Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
, also known as a "15-cm" gun, was a cannon of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).

This was one of the main guns of the IJA heavy artillery units.

History
Type 89s were used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in World War II.

Related pages 
 Artillery of Japan
 List of field guns

References

Other websites

 Type 89 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page

Japanese weapons
Artillery
GRB 970228 was a gamma-ray burst (GRB). It was the first GRB which had an afterglow. It was seen on 28 February 1997. Since 1993, scientists had predicted GRBs to be followed by afterglows. But, until this event, GRBs had only been seen in very bright bursts of high-energy gamma rays.

The burst had several peaks in its light curve. It lasted around 80 seconds. The light curve was not normal. This suggested that a supernova may have happened as well. GRB 970228 happened in the same place as a galaxy about 8.1 billion light-years away. This means that GRBs happen outside the Milky Way.

Cause 
Reichart showed that the light curve of GRB 970228 could only have been caused by a supernova. Definitive evidence linking gamma-ray bursts and supernovae was eventually found in the spectrum of GRB 020813, and the afterglow of GRB 030329. However, supernova-like features only become apparent in the weeks following a burst, leaving the possibility that very early luminosity variations could be explained by dust echoes.
References

Other websites
Gamma-ray Burst 970228
BeppoSAX follow-up observations of the region of the Gamma-ray burst GRB 970228 

Stars
Ferran Adrià Acosta (b. May 14, 1962) is a Spanish chef. He was born in l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia. Adria started out washing dishes at a restaurant in the town of Castelldefels. There the chef taught him the basics. He then worked at different restaurants before becoming assistant chef at the Barcelona restaurant, Finisterre. Now Adriá is the chef at El Bulli, a restaurant on the coast of Catalonia. In 1997, El Bulli got its third Michelin star. It was one of only three restaurants in Spain with this ranking. 

Adria is considered one of the best chefs in the world.

References

Other websites
 Great Chefs Biography 
 About.com Biography 
 Interview with The Guardian

1962 births
Living people
Chefs
Spanish businesspeople
Murray Waxman (born July 10, 1925 in Toronto, Ontario) is a retired Canadian basketball player who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Canadian basketball team, which finished eighth in the Olympic tournament.

Other websites
 Murray Waxman  at basketball-reference.com

1925 births
1948 Summer Olympics
Canadian basketball players
Canadian Olympians
Sportspeople from Toronto
2022 deaths
, also known as IJN,  was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1869 until 1947.

The IJN was created in 1868 by the Meiji Restoration. It won against larger navies in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) World War 1 (1914-1918) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) World War 2 (1941-1945) and was dissolved.

Legacy
Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan prohibits the use of aggressive force as a means for settling international disputes.

In order to defend Japan, if necessary, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) was formed.

The ocean-reach of JSDF is the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).

Related pages
 Imperial Japanese Army

References

Other websites

 AxisHistory.com,  Japanese Navy
 CombinedFleet.com, Imperial Japanese Navy Page
 KamikazeImages, Etajima Museum of Naval History 
 NavalHistory.net, Imperial Japanese Navy Awards of the Golden Kite in World War II
 NavalHistory.net, Imperial Japanese Navy in World War I
Military of Japan
1869 establishments in Japan
1947 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in Japan
Vilmantas Dilys (born October 6, 1987, Utena, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian professional basketball player who plays for Lietuvos Rytas.
He is 2.08 m tall and can play both power forward and small forward positions.

References 

1987 births
Lithuanian basketball players
Living people
The Space Coast is a region in the U.S. state of Florida around the Kennedy Space Center. The region includes the cities  Titusville, Cocoa, Rockledge, Cape Canaveral, Merritt Island, Cocoa Beach, Melbourne and Palm Bay. The most of the area lies within Brevard County.

Geography of Florida
Homologous chromosomes are the pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism. They are the chromosomes which pair during meiosis.

With the exception of the sex chromosomes, each pair has the gene loci in the same positions on each chromosome, and the centromere in the same position. They are not genetically identical because they will usually have different alleles (versions of a gene) at some of the loci.

The most important fact is that homologous chromosomes physically pair for meiosis, the cell division which produces the gametes. During this pairing, crossing over takes place between chromatids of each pair. This exchange of alleles means the offspring are not identical to each other, or to either parent. In other words, the process increases the genetic variation in the population.

Sex chromosomes only pair along those parts where there is similar genetic material (loci) on both members of the pair.

