Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
"Break a leg" is an  expression from  Britain. (Here, an "expression" means a particular way of saying something.)

It can mean about the same as "good luck".

This expression was used in theaters  by actors. Before an actor went on stage, other actors could wish that he or she had good luck in their work. Then, a co-worker could say "Break a leg!".

When the expression is used like this, it is a form of irony.

Theater
Luck
The Black Parade is Dead! is a CD/DVD by My Chemical Romance it was recorded live in Mexico.

Track listing 

 CD
All songs written and composed by My Chemical Romance.

From the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City, Mexico on October 7, 2007
 1. "The End." 2:34
 2. "Dead!" 3:17
 3. "This Is How I Disappear" 3:51
 4. "The Sharpest Lives" 3:17
 5. "Welcome to the Black Parade" 5:05
 6. "I Don't Love You" 3:47
 7. "House of Wolves" 3:38
 8. "Interlude" 1:01
 9. "Cancer" 3:16
 10. "Mama" 5:21
 11. "Sleep" 5:31
 12. "Teenagers" 3:03
 13. "The Black Parade Is Dead" 1:00
 14. "Disenchanted" 4:58
 15. "Famous Last Words" 5:09
 16. "Blood" 1:21
DVD
From the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City, Mexico on October 7, 2007[4]
1. "The End." 2:34
 2. "Dead!" 3:17
 3. "This Is How I Disappear" 3:51
 4. "The Sharpest Lives" 3:17
 5. "Welcome to the Black Parade" 5:05
 6. "I Don't Love You" 3:47
 7. "House of Wolves" 3:38
 8. "Interlude" 1:01
 9. "Cancer" 3:16
 10. "Mama" 5:21
 11. "Sleep" 5:31
 12. "Teenagers" 3:03
 13. "The Black Parade Is Dead" 1:00
 14. "Disenchanted" 4:58
 15. "Famous Last Words" 5:09
 16. "Blood" 1:21

From Maxwell's in Hoboken, New Jersey, on October 24, 2007[4] 
 
 1. "Welcome to the Black Parade" 5:11
 2. "Thank You for the Venom" 4:23
 3. "Dead!" 5:05
 4. "The Sharpest Lives" 4:40
 5. "This Is How I Disappear" 3:53
 6. "Teenagers" 4:07
 7. "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" 4:05
 8. "You Know What They Do to Guys Like Us in Prison" 4:04
 9. "Famous Last Words" 5:08
 10. "Give 'Em Hell, Kid" 2:45
 11. "House of Wolves" 3:42
 12. "It's Not a Fashion Statement, It's a Deathwish" 4:38
 13. "I Don't Love You" 4:27
 14. "Untitled" 4:19
 15. "Mama" 4:45
 16. "Helena" 4:54
 17. "Cancer" 2:46

References
References

2007 albums
My Chemical Romance
BBC Two is a television channel in the United Kingdom. It began broadcasting on  20 April 1964, and was the third television channel in the United Kingdom.  BBC Two was also the first channel in the whole of Europe to change to colour in 1967.
Controllers
This is a list of the controllers of BBC Two.
1964–1965: Michael Peacock
1965–1969: Sir David Attenborough
1969–1974: Robin Scott
1974–1978: Aubrey Singer
1978–1982: Brian Wenham
1982–1987: Graeme MacDonald
1987–1992: Alan Yentob
1992–1996: Michael Jackson
1996–1999: Mark Thompson
1999–2004: Jane Root
2004–2008: Roly Keating
2008–2014: Janice Hadlow
2014–2016: Kim Shillinglaw
As of August 2008, the controller of BBC Two was Roly Keating. He took up the post in June 2004. Keating was formerly the controller of BBC Four. He became controller after Jane Root departed in May 2004 to become the executive vice president and general manager of the US-based Discovery Channel. Jane Root was appointed in 1999 and was the first woman to be appointed controller of a BBC television channel.
On 20 January 2016, Kim Shillinglaw announced that she was leaving the BBC and her job as Controller of BBC Two and BBC Four. As a result of a reorganisation, the position was closed, but it was reopened just over a year later.

References

Other websites

1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
BBC television channels
The King of Queens was an American television series set in Queens, New York City. The series was shown for nine seasons, from 1998 to 2007. After the last episode was broadcast on May 14, 2007, The King Of Queens became the last American live action sitcom that began in the 1990s to end its run.
Characters 
 Doug Heffernan (played by Kevin James): Doug is a driver for the package delivery company, IPS (International Parcel Service), a spin-off of UPS. His actions are often caused by acting like a little kid and his love of food. He often develop bizarre schemes to get what he wants and more than likely lies to his wife, Carrie, in the process.
 Carrie Heffernan (played by Leah Remini): Carrie is Doug's wife. She never went to college, but works as a secretary for a law firm and later a real estate agency. Originally born as Simone Spooner, her name was traded for Carrie after her father lost it in a card game. She is known for being bossy and mean towards others, especially Doug.
 Arthur Spooner (played by Jerry Stiller): Carrie's widowed father. After losing his home in a fire, Carrie decided to have him live in the Heffernan's basement from then on.
 Deacon Palmer (played by Victor Williams): He is Doug's best friend, Deacon is the more responsible of the two.
Spence Olchin (played by Patton Oswalt): Spence is another friend of Doug's. He is often viewed as the nerd of the group and lives with his mother.
 Danny Heffernan (played by Gary Valentine): Danny Heffernan is Doug's cousin. He is also seen hanging out with Doug, Spence, and Deacon.
 Holly Shumpert (2001–2005, 2007) (played by Nicole Sullivan): Holly is a cheerful, yet insecure dog-walker. She was hired by Doug and Carrie to walk Arthur.
 Richie Ianucchi (1998–2001) (played by Larry Romano): Was one of Doug's friends before leaving in the third season to go to another sitcom.
Other websites 

1998 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
American sitcoms
CBS network shows
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Barbie Horse Adventures: Wild Horse Rescue is a video game being made by Vivendi Games. It is part of the Barbie franchise.

