Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Willisau is a town of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

History
On 1 January 2006, the former municipalities of Willisau Land (W. Country) and Willisau Stadt (W. Town) merged into the new town of Willisau.

References

Other websites

 Official website of the city of Willisau 
 

2006 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities in Willisau
Cities in Switzerland
Zell is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Willisau
Wilihof is a village and former municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2005 the former municipalities of Wilihof and Kulmerau merged into the municipality of Triengen.

Villages in Lucerne
Former municipalities of Lucerne
Schinznach is a municipality of the district Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Oberflachs and Schinznach-Dorf merged into the new municipality of Schinznach.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Brugg
2014 establishments in Switzerland
The Border states were those states that during the American Civil War did not leave the Union. The border states were Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. After West Virginia separated from Virginia, it was also considered a border state. Most border states had strong ties to the South culturally, but they had economic ties to the North. While remaining loyal to the Union, the Border States were themselves slave-holding states.

In the Border States the war caused divided loyalties. They were the scene of often brutal guerilla warfare where neighbor fought against neighbor. The bitter feelings in the Border States lasted long after the Civil war.
Background 
In the border states, slavery was already dying out in urban areas and the regions without cotton. Several cities were rapidly industrializing, including Baltimore, Louisville, and St. Louis. By 1860, most of the African Americans in Delaware were free. By the start of the Civil War, slave ownership in the south had become concentrated into fewer and fewer hands. In 1830, 36% of Southern families owned slaves. By 1860, the number had fallen to 25%. In the Upper South it had fallen even more. In 1830, slaves made up 18% of the population. In 1860, they made up only 10%. During the same period in Kentucky, it fell from 24% to 19%. In Maryland, it went from 23% to 13%. Some slaveholders made a profit by selling surplus slaves to traders to be resold in the slave markets in the Deep South. They needed field hands for the cotton plantations.
In the South, slavery had become less and less useful to farmers as tobacco prices began to fall after the American Revolutionary War. But in 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. This made Southern grown cotton highly profitable. Cotton also required large numbers of slaves. Most Southerners, however, did not own slaves. But by 1860 cotton and slavery was the strong link in the Southern economy. Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, which had many areas with much stronger cultural and economic ties to the South than the North, were deeply divided.

The five border states
Each of these five states shared a border with Union states. All but Delaware also share borders with states that joined the Confederate States of America (CSA).
West Virginia 
In October 1859 John Brown's raid on the Harpers Ferry Armory in what is now Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (at the time part of the state of Virginia) sent shock waves through the South. Although Brown was quickly captured and executed, the incident had a profound effect on the 1860 presidential election. When Abraham Lincoln won over three Democratic Party candidates, it triggered Southern secession. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the 40 western counties of Virginia were strongly against secession and they seceded from Virginia. The counties that later became West Virginia had relatively few slaves.
Delaware 
By 1860 Delaware was tied to the Northern economy and slavery was rare except in the southern parts of the state. Overall, 91.7% of the black population of Delaware was free by this time. Both houses of the state General Assembly rejected secession. Delaware's lower house was unanimous in rejecting the idea. The state senate voted against secession five to three. Many of the state's politicians including the governor, their two U.S. Senators and their sole representative in Congress, were sympathetic towards the South. But the state legislature better represented the feelings of the people of the state in remaining with the Union. However, they also disapproved of forceful abolitionism. Generally, most people in the state wanted a compromise that would prevent a war between the North and South.
Maryland 
Maryland found itself trapped by the war. The state was split. They were clearly tied economically to the North but culturally to the South. By 1860, 49.1% of Maryland's black population was free. But Maryland's Southern and Eastern counties had a history of over 200 years of using slaves in growing tobacco and other crops. This put them in a difficult position. Their politicians had worked hard to prevent government from interfering with slavery in their counties. In the 1860 presidential election, Lincoln did not receive a single vote from these counties. This was in spite of the fact that Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery in the states where it already existed. But the Maryland legislature never considered a resolution to secede from the Union. The governor suggested calling a convention to consider secession, but the legislature ignored his request.
On April 19, 1861, Union troops moving through Baltimore were attacked by angry mobs of Southern sympathizers. It left 14 people dead and lasted for three days. Many rushed to the outskirts of Baltimore to set up roadblocks to try to prevent Union troops from passing through the city. The riots and protests might have led to secession had they been organized. But Union troops moving to Washington, D.C. were quickly changed to being transported by water to avoid the tense situation in Baltimore. Throughout the winter and spring of 1861, Maryland decided against neutrality and against joining the Confederacy. But in May of 1861, acting without orders, General Benjamin Franklin Butler marched into Baltimore. He occupied Federal Hill and set up cannons threatening anyone who would move against them. Lincoln was furious and promptly relieved Butler of his command. Still, the Massachusetts troops were left on Federal Hill
.  To prevent further trouble Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and imprisoned without charges or trials one sitting U.S. congressman as well the mayor, police chief, entire Board of Police, and the city council of Baltimore.
Chief Justice Roger Taney, acting only as a circuit judge, ruled on June 4, 1861, in Ex parte Merryman that Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional, but the president ignored the ruling in order to meet a national emergency. On September 17, 1861, the day the legislature reconvened, federal troops arrested without charge 27 state legislators (one-third of the Maryland General Assembly). They were held temporarily at Fort McHenry, and later released when Maryland was secured for the Union. Because a large part of the legislature was now imprisoned, the session was canceled and representatives did not consider any additional anti-war measures. The song "Maryland, My Maryland" was written to attack Lincoln's action in blocking pro-Confederate elements. Maryland contributed troops to both the Union (60,000) and the Confederate (25,000) armies. During the war, Maryland adopted a new state constitution in 1864 that prohibited slavery. It also freed all remaining slaves in the state.
Kentucky 
Kentucky was strategic to Union victory in the Civil War. Lincoln once said, 
"I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor Maryland. These all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capitol [Washington, which was surrounded by slave states: Confederate Virginia and Union-controlled Maryland."

