Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Damascus (sometimes called the city of Jasmin) is the capital city of Syria. IIn Arabic, its name is Dimashq (دِمَشْق‎). It is the largest city in Syria with about 4.8 million people living there. Damascus is thought to be one of oldest cities in the world that still has people living in it. It is believed that people started living in Damascus as long ago as 8000 BC to 10,000 BC (12000 years ago).

Location
Damascus is about 50 miles inland from the Mediterranean Sea, sheltered by the Anti-Lebanon Mountains.

Economy
Damascus used to play an important role as an important trade center. Now it is not because of political development in the region as well as the development of modern trade. Most goods produced in Damascus, as well as in Syria, are distributed to countries of the Arabian peninsula. Damascus also holds an annual international trade exposition in the fall since 1955.
Education 
There are many universities in Damascus, one public university: Damascus University. while other universities are private, such as the Syrian Private University  and the aljazeera Private University.
Historical sites 
Damascus has many historical sites dating back to many different periods of the city's history. Since the city has been built up with every passing job, it has become almost impossible to dig out all the ruins of Damascus that lie up to 8 feet (2.4 m) below the modern level. The Citadel of Damascus is in the northwest corner of the Old City. The Bab Sharqi street is filled with small shops and leads to the old Christian quarter of Bab Tuma (St. Thomas's Gate). Medhat Pasha Souq is also a main market in Damascus and was named after Medhat Pasha. At the end of the Bab Sharqi street, one reaches the House of Ananias, an underground chapel that was the cellar of Ananias's house. The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam.

Image gallery

References

Other websites
Other websites 

eDamascus - Official website for Damascus
Damascus Online - Brief information about the city of Damascus
The 31 Places to Go in 2010 (The New York Times)
A heart-lung transplant is a type of surgery to help people who have very sick hearts and lungs. In this surgery, the patient's own heart and lungs are taken out and replaced by healthy organs. During the surgery, a machine called a heart-lung machine pumps blood for the patient and breathes for him or her. Not many heart-lung transplants are done, because there are not enough donated organs.

Surgery
Heart
Respiratory system
Transplants
Ronald William George Barker (25 September 1929 – 3 October 2005), popularly known as Ronnie Barker and (as a writer) Gerald Wiley, was an English comic actor, comedian and writer. He was born in Bedford and moved to Oxford when he was four. He is best known for being on the very popular television variety show The Two Ronnies. Also on the show was his long-time comedy partner, Ronnie Corbett. Barker died of heart failure in Adderbury, Oxfordshire.

References

Other websites

People from Bedfordshire
Actors from Oxfordshire
British television writers
English comedians
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
English television writers
People from Bedford
Writers from Oxford
1929 births
2005 deaths
Guantánamo Bay () is a bay in Guantánamo province, Cuba. It is at the southeastern end of Cuba (). It is the largest harbour on the south side of the island. It is surrounded by steep hills creating an enclave cut off from its immediate hinterland.

History
The bay was originally named Guantánamo by the Taíno.  Christopher Columbus landed at the location known as Fisherman's Point in 1494, naming it Puerto Grande. On landing, Columbus's crew found Taíno fisherman preparing a feast for the local chieftain. When Spanish settlers took control of the island, the bay became a vital harbor on the south side of the island.
The bay has been the focus of military activities for a long time. In the colonial era, British troops tried to land there, during the War of the Jenkin's Ear. That war was between England and Spain. It took place between 1739 and 1742. The troops could land in the bay, and later tried to take the city Santiago de Cuba. As it turned out, this was impossible. So the troops claimed the bay as theirs, and named it Cumberland Harbour. Later they left the island again, because some of their troops had died from tropical diseases.
The United States tried to buy the whole island of Cuba. In the Spanish-American war, US troops occupied the bay, because there was a harbour there. The Treaty of Paris, between the United States and Spain ended the war. It gave Cuba its independence from Spain. Spain also gave the territory of Puerto Rico, and the islands of Guam and the Philippines to the United States, amongst others. Cuba, however, came under the political and military infuence of the United States. The US then put presidents and dictators at the head of the Cuban state. These were of course favorable to the interests of the United States. In 1902 the Platt Amendment was appended to the Constitution of the Cuban state. It limited the freedom of Cuba very much. It also said that some territory in the south should be ceded to the United States for a military base.  Bound by the amendment, the Cubans granted the US a 99-year lease to the territory
. This treaty was made by Tomás Estrada Palma, an American citizen, who became the first President of Cuba.
The current Cuban government rejects the Cuban-American Treaty because it violates article 52 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. The Cuban government therefore considers the U.S. presence in Guantánamo to be an illegal occupation of the area. Article 52 declares a treaty void only if its conclusion has been procured by the threat or use of force in violation of international law.

The US Naval base

The southern portion of the bay is surrounded by the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, a naval base established in 1898. Recently, the base began hosting a detainment camp for suspected militant combatants collected (actions that are viewed by some as kidnapping) from both Afghanistan and Iraq, or from secret NATO prisons in Europe (discovered recently, in 2006).
The base, sometimes called "GTMO" or "Gitmo", covers 116 km² (about 45 square miles) on the western and eastern banks of the bay. It was established in 1898, when the United States obtained control of Cuba from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War, following the 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay.  The U.S. government obtained a perpetual lease that began on February 23, 1903.

