Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The plague was worst in London, but it also affected other parts of England. Perhaps the most famous example was the village of Eyam in Derbyshire. Nobody knows for sure how the plague got to Eyam. However, stories say that a merchant carrying cloth from London accidentally brought the plague with him. The villagers quarantined themselves (kept themselves apart from other people and other villages) to make sure the disease would not spread any further. That kept the plague from spreading outside Eyam, but about 80% of the people in the village had died from the plague within a little over a year.

Dies out 
As time went on, more and more people died from the plague. That continued until the week of 19-26 September 1665, the worst week of the Great Plague, when 7,166 people died from the plague. The number of deaths from the plague then began to slow down. By February 1666, the King and his court decided it was safe enough to return to London.
Some people but not nearly as many as before continued to get the plague until September 1666. Around that time, the plague outbreak ended. The Great Fire of London is believed to have helped to end the plague.

References 

1660s in Europe
Disasters in the United Kingdom
History of London
Plague pandemics
17th century in England
Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 1102–10 September 1167), sometimes called Empress Maud, was the second child of Henry I of England and Matilda of Scotland. Her brother, William Adelin, died in the wreck of the White Ship in 1120. This made Matilda the hereditary heir to the English throne. At her father's death in 1135, her cousin King Stephen rushed to take the throne. This led to a civil war between Stephen and Matilda, known as the Anarchy.

She was called "empress" because as a child she was married to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. She was Queen of England for a short time in 1141. The feud between Matilda and Stephen ended when Matilda's son, Henry, was named by Stephen as his successor. This was at the Treaty of Wallingford in 1153. Stephen's own chosen successor, his son Eustace, died in 1153.

References 

1101 births
1167 deaths
Anglo-Normans
Matilda
Holy Roman Empresses consort
Winchester
People from Hampshire
12th century in England
Kaiser was the title used for the Emperors of Austria and Germany, from the creation of the Austrian Empire in 1806 (after 1867 the Austro-Hungarian Empire) and from the creation of unified Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I when both empires collapsed and became republics. The Holy Roman Emperor was also called "Kaiser". The word "Kaiser" is the German way to say Caesar, the name the ancient Romans used for their Roman Emperor, just as "Tsar" is the Russian way to say it.

In 1873 these three rulers formed a "League of the Three Emperors", also called the Dreikaiserbund.
Orange is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Mitchell Highway about 250 kilometres west of Sydney. The main street (where people do all the shopping) is quite large for a country town. There are five high schools and five primary schools in Orange. Orange has two tennis centres, a big pool, an indoor sports centre, a netball centre, football pitches, a university, hockey pitches and lots of parks. There is also a big mine called Cadia and a big fun lake located outside of the town.

References

Cities in New South Wales
The endometrium is the innermost membrane of the uterus. It sensitive to hormone changes. The endometrium is shed each month as menstrual flow.

References

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German. It tells the story of dragon-slayer Siegfried at the court of the Burgundians, and of the revenge of his wife Kriemhild, which leads to the death of all the heroes of the Bugundians and of Kriemhild as well.

The saga of Siegfried was also used in the opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen of Richard Wagner.  Nibelung in this context means "dwarf".

The Nibelungenlied is based on earlier works. It was part of oral tradition, meaning it usually was not written down. During the Middle Ages people started to write down stories more and more. Overall there are about 35 German sources and one Dutch source for the story. There was an original manuscript but it has been lost. The three oldest manuscripts have been labelled A, B, and C.
A - Hohenems-Munich manuscript (last quarter 13th century, in the Bavarian State Library in Munich today)
B - St.Gallen manuscript (mid-thirteenth century, in the Abbey library of St. Gallen)
C - Donaueschlingen manuscript (second quarter 13th century, in the Badische Landesbiblithek in Karlsruhe)

B seems to be closest to the original; however, the real relation between the three manuscripts is unknown. The Nibelungenlied probably had a broad oral tradition, as there were many different versions. It is difficult to judge how these oral versions influenced the written ones.
Manuscripts A and B end with daz ist der Nibelunge not (that is the fall of the Nibelungs); for this reasons, they are known as the Not versions. Manuscript C ends with daz ist der Nibelunge liet (). It is known as the Lied-version. In total, the C text has been edited with regard to the public of the time. It is less dramatic. This probably made it more popular. Aesthetically, the B text would have been the greatest artistic achievement for a contemporary public.
Who wrote it?
The author who wrote down the original that is now lost is unknown. However, there are a few candidates:
Der von Kürenberg - He wrote very similar poems, and one poem the Falkenlied (falcons' song) is reflected in a dream by Kriemhild. Most researchers however believe that he lived before the Nibelungenlied was written down.
Walther von der Vogelweide - He has a very similar vocabulary (this can also be expalined by the fact that he lived in the same area though). His fundamental views were very different from those expressed in the Nibelungenlied though.
Bligger von Steinach
Konrad von Fußesbrunnen- He wrote a 3.000 line poem The Childhood of Jesus, and was active around Passau. His style is totally different from that of the Nibelungenlied.
An unknown nun of the monastery in Passau; The monastery of Passau, the city and its merchants are mentioned in the song. This is probably because they financed part of it, not because the author was from there.
The well-known introduction

This was probably not in the original though, but added later. The original probably began by introducing Kriemhild:

Other websites 

texts of manuscripts A, B and C 
facsimile of manuscript C
Karl Bartsch edition (Leipzig, 1870/80)
index of online manuscript facsimiles  
English translations:
 translation by Daniel B. Shumway 
 The Nibelungenlied: Translated into Rhymed English Verse in the Metre of the Original  by George Henry Needler

German literature
Epic poems
A dwarf is a humanlike creature from Norse and Germanic mythologies. They have been used in many fairy tales, fantasy, fiction and role-playing games. Pop culture depicts the Dwarves as being short, however original mythology does not, and they were described interchangeably with elves in some stories. 

