Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
History
Historically, the word "Tatar" might have referred to the Tatar confederation, which eventually became part of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan joined the various Eurasian steppe tribes into one empire. The term "Tatars" was spelled as "Tartars" on occasion. In the past, this term was used to refer to anyone coming from North and Central Asia dominated by many predominantly Turco-Mongol empires and kingdoms. Neighbouring non-Turkic peoples called any Turkic-speaking people Tatar. Nowadays, this term is used to refer to certain Turkic peoples.

Russian historian D. Iskhakov wrote in 2000: “the real history of Tatars, of the people in every respect historical, is not written yet”.  However, a  book by independent Tatar historian Galy Yenikeyev about the unwritten history of the Tatars
claims to have new facts.

Sources
The Gupta Empire was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 AD and covered most of North-central India. The time of the Gupta Empire is referred to as Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside with the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization.

The Guptas most probably came from Bengal. At the beginning of the 4th century the Guptas ruled a few small Hindu kingdoms in Magadha and around modern-day Uttar Pradesh.
We get plenty of information about this dynasty through coins, inscriptions, monuments and Sanskrit writings. The Gupta rulers were great conquerors and good administrators. This brought on a series of invasions which weakened the empire, but many of their cultural and intellectual achievements were saved and transmitted to other cultures and live on today. Fa Hien visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II and stayed in this country for several years. 

People lived a simple life. Commodities were affordable and all round prosperity ensured that their requirements were met easily. They preferred vegetarianism and shunned alcoholic beverages. Gold and silver coins were issued in great numbers which is a general indicative of the health of the economy. Trade and commerce flourished both within the country and outside. Silk, cotton, spices, medicine, priceless gemstones, pearl, precious metal and steel were exported by sea.
Gupta dynasty 
The Gupta dynasty ruled by the Gupta Empire of India, from around 320 to 550.

Some of its main rulers were:
 Chandragupta
 Samudragupta
 Ramagupta
 Chandragupta II
 Kumaragupta I
 Skandagupta
 Narasimhagupta
 Buddhagupta
 Purugupta
 Vishnugupta
 Pushpak

Further reading 
 Karls, Farah. World History The Human Experience.

Other websites 

 Frontline Article on Gupta Period Art 

+Golden Coins
The Guptas were the first to introduce a coinage across their empire.This showed both their wealth-as some coins were trying to unify the empire by using the same coins over the empire.

Ancient India
Royal dynasties
4th-century establishments
6th-century disestablishments
Establishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Asia
Former empires
Former countries in South Asia
The North Melbourne Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League. It is nicknamed "The Kangaroos".

Club song
Hearts to hearts and hands to hands,
Beneath the Blue and White we stand,
We shout, God bless our native land
North Melbourne, North Melbourne.
 
Out we come, out we come, out we come to play,
We train so hard, we play the game, we must win every day.
Lots of fun, heaps of fun, enjoy yourself today,
North Melbourne's boys are hard to beat, when they come out to play.
 
So join in the chorus and sing it one and all,
Join in the chorus, North Melbourne's on the ball.
Good old North Melbourne, they're champions you'll agree,
North Melbourne is the team that plays to win for you and me.

Australian Football League
Australian rules football clubs
The England football team are a team who play football for England. They play their matches in England at Wembley Stadium. 

They played their first game in 1872 against Scotland.

They won the FIFA World Cup in 1966 when they beat West Germany by 4 goals to 2 at the old Wembley Stadium.

Most appearances

Top scorers

Honours 
 Olympic football tournament
  Gold medal (2): 1908, 1912

 FIFA World Cup
   Winner (1): 1966
 Fourth Place (2): 1990, 2018

 UEFA European Championship

  Runners-up (1): 2021

  Third Place (1): 1968
  Semi-finals (1): 1996

  UEFA Nations League

  Third Place (1): 2018 -19

 British Championship
   Winners (54)  (including 20 shared)

Recent Games 

  Green means that the team won.
  Yellow means the team had a draw.
  Red means the team lost.

Minor tournaments 

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

Related pages
 England women's national football team

References
References

European national football teams
Football in England
The Football Association
English football clubs
National sports teams of England‎
Portman Road is an association football stadium in Ipswich, Suffolk, England. It has been the home field of Ipswich Town F.C. since 1882.  The stadium has also hosted one senior England friendly international match. It has staged several other sports events including athletics meetings and international hockey matches. The stadium has also held several music concerts, including performances from R.E.M. and Elton John. 

The stadium was changed a lot in the early 2000s.  This increased the number of people it could hold from 22,600 to 30,311.  It is the largest capacity football stadium in East Anglia.  The record number of people in the ground of 38,010 was set in an FA Cup match against Leeds United in 1975.  The stadium also has conference and food facilities, the "Sir Bobby Robson Suite", "Legends Bar" and a club store selling Ipswich Town souvenirs.
History 
Portman Road has been used by the local cricket team since 1855. In 1884 Ipswich Town F.C. moved from another area of Ipswich to ground.  Both teams shared the ground during the summer.   The first professional football team to play at the ground was Preston North End in 1892.  They played a match against a Suffolk County Football Association team.  A temporary bleacher was built for the visit of Aston Villa in 1898.  Over 5,000 people watched the match.  In 1901, a tobacco factory was built along one side of the pitch.