Lincoln reportedly also declared, "I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky." In the spring of 1861, Kentucky Governor Beriah Magoffin along with the state legislature declared the state would remain neutral. They would not provide troops to either the Union or the Confederacy. At the same time the declaration offered to mediate a peace between the two sides.
Missouri 
Missouri had been involved in fighting on the Kansas-Missouri border since 1854 over the issue of slavery. The dispute was aptly named Bleeding Kansas. When the Civil War began on April 12, 1861, the entire state of Missouri was firmly divided between pro-Confederate and pro-Union forces. The governor of Missouri, Claiborne Jackson refused to send volunteers from the state to fight for Abraham Lincoln when he called for troops. Instead, the governor had the state militia muster outside the city to begin training in preparation to join the Confederate forces. He called upon the legislature to authorize a state constitutional convention on secession. A special election approved of the convention, and sent delegates to it. This Missouri Constitutional Convention voted to remain within the Union.
Jackson, who was pro-Confederate, was disappointed with the outcome. He called up the state militia to their districts for annual training. Jackson had designs on the St. Louis Arsenal, and had been in secret correspondence with Confederate President Jefferson Davis to obtain artillery for the militia in St. Louis. Aware of these developments, Union Captain Nathaniel Lyon struck first, encircling the camp, and forcing the state militia to surrender. While his troops were marching the prisoners to the arsenal, a deadly riot erupted (the Camp Jackson Affair). This caused greater Confederate support in the state. The already pro-Southern legislature passed the governor's military bill creating the Missouri State Guard. Governor Jackson appointed Sterling Price, who had been president of the convention, as major general of this reformed militia. Price, and Union district commander Harney, came to an agreement known as the Price–Harney Truce, which calmed tensions in the state for several weeks
. After Harney was removed, and Lyon placed in charge, a meeting was held in St. Louis at the Planters' House among Lyon, his political ally Francis P. Blair, Jr., Price, and Jackson. The negotiations went nowhere. After a few fruitless hours, Lyon declared, "this means war!" Price and Jackson rapidly departed for the capital.
Lyon next moved to Springfield, Missouri where the army camped. On August 10, Lyon's Army of the West was defeated by a combined force of the Missouri Militia and Confederate troops under the command of Benjamin McCulloch near Springfield, Missouri. This was called the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Lyon was killed while trying to rally his outnumbered soldiers. However, Lyon’s efforts prevented the State of Missouri from joining the Confederacy. Missouri abolished slavery during the war in January 1865.

References

Other websites 
 Border States Documentary: YouTube
 A State Divided: Delaware During the Civil War
 Maryland, Whoes Maryland?
 W.Va. Tourism Civil War Series - Introduction; YouTube

Origins of the American Civil War
The ZhuZhus (originally titled Polly and the Zhu Zhu Pets) is a Canadian/American animated television series produced by Nelvana, and the YTV. The series aired in the United States on Disney Channel on September 12, 2016.

Premise
The ZhuZhus is about a young girl named Frankie Pamplemousse, her mom and dad, and her four talking hamsters: Pipsqueak, Mr. Squiggles, Num Nums, and Chunk. The group of five go on adventures in their town, Anytown.

