Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Self-harm may get worse the longer a person has been doing it. This is because a person's body builds up tolerance to (gets used to) the pain from their injuries. Because of this, they have to hurt themselves more to get the same effect. In some cases, this can lead to fatal or near-fatal injuries.

A person may go through voluntary pain for other reasons that are usually not considered self-injury. A self-inflicted wound is when someone injures themselves to avoid something, not because of psychological problems. Some people give themselves a self-inflicted wound during wartime so that they do not have to serve in the military.

Some people go through pain to change the way they look, such as in ear piercing. This is called body modification. Body modification is not a form of self-injury.
Scarification is a type of body modification where someone cuts or burns their skin for decoration. This can include branding, which is common in some fraternities. It can also include cutting the skin repeatedly in a pattern or design. This will create very large scars. Some African tribes use scarification as a symbol of beauty and strength.

Self-injury in the population

Experts estimate that about 1% of the population has self-harmed. While people of all ages and ethnic groups have self-harmed, some groups are more likely to self-harm than others. Age, gender, and race can be factors in the risk of self-injury. Some evidence suggests that self-injury is also more common in people who have a family history of suicide or self-injury.

Age
Age

In general, more young people are treated for self-injury than any other age group. According to one Australian study 30% of teenagers say they have self-injured. It is more widespread among those with mental illness. One in four (25%) of teenagers with mental illnesses have self-harmed. Self-harm in females is most common between the ages of 15-24. Males are most likely to self-harm through the ages 25-34.

Recent research focusing on young people suggests that 10 percent of 15 to 16 year olds have self-harmed. In this case, the self-harm was usually done by cutting.

Gender
Gender

A study in Oxford in the year 2000 found that approximately 300 per 100,000 (0.3%) of males aged between 15 and 24 years, and 700 per 100,000 (0.7%) of females of the same age, were admitted into a hospital after self-harming. Based on statistics like these, most agree that young white females are most likely to self-injure. Possibly because of this, it is usually believed that women have higher rates of self-harm than men. However, this may not be true because women are more likely to get help for their self-injury. Males may have the same or similar rates of self-injury as women. Some findings have even suggested that in the mid-30s age range, more men are treated for self-harm than women.

Discrimination
Discrimination

Minority groups who face discrimination are also more likely to self-injure. If someone is bullied because they are different (for example, because of their race, ethnicity or sexual orientation), this can lead to low self-esteem and a feeling of helplessness over emotions. This can lead some people to self-harm.

Personal history

Studies have show that those who have been abused are more likely to self-injure. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse can cause low self-esteem, especially in children. It can also cause other emotional problems. Some people may turn to self-harm to relieve these emotions. Low self-esteem in victims of abuse may lead them to believe that the abuse was their fault. They may turn to self-injury because of this.

Unstable living conditions such as unemployment or divorce may also make a person more likely to self-harm.
Prisoners are also more likely to self-harm. This may be because of the ongoing trauma that happens in prisons, including sexual and physical violence and intimidation. In an environment such as prison, where options for inmates are limited, prisoners may turn to self-injury. In England and Wales, a report from The Howard League says that over 22,000 prisoners harmed themselves in 2007.

Those with learning and developmental disabilities such as autism are more likely to self-harm. The cause of this is unclear. Some case studies have shown that it may be a form of self-stimulation. It may be that autistic children who self-harm are trying to express frustration that they cannot explain with words. Autistic children who self-harm may do so by head-banging or biting.

Treatment

Self-harm is an addictive behaviour. Once someone starts self-injury, it is difficult for them to stop, even if they want to. This makes professional help and treatment an important part of recovery from self-injury.
The type of treatment that is most effective is different from person to person. There are many different types of therapy that have been used to help people that self-harm.

Cognitive-behavioural therapy may help a person understand why they self-harm. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is used to help patients understand the reasons for their problem. This is so that the patient may learn what is causing their self-harm, and learn how to deal with these problems in a way other than self-harm.

Therapies used for post-traumatic stress disorder may also help. This is because many people who self-harm have been victims of abuse. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) is an example of this.
Drugs may also be used to help treat self-injury. It is thought that self-injury can release chemical endorphins into the brain. Over time, these chemicals can become addictive. There are some drugs that can help with this addiction, but they have not been proven to help people who self-injure. Naltrexone and naloxone are two drugs being researched for this kind of treatment. Research involving endorphins has been mostly done with animals. It is unclear if their brain chemistry changes the outcome of the research.

References

Further reading
Borderline Personality Disorder and Childhood Abuse: Revisions in Clinical Thinking and Treatment Approach.  Eleanor A. Saunders, Ph.D. and Frances Arnold, Ph.D. Stone Center, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02181.  No. 51, 1991. 16 pages.

Beyond Bedlam: Contemporary Women Psychiatric Survivors Speak Out. Edited by Jeanine Grobe. Copyright 1995 by Third Side Press, Inc. 252 pages. Published by Third Side Press, Inc., Chicago, IL.

Psychology
Guildford is the county town of Surrey, in England.  It is also the seat for the borough of Guildford.

References

Other websites 

 Guildford Borough Council

Towns in Surrey
County towns in England
The Socratic Method (or Method of Elenchus or Socratic Debate), is named after the Greek philosopher Socrates. It is a form of philosophical questioning.

