Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Rack Placement 
The top of the rack is considered to be the location which produces the greatest amount of heat. So, the specific placement of the racks can reduce the heat circulation from racks hot spots. The way that we can regulate this issue is by ordering rack components in a way that the more loaded equipment is placed on the lower racks and in such way we can ensure an optimal cooling. Since heavier equipment flow the most air, a lower rack placement will ensure that less heat is spreaded at the top of the rack.
Free Cooling 
The free cooling method is composed of two main systems: the air-side economization and the water-side economization. The first one basically uses the air that comes from the outer environment in order to control and adjust the desired temperature in the IT apparatus. This technique is quite productive with respect to its cost (since we just take advantage of air from the external environment) but on the other hand has some disadvantages since it is likely to provoke humidity and moisture in the data center.

In a similar way, water-side economization works with air from the outdoors and is commonly used with evaporation processes.
Liquid cooling can improve the efficiency of a data center as it provides an optimal and more targeted cooling. For example chilled water can be transferred directly to a rack of servers which is quite helpful as we want to provide cooling to specific places. Instead of trying to “balance” a desirable temperature throughout an entire room, it initializes the cooling process in the exact point that is needed; at a particular rack or cabinet. On the other hand, the use of liquid-based systems inside a data center could have some cons. Possible leaks are definitely a huge threat for the entire IT apparatus, transport of liquid may cause condensation and since the chilled liquid must be contained somewhere it requires more technological equipment and a suitable framework inside the data center; so in this case we need more resources
. For the above reasons, although liquid-based systems are proved to be more reliable and effective, they appear to be quite expensive with respect to air cooling techniques and slightly more difficult to implement.
Single Phase Cooling 
Using the setup of a liquid-based system, here the IT apparatus can be cooled by using water, or alternative cooling liquids to be pumped at server or rack level: cold plates are located as close as possible to the heat generating components. This technology makes use of the higher heat transfer capacity of the liquids, leading to greater savings in terms of energy requirement, in fact, single phase cooling systems can reduce, and sometimes eliminate needing for CRAC units.

One of the most important disadvantages is that they require high pumping power. Other side effects are microbe formation, electrical conductivity of the liquids and erosive nature due to high fluid velocities.

As the surface to be cooled increases, it is more difficult to achieve isothermality.

The main advantage, following an on-chip cooling approach is that, since direct discharge liquid stream is used, the energy capture is easier, permitting the waste heat recovery.
One of the pioneers of this technology has been IMB, with the Aquasar supercomputer, in 2009.

Two-phase Cooled Systems 
Two-phase cooling means using devices that can transform at least part of the cooling fluids into vapour when in contact with warm IT components. The phase transition permits a much more efficient heat exchange, in terms of cooling medium mass: in other words: to exchange a fixed amount of heat, two-phase cooling uses less refrigerating liquid in comparison with the quantity which is necessary in single-phase cooling.

It was shown how, using multiphase systems, 4 times less mass-flow rates, 10 times less pumping power and 2 times less facility size.
The core of the evaporator is composed by a mini or microchannel heat-sink by which the plate surface is maximized; minichannels have a pitch of 2 to 8 mm, while microchannels have a pitch of less than 1 mm. Microchannels are more capable in transferring the heat thanks to their higher surface, but they are more easily clogged, corroded and eroded.

Cooling System Alternatives 
There are many options available to services or IT experts when it comes to specifying cooling solutions. These options may differ according to the size or the particular type of the solution needed.

Airflow direction 
Referring to the airflow process, large floor-mounted systems flow air in a downward direction (leading towards a lower flow level) or an upward direction (leading towards a higher flow level) and some can even flow horizontally (leading towards a horizontal flow level).
Fire, smoke, and water detection devices 
These devices are best used in combination with IT monitoring and building management systems for quicker notification. They also provide early warning or automatic shut off during undesirable events.

Humidifiers 
As a device that increases humidity, humidifiers can play an important role in the cooling process by preventing any unexpected overheating which may occur due to static electrical discharge.They are usually placed inside precision cooling devices in order to replace water vapor lost during the cooling process. Reassuring that the room has no current high or low humidity-related issues, the use of humidifiers can be in all computer room air conditioners and air handlers.
Reheat systems 
When performing the particular technique, rooms should not have vapor barriers and also room temperatures should suggest humid climates. These systems in order to let the whole system provide increased dehumidification of the "internal" air, they add heat to conditioned cold air coming out of a precision cooling device.

Economizer coils 
The advantage of using this approach is that it provides a surprisingly operating cost reduction when used.In this approach, diol (ethylene glycol) is used to cool the IT environment in a way which is similar to a chilled water system.

Insights 
Data centers technology is quite complex and advanced and this has as a result to require huge amounts of energy. Therefore, data centers need to be as efficient as possible and data environmental control has a significant role to this issue.
The recommended temperature for a data center is estimated between 21°C and 24°C. In addition to,some studies regarding the desired temperature in a data center shown that maybe it is not so optimal (money-wise) for firms to keep the temperature below 21°C. Furthermore, typical data center limit temperatures have been estimated to be 85°C for processors and DIMMs, while disk drives can usually work in stricter conditions, at a maximum of 45°C. 

