Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
James "Jabby" Jabara (10 October 1923, Muskogee, Oklahoma – 17 November 1966) was the first American pilot to shoot down 5 Mig-15 airplanes in Korea.  He was then transferred to Washington DC for duty before returning to K-14 Kimpo, Korea.  He was the Executive Officer in the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. While stationed there he was responsible for 10 more Mig kills thus making him a triple ace.

Early life
Jabara's father operated a grocery store at the corner of 3rd and Martin Luther King streets.  At an early age the family moved to Kansas. According to newspaper reports he died in a car crash along with a daughter in 1966.  He was also a fighter pilot in world war 2.  In Korea he was flying F-86 Sabre Jets in the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron formerly known as the Fighting Eagles Squadron formed in England before we entered world war 2.
1923 births
1966 deaths
People from Florida
People from Kansas
American aviators
Military people from Oklahoma
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Oklahoma
Walter Schachner (born 1 February 1957 in Leoben, Austria) is a retired Austrian football striker and former Austrian national team player. He is now working as football coach for LASK Linz for Austrias Erste Liga.

Career

Player
He started his professional career with DSV Leoben in the second division. After one and a half season he was nominated for Austrias national football team although he was playing in the 2. league. After three years with Austria Wien he played seven years in Italy for  AC Cesena, Torino Calcio, SC Pisa and US Avellino. After returning from Italy he played for different clubs in Austria in the upper three divisions. He played his last match in the final round of the 2000/01 season for FC Kärnten whre he was coach at this time.

For Austria he played 64 matches and scored 23 goals. He was member of the squad for the FIFA World Cup 1978 and 1982. 1978 he was in the starting team in the 3:2 win versus Germany (Miracle of Cordoba).
Mananger
His first club was the FC Zeltweg which he promoted from 4th to 3rd division. His first team in professional football was FC Kärnten in the First league. They promoted to the Bundesliga. 2002 he was coach of FK Austria Wien but was replaced by Christoph Daum in October despite the fact that the team was 7 points ahead of the second in the league. Only a few days later he became coach of the GAK from Graz. With GAK he won the Championship in 2004.

From 2006 till 2007 he was coach of TSV 1860 München then he came back to Austria and managed FC Kärnten again. From 2008 to 2010 he managed Admira Wacker Mödling.  The first year they reached the Cup final. 2010 he was replaced by Dietmar Kühbauer. 
2011 he became coach of LASK Linz but could not avoid the relegation to the First League.

Honours
Honours

Playing
Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):
 1979, 1980, 1981
Austrian Cup (1):
 1980
Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (2):
 1979, 1980 
Italy Cup Top Goalscorer (1):
 1984 (8 goals)
Austrian squad for the FIFA World Cup
1978, 1982

Coaching
Austrian Football Bundesliga (1):
 2004
Austrian Cup (2):
 2001, 2004
Austrian Supercup (1):
 2001

References

1957 births
Living people
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
Grazer AK managers
FC Admira Wacker Mödling managers
TSV 1860 Munich managers
LASK managers
FK Austria Wien managers
FK Austria Wien players
Austrian football forwards
Austrian Football Bundesliga top scorers
Austrian football champions
Yasoda/Yashoda () was the wife of Nanda in the Puranic books of Hinduism.

Hindu mythology
Edvard Beneš (28 May 1884 in Kožlany – 3 September 1948 in Sezimovo Ústí) was the second president of Czechoslovakia (1935 - 1938 and 1945 - 1948). During World War II, he led the government-in-exile in England (1939 - 1945). The next president was Klement Gottwald, a communist. 

1884 births
1948 deaths
Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia
Presidents of Czechoslovakia
The Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, located in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. 

It was founded in 1889 by Johns Hopkins. 

It is thought to be one of the greatest hospitals in the world. It was ranked by U.S. News & World Report news magazine as the best overall hospital in America for 21 years (1991–2011).

References

Hospitals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Maryland
Baltimore
Johns Hopkins University
To Catch a Killer is a television movie from 1992. It was directed by Eric Till, and starred Brian Dennehy and Michael Riley. The movie is based on the true story of the pursuit of American serial killer John Wayne Gacy.

References

Other websites
 To Catch a Killer at IMDb

1992 crime movies
1990s serial killer movies
American serial killer movies
American television movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
English-language movies
Movies based on real life events
Kazimierz Świątek (; born October 21, 1914 – died July 21, 2011) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal in Belarus. He was sentenced to death by the Soviet Union, but escaped after two months.He later spent nine years in hard labor in the Gulag and survived.

Early life 
Świątek was born at Valga in the Apostolic Administration of Estonia on October 21, 1914. He graduated from the Major Seminary in Pinsk, Belarus.  Świątek was ordained as a priest on April 8, 1939 He was sent to work in Pruzhany.

Death sentence 
In Pruzhany in 1939, Świątek was accused of spying. He was found guilty in Stalinist show trial, and sentenced to death. A show trial is a highly public trial where the sentence has been decided before the trial starts. When German troops gained control of the territory, Świątek was able to escape from prison and avoid his execution.
Siberian labor camp 
Świątek was arrested by the KGB on December 18, 1944. He Minsk until July 21, 1945. Świątek   was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Gulag concentration camps. He spent two years in Mariinsk, Siberia, and seven years north of the polar circle in Vorkuta and Inta. He release on June 16, 1954. Świątek returned to Pinsk and his pastoral work in the cathedral parish.

