Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Calafat is a city in Dolj County, Romania.  It is near the Danube River. This is across from the Bulgarian city of Vidin.  Calafat was started in the 14th century by Genoese colonists.  About 21,200 people lived in Calafat, as of 2000.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities
Calafat is twinned with:
  Vidin, Bulgaria
  Zaječar, Serbia
  Duiven, Netherlands
  Biñan, Philippines

Other websites

Municipalities of Romania
Cities in Romania
The Roman province of Dacia was in the Balkans. It included Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia in the modern Romania, and Muntenia and southern Moldova. It did not include the nearby regions of Moesia.

It was a big district in Central Europe of the Roman Empire. The northern part of the border was made up of the Carpathians; the southern part of the border of Dacia was made up of the Danube River, and the western part of the border of Dacia was made up of the Tisza River. Along the borders many Roman strongpoints built. The Dacia district protected the Empire from foreign tribes of the north east side.

The place where Dacia once was is now made up of Romania and Moldova, along with some parts of Hungary, Bulgaria and Ukraine. The capital of Dacia was Sarmizegetusa. The name of Romania came probably from the idea of the former "Romans country".

Dacia was added to the Roman Empire in its earliest days by the Emperor Trajan. Despite its wealth, it was the first province from which Rome withdrew.

Gallery
Gallery

Other websites

Transylvania
Moldova
History of Bulgaria
History of Hungary
History of Romania
History of Serbia
History of Ukraine
Roman Empire
The Gepids were an East Germanic Gothic tribe who became famous after defeating the Huns.  The place where the Gepids lived was called Gepidia or Kingdom of the Gepids.  The place where the Gepids used to live contained some of Romania, Hungary and Serbia.

References

Other websites
Map of Gepidia
Map of Gepid Kingdom
Kingdom of the Gepids - location map 

Germanic tribes
History of Romania
Serbia
A commander-in-chief is the commander of a nation's military forces. Some country's commander-in-chief does not need to have been a soldier or involved in the military. The term was first used by King Charles I of England in 1639. 

Commanders-in-Chief is sometimes referred to as Supreme Commander, which is sometimes used as a specific term.

Australia 
The role of command in chief is done by the Governor-General of Australia as the Queen's representative.

United Kingdom 
The title Commander-in-Chief is rarely used by the King or Queen of England, but usually refers to local commanders-in-chief.

India 
After independence from Britain on August 15, 1947, each Service was given its own Chief Commander (navy, army, airforce).

Iran 
Before 1979, the Shah was the commander-in-chief in Iran. After the creation of the Islamic Republic, the Supreme Leader of Iran has taken on the role.

Ireland 
In Ireland, the commander-in-chief of the army is the President.
Pakistan 
In Pakistan, the President is by law the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, however the elected Prime Minister has the real power.

Hong Kong 
When Hong Kong was a British colony the Governor was also the Commander-in-Chief of Hong Kong.

United States of America 
Commander-in-chief is one of the many roles given to the president of the United States

References 

Military ranks
Corbu is a commune in Harghita County, Romania. 

Corbu
British India Command was the name given to the general staff of the Commander-in-Chief (shortened to C-in-C) of British India.

The Commander-in-Chief of India reported to the civilian Governor-General of India. Most of the C-in-C's staff were based at the General Headquarters India (GHQ India).

World War II 
During World War II the C-in-C India was also responsible for Ceylon and the Burma Campaign. During this time Chinese and American units also came under the operational control of the India Command.

Other websites 
 OPERATIONS IN THE FAR EAST From 17th October, 1940 To 27th December 1941

British India
The Governor-General of India was the head of the British administration in British India. He was known as the Viceroy because he was the representative of the monarch, who for many years was Queen Victoria. 

The position was created in 1773, with the title of "Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William". In the beginning the officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. However in 1833 the Governor was given complete control over all of British India and from then on was known as the Governor-General of India.

History 

Many parts of India were governed by the East India Company, which was supposed to be agents of the Mughal Emperor.
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the East India Company was abolished and the lands it had overned in the Indian sub-continent ware put under the direct control of the government of Britain. The Governor-General headed the central Government of India in Calcutta and was responsible to the imperial government in London. The rest of the sub-continent was administered by a large number of princely rulers under the supreme authority of Britain. The Governor-General was commonly known as the Viceroy of India because of his secondary role as Britain's representative to these nominally independent princely states.

Although India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, Governors-General stayed on to represent the Monarch of Great Britain until each rewrote their laws to become republics. When Pakistan and India become independent in 1947 King George who had been before then been the Emperor of India became the King of both countries.
However when India became a republic in 1950 he was no longer king of that country, however he remained king of Pakistan until his death in 1952. After that Elizabeth become Queen until 1956 when Pakistan too became a republic.

India
Viceroys
Warren Hastings (December 7 1732 - August 22 1818) was the first Governor-General of India, from 1773 to 1785. He was born at Churchill, Oxfordshire.  He attended Westminster School before joining the British East India Company in 1750 as a clerk.  In 1757 he was made the British Resident (administrative in charge) of Murshidabad. He was appointed to the Calcutta council in 1761, but was back in England in 1764. He returned to India in 1769 as a part of the Madras council and was made governor of Bengal in 1772. In 1773, he was appointed the first Governor-General of India. 

For ten years Hastings managed to help expand British control across India that had been stated by Robert Clive.

