Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Current data is not available but the total population of all Abbasi Tribes in Murree and the surrounding areas of Rawalpindi, Islamabad, the Hazara division of KPK and Azad Kashmir is thought to be around 2 to 3 million.

The predecessors of the tribe and the reverend Saint Dada (affectionately called grandfather in the area) and Hafiz Siraaj Ud Deen, locally known as Peer Dada Malak Sooraj Oliya. Abbasi of Potha Sharif was a contemporary of Hazrat Bari Imam, another great saint whose mausoleum is in present day Islamabad. Dada Malik Sooraj Oliya was the grand son of Hazrat Abdul Rehman locally known as Dada Rattan Khan Abbasi who's shrine is in Chamankot, Tehsil Dheerkot Azad Kashmir. Bari Imam lived in the times of Mughal emperor Jahangir. This may mean that the Abbasis were present in considerable numbers at that time.

Osama Ali Abbasi 
Naqeeb Ul Abbasiyeen Northern Pakistan

Related pages
 Karlal
 Murree
 Bagh

References

Further reading
Further reading

 

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Abbottabad District
Bangladesh Standard Time (BST) is the time zone for Bangladesh. It is six hours ahead of UTC (UTC+6). Bangladesh does not observe any daylight saving time.

Bangladesh used summer time, making it Bangladesh Daylight Time (BDT). This was used from June 19 until December 31, 2009. The measure has not been used since.

References

Other websites
 The current time in Bangladesh
 Current local time in Dhaka

Bangladesh
Bangladesh
BST redirects here, for the Bangladeshi time zone, see Bangladesh Standard Time

Western European Summer Time (WEST) is  a summer daylight saving time scheme, 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in the following places:
 the Canary Islands
 the Faroe Islands
 the Republic of Ireland
 the Crown dependencies
 the Madeira islands
 Continental Portugal
 the United Kingdom
 Morocco in North Africa 

Western European Summer Time is also known by other names:
 British Summer Time (BST) in the United Kingdom.
 Irish Standard Time (IST) ( (ACÉ)) in Ireland. This is sometimes called Irish Summer Time ().
 
The scheme runs from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year. At both the start and end of the schemes, clock changes take place at 01:00 UTC. During the winter, Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) is used.

References

Time zones
Frederica Alexandrina Sagor Maas (; July 6, 1900 – January 5, 2012) was an American playwright, screenwriter, essayist and author. She was the youngest daughter of Russian immigrants. She wrote for the film The Plastic Age, which helped with making Clara Bow well known. During the time of McCarthyism, Maas and her husband got into trouble because they read some works of Communism. She wrote an autobiography called The Shocking Miss Pilgrim: A Writer in Early Hollywood.

Other websites 
 
 Video of Frederica Sagor Maas at 100  from Reverie Productions
 Interview with Frederica Sagor Maas at age 99 

1900 births
2012 deaths
American autobiographers
American supercentenarians
Screenwriters from New York City
The Western Schism was a split between factions of the Roman Catholic Church between 1378 and 1417.

During this period, more than one claimed to be the true pope. 

The reasons for the split were mostly political, rather than theological. The Council of Constance (1414–1418) ended the schism when they elected Martin V as the new pope.

References

Other websites 

Roman Catholicism
The Avignon Papacy refers to the 70 years when the popes lived in Avignon instead of living in Rome. Philip IV of France had forced a papal conclave to elect a French pope, who decided he did not want to live in Rome.

History
This period started in 1309 and ended in 1376 when Pope Gregory XI returned to the pope's residence in Rome.

There was an attempt to return the papacy to Avignon, but it was not successful.

List of Avignon popes
The Bishops of Rome who lived in Avignon were:

Pope Clement V: 1305–1314
Pope John XXII: 1316–1334
Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342
Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352
Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362
Pope Urban V: 1362–1370
Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378

Two antipopes were based in Avignon as well:
Clement VII: 1378–1394
Benedict XIII: 1394–1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403)

Related pages 
 Western Schism

References

Other websites

 Avignon Tourist office website  ;
Avignon
Popes
1309 establishments
14th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in France
1376 disestablishments
Disestablishments in France
John Wycliffe (lived from about 1320 to 1384 in England) was an English theologian. He was one of the first to translate the Christian Bible into English, the common language. His version is generally known as "Wyclif's Bible". A mission agency bearing his name, Wycliffe Bible Translators, still translates the scriptures into languages used around the world.

Wycliffe wrote that papal claims of temporal power had no foundation in the scriptures and that the Bible alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice.

His family lived in a lower social class and did not live in great wealth but was not poor either. Later, after Wycliffe had grown up, he attended Oxford University, where he earned an arts degree. He became Master of Balliol College, Oxford, in 1361. He was also given a parish in Lincolnshire, which meant he had to give up the position of Master of Balliol. He lived at Oxford for a large portion of his life and worked as a rector, a member of the clergy, at local churches.
Many other changes came to his life. Some of his ideas disagreed with the Church's, but he had the support and protection of John of Gaunt, who then ruled England.

