Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Umberto I's killing
King Humbert later decorated Bava-Beccaris, and the king after said thanks to him,for "the defense of the royal house", the king did not do anything for the innocent people died, he decorated the murtder, this is the reason that made Bresci determined to kill the king.Bresci had his loan to the paper returned (without telling his comrades why), and with the money he went to Italy. In Monza, where the king was visiting on July 29, 1900, he shot him three times.

Bresci was captured and put on trial, where he was defended by the anarchist lawyer Francesco Saverio Merlino. He was sentenced in Milan on August 29, 1900, to life imprisonment on the jail of Santo Stefano Island near Ventotene, where lot of other anarchists had also been sent over the years. Less than a year later he was found dead in prison. It is not clear whether he committed suicide, as officially announced, or whether he was murdered by his guards.

Other websites
Gaetano Bresci Page in the Anarchist Encyclopedia
1869 births
1901 deaths
Italian anarchists
Assassins
Italian criminals
Songs for Polarbears is the debut album by the alternative rock group Snow Patrol. It was released on August 31, 1998. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and helped Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn write the music. The name of the album is a reference to how Snow Patrol was once called 'Polar Bear', but changed their name.

Songs for Polarbears was re-released in 2006.

Track listing
Track listing

Original release 
 "Downhill From Here" – 3:23
 "Starfighter Pilot" – 3:19
 "The Last Shot Ringing in My Ears" – 4:26
 "Absolute Gravity" – 2:45
 "Get Balsamic Vinegar... Quick You Fool" – 3:27
 "Mahogany" – 2:46
 "NYC" – 4:27
 "Little Hide" – 2:41
 "Make Up" – 2:12
 "Velocity Girl" – 4:37
 "Days Without Paracetamol" – 3:32
 "Fifteen Minutes Old" – 3:08
 "Favourite Friend" – 2:46
 "One Hundred Things You Should Have Done in Bed" (UK release) – 6:14
 "Marketplace" (hidden track on UK version, bonus track on U.S. version)
 "I Could Stay Away Forever" (bonus track on U.S. version)
 "Sticky Teenage Twin" (bonus track on U.S. version)
 "Holy Cow" (bonus track on U.S. version)
 "When You're Right, You're Right (Darth Vader Bringing in His Washing Mix)" (bonus track on U.S. version)
2006 re-release 
 "Downhill From Here" – 3:23
 "Starfighter Pilot" – 3:19
 "The Last Shot Ringing In My Ears" – 4:26
 "Absolute Gravity" – 2:45
 "Get Balsamic Vinegar... Quick You Fool" – 3:27
 "Mahogany" – 2:46
 "NYC" – 4:27
 "Little Hide" – 2:41
 "Make Up" – 2:12
 "Velocity Girl" – 4:37
 "Days Without Paracetamol" – 3:32
 "Fifteen Minutes Old" – 3:08
 "Favourite Friend" – 2:46
 "One Hundred Things You Should Have Done in Bed/ Marketplace" – 6:14
 "Sticky Teenage Twin" – 2:08
 "Limited Edition" – 2:33
 "Jj" – 1:47
 "My Last Girlfriend" – 2:59
 "T.M.T." – 2:51
 "I Could Stay Away Forever" – 4:28
 "When You're Right, You're Right (Darth Vader Bringing In His Washing Mix)" – 3:31
 "Raze The City" – 4:20
 "Riot Please" – 2:52

Snow Patrol albums
Debut albums
1998 albums
Rock albums
The Dominican city of San José de Ocoa is the head municipality of the San José de Ocoa province, on the southern part of the country and close to the Ocoa river.

Name
Ocoa is the name of the river that crosses the province; it is a Taíno word that means "a place with many mountains".

The old name of the town was El Maniel.

Population
The city had, in , a total population of 25,710: 12,819 men and 12,891 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

Geography
San José de Ocoa has a total area of , about  of the total area of the province of San José de Ocoa. The city is an elevation of , and at  to the northwest of Santo Domingo.

San José de Ocoa is on the southern side of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range"). The city is along the Ocoa river.
The municipality of San José de Ocoa has the Azua province to the west, the Peravia province to the south, the municipality of Sabana Larga to the north, the municipality of Rancho Arriba to the northwest and the San Cristóbal province to the west.

Climate
San José de Ocoa has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw) with a pronounced dry season in winter.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by September with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is February with .

San José de Ocoa is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administrative division
The municipality of San José de Ocoa has four municipal districts:
Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming; the main products are coffee, beans and potato. Other vegetable, as cabbage and carrot are also grown as well as some tropical fruits (avocado and mango).

References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1805 establishments
19th-century establishments in the Spanish West Indies
1800s establishments in North America
Starfighter Pilot was the debut, or first, EP from the alternative rock band Snow Patrol, and was finished in 1997. It was released on the Electric Honey record label.  The song "Starfighter Pilot" was also put on the band's first full-length album, Songs for Polarbears.

Track listing
"Starfighter Pilot"
"Holy Cow"
"Safety"

1997 albums
When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up is the second full-length album by the Alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released on March 5 2001. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and wrote the music with Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn.

When the album first was released, it was not bought enough to get its name onto the top 200 albums chart. After the next album, Final Straw, became popular, people began buying When It's All Over We Still Have To Clear Up, and it went onto the chart.

