Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Up to 1900 
 1018 - The Peace of Bautzen is signed between Poland and Germany.
 1607 - Massive flooding hits the coasts of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary in England, killing around 2,000 people.
 1648 – The Treaty of Münster is signed, ending the Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain.
 1649 – King Charles I of England is beheaded.
 1661 – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England is formally executed – after having been dead for two years.
 1667 - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cedes Kiev, Smolensk and western Ukraine to the Tsardom of Russia.
 1790 – The first boat specialized as a lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne.
 1806 - The original Lower Trenton Bridge, spanning the Delaware River between Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, New Jersey, is opened.
 1820 – Edward Bransfield lands on the Antarctic mainland.
 1826 - The Menai Suspension Bridge, connecting the island of Anglesey and mainland Wales, is opened.
1835 – A mentally ill man named Richard Lawrence attempts to assassinate President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol—the first assassination attempt against a President. Both of Lawrence's pistols misfire, and Jackson proceeds to beat his would-be assassin with his cane.
 1841 - A fire destroys two-thirds of the city of Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.
 1847 – Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco.
 1862 – The first American ironclad warship, the USS Monitor is launched.
 1869 - The University of Idaho is started.
 1889 – Archduke Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian crown, is found dead with his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera in Mayerling. How they died remains a mystery.
 1900 – United Kingdom forces fighting Boers in South Africa ask for reinforcements.
1901  2000 
 1902 - The United Kingdom and Japan sign the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
 1911 – The destroyer USS Terry makes the first airplane rescue at sea saving the life of James McCurdy 10 miles from Havana, Cuba.
 1911 – The Canadian Naval Service becomes the Royal Canadian Navy.
 1913 – House of Lords rejects Irish Home Rule Bill.
 1925 – Government of Turkey throws Patriarch Constantine VI out of Istanbul.
 1933 – Adolf Hitler is sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.
 1933 – The first of 2,956 episodes of The Lone Ranger radio series airs on station WXYZ in Detroit, Michigan.
 1942 - World War II: Japanese forces invade the island of Ambon in what is now Indonesia.
 1944 – World War II: United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands.
 1945 – The Wilhelm Gustloff sinks in the Baltic Sea in the deadliest maritime disaster in known history, killing roughly 9,000.
 1948 – Indian pacifist and leader Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Delhi by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu extremist.
1948 – 1948 Winter Olympics open in St. Moritz, Switzerland. Because of World War II a few years previously, German and Japanese athletes are not allowed to take part.
 1956 - Martin Luther King, Jr.'s home is bombed in retaliation for the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
 1959 - The ship MS Hans Hedtoft strikes an iceberg on her first voyage and sinks, killing 95 people on board.
 1962 – Two of the high-wire Flying Wallendas are killed when their famous seven-person pyramid collapses during a performance in Detroit, Michigan.
 1964 – Ranger 6 is launched by NASA. Its mission is to carry television cameras and to crash-land on the moon.
 1964 - Nguyen Khanh takes power in South Vietnam, removing Duong Van Minh's military junta from power.
 1965 - The funeral of Winston Churchill takes place in London. Over a million people line the streets to say farewell.
 1968 – Vietnam War: The Tết Offensive begins when NLF forces launch series of a surprise attacks in South Vietnam.
1969 – The Beatles' last public performance, on the roof of Apple Records in London. The impromptu concert is broken up by the police.
 1972 – Bloody Sunday: United Kingdom British Paratroopers murder fourteen Roman Catholic civil rights /anti internment marchers in Northern Ireland- Bloody Sunday (1972)
 1972 – Pakistan withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations.
 1975 – First faroese stamp issued
 1983 – Super Bowl XVII: The Washington Redskins defeat the Miami Dolphins, 27-17, thus winning their first NFL championship since 1942.
 1989 – The American embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan closes.
 1994 – Péter Lékó becomes the youngest grand master in chess.
 1994 – The Dallas Cowboys win their fourth Super Bowl title, 30-13 over the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII.
 1995 – Workers from the National Institutes of Health announce the success of clinical trials testing the first preventive treatment for sickle-cell disease.
1996 – Suspected leader of the Irish National Liberation Army Gino Gallagher is killed while in line for his unemployment benefit.
 2000 – Off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169.
 2000 – In Super Bowl XXXIV, the St. Louis Rams defeat the Tennessee Titans, 23-16.
From 2001 
 2002 – Slobodan Milošević accuses the United Nations war crimes tribunal of an "evil and hostile attack" against him.
 2003 – Belgium legally recognizes same-sex marriage.
 2005 – Amid violence and threats to boycott the results, Iraq holds an election for its National Assembly, the country's first free election since 1953.
 2007 - Microsoft Windows Vista is released.
 2015 - 55 people are killed in a bomb attack in Shikarpur, Southern Pakistan.
 2016 - 39 people drown as a boat carrying refugees sinks in the Mediterranean Sea.
 2016 - Tennis: Angelique Kerber becomes the first German woman since Steffi Graf to win a Grand Slam singles title, defeating Serena Williams in three sets to win the Australian Open.

