Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The spin has also been said to look like a tulip on a turntable. It is one of the most iconic figure skating moves. Along with the layback spin, the Biellmann is used in advertisements and icons representing figure skating. The position is also used in spiral sequences.

Spin history 
No one knows who invented the spin. Cecilia Colledge of Great Britain performed a one-handed Biellmann spin in 1937. There is a famous photograph of her doing the spin at the 1937 World Figure Skating Championships. Tamara Moskvina of the Soviet Union performed the spin at the 1965 European Championships and there is a famous photo of her doing it as well. Both Janet Champion and Slavka Kohout of the United States performed this spin early on.
The spin is named after Swiss skater Denise Biellmann, who popularized the move. Biellmann performed the spin beginning in the 1970s, having learned it from her teammate, fellow Swiss skater Karin Iten. Biellmann performed the spin on her way to becoming World Champion and the spin was officially named for her. It is the only figure skating spin officially named after a skater in International Skating Union regulations.

Positions 
The classic positions is explained above. This position is often entered into through a layback spin. The free leg of the layback is grasped by one or both hands and brought up above the head.

Irina Slutskaya of Russia is officially credited with inventing the change foot Biellmann spin. She performs the Biellmann on one foot, then drops her free leg and performs the spin on her other leg.
A half-Biellmann spin, also called the catch-foot camel spin, is a Biellmann variation in which the free leg is grasped in a camel spin position and brought up above the head, but the upper body is not lifted into the teardrop position.

Many skaters have performed a Biellmann variation in which the free leg is brought down towards the face, with the knee bent inwards. This spin has mostly been performed by Junior-level or Junior-age skaters, because this is easiest to perform before puberty. It is unknown who invented this variation. It was performed by Naomi Nari Nam at the United States nationals in 1999. More recently it has been brought back by Junior level skaters including Caroline Zhang of the United States who performed the spin on her way to winning the 2007 World Junior title.
As well, Zhang and other Junior skaters are known for doing a hyper-extended Biellmann spin in which the leg is pulled straight up in the air and the back bent as far into the spin as possible. Zhang is able to perform the spin with her free leg pulled straight up into the air, making the spin look like a capital-I. This position is not original to Zhang, but she has been the one to popularize it.

In skating competitions 
Because of Code of Points, the Biellmann spin has been used too much in competitions. Many skaters would perform the spin even if they were not flexible enough because it was a good way of getting a lot of points. The International Skating Union has limited the number of Biellmann spins that can be performed in a single program.
The spin is almost entirely performed by women, and it is a common feature in most Junior and Senior level ladies programs, as well as being a position for ice dancing lifts. It is generally not performed by men because most male skaters are not flexible enough to perform the spin. The most famous male skater to perform the spin is Evgeni Plushenko. However, he has not done it in competition since 2003. Shawn Sawyer has also performed the spin at the Junior level. Recently, the spin has been performed in competition by Ryo Shibata of Japan and Eliot Halverson of the United States.

References 
 ISU Communication No. 1319

Figure skating
Year 1445 was a common year. It started on a Friday.

Events of 1445 
 Dinas Diaz discovers Senegal and Cape Verde.
 Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia defeats and kills Sultan Arwe Badlay of Adal in the Battle of Gomit.

Births 
 March 1 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (died 1510) (born 1444 or 1445)
 March 16 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss preacher (died 1510)
 Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer (died 1497)
 Nicolas Chuquet, French mathematician (probable)

Deaths 
February 19 – Leonor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal
June 5 – Leonel Power, English composer
June 11 – Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick (born 1424)
July 15 – Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland
August 8 – Oswald von Wolkenstein, Austrian composer (born 1377)
Olug Moxammat, Khan of Kazan
Omar Sharif (; born 10 April 1932 – 10 July 2015) was an Egyptian actor who worked in many Hollywood movies. He acted in Arabic, French, and English movies. Sharif is most famous for his roles in Doctor Zhivago, Lawrence of Arabia and Funny Girl (1968). He was nominated for the Academy Award and won the Golden Globe Award three times. Sharif had a son and two grandsons. He converted from Christianity to Islam.

Contract bridge career 
Sharif once ranked among the world's best-known contract bridge players, forming the "Omar Sharif Bridge Circus" in 1967 which toured the world, competing against famous teams.

With Charles Goren, Sharif co-wrote a syndicated newspaper bridge column for the Chicago Tribune for several years, but later turned over most of the writing of the column to Tannah Hirsch.
He was also author or co-author of several books on bridge, and licensed his name to a bridge video game. An MS-DOS version and Amiga version was released in 1992 as Omar Sharif on Bridge. It is still sold in Windows and "mobile platform" versions.

Health and death 
In May 2015, it was reported that Sharif had Alzheimer's disease. His son, Tarek El-Sharif, said that his father was getting confused. He was forgetting facts about some of the biggest movies of his career.

On July 10, 2015, at the age of 83, Sharif died after a heart attack at a hospital in Cairo, Egypt.