References 

Chromosomes
Tonight's the Night could refer to one of several things:

Movies
 Tonight's the Night (1934 movie), a 1934 British movie starring Leslie Fuller
 An alternative title for the 1954 movie Happy Ever After

Musicals
To-Night's the Night (musical) (1914)
Tonight's the Night (2003 musical), written by Ben Elton, featuring the music of Rod Stewart

Albums

Tonight's the Night (The Shirelles album) (1961), featuring the hit "Will You Love Me Tomorrow".
Tonight's the Night (Neil Young album) (1975)
Songs
"Tonight Is the Night" (song), a dance song recorded by Outasight in 2011.
"Tonight's the Night" (song), a R&B song recorded by The Shirelles in 1961.
"Tonight's the Night" (Little Birdy song), a Little Birdy song
"Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)", a song by Rod Stewart.
"Tonight's the Night", cover by Janet Jackson on her album The Velvet Rope.
"Tonight's the Night", a rock and roll song from Rock 'n' Roll Stage Show (1956) by Bill Haley & His Comets
"Tonight's the Night", from Tonight's the Night (Neil Young album).
"Tonight Is the Night", an R&B song recorded by Betty Wright in 1974.
"Tonight's the Night", a 2006 dance song by Gina G.
"Tonight's the Night", a song by Pink from her album Try This.
"Tonight Is the Night (That You Make Me a Woman)", a 1975 R&B song by Betty Wright.
 "Tonight's the Night! (You Are Miss USA)", an opening number at Miss USA 1995 pageant
 "Tonite's tha Night", a song by Kriss Kross from their third album.
Television
Tonight's the Night (movie), a 1954 movie starring David Niven
 Tonight's the Night (TV series), a 2009 BBC series
 "Tonight's the Night", an episode of the sitcom Grounded for Life.
 "Tonight's the Night" (Popular episode) (1999) from the television show
 First line of Showtime's 2006 TV series Dexter
was a field gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).

This artillery piece went into service in 1908.

History
Type 41s were  lighter versions of the Type 38 75 mm field gun. Type 41s were the primary weapon of artillery units which were part of cavalry regiments.

Combat record
Type 95s were used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in World War II.

Related pages 
 Artillery of Japan
 List of field guns

Notes

Other websites 

 Type 41 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page

Japanese weapons
Artillery
The Kelowna Rockets are a Canadian ice hockey team. They began playing in 1991. The team currently plays in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Kelowna, British Columbia at the Prospera Place. The team originally played in Tacoma, Washington as the Tacoma Rockets from 1991 to 1995 until relocating to Kelowna. They have won 3 Ed Chynoweth Cups and 1 Memorial Cup.

Other websites
Official website

Canadian Hockey League teams
Western Hockey League
Ice hockey teams in British Columbia
Tacoma, Washington
1991 establishments in Canada
Strictly Come Dancing is a British television programme. It features celebrities dancing with professional dancers. Each week, the expert judges decide which couple will leave the contest. In the final, the public vote for the winner.

There were two series in its first year, 2004. From 2005 onwards, there has been one series per year. Many countries have their own version of the show (see Dancing with the Stars). It is presented by Tess Daly and Claudia Winkleman.

Judges

Overview

Other websites 

2004 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
Dancing with the Stars
English-language television programs
Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas Pryor (December 1, 1940 - December 10, 2005) was an American comedian, actor and writer. Pryor performed in movies, on television and as a stand-up comedian. He won an Emmy Award in 1973. He won five Grammy Awards (in 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981 and 1982). In 1974, he also won two American Academy of Humor awards and the Writers Guild of America Award. He was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay for his work on Blazing Saddles. The first ever Kennedy Center Mark Twain Prize for American Humor was given to him in 1998. Pryor is listed at Number 1 on Comedy Central's list of all-time greatest stand-up comedians.

Pryor died of a heart attack in Encino, Los Angeles, California. He was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006, a year after his death.

A biographical movie based on the life of Pryor is being produced by Lee Daniels and Oprah Winfrey. It will star Mike Epps as Pryor.
Personal life
Pryor was born in Peoria, Illinois into an African-American family.

Health problems
Pryor had a mild heart attack in November 1977. He was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1986. In 1990, Pryor had a second and more severe heart attack. He had triple heart bypass surgery. By the early 1990s, he needed to use a wheelchair because of his multiple sclerosis.

The freebasing incident
On June 9, 1980, during the making of the movie Bustin' Loose, Pryor set himself on fire. He was freebasing cocaine while drinking 151-proof rum. He ran down Parthenia Street from his Northridge, California, home, on fire, until stopped by police. He was taken to the hospital. Burns covered more than half of his body. Pryor spent six weeks in recovery at the Grossman Burn Center at Sherman Oaks Hospital.
Marriages and relationships 
Pryor was married seven times to five different women:
 Patricia Price (1960–1961, divorced) with one child named Richard Pryor Jr.
 Shelly Bonis (1967–1969, divorced) with one child named Rain Pryor
 Deborah McGuire (September 22, 1977 – 1979, divorced)
 Jennifer Lee (August 1981 – October 1982, divorced)
 Flynn Belaine (October 1986 – July 1987, divorced) with son Steven (born before the marriage) and daughter Kelsey (before divorce finalized)
 Flynn Belaine (April 1, 1990 – July 1991, divorced)
 Jennifer Lee (June 29, 2001 – December 10, 2005, his death)

All of his wives, except Belaine, said there was domestic violence. Most of these times were connected to Pryor's drug use.

