Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Winfried Kretschmann (born May 17, 1948 in Spaichingen) is the Minister-President of the Southwest German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. He is the first Minister-President of the Green Party.

Kretschmann is born to Catholic parents. He went to school in Riedlingen (District of Biberach). His parents wanted him to become a priest. Instead he joined a school for teaching education and became teacher for Biology, Chemistry and Ethics.

Political career 
Kretschmann started his political career at the Communist League of West Germany in 1973. He later changed his view and is now part of the more conservative Green party.

In 1979/80 he was a co-founder of the Green Party in Baden-Württemberg. He was leader of the Green Party in Baden-Württemberg from 1983 to 1984 and 2002 to 2011. In 2011 he became ninth Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg. He was President of the Bundesrat from 2012 to 2013. 

In the parliamentarian of the Baden-Wuerttemberg state parliament election 2016 he was reelected.
Personal life 
Kretschmann is married and has three children.

1948 births
Living people
German politicians of Alliance '90/The Greens
Ministers-President of Baden-Württemberg
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Riedlingen is a town in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. About 10,000 people live there. It is near the Danube.

History 
Riedlingen is over 1,000 years old. Its foundation is dated back to the 13th century. Documents mention it as early as 835. In 1806, it became part of the Kingdom of Württemberg. In 1973 it became part of the District of Biberach.

Politics 
Riedlingen's current mayor is Marcus Schafft (CDU).

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Towns in Baden-Württemberg
François Cavanna (22 February 1923 – 29 January 2014) was a French author and satirical newspaper editor.
He helped create the Hara Kiri and Charlie Hebdo. He wrote in many of genres including reportage, satire, essays, novels, autobiography and humor. He also translated six books about famous cartoonists.

Cavanna was born on 22 February 1923 in Nogent-sur-Marne. his father was Italian. Cavanna died on 29 January 2014 in Créteil, France from Parkinson's disease, aged 90.

References

Other websites

1923 births
2014 deaths
People from Val-de-Marne
Writers from Île-de-France
Mamdouh Mohamed Gad Eldamaty (; born December 6, 1961 in Cairo) is Professor of Egyptology at the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University in Cairo. On May 15, 2011, he became Cultural Counselor and Head of Educational Mission at the Embassy of Egypt in Berlin.

Early life and education
He attended high school in Cairo. In 1979, he registered at the Faculty of Archeology, Cairo University. In July 1981, he was looking for a summer job as a student. He went to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and met with Dr. Mohamed Saleh, the vice director of the museum. He worked there for one month. In summer 1982, he worked at the museum again for a summer student job. He did work that brought him in contact with all departments of the museum. In 1983, he graduated at the Faculty of Archeology, Cairo University.
At the winter semester 1992/ 93 he registered for his PhD with thesis ‘Sokar- Osiris- Kapelle im Tempel von Dendera’ for which he received a study scholarship from Ministry of Culture at Rhineland Palatia that enabled him to conclude his study in June 1995. 
During his stay in Germany, on February 26th 1992 he married Aida Abdelghany Ahmed, who studied sociology at Zagazig University. She accompanied him to Germany where gave birth to their first daughter, Mariam (11.Feb. 1993) in Trier.

Having concluded his PhD, he returned to Egypt in September 1995 but kept visiting Trier frequently in the years 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2004 and 2007 in order to follow recent publications and studies on Egyptology.
Back in Cairo, where the family got a son and another daughter, he resumed his work for the Faculty’s Museum until January 1996.
Starting from January 1996 he started as lecturer for Egyptology at Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Cairo University, Fayoum Branch. Upon founding an archaeological department at the Faculty of arts, Ain Shams University in August 1998, he moved to the new department as a lecturer for Egyptology until end of 2001.

Career

Director General of Egyptian Museum in Cairo
At the beginning of 2001 he was appointed Director General of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, a post that he held until End of January 2004.

During his directorship the Museum witnessed several far reaching activities, developing its cellar (April 2001), restoration of old records of the Museum (May 2001),  preparing for the second chamber for royal mummies (June 2001) and establishing restoration laboratory for papyrus, in cooperation with Corrado Basile, Director of Istituto Internazionale del Papiro, Siracusa in Italy (March 2003).
In July 2001 he laid forward a concept for the centennial of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, which included several projects to promote and develop the old institution. This concept was approved by Dr. Gaballa Ali Gaballa, the then Secretary General of the Higher Council for Monuments and by the Minister of Culture as well.
These activities were performed in late 2002 in the time of the successor of Gaballa, Dr. Zahi Hawas, who gave this ceremony special attention.

Eldamaty was assigned also to supervise the external exhibitions committee from May 2002 till February 2004.
Professor at Ain Shams University
Having concluded his assignment at the Egyptian Museum he returned to his main work in teaching at the Ain Shams University. There he got the post of associate professor of Egyptology at the Faculty of Arts from 25.03.2001 till 20.08.2006. As of 21.08.2006 he became a full professor of Egyptology and presided over the archaeological Department of Faculty of Arts at Ain Shams University from 12.09.2006 till 12.09.2009.
Besides he was assigned to head the college center for studies, consultations and training from 15.10.2008 till 13.10.2009 when he overtook the post of director of open education center from 22.03.2009 till 15.11.2009.
Starting from 13.09.2009 till 14.05.2011 he was the Dean of Faculty of Arts at the Ain Shams University. During his deanship he supervised the project for sustainable development and qualifying for Accreditation. This sustainable development specified certain criteria for selection of university cadres, which was approved by the college council, albeit not by the university council due to the political conditions accompanying the Arab spring in January 2011.
Following the revolution he organized the first election process in Egyptian universities to choose his successor as Dean of the Faculty in March 2011, as he left the country on 15.05.2011 in the capacity of cultural counselor at the Egyptian Embassy to Berlin and head of educational mission there. At this post he supervises all Egyptian students in Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway.