In some stories, dwarfs are mean, living under bridges, and having a bad reputation for stealing treasure.  One example is the Norwegian Troll.  It is an ugly and foolish creature who tells lies.  It causes problems everywhere it goes.  That is how the Internet troll got its name.  In Robert Louis Stevenson's story, "Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," Edward Hyde is described as "a dwarf."

On the other hand, J. R. R. Tolkien's hobbits and the munchkins in The Wizard of Oz are likeable, honest, good and smart.

Related pages 
 Dvergr
 Goblin

References

Other websites 
 Pictures from the "25cm dwarf", discovered in Iran. 
 Orange Alternative Website 
 Dwarves and Pygmies of ancient Egypt 

Mythology
The Vanir are one of the two tribes of deities in Norse mythology, the other being the Æsir. Native to Vanaheimr, the Vanir are peace-loving gods, associated with nature and fertility, while the Æsir were chaotic and warlike. Members of the Vanir include:
Njörðr - God of the sea and wind, he was chief of the Vanir in the years prior to the Æsir-Vanir War.
Freyr - God of prosperity and sunshine.
Freyja - Twin sister of Freyr, she is the goddess of love and beauty, magic, war, and death. 
Skaði - Goddess of hunting and skiing, she is Freyr and Freyja's stepmother by way of her marriage to Njörðr. 
Gerðr - Freyr's beloved wife, she is a jötunn native to the realm of Jötunheimr. 
Oðr - Freyja's husband, who might be just a doublet of Odin. Nothing is known about Óðr except that he often went away on long journeys, and Freyja wept when she missed him. Freyja's tears become the purest gold and amber.
Gullveigr - A practitioner of dark magic, Gullveigr was a notably powerful sorceress who was burnt and killed three times by the Æsir, which eventually led to the war between the two tribes. Loki ate the burnt heart of Gullveigr and gave birth to a monster; Gullveigr still lived after all those punishments.
Heimdallr - Guardian of the Bifröst. Whether he is Æsir or Vanir is doubtful.
Ullr - God of hunting. In later traditions, Ullr is said to be a stepson of Thor.
A number of them live in Asgard alongside the Æsir as a token of goodwill following the war between the two tribes, which resulted in them uniting into a single pantheon. The goddess Freyja receives half of those slain in battle as a share of power between the two clans.  

Norse gods and goddesses
Mole is the SI unit used to measure how many molecules or atoms there are. One mole is around 600 sextillion molecules. Scientists use this number because 1 gram of hydrogen is around 1 mole of atoms.

The exact value of one mole is . This number comes from experiments with carbon because it's easy to work with.

 is also called Avogadro's number, which was named after the person who invented it.

Anything can be measured in moles, but it is not practical for most tasks because the value is so massive. For example, one mole of grapefruits would be as big as the earth. 

Because different molecules and atoms do not have the same mass, one mole of one thing does not weigh the same as one mole of something else. Atoms and molecule mass is measured in amu. One amu is equal to one gram per mole. This means that if an atom has a mass of one amu, one mole of this atom weighs one gram.

Mathematics with the mole 
Moles = mass (g) / Relative mass (grams per mole)
Example: How many moles are there in 20 grams of hydrogen?

A value of 1 can be used for hydrogen's relative mass, although the correct value is slightly larger. So: moles = mass/relative mass = 20/1 = 20 moles.

Moles = concentration (mol/dm3) x volume (dm3)

Example: How many moles are there in 100cm3 of 0.1M H2SO4?

1 dm3 is the same as 1000 cm3, so the value in cubic centimetres needs to be divided by 1000. 100/1000 x 0.1 = 0.01 moles.

A methane molecule is made from one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Carbon has a mass of 12.011 u and hydrogen has a mass of 1.008 u. This means that the mass of one methane molecule is 12.011 u + (4 × 1.008u), or 16.043 u. This means that one mole of methane has a mass of 16.043 grams.
Related units
The SI units for molar concentration are mol/m3. However, most chemical writing uses mol/dm3, or mol dm-3, which is the same as mol/L. These units are often written with a capital letter M (pronounced "molar"), sometimes preceded by an SI prefix, for example, millimoles per litre (mmol/L) or millimolar (mM), micromoles/litre (µmol/L) or micromolar (µM), or nanomoles/L (nmol/L) or nanomolar (nM).

The absolute yield of a chemical reaction mostly stated in moles (called the "molar yield").

References 

Chemistry
SI units
Plesiosaurus was a large fossil marine reptile, a genus in the order Plesiosauria. 

The first specimen discovered by Mary Anning in 1820-21 was missing its skull. She found it on the 'Jurassic Coast' of Lyme Regis, Dorset, England. In 1823 she found another one, this time complete with its skull. The name Plesiosaurus was given by the Rev. William Conybeare.

Plesiosaurus was a predator, living mostly on fish and belemnites. It would swim through schools of fish and use its long neck and sharp teeth to snap them up.

Plesiosaurus was a fairly typical member of its order, and measured around 3 to 5 metres (10 to 16 ft) in total length. The snout was short, but the jaws were able to open very wide, and had a series of conical teeth in sockets. The neck was quite long, and the short tail was used for steering. Like all plesiosaurs, it used its large paddles to swim.

Only two species are known, and the genus existed for about 25 million years from the beginning of the Jurassic period.
Scientists have wondered whether ancient reptiles like pleisiosaurs were warm-blooded or cold-blooded. Scientists from the University of Plymouth studied many animals of different sizes from insects to whales that dive and hold their breath. They found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen. They also found this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals. They said this could be why whales became so large. They think since plesiosaurs were also large, like whales, they were more likely to be warm-blooded than cold-blooded.

Scientists also looked at the phosphate molecules inside plesiosaurs' teeth and saw the oxygen isotopes that suggested they had been warm-blooded.

References

Plesiosaurs
is a Japanese manga and anime series and franchise about the character Doraemon. It was written and illustrated by Fujiko Fujio and Kazuya Tsurumaki. It was started in a children’s magazine in 1969. Doraemon is the name of a robot cat that came from the future to help a boy named Nobita Nobi. Doraemon is about the life of Nobita Nobi. In a typical story Doramon uses a gadget to solve a problem for Nobita, but Nobita goes too far and ends up being punished and learning a lesson.