A wooden bleacher called "The Chicken Run" was built along the side of the pitch in 1906.  Four years later, two amateur England international games were played at Portman Road. The First World War led the British Army to use the ground for training.  A lot of work had to be done to repair the pitch when they left in 1920.  During the 1920s, the ground hosted greyhound races to raise money.   In 1936, when Ipswich Town F.C. turned professional, the cricket club left the ground.
Portman Road was home to Ipswich Town's first Football League match on 27 August 1938.  Ipswich won 4–2 against Southend United in front of more than 19,000 spectators.  The fans helped pay for more improvements like concrete bleachers in 1952 which meant the ground could hold over 29,000 people.  Floodlights were built in 1960, and Ipswich's first televised match was held two years later.

The "Portman Stand" was built in 1971.  This increased the ground's capacity to over 37,000.  After the Hillsborough disaster, all bleachers had to be all-seater by law.  This meant all terraces had to be converted and the capacity was reduced to about 22,000.  Statues of previous Ipswich Town managers Bobby Robson and Sir Alf Ramsey were put outside the stadium in the 1990s.  After Ipswich were promoted in 2000 to the Premier League, the ground was expanded to its current capacity of just over 30,000.

Structure and facilities
The pitch is surrounded by four all-seater bleachers: the Sir Bobby Robson Stand (North), the Cobbold Stand, the Sir Alf Ramsey Stand (formerly the South Stand) and the East of England Co-operative Stand Stand.  The main section of Cobbold Stand, which used to be called the Portman Stand, was built in 1971.  The East of England Co-operative Stand was built in 1952 as a concrete seating area.  It was updated in 1990.  The North Stand was completely rebuilt in 2001 and has a capacity of around 7,500.

The current groundsman, Alan Ferguson, has been given several awards.  They include both Premiership and Championship Groundsman of the Year. The pitch was voted the best in the Championship for two consecutive seasons in 2004 and 2005.

The stadium is about   from Ipswich railway station.  The station is on the main line from London Liverpool Street to Norwich.  The stadium has no parking facilities for supporters.
Other uses 
On 20 August 2003, Portman Road hosted its only senior England match.  It was a friendly against Croatia, which finished 3–1 to England in front of 28,700 people. The stadium has been used by England youth teams several times.  The first time was on 24 November 1971.  The England U23 team drew 1–1 with Switzerland.  

Other sports have been hosted at Portman Road, including athletics in 1927, an American football match in 1953, and several international hockey matches in the 1960s and 70s.

The stadium has also hosted several music concerts, including performances by Elton John, R.E.M., Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Rod Stewart.  In March 2005, around 8,000 Christians went to the stadium.  This was the largest act of Christian worship in Suffolk since American evangelist Billy Graham used Portman Road on part of his tour in 1984.

Records
Records 

The most people to watch a football match at Portman Road is 38,010 for a match against Leeds United in the FA Cup sixth round on 8 March 1975.  The record modern (all-seated) attendance is 30,152, set on 21 December 2003 against Norwich City in the Football League Championship. The largest ever crowd for a non-competitive game at the ground was 23,284 for Bobby Robson's testimonial match where Ipswich, including George Best, played against an England XI.

The highest seasonal average at the stadium since Ipswich turned professional was 26,431 in the 1976–77 season.  The lowest average attendance at Portman Road was 8,741 in the club's first professional season, the 1936–37 season.  The highest total seasonal attendance was in the 1980–81 season when the total was more than 814,000.
Portman Road hosted Ipswich Town's first appearance in European football competition when they defeated Floriana of Malta 10–0 in the European Cup in 1962.  Since then, Ipswich Town remain undefeated at Portman Road in all European competitions.  They have played a total of 31 matches over 40 years, a world record until it was beaten by AZ Alkmaar in December 2007.

References 

Football stadiums in England
Ipswich
1884 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Suffolk
Norwich City F.C. is an English football club based in Norwich, Norfolk.  The club was started in 1902. They were relegated from the Premier League in the 2021-22 season. The manager is Dean Smith.

League position

Former position 

Premier League clubs
Norwich
1902 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in England
Queens Park Rangers Football Club is an English football club from London. Their players wear a blue and white hooped shirts for home games which they play at a ground called Loftus Road.  The club are also known as QPR.

League position

Former position

Managers

Honours

League

Championship Winners 2010–11
Division One Runners-up 1975–76

Division Two Champions 1982–83
Division Two Runners-up 1967-68, 1972-73

Division Three Champions 1966-67
Nationwide Division Two Runners-up 2003-04

Division Three (South) Champions 1947-48

Cup

FA Cup Runners-up 1981–82

League Cup Winners 1966-67
League Cup Runners-up 1985-86

FA Community Shield Runners-up 1907-08, 1911-12

References

Premier League clubs
1882 establishments in England
This is a list of colleges and universities in Bangkok, Thailand.

