Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The St. Jude Storm also known as Cyclone Christian, was a severe European windstorm that hit Northwestern Europe from 27 October 2013 to 28 October 2013. The storm caused 17 deaths. Winds of up to 80–90 mph (130–145 km/h) were forecast for southern England, but the highest windspeed was in Denmark, where a gust of 120.8 mph (194.4 km/h) was recorded in the south of the country on the afternoon of 28 October, the strongest wind recorded in the country's history. Damage occurred in Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, and United Kingdom.

Highest wind gust per country

References

2013 in the United Kingdom
2013 in weather
2010s in Belgium
2013 in Germany
2010s in Denmark
2010s in the Netherlands
Disasters in Europe
October 2013 events
A relative atomic mass (also called atomic weight; symbol: Ar) is a measure of how heavy atoms are. It is the ratio of the average mass per atom of an element from a given sample to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. In other words, a relative atomic mass tells you the number of times an average atom of an element from a given sample is heavier than one-twelfth of an atom of carbon-12. The word relative in relative atomic mass refers to this scaling relative to carbon-12. Relative atomic mass values are ratios; relative atomic mass is a dimensionless quantity. Relative atomic mass is the same as atomic weight, which is the older term.
We can find the relative atomic mass of a sample of an element by working out the abundance-weighted mean of the relative isotopic masses. For example, if a sample of thallium is made up of 30% thallium-203 and 70% thallium-205,

Two samples of an element that consists of more than one isotope, collected from two widely spaced sources on Earth, are expected to have slightly different relative atomic masses. This is because the proportions of each isotope are slightly different at different locations.

A standard atomic weight is the mean value of relative atomic masses of a number of normal samples of the element. Standard atomic weight values are published at regular intervals by the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The standard atomic weight for each element is on the periodic table.
Often, the term relative atomic mass is used to mean standard atomic weight. This is not quite correct, because relative atomic mass is a less specific term that refers to individual samples. Individual samples of an element could have a relative atomic mass different to the standard atomic weight for the element. For example, a sample from another planet could have a relative atomic mass very different to the standard Earth-based value.

Relative atomic mass is not the same as:
 atomic mass (symbol: ma), which is the mass of a single atom, commonly expressed in unified atomic mass units
 mass number (symbol: A), which is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
 atomic number (symbol: Z), which is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

References

Other websites 

Chemistry
Nuclear physics
Roderigo López (1525 – June 7, 1594) was a physician of Portuguese background. He was tried and executed for trying to poison Elizabeth I. He is believed to be the inspiration for Shakespeare's character Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.

López was born into a family of Jewish origin in Portugal. He graduated from university with a degree in medicine. He went to England where he was appointed chief physician to Elizabeth I in 1586. He knew powerful men at court, and grew rich and respected. He was involved in various court intrigues until convicted of plotting to poison the Queen. He was hanged, drawn and quartered. 

Several contemporaries make reference to the trial and execution. Christopher Marlowe mentions it in Doctor Faustus as do Thomas Dekker in Whore of Babylon and Thomas Middleton in A Game at Chess. It is possible that Shylock in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice was inspired by López.
Queen Elizabeth I’s physician, Roderigo Lopez, was tried and executed for allegedly plotting to kill the queen in 1594. As a Portuguese double agent, ‘Doctor Lopez a Jew’ was said to have conspired with the Spanish, England’s enemies at that time. He was accused of attempting to kill the Portuguese King Antonio and ‘take away Queene Elizabeths life by poyson’, in return for ‘fifty thousand Crowns’

References

1525 births
1594 deaths
Executed people
Jewish scientists
Physicians
Portuguese scientists
Arletty (15 May 1898 – 24 July 1992) was a French actress, singer, and model. She played Garance in the French movie Les Enfants du Paradis.

French movie actors
French singers
Actors from Hauts-de-Seine
People from Courbevoie
1898 births
1992 deaths
Les Enfants du Paradis (Children of Paradise) is a French romantic drama movie. It was written by Jacques Prévert and directed by Marcel Carné and released in 1945. It stars Arletty as French courtesan Garance. She is loved by four men: a street mime, an actor, a criminal, and an aristocrat. The story is set among the lower class theatres of Paris between 1820 and 1840. Garance is courted by four men but leaves them all because they will not allow her to love in her own way. The three hour film has been described as France's Gone with the Wind.

Other websites 

1940s historical movies
1945 romantic drama movies
French drama movies
French-language movies
French romance movies
Movies set in Paris
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies directed by Marcel Carné
David Murray Dryden (September 5, 1941 – October 4, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. Dryden was known for the distinction of creating (as well as being the first goaltender to employ) the modern day goaltending mask consisting of a fiberglass mask with a cage.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Dryden played 2 seasons in the OHA playing for the Toronto St. Michael's.

In the NHL, he played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks, Buffalo Sabres and Edmonton Oilers. Dryden faced his brother Ken in a game between his Sabres and the Montreal Canadiens. It was the only time in the history of the NHL that brothers opposed each other as goalies.