2003 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Barbie Horse Adventures: Riding Camp is a video game made by Activision for the Nintendo DS and PC in 2008. It is part of the Barbie franchise. The game is the sequel to Barbie Horse Adventures: Wild Horse Rescue.

References

Other websites 
 Activision press release 

2008 video games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Activision video games
Action-adventure games
The olm or proteus (Proteus anguinus) is an amphibian, native to the underground waters of the Dinaric karst that flow through the Soča river basin near Trieste in Italy, through to southern Slovenia, southwestern Croatia, and Herzegovina. It is the only species in the genus Proteus, the only European species of the family Proteidae, and the only European cave-dwelling chordate. It is also called the human fish or humanfish, because of its human-like skin (translated literally from Slovenian: Človeška ribica and Croatian: Čovječja ribica), Cave Salamander, or White Salamander.

Amphibians
Billie Paul Piper (born  Leian Paul Piper, 22 September 1982, in Swindon, Wiltshire) is an English singer and actress.

She began her career in the late 1990s as a pop singer. Later on, she moved to acting. Her most famous role is as Rose Tyler, a companion to the Doctor in the television series Doctor Who. She played this role from 2005 to 2006, and also reprised it in 2008 and 2010.

Career
Career

Music
Piper's first chance in the entertainment world came when she was a teenager, when she was selected to appear on the Saturday morning kids' television show Scratchy and Co. Piper later got a role in a television commercial promoting the pop magazine Smash Hits. In 1996 she sang on a backing song Nobody's Business. It was a dance track by h20. Soon after she was offered a record deal at the age of fifteen, and in 1998 became the youngest artist ever to start at number one in the UK Singles Chart with "Because We Want To", released under the artist name "Billie". Her follow-up single "Girlfriend" also started at number one and her first album, Honey to the B (released immediately afterwards) started at Number 14 in the UK album charts. She released two further singles off the album, "She Wants You" and "Honey to the B"; both songs started at Number 3.
Piper then took a year to record her second album. She decided to release more records under her full name, Billie Piper. She returned to the Singles Chart in May 2000 with a new, sexier sound. She hit the Number 1 spot with "Day & Night", but her success was not to carry on. She waited until the following September to release "Something Deep Inside". That reached Number 4 in the UK Singles Chart. In October 2000, Piper released her second album, Walk of Life, which reached Number 14 in the UK Album Chart. The song "Walk of Life", the last single off this album, was released in December 2000 and reached Number 25 in the UK Singles Chart.

In 1999, Piper was nominated for two BRIT Awards and was named Best Female Star at the Smash Hits Poll Winners' party, although at the latter ceremony she began crying after being nastily booed by jealous fans of Ritchie Neville, member of boyband Five, whom she was dating at the time.
On 15 January 2007, BBC Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles started a campaign to get "Honey to the B" back into the Top 100 on download sales as a way of testing out new chart rules that favour download sales. The campaign was highly successful, with "Honey to the Bee"re-entering the official UK singles chart at No. 17, eight years after it was first released.

Piper prefers lip singing during performances. She backs this up with the reason that she is afraid she would not be able to sing live. However, in 1999 she decided to try actually singing during her tour in America. The audience loved it, but Piper said it made her too nervous to do it in Britain, where she had many more fans.

Television

After an extended break, Piper decided to end her pop career in 2003 and return to her first ambition, acting. She took acting lessons while living in London. Piper gained very good reviews for these appearances and critics said that she was a far better actress than she was a singer.
In 2004, Piper appeared in the movies The Calcium Kid, as the romantic interest of Orlando Bloom's character, and Things to do Before You're Thirty. Shortly before starting work on Doctor Who, she was one of the main characters in the horror movie Spirit Trap alongside Russian pop star Alsou, released in the summer of 2005 to bad reviews.
In May 2004, it was announced that Piper was to play the character Rose Tyler, companion to The Doctor, played by Christopher Eccleston, in the long-running BBC television series Doctor Who, beginning in 2005.
Piper won the Most Popular Actress category at the 2005 and 2006 National Television Awards for her work on Doctor Who. BBC News named Piper as one of its "Faces of the Year" for 2005, primarily due to her success in Doctor Who. At The South Bank Show Awards on 27 January 2006 Piper was awarded The Times Breakthrough Award for her successful transition from singing to acting. In March 2006, the Television and Radio Industries Club named Piper as best new TV talent at their annual awards ceremony. In September 2006, Piper was named Best Actress at the TV Quick and TV Choice Awards.
After the completion of the very successful first series of the revamped Doctor Who, the British media regularly released conflicting reports about how long Piper would be staying with the programme. In March 2006, she claimed that she would continue on Doctor Who into its third season in 2007. On 10 May 2006, however, she was reported to be considering quitting the series, although she did express an interest in playing a female version of the Doctor in the future (possibly related to a proposed Doctor Who spin-off series about Rose which was later dropped). On 15 June 2006, the BBC announced that she was to depart in the final episode of the second series, "Doomsday". Piper's decision to leave had been taken a year previously, but remained a secret until news of her departure became public.
On 27 November 2007, the BBC confirmed that she would return her role as Rose Tyler in the fourth series for three episodes. Later, it was confirmed by Russell T Davies in Doctor Who Magazine that this return had been planned since she left. It was also revealed in the Turn Left Doctor Who Confidential that Billie had made arrangements to return as Rose since she decided to leave.

