Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Cultural references to the May Queen
 A May Queen is mentioned in the Led Zeppelin song "Stairway to Heaven".
 May Queen is the name of a ketch-rigged trading vessel built in 1867 at Franklin, Tasmania. She had a 106-year working life and is the oldest boat of her type afloat in the world. She is on the International Register of Significant Ships.
 "May Queen" is the title of a song song on singer-songwriter Liz Phair's second album Whip-Smart.
 "May Queen" is the title of a song by Inkubus Sukkubus.
 "The May Queen" is the title of an anthology  of women's writings about being in their thirties edited by Andrea N. Richesin (Tarcher/2006).
 The naming of a "Queen of May," including the idea that she would die at the end of the festivities, is a plot device in an episode of BBC's Doctor Who (Series 21) titled "The Awakening" (1984).
 May Queen is a Richard Thompson song on the Still album.

Related pages
 May Day
 May crowning

References

Festivals
A mutual fund is a kind of investment that uses money from investors to invest in stocks, bonds or other types of investment. A fund manager (or "portfolio manager") decides how to invest the money, and for this he is paid a fee, which comes from the money in the fund.

Mutual funds are usually "open ended", meaning that new investors can join into the fund at any time. When this happens, new units, which are like shares, are given to the new investors.

There are thousands of different kinds of mutual funds, specializing in investing in different countries, different types of businesses, and different investment styles. There are even some funds that only invest in other funds.

Related pages
Stock
Bond (finance)

Related pages
 Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)

References

US SEC answers about mutual funds

Finance
Modular Audio Recognition Framework (MARF) is a computer program that tries to understand voice, sound, speech, text and human language in general. In MARF, scientists and programmers write algorithms using Java. MARF consists of Lego-like algorithm pieces that can be added or replaced easily. MARF itself can be piece in other computer programs or used for learning, education, and making MARF itself better. A few example programs are provided to show how to use MARF. There is also a lot of documentation of the project. MARF and its programs are published under a BSD-style license.

Related pages 
 Speech recognition

References 
 
 
 

Free software
Sound
Fullmetal Alchemist (in  ) is a popular manga and anime series created by Hiromu Arakawa and serialized in Enix's (now Square Enix) Monthly Shonen Gangan. The manga has been made into two different anime shows, one in 2003 which follows its own story, and a 2009 show which follows the story of the manga. A film, The Conqueror of Shamballa was made for the 2003 show, and The Sacred Star of Milos was created for the 2012 show.

Plot 
The plot focuses on a world where alchemy is a main form of science. Edward Elric and his brother Alphonse, fail to resurrect their mother. When Alphonse's body is destroyed, Edward sacrifices his arm and leg during the alchemy in order for Alphonse's soul to be transferred in a suit of armour. Their friend, Winry Rockbell, makes prosthetic parts for Edward's limbs. As the series progresses, the brothers solve the case about the Philosopher's Stone, a forbidden material breaking the law of Equivalent Exchange.
Fullmetal Alchemist became one of the most critically acclaimed Japanese franchise.

Characters 
Edward Elric: The main protagonist of the series. He is brave and proud, the only thing getting him along is the promise he made to his younger brother, Alphonse, that he will get him his body back, and himself his limbs. He is shorter than the average teen and hates it when someone comments on his height, mostly getting frustrated or hurting them with his metal fist, even his brother gets the same punishment.
Alphonse Elric: Edward's younger brother, whose soul is attached to an empty suit of armour, after a failed attempt to resurrect their mother. The deal was his body for hers, though what happened once the transmutation had finished showed it didn't work. In order to bring back his brother, Edward did his own transmutation, giving away his arm for Alphonse. Alphonse was then placed into the armour and now their journey takes them to try to find the Philosopher's Stone, the only thing that can defy the rule of equivalent exchange, to give back Alphonse's body and Edward's limbs.

References 

Anime
My Dying Bride is an English doom metal band. They are from West Yorkshire. The band formed in 1990.

Members 

 Aaron Stainthorpe - Vocals (1990–present)
 Hamish Glencross - Guitar (1999–present)
 Andrew Craighan - Guitar (1990–present)
 Lena Abé - Bass (2007–present)
 Shaun MacGowan – violin, keyboards (2009–present)

Past members
 Rick Miah – drums (1990–1997)
 Martin Powell – violin, keyboards (1991–1998)
 Calvin Robertshaw – guitar (1990–1999)
 Bill Law – drums (1998–1999)
 Yasmin Ahmed – keyboards (1998–2002)
 Shaun Taylor-Steels – drums (1999–2006)
 Adrian Jackson – bass (1991–2007)
 Sarah Stanton - Keyboards (2002-)
 Katie Stone – violin, keyboards (2008–2009)
 Dan Mullins – drums (2007–2012)

Albums
Albums 

 As the Flower Withers (1992)
 Turn Loose the Swans (1993)
 The Angel and the Dark River (1995)
 Like Gods of the Sun (1997)
 34.788%... Complete (1998)
 The Light at the End of the World (1999)
 The Dreadful Hours (2001)
 Songs of Darkness, Words of Light (2004)
 A Line of Deathless Kings (2006)
 For Lies I Sire (2009)
 Evinta (2011)
 A Map of All Our Failures (2012)
 Feel the Misery (2015)
 The Ghost of Orion (2020)

Other websites 
 My Dying Bride's website 

Musical groups established in 1990
English heavy metal bands
Doom metal bands
Death metal bands
Gothic metal bands
Something is modular when it consists of two or more pieces that are easy to replace. These are usually simple objects. They can be connected together to form more complex objects. For example, Lego pieces are modular. Complex objects may by themselves be modular and used to create even more complex objects by piecing them together.

