Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Solitaire is a card game for one player using a pack of playing cards.

There are many types of solitaire, such as Klondike, FreeCell, Pyramid, Golf, and Spider. Most computer operating systems include simple solitaire games such as Spider Solitaire on Microsoft Windows. 

In Klondike, the player wins the game when the player has all the cards in four stacks organized by color ("suit") and number.

In many countries (for example, UK), solitaire is called Patience.
Types of games
 Patience, also known as "solitaire with cards", usually involves placing cards in a layout and sorting them by the game's rules.
 Klondike is the most common kind of solitaire. It is bundled with the Microsoft Windows operating system under the title Solitaire.
 Mahjong solitaire
 Peg solitaire is a board game in which the goal is to empty the board of pegs through movement and capturing. It is more of a puzzle than a game.
 Concentration, also known as Memory, Pelmanism (UK), Shinkei-suijaku (Japan), Pexeso (Czechia) or simply Pairs, is a card game in which the cards are laid face down on a surface and two cards are flipped face up over each turn. The object of the game is to turn over pairs of matching cards.

References 

Card games
Optics is the science of light and how it interacts with the world. Optics explains how rainbows exist, how light reflects off mirrors, how light refracts through glass or water, and what splits light shining through a prism. In addition to visible light in the standard "spectrum" of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, optics also deals with invisible parts of the whole electromagnetic spectrum of which visible light is only a small part.

Optics is both a science and an area of engineering. It has been used to make many useful things, including eyeglasses, cameras, telescopes, and microscopes. Many of these things are based on lenses, which focus light and can make images of things that are bigger or smaller than the original.
While optics is an old science, new things are still being discovered in it. Scientists have learned how to make light travel through a thin optical fiber made of glass or plastic. Light can go long distances in a fiber. Fibers are used to carry phone calls and the Internet through cities and around the world.

Related pages 
Spectroscopy
Václav Klaus (; born 19 June 1941) is a Czech economist and politician. He was the 2nd President of the Czech Republic from 2003 to 2013. He also served as the second and last Prime Minister of the Czech Republic.

His presidency was very controversial because he did not believe in global warming and because of an amnesty he declared on the 20th anniversary of the creation of the Czech Republic. In the amnesty, Klaus forgave many punishments for investigated crimes and stopped the investigation of others.

Early life
Klaus was born in Prague during the Nazi occupation and grew up in the Vinohrady neighborhood. Klaus studied "economics of foreign trade" and graduated from University of Economics in Prague in 1963. He also spent some time at universities in Italy (1966) and at Cornell University. He also studied in the United States in 1969.
He soon obtained a position in the Czechoslovak State Bank. In 1987, Klaus joined the Institute for Prognostics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. In 1995, as Prime Minister, Klaus was awarded the title of Professor of Finance, so he is sometimes addressed as "Mr. Professor". Since that time Klaus occasionally teaches seminars in economics at the University of Economics.

Political career
At a congress 1997, Klaus was confirmed as chairman of the ODS. Klaus was elected President of the Czech Republic on 28 February 2003. He won with a majority of 142 votes out of 281.

References

1941 births
Living people
Presidents of the Czech Republic
Barbara Joan "Barbra" Streisand (born April 24, 1942) is an American singer, actress, producer, and director. She has won multiple Emmy Awards, Grammy Awards and Golden Globe awards. 

Her grandparents on her father's side of the family were from Galicia. (That region is now in Ukraine and Poland.). She is of Jewish descent.

References

Other websites 

1942 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television producers
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish businesspeople
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Musicians from Brooklyn
Singers from New York City
Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean; it is part of the Greater Antilles. The island,  in area, lies about  south of Cuba, and  west of Hispaniola. Its capital city is Kingston; other towns include Montego Bay, St. Ann's Bay and Spanish Town. The island is divided into three counties – Cornwall, Middlesex and Surrey – which are subdivided into 14 parishes: Kingston, St. Andrew, St. Catherine, Clarendon, Manchester, St. Elizabeth, Westmoreland, Hanover, St. James, Trelawny, St. Ann, St. Mary, Portland and St. Thomas.

Jamaica is the third-largest island country in the Greater Antilles. Its Taíno name is Xaymaca, meaning "Land of Springs". Jamaica is part of the West Indies.
History of Jamaica 
The Taino indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques (chiefs of villages). The south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour.