It is also remarkable that, while the conventional heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) for similar size rooms deal with heat fluxes in the order of 40-90 , cooling systems in data centers work with extremely higher heat loads: modern data center infrastructures can need to refresh apparatus that produces 6-10  as power density. In the next few years, it is estimated that the power density consumption will still raise up to 15 .
Google for instance mentions the significance of taking serious action to reinforce energy efficiency in case of either  running a small data center or a huge service. According to Google, many manufactures construct the suitable equipment to be used at temperatures higher than the standard 21°C we aforementioned. This may lead to next generation servers having the ability of performing at higher temperatures, fact that can make data center using less equipment and therefore save money. So for an effective  management and control data centers should be able to perform accurate temperature analysis by measuring the amount of energy spent for processes that concern cooling.Nevertheless, the best solution may be consulting the corresponding equipment manufacturer so with his expertise can point out the suitable approach.
Many opinions of experts about this subject point out that data centers could have better performance if they could adopt a mixture of cooling methods. Another important factor that could drastically contribute to an optimal performance is the location where data centers are placed. Constructing data centers either in places with cooler climates or near to sources of cold water not only could increase energy efficiency in a high level but also could reduce costs by deploying the external environment.

References
Halewood is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in Merseyside, England. It lies near the city of Liverpool's southeastern boundary. It is bordered by the suburbs of Netherley, Hunt's Cross and Woolton. Halewood was historically a part of Lancashire.

Population
At the 2001 Census, the population of the civil parish was 20,309. It was similar at the 2011 Census. The combined population of Halewood's four local government wards was 29,217.

Transport
Halewood railway station opened in 1988. An earlier station, a few hundred metres further east, closed in 1951.

Towns in Merseyside
Civil parishes in Merseyside
Sefton is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton in Merseyside, England. It is located to the south west of Maghull and to the north east of Great Crosby. It is on the flood plain of the River Alt. The village is bisected by the B5422, Brickwall Lane. At the 2001 Census the population was recorded as 772. This increased to 855 at the 2011 Census.

Civil parishes in Merseyside
Julian of Norwich, or Juliana of Norwich (c.1342–c.1416) was an anchoress (a woman who locks herself away to be closer to God). She wrote "Revelations of Divine Love". It is the first known English book written by a woman.

1340s births
1410s deaths
People from Norwich
English Christian writers
Christian mystics
English Roman Catholics
14th-century works
Versoix is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland.

Geography 
Versoix sits on the northwest side of Lake Geneva northeast of the city of Geneva.

It has of the villages of Richelien, Creuson, Sauverny, Petit-Saint-Loup, Ecogia, Versoix-la-Ville, Pont-Céard, Port-Choiseul, Versoix-Bourg, Versoix - lac and Crève-Cœur.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Musique Municipale de Versoix and music school 
 Historical images of extreme weather conditions in Versoix - 1905

Municipalities of Geneva
Cities in Switzerland
Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon (born 1 May 1958) is a Beninese businessman and politician. He has been President of Benin since 6 April 2016.

In September 2021, Patrice Talon and Thomas Boni Yayi, political allies who have become intimate enemies, met at the Marina Palace in Cotonou. During this tête-à-tête, Thomas Boni Yayi presented Patrice Talon with a series of proposals and requests, relating in particular to the release of “political detainees”.'

References 

1958 births
African businesspeople
Presidents of Benin
Roman Catholics
Current national leaders
Living people
The November 1989 tornado outbreak was a natural disaster in the United States from November 15-16, 1989.

Notable tornadoes

Huntsville, Alabama 
During the morning hours of November 14, the local forecasts issued a warning for severe thunderstorms on Wednesday.

At 9:30 a.m. on November 15, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a strong potential for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes across the Tennessee Valley. At 10:50 a.m., the Birmingham office issued a major severe weather threat for Alabama and northern Florida.

A tornado watch was issued at 12:45 p.m. CST and was in effect until 8:00 p.m. CST that evening. Shortly thereafter, warnings were coming out as a squall line passed through. Spotters reported large hail and damaging winds at this time.

At the time of the tornado, a severe thunderstorm warning was in effect. Later, they spotted rotation in the wall cloud, but the rotation dissipated shortly thereafter. At 4:25 p.m., the rotation picked up again.
The tornado hit during the afternoon rush hour, killing 21 people and injuring 463 others. Most of these deaths happened in cars (similar to the 1979 Wichita Falls tornado). This was rated an F4 on the Fujita Scale.

Newburgh, New York 
A downburst struck East Coldenham Elementary School on November 16, 1989 at 11:35 a.m., blowing down a cafeteria wall, killing nine people and injuring eighteen. This was considered a F1 tornado. Former President Ronald Reagan was on the site within minutes.

1989 in the United States
1989
1980s in weather
Heysham is a large coastal village near Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It overlooks Morecambe Bay. It is a ferry port, with services to the Isle of Man and Ireland. Heysham nuclear power station is at Heysham.

Villages in Lancashire
City of Lancaster
Big Bill Bissonnette (February 5, 1937 – June 26, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist, drummer, and music producer. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the 1960s, he led his own group, the Easy Riders Jazz Band, formed his own label, Jazz Crusade, and organized northern tours for Kid Thomas Valentine, George Lewis, and Jim Robinson.

