Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Variable tips 
Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar,  a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching, which allows a single antibody to be used by several different parts of the immune system.

Examples of Antibodies
Antistreptolysin O: The Streptolysin Antibody 
The specific antibody that is produced to fight Group A streptococcus is called Antistreptolysin-O, also known as ASO.

Detection of ASO via antistreptolysin-O titer or anti-deoxyribonuclease B (anti-DNase B) is a common way of testing for a group A streptococcal infection. These tests indicate if streptolysin antibodies are present. These proteins are only synthesized by lymphocytes in the event that streptolysin enters the immune system, thus this is a useful way of determining if a patient has the infection.
Medical Applications of Antibodies 
Understanding the function and mechanism of antibodies is a powerful tool for disease treatment. Though most antibodies used in current clinical research are developed from mouse monoclonal antibodies, this method is allowing the scientific community to make great progress. Such developments include creating antibodies with highly conserved targets and the synthesis of new structures based on the antibodies themselves. There have also been advancements in increasing the binding affinity of antibodies to their associated antigens, a crucial quality to the effectiveness of the antibodies themselves.
Antibodies are constantly being developed in order to protect the immune system from harmful pathogens. For example, a team of researchers is working on creating a monoclonal antibody that combats Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). The antibody specifically targets the HTLV-1 envelope protein gp46 glycoprotein as a means of destroying HTLV-1-infected cells. The results of the study demonstrate that antibodies can be developed as a therapeutic tool against pathogen-infected cells, thereby serving as a means of treating diseases caused by said pathogens.

Other websites 
Animated depictions of how antibodies are used in ELISA and ELISPOT assays

References 

Cell biology
Immunology
The order Anura includes the frogs and toads. They are the most successful living amphibia, judged by number of species. There are about 7400 different species of amphibians, and about 6500 are in the Anura.

There is no fundamental difference between frogs and toads. Frogs have a short body, webbed digits (fingers or toes), protruding eyes, forked tongue and no tail. They are exceptional jumpers: many of their features, particularly their long, powerful legs, are adaptations to improve jumping performance. They often live in semi-aquatic or humid areas.
Frogs have smooth (soft) skin, while toads have rough (hard) skin. Frogs need their skin to be wet in order for them to get oxygen.p6 Frogs and toads have broad heads and plump bodies.<ref name=G>Grenard, Steve 2007. Frogs and toads: your happy healthy pet. Wiley. </ref>p6 They have short fore limbs and long webbed hind feet. This helps them to move and swim in water. They can also use their legs to crawl, hop and leap. Frogs are good jumpers, and some can leap up to six feet in the air. Tree frogs can climb on any surfaces, they use their sticky hands to do this. The tympanum membrane can only be seen on frogs. The tympanum membrane can be found between the frog's ears and eyes. Frogs have tiny teeth inside their mouths. They are found on the lower jaw.p6 The African bullfrog is the only species where the males are longer than the females.p6 Males can reach up to 9-10 inches in length, while the female only grows up to 4 inches
. Frogs belonging to the suborder Neobatrachia, such as the poison dart frogs and Mantellinae frogs, can kill humans. Like most poisonous animals, they get their toxin from their food.p8
Habitats 
Most frogs and toads lives near slow moving waters like rivers, swamps, lakes and ponds.p22 Others such as tree frogs and poison dart frogs lives in forests. Frogs and toads can be found almost everywhere except Antarctica.p4 Frogs and toads squeak or make calls when they are touched or feel threatened.p24 They also make those sounds to communicate with others in their habitat. They make these sounds by expanding their throats with air and letting the air go out. Male bullfrogs will roar while mating with a female. Most frogs and toads are territorial. This means that they go to battle when an animal of their own kind gets close to where they live. They will jump, wrestle and even chase any animal away. They do this to also attract females to their territory. Females  choose a territory where there is enough food for her to eat and if there is a lot of water to swim and lay her eggs.p223
Toads spend most of their time on land, while frogs spend most of their time in the water.p6 Tailed frogs looks similar to toads because of their hard skin. A tailed frogs "tail" is really an organ they use to release sperm in fast-moving waters. They are the only frogs with this organ.p199 The genus Eleutherodactylus'' are terrestrial frogs. This means that they lay eggs on land. Spadefoot toads make crying sounds during a rainstorm.

Species 
There are over 400 species of "true" toads, the Bufonidae. The marine toads are the only toads which live in Australia, where they were introduced by people. True toads have poison parotoid glands that can paralyze or even kill dogs. However, some other animals eat true toads without ill effects. Toad poisons are secreted by warts. Touching them is not harmful to humans.p202
There are over 400 species of tree frogs, many of which can change the color of their skin.p220 Tree frogs have sticky feet, which helps them to climb and hang on to the big leaves. "True frogs", the Ranidae, are found in every continent except Antarctica. The family has over 700 species.p224  The feet of burrowing frogs feet help them to dig.

References

Books 
  
  
  
  
  

Frogs
Noel Ernest Edmonds (born 22 December 1948) is an English television presenter. He is best known for hosting the television programmes Multi-Coloured Swap Shop, Noel's House Party and Deal or No Deal?. Edmonds is host of a TV game show called Are You Smarter Than A Ten-Year-Old? (the British version of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?). 