Basic English 850 words
Framework is a term describing established practices in a society, science, software development, or hardware design that can be repeatedly applied to solving problems. The problems are solved uniformly (in the same or very similar way) in a framework.

In computer technology, a framework is an API that defines what kind of programs can be built with it. For example, the .NET Framework allows writing programs in C# but not in C.

Logic
Documentation is something that people read for instructions or information on how to
do or use things. Documentation may consist of one or more documents on paper, a web page,
a file, and other media.

Documents
A bobby pin (also known as a kirby grip or a hair grip) is a clip that goes in one's hair to hold individual strands of hair in place.

Hair
Headgear

no:Hårspenne
Pre-production is the time before making a movie, play, or other performance when all the things that will be needed to make it are prepared.

In the movie industry, pre-production usually only starts when the script is ready, the studio has agreed to make it and money has been made available.  By this time, a project will almost always have a movie, a producer, cast members and a production team. 

Movie production
Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (Linum usitatissimum) is a type of  flowering plant.

The fibres of flax are used to make linen. High-quality paper used in banknotes is also made from flax fibres.
An oil (linseed oil) can be made from the dried ripe flax seeds. 
Flax has been used for a long time in such tasks as making bows and candles.

Toxicity
Flax seed and its oil are nontoxic and are safe for human consumption.

However, like many common foods, flax contains small amounts of cyanogenic glycoside. This is nontoxic when eaten in normal amounts. It may be toxic when eaten in large quantities as with staple foods such as cassava. The small percentage of cyanide can be removed by special processing.

References

Other websites

Malpighiales
Edible nuts and seeds
In mathematics, a finite set is a set that is not infinite. A finite set has a certain number of elements. The elements of the set can be numbered like {1, 2, ..., n} and n must either be a natural number or zero. An infinite set is a set with an unlimited number of elements.

Another definition is to say a set is finite if its cardinality (the number of its elements) is a natural number. A set with n elements is called an n-set.
A definition that is harder to understand, but which is often used by mathematicians, is to say that a set is finite if there is no strict subset that can be put in 1-to-1 correspondence with the set itself.  (A strict subset of a set is one that is not equal to the set itself).  For example, the set of even numbers can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set of natural numbers (2n corresponds to n), but the set of even numbers is also a strict subset of the natural numbers (there are many numbers which are not in the set of even numbers, but which are natural numbers, for example the number 1).  This means that the set of natural numbers is infinite.

Set theory
Cardinal numbers
The Vikram era, or Vikram samvat is an Calendar System(mostly followed in Hinduism and Sikhism from people of Indian Subcontinent) starting in 57 BC. The Vikram Samvat calendar starts half a century before the Gregorian calendar and works on an Indian calendar cycle.

The calendar starts in the month of Vaishak, which usually falls in the Gregorian month of February/March.

The date marks the day when the King Vikramāditya beat the Sakas, who had invaded Ujjain. A new calendar was started to honor this achievement.

The story 
The story of this event is told by a sadhu (Jain monk) called Mahesara Suri.

The powerful king of Ujjain, called Gardabhilla, kidnapped a sadhvi (Jain nun), who was the sister of the sadhu. The sadhu went to the Saka King to get help, and in the end, the Saka King beat Gardabhilla and captured him and made him a prisoner. But in the end, Gardabhilla was forgiven and run away to a forest, where he was killed by a tiger.
Later on Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Sakas. To commemorate this event he started a new era called the Vikrama era.

History of India
50s BC establishments
Calendars
In mathematics, the cardinality of a set means the number of its elements. For example, the set A = {2, 4, 6} contains 3 elements, and therefore A has a cardinality of 3. The cardinality of a set A can also be represented as . 

Two sets have the same (or equal) cardinality if and only if they have the same number of elements, which is the another way of saying that there is a 1-to-1 correspondence between the two sets. The cardinality of the set A is less than or equal to the cardinality of set B if and only if there is an injective function from A to B. The cardinality of the set B is greater than or equal to the cardinality of set A if and only if there is an injective function from A to B. 

The cardinality of a set is only one way of giving a number to the size of a set. The concept of measure is yet another way.

Notation

||A|| is the cardinality of the set A. Single vertical bars can also be placed around a set to mean cardinality, such as |A|.

Finite sets
Finite sets 

The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number. The smallest cardinality is 0. The empty set has cardinality 0. If the cardinality of the set A is n, then there is a "next larger" set with cardinality n+1 (for example, the set A ∪ {A}). If ||A|| ≤ ||B|| ≤ ||A ∪ {A}||, then either ||B|| = ||A|| or ||B|| = ||A ∪ {A}||.) There is no largest finite cardinality.

