Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The current United Artists formed in November 2006. It was a partnership between producer/actor Tom Cruise and his production partner, Paula Wagner, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. from 2012 to 2015. It is a fully owned subsidiary of MGM. In 2015 it was owned by DHX Media until sold back to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, while handling UA's movies from 1952 to 2016. However, MGM decided to purchase United Artists back from DHX. They sold UA's stake to Amblin Partners in 2017, with newer movies produced by UA, under a partnership between MGM and Amblin.

United Artists Records
United Artists Records was a record label founded by Max E. Youngstein in 1957. It was started in order to distribute records of its movie soundtracks. Later the label began recording music of other types.

References

Companies based in California
1919 establishments in the United States
Time Warner
American movie studios
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc., also known as MGM, is an American media company. They mainly make movies and television programs. On April 8, 2005, the company was bought by a group led by Sony and Comcast along with Texas Instruments and Warner Bros. until emerged from bankruptcy on December 20, 2010, due to Spyglass Entertainment founders, Gary Barber and Roger Birnbaum becoming co-chairs and co-CEOs of the company.

Early history

The company is named after three companies which were combined in 1924 to start the MGM movie company. They were Metro Pictures, Samuel Goldwyn Productions, and Louis B. Mayer Productions.
MGM/UA Entertainment 
In 1981 MGM's major stockholder, Kirk Kerkorian bought United Artists. In 1983 MGM and United Artists merged as MGM/UA Entertainment. On August 7, 1985, Turner Broadcasting System announced that they would buy MGM/UA. Turner saw the value of acquiring pre-May 1986 MGM's film library for his superstation WTBS. Under the terms of the deal, Turner would immediately sell MGM's United Artists back to Kerkorian. As a result of the MGM split from Turner, both MGM and UA became merely brands of MGM/UA Communications Co. in late 1986.

MGM/UA Communications 
In late 1986 after Turner Broadcasting System split into two companies; Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Turner continued to release the pre-May 1986 MGM film and television library on video known as Turner Home Entertainment. Turner sold the MGM lot for $190 million to Lorimar-Telepictures.
MGM-Pathé Communications 
In 1990, Giancarlo Parretti, the owner of The Cannon Group, bought MGM/UA for $1.2 billion. He then merged Cannon with MGM and named it MGM-Pathé Communications. In 1991 there were a number of lawsuits and he defaulted to Crédit Lyonnais, his financial backer. Parretti also faced securities fraud charges in the United States and Europe. The company name was changed back to Metro-Goldwin-Mayer Inc. US bankruptcy laws forced Crédit Lyonnais to sell MGM. It was acquired again by Kerkorian for $1.3 billion.

Notable movies 

The Wizard of Oz is one of the most famous movies made by MGM. It was made in 1939. The star of the movie was Judy Garland. MGM has also made other famous movies like 2001: A Space Odyssey, the James Bond movies and the Rocky movies.

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

Companies based in Los Angeles
1924 establishments in the United States
1981 disestablishments in the United States
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
1920s establishments in California
1980s disestablishments in California
Apostle and The Apostles can mean:

Religion
 The Twelve Apostles, the 12 followers of Jesus given "the Great Commission".
 The Seventy Apostles, the 70 sent forth in Luke 10. They are referred to as Apostles by the Orthodox Church and as Disciples in the Western tradition. 
 Jesus is referred to as an apostle in Hebrews 3:1
 Apostle (Latter Day Saints), a position within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Entertainment
 The Apostle, a 1997 movie directed by and starring Robert Duvall
 El Apóstol, the world's oldest animated feature movie, 1917, Argentina
 The Apostles (band), a punk rock group from the 1980s
 The Apostles (Elgar), a 1903 choral work by Edward Elgar
 Apostle (production company), a television production company founded in 1994 by Jim Serpico and Denis Leary
 12 Apostles (record label), a record label
 The Apostles (Greatest Heroes and Legends of the Bible), an installment of the Christian direct-to-video animated movie series, Greatest Heroes and Legends of the Bible
Other
 Cambridge Apostles, a secret society at the University of Cambridge
 Apostle Plant, the genus Neomarica of plants believed to only flower after growing 12 leaves
 Twelve Apostles (Irish counter-intelligence organisation), an Irish Republican Army unit created by Michael Collins
The European/South American Cup, commonly called the Intercontinental Cup or Toyota Cup, was a football competition by UEFA and CONMEBOL. The competition was between the winners of the European Champions League and the South American Copa Libertadores in a match played each year.

The Cup was called the World Club Championship until the first FIFA Club World Cup was held in 2000. It was played by representatives clubs of most developed continents in the football world.
From 2005, the Intercontinental Cup was replaced by the FIFA Club World Cup. The FIFA Club World Cup also includes North American, Asian, African and Oceanian winners. 
In 2017 FIFA officially recognized all of them as club world champions (de jure) with the same status to the FIFA Club World Cup winners or official world champions FIFA. In synthesis FIFA has two types of world champions, those deriving from the Intercontinental Cup and those deriving from the Club World Cup, the two competitions confer the same title. The football experts agree that the intercontinental cup is the most fascinating football competition ever existed thanks to the great balance in the field given by the lower economic gap of the time and rules on foreign players who gradually favored the European teams and weakened the South American teams; also the statistics confirm this.