Teaching in international Universities and Schools
SS.1993 and WS. 1993/94, teaching “Pharaonic art” in the “Volkeshochschule” in
Trier (Germany).
WS 2006 – WS 2007, teaching “Late Period Monuments”; “History of Ancient Egypt art” and “History of Ancient Egypt” in the American University in Cairo (AUC).
Apr. 01. 2005 – Jul. 31. 2005 Guest Professor in the Seminar of Egyptology, Basel University in Switzerland.
Teaching in Egyptian Universities
Oct. 1995 - May 1997, teaching “ancient Egyptian art and Egyptian art in the
Ptolemaic period” in the faculty of archaeology, Cairo university.
Oct. 1995 - May 1998, teaching “ancient Egyptian Language and Egyptian art in
the Ptolemaic time” in the faculty of archaeology, Cairo university, branch of
Fayiom.
Oct. 1996 - May 1999, teaching “ancient Egyptian art” in the high Institute of
Tourism and Hotels.
Oct.1996 – May 2004, teaching “Egyptian art in the Ptolemaic period” in the faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Helwan University.
Oct. 2005 to date, teaching “ancient Egyptian history” in the faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University.
Oct. 2005 to date, teaching “ancient Egyptian Language” in the faculty of Arabic Language, Al-Azhar University.
Membership and other professional activities
International Committee of Arabic Museums (ICOM-Arab). Vice President of
ICOM-Arab (Sep. 2001 – Oct. 2003).
President of ICOM-Arab (Oct. 2003 - 2004).
International Association of Egyptologists.
Arab Archaeologists Association.
Egyptian Society for historical studies.
The German Archaeological Institute (DAI).
The team in charge of the establishment of the Egypt Archaeological Map.
Board  of  Directors  of  the  antiquities  Museum  of  the  library  of  Alexandria
(Bibliotheca Alexandrina).
Egyptological team in charge of the organization of the exhibits of the New
Museum  of  Egyptian  antiquities  to  be  built  in  Giza  (from  Sep.1999  to
31.01.2004).
Board of Directors of Cairo Museum (from 01.02.2001 to 31.01.2004).
Board  of  Directors  of  permanent  committee  in  SCA.  (From  01.02.2001  to
31.01.2004).
Board of Directors of Museums sector in SCA. (From 01.02.2001 to 31.01.2004).

Awards and Honors
Awards and Honors

Legion of Honor “Cavalier” from the Italian Government (Oct. 10. 2004).

