Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Earl Eugene Scruggs (January 6, 1924 – March 28, 2012) was an American musician. He was known for playing a banjo in bluegrass. Playing the banjo in bluegrass is now known as "Scruggs Style". He is known for his songs such as Dueling Banjos, Foggy Mountain Breakdown, Earl's Breakdown, The Swimming Song, and in Fireball Mail. He won four Grammy Awards.

Scruggs was born on January 6, 1924 in Flint Hill, North Carolina. He was raised in Shelby, North Carolina. Scruggs was married to Louise Certain from 1948 until her death in 2006. They had two sons. Scruggs died on March 28, 2012 in Nashville, Tennessee from natural causes, aged 88.

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 
 Interview with www.CountryMusicPride.com  Interview with www.CountryMusicPride.com
 at the Country Music Hall of Fame

1924 births
2012 deaths
Musicians from North Carolina
American bluegrass musicians
American guitarists
American banjo players
Grammy Award winners
Jenni Rivera (Jenni Dolores Rivera Saavedra), July 12, 1969 – December 9, 2012) was an Mexican-American singer who is known for her spanish albums such as La Gran Señora, Jenni, Parrandera, Rebelde Y Atrevida, Joyas Prestadas She was nominated for four Latin Grammys.

Early life 
Rivera was born on July 2, 1969, in Long Beach, California Her parents were Mexican immigrants. She was raised in Long Beach California. 

Rivera married José Trinidad Marín from 1984 until they divorced in 1992. After this, she married Juan López from 1997 until 2003. Finally, she married Esteban Loaiza in 2010 and they separated in 2012. They filed for divorce, but the divorce was not finalized due to her death. Rivera had three children with Marín and had two children with López.

On December 9, 2012, a plane that Rivera was flying in lost contact to air traffic control off the coast of Monterrey, Mexico. Mexican authorities confirmed that Rivera and four other people that were on the plane were dead.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Jenni Rivera page (Universal Music Latin Entertainment) 

1969 births

American activists
American television actors
American television producers
Aviation deaths
Latin singers
Mexican television actors
Mexican singers
Actors from Long Beach, California
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
Dame Elisabeth Joy Murdoch (née Elisabeth Joy Greene, 8 February 1909 – 5 December 2012) was an Australian philanthropist. She was the widow of Keith Murdoch and the mother of Rupert Murdoch. 

She became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963 for her charity work in Australia and overseas.

Murdoch was born on 8 February 1909 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. She studied at St Catherine's School and at the Clyde School. 

Murdoch was married to Keith Murdoch from 1928 until his death in 1952. They had four children, the eldest of whom died before her. Murdoch died on 5 December 2012 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia from natural causes, aged 103.

References

Other websites
Biography in the Australian Women's Register
Enough Rope interview in June 2008
Ancestry of Rupert Murdoch  

1909 births
2012 deaths

Australian centenarians
Monarchists
People from Melbourne
Australian philanthropists
Hole was an American rock band. The band started in 1989 in Los Angeles, California and ended in 2002. In 2009, the band got back together with new members but broke up in 2012. The last members of the band were singer Courtney Love, guitarist Micko Larkin, bassist Shawn Dailey and drummer Scott Lipps.

Hole released four studio albums. The band's first album, Pretty on the Inside, was released in 1991 but was not very successful. After the album was released, the band's members changed but Love and Eric Erlandson, the original guitarist, stayed with the band. When Kristen Pfaff and Patty Schemel joined the band, Hole released their second album, Live Through This, in 1994. The album was very successful and entered the Billboard music chart. The band changed their members again in 1998 and Melissa Auf der Maur and Samantha Maloney joined the band. Hole released Celebrity Skin in 1998 and it is their most popular album. The band tried to make another album but broke up in 2002.
In 2009, Courtney Love started Hole again with new members. Some of the old members of Hole did not agree with this and there were legal issues with the band's name. Later, the old members allowed Love to use the name. In 2010, the band released its next album Nobody's Daughter but the album was not successful. After touring around the world, the band broke up in 2012 because Love wanted to work on her solo career.

In 2014 Courtney Love, Eric Erlandson, Melissa Auf Der Maur, and Patty Schemel started playing together again.