Births
Up to 1900 
 58 BC – Livia Drusilla, wife of Roman Emperor Augustus (d. 29)
 133 – Marcus Severus Didius Julianus, Roman Emperor (d. 193)
 1563 - Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (d. 1641)
 1628 - George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English diplomat (d. 1687)
 1661 - Charles Rollin, French historian (d. 1741)
 1697 - Johann Joachim Quantz, German flautist (d. 1773)
 1720 - Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist and entomologist (d. 1778)
 1736 - James Watt, Scottish engineer (d. 1819)
 1754 - John Lansing, Jr., American statesman (d. 1829)
 1775 - Walter Savage Landor, English writer and poet (d. 1864)
 1781 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (d. 1838)
 1816 – Nathaniel Prentice Banks, American politician, Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1894)
 1822 - Franz Ritter von Hauer, Austrian geologist (d. 1899)
 1841 - Félix Faure, French politician (d. 1899)
 1841 - Sam Lloyd, American game inventor and puzzle specialist (d. 1911)
 1845 - Jose Domingo de Obaldia, 2nd President of Panama (d. 1910)
1846 - F. H. Bradley, British philosopher (d. 1924)
 1852 - Ion Luca Caragiale, Romanian playwright and poet (d. 1912)
 1862 - Walter Damrosch, German conductor and composer (d. 1950)
 1875 - Walter Middelberg, Dutch rower (d. 1944)
 1878 – Anton Hansen Tammsaare, Estonian writer (d. 1940)
 1882 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (d. 1945)
 1884 - Pedro Pablo Ramirez, President of Argentina (d. 1962)
 1888 - Beatrice Brigden, Canadian activist (d. 1977)
 1889 – Jaishankar Prasad, Indian poet and dramatist (d. 1937)
 1890 - Bruno Kastner, German actor (d. 1932)
 1894 – Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria (d. 1943)
 1895 – Wilhelm Gustloff, German leader of the Swiss Nazi Party (d. 1936)
 1899 – Max Theiler, South African virologist (d. 1972)
 1900 - Isaac Dunayevsky, Soviet composer (d. 1955)
1901  1950 
 1901 – Rudolf Caracciola, German racing driver (d. 1959)
 1910 - Chidambaram Subramaniam, Indian politician (d. 2000)
 1911 – Roy Eldridge, American jazz musician (d. 1989)
 1912 – Werner Hartmann, German physicist (d. 1988)
 1913 - Percy Thrower, English gardener and television host (d. 1988)
 1913 - Amrita Sher-Gil, Indian painter (d. 1941)
 1915 – John Profumo, British politician (d. 2006)
 1917 - Paul Frère, Belgian racing driver, journalist and author (d. 2008)
 1920 - Michael Anderson, British director
 1920 - Delbert Mann, American director (d. 2007)
 1924 – Lloyd Alexander, American writer (d. 2007)
 1925 - Douglas Engelbart, American inventor (d. 2013)
 1927 – Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1986)
 1928 – Hal Prince, American stage producer and director
 1929 - Lucille Teasdale-Corti, Canadian physician, surgeon and aid worker (d. 1996)
 1929 - Isamu Akasaki, Japanese scientist, joint-winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics
 1930 – Gene Hackman, American actor
1930 - Janis Krumins, Latvian basketball player (d. 1994)
 1930 - Egon Klepsch, German politician (d. 2010)
 1931 - Shirley Hazzard, Australian-American writer (d. 2016)
 1932 - Knock Yokoyama, Japanese comedian and politician
 1934 - Tammy Grimes, American actress and singer (d. 2016)
 1934 - Giovanni Battista Re, Italian cardinal
 1935 - Richard Brautigan, American writer (d. 1984)
 1935 - Jean Tiberi, former Mayor of Paris
 1936 - Horst Jankowski, German pianist (d. 1998)
 1937 – Vanessa Redgrave, British actress
 1937 – Boris Spassky, Russian chess player
 1937 - Ed Hansen, American movie director and editor (d. 2005)
 1938 – Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (d. 2016)
 1940 - Mitch Murray, English songwriter and producer
 1941 - Gregory Benford, American science fiction writer
 1941 – Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States
 1945 - Meir Dagan, Israeli general (d. 2016)
 1945 - Michael Dorris, American author (d. 1997)
 1946 - John Bird, Baron Bird, English social entrepreneur
1947 - Steve Marriott, English musician (d. 1991)
 1947 - Malgorzata Braunek, Polish actress (d. 2014)
 1948 - Sergio Cofferati, Italian politician
 1949 – Peter Agre, American biologist
 1949 - Jaak Salumets, Estonian basketball player and coach
1951  1975 
 1951 – Phil Collins, British singer and musician
 1951 - Philip Whitchurch, British actor
 1955 – John Baldacci, American politician, 73rd Governor of Maine
 1955 - Curtis Strange, American golfer
 1956 - Keiichi Tsuchiya, Japanese racing driver
 1956 - Darko Rundek, Croatian musician, actor and theatre director
 1956 - Jeremy Gittins, English actor
 1957 - Payne Stewart, American golfer (d. 1999)
 1959 – Irina Pudova, Yakut ballerina
 1960 - Eddie Jones, Australian rugby union player and coach
 1961 - Liu Gang, Chinese physicist and computer scientist
 1961 – Dexter Scott King, son of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King
 1962 – King Abdullah II of Jordan
 1963 - Tina Malone, English actress
 1964 - Otis Smith, American basketball player
 1965 - Julie McCullough, American model and actress
 1967 - Jay Gordon, American musician
 1967 - Sergey Tchepikov, Russian biathlete
 1968 – King Felipe VI of Spain
 1968 - Trevor Dunn, American musician
 1969 - Alexey Dreev, Russian chess player
1971 - Darren Boyd, British actor
 1972 - Jennifer Hale, Canadian-American actress and comedienne
 1974 – Christian Bale, British actor
 1974 – Olivia Colman, British actress
 1974 – Jemima Khan, British socialite
 1975 - Yumi Yoshimura, Japanese singer
 1975 – Juninho Pernambucano, Brazilian footballer
From 1976 
 1976 – Cristian Brocchi, Italian footballer
 1978 - Romesh Ranganathan, English comedian
 1979 - Davide Simoncelli, Italian cross-country skier
 1979 - Trevor Gillies, Canadian ice hockey player
 1980 – Wilmer Valderrama, American actor and producer
 1981 – Dimitar Berbatov, Bulgarian footballer
 1981 – Peter Crouch, English footballer
 1981 - Mathias Lauda, Austrian racing driver
 1982 - DeSagana Diop, Senegalese basketball player
 1983 - Ben Maher, English equestrian
 1984 – Kid Cudi, American Hip hop performer
 1987 – Arda Turan, Turkish footballer
 1987 - Phil Lester, English YouTuber, vlogger and radio personality
 1987 – Rebecca Quin, Irish professional wrestler better known as Becky Lynch
 1990 – Jake Thomas, American actor
 1990 - Yoon Bo-ra, South Korean singer
 1993 - Katy Marchant, English track cyclist
 1995 - Misaki Iwasa, Japanese singer (AKB48)
 1995 - Viktoria Komova, Russian gymnast
 1995 - Danielle Campbell, American actress
 1995 - Jack Laugher, English diver
2000 - Benee, New Zealand singer
 2005 – Prince Hashem bin Al Abdullah II of Jordan
Deaths