Wycliffe encouraged the Church to benefit the sinners of the world by living a life of poverty, but not everyone agreed with his thoughts and ideas. In some of his later writings, he wrote that the Bible was the authority of the Christian religion, and it was not of the Church. In 1382, his followers, known as the Lollards, helped him translate the Bible. Early Protestants called him the first great reformer.

Related pages 
William Tyndale
Sola scriptura

References

Other websites
Wycliffe Bible Translators

1320s births
1384 deaths
Academics of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Bible translators
English philosophers
English Roman Catholic priests
English theologians
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People from North Yorkshire
The Conciliar Movement was a Christian reform movement in the 14th and 15th centuries in the Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Church as a corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council, not with the Pope.  This movement occurred in Western Europe.
Conciliarism was started by Pope Innocent III and is still used today in France. 

Christianity of the Middle Ages
A merchet was a fine paid on a marriage in the Middle Ages in England. When a peasant woman was to get married to someone who was not of the same manor, her lord was paid money to allow her to be married. The money was usually paid by the father of the woman. This fine was paid because when the woman became married she would leave the manor with her new husband. Because of this, the lord would lose a worker.

Middle Ages
Family law
Jacquerie was a large uprising in late medieval Europe. It happened in 1358, when French peasants were protesting heavy taxation in the Oise valley north of Paris.

1358
Rebellions in Europe
1350s in France
White-collar crime refers to crimes done by people who work in offices. Those people often wear shirts with white collars. This is a sign of high status.  Persons who work with their hands are sometimes called "blue collar" workers. Most white-collar crimes are done by persons in banking, business or government. The can include bribery, embezzlement, fraud or money laundering. The crimes are done along with their regular work. The term was created by Edwin Sutherland in 1939.

A related term, "fur-collar crime" refers to crimes committed by high-ranking officials, nobles and people of high status during the 15th century in Western Europe. Noble warriors, especially young bachelor knights who were not assigned any tasks, often did it. They robbed, plundered, and pillaged because they were bored and out of money. Crimes committed against a helpless peasantry by members of the nobility often went unpunished.

References

Financial crimes
WQED (channel 13, digital channel 38) is a PBS television station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Established 1 April 1954, it was the first community-sponsored television station in the United States as well as the fifth public TV station. WQED also became the first station to telecast classes to elementary classrooms when Pittsburgh launched the Metropolitan School Service in 1955. WQED has produced many shows for PBS, such as Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (which aired first run episodes from 19 February 1968 to 31 August 2001) after the station hired Fred Rogers. Pittsburgh Magazine is also a publication of WQED.

American television stations
Public Broadcasting Service
Pittsburgh
1954 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Pennsylvania
Peking University (PKU; Beijing University) is a prestigious university in Beijing, China. It was created in 1898. The university is also known as Beida and is associated with C9 League. Peking University ranked as the 22nd best university in the 2020 QS World University Rankings.

History
It was founded during the late Qing Dynasty in 1898. At that time, it was known as the Imperial University of Peking (京师大学堂). Its English name retains the use of "Beijing" which is widely used in other contexts as well.

References

Colleges and universities in Beijing
1898 establishments in Asia
NEXON Corporation () is a Korean gaming corporation and developer of online games and MMORPGs.  Its headquarters are in Seoul, South Korea.

History
NEXON Corp. published their first title, Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds, in 1996. It was significant because Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds was the world's first online graphic game to be published. It brought great success and fame to NEXON over the years. In 1998 NEXON released Dark Ages: Online Roleplaying which was loosely based on the Korean game Legend of Darkness, using the same server technology. The North American version of Dark Ages was developed by David Kennerly
NEXON Corp. has also released a few unsuccessful games to the North American audience in beta form which have since been dropped. They include Elemental Saga, QuizQuiz, KartRider and Elancia. QuizQuiz never left beta stage in North America but was later released through the Japanese division of NEXON, NEXON Japan, in a Japanese version. QuizQuiz has since evolved into the exclusively Korean and Japanese online game Q-Play, while Elemental Saga was eventually cancelled. NEXON has several games exclusively available to Korean players such as Elancia, and Crazy Arcade
In 2001, NEXON Inc. released Shattered Galaxy, published through TriSynergy. Though it had previously won the Seumas McNally Grand Prize at the 2001 Independent Games Festival, hosted through the Game Developers Conference, the game floundered when it was released to retail. It was subsequently maintained exclusively through KRU Interactive. Shattered Galaxy itself was a heavily localised and customised version of its Korean parent game, Tactical Commanders.

In 2003, Wizet created a hugely successful game called MapleStory, which eventually had clients in South Korea, Japan, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Southeast Asia, North America and Europe and many other places. NEXON then merged with Wizet and jointly control MapleStory.
It has produced several online video games, primarily MMORPGs and online action games.  Most games have used a 2D perspective, including side-scrolling, top-down, and isometric  perspectives.  Newer 3D titles are currently being published.  Although most games are available for free, various gameplay enhancements can be purchased.

NEXON is one of the pioneers of the Free to Play model using Virtual Asset Sales to generate revenue. Of a reported $230M in revenue for 2005, 85% was said to be from the sale of virtual items.