The series began in April 2008, and after several cameo appearances, Piper made her official return as Rose in the series four final episodes Turn Left, The Stolen Earth and Journey's End. She has not said whether she will be reprising the role again, although on Doctor Who Confidential she said that she thinks "It's never really the end for the Doctor and Rose" but it probably was "for the foreseeable future".
In November 2005, Piper starred as Hero in a BBC adaptation of Much Ado About Nothing, updated for the modern day like in Canterbury Tales series in which she featured, with Hero now being a weather presenter in a television station.

Piper has completed work on a BBC version of Philip Pullman's historical novel The Ruby in the Smoke broadcast in December 2006, Piper played main character Sally Lockhart, a Victorian orphan. The BBC plans to film all four of Pullman's Sally Lockhart novels, with Piper continuing in the role in The Shadow in the North which was shown in December 2007. In 2007 she appeared as the main character, Fanny Price, in an adaptation of Jane Austen's novel Mansfield Park, screened on ITV1. This was her first acting role on television for a broadcaster other than the BBC.

Piper has provided voiceovers for various television commercials, including one for Comfort Fabric Softener airing in June 2007.
Piper stars in Secret Diary of a Call Girl, an ITV2 version of Belle de Jour's The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl, a memoir detailing the life of a high-class prostitute. The series, which aired from 27 September 2007, saw Piper in several semi-nude scenes, including a lesbian romp and one scene featuring her saddling a client and riding him like a horse. A second series, with Piper in the starring role, started filming in May 2008, during which two body doubles were hired in order to effectively hide Piper's pregnancy.

Theatre
Piper made her first stage appearance in a touring production of Christopher Hampton's play Treats, which opened in early 2007 in Windsor. Treats was to have ended its tour in the West End, at the Garrick Theatre, starting on 28 February 2007 with previews from on 20 February. The play-officially finished as of 26 May.

Awards and nominations
Awards
 1999 - Smash Hits Awards: Best Female
 2005 - The National Television Awards: Most Popular Actress
 2005 - BBC Face of the Year
 2005 - BBC Drama Awards: Best Actress
 2006 - The South Bank Show Awards: The Times Breakthrough Award - Rising British Talent
 2006 - TV Choice/TV Quick Awards: Best Actress
 2006 - The National Television Awards: Most Popular Actress
 2006 - BBC Drama Awards: Best Actress
 2006 - Tric Awards: Best New Talent
 2006 - GQ Magazine Awards: Woman of the Year
 2006 - BBC Drama Awards: Exit of the year

Nominations
 2006 - Broadcasting Press Guild Awards: Best Actress  (role in Doctor Who & ShakespeaRe-Told: Much Ado About Nothing) 
 2006 - BAFTA Cymru Awards: Best Actress
 2007 - TV Choice/TV Quick Awards:Best Actress Mansfield Park
 2008 - Rose d'Or: Special Award for Best Entertainer (for Secret Diary of a Call Girl).

References

Actors from Wiltshire
 
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English singers
English stage actors
English television actors
People from Swindon
1982 births
Living people
The Mighty Boosh is a British comedy television series that was shown on BBC Three. It was also a radio programme. Since the television series, there have been live tours of it.

The first series is about two zookeepers called Howard and Vince. The second series is also about them but is set in a flat. The third is set in a shop.

History 
Fielding first met Barratt after seeing him perform his solo stand-up performance at the Hellfire Comedy Club in the Wycombe Swan theatre. The pair soon found that they shared comic interests, formed a double act, and "decided to be the new Goodies". After their first performance together at a bar in London in April 1998, Barratt and Fielding developed their zookeeper characters - Howard Moon and Vince Noir, respectively - in a series of sketches for Paramount Comedy’s Unnatural Acts. It was here that they also met Rich Fulcher, who would become Bob Fossil. Fielding’s friend Dave Brown and Fielding's own brother Michael also became regular collaborators.
The Boosh soon produced three stage shows - The Mighty Boosh (1998), Arctic Boosh (1999) and Autoboosh (2000) - all of them were at the Edinburgh Fringe. With the success of Autoboosh, a radio series was commissioned by the BBC. Produced by Danny Wallace, The Boosh was first broadcast in 2001 on BBC London Live, later moving to BBC Radio 4, from which the team were given a half-hour television show of the same name.