Champions 
See also: Clubs of football world champions

Since 2005: FIFA Club World Cup
Performances
The performance of various clubs is shown in the following tables:

Performance by club

Performance by country

Performance by confederation

Coaches

Carlos Bianchi won three times as a coach: once with  Vélez Sársfield in 1994, and twice with  Boca Juniors in 2000 and 2003.
Luis Cubilla and Juan Mujica won cups both as players and coaches: 
Luis Cubilla (played for  Peñarol in 1961 and for  Nacional in 1971, then coached  Olimpia in 1979)
Juan Mujica (played for  Nacional in 1971, and coached it in 1980)

Players
Alessandro Costacurta and Paolo Maldini played five times in the competition, all with  Milan (1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 2003).
 Estudiantes (1968, 1969 and 1970) and  Independiente (1972, 1973 and 1974) played in three consecutive years. A few players in those teams played in all three, including Carlos Bilardo and Juan Ramón Verón.

All-time top scorers
Pelé is the all-time top scorer in the competition. He scored seven goals in three matches.
 In 1962, he scored five goals in two matches against  Benfica. This included a hat-trick (three goals) in the second match played in Lisbon (the only hat trick in competition's history).
 In 1963, he scored two goals in one match (against Milan).
 Only six players scored at least three goals in the Intercontinental Cup.

Hat-tricks 
 Pelé is the only player in the history of the competition to score a hat-trick (Lisbon, 1962, second leg, against Benfica).

Man of the Match 

The man of the match was selected from 1980. Here is the list of the winners.

Related pages
FIFA Club World Championship
Copa Toyota Libertadores
UEFA Champions League 
Clubs of football world champions

Bibliography

References

Other websites 
International Clubs Cup - The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
http://www.fifa.com/

Football competitions
UEFA
CONMEBOL
FIFA
2000 establishments
Hafizullah Amin (, August 1, 1929 – December 27, 1979) was the second President of Afghanistan. He was president during the time of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.  The Soviets got information from their KGB spies that Amin's rule was a threat to the stability of Afghanistan. They also were not certain about Amin’s loyalty to the Soviet Union. The Soviets found some information about Amin trying to become closer to Pakistan and China. The Soviets also believed that Amin was behind the death of president Nur Muhammad Taraki. Finally, the Soviets decided to remove Amin.

References

1929 births
1979 deaths
Assassinated people
Presidents of Afghanistan
Prime Ministers of Afghanistan
Paraíba is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast. It is the easternmost point of the Americas. João Pessoa is the capital city.

Major Cities 
 João Pessoa, state capital
 Campina Grande
 Areia
 Guarabira
 Patos
 Sousa
 Arara
Sao de Carnao

History 
In the mid-1500s, Portuguese settlers from Pernambuco founded Filipéia de Nossa Senhora das Neves (today João Pessoa) at the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River.

The area was found to be perfect for making sugar. The French, the Dutch and the Portuguese all fought to have the Paraíba region to grow sugarcane in. The fortress of Santa Catarina, near João Pessoa, was built to protect the city from the Dutch.
In late 1989 a team looking for gemstone and led by Heitor Dimas Barbosa found what some people believe are the best tourmaline crystals ever found. Copper in the crystals gives the tourmalines a bright turquoise color that had never been seen before in the gems. The mountains have been searched after this, but no more crystals have been found.

Flag 
The word nego is Portuguese for "I deny". It refers to protests in the 1920s in Paraíba against Júlio Prestes becoming the President of Brazil. State president João Pessoa supported these protests. João Pessoa joined the alliance to the overthrow of the federal government. This group caused Getúlio Vargas to become president. The rebellion lead to João Pessoa being killed.

The official government site of the state of Paraíba says that the red is for the blood of the assassination of João Pessoa. The black is for the mourning after the assassination.

References

Other websites 
 

 
16th-century establishments in Brazil
Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the states of Brazil. It shares borders with the states of Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. It also borders the countries of Paraguay and Bolivia to the west. Campo Grande is the capital of the state

Mato Grosso do Sul means "Southern Thick Forest". The name comes from its northern neighbour state of Mato Grosso. Mato Grosso do Sul was a part of Mato Grosso until they were split in the 1970s. Many people wrongly refer to Mato Grosso do Sul as simply "Mato Grosso". This has caused the government to consider changing its name to "Pantanal", the world's largest wetlands which is in the state.

Economy 
Mato Grosso do Sul's economy is based mainly on farm products. Cattle-raising is the most important product of the state. Other products include sugarcane, wheat, soybeans, manioc, rice and cotton.

Geography 
The state is in western Brazil, in an area of the country that is mostly marshes of the Pantanal.
Mato Grosso do Sul is divided into 11 regions. It has 78 municipalities. Larger cities include:
 Campo Grande, the capital of the state.
 Corumbá
 Aquidauana
 Três Lagoas
 Naviraí
 Nova Andradina
 Paranaíba
 Dourados
 Ponta Porã
 Bonito

The highest elevation is the 1,065 m high Morro Grande.

