Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Korean league
Each team plays totally 133 games per one year. These 133 games are called the pennant race. After the pennant race, top four teams go to tournament. Firstly, semi-final game is called semi-play off. In this Semi-playoff, two teams (3rd and 4th in the pennant race) play the game and a team which wins 3 games of total 5 games goes to the next stage. The next stage is called playoff. And this is also 3 out of 5(A team wins 3 games first, then that team can go to next stage.). In playoff, a team which is a winner of semi-playoff plays with 2nd team in the pennant race. A winner of playoff plays with 1st team in the pennant race. This is called Korean series. This is 4 out of 7. (If a team wins 4 games first, that team becomes the team of that year.) In Korean league, there is also all star game like major league baseball(MLB)in America. KBO manages all of these games.
Organizaion
The president of KBO is Gu boneneung in 2011. KBO consists of many groups such as an executive office, KBOP, an umpire committee, a record committee and an education committee. As not permanent committees, there are a prizes and penalties committee, a rules committee and an advisory committee.

Other websites
 KBO history page
 BaseballGuru.com

Baseball leagues
Scorpions are a heavy metal/hard rock band from Hanover, Germany, probably best known for their 1980s rock anthem "Rock You Like a Hurricane" and their singles "No One Like You", "Still Loving You", and "Wind of Change". The band has sold over 100 million albums worldwide  and were ranked #46 on VH1's Greatest Artists of Hard Rock program.

Band members

Current members 
 Klaus Meine - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, percussion, tambourine, backing vocals (1970-present)
 Matthias Jabs - lead & rhythm guitars (1978-present)
 Rudolf Schenker - rhythm & lead guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Hey You" (1965-present)
 Paweł Mąciwoda - bass, backing vocals (2003-present)
 Mikkey Dee - drums, percussion, backing vocals (2015-present)
Former members 
 Lothar Heimberg - bass, backing vocals (1965-1973)
 Wolfgang Dziony - drums, percussion (1965-1973)
 Michael Schenker - lead & rhythm guitars (1970-1973, 1979)
 Ulrich Roth - lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Drifting Sun", "Fly to the Rainbow", "Dark Lady", "Sun in My Hand", "Hell Cat", "Polar Nights" (1973-1978)
 Francis Buchholz - bass, backing vocals (1973-1983, 1984-1992, 1994)
 Achim Kirschning - keyboards (1973-1974)
 Joe Wyman - drums, percussion (1973)
 Jürgen Rosenthal - drums, percussion (1973-1975)
 Rudy Lenners - drums, percussion (1975-1977)
 Herman Rarebell - drums, percussion (1977-1983, 1984-1995)
 Don Dokken - lead vocals, backing vocals (1981)
 Jimmy Bain - bass (1983-1984)
 Neil Murray - bass (1983-1984)
 Bobby Rondinelli - drums, percussion (1983-1984)
 Ralph Rieckermann - bass (1993-2000, 2000-2003)
 Curt Cress - drums, percussion (1996)
 Ken Taylor - bass (2000)
 Barry Sparks - bass (2004)
 Ingo Powitzer - bass (2004)
Manager 
 Stewart Young (1995-Present)

Discography

Albums 
 Lonesome Crow (1972)
 Fly to the Rainbow (1974)
 In Trance (1975)
 Virgin Killer (1976)
 Taken by Force (1977)
 Tokyo Tapes (1978, live)
 Lovedrive (1979)
 Animal Magnetism (1980)
 Blackout (1982)
 Love at First Sting (1984)
 World Wide Live (1985, live)
 Savage Amusement (1988)
 Crazy World (1990)
 Face the Heat (1993)
 Live Bites (1995, live)
 Pure Instinct (1996)
 Eye II Eye (1999)
 Moment of Glory (with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, 2000)
 Acoustica (2001, acoustic)
 Unbreakable (2004)
 Humanity: Hour I (2007)
 Sting in the Tail (2010)
 Return to Forever (2015)
 Rock Believer (2022)

References

Other websites 

 Official Website 

German heavy metal bands
Hanover
Hard rock bands
The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) is an organisation in the United Kingdom that gets reports from people and acts on those reports. They help remove things that could be illegal content on the Internet.

Notes

Other websites

 Internet Watch Foundation

Internet-related organizations
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in England
Shakargarh is a city in the north-east of Pakistan in Narowal District of Punjab province. It is the headquarters of Shakargarh Tehsil. The city is at 32°16'0N 75°10'0E and is on the west bank of the Ravi River.

History 
In old times Shakargarh was used as a route for the Mughals to enter Gurdaspur and going to Delhi. During British rule (before the independence of Pakistan), Shakargarh became the capital of Shakargarh Tehsil.

In 1947 when the British were leaving, they divided British India between Pakistan and the modern republic of India. The border between the two countries was known as the Radcliffe Line (this was named after Cyril John Radcliffe who drew the borders). The line divided Shakargarh from the rest of Gurdaspur district (which then became part of India). Shakargarh then became part of Sialkot District, however when Narowal District was created in 1991, Shakargarh became part of that district.