Wikisource links
 Texts of United States - Cuban agreements and treaty of 1934

References

Other websites

U.S. sources
 Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Guantánamo Detainees

Official U.S. military website
 www.jtftmo.southcom.mil – "Joint Task Force-Guantanamo's official website."

Official U.S. NAV base website
 NSGtmo.navy.mil  – "U.S. Naval Station Guantánamo Bay Cuba: The United States' oldest overseas Naval Base"

Official website of the Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 www.cubaminrex.cu  – "Guantánamo: U.S. Black Hole"
Maps and photos
 Google Maps
 Photos  Hosted by Brad Beckett
 Virtual 3D Walk-through of Camp Delta (from the Art project Zone*Interdite) 

Bays
Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Cuba
Guantánamo is a city in Cuba.

Guantánamo or Guantanamo might also mean:
 Guantánamo Province, a province of Cuba that contains the city
 Guantánamo Bay, a bay in the south of Cuba
 Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, a naval base used by the United States, located in that bay
This article is about the province in Cuba. For other titular locales and uses, see Guantanamo (disambiguation).

Guantánamo is the easternmost province of Cuba. Its capital is also called Guantánamo. Other towns include Baracoa. The province surrounds the important U.S. Navy base at Guantánamo Bay.

Guantánamo's architecture and culture is unlike the rest of Cuba. 
The original settlement was done by Catalan families from the Ampurdan region of north-eastern Catalunya, Spain in 1764. British forces had occupied the area for over 40 years and Scot-Irish settlers were a constant preoccupation to the Spanish auhorities. In 1805, when the French were forced out of St. Domingue (Haiti) 35,000 French settlers were given lands in Cuba, many French families settled in the Guantanamo area becoming coffee and cacao planters meaning that many buildings are comparable to those of the French Quarter of New Orleans in the U.S. state of Louisiana.
Before the Castroite Revolution the Carnivals of Guantanmo were famous in Cuba.

The province is only 80 km away from Haiti its closest point, across the Windward Passage and close enough to see lights on Haiti on a clear night. Guantánamo also has a number of immigrants from Jamaica.
 
The Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains (Sierra de Cristal) dominate the province, dividing both climate and landscape. The northern coast, battered by prevailing winds, is the wettest part of the country, while the south, sheltered and dry, is the hottest. The north is characterized by rainforests, while the south is arid and has many cacti.

Municipalities 

 Baracoa
 Caimanera
 El Salvador
 Guantánamo
 Imías
 Maisí (La Máquina)
 Manuel Tames
 Niceto Pérez
 San Antonio del Sur
 Yateras (Palenque)

Related pages
 Guantanamera
 Parque Nacional Alejandro de Humboldt

Provinces of Cuba
1764 establishments
Establishments in Cuba
1760s establishments in North America
Havana Province, (Spanish - Provincia de la Habana), Cuba, is a former provinces of Cuba. On January 1, 2011 it was split into two new provinces - Artemisa Province and Mayabeque Province.

The capital city of Havana is a separate province, surrounded by the province of Havana. It had 711 066 people in the 2002 census. The largest city is the city of Artemisa with a population of 75,000 in 2003. The second largest city is Güines (70,000).

Havana Province had borders with the city of Havana, Pinar del Rio, and Matanzas. It has coasts in the south and north and has dozens of towns and a few small cities which rank between the 20 and 40 largest of the island.

The southern coast of the province has many swamps and wetlands.

Most of the province's farms raise cattle and grow food, mostly potatos and fruit. Unlike much of Cuba, sugar and tobacco play only a small role in the province's economy. There is also much industrialization in the province, with many electricity plants and sugar mills.

References
References 

Provinces of Cuba
2010 disestablishments in North America
Santiago de Cuba Province is the second most populated province in the island of Cuba. It has a population of about 1.2 million people. The largest city Santiago de Cuba (554,000) is its main administrative center. Other large cities include Palma Soriano (125,000), Contramaestre (88,000), Mayarí Arriba (80,000), San Luis (65,000) and Songo-la Maya (50,000). 

The province has many material resources such as iron and nickel. The economy, however, relies mostly on agriculture, with large plantations growing bananas, cacao and coffee dotting the landscape. Industry is growing around the capital, as is tourism. The natural beauty of the area is attracting many tourists from both the rest of Cuba and from overseas.

Santiago de Cuba province has been the site of many battles, both during the war for independence and the 1959 Cuban Revolution, where much of the guerrilla fighting took place in the mountainous province.

Municipalities
Municipalities 

 Contramaestre
 Chivirico
 Mella
 Palma Soriano
 San Luis
 Santiago de Cuba
 Mayarí Arriba
 La Maya
 Cruce de los Baños

Historical use of the name 
Before 1976, Cuba was divided into six provinces. One of these was Oriente province, which was, prior to 1905, known as Santiago de Cuba province. See Historical provinces of Cuba.

Other websites 
 Santiago.cu (in spanish) 
 Travel info on Santiago de Cuba
 santiagoencuba.com (in spanish)

Provinces of Cuba
Granma is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Bayamo. Other towns on it include Manzanillo (a port on the Gulf of Guacanayabo) and Pilón.