He had six children: Richard Jr., Elizabeth, Rain, Steven, Franklin and Kelsey.

Discography
Discography

Albums
Official canon
 1968 - Richard Pryor (Dove/Reprise)
 1971 - Craps (After Hours) (Laff Records, reissued 1993 by Loose Cannon/Island)
 1974 - That Nigger's Crazy, (Partee/Stax, reissued 1975 by Reprise)
 1975 - ...Is It Something I Said?, (Reprise, reissued 1991 on CD by Warner Archives)
 1976 - Holy Smoke!, (Laff)
 1976 - Bicentennial Nigger, (Reprise)
 1976 - L.A. Jail, (Tiger Lily)
 1977 - Are You Serious ???, (Laff)
 1977 - Who Me? I'm Not Him, (Laff)
 1978 - Black Ben The Blacksmith, (Laff)
 1978 - The Wizard of Comedy, (Laff)
 1978 - Wanted: Live in Concert (2-LP set), (Warner Bros. Records);Others
 1979 - Outrageous, (Laff)
 1980 - Insane, (Laff)
 1981 - Rev. Du Rite, (Laff)
 1982 - Richard Pryor Live! (picture disc), (Phoenix/Audiofidelity)
 1982 - Richard Pryor: Live on the Sunset Strip (Warner Bros. Records)
 1983 - Here and Now, (Warner Bros. Records)
 1983 - Supernigger, (Laff)

Filmography
1967 - The Busy Body
 1968 - Uncle Tom's Fairy Tales
 1968 - Wild in the Streets
 1970 - Black Brigade
 1970 - The Phynx
 1971 - You've Got to Walk It Like You Talk It or You'll Lose That Beat
 1972 - Dynamite Chicken
 1972 - Lady Sings the Blues
 1973 - The Mack
 1973 - Wattstax
 1973 - Hit!
 1973 - Some Call It Loving
 1974 - Uptown Saturday Night
 1975 - The Lion Roars Again
 1976 - Adios Amigo
 1976 - Car Wash
 1976 - The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings
 1976 - Silver Streak
 1977 - Which Way Is Up?
 1977 - Greased Lightning
 1978 - Blue Collar
 1978 - The Wiz
 1978 - California Suite
 1979 - Richard Pryor: Live in Concert
 1979 - The Muppet Movie - (cameo) 
 1980 - Wholly Moses
 1980 - In God We Tru$t
 1980 - Stir Crazy
 1981 - Bustin' Loose
 1982 - Richard Pryor: Live on the Sunset Strip
 1982 - Some Kind of Hero
 1982 - The Toy
 1983 - Superman III
 1983 - Richard Pryor: Here and Now
 1983 - Motown 25
 1985 - Live & Smokin'
 1986 - Jo Jo Dancer, Your Life Is Calling
1987 - Critical Condition
 1988 - Moving
 1989 - See No Evil, Hear No Evil
 1989 - Harlem Nights
 1991 - The Three Muscatels
 1991 - Another You
 1994 - A Century of Cinema
 1996 - Mad Dog Time
 1997 - Lost Highway
 1999 - The Norm Show - (Cameo in Opening of Season 2, Episode 11)
 2003 - Bitter Jester
 2003 - I Ain't Dead Yet, #*%$@!!
 2005 - Richard Pryor: The Funniest Man Dead Or Alive (BET Special)
 2009 - Black Dynamite - Cameo via archive footage
References

Other websites 
 

African-American movie actors
African American comedians
African American movie directors
African American movie producers
African-American television actors
African American writers
American stand-up comedians
American television personalities
American television writers
Comedians from Illinois
People with multiple sclerosis‎
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Emmy Award winners
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Movie directors from Illinois
Movie producers from Illinois
Actors from Peoria, Illinois
Writers from Illinois
1940 births
2005 deaths
The Prince George Cougars are a Canadian ice hockey team. They began playing in 1994. The team currently plays in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Prince George, British Columbia at the CN Centre. They were originally known as the Victoria Cougars from 1971 to 1994 before relocating to Prince George in 1994. Their most successful playoff run was in the 2006–07 WHL season when they swept Kamloops Blazers and defeated the Everett Silvertips but were defeated in conference finals to the Vancouver Giants.