The central technique of the Socratic method is called an elenchus. It means argument to disprove or refute (prove wrong).

Socrates in Plato's dialogues 
Our knowledge of Socrates comes mainly from Plato, who was one of his pupils. No writing by Socrates survives. 

Socrates was famous for not answering questions in a direct manner. "I know that I know nothing", he said. Socrates's stated position (as presented in Plato's dialogues) was that other person already knew the answer to a question. He (S.) only drew out what was already in the other's mind. 

In Plato's early dialogues, the elenchus is the technique Socrates uses to investigate ethical concepts, such as justice or virtue. According to one scholar, it has the following steps:
Socrates' student or partner asserts a thesis, for example "Courage is endurance of the soul". 
Socrates secures his agreement to further premises, for example "Courage is a fine thing" and "Ignorant endurance is not a fine thing".
Socrates then argues, and the partner agrees, that these further premises imply the opposite of the original thesis, in this case it leads to: "courage is not endurance of the soul".
Socrates then claims that he has shown that his partner's thesis is false and that its opposite is true.

The exact nature of the elenchus is subject to a great deal of debate. In particular, whether it is a positive method leading to knowledge, or a negative method used solely to refute false claims to knowledge.
According to W.K.C. Guthrie, the Socratic method was intended to demonstrate one's ignorance. Socrates, unlike the Sophists, did believe that knowledge was possible, but believed that the first step to knowledge was recognition of one's ignorance. Guthrie writes, "[Socrates] was accustomed to say that he did not himself know anything, and that the only way in which he was wiser than other men was that he was conscious of his own ignorance, while they were not. The essence of the Socratic method is to convince the interlocutor that whereas he thought he knew something, in fact he does not".

References 

Human communication
Philosophy
William "Bill" Maher, Jr., (; born January 20 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, television host, political commentator, actor,  and author. He hosted the late-night television talk show Politically Incorrect on Comedy Central and ABC, and is currently the host of Real Time with Bill Maher on HBO. The show has been nominated for more than ten Emmy Awards. On June 1, 2006, he also began hosting an Internet-exclusive talk show on Amazon.com entitled Amazon Fishbowl.

In 2013 Maher became the producer of a HBO TV series called Vice.

Views of Bill Maher
Mahrer is a supporter of the pro-animal welfare group, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.  He has said that marijuana should be legal. He feels that more problems are caused by it being illegal than would be caused if it were legal.
Maher has disagreed with many religious beliefs. He says that they can create problems for society. He was the host of the documentary, Religulous that dealt with religion and how it affects society in the United States. Maher is also the creator of the website Disbeliefnet. He has said that morality and religion are not the same thing and that religion is used as a reason to oppose gay rights.

References

Other websites
Official Bill Mahrer website
Real Time with Bill Maher website 

Real Time with Bill Maher website 
Disbeliefnet 

1956 births
Living people
American stand-up comedians
American political commentators
American television talk show hosts
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Comedians from New York City
Friedrich Hund (4 February 1896  31 March 1997) was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules. He worked at the Universities of  Rostock, Leipzig, Jena, Frankfurt am Main, Göttingen and was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

He had published more than 250 papers and essays and made contributions to quantum theory about the structure of the atom and the structure of molecular spectra. The Hund's rule was named after him and in 1926 he discovered the later so-called tunneling effect.

His life

Hund worked with well known physicists as Schrödinger, Dirac, Heisenberg,  Max Born, and Walter Bothe. At that time, he was Born's assistant, working with quantum mechanics.
After his studies of mathematics, physics, and geography in Marburg and Göttingen, he worked as a private lecturer in theoretical physics at Göttingen  in 1925, professor at Rostock in 1927, Leipzig in 1929, Jena in 1946, Frankfurt/Main in 1951 and from 1957 again in Göttingen. Additionally he stayed in Copenhagen (1926) with Niels Bohr and lectured on the atom at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1928.

On the occasion of his 100th birthday, the book: Friedrich Hund: Geschichte der physikalischen Begriffe [history of physics terms] (Heidelberg, Berlin, Oxford), Spektrum, Akademie Verlag 1996,  was published. A review was also written by Werner Kutzelnigg.

Friedrich Hund became an honorary citizen of Jena, and a street in Jena was named after him. Since June 2004, a part of the new building of the Physics Department was given the Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 address. The same name was chosen for the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Göttingen.
Hunds cases
The Hund's cases, which are particular regimes in molecular angular momentum coupling, and the Hund's rules, which govern electron configurations, are important in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. In chemistry, the first of Hund's rules is especially important and is often referred to as simply Hund's rule.

References

Other websites 

 curriculum vitae of Friedrich Hund, papers by Friedrich Hund, diploma, honours, medals and decorations, photography, films and cassettes

1896 births
1997 deaths
German academics
German physicists
People from Karlsruhe
Ubuntu Live USB Creator is an official tool to create Live USBs of Ubuntu from an iso image. The tool is already included in the repositories of Ubuntu 8.10.