On July 12, 2015, Sharif's funeral was held at the Grand Mosque of Mushir Tantawi in eastern Cairo. The funeral was attended by a group of Sharif's relatives, friends and Egyptian actors. His casket was draped in the Egyptian flag and a black shroud.  He is burued in El-Sayeda Nafisa cemetery in southern Cairo.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1932 births
2015 deaths
Contract bridge players
Converts to Islam
Egyptian movie actors
Egyptian Muslims
Egyptian sportspeople
Egyptian television actors
Former Christians
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Alexandria
People with Alzheimer's disease
Cairo University alumni
Toshirō Mifune (Japanese: 三船 敏郎 Mifune Toshirō – IPA: [miɸɯne toɕiɺoː]) (1 April 1920 – 24 December 1997) was a Japanese actor. He had roles in almost 170 movies.

Other websites

In English 
 Toshirō Mifune - Tribute Site
 Toshirō Mifune: Biographical details and selected filmography  at the British Film Institute

In Japanese 
 http://www.mifuneproductions.co.jp/mifune.html  - Official Toshirō Mifune Website
 Toshirō Mifune at the Japanese Movie Database

1920 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Japanese movie actors
Andrés Arturo García Menéndez (born April 12, 1956), professionally known as Andy Garcia, is an Cuban American actor and director born in Cuba. He became famous in the 1990s, when he acted in many successful Hollywood movies, including The Godfather: Part III, When a Man Loves a Woman, Ocean's Eleven, and Ocean's Thirteen. 

He was nominated for several awards for his work, including the Oscar. In 2022, he played Billy Herrera in Father of the Bride.

His daughter, Dominik García-Lorido, is an actress.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 Watch: Andy Garcia interviewed at the 2006 Miami Film Festival on independentfilm.com
 Andy Garcia interview for Smokin’ Aces 

American movie actors
Actors from Florida
Cuban actors
Anti-communists
1956 births
Living people
Rodrigo Junqueira dos Reis Santoro (born August 22, 1975) is a Brazilian Actor. He started his career acting in different soap operas in his country. In the last few years, he has become known after his roles in the movies Love Actually and 300.

Santoro was born in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro. He is half of Italian descent.

Filmography
Awards and nominations
 Brasília Film Festival
 2000 – Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças (Won)
 Recife Film Festival
 2001 – Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças (Won)
Brazil Quality Award
 2001 – Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças (Won)
Santo Domingo Film Festival
 2001 – Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças (Won)
SESC Best Film Festival
 2001 – Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças (Won)
Cinema Brazilian Grand Prix
 2002 – Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças (Won)
APCA Trophy
 2002 –  Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças (Won)
 Cartagena Film Festival
 2002 – Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças (Won)
Cero Latitud Film Festival
 2003 – Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças (Won)
 Brasília Film Festival
 2003 – Best Actor for Carandiru (Nominated)
 Cannes Film Festival
 2004 – Chopard Trophy of Male Revelation (Won)
 MTV Movie Awards
 2007 – Best Villain for 300 (Nominated)
 Brasília Film Festival
 2011 – Best Actor for Meu País (Won)
Havana Film Festival
 2011 – Best Actor for Heleno (Won)

References
References

Other websites
 

1975 births
Living people
Brazilian actors
Sir Michael Caine CBE ; (born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr., 14 March 1933) is a retired English actor, producer, and author. Caine is known for his distinctive cockney accent and he has appeared in over 115 movies, and is regarded as a British movie icon.

Career
His early role in Alfie (1966) earned him an Academy Award nomination. He also starred in The Italian Job (1969) and Battle of Britain (1969).

His roles in the 1970s included Get Carter (1971), The Last Valley (1971), Sleuth (1972), for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination, The Man Who Would Be King (1975) and A Bridge Too Far (1977).

In 1986, he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters.

Caine played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992). In 1999, he won a second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Cider House Rules.
Caine played Nigel Powers, Austin Powers' father in the 2002 parody Austin Powers in Goldmember, and Alfred Pennyworth in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy. He appeared in several other of Nolan's movies, including The Prestige (2006), Inception (2010) and Interstellar (2014). 

He also appeared in Alfonso Cuarón's Children of Men and Matthew Vaughn's action comedy movie Kingsman: The Secret Service.

Caine is one of only two actors nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s, the other one being Jack Nicholson.

Personal life
Caine was married to Patricia Haines from 1955 until they divorced in 1962. He later married Shakira Baksh in 1973. Caine has two children. He supports the Conservative Party and voted for Brexit.
In July 2016, Caine legally changed his name from Maurice Joseph Micklewhite to Michael Caine in order to make security checks at airports easier. "[A security guard] would say, 'Hi Michael Caine,' and suddenly I'd be giving him a passport with a different name on it. I could stand there for an hour. So I changed my name."

Selected awards
Caine won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his roles in Hannah and Her Sisters and The Cider House Rules.

He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his role in Educating Rita.