He was a DJ on BBC Radio 1 during the 1970s.

Personal life
Edmonds was married to Gillian Slater in 1971. The marriage ended in divorce after eleven years. In July 1986, he married Helen Soby.  They have four daughters: Charlotte, Lorna, Olivia and Alice. The couple bought an  estate at Jacobstowe, near Okehampton, Devon, as a family home. In 2004, he and Soby divorced.  There was much tabloid publicity because of her extramarital affair.

It was reported Edmonds was involved with English teacher and former Miss England Pauline Bull. 

On July 23, 2009 Edmonds married his third wife, Liz Davies.  She was a make-up artist on the programme Deal or No Dea?l.
As a result of his success on Deal or No Deal?, Edmonds purchased a new home in Devon, a £1.7 million Grade-II manor house.

Edmonds was one of the trio Brown Sauce, along with Maggie Philbin and Keith Chegwin.  They released the single "I Wanna Be a Winner" in 1981.  It reached number 15 in the UK singles chart.

References

1948 births
Living people
British game show hosts
British radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Ilford
Television personalities from Essex
Quizmania was a quiz television show on ITV Play. Viewers at home phoned in to guess answers to questions to win money.

Quizmania was on ITV from 2005 to 2007. It has been online since 2008.

Presenters
 Debbie King
 Greg Scott
 Lee Baldry
 Nigel Mitchell
 Chuck Thomas
 Lottie Mayor
 Tim Lichfield
 Stuart Headlam
 Kirsty Duffy
 Lee Clark

2005 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
ITV game shows
Davina Lucy Pascale McCall (born 16 October 1967) is an English-French television presenter. She is best known for having presented the early seasons of  Big Brother UK through its time on Channel 4.

She was born in London to a French mother and British father. She is the presenter of quiz show The Million Pound Drop Live. She is also currently a judge on the UK Masked Singer.

References 
The real mcCall
Profile Davina McCall

Other websites 

Actors from London
Channel 4 presenters
English television actors
English television presenters
ITV presenters
Television personalities from London
1967 births
Living people
The Artiodactyla are even-toed ungulates, an order of mammals. They have an even number of toes: two or four. For example, camelids or animals of the Giraffidae family have two toes, but hippopotami have four toes.

Whales are ocean creatures without toes, but are classified in the related super-order Cetartiodactyla because their ancestors were even toed ungulates.

Digestion 
Some artiodactyls are ruminants (Ruminantia and Tylopoda). They ruminate their food—they regurgitate and re-chew it. This is a very important evolutionary advance.  Their stomachs are divided into three to four sections. 

After eating, the food re-enters the mouth, where it is chewed again.  The food passes to the "fermentation chamber" (rumen and reticulum), where microbes (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi) help to break down the cellulose found in plant material.
This form of digestion has two advantages: ruminants can digest plants that are indigestible to other species, and they can take less time in eating.  The animal spends only a short time out in the open with his head to the ground—rumination can happen later, in a sheltered area.

Taxonomy 
 Order Artiodactyla
 Suborder Suina
 Family Suidae
 Family Tayassuidae
 Family Hippopotamidae
 Subfamily Maiaboarinae
 Suborder Tylopoda
 Family Camelidae
 Suborder Ruminantia
 Family Tragulidae
 Family Moschidae
 Family Cervidae
 Family Giraffidae
 Family Antilocapridae
 Family Bovidae

Related pages
Odd-toed ungulate

References

Other websites
Odd-toed ungulates are the Perissodactyla, an order of mammals. 

Odd-toed ungulates have an uneven number of toes: Horses have only one toe, rhinoceros have three toes, and tapirs have four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet.

Their digestive system is more basic than the even-toed ungulates. A key difference between the two is that odd-toed ungulates digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers as the even-toed ungulates do.

Horses, for example, get much less nutrition out of grass than bovines do. This has the consequence that horses have to stop and feed more often, which in turn makes them more liable to predators. However, horses are very well-adapted for running, more so than many oxen or other Artiodactyls.

The living ungulates are a much-reduced group: the horses (including zebras), the tapirs and the rhinoceros.

Taxonomy
 Order Perissodactyla
 Family Rhinocerotidae
 Family Tapiridae
 Family Equidae

References
Condor is the name for two species of New World vultures. Each is the only species in its genus. They are the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere. They are:

 The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus), which lives over the Andes.
 The California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus), now found only on the western coastal mountains of the United States and Mexico.

Condors are part of the family Cathartidae, whereas the 15 species of Old World vultures are in the family Accipitridae, that also includes falcons, hawks, and eagles. The New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors. 

Condors are scavengers. They feed on carrion (dead animals). Their distinctive bare heads are an adaptation to their feeding method. It helps to keep them clean as they feed inside a carcass.