Public

 Chulalongkorn University
 Kasetsart University
 King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang 
 King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok
 King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 
 Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University 
 Mahamakut Buddhist University
 Mahidol University
 National Institute of Development Administration
 Rajamangala University of Technology
 Ramkhamhaeng University
 Silpakorn University
 Srinakharinwirot University 
 Sukhothai Thammathirat University
 Thammasat University

Private

 Assumption University 
 Bangkok University 
 Dhurakijpundit University 
 Dusit Thani College
 Kasem Bundit University 
 Mahanakorn University of Technology 
 Rangsit University 
 Ratana Bundit University 
 SAE Institute Bangkok
 Saint John's University
 Siam University
 Sripathum University
 University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce

Bangkok

Bangkok
Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, has many palaces:

Thai royal family private residences 
Grand Palace 
Chitralada Palace (New Palace)
Sukhothai Palace
Srapratum Palace
Nonthaburi Palace
Chakri Bongkot Palace
Le Dix Palace
Dusit Palace
Former private residences of the Thai royal family 
Vimanmek Palace (Vimanmek Mansion) - Now a museum
Suan Pakard Palace - Now a museum
Front Palace - Now Bangkok National Museum
Chankasem Palace - Now a part of education ministry building
Rear Palace - Now a part of Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok
Phya Thai Palace - Now a part of Phramongkutklao Hospital
Phetchabun Palace - Now CentralWorld
Saranrom Palace - Now Saranrom Park
Varadis Palace - Now a museum
Old Palace - Now the headquarters of the Royal Thai Navy
Thapra Palace - Now Silpakorn University
Bang Khun Phrom Palace - Now the Bank of Thailand
Tewawes Palace - Now the Bank of Thailand
Sunantalai Palace - Now the Suan Dusit Rajabhat University
Ldawan Palace - Now the Royal Crown Property Bureau
Burapha Phirom Palace - Now a market
Chakrabongse Palace - Now a private resort

Palaces in Bangkok
Bangkok
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
Thai culture
Thailand-related lists
Bangkok, Thailand, is home to a number of stadiums and sport clubs:

 Impact, Muang Thong Thani
 Mahanakorn UNI Stadium
 Mee Suwan Stadium
 Osotsapa Stadium
 Rajamangala Stadium
 Suphachalasai Stadium
 Tarua Stadium
 Thai Army Sports Stadium
 Thai-Japanese Stadium
 Thammasat Stadium
 Thupatemee Stadium
 Chulalongkorn Stadium
 Kasetsart Stadium
 Rajadamnern Stadium
 Lumpini Stadium
 Royal Bangkok Sports Club
 Royal Turf Club

Bangkok
Venues in Bangkok
Sport in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
Thailand-related lists
Watford F.C. are an English football club who play in Watford, near London.  

They wear yellow and black shirts and black shorts when they play at their home ground, Vicarage Road. For away games they wear green shirts and shorts. The club was founded in 1881.  Roy Hodgson is the current manager.

History
The club was at first called "Watford Rovers." It changed its name to "West Hertfordshire" in 1893, and "Watford F.C." in 1898. Watford won the Southern League in 1915 and joined the Football League in 1920. They stayed in the Football League's bottom division until 1960 when they were promoted to the Third Division as champions. Watford played in the Second Division for the first time in 1969 when Ken Furphy was the manager.
Watford are best known for what they did between 1977 and 1987. Singer Elton John bought the club and made Graham Taylor manager in 1977. The team won the Fourth Division in 1978. They then came 2nd in the Third Division in 1979, and 2nd in the Second Division in 1982. Finally, they came 2nd in the First Division in 1983, and Luther Blissett was the league's top scorer. Watford also got to the FA Cup final in 1984. John Barnes, Nigel Callaghan, Tony Coton and Ross Jenkins were among Watford's star players during the period.

Taylor left Watford in 1987 and Watford were relegated to the then Second Division the following year. In the last 30 years they have mostly played in the second tier of English football. However, they enjoyed two seasons in the Premier League under Taylor, in his second spell as manager (1999/2000), and Aidy Boothroyd (2006/07), before Slaviša Jokanović again led them to promotion in 2015 to begin their current spell in the top flight.

League position

Former position

References
References

English football clubs
Watford
1881 establishments in England
Sheffield United F.C. is an English football club who play in Sheffield, Yorkshire, England.  They play their home games at a stadium called Bramall Lane and have the nickname "Blades". Their nickname comes from Sheffield's reputation for producing steel.

League position

Former position

References 

Football clubs in Sheffield
1889 establishments in England
Barnsley F.C. is an English football club who play in Barnsley, Yorkshire. The club was founded in 1887 and play its home games at a stadium called Oakwell.

Name 
 1887–1897 Barnsley St. Peter's F.C.
 1897–present Barnsley F.C.