Other websites
Official website

Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in British Columbia
Western Hockey League
1994 establishments in Canada
Prince George is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia.

The population of Prince George was 71,974 in 2011. The mayor of Prince George is Lyn Hall. It is nicknamed the "BC's Northern Capital" because it is the largest city in northern British Columbia. It is named after King George V and Prince George, Duke of Kent.

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in British Columbia
Gazza Zubizareta (born 12 June 1996) is an actor from Indonesia. He started his film debut in Negeri 5 Menara where he played a teenager called Alif.

Filmography 
 Negeri 5 Menara (2012)

References

Other websites 
 21Cineplex 

Indonesian actors
1996 births
Living people
The Vancouver Giants are a Canadian ice hockey team. They began playing in 2001. The team currently plays in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Vancouver, British Columbia at the Pacific Coliseum. 

The owners of the Giants are businessmen Ron Toigo and Sultan Thiara, Hockey Hall of Fame members Gordie Howe, Pat Quinn, and singer and actor Michael Bublé. The have won 1 Memorial Cup in 2007 and a Ed Chynoweth Cup in 2006.

References

Other websites

2001 establishments in Canada
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in British Columbia
Western Hockey League
Sports teams in Vancouver
The Victoria Royals are a Canadian ice hockey team. They began playing in 2011. The team currently plays in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Victoria, British Columbia at the Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre. They originally played in Chilliwack, British Columbia as the Chilliwack Bruins from 2006 to 2011 before relocating to Victoria in 2011 and becoming the Royals.

References

Other websites
Official website

2011 establishments in Canada
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in British Columbia
Western Hockey League
Victoria, British Columbia
Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (Marie Élisabeth Louise; 16 April 1755 – 30 March 1842) was a painter. Her style is considered Rococo with an interest in Neoclassicism. Sometimes, her name is spelled Vigée-Lebrun.

She painted more than 30 portraits of Marie Antoinette over a six year period. She was accepted as a member of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in 1783. She left France after the arrest of the royal family during the French Revolution. She lived and worked in Italy, Austria, and Russia. Her work met great critical acclaim in Rome. She was elected to the Roman Accademia di San Luca. In Russia, she painted many aristocrats including Catherine the Great's family.  She was made a member of the Academy of Fine Arts of Saint Petersburg.
Vigée Le Brun returned to France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I. Her relationship with the new regime was not completely harmonious. After all, she was a royalist and the former portraitist of Marie Antoinette. She visited England and painted British notables including Lord Byron. In 1807 she traveled to Switzerland where she was made an honorary member of the Société pour l'Avancement des Beaux-Arts of Geneva. She published her memoirs in 1835 and 1837. She lived in Paris, and died there on 30 March 1842. Vigée Le Brun's legacy includes 660 portraits and 200 landscapes.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of French painters

Other websites
Other websites 

 Large gallery of Vigée LeBrun's work; also articles, Memoirs, biographies 
 Artcyclopedia entry on Louise Elisabeth Vigée Le brun
 Vigée-Lebrun's Portrait of Carlo Gastone della Torre di Rezzonico at artnet
Old Masters: Overlooked Women Artists
Memoirs of Madame Vigée Le brun, translated by Lionel Strachey
Neil Jeffares, Dictionary of pastellists before 1800, online edition

1755 births
1842 deaths
French painters
Chinese folk religion (Chinese: 中国 民间 信仰 (simplified spelling) or 中國 民間 信仰 (traditional spelling), zhōng-guó mín-jiān xìn-yǎng) is a religion that has been practiced in China, and in areas inhabited by Chinese people. It is difficult to make a clear distinction between Chinese folk religion and other beliefs, because  Chinese folk religion has elements of veneration of the dead, local spirits, clan spirits and traditional Eastern religions, such as Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, but also superstition, geomancy and Feng shui. There is no standardized mythology or  clergy: rites are often performed by the father of a family. Since the 1950s, Chinese folk-religion is also sometimes referred to as Shenism or Shénism (Chinese: Shén-jiào, 神教). In this context, shen refers to a spirit or a deity. The term Shenism was first used by A. J. A Elliot in 1955. The term Chinese folk religion is not used inside China.
Sometimes, it is classified with Taoism: Over the centuries, Taoism became institutionalised. During that time, it tried to use local customs, and to become similar to local religions and beliefs.  It would however be more accurate to say that Taoism developed from Shenism, since Shenism was there before. Taoism also developed from Chinese philosophy. With around 454 million adherents, or about 6.6% of the world population, Chinese folk religion is one of the major religious traditions in the world. In China more than 30% of the population adheres to Shenism or Taoism.