Track listing

First release
"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" – 2:10
"Ask Me How I Am" – 2:34
"Making Enemies" – 4:18
"Black and Blue" – 3:40
"Last Ever Lone Gunman" – 2:43
"If I'd Found the Right Words to Say" – 4:47
"Batten Down the Hatch" – 3:29
"One Night Is Not Enough" – 3:23
"Chased by... I Don't Know What" – 2:41
"On/Off" – 2:40
"An Olive Grove Facing the Sea" – 5:18
"When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up" – 3:17
"Make Love to Me Forever" – 2:55
"Firelight" – 3:43
2006 re-release
"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" – 2:10
"Ask Me How I Am" – 2:34
"Making Enemies" – 4:18
"Black and Blue" – 3:40
"Last Ever Lone Gunman" – 2:43
"If I'd Found the Right Words to Say" – 4:47
"Batten Down the Hatch" – 3:29
"One Night Is Not Enough" – 3:23
"Chased by... I Don't Know What" – 2:41
"On/Off" – 2:40
"An Olive Grove Facing the Sea" – 5:18
"When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up" – 3:17
"Make Love to Me Forever" – 2:55
"Firelight" – 3:43
"In Command of Cars" – 3:59
"Talk to the Trees" – 1:57
"Monkey Mobe" – 1:16
"Workwear Shop" – 2:25
"Ask Me How I Am" (Video) – 2:44

2001 albums
Snow Patrol albums
Final Straw is the third full-length album by the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released in the United Kingdom in 2003 and in the United States in 2004, under Polydor Records. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and wrote the music with Nathan Connolly, Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn. The album was the first by Snow Patrol to become popular outside Northern Ireland and Scotland. Final Straw was re-released in the UK in 2004 with two extra tracks, and then was able to be bought in the U.S. without the bonus tracks.
Album credits 
Stephen Marcussen - Mastering
Louie Teran - Mastering
Iain Archer - Vocals (Background)
Bruce White - Viola
James Banbury - Piano, String Arrangements, Cello
Fiona McCapra - Violin
Ben Georgiades 	- Engineer
Snow Patrol - Main Performer
Dan Swift - Engineer
Garrett Lee - Producer, Mixing
Gary Lightbody - Guitar, Glockenspiel, Vocals, Group Member, Vocals (Background), Keyboards
Mark McClelland - Bass, Group Member, Keyboards
Jonny Quinn - Drums, Group Member
Phil Tyreman - Assistant Engineer
Ian Dowling - Assistant Engineer
Mike Nelson - Mixing
Nathan Connolly - Guitar, Group Member, Vocals (Background)
Jeff McLaughlin - Assistant
Chris Lord-Alge - Mixing
Track listing
"How to Be Dead" – 3:22
"Wow" – 4:02 (This song is on the PlayStation 2 game Gran Turismo 4)
"Gleaming Auction" – 2:04
"Whatever's Left" – 2:39
"Spitting Games" – 3:46
"Chocolate" – 3:02
"Run" – 5:54  (This song was part of the soundtrack for the movie Chumscrubber)
"Grazed Knees" – 2:55
"Ways & Means" – 4:48
"Tiny Little Fractures" – 2:27
"Somewhere a Clock Is Ticking" – 4:32
"Same" – 3:54
"We Can Run Away Now They're All Dead and Gone" (UK re-release bonus track) – 3:15
"Half the Fun" (UK re-release bonus track) – 2:54

Chart positions

2003 albums
Snow Patrol albums
Live and Acoustic at Park Ave. is the second EP by alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released in 2005.  All of the songs are played live and are taken from one performance.

Track listing
"Spitting Games"
"How to Be Dead"
"Grazed Knees"
"Chocolate"
"Run"

2005 albums
Eyes Open is the fourth full-length album by the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released May 1, 2006 internationally, and May 9, 2006 in the United States. The "Special Edition" of the album has a bonus DVD with music videos of "You're All I Have". Eyes Open was the best-selling album in the UK in 2006, and sold more than one and a half million copies.

History

The album reached #1 in its 11th week on the New Zealand chart and reached 2x Platinum there for shipping over 30,000 units.  In the UK, the album became 5x Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. It has also reached #1 in the ARIA Albums Chart, and became 3x Platinum on January 8, 2007 (210,000+ units shipped). On November 26, 2006, it became the best-selling album of the year in the UK.
Track listing
"You're All I Have" – 4:33
"Hands Open" – 3:17
"Chasing Cars" – 4:27
"Shut Your Eyes" – 3:17
"It's Beginning to Get to Me" – 4:35
"You Could Be Happy" – 3:02
"Make This Go on Forever" – 5:47
"Set the Fire to the Third Bar" (featuring Martha Wainwright) – 3:23
"Headlights on Dark Roads" – 3:30
"Open Your Eyes" – 5:41
"The Finish Line"  – 3:28

The untitled track is a recording of background noise and one of Jacknife Lee's young children talking.

Lyrics by Gary Lightbody, music by Lightbody/Connoly/Simpson/Quinn/Wilson, published by Big Life Music Ltd.
Produced by Jacknife Lee for Big Life Management.

Peak positions and certifications

Other websites

2006 albums
Snow Patrol albums
Epimetheus is a titan in Greek mythology, and is the brother of Prometheus, a Greek titan who gave all of the creatures something to protect themselves from the elements. By the time he came to the humans, he had run out of feathers and fur to give. He went to his brother, and he gave humans fire.

