Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
December 1 – Ercole Baldini, Italian cyclist and Olympic champion (b. 1933)
 December 6 – Adolfas Šleževičius, 6th Prime Minister of Lithuania (b. 1948)
 December 8 – Miodrag Ješić, Serbian football manager and player (b. 1958)
 December 9 – Joseph Kittinger, United States Air Force officer (b. 1928)
 December 11 – Angelo Badalamenti, American composer (b. 1937)
 December 12 – Mirosław Hermaszewski, Polish cosmonaut (b. 1941)
 December 16 – Siniša Mihajlović, Serbian footballer and manager (b. 1969)
 December 20 – Subroto, 16th and 19th Secretary General of OPEC (b. 1923)
 December 22 – Anton Tkáč, Slovak cyclist and Olympic champion (b. 1951)
 December 23 – George Cohen, English footballer (b. 1939)
 December 28
 Arata Isozaki, Japanese architect (b. 1931)
 Sribhashyam Vijayasarathi, Indian writer, Sanskrit grammarian, and literary critic. (b. 1936)
 December 29
 Pelé, Brazilian footballer (b. 1940)
 Eduard Artemyev, Soviet and Russian composer (b. 1937)
Edgar Savisaar, 1st Prime Minister of the Interim Government of Estonia (b. 1950)
 János Varga, Hungarian wrestler and Olympic champion (b. 1939)
 Dame Vivienne Westwood, British fashion designer (b. 1941)
 December 30
 Luann Ryon, American archer and Olympic champion (b. 1953)
 Barbara Walters, American television journalist (b. 1929)
 December 31
 Pope Benedict XVI (b. 1927)
 Anita Pointer, American singer (b. 1948)
Nobel Prizes 
 Chemistry – Carolyn Bertozzi, Morten P. Meldal and Karl Barry Sharpless
 Economics – Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond, and Philip H. Dybvig
 Literature – Annie Ernaux
 Peace – Ales Bialiatski, Memorial and The Center for Civil Liberties
 Physics – Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger
 Physiology or Medicine – Svante Pääbo

Notes

References
2024 (MMXXIV) will be .

Events
 January 1 — Steam will end support for Windows 7 and Windows 8.x.
 26 July – 11 August: 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France.
 5 November: The United States presidential election will take place.

Date unknown 
 September — Firefox will end support for Windows 7 and Windows 8.x. 
 November - Artemis 2, the second mission of the Artemis program, is planned to launch

References

2024
2025 (MMXXV) will be .

Predicted events 
 March 31 – Yolanda Saldivar will be eligible for parole. This event will occur during the 30th anniversary of American singer Selena's death. Saldivar killed the twenty-three year-old singer at her Days Inn motel room in 1995.

Unknown dates 
 The Giant Magellan Telescope is expected to be completed.
 Voyager 2 might stop transmitting.

References
The Acid Survivors Foundation is a Bangladeshi organization that helps victims of acid attacks and tries to prevent these attacks..

It was founded in 1999 with support from UNICEF and the Canadian International Development Agency. In 2005 the co-founder Monira Rahman was granted the Human Rights Award of Amnesty International.

Statistics

Acid attacks from 1999 to 2005

Comparative statistics of 2005 and 2006

 Source
 Acid Survivors FoundationStatistics of Acid Attack 1999 to 2005

Other websites

 Official website

Organisations based in Bangladesh
1999 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Bangladesh
Shmuel Yosef Agnon (July 17, 1888 – February 17, 1970) was an Israeli writer and winner of the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature.

He was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym Shai Agnon. In English, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.

References

Other websites 

Nobel Prize lecture
 

1887 births
1970 deaths
Israeli Nobel Prize winners
Israeli novelists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Israeli poets
Short story writers
Ukrainian Jews
Acid throwing or vitriolage is a form of violent assault. Sometimes the crime is called acid attack. The attackers throw acid or other corrosive substances at their victims. Usually they throw it at the targets' faces. They want to damage skin tissue, even to expose and to dissolve the bones. The consequences of these attacks include blindness and permanent scars of the face and body.

In India, the number of acid attacks have been rising. There had been 68 acid attacks in Karnataka alone (of which Bengaluru is the capital) since 1999. These are only the cases that have been reported. Unlike India, Bangladesh has introduced the death penalty for throwing acid and laws strictly controlling the sales of acids since 2002. An important role for the introduction of that legislation had the Acid Survivors Foundation.
Acid throwing is a crime in most countries in the world.  Many Islamic countries have the concept of qisas, or retributive justice. With this, a victim can ask that the attacker be disfigured in a similar way. That way, an Iranian court ordered that the attacker of a woman who was blinded by such an attack, be blinded as well.

Epidemiology
According to researchers and activists, countries with many occurrences of acid attacks include Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, United Kingdom, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Acid attacks have been reported however in countries around the world, including:

 Afghanistan
 Australia
 Bangladesh
 Belgium
 Bulgaria
 Cambodia
 China
 Hong Kong S.A.R.
 Colombia
 France
 Gabon
 Germany
 India
 Indonesia
 Iran
 Ireland
 Israel
 Italy
 Jamaica
 Kenya
 Laos
 Mexico
 Myanmar
 Nepal
 Nigeria
 Philippines
 Pakistan
 Russia
 Sri Lanka
 Sweden
 South Africa
 Taiwan
 Tanzania
 Thailand
 Uganda
 United Kingdom
 United States
 Vietnam
Additionally, evidence for acid attacks exists in other regions of the world such as South America, Central and North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. However, South Asian countries maintain the highest incidence of acid attacks.