Characters
Main characters
 Frankie Pamplemousse (originally named Polly Pamplemousse; voiced by Jenna Warren) is the 8-year-old owner of the Zhu Zhu pets.
 Pipsqueak (voiced by Tajja Isen) is the first Zhu Zhu pet with yellow fur, and is the unofficial leader of the Zhu Zhus. She loves adventuring. Her birthmark is a shooting star because she always fires ideas in every way.
 Mr. Squiggles (voiced by Richard Binsley) is the second Zhu Zhu pet with orange fur. He is smart and loves science. His birthmark is a spiral because his mind is always spinning with new ideas.
 Num Nums (voiced by Stephany Seki) is the third Zhu Zhu pet with purple fur. She thinks about things before she does them, due to being a sensitive thinker. Her birthmark is a heart because she always wears it on her sleeve.
 Chunk (voiced by Robert Tinkler) is the fourth and final Zhu Zhu pet with sky blue fur. He is strong, stylish, and loves to eat food. His birthmark is a sun because when he smiles, he lights up the whole room.
Jilly and Bean are two naughty twins, the one with pink fur, and the other with blue fur. They have appeared in the series.
Recurring
 Ellen Pamplemousse or "Mom" (voiced by Stacey DePass) is Frankie's mother and a professional plumber for Pamplemousse Plumbing. She used to be part of the Power Badge Girls.
 Stanley Pamplemousse or "Dad" (voiced by Zachary Bennett) is Frankie's father and also a professional plumber for Pamplemousse Plumbing. He loves music and was previously a Wilderness Teen Ranger. Thus, he knows a lot about nature.
 Wilfred P. Kerdle or Mr. Kerdle (voiced by Patrick McKenna) is the cranky janitor of Frankie's school. He tries to stop the Zhus from coming into the school and insults them.
 Cindy and Mindy Gelato (voiced by Rebecca Brenner and Samantha Weinstein) are twins and Frankie's friends.
 Madge (voiced by Brianna D'Aguanno) is Frankie's neighbor and worst enemy. She always tries to beat Frankie at everything. She has blue hair and brown eyes and a cat named Princess Tickyboo.
 Whendy Sails (voiced by Nicole Stamp) is a celebrity and news reporter for Channel 5.
Jessica Beeker (voiced by Addison Holley) is Frankie's favorite popstar.
 Dr. Phelmholz (voiced by Ron Rubin) is an Austrian doctor from Vienna.
Episodes

Series overview

Season 1 (2016–17)

Zhu's News (2017)
A webseries called "Zhu's News" was released to YTV's YouTube channel starting July 17, 2017. Each episode stars Whendy Sails of Channel 5 recapping moments in the series.

Season 2 (2019)

International broadcasts

Notes and references

Notes

References

Other websites
 
 
 
  on Disney Channel

2010s American animated television series
American children's television series
American fantasy television series
Canadian animated television series
Canadian children's television series
Disney Channel television series
English-language television programs
2016 American television series debuts
2019 American television series endings
William Dampier (baptised 5 September 1651; died March 1715) was the first Englishman to explore parts of Australia. He was the first person to circumnavigate the world three times. On one voyage he rescued Alexander Selkirk, a sailor who may have inspired Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.

References

1651 births
1715 deaths
English explorers
People from Somerset
The Alto Paraná department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Ciudad del Este.

Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-10.

Geography
The Alto Paraná department is in the central eastern part of the country, in the east of the Oriental region. It has an area of , with a population of 785,747 for a Population density of .

Limits
 To the north: Canindeyú Department department
 To the south: Itapúa department
 To the east: Brazil and Argentina
 To the west: Caaguazú and Caazapá departments

Rivers
The main river in the department is the Paraná river. The Acaray is an important tributary of the Paraná.

Climate
Ciudad del Este, the capital of the department, has a humid subtropical climate that is mild with no dry season, constantly moist (year-round rainfall). (Köppen climate classification : Cfa).

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is January with  of rainfall, followed by October with .
The month with the least rainfall on average is July with an average of  and the second is August with .

Ciudad del Este is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is June, with an average temperature of .

Districts
The department is divided in 22 districts:

Related pages
 Departments of Paraguay
 ISO 3166-2:PY

References

Other websites

 Gobernación de Alto Paraná website  
 Statoids - Departments of Paraguay

Departments of Paraguay
Tropical Storm Gamma was the twenty-fourth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Gamma formed in the eastern Caribbean Sea but quickly died a few days later from wind shear. On November 18, it restrengthened and became a tropical storm for a few more days before dying off the coast of Honduras on November 20. Although Gamma never made any landfall, it caused minor damages in the Lesser Antilles and medium damages in Honduras.

Storm history
Storm history

The National Hurricane Center began monitoring a tropical wave that would later become Gamma around November 11, but the system did not develop into a tropical depression until after it had passed the Lesser Antilles on November 13. At that time, the storm was called Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven and was predicted to strengthen into a strong tropical storm or a weak hurricane as it moved across the Caribbean Sea. However, a second system developing in the southwestern edge of the Caribbean began pushing wind shear onto the depression on November 14, then weakening the depression into a tropical low; advisories were then temporarily stopped. On later reanalysis, it was found that the depression had probably become a tropical storm by November 15 at 0600 UTC for less than 6 hours, but was not named during the time.
As the remnants of Twenty-Seven moved west, the system in the southwestern Caribbean moved onto land in Nicaragua and quickly weakened, reducing wind shear on the remnant low. Near Honduras, the two systems combined and rapidly gained the  characteristics of a tropical cyclone on November 18, when it was upgraded directly to a tropical storm and given the name Gamma. It is clearly unknown whether the remnant low of Gamma absorbed the low pressure system or happened the other way, but forecasters at the National Hurricane Center though that it was more likely that Gamma absorbed the other system. (If it were determined to be the other way around, the previously mentioned Tropical Storm Twenty-Seven would have been a separate and unnamed tropical storm.)
Gamma strengthened a little bit more to reach its maximum strength of 50 mph (85 km/h) winds during that day, but a trough moving into the Gulf of Mexico stopped any more strengthening. Gamma stayed just north of the coast of Honduras for about a day, then weakened to a tropical depression as it was beginning to be absorbed into the front as it entered the Caribbean. On November 20, wind shear had destroyed Gamma and advisories were stopped, although the low level circulation of Gamma survived for an extra 36–48 hours. Later, the last remnants of Gamma were absorbed into the approaching front. Gamma never made landfall as a tropical storm.