Doraemon was turned into an anime television show in 1973. It still is being shown on television. As of 1996, about 100 million comic books have been sold. A Japanese-to-English version of the original called Doraemon: Gadget Cat from the Future was published from 2002. A local translation is published in each Asian country such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Vietnam. It is in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, but it is not as popular as it is in Asia. Doraemon is endorsed by 7-11 in Thailand as a mascot.
Main
 Doraemon: A cat-like robot from the 22nd century. After being asked to by Sewashi Nobi, Doraemon came to the present to help Nobita. Doraemon has a four-dimensional pocket which holds many gadgets. He loves the Japanese traditional pastry Dorayaki, and has a strong fear of mice.
 Nobita Nobi: He is a fourth grader, and Sewashi's great-great-grandfather. Lazy and unathletic, he always ends up being screamed at by his peers, or his parents. He frequently asks for Doraemon's help.
 Shizuka Minamoto: She's Nobita's classmate, and his crush. A kind and caring girl, always willing to help out. She can play both the piano, and the violin, although so badly that it terrifies the neighbourhood.
 Takeshi Gouda (Gian): He's another one of Nobita's classmates, and the neighbourhood bully. Strong and always infuriated, he often bullies kids and takes their stuff as his, especially Nobita. He works at a small grocery shop with his mother, who he's terrified of.
Suneo Honekawa: Another of Nobita's classmates, and Gian's wingman. He's selfish and arrogant, and has the typical richy-rich attitude, always flaunting his wealth.
Recurring
 Hidetoshi Dekisugi: One of Nobita's classmates, though he's his complete opposite. Talented, athletic, smart and kind, he's always on top of his class, which annoys Nobita to no end.
 Sewashi Nobi: He is Nobita's great-great-grandson, and the first child Doraemon took care of. He is the one who sends Doraemon to the 21st century to help Nobita.
 Dorami: She is Doraemon's younger sister. She's happy and optimistic, having a cutesy personality. She loves melon bread, and is terrified of cockroaches. She lives with Sewashi in the future.
 Jaiko Gouda: Gian's sister, and an artist. She's the opposite of her brother, personality wise, being shy and insecure. Without Doraemon's help, Nobita would've married her, and sent his family into deep financial bankruptcy.

Several other characters compose the world of Doraemon, and have played all kinds of roles.
Worldwide date
 December 15, 1969 (Japan)
 June 24, 1970 (UK)
 November 23, 1970 (USA)
 April 10, 1971 (Australia)
 July 13, 1971 (Canada)
 September 5, 1971 (New Zealand)
 August 27, 1971 (Ireland)
 May 31, 1971 (Brazil)
 October 18, 1971 (Iceland)
 December 15, 1971 (France)
 November 15, 1972 (Spain)
 September 14, 1973 (Germany)

References 

Manga
Anime
Alfred the Great (c. 849 - 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899. He was the first king from the British Isles to call himself the 'King of the Anglo-Saxons' and so he is sometimes said to be the first English king. Alfred started the Royal Navy in the 9th century

Early childhood 

Alfred was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex and Osburga. She was the daughter of Osburga, Athelwulf's butler. Alfred was born in 849 in the royal village of Wantage then in Berkshire. In the world he grew up in there was constant talk and fear of Viking raiders. For fourteen years they had been raiding but a year after Alfred's birth they stayed all winter. The Viking menace was now settled on the island of Thanet in Kent.
When he was about four, Alfred's mother, Osburga, died. At age twelve, Alfred had difficulty finding a qualified teacher to help him learn to read and write. He finally overcame the problem and learned to read and write by using the writings of the church. At some point in his childhood Alfred was made a consul(a high rank in Anglo-Saxon England styled on the Roman office of consul). The ceremony involved him receiving a red cloak, a jeweled belt and a sword. This ceremony meant he was not destined to join the church, as the younger sons typically were. His life as an adult would be as a nobleman and possibly, if he survived his four older brothers, as king, someday.
Before he was seven years old, he had traveled to Rome twice. In 853, Alfred was sent with an escort and met Pope Leo IV. In 855 King Æthelwulf traveled to Rome taking his young son Alfred with him. They stayed in Rome a year and returned through France. There, king Æthelwulf and his son Alfred stayed at the court of Charles the Bald. Æthelwulf became engaged to Charles's eldest daughter, Judith, then about aged twelve. That same October, they were married at Verberie in northern France.

Succession 

While Alfred and his father were in Rome and France, 855-856, his older brother Athelstan died. When the king came back, his son Ethelbald was trying to start a civil war. To prevent this from happening Æthelwulf stepped down as king. He gave the rule over Wessex to his son Ethelbald. He took over the rule of Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surrey ruling Wessex as the under-king with his child bride Judith sharing his throne. In 858 king Æthelwulf died.
The next brother to rule Wessex was Ethelbert. In the same year he succeeded his brother there was a great Viking raid on the south coast of England. The Vikings plundered Winchester the chief city of Wessex and obtained a great deal of plunder. As they returned to their ships they were ambushed by Anglo-Saxons from Hampshire and Berkshire. A few survived and returned to their ships. For the next three years Southern England was free of Viking raids. But the year 865 saw the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They took control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham.
Meanwhile, King Ethelbert died in early 866. So far all the brothers had been childless and so the succession was passed from brother to brother. The fourth brother in line was Ethelred. He became king in 866. It was at this time Alfred was given the title of Secundarius (Latin for secondary). This meant he was given the power to rule over part of the kingdom or to share some power with his brother over the entire kingdom. in 868 Burgred, the King of Mercia, asked King Ethelred and Alfred for their help against the Danes (Vikings). But their forces together could not defeat the Danes. By 871 the Mercians and East Anglians had been defeated. Only Wessex could mount an army against the Vikings. That year Wessex was invaded by a large Danish army. After many battles the Anglo-Saxons were able to slow the Danes' progress. Ethelred died. He left a young son named Ethelwald who later rebelled against Edward the Elder.