State Award for Excellence in Social Sciences (Jun. 21. 2010)
Scientific publications
“Squatting statues in the Cairo Museum”, in: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo 46, Mainz 1990, 1-13 (Taf. 1-9).
“Isis-Hathor im Tempel von Dendera”, in: Aegyptiaca Treverensia 7 (Festschrift für Erich Winter), Mainz 1994, 81-87.
Sokar-Osiris-Kapelle im Tempel von Dendera, Hamburg 1995.
“Eine Szene der Besänftigung der Sachmet im Kiosk von Dendera”, in: Journal of  the faculty of  Archaeology 7, Cairo 1996, 147-156.
“Der Goldfalke als Opfergabe in den grichisch-römischen Tempel”, in: Göttinger Miszellen 161, Göttingen 1997, 51-64.
“Horus als Ka des Königs”, in: Göttinger Miszellen 169, Göttingen 1999, 31-45 (Taf. 1-8).
Catalogue Général of Egyptian Antiquities in the Cairo Museum, Statues of  the XXVth.  and   XXVIth.  Dynasties, Nr.  48601-48649, Cairo 1999. (together with Jack A. Josephson) 
“Die Schutzformeln hinter dem König im Kiosk des Tempels von Dendera”, in: Bibliothèque d’Étude 138 (Hommages a Fayza Haikal), Cairo 2003, 83-91.
“Die Treppe des Hinaufsteigens zum Dach des Tempels von Dendera im Neujahrfest”, in: Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century (proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo 2000), vol. 1, Cairo 2003, 171-179.
“The Egyptian Directors of the Cairo Museum 1941-1991”, in: Bulletin of the Egyptian Museum 1, Cairo 2004, 7-8. (together with Heba Samy)
Ein ptolemäisches Pristerdekret aus dem Jahr 186 v. Chr. eine neue Version von Philensis II in Kairo, APF-Beiheft 20, München und Leipzig 2005.
“Zur Bedeutung der leeren Kartuschen”, in: Göttinger Miszellen 207 (2005), pp. 23–36.
“Stela of Iuyres in Cairo Museum”, in: Journal of  the faculty of  Archaeology 10, Cairo 2005, pp 63–69.
“Zwei Stelen mit Sonnenhymnen aus dem Kairener Museum”, (FS Mohamed Saleh), in: Bulletin of the Egyptian Museum 2, Cairo 2005, pp. 55–60.
“Die leeren Kartuschen aus der Regierungszeit von Kleopatra VII. im Tempel von Dendera”, in: OLA 150 (Leuven, 2007), pp. 511– 544.
“A Statuette of Psamtik I with a Spear”, in: Sue H. D’Auria, Servant of Mut: Studies in Honor of Richard A. Fazzini, Leiden 2007, pp. 83–88.
“Die leeren Kartuschen im Tempel von Edfu”, in: U. Rössler & T. Tawfik (HRSG.), Die ihr vorbeigehen werdet ... Wenn Gräber, Tempel und Statuen sprechen, Gedenkschrift für Prof. Sayed Tawfik Ahmed, SDAIK 16, Berlin 2009, pp. 81–102, Taf. 9-12.
"Die leeren Kartuschen von Echnaton”, in: Sue H. D'Auria (edit.), Offeringsof the Discerning Eye, An Egyptological Medley in Honor of Jack Josephson, (= Culture and Hisrtory of the Ancient Near East 38, Leiden 2010), pp. 79–81.
“Die ptolemäische Königin als Weiblicher Horus”, in: A. Jördens und J. F. Quack (edit.), Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äußerem Druck. Die Zeit Ptolemaios’ VI. bis VIII., (= PHILIPPIKA, Marburger altertumskundliche Abhandlungen 45, Wiesbaden 2011), pp. 24–57.
Articles in Catalogs of special exhibitions
Cat. No. 78, 79 & 105, in: The Quest for Immortality, Treasures of Ancient
Egypt, Washington 2002. (in USA).
The Third Intermediate Period (together with Isabelle Franco), in: The Pharaohs, Milano 2002, 69-83. (in Italy).
Pro0swpa	thj	Aigu0ptou	Apo0	thn	Gki0za	sto Fagiou0m
(together with Mohamed Saleh), Athens 2003. (in Greece).
Cat.  Nr.  42-46,  in:  Tutanchamun,  das  goldene  Jenseits,  Basel  2004.  (in
Switzerland).
Das Ägyptische Museum in Kairo, in: Tutanchamun, das goldene Jenseits, Basel
2004, 17-26. (in Switzerland).

Editing of
Egyptian Museum collections around the World, Studies for the Centennial of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo 2002 (together with Mai Trad).
Bulletin of the Egyptian Museum, Vols. 1-2, Cairo 2004-2005 (together with Zahi Hawass and Khaled Daoud).

Related pages
List of Egyptian scientists

References

1961 births
Living people
Egyptian academics
Egyptian scientists
People from Cairo
Ralph Moody Hall (May 3, 1923 – March 7, 2019) was an American politician. He was a United States representative from Texas from 1981 through 2015.

He was the dean of the Texas congressional delegation. He was also the former chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology from 2011 to 2013.

He is also a member of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. Originally a member of the Democratic Party for more than fifty years, in 2004 he switched to the Republican Party.

He was the last of two World War II veterans serving in Congress, the other being Michigan Congressman John Dingell.

Hall was born on May 3, 1923 in Fate, Texas. He studied at Southern Methodist University. Hall married Mary Ellen in 1944. They had three children. Ellen died in 2008. Hall died at his ranch in Rockwall, Texas, a suburb of Dallas on March 7, 2019 from cardiac arrest, aged 95.

References

Other websites
Ralph Hall for Congress
Profile  at SourceWatch
1923 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
American military personnel of World War II
United States representatives from Texas
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Military people from Texas
Tlatelolco () is an area in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City. It is centered on the Plaza de las Tres Culturas.

Mexico City
Poi or POI can mean several things:

 Poi (food), a Polynesian basic food
 Poi spinning, a Māori performance art
 Poi, the Tibetan name for Tibet
 Product of Inertia
 President of India
Solid geometry is the geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space. It includes the measurements of volumes of various solid figures (three-dimensional figures). These include pyramids, cylinders, cones, spheres, and prisms.

It is Euclidean geometry, but not plane geometry. Points are defined as a defined position on a sphere. A "staight line" is the shortest path between two points which stays on the surface of the sphere. 

Euclid's account of spherical geometry is in his Elements volumes XIXIII containing solid geometry, and in his lesser-known work the Phaenomena, which includes 25 geometric propositions. The actual discoveries were often made by others. 

The Pythagoreans dealt with the regular solids, like the cube and the sphere. The pyramid, prism, cone and cylinder were not studied until the Platonists. Eudoxus proved the pyramid and cone have one-third the volume of a prism and cylinder on the same base and of the same height.
The equations for areas and volumes in two and three dimensions was proved by Archimedes. One of Archimedes' works was called On the sphere and the cylinder. He asked that a carving of the two solid figures be placed on his tomb. He specified a "right circular cylinder with height equal to its circumference" because he had used this in his proof. 

People use solid geometry for many purposes including engineering and the calculation of perspective.

References 

Fields of geometry
Not proven is a type of verdict in Scottish law. Out of the country, the "not proven" verdict may be referred to as the Scottish verdict, and in Scotland itself it may be referred to colloquially as the bastard verdict, which was a term coined by Sir Walter Scott, who was sheriff in the court of Selkirk.