Features
Optional persistence (all changes made to the system are saved, unlike a Live CD)
Progress indicator
Does not format the device

Related pages
List of tools to create Live USB systems

Other websites 
Project page at Launchpad
cd2usb - Similar tool (for Microsoft Windows) 

Linux software
Shigella is a genus of bacterium. It belongs to a small group of pathogens (including E. coli and Salmonella) that can infect the gut after the ingestion of relatively few organisms. The bacteria can cause sudden and severe diarrhea in humans.

Gram-negative bacteria
Puppets are objects used in theatrical performances. They are similar to dolls. They often use strings or other means to make the puppet move and look alive. Some puppets are very simple, but others are more complicated and need skill to use. The person who works the puppet and makes it move is called a puppeteer. The audience cannot usually see this person but some, like a ventriloquist and dummy, are in full view of the audience. There are many different types of puppets to be found around the world. Puppetry is a special art form that is very important in some cultures.

Types of puppets 

Finger Puppet: A very simple type of puppet where the puppet is placed on a finger and worked by moving the finger.  

Sock puppet: A sock or similar garment worn as a glove, with the thumb acting as a jaw.  

Hand Puppet: Similar to a finger puppet, but  larger. The puppeteer uses his or her fingers and hand to work the puppet. Punch and Judy are famous glove puppets.
Pop-up puppets: A cone with a rod through and a puppet inside. When the rod is pushed up, the puppet appears.

Paddle Puppet: The puppet is on the end of a paddle. When the puppeteer steps on the paddles back end the other end lifts up, making it seem that the puppet moves by itself.

Jumping Jack: A puppet where the arms and legs of the puppet are joined to a string. When the string is pulled down, the arms and legs go up.

Rod Puppet and Bunraku: The puppet is worked with rods joined to the puppets arms and legs, while another puppeteer moves the head and sometimes the mouth. Bunraku is a special type of Japanese rod puppetry.

Shadow Puppet: Another very simple puppet. A cut out figure on a rod is held in front of a light. Its shadow is projected onto a screen. The puppeteer moves the puppet around, giving it some life. Sometimes coloured paper is used to give a certain amount of colour to the puppet.
Marionette or String Puppet: This puppet is moved around with strings that hang from above the theatre. This is one of the more complex types of puppetry and is hard to master as some marionettes can have up to thirty strings.

Ventriloquist Figure or Dummy: This puppet is one of the few where the audience sees the puppeteer. The puppeteer moves the puppets head arms and mouth with his hands as well as with levers. The performance usually takes the shape of a conversation between the dummy and the puppeteer. The puppeteer speaks normally, then puts on a different voice when the puppet is supposed to be talking. His voice seems to be coming from his stomach (Latin: "venter").  His lips are not moving, but the puppet's lips may move, so it seems as if the puppet is talking.
Paranthropus is an extinct genus of robust australopithecines. They probably descended from the genus Australopithecus.

Description 
All species of Paranthropus were bipedal, and many lived during a time when species of the genus Homo, such as Homo ergaster and Homo erectus, were living.

Paranthropus first appeared roughly 2.7 million years ago. Most species of Paranthropus had a brain about 40 percent of the size of modern man. There was some size variation between the different species of Paranthropus, but most stood roughly 1.3-1.4 m (4.26 to 4.59 feet) tall and were quite well muscled. Paranthropus is thought to have lived in wooded areas rather than the grasslands of the Australopithecus.
Australopithecus and Paranthropus also looked very different from each other. These differences were only found in remains of the skull. The other parts of the skeleton were still very similar, so it is reasonable to think the difference was an adaptation to different food. Paranthropus was more massively built as to skull and teeth. It often had gorilla-like sagittal crests on the cranium which anchored massive temporalis muscles for chewing.

Behaviour 
Paranthropus did not behave in the same way as Homo. They lived on a diet of heavy-duty plant material: leaves, slim branches, grass, roots. The diet might be supplemented with insect grubs. Lacking our flexible behaviour, Paranthropus relied on the steady environmental conditions of the tropical forest. Members of the genus Homo, such as Homo habilis, had proportionately larger brains and more flexible behaviour. They were able to eat a much wider variety of foods.
Disputed taxonomy 
Opinions differ whether the species P. aethiopicus, P. boisei and P. robustus should be included within the genus Australopithecus. On Wikipedia, the genus Paranthropus is used for all articles which mention the species P. aethiopicus, P. boisei and P. robustus.

Occurrence 
For the most part the Australopithecus species A. afarensis, A. africanus, and A. anamensis either disappeared from the fossil record before the appearance of early humans or seem to have been the ancestors of Homo habilis. P. boisei and P. aethiopicus, on the other hand, continued to evolve along a separate path distinct and unrelated to early humans. Paranthropus shared the earth with some early examples of the Homo genus, such as H. habilis, H. ergaster, and possibly even H. erectus.
Intelligence 
Species of Paranthropus had smaller braincases than Homo, yet they had significantly larger braincases than Australopithecus. Paranthropus is associated with stone tools both in southern and eastern Africa, although there is considerable debate whether they were made and utilized by these robust australopithecines. Most believe that early Homo was the tool maker. Most Paranthropus species almost certainly did not have language or to have controlled fire, although they are directly associated with the latter at Swartkrans, South Africa.