King of Wessex
King of Wessex 

Alfred became king in the middle of this conflict. But before the end of the year he succeeded in effecting a peace, probably by paying a sum of money to the invaders.

Alfred earned the name 'the Great' by defending the kingdom from Viking invasions. Alfred was a scholar and encouraged education in the kingdom as well as improving the legal system.

King of the Anglo-Saxons 

By the close of the ninth century the four independent kingdoms of England had been reduced to just one. Wessex was the only remaining kingdom not destroyed by the Vikings. Beginning about 886 Alfred claimed to be the king of all the English. The exception was those parts of England that were under Danish rule. This was the beginning of unifying England under a single king. For many Alfred was the first king of the English. But he did not technically rule all of England. That distinction was given to Athelstan (ruled 924–939). King Ethelstan was Alfred's eldest grandson.
In the 880s Alfred formed a marriage alliance with Mercia, still a powerful kingdom. his daughter, Æthelflæd, married king Æthelred, of Mercia. After his death Ethelflaeda ruled as Queen of Mercia.

By 890 Alfred was making literacy among his people a priority. There were still Viking attacks, so Alfred was still telling his people to continue fighting and not give up. Alfred died in 899. He was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder who was crowned on Whitsunday (8 June) 900.

Family 

In 868 Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of Ethelred, surnamed Mucill, Ealdorman of the Gainas. Together they had several children:

 Edward the Elder (–925). Succeeded his father. His son Athelstan is considered to be the first King of England.
 Ethelweard (–922).
 Ethelflaeda (died 919), Lady of Mercia, she married Ethelred, Lord of Mercia.
 Elgiva (Ethelgiva), Abbess of Shaftesbury.
 Elftryth, married Baldwin II, Count of Flanders.
 Edmund (died young).

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex
849 births
899 deaths
House of Wessex
Kings of Wessex
A festival is a gathering of people to celebrate something. It can also refer to a one-day or more when people in a country have a holiday so that they can celebrate something. Festivals may be religious or national. They also may be events which feature different cultural programs such as music, dancing, poetry, movies, etc.

Related pages
 Halloween
 Christmas
 Thanksgiving
 New Year
 Easter
 Pentecost
 Eid festival
 Divali
 Yom Kippur
 Guy Fawkes Night
The Oort cloud, or Öpik–Oort cloud, is a cloud of comets and other objects.  Astronomers believe it is way beyond the orbits of Pluto and the Kuiper belt. The Oort cloud is believed to be the source of long-period comets in the Solar System.

The Oort cloud may lie about 50,000 AU, or nearly a light-year, from the Sun. This means the cloud is nearly a quarter of the way to Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun. 

The Kuiper belt and scattered disc, the other two reservoirs of trans-Neptunian objects, are less than one thousandth of the Oort cloud's distance. The outer limit of the Oort cloud defines the boundary of the Solar System and the region of the Sun's gravitational dominance.

The Dutch astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort published the Oort cloud idea in 1950. The Oort cloud was named after him, as were the Oort comet, and Oort constants.

Structure 
The Oort cloud takes up a lot of space and is thought to have trillions of comets about tens of millions of kilometers apart.
The Oort cloud is made up of an inner Oort cloud and an outer Oort cloud. The outer cloud is weakly bound to the Sun; long-term comets are thought to come from there. The Inner cloud is also called the Hills cloud and may be the maker of comets.

The objects in the Oort cloud are believed to consist of much ice. Since the object 1996 PW was found to be a rocky body in an orbit typical of long-period comets, it is believed that rocky objects might be in the Oort cloud.

Origins 
The Oort cloud is thought to be the remains of a disk made out of gas which surrounded the Sun long ago.

References

Solar System
Dynasty means rulers who belong to the same royal family for generations. The term is also used to describe the era during which that family ruled.

Famous dynasties were: 

 from England: The House of Tudor (1485-1603) and the House of Stuart (1603-1714).

 from China: The Shang Dynasty (1766 BC–1050 BC), the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912).

 from India: The Mughal dynasty (1526 - 1858)

Dynasties by region

Africa
Africa

Egypt 
1st dynasty (c. 3050 - 2890 BC)
2nd dynasty (2890 - 2686 BC)
 3rd dynasty (2686 - 2613 BC)
4th dynasty (2613 - 2498 BC)
5th dynasty (2498 - 2345 BC)
6th dynasty (2345 - 2181 BC)
7th and 8th dynasties (2181 - 2160 BC)
9th dynasty (2160 - 2130 BC)
10th dynasty (2130 - 2040 BC)
11th dynasty (2134- 1991 BC)
12th dynasty (1991 - 1803 BC)
13th dynasty (1803 - 1649 BC)
14th dynasty (1705 - 1690 BC)
15th dynasty (1674 - 1535 BC)
16th dynasty (1660 - 1600 BC)
17th dynasty (1650 - 1549 BC)
18th dynasty (1549 - 1292 BC)
19th dynasty (1292 - 1186 BC)
20th dynasty (1186 - 1069 BC)
21st dynasty (1069 - 945 BC)
22nd dynasty (945 - 720 BC)
23rd dynasty (837 - 728 BC)
24th dynasty (732 - 720 BC)
25th dynasty (732 - 653 BC)
26th dynasty (672 - 525 BC)
Achaemenid dynasty (525 - 404 BC)
28th dynasty (404 - 398 BC)
29th dynasty (398 - 380 BC)
30th dynasty (380 - 343 BC)
Achaemenid dynasty (343 - 332 BC)
Argead dynasty (332 - 309 BC)
Ptolemaic Dynasty (305 - 30 BC)
Morocco 
 Idrisid dynasty (780-974)
 Maghrawa dynasty (987-1070)
 Almoravid dynasty (1073-1147) (also in Al-Andalus)
 Almohad dynasty (1147-1269) (also in Al-Andalus)
 Marinid dynasty (1258-1420) (also in Al-Andalus)
 Wattasid dynasty (1420-1547) (also in Al-Andalus)
 Saadi dynasty (1554-1659)
 Alaouite dynasty (1666 to present)

North and South America

Brazil 
House of Braganza (1822-1889)

Haiti 
Dessalines Dynasty (1804 - 1806)
Christophe Dynasty (1811 - 1820)
Soulouque Dynasty (1849 - 1859)

Hawaii 
Kamehameha Dynasty (c.1810-1872)
Kalākaua Dynasty (c.1874-1893)
House of Kawananakoa (c.1868- ??)