History 
The province was named after the yacht Granma, used by Che Guevara and Fidel Castro to land in Cuba with 82 guerrillas in 1956. The American who sold them the secondhand yacht in Mexico apparently had named it after his grandmother   and so the name of this vessel, with its non-standard spelling, became an icon for Cuban communism. Not every Cuban realizes that the name would translate as abuela, although all can name the mothership of the revolution.
Results 
The province is full of reminders of the Cuban Revolution, and the Cuban Wars of Independence. There are many plaques in the mountains that commemorate the struggle against Fulgencio Batista. The struggle took place in 1959.
It is believed there are many unmarked grave sites from the different wars. The sites of the various palenques, the fortified hamlets of escaped slaves can be found. These have been uncovered by archaeological digs. Most of these are not specially marked. Recently a hurricane destroyed the site of Castro's headquarters at La Plata.

Economy 
There are numerous abandoned gold, silver, and manganese mine sites. This is the area where Raúl Castro holds his centre of power and it is said to be the site of secret garrisons. 

Coffee is grown in the mountainous regions of the province, and during the coffee harvest, there may be road blocks, where soldiers ensure that the coffee is delivered to the government and not the black market.

Municipalities
Municipalities 

 Bartolomé Masó
 Bayamo
 Buey Arriba
 Campechuela
 Cauto Cristo
 Guisa
 Jiguaní
 Manzanillo
 Media Luna
 Niquero
 Pilón
 Río Cauto
 Yara

Other websites 
 Granma Portal  (Spanish)

Provinces of Cuba
Vail is a town in the American state of Colorado. It is best known for being one of the best places to ski in North America. The Vail Ski Resort is the largest ski resort with only one mountain in North America. In 2020, 4,835 people lived in Vail.

Notes

Towns in Colorado
Ski areas and resorts in the United States
Holguín is one of the provinces of Cuba, the second most populous after Ciudad de la Habana. It lies in the southeast of the country. Its major cities include Holguín (the capital), Banes, Antilla, Mayarí, and Moa.

The province has a population of slightly over one million people. Its territory extends over more than 9300 km², 25 percent of which are covered by forest.

History 
Christopher Columbus landed in what is believed to have been today's Holguín province on October 27, 1492. He declared that it was "the most beautiful country human eyes had ever seen".

The Holguín province was established in 1978, when it was split from the Oriente region.

Illustrious Sons 
General Calixto García (1839-1898), 19th century patriot. Wars of independence from Spain.
General Fulgencio Batista Zaldivar (1901–1973), President, Dictator of Cuba.
Commander in Chief Fidel Castro (1926), lawyer, revolutionary, ex-President of Cuba.
Army General Raúl Castro (1931), minister of the Revolutionary Army Forces, Vice-President and President of Cuba.

Economy 
Like much of Cuba, Holguín's economy is based around sugarcane, though mining, corn and coffee are also large earners for the province.

At Moa, there is a huge cobalt processing plant with shipping facilities, that was constructed with the help of foreign aid , much of it from Canada. There are chrome, nickel, iron and steel plants dotted throughout the province as well.

Tourism has only recently begun to be experimented with by the Fidel Castro government, and in Holguín, there are numerous hotels around the Guardalavaca area.

Municipalities 

Holguín is divided into 14 municipalities:
Antilla
 Báguanos
 Banes
 Cacocum
 Buenaventura
 Cueto
 Frank País (Cayo Mambí)
 Gibara
 Holguín
 Mayarí
 Moa
 Rafael Freyre
 Sagua de Tánamo
 Urbano Noris

Other websites 
 Holguín.cu 
 Holguín Hotels 

Provinces of Cuba
1978 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Cuba
Las Tunas is one of the provinces of Cuba. Major towns include Puerto Padre and Amancio, as well as the capital, Victoria de Las Tunas (sometimes known as Las Tunas, or even just Tuna).

The Las Tunas province was established in 1978, when it was split from the Oriente region.

The southern coast, which opens onto the Golfo de Guacanayabo, is marshy and characterised by mangroves. This wet area is used to grow sugarcane in, as the wet climate is well suited for the crop.

Cattle are also grazed in the province, which was, until the 1975, part of the Oriente province that was divided into five smaller provinces by the Cuban government. Victoria de Las Tunas was just a small market town until that year, and a large development program was started to modernise the town and connect it by road to Havana.

Municipalities 
 Amancio
 Colombia
 Jesús Menéndez
 Jobabo
 Las Tunas (Victoria de Las Tunas)
 Majibacoa (Calixto)
 Manatí
 Puerto Padre
Other websites 
 Periodico 26  — Newspaper of Las Tunas Province (in English)
 Las Tunas portal  (Spanish)

Provinces of Cuba
1978 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Cuba
Paul James Hartley (born October 19, 1976) is a Scottish football player. He currently plays for Celtic and the Scottish national team.

Hartley used to play for Hamilton Academical, Millwall, Raith Rovers, Hibernian, Greenock Morton, St Johnstone and Hearts.

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from South Lanarkshire
Camagüey is the largest of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is Camagüey. Other towns include Florida and Nuevitas.

Camagüey is mostly low lying, with no major hills or mountain ranges passing through the province. Numerous large cays (including what used to be one of Fidel Castro's favourite fishing spots; the Archipiélago Jardines de la Reina) characterise both the northern and southern coasts. 

Sandy beaches are found on both coasts also, and despite a large potential for tourism, the province has seen little development in that area. Exception being Santa Lucía beach, on the North coast.

The economy of the Camagüey province is primarily cattle and sugar (in the north and south) farming, and the province is known for its cowboy culture, with rodeos frequently held. Chickens and rice are also farmed, and a small citrus fruit industry exists. The capital city also has one of the few breweries on the island.