Preparations
Because the storm was not predicted to make landfall (and it did not), few preparations were taken in Honduras for the storm. But non-stop rainfall for more than a day as Gamma wandered offshore created floods that forced more than 23,000 people to leave their homes.

Impact

Death toll
Impact

Death toll

As of January 24, 2006, a total of forty-one people were reported dead (while thirty-seven killed directly) as a result of Tropical Storm Gamma, mostly in Honduras, with 13 missing in Honduras.

Honduras
Thirty-four people died in Honduras with at least thirteen other people missing. All deaths were because of flooding and mudslides rather than wind damage since tropical storm-force winds did not affect the mainland.

According to the COCEP (the Honduran civil emergency committee) dozens of bridges were washed away and about 2,000 homes were destroyed. According to the NHC, 10 bridges were destroyed from flooding, and 7 were damaged. And 5,200 acres worth of banana crops were also destroyed, causing $13-18 million (2005 USD) in damage. In addition, an unofficial report of 4.44 inches of rain was reported on Roatan Island.
Belize
Five fishermen who were at sea during Tropical Storm Gamma have been reported missing and, as of November 25, were thought to be dead after five unidentified bodies were found on the Honduran coast. Three people were killed in a plane crash from Gamma's outer rain bands; it was thought that the weather was a part of the reason. Other effects to Belize were minimal.

Caribbean islands
Two people were killed by a mudslide in St. Vincent and the Grenadines from Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven (which would eventually become Tropical Storm Gamma) when the system came close to the island. Seven homes were also destroyed by flood waters in the area and others were damaged.

Other effects across the rest of the Lesser Antilles were minimal and were no worse than that of a normal rain event. Also, two fishermen who were reported dead in Jamaica were thought to have been killed by Gamma.
Aftermath and retirement
After Gamma slowly moved away from land, Honduran government officials carried out helicopter rescues for people and families trapped by flood waters, as UN agencies began airlifting food and water to the impacted areas.

The government of Andalucía, in Spain, donated 40 million lempiras to aid in disaster efforts, and the United States sent helicopters to help in the delivery of food to the people affected by the storm.

Because damage was minimal, Gamma was not retired and will be used again whenever the regular list of names is all used up in the future.

Naming and records
After all of the twenty one assigned hurricane names for the 2005 season were used up after Hurricane Wilma, the Greek alphabet was used, starting with Tropical Storm Alpha. This storm was named Gamma once it was known to have reached tropical storm strength (after it restrengthened). This was the first time that the name Gamma had been used for a tropical cyclone.
Because Gamma was the only twenty-fourth tropical storm to form in any single Atlantic hurricane season, Gamma also holds the record for being the earliest twenty-fourth tropical storm, reaching tropical storm strength on November 18. Gamma also extended the 2005 season's record for tropical storms to twenty-four, which was also enlarged four more times and ended at twenty-eight storms after Tropical Storm Zeta and a post-season addition of an unnamed subtropical storm which went originally unnoticed in October. Also, Gamma tied the record set during the 1992 Pacific hurricane season for most storms in a single basin monitored by NOAA.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites
 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Gamma
 Yahoo! News story (Link dead as of 01:42, January 15, 2007 (UTC))

Atlantic tropical storms
Kherai Puja is the most important religious festival of the Bodo people. They perform this puja on some specific occasions.

Description
The Kherai Puja is of four kinds.

Darshan Kherai 
The Darshan Kherai (दोर्सोन खेराइ) is performed during the first week of the month of 'Kati' or 'Kartik'. It celebrates the goddess of wealth and welfare, so it is also called as the 'Lwkhi Kherai'.

Umrao Kherai 
The Umrao Kherai (उमराव खेराइ) is held during the month of 'Ashara' at the end of the 'Amthi Sua' (the unclean period) for the welfare of the villagers as well as of the crops. This Kherai is also known as the 'Ashu Kherai'.

Phalo Kherai 
The Phalo Kherai (फालो खेराइ) is also known as the "Danshrang Kherai" as it is performed during the full moon at the month.