History 
In 1977 the state was created by dividing the state of Mato Grosso. It officially became a state two years later on January 1, 1979.

Flag 
Mato Grosso do Sul's flag was made by Mauro Michael Munhoz. White is for hope, green is for the state's plantlife, blue is for the sky and the yellow star adds balance, force and serenity.

References

Other websites
A swimming pool is a tank or large basin that is filled with water and intended for recreational or competitive swimming or diving. Pools are also used for other bathing activities, such as playing, wading, water exercising, floating on inner tubes, or cooling off on hot days. 

Various methods are used to keep algae, germs, and other bad things out of the pool.  The chemical chlorine kills germs and algae.  Sometimes sea water is also used for this.  The filtration system is also used for this.  Pump and Filter are two main components of a swimming pool filtration system.

Types of pools
Some pools are indoor so they can be used when weather is bad.  Most are outdoor.  There are different types of swimming pools.  

The competition pool. Swimming competitions can be held there. Competition pools are usually very large, and usually either 25 or 50 m long and their deep end is 2 to 5 m deep. They have usually 4 to 8 lanes.
A play pool is made for children, and quite shallow, typically no deeper than five feet (1.5m).  Play pools can have a decorative shape. 

A freeform pool is built generally to imitate a natural lagoon pool or small oasis.  It will have a natural uneven shape, and will often have features around it like rocks and waterfalls to compliment the naturalistic style.

A geometric pool has even lines and features. Usually built in a rectangular shape, this pool is considered the “traditional swimming pool” style.

Lap pools are built so that people can swim laps for health and fitness.  They tend to be long and narrow, usually over fifty feet (15m) long.

Diving pools are built deep; most are 3 to 6 m deep with a diving board or a platform, or a jump tower.  The Olympic diving tower has platforms at 1 m, 3 m, 5 m and 10 m height.
Infinity swimming pools (also referred to as infinity edge swimming pools, or negative edge pools) give the illusion that the edge of the pool extends to the horizon. This gives an optical illusion that the pool “has no edge”, and looks as if the pool goes on to infinity.

The spool: The word "spool" is a combination of the two words spa and pool. The spool is a smaller pool, more commonly seen as a large spa. Spools are often around 12 to 14 feet squared. 

The perimeter overflow pool: This pool is created by having the pool surface’s water level at the same level as the surround of the pool. The water of the pool drains into a notched perimeter around the pool.

Water
Swimming
Daniel Robert "Danny" Elfman (May 29, 1953) is an American film composer, singer and songwriter. He is Jewish (of British Jewish, Polish Jewish and Russian Jewish descent). He wrote music for many movies and television series. In 2002, he married actress Bridget Fonda. They have one child, Oliver Elfman (born September 19, 2003).

Influences
Elfman stated composers & Musical Artists like Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Alfred Newman, David Tamkin, George Bruns, Alban Berg, Thomas Tallis, Max Stiener, Buddy Baker,  Dimitri Tiomkin, Franz Waxman, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Carl Orff, Dr. Seuss, Jakob Gimpel, Kurt Weil, Peter Gabriel, Harry Partch, George Gershwin, Dimitri Tiomkin, Alice Cooper, Leonard Bernstein, Elmer Bernstein, Jerry Goldsmith, John Barry, Maurice Jarre, John Williams, Lalo Schifrin, Oliver Wallace, Henry Mancini, Randy Newman, Bernard Herrmann, Frank Zappa, Carl W. Stalling, Scott Bradley, Frank Churchill and Hans Zimmer as influences.
Elfman's work in rock and pop music and specifically as songwriter for Oingo Boingo was influenced by The Specials, Madness, Selecter, Devo, Talking Heads, XTC and Lene Lovich, as well as British comedy rock band Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias.

Some of his music
Elfmans has written music for dozens of movie and video games. Some of his famous works include:

Filmography
The Simpsons
Sesame Street 
The Muppet Show
Space Jam: A New Legacy
Men in Black 
Batman Returns
Good Will Hunting
Spider-Man
Dick Tracy
Beetlejuice
Sommersby
Batman
Corpse Bride
The Nightmare Before Christmas
Edward Scissorhands
Pee-Wee's Big Adventure
Sleepy Hollow
Big Fish
Frankenweenie
Justice League
The Grinch
Awards
Elfman has been nominated for many awards in the music and movie business.
Academy Awards - 4 nominations
Emmy Awards - 3 nominations
Winner: Main Title Theme Music - Desperate Housewives
Golden Globes - 3 nominations
Grammy Awards - 12 nominations
Winner: Best Instrumental Composition: The Simpsons theme from The Simpsons

References

Other websites 

An overview of Elfman's career

1953 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Los Angeles
American movie score composers
Grammy Award winners
Emmy Award winners
Musicians from Los Angeles
FIFA 07 is a Sony PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable and Microsoft Windows game that features world beat music and fun football action. The object is to score more goals that the opponent. The game can be played in either English or Spanish, these modes have different announcers. There is an exhibition mode, a manager mode, a practice mode, and a tournament mode.