Bissonnette came in first place as "New Young Artist" in the 1965 Jazzology Jazz Poll. Over 30 years later he placed No. 5 among all jazz trombonists in the same poll.

Bissonnette died in New Orleans on June 26, 2018 at the age of 81.

References

Musicians from New Orleans
American jazz musicians
American drummers
American trombonists
American record producers
1937 births
2018 deaths
The National Railway Museum (NRM) is a museum in York forming part of the British Science Museum Group of National Museums. It tells the story of rail transport in Great Britain and its impact on society. It has won many awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001. It is the home of the national collection of historically significant railway vehicles. There is also a collection of other artefacts and both written and pictorial records.

Museums in the United Kingdom
York
National museums
Transport in England
Buildings and structures in North Yorkshire
Steven Hilliard Stern (November 1, 1937 – June 27, 2018) was a Canadian-born American television and movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Timmins, Ontario. Stern was known for his works with Michael Douglas, Christopher Reeve and Christopher Plummer. His best known movies are The Devil and Max Devlin, Mazes and Monsters, and Money. Stern was also known for directing the miniseries Black Fox.

Stern died on June 27, 2018 of stomach cancer in Los Angeles, California at the age of 80.

References

Other websites

Steven Hilliard Stern biography on FilmReference.com
1937 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Canadian movie directors
Canadian television directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian television producers
Canadian television writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Movie directors from Los Angeles
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Screenwriters from Los Angeles
Writers from Ontario
Paa Kwesi Bekoe Amissah-Arthur (29 April 1951 – 29 June 2018) was a Ghanaian economist, academic and politician. He was the fifth Vice-President of Ghana's 4th Republic, in office from 6 August 2012 until 7 January 2017, under President John Dramani Mahama. Before, he was Governor of the Bank of Ghana from 2009 to 2012. He was born in Cape Coast.

Amissah-Arthur died of a heart attack in Accra on 29 June 2018, aged 67.

Related pages
List of scientists from Africa

References

1951 births
2018 deaths
Vice presidents
Ghanaian educators
Economists
Ghanaian politicians
Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ( ; born William Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo; 29 March 1944) is a Ghanaian politician. He is the President of Ghana, in office since January 2017. He served as Attorney General from 2001 to 2003 and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2007.

In 2020, Akufo-Addo was re-elected beating former President John Mahama.

In December 2021, Nana-Akufo Addo undertakes to remain only in two constituents and not to represent herself in 2024.

References

Other websites
 GhanaWeb: Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo biography.
 EIN News: Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo 
 Ghpage: Nana Addo Dankwa Akuffo Addo family and biography 

1944 births
Living people
Lawyers
Current national leaders
Presidents of Ghana
John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (born 8 December 1938) is a Ghanaian politician. He was President of Ghana from 7 January 2001 to 7 January 2009. He was also Chairperson of the African Union from 2007 to 2008.

References

Other websites
The John A. Kufuor Foundation 
Ghana-pedia webpage – John K.A. Kufuor
President of Ghana Speaks at Ahmadiyya Muslim Caliphate Centenary Convention
Official website of the Government of Ghana
Official website of the Office of the President of Ghana
Interview with John Kufuor about Nigerian elections – broadcast on Radio France Internationale
Notable biographes
www.encyclopedia.com

1938 births
Living people
Presidents of Ghana
African Union chairpersons
Video chat is a way of communicating online using the Internet. It uses a camera and microphone in a computer or smart phone. This allows people to see and hear each other.

For streaming video a speed of at least 2 Mbps is needed, to prevent a choppy signal and disconnects. For sound transmission, much less speed is required, so people often turn off video when the internet connection is slow.

Video chat is a very popular form of communication in the 21st century. It is often used for many reasons;

 To communicate with family or friends
 Real time business communication
 Real time education / teaching

Telecommunications
The Napier Deltic is an unusual type of diesel engine.  It was used in boats and railway locomotives. The cylinders are arranged in a triangular form with two pistons in each cylinder. There are three crankshafts which are geared together at one end of the engine. These engines usually had nine cylinders (three banks of three) or eighteen cylinders (six banks of three). These engines were built by D. Napier & Son.

Key to animation
 Green = incoming air
 Orange = burning fuel/air mixture
 Purple = outgoing exhaust gas

References

Motors
Walker Stapleton (born April 15, 1974) is an American Republican politician. He is the State Treasurer of Colorado, having taken office on January 11, 2011.

Stapleton is a Bush family relative. He graduated from Williams College and received a M.A. from London School of Economics. He earned his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.

In September 2017, Stapleton announced his candidacy for Governor of Colorado. He lost the election to Jared Polis in the general election in November 2018.

References

Other websites
 Walker Stapleton for Governor 

1974 births
Living people
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Colorado
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Bush family
Liliane Montevecchi (October 13, 1932 – June 29, 2018) was a French-Italian actress, dancer, and singer. She was born in Paris. In 1982 she drew the attention of critics and audiences for her performance in Nine, with Raúl Juliá, for which she won both the Tony and Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.

Montevecchi died on June 29, 2018 in New York City from colorectal cancer at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
 

Tony Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
1932 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
Singers from Paris
French dancers
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Italian singers
Actors from Paris
Matthew Lee Cappotelli (November 12, 1979 – June 29, 2018) was an American professional wrestler. He was born in Caledonia, New York. He won the Tough Enough III with John Hennigan. He worked in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), the primary developmental territory for WWE. 