Epimetheus literally means "thinks after" and Prometheus means "thinks before".

References 
 Kerenyi, Karl, 1951. The Gods of the Greeks, pp 209ff.
 Graves, Robert, (1955) 1960, The Greek Myths'' 39.a-j

Titans
Wrestling is a competition in which two people try to pin the other person to the ground during matches. The people who wrestle are called wrestlers. Striking is not allowed in wrestling. Wrestlers use throws, takedowns, and trips to get their opponents down to the ground. On the ground, they use holds and pins to control their opponent. Wrestling is a popular and effective base for fighters in mixed martial arts competitions.

Western styles of wrestling:
Freestyle
Greco-Roman (French wrestling) 
Collegiate (folk style) (USA)

International folk wrestling styles:
Kuresh ( Central Asia)
Karakucak Guresh (Turkey)
Sumo (Japan)
Ssireum (Korea)
Bekh (Mongolia)
Chidaoba (Georgia)
Kushti  (India)
Oil wrestling (Turkey, and Bulgaria)

Related pages

Professional wrestling
Boxing
Judo
A diode is an electronic component with two electrodes (connectors) that allows electricity to go through it in one direction and not the other direction.

Diodes can be used to turn alternating current into direct current (Diode bridge).  They are used in power supplies and sometimes to decode amplitude modulation radio signals (like in a crystal radio). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a type of diode that produce light.

Today, the most common diodes are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon or sometimes germanium.
History 
The first types of diodes were called Fleming valves. They were vacuum tubes. They were inside a glass tube (much like a lightbulb). Inside the glass bulb there was a small metal wire and a large metal plate. The small metal wire would heat up and emit electricity, which was captured by the plate. The large metal plate was not heated, so electricity could go in one direction through the tube but not in the other direction. Fleming valves are not used much anymore because they have been replaced by semiconductor diodes, which are smaller than Fleming valves. Thomas Edison also discovered this property when working on his light bulbs.

Construction
Construction 

Semiconductor diodes are made of two types of semiconductors connected to each other. One type has atoms with extra electrons (called the n-side). The other type has atoms that want electrons (called the p-side). Because of this, the electricity will flow easily from the side with too many electrons to the side with too few. However, electricity will not flow easily in the reverse direction. These different types are made by doping (semiconductor). Silicon with arsenic dissolved in it makes a good n-side semiconductor, while silicon with aluminum dissolved in it makes a good p-side semiconductor. Other chemicals can also work.

The connector to the n-side is called the cathode, the connector to the p-side is called the anode.

Function of a diode

Positive voltage at p-side
If you give positive voltage to the p-side and negative voltage to the n-side, the electrons in the n-side will want to go to the positive voltage at the p-side and the holes of the p-side will want to go to the negative voltage at the n-side. Because of this, current flow is able to exist, but it takes a certain amount of voltage to get this started (very small amount of voltage is not enough to get the electric current to flow). This is called the cut-in voltage. The cut-in voltage of a silicon diode is at about 0.7 V. A germanium diode needs a cut-in voltage at about 0.3 V.

Negative voltage at p-side
If you instead give negative voltage to the p-side and positive voltage to the n-side, the electrons of the n-side want to go to the positive voltage source instead of the other side of the diode. Same thing happens on the p-side. So, current will not flow between the two sides of the diode. Increasing the voltage will eventually force electric current to flow (this is the break-down voltage). Many diodes will be destroyed by a reverse flow but some are made that can survive it.

Influence of temperature 

When the temperature increases, the cut-in voltage goes down.  This makes it easier for electricity to pass through the diode.

Types of diodes 
There are many types of diodes.  Some have very specific uses and some have a variety of uses.

Symbols 
Here are some common semiconductor diode symbols used in schematic diagrams:
Standard rectifier diode 
This changes A/C (alternating current, like in a wall plug in a house) to D/C (direct current, used in electronics). The standard rectifier diode has specific requirements. It should handle high current, not be much affected by temperature, have a low cut-in voltage and support quick changes in the direction of current flow. Modern analog and digital electronics use such rectifiers.

Light-Emitting Diode
An LED produces light when electricity flows through it.  It is a longer lasting and more efficient way of creating light than incandescent light bulbs. Depending on how it was made, the LED can make different colors. LEDs were first used in the 1970's. The light-emitting diode may eventually replace the light bulb as developing technology makes it brighter and cheaper (it is already more efficient and lasts longer). In the 1970's the LEDs were used to show numbers in appliances such as calculators, and as a way to show the power was on for larger appliances.
Photodiode
A photodiode is a photo detector (the opposite of a light-emitting diode). It responds to light that comes in. Photodiodes have a window or optical fiber connection, which lets light in to the sensitive part of the diode. Diodes usually have strong resistance; the light reduces the resistance.

Zener Diode
A zener diode is like a normal diode, but instead of being destroyed by a big reverse voltage, it lets electricity through.  The voltage needed for this is called the breakdown voltage or Zener voltage.  Because it is built with a known breakdown voltage it can be used to supply a known voltage.
Varactor Diode 
The varicap or varactor diode is used in many appliances. It uses the region between the p-side and n-side of the diode where electrons and holes balance each other.  This is called the depletion zone.  By changing the amount of reverse voltage, the size of the depletion zone changes.  There is some capacitance in this area, and it changes based on the size of the depletion zone.  This is called variable capacitance, or varicap for short.  It is used in PLLs (Phase-locked loops) which are used to control the high-speed frequency a chip runs at.