Nowani Kherai 
The Nowani Kherai (न'नि खेराइ) is performed by the family when it deems necessary. The Bodo people who believe in the traditional practice rely on the Kherai Puja and the Garja Puja for their welfare at all times.
References
 Kherai Puja celebrated at Molandubi| Assam Times (20 Feb 2016)
 Bathow Festivals of Assam  Assam state  (26 Aug 2011)
 Bathow Puja in Assam| Art & Culture| Nelive (21 March 2016)

Religious festivals
Religion in India
Assam
Ausserferrera () is a village and former municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2008 the former municipalities of Ausserferrera and Innerferrera merged into the new municipality of Ferrera.

Villages in Graubünden
Former municipalities of Graubünden
Partial fraction decomposition is taking a big algebra fraction and splitting it into a bunch of smaller fractions that are added together. Partial fractions are used to get the antiderivatives of algebra fractions.

In math writing, we're turning this:

Into this:

The denominators of all these fractions are factors of g(x).

Algebra
Fractions (mathematics)
The pygmy slow loris  (Nycticebus pygmaeus) is one of a number of species of slow loris. It is a small nocturnal primate with large eyes. It lives in thick forest and bamboo groves. They are found in Vietnam, Laos, China, Thailand, and parts of Cambodia. Because their habitat is reduced, their status is "vulnerable".

Life style 
They have small hands and feet, but an extraordinarily strong grasp. They can hang from branches as they catch their food. Their large eyes help  them find their food.

Their diet consists of insects and soft fruit. They eat gum from trees and  this may help them survive food shortages.
With their small size they weigh between 0.8 to 1 pound in adulthood. Usually once a male has reached maturity, they become territorial and do not tolerate other males. This is why their social life is described as solitary, although they are known to be able to live among females of their species. In captivity the lifespan of the pygmy slow loris may be 20 years.
   
They produce offspring every 12 to 18 months. The females have gestational periods of about 188 days and have small litters of one or two babies. This species do not share parenting. The offspring stay with their mothers until they reach maturity.

Survival 
When the loris feels threatened it has a defense mechanism. It gives off a bad odor. If a predator is not scared away by the smell they produce some kind of toxic secretion from their elbows. If they bite the predator, the poison is passed on.
Despite conservation efforts, they are captured and sold for pets in markets in Vietnam. They have a very cuddly appearance but in no way are suitable to be pets.

References

Other websites 
Lincoln Park Zoo  http://www.lpzoo.org/animal/pygmy-slow-loris 
Duke Lemur Center http://lemur.duke.edu/discover/meet-thelemurs/pygmy-slow loris/

Lorisoidea
Mammals of Asia
Punta La Marmora () is a mountain in the Gennargentu range, Sardinia (Italy).

Name
The mountain is named after Alberto della Marmora, an Italian geographer and naturalist who described the island in two works: Voyage en Sardaigne (1826) and Itinéraire de l'île de Sardaigne (1860).

The name of the mountain, in the Sardinian language, was Perdas Carpìas, which means "split stones" because of its rocks of schist which tend to break into pieces.

Geography
The Punta La Marmorea is in the communes of Desulo and Arzana (province of Nuoro), in the Barbagia mountain area of inner Sardinia. With its summit at an elevation of , it is the highest peak on the Sardinia island.

Near Punta La Marmorea, there are other high mountains as Bruncu Spina that, with an elevation of , is the second highest point of Sardinia. They are part of the Gennargentu National Park.

The mountain is formed by metamorphic rocks, mainly shales, from Paleozoic era.
Punta La Marmora is just east of the approximate centre of Sardinia. On a clear day, it is possible to view from the top over a large part of Sardinia and the mountains of southern Corsica.

Climate
Snowfalls are frequent in winter, usually with an average depth over  of snow. Snowfalls are stronger in January and February.

The wind on the summit can reach up to .

Hiking
The summit is reached by hiking. The easiest route is from the Bruncu Spina mountain where there are ski lifts to get to the top; from there, it is easy to get to the five highest summits of Sardinia, including Punta La Marmora.

Related pages
List of Italian regions by highest point

References

Other websites

 Europe Ultra-Prominences

Mountains of Italy
Sardinia
Joanne is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga.  It was released on October 21, 2016.  It was named for Gaga's aunt, her father's sister, who died before Gaga was born.  Joanne is also Gaga's middle name.

The album was produced by Gaga, Mark Ronson, Kevin Parker, and BloodPop, among other producers.  Gaga collaborated with RedOne on the song "Angel Down", which was written about Trayvon Martin, who was killed in 2012.  RedOne also helped produce Gaga's previous blockbuster hits, such as "Just Dance", "Poker Face", and "Bad Romance".  Country songwriter Hillary Lindsey also worked with Gaga on Joanne on songs like "Million Reasons". Singer-songwriter Beck worked with Gaga on the dance song "Dancin' in Circles".
Two singles were released for the album:  "Perfect Illusion" and "Million Reasons".  The first single reached the top 20 in several countries, like the US, Canada, Australia, and the UK. "Million Reasons" first peaked at number 52 on the Billboard Hot 100.  However, after her Super Bowl halftime performance on February 5, 2017, the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 again at number four.  This is Gaga's 14th top-ten song and her 10th song to reach the top five on the chart.