League position

Former position

Managers 
   Arthur Fairclough (1898–01)
  John McCartney (1901–04)
   Arthur Fairclough (1904–12)
   John Hastie (1912–14)
   Percy Lewis (1914–19)
   Peter Saint (1919–26)
  John Cummins (1926–29)
   Arthur Fairclough (1929–30)
   Brough Fletcher (1930–37)
  Angus Seed (1937–53)
   Tim Ward (1953–60)
  Johnny Steele (1960–71)

  John McSeveney (1971–72)
  Johnny Steele (1972–73)
   Jim Iley (1973–78)
   Allan Clarke (1978–80)
   Norman Hunter (1980–84)
  Bobby Collins (1984–85)
   Allan Clarke (1985–89)
   Mel Machin (1989–93)
   Viv Anderson (1993–94)
  Danny Wilson (1994–98)
  John Hendrie (1998–1999)
   Eric Winstanley (Caretaker) (1999)
Dave Bassett (1999–2000)
  Eric Winstanley (Caretaker) (2000–2001)
  Nigel Spackman (2001)
    Glyn Hodges (Caretaker) (2001)
  Steve Parkin (2001–2002)
    Glyn Hodges (2002–2003)
  Gudjon Thordarson (2003–2004)
  Paul Hart (2004–2005)
  Andy Ritchie (2005–2006)
    Simon Davey (2006–2009)
  Mark Robins (2009–2011)
  Keith Hill (2011-2012)
  Thomas Wade(Caretaker) (2012- 2015)
Club records 
 Record League Victory: 9–0 v Loughborough Town, Second Division, 28 January 1899  
 Record Cup Victory: 6–0 v Blackpool, FA Cup First Round, 20 January 1910  
 Record League Defeat: 0–9 v Notts County, Second Division, 19 January 1927
 Record Cup Defeat: 1–8 v Derby County, FA Cup First Round, 30 January 1987
 Highest League Scorer in Season: 
 Most League Goals in Total Aggregate: Ernie Hine, 123, 1921–1938
 Most Internationals Caps: Gerry Taggart, 35, Northern Ireland
 Most League Appearances: Barry Murphy, 514, 1962–1978
 Record Transfer Fee Received: £4,500,000 from Blackburn Rovers for Ashley Ward, December 1998
 Record Transfer Fee Paid: £1,500,000 to Partizan Belgrade for Georgi Hristov (1997) and £1,500,000 to QPR for Mike Sheron (1999)
 Record Attendance: 40,255 v Stoke City, FA Cup 5th Round, 15 February 1936
 Youngest ever Football League player: Reuben Noble-Lazarus 15 years and 45 days

References
References 

English football clubs
1887 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in England
Barnsley
Burnley F.C. are an English football club who play in Burnley, Lancashire.  They were created in 1882 and play their home games at the Turf Moor stadium.

Burnley have been Football League Champions twice, in the 1920–21 season and 1959–60 season.

Players

First-team squad

Other players under contract

Out on loan

League position

Former position

Notable former players

Past and present Internationals
  
  
Albania
 Besart Berisha

Cameroon
 André Bikey

England 
 John Angus
 William Bannister
 Tommy Boyle
 Jack Bruton
 Ralph Coates
 John Connelly
 Jimmy Crabtree
 Jerry Dawson
 Martin Dobson
 Billy Elliott
 Bert Freeman
 Gordon Harris
 Jack Hill
 Jack Hillman
 Bob Kelly
 Colin McDonald
 Brian Miller
 Eddie Mosscrop
 Louis Page

 Brian Pilkington
 Ray Pointer
 George Waterfield
 Billy Watson
 John Yates
 Adam Halstead
Greece
 Nikolaos Michopoulos
 Dimitrios Papadopoulos

Iceland
 Joey Gudjonsson

Ireland
 William Emerson
 Hugh Flack
 Andy McCluggage
 Tommy Morrison
 Tom Willighan

Jamaica 
 Micah Hyde
Northern Ireland
 Tommy Cassidy
 Terry Cochrane
 Michael Duff
 Alex Elder

 Phil Gray
 Billy Hamilton
 Willie Irvine
 Steve Jones
 Kyle Lafferty
 Jimmy McIlroy
 Martin Paterson
 Sammy Todd

Scotland
 Jock Aird
 Graham Alexander
 Adam Blacklaw
 Steven Caldwell
 Steven Fletcher
 Willie Morgan
 Chris Iwelumo

Trinidad and Tobago
 Ian Cox

Wales
 Stan Bowsher
 Danny Coyne
 Brian Flynn
 Leighton James
 Billy Morris
 Gareth Taylor

References

Premier League clubs
1882 establishments in England
Sport in Lancashire
Azua is a Dominican province; it is in the southern part of the country, along the Caribbean coast. Its capital is Azua de Compostela.

After the Dominican independence from Haiti, Azua was one of the five original provinces of the country; all the southwestern part of the country was part of this province, including some regions that now are part of Haiti.

Name
The province takes the name from its capital city, Azua de Compostela. Azua was the Taíno name of the region where the city was founded

Location
Azua has the La Vega province to the northeast, the San José de Ocoa and Peravia provinces to the east, the Caribbean Sea to the south, the Barahona and Baoruco provinces to the west, and the San Juan province to the northwest.

History
There were people living in the region since a very long time, most of them along the coast. When the Spanish people came here, only Taínos were living here.
During colonial times, Azua de Compostela was one of the most important city of the Hispaniola island because there were several factories to produce sugar. Hernán Cortés, conquistador of Mexico, was one of the persons who lived here for some time.

After the independence in 1844, there were several important battles in this region between the Haitian and Dominican armies and Azua de Compostela was burned several times by the Haitian armies.