In July 2017, Cappotelli was diagnosed with glioblastoma, a rare form of brain cancer. He stopped his cancer treatment in May 2018. He died on June 29, 2018 in Louisville, Kentucky, aged 38.

References

1979 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from glioblastoma
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from New York (state)
Caledonia is a town in Livingston County, New York, United States. The population was 4,255 at the 2010 census. The Town of Caledonia has the village of Caledonia. The town is in the northwest part of the county and is southwest of Rochester, New York.

Other websites
 Town of Caledonia, official website

Towns in New York (state)
Jerry John Rawlings (22 June 1947 – 12 November 2020) was a Ghanaian politician and military official. He served as the 1st President of the Fourth Republic Ghana serving from 1993 to 2001.

Rawlings died at a hospital in Accra on 12 November 2020 from COVID-19, aged 73.

References

Other websites
 Flight Lieutenant Jeremiah John Rawlings 
 Official Website 
 Biography of Jerry J. Rawlings at Encyclopædia Britannica

1947 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana
Presidents of Ghana
Former dictators
Generals
The President of the Republic of Ghana is the elected head of state and head of government of Ghana, as well as Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces. The current President of Ghana is Nana Akufo-Addo.

Eligibility
According to Chapter 8, Article 62 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, a person shall not be qualified for election as the President of Ghana unless:

(a) he/she is a citizen of Ghana by birth
(b) he/she has attained the age of  forty years; and
(c) he/she is a person who is otherwise qualified to be elected a Member of Parliament, except that the disqualifications set out in paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of clause (2) of article 94 of this Constitution shall not be removed, in respect of any such person, by a presidential pardon or by the lapse of time as provided for in clause (5) of that article.

List of presidents of the Fourth Republic (1993–present)

References

Other websites
 World Statesmen – Ghana
 Rulers.org – Ghana
Daytime television is a daypart that runs from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time. It is after a breakfast/morning show program and before the early fringe of primetime.

This programming block features game shows like Let's Make a Deal and The Price is Right, soap operas like The Young and the Restless, The Bold and the Beautiful, General Hospital, and Days of Our Lives, and talk shows like The Talk, The Doctors and Dr. Phil. Some local affiliates air their local newscasts at noon Eastern Time and 11:00 a.m. Central Time.

Television genres
Ultimate Custom Night is a point-and-click survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the second official spin-off of the Five Nights at Freddy's game series, the first one being FNaF World, and the eight game overall. The game was released on June 27, 2018 for free on Steam and Game Jolt.

Gameplay 
The game allows the player to choose from 50 characters from all of the six main Five Nights at Freddy's games preceding it, as well as from the spin-off, FNaF World, and set their difficulty levels for the night from a minimum of '0' to a maximum of '20'. The player can also choose their office settings, which are all based from the first five games.

Reception 
It received good reviews from Rock, Paper, Shotgun.

References

Five Nights at Freddy's
Sara Amelia Bernard (born 18 August 1992) is a Malaysian model and actress. She is the season 2 winner of TV3’s reality game show Clever Girl Malaysia.

Early life

Sara was born in Ipoh, Perak. Her mother is of British-Malay descent and her father is Iban-German. She is the eldest of three siblings. She attended high school at SMK Convent Ipoh and completed her A-Level’s in Mathematics, Psychology and Economics at Taylor’s College Sri Hartamas.

Clever Girl Malaysia

Sara, representing Perak, beat 13 other contestants to win season 2 of Clever Girl Malaysia. She won the prize of RM100,000. The reality game show aired on TV3 for 10 weeks.

Miss Malaysia World controversy

In 2013, Sara was disqualified from competing in the Miss Malaysia World pageant. Her disqualification followed a religious ban prohibiting Muslim girls from participating in beauty pageants. This controversy led to her dreams of obtaining the crown shattered.

References
References

1992 births
Malaysian actors
Models
Muslims
Living people
People from Perak
Council of Foreign Ministers was an organisation agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference in 1945 and announced in the Potsdam Agreement.

The Potsdam Agreement specified that the Council would be composed of the Foreign Ministers of the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, China, France, and the United States. It would normally meet in London (at Lancaster House) and the first meeting was to take place no later than 1 September 1945. As the immediate important task, the Council was authorised to draw up treaties of peace with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland, and to propose settlements of territorial questions outstanding on the termination of the war in Europe. Also the Council should prepare a peace settlement for Germany to be accepted when a "government adequate for the purpose is established".
1945
A metal rectifier is an early type of semiconductor rectifier in which the semiconductor is copper oxide or selenium.  They were used to convert alternating current to direct current. They were often used in devices such as radios and battery chargers.   Westinghouse Electric was a major manufacturer of these rectifiers since the late 1920s.

In some countries the term "metal rectifier" is applied to all such devices. In other countries the term "metal rectifier" normally refers to copper-oxide types, and "selenium rectifier" to  selenium-iron types.

Other websites
  Rectifier used as an AM-demodulator 
 Cougar Electronics - example of "legacy" selenium rectifier manufacturer
 The Copper Oxide Rectifier  This document discusses the history of the copper oxide rectifier, and, in particular, the use of Chilean copper in its manufacture; the thallium catastrophe that befell the manufacture of selenium rectifiers is also discussed.