The first eight-part series, directed by Paul King, was then commissioned for BBC Three and broadcast in 2004, with a second of six episodes the following year. The second series moved away from the zoo setting, and instead Howard, Vince, Naboo the shaman and Bollo the talking ape living in a flat in Dalston. In 2006, the Boosh returned to theatre with The Mighty Boosh Live, which featured a new story entitled "The Ruby of Kukundu".
After two years, the Boosh returned to the television in November 2007. Set in Naboo’s second-hand shop below the flat, the third series drew in approximately one million viewers with its first episode, and in light of its success, BBC Three broadcast an entire night of The Mighty Boosh on March 22, 2008, which included a new documentary and six of Barratt and Fielding's favourite episodes from all three series.

There will not be a fourth series till at least 2010 because they will be working upon a movie. This movie has been confirmed by the BBC.

References

Other websites 

2004 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
2000s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
Radio programs
An Encyclical originally was a letter sent by a bishop to all churches of a particular area. 

In the Roman Catholic Church, the term is only used for letters sent by popes. 

The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion still use the word in its original meaning.

Letters
Mission 
Although it reports directly to the Pontiff, the academy has considerable freedom in conducting its mission: the study of Science and the possible consequences for the human condition. Christian belief is not a prerequisite for membership to the academy, because first and foremost, it is a legitimate Scientific body that follows the Scientific Method. As of 2003 more than two dozen Nobel Prize winners (including Professor Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry 1999) and several Field Medal winners were counted as members. Plenary sessions are interdisciplinary events held every other year to review new developments and discus progress made towards their mission. Common working groups include astronomy and cosmology, cognition and brain science, and genetics.

Reorganization 
 In multis solaciis, issued 28 October 1936 by Pope Pius XI, on the topic of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.

References
References

Other websites 
 Libreria Editrice Vaticana (1936): In multis solaciis
 The Pontifical Academy of Sciences official website

Christian colleges and universities
1603 establishments
Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, KCIE (,  Khaja Nazimuddin) (July 19, 1894 - October 22, 1964) was the second Governor-General of Pakistan, and later the second Prime Minister of Pakistan as well. He was born in Dacca, Bengal, British India (now Dhaka, Bangladesh) into the family of the Nawabs (rulers) of Dacca, who had come from Kashmir and settled there. He received his education from Dunstable Grammar School in England, then Aligarh Muslim University, and later Trinity Hall, Cambridge University until the mid-1930s. After returning to British India, he became involved in politics in his native Bengal. Nazimuddin was initially the Education Minister, but climbed the ranks to become the Chief Minister of the province prior to independence. Nazimuddin also became the head of the Muslim League in Eastern India.

References

1964 deaths
1894 births
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Governors General of Pakistan
Politicians from Dhaka
Ghulam Muhammad (20 April 1895 - 12 September 1956, ) served as third Governor-General of Pakistan from 1951 until 1955, and was also the 1st Finance Minister shortly before his death in 1956.

1895 births
1956 deaths
Governors General of Pakistan
Politicians from Lahore
The Igbo people (Igbo:  Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò) are an ethnic group in West Africa. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa. The Igbo speak the Igbo language (Igbo: Ásụ̀sụ̀ Ị̀gbò). The Igbo people are found in Southeastern Nigeria, in an area referred to as Igboland (Igbo: Àlà Ị̀gbò). There are some Igbos in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. 

There are major amounts of Igbo people found in other countries that are not in Africa. This is because some Igbos have moved to other countries and because they were forced to go to other countries by the Atlantic slave trade. 

They are in countries such as the United States, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Barbados, Bahamas, and the United Kingdom. The most important crop of the Igbo people is the yam. In Nigeria, the Igbo have a lot of cities, like Onitsha and Enugu.

Ethnic groups in Nigeria
British India refers to the rule of the British Empire in South Asia in areas that were for hundreds of years under the influence of the English and later the British. From the 1600s to 1858, those areas were run by the East India Company. From 1858 to 1947, they were the ruled directly by the British Empire under the British Raj. Some areas were under the direct rule of the Governor-General of India, who was appointed by the Government of the United Kingdom in London, and he was also called a viceroy since he represented the British monarch. The British monarch was also considered as the emperor or empress of India.
After 1876, when Queen Victoria became Empress of India, British India was part of the British Indian Empire, which also included hundreds of Indian princely states that had never been conquered by the British and still had control of their own affairs. They were ruled by local rulers who were under the protection of the British. They had almost half of the land and a quarter of the people of the British Indian Empire. That empire is sometimes called the British Raj.

British India included the entire regions of the present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma (185813th August 1947).

Provinces 
Until independence in 1947, British India had seventeen provinces.
 Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri
 Andaman and Nicobar Islands
 Assam
 Baluchistan
 Bengal Province
 Bihar
 Bombay Province
 Central Provinces and Berar
 Coorg
 Delhi Province
 Madras Province
 North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)
 Panth-Piploda
 Orissa
 Punjab
 Sind Province
 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
The partition of India split the former British India into the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. Twelve provinces (Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces and Berar, Coorg, Delhi, Madras, Panth-Piploda, Orissa, and the United Provinces) became provinces in India. Three (Baluchistan, North-West Frontier, and Sindh) were in Pakistan. Two (Bengal and Punjab) were split between India and Pakistan.

In 1950, after the new Indian Constitution, the provinces in India were replaced by states and union territories. Pakistan kept its five provinces. East Bengal, which was renamed East Pakistan in 1956, became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.

Related pages
British North America

Further reading
Edney, Matthew H., and Matthew H. Edney. Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765–1843. Vol. 10. University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Major-General Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OBE, or Iskander Mirza (, November 13, 1899 – November 12, 1969) was the last Governor-General of the Dominion of Pakistan (October 6, 1955 to March 23, 1956) and the first President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (March 23, 1956 to October 27, 1958).