Hastings resigned in 1784 and returned to England, however when he arrived in England he was charged with corruption by Edmund Burke. Burke was encouraged by Sir Philip Francis who had been wounded by Hastings in a duel in India. The trial took seven years and Hastings was acquitted.
He still had supporters though and on August 22 1806, the Edinburgh East India Club held a party to honour Hastings, asking for "Prosperity to our settlements in India".

Places named after him 
The city of Hastings, New Zealand and the Melbourne outer suburb of Hastings, Victoria, Australia were both named after him.

Hastings is a Senior Wing House at St Paul's School, Darjeeling, India, where all the senior wing houses are named after colonial-age military figures.

References

Governors-General of India
1732 births
1818 deaths
Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive of Plassey, KB (29 September 1725 – 22 November 1774), also known as Clive of India, was a British soldier who established British control in Southern India and Bengal. Together with Warren Hastings he was one of the key figures in the creation of British India.

Robert Clive was born at Styche, the family estate, in the parish in Moreton Say, near Market Drayton, Shropshire.  Teachers were unable to control the young Clive. He is said to have climbed the tower of St Mary's Parish Church in Market Drayton and sat on a gargoyle, frightening people down below. He also attempted to set up a protection racket enforced by a gang of youths. Faced with the choice of paying up or receiving a visit from Clive and his 'boys', many of Market Drayton's shopkeepers decided to pay. His bad behaviour resulted in him being expelled from three schools, including Market Drayton Grammar School. He also went to Clifton College School. He boarded there for 3 years.
As an adult Clive worked for the British East India Company. In 1746 he joined the Company army and fought well against the French army in India. He led the winning army in the Battle of Plassey during the Seven Years War. He was the first governor of Bengal during 1757 to 1760 in India. He is sometimes called the founder of British empire in India.

Places named after him 
The town of Clive, New Zealand was named after him. The name was given by John Curling.

References

1725 births
1774 deaths
British military people
Knights of the Bath
Colonial officials of British India
People from Shropshire
Syed Hussain Bilgrami (1842 - 1926) was an Indian Muslim educator and politician and early leader of the All India Muslim League. He taught Arabic at Canning College, Lucknow.

References

Politicians from Lucknow
Leaders of All India Muslim League
1842 births
1926 deaths
Early life[edit]
Syed Hussain Bilgrami was born in 1844 in Gaya and was educated at the Presidency College, Calcutta. He was married in 1864 and had four sons and one daughter.
Career[edit]
After holding the post of Professor of Arabic at Canning College, Lucknow from 1866 to 1873[1] he entered the service of the Nizam of Hyderabad.[2] He was the Private Secretary to Sir Salar Jung till his death and later was Private Secretary to the Nizam of Hyderabad. He was made the Director of Public Instruction for the Nizam’s Dominions from 1887 to 1902. In 1901-1902 he was a member of the Universities Commission. Soon afterwards he was made a member of the Imperial Legislative Council and a member of the Secretary of State's Council from 1907 to 1909. He retired from the service of the Nizam in 1907.[1]
Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman (1889–1973) was an Pakistani Muslim politician.  He was leader of the All India Muslim League in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). A strong supporter of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Pakistan movement, Khaliquzzaman migrated to Pakistan in 1947.

 

1889 births
1973 deaths
Pakistani politicians
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Pakistani diplomats
Valea Mare (Hungarian: Nagypatak) is a commune in Covasna County, Romania. About 1,140 people lived in Valea Mare as of the year 2002.

Valea Mare
Transylvania
Tobias is a Greek form of the Hebrew name "Tobijah" from the Bible, meaning "Jehovah [God] is good". It is often used as a male given name in Germany, Scandinavia, the United States and among Jewish people. In countries that speak English it is often shortened to Toby. Other short forms are Tobi (English, Germany) and Tobbe (Sweden). It has also been a surname (last name). The pronunciation of the name is [ tuh-bahy-uhs ].  This name was ranked #277 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

Biblical
Several people are called Tobias in The Bible:
Tobias, son of Tobit; "Book of Tobias" is an older name for the Book of Tobit
Tobias the elder
Tobias, father of Hircanus
Tobiah (Ammonite)
Tobias, brother-in-law of Onias II, father of the Joseph who defeated Ptolemy III Euergetes.
Tobbe, son-in-law of Onias III, son of Onias II