Infinite sets 

If the cardinality of a set is not finite, then the cardinality is infinite.
An infinite set is considered countable if they can be listed without missing any (that is, if there is a one-to-one correspondence between it and the set of natural numbers ). Examples include the rational numbers, integers, and natural numbers. Such sets have a cardinality that we call  (pronounced "aleph null", "aleph naught" or "aleph zero"). Sets such as the real numbers are not countable, since given any finite or infinite list of real numbers, it's always possible to find a number that's not on that list. The real numbers have a cardinality of —the cardinality of the continuum.

Related pages
Bijection
 Cardinal number
 Cantor's diagonal argument
 Cantor's theorem
 Continuum hypothesis
 Injective function

Notes and References 

Cardinal numbers
Set theory
A mitre is a tall hat worn by leaders in some Christian churches. In the Roman Catholic church, it is worn by bishops, archbishops or cardinals (higher order). The front and back are the shape of a triangle. It is only worn when the bishop is dressed in his special religious clothes, but is used on a coat of arms to show that the owner is a bishop.

Mitres are also worn by some clergy in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches.

Christian clothing
Headgear
Boňkov is a small village near Herálec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 58 people live in Boňkov. Its size is . It was first documented in 1305.

Other websites 
 Boňkov 

Villages in Vysočina Region
Utopia is the name of a book. Thomas More wrote it in 1516. He wrote it in Latin. Its original title is De Optimo Republicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia. This is usually translated to On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia.

The book is about an island with an imagined society. In the book, a visitor to this island tells about his trip there. According to him, Utopia has a system of laws that is perfect. Society there is also perfect. The political system is so good that nothing better can be thought out. Today, the word utopia is used to refer to a society that is unrealistic, and impossible to make.

There were several attempts to create such perfect societies (They did not work). The word utopia can also refer to a society of such an attempt.

Religious utopias 
The ideas Christians, Jews and Muslims have of the Garden of Eden, and of Heaven can be seen as such utopias.
Other websites 
 Digitally reconstructed edition of the book
 A newer critical approach as to how to see the book (pdf)

English novels
16th-century books
The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is one of the British orders of chivalry. It is the newest order, created on 4 June 1917, by King George V.

Classes 
The order is cut into two parts, civil and military. Both parts have five classes or ranks. In order, from highest to lowest, these are:

 Knight or Dame Grand Cross (GBE)
 Knight or Dame Commander (KBE or DBE)
 Commander (CBE)
 Officer (OBE)
 Member (MBE)

Only the two highest ranks are knighthoods, and allow the holder to call themselves 'Sir' (male) or 'Dame' (female). If the person is not a citizen of a country where the King is Head of State, the award is called honorary, and the holder cannot use the title before their name. For example Terry Wogan became a British citizen and was therefore called Sir Terry Wogan, but Bob Geldof is still an Irish citizen, and is therefore not "Sir Bob". He can, however, style himself "Bob Geldof KBE".
The British Empire Medal (BEM) was restarted in 2012, but only in the civil group.  Although the BEM it is the newest British order of chivalry, it has more members than any other.

History 
King George V wanted to be able to honour the thousands of people who helped to win the First World War, but were not soldiers. 

This Order of Knighthood has a more democratic character than the exclusive Order of the Bath or Saint Michael and Saint George, and in its early days was not held in high esteem. This changed over the years.

Structure 
The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order but only on the advice of the Government. The next-most senior member is the Grand Master. There have been three: 
Edward, Prince of Wales (1917–1936) (later called King Edward VIII and then the Duke of Windsor)
Queen Mary (1936–1953)
 Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1953–2021), Queen Elizabeth II's husband.
The order's rules, called statutes, say that the Order can only have 100 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8960 Commanders, but there is no limit to the number of members of the Officers and Members but no more than 858 Officers and 1464 Members may be appointed per year. Appointments are made on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth realms. 

Some jobs are usually rewarded with the Order. Usually female judges of the High Court of England and Wales are created Dames Commander after appointment. Male judges are not, because they are usually made Knights Bachelor instead.

Officials and Knights and Dames Grand Cross 
Sovereign: Charles III 

Grand Master: Vacant since 2021 

Current Knights and Dames Grand Cross
Sir Christopher Leaver GBE (1981)
 Sir Anthony Jolliffe GBE (1982)
 Sir Frank Kitson GBE KCB (1985)
 Sir David Harcourt-Smith GBE KCB (1989)
 Sir Alexander Graham GBE (1990)
 Sir Patrick Hine GCB GBE (1991)
 Sir Brian Jenkins GBE (1991)
 Sir Bill Wratten GBE CB (1998)
 The Lord Rothschild OM GBE CVO (1998)
 Sir Stephen Brown GBE (1999)
 Sir Anthony Bagnall GBE KCB (2002)
 Sir Michael Sydney Perry GBE (2002)
 Sir Ronnie Flanagan GBE (2002)
 The Baroness Butler-Sloss GBE PC (2005)
 Sir David Cooksey GBE (2007)
 Sir Timothy Granville-Chapman GBE KCB (2011)
 The Lord King of Lothbury KG GBE (2011)
 Sir John Parker GBE (2012)
 The Baroness Hayman GBE PC (2012)
 Sir Keith Mills GBE (2013)
 Sir John Bell GBE FRS (2015)
 The Lord Peach GBE KCB (2016)
 Sir Ian Wood KT GBE (2016)
 Sir Cyril Chantler GBE (2017)
 Sir Keith Peters GBE (2018)
 Sir Craig Reedie GBE (2018)
 Sir Christopher Greenwood GBE CMG KC (2018)
 The Lady Higgins GBE KC (2019)
 Sir Michael Burton GBE KC (2019)
 The Earl Howe GBE PC (2021)
Dame Sue Ion GBE FRS (2022)
 Sir Partha Dasgupta GBE FRS (2023)
 Dame Hermione Lee GBE (2023)
Officers 