Leadership in the church 
On April 13, 1991, Pope John Paul II appointed the 77 year old Świątek the first archbishop of the new archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev. He was also appointed the Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Pinsk.

On November 26, 1994, Pope John Paul II named Świątek Cardinal. On February 11, 1999, Cardinal Świątek was elected the first president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops in Belarus. On the 14th of June 2006 Pope Benedict XVI accepted Świątek's resignation from the pastoral care of the Archdiocese of Minsk.
Other websites 
 Roman Catholic Church in Belarue 
 His Eminence Cardinal Kazimierz Świątek

References 

Belarusian people
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic archbishops
1914 births
2011 deaths
Roland Petit (13 January 1924 – 10 July 2011) was a French choreographer who wrote dances for Rudolf Nureyev and was later in charge of the Paris Opera.

He was born in 1924 at Villemomble, France and began ballet lessons at the age of nine at the Paris Opera's School of Dance. After World War II, Petit started several ballet companies in Paris, as well as creating 11 ballets for the Paris Opera. He worked in Hollywood for four years and choreographed the 1953 ballet "The Lady in the Ice" with Orson Welles. He also worked on movies including "Hans Christian Andersen" starring Danny Kaye (1952), "Daddy Long Legs" with Fred Astaire and Leslie Caron (1955) and "Anything Goes" with Bing Crosby and Zizi Jeanmaire (1956).
In 1970 he was head of the Paris Opera and wrote works for Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn. He then did the choreography for the Casino de Paris. He has also worked with the San Francisco Ballet, the Bolshoi (Moscow), La Scala (Milan), the Asami Maki Ballet (Tokyo) and the National Ballet of China. He spent the last part of his life working with the National Ballet of Marseille-Roland Petit.

References

1924 births
2011 deaths
French ballet dancers
French choreographers
The Malay Archipelago or Nusantara Archipelago refers to the archipelago between mainland Southeastern Asia and Australia.

It has also been called the East Indies, the Indo-Australian Archipelago, Indonesian Archipelago and other names over time. 

The archipelago is between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The group has over 25,000 islands. It is the largest archipelago by area, and third by number of islands in the world. It includes Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, East Malaysia and East Timor. 

The island of New Guinea or islands of Papua New Guinea are not always included in definitions of the Malay Archipelago. The Indonesian Moluccas are included in the archipelago.

Natural history 
The Malay Archipelago is the place where two large tectonic plates meet, and is an area where orogeny (mountains) and volcanoes are common.
The Wallace Line is a key term in biogeography. It passes between Bali and Lombok, which are separated by a passage of water which is both deep and fast. On the one side are Australasian species, and on the other side Asian species. The natural history of the area was investigated by Alfred Russel Wallace, who spent eight years in the Spice Islands.

"In this archipelago there are two distinct faunas rigidly circumscribed, which differ as much as do those of Africa and South America... yet there is nothing on the map or on the face of the islands to mark their limits. The boundary line passes between islands closer together than others belonging to the same group. I believe the western part to be a separated portion of continental Asia, while the eastern is a fragmentary prolongation of a former west Pacific continent".

References 

Australasia
Islands of Indonesia
Geography of Malaysia
Islands of the Philippines
Melanesia
Archipelagos
He painted portraits which have been described as being brutally honest; he did not try to make people look good. He often painted them nude, with the faces staring straight ahead. He used thick layers of paint, impasto, using colours of green, grey and purple, which he blended to with pink to suggest skin color. He was popular for a while in the 1960's, but his work was rediscovered in 1987 after an exhibition in the US. In 2008 his painting “Benefits Supervisor Sleeping” was sold for US$33.6 million — the most ever paid for a painting by a living artist. This painting was of a fat nude woman asleep on a couch.

He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1993. This honour, given by the Queen, is limited to only 24 people who have achieved distinction in the arts, science or other areas.

He died in London after a short illness.

Related pages

List of German painters

References
References

1922 births
2011 deaths
Artists from London
British Jews
British military personnel of World War II
English painters
German Jews
20th-century German painters
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Berlin
Freud family
The Parthian language is an old Iranian language. It has been spoken in the northeast of Iran, in the region called Parthia. The main time of this language was about 248 B.C. until 224 A.D. That was during the Parthian Empire. Parthian is an Indo-European language.

At the time of Sassanid Empire, the Parthian language was destroyed. Middle Persian replaced it.

There are many words in Armenian that came from Parthian.

References

Iranian languages
Indo-European languages
The President of the Czech Republic is head of state of the Czech Republic. The first President took office in 1993.

List President of the Czech Republic

Political parties

Other factions

 Parties

Living former presidents

References
The Wallace Line (or 'Wallace's Line') is a boundary that separates the ecozone of Asia and the Australasian ecozone. The transitional zone is sometimes called Wallacea.

Plants and animals related to Asian species are found to the north-west. Australasian species are found mainly to the south-east, with some Asian species. The line is named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who noticed this clear dividing line during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century. 