Partnerships
NEXON announced that they have made a partnership with Nintendo, though they will continue games for the computer as well. Together, they are currently working on MapleStory DS for Nintendo's handheld console, Nintendo DS.
On July 27, 2007, NEXON and Valve made a partnership and announced Counter-Strike Online, a new online version of the world's most popular first person shooting multiplayer game that will be tailored for Asia. Under the terms of the agreement between two studios, NEXON developed and became the exclusive publisher for Counter-Strike Online in South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and China.
NEXON Cash
Commonly referred to as 'NX Cash' or just 'NX', the NEXON Cash system was one of the first systems to use the Virtual Asset Sales(VAS) model. The NEXON Cash system was first introduced in the Korean version of MapleStory. The NEXON Cash system allows users to purchase NEXON cash with real money.  The NX cash can be used to obtain virtual game items that other users normally wouldn't have. You can buy cards with 5, 10, 25 or 50 dollar values. Players can use this virtual cash to buy items for their characters in games that support a "Cash Shop." The NEXON Cash system has appeared in other games to generate additional funds for their company and keep their games free to play.
On January 11, 2007, NEXON America announced the release of NEXON Prepaid Cards. The prepaid cards contain amounts of 10,000 ($10 USD) or 25,000 ($25 USD) NX currency that can be redeemed for NX Cash.  As of 15 October, 2008 the prepaid cards are available in North American 7-Eleven stores, Target(Nexon no longer sells these at Target), Duane Reade, CVS/pharmacy, Best Buy, Rite Aid, Longs Drugs, and Blockbuster stores in the US. In Canada, the cards are available at Future Shop, Best Buy, Shoppers Drug Mart, and 7-Eleven.

Recently MapleStory's Trade Shop was established, in which users can buy game items with real NEXON Cash. However, only NEXON Cash from the prepaid cards can be used in this. In the Trade Shop, players can request items for others to sell and even put up their own items for a certain amount of cash depending on the item's rarity and benefits.
Wizet
Wizet is a game development studio in Seoul, South Korea, and is popular for its hit game, MapleStory. Wizet developed a franchise system and expanded its services to Japan, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan,  the USA, Europe, and Brazil. Eventually, Wizet reached the global world after having finished developing key features of MapleStory.

Wizet started as a small company with ideas to create yet another massively multiplayer online role-playing game which they achieved by creating MapleStory and with the financial resources from their parent company Nexon, Wizet was capable of developing and even selling merchandise of their popular game MapleStory.

References

Video game companies
South Korean entertainment companies
A spotter is someone trained to look for something. The term has the following special meanings.

 Weather spotter, an individual who observes the weather to inform other groups. 
 Storm spotter, a weather spotter who observes specific weather events.
 In the military, a spotter is a member of a sniper team.
 In weight training, a spotter will assist someone lifting a weight for safety; see spotting (weight training).
 In bouldering, a person who assists others in accident prevention; see Spotting (climbing)
 In off-roading, a person who assists the driver over obstacles; see Spotting (off-road)
 Transportation enthusiasts who enjoy watching various transport-related activities:
 Train spotter, a railfan.
 An aircraft spotter, someone who engages in aircraft spotting.
 A bus spotter, someone who engages in bus spotting.
 A British term for a police or military intelligence informant.
 Spotter (auto racing), a term used in auto racing
 A local writer for Spotted by Locals
A sniper scope or telecopic sight is a kind of telescope that is attached to a rifle. These scopes can help a sniper aim and hit a target far away. Usually, they are made of metal, with glass on each end. They show markings to help aim. A rifle scope works by enlarging target area so you can aim more accurately. Scopes differ from iron sights, which are usually used in crossbows or some machine guns.

The scope hasn’t been around forever. In fact, scopes are relatively new inventions, dating back to the late 19th century. A book published in 1844 called the Improved American Rifle documents some of the first rifle markers manufactured in New York. The idea of using a telescope tube came in 10 years later. Willian Malcolm, a New York manufacturer, introduced optics to lenses.

It was during the World War when rifle scopes saw big improvements. With trench warfare came the rise of the snipers.
Back then, 6x magnification was considered a feat. But with today’s technology, we could use even 10x magnification scopes with rifles.

References

Firearm components
Burlap, also known as hessian, is a woven, rough cloth, made from jute, hemp, or other fiber. 

Burlap is often sewn into large sacks for packing and shipping bulk foods such as dried beans and grains. After filling, the sack can be sewn closed and the stitching opened so the sack can be reused.

References

Woven fabrics
A ghillie suit is a special kind of military camouflage suit used by snipers. It is made of netting, with woven threads of burlap, yute, and other fibers in to help hide the sniper's body outline. Ghillie suits are heavy, usually weighing 3-10 pounds or more, and can become very hot. They also can catch on objects when used in the woods and make movement difficult. Still, they are one of the best kinds of camouflage a sniper can use. With a properly made ghillie suit that matches the terrain around him, a sniper can be almost invisible, even to a soldier right next to him.

