Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Six-Pack Challenge 

A Six-Pack Challenge is a match where six wrestlers compete against each other all at one time. The wrestler who gets a pinfall or submission is the winner. There are no disqualifications or countouts.

Championship Scramble match 

WWE features a match called the Championship Scramble in which none of the wrestlers are eliminated. Two wrestlers start the match and every five minutes another wrestler enters until all five participants are present. After the last wrestler enters, there is a predetermined time limit. Each time a wrestler scores a pinfall or submission, he becomes the interim champion. Such reigns are not recorded as title reigns. The winner is the wrestler who scores the last pinfall or submission before the time limit expires. The Unforgiven pay-per view of 2008 is arguably the most prominent showcase of this match type, as all three world titles were contested under a Championship Scramble match.

Special Guest Referee
A Special Guest Referee match is a match where another wrestler acts as the referee in the match. The referee doesn't have to be a wrestler and come sometimes be an authority figure or celebrity.

Non-Wrestling matches

Arm Wrestling match 

An Arm Wrestling match is a "match" (moreso a contest) where two wrestlers arm wrestle each other. It usually ends with one wrestler attacking the other after.

Boxing match 

A Boxing match is a match where usual boxing rules are in place. It usually ends in cheating from the heel.

First Blood match 

A First Blood match is a match where there are no disqualifications. To win the match, a wrestler must make their opponent bleed.

No Disqualification match 
A No Disqualification match (also known as a No Holds Barred match) is a match where there are no disqualifications. This means a wrestler can hit another wrestler with a weapon or someone can interfere in the match and they won't lose because of it.

Last Man Standing match
A Last Man Standing match is a match where a wrestler has to hurt their opponent enough to where he cannot make it to his feet before the count of 10, the one who cannot meet the count loses. There are no pinfalls or submission, no disqualifications, no count outs.

Series matches

Best of Series match 

A Best of Series match is a match where there are multiple match over a period of time. It is usually held in a series of five or seven. To win a Best of Five, the wrestler or team must win three matches. To win a Best of Seven, the wrestler or team must win four matches.

Gauntlet match 

A Gauntlet match is where a wrestler must defeat a number of opponents in order to win. Standard rules apply.

Iron Man match
Iron Man match 

An Iron Man match is a multi-fall match where there is a set time limit. The way to win the match is to have the most points by the end of the time limit. To gain a point, the wrestler must pin or submit their opponent. A point can also be gained by countout or disqualification. If both wrestlers have the same amount of points as the time limit expires, the match is supposed to be declared a draw, but sometimes they will go to "sudden death" rules. (first wrestler to gain a point after the regulalation time has expired will gain the victory). Sometimes the "ultimate submission" stipulation is also used as well.

Two out of Three falls match 

A Two out of Three falls match is a match where a wrestler or team has to win two times to win the match. They can win by either pinfall, submission, disqualification, or knockout.

Three Stages of Hell match
A Three Stages of Hell match is a three match series where the wrestler is allowed to pick any three match types. The first wrestler that score two out of three falls declares the winner.

Stipulation matches

Kiss My Foot match 

A Kiss My Foot match is a type of singles match where the loser has to kiss the winner's foot. Known matches include Bret Hart vs Jerry Lawler at the King of the Ring 
pay per view held in 1995 as well as Jerry Lawler vs Michael Cole at the Over the Limit pay per view held in 2011. A similar version of this match is the "Kiss My Ass Match", where the loser had to kiss the winner's butt and was held during WWF's Attitude Era.

Last Chance match 

A Last Chance match is a match where match where a wrestler challenges for a championship. If they lose the match, they are not allowed to challenge the title holder for the championship again.

Loser Leaves Town match
A Loser Leaves Town match is a match where if the wrestler loses, they have to leave the company. This match was popular during the days of the wrestling territories in the 1980s.

Luchas de Apuestas 

Luchas de Apuestas (gambling fights) are matches where both of the wrestlers put something on the line, usually their mask or hair. The loser of the match would then lose the thing that they put on the line. A masked wrestler would be forced to unmask and a wrestler that put their hair on the line would be shaven bald. This type of match is popular in Mexico.

Move match 

A Move match is a match where a specific wrestling move must be used by a wrestler to win the match. The move depends on the wrestlers in the match or storyline going into it. 

There is also a match called a Banned Move match where a specific move will be banned in the match, usually on of the wrestler's finishing moves. If the wrestler uses the move, they will be disqualified.

Retirement match
Retirement match 

A Retirement match is a match where if the wrestler loses they have to retire from professional wrestling.

Royal Rumble match 

A Royal Rumble match is a 30-man battle royal with a interval time. Only two wrestlers will start the match with the #1 and #2 draw before the next wrestler enters the ring. Eliminations only counts when a wrestler goes over the top rope with both feet touching the floor. The last wrestler remaining is the winner. This match was created by Pat Patterson.