1899 births
1969 deaths
Pakistani generals
Governors General of Pakistan
Presidents of Pakistan
General Muhammad Ayub Khan (14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974) was a general of the Pakistan Army and a self-proclaimed Field Marshal during the mid-1960s. A dictator who imposed martial law he also became the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He became Pakistan's first native Commander-in-Chief in 1951. He was the youngest full-rank general and self-appointed Field Marshal in Pakistan's military history.

Khan became president in 1958 as part of a non-violent coup. In the 1965 presidential election, people thought that Khan had cheated so he could win against Fatimah Jinnah.

Other websites 
 www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk

1907 births
1974 deaths
Former dictators
Pakistani generals
Presidents of Pakistan
Politicians from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry () (January 1, 1904 - June 2, 1982) was President of Pakistan from August 14, 1973 until he left on September 16, 1978.

References

1904 births
1982 deaths
Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan‎
Presidents of Pakistan
Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan
Bad Liebenwerda is a spa town in the Elbe-Elster district, in southwestern Brandenburg, Germany. It is on the river Schwarze Elster, 57 km northwest of Dresden, and 28 km east of Torgau.

History 
The first written mention is from 1231 as Lievenwerde. The meaning of the name is Liev, or Lieb for life or loveley, and -werde from werda means island, high place in a wather. In the document of 1231 is also mentioned an Otto of Ileburg, Vogt of Lievenwerde, and a Plebanus Walterus, a priest. Liebenwerda had a Water castle with a Keep called Lubwarttower. the first mention as Liebenwerda as a city is from 1304. Liebenwerda was part of the Electorate of Saxony and Kingdom of Saxony till 1815. In reason of the Congress of Vienna the area became part of the Kingdom of Prussia as district Liebenwerda. Since 1905 has Liebenwerda a spa clinical, since 1925 has Liebenwerda the word Bad as a part of the name.
Culture and architecture 
Bad Liebenwerda is home of the Gothic church of St. Nikolai. The tower of the church was rebuilt at the end of the 19th century after lightning struck the tower and caused a fire.
The Lubwarttower (Lubwartturm) is the oldest building in town. The tower was built around 1207 as part of the water castle. Next to this tower is the museum with an exposition about  Carl Heinrich Graun and his brothers. Also is there an exposition about Marionettes, other puppets and the puppet-players of south-east of Germany. 
Bad Liebenwerda has a beautiful little park.

References

Other websites

Spa towns in Germany
Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) (Urdu/Pashto: غلام اسحاق خان) (January 20, 1915 – October 27, 2006) was President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993.

Presidents of Pakistan

1915 births
2006 deaths
Pakistani Muslims
Chairmen of the Senate of Pakistan
Politicians from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
K-9 and Company was a 1981 television spin-off of the original series of Doctor Who. It featured Sarah Jane Smith, played by Elisabeth Sladen, and K-9, a robotic dog. Both characters had been companions of the Fourth Doctor, but they had not appeared together before. A single episode, "A Girl's Best Friend", was produced, but the series was not taken up.

Doctor Who
1981 British television series debuts
Eve Myles (born 1978 in Ystradgynlais, Powys), is a Welsh actress. She is most known for playing lead characters in Belonging and Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood.

Other websites

1978 births
Living people
Welsh movie actors
Welsh stage actors
Welsh television actors
Welsh voice actors
Gareth David-Lloyd (born 28 March 1981) is a Welsh actor. He is best known for his role as Ianto Jones in the British science fiction television programme Torchwood.

Biography
He was born Gareth David Lloyd in Bettws, Newport. His first acting role was as a robot in a school play. When he was a teenager, he joined the Gwent Young People's Theatre in Abergavenny and The Dolman Youth Theatre in Newport. 

While he was there, he appeared in several plays, including Henry V, in which he played the most important character. He studied at Coleg Gwent and then trained at the National Youth Theatre, before moving to Reading.

References

Other websites

 

1981 births
Living people
People from Newport
Welsh stage actors
Welsh television actors
Crane may mean:

Crane (name)
Crane (bird)
Crane (machine) Industrial machine for lifting

Given name
 Crane Brinton (1898–1968), American historian
 Crane (musician) (born 1956), . American trumpeter and vocalist 
 Crane Kenney, American Major League Baseball executive
 Crane Wilbur (1886–1973), American writer, actor and director

Places

Barbados 
 The Crane, Saint Philip, Barbados

United States 
 Crane, Indiana
 Crane Army Ammunition Activity in Crane, Indiana
 Crane, Missouri
 Crane, Oregon
 Cranesville, Pennsylvania
 Crane, Texas
 Crane, Virginia
 Crane Beach, in Ipswich, Massachusetts
 Crane Island (Washington), one of the San Juan Islands

Movies
 The Crane, a 1992 movie
 The Cranes Are Flying, a 1957 movie

Music
 Cranes (band), a British alternative rock band
 Crane School of Music, a school in Potsdam, New York, United States
The scarlet macaw (Ara macao) is a type of parrot.  It is native to humid evergreen forests of tropical South America. 

Its range is from south-eastern Mexico to Amazonian Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil in lowlands up to   (at least formerly) up to . It has suffered from local extinction through habitat destruction and capture for the parrot trade, but locally it remains fairly common.  It is the national bird of Honduras.