Up to 1900 
 680 - Bathild, Frankish Queen (b. 626)
 1030 - William V, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 969)
 1181 – Emperor Takakura of Japan (b. 1161)
 1314 - Nicholas III of Saint Omer
 1384 – Louis II of Flanders (b. 1330)
 1649 – King Charles I of England, Ireland and Scotland (b. 1600)
 1730 – Tsar Peter II of Russia (b. 1715)
 1836 – Betsy Ross, American seamstress (b. 1752)
 1867 – Emperor Komei of Japan (b. 1831)
 1869 - William Carleton, Irish novelist (b. 1794)
 1889 – Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria (b. 1858)
 1889 – Baroness Marie Vetsera, mistress of Austrian Crown Prince Rudolf (b. 1871)
1901  2000 
 1913 - James Henderson Berry, Governor of Arkansas (b. 1841)
 1926 - Barbara La Marr, American actress (b. 1896)
 1927 - Simeon Eben Baldwin, American politician, 65th Governor of Connecticut (b. 1840)
 1928 – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish doctor, won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1867)
 1929 - La Goulue, French dancer (b. 1866)
 1934 - Frank Nelson Doubleday, American publisher (b. 1862)
 1948 – Mahatma Gandhi, Indian spiritual leader and advocate of non-violence (assassinated) (b. 1869)
 1948 – Orville Wright, American aviation pioneer (b. 1871)
 1951 – Ferdinand Porsche, Austrian automobile engineer (b. 1875)
 1958 - Jean Crotti, Swiss artist (b. 1878)
 1958 – Ernst Heinkel, German engineer (b. 1888)
 1963 - Francis Poulenc, French composer (b. 1899)
 1969 – Dominique Pire, Belgian monk (b. 1910)
 1980 - Professor Longhair, American musician (b. 1918)
 1982 – Stanley Holloway, British actor (b. 1890)
 1982 – Lightnin' Hopkins, American musician (b. 1912)
1984 - Luke Kelly, Irish singer (The Dubliners) (b. 1940)
 1986 - Ivan Papanin, Russian explorer (b. 1894)
 1989 - Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cadiz, Spanish royal and claimant to the French throne (b. 1936)
 1991 – John Bardeen, American physicist (b. 1908)
 1995 – Gerald Durrell, British naturalist (b. 1925)
 1999 – Huntz Hall, American actor (b. 1919)
From 2001 
 2006 – Coretta Scott King, American civil rights activist (b. 1927)
 2007 – Sidney Sheldon, American writer and screenwriter (b. 1917)
 2008 – Jeremy Beadle, British television presenter (b. 1948)
 2009 – Ingemar Johansson, Swedish boxer (b. 1932)
 2009 – Sune Jonsson, Swedish writer, movie maker and photographer (b. 1930)
 2009 - H. Guy Hunt, 49th Governor of Alabama (b. 1933)
 2011 – John Barry, British movie score composer (b. 1933)
 2013 - Patty Andrews, American singer (b. 1918)
 2014 - Jack Stoddard, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1926)
 2014 - The Mighty Hannibal, American singer, songwriter and record producer (b. 1939)
 2014 - Arthur Rankin, Jr., American animator, director, producer and writer (b. 1924)
 2015 - Gerrit Voorting, Dutch road bicycle racer (b. 1923)
 2015 - Zhelyu Zhelev, 2nd President of Bulgaria (b. 1935)
 2015 - Geraldine McEwan, English actress (b. 1932)
 2015 - Carl Djerassi, Austrian-American chemist, novelist and playwright (b. 1923)
2016 - Frank Finlay, British actor (b. 1926)
 2016 - T. N. Gopakumar, Indian journalist (b. 1957)
 2016 - Georgia Davis Powers, American civil rights activist and politician (b. 1923)
 2016 - Francisco Flores Pérez, President of El Salvador (b. 1959)
 2016 - Mohammad Salimi, Iranian general (b. 1937)
 2017 - Marta Becket, American dancer, painter and choreographer (b. 1924)
 2017 - David Burhani, Tanzanian footballer (b. 1990)
 2017 - Carmen Contreras-Bozak, American World War II veteran (b. 1919)
 2017 - Mario R. Ramil, Filipino-born American justice (b. 1946)
 2018 - Rolf Schafstall, German footballer (b. 1937)
 2018 - Mark Salling, American actor and singer (b. 1982)
 2018 - Clyde Scott, American football player and hurdler (b. 1924)
 2018 - Kevin Towers, American baseball executive (b. 1961)
 2018 - Terry Van Ginderen, Belgian television and music producer (b. 1931)
 2018 - Azeglio Vicini, Italian footballer (b. 1933)
 2018 - Louis Zorich, American actor (b. 1924)
2019 - Stewart Adams, British chemist, inventor of ibuprofen (b. 1923)
 2019 - Per Jorsett, Norwegian sports reporter (b. 1920)
 2019 - Dick Miller, American actor (b. 1928)
Observances
 Observances related to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
 Martyrs' Day (India)
 School Day of non-violence and Peace (Spain)