The Andean Condor has a wingspan of between 274 and 310 cm, and weights around 11–15 kg. The California Condor is smaller.
Fossil record 
Fossils from the Pleistocene era have been found in various parts of North America, including New York and Florida. California Condors or their ancestors once lived on the west coast of North America as well as all the way to the eastern coast. An ancient relative of the condor, Argentavis magnificens from South America, may have been the largest flying bird ever with a wingspan of .

References

Other websites 

Andean Condor postage stamps
Californian Condor stamps

Vultures
Cathartidae

bpy:কোনডোর্
Carrion is the carcass of a dead animal. There are several kinds of animal that feed on such meat, such as vultures, hyenas, condors, or Tasmanian Devils. Carrion is an important source of food for several kinds of carnivores and omnivores. 

The Carrion beetles also feed on it. Some plants fake the smell of carrion (they smell like carrion), so that they will attract insects they eat. Predators do not normally feed on carrion- they hunt and kill the animals they eat.

Zoology
Death
Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: 重庆, Traditional Chinese: 重慶; pinyin: Chóngqìng; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking) is a city and a district in Central China.
The Chongqing district is the most populated district of China and has 31,442,300 inhabitants (2005).

History 

Chongqing is said to be the semi-mythical State of Ba that began in 11th century BC, when the Ba people began living here until they were destroyed by the State of Qin in 316 BC. 
The Qin emperor ordered a new city to be constructed, called Jiang (江州) and Chu Prefecture (楚州).

In 581 AD (Sui Dynasty), Chongqing was renamed to Yu Prefecture (渝州).

In 1102 the city was renamed Gong Prefecture.

In 1189 renamed Yu Prefecture to Chongqing Subprefecture.

In 1362 (Yuan Dynasty), Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebel leader, established Daxia Kingdom at Chongqing for a short time.

In 1621, another short-lived kingdom of Daliang was established there.

In 1891, Chongqing became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners.
Since 1929, Chongqing was a municipality of the Republic of China. 
Chongqing was the provisional capital of the government of Chiang Kai-shek during the Second Chinese-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945.
The Japanese bombed Chongqing very hard in World War II.

In 1954, the municipality was reduced to a provincial city of the People's Republic.

Geography 

 Geographic coordinates: 105°17'-110°11' East, 28°10'－32°13' North
 Annual average temperature: 18 °C (64 °F)
 Temperature range: 0 to 47 °C
 Total annual hours of sunshine: 1000-1200
 Annual precipitation: 1000–1400 mm
 Neighbours: Hubei (east), Hunan (east), Guizhou (south), Sichuan (west), Shaanxi (north)

Twin cities 
 Washington, D.C., United States
 Düsseldorf, Germany
 Seattle, United States
 Hiroshima, Japan
 Toronto, Canada
 Brisbane, Australia
 Toulouse, France
 Leicester, England
 Detroit, Michigan, United States

Universities and Colleges
Chongqing Institute of Technology 
 Chongqing Jiaotong University 
 Chongqing Medical University 
 Chongqing Normal University 
 Chongqing Technology and Business University 
 Chongqing Three Gorges University 
 Chongqing University (founded in 1929)
 Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications 
 Fuling Teachers College 
 Sichuan Fine Arts Institute 
 Sichuan International Studies University 
 Southwest University 
 Southwest University of Political Science and Law 
 Third Military Medical University 
 Western Chongqing University

References 

Cities in China
4th-century BC establishments
Bologna (Emilian and Romagnol: Bulåggna) is the capital and largest city of Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. It has about 400,000 inhabitants.

History
Bologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name Felsina (c. 534 BC) and became a Roman colony in 189 BC.

In the 11th century Bologna began to grow again as a free commune, joining the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa in 1164.

The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest existing university in Europe.

After being crushed in the Battle of Zappolino by the Modenese in 1325, Bologna began to decay and asked the protection of the Pope at the beginning of the 14th century.

In 1980, 85 people were killed in a bombing at Bologna Centrale railway station. This was the most deadly terrorist attack in the history of Italy.

Weather
Bologna has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

 
6th-century BC establishments
Oviedo () is a city in the North of Spain and capital of the Principality of Asturias. In 2020 it had 220,406 inhabitants.

History 

Oviedo was founded about 761 A.D. by two monks Maximus and Fromestanus who built a monastery dedicated to Saint Vincent. King Fruela I (757-768) confirmed the foundation and also built a palace and a cathedral dedicated to Saint Saviour.
King Alfonso II the Chaste (791-842) moved the capital of the kingdom of Asturias to Oviedo in 791. He enlarged the city with a new cathedral, palaces, churches and city walls. Examples of these buildings which are still existing are: San Julián de los Prados, (St Julian in the fields), also called Santullano, the head of the church dedicated to San Tirso, (Saint Thyrsus), and the Cámara Santa, (Holy Chamber) which is a chapel which belonged to the palace of the king.
During this period, it was discovered the tomb of the Apostle St James. The king sponsored and create the St James's Way to Santiago de Compostela in order to improve communications of the city and the kingdom as a way to open them to new ideas and influences from the rest of Europe. Its known that ambassadors from Charlemagne or Carles the Great visited Oviedo at the beginning of s. IX.
King Ramiro I (842-850) built the most important and brilliant buildings of the Kingdom of Asturias: Santa María del Naranco, (St Mary of Naranco), a hall for the king's rest, and San Miguel de Lillo, (St Michael of Lillo). These buildings are at the top of the Pre-Romanesque Asturian Art.