Ambulance match 

An Ambulance match is fought under hardcore rules; the only way to win is for a wrestler to force their opponent into the back of an ambulance and close the door.

Steel Cage match 

A steel cage match is a match that literally takes place in a steel cage which surrounds the ring. You can win by pinfall, submission or escaping the cage by climbing over with both feet hitting the floor outside or by exiting the door with both feet hitting the floor.

Elimination Chamber match
An Elimination Chamber match is a match which takes place in a large, circular steel cage that surrounds the entire ring. The chamber contains four clear, plexiglass pods which holds four of the six wrestlers in the match. A pod opens every five minutes to let another wrestler into the match. A wrestler can be eliminated from the match by either pinfall or submission inside the ring. The last wrestler remaining is the winner. The match was created by Triple H and was introduced by Eric Bischoff in November 2002.

Hell in a Cell match 

A Hell in a Cell match is a match which takes place in a large cage which covers beyond the ring apron is lowered around the ring and leaves a small gap between the edge of the ring and the cage wall. It also covers the top of the cage hence the name 'cell'. There is no disqualification and wrestlers are allowed to go outside the cell. The match can be won by pinfall or submission.
During the early Hell in a Cell matches, many wrestlers got injured. A famous moment happened in 1998 at King of the Ring when The Undertaker threw Mankind off the 16-foot (5 m) high cell through the Spanish announcers table. Undertaker also chokeslammed Mankind through the roof of the cell onto a thumbtack-covered mat in the same match.

Lethal Lockdown match 

A Lethal Lockdown match is a steel cage match where two teams face each other and each member of the teams enter similar to the rules of WarGames. A roof is lowered onto the cage when every member of the teams have entered the match. Multiple weapons are given and hung from the roof.

Lion's Den match 

A Lion's Den match is a match that takes place in a octagon cage similar to the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). The wrestler must knockout or submit the other wrestler to win the match. The first Lion's Den match took place between Ken Shamrock and Owen Hart at SummerSlam.

Punjab Prison Match
The Punjabi Prison is one of the unique structures in pro-wrestling. The goal of the match is to escape the two bamboo cages before your opponent does. The Punjabi Prison Match, a relatively obscure match stipulation — there have only been three in WWE history, The first being The Undertaker vs The Big Show,The Great Khali was originally supposed to be involved in the Big Show’s place but he was forced out of the match after elevated levels of enzymes were found in his liver. The Big Show took Khali’s place and faced off against the Undertaker at the Great American Bash in 2006. Undertaker’s feet ended up hitting the floor first, which gave him the victory. The modern WWE Universe is probably only familiar with the bout as a curiosity coined by The Great Khali, but that doesn’t entirely do justice to the intricacies of the stipulation, or just how brutal the match itself really is.
For starters, while matches like a Steel Cage, Hell in a Cell or even the Elimination Chamber typically trap a Superstar within one enclave, the Punjabi Prison surrounds them with two: First, there are four walls of bamboo that immediately surround the ring in the fashion of a traditional cage. Outside of that stands another, larger, octagonal structure, topped with a series of razor-sharp bamboo spikes.

WarGames match 

A WarGame match is a match where there are two rings beside each other and a steel cage surrounding them. Depending on which promotion is doing the match, there is sometimes a roof on the cage. Two teams are locked in the cage and fight. The match starts as a one-on-one match and after five minutes, a new member enters. Every two minutes, a new member of each team enters. The version of WarGames in Jim Crockett Productions and All Elite Wrestling (AEW) have a roof and no pinfalls. AEW's version of WarGames is called Blood and Guts. Dusty Rhodes is credited as the creator of the match.
Inferno match 

An Inferno match is a type of match where the ring is completely surrounded by flames when both of the wrestler have entered the ring. The way to win the match is for a wrestler to set their opponent on fire. The match usually ends on the outside so that the paramedics can help the loser of the match. The first inferno match took place at Unforgiven in 1998 where The Undertaker defeated Kane.

Buried Alive match 

A Buried alive match is a match where there is a grave dug out of dirt found outside the ring. The way to win the match is for a wrestler to throw their opponent into the grave and bury them in dirt.

Casket match 

A casket match, also known as a Coffin match, is a match where there is a casket near the ring. To win the match, the wrestler has to throw their opponent in the casket and close the lid.

Last Ride match 

A Last Ride match is a match where a wrestler has to throw the other wrestler into the back of a hearse and close it to win. It is similar to an Ambulance match.
Stretcher match 

A Stretcher match is a match where a wrestler has to put the other wrestlers body on a stretcher and push them to the top of the entrance ramp to win.

Battle Royal match 
Battle Royal is a multi-competitor match type in which wrestlers are eliminated until only one is left. Typical battle royals begin with 20 or more participants in the ring all at the same time, who are then eliminated by being thrown over the top rope and having both feet touch the venue floor (this is sometimes referred to as the "Shawn Michaels rule", due to the 1995 Royal Rumble, in which he was thrown over the top rope, hung on to the top rope and only had one foot land on the floor). A variation known as the "Reverse battle royal" existed in TNA.