He won the following Golden Globe Awards:
Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his role in Educating Rita
Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his role in Jack the Ripper
Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his role in Little Voice

References

Other websites 
The Official Michael Caine website
Michael Caine's Norfolk childhood 
PLAY DIRTY/Caine Special on Location in Spain
Carfax Theatre  Horsham Scene of Sir Michael's first professional acting role

1933 births
Living people
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Military personnel of the Korean War 
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Stage names
Begging means asking people for money, food, shelter or other things, when one is not able to give anything instead. It is also referred to as sponging, spanging (short for "spare-changing") or (in American English) panhandling.

In larger cities, it is common to see beggars who ask for money, food, or other items. Typically, beggars often beg for spare change using coffee cups, mugs, small boxes, hats, or other items into which monies can be placed and sometimes display signs with messages such as "Help me. I'm homeless."

Use of funds obtained by begging 

A 2002 study of 54 panhandlers in Toronto reported that of a median monthly income of $638 CAD, those interviewed spent a median of $200 CAD on food and $192 CAD on alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs.  The Fraser Institute, however, criticized this study.  They said there were many forms of begging including ones in which good money can be earned.  They also said that panhandlers' reports were not reliable
Because of this, some people say that it would be better to give the beggars gift cards or food/service vouchers, instead of money. Some shelters also offer business cards with information on the shelter's location and services, which can be given instead of cash.

Aggressive panhandling 
Aggressive panhandling means to ask for donations or help in a threatening manner. This is not mugging, but rather similar and therefore often forbidden by law. Examples include:
 Asking customers inside a store or restaurant.
 Extending a hand, or even the head and both arms, into a car window
 Asking after dark, in a secluded area.
 There have been reports of beggars who will try to have their limbs amputated in the hope that they can get more out of sympathy.

Well known beggars 
 Bampfylde Moore Carew self-styled King of the Beggars
 Nicholas Jennings in Thomas Harman's "Caveat for Common Cursitors"
 Ryan Larkin
 Eugene Kim (one of the homeless who hopes to pay his way through college by these means)
 Lazarus
 Omar
Related pages
 Homelessness

References

Further material 
 Born Losers: A History of Failure in America, by Scott A. Sandage (Harvard University Press, 2005).

Occupations
Benicio Monserrate Rafael del Toro Sánchez (born February 19, 1967) is a Puerto Rican actor and film producer. He grew up in Santurce, but spent his adolescence and high school years in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, USA. He has won several awards in his career, including an Academy Award.

Other websites
 
 
 Benicio Del Toro Zone - Official Site
 This Is My Life: Benicio Del Toro - Miami Herald (October 10, 1997) 
 All About Benicio - Biography 
 Benicio Del Toro - Photo Gallery 
 Benicio Del Toro - Video: Declaration of Independence Performance 
Benicio del Toro Heaven: THE Place for Benoholics© - Message Board
 The World of Benicio del Toro 

1967 births
Living people
Actors who played Bond villains
Puerto Rican movie actors
Academy Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
Puerto Rican movie directors
Puerto Rican movie producers
Geoffrey Roy Rush,  (born 6 July 1951) is an Australian actor who has won Academy and Emmy awards, as well as several others. He was the first Australian actor to win an Academy Award for acting.

Rush was born in Toowoomba, Queensland. He studied at Everton Park State High School and at University of Queensland. Rush was raised in Brisbane.

He has won one Academy Award for acting (from four nominations), three British Academy Film Awards (from five nominations), two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards. 

He is the foundation President of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year.

In 1975, Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime, movement and theatre at the L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq, before returning to continue his stage career with QTC. In 1979, he shared an apartment with actor Mel Gibson for four months while they co-starred in a stage production of Waiting for Godot.
Rush is known for his roles in Shine, Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, Shakespeare in Love, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Quills, Finding Nemo, Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, and in The King's Speech. 

Since 1988, Rush has been married to actress Jane Menelaus, with whom he has a daughter, Angelica (born 1992), and a son, James (born 1995). Geoffrey Rush lives at Camberwell station, Camberwell, Victoria.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 Geoffrey Rush – Stage acting credits
 Professional photographs of Geoffrey Rush – National Library of Australia

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Queensland
Australian movie actors
Australian of the Year Award winners
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1951 births
Living people
Joaquín Rafael Phoenix () (born October 28, 1973), originally called Leaf Phoenix, is an American actor. He is from a family of actors, like his brother, the late actor River Phoenix. He has been nominated four times for the Academy Award, winning once in 2020. He also won the Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, BAFTA and Grammy Awards.

Phoenix is popular for his roles as Commodus in Gladiator, as Johnny Cash in Walk the Line and as the main character in Joker. 

He is also known for portraying firefighter Jack Morrison in Ladder 49. He has recently begun directing music videos, as well as producing movies and television shows. He also sang and recorded an album, the soundtrack Walk The Line, which won a Grammy Award. He has been a social activist for a long time, especially for animal rights. He is a vegan.

