Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Christians that believe that Jesus Christ will someday come back to earth, translated the sentences of the Messiah and the Lamb of God, are the symbolism of Jesus, that will return to the earth to fight the Antichrist (or the Beast) in the battle of Armageddon. After that war Satan (or the Antichrist) will be thrown to the bottomless pit, or Abyss for a 1,000 years, known as the Millennium Age. After Satan will be out of the pit, he will gather one man called Gog and Magog (In the texts he is named God and Magog but also named Gog kind of Magog, in Jewish texts, the war of Gog and Magog means the attack of Gog kind of Magog to kill all the Jewish people, and God will kill him and his army. In Christianity, Gog and Magog are two separate people that are Evil.) from the Four corners of the Earth. They will trap the Holy Ones (means Christians) in the Beloved City, (means Jerusalem)
. Then Fire will come from God and from the Heavens, and it will destroy Gog and Magog and will trap the Devil in Gehenna (Gehinom, Valley of Hinom, a place near Jerusalem, lake of fire and brimstone, also known as Hell).
The word Armageddon appears only once in the Greek New Testament. This word comes from the Hebrew Har Megiddo (), which means - Mountain of Megiddo. In Israel there is a small city, that is in the Azrieli Vally, called Megiddo. The Mountain of Megiddo is a small mountain which had a big Roman fort.

Related pages
Rapture
Apocalypse
Second Coming
Eschatology
World War III

Christian eschatology
Bromine monochloride, also known as bromine(I) chloride, bromochloride, or bromine chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrCl. It contains bromine in its +1 oxidation state and chloride ions.

Properties
It is a red-brown gas. It is an oxidizing agent. It is used in analytical chemistry to see how much mercury is in something. It can be used to kill bacteria and mold in industrial places. It is highly toxic.

Related pages
Bromine trifluoride

Bromine compounds
Chlorine compounds
Bromine dioxide, also known as bromine(IV) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrO2. It contains bromine in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

Properties
It is a yellow or yellow-orange solid. It is very unstable. It turns into bromine and oxygen easily. It is similar to chlorine dioxide. It reacts with a base to make bromide and bromate.

Preparation
It is made when an electric current is passed through a mixture of cold bromine and oxygen gases. It also can be made by reacting bromine in an organic solvent with ozone.

Related pages
Bromine monochloride

Bromine compounds
Oxides
Calcium bromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca(BrO3)2. It contains calcium and bromate ions.

Properties
Calcium bromate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water easily. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to calcium chloride.

Preparation
It is made by oxidation (by electrolysis) of calcium bromide solution. It can also be made by dissolving bromine in hot calcium hydroxide solution. This also makes calcium bromide.

Uses
It is added to flour to make it better in some areas.

Related pages
Sodium bromate
Potassium bromate

Calcium compounds
Bromine compounds
Sodium bromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBrO3, which means that one molecule of it contains one atom of sodium and one ion of bromate.

Properties
Sodium bromate is a colorless solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation
Sodium bromate is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with bromic acid. It can also be made by electrolysis of a sodium bromide solution. It may be made by dissolving bromine in hot sodium hydroxide solution. This also makes sodium bromide.

Uses
It is used to dye hair. It is also used to dye other things. It can be used to dissolve gold.

Related pages
Potassium bromate
Calcium bromate

Sodium compounds
Bromine compounds
Potassium bromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KBrO3. It contains potassium and bromate ions.

Properties
Potassium bromate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It might be a carcinogen.

Preparation
It can be made by dissolving bromine in hot potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by electrolysis of potassium bromide solution.

Uses
Potassium bromate is used to make wheat flour better. Some places have banned it from being added to flour because it might be a carcinogen. Normally when the bread is baked the potassium bromate is broken down. If there is too much, then some might be left over in the bread, which is bad.

Related pages
Sodium bromate
Calcium bromate

Potassium compounds
Bromine compounds
San Luigi dei Francesi is a French church in Rome. It was build by Giacomo della Porta who completed it in 1859. The church is found near the Roman Pantheon, Piazza Navona and the French Cultural Center. The main attraction are some Caravaggio paintings; The Calling of Saint Matthew, The Inspiration of Saint Matthew, and the Martyrdom of Saint Matthew.

The outside facade was also done by Giacomo della Porta as a decorative piece apart from the actual church. It shows French heroes and saints like Charlemagne and Saint Louis.

The church is also a burial site for Pauline de Beaumont, Frédéric Bastiat, and Cardinal François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis.

Churches in Rome
1859 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century‎
Amadeus is a 1984 American biographical period drama movie directed by Miloš Forman. It won eight Oscars. This is a biography of two great music composers - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri.  Salieri knows Mozart is a great composer but tries to stop him out of jealousy.