Band history
Band history

Creation
Hole began in summer 1989 in Los Angeles, California. Courtney Love put an advertisement in a magazine called The Recycler and said she wanted to start a band. In the ad, she said her favorite bands were Big Black, Sonic Youth and Fleetwood Mac. Eric Erlandson phoned Love when he saw the advertisement and the band began rehearsing in August. Love became the singer and second guitarist and Erlandson became the lead guitarist. Love and Erlandson got Love's friend Lisa Roberts to become the bassist for Hole and found a drummer called Caroline Rue at another punk rock show. The band had two other guitar players, Mike Geisbrecht and Errol Stewart, but both of them left the band soon after. The band played their first show in September at Raji's, a small club in Hollywood, and played three more shows in California in 1989.
After a lot of shows on the West Coast, Hole signed to the indie record label Sympathy for the Record Industry in 1990. In April 1990, Hole released their first single, "Retard Girl." The single was not popular but was played on the radio in the United States and the United Kingdom: on KROQ-FM in Los Angeles and BBC Radio 1 in London. During a tour in March 1991, the band released a second single, "Dicknail", on Sub Pop, the grunge label in Seattle, Washington and then released their first album Pretty on the Inside in August. The album was produced by Kim Gordon of Sonic Youth and Sonic Youth's early music influenced the album. Hole switched record labels again and they chose to be on Caroline Records. Pretty on the Inside and was very successful in the United Kingdom. In the UK Albums Chart, it went to number 59 and the single "Teenage Whore" went to number 1 on the UK Indie Chart. During the tour of Europe to support the album's release, Courtney Love started a relationship with Kurt Cobain of Nirvana
. In February 1992, the couple got married in Hawaii. Just before they got married, Jill Emery and Caroline Rue left the band because they wanted to play different styles of music. Hole then signed a major label recording contract with DGC and Geffen Records. The record deal was worth over $3 million.
In 1993, Hole released a new single "Beautiful Son." Patty Schemel was the new drummer for the band and played on all of the songs. Before the band went on tour, they got Kristen Pfaff as a new bassist. The band then took a small break in July to work on new songs for their next album.

Mainstream success
In 1993, Hole moved to Carnation, Washington to write songs for their next album. In October, the band went to Marietta, Georgia and began recording the album. The recording was finished in a month and was produced by Paul Q. Kolderie and Sean Slade. The album was called Live Through This and was released on April 12, 1994. Four days before it was released, Courtney Love's husband was found dead in Seattle. He had killed himself and all of the band members did not want to go on tour. In June, Kristen Pfaff died after a drug overdose and the band had to cancel more shows. Hole got Melissa Auf der Maur as a new bassist before the tour for Live Through This.
Live Through This was very popular. The music critics gave the album very good ratings and the album went to number 52 on the Billboard music chart and number 13 in the UK Albums Chart. It also went onto the charts in Australia, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. "Miss World", "Doll Parts", "Violet" and "Softer, Softest" were released as singles and were played a lot on American modern rock radio. The music videos for the songs were played a lot on MTV as well. The album went platinum in Australia, Canada and the United States, and sold over two million copies around the world. The tours for the album were very dramatic—Courtney Love smashed guitars onstage and people at concerts threw gun shells onstage, reminding her about the death of her husband.
Hole's band members went to work on different projects in 1996. Love began acting again and got a lead role in The People vs. Larry Flynt and the other members worked with other musicians. In 1998, Hole released Celebrity Skin. The album had a different sound to the band's two other albums and was influenced by powerpop music. During the album's recording sessions, Patty Schemel was replaced by a different drummer and later left the band. She was replaced by Samantha Maloney for the Celebrity Skin tour.
Celebrity Skin was successful and the title song reached number 1 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart, making it Hole's most popular single. The album went to number 9 on the Billboard 200 and number 11 on the UK Albums Chart. Music critics called the album "sprung, flung and fun, high-impact, rock-fueled pop." Two mores singles were taken from Celebrity Skin, "Malibu" and "Awful", and both went into the charts. The album has sold more than 1.4 million copies in the United States and has gone platinum in the U.S and Canada, and double platinum in Australia.
Break-up
In October 1999, Melissa Auf der Maur left Hole and went on be a touring bassist for The Smashing Pumpkins. Samantha Maloney quit to become a tour drummer for Mötley Crüe soon after. Love and Erlandson were the only members left in the band. The band's last release was a single for the 1999 film Any Given Sunday called "Be a Man." It was released as a single in March 2000 but failed to make it into the charts. Hole tried to record a fourth album but broke up in May 2002. Talking about the break-up, Love said "Eric has been an important part of my family for over ten years and he'll continue to be a part of my life" and Erlandson said "we're incredibly proud of the music we've made together, but it seems like time for both of us to move on."
Reformation
Music magazine NME announced in June 2009 that Courtney Love was reforming Hole with new members. Love said that Melissa Auf der Maur would come back as a bassist and Micko Larkin was the band's new guitarist. A small tour of Europe was planned with shows in London, Milan and Amsterdam but Auf der Maur said that she was not involved in the reunion. Original guitarist Eric Erlandson also said that no reunion could happen because he and Love had a contract when the band broke up in 2002. Love and Erlandson tried to settle the dispute but did not come to an agreement.
Even though there were legal problems, Hole released Nobody's Daughter in April 2010. The album included two new members, bassist Shawn Dailey and drummer Stu Fisher, and had three singles singles—"Skinny Little Bitch", "Pacific Coast Highway" and "Letter to God." Music critics did not give the album good reviews and it did not sell well. It reached number 15 on the Billboard 200 chart but quickly fell off the chart. The band went on a worldwide tour after the release of Nobody's Daughter. A music video for "Samantha", a song from the album, was released in May 2011.
Love, Erlandson, Auf der Maur and Patty Schemel went to the premiere of Schemel's film Hit So Hard: The Life and Near-Death Story of Patty Schemel at the Museum of Modern Art in New York on March 28, 2011. After the film, Schemel said she wanted Hole to record again but Love said "if it's not moving forward, I don't want to do it." The four members reunited again at the Public Assembly in New York on April 13, 2012. The band performed two songs—"Miss World" and "Over the Edge"—and was the first time the four members were together live since 1995.