Police in the United Kingdom have noted that many victims are scared to come forward to report attacks, meaning the nobody knows how many attacks have happened.

Related pages
 Domestic violence
 Monira Rahman

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Bangladesh: Acid Attacks in Bangladesh: A Voice for the Victims
 Cambodia: Living in the Shadows: Acid Attacks in Cambodia Report
 China: Hospital offers surgery to victim of acid attack
 South Asia: Acid attacks on the rise in South Asia
 Pakistan: A 16 year old boy was badly injured in an acid attack after he refused a Muslim cleric's sexual advances
 Thailand: 6 teens hurt in acid attack
 Iran: Woman blinded by acid wants same fate for attacker

Domestic violence
Human rights abuses
Hate crimes
Nelly Sachs (; 10 December 1891 – 12 May 1970) was a German-Swedish poet and playwright. She is a Nobel Prize winner and of Jewish descent.

Works 
 In the Dwellings of Death

Other websites 
 Nobel Prize Lecture 

1891 births
1970 deaths
German Nobel Prize winners
German poets
Jewish German writers
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Literature winners
Swedish playwrights
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
Swedish poets
1594 was a common year in the 16th century.

Events 
 February 27 – Henry IV of France became the king of France.
 March 21 – Henry IV of France entered Paris for the first time.
The year 2008 in science had some important events, listed below.

Events 

 January 15 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its first flyby of Mercury at 200 km height.
 August 1 - Total solar eclipse that could be seen in Canada, Siberia, Mongolia and northern China.
 October 6 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes the second flyby of Mercury.

Deaths 

 April 13 - John Archibald Wheeler, theoretical physicist
 April 16 - Edward Norton Lorenz, mathematician and meteorologist
 April 29 - Albert Hofmann, chemist
 May 15 - Willis Lamb, physicist, winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics

2008
Years in science
Tikrit sometimes known as Takrit or Tekrit, is a city in Iraq, located  northwest of Baghdad and  southeast of Mosul on the Tigris River. As of 2012, it has a population of 160,000.

At least 80% majority of the people are Sunni. Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq through April 2003, was born there; he considered it his hometown. He was actually born in a village on the outskirts of Tikrit, however in a part of Tikrit municipality.

References

Other websites 
How Tikrit has Changed the War - Counteroffensive in Tikrit March 2015
Iraq Image - Tikrit Satellite Observation 

Cities in Iraq
The year 2007 in science had some important events, listed below.

Events 

 March 3 - A total lunar eclipse happened that could be seen in some parts of America and Asia, and in all of Europe and Africa.
 March 19 - A partial solar eclipse happened that could be seen in Asia.
 April 25 - The planet Gliese 581 c was found.
 August 28 - A total lunar eclipse happened that could be seen in some parts of America and Asia, and all of Australasia and the Pacific Ocean.
 September 27 - NASA's spacecraft Dawn is launched.

Deaths 

 July 23 - Ernst Otto Fischer

2007
Years in science
White nose syndrome (WNS) is a condition which has caused many bats in the United States and Canada to die. The condition is named white nose because the affected bats have a fungus around their nose which is white. It was discovered in February 2006.

The disease was first reported in January 2007 in some New York caves. It spread to other New York caves and into Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut in 2008. In early 2009 it was found in New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. West Virginia  In March 2010, it was found in Ontario, Canada, and Middle Tennessee.  In 2012, new cases showed up in northeastern Ohio, and Acadia National Park in Maine. New confirmed cases appeared in 2013 in Georgia, South Carolina, and Illinois.

References

Bats
Fungal diseases
The year 2006 in science had some important events, listed below.

Events 

 January 19 - The NASA spacecraft New Horizons was launched for a journey to Pluto.
 January 25 - The planet OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb was found.
 February 1 - The dwarf planet Eris was found to be bigger than Pluto.
 March 19 - total solar eclipse that could be seen in Brazil, Greece, mid Atlantic Ocean, Sahara, Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia.
 June 30 - scientists found 9 more natural satellites of Saturn.
 August 24 - Pluto was ordered as a dwarf planet instead of a planet.
 September 13 -  received the name Eris.

Deaths 
 May 14 - Robert Bruce Merrifield, chemist
 May 31 - Raymond Davis, Jr., chemist and physicist.
 August 9 - James Van Allen, American space scientist

2006
Years in science
Melissa "Missy" Peregrym (born June 16, 1982 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian actress.

Biography

Personal life 
Peregrym lived in Surrey, British Columbia with her mom, dad, and sisters in her early childhood. She played many sports as a child and through her teenage years. She liked to play soccer, lacrosse, snowboarding and hockey. She is currently dating Ben Roethlisberger.

Careers 
Peregrym began her career as a model at the age of 18. Later, she began to do commercials. In 2002, she began acting and guest starring in a few shows, then she made her career breakthrough when she was 24 when she starred in the movie Stick It, where her main character was a tomboy athlete (much like herself).

Living people
1982 births
Kenneth Martin Follett CBE (born 5 June 1949) is a Welsh writer, known as Ken Follett. He was born in Cardiff, Wales. Follett has written many detective books and history novels. He has sold 100 million copies of his books.