Municipalities
Municipalities 

 Camagüey
 Carlos Manuel de Céspedes 
 Esmeralda
 Florida
 Guáimaro
 Jimaguayú
 Minas
 Najasa
 Nuevitas
 Santa Cruz del Sur
 Sibanicú
 Sierra de Cubitas
 Vertientes]

Provinces of Cuba
Ciego de Ávila is one of the provinces of Cuba, and was previously part of Camagüey Province. Its capital is Ciego de Ávila, which lies on the Carretera Central (central highway), and the second city is Morón, farther north.

Off the north coast of the province are a string of cayos (cays) - these islands are being developed as tourist resorts, principally Cayo Coco and Cayo Guillermo. The south coast is characterised by mangroves.

Between Morón and the north coast are several lakes, including La Laguna de Leche (the Lake of Milk, so called for its white appearance because of large lime deposits underwater) which is the largest natural lake in Cuba.

Central Ciego de Ávila is used for cattle ranching, elsewhere in the province sugar, pineapples and citrus fruit are grown.

The province was separated from Camagüey Province in 1975 by Fidel Castro's government.

Municipalities 

 Baraguá (Gaspar)
 Bolivia
 Chambas
 Ciego de Ávila
 Ciro Redondo
 Florencia
 Majagua
 Morón
 Primero de Enero
 Venezuela
Provinces of Cuba
1975 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Cuba
Sancti Spíritus is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its capital is the identically named Sancti Spíritus. Another major city is Trinidad.

The southern coast of the province is flat, but the western portion of Sancti Spíritus province is mountainous. The southeast has numerous mangroves and swamps.

The largest man made reservoir in Cuba, the Embalse Zaza, is in Sancti Spíritus province.

Tourism is a big earner for the province, with most of the tourism revolving around the old city of Trinidad, a World Heritage listed city which has dozens of colonial buildings (and almost no 20th century architecture) dating back to the Spanish conquest in the 1500s, and, as with most of Cuba, sugarcane and cattle are important commodities. Some tobacco and rice is also grown.
During the 1600s, both Dutch and British pirates attempted to take control of what is today Sancti Spíritus province, but with little success, as the Spanish garrison held them off. From 1660 to 1680, Trinidad was plagued by pirates from Jamaica and Tortuga, and on two occasions, pirates razed the city.

The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Santa Clara.

Municipalities 

 Cabaiguán
 Fomento
 Jatibonico
 La Sierpe
 Sancti Spíritus
 Taguasco
 Trinidad
 Yaguajay

References

Other websites 
 Hotel del Rijo in Sancti Spíritus
 A complete list of Sancti Spíritus Hotel's
 Hotel Zaza in Sancti Spíritus 

Provinces of Cuba
Villa Clara is one of the provinces of Cuba. Its main cities are Santa Clara (the capital), Sagua La Grande, Placetas, Camajuaní, Remedios and Caibarién.

The coast of Villa Clara is dotted with numerous cays, and there are many coral reefs and sandy beaches, too.

Around Santa Clara, the land rises into the Alturas de Santa Clara. The highest point in the province is in the Alturas, at 464 m above sea level. Villa Clara also has numerous lakes, which are used for both water sports and fishing. The largest Cuban river to drain into the Atlantic, Río Sagua la Grande, is also in Villa Clara province.

Sugar, the commodity that the Cuban economy relies upon, is grown in the plains in the north of the province, and several large mills provide employment to many people.

The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Las Villas.Santa Clara was the capital of Las Villas.
Famous People of Villa Clara 
 Joe Carollo - former mayor of Miami, USA
 Richard Egues - Musician (Orquesta Aragon)
 Francisco Gatorno - actor
 Rubén González - pianist
 Livan Hernandez - baseball player
 Orlando Hernandez - baseball player
 Wilfredo Lam - painter
 Benny "Kid" Paret - boxer
 José Bernal - artist
 Amelia Pelaez - painter
 Zaida del Rio - painter
 Aida ida Morales - painter

Municipalities 
 Caibarién
 Camajuaní
 Cifuentes
 Corralillo
 Encrucijada
 Manicaragua
 Placetas
 Quemado de Güines
 Ranchuelo
 Remedios
 Sagua La Grande
 Santa Clara
 Santo Domingo

Provinces of Cuba
Cienfuegos (Spanish for "one hundred fires") is one of the provinces of Cuba. The capital city of the province is also called Cienfuegos and was founded by French settlers in 1819.

Cienfuegos is the smallest province in Cuba. Growing and processing sugar is very important to its economy. There are many sugar mills and sugarcane plantations across the province. 

Scuba diving is a popular activity in Cienfuegos. There are many underwater caves and over 50 places for diving. There are also waterfalls in the mountains of the province.

The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the Santa Clara province. The Santa Clara province no longer exists though.

Municipalities 
 Abreus
 Aguada de Pasajeros
 Cienfuegos
 Cruces
 Cumanayagua
 Lajas
 Palmira
 Rodas

1819 establishments in North America
19th-century establishments in Cuba
Matanzas is one of the provinces of Cuba.

Location

Major towns 
Major towns in the province include Cárdenas, Jovellanos and the capital of the same name, Matanzas. The resort town of Varadero is also located in this province.

Geographical location and appearance 
The second largest in Cuba, Matanzas province is largely flat, with its highest point (Pan de Matanzas) at only 380m above sea level.

The north coast has numerous small cays of its coast, and scrubland and mangroves near the shoreline.