Mexico 
House of Iturbide (1822 - 1823)
House of Habsburg (1864 - 1867)

Asia

Afghanistan 
Durrani Dynasty (1747–1823 and 1839–1842)
Barakzai Dynasty (1818–1839, 1842–1929 and 1929–1973)
 Usurper King (January 17, 1929 - October 13, 1929)

China
China

Xia Dynasty (2205 BCE–1766 BCE)
Shang Dynasty (1766 BCE–1046 BCE)
Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE–256 BCE)
Qin Dynasty (221 BCE–206 BCE)
Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220)
Three Kingdoms (220–280)
Jin Dynasty (265–420)
Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589)
Sui Dynasty (581–618)
Tang Dynasty (618–907)
Song Dynasty (960–1279)
Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368)
Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)
Qing Dynasty (1644–1912)

India

 Kingdom of Magadha (600-468 BC)
 Nanda Dynasty (362-321 BC)
 Maurya Empire (321-185 BC)
 Gupta Empire (319-642 AD)
 Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 AD)
 Mughal dynasty (1526-1858 AD)
 British Raj (1858-1947 AD)

Japan 
Imperial House of Japan (400-500 CE-now)

Korea 
Silla Dynasty (57BCE-935)
Goryeo Dynasty (935-1392)
Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910)
Maldives 
House of Theemuge (1117-1388)
Hilaalee dynasty (1388-1558)
(1558-1573) Interregnum
Utheemu dynasty (1573-1692)
(1692-1701) Kings who do not belong to a particular dynasty.
Isdhoo dynasty (1701-1704)
Dhiyamigili dynasty (1704-1757)
Huraa dynasty (1757-1766)
Dhiyamigili dynasty (1766-1773)
Huraa dynasty (1773-1953)
(1953-1953) Republic (President Muhammad Amin Didi).
Huraa dynasty (1953-1968)
(1968-1978) Republic (President Ibrahim Nasir).
(1978-Now) Republic (President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom).

Persia (Iran)
Achaemenid dynasty (525-332 BC)

Thailand 
 Phra Ruang dynasty
 Mengrai dynasty
 U-Thong dynasty
 Suphannaphum dynasty
 Sukhothai dynasty
 Prasatthong dynasty
 Banpluluang dynasty
 Thonburi dynasty (1767-1782)
 Chakri dynasty (1782-)

Europe

Albania 
 Progon Dynasty (1190-1216)
 Angevin (1272-1368)
 Wied (1914)
 Zogu (1928-1939)

Barbarians

Bavarii 
Agilolfing Dynasty

Franks 
Merovingian Dynasty (481-751)
Carolingian Dynasty (751-843)
Arnulfings or Pippinids, mayors of the palaces
Lombards 
See Early kings of the Lombards.
Lething Dynasty (until early sixth century)
Gausian Dynasty (546-572)
Bavarian Dynasty (616-712)

Ostrogoths 
Amal Dynasty (before 474-536)

Vandals 
Hasdingi (before 407-534)

Visigoths 
Balthi Dynasty (395-531)

Byzantine Empire 
Constantinian dynasty (303-336)
Valentinian Dynasty (364-457)
House of Theodosius from 379
Leonid dynasty (457-518)
Justinian Dynasty (518-602)
Heraclian Dynasty (602-695 and 705-711)
Isaurian Dynasty (717-802)
Phocid Dynasty (802-813)
Phrygian Dynasty (820-867)
Macedonian Dynasty (867-1056)
Comnenid Dynasty (1057-1059 and 1081-1185)
Doukid Dynasty (1059-1081)
Angleid Dynasty (1185-1204)
Laskarid Dynasty (1204-1261), in exile in Nicaea
Palaeologid Dynasty (1261-1453)

Croatia 
Trpimirović Dynasty (845-1091)
House of Savoy (1941-1943)
Denmark 
House of Olaf (late ninth century to c.917)
House of Harthacnut (917-1047)
House of Munsö (1047-1412)
House of Pomerania (1412-1439)
House of Wittelsbach (1439-1448)
House of Oldenburg (1448-1863)
House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1863 to the present)

England 
Cerdicing Dynasty, or House of Wessex, (829-1016 and 1042-1066)
House of Harthacnut (1013-1014 and 1016-1042)
Norman Dynasty (1066-1066)
House of Blois (1035-1054)
Plantagenet Dynasty (1154-1485)
House of Anjou (1154-1399)
House of Lancaster (1399-1461 and 1470-1471)
House of York (1461-1470 and 1471-1485)
House of Tudor (1485-1603)
House of Stuart (1603-1714)
House of Hanover (1714-1901)
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1901 to the present)
House of Windsor (1917 to the present), house renamed in 1917 during the First World War
France 
Carolingian Dynasty (843-987)
Capetian Dynasty (987-1328)
Valois Dynasty (1328-1589)
House of Orléans (1498-1515)
House of Angoulême (1515-1589)
Bourbon Dynasty (1589-1792 and 1814-1848)
House of Orléans (1830-1848)
Bonaparte Dynasty (1804-1814 and 1852-1870)