The line runs through Indonesia, between Borneo and Sulawesi (Celebes); and through the Lombok Strait between Bali (in the west) and Lombok (in the east).
The distance between Bali and Lombok is only about 35 kilometers. Surprisingly, the distributions of many bird species observe the line, because many birds do not cross even the smallest stretches of open ocean water. Some bats have distributions that cross the Wallace Line, but other mammals are generally limited to one side or the other; an exception is the Crab-eating Macaque. Other groups of plants and animals show differing patterns, but the overall pattern is striking and reasonably consistent.

The term 'Wallace's Line' was first used by Huxley in 1868.

Cause 
The root cause of Wallace's line is that the ancient supercontinent Gondwana was separated entirely from other parts of the world after Pangaea broke up. Australasia and its smaller islands were part of Gondwana, and that is why their fauna is so different from that of south-east Asia. Wallace's line marks where part of the old Gondwana plate touches part of the old Laurasia plate.
Ice age 
During Quaternary ice age cold periods, when the ocean levels were up to 120 m lower, both Asia and Australia were joined with their respective islands. The deep water between those two large continental shelf areas was — for over 50 million years — a barrier that kept the flora and fauna of Australia separated from that of Asia. Wallacea consists of islands that were never recently connected by dry land to either of the continental land masses, and thus was populated by organisms capable of crossing the straits between islands. 'Weber's Line' runs through this area (rather to the east of centre), at the tipping point between dominance by species of Asian vs. species of Australian origin.

Related pages 
Alfred Russel Wallace
Biogeography
Malay Archipelago

References 

Ecozones
Physical geography
The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), also known as the snow monkey, is a monkey that lives in the high mountains of the island of Honshū in Japan. They live in below-zero temperatures, and they like to warm themselves and relax in hot springs.

Diet
Macaques eat fruit, flowers, seeds, bark, leaves, shrimp, and insects.

Weight and physical appearance
Macaques weigh around 12 kilograms and can grow up to 70cm. They have short tails.

References

Old World monkeys
Mammals of Japan
The macaques are a genus (Macaca) of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 22 species of macaques live in sub-Saharan Africa, and more widely in Asia. One species is the well-known Gibraltar 'ape'. Macaques are of some interest to human researchers for their social structures, and their usefulness in animal testing, particularly regarding eyesight.

Social behavior 
Macaques have a very intricate social structure and hierarchy. If a macaque of a lower level in the social chain has eaten berries and none are left for a higher-level macaque, then the one higher in status can, within this social organization, remove the berries from the other monkey's mouth.

Copyright test case 
In 2014 selfies taken by a crested black macaque seemed to establish a legal precedent, after the Wikimedia Foundation rejected a  copyright claim.
The photos had been sold widely by David Slater, a professional nature photographer, whose camera was temporarily carried away by a group of macaques. After the photos were uploaded to Wikipedia, the organisation refused to delete them, claiming "This file is in the public domain, because as the work of a non-human animal, it has no human author in whom copyright is vested.

References 

Old World monkeys
The word geek is a slang word. It has many different meanings. It can mean a person who enjoys computers and knows a lot about them. It used to mean a carnival worker "who bit the heads off of chickens and rats." One dictionary says that a geek is "a peculiar or otherwise dislikable person, especially one who is perceived to be overly intellectual". This means "a strange and un-likeable person, especially one who is thought to be very clever", in simple English.

History
This word comes from English dialect words (words that are used in certain places) geek, geck: fool, freak; from Low German geck, from Middle Low German. A different form of the word geck is still used in Dutch and Afrikaans gek: crazy. Other forms of geck are also used in some German dialects, and in the Alsatian word Gickeleshut: geek's hat, used in carnivals.
In 18th century Austria-Hungary, Gecken were freaks shown by some circuses.
In 19th century, in North-America, the term geek referred to a freak in circus side-shows (see also freak show). In some cases, its performance included biting the head off a live chicken. The 1976 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary included only the definition regarding geek shows.

The word is often used to be rude or mean to someone. However, it can also be used without meaning to be hurtful, or with pride. An example is the 'Geek Squad' of the Best Buy company.
Meanings
The meaning of geek has changed much over time, and there is no longer a single meaning. The words nerd, gimp, dweeb, dork, spod and gump have similar meanings as geek. But many people choose to say that these words mean slightly different things. However, the differences are not agreed on. In a 2007 interview on The Colbert Report, Richard Clarke said the difference between nerds and geeks is "geeks get it done." Julie Smith described a geek as "a bright young man turned inward, poorly socialized, who felt so little kinship with his own planet that he routinely traveled to the ones invented by his favorite authors, who thought of that secret, dreamy place his computer took him to as cyberspace—somewhere exciting, a place more real than his own life, a land he could conquer, not a drab teenager's room in his parents' house."
Other meanings include:
A hurtful word to call to a person who only thinks about intellectual puzzles for their own sake, who does not know how to do most other human things to such an extent that the person cannot go around where they want within society.
A person who is interested in technology, especially computing and new media. Geeks are very good with computers, and use the term hacker in a positive way, though are not all hackers themselves.
A person who matches academic subjects to the real world outside of academic studies; for example, using multivariate calculus to select the best dimensions of a pan to bake a cake.
A person who has chosen concentration rather than being normal; one who tries their best to pursue skill (especially technical skill) and imagination, not mainstream social acceptance.
A person who loves something in a way that places him or her outside the mainstream. This could be due to the intensity, depth, or subject of their interest.
Etymology
The word geek is in Robert Heinlein's 1952 short story The Year of the Jackpot.  The word appears meaning the modern definition.

