Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
25 June: In an interview with the BBC Arabic service, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said that Iraq had purchased used Sukhoi fighter jets from Russia and Belarus to battle ISIS militants, after delays in the delivery of F-16 fighters purchased from the US. "[If] we had air cover, we would have averted what happened", he said.
 26 June: Iraq launched its first counterattack against ISIS's advance with an airborne assault designed to seize back control of Tikrit University.
 28 June: The Jerusalem Post reported that the Obama administration had requested US$500 million from Congress to use in the training and arming of "moderate" Syrian rebels fighting against the Syrian government, in order to counter the growing threat posed by ISIS in Syria and Iraq.
 29 June: ISIS announced the establishment of a new caliphate. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed its caliph, and the group formally changed its name to the Islamic State.
2 July: Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-proclaimed caliph of the new Islamic State, said that Muslims should unite to capture Rome in order to "own the world." He called on Muslims the world over to unite behind him as their leader.
3 July: ISIS captured Syria's largest oilfield from rival Islamist fighters, al-Nusra Front, who put up no resistance to the attack. Taking control of the al-Omar oilfield gave ISIS access to potentially useful crude oil reserves.
17 July: Syria's Shaer gas field in the Homs Governorate was seized by Islamic State. According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, at least 90 National Defence Force guards defending the field were killed, as were 21 ISIS fighters. The SOHR later put the death toll from the fighting and executions at 270 soldiers, militiamen and staff, and at least 40 ISIS fighters.
19 July: ISIS claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing which killed 33 people and left more than 50 wounded. The explosion occurred in Baghdad's Kadhimiya district, which is the site of a major Shia shrine.
24 July: ISIS blew up the Mosque and tomb of the Prophet Yunus (Jonah) in Mosul, with no reported casualties. Residents in the area said that ISIS had erased a piece of Iraqi heritage. Johah's tomb was also an important holy site concerning Jewish heritage.
26 July: ISIS blew up the Nabi Shiyt (Prophet Seth) shrine in Mosul. Sami al-Massoudi, deputy head of the Shia endowment agency which oversees holy sites, confirmed the destruction and added that ISIS had taken artifacts from the shrine to an unknown location.
28 July: To mark the Muslim holy festival of Eid al-Fitr, which ends the period of Ramadan, ISIS released and circulated a 30-minute video showing graphic scenes of mass executions.
 The UN reported that of the 1,737 fatalities of the Iraq conflict during July so far, 1,186 were civilians.
August 2014 
1 August: The Indonesian National Counterterrorism Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme) declared ISIS a terrorist organization.
2 August: The Iraqi Army confirmed that 37 loyalist fighters had died during combat with Islamic State militants south of Baghdad, and in Mosul. The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) claimed that "hundreds" of IS militiamen had died in the action.
2 August: ISIS and its al-Nusra Front allies invaded Lebanon in and around the town of Arsal, sparking a five day battle between them and the Lebanese army, who pushed ISIS back across the border into Syria. Over a hundred fighters were killed, and scores of civilians were killed or wounded.
3 August: IS fighters occupied the city of Zumar and an oilfield in the north of Iraq, after a battle against Kurdish forces.
5 August: Al Jazeera reported that an IS offensive in the Sinjar area of northern Iraq had forced 30,000–50,000 Yazidis to flee into the mountains, fearing they would be killed by the IS. They had been threatened with death if they refused conversion to Islam. A UN representative said that "a humanitarian tragedy is unfolding in Sinjar." For more information see: Persecution of Yazidis by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
6 August: The Islamic State kidnapped 400 Yazidi women in Sinjar to sell them as sex slaves.
7 August: IS fighters took control of the town of Qaraqosh in the province of Nineveh in northern Iraq, which forced its large Christian population to flee.
7 August: US President Obama authorized targeted airstrikes in Iraq against ISIS, along with airdrops of aid. The UK offered the US  assistance with surveillance and refuelling, and planned humanitarian airdrops to Iraqi refugees.
8 August: The US asserted that the systematic destruction of the Yazidi people by the Islamic State was genocide. The US military launched indefinite airstrikes targeting Islamic State fighters, equipment and installations, with humanitarian aid support from the UK and France, in order to protect civilians in northern Iraq. The Islamic State had advanced to within 30 km of Erbil in northern Iraq. The UK is also considering joining the US in airstrikes.
10 August: France's Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said that Iraq's Kurds must be equipped to fight against ISIS and indicated that France would consider providing arms aid "in liaison with the Europeans". Islamic State militants buried an unknown number of Yazidi women and children alive, in an attack that killed 500 people, in what has been described as ongoing genocide in northern Iraq.
11 August: The Arab League accused the Islamic State of committing crimes against humanity. The UK decided not to join the US in airstrikes and instead stepped up its humanitarian aid to refugees.
12 August: The parents of kidnapped American journalist James Foley received an email from his captors. The US announced that it would not extend its airstrikes against the Islamic State to areas outside northern Iraq, emphasizing that the objective of the airstrikes was to protect US diplomats in Erbil. The US and the UK airdropped 60,000 litres of water and 75,000 meals for stranded refugees. The Vatican called on religious leaders of all denominations, particularly Muslim leaders, to unite and condemn the IS for what it described as "heinous crimes" and the use of religion to justify them.
13 August: The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that Islamic State jihadists had seized control of six villages near the Turkish border in the northern province of Aleppo in Syria.
15 August: The United Nations Security Council issued a resolution which "deplores and condemns in the strongest terms the terrorist acts of ISIL (Islamic State) and its violent extremist ideology, and its continued gross, systematic and widespread abuses of human rights and violations of international humanitarian law."
16 August: The Islamic State massacred 80 Yazidis. The EU agreed to supply Kurdish forces with arms, and US military forces continued to attack Islamic State fighters in the area around Iraq’s crucial Mosul Dam.