Like the orders of chivalry, this order has six officials: 
 Prelate - The Right Rev. and Right Hon. Dame Sarah Mullally DBE, Bishop of London
Dean - The Very Rev. Andrew Tremlett, Dean of St Paul's Cathedral (The Dean of St Paul's always holds this office).
 Secretary - Stephen Segrave
 Registrar - Simon Case CVO, Cabinet Secretary
 King of Arms - Sir Robert Fulton KBE
 Lady Usher of the Purple Rod - Dame Amelia Fawcett DBE CVO. Many years ago the ushers helped to organise royal events, now only the usher of the Order of the Garter has any official duties.

Revocation 
Anyone who behaves in a way that might bring the order into disrepute, may have his or her award taken away.
1921: Cecil Malone was stripped of his OBE (awarded 1919) following his conviction under the Defence of the Realm (Acquisition of Land) Act 1920.
 1940: Vidkun Quisling was stripped of his CBE (awarded 1929) following his work with Nazi Germany in the occupation of Norway.
 1949: Man Wai Wong was stripped of his OBE (awarded 1947) following his conviction for outlawry in Malaya.
 1965: Kim Philby was stripped of his OBE (awarded 1946) following his exposure as a spy.
 1975: William Spens was stripped of his MBE (awarded 1954) following his conviction for theft.
 1980: Albert Henry was stripped of his KBE (awarded 1974) following his conviction for election fraud.
 1988: Lester Piggott was stripped of his OBE (awarded 1975) following his conviction for tax fraud.
 2006: Michael Eke was stripped of his MBE (awarded 2003) following his conviction for theft and deception.
 2006: Naseem Hamed was stripped of his MBE (awarded 1999) following his conviction for dangerous driving.
John Lennon once criticised military membership in the order, saying:

"Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received theirs for heroism in the war - for killing people. We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more."

References
Slavníč is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic by Highway D1. 40 people live in Slavníč. It covers 2,13 km². It was first documented in 1305.

Villages in Vysočina Region
Books (selected) 
Motivace lidského chování (1997) 
Psychologie osobnosti (1998) 
Encyklopedie obecné psychologie (1997) 
Lexikon magie (1993) 
Lexikon psychologie (1995) 
Novodobý český hermetismus (1995) 
Psychologie osobnosti (1995) 
Základy psychologie osobnosti (1993) 
Úvod do sociální psychologie
Motivace pracovního jednání a její řízení (1992) 
Emoce a motivace (1973)
Sociální psychologie (1970)
Martinismus (1991) 
Základní otázky psychologie (1968)
Sociální psychologie  (1999) 
Základy psychologie (1998) 
Průvodce dějinami psychologie (1995) 
Lidské emoce (2000) 
Úvod do psychologie (2003) 
Psychologie téměř pro každého (2004) 
Sociální psychologie organizace (2005) 
Vlajka: k historii a ideologii českého nacionalismu (2001) 
Český fašismus (2006) 
Motivace lidského chování (1996) 
Magie v historii, teorii a praxi (1999) 
František Mareš (2007) 

1932 births
Living people
Czech psychologists
Czech historians
Skorkov is small village near in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of 77. It covers 6.2 km².

Villages in Vysočina Region
Antonín Klimek (January 18, 1937 in Prague – January 9, 2005 in Prague) was a Czech historian. He wrote mainly about the Czechoslovakian First Republic.

Books 
 1989 – Diplomacie na křižovatce Evropy
 1989 – Jak se dělal mír roku 1919
 1995 – Československá zahraniční politika 1918-1938 (with Eduard Kubů)
 1995 – Vítěz, který prohrál, generál Radola Gajda (with Petr Hofman)
 1996–98 – Boj o Hrad I, II
 1998 – Říjen 1918
 2001 – Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české - díl XIII. (1918-1929)
 2002 – Velké dějiny zemí Koruny české - díl XIV. (1929-1938)
 2003 – Vítejte v první republice

Czech historians
Czech people
2005 deaths
1937 births
Neon Genesis Evangelion (Japanese: 新世紀エヴァンゲリオン Hepburn: Shin Seiki Evangelion) is a Japanese anime series directed by Hideaki Anno, and produced by Gainax and Tatsunoko Production. It is set 15 years after a world-wide disaster. The main characters are teenagers that pilot giant robots called "Evangelions" to fight giant monsters called "angels." The imagery is inspired by depression, philosophy, and the religions Christianity and Judaism. The show was liked by critics, but the ending made many fans angry. The film End of Evangelion was released in 1997. It acts as a different version of the show's ending. Other related media, including several manga, soundtracks, a light novel and the Rebuild of Evangelion film series, were made following the show’s success.