Electronic components
Rectifiers
A Mercury-arc rectifier is a type of rectifier used for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). The cathode is made from a pool of liquid mercury. Mercury-arc rectifiers  were rugged and durable. They could carry higher currents than most other types of rectifier.

The mercury-arc rectifier was invented in 1902 by Peter Cooper Hewitt. They were used to provide power for industrial electric motors, electric railways, trams, and electric locomotives. Other uses included radio transmitters and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission. They were the primary method of high power rectification before the advent of solid-state electronics in the 1970s. The solid-state rectifier has since replaced the mercury-arc rectifier.

References

Rectifiers
Electronic components
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. The simplest form has three main parts:
 A rotating gas compressor (SP in the diagram) to compress air
 A combustion chamber, called a combustor (KS in the diagram) where fuel is injected
 A turbine (TG in the diagram) on the same shaft as the compressor

The diagram shows a single-shaft gas turbine. One turbine drives both the compressor and the load, such as an electric generator.  There are also two-shaft gas turbines, with separate turbines to drive the compressor and the load. Two-shaft turbines are better for driving road and rail vehicles because they can give more torque at low speed.

Related pages
 Turbojet

References
References

Other websites 
http://www.gasturbineworld.co.uk/rovergasturbine.html 
https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/gas-turbine-handbook/1-1.pdf
https://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_240372.pdf
https://freikolben.ch/en/gas-turbines
https://www.monografias.com/trabajos108/estudio-del-efecto-del-aislamiento-termico-turbina-gas/estudio-del-efecto-del-aislamiento-termico-turbina-gas
https://chemicalengineeringworld.com/gas-turbine-working-and-types/
https://raigap.livejournal.com/1044444.html

Motors
Gauss's Theorema Egregium (Latin for "Remarkable Theorem") is a major result of differential geometry proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The theorem is about the curvature of surfaces.  The theorem states that  curvature can be determined by measuring angles, distances and their rates on a surface alone. There is no need to talk about the particular manner in which the surface is embedded in the surrounding three-dimensional Euclidean space.  In other words, the Gaussian curvature of a surface does not change if one bends the surface without stretching it.  

Gauss presented the theorem in this manner (translated from Latin):

For this reason the formula of the preceding article leads itself to the remarkable Theorem. If a curved surface is developed on any other surface whatever, the measure of curvature in each point remains unchanged.
The theorem is "remarkable" because the starting definition of Gaussian curvature makes direct use of the  position of the surface in space. So it is quite surprising that the result does not depend on its embedding in spite of all bending and twisting deformations undergone.

Related pages 
Map projection

Theorems in geometry
Differential geometry
Borgo Maggiore is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 6,631 live there (October 2013). It the second largest town of San Marino, after Dogana.

It is next to the San Marino municipalities Serravalle, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, San Marino, and Acquaviva and the Italian municipality Verucchio. It is at the foot of Monte Titano.

References 

Municipalities of San Marino
Domagnano is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 3,319 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 6.62 km².

It is next to the San Marino municipalities Faetano, Borgo Maggiore, Serravalle and the Italian municipality Coriano.

Municipalities of San Marino
Fiorentino is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 2,526 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 6.57 km².

It is next to the San Marino municipalities Chiesanuova, San Marino, Borgo Maggiore, Faetano, and Montegiardino and the Italian municipalities Monte Grimano and Sassofeltrio.

Municipalities of San Marino
Faetano is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 1,164 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 7,75 km².

Geography 
It is next to on the San Marino municipalities Montegiardino, Fiorentino, Borgo Maggiore, and Domagnano and the Italian municipalities Coriano, Montescudo and Sassofeltrio.

History 
Faetano joined San Marino in 1463. It was the last part added to San Mariono.

Parishes 
Faetano has four parishes (curazie):
Cà Chiavello, Calligaria, Corianino, Monte Pulito

Other websites 

Municipalities of San Marino
Chiesanuova is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 1,097 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 5.46 km².

It is next to the San Marino municipalities San Marino and Fiorentino and the Italian municipalities Sassofeltrio, Verucchio and San Leo.

Municipalities of San Marino
Montegiardino is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 910 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 3.31 km². It is the smallest municipality of the country by population.

It is next to the San Marino municipalities Fiorentino and Faetano and the Italian municipalities Monte Grimano and Sassofeltrio.

It is home to the University of the Republic of San Marino, the country's only university.

Municipalities of San Marino
The two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine. The two strokes are:

Unlike a four-stroke engine, there are no intake and exhaust strokes. When the piston is at bottom dead center, fuel-air mixture is blown in under slight pressure. The incoming mixture forces out the exhaust gas at the same time. The animation shows an engine with crankcase compression to force in the fuel-air mixture. Some engines use a rotary blower instead. These engines use mixed fuel (often 50:1) primarily high octane gasoline, partially two-stroke oil.

Motors
An anchorite (female: anchoress) from "one who has retired from the world", is someone who, for religious reasons, withdraws from secular society so as to be able to lead an intensely prayer-filled, ascetic life. Anchorites are often considered to be a type of religious hermit, unlike hermits, anchorites had to make a promise to God to stay in one place, which was a very small room, either attached to, or within the wall of, a local church. 