Songs in the game 
 Muse (band) - "Supermassive Black Hole"
 Keane - "Nothing in My Way"
 The Feeling - "Sewn"

2007 video games
FIFA
Sports video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Xbox games
Xbox 360 games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo GameCube games
Nintendo DS games
Windows games
Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American author, poet, and philosopher.

Early life 
Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1803. His father was a Unitarian minister. He chose not to follow the beliefs of the Unitarians and instead, created his own world view, Transcendentalism. He first wrote about this view in an essay called Nature in 1836. Emerson's father died when he was only eight years old. He studied at school in Boston and went to Harvard University, one of the most well-rated universities in the country.

How he became an author 
Many men were heads of a town church in Emerson’s family history. His father wanted him to be one, too. In 1817, at the age of 14, he began his education at Harvard College. He finished in 1821 and started to teach in a local school. In 1825, he continued studies at Harvard Divinity School to be a minister. By 1829, he was the head of a church in Boston. Then some events happened that made him change the direction of his life.
Effects on his writings 
Emerson’s days as a child, when he was the son of a head of a town church, shaped his religious views. He also formed his way of thinking about spiritual topics from his education at Harvard.  These views are present in his philosophy of Transcendentalism, a way of thinking about the connections between man, nature, and the highest being.  Church leaders of Emerson’s time focused on religious topics. Emerson instead focused on the everyday lives of people. Even though his father died when he was eight, and his first wife died a few years after marriage, Emerson wrote in a good way about his subjects. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, an author who lived during the same time as Emerson, also affected him.
His effect on American society
Emerson had several effects on Americans during his time. The first effect he had was on the value of the individual. He once wrote, “Let us unfetter ourselves of our historical associations and find a pure standard in the idea of man.” Up to this time, Americans still looked to England and other European countries for ideas on fashion and ways of thinking. Emerson’s writings gave impulse to Americans to be free of European ideas on what is right or good. Along with individualism, Emerson is best known for starting the Transcendentalist movement. This philosophy made important the ideas of self-discovery and the connections between nature, all persons as a group, and the highest being.
End of life 
In his later life, Emerson was a close friend of many other important authors and thinkers, including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Stuart Mill, and Thomas Carlyle. He traveled the world, including France, England, Italy and the Middle East. Emerson was active in writing and speaking into the 1870s. However, he started to forget things. He would only read from detailed notes or scripts. By 1879, his memory was so bad that he stopped making public appearances and speeches. He still socialized at private events, but never with the amount of talking that he once did. Walt Whitman described him at a party in 1881 to be a careful listener but he didn’t join in any conversations. Within six months, in early 1882, Emerson died of pneumonia in Concord, Massachusetts.

Notable works 
 Nature
 Essays, Volumes I & II
The Mountain and The Squirrel
 Representative Men
 English Traits
 Conduct of Life

References
References

1803 births
1882 deaths
19th-century American poets
19th-century philosophers
American philosophers
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
A bushranger was a  thief who lived in the Australian bush. Bushrangers often stole expensive things from banks or coaches. There were more than 2000 bushrangers during Australia's past. Most were simply criminals and thieves. A few bushrangers became famous and were seen as heroes. They are part of a long history that has men such as Robin Hood and Dick Turpin in England, or Jesse James and Billy the Kid in the US.

History
The word "bushranger" was first used in Australia in 1805. It described three men who had stopped a cart near Sydney. Then, the word was used for criminals who attacked people on the roads or in the bush (the Australian countryside away from towns).

The first bushrangers were escaped convicts.  One of the last bushrangers was Ned Kelly who was captured in 1880.

1788 to 1840s: Criminals who escaped
Criminals who escaped stole things from farms far away and people walking on the roads. Sometimes they sold the stolen things to other free settlers.
John "Black" Caesar was the first bushranger. He ran away from Sydney Cove many times before he was shot dead in 1796.

Bold Jack Donahue appeared in newspapers around 1827 for bushranging on the road between Sydney and Windsor. In the 1830s he was seen as the worst bushranger in the colony. Leading a gang of escaped criminals, Donahue became an important person in Australian folklore as the Wild Colonial Boy.

Bushranging happened all over Australia, but Van Diemen's Land (later known as Tasmania) produced the most violent and serious bushrangers. Hundreds of criminals were at large in the bush, farms were given up, and the army was brought in to try and capture the bushrangers. Indigenous Australian bushranger Musquito led attacks on settlers.

1850s: gold rush era
The bushrangers were busiest during the Gold Rush years of the 1850s and 1860s. Gold can be easily carried and also it can easily be turned into cash. The goldfields were in remote places and there were not very many police to guard the gold.
George Melville was killed by hanging in front of many people for stealing from the McIvor gold escort near Castlemaine in 1853.

1860s to 1870s
Bushranging numbers grew in New South Wales with the rise of the colonial-born sons of poor, often ex-convict farmers, who wanted a more exciting life than mining or farming.

Much of the bushranging in these years was in the Lachlan Valley, around Forbes, Yass and Cowra.