See Also 
 List of Neon Genesis Evangelion characters

References 

Anime
Edward VIII (born Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom, from 20 January 1936 until 11 December 1936. He was born at White Lodge, Richmond Park in London.

Edward abdicated (resigned) from the throne, because he wanted to marry the American woman Wallis Simpson. Simpson had been married twice before. As King, he was Head of the Church of England, and the Church did not support divorce. After abdicating as king, he was known as His Royal Highness the Duke of Windsor. His wife was not allowed to be called "Her Royal Highness".
Early life 
Edward, commonly known by those close to him as David, was born as the first son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, later King George V and Queen Mary. As a young man, he disliked his royal duties, but his charisma made him popular with the British people. Edward was officially invested as Prince of Wales in a ceremony at Caernarvon Castle on 13 July 1911 and was even tutored by the future Prime Minister David Lloyd George to speak a few words of Welsh.

At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the twenty-year-old Edward was keen to participate. He witnessed trench warfare at first-hand and attempted to visit the front line as often as possible, but he did not experience as much hardship and misery as ordinary British soldiers.
Edward undertook a military flight in 1918 and gained a pilot's licence later. Throughout the 1920s, Edward represented his father, King George V, at home and abroad on many occasions. His popularity was at its greatest peak in that decade and gained him much public and media attention.

However, his increasing womanising and reckless behaviour in the 1920s and the 1930s worried Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin and his hardworking, strict father, King George V. Edward was also uninterested with royal duties and disliked the British establishment. George V was disappointed by Edward's failure to settle down in life and was furious with his many affairs with married women, and he was reluctant to see him inherit the Crown. George V preferred his son Albert (later King George VI), a family man who was loyal to his beloved wife.
Edward had a string of relationships with married women including Freda Dudley Ward and Lady Furness, the American wife of a British peer, who later introduced him to Wallis Simpson. She was an American who had been twice divorced. Edward later became Wallis Simpson's lover.

That further weakened his poor relationship with his father, who stated, "After I am dead," George said, "the boy will ruin himself in 12 months".

Reign 
After months of ill health, King George V died on 20 January 1936. His son became King Edward VIII and watched the announcement of his new role from a window of St James's Palace with his lover, Wallis. After only a few weeks, Edward began to cause unease in government circles with actions that were seen as too political. He did not work hard as king and was not careful about important state papers. Far from working, in August and September, Edward and Wallis simply sailed around the Mediterranean on a luxury steam yacht.
On 16 November 1936, Edward invited British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his plans to marry Wallis Simpson after her divorce. Baldwin was unhappy about that and informed him that his subjects would see it as morally unacceptable, because remarriage after divorce was opposed by the Church of England, which Edward was the formal head, and the people did not like Wallis. Edward knew that the government, led by Baldwin, would resign if the marriage went ahead. That action could have led to a general election and would ruin Edward's status as a politically-neutral monarch. That would be disastrous for the Royal Family and damage the nation.

As a result, he chose to abdicate in December of that year and married Wallis later in 1937. His brother, Prince Albert, Duke of York, became King George VI.

Duke of Windsor and later life
After his abdication, he was given the title Duke of Windsor. He married Simpson in France on 3 June 1937. His brother and mother did not attend the ceremony. Many people became alarmed with what they thought was Edward's pro German stance. Some even said that he favoured German fascism. Hitler considered Edward to be friendly towards Nazi Germany. Even in the 1960s, Edward privately said to a friend, Lord Kinross, "I never thought Hitler was such a bad chap". The Duke and Duchess visited Nazi Germany, against the advice of the British government, and they met Adolf Hitler at his private retreat. During the visit, the Duke gave full Nazi salutes, causing anger in Britain. At the start of the Second World War, the Nazis plotted to persuade the Duke to support the Nazi effort and planned to kidnap him. Lord Caldecote warned Winston Churchill that "[the Duke] is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue"
. More problems arose when Edward gave a "defeatist" interview, which angered Churchill even more.
Titles and styles
 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1898: His Highness Prince Edward of York
 28 May 1898 – 22 January 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of York
 22 January – 9 November 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of Cornwall and York
 9 November 1901 – 6 May 1910: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of Wales
 6 May – 23 June 1910: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall
 23 June 1910 – 20 January 1936: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
 in Scotland: 1910–1936: His Royal Highness The Prince Edward, Duke of Rothesay
 20 January – 11 December 1936: His Majesty The King
 and, occasionally, outside the United Kingdom, and with regard to India: His Imperial Majesty The King-Emperor
 11 December 1936 – 8 March 1937: His Royal Highness The Prince Edward
 8 March 1937 – 28 May 1972: His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor
His full style as king was "His Majesty, Edward the Eighth, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India".