The movie was shot on location in Prague, Kroměříž and Vienna. Notably, Forman was able to shoot scenes in the Count Nostitz Theatre in Prague, where Don Giovanni and La Clemenza di Tito were first shown two centuries before. Several other scenes were shot at the Barrandov Studios.
Cast
 F. Murray Abraham as Antonio Salieri
 Tom Hulce as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Elizabeth Berridge as Constanze Mozart
 Roy Dotrice as Leopold Mozart
 Simon Callow as Emanuel Schikaneder
 Richard Frank as Father Vogler
 Christine Ebersole as Caterina Cavalieri
 Jeffrey Jones as Emperor Joseph II
 Charles Kay as Count Orsini-Rosenberg
 Cynthia Nixon as Lorl, Mozart's maid
 Roderick Cook as Count Von Strack
 Jonathan Moore as Baron van Swieten
 Patrick Hines as Kappelmeister Bonno

Awards and nominations
United States
 Academy Awards 1984
 Won (8)
 Best Actor in a Leading Role (F. Murray Abraham)
 Best Adapted Screenplay (Peter Shaffer)
 Best Art Direction (Karel Černý and Patrizia von Brandenstein)
 Best Costume Design (Theodor Pištěk)
 Best Picture
 Best Director (Miloš Forman)
 Best Makeup (Dick Smith and Paul LeBlanc)
 Best Sound Mixing (Mark Berger, Thomas Scott, Todd Boekelheide and Christopher Newman)
 Nominated
 Best Actor in a Leading Role (Tom Hulce)
 Best Cinematography (Miroslav Ondříček)
 Best Film Editing (Nena Danevic and Michael Chandler)

 Golden Globe Awards 1984
 Won (4)
 Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama (F. Murray Abraham)
 Best Director (Miloš Forman)
 Best Motion Picture – Drama
 Best Screenplay (Peter Shaffer)
 Nominated
 Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama (Tom Hulce)
 Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (Jeffrey Jones)
LAFCA Awards 1984
 Won (4)
 Best Actor (F. Murray Abraham tied with Albert Finney for Under the Volcano)
 Best Director (Miloš Forman)
 Best Picture
 Best Screenplay (Peter Shaffer)

 American Cinema Editors
 Won (1)
 Best Edited Feature Film (Nena Danevic and Michael Chandler)
 Casting Society of America
 Won (1)
 Best Casting for Feature Film (Mary Goldberg)
 Directors Guild of America
 Won (1)
 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Miloš Forman)
 Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award
 Won (1)
 Best Actor (F. Murray Abraham)

 American Film Institute
 Won (1)
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #53
 Nominated
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
 Villain – Antonio Salieri
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
 Emperor Joseph II: "There are simply too many notes."
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)
United Kingdom
 BAFTA
 Won (4)
 Best Cinematography (Miroslav Ondříček)
 Best Editing (Nena Danevic and Michael Chandler)
 Best Make Up Artist (Dick Smith and Paul LeBlanc)
 Best Sound (Mark Berger, Thomas Scott and Christopher Newman)
 Nominated
 Best Actor (F. Murray Abraham)
 Best Costume Design (Theodor Pištěk)
 Best Film (Miloš Forman and Saul Zaentz)
 Best Production Design (Patrizia von Brandstein)
 Best Screenplay — Adapted (Peter Shaffer)

Italy
 David di Donatello
 Won (3)
 Best Director – Foreign Film (Miloš Forman)
 Best Foreign Actor (Tom Hulce)
 Best Foreign Film
 Nastro d'Argento
 Won (2)
 Best Actor — Foreign Film (Tom Hulce)
 Best Director — Foreign Film (Miloš Forman)

France
 César Award
 Won (1)
 Best Foreign Film

Japan
 Japan Academy Prize
 Won (1)
 Best Foreign Language Film

Norway
 Amanda awards
 Won (1)
 Best Foreign Feature Film

References

Other websites
1984 drama movies
1980s biographical movies
1980s historical movies
American biographical movies
1980s American drama movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
Best Picture Oscar
1980s English-language movies
Fiction set in the past
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies set in Austria
Movies set in the 18th century
Movies set in the 1780s
Movies set in the 1790s
Movies set in the 1820s
French drama movies
Czech movies
Italian drama movies
Movies set in Vienna
Movies directed by Miloš Forman
Movies about composers‏‎
Movies about classical music and musicians
Bromic acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO3. It contains hydrogen and bromate ions.

Properties
Bromic acid cannot be found pure. It can be found in a solution though. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to chloric acid.

Preparation
Bromic acid is made by adding a strong acid to a bromate such as sodium bromate.

Uses
Bromic acid can be used to make bromates, although it is not normally used.

Related pages
Bromous acid
Perbromic acid
Hypobromous acid

Acids
Bromine compounds
Bromine pentafluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrF5. It contains bromine and fluoride ions. The bromine is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Bromine pentafluoride is a pale yellow liquid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make bromic acid and hydrofluoric acid.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting hot bromine with fluorine. This makes some bromine trifluoride. Potassium bromide can be reacted with fluorine. This makes bromine pentafluoride and potassium fluoride.

Uses
It is used to look at the isotopes of oxygen. It can add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds. It can be used as an oxidizing agent in rockets. It can be used as poison as well.

Safety
Bromine pentafluoride is very corrosive. Just a little kills most animals. It can ignite powdered metals.