Frank Gardiner, John Gilbert and Ben Hall led the most notorious gangs of the period. Other active bushrangers included Dan Morgan, based around the Murray River, and Captain Thunderbolt, killed outside Uralla, New South Wales.

1880s to 1900s
The increasing push of settlement, increased police efficiency, better rail transport and communications, such as telegraphy, made it increasingly difficult for bushrangers to evade capture.

Among the last bushrangers was the Kelly Gang led by Ned Kelly, who were captured at Glenrowan, Victoria in 1880, two years after they were outlawed.
In 1900 the Governor Brothers scared many people in the north of New South Wales.

Public perception
In Australia, bushrangers often attract public sympathy.

Entertainment
In the same way that outlaws feature in many movies of the American western genre, bushrangers regularly feature in Australian literature, movie, music and television. These include:
Jack Donahue was the first bushranger to have inspired bush ballads.
Robbery Under Arms,  a novel by Thomas Alexander Browne (writing as Rolf Boldrewood) was published in serial form in the Sydney Mail from 1882 to 1883. It is an early description of the life and acts of fictional bushrangers. It has been the basis of several movies and a television series.
Ned Kelly was the subject of the world's first feature-length movie, The Story of the Kelly Gang, released in 1906. In the 1970 release Ned Kelly, Kelly was played by Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones. Kelly has been the subject of many more movies, television series, written fiction and music. 
Dan "Mad Dog" Morgan was the subject of a feature movie, Mad Dog Morgan (1976), starring Dennis Hopper.
Ben Hall and his gang were the subject of several Australian folk songs, including "Streets of Forbes".

Famous bushrangers 

Some bushrangers became famous as a result of their activities.  They include:
Joe Byrne
Martin Cash
John Dunn
Ben Hall
Frank Gardiner
John Gilbert
Steve Hart
Dan Kelly
Ned Kelly
Moondyne Joe whose real name was Joseph Bolitho Johns
John O'Meally
Harry Power
Captain Moonlight whose real name was Andrew George Scott
Captain Thunderbolt whose real name was Frederick Ward
Michael Howe
Charles Russell known as the "Black Douglas."

References 

History of Australia
Crime
Bushrangers
The bush is a phrase used to describe land where people do not live, land a long way from cities, or forests. The word is mainly used in Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Canada, and Alaska.

Australia 
In Australia, the phrase, the bush, has a special symbolic meaning in Australian life. When used to describe the land, the bush means a wooded area, but not dense forest. It is usually dry and nitrogen-poor soil, mostly grassless, with thin to thick woody shrubs and bushes, with some eucalypt trees.

When talking about people, the bush means any unpopulated areas outside of the major metropolitan areas. This can include mining and farming areas. It is not unusual to have a mining town in the desert, such as Port Hedland, Western Australia (Pop. 14,000) called the bush in the media.

The word bush is also added to any number of other words, things or activities to describe their rural, country or folk nature, e.g. "Bush Cricket", "Bush Music", etc.

References
References

Biomes
Geography of Alaska
Geography of Australia
Geography of Canada
Geography of New Zealand
Moondyne Joe (1826 – 1900), real name Joseph Bolitho Johns, is the most famous bushranger from Western Australia. He became famous, not for his crimes, but for his many escapes from gaol (jail).