References

Other websites 

 Scarlet Macaw in-depth research article.
 Tambopata Macaw project  long term research project in south east Peru
 World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia — Species Profiles
 Scarlet macaw videos on the Internet Bird Collection
 Page of photographs of Scarlet and green-winged macaws at a clay lick from Parrots International 
 Scarlet macaw photo on PBase
 Stamps (15 countries) with RangeMap

 Ara macao conservation and reintroduction in Costa Rica
 Scarlet macaw in illegal traffic in Nicaragua
 The Scarlet Macaw Genome Project
True parrots
Birds of Central America
Birds of South America
Vulgar Latin, or Common Latin, is one of the two types of Latin, an old language that was spoken by the Romans. Vulgar Latin is not spoken anymore, but its many dialects eventually became what are now Romance languages (such as Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Romanian). Vulgar Latin was spoken by the regular people (vulgus in Latin means "common"): farmers, workers and others without a great deal of education.

Origin 
Classical Latin is the type of Latin that was first spoken by the Romans. As time went by, fewer and fewer people spoke Classical Latin, and in the end, the language changed to become Vulgar Latin. After a while, only scholars spoke Classical Latin, but books were still written in it.

Latin is no longer spoken as a native language, but many educational institutions teach it as a second language, and many Roman Catholic Church officials are fluent in it.
Grammar 
Vulgar Latin is similar to Classical Latin but has some differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. Latin has five basic cases for nouns,

Other websites 
 Grandgent, Charles Hall, An introduction to vulgar Latin (1907) (.pdf, .djvu) on www.archive.org

Ancient Rome
Latin language
Snoring during sleep is caused by vibration. The parts which vibrate are at the back of the nose and throat. They may partly block the passage of air, so causing the characteristic rumbling sound.

Snoring can be a problem, and tends to get worse with age. Best to sleep on one's side, which reduces snoring.

References 

Nestor, James 2020. Breath: the new science of a lost art. Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-0735213616
Chokroverty S. 2007. 100 Questions & Answers about sleep and sleep disorders. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p124. ISBN 978-0763741204

Sleep
Life on Mars is an award winning British science fiction and police drama television series. It was first broadcast on BBC One between January 2006 and April 2007.

The programme tells the story of DCI Sam Tyler of the Manchester Police (played by John Simm), after being hit by a car in 2006, he is in the year 1973. There, he works for Manchester Police CID as a DI under DCI Gene Hunt (played by Philip Glenister). Over the course of the series, Tyler faces various problems, most frequently regarding the differences between his modern approach to policing and the more old-fashioned way of his colleagues. It is unclear whether he is insane, in a coma, or if he really has travelled back in time.

Other websites
Other websites 

2006 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
2000s British workplace television series
2000s workplace drama television series
BBC Television programmes
British crime drama television series
British science fiction television series
British workplace drama television series
Police television series
Television series set in Manchester
Time travel television series
English-language television programs
Ashes to Ashes is a British television crime drama series set in London. It is a sequel to the 2006-2007 series Life on Mars. It is a Kudos Film & Television production for the BBC, and was broadcast on BBC One. It was first shown on 7 February 2008.

Philip Glenister, who plays Gene Hunt, has said in an interview that "he does not think any show featuring his character should be made afterwards."

The second series was broadcast from 20 April - 8 June 2009. The third, final series was shown from 2 April to 21 May 2010.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

2008 British television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
2000s British workplace television series
2000s crime television series
2000s science fiction television series
2000s workplace drama television series
2010s British drama television series
2010s British workplace television series
2010s crime television series
2010s science fiction television series
2010s workplace drama television series
BBC Television programmes
British crime drama television series
British science fiction television series
British workplace drama television series
Police television series
Television series set in London
Time travel television series
English-language television programs
John Ronald Simm (born 10 July 1970 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire) is an English actor and musician. He grew up mainly in Lancashire. His roles include two BAFTA award-winning BBC Wales dramas: as Sam Tyler in the drama Life on Mars and as the Master in the long-running science fiction series Doctor Who. He has appeared in many popular television dramas such as The Lakes, State of Play and two BAFTA award-winning serials; Clocking Off and Sex Traffic. His movie roles include Human Traffic and 24 Hour Party People. He was nominated for the Olivier and Theatergoer's Choice Award for the best Actor 2008. 

Besides acting, Simm was a founding member, songwriter and guitarist with the rock band Magic Alex.

Personal life
Simm married actress Kate Magowan in April 2004 in the Forest of Dean. They have a son and a daughter. Simm is a strong supporter of Manchester United.

Filmography

Television

Movies

Theatre

References
References

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Lancashire
Actors from Yorkshire
English movie actors
English television actors
Musicians from Lancashire
Musicians from West Yorkshire
People from Leeds
Leopold "Butters" Stotch (voiced by Matt Stone) is a popular fictional character in the animated television series South Park. His nickname is a play on the word butterscotch. The creators have said in more than one DVD commentaries that Butters is one of their "top 3 favorite characters". Butters is based on Eric Stough, the animation director of the show.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1997
South Park characters
Stan Marsh is a fictional character in the animated television series South Park. He is voiced by  the series co-creator Trey Parker. He is also one of the 4 main characters in the series with Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick. Stan is usually known as the serious and sensitive person of the group. Stan is able to think clearly and is good-natured. Stan usually tries to come up with logical solutions to their outrageous situations.
Stan's character is goody based on the personality of co-creator Trey Parker. He is best friend of Kyle Broflovski and their friendship is important in several episodes.