References

1894 births
1972 deaths
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Thistle
People from Surrey
United Kingdom Dukes
World record holders
Deaths from laryngeal cancer
Václav Benda (August 8, 1946 in Prague – June 2, 1999 in Prague) was Czech right-wing and anticommunist politician. During the communist dictatorship in Czechoslovakia he signed Charter 77. He was in prison from 1979 to 1983. After the Velvet Revolution, Benda co-founded the Christian-Democratic Party which later became part of the Civic Democratic Party. His son Marek Benda is also a Czech politician and member of the Civic Democratic Party.

1946 births
1999 deaths
Czech politicians
Czechoslovak anti-communists
Charter 77 signatories
A county borough  was a type of local government district in England until abolished in 1974.

Local government powers were divided between county councils and urban or rural districts.

For example: rural districts may not be able to maintain footpaths or street lighting because of their size.  Urban districts were based in a town and were able handle these jobs.  Schools were the responsibility of county councils because districts were too small to run all types of schools themselves.

A county borough was a town big enough to run all its own local government, so the local county council had no power inside the county borough.

Political systems
Local government in England
1974 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century disestablishments in England
Andie MacDowell (born Rosalie Anderson MacDowell on April 21, 1958 in Gaffney, South Carolina) is an American movie actress.

Personal life 
From 1986 until 1999 Andie was married to Paul Qualley. They have three children, son Justin Qualley (born 1986) and two daughters Rainey Qualley (born 1989) and Sarah Margaret Qualley (born 1995).

From 2001 until 2004 she was married to Rhett DeCamp Hartzog.

Movies

 Mighty Fine (2012)
 Barnyard (2006)
 Tara Road (2005)
 Beauty Shop (2005)
 Dinner with Friends (2001)
 Crush (2001)
 Harrison's Flowers (2000)
 The End of Violence (1997)
 Muppets from Space (1999)
 Multiplicity (1996)
 Michael (1996)
 Unstrung Heroes (1995)
 Bad Girls (1994)
 Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)
 Short Cuts (1993)
 Groundhog Day (1993)
 The Player (1992)
 The Object of Beauty (1991)
 Hudson Hawk (1991)
 Green Card (1990)
 sex, lies, and videotape (1989)
 St. Elmo's Fire (1985)
 Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984)

Other websites
1958 births
Living people
Actors from South Carolina
American movie actors
American television actors
Goth can also stand for a member of the Goth subculture

The Goths (Gothic: , Gutans) were an East Germanic tribe. They spoke the Gothic language. Jordanes was a scholar from the 6th century who wrote a summary of a twelve volume work by Cassiodorus about the Goths. Jordanes work is commonly called Getica. The original work by Cassiodorius was lost, Getica is the only surviving contemporary account about the Goths. According to this book they left Scandinavia via Gotland and settled close to the mouth of the Vistula river (in present day Poland). In the 3rd and 4th centuries they settled Scythia, Dacia and parts of Moesia and Asia Minor. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, they fought with the Roman Empire and later adopted Arianism (a form of Christianity).
In the 4th and 5th centuries, they split into the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. With this move, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in Italy and on the Iberian peninsula (now Spain & Portugal).  Traces of Gothic blood can be found in many people .

References 

Germanic tribes
Ancient Rome
Arianism is a doctrine that came from Arius, a priest who taught in Alexandria. To many Christians, the teachings of Arianism are heretical and are not the correct Christian teachings as they deny that Jesus was of the same substance of the God of this monotheistic religion, making it one of the more prominent reasons Arianism has stopped being practiced today. Many may say and have claimed Arianism a powerful part of Christianity from the 4th to the 7th centuries AD however being against fundamental Christian Beliefs, such as that previously mentioned, this rhetoric was opposed by multiple theologians of the era as well as the early church (later Catholic Church).  

Arianism simply teaches that Jesus was not God. For this reason, Arianism opposes the dogma of the Holy Trinity. In 325 AD, the Nicene Creed was made, which the early Christians used to defeat Arianism, with the statement: "We believe in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God...begotten, not made, consubstantial with the Father."

Belief
Belief 

The main difference between the beliefs of Arianism and other main Christian denominations is that the Arians did not believe in the Holy Trinity, which is a way that other Christian churches use to explain God. The information that we have today comes from the writing of people who were against Arianism and said the beliefs were wrong. These writings say that Arianism believed:
Only God the Father is truly God. He alone is not-born, and is eternal. He does not change.
 God did not create the world by himself. He had help from something called Logos (The word). This Logos was created to create the world. This is God's "communication" with the world.
 God's communication with the world is known as the "Son of God" or the "Christ". The Son of God existed before he helped his Father make man.  He is the perfect image of God the Father. There is one exception though: Unlike God the Father, he was created (from nothing) by the will of the Father. This happened at the beginning of time. Therefore, he is not eternal. There was a time when he was not there. In the same way, his power, his wisdom and his knowledge are limited.

Between the First Council of Nicaea in 325, and the First Council of Constantinople in the year 381 there were no less than 18 different Creeds used by Arianists.
Antitrinitarianism today 
In the 16th century there was again a movement against the belief in the Holy Trinity.  Fausto Sozzini (1539-1604) was well known for teaching this as well as Ferenc Dávid (1510s - 1579). These movements developed into what is called Unitarianism today. Unitarians believe that there is only one person in god, not the three-in-one dogma of trinity. Some of the teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses are close to some of the things Arians believed. It is different only in that Arians believed the holy spirit is a person and Jehovah's Witnesses teach it is not a person, but a force God uses to do His will. It would however be false to call them Arians, as they reject many Arian teachings. Mormons and Oneness Pentecostalism also reject the Holy Trinity but for different reasons other than Arianism.