Germany 
Carolingian Dynasty (843-911)
Conradine Dynasty (911-918)
Saxon Dynasty or Ottonian Dynasty (919-1024)
Salian Dynasty or Franconian Dynasty (1024-1125)
Supplinburger Dynasty (1125-1137)
Hohenstaufen Dynasty (1137-1254)
Hapsburg Dynasty (1273-1291, 1298-1308, and 1438-1740)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1745-1806)
House of Nassau (1292-1298)
House of Luxemburg (1308-1313, 1347-1400, and 1410-1437)
House of Wittelsbach (1314-1347, 1400-1410, and 1742-1745)
Hohenzollern Dynasty (1871-1918)

Bavaria 
Liutpolding Dynasty 889-947
Ottonian Dynasty 947-1017
House of Luxembourg 1017-1026, 1039-1047
Salian Dynasty 1026-1039, 1053-1061
Welf Dynasty 1070-1138, 1156-1180
Babenberg Dynasty 1138-1156
Wittelsbach Dynasty 1180-1918
Saxony 
Liudolfing Dynasty 843-961
Billung Dynasty 961-1106
Supplinburger Dynasty 1106-1127
Welf Dynasty 1127-1138, 1142-1180
Ascanian Dynasty 1138-1142, 1180-1422
Wettin Dynasty 1422-1918

Hungary 
Árpád Dynasty (c.895-1301)
Premyslid Dynasty (1301-1305)
House of Wittelsbach (1305-1308)
Capetian Dynasty, House of Anjou (1308-1395)
House of Luxemburg (1387-1437)
Hapsburg Dynasty (1437-1457, 1526-1564, and 1563-1918)
Jagiellonian Dynasty (1440-1526)
Zápolya Dynasty (1526-1571)

Montenegro 
Vojislavljević Dynasty (c. 7th century - 1186)
Nemanjić Dynasty (1186 - 1355)
Balšić Dynasty (1356 - 1435)
Crnojević Dynasty (1435 - 1516)
Petrović-Njegoš Dynasty (1696 - 1918)

Iberia

Aragón 
Jiménez Dynasty (1035-1162)
House of Barcelona (1162-1410)
House of Trastámara (1412-1516)

Asturias 
Peláyez Dynasty (718-739)
Pérez Dynasty (739-925)

Castile 
House of Lara (930-1032), counts
Jiménez Dynasty (1035-1126), kings
House of Burgundy (1126-1369)
House of Trastámara (1369-1516)
León 
Pérez Dynasty (910-1037)
Jiménez Dynasty (1037-1126)
House of Burgundy (1126-1369)
House of Trastámara (1369-1516)

Navarre 
House of Íñiguez (824-905)
Jiménez Dynasty (905-1234)
House of Champagne (1234-1305)
Capetian Dynasty (1284-1349)
House of Évreux (1328-1441)
House of Trastámara (1425-1479)
House of Foix (1479-1516)
House of Albret (1483-1572)
House of Bourbon (1572-1620)

Portugal 
House of Burgundy or Afonsine Dynasty (1093-1383), counts until 1139
House of Aviz or Joannine Dynasty (1385-1580)
House of Hapsburg or Philippine Dynasty (1580-1640)
House of Braganza or Brigantine Dynasty (1640-1910)
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or House of Braganza-Wettin (1853-1910)

Spain 
House of Hapsburg or House of Austria (1516-1700)
House of Bourbon (1700-1868, 1874-1931, and 1975 to the present)
House of Bonaparte (1808-1813)
House of Savoy (1871-1873)
Ireland 
 Fir Ol nEchmacht
 Dal Fiachrach Suighe
 The Connachta
 Uí Briuin
 Uí Fiachrach
 Uí Néill
 Eóganachta
 Uí Failghe
 Uí Maine
 Uí Garrchon
 Uí Enechglaiss
 Uí Bairrche
 Uí Dúnlainge
 Uí Cheinnselaig
 Dál Riata
 Dál nAraidi
 Dál Fiatach
 Clann Cholmáin
 Síl nÁedo Sláine
 Cenél Coirpre
 Síl Muiredaig
 Clan Maelruanaidh
 Cenél nEógain
 Cenél Conaill
 Uí Briuin Brefine
 Muintir Maoilmhordha
 Ua Mael Sechlainn
 Ua Conchobhair
 Dál gCais
 Ua Briain
 MacDermot
 Mac Ivar
 Mac Ragnaill
 Mac Thorkell
 Mac Murrough Kavanagh
 FitzGerald
 Butler
 Burke
 Ó Neill
 Clann Aodha Buidhe
 O Domhnaill
 O Connor Sligo
 O'Conor Don
 Clanricarde
 Maguire
 MacCarthy
 O Sullivan Beare
 O Sullivan Mor
 O Connor Kerry
 O Flaherty
 O Rourke
 O Kelly
 O More
 O Byrne
 O Toole
 Magennis
 MacMahon
 O Reilly
 Guinness

Italy 
House of Savoy (1003-1946)

Norway 
Fairhair Dynasty (890-1319)
House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1905 to the present)

Ottoman Empire 
Ottoman Dynasty (1281-1923)
Poland 
Piast Dynasty (ninth century-1296 and 1306-1370)
Premyslid Dynasty (1291-1306)
Capetian Dynasty, House of Anjou (1306-1399)
Jagiellonian Dynasty (1386-1572 and 1575-1586)
Valois Dynasty (1573-1574)
House of Báthory (1576-1586)
House of Vasa (1587-1668)
House of Wiśniowiecki (1669-1673)
House of Sobieski (1674-1696)
Wettin Dynasty (1697-1706, 1709-1733 and 1736-1764)
House of Leszczyński (1704-1709 and 1733-1736)
House of Poniatowski (1764-1795)

Roman Empire 
Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC-AD 68)
Flavian Dynasty (69-96)
Nervan-Antonian Dynasty (96-192)
Severan Dynasty (193-235)

Romania 
House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1866-1947)

Russia 
House of Rurikovich (862-1598, 1606-1610)
House of Romanov (1613-1762)
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, called Romanov (1762-1917)