17 August: The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that the Islamic State had killed 700 members of the Syrian al-Sheitaat tribe, mostly civilians, after two weeks of clashes over the control of two oilfields in the region. Peshmerga troops, aided by the US air campaign, began an offensive to take back the strategic Mosul Dam from the Islamic State, amid fears that the destruction of the dam might unleash a 65-foot wave of water that would engulf the northern city of Mosul, and even flood Baghdad.<onlyinclude>
 18 August: Pope Francis, leader of the world's 1.2 billion Roman Catholics, said that the international community would be justified in stopping Islamist militants in Iraq. He also said that it should not be up to a single nation to decide how to intervene in the conflict.
19 August: According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, the Islamic State now has an army of more than 50,000 fighters in Syria. American journalist James Foley was beheaded by the Islamic State on video tape.
20 August: President Obama denounced the "brutal murder of Jim Foley by the terrorist group ISIL."
21 August: The US military admitted that a covert rescue attempt involving dozens of US Special Operations forces had been made to rescue James Foley and other Americans held captive in Syria by Islamic State militants. The air and ground assault, involving the first known US military ground action inside Syria, had the authorization of President Obama. The ensuing gunfight resulted in one US soldier being injured. The rescue was unsuccessful, as Foley and the other captives were not in the location targeted. This was the first known engagement by US ground forces with suspected Islamic State militants. The US Defense Secretary warned that the Islamic State were tremendously well-funded, adding, "They have no standard of decency, of responsible human behavior", and that they were an imminent threat to the US.
22 August: The US is considering airstrikes on ISIS in Syria, which would draw US military forces directly into the Syrian Civil War, as President Obama develops a long-term strategy to defeat the Islamic State.
26 August: The Islamic State carried out a suicide attack in Baghdad killing 15 people and injuring 37 others.
28 August: The Islamic State beheaded a Lebanese Army soldier whom they had kidnapped. The group also beheaded a Kurdish Peshmerga fighter in response to Kurdistan's alliance with the United States, and executed around 250 Syrian soldiers captured after the fall of Tabqa Air Base in Ar-Raqqah province. The soldiers had earlier been marched to their place of execution wearing just their underwear.
 29 August: UK Prime Minister David Cameron raised the UK's terror level to "severe" and committed to fight radical Islam "at home and abroad".
31 August:  Iraqi military forces supported by Shia militias and American airstrikes broke the two-month siege of the northern Iraqi town of Amerli by Islamic State militants. German Federal Minister of Defence Ursula von der Leyen announced that Germany will send enough weapons to arm 4,000 Peshmerga fighters in northern Iraq fighting Islamic State insurgents.  The delivery to be scheduled in stages will include 16,000 assault rifles, 40 machine guns, 240 rocket-propelled grenades, 500 MILAN anti-tank missiles with 30 launchers and 10,000 hand grenades, with a total value of around 70 million euros.  In order to assess the needs of the Peshmerga and prevent an excessive accumulation of arms, the Bundeswehr seconded six liaison officers to Erbil who will report to Berlin.
September 2014 
 1 September: The German government's Cabinet decision to arm the Kurdish Peshmerga militia was ratified in the Bundestag by a "vast majority" of votes, after an emotional debate.
 2 September: The IS released a video showing the beheading of a man whom they identified as American journalist Steven Sotloff.
 4 September: A member of the Islamic State issued a threat to Russian President Vladimir Putin, vowing to oust him over his support of Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria.
5 September: The German Bundeswehr dispatched the first of a planned series of cargo planes to Iraq, loaded with helmets, vests, radios, and infrared night-vision rifle scopes.  After a three-hour stopover in Baghdad for inspection, the aircraft will deliver the equipment to German personnel already in Erbil for distribution to the Kurdish fighters. Qassem Soleimani, Commander of the elite Iranian Revolutionary Guard Quds Force, has been to the Iraqi city of Amirli, to work with the United States in pushing back militants of the Islamic State.
 8 September: The Islamic State carried out a double suicide attack in a town north of Baghdad killing 9 people and wounding 70 others.
10 September: After ISIS had outraged American opinion by beheading two American journalists and had seized control of large portions of Syria and Iraq in the face of ineffective opposition from American allies, President Obama decided on a new objective for a rollback policy in the Middle East. He announced: "America will lead a broad coalition to roll back this terrorist threat. Our objective is clear: We will degrade, and ultimately destroy, ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counterterrorism strategy."
 12 September: A Western-backed Syrian rebels group operating around Damascus and the Islamic State signed a "non-aggression" agreement. 
 13 September: UK humanitarian aid worker David Cawthorne Haines, whose life had been threatened by Jihadi John in the Steven Sotloff video, was purportedly beheaded in a video titled "A Message to the Allies of America".
 15 September: The Battle of Suq al Ghazi ended with a US–Iraqi win.
18 September: The Australian Federal Police, Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, Queensland Police and New South Wales Police launched the largest counterterrorism operation in Australian history. The targets were ISIS-linked networks thought to be planning to behead an Australian at home and launch mass-casualty attacks in populated areas. Fifteen people were arrested in the raids by police and intelligence organisations, with one being charged with terrorism offences.
 20 September: The hostages captured on 11 June 2014 from the Turkish consulate in Mosul were released. 
 21 September: ISIS released a speech, titled "Indeed, You Lord (sic) is Ever Watchful", encouraging Muslims around the world to kill non-Muslims.
 22 September: Air operations begin over Syria; cruise missiles and precision-guided bombs strike ISIS targets in Syria.
29 September: ISIS releases third video of "long-term prisoner" and journalist John Cantlie entitled "Lend Me Your Ears - Messages From The British hostage John Cantlie: Episode 2". As in previous videos, Cantlie appears alone, sitting at a desk wearing an orange prison uniform. The scripted video criticizes US president Barack Obama’s strategy of using air strikes to defeat Islamic State fighters.
October 2014 
3 October: After a meeting of the Australian National Security Committee, Australian prime minister Tony Abbott announced that Australia would contribute eight F/A-18F Super Hornets to aid the war effort against Islamic extremists in Iraq. The aircraft join a KC-30A Tanker and an E-7A Wedgetail AEW&C aircraft already deployed.
3 October: ISIS releases video showing beheading of British aid worker Alan Henning and threatens American aid worker, Peter Kassig

