Saroyan
 1941: There Shall Be No Night – Robert E. Sherwood
 1942: no award
 1943: The Skin of Our Teeth – Thornton Wilder
 1944: no award
 1945: Harvey – Mary Coyle Chase
 1946: State of the Union – Russel Crouse, Howard Lindsay
 1947: no award
 1948: A Streetcar Named Desire – Tennessee Williams
 1949: Death of a Salesman * – Arthur Miller
1950s
 1950: South Pacific * – Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, Joshua Logan
 1951: no award
 1952: The Shrike – Joseph Kramm
 1953: Picnic – William Inge
 1954: The Teahouse of the August Moon * – John Patrick
 1955: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof – Tennessee Williams
 1956: The Diary of Anne Frank * – Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich
 1957: Long Day's Journey into Night * – Eugene O'Neill
 1958: Look Homeward, Angel – Ketti Frings
 1959: J.B. * – Archibald MacLeish

1960s
 1960: Fiorello! * – Jerome Weidman, George Abbott, Jerry Bock, and Sheldon Harnick
 1961: All the Way Home – Tad Mosel
 1962: How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying * – Frank Loesser and Abe Burrows
 1963: no award
 1964: no award
 1965: The Subject Was Roses * – Frank D. Gilroy
 1966: no award
 1967: A Delicate Balance – Edward Albee
 1968: no award
 1969: The Great White Hope * – Howard Sackler
1970s
 1970: No Place to be Somebody – Charles Gordone
 1971: The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds – Paul Zindel
 1972: no award
 1973: That Championship Season * – Jason Miller
 1974: no award
 1975: Seascape – Edward Albee
 1976: A Chorus Line * – Michael Bennett, Nicholas Dante and James Kirkwood, Jr., Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban
 1977: The Shadow Box * – Michael Cristofer
 1978: The Gin Game – Donald L. Coburn
 1979: Buried Child – Sam Shepard

1980s

 1980: Talley's Folly – Lanford Wilson
 1981: Crimes of the Heart – Beth Henley
 1982: A Soldier's Play – Charles Fuller
 1983: 'night, Mother – Marsha Norman
 True West – Sam Shepard
 1984: Glengarry Glen Ross – David Mamet
 Fool for Love – Sam Shepard
 Painting Churches – Tina Howe
 1985: Sunday in the Park with George – James Lapine and Stephen Sondheim
 The Dining Room – A. R. Gurney
 The Gospel at Colonus – Lee Breuer, Bob Telson
1986: no award
 1987: Fences * – August Wilson
 Broadway Bound – Neil Simon
 A Walk in the Woods – Lee Blessing
 1988: Driving Miss Daisy – Alfred Uhry
 Boy's Life – Howard Korder
 Talk Radio – Eric Bogosian
 1989: The Heidi Chronicles * – Wendy Wasserstein
 Joe Turner's Come and Gone – August Wilson
 M. Butterfly – David Henry Hwang

1990s

 1990: The Piano Lesson – August Wilson
 And What of the Night? – María Irene Fornés
 Love Letters – A. R. Gurney
 1991: Lost in Yonkers * – Neil Simon
 Prelude to a Kiss – Craig Lucas
 Six Degrees of Separation – John Guare
 1992: The Kentucky Cycle – Robert Schenkkan
 Conversations with My Father – Herb Gardner
 Miss Evers' Boys – David Feldshuh
 Two Trains Running – August Wilson
 Sight Unseen – Donald Margulies
 1993: Angels in America: Millennium Approaches * – Tony Kushner
 The Destiny of Me – Larry Kramer
 Fires in the Mirror – Anna Deavere Smith
 1994: Three Tall Women – Edward Albee
 Keely and Du – Jane Martin
 A Perfect Ganesh – Terrence McNally
1995: The Young Man From Atlanta – Horton Foote
 The Cryptogram – David Mamet
 Seven Guitars – August Wilson
 1996: Rent * – Jonathan Larson
 A Fair Country – Jon Robin Baitz
 Old Wicked Songs – Jon Marans
 1997: no award
 Collected Stories – Donald Margulies
 The Last Night of Ballyhoo – Alfred Uhry
 Pride's Crossing – Tina Howe
 1998: How I Learned to Drive – Paula Vogel
 Freedomland – Amy Freed
 Three Days of Rain – Richard Greenberg
 1999: Wit – Margaret Edson
 Running Man – Cornelius Eady and Diedre Murray
 Side Man * – Warren Leight