Step-Recovery-Diode 
The symbol is the symbol of a diode with a kind of snag.  It is used in circuits with high frequencies up to GHz. It turns off very quickly when the forward voltage stops.  It uses the current that flows after the polarity was reversed to do this.
PIN Diode 
The construction of this diode has an intrinsic (normal) layer between the n- and the p-sides. At slower frequencies, it acts much like a standard diode. But at high speeds it can not keep up with fast changes and starts to act like a resistor.  The intrinsic layer also lets it handle high power inputs, and can be used as a photodiode.

Schottky diode 
The symbol of this is the diode symbol, with an ‘S’ at the peak.  Instead of both sides being a semiconductor (like silicon), one side is metal, like aluminum or nickel.  This reduces the cut-in voltage to about 0.3 volt. This is about half of the threshold voltage of a usual diode.
The function of this diode is that no minority carriers are injected - the n-side only has holes, not electrons, and the p-side only has electrons, not holes.  Because this is cleaner, it can react faster, without diffusion capacitance that can slow it down.  It also creates less heat and is more efficient.  But it does has some current leakage with reverse voltage.
Tunnel diode 
In the symbol of the tunnel diode there is a kind of additional square bracket at the end of the usual symbol.
 
A tunnel diode consists of a highly doped pn-junction. Because of this high doping, there is only a very narrow gap where the electrons are able to pass through. This tunnel-effect appears in both directions.
After a certain quantity of electrons have passed, the current through the gap decreases, until the normal current through the diode at the threshold voltage begins.  This causes an area of a negative resistance.
These diodes are used to deal with really high frequencies (100 GHz).  It is also resistant to radiation, so they are used in spacecraft. They are also used in microwaves and refrigerators.
Backward diode 
The symbol has at the end of the diode a sign that looks like a big I.  It is made similar to the tunnel diode, but the n- and the p-layer are not doped as high. It allows current to flow backwards with small negative voltages.  It can be used to rectify low voltages (less than 0.7 volts).

Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Instead of two layers like a normal diode, this has four layers, it is basically two diodes put together, with a gate in the middle. When voltage goes between the gate and the cathode the lower transistor will turn on. This lets the current go through, which activates the upper transistor, and then the current will not need to be turned on by a gate voltage.

References

Other websites 

 The Unusual Diode FAQ 

Electronic components
Rectifiers
The power trio is a popular type of a rock and roll band format since the 1960s. The usual power trio has three people playing the guitar, bass, and drums. It does not include the rhythm guitar or keyboard often included in other rock music. In more recent years, the term has come to mean any type of a three-person band.

Famous power trios 
Beck, Bogert & Appice
The Cream
Nirvana

Rock music
Rock bands
Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando (Ratchet & Clank 2: Locked and Loaded in Europe, Australia and New Zealand) is a 3D platform/shooter for the PlayStation 2. It was developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony in 2003. It is the second game in the Ratchet & Clank series. The words Going Commando are a phrase, or set of words, for wearing pants with no underwear.

Similar to Ratchet & Clank, Going Commando got high review scores, and has a 92% on Game Rankings, and a 90% from Metacritic. IGN gave the game a score of 9.4/10, and Gamestats gave it a 9.1/10. Game Informer magazine called it Game of the Month when it was released. Going Commando was given a 4/5 from Gamespy and a 5/5 from X-Play.

References

Other websites
 Official site
 Official Insomniac Games website 

2003 video games
PlayStation 2 games
3D platform games
Ratchet & Clank
Gillian Howard Welch (born October 2, 1967 in New York City) is an American singer-songwriter. Her musical style combines bluegrass, country, and folk into a style she calls "American Primitive".

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Concert review 

Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
American guitarists
American drummers
Singers from New York City
Musicians from New York City
American bluegrass musicians
Country musicians
American folk musicians
1967 births
Living people
David Todd Rawlings is a United States guitarist.  He is best known as the musical partner of bluegrass singer-songwriter Gillian Welch. Rawlings has also been a record producer, producing albums such as those by Welch and other artists like Old Crow Medicine Show.

Living people
American singer-songwriters
American folk musicians
American bluegrass musicians
Singers from Rhode Island
Musicians from Rhode Island
Writers from Rhode Island
1969 births
21st-century American singers
American composers
American country guitarists
American country singers
American record producers
Grammy Award winners
Meitnerium is a chemical element in the periodic table. Its atomic number is 109. It is not found on earth naturally. Because of this, it needs to be made in a science laboratory. Its half life, or the amount of time it takes for half of the element to go away is a little over one second. Meitnerium was first made in 1982. 

The element is named in honor of Lise Meitner (1878-1968).

The two letter abbreviation is Mt and is a solid. Nobody knows for sure what meitnerium looks like, but scientists think it is a white, gray, or silver color.

Other websites 

WebElements.com - Meitnerium

Transition metals
Synthetic elements
4-1-1 is a telephone number in the United States and Canada.  411 is called to get help or information on something, for example what the address of a building is, or the telephone number of a company.

Telephone numbers in the United States
Telephone numbers in Canada
N11 codes
The Convent has been the home of the Governor of Gibraltar since 1728. The building is located near the southern end of Main Street. It is said to be haunted by the ghost of a nun.