References

2014 in Asia
21st century in Iraq
2010s in Syria
Islamic State
History 
On January 1, 1997, Infobases' parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. The website was a publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. The website was founded in 1983 by John Sittner. Originally, the website was a newsletter about genealogy. The Ancestry magazine had been launched in January 1994. Western Standard Publishing's CEO was Joe Cannon. He was the main owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standard's interest in Ancestry, Inc. That same month, Ancestry, Inc., purchased Bookcraft, Inc., a publisher of books written by leaders and officers of the LDS Church. By this time, Allen and Taggart began operating Ancestry, Inc. independently.
On July 6, 2009, the company changed its name back to Ancestry.com. A year later, Ancestry sold its book publishing assets to Turner Publishing. That same year, Ancestry magazine was no longer publishing after 25 years. On November 5, 2009, Ancestry.com became a publicly traded company on NASDAQ (symbol: ACOM). It's first public offering was at 7.4 million shares priced at $13.50 per share. The company had a partnership with NBC for a television series called Who Do You Think You Are?.
Productions and services 
Ancestry.com is a subscription-based genealogy research website. It has 5 billion records online. Most of the records are from the United States. However, records are being added for other countries, such as Canada, the UK, and European countries. Some records are free for anyone to access. Most records on Ancestry.com are only available for paying subscribers. Family Tree Maker (FTM) is advertised as "the #1 selling family history software". FTM allows the researcher to keep track of information collected during research and to create reports, charts, and books containing that information.
On June 22, 2006, Ancestry.com completed the indexing and scanning of all of the United States Federal Census records from 1790 through 1930. The website was nominated for a 2007 CODiE Award in the "Best Online Consumer Information Service" category. The website offers a genealogical DNA tests of autosomal DNA, paternal Y-chromosome DNA and maternal mitochondrial DNA. In June 2014, Ancestry.com no longer sold the Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA testing.

Website traffic 
In the first quarter of 2012, Ancestry had 1.87 million users. According to Quantcast, as of April 2012, Ancestry.com reached a rough estimate of 8.3 – 8.4 million people in the US.
In the second quarter of 2014, Ancestry had 2.11 million users, for a loss of 52,000 subscribers when compared to the first quarter of 2014.
Other websites the company owns 
This is a list of all websites Ancestry.com., Inc. owns.
 FindAGrave.com<ref>http://blogs.ancestry.com/ancestry/2013/09/30/ancestry-com-acquires-find-a-grave/ </a></ref>
 Fold3
 Genealogy.com
 LongLostPeople.com
 MyFamily.com
 Newspapers.com
 RootsWeb
 ProGenealogists.com

References

Other websites 

 Ancestry.com corporate site
 RootsWeb, a free genealogy website

1983 establishments in the United States
Genealogy
Provo, Utah
American software companies
Websites
Companies based in Utah
Alexander Grothendieck (Berlin, 28 March 1928  13 November 2014, Saint-Girons, Ariège) was a leading figure in the modern field of algebraic geometry and Galois theory.

In 1970 Grothendieck left the Institut des hautes études scientifiques, where he had been appointed research professor (1958–1970) and where he did his greatest work. He turned to radical pacifism and opposed all forms of warfare and aggression. This is why he declined the Crafoord Prize in 1988.

In 1966 he was awarded the Fields Medal.

References

1928 births
2014 deaths
Fields Medalists
Scientists from Berlin
French algebraic geometers
Ohlone people are a Native American people from the north and central California coast. They lived in small villages, and they hunted deer and other animals. Ohlone groups who lived near the shore ate shellfish too. After eating them, they put their shells in mounds called shellmounds. They also buried the dead in shellmounds.