Christopher Columbus, during his second voyage to the Americas, claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there on 5 May 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay. There is some debate as to whether he landed in St. Ann's Bay or in Discovery Bay. St. Ann's Bay was named "Saint Gloria" by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land.

In 1503, during his fourth voyage, Columbus had to spend one year on the northern coast of the island, and he named the island Isla de Santiago (by Sant Iago Apostol, in Spanish Santiago).
In 1509, the new Governor of the Hispaniola, Diego Columbus, sent Juan de Esquivel, a Conquistador born in Seville, Spain, with 70 men to Jamaica to complete the conquest of that island. They first lived in the St. Ann's Bay area and soon Esquivel founded a town, Sevilla La Nueva (in English, "The New Seville") on the north coast, one mile to the west of St. Ann's Bay.

Sevilla was abandoned around 1524 because it was deemed unhealthy. The capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called Saint Jago de la Vega, in the south around 1534.

British rule
In 1654 Oliver Cromwell decided to break the Spanish control of the West Indies and he sent a fleet in an expedition) led by William Penn and General Robert Venables. The fleet arrived to the Santo Domingo island on 13 April 1655 but the British lost in two battles on 17 and 25 April and they decided to move to Jamaica.
On 10 May 1655, Penn and Venables led a successful attack on Jamaica. The Spanish surrendered to the English, freed their slaves and then fled to Cuba. It was this set of freed slaves and their descendants living in the Jamaican mountains who became known as the Maroons.

Independence
After a long period of direct British colonial rule, Jamaica gained a degree of local political control in the late 1930s, and held its first election under full universal adult suffrage in 1944. Jamaica joined nine other U.K. territories in the West Indies Federation in 1958 but withdrew after Jamaican voters rejected membership in 1961. Jamaica got its independence in 1962, remaining a member of the Commonwealth.

Government and politics
The Parliament of Jamaica is bicameral. This means that it consists of two Houses, the Senate, also called the Upper House, and the House of Representatives, also known as the Lower House. The members of the House (known as Members of Parliament or MPs) are elected by the people of Jamaica. The leader of the political party with most members in the House of Representatives is appointed by the governor-general to be the prime minister. Senators are nominated jointly by the prime minister and the parliamentary leader of the opposition and are then appointed by the governor-general.

Tarch 2016. Prime Minister Holness acts as head of government of Jamaica.

Jamaica has traditionally had a system of two parties, with power often alternating between the People's National Party and Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). The party with current administrative and legislative power is Jamaica Labour Party, with a two-thirds Parliamentary majority as of 2016.
Parishes
Jamaica is divided into 14 parishes, which are grouped into three historic counties that have no administrative relevance.

Population

Demographics
In 2011 (last national census), there were 2,697,983 people living in Jamaica: 1,334,533 men and 1,363,450 women. There were 1,453,438 (53.9%) living in towns and cities. The population density was 245.5 persons/km².

The following table shows the parishes with their populations in the 2011 census.

People
According to estimates about 70% of Jamaicans are Black and the rest of the 30% are composed of mostly Mixed Race people, but also includes White and Asian Jamaicans.

Language
The official language of Jamaica is English and the population also speaks Jamaican Creole English.
Religion
The people of Jamaica is 62.5% Protestant (10.8% Seventh-day Adventist Church, 9.5% Pentecostal, 8.3 Other Church of God, 7.2% Baptist, 6.3% New Testament Church of God, 4.8% Church of God in Jamaica, 4.3% Church of God of Prophecy, 3.6% Anglicans, 7.7% other Christian), 2.6% Catholics, 14.2% other or unspecified, 20.9% none.

Geography

Jamaica is between latitudes 17° 42"N and 18° 31"N and longitudes 78° 22"W and 76° 11", that is between the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It has an area of .

Jamaica is the third-largest island country in the Greater Antilles, after Cuba and the Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic); it is larger than Puerto Rico. The island is  from east to west; the width, from north to south, varies between  to . The country is composed mainly of the mainland, but near the coast there are a few isolated small islands.