References

1949 births
Living people
Welsh novelists
Writers from Cardiff
Crime writers
The British National Party (or BNP for short) is a far-right and fascist political party in the United Kingdom. The party was led by Nick Griffin from 1999 until 2014 and the current leader of the BNP is Adam Walker.

In 2009, the party had 2 MEPs (Members of European Parliament) out of 73 British seats in the European Parliament. Those two seats were held by Griffin and Andrew Brons. It has no seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom or the devolved assemblies. 

The BNP was started in 1982 by John Tyndall (politician).

In November 2012 the British Democratic Party was started by Brons. Brons started the party after leaving the BNP in October 2012. Brons wants the BDP to end the BNP. He does not like the BNP because he thinks its ideology is not extreme enough. Griffin lost his seat in the European Parliament in 2014.

Related pages
 Extremism
 Race (sociology)

References
References

1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
Fascism
Nationalist organisations in the United Kingdom
Political parties in the United Kingdom
Differentiation is a term used in different senses.

Cell differentiation
Derivative (mathematics)
FC Utrecht is a football club which plays in the Netherlands.

It was a merger of three clubs from the city of Utrecht: Door Oefening Sterk, USV Elinkwijk and Velox in 1970.

League position

Former position 

1970 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in the Netherlands
Dutch football clubs
Utrecht (city)
Sparta Rotterdam is a football club which plays in Netherlands.

League position

Former position 

Dutch football clubs
Rotterdam
A road number is usually given to a portion of public roadway. The chosen number often depends on the type of road. The numbers will be different if the road is an interstate, a motorway, an arterial thoroughfare, a two-lane road, and so forth.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the route number has a letter and a number. It is between 1 and 4 digits/numbers long. For instance, the main road from London to Edinburgh is called the A1. The "A" means it is a first class route. This also means it is more important than "B" roads. The A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 begin in London and go towards various towns around the coast. Roads which start in the area between the A1 and the A2 must start with the number 1 (A137, B1412), etc. Scotland is also divided into zones by the A7, A8 and A9 leave from Edinburgh. Motorways have the letter "M", for example the M25. Motorways have a different numbering system from "A" and "B" roads. 

This system is used in other European countries (for example, Spain and France).

Roads
AFC Door Wilskracht Sterk is a football club which plays in Netherlands.

League position 

Dutch football clubs
Amsterdam
1907 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in the Netherlands
The year 2005 in science had some important events, listed below.

Events 
 January 26 - The European Space Agency's SMART-1 sends back close range pictures of the lunar surface.
 February 23 - Astronomers announce discovery of the new galaxy VIRGOHI21 that's made mostly of dark matter.
 November 30 - Surgeons in France did the first face transplant.

Deaths 
 February 3 - Ernst W. Mayr, important evolutionary biologist

2005
Years in science
The year 2004 in science had some important events, listed below.

Events 

 January 3 - NASA's Spirit rover lands on Mars.
 January 24 - NASA's Opportunity rover lands on Mars.
 March 2 - NASA says that the area where their Mars probe Opportunity landed shows unmistakable signs of contact with water in the geological past.
 March 4 - NASA's Spirit finds proof of past contact with water in volcanic rocks on Mars.
 April 20 - NASA launched the Gravity Probe B to test the general theory of relativity of Einstein.
 October 27 - The Homo floresiensis has been discovered by Peter Brown, Michael Morwood and their colleagues.
 September 13 - Astronomers from the European Southern Observatory announce images that seem to show a planet orbiting a brown dwarf about 230 light years away.
 November 15 - The SMART-1 space probe reaches orbit around the Moon. It is the first European space mission to do so.
Deaths 
 March 15 - John Pople, British Nobel Prize winning chemist
 July 3 - Andriyan Nikolayev, cosmonaut
 July 28 - Francis Crick, found the double helix in DNA

2004
Years in science
Midwest Radio started an online only radio station, Midwest Irish Radio, in 2005. This has a different programme to Midwest Radio, although The Mid Morning Show does broadcast on Midwest Irish Radio. Most of its broadcasts are non stop Irish music. It's sister station Northwest Radio shut down in 2004.

Schedule

Monday to Friday

7.00am-8.45am Breakfast Show with David Cawley  

8.45am-9.00am Morning Edition News & Sport

9.00am-11.00am The Tommy Marron Show

11.00am-1.00pm Mid-Morning Show with Paul Claffy 

1.00pm-1.30pm Lunchtime News And Sport

1.30pm-3.00pm Classic Hits Country With Chris Carroll

3.00pm-5.30pm Late Late Lunchbox with Padraic Walsh

5.30pm-6.00pm Evening Edition And Sport

6.01pm-6.05pm Farming Scene

6.05pm-8.00pm Classic Express With Brendan Nugent

8.00pm-10.00pm Nice And Easy with Eamonn Kelly (Monday-Thursday) / Viv Brennan (Friday)

1.00am-3.00am The Tommy Marron Show (replay)

3.00am-5.00am Mid-Morning Show with Paul Claffy (replay)