Character
Stan lives in the fictional town of South Park, Colorado. He and his friends are fourth graders and go to the same elementary school. He lives with his friend Kyle Broflovski. Stan is modeled after his voice actor Trey Parker, and has the same birthday with him on October 19.

References

Other websites
 South Park Studios 
 South Park Wikia
Comedy movie characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1992
South Park characters
Old Norse is a Germanic language that was spoken in Scandinavia, during the Viking Age, until about 1300. It was also spoken in Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, Orkney Islands and other places that Scandinavians started settlements (similar to colonies).

Modern Icelandic is the modern language that is the closest to Old Norse when written. Another language that is close to Old Norse, is Elfdalian. Other languages that come from Old Norse are Swedish, Danish, Faroese, and Norwegian.

References

North Germanic languages
13th-century disestablishments
"Because We Want To" is a pop song performed by British singer Billie. The song was written by Wendy Page, Jim Marr, D. Rambo and J. Richmond, and produced by Page and Marr for Billie's first album Honey to the B (1998). It was Billie's first single on 29 June 1998 and reached the top ten in Ireland and Sweden. In the UK, the song reached number one and Billie became the youngest artist to release a number one single in the country in over forty years. It was the official song of the 1999 Women's World Cup.

References 

1998 songs
Billie Piper songs
Pop songs
Honey to the B is the first album by pop singer Billie Piper, released in 1998 (see 1998 in music). Billie (she was known at the time only by her first name) was the first British female singer to have a first single start at #1 on the UK pop charts.

UK track listing 

 "Because We Want To" (Marr/Page/Rambo/Richmond) - 3:48
 "Girlfriend" (Rambo/Richmond) - 3:50
 "Officially Yours" (Mitra) - 3:26
 "She Wants You" (Laws/Sheyne) - 3:38
 "Love Groove" (Marr/Page/Piper) - 4:29
 "Party on the Phone" (Marr/Page) - 4:14
 "Saying I'm Sorry Now" (Rambo/Richmond) - 4:00
 "You've Got It" (Green/McLaughlin) - 3:43
 "I Dream" (Marr/Page) - 5:33
 "Honey to the Bee" (Marr/Page) - 5:03
 "Whatcha Gonna Do" (Rambo/Richmond) - 4:33
 "Don't Forget to Remember" (Marr/Page) - 4:47

1998 albums
Billie Piper albums
Debut albums
Pop albums
Virgin Records albums
Scratchy and Co was a CITV television series. It was shown over the different times in the mid to late 1990s:
 May - December 1995
 May - August 1996
 January - April 1997
 January - April 1998

It replaced What's Up Doc? as the Saturday morning ITV show.

It starred Mark Speight as "Scratchy" and Elliot Henderson-Boyle as "Reg". The main gimmick of the series was Speight and Henderson-Boyle wearing "solid rubber wigs" and very unusual jackets. A stylistic of this was similar to Max Headroom.

1995 British television series debuts
1998 British television series endings
English-language television programs
"Day & Night" is a single by Billie Piper, released in 2000. The song was Piper's 3rd UK #1 single.

Track listings
UK Single CD1
Cat. #: SINCD11
  Day & Night (Stargate Mix)
  Day & Night (Almighty Club Mix)
  Day & Night (Robbie Rivera's Bombastic)
  Day & Night Video + Picture Gallery

2000 songs
Billie Piper songs
Pop songs
Walk of Life is the second album by pop singer Billie Piper, released in 2000. Piper's second album did not match the successful start in terms of album sales despite producing three Top 30 singles - "Day and Night" went to #1 and "Something Deep Inside" managed to get to #4 and "Walk of Life" finishing at #25 on the UK charts.

Despite good reviews, the album was not released in the US. Piper then decided have a break from the music industry and concentrate on acting.

Track listing
 "Day & Night"
 "Something Deep Inside"
 "Walk of Life"
 "Safe with Me"
 "Bring It On"
 "Ring My Bell"
 "The Tide Is High"
 "Run That By Me"
 "Promises"
 "Because of You"
 "What Game Is This?"
 "Misfocusing"
 "Makin' My Way (Anyway That I Can) - Pokemon Official Soundtrack"

References

2000 albums
Billie Piper albums
Pop albums
BBC Parliament is a British television channel from the BBC. It broadcasts live and recorded coverage of the British House of Commons and House of Lords, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly, and occasionally from the General Synod of the Church of England. The channel does not broadcast reports from the European Parliament. It is available on Sky Channel 504, terrestrial (Freeview) Channel 230 and Virgin Media Channel 609.

Before being taken over by the BBC, the channel was known as The Parliamentary Channel (from 1992-1998).

References

1992 establishments in the United Kingdom
Parliament
Westmeath is a county in the middle of Ireland. Westmeath and Meath once formed a fifth province in Ireland known as Mide. Westmeath is known as the lakeland county. Its main town is Mullingar.