Scottish law is distinct from English law, and this is one of the differences. Juries may convict with a guilty verdict or they may acquit (see below)). A criminal case jury consists of 15 jurors, and make their decision by a simple majority vote: eight votes are necessary and sufficient for the verdict "guilty", which has replaced the older verdict "proven".

In Scotland there are two forms of acquittal:
Not guilty means the accused is innocent, in the opinion of the jury.
Not proven means the prosecution has failed to prove their case, but the jury has disagreed as to the innocence of the accused.

References 

Legal terms
Scots law
In humans, the sacrum is a large, triangular bone. It is at the bottom of the spine and the upper and back part of the pelvis. 

It fits like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone). During the first half of life these bones gradually fuse together.

The sacrum is concave facing forward, and tilted forward. The sacrum connects with four bones:
 the last lumbar vertebra above
 the coccyx (tailbone) below
 the illium portion of the hip bone on either side

Bones
Solero is a ice-cream brand, usually fruit and/or berry flavored, sold under the Heartbrand name by Unilever.

Other names
Solero is sold as Splice in Australia  and as Salar in Iran.

References

Desserts
Ice cream
Dogecoin is a Bitcoin-based digital currency (cryptocurrency). It was created by Billy Markus and Jackson Palmer on 8 December 2013, and was inspired by the Shiba Inu featured in the "Doge" internet meme. Palmer and Markus launched the coin on Dec. 6, 2013. Two weeks later on Dec. 19, the value of Dogecoin jumped 300%, perhaps due to China forbidding its banks from investing in cryptocurrency. Doge functions based on the Scrypt technology. It has unlimited emission, and fast transaction processing speed.

Users can buy and sell Dogecoin on digital currency exchanges. They can opt to store their Dogecoin on an exchange or in a Dogecoin wallet.

Dogecoin.com promotes the currency as the "fun and friendly Internet currency", referencing its origins as a "joke."

Elon Musk frequently mentions or talks about Dogecoin on his Twitter account, boosting its popularity significantly in recent years.

References

Cryptocurrency
The NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award (NOESA) is a distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). It is awarded to an Eagle Scout by the National Eagle Scout Association for distinguished service to his profession and community. He must be recommended by his local BSA council, NESA committee, Scout executive and council president.

A council may present one NOESA per year plus one award for every 100 Eagle Scout awards above of 200 awards presented to youth the previous year. The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA) is a similar distinguished award, but requires twenty-five years as an Eagle Scout. NOESA is not required for the DESA award, but DESA recipients may not receive the NOESA.
Award
The award consists of a round gold pendant with the NOESA emblem in silver. It is suspended from a blue ribbon. The NOESA emblem is in the shape of the NESA logo. It is round with a descending knot, with an eagle in flight and the word NOESA. A smaller pin-on version of the NOESA emblem may be worn on the Eagle Scout square knot patch on the Scout uniform. A lapel pin version of the NOESA emblem may be worn on the lapel when not in uniform. The recipient is also presented with a certificate.
History
The NOESA was introduced during BSA'a 100th Anniversary year with the first 152 awards being made in 2011 by the National Eagle Scout Association. This was on the recommendation of local council NESA Committees. In 2012, an additional 179 were awarded bringing the total to 331.  The award was created to recognize notable Eagle Scouts who had either performed their distinguished service closer to home (at the local, state, or regional level) or who were known nationally, but had not yet been an Eagle for 25-years: a requirement for the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.

Recipients
For more details: List of Eagle Scouts

References

Scouting
Cambodian protests or Anti-government protests, have been going on in Cambodia since July 2013. Demonstrations in Phnom Penh have taken place against the government of Prime Minister Hun Sen. These were because many reasons, including widespread claims of election fraud during the Cambodian general election of 2013. Protesters want the minimum wage raised to $160 a month. There is also resentment over Vietnamese influence in Cambodia. Also, Cambodia is a very poor country and the government is not doing much to address the issues. The main opposition party, CNRP (Cambodia National Rescue Party), refused to participate in parliament after the elections. Major demonstrations took place all through December 2013. The government took action in January 2014. This led to the deaths of 4 people and the clearing of the main protest camp.

Background
Background

Hun Sen has been the prime minister of Cambodia for 28 years. He is the leader of the Cambodian People's Party (CPP). In 2013 he was challenged by Sam Rainsy leader of the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP). On 28 July 2013 general elections were held in Cambodia. The ruling Cambodian People's Party claimed victory by winning 68 seats in Parliament. The Cambodia National Rescue Party won 55 seats. They then rejected the election results and boycotted the opening of parliament. The CNRP claimed there had been irregularities with the voting. The European Union (E.U.) and the United States also expressed concern about possible fraud. The international non-governmental organisation Human Rights Watch called for an 'independent commission' to investigate charges of election fraud.

September 2013
September 2013 

Security police clashed with Cambodian protesters when the police blocked the two main roads near the Kbal Thnal Bridge leading into Phnom Penh. Police shot and killed one protester wearing a yellow headband with the word, “We demand Justice”. Three others were seriously injured. Ten people were arrested. Police used firearms, tear gas and water cannons against the protesters. The protesters smashed a barrier in the middle of a road. They also threw rocks, shoes and other objects at the police. One policeman was injured. This clash happened the day before the scheduled talks between Prime Minister Hun Sen and CRNP leader Sam Rainsy.