As a given name
Tobias (Animorphs) (fictional character)
Tobias Abse (professor)
Tobias Abstreiter (hockey center)
Tobias Angerer (cross country skier)
Tobias Arlt (luger)
Tobias Bamberg (magician)
Tobias Barreto de Meneses (critic/poet)
Tobias Beecher (from Oz)
Tobias Beer (actor)
Tobias Bernstrup (modern artist)
Tobias Billström (politician)
Tobias Bjarneby (video game journalist)
Tobias Bogner (ski jumper)
Tobias Bonhoeffer (neurobiologist)
Tobias Bruns (artist)
Tobias S. Buckell (scifi author)
Tobias Büttner (football defender)
Tobias Carlsson (Kalmar FF footballer)
Tobías Zúñiga Castro (politician)
Tobias Cohn (17/18th century doctor)
Tobias Cole (countertenor)
Tobias Joaquim Dai (politician)
Tobias Dantzig (mathematician)
Tobias Delius (musician)
Tobias Dier (golfer)
Tobias Druitt (author, pseudonym)
Tobias Ellwood (politician)
Tobias Eng (musician)
Tobias Enhus (composer)
Tobias Enström (hockey defenceman)
Tobias Exxel (bass player from Edguy)
Tobias Fish (future megastar)
Tobias Forsberg (hockey winger)
Tobias Frere-Jones (type designer)
Tobias Fünke (Arrested Development)
Tobias Furneaux (Royal Navy officer)
Tobias Geffen (rabbi)
Tobias Geye (artist)
Tobias Gondrom (internet engineer)
Tobias Grahn (Gimnàstic de Tarragona midfielder)
Tobias Gregson (fictional character)
Tobias Grünenfelder
Tobias Hayek
Tobias Hecht
Tobías Hernández
Tobias Hill (poet/novelist)
Tobias Hoesl
Tobias Hogan
Tobias Holmberg
Tobias Holmqvist
Tobias Hume (composer & soldier)
Tobias Hysén (IFK Göteborg footballer)
Tobias Jesso
Detective Tobias Jones
Tobias Jones (writer) (author & journalist)
Tobias Kamke
Tobias Kassung
Tobias Krantz
Tobías Lasser
Tobias Lear V (personal secretary)
Tobias Levels
Tobias Lindemann
Tobias Linderoth (Galatasaray midfielder)
Tobias Lohner
Tobias Mabuta Munihango
Tobias Matthay (teacher & composer)
Tobias Matthew (archbishop of York)
Tobias Mayer (astronomer)
Tobias Mehler
Tobias Menzies (actor)
Tobias Michael Carel Asser (jurist)
Tobias Mikaelsson
Tobias Mikkelsen
Tobias Moretti (actor)
Tobias Mullen
Tobias Müller
Tobias Nath
Tobias Nickenig
Tobias Crawford Norris (politician)
Tobias Oetiker
Tobias Ohls
Tobias Picker (composer)
Tobias Pflüger (politician)
Tobias A. Plants
Tobias Pock
Tobias Ragg (from Sweeney Todd)
Tobias Rathgeb
Tobias Rau (Arminia Bielefeld defender)
Tobias Read
Tobias Regner (musician)
Tobias Rustat
Tobias Sammet (vocalist from Edguy)
Tobias Schellenberg (competitive diver)
Tobias Schenke
Tobias Schiegl
Tobias Schneebaum (artist & activist)
Tobias Schneider
Tobias Schönenberg (actor & photomodel)
Tobias Schweinsteiger
Tobias Simon
Tobias Sippel
Tobias Smollett (Scottish author)
Tobias Snape (father of Severus Snape)
Tobias Sologuren Sanchez
Tobias Steinhauser
Tobias Stephan (hockey goaltender)
Tobias Stimmer (painter & illustrator)
Tobias Summerer
Tobias Truvillion
Tobias Unger (athlete)
Tobias Verhaecht (draughtsman)
Tobias Verwey
Tobias Viklund
Tobias Weis
Tobias Wendl
Tobias Whale (fictional character)
Tobias Willi
Tobias Wolff (writer)
Middle name
Abraham Tobias Boas
Albert Tobias Clay
Ferdinand Tobias Richter
J. Tobias Anderson
Johan Tobias Sergel, Swedish sculptor
Johann Tobias Beck
Johann Tobias Bürg (astronomer)
Johann Tobias Krebs (composer)
Johann Tobias Mayer

Derivative name
Tobey Maguire
Tobiah ben Eliezer

As a surname

Other uses
Tobias, Nebraska, a village in the U.S.
Tobias (bass guitar company)
Tobias and the Angel (Jonathan Dove), community opera

References

Given names
A flying disc is a round object with a flat shape and a thick rim. The rim helps with gripping and throwing the disc, and it also prevents it from flipping over while in the air. To throw the disc, the goal is to make it spin while it's in flight. 

There is another type of flying object called a flying ring, which is sold under the brand name Aerobie. Although they have different designs, both flying discs and flying rings rely on air resistance to fly.

Flying discs are used in two popular sports, Ultimate Frisbee and Disc Golf. The Frisbee brand of flying disc is not commonly used in official competitions for these sports. In fact, the team sport of Ultimate Frisbee is officially known as "Ultimate." However, the term "Frisbee" is still widely used to refer to any flying disc, just like "Kleenex" was once used to mean "facial tissue."

The Aerobie
The Aerobie 

The Aerobie Superdisk is an alternative design of flying disc that, although somewhat differently shaped, still has very similar properties to the conventional disc. It has less air resistance. Because there is less resistance to motion, the Aerobie discs can fly farther than the conventional disc. The Aerobie flying ring has minimal drag and holds the world record for the longest flight by a human-thrown projectile. However, due to the lack of a rim, the Aerobie is less suited to angled, curved flights and air-bouncing.
Spin of the disc 
The spin of the disc helps to keep the disc stable in flight and prevent unplanned tilting. This is because a large angular momentum stabilises the disc in the same way that it keeps a gyroscope steady, with the angular force forcing the mass of the disc away from the centre of mass, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Any unequal force acting on a particular area of the disc is quickly redirected to be equal over the circumference of the disc.
As the disc spins faster, it becomes more stable due to the rapidity of the equalisation of forces.