Other websites 

 
 Joaquin Phoenix interview for Walk the Line 
Joaquin Phoenix
Actors who played the Joker
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1974 births
Living people
American political activists
American animal rights activists
American child actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American movie actors
Humanitarians
American philanthropists
American movie producers
Jewish American actors
Actors from San Juan, Puerto Rico
William McChord Hurt (March 20, 1950 – March 13, 2022) was an American actor. He won an Academy Award in 1985 for his work in the movie movie Kiss of the Spider Woman. He played Thaddeus Ross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

In May 2018, Hurt was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer. He later died from the disease on March 13, 2022 at his home in Portland, Oregon, only one week before his 72nd birthday.

References

Other websites 
 

1950 births
2022 deaths
American movie actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Deaths from prostate cancer
Adrien Nicholas Brody (born April 14, 1973) is an American actor. He starred in Roman Polanski's The Pianist (2002). The role won him an Academy Award for Best Actor, the youngest actor ever to win the award. His mother, Sylvia Plachy (born 1943) is a Hungarian photographer. His father is of Polish descent.

Other websites 

 
 
 Adrien Brody website 
 Adrien Brody fansite 

1973 births
Living people
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg (born June 5, 1971) is an American actor and television and movie producer. His father was of Swedish and Irish descent, and his mother is of Irish, Scottish, English, and French-Canadian ancestry. He has been nominated for an Academy Award. He was also known as "Marky Mark" at the beginning of his career, when he had become famous as a rap musician with the band Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch after a brief time as a member of New Kids on the Block.

Wahlberg was convicted of assault when he was 16, for which he was imprisoned. He is a Roman Catholic.

References

Other websites 

 Mark Wahlberg Message Board 
 Mark Robert Wahlberg British fan site
 
 Mark Wahlberg Interview at Moviehole.net 
 Mark Wahlberg Interview on "Fresh Air"
 Mark Wahlberg on The Hour
 Mark Wahlberg Youth Foundation
Actors from Boston
American movie actors
American movie producers
American people convicted of assault
American pop musicians
Rappers from Massachusetts
American Roman Catholics
American television actors
American television producers
BAFTA Award winners
Businesspeople from Boston
Musicians from Boston
Singers from Boston
1971 births
Living people
Wesley Trent Snipes (born July 31, 1962) is an American actor, martial artist and movie producer. He is best known for his role as the vampire hunter in the Blade trilogy movies.

Snipes was born in Orlando, Florida and spent most of his childhood in The Bronx, New York City. He moved back to Orlando when he was a teenager.

Movies

Television

Theatre

Music videos

Soundtrack appearances

Video games

References

Other websites 
 

Actors from Orlando, Florida
Actors from the Bronx
African American actors
American movie actors
African American movie producers
American television actors
1962 births
Living people
Jak 3 is a video game for Sony's PlayStation 2 made by Naughty Dog. It is the third game in the Jak and Daxter series.

Story
Jak, Daxter, and Pecker are thrown into the desert by their own people one year after the previous game, Jak II, ended. They are found by Damas, Kleiver, and another wastelander. Jak is tested in an arena, and wins a fight, proving him worthy to not be killed. He and Daxter then explore, meeting Seem, a monk and Errol along the way. This starts a "friendship" with the some well-known citizens of Spargus, and Jak and Daxter soon become used to the city of Spargus, completing missions and looking around the desert for artifacts, or out of mere curiosity. 

Further throughout the game, Ashelin (a key character in Jak 2), asks Jak to come back to Haven City. Jak refuses, telling her "they could rot for all I care", still angry for them throwing him and Daxter out of Haven City for the wrong reason.
Later on, he decides to go back, and meets everybody once again. He gains new light powers that give him the ability to fly, make a shield around him, slow time, and heal himself. With his newfound powers he saves Haven City and Spargus City from attacks multiple times. 

In the end, Jak finds out that Damas was his father, and Veger took him away from him. Jak chases Veger towards the catacombs, and meets the Precursors themselves. It is also found out that Daxter is a Precursor too. Jak and Daxter is sent to Errol to stop him. When he is defeated, Jak, Daxter, and all the others gather together in the arena, while the Precursors make their speech.

Main characters
Jak: He is the main character of the game series. He is accompanied with Daxter.

Daxter: Jak's sidekick. He sits on Jak's shoulder while they go on adventures. He is hyperactive and "immature", which brings laughter into the game. He is playable in this game.
Ashelin: She was once part of the Krimzon Guard, but then turned to the other side after she realized what her father was up to. She is now head leader of Haven City, having begun a new force, (replacing the Krimzon Guard from Jak 2), called the Freedom League.

Samos: He is also the controller of Green eco. He is Jak and Daxter's "mentor". In Jak 2, he was The Shadow, leader of The Underground, which was a movement against Baron Praxis.

Keira: She helps with Jak's missions, and also is his love interest, Jak is also her love interest.