References 

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Narowal District
The X-Forwarded-For (XFF) HTTP header is a standard for finding the IP address of a client connecting to a web server through an HTTP proxy or load balancer comes from. 

Internet
British Telecommunications Group plc which trades as BT, (sometimes known as British Telecom and still occasionally referred to by that name) is the privatised  UK state telecommunications operator.

BT Group is the largest communications service provider in the United Kingdom.

1981 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Internet service providers of the United Kingdom
Companies based in London
Virgin Media Inc. (formerly known as ntl:Telewest, after a merger of NTL Incorporated with Telewest Global, Inc.), became in 2006 the first "quadruple-play" media company in the United Kingdom, bringing together a service consisting of television, Internet, mobile phone and fixed-line telephone services.

Internet service providers of the United Kingdom
Virgin Group
Companies based in New York City
Be Unlimited, or simply "Be", is a growing UK Internet service provider. Be Unlimited and Be are trading names of Be Un Limited.

References 

Internet service providers of the United Kingdom
2004 establishments in the United Kingdom
Technology companies of the United Kingdom
Demon Internet is a British Internet service provider ("ISP") founded in 1992. It was one of the earliest ISPs, targeting the "dial-up" audience. The company was started on June 1st, 1992, from an idea posted on CIX by Cliff Stanford of Demon Systems Ltd.

Currently, Demon Internet is operating as a brand of Vodafone.

References 

Internet service providers of the United Kingdom
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the top position in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. As the leader of the only legal political party, the General Secretary served as the de facto leader but not necessarily head of government or head of state, although the actual head of government was the Premier. Before Stalin turned the position of General Secretary into the most powerful in the Soviet Union. According 1977 Constitution the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was the President and Chairman of the Council of Minister was the Premier. Lenin led the nation as Premier.

The office was called First Secretary from 1953 to 1966.

List of General Secretaries

Politics of the Soviet Union
Lists of heads of state
1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
A bachelor is a man who has not been married and is not cohabiting. He lives on his own or with a flatmate/housemate. A woman in this situation is sometimes known as a bachelorette. A bachelor cannot have been married, as a man who married but then divorced is called a divorcé. A man whose wife is dead is a widower.

Sometimes, when a bachelor is going to be married, a bachelor party is organized to celebrate the last day that the person will be a bachelor for. 

Marriage

es:Soltero
A nativity scene is a three-dimensional depiction of the Nativity of Jesus. It is also called a crib, manger or crèche. Typically, a large scale scene includes: the Holy Family, the angels, the Magi, the ox and the donkey, and an assortment of shepherds, villagers, servants and others.

There are two types of scenes: static representations of figures made of clay or other material and living scenes. Static scenes are often displayed on a table top in the home. In living scenes, humans and animals portray the characters in the scene.  

St. Francis of Assisi is said to have created the first nativity scene in 1223 (a "living" one) near Greccio, Italy. It was a "hit". The scene's popularity inspired communities throughout Catholic countries to stage similar scenes.
In the modern world, nativity scenes have provoked controversy. Animals are said to be abused in living scenes and objections have been placed against static scenes displayed on public lands. In addition, outdoor scenes are often the target of vandals. Theft or destruction of outdoor figures is not uncommon.

References

Other websites 

Roman presepi
The message of the child — Original Nativity scenes made with natural stones
The Neapolitan Crib (Presepe)
International crèche school - History of Nativities and instructions for building them 
 Nativiti scene - Florece,FaQ - Video details 

Christmas
Depictions of Mary, mother of Jesus
KBO can mean:

 Kuiper Belt object
 Korea Baseball Organization
 Keep the Bastards Out, a fictional organization invented and promoted by Seattle Post-Intelligencer columnist Emmett Watson
 KBO!, a hardcore punk band from Serbia
 Keep Buggering On, a catchphrase used by Winston Churchill
Underwater diving is going underwater to do things. There are different reasons to do this:
Recreational diving is done for fun. It is sometimes called sport diving. It can be done using air from cylinders carried by the diver. This is called scuba diving. It can also be done for shorter dives by holding your breath. This is called freediving or skindiving.
Military diving is diving for a military purpose.
Commercial diving is diving to do underwater work. This is done as part of a project where the work must be done under water.
Scientific diving is diving done to find things out for scientific purposes. It may be part of the job for a scientist, or done by volunteer for a citizen science project.
Public safety diving is diving done by a public service organisation like the police of a fire department to rescue people or to find and bring back bodies or evidence.
There are also different ways to dive:
Surface supplied diving gets air for breathing through a hose from a pump above the surface of the water.
Scuba diving is done with metal cylinders carried by the diver to hold the breathing air. In open-circuit scuba the air comes out of the mouthpiece when the diver breathes in, and goes into the water when the diver breathes out. When a rebreather is used, some of the same air is breathed many times, and the machine puts oxygen into the air to make up for the oxygen that is used up, and takes out the carbon dioxide by using a chemical to absorb it. A rebreather lets the diver use less air, but it can go wrong in more different ways.
Saturation diving is diving where the divers stay in pressurised rooms between dives and go to the underwater workplace and return in a sealed diving bell, so they stay at the same pressure for days or weeks at a time before the pressure is reduced to normal air pressure when they finish the contract. The breathing gas is supplied from the surface through a hose so this is also a kind of surface supplied diving.
Freediving is diving underwater without an air supply. The diver must hold their breath until they get back to the surface.
History 
In Greek age, Thales found static electricity when he was cleaning his amber. But at that time, they did not pay attention to this and research it. They just knew that rubbing something made a pulling force. Earnest research into static electricity was started in the 17th century, when Otto Von Guericke made the first friction generator. And in the 18th century, Coulomb started research into a fixed quantity of static electricity.  Benjamin Franklin associated static electricity with storms. In 1832 Michael Faraday published the results of his experiment on the identity of electricity. This report proved that the electricity made by using a magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity are all the same. Since Faraday's result, the history of static electricity can be thought as the study of electricity in general.
Charge
Many situations can cause static electricity.
 Contact makes charge separation:
Most materials have a unique chemical attraction for electrons. Because of this, rubbing different materials can cause charge separation. The material will have a positive charge if it has a lower attraction for electrons than the other material.Sometimes, by walking across a carpet then touching a metal item (e.g. doorknob) can cause a static electricity shock.
Pressure makes charge separation:  
Strong enough pressure make a separation of charge in certain types of materials, like crystals and ceramics molecules.  
Heat makes charge separation:
Heating certain materials can give electrons power. By this power electrons break free from atoms. The atoms losing electrons become a positive charge.
Charge makes charge separation:
A charged object can make a neutral object have charge separation. Charges of the same sign (negative to negative or positive with positive) repel each other, and charges of the opposite sign attract each other. This force  the part of the neutral object that is near the charged object have opposite charge of the charged object. This force rapidly weakens if the two objects move away from each other. The effect occurs most when the neutral object has a charge which can move freely.
Static electricity can cause a mild shock.

Discharge
Static discharge is excess charge that is neutralized by a flow of charges from or to the surroundings. Positive charges get 
electrons from the surroundings, and negative charges lose their electrons to the surroundings.

The feeling of a static electric shock is caused by the stimulation of nerves as the neutralizing current flows through the human body. Due to the presence of much water in the body, the charge is generally not enough to cause a dangerously high current. Lightning is also an example of static discharge. A cloud gets a very huge charge by clashing with other clouds. It gives off the excess charge to the ground. But this huge charge never occurs in the human's surroundings naturally, unless he is struck by the lightning.
 
Despite the apparently harmless nature of static electricity, there can be significant risks in research, because a large charge can break down the equipment.

Electricity
The submandibular glands are salivary glands. They are under the bottom part of the mouth.

References 

Mouth
Glands
Military diving is underwater diving done by members of armed forces for military purposes.

Any method of diving may be used. It is the military purpose that makes it military diving.

Military diving for offensive purposes is usually done using rebreathers as they do not make much bubbles which can be seen by the enemy. These divers may be called frogmen or combat divers.

Othe military divers do work to remove obstructions and explosive devices like mines. They are called clearance divers. 

Military divers may also do inspections and repair work on the bottoms of ships, and underwater work in support of military engineering operations.

Military
Dagens Næringsliv is one of Norway's main newspapers. It was founded in 1889.

Dagens Næringsliv is owned by media conglomerate Norges Handels og Sjøfartstidende (NHST Media Group).

History

The newspaper was first named Norges Sjøfartstidende.

On 5 September 2013, the newspaper said that it is one of 17 international partners cooperating with Wikileaks about the Spy Files 3 project that spotlights the international surveillance industry. 

In July 2015, one former journalist said that he had done plagiarism, in several articles he wrote for the newspaper, said the website of the trade union, Norsk Journalistlag.

References

Other websites
 Official site

Newspapers in Norway
Companies of Norway
1889 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Norway
FSK (Forsvarets spesialkommando) is the name of the special forces of Norway's Ministry of Defence.  They were established in 1981.

Special Forces
1981 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Norway
Government of Norway
A piping and instrument diagram (P&ID) is a simplified illustration or diagram of a process. It shows the required functional equipment and instrumentation to make the process work. Typically, this document is the basis of design for plant engineering.

Engineering
Nanjing Greenland Financial Center or Greenland Square Zifeng Tower is a skyscraper in Nanjing, China. It is 459 meters (1476 feet) tall and has 89 floors. It was built in 2009 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites 
 Emporis.com - Nanjing Greenland Financial Center
SkycraperPage.com – Nanjing Greenland Financial Complex

Skyscrapers in China
Buildings and structures in Nanjing
Modular arithmetic, sometimes also called clock arithmetic, is a way of doing arithmetic with integers. Much like hours on a clock, which repeat every twelve hours, once the numbers reach a certain value, called the modulus, they go back to zero.

In general, given a modulus , we can do addition, subtraction and multiplication on the set  in a way that "wrap around" . This set is sometimes represented by the symbol , and called the set of integers modulo .