Reclamation and self-identification
Being called a "geek" is usually an insult. The word is now often a nice thing to say, meaning that the person it is describing has extraordinary technical skill. Geek Pride Day has been observed on May 25 in Spain since 2006 (May 25 being the world premiere date of Star Wars and also Towel Day). The holiday promotes the right to be nerdy or geeky, and to express it in public without feeling bad. A new meeting, Geek.Kon, is held in Madison, Wisconsin to celebrate all things geek.
The website BoardGameGeek is an online community of boardgamers who see themselves as geeks at boardgame meetings; they call their website "The Geek", for short. Technical support services such as Geek Squad use the term geek to show that they have helpful technical abilities. In recent history, some geeks have grown a geek culture, such as geek humor and odd references on t-shirts. The so-called geek chic trend is a deliberate affectation of geek or nerd traits as a fashion statement. Nonetheless, the derogatory definition of geeks remains that of a person only thinking about his area of interest at the cost of social skills, personal hygiene, and status.
Geek chic
"Geek chic" is a phrase that means a person who has stereotypically "geek" features including black-rimmed glasses, T-shirts with geek in-jokes, and more technically complex things.

There are many ways of looking at the term "geek chic", with heavy black-rimmed glasses being the one defining thing as far as the press is concerned. Wearing them is sufficiently notable to have celebrities like David Beckham, Justin Timberlake and Myleene Klass being reported as "trying geek chic". David Tennant, the Tenth Doctor in Doctor Who, has also described the look of his bespectacled character as having "a bit of geek chic".
Geeks themselves think that the term is used for "reclaiming the geek identity as something not only meaningful, but also stylish." - for this usage, more than just glasses are needed, and so the term has a wider meaning, being applied to home fittings and objects as well as clothes. In this usage, the term "geek chic" can even be used as a positive contrast to the somewhat more negative term "geeky".

Geek chic is not to be confused with preppie fashion, which is more widely to do with a conservative image rather than geek culture. Instead, much of the geek chic image borrows from various other youth fashions such as goth, hippie, and bohemian among others, but t-shirts with geeky in-jokes seem to originate from the geeks themselves. Shirt designers who tailor to geeks offer rewards for the best ideas.
Trademark dispute
The Best Buy company of Richfield, Minnesota has trademarked "Geek Squad" as the name of its computer repair service. Best Buy has fought the trademarks of a dozen other companies, including Geek Rescue, Rent a Geek, and Speak With a Geek. It is also fighting with Newegg over the use of "Take it from a Geek" on Newegg's website. The NBC television show Chuck wanted to use "Geek Squad" to describe the main characters' job. But Best Buy asked for them to change the name. So the characters on Chuck were called "Nerd Herd" instead.

References

Other websites
 The Geek Test
 Geek Culture: The Third Counter-Culture, an article discussing geek culture as a new kind of counter-culture.
 Hoevel, Ann. "Are you a nerd or a geek?" CNN. December 2, 2010.
 "Geek Chic", USA Today, October 22, 2003
 "Suddenly, It's Hip to be Square", Associated Press, July 18, 2005
 "How Geek Chic Works"
 Nerd Project at the Wikiversity
 Speak With A Geek 

Internet culture
Pejoratives
42 is the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books.  It was computed by 
Deep Thought, the second greatest computer ever.  The descendants of Deep Thought's creators are upset by the numeric nature of the answer, not understanding what to do with it or what to tell the people who had commissioned the 7.5-million year project.

When asked to produce The Ultimate Question to go with the answer "42", Deep Thought admits it is not capable of computing that itself, but that it can help to design an even more powerful computer, which can. This new computer will incorporate living beings into the "computational matrix" and will run for ten million years. It is the planet Earth.

Notes 

Science fiction books
Pleumeur-Bodou is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister city
Pleumeur-Bodou is twinned with:
 Crosshaven, Ireland, since 1992

Pleumeur-Bodou
Incidents
The first shooting was aimed at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia on October 16, 2010. Some bullets from a high-velocity rifle went through the atrium skylight.  The second shooting happened on October 19, 2010 shortly before 5 a.m. Someone shot at the south side of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.  The bullets broke windows on the third and fourth floors. Special glass stopped the bullets from entering the building.  The offices behind those windows were empty because of repairs.  The Pentagon Reservation was temporarily closed because the police searched the area for evidence. The building was reopened about 5:40 a.m.  The Joint Terrorism Task Force is leading the investigation into the incident. In the third shooting, the same rifle shot the Marine Corps Museum again on October 29.  The same rifle was used to attack a Marine Corps recruiting center in Chantilly, Virginia on October 26.
These attacks made the organizers of the October 31, 2010 Marine Corps Marathon upgrade the safety measures. The race was run without problems.  On November 3, police announced that the same rifle was used to shoot at a United States Coast Guard recruiting center in Woodbridge, Virginia on late November 1 or early November 2.
The person behind the attacks remained unknown until June 17, 2011 when Yonathan Melaku was arrested. He is a 22 year old naturalized Ethiopian immigrant and Marine Corps Reserve Lance Corporal. He was found at Arlington National Cemetery while it was closed. He was carrying spent shell casings, a notebook containing references to the Taliban and Osama bin Laden, and plastic bags filled with ammonium nitrate, a common component of homemade explosives. He also left his car parked in the woods near the Pentagon, police said. He had also been recently charged with breaking into 27 cars in suburban Washington. The investigation of the incident connected Melaku to the shootings. On June 23, 2011, he was charged with two counts of willfully injuring the property of the United States. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for 20 years. Melaku is also charged with two counts of using a firearm during a violent crime
.  If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for the rest of his life. More charges are possible.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation is working with the Fairfax County Police, the Prince William County police and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency to investigate the case.