Stadium Stampede match
A Stadium Stampede match is match held by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). In a Stadium Stampede match, teams of wrestlers fight around a sports stadium. A ring is set up in the middle of the stadium for wrestlers to use. There are no disqualifications and a wrestler has to pin or submit a wrestler of the other team to win the match.

The first Stadium Stampede match took place at TIAA Bank Field, home of the Jacksonville Jaguars (which is also owned by AEW owner Tony Khan).

Survivor Series Elimination match 
In WWE, these matches are primarily featured during its Survivor Series pay-per-views, where they are billed as a "Survivor Series match". Teams of four or five, though on some occasions as many as seven, compete under elimination rules. All other standard rules apply, and team members may tag in and out in any order. While some teams are already established stables, others may need to recruit members for their team.

Weapons match

Chairs match
Chairs match 

A Chairs match is a match where the only weapon that is allowed to be used is a steel chair. There are no disqualifications in the match. The wrestler can win by either pinfall or submission.

Item on a Pole match 

A Item on a Pole match is where a wrestler has to climb the turnbuckle and obtain the item in order to win. There are no pinfalls, no submissions, no disqualification, or no countouts.

In Impact Wrestling, they have a version called a Feast or Fired match. In the match, there are four briefcases hung on each turnbuckle and each contain a contract for a future championship match. One of them has a pink slip and the wrestler that gets it gets fired. What's in the case is revealed later. The wrestler that has the briefcase can either keep it or give it up to save themselves from a possible firing.

Biker chain match
Biker chain match 

A Biker chain match is a match where a wrestler has to grab a biker chain that is hanging from a pole. The chain is the only weapon that is allowed in the match. The only biker chain match that has taken place was The Undertaker vs Brock Lesnar at No Mercy.

Ladder match 

A Ladder match is a match where a prize is hung above the ring, usually a championship belt or a briefcase with a contract inside. To win you must climb a ladder and retrieve the prize. Weapons are legal in this match type.

Casino Ladder match 

A Casino Ladder match is a match held by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). In the match, a giant poker chip is hung above the ring. 2 wrestlers try to climb the ladder a get the chip. A new wrestlers enters the match ever 2 minutes. The wrestler gets the chip, gets a future shot at the AEW World Championship.

King of the Mountain match
A King of the Mountain match is a match where five wrestlers fight and a hook is hung above the center of the ring. When a wrestler pins or submits another wrestler, they become "eligible" and are able to win the match. The wrestler that got either pinned or submitted has to sit in a penalty box at ringside for two minutes. To win the match, the wrestler has to hang an object (usually a championship) on the hook above the ring. 

The first Queen of the amounting match took place at Slammiversary.

TLC match 

A tables, ladders and chairs match (abbreviated to TLC) is a match where tables, ladders and steel chairs can be used as weapons. The first TLC match took place at SummerSlam in 2000 between Edge and Christian, The Dudley Boyz, and The Hardy Boyz. To win you must climb a ladder and retrieve the prize. Weapons are legal in this match type.

Impact Wrestling has a version called a Full Metal Mayhem match where there are more weapons like thumbtacks added.

Ultimate X match
Ultimate X match 

An Ultimate X match is a match where there is a steel pillar on four sides of the ring and a steel X connecting each pillar across the ring. There are two cables also connected across the ring. Either a red X or the X Division Championship hangs in the middle of the cables. The wrestler has to crawl across the cable, reach and take down the hanging object to win. This match is held in Impact Wrestling.

Pillow Fight 

A Pillow Fight is a match where a wrestler has to pin or submit the other wrestler to win. Surrounding the ring a multiple pillows for the wrestlers to hit each other with and a bed is placed in the middle of the ring. There is a version called the Lingerie Pillow Fight where the wrestlers have to wear lingerie and the Pajama Pillow Fight where the wrestlers where pajamas.

Strap match
Strap match 

A strap match is where the competitors are placed on the opposite ends of a restraint to keep them in close physical proximity. By definition the strap and anything tied to it are considered legal and in play weapons. The most common rule for victory is for one wrestler to have to go around the ring, touching all four corners in order without stopping but if a wrestler stop touching the corners then it will reset and have to start over again. There are no pinfalls, no submissions, no disqualifications,  or countouts in this match.

Tables match 

A Tables match is a match where a wrestler must put their opponent through a table with an offensive move in order to win. The match can also be used in tag teams, under an elimination match and during a one "fall" rules match. There is also a hardcore version where the wrestler must put the opponent through a table that has been set on fire.

Winner Takes All match
A Winner Takes All match is where the champion challenge another champion for his/her championship in a "champion vs. champion" stipulation.