External links 

 How to Make a Ghillie Suit: A Step-by-Step Guide 

Military uniform
Counter-sniping is a job performed by soldiers in an army to find and kill an enemy sniper. They use binoculars, telescopes, and sniper scopes to locate the enemy. Once he is found, usually they will have another sniper try to shoot him.

When famous people give speeches, the police sometimes use counter-snipers to prevent the person from being shot.

Military
Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Norman Hathcock II (May 20, 1942 – February 23, 1999) was a U.S. Marine Corps scout/sniper. He was famous for having one of the highest numbers of confirmed kills in the U.S. military, during the Vietnam War, as well as holding the record for many years for the longest sniper kill in history.

1942 births
1999 deaths
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Marine Corps personnel
People with multiple sclerosis
People from Little Rock, Arkansas
Military people from Arkansas
Sunda Strait is the strait that is between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia.
It is the location of the volcano Krakatoa. which erupted in 1883 covering both islands with stuff

Straits
Geography of Indonesia
An answering machine (other names are answerphone, ansaphone, ansafone and Telephone Answering Device (TAD)) is a machine. It is attached to a telephone line. If the phone is not answered after a few rings, it will play a message to the caller. The caller can then leave a message (after a sound that has become known as the beep). It is different form voicemail which is based in the network. Answering machines are installed at home (or at the office).

At first, answering machines used tapes (a smaller version of audio cassettes). Today, most systems use computer memory to store the messages and the prerecorded text. Many systems allow to listen to the left messages by simply calling the answering machine. Answering machines also have a system to save costs: If there are no new messages, there will be fewer rings.

Machines
Home appliances
A vocation (from the Latin word vocātiō meaning a calling) is a job that suits a person best. It is also the desire to do a particular job, especially a religious career like being a priest.  For religious people, a vocation is often something they feel God has asked them to do.  A vocation is followed more for spiritual or emotional reasons than  for money, which is a helpful extra benefit from a vocation but not the reason for it.

In Christianity
Vocations meet a psychological or spiritual need for the worker, and the word can also be used for a job at which a person is gifted.  The word "vocation" comes from the Latin vocare, meaning "to call";.  In the past the word meant people's being called to follow Christianity.  Martin Luther was the first to use it in the modern way, to describe a life-task.
Christians believe God has created each person with gifts and talents designed for a reason.  Christians can be called to vocations that are faithful to Christian teachings, such as marriage, or to be a priest, monk or nun, chastity as a single person or the general calling to live a life that is right, for the good of the Church or humanity.

For those who are not priests or full-time religious people, Protestantism was important in telling them they still had a vocation.  Calvinism told people to work hard in life. Calvin said a Christian had two callings; a general calling to serve God and a calling to do a particular job at which they are useful.  Protestant ministers in the past said working hard gives God glory.  Without something to do, they said people were more likely to sin.
Vocation outside of Christianity
This belief also has an impact outside of religion.  Modern occupations seen as vocations are those that involve caring or teaching, such as medicine, nursing, teaching, or veterinary work. Politics, may also be seen as a vocation. Campaigning for human rights, such as with the groups Amnesty International and Greenpeace, can also be seen as a vocation, although the word usually refers to a full-time job.  People following other religions can also feel called to do a certain job by their gods.

References
The Daily Telegraph is a newspaper published in Sydney, Australia. It is made by an Australian company called News Limited. It started in 1879.

Other websites
The Daily Telegraph homepage

1879 establishments in Australia
Newspapers published in Australia
Sydney
The West Australian is a newspaper published in Perth, Western Australia. It is made by an Australian company called West Australian Newspapers Holdings. It started in 1833.

Other websites
The West Australian homepage

Newspapers published in Australia
For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia, see The Daily Telegraph (Australia).

The Daily Telegraph is a British daily morning broadsheet newspaper, which began in 1855. The newspaper was started by Arthur B. Sleigh in June 1855 as the Daily Telegraph and Courier, and since 2004 has been owned by David and Frederick Barclay.

In January 2008, the Telegraph was the highest selling newspaper among British broadsheets and former broadsheets, with selling an average of 842,912 copies each day. This compared to 617,483 for The Times, 358,844 for The Guardian, and 215,504 for The Independent. In August 2010 the paper sold 673,010 copies, against 494,205 for The Times.

It has been described as conservative and right-wing.

References

Other websites
 Telegraph.co.uk 

1855 establishments in Europe
Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
1850s establishments in the United Kingdom
Missy Higgins (born Melissa Morrison Higgins on 19 August 1983) is an Australian singer and songwriter. She has released five studio albums.

Biography

Early life and work
Higgins was born in Melbourne, Australia. She was a student at Geelong Grammar School. Most of her spare time at the school was spent in a music room, playing the piano. When she was 15 years old, she wrote a song called "All for Believing" that got an "A" in a school assignment. The next year, Higgins went to a record label, but was denied because she had not written any other songs. She began writing new songs. In the meantime, her sister sent "All for Believing" to Triple J, and it won an "Unearthed" competition. Because of this, record labels Sony and EMI both contacted her. Higgins chose "Eleven", a part of EMI.