Padre Las Casas is a municipality of the province since 1942; later, other municipalities were created: Peralta in 1978; Las Charcas, Las Yayas de Viajama and Estebanía in 2001; Sabana Yegua and Pueblo Viejo in 2003; and Tábara Arriba and Guayabal in 2004.
The municipal districts of the province were created in:
 2000 : Palmar de Ocoa
 2001 : Villarpando
 2003 : Las Barias-La Estancia, Los Jovillos, Proyecto 4, Ganadero, Proyecto 2-C, El Rosario and Los Toros
 2004 : Barro Arriba, Las Lagunas, La Siembra, Tábara Abajo and Amiama Gómez
 2005 : Puerto Viejo, Barreras, Doña Emma Balaguer Vda. Vallejo, Clavellina and Monte Bonito
 2006 : Las Lomas, Hato Nuevo Cortés and Los Fríos

Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Azua province, and 165,703 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 23th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 219,856 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is Azua de Compostela, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 59,319 inhabitants.
Geography
The Azua province has a total area of . It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 5th (out of 31 provinces plus the National District) largest province. The altitude of Azua de Compostela, provincial capital, is .

Most of the Azua province is in a very dry valley (the Azua Valley or Azua Plain); cacti and other plants of dry regions are common in this valley.

The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range") runs along the northern half of the province. To the east, there is the Sierra de Ocoa (part of the Cordillera Central) that separates this province from the Peravia province. To the west, there are the Sierra Martín García and Sierra de Neiba.

The most important rivers are the Yaque del Sur and its tributaries Las Cuevas and Grande or Del Medio. Other rivers are Ocoa, Jura and Vía (that flows through the city of Azua de Compostela).
The only important road in the province is the Carretera Sánchez (Sánchez National Road) that goes through the southern part of the province; the road goes from Santo Domingo to the western part of the country, to the border with Haiti.

The other roads are not so important and they go from the different municipalities or municipal districts to the Carretera Sánchez or to the city of Azua de Compostela.

The Azua port is in the municipal district of Puerto Viejo; it is a small port.

Municipalities
There are 10 municipalities and 22 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are:

Economy
The main economic activity in the province is farming. In the valley, the most important crops are  and the main products are banana, plantain, vegetables and fruits like mango. High on the northern mountains, coffee and beans are important products.

Fishing is important along the Caribbean coast.

Related pages
 Provinces of the Dominican Republic

References
References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
Cardiff City F.C. is a Welsh football club who play in Cardiff.  They play at the Cardiff City Stadium, (formerly at Ninian Park) and have the nickname "The Bluebirds".

They are the only non-English side to win the FA Cup, in 1926-27.  They were also runners up in 1924-25 and 2007-08.

Name 
 1899-1902 Riverside F.C.
 1902-1908 Riverside Albion F.C.
 1908-present Cardiff City F.C.

League position

Former position

References 

Welsh football clubs
Cardiff
1899 establishments in the United Kingdom
1890s establishments in Wales
Colchester United F.C. are an English football team who play in Colchester, Essex.  They were started in 1937 and play games at their stadium which is called Colchester Community Stadium.  They currently play in the Football League One.
Their only major honour was in 1998 when they won the F.A. trophy

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1937 establishments in England
Coventry City F.C. is an English football club.  They play in Coventry in the West Midlands.  They first played football in 1883 and have the nickname "Sky Blues" named after the colour of the shirts they wear.  They play their home matches at the Ricoh Arena stadium.

Coventry City won the FA Cup in 1987 against a team from London, Tottenham Hotspur F.C..

Name 
1883-1898 Singers F.C.
1898-present Coventry City F.C.

League position

Former position

References 

Organisations based in Coventry
English football clubs
1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
Crewe Alexandra F.C. is an English football club from Crewe, Cheshire. The club's chairman is Charles Grant.

History 
The club was founded in 1877 and named after Alexandra of Denmark. 

From 1983 to 2007, Crewe Alexandra F.C. was led by Dario Gradi. He became the longest-serving coach in the English Football League. 

Since December 2008, the club has been coached by Icelander Gudien Thordarson, but he soon left his post. 

In the 2011-2012 season, the team won the playoffs and advanced to EFL League One.  

In the 2012-2013 season, the club took 13th place. It played 46 games, gaining 64 points, the difference between goals scored and conceded is 54-62. 

In the 2012-2013 EFL Trophy, the team reached the final, where they beat Southend United Football Club 2-0 in the decisive match. 

Crewe has played mostly in the lower divisions of England. Crewe Alexandra F.C. won the Wales Cup twice and became the winner of the Milk Cup.
In the 2020-2021 season, the club will play in EFL League One, the third division in the English football league system.

Name 
Since 1877, the club was named Crewe F.C.

Later, it was re-named as Crewe Alexandra F.C. It is also known with a nickname "railway workers", which is associated with the location of the city on a large railway junction.

League position

Former position

Other websites
Official website

References

1877 establishments in England
Crewe
English football clubs
Crystal Palace Football Club (Crystal Palace) is an English football club. It is based in South Norwood in the London Borough of Croydon. The club was founded in 1905. The home stadium of the club is Selhurst Park.

Crystal Palace has played in the Premier League since 2013. They were runners-up in the FA Cup in 1990 and 2016.

Players

First-team squad

Out on loan

Seasons 

Notes

References

Premier League clubs
Football clubs in London
1905 establishments in England
Hull City A.F.C. are an English football club who are based in Kingston upon Hull.  They started in 1904 and currently play in the Football League Championship. Their stadium is called the KC Stadium.