Pecker: Pecker is a talking bird that often joins Jak and Daxter on their missions, and was thrown out along with Jak and Daxter into the desert. He is mostly with Onin, his human "mother", but during most of the game he took the role as Damas's advisor instead. He and Daxter have a lot of scuffles and arguments, though that can be presumed as their way of friendliness.
Torn: He was part of the Underground. He and Ashelin usually work together. He befriended Jak the hard way in Jak 2, but he still is not friends with Daxter. He helps out Ashelin in Freedom League business.

Damas: Jak's father. He was the king of Spargus City, and before that, the leader of Haven City. He dies after his own car is flipped onto his body.

References

2004 video games
3D platform games
Naughty Dog games
PlayStation 2 games
Jak and Daxter series
Edward Harrison Norton (born August 18, 1969) is an American movie actor and director. He was nominated for three Academy Awards. He won the Golden Globe in 1997 for Primal Fear.

Biography

Edward Harrison Norton was born on August 18th 1969. When he was 28, he played someone accused of murder in the movie, Primal Fear (movie)  and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1997, Norton starred in the movie American History X and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. In 1998, Norton played a character in the Matt Damon movie Rounders about poker. In 1999, Norton co-starred with Brad Pitt in the movie Fight Club. In 2000, Norton wrote the screenplay for a movie called Keeping the Faith.

References

Other websites
 
 

1969 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Boston
The Cardinals or Cardinalidae are a family of  passerine birds that live in North and South America.

References 
 Stiles and Skutch,  A guide to the birds of Costa Rica  
 Hilty, Birds of Venezuela, 
  ffrench, Birds of Trinidad and Tobago 
 "National Geographic" Field Guide to the Birds of North America  
 Klicka, Burns & Spellman. Defining a monophyletic Cardinalidae: a molecular perspective.  . p. 36

Other websites 

Cardinalidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection

Passeri
Magpies are birds in the crow family, Corvidae. They are general scavengers and predators of insects, small mammals, and other birds' eggs and young.

The word "magpie" usually means the European magpie (Pica pica), which is a very common bird, found all over Europe. Elsewhere, there are other species of magpie. Most are black and white and are in the genus Pica.

Other birds called "magpie" 
There are other species of bird that are called 'magpies', though they are not true magpies. Oriental "magpies" are green and blue in colour, and are in the genera Urocissa and Cissa. There is also one blue and white magpie, the azure-winged magpie Cyanopica cyana. There is the black magpie, which is really a treepie. There is also the Australian magpie. It is not a member of the crow family at all. It is in the Artamidae family. All these are in different genera from Pica. This is a good example of the confusion caused by common names before the Linnaean system came into use.
Description 
Magpies are large birds. They often have long tails. Magpies eat lots of different kinds of food. They may eat baby birds, eggs and carrion. They may also eat seeds and other parts of plants.

Magpies are clever birds. They can pass the mirror test. This is when the bird sees itself in a mirror and understands that it is a reflection. Magpies do not have any attraction to bright, shiny things, contrary to popular belief.

Related pages 
Yellow-billed magpie
Black-billed magpie

Other websites 
 Magpie videos on the Internet Bird Collection
 Magpie webcam  - Live webcam stream Magpies & Blackbirds nest

Corvids
Final Fantasy Tactics is a tactical role-playing game for the PlayStation and Game Boy Advance. It was released in 1997 by Square Co., Ltd. (now Square Enix).

Final Fantasy games
1997 video games
What a vacuole does and how important it is depends on what kind of cell they are in. They are much more important in plant and fungus cells than in animal cells. Some common jobs of a vacuole are to:
 
 Hold waste products, and keep things separate from the rest of the cell
 Hold water in plant cells
 Keep the internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor steady in a cell. In land plants, this holds the stem upright.
 Keep an acidic pH on the inside of a cell
 Hold small molecules
 In seeds, proteins that seeds use to sprout are put in 'protein bodies'. Protein bodies are just vacuoles that are a little bit different from normal.
Vacuoles are also important in autophagy, keeping a balance between making and getting rid of many things in cells and organisms. They also help with destroying and recycling broken proteins that build up in cells. Vacuoles may help attack bacteria and some kinds of vacuoles may act as a house for symbiotic bacteria. In protists, vacuoles also store and help digest food that the protist ate.

Central vacuole 
The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and holds materials and wastes. It also keeps the proper pressure in the plant cells, and supports the growing plant.

Evolution 
The evolution of multicellularity took place several times on Earth. That is, separately in animals, fungi, streptophytes (charophyte algae and land plants), red algae, and brown algae. The vacuole probably evolved several times independently, even within the green plants.

References 

Organelles
The College of Arms, in London is one of the few remaining government heraldic authorities in Europe. It was founded in 1484 by King Richard III, and its job is to control heraldry and grant new armorial bearings, sometime called coats of arms.

The college is run by the Kings of Arms, heralds and pursuivants who handle heraldic affairs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on behalf of the Queen. (Scotland has its own heraldic authority: Lord Lyon King of Arms and his office.)