Related pages
Bromine monochloride

Bromine compounds
Fluorine compounds
Bromine trifluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrF3. It contains bromine and fluoride ions. The bromine is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a yellow liquid. It absorbs water. It reacts when it is placed in water. It can be dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid. It conducts electricity. It can dissolve other fluorides.

Preparation
It is made by reacting cold fluorine with bromine. Hot fluorine makes bromine pentafluoride.

Uses
It is used to make uranium hexafluoride for uranium making. This makes the uranium able to explode in an atomic bomb.

Related pages
Bromine monochloride
Bromine dioxide

Bromine compounds
Fluorine compounds
Kingsmeadow is an association football stadium in Kingston upon Thames, London. It has been used since 1989. There are four parts to it. It could hold 4,720 people as of 2009. It has a grass surface.

Football stadiums in London
1989 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s establishments in England

Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames
Leaders in the House of Lords 1834–present
Those asterisked ( * ) were considered the overall leader of the party.
 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 1834–1846
 Edward Smith-Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley (14th Earl of Derby from 1851) 1846–1868 *
 James Howard Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury 1868–1869
 Hugh Cairns, 1st Baron Cairns 1869–1870
 Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond 1870–1876
 Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield 1876–1881 *
 Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 1881–1902 (* from 1885)
 Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire 1902–1903
 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne 1903–1916
 George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Earl Curzon of Kedleston (1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston from 1921) 1916–1925
 James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury 1925–1931
 Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham 1931–1935
 Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry 1935
 E. F. L. Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax 1935–1938
James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope 1938–1940
 Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote 1940
 E. F. L. Wood, 3rd Viscount Halifax 1940
 George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd 1940–1941
 Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne 1941–1942
 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne (5th Marquess of Salisbury from 1947) 1942–1957
 Alec Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home 1957–1960
 Quintin Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham 1960–1963
 Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington 1963–1970
 George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe 1970–1973
 David Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham 1973–1974
 Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington 1974–1979
 Christopher Soames, Baron Soames 1979–1981
 Janet Young, Baroness Young 1981–1983
 William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw 1983–1988
 John Ganzoni, 2nd Baron Belstead 1988–1990
 David Waddington, Baron Waddington 1990–1992
 John Wakeham, Baron Wakeham 1992–1994
 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne 1994–1998
 Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde 1998–
Leaders in the House of Commons 1834–1922
 Sir Robert Peel 1834–1846 *
 Lord George Bentinck 1846–1847
 Charles Manners, Marquess of Granby 1848
 None 1848–1849
 Jointly Benjamin Disraeli, Charles Manners, Marquess of Granby and John Charles Herries 1849–1852
 Benjamin Disraeli 1852–1876 (* from 1868)
 Sir Stafford Northcote 1876–1885
 Sir Michael Hicks Beach 1885–1886
 Lord Randolph Churchill 1886–1887
 William Henry Smith 1887–1891
 Arthur James Balfour 1891–1906 (* from 1902)
 Joseph Chamberlain 1906
 Arthur James Balfour 1906–1911 *
 Andrew Bonar Law 1911–1921 (* from 1916)
 Austen Chamberlain 1921–1922

Leaders of the Conservative Party 1922-Present

Date in brackets shows when each person became leader.
White people are people with light skin. Most white people are of European origin. In American English, the term "Caucasian" is used to mean "white people." Outside of North American, it refers to people or things from the Caucasus Mountains.

Before the modern age, Europeans did not think of themselves as "white". They defined their race, ancestry or ethnicity in terms of their nationality: Greek, Roman, etc. The Ancient Greek civilisation was based on the Mediterranean. The Romans spread their empire from northern Europe to northern Africa.  

The idea of a single white race came into use starting in the 17th century. The people who were the strongest supporters of the white race being supreme in 20th century Europe were fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. They felt that some European peoples such as Slavs as a different race even though they were white. This was just for political  purposes.

Related pages
Black people 
White Americans
White Mexicans
White Hispanic and Latino Americans
Mixed race

References
References 

Race
is a Japanese architect and university professor at Tama Art University and Keio University in Tokyo. Sejima won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

Career
Sejima worked in the design office of Toyo Ito.

In 1987, she started her own company, Kazuyo Sejima and Associates in 1987.

In 1995, she started a partnership with Ryūe Nishizawa in Tokyo.  It was called SANAA.

In 2005-2008, she was a visiting professor at the School of Architecture at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey.

In 2010, Sejima became Director of the Architecture Sector for the Venice Biennale. She organized the 12th Annual International Architecture Exhibition. She is the first woman to be in that position.

Projects
This table is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

Unbuilt
 Platform III House, Tokyo, Japan, 1990
 Nasumoahara Harmony Hall, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, 1991
 Service Center at the Tokyo Expo 96, Tokyo, Japan, 1995
 Yokohama International Port Terminal, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, 1994
Honors
 Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.
 Pritzker Prize, 2010.
 Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal, 2019

References

Other websites 

 SANAA website
 Vernissage.tv, "SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York"

1956 births
Living people
Japanese architects
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
People from Ibaraki Prefecture
Sanaa may mean:
Sana'a, the capital of Yemen
SANAA, a Japanese architecture company

People with the name
Sanaa Benhama, Moroccan athlete
Sanaa Hamri, Moroccan music and film director
Sanaa Lathan, American actress
The article about the capital of Yemen is at Sana'a

SANAA is an architecture partnership in Tokyo. SANAA won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

History
Kazuyo Sejima and Ryūe Nishizawa started the design office in 1995.