Mass of the disc 
The force required to accelerate the disc is directly proportional to the mass of the disc. This decreases the acceleration of the disc, assuming that the force of projection is constant. Therefore, discs come in a variety of weights, although those used for Ultimate are mainly 175 g in mass, heavier than the majority of discs and considerably heavier than an aerobie.
Flying discs (including Frisbees) can be thrown in many ways. All involve spinning the disc to give it gyroscopic stability, and accelerating its mass to a certain velocity. Without spin, a disc will wobble and fall; without velocity, the disc will not go anywhere. Using these two guidelines, any number of throws are possible. Most discs are designed to create lift when thrown with the flat side up.

Techniques

Right-side up 
Right-side up throws are all similar in that they react the same way to the tilt of the disc when it is released. A disc thrown right-side up will accelerate in the direction of the low end of the disc. A disc tilted leading-edge up will lose speed at the end of the throw and make a gentle landing; if tilted sideways (known in aeronautics terms as roll), it can curve around objects.

There is a language for describing throws that curve. Both descriptions are relative to the direction the person is facing and intends to throw. This axis is marked in red in the picture.
Inside-out (i-o) throws (green paths) occur when the thrower releases the disc in such a way that it initially comes towards the throwing axis (inside-). However, the disc is tilted with the side closest to the body highest, which causes the disc to curve away from the thrower (-out).
 Outside-in (o-i) throws (blue paths, sometimes also called a bender) follow the opposite path. The thrower releases the disc moving away from the throwing axis (outside-), but with the side of the disc closest to the body lowest. This tilt causes the disc to bend back towards the thrower (-in).

Backhand 
This is probably the most commonly learned throw, and also one of the most powerful. 
 Grip: Fingers are curled under the disc's rim, and the thumb is placed on top of the disc to hold it in place. The index finger may either be on the edge of the disc (to help aim), or four fingers may be tucked underneath the rim (to aid power).
Throw: The thrower draws the throwing arm across the body to build velocity for the disc. During this movement, the arm straightens out. As the arm becomes straight, the wrist is flicked, to impart spin.

Variations 

 The High Release: Used to get around an object (or a person), the High Release is thrown above the thrower's shoulder, and relies more heavily on the flick of the wrist to impart power.

 The Air Bounce: This throw is released at a downward angle, but with a high angle of attack. This throw will move toward the ground at first before downwash causes it to rise, giving the visual effect of the disc "bouncing" in the air. This is done by pressing down with the thumb, which lowers the trailing edge at the instant of release.
The Beach Backhand: Rather than reaching and throwing the disc across the body, the arm is curled and the disc is cocked next to the hip on the same side of the body as the throwing arm. The disc is released by extending the arm straight ahead and snapping the wrist. The term "beach backhand" is considered pejorative, as this release technique is uniformly inferior to a standard backhand.

Forehand 
This throw is also known as the flick, two-finger, or the side-arm. Focused in the wrist, this throw takes little time to execute. Along with the backhand, it is one of the two most common throws used in Ultimate.

 Grip: The middle finger is extended and laid along the rim of the disc. The index finger is placed against the middle finger for power, or pressed on the bottom of the disc pointing towards the center for stability. The thumb is pressed against the top of the disc. The wrist is cocked back, and the arm is extended out from the body.
Throw: A snap of the wrist imparts spin as the disc releases off the middle finger, as well as some forward velocity. Extension of the lower arm provides additional power, as does shoulder and upper body rotation.

Variations 
The forehand is a versatile throw, and can be adapted to many different situations.

 Different wrist or arm angles on release can allow for inside-out or outside-in curves.

 Most upside-down throws (see below) use the forehand grip and use the same wrist snap and release, and are therefore variants of the forehand in some sense.

 The High Release: Used to get around an object (or a person), the High Release is thrown above the thrower's shoulder, and is powered by the flick of the wrist as well as the rising action of the arm on release.

Push Pass
Push Pass 

The Push Pass: A relatively little-used throw, it is thrown with a grip similar to a backhand (index finger on the outer rim of the disc, thumb on top, other fingers curled underneath) but is released on the forehand side from a forehand stance. A pronating wrist snap similar to a forehand release pushes the disc forward, while spin is imparted "backwards" by rolling the disc off the index finger. A final flick of the index finger finishes the release. It is difficult to impart as much spin to the push pass as one can typically impart to a forehand or backhand, resulting in a less stable throw. It is useful in Ultimate for very short throws released to the forehand side.
Thumber forehand 
The thumber forehand is also known as a The Beach Thumber, Peach, or in the sport of guts, simply as a thumber. Its primary advantage is that it can be thrown quite hard and with a great amount of spin, and is relatively easy to learn. It is often seen used in a game of Guts due to its power and velocity. It is unpopular in Ultimate due to several disadvantages when compared to the standard forehand. It is relatively difficult to impart different curves or release angles to, it is harder to release extended away from the thrower's body, and it makes for slow grip transitions to a backhand or hammer.

 Grip: The thumber derives its name from the grip: it is thrown on the forehand side with the thumb under the rim and the rest of the hand against the outside of the disc. The arm should also be tucked against the side, and the elbow bent. The disc is kept parallel to the ground and the wrist is cocked back.
Throw: To release, the wrist is snapped forward. Spin is imparted off the flat part of the thumb; power can be gained by rotating the arm at the shoulder or the body at the hips. A flat release is critical to a successful thumber forehand.