Gaga went on a Dive Bar Tour at three different dive bars in the United States to promote Joanne.
Critics have said that Joanne is different from Gaga's previous releases, such as The Fame, The Fame Monster, Born This Way, and Artpop.  The album sold 201,000 copies in its first week in the United States. The album entered the Billboard 200 albums chart at number one. It became Gaga's fourth number-one album in the U.S. After the album was released, Gaga became the female artist with the most number-one albums of the 2010s decade. Joanne ranked at number 108 on the Billboard 200 year-end chart of 2016 in the US.

In August 2017, Gaga began the Joanne World Tour, which was set to run through December.  However, in September 2017, Gaga canceled her performance at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil, with Maroon 5 taking her place. The European leg of her tour was postponed to early 2018 due to severe chronic pain.  She is set to continue the remainder of the North American dates.
On October 22, 2017, Gaga announced that the album had been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for over one million certified units in the United States.

Track listing
The standard version of the album has 11 songs, while the deluxe version has 14.

Certifications

References

2016 albums
Pop albums
Dance albums
Rock albums
Lady Gaga albums
The collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda will happen about four billion years in the future.

The Andromeda galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at about  as shown by its blueshift. Until 2012, it was not known whether the possible collision was definitely going to happen or not, because its proper motion was too small to measure.

In 2012, researchers concluded that the collision is sure to happen. They used the Hubble Space Telescope to track the motion of stars in Andromeda between 2002 and 2010 with great accuracy. Andromeda's tangential or sideways velocity with respect to the Milky Way was much smaller than the speed of approach. Therefore, it is expected that it will collide with the Milky Way in around 4 billion years.
Such collisions are relatively common. Andromeda, for example, has collided with at least one other galaxy in the past. Several dwarf galaxies such as SagDEG are already colliding with the Milky Way and being merged into it. The Antennae galaxies are an example of two roughly equal spiral galaxies colliding.

References

Other websites
 The Merger of the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxies
 Andromeda galaxy may steal our Solar System from Milky Way
 NASA's Hubble shows Milky Way is destined for head-on collision with Andromeda galaxy

Spiral galaxies
Local galaxies
Milky Way
Slow lorises are the genus Nycticebus, nocturnal species of strepsirrhine primates. They live in southeast Asia and nearby areas.

There are about eight species: the Sunda slow loris (N. coucang), Bengal slow loris (N. bengalensis), pygmy slow loris (N. pygmaeus), Javan slow loris (N. javanicus), Philippine slow loris (N. menagensis), Bangka slow loris (N. bancanus), Bornean slow loris (N. borneanus), and Kayan River slow loris (N. kayan).

The group's closest relatives are the slender lorises of southern India and Sri Lanka. Their next closest relatives are the African lorisids, the pottos, false pottos, and angwantibos. They are less closely related to the remaining lorisoids (the various types of galago), and more distantly to the lemurs of Madagascar. Their evolutionary history is uncertain: their fossil record is patchy and molecular clock studies have given various results.
Slow lorises eat insects, small birds and reptiles, eggs, fruits, gums, nectar and some vegetation. A 1984 study of the Sunda slow loris found its diet was 71% fruit and gums, and 29% insects and other animal prey. A more detailed study of another Sunda slow loris population in 2002 and 2003 showed different dietary proportions: 43.3% gum, 31.7% nectar, 22.5% fruit, and just 2.5% arthropods and other animal prey.

References 

Lorisoidea
Mammals of Asia
Scrapie is a  fatal disease that affects the nervous system of sheep and goats. It is similar to Mad cow disease which affects cattle. Scrapie was first described in 1732. Much like with mad cow disease, prions seem to be involved in transmitting it.

Animal diseases
A stone slab is a big stone, flat and of little thickness, that are generally used  for paving floors, for covering walls or as headstones.

Other definitions refine the meaning a bit more:
 Flat big stone  and of little thickness.     
 Flat stone, relatively thin, of rectangular form or almost rectangular...

Slabs used in dolmens 
Most dolmen constructions they were build using stone slabs of big dimensions. Their architecture often includes a corridor of access that can be constructed usins stone slabs or dry stones. The burial chamber, with variable shapes (rectangular, polygonal, oval, circular ...) can also be preceded by an anteroom. In some dolmens, the entrance has a door cut into one or more vertical stone slabs.