References

Other websites

http://www.muwekma.org - Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area
http://www.ohlonenation.org  - The Ohlone Nation

Native Americans
Ethnic groups in the United States
200 Cigarettes is a 1999 American comedy-drama movie. The movie is about a party in New York City on New Year's Eve 1981. Martha Plimpton plays Monica. Courtney Love plays Lucy. Christina Ricci plays Val. Janeane Garofalo plays Ellie. Kate Hudson plays Cindy.

The movie got negative reviews from critics.

Other websites 

1999 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1980s
Hans Erik "Hasse" Wallman (1 May 1936 – 22 September 2014) was a Swedish businessman, impresario, composer, director, writer and producer. As an entertainment executive, he presented concerts for the British rock bands The Beatles and The Rolling Stones, as well as many other bands and performers. From 1965 until 1966, he was in charge of publicity at the record label Elektra Records. In 1991, he was given a Guldmasken award.

Wallman was born in Stockholm. He was married and had two children.

Wallman was injured in a horse riding accident at his home in Värmdö on 19 September 2014. He was put into a coma and died three days later, aged 78.

References

Other websites

 

1936 births
2014 deaths
Accidental deaths
Swedish businesspeople
Swedish composers
Swedish movie directors
Swedish movie producers
Musicians from Stockholm
Writers from Stockholm
Arturo Umberto Illia Francesconi (; August 4, 1900 – January 18, 1983) was an Argentine politician. He was President of Argentina from October 12, 1963, to June 28, 1966. He was a member of the centrist UCR.

1900 births
1983 deaths
Presidents of Argentina
Gilles Latulippe (31 August 1937 – 23 September 2014) was a Canadian actor, comedian and theatre director and manager. Latulippe is a central figure in the history of comic theatre in Quebec. In 1998, he was named Quebec's favorite actor by the daily tabloid Le Journal de Montréal.

Latulippe was born in Montreal, Quebec and died from lung cancer there.

References

Other websites
 

1937 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Montreal
Canadian comedians
Canadian movie actors
Canadian stage actors
Cancer deaths in Quebec
Deaths from lung cancer
Canadian theatre directors
Rodney "Rod" Milgate (30 June 1934 – 23 September 2014) was an Australian painter, newsreader, actor and playwright. During the 1960s, he was a newsreader on Channel 7. He was also the Professor of the Visual Arts School of the City Art Institute at the University of New South Wales. He was given the Blake Prize for Religious Art three times. He also wrote more than ten stage plays between 1966 and 1996. He also published a novel in 1978. He also acted in his plays, and in 1960, he appeared in three television movies.

Milgate was born in Sydney, New South Wales. He married actress Dinah Shearing in 1960. They had two sons, Matthew and Adam. He was an agnostic.

Milgate died from a heart attack on 23 September 2014 at his home in northern Sydney. He was 80.

References

Other websites
 
 Rodney Milgate  at AustralianPlays
1934 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Sydney
Agnostics
Australian educators
Australian movie actors
Australian painters
Australian playwrights
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Australian television presenters
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Sydney
Writers from Sydney
Niles is a city in Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. The city's population was 19,266 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Ohio
Manuel María Uribe Angel (4 September 1822 – 16 June 1904) was a Colombian physician, geographer and politician. He has been called the "father of medicine of Antioquia". He was known outside the realm of medicine for his studies and works on the geography and history of Colombia.

He also served as President of the then Sovereign State of Antioquia and as Senator of Colombia.

1822 births
1904 deaths
Colombian writers
Physicians
Geographers
Colombian politicians
Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal (;  – 21 September 1857), widely known as Nawab of Jhamra, was a Pakistani Punjabi Muslim chieftain of the Kharal tribe. He led rebellion in the Bar region of Pakistani Punjab against the British East India Company in the War of Independence of 1857 and died fighting against it on 21 September 1857, at the age of 81. He was killed while offering morning Fajr Prayers before breakfest.  He is today considered a folk hero in Punjab.

Biography
Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal was born into a rich landowning family of the Kharal tribe in the Sandal Bar region of Punjab, in Chak 434 Gb Jhamra village 23 km from Tandlianwala Faisalabad District and 57 km from Faisalabad city.

He was the de facto ruler (nawab) of Jhamra, he possessed large sum of land and cattle. He was respected by all Kharals as well as other tribes such as Kathia, Wattoo, Fatayana and others. Rai Kharal had influence over all of Sandal Bar.
Role in War of Independence (1857)
On July 8, 1857 British arrested a large number of Joiya tribe's men, women and children after they refused to pay the heavy taxes (Lagan). When Rai Kharal received this news he planned to break into the Gogera jail and rescue the innocent people imprisoned there. With help of his Fatayana, Wattoo and Kathia friends Rai Ahmad attacked the Gogera Jail on July 26. According to British records 17 prisoners were killed, 33 were injured and 18 fled. But native accounts disagree suggesting that 145 prisoners died and 100+ EIC troops were also killed. British arrested Rai Ahmad but released him due to pressure from local tribes and as no proper evidence was available against him. Rai Ahmed Khan Kharal did not stop and continued rebellion against the British.
Rai Ahmad with his companions fled to Jungles of Gashkori and continued the struggle. The British received news about Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal's presence in the Jungles of Gashkori and a force under Captain James Black was sent there, this force succeeded in killing Ahmad Khan while he was offering afternoon prayers. Many of his close companions such as his deputy Sarang Khan Kharal of Begeke Kharals was also killed in this engagement.