2000s
2000s

 2000: Dinner with Friends – Donald Margulies
 In the Blood – Suzan-Lori Parks
 King Hedley II – August Wilson
 2001: Proof * – David Auburn
 The Play About the Baby – Edward Albee
 The Waverly Gallery – Kenneth Lonergan
 2002: Topdog/Underdog – Suzan-Lori Parks
 The Glory of Living – Rebecca Gilman
 Yellowman – Dael Orlandersmith
 2003: Anna in the Tropics – Nilo Cruz
 The Goat or Who Is Sylvia? * – Edward Albee
 Take Me Out * – Richard Greenberg
 2004: I Am My Own Wife * – Doug Wright
 Man from Nebraska – Tracy Letts
 Omnium Gatherum – Theresa Rebeck and Alexandra Gersten-Vassilaros
2005 Doubt: A Parable * – John Patrick Shanley
 The Clean House – Sarah Ruhl
 Thom Pain (based on nothing) – Will Eno
 2006: no award
 Miss Witherspoon – Christopher Durang
 The Intelligent Design of Jenny Chow – Rolin Jones
 Red Light Winter – Adam Rapp
 2007: Rabbit Hole – David Lindsay-Abaire
 Bulrusher – Eisa Davis
 Orpheus X – Rinde Eckert
 Elliot, a Soldier's Fugue – Quiara Alegría Hudes
 2008 August: Osage County * – Tracy Letts
 Dying City – Christopher Shinn
 Yellow Face – David Henry Hwang
 2009 Ruined – Lynn Nottage
 Becky Shaw – Gina Gionfriddo
 In the Heights * – Lin-Manuel Miranda and Quiara Alegría Hudes
2010s
 2010: Next to Normal – Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey
 Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo – Rajiv Joseph
 The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity – Kristoffer Diaz
  In the Next Room (or The Vibrator Play) – Sarah Ruhl
 2011: Clybourne Park * – Bruce Norris
 Detroit – Lisa D'Amour
  A Free Man of Color – John Guare
2012: Water by the Spoonful – Quiara Alegría Hudes
 Other Desert Cities – Jon Robin Baitz
 Sons of the Prophet – Stephen Karam
2013: Disgraced - Ayad Akhtar
 Rapture, Blister, Burn - Gina Gionfriddo
 4000 Miles - Amy Herzog

Multiple winners
Only a few playwrights have been awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama more than once.
Eugene O'Neill won the prize four times—more than any other playwright. He won in 1920, 1922, 1928, and 1957.
 George S. Kaufman won the award twice, once in 1932 and once in 1937. Both times he won the award for a work with another writer.
 Robert E. Sherwood won the award in 1936, 1939, and 1941.
 Thornton Wilder won in 1938 and 1943.
 Tennessee Williams won the award in 1948 and 1955.
 August Wilson won the award in 1987 and 1990.
 Edward Albee won the award in 1967, 1975 and 1994.

References

Other websites
Pulitzer Prize for Drama

Pulitzer Prizes
Friar Laurence is a character in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. He is an old man who secretly marries the two. Juliet's fake death is his idea. He is unable to prevent Romeo from killing himself.

Characters in Shakespeare's plays
Titania is a character in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. She is Queen of the Fairies. She is married to Oberon, King of the Fairies. She will not give a little Indian boy she has in her keeping to Oberon. This angers him. When she is asleep, he tells his servant Puck to put a love potion in her eyes. This potion will make her love the first thing she sees when she wakes. What she sees is a weaver named Bottom.  Puck has put a donkey's head on Bottom. All ends well, with Titania once again in love with Oberon this ends straight away as they both find out they are lying to each other.

Characters in Shakespeare's plays
Fairies
James Hadley Billington (June 1, 1929 – November 20, 2018) was an American academic. He was the 13th Librarian of the Library of Congress. He was appointed by President Ronald Reagan. Billington served as librarian from September 14, 1987 until his resignation on September 30, 2015.

Early life
Billington born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania on June 1, 1929. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Billington studied at Princeton University and at Balliol College, Oxford.

Career

Early career

Billington first began as a professor in Harvard University. From 1973 to 1987, Billington was director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the nation’s official memorial in Washington, D.C. to America’s 28th president. As director, he founded the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies at the Center and seven other new programs as well as the Wilson Quarterly.
Librarian of Congress (1987-2015)
Billington was sworn in as the Librarian of Congress on September 14, 1987. He is the 13th person to hold the position since the Library of Congress was established in 1800. His appointment was unanimously confirmed by the Senate.

Billington has championed the Library’s American Memory National Digital Library (NDL) Program, which makes freely available on-line over 24 million American historical items from the collections of the Library and other research institutions. These unique American Memory materials and the Library’s other Internet services, which include the congressional database, THOMAS, the on-line card catalog, exhibitions, information from the U.S. Copyright Office and a web site for children and families called America’s Library, handled more than 2.6 billion transactions last year.

Billington resigned in early September 2015 because of his age. His resignation became effective on September 30, 2015.
Personal life
Billington was married to the former Marjorie Anne Brennan. They had four children: Dr. Susan Billington Harper, Anne Billington Fischer, the Rev. James Hadley Billington Jr., and Thomas Keator Billington, as well as 12 grandchildren.  Dr. Billington and his daughter Susan are the first father and daughter to both be awarded Rhodes Scholarships and use them to earn DPhils (at Oxford University).