Dryden was the goalie against whom Wayne Gretzky scored his first professional goal. During his time in the WHA, he played for the Chicago Cougars and Edmonton Oilers. He won the Ben Hatskin Trophy as the WHA's top goaltender, and the Gordie Howe Trophy as league MVP.
Since retiring from playing professional ice hockey in 1979, he became the chair person of Sleeping Children Around the World charity which was founded by his father and provides bed kits to children in developing countries.

On October 4, 2022, Dryden died at his home in Oakville, Ontario from a disease known as chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Reference

Other websites 

1941 births
2022 deaths
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Central Professional Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
Ontario Hockey League players
Rochester Americans players
World Hockey Association players
People from Hamilton‎
Michel Joseph Dumas (born July 8, 1949) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently works as a chief amateur scout for the Chicago Blackhawks.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Dumas played 2 games with the Oklahoma City Blazers and 3 seasons with the Dallas Black Hawks of the CHL. He also played 2 seasons in the IHL with the Dayton Gems.

He was called up to play for the Chicago Black Hawks for 3 games and went back down to the play 1 season for the Dallas Black Hawks again.  He was called up again by the Black Hawks but he only played 5 games as his career was cut short due to an eye injury he suffered in a game against the Colorado Rockies in 1976.

He was hired by the Black Hawks tin 1977 to be an amateur scout, and was then promoted to be their chief amateur scout in the 1992–93 season.

Other websites 

1949 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
The iPad Air is the fifth type of iPad made by Apple Inc. It was announced at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on October 22, 2013. It first came with iOS 7 installed on it and was upgraded to other versions later. The iPad Air contains the 64-bit Apple A7 processor and another M7 coprocessor. Apple released the iPad Air on November 1, 2013. It cannot be upgraded past iOS 12.

The iPad Air is 7.5 millimeters thick, which is thinner than both the iPad 2 and the iPad Mini. It has a smaller screen bezel which looks like the one on the iPad Mini. However, it still uses the same 9.7-inch Retina Display as the previous iPad model. 

Its successor, the iPad Air 2, was announced on October 16, 2014.

Features 
The iPad Air can run iOS 12.  It can act as a mobile hotspot, sharing its internet connection over Wifi, USB, or Bluetooth.  It can have access to the App Store, where users can buy and download mobile applications onto their device.

References 

IPad
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks. It is based on the GSM standard and is part of the International Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard set. UMTS is developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project). It uses wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access technology so that users can transfer information faster.

2002 establishments
Telecommunications
Marination is the process of soaking foods in a liquid before cooking. The idea is to add flavour, and to tenderize tougher cuts of meat.

The liquid in question, the 'marinade', may be acidic (made with ingredients such as vinegar, lemon juice, or wine) or enzymatic (made with ingredients such as pineapple, papaya or kiwifruit). In addition to these ingredients, a marinade often contains oils, herbs, and spices to further flavour the food.

The process may last seconds or days. Different marinades are used in different cuisines. For example, in Indian cuisine the marinade is usually prepared with a mixture of blends.

References 

Cooking methods
The Hôtel Ritz is a grand hotel in the heart of Paris in the Place Vendôme. The hotel is ranked highly among the most prestigious and luxurious hotels in the world and is a member of "The Leading Hotels of the World".

The hotel has 159 rooms. It was founded by the Swiss hotelier, César Ritz, in collaboration with the chef Auguste Escoffier in 1898. The new hotel was constructed behind the façade of a Town house from the 18th-century. It overlooks one of the central squares in Paris.

It was one of the first hotels in Europe to provide a bathroom en suite, a telephone and electricity for each room. It established a reputation for luxury. The clients have included royalty, politicians, writers, film stars and singers. Several of its suites are named in honour of famous guests of the hotel, for example Coco Chanel and Ernest Hemingway who lived at the hotel for years. One of the bars of the hotel, Bar Hemingway, is devoted to Hemingway.
The Ritz has the reputation of being the most expensive hotel in Paris. The rooms as of May 2011 started at €850 a night. Suites start at €3,600 and cost up to €13,900 a night for the most expensive ones (the Suite Impériale is the most expensive). The Ritz employs more than 600 people.

L'Espadon is a world-renowned restaurant. It attracts aspiring chefs from all over the world who come to learn at the nearby Ritz-Escoffier School. The cuisine is run by the award-winning chef Michel Roth, the ninth head chef of the hotel. The restaurant was awarded a second star by the 2009 edition of the influential Michelin Red Guide.
During the Second World War, the German Luftwaffe used the hotel as local headquarters in Paris. The son of César Ritz, Charles, died in 1976. The last members of the Ritz family who owned the hotel sold it to the Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed in 1979. In August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and Al-Fayed's son, Dodi, dined in the hotel's Imperial Suite before their fatal car crash.

The hotel is being entirely renovated. It has been closed since 1 August 2012 and will open its doors in March 2016, after a delay of nearly two years. Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury, the hotel has featured in many novels (for example F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is The Night and Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises),
a play (Noël Coward's Semi-Monde), and films (such as Billy Wilder's 1957 comedy Love in the Afternoon and William Wyler's 1966 comedy How to Steal a Million).