References

Professional wrestling
Igor Shpilband (, born July 1964) is a former Soviet ice dancer and current ice dancing coach of Scott Moir and Tessa Virtue, who won the gold medal for ice dancing at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Personal life
Shpilband was born in Moscow, Soviet Union. He defected to the United States in January 1990  with Veronica Pershina, Gorsha Sur, and Elena Krikanova and went to live with Lucile Begrow in Huntington Woods, Michigan for a few months. Shpilband became a United States citizen in 2000.

He was married to Veronica Pershina.  Their daughter Ekaterina Shpilband is also an ice skater.

Competitive & coaching career
He won the 1983 World Junior Figure Skating Championships with his partner Tatiana Gladkova. They were coached by Ludmila Pakhomova. Shpilband retired from competitive skating after Ludmila died in 1986.

He worked as a coach at the Detroit Skating Club when he came to the US. He later began coaching in Canton, Michigan.

References

1964 births
Living people
Soviet figure skaters
David Lange (4 August 1942—13 August 2005) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1984 to 1989.

Early life
Lange was born in Otahuhu, Auckland. In 1954, he went to a political meeting which made him want to go into politics. After his father was charged with indecent assault, he decided that he would become a solicitor. After finishing school at Otahuhu College, he went to Auckland University to study law in 1960, and graduated in 1966.

In 1967, he was working as a barrister and solicitor in New Zealand. He took over a legal practice in Kaikohe in 1968. He married Naomi Crampton in 1968. He completed his Master of Laws with Honours in 1970.
Politics
Lange became active in politics when he joined the Labour Party in 1963, while he was still at university. He first tried to get elected to the Auckland City Council in 1974, but did not get enough votes. In 1975, he tried to get a seat in Parliament, but again was unsuccessful. A third attempt in 1977 was successful and he won the seat of Mangere. He held this seat until he left politics in 1996. His first speech in the parliament was very successful and he was seen as a possible leader of the Labor Party. In 1979 he was made the Deputy Leader, and in 1982 Lange was made the leader. When the Labor Party won the elections in 1984, David Lange became Prime Minister of New Zealand.

While he was prime minister, Lange passed a policy in 1985 to not let nuclear-armed ships into New Zealand waters.

He resigned in 1989. He and his wife Naomi separated in the same year after 21 years of marriage. Lange married Margret Pope in 1992.

References
References

Further reading
My Life by David Lange, 2005, Viking, Auckland NZ, 
 David Lange Memorial Trust Website

Prime Ministers of New Zealand
1942 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from amyloidosis
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New Zealand
Politicians from Auckland
The Asian emerald cuckoo  is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family.

It lives in Southeast Asia, in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The Asian emerald cuckoo is a protected animal in Malaysia.  
Its scientific name is Chrysococcyx maculatus.

This bird is not in the Cuculinae subfamily, and so it is not a nest parasite. They raise their own young, like most birds.  Emerald cuckoos lay eggs in a nest built by the parents.

Other websites
 Google search

Cuculiformes
Birds of Asia
The molecular clock is the figurative term for a technique which estimates when two taxa diverged in evolution. It is based on comparing the detailed structure of key molecules. The method may be done for species, or any high data used for such calculations is often nucleotide sequences in genome analysis, or amino acid sequences for proteins such as haemoglobin. It is sometimes called a gene clock or evolutionary clock.

Issues 
The key assumption behind the technique is that, in the long run, changes in molecular structure happen at a steady rate.
Researchers such as Ayala have challenged this assumption. According to Ayala, these factors combine to limit the application of molecular clock models:
Changing generation times: a mutation generally becomes fixed only from one generation to another. The shorter this timespan is, the more mutations can become fixed.
Population size: apart from effects of small population size, genetic diversity will "bottom out" as populations become larger, and the fitness advantage of any one mutation becomes smaller.
Species-specific differences due to differing metabolism, ecology, evolutionary history, etc.

Nevertheless, the method is now used widely in taxonomy and phylogeny.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Paleontology
A strawberry is a short plant in the wild strawberry genus of the rose family. It is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria. The name is used for its very common sweet edible "fruit" and for flavors that taste like it. 

The real fruit of the plant are the tiny "seeds" around the "fruit". The fruit is actually a sweet swelling of the plant's stem around the real fruit, which people call the pips.

The plant grown today is a mix of two other species of wild strawberries. It was first grown in the 1750s.

Name
The Latin name of the strawberry used in science is × .  is the name of the genus of "strawberry-like" plants. The × mark means that it is a hybrid, a mix of two other species. The Latin name  says the hybrid is "pineapple-like". The strawberry is sometimes called the "gardenstrawberry" so that people don't mix it up with the other wild strawberries of the genus .
The name is a bit misleading and is special to English. The other Germanic languages do not have a name like it. No one is really sure where the name came from. The plant is not a kind of straw, and its fruit is not really a berry.

History
People have eaten different kinds of wild strawberries for thousands of years. Today's bigger strawberry was first made around Brest in Brittany (northwest France) in the 1750s. It was made by joining the Virginia strawberry from eastern North America to the European Hautbois and the Chilean strawberry from western South America.