Billington died at a hospital in Washington, D.C. on November 20, 2018 from pneumonia at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

Booknotes interview with Billington on Russia Transformed, September 13, 1992. 
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Billington, July 1, 2007

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Washington, D.C.
Educators from Philadelphia
People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Philadelphia
Writers from Philadelphia
George Soros ( or ; ; born August 12, 1930, as Schwartz György) is a Hungarian-American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is the chairman of Soros Fund Management. He is known as "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England" because of his US$1 billion in investment profits during the 1992 Black Wednesday UK currency crisis.

Early life

Soros was born on August 12, 1930 in Budapest, Hungary, where he was raised. He emigrated to London by himself at 17, and later to New York. He survived the Nazi occupation of Budapest, before moving to London and studying at the London School of Economics.
Career
Soros is a well-known supporter of progressive-liberal political causes. Between 1979 and 2011, Soros gave away over $8 billion to causes related to human rights, public health, and education. He played a significant role in the peaceful transition from communism to capitalism in Hungary (1984–89) and founded Europe's Central European University in Budapest, providing the initial endowment to open the first campus. Soros is also the chairman of the Open Society Foundations.

Personal life
Soros was married to Annaliese Witschak from 1960 until they divorced in 1983. They had three children. Then, Soros was married to Susan Weber Soros from 1983 until they divorced in 2005. They had two children. Soros is now married to Tamiko Bolton since 2013. Soros is a supporter of the Democratic Party.
Soros is a donates annual high sums for FC Bayern Munich.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
 Open Society Foundations
 Institute for New Economic Thinking
 Column archives at Project Syndicate
 Column archives at The New York Review of Books
 Forbes.com: George Soros
 The Money Man – New Yorker

1930 births
Living people
American billionaires
American Jews
American philanthropists
American progressives
Businesspeople from London
Businesspeople from New York City
Democrats (United States)
Holocaust survivors
Hungarian Jews
Jewish billionaires
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish philanthropists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Businesspeople from Budapest
Jewish atheists
Chaim Topol (; September 9, 1935 – March 8, 2023), sometimes known as Topol, was an Israeli theatrical and movie performer, actor, writer, singer and producer. Topol was born in Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel).  Topol is known for his role as Tevye the milkman in the 1971 movie Fiddler on the Roof. He has been nominated for an Oscar and a Tony Award. He has won two Golden Globes Awards.

Some of Topol's other notable movie appearances were the title role in  Galileo (1975), Dr. Hans Zarkov in  Flash Gordon (1980), and as Milos Columbo in the James Bond movie For Your Eyes Only (1981).

Topol was married to Galia Topol until his death. He retired from movie acting in 1998 and only did stage acting until his full retirement in 2015.

Death
In June 2022, Topol's son, Omer, said that his father was suffering from Alzheimer's disease since 2015.
Topol died in the early hours of March 9, 2023 in Tel Aviv at the age of 87. The previous day, his family released a statement in preparation of "what seem to be his last hours", at his home surrounded by his children and grandchildren. Before his burial at Kvutzat Shiller on March 10, a memorial was held at Cameri Theater in Tel Aviv on March 9.

President Isaac Herzog, Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former prime minister Yair Lapid praised Topol after his death was announced.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1935 births
2023 deaths
Actors who played in James Bond movies
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Israeli Jews
Israeli movie actors
Israeli stage actors
Israeli television actors
Israeli voice actors
Actors from Tel Aviv
Baritones
Israeli movie producers
Singers from Tel Aviv
Writers from Tel Aviv
Musical theater actors
Israeli comedians
The headquarters of the United Nations is a group of buildings in New York City. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952. It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan, on spacious grounds overlooking the East River.

Its borders are First Avenue on the west, East 42nd Street to the south, East 48th Street on the north and the East River to the east. Turtle Bay is occasionally used as a metonym for the U.N. headquarters or for the U.N. as a whole. The building was designed by many architects across the world including Brazilian Oscar Niemeyer.

References

Other websites

 UN Visitors Centre 
 UN: Building an International Headquarters in New York – historical overview, on the UN 60th Anniversary webpage
 Agreement Establishing the UN headquarters  – with information on legal status

United Nations
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
Sings the Ballads of the True West is a concept album by country singer Johnny Cash. It was his 22nd album. It was released on Columbia Records in 1965. It contains 20 individual songs, including ballads and other songs on topics related to the history of the American Old West.

The only single from the album was "Mr. Garfield". This song is about the shock of the American people after the assassination of President James Garfield.

Other songs on the album include "The Ballad of Boot Hill", written by Carl Perkins; and "Streets of Laredo", a traditional folk song. One of the songs, "25 Minutes to Go" was later be performed at Folsom Prison and appeared on Cash's famous At Folsom Prison recording in 1968.

Songs

Bonus songs
Sings the Ballads of the True West was re-released in 2002 with two extra tracks. The second of these is an instrumental version of the song "Stampede" as recorded on the original version.