References 

Ritz
Buildings and structures in Paris
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (19 April 1795 – 27 June 1876) was a German naturalist, zoologist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist. He was one of the most famous and productive scientists of his time.

Microscopic organisms 
Ehrenberg was appointed professor of medicine at Berlin University in 1827. In 1829 he accompanied Alexander von Humboldt through eastern Russia to the Chinese frontier. After his return he began to concentrate his studies on microscopic organisms, which then were not much studied.

For nearly 30 years Ehrenberg examined samples of water, soil, sediment, blowing dust and rock and described thousands of new species, among them well-known flagellates such as Euglena, ciliates such as Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum, and many fossils, in nearly 400 scientific publications. He was particularly interested in a unicellular group of protists called diatoms, but he also studied, and named, many species of radiolaria, foraminifera and dinoflagellates.
These researches built up our knowledge of the microorganisms of certain geological formations, especially of the chalk, and of the marine and freshwater accumulations. Until Ehrenberg took up the study it was not known that considerable masses of rock were composed of minute forms of animals or plants. He also demonstrated that the phosphorescence of the sea was due to organisms.

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1836 and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London from 1837. In 1839, he won the Wollaston Medal, the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London. He continued until late in life to investigate the microscopic organisms of the deep sea and of various geological formations. He died in Berlin on 27 June 1876.
Legacy 
After his death in 1876, his collections of microscopic organisms were deposited in the Humboldt Museum at the University of Berlin. The "Ehrenberg Collection" includes 40,000 microscope preparations, 5,000 raw samples, 3,000 pencil and ink drawings, and nearly 1,000 letters of correspondence. His collection of scorpions, and other arachnids from the Middle East, is also held in the Berlin Museum.

References 

1795 births
1876 deaths
German doctors
German anatomists
German naturalists
German zoologists
Geologists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Afro-Haitians or Black Haitians, are Haitian people whose ancestors were Africans. Most Afro-Haitians are descended from West African slaves. The slaves were brought over to work in plantations, mainly for sugar canes.

The vast majority (about 90%) of Haitians are of African descent. Of them, about 25-30% are of mixed race or mulatto.

Origins 

Haiti, just like in any region in the Americas, received slaves from all over West and Central Africa. Although Haitian slaves were from all over Africa, the most common were Kongos from the Congo region, and Ewe and Fon tribes of current-day Benin or Togo. There was also a lot of Igbo people from Nigeria.

Haitian Voodoo is obviously from the Fon people of Benin, when they came in large numbers as slaves to work in plantations as maids, farmers, and sugar cane cutters have kept their traditions strong and alive till this day after 300 years away from their original home.
The African influence can also be seen in the language Haitians use to speak; Haitian Creole is a French-based language with strong African influence in the phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar, pronunciations. There are many words of African origin used in every day speech. Haitian food is mostly of African origin, including the names of the food. The music of Haiti is filled with African rhythms and instruments, the use of call and response as well as vocal African songs.

References 

Haiti
African people
Ethnic groups in North America
Mark Fitzpatrick (born November 13, 1968 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Cloutier played 1 season in the BCJHL with the Revelstoke Rangers and 3 seasons in the WHL with the Medicine Hat Tigers whom he won the Memorial Cup twice with.

He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings with the 27th overall pick in the 1987 NHL Entry draft. He played 17 games with the Kings and on February 22, 1989 he was traded along with Wayne McBean to the New York Islanders in exchange for Kelly Hrudey. He played 2 seasons with the Islanders. During his time with them, Fitzpatrick contracted Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome, which is a potentially fatal neurological disease and it cost him almost all of the 1990-91 NHL season. He was able to recover and he returned to the ice in February 1992. He won the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for his efforts in returning to the league after the illness in 1992.
On June 20, 1993, during the expansion draft for the Florida Panthers and the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, he was traded to the Quebec Nordiques for Ron Hextall and a swap of first-round picks. After only four days, he was claimed in the expansion draft by the Panthers. He played 5 seasons with the Panthers where he played as a backup goaltender to John Vanbiesbrouck.

On January 16, 1998, he was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning with Jody Hull for Dino Ciccarelli and Jeff Norton. During his time in Tampa, he only managed record 7 wins in 34 games for the struggling Lightning who finished the season with the worst record in the NHL.
He was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks for Michal Sykora where he spent the season as a backup capacity to Jocelyn Thibault. He moved to Carolina Hurricanes for the 1999–2000 NHL season but spent most of the year playing in the International Hockey League for the Cincinnati Cyclones. He only played 3 games for the Carolina Hurricanes and spent another season in the IHL for the Detroit Vipers before he retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2001.

References

Other websites 

1968 births
American Hockey League players
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Carolina Hurricanes players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Medicine Hat Tigers players
New Haven Nighthawks players
New York Islanders players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Emile Percival Francis (September 13, 1926 – February 19, 2022), nicknamed "The Cat", was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, coach and general manager. He was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan.

