Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Events 
 Edgar I deposes Donald III to become king of Scotland.
 The First Crusade reaches Constantinople.
 Crusaders besiege Nicaea, win the Battle of Dorylaeum, and capture Latakia from the Seljuk Turks, and begin the siege of Antioch.
Events 
January 7 – The first American commercial bank opens (Bank of North America).
January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the United States Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage
February 5 – Spanish defeat British forces and capture Minorca.
March 8 – In Ohio the Gnadenhutten massacre of Native Americans takes place in which 29 men, 27 women, and 34 children were killed by white militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by another Native American group.
April 6 – Rama I succeeded King Taksin of Thailand who was overthrown in an coup d'état.
April 12 – A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes in the West Indies.
June 18 – In Switzerland, Anna Goldi in sentenced to death for witchcraft – the last legal witchcraft sentence
August 7 – George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle.  It is later renamed to the more poetic "Purple Heart".
November 30 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris, representatives from the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain sign preliminary peace articles (later formalized in the Treaty of Paris).
London creates Foot Patrol for public security
Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries try to cross the English Channel with a hot-air balloon
The Parliament of Great Britain extends James Watt's copyright for the steam engine to the year 1800
Births

Deaths
1197 (MCXCVII) was .

Events 
 Amalric II succeeds Henry II of Champagne as King of Jerusalem.
 Theobald III becomes Count of Champagne.
 The town of Arbroath, Angus, Scotland is consecrated, and dedicated to St Thomas Becket.
 Kaloyan becomes tsar of Bulgaria.
 Corfu is occupied by the Genoese.
 Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, negotiates a peace with Wales.
 North Crawley is split into Great Crawley and Little Crawley.
 Philip of Swabia marries Irene Angela, daughter of Byzantine emperor Isaac II.

Births 
 October 22 — Emperor Juntoku of Japan (d. 1242)
 Amadeus IV of Savoy (d. 1253)
 Raymond VII of Toulouse (d. 1249)

Deaths 
 January — William Longchamp, Lord Chancellor of England and bishop
 April 28 — Rhys ap Gruffydd, Welsh ruler (b. 1132)
 September 10 — Henry II of Champagne (b. 1166)
 September 28 — Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1165)
 Marguerite of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1158)
1210 (MCCX) was .

Events 
 End of the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan
 Emperor Juntoku ascends to the throne of Japan.
 Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Pope Innocent III for invading southern Italy in 1210
 Gottfried von Strassburg writes his epic poem Tristan about 1210
 Beginning of Delhi Sultanate
 Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a Mongol campaign against the Kyrgyz

Births 
 May 5 – King Afonso III of Portugal (died 1279)
 June 24 – Count Floris IV of Holland (died 1234)
 July 22 – Joan of England, Queen consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238)
 Ibn Nafis, Persian anatomist (died 1288)

Deaths 
 Lu You, Chinese poet (born 1125)
 Jinul, Korean Buddhist philosopher
 July 17, King Sverker II of Sweden (born in the 1160s), in the Battle of Gestilren
Electronic mail (or e-mail or email) is an Internet service that allows people who have an e-mail address (accounts) to send and receive electronic letters. Those are much like postal letters, except that they are delivered much faster than snail mail when sending over long distances, and are usually free.

Like with regular mail, users may get a lot of unwanted mail. With e-mail, this is called spam. Some programs used for sending and receiving mail can detect spam and filter it out nearly completely.

To send or receive an email in the traditional way, one needs a device (computer, phone etc.) connected to the Internet and an e-mail program (simply called mailer). Several formats exist for email addresses. The most common, called RFC 2822, looks like user@domain.com. E-mail messages are sent mostly by text, and sometimes by HTML style.
Some companies let people send and receive emails for free from a remote website. Gmail, Hotmail and Yahoo! are among the many that do this kind of "web mail".  Webmail does not follow the pattern below exactly because the webpage is a web application and takes care of many details by itself.  The traditional way uses a mailer, as is usual with smartphones. 

Microsoft invented its own "communication protocol" (or set of rules) for sending and receiving mail, called "Exchange". Exchange protocol works entirely differently from the traditional method and is not explained here.

Traditional method 

This diagram gives an example of what happens when email is sent from one person to another using the traditional method. In this example, Alice is sending email to Bob.
First, Alice writes a message to Bob in her e-mail program. Her e-mail program puts the message together along with some other information, such as her email address, the address of the person she is writing to, the time at which she is sending her message, and so on. When it is ready, Alice's mail program sends the message to a central computer called a mail server (or a Mail Transfer Agent) using some rules called the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
 The mail server that Alice is using to send her message (smtp.a.org) takes Alice's message and looks at the address to see where the message is being sent. The mail server then goes out on the internet and tries to find the mail server that Bob is using. It does this by talking to a Domain Name System (DNS) server, which keeps records about how to find different computers on the internet, including mail servers.
 The DNS server gives Alice's mail server the proper address for the server that Bob is using to receive his email (mx.b.org).
Alice's mail server sends the message to Bob's email server, which puts it into Bob's mailbox.
 Bob opens his e-mail program and downloads his messages using one of two sets of rules—either the Post Office Protocol (POP) or the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP). His messages include the new message from Alice.
Other Features 
 You can send files along with your emails by using the Attachment feature. This is a common way of sending longer documents, spreadsheets, photographs etc. to other people
 The CC (Carbon Copy) function lets you send a copy of the email to other people
 the BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) function also lets you send a copy of the email to other people. This function hides the names of the recipients from each other