In a Twitter post for her clothing line, Never the Bride, on November 29, 2010, Courtney Love announced that Hole had broken up. She said "from now on [the band is called Courtney]" and "Hole is dead." During an interview with Rolling Stone, Love said she was continuing as a solo artist and was releasing a new single, "This is War", in February 2013.

Discography

Albums

Singles 
 "Doll Parts" - 1994

References

Other websites

Hole website
Hole website

1989 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2012 disestablishments in the United States
American rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Churchill College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. In 1958 a group of people was formed to get money to build a new college. This group had Winston Churchill as leader, so the college was named after him. It opened in 1960. Churchill College has more than 700 students, one of the biggest. Many of them study a science subject.

Churchill College was the first college in Cambridge to allow female students. This happened in 1972.

Other websites 
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1960 establishments in England
Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters. They are two grumpy old men who fight and laugh at mean things on their balcony. They both appeared in all The Muppet Show episodes except for one in which Statler did not appear because he was sick, so Waldorf appeared with his wife who looks like Statler in a dress. Statler and Walldorf are named after two important hotels in New York City. They are mostly known for appearing as Marley and Marley in The Muppet Christmas Carol. 

Statler is an old man who wears a black and blue suit. Waldorf has a mustache and wears a brown suit. Statler was originally performed by Jerry Nelson and Richard Hunt, and now is performed by Steve Whitmire. Waldorf was originally performed by Jim Henson and is now performed by Dave Goelz.

References

Other websites

Muppets
Fictional people

de:Die Muppet Show#Statler und Waldorf
The Muppet Christmas Carol is a 1992 American musical-comedy movie based on Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol. This was the first movie made after Jim Henson died.

The musical movie features the Muppets and Michael Caine as Ebenezer Scrooge. The songs were written by Paul Williams. Kermit the Frog starred as Bob Cratchit, Miss Piggy as Mrs. Cratchit, Gonzo the Great as Charles Dickens, Fozzie Bear as Fozziwig, Rizzo the Rat as himself, and Statler and Waldorf as Robert Marley and Jacob Marley.

References

Other websites
 

1992 movies
Movies based on TV series
Movies based on books
Movies about animals
Movies set in London
Muppets
American family movies
English-language movies
Nurzhol Boulevard (, formerly known as сулы-нулы бульвар Green Water Boulevard) is the national boulevard of Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. The boulevard is a pedestrian area. It is in the new business and administrative centre of Nur-Sultan. It runs from the President's residence Ak Orda to the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre. The Bayterek is in Nurzhol boulevard.  It is one of Nur-Sultans best-known buildings.

Other websites 
  Water Green Boulevard in Flickr site.

Roads in Asia
National squares
Town squares in Asia
Geography of Kazakhstan
Jerusalem City Hall is a building complex housing the city hall of Jerusalem. It is in Safra Square. The complex was built beside the old city hall on a corner of Jaffa Street between the Old City and the Russian Compound. In 1950, The Israeli municipal government in Jerusalem decided to build a new building for the city hall. After many proposed architectural plans, the final plan was decided on in 1986. Construction began in 1988, and a ceremony for the establishment of the new municipality was done in the old city hall. In 1993, the new municipal complex was opened by mayor Teddy Kollek and heads of state.

Government buildings in Israel
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Local government in Israel
Clare College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It opened in 1326, so it is the second oldest. Its first name was University Hall but it was changed to Clare Hall in 1338. This was because Elizabeth de Clare, granddaughter of Edward I, gave money to the college. In 1856 it changed name again to its current one.

The college building is next to King's College. It goes across the river Cam with a famous bridge which has fourteen spherical stones on it. One of the stones is missing a bit: there are many legends used to explain this fact. The bridge is the oldest on the river. Across the bridge there is a big and beautiful garden, which is usually only open to the Fellows (university teachers).

Very important people have studied here, like David Attenborough, Andrew Wiles, Charles Cornwallis and Thomas Pelham-Holles.

Other websites 
Official website 

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1326 establishments
1320s establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in England
The 1972 United States presidential election happened on November 7, 1972. President Richard Nixon was reelected to a second term. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Nixon won the election by a landslide (winning 49 of 50 states) and got 520 electoral votes. McGovern got 17 electoral votes. John Hospers got one electoral vote by a Virginia faithless elector.