Playing career
In the NHL, Francis played 2 seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks and 22 games for the New York Rangers. He served as a back-up goaltender during his time with the Rangers. He was also the first goaltender to use a first baseman’s glove with a cuff added to protect his hand and wrist while previous goaltenders would were the same padded gloves as their teammates.

He mainly played in the AHL and WHL which he played for a number of different teams including the Vancouver Canucks, Saskatoon Quakers and Seattle Americans. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1960.
After he retired, he became the head coach of the OHA's Guelph Royals and then became the head coach of the New York Rangers from 1965 to 1975. He then became the head coach of the St. Louis Blues 1976 to 77 and in 1982. After coaching, Francis became the General Manager of the New York Rangers from 1964 to 1976, the General Manager of the St. Louis Blues from 1976 to 1983 and the General Manager of the Hartford Whalers from 1983 to 1989. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1982 as a builder.

His son Bobby Francis also played in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings. He also coached the Phoenix Coyotes from 1999 to 2004.

Francis died on February 19, 2022, at the age of 95.

References

Other websites 

1926 births
2022 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Cincinnati Mohawks (AHL) players
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
New Haven Ramblers players
New York Rangers players
American Hockey League players
Peggy Stewart (born Margaret O'Rourke; June 5, 1923 – May 29, 2019) was an American movie actress. She starred mostly in B-movies during the 1930s and 1940s. Her sister, Patricia O'Rourke, was an Olympic swimmer and was married to World War II hero and B-movie actor Wayne Morris.

Stewart was born on June 5, 1923 in West Palm Beach, Florida. She was married to Don Barry from 1940 until they divorced in 1944. Then she was married to Buck Young from 1953 until his death 2000. Stewart died on May 29, 2019 at the age of 95.

Stewart appeared in the 2012 Adam Sandler movie That's My Boy.

Stewart played Pam Beesly's grandmother, Mee-Maw, in a 2009 episode of The Office and reprised the role in a 2010 episode.

References

Other websites
 
 
 B-western ladies, Peggy Stewart

1923 births
2019 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Florida
The Last Station is an American 2009 biographical-drama movie about last months of Leo Tolstoy's life. It was directed by Michael Hoffman. It stars Christopher Plummer, Helen Mirren, and Paul Giamatti. It was released to positive reviews on December 23, 2009. It was nominated for many awards.

2009 movies
2009 drama movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
German drama movies
Russian movies
Movies directed by Michael Hoffman
Beginners is a 2010 American romantic-comedy-drama movie directed by Mike Mills. It is about the story of Oliver, a man remembering the life and death from cancer of his widowed gay father, Hal, while trying to work a new romantic relationship with a Frenchwoman, Anna. 

It stars Christopher Plummer and Ewan McGregor. It was released to positive reviews on June 3, 2011. This movie lead to Plummer's first Academy Award win.

Other websites 

2010 comedy-drama movies
2010s LGBT movies
2010 romantic comedy movies
2010 romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American LGBT movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Cancer in movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
LGBT romance movies
Movies about families
Movies set in the 2000s
Works about old age
Works about widowhood
American independent movies
9 is a 2009 adult animated science fiction movie directed by Shane Acker and produced by Tim Burton. It stars Elijah Wood, John C. Reilly, Jennifer Connelly, Christopher Plummer, Crispin Glover, and Martin Landau. It was released on September 9, 2009 to mixed reviews. 

2009 movies
2009 animated movies
American animated movies
American science fiction movies
Norman Barnett Tindale AO (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist and ethnologist. He worked for the South Australian Museum for almost 50 years. He is best known for his work mapping the various cultural groupings of Indigenous Australians.

He was born in Perth, Western Australia. His family moved to Tokyo in 1907, when he was a young boy. Norman was educated at the American School in Japan. The family returned to Perth in 1915, and then moved to Adelaide in 1917. Tindale got a job at the Adelaide Public Library. In January 1919, he got a job at the South Australian Museum as entomologist's assistant to Arthur Mills Lea. He had already published thirty-one papers on entomological, ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933.
Tindale began mapping the cultural groupings of Indigenous Australians early in his career. His interest in this began during a research trip to Groote Eylandt in 1921–1922. On the island, an Anindilyakwa man gave Tindale detailed descriptions of which land belonged to his family and which land did not. This led Tindale to question the widely held belief among European Australians at the time, which was that Aboriginal people were nomadic and had no connection to any specific area. Tindale's maps have been superseded by more accurate ones.

After his retirement from the South Australian Museum, Tindale began teaching at the University of Colorado. He lived in the United States until his death, aged 93, in Palo Alto, California.
Awards
 1956: Verco Medal of the Royal Society of South Australia
 1967: Honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado
 1968: Australian Natural History Society Medallion
 1980: John Lewis Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia
 1980: Honorary doctorate from the Australian National University.

Tindale was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1994, shortly after his death.