Days of the year
Evil means something which is morally bad or wicked. It is the opposite of good. People may say that an action which hurts people or breaks certain rules such as the Ten Commandments is evil. A person or a group that does evil things may also be called evil.

Logical problem of evil 
A version of the problem of evil, perhaps by Epicurus, goes as follows:
 If a perfectly good god exists, then evil does not.
 There is evil in the world.
 Therefore, a perfectly good god does not exist.
Another argument goes:
 God exists.
 God is omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good.
 A perfectly good being would want to prevent all evils.
 An omniscient being knows every way in which evils can come into existence.
 An omnipotent being, who knows every way in which an evil can come into existence, has the power to prevent that evil from coming into existence.
 A being who knows every way in which an evil can come into existence, who is able to prevent that evil from coming into existence, and who wants to do so, would prevent the existence of that evil.
 If there exists an omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good being, then no evil exists.
 Evil exists (logical contradiction).

Arguments such as these are about the logical problem of evil. They attempt to show that the assumed propositions lead to a logical contradiction and so cannot all be correct.
Theology
A common response is that God can exist with and allow evil in order to achieve a greater good. Some philosophers accept that arguments such as "God allows evil in order to achieve the greater good of free will" are logically possible and thus solve the logical problem of evil. Since the aim is only to defeat the assertion that God and evil are logically incompatible, even a highly implausible instance of God's coexistence with evil is sufficient for the purpose.

In theology, there is a question: If there is a God, why does God let evil happen? Some think that evil proves that there is not a God. Others think that God lets evil happen so that people can choose not to do evil.
View
The study of good and evil in philosophy is called ethics. Ethics tries to explain why some actions are good and other actions are evil. It attempts to give all kinds of answers for how to tell evil from good. Christians believe that at the Second Coming of Christ, God will put an end to evil and the works of the Devil- see the end of the Book of Revelation. In movies or TV series evil people are often called villains. Political actions are sometimes viewed as evil such as authoritarianism, ableism, corruption or censorship. People disagree on why people do evil things. Religious people may think that it is the result of listening to an evil being such as the devil or sin. Others think it happens because of mental issues like anger, mental illness or revenge. Certain types of behavior are also often seen as universally evil, such as killing, lying or stealing. Sex crimes such as rape, hebephilia or pedophilia are also often seen as evil in basically every culture or society.

References
References

Related pages 
Theodicy

Ethics
Logic
Philosophy
Theology
1872 was a leap year in the 19th century.

Events 
 Levi Strauss invents jeans.
 American department store Montgomery Ward opens for business.
 Huntington's disease is defined for the first time.
 University of Toledo founded in Toledo, Ohio

Births 
 January 6 – Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (d. 1915)
 May 18 – Bertrand Russell, English philosopher and logician (d. 1970)
 July 4 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)
 June 6 – Alexandra Fyodorovna, Empress of Russia, wife of Nicholas II (d. 1918)
 July 16 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1928)
 August 21 – Aubrey Beardsley, English artist (d. 1898)
 October 12 – Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer (d. 1958)
 October 15 – Edith Bolling Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson (d. 1961)
 November 30 – John McCrae, Canadian poet and soldier in World War I
 December 28 – Pio Baroja, Spanish writer (d. 1956)
Deaths 
 January 21 – Franz Grillparzer, Austrian writer and poet (b. 1791)
 April 27 – Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Romanian writer and politician (b. 1802)
 June 4 – Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (b. 1798)
 November 29 – Horace Greeley, American newspaper editor and politician (b. 1811)
 December 23 - George Catlin, American painter (b. 1796)

Date unknown
 Karolina Bock, Swedish dancer, actress and singer (b. 1792)
 Petros Duryan, Armenian poet (b. 1851)
Poznań (German name: Posen) is the biggest city and capital of Greater Poland Voivodeship in Poland, one of the oldest and the biggest cities in Poland. Its population is about 560,000 and its area is 262 square kilometers.
Poznań was one of the 4 Polish cities where the UEFA European Football Championship matches were played in 2012. Poland co-hosted the championship together with Ukraine.
Walt Disney (Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck)
Terry Gilliam (Monty Python)
Tex Avery (Looney Tunes, Droopy)
Chuck Jones (Looney Tunes, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Tom and Jerry)
Don Martin (MAD Magazine)
Bil Keane (Family Circus)
Jim Davis (Garfield, U.S. Acres)
Matt Groening (Life in Hell, The Simpsons, Futurama)
Robert Crumb (Fritz the Cat, Keep on Truckin')
Al Capp (Lil' Abner)
Hanna-Barbera (The Flintstones, Tom and Jerry, Scooby Doo)
Max and Dave Fleschier (Koko The Clown, Betty Boop, Popeye)
Gary Larson (Far Side)
Mike Judge (Beavis and Butthead, King of the Hill)
Chester Gould (Dick Tracy)
Jay Ward (Rocky and Bullwinkle, George of the Jungle)
Don Bluth (American Tail, The Land Before Time)
Bill Watterson (Calvin and Hobbes)
Ub Iwerks (Mickey Mouse)
Garry Trudeau (Doonsbury)
Aaron McGruder (The Boondocks)
Jack Kirby (Marvel Comics)
Charles Schulz (Peanuts)
Sergio Aragonés (MAD Magazine, Groo the Wanderer)
Dave Berg (MAD Magazine)
John Kricfalusi (The Ren and Stimpy Show, Ripping Friends)
Mort Walker (Beetle Bailey)
Scott Adams (Dilbert)
Carl Barks (Scrooge McDuck)
Peyo (The Smurfs)
Bob Clampett (Looney Tunes, Beany and Cecil)
Bob Kane (Batman, Coragous Cat and Minute Mouse, Cool McCool)
Todd McFarlane (Spawn)
Seth McFarlane (Family Guy, American Dad)
Charles Addams (The Addams Family, The New Yorker)
Friz Freling (Looney Tunes)
Other websites 
Don Markstein's Toonopedia