November 2013
November 2013 

A woman was shot and nine others were wounded when clothing workers in Phnom Penh protested working conditions. About 100 police blocked some 600 protesters who were airing their complaints over low pay and poor working conditions along Stung Meanchey road. Police fired live bullets and tear gas to rescue fellow officers. Protesters threw rocks at police. When protesters retreated into a pagoda police fired tear gas into the building. Buddhist monks joined in the protests also throwing rocks at police. More than a dozen people including several monks were arrested.

December, 2013 

On 27 December striking garment workers and police officers clashed on a road on the outskirts of Phnom Penh. The opposition party organised large protests in Phnom Penh during December, including motorbike rallies. The government called the protests illegal and stated that they were 'inciting anarchy'.

January 2014
January 2014 

On 3 January at least four people were shot to death and 20 others were injured when police opened fire to break up a protest by garment workers. The workers were demanding their minimum wage be doubled. They had blocked the road with burning tires. Protesters also threw objects at police. By this time most of the workers at Cambodia's 500 factories were on strike. The demand was still for a $160 a month in minimum wage while the government had offered $100. This was the second day of strikes and clashes with police. The opposition party and anti-government protesters have close ties with the labor movement. Unions representing disgruntled garment workers joined the protest with opposition supporters against the government of Prime Minister Hun Sen. They want a re-run of the July election. Sam Rainsy, CNRP leader promised to nearly double wage to $160 if CNRP wins a re-election.
On 4 January a camp occupied by anti-government demonstrators was taken down by Cambodian officials. The camp was in Freedom Park. Hundreds of CNRP supporters started occupying the space on 15 December. It is the only place in Phnom Penh that allowed protests. Protesters fled with their belongings as they saw police approaching. Police did not enter the park, but allowed security guards and city workers to take down the stage and clear the grounds. In spite of the clearing of the park a rally planned for Sunday would go ahead according to Rainsy. At that rally at least eight people injured. On 6 January a protest was led by radio station owner Mam Sonando. They gathered in front of the Cambodia Ministry of Information to demand a license for a television channel. The government rejected the application saying that there was no frequency available. All local TV channels are closely linked to Prime Minister Hun Sen.

Gallery

References
References

2013 in Asia
2014 in Asia
21st century in Cambodia
Human rights
2010s protests
"Perfume" is a ballad released by Britney Spears in late 2013. It is from her 8th studio album Britney Jean. It is the second single from the album. It stalled in the bottom 50 of the Billboard Hot 100.

Britney Spears songs
2013 songs
Britney Jean is the 8th studio album release from Britney Spears. Singles released from the album include "Work Bitch" and "Perfume".

References

Britney Spears albums
2013 albums
Thomas Young (13 June 1773 – 10 May 1829) was an English polymath. Young made important scientific contributions to many fields. His most famous work is on the wave theory of light.  He also did good work to the fields of vision, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology. Among others, William Herschel, Hermann von Helmholtz, James Clerk Maxwell and Albert Einstein have praised Young's work.

References

1773 births
1829 deaths
English writers
English archaeologists
Quakers
British physiologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
English physicists
The Physalis is a genus of plants that is part of the nightshade family. There are between 75 and 90 species. All except one are native to the Americas.

The plants grow small orange fruit encased in a lantern-like husk that comes from the calyx. They are similar to the tomato. Since it has a mild, refreshing acidity similar to the tomato, it can be used in many of the same ways. Many Physalis species are called groundcherries.

References 

Solanaceae
Michael Alan Silka (20 August 1958 in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, near Chicago – 19 May 1984 in Alaska) was an American spree killer.  It is believed that he killed nine people near a town called Manley Hot Springs in Alaska in May 1984.  Silka was killed in a shootout with police after his murders.

Victims
Fred Burk (also spelled Burke), 30
Albert Hagen, Jr., 27
Joyce Klein, about 30
Lyman Klein, 36
Marshall Klein, 2
Dale Madajski, 24
Larry Joe McVey, 38
Roger Culp, 34
Troy L. Duncan, 34

References

1958 births
1984 deaths
American burglars
American spree killers
Criminals from Chicago
Delaware State University (also called DSU, DESU, or Del State) is a public university in Dover, Delaware. It is a historically black university. That means that it was started to teach African American students.

DSU has campuses in Wilmington, Delaware and Georgetown, Delaware.  It has six colleges. It has about 4,500 students, both undergraduate and postgraduate. DSU is the second-largest university in the state (after the University of Delaware).

History

The school started on May 15, 1891 as the State College for Colored Students. It first gave degrees in 1898. In 1944, it received provisional accreditation. Three years later, it became Delaware State College. The school lost its accreditation in 1949, but got it back in 1957. On July 1, 1993, the school's name changed to Delaware State University.
Campus
The main campus in Dover covers . It has thirty buildings. There are seven buildings where students live, four for women and three for men.  There are also three apartment-style buildings where upperclassmen live. There are two dining halls.

The university has several research computer laboratories. Almost every building has a computer lab. Every student has their own port for internet access, their own phone, and a campus email address. There is cable television access in all residence hall rooms. Most campus buildings also have wireless connectivity.

