Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) is a red and green plant popular at Christmas time. It grows in Mexico and Central America and is an important export. It belongs to the order Malpighiales.

Many flowering plants use the pigment phytochrome to sense seasonal changes in day length, which they take as signals to flower. This sensitivity to day length is termed photoperiodism. Short day plants flower when the length of daylight falls below a certain critical level. 

It is not actually the period of light exposure that limits flowering.  Rather, a short day plant requires a minimal length of uninterrupted darkness in each 24-hour period (a short daylength) before floral development can begin.  

Plants make use of the phytochrome system to sense day length or photoperiod.  This fact is used by florists and greenhouse gardeners to control and induce flowering out of season, such as with Poinsettia.

Euphorbiaceae
The Gold Coast is a region on the southeastern coast of the U.S. state of Florida. It is between Tequesta and Florida City. It includes the cities of Miami and Fort Lauderdale, as well as West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, and Hollywood.

Geography of Florida
Erysipeloid is a mild disease caused by the bacterium Erysipelothrix. The only symptom is mild cellulitis. The disease is very rare and is seen in people who handle raw fish or meat.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Dipsacaceae, or teasel family, was a family in the order Dipsacales. It contained 350 species of perennial or biennial herbs and shrubs. (Perennial means that a plant lives for two or more years. Biennial means that a plant takes two years to grow fully.) The family contained eleven (11) genera. It is in the family Caprifoliaceae now.

These plants live in most temperate climates. They are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The family contains these genera:
Acanthocalyx
Dipsacus (teasel)
Knautia
Scabiosa
Succisa (devil's bit)
Succisella
Morina -- also placed in its own family, Morinaceae.
Cephalaria
Pterocephalus
Callistemma
Pycnocomon
Triplostegia

Outside pages
Dipsacaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF 

Dipsacales
Plant families
Venda, also called  or , is a Bantu language and an official language of South Africa. Most Venda speakers live in South Africa, but some speakers live in Zimbabwe. The Venda language is very similar to the Kalanga language, which is spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe. During the Apartheid era of South Africa, Venda speakers lived in the bantustan of Venda.

Venda is a language in the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo language family.

Venda is spoken by about 666,000 people in the northern part of South Africa's Limpopo Province. Around 84,000 people in Zimbabwe also speak the language.

Writing 
The Venda language uses the Latin alphabet. It has five (5) extra accented letters. Four consonants have a circumflex below the letter (ḓ, ḽ, ṋ, ṱ) and one consonant has an overdot (ṅ). 

The letters C, J, and Q are used when writing foreign words and names.
Unicode 
The extra letters have these Unicode names 
  U+1E12 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E13 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E3C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E3D LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E44 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE 
  U+1E45 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH DOT ABOVE 
  U+1E4A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E4B LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E70 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW 
  U+1E71 LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW

References

Other websites 

Ethnologue entry for Venda
Tshivenda - South African Languages
Batho Portal Welcome page in Venda 
PanAfrican L10n page on Venda
Computer programs 
 Spell checker for OpenOffice.org and Mozilla , OpenOffice.org , Mozilla Firefox web-browser , and Mozilla Thunderbird email program  in Venda
 Translate.org.za  Project to translate Free and Open Source Software into all the official languages of South Africa including Venda
 Keyboard with extra venda characters 

Languages of South Africa
Zimbabwe
Bantu languages
Deinococcus radiodurans is a gram-positive, nonmotile, red-pigmented bacterium. It was originally identified as a contaminant of irradiated canned meat in 1956. 

Deinococcus radiodurans has the systems for DNA repair, DNA damage export and genetic redundancy. It can recover from desiccation (loss of water) and starvation. It has a very high tolerance to radiation forms like gamma radiation.  It is so far known as the most radioactive resistant organism. Thioredoxin reductase is an enzyme found in the cells' response to double-strand DNA breaks.

D. radiodurans has a gene sequence that encodes for a protein that is very similar to the RecD enzyme found in E. coli. This significant finding suggests that this RecD-like protein in D. radiodurans is an important part of the repair system it uses.
It may be possible to make other bacteria as radiation resistant as D. radiodurans by changing their genetics. One research team in China is trying to insert an expressive recombinant Mn-SOD protein from D. radiodurans into E.coli BL21. The real challenge here is making the protein self-sustaining in the new species. The team has "provided the foundations for further studies and applications of the recombinant Mn-SOD".

Genus 
The genus Deinococcus has 47 species, which share these characteristics. D. radiodurans is the one discovered first, and on which most experiments have been done. All members of the genus are radio-resistant.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Extremophiles
Karl Zankl († 3 October 1945) was an Austrian football player and coach.

He played for Cricketer, Polizei SV and Wiener Sport-Club as midfielder. With Sport-Club he became Austrian champion 1922 and Cup winner 1923. During the Second World War he was engaged in a resistance group against the nazis. At the end of the war he tried to reestablish the Austrian Football Federation (ÖFB). He also formed a national football team and became the first coach of the post war aera. He also was the first president of the Vienna Football association after the World War.

Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Austria national football team managers
Menindee is a small town on the banks of the Darling River in New South Wales, Australia. It is 1,271 km west of the state capital, Sydney. There are about 980 people who live in Menindee. The explorer Major Thomas Mitchell was the first Europen to visit the area in 1835. He named the lakes in the area Laidley Ponds. A hotel was built by Tom Paine in 1853, which became an important supply base for the Burke and Wills expedition in 1860.