 
Entertainment occupations
James Maury Henson (September 24, 1936 – May 16, 1990) was an American animator, artist and puppeteer. He was best known for his work with the Muppets, which he helped to create.

Henson's best known puppet is Kermit the Frog.  As a puppeteer, Henson performed in various television programs, such as Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, movies such as The Muppet Movie and The Great Muppet Caper.  He also made puppets for projects like Fraggle Rock, The Dark Crystal, and Labyrinth.

Legacy
The Jim Henson Company and the Jim Henson Foundation continued after his death, making new series and specials. Jim Henson's Creature Shop, founded by Henson, also continues to build creatures for a large number of other movies and series (e.g. the science-fiction production Farscape, the movie adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and the movie MirrorMask) and is said to be one of the most advanced and well respected creators of movie creatures.
His son Brian and daughter Lisa are the co-chairs and co-CEOs of the company. His daughter Cheryl is the president of the foundation. Steve Whitmire, a veteran member of the Muppet puppeteering crew, plays the roles of Kermit the Frog and Ernie, the most famous characters formerly played by Jim Henson.

One of Henson's last projects is a show attraction in Walt Disney World and Disneyland. It is called Muppet*Vision 3D. It opened in 1991, shortly after his death.
Tributes
 Henson is honored both as himself and as Kermit the Frog on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Only two other people have received this honor: Mel Blanc as both himself and Bugs Bunny; and Walt Disney as both himself and Mickey Mouse.
 The theater at his alma mater, Northwestern High School, in Hyattsville, MD, is named in his honor.
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze and The Muppet Christmas Carol are both dedicated to him.
 Stephen Lynch made a song titled "Jim Henson's Dead". He talks about many of the characters from The Muppet Show and Sesame Street.
 Henson is shown in The American Adventure in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort.
 Philip Roth often quotes Jim Henson in his Sabbath's Theater as the "great regret" for Mickey Sabbath.
The Jim Henson Museum, in his hometown of Leland, Mississippi, has an assortment of original Muppet characters, official certificates from the Mississippi Legislature honoring Henson and his characters, and a statue of Kermit in the middle of the stream behind the museum.
 The 1990 television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson let the Muppets themselves pay tribute to Henson. The special had interviews with Steven Spielberg and others.
 Celtic singer, musician, and songwriter Heather Alexander wrote a song titled "Storyteller" in 1990.  It is about his "Storyteller" series as well as his role as a modern storyteller.
 Tom Smith's Henson tribute song, "A Boy and His Frog", won the Pegasus Award for Best Filk Song in 1991.
 Henson was shown in Boyz II Men's 1991 video, "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday".
 Episode 2880 of Sesame Street (which aired on November 15, 1991) was dedicated in his memory, with a memorial card following the closing credits.
University of Maryland, College Park has a life-size statue of Henson and Kermit the Frog. 
 Kermit the Frog was named Grand Marshall of the 1996 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California.
 On the evening of October 25, 2000, Comedy Central had a banner sign that said: Jim Henson [1936–1990].
 In 2003, Jim Henson was honored at the yearly Norsk Høstfest in Minot, North Dakota.
 A 3D tribute to Henson called Over Time was shown as part of the 2005 Electronic Theater at SIGGRAPH.
 On September 28, 2005, the U.S. Postal Service issued a sheet of commemorative stamps honoring Henson and the Muppets.
 The Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta, Georgia, has more than 700 puppets made by Henson and his studio. Many of these are displayed in the museum exhibit Jim Henson: Puppeteer. In September 2008, the Center opened Jim Henson: Wonders From His Workshop, highlighting creations from Fraggle Rock, Labyrinth, and other later works.
On September 24, 2011, Henson's hometown of Leland renamed one of their bridges "The Rainbow Connection" to honor Henson and his work.
On his 75th birthday the Google doodle was six Muppets.
Filmography

References

Other websites 

1936 births
1990 deaths
Actors from Mississippi
American artists
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
American puppeteers
American voice actors
Comedians from Mississippi
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Deaths from sepsis
Emmy Award winners
Infectious disease deaths in New York City
Muppets
Writers from Mississippi
Game Boy Advance Video is a format of cartridges for the Game Boy Advance. They work the same as normal cartridge but play television shows instead of games. They generally contain 45 minutes of TV, for example, a show from Nickelodeon or Cartoon Network. They were first made in early 2004, but gradually stopped being made shortly before there were no more Game Boy Advance games made in 2008, with the final game for it being Samurai Deeper KYO.