Overhand 
The Overhand (also known as Hungarian, flamingo, dragonwing, windmill, waffle, discus, wrist-hook, chicken wing, or biscuit) is rarely used among ultimate players, because the alternative, the traditional forehand, allows greater sideways arm extension, useful in moving the disc around defenders. The Overhand is most useful when the disc is caught above the head and must be thrown quickly without changing grips, such as during a Greatest attempt.

 Grip: The fingers of the hand are spread out over the top, with the thumb under the disc and perpendicular to the rim. For greater control, extend the index finger along the rim, as in the control grip for the forehand.
Throw: The arm is held horizontal and behind the thrower, then quickly brought forward, and the wrist is snapped laterally as the disc is released. Typically, release occurs at or above shoulder height, although it is possible to release at waist height or lower. The whole body and arm can be allowed to rotate, and the forearm must move very quickly to impart enough momentum to send the disc a significant distance. For maximum power, the entire body rotates, as in the ancient discus throw seen in track and field events; for a right-hander, the torso starts leaning right, and ends leaning left. Wrist snap is especially important, as the throw has no stability without a strong spin.
Duck 
The Duck (also known as a bear claw, a duder, or a useless) is thrown with a similar grip to the Overhand, except it is the backward version of it. While the Overhand is thrown with counter-clockwise spin (for right-handers), the duck is thrown with clockwise spin. It is usually thrown with the arm out to the side or above the head. It is called the duck due to the shape of the gripping hand during the throw, as if making a duck shadow puppet. This throw is used in attempts at The Greatest (jumping out of bounds and throwing the Frisbee back in to play while in the air).
Upside-down 
A disc thrown upside-down has a very different flight path than one thrown right-side up. The lift force does not enforce stable flight as it does on a right-side up disc, resulting in a more of a parabolic arc in flight. As with a right-side up throw, however, the flight path of the disc will curve toward the lower edge. This banking effect is most pronounced when the disc is at a 45 degree angle, and less pronounced when it is near-vertical, or near-horizontal.
Gyroscopic precession causes the disc to rotate toward horizontal through its flight path. Unlike a right-side up throw, however, an upside-down disc will not precess toward a stable flat state, and will in stead oscillate past horizontal and begin to bank in the opposite direction. This shuttlecock-like effect is known as "helixing", and is generally avoided due to the difficulty in controlling a helixing flight path. For this reason, an upside down throw is typically released with either clockwise rotation and the left edge up, or counterclockwise rotation and the right edge up. The longer the disc is expected to remain in the air, the closer to vertical it must be at release to avoid the helixing effect.

Hammer
The Hammer is gripped just like a normal forehand throw, and is generally a mid-range, high and arching throw.

 Grip: Identical to the forehand.
Throw: From an open stance, the throwing arm is swung over the head in a similar motion to an overhand throw or volleyball spike. The disc is released using a wrist snap identical to that of a forehand. The angle of the disc on release can be anywhere between vertical and nearly upside-down, depending on the flight path desired.

A hammer, when thrown by a right-handed thrower, will arc up and to the left as it moves away from the thrower, and will bank towards the right in flight. The banking effect will be more pronounced if the disc is thrown higher and spends more flight time near a 45 degree angle.
Scoober 
Another upside-down variant of the forehand, the scoober (also known as the "Spoon pass" or Hiawatha) is similar to a hammer, but released away from the body from a backhand stance, instead of over the head from a forehand stance. The scoober travels in a path similar to the hammer, although the initial release is typically more flat than a hammer release. Although it is more difficult to impart power to a scoober than a hammer, a scoober can be an effective short-range (10 to 20 yards/meters) throw and is used in Ultimate for breaking the mark and to throw over defenders in a zone defense.

 Grip: Identical to a forehand or hammer.
 Throw: The thrower steps towards the backhand side, holding the disc upside down and bringing the throwing arm across the body. Leading with the elbow, the throwing arm is swung forward, and the disc is flicked off the middle finger (as in a forehand), releasing the disc upside down.
Thumber 
The Thumber (not to be confused with the thumber forehand) is a throw that is rarely used in competitive play, compared to the Hammer or standard forehand. It has a flight path that is the mirror-image of the Hammer (arcing high and to the right for a right-handed thrower). It can be useful when the disc needs to drop quickly and fly with an opposite curve to a Hammer in order to avoid defenders.

 Grip: The thumber derives its name from the grip: the disc is held with the thumb tightly against the rim and the rest of the hand against the outside of the disc. The wrist is cocked back in a similar fashion to a forehand.

 Throw: Cock the arm backwards, then bring it forward in a similar motion to a baseball pitch. The disc is released by a forward wrist snap.

Table of basic disc throws

This table represents the fundamental disc throws with classic technique in the foreword form, in fact exist many variations of throws and grips that make the number of pitches quite infinite.
The natural path is the trajectory the disc takes without pre-release tilt.

The hyzer path is the trajectory the disc takes when the outside edge of the disc is tilted downward.

The anhyzer path is the trajectory the disc takes when the outside edge of the disc is tilted upward.

The spin is the rotation of the disc.

Every throw can be done with the right hand or the left hand and this is shown in the hand column.

RH=right hand, LH=left hand, R=the path tends to the right of the thrower, L=the path tends to the left of the thrower, 0 means that the path is quite linear.

So R with RH and L with LH are outside-in (OI) paths; R with LH and L with RH are inside-out (IO) paths.