List of projects
1995-1996 — Multimedia Studio, Gifu, Japan
 1995-1997 — N Museum, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
 1995-1999 — O Museum, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
 1995-1996 — S House, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
 1996-1997 — M House, Tokyo, Japan
 1996-1997 — K Office Building, Ibaraki, Japan
 1997-1998 — Koga Park Café, Ibaraki, Japan
 1997 — Welfare Center, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
 1999-2004 — 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
 2000 — Prada Beauty Store, Arezzo, Italy
 2000 — Japan Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy
 2001-2003 — Dior Omotesando Store, Tokyo, Japan
 2001-2006 — Glass Pavilion at the Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio
 2003 — Issey Miyake Store, Tokyo, Japan
 2003-2006 — Zollverein School of Design, Essen, Germany
 2003-2006 —  Naoshima Ferry Terminal, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan
 2003-2007 — New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York City, New York
 2009 — Serpentine Gallery, London, England
Unbuilt
 1997-1999 — Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, Australia
 1998 — Campus Center of the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
 2002 — Mercedes Benz Museum, Stuttgart, Germany
 2002 — Extension to the Rietberg Museum, Zurich, Switzerland

Awards and exhibits
 "City of Girls" in the Japanese Pavilion at the 2000 Venice Biennale
 Garden Cafe at the 7th International Istanbul Biennale, Istanbul, Turkey
 Zumtobel Staff-Lichtforum, Vienna, Austria
 Institut Valencia d'Art Modern, Valencia, Spain
 Zeche Zollverein, Essen, Germany
 Gallery MA, Tokyo, Japan
 N-museum, Wakayama, Japan
 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York
 Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.
 46th Mainichi Shinbun Arts Award (Architecture Category), 2005
 Schock Prize in the visual arts, 2005
 Pritzker Prize in 2010

References

Other websites
 SANAA website
 Verissage.tv, SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York
Japanese architects
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
Organizations based in Tokyo
1995 establishments in Japan
Notoceratops (meaning "southern horned face") was a ceratopsian dinosaur known only from a late Cretaceous jaw bone. Notoceratops walked on four sturdy legs, had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head.

Discovery 
Notoceratops was named by Augusto Tapia in 1918 from a partial lower jaw found in Chubut, Argentina. This original Notoceratops bonarelli is missing and there is some doubt as to whether or not this fossil was actually a ceratopsian. 

Ceratopsids
is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu.  The capital city is Kumamoto.

History 
The area of Higo Province was renamed Kumamoto during the Meiji Restoration.

Timeline
 1607-1614 (Keichō 12-19): Kumamoto Castle, construction lasted 7 years
 December 1637 (Kan'ei 14): Shimabara Rebellion
 May 21, 1792 (Kansei 4, 1st day of the 4th month): Earthquake centered at Mount Unzen caused tsunami which hit Higo

Geography 
Kumamoto Prefecture is in the middle of Kyūshū  The western border of Kumamoto is the Ariake Sea and the Amakusa Islands.  Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture are in the north. Miyazaki Prefecture is in the east. Kagoshima Prefecture is in the south.

Mount Aso (1592 m) is an active volcano in the eastern part of the prefecture.

Cities

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture, including
 Aso Kujū National Park

Shrines and Temples
Aso-jinja is the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.
Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Roasso Kumamoto

References

Other websites 

 http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/english/list.html ,
Thomas Peter Thorvald Kristian Ferdinand Mortensen (August 16, 1882 – April 25, 1998), known as an adult as Christian Mortensen, was a Danish-born American supercentenarian who lived to age 115 years and 252 days, and was believed to be the second-oldest man in history, after Japanese Shigechiyo Izumi (claimed to be born June 29, 1865 but was most likely born in 1880) who died on February 21, 1986 at the claimed age of 120 years, 237 days. However, Izumi's claimed record was officially debunked in 2012, and later in 2023 even the claimed age record of American Mathew Beard (claimed to be born 9 July 1870) who died almost exactly one year before Izumi at the claimed age of 114 years, 222 days, and Mortensen is therefore verified to have been the first man who lived to age 114 as well as the only man who lived to age 115 before Emiliano Mercado del Toro's 115th birthday on August 21, 2006, and the oldest man in history until December 27, 2012 when his record was broken by Japanese Jiroemon Kimura.
Mortensen was baptised in Fruering Church on December 26, 1882. Besides his baptismal record, other records include the 1890 and 1901 census enumerations in Denmark, and church confirmation in 1896. He was the world's oldest validated living man between January 20, 1994 and April 25, 1998.

Related pages 
List of American supercentenarians

References 

American supercentenarians
1882 births
1998 deaths
Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (23 January 1673 – 30 May 1731) was the wife of the Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany, the heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. 

She was the youngest child of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy and was a sister to Louis XIV's daughter-in-law. 