References

Towns in New South Wales
The Adelaide River is in the Northern Territory of Australia. It starts in the Lichfield National Park and flows into the sea at Clarence Strait, about 50 km northeast of Darwin. The river is about 253 km in length. It is well known for its Saltwater Crocodiles.

Europeans first explored the river in 1839 when a British sailor, Ben Helpmann, explored it by boat.

References

Rivers of the Northern Territory
Eduard "Edi" Bauer (* 13 February 1894 - 4 March 1948) was an Austrian football player and coach. He played for SK Rapid Wien and the Austrian national football team as striker. He was also coach of the Austrian national football team.

Eduard Bauer died 1948 in duty through complications after an operation.

Honours

Player 
 8 x Austrian Champion: 1912, 1913, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1923
 2 x Austrian Cup: 1919, 1920
 1 x Final Mitropacup: 1928
 2 x Best scorer: 1917, 1918

Coach
 1 x Mitropacup: 1930
 3 x Austrian Champion: 1929, 1930, 1935
 1 x Austrian Cup: 1927

Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
Austria national football team managers
1894 births
1948 deaths
Austrian football forwards
Austrian Football Bundesliga top scorers
Austrian football champions
The Roper River is in the Northern Territory of Australia. It flows east for 400 km from near Mataranka before it flows into the Gulf of Carpentaria.

The Roper was first explored by Europens in 1845, when the explorer Ludwig Leichardt crossed on his way west from Moreton Bay to Port Essington. He name it after a member of his group, John Roper. It is can be used by boats as far as the Roper Bar, and in the 1880's there were several paddlesteamers working on the river.

References

Rivers of the Northern Territory
The Mary River flows in the Northern Territory of Australia and is a site of the Mary River National Park.  Its lower reaches form part of the Adelaide and Mary River Floodplains. It was named in 1862 by the explorer John McDouall Stuart. He named it after the daughter of his employer, James Chambers.

References

Other websites

Northern Territory Government entry on the Mary River National Park 
pdf maps of river and environs

Rivers of the Northern Territory
Manuel Luis Quezón y Molina (August 19, 1878 – August 1, 1944) served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines. Quezón is considered by most Filipinos to have been the second president of the Philippines, after Emilio Aguinaldo (1897–1901).

Quezón was the first Senate president elected to the presidency, the first president elected through a national election, and the first president to be re-elected. He is known as the "Father of the National Language".
During his presidency, Quezón tackled the problem of landless peasants in the countryside. He also reorganized the islands's military defenses, planned to reorganize the government, promotion of settlement and development in Mindanao, tried to end foreign control over Philippine trade and commerce, proposals for land reform and the tackling of graft and corruption within the government. Quezón set up a government-in-exile in the US when World War II started and the Philippines were threatened with a Japanese invasion. During his exile in the US, Manuel Quezón died of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.

1878 births
1944 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from tuberculosis
Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines
Infectious disease deaths in New York (state)
Majors
Military personnel of World War II
Presidents of the Philippines
Susan Raab (1969—November 27, 2006) was an American theatre actress and producer.

Career 
For seven years, Susan Raab worked as an associate producer for L.A. Theatre Works nationally syndicated radio theater series "The Play's the Thing", which airs weekly in the Bay Area on KPFA.

Personal life 
She was married to Oscar-winning director Eric Simonson since 2004 until her death in 2006. They had a one child.

Death 
Raab died after her 8-month battle with breast cancer at the age 37 in Marin County. She was buried in St. Anselm Church in Ross.

1969 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
The Jamuna River (Bangla: যমুনা Jomuna) is one of the three major rivers of Bangladesh. The river flows from India to Bangladesh and is a major channel of the Brahmaputra River. The Jamuna flows in the southward direction and meets the Padma River (Pôdda) and Meghna River near Goalundo Ghat and Chandpur respectively. These waters then together flow into the Bay of Bengal.

The Jamuna is known to be a very wide river. The breadth of the river, from bank to bank, is about 2 miles in the dry season while its about 5 miles during the rainy season. The River also acts as an important resource for transportation.

Rivers of Bangladesh
Rockbeare is a village and civil parish in East Devon, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 880 people living in Rockbeare.

References 

Villages in Devon
East Devon
Civil parishes in Devon
Cornish Dialect (also called Anglo-Cornish Dialect) is the dialect of the English language spoken in Cornwall.

History 

A long time ago, people in Cornwall spoke the Cornish language. This is a language similar to Welsh and Breton. After a while, people speaking English came into Cornwall, and the Cornish people started to learn English. They didn't speak in exactly the same way as the people they learned English from, instead they spoke in a distinct way, the Cornish dialect of English. Eventually they forgot how to speak the original Cornish language by about the year 1800.

International use 

Cornish people also spoke Cornish dialect when they went abroad to America and Australia and other places.

Geography 

The Cornish dialect changes between the west and east of Cornwall. In the east, it is more like how people in Devon speak.