References

2010s in Virginia
The Pentagon
2010 in the United States
October 2010 events
November 2010 events
Molecular symmetry is a basic idea in chemistry. It is about the symmetry of molecules. It puts molecules into groups according to their symmetry. It can predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties.

Chemists study symmetry to explain how crystals are made up and how chemicals react. The molecular symmetry of the reactants help predict how the product of the reaction is made up and the energy needed for the reaction.

Molecular symmetry can be studied several different ways. Group theory is the most popular idea. Group theory is also useful in studying the symmetry of molecular orbitals. This is used in the Hückel method, ligand field theory, and the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. Another idea on a larger scale is the use of crystal systems to describe crystallographic symmetry in bulk materials.
 
Scientists find molecular symmetry by using X-ray crystallography and other forms of spectroscopy. Spectroscopic notation is based on facts taken from molecular symmetry.
Historical background 
Physicist Hans Bethe used characters of point group operations in his study of ligand field theory in 1929. Eugene Wigner used group theory to explain the selection rules of atomic spectroscopy. The first character tables were compiled by László Tisza (1933), in connection to vibrational spectra. Robert Mulliken was the first to publish character tables in English (1933). E. Bright Wilson used them in 1934 to predict the symmetry of vibrational normal modes. The complete set of 32 crystallographic point groups was published in 1936 by Rosenthal and Murphy.

Symmetry concepts
Mathematical group theory has been adapted to study of symmetry in molecules.

Elements 
The symmetry of a molecule can be described by 5 types of symmetry elements.
Symmetry axis: an axis around which a rotation by  results in a molecule that appears identical to the molecule before rotation. This is also called an n-fold rotational axis and is shortened to Cn. Examples are the C2 in water and the C3 in ammonia. A molecule can have more than one symmetry axis; the one with the highest n is called the principal axis, and by convention is given the z-axis in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Plane of symmetry: a plane of reflection through which an identical copy of the original molecule is given. This is also called a mirror plane and abbreviated σ. Water has two of them: one in the plane of the molecule itself and one perpendicular (at right angles) to it. A symmetry plane parallel with the principal axis is dubbed vertical (σv) and one perpendicular to it horizontal (σh). A third type of symmetry plane exists: if a vertical symmetry plane additionally bisects the angle between two 2-fold rotation axes perpendicular to the principal axis, the plane is dubbed dihedral (σd). A symmetry plane can also be identified by its Cartesian orientation, e.g., (xz) or (yz).
Center of symmetry or inversion center, shortened to i. A molecule has a center of symmetry when, for any atom in the molecule, an identical atom exists diametrically opposite this center an equal distance from it. There may or may not be an atom at the center. Examples are xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4) where the inversion center is at the Xe atom, and benzene (C6H6) where the inversion center is at the center of the ring.
 Rotation-reflection axis: an axis around which a  rotation by , followed by a reflection in a plane perpendicular to it, leaves the molecule unchanged. Also called  an n-fold improper rotation axis, it is shortened to Sn, with n necessarily even. Examples are present in tetrahedral silicon tetrafluoride, with three S4 axes, and the staggered conformation of ethane with one S6 axis.
Identity (also E), from the German 'Einheit' meaning Unity. It is called "Identity" because it is like the number one (unity) in multiplication. (When a number is multiplied by one, the answer is the original number.) This symmetry element means no change. Every molecule has this element. The identity symmetry element helps chemists use mathematical group theory.
Operations 
Each of the five symmetry elements has a symmetry operation. People use a caret symbol (^) to talk about the operation rather than the symmetry element. So, Ĉn is the rotation of a molecule around an axis and Ê is the identity operation. A symmetry element can have more than one symmetry operation associated with it. Since C1 is equivalent to E, S1 to σ and S2 to i,  all symmetry operations can be classified as either proper or improper rotations.

Point groups 

A point group is a set of symmetry operations forming a mathematical group, for which at least one point remains fixed under all operations of the group. A crystallographic point group is a point group which will work with translational symmetry in three dimensions. There are a total of 32 crystallographic  point groups, 30 of which are relevant to chemistry. Scientists use Schoenflies notation to classify point groups.

Group theory
Group theory 

Mathematics define a group. A set of symmetry operations form a group when:
 the result of consecutive application (composition) of any two operations is also a member of the group (closure).
 the application of the operations is associative: A(BC) = (AB)C
 the group contains the identity operation, denoted E, such that AE = EA = A for any operation A in the group.
 For every operation A in the group, there is an inverse element A−1 in the group, for which AA−1 = A−1A = E
 
The order of a group is the number of symmetry operations for that group.
 