During the last 200 years, religion has been heavily suppressed in China, with rebellions such as the Taiping Movement or Cultural Revolution. Today, Chinese folk religion  is experiencing a major revival in both Mainland China and Taiwan.
The government of Mainland China has officially supported different forms of Shenism, such as Mazuism in Southern China (officially about 160 million Chinese are Mazuists), Huangdi worship, Black Dragon worship in Shaanxi, and Caishen worship.

References

Religion in China
A Snuff movie is a movie that shows the murder of a person, or a group of people, for the entertainment of the audience. Snuff movies are made to gain money. They do not use special effects. The first such movie was El Angel de la Muerte. It is an Argentine horror movie made in 1976. One of the scenes shows how the makers of the movie kill one of the actresses. The English title of the movie was Snuff. This turned out to be a marketing ploy. The actress was not killed. Today, no real snuff movie is known.

Since the 1970s, the theme has been used by different movements in the United States. These groups usually argue that the government needs to control the media more than it currently does. The last such debate was about happy slapping. The debate is also fueled by violent pornography or videos of executions and murders. 

Movies
Natalie Christine Horler (born 23 September 1981 in Bonn, West Germany) is a German singer-songwriter of English origin. Her parents David and Christine Horler, are English. She is the lead singer of the Eurodance dance-pop group Cascada.

references

1981 births
Living people
German pop singers
Musicians from Bonn
Synth-pop singers
"Evacuate the Dancefloor" is a hit song off the album of the same name by German music group Cascada. The single was released as the lead single of the album June 29, 2009, debuting at #1 on the UK singles chart. It was their third hit song in the United States on many music charts. The song also hit Top 5 in Canada, France and certain other countries.

2009 songs
The Madonna del cardellino (Madonna of the Goldfinch) is an oil painting by Raphael. It was painted about 15051506. It is known as Madonna of the Goldfinch in English. The painting is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy.  The painting has been restored. 

The three people form a triangle. The Virgin holds a book. St. John holds a goldfinch. Christ reaches for the bird. Raphael gave the painting to Lorenzo Nasi as a wedding gift. Nasi's house was destroyed by an earthquake in November 1548. The painting broke into several pieces. It was restored, but the damage could still be seen.

References 

Paintings with Christian themes
16th-century paintings
Depictions of Mary, mother of Jesus
The Bronzi di Riace (), sometimes Riace Warriors, (460–430 BCE) are two large monumental Greek bronze sculptures. The statues are of nude bearded warriors. It is possible the statues depict two individuals. It is more likely that they represent types. Rich Romans were collectors of Greek sculpture. It is probable the two warriors were being transported from their original site in Greece to one in Rome. Since the two warriors share so many similarities, they probably formed part of one Greek monument. 

The bronzes were found in the Ionian Sea on 16 August 1972 by Stefano Mariottini. He was on a scuba diving vacation near Reggio Calabria, Italy. The sculptures were found not far from shore at Riace Marina, a village near Porto Foricchio. The area was on an important shipping lane between the ports of Rome and the coastal cities of Greece. The bronzes may have been in an ancient shipwreck. They were either ripped from their moorings or thrown overboard to lighten the load.
The eyes are made of  bone and glass. The teeth are made of silver. The lips and nipples are made of copper. The warriors once held spears and shields. One warrior once wore a helmet pushed up atop his head.   The bronzes are in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia in Reggio Calabria.

Notes

References

Other websites 

Ancient Greek bronze sculptures

Ancient Greek statues
5th-century BC works
The Blue Boy is an oil painting by Thomas Gainsborough. It was painted about 1770. The boy in the picture might be Jonathan Buttall, the son of a hardware merchant. The boy wears a 17th-century suit. The painting is large. It is 48 inches (1,200 mm) wide by 70 inches (1,800 mm) tall. 

The painting belonged to Jonathan Buttall until 1796. It was then sold many times. In 1921 it was sold to an art dealer. An American bought the painting from the dealer. The portrait is now in the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Pinkie is a famous painting which hangs near it.

References 
 Conisbee, Philip. The Ones That Got Away, essay from Saved! 100 Years of the National Art Collection Fund (2003, ed. Richard Verdi). London: Scala
 Conlin, Jonathan (2006). The Nation's Mantelpiece: A history of the National Gallery. London: Pallas Athene
 Tyler, David. Jonathan Buttall in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Other websites
Other websites

1770s paintings
Paintings by Thomas Gainsborough
San Marino, California
As You Like It is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. 

The play was written in 1599 or early 1600. Shakespeare rarely invented his own plays. He based his plays on stories by other writers. The story he used for As You Like It was Rosalynde, Euphues Golden Legacy (1590) by Thomas Lodge. 