References

Gibraltar
The "Pomp and Circumstance Marches" are a group of five marches for orchestra composed by Sir Edward Elgar.  Their full title is: "Pomp and Circumstance Military Marches").  Elgar started to write a sixth march, but never finished it.

The first of the marches is especially famous and has a tune which is one of the best known tunes in Britain.  It is often sung to the words " Land of Hope and Glory".

The title

The title “Pomp and Circumstance”is taken from Act III, Scene iii of Shakespeare's Othello:

Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump,
The spirit-stirring drum, th'ear-piercing fife, 
The royal banner, and all quality,
Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!"

The marches

The Pomp and Circumstance marches are
March No. 1 in D (1901)
March No. 2 in A minor (1901)
March No. 3 in C minor (1904)
March No. 4 in G (1907) 
March No. 5 in C (1930)
March No. 6 in G minor (written as sketches, elaborated by Anthony Payne in 2005–06)
The first five were all published by Boosey & Co. as Elgar's Op. 39.  Elgar dedicated each march to one of his musical friends.

Each march takes about five minutes to play.

" March No. 1 in D "  is the best known of the set.  It was completed, together with March No. 2, in 1901, soon after the first performance of his “Dream of Gerontius” which had been badly performed.  Elgar dedicated it to Alfred Rodewald who conducted its first performance with the Liverpool Orchestra Society on 19 October 1901. Both marches were played two days later at a Promenade Concert in the Queen's Hall London, conducted by Henry Wood.  Elgar knew that the audience would love the big tune in the middle of March No. 1, so that march was played second.  Henry Wood tells in his autobiography that “the people simply rose and yelled.  I had to play it again – with the same result; in fact, they refused to let me get on with the programme….merely to restore order, I played the march a third time.”
The next year King Edward VII was due to be crowned in June.  The King liked the big tune, and wanted it performed with words at the coronation.  So Elgar used it at the end of his Coronation Ode with words by A.C. Benson.  The coronation did not take place because the king became ill just before the big day. "Land of Hope and Glory" was sung in June 1902 by Clara Butt, and the whole Ode was performed in Sheffield four months later.

In Britain "Land of Hope and Glory" is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1.

The words are:
Land of Hope and Glory, Mother of the Free,
How shall we extol thee who are born of thee?
Wider still and wider shall thy bounds be set;
God, who made thee mighty, make thee mightier yet.

In the United States the tune is sometimes known as "Pomp and Circumstance" or as "The Graduation March", and is played as the processional tune at high school and college graduation ceremonies,.
" March No. 2 in A minor "  was dedicated to the composer Granville Bantock". It was first performed at the same concert as March No. 1.  It the shortest and simplest of the marches.

" March No. 3 in C minor "  was finished in November 1904 and published in 1905. It was dedicated to Ivor Atkins". It was first performed on 8 March 1905, in the Queen's Hall, London, conducted by the composer.  It sounds quite serious at first, then it becomes very energetic.

" March No. 4 in G "  is very grand, like No. 1.  Again there is a big tune in the middle.  It was dedicated to Dr. G. Robertson Sinclair, the organist of Hereford Cathedral.  It was first performed on 24 August 1907, in the Queen's Hall, London, conducted by Elgar himself.

" March No. 5 in C ", composed in 1930, was dedicated to Percy Hull, a friend from Hereford.  It has some brilliant orchestral effects.
" March No. 6 in G minor "  was started, but when Elgar died there were only sketches left.  The musician Anthony Payne recently discovered some more sketches for it in the library of the  Royal School of Church Music.  He finished composing in the way that Elgar might have done, and the work was first performed on 2 August 2006 with Andrew Davis conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra at The Proms at Royal Albert Hall.

References
Wood, Henry, My Life of Music (London, 1938)
Programme note by Wendy Thompson for Last Night of the Proms 1995

Notes

Compositions by Edward Elgar
Characteristics 
Although the biggest asteroid apart from the "big four", Interamnia is not studied a lot. 
It is easily the biggest of the F-type asteroids, but there are few details of what the inside is made of or shape and no lightcurve analysis has been done to find out the ecliptic coordinates of Interamnia's poles (and its axial tilt). Its apparently high bulk density (though subject to much error) suggests a very solid body entirely without internal porosity or traces of water. This also strongly suggests that Interamnia is big enough to have withstood all the collisions that have happened in the asteroid belt since the Solar System was made.

Its very dark surface and fairly far distance from the Sun means Interamnia can never be seen with 10x50 binoculars. At most oppositions its magnitude is around +11.0, which is less than the minimum brightness of Vesta, Ceres or Pallas. Even at a near-perihelion opposition its magnitude is only around +9.9, which is over four magnitudes lower than Vesta.
Other websites 
 Orbital simulation  from JPL (Java)
 G. Michalak Determination of asteroid masses Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 374, 703 (2001)
 Animation of Asteroid Interamnia taken on April 1—2nd, 2003
 Occultation of GSC 23450183 by (704) Interamnia on 1996 December 17 (dia: 329 km; rotation period of 8.70 +/- 0.06 hours)
 Interamnia Occultations Observed before 2003
 Occultation  of HIP36189 by (704) Interamnia on 2003 March 23 (dia: 350.4×303.7 km) recorded by Isao Ootsuki (graze) and Hideo Takashima and Fujio Ohbain Japan, analysis by Tsutomu Hayamizu

Asteroids
The River Ocoa is a river in the southern side of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. It is  long. It flows through mountains except near its end in the Caribbean Sea.