Related pages 
 Unitarianism - the (modern) belief that there is no Holy Trinity.

Nontrinitarianism
Ancient Christianity
Ripening is when fruit becomes easier to eat. Some fruits, like the tomato or the mango, will continue to ripen after they have been picked. Other fruits, like the cherry or fig, stop ripening once they have been picked.

Fruits
An HTTP cookie (usually just called a cookie) is a simple computer file made of text.  The information stored by cookies can be used to personalise the experience when using a website.  A website can use (the information used by) cookies to find out if someone has visited a website before and record information (data) about what they did.
When someone is using a computer to browse a website, a personalised cookie file can be sent from the website’s server to the person’s computer.  The cookie is stored in the web browser on the person’s computer. At some time in the future, the person may browse that website again. The website can send a message to the person’s browser, asking if a cookie from the website is already stored in the browser.  If a cookie is found, then the data that was stored in the cookie before can be used by the website to tell the website about the person’s previous activity.  Some examples where cookies are used include shopping carts, automatic login and remembering which advertisements have already been shown.

Cookies have been a problem for Internet privacy. This is because they can be used to track browsing behavior. Because of this, laws have been made in some countries to protect people's privacy. There are many other options than cookies, but each option has its own problems.
Cookies have often been mistaken for computer programs. But cookies cannot do much on their own. They are simply a piece of data. They are often called spyware or viruses, but they are not either of these.

Most web browsers allow users to choose whether to accept cookies. If the user does not allow cookies, some websites will become unusable. For example, shopping baskets which use cookies do not work if the user does not allow cookies. 

Internet
The Chinese calendar, also known as the "agriculture calendar" (農曆/农历), is a lunisolar calendar (yinyangli). It was used until 1912 when the Gregorian calendar was adopted. This is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes.  It was developed in part from a lunar calendar (陰曆 yinli) and in part from a solar calendar (陽曆 yangli).

History
The current version of the Chinese calendar was developed for the Chongzhen Emperor in the 17th century.  It has

Today in China the Gregorian calendar is used for most activities. At the same time, the Chinese calendar is still used for traditional Chinese holidays like the Chinese New Year or the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Related pages
 Sexagenary calendar

References

Other websites
  Gregorian-Lunar Calendar Conversion Table 

Chinese culture
Calendars
Music for the Royal Fireworks is a group of five pieces for orchestra composed by George Frideric Handel in 1749. He was asked by King George II to write the music because the king wanted some music and fireworks to celebrate the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This was an agreement between a lot of European countries to end the war they had been fighting.

The king wanted the celebrations to take place in Green Park in London. He wanted the orchestra to have lots of military instruments such as trumpets and drums and "hoped there would be no violins". He wanted the orchestra to have a rehearsal in Vauxhall Gardens to which the public would be able to go. Handel was not very happy with these arrangements, but in the end he agreed.
The rehearsal in Vauxhall Gardens took place on 21 April. This was just for the music, there were no fireworks. There were 12,000 people in the audience. The huge crowds caused a three hour traffic jam on London Bridge. The tickets for entrance cost 2s 6d (two shillings and six pence, worth 12 ½p in modern money).

Six days later the real performance took place in Green Park. The orchestra played in a building which had been specially made. The music was played while the fireworks went off. Unfortunately there was a disaster. The building caught fire when a huge bas relief of the king fell down. However, no one was hurt.

The music has five movements: an overture, a bourrée, a movement called La paix (The Peace), La réjouissance (The Rejoicing), and two minuets.
Handel wrote the music for a large orchestra with 24 oboes, 12 bassoons (including a contrabassoon), nine trumpets, nine horns, three pairs of kettledrums, and a number of side drums. On 27 May Handel conducted the music again at a special concert for the Foundling Hospital. This time he used a normal orchestra with string instruments and wind instruments. This is the way it is usually played today.

Compositions by George Frideric Handel
Thora Birch (born March 11, 1982) is an American actress. She was one of the most popular child actors of the 1990s in movies, such as Patriot Games (1992), Hocus Pocus (1993), Clear and Present Danger (1994), Now and Then (1995) and Alaska (1996). Since the 1990s she has had more serious roles, with good acting in movies, such as American Beauty (1999) and Ghost World (2001).

Other websites
 
 
 Official Thora Birch Site
 Thora Birch on Tom Green Live 
 Thora Birch interviewed by Todd Solondz Interview magazine

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Sophia Loren (born 20 September 1934) is an Italian actress, one of the best known and most popular of Italian actresses.

Life and career

Born Sofia Scicolone in Rome, Italy, out of wedlock. She grew up in Puzzuoli, near Naples, raised by her single mother in poverty.

In 1950, she entered a beauty contest and was noticed by film producer Carlo Ponti (1912-2007) who took her under his wing. With his help and guidance, she began appearing in bit parts in film, and got her first major role in director Vittorio De Sica's The Gold of Naples in 1954.