Differences between Cornish Dialect and 'proper' English
Decline 
When Cornish people started to go to school in the late 19th century, teachers told them to speak 'proper' English not dialect. A lot of people thought that people who spoke the dialect were not as intelligent and educated as those who spoke 'proper' English, so people spoke the dialect less, and the dialect declined. In the 20th century, a lot of people moved into Cornwall from the south east part of England near London. These people did not speak the Cornish dialect and found it hard to understand Cornish people who spoke it. The Cornish people spoke the dialect less because they did not want people not to be able to understand them.

Preservation
As fewer people spoke the Cornish dialect, other people, such as people in the Old Cornwall Society,  wrote down the dialect, and made audio recordings, so the dialect wouldn't be lost.

Literature
People have written books, short stories, and poetry in Cornish Dialect.

References
References

Further reading
 M. A. Courtney; T. Q. Couch: Glossary of Words in Use in Cornwall. West Cornwall, by M. A. Courtney; East Cornwall, by T. Q. Couch. London: published for the English Dialect Society, by Trübner & Co., 1880
Pol Hodge: The Cornish Dialect and the Cornish Language. 19 p. Gwinear: Kesva an Taves Kernewek, 1997 
David J. North & Adam Sharpe: A Word-geography of Cornwall. Redruth: Institute of Cornish Studies, 1980 (includes word-maps of Cornish words)
Martyn F. Wakelin: Language and History in Cornwall. Leicester University Press, 1975  (based on the author's thesis, University of Leeds, 1969)

Other websites
Old Cornwall Society dialect webpages 

Cornwall
British English
High Easter is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 657 people living in High Easter.

References 

Villages in Essex
Uttlesford
Civil parishes in Essex
Cullompton is a town and civil parish in Mid Devon, Devon, England. In 2010 there were 8,639 people living in Cullompton. It is also near Cullompton Services, on the M5 motorway.

How the town got its name and spelling 
There are two ideas about how the town got its name. The first idea is that its name means farm near the River Culm and that the name Culm means twisted, because the river has lots of bends  The second idea is that it is named after Saint Columba of Tir-de-Glas who some people think came to Cullompton in 549 AD.

In the past there were 40 different ways to spell Cullompton. In the nineteenth century people used 3 different spellings. The Royal Mail who delivered letters, spelt it Cullompton. The first map made by the Ordnance Survey called it Cullumpton. The railway station sign said Collumpton. By 1889 almost everyone agreed to spell it Cullompton. 

People who live in the town and like it call it Cully.
History 
A Roman fort was built on St Andrew's Hill above the town. This was later replaced by a second fort. Pottery which was made between 50 and 70 AD was found in the field where the forts were. Some more pottery was found in the middle of Cullompton. This was not as old as the pottery from the fort and was made in the second and third centuries.

The first written record of Cullompton is in the will of the English King Alfred the Great.

Other websites 
 http://www.cullompton.org/

References 

Civil parishes in Devon
Towns in Devon
Mid Devon
Mumbai Indians is one of the ten teams which plays in the Indian Premier League. The team was found in 2008 and is owned by Reliance Industries. 

Mark Boucher is the head coach (as of 2023). Rohit Sharma is the captain of the team.

History
Reliance Industries purchased the rights of MI (Abbreviation of Mumbai Indians) for a total of  Rupees 441 Cr ($ 112.9 m) during the auction on 24 January 2008.

IPL Seasons

2008 Season
MI lost their Team Captain & Icon Player, Sachin Tendulkar due to a Hamstring Injury. Harbhajan Singh replaced him as the captain of the side. Due to some issues, Shaun Pollock had to takeover which bought some stability into the side for the first time in the season. The Mumbai Indians finished with a total of 7 wins and 7 losses and thus missed out on a playoff spot by a few points.
2009 Season
Due to issues in India, the second edition of IPL ha to be held in South Africa. The second season also proved to be a setback for the team as they finished with a total of 5 Wins, 8 Loses and 1 No Result (Match got cancelled due to rain); and thus not making it to the playoffs again.

2010 Season
During the auction held for the 2010 IPL Season, Mumbai Indians purchased Kieron Pollard for $750,000. This proved to be a great boost for the team. After the group stages, Mumbai Indians won 10 out of their 14 matches thus qualifying them for the playoffs. In the semifinals against Royal Challengers Bangalore, Mumbai Indians emerged victorious by 35 runs. 

The Indians then faced Chennai Super Kings in the final of the 2010 Season; the match was held in Navi Mumbai. MI lost the match by 22 runs thus finishing as the runner-ups.
They completed the season with a total of 11 Wins and 5 loses and also got a spot in the Airtel Champions League T20. Captain Sachin Tendulkar scored 681 runs in the 2010 season.

2016 Season
Mumbai Indians introduce two new players to their squad, Aiden Blizzard and James Franklin. Both these players perform well for the team in their debut season. Team Captain Sachin Tendulkar put up an impressive performance by scoring 613 runs in 10 matches and at the same time, team's senior bowler, Lasith Malinga took 28 wickets out of the 15 games. Impressive performance by MI in the group stages got them a place in the playoffs. Due to the addition of 2 more teams from this edition of Indian Premier League, the playoffs were a bit different.
Mumbai Indians beat Kolkata Knight Riders in their eliminator by 4 wickets. MI went on to face Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Qualifier 2. Mumbai Indians lost to Royal Challengers Bangalore by 43 runs which ended the journey of Mumbai Indians in the 2011 Season. Defending Champions Chennai beat Bangalore in the finals thus getting the first spot. Royal Challengers Bangalore finished second while MI finished third.