Farming
Most strawberries are grown on farms. Strawberry farmers often have bees in hives. The bees pollinate the strawberries.

Strawberry stems are called runners. They grow above ground. They are a type of stolon.
Fruit
The real fruit of the strawberries are the achenes, which people usually think of as the little seeds around the outside of the larger red "fruit". This kind of fruit, where different ovaries grow into a single larger "fruit", is called an "aggregate fruit". 

Strawberries are rich in vitamin C and manganese.

Related pages
 Wild strawberry

References
Key lime pie is an American dessert made of key lime juice, egg yolks, and sweetened condensed milk in a pie crust. One version uses the egg whites and has a meringue topping. The dish is named after key limes (Citrus aurantifolia 'Swingle'), but it is sometimes made with other types of lime. 

The filling in key lime pie is yellow, mostly because of the egg yolks. When it is being mixed, the condensed milk and the acidic lime juice react and make the filling become thick. Many early recipes for key lime pie did not tell the cook to bake the pie because they used this reaction to make the filling thick. Today, because of food safety, the pies are often baked for a short time. The baking thickens the filling even more.

This delectable dessert derives it's decidedly delicious domicile down in the depths of Key West, Florida.

References

Desserts
Molecular evolution is the process of evolution in DNA, RNA, and proteins. 

Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology, evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand the structure and function of nucleic acids and protein. Some of the key topics have been the evolution of enzyme function, the use of nucleic acid changes as a molecular clock to study species divergence, and the origin of non-functional or junk DNA. 

Recent advances in genomics, including whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics have led to a dramatic increase in studies on the topic. In the 2000s, the role of gene duplication, the extent of adaptive molecular evolution versus neutral genetic drift, and the identification of molecular changes responsible for various human characteristics especially those pertaining to infection, disease, and cognition.
Molecular study of phylogeny  
Molecular systematics is the process of using data on the DNA, RNA, or proteins to resolve questions in phylogeny and taxonomy. The idea is to place groups in their correct position on the evolutionary tree. This corrects their biological classification from the point of view of evolution. The technique has already led to major changes in the taxonomy of living things, including the names for higher categories, which had been stable for well over a century.

Molecular systematics has been made possible by techniques for sequence analysis. This gives the exact sequence of nucleotides or bases in either DNA or RNA. At present it is still expensive to sequence the entire genome of an organism, but it has been done for over 100 species.

References 

Taxonomy
Evolutionary biology
Molecular biology
Sequence analysis in molecular biology involves identifying the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid, or amino acids in a peptide or protein. Once a sample has been obtained, DNA sequences may be produced automatically by machine and the result displayed on computer. Interpreting those results is still a task for humans.

Information from sequence analysis is used in many fields of biology. It gives information on the relationship between individual organisms, or between groups of organisms. It shows how closely related they are.
DNA base-pair sequence 
A DNA sequence is the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is written as a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a DNA molecule or strand. If functional, such a sequence carries information for the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule. The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide bases of a DNA strand — adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine. The sequences are printed next to one another, without gaps, as in the sequence AAAGTCTGAC.

The study of RNA and proteins is more complex. The overall structure of DNA is simple and predictable (double helix). The study of RNA and proteins must include a study of their 3-dimensional structure, which is varied, and influences how they work. To some extent this can be assisted by computer, but has to be verified in each case.
Information on sequences is kept in databases. Since the development of fast production of gene and protein sequences during the 1990s, the rate of addition of new sequences to the databases increases all the time.

Score 
Complete genome analysis has been done on over 800 species and strains. The work is done by a machine, the DNA sequencer, which analyses light signals from fluorochromes attached to the nucleotides. This type of work is gradually becoming less expensive. 
"There are currently [2009] more than 90 vertebrate species with whole genome sequences finished, in process, or in the advanced planning stages.

Rough totals 
As of December 2012, whole genome analysis has been completed on about 800 to 900 living species and strains of species. Numbers are approximate, and changing.
Animals: 111 species
Plants: 53 species
Fungi: 81 species
Protists: 50 species
Archaea: 139 species and strains
Bacteria: ~4/500 species and strains
Human DNA sequence 
The human genome is stored on 23 chromosome pairs in the cell nucleus and in the small mitochondrial DNA. A great deal is now known about the sequences of DNA which are on our chromosomes. What the DNA actually does is now partly known. Applying this knowledge in practice has only just begun.

The Human Genome Project (HGP) produced a reference sequence which is used worldwide in biology and medicine. Nature published the publicly funded project's report, and Science  published Celera's paper. These papers described how the draft sequence was produced, and gave an analysis of the sequence. Improved drafts were announced in 2003 and 2005, filling in to ≈92% of the sequence.

The latest project ENCODE studies the way the genes are controlled.

Forensic work
Forensic work 

It is not necessary to have whole genome sequences for forensic work, such as identifying a criminal from traces of DNA left at a crime scene, or for paternity cases. At present whole genome sequencing is still very expensive, but fortunately, simpler and cheaper methods are available.