5.00am-7.00am Midwest Radio Music All Night
10.00pm to 1.00pm - Monday to Friday

Monday

10.00pm-1.00am Songbook With Michael Goulding

Tuesday

10.00pm-1.00am Ceoil Agus Ealion With Joe Byrne 

Wednesday

10.00pm-11.00pm Farming Matters With Michael Neary
 
11.00pm-2.00am Late Show With Michael Commins

Thursday

10.00pm-1.00am Classic Hits With Tim Norton

Friday

10.00pm-11.00pm Hot Hits Hour As Gaeilge with Brendan Roache

11.00pm-2.00am Weekend American Country With Phillip Costello

Saturday

7.00am-9.00am Saturday Morning Breakfast Show With Deirde Kelly

9.00am-10.00am The Gardening Show With Padraic Horkan

10.00am-1.00pm Country Classics With Micheal Neary 

1.00pm-1.30pm Local News & Sport

1.30pm-5.00pm Saturday Mix With Michael D

5.00pm-5.30pm Local News 

5.30pm-8.00pm Eunice Moran

8.00pm-10.00pm Homespun With Noel Grogan

10.00pm-1.00am Mac's Country Store With Eamon McPhilomey

1.00am-7.00am Midwest Radio Music All Night

Sunday

7.00am-9.00am Sunday Morning Meolidies With Beverley Stafford
9.00am-9.45am Faith Alive With Fr.Brenden Hoban And Monica Morley

10.00am-10.45am Religious Services 

10.45am-1.30pm Sunday Choice With Brendan Magee

1.30pm-2.00pm Lunchtime News

2.00pm-5.00pm Sunday Sports Show With Angelina Nugent

5.00pm-5.30pm Evening Edition News

5.30pm-8.00pm Sunday Jukebox With Brendan Nugent

8.00pm-8.30pm Sport Results Roundup With Michael D McAndrew

8.30pm-10.00pm Fleadh Cheoil With Seamus Duffy

10.00pm-1.00am Fireside Radio With Micheal Commins

1.00am-2.00am Faith Alive (repeat)

2.00am-7.00am Midwest Radio Music All Night

References

Radio stations in Europe
County Mayo
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) was a Russian political party. 

The party was founded in 1898. Its program was based on Marxism and socialism. The party wanted to lead the workers of Russia and to get rid of the Tsar.

Some members of the party wanted democracy and were called "Mensheviks".

Other members of the party spoke for the dictatorship of the working class and were called "Bolsheviks". The leaders of the Mensheviks were Martov and Potresov. The leaders of the Bolshevik group were Plekhanov and Lenin.

The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was an illegal party. It fought against the autocracy, organized meetings and strikes, and printed illegal newspapers blaming the Tsar and his government. Many members of the party were arrested, put into prison, or condemned to penal servitude.

In 1917 Lenin and most other Bolsheviks became a separate political party, RSDLP(B), which later became the Russian Communist Party.
During the Russian Civil War, the RSDLP was banned by the communists. Some social democrats became Communists, others fled from Russia, and still others became political prisoners.

Communist parties in Russia
Social democratic parties
1898 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Russia
1898 establishments in Asia
Signed Number representations are used to solve the problem of representing negative integers in binary. The problem of trying to store the negative sign (−) of a binary number is that there are no states left to use with which to represent the negative assignment. It is not possible to just use 'off' for minus and 'on' for plus because the computer would have no way of knowing whether it was a digit or a sign.

To overcome this issue computer designers invented two methods for storing negative binary numbers: sign-and-magnitude and 2's complement. These produce alternative representations for signed numbers.

Sign-and-magnitude
Sign and Magnitude works by changing the most significant bit (MSB - the first digit) to a 1 if the number is negative, and reduce the number by one, for example:

0000 0010 (2)
will become...
1000 0010 (-2)

This method of storing negative binary numbers does not work because binary arithmetic won't work.

1's complement
1's complement 

1's Complement works by swapping 1s for 0s and the 0s for 1s for example:
0000 0010 (2)
will become...
1111 1101 (-2)

Much like the sign-and-magnitude method this is easily defined as a negative number because its most significant bit is 1

2's complement
2's Complement is a more difficult way of storing negatives. There are four steps for it:

 Your number must not be using the most significant (leftmost) bit. If it is, you need another bit to represent it.
Find the positive binary number (e.g. 8base 10 = 0000 1000base 2).
 Swap the 1s for 0s and the 0s for 1s (e.g. 0000 1000base 2 becomes 1111 0111base 2).
This is known as "flipping the bits", or applying logical NOT to the original base 2 representation.
 Add 1 (e.g. 1111 0111base 2 + 1base 2 = 1111 1000base 2).

This method is liked because:

 It's like sign and magnitude; a negative number starts with a 1 and a positive number starts with a 0.
 The binary arithmetic will work.
 There is only one value for 0 (0000 0000base 2).
Computer science
Binary arithmetics
The Kingpin (Wilson Fisk) is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe. The character first appears in The Amazing Spider-Man #50 (July 1967), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist John Romita, Sr. The Kingpin often appears as an adversary of Spider-Man, Daredevil and the Punisher.

Enemies 
Spider-Man
Daredevil
Punisher
Other media 
Police Academy: The Animated Series (1988 - 1989) - Kingpin appears in some episodes with the crimes gang.
Spider-Man (1994) 
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series
The Spectacular Spider-Man
Kingpin is the main antagonist of both the 2003 movie Daredevil played by Michael Clarke Duncan and the 2015 Netflix original television series Daredevil set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in which he is played by Vincent D'Onofrio. D'Onofrio played Kingpin in the 2021 Disney+ series Hawkeye, and will reprised the role in the upcoming series Daredevil: Born Again. Kingpin is also the villain of the animated movie Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse. 
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s  
Supervillains
Spider-Man
The Centre Pompidou Metz is a museum of modern and contemporary art. It is in Metz, France. It shows sculptures, modern and contemporary paintings and graphic art.