People talked about modular arithmetic in many ancient cultures. For instance, the Chinese remainder theorem is many centuries old. The modern notation and exact definition of modular arithmetic were first described by Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Congruence
Modular arithmetic can be used to show the idea of congruence. In general, given a positive integer n, two integers a and b are congruent modulo n, if they have the same remainder when both are divided by n. Congruence can be written this way:
The number n is called the modulus. Another definition of congruence, that means the same thing but is sometimes more useful, is that the two integers are congruent modulo n if the difference (a - b) is an integer multiple of n. That is, if n is a factor of (a - b), then a and b are congruent mod n.

For example:

The remainder when 32 is divided by 7 is 4, and the remainder when 11 is divided by 7 is also 4. This tells us that they are congruent—when the modulus is 7.

We can use this example with the other definition too. The difference, (a - b), is 32 - 11 = 21. This shows the two numbers are congruent, because 21 = 3 × 7 and 7 is a factor of 21.

Uses
Modular arithmetic is useful in many fields, and its applications include RSA algorithm in cryptography, primality testing in computer science, and 12-tone arithmetic in music. It is often used in calculating checksums and check digits.

Related pages 
 Modulo operation
 Primitive root modulo n

References

Arithmetics
Number theory
Abstract algebra
Live – Friday the 13th is a live album released on Sept. 20th, 2005. The album was released as a live CD/DVD album featuring all 12 original songs from Pop band Maroon 5's hit debut called Songs About Jane. This album has been released with the Copy Control protection system in some regions. The CD has the length of 77:58.

Performance
Maroon 5 performed in Santa Barbara, California on Friday, May 13th of 2005.

Songs
The songs from the hit debut album by Maroon 5 called Songs About Jane were all featured performed live on this album. Two songs are performed called Hello by band Oasis (cover), and Ain't No Sunshine (cover).

Track listing
"Shiver" – 4:49
"Through with You" – 3:19
"Tangled" – 3:37
"Harder to Breathe" – 2:59
"The Sun" – 7:52
"Wasted Years" – 5:23
"Secret" / "Ain't No Sunshine" – 7:11
"Not Coming Home" – 4:28
"This Love" – 5:14
"Must Get Out" – 4:08
"Sunday Morning" – 6:37
"Sweetest Goodbye" – 9:38
"Hello" (Oasis cover) – 3:52
"She Will Be Loved" – 8:51

2005 albums
Live albums
Maroon 5 albums
Tropicana Field is a domed baseball stadium that serves as the home field for the Tampa Bay Rays since 1998. The stadium was opened in 1990 in hopes of snatching a team away from another city. Two teams almost moved to Tampa to call Tropicana Field home; they were the Chicago White Sox and the San Francisco Giants. They stadium also served as the former home for the NHL team, Tampa Bay Lightning and the former home for the AFL's Tampa Bay Storm. Former Rays manager, Joe Maddon, has nicknamed the stadium "The Pit". While the fans nicknamed it "The Trop". The former name of the stadium was the Florida Suncoast Dome. It has also been called the Thunderdome.

Other websites 

Ballpark Digest review of Tropicana Field 
Official website of Tropicana Field 

 

Tampa Bay Rays
Sports buildings in Florida
St. Petersburg, Florida
1990 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Florida
Jin Mao Tower is a skyscraper in Shanghai, China.  It is  tall. It has 88 floors.  It was built between 1994 and 1999 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Photo gallery

Relates pages 
 List of tallest buildings in the world

References
Jin Mao Tower at emporis.com

Other websites 

 Emporis.com - Jin Mao Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – Jin Mao Tower

Skyscrapers in China
Buildings and structures in Shanghai
Two International Finance Centre ("Two ifc") is a skyscraper in Hong Kong.  It is 415 meters (1362 feet) tall and has 88 floors.  It was built in 2003 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Photo Gallery

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world

References

Other websites 

 Emporis.com - Two International Finance Centre
 SkycraperPage.com – Two International Finance Centre

Skyscrapers in China
Buildings and structures in Hong Kong
The gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) is a species of penguin easily recognized by the white stripe across its head. They are the largest penguins of the stiff-tailed family, which also makes them the largest penguin except the two giant penguins, the emperor penguin and the king penguin.

Appearance 
The gentoo penguin is, on average, 5 kilograms in weight and 80 centimeters in height, but can range from 8.5 kg to 4.5 kg and 51 to 91 cm. They have very large male reproductive organs, and are also the fastest at swimming underwater among the penguins, reaching speeds of 36 kilometers per hour.

Life 
Gentoo penguins generally live on Antarctic islands, with their largest colony on the Falkland Islands. There are approximately 320,000 breeding pairs of gentoo penguins.
These penguins nest on the ground, making nests of stones, sticks, grass, feathers, and various other materials. They usually lay two eggs by mid-October, which hatch in about 34 days, and put equal care into caring for either chick. Young chicks remain in the nest for 3 to 4 weeks until their second down feathers grow in, during which their parents hunt for food in order to feed them. Afterward, they leave the nest but remain in the colony in groups of chicks, called creches that free their parents to hunt for food for them.

Gentoo penguin pairs often stay together for a long period of time.