DSU owns two farms near Kenton and Smyrna. It has an Airway Science Program based at Delaware Air Park in Cheswold.

References

Colleges and universities in Delaware
1891 establishments in the United States
Historically black colleges and universities
Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference
Dover, Delaware
19th-century establishments in Delaware
Bubblegum pop, is a style of pop music. It derives from synthpop. It is much like its predecessors, although it adds traditional nursery rhymes to a synth background. The Archies created this genre of music. "Sugar, Sugar" is the first song which The Archies made that is bubblegum pop. Bubblegum pop also can be called bubblegum music, or just simply bubblegum.

Pop music
James Timothy Shaw (August 9, 1939 – January 30, 2014), known as The Mighty Hannibal, was an American R&B, soul and funk singer, songwriter and record producer.

Hannibal died on January 30, 2014, at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
Discography at Soulfulkindsmusic.net
Discography at Koti.mbnet.fi 
Review of Hannibalism from The Tuscaloosa News at News.google.com

1939 births
2014 deaths
American R&B singers
American record producers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Atlanta
Abdirizak Haji Hussein (; ; December 24, 1924January 31, 2014) was Prime Minister of Somalia from 14 June 1964 to 15 July 1967. From 1975 to 1980, he also served as the country's ambassador to the United Nations. He was a former member of the Somali Youth League. He played an important part in the nation's early civilian administration.

Hussein died from pneumonia on January 31, 2014 in Minneapolis, Minnesota after being hospitalized for a week.

References

Other websites
"Somalia: a Country Study - Government." U.S. Library of Congress.

1924 births
2014 deaths
Ambassadors to the United Nations
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Prime Ministers of Somalia
Miklós Jancsó (27 September 192131 January 2014) was a Hungarian movie director and screenwriter.

Jancsó became famous during the mid-1960s. His famous works were The Round Up (Szegénylegények, 1965), The Red and the White (Csillagosok, katonák, 1967) and Red Psalm (Még kér a nép, 1971).

Jancsó died on 31 January 2014, aged 92.

References

Other websites

Jancsó's biography at Hungary.hu 

 

1921 births
2014 deaths
Hungarian movie directors
Hungarian screenwriters
William Frank Jones, better known as Christopher Jones (August 18, 1941 – January 31, 2014), was an American movie and television actor. He was known for his roles on Ryan's Daughter and in The Legend of Jesse James. He was also known for having a love-affair with Sharon Tate shortly before her murder.

Jones was born on August 18, 1941 in Jackson, Tennessee. He was married to Susan Strasberg, Lee Strasberg's daughter. They had one child. Jones died on January 31, 2014 from gallbladder cancer, aged 74.

References

Other websites

1941 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from gallbladder cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Tennessee
Everett McKinley Dirksen (January 4, 1896 – September 7, 1969) was an American politician. He represented Illinois in the U.S. House of Representatives (1933–1949) and U.S. Senate (1951–1969).

As Senate Minority Leader for ten years, he was very important in the politics during the 1960s. Some things he did was to help passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Open Housing Act of 1968, both landmarks of civil rights legislation.

He was also one of the Senate's strongest supporters of the Vietnam War and was known as "The Wizard of Ooze" for his oratorical style. Dirksen was a freemason.

Dirksen died on September 7, 1969 in Washington, D.C. from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by lung cancer-related bronchopneumonia, aged 73.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Stan Mendenhall, "Everett Dirksen and the 1964 Civil Rights Act." 
 Abstract of Byron C. Hulsey, Everett Dirksen and His Presidents: how a Senate giant shaped American politics U. Kansas, 2000. 
 The Dirksen Congressional Research Center
 IMDB profile
 
 Dirksen Primary School, Pekin, IL 
 Dirksen Junior High School, Joliet, IL 
 Complete transcript and audio of Everett Dirksen's RNC Nomination of Barry Goldwater
 Oral History Interviews with Everett Dirksen, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library 

1896 births
1969 deaths
Minority leaders of the United States Senate
American esotericists
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
Freemasons
United States representatives from Illinois
United States senators from Illinois
Republican Party (United States) politicians
A presidential library is a system of thirteen libraries in the United States. It is created by the Office of Presidential Libraries, which is part of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). 

These are offices for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every president of the United States. The presidential library system began with Herbert Hoover's library (31st president, 1929–1933).

The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library is the largest of the thirteen libraries. The most recent presidential library was the George W. Bush Presidential Center which opened in Texas in 2013.

References
 Portions of this article based on public domain text from the National Archives and Records Administration
The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library and museum. It was constructed in honor and to remember the life and achievements of the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy. It is located in Boston, Massachusetts. It was designed by the architect I. M. Pei. It was opened to the public on October 20, 1979 and was rededicated on October 23, 1993.

On April 15, 2013, a fire began in the library. At first, reports said the fire appears to have started in a mechanical room. An official communication from the library stated that the fire is being investigated. At this time, the fire appears to be unrelated to the Boston Marathon bombings that occurred on the same day.

References

Other websites

 JFK Library and Museum
 JFK Library and Museum Online Store 

John F. Kennedy
Museums in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Boston
Kennedy
I. M. Pei buildings
1979 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Massachusetts
Tomáš Fleischmann (born May 16, 1984, in Kopřivnice, Czechoslovakia) is a former Czech NHL ice hockey left winger that played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, Anaheim Ducks, Florida Panthers, Colorado Avalanche, and Washington Capitals.