 "Rodeo Hand" (Peter La Farge) – 2:27
 "Stampede" (Peter La Farge) – 1:07
Charts
Singles - Billboard (North America)

Other websites
 Luma Electronic album information for Sings the Ballads of the True West 

Johnny Cash
1965 albums
Coming Soon is a 1999 romance-comedy movie. It is about three rich high school seniors. Yasmine Bleeth plays Mimi, Mia Farrow is Jody, Ashton Kutcher is Louie and Ellen Pompeo is the Upset Girl.

This movie was released on April 17, 1999 in the United States. Coming Soon was controversial because officials of the MPAA marked it with an NC-17. The movie, however, was trimmed and re-rated R.

1999 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Ned Arnel Mencía (born October 22, 1967) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, singer, and voice artist.

Mencia lives with his wife Amy, whom he married in 2003, in Los Angeles, California. They have two children: Lucas Pablo Mencia (born December 14, 2006) and Nicholas Mencia.

Other websites
 

1967 births
Living people
Comedians from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Honduran people
"The Man Comes Around" is a song from Johnny Cash's American IV: The Man Comes Around album, released in 2002. It was actually written a few years earlier, but Cash updated it for the album. It is one of the last songs Cash wrote before his death. Both sung and spoken, the song makes Biblical references, especially to the Book of Revelation.

References

Other websites
 .

2002 songs
Johnny Cash songs
Songs written by Johnny Cash
Ceolwulf (5 March 561 - 22 April 611) was the King of Wessex from 5 June 597 to 22 April 611.

Birth & Early Life 
Ceolwulf was born on 5 March 561 in Winchester, Wessex. He was the son of Cutha who was the son of Cynric, grandson of Cerdic and the younger brother of Ceawlin. Ceolwulf was also the younger brother of his predecessor, Ceol. Not much was known in Ceolwulf's early life but we do know that he grew up in Winchester & lived in the Castle at that time since he was of course a part of the royal family at that time.

Becoming King of Wessex
On 5 June 597, Ceol died due to poisoning & since his son, Cynegils was too young to rule, Ceolwulf became King instead. His coronation was five days after becoming King.
Death & Burial
On 15 April 611, Ceolwulf traveled to Wales for a nine day trip. On the third day of his trip, Ceolwulf was assassinated. The trip was canceled & Ceolwulf returned to Wessex where he died just 4 days later because the wound became more & more infected in his body. He was succeeded by his older brother Ceol's son, that is Cynegils. He was buried 3 days later in a secret & private valut under the Castle.

Notes

References

Other websites 

Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
610s deaths
Kings of Wessex
Bridget Elizabeth Sloan (born June 23, 1992) is an American gymnast. She is the 2009 All-Around World Champion and the 2009 All-Around U.S. National Champion. Bridget was a member of the silver medal U.S. women's gymnastics team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. As at 2013, Sloan is a member of the NCAA University of Florida team, and the NCAA All-Around and Beam Champion.

References 

1992 births
Living people
American gymnasts
Titration is a type of quantitative chemical analysis. It is used to work out the unknown concentration of a known substance. 

It makes the use of two main chemical apparatus namely, pipette and burette. External indicators like phenolphthalein or methyl orange and internal indicators like KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) are used to mark the end point of titration.
 
A known concentration and volume of a reagent, called the titrant or titrator, is added to a known volume of another reagent, the analyte or titrand. This is done slowly from a burette until the end point is reached. The volume added before the end point is reached is noted. Because one of the solutions, the titrant, has a known concentration, that of the other, the titrand, can be calculated.
Professionals now use a pH meter, which is potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H+ ions in the solution. The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator. At the endpoint there is a sudden change in the measured pH.

Since volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is known as volumetric analysis as well as quantitative analysis.

References 

Analytical chemistry
The Wikipedia Revolution: How A Bunch of Nobodies Created The World's Greatest Encyclopedia is a 2008 book by Andrew Lih. It is a book about the history of the internet encyclopedia Wikipedia. It covers the period from the start of Wikipedia in early 2000 to early 2008. It has biographies of Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger, and Ward Cunningham. Wales and Sanger started Wikipedia, while Cunningham started the first online wiki. It also talks about events in Wikipedia's history such as the Essjay controversy.

The book has a foreword (a short piece of writing found at the beginning of a book) by Wales, and an afterword (a short piece of writing found at the end of a book) by volunteers of an online wiki who talk about the problems and opportunities in Wikipedia's future.

References
References

Other websites
, official website
"Wikipedia: Exploring Fact City", Noam Cohen, New York Times, March 28, 2009
"Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution", L. Gordon Crovitz, The Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2009
"Like Boiling a Frog" , review by David Runciman in The London Review of Books, May 28, 2009

2008 books
Works about Wikipedia
The Diderot effect is a phenomenon from sociology, which was named after Denis Diderot, who first described it in an essay. In the essay, Diderot talked about a robe he used to wear in the bathroom: The old robe was a little shabby, but useful. When he was given a new robe, the new robe was more shiny, and nicer, but it did not fit well with the other clothes. 