A trusted partner of Rai Ahmed Khan Kharal, Murad Fatayana took revenge of Ahmad Khan's killing and eliminated Lord Berkley alongside 50 british and native troops in a successful attack. The rebellion continued until it ended in mid 1858 as local tribes lost.

Death
Death

Rai Ahmed Khan Kharal was killed by a force led by Captain Black on September 21 while he was offering afternoon prayers. His body was decapitated and his head was put on display at Gregora Jail which was an insult to injury to his supporters. A few days later one of his supporters stole the head and buried it in his ancestral graveyard in Jhamra. The local dhola poems recited after his death describe Ahmad Khan's martyrdom as Britain lowering the head of Punjab. Below is a line from one of the poems.
Background
Amo Kharal was born in a rich landowning family of the Kharal Jat Clan in the Sandal Bar region of Punjab, in Jhamara village near Tāndliānwāla Faisalabad District. As a young man he fought against the rising Sikh power led by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ahmad Khan Kharal had very cordial(good) relations with Maharaja Ranjit singh.(reference- Saeed Ahmed Butt (2015). "Rai Ahmad Khan Kharral (Myth or Reality)" (PDF). Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society. 28 (2): 173–191. Retrieved 2020-05-07.) Later on, as an old man in his 70s, when the rebellion broke out against the British, he also raised a force to fight against them.
Struggle and death
Amo Kharal was quite successful in helping the local people and keeping them safe from British troops, keeping up a guerilla warfare against them, for some months. On 26th July 1857, Amo Kharal went with a force to attack the Gogera Jail (now in Sahiwal District) to release some of his companions arrested by the British, but was ambushed by them and their local allies. Amo Kharal and his assistant, Sarang, were both killed, fighting bravely.

The deeds of this brave and noble warrior are still remembered and sung by Punjabi poets in dholas and vars, types of poems.

References

Saeed Ahmed Butt (2015). "Rai Ahmad Khan Kharral (Myth or Reality)" (PDF). Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society. 28 (2): 173–191. Retrieved 2020-05-07.

1785 births
1857 deaths
Punjabi people
19th century in India
Siri Paya or Paya is a traditional dish of Pakistan and India. It is especially 
popular at various festivals and treated to special guests and get togethers. Paya means feet in Urdu and Hindi.

The main ingredients of the dish are the trotters or hooves of a cow, goat, water buffalo or lamb; cooked with various spices. It is cooked to a thick, soup-like form and eaten with special naan bread dipped into it. 

Some of the best and most famous Siri Paya in South Asia are made in the Taxali Gate 
area of Lahore city.

References

Pakistani food
Indian food
Caldwell "Pops" Jones (August 4, 1950 – September 21, 2014) was an American professional basketball player. He played as both a center and a power forward between 1973 and 1990. He first played in the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1973 until 1976. He later played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1976 until 1990. Teams he played for in his fourteen-season career in the NBA were the Philadelphia 76ers, the Portland Trail Blazers, the Houston Rockets, the Chicago Bulls, and the San Antonio Spurs.

Jones was born in McGehee, Arkansas to an African American family. He was married to Vanessa. They had three daughters: Zori, Maya and Leah.

Jones died from a massive heart attack on September 21, 2014 while playing golf in Atlanta, Georgia. He was 64.

References

Other websites
 Caldwell Jones  at Basketball-Reference
1950 births
2014 deaths
African-American basketball players
Chicago Bulls players
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Houston Rockets players
Philadelphia 76ers players
Portland Trail Blazers players
San Antonio Spurs players
Sportspeople from Arkansas
American basketball players
Abdullah II ibn al-Hussein (, ʿAbdullāh aṯ-ṯānī ibn al-Ḥusayn; born 30 January 1962) is the King of Jordan. He became king on 7 February 1999 after the death of his father King Hussein. King Abdullah, whose mother is Princess Muna al-Hussein, is a member of the Hashemite family. His mother Muna al-Hussein is from Suffolk, England.
Early life and Career
Abdullah was born at Palestine Hospital in Amman, He is eldest son of King Hussein of Jordan and His second wife Princess Muna Al-Hussein, His name sake from his great gandfather Abdullah I, He has four brother and six sisters, Princess Alia, Prince Faisal, Pincess Aisha, Princess Zein, Princess Haya, Prince Ali, Prince Hamazah, Prince Hashem, Princess Iman and Princess Raiyah,
He has begin his school life at Islamic Educational College at Amman and study at St Edmund's School in UK, He has high school life at Eaglebrook School and Deerfield Academy in US.
He began his military career at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1980, While he was a training officer in the Jordanian Armed Forces, After Sandhurst, He commissioned as a second lieutenant in the British Army and served a year in Britain and West Germany as a troop commander in 13/18 Royal Hussars.
He has studied at Pembroke College in Oxford completed by one year special studies in Maddie Eastern affairs, After He joined to Royal Jordanian Army on his return home, serving as first lieutenant and then platoon commander and assistant commander of company in the 40th Armoured Brigade, He took a free-fall parachuting course in Jordan.