Slabs in the construction 

The main applications of the slabs as material of construction are for pavings and in the construction of roofs. But they can be employed for other uses, among them:
Balconies formed from a slab
 Dry stone constructions of : walls, caves, rooms.
 The base of some some fireplaces are build with stone slabs (a big one or some smaller together).
 In religious altars, the altar stone can be a stone slab, more or less elaborated or in its natural state.
 In rustic tables.
 Slate slabs used for roofs.
Slabs in the gastronomy 
A system to cook the foods is “to the slab”. In like manner to the systems of “to the iron” or “grilled”, in the procedure to bake to the slab the foods course (meat, fish, vegetables,...) They put  on a slab hot on of the fire. With oil, butter or lard and all the aditaments with that want to dress  the teak.
 This system was rather popular in zones of the Pyrenees and often practised by farmers and shepherds. At present it can  consider incorporated to the gastronomy of all the levels.     
 The same slab to cook can employ, sometimes, to serve . Taking it out of the fire and carrying it to the table. Or using it directly like dish. When conserving the slab the heat more than other utensils can enjoy  of foods to a higher temperature and during more time.

Grave slabs
Grave slabs 

From prehistoric times there are examples of graves covered with a stone slab, in its natural state or carved. This use as tombstone  has extended the concept of natural slab to the tombstone variant: flat, thin and polished. Example: the tomb of King Peter the Great,

The tombstones use to have some inscriptions. The information on the stone slab traditionally  includes the name of the deceased and his date of birth and death. The inscriptions are generally in the frontal side of the stone slab but also in some cases in the verso and around the edges of the slab, some families request to write an inscription in the unseen part of the stone slab (oriented to the ground). Apart from the name, some slabs also have epitaphs in praise of the deceased or citations of religious texts, as "Requiescat in pace".

Related pages 
 Sandstone
 Slate
 Gravestone

References

Other websites

Stone slab believed to have held jesus body uncovere
Best Stones Slab seller in USA

Architectural elements
The Marecchia () is a river of the Emilia-Romagna region. The city of Rimini gets its name from the Latin name of the river.

Its low course marks the end of the Padan Plain ().

Geography
The Marecchia river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season: in the autumn could be as high as  but is very low during summer. Most of the time, the discharge is about .

Course
The Marecchia river flows through a valley named after it, Valmarecchia. The river starts at about  west of Viamaggio (comune of Pieve Santo Stefano) and about  southwest of the comune of Badia Tedalda, in the province of Arezzo (Tuscany), in the Alpe della Luna at an elevation of  above sea level.
At about  to the northeast of Badia Tedalda, the river flows into the Emilia-Romagna region, in the Casteldelci comune, province of Rimini. Then it flows through Ca 'Raffaello, an exclave of Badia Tedalda; to the north of here, the Senatello river flows into the Marecchia as a left tributary. Later, in Ponte Masa, the Masa river flows from the right into the Marecchia.

Shortly after Torello, the San Marino river flows as a right tributary and, after the Verucchio comune, the Ausa flows also from the right.

Between the frazioni (Italian subdivisions of a municipality) of Rivabella and San Giuliano, in Rimini, the Marecchia river ends in the Adriatic Sea.

The Bridge of Tiberius () or Bridge of Augustus () is a Roman bridge in Rimini. Its construction began in the times of Augustus but was finished in 20 AD in the times of Tiberius.

Main tributaries 
The tributaries of the Marecchia river are:

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of Italy

References

Other websites

 Fiume italiani: Fiume Malrecchia
Rivers of Italy
Emilia-Romagna
Tuscany
Shijiazhuang (石家庄) is a city in China. It is the capital of Hebei province.

The city is at the edge of the North China Plain. It is about  southwest of Beijing.

Cities in China
Hebei
The Manchu queue or the Manchu braid was a hairstyle that all men in China during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) had to wear. After the overthrow of the Qing dynasty, Chinese men no longer had to wear the Manchu queue.

Hairstyles
During war, or when a country is occupied, many people who serve in the military are present in that country. Some of these people are soldiers, other people are part of military personnel. Women who marry those people are known as war brides. The effect is well-documented for the period of the First and Second World War, but it also applies to other wars, such as the Philippine–American War, the Vietnam War, the Korean War or the Occupation of Japan. 

Marriage
Neravy is a town in the Karaikal district of Puducherry Union territory, India. This town is located 145km away from Pondicherry, the capital of this union territory.

Population
The population of Neravy is 10890 according to 2001 Census of India. The male population is 5392 and female population is 5494. The literacy rate of the town is 81.19%.

Commune
Neravy commune is one of the 5 communes in Karaikal district.

Reference

Towns in Karaikal District
A catenary is a type of curve. An ideal chain hanging between two supports and acted on by a uniform gravitational force makes the shape of a catenary. (An ideal chain is one that can bend perfectly, cannot be stretched and has the same density throughout.) The supports can be at different heights and the shape will still be a catenary. A catenary looks a bit like a parabola, but they are different.

The equation for a catenary in Cartesian coordinates is
 
where  is a parameter that determines the shape of the catenary and  is the hyperbolic cosine function, which is defined as
 .
Hence, we can also write the catenary equation as
 .

The word "catenary" comes from the Latin word catena, which means "chain". A catenary is also called called an alysoid and a chainette.

References 

Geometry
Perfect information has different definitions depending on the field.

In economics, the term perfect information refers to an element of competition in a market which is perfect and idealized. This is commonly known as perfect competition.