Early years
Johns was born in Cornwall, England around 1826. His father Thomas Johns was a blacksmith. He might have had smallpox in his youth, as later his face is said to be "pockmarked". After his father died, Johns and his three brothers worked in the copper mines. In 1841 the family was living at Illogan, Penwith, Cornwall. buy 1848 Johns had moved to Wales, working as an iron ore miner, at the Clydach Iron Works.
Crimes
On 15 November 1848, Johns and a friend, John Williams, were arrested near Chepstow for  stealing from the house of Richard Price, three loaves of bread, one piece of bacon, several cheeses, and "other goods". They were charged with burglary and stealing, but they said they did not steal anything. On 23 March they were tried in court with Sir William Erleas the judge. Newspaper reports say that the men were very determined to prove their innocence, but Johns was not polite and did not follow the normal court rules. The men were convicted and sent to gaol for ten years.  Johns must have made the judge angry. In other cases before the same judge that day, people on the same type of charges were sent to gaol for times between three weeks to three months.
Johns and Williams spent the next seven months working on a government work party in the local area, before being sent to Millbank Prison. On 1 January 1850, they were sent to Pentonville Prison to serve six months of solitary confinement.  On 21 October 1851, they were sent to Dartmoor Prison. Johns was sent to the Woolwich prison hulk Justitia, probably for bad behavior.  When the Justitia was destroyed by fire, he was moved  to the Defence.  About a year later, he was put on convict transport ship, the Pyrenees, and sent to the British penal colony of Western Australia.
Western Australia
The Pyrenees sailed for Western Australia on 2 February 1853, and arrived in Fremantle on 30 April. He was a well behaved prisoner, and as a reward Johns was given a ticket of leave. On 10 March 1855, he was given a conditional pardon.  He moved to the Avon Valley, which was a remote valley, in the Darling Range.  The Aboriginal name for the area was Moondyne.  Johns put a fence around a  natural water spring in the area, and trapped lost sheep, cattle and horses when they came to drink. Farmers would pay a reward  to get their animals back.
In August 1861, Johns trapped a horse without a brand (owner's mark). He put his own brand on it, which was really stealing. He was soon arrested by the police.  The horse was taken as evidence, and Johns was placed in the Toodyay gaol. During the night, Johns escaped from his cell, took the horse and the magistrate's new saddle and bridle.  He was caught the next day, but he had killed the horse and cut out the brand to destroy the evidence. Without the proof he was only sent to gaol for three years for escaping, not the ten years he would have been given for horse stealing.
Moondyne
Johns was a well behaved prisoner, so he was let out early with a ticket of leave in February 1864.  He worked on a farm at Kelmscott. In January 1865 a bullock was killed and eaten, and the police said that Johns had done it. He said he had not killed the animal, but in court he was sent to gaol for ten years. At this time the only things he owned were one pair of trousers, one shirt, one pair of boots, one strap and one old hat. Johns decided he would not stay in gaol because he had not done anything wrong. In November he and another prisoner escaped from a work party. During the next month they robbed a few houses. Johns began calling himself Moondyne Joe. They were captured  east of York by the police with help from a black tracker, Tommy Windich. Black trackers were Indigenous Australian who had very good skills for finding things in the bush. For escaping, and for having a gun, Moondyne Joe was sent to prison for 12 months. He had to wear iron chains around his legs.
Escapes from gaol
Moondyne Joe did not think he had been treated properly. In April 1865, he wrote a letter to the Chief Justice. The Chief Justice cut his gaol time by four years, but Joe was still not happy. A few weeks later he tried to cut the lock out of his door. He was given another six months in leg irons. In August, he escaped again, cutting off his leg irons. He met up with three other escaped convicts and together they robbed people in the bush around Perth. At the end of August, one of the gang was taken prisoner by the police.
Moondyne Joe came up with a plan to get away from Western Australia by going overland to South Australia. This would be a long and difficult journey through the desert. On 5 September, Moondyne Joe stole boots, blankets, clothing, guns and ammunition, knives and food from a shop at Toodyay, owned by an old convict, James Everett. The gang went east, following the track made by the explorer Charles Hunt. Their tracks were discovered by police on 26 September, about  east of York. The police set out after them, and they were captured on 29 September, about  north east of Perth. This is near where the town of Westonia is now.

Back to prison
Back to prison

Moondyne Joe was sent back to jail, and given another five years with hard labor. To make sure that he could not escape again, he was sent to Fremantle Prison where a special cell was built. It was made with stone, and lined with very thick pieces of wood. He was set to work in the prison yard breaking up rocks into small stones. He was watched all the time by a prison guard. The Governor of Western Australia, John Hampton, said to Johns: "If you get out again, I'll forgive you".
Last years
Moondyne Joe did not rob anyone else, though he did do some wrong things and was sent back to jail a few more times. In January 1879, he married a widow named Louisa Hearn, and they spent some time looking for gold near Southern Cross. In 1881, while looking around Karridale, he discovered Moondyne Cave.  In his later years, he began acting strangely, and became mentally ill. He died of senile dementia in the Fremantle Lunatic Asylum (now the Fremantle Arts Centre building) on 13 August, 1900. He was buried in Fremantle Cemetery.

Moondyne Festival
Every year, on the first Sunday of May, the small town of Toodyay remembers the life of Moondyne Joe with the Moondyne Festival. This festival takes place in the main street with street theatre, markets and performances. The most recent Moondyne Festival was on Sunday May 1, 2016.
Books, movies, music and art
While Moondyne Joe was bushranging in 1869, an Irish prisoner named John Boyle O'Reilly was in Fremantle Prison. He must have heard many stories about Joe's escapes.  In September 1869, O'Reilly escaped with help from an American ship.  After he got to the United States, he wrote a novel about convict life called Moondyne: An Australian Tale, whose main character was called Moondyne Joe. The book is not a true story, and the character and the story are different to the life of Joseph Johns.

In 1913, O'Reilly's book was made into a movie called Moondyne. Directed by W. J. Lincoln, it starred George Bryant, Godfrey Cass and Roy Redgrave.

Randolph Stow wrote a funny children's book, Midnite: The Story of a Wild Colonial Boy, in 1967. This told the story of an Australian bushranger based on the lives of Moondyne Joe and a Queensland bushranger, Captain Starlight.
In 2002, Cygnet Books published The Legend of Moondyne Joe, by Mark Greenwood and pictures by Frané Lessac. The book won the award in the Children's Books section at the 2002 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards.

The Ballad of Moondyne Joe, a song which started:

In the Darling Ranges, many years ago,
There lived a daring outlaw, by the name of ‘Moondyne Joe’....

Anonymous 
sung at the time of his 1867 escape:

The Governor's son has got the pip, 
The Governor's got the measles.  
For Moondyne Joe has give 'em the slip,  
Pop goes the weasel. AnonymousIt were Moondyne of course
That took Ferguson's horse... ''

References

1826 births
1900 deaths
Australian criminals
Bushrangers
People from Cornwall
Fremantle is a port city in Western Australia.  It is the main city on the ocean and is near Perth.  The city has a population of 26,000 people.  It is at the place where the Swan River runs into the Indian Ocean.