For example, the point group for the water molecule is C2v, with symmetry operations E, C2, σv and σv'. Its order is thus 4.  Each operation is its own inverse.  As an example of closure, a C2 rotation followed by a σv reflection is seen to be a σv' symmetry operation: σv*C2 = σv'. (Note that "Operation A followed by B to form C" is written BA = C).
Another example is the ammonia molecule, which is pyramidal and contains a three-fold rotation axis as well as three mirror planes at an angle of 120° to each other. Each mirror plane contains an N-H bond and bisects the H-N-H bond angle opposite to that bond. Thus ammonia molecule belongs to the C3v point group which has order 6: an identity element E, two rotation operations C3 and C32, and three mirror reflections σv, σv' and σv".
Common point groups
The following table contains a list of point groups with representative molecules. The description of structure includes common shapes of molecules based on VSEPR theory.
 
{|align="center"  class="wikitable"
 |Point group
 | Symmetry elements || Simple description, chiral if applicable || Illustrative species
 |-
 |C1 || E || no symmetry, chiral || CFClBrH, lysergic acid
 |-
 |Cs || E σh || planar, no other symmetry || thionyl chloride, hypochlorous acid 
 |-
 |Ci || E i || Inversion center || anti-1,2-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane
 |-
 |C∞v || E 2C∞ σv || linear || hydrogen chloride, dicarbon monoxide
 |-
 |D∞h || E 2C∞  ∞σi i  2S∞ ∞C2 || linear with inversion center || dihydrogen, azide anion, carbon dioxide  
 |-
 |C2 || E C2 || "open book geometry," chiral || hydrogen peroxide 
 |-
 |C3 || E C3 || propeller, chiral || triphenylphosphine 
 |-
 |C2h || E C2 i σh || planar with inversion center || trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
|-
 |C3h || E C3 C32 σh S3 S35|| propeller || Boric acid
 |-
|-
 |C2v || E C2 σv(xz) σv'(yz) || angular (H2O) or see-saw (SF4) || water, sulfur tetrafluoride, sulfuryl fluoride
 |-
 |C3v || E 2C3 3σv || trigonal pyramidal || ammonia, phosphorus oxychloride 
 |-
 |C4v || E 2C4 C2 2σv 2σd || square pyramidal || xenon oxytetrafluoride
 |-
 |D2 || E C2(x) C2(y) C2(z) || twist, chiral || cyclohexane twist conformation
 |-
 |D3 || E C3(z) 3C2|| triple helix, chiral || Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) cation
 |-
 |D2h || E C2(z) C2(y) C2(x) i σ(xy) σ(xz) σ(yz)|| planar with inversion center || ethylene, dinitrogen tetroxide, diborane
 |-
 |D3h || E 2C3 3C2 σh 2S3 3σv || trigonal planar or trigonal bipyramidal || boron trifluoride, phosphorus pentachloride
 |-
 |D4h || E 2C4 C2 2C2' 2C2 i  2S4 σh 2σv 2σd || square planar || xenon tetrafluoride 
 |-
 |D5h || E 2C5 2C52 5C2 σh 2S5 2S53 5σv || pentagonal || ruthenocene, eclipsed ferrocene, C70 fullerene
 |-
 |D6h || E 2C6 2C3 C2 3C2' 3C2 i 3S3 2S63 σh 3σd 3σv || hexagonal || benzene, bis(benzene)chromium
 |-
|-
 |D2d || E 2S4 C2 2C2' 2σd || 90° twist || allene, tetrasulfur tetranitride
 |-
 |D3d || E C3 3C2 i 2S6 3σd || 60° twist || ethane (staggered rotamer), cyclohexane chair conformation
 |-
 |D4d || E 2S8 2C4 2S83 C2 4C2' 4σd || 45° twist || dimanganese decacarbonyl (staggered rotamer)
 |-
 |D5d || E 2C5 2C52 5C2 i 3S103 2S10 5σd || 36° twist || ferrocene (staggered rotamer)
 |-
 |Td || E 8C3 3C2 6S4 6σd || tetrahedral || methane, phosphorus pentoxide, adamantane
 |-
 |Oh || E 8C3 6C2 6C4 3C2 i 6S4 8S6 3σh 6σd || octahedral or cubic || cubane, sulfur hexafluoride
 |-
 |Ih || E 12C5 12C52 20C3 15C2 i 12S10 12S103 20S6 15σ || icosahedral || C60, B12H122-
 |- 
|}
Representations 

Symmetry operations can be written in many ways. A good way to write them is by using matrices. For any vector representing a point in Cartesian coordinates, left-multiplying it gives the new place of the point transformed by the symmetry operation. Composition of operations is done by matrix multiplication.  In the C2v example this is:

 
Although an infinite (going on forever) number of such representations (ways of showing things) exist, the irreducible representations (or "irreps") of the group are commonly used, as all other representations of the group can be described as a linear combination of the irreducible representations. (The irreps span the vector space of the symmetry operations.) Chemists use the irreps to sort the symmetry groups and to talk about their properties.
Character tables 
For each point group, a character table summarizes information on its symmetry operations and on its irreducible representations. The tables are square because there are always equal numbers of irreducible representations and groups of symmetry operations.