Gentoo penguins usually eat crustaceans, such as krill, but genrally eat what is easiest to get. At sea, they may be under attack from sea lions, leopard seals, and orcas. While on land they have no natural predators, but skua, gulls, and other birds of prey have been known to attack and eat young chicks and eggs.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Gentoo penguins from the International Penguin Conservation Web Site
 www.pinguins.info : information about all species of penguins
 Gentoo Penguin images
 Gentoo penguin webcam from the Antarctic – worldwide first webcam with wild penguins; photo quality

References 

Penguins
Animals of Antarctica
Megabats are also called Old World fruit bats. They are the suborder Megachiroptera, family Pteropodidae of the order Chiroptera (bats).

These fruit bats are flying mammals that live in dense forests in Africa, Europe, Australia, and Asia. There are about 166 species of fruit bats. Fruit bats are sometimes known as flying foxes. These bats live in huge colonies, known as "camps." These nocturnal (most active at night) animals rest during the day while hanging upside down from their feet.

Pollination and seed dispersal 
As fruit bats fly from plant to plant getting food, they also pollinate the plants they visit. In addition, they disperse the plants' seeds as they eat. Many plants, including some avocados, dates, mangos, and peaches, are dependent on these bats for either pollination or seed dispersal.
Senses and diet 
Fruit bats mostly eat fruit juice and flower nectar. They chew the fruit, then spit out the seeds, peel, and pulp. Fruit bats, like other Megachiropteran bats, use the sense of smell to find their food, fruit and/or nectar. Although they have large eyes and can see well, fruit bats do not use sight as their primary sense. Fruit bats eat other things too.

Carriers of Ebola virus 
Some megabats are vectors of dangerous diseases.
The first recorded human outbreak of Ebola virus was in 1976, but the source of the virus is still unknown. Recent tests have shown that some species of fruit bats  collected during Ebola outbreaks show the bats have the virus, but do  not show any signs of it. Further studies also show that Ebola can reproduce in fruit bats and other bats in the 'Tadarida'  genus. This could mean that the bats are the source of the virus. The  Marburg virus, which is related to Ebola, has also been found in fruit  bats in Uganda.
Another  explanation is that fruit bats could be an intermediate host because of  the uncertainty that fruit bats are the index case for Ebola. It is  also important to note that certain species of fruit bats in Africa are  immune to the Ebola virus and that their DNA or RNA  are similar to the Zaire Ebola virus. This could explain the spread to  humans since people in that region tend to eat fruit bats.

Carriers of other viruses 
Flying foxes in Australia are known to carry two infections which can pose a serious risk to human health - Australian bat lyssavirus and hendra virus (Henipavirus). These bat-borne diseases, unique to Queensland, are among the deadliest viruses in the Western world. Although rare, these illnesses continue to mystify medical professionals. These bat-borne diseases are almost always fatal.  Human infections with these viruses are fortunately very rare.
Hendra virus is a virus that mainly infects megabats (large fruit bats, or ‘flying foxes’) which can be passed on to horses. Like ebola and marburg, hendra is a haemorrhagic fever with high to very high mortality (50-90%). Both ebola and marburg virus have been associated with megabats as infectious vectors. 
It is thought that horses contract the Hendra virus by ingesting food or water contaminated with infected megabat body fluids and excretions. The virus can be deadly to both humans and horses. When there is no handling or direct physical contact with flying foxes, there is negligible public health risk.
Only three people are known to have survived the bat-borne Hendra virus.
So far more than half of all people who have contracted Hendra virus died within six weeks, however there have been no survivors of a second Queensland bat-borne disease. In 1994 lyssavirus - a close relative of rabies virus - was first discovered in a flying fox showing symptoms near Ballina, NSW (which lies on the border with Queensland). Lyssavirus has killed the only three people to have ever contracted it.

Related pages 
Egyptian fruit bat

References

Bats
The Flag of Florida is a white flag with the Seal of Florida centered on it. Behind the Seal, it has a red saltire, which resembles the Spanish Cross of Burgundy flag used in Florida since the early 1500s. The current flag was adopted in 1900, however the State Seal in the center of the flag was updated in 1985 to reflect the proper historical dress of a Seminole maiden, in the previous seal she was dressed in buckskin with a feathered headband.

Florida
Florida
The Flag of Libya has three horizontal stripes of red, black, and green, with a white crescent and star in the center of the black stripe.  It has been the official flag of Libya since 3 August 2011.

Overview 
The flag is the same as the flag of the earlier Kingdom of Libya, used from 1951 to 1969.  During the dictatorship of Muammar al-Gaddafi the flag was changed twice and it was just a plain field of green. It was unique for being the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, emblems, coat of arms, or any other details. It was adopted on 11 November 1977.

Related pages
Flag of Libya (1977–2011)

References 

National symbols of Libya
Libya
1951 establishments
1969 disestablishments
2011 establishments
Chambar, or Chamber, is a town of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the capital Chamber Taluka (a subdivision of the district). The town itself is subdivided into two Union Councils.

References

Towns in Sindh
Tando Allahyar District
The 2008 Formula One season was the 59th FIA Formula One World Championship season. It began on March 16 and was over on November 2 after eighteen races. Lewis Hamilton became the Drivers' World Champion while Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro won the Constructors' title.