References

Other websites 
 Norman Tindale website at Australian National University
 Norman Tindale  at the South Australia Museum
 Tribal Boundaries in Aboriginal Australia , the map of Aboriginal language-group boundaries by Norman Tindale
 Tindale Genealogical Collection  at the State Library of Queensland

1900 births
1993 deaths
Australian social scientists
Anthropologists
Archaeologists
People from Perth, Western Australia
Order of Australia
University of Adelaide alumni
Ethnologists
The Savoy Hotel is a luxury hotel on the Strand in central London. It was built by impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte with profits from his Gilbert and Sullivan operas, and opened in 1889. It was the first in the Savoy group of hotels and restaurants, which were owned by his family for over a century.  

The Savoy was the first luxury hotel in Britain. It had electric lights throughout the building, electric lifts, bathrooms in most of the lavishly furnished rooms, constant hot and cold running water, and many other innovations. D'Oyly Carte hired manager César Ritz and French chef Auguste Escoffier, who established the highest quality in service, entertainment and dining. The hotel attracted royalty and other rich guests and diners. Winston Churchill frequently took his cabinet to lunch at the hotel.
The hotel became Carte's most successful venture. Its bands, Savoy Orpheans and the Savoy Havana Band, became famous, and other entertainers (who were also often guests) included George Gershwin, Frank Sinatra, Lena Horne and Noël Coward. Famous guests have included Edward VII, Enrico Caruso, Charlie Chaplin, Otto Hahn, Harry Truman, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, Babe Ruth, Laurence Olivier, Marilyn Monroe, John Wayne, Humphrey Bogart, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, Bob Dylan, The Beatles and numerous others.

The hotel is now managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. It has been called "London's most famous hotel". It is still one of London's most prestigious and opulent hotels, with 268 rooms and panoramic views of the River Thames across Savoy Place and the Thames Embankment. The hotel closed in December 2007 for extensive renovations and reopened in October 2010.

References 

1889 establishments in England
City of Westminster
Hotels in the United Kingdom
Dorothy Kilner (17 February 1755 – 5 February 1836) was an English writer of children's books during the late 18th century.

Dorothy published her first books anonymously. She then published under the pseudonyms M. P. and Mary Pelham. This was common practice among female authors in that period.

Dorothy's most famous book was The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse. This was published in 1784. Some other books of hers are Anecdotes of a Boarding School, or an antidote to the vices of those Establishments (1790), Little Stories for Little Folks (about 1785), and The Village School (1795). Most of her stories had moral lessons.

Life 
Dorothy was probably born in Woodford, which was part of Essex at the time. Her father was Thomas Kilner (1719–1804), a public servant and landowner. Her mother was Frances Kilner (née Ayscough; 1718–1768). Dorothy was the youngest of five children. The family lived in Maryland Point.
Dorothy was inspired to write through her friendship with Mary Ann Maze (Mary Ann Kilner, 1753–1831). The two became friends when they were children. They wrote many letters to each other on religious and personal matters. The letters were usually written in verse. Maze later married Dorothy's brother, Thomas Kilner (1750–1812) in 1774. Dorothy moved into their house in Spitalfields, and helped to raise their five children.

Both Dorothy and Mary Ann became writers, and wrote many books for children. Their books were published by John Marshall. Copies of their books were found long after their deaths in a trunk in their home in Maryland Point. Several titles continued to be reprinted for many years.

References 
 
 Life and Perambulation of a Mouse

Other websites 
 
 Complete text of The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse

1755 births
1836 deaths
English children's writers
Writers from London
Jessica Barth is an American writer and actress. Jessica Barth studied acting and creative writing at the West Chester University.

Career
Jessica Barth started working at three different restaurants in Los Angeles, California. She began her acting career with theater plays. She later began a professional acting career with her appearances in films and television series. Jessica Barth earned worldwide recognition with her first bigger appearance in Ted as Tami-Lynn, the main character's love interest.

Appearances

Films
Neo Ned (2005)
Next (2007)
Mr. Blue Sky (2007)
Get Smart (2008)
The Waterhole (2009)
Ted (2012)
Ted 2 (2015)

Television
The District
The Catch (2005)
One on One
South of Nowhere
How I Met Your Mother
Family Guy (Voice)
Days of Our Lives
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Cougar Town
Parks and Recreation

References

Other websites

Jessica Barth on Instagram
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Philadelphia
Living people
Writers from Philadelphia
Antonino Giovanni Ribisi (; born December 17, 1974) is an American actor. He is best known for his starring roles in the television series Sneaky Pete and the movies Avatar (2009), Lost in Translation (2003), Ted (2012) and its sequel Ted 2 (2015), Contraband (2012), Gardener of Eden (2007), Selma (2014) and A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014). He also had roles in television series such as The Wonder Years, My Name Is Earl and Friends.