The Blue Mountains are the longest mountain range in Jamaica. They include the island's highest point, Blue Mountain Peak, at .
Rivers
The Rio Minho is the longest river in Jamaica at . It rises close to the island's geographic centre, flows generally south-southwest and reaches the Caribbean Sea at Carlisle Bay in the central south coast, to the west of the island's southernmost point, Portland Point.

The Black River is one of the longest rivers in Jamaica. At a length of , it was believed to be the longest until it was discovered that the Rio Minho was longer. It was originally called Rio Caobana.

Famous people 
The island is known for the Rastafarian movement, as well as reggae artist Bob Marley. The popular sprinter Usain Bolt is also an asset from the country. Usain Bolt won gold in the 100 and 200 races in Rio 2016. England goalkeeper Joe Hart is also born in Jamaica. The captain of AS Roma Lorenzo Pellegrini is also born in Jamaica.

References

Other websites

 
Commonwealth realms
English-speaking countries
Current monarchies
Caribbean Community
1962 establishments in North America
Denver is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Colorado and a county named Denver County. For this reason, Denver is the county seat of Denver County. It is at the foot of the Rocky Mountains on the South Platte River, and was founded in 1858. A nickname for Denver is The Mile High City, because Denver is very high above sea level.  It is at least 5,280 feet (or 1,609 meters) above sea level at a point in the city's state capitol building. The dome at the top of the capitol building is covered in gold.

History
History

Denver was founded in November 1858 as Denver City during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush as a mining town in western Kansas Territory. That summer, a group of gold prospectors from Lawrence, Kansas, started a settlement  on the banks of the South Platte River. They called it Montana City. This was the first settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver. The settlement faded quickly. By the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria (named after the gold mining town of Auraria, Georgia), and St. Charles City.

The Colorado Territory was created on February 28, 1861, Arapahoe County was formed on November 1, 1861, and Denver City was incorporated on November 7, 1861. Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902. In 1867, Denver City became the Territorial Capital. With its new-found importance, Denver City shortened its name to just Denver. On August 1, 1876, Colorado was admitted to the Union.
Sports teams in Denver 
Denver is the home of the Denver Broncos football team, the Denver Nuggets basketball team, the Colorado Rockies baseball team, the Colorado Avalanche hockey team, and the Colorado Rapids soccer team.

Newspapers
The Denver Post
The Rocky Mountain News

References 

 
State capitals in the United States
1858 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Colorado
County seats in Colorado
Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis (born July 1, 1961) is an American retired track and field athlete. He has won nine Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships. Lewis became an actor and has appeared in a number of movies.

References

Other websites

 
 

1961 births
Living people
African-American track and field athletes
American sprinters
American movie actors
American Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from Alabama
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
Pink is a light reddish color. Pink paint can be made by mixing red, rose or magenta paint and white paint. Pink is an easy color to make with paint by red and white.

Meaning of Pink

Around the world 
 Pink is the color for embarrassment, because of the pink blushing cheeks.
 Around the world, pink is used to represent love and eroticism.
 Pink means one is in a good condition of health. That is why there is an idiom, "in the pink" — example: "These animals are in the pink today".

In particular regions 
 In the west nowadays, pink is the color for the female gender.   (In the past, however, it was associated with the male gender.) 
 In India, pink is the color of masculinity.
 In Japan, pink is the color most associated with springtime, and loosely associated with young men.