The college also grants arms to citizens of other Commonwealth countries that do not have their own heralds. (Canadians use Canadian Heraldic Authority and South Africans have the Bureau of Heraldry)
As well as designing and granting new arms, the College tries to answer many requests from people trying to prove that they are descended from an armigerous (arms-bearing) person; a person descended in the male line (or through heraldic heiresses) from an armiger may be reissued that ancestor's arms. Special marks called difference marks can be added make the coat of arms different from the arms of their cousins. The college is involved in genealogy and have many pedigrees (family trees) in their records. Anyone may register a pedigree with the college, where they are carefully checked and need official proofs before being altered.

Heralds were originally messengers. Officers of the College of Arms still sometimes read Royal proclamations in public, for example at the accession of a new sovereign.

They also help plan state ceremonies, such as coronations, the introduction of new peers into the House of Lords, and the ceremonies of orders of chivalry.
For these public appearances, the officers of the college wear costume showing their place in the Royal Household, either simple red livery or the herald's traditional colourful outfit of a tabard emblazoned with his master's arms (in this case the royal arms).

The College of Arms is on Queen Victoria Street in the City of London, not far to the south of St. Paul's Cathedral. The site was given to the college when it was re-formed by Philip and Mary I in 1555, and the present 17th century building dates from after the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The College of Arms was featured in the 1969 James Bond movie On Her Majesty's Secret Service where James Bond visits his friend Sir Hillary Bray who permits Bond to impersonate him so he can spy on Blofeld's base. Bray gives Bond information on Blofeld's ancestor Count Balthazzar de Bleuchamp. Bond is shown his own coat of arms with the family motto: "the world is not enough" (this was used for the title of the 19th Bond movie The World Is Not Enough).
The officers 

The Earl Marshal, a hereditary office held by the Duke of Norfolk, oversees the College, but he is not a member. He must give his written consent, called a warrant, before any new coat of arms can be issued. The Earl Marshal's court (called the Court of Chivalry) can hear cases about using coats arms, but the court has not sat since 1954. Usually the Earl Marshal usually leaves affairs to the professional heralds of the College.
There are, three levels of officers of arms: Kings of Arms, Heralds, and Pursuivants. The officers of arms occupy posts bearing traditional titles:
 Kings of Arms:
 Garter Principal King of Arms, the senior King of Arms (his title mentions the Order of the Garter)
 Clarenceux King of Arms, whose "province" is the part of England south of the River Trent
 Norroy and Ulster King of Arms, whose "province" is the part of England north of the River Trent (Norroy) and Northern Ireland (Ulster)
 Heralds, whose titles are mention places or peerage titles historically associated with the monarchy:
 Chester Herald of Arms in Ordinary
 Lancaster Herald of Arms in Ordinary
 Richmond Herald of Arms in Ordinary
 Somerset Herald of Arms in Ordinary
 Windsor Herald of Arms in Ordinary
 York Herald of Arms in Ordinary
 Pursuivants, whose titles are various heraldic badges associated with the monarchy:
 Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary
 Portcullis Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary
Rouge Croix Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary
 Rouge Dragon Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary
The officers of arms earn money from their own private practices in heraldry and genealogy. They get only nominal salaries as officers of the College. These salaries were set centuries ago and reflect the living costs of the day. William IV reduced them to the old level in the 1830s. The amounts are listed below, and is not taxed:
 £49.07 a year for the Garter Principal King of Arms,
 £20.25 a year for the other "provincial" Kings of Arms,
 £17.80 a year for the Heralds, and
 £13.95 a year for the Pursuivants.

Any letters, telephone calls or visitors to the college not for a specific officer of arms are seen by the "officer in waiting". All members of the college serve as officer in waiting on rotation.
"Heralds Extraordinary" are appointed to take part in special ceremonial occasions or to help the Earl Marshal personally; they are not members of the college. Among the extraordinary heralds have been — 
 Arundel Herald of Arms Extraordinary
 Beaumont Herald of Arms Extraordinary
 Maltravers Herald of Arms Extraordinary
 Norfolk Herald of Arms Extraordinary
 Surrey Herald of Arms Extraordinary
 Fitzalan Pursuivant of Arms Extraordinary
These are all names related to the Earl Marshal and
 Wales Herald of Arms Extraordinary

The New Zealand Herald Extraordinary is not a member of the college but it is a permanent post created to oversee heraldry in New Zealand; he works together with the college to grant new arms for people and bodies in that country (where he himself lives and works).

Grants and descent of arms 
The Kings of Arms grant coats of arms by letters patent. Before they can even consider the granting of arms, an application, (called a memorial) must be made to the Earl Marshal, and a fee paid.
The Kings of Arms are authorised in their "patents of appointment" (the letter giving them their job) to grant coats of arms to "eminent men". Originally this meant someone who was rich or had social status. By 1530, the heralds wanted successful candidates for a grant of arms to have £300 or rent from land of £10 a year. Since the heralds get fees for granting arms, they have always been generous when deciding who should be allowed a coat of arms. In 1616, Ralphe Brooke, York Herald, tricked the Garter King of Arms into granting a coat of arms to the common hangman for a fee of 22 shillings (£1-20p).