The table itself is made of characters which show how a particular irreducible representation changes when a particular symmetry operation is applied (put to it). Any symmetry operation in a molecule's point group acting on the molecule itself will leave it unchanged. But for acting on a general entity (thing), such as a vector or an orbital, this does not have to be what happens. The vector could change sign or direction, and the orbital could change type. For simple point groups, the values are either 1 or -1: 1 means that the sign or phase (of the vector or orbital) is unchanged by the symmetry operation (symmetric) and -1 denotes a sign change (asymmetric).

The representations are labeled according to a set of conventions:
A, when rotation around the principal axis is symmetrical
 B, when rotation around the principal axis is asymmetrical
 E and T are doubly and triply degenerate representations, respectively
 when the point group has an inversion center, the subscript g ( or even) signals no change in sign, and the subscript u (ungerade or uneven) a change in sign, with respect to inversion.
 with point groups C∞v and D∞h the symbols are borrowed from angular momentum description: Σ, Π, Δ.

The tables also tell the Cartesian basis vectors, rotations about them, and quadratic functions of them transformed by the symmetry operations of the group. The table also shows which irreducible representation transforms in the same way (on the right hand side of the tables). Chemists use this because chemically important orbitals (in particular p and d orbitals) have the same symmetries as these entities.

The character table for the C2v symmetry point group is given below:
For example, water (H2O) which has the C2v symmetry described above.  The 2px orbital of oxygen is oriented perpendicular to the plane of the molecule and switches sign with a C2 and a σv'(yz) operation, but remains unchanged with the other two operations (obviously, the character for the identity operation is always +1). This orbital's character set is thus {1, -1, 1, -1}, corresponding to the B1 irreducible representation. Similarly, the 2pz orbital is seen to have the symmetry of the A1 irreducible representation, 2py B2, and the  3d''xy orbital A2. These assignments and others are in the rightmost two columns of the table.

References

Other websites
 Molecular symmetry at the University of Exeter 
 Molecular symmetry at Imperial College London
 Molecular Point Group Symmetry Tables
 Molecular symmetry at Otterbein University
Pictorial overview of the 32 groups

Symmetry
Theoretical chemistry
Jean Paul Getty (December 15, 1892 – June 6, 1976) was an American industrialist. He founded the Getty Oil Company. In 1957 Fortune magazine named him the richest living American, and the 1966 Guinness Book of Records named him as the world's richest private citizen, worth an estimated $1,200 million.  At his death, he was worth more than $2 billion. A book published in 1996 ranked him as the 67th richest American who ever lived. (The book ranked his wealth as a percentage of the United States gross national product.) Despite his wealth, Getty was known for being a miser.

Getty enjoyed collecting art and antiquities. His collection formed the basis of the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles, California, and over $661 million of his estate was left to the museum after his death.  He established the J. Paul Getty Trust in 1953.  The trust is the world's wealthiest art institution. It operates the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Getty Foundation, the Getty Research Institute, and the Getty Conservation Institute.
Biography

His father George Getty owned a petroleum business in Minneapolis, Minnesota. J. Paul was one of the first people in the world with a fortune estimated at over one billion U.S. dollars.

He enrolled at the University of Southern California, then at University of California, Berkeley before graduating in 1914 from Magdalen College, Oxford with degrees in economics and political science. He spent his summers between studies working on his father's oil fields in Oklahoma. Running his own oil company in Tulsa, he made his first million by 1916. However, in 1917, he announced that he was retiring to become a Los Angeles-based playboy. Although he eventually returned to business, Getty had lost his father's respect. Just before George Franklin Getty died in 1930, he believed that Jean Paul would destroy the family company, and told him so.
After taking a few years off from the money-making grind to enjoy spending his earnings on women, Getty returned to Oklahoma in 1919. During the 1920s he added about $3 million to his already sizable estate. His succession of marriages and divorces (three during the 1920s, five throughout his life) so distressed his father, however, that J. Paul inherited a mere $500,000 of the $10 million the senior Getty left at his death in 1930.

Getty carefully invested his resources during the Great Depression. Getty acquired Pacific Western Oil Corporation. He began the acquisition (completed in 1953) of the Mission Corporation, which included Tidewater Oil and Skelly Oil. In 1967 the billionaire merged these holdings into Getty Oil.
Beginning in 1949, Getty paid Ibn Saud $9.5 million in cash and $1 million a year for a 60-year concession to a tract of barren land near the border of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. No oil had ever been discovered there. After spending $30 million over four years, oil was discovered there. From 1953 onward, Getty's gamble produced  a year, which contributed greatly to the fortune which made him one of the richest people in the world.

Getty learned to speak Arabic which helped his unparalleled expansion into the Middle East. Getty owned the controlling interest in nearly 200 businesses, including Getty Oil. Associates identified his overall wealth at between $2 billion and $4 billion. It did not come easily, perhaps inspiring Getty's widely quoted remark—"The meek shall inherit the earth, but not the mineral rights."
Marriages, divorces, and children
Getty was married and divorced five times.  He had five sons with four of his wives:
 Jeanette Demont (married 1923 – divorced 1926); one son George Franklin Getty II (1924–1973)
 Allene Ashby (1926–1928?, that is, bigamous 1926-1927 and its exact resolution is unknown)
 Adolphine Helmle (1928–1932); one son Jean Ronald Getty (born 1929)
 Ann Rork (1932–1936); two sons Eugene Paul Getty, later John Paul Getty Jr. (1932–2003), and Gordon Peter Getty (born 1933)
 Louise Dudley Lynch (1939–1958); one son Timothy Ware Getty (1946–1958)

He was quoted as saying "A lasting relationship with a woman is only possible if you are a business failure".