Career
Before playing the NHL, Fleischmann played 2 seasons with Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League. He was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings with the 63rd overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He never played with the Red Wings however and he along with draft picks were traded to the Washington Capitals for Robert Lang. He played 3 seasons in the AHL with their affiliate, the Hershey Bears. Fleischmann would play 6 seasons with the Capitals and was traded to the Colorado Avalanche for Scott Hannan on November 30, 2010. His season with the Avalanche was cut short when he was diagnosed with pulmonary emboli and had to miss the rest of the season.

On July 1, 2011, he signed a four-year contract worth $18 million with the Florida Panthers.
On February 28, 2015, he was traded from Florida to Anaheim Ducks in exchange for forward Dany Heatley and a draft pick in the third round of 2015 NHL draft. After the season he left the team as an unrestricted free agent. On September 13, 2015, he was invited through proffesional tryout to Montreal Canadiens camp  and on October, 4, 2015, he signed a one-year contract worth $750.000.

On February, 26, 2016, he was traded along with forward Dale Weise to Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for forward Phillip Danault and a draft pick in second round of 2018 NHL draft.

References

Other websites

1984 births
Living people
Anaheim Ducks players
Colorado Avalanche players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Czech ice hockey players
Florida Panthers players
Hershey Bears players
Montreal Canadiens players
Portland Pirates players
Washington Capitals players
American Hockey League players
Kiash Nanah (2 February 1936 – 29 January 2014) or Aïché Nana was a Lebanese-born Turkish actress, dancer and stripper. She was known for inspiring the dance of La Dolce Vita. She began her career when she was fourteen in 1950.

Nana died on 29 January 2014, aged 77, at the Aurelia Hospital in Rome, Italy. The cause was not published.

References

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1936 births
2014 deaths
People from Beirut
Singers
Turkish actors
František "Frank" Kaberle (born November 8, 1973, in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech retired ice hockey defenceman. He played a combined ten seasons in the National Hockey League. His brother Tomáš currently plays for HC Kladno of the Czech Extraliga and formerly played in the NHL.

Career
Before playing the NHL, Kaberle played two seasons with HC Kladno of the Czech Extraliga and four seasons with Modo Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings with the 76th overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. Kaberle only played one season with the Kings and was traded along with Donald Audette to the Atlanta Thrashers for Kelly Buchberger and Nelson Emerson on March 13, 2000.
He played five seasons with the Thrashers and signed with the Carolina Hurricanes on July 15, 2004 after the 2004-05 NHL lockout. With the Hurricanes, he reached the Stanley Cup Finals and scored a powerplay goal against the Edmonton Oilers which would wind being the winner as the Hurricanes won the Stanley Cup. His contract was bought out by the Hurricanes during the final year of his contract on July 28, 2009. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2012.

References

Other websites

1973 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Carolina Hurricanes players
Czech ice hockey players
Los Angeles Kings players
Lowell Lock Monsters players
Stanley Cup champions
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Theoxena scissaria is a species of moth. It is part of the Geometridae family. Guenee used the scientific name in 1868.

References

 Theoxena scissaria in id.net 

Geometridae
Seymour Benzer (October 15, 1921 – November 30, 2007) was an American physicist, biologist and geneticist. He was of Jewish descent.

His career began during the molecular biology revolution of the 1950s, and he eventually rose to prominence in the fields of molecular and behavioral genetics. He led a genetics research lab at Purdue University and at the California Institute of Technology.

Benzer made fundamental discoveries in two quite different fields of genetics. He got his PhD in solid-state physics, but soon switched to genetics after he read Erwin Schrödinger's book What is Life?
Phage genetics 
At Purdue University, Benzer developed the "T4 rII system", a new genetic technique. This used recombination in T4 bacteriophage rII mutants to map the inside structure of genes. Benzer realized that by generating many r mutants and recording the recombination frequency between different r strains, he could make a detailed map of the gene, much as Alfred Sturtevant had done for chromosomes.<ref name=Weiner>Weiner, Jonathan 1999. Time, love, memory: a great biologist and his quest for the origins of behavior. New York: Knopf. </ref>
Taking advantage of the enormous number of recombinants that could be analyzed in the rII mutant system, Benzer was eventually able to map over 2400 rII mutations. The data he collected provided the first evidence that the gene is not an indivisible entity, as previously believed, and that genes were linear. Based on his rII data, Benzer also proposed distinct classes of mutations including deletions, point mutations, missense mutations, and nonsense mutations.Holmes F.L. & Summers W.C. 2006. Reconceiving the gene: Seymour Benzer's adventures in phage genetics. New Haven: Yale University Press. 

 Behavioral genetics 
Benzer was one of the first scientists in the field of behavioral genetics. As the field began to emerge in the 1960s and 70s, Benzer found himself in scientific opposition to another of the field's leading researchers, Jerry Hirsch.
Hirsch believed that behaviors were so complex they could not be explained as the action of single genes, Benzer thought behaviors might be directed by single genes. Both researchers tried their ideas out on Drosophila''. Hirsch artificially selected for behaviors of interest over many generations, while Benzer used methods to isolate mutants for a particular behavior. Benzer and Hirsch's competing philosophies developed behavioral genetics, and helped it become a legitimate area of study in the scientific community.