This was the highest of any Republican nominee as a vote, as well as a highest electoral vote in a United States election until Ronald Reagan was re-elected in 1984 by a huge landslide.

George Wallace, governor of Alabama was shot by a would-be assassin during the election.

George McGovern's running mate changed from Thomas Eagleton to Sargent Shriver because of revelations about Eagleton's previous psychiatric problems.

This election occurred during the Watergate scandal, which ultimately caused Nixon to resign in 1974.

Candidates
Candidates

Democratic Party
15 people declared their candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination. They were:
George McGovern, Senator from South Dakota
Hubert Humphrey, Senator from Minnesota and former Vice President
George Wallace, Governor of Alabama
Edmund Muskie, Senator from Maine
Eugene McCarthy, former Senator from Minnesota
Henry M. Jackson, Senator from Washington
Shirley Chisholm, Representative of New York's 12th congressional district
Terry Sanford, former Governor of North Carolina
John Lindsay, Mayor of New York City
Wilbur Mills, Representative of Arkansas's 2nd congressional district
Vance Hartke, Senator from Indiana
Fred Harris, Senator from Oklahoma
Sam Yorty, former Representative of California's 26th congressional district
Patsy Mink, Representative of Hawaii's 2nd congressional district
Walter Fauntroy, Delegate from Washington, D.C.

Candidates gallery
Candidates gallery

Republican Party
Republican candidates:
Richard Nixon, President of the United States
Pete McCloskey, Representative from California
John M. Ashbrook, Representative from Ohio

Candidates gallery

Related pages
Presidential Candidates:
 Richard Nixon
 George McGovern
 Patsy Mink
Vice Presidential Candidates:
 Sargent Shriver
 Spiro Agnew

References

Other websites
 1972 Presidential General Election Results

1972 in the United States
1972
The McGuire Sisters were a group of three American girls originally from Ohio: Christine, Dorothy and Phyllis McGuire. This trio began around 1952 and went on until 1968, during which time the group had many popular hit songs, Sincerely and Sugartime, the earlier of which was in 1954 and the latter during 1958. The group were sometimes compared to the Andrews Sisters due to their sometimes similar singing style and behavior.

The group was composed of three sisters: 

Ruby Christine McGuire (July 30, 1926 – December 28, 2018)
Dorothy "Dottie" McGuire (February 13, 1928 – September 7, 2012)
Phyllis McGuire (February 14, 1931 – December 30, 2020)

References

American girl groups
Musical groups established in the 1950s
1952 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Ohio
1968 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in the United States
Disestablishments in Ohio
The Hasmonean dynasty was a family that led the Hasmoneans led the Maccabean Revolt and transformed Judah from a Seleucid possession that was becoming more Greek-like into an independent, Jewish nation-state. The Hasmoneans expanded Judah through conquest.

History 
After the Salome Alexandra's death in 67 B.C., Salome's sons Hyrcanus II, who was backed by Antipater (the father of Herod the Great), and Aristobulus II fought for control of the Judah. The Roman Pompey entered the conflict on Hyrcanus' side. Aristobulus surrendered to the Romans and was sent to Rome, where he was later murdered.

In 40 B.C., the Parthian Empire and Aristobulus' son Antigonus II invaded Judah and captured Hyrcanus. The Romans then proclaimed Antipater's son Herod king of Judea. The Romans defeated the Parthians and captured and killed Antigonus, the last ruler of the Hasmonean dynasty.

Royal dynasties
Ancient Israel and Judah
Kings of ancient Judah
1st-century BC disestablishments
Rizzo the Rat is a Muppet, who was voiced by Steve Whitmire. He was first in The Muppet Show. He is known for being in a double act with Gonzo the Great. Rizzo is a rat with a New Jersey accent.