King Alfonso III the Great (866-910), built the only civil building of this period, the water fountain La Foncalada. 

King García I (910-914) moved the capital of the kingdom to León in 910. Since then, the bishops of Oviedo will take the responsibility of the development of the city and also the population and the importance of the city decreased. Even the St James's Way moved to León and Oviedo was left apart.

Culture 

The Arts Academy of Oviedo started in the 17th century.

Capital cities in Spain
1088 was a leap year.

Events 
 Succession of Pope Urban II (1088-1099)
 Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny
 Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux.
 Mansur ibn Nasir succeeds Nasir ibn Alnas as ruler of the Hammadid dynasty
 University of Bologna was founded.

Deaths 
 January 6 – Berengar of Tours, French theologian
 July 3 – Robert of Rhuddlan, Norman ruler of most of North Wales
 Naser Khosrow, Persian theologian
 William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, Norman aristocrat
Pieve Ligure is an Italian town in the region of Liguria in the province of Genoa in Italy. The population in Pieve Ligure is 2,458.

Pieve has a sea and hill environment. There are no beaches on the coast, but only rocks which people swim and free divew forom. The wildlife there is very varied from young catfish to octopus. The highest place of the town is S. Croce (516 m). The economy is based on agriculture and tourism.

Towns in Italy
Settlements in Genoa
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. Along with Mohamed Naguib, the first President, he led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and brought in a new period of change in Egypt. This change made Egypt a more socialist and modern country. In 1954 the Muslim Brotherhood tried to kill Nasser and he arrested President Naquib. Nasser ruled the country, and became president in 1956. He promoted pan-Arab nationalism, including a union with Syria that did not last very long.
Nasser is seen as one of the most important political figures in modern Arab history and politics. Under his leadership, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and other industries, and became important in stopping imperialism in the Arab World and Africa. He was also important in starting the Non-Aligned Movement. Nasser's version of pan-Arabism, which is often called "Nasserism", was very popular in the Arab world during the 1950s and 1960s. Even after the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six-Day War damaged the way the public saw him, many Arabs still view Nasser as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom.

References

1918 births
1970 deaths
Colonels
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Egypt
Egyptian military people
Egyptian Muslims
People from Alexandria
Presidents of Egypt
Former dictators
Storks are a family of birds (Ciconiidae). They usually live near shallow bodies of water where they wade through the water, and catch small animals, like frogs, crabs, or small fish. Many species of stork are migratory, they spend the summer and the winter in different places. There are 19 different species of stork, in six genera. The marabou stork is the largest species of stork. The Abdim's stork is the smallest species of stork

Probably the best known stork is the white stork. It is known to build large nests in high places. Stork nests are often very large. They may be used for many years. Beforehand, people believed storks were monogamous, that they only had one partner in life. More recent research has shown  that they may change partners. They are attached to a nest almost as much as to a partner.

The marabou stork, which lives in Africa, has a wingspan of up to 320 cm. This makes it the largest bird still alive, together with the Andean condor.
Species
There are nineteen species of stork. They include:
 Abdim's stork
 African openbill
 Asian openbill
 Asian woollyneck
 Black stork
 Black-backed stork
 Greater adjutant
 Jabiru
 Lesser adjutant
 Maguari stork
 Marabou stork
 Milky stork
 Oriental stork
 Painted stork
 Saddle-billed stork
 Storm's stork
 White stork
 Wood stork
 Yellow-billed stork
In fiction 
The stork has many legends (stories) about it, as in the Ancient Greek storyteller's Aesop's (6th century BC) The Farmer and the Stork and The Fox and the Stork. The first fable (short story) begins with a farmer plowing his fields, planting his seeds and spreading his nets. These nets caught a few cranes who hopped behind him eating the seed. Along with the cranes in his net the farmer discovered a stork with a broken leg. The stork begged the farmer to spare his life, saying that he was not a crane, but a stork. He pointed to his feathers and told the farmer that they didn’t resemble a crane’s feathers at all. The farmer laughed at the stork and said, “I have taken you with these robbers (thieves), the cranes, and you must die in their company.” Another common legend is that storks deliver babies  instead of the mothers giving birth.

Images
A wharf is a permanent structure at a lake, a river, or the sea. It is made so that ships can be loaded and unloaded more easily. 

Water transport
Public houses (better known as pubs) are businesses that serve alcoholic drinks such as beer, cider and ale, and usually also non-alcoholic drinks such as lemonade, cola, tea, and coffee to be consumed within the limits of the public house. They are subject to the licensing laws of the country. They may be closed down if not properly conducted. Many pubs also sell food such as fish and chips and meat pies.