In 1985, He took Armored Officer's Anvanced Course at Fort Knox, He became commander of a tank company in the 91st Armored Brigade with the rank of captain, Abdullah has served with the Royal Jordanian Air Force's anti-tank helicopter wing and Receiving training to fly Corbra Attack Helicopters.
Abdullah has attended the Edmund A Walsh School of Foreign Serive at Georgetown University in Washington DC, At 1987, He undertaking advanced study and research in International affairs, He return home to serve as assistant commander of the 17th Royal Tank Battalion in 1989, later being promoted to major.
Abdullah has attended a staff course at the British Staff College on 1990, And served the fallowing year in the Office of the Inspector General of the Jordanian Armed Forces as the Armored Corps representative.
He commanded a battalions in the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment in 1992 and promoted colonel the fallowing year, commanding the 40th Brigade.
He met Raina Ai- Yassin on a marketing employee at Apple Inc in Amman, At a dinner organized by his sister Princess Aisha in January 1993, They are engaged two months later, And their marriage took place in June 1993.
References

1962 births
Living people
Kings of Jordan
The Republican Governors Association (RGA) is a Washington, D.C.-based 527 organization. It started in 1963. Its members are U.S. state and territorial Republican governors.

The RGA chairman is Governor Greg Abbott of Texas. He became chairman in November 2019 after Governor Pete Ricketts of Nebraska. The 2017 RGA Vice Chair was Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin. The rest of the Executive Committee includes Governors Kim Reynolds of Iowa, Larry Hogan of Maryland, Charlie Baker of Massachusetts, Henry McMaster of South Carolina, Kristi Noem of South Dakota, Bill Lee of Tennessee, Pete Rickets of Nebraska, Eric Holcomb of Indiana, and Doug Burgum of North Dakota.

40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan, was once president of the RGA when he was Governor of California.
These people have been leaders of the RGA: John Chafee, William Milliken, Winfield Dunn, Kit Bond, Arch A. Moore, Jr., Otis R. Bowen, Victor Atiyeh, Dick Thornburgh, John H. Sununu, John Ashcroft, George Voinovich, Tommy Thompson, Terry Branstad, Mike Leavitt, Jim Gilmore, Tom Ridge, Mitt Romney, Rick Perry, Sonny Perdue, Bobby Jindal, Scott Walker, Chris Christie, Haley Barbour and Susana Martinez.

The RGA is not working with the non-partisan National Governors Association.

Related pages
 Democratic Governors Association

References

Republican Party (United States)
1963 establishments in the United States
Political organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Assheton St George Gorton (10 July 1930 – 14 September 2014) was a British production designer. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the movie The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981). He was also given a BAFTA nomination for Michelangelo Antonioni's movie Blowup (1966). He also worked on the movies Wonderwall (1968), 101 Dalmatians (1996) and 102 Dalmatians (2000).

Gorton was born in Sedbergh, West Riding of Yorkshire. He was married to Gayatri. They had three children: Sophie, Steve and Barnaby.

Gorton died after a long illness on 14 September 2014 in Church Stoke of Powys, Wales. He was 84.

References

Other websites
 
 Assheton Gorton Interview with The British Entertainment History Project

1930 births
2014 deaths
British designers
English artists
People from West Yorkshire
Writing tools are the things we use to write with. Most writing today is done with a computer system, usually with word processing software. But for about 5,000 years, much simpler tools were used. The tools were different in different parts of the world. The raw materials had to be near where people lived.

The Middle East 
The two oldest writing systems come from this area, which also had the earliest agriculture and the first cities. It is not known for sure which came first, or whether they influenced each other.

Sumer 

The Sumerian system used clay as the basic material to write on. They developed a type of writing called cuneiform. Triangular marks were pressed into soft clay tablets by a metal or wooden tool. After the clay had dried in the sun the tablets were baked. Then they were carried somewhere else for others to read. We know that its first uses were for trade, accounting and administration.

Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt 

This is the most famous of the old forms of writing. It was invented at roughly the same time as cuneiform, yet was quite different in style, and used different materials. The writing tools used varied according to the material which was written on. Egyptians ended up with three writing systems for the same language. The tools were:
1. Hieroglyphic: the famous pictorial language on stone monuments.  The hieroglyphs were carved into stone (hammer & chisel) or painted onto stone surfaces. Many survive, some with the original colours intact.
2. The two cursive ('running') scripts, hieratic and demotic, were written with reed pens and carbon inks onto papyrus. If the material was cloth, then the writing was done with a brush.

When writing on papyrus, Egyptians used a reed pen. The was hollow, with a nib-like end structure. This was a good example of how writing tools must be got from materials in the local area.

Far East
Far East 

The original Chinese system scratched lines onto a bone or turtle shell surface, 12001500 BC.

Although Chinese characters can be written with many materials, for the longest period they were written with a brush. The ink was carbon-based. It was moulded before use into an inkstick. This small solid object could be carried easily. To get the ink the writer had to grind the inkstick against an inkstone with some added water. The earliest Chinese inks can be dated back to 12th century BC, with the use of charred (partly burnt) materials and plant dyes. Mineral inks based on graphite were most common. A bit later, soot was used as the carbon source, and animal glue used to bind the ink to the paper (Egyptian ink used gum arabic for the same reason).