Other websites 
 RFC 2822 Internet Message Format. April 2001

 
Messaging
Births 
 March 17 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (died 1242)
 Guo Shoujing, Chinese astronomer and mathematician
 John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey (died 1304)
 Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Wigmore (died 1282)

Deaths 
 April 6 – William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
 June 13 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese saint (born 1195)
 November 6 – Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (born 1196)
 November 17 – Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (born 1207)
 Abd-el-latif, Arab physician and traveller
1242 is a common year in the 13th century

Deaths 
 February 10 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (born 1231)
 October 7 – Emperor Juntoku of Japan (born 1197)
 William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle
 Archambaud VIII of Bourbon
 Hojo Yasutoki, regent of Japan (born 1183)
 Richard Mor de Burgh
Events 
 Emperor Go-Toba, reign of 82nd emperor of Japan starts (1183-1198)

Deaths 
 June 11 – Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (born 1155)
 Alexius II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1167)
 William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester
 Maria Comnena, the Porphyrogenita, Byzantine princess, by poison (born 1149)
 Renier of Montferrat (the Caesar John), Italian husband of Maria Comnena, by poison (born 1162)

References
Births 
 February 28 – Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (died 1183)
 May 17 – Jien, Japanese poet and historian (died 1225)
 November 11 – King Alfonso VIII of Castile (died 1214)
 Saito Musashibo Benkei, Japanese fighting monk
 Kamo no Chomei, Japanese writer (died 1216)
 Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi, a Sufi saint and mystic of Islam.
Events 
The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Count Lamoral of Egmont imprisoned.
February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered at the Provost's House in Edinburgh.
May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell.
June 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated at Carberry Hill by the Scottish nobles. She is imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.
July 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, abdicates the throne, succeeded by her son King James VI of Scotland.
July 25 – The city of Santiago de León de Caracas, in Venezuela, is founded by Diego de Losada.
July 29 – James VI is crowned at Stirling.
September 9 – At a dinner, the Duke of Alva arrests the Count of Egmont and the Count of Horne for treason.
September 29 – Beginning of the Second War of Religion in France when the Prince of Condé and Gaspard de Coligny fail in an attempt to capture King Charles IX and his mother at Meaux. The Huguenots do capture several cities (including Orleans), and march on Paris.
November 10 – Battle of Saint-Denis – Anne de Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists falls on Condé's 3,500 Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off. Montmorency is mortally wounded.
King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway founds Fredrikstad in Norway.
The Dillinger Escape Plan was an American metalcore band. They formed in New Jersey in 1997. They are generally a heavy group, with punk roots and influences from punk bands like The Bronx and Bad Brains.

Releases
Calculating Infinity (1999)
Miss Machine (2004)
Ire Works (2007)
Option Paralysis (2010)
One of Us Is the Killer (2013)
Dissociation (2016)

American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
Musical groups from New Jersey
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in New Jersey
Queensrÿche is an American heavy metal band. They formed in Bellevue, Washington in 1982. They have made 16 studio albums, one extended play (EP), and many DVDs. When the band was made, its members were singer Geoff Tate, guitarists Michael Wilton and Chris DeGarmo, drummer Scott Rockenfield, and bassist Eddie Jackson.

Queensrÿche has sold over 20 million albums. They were one of the main bands that made progressive metal music in the 1980s. Many people say that Operation: Mindcrime, an album they released in 1988, is one of the best heavy metal concept albums ever made. The band has been nominated for Grammy Awards three times.

Studio albums 

 The Warning (1984)
 Rage for Order (1986)
 Operation: Mindcrime (1988)
 Empire (1990)
 Promised Land (1994)
 Hear in the Now Frontier (1997)
 Q2K (1999)
 Tribe (2003)
 Operation: Mindcrime II (2006)
 Take Cover (2007)
 American Soldier (2009)
 Dedicated to Chaos (2011)
 Queensrÿche (2013)
 Condition Hüman (2015)
 The Verdict (2019)
 Digital Noise Alliance (2022)
References 

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Progressive metal bands
Musical groups from Seattle
1981 establishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1981
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Midnight Oil is an New Zealand rock band. They formed in Auckland in 1976. The band became famous for its soft-rock sound and calming live performances. The band was politically active supporting environmentalist and indigenous causes.

1970s Australian music groups
1980s Australian music groups
1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
Australian alternative rock bands
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from Sydney
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
2002 disestablishments in Australia
1970s establishments in Australia
John Francis Bongiovi (born March 2, 1962 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey) better known as Jon Bon Jovi, is an American musician and actor. He is best known as the lead singer of the hard-rock band, Bon Jovi.