References

Other websites

Muppets
Fictional mice and rats

de:Die Muppet Show#Rizzo
History
Penola Catholic College was established in 1995 and is set on 27 acres over two campuses.  Three former schools were combined into  two campuses, Sancta Sophia College at Glenroy and Therry and Geoghegan Colleges at Broadmeadows.  The College name, Penola Catholic College, was chosen for the strong connection between Broadmeadows campus with Saint Mary MacKillop Sisters of St Joseph who established a foundling home on the site in 1901.  Mary MacKillop opened her first school in 1866 in the small town of Penola, in the southeastern part of South Australia.  Together with Fr Julian Tenison Woods, Mary MacKillop founded the order of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart.  From 1901 until the late 1980s, the Sisters of St Joseph ministered to the local community and lived on this site.
College Emblem
The tree trunk on the emblem represents the cross and points to the life of Christ and is a model for the members of Penola Catholic College.  The three Colleges from which Penola Catholic College has sprung is represented by the three leaves.  The three leaves also symbolize the spiritual, physical and intellectual growth potential of members of the College.  The tree also reminds us of the Penola, or the native aboriginal origin.  The name Penola gives a unifying feeling of security, protection and care for its members.
College Governance
The Association of Canonical Administrators of Penola Catholic College is governed and conducted by the Parish Priests of the Member Parishes.
The current members of the College Board are as follows:
Mrs. Joanne Grindrod - Chairperson
Mrs. Annmaree Angelico - Deputy Chairperson
Mr Peter-Damien McKinley - President of the Association of Canonical Administrators
Mr. Christopher Blake - Principal and Executive Officer
Miss Nicole Allan - Staff representative
Mr. Stuart Harrison - Staff representative
Mrs. Teresa Mattei – Parent representative
Mrs. Diane Rufus – Parent Representative
Mrs. Vivien Miles – Parent Representative
Mr. Ray Turner - Parent Representative
Mr. Matthew O’Rourke – Honorary Financial Consultant
Miss Danielle Ciavarella – College Captain
Mr. Charlton Pereira – College Captain
Mrs. Jennifer Vinten – Business Manager
Mrs. Sue Delaney – Secretary
College Facilities
The grounds and facilities on both campuses have undergone significant transformations since the college was established in 1995.
The College will continue to guide this development in the years ahead using the Building Master Plan they have in place.  A Performing Arts Centre, Digital Language Laboratory and Hospitality Centre on the Broadmeadows Campus are just a few recent additions to the College.  There are also refurbished classrooms and outdoor sporting facilities.  The Glenroy campus is undergoing a refurbishing program including a new outdoor recreation facility that was constructed recently.  The Broadmeadows site has many historical buildings including the original homestead “Kerrsland” that was constructed in 1880.  There are some buildings that still stand from St. Joseph’s Babies Home including the magnificent St. Joseph’s Chapel completed in 1924.
Houses
The college has what is known as a House Group System. Students are divided into six House Groups.  They compete for House points in debate, sports and other extra-curricular activities. The six House Groups are:
Mackillop – named after Mary MacKillop, represented by the colour orange.
Nolan – named after Sister Livinus Nolan, long serving Victorian Catholic school educator and member of the Sisters of St. Joseph. Nolan is represented by the colour purple.
Geoghegan – named after one of three colleges amalgamated to form the College, and is represented by the colour green.
Smyth – named after Thomas Smyth, founding Principal of Penola Catholic College and is represented by the colour blue.
Therry – named after one of three colleges amalgamated to form the College and is represented by the colour gold.
Sancta Sophia – named after one of three colleges amalgamated to form the College and is represented by the color red.
Schools in Australia
1995 establishments
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
1990s establishments in Australia
A greedy algorithm is an algorithm used in solving optimization problems. Greedy algorithms select the best result at each iteration. The global optimum is obtained by repeatedly selecting the local optimum.

Examples
Kruskal's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
Prim's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path in a graph with non-negative edge lengths.

There are some problems where greedy algorithms do not produce the best possible solution. In such cases, they often produce the worst possible one. Again look at the coin-changing example above, and imagine that there are coins for 25 cent, 10 cent and 4 cent. Now imagine that the sum of 41 cent needs to be changed. A greedy algorithm would pick 25 cent, 10 cent, and 4 cent, for a total of 39 cent. The algorithm is then stuck, because the remaining 2 cent cannot be changed. One possible way of solving the is to use the 25 cent coin, and four coins of 4 cent.
The 1968 United States presidential election happened on November 5, 1968. Richard Nixon, the Republican candidate and former vice president of the United States, won the election. He defeated the incumbent vice president, Hubert Humphrey, the Incumbent Vice President and a Democrat, and George Wallace, the Governor of Alabama, who ran as a member of the American Independent Party

Incumbent United States President Lyndon B. Johnson was able to run, but decided against it. On March 31, 1968, Johnson withdrew his nomination and he said, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President". 

The incumbent Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, brother of former United States President John F. Kennedy was a serious presidential candidate before his assassination on June 5, 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles after winning the California and South Dakota primaries for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States.
Richard Nixon won the election by 301 electoral votes. Hubert Humphrey got 191 electoral votes. George Wallace received 46 electoral votes and a faithless elector in North Carolina voted Wallace and running mate Curtis LeMay.

Humphrey did not win the south because he was very liberal and favored civil rights. The only southern state he won was Texas (which he won narrowly).