On 24 May 2008 Hull City achieved promotion to the Premier League by beating Bristol City 1-0 in the Football League Championship play-off final at Wembley stadium. Dean Windass scored the winning goal in the 38th minute.

Hull made a remarkable start to their first ever season in the Premier League and reached as high as 2nd in the table in October 2008. They recorded impressive wins away from home against established Premier League teams- Newcastle, Arsenal and Tottenham.

League position

Former position 

1904 establishments in England
English football clubs
Kingston upon Hull
Many periods have been called golden periods in the History of India, because there were different important achievements at different times.

Gupta Empire

The period between the 4th century and 6th century AD is known as the Golden Age of India because of the large achievements Indians made in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, sculpting and painting during the Gupta Empire. Significant contributions to the decimal numeral system, including the concept of zero happened during this period in India. The Golden Age in India came to an end when the Hunas invaded the Gupta Empire in the 6th century AD.

Chola Dynasty

South India in the 10th and 11th century AD under the imperial Chola Dynasty has been called Golden Age as well. The period saw extensive achievements in architecture,  literature, sculpture and bronze working, maritime conquests with extensive trade, and quasi-democratic reforms.

References
References

Other websites
 GUPTA DYNASTY, GOLDEN AGE OF INDIA 
 The Golden Age of Classical India 
 Gupta and Harsha: The Classical Age 
 Frontline Article on Gupta period Art 

History of India
Periods and ages in history
John Enoch Powell, MBE (16 June 1912 – 8 February 1998) was a British politician in the Conservative Party.

Early life
Powell was born on June 16, 1912 in Birmingham, England and raised there. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge and at School of Oriental and African Studies.

Before becoming a politician, Powell was a professor of Ancient Greek at Sydney University, Australia. When World War II, started he joined the British Army in 1939 as a private but, by 1945, had been promoted to Brigadier.

Political career
He was elected to the House of Commons in 1950, and was a government minister in 1957-1958 and again between 1960 and 1963.  In 1962 when he was Minister of Health he launched the Hospital Plan which had plans for 90 new hospitals, 134 to be rebuilt and about 1000 more small hospitals to be closed - the biggest building programme the NHS had seen.  

He made a speech in 1968 in which he said that if the United Kingdom let too many immigrants live there, there would be fighting in the streets.
In 1974 he left the Conservative Party before the February election, and became an MP in Northern Ireland for the Ulster Unionist Party in October 1974.

Personal life
Powell was married to Pamela Wilson from 1952 until his death in 1998. They had two daughters.

Death
Powell was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1992. He died on February 8, 1998 in London, England from the illness, aged 85. He is buried at Warwick Cemetery, Warwick, Warwickshire, England.

References

Other websites 
 Enoch Powell: Life and Views
1912 births
1998 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British Army people
British military personnel of World War II
Converts to Christianity
English Anglicans
English poets
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Birmingham
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
University of Sydney faculty
Writers from Birmingham
Ulster Unionist Party MPs
Secretaries of State for Health and Social Care‎
Monetarism is the belief that the right way for a government to manage a country's economy is to control how much money it prints.  The most famous monetarist economist was Milton Friedman.

Macroeconomics
Super Mario All-Stars is a video game made by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console.  It was released in 1993. It is a remake of four old games into one package. The four games are Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 2, Super Mario Bros. 3, and Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels.  The Lost Levels was originally called Super Mario Bros. 2 in Japan and was the original sequel to Super Mario Bros.. The old games feature new graphics and improved sound. It was later re-released in 1994 with Super Mario World as Super Mario All-Stars + Super Mario World.

25th Anniversary Re-release

In 2010, Nintendo released Super Mario All-Stars 25th Anniversary Edition for the Nintendo Wii in celebration of Mario's 25th anniversary. It includes a port of Super Mario All-Stars. It also includes a Mario history book and a CD with music from the series. It was released on October 21, 2010 in Japan, on December 3, 2010 in Europe, and on December 12, 2010 in North America.
1993 video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Compilation video games
is a 2002 video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube. It was the first platform game starring Mario that was not a launch title – it was not released when the Nintendo console debuted. Instead, it was released about nine months after the GameCube had come out. To compare, other consoles like the NES, SNES, and Nintendo 64 had been accompanied by a Mario game.

Plot
Mario and his friends arrive in Isle Delfino for a vacation. However, the police on the island arrest Mario. Someone who looks like him has been making the island dirty. A judge tells Mario to clean up the island. He is given a device called F.L.U.D.D. (Flash Liquidizer Ultra Dousing Device), which Mario straps on his back. F.L.U.D.D. is a powerful water device that can clean up the mess that the fake Mario has caused. Mario learns that Bowser Jr., Bowser's son, was the one who changed the island and kidnapped Princess Peach. Mario sets out to find them.
Gameplay
Like Super Mario 64, there are many worlds and each world has several goals to meet. Instead of stars, Mario captures Shine Sprites that will help restore the island. Each world has a boss to defeat. As Mario clears each world, he unlocks others.