Regrets on Parting with My Old Dressing Gown: I was absolute master of my old dressing gown,” Diderot writes, “but I have become a slave to my new one … Beware of the contamination of sudden wealth. The poor man may take his ease without thinking of appearances, but the rich man is always under a strain.

So, the Diderot effect describes that people often show a tendency to buy more goods after they bought one item. It is said that they do this to restore the general perception they had about their belongings.

References 

Sociology
Economic theories
Game Freak, Inc. is a Japanese video game company that makes video games for Nintendo game consoles. It is most well known for developing the Pokémon series of role-playing video games.

Game Freak was originally a gaming magazine created by Satoshi Tajiri and Ken Sugimori in the 1980s.  On April 26, 1989, Tajiri and Sugimori started a video game company with the same name.

References

Other websites
Official Game Freak website 

1989 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Japan
Video game companies of Japan
Christina Georgina Rossetti (5 December 1830 – 29 December 1894) was born in Charlotte Street (now 105 Hallam Street), in London. She was an English Victorian poet. She wrote a variety of romantic, devotional, and children's poems. 

She also oppose slavery, prostitution and cruelty to animals for humanitarian thought.

Works 
She is known for her poem "Goblin Market", the "Remember" and her sonnets. She also wrote the words of two Christmas carols well known in the British Isles: "In the Bleak Midwinter", later set to music by Gustav Holst and by Harold Darke, and "Love Came Down at Christmas", also set by Harold Darke and by other composers. 

Her father Gabriele Rossetti was also a poet and a political exile from Vasto, Abruzzo, since 1824 and her mother Frances Polidori was the sister of Lord Byron's friend and physician, John William Polidori. 

She had two brothers and a sister: Dante Gabriel became an influential artist and poet, and William Michael and Maria both became writers.
Christina was the youngest child in the family, she was a lively child and she dictated her first story to her mother before she had learned to write.

References

Other websites
Biography at poets.org

English poets
1830 births
1894 deaths
Thanet is the most northeastern part of Kent, South East England. About 135,000 people live in Thanet. It was originally an island and was created as a local council area on 1 April 1974. It includes the towns of Broadstairs and Ramsgate and Margate, where its headquarters are.

Other websites
Visit Thanet

 
1974 establishments in England
A gyre is a large system of ocean currents moving in a circle. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect. Because the Earth is rotating, ocean currents in the northern hemisphere tend to move in a clockwise direction and currents in the southern hemisphere move in an anti-clockwise direction. 

The Coriolis force acts most strongly on the wind, and the wind then creates a torque that tends to spin the ocean currents.

The Earth rotates from the west towards the east, and the Coriolis effect becomes more intense toward the poles. Because of this, gyres form strong currents on the western side of oceans, so they are pushed against the eastern coast of continents. The vorticity (the strength of the torque force) is balanced out by frictional surface currents, which normally act against the spin of the water. However, in the middle of the ocean, the effects of friction are very weak.
The term gyre can be used to mean any type of vortex in the air or the sea, but it is most used in oceanography for the major ocean current systems.

Major gyres 
These are the five largest gyres:
 Indian Ocean Gyre
 North Atlantic Gyre
 North Pacific Gyre
 South Atlantic Gyre
 South Pacific Gyre

Other gyres

Tropical gyres 
Tropical gyres tend to be mostly east-west with minor north-south extent.
 Atlantic Equatorial Current System
 Pacific Equatorial Current System
 Indian Monsoon Gyres

Subtropical gyres 
The centre of a subtropical gyre is a high pressure area, which the ocean moves around. The high pressure in the centre is due to the westerly winds on the northern side of the gyre and easterly winds on the southern side of the gyre. These cause frictional surface currents towards the latitude at the centre of the gyre.

Subpolar gyres 
Subpolar gyres form at high latitudes (around 60°). The ocean moves around a low pressure area. Surface currents generally move outward from the centre of the system.
Related pages 

 Cyclone and Anticyclone
 Fluid dynamics
 Great Pacific Garbage Patch
 Whirlpool

References

Other websites 
 Wind-driven surface currents: Gyres
 Physical Geography - Surface and subsurface ocean currents

Oceanography
Striptease is a 1996 comedy-drama movie. Striptease is based on a novel by the same name, which was released three years prior to the movie. The stories in this movie are about an exotic dancer who gets involved in serious child custody matters and corrupt politics. Demi Moore is exotic dancer Erin Grant, who was earlier a Federal Bureau of Investigation secretary. Also in the movie is Burt Reynolds as Congressman David Dildeck and Rumer Willis (Moore's real-life daughter) as Erin's daughter Angela. Striptease got negative reviews similar to Showgirls the previous year. Unlike Striptease, however, Showgirls became a strong cult favorite within one decade after its release.

1996 comedy-drama movies
1990s sex comedy movies
American comedy-drama movies
American sex comedy movies
Goderich is a town in the Ontario, Canada. It is the county seat of Huron County. The town was founded by William Dunlop in 1827. It is named after Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich. The town was officially incorporated in 1850.