Name
Ocoa is a Taíno word that means "a place with mountains". Coa meant "place" and o meant, in some cases, "mountain".

Course
The source of the Ocoa is at the La Chorreosa mountain (also known as La Chorriosa), on the eastern side of Valle Nuevo (Cordillera Central). It flows through the San José de Ocoa province. After that, it forms part of the limits between the Azua and Peravia provinces.

It ends at the eastern side of Ocoa Bay, on the Caribbean Sea.
The city of San José de Ocoa is the most important city near the river. Other towns are Las Carreras, Sabana Buey and Villa Fundación, in the Peravia province, and Palmar de Ocoa in the Azua province, near its mouth. The water of the river is used for irrigation in those towns. It is not used for the houses because it has too much solid materials because mountains have very few trees.

The most important tributaries are Banilejo, Canal and Arroyo Parra, all in the higher part of the river. There is not any important tributary in the lower part.

In history
In the 16th century, sugar cane was grown near the mouth of the river to produce sugar.

In April 1849, there was an important battle (the Battle of Las Carreras) here during the Dominican-Haitian War. The fight was on the western side of the river in Las Carreras, a place at about  from the mouth. The Dominican army won the battle against the Haitian army.

References

Rivers of the Dominican Republic
For the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War units, see Louise Michel Battalions

Louise Michel (1830-1905) was a French anarchist, school teacher and medical worker. She sometimes used the pseudonym Clémence and was also known as the red virgin of Montmartre.

Life 
Louise Michel was born at the Château of Vroncourt (Haute-Marne) on 29 May 1830, the daughter of Marianne Michel, and of Etienne Charles Demahis. She was brought up by her father's parents, and received a libertaria education. After her grandfather's death in 1850 she was trained to teach, but after few times she saw that Napoleon III prevented her from serving in a state school. She became violently anti-Bonapartist, and is said to have thought about the assassination of Napoleon III. She became anarchist in 1866 to a school in the Montmartre quarter of Paris, where she saw that his destiny was to work for charity and follow the revolution.
Paris 
She was active during the Paris Commune as an ambulance woman, she helped mutilated or injured on the barricades. During the Siege of Paris she was in resistance against the Prussians. On the establishment of the Commune, she joined the National Guard. She offered to shoot Thiers, and suggested the destruction of Paris for its surrender.
She was with the Communards who made their last stand in the cemetery of Montmartre, and was closely allied with Théophile Ferré, who was executed in November 1871. Michel dedicated a moving farewell poem to Ferré, l’œillet rouge (The Red Carnation). It is without a doubt that upon learning of this loss, Victor Hugo dedicated his poem to Michel, Viro Major. This ardent attachment was perhaps one of the sources of the exaltation which marked her career, and gave many handles to her enemies. After December 1871, she began composing revolutionary propaganda; demanding assistance for poor people, other measures which threatened the government, and calls for the disenfranchised to arm themselves. She herself took up arms as well and donned a military style uniform. She never renounced the Commune, and after various legal maneuvers city judges sentenced her to death. She spent twenty months in prison and was sentenced to deportation.
Deportation 
She was put onto the ship Virginie on the 8th of August, 1873, to be deported.  She arrived in New Caledonia 4 months later. On board, she met Henri Rochefort, a famous polemist, who became her friend until her death. She also met Nathalie Lemel, another figure active in the commune. Louise was in New Caledonia for seven years. She refused special treatment reserved for women. In 1878 she was a leader in a revolt. The following year, she received authorisation to become a teacher in Nouméa for the children of the deported—among them many Kabyles (Kabyles du Pacifique) from Cheikh Mokrani's rebellion (1871)—and later in schools for girls.
Return to France 
Michel returned to Paris in 1880 after amnesty was given to the Communards. Her revolutionary spirit never died and she controlled freely a libertarian school. She travelled everywhere in France, supporting revolution. In 1883 she led a Paris mob which pillaged a baker's shop. For this she was given six years imprisonment, but was released in 1886, at the same time as Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists. After a short period of freedom she was again arrested for speaking bad about the social system.

She was soon free again, but, hearing that her enemies hoped to put her in a lunatic asylum, she went to England in 1890. She returned to France in 1895, taking part in the revolt made by the Dreyfuss affair in 1898. Few months ago she was constantly followed by the police, until she died in "Room 11", in the Hotel Oasis, Marseilles on January 10, 1905.
The women in the social 
Michel became highly admired by French workers and revolutionaries, particularly for her association with the Paris Commune. From after her death until 1916, a demonstration was held every year at her tomb at Levallois-Perret. Frequently, the language used to describe her is that reserved for saints and heretics; she is often referred to as "Bonne Louise" (Good Louise) or the "Vierge rouge" (red Virgin). She was always respected same in periods when women were without right.