It was established by English people who arrived there in 1829 and established the Swan River Colony.  The city is named after Charles Fremantle who was the captain of the first ship to arrive there.
Standard deviation is a number used to tell how measurements for a group are spread out from the average (mean or expected value). A low standard deviation means that most of the numbers are close to the average, while a high standard deviation means that the numbers are more spread out.

The reported margin of error is usually twice the standard deviation. Scientists commonly report the standard deviation of numbers from the average number in experiments. They often decide that only differences bigger than two or three times the standard deviation are important. Standard deviation is also useful in money, where the standard deviation on interest earned shows how different one person’s interest earned might be from the average.
Many times, only a sample, or part of a group can be measured.  Then a number close to the standard deviation for the whole group can be found by a slightly different equation called the sample standard deviation, explained below. In which case, the standard deviation of the whole group is represented by the Greek letter , and that of the sample by .
Basic example
Consider a group having the following eight numbers:
 
These eight numbers have the average (mean) of 5:
 
To calculate the population standard deviation, first find the difference of each number in the list from the mean. Then square the result of each difference:
 
Next, find the average of these values (sum divided by the number of numbers).  Last, take the square root:
The answer is the population standard deviation. The formula is only true if the eight numbers we started with are the whole group. If they are only a part of the group picked at random, then we can obtain an unbiased estimate of what the population standard deviation is by dividing by  instead of  in the bottom (denominator) of the formula above. Then the answer is the (bias-corrected) sample standard deviation. This is called the Bessel's Correction. We often use this correction because the sample variance, i.e., the square of the sample standard deviation, is an unbiased estimator of the population variance, in other words, the expected value or long-run average of the sample variance equals the population (true) variance. However, it is not the case that the sample standard deviation is an unbiased estimator of the population standard deviation
. Although Bessel's correction is an unbiased estimate of the variance, this estimate does have a higher mean square error than the biased estimate, or in other words, the biased estimate (that is, dividing by n rather than n-1) is on average closer to the true value.
More examples
Here is a slightly harder, real-life example: The average height for grown men in the United States is 70", with a standard deviation of 3". A standard deviation of 3” means that most men (about 68%, assuming a normal distribution) have a height between 3" taller and 3” shorter than the average (67"–73") — one standard deviation. Almost all men (about 95%) have a height between 6” taller and 6” shorter than the average (64"–76") — two standard deviations. Three standard deviations include all the numbers for 99.7% of the sample population being studied. This is true if the distribution is normal (bell-shaped).

If the standard deviation were zero, then all men would be exactly 70" tall. If the standard deviation were 20", then some men would be much taller or much shorter than the average, with a typical range of about 50"–90".
Standard deviation may serve as a measure of uncertainty. In science, for example, the standard deviation of a group of repeated measurements helps scientists know how sure they are of the average number. When deciding whether measurements from an experiment agree with a prediction, the standard deviation of those measurements is very important. If the average number from the experiments is too far away from the predicted number (with the distance measured in standard deviations), then the theory being tested may not be right. For more information, see prediction interval.

Application examples
Understanding the standard deviation of a set of values allows us to know how large a difference from the "average" (mean) is expected.
Weather
As a simple example, consider the average daily high temperatures for two cities, one inland and one near the ocean. It is helpful to understand that the range of daily high temperatures for cities near the ocean is smaller than for cities inland. These two cities may each have the same average daily high temperature. However, the standard deviation of the daily high temperature for the coastal city will be less than that of the inland city .
Sports
Another way of seeing it is to consider sports teams. In any sport, there will be teams that are good at some things and not at others. The teams that are ranked highest will not show a lot of differences in abilities. They do well in most categories. The lower the standard deviation of their ability in each category, the more balanced and consistent they are. Teams with a higher standard deviation, however, will be less predictable. A team that is usually bad in most categories will have a low standard deviation. A team that is usually good in most categories will also have a low standard deviation. However, a team with a high standard deviation might be the type of team that scores many points (strong offense) but also lets the other team score many points (weak defense).
Trying to know ahead of time which teams will win may include looking at the standard deviations of the various team "statistics." Numbers that are different from expected can match strengths vs. weaknesses to show what reasons may be most important in knowing which team will win. 

In racing, the time a driver takes to finish each lap around the track is measured. A driver with a low standard deviation of lap times is more consistent than a driver with a higher standard deviation. This information can be used to help understand how a driver can reduce the time to finish a lap.
Money
In money, standard deviation may mean the risk that a price will go up or down (stocks, bonds, property, etc.). It can also mean the risk that a group of prices will go up or down (actively managed mutual funds, index mutual funds, or ETFs). Risk is one reason to make decisions about what to buy. Risk is a number people can use to know how much money they may earn or lose. As risk gets larger, the return on an investment can be more than expected (the "plus" standard deviation). However, an investment can also lose more money than expected (the "minus" standard deviation).
For example, a person had to choose between two stocks. Stock A over the past 20 years had an average return of 10 percent, with a standard deviation of 20 percentage points (pp). Stock B over the past 20 years had an average return of 12 percent but a higher standard deviation of 30 pp. Thinking about the risk, the person may decide that Stock A is the safer choice. Even though they may not make as much money, they probably will not lose much money either. The person may think that Stock B's 2 point higher average is not worth the additional 10 pp standard deviation (greater risk or uncertainty of the expected return).