The architecture of the building is inspired by a traditional Chinese hat. The carpentry is an innovative assembly made of sixteen kilometers of wood.

Inaugural exhibition of 2010 
Some elements of the inaugural exhibition were borrow by the Centre Georges Pompidou of Paris, especially:
 La Femme à la guitare, Georges Braque,
 La Tristesse du Roi, Henri Matisse,
 L'Aubade, Nu couché et musicien, Pablo Picasso,
 Le Violon d'Ingres, photographie, Man Ray,
La Maison tropicale, architectural prototype conceive by Jean Prouvé.

Other websites
 Centre Pompidou - Metz

Art museums in France
Metz
Real numbers in binary have to be stored in a special way in a computer. Computers represent numbers as binary integers (whole numbers that are powers of two), so there is no direct way for them to represent non-integer numbers like decimals as there is no radix point. One way computers bypass this problem is floating-point representation, with "floating" referring to how the radix point can move higher or lower when multiplied by an exponent (power).

Overview
In mathematics and science, very large and very small numbers are often made simpler and multiplied to a power of ten to make them easier to understand. For example, it can be much easier to read 1.2 trillion as  than 1,200,000,000,000. This can also be used with negative powers of ten to make small numbers, meaning you can represent 0.000001  as . This process is called scientific notation.
Since computers are limited to integers and binary, this means they cannot easily represent fractional decimal numbers. In order to represent fractional numbers, computers use three sets of binary numbers to make a scientific notation representation. They are: the signed bit, which determines if the number is positive (0) or negative (1); the significand, which is an integer (whole) version of the number; and the exponent, which is the power you multiply the base by.

Significand

The significand is found by taking your number and moving the radix point until there is no fractional part, making it into an integer. In decimal this is making 1.45 into 145 by moving the point right 2 steps, and in binary this would be making 1101.0111 (13.4375) into 1101 0111 (215) by moving the point right 4 steps; in both cases these numbers aren't related to one another outside using the same digits in a similar ordering.
Similarly to how scientific notation makes the significand as basic as possible, the aim in floating point numbers is to make it an integer so it can be represented in bytes and used in calculations.

Exponent

The exponent is the number of digits the radix point has moved past: if it moves left then the exponent is negative, but if it moves right then it is positive. As above, making 1.45 into 145 requires you to multiply by 100, so the exponent is 2 as . Equally, turning 1101.0111 (13.4375) into 1101 0111 (215) requires you to move the radix point four columns to the right, so the exponent is 4; this can be verified in decimal as .
Since the process is inverted to most cases of scientific notation, as it involves making a faction into an integer rather than turning a large integer into a fraction, exponents are generally negative to move the decimal place to the left; in decimal this would be turning your integer 145 back into the fractional number 1.45 by multiplying it by . Instead of using an signed leftmost bit the exponent is instead biased, giving 32-bit float exponents a range of  to . The output value of the biased exponent can be found by adding 127 to it:

Example

Decimal to Bicimal

Let's assume, for example, we want to represent the decimal number 37.40625 to its binary counterpoint: a bicimal (or binary decimal/fraction). First, we need to take our decimal number, which is in powers of 10, and convert it to binary, which is in powers of 2. One way to do this is to subtract the largest power of two possible until you reach zero:

Using the powers of two above, we can represent our decimal number  as follows:
Bicimal to Float

We have validated that our decimal number  is represented in binary as . However, the issue with computers is that they represent numbers as integer powers of two using bits, which makes fractional and negative numbers complicated. In accordance with IEEE-754, the way this is commonly done with a computer is to create a 32-bit floating point number that consists of three parts:

 The sign, 1 bit to determine if our number is positive or negative.
 The exponent, 8 bits. We add the value 127 to it to account for the sign bit which is the most significant bit.
 The significand, which is our binary number without a bicimal point spread across 23 bits.

Since we need to move our bicimal point 5 places to make  into the significand  our exponent is . By using a 32-bit float we can represent 37.40625 like this:

Related pages
Binary
Negative binary numbers
Radix point
Scientific notation

Computer science
Mathematics
South Petherton is a small town in Somerset, a county in England. Over 4, 000 people live there. 
It is twinned with the town of Javané, which is in France. 
There are two schools in South Petheton: South Petherton Infants School, which is run by the Church of England and is for children from the age of 4 to 7, and South Petherton Junior School, which is for children aged 7 to 11.

Towns in Somerset
Norwegian might mean:

Anything related to Norway
Norwegian Air Shuttle, an airline
Norwegians, the people of Norway
Norwegian language
A markup language is a computer language. It is made up of a set of instructions, and of data. It is not the same as a programming language, as only programming languages can have "if" statements and other conditional statements. The first markup languages were used for printing; there was the text, and there were instructions how the text should be printed. The source code is generally done in ASCII. Then there are tags. That way, LaTeX (and with that, Wikipedia), uses the instruction \mu to get the symbol , the Greek letter "Mu". HTML uses &micro; to get the same symbol.