Paper was a Chinese invention, and a very important one. Essentially the same writing tools and methods were used in Japan, and in Korea, two countries influenced by China.
Rome 
The Romans used lead styli with wax tablets which could be "erased" by rubbing the beeswax surface smooth again. For permanent records they wrote on parchment (treated animal skin) with ink. They invented the idea of a book with sewn-together parchment pages. It was called a codex, a word which means something like 'block of wood'. Before, long documents were kept in a roll.

Pens 
Dip-in pens were used in Europe for a thousand years or more. At first they were quill pens made of the stem ('rachis') of a pigeon feather. The quill pen was cut by a knife to give the slanting nib at the writing end. They were used from the middle ages until the first part of the 19th century.
Metal pens were tried next, but many metals were not flexible enough. The writing styles which developed with quill pens used thick and thin strokes. People wanted the same flexibility from a metal pen. Between 1839 and 1849 the steel-nibbed pen solved the problem. For the next century and more, industrial production lines turned out hundreds of millions of steel nibs. They had the advantage that different types of nib could be attached to the same holder. This allowed for different styles of writing to be used. Eventually the best nibs were tipped with gold or iridium, a rare metal which arrives on Earth via meteorites. All stages in the making of nibs was done by machine. The great secret of all nibs from the Egyptian reed to the steel pen is the slit down the middle of the tip. This leads the ink from the small blob under the nib to the point where the ink goes onto the paper. Without the slit, a nib does not work well.

References 

Writing tools
The Kharal are a Punjabi Rajput tribe. Today, they mostly live in Punjab, Pakistan.

References

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Punjabi people
Paleoanthropology (or palaeoanthropology) combines the study of paleontology and physical anthropology. It is the study of human evolution. 

The subject is also closely connected to archaeology. The evidence of tool-making and other activities shows the subtle but important changes in thinking that early humans went through.

Related pages 
Human evolution
Palaeolithic

References 

Subfields of paleontology
Evolution
Physical anthropology
A timeline is a way of displaying a list of events in the order they happened (called chronological order). It may be in the form of a list or a graphic design. A graphic timeline typically shows a long bar labelled with dates and usually events. But it can be other layouts as well.

Uses of timelines
Timelines are often used in education. They help students and researchers understand the order or chronology of historical events for a subject. A timeline can be used to visualize the time between events, durations (such as lifetimes or wars), and the overlap of events.

History
Timelines are particularly useful for studying history, as they convey a sense of change over time. Wars and social movements are often shown as timelines. Timelines are also useful for biographies.
Project management
Another type of timeline is used for project management. They are important to help team members to know what milestones need to be achieved. It also shows the time schedule. An example is showing a project timeline for a Systems development life cycle of a computer system.

References 

Statistics
Diagrams
Time
Heer Ranjha is a famous sad, love story from the Punjab . Other Punjabi love stories are Mirza Sahiban, and Sohni Mahiwal.

The story is about two lovers, Heer a beautiful  girl from a  rich jatt and noble family; and Ranjha, a poor farm and poor dhanak caste boy. He looked after Water buffaloes belonging to Heer's father. They both fell in love but Heer's parents were against their marriage. Heer was married by force to a rich young man. Ranjha, very saddened by this, became a hermit He later tried to meet Heer but he failed, and they both died in the mulberry tree nea the  
 
This story has been written by different writers, at different times. The best and most famous is Heer by the poet Waris Shah written in 1761. Some films in Punjabi language and Urdu have also been made about this story.
The story is still very popular today. Many young girls and boys who fall in love have to face the same problems Some people believe that there were two real young lovers called Heer and Ranjha, long ago. They say that they died and were buried together in a tomb near Jhang, in Punjab. But there is no real proof this was so. But all these are known to be myth.

References

Folklore
Pakistani literature
Heer is a general term for army in the German and some other languages of German origin. In date order:

Armies
 Army of the Holy Roman Empire, or Reichsheer (1422-1806)
 Bundesheer or German Federal Army, the Army of the German Confederation (1815-1866)
 German Army (German Empire), or Deutsches Heer (1871-1919), for Army of the German Empire
 Reichswehr, or Reichsheer (1919-35), for the interwar Army of the Weimar Republic
 Wehrmacht (1935-46) for the Second World War Army of Nazi Germany
 German Army, or Deutsches Heer (1955-present), for the Cold War Army of West Germany and the current Army of Germany

Other Germanic peoples
 Österreichisches Bundesheer (1920-present), the current Military of Austria
 Heer, the current ground component of the Military of Switzerland
People
 Oswald Heer, a botanist and naturalist with the standard botanical author abbreviation Heer.
 Kamal Heer, a Punjabi singer and musician.
 Manmohan Waris ("Manmohan Heer"), a legendary Punjabi singer and musician.
 Sangtar ("Sangtar Heer"), a Punjabi composer and musician.

Other meanings
 Heer, Netherlands, an area in the municipality of Maastricht, Limburg
 Heer (film), a 1956 Bollywood film
 Heer (instrumental), an instrumental by Pakistani band Junoon
 Heer Ranjha, classical Punjabi folk story
Michael "Mike" Harari (February 18, 1927 – September 21, 2014) was an Israeli intelligence officer in the Mossad.  He was involved in several operations. He was part of the failed Lillehammer affair and the rescue of hostages at Entebbe. 