In spin column numbers represent the sign of the angular momentum relative to the upside of the disc (+1=positive (counter-clockwise rotation), -1=negative (clockwise rotation)).
Throws may be signed as follows: hand acronym+throw acronym+tilt acronym. For example LHBHIO is an inside out backhand throw pitched with the left hand; RHFH0 is a linear forehand throw pitched with the right hand. To have linear paths the disc must be released with a light opposite tilt than his natural path.

References

Other websites 
 Ultimate Players Association, whose goal is to increase participation in the sport of Ultimate at all levels, and teaches
 Freestyle Players Association Tips and videos for learning "Freestyle" which combines creative, artistic and athletic moves with flying discs.
 skills and strategy  that is important for Ultimate.
 Dave's Tips  Good Technique and grip site for Frisbee golf.
 Disc Nation Beginner Information  Great Beginner Tips and Techniques.
 Frisbee Golf Basket PDGA Approved Frisbee Golf Basket In USA

Toys
Sports equipment
Iron Maiden is the first album by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden. 
It was released on 11th April 1980. The main musical type of the album is heavy metal but some songs, like "Sanctuary" or "Running Free" are like punk rock music. Some fans feel that a song from this album, "Phantom Of The Opera" is the best song Iron Maiden have ever made.

Musicians
People who were members of Iron Maiden when the album was made:

 Steve Harris - Bass guitar
 Paul Di'Anno – Singing
 Dennis Stratton – Electric guitar
 Dave Murray - Electric guitar
 Clive Burr - Percussion

Songs

Iron Maiden albums
1980 albums
Debut albums
Heavy metal albums
The Bangladesh Awami League (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ; also translated Bangladesh People's League) is the mainstream secular political party in Bangladesh. The party is now headed by Sheikh Hasina, the daughter of the late Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The Awami League has been in government twice, about eight and a half years, since Bangladesh's independence in 1971.

Political parties in Bangladesh
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (or 'Jamaat' for short) is the largest Islamic political party in Bangladesh. It is also one of the largest Islamic parties in South Asia, the party was formed when Bengal was part of British India.

History

Hindustan Period (1941 - 1947) 
:See Jamaat-e-Islami Hind

Pakistan Period (1948 - 1971) 
:See: Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan

In 1947 East Bengal became part of Pakistan (East Pakistan) - and the Jamaat-e-Islami was divided into separate Indian and Pakistani parties. The Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh originates from the East Pakistani party.  The Jamaat were against Bangladesh becoming independent from Pakistan as they thought it was against Islam. However the Jamaat were unable to stop Bangladesh becoming independent of Pakistan.
Bangladesh Period (1978 - present) 
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami was banned after independence of Bangladesh. Jamaat was banned in Bangladesh due to its opposite stand against independent Bangladesh during independence war. Jamaat wished to see united Pakistan.  After independence of Bangladesh,  the top leaders of Jamaat moved to West Pakistan where Jamaat-e-Islami was born. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh, also cancelled the citizenship of Golam Azam, the leader of Jamaat. Azam then moved to London, and some other leaders moved to the Middle East. However Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated in 1975 and army chief Ziaur Rahman seized power. Rahman allowed the Jamaat to be a political party again. Rahman also allowed Azam to return to Bangladesh as the leader of Jamaat.

Election results

References

Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
The Jatiyo Gano Front (National People's Front) is a left-wing political group in Bangladesh. The JGF used to be part of the Workers Party of Bangladesh but split from them in 1995. The JGF is led by Tipu Biswas.

Political parties in Bangladesh
1995 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Bangladesh
The Azad Pakistan Party is a left-wing Pakistani party founded by Mian Iftikharuddin. He is an ex-member of the Indian Congress who went on to join the Muslim League that created Pakistan.

Political parties in Pakistan
The Insaf Party (Justice Party), was a Muslim political party. It was founded by Syed Shahabuddin in 1989 as a split from the Janata Party - it formed  as a protest against the alliance between V.P. Singh and the right wing Bharatiya Janata Party. When the V.P. Singh government fell in 1990, the IP stopped being a party. 

Political parties in India
1989 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in India
1990 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in India
1990s disestablishments in Asia
The Apna Dal is a political party in India. Most of the people who support are from the Kurmi caste. Its main base is in central Uttar Pradesh. Apna Dal is led by Sone Lal Patel.

Political parties in India
The Ambedkar National Congress is a political party based in India. The party works for the rights of Dalits. Mr. Mohammed Kazam Ali Khan is the founder and President of the ANC.

Political parties in India
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Harold Arthur Deane (1854-1908) was an administrator in British India. Deane served as the first Political Agent of the Malakand in 1895 and also as the first Chief Commissioner of the   when the province was created on 9th November 1901.

References

Colonial officials of British India
1854 births
1908 deaths
Pakistani English is the type of the English Language as it is spoken in Pakistan. It is recognised as one of the official languages of the country.