Other occurrences of Pink 
 Pink is the stagename of American singer Alecia Moore. Her name is also spelled as "P!nk."
Tones of pink color comparison chart 
<table>
Light Amour (Pink Mist) (Xona.com color list “Amour Light”)  (Hex: #FDF6FA) (RGB: 253, 246, 250)
Light Pink Lace (Xona.com color list "Pink Lace Light")  (Hex: #FFF1FB) (RGB: 255, 241, 251)
Amour (Red Mist) (Xona.com color list)  (Hex: #F9EAF3) (RGB: 249, 234, 243)
Bubble Gum (Crayola Magic Scents)  (Hex: #FFD3F8) (RGB: 255, 211, 248)
Pink Lace (Xona.com color list)  (Hex: #FFDDF4) (RGB: 255, 221, 207)
Champagne Pink (Pantone TPX 12-1107)  (Hex: #F1DDCF) (RGB: 241, 221, 207)
Light Cupid (Xona.com color list “Cupid Light”)  (Hex: #FDE3F0) (RGB: 253, 227, 240)
Light Chantilly (Xona.com color list “Chantilly Light”)  (Hex: #FCE5F2) (RGB: 252, 229, 242)
Pale Light Pink (Xona.com color list “Pink Light”)  (Hex: #FFE4E9) (RGB: 255, 228, 233)
Piggy Pink (Crayola)  (Hex: #FDDDE6) (RGB: 253, 221, 230)
Pale Pink (ISCC-NBS)  (Hex: #F9CCCA) (RGB: 249, 204, 202)
Baby Pink (ISCC-NBS)  (Hex: #F4C2C2) (RGB: 244, 194, 194)
Pink (X11 color) (Tamarisk)  (Hex: #FFC0CB) (RGB: 255, 192, 203)
Cotton Candy (Crayola)  (Hex: #FFB7D5) (RGB: 255, 183, 213)
Orchid Pink (Pantone TPX 13-2010)  (Hex: #F2BDCD) (RGB: 239, 187, 204)
Chantilly (Xona.com color list)  (Hex: #F8C3DF) (RGB: 248, 195, 223)
Cupid (Xona.com color list)  (Hex: #FBBEDA) (RGB: 251, 190, 218)
Cameo Pink (ISCC-NBS)  (Hex: #EFBBCC) (RGB: 239, 187, 204)
Spanish Pink (Pink (Gallego & Sanz))  (Hex: #F7BFBE) (RGB: 247, 191, 150)
Light Pink (web color "Light Pink")  (Hex: #FFB6C1) (RGB: 255, 182, 193)
Cherry Blossom Pink (www.99colors.net)  (Hex: #FFB7C5) (RGB: 255, 183, 197)
Nadashiko Pink  (Hex: #F6ADC6) (RGB: 246, 173, 198)
Carnation Pink (Crayola)  (Hex: #FFA6C9) (RGB: 246, 166, 201)
Lavender Pink (Crayola color "Lavender [Pink]") -  (Hex: #FBAED2) (RGB: 251, 174, 210)
Light Hot Pink (Xona.com color list “Hot Pink Light”)  (Hex: #FFB3DE) (RGB: 255, 179, 222)
Lavender Rose  (Hex: #FBA0E3) (RGB: 251, 160, 227)
Light Fuchsia Pink (Pale Magenta)  (Hex: #F984EF) (RGB: 249, 132, 229)
Light Deep Pink (Xona.com color list “Deep Pink Light”)  (Hex: #FF5CCD) (RGB: 255, 92, 205)
Rose Pink  (Hex: #FF66CC) (RGB: 255, 102, 204)
Persian Pink (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul)  (Hex: #F77FBE) (RGB: 247, 127, 190)
Tickle Me Pink (Crayola)  (Hex: #FC80A5) (RGB: 252, 128, 165)
Baker-Miller Pink (Schauss Pink) (Internet)  (Hex: #FF91AF) (RGB: 255, 145, 175)
Pink Sherbet (Crayola)  (Hex: #F78FA7) (RGB: 247, 143, 167)
Mauvelous (Crayola)  (Hex: #F091A9) (RGB: 240, 145, 169)
Amaranth Pink (Maerz & Paul)  (Hex: #F19CBB) (RGB: 241, 156, 187)
Charm Pink (Plochere)  (Hex: #E68FAC) (RGB: 230, 143, 172)
China Pink (Plochere)  (Hex: #DE6FA1) (RGB: 222, 111, 161)
Turkish Rose (Xona.com color list)  (Hex: #B57281) (RGB: 181, 114, 129)
 Solid Pink (Xona.com color list)  (Hex: #893843) (RGB: 137, 56, 67)
Mountbatten Pink (Royal Navy)  (Hex: #997A8D) (RGB: 153, 122, 141)
Silver Pink (Plochere)  (Hex: #C4AEAD) (RGB: 190, 174, 123)
Queen Pink (Plochere)  (Hex: #E8CCD7) (RGB: 232, 204, 215)
Pale Amaranth Pink  (Hex: #DDBEC3) (RGB: 221, 190, 195)
Pink Lavender (Taro) (Pantone TPX 14-3207)  (Hex: #D8B2D1) (RGB: 219, 178, 209)
Pastel Pink (ISCC-NBS)  (Hex: #DEA5A4) (RGB: 222, 165, 164)
New York Pink (Xona.com color list)  (Hex: #D7837F) (RGB: 215, 131, 127)
Puce  (Hex: #CC8899) (RGB: 204, 136, 153)
Pale Violet Red (web color)  (Hex: #DB7093) (RGB: 219, 112, 147)
Light Carmine Pink  (Hex: #E66761) (RGB: 230, 103, 97)
Tango Pink (Plochere)  (Hex: #E4717A) (RGB: 228, 113, 122)