References

Other websites 
Nintendo customer service for GBA video
GBA-Video.com 

Game Boy
A butterfly is a (usually) day-flying insect of the order Lepidoptera. They are grouped together in the suborder Rhopalocera. Butterflies are closely related to moths, from which they evolved about 56 million years ago. The earliest discovered fossil moth was 200 million years ago.

The life of butterflies is closely connected to flowering plants. Their larvae (caterpillars) feed on plants, and their adults feed on flowers. They lay their eggs on the plants their caterpillars feed on. Butterflies have a long history of co-evolution with flowering plants. Many of the details of plant anatomy are related to their pollinators, and vice versa. The other notable features of butterflies are their extraordinary range of colours and patterns, and their wings. These are discussed below.
Angiosperms (flowering plants) evolved in the Lower Cretaceous, but did not become common until the Upper Cretaceous. Butterflies were the last major group of insects to appear on the planet. They evolved from moths in the latest Cretaceous or the earliest Cainozoic. The earliest known butterfly fossils date to the mid Eocene epoch, between 40 and 50 million years ago.

Like moths, butterflies have four wings covered with tiny scales. The front and back wings are usually zipped together, so that the insect looks as if it has only two wings. When a butterfly is not flying, its wings are usually folded over its back. The wings are patterned and are often brightly coloured. There are many different kinds of butterflies. The males and females of each kind are often slightly different from each other. Butterfly watching is a popular hobby. Some people also keep collections of dead butterflies that they have caught, but they find out that the colour fades.
Like all insects with complete metamorphosis, a butterfly's life goes through four distinct stages. It begins as an egg, which  hatches into a larva (a caterpillar). After some time, the larva turns into a chrysalis. While it is in the chrysalis stage, it changes to become an adult butterfly. These changes are only beginning to be understood. To complete the cycle, adults mate and the females lay eggs. 

Butterflies are any of the species belonging to the superfamilies Papilionoidea and Hedyloidea. Butterflies, along with the moths and the skippers, make up the insect order Lepidoptera. Butterflies are nearly worldwide in their distribution.

Predators and defences

Predators 
The main predators of butterflies are birds, just as the main predators of the crepuscular moths are bats. Also monkeys and tree-dwelling reptiles are predators, and some insects and spiders. All reptiles have good colour vision, so that butterfly coloration works just as well on them as it does on birds.
Defences 
The extraordinary colours and patterns on the wings and body can only be understood in terms of their function. Some of the most obvious functions of colour are:
 Camouflage: enabling the insect to remain hidden from view
 Signalling to other animals
 Warning colouration: signalling to other animals not to attack. Caterpillars may have stored poisons from their food plants.
 Mimicry: taking advantage of another species' warning coloration
 Sexual selection: finding a mate
 Other kinds of signalling:
 Diversion
 Startle defence: unexpected flashes of colour or eyespots

The details vary from group to group, and from species to species. The caterpillars also have colours with similar functions. The poisonous substances which make some butterflies noxious to eat are got from the plants eaten by their caterpillars.

Body
Body 

Like most insects, butterflies have three main body parts. These parts are the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The body is protected by the exoskeleton. The body is made up of sections, known as segments. In between the segments there are flexible areas that allow the butterfly to move. All three parts of the body are covered in very small scales. The scales give the butterfly its colour.

Wings and flight 
Butterflies have a very characteristic flying style. They usually do not fly in straight lines. Their style is well described by the children's version of their name: 'flutter-by'.  The way they fly presumably makes them harder for birds to catch. 

Some species are capable of strong, long flights (see monarch butterfly migration) and others never leave the woods they were born in. They can survive bird pecks on the wings. Late in the season damage to their wings can often be seen, though they continue flying quite well.
When they are alive, it is often difficult to see they have four wings. The wings on each side are linked by a row of little hooks. So in practice they fly as if they had one large wing on each side.

Head 
The head is the first part of the body. It has the eyes, mouth parts, and antennae.

The eyes of a butterfly are large. Like other adult insects, the eye is made up of many small lenses or "optical units". These are compound eyes. Butterflies do not see as many colours as humans, but they can see ultraviolet light.

The mouth of an adult butterfly does not have jaws. It has a kind of mouth that sucks liquids. This mouth is made of two hollow tubes. The tubes are locked together in the middle. When the butterfly is not drinking, the tubes are coiled up. It can uncoil them  when it wants to drink. Like all insects, the adult phase is about reproduction. The main eating phase is done by the larvae, which usually eat plant food.
The antennae of a butterfly are used for smell and balance. The antenna in most butterflies is clubbed at the end. In some butterflies (like the skippers), there is a hook at the end of the antenna, instead of a club.

Thorax 

The thorax is the second part of the body. It is made up of three segments. The legs and wings are connected to the thorax.

The legs of a butterfly are made for walking, holding onto things, and tasting. There are three pairs of legs. There are four main parts of the leg. They are the trochanter, the femur, the tibia, and the foot. At the end of each foot, there is a pair of claws. Butterflies in the family Nymphalidae have very short front legs. They keep there front legs close to their bodies. This makes it look like they only have two pairs of legs. In some species, there is a movable body part on the tibia that is used to clean the antennae.
A butterfly has two pairs of wings. Each wing has hollow tubes called veins. The colors and patterns of butterflies are made by tiny scales. The scales overlap each other. They are connected to the wing. If a butterfly is handled, the tiny scales may rub off.

Abdomen 
The abdomen is the third part of the body. It is made up of ten segments. The abdomen is much softer than the head and the thorax. At the end of the abdomen are the reproductive organs. In the male, there is a pair of claspers. They are used to hold on to the female during mating. In the female, there is a tube to lay eggs (the ovipositor).