Other websites

 
 Official Website 

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Lawrence Kohlberg (25 October 1927 – 19 January 1987) was an American psychologist. Today, he is mostly known for his theory, that the development of a sense of what is morally right or wrong occurs in different stages. There are three main stages, which are subdivided:
 (Pre-Conventional)
 Avoiding punishment
 Self-interest orientation 
 (Conventional)
 Interpersonal accord and conformity  / Social norms
 Authority and social-order maintaining orientation 
(Post-Conventional)
 Social contract orientation
 Universal ethical principles

1927 births
1987 deaths
American psychologists
Ventriloquism is a form of stage theater in which a person changes his or her voice so that it sounds like the voice is coming from somewhere else (usually a puppet or a dummy). A ventriloquist is one who performs this art.

Origins 
Originally, it was practiced in religion. Now, it is used in comedy.

History of modern-day ventriloquism 
Today's modern ventriloquism started in nightclubs.

Notable ventriloquists 
Jeff Dunham

References 

Performing arts
Puppets
The blobfish (Psychrolutes marcidus) is three species of a fish of the family Psychrolutidae. They live in deep waters off the coasts of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.

Blobfish are typically shorter than 30 cm. They live at depths between  where the pressure is several dozen times higher than at sea level.

Blobfish are often caught accidentally in bottom trawling nets. Scientists now fear the blobfish could become an endangered species because of deep-ocean trawling.

As often happens with common names, there is another fish which may also be called "blobfish". It is Macquarie blobfish, a species of Ebinania.

References 

Scorpaeniformes
Chac (also spelled Chaac) is the rain god of the Maya. He has a lightning axe. He uses it to hit the clouds and make thunder and rain.

Maya civilization
Gods and goddesses
Shelby Dade Foote, Jr. (November 17, 1916 – June 27, 2005) was an American historian and writer. He was an important person for Civil War documentaries. He wrote many books about the war and Abraham Lincoln. His most famous book about the war was The Civil War: A Narrative.  Foote was born on in Greenville, Mississippi and died in Memphis, Tennessee.

Early life
Shelby Dade Foote, Jr. studied at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Foote is of Jewish descent, but he was raised as an Episcopalian.

Career
Foote began writing a three volume, 3000-page history, together called The Civil War: A Narrative. The separate volumes are Fort Sumter to Perryville (1958), Fredericksburg to Meridian (1963), and Red River to Appomattox (1974).

When The Civil War by Ken Burns was first broadcast, his telephone number was publicly listed. and He received many phone calls from people who had seen him on television. Foote never unlisted his number, and the volume of calls increased each time the series re-aired.
Personal life
He was married to Tess Lavery from 1944 until they divorced in 1946. Then he was married to Marguerite "Peggy" Desommes from 1948 until they divorced in 1952. They had one child. Then he was married to Gwyn Rainer from 1956 until his death in 2005. They had one child.

Death
Foote died on June 27, 2005 at a hospital in Memphis, Tennessee from heart failure caused by a heart attack and pulmonary embolism. He was 88 years old. Foote is buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee.

References

Other websites

 Shelby Foote Grave
 Shelby Foote Papers Inventory, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill
 Write TV Public Television Interview with Shelby Foote 
 PBS Civil War
 American Enterprise interview with Bill Kauffman 
"Shelby Foote's War Story: How a Memphis novelist’s history of the Civil War made history itself" from Garden & Gun

1916 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
American historians
Episcopalians
Writers from Mississippi
Kenneth Lauren "Ken" Burns (born July 29, 1953) is an American director and producer of documentary movies. He is known for his style of using archival footage and photographs. Burns is also a historian and writer.

His most widely known documentaries are The Civil War (1990), Baseball (1994), Jazz (2001), The War (2007), The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009), Prohibition (2011) and The Central Park Five (2012). His movies have been nominated for two Academy Awards, and have won Emmy Awards, among other honors.

Burns was born on July 29, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York  His ancestors owned slaves, and one was a Confederate soldier. He studied at Hampshire College. Burns was married to Amy Stechler from 1982 until they divorced in 1993. He married Julie Deborah Brown in 2003, and  in 2017 they were still marrie..
RIP Ken Burns.He was a good man.
Burns said that he is influenced by Shelby Foote and Errol Morris.

References

Other websites

Florentine Films—Ken Burns's production company
Ken Burns on PBS
Ken Burns bibliography
Ken Burns at Library of Congress Authorities — with 54 catalog records

1953 births
Living people
American historians
Movie directors from New York (state)
Movie producers from New York (state)
Writers from New York City
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is cutting off part or all of the female genitals that are outside of the body.  FGM is also called female genital cutting and female circumcision.  It is done for traditional reasons, as part of a ritual, not for medical reasons.

FGM is most common in 27 African countries, as well as Yemen and Iraqi Kurdistan.  However, it also happens in other countries in Asia, the Middle East and around the world.  Usually, FGM is not done by a doctor or in a hospital.  It is often done with a razor blade or other sharp instruments, in many cases without anesthesia.