References

1983 births
Living people
Musicians from Melbourne
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian guitarists
Australian pianists
Australian folk musicians
Australian pop musicians
In the context of computers and computer systems, a backup is a copy of some data. This copy can be used when the original data is changed, or lost. Losing data is common: A 2008 survey found that two thirds of respondents had lost files on their home PC. Another purpose of backing up data is to have a copy that represents an earlier state of the data, before it was changed. Organisations may have rules which state how long data should be kept, and what kinds of data these rules apply to. In many countries there are rules that specify that certain kinds of data need to be kept for a given time. An example of this is the data used for accounting.

Backups are a simple form of disaster recovery. Even though they are commonly seen as disaster recovery, they should be part of a disaster recovery plan. A disaster recovery plan is a documented set of procedures and tasks to perform to protect the consistency and integrity of a corporate IT system.
Different backup media 
There are different types of backup systems that use different kinds of media. Common backup media includes:
Different kinds of tapes, for example Digital Audio Tape, or LTO
Hard drives and SSDs
Memory cards and USB flash drives
Optical disks like CDs and DVDs
Magneto-Optical Discs

Some of the backup media are portable, and can easily be stored in  a safe location. The problem with storing tapes in a bank safe, for example is that they are only available during the opening hours of the bank.

Another issue has commonly been the speed of the backup. Media such as digital tapes can store a lot of data, but accessing them is relatively slow. Tapes can only be read or written in sequence, while media such as hard disks or optical drives are basically random access. When data is backed up, its encoding is often changed. This makes it possible to use codes such as Cyclic redundancy checks, which can detect, and sometimes repair an error.
Reasons for doing a backup 
Backups are usually done for one of the following reasons:
Prevent data loss if there is a disaster (like a fire or hardware failure, or an intentional or unintentional deletion)
Computer viruses or other programs make data unusable
There is a logical error in the data
Sudden computer shutdown which can be caused by power shortage.

Different types of backup

Full backup
A full backup copies all of the data.  This means that if the main copy of the data is lost, we can bring it all back simply by copying the data back from the backup.

Differential backup
A differential backup only copies the data that has changed since the last full backup.  The reason we do this is that sometimes only a small amount of data has changed since the last full backup; this means we can do a differential backup much more quickly.
If someone loses their data, and needs to get it back from a differential backup, they need to use the last full backup, to bring back all of their data.  They then need to use the last differential backup to bring back everything that was changed between the full backup and the differential backup.

Incremental backup
An incremental backup only copies the data that has changed since the last incremental backup.  This makes each backup quicker, because we are only copying what has changed since the last backup.  To bring the data back, if the main copy of the data is lost, we need the last full backup, as well as all of the incremental backups that have been done since then.  This means that bringing data back from an incremental backup is slower and more risky than differential or full backups.

How long to keep a backup
Grandfather-father-son
The Grandfather-father-son system means that we keep different types of backup for different amounts of time.  For example, we might do a backup every day, and keep a week's worth of backups.  We might then keep one backup for each week for a month, and one backup from each month for a year.  This means that we have a backup of our data from a year ago, so that if we realise we need some data from a long time ago, we have that data available.  We also have several copies of our recent data, in case one of them doesn't work.

References

Computing
Colin Matthew Delaney (born September 7, 1986) is an American professional wrestler.  He is best known for his time with  WWE on  its ECW brand. He has also wrestled for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and for many independent promotions. These include Squared Circle Wrestling, Chikara, NWA Upstate, Combat Zone Wrestling and the International Wrestling Cartel. He has wrestled using the ring names Colin Olsen and the "Extremely Cute Wrestler" Colin Delaney.

Career 
Delaney made his World Wrestling Entertainment debut as a jobber, seen wrestling on the ECW show.  On August 15, Delaney was released by WWE.

Personal life 
Colin has an older brother Ed who competes as "Hangin' Tough" Freddie Midnight, and younger brother Brian who competed as Mr. Bodacious.

References

Other websites 
 Official MySpace 
 Online World of Wrestling profile 

1986 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from New York (state)
People from Rochester, New York
The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.  They are members of the Northwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL).  Since their arrival in 1980, nearly 400 players have worn the Flames jersey for at least one regular season or playoff game. The Flames have won the Stanley Cup once, in 1989, and four players have been elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame; the most recent electee is Al MacInnis, who was enshrined in 2007.
Fourteen players have served as the captain  of the Calgary Flames, beginning with Brad Marsh in 1980–81.  Doug Risebrough, Jim Peplinski and Lanny McDonald served together as co-captains in the 1980s; the latter two led the Flames to the 1989 Stanley Cup.  The most recent captain of the Flames, and the team's longest serving player, is Jarome Iginla.  Iginla joined the Flames for the 1996 Stanley Cup playoffs and, as of 2013, is the Flames' all-time leader in games played, points and goals scored. Currently, the Flames captain is Mark Giordano.

Key

Goaltenders

Note: Statistics are complete as of the end of the 2018–19 NHL season.

Skaters

Note: Statistics are complete as of the end of the 2018–19 NHL season.