The population of Goderich is 7,521 in 2011. The area of the town is 7.91 square kilometers.

Goderich is located on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, at the mouth of the Maitland River. Queen Elizabeth II said that Goderich was "the prettiest town in Canada." But no reigning monarch has ever visited the town. Tourism is important to the local economy. Tourists come for the sunsets over the lake.

Historic sites
Goderich contains many places that are listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places (CRHP). The Huron Historic Gaol is a National Historic Site. It served as the prison of Huron County from its opening in 1842 until 1972.

References

Other websites

Towns in Ontario
1827 establishments
1820s establishments in Canada
The Davy lamp is a safety lamp for use in mines. It was invented in 1815 by Sir Humphry Davy. 

It is a wick lamp with the flame enclosed inside a mesh screen. It was created for use in coal mines, where explosions happened in the presence of methane and other flammable gases. Those gases, called firedamyp or minedamp, did not ignite a shielded flame. The wire mesh put flames out.

The lamp also warned the men of carbon dioxide or methane. The flame would burn higher, and with a blue tinge. Modern versions of the lamp are still used to test mine gases, but the light for working is now electric.

References 

Davy, Humphry 1816. On the fire-damp of coal mines, and on methods of lighting the mines so as to prevent its explosion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 106: 1.

Lamps
Substance abuse, or drug abuse, happens when a person uses a drug over and over again, in ways that hurt their health.  The person is using the drug to change their mood or to feel better, not for any health reason.  Sometimes when the person uses the drug for a long time, they will start to act differently.  Some of the drugs are illegal to have or use, or can have certain limits that the person does not follow. Addiction is when people are used to taking a substance, and they feel bad when they are unable to get it. Very often, such people will also change their lives, so they can get the substance or drug they need more easily.
Is it substance abuse? 
Substance abuse can have different symptoms in different people. “Drug abuse” is not used in the DSM or ICD. In the DSM, the term “substance abuse” is used instead to mean the misuse of one of ten different types of drugs.  A person can also become dependent on drugs. Repetitive use of a drug can cause dependence as well as tolerance. Tolerance happens when it takes more of a drug to produce the same effect than a previous time.

The term “drug misuse” is sometimes used when the drug being used is a prescription medication that is classified as sedatives (medicines that make someone calm), anxiolytics ( make someone less worried or anxious), analgesics (medicines that reduce pain), or stimulants (medicines that give someone more energy). Someone who abuses their drugs may have to illegally buy them from someone who gets them from a doctor.
Not everyone agrees on the definition of substance abuse. Different countries have different rules for what is a drug and what drugs are illegal. People also do not agree about what is abuse. In most Western countries, one glass of wine is acceptable, but drinking more than one bottle at once is abuse. To some people, any drinking can be seen as abuse. In the United States, any use of marijuana

What causes people to abuse substances? 
In many cases, when a person is using drugs, their thinking and behaviors change. Sometimes, they commit crimes while using drugs. They may do things that are not safe, like drive a car while drunk.  When people abuse drugs over a longer time, their personalities often change as well. The people who abuse drugs are often addicted. Since many of these drugs are illegal, very often drug users have problems with the law.
There are two major ideas about why people abuse drugs. Many people believe that both can be true for different cases or with different people, which is one reason why different treatments work better or worse for different people.

One idea about why people use drugs is because of their genes. When a person's parents or grandparents have been addicted to drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, or even coffee, the same genes that made them become addicted could be passed down to any of their children. When someone is born with genes that increase addiction, it causes their brain and body to become dependent on drugs very quickly. But even if a person's genes make it easier for them to become addicted to drugs, that person still needs to try a drug first, before they can become addicted to it. This idea also means that different people can have a harder or easier time stopping drugs after they are already addicted.
What kind of drugs are abused? 
People abuse drugs in many different ways, including:
 Taking illegal drugs (like heroin or cocaine) 
 Using legal medicines to feel good, not for what they are supposed to treat (for example, taking oxycodone to feel very good, not as a painkiller) 
 Taking too much of a drug on purpose (for example, taking more than a normal amount of oxycodone because it will make the euphoria from the drug even better)

Illegal drugs 
Some of the most commonly abused illegal drugs are:
 Cocaine, including crack cocaine
 Heroin
 Marijuana
 MDMA (also called Ecstasy or Molly)
 Methamphetamine (also called meth), including crystal methamphetamine
 Synthetic cannabinoids (a man-made drug that includes the main chemical in marijuana; also called K2 or Spice)
Legal drugs and medicines 
Some of the most commonly abused legal drugs and medicines are:
 Alcohol
 Nicotine (the drug in cigarettes)
 Over-the-counter cough and cold medicines that include dextrometorphan (DMX)
 Prescription opioids (strong painkillers), like oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methadone
 Prescription sedatives (drugs that make people feel relaxed or sleepy), like barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and sleep medicines
 Prescription stimulants (drugs that make people feel more awake and have more energy), like medicines used for ADHD

Alcohol 
Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance in the United States. The addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. There are standardized questionnaires to find out how much alcohol people usually drink, and if they have problems with their drinking habits. Examples are the CAGE questionnaire for adults, or the CRAFFT Screening Test, used for young people. the CRAFFT screening test can also be used to test for other drug-related behavior.
Substance abuse, depression, and suicide 
People who abuse drugs have a high rate of suicide. This is because of the changes in the brain caused by drugs, both when they are being used and the changes they cause over time. Another cause is the loss of family and friends because of drug abuse. In the United States, about 30% of all people who perform suicide have abused alcohol at some point.