The basic idea is to look at certain loci (places) in the genome which are highly variable between people. About 10 to 15 of these loci are needed for a match, and the legal details differ between countries. A match between a sample and a suspect individual makes it extremely likely that the individual was the source of the sample. This evidence would then be the basis of the prosecution case for a crime. A similar analysis would show that a man was very likely the father of a child. This is really a modern way to do what was done with blood groups before DNA details could be analysed. The methods have been developed mainly by the work of Alec Jeffreys.
Each person’s DNA contains two alleles of a particular gene or 'marker': one  from the father and one from the mother. 'Markers' are genes chosen for having a number of different alleles occurring frequently in the population. The following table is from a commercial DNA paternity testing experiment.  It shows how relatedness between parents and child is demonstrated with five markers:

The results show that the child and the alleged father’s DNA match for these five markers. The complete test results showed this correlation on 16 markers between the child and the tested man. If a case is tested in court, a forensic scientist would give evidence on the likelihood of getting that result by chance.

DNA testing in the US 
There are state laws on DNA profiling in all 50 states of the United States. Detailed information on database laws in each state can be found at the National Conference of State Legislatures website.
Ancient DNA 
Ancient DNA has been recovered from some sources. The record for survival of DNA suitable for sequence analysis is 700,000 years. A horse skeleton buried in permafrost has provided bones with some DNA surviving. The sequence was only 70% complete, but it was enough for researchers to say "It would not look like a horse as we know it… but we would expect it to be a one-toed horse". For comparison, researchers had access to DNA sequences of modern horses, donkeys and Przewalski's horse.

Related pages 
George Church
Walter Gilbert
John Sulston
Fred Sanger
ENCODE: the complete analysis of the human genome
Human genome
Complete Genomics
Bioinformatics

References

Other websites 
Human Ageing Genomic Resources website 

DNA
Molecular biology
Evolutionary biology
The Riverina () is a large farming area in the south west of New South Wales, Australia. It has flat plains, warm to hot climate and a large supply of water for irrigation. This has allowed the Riverina to become one of the most productive and agriculturally varied areas of Australia. With the state of Victoria to the south, and the mountains of the Great Dividing Range to the east, the Riverina covers those areas of New South Wales in the Murray and Murrumbidgee river systems.

The Riverina has been home to Aboriginal groups for over 40,000 years. It was first settled by Europens in the mid-19th century as a pastoral region growing beef and wool for markets in Australia and overseas. In the 20th century, the building of major irrigation areas in the Murray and Murrumbidgee valleys has led to the introduction of crops such as rice and grapes. The Riverina has strong links to Victoria, and the region was the source of much of the push behind the federation of Australian colonies.
The major cities and towns in the Riverina include Wagga Wagga, Albury and Griffith. Albury and Wagga Wagga are home to campuses of Charles Sturt University. Wagga Wagga is home to two major Australian Defence Force bases.

Geography 

The area of the Riverina region is not fixed, but it usually includes the farming and pastoral areas of New South Wales, west of the Great Dividing Range and in the drainage basin of the snow-fed Murray and Murrumbidgee Rivers. The north edge of the Riverina is the Lachlan River catchment area known as the Central West. Along the Murray to the south, the Riverina border is the state of Victoria. West of where the Murray and Murrumbidgee meet, is the beginning of the drier Far West region.
In general, the Riverina is an alluvial plain formed by soil carried from the Great Dividing Range by streams between 30,000 and 15,000 years ago. The landscape includes rolling hills to the east but then becomes flatter to the west with most of that plain reaching less than  above sea level. The western Riverina is mainly flat saltbush plain.

Landforms and water
The Riverina is drained by the large Murray-Darling Basin. Rivers and streams in the Riverina generally flow east to west. As well as the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Lachlan, other streams include Billabong Creek and the Edward River, an anabranch of the Murray. Much of the water carried by these streams is taken out for other uses. In 2001–2002, 52% of the Murray and Murrumbidgee water was taken, with 77% of that water used for irrigation.

References 

Regions of New South Wales
Wine regions of Australia
A phylogeny is a proposal of how organisms are related by their evolutionary history.p336 It is based on the evidence that all living things are related by common descent. The evidence for phylogeny  comes from palaeontology, comparative anatomy, and DNA sequence analysis.

The main product of phylogenetics is a phylogenetic tree or tree of life. This is a diagram showing a pattern of ancestor/descendent relationships. Information may be related to geological periods or estimated dates. A biological classification is another type of product.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Taxonomy
Asana is a body position in Yoga. It can mean where a person sits, and the way that they sit. It helps to balance the mind and body. It is meant to be firm, yet comfortable.

All the many different body positions in Yoga are Asanas:  they all have their own names and every name ends with  asana, such as savasana (correct lying). Many have names of animals, such as bujangasana (cobra). Others have names that describe the position, such as shirshasana (head).