Tendulkar scored an unbeaten ton against Kochi Tuskers Kerala of just 59 balls and was the only centurion from Mumbai Indians that season.

2023 Season 
Mumbai Indians 2023 Retained & released players list. A total of 13 players have been released by the team. 

Kieron Pollard (Retired), Anmolpreet Singh, Aryan Juyal, Basil Thampi, Daniel Sams, Fabian Allen, Jaydev Unadkat, Mayank Markande, Murugan Ashwin, Rahul Buddhi, Riley Meredith, Sanjay Yadav, Tymal Mills.

The list of retained players of the Mumbai Indians.
Rohit Sharma, Tim David, Ramandeep Singh, Tilak Varma, Suryakumar Yadav, Ishan Kishan, Tristan Stubbs, Dewald Brevis, Jofra Archer, Jasprit Bumrah, Arjun Tendulkar, Arshad Khan, Kumar Kartikeya, Hrithik Shokeen, Akash Madhwal.

Kieron Pollard is taking up the role of batting coach of Mumbai Indians after being released by MI, Mark Boucher has been appointed as the new Mumbai Indians (MI) 2023 coach IPL. The vacancy opened up after Mahela Jayawardene was elevated to a more global role within the Mumbai Indians group which now has teams at the IPL, SA20 League and the UAE’S ILT20.

Mumbai Indian’s (MI) 2023 Administration and support staff

References
 

Cricket clubs
Indian Premier League
2008 establishments in India
Mumbai
Antlers are usually large, branching structures, made of bone, which grow on the heads of deer and similar animals.

With deer, only males have antlers. Only reindeer (caribou) have antlers on the females, and these are normally smaller than those of the males.

Growth of antlers 
While an antler is growing, it is covered with highly vascular skin called velvet, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone.  

Antlers are one of the most striking cases of male secondary sex characteristics in the animal kingdom. They grow faster than any other mammal bones.  Growth occurs at the tip, and is initially cartilage, which is mineralized to become bone. Once the antler has achieved its full size, the velvet is lost and the antler's bone dies. This dead bone structure is the mature antler. The antlers fall off at some point. 

To re-grow antlers each year uses up nutrition, so they are honest signals of food gathering capability.
Sexual selection
The principle means of evolution of antlers is sexual selection, which operates by two mechanisms: Male–male competition (behaviorally, physiologically) and female mate choice. 

Male–male competition can take place in two forms. First, they can compete when males use their antlers as weapons to compete for mates; second, they can compete where males present their antlers to display their strength and fertility. Males with the largest antlers are more likely to obtain mates and achieve fertilization success.

Related pages
Horn (anatomy), a structure similar to antlers, but made of keratin instead of bone

References 

Animal anatomy
Citroën is automobile manufacturer based in France. André-Gustave Citroën started the company in 1919 and it became the first mass-production automobile company outside the USA. Citroën was the first to create a sales and services network that goes with the automobile.

Innovations 
Citroën were innovators in automobile design. Their Traction Avant (pictured) had the first mass production of three revolutionary features that are still in use today. They are: a unitary body with no separate frame, four-wheel independent suspension, and front-wheel drive.
Later on, in the 1950s, Citroën developed a remarkable type of suspension. A high-pressure hydraulic system was used in over 9 million Citroën cars. They included the DS, SM, GS, CX, BX, XM, Xantia, C5, and C6. Self-levelling is the principal benefit – the car kept a constant ride height above the road. It adjusted to the passenger and cargo load, and gave a  very soft suspension. This type of suspension smooths out road irregularities without disturbing the occupants. It is often compared to riding on a 'magic carpet' for this reason.

Models
 Citroën Berlingo
 Citroën AX
 Citroën BX
 Citroën C5
 Citroën C6
 Citroën Evasion
 Citroën Jumper
 Citroën Saxo
 Citroën Xantia
 Citroën XM
 Citroën Xsara
 Citroën C1

References 

Automobile companies of France
1919 establishments in France
Citroen automobiles
Companies based in Paris
French culture
A stove is an enclosed heated space. The word is usually taken to mean an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating, either to heat the space in which the stove is found or to heat the stove itself, and anything placed on it. This article is principally concerned with enclosed stoves burning solid fuels for room heating.

Kitchen stove

A kitchen stove is a kitchen appliance designed for cooking food. Kitchen stoves rely on the application of direct heat for the cooking process and may also contain an oven underneath it which is used for baking.

Cooking appliances
Yarcombe is a village and civil parish in East Devon, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 530 people living in Yarcombe.

References 

Civil parishes in Devon
Villages in Devon
East Devon
A kitchen stove, cooking stove, cookstove, or cooker is a kitchen appliance designed for cooking food. 

Stoves use direct heat for cooking and have an oven for baking. The design uses wood, coke or anthracite for fuel. The basic idea is that the stove completely encloses the fire inside its iron body. There are still many traditional stoves made, which burn wood or solid fuel. Many also have back boilers for domestic heating.

Gas stoves are different, because they have open flames on top of the stove, whereas the original stoves have hidden flames. Modern gas stoves were developed already in the 1820s, but these were isolated experiments. At the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, a gas stove was shown, but only in the 1880s did this technology start to become a commercial success. The main factor in this delay was the slow growth of the gas pipe network. Gas and electric stoves have largely replaced solid fuel stoves.