Candidates

Democratic Party
Democratic candidates:
Hubert Humphrey, U.S. vice president from Minnesota
Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. senator from New York, brother of former President John F. Kennedy, and former Attorney General (assassinated)
Eugene McCarthy, U.S. senator from Minnesota
George McGovern, U.S. senator from South Dakota

Candidates gallery
Candidates gallery

Republican Party
Republican candidates:
Richard Nixon, former Vice President and 1960 presidential nominee from New York
 Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York and candidate for the 1960 and 1964 nominations
 Ronald Reagan, Governor of California
 George Romney, Governor of Michigan and candidate 1964 nomination:: Romney was also the father of Gov. Mitt Romney, who ran for president in 2012
 Harold Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota and candidate for the 1948, 1952 and 1964 nominations

Candidates gallery

References

Other websites
 1968 Presidential General Election Results

1968
Ronald Reagan
Richard Nixon
1968 in the United States
American Independent Party is a right-wing political party of the United States founded in California in 1967 by Bill and Eileen Shearer. It is most notable for George Wallace running in the 1968 US Election. That year, it was made up of Democrats opposed to the ending of racial segregation and was most successful in Southern states (Wallace was governor of the Southern state of Alabama).

Over time, the party became closer to the conservative movement and it renounced its policy against racial equality. Today, the party still exists but many of its members have left: most of the earlier members returned to the Democratic Party after the 1969 election and its later members have moved to the Constitution Party. The AIP has endorsed the Constitution Party nominee for President in recent years.

Background information
In 1967, the AIP was founded by Bill Shearer and his wife, Eileen Knowland Shearer. It nominated George C. Wallace (Democrat) as its presidential candidate and retired U.S. Air Force General Curtis E. LeMay as the vice-presidential candidate. Wallace ran on every state ballot in the election, though he did not represent the American Independent Party in all fifty states: in Connecticut, for instance, he was listed on the ballot as the nominee of the "George Wallace Party." The Wallace/LeMay ticket received 13.5 percent of the popular vote and 46 electoral votes from the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama. No third-party candidate has won more than one electoral vote since the 1968 election.

Presidential tickets
Since the fracture of the American Independent Party between the King and Noonan factions, control of the State Party, and thus the ballot line, has been in the hands of the Noonan faction. Attempts to nominate Chuck Baldwin (the 2008 Constitution nominee) or Virgil Goode (the 2012 Constitution nominee) were unsuccessful, as were their independent efforts to make it onto the California presidential ballot.

References 

1967 establishments in California
Political parties in the United States
Zen at War is a 1997 book by Brian Daizen Victoria. It reveals the close involvement of Zen Buddhist teachers with Japanese militarism from the Meiji period until WWII.

Related pages
State Shinto
Nanking Massacre

Buddhism
1997 books
The Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), or Bornean clouded leopard, is found on Sumatra and Borneo. It is a genetically distinct species, related to the Clouded leopard. It has now been filmed.

The Sunda clouded leopard is the largest cat in Borneo,  weighing around 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb). The canine teeth are two inches long, which, in proportion, are longer than other living felines. Its tail, which may be as long as its body, helps it balance when running and jumping.

In Borneo, they occur in lowland rainforest. In Sumatra, they appear to live more in hilly, montane areas. It is not known if there are still Sunda clouded leopards on the small Batu islands close to Sumatra.

Its taxonomy 
In December 2006,  the genus Neofelis was reclassified into two distinct species:
 Neofelis nebulosa from mainland Asia and
 Neofelis diardi from Borneo and Sumatra
The Sunda clouded leopard in each island is different enough to be a separate subspecies.

References 

Felines
Mammals of Asia
Dynamic programming  is a method of solving problems, which is used in computer science, mathematics and economics. Using this method, a complex problem is split into simpler problems, which are then solved. At the end, the solutions of the simpler problems are used to find the solution of the original complex problem. 

Dynamic programming can be used in cases where it is possible to split a problem into smaller problems, which are all quite similar. 

Richard Bellman, a US mathematician, first used the term in the 1940s when he wanted to solve problems in the field of Control theory. He also stated what is now known as Bellman's Principle of Optimality:

References
R.Bellman,On the Theory of Dynamic Programming,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1952 August; 38(8): 716–719.  

Computer science
Combinatorial optimization
Karjala is Finnish brand of beer. Sortavalan Panimo made the beer from 1932 to 1944. In 1948, it started to be made again. It is most popular in Finland.

Products 
 Karjala I (2,7%)
 Karjala III (4,6 %)
 Karjala IVA (Export) (5,2 %)
 Karjala IVB (8,0 %)
 Karjala Terva (4,6%)

Other websites 
 Hartwall's official webcite 

Finnish beers
Infrasound is a type of sound with a frequency lower than humans can hear. This frequency is lower than 16 hertz. When the frequency is lower but the volume is loud enough, humans can feel the vibrations but cannot hear the infrasound. Younger people have the ability to hear lower and higher frequencies. Some animals including whales and elephants can communicate long distances by infrasound.

Related pages
Ultrasound

Sound
Gorgias is a book of dialogue by Plato, written about the nature of  rhetoric, virtue and justice.

Persons 
The book is created by dialogues among persons as follow;
Socrates
Chaerephon, a friend of Socrates
Gorgias, a sophist
Polus, a student of Gorgias
Callicles, a sophist

Synopsis 
In the preliminary discussion, Socrates and Gorgias agree that "persuasion is the chief end (goal) of rhetoric".