Yoga
A fedora is a hat.  The name of the hat comes from a play called Fédora by Victorien Sardou, named after the main character. Popular in the early 20th century, it has become a stereotype for gangsters or private investigators (PIs).

They mainly come in black, sometimes with a band of coloured fabric around the rim.

Some people, such as Jack Abramoff and Richard W. Lariviere, become known for wearing fedoras.

References

Hats
The black francolin (Francolinus francolinus) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of Asia
Birds of Kashmir
Phasianidae
The giant Gippsland earthworm (Megascolides australis) is one of Australia's 1,000 native earthworm species. These Giant earthworms average at 100 cm long and 2 cm in diameter and can reach 3 m in length. It is difficult to measure length, as the worms will stretch, so scientists use weight to estimate the size. The average weight of a fresh adult worm is about 200 grams. They have a dark purple head and a blue-gray body.

The worms are found in the Bass River Valley of South Gippsland, near Korumburra and Warragul. They are only found in a small area, of about 100,000 hectares. They live in small pockets of blue-grey clay close to water. They live in burrows about 500mm deep, and can burrow as deep as 1.5m.
The habitat the worms used to live in was tall eucalypt forests. Most of this has been cleared for farming, but the worms have continued to survive because they live deep underground. They have been listed a vulnerable species because of these changes. The worms only lay a single egg, between 4-7cm in size. These can take up to one year to hatch, and the worms take several years to become adults, and be able to reproduce. This slow rate of growth, also makes them a vulnerable species.

References

Annelids
The Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus), also known as the Impeyan monal or pheasant, is a bird in the pheasant family, Phasianidae.  Its discoverer, Latham, wrote in his General History of Birds (1821): "[the monal] inhabits India, but is not common, being brought from the hills in the northern parts of Hindustan to Calcutta, as a rarity. Lady Impey attempted, with great prospect of success, to bring some of them to England, but after living on board for two months they caught a disorder from the other poultry, and died".

It is the national bird of Nepal, where it is known as the danphe (or Danfe), and is mentioned frequently in Nepali songs. It is also the state bird of Uttarakhand, India. In Kashmir, it is the state/regional bird of the disputed territory.

Description
Description 

The Himalayan monal is a relatively large-sized pheasant. The males of this species look quite different from the females of the species. The male Himalayan monals have bright and colorful feathers of blue, green, purple, and red. They have a white patch of feathers underneath the base of their tail, but the rest of their underside is black. The males also have a crest (several feathers) on top of their heads. Both the male and female of the species have blue circles of skin around their eyes. The females and the young birds (chicks) have an overall brown appearance. Their feathers also have white and black strips on certain parts. The females have a white throat.

The male chicks look like the females chicks until a little after a year when they begin to become more colorful. Before then you could tell the young male and females apart because of their larger size and black feathers, instead of white feathers, on the throat.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Other websites

 ARKive 
 Animal Diversity Web
 BirdLife Species Factsheet 
 Catalogue of Life 
 CITES
 Galliforms and Pheasants 
 ITIS
 Tree of Life - Lophophorus
 National Center for Biotechnology Information
 UICN

Birds of Asia
Birds of Pakistan
Phasianidae
Birds of Kashmir
National symbols of Nepal
The Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis)  is a snowcock in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of Asia
Birds of Pakistan
Phasianidae
The Kashmir nuthatch (Sitta cashmirensis) is a species of bird in the Sittidae family.

Birds of Kashmir
Passeri
Birds of Asia
The snow partridge (Lerwa lerwa) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Phasianidae
Richard Baer  (September 9, 1911 - June 17, 1963) was the third German commander of the concentration camp Auschwitz.

1911 births
1963 deaths
German prisoners
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
SS officers
The black-throated loon (Gavia arctica), also known as the Arctic loon and the black-throated diver, is a medium-sized member of the loon or diver family, the Gaviidae.

It is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere. It usually breeds in freshwater lakes in northern Europe and Asia. It winters along sheltered, ice-free coasts of the north-east Atlantic Ocean and the eastern and western Pacific Ocean. 

Birds
The little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), also known as dabchick, is 23 to 29 cm in length.

Birds of Pakistan
Podicipediformes
Tampa Bay is a bay in St. Petersburg, Florida, USA that spreads trough Hillsborough Bay, Old Tampa Bay, Middle Tampa Bay, and Lower Tampa Bay.

Geography of Florida
Bays of the United States
The Tibetan partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae) is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Phasianidae
The  Tibetan sandgrouse (Syrrhaptes tibetanus) is a large bird in the sandgrouse family. This species breeds on the dry stony plateaus in Tibet and neighbouring parts of central Asia.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Columbiformes
The Tibetan snowcock (Tetraogallus tibetanus)  is a cock in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds.

Birds of China
Birds of Kashmir
Phasianidae
The upland buzzard (Buteo hemilasius) is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family.