Light Coral (web color)  (Hex: #F08080) (RGB: 240, 128, 128)
Deep Pink-Orange  (Hex: #FF7077) (RGB: 255, 112, 119)
Congo Pink (ISCC-NBS)  (Hex: #F88379) (RGB: 248, 131, 121)
Salmon (web color)  (Hex: #FA8072) (RGB: 250, 128, 114)
Light Salmon Pink  (Hex: #FF9999) (RGB: 255, 153, 153)
Salmon Pink (Crayola "Salmon")  (Hex: #FF91A4) (RGB: 255, 145, 164)
Pink-Orange  (Hex: #FF9966) (RGB: 255, 153, 102)
Coral (web color)  (Hex: #FF7F50) (RGB: 255, 127, 80)
Carnation  (Hex: #F95A61) (RGB: 249, 90, 97)
 Carmine Pink (www.99colors.net)  (Hex: #EB4C42) (RGB: 235, 76, 66)
 Deep Carmine Pink (www.99colors.net)  (Hex: #EF3038) (RGB: 239, 48, 36)
Strawberry  (Hex: #FC5B8F) (RGB: 252, 91, 143)
Wild Watermelon (Crayola)  (Hex: #F05B78) (RGB: 253, 91, 153)
 Vivid Strawberry  (Hex: #F70077) (RGB: 247, 0, 119)
Pink (Light Red) (web color)  (Hex: #FD6C9E) (RGB: 253, 108, 158)
Brink Pink (Crayola)  (Hex: #FB607F) (RGB: 251, 96, 127)
Dark Pink  (Hex: #E75480) (RGB: 231, 84, 128)
Blush (Crayola)  (Hex: #DB5079) (RGB: 219, 80, 127)
French Rose (Maerz & Paul)  (Hex: #F64A8A) (RGB: 246, 74, 138)
Violet Red (Crayola)  (Hex: #F7468A) (RGB: 247, 70, 138)
Medium Pink  (Hex: #FE6E9F) (RGB: 254, 110, 159)
French Pink (Pink (pourpre.com))  (Hex: #FD6C9E) (RGB: 253, 108, 158)
Hot Pink (web color) (Hex: #FF69B4) (RGB: 255, 105, 180)
Brilliant Rose (Crayola "Magenta")  (Hex: #F653A6) (RGB: 246, 83, 166)
Raspberry Pink  (Hex: #E25098) (RGB: 226, 80, 155)
Wild Strawberry (Crayola) -  (Hex: #FF3399) (RGB: 255, 51, 153)
 Bright Pink (Rose) (Maerz and Paul)  (Hex: #FF007F) (RGB: 255, 0, 127)
 Sabria Pink  (Hex: #FC0585) (RGB: 252, 5, 133)
 Fluorescent Pink (Crayola Twistable colored pencils)  (Hex: #FF008F) (RGB: 255, 0, 143)
Deep Pink (web color)  (Hex: #FF1493) (RGB: 255, 20, 147)
Cerise Pink  (Hex: #EC3B83) (RGB: 236, 59, 131)
Fandango Pink (Pantone TPX 17-2033)  (Hex: #DE5285) (RGB: 222, 82, 133)
 Barbie Pink (Pantone 219C)  (Hex: #E0218A) (RGB: 224, 33, 138)
 Mexican Pink (Mexican Rose) (Mexican Tourist Board)  (Hex: #E4007C) (RGB: 228, 0, 124)
 Cerise (Maerz & Paul)  (Hex: #DE3163) (RGB: 218, 49, 99)
 Tyrian Pink (Bright Tyrian Purple)  (Hex: #B80049) (RGB: 184, 0, 73)
 Amaranth Cerise  (Hex: #CD2682) (RGB: 205, 38, 130)
Deep Cerise (Cerise (Crayola))  (Hex: #DA3287) (RGB: 218, 50, 135)
<tr style="background:#da1d81; color:white;"> Vivid Cerise  <td style="outline: 1px solid #da1d81;">(Hex: #DA1D81)</td style="outline: 1px solid #da1d81;"> (RGB: 218, 29, 129)</tr>
 Hollywood Cerise (Venus colored pencils) (Fashion Fuchsia)  (Hex: #F400A1) (RGB: 244, 0, 161)
Persian Rose (Maerz & Paul)  (Hex: #FE28A2) (RGB: 254, 40, 162)
Shocking Pink (Elsa Schiaparelli)  (Hex: #FC0FC0) (RGB: 252, 15, 192)
Razzle Dazzle Rose (Crayola)  (Hex: #FF33CC) (RGB: 255, 51, 204)
Purple Pizzaz (Crayola)  (Hex: #FE4EDA) (RGB: 254, 78, 218)
Fuchsia Pink (Light Magenta) (PerBang.dk)  (Hex: #FF77FF) (RGB: 255, 119, 255)
Ultra Pink (Crayola) (Crayola "Shocking Pink")  (Hex: #FF6FFF) (RGB: 255, 111, 255)
Pink Flamingo (Crayola)  (Hex: #FF66FF) (RGB: 255, 102, 255)
Magenta (web color Fuchsia)  (Hex: #FF00FF) (RGB: 255, 0, 255)
Hot Magenta (Crayola)  (Hex: #FF00CC) (RGB: 255, 0, 204)
Amaranth Magenta  (Hex: #ED3CCA) (RGB: 237, 60, 202)
Steel Pink (Crayola Ultra colored pencils)  (Hex: #CC33CC) (RGB: 204, 51, 204)
Sky Magenta (Venus colored pencils) (Medium Lavender Pink)  (Hex: #CF71AF) (RGB: 207, 113, 175)
Super Pink (Pantone TPX 17-2625)  (Hex: #CF6BA9) (RGB: 207, 107, 169)
Fandango (Maerz & Paul)  (Hex: #B55489) (RGB: 181, 84, 137)
</table>
Related pages
 List of colors