Teams and drivers 
The following teams and drivers competed in the 2008 FIA Formula One World Championship:

 Team started the 2008 season with an updated version of their 2007 car.
 Super Aguri withdrew from the 2008 Formula One season on 6 May due to financial troubles.

Team changes 
 Only a year after Spyker bought the Midland team, Indian businessman Vijay Mallya  bought the team for €88 million. Mallya was allowed to change the team's name to Force India.
 During  the  2008 season on 6 May, the Super Aguri team folded and withdrew from Formula One. The team was in financial problems at the end of . The team did not receive payment on a sponsorship deal.

Driver changes
Driver changes 

Changed teams
 Fernando Alonso: Left McLaren and joined Renault F1
 Heikki Kovalainen: Left Renault F1 and Retirered
 Giancarlo Fisichella: Left Renault F1 and joined Force India
 Nelson Piquet, Jr.: Left Renault F1 as a test driver and joined Renault F1
 Timo Glock: Came from racing in GP2 Series and as a test driver for BMW Sauber F1 and joined Toyota Racing
 Vitantonio Liuzzi: Left Scuderia Toro Rosso and joined Force India as a test driver
 Kazuki Nakajima: Came from racing in GP2 Series and WilliamsF1 as a test driver and joined WilliamsF1
 Alexander Wurz: Left WilliamsF1 and joined Honda Racing F1 as a test driver
 Christian Klien: Left Honda Racing F1 as a test driver and joined BMW Sauber F1 as a test driver
 Sakon Yamamoto: Left Spyker F1 and joined Renault F1 as a test and development driver.
Entered F1
 Sébastien Bourdais: Came from Champ Car World Series and joined Scuderia Toro Rosso
 Marko Asmer: Came from British Formula Three Championship and joined BMW Sauber F1 as a test driver.

Exited F1
 Ralf Schumacher: Left Toyota Racing and started being test driver for McLaren.but.

2008 Race Calendar 
The FIA World Council approved the 2008 schedule on 24 October 2007. Singapore was Formula One's first ever night race.

 New circuits
 Night Race
Rule changes 
 A standard Electronic Control Unit (ECU) was supplied by Microsoft and McLaren Electronic Systems.
 Traction control and launch control were banned. Other electronic aids including engine braking were also baned.
 Engine design changes will not be allowed for five years was started in 2008
 Fuel used in the race cars must contain at least 5.75% biological materials.
 Gearboxes (transmissions) must last four races.
 Cockpit protection was improved.
 Teams were not allowed to bring a third race car to use as a spare.
 Bridgestone will be the official tyre supplier for the 2008–2010 seasons.
 Team were not allowed to test more than 30,000 km (18,641 mi) during the 2008 calendar year.
Qualifying 
 The first qualifying session was lengthened to 20 minutes. The third qualifying session was shortened to 10 minutes. After Q3, teams would no longer be allowed to add fuel back to the car. This got rid of the 'fuel-burn' phase.
 A minimum lap time for each qualifying session was implemented starting in Bahrain. This was to stop cars coasting back to the pits at dangerously low speeds.
 Following the departure of Super Aguri from Formula One, only the five drivers would be eliminated from Q1.

Results and standings

Grands Prix

Drivers 

 Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.

Constructors

Race-fixing controversy
A scandal developed that became known as "Crashgate" in the media, during the 2009 season around the time of the Belgium Grand Prix. Claims were made by former Renault driver Nelson Piquet Jr. about his crash in the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix. This led to charges of race-fixing against Renault. Team boss Flavio Briatore and engineering director Pat Symonds left Renault.

References

Other websites 

Formula One seasons
2008 in sports
New York Film Critics Circle Awards are awards given every year for excellence in cinema worldwide. They are given by an organization of movie critics from New York City-based publications. It is considered one of the most important movie critics awards in North America.

Other websites 
 New York Film Critics Circle Awards Official Website

Movie awards
Organizations in New York City
Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim (Modern Gaelic: Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) renamed as Duncan II (before c. 1060 – 12 November 1094) was king of Scots. He was son of Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) and his first wife Ingibiorg Finnsdottir, widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson.

References

Kings and Queens of Scotland
1050s births
1094 deaths
11th century in Scotland
Messolonghi is a Greek city. It is the capital of the Aitoloakarnania prefecture. It is build on the bank of a lagoon. Its population is 14,209 inhabitants. Messolonghi is known because of the Greek War of Independence. During that time the siege of Messolonghi took place. During the siege the residents of Messolonghi fought with the Turks and the majority of them were killed there. During the siege of Messolonghi Lord Byron died, in 1824.

Cities in Greece
Kalamata is a Greek city. It is in the southwest of the Peloponnese peninsula. 54,065 people live there. Kalamata it is built at the foot of Taygetos mountain. It is also a coastal city and it has a big beach, in front of the city.

History 
Kalamata became the first city which was liberated in the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Kalamata was liberated on 21 March 1821. Kalamata is also known because of the big earthquake in 1986. At that time, Kalamata had a lot of disasters. 

Cities in Greece
Matthew R. Joyce (born August 3, 1984) is an outfielder for the Oakland Athletics. He has also played for the Detroit Tigers, Tampa Bay Rays, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and Pittsburgh Pirates.