References

Goaltenders: 
Skaters 
Captains 

Lists of National Hockey League players
Lists of Canadian people
Abstraction is the process of leaving out certain details of an idea or a concept to make it more general. 
The word abstract has the following connections:
Abstract art does not try to represent the physical world as it is.
 Abstract ideas such as "democracy" are concepts. Unlike houses and books (which are objects) they cannot be touched. Other examples of abstract ideas are speed, rarity and courage.
 In logic, if something is abstract, it is general.
 Abstract algebra compares different kinds of algebra.
 An abstract in writing is a short summary of a paper or essay that tells the reader the main points. Such summaries or abstracts are common in articles published in scientific journals.
Seminar is a conference for discussion or training. 
In college, students meet in seminars to discuss some general topic of interest. It is essentially a place where assigned readings are discussed, questions can be raised and debates can be conducted.

Education
WYSIWYG ( or ), is an acronym for What You See Is What You Get, used in computing to describe a system where things you edit on the on-screen editor appear almost the same to the final output, which might be a printed document, a web page, a PowerPoint presentation or even the lighting for a concert. Web designers often use this word to talk about their work.

Related pages
GUI
Text editor
WYSIWYM

References

Other websites 
Comparison table - open source and commercial WYSIWYG web-based editors
ATPM.com's WYSIWYG: Is it What You Want?
What has WYSIWYG done to us? - Serious article about the negative effects the introduction of WYSIWYG has had as of 1996.
XML: WYSIWYG to WYSIWYM - A brief look at XML document authoring  An article on existing XML authoring software (May 2005)
 The Jargon File entry for WYSIWYG
 Online demonstration WYSIWYG Examples  - Two, online demonstration editors for making web pages or PDFs.
ATPM.com's WYSIWYG: Is it What You Want?

Web design
Acronyms
The Philosopher's Stone is a substance that alchemists believed was able to turn base (impure) metals (such as lead) into pure gold. They thought it could also be used for rejuvenation (to become younger again) and to achieve immortality (to live forever).

In popular culture
The first Harry Potter book is called Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States).

The manga and anime series Fullmetal Alchemist.

 
Alchemy
OpenOffice Calc is the spreadsheet part of the OpenOffice software package.

Calc is similar to Microsoft Excel, with almost the same abilities. Calc is capable of opening and saving spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel's file format. It provides a number of features not present in Excel, including a system which automatically defines a series for graphing based on the layout of the user's data. Calc is also capable of writing spreadsheets directly as PDF files.

The default file format for OpenOffice Calc version 2.x or 3.x can be set to either Microsoft Excel's native file format or the Open Document Format (ODF). Calc also supports a wide range of other file formats, for both opening and saving files.

Just like the entire OpenOffice package, Calc can be used on many operating systems, including Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris. Available under the Apache License, Calc is free software.
Specifications 
Calc can store a maximum of 65,536 rows with 1024 OOoo columns in each sheet, with a maximum of 256 sheets.  There is a way to increase these limits, but it is only suitable for ODF and text-based formats, as there is a risk of data turning unusable for binary formats such as Microsoft Excel's file format.
Version 2 of Calc was able to store a maximum of 65,536 rows with 256 columns in each sheet, with a maximum of 256 sheets.
Prior to V2.0, the limit on the number of rows was 32,0000.

Special abilities
Special abilities 

Abilities of Calc include:
 Open source software
 Available on many operating systems, including Microsoft Windows,Mac OS X, Linux, Unix, etc.
 Ability to read/write OpenDocument, Excel .xls, CSV, and several other file formats.
 Able to handle dates on or before 1900 correctly (many spreadsheet applications, including Microsoft Excel, have a year 1900 bug and cannot handle dates before January 1, 1900).
 Support for a large number of functions, including those for imaginary numbers, as well as financial statistical functions.

Missing features 

In some cases, Calc lacks a GUI  to access certain advanced features that other spreadsheet software have, such as statistical abilities like error bar support on graphs, and polynomial regression analysis, however, many of these calculations can still be performed by manually entering the functions. Another FOSS application called Gnumeric provides easier access to these statistical analysis features by showing them to users with a wizard.
References

Other websites 
 Calc information page
 OpenOffice.org Spreadsheet Project 
 Spreadsheet FAQ
 Official OpenOffice Documentation Wiki. Select any of the Calc sections
 Free lessons for OpenOffice.org Calc

OpenOffice.org
Spreadsheet software
Ernest Gary Gygax (July 27, 1938 – March 4, 2008) (IPA: ) was an American writer and game designer. He was best known for co-creating the early role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) with Dave Arneson in 1974. Gygax is often thought of as one of the first people to make role-playing games.

References

Other websites

Interviews and Q&As

Q&A with Gary Gygax at Dragonsfoot
The Ultimate Interview with Gary Gygax at thekyngdoms.com
Dungeons & Dragons Creator Gary Gygax Passes Away; Interview on BoingBoing Gadgets

Obituaries
 The Times Obituary, March 5, 2008
 The Guardian Obituary, March 7, 2008 (Note the similarity to this Wikipedia entry)

The Economist, March 13 2008
Obituary and notice of release of Gygax's last novel: Infernal Sorceress, July 2, 2008 

Writers from Chicago
Deaths from stroke
1938 births
2008 deaths
The golden jackal (Canis aureus), also called the Asiatic, Oriental or common jackal is a carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family.