The anchoritic life is one of the earliest forms of being a Christian monk. From the 12th to the 16th centuries, female anchorites consistently outnumbered their male equivalents, sometimes by as many as four to one (in the 13th century), dropping eventually to two to one (in the 15th century). The sex of a high number of anchorites, however, is not recorded for these periods.

Notable people 
 Julian of Norwich

Related pages 
  Asceticism
  Nazirite
  Sadhu

References

Other websites 
 
 

 
Christian terminology
Christian religious occupations
The North Downs Line is a railway line in England connecting Reading, Berkshire, to Redhill, Surrey. It links many centres of population in the part of the North Downs which it covers. Some trains continue beyond Redhill to Gatwick Airport.

Railway lines of England
Jennings is the parish seat and largest city of Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana in the United States.

References 

Cities in Louisiana
Parish seats in Louisiana
Settlements in Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana
Eastleigh is a town in Hampshire, England, between Southampton and Winchester. It was originally developed as a railway town by the London and South Western Railway.

The town lies on the River Itchen, one of England's premier chalk streams for fly fishing, and a designated site of Special Scientific Interest.

Towns in Hampshire
Dan Dawson (born December 11, 1981) is a Canadian professional lacrosse player for the Saskatchewan Rush of the National Lacrosse League, Brampton Excelsiors (MSL) of Major Series Lacrosse, and is a free agent in Major League Lacrosse.

1981 births
Lacrosse players
Sportspeople from Ontario
Living people
Nissan Stadium is the home football stadium of the Tennessee Titans. It is in the city of Nashville, Tennessee.

Other websites
Official Site

National Football League venues
Sports in Nashville, Tennessee
Buildings and structures in Tennessee
1990s establishments in Tennessee
Nissan
The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in July 2018. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.

Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source.

July
1
Armando, 88, Dutch artist and writer.
Amos Cardarelli, 86, Italian footballer (Roma, Internazionale, national team). 
François Corbier, 73, French songwriter ("Le Nez de Dorothée") and television presenter (Récré A2, Club Dorothée), cancer.
Bozhidar Dimitrov, 72, Bulgarian historian, heart attack.
Brad Dye, 84, American politician, Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi (1980–1992), respiratory failure.
Dick Feagler, 79, American journalist (Cleveland Press, The Plain Dealer), playwright, and television personality (Feagler & Friends), Peabody winner (1991).
Peter Firmin, 89, British television producer (Bagpuss, Noggin the Nog, Clangers).
Gordon Hillman, 74, British archaeobotanist, complications from Parkinson's disease.
Shirley Huffman, 89, American politician, Mayor of Hillsboro, Oregon (1985–1993).
Dame Gillian Lynne, 92, British dancer and choreographer (The Phantom of the Opera, Cats, The Muppet Show), pneumonia.
Gianfranco Petris, 81, Italian footballer (Fiorentina, Lazio, national team).
2
Henry Butler, 68, American jazz pianist, colorectal cancer.
Patrick Finnegan, 68, American Army general and lawyer, President of Longwood University (2010–2012), heart attack.
Ángel Roberto Seifart, 76, Paraguayan judge and politician, Vice President (1993–1998), complications from COPD.
Bill Watrous, 79, American jazz trombonist.