Scotland 
House of Alpin (843-1034)
House of Dunkeld (1034-1040, 1058-1286)
House of Baliol (1292-1296)
House of Bruce (1306-1371)
House of Stuart (1371-1707)
Sweden 
House of Munsö or House of Uppsala (970-1060)
House of Stenkil (1060-1130)
House of Sverker (1130-1222), interpsersed with House of Eric
House of Eric (1156-1250), interspersed with House of Sverker
House of Bjällbo or Folkung Dynasty (1248-1387)
House of Vasa (1521-1654)
House of Wittelsbach or House of Electorate of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg (1654-1720)
House of Hesse (1720-1751)
House of Holstein-Gottorp (1751-1818)
House of Bernadotte (1818 to the present)

Two Sicilies

Sicily 
House of Hauteville (1071-1198), counts until 1130
House of Hohenstaufen (1194-1266)
House of Capet, House of Anjou (1266-1282)
House of Barcelona (1282-1410)
House of Trastámara (1412-1516)
House of Hapsburg (1516-1700 and 1720-1735)
House of Bourbon (1700-1713 and 1735-1861)
House of Savoy (1713-1720)
The Han dynasty came to power in 202 BC. They followed the philosophies of Confucianism and legalism. This was called 'the Han synthesis'.

Under this dynasty, China made progress in arts and science. The empire also became larger and larger. China started trading with a number of other countries. They started the Silk Road. Merchants used the Silk Road to reach China. During this dynasty Buddhism was introduced in China. Today, the dominant ethnic group of China calls themselves the Han Chinese since this was the dynasty where many of the norms of Chinese culture found a firm foundation in the culture, including Confucianism and Chinese characters. The first emperor of the Han dynasty is Liu Bang, known in Chinese as Emperor Gaozu of Han. The Han dynasty was considered the golden age of early china.
The Han dynasty ruled China from 206 B.C. to 220 A.D. The new emperor maintained a legalist ideology just like the Qin dynasty but also had ideas of Confucianism to have a centralized system showing benevolence. After eighty years, Emperor Wu of Han launched a period of military expansion. The Han armies controlled many territories, including Silk Road in Mongolia and Xinjiang. The Silk Road  helped make a political, economic, military, and culture center, but it was very expensive to manage and further expansion was cut off. Several factors contributed to the fall of the Han dynasty, including uprisings of desperate and hungry people, the spread of attacks by nomadic groups, and official corruption.

Literature 
Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman 1992. China: a new history. 2nd enlarged edition 2006. Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Other websites 

 Han Dynasty by Minnesota State University 
 Han Dynasty art with video commentary, Minneapolis Institute of Arts
Chinese dynasties
3rd-century BC establishments
3rd-century disestablishments
Mature Chinese philosophy developed during the Zhou Dynasty. The greatest Chinese philosophers were Confucius (), founder of Confucianism, and Laozi, founder of Daoism. Other philosophers, theorists, and schools of thought from the Zhou Dynasty were Mozi (Latin: Micius), founder of Mohism, Mencius (), a famous Confucian who expanded upon Confucius legacy, Shang Yang and Han Feizi, responsible for the development of ancient Chinese Legalism (the core philosophy of the Qin Dynasty), and Xunzi.

References

Other websites

Chinese dynasties
11th century BC
3rd-century BC disestablishments
Frank Anthony "Tony" Iommi (born 19 February 1948, in Birmingham, England) is a British guitarist and songwriter. He is most famous for starting the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He is the only person who has stayed a member of the band since it began in 1968. He lost two finger tips in a work accident, and made two fake finger tips from a plastic bottle. This helped give Black Sabbath their heavy sound.

In 2003, Iommi was listed at number 86 in Rolling Stone Magazine's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" issue.

Along with Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, Iommi is oft considered one of the greatest riff writers of all time.  Iommi used several riffs in Black Sabbath's songs.

He was born to an Italian immigrant family and has dual Italian British citizenship. 

In 2006 Tony Iommi was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Notes

Iommi, Tony
1948 births
Living people
The Yellow River (Huáng Hé 黄河) is the second longest river in China (after Yangtze River) and the sixth longest in the world. The river is 5464 km long and it drains at the Bohai Sea, a gulf of the Yellow Sea. The river is often called the "Mother River of China" and "the Cradle of the Chinese civilization" in China. In Chinese mythology, the river is home to the deity Hebo.

References

Other websites 

 Yellow River delta Information at LSU
 Listen to the Yellow River Ballade from the Yellow River Cantata
 "A Troubled River Mirrors China’s Path to Modernity" New York Times November 19, 2006
 Illustrations of Guarding the Yellow River is an old book that shows how China protected the cities around the River from flooding.
 Illustrated Work on the Storage and Drainage Activities at the Lakes and Rivers of the Yellow River and the Grand Canal

Rivers of China
A rebellion is when people refuse to obey orders and fight against authority. Those who do this are “rebels”. They may be citizens of a country who try to take over the government by force because they do not trust the current system. Some rebels in history were slaves who fought back against their masters or against slavery in general. Leaders of slave rebellions include Spartacus and Nat Turner.

The Zhou dynasty in China feared rebellion. Rulers of other Chinese states that were captured live were made to with their families in the Zhou capital, Anyang. However, this way failed to stop rebellion because groups of lords were brought together that could rebel. The Zhou dynasty declined because other lords who were ruling parts of China rebelled.

Rebellion is a usual method of secession. 

Rebellion
Ruled from the start of the Frankish Kingdom in 486 to 1870. During most of its history, France was ruled by kings. Four Carolingian monarchs were also Roman Emperors and the Bonapartes were Emperors of the French.

This article lists all rulers to have held the title "King of Franks", "King of France", "King of the French" or "Emperor of the French".

The title "King of the Franks" was in use until the reign of Philip II. During the short time when the French Constitution of 1791 was in effect (1791–1792) and after the July Revolution in 1830, the style "King of the French" was used instead of "King of France (and Navarre)".