Pubs are found in English-speaking countries such as England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, Australia and the United States. In villages and small towns in many parts of England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, pubs are the centre of community life. Some pubs hire bands or singers to entertain customers. If the pub has rooms where people can sleep at night, it is usually called an inn.
Ownership and staffing 
Public houses may be owned and operated in different ways. Breweries may own a number of pubs themselves. Pubs may be run as franchises by large catering companies. However they are owned, a pub will be managed by a "landlord" or "landlady". Employees do different jobs to provide good service. Bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") serve drinks at the bar. In most pubs, the customer orders the drinks at the bar and waits for them to be prepared, then carries the drinks back to the tables or area of seating. In some types of pubs may sit at the bar or remain standing with their drinks. Some pubs hire servers, called waiters or waitresses, to bring drinks to people who are sitting at tables or in chairs. Some pubs also hire people to take away empty bottles and glasses, though commonly the bartenders will do this as well.
Pubs that serve food have cooks, dishwashers, and servers to prepare, cook, and serve the food. Bands and singers who entertain customers during the evening are not usually employees of the pub. Instead, the pub signs a contract with these entertainers, in which the entertainer promises to come to the pub on a specified day or night, in return for a sum of money.

Comparison with nightclubs 
Another type of business that serves alcohol is the nightclub. Like pubs, some nightclubs also serve food and have bands or singers as entertainers. Most people go to nightclubs because they enjoy the music and dancing. However, nightclubs often have a much wider selection of alcoholic drinks than pubs. Most nightclubs sell a number of different brands of spirits, liqueurs, wine, sherry, and aperitifs.

The bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at nightclubs often make a much larger variety of mixed drinks, or cocktails, than those who work in pubs.

Notes

Places where alcohol is served
Restaurants
Squaring the circle is a problem of geometry. The problem is to construct a square that has the same area as the unit circle, only by using a compass and straightedge construction method. Some people also call this problem the quadrature of the circle.

This is not about a circle with corners like a square.  It is a problem like squaring a triangle. It is easy to construct a square with the same area as a triangle. Squaring the circle is related to the other ancient problems which have been proved impossible, squaring the cube and trisecting the angle.

In 1882, Ferdinand von Lindenmann proved that this cannot be done because it is impossible to calculate √π exactly, because it is a transcendental number.

Geometry
The Tampa Bay Lightning is an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were formed in 1991, and began playing in 1992-93 NHL season.

The Lightning has won the Stanley Cup championship twice and won the Division title 4 times (2002-03, 2003-04, 2017-18, and 2018-19). 

Before the Lightning's Stanley Cup championship, the team was regarded as one of the worst team in the league. It made the play-offs once (1995-96) before winning the Southeast Division in 2002-03.  

It won the Stanley Cup championship in 2003-04, the year before the NHL Lock-Out. Under the leadership of captain Dave Andreychuk, and the strong goaltending performance of goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin, the Lightning earned its first Stanley Cup over the Calgary Flames in 7 games.
During the Lightning's Stanley Cup winning year, Martin St. Louis won the Hart Trophy, the league's most valuable player. After game 7 against the Calgary Flames, Brad Richards was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy, the play-offs most valuable player. Also, coach John Tortorella was awarded the Jack Adams Trophy for coach of the year.

References

Other websites
Official website

1991 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Florida
National Hockey League teams
Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett (6 January 1946 – 7 July 2006) was an English musician. Barrett is most famous for founding the rock band Pink Floyd. He started the band in 1965 under several different names and wrote the band's first album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. During this time he experimented with psychedelic (mind-altering) drugs and eventually exited the band in 1968. Following his departure from Pink Floyd, he released two records, The Madcap Laughs and Barrett, to little commercial success, due to the unusual lyrics and unsteady beats. He later suffered from mental health issues, possibly related to his history of drug use. Some of his most successful solo songs are "Dark Globe" and "Octopus".

Barrett was born in Cambridge and died there, of pancreatic cancer and type 1 diabetes

References

Other websites 
Official website
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Cambridge
Pink Floyd
1946 births
2006 deaths
Occupation could mean:

In business:
Employment, a person's job or work in service of an employer
Profession, an occupation that requires special education and training.  For example, law, medicine, or theology.
Vocation, an occupation pursued more for altruistic benefit than for income
Career, a person's occupational history
Day job, an occupation solely for income, while pursuing another preferred career track
Standard Occupational Classification System, developed and used by the U.S. government

In a military context:
 Military occupation, control of a territory by a military force
 Occupied territory
 Law of occupation, the laws of war which relate to military occupation
List of military occupations, notable historical instances of military occupation
Elsewhere:
 Occupation (protest), the temporary forceful occupation of a building, space or symbolic site
Occupancy, use of a building for shelter or support of persons, animals, or property
Occupation 101, 2006 documentary movie about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Occupation: Dreamland, documentary movie about 82nd Airborne in Iraq
Occupation Double, a Canadian reality television show
"Occupation" (Battlestar Galactica), an episode in the third season
Occupation: Foole, comedy album by George Carlin
"The Beautiful Occupation", song by the band, Travis
Tapirs are odd-toed ungulates form the family Tapiridae. The only living genus is Tapirus. The first tapirids appeared in the Eocene epoch, and by the Oligocene they looked similar to the present-day species. For much of their history, tapirs were spread across the Northern Hemisphere extinct as recently as 10,000 years ago.