Different ethnic groups do different kinds of FGM. They also do FGM at different ages.  Some groups do FGM when infants are only a few days old.  Others do it when girls reach puberty, or are older.  In about half the countries where FGM happens, most girls have FGM before they are five years old.
FGM can cause serious health problems, like infections, chronic pain, trouble getting pregnant and giving birth, bleeding so bad that it can kill.  FGM does not make a person's health better in any way.

FGM is illegal in most of the countries where it happens.  However, these laws are often ignored.  Since the 1970s, many countries have tried to stop FGM.  In 2012, the United Nations General Assembly said that FGM is a human rights problem, and voted to try harder to stop it.  The World Health Organization and the "Maputo Protocol" to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights also say that FGM must be stopped.

Types of female genital mutilation
There are many different types of female genital mutilation.  The World Health Organization (WHO) has created four basic categories of FGM, called Types 1-IV.

Type I
In Type I FGM, part or all of the clitoris is cut off.  The clitoris is the female organ that makes sex feel good for women.  Without it, a woman usually cannot have an orgasm.
Type II
There are a few forms of Type II FGM.  All of them involve cutting off part or all of the inner labia, the two flaps of skin on the sides of the opening to the vagina.  The forms of Type II FGM are:
 Type IIa: The inner labia are cut off.
 Type IIb: The inner labia and part of the clitoris are cut off.
 Type IIc: The inner labia and part of the clitoris are cut off.  So is the outer labia, the folds of skin that protect the genitals.

Type III
Type III FGM is usually called infibulation.  It is the most severe form of FGM.  The genitals outside a woman's body are cut off and the wound is sewn shut with thread and thorns.  The different types of infibulation are:
 Type IIIa: The inner labia are cut off and sewn closed.
 Type IIIb: The outer labia are cut away and sewn closed.
When the labia are sewn shut, one small hole is left open so the girl can urinate and menstruate.  The hole is kept open by putting something like a twig into the wound. To help the wound close, the girl's legs are tied together, often from hip to ankle, for up to six weeks.

After the woman gets married, her vagina is cut open so she can have sex.  A midwife might cut open the vagina with a knife, or the woman's husband might tear it open with his penis.  If the woman gets pregnant, the vagina is opened more for childbirth, and then often sewn back up afterward (this is called re-infibulation).

Type IV
Type IV FGM is anything else that is done to hurt the genitals, like scraping, burning, scarring, or cutting the genitals without cutting them off. This procedure will be heartbreaking for women, when they get to know about this in later life.
Prevalence 
In many countries where FGM is common, almost every woman and girl in the country has had FGM.  In other countries, millions of women and girls have had FGM over many years.

In 25 countries in Africa and the Middle East, over 125 million women and girls have had FGM. This includes:
 27.2 million girls and women in Egypt
 23.8 million in Ethiopia
 19.9 milllion in Nigeria
 12.1 million in Sudan
 9.3 million in Kenya and Burkina Faso; and
 Millions of other girls and women in other countries.
In some of these same 25 countries, FGM is very common.  It is most common in these countries:
 Somalia: 98% of girls and women in the country have had FGM
 Guinea: 96%
 Djibouti: 93%
 Egypt: 91%
 Eritrea: 89%
 Mali: 89%
 Sierra Leone: 88%
 Sudan: 88%
However, in other countries, FGM is not as common.  For example, of the 25 countries where FGM happens most often, it is least common in these countries:
 Uganda: 1% of girls and women in the country have had FGM
 Cameroon: 1%
 Niger: 2%
 Togo: 4%
 Ghana: 4%
 Iraq: 8%

Complications
FGM can hurt women's physical and mental health throughout their lives.

The type of complications that a girl or woman might have from FGM depend on many things, like:
 The type of FGM
 Whether the FGM was done by someone with medical training
 Whether antibiotic medicines were used
 Whether sterile(clean and safe) tools were used

Short-term complications
"Short-term complications" are health problems caused by FGM soon after the FGM happened.  Common short-term complications include:
 Swelling
 Dangerous bleeding
 Pain
 Trouble urinating normally
 Infection and trouble healing
More serious short-term complications can cause symptoms that can kill a woman.  They include:
 Sepsis
 Tetanus
 Gangrene
 Necrotizing fasciitis ("flesh-eating disease")
 Bleeding to death

Nobody knows how many girls and women die from FGM.

Late complications
Late complications happen later on after FGM is done. For example:
 Scars, which can block urine and blood from getting out of the body
 Cysts, which can become infected
 Damage to the bladder and urethra
 Infibulated girls can have trouble or pain when urinating.  They can also have infections and pain during sex.
Painful periods are common because it is very difficult for the monthly menstrual blood to get out of the tiny hole left by infibulation.  Blood can fill the vagina and uterus, and stay there without moving.  If the vagina gets completely blocked, the vagina and uterus can fill up completely with menstrual blood.  Because women with this problem do not menstruate, and blood builds up in their abdomen (making it swell), it can be confused with pregnancy.