Biography 
In 1983, Jon was one of the founding members of Bon Jovi. Earlier he sang in bands Starz and Atlantic City Expressway.

In 2006, Jon was ranked in 31st place out of 100 the best vocalist in history.

He starred in 18 films, last time in 2011.

Other websites 

1962 births
Living people
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
American heavy metal singers
Bon Jovi members
On the Waterfront is a 1954 American movie about mob violence among longshoremen (people who unload ships) in New Jersey. Directed by Elia Kazan, it stars Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint and Karl Malden.

The movie won eight Academy Awards: for Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), Best Supporting Actress (Saint), Best Art Direction, Best Director (Kazan), Best Cinematography (Boris Kaufman), Best Film Editing (Gene Milford) and Best Original Screenpaly (Budd Schulberg). The catchphrase, "I could've been a contender", is said by Terry Malloy. In 2005, it ranked third on AFI's list of the one hundred most famous quotes in movie history . Five years earlier, it was the eighth most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

Other websites
Other websites 

 

1954 crime movies
1954 drama movies
1950s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
Columbia Pictures movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies set in New Jersey
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Elia Kazan
Faith No More is an alternative metal band. They were formed by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, and keyboarder Roddy Bottum in San Francisco, California, USA, in 1981 and broke up on April 20, 1998. However, they got back together in 2009 and have continued playing since.

They became successful with singer Mike Patton in the early 1990s. Their biggest hits were "Epic" and the cover song "Easy", originally from Lionel Richie.

Discography
So far, Faith No More has released six studio albums, which include:
We Care a Lot (1985)
Introduce Yourself (1987)
The Real Thing (1989)
Angel Dust (1992)
King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime (1995)
Album of the Year (1997)
Musical groups established in 1981
1998 disestablishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Alternative metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from San Francisco
1981 establishments in California
1990s disestablishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in California
The Pretenders are an English rock and punk rock band. They formed in Hereford in 1978.

1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Herefordshire
Musical groups established in 1978
Warner Bros. Records artists
Schindler's List is a 1993 American movie set in World War II, and directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on Schindler's Ark, a 1982 book by Thomas Keneally. The movie and the book owe their names to the list of over a thousand Jews who worked in the title character's factory to rescue them from destruction by the Nazis .

Plot
It is about businessman Oskar Schindler who saves thousands of Jews from being killed in the Holocaust by putting them to work in a factory. His list was the list of Jews he wanted to save from the Nazi’s in Nazi Occupied Poland, where Jews were normally sent to Concentration camps operated by the SS during the Holocaust from 1941 to 1945 .

Actors in the Cast
Actors in the Cast

 Liam Neeson as Oskar Schindler
 Ben Kingsley as Itzhak Stern
 Ralph Fiennes as Amon Göth
 Caroline Goodall as Emilie Schindler
 Jonathan Sagall as Poldek Pfefferberg
 Embeth Davidtz as Helen Hirsch
 Małgorzata Gebel as Wiktoria Klonowska
 Mark Ivanir as Marcel Goldberg
 Beatrice Macola as Ingrid
 Andrzej Seweryn as Julian Scherner
 Friedrich von Thun as Rolf Czurda
 Jerzy Nowak as Investor
 Norbert Weisser as Albert Hujar
 Anna Mucha as Danka Dresner
 Adi Nitzan as Mila Pfefferberg
 Piotr Polk as Leo Rosner
 Rami Heuberger as Joseph Bau
 Ezra Dagan as Rabbi Menasha Lewartow
 Elina Löwensohn as Diana Reiter
 Hans-Jörg Assmann as Julius Madritsch
 Hans-Michael Rehberg as Rudolf Höß
 Daniel Del Ponte as Josef Mengele
 Oliwia Dąbrowska as the Girl in Red
Schindler's List featured on a number of "best of" lists, including the TIME magazine's Top Hundred as selected by critics Richard Corliss and Richard Schickel, Time Out magazine's 100 Greatest Films Centenary Poll conducted in 1995, and Leonard Maltin's "100 Must See Movies of the Century". The Vatican named Schindler's List among the most important 45 movies ever made. A Channel 4 poll named Schindler's List the ninth greatest movie of all time, and it ranked fourth in their 2005 war movies poll. The movie was named the best of 1993 by critics such as James Berardinelli, Roger Ebert, and Gene Siskel. The movie was designated by the Library of Congress in 2004 and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Spielberg won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film for his work, and shared the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture with co-producers Branko Lustig and Gerald R. Molen
. Molen. Steven Zaillian won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.
It was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, winning seven, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Score, and won numerous other awards, including seven BAFTAs and three Golden Globe Awards. The movie also won numerous other awards and nominations worldwide.

Impact
Among others such as Citizen Kane and Sunset Boulevard, it has been called one of the greatest movies ever. In 1998, the American Film Institute selected it as the ninth most popular of all time in their 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

In February 1997, NBC aired a version without cuts of the movie (in two parts), much to the upset of many viewers. It was the first time a television broadcast had ever received the TV-M rating (soon to be called TV-MA).