Westmeath
Roy Richard Scheider (November 10, 1932 – February 10, 2008) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as police chief Martin Brody in the 1975 movie Jaws, his Academy Award nominated role (but he did not win the award) as Joe Gideon in the movie All That Jazz, and as Captain Nathan Bridger in Steven Spielberg's Emmy Award winning television series seaQuest DSV. He played "Heywood Floyd " in the 1984 film 2010.

Scheider's mother was an Irish-American Roman Catholic; his father was a German-American Protestant. Scheider had a daughter from his first marriage, and a son and daughter from his second marriage. He had a form of cancer called multiple myeloma, and died of an staphylococcal infection, aged 75.

Other websites 

 The Roy Scheider Resource 
 Obituary in The Times
 
 Roy Scheider  at the Starpulse Biography site
 Roy Scheider  at The New York Times
 Roy Scheider - Obituary and public tribute 
 Plum TV Hamptons Tribute 
 William Friedkin on Roy Scheider
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
People from Orange, New Jersey
Deaths from staphylococcal infection
1932 births
2008 deaths
A platform game, or platformer, is a genre of video game. Platformer gameplay is about jumping between platforms or over obstacles. The player controls these jumps and must use skill to avoid their character falling off of platforms or missing jumps.  This kind of gameplay, even in other genres, is called "platforming". Games where jumping is not controlled by the player, such as The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, are not thought of as platform games.

Platform games began as 2D in the early 1980s, and 3D platformers became popular in the mid-1990s. The name describes games where jumping on platforms is a large part of the gameplay. However, platforming is not a pure genre, and often there are other types of genres mixed into it. For example, in a game like Metroid, the player controls a character not only to navigate obstacles, but to fight enemies.
As long as the actually jumping remains a main part of the gameplay, the game can still correctly be called a platformer. Because of this, there are many different types of platformers.

 
Types of video games
Video game genres
Relaxation is a process or behavior where someone relaxes. The goal is to become calmer and less anxious, stressed or angered. Relaxation can also lower muscle tension, blood pressure and slow heart and breath rates, among other health benefits.

References

Lifestyles
Psychology
The piranha (also known as the caribe or piraña) is a ferocious, schooling, fresh-water fish. 

It is native to warm lowland streams and lakes in South America, east of the Andes Mountains. Piranhas have been introduced to other places, including Northern Brazil, Hawaii, and parts of Central and North America. There are many species of piranha they belong to the genera Pygocentrus and Serrasalmus. They reproduce by laying eggs.

Diet 
Piranhas are opportunistic carnivores (flesh-eaters). They eat aquatic and land animals that are in the water. Some of the prey includes fish, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, birds, lizards, amphibians, rodents, and carrion (dead meat that they find). These fish are diurnal (most active during the day).

Predators 
Many animals prey upon piranhas (especially young piranhas), including other piranhas, caimans, water snakes, turtles, birds, otters, and people.

Characiformes
Freshwater fish
Maximilian Maria Kolbe (originally christened Raymund) (1894-1941) is a Catholic saint. He was a Polish Franciscan who worked in Poland and Nagasaki, Japan. He died in Auschwitz because he wanted to save another prisoner. Maximilian saved the life of that prisoner. Maximilian is remembered on August 14, the date of his death. The first-class relics of St Maximilian Kolbe are preserved and distributed by the friary of Niepokalanów, establish by St Maximilian in Poland.

Kolbe was smuggled to a prison hospital to try to stop beatings and lashings as part of being a priest. One day three prisoners disappeared from the camp and then the deputy camp commander decided to choose ten men at random to be starved to death to prevent any more escapes. 

One of the men, Franciszek Gajowniczek, cried out, "My wife! My children!" When Kolbe heard this he volunteered to take his place.
After two weeks of starvation and dehydration Kolbe was the only one of ten men that was still alive. He was always standing or kneeling in the middle of the cell looking very calm whenever the guards arrived. The guards then decided to give a lethal injection as he was still alive. Kolbe then raised his arm and waited for this deadly injection.

References
Catholic Forum.com, Saint Maximilian Kolbe
 The first-class relics of Saint Maximilian Kolbe 
 Niepokalanów , the friary established by St Maximilian Kolbe (English page)

1894 births
1941 deaths
Christian saints
Franciscans
Holocaust victims
People executed by lethal injection
Polish Roman Catholics
Hans Kleppen (March 16, 1907 – April 12, 2009) was a Norwegian who was a ski jumper in the 1920s. He won a bronze medal at the 1929 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane.

Kleppen, from Bø i Telemark, became 100 years old in March 2007 and, having been part of the 1928 Winter Olympics, was Norway's oldest living Olympian.

References

Other websites 
Report on Hans Kleppen's 101st birthday  (Norwegian)

1907 births
2009 deaths
Centenarians
Norwegian skiers
"In The End" is a song by Linkin Park. It appeared on their first album, Hybrid Theory. It was the fourth single from the album.

Positions on music charts

Linkin Park songs
2001 songs
In Utero is the third and last studio album by the American rock band Nirvana. DGC Records released it on September 21, 1993. Nirvana wanted the album to be different from their last album Nevermind and have a less clean sound. The album was recorded at Pachyderm Studio in Cannon Falls, Minnesota. The band recorded it in two weeks with producer Steve Albini. Producer Scott Litt also made small changes to the sound that Albini had produced.

When the album was released, it went into the Billboard 200 at number one and was well liked by critics. Since its release, the album has sold over 15 million copies.

Track listing

References 

Nirvana albums
1993 albums