The Metrò 
On May 1, 1946, the Parisian métro station "Vallier" was renamed Louise Michel, see: Louise Michel (Paris Metro).
Articles and books 
 À travers la vie, poetry, Paris, 1894.
 Le Bâtard impérial, by L. Michel and J. Winter, Paris, 1883.
 Le claque-dents, Paris.
 La Commune, Paris, 1898.
 Contes et légendes, Paris, 1884.
 Les Crimes de l'époque, nouvelles inédites, Paris, 1888.
 Défense de Louise Michel, Bordeaux, 1883.
 L'Ère nouvelle, pensée dernière, souvenirs de Calédonie (prisoners' songs), Paris, 1887
 La Fille du peuple par L. Michel et A. Grippa, Paris (1883) Fleurs et ronces, poetry, Paris,
 Le Gars Yvon, légende bretonne, Paris, 1882.
 Lectures encyclopédiques par cycles attractifs, Paris, 1888.
 Ligue internationale des femmes révolutionnaires, Appel à une réunion. Signed "Louise Michel", Paris, 1882.
 Le livre du jour de l'an : historiettes, contes et légendes pour les enfants, Paris, 1872.
 Lueurs dans l'ombre. Plus d'idiots, plus de fous. L'âme intelligente. L'idée libre. L'esprit lucide de la terre à Dieu... Paris, 1861.
Manifeste et proclamation de Louise Michel aux citoyennes de Paris, Signed "Louise Maboul", Paris, 1883.
 Mémoires, Paris, 1886, t. 1.
 Les Méprises, grand roman de mœurs parisiennes, par Louise Michel et Jean Guêtré, Paris, 1882.
 Les Microbes humains, Paris, 1886.
 La Misère by Louise Michel, 2nd part, and Jean Guêtré 1st part, Paris, 1882.
 Le Monde nouveau, Paris, 1888
 Vol. I. Avant la Commune. Preface by Laurent Tailhade, Alfortville, 1905.
 Les Paysans by Louise Michel et Émile Gautier, Paris, (Incomplete).
 Prise de possession, Saint-Denis, 1890.
 Le Rêve (in a work by Constant Martin), Paris, 1898.
 Légendes et chants de gestes canaques. Présentation. Gérard Oberlé. Edition 1900. 1988.
 , edition established by Xavière Gauthier, Édition de Paris-Max Chaleil, 1999.
Related pages
 Anarchism in France
 Louise Michel Battalions - Spanish Civil War

References

Other websites

 Louise Michel archive at the Anarchy Archives
 Les Louise Mitchels - French D.I.Y. jazz-punk band influenced by the life and work of Louise Michel

1830 births
1905 deaths
Anarchists
French teachers
Louise Michel is a station of the Paris Métro, serving Line 3. It is located in the commune of Levallois-Perret northwest of the French capital, Paris.

History
Before 1946, this station was named Vallier after a mountain (2839m)in the Pyrenees near the Val d'Aran. 

The station was renamed on May 1, 1946 to Louise Michel, in honour of the French anarchist and communarde.

Public transport in Paris
Rail transport in France
Two battalions (made up of volunteer troops) of French-speaking people in the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War against fascism, were named after Louise Michel, a heroine of the 1871 Paris Commune.

 The first battalion was an existing group of volunteers (see Centuria) who had been operating in Barcelona. This joined with battalions being formed for the XI International Brigade.
 The second was a group of Albacete from French-speaking volunteers. At the end of January 1938, it was put into the Henri Vuilleman Battalion of the XIV International Brigade.

Sources and notes
Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, 4th Rev. Ed. 2001.
Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain, 2006.
 Order of Battle website 
 	Associació Catalana Website 

1936 establishments
Spanish Civil War
An idol is a religious item that represents a god. It can also mean someone who is admired by many people, like a pop idol. Idolatry refers to the worship of idols.

Christians disagree about what idolatry is. Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy see Christian art and icons as good, because they see Christ's Incarnation as having made images of God lawful.  However many Protestants regard much Catholic art as idolatry.

This is due to differences in the understanding of the Ten Commandments. "You shall have no other gods before me. You shall not make for yourself a graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them or serve them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments." (RSV Exodus 20:3-6)
Islamic art is often based on Geometric abstraction or calligraphy to avoid idolatry, but Jewish art is somewhat broader. Hindus have murtis, a term often translated as “idols”.

References 

Religious objects
Gods and goddesses
Worship
Jehovah is the conversion of the Hebrew  (YHWH) to Latin. YHWH is the personal name of God in the Hebrew Bible, also known as the Old Testament to Christians.

The majority of scholars agree that the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton is possibly—but most likely—Yahweh. The pronunciation of this name was simply lost because in Second Temple Judaism during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, saying this name began to be discouraged because it was "too holy". So instead of saying YHWH, Jews used other ways to refer to their God, like Adonai.

Related pages 
 YHWH
 Names of God in Judaism

References 

Articles containing Latin-language text
The Catholic Encyclopedia, or the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English language encyclopedia. It was published by The Encyclopedia Press. The first volume appeared in March 1907. It was completed in April 1914.

The encyclopedia was designed for the Roman Catholic Church. It does not include information which has nothing to do with the Church. It explains matters from the point of view of the official Catholic doctrine, as it was during the time of Pope Pius X. It tells the accomplishments of Catholics and some others in nearly all intellectual and professional pursuits. These include artists, educators, poets and scientists.