She married Ferdinando de' Medici on 9 January 1689 and became known as the Grand Princess of Tuscany. Her husband died on 31 October 1713 and she did not have any children. She was put in charge of Siena in 1717 and died in 1731.

Titles and styles 

 23 January 1673 – 9 January 1689: Her Serene Highness Princess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, Duchess of Bavaria
 9 January 1689 – 5 February 1691: Her Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
 5 February 1691 – 31 October 1713: Her Royal Highness The Grand Princess of Tuscany
 31 October 1713 – 12 April 1717: Her Royal Highness The Dowager Grand Princess of Tuscany
 12 April 1717 – 30 May 1731: Her Royal Highness The Governor of Siena
1673 births
1731 deaths
House of Wittelsbach
Grand Princesses of Tuscany
Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) was the wife of Louis, the Grand Dauphin. She had three sons including the father of Louis XV of France and a King of Spain. In France she was known as Dauphine Marie Anne Victoire. She was a sister of the Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, the last Medici Grand Princess of Tuscany. At court she was known simply as Madame la Dauphine. 

She was a daughter of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy.

Children
Children

 Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712), Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France; married second cousin Maria Adelaide of Savoy and had the future Louis XV of France;
  Philippe of France (19 December 1683 –  9 July 1746), "Duke of Anjou", (later King of Spain); became King of Spain in 1700; married second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy and had issue; married again Elisabeth Farnese and had further children such as a future Dauphine of France;
 Charles of France, Duke of Berry (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714); married his first cousin Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans and had children but none survived over a year.

Through her first two sons she is an ancestor of the present King of Spain as well as the present Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

Titles and styles

28 November 1660 – 7 March 1680 Her Serene Highness Duchess Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria
7 March 1680 – 20 April 1690 Her Royal Highness the Dauphine of France (Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine".)
1660 births
1690 deaths
House of Bourbon
House of Wittelsbach
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Geometric abstraction is a form of abstract art based on the use of geometric forms in non-representational compositions. This art is not meant to depict our everyday visual world, but instead uses the shapes of basic geometry.

Wassily Kandinsky, one of the forerunners of pure non-objective painting, was among the first modern artists to explore this geometric approach in his abstract work. Other examples of pioneer abstractionists such as Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian have also embraced this approach towards abstract painting.

Geometric abstraction is not just an invention of 20th century avant-garde artists or movements. It is present in many cultures throughout history both as decorative motifs and as art pieces themselves.
Islamic art, in its prohibition of depicting religious figures, is a prime example of this geometric pattern-based art. It existed centuries before the modern movement in Europe, and in many ways influenced this Western school. Geometric patterns were often used in the architecture of Islamic civilisations from the 7th century-20th century, to visually connect spirituality with science and art.  

Abstract art has also historically been likened to music in its ability to convey emotional or expressive feelings and ideas without reliance upon or reference to recognizable objective forms already existent in reality. Wassily Kandinsky has discussed this connection between music and painting, as well as how the practice of classical composition had influenced his work, at length in his seminal essay Concerning the Spiritual in Art.

Expressionist abstract painting, as practiced by artists such as Jackson Pollock, is the opposite of geometric abstraction.
Artists who have worked extensively in geometric abstraction include Josef Albers, Theo van Doesburg, Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian, Barnett Newman, Kenneth Noland, Bridget Riley, Alexander Rodchenko, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, among others.

Related pages 
Suprematism
Constructivism
Abstract art

References

Other websites
 Geometric Arts 
 Easy Abstract Painting 
Art movements
Josef Albers (March 19, 1888 – March 25, 1976) was a German-born American artist and educator. His work in Europe and the United States was highly influential and far-reaching. His ideas formed the basis of many art education programs in the 20th century.

Life
Albers was born in Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany. He studied art in Berlin, Essen, and Munich, before enrolling as a student at the prestigious Weimar Bauhaus in 1920. He began teaching in the preliminary course of the Department of Design in 1922, and was promoted to Professor in 1925, the year the Bauhaus moved to Dessau. His work at this time included designing furniture and working with glass.
With the closure of the Bauhaus under Nazi pressure in 1933, Albers emigrated to the United States. In 1950 Albers was appointed head of the Department of Design at Yale University. In 1963 he published Interaction of color which presented his theory that colors were governed by an internal and deceptive logic. A key idea, which he proved by examples, was that our perception of color is not constant. It is influenced by the juxtaposition (placing together) of one color with another. This interested artists interested in optical illusions (Op art).

Albers is best remembered for his work as an abstract painter and theorist. Most famous of all are the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series Homage to the Square. In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored chromatic interactions with flat colored squares arranged inside each other. This was a union of geometric abstraction with experiments in color.

References

Other websites 
Joseph & Anni Albers Foundation
1888 births
1976 deaths
American painters
German painters
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
France has a multi-party system, which means that several political parties must form coalitions in order to form a government. This is because it would be very difficult for any one party to win a majority of seats in the French National Assembly. Since the 1980s, there have been two major coalitions; one is a collection of right-wing parties and the other is a collection of left-wing parties.

Parties

Right-wing
National Rally (Rassemblement National; RN): nationalism, conservatism, euro-scepticism. 