History
Although British rule in South Asia lasted for almost two hundred years, the areas that are now Pakistan were some of the last places to be taken over by the British. Punjab (which included the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province) was captured in 1849, Sindh a few years before; while Balochistan was never fully taken over by the British. This meant that English had less time to become part of local culture. However, in 1947, when Pakistan became independent, English (along with Urdu) became Pakistan's official language - this was written into law in 1973.
Relationship with Indian English
Pakistani English has many similarities with Indian English, but since Independence there have been some very obvious differences. These include words and phrases not used in India, as well as accents. Foreign companies find accent naturalisation easier in Pakistan than in India. However, like Indian English, Pakistani English has preserved many phrases that are now considered old in Britain.
Use in Pakistan
English is one of Pakistan's official languages. All government documents, military communications, street signs, many shop signs, business contracts and other activities are in English. The language of the courts is also English.
English is taught to all school level Pakistani students, and in many cases English is also the language used to teach the students other subjects. At the college and university level all instruction is in English.
Pakistan has a large English language press and (more recently) media. All of Pakistan's major dailies are published in or have an edition in English. Dawn News is a major English language news channel.

Pakistani English Literature
Since English in Pakistan is a well-established and popular, expanding language, people there read and write in it too. Pakistani English literature is increasingly making its mark worldwide. A list of English language writers from Pakistan is given here, listing some of the better known literary figures.

References
References

Languages of Pakistan
Dialects of English
Joanne Gignilliat Trimmier Woodward (born February 27, 1930) is an American actress. She has won an Academy Award, Golden Globe Awards, Emmy Awards and a Cannes award. She is the widow of Paul Newman, who was also an actor. Woodward is also a television and theatrical producer.

Early life 
Woodward was born in Thomasville, Georgia. Her middle names, "Gignilliat Trimmier", are of Huguenot origin.

She wanted to become an actress because of her mother's love of movies. Her mother named her for Joan Crawford, using the Southern pronunciation of the name – "Joanne". She went to the premiere of Gone with the Wind in Atlanta, when she was nine years old. During the parade of stars, she ran over and sat on the lap of Laurence Olivier. He was the romantic partner of a star in the movie, Vivien Leigh. The couple later married.
Woodward lived in Thomasville until she was in the second grade, when her family moved to Marietta, Georgia. They moved once again when she was a junior in high school, after her parents divorced. She graduated from Greenville High School in Greenville, South Carolina in 1947.

Woodward won many beauty contests as a teenager. She appeared in theatrical productions at Greenville High and in Greenville's Little Theatre. She played a major role in The Glass Menagerie, directed by Robert Hemphill McLane at the Little Theatre. She returned to Greenville in 1976, to play a starring role in another Little Theatre production of The Glass Menagerie. She had first returned in 1955 for the premiére of her first movie, Count Three And Pray, at the Paris Theatre on North Main Street. Woodward majored in drama at Louisiana State University. She then moved to New York City to perform on the stage.

Health 
In 2007, Woodward was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 
 Joanne Woodward's thoughts on Earth Day 2006

1930 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning movies
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People with Alzheimer's disease
ESPN Integration is an agreement between ESPN and Electronic Arts to put various ESPN features in their games. The first game to feature ESPN Integration was MVP 06 NCAA Baseball. The features that have so far appeared include a streaming ticker at the bottom of the screen with real up to date sports scores, just as it appears on the ESPN channel. This ticker does not just crawl during menus and load screens but also in actual gameplay. Another feature is the ability to listen to sports updates from ESPN Radio, and a third feature is being able to read the top 40 sports stories from ESPN.com.

Other vwebsites
Interview about ESPN Integration  on IGN

Video games
The Number of the Beast is the third album by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was released on 22 March 1982. It was the band's first album that Bruce Dickinson sang for. The Number of the Beast made Iron Maiden famous worldwide. The songs in the album have many different subjects, such as war, history and films. The album had two singles: "Run to the Hills" and "The Number of the Beast". The album was number one on the UK Albums music chart. It also went into the top 40 on the Billboard 200 chart.

Musicians 

People who were in Iron Maiden when the album was recorded.

 Steve Harris - Bass guitar
 Bruce Dickinson - Singing
 Dave Murray - Electric guitar
 Adrian Smith - Electric guitar
 Clive Burr - Percussion

Songs

Satanism 

Some religious groups in the United States said that the members of Iron Maiden are Satanists and that the album promotes Satanism to listeners. Some people even burned copies of "The Number of the Beast". Bruce Dickinson said it is not true.
Iron Maiden albums
1982 albums
Heavy metal albums
Beyoncé Karaoke Hits Vol. I is a 2008 karaoke album by Beyoncé.

Track list
 If (Karaoke Version) - 3:18
 Flaws and All (Karaoke Version) - 4:11
 Welcome to Hollywood (Karaoke Version) - 3:22
 World Wide Woman (Karaoke Version) - 3:43
 Beautiful Liar (Bello Embustero) [Spanish Karaoke Version] - 3:22
 Beautiful Liar (Spanglish Karaoke Version) - 3:21
 Irreplaceable Karaoke Version - 3:49
 Listen (Oye) [Spanish Karaoke Version] - 3:42

Beyoncé albums
2008 albums
Compilation albums
R&B albums
The Pink Panther is a 2006 American comedy movie. It is an adaptation of the Pink Panther movie series. In this movie, Inspector Jacques Clouseau (Steve Martin) is assigned to solve the murder of a famous soccer coach and the theft of the famous Pink Panther diamond.

This movie also stars Kevin Kline, Beyoncé Knowles, and Jean Reno.

This movie has a sequel, The Pink Panther 2.