It is native to southeastern Europe, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and South Asia. It is the largest of the jackals, and the only species of jackal to live outside Africa. 13 subspecies of golden jackal are recognised.

Canids
Mammals of Pakistan
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
The dhole (Cuon alpinus) is a canid from Asia. Canid means that it is  related to dogs and foxes. It is native to Central, South and Southeast Asia. There are many common names for it: Asiatic wild dog, Indian wild dog, whistling dog, red dog, and mountain wolf.

It is most closely related to species in the genus Canis (dogs and wolves),

During the Pleistocene time period, the dhole lived in Asia, Europe and North America, but 12,000–18,000 years ago it died out everywhere except where it lives now.

The dhole lives in big, loosely organised groups with several breeding females. The groups usually have about 12 dholes, but some have over 40. It is awake in the day and hunts in groups. It usually eats medium sized to big hoofed animals. In tropical forests, the dhole competes with tigers and leopards, targeting somewhat different prey species, but still with substantial dietary overlap.
It is listed as Endangered by the IUCN. The population is getting smaller, and there are probably fewer than 2,500 adults left. The reasons for this are lack of habitat, lack of food, competing with other animals, being hunted, and getting diseases from pet dogs.

Origin of "dhole"
It is unclear where the word "dhole" comes from. The word was first used in English by soldier Thomas Williamson in 1808, who said that "dhole" is a native name for the animal used by people in Ramghur district, India. In 1827, Charles Hamilton Smith said "dhole" comes from a language spoken in 'various parts of the East'. However, Richard Lydekker wrote about 80 years later that the word "dhole" was not used by people living where dholes are found. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary suggests the word comes from the Kannada word tōḷa, meaning "wolf".
Naming, taxonomy and evolution
Peter Pallas gave dholes the scientific name Canis alpinus ("mountain dog" in Latin) in 1811. He said it lived in Amurland (in Eastern Siberia), to the east of the Lena River. He added that dholes also lived around the Yenisei River and that they sometimes crossed into China. However, dholes may not still live so far north today.

The British naturalist Brian Hodgson gave the dhole the scientific name Canis primaevus ("original/primitive dog") and suggested that it was domesticated to become the pet dog. He later noticed how differently the dhole looked compared to other species in the genus Canis (containing wolves, pet dogs, coyotes and jackals) and put it in its own genus, Cuon, from the Greek word for 'dog'.
The first study on the evolution of the dhole was done by paleontologist Erich Thenius, who found that dholes descend from an animal which looked like a golden jackal and which lived in the Pleistocene. The earliest known member of the genus Cuon is Cuon majori, which lived during the Villafranchian period in the early Pleistocene. C. majori looked more like other species in the genus Canis than modern dholes.

European dholes, which lived during the Late Middle Pleistocene, looked like modern dholes except they were much larger, getting to be as big as the gray wolf. Dholes became extinct in most of Europe during the end of the Ice Age, though they may have survived up until the early Holocene in the Iberian Peninsula and in northern Italy. During the Pleistocene, dholes also lived on islands in Asia where they are now extinct, such as Sri Lanka, Borneo and possibly Palawan in the Philippines. Dholes also lived in North America, with fossils having been found in Beringia and Mexico.
The dhole's distinctive appearance has made it difficult to say which other species in the dog family it is most closely related to. George Simpson suggested the dhole, African wild dog and bush dog were in the same subfamily (Simocyoninae) because all three species have similar teeth. However, other biologists such as Juliet Clutton-Brock found that dholes' bodies had more similarities with dogs in the genera Canis, the Falkland Islands wolf, and the Arctic fox than the African wild dog and the bush dog. The similarities dholes share with African wild dogs and bush dogs are coincidental.

Some biologists believe the extinct genus Xenocyon was the ancestor of the African wild dog and the dhole. However, later studies showed that the dhole and the African wild dog are closely related to other members of the genus Canis. This could be true because according to the zoologist Reginald Pocock, there is a record of a dhole and a golden jackal having babies together in an animal collection in Madras.
Past breeding with the African wild dog
In 2018, the DNA of all members of the genus Canis (except for the black-backed jackal and side-striped jackal), the dhole and the African wild dog were compared. It was discovered that long ago, dholes and African wild dogs bred with each other. Today, these species live very far from each other. Thus, the study suggests that dholes may have once lived in the Middle East, where African wild dogs in North Africa came and bred with the dholes. However, no fossils of dholes have been discovered in either the Middle East or North Africa yet.source?