References

Other websites 

 
 Filmsite's review of the movie
 Official site
1982 books
1993 drama movies
1990s biographical movies
1990s war movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
American war movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
Best Picture Oscar
German-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies set in Poland
Kraków
Multilingual movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Holocaust movies
World War II movies
Universal Pictures movies
A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a gas used for various purposes including solvents, refrigerants, and aerosol sprays. They are organic chemicals and contain carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. They were much used in the middle of the 20th century, replacing chemicals that were toxic or flammable or had other problems. 

In 1978, Sweden became the first country that banned CFC products. Later, the US and Canada did the same. Now, CFC products are not allowed in most countries, because they cause ozone depletion. CFCs are greenhouse gases. An alternative to chlorofluorocarbons is hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These do not destroy the ozone layer or increase global warming.

Related pages 
Thomas Midgley (American inventor)
Freon

References 
 

Carbon compounds
Greenhouse gases
Fluorine compounds
Chlorine compounds
Hydrogen compounds
HVAC
Singin' in the Rain is a 1952 American movie musical romantic comedy movie starring Gene Kelly. It was directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen. It is set in Los Angeles, California in 1927. It gives an amusing look at Hollywood's change from silent movies to "talkies".

It is considered to be among the best movie musicals ever made.

Shooting on the movie began on June 18, 1951, and ended on November 21.

Other websites

 

1952 comedy movies
1952 musical movies
American musical comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
1950s English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Stanley Donen
North and South is a novel by John Jakes. It is the first of three books about two friends who must fight against each other during the American Civil War.

North and South had two sequels. They are called Love and War and Heaven and Hell. The books were written in 1982, 1984, and 1987. 

There were also TV versions made. Three miniseries were done in 1985, 1986, and 1994. The two main characters were played by James Read and Patrick Swayze (Swayze's character does not appear in the third part).

1982 books
20th-century American novels
Novels about the American Civil War
Apparatus can refer to:

object which can be used for a certain function. Examples of apparatuses include coffee-makers, pencil sharpeners, and computers. These things are also often called tools, machines, or equipment.
process of an activity. For example, a political party or governmental organization can be called an apparatus.
a set of equipment or tools or a machine that is used for a particular purpose

Notes 

Basic English 850 words
Internet Movie Database (or IMDb for short) is an online database of information (facts) about actors, movies, TV shows, and video games. The IMDb database started in October 1990, moved to the World Wide Web in 1993, and has been owned by Amazon.com since 1998.

References

Other websites
 Internet Movie Database (IMDb) website

1990 establishments
Movie industry
Television
Video games
Entertainment websites
Amazon (company)
The Chicago Blackhawks are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were formed in 1926, named after the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division during World War I which was nicknamed the "Blackhawk Division". The division was named after Chief Black Hawk, a native American leader. The team has won the Stanley Cup Championship six times, in 1933, 1937, 1961, 2010,  2013 and in 2015.

Early Games

The Regina Capitals were a team in the Western Canada Hockey League until 1925, when they moved and became the Portland Rosebuds.  One year later, the league folded. Most of the Portland players then played for the new Chicago team in the NHL.
In the 1930s, Charlie Gardiner was a star goaltender for the team.  Players on the Blackhawks won four scoring titles (Art Ross Trophy) in the 1940s:  Doug Bentley in 1943, his brother Ben in 1946 and 1947, and Roy Conacher in 1949. Max Bentley also won the Hart Trophy as the league's most valuable player in 1946. Goalie Al Rollins won the Hart Trophy in 1954.  By 1960, however, the team had only made the Stanley Cup final four times, winning the Cup in 1934 and 1938, and losing in 1931 and 1944.
Since that time, they have had many star players such as Doug Wilson, Steve Larmer, Jeremy Roenick, and Tony Amonte; but they have not won the Cup since 1961, the longest wait of any NHL team. They won the Presidents' Trophy as the top team in the regular season in 1991, and made the finals again in 1992, partly due to Ed Belfour (who won two Vezina Trophies as best goaltender) and Chris Chelios (who won two Norris Trophies on Chicago). As of 2006, however, they have only made the playoffs once in the last eight years.

Current

The mascot of the Chicago Blackhawks is named Tommy Hawk. He was introduced in the 2001–02 NHL season. He wears the Blackhawks' four feathers on his head and also wears a Blackhawks jersey and hockey pants. Tommy Hawk sometimes participates in the T-shirt toss and puck chuck with the fans.
The Blackhawks have their own official fight song called, "Here Come the Hawks!" which is also an introduction for them. A song that was called "Keys to the City" was given to the Blackhawks organization as a gift by Ministry & Co Conspirators. After the Blackhawks score a goal at the United Center they play the song "Chelsea Dagger" by The Fratellis.

In 1985, during the Campbell Conference playoff game, a tradition was started where the Blackhawks fans would cheer and applaud loudly during the singing of the national anthem. This is still done today.