The southern coast has one of Cuba's most distinctive features: an enormous marsh, Ciénaga de Zapata that covers both the southern part of the province and the peninsula of the same name. East of the peninsula lies the Bay of Pigs, the site of the failed US backed invasion.

Economy 
Of Cuba's provinces, Matanzas is one of the most industrialised, with petroleum wells, refineries, supertanker facilities, and 21 sugar mills to process the harvests of the fields of sugarcane in the province.
Municipalities 
 Agramonte
 Alacranes
 Arcos de Canasí
 Bolondrón
 Cárdenas
 Carlos Rojas
 Colón
 Guamacaro
 Jagüey Grande
 Jovellanos
 Juan Gualberto Gómez
 Los Arabos
 Manguito
 Martí
 Matanzas
 Máximo Gómez
 Pedro Betancourt
 Perico
 San Antonio de Cabezas
 San José de los Ramos
 Santa Ana (Cidra)
 Unión de Reyes
 Varadero

References
Cuba Demographycs

Other websites 
Provincial portal 

Provinces of Cuba
Pinar del Río is one of the provinces of Cuba. It is at the western end of the island of Cuba.

The Pinar del Río province has one of Cuba's three main mountain ranges, the Cordillera de Guaniguanico. The mountains are divided into the easterly Sierra del Rosario and the westerly Sierra de los Organos. These form a landscape characterised by steep sided limestone hills and flat, fertile valleys.

The province relies on tobacco farming, with Pinar del Río producing 70% of Cuba's crop, used to make the cigars that are so prized overseas. The best tobacco, used for more expensive cigar brands, is grown in the flat lands of San Juan y Martínez. Tourism in the Viñales Valley is another important part of the economy.


Municipalities 
 Bahía Honda
 Candelaria
 Consolación del Sur
 Guane
 La Palma
 Los Palacios
 Mantua
 Minas de Matahambre
 Pinar del Río
 San Cristóbal
 Sandino
 San Juan y Martínez
 San Luis
 Viñales

Famous people from Pinar del Río
Omar Ajete - baseball player
 Danys Baez - baseball player
 José Contreras - baseball player
 Silvia Costa - high jumper
 Emeterio González - javelin thrower
 Pedro Luis Lazo - baseball player
 Omar Linares - baseball player
 Alay Soler - baseball player

Other websites 
 Official site 
 Visit Hotel Pinar del Río 
 Villa Maria La Gorda  
 Villa Cabo San Antonio  
 Hotel Moka, Las Terrazas, Pinar del Río  

Provinces of Cuba
The Isle of Youth () is the largest Cuban island after Cuba itself. It is the sixth-largest island in the West Indies. The island has an area of  and is  southwest of mainland Cuba. It is across the Gulf of Batabanó. The island is almost directly south of Havana and Pinar del Río. Because of its superficial extension, population and for its economic characteristics, it is considered to be a Special Municipality. It is therefore not a part of any province. The Isle of Youth is administered directly by the central government of Cuba.

The island is the  largest of the 350 in the Canarreos Archipelago (). It has an estimated population of 100,000. The capital and largest city is Nueva Gerona in the north. The second-largest and oldest city is Santa Fe in the interior. Other communities are Columbia, Mac Kinley, Santa Bárbara, Cuchilla Alta, Punta del Este, Sierra de Caballos and Sierra de Casas. The island was called the Isle of Pines () before 1978.

History
History

Little is known of the pre-Columbian history of the island, though a cave complex near the Punta del Este beach preserves 235 ancient drawings made by the native population. The island first became known to Europeans during Christopher Columbus's third voyage to the New World  in 1494. Columbus named the island La Evangelista and claimed it for Spain; the island would also come to be known Isla de Cotorras ("Isle of Parrots") and Isla de Tesoros ("Treasure Island") at various points in its history.

Pirate activity in and around the area left its trace in English literature. Both Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and Peter Pan by James Matthew Barrie are rooted in part on accounts of the island and its native and pirate inhabitants, as well as long dugout canoes (which were often used by pirates as well as indigenous peoples) and the great American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) on the island.
Following the victory of the United States in the Spanish-American War, Spain dropped all claims to Cuba under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris. The Isla de la Juventud was not mentioned in the Platt Amendment, which defined Cuba's boundaries, and this led to competing claims to the island by the United States and the now-independent Cuba. In 1907, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the island did not belong to the United States. A treaty was signed between the U.S. and Cuba in 1925, recognizing Cuban ownership.

Geography and economy

Much of the island is covered with pine forests. These are the source of the island's large lumber industry. The northern region of the island has low ridges from which marble is quarried. The southern region is an elevated plain. Agriculture and fishing are the island's main industries, with citrus fruit and vegetables being grown. A black sand beach was formed by volcanic activity.
The island has a mild climate, but is known for frequent hurricanes. It is a popular tourist destination, with many beaches and resorts, including Bibijagua Beach. Until the Cuban government expropriated all foreign-owned property in the early 1960s, much land was owned by Americans.

Transportation
The main transportation to the island is by boat or aircraft. Hydrofoils (kometas) and motorized catamarans will make the trip in between two and three hours. A much slower and larger cargo ferry takes around six hours to make the crossing, but is cheaper. The province has only one municipality, also named Isla de la Juventud.