As You Like It may have been first performed in 1603. This is not certain though.  The play was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. 

As You Like It tells the story of a young woman named Rosalind. She has been banished from her uncle's court. Her uncle does not like her because she is gentle, beautiful, witty, and smart. Rosalind decides to live in the Forest of Arden with her cousin Celia and the court jester Touchstone. She dresses like a boy for self-protection. Several scenes involve Rosalind and the people who live in the forest. She is finally united with her sweetheart Orlando.
Some people think the play is not as good as Shakespeare's other plays. Other people think it is a very good play. One of the great speeches in the play begins "All the world's a stage". 

The play is a favourite with theatre-goers. Rosalind, Touchstone, and a sour old man named Jacques are three of Shakespeare's greatest characters. The play has been adapted to a radio play, to a television show, and to musical theatre. A movie version of the play made in 1936 stars Laurence Olivier.

References
 As You Like It

Other websites 

 Text of As You Like It, fully edited by David Bevington, as well as original-spelling texts, facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text, and other resources, at the Internet Shakespeare Editions

Plays by William Shakespeare
1600s plays
This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 2010s.

The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, and airplay.

A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public every Thursday in Billboard magazine and on its website. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday two weeks after.

Number-one singles

Key
 – Number-one single as of February 18, 2012
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics

Artists by total number-one singles
The following artists achieved two or more number-one singles during the 2010s (as of March 3, 2012). A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.
Note: Rapper will.i.am has had two number-one singles during the 2010s as part of The Black Eyed Peas and as a featured solo artist on Usher's "OMG", but both instances are counted separately.

Artists by total cumulative weeks at number one
The following artists were featured at the top of the Hot 100 for the highest cumulative number of weeks during the 2010s (as of March 3, 2012). Some totals include in part or in whole weeks spent at number one as part of a collaboration. An asterisk (*) denotes that an artist is currently at number one.

Songs by total number of weeks at number one
The following songs were featured at the top of the Hot 100 for the highest number of weeks during the 2010s (as of March 3, 2012). An asterisk (*) denotes that the single is currently at number one.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
2010s songs
This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 2000s.

The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, and airplay.

A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public weekly every Thursday on the edition of Billboard's music magazine and on the website of the magazine. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday two weeks after.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

Artists by total number of weeks at number one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 2000s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.
Top 10 songs 
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 2000s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
2000s in music
This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 1990s.

The Billboard Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the Billboard magazine. During the 1990s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1990s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Artists by total number of weeks at number one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.

Top 10 songs 
The following ten songs were rated by Billboard as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 1990s.
Songs by total number of weeks at number one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
1990s in music
This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 1980s.

The Billboard Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the Billboard magazine. During the 1980s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1980s.

Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
1980s in music
This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held during the 1970s.

The Billboard Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the Billboard magazine. During the 1970s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1970s.

Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1970s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1970s.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
1970s in music
This article is about the American Billboard Hot 100 chart held from 1958–1969.

The Billboard Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the Billboard magazine. During 1958–1969 the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade

By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during 1958–1969. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during 1958–1969.

Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during 1958–1969.

References

Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
This article is about the US number-one songs chart held during the 1940s.

Billboard number-one singles chart (which preceded the Billboard Hot 100 chart), which was updated weekly by the Billboard magazine, was the main singles chart of the American music industry since 1940 and until the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established in 1958.

Before the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established (in August 1958), which would solely be based on the sales data and airplay on American radio stations, the Billboard magazine used to published several weekly charts every time. Throughout most of the 1950s the magazine published the following three charts:
Best Sellers in Stores – ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country.
Most Played by Jockeys – ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys and radio stations.
Most Played in Jukeboxes – ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. At that time, this chart used to be one of the most important channels for measuring the popularity of a song among the younger generation of listeners, as many US radio stations resisted adding rock 'n roll music to their playlists for many years.

The list below includes the Best Sellers in Stores singles chart only (for the expanded detailed lists of the three charts, see articles of individual years in the Billboard charts).

Number ones 
Key
 – Number-one single of the year

Statistics by decade
By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1940s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1940s.

Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1940s.

References

Billboard charts
Lists of number-one songs
1940s songs
The M110 howitzer was the largest available self-propelled howitzer in the United States Army's inventory.

History 
The M110 first entered service with the US Army in 1963. It was retired in the early 1990s.

This artillery piece was exported to many countries, including Egypt, Greece, Iran, Japan, Morocco, Pakistan, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan and Turkey.

Related pages
 List of howitzers
 Artillery of Japan

References

Other websites 

 Federation of American Scientists (FAS), M110A2 Self-Propelled Howitzer
 PrimePortal.net, M110 howitzer. walk-around 360° images

Howitzers
Military of the United States
Flyball is a relay race between two teams of dogs. Each team is made up of four dogs and handlers and a ball loader. There are also two reserve dogs and handlers who can be swapped between legs. Each race consists of three legs.