Mario must clean up lots of sludge and filth that is on the island. F.L.U.D.D. allows him to do this. F.L.U.D.D. can only hold a little bit of water and Mario must jump into a pool of water after the water runs out to refill it. F.L.U.D.D. can also do several other things. If Mario aims the nozzles down, Mario can float for a few seconds until the water pressure runs out. There are also areas where Mario takes F.L.U.D.D. off and jumps around himself without assistance.
Development
Nintendo had been working on a sequel to Super Mario 64 for many years; the cancelled video games Super Mario 64 2 and Super Mario 128 were some ideas Nintendo had for a direct sequel. Super Mario Sunshine was first shown at Nintendo Space World 2001. The game was later shown again at E3 2002.

Work on the game began with the idea of gameplay involving a water pump. However, at first the developers thought that the world was too daringly out of character with Mario. Therefore, they tried using a man-type character, but thought this was too odd and that "if there was a man next to Mario, there is a sense of incongruity." There were ten candidates for possible water nozzles, and FLUDD was chosen because of fitting in the game's setting, despite it not being one of the favorites. Some preliminary gun-like water nozzles were removed due to all the controversy in the United States. They also said that several Yoshi features were taken out, such as Yoshi vomiting juice fed to him.
Koji Kondo and Shinobu Tanaka composed the musical score to Super Mario Sunshine. The soundtrack features various arrangements of classic Mario tunes, including the underground music and the main stage music from the original Super Mario Bros. Super Mario Sunshine featured many of the usual voice actors for the various Nintendo characters. This is the only Mario game which features full English voice acting in cut-scenes. The voice cast consisted of Charles Martinet as Mario and Toadsworth, Jen Taylor as Princess Peach and Toad, Scott Burns as Bowser, and Dolores Rogers as Bowser Jr. Other voice actors included Kit Harris.

Reception

Super Mario Sunshine sold well, having sold 5.5 million copies as of June 2006. In 2002, Super Mario Sunshine was the tenth best-selling game in the United States, according to the NPD Group. It was released again in 2003 as part of the Player's Choice line, a selection of games with high sales sold for a reduced price.
Super Mario Sunshine received positive reviews from game reviewers. IGN liked the addition of the water backpack for improving the gameplay, and GameSpy commented on the "wide variety of moves and the beautifully [made] environments". The game received a perfect score from Nintendo Power, who commended the "superb graphics, excellent music, clever layouts, funny cinema scenes and [clever] puzzles". GamePro also gave Super Mario Sunshine a perfect score, stating that the game was "a masterpiece of superior game design, infinite gameplay variety, creativity, and life." Game Informer said that the game is arguably "the best Mario game to date." ComputerAndVideoGames.com also mentioned the game is "better than Super Mario 64." The game placed 46th in Official Nintendo Magazine'''s 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time.
LegacySuper Mario Sunshine has introduced many elements which were carried over to newer Mario titles. This was the first game in the Mario series to introduce the Shine Sprites. These Shine Sprites have appeared in later Mario titles games like Mario Kart DS. This was the first game in the Mario series which included Bowser Jr; he has since appeared in New Super Mario Bros., New Super Mario Bros. Wii, Super Mario Galaxy and Super Mario Galaxy 2, and in Mario sports games such as the Mario Kart series since Mario Kart: Double Dash!! and Mario Kart Wii. Also, Toadsworth appeared for the first time on the game. He has later appeared on various Mario games such as Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga and Super Princess Peach. The recurring character Petey Piranha, known as  in Japan, was also introduced. He also appears in New Super Mario Bros., Super Princess Peach and several spin-off games.
This game was the first Mario platformer game to be released for the Nintendo GameCube. It was also the first 3D Mario platformer which included the ability to ride Yoshi and to have him change colors. This feature reappeared in the Wii 3D platformer Super Mario Galaxy 2''.

References

2002 video games
Mario platform games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Nintendo GameCube-only games
The African elephant are the two species of elephant in the genus Loxodonta. This is one of the two living genera in Elephantidae.

Female elephants travel in herds and male elephants travel alone and sometimes in bachelor groups.

Fossil Loxodonta have only been found in Africa, where they developed in the middle Pliocene.

Males of the African bush elephant can grow to 3.64 meters (12 feet) tall at the shoulder and weigh 5455 kg (12,000 lbs). It is the largest living elephant. Females may reach 3 meters (10 feet) and weigh 3636 kg to 4545 kg (8,000 to 10,000 lbs).

Teeth 
At any one time, elephants have one molar in each jaw bone (two upper, two lower). Each weighs about 11 lbs and measures about 12 inches long. As they wear away at the front, new molars emerge in the back of the mouth and gradually replace the old ones. Elephants replace their teeth  six times. If it survives to 60 years of age the elephant no longer has teeth  and will die of starvation.
Their tusks are also teeth, the second set of upper incisors become the tusks. They are used for digging for roots and stripping the bark off trees for food, and, fighting each other during mating season, or defending themselves against predators. They weigh from 50-100 pounds and may be from 5 to 8 feet long. However, a result of poachers killing elephants with the biggest tusks has been a survivor population with much smaller tusks. Both bulls and cows have tusks.