Success as an autobiographical author
Getty wrote a very successful book entitled How to Be Rich.

Coin-box telephone 
Getty famously had a pay phone installed at Sutton Place, helping to seal his reputation as a miser. In his autobiography, he described his reasons:
Now, for months after Sutton Place was purchased, great numbers of people came in and out of the house.  Some were visiting businessmen.  Others were artisans or workmen engaged in renovation and refurbishing.  Still others were tradesmen making deliveries of merchandise.  Suddenly, the Sutton Place telephone bills began to soar. The reason was obvious.  Each of the regular telephones in the house has direct access to outside lines and thus to long-distance and even overseas operators. All sorts of people were making the best of a rare opportunity.  They were picking up Sutton Place phones and placing calls to girlfriends in Geneva or Georgia and to aunts, uncles and third cousins twice-removed in Caracas and Cape Town.  The costs of their friendly chats were, of course, charged to the Sutton Place bill.
Getty placed dial-locks on all the regular telephones, limiting their use to authorised staff, and the coin-box telephone was installed for others.  When speaking in a televised interview with Alan Whicker, Getty said that he thought guests would want to use a payphone .

Grandson's kidnapping
On July 10, 1973 in Rome, 16 year old John Paul Getty III was kidnapped and a ransom of $17 million was demanded over the phone for his safe return. However, "the family suspected a ploy by the rebellious teenager to extract money from his miserly grandfather." John Paul Getty II asked his father for the money, but was refused.
When the kidnappers finally reduced their demands to $3 million Getty senior agreed to pay  no more than $2.2 million - the maximum that would be tax deductible.  He loaned his son the remaining $800,000 at 4% interest. Paul III was found alive in southern Italy shortly after the ransom was paid. After his release Paul III called his grandfather to thank him for paying the ransom but Getty refused to come to the phone.  Nine people were later arrested for the kidnapping, but only two were convicted. Paul III was permanently affected by the trauma and became a drug addict. After a stroke brought on by a cocktail of drugs and alcohol in 1981, Paul III was rendered speechless, nearly blind and partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. He died thirty years later on February 5, 2011 at the age of 54.
Getty defended his initial refusal to pay the ransom on two points. First, he argued that to submit to the kidnappers' demands would immediately place his other fourteen grandchildren at the risk of copy-cat kidnappers. He added:

The second reason for my refusal was much broader-based. I contend that acceding to the demands of criminals and terrorists merely guarantees the continuing increase and spread of lawlessness, violence and such outrages as terror-bombings, "skyjackings" and the slaughter of hostages that plague our present-day world. (Getty, 1976, pg.139).

The 2017 movie All the Money in the World is based on these events. Christopher Plummer plays J. Paul Getty. In 2018, a television series based on the events, Trust, premiered with Donald Sutherland playing Getty.
Published works
 Getty, J. Paul. The history of the bigger oil business of George F.S. F. and J. Paul Getty from 1903 to 1939. Los Angeles?, 1941.
 Getty, J. Paul. Europe in the eighteenth century. [Santa Monica, Calif.]: privately printed, 1949.
 Le Vane, Ethel, and J. Paul Getty. Collector's choice: the chronicle of an artistic odyssey through Europe. London: W.H. Allen, 1955.
 Getty, J. Paul. My life and fortunes. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1963.
 Getty, J. Paul. The joys of collecting. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1965.
 Getty, J. Paul. How to be rich. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1965.
 Getty, J. Paul. The golden age. New York: Trident Press, 1968.
 Getty, J. Paul. How to be a successful executive. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1971.
 Getty, J. Paul. As I see it: the autobiography of J. Paul Getty. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1976.

References
References

Further reading
 Hewins, Ralph. The richest American: J. Paul Getty. New York: Dutton, 1960.
 Lund, Robina. The Getty I knew. Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1977. .
 Miller, Russell. The house of Getty. New York: Henry Holt, 1985. .
 de Chair, Somerset Struben. Getty on Getty: a man in a billion. London: Cassell, 1989. .
 Pearson, John. Painfully rich: J. Paul Getty and his heirs. London: Macmillan, 1995. .
Other websites
J. Paul Getty Diaries, 1938-1946, 1948-1976. The Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California.
Guide to the J. Paul Getty Family Collected Papers, 1880s-1989. The Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California. Collection primarily contains letters, photographs, financial records, legal documents, and publications created or collected by J. Paul Getty and his parents, George F. Getty I and Sarah C. Getty.
J. Paul Getty and Ashby sisters papers, 1926-1992. The Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles, California. Personal correspondence and telegrams, clippings, a book, and photographs, 1926-1992 and undated, related to J. Paul Getty, Allene Ashby (Getty's second wife), and Belene Ashby.
J. Paul Getty Trust
J. Paul Getty Museum
Insecula biography 
Wiki-Genealogy 
Getty's How To Be Rich: A commentary by Tom Butler-Bowdon