Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Prime Ministerial
 Sager House (Official residence of the Prime Minister)
 Harpsund (Country retreat for the Prime Minister)

Gubernatorial
 Gävleborg CountyGävle Castle (Governor)
 Halland CountyHalmstad Castle (Governor)
 Jönköping CountyThe Residence, Jönköping (Governor)
 Skåne CountyThe Residence, Malmö (Governor)
 Stockholm CountyTessin Palace (Governor)
 Uppsala CountyUppsala Castle (Governor)
 Västmanland CountyVästerås Castle (Governor)
 Västra Götaland CountyThe Residence, Gothenburg (Governor)
 Örebro CountyÖrebro Castle (Governor)
 Östergötland CountyLinköping Castle (Governor)

 Federal Palace of Switzerland, Bern
Official estates of the Swiss Federal Council:
 Lohn Castle
 Béatrice-von-Wattenwyl-Haus

 Mariyinsky Palace (President)
 House with Chimaeras (President)
 House of the Weeping Widow (President)
 Massandra Palace (President)
 Pototsky Palace (President)
Buckingham Palace (Official London residence of the monarch, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Duke of York and the Earl and Countess of Wessex)
 Windsor Castle (Official residence of the monarch)
 Hillsborough Castle (Residence of the monarch in Northern Ireland when in the region, otherwise, the Official Residence of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland)
 Clarence House (Official residence of the Prince of Wales)
 Kensington Palace (Residence of the Duke of Gloucester, the Duke of Kent, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex and other members of the British Royal Family)
 St James's Palace (Seat of the Royal Court and Senior Palace of the Sovereign, London Residence of the Princess Royal and Sir Timothy Laurence and Princess Alexandra)
 10 Downing Street (Prime Minister, in their capacity as First Lord of the Treasury)
 11 Downing Street (Chancellor of the Exchequer, in their capacity as Second Lord of the Treasury)
12 Downing Street (Government Chief Whip but currently houses the Offices of the Prime Minister)
 Chequers (Country retreat of the Prime Minister)
 Carlton Gardens, St. James's (No. 1 is the Official Residence of the Foreign Secretary and No. 2 houses the Privy Council Office)
 Admiralty House (Three ministerial flats for use by Ministers of the Crown)
 Chevening House (Country residence of a Minister of the Crown nominated by the Prime Minister, which is by custom given to the Foreign Secretary)
 Dorneywood (Country residence of a Minister of the Crown nominated by the Prime Minister, which is by custom given to the Chancellor of the Exchequer)
 Palace of Westminster (Grand State apartments for the Lord Speaker of the House of Lords, Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Chancellor)
Former
 Bridewell Palace (King, formerly; demolished)
 Carlton House, London (Prince, formerly; demolished)
 Cumberland House (Prince, formerly; demolished)
 Edinburgh Castle (King, formerly; kept as barracks and vault)
 Eltham Palace (King, formerly; Great Hall kept as museum)
 Falkland Palace (King, formerly; kept as museum)
 Hampton Court Palace (King, formerly; kept as museum)
 Kew Palace (Queen, formerly; kept as museum)
 Linlithgow Palace (King, formerly; damaged in fire, kept as ruins)
 Marlborough House (Queen, formerly; kept for headquarters for Commonwealth Secretariat)
 Nonsuch Palace (King, formerly; demolished)
 Palace of Placentia (King, formerly; demolished)
 Queen's House (Queen, formerly; kept as museum)
 Richmond Palace (King, formerly; demolished)
 Tower of London (King, formerly; kept as barracks and vault)
 Palace of Westminster (King, formerly; kept to serve as the Houses of Parliament)
 Palace of Whitehall (King; destroyed in fire)
Palace of Holyroodhouse (Official residence of the monarch in Scotland)

 Bute House (First Minister of Scotland)
 Tulliallan Castle (Chief Constable of Police Scotland)

Territorial
 : Government House (Governor)
 : Government House (Governor)
 : Government House (Governor)
 : Government House (Governor)
 : Government House (Governor)
 : The Convent (Governor) 6 Convent Place (Chief Minister)
 : Government House (Lieutenant Governor)
 : Government House (Lieutenant Governor)
 : Government House (Lieutenant Governor)
 : Government House (Governor)
 : Government House (Governor)
 : Plantation House (Governor) The Castle (former official residence of the Governor, now used as the Governor's office)
 :Government House (Governor)

 Apostolic Palace (Pope)
 Castel Gandolfo (Pope, summer residence; now partly open to the public as a museum and garden)
 Domus Sanctae Marthae (Guest House, now kept as Pope Francis's residence)
 Mater Ecclesiae (Pope Emeritus)
Former
 Lateran Palace (Pope, formerly; kept as Pontifical Museum of Christian Antiquities)
 Castel Sant'Angelo (Pope, formerly; kept as Museo Nazionale di Castel Sant'Angelo)

Oceania

Federal
 Government House (Monarch; Governor-General)
 Admiralty House (Monarch; Governor-General, Sydney residence)
 The Lodge (Prime Minister)
 Kirribilli House (Prime Minister, Sydney residence)

State

 New South Wales:Government House (Governor)
 Queensland:Government House (Governor)
 South Australia:Government House (Governor)
 Tasmania:Government House (Governor)
 Victoria:Government House (Governor)
 Western Australia:Government House (Governor)
State, former
 New South Wales Old Government House (Governor country residence at Parramatta (1790–1855) formerly) Hillview, (Governor summer residence at Sutton Forest (1882–1958), formerly) Cranbrook, Bellevue Hill, (Governor residence 1901–1917, formerly)
 Queensland Adelaide House, (Governor residence (1859–1862) formerly; now The Deanery of St. John's Anglican Cathedral Old Government House (Governor residence (1862–1909) formerly; kept as headquarters of the National Trust of Australia)
 South AustraliaOld Government House (Governor summer residence (1860–1880), formerly) Marble Hill (Governor summer residence (1880–1955), formerly; destroyed in the Black Sunday Bushfire of 1955)
VictoriaLa Trobe's Cottage (Lieutenant Governor, residence (1840–1854) formerly; kept as museum)Toorak House (Governor residence (1854–1874), formerly; currently being used as a church) Bishopscourt (Governor residence (1874–1876), formerly) Stonnington Mansion (Governor residence (1901–1931) formerly; currently being restored as private home)
 Tasmania Old Government House (Governor's residence (1807–1857, demolished 1858)
Territorial
 : Government House (Administrator)
 : Government House (Administrator)
 : Government House (Administrator)
 : Government House (Administrator)

 Government House (President)

 State House (President; formerly kept as immigration detention center)

 Government House (Governor-General)
 Government House (Governor-General, Auckland residence)
 Premier House (Prime Minister)

Former
 Old Government House, Auckland

Realm
 : Government House (Queen's Representative)
 ''': Government House (Administrator)

Government House (Governor-General)

Government House (Head of State)

Former
 Villa Vailima

Government House (Governor-General)

Royal Palace (King)

Government House (Governor General)

State House (President)

Transcontinental



State 
 Külliye (President)
 Çengelköy Mansion (President)
 Hüber Mansion (President)
 Çankaya Mansion (Premier)
 Başbakanlık Konutu (Speaker)

Related pages
 Governor's House (disambiguation)
 Palace
 Castle
 List of palaces
 Presidential palace

References
References

Government buildings
Houses
Uhwudong (, c. 1430 - October 18 1480), also written as Eoudong or Eowudong, was a Korean Joseon Dynasty gisaeng, writer, poet, and dancer. She lived during the reign of King Yejong and King Seongjong. She was also called Eeulwudong.

famous for divorced from royal family wife. she was said to be charming, witty, very beautiful, and very smart. Her personal life has inspired movies, a TV series, operas, and many novels. She is one of Koreas modern popular cultural icons.

Popular culture 
In the late 20th century, Uhwudong's story was of interest in both North Korea and South Korea. There are books, movies and operas about her.

In late 1985, a movie Eoudong was released. It starred Lee Bo-hee in the title role. Another movie, Kim Mun-hee, was released on May 23, 1987. In 2007, KBS released a TV series entitled King and I starring Kim Sa-rang.

Related pages 
 Shin Saimdang
 Yu Gamdong
 Heo Chohui
 Hwang Jinyi
Other websites 
 Uhwudong at naver.com 
 Uhwudong at daum.net 
 Uhwudong: Korean historical persons information  

Korean dancers
Korean painters
Korean writers
1430s births
1480 deaths
Korean poets
In chemistry, the van der Waals force is a type of intermolecular force that attracts molecules together. An intermolecular force is a relatively weak force between molecules. Van der Waals forces are the weakest type of intermolecular force. They are named after the Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923).

Negatively charged electrons orbit around molecules or ions. The electrons shift their orbits to create slightly different charges from one end of the molecule to the other as a response to each other. These slight differences are called partial charges, described by using the variables δ- or δ+.
Van der Walls force is sometimes used loosely to mean for all intermolecular forces. Van der Waals forces are weaker than covalent bonds and usually weaker than hydrogen bonds, but they play a important role in supramolecular chemistry, enzymes, polymer science, nanotechnology, surface science, and condensed matter physics. Van der Waals forces define many properties of organic compounds, including their ability to dissolve.

References

Force
Chemical bonding
Michel Wachenheim, (born 16 January 1951 at Saint-Maur-des-Fossés) is a French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Graduate from École Polytechnique (promotion 1972) and École nationale de l'aviation civile (promotion 1975), Michel Wachenheim starts his career in 1977 at the air traffic department. In 2007, he becomes Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Transport Dominique Bussereau. The 1st of September 2009, he becomes French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization.

Michel Wachenheim is married, has three children and is Officier de la Légion d'honneur. The 2009-2010 promotion of the institut de formation universitaire et de recherche du transport aérien (research and training air transport institute) bears his name.

References
References

Further reading 
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), p. 527, Wachenheim, Michel
 Who’s Who in France, 2012, 2307 p. (), notice « Wachenheim, Michel ».

Living people
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
1951 births
Ambassadors of France
French aviators
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
Closeted and in the closet are metaphors used to describe lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) people who for some reason have not disclosed their sexual orientation, gender identity or intersex characteristics. People who have declared this identity are said to have "come out of the closet."

Reading list 
 Epistemology of the Closet (reprinted 1992) by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, .
 Dossie Easton, Janet Hardy, When Someone You Love Is Kinky,  Greenery Press, 2000. .

Other websites 
 Empty Closets - Coming Out Resources and a Safe Place to Chat
 The Human Rights Campaign's Coming Out Guides 
 The Human Rights Campaign is the leading agency of the National Coming Out Project

LGBT
Metaphors
Iolanta (sometimes Iolanthe) () is a one-act opera. The libretto was written by Modest Tchaikovsky. It is based on the Danish play Kong Renés Datter (King René’s Daughter) by Henrik Hertz. The story is a account of the life of Yolande de Bar. The play was translated by Fyodor Miller and adapted by Vladimir Zotov. The music was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The opera received its premiere in St. Petersburg on 18 December 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre on a double-bill with the ballet The Nutcracker.

Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1890s operas
Hrithik Roshan (born 10 January 1974) is an Indian Bollywood actor. Roshan had appeared as a child actor in many movies in the 1980s and also appeared as an assistant director in the 1990s. He made his movie debut in his father's film, Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai in 2000 with Ameesha Patel who also made her debut. His performance in the movie was widely appreciated and earned him a Filmfare Awards for Best Actor and Best Male Debut. He followed it with leading roles in Fiza and Mission Kashmir and had a male supporting role in the blockbuster movie Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham (2001), which was India's highest-grossing movie in the overseas market at that time. This was followed by several flops in his career. The flops included Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage which reunited him with Ameesha Patel after their debut film. However, his career later improved when he acted in Koi..
... Mil Gaya, another film directed by his father and won two Filmfare Awards and he also acted in its sequels Krrish and Krrish 3, which were both successful. He earned praise for his portrayal of a thief in the 2006 adventure film Dhoom 2, Mughal emperor Akbar in the 2008 historical romance Jodhaa Akbar and a quadriplegic in the 2010 drama Guzaarish. He played the lead in the 2011 drama Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, the 2012 action revenge film Agneepath, the 2014 action comedy Bang Bang!, the 2019 biopic Super 30, and the 2019 action thriller War which ranks as his highest-grossing release.
References

Other websites 

1974 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Actors from Mumbai
Indian child actors
Stephen Root (born November 17, 1951) is an American actor, comedian and voice artist. He is best known for doing many voices in movies and TV shows. He voiced Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland in King of the Hill, Zeb Zoober in The Country Bears, and Junjie in Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness.

Other websites
 

1951 births
Actors from Sarasota, Florida
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Living people
The goose step is a kind of marching done by the military. It is usually done in formal parades and other ceremonies. While marching together, the troops swing their legs high off the ground, while keeping their knees unbended (so that their legs are straight). It resembles the walking style of a goose.

The march comes from the Prussian army in the mid-18th century. It was called the Stechschritt (meaning, "piercing step") or Stechmarsch. It is still used today by the armed forces of the nearly 30 countries.

Other websites
Black-and-white video of the march 

Military
James Hong (traditional Chinese: 吳漢章, Wú Hànzhāng; born February 22, 1929) is an American stand-up comedian, character actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is perhaps best known as the voice of Mr. Ping in the Kung Fu Panda franchise. He played Gong Gong in Everything Everywhere All at Once.

Family
Hong and his family came out in an around-the-world mountain biking travel adventure called Full Cycle: A World Odyssey. The Hong family rode their mountain bikes on a trail near the Hollywood sign. James' daughter named April was born in 1975.

Other websites

 
 

1929 births
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Living people
Actors from Minneapolis
Kung Fu Panda Holiday, also known as Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special, is a 2010 American television special, based on the Kung Fu Panda franchise. It premiered on NBC on November 24, 2010.

It features the voices of Jack Black, Dustin Hoffman, Angelina Jolie, Jackie Chan, Seth Rogen, Lucy Liu, David Cross, James Hong, and Jack McBrayer. The special's premiere broadcast drew 5.925 million viewers.

Kung Fu Panda Holiday got mostly positive reviews.

Storyline
One day, Master Shifu (Dustin Hoffman) assigns Master Po (Jack Black) to host the upcoming annual Winter Feast that's to be held at the Jade Palace with every single Kung Fu master. But Po declines because he's gonna spend Christmas with Mr. Ping (James Hong) instead.

Voice cast
 Jack Black as Po
 Dustin Hoffman as Shifu
 Angelina Jolie as Tigress
 Seth Rogen as Mantis
 Lucy Liu as Viper
 David Cross as Crane
 James Hong as Mr. Ping
 Jack McBrayer as Wo Hop
 Dan Fogler as Zeng
 Jackie Chan as Monkey
 Jonathan Groff as Master Rhino
 Conrad Vernon as Boar
References

Other websites
 

English-language movies
American animated movies
Christmas movies
2010 movies
2010 animated movies
Kung Fu Panda
Television movies
The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is a military transport aircraft. The aircraft was first introduced (made available) in 1957. It is still used today by over 60 countries worldwide in active service. There are over 40 models and types of the C-130.

C-130
United States military aircraft
Mazār-i-Sharīf or Mazār-e Sharīf (Persian/Pashto: مزارِ شریف, ) is the fourth-largest city of Afghanistan.  The population was about 375,000 as of 2006. It is the capital of Balkh province.  It is linked by roads to Kunduz in the east, Kabul in the south-east, Herat to the west and Uzbekistan to the north. The city is a major tourist attraction in Afghanistan because of its famous shrines as well as the Muslim and Hellenistic archeological sites. In 2006, the discovery of new Hellenistic remains was announced.

History
The region around Mazar-e-Sharif has been historically part of Greater Khorasan and was controlled by the Tahirids followed by the Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Ilkhanates, Timurids, and Khanate of Bukhara.

The name Mazar-e-Sharif means "Noble Shrine". This name represents the Blue Mosque which is widely known to be the grave of Hazrat Ali (prophet Mohammad's son-in-law).

The city and region became part of the Afghan Durrani Empire around 1750.
Mazar-e Sharif remained peaceful for the next one hundred years.  In 1979 then neighboring Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. During the 1980s Soviet war, Mazari Sharif was a strategic base for the Soviet Army.

Taliban conquest
Between May and July 1997, the Taliban unsuccessfully attempted to take Mazar. About 3,000 Taliban soldiers were killed by Abdul Malik and his Shia followers. The Taliban returned on August 8, 1998 and led a six-day killing frenzy of Hazaras. Soon after, the city was occupied and taken over by the Taliban.
United States military action
Following 9/11, Mazar Sharif was the first Afghan city to fall to the Northern Alliance (United Front). The Taliban's defeat in Mazar quickly turned into defeat from the rest of the north and west of Afghanistan. On November 9, 2001 the city was captured by the Afghan Northern Alliance forces after the Battle of Mazar e Sharif with help from the United States Special Operations Forces and bombing by U.S. Air Force aircraft. As many as 2,000 Taliban fighters who surrendered were reportedly massacred by the Northern Alliance after the battle.  Reports also place U.S. ground troops at the scene of the massacre.

NATO and United Nations presence

There are also NATO peacekeeping forces in and around the city providing assistance to the Afghan government.

April 2011 killings of UN workers and protesters
On April 1, 2011, as many as ten foreign employees working for United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) were killed by angry demonstrators in the city. The demonstration was organized in retaliation to the March 21 Qur'an-burning in Florida, United States.

Climate
The climate in Mazari Sharif is very hot during the summer.  Daily temperatures are over 40°C or 104 degree Fahrenheit in June and July. The winters are cold with temperatures falling below freezing.

Demography

The population of Mazari Sharif is around 375,000.  It is a multiethnic and multilingual society.

The main language in Mazari Sharif is Dari (Persian) followed by Pashto.  Both are the official languages of Afghanistan.

Local events
The city is a centre for the traditional buzkashi sport, and the Blue Mosque is the focus of Afghanistan's Nawroz celebration.
Economy and transport
Mazar-e Sharif serves as the major trading center in northern Afghanistan.  It was the first city to connect itself by rail with a neighboring country. The rail service from Mazar-e Sharif to Uzbekistan began in 2011 and is expected to rapidly boost the economy of the city. Cargo on freight trains arrives to the last station near Mazar-i-Sharif Airport, where the goods are reloaded onto trucks or airplanes and sent to their last destinations across Afghanistan.

The local economy is mainly trade, agriculture and karakul production.  Some oil and gas have also boosted the city's economy.

Notable buildings

The modern city of Mazar-i Sharif is centered around the Shrine of Hazrat Ali. Much restored, it is one of Afghanistan's most glorious monuments. Outside Mazar-i Sharif lies the ancient city of Balkh.
Airports
Mazari Sharif Airport
Nawshad Int. Airport
Metro and Underground Systems
Nawshad Metro
Shrines and Mosques
Shrine of Hazrat Ali
Universities
Balkh University
Aria University
Sadat University
Mawlana University
Taj University
Hotels
Serena Hotel Mazar-i-Sharif
Aros-e-Shahr
Mazar Hotel
Farhat Hotel
Kefayat hotel
Barat Hotel
Shinwari hotel
Marco Polo hotel
Banks
Da Afghanistan Bank
Afghanistan International Bank (AIB)
Ghazanfar Bank
Kabul Bank
Azizi Bank
Pashtany Bank

References

 Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977): An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. 1st Edition: 1970. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization.

Cities in Afghanistan
Balkh Province
Badakhshan (Persian: بدخشان - Badakhshān) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.  It has 28 Districts.  The capital is Feyzabad. It is located in the north-east of the country, between the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya.

Geography
Badakhshan is bordered by Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province and Khatlon Province in Tajikistan to the north and east. In the east is the Wakhan Corridor. The province has a total area of 44,059 km².  Much of the land is the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges.

Economy

Badakhshan is one of the poorest areas in the world. Opium poppy growing is the only real source of income in the province.

Lapis lazuli has been mined in the Sar-e-Sang mines for over 6,000 years.  The mines were the largest and most well-known source in ancient times.

Demographics
The population of the province is estimated at 889,700 people.  The majority of them are Persian-speaking Tajiks. 

The residents of the province are largely Sunni.

Districts of Badakhshan
Sport 
The province is represented in Afghan domestic cricket competitions by the Badakhshan Province cricket team.

Notable people from Badakhshan 
 Burhanuddin Rabbani - leader of the Jamiat-e Islami political party and former president of Afghanistan
 Tahir Badakhshi - political activist
 Latif Pedram - political activist and candidate for Afghanistan's presidency
 Mahboobullah Kushani - political activist and candidate for Afghanistan's presidency
 Mohammad Wali (Prime Minsiter) - Prime Minsiter (Amanullah Khan)
 Shah Wali Taranasaz - Musician
 Nasratullah Nasrat - Afghan cricketer

Related pages 
 Badakhshan

References
Fayzabad (also spelled Feyzabad, Fazelabad or Faizabad) () is the provincial capital and largest city in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan.  There are around 50,000 people. It is the main commercial and administrative center of the Pamir region.

Geography
Fayzabad is in northeast Afghanistan. The city is located on the right bank of the Kokcha River.

Economy
Fayzabad has been separate from other parts of the country because of the lack of paved roads. There are two active bazaars in the city where items as different as cotton, cotton cloth and goods, salt, sugar, tea, indigo, and cutlery are traded.

Demographics
The majority of the people are Tajiks.  There also are some Pashtun, Uzbek and Turkmen.

Culture
There are a number of mosques and shrines of historical importance in the city.
Public services
The city has several schools including an all-girls school. There is also a hospital which is considered the best in the province, and a police station. There is a guest house called Lapis Lazuli for expatriates.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Badakhshan Province
The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (or BMAC, also known as the Oxus civilization) is the modern archaeological name for a Bronze Age culture of Central Asia, dated to ca. 2300–1700 BCE.  It was in present-day  Turkmenistan, northern Afghanistan and northeastern Iran, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan. Its sites were discovered and named by the Soviet archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi (1976). Bactria was the Greek name for the area of Bactra (modern Balkh), in what is now northern Afghanistan.  Margiana was the Greek name for the Persian satrapy of Margu, in today's Turkmenistan.

Sarianidi's excavations from the late 1970s onward many buildings in many sites. Reports on the BMAC were mostly in Soviet journals, until the last years of the Soviet Union.  The findings were unknown to the West until Sarianidi's work was translated in the 1990s.

References 

Archaeological sites in Asia
Uzbek (O'zbek tili or O'zbekcha in Latin script, Ўзбек тили or Ўзбекча in Cyrillic script, أۇزبېك تیلی in Arabic script) is a Turkic language. It is the official language of Uzbekistan. It has about 40 million native speakers. It is spoken by the Uzbeks in Uzbekistan and elsewhere in Central Asia. Uzbek belongs to  the southeastern Turkic or Uyghur family of Turkic languages.

References

Languages of Russia
Languages of Tajikistan
Languages of Turkmenistan
Languages of Uzbekistan
Languages of China
Turkic languages
Turkmen (, Cyrillic: , Persian: ) is the national language of Turkmenistan. It is spoken by about 7,000,000 people in Turkmenistan and by an about 380,000 more people in Northwestern Afghanistan and 500,000 in Northeastern Iran.

Literature
The leading Turkmen poet is Magtymguly Pyragy, who wrote in the 1700's.

References

Languages of Iran
Languages of Turkmenistan
Turkic languages
Languages of Russia
The Nuristani (Nurestani) languages () are one of the three groups in the Indo-Iranian language family.  The other two languages are Indo-Aryan and Iranian. They are spoken primarily in eastern Afghanistan.

Languages
 Askunu (Ashkun) 2,000 speakers
 Kamkata-viri (Bashgali, includes the dialects Kata-vari, Shekhani, Kamviri & Mumviri) 24,200 speakers
 Vasi-vari (Prasuni) 2,000 speakers
 Tregami (Gambiri) 1,000 speakers
 Waigali (Kalasha-ala) 2,000 speakers
 Zemiaki 500 speakers (traditionally classified as a dialekt of Indo-Aryan Nangalami-Grangali, belongs here according to Grjunberg 1999)

References

Languages of Afghanistan
Languages of Pakistan
 
Nuristan Province
Area codes in Afghanistan are two digits long. It is common to write phone numbers as (0xx) yyy-yyyy, where xx is the area code. The 0 prefix is for long-distance dialing from within the country. International callers should dial +93 xx yyyyyyy.

Area codes for common cities are:

020 yyy yyyy: Kabul
030 yyy yyyy: Kandahar
040 yyy yyyy: Herat
050 yyy yyyy: Mazar-i-Sharif
060 yyy yyyy: Jalalabad

References 

Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Helmand (Pashto/Dari: هلمند) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the southwest of the country. Its capital is Lashkar Gah. The Helmand River flows through the mainly desert region, providing water for irrigation.

Helmand is the world's largest opium-producing region.  It makes 75% of the world's total production. This is more than all of Burma, which is the second largest producing nation after Afghanistan. Afghan opium accounts for more than 90% of the global supply.

The current governor is Mohammad Golab Mangal (since March 2008).

Much of the fighting between NATO and Taliban forces is taking place in this province. Helmand is said to be a Taliban stronghold.

Border with Pakistan
Helmand has a southern border with the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Many domestic and international observers have criticized Pakistan's efforts towards securing the border against Taliban insurgents.

Cities

Lashkar Gah
Sangin
Musa Qala
Demographics
The population is 1,441,769. The area is 58,584 square kilometres. Pashtuns are the majority estimated at 92% of the population. There are also Balochs who are in the south.  Also there are small numbers of Hazara, Brahui and Tajik.

Districts

References
Ghazni  () () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of the country. Its capital is Ghazni City.

Demographics and geography
The major ethnic groups in the province are Hazaras, Pashtuns and Tajiks. There are also some Burki, and Uzbeks. Ghazni is made up of 19 districts.

Some Sikhs and Hindus also live in Ghazni province. During the Taliban regime they fled the country. With the current administration they have returned to Ghazni city.

Infrastructure
Band E Sardeh Dam is located in Andar District near the border with Paktika Province.  It creates a large water reservoir that is important to the irrigation of the Kahnjoor farming zone.

Related pages 
 Ghazni

References
Ghazni (Persian/Pashto: غزنی - Ġaznī; historically known as غزنین / Ġaznīn and غزنه / Ġazna) is a city in central-east Afghanistan. It is the capital of Ghazni Province.

Just like other cities of Afghanistan, Ghazni is very old and has seen many military invasions.

Infrastructure

Education 
The city has a number of public schools.

Resources 
Ghazni City is located in an area of extreme drought. In 2007, one of the gates on a fifty-year-old dam on the Jikhai River broke.  This worried the people of Ghazni city about the water supply. The dam serves as a good source of irrigation water to Ghazni City and the surrounding agricultural areas. Nearby rivers have a history of flooding  and causing severe damage and death, though efforts have begun to fix this.
Notables from Ghazni 
 Sadiq Ali Khan Tanoli (sons named Feroz Khan, Sanjay Khan, Akbar Khan (director), Indian film actors,
 Hajweri Ghaznawi
 Mahmud of Ghazni
 Sanai
 Hassan Ghaznavi
 Faiz Muhammad Katib Hazara
 Farrukhi Sistani, Manuchehri Damaghani, Abul-fazl Bayhaqi (royal poets and writers who lived during the Ghaznavids period)

Points of interest 
 Citadel
 Minarets of Ghazni
 Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III
 Tomb of Sebuktigin
 Mausoleum of Sultan Mahmud
 Mausoleum of Sanai
 Museum of Islamic Art
 Tapa Sardar Excavations

Related pages 
 Ghazni Province

References and footnotes 

 

Cities in Afghanistan
Ghazni Province
Pashayi - also known as Pashai - are a group of Dardic languages spoken by the Pashai people in parts of Kapisa, Laghman, Nuristan, Kunar, and Nangarhar Provinces in northeastern Afghanistan.

It is spoken by over 216,842 people who are mostly Muslim. Most of them are bilingual in Pashto.  Only 25% are able to read.  The Pashai language was not written prior to 2003.

References 

Languages of Afghanistan
Dardic languages
The Kushan Empire ( (Kuṣāṇ Rājavaṃśa), BHS: , Parthian: Kušanxšaθr) was first formed in the early 1st century AD.  It was in eastern and northern Afghanistan and the north-west of India established by people of Turkic origin who had earlier migrated from Central Asia.

The Kushan were a branch of the Yuezhi confederation. Previously a nomadic people living in eastern Central Asia, the Yuezhi moved southwest and settled in ancient Bactria.

Notes

History of Iran
Former empires
1st-century establishments
Ancient India
Disestablishments in Asia
Former countries in Central Asia
Former countries in South Asia
Jennifer Shrader Lawrence (born August 15, 1990) is an American actress. She appeared in Time's list of most influential people in the world in 2013, and has won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, three Golden Globe Awards and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, among other accolades.

Lawrence first became known for appearing on The Bill Engvall Show (2007–2009), and had her breakthrough with Winter's Bone (2010). She went on to starring roles in the X-Men film series (2011–2019) and The Hunger Games film series (2012–2015), and is the highest-grossing action heroine. She won the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work in Silver Linings Playbook (2012), and earned an additional two Golden Globe Awards for starring in American Hustle (2013) and Joy (2015). She subsequently played roles in Passengers (2016), mother! (2017) and Red Sparrow (2018).
Career
In 2010, Lawrence played Ree Dolly in Winter's Bone. In 2012, she played Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games franchise. In 2013, she won an Oscar for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role. That year, she also won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy.

Personal life
Lawrence is of English, Scottish, Irish and German descent. As of August 2013, Lawrence is dating X-Men: First Class and X-Men: Days of Future Past co-star Nicholas Hoult. The couple started dating in 2011 after filming X-Men: First Class, but ended their relationship in January 2013, after 2 years of dating. They reconnected 6 months later in July 2013, after filming X-Men: Days of Future Past together.

Filmography

Film

Television
Film

Television

Awards and nominations
Lawrence has been the recipient of an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Award, four Critic's Choice Movie Awards, a Independent Spirit Award, a Venice Film Festival Award, a Palm Springs International Film Festival Award, a Saturn Award, a Satellite Award and several other awards. She was named the Associated Press' Entertainer of the Year for 2013.

References

Other websites

 
 Jennifer Lawrence Foundation 
 
 Jennifer Lawrence at Biography.com
 Jennifer Lawrence at The New York Times
 Jennifer Lawrence at Rotten Tomatoes
   https://bollywoodlifee.com/jennifer-lawrence-biography/ 

1990 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
The Buddhas of Bamiyan ( – but hay-e bamiyan) were two 6th century monumental statues of standing Buddhas carved into the side of a cliff. They are in the Bamyan valley in the Hazarajat region of central Afghanistan.

They were dynamited and destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban.  Japan and Switzerland, among others, have said they would help rebuild the statues.

References

Statues
Buddhism
Bamyan Province
World Heritage Sites in Asia
6th-century works
The Tahirid dynasty () was a Arabian Sunni Islamic dynasty that ruled the Abbasid province of Khorasan from 821 to 873.  It also ruled the city of Baghdad from 820 until 891. The capital in Khorasan was first located at Merv. Later it moved to Nishapur.

References

Former monarchies of Asia
873 disestablishments
821 establishments
History of Islam
Royal dynasties
The history of Azerbaijan goes back centuries before the USSR was formed. The population of Azerbaijan is a native to the Caucasus  area, which are of turk descent.

Middle Ages and the coming of Islam 

In the 7th century, Islam was introduced with the Arab conquest, which was important in the formation of a single nation and language in Azerbaijan, when the population became Muslim. A common religion for both Turkic and non-Turkic ethnic groups brought about the formation of common traditions, and the integration between the different ethnic groups living on the territory of Azerbaijan. By the middle of the 9th century, the Turkic ethnic group, the Azerbaijani people became the major ethnic group.
The establishment of a single state in Azerbaijan happened between the 15th century and the 18th century. This period is very important in the history of Azerbaijan. The ruler Shah Ismail Khatai (1501-1524) who was of Azerbaijani origin, united all the territories of Azerbaijan under his control. He founded the Safavid dynasty with Tabriz as its capital. During the rule of the Safavis, the Azerbaijani language also became the only official language. After the Safavid dynasty ended, Nadir Shah Afshar (1736-1747), an Azerbaijani commander founded the Afsharid dynasty (1736-1796) named after himself,  and continued to rule over Azerbaijan's territories. He strengthened the borders and in 1739 invaded North India including Delhi. After Nadir Shah's death, his dynasty weakened and in the second part of the 18th century resulted in the formations of new smaller states.
In the late 18th century, then, the government of Iran passed to the Qajar dynasty (1796-1925), who were also of Azerbaijani origin. Their main policy was to unite all the territories once ruled by their ancestors. This gave the start to several long wars between the Qajars and Russia, with both parties aiming to occupy the South Caucasus which Azerbaijan is a part of. Azerbaijan was divided between the two empires. The northern part of Azerbaijan was annexed to Russia, while the south went to Iran. This is the origin of today's political division between "North Azerbaijan" which today has become the Republic of Azerbaijan, and "South Azerbaijan", which today is a part of Iran.

Russian and Soviet rule
Azerbaijan came under Russian rule after the Persian-Russian wars of 1804-1813.  The country gained independence for a short period, however, towards the end of the First World War.  After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, Azerbaijan, together with Armenia and Georgia formed the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.  When this republic ended in May 1918, Azerbaijan declared independence as the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan on May 28, 1918, as the first modern and secular parliamentary republic in the Muslim World.  However, the Red Army occupied the territory and annexed it to the newly formed Soviet Union and the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was founded on April 28, 1920.
During the Second World War and after, the Azerbaijan SSR, as a petroleum producer, was important in the energy policy of the Soviet Union.  Following the politics of reforms called "glasnost", started by the leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev, riots and ethnic fighting grew in various regions of the Soviet Union, including Nagorno-Karabakh, a region of the Azerbaijan SSR.  The disturbances in Azerbaijan, in response to the Soviet government's lack of response to the already tense conflict between the Azerbaijanis and Armenians, resulted in calls for independence and secession, which resulted in the massacre known as "Black January" in the capital Baku in January 1990.  Azerbaijan eventually declared independence on October 18, 1991. The Soviet Union was ended on December 25, 1991.

Independence 

When Azerbaijan became independent, the conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh turned into the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1991-1994.
The politician Heydar Aliyev became the President of Azerbaijan in 1993 and successfully stabilized the country and a ceasefire between Azerbaijan and Armenia was signed in 1994, which paused the war. However, 20 % of Azerbaijan remained occupied by the Armenian military and the two countries were in a state of war, until November, 2020. Nevertheless, representatives of the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan have since been holding peace talks organized by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) "Minsk Group" to solve the conflict and restore the territory to Azerbaijan. When Heydar Aliyev died in 2003, his son Ilham Aliyev became the President of Azerbaijan and is continuing his father's policies today. As an important producer of petroleum and natural gas, Azerbaijan's economy is increasing very rapidly every year, and has become rich as a result.

References

Further reading
Altstadt, Audrey. The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity Under Russian Rule (Azerbaijan: Hoover Institution Press, 1992).
 Ashurbeyli, S. "History of Shirvanshahs" Elm 1983, 408 (in Azeri)
Goltz, Thomas. "Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter`s Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic".M.E. Sharpe (1998). 
 Gasimov, Zaur: The Caucasus, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: November 18, 2011.
 Kalankatu, Moisey (Movses). The History of Caucasian Albanians. transl by C. Dowsett. London oriental series, vol 8, 1961 (School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London)
 At Tabari, Ibn al-Asir (trans by Z. Bunyadov), Baku, Elm, 1983?
Jamil Hasanli. At the Dawn of the Cold War: The Soviet-American Crisis Over Iranian Azerbaijan, 1941–1946, (Rowman & Littlefield; 409 pages; $75). Discusses the Soviet-backed independence movement in the region and argues that the crisis in 1945–46 was the first event to bring the Soviet Union in conflict with the United States and Britain after the alliance of World War II
 Momen, M. An Introduction to Shii Islam, 1985, Yale University Press 400 p
 Shaffer, B. Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002).
 Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
 Van der Leew, Ch. Azerbaijan: A Quest for Identity: A Short History (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000).
Other websites 

 Timeline starting in 1828 from BBC News
 A Country Study: Azerbaijan  March 1994 report from the U.S. Library of Congress
 List of rulers   from Rulers.org
 A Short Sketch of One Century of Azerbaijani Historical Writing by Zaur Gasimov from Caucasus Analytical Digest 
 Afsharids from Iranica Encyclopedia
Marilyn Ann Chambers (April 22, 1952 – April 12, 2009) was an American pornographic actress, exotic dancer and fashion model. She was born Marilyn Ann Briggs in Providence, Rhode Island. She was raised in Westport, Connecticut. She was notable for performing in many pornographic movies, including Behind the Green Door and mainstream movies, including Rabid. Chambers died in Santa Clarita, California due to cerebral hemorrhage and aneurysm cause by heart disease.

Other websites

1952 births
2009 deaths
Actors from Rhode Island
American erotic dancers
American models
American movie actors
American pornographic actors
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Sīstān () is a border region in eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and southern Afghanistan (Nimroz, Kandahar and Zabul provinces).

Sistan was once the homeland of Sakas, a Scythian tribe of Iranic origin. The Saffarids, one of the early Iranian dynasties of the Islamic era, were first from Sistan.

References

 Britannica

Sistan and Baluchestan Province
History of Iran
History of Persia
The Saffarids or the Saffarid dynasty () was a Persian Sunni Islamic empire. They ruled in Sistan from 861–1002.  Sistan was a historical region in southeastern Iran, southwestern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Their capital was Zaranj, located in present-day Afghanistan.

References 

History of Iran
History of Afghanistan
History of Tajikistan
History of Islam
Royal dynasties
9th-century establishments in Asia
867 establishments
1002 disestablishments
Bukhara (;  ; ) is the capital of the Bukhara Province of Uzbekistan. It is the nation's fifth-largest city. It had about 263,400 people at the 2009 census. People have lived in the area for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time.  The city is on the Silk Road. That made it a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The historic center of Bukhara, which has many mosques and madrassas, is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. There are many Uzbeks and Tajiks. The city has Jews and other ethnic minorities.

Names
Bukhara was called Bokhara in 19th and early 20th century English publications and as Buhe/Puhe () in Tang Chinese.

Transportation
Bukhara Airport
The M37 highway connects the city to most of the major cities in Turkmenistan including Ashgabat.

Notable people

Many important people lived in Bukhara in the past. Most famous of them are:
Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Bardizbah al-Bukhari (810-870) - Islamic scholar and compiler of hadiths
 Avicenna (Abu Ali ibn Sina) (980-1037) - physician and person of encyclopedic knowledge
 Bal'ami: Abolfazl Muhammad and his son Abu-Ali Mohammad, two famous viziers of Samanid kings, historians and patrons of art and literature
 Abubakr Narshakhi (10th century) - historian who wrote History of Bukhara
 Hazrat Syed Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari(c. 595-690 AH, 1199-1291 CE)
 Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (1318–1389)
 Amir Kulal (died in 1370)
 Kiromi Bukhoroi
 An Lushan
 Sadriddin Ayni (1878–1954)
 Abdurauf Fitrat
 Oksana Chusovitina

References

World Heritage Sites in Asia
Cities in Uzbekistan
History of Persia
Lashkar Gah () (), also called Bost, is a city in southern Afghanistan and the capital of Helmand Province. It is located in Lashkar Gah district, and is between the Helmand and Arghandab rivers. The city has a population of 201,546 as of 2006.

Lashkar Gah is linked by major roads with Kandahar to the east, Zaranj to the west, and Herat to the north-west.

Sports
Football is the popular sport in Lashkar Gah. The Lashkar Gah Football Stadium was rebuilt in 2006.  It can hold around 10,000 spectators. Currently, 13 registered cricket teams play at the new Karzai Stadium in Lashkar Gah.

References

Cities in Afghanistan
Helmand Province
Greater Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan () (also written Khurasan) is a historical region of Greater Iran.  It also included parts of Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikstan

References

Regions of Asia
Central Asia
South-central Asia
History of Persia
Al-Farabi (persian: ابو نصر محمد بن محمد فارابي,  / ;)  known in the West as Alpharabius (c. 872 in Fārāb – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951 in Damascus), was a Persian scientist and philosopher of the Islamic world. He was also a cosmologist, logician, and musician.

References

Iranian philosophers
950s deaths
Turkish scientists
Iranian musicians
Cosmology
870s births
Abū al-Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died in the year 13 December 1048 in Ghazni), known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni' in English, was a Persian-Chorasmian Muslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century.

Al-Biruni was one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences.  He did a lot of work as a historian, chronologist and linguist.

Notes

References

973 births
1048 deaths
11th-century philosophers
Persian mathematicians
Asian anthropologists
Ghazni Province
The Timurid dynasty () or the Timurids, who called themselves Gurkānī Note: Gurgān, Gurkhān, or Kurkhān; The meaning of Kurkhan is given in Clements Markham's publication of the reports of the contemporary witness Ruy González de Clavijo  as "of the lineage of sovereign princes". (), were a Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turco-Mongol lineage. The dynasty was heavily Persianized and the Persian language was used as the main and official language because members of the dynasty were strongly influenced by the culture of Iran.  The Timurids established two well-known empires, the Timurid Empire in Iran and Central Asia and the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. The Mughal dynasty was a branch of the Timurid dynasty.

Y-DNA
Test of living male descendant show's Y-DNA R-M198 (R1A1).

References

History of Islam
Mongol Empire
History of Iran
History of Uzbekistan
Royal dynasties
Satrap was the name given to the governors of the provinces of the ancient Median and Achaemenid (Persian) Empires.

History of Persia
The Hotaki dynasty was a dynasty founded by Pashtun Ghiji tribe. In 1709 by Mirwais Hotak at Kandahar, Afghanistan. They revolted and made their land independent from foreign ruler, but later they invaded Persia and defeated the great Iranian Empire of the Shi'a Safavids.

Mahmud Hotaki, son of Mirwais, ruled Persia until he died in 1725 and then his cousin Ashraf ruled until 1729 when Nader Shah Afshar defeated him.

The last king was Hussain Hotaki in Kandahar until he was defeated by Nader Shah in 1738.

References

Notes

History of Iran
History of Afghanistan
Former countries in Asia
Former monarchies of Asia
Royal dynasties
1709 establishments
1738 disestablishments
1700s establishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Asia