Rules for normally distributed numbers
Most math equations for standard deviation assume that the numbers are normally distributed. This means that the numbers are spread out in a certain way on both sides of the average value. The normal distribution is also called a Gaussian distribution because it was discovered by Carl Friedrich Gauss. It is often called the bell curve because the numbers spread out to make the shape of a bell on a graph. 

Numbers are not normally distributed if they are grouped on one side or the other side of the average value. Numbers can be spread out and still be normally distributed. The standard deviation tells how widely the numbers are spread out.

Relationship between the average (mean) and standard deviation 
The average (mean) and the standard deviation of a set of data are usually written together. Then a person can understand what the average number is and how widely other numbers in the group are spread out.
The way a group of numbers is spread out can also be given by the coefficient of variation (CV), which is the standard deviation divided by the average. It is a dimensionless number. Coefficient of variation is often multiplied by 100% and written as a percentage.

History
The term standard deviation was first used in writing by Karl Pearson in 1894, after he used it in lectures. It was as a replacement for earlier names for the same idea: for example, Gauss used mean error.

Related pages
 Accuracy and precision
 Sample size
 Standard error
 Variance

References

Other websites
 A simple way to understand Standard Deviation
 Standard Deviation – an explanation without maths
 Standard Deviation, an elementary introduction
 Standard Deviation, a simpler explanation for writers and journalists

Statistics
Year 53 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Calvinus (or sometimes year 701 Ab urbe condita). This year has been called 53 BC since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the most common way of naming years in Europe.

Events 
 Marcus Licinus Crassus (115–53 BC) died trying to conquer the Parthians.

Deaths

Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman general and politician (b. c. 115 BC)
Other websites 
 J.K. Rowling's Official Website
 Deathly Hallows rumors refuted by J K Rowling (text version) 

2007 books
Harry Potter books
Boiling is the phase change that occurs when a liquid becomes gas throughout the substance. When bubbles are formed you can tell a substance is boiling. This is not to be confused with evaporation.

The temperature at which boiling happens is called the boiling point and depends on the particular nature of the substance.

For example, water boils at around 100 °C (Celsius degrees). When water is boiling, it transforms into a vapor called water vapor.

Uses for boiling 
 Food can be cooked by boiling.
 Germs in a liquid (for example, water) can be killed by boiling the liquid.
 Germs on an object can be killed by putting the object in boiling liquid.

Related pages
 Evaporation

Cooking methods
Heat transfer
Gases
He (, unstressed ) is a third-person singular pronoun used to talk about a male. "He" can be used in place of a male's name. When the name of a man has been the subject, then "he" can be used instead of that name. While "he" is the subject form, the word "him" is the object or possessive form (see table below). The word "he" is used for a man (or boy) where the word "she" would be used for a woman.

In the past, "he" and "him" were often used as gender-neutral pronouns. In other words, the word may have been used in a general way to refer to any person who is either male or female.

References
The Swan River is an important river in Western Australia.  It runs past the city of Perth and into the Indian Ocean at Fremantle.

Rivers of Western Australia
Perth, Western Australia
Scheinfeld is a town in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 14 km northwest of Neustadt (Aisch), and 40 km east of Würzburg. Schloss Schwarzenberg is next to the town. The town is home to an Adidas testing factory.

References

Other websites

 Official town website
 Website with information on the Lithuanian refugees

Gallery

Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim
Dirk Werner Nowitzki (born June 19, 1978 in Würzburg, Germany; pronounced durk VER-ner nah-VIT-skee) is a former German basketball player. He played for the Dallas Mavericks in the United States' National Basketball Association's (NBA).

Nowitzki started playing in the NBA in 1998. He is only the second player who was born in Germany to play in the  Finals. 

He is a 12-time NBA All Star. Nowitkzi won the 2006-07 NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award. The Mavericks, led by Nowitzki, defeated the Miami Heat 4-2 in the 2011 NBA Finals. In addition to performing very well in general in the Finals, his 101-degree fever in Game 4 didn't stop him from scoring the winning basket to tie the series 2-2. This amazing feat is a lot like when Michael Jordan played well despite the flu in the 1997 Finals against the Utah Jazz.
Dirk's jersey number is 41.

Other websites

The Dirk Nowitzki Foundation
Dirk Nowitzki at fiba.com
1978 births
Dallas Mavericks players
German basketball players
Living people
People from Würzburg
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Volkach is a town in Kitzingen in the Regierungsbezirk Unterfranken (Lower Franconia) in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Main and has a population of around 8,700.

Gallery

Other websites 
 Volkach website

References 

Kitzingen (district)