Socrates gets Gorgias to agree that there is a difference between belief and knowledge. A belief can be true or false, but there is no such thing as false knowledge (the word implies its correctness). The critical point in the dialogue is now reached:

Socrates: Shall we then assume two sorts of persuasion, one which is the source of belief without knowledge, as the other is of knowledge?

Gorgias: By all means.

Socrates: And which sort of persuasion does rhetoric create in courts of law and other assemblies... the sort of persuasion which gives belief without knowledge, or that which gives knowledge?
Gorgias: Clearly, Socrates, that which only gives belief.

Socrates: Then rhetoric, as would appear, is the artificer of a persuasion which creates belief about the just and unjust, but gives no instruction about them?

A bit later, the dialogue changes direction:

Polus: I will ask; and do you answer me, Socrates, the same question which Gorgias, as you suppose, is unable to answer: What is rhetoric?

Socrates: I should say a sort of experience.

Socrates: An experience in producing a sort of delight and gratification, Polus.

Polus: Then are cookery and rhetoric the same?

Socrates: No, they are only different parts of the same profession.

The dialogue continues. Socrates drives it towards a contrast between true knowledge produced by the art of philosophy, and the practical tricks of rhetoric. Rhetoric is pleasing and effective, but not an art, and  is closer to flattery.
Socrates says that virtue is more important than rhetoric. Rhetoric should depend on philosophy. Philosophy is an art, but rhetoric is just a skill.

So what started as an academic discussion ends as a very direct attack on the way law and politics were done in Athens.

Related pages

Gorgias
Sophist

Works of philosophy
4th-century BC books‎
Classical Greek literature‎
Full-range speaker is a type of loudspeaker that can be used to play sound at all or almost all frequencies that humans are able to hear. The frequency range can be anywhere from 55 to 17500 Hertz. The benefit is that all sound comes from the same point besides multi-way speakers. Also, audio crossover can be more simple. 

Audio technology
A concert band is an ensemble for playing the instruments using wind. The main constituents are
woodwind instrument family, brass instrument family and percussion instrument family. Sometimes, the string instrument family such as cello and double bass can be included.

There are several names similar to concert band like wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, wind ensemble, or symphonic wind ensemble. Many people frequently confuse concert band with brass band or marching band. The differences between them come from the orchestration (how the music is written for the different parts).
The songs written for the concert band are much more easy to listen because of its repertoires . The repertoires are not only about the orchestral composition. Light music, jazz, march and popular tunes are also played. Even though people don't have special knowledge about it, anyone can enjoy the concert band music. It is highly acclaimed for both its quality and popularity. As the arrangement of concert band music is completed in the 20th century, its modern and dynamic style appeals general public. Plus, many conductors conduct concert bands attracted by its unique orchestration.

Classification 

A concert band can be divided into four groups; Professional bands, Military bands, School bands, and Community bands. Except for the professional bands, others are named for the location where the performers play.
Professional bands 
Performers playing in professional bands for pay consider the band performance as their job.  There are many professional bands in the world, such as Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra and Dallas Wind Symphony.

Military bands 
A concert band in the military are called Military bands. Because the repertoires are dynamic and active, concert bands usually perform in the army. Not only the military bands but also marching bands with brass often used for marching there.
 Air Force Academy Band

School Bands 
School bands refer to the groups consisting student players in school. In elementary, middle, high school and university, there are many students playing wind instruments for a concert or event. People included here also can be divided into two groups. Playing them as their hobbies or studying them as their majors.
 In United States- Yale University Concert Band
 In South Korea- Korea University Wind Orchestra
Community Bands 
A community band is a community-based ensemble. It is sponsored by a town or city. Some are professional players but the others may not be.
 The Philadelphia Wind Symphony
 Salt Lake Symphonic Winds
 Teheran Valley Wind orchestra(In Korea)

Instrumentation

Woodwind instrument 
A wind instrument in which sound is produced by the vibration of reeds in the mouthpiece, as a bassoon, clarinet, oboe, or saxophone, or by the passing of air across the mouthpiece, as a flute.
Brass instrument 
A brass instrument is defined as an “aerophone,” which means it is an instrument where the musician must blow air into the instrument. The musician produces the tone by buzzing the lips into what is generally a cup-shaped mouthpiece. It doesn’t mean that the instrument is necessarily made of brass, since instruments that are made of other metals, wood, horn, or even animal bone are included in the family of brass instruments. Other instruments that are made of brass or metals such as the flute or saxophone are not brass instruments.

Percussion instrument 

A percussion instrument is an instrument, such as a drum, xylophone, piano, or marimba, in which sound is produced by one object striking another or by being scraped or shaken.

References 
Sung-gown Jang(2008), Wind Orchestra Music-general remarks & instruction, published by Abraham church music Academy.(Seoul,Korea)

Other websites 
Wilktone
The free dictionary
Directory of American Community Concert Bands and Wind Ensembles
Masato Nakae (December 20, 1917-September 4, 1998) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life 
Nakae was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nakae joined the US Army in February 1942.

Nakae volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.
For his actions in August 1944, Nakae was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Nakae's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Nakae's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1944. He held off an enemy attack and continued to fight after being wounded.
Private Masato Nakae distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on August 19, 1944, near Pisa, Italy. When his submachine gun was damaged by a shell fragment during a fierce attack by a superior enemy force, Private Nakae quickly picked up his wounded comrade’s M-1 rifle and fired rifle grenades at the steadily advancing enemy. As the hostile force continued to close in on his position, Private Nakae threw six grenades and forced them to withdraw. During a concentrated enemy mortar barrage that preceded the next assault by the enemy force, a mortar shell fragment seriously wounded Private Nakae. Despite his injury, he refused to surrender his position and continued firing at the advancing enemy. By inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy force, he finally succeeded in breaking up the attack and caused the enemy to withdraw
. Private Nakae’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 
 

1917 births
1998 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Maeshowe, also known as Orkhaugr, a burial mound in Orkney, Scotland, with underground passage graves. It was built during the Neolithic period, about 3000 years ago. It has been included in the World Heritage Site, Heart of Neolithic Orkney.

The mound used to be taller, with a depression in the top, looking like a small volcano. It measured 11 meters in height and had a diameter of 30 meters. This was changed in 1861 when the mound was dug into by archaeologist James Farrer.

It was built on a raised level area and surrounded by a ditch and a raised bank. It may have been built on top of an earlier structure. Research shows that the ditch used to be filled with water, and there was a large stone circle around the mound. The grave itself is a long narrow entrance opening into a large chamber. There are three smaller rooms which open into the main chamber. It has been built to line up with the sun at the Winter Solstice.
Maeshowe had been dug up in the 12th century by the Vikings. It has many Norse carvings on the rocks.

References

Prehistoric buildings and structures on Orkney
Archaeological sites in Scotland
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Neolithic
2nd millennium BC works
Clare Hall is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1966. It has about 145 postgraduate students (students that already have a degree). It allows both men and women but no undergraduate students. It is one of the smallest colleges but has 125 Fellows (teachers), making the ratio fellows/students very high. 

The college was built by Clare College to make it easier for people who are not students anymore to come back to university and do further education. This is why the college has many facilities for families and for sports.

References

Other websites 
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1966 establishments in England
Corpus Christi College (full name:The College of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary) is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1352 and is special because it was created by local people living in Cambridge, not by royals or nobles as most of the other colleges. It is one of the smallest colleges with about 450 students.

Corpus Christi College has the oldest court in Europe, Old Court, finished in 1356. The New Court, that also has the chapel (small church), was built in 1827. On the corner of the student's library there is the Corpus Clock, a clock made of gold which has a very complicated mechanism. The clock is visible on the main street of Cambridge, King's Parade. The college has another library, the Parker library, that has very old and precious books.

Some very famous people have studied here, like Thomas Cavendish.

References

Other websites 
Official website
Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1352 establishments
14th-century establishments in England
1350s establishments in Europe
Ipse dixit is a Latin phrase which means "He, himself, said it".

In logic, ipse dixit is known as the bare assertion fallacy. One form of the fallacy may be summarized as follows:
 Fact 1: X claims statement A.
 Fact 2: X claims that X is not lying.
 Conclusion: Therefore, A is true or false or whatever X claims it is.
A bare assertion denies that an issue is debatable. In other words, that's just the way it is. In Alice in Wonderland, the problem of ipse dixit is explained by example.
    "When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less."
    "The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things."
    "The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master      that's all."

The most basic way to distort an issue is to deny that it exists.
Ipse dixit is used to identify and describe a dogmatic statement which the speaker expects the listener to accept as valid. Ipse dixit is a sort of arbitrary dogmatism. The only proof we have of the fact is that this person said it.<ref>[http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1027 "Ipse dixit at Law.com]; retrieved 2012-12-10.</ref>

The theory of ipse dixit involves that an unproven statement that the speaker claims is true because it was uttered by "an authority" on the subject. The opinion may carry some weight based solely on the authority or standing of the person said it.

 History 
In the De natura deorum (On the Nature of the Gods), the Roman writer Cicero (106–43 BC) coined the term ipse dixit as an error in law. Cicero was describing the students of Pythagoras.
Jeremy Bentham changed the term ipse-dixit into the word ipse-dixitism. He created this term to apply to political arguments.Ipse dixit is made specific in American law. For example, in a 1997 case, the US Supreme Court recognized the problem of "opinion evidence which is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit'' of an expert".

Related pages
 False dilemma
 Truthiness
 Intensity of preference

References 

Logical fallacies
Latin words and phrases