Jonathan Toews was named the team's captain prior to the 2008-09 season opener which made him the third-youngest captain at the time. The Blackhawks led the NHL in home attendance with a total of 912,155, averaging 22,247 fans per game during to the 2008-09 season. The number of attendance also included the Winter Classic at Wrigley Field which had 40,818 fans in attendance.
The Blackhawks acquired forward Marián Hossa and signed him to a 12-year contract which was worth 62.8 million dollars. The deal also included Tomas Kopecky, John Madden, and Richard Petiot. Due to the salary cap, the Blackhawks were forced to give up a bunch of their players.

On June 9, 2010 The Blackhawks won their first Stanley Cup in 49 years when Patrick Kane scored the game-winning overtime goal as they defeated the Philadelphia Flyers in game 6 of the best-of-7 series.

On June 24, 2013, the team won their fifth Stanley Cup after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals. They were down 2–1 and scored two goals from Bryan Bickell and Dave Bolland 1:16 and 0:58.3 (17 seconds apart) to win 3-2.

On June 15, 2015, the Blackhawks won their third Stanley Cup championship in six years after they defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning 4 games to 2 in the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals. It was their first Stanley Cup win on home ice since 1938.
In 2021, former player Kyle Beach came out and said that he was sexually assaulted by then-video coach Brad Alrich. Beach sued the Blackhawks for not properly handling the incident or filing a report with the police. After a four month investigation, it showed that team president John McDonough, executive vice president Jay Blunk, general manager Stan Bowman, assistant general manager Kevin Cheveldayoff, and head coach Joel Quenneville met before the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals and decided not to take action on Alrich until the Finals were over. Aldrich was allowed to quit after the team's victory. After the results were released, Bowman and senior director of hockey operations Al MacIsaac quit. The team was fined $2 million by the NHL. Kyle Davidson became the general manager. McDonough, Bowman, Blunk, and MacIssac were banned from the NHL and need permission if they want another job in the league
. On October 28, Joel Quenneville quit as head coach of the Florida Panthers after he met with NHL commissioner Gary Bettman. Cheveldayoff was cleared by Bettman. Beach and the Blackhawks settled the lawsuit on December 15.
Team captains
Dick Irvin, 1926–29
Duke Dukowski, 1929–30
Ty Arbour, 1930–31
Cy Wentworth, 1931–32
Helge Bostrom, 1932–33
Charlie Gardiner, 1933–34
Johnny Gottselig, 1935–40
Earl Seibert, 1940–42
Doug Bentley, 1942–44
Clint Smith, 1944–45
John Mariucci, 1945–46
Red Hamill, 1946–47
John Mariucci, 1947–48
Gaye Stewart, 1948–49
Doug Bentley, 1949–50
Jack Stewart, 1950–52
Bill Gadsby, 1952–54
Gus Mortson, 1954–57Ed Litzenberger, 1958–61
Pierre Pilote, 1961–68
Pat Stapleton, 1969–70
Pit Martin, 1975–76
Pit Martin; Stan Mikita; Keith Magnuson, 1976–77
Keith Magnuson, 1977–79
Terry Ruskowski, 1979–82
Darryl Sutter, 1982–87
Bob Murray, 1985–86
Denis Savard, 1988–89
Dirk Graham, 1989–95
Chris Chelios, 1995–99
Doug Gilmour, 1999–2000
Tony Amonte, 2000–02
Alexei Zhamnov, 2002–04
Adrian Aucoin, 2005–07
Martin Lapointe, 2006-08
Jonathan Toews, 2008–2023

References

Other websites

Official website

 
1926 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Illinois
Cape Verde () or Cabo Verde (, ) (, ), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country in Africa. It is a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean,  off the coast of Western Africa. The islands cover a combined area of slightly over . They have a volcanic origin.

Cape Verde is one of Macaronesia's group of islands.

Name
The Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias (or Denis Fernadez) discovered in 1445 a peninsula along the coast of Senegal that he named Cap-Vert (Dias named it Cabo Verde, "verde" being Portuguese for "green", a reference to the vegetation in the area). Dias did not discover the Cape Verde Islands, but rather the actual cape.

This peninsula is the westernmost point of the African continent.

History
History 

The first Europeans to arrive in Cape Verde were the Portugueses Diogo Gomes and Antonio da Noli in 1460. The islands were uninhabited, and the first settlement was founded in 1462 on the island of Santiago (the main Island) which was divided into two “capitanias”, Alcatrazes and Ribeira Grande. The first one failed and the main activity in Ribeira Grande was the exploitation of cotton farms. Ribeira Grande served also as a slave trade post and as post of slave Christianization before they were sent to the New World.

The city suffered several pirate raids and for this reason in 1712, after a French attack, the authorities were forced to move the capital to Praia, where it is located until now. Cape Verde had the status of Portuguese colony until 1951 when Portugal changed its status to Overseas Province and in 1961 Portugal gave full citizenship to all Cape Verdeans.
Cape Verde has been independent of Portugal since 5th July 1975. The fight for independence was led by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) and headed by Amílcar_Cabral, the national hero of both countries, Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau.