Related pages 
AGA cooker

References
References 

Cooking appliances
Home appliances
Commercial kitchen equipment
North Molton is a village and civil parish in North Devon, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 1,047 people living in North Molton.

References 

Civil parishes in Devon
Villages in Devon
North Devon
Weare Giffard is a village and civil parish in Torridge, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 354 people living in Weare Giffard.

References 

Civil parishes in Devon
Villages in Devon
North Devon
Huish is a village and civil parish in Torridge, Devon, England. Huish has a church called Church of St James the Less.

References 

Civil parishes in Devon
Villages in Devon
Torridge
Payhembury is a village and civil parish in East Devon, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 603 people living in Payhembury.

References 

Civil parishes in Devon
Villages in Devon
East Devon
Greystoke is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 733 people living in Greystoke.

References 

Civil parishes in Cumbria
Villages in Cumbria
Eden
Little Waltham is a village and civil parish in Chelmsford district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1,278 people living in Little Waltham.

References 

Civil parishes in Essex
Villages in Essex
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a is a highly virulent and multidrug resistant bacterium, primarily targeting individuals with reduced immunity. It was firstly described, isolated and recognised as a pathogen in the end of 19th century. P. aeruginosa causes between 10% and 20% of all infections. It is on the ‘critical’ category list of the World Health Organisation (WHO) for research and developing the new drugs.

Biology 
P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, known by its environmental abundance. It can be found in water, soil, animal, human and plant environments, which can be explained by its versatile energy metabolism; it can survive without oxygen (anaerobic). It has multiple hair-like attachments (pili) which are found on the surface of many bacteria and archaea to attach to other cells, and one flagellum, which is another but longer hair-like structure which provide motility.
Pathogenesis 
infections in individuals with weak immune systems. For example, in patients with cystic fibrosis. These people build up mucus layers, which create a good environment for bacteria. People with cancer, wounds and individuals after surgery are also considered to be susceptible.

P. aeruginosa may cause different infections, depending on the organ affected. Infections may include: pneumonia, diarrhoea, meningitis, urinary tract infections, bloodstream, ear and wound infections. It is spread through improper hygiene, water contamination and medical equipment which is not properly sterilised. Along with high predisposition of patients with weak immunity, infections can be easily acquired in hospital, through, for example, medical devices, such as breathing machine and catheters.
Antibiotic resistance and research 
P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacteria, containing two lipid bilayers (acting as barriers) with thin peptidoglycan layer (composed of proteins) in the middle. Because its peptidoglycan is covered by a lipid bilayer, some of the antibiotics, such as penicillin are less effective, as they target proteins within peptidoglycan.

P. aeruginosa also contains small circular genetic material (plasmids) which carry antibiotic resistance genes. These genes make proteins which will protect bacteria from antibiotics. Some of these proteins in P. aeruginosa are efflux pumps - transport proteins which pump the antibiotic outside of cells. Efflux pumps were firstly described in P. aeruginosa as well.
Resistant genes can be acquired through gene transfers. In vertical gene transfer, the new gene appears, for example, through spontaneous mutation. In horizontal gene transfer, the gene is transferred from one bacterium to another. This type of gene transfer makes most of the evolution and determines the bacterium virulence and antibiotic resistance.

Recent research shows that phage therapy (involving bacteriophages – bacterial viruses) might be considered as a possible treatment. Bacteriophages attack and destroy extracellular matrix (cell skeleton), increasing cell permeability to antibiotics.

Diagnosis and treatment 
P. aeruginosa diagnosis includes physical examination, along with fluid samples. Mild infections can be treated with certain antibiotics. It becomes difficult for the severe cases due to antibiotic resistance. Often the samples are taken into laboratory to see which antibiotics are effective for the strain.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Linton is a village and civil parish in South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 there were 4,310 people living in Linton.

References 

Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Villages in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire
Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of bacteria commonly affecting the stomach. The name is derived from the prefix "entero-", meaning  intestine; "bacteria", meaning bacteria; and "ceae", meaning family or group. It includes many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli.

On February 19, 2015, 179 people in Los Angeles, California may have been exposed to the bacteria. At least two people have been reported dead. The bacteria has been called a "superbug" by news reporters. It was confirmed that the outbreak was caused by the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria

sk:Enterobacteriales
Gamlingay is a village and civil parish in South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 there were 3,535 people living in Gamlingay.

References 

Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Villages in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire
Welwyn is a village and civil parish in Welwyn Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. In 2001 there were 8000 people living in Welwyn.

References 

Civil parishes in Hertfordshire
Villages in Hertfordshire
Knebworth is a village and civil parish in North Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, England. In 2001 there were 4,433 people living in Knebworth.

References 

Civil parishes in Hertfordshire
Villages in Hertfordshire
North Hertfordshire
Bray is a village and civil parish in Windsor and Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. In 2001 there were 8,425 people living in Bray.

References 

Villages in Berkshire
Civil parishes in Berkshire
Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead
Joseph Whittaker (1813 – 2 March, 1894) was a British botanist who visited South Australia in 1839. 300 plants in Kew Gardens are the collection which Whittaker made during that trip. And 2,200 pressed British plants in Derby Museum and Art Gallery are also Whittaker's.