Taxonomy 
 Family Tapiridae
 Brazilian tapir or Lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris)
 Mountain Tapir (Tapirus pinchaque)
 Baird's tapir (Tapirus bairdii)

 Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus)
Kabomani tapir (Tapirus kabomani)

Appearance 
Tapirs are about 2 m / 7 ft long and about 1 meter / 3 ft high. They weigh between 150 - 300 kg / 330 - 700 lb. They have a rounded body and very short stubby tails. Tapirs have hoofed toes, with four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet. The Tapir's upper lip and nose have formed a short trunk, and they have a long tongue.
Tapirs have a short fur, with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black. Exceptions are the Mountain Tapir and the Asian Tapir. The Mountain Tapir has longer wooly fur. The Asian Tapir has a black front part and legs, and a white middle part and back. All baby tapirs have brown fur, with lighter stripes and dots for camouflage.

Tapirs cannot see very well, but they have good hearing and a very good sense of smell. Tapirs also swim very well.

Habitat 
Tapirs live in of South America and Central America, except the Asian Tapir which lives in Southeast Asia. 
Tapirs live in dense forests, and close to water.

Life 
Tapirs are active at night. They eat leaves, fruit, berries, vegetables and nuts.
Tapirs live alone. After a pregnancy of about 13 months, the female gives birth to a single baby. After half a year the baby starts to lose the baby-coloring of its fur. When the young tapir is one year old it looks like an adult tapir, and it leaves its mother. Tapirs become mature when they are 4 years old. Tapirs can become 25 – 30 years old.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group
 The Tapir Gallery at The Tapir Preservation Fund website
 World Tapir Day website
 Baird's Tapir Project of Costa Rica 

Odd-toed ungulates
Bovids are a family of even-toed ungulate mammals. The word "Bovidae" is comes from Latin bos, "ox". Even-toed ungulates are said to have "cloven hooves": that means their hooves are formed from two toes. They evolved early in the Miocene period.

There 143 living species in this family. They include cattle, goats, sheep and antelopes. The family is widespread, living in all continents except the southern continents South America, Australia and Antarctica.

They are all ruminants, with the double stomach system of digesting vegetation, which is most efficient. The family originated in the Miocene, and is now very successful. Their success is probably helped by their digestive system. The group includes the three domestic animals cows, sheep and goats.
Taxonomy
 Family Bovidae
 Subfamily Aepycerotinae (one genus: the impala)
 Subfamily Alcelaphinae (one tribe and four genera: wildebeest and relatives)
 Subfamily Antilopinae (three tribes and 15 genera: gazelles and relatives)
 Subfamily Bovinae (three tribes and ten genera: cattle, bisons etc.)
 Subfamily Caprinae (three tribes and 13 genera: goats and sheep)
 Subfamily Cephalophinae (three genera: duikers)
 Subfamily Hippotraginae (three genera: antelopes)
 Subfamily Panthelopinae (the Tibetan antelope)
 Subfamily Peleinae (the grey rhebok)
 Subfamily Reduncinae (two genera: more antelopes)

References
The Cromwell current is the name of a submarine river. It was discovered in 1952 by the scientist Townsend Cromwell. It is 250 miles (400 km) wide. It flows to the east. The current appears about 300 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean at the equator. 

The Cromwell current carries a lot of oxygen and nutrients. It is very rich in marine life.

Oceanography
Subduction is when two tectonic plates meet. One of the plates is pushed under the other into the Earth's mantle. Subduction causes the most powerful earthquakes in the world. Earthquakes caused by subduction can lead to tsunamis. 

Areas where subduction occurs are called subduction zones. Subduction zones are all around the world in places like Indonesia, Seattle, Washington and in the Himalaya mountain range in Nepal.

References 

Earthquakes
Plate tectonics
An icebreaker is a special type of ship. Its special features include extra powerful motors and a very strong hull designed to cut through thick sheets of ice floating on oceans and lakes.

Ship types
A tattoo is a mark made by putting ink into the skin. Tattoos may be made on human or animal skin. Tattoos on humans are a type of body modification (a way of changing the body), but tattoos on animals are most often used for identification. People sometimes get tattoos to show that they belong to a gang or culture group.

People get tattoos in tattoo parlors.  Getting a tattoo is painful, although some people have more pain than others, and some body parts are more painful to tattoo than others. Most tattoos today are created using an electric tattoo machine, which uses needles to put ink into the body.
History
Preserved tattoos on ancient mummified human remains reveal that tattooing has been practiced throughout the world for many centuries. In 2015, scientific re-assessment of the age of the two oldest known tattooed mummies identified Ötzi the Iceman as the oldest currently known example. This body, with 61 tattoos, was found embedded in glacial ice in the Alps, and was dated to 3250 BCE. In 2018, the oldest figurative tattoos in the world were discovered on two mummies from Egypt which are dated between 3351 and 3017 BCE.
Tattooing is an ancient art. Ötzi the Iceman, a man who lived around 3300 BC and whose mummy was found in 1991, had 61 tattoos consisting of 19 groups of lines simple dots and lines on his lower spine, left wrist, behind his right knee, and on his ankles. These tattoos, which were made of soot, were possibly part of an early form of acupuncture. Tattoos have also been found on mummies from ancient civilizations throughout the world, including Egypt, Nubia the Pazyryk culture of Russia, and from several cultures throughout South America.

Tattoos became popular in the Western world after Westerners first had contact with American Indians and Polynesians during the 1700s. James Cook, a famous British explorer, reported that he had seen tattooing being done when he was in Tahiti in 1769. The word "tattoo" comes from the Tahitian word "tatau".
In some cultures, tattoos have special meaning and importance. For example, Polynesian people like the Māori in New Zealand have a tradition of face tattoos (called moko) which are sacred and have special meaning related to status and tribal history.

In other cultures, tattoos are forbidden. For example, tattoos are forbidden in Jewish law. In the Old Testament of the Bible, the book of Leviticus 19:28 states: "You shall not make any cuts on your body for the dead or tattoo yourselves."
Tattoos started to become popular in the United States and England during the 1860s and 1870s.  At first, tattoos were most often given to soldiers and sailors. The first known professional tattoo artist in the United States was Martin Hildebrandt, a German immigrant who arrived in Boston in 1846. Between 1861 and 1865, he tattooed soldiers on both sides in the American Civil War. The first known professional tattooist in Britain worked in the port of Liverpool in the 1870s, tattooing mostly sailors. However, by the 1870s, tattoos had become fashionable among some members of the upper classes, including royalty. In the United States, tattoos were very popular with sailors. Many cities on the coast had tattoo artists in them. Later, artists such as Maud Wagner helped make tattoos more popular in the rest of the United States.
Since the 1970s, tattoos have become a mainstream part of Western fashion, common among both men and women, to all economic classes, and to age groups from the later teen years to middle age. For many young Americans, tattoos have a very different meaning than they did for earlier generations.  In the past, tattoos were viewed as a form of deviance - a way of breaking social rules and standards. Today, it has become an acceptable form of expression.

At times during history, people have been forced to get tattoos to mark them as slaves, criminals, or outsiders. For example, the ancient Romans tattooed criminals and slaves. In the 19th century, the United States marked convicts with tattoos before releasing them from jail, and the British Army marked deserters with tattoos. In the 20th century, prisoners in Siberian and Nazi concentration camps were tattooed with identification numbers.

Types
Types

Amateur and professional tattoos 
Today, people choose to be tattooed for many different reasons. Tattoos may also be used to show that a person belongs to a specific group. For example, gang tattoos may show that a person belongs to a certain criminal gang. Criminal tattoos may also show a person's criminal accomplishments (such as the number of years they spent in prison, or the number of people they have killed). Tattoos, including full-body tattoos, are popular among the Yakuza (Japanese mafia).
Cosmetic tattoos 
Tattoos can be used for cosmetic reasons. Cosmetic tattoos include "permanent makeup," which uses tattooing to make designs that look like real makeup.  For example, cosmetic tattooers can create tattooed eyebrows for people who have lost their eyebrows because of old age, diseases that cause hair loss (like alopecia), or medications that make the hair fall out (like chemotherapy). Cosmetic tattoos can also cover up moles or hide skin that is discolored because of diseases like vitiligo.

Cosmetic tattoos can also be used to cover up surgical scars, like scars from mastectomy (surgical removal of the breast). The use of artistic tattoos to cover mastectomy scars is becoming more popular in the United States and the United Kingdom.  Cosmetic tattooing is also used to tattoo nipples onto reconstructed breasts after breast reconstruction surgery (where the breast which was removed during mastectomy is re-created using fat from another part of the body).

Medical tattoos
Medical tattoos 

Tattoos can also be used for medical reasons. For example, a person may get a medical alert tattoo, which warns that they have a certain medical condition (like diabetes or a severe allergy). When people get radiation therapy for cancer, tattoos may be used to mark exactly where the beam of radiation should be pointed. This helps to make sure that the person gets the same treatment, in the right place, every time they have radiation therapy.

Genital
Genital tattooing is the practice of placing permanent marks under the skin of the genitals in the form of tattoos.
Nearly the entire genital region can be tattooed, including the shaft and head of the penis, the skin of the scrotum, the pubic region and the outer labia.
Health risks 
Because it breaks the skin, tattooing carries health risks. These risks include infection and allergic reactions to tattoo inks. These problems can often be avoided if the tattooer follows rules of cleanliness, uses certain tools on one person only, and sterilizing their equipment after every use (cleaning it in a special way that will kill germs).

In many places, tattooers are required to have training on blood-borne diseases (diseases which can be spread through the blood, like HIV and hepatitis). As of 2009 in the United States, there were no reported cases of a person getting HIV from a professional tattoo.