Prisons
Prisons

From 1953 to 1955, Cuban leader Fidel Castro was imprisoned in the Presidio Modelo on the Isla de la Juventud by the regime of Fulgencio Batista after leading the failed July 1953 attack on the Moncada Barracks in the Oriente Province. Later, Castro used the same facility to imprison counterrevolutionaries and dissidents, such as Huber Matos (once a comandante of rebel troops supporting the Cuban Revolution but later came into conflict with Cuban government), who claims to have been tortured there , and Armando F. Valladares.

Presidio Modelo is now closed, and turned into a museum. It is replaced by more modern prisons. These include (MAS = maximum security prison; COR = correctional):
Prison El Guayabo (MAS)
Center for Reeducation of Minors (COR)
Correctional Los Colonos (COR)
Paquito Rosales Cueto (1 y 11) (COR)
Prison la 60 (Columbia) (COR)

Other websites  

 
Supreme Court decision of 1907
Satellite view of the Isle of Youth (interactive)
Municipality page  (Spanish)
1925 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Cuba
Georges Prosper Remi (22 May 1907 – 3 March 1983), also known as Hergé, was a Belgian cartoonist. Hergé was born in Etterbeek, Brussels from a group of people in Belgium called Walloons and spoke French. He is best known for his comic, The Adventures of Tintin. Hergé first made Tintin in Le Petit Vingtième in 1929.
"This famous Belgian artist is often considered to be the most influential European comic artist ever and his "clear line" style was widely copied by new generation of comic artists."
Hergé died in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert on 3 March 1983. He was 75 years old. Hergé's life's work is watched over by his widow. She shut down Hergé Studios. She started the Hergé Foundation in 1987. It is now called Moulinsart S.A.

References

Other websites
http://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/herge.htm - Hergé Georges Remi - Overview of his life and works
http://us.tintin.com/about/herge/ - Hergé
1907 births
1983 deaths
Belgian comics artists
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Cartoonists
Deaths from AIDS
Infectious disease deaths in Belgium
Former Roman Catholics
Louisville is the largest city in the state of Kentucky in the USA. The settlement that became the City of Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark. It is named after King Louis XVI of France. It was an important riverport in the 19th century. Many people come to the city in May for the Kentucky Derby horse race.

Here are some pictures of buildings in Louisville:

References 

 
County seats in Kentucky
18th-century establishments in Kentucky
1778 establishments in the United States
Mount Rushmore is a famous mountain and memorial near Keystone, South Dakota in the United States. It has the heads of four of America's presidents carved on it: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. The Mount Rushmore Memorial is a part of the United States Presidential Memorial, which covers  and is  above sea level (altitude).

History 
Before the memorial was carved, the native Lakota Indian Tribes called the mountain "Six Grandfathers". Later, the mountain was named after Charles E. Rushmore, a well-known later, after an expedition in 1885. The memorial was carved to help increase tourism in the Black Hills, where the mountain was. Doane Robinson first formed the idea in 1923. Robinson convinced many influential people in the United States government to build the memorial. Congress soon allowed construction to begin.

After gaining Congress's approval, Gutzon Borglum, a famous American sculptor, was hired to begin the project.
The work of carving the heads began on March 3, 1925. It was completed on October 31, 1941.

References 

Mountains of the United States
Geography of South Dakota
National Memorials of the United States
Symbols of the United States
The following is an overview of events in 2006, including the highest-grossing movies, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of movies released and notable deaths.

Highest-grossing movies

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest became the third movie in cinema history to gross over $1 billion and is the 24th highest-grossing movie of all time.

Events

Awards

2006 wide-release movies

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Movies released in 2006 

 American movies
 Argentine movies
 Australian movies
 Bengali movies
 Bollywood movies
 Brazilian movies
 British movies
 French movies
 Hong Kong movies
 Italian movies
 Japanese movies
 Mexican movies
 Pakistani movies
 Russian movies
 South Korean movies
 Spanish movies
 Tamil movies
 Telugu movies

Notable deaths
Notable deaths

Movie debuts
 Katie Cassidy – When a Stranger Calls
 Rebecca Hall – Starter for 10
 Armie Hammer – Flicka
 Jennifer Hudson – Dreamgirls
 Rami Malek — Night at the Museum
 Eddie Redmayne – Like Minds
 Mia Wasikowska – Suburban Mayhem

Notes

References
 Box Office Mojo movie release schedule.

2006 movies
West Side Story is a musical. It is based on Shakespeare's play, Romeo and Juliet. The book was written by Arthur Laurents. The music was composed by Leonard Bernstein, and the lyrics were written by Stephen Sondheim. It starred Carol Lawrence as Maria. 

West Side Story opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on 26 September 1957, and on the West End at Her Majesty's Theatre on 12 December 1958. On the West End, was performed 1,039 times. It won two Tony Awards. 

The musical was adapted to a movie in 1961, starring Natalie Wood. The movie won 10 Academy Awards. The movie was remade in 2021.

Plot 
The story is set in the Upper West Side neighborhood in New York City in the mid-1950s.  It is a working-class neighborhood with a mixture of ethnic groups. (In the early 1960s, much of the neighborhood would be cleared to make room for Lincoln Center, which changed the neighborhood.)
The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds. The Sharks' members are immigrants from Puerto Rico. The Jets' members are Caucasian (their families immigrated from places like Ireland and Italy).  The two gangs fight over which areas in the neighborhood belong to which gang.