References
Alan Davies (born 6 March 1966) is an English comedian, writer and actor. He is best known for starring in Jonathan Creek and for being a panellist on QI.

Davies was born in Loughton, Essex. His childhood years were spent in Chingford, London. Davies' mother died when he was six. He graduated in Drama from the University of Kent in 1988.

In 2008, Davies was in the teen comedy Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging.

Davies' first book, the autobiographical My Favourite People and Me, 1978-88, was published by Penguin Books in late 2009.

Personal life 
Davies married writer Katie Maskell on 13 January 2007 after a 6-month engagement. The couple met backstage at QI in 2005. Their first child, Susie, was born on 9 December 2009. Their second child, Robert, was born on 18 June 2011.
In late 2007 he made UK national news. The Times and Daily Telegraph reported that Davies was involved in a fight and bit the ear of a homeless man. Davies had just left a wake at the nearby Groucho Club. Davies is no longer allowed at the Groucho Club.

Davies is a fan of Arsenal F.C. and a season ticket holder.

References 

1966 births
Living people
Actors from Essex
Actors from London
Alumni of the University of Kent
Comedians from Essex
Comedians from London
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Chingford

Television personalities from Essex
Television personalities from London
A Ponzi scheme is a special kind of fraud. It is based on a fake investment that one schemer (or group of schemers) gets other people to give money to.

In Ponzi schemes, the schemer basically says, "I found a great way to make money fast. The more you give me, the more I can invest in that cause, and the more I can earn for us all". But a Ponzi scheme doesn't actually "earn money". Instead, all of the scheme's money comes from the investors.

Once a Ponzi scheme gets too many investors, the system will always crash. This is because the investors all expect more money than they invested, and they will get impatient.
These schemes always stop one of three ways:
 The schemer runs away with the money they got. This is what schemers try to do.
 The schemer runs out of money; They will be unable to promise money back right away. This is called liquidity, and makes investors panic and demand their money back, often all at once.
 Authorities (or sometimes whistleblowers on the inside) find out about the scheme and stop it.

The scheme was named after a man named Charles Ponzi. He used the scheme after moving from Italy to the United States in 1903. (Ponzi didn't invent the scheme, though. In 1857, Charles Dickens wrote a book called Little Dorrit about a scheme like this. The scheme is a simple idea, and probably very old.) However, Ponzi's scheme was so big that it became the most popular. His original scheme was based on using countries' money-exchange rates to make money, based on international postage stamps. But money soon stopped being invested in coupons, and went to early investors, and a lot to Ponzi himself.
Ponzi schemes can be run anywhere, even online, and are being run even now.

More examples 
People advertising Ponzi schemes often use impressive words, that are actually very vague. Examples are:
Hedge Futures Trading (taking a good risk)
High-yield investment programs (gives you back a lot of money)
Offshore Investment (makes money easily in other countries)
Schemers often depend on investors not actually knowing about economics. The Madoff scandal of 2008 showed that even sophisticated people like bankers can fall for them. People are fooled by the schemer seeming to have financial skill or reputation. 

Sometimes, the schemers claim that money can only be made if the investment is kept a secret (away from the authorities or public). For example, Bernard Madoff only allowed the accounting firm run by his brother-in-law to perform audits on his "hedge fund", claiming it had to be kept a secret to earn money.
Since the investment is very vague, not many investors come very fast. But the scheme often gets speed like this:
 An early investor earns money and gets to keep it. It's actually money from a later investor, but the early investor doesn't know this.
 This investor is very happy, and tells other people about the "investment", wanting to help the "investment" make more money for all of them.
 New investors tell more investors, etc.

Schemers often try to tempt the early investors to "re-invest" the money they've "earned". Schemers sometimes send investors "invoices", showing investors how much they've "earned" and how much they'll keep "earning" if they keep "investing".

Schemers also try to make sure new investors can't take their money back, by making the rules tighter. In this case, the schemer will often have a few investors say they kept their money, making the investment still look productive enough to be good.
What is not a Ponzi scheme 
 A multilevel pyramid scheme is like a Ponzi scheme. Both rely on fake financial promises and investments, but there are differences:
In a multilevel scheme, the second "level" of investors find their own investors to make a third "level", each profiting directly from the next level. Ponzi schemes "center" around the original schemer.
Multilevel schemes only brag about the money the investors from getting new investors. This makes multilevel schemes look good to poor people. Ponzi schemes brag about having special connections with hard-to-find sources. This makes Ponzi schemes look good to rich people
Multilevel schemes "crash" faster. This is because multilevel schemes depend completely on finding new victims. Ponzi schemers can just tempt early investors to reinvest the money they've gotten.
A bubble: A "bubble" is about re-selling. A bubble is when people buy up all of a product they can, to re-sell it all at a higher price, as many times as they can. The bubble "pops" when buyers stop buying the product, and re-sellers are stuck with product they paid too much for. (The product can be anything.) As long as buyers keep paying more, re-sellers can keep making money. Bubbles don't even need central schemers, because people can do this accidentally. (For example, land prices can "bubble" this way. Prices can increase from wanting to build close to big neighborhoods. Once there's no more new land, re-sellers are stuck with their land.) Bubbles are often said to be based on the "greater fool" theory (depending on people who are "fooled" into paying "greater" prices).  But really, according to the Austrian Business Cycle Theory, bubbles are caused by giving loans to buyers for a certain kind of transaction, and in this case would qualify as a Ponzi scheme
. In this case, the loan-givers are the schemers, making money from the losing re-sellers.
"Robbing Peter to pay Paul": This is when people with debt borrow money to pay their debt, and borrow more money to pay back that debt. This is not a Ponzi scheme, because the debt-havers were not promised high returns or anything. Also, the lenders don't always make money.