In addition to the Kingdom of France, there were also two French Empires. The First French Empire was from 1804 to 1815. It was founded and ruled by Napoleon I. The Second French Empire was from 1852 to 1870. It was founded and ruled by his nephew Napoleon III Then 3rd 4th and 5th republic formed

Earlier Monarchs
Earlier Monarchs

Merovingian Dynasty (428–751)
The name of France comes from the Germanic tribe known as the Franks. The Merovingian kings began as chieftains. The oldest known was Chlodio. Clovis I was the first of these to rise to true kingship. After his death, his kingdom was split between his sons into Soissons (Neustria), Paris, Orléans (Burgundy), and Metz (Austrasia). Several Merovingian monarchs brought back together the Frankish kingdoms and took the title of "King of the Franks". But upon their deaths, according to Frankish custom, the kingdom would often be split once again between their sons.
The last Merovingian kings, known as the lazy kings (rois fainéants), did not hold any real political power. The Mayor of the Palace governed instead. When Theuderic IV died in 737, Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel left the throne vacant and continued to rule until his own death in 741. His sons Pepin and Carloman briefly brought back the Merovingian dynasty by raising Childeric III to the throne in 743. In 751, Pepin deposed Childerich and took the throne.

Carolingian Dynasty (751–987)
Three of the twelve kings during the 147-year Carolingian Dynasty – Odo, his brother Robert I and Robert's son in law Raoul/Rudolph – were not from the Carolingian Dynasty but from the rival Robertian Dynasty. The Robertian Dynasty became the Capetian Dynasty with when Hugh Capet took the throne in 987.
Capetian Dynasty (987–1792)
The Capetian Dynasty, the male-line descendants of Hugh Capet, ruled France from 987 to 1792 and again from 1814 to 1848. The branches of the dynasty which ruled after 1328 are generally called Valois and Bourbon.

Direct Capetians (987–1328)

Not listed above are Hugh Magnus, eldest son of Robert II, and Philip of France, eldest son of Louis VI. Both were co-Kings with their fathers but died before them. Because neither Hugh nor Philip were sole or senior king in their own lifetimes, they are usually not listed as Kings of France.

House of Valois (1328–1589)

Valois–Orléans Branch (1498–1515)

Valois–Angoulême Branch (1515–1589)

House of Bourbon (1589–1792)
From 21 January 1793 to 8 June 1795, Louis XVI's son Louis-Charles was titled King of France as Louis XVII. In reality, he was imprisoned in the Temple during this time. His power was held by the leaders of the Republic. On Louis XVII's death, his uncle Louis-Stanislas claimed the throne, as Louis XVIII. He was only de facto King of France in 1814.

First Republic (1792–1804)
The First French Republic lasted from 1792 to 1804, when its First Consul, Napoleon Bonaparte, declared himself Emperor of the French.

House of Bonaparte, First Empire (1804–1814)

House of Bourbon, Bourbon Restoration (1814–1815)

House of Bonaparte, First Empire (Hundred Days, 1815)

House of Bourbon (1815–1830)
The elder son of Charles X, the Dauphin Louis-Antoine, is sometimes said to have legally been the King of France as Louis XIX. This is in the 20 minutes between Charles X's formal signature of abdication and the Dauphin's own signature.
Henri d'Artois, Charles X's grandson, is said by monarchists to be the King of France, as Henry V from 2 August 1830 to 9 August 1830. He was never recognized by the French State. He is generally not in lists of official French monarchs.

There was a brief period (20 March 1815 to 8 July 1815) called the Hundred Days in which Louis XVIII was king somewhat before the time, but fled because of Napoleon I's return from Elba

House of Orléans, July Monarchy (1830–1848)

Second Republic (1848–1852)
The Second French Republic lasted from 1848 to 1852, when its president, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, was declared Emperor of the French.

House of Bonaparte, Second Empire (1852–1870)
Heads of State following 1871
The chronology of Head of State of France continues with the Presidents of France. There were short-term periods by the Chief of State of the French State (1940–1944), the Chairman of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944–1946) and the President of the French Senate (1969 and 1974) during the Fifth Republic.

References

Lists of monarchs
European monarchs
A battle is a fight between two or more groups where each group is trying to defeat (beat) the others.  Battles are most often fought during wars.  A small battle fought by only a small part of the armies is called a skirmish.  Series of battles are called military campaigns.  The ground on which a battle is fought is called a battlefield.

Battles can very important, for example the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, which was a draw in military terms, and the 1798 Battle of the Nile which the French lost, changed the history of  Europe and the world.

Land battles 
300 Spartans at Thermopylae: Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC
Siege of Carthage: 149146 BC
Battle of Hastings – 1066
Battle of Kosovo – 1389
Battle of Waterloo – 1815
The Battle of Trenton 1776 saved the American Revolutionary cause.
Battle of Gettysburg – 1863
Battle of Verdun – 1916
Battle of the Bulge – 1944
The firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9-10, 1945.
Battle of Inchon – 1950, Korean War
Tet Offensive – 1968, Vietnam War
Naval battles
Battle of Trafalgar – 1805
Battle of Midway – 1942

References
Device could mean:
 A measuring instrument
 A machine or part of one
 A tool or part of one
 An information appliance, such as a cell phone
 Device implying computer hardware
 A peripheral device attached to a computer
 A display device (or graphics device), for visual or tactile presentation of images and/or text
 An electronic component
 A device file, in computing
 Device , Dutch ICT Company.
 A rhetorical device
 Device No.1, an album by Flint
 devices, a Los Angeles-based power-pop band from the late 1980s and early 1990s
 Heraldic device, part of a coat of arms
 de-VICE, an online magazine started in 2005 that dabbles with electronic music, movies, anime, travel, and subcultural asidesde-VICE #3 
 An attachment to a medal's ribbon denoting special service, participation in a battle, or additional awards. Examples include a service star and the oak leaf cluster.

Devise could also mean:
 To invent
 A disposition of real property in a will, like a bequest

Or see the placename Devizes