Life cycle 
Butterflies go through complete metamorphosis. This means that there are four parts in a butterfly's life. The first part is the egg. The second part is the caterpillar (sometimes called the larva). The third part is the chrysalis (sometimes called the pupa). The fourth part is the adult (sometimes called the imago).

Egg
Egg 

A female butterfly will lay her eggs on or near the food plant of the caterpillar (the food plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The female will choose a place to lay her eggs using smell, taste, touch, and sight. Most species will lay just one egg on the food plant. Others will lay groups of five to over 100 eggs on the food plant. Most species will lay their eggs on the leaves of the food plant. Others will lay them on the flowers, stems, bark, or fruit of the food plant.

The eggs come in many different shapes and colours. They may be round or oval, and flattened. In some species, the egg shell is ribbed. The most common colours in butterfly eggs are yellow and green. The eggs will turn dark just before hatching. Also, some butterflies take a day to come out of eggs, while others could take months.

Caterpillar
Caterpillar 

Butterfly caterpillars can vary in size, colour, and shape. They may have spines, bristles, or soft body extensions. All caterpillars have 13 body segments. The first three segments make up the thorax. The thorax has three pairs of legs. These legs are called true legs. The other 10 segments make up the abdomen. The abdomen has five pairs of soft legs called prolegs. The prolegs have tiny hooks at the end of each of the foot. They are used to hold on to things. The hooks are called crochets.

A caterpillar's skin does not grow. As the caterpillar grows inside its skin, the skin becomes too tight. In order for the caterpillar to grow bigger, it sheds its too-tight skin. After the old skin is shed, there is a new, larger skin. This is known as moulting. A caterpillar will moult four to five times before turning into a pupa. Each stage between moults is called an instar.
All caterpillars can make silk. The silk is made from the salivary glands. Silk starts out as a liquid in the salivary glands. The caterpillar draws out the silk into a small thread. The silk hardens as soon as it is exposed to the air. Caterpillars use silk to make nests or cocoons.

Most caterpillars feed on leaves of plants or trees. Most species of caterpillars will feed only on a small number of certain kinds of plants. If the caterpillar's food plant is not found, it may starve to death.

Some species of caterpillars (in the family Lycaenidae) are tended by ants. The caterpillars have special glands that make a sweet liquid called honeydew. The ants like the honeydew. In return for the honeydew, the ants protect the caterpillars from predators. The caterpillars also have special body parts that make sounds. The caterpillar will make sounds with the body parts and "call" the ants when the caterpillar is being attacked by predators. The ants hear the sounds and come to protect the caterpillar.
Caterpillars in the subfamily Miletinae eat insects in the order Hemiptera. This includes aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers and treehoppers.p356

Caterpillars in the family Papilionidae have a special organ. This organ is called an osmeterium. It is a bad-smelling gland that is shaped like a snake's tongue. It is kept behind the inside of the head. When a predator tries to eat the caterpillar, the caterpillar releases the osmeterium. This usually scares the predators away.p161

Pupa 

The pupa (plural, pupae) is formed after the last moult. The caterpillar will find a special place to pupate (pupate means to turn into a pupa). The digestive tract is emptied. The caterpillar sheds its skin. The pupa is now exposed. The caterpillar's tissues are broken down and rebuilt into the butterfly's tissues.
The pupa cannot move. It is attached to an object by tiny hooks on the end of the abdomen. These hooks make up what is called the cremaster. There are many tiny holes on the pupa. They allow respiratory gases to move in and out of the pupa.

Many pupae are easy for predators to attack. Some caterpillars (in the family Hesperiidae and the subfamilies Parnassiinae and Satyrinae) make shelters out of silk and leaves to protect themselves when they become pupae. These shelters are called cocoons. Most butterfly pupae do not have cocoons to protect themselves. Instead, the pupae have brown or green colours to camouflage themselves among leaves and branches. Pupae that do not have cocoons are called chrysalids or chrysalises.
Survival 
Some butterflies may be in trouble because of habitat loss. Because of the destruction of forests and grasslands, some types of butterflies have nowhere to feed and lay eggs. To help, some people plant a butterfly garden with flowers having lots of nectar for butterflies to feed on. Some people also keep plants that butterflies lay eggs on, and enjoy watching the caterpillars hatch out and feed on the plant. Chemical sprays that are used to keep pests away from garden plants, also kill butterflies.
Fossils 
The earliest Lepidoptera fossils date to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, about 200million years ago. Butterflies evolved from moths. The oldest known butterfly is Protocoeliades kristenseni from the Palaeocene of Denmark, about 55million years ago. It belongs to the family Hesperiidae (skippers). Molecular clock estimates suggest that butterflies originated sometime in the mid-Cretaceous, but only significantly diversified during the Cenozoic. Genetic data suggest they originated in North-America 102.5–100.0million years ago from a nocturnal moth ancestor that fed on legumes. Only about 17million years ago did they colonize Europe. The oldest American butterfly is from the later Eocene from the Florissant Formation fossil beds, about 34million years old.

Butterfly families

Some colourful butterflies

Monarch butterfly gallery

Related pages 
Differences between butterflies and moths
Defence against predation
Animal colour
Moth
Lepidoptera

References
References

Further reading 
 Boggs C; Watt W. & Ehrlich P. 2003. Butterflies: evolution and ecology: taking flight. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
 Pyle R.M. 1992. Handbook for butterfly watchers. Houghton Mifflin.
Nazism (or National Socialism; ) is a set of villainous political beliefs associated with the Nazi Party of Germany. It started in the 1920s, but the Nazi Party gained power in 1933 and started carrying out their ideas in Germany, which they called the Third Reich. They stayed in power in Germany until 1945, when they lost World War II.