This is why the Earl Marshal's permission to grant a coat of arms is needed. 
 the Earl Marshal acts for the Queen to approve candidates for coats of arms.
 the Kings of Arms act for the Queen to grant coats of arms.
The coat of arms, or a differenced version of them using marks of cadency, can be used by all of the legitimate children of an individual and such children and their descendants may bear the arms (or a differenced version of them) from the moment of birth: they do not have to wait for the death of the previous generation. The College of Arms does not need to approve the use of the arms in each generation: the original grant of arms is the only authority required. Although daughters and sons inherit the right to bear arms for themselves personally, the right passes only through the male line: hence, a son transmits the arms to his children, but a daughter, can use them herself, but her children cannot. A partial exception to this rule is the case of a woman who has no brothers, or whose brothers have no children; such a woman is called a heraldic heiress and may transmit the arms to her children as a quartering with their father's arms, and to their descendents.
The costs involved are quite substantial. The applicant does not buy a coat of arms: the arms themselves are freely given, but fees must be paid to the heralds and artists involved as professionals, and to support the buildings and other running costs of the College. Aside from the heralds' traditional nominal salaries, given above, the College of Arms is not financed by the taxpayer.

Name changes 
The College of Arms is also responsible for recording the changes of names. In order to change one's name, one must apply for a deed poll to be entered on the College's registers and published in the London Gazette.

When a Royal Licence is granted for a transfer of arms, the change of the surname  may be permitted by the Licence itself, so there is no need of a deed poll.

Related pages
 Officer of Arms

References 
 Gwynn-Jones, P. Ll. (1998) The Art of Heraldry : origins, symbols, designs, London : Parkgate,

Other websites 
 The College of Arms
Heraldry
1484 establishments
British monarchy
15th-century establishments in England
The City of Sunderland is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, in North East England.  Since 1992 it has had the status of a city and metropolitan borough. 

It is named after its largest settlement, Sunderland, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Washington, Houghton-le-Spring, and other smaller settlements.

The district was created in 1974 as the Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland when all local government in England and Wales was changed by the Local Government Act 1972.  This was when four different local government districts from County Durham were joined together. 

Sunderland became a city in 1992, the 40th anniversary of  Queen Elizabeth's accession (the time she became queen). 

The district had a population of 280,807 at the time of the 2001 census. 

On March 24, 2004, the City adopted St Benedict Biscop as its patron saint. A patron had never been adopted before.

Related pages
Sunderland
Washington
Houghton-le-Spring

References 

 
Sun
Settlements in Tyne and Wear
The Self-Strengthening Movement ( or ;  1861 - 1895) was a reform organised during the late Qing Dynasty. The movement's intent was the modernization of China as a result of many military defeats it had faced at the hands of the West. It could be divided into three phases the first phase (1861 - 1872), the second phase (1872 - 1885) and the third phase (1885 - 1895). 

After the defeat of Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and imperial officials realised that the Qing Government might be overthrown soon and they would no longer reign the country. In order to prevent this, a series of reforms were implemented in the Self-Strengthening Movement, sometimes called "Westernization" which sought to adopt ideas from the West, mainly in technology.

Major leaders 
 Yixin, Prince Gong ()
 Wenxiang           ()
 Zeng Guofan        ()
 Li Hongzhang       ()
 Zuo Zongtang       ()
 Shen Baozhen       ()
 Zhang Zhidong      ()

19th century in China
Michael John Douglas (born September 5, 1951), better known by the artistic name Michael Keaton, is an American actor. He became popular for his early comedic film roles, most notably his performance as the title character of Tim Burton's Beetlejuice, and later gained international fame for his dramatic portrayal of Bruce Wayne / Batman in Tim Burton's Batman (1989), Batman Returns (1992) and in The Flash (2023). He won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award in 2015 for his role in Birdman. In 2016, he played Ray Kroc in The Founder. He played the villain, the Vulture in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movie Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017).
Early life
Keaton was born on September 5, 1951, in Kennedy Township, Pennsylvania. He lived in Robinson Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. His father, George A. Douglas, worked as a civil engineer and surveyor, and his mother, Leona Elizabeth (nee Loftus), a homemaker, came from McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania. Keaton was raised in a Catholic family. He is of Irish and Scots-Irish ancestry. He attended Montour High School in Pennsylvania. Douglas studied speech for two years at Kent State, before dropping out and moving to Pittsburgh.

