Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In France she was known as Marie Joséphine de Savoie. She had a high rank at court as her husband was a grandson of the reiging king. She was a cousin of the ill-fated Princess of Lamballe who was instrumental in the arrangement of the marriage. At the death of her husband’s grandfather Louis XV in 1774, her brother-in-law succeeded as Louis XVI. She became pregnant in 1774 and 1781, but both pregnancies ended in miscarriage. In 1791 Marie Joséphine went to Germany. During the period of exile, the Count and Countess fought constantly. Some historians have suggested Marie Joséphine's possible lesbian relationship with a lady-in-waiting as the primary cause for discord between the couple.

Marie Joséphine died of an edema at Hartwell House, English residence of the exiled French royal family. Marie Joséphine was laid to rest in the Lady Chapel of Westminster Abbey. Her body was removed a year later on Louis's orders and buried in the Kingdom of Sardinia; today in Cagliari Cathedral.

Other websites
Other websites

1753 births
1810 deaths
House of Bourbon
House of Savoy
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Islam is the religion of the majority of the Palestinian population residing in the Palestinian territories, with Muslims comprising 75% of the population of the West Bank, and 99% of the population of the Gaza Strip.

Jerusalem is Islam's third holiest city after Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. The Haram al Sharif (Temple Mount) of Jerusalem is believed by Muslims to be the location from which Muhammad ascended to Jannah (paradise); there is no mention of Jerusalem in the Koran, however.

This widely accepted Islamic belief raises the religious and spiritual importance to them of the Dome of the Rock and the adjacent al-Aqsa Mosque. Muslims are sensitive to and mindful of the circumstance that two mosques along with the rest of East Jerusalem are claimed and illegally occupied by the state of Israel.

References

Palestinian culture
Palestine
Specific impulse (often shortened to Isp) is a way to describe how well a rocket performs. It is also used to describe how well a jet engine performs. It can be used to compare rockets of different sizes. It is a way to know how much force a given engine makes for each bit of fuel. To do this, one needs to know how much fuel is in the engine. A high specific impulse means that a rocket needs less fuel to perform as well. If the specific impulse is lower, it means that the rocket needs more fuel to perform as well. 

Specific impulse is a useful value to compare rocket or jet engines. It is used much like miles per gallon or litres per 100 kilometres is used to compare cars.  An engine with a higher specific impulse uses fuel better. This means that the same amount of fuel lets the rocket go faster after all fuel is depleted.
Measurements 
There are two ways people find the number for specific impulse.  To find the specific impulse, one divides the impulse by the amount of fuel. Impulse is a measurement of how much force a rocket motor makes and for how long. A motor that makes a low force for a long time can sometimes have a higher impulse than a motor that makes a high force for a short time. Impulse is measured in Newtons times seconds (N*s).
The amount of fuel used to find specific impulse can be measured in different ways. It is sometimes measured in mass and sometimes in weight. When the amount of fuel is measured in mass, the specific impulse is expressed as a speed. This is usually in meters per second. When specific impulse is measured as a speed, it has another name. It is also called the effective exhaust velocity. The other way to measure the amount of fuel is weight. If weight is used, the specific impulse is in units of time, usually in seconds. These two ways are both common. They both compare the performance of engines.

When the specific impulse is higher, less fuel is needed to make the rocket perform at a certain level. So, a fuel is more efficient if the specific impulse is higher.

Be careful not to confuse thrust and specific impulse. Thrust is only the force made by a rocket at one point in time. Specific impulse is a measure of the force based on how much fuel there is.
When people find specific impulse, the only fuel counted is in the rocket before it gets fired. This includes the fuel and the oxidizer (the part of the fuel that helps the fuel burn).   The oxidizer is sometimes oxygen, or often something else (see Rocket engine#Liquids, solids and hybrids).

Examples

Jet (airplane) engines use fuel better than rocket engines. This is because the gases do not escape as fast. Because they do not escape as fast, the exhaust does not carry away as much energy. This means that the jet engine uses a lot less energy to push the jet.  It is also because the air that goes through the engine as the jet flies through the air helps the fuel to burn faster.
Model rocketry
Specific impulse is also used to describe how well model rocket motors work. In the table below are some of Estes' claimed values for specific impulses for several of their rocket motors: Estes Industries is a large, well known American seller of model rockets and rocket parts. The specific impulse for model rocket motors is much lower than for many other rocket motors because the black powder is used as a fuel. Black powder is used in model rocket motors because it costs less.

Larger Rocket Engines
Here are some example numbers for larger rocket engines:

Units

The most common way to measure specific impulse today uses seconds. This is used both in the SI (metric system) world as well as where English units are used. This way the units are identical everywhere. This means specific impulse can be used to compare engine performance in any country. Most companies that make rocket motors or jet engines use seconds to advertise their product’s performance.
The other common way to measure specific impulse is in meters per second (m/s), which is also called effective exhaust velocity. For many engines the effective exhaust velocity is different from the speed that the gases actually come out of the nozzle.

Related pages
Jet engine
Impulse (physics) - the change in momentum

References

Other websites 
RPA - Design Tool for Liquid Rocket Engine Analysis
List of Specific Impulses of various rocket fuels

Spaceflight
Mechanics
An aromatic hydrocarbon, or arene, is a hydrocarbon ring compound. It has alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms forming rings. Many of the compounds have a sweet scent, hence the term 'aromatic'. The ring of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible hydrocarbon ring, benzene. Aromatic hydrocarbons can be monocyclic (MAH) or polycyclic (PAH).

Some non-benzene-based compounds called heteroarenes, which follow Hückel's rule, are also aromatic compounds. In these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by one of oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur.

Benzene ring model
Benzene, C6H6, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and was recognized as the first aromatic hydrocarbon, with the nature of its bonding first being recognized by Kekulé in the 19th century.  
Each carbon atom in the hexagonal cycle has four electrons to share. One goes to the hydrogen atom, and one each to the two neighboring carbons. This leaves one to share with one of its two neighboring carbon atoms, which is why the benzene molecule is drawn with alternating single and double bonds around the hexagon.

The structure is also illustrated as a circle around the inside of the ring to show  six electrons floating around in delocalized molecular orbitals the size of the ring itself. This also represents the equivalent nature of the six carbon-carbon bonds each equivalent to ~1.5. The electrons are visualized as floating above and below the ring with the electromagnetic fields they generate acting to keep the ring flat.
General properties:
 Display aromaticity.
 The carbon-hydrogen ratio is high.
 They burn with a sooty yellow flame because of the high carbon-hydrogen ratio.
 They undergo substitution reactions.

The circle symbol for aromaticity was introduced by Sir Robert Robinson and his student James Armit in 1925 and popularized starting in 1959 by the Morrison & Boyd textbook on organic chemistry. The proper use of the symbol is debated; it is used to describe any cyclic pi system in some publications, or only those pi systems that obey Hückel's rule on others.

Arene synthesis
A reaction that forms an arene compound from an unsaturated or partially unsaturated cyclic precursor is simply called an aromatization. Many laboratory methods exist for the organic synthesis of arenes from non-arene precursors.
Importance of aromatic compounds 
Aromatic compounds play key roles in the biochemistry of all living things.  The four aromatic amino acids histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine each serve as one of the 20 basic building blocks of proteins.  Further, all 5 nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) that make up the sequence of the genetic code in DNA and RNA are aromatic purines or pyrimidines.  As well as that, the molecule heme contains an aromatic system with 22 π electrons. Chlorophyll also has a similar aromatic system.

Aromatic compounds are important in industry.  Key aromatic hydrocarbons of commercial interest are benzene, toluene, ortho-xylene and para-xylene.  About 35 million tonnes are produced worldwide every year.  They are extracted from complex mixtures obtained by the refining of oil or by distillation of coal tar. They are used to produce a range of important chemicals and polymers, including styrene, phenol, aniline, polyester and nylon.
Types of aromatic compounds 
Almost all aromatic compounds are compounds of carbon, but they need not be hydrocarbons.

Heterocyclics 
In heterocyclic aromatics one or more of the atoms in the aromatic ring is of an element other than carbon. Examples include pyridine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, and thiophene.

Polycyclics 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are molecules with two or more simple aromatic rings fused together by sharing two neighboring carbon atoms. Examples are naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene.

Substituted aromatics 
Many chemical compounds are aromatic rings with other things attached.  Examples include trinitrotoluene (TNT), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), paracetamol, and the nucleotides of DNA.

References 

Hydrocarbons
Erich Probst (5 December 1927 – 16 March 1988) was an Austrian footballer.He played as striker for different teams in Vienna and also abroad.

Career
He started with Admira Wien being only 17 years old. After a year with Vienna he signed with SK Rapid Wien. In this time he won the Austrian Championship four times. In his first season with Rapid he scored 28 goals in 23 matches. Although he was always a top scorer he never shot the highest number of goals in the league.

After his time with Rapid he went to Wuppertaler SV in Germany. After the relegation of Wuppertal he went on to Switzerland playing for FC Zürich. In winter 1959 he came back to Austria to SV Austria Salzburg. The club paid 90 000 Austrian schillings, which was the highest till this time. He shot 15 goals and the team could stay in the top league. During his time with Salzburg he played his last match in the national football team. He was the first player of SV Austria Salzburg who ever played for the team.
In the 1960/61 season he was coach of SV Austria but not successful. So he went on to play as striker again. His last clubs were the SAK 1914 in Salzburg and First Vienna FC in Vienna. At all he scored 150 goals in Austrias top league.

International
He played 19 times for the Austrian national football team and scored 17 goals. His first match was on  27 May 1951 (4:0 versus Scotland)  In the qualification match for the FIFA World Cup 1954 versus Portugal he scored 5 goals for the 9:1 win. He was member of the 1954 FIFA World Cup squad which reached the third place. During the tournament he scored six goals and was together with Max Morlock of Germany and Josef Hügi of Switzerland second in the scorer list. During his time abroad he was not player of the team. But in 1960 he played his last match versus France (2:4) where he also scored his last goal for the team. So he was the first national football team player coming from SV Austria Salzburg.
Honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (4):
 1951, 1952, 1954, 1956
Mitropa Cup (1):
 1951
 Member of the Austrian team for the 1954 FIFA World Cup

1927 births
1988 deaths
Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
SK Rapid Wien players
1954 FIFA World Cup players
Austrian football forwards
Austrian football champions
Malcolm James McCormick (January 19, 1992 – September 7, 2018), known under the professional name Mac Miller, was an American rapper and record producer. He was also noted under the pseudonym Larry Fisherman.

In early 2010, Miller signed a record deal with Pittsburgh-based indie record label Rostrum Records. Later, he began recording his first studio album, Blue Slide Park, and released it on November 8, 2011. The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200, making it the first independently distributed debut album to top the chart since rap duo Tha Dogg Pound's album, Dogg Food, in 1995.

In early 2013, Miller launched REMember Music, his own record label imprint. It was named after a friend who died. 

Miller's second album, Watching Movies with the Sound Off, was released on June 18, 2013. In January 2014, Miller announced he was no longer signed to Rostrum Records. In October 2014, it was reported Miller signed a record deal for him and his label REMember (with Warner Bros. Records).
Miller died of an accidental drug overdose on September 7, 2018 at the age of 26. The cause of death was because Miller had mixed Fentanyl with Cocaine.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

Other websites

 
 Mac Miller on MTV

1992 births
2018 deaths
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American singers
Accidental deaths in the United States
American hip hop record producers
American jazz singers
American songwriters
American television personalities
Drug-related deaths in the United States
Jewish American musicians
Pop rappers
Rappers from Pennsylvania
Singers from Pittsburgh
Crossfade is an American rock band from Columbia, South Carolina. Crossfade has three members in the band; the current band members are Ed Sloan, Les Hall, and Mitch James. Their best known song is "Cold" which was released on May 25, 2004 and reached #2 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart and #3 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks.

Band members 

Current
Ed Sloan – vocals, guitar
Mitch James – bass guitar, vocals 
Les Hall – guitar, keyboard, backing vocals

Former
Brian Geiger - drums
Tony Byroads - vocals, turntables/sampling
James Branham - drums
Will Hunt - drums, percussion
 Mark Castillo – drums, goomba

Discography 
So far as of 2011, Crossfade has released 3 studio albums:

Albums
Crossfade (2004)
Falling Away (2006)
We All Bleed (2011)

References

Other websites 
Official website
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Post-grunge bands
Columbia, South Carolina
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in South Carolina
Yabasic (Yet Another BASIC) is an interpreter program for a version of BASIC. BASIC is a programming language. BASIC was designed by John George Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz, in 1964. However, Yabasic was born in 1995, 32 years later. Pedro Sá and Thomas Larsen are now developing version 3 of Yabasic. Yasbic is very compact at about 250 kilobytes total length.

How it works
To write something on the monitor, like Hello World, type print then "YOUR TEXT HERE".
 Print "Hello World"

Study this bit of code:
 10 beep
 20 wait 1
 30 goto 10
The result of this code is:
An audible beep is generated
The program waits for 1 second before going onto the next instruction
It then goes back to the start of the program creating an infinite loop.

This programming language can also be used to create rather complex programs such as one that calculates prime numbers
print "This program will calculate the prime numbers below the limit"
 input "limit: " limit
 n=2
 do
   for i=2 to sqrt(n)
     if (frac(n/i)=0) then
       notprime=1
       break
     endif
   next i
   if notprime<>1 then
     print n
   endif
   notprime=0
   n=n+1
   if n>limit break
 loop

The "input" command asks the user to input a value which in this case is number that tells the program what number to stop finding prime numbers at.
The 
 do...loop
commands create a loop that can be repeated infinitely.
The
 for...next
commands hold instructions as to what the program is to do while in the loop. 
The
 if...endif
commands tell the program to look for something and if the thing it is looking for is there then it reports back that it is there.

Related pages
 List of programming languages

References
References

Other websites
 Official Yabasic website — downloads and documentation for Yabasic 2.763.
 Yabasic 3 website  - downloads and documentation for the Version 3 interpreter.
 Yabasic manual — documentation for the interpreter.
 YAB interpreter — BeOS/Haiku version of Yabasic.
 Yabsic PS2  — site about the PS2 version.
 Small collection of Yabasic programs .
 Official website of flyab.

Computer programming
Programming languages
Shaun Edward Marsh (born 9 July, 1983 in Narrogin, Western Australia) is an Australian cricketer. He is nicknamed 'Sos'. He is a left-handed batsman with a first-class batting average of 40.

On 8 September, 2011, Marsh made his Test debut for Australia in the 2nd Test against Sri Lanka at Pallekele in replace of the unavailable Ricky Ponting. Thus far in the Australian innings, Marsh has scored 87* batting with Michael Hussey in a 148 run partnership.

Australian cricketers
Sportspeople from Western Australia
1983 births
Living people
For his work on the isolobal analogy, Hoffmann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1981, which he shared with Kenichi Fukui. In his Nobel Prize lecture, Hoffmann stressed that the isolobal analogy is a useful, yet simple, model. It does fail in certain instances.

References

Organometallic chemistry
Alcibiades, son of Clinias,  c. 450–404 BC), was a prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general. He was the last famous member of his mother's aristocratic family, which fell from power after the Peloponnesian War. He played a major role later in that conflict as a strategic advisor, military commander, and politician.

During the course of the Peloponnesian War, Alcibiades changed sides on several occasions. In his native Athens in the early 410s BC, he advocated an aggressive foreign policy, and spoke in favor of an invasion of Sicily. He fled to Sparta after his political enemies brought charges of sacrilege against him.
In Sparta, he served as a strategic adviser, proposing or supervising several major campaigns against Athens. In Sparta too, however, Alcibiades soon made powerful enemies and was forced to defect to Persia. There he served as an adviser to the satrap Tissaphernes until his Athenian political allies brought about his recall. He then served as an Athenian general for several years, but his enemies eventually succeeded in exiling him a second time.

The Sicilian Expedition to Magna Graecia was Alcibiades' idea but his enemies prevented him from commanding. His rival Nicias took command, and the expedition failed disastrously. In the years that he served Sparta, Alcibiades played a role in Athens' undoing; the capture of Decelea and the revolts of several critical Athenian subjects occurred either at his suggestion or under his supervision.
Once restored to his native city, however, he played a crucial role in a string of Athenian victories that eventually brought Sparta to seek a peace with Athens. He favored unconventional tactics, frequently winning cities over by treachery or negotiation rather than by siege.p151 Alcibiades' military and political talents frequently proved valuable to whichever state he worked for. His talent for making powerful enemies ensured that he never remained in one place for long. By the end of the war (which he had helped rekindle in the early 410s) his days of political power were a bygone memory.

In his youth Alcibiades had been a pupil of Socrates. This was something which told against Socrates at his trial.

References 

450s BC births
404 BC deaths
Ancient Greek generals
Ancient Greek politicians
People from Athens
"Enamorada de Ti" () is a song recorded by American singer Selena. The song was written by Selena's brother who was the producer of her music A.B. Quintanilla III. The song was also written by a Selena y Los Dinos band member Pete Astudillo. It was for her second studio album Ven Conmigo (1990). The song is about a women who has strong emotions for a man. She exclaims that without him, she will have nothing.

The song was not an official single. However, it did peak at number 32 on the Mexican Singles Chart. The song also appealed to a younger crowd. This helped Tejano music to be liked by many young adults. Many LGBT Selena fans had done many cover versions of "Enamorada de Ti", who had been performed the song during many drag shows across America. "Enamorada de Ti" was given positive feedback from music critics. Many of them wrote about how the song was the first freestyle song to be mixed with Tejano. Selena had promoted the song on her Ven Conmigo Tour, which lasted from 1990-1992.
Production and development 
"Enamorada de Ti" was recorded at JAG Records in San Antonio, Texas. The studio was rented for two days by EMI Latin for Selena to record several songs. Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla III had written the song. Quintanilla III had help from Pete Astudillo, who once was a backup dancer for Selena y Los Dinos. A family friend Brian "Red" Moore remixed the song. Quintanilla III had to name the song "Enmorada de Ti". By doing this, "Enamorada de Ti" became the second song by Selena to have this title. The first song that was titled "Enamorada de Ti" was on Selena's independent album Muñequito de Trapo (1986), which had a different meaning.
The song is about a women who is in love with a man and can not control her feelings for him. She is in love with a man who is no longer near her, she tells him that she can't live without him and that his love helps relive her depression that she has. The song is a mid-tempo song that is performed in C major with 112 beats per minute. It uses the electronic keyboard and the electric guitar as its main musical instruments. 

The song had became the first Tejano song to be in freestyle. Selena had wanted to sing songs that could appeal to younger audiences. Quintanilla III had introduced a new "type" of sound into Tejano music. This helped to attract younger people to Tejano, which was not liked before by young adults. Quintanilla III was credited and awarded for this at the Tejano Music Awards.
Release 
The song was not released as an official single, however it managed to peak at number 32 on the Mexican Singles Chart. It stood on the chart for only ten weeks. The song failed to impact any other music chart. Quintanilla III was awarded "Songwriter of the Year" for "Baila Esta Cumbia", "No Quiero Saber", "Ya Ves" and "Enamorada de Ti"; at the 1991 Tejano Music Awards. Selena promoted "Enamorada de Ti" during her Ven Conmigo Tour, which lasted from 1990-1992. She had first performed the song during the 1990 Tejano Music Awards. Javier Lopez, who is an editor for TVyNovelas, stated that Selena's performance of the song was one of best performed dance-moves that night.
Selena had choreographed dance moves. Selena also copied Micheal Jackson's moonwalk. She also had copied Janet Jackson's "Rhythm Nation" dance move. That night she had won "Female Vocalist of the Year" and "Female Entertainer of the Year". Selena had performed the song on the Spanish-language television show called Bailando in October 1992. She also had performed the song during the 1992 Lo Nuestro Awards in Miami, Florida. Her final performance was at her Los Angeles, California concert. She performed the song as her first number in November 1993.

The song has been covered by LGBT Selena fans. The song was also performed in many drag shows across the United States.
Critical reception 
Carla Manuela Dejesus, who is an editor for Furia Musical, stated that "Enamorada de Ti" was one of the "best freestyle-tejano songs" in Tejano history. Sebastian Rodriguez, who is an editor for TVyNovelas, wrote that "Enamorada de Ti" was one of the best songs composed for Ven Conmigo. He also stated that it showed people where Tejano music was heading into. Mario Tarradell, who is an editor for The Dallas Morning News, stated that "Enamorada de Ti" is a catchy "dance-pop croker".

Charts

Album

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Songs

Related pages
 List of Selena songs

Notes

References

Other websites 
Official Website 

1990 songs
Selena songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
A cold cathode is a cathode (a type of electrode) that is not heated directly by a filament or element, although a cold cathode can heat up during use as a side effect of normal current flow. The term cold cathode is often used to refer to cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs), which are often used where a long life is needed. Applications for cold cathode lamps include general lighting, backlights for LCD TVs and computer monitors, and artistic lighting such as computer case mods and automotive customization.

Electronics

tl:Agapito Flores
Freestyle music or Latin freestyle is a type of electronic dance music. It became popular during the mid and late 1980s. However, this kind of music started falling in fame during the 1990s. Freestyle music continues to be created and played on radio stations that are still of interest to the Latin and Italian communities.

Notable artists that performed freestyle include Stevie B, Shannon, Cynthia, Collage, Johnny O, Sa-Fire, George Lamond, Lil Suzy, Judy Torres, Exposé, Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam, La India, TKA, Corina, Nocera, Company B, The Cover Girls, Noel, Pajama Party, Shana, Will to Power, Sweet Sensation, Seduction, Linear, Lisette Melendez, Angelina, Laissez Faire, Coro, and Rockell.

Regional scenes 
New York City
Philadelphia
Miami
Los Angeles
Detroit
Chicago

References 

Electronic dance music
Furia Musical was a Mexican music magazine. The magazine was published by Editorial Televisa, who also produces TVyNovelas. Furia Musical was published in Mexico and southern United States. Its editors wrote articles about Mexican music, Chicano rock, Tejano music and Norteno. Their awards show, Premios Furia Musical, was broadcast by Televisa, Galavisión and Univision. The December 2006 issue was the final issue of the magazine.

Other websites 
 Profile  at Televisa. 
 Profile at Amazon.com.
 Premios Furia Musical . 

Music magazines
TVyNovelas is a Mexican music and gossip magazine. The magazine is published by Editorial Televisa. The magazine is available in the United States (and Puerto Rico), Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. TVyNovelas is one of the most-widely read magazine for Spanish-language soap opera fans. Their awards show, Premios TVyNovelas, is broadcast on Televisa and Univision.

Other websites
 TVyNovelas  at the Televisa website.
 TVyNovelas Chile .
 TVyNovelas website and forum in Poland.
 Premios TVyNovelas  at the Univision website.
 Photos of Premios TVyNovelas México .
 Premios TVyNovelas Colombia .

Music magazines
Fugues is a French/English gay magazine. The monthly magazine has been published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada since April 1984. The magazine focuses on LGBT culture, nightlife, music, health, fashion, travel and local festivals.

References 

LGBT
Magazines of Canada
The Maginot Line (, ) was a long line of walls, forts, and armed defenses that the French built after the First World War. It is named after André Maginot, who was the French Minister of war when it was built. The Maginot Line was made of a number of fortifications and bunkers, close to the French border to Germany, Belgium,  Luxembourg and Italy. Today, the fortifications towards Italy are commonly called Alpin Line. The Maginot Line was built between 1930 and 1940.

During the First World War, the German Army had built the Hindenburg Line, which is similar. 

The plan was that the French army would have time to get ready and go north to Belgium and win any battle with the German army there. In the Second World War the German army and French army met in the Ardennes (forest) in Belgium. The French army lost, opening the way to German victory in the Battle of France.

Fortifications of World War II
Alpha cleavage, (α-cleavage) in organic chemistry, refers to the act of breaking the carbon-carbon bond, next to the carbon bearing a specified functional group.

Mass spectrometry
In mass spectrometry, an α-cleavage occurs when molecules break apart within a mass spectrometer. A mass spectrum tells the size and elements found in each molecule fragment.  Chemists use their understanding of how molecules break apart to guess the structure of the original molecule.  Many different molecules break apart with α-cleavage inside the mass spectrometer. Many times, α-cleavage explains the resulting mass spectra.

As an example of a mechanism of alpha cleavage, an electron is knocked off an atom (usually by electron collision) to form a radical cation. Electrons are most likely to be removed in the following order:  1) lone pair electrons, 2) pi bond electrons, 3) sigma bond electrons.
One of the lone pair electrons moves down to form a pi bond with an electron from an adjacent (alpha) bond.  The other electron from the bond moves to an adjacent atom (not one adjacent to the lone pair atom) creating a radical. This creates a double bond adjacent to the lone pair atom (oxygen is a good example) and breaks (cleaves) the bond that lost the two electrons that were removed.

In molecules containing carbonyl groups, alpha cleavage often competes with a McLafferty rearrangement.

Photochemistry
In photochemistry, it is the homolytic cleavage of a bond close to a specified group.

References

Organic reactions
Mass spectrometry
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a medical emergency that can happen in people with diabetes mellitus. DKA happens mostly in people with Type 1 diabetes, although it may happen in some people that have Type 2 diabetes.

DKA happens when a person does not have enough insulin in their body.  All of the cells in the body need glucose (sugar) to survive, because the body needs sugar to make energy.  Insulin breaks down glucose into a form that the body can use for energy.  Without insulin, sugar stays in the blood and cannot get into the cells.  This causes high blood sugar levels and makes it impossible for the cells to use glucose to make energy.

DKA can be caused by not having enough insulin, eating too many carbohydrates, and sometimes physical or mental stress.  DKA can also be a sign that a person has diabetes that has not been discovered, or is not being controlled well.
DKA is diagnosed through blood and urine testing.  These tests will show high blood sugar, which does not happen with other forms of ketoacidosis.

DKA was first discovered around 1886.  Before insulin therapy was first used in the 1920s, DKA almost always caused death.

Symptoms 
Symptoms of DKA include:
 Nausea and vomiting
 dehydration
 The "3 polys" of DKA:
 Polydipsia (feeling very thirsty; this is caused by dehydration)
 Polyphagia (feeling very hungry; the brain realizes the body's cells are not getting enough sugar and triggers hunger, because normally eating would give the cells the sugar they need)
 Polyuria (urinating a lot; this is the body's way of trying to get rid of the extra glucose in the bloodstream)
 A "fruity" smell on the breath (acetone breath, caused by the body trying to blow off the acids and waste products created by DKA)
 Abdominal pain
As DKA gets worse, it can cause these symptoms:
 Confusion, which becomes worse and worse (because the brain is not getting enough sugar to work properly)
 Lethargy (feeling very tired), because the body is not able to make enough energy
 Eventually, the person will go into a coma because the brain does not have enough sugar to stay awake 
 Kussmaul respirations (breathing that is deep, gasping, and difficult), because the body is trying to blow off extra acids

Without proper treatment, DKA can cause death.

How Does DKA Happen? 
First, because there is not enough insulin to bring glucose into the cells, glucose builds up in the blood.  This causes there to be too much sugar in the blood and not enough in the cells.  The cells start starving, because they do not have insulin to break down glucose into a form that the cells can use for energy.
To try to create energy for the cells, the liver breaks down fat into fatty acids and ketones.  These create a little bit of energy, but they are also acidic.  The blood starts to get too acidic, and the body starts to get poisoned.

Because the cells still do not have enough glucose to create the energy they need, the liver also breaks down glycogen to make more glucose.  (The body stores sugar in different forms in case it needs energy later.  Glucagon helps break down some of these sugar stores into glucose.)  However, there is still not enough insulin in the blood to break down the glucose into energy.  Because of this, the glucose stays in the blood (making the blood sugar levels get even higher) and the cells keep starving.

Next, the body begins to break down protein.  (When the body cannot create enough energy by breaking down fat and glycogen into sugar, it breaks down protein.)  This causes the tissues in the body to lose nitrogen.
Now there is much more glucose in the bloodstream than in the cells.  The body always tries to stay in homeostasis.  In homeostasis, there would be an equal amount of sugar in the bloodstream and the cells.  To try to make this happen, the cells (which have very little sugar in them) give up water to the blood (which is very sugary).  The goal is to try to dilute the sugar in the blood, and decrease the high levels of hyperglycemia.  If the cells give up too much water, they can get dehydrated (not have enough fluid left in them).  Because DKA also causes a person to urinate often, a person with DKA can get dehydrated very quickly.  This dehydration can be a medical emergency.
The kidneys try to filter out the extra glucose in the bloodstream.  This causes glucosuria (too much sugar in the urine).  The extra glucose going through the kidneys causes more urine to be created.  When a person urinates more, they lose more electrolytes, like sodium and potassium.  Without enough electrolytes, the heart, muscles, and nerve cells cannot work properly.  Also, eventually, the kidneys can fail because they are overworked by the amount of glucose they are trying to filter.
Treatment 
People with DKA need to be treated in a hospital.  Usually, treatment involves:
 Giving insulin.  Insulin reverses all of the changes in the body that cause DKA.  It brings sugar out of the bloodstream and into the cells.  Once the cells have enough insulin, they can break down glucose to get energy.
 Giving fluids.  Because people with DKA can get so dehydrated, they are usually given fluids.  Fluids may be given by mouth or through a needle placed in a vein.  The extra fluid helps dilute all the sugar in the bloodstream.  It also replaces the fluids that people with DKA lose by urinating so much.
 Giving electrolytes.  Not having enough insulin can lower the amount of electrolytes in the blood (see "How Does DKA Happen?").  To fix this, electrolytes can be given through a needle placed in a vein.

References

Diabetes mellitus
The Thornicroft's giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti), also known as Thornicroft giraffe or Rhodesian giraffe, is a subspecies of giraffe. Thornicroft giraffes do not have any captive populations. Fewer than 1,500 remain in the wild. Rhodesian giraffes have star or leafy shaped spots that extend to their leg. These girrafes are restricted to eastern Zambia and the Luangwa Valley.The Luangwa national parks were declared game reserves because conservationist wanted to conserve the Thorncroft Giraffe,uniqui to the Luangwa valley of Zambia,Like all giraffes, Rhodesian giraffes share the same ancestors with deer and bovids.

Mammals of Africa
Simple aromatic rings, also known as simple arenes or simple aromatics, are aromatic organic compounds. They consist only of a conjugated planar ring system with delocalized pi electron clouds. Many simple aromatic rings have trivial names. They are usually found as substructures of more complex molecules ("substituted aromatics"). Typical simple aromatic compounds are benzene, indole, and cyclotetradecaheptaene.

Simple aromatic rings with non-carbon ring atoms are called "heterocyclic". For example, rings can include oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. Molecules with one ring are called monocyclic as in benzene. Molecules with two rings are called bicyclic as in naphthalene. Molecules with more than two rings are called polycyclic as in anthracene. Simple monocyclic aromatic rings are usually five-membered rings like pyrrole or six-membered rings like pyridine. Fused aromatic rings consist of monocyclic rings that share their connecting bonds.
Heterocyclic aromatic rings
The nitrogen (N)-containing aromatic rings can be separated into basic aromatic rings that are easily protonated, and form aromatic cations and salts (e.g., pyridinium), and non-basic aromatic rings.

 In the basic aromatic rings, the lone pair of electrons is not part of the aromatic system and extends in the plane of the ring. This lone pair is responsible for the basicityof these nitrogenous bases, similar to the nitrogen atom in amines. In these compounds, the nitrogen atom is not connected to a hydrogen atom. Examples of basic aromatic rings are pyridine or quinoline. Several aromatic rings contain basic as well as non-basic nitrogen atoms, e.g., imidazole and purine.
 In the non-basic rings, the lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen atom is delocalized and contributes to the aromatic pi electron system. In these compounds, the nitrogen atom is connected to a hydrogen atom. Examples of non-basic nitrogen-containing aromatic rings are pyrrole and indole.
In the oxygen- and sulfur-containing aromatic rings, one of the electron pairs of the heteroatoms  contributes to the aromatic system (similar to the non-basic nitrogen-containing rings). The second lone pair extends in the plane of the ring (similar to the basic nitrogen-containing rings).

Criteria for aromaticity

All of these molecules meet the following criteria:
 Molecule must be cyclic.
 Every atom in the ring must have a p orbital, which overlaps with p orbitals on either side (completely conjugated).
 Molecule must be planar.
 It must contain an odd number of pairs of pi electrons; must satisfy Huckel's rule: (4n+2) pi electrons, where n is an integer starting at zero.

In contrast, molecules with 4n pi electrons are antiaromatic.

Related pages
 Polycyclic aromatic compounds
 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

References 

Organic compounds
Organic chemistry
An antiknock agent is added to gasoline. It reduces engine knocking and increase the fuel's octane rating.

Gasoline is a fuel mixture. High compression internal combustion engines place gasoline under great pressure. The pressure can cause the gasoline to ignite early (pre-ignition or detonation) causing a damaging knocking sound, also called "pinging" or "pinking". 

Originally, organic compounds with lead were added to petrol to prevent knocking: tetraethyllead (TEL). This is now banned because the lead affects people's health. Various alternatives have been tried. 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, an isomer of octane, is one example.

Fuel
"Fat Lip" is a 2001 punk rock song by the Canadian pop punk band Sum 41 and is the first single from their debut studio album All Killer, No Filler, which was released in 2001. The song was written by Raine Maida and was produced by both Arnold Lanni and Raine Maida.  Fat Lip has been featured in several movies and video games, such as EA Sports' NHL 2002, American Pie 2, Guitar Hero, GuitarFreaks V4, DrumMania V4 and Guitar Hero 5 (downloadable track) and Smallville. The band has also performed Fat Lip on Saturday Night Live. The music video was ranked as #75 on "MuchMusic's 100 Best Videos".

Sum 41 songs
2001 songs
"In Too Deep" is a 2001 pop punk song by the rock band Sum 41. It is the second single from their debut studio album All Killer, No Filler, which was released in 2001. The music video for "In Too Deep" is a parody of the diving scene from the movie Back to School.

Sum 41 songs
2001 songs
Liberal Animation is the debut studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.

It was self-released in 1988 and was later re-released in 1991 under their record label, Epitaph. The producers of the album were Brett Gurewitz and NOFX. The title of the album is a play on the phrase "animal liberation".

Songs

References

1988 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums
Moshchena (, ) is a village in Kovel Raion, Volyn Oblast, Ukraine. It has a population of 581 people.

The first mention of the village dates from 1543.

References 

Villages in Ukraine
1543 establishments
Establishments in Ukraine
1540s establishments in Europe
The Adaptive Combat Rifle (ACR) is a modular assault rifle, designed by Magpul Industries of Erie, Colorado, and known initially as the Masada. In late January 2008, Bushmaster made a licensing agreement with Magpul. In this agreement, Bushmaster would take over the production, development and sales of the ACR.

Bushmaster Firearms, with the help from Remington Arms (a sister company) has made many design changes to the ACR. These were made to meet what the U.S. military requirements. The Remington ACR which is intended for the military market is capable of fully automatic fire. Bushmaster offers a semi-automatic only ACR for the civilian market. Bushmaster says that they will soon have conversion kits which can change the caliber of the rifle.

History
The United States army was looking for a replacement to their M4 carbine. Remington Arms was part of the Army's Individual Carbine competition, and offered a modified ACR that fits the requirements.
The Masada was developed over the course of five months. It was supposed to replace the M16 rifle completely. It was supposed to do this without any fundings from the government. Prototypes were shown at the 2007 SHOT Show in Orlando, Florida. It was supposed to be released some time in 2008. However, Bushmaster said on May 16, 2008 took over production and said that the ACR would not be released to the public until 2009. This was due to Bushmaster being focused more towards military projects.  On November 18, 2008, Bushmaster released a statement saying, "The ACR is being redesigned to become a superior offering to compete for the next generation U.S. Army infantry carbine and subcompact weapon requirement and will be available to selected customers in 2009."
The ACR was one of the weapons shown to the U.S. Army during an Industry Day on November 13, 2008. This Industry Day happened so that modern carbines could be looked at before it was decided what the weapon that would replace the M4 Carbine had to be like.

Sale and recall
On October 15, 2010, Bushmaster issued a recall of all ACR rifles, instructing users to "Please immediately discontinue the use of your ACR rifle" along with instructions to contact customer support for an RMA. Bushmaster stated that the recall was issued due to "a possible firearms performance issue that may develop with a small number of ACR rifles" and goes on to state that "Bushmaster discovered a design flaw which could result in multiple rounds firing continuously when the trigger is pulled". Bushmaster has stated that it will cover all of the costs associated with repairs to recalled rifles.

Design
Design

The first design is many recent rifle designs combined. Its designers say that it takes the best parts of each and puts them into a light, modular rifle. Some features from the Armalite AR-18, the FN SCAR, the Heckler & Koch G36/XM8, the M16/AR-15, and the M16 can be seen clearly. The cyclic rate of fire is around 650–700 rounds per minute. The ACR can easily swap caliber by changing the bolt head, magazine and barrel.

The ACR is available in multiple barrel lengths; 8.25″, 10.5″, 14.5″, 16.5″ and 18.5″ barrels. For the 5.56mm configuration, it uses a 30-round Magpul PMag, though it is also compatible with STANAG magazines. Magpul claims that PMags are much more difficult to break or damage than other magazines, and is also compatible to other rifle families like the M16 rifle family. The ACR was engineered to still function reliably even if it was exposed to sand, dirt, mud and water.

Users
  -  Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Official ACR page by Bushmaster Firearms 
 Magpul Industries

Assault rifles
5.56 mm firearms
Automatic rifles
Battle rifles
The Alseseca River is a short river in the interior part of Mexico. It is in the state of Tlaxcala. The Alseseca runs through the city of Puebla de Zaragoza. It is one of the many rivers that come from the dormant volcano La Malinche. The Alseseca river runs south-east until it enters the lake of Valsequillo.

Between 1960 and 1980, several companies set up factories in Puebla. With no protection of the river and the increasing urban growth, many companies and people threw waste into the river, which gradually became a stream of sewage. Today the pollution in the river has decreased considerably, and using it as a "garbage dump" is illegal.
Due to illegal logging in the area, deforestation has caused the river to flood in the rainy season. Since 2000, about 100 families have been affected by the overflowing of the river in villages like Aleseca and Lopez Portillo. In addition to the floods, the existing pollution in the water has caused cases of cholera and salmonella in some of the houses closest to river. Since 1995, the city government has taken action to reduce the flooding of the river. It has built barriers and dikes.

Alseseca Race 
Every year on the 2nd Saturday in January, Aventurec and Its collaborators host an Extreme Whitewater Kayak Race, On the Section Known as Roadside. The Race attracts competitors from all over world and is slowly encouraging more and more locals to get involved in the sport.

This year in its 10th edition saw over 60 competitors from 14 different countries battling it out for number one, you can check out full race results here
The Race was created in an attempt to raise awareness to keep rivers and the environment clean and free of trash and deposits.

Rivers of Mexico
Tlaxcala
North Arlington is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough population was 15,392. As the site of Holy Cross Cemetery, which has interred over 250,000 individuals since its establishment in 1915, North Arlington has over 15 times more dead people than living.

References

Boroughs in Bergen County, New Jersey
1896 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in New Jersey
Holy Cross Cemetery is a cemetery in North Arlington, New Jersey, United States. Since its establishment in 1915, it has buried over 250,000 people. The cemetery operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark.

Buildings and structures in New Jersey
1915 establishments in the United States
Cemeteries in the United States
20th-century establishments in New Jersey
EMI Televisa Music or EMI Latin and EMI International is a record company that specializes in Latin music. EMI Latin was founded in 1989, and Selena became the first artist to sign. Jose Behar was the former head of EMI Latin.

Artists signed to this label 

J Balvin
A.B. Quintanilla III
Alejandra Guzman
Aleks Syntek
Anahí
Bebe
Belinda
Enrique Bunbury
Christian Chavez
Diana Reyes

Eiza González
Flex
Grupo Bryndis
Jaguares
Joey Montana
Jotdog
Juan Luis Guerra
Los Claxons
Macaco

Moderatto
PXNDX
Paty Cantu
Ricardo Montaner
Selena
Shaila Durcal
Vicente Garcia
Vico C
Zoé

Related pages
 List of record labels

References

Other websites
 

Latin music
American record labels