Other websites

Sports involving animals
Dogs
was a  after Kantoku and before Tengi.  This period started in April 1046 and ended in January 1053.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Eishō Era
 1046 (Eishō 1): Minamoto no Yorinobu wrote about the spirit of Emperor Ojin and Iwashimizu Hachiman.
 1048 (Eishō 3): Yorinobu died at the age of 81.
 1051 (Eishō 6): In Michinoku, Minamoto no Yoriyoshi was appointed governor; and he was named chinjufu shōgun.

The 11th reconstruction of the Kasuga Shrine in Nara was finished.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
was a  after Eishō and before Kōhei.  This period started in January 1053 and ended in August 1058. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Tengi Era
 1056 (Tengi 4, 7th-8th months): A star with the shape of a broom was observed in the east at daybreak.
 1057 (Tengi 5, 9th month): Abe no Yoritoki was killed in battle by a stray arrow.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
was a  after Tengi and before Jiryaku.  This period started in August 1058 and ended in August 1065. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kōhei Era
 1060 (Kōhei 3, 27th day of the 11th month): A broom star was observed in the south for seven nights.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
or "Warring States period" in Japanese history was a time in which there was little social or political stability. There was nearly constant military conflict which started in the middle of the 15th century and ended at the end of the 16th century. 

The name "Sengoku" was adopted by Japanese historians.  The Sengoku period in Japan mirrors the Warring States period in Chinese history.

The Sengoku period would precede a process of unification and the end of Japan's medieval period.

Important people during the Sengoku period
Three important and powerful daimyo were Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. These three leaders did the most to bring Japan together as one country. Other important leaders include Date Masamune and Akechi Mitsuhide.

Related pages
History of Japan
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi

References

Other websites

Periods in Japanese history
Samurai
The  (officially , literally "National school of Bridges and Roads") was founded in 1747.  It is one of the oldest engineering schools in France.

The school has different programs including an executive Master of Business Administration in aviation management In Morocco ( in partnership with the Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile and the French Civil Aviation University) and China (in partnership with Tsinghua University and ENAC).

The school trains the Corps of Bridges and Roads.

Select alumni
Notable students at the school include
 Henri Becquerel, physicist
 Augustin-Louis Cauchy, mathematician and physicist
 Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of France (1887-1894)

References

Further reading 
 Official website

Schools in Paris
Colleges and universities in France
1747 establishments
18th-century establishments in France
1740s establishments in Europe
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA in mitochondria. It is inherited only from mothers, though there are a few rare exceptions.

Mitochondria are cellular organelles in eukaryotic cells. They convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is only a small part of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell. Most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus on chromosomes. In plants, the chloroplasts have DNA as well.

In humans, mitochondrial DNA codes for 37 genes and with about 16,600 base pairs in a circle. Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. The mtDNA in plants is much larger: Arabidopsis has 367 kilobytes.

References 

DNA
Organelles
MDNA may refer to:

 Mitochondrial DNA, called mDNA or mtDNA, is the DNA inside a mitochondrion.
 MDNA (album), the name of an album by Madonna
MDNA is the name of an album by the recording artist and actress Madonna. The album was her debut release from her 360-degree record deal from Live Nation Entertainment, in partnership with Interscope Records. The album was released on March 23, 2012 and featured production from Madonna herself, Benny Benassi, William Orbit, Benny's brother Alle Benassi and Martin Solveig. The lead single from the album, "Give Me All Your Luvin'" was released on February 3, 2012 and features M.I.A. and Nicki Minaj. The second single, "Girl Gone Wild", had its lyric video premiere on February 27, 2012 and was available as a single on March 2, 2012. The album was also her first release not to be associated with Warner Bros.

References

Madonna albums
2012 albums
Pinkie (1794) is a painting by Thomas Lawrence.  It depicts Sarah Barrett Moulton. She was born in 1783 in Jamaica. Her father was a rich plantation owner. The painting was commissioned at the time Sarah left Jamaica to complete her education in England. Sarah's nickname was "Pinkie". She died in 1795, one year after the painting was completed. The painting is in the Huntington Library at San Marino, California. It hangs near The Blue Boy by Thomas Gainsborough. Pinkie and The Blue Boy are used as set decorations for many episodes of the television show, Leave It to Beaver.

Other websites 
Arts: Pinkie. Time.com 
MSN Travel 

1790s paintings
British paintings
San Marino, California
"Girl Gone Wild" is the name of the second single, which is coming out in 2012 from Madonna's album MDNA. Jenson Vaughan, Madonna, and her producers wrote the song together. Benny Benassi and Alle Benassi produced the song with Madonna. The song was released for digital download on March 2, 2012.