In the mathematical branch of game theory, a perfect information game uses perfect information if all the actions taken in the game are known, and the state of the game's materials is available to all players. Perfect information is a type of common knowledge. Perfect information relates to the materials of the game, and to the rules of the game.

It follows that imperfect information is when elements of the game (materials or rules) are not equally available to all participants. 

Perfect information games do not require that each player has a working memory of past positions but that merely they have had the opportunity to view such past actions.

Examples
Examples 

In a game of chess or go, the pieces and the rules are known, but the implications of the position are not. This identifies chess as a perfect information game. In competitive card games like bridge and poker, the cards held by opponents are not known, or only partly known. They are not perfect information games.

Mathematics
Holon Children's Museum () is the first museum dedicated for children in Israel. It was opened in 2001. The museum is located in Shimon Peres Park in Holon.

Other websites 

  Holon Children's Museum

Museums in Israel
2001 establishments
2000s establishments in Israel
Tel Aviv District
The Compromise of 1850 was a series of laws passed in 1850 that dealt with the controversial issue of slavery in the United States. As a result of the Mexican–American War, the United States acquired a large amount of new territory. The laws admitted California as a free state, and created the new territories of New Mexico and Utah. A dispute over the boundary between Texas and New Mexico was settled with Texas losing the New Mexico territory. It put an end to the slave trade in Washington, D.C. and made it easier for Southern slave owners to recover runaway slaves. The compromise called for each new state to decide for itself whether it would be a slave or free states. The commerce and trade compromise ended the slave trade and eventually led to the Emancipation Proclamation.
The Missouri Compromise, passed in 1820, was an agreement between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress. It concerned the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It admitted Missouri as a slave state to please the South. It admitted Maine as a free state to please the North. It kept the balance of power in the United States Senate between the free states and slave states. The plan also called for slavery to be banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30' north (also known as the Missouri Compromise Line), except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. It was a temporary measure that reduced the conflict over slavery. But there was continued resentment between North and South. The South resented Congress interfering with slavery. The North resented having to compromise on the moral issues of slavery. Both sides wanted the political power necessary for their issue to win
. In his book Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power, historian Garry Wills wrote, “the South was not demanding slave representation to achieve a near-parity at the moment, but as a way of achieving majority control in the immediately foreseeable future.”
Debate 
Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky presented resolutions on January 29, 1850 saying they represented the spirit of compromise that would keep the Union together. Former Vice President and Senator from South Carolina John C. Calhoun saw it differently. For a month he worked on a speech but was too ill to deliver it. Virginia Senator James A. Mason read it on the floor of the Senate on March 4. In a speech on March 7, Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts spoke in favor of compromise. Abolitionists in the North saw this as a betrayal and giving in to slavery interests. William H. Seward, then the Senator from New York, spoke next for the abolitionists. He claimed there was a "higher law than the Constitution," which prevented any compromise with slavery.
At the same time the House of Representatives was also debating the question. No agreements had been reached by early April so a committee was suggested by Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi. Called the "Committee of Thirteen" it was made up of seven Whigs and six Democrats. The committee drafted a bill based mainly on Clay's compromise resolutions made in January. Clay himself was the chairman and presented the bill on May 8.

The Compromise 
Each side got some benefits from the compromise:

The North 
 Got California admitted to the Union as a free state.
 Got the slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C.
 Texas lost the New Mexico territory.

The South 
 Got no restrictions on slavery in the new territories.
 While slave trading was abolished in Washington, those who owned slaves already could keep them.
 Texas got $10 million in compensation from the federal government for the loss of the NM territory.
 Got the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 passed.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites 
 The Compromise of 1850; YouTube
 How did the Compromise of 1850 lead to the Civil War?

Origins of the American Civil War
1850s in California
1850s in the United States
A timeline of events leading up to the American Civil War describes the events which historians recognize as contributing to the American Civil War. Many of these events lead back to the founding of the country. The United States Constitution makes only a few mentions of slavery leaving it largely up to the individual states to govern it. As the Northern and Southern United States developed along separate lines, slavery eventually disappeared from the North. It became an institution in the South. As new parts of the country opened up to settlement the issues over slavery started a long-standing controversy between North and South. It became a burning issue and led to secession of several Southern states. This in general led to the Civil War.

Timeline

1600s

1700s

1800s

Key events that triggered the war

References

Other websites 
 Causes of the Civil War Part 1; YouTube
 Causes of the Civil War Part 2; YouTube
 The Dred Scott Decision; YouTube
 Lincoln vs Douglas debate; YouTube
West London Synagogue is the oldest Reform synagogue located in London, England, United Kingdom. The synagogue was established on 15 April 1840.

Building 
The current building, built in 1870, is located near Marble Arch in London. The main sanctuary is built in the Byzantine architectural style. The premises also contain offices, a library and community facilities.

Other websites 
The West London Synagogue
The Movement for Reform Judaism

Synagogues
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster