Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The 2014 Pacific typhoon season began on January 10, 2014 and ended on January 1, 2015. It was based on typhoons coming to the coasts of countries around the Pacific Ocean. The storms that have formed during the period are listed below:

Tropical Storm Lingling (Agaton)
Tropical Storm Kajiki (Basyang)
Typhoon Faxai
Tropical Depression 04W (Caloy)
Tropical Storm Peipah (Domeng)
Severe Tropical Storm Tapah
Tropical Storm Mitag (Ester)
Tropical Storm Hagibis
Typhoon Neoguri (Florita)
Typhoon Rammasun (Glenda)
Typhoon Matmo (Henry)
Severe Tropical Storm Nakri (Inday)
Typhoon Halong (Jose)
Typhoon Genevieve
Severe Tropical Storm Fengshen
Tropical Depression 14W (Karding)
Typhoon Kalmaegi (Luis)
Tropical Storm Fung-wong (Mario)
Severe Tropical Storm Kammuri
Typhoon Phanfone (Neneng)
Typhoon Vongfong (Ompong)
Typhoon Nuri (Paeng)
Severe Tropical Storm Sinlaku (Queenie)
Typhoon Hagupit (Ruby)
Tropical Storm Jangmi (Seniang)

2014 in weather
Pacific typhoon seasons
Windows NT 4.0 is a preemptively multitasked graphical operating system, designed to work with either a single processor or symmetric multi-processor computers. It was part of Microsoft's Windows NT family of operating systems and was released to manufacturing on 31 July 1996. It is a 32-bit operating system available in both workstation and server editions with a graphical environment similar to that of Windows 95. It was officialy released on August 24, 1996, approximately a year after Windows 95.
The successor to Windows NT 3.51, Windows NT 4.0 introduced the user interface of Windows 95 to the Windows NT family, including the Windows shell, File Explorer (known as Windows NT Explorer at the time), and the use of "My" nomenclature for shell folders (e.g. My Computer). It also includes most components introduced with Windows 95. Internally, Windows NT 4.0 was known as the Shell Update Release (SUR). While many administrative tools, notably User Manager for Domains, Server Manager and Domain Name Service Manager still used the old graphical user interfaces, the Start menu in Windows NT 4.0 separated the per-user shortcuts and folders from the shared shortcuts and folders by a separator line. Windows NT 4.0 includes some enhancements from Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95 such as the Space Cadet pinball table, font smoothing, showing window contents while dragging, high-color icons and stretching the wallpaper to fit the screen. Windows Desktop Update could also be installed on Windows NT 4
.0 to update the shell version and install Task Scheduler. Windows NT 4.0 Resource Kit included the Desktop Themes utility.
Windows NT 4.0 is the last major release of Microsoft Windows to support the Alpha, MIPS or PowerPC CPU architectures. It remained in use by businesses for a number of years, despite Microsoft's many efforts to get customers to upgrade to Windows 2000 and newer versions. It was also the last release in the Windows NT family to be branded as Windows NT although Windows 2000 carried the designation "Built on NT Technology".

Editions

Windows NT 4.0 Server was included in versions 4.0 and 4.5 of BackOffice Small Business Server suite.

Client
 Windows NT 4.0 Workstation was designed for use as the general business desktop operating system.
Servers
 Windows NT 4.0 Server, released in 1996, was designed for small-scale business server systems.
 Windows NT 4.0 Server, Enterprise Edition, released in 1997, is the precursor to the Enterprise line of the Windows server family (Advanced Server in Windows 2000). Enterprise Server was designed for high-demand, high-traffic networks. Windows NT 4.0 Server, Enterprise Edition includes Service Pack 3. The Enterprise Edition saw the introduction of the /3GB boot flag, which changed the default virtual address space mapping from 2 GB kernel and 2 GB userland to 1 GB kernel and 3 GB userland. It also introduced a PSE36 driver for mapping up to 64 GB memory (although chipsets of the era supported only up to 8 GB.) This version also sees the first introduction of cluster service.
Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition, released in 1998, allows the users to log on remotely. The same functionality was called Terminal Services in Windows 2000 and later server releases, and also powers the Remote Desktop feature that first appeared in Windows XP.
Embedded
 Windows NT 4.0 Embedded (abbreviated NTe) is an edition of Windows NT 4.0 that was aimed at computer-powered major appliances, vending machines, ATMs and other devices that cannot be considered general-purpose computers per se. It is the same system as the standard Windows NT 4.0, but it comes packaged in a database of components and dependencies, from which a developer can choose individual components to build customized setup CDs and hard disk boot images. Windows NT 4.0 Embedded includes Service Pack 5. It was succeeded by Windows XP Embedded.

References

Microsoft operating systems
Peter Bogdanovich (July 30, 1939 – January 6, 2022) was an American movie director, writer, movie producer, screenwriter, critic, actor, and historian. He was known for his movies The Last Picture Show, Paper Moon, Mask, They All Laughed, What's Up, Doc?, and Texasville.

He won a BAFTA Award for writing the screenplay of The Last Picture Show in 1971. He was nominated for two Academy Awards for his work on the same movie in 1971. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1973 for Paper Moon.

Bogdanovich was born in Kingston, New York. He studied at the Collegiate School and Stella Adler Studio of Acting.

Bogdanovich was married to producer Polly Platt from 1962 until their divorce in 1978. From 1988 until 2001, he was married to Louise Stratten. He was in a relationship with actress Cybill Shepherd between 1971 until 1978. In 1980, he was in a relationship with model Dorothy Stratten.
Bogdanovich died on January 6, 2022 in Los Angeles, California from problems caused by Parkinson's disease at the age of 82.

References

Other websites

Bogdanovich's Who the Hell's in It reviewed in Seattle Weekly

1939 births
2022 deaths
American historians
American movie actors
American movie critics
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Writers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Actors from New York City
People from Kingston, New York
BAFTA Award winning writers
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Kingston is a small city in Ulster County, New York. It is the county seat of Ulster County. It is  north of New York City and  south of Albany. The city's metropolitan area is grouped with the New York metropolitan area by the United States Census Bureau.  In 2010, 23,893 people lived there.

People

Media
 Newspapers
 Kingston-based: Daily Freeman, Kingston Times
 Outside Kingston: Art Times, Poughkeepsie Journal, Times-Herald Record (Middletown)
 See also: List of newspapers in New York in the 18th-century: Kingston
 Television: Time Warner Cable Kingston Area Public-access television cable TV channel 23
 Radio
 Kingston-based: WGHQ (920 AM), WKNY (1490 AM), WKXP (94.3 FM)
 Outside Kingston: WFGB (89.7 FM), WBPM (92.9 FM, Saugerties), WKZE-FM (98.1, Salisbury, Connecticut/Rhinebeck, New York), WDST (100.1 FM, Woodstock).
 Magazines: Chronogram, Trends Journal
 Music festivals: O+ Festival
 Blogs: Kingston Creative, and Kingston Happenings

References

Other websites

 City of Kingston, New York
Cities in New York (state)
County seats in New York (state)
Gorgonzola is a type of Italian blue cheese. It can be buttery or firm, crumbly and quite salty, with a "bite" from its blue veining. It is made of cow's milk.

References

Italian cheeses
Provolone is a type of Italian blue cheese. Provolone, provola, and provoleta are versions of the same basic cheese.

References

Italian cheeses
Voice of America-Persian News Network (VOA-PNN) is a governmental international broadcaster of the United States. It broadcasts in the Persian language. Its base is in Washington D.C.. Its first program was broadcasted on 18 October 1994. The duration of its first programs was at first one hour. The first VOA radio programs in Persian were broadcast on 22 November 1979. They lasted at first 30 minutes.

Management 
The first manager of VOA-PNN was Ahmad Reza Baharlou. Later managers were Kambiz Mohammadi, Shila Ganji, Behrouz Abbassi, Behrouz Souresrafil, James Glassman, Hida Fouladvand and Ramin Asgard. The current manager of VOA-PNN is Setare Derakhshesh.

Programs 
The TV programs are broadcast each day for five hours. After the end of the live TV programs, the programs are repeated from recordings.

Other websites
 تلویزیون فارسی صدای آمریکا (official website)

1994 establishments in the United States
1979 establishments in the United States
Radio
Television
Chadwell Heath is a suburban area in north-east London. Its postcode is RM6. It is partly in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham and partly in the London Borough of Redbridge. 

Areas of London
London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
London Borough of Redbridge
Petro Oleksiyovych Poroshenko (; born 26 September 1965 in Bolhrad) is a Ukrainian billionaire businessman. He became President of Ukraine on 7 June 2014. He lost his re-election in 2019 to comedian Volodymyr Zelensky.

Poroshenko was the People's Deputy of Ukraine of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th and 9th convocations (1998-2014, since 2019). He is a founder of the Solidarity Party of Ukraine and one of the co-founders of the Labor Solidarity Party of Ukraine, which later changed its name to the Party of Regions. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs (2009-2010) in the second government of Yulia Tymoshenko and Minister of Trade (2012) in the government of Mykola Azarov. He was a member of the Council of the National Bank of Ukraine (2007-2014).
Elected President of Ukraine in May 2014, winning 54.7% of the vote in the first round. During his presidency, he suspended active Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine and gained Ukraine's foreign policy support from Western (Europe and North America) countries. Under his presidency, Ukraine received a visa-free regime with the EU (2017). He contributed to the granting of autocephaly to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (2018-2019). He initiated unprecedented reforms in the army, education, medicine, public administration, etc. He ran in the 2019 presidential election, but lost to producer and showman Volodymyr Zelensky in the second round.

In addition to his political activities, Poroshenko is engaged in business and is considered one of the Ukrainian oligarchs; regularly ranks in the rankings of the wealthiest Ukrainians. He is partly the owner of the Roshen confectionery corporation, several automobile and bus factories, the 5 TV channel, etc.
Biography 
The Poroshenko family is documented in the 1835 census in Safyany, Izmail County, Bessarabian Province. The family belongs to the community of Ukrainian burghers. The family lived on the lands of the Ust-Danube Budzhak Cossack army.

References

1965 births
Living people
Ukrainian businesspeople
Presidents of Ukraine
Billionaires
The Wales Coast Path () is a long-distance footpath which follows the whole coastline of Wales. It opened on 5 May 2012. It is  long, from Chepstow in the south to Queensferry in the north.

Wales is the first country in the world to build a footpath along its entire coastline. The Path runs through eleven National Nature Reserves and other nature reserves, including those managed by The Wildlife Trusts or Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB).  Lonely Planet rated the coast of Wales first in its Best in Travel: top 10 regions for 2012.
Description
The Wales Coast Path was opened on 5 May 2012, as the world's first coastal path to cover an entire country.  It follows the Welsh coastline from Chepstow in the south east to near Queensferry in the north. It joined together some existing paths, such as the North Wales Path, the Anglesey Coastal Path and the Llŷn Coastal Path. The Pembrokeshire Coast Path is a National Trail. and in 2011 was voted by National Geographic magazine as the second-best coastal destination in the world.

The  long path goes through different coastal areas. These include the mouth of the River Dee, the seaside towns of north Wales, the Menai Strait, the Isle of Anglesey, the Llŷn Peninsula, Cardigan Bay, miles of sand in the National Park in Pembrokeshire, Gower, Cardiff Bay, Cardiff, and Chepstow.

The whole path can be used by walkers. Some sections can also be used by cyclists, families with pushchairs, people with restricted mobility, and horse riders.
The Countryside Council for Wales (now Natural Resources Wales) set up the path, and each of 15 local government areas it passes through look after their own section. There were already five coastal paths, in Pembrokeshire, Anglesey, Gwynedd, Ceredigion and the North Wales coast. These became five of the eight geographical areas that now make up the path. The other three areas are made up of single and combined counties and county boroughs with coastlines.

History and development

The Wales Coast Path was set up by the Welsh Government with the former Countryside Council for Wales, sixteen local authorities and two National Parks. Since 2007 the Welsh Government has spent £2 million per year to improve public access to the coast through its Coastal Access Improvement Programme. The European Regional Development Fund has also given £3.9 million over three years to support the project.
The idea for the path was based on the success of the Pembrokeshire Coast Path National Trail and the Isle of Anglesey Coastal Path. Plans for the path were shown by First Minister Rhodri Morgan in June 2006, at the opening of the 125-mile path around Anglesey. It was thought the project would take up to five years; it has been nearer six. Visitors to the Pembrokeshire and Anglesey coastal paths bring a lot of money into Wales. It was also seen as an important to encourage both locals and visitors to discover and enjoy Wales’ outdoor spaces, also gain health and welfare benefits from walking.

The Countryside Council for Wales said that improvements to the path would continue during 2012 and 2013. The path will follow the coastline as close as it is safe and practical. The completed path is expected to lead to making shorter circular paths, linking to inland towns and villages.
The opening
The official opening of the  path took place in a number of places on 5 May 2012. These places showed the path’s beauty and ease of access for walkers of all ages, fitness and ability. To celebrate the opening, Ramblers Cymru, hosted the Big Welsh Coastal Walk, with over 5,500 people taking part.

Northern Eye Books are writing the Official Guidebooks for five sections of the Wales Coast Path: North Wales Coast, Isle of Anglesey, Llyn Peninsula, Carmarthenshire and Gower, and the South Wales Coast. They already publish the Official Guide for Anglesey, Walking the Isle of Anglesey Coastal Path by Carl Rogers. There are also guidebooks to the Ceredigion Coast Path and the Pembrokeshire Coast Path by other publishers.
The first anniversary of the opening of the path was marked on radio and television. It is estimated that in that first year some 2.8 million people walked parts of the path, adding £16 million to the Welsh economy. It is estimated that more than 800,000 visitors to the path also stayed the night in one of the many guest-houses, B&B's and hotels along the route.

A complete walk around Wales
The  of the Wales Coast Path joins the Offa's Dyke Path National Trail.  This path follows the border with England, to make a walking path around almost the whole of Wales.

Problems
The Open Spaces Society is angry because some landowners will not allow the path to cross their land. This means more than 20% of the route will have to be on roads, sometimes out of sight of the sea. A Countryside Council for Wales spokeswoman said: “Just over 20% of the WCP is on road, slightly less than the average for national trails in Britain, which is in the region of 25%. This is mainly on quiet, country lanes.”
In 2014 there was a temporary road route north of Cardigan, connecting Gwbert with Mwnt. The Ceredigion Coast Path section in that area could not be used because of legal actions.

Walkers have a view overlooking a gypsy caravan site at Rover Way in Cardiff. People living here are worried about their privacy.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Wales Coast Path - official website
 Saturday Walkers - OS map of route and GPS data
 Countyside Council for Wales 
 Natural Resources Wales
 YouTube footage of part of the Wales Coast Path
 Circular walks on the Wales Coast Path 

Wales Coast Path
Massimo Vignelli (January 10, 1931 – May 27, 2014) was an Italian graphic designer. He did work in a number of areas ranging from package design to houseware design to furniture design to public signage to showroom design. He was the founder of Vignelli Associates. He was born in Milan, Italy.

Vignelli died in New York City, New York from an illness, aged 83.

References

Other websites

1931 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in New York (state)
Italian businesspeople
Artists from Milan
Harry Jay Knowles (born December 11, 1971) is an American movie critic and writer. He is known for his website called Ain't It Cool News. 

Knowles was born in Austin, Texas.

References

Other websites
Ain't It Cool News

1971 births
Living people
American movie critics
American Internet celebrities
Writers from Austin, Texas
Mieczysław Franciszek Rakowski (December 1, 1926 – November 8, 2008) was a Polish communist politician, historian and journalist. He served as an officer in the Polish People's Army from 1945 to 1949. He served as Prime Minister of Poland from 1988 to 1989.

Rakowski died on November 8, 2008 from cancer in Warsaw at the age of 81.

References

1926 births
2008 deaths
Polish communists
Cancer deaths in Poland
Prime Ministers of Poland
Polish historians
Polish journalists
Breckin Erin Meyer (born May 7, 1974) is an American actor, comedian, writer, television producer, and drummer. 

He is known for his role as Jon Arbuckle in Garfield: The Movie, as Joseph Gribble in King of the Hill, for his many voice roles in the Adult Swim TV series Robot Chicken, and for his role as Jared Franklin in Franklin & Bash.

References

Other websites

1974 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television producers
American drummers
Actors from Minneapolis
Comedians from Minneapolis
Musicians from Minneapolis
Writers from Minneapolis
Presidents in the United States 19th century
 
The United States of America had 22 presidents in the 19th Century. Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States. He was the first elected president of the 19th century. The last one was William McKinley. McKinley started the presidency in 1897 and he left his presidency in 1901 which is just after the 19th century. All these presidents in the 19th century lived in the white house.

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was born on the 13th of April in 1743. His parents were Jane Randolph Jefferson and Peter Jefferson. His brothers were Peter and Randolph. His sisters were Jane, Mary, Elizabeth, Marta, Lucy and Anna. He was a member of  the Democratic-Republican Party. He was president from 1801 till 1809. He died on July 5, 1826 and was buried at Monticello.
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was born on 12 February 1809. This was while Thomas Jefferson was president. He was the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Lincoln. He was born in the state of Kentucky. Lincoln married Mary Todd. His children were Robert, Edward, Willie and Tad. Lincoln belonged to the Whig Party and later the Republican Party. He was assassinated while still in office.

Martin van Buren
Martin van Buren was born on December 5, 1782. He was born in Kinderhook, New York, US. His father was Abraham van Buren and his mother was Maria Hoes van Alen van Buren. His ancestor Cornelis van Buren had come to the United States in 1631 from the small city of Buren. Martin is the only president who has spoken English as a second language. His political party was called the Free Soil Party. Martin was president from 1837 till 1841. He died on July 24, 1862.
James Monroe
James Monroe was born on April 28,1758 in Virginia. His parents were Spence Monroe and Elizabeth. James Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright. Their children were Eliza, James and Maria. He died on July 4, 1831 in New York City. He was then 73 years old.

The Industrial Revolution
The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy took more than a century in the United States, they lagged far behind their mother country, England. The Industrial Revolution started around 1750 in England, and fifty years later in the United States. This was because there was a lot of land to work on, but there was too less labour to do that. The industrial machines were expensive.
Samuel Slater
The start of the Industrial Revolution in America is caused by Samuel Slater, who built the first industrial mill in the United States around 1790. His cotton mill looked a lot like the British mill. But through this mill, the speed with which cotton thread could be spun into yarn was greatly increased.
Another cause of the rapidly changing economy were the new organizational strategies to increase the speed to make the products. This reformation was especially important for the shoe and boot industry. Were first the most products were made by hand.
But the most important change was the “Factory System” where products were produced on a large scale and then one specific product, but they needed people to operate the machines. A group of businessman called the Boston Associates recruited thousands farm girls from New England to operate the machines in the new factories.
Lowell
One of the most known mill towns was Lowell, Massachusetts, which opened in 1823. The use of a female factory workers had advantages to both employer and employee. The Boston Associates preferred the young girls because they paid young girls less than men. These female factory workers were often called: Lowell Girls, named to the place Lowell.

References

Other websites 
 Important Events in the 19th Century, Timeline
 US History
Pernell-Karl Sylvester Subban  ( ; born May 13, 1989) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a total of 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Montreal Canadiens, Nashville Predators, and the New Jersey Devils. He has also played for Team Canada and won a gold medal with them at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

He currently does work as a broadcast analyst for the NHL on ESPN panel.
Career
Before playing in the NHL, Subban played 4 years with the Belleville Bulls of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Subban was drafted with the 43rd overall pick by the Montreal Canadiens in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Canadiens on February 12, 2010, in a 3–2 loss to the Philadelphia Flyers. During the game, he assisted on a Glen Metropolit goal for his first point in the NHL. On April 26, 2010, Subban played in his first NHL playoff game. He also recorded his first NHL playoff point when he assisted on a Michael Cammalleri goal. He scored his first goal on April 30, 2010, in game one of Canadiens' second round series against the Pittsburgh Penguins.

On September 20, 2022, Subban announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey

References

Other websites 
 Official website
1989 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Nashville Predators players
New Jersey Devils players
Ontario Hockey League players
Pombia Safari Park is a safari park, zoo and amusement park in Pombia, Piedmont, northern Italy. It was created by Angelo Lombardi in 1976. It has an area of 400.000 square metres.

References 

Zoos
Piedmont
1976 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in Italy
Organizations based in Italy
Safari Ravenna is a safari park and zoo in Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, created in 2012 near the amusement park of Mirabilandia; extending over an area of 340.000 square metres.

References 

2010s establishments in Italy
2012 establishments in Europe
Zoos
Ravenna
Organizations based in Italy
"My Way" is the fourth single off American nu metal band Limp Bizkit's third studio album Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water. The song was released on September 27, 2000. The song was nominated for a Kerrang! Award for Best Single. My Way was used as the theme song for WWF's WrestleMania X-Seven.

References

Other websites

2001 songs
Limp Bizkit songs
Alternative rock songs
Rother is a borough in East Sussex, South East England. Its headquarters are in Bexhill-on-Sea. About 95,000 people live in Rother. It was created on 1 April 1974.

1974 establishments in England
East Sussex
English boroughs
"Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)" is the third single off American nu metal band Limp Bizkit's third studio album Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water. The song was released on October 10, 2000. 

There was a remix version of the song titled "Rollin' (Urban Assault Vehicle)" which featured rappers DMX, Redman, and Method Man. It was also produced by Swizz Beatz. The remix was ranked #4 on VH1's list of 50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs.

The song was used as the theme song for American professional wrestler The Undertaker from December 2000 to May 2002. Limp Bizkit performed the song live during his entrance for WrestleMania XIX. The song was featured in the 2001 video game NHL Hitz 2002 and the remix was featured in the 2001 movie The Fast and the Furious.

References

Other websites
"Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)" on YouTube

2000 songs
Limp Bizkit songs
History of rail transport in the Netherlands On September 20, 1839, the first train rode through the Netherlands. It was a short trip from Amsterdam to Haarlem. The train was called the Arend. It was a steam locomotive. The history of the Dutch railways can be divided into six periods starting in the year 1839. The planning for railways lasted from 1840-1860, the early expansion of the railways, government construction of new railways from 1860-1890, consolidation of the railways from 1890-1938, the 'Nederlandse Spoorwegen' monopoly from 1938-1992, and the time following the end of this monopoly, from 1992-present..

1839
1839 

The first modern railway was built in England in 1830. It ran between the English towns of Liverpool and Manchester. A Dutch artillery officer, William A. Bake, was there when it opened. When Bake came back to the Netherlands, he made plans to connect the city of Amsterdam to Amersfoort and Amersfoort to Arnhem. King William supported Bake's plan. Unfortunately, his timing was bad. His plan to find money to build the railroad did not succeed. Dutch businessmen did not want to invest their money in a Dutch railroad at that time. They were worried about their investments in Spain. With no money, his plan did not work.

Belgium and Germany started to copy the English railway tracks, and King William I of the Netherlands did want to be left behind.  With the king's interest, the railways improved and became safer. The new railways were able to work in the soil of the Netherlands.
King William allowed engineers to study whether a railroad system would be possible in the Netherlands. But it was difficult to find money to fund the railway tracks. The king made his decision on August 8, 1837. Eventaully, the Dutch government decided to pay to built the railroads. After 2 years, the first railway company was founded. It was called the Hollandse Ijzeren Spoorweg Maatschappi, or (HIJSM). They began with the construction of the railway track that connected Amsterdam and Haarlem. The first steam locomotive to ride this track was a small locomotive called de Arend.

1840-1860

The expansion
After the success of the first railway track that connected Amsterdam to Haarlem. The railroads started to expand and a new railway company was found. It was called the ‘Nederlandse Rhijnspoorweg Maatschappij’ (NSR). They both made the new railroad to Rotterdam The railway would cross everything.
The railway to Rotterdam
The NSR and the HIJSM bought every piece of land to proceed. But some landowners and farmers didn’t like the idea of a railway crossing their farm, because it could frighten the cows. There was even a big incident that happened while making a railway track that connected Amsterdam to Rotterdam. A land owner called Aernout Hendrik van Wickenvoort Crommelin only wanted to sell his piece of land if a train station was built favorable for him. The HIJSM  and NSR didn’t like that so they tried to make the railway track go around his piece of land. Unfortunately it failed. Still Aernout had given them some land to continue. The NSR and HIJSM lost a lot of money on this incident and it was later called: ‘Het laantje van van der Gaag'.  The railroad was finished in 1847.
The first railway of the NSR
The NSR also wanted to build a railway by themselves. This railway would go from Amsterdam to Utrecht to Arnhem and then on to Germany. The progress was very slow as they could not find enough investors. The Dutch King William I again stepped in as the savior of the railroads. There was another problem to overcome constructing the railway because the Dutch railways were built on Dutch broad gauge and the connection railway in Germany was made on standard gauge. The railroad From Amsterdam to Utrecht was finished on December 18, 1843. The next stretch to Arnhem was finished on May 16, 1845. The final stretch to Germany took 11 years because this last part of the railroad had to be made in Standard gauge.

1860-1890

The Spoorwegnet
In 1860 the Spoorwegnet was founded. It is a system that connects all the cities with railways built by the government.
New companies
In 1863, a new railway company was founded. It was called the Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen or SS for short. This company was not founded by the government. It was founded by a private group of investors who had acquired a license to use railways built by the state.

The other companies also continued building railroad tracks. More railway companies were founded. One was the Noord-Brabants-duitse Spoorweg-Maatschappij, or NBDS, often called S for short.  It was founded to complete the railway track that connected Saint Petersburg, Berlin and London.

1890-1938

The fusion
In the 1800s, railways in the Netherlands were run by many different companies that all had their own rules and trains.  This made rail travel very inconvenient.

In 1890, all the railway companies in the Netherlands were merged and then split into 2 companies. The HSM and the SS. The railways were reclassified based on the English model.

Workers on strike
Workers on strike

In 1903, the workers at the railway companies went on strike, meaning they stopped working until their bosses met their demands.  They felt their working conditions were very bad. They earned low wages for very hard work.  The strike was successful.  The bosses agreed to improve working conditions. When World War I began in 1914, the Netherlands stayed neutral. Train transportation was then used by armies. The railways were part of the war because it was easy to transport soldiers and equipment. The HSM and the SS had to work together very closely. In 1937, they merged, becoming the "Nederlandse Spoorwegen" or NS.

Evolution of train stations

In total there are 404 railway stations in the Netherlands. 381 stations are managed by the NS. Some of them are very old looking and some are more modern.
In the past, passengers had to rely on yellow signboards to watch for trains. There were no escalators. The Zandvoort station has much of the older style of architecture, while Utrecht CS is new.

Type of trains

There have been many different trains in the Netherlands. The first were steam trains, then diesel trains and now electric trains.

The first train was called the Arend and it drove from Amsterdam to Haarlem. The many other steam trains that came after were all named by series and by number, as in series 600.

Diesel trains were cheaper and easier to use than steam trains. Currently, the only diesel trains still running are called the buffel. They run on the following lines: Zwolle – Enschede, Zwolle – Kampen, and Apeldoorn – Zutphen.

Most of the trains in the Netherlands today are electric. They are noticeable by the big electricity masts that give them power.

Trains are usually divided into two classes of seating, first and second.
In the past, there was also a third class, but it has been discontinued. Almost all the trains today have one day's free Wi-Fi connection so passengers can use the Internet.  In the past, passengers had to buy tickets to take the train, but now they can use OV chipkaarts.

Types of trains in the Netherlands
• Sprinters are fast trains that stop at every station

• The Thalys is a new high-speed train that can reach 300 km/h.

• Intercity is also an express train; it travels from one city to another without stops.

References

Book about the history of the railtransport

Info about the trains
http://www.holland.com/uk/tourism/article/railway-museum-in-utrecht.htm

Info about NS and other train company's
http://www.ns.nl/over-ns/wie-zijn-wij/profiel/geschiedenis

History railways
http://www.spoorweggeschiedenis.nl/ 

Netherlands
"Youth of the Nation" is the second single off American Christian nu metal band P.O.D.'s fourth studio album Satellite. The song was released on December 25, 2001.

The song was inspired partially by the Santana High School and Columbine High School shootings. In a 2008 interview, guitarist Marcos Curiel described it:
"We were rehearsing and writing Satellite a couple of blocks away from the school. One day on the way to the studio, there were all these helicopters and cars speeding by. We really didn’t know what was going on. When we got to the studio, this guy had the news on, and he was like, ‘This kid just went and started blasting fools.’ So we started jamming, and that rhythm just naturally came out then Wuv [Bernardo, drummer] put that drumbeat on it, and the song was born."

References

Other websites

2001 songs
A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a type of missile that is launched from ground or from a ship to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of Anti-aircraft warfare.

References

Other websites
 Rest-of-World Missile Systems 

Missiles
Brief biography
Luis was born in the city of Seville in Spain. He was the youngest child of the king King and queen of Spain. He was given the name Luis in honour of his French great-grandfather Louis XIV. From a young age his father showered various religious titles upon his youngest son, even creating him a Primate of Spain. Giving him the rank of an Archbishop while barely eight years old. He was also an Infante of Spain by birth being the child of a reigning Spanish monarch giving him the use of Royal Highness from birth. Despite his parents decisions the young Luis abandoned his religious rank due to a lack of interest in his charges on 18 December 1754. He was given the title of Count of Chinchón by which he is known. The title was eventually inherited by his daughter Maria Teresa and was given to him by his older brother The Infante Felipe.
Following the death of his childless elder half-brother King Fernando VI in 1759 he claimed the throne and his brother Carlos (the future Charles III of Spain claimed the throne for himself exiling his younger brother from the royal court in Madrid.

Marriage
In his exile Luis contracted a marriage with María Teresa de Vallabriga herself an aristocrat but not royalty. 

 Luis María de Borbón y Vallabriga, 14th Count of Chinchón (22 May 1777 – 19 March 1823) later a cardinal but died childless.
 María Teresa de Borbón, Countess of Chinchón  6 March 1779 – 23 November 1828) married Manuel Godoy, Prince of the Peace and had children.
 María Luisa de Borbón y Vallabriga, Farnesio y Rozas (21 March 1780 – 1 December 1846) married Joaquín José de Melgarejo y Saurín, de Rojas y Ruíz-Dávalos Duke of San Fernando de Quiroga but died childless.
As he now had children he could also claim the throne of the Two Sicilies but his brother Charles III barred his right and made sure he and his family were never allowed at court. He died aged 58 having never reconciled with his elder brother. His title was inherited by his eldest daughter whose children then inherited the title too.

Titles and styles
25 July 1727 - 18 December 1754: His Royal Highness The Infante Don Luis of Spain.
18 December 1754 - 7 August 1785: His Royal Highness The Count of Chinchón, Infante of Spain.

Other websites

1727 births
1785 deaths
Spanish cardinals
People from Seville
Spanish Roman Catholic archbishops
Spanish House of Bourbon
Spanish infantes and infantas
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. It may result in discharge, itching and pain. Vulva irritation or infection is often involved. It is usually because of the latter.

A woman having this condition may have these symptoms:

irritation and/or itching of genital area
foul vaginal odor
vaginal discharge
irritation/pain with sexual intercourse
inflammation

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal sickness in women.

References

Inflammation
Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
Ovarian cysts are collections of fluids, surrounded by a very thin wall within an ovary. Ovarian follicles that are larger than two centimeters are termed ovarian cysts. The cysts range from pea-sized to just larger than an orange. Most cysts are functional in nature and harmless.

Ovarian cysts affect women of any age.

Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system‎
Xeon  is a brand of x86 microprocessors designed and manufactured by Intel Corporation. In 1988 Intel released the first microprocessor using the name Xeon.

As of 2021, the Xeon series of processors are used in cloud computing and enterprise grade servers.

References 

Computer hardware
The Pentre Ifan dolmen is the largest and best preserved neolithic dolmen in Wales. It is on the ancient manor  of Pentre Ifan in the civil parish of Nevern, Pembrokeshire, Wales. The manor was the home of the Bowen family going back to the 11th century. Being built around 3,500 B.C.

History 
This monument is recorded as Coflein NPRN 101450, which tells us: " Pentre Ifan is perhaps the finest surviving Neolithic tomb in Wales and forms one of a group of Portal Dolmens built around the tributaries of the Nevern Valley approximately 6,000 years ago".

The capstone is said to weigh around 16 tons and points at the Nevern River. From the east side of the site looking west the capstone follows almost the exact same angle as the northern slope of Carningli mountain, both leading your eyes to the mouth of the Nevern estuary at Newport.
The dolmen dates from about 3,500 B.C. It may have been used for group burials. The existing stones form the door, called a portal and main chamber of the tomb. These would have been covered with a large stone mound about 36.6 m long and 17 m wide. Some of the stones have been scattered, but at least seven are in their original position. The capstone is 5.1 m in length, and is thought to to weigh 16 tonnes, and rises 2.4 m above the ground. It is held up by the narrow tips of three uprights. These stones make a chamber that is 3 m long, 2 m wide and 3 m high. A large stone has been used to block the entrance.

The facade around the portal is a carefully built dry stone wall.

William Francis Grimes carried out archaeological diggings at the site in 1936/1937 and 1958/1959. Small pieces of flint and pottery were discovered during these digs. This are also signs that there may have been holes dug for some sort of ritual purpose long before the dolmen was set up.
The dolmen is owned and looked after by Cadw, the Welsh Historic Monuments Agency. The site is well-kept and entrance is free. It is about 17 km from Cardigan. It has views down the Nevern Valley to the sea.

References

Other websites
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Pentre Ifan and surrounding area
The best preserved megalithic site in Wales - Extrageographic 
 http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=6392

QuickTime VR of Pentre Ifan: British Tours Ltd
Article and photos of Pentre Ifan
 http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=6392

4th millennium BC buildings and structures‎
Pembrokeshire
Neolithic
Lago di Annone (also called Lago di Oggiono) is a lake in the Province of Lecco, Lombardy, Italy. It borders the municipalities of Annone di Brianza, Suello, Civate, Galbiate and Oggiono.

Lakes of Lombardy
Province of Lecco
Tommy Albert Blom (3 March 1947 – 25 May 2014) was a Swedish singer and radio host. He was member of the band Tages in the 1960s. He hosted Vinyl 107 from the mid-1990s until 2008, when he lost that job because of age. He returned to Vinyl 107 in 2011.

He was born in Gothenburg. He died from cancer on 25 May 2014 in Stockholm, at the age of 67.

References

Other websites

1947 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Sweden
Singers from Gothenburg
Swedish radio personalities
Bolhrad (; Bulgarian and ; ) is a small city in Odesa Oblast (province) of south-western Ukraine. It is the capital city of Bolhrad Raion (district).

Cities in Odesa Oblast
Pembrokeshire Coast Path () (also called the Pembrokeshire Coastal Path) is a National Trail in Pembrokeshire in the Wales, in the United Kingdom. It is a footpath that anyone can walk anytime for free. It was made a footpath in 1970. It is  long. The highest place on the path is Pen yr afr. It is  high. It's lowest place is Sandy Haven crossing. It is  low at the water. The path goes along coast and people walking on the path will see the water most of the time. 

The path starts at Amroth and goes north to Poppit Sands. A plaque is located at Poppit Sands. The path used to stop, or start, at Poppit Sands. Now it goes to St. Dogmaels. At St. Dogmaels the path connects to another path called the Ceredigion Coast Path. The Pembrokeshire Coast Path is a part of the Wales Coast Path.

History
History

The Pembrokeshire Coast National Park was founded in 1952. After it was founded, Ronald Lockley did a survey for a path on the coastline. The region was very rural. There were villages on the coastline but communication between other villages was very hard. People often used boats to visit each other. Lockey reported on this in 1953. He suggested that a footpath be created to help. Most of the places the path would go through were public space, so anyone could walk on them without any problems. Other parts were owned by people, so you could not walk on the path without asking. They asked the owners if it was okay to use their land for the paths and most people said it as ok. There are still some areas of the path that go in strange directions because path users cannot walk on the private land. It took 17 years to build the path. 100 footbridges and 479 stiles were built. Thousands of stairs were built into the ground.
The path was opened on May 16, 1970 by Wynford Vaughan-Thomas. It was  long. Now it is .

Description

Most of the path is located in Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. The path goes along the Irish Sea. There are many different types of geological and environmental areas. There are headlands, cliffs, coves, glacial valleys, and more. The path goes by 58 beaches and 14 harbors.

Most of the path is easy to walk. There is one part that goes  high. There are two areas near the water that it passes which sometimes get flooded. These parts are at Dale and Sandy Haven. The path goes through some towns and villages. These include Tenby, St Davids, Solva and Newport.

Connected trails

There are some trails that connect to the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park. They are:

Cilgerran Gorge Circular Walk
Brunel Way Walk
Llys-y-Frân Circular Walk

Geology
Geology

The rocks under the path are over 300 million years old. The look of the land that the path goes along is the effect of the Ice Age. There are a variety of different types of rocks one can see on the path: igneous, pre-Cambrian, and more.

Wildlife

Walkers on the path can see wild flowers during the seasons of Spring and Summer. There are a lot of birds. Many of the birds are seabirds. There are also porpoises, dolphins, and seals in the water off the path.

Ancient history

There are historical sites on the path that date back to Neolithic times. There are places where there used to be hut circles. There are former places that people lived in during the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Most of the land near the path is farmed and people also fish off the path like they did in ancient times, but with modern tools.

Awards
Awards

The path was named the second best National Geographic's place to visit on a coast in 2011. The beaches along the path are famous also and have won over 300 awards for their quality, environmentalism and beauty.

References

Other websites
 Pembrokeshire Coast Path on the National Trails website

Wales Coast Path
Pembrokeshire
Hysteresis is a concept in physical science.
In hysteresis the output of a system depends not only on its input, but also on its history of past inputs. This is because the history affects the value of an internal state. To predict the future outputs of a system, either its internal state or its history must be known.

The effect may happen because of a lag between input and output. This effect disappears as the input changes more slowly. This effect meets the description of hysteresis given above, but is often referred to as rate-dependent hysteresis to distinguish it from hysteresis with a more durable memory effect.

Hysteresis occurs in ferromagnetic materials and ferroelectric materials. It also occurs in the deformation of some materials (such as rubber bands and shape-memory alloys). Many artificial systems are designed to have hysteresis: for example, in thermostats and computers.

References 

Physics
The Anglesey Coastal Path is a  is a footpath on the island of Anglesey, Wales in the United Kingdom. The footpath is a part of the Wales Coast Path.

Description

The footpath follows the coast of the island of Anglesey. It goes around the entire island except in two places. Those two places are Plas Newydd and Afon Alaw between Llanfachraeth and Llanynghenedl. The path starts at Holyhead. It travels through an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The majority of the path travels through public land with a small amount going through private land. Owners of the private land have given permission for walkers to pass through their property. The path is part of the All Wales Coast Path.

The path cost £1.4 million to build. It was built by two organizations: Menter Môn and Isle of Anglesey County Council. It was opened on June 9, 2006 by Rhodri Morgan.

Attached trails

There are three trails that connect to the Anglesey Coastal Path. They are:
Mynydd Mechell circular walk
Copper Coast Circular Walk
Ynys Llanddwyn

Places on the path

Walkers can visit many places on the path.

Villages and towns

Aberffraw
Amlwch
Beaumaris
Benllech
Bull Bay
Cemaes
Holyhead
Llanbadrig
Llangadwaladr
Llandegfan
Llanidan
Moelfre
Penmon
Porth Dafarch Beach Resort 
Rhoscolyn
Rhosneigr
Trearddur

Related pages

Menai Suspension Bridge

References

Other websites
 Official Website, including maps
 Anglesey Walking Festival 

Wales Coast Path
Anglesey
The Kármán line is the altitude where space begins. It is 100 km (about 62 miles) high. It commonly represents the border between the Earth's atmosphere and outer space. This definition is accepted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). The FAI is an international standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics. The line is named after Theodore von Kármán (1881–1963), a Hungarian-American engineer and physicist. He was active in aeronautics and astronautics. He was the first to calculate that around this altitude, the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight. An aircraft at this altitude would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to obtain enough lift to support itself. There is a sudden increase in temperature of the atmosphere and solar radiation just below the line. This places the line within the greater thermosphere.

References 

Space