Biography

Early Days
Whittaker's exact birth date is not known. He was christened at Quarndon near Derby on 8 February 1813. His father was also named Joseph, and was a labourer who married to Sarah (born Clarke). The son is sometimes reported as being born in Breadsall in 1815.

Australian Botany
Australian Botany

In 1838 Whittaker went on a voyage to Austratia as "gardener". His new employer was Lt. Col. George Gawler who had recently been appointed as the second Governor of South Australia. Whittaker, seven other employees from Derbyshire, Gawler and his wife and children arrived on the Pestonjee Bomanjee on 12 October 1838 in Adelaide. They had traveled for four months via Rio de Janeiro. When Whittaker and Gawler arrived they found poor conditions so gardening was not important.

Whittaker collected plants around Adelaide in South Australia in 1839-40. Whittaker traveled to places within South Australia where he collected a wide range of plant samples. These included Mount Lofty range, Mount Jagged, River Torrens, River Murray and the Hindmarsh River. Whittaker was the first person to collect from the mountainous district of the Fleurieu Peninsula, Encounter Bay and Mount Barker.
Whittaker stayed in South Australia for nineteen months before sailing home on the Katherine Stuart Forbes which left from Port Adelaide on 11 April 1840. On the way home his boat stopped four times at  Kangaroo Island, Mauritius, St Helena and Corvo Island in the Azores. Whittaker collected further plant samples while the boat was in these harbours.

Derbyshire Botany

Whittaker arrived back in England on 23 September 1840 and by 1844 had begun collecting plants again. His activity peaked in 1851 and 52, ceasing sometime after 1867. He collected from many parts of Derbyshire, but he occasionally traveled outside the county including Bulwell, Nottinghamshire, Rhyl and Denbigh in Wales.
By 1846 he was living at Breadsall in Derbyshire where he was a teacher at Breadsall Boys School. From here he exchanged letters with Sir William J. Hooker Director of the Kew Botanic Gardens. Because Whittaker had planed to write a number of books on British botany, and needed to exchange some of his Australian and related samples for that. Whittaker collected about 300 plants that were eventually acquired by Kew. Whittaker's collections from outside the U.K. are now in Kew Gardens. Whittaker had the species of sundew Drosera whittakeri named after him.
Whittaker lived in the small village of Morley near Derby in the late 1850s.
He lived with his wife Mary in the house named Ferriby Brook.
He continued to teach there, taking up to twelve scholars into his classes, usually after they had left the local school, and were between eight and eighteen years of age. He eventually established a large collection of living plants. Local gardener groups reported that he was growing over 1,300 different species. In 1864 he was publishing works referring the local extinction of the Lady's Slipper Orchid Cypripedium calceolus with the Rev. Henry Harpur Crewe. By 1871 he quitted a schoolmaster, and became a “seedsman and florist”. By 1881 successfully became a “nurseryman and farmer”. He lived with two servants and twenty year old William Whitehead in his house. Whitehead was to eventually become a partner in their market gardening venture.
Whittaker’s plant collecting activities began to decline around 1863, around the time his botanical partner, Henry Harpur Crewe, moved away to become the Rector of Drayton Beauchamp in Buckinghamshire. In the following year they cooperated in the production of a manuscript list of the principal flowering plants and ferns of Derbyshire. His partnership with Crewe lasted for at least eighteen years and was very productive. The Harpur Crewe's family lived nearby Calke Abbey and they had funded the school at Breadsall.

In the late 1880s Joseph Whittaker gave valuable assistance, and supplied a range of plant samples, to Rev W.H.Painter who was preparing to publish a book on the Flora of Derbyshire. Many of Whittaker’s samples and records were also used by William Richardson Linton, vicar of Shirley in a further Flora of Derbyshire in 1903.
Whittaker died on 2nd March 1894. By popular subscription, a memorial reading desk and engraved brass inscription were built for St Matthew's Church, Morley, where he was a church warden and where he was buried.

Legacy
Whittaker's collection at Kew Gardens is from his trip to Australia and from ports where he stayed shortly during the way home. He also left a collection of 2,200 pressed plants in 79 volumes, mostly from Derbyshire, which are now held in the herbarium at Derby Museum and Art Gallery. They provide important evidential samples for local studies on the flora of Derbyshire. Due to his participation in botanical exchanges clubs, there are now Whittaker samples in many UK museum collections, including those at Bolton, Birmingham, Gloucester and Manchester. The Wisbech and Fenland Museum also has a small collection.

The carnivorous sundew species was scientifically described by the French botanist Jules Émile Planchon in 1848. This is commonly known as the Scented Sundew or Whittaker's Sundew.
References

1813 births
1894 deaths
People from Derbyshire
English botanists
Collections of Derby Museum and Art Gallery
Cooper Creek (formerly Cooper's Creek) is one of the most famous rivers in Australia. It is sometimes called the Barcoo River after one of its tributaries. It is one of three major Queensland river systems that flow into Lake Eyre. The water flow in Cooper Creek comes from monsoonal rains falling months earlier and many hundreds of kilometres away in eastern Queensland. At  in length, it is the second longest inland river system in Australia after the Murray-Darling system.