 Multi-level marketing: Multi-level marketing (MLM) is when companies sell investors things to re-sell directly to customers. Re-sellers can also make money by referring new re-sellers to the company. This may seem similar to a pyramid scheme, but it's not always the same thing. Honest and legal multi-level markets do exist, and a lot of them simply make money by buying in bulk..

Related pages
 White-collar crime

References

More reading

Other websites 
 Ponzi scheme definition with distinctions, history, and other information
Financial crimes
The Dominican city of Baní is the head municipality of the Peravia province, on the south of the country, close to the Caribbean Sea.

Name
Baní is a Taíno word meaning "ebony" or a similar tree, but the city takes the name from the small river that flows through the city.

History
In 1764, the people that were living in the Peravia Valley bought some land in Cerro Gordo (part of the valley) to build a new town. The new town was given the name of Baní after the river that is found to the east of the town.

After the independence from Haiti in 1844, the country was divided in five provinces and in 1845 Baní was made a municipality of the old province of Santo Domingo. In 1944, Baní was made the capital city of the new province José Trujillo Valdéz, now with the name of Peravia.

Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 92,153: 44,841 men and 47,312 women. The urban population was  of the total population.
Geography
Baní has a total area of  (without including its municipal districts), about  of the total area of the small province of Peravia. The city is an elevation of , and at  to the west of Santo Domingo.

The western and northern part of the municipality (and of the province) has many mountains that are part of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range"); this range is called here Sierra de Ocoa.

To the northeast of the city, there is a small karstic region with small cone-shaped hills that are called here as cucuruchos.

In the southern half of the municipality there are several small valleys and savannas such as the Peravia Valley, where the city of Baní is located, and Sabana de Paya (Paya savanna) around the town of Paya.

West of Baní, the region is very dry and there are not many people living here except close to rivers and to the coast.

The most important rivers in this municipality are Ocoa and Baní rivers.
The municipality of Baní has the Azua province to the west, the San José de Ocoa to the north, the San Cristóbal province to the west and the municipality of Nizao to the southwest. To the south is the Caribbean Sea.

Climate
Baní has a tropical wet and dry savanna climate (Köppen climate classification : Aw) with a pronounced dry season in winter.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of rainfall, followed by June with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is March with an average of  and the second is January with .

Baní is in a hot region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administrative division
The municipality of Baní has nine municipal districts:

Gallery

References
References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1764 establishments
18th-century establishments in the Spanish Empire
Morgan Porterfield Freeman Jr. (born June 1, 1937) is an Afro-American actor, director, producer and narrator.

He is also a beekeeper.

Early life
Freeman was born in Memphis, Tennessee on June 1, 1937. He started acting when he was nine years old in a school play and at age 12 won a drama competition in his home State. Morgan worked many acting jobs until 1968 when he got his first role on Broadway in a Musical called Hello, Dolly!. He is known for his soft-spoken voice. He has donated several amounts of money to the Democratic Party. Once he stated that "Republicans scare me."
Some movies
Some movies that Freeman has been in include:
Brubaker as Walter (1980)
Unforgiven as Ned Logan (1992)
The Shawshank Redemption as Red (1994)
Outbreak as Gen. Billy Ford (1995)
Se7en as Detective Lt. William Somerset (1995)
Bruce Almighty as God (2002)
Batman Begins as Lucius Fox (2005)
Evan Almighty as God (2007)
The Dark Knight as Lucius Fox (2008)
Invictus as Nelson Mandela (2009)
RED as Joe (2010)
The Dark Knight Rises as Lucius Fox (2012)
Olympus Has Fallen as Speaker of the House Allan Trumbull (2013)
The Lego Movie as Vitruvius (2014)
Transcendence as Joseph Tagger (2014)
Ted 2 as Patrick Meighan (2015)
London Has Fallen as Vice President Allan Trumbull (2016)
The Nutcracker and the Four Realms as Drosselmeyer (2018)

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1937 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
African American actors
African American movie directors
African American movie producers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Beekeepers
Democrats (United States)
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Kennedy Center honorees
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (;  – 21 February 1984) was a Russian writer. He won the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature.

And Quiet Flows the Don
Sholokhov was accused of plagiarizing And Quiet Flows the Don, which made his international reputation. Sholokhov's detractors claimed that it was written by Fyodor Kryukov, a Cossack and anti-Bolshevik,  who died in 1920. In 1987, several thousand pages of notes and drafts of the work were discovered and authenticated, including chapters excluded from the final draft. An analysis of the novel has unambiguously proved Sholokhov's authorship. The writing paper dates back to the 1920s: 605 pages are in Sholokhov's own hand, and 285 are transcribed by his wife Maria and sisters.

Legacy
An asteroid in main-belt is named after him, 2448 Sholokhov.