In 2011, Joyce was picked to play in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game.

References

Other websites

1984 births
Living people
American baseball players
Detroit Tigers players
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players
Oakland Athletics players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida
Foundation might mean:

Foundation (engineering)
Foundation (nonprofit)
Foundation (novel)
CITIC Plaza is a skyscraper in Guangzhou, China.  It is 391 meters (1283 feet) tall and has 80 floors.  It was built in 1997 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites
 Emporis.com – CITIC Plaza
SkycraperPage.com – CITIC Plaza

Skyscrapers in China
Guangzhou
Shun Hing Square is a skyscraper in Shenzhen, China.  It is 384 meters (1260 feet) tall and has 69 floors.  It was built in 1996 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites
 Emporis.com - Shun Hing Square
 SkycraperPage.com – Shun Hing Square

Skyscrapers in China
Guangdong
Salesforce Tower is a skyscraper in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States.  It is 247 meters (811 feet) tall and has 49 floors and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.  It was built in 1990 and was named Bank One Tower.  In 2004 its name was changed to Chase Tower because Chase Bank bought Bank One Corporation. In 2017 its name was changed again, to Salesforce Tower because Salesforce bought the naming rights.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the world

References

Other websites
 Chase Tower Website 
 Emporis.com - Chase Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – Chase Tower

Skyscrapers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Indiana
Indianapolis
1990 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Indiana
Harald V (born 21 February 1937) is the King of Norway. His father was Olav V of Norway. He became king in 1991. Harald was born in Skaugum, Akershus, Norway.

In 1968, he married Sonja Haraldsen. They had two children: Princess Märtha Louise and Prince Haakon.

Titles and Styles

21 February 1937-21 September 1957: His Royal Highness Prince Harald of Norway 

21 September 1957-17 January 1991: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Norway 

17 January 1991-present: His Majesty The King of Norway

References

1937 births
Living people
Kings and Queens of Norway
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Current national leaders
The gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is a baleen whale (a filter feeder) that has a layer of blubber up to 10 inches (25 cm) thick. Because a mother gray whale would defend her calf so fiercely it would actually attack whalers and overturn their boats, whalers often called the gray whale a devilfish. 

The gray whale migrates from cold waters to the tropics each year in pods. Gray whales are very agile swimmers. They can dive for up to 30 minutes and go 500 feet (155 m) deep. Gray whales make grunts, clicks, and whistling sounds which may be used to communicate with other gray whales.

Diet 
This giant cetacean eats small fish, crustaceans, squid, and other tiny organisms that it finds on the sea floor. It sieves its food through its comb-like plates of baleen.
Description 
Compared to most baleen whales, gray whales are rather small, growing to be only about 45 feet long. They are easy to see with their gray mottled color, which is actually more charcoal black than it is gray. Gray whales have barnacles and lice on their skin. 

Whales prefer one fin over the other, just like humans are right-handed or left-handed. It is possible to see whether a gray whale is left-fineed or right-finned. The fin that has least barnacles is the fin it uses most. This is because the whale likes to dive down to the ocean floor to scoop up huge amounts of sand from the bottom, filtering out small prey animals that live in it. When the whale does this, many of the barnacles on the side that rubbed along the bottom are scraped off. So, whichever side has fewest barnacles is the side the whale prefers to use when it digs up sand.
Migration 
Gray whales migrate on both sides of the Americas. One route is a really long migration from the Arctic Ocean (northwest of Alaska) to the coast of Mexico, and back each year. They travel about 20,000 km (~12,500 miles) each year, staying near the coast. They feed in the cold Arctic waters and calve and mate in the warm, protected tropical lagoons of the Pacific Ocean off Mexico.

Traveling night and day, the gray whale averages approximately  per day at an average speed of . This round trip of  is believed to be the longest annual migration of any mammal.
As they migrate, they may be preyed upon by pods of killer whales (Orca). This has been recorded in the cold current running down west of California.

References 

Baleen whales
Chase Tower is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 259 meters (850 feet) tall and has 60 floors.  It was built in 1969 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 Chase Bank
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites 
 Emporis.com - Chase Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – Chase Tower 

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1969 establishments in Illinois
Le Père Fouettard (French for The whipping Father) was a character who went with Saint Nicholas in his rounds at Christmas giving the naughty children the whip  while St. Nick gives gifts to the well behaved.
He wore a long, dirty, dark colored robe and had a beard that was poorly groomed.

He is known mainly in the Eastern regions of France. In Alsace, Le Père Fouettard is synonymous with the bogeyman.

References

Christmas
Dryococelus australis, also known as the Lord Howe Island stick insect or tree lobster, is a phasmid which is sometimes called a land lobster. It was thought to have become extinct in 1930, but more were found in 2001. It no longer lives on Lord Howe Island which was its main habitat. It is now only found on the small rock island called Ball's Pyramid. With less than 30 of the stick insects left alive in the wild, it has been called "the rarest insect in the world". Melbourne Zoo has been able to breed the stick insects with more than 9,000 hatched. It is hoped that the insects will be released back on Lord Howe Island in the future.