In amateur tattooing (like tattooing in prisons), however, there is a much higher risk of infection.  Unsterilized (unclean) tattoo equipment or contaminated ink could spread infections on the surface of the skin, fungal infections, some forms of hepatitis, herpes simplex virus, HIV, staph, tetanus, and tuberculosis.
Most people are not allergic to tattoo inks. However, there have been cases of allergic reactions to tattoo inks, especially to certain colors. Sometimes this happens because the ink includes nickel, which sets off a common metal allergy.

Sometimes, if tattooing pierces a blood vessel, a bruise might appear.

Removal

Tattoo removal is most commonly performed using lasers that break down the ink particles in the tattoo into smaller particles. Dermal macrophages are part of the immune system, tasked with collecting and digesting cellular debris. In the case of tattoo pigments, macrophages collect ink pigments, but have difficulty breaking them down. Instead, they store the ink pigments. If a macrophage is damaged, it releases its captive ink, which is taken up by other macrophages. This can make it particularly difficult to remove tattoos. When treatments break down ink particles into smaller pieces, macrophages can more easily remove them.
Some people who have tattoos wish that they had not gotten them. Tattoos can be taken off with laser surgery, but this is painful and often requires several visits to a dermatologist or skin care professional.

Related pages

 Genital piercing
 Body modification
 Scarification
 Flash (tattoo) – a sheet of paper or card board with tattoo designs printed or drawn on

References

Dermatology
Body art
An artificial or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language that has been made by a person or small group, instead of being formed naturally as part of a culture. Some constructed languages are designed for use in human communication (like the common Esperanto). Others are created for use in fiction, linguistic experiments, secret codes, or simply because the maker likes to play language games.

Constructed languages can be split into a priori languages, which are made from scratch, and a posteriori languages, which borrow words and grammar from existing languages.
Constructed languages can also be split into groups by purpose. These groups are:
 Engineered languages (engelangs), which are split into philosophical languages and logical languages (loglangs) - designed for experiments in logic or philosophy 
 Auxiliary languages (auxlangs) - designed to be a lingua franca (common language between people with different native languages) for international communication (also called International Auxiliary Language, (IAL)) 
 Artistic languages (artlangs) - designed to look or sound pretty, to make a fictional world more believable, or just for fun.

Some constructed languages also have constructed scripts to write them.
Some examples of constructed languages 
Atlantean
Basic English
 Brithenig
 Dothraki
 Dutton's Speedwords
 Esperanto
 Folkspraak
 Glosa
 Ido
 Interlingua
 Interlingue (in the past: Occidental)
 Interslavic
 Klingon
 Láadan
 Latino moderne
 Lingwa de planeta
 Lojban
 Middle-earth languages (Quenya, Sindarin)
 Na'vi language
 Newspeak
 Talossan
 Toki Pona
 Volapük
 Wenedyk

Other websites 
 ENIONI Site dedicated to some constructed languages, mainly Esperanto, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Occidental/Interlingue, Novial, and Interlingua. It contains the magazines Posta Mundi, Vok Neutral, and IE Munde.
 The Language Construction Kit 
 LingoJam - a tool for creating conlang translators

 
Language-related lists
Joel S. Engel is an American scientist. He was the Head of Research at Bell Laboratories (Belltel) in 1973. He was born on February 4, 1936 in New York City, New York. In 1973, Martin Cooper made the first mobile phone call to him whilst walking the streets of New York City.

1936 births
Living people
Scientists from New York (state)
People from New York City
An Engineered language is a constructed language used to help experiment in logic, philosophy, and linguistics.

There are three types of Engineered language:
Philosophical languages
Logical languages
Experimental languages

Constructed languages
Engineered languages
The pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is an even-toed ungulate mammal, the only living member of the family Antilocapridae. 

It is a smallish ruminant mammal which looks like an antelope. It is 1.3–1.5 m (4 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) long from nose to tail, and stands 81–104 cm (2 ft 8 in – 3 ft 5 in) high at the shoulder 

The pronghorn lives in North America. It lives in the prairies, but sometimes also in the desert and the Rocky Mountains.

The antilocaprids evolved in North America, where they filled a niche similar to that of the bovids that evolved in the Old World. During the Miocene and Pliocene, they were a diverse and successful group, with many different species. Some had horns with bizarre shapes, or had four, or even six, horns.

In Africa, the bovids evolved many ruminants which look like deer (convergent evolution). True deer are a different mammal, and do not live in the southern continents. For example, in Africa they are replaced south of the Atlas Mountains by bovids.
The pronghorn is the fastest land mammal in the Western Hemisphere, with running speeds of up to . It is often called the second-fastest land animal, second only to the African cheetah, and it can keep up high speeds longer than cheetahs.

Appearance 
The pronghorn has a yellowish-brown to reddish-brown colored fur with a white underside, and white stripes on the neck and around the mouth. Male pronghorns also have black markings on the neck and face. The males have horns that are up to 25 cm long. Females usually have no horns; if they have horns they are very short.

Life 
Pronghorns can be active at any time during day or night, but they are mostly active during twilight. Pronghorns eat grass, but also leaves and herbs. Pronghorns have the ability to digest poisonous plants. This is due to their large liver, which helps in the filtering of toxins.