Shades of pink
Shades of red
Shades of violet
Shades of white
Bleach is the name for a number of chemical substances which can be used to remove colors, or to make things white. Very often, they act through oxidation. Bleaches on the base of sulfur have been in use for thousands of years. Modern bleaches are usually based on chlorine or on oxygen.

Many bleaches can kill bacteria easily. For this reason, they are often used for disinfecting or sterilisation.

Dangers of using bleach
Mixing bleach with some things commonly found at home, like vinegar or even fruit juice can produce chemicals like chlorine that are irritating or even dangerous. Bleach should also not be mixed with ammonia because a hazardous chemical reaction will occur. This effect can kill people.

Certain types of bleaches produce toxic waste. Some of them produce dioxins.
Examples of bleaches
Sulfur dioxide, one bleach that is a reducing agent
Hydrogen peroxide
Sodium hypochlorite, household bleach
Bleaching powder
Bleach made from hydrogen peroxide is used to make hair lighter in color, orange, blonde, or even white. It is often used by dark-haired people to make highlights, and most hair dyes contain it.

Other websites 

Bleach (MSDS) 

Cleaning tools
A polygon is a closed two-dimensional shape. It is a plane figure that is made up of a number of sides. These are also called edges or line segments. Each side is connected to another one by a corner, or vertex. Each pair of connected sides makes an angle.

These sides and angles can be different from one another, or they can all be the same. Polygons made of only sides of the same length (equilateral) and angles the same width (equiangular) are called regular polygons.

A square is a polygon because it has four sides. The smallest polygon in Euclidean geometry or "flat geometry" is the triangle, which has three sides and three corners. On a sphere, there can also be a digon and a henagon.

If the edge lines of the polygon do not cross each other, the polygon is called simple; otherwise it is complex.

In computer graphics, polygons (especially triangles) are often used to make graphics.