History

Charles Sturt named the river in 1845 after Charles Cooper, the Chief Justice of South Australia. The explorers Burke and Wills died from starvation in 1861 on the banks of Cooper Creek. John King survived the expedition with help from the Aborigines. Only ten years after the explorers' deaths, homesteads were being built along the creek. A station (farm) at Innamincka was the first permanent settlement in the area.
By 1880 the reliable water source had attracted many settlers. The whole area was taken up and stocked with cattle. This pushed the local Aborigines from their traditional lands. By 1900 their population was just 30, only 10% of the original number, as influenza and measles took their toll.

Course
The creek starts west of the Great Dividing Range as two rivers, the Thomson from near Longreach and Charters Towers, and the Barcoo in the area around Barcaldine, about  inland from Rockhampton.
Cooper Creek spreads out into a vast area of channels, making its way south into the far south-west corner of Queensland before turning west into South Australia towards Lake Eyre. In most years, the water soaks into the earth, fills channels and waterholes, or simply evaporates without reaching Lake Eyre. In very wet years, however, it can flood the entire Channel Country and reach Lake Eyre after flowing through the Strzelecki Desert, Sturt Stony Desert and the Tirari Desert. Although the Cooper carries much more water than the Diamantina and the Georgina, it does not flow into Lake Eyre as often as those rivers. One reason is that much more water is lost than with the Diamantina or Georgina. During a flood Cooper Creek may be as wide as .

Land use
Most of the land around the Cooper is used for sheep and cattle grazing on natural grasslands. The rainfall is not reliable enough to grow crops. The soils are quite fertile, though generally heavy in texture and often crack when they dry out.
Related pages
List of rivers of Australia

References

Other websites 

 Aerial Video of the Cooper Creek at Innamincka
 Australian Society for Limnology 
 Primary Industries and Resources SA - Cooper and Diamantina 
 Floods of Lake Eyre 
 Gerald Nanson Channel Country 
 Department of the Environment and Heritage 

Rivers of South Australia
Geography of Queensland
Ethan Green Hawke (born November 6, 1970 in Austin, Texas) is an American actor, writer and director. Hawke made his big screen debut in the 1985 movie Explorers. In 2021, he played The Grabber in The Black Phone.

Hawke was formally married to actress Uma Thurman from 1998 to 2005. He married Ryan Shawhughes in 2008. He is the father of actress Maya Hawke.
Movies
 Explorers as Ben Crandall (1985)
 Lion's Den as Unnamed (1988)
 Dead Poets Society as Todd Anderson (1989)
 Dad as Billy Tremont (1989)
 White Fang as Jack Conroy (1991)
 Mystery Date as Tom McHugh (1991)
 Waterland as Mathew Price (1992)
 A Midnight Clear as Albert (1992)
 Rich in Love as Sergeant Roger Murtaugh (1993)
 Alive as Nando Parrado (1993)
 Reality Bites as Troy Dyer (1994)
 Quiz Show as Don Quixote Student (1994) (uncredited)
 Floundering as Jimmy (1994)
 Before Sunrise as Jesse Wallace (1995)
 Search and Destroy as Roger (1995)
 Gattaca as Vincent Anton Freeman/Jerome Morrow (1997)
 Great Expectations as Finnegan 'Finn' Bell (1998)
 The Newton Boys as Jess Newton (1998)
 The Velocity of Gary as Nat (1999)
 Joe the King as Len Coles (1999)
 Snow Falling on Cedars as Ishmael Chambers (1999)
 Hamlet as Hamlet (2000)
 Waking Life as Jesse Wallace (2001)
 Tape as Vince (2001)
 Training Day as Jake Hoyt (2001)
 Chelsea Walls as Sam (voice) (2002) (uncredited)
 The Jimmy Show as Ray (2002)
Alias as CIA Agent James L. Lennox (2003)
 Taking Lives as James Costa/Martin Asher (2004)
 Before Sunset as Jesse Wallace (2004)
 Assault on Precinct 13 as Sergeant Jake Roenick (2005)
 Lord of War as Agent Jack Valentine (2005)
 One Last Thing... as Earl Jameison (2006)
 The Hottest State as Vince (2006)
 Fast Food Nation as Pete (2006)
 Before the Devil Knows You're Dead as Hank Hanson (2007)
 What Doesn't Kill You as Paulie McDougan (2008)
 New York, I Love You as Writer (2009)
 Staten Island as Sully Halverson (2009)
 Daybreakers as Edward Dalton (2010)
 Brooklyn's Finest as Detective Salvatore "Sal" Procida (2010)
 Tonight at Noon as Lefty (2010)
 Boyhood as Dad (2013)
 The Black Phone as The Grabber (2021)
Other websites
 Ethan Hawke at the Internet Movie Database

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Austin, Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Movie directors from Texas
Irving Crane (November 13, 1913 – November 17, 2001), nicknamed "the Deacon", was an American pool player from Livonia (near Rochester). He was frequent champion and leading player in the sport. He is most well known for his skill at the game of straight pool (14.1 continuous). He won six world billiards titles in this game.