Cast 
Steve Martin - Inspector Jacques Clouseau
Jean Reno - Gendarme Gilbert Ponton
Kevin Kline - Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus
Emily Mortimer - Nicole
Beyoncé Knowles - Xania
Henry Czerny - Yuri the Trainer Who Trains
Jason Statham - Yves Gluant
Kristin Chenoweth - Cherie
William Abadie - Bizu
Scott Adkins - Jacquard
Dexter Bell - Terry Ahkee-Sauce
Clive Owen - Nigel Boswell/Agent 006 (uncredited)
Paul Korda - Pierre Fuquet (uncredited)
Charlotte Maier - Dialect Coach

Related pages
The Pink Panther, about the series of movies

Other websites
Other websites

2006 comedy movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
2006 mystery movies
American criminal comedy movies
American mystery movies
Czech movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies directed by Shawn Levy
MGM movies
Pink Panther
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Paris
Carmen: A Hip Hopera is an 2001 musical movie produced for television by MTV and directed by Robert Townsend. The movie stars Beyoncé Knowles, Mos Def, Rah Digga, Wyclef Jean, Mekhi Phifer, Da Brat, Joy Bryant, Jermaine Dupri and Lil' Bow Wow. It is based upon Georges Bizet's opera, Carmen, set in Philadelphia and Los Angeles in modern times, and features a mostly original hip-hop/R&B score in place of Bizet's opera.

The movie received mainly negative reviews. To date, it is the second major attempt at an African-American adaptation of the opera, the first being the 1943 Broadway musical Carmen Jones and its 1954 Academy Award nominated and box office hit movie adaptation.

Cast 
 Carmen Brown: Beyoncé Knowles
 Derek Hill: Mekhi Phifer
 Caela: Reagan Gomez-Preston
 Lieutenant Miller: Mos Def
 Cellmate 1: Bow Wow
 Cellmate 2: Jermaine Dupri
 Blaze: Casey Lee
 Rasheeda: Rashia "Rah Digga" Battle
 Nikki: Joy Bryant
 Fortune Teller: Wyclef Jean

Other websites 

Television movies
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, or just Mister Rogers, is an American children's television series that was created and hosted by Fred Rogers. Mister Rogers' Neighborhood was produced by Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA public broadcaster WQED  and Rogers' non-profit production company Family Communications, Inc.  (named Small World Enterprises until 1971).  It is the longest running series on PBS. The show is currently seen in reruns on many PBS stations. An animated spinoff called Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood started airing in 2012.

The program starred Fred Rogers, David Newell as Mr. McFeely, Betty Aberlin as Lady Aberlin, Don Brockett as Chef Brockett, François Clemmons as Officer Clemmons, Bob Trow as Bob Dog and Joe Negri as Handyman Negri.

References

Other websites 
PBS Kids: Official Site

American children's television series
Fred Rogers
2001 American television series endings
1968 television series debuts
English-language television programs
Dorothy Walker Bush Koch, often called "Doro," (born August 18, 1959), is the daughter of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush and former First Lady of the United States Barbara Bush. Her siblings are George W. Bush, the 43rd President, Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida, Neil Bush, Marvin Bush, and the late Robin Bush, who died of leukemia in 1953.

References

1959 births
Living people
Bush family
Children of Presidents of the United States
People from Texas
George H. W. Bush
Albert Dean Rosellini (born January 21, 1910 in Tacoma, Washington; died October 10, 2011 in Seattle, Washington) was a lawyer from the U.S. state of Washington. Rosellini was part of the Democratic Party and was the Governor of Washington (1957–1965) for two terms.

Rosellini died of pneumonia. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living person to have been a governor of a U.S. state, having lived longer than any other State Governor in US history, and was the first Italian American Catholic to become a governor of a state west of the Mississippi River. He was called "Taxellini" by people who did not think he was doing a good job as a governor, while he was called "The Gov." by people who did think he was doing a good job.

References

1910 births
2011 deaths
American centenarians
Lawyers from Washington (state)
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Washington (state)
Governors of Washington (state)
Politicians from Tacoma, Washington
Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (January 5, 1928 – April 19, 2021) was an American politician who was the 42nd vice president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter. He was a two-term United States Senator from Minnesota. Mondale became senator because Hubert Humphrey became vice president under Lyndon B. Johnson. To become vice president, Hubert Humphrey had to stop being a Minnesota senator. Karl Rolvaag, the governor of Minnesota, appointed Mondale to replace Humphrey. Mondale was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1984. His vice presidential nominee, Geraldine Ferraro, was the first woman to be nominated. He only got a majority of votes in Minnesota and the District of Columbia, and lost to Ronald Reagan in the other 49 states.

Mondale was the first vice president to have an office. He made the role of Vice President more important than it once was, by having weekly meetings with President Carter.
During the Bill Clinton presidency, he was the Ambassador to Japan from 1993 to 1996.

Mondale died on April 19, 2021, in his sleep at his Minneapolis home at the age of 93. The cause of death was natural causes.

References

Other websites 
 Congressional biography
 Senate Leaders Lecture Series Address
 Minnesota Public Radio: Coleman, Mondale debate on eve of election (November 4, 2002) — featuring audio of the 2002 debate
 Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs: The Mondale Lectures on Public Service 
 Great Norwegians
 Two Views from Pennsylvania Avenue 
 List of New York Times articles on Mondale
 Senator Mondale transfers money from NASA to social programs using political maneuvers
 AmericanHeritage.com / Lost in Space What Went Wrong with NASA? 
 Walter F. Mondale: An Inventory of Its Records at the Minnesota Society