Discovery 

A partial cranium and mandible of Paranthropus robustus was discovered in 1938 by a schoolboy, 70 km south west of Pretoria in South Africa. It was described as a new genus and species by Robert Broom of the Transvaal Museum. A date of at least 1.95 million years has been obtained for the site.
Paranthropus boisei was discovered by Mary Leakey in July 1959 at the site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. Mary was working alone, as Louis was ill in camp. She rushed back to camp and at the news Louis made a remarkable recovery.

In his notes Louis recorded a first name, Titanohomo mirabilis, reflecting an initial impression of close human affinity. Louis and Mary began to call it "Dear Boy". Recovery was halted on August 7. Dear Boy was in context with Oldowan tools and animal bones.

The fossil was published in Nature on 15 August 1959, but due to a strike of the printers the issue was not released until September. In it Louis placed the fossil in Broom's Australopithecinae family, creating a new genus for it, Zinjanthropus, species boisei. "Zinj" is an ancient Arabic word for the coast of East Africa and "boisei" referred to Charles Boise, an anthropological benefactor of the Leakeys. Louis based his classification on twenty differences from Australopithecus.
Broom had died in 1951 but Dart was still living. He is said to have wept for joy on Louis' behalf on being personally shown Zinj, which Louis and Mary carried around in a tin (later a box). Louis had considered Broom's Paranthropus genus, but rejected it because he believed Zinj was in the Homo ancestral stock but Paranthropus was not. He relied heavily on the larger size of Zinj's canines.

The battle of the name raged on for many years and drove a wedge between Louis and LeGros Clark, who took the Paranthropus view. On the other hand it brought the Leakeys and Dr. Melville Bell Grosvenor of the National Geographic Society together. The Leakeys became international figures and had no trouble finding funds from then on. The Zinj question ultimately became part of the Australopithecus/Paranthropus question (which only applied to the robust Australopithecines).

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 

Australopithecines
Lake Toba is a lake in the caldera of a supervolcano. The lake is  long and  wide, and  at its deepest point.

It is in the middle of the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra with an elevation of about . The lake stretches from  to . It is the largest lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world.

Related pages 
Toba catastrophe

References 

Geography of Indonesia
VEI-8 volcanoes
Fatima Jinnah Park, sometimes known as F-9 park (pointing out the fact that the covered area is spread out through the entire sector), is a public recreational park in sector F-9 of Islamabad, Pakistan. The park is one of the largest in area in South-central Asia. It was named after the revered "Madre Millat" (Mother of the Nation) Miss Fatima Jinnah- younger sister of the founder of Pakistan.

Islamabad
Parks in Pakistan
The Hazratbal Shrine (Kashmiri: حضرت بل, literally: Majestic Place), is a Muslim shrine in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir.The name of the shrine comes from the Arabic word Hazrat, meaning holy or majestic, and the Kashmiri word bal, meaning place.

The shrine is on the left bank of the Dal Lake, Srinagar and is considered to be Kashmir's holiest Muslim shrine. The Moi-e-Muqqadas (the sacred hair) of Mohammed is believed to be preserved here. The shrine is known by many names including Hazratbal, Assar-e-Sharief, Madinat-us-Sani, or simply Dargah Sharif.

Mosques in India
Srinagar
17th-century buildings and structures
The Jamia Masjid is a mosque in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir. The Jamia Masjid of Srinagar is at Nowhatta, in the middle of the old city. It was built by Sultan Sikander Shah in 1394 AD. Later, the son of Sultan Sikandar, Zain-ul-Abedin had the mosque extended. The measurement of the mosque is 381 feet by 384 feet. It has unique architecture, a courtyard, and 378 wooden Deodar pillars supporting a wooden ceiling with 346 pillars of 21 feet in height and 5 feet in girth, and 32 pillars 48 feet in height and 6 feet in girth. The masjid has a fountain also measurement of 33 feet by 34 feet which is also used for wuzu (ablution). Thousands of Muslims assemble at the mosque every Friday to offer their prayers. This Jamia Masjid of Kashmir, has seen a number of destructions till date. It got ruined three times in a fire and was reconstructed every time
. During the region of Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh, the Jamia Masjid of Srinagar was shut down and the namaz (Islamic prayers) and azan (Islamic call to prayer) were banned.
Mosques in India
Srinagar
1394 establishments
14th-century establishments in India
14th-century buildings and structures
Dachigam National Park is a national park in India. It is  from Srinagar, the capital city of Jammu and Kashmir. The park covers an area of . The name of the park means "ten villages".

History
The park has been a protected area since 1910. It was first created to ensure a supply of clean drinking water for the city of Srinagar. It was declared a National Park in 1981.

National parks in India
Hemis National Park (or Hemis High Altitude National Park) is a high altitude National Park in the Eastern Ladakh area of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India.  It is the only national park in India north of the Himalayas.

The park is home to about 200 snow leopards. Hemis is the only refuge in India with the Shapu. The Tibetan Wolf,the Eurasian Brown Bear, and the Red Fox are also in Hemis.

References

National parks in India
Kishtwar National Park is a national park in the Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir, Northern Pakistan.

National parks in Pakistan
Salim Ali National Park (formerly the City Forest National Park) is a national park in Jammu and Kashmir in Asia. It covers 9.07 km² and is located in the proximity of the capital city of Srinagar. The Srinagar airport is 12 km from the park.

National parks in Pakistan
Ulysses was a spacecraft (or space probe). It was a joint mission by NASA and ESA. The spacecraft was launched on October 6, 1990. Its main aims were to study the Sun and the planet Jupiter.

References

NASA spacecraft
European Space Agency spacecraft
Spacecraft launched in the 1990s
Dual-tone multi-frequency or DTMF is the group of special sounds a telephone makes when you push the buttons.  Each number button makes a different sound.  Telephone company equipment hears each sound and turns it back into a number.  When all the numbers in a phone number are pushed the telephone company equipment will make the other person's telephone play a loud sound so they can answer their telephone and talk to you. 

Telephones also have a star (*) button and a pound (#) button. These buttons also make different DTMF sounds.  These buttons can be used for other things like 'go' or 'do over'.  But they are not part of the phone number.

A few telephones have the letter buttons A B C and D. They also make different DTMF sounds. 

Pushing the number buttons is called dialing the telephone. When a telephone makes a loud sound for you to answer, it is called ringing.

Telephone
Equilibrioception is the sense of balance. This is what prevents a person or animal from falling over while walking or doing other physical activity.

In humans
In humans, equilibrioception is mainly sensed by the detection of acceleration, which occurs in the vestibular system. Other senses play roles as well, e.g. the visual system and proprioception. The importance of visual input for balance is illustrated by its being harder to stand on one foot with eyes closed than with eyes open.

The sense of balance often gets worse as a person ages. After a stroke, it may be improved with the help of special training.

Related pages
 Inner ear
 Calisthenics
 Training
 Yoga
 Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood

References

Sensory system
Violence is often common in the sport of Ice Hockey. Originally a sport played by richer people, when the sport became popular it got more violent. Up until the 1950s deaths were not uncommon in Ice Hockey.

References 

Ice hockey
Gerard Kitchen “Gerry” O’Neill (February 6, 1927–April 27, 1992) was an American scientist. He taught physics at Princeton University. He invented a machine for holding subatomic particles. He also invented the mass driver, a machine used to launch things into outer space. He wrote about building cities in space.
His space station design is known as the O’Neill cylinder. He started the Space Studies Institute (SSI). SSI is a group focused on learning about space manufacturing and colonization.

In 1954 O'Neill finished school at Cornell University. Then he began his work on particle physics at Princeton.
Two years later he wrote about a device to hold very fast moving subatomic particles. In 1965 he used his device to shoot two beams of particles at each other for the first time. This experiment was done at Stanford University. Scientists used the experiment to discover the size of the electron.
While he was teaching, O’Neill became excited about humans living in outer space. He wrote about the O’Neill cylinder in “The Colonization of Space”. This was his first paper about people living in space. He met with other scientists at Princeton in 1975. There he talked with them about manufacturing in outer space. O’Neill built his first mass driver with help from scientist Henry Kolm in 1976. Mass drivers were part of his plan to mine the Moon and asteroids. His book The High Frontier won an award and got people excited about outer space. He died in 1992 after a seven year fight against leukemia.

Books

References 
 

1927 births
1992 deaths
American physicists
Cornell University alumni
Scientists from New York City
The Rosary is a Catholic form of prayer using beads.  It is a cycle of repeated formal prayers, such as the Lord's Prayer and the Hail Mary, done while thinking about important events in the lives of Jesus and Mary.  This is called "saying the Rosary" or "praying the Rosary." A rosary can also be the series of joined beads that a person holds while saying these prayers.

The Church has always recognized the efficacy of this devotion John Paul II said “Through the Rosary the faithful receive abundant grace, as by the hands of the Mother of the Redeemer. Pope John Paul II, Rosarium virginis Mariae, 16 October 2002, Libreria Editrice Vaticana
Prayer is for every person to obtain graces and consolations for oneself or for others, for the diffusion of good actions in the world, for the solution of international conflicts, for conversion and spiritual growth. Prayer, in the room of your home or into the church, at any time of the day,  is a moment of peace and serenity that distracts from the worries of the day and it is a moment of communication with Divine Mercy through the most beautiful prayers. The graces result from the experience not only of saints and religious but also of ordinary people who have left public witness of the graces received requested to the Virgin Mary.

A person who says a Rosary usually thinks about certain events from the Bible.  Each day has a traditional list of these events, called "Mysteries of the Rosary." Praying the Rosary on certain times or under certain conditions can get the person praying an indulgence: a set amount of time off purgatory by setting aside time for sins performed on Earth.
Related pages
 The Lord's Prayer
 The Hail Mary
 Roman Catholicism

References

Roman Catholicism
Kazakh is a Turkic language that is mostly spoken in Kazakhstan, a country in Central Asia. It, along with Russian, is one of Kazakhstan's official languages.

History
The Kazakh language had been written in the Cyrillic alphabet since the Russian Empire started to occupy that country in the 19th century. In 1917, people began to use the Arabic alphabet, but the Russians were not able to make them use Cyrillic.