Early life
Crane became very interested in billiards when he was 11 years old. He started play on a toy pool table his brother received as a Christmas gift. His parents soon replaced their dining room table with a 4' by 8' pool table. Soon, Crane started to play in public at a local pool room. Crane could play all day and never get bored. He could not wait to get home from school and start to play pool.
Though he taught himself to play, at age 14 he ran 89 balls in straight pool at a local pool room. He called each shot in advance. His parents replaced the smaller table with a full size tournament table. Over the next ten years some of the best players, including Willie Hoppe and Andrew Ponzi, came to practice with Crne. Despite consistent play throughout his teenage years, Crane did not enter any tournaments until he was 23 years old.

In February 1939, at age 26, Crane sank 150 balls in a row against his opponent in an exhibition straight pool match. The game was played on a difficult 5' by 10' table in Layton, Utah. This was impressive. But the crowd cheered him, and he continued to play. He finally put 309 consecutive balls thus shattering the previous world record of 244 consecutive balls.
World titles
He won his first world title in 1942. Over the next thirty years, Crane won almost two dozen major championships, including the World Crown in 1946, 1955, 1966, 1968, 1970 and 1972, the Ballantine International Championship in 1965, the International Roundrobin championship in 1968, and the World Series of Billiards in 1978 at age 65. At the 1966 World Crown tournament, he ran 150 and out in the finals. He never let his opponent back to the table after an early safety battle. No other player has ever done this. Crane also holds the record for the most runner-up finishes for the World Crown with 13.
Crane found it hard to make a living only by playing pool, even though he was very skilled. In 1957, he began working as a Cadillac salesman at a dealership in Rochester, New York. He continued there for 17 years. At Rochester's annual auto show his dealership's exhibit had a pool table. Crane would run balls while answering questions. Working at a regular job was not Crane's first choice. In an interview with Sports Illustrated in 1969, he said "If I had to make a choice between selling cars and playing pool, I'd choose pool... The only time I've ever been really happy is when I was at a pool table."

He was "tall, lean man with the imperial bearing of the headmaster of Eton," Crane got the nickname The Deacon because of his gentlemanly ways, his very cautious approach to the game and his careful style of clothing. He always wore a conservative suit when he played.
Conservative style
The Los Angeles Times interviewed Crane's wife Althea. They were married 64 years. She said, "A lot of people, if it was a hot day and there was no air conditioning, they'd take off their coat to play. But not Irving Crane." Minnesota Fats, once said, "Irv Crane would have been the only guy to notice the horse under Lady Godiva". Willie Mosconi criticized Crane for his cautious style. He wrote in his 1993 autobiography, Willie's Game, that "Crane wouldn't take a shot unless his grandmother could make it."

Later life
Crane became a member of the Billiard Congress of America's hall of fame in 1978. In 1999, Crane was  number eight on Billiard Digest's fifty greatest players of the century. In 1980 Crane retired from professional play. He stopped playing entirely in about 1996. On 17 November 17 2001, four days after entering a nursing home, Crane died of natural causes. He was 88 years old.

References

Sportspeople from New York (state)
1913 births
2001 deaths
Cue sports
Snow Falling on Cedars is an 1999 drama movie that was produced by Ron Bass
Kathleen Kennedy, Frank Marshall and Harry J. Ufland and was directed by Scott Hicks. Snow Falling on Cedars was released on December 22, 1999 in North America. The movie received a 40% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 44 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography.

Cast 
 Ethan Hawke as Ishmael Chambers
 Reeve Carney as Young Ishmael Chambers
 James Cromwell as Judge Fielding
 Richard Jenkins as Sheriff Art Moran
 James Rebhorn as Alvin Hooks
 Sam Shepard as Arthur Chambers
 Max von Sydow as Nels Gudmundsson
 Youki Kudoh as Hatsue Miyamoto
 Anne Suzuki as Young Hatsue Imada
 Rick Yune as Kabuo Miyamoto
 Seiji Inouye as Young Kabuo Miyamoto
 Celia Weston as Etta Heine

Other websites 
Snow Falling on Cedars Official website
1999 drama movies
English-language movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Scott Hicks
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
Universal Pictures movies
Macrauchenia was an early hoofed mammal with a long neck; it may have had a long trunk. This quadruped lived during the Pleistocene. Fossils of Macrauchenia have been found in Argentina, South America. Macrauchenia was an herbivore that had high-crowned cheek teeth.

Mammals
Fossils
The Victoria River is in longest river in the Northern Territory of Australia. It flows into the Timor Sea.  Philip Parker King explored the mouth of the river on 12 September 1819. In 1839, the crew of HMS Beagle travelled more than 200 km up the river. In 1854 the explorer Augustus Charles Gregory reached the river after crossing the north of Australia from Brisbane, Queensland.

References

Rivers of the Northern Territory
Kapunda is a town in South Australia, 79 km north of Adelaide. First settled in 1842, it is the oldest copper mining town in Australia. The name Kapunda comes from an Aboriginal words cappie oonda, which meant spring of water.

References

Towns in South Australia
1842 establishments
19th-century establishments in Australia
An uncountable set is an infinite set that is impossible to count.  If we try to count the elements, we will always skip some. It does not matter what size step we take. The set of real numbers, often written as , is an uncountable set. There are many other uncountable sets, such as the interval .  An uncountable set is bigger than an infinite countable set.  We know that because Georg Cantor proved it. He showed that any list of numbers is not complete. This is true even if the list is infinite.

Related pages 

 Cantor's diagonal argument
 Cantor set

References 

Set theory