Encyclopedias
Roman Catholicism
Bright Eyes may mean several different things:

Bright Eyes (movie), a 1934 movie from 20th Century Fox starring Shirley Temple
Bright Eyes (band), an indie rock band from Omaha, Nebraska
Stanley (also known as Port Stanley or Puerto Argentino) is the capital city of the Falkland Islands. It is found on the island of East Falkland and has a population of 2,000 (2/3 of the total population of the Falkland Islands of 3,000). Stanley is the biggest settlement and only town in the Falkland Islands. Stanley was the sight of fighting in the 1982 Falklands War, where Argentinian forces captured Government House, the seat of the Falklands Government. It has an airport and a seaport. Cruise ships going through the South Atlantic often make a stop in Stanley, which has a small tourism industry to serve cruise ship passengers and others visiting the islands.

Falkland Islands
Numismatics is the study and collecting of coins and the history behind the coins. A Numismatist is either a collector of coins or a scholar who studies the history of coins.

Origin of Word
The term comes from a word meaning "of coins." The original word is French (numismatique), which itself is from a Latin origin (numismatis).

History of Numismatics
Coin collectors may have existed in ancient times. Caesar Augustus may have been an example. The first known book about coin collecting was in 1514, "De Asse et Partibus", by Guillaume Budé. However, only royalty really enjoyed coin collecting until the 19th century. That's when professional organizations started to sprout, like the American Numismatic Society in 1858.
Modern Numismatics
Modern numismatics is a sub-field that focuses on when coins started being stamped by machines (around 17th century on). Because of its focus, modern numismatics is more popular with collectors than with historians. Other subfields/variants include exonumia (focus on coin-like objects), notaphily (focus on paper money instead of coins), and scripophily (focus on stocks and bonds instead of coins).

References

Hobbies
Philately is the study and collection of postage stamps and postal history.

Types of Philately 

 Thematic philately, also known as topical philately, is the study of art shown on stamps. This can be pictures of many things on a stamp, like people, animals, boats, insects, and vehicles. Interesting parts of thematic philately also include mistakes in the art of a stamp. For example, the removal of cigarettes from United States stamps.
 Postal history studies the history of how mail and stamps were processed. This relates to post offices, postmarks, and how mail is taken from place to place.
 Aerophilately studies airmail (mail that travels on planes).
 Astrophilately studies stamps that are related to outer space, and objects like the Moon.

Organizations 
In the United Kingdom
 National Philatelic Society UK
 Philatelic Traders Society (London)
 Royal Philatelic Society London
 Welsh Philatelic Society
In the United States
 American First Day Cover Society
 American Philatelic Society
 American Revenue Association
 American Topical Association
 National Postal Museum (USA)
 Precancel Stamp Society
  Old World Archaeological Study Unit 

Other places
 Académie Européenne de Philatélie
 Fédération Internationale de Philatélie
 Scouts on Stamps Society International
 GEOPHILA Association of collectors of stamp territories around the world
 Wreck & Crash Mail Society
 Europe: Small European Postal Administration Cooperation
 Argentina: Féderación Argentina de Entidades Filatélicas
 Australia: Australian Philatelic Federation
 Canada: British North American Philatelic Society
 Cyprus: Cyprus Philatelic Society
 India: Indian Postal Service
 New Zealand: Royal Philatelic Society of New Zealand Inc 
 Russia: The Rossica Society of Russian Philately
 South Africa: Thematic Collecting Group in South Africa 
 Ukraine: Odessa City Collectors' Society
Related pages 
 All-Russian Society of Philatelists
 Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
 Philatelic International
 Soviet Philatelic Association
 Stamp collector
 Soviet Philatelist

Other websites

 

 
Collecting
Charles of Valois (March 12, 1270 – December 16, 1325) started the House of Valois as the first Count of Valois. He was the third son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon. His mother was a daughter of James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary. He was part the Capetian dynasty.

1270 births
1325 deaths

House of Valois
David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician. He was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016. He was First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the British Conservative Party until July 2016.

On 24 June 2016, following a vote in a referendum to leave the European Union, Cameron announced that he would step down before the October 2016 Conservative Party Conference to make way for a new Prime Minister. After Theresa May became the only candidate in the elections, she became the designated Prime Minister. Cameron later announced he would resign on 13 July and was replaced by May.
Early life and career
David Cameron was born at The London Clinic in Marylebone, London, and grew up in Peasemore, Berkshire. He went to Eton College, a private school for boys, when he was thirteen. He has a brother, Alexander Cameron and two sisters. He then studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) at the University of Oxford. He has Scottish, Welsh, English, Irish and German Jewish descent. He worked as a researcher for Carlton TV, and as an adviser for Conservative politicians Norman Lamont and Michael Howard. He first became a Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2001 General Election for the constituency of Witney, after making an unsuccessful attempt to become an MP during the 1997 General Election. He briefly entered the shadow cabinet in 2005, before being elected leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005.

Prime Minister (2010–2016)
On 24 June 2016, following a vote in a referendum to leave the European Union, Cameron announced that he would step down before the October 2016 Conservative Party Conference to make way for a new Prime Minister. Cameron announced he would resign on July 13, after Theresa May became the designated Prime Minister.

Personal life
He is married to Samantha Cameron, and they have 3 children. His son Ivan was born with disabilities and died when he was six. Nancy Gwen was born in 2004. His youngest child, Florence, was born on holiday in Cornwall. Because she was born in St. Endellion, they decided to make her middle name Endellion.

He said on Channel 4 News in 2013 that he is a feminist, but some people don't agree. During a debate with MP Angela Eagle at Prime Minister's Questions in April 2011 he told her to "calm down, dear". Some people found this rude, and have used it to claim he is not a feminist.

References

Other websites