Related pages
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
List of Russian-language novelists

References

Other websites 

1905 births
1984 deaths
Russian novelists
Russian Nobel Prize winners
Russian writers
Soviet writers
Dire Straits was a British rock band from Newcastle, England. They formed in 1977 and have sold more than 120 million albums worldwide and also won three Grammy Awards.

Dire Straits disbanded in 1995.

Albums

Studio albums
 Dire Straits (1978)
 Communiqué (1979)
 Making Movies (1980)
 Love over Gold (1982)
 Brothers in Arms (1985)
 On Every Street (1991)

Other albums
ExtendedancEPlay
Encores  
Alchemy 
On the Night
Live at the BBC  
Money for Nothing 
Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits  
The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations

Members

Other websites

Official band members websites
 Mark Knopfler's official website
 David Knopfler's official website
 Hal Lindes' official website
 John Abbey Walk of Life 
 Guy Fletcher's official website jnbjlonbojbikbikhb

Other
 Mark Knopfler's authorised biography, retracing much of the band's life 
 Interview with John Illsley
 Dire Straits interviews, lyrics, photos and guitar tabs
1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
1995 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
Brit Award winners
English rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Music groups from Newcastle upon Tyne
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Musical groups established in 1977
Warner Bros. Records artists
Kathryn Janeway is a character in the American TV series Star Trek: Voyager. She is the captain of the starship Voyager.

Star Trek: Voyager characters
Tikhon Khrennikov (born Yelets, Russian Empire, 10 June 1913; died Moscow, 14 August 2007) was a Russian musician.   He was a composer and pianist He got involved in the musical politics of his country, which was then the Soviet Union.   A lot of people hated him, especially in western countries.  He is particularly remembered for what he did at the unpleasant conference in 1948, when some of the most famous Soviet composers, including Shostakovich and Prokofiev, were made to say they were sorry for the music they had written and that they would compose better music in future.
In the days of the Soviet Union, and especially under Stalin, musicians had to be very careful about what they did and how they composed.  Music, like all arts, was supposed to make people feel that they were lucky to be living in a great country like the Soviet Union.  If composers wrote music that the politicians did not like or understand, life became very difficult for them: they would not be allowed to compose, and their music could not be performed.  They might even be sent to prison.  Tikhon Khrennikov became Secretary to the Union of Soviet Composers in 1948, at the time when Stalin was dictator.  He continued in this job until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. He made sure that all musicians obeyed their political leaders.
It is difficult for us today to judge the actions of Khrennikov fairly.  He survived because he did what he was told by Soviet dictators.  After the collapse of the Soviet Union he tried to say he was sorry for what he did.  It is difficult to judge whether he really meant this.

Life and career

Tikhon Khrennikov was the youngest of ten children, born into a family of horse traders, in the town of Yelets in the Russian province of  Lipetsk in central Russia.  His family started to teach him the guitar and mandolin.  When he was nine he started learning the piano, and when he was 13 he started composing.  Three years later he was sent to the Gnesin Academy of Music, studying with the composer Mikhail Gnesin.  In 1932 he went on to the Moscow Conservatoire.  He studied composition with Vissarion Shebalin and piano with the famous teacher Heinrich Neuhauss who was later the teacher of Emil Gilels and Sviatoslav Richter.
His early works include a symphony, a piano concerto, and an opera  based on the book Into the Storm which was based on a novel Loneliness, a favourite book of Stalin.  His music was always happy and energetic.  He wrote music for 22 films and many patriotic songs.  He did everything he could to please Stalin, and soon he became Secretary of the Union of Soviet Composers.

In 1948 he headed a conference at which Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Myaskovsky and Shebalin (who had been his teacher), were told that they were bad “formalists”.  The word “formalist” has no meaning in music, but it was used by the politicians to describe anyone who was not obeying the politicians’ guidelines.  Khrennikov said at the conference that “we will stop all manifestations of formalism and popular decadence".
Shostakovich had given Khrennikov some friendly advice about his opera Into the Storm, but Khrennikov had been angry about being criticized and now he could get his own back.  Shostakovich made satirical remarks about Khrennikov in an opera Rayok which he never showed to anyone and was found amongst his papers after his death in 1975.

After the fall of the Soviet Union Khrennikov published a book That’s the Way It Was.  In this book he says that everybody had to obey political rules and he was only doing what everyone else did.  However, he then wrote some bad things about Shostakovich.  Khrennikov had also been an enemy of the composer  Alfred Schnittke.  He banned his music from being played, and was furious when it was performed in other countries.  He also banned music by other composers who have now become famous such as Sofia Gubaidulina and Viktor Suslin.
Khrennikov was, however, not all bad.  He supported Shostakovich and Prokofiev for getting the Stalin Prizes in the 1950s.  He also invited Stravinsky, who had been exiled to the United States,  to revisit the Soviet Union in 1962.

When he was in his eighties, Khrennikov continued to compose many comic operas, operettas and ballets.  They always had tunes that were easy for people to enjoy.

The Soviet state gave him many prizes for the work he did: three Stalin Prizes, a State Prize of the USSR and a Lenin Prize.  Before his death he was even given an award by Vladimir Putin, which makes it seem as if Russia might be returning to its past values.

He died in Moscow aged 94.

References

Other websites 
Tikhon Khrennikov: Obituary (The Independent, 16 August 2007).
 Official Site of Tikhon Khrennikov

1913 births
2007 deaths
Music critics
Russian composers
Soviet musicians