3
Lorraine Rodgers, 97, American WASP pilot.
Richard Swift, 41, American singer-songwriter ("Dressed Up For the Letdown", "Que Sera Sera"), producer (The Mynabirds) and musician (The Shins, The Black Keys), hepatitis.
4
Carmen Campagne, 58, Canadian singer ("Lullaby Berceuse"), Juno winner (1989), pancreatic cancer.
Georges-Emmanuel Clancier, 104, French poet (Une Voix), journalist (Les Cahiers du Sud) and novelist (Le Pain noir), pneumonia.
Henri Dirickx, 90, Belgian footballer (Union Saint-Gilloise, national team).
Ernst W. Hamburger, 85, German-born Brazilian physicist, member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences (until 2018), lymphoma.
Robby Müller, 78, Dutch cinematographer (Paris, Texas, Dancer in the Dark, Dead Man), vascular dementia.
Ali Qanso, 70, Lebanese politician, President of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (2005–2008, since 2016), cancer.
5
François Budet, 78, French singer-songwriter ("Loguivy-de-la-mer", "Chante : Loguivy de la mer", "Calédonie") and novelist, stroke.
Adamu Ciroma, 83, Nigerian politician and banker, Minister of Finance (1999–2003).
Claude Lanzmann, 92, French documentarian (Shoah, The Last of the Unjust, Pourquoi Israël).
Ed Schultz, 64, American television-radio personality (News with Ed Schultz, The Ed Schultz Show, The Ed Show) and political commentator (MSNBC, RT).
Jean-Louis Tauran, 75, French cardinal, President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (since 2007) and Camerlengo (since 2014), complications from Parkinson's disease.
6
Shoko Asahara, 63, Japanese cult leader, founder of Aum Shinrikyo, execution by hanging.
J. Frederick Grassle, 78, American marine biologist, founder of the Census of Marine Life and OBIS.
Saman Gunan, 38, Thai diver, participant in Tham Luang cave rescue, asphyxiation.
Bruce Hunter, 79, American Hall of Fame Olympic swimmer (1960).
Vlatko Ilievski, 33, Macedonian pop singer ("Rusinka") and actor, Eurovision entrant (2011).
Giuseppina Projetto, 116, Italian supercentenarian, oldest person in Europe and world's second oldest living person.
Antonio Toledo Corro, 99, Mexican politician, Governor of Sinaloa (1981–1986), cerebral infarction complicated by pneumonia.
Amritlal Vegad, 89, Indian writer (Saundaryani Nadi Narmada), respiratory failure.
7
William Dunlop, 32, Northern Irish motorcycle racer, motorcyle crash.
Tyler Honeycutt, 27, American basketball player (UCLA, Sacramento Kings), suicide by gunshot.
Hacène Lalmas, 75, Algerian footballer (OM Ruisseau, Belouizdad, national team), aortic dissection.
Levko Lukyanenko, 89, Ukrainian politician, Deputy (1990–1992, 1995–1998, 2002–2007) and Ambassador to Canada (1992–1993), complications from pneumonia.
Firuz Mustafayev, 84, Azerbaijani politician, Prime Minister (1992).
Terry Todd, 80, American Olympic weightlifter and sports journalist (Sports Illustrated).
8
Alan Gilzean, 79, Scottish footballer (Dundee, Tottenham Hotspur, national team), brain cancer.
Tab Hunter, 86, American actor (Damn Yankees, Sweet Kill, Grease 2) and singer ("Young Love"), cardiac arrest complicated by thrombosis.
M. M. Jacob, 90, Indian politician, Governor of Meghalaya (1995–2007), cardiopulmonary arrest.
Billy Knight, 39, American basketball player (UCLA Bruins).
Oliver Knussen, 66, Scottish composer.
Frank Ramsey, 86, American basketball player (Boston Celtics), cardiac arrest complicated by aneurysm surgery.
Robert D. Ray, 89, American politician, Governor of Iowa (1969–1983), Mayor of Des Moines (1997), and President of Drake University (1998), Parkinson's disease.
Dawn Sturgess, 44, British national, poisoned by nerve agent.
9
Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, 99, British politician, Foreign Secretary (1979–1982) and Secretary General of NATO (1984–1988).
Stefan Demert, 78, Swedish singer-songwriter (Songs for dirty ears", "Anna Anaconda") and musician.
Hans Günter Winkler, 91, German Hall of Fame equestrian, five-time Olympic champion (1956, 1960, 1964), cardiac arrest.
10
Edvin Hodžić, 23, Austrian footballer (LASK Linz, FC Pasching, SV Schalding-Heining).
Clive King, 94, English author (Stig of the Dump).
John Laird, Baron Laird, 74, British politician, member of the House of Lords (since 1999).
Jan Henry T. Olsen, 61, Norwegian politician, Minister of Fisheries (1992–1996), Alzheimer's disease.
Darryl Rogers, 83, American football coach (Detroit Lions).
José María Setién, 90, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of San Sebastián (1979–2000), stroke.
Mien Schopman-Klaver, 107, Dutch Olympic athlete (1932).
John A. Stormer, 90, American political writer (None Dare Call it Treason) and anti-Communist.
Ye Lwin, 70, Burmese guitarist and peace activist, liver cancer.
11
Richard John Garcia, 71, American Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Monterey, California (since 2007), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Abdelkhader Houamel, 81, Algerian painter.
Liu Zhenhua, 97, Chinese Liberation Army general and politician, Ambassador to Albania (1971–1976).
Henry Morgenthau III, 101, American author (Mostly Morgenthaus) and television producer (WGBH, WYNC).
Vojtěch Mynář, 74, Czech politician, MEP (2012–2014). (death announced on this date)
Mai Tai Sing, 94, American actress (Forbidden, Strange Portrait, Hong Kong), heart disease.
Pat Swindall, 67, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's 4th congressional district (1985–1989).
12
Abbas Amir-Entezam, 85, Iranian politician and political prisoner, Deputy Prime Minister (1979).
Alain Fauré, 55, French politician, Mayor of Les Pujols (2001–2014) and Deputy (2012–2017).
Xerardo Fernández Albor, 100, Spanish politician, President of Galicia (1982–1987).
Roger Perry, 85, American actor (Falcon Crest, Harrigan and Son, Arrest and Trial), prostate cancer.
Dada Vaswani, 99, Indian spiritual leader and writer, founder of The Moment of Calm movement, complications from a broken hip.
Robert Wolders, 81, Dutch actor (Laredo, Interval, Tobruk).
13
Stan Dragoti, 85, American movie director (Mr. Mom, Love at First Bite, Necessary Roughness), complications from pneumonia.
Ray Frenette, 83, Canadian politician, Premier of New Brunswick (1997–1998).
Frank Giroud, 62, French comics writer (Louis la Guigne, Mandrill, Le Décalogue), Max & Moritz Prize winner (2002).
Claudio Pieri, 77, Italian football referee (UEFA, FIFA).
Claude Seignolle, 101, French author (The Accursed, The Black Cupboard, The Nightcharmer).
Thorvald Stoltenberg, 87, Norwegian politician, Minister of Defence (1979–1981) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1987–1989, 1990–1993).
14
Mario Casalinuovo, 96, Italian politician, Deputy (1979–1987) and Minister of Transports (1982–1983), complications from Parkinson's disease.
Gordon Chong, 74, Canadian politician, Toronto City Councilor (1980–1982) and Chairman of the Greater Toronto Services Board (2001), heart disease.
Theo-Ben Gurirab, 80, Namibian politician, Prime Minister (2002–2005), President of the United Nations General Assembly (1999–2000) and Speaker of the National Assembly (2005–2015).
Hans Kronberger, 67, German-Austrian politician, MEP (1996–2004).
Masa Saito, 76, Japanese professional wrestler (NWA, NJPW, WWF), AWA World Champion (1990), complications from Parkinson's disease.
Petr Weigl, 79, Czech director and playwright (Salome).