The Republicans (Les Républicains; LR) - Promotes conservatism, liberal-conservatism and nationalism. Replaced the Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire) in 2015.

Centrist
La République En Marche! - Promotes neoliberalism, economic liberalism, centrism, and pro-Europeanism. Founded by current French President Emmanuel Macron in 2016.

Left-wing
Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste) - Promotes social democracy.
La France insoumise - Promotes democratic socialism, environmentalism and pacifism.

French Communist Party (Parti Communiste Français) - Promotes communism.

Europe Ecology – The Greens - Promotes environmentalism

Royalists
Royal Alliance (Alliance Royale)

Nouvelle Action Royaliste

Democratic rally (Rassemblement démocrate)

Communists
Worker's Communist Party of France (Parti Communiste des Ouvriers de France)

Independent Worker's Party (Parti ouvrier indépendant) - Trotskyist

Pole of Communist Rebirth in France (Pôle de Renaissance Communiste en France)

Others
Pirate Party (Parti Pirate)

Frexit
Popular Republican Union (Union Populaire Républicaine) - Promotes movement of national liberation and Frexit.

Regionalist Parties
Abertzaleen Batasuna - Basque nationalist
 Alsace d'abord (In English:Alsace First) - Alsace nationalist
 Savoyan League (Ligue savoisienne) - Savoy nationalist
 Breton Democratic Union (Union Démocratique Bretonne) - Breton nationalism
 Party of the Corsican Nation (U Partitu di a Nazione Corsa) - Corsican nationalism
 Corsica Libera - Corsican nationalism

France
 
France-related lists
Dae Jung-sang, also called Qiqi Zhongxiang or Geolgeol Jungsang (, ? – 698), was a Goguryeo soldier. He was the father of Dae Jo-yeong, founder of the Kingdom of Balhae.

Year of birth unknown
698 deaths
Korean military people
Korean monarchs
Philip V of Spain (19 December 1683 - 9 July 1746) was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin and Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. He was a grandson of Louis XIV and Marie Therese of Austria and was King of Spain from 1700 – 1724 and again from 1724 – 1746. He succeeded Charles II of Spain who was childless and mad. 

He was born at the Palace of Versailles, France. He lost the Kingdom of Naples to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and the Kingdom of Sicily to Victor Amadeus II. He died at his the Royal Palace of Madrid.

Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain. He died in Madrid, Spain. His reign of 45 years and 21 days is the longest in modern Spanish history. He was also the father of three Kings of Spain.

First marriage
He married Maria Luisa of Savoy in 1701 and had four children:
Issue
Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, no children.
Felipe of Spain (2 July 1709 – 18 July 1709)
Felipe Pedro Gabriel of Spain (7 June 1712 – 29 December 1719) died in childhood.
Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759) married Infanta Maria Barbara of Portugal, no children.

Second marriage
He remarried in 1714 to Elisabeth Farnese and had seven children:
Issue
Charles III of Spain (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) Duke of Parma, King of Naples and Sicily and later King of Spain. Married Maria Amalia of Saxony and had children.
Infante Francisco (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717) died in infancy.
Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) married the future Joseph I of Portugal and had children.
Infante Felipe (20 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) Duke of Parma. Married Louise Élisabeth of France and had children.
Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) married Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and had children.
Infante Luis (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785) Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain. Married morganatically to María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas and had issue.
Maria Antonia of Spain (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) married the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and had children.
1683 births
1746 deaths
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens of Spain
People from Versailles
Spanish House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was the King of Spain and eldest son of Philip V of Spain and Maria Luisa of Savoy. His reign was one of the shortest in Spanish history. It is often considered unremarkable. However, his marriage to his father's cousin Louis Élisabeth d'Orléans helped the country's relations with France. His wife was a  minor French princess.

Louis was born in Madrid. He was the heir to the throne from birth. He held the title Prince of Asturias. He was given the names Louis, after his grandfather the King Louis XIV, and Felipe, in honour of his father. He was a first cousin of Louis XV of France as well as the future Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

Louis was King of Spain from 14 January to 31 August 1724, less than eight months. During his short reign he was nicknamed The beloved and The liberal (El Bien Amado and El Liberal in Spanish). His reign ended when he died of smallpox. He had no children.
Titles and styles
25 August 1707 – 2 April 1709: His Royal Highness The Infante Don Luis of Spain
2 April 1709 – 14 January 1724: His Royal Highness The Prince of Asturias
14 January 1724 – 31 August 1724: His Majesty The King

Kings and Queens of Spain
Spanish House of Bourbon
1707 births
1724 deaths
Deaths from smallpox
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish infantes and infantas
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 – 16 June 1742) was the wife of Louis I of Spain. She was a daughter of Françoise Marie de Bourbon and Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France. She married Louis, then known as the Prince of Asturias on 20 January 1722. She had no children and became Queen of Spain in January 1724 before her husband died the same year of smallpox. She was sent back to France where she died alone and ignored in Paris in 1742. She is noted as one of the shortest reigning royal consorts in history.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
11 December 1709 - 20 January 1722 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle de Montpensier
20 January 1722 - 15 January 1724 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Asturias
15 January 1724 - 6 September 1724 Her Majesty the Queen of Spain
6 September 1724 - 16 June 1742 Her Majesty the Dowager Queen of Spain

Other websites
Other websites

1709 births
People from Versailles
Spanish House of Bourbon
1742 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
House of Orléans
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish infantes and infantas
Maria Luisa of Savoy (17 September 1688 – 14 February 1714) was the first wife of Philip V of Spain. She loved her husband a lot and gave him four children. She had a lot of influence in the government but died exhausted in 1714. Her husband remarried to Elisabeth Farnese in December 1714. She was very popular in Spain.