National Socialism is an extreme right-wing, fascist, ideology that is heavily inspired from the works of Oswald Spengler. The Nazis believed that only the Aryan (German) race was capable of building nations and other races, notably the Jewish race, were agents of the corruptive forces of capitalism and Marxism, both of which the Nazis opposed. They considered the Aryan race the 'Master race', which meant that they thought that the Aryans were the most biologically evolved of humans. They adapted Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and applied it to humans, the practical application of this was called eugenics.
The Nazis blamed the Jewish people for Germany's defeat in World War I. This is known as the Stab in the Back Myth. The Nazis also blamed the Jewish people for rapid inflation and practically every other economic woe facing Germany at the time as a result of their defeat in World War I. For this reason, the Nazis not only viewed the Jewish people as inferior to them, but as oppressors of the Aryan people who were creating inequality. The Nazis' tactic of lazily albeit effectively blaming the Jewish people for all of Germany's problems is a propaganda tactic known as scapegoating and was used to justify the great atrocities committed by the Nazis against the Jewish people.

To implement the racist ideas, the Nuremberg Race Laws (created in 1935) banned non-Aryans and political opponents of the Nazis from the civil-service. They also forbid any sexual contact between 'Aryan' and 'non-Aryan' persons.
The Nazis sent millions of Jews, Roma, and other people to concentration camps and death camps, where they were killed. These killings are now called the Holocaust.

The word Nazi is short for Nationalsozialist (supporter of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) in the German language. This means "National Socialist German Workers' Party".

Nazi rise to power (1919–1934) 
Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, wrote a book called Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). The book said that all of Germany's problems happened because Jews were making plans to hurt the country. He also said that Jewish and communist politicians planned the Armistice of 1918 that ended World War I, and allowed Germany to agree to pay huge amounts of money and goods (reparations).
On the night of the 27 February 1933 and 28 February 1933, someone set the Reichstag building on fire. This was the building where the German Parliament held their meetings. The Nazis blamed the communists. Opponents of the Nazis said that the Nazis themselves had done it to come to power. On the very same day, an emergency law called Reichstagsbrandverordnung was passed. The government claimed it was to protect the state from people trying to hurt the country. With this law, most of the civil rights of the Weimar Republic did not count any longer. The Nazis used this against the other political parties. Members of the communist and social-democratic parties were put into prison or killed.

The Nazis became the biggest party in the parliament. By 1934, they managed to make all other parties illegal. Democracy was replaced with a dictatorship. Adolf Hitler became leader (Führer) of Germany, and had the power to make any laws he wanted.
Life in Nazi Germany (1934–1945) 
The Nazis changed Germany to fit their ideas of what a country should be like. They created a totalitarian state, which is a country where the government tries to have total control over ordinary people's lives.

In schools, several subjects were changed to fit a Nazi interpretation. History was taught to emphasise German military victories and blames Jewish people and Marxists for defeat in WWI. Children were also taught racial hygiene lessons, where pseudo-scientific racist principles taught to them. In 1936, all German children had to be members of the Hitler Youth which was a Nazi version of the Scouting movement, and was designed to prepare them to be soldiers in wars against other races.
People who opposed the Nazis were seen as traitors. The Nazis created a very effective police state, led by Heinrich Himmler and his deputy Reinhard Heydrich. They were in charge of an organisation called the Schutzstaffel (SS) that took control of all of the police forces in Germany. The SS also set up a new secret police organisation called the Gestapo which hunted down people who wanted to protest against the Nazi government. Enemies of the Nazis were regularly tortured, put in concentration camps or executed.

Attacking other countries 

As the German leader (Führer) of Nazi Germany, Hitler began moving Nazi armies into neighboring countries. When Germany attacked Poland, World War II started. Western countries like France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were occupied and to be treated by Germany as colonies. However, in Eastern countries, such as Poland and the Soviet Union, the Nazis planned to kill or enslave the Slavic peoples, so that German settlers could take their land.
The Nazis made alliances with other European countries, such as Finland and Italy. Every other European country that allied with Germany did it because they did not want to be taken over by Germany. Through these alliances and invasions, the Nazis managed to control much of Europe.

The Holocaust 

In the Holocaust, millions of Jews, as well as Roma people (also called "Gypsies"), people with disabilities, homosexuals, political opponents, and many other people were sent to concentration camps and death camps in Poland and Germany. The Nazis killed millions of these people at the concentration camps with poison gas. The Nazis also killed millions of people in these groups by forcing them to do slave labor without giving them much food or clothing. In total, 17 million people died, 6 million of them being Jews.
Victory of the Allies 
In 1945, the Soviet Union took over Berlin after defeating the German army in Russia. The Soviet Red Army met the American and British armies, who had fought right across Germany after invading Nazi Europe from Normandy in France on June 6,1944. The Nazis lost because the Allies had many more soldiers and more money than them.

During the invasion of Berlin, Hitler  shot himself in a bunker with his new wife, Eva Braun. Other Nazis also killed themselves, including Joseph Goebbels just one day after Hitler named him as his successor. The Nazis surrendered after the Red Army captured Berlin.

Nuremberg Trials
Nuremberg Trials 

After the war, the Allied governments, namely the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, held trials of the Nazi leaders. These trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany. For this reason, these trials were called "the Nuremberg Trials." The Allied leaders accused the Nazi leaders of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including murdering millions of people (in the Holocaust), of starting wars, of conspiracy, and belonging to illegal organizations like the SS (called, "Schutzstaffel", in German). Most Nazi leaders were found guilty by the court, and they were sent to jail or sentenced to death and executed.

Nazis after the war