Harari died at his home on September 21, 2014 at the age of 87.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
Israeli Jews
Mossad people
Military people from Tel Aviv
Sammy Labella (June 5, 1929 – September 22, 2014), better known by his stage name Skip E. Lowe, was an American talk show host and actor. He hosted Skip E. Lowe Looks at Hollywood. He appeared in the movies Black Shampoo, The World's Greatest Lover, Cameron's Closet and A-List. Martin Short called him as the inspiration for his character Jiminy Glick.

He died on September 22, 2014, in Los Angeles, from emphysema at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
 

1929 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Mississippi
American movie actors
American television personalities
American television talk show hosts
Deaths from emphysema
Disease-related deaths in California
Henryk Glücklich (22 January 1945 – 23 September 2014) was a Polish speedway racer. He was an international motorcycle speedway rider. He appeared in the Speedway World Championship finals three times, finishing fifth in 1970. He also rode in five World Team Cup finals. Glücklich was born in Rybnik, Poland.

Glücklich died in Berlin, Germany, aged 69.

References

1945 births
2014 deaths
Polish speedway riders
Christopher Jarvis Haley Hogwood CBE (10 September 194124 September 2014) was an English conductor, harpsichordist, writer, and musicologist. He was the founder of the Academy of Ancient Music. Hogwood was born in Nottingham, England.

Hogwood died in Cambridge, England on 24 September 2014, aged 73.

References

Other websites
Christopher Hogwood's website 
Edition HH Limited
Christopher Hogwood interview  recorded by Doug Ordunio for usage aboard United Airlines (ca.2000)
  Juror for 2011 Westfield Center Fortepiano Competition

1941 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British conductors
English LGBT people
English writers
Entertainers from Nottingham
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from Nottinghamshire
Yasiel Puig Valdés born December 7, 1990) is a Cuban professional baseball player.  Puig plays for the Los Angeles Dodgers. Puig plays the position outfielder.

Puig played for the Cuban national baseball team in the 2008 World Junior Baseball Championship.  His team won a bronze medal. In 2012, he left Cuba and signed a contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers.

References

Other websites
http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article1963115.html - From Cuba to the majors: Yasiel Puig’s harrowing story

1990 births
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Cuban baseball players
Matthew Ryan "Matt" Kemp (born September 23, 1984) is an American professional baseball player.  He plays for the Atlanta Braves. He plays the position of outfielder. He has previously played for the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Diego Padres. His career began in 2006.

Kemp was drafted by the Dodgers in the sixth round of the 2003 draft.  He went to the major leagues after four years in the minor leagues.

He did not become a full-time player until 2008.  He became the everyday starting center fielder.  He has been named to two All-Star teams. He has won two Gold Glove Awards. He has won two Silver Slugger Awards.

References

Other websites
Official Site  - Matt Kemp official site
 

1984 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Atlanta Braves players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
San Diego Padres players
By the Sword is a 1991 action-drama movie. This movie is about people who fence with swords. F. Murray Abraham plays Max Suba. Mia Sara plays Erin.

The movie got mixed reviews from the critics. The screenplay was considered "terrible".

References

Other websites 

American drama movies
American action movies
1991 drama movies
1991 movies
1991 action movies
Class Action is a 1991 melodramatic thriller movie. The movie is about a lawsuit related to injuries caused by a defective car. Laurence Fishburne plays Nick. Gene Hackman plays Jedediah Tucker Ward. Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio plays Maggie.

The movie received mostly positive review. It was a moderate box office success.

1991 thriller movies
1991 drama movies
1991 movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Michael Apted
Cavalera Conspiracy is an American metal band formed in 2007.

Discography
Studio albums
 Inflikted (2008)
 Blunt Force Trauma (2011)
 Pendemonium (2014)

2007 establishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups established in 2007
Musical groups from Arizona
Phoenix, Arizona
2000s establishments in Arizona
Greg Mackey (20 October 1961 – 24 September 2014) was an Australian professional rugby league player from 1980 until 1996. He played as a five-eighth, fullback, winger and centre. He also captained some of his teams. He played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Paris Châtillon XIII, the Illawarra Steelers, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, the Warrington Wolves and Hull.

Mackey was born in New South Wales. He was married to Amanda. They had three children: two sons, Kane and Tom, and a daughter, Ebony. In December 2011, he was told that he had bowel cancer.

Mackey died from a heart attack on 24 September 2014 in Sydney, New South Wales. He was 52.

References

Other websites
 Greg Mackey at the Rugby League Project

1961 births
2014 deaths
Australian rugby league players
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Cecilia Cenci (3 August 1942 – 21 September 2014) was an Argentine actress. She was best known her roles in the movies Piedra libre (1976) and Contragolpe (1979).

Cenci was born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. She was of Italian ancestry.

Cenci died from brain cancer on 21 September 2014 at the Fundación Favaloro in Buenos Aires. She was 72.

References

Other websites
 

1942 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Cancer deaths in Argentina
Argentine movie actors
Actors from Buenos Aires
Argentine stage actors
Argentine television actors