Honors and awards (selection) 
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1959)
 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1971)
 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University (1976),
 National Medal of Science (1982)
 Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal (1986)
 Wolf Prize in Medicine (1991)
 Crafoord Prize (1993)
 NAS Award in the Neurosciences from the National Academy of Sciences (2001)
 Gairdner Foundation International Award (2004) (second award)
He was a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences.

References 

1921 births
2007 deaths
American biologists
American geneticists
American physicists
Purdue University faculty
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Wolf Prize winners
American molecular biologists
Scientists from New York City
California Institute of Technology faculty
In Christianity, prima scriptura is the idea that canonical scripture is the most important kind of  divine revelation. People who believe in this idea say that revelation that comes from scripture is more important than revelation that comes from other sources. Other sources include traditions, spiritual gifts, conscience, common sense and the views of experts. Prima scriptura suggests that there are  ways of knowing or understanding God and his will that do not originate from canonized scripture. These may be helpful in interpreting that scripture, but that if they seem to contradict the scriptures, the scriptures should be used instead.

Prima scriptura is sometimes mentioned together with Sola scriptura. Sola scriptura is a view mainly held by protestants which states that only scripture is the source of divine revelation. Sola scriptura rejects scripture which is not in the Bible, while prima scriptura says that there may be such scripture.
Christian theology
Latin words and phrases
Christian terminology
Pseudocoremia is a genus of moth. It is part of the family Geometridae. This genus is endemic to New Zealand.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Geometridae
Tatosoma is a genus of moths. It is part of the family Geometridae.

Some of the species in this genus are:
 Tatosoma alta – Philpott, 1913
 Tatosoma agrionata – Walker, 1862
 Tatosoma apicipallida – Prout, 1914
 Tatosoma lestevata – Philpott, 1914
 Tatosoma monoviridisata – Clarke, 1920
 Tatosoma tipulata – Walker, 1862
 Tatosoma topia – Philpott, 1903

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Geometridae
Graphania is a genus of moths. It is part of the Noctuidae family.

The genus is made up of more than 100 species. Some of them are:
 Graphania agorastis – Meyrick, 1887
 Graphania averilla – Hudson, 1921
 Graphania beata – Howes, 1906
 Graphania bromias – Meyrick, 1902
 Graphania brunneosa – Fox, 1970
 Graphania chlorodonta – Hampson, 1911
 Graphania disjungens – Walker, 1858
 Graphania erebia – Hudson, 1909
 Graphania fenwicki – Philpott, 1921
 Graphania lindsayi – Dugdale, 1988
 Graphania sequens – Howes, 1912

Footnotes

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Geometridae
Crocin is a chemical compound that produces a type of natural pigment. It is found in the flowers of crocus and gardenia plants. It has a deep red colour. Crocin is what is mainly responsible for the colour of saffron. It is also called saffronin or polychroite.

Crocin was used as a dye for textiles. Because it is unstable it is no longer used for that purpose..

References 

Organic compounds
Pigments
Marple Hall School is a specialist language college in Marple, Greater Manchester, England. The headteacher is Mr. Joseph Barker. The school is on the outskirts of Greater Manchester, near the River Goyt.

History 

Marple Hall was a manor house once owned by John Bradshaw. Born at Marple Hall, Bradshaw was first a clerk, then a lawyer. After the English Civil War he was the first to sign the death warrant of Charles I of England. The house was later owned by the Isherwood family. The ruins of the house are still near the grounds of the school. Two of the modern buildings are named for these two. In 1960 a grammar school was built on the grounds of the manor. In 1965 the school had separate schools for boy and girls. In 1974 it became Marple Hall County High School. This school is for both boys and girls.

References 

Schools in England
An ethnic conflict (or ethnic war) is a conflict where different ethnic groups fight each other. It is different from a civil war, where a single nation or ethnic group is fighting among itself.

Examples of ethnic wars since the 1990s were typically caused by secessionist movements leading to the breakup of multi-ethnic states along ethnic lines: the Yugoslav Wars, the First Chechen War, the Nagorno-Karabakh War, the Rwandan Civil War and the War in Darfur, among others

Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialist, instrumentalist or constructivist. Intellectual debate has also focused around the issue of whether ethnic conflict has become more common since the end of the Cold War, and on finding ways of managing conflicts, through instruments such as consociationalism and federalisation.

Conflicts
Bryce Canyon National Park is a national park in southwestern Utah. Its major feature is Bryce Canyon.

Despite its name, this is not a canyon but a collection of giant natural amphitheaters along the eastern side of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Bryce is known for its hoodoos. The hoodoos are badlands formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rocks. 

The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors. Bryce is much higher than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from .

References 

Geography of Utah
Badlands
National parks in the United States
A doorbell is a device which is typically installed to or near a door. When a visitor presses a button, the bell rings inside the building, alerting the presence of the visitor. 

In modern technology, a button is pressed completing a circuit which in response makes a sound.

History
Older doorbells were fully mechanical. Newer electrical doorbells were installed by wires and use a push-button to activate the sound. The latest doorbells have wireless connections although older ones may be wired.

References

Other websites

Electronic components