Pregnancy and childbirth
FGM may increase a woman's risk of having problems during pregnancy and childbirth.  For example, women who had infibulations are more likely to:
 Have third-degree lacerations (very bad skin tears around the vagina) when they try to give birth
 Have damage to their anal sphincters from giving birth, affecting bowel control; and 
 Need emergency caesarean sections
FGM also raises the risk that a woman's baby will die soon after it is born.  In 2008, the WHO estimated that 10–20 babies out of every 1,000 die because their mothers had FGM.  All types of FGM were found to raise babies' risk of death, which was:
 15 percent higher for Type I FGM;
 32 percent higher for Type II; and 
 55 percent for Type III.

Effects on mental health & sexual function
There is not much information about the effects of FGM on women's and girls' mental health.  However, a few small studies have found that women with FGM often have anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Studies on how FGM affects women's ability to have sex have also been small.  In total, in 2013, there had been 15 studies involving 12,671 women from seven countries.  When all the information from these studies was put together, researchers found that:
 Women with FGM were twice as likely than other women to say they never felt like having sex
 Women with FGM were 52% more likely than other women to have dyspareunia (pain during sex)
 One-third of women with FGM had less sexual feelings than before their FGM.

References

Female reproductive system
Anaphrodisiacs
Human rights abuses
Traditions
Medical procedures
Bruce Hubbard (1952–1991) was an American operatic baritone singer. He is known for appearing in several productions of Show Boat and Porgy and Bess.

Hubbard was born in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1951.

Other websites 
 

1952 births
1991 deaths
African American musicians
Singers from Indiana
Baritones
Tadeusz Mazowiecki (18 April 1927 – 28 October 2013) was a Polish author, journalist, philanthropist and Christian-democratic politician. Mazowiecki was the first Prime Minister of Poland. His term began in 1989 and ended in 1991.

Early life
Mazowiecki was born on 18 April 1927 in Płock, Second Republic of Poland. He was married two times (became a widower twice). He had three children, Wojciech, Adam, and Michal.

Career
He was formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement. Mazowiecki was the first non-communist prime minister in the Eastern Bloc after World War II. He became Prime Minister on 24 August 1989. His term lasted for nearly 2 years when he left office on 12 January 1991.

In 2003, he was elected to the board of directors of the International Criminal Court's Trust Fund for Victims.

Awards
Mazowiecki received numerous awards. An honorary degree from the universities in: Leuven, Genoa, Giessen, Poitiers, Exeter, Warsaw University and University of Economics in Katowice.
He also received the Order of White Eagle (1995), Golden Order of Bosnia (1996), Légion d'honneur (1997), Srebrnica Award (2005), the Giant award (1995) awarded by Gazeta Wyborcza (Election Gazette) in Poznań and Jan Nowak-Jezioranski Award (2004).

Death
Mazowiecki died on 28 October 2013 in Warsaw, Poland from complications from a fever caused by pneumonia. He was 86 years old.

References

Other websites

Periodic Reports on the situation in Bosnia 

1927 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Polish journalists
Polish philanthropists
Prime Ministers of Poland
Polish writers
Heat lightning is the name for lightning from thunderstorms that are far away that is not followed by thunder. This happens because the lightning is far away and the sound of the thunder stops before it reaches the person watching the thunderstorm. Although it is named heat lightning, it does not have anything to do with the heat of the lightning itself. At night, lightning can be seen from up to 100 miles away, but the thunder doesn't go that far.

Heat lightning is often seen during the summer months. In Florida, heat lightning can often been seen over the water at night from thunderstorms that formed during the day.

References

Other websites
The Weather Doctor: Weather Whys
Heat Lightning Facts 

Weather
Electricity
Stansfield M. Turner (December 1, 1923 – January 18, 2018) was a United States Navy admiral and former Director of Central Intelligence and President of the Naval War College. He was a senior research scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park School of Public Policy.

Turner was born on December 1, 1923 in Highland Park, Illinois. He studied at Amherst College, at the United States Naval Academy, and at Exeter College, Oxford. He was a Christian Scientist. Turner died in Seattle, Washington on January 18, 2018 at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
Prepared Statement before Congress on MKULTRA 
Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 1 
Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 2 
Interview on the Iranian Arms Scandal from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives

1923 births
2018 deaths
Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Christian Scientists
Military people from Illinois
Politicians from Highland Park, Illinois
Professor Bronisław Geremek (Benjamin Lewertow; March 6, 1932 - July 13, 2008) was a Polish social historian and politician. Geremek served as Poland's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1997 through 2000.

Geremek was born on March 6, 1932 in Warsaw, Poland. He studied at Warsaw University. Geremek was married to Hanna Geremek until his death in 2008.

Geremek died on July 13, 2008 after a car crash in Lubień, Poland. The cause of the crash was because Geremek fell asleep behind the wheel. He was 76 years old. A state funeral was granted for Geremek.

References

Other websites

 On the Side of Geremek Adam Michnik eulogizes Geremek in The New York Review of Books
Bronislaw Geremek's opinion editorial commentaries for Project Syndicate

1932 births
2008 deaths
Politicians from Warsaw
Road accident deaths