This table explains more about how some commonly abused drugs relate to depression and suicide:

Treatment 
Treatment of substance abuse can include both therapy and medicine. Therapy for substance abuse helps people not use drugs when they feel they need to. For children and young adults, both the child and the family may have therapy. The child will learn how to not abuse, and the family will learn how to help the child. The organization Alcoholics Anonymous helps people with alcohol abuse.
For some kinds of substance abuse, medicine can be used to help. Some of these medicines, such as methadone, stop the drug from working in the brain. Other medicines can cause people to feel ill if they use the substance that they abuse. Some medicines, like bupropion, makes people stop wanting the drug so much. 

Many substances can cause withdrawal. Withdrawal is a group of bad feelings that happen when someone stops taking a drug suddenly if they were regularly taking that drug before. For someone to have withdrawal, they must be dependent on the drug. Different drugs cause different things to happen during withdrawal. They can also cause different amounts of trouble for the person in withdrawal. Withdrawal from some drugs, like heroin and other opiates, can be dangerous or deadly and should be done with a doctor or nurse taking care of the person in withdrawal.
Like with any other drugs that have been taken regularly, simply stopping to take them may be dangerous. A plan needs to be made on how to stop taking the drug. Actually stopping can take a long time. Sometimes Relapse can also take place and one should be cautious to not let that happen.

Likelihood 
About 9% of Americans have a substance abuse issue. Young people are the most likely to experiment with and abuse drugs. Drug abuse affects about 5% of adolescents. More men than women have substance abuse disorder, though women are more likely to have an issue with abusing prescription medication. Children who have parents with substance abuse issues are more likely to have a substance abuse issue when they grow up.
Special populations 
Certain groups of people are more likely to develop substance abuse issues. One group is immigrants or other people who have left their home country. They often have issues in their new country, and some use drugs as a way to feel better.  Another group that is at risk is homeless children. They will use drugs to become closer to each other. A third group that is at risk is musicians. They may use stimulants to make themselves more active and happy. Singers can also hurt themselves if they use drugs that are inhaled.

History 
The first official definition of substance abuse was made in 1932 by the American Psychiatric Association. This definition was only used when the substance was illegal and not being used as medicine. In 1966, the American Medical Association defined abuse as the drug being given by someone to themselves without a doctor.
The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) had drug abuse as a symptom of other psychological issues. In the third edition, substance abuse was made its own issue. The DSM also has drug abuse as a different issue than drug dependence, which is defined as compulsive use of a drug.

Society and culture 
Most countries have laws that make having or using certain drugs illegal. The rules for these drugs can be different between countries or in different parts of the same country. Many drugs that are illegal in several places are sold to make money for groups known as drug cartels.
Drug abuse can also cause issues in a country’s economy. According to the European Union, about 2.5 billion dollars are lost each year because of people abusing drugs. This loss comes from people not going to work or having to go to the hospital because of the side effects of the drug. In the United Kingdom, about 29 billion dollars a year are lost. This number does not include the cost of police or other law enforcement. In the United States, the cost was 181 billion dollars in 2002. This number includes costs because of health issues, loss of work, law enforcement, and welfare programs.

Related pages 
 Drug addiction

References

Health problems
Psychiatry
Ella Marija Lani Yellich-O'Connor (born 7 November 1996), known by her stage name Lorde, is a New Zealand singer-songwriter. She was signed to Universal Music at the age of 13. Lorde's first album, Pure Heroine, was released in September 2013. It was followed by Melodrama in 2017.

Career
Her first single, "Royals", was released on Republic on 8 March 2013. It reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, in Canada, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand and number two in Australia. It made her the first solo artist from New Zealand to have a number one in the US. "Royals" also made her the youngest person (age 16) to have a US number one in 26 years. A controversial article on Feministing by Veronica Bayetti Flores described the song 'deeply racist'. Music and culture critic Ed Hightower has offered an appraisal of Lorde's song that rejects Flores' accusation. The song has been covered by Pixie Lott, Neon Jungle, and Mutya Keisha Siobhan.
Her second single "Tennis Court" did not reach the Hot 100. It was a number one in NZ in its first week of release. It made her the first New Zealand artist to have four songs in the top 20 at once.

Her third single "Team" was leaked and then released on 13 September in the US. It reached number 6 on the Hot 100 and number 3 in the NZ top 40. It is one of the songs on Pure Heroine that Lorde wrote on her own.