Birds of Asia
Accipitriformes
The western tragopan or western horned tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus) is a medium-sized brightly plumaged pheasant found along the Himalayas.

Birds of Kashmir
Phasianidae
The red-necked grebe (Podiceps grisegena) is a bird migration aquatic bird that is found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.

Birds of Pakistan
Podicipediformes
The horned grebe or Slavonian grebe (Podiceps auritus) - Podiceps: Latin for podicis (rump) and pedis (foot), referring to the placement of the legs on its body; auritus: Latin for eared - is a member of the grebe family of water birds. It inhabits Eurasia and North America.

References

Birds of Asia
Birds of Europe
Birds of North America
Podicipediformes
The black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), known in North America as the eared grebe, is a member of the grebe family (biology) of water birds. It occurs on every continent except Australia and Antarctica.

References 

Birds of Africa
Birds of Asia
Birds of Europe
Birds of North America
Podicipediformes
Jouanin's petrel (Bulweria fallax) is a seabird in the Procellariidae family. It is present in the northwest Indian Ocean and south Arabian Sea.

It is native to Oman, Somalia and Yemen. Its natural habitats are open seas and shallow seas. It has been recorded breeding on Socotra.

References 

Birds of Africa
Birds of Asia
Birds of Pakistan
Procellariidae
The Flesh-footed Shearwater, Puffinus carneipes, is a small shearwater. Its plumage is black. It has pale pinkish feet, and a pale bill with a black tip.

Birds of Pakistan
Procellariidae
The wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) is a medium-large shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae.

Birds of Pakistan
Procellariidae
Piyush "Bobby" Jindal (born June 10, 1971) is an American politician. He was Governor of Louisiana between 2008 and 2016. Before becoming Governor, he was a Republican Representative in the United States Congress. After his gubernatorial tenure, he was a Republican candidate for President of the United States in the 2016 Presidential elections.

Jindal became governor at the age of 36, making him one of the youngest citizens ever elected to the Governor's office.

Early life
Jindal was born in Baton Rouge to Indian parents, Amar and Raj Jindal, who had immigrated to Louisiana in 1971. He grew up in Baton Rouge and went to school there. Jindal received secondary education at Brown University and Oxford University with concentrations in government and medicine. After graduating from college, Jindal helped several businesses in Louisiana.
Governor of Louisiana (2008-16)
Jindal took the oath of office on January 14, 2008 at age 36, becoming the youngest sitting governor in the US and the first Indian-American governor in United States history. Later in his tenure, he was the second youngest governor after fellow Republican Governor Nikki Haley of South Carolina. Jindal and Haley are the only Indian-Americans to hold the office of governor in any state in the United States.

Jindal is a conservative Republican who believes in lowering taxes for all classes. As governor, Jindal fought against dishonest politicians. Jindal favors relaxed gun laws and has spoken at the National Rifle Association of America.
Jindal, traditionally an opponent of excess federal expenditures and activity in states, asked for federal money and manpower after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.  He was heavily criticized by the White House and others for insisting that the States be responsible for their own affairs.  After Hurricane Katrina, he was critical that the Federal government would not do more, faster.

He also came under criticism for never asking for more safety inspectors (the Gulf inspectors are a small fraction of the staffing of other regions relative to the number of offshore oil wells.)  Jindal also never spoke against the safety record of BP prior to the spill. Defenders of his record argue that he and other Louisiana politicians, made a reasonable tradeoff decision, and Federal resources should be used to assist Louisiana since the oil that is produced benefits the entire country.

On January 11, 2016, Jindal left office due to term limits.  He was succeeded by John Bel Edwards.
Personal life
Jindal is a Catholic and was baptized during college.  He is married to Supriya Jindal, with whom he has three children.

2016 presidential campaign

On May 18, 2015, Jindal formed a presidential exploratory committee to determine whether he would run as a candidate in the 2016 Presidential election. Jindal announced his candidacy on June 24th, 2015. He was the first Indian - American to run for president. After poor debate performances and polling numbers, Jindal officially suspended his presidential campaign on November 17th, 2015, saying "this [was] not [his] time". He subsequently endorsed Marco Rubio.

References

Other websites

 Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal official state site
 Bobby Jindal for governor
1971 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American Roman Catholics
Governors of Louisiana
Businesspeople from Louisiana
People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
2016 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Louisiana
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Hagfish are craniates in the superclass Cyclostomata, class Myxini. Hagfish do not have a skeleton, except they do have a skull, which is made of cartilage.

Because of this, many researchers think Myxini should not be in the subphylum Vertebrata.  However, because of its fins and gills, they are called fish. They are marine, meaning they live in the sea.

The original 19th century classification groups hagfish and lampreys together as cyclostomes (or historically, Agnatha), as the oldest surviving class of vertebrates alongside gnathostomes . An alternative scheme proposed that jawed vertebrates are more closely related to lampreys than to hagfish, so vertebrates include lampreys but exclude hagfish.

Recent DNA evidence supports the original scheme.