Geography

The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately  off the coast of West Africa, near Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania, and is a part, together with the Azores, Madeira, Savage Islands and Canary Islands, of the Macaronesia ecological region. It lies between the latitudes 14°N and 18°N, and the longitudes 22°W and 26°W.
The country is an archipelago with a total area of . It is formed by ten islands (nine inhabited) and several very small islands (islets) divided into two groups, arranged according to the prevailing wind direction:
 To the north, the Ilhas de Barlavento (Windward islands), from west to east: Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia (without inhabitants), São Nicolau, Ilha do Sal and Boa Vista; and the islets of Branco and Raso, situated between Santa Luzia and São Nicolau, the islet of Pássaros, opposite the town of Mindelo on the island of São Vicente, and the islets Rabo de Junco, on the coast of the Sal island and the islets Sal Rei and Baluarte, on the coast of the island of Boa Vista.
The largest islands are, to the southeast, Santiago, where lies Praia, the capital and largest city of the country, and the island of Santo Antão, in the extreme northwest. Praia is also the main population centre of the archipelago, followed by Mindelo on the island of São Vicente.

Extreme points
 N North: Ponta do Sol, Santo Antão island 
 S South: Ponta Nhô Martinho, Brava island 
 E East: Ilhéu do Roque, Boa Vista island 
 W West: Ponta Chão de Morgado, Santo Antão island 
 H Highest mountain: Pico do Fogo, Fogo island,  high

Climate
The sun shines 350 days a year and temperatures range between . The breeze (a gentle to moderate wind) blows constantly from the ocean at a relatively low average humidity of 40% to 60%.
The Cape Verde Islands only have two seasons: The Tempo das Brisas ("Time of the winds") from October to mid-July and the Tempo das chuvas ("Rainy season") from August to September, when there may be heavy tropical rainfall. The coolest months are January and February (average temperature of 21 °C), where temperatures can drop down to 16 °C; the warmest is the month of September (up to 36 °C) with an average temperature of 27 °C.

Otherwise, the islands of Barlavento (Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolao, Boa Vista, Sal, Santa Luzia, Branco and Razo) are always somewhat cooler than those of the Sotavento (Maio, Santiago, Fogo and Brava), where summers can be quite hot.

The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate of Praia (Cabo Verde) is Bwh (Tropical and Subtropical Desert Climate).
Wildlife
Cape Verde's isolation has resulted in the islands having a number of endemic species, particularly birds and reptiles, many of which are endangered by human development. Endemic birds include Alexander's Swift (Apus alexandri), Bourne's Heron (Ardea purpurea bournei), the Raso Lark (Alauda razae), the Cape Verde Warbler (Acrocephalus brevipennis), and the Iago Sparrow (Passer iagoensis). The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde Shearwater. Reptiles include the Cape Verde Giant Gecko (Tarentola gigas).

Administrative divisions
Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities (concelhos) and subdivided into 32 parishes (freguesias).
- Tarrafal
 - São Miguel
 - São Salvador do Mundo
 - Santa Cruz
 - São Domingos
 - Praia
 - Ribeira Grande de Santiago
 - São Lourenço dos Órgãos
 - Santa Catarina
 - Brava
 - São Filipe
 - Santa Catarina do Fogo
 - Mosteiros
 - Maio
 - Boa Vista
 - Sal
 - Ribeira Brava
 - Tarrafal de São Nicolau
 - São Vicente
 - Porto Novo
 - Ribeira Grande
 - Paúl

Politics

Cape Verde is a representative parliamentary republic. The constitution —adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992, 1995 and 1999— defines the basic principles of its government. The president is the head of state and is elected for a 5-year term; the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Prime Minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the President.
Economy 
The economic resources of Cape Verde are largely dependent on agriculture and fishing. Agriculture frequently suffers the effects of droughts. The most important crops are coffee, bananas, sugar cane, tropical fruits, corn, beans, sweet potato, and cassava. The industrial sector is incipient but is based on the production of “aguardente” (spirits from sugar cane), clothing and footwear, paints and varnishes, tourism, fishing and canned fish, and salt extraction. Banana, canned fish, frozen fish, lobsters, salt, and clothes are the main exports. The national currency is the Cape Verdean escudo. Remittances from emigration are another important source of resources for the State of Cape Verde.