She has released three other promo singles, "Bravado", "Buzzcut Season", and "Ribs". "Million Dollar Bills", "Swingin' Party", and "The Love Club" have also charted.

Her first album Pure Heroine was released by Universal Music on 30 September 2013 in the US. Virgin Records released it in the UK in October. It got good reviews from music critics. It reached number one in the iTunes chart in Canada, Australia, the US, and New Zealand. The album was co-written and produced by Joel Little.
She released her first EP, Love Club, online for free in November 2012. It debuted at number two in Australia and New Zealand and reached twenty-three on the US Billboard 200. It contains 5 songs. The US iTunes version contains "Swingin' Party" as track 2 instead of "Royals". The NZ iTunes version has a bonus track, "Bravado" (Fffrrannno Remix).

Her second EP Tennis Court was released 22 July on Virgin.

Her cover of "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" by Tears for Fears was in the Hunger Games: Catching Fire soundtrack. It reached number fourteen in the NZ chart.

In November 2013, she signed with Songs Music to have the rights to her songs. This made her a millionaire. Lorde writes most of her songs with Joe Little, so she owns 50% of the copyright to her songs.

Lorde released a new single on 13 December 2013, called "No Better". It was later included on the extended edition of Pure Heroine.

In January 2014, the song "Team" had reached the top ten of the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.
On 3 March 2014, Lorde started a tour in the United States.

In 2017, she appeared on Saturday Night Live.

She had done three tours: Pure Heroine Tour, which lasted from 2013 to 2014, Melodrama World Tour, which lasted from 2017 to 2018, and Solar Power Tour, which started on the 3rd of April 2022, and is expected to end on March the 18th 2023.

Her latest album is 2021's Solar Power.

Awards 
Lorde was nominated for four Grammy Awards in December 2013. The nominations were Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Pop Vocal Album. She was the youngest person to ever be nominated for Record of the Year. She performed "Royals" at the awards ceremony.
Personal life
Lorde was born in Takapuna, Auckland. She is a sex positive feminist. In an interview with Huffington Post she said, "I've seen people compare me to just about every female slightly alt[ernative] female musician because people feel the need to put females with other females, which I guess I understand, but I think I'm different because my music is accessible, but it's also smart and those are two things that don't often go together musically."

She was a student at Takapuna Grammar School.

Discography 

 Pure Heroine (2013)
 Melodrama (2017)
 Solar Power (2021)

Tours 

 Pure Heroine Tour (2013–2014)
 Melodrama World Tour (2017–2018)
 Solar Power Tour (2022–2023)

References

1996 births
Entertainers from North Island
Feminists
Grammy Award winners
Living people
People from Auckland
New Zealand singer-songwriters
The Britons (also called Brythons) were the people who spoke a Celtic language known as Common Brittonic. They lived in Great Britain during the Iron Age, Roman Britain and the Sub-Roman period following the Romans' departure from Britain. Following the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons, who occupied most what is now the country of England, some of the Britons migrated to Wales, Cornwall and southern Scotland, while others moved to Armorica and renamed it Brittany. Those who remained were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon society.

Name
Name 

The name of the Britons in the modern English language is borrowed in part from , and in part from the French language of the Middle Ages (). During Roman Britain, the Latin word  and its plural, , took the place of the Romans' earlier word for a person from Britain, , and its plural, the . The people of Roman Britain (the Romano-British population) named themselves  in Latin. Other people also named the Britons this way:  the work of the Roman historian Procopius names them as  and in Ireland, the Britons were named the . Some modern Celtic languages also use this form for Britain was well:  and .
The Anglo-Saxon historian Bede, writing in Latin, used the name , with the plural . The "e" vowel in this spelling could be taken from the Anglo-Saxon language's word for the Britons: , also spelled Britt-, Bryt, Brytt-, Bret, and Brit. The Anglo-Saxons probably took this name from the Romano-British. The  was a word used in Britain from the 5th century. Whether the Anglo-Saxons took the name Brett from the Latin name or from a British word of the same meaning is unknown. The Anglo-Saxons must have started using the word Brett by the 6th century. If they had copied the British word at a later time, the word would have had -th- instead of -t-, like the . In that case, the Old English copy would have had -þ- or -ð- in the place of -tt-.
The name continued to be used in Middle English, with the spellings Bret, Brette, Brettis. Middle English also used the forms Brut and Brutt-, with the spelling copied from the name of Brutus of Troy. Mythology in the Middle Ages said that Britain was named after Brutus. In Early Modern English, the forms Brett and Britt were used. The spellings Bret and Brit were used in Scots.

The first Professor of Celtic at the University of Oxford, John Rhys, was the first person to use the name "Brython" (from ) in academia as another English language word for the Britons. He named the languages of the Britons "Brythonic", or the "Brythonic languages". Rhys used these names to be clear about what he meant, because names like "British" can be ambiguous (with more than one meaning). "Brythonic" and "Brythonic languages" are names that are no longer common. The names "Brittonic" and "Brittonic languages" are now more common in linguistics (the study of languages).

Celtic tribes