Ponti made her learn English and took her to Hollywood. Her first film there was The Pride and the Passion in 1957, opposite Cary Grant and Frank Sinatra. This was followed by Desire under the Elms (1958) with Anthony Perkins, Houseboat (1958) with Cary Grant, Black Orchid (1958) with Anthony Quinn, It Happened in Naples (1960) with Clark Gable, Heller in Pink Tights (1960) with Anthony Quinn, A Breath of Scandal (1960) with John Gavin.
Back in Italy, she was reunited with Vittorio De Sica in La Ciocara (Two Women) in 1961, which won her the Academy Award and the BAFTA for best actress.

Thereafter, she pursued her career both in Italy and the United States, appearing in films such as El Cid (1962), The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (1964), Marriage Italian Style (1964), Arabesque (1966), The Countess from Hong Kong (1967), The Man from La Mancha (1972), The Cassandra Crossing (1976), etc.

Sophia Loren and Carlo Ponti were first married on 17 September 1957, but Ponti being Catholic his divorce from his first wife was not recognized in Italy and the marriage was declared invalid. Ponti took French citizenship and after being legally divorced, he and Loren were remarried on 9 April 1966, and had two sons; Carlo (b. 1968) and Eduardo (b. 1973). The Italian former model and politician Alessandra Mussolini is her niece.

Other websites 

 
 
 Official website 
 All Movie Guide biography of Loren
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Campania
Actors from Rome
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
1934 births
Living people
Helen Elizabeth Hunt (born June 15, 1963) is an American actress. She has won the Emmy, Golden Globe and Academy Awards. She is best known for her role in the television sitcom Mad About You.

Awards 
Hunt has been given many awards in her career. In 1998 she became one of only two actresses (the other is Helen Mirren) to win a Golden Globe Award, an Academy Award and an Emmy Award in the same year. She is the only actress to win four consecutive Emmys and to win four Blockbuster Entertainment Awards.

Academy Award
 1998 Best Actress in As Good as It Gets

Emmy Award
 1996 Outstanding Lead Actress in Mad About You
 1997 Outstanding Lead Actress in Mad About You
 1998 Outstanding Lead Actress in Mad About You
 1999 Outstanding Lead Actress in Mad About You

Golden Globe Award
 1994 Best Performance by an Actress in Mad About You
 1995 Best Performance by an Actress in Mad About You
 1997 Best Performance by an Actress in Mad About You
 1998 Best Performance by an Actress in As Good as It Gets
Screen Actors Guild Award
 1995 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in Mad About You
 1998 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in As Good as It Gets

Television series 
 Amy Prentiss (1974)
 The Swiss Family Robinson (1975)
 It Takes Two (1982)
 The Fitzpatricks
 My Life and Times (1991)
 Mad About You (1992)
 Empire Falls (2005)

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 

Actors from Culver City, California
Academy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1963 births
Living people
Jane Seymour OBE (born Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg on 15 February 1951) is an English actress. Her father was a Jew from England whose family was from Poland. Her mother was a Dutch Protestant. Seymour is known as the co-star of the James Bond movie Live and Let Die and star of the TV series and movie Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.

Famous movies
 Live and Let Die (1973)
 Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977)
 Battlestar Galactica (1978)
 Somewhere in Time (1980)
 The Scarlet Pimpernel (1982)
 Lassiter (1983)
 Head Office (1985)
 War and Remembrance (1988)
 Wedding Crashers (2005)

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 Official website
 Jane Seymour cast bio on The WB
 Jane Seymour: Actress, Artist, and Heart-Health Activist
 Official Somewhere In Time website
 Official fan website (FriendsOfJane.com) 

1951 births
Living people
Actors from Middlesex
Actresses who played Bond girls
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Goldie Jeanne Hawn (born November 21, 1945) is an American actress, director and producer. Her mother was an American Jew of Hungarian immigrant parents. One of her early roles was as a cast member of Laugh-In, a comedy series on NBC television. She won the Academy Award and the Golden Globe Award in 1969 for her work in Cactus Flower. She then left Laugh-In to continue her movie career.

Hawn is famous for her acting in many movie comedies during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Her son, Oliver Hudson, is a television and movie actor. Her daughter is Kate Hudson, who is an actress and has been nominated for an Oscar. Hawn has another son, Wyatt Russell, whose father is actor Kurt Russell, Hawn's longtime partner.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American Buddhists
American movie actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1945 births
Living people
Meg Ryan (born November 19, 1961) is an American actress. She has starred in several romantic comedies, but has also worked in other movie genres, including drama and mystery.

Movies

Television work 
 One of the Boys (1982) (canceled after 13 episodes)
 As the World Turns (cast member from 1982-1984)
 Wildside (1985) (canceled after 6 episodes)
 Captain Planet and the Planeteers (member from 1990-1991) (voice)
 The Simpsons (Voice of Stacy Swanson)

References

Other websites 
 
 Meg Ryan Info
 Parkinson interview part 1
 Parkinson interview part 2
 

Actors from Fairfield, Connecticut
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1961 births
Living people