References

2012 songs
Madonna (entertainer) songs
Thomas Lawrence (13 April 1769 – 7 January 1830) was an English portrait painter. He was born in Bristol. He was a child prodigy. His father was an innkeeper. When Lawrence was 10 years old he was supporting his family with his pastel portraits. He went to London when he was 18. He soon was well known as a portrait painter in oils. His first royal commission was a portrait of Queen Charlotte in 1790. He became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1791, a full member in 1794, and president in 1820. In 1810 he received the patronage of the Prince Regent. He died at age 60 in 1830. At his death, Lawrence was the most fashionable portrait painter in Europe. He is remembered today as the Romanticism portraitist of the British Regency.

Related pages
 Pinkie

Gallery

References 
 D. Goldring. 1951. Regency portrait painter: the life of Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A. London: Macdonald.
 M. Levey. 2005. Sir Thomas Lawrence. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Other websites
Other websites 

Thomas Lawrence: Regency Power and Brilliance  exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery
 "Thomas Lawrence: the new romantic - review" Richard Holmes reviews the National Portrait Gallery exhibition, The Guardian, 16 October 2010
 "Gainsborough's forgotten rival is recognised at last" Jerome Taylor, The Independent, 5 August 2010

1769 births
1830 deaths
English painters
was a  after Kōhei and before Enkyū.  This period started in August 1065 and ended in April 1069.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Jiryaku Era
 3 April 1066 (Jiryaku 2, 6th day of the 3rd month): A broom star appeared in the east at first light.

 1068 (Jiryaku 4, 14th day of the 8th month): Ceremonies for starting construction on rebuilding the Coronation Hall which had been damaged by fire. 

 1068 (Jiryaku 4, 19th day of the 4th month): In the 4th year of Emperor Go-Reizei's reign, the emperor died at age 44; and the succession (senso) was received by a his son.  Shortly thereafter, Go-Sanjō accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
was a  after Jiryaku and before Jōhō.  This period started in April 1069 and ended in August 1074.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Enkyū Era
 1069 (Enkyū 1): The emperor's consort was raised to the status of chūgū.
 1072 (Enkyū 4, 8th day of the 12th month): In the 6th year of Go-Sanjō's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his son.  Soon after, Emperor Shirakawa accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 1073 (Enkyū 5, 21st day of the 4th month): Go-Sanjō entered the Buddhist priesthood; and his priestly name was Kongō-gyō.

 1073 (Enkyū 5, 7th day of the 5th month): Go-Sanjō died at the age of 40.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Enkyū and before Jōryaku.  This period started in August 1074 and ended in November 1077. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Jōhō Era
 1074 (Jōhō 1, 1st month): Minamoto no Takakune retired from court; and he wrote a book about the history of Japan.

 7 March 1074 (Jōhō 1, 7th day of the 2nd month): Fujiwara Yorimichi died at the age of 83; and Yorimichi's sister, the widow of Emperor Ichijo, died at the age of 87.

 October 25, 1074 (Jōhō 1, 3rd day of the 10th month): Empress Jōtō-mon In died at the age of 87.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom series. It first aired from October 7, 1957 to June 20, 1963.  The series stars Jerry Mathers as "Beaver"; Tony Dow as his older brother Wally; Barbara Billingsley as his mother June Cleaver; and Hugh Beaumont as his father Ward Cleaver.

Semi-regulars include Ken Osmond as Wally's friend Eddie Haskell; Frank Bank as Wally's other friend Lumpy; Burt Mustin as Gus the fireman; Sue Randall as Beaver's teacher Miss Landers; Rusty Stevens as Beaver's friend Larry Mondello; and Jerry Weil as Beaver's mean little schoolmate Judy Hensler.

The series is about Beaver's adventures at home, in school, and around his neighborhood. Writers Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly based Beaver's adventures on the exploits of their own children.  In most episodes, Beaver would get into trouble. His parents would speak to him and explain what he had done wrong. They would hope that he had learned a lesson.
Various critics and television viewers adored the series, with Variety comparing the series to Tom Sawyer. Websites like Time and Bravo placed the series at the top of their "best of television" lists. In 1999, TV Guide ranked Eddie Haskell number 20 on its "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time" list. In 1997, a movie based on Leave It to Beaver opened in theaters, of the same name.

Notes

References 
 
 

1957 establishments in the United States
1963 disestablishments in the United States
1957 television series debuts
1963 television series endings
1950s American television series
1960s American television series
American sitcoms
Black and white television series
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
ABC network series