The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Ahmed Baytursinuli reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s in an effort to thoroughly Russify them. Today, Kazakhs use the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic scripts to write their language.
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the newly-independent Republic of Kazakhstan allowed the old Latin alphabet to be used, but continued to use Cyrillic as the main alphabet. In 2006, president Nursultan Nazarbayev started a project to introduce a standard form of the Latin alphabet as the official script of his country. A version of the new Latin alphabet, which used apostrophes for certain sounds, was created in April 2017, but was replaced with another one in February 2018 which instead uses diacritics on certain letters. The latest version, proposed in 2021, has been in official use and will be taught in elementary schools starting 2023. If all goes as planned, the Cyrillic alphabet will be fully replaced with Latin by 2025.

Kazakh letters 

The last proposed Kazakh Latin alphabet was shown in 2019:

Sources

Other websites

Website of the government of Kazakhstan  

Languages of Kazakhstan
Turkic languages
Spring green is a color that is the color on the color wheel that is precisely halfway between cyan and green.

It is one of the official web colors.  

The first recorded use of spring green as a color name in English was in 1766, referring to roughly the color we now call spring bud.

Meaning of spring green 
 Spring green brings to mind the well watered vegetation of early Spring, being a combination of cyan, the color of water, and green, the color of plants.

 Pandanis a plant which yields the pandan leaf used widely in Southeast Asian cuisine (it has a vanilla-like flavor) to make Pandan cake and also Vietnamese green waffles, both of which are colored a bright spring green color.

 Spring green may be used to represent the green movement, especially in graphic design for environmental literature regarding issues having to do with water resources or water conservation. 
  
 A spring green environmentalist is a person or an institution that has just recently become committed to environmentalism.
Tones of spring green color comparison chart 
  Mint Cream
<li style="background-color: #f0fff0;"> Honeydew<li style="background-color: #f0fffc;"> Light Frosted Mint<li style="background-color: #dbfff8;">  Frosted Mint Light Edgewater
 Aquamarine (web color) (Light Teal) (Hex:7FFFD4) (RGB: 127, 255, 212)
 Fairyland (Plochere) (Hex: 96DED1) (RGB: 150, 222, 209)
 Light Keppel (Keppel Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #8DDCD3) (RGB: 141, 220, 211)
 Bright Sea Green (Sea Green (Crayola)) (Hex:9FE2BF) (RGB: 159, 226, 191)
 Edgewater (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #CBE3D7) (RGB: 200, 227, 215)
 Celadon (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #ACE1AF) (RGB:172, 225, 175)
 Moss Green (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #ADDFAD) (RGB:173, 223, 173)
 Magic Mint (Crayola) (Hex: #AAF0D1) (RGB:170, 240, 209)
 Mint Green (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #98FF98) (RGB:152, 255, 152)
 Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #00FF7F) (RGB: 0, 255, 127)
 Medium Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #00FA9A) (RGB: 0, 250, 154)
 Rich Spring Green (Hex: #00E39A) (RGB: 0, 227, 154)
Caribbean Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00CC99) (RGB: 0, 204, 153)
 Mountain Meadow (Crayola) (Hex: #30BA8F) (RGB: 40, 180, 143)
 Mint (Mint Leaf (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3EB489) (RGB: 62, 180, 137)
 Keppel (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #3AB09E) (RGB: 58, 176, 158)
  Zomp (Resene color list) (Hex: #39A78E) (RGB: 57, 167, 142)
<li style = "background-color: #29ab87;">  Jungle Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 41, 171, 136)<li style="background-color: #00a693;">  Persian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 0, 166, 147)<li style="background-color: #20b2aa;">  Light Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #20B2AA) (RGB: 32, 178, 70)<li style = "background-color: #1cc3b4;"> Light Deep Sea (Deep Sea Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #1CC3B4) (RGB: 28, 195, 180)<li style = "background-color: #39d1c2; color:"> Light Gossamer (Gossamer Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #39D1C2) (RGB: 57, 209, 194)<li style="background-color: #5da493;"> Polished Pine (Crayola Silver Swirls) (Hex: #5DA493) (RGB: 93, 164, 147) Green Sheen (Crayola Silver Swirls) (Hex: #6EAEA1) (RGB: 119, 174, 161)
<li style = "background-color: #8fbc8f;"> Grayish Sea Green (web color "Dark Sea Green") (Hex: #8FBC8F) (RGB: 143, 188, 143) UFO Green (Crayola) (Little Green Man) (Hex: #3CD070) (RGB: 60, 208, 112)
<li style = "background-color: #3cb371;"> Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113)<li style="background-color: #2e8b57; color: #ffffff ">  Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #2E8B57) (RGB: 46, 139, 87)  Area 51 (Resene color list) (Dark Little Green Man) (Hex: #3C8043) (RGB: 60, 128, 67)
<li style="background-color: #069b81; color: #ffffff ">  Gossamer (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #069B81) (RGB: 6, 155, 129)<li style="background-color: #01826b; color: #ffffff ">  Deep Sea (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #01826B) (RGB: 1, 130, 107)<li style="background-color: #01796f; color: #ffffff ">  Pine Green (Crayola) (Hex: #01796F) (RGB: 1, 121, 111)<li style="background-color: #007A74; color: #ffffff ">  Skobeloff (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007474) (RGB: 0, 122, 116)<li style="background-color: #56887d; color: #ffffff ">  Wintergreen Dream (Crayola Silver Swirls) (Hex: #56887D) (RGB: 86, 136, 125)<li style = "background-color: #40826d; color: #ffffff "> Viridian (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #40826D) (RGB:64, 130, 109) Dark Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #177245) (RGB: 23, 114, 69)
  Wintergreen (ISCC-NBS #146) (Hex: #1B4D3E) (RGB: 27, 77, 62)
See also
List of colors

References
Dunfermline Athletic Football Club are a Scottish football team based in Dunfermline, Fife, commonly known as just Dunfermline. They play at East End Park and are nicknamed The Pars.

They are currently managed by Allan Johnston who was given the job on a permanent basis in May 2015.

References

Scottish football clubs
1885 establishments in the United Kingdom
1880s establishments in Scotland
Greenock Morton Football Club are a football team, who currently play in the Ladbrokes sponsored Scottish Championship. The club was founded as Morton Football Club in 1874, making it one of the oldest senior Scottish clubs.

Greenock Morton are popularly known as "The Pride of the Clyde" - a tradition which pre-dates the club's renaming in 1994 to celebrate the links with its home town of Greenock. The club has a traditional local rivalry with St Mirren F.C.

Name 
 1874-1994 Morton F.C.
 1994-present Greenock Morton F.C.

References 

Scottish football clubs
1874 establishments in Scotland
Greenock
Livingston Football Club is a Scottish football team based in Livingston, West Lothian. They currently play in the Scottish Premiership.

Name
1943-1974 Ferranti Thistle
1974-1995 Meadowbank Thistle
1995-present Livingston

Managers
 Jim Leishman (1995–1997)
 Ray Stewart (1997–2000)
 Jim Leishman (2000–2003)
 Marcio Maximo Barcellos (2003)
 David Hay (2003–2004)
 Allan Preston (2004)
 Richard Gough (2004–2005)
 Paul Lambert (2005–2006)
 Alec Cleland (Caretaker, 2006)
 John Robertson (2006–2007)
 Dave Bowman (Caretaker, 2007)
 Mark Proctor (2007–2008)
 Roberto Landi (2008–)

Famous players
  Neil Alexander
  Rab Douglas
  David Bingham
  John Robertson
  Marvin Andrews
  David Fernández
  Javier Sánchez Broto
  Stuart Lovell
  Quino
  Oscar Rubio
  Davide Xausa
  Jamie McAllister
  David McNamee
  Hassan Kachloul
  Paul Dalglish
  Paul Lambert
  Guillermo Amor
  Rolando Zarate

Current squad 
As of August 26, 2008
Scottish football clubs
1943 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in Scotland
West Lothian
Queen of the South Football Club is a Scottish professional football club founded in 1919. It is in Dumfries in southwest Scotland. They currently play in the Scottish First Division.

Officially nicknamed The Doonhamers, but usually referred to as Queens and sometimes as QoS (as also listed on the club badge), they have played their entire existence based at Palmerston Park on Terregles Street. 

The club has won national honours, namely the 1950-51 B Division, the 2001-02  Scottish Second Division and the 2002-03 Scottish Challenge Cup. While Queens topped Scotland's top division until Christmas in season 1953-54 their highest-ever finish in the Scottish top flight was fourth in 1933-34. Their longest cup run was in the 2007-08 Scottish Cup, in which they reached the final and finished runners up.

The club is currently managed by Gordon Chisholm.

Sources

Scottish football clubs
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
Dumfries and Galloway
Their manager, until October 2005, was former Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Heart of Midlothian manager John Robertson. He left the club on the 24 October 2005, due to differences of opinion on a number of fundamental issues with the chairman. Gardner Spiers, a former Aberdeen coach, was appointed caretaker manager, but he too left in April 2006 after being told he would not be considered for appointment on a permanent basis. Director of Football George Adams took temporary charge before former Motherwell player Scott Leitch was appointed on 18 April 2006. Leitch, after winning the Challenge Cup but suffering relegation, stood down at the end of the 2006-2007 season, almost exactly one year after his appointment. Former Partick Thistle manager Dick Campbell was announced as his replacement in May 2007. However, after a good run of results to start their Division 2 campaign, Campbell and the Ross County board decided to part company on 2 October 2007
. Derek Adams (son of George Adams) took over as caretaker, and was confirmed as permanent manager a month later, after the side's good form continued.
References 

Scottish Premier League clubs
1929 establishments in the United Kingdom
1920s establishments in Scotland
Irn-Bru is a carbonated drink made by Barrs in Scotland, United Kingdom. It was invented in Glasgow in 1901. It is a bright orange colour, and is nicknamed "Scotland's other national drink" – a reference to whisky.

Recipe 
The recipe remains a secret today, with competing drinks trying to make their own copy of Irn-Bru, with little success.

One notable advertising slogan was "Made in Scotland from Girders". Although not made from girders, Irn-Bru does actually contain iron: it has an ammonium ferric citrate content of 0.002%.

In 1999, Irn Bru was included in the book Oxford Companion to Food along with caviar, quail and smoked salmon as one of the world's great foods. The drink's inclusion was because it is "important for its symbolic value as well as its refreshing qualities".