Subspecies
In the past, ten subspecies of the dholes were recognised. However, since 2005, only three subspecies of dholes have been recognised:

However, studies on the dhole's DNA show little genetic difference between the subspecies. Dholes in Sumatra and Java may have been brough there by humans.
Appearance
Dholes have been described as looking like a mixture between a gray wolf and a red fox. They are also "cat-like" because of their slender back and legs, and its head has a shape like a hyena's due to the short snout. Dholes have six molars on their lower jaw, unlike other canids which have seven. Dholes have special teeth which help them to eat the meat from their prey quickly, preventing other animals from stealing their food.

Adult female dholes can weigh from 10 to 17 kg (22 to 37 lb), while adult male dholes may weigh from 15 to 21 kg (33 to 46 lb). Dholes are 43 to 50 cm (17 to 22 in) tall at the shoulder and are 91 cm (3 ft) long, not including the tail. Dholes have oval-shaped ears.
Dholes are usually reddish, and they may become brighter red in winter. The throat, chest, flanks, and belly and the upper parts of the legs are yellowish. The lower parts of the legs are whitish, with dark brownish bands on the front legs. The tail is very fluffy and black. Dholes have shorter and rougher fur in summer. Dholes may moult (shed their fur to grow new fur) from March to May.

Dholes can whistle, although how they whistle is unknown. They whistle to communicate with the rest of the pack while travelling through thick forest. When attacking prey, they emit screaming KaKaKaKAA sounds. Other sounds include whines, growls, screams, chatterings and yapping cries. Unlike wolves, dholes do not howl or bark.
Where dholes live
In Central Asia, dholes mainly live in mountainous areas. Dholes which live to the west are mainly found in meadows and steppes, while dholes which live to the east mainly live in the taiga. Dholes may also go to the seashore. In India, Myanmar, Indochina (Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam), Indonesia and China, dholes mainly live in forests in mountains, although they may sometimes live in grasslands.

The dhole might continue to live in the Tunkinsky National Park in southern Siberia near Lake Baikal. Dholes may still live in the Primorsky Krai province in far eastern Russia, where it was considered a rare and endangered species in 2004. There are unconfirmed sightings of dholes in the Pikthsa-Tigrovy Dom protected forest area. Elsewhere in Russia, no sightings of dholes have been reported since the late 1970s.

Dholes are likely extinct in Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
In recent years, one dhole was caught in southern China's Jiangxi district. In 2011 to 2013, local government officials and herders reported the presence of several packs of dholes living in high mountains in the Karakoram region of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Dholes have also recently been seen in the Altun Mountains near Tibet. Dholes occur in small numbers in Gansu Province, with sightings of several packs in 2006 and again in 2013-2014.

Dholes still live in Tibet and possibly also in North Korea.

Dholes live in most of India south of the Ganges River. In northeast India, it is present in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, and West Bengal and in the Indo-Gangetic Plain's Terai region. There are very few dholes in the Himalayas and northwest India. In 2011, dhole packs were recorded by camera traps in the Chitwan National Park.

In Bhutan, dholes were poisoned in the 1970s to protect livestock, but the campaign stopped and the population of dholes increased there in the 1990s.
Dholes still live in northeastern and southeastern Bangladesh. However, most sightings of dholes in Bangladesh are of small groups or single dholes, and the dholes in Bangladesh may not continue to breed for long.

The presence of dholes in Myanmar was confirmed by camera-trapping in 11 areas. In 2015, dholes and tigers were recorded by camera-traps for the first time in the hill forests of Karen State.

There are few large packs of dholes in the Malaysian Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Vietnam and Thailand. In 2014, camera-trap videos in the rainforests on mountains in Sumatra showed dholes continue to live there.
In the 1990s, two Turkish scientists claimed to have seen dholes in northeastern Turkey. Some scientists believe they were true, but others question this claim. Also, one dhole may have been shot in the Caucasus Mountains in 2013; its remains (including a skull) were studied by a biologist in May 2015, who decided the skull was from a dhole. In August 2015, researchers from Sofia, Bulgaria tried to find this population of dholes in Turkey. On October 12, 2015, this research team concluded that there is no clear evidence of dholes continuing to live in Turkey or the Caucasus Mountains.

In culture and literature 
Dholes were first described in European literature in 1794 by a Russian traveller named Pesterev, who saw dholes during his travels in far eastern Russia. He said that dholes regularly hunt Alpine ibexes in packs, and that it looks like the golden jackal.

References

Canids
Mammals of Asia
The Tibetan Sand Fox (Vulpes ferrilata) is a species of true fox. It is endemic to the high Tibetan Plateau in Nepal, China, and Kashmir, up to altitudes of about 5,300 metres. It is sometimes referred to as the Tibetan Fox, or simply as the Sand Fox, but this terminology is confusing because the Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac), which lives in arid environments north and west of the Tibetan Plateau, is often called the "Sand Fox" as well.

Foxes
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Rüppell's Fox (Vulpes rueppelli), also spelled Rueppell's Fox and also called the Sand Fox, is a species of fox. 

It lives in North Africa and the Greater Middle East region, from Morocco to Pakistan. It is named after the German collector Eduard Rüppell. It has an average life expectancy of up to 6 or 7 years in the wild, but can live much longer in captivity.

Foxes
Mammals of Pakistan
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Africa