15
Ray Emery, 35, Canadian ice hockey player (Ottawa Senators, Philadelphia Flyers, Chicago Blackhawks), accidental drowning.

16
Gabriel Caruana, 89, Maltese artist (Neolithic Doorway).
17
Gary Beach, 70, American actor (The Producers, Beauty and the Beast, La Cage aux Folles), Tony winner (2001).
Rita Bhaduri, 62, Indian actress (Nimki Mukhiya, Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa, Sindoor Aur Bandook), kidney disease.
Yvonne Blake, 78, British-born Spanish costume designer (Nicholas and Alexandra, Jesus Christ Superstar, Superman), Oscar winner (1971), complications from a stroke.
Dennis Day, 76, American child actor (The Mickey Mouse Club), dancer and theatre director, homicide. (body reported missing on this date)
João Semedo, 67, Portuguese pulmonologist and politician, member of Assembly of Republic (2006–2015).
18
Anne Olivier Bell, 102, English literary editor and art scholar, member of the Monuments Men Brigade.
Adrian Cronauer, 79, American disc jockey, subject of Good Morning, Vietnam.
John Banks Elliott, 101, Ghanaian diplomat, Ambassador to Soviet Union (1960–1966), cardiopulmonary arrest.
Ronald H. Griffith, 82, American military officer, Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1995–1997).
Gopaldas Neeraj, 93, Indian poet and writer, recipient of the Padma Shri (1991) and Padma Bhushan (2007), respiratory tract infection.
Burton Richter, 87, American physicist, discovered the J/ψ particle, Nobel Prize laureate (1976).
Rob van Mesdag, 88, Dutch rower, European championship bronze medalist (1955).
Geoffrey Wellum, 96, British fighter pilot (Battle of Britain), member of The Few.
19
Rayo de Jalisco Sr., 85, Mexican professional wrestler (AAA) and actor (Superzam el Invencible), congestive heart failure.
Jon Schnepp, 51, American movie director (The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened?) and animator (Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Metalocalypse, The Venture Bros.), complications from a stroke.
Denis Ten, 25, Kazakhstani figure skater, Olympic bronze medalist (2014), stabbed.

20
Mitsuo Matayoshi, 74, Japanese political activist, founder of the World Economic Community Party, pneumonia. 
Thaddeus Radzilowski, 80, American historian and author, co-founder of the Piast Institute.
Christoph Westerthaler, 53, Austrian football player (FC Wacker Innsbruck, Linz, national team) and manager (SV Horn), heart attack.
21
Alene Duerk, 98, American Navy admiral, Director of the United States Navy Nurse Corps (1970–1975).
Jonathan Gold, 52, American food critic (The Los Angeles Times, LA Weekly, Gourmet), Pulitzer Prize winner (2007), pancreatic cancer.
Don McCarthy, 63, British businessman and philanthropist, Chairman of House of Fraser (2006–2014), cancer.
Elmarie Wendel, 89, American actress (3rd Rock from the Sun, The Lorax, George Lopez).

22
Manos Eleutheriou, 80, Greek poet (The Directorate, The Massacre) and lyricist ("The Train Leaves at 8:00"), heart attack.
Rene Portland, 65, American college basketball coach (Penn State Nittany Lions), peritoneal cancer.
Chiyo Miyako, 117, Japanese supercentenarian, World's oldest living person (since 2018).
Tony Sparano, 56, American football coach (Dallas Cowboys, Oakland Raiders, Minnesota Vikings), coronary artery disease.
Tor Erling Staff, 85, Norwegian lawyer.
23
Maryon Pittman Allen, 92, American journalist and politician, U.S. Senator from Alabama (1978).
Harry Gulkin, 90, Canadian movie director (Lies My Father Told Me, Two Solitudes, Bayo), pneumonia.
Elbert Howard, 80, American political activist, co-founder of the Black Panther Party.
Roh Hoe-chan, 61, South Korean politician, member of the National Assembly (2004–2008, 2012–2013, since 2016), suicide by jumping.
Khalid Salleh, 70, Malaysian actor (Penghujung Malam, Jogho, Hanyut), respiratory failure.
Oksana Shachko, 31, Ukrainian artist and human rights activist, co-founder of Femen, suicide.

24
Tony Cloninger, 77, American baseball player (Atlanta Braves, Cincinnati Reds) and coach (New York Yankees), aortic dissection.
Mary Ellis, 101, British World War II aviator (Royal Air Force, Air Transport Auxiliary).
Walter Hirrlinger, 92, German politician, President of Sozialverbands VdK Deutschland (1990–2008).