Demographics
Demographics 

In Cape Verde, the annual rate of population growth and mortality are low, compared to average rates of other middle-income countries. The average life expectancy is 66 years and 71 years respectively for men and women. The resident population in the country is estimated at 500,000 inhabitants. There are an estimated additional one million Cape Verdeans living abroad, mainly in the United States, Western Europe, and Africa. Cape Verde has a young population with an average age of 23 years.
Culture 
Cape Verdean culture is a unique mixture of European and African elements. Corn is the staple food of Cape Verde. The national or traditional dish is cachupa, which is a stew of hominy (dried maize kernals), beans, and whatever meat or vegetables may be available. Other common foods include rice, beans, fish, potatoes and manioc. A traditional breakfast is a steamed cornbread, eaten with honey and milk or coffee. Grogue, or sugar cane liquor, is manufactured on the islands and is a popular drink, particularly among the men. Cape Verdean music incorporates Portuguese, Caribbean, and African influences. Popular genres include morna, funaná, batuque, coladeira, and cola san jon.
Health 
In Cape Verde, other than private clinics, the government guarantees a public health system which comprises several healthcare centers and three central hospitals (Hospital Agostinho Neto, in Praia, Hospital Baptista de Sousa, in São Vicente, and Hospital Regional de Santiago Norte, in Assomada). The cost of public health is supported by the government, but users must pay a fee which varies in accordance with the capacity of the user to afford it.

Education 
After independence, the different governments of Cape Verde invested massively in education and illiteracy has been reduced drastically. Today almost one hundred percent of school-age children attend school. Attendance to primary schooling, which comprises 6 years, is compulsory and free of any charge. Education is guaranteed by a network of public schools that span from nursery school to university. There are also several private schools in all levels of education.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Presidencia da República de Cabo Verde 
 Goberno da República de Cabo Verde
 Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas

Archipelagos
Portuguese-speaking countries
 
1975 establishments in Africa
Madeira is a Portuguese archipelago that lies between  and , just under  north of Tenerife, Canary Islands, in the north Atlantic Ocean and an outermost region of the European Union.

The archipelago comprises the major part of one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (the other being the Azores located to the northwest), that includes the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Desertas, administered together with the separate archipelago of the Savage Islands.

The name Madeira could be used for the autonomous region, the geographical group of islands or just the island of Madeira. These islands are part of the Macaronesia.

History
History

Discovery
Madeira's official written history began in 1418, when two captains under service to Prince Henry the Navigator, João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, were pushed by a storm to an island which they named Porto Santo (English: holy harbour). The following year, an organised expedition was sent to this new land to take possession of the island on behalf of the Portuguese crown. Later, the new settlers saw an island to the southwest, and so the larger island of Madeira was discovered.
Settlement
The islands were found to be completely uninhabited, and their colonization by the Portuguese began around 1420 or 1425. To get the minimum conditions for the development of agriculture, they had to cut part of the dense forest and to construct a large number of canals (levadas) to carry water, since in some parts of the island there was excess water, while in others water was scarce. During this period, fish constituted about half of the settlers' diet, together with vegetables and fruits cultivated from small pieces of land. Initially, these colonists produced wheat for their own subsistence, but later the quantity cultivated was sufficient to begin sending wheat to continental Portugal.

On the 23 September 1433, the name Ilha da Madeira (English: Madeira Island, or literally island of wood) began to appear in the first documents and maps. The name given to the islands corresponded to the large dense forests of native trees that covered the island.
However, when wheat production began to fall, the crisis forced to plant other commercial crops. They brought from Sicily plants of sugarcane to produce sugar. After the 17th century, as sugar production went to Brazil, São Tomé and Príncipe and elsewhere, Madeira's most important product became its wine.

Geography
As other islands of the Macaronesia, the Madeira islands are of volcanic origin and with a subtropical climate.

Location
The archipelago is in the African plate, in the Atlantic Ocean between the latitudes 30° and 33° north,  southwest of Lisbon and, about  west of the African coast, almost at the same latitude as Casablanca.

Islands and islets
The Madeira islands have a total area of . Their individual areas vary between  of the largest island (Madeira) to  of the Savage Islands.
Of the eight islands, only the two largest (Madeira and Porto Santo) are inhabited, having as main accesses, the Madeira Airport in Funchal and the one in Porto Santo. By sea, Funchal has a port that receives different ships, especially cruise ships. The remaining islands are nature reserves.

Territory
The territory of the archipelago contains two main islands: the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo; besides these, there are two groups of uninhabited islands, the Desertas and Savages.

The island of Madeira has a  very irregular and uneven terrain, being the highest points the peaks Pico Ruivo (1862 m), Pico das Torres (1851 m), Pico do Ariero (1818 m) and Pico do Juncal (1800 m). The northern coast is dominated by high cliffs.
The island of Porto Santo, on the other hand, has a completely different geomorphological formation of the island of Madeira. It is very flat where only small plants grow and the soils are poor and not very good for agriculture. This island has some peaks, particularly in the north, and the  Pico do Facho (517 m) is the highest point of elevation in the island, followed by Pico Branco (450 m).

The highest point of Desertas Islands is Pedregal (442 m) in Deserta Grande, and of Selvagens Islands is Pico da Atalaia (153 m), in Selvagem Grande.

Climate

The average temperature for the year in Funchal, Madeira island, is 19 °C (66.2 °F). The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of 22.6 °C (72.7 °F). The coolest month on average is February, with an average temperature of 16.1 °C (61.0 °F).
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Funchal is 596.9 mm (23.5"). The month with the most precipitation on average is December with 109.2 mm (4.3") of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of 2.5 mm (0.1"). There are an average of 87 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in December with 13 days and the least precipitation occurring in July with 1 days.