Sponsorship 

Irn-Bru is a sponsor of the Scottish Football League. It currently sponsors the Scottish First Division, Scottish Second Division and the Scottish Third Division.

References 

Soft drinks
The  Irn-Bru Scottish Football League First Division (or Scottish First Division) is a professional football competition in Scotland. It is found on the second level of the Scottish football system, below the Scottish Premier League. It is the top level of the Scottish Football League.

Promotion and relegation
The club who wins the Scottish First Division is promoted to the Scottish Premier League (SPL), if they meet stadium criteria. They must have at least 6,000 seats in their stadium. The team who finishes last in the SPL is relegated to the Scottish First Division.

The bottom club in the First Division is relegated to the Second Division. While the second bottom club goes to a play-off with the second, third and fourth placed clubs from the Second Division.

The teams play each other four times with three points for a victory and one point each for a drawn game.
Sponsorship
On July 20, 2007, it was announced that the Scottish Football League would be sponsored by Scottish soft drink company Irn-Bru for the next three seasons.

Teams
The following is a list of the managers for the 2011–12 season in the Scottish First Division.
Airdrie
Cowdenbeath
Dumbarton
Dunfermline Athletic
Falkirk
Greenock Morton
Hamilton Academical
Livingston
Partick Thistle
Raith Rovers

Related pages
Scottish Premier League
Scottish Football League Second Division
Scottish Football League Third Division

Scottish Football League
1890 establishments in the United Kingdom
1890s establishments in Scotland
A rain gauge is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to measure  liquid precipitation (rain) in a certain amount of time. It is usually measured in millimetres and inches. Rain gauge is a meteorological instrument for determining the depth of precipitation (usually in mm) that occurs over a unit area (usually one metre square) and thus measuring rainfall amount. One millimetre of measured precipitation is the equivalent to one litre of rainfall per metre square. 

Usually a tapering funnel of [mercury] or polyester of standard dimension allows the rain water to collect in an enclosed bottle or cylinder for subsequent measurement. The gauge is set in open ground with the funnel rim up to 30 cm above the ground surface. Some gauges are calibrated to allow the amount of rainfall to be read directly; with others it must be calculated from the depth of water in the container and the dimensions of the funnel.
The second type of rain gauge is the autographic gauge which can be either of the tilting type or the tipping type. The recording chart on an autographic rain gauge is mounted on a drum which is driven by clockwork and typically rotates round a vertical axis once per day. For a tilting-siphon rain gauge, the rainwater in a collector displaces a float so that a marking pen attached to the float makes a continuous trace on the paper. The two buckets in a tipping-bucket rain gauge rest on a pivot so that when one bucket has received 0.2 (or 0.5 mm) of rain it tips by gravity, empties the rainwater and allows the other bucket to start collection. During the tip, an electrical switch is closed and triggers a nearby autographic recorder to register each 'tilt', thus giving a fairly continuous record of precipitation and, in a more sophisticated form, even rainfall intensity
. Rain gauges must be sited in as representative a location as possible, but the choice of location is difficult, since many precipitation events are highly aggregate. King Sejong the Great was the man who introduced rain gauge to the world. There are advantages and disadvantages of this instrument.
Zürich S-Bahn (German S-Bahn Zürich) is a suburban rail system that links Zürich to its metropolitan area. The system started in 1990, when it was the first suburban rail system to begin operating in Switzerland.

Mid 2008, there were 380 kilometres of railway track, 171 stations and 28 lines. In 2007, about 355’653 passengers used the system every day.

Each line generally has two trains an hour. 

Since 2002, there are also 7 lines that run at night during weekends, in the nights Friday-Saturday, and Saturday-Sunday. Usually, there is one train per hour. Some lines only have one train every two hours. There are also some bus lines. Usually, traveling with these night lines requires an extra fare, which has to be bought in addition to the normal ticket.
Between 75 and 80 million people use the system every year. About 70% of the people living in the area use the system. Plans include gradually introducing 4 trains per hour on most lines, and to extend the offer to 4 trains per hour between Zürich and Winterthur during the whole day, and not just during rush hour. A new tunnel was built in Zürich main station. This tunnel allows a direct connection from Zürich main station to Oerlikon and the airport, without a change of direction.

References 

Rapid transit systems
Zürich
Transport in Switzerland
Organizations based in Switzerland
Thousand Foot Krutch is a Canadian Christian hard rock band that was formed in 1997.

They have released a number of albums (including 2 remix albums) the latest being Exhale, sequel to Oxygen: Inhale.

While TFK had rap influences, obvious with Trevor's vocals in earlier TFK albums, "The Flame In All Of Us" and "Welcome To the Masquerade" have moved away from that, and used a more rock-based sound. But "The End Is Where We Begin" returns to the band's Rap roots.

While "The Last Song" from "The Flame In All Of Us", has been thought by some to be an outro from the band, TFK still continues touring, and Trevor has said that they were very tired, and it's only a sarcastic "Here it all is: love it or hate it".

Touring 

The band is known for a lot of touring. They usually do 200 concerts in a year.

Spring 2008 (march to may) is when TFK went on the comatose Tour (see Concert) and performed in over 30 cities. They have toured with bands such as Skillet.

About the band