Politics
Keaton supported Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

Movies

Some movie Roles
 Cars - Chick Hicks (voice)
 Minions - Walter Nelson (voice)
 Porco Rosso - Porco Rosso
 Toy Story 3 - Ken (voice)
 Toy Story 4 - Ken (voice)
 Spotlight - Walter “Robby” Robinson

Video Game Roles
 Call of Duty: Black Ops II - Jason Hudson
 Cars - Chick Hicks
 Cars Race-O-Rama - Chick Hicks

References

Other websites
 
 Story on Michael Keaton
1951 births
Living people
Actors from Pennsylvania
Actors who played Batman
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
Stage names
Inequality is when one object is:
 Smaller than the other ( means that a is smaller than b)
 Bigger than the other ( means that a is bigger than b)
 Not smaller than the other ( means that a is not smaller than b, that is, it is either bigger, or equal to b)
 Not bigger than the other ( means that a is not bigger than b, or it is smaller or equal to b)

Inequality is sometimes used to name a statement that one expression is smaller, greater, not smaller or not greater than the other.

Working with inequalities

Inequality in math is when two solutions or answers are compared by greater than or less than. It is when the two or yet many solutions are being compared is not of equal amount. Solving an inequality means finding its solutions. When you substitute a number to a variable and the statement is true, then it is a solution. When you substitute a number to a variable and the statement is not true then, the number is not a solution to the statement.
Solving inequality is finding a solution to a given variable. It is finding a relative order of a set. Inequality might have many solutions, but usually only solutions as real numbers are the ones we are looking for. The proper way to read inequality is from left to right, just like the other equations, but the only difference is that they have different rules for every equation.

For example, consider the inequality x+4>12, where x is a real number. First, one needs to find the x and verify that it is actually a solution. The answer will be x>8 and it is a true statement. This expression is about the location of x within the set of real numbers.  A number line is one way to show the location relative to all other real numbers.(See figure Inequality 1)

Different kinds of inequalities
There are five different kinds of inequalities:
 The first kind is linear inequalities, which are inequalities that differentiate the expressions by either less than or equal to, less than or greater than or equal to, greater than. It is one that if we replace the inequality for the equals relation, then the outcome will be a linear equation.
 The second kind is the combinations of inequalities which are to satisfy the inequalities. Here, one must first have a number in the solution sets, so that the numbers satisfying the inequalities are going to be the values in the crossing of the two solution sets.
 The third kind is inequalities involving absolute values, which means that the values can be rephrased as combinations of inequalities that will involve absolute values.
 The fourth kind is called polynomial inequalities, which means that it is continuous and that their graphs do not have any jumps or breaks.
Last but not the least, is the rational inequalities, which means that it is the form of one of the polynomial  divided by another polynomial. In other words, the rational function graphs do not have any breaks nor represent at the zeros of the denominator.
Four ways to solve Inequalities 

There are four ways to solve quadratic equations:
 Add or subtract the same number on both sides.
 Shift the sides and change the positioning of the sign of the inequality.
 Multiply the same number on both sides.
 Divide the same positive or negative number into the both sides.
Furthermore, it will take two steps to solve an inequality. The first one is to simplify using the reciprocal of addition or subtraction. The second one is to simplify more by using the reciprocal of multiplication or division. Note that when multiplying or dividing an inequality by a negative number, the inequality symbol must be reversed.

Examples of how to solve Inequalities
Inequality is a mathematical statement that explains that the two values are not equal and are different. The equation a≠b means that a is not equal to b. Inequality is the same with any equation, with the (only) difference that inequality does not use an equal sign but inequality symbols. The inequality b>a means that b is greater than a. Speed limits, mark, and others use inequality to express them.

When solving an inequality, a person need to have a true statement. When you divide or multiply an inequality with a negative number on both sides, the statement is false. In order to make the statement correct with a negative number, one must reverse the direction of the inequality symbol. When a number is a positive number, one does not need to reverse the symbol. Inequality is about making a true statement.
For example, start with a true statement -6y<-12. When both sides are divided by -6, the result will become y<2. In this statement, the symbol need to be reversed in order to have a true statement, which produces y>2 as the correct answer. In the number line (see figure Inequality 2), a closed shaded circle points out that it is included in the solution set. An open circle points out that it is not included in the solution set.

Related pages
Equality (mathematics)
Equation

References

Mathematics
Chechnya (; ), officially the Chechen Republic (; ), is a federal subject in Russia. It is located in the Caucasus region of Western Asia. The capital is Grozny.

Most people in Chechnya are Muslims and are of ancient Hurrian roots who spoke a Caucasian language. Most Chechens belong to the Shafi`i school of Sunni Islam.

Chechens speak their own language, not related to the Russian language. The Chechen language is part of the Northeast Caucasian, or Vainakh, family, while Russian is a Slavic language.

During Soviet control, Chechnya was unified with Ingushetia. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Chechnya broke away from Ingushetia to form its own republic. The Chechens wanted independence. After the First Chechen War, Chechnya was de facto independent as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. After the Second Chechen War, Russia regained control of Chechnya.

Russia has claimed Chechnya as part of its country since the Russians invaded the Caucasus in the 18th century.
The current leader of the Chechen Republic is Ramzan Kadyrov. He is also the son of the 1st Chechen President, Akhmad Kadyrov.

References

Other websites 
 Official site of the Republic of Chechnya  

 
Federal subjects of Russia
Republics of Russia