Species 
 Loxodonta adaurora, extinct, presumed antecedent of the modern African elephants.
 African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana).
 African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis).
Bush and forest elephants are nowadays generally considered to be two distinct species.  The African forest elephant has a longer and narrower mandible, rounder ears, a different number of toenails, straighter and downward tusks, and considerably smaller size. With regard to the number of toenails: the African bush elephant normally has four toenails on the front foot and three on the hind foot, the African forest elephant normally has five toenails on the front foot and four on the hind foot (like the Asian elephant). Hybrids between the two species do occur.

Conservation
Poaching greatly reduced the population of elephants in Africa in the 20th century. In the eastern region of Chad, elephant herds were substantial as recently as 1970, with an estimated population of 400,000. However, by 2006 the number had dropped to about 10,000. The African elephant nominally has governmental protection, but poaching is a serious issue.
People moving into or near areas where elephants occur naturally is a problem. There is research into methods of safely driving groups of elephants away from humans. Playing recorded sounds of angry honey bees is remarkably effective at prompting elephants to flee an area.  Sometimes elephant communities have grown so large that culling was needed to sustain the ecosystem.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Elephant Information Repository  - An in-depth resource on elephants
 "Elephant caves" of Mt Elgon National Park 
 ElephantVoices - Resource on elephant vocal communications
 Amboseli Trust for Elephants - Interactive web site

Elephants
Mammals of Africa
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state. England, Scotland, Wales (together: Great Britain) and Northern Ireland are parts of this state.

The Acts of Union in 1707 united the crowns and Parliaments of England and Scotland to create (the United Kingdom of) Great Britain. At this time, Wales was legally part of the Kingdom of England, with representation (since 1536) in the English Parliament, so it was included in the union of England and Scotland. Ireland was a separate kingdom with its own parliament until further Acts of Union in 1800 joined Great Britain and Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
In 1922, the territory of what is now the Republic of Ireland gained independence, and only Northern Ireland continued to be part of the United Kingdom. As a result, in 1927 Britain changed its formal title to "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", usually shortened to "the United Kingdom", "The UK", "Great Britain" or just "Britain".

The birth of the United Kingdom

Acts of Union 1707

The first step towards political unification were taken on 1 May 1707, when the parliaments of Scotland and England approved Acts of Union which combined the two parliaments and the two royal titles.

Perhaps the greatest single benefit to Scotland of the Union was that Scotland could enjoy free trade with England and her colonies overseas. For England's part, a possible ally for European states that were hostile to England had been neutralized.
Certain aspect of the former independent kingdoms remained separate. Examples of Scottish and English institutions which were not merged into the British system include: Scottish and English law which remain separate, as do Scottish and English banking systems, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and Anglican Church of England also remained separate as did the systems of education and higher learning.

As the Scots were generally well educated, they made a disproportionate contribution to both the government of the United Kingdom and the administration of the British Empire.

19th century

Ireland joins with the Act of Union (1800)

The second stage in the development of the United Kingdom took effect on 1 January 1801, when Great Britain merged with the Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Napoleonic wars
Hostilities between Great Britain and France recommenced on 18 May 1803. The Coalition war-aims changed over the course of the conflict: a general desire to restore the French monarchy became closely linked to the struggle to stop Napoleon.
The Napoleonic conflict had reached the point at which subsequent historians could talk of a "world war". Only the Seven Years' War offered a precedent for widespread conflict on such a scale.
Victorian era 
The Victorian era marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. Although commonly used to refer to the period of Queen Victoria's rule between 1837 and 1901, scholars debate whether the Victorian period–as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians–actually begins with the passage of Reform Act 1832. The era was preceded by the Regency era and succeeded by the Edwardian period. The latter half of the Victorian era roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe and other non-English speaking countries.
Prime Ministers: William Pitt the Younger | Lord Grenville | Duke of Portland | Spencer Perceval | Lord Liverpool | George Canning | Lord Goderich | Duke of Wellington | Lord Grey | Lord Melbourne | Sir Robert Peel | Lord John Russell | Lord Derby | Lord Aberdeen | Lord Palmerston | Benjamin Disraeli | William Ewart Gladstone | Lord Salisbury | Lord Rosebery

Ireland and the move to Home Rule

20th century

Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom 1900–1945
Marquess of Salisbury | Arthur Balfour | Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman | Herbert Henry Asquith | David Lloyd George | Andrew Bonar Law | Stanley Baldwin | Ramsay MacDonald | Stanley Baldwin | Ramsay MacDonald | Stanley Baldwin | Neville Chamberlain | Winston Churchill

World War I

Partition of Ireland

World War II

Empire to Commonwealth 
Britain's control over its Empire loosened during the interwar period. Nationalism became stronger in other parts of the empire, particularly in India and in Egypt.
Between 1867 and 1910, the UK granted Australia, Canada, and New Zealand "Dominion" status (near complete autonomy within the Empire).

1945-1997
The end of the Second World War saw a landslide General Election victory for Clement Attlee and the Labour Party.

As the country headed into the 1950s, rebuilding continued and a number of immigrants from the remaining British Empire were invited to help the rebuilding effort. During the 1950s the UK lost its place as a superpower and could no longer maintain its large Empire. This led to decolonization, and a withdrawal from almost all of its colonies by 1970.

Though the 1970s and 1980s saw the UK's integration to the European Economic Community which became the European Union in 1992 and a strict modernization of its economy.