References

Other websites 
The Lord Howe Island Phasmid: an extinct species reborn  by David Priddel, at the Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife
Sticks and stones article, Sydney Morning Herald, 18 October 2003 (with picture)

Phasmids
The basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is a huge filter-feeding shark, which can grow up to the length of 40 feet (12 metres). It is the second largest shark in the world (after the whale shark). The basking shark is also called the sunfish, the bone shark, the elephant shark, the sailfish shark, and the big mouth shark.

Description
The basking shark is one of the most recognizable species of all sharks. Its large size and extended gill slits which nearly encircle the head and caudal fin together, helps distinguish it from all other species. It has a snout which is in the shape of a cone, and it has many large gill rakers made for filter feeding. Its enormous mouth extends past the small eyes and contains many small, hooked teeth. The basking shark has a very large liver that makes up to 25% of its body weight. The liver is high in squalene, a low-density hydrocarbon that helps the shark float and not sink.
The dorsal surface of the basking shark is mainly a greyish-brown colour, but can range from dark grey to almost black. The underside is usually the same colour, but is often paler and more whiter.
The basking shark has many hundreds of tiny teeth. Those teeth which are in the center of the jaws are low and triangular while those on the sides are more cone-shaped and slightly recurved. There is mainly a wide space on the center of the upper jaw which only has scattered teeth. 
The basking shark is the second largest shark in the world, only to be behind the Whale shark. The basking shark can reach lengths of up to 40 feet (12 metres), but the average adult length is 22–29 feet (6.6-8.7 m). The size at birth is believed to be between 5–6 feet (1.5-1.8 metres). The basking shark is an extremely slow-growing species and may grow to 16–20 feet (4.8–6 metres) before becoming mature.
Habitat
The basking shark is a coastal-pelagic species, found throughout the world's arctic and temperate waters. In the western Atlantic, it ranges from Newfoundland to Florida, and southern Brazil to Argentina. In the eastern Atlantic it ranges from Iceland and Norway to Senegal, including the parts of the Mediterranean. In the western Pacific, it is found off Japan, China and the Koreas as well as western and southern Australia and the coastlines of New Zealand. In the eastern Pacific, it is found from the Gulf of Alaska to the Gulf of California and from Ecuador to Chile.
Behaviour
Basking sharks are usually found travelling in pairs or groups of up to 100 or more, but are sometimes seen travelling alone. It is not fully understood why they have such a different behaviour to other shark species, as they seem to travel alone and in groups. They are highly migrational, and in the winter months they will be harder to find as they go to the deeper parts of the water to find food.
When they are seen swimming in circles, it is believed that this is to get the attention of females for mating. They may spend hours performing this, just in order to get noticed. They are usually very patient when it comes to attracting a mate.

Feeding
Feeding

Along with the Whale shark and the Megamouth shark, the basking shark is one of three species of large, filter-feeding sharks. However, the basking shark is the only one that relies on the flow of water through its pharynx by swimming. The basking shark is usually seen swimming with its mouth wide open, taking in a continuous flow of water. Food is strained from the water by gill rakers in the gill slits. The basking shark's gill rakers can strain up to 2000 tons of water per hour. These sharks feed along areas that contain high densities of large zooplankton (i.e., small crustaceans, invertebrate larvae, and fish eggs and larvae). There is a theory that the basking shark feeds on the surface when plankton is common, then sheds its gill rakers and hibernates in deeper water during winter. Also, it has been suggested that the basking shark turns to benthic (near bottom) feeding when it loses its gill rakers. It is not known how often it sheds these gill rakers or how quickly they are replaced.
Reproduction
Basking sharks are ovoviviparous, meaning that the young embryos develop in a yolk sac inside of the female, but they aren’t attached to a placental connection. It is believed that the females can delay gestation so that they may remain pregnant from 1 to 3 years. Mating occurs in the early summer and the females often move to very shallow water when ready for the young to be born. She may have up to 6 pups that are up to 6 feet long. The age of maturity is from 6 to 13 years. Basking sharks start mating when they are around 15 to 20 feet long.
Migration
Basking sharks are highly migratory. Off the Atlantic coast of North America, it appears in the southern part of its range (North Carolina to New York) in the spring, shifts northward (New England and Canada) in the summer, and disappears in autumn and winter. Off the southwest coast of the United Kingdom, in the northeast Atlantic, the basking shark feeds at the surface of coastal waters during the summer. These sharks are absent from November to March, suggesting a migration beyond the continental shelf during the winter months. This is explained by the high amount of zooplankton (the main food of the basking shark) that exists in these waters during late spring and early summer. During migration, basking sharks form groups depending on size and gender.
Parasites
Many people have witnessed individual basking sharks leaping from the water. This behaviour is not fully understood, but some believe that the shark may be trying to get rid of parasites or commensals such as remoras and sea lampreys, which are often seen attached to the skin of the basking shark. The lamprey cannot cut through the denticle-armored skin, but they may be enough of an irritant to cause a reaction like jumping or rubbing against an object to get rid of them. The cookiecutter shark has also been known to attack basking sharks by using its suction cup-like lips and muscular pharynx to drill off pieces of flesh on the outside of the shark.