There are four main characters in the play:
 Riff, the Jets' leader
 Bernardo, the Sharks' leader
 Maria, Bernardo's sister
 Tony, Riff's best friend.  Tony used to be a member of the Jets.
After meeting her at a dance, Tony falls in love with Maria.  This causes more fighting between the Jets and the Sharks.

Music
Bernstein's score for the musical includes:

Importance
The play's dark theme, sophisticated music, long dance scenes, and focus on social problems made West Side Story a turning point in American musical theatre.

Related pages
 Musical theatre
 Romeo and Juliet

References

Other websites  

The Official West Side Story website
Broadway musicals
West End musicals
Musicals adapted to movies
Musicals based on plays
1950s musicals
1957 works
Lorscheid is a village and a part of the Ruwer (municipality) near Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Lorscheid is on an old Roman road. Many archaeological settlements are nearby. The village is first mentioned in the inventory of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier for the year 1211.

References

Other websites 

 Lorscheid

Villages in Rhineland-Palatinate
Trier-Saarburg
Thrash metal is an extreme metal type of heavy metal music that is characterised by its high speed and aggression.

Origins
The origins of thrash metal are generally traced to the late 1970s and early 1980s, when a number of bands began incorporating the sound of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal with elements of hardcore punk and more specifically Thrashcore, creating a new genre and developing into a separate movement from punk rock. This genre is much more aggressive compared to its relative, speed metal.

Thrash metal bands
 Anthrax
 Artillery
 Bound For Glory
 Celtic Frost
 Coroner
 D.R.I.
 Dark Angel
 Death Angel
 Deaths Head
 Defiance
 Destroyer 666
 Excel
 Exodus
 Flotsam and Jetsam
 Forbidden
 Hellhammer
 Helloween
 Kreator
 Megadeth
 Mercenary
 Metal Church
 Metallica
 Mortal Sin
 Nevermore
 Overkill
 Onslaught
 Pantera
 Sepultura
 Sabbat
 Sanctuary
 Slayer
 Suicidal Tendencies
 Tankard
 Testament
 Trivium
 Venom
 Voivod

References

Heavy metal subgenres
Anthrax is an American thrash metal band from New York City. Anthrax was one of the most popular bands of the 1980s thrash metal scene. The band is part of the "Big Four" of thrash metal, along with Metallica, Megadeth and Slayer. They have sold over 10 million albums as of 2022.

Anthrax released their first album in 1984. The band has made eleven albums. Four of them are certified gold by the RIAA. Their most popular and successful album is Among the Living, released in 1987. Among the Living made Anthrax a very popular band.

Career

Beginning 
Anthrax was formed by guitarists Scott Ian and Danny Lilker in 1981. Scott Ian named the band after the disease after he saw it in a biology textbook, as he thought it sounded "sufficiently evil" (evil enough).
For Anthrax's first few years they went through a number of singers, bassists, and drummers, and finally settled on singer Neil Turbin, lead guitarist Dan Spitz (when Danny Lilker switched to bass) and drummer Charlie Benante before releasing their first album Fistful Of Metal.

1984–1992 
Danny Lilker was fired for being too relaxed and Neil Turbin was fired as he was trying to take full control of the band. They were replaced with Frank Bello (Charlie Benante's nephew) and Joey Belladonna. This lineup recorded four albums; Spreading the Disease, Among The Living, State Of Euphoria and Persistence Of Time.
Among The Living was a different type of album from the previous two, introducing humour and references to comic books to the band's music. It is thought by many to be their best album, featuring songs like "Caught In A Mosh", "Indians", and "I Am The Law" (which is about the character Judge Dredd). The next album, State Of Euphoria, was a similar kind of album but wasn't as successful, but had some more well known Anthrax songs such as "Be All, End All and Antisocial" (an English language cover of a song by the French band Trust).

Persistence Of Time was a more serious album, due to arguments between band members and many of their personal possessions being lost in a fire. There were no references to comic books, and more serious themes were included in the lyrics (such as the need for peace, shown in "Keep it in the Family"). However, it did have a fast-paced cover of the Joe Jackson song "Got The Time" which has become a well known Anthrax song.
During this period of time in the band's career, Anthrax also released a successful rap-metal song called "I'm The Man", and a few years later, they released another rap metal song with hip hop group Public Enemy, a cover of their song "Bring The Noise". With the release of this song, the two groups have been credited for creating and popularizing the rap metal genre.

1992–2001 
Due to the band becoming more popular they signed to a record label named Elektra. However, Joey Belladonna was fired from Anthrax in 1992 and was replaced with John Bush, who was in a band called Armored Saint that had recently broke up. The band's first album with this singer, called Sound Of White Noise, was also successful, and was dark like Persistence Of Time, but also sounded a little bit like the grunge bands that were popular in the early 90s.
Dan Spitz left the band in 1995. Charlie Benante played guitar on the band's next album, Stomp 442, as well as drums, with Paul Crook playing guitar on the album too. Pantera's guitarist Dimebag Darrell played solos on two of the songs. This album was not as successful as Sound Of White Noise, and Elektra was blamed by Anthrax for not promoting it properly.

They re-signed to an independent label called Ignition and released Volume 8: The Threat Is Real, which again had Charlie Benante and Paul Crook playing guitar with solos from Dimebag Darrell (Pantera's singer Phil Anselmo did backup vocals on one song too). The album did less successfully than Stomp 442, and not long after the album came out, Ignition ceased to exist due to lack of success. Anthrax took a short break, and John Bush reunited with Armored Saint and released another album with them.