For the Villa de Porto Santo, Porto Santo island, the average temperature for the year is 17.8 °C (64.0 °F). The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of 21.7 °C (71.0 °F). The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 15 °C (59.0 °F).

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Villa de Porto Santo is 375.9 mm (14.8"). The month with the most precipitation on average is January with 61 mm (2.4") of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of 2.5 mm (0.1").
The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate of Funchal (Madeira) and Villa de Porto Santo (Porto Santo) is Csb (Mediterran Climate).

The climate of Desertas islands and partes of Porto Santo is semi-arid (Bs) and in the Savage islands is a desert climate (Bw).

Administration
In 1976 Madeira became one of the two autonomous regions of the Republic of Portugal (Azores is the other) under the Portuguese name Região Autónoma da Madeira, with its own executive and a regional legislature. The current president of the regional government is Miguel Albuquerque. The main offices of the regional government are in Funchal, making this city the capital of the region.

Administrative divisions
Administratively, the Autonomous Region of Madeira (with a population of 267,785 inhabitants in 2011 and covering an area of ) is organised into 11 municípios, of which 10 are in the island of Madeira and one in Porto Santo. Municipalities are further divided into 54 freguesias, 53 in Madeira and 1 in Porto Santo.

Population
According to the 2011 Census, the total population in the Autonomous Region of Madeira was 267,785: 126,268 men and 141,517 women. The density for the whole region is  persons/km2; calculating the density taking in account only the inhabited islands (Madeira and Porto Santo), the density would be  inhabitants/km2.

Nature

The region of Madeira is home to a great and important biodiversity, with an estimated 7,571 terrestrial species for the whole archipelago. The total number of endemic species and subspecies is about 1,419 (1,286 species and 182 sub-species), which represents 19% of the overall species diversity.
The most known environment of the archipelago is its Laurel forest (laurisilva) which still extends over 15,000 hectares or 20% of the archipelago. These forests, very rich in biodiversity, are the largest and best-preserved Laurel forests in the entire Macaronesia region. They are home to unique plant and animal species, including the famous Trocaz Pigeon or Madeira Laurel Pigeon (Columba trocaz), and the Madeira Kinglet (Regulus madeirensis). The most threatened bird of Europe, the Madeiran or Zino’s Petrel (Pterodroma madeira) inhabits the highest cliffs in the Central Mountainous Massif of the Madeira island.

In the sea around Madeira there are numerous species of marine mammals, including 28 species of cetaceans and the critically endangered Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus).
There are 6 protected areas in the Madeira Archipelago, including the Madeira Natural Park. This park, which covers over 2/3 of Madeira Island and includes the entire Laurel forest, is a European Council Biogenetic Reserve since 1992, and a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site since 1999. Additionally, 11 sites in the whole archipelago are part of the Natura 2000 network and 11 other sites are designated Important Bird Areas.

Economy
The local economy is based mainly on agriculture and tourism, the main resource. Agriculture produces bananas, flowers, and Madeira wine which is exported. The industrial area is not very diverse and they are relationated with food, beverages, tobacco and construction.

Notes

References

Other websites

 Freguesias de Portugal 
 madeira islands - Madeira Tourism Office

Archipelagos
 
North Africa
Cameroon (officially called the Republic of Cameroon) is a country in Central Africa. Its capital is Yaoundé. The largest city in Cameroon is Douala. The population of Cameroon is about 20 million. Cameroon's president is Paul Biya. They speak nearly 250 languages in Cameroon. French and English are the official languages.

Geography

At , Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country. It is about the size of Papua New Guinea. The country is in Central and West Africa on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country's neighbours are Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south.

Regions
The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 regions. On 12 November 2008, the President changed the divisions from provinces to regions. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.
The regions are divided into 58 divisions. These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers.

Cities
Some of the largest cities in Cameroon are:

Languages 
The official languages of Cameroon are French and English. It is part of both the British Commonwealth and La Francophonie. Most people speak French, English is only spoken in the Northwest and Southwest regions of the country, formerly under British control.

Related pages
 Cameroon at the Olympics
 Cameroon national football team
 List of rivers of Cameroon

References

Other websites
 
 

 
English-speaking countries
French-speaking countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1960 establishments in Africa
Commonwealth member states
Guinea-Bissau is a country in Africa. It borders Senegal to the north, Guinea to the south. The official language is Portuguese, and the capital is Bissau. About 1,442,000 people live in Guinea-Bissau as of 2006. The country was a Portuguese colony in the 19th century. At that time is was called Portuguese Guinea. It became independent in 1973. In 1974, the name of the country's capital was added so that it would not be confused with the neighboring country Guinea.

Regions and sectors
Guinea-Bissau is divided into 8 regions and one autonomous sector. These are divided into thirty-seven sectors. The regions are:
Bafatá
Biombo
Bissau*
Bolama
Cacheu
Gabu
Oio
Quinara
Tombali
* autonomous sector

References 

 
Portuguese-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1973 establishments in Africa