Life

Named after her aunt the former Queen of Spain she was the second daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Savoy. At her fathers court it was well known that her father was having an affair with the Countess of Verua. This therefore put strain on her parents marriage. She was always close to her sister Marie Adélaïde.

Family
Family

She married Philip V in 1701 and had four children:
Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, no issue.
Felipe of Spain (2 July 1709 – 18 July 1709)
Felipe Pedro Gabriel of Spain (7 June 1712 – 29 December 1719) died in childhood.
Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759) married Infanta Barbara of Portugal, no issue.

1688 births
1714 deaths
Spanish House of Bourbon
Deaths from tuberculosis
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Regents
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
People from Turin
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 – 11 July 1766) was the second wife of Philip V of Spain. Phillip's first wife, Maria Luisa of Savoy, had died in February 1714. Elisabetta married the king in December 1714. She had lots of influence over the state till her husband's death in 1746. She acted as Regent in 1759 when her eldest son Charles III of Spain became king and was travelling from Naples. There were plans for her to marry Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont but the marriage never occurred.

Issue
Issue

 Infante Carlos of Spain (later King Carlos III) (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) Duke of Parma, then King of Naples and Sicily, then King of Spain. Married Maria Amalia of Saxony and had issue.
 Infante Francisco of Spain (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717) died in infancy.
 Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) married the future Joseph I of Portugal and had issue.
 Infante Felipe of Spain (20 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) Duke of Parma. Married Louise Élisabeth of France and had issue.
 Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) married Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and had issue.
 Infante Luis of Spain (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785) Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain. Married morganatically to María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas and had issue.
 Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) married the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and had issue.

Titles and styles
Titles and styles

 25 October 1692 - 24 December 1714 Her Highness Princess Elisabetta
 24 December 1714 – 14 January 1724 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
 14 January 1724 - 6 September 1724 Her Majesty Queen Elisabeth
 6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
 9 July 1746 - 10 August 1759 Her Majesty The Dowager Queen
 10 August 1759 - 7 October 1759 Her Majesty The Queen regent
 7 October 1759 - 11 July 1766 Her Majesty The Queen mother

1692 births
1766 deaths
House of Bourbon
Spanish House of Bourbon
House of Farnese
People from Parma
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Regents
Most political parties in Scotland can be put into two groups: Unionists and Nationalists. Nationalists want Scotland to become an independent country and to stop being part of the United Kingdom whereas Unionists want Scotland to stay in the United Kingdom.

Parties currently represented
The following parties are parties represented at either the British House of Commons and/or the Scottish Parliament.

Parties formerly represented in the Scottish Parliament

 Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party - 1 MSP from 2003–2007

 Scottish Socialist Party - 6 MSPs elected in 2003, 4 at the dissolution of parliament in 2007

 Solidarity (dissolved in 2021) - 2 Scottish Socialist MSPs changed parties in 2006 when this party was formed and lost their seats in 2007

Minor parties in Scotland

 Alba Party - A Scottish nationalist party that supports Scottish independence.
British National Party (BNP) - A far-right UK-wide party which promotes fascism, anti-immigration, right-wing populism, Euroscepticism and Third position economics with many combinations.

 Christian Peoples Alliance - A right-wing Christian party.

 Free Scotland Party - A party in favour of an independent Scotland free from both the United Kingdom and the European Union.

 Scottish Christian Party - A Christian right party that endorses traditional social conservative Christian values.

 Scottish Unionist Party - A centre-right protestant party which promotes abolishing the Scottish parliament.

 Socialist Labour Party - A left-wing UK-wide party that promotes socialism and Trade Unionism.

 UK Independence Party (UKIP) - A right-wing to far-right UK-wide party has conservative and right wing populist policies.
Agostino De Laurentiis, usually credited as Dino De Laurentiis (8 August 1919 – 10 November 2010), was an Italian Academy Award-winning movie producer.

Early life 
He was born at Torre Annunziata in the province of Naples. He grew up selling spaghetti produced by his father. He studied at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome. His studies were interrupted by the Second World War.

Career 
His first movie was L'ultimo Combattimento in 1940. He has produced nearly 150 movies. In 1946 his company, the Dino de Laurentiis Cinematografica, moved into movie production. In the early years, De Laurentiis produced neorealist films such as Bitter Rice (1946) and the Fellini classics La Strada (1954) and Nights of Cabiria (1956). Neorealist is a style about the poor and working class. In the 1960s, De Laurentiis built his own studio facilities. During this period, De Laurentiis produced such films as Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die, Navajo Joe (1966), and Barbarella (1968).
In the 1970s, De Laurentiis moved to the US. He created his own studio, De Laurentiis Entertainment Group (DEG), based in Wilmington, North Carolina. During this period De Laurentiis made a number of successful and acclaimed movies, including Serpico (1973), Death Wish (1974), Mandingo (1975), Three Days of the Condor (1975), The Shootist (1976), Ingmar Bergman's The Serpent's Egg (1977), Ragtime (1981), Conan the Barbarian (1982) and Blue Velvet (1986).
It is for his more infamous productions that De Laurentiis's name has become known: The King Kong (1976) remake, which was a commercial hit, Lipstick, the killer whale movie Orca (1977); The White Buffalo (1977); the disaster movie Hurricane (1979); the remake of Flash Gordon (1980); Halloween II (the 1981 sequel to John Carpenter's 1978 classic horror movie); David Lynch's Dune (1984); and King Kong Lives (1986). De Laurentiis also made several adaptations of Stephen King's works during this time, including The Dead Zone (1983), Cat's Eye (1985), Silver Bullet (1985) and Maximum Overdrive (1986); Army of Darkness (1992) was produced jointly by De Laurentiis, Robert Tapert and the movie's star Bruce Campbell. 

De Laurentiis also produced the first Hannibal Lecter movie Manhunter (1986), Hannibal (2001) and Red Dragon (2002), a remake of Manhunter. He also produced Hannibal Rising (2007).

Awards 
In 2001 he received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
Death 
Laurentiis died on 10 November 2010 at his residence in Beverly Hills, California.

Personal life 
He had four children with his first wife, actress Silvana Mangano, who died in 1989. He later married movie producer Martha Schumacher with whom he had two daughters. One of the children from his first marriage, Raffaella De Laurentiis, is also a producer; another, Federico De Laurentiis (28 February 1955 – 15 July 1981), died at 26 in an airplane crash. His granddaughter is Giada De Laurentiis, host of Everyday Italian, Behind the Bash, Giada at Home and Giada's Weekend Getaways on Food Network. His nephew is Aurelio De Laurentiis, a film producer and the chairman of SSC Napoli football club.

Filmography 
Selected filmography from 1965 to the present.

References

Other websites

Dino De Laurentiis Company  Official site

Academy Award winning producers
Italian movie actors
Italian movie producers
People from Campania
1919 births
2010 deaths
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (9 August 1663 – 31 October 1713) was the son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. Ferdinando was heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, with the title Grand Prince from his father's accession in 1670 until his death in 1713. He married Violante Beatrice of Bavaria in 1689 but the marriage remained childless. He died of syphilis aged 50. 

His older brother Gian Gastone de' Medici, then became Grand Prince and later was the Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Titles and styles

9 August 1663 – 23 May 1670: His Highness Prince Ferdinando de' Medici
23 May 1670 – 5 February 1691: His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
5 February 1691 – 31 October 1713: His Royal Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany

1663 births
1713 deaths
Grand Princes of Tuscany
Cast
 Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester
 Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester
 Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer
 Jeffrey Dean Morgan as John Winchester
 Samantha Ferris as Ellen Harvelle
 Alona Tal as Jo Harvelle
 Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester
 Chad Lindberg as Ash
 Sterling K. Brown as Gordon Walker
 Mitch Pileggi as Samuel Campbell
 Misha Collins as Castiel
 Mark Pellegrino as Lucifer
 Richard Speight, Jr. as Gabriel
 Kurt Fuller as Zachariah
 Julie McNiven as Anna Milton
 Robert Wisdom as Uriel
 Fredric Lehne as Azazel
 Katie Cassidy as Ruby
 Genevieve Cortese as Ruby
 Nicki Aycox as  Meg Masters
 Mark Rolston as Alastair
 Christopher Heyerdahl as Alastair
 Mark Sheppard as Crowley

Other websites 

2005 American television series debuts
2010s American drama television series
2000s American drama television series
American horror television series
WB network shows
English-language television programs
The WB original programming
Cosimo III de' Medici (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was the penultimate Grand Duke of Tuscany. He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany. Cosimo's fifty long reign, the longest in Tuscan history, was marked by a series of regulatory laws. His reign also saw Tuscany's bad finances become even worse. He was succeeded by his elder surviving son, Gian Gastone de' Medici, when he died, in 1723. 

He married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a cousin of Louis XIV. It was a bad marriage and Marguerite Louise eventually left Tuscany to remain at the Convent of Montmartre in Paris. Together, they had 3 children. In later life, he tried to have Anna Maria Luisa recognised as heiress of Tuscany, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, would not allow it. Tuscany passed it to the House of Lorraine in 1737.

Issue

Cosimo III had three children with Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France:
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1663 d.1713)
Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine (b.1667 d.1743)
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.1671 d.1737)

14 August 1642 – 23 May 1670: His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany
23 May 1670 – 5 February 1691: His Highness The Grand Duke of Tuscany
5 February 1691 – 31 October 1723: His Royal Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany

Cosimo III's official style was "Cosimo the Third, By the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Tuscany."

Grand Dukes of Tuscany
Grand Princes of Tuscany
1642 births
1723 deaths