2001–2009
2001–2009 

In 2001, the band hired lead guitarist Rob Caggiano and they played shows again. After 9/11 and the Anthrax attacks that came after that, the band considered changing their name. Scott Ian jokingly announced that they were considering the name "Basket Full Of Puppies". They eventually decided to keep the name Anthrax.

They released the album We've Come For You All in 2003, and whilst unsuccessful like the previous two albums, it was considered their best album in years. Whilst touring, Frank Bello left and was replaced by Armored Saint member Joey Vera.
However, Frank Bello returned to the band as well as Joey Belladonna and Dan Spitz in 2005, when Anthrax announced a reunion tour. This successful tour ended in 2007, and Joey and Dan left once again. New singer Dan Nelson was announced and Rob Caggiano returned. They started making a new album called Worship Music, which was supposed to be released in 2009. However, Dan Nelson left the band during that year, and the album was put on hold. John Bush made a return to the band, who considered releasing Worship Music with this singer.

Current period 
However, Joey Belladonna once again returned to Anthrax in 2010 on a permanent basis. The band played several shows (including the "Big 4" concerts with Metallica, Megadeth and Slayer) and work continued on the new album, which was finally finished and released in 2011. The album was their most successful since Sound Of White Noise.
The band released an extended play of covers of rock songs from the 1970s in March 2013. Guitar player Rob Caggiano left Anthrax at the beginning of 2013 to play with Volbeat. In 2016, they released their eleventh album, For All Kings.

Band members 
 Joey Belladonna, vocals
 Scott Ian, guitar
 Frank Bello, bass
 Charlie Benante, drums/guitar in mid-late 90s

Past members include:
 Neil Turbin, original vocalist
 John Bush, Joey Belladonna's replacement in 1992
 Dan Nelson, Joey's second replacement in 2007
 Danny Lilker, founding member, started off as lead guitarist before moving to bass
 Joey Vera, replaced Frank Bello temporarily in 2004
 Dan Spitz, long time lead guitarist
 Rob Caggiano, first official lead guitarist since Dan Spitz
Albums 
 Fistful of Metal (1984)
 Spreading the Disease (1985)
 Among the Living (1987)
 State of Euphoria (1988)
 Persistence of Time (1990)
 Sound of White Noise (1993)
 Stomp 442 (1995)
 Volume 8: The Threat Is Real (1998)
 We've Come for You All (2003)
 Worship Music (2011)

Other websites 
 Official Anthrax Website
 Official Anthrax Fan Club

References 

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Speed metal bands
American rap music groups
Musical groups from New York City
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was a high-ranking German Nazi politician and leader of the SS and the Gestapo.  He was involved in the Beer Hall Putsch (1923) and Night of the Long Knives (1934) and as well as Kristallnacht/Night Of The Broken Glass (1938).  He was one of the youngest top leader of the Nazi Party and one of the few who did not fight in World War I.  One of Heinrich Himmler's most evil and cruel henchman was Reinhard Heydrich, deputy head of the Schutzstaffel and Gestapo. 

Himmler has been portrayed in various works of fiction. In the 1989 Steven Spielberg movie Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Himmler was portrayed by Ronald Lacey.  In the TV series The Man in the High Castle he appeared along with Reinhard Heydrich (who was actually assassinated in 1942).
Himmler and the Holocaust 
Himmler's SS (the Totenkopfverbände) organized and administered Germany’s regime of concentration camps. After 1941, they administered the Holocaust in Poland. The SS, through its Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD), hunted down Jews, Gypsies, communists and any persons who the Nazis believed to be either Untermensch (sub-human) or against the regime. They were brought to concentration camps. Himmler opened the first of these camps at Dachau on 22 March 1933.
Unlike Hitler, Himmler inspected concentration camps. In August 1941, he saw many Jews being shot in Minsk. It was said that he turned green in the face after brain matter from one of the Jews splashed onto his coat. His assistant had to jump forward and hold him steady. After that, the Nazis searched for a new and easier way to kill. This led to the use of the gas chambers. In June-July 1934 Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich were both responsible for the SS to execute Ernst Röhm the head of the SA during Night of the Long Knives .

Posen speech 
On 4 October 1943, Himmler spoke of the extermination of the Jewish people during a secret SS meeting in the city of Poznań (Posen). The following are parts from an audio recording of the speech:
I also want to mention a very difficult subject before you here, completely openly. It should be discussed amongst us, and yet, nevertheless, we will never speak about it in public. I am talking about the Jewish evacuation: the extermination of the Jewish people. It is one of those things that is easily said. "The Jewish people are being exterminated," every Party member will tell you: "Perfectly clear, it’s part of our plans, we’re eliminating the Jews, exterminating them, ha!, a small matter."

Heinrich Himmler died on 23 May 1945 age 44 when he was captured by the British Army and he committed suicide by potassium cyanide capsule. It is unknown where Heinrich Himmler’s body is buried in Germany .

They called him "father of the concentration camp". The architect of genocide.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 List of Himmler speeches  A very detailed list of Himmler speeches including online sources and material in the U.S. National Archives.
 audio recording  of the Poznan speech
 Die Schutzstaffel als antibolschewistische Kampforganisation An essay by Himmler
 About Heinrich Himmler 

1900 births
1945 deaths
Directors of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt
Former Roman Catholics
German military personnel of World War I
German military personnel of World War II
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Murderers who committed suicide
Nazis who committed suicide
Politicians from Munich
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Germany