Gallery

List of polygons

References

Polygons
Kazakhstan is a landlocked country in the middle of Eurasia. Its official name is the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is the ninth biggest country in the world, and it is also the biggest landlocked country in the world. Before the end of the Soviet Union, it was called "Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic". The president of the country from 1991  through March 2019 was Nursultan Nazarbayev. Astana is the capital city of Kazakhstan. Almaty was the capital until 1998, when it moved to Astana.

The Kazakh language, which is a Turkic language, is the native language, but Russian has equal official status for all administrative and institutional purposes. Islam is the largest religion- about 70% of the population are Muslims, with Christianity practiced by 26%; Russia leases (rents) the land for the Baikonur Cosmodrome (site of Russian spacecraft launches) from Kazakhstan.
Geography 
Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country mostly in Asia with a small western part across the Ural River in Europe. It has borders with the Russian Federation in the north and west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the southwest, and China in the far east. The northern border is mostly with Siberia, Russia, so Russia has the longest border with Kazakhstan. Basically, Kazakhstan runs from the Caspian Sea in the west to the mainly Muslim Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang.
Kazakhstan has no ocean shoreline, but borders the Caspian Sea, which boats use to get to neighboring countries. The Caspian Sea is an Endorheic basin without connections to any ocean.
Natural resources 
Kazakhstan has plenty of petroleum, natural gas, and mining. It attracted over $40 billion in foreign investment since 1993 and accounts for some 57% of the nation's industrial output. According to some estimates, Kazakhstan has the second largest uranium, chromium, lead, and zinc reserves, the third largest manganese reserves, the fifth largest copper reserves, and ranks in the top ten for coal, iron, and gold. It is also an exporter of diamonds. Kazakhstan has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas.

Regions
Kazakhstan is divided into 14 regions. They are divided into districts.

Almaty and Astana cities have the status of State importance and are not in any region. Baikonur city has a special status because it is leased to Russia for Baikonur cosmodrome until 2050.
Each province is headed by an Akim (provincial governor) appointed by the president. Municipal Akims are appointed by province Akims. The Government of Kazakhstan moved its capital from Almaty to Astana on December 10, 1997.

Population 
The population of Kazakhstan is 17,165,000. It takes the 62th place in the List of countries by population. Average density is one of the lowest on earth with almost 6 people/km2  ( List of countries by population density).

Related pages
Kazakhstan at the Olympics
Kazakhstan national football team
List of rivers of Kazakhstan

References

Notes

Other websites

 Official Website of Kazakh Parliament, in Қазақша, Русский, and English 

 
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
A sign is something you see (or hear) which means something. A sign may be natural or man-made.

A natural sign shows something significant. Leaves turn brown and fall off deciduous trees in the autumn. Temperatures drop, daylight hours shorten. It suggests winter is coming. Many birds migrate and some mammals hibernate in response to natural signs like these. Humans, as usual, are a bit different. They make their own signs.

A man-made sign is called a signal or symbol. It is an artificial thing, which people decide means something in their society. For example, the stop sign on the road tells the person that they must stop their car there. So does a red traffic light. They are signals with a legal meaning, and people learn what these meanings are.

Sometimes a person may not know what a sign means. Feeling a cold wind could be a sign that someone left a door or window open.
In medicine, a sign is something seen, whereas a symptom is something felt, like a pain. A sign might be something like high blood pressure, which can be measured.

Road signs 

A road sign or traffic sign is something that gives information by means of a symbol, or in only 1 or 2 words. It helps people in their vehicles on the road. Some signs include: Give way, Stop, Keep left, No U-turn, no parking, Zebra crossing and much more. Signs are very useful. Without signs and traffic lights there would be many accidents and arguments on the road.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Human communication
Semiotics
Barley is a member of the grass family of plants. Its seeds are a cereal grain. It is a staple food of humans and other animals, and it is one of mankind's oldest crops. It can be made into flour or beer.

Its Latin name is Hordeum vulgare. Barley is an annual plant.

Production

References

Grains
Mount Vesuvius (, ) is a stratovolcano on the Gulf of Naples, Italy. It is about  east of Naples. It is the only volcano on the mainland of Europe that erupted in the last 100 years. The last major eruption was in 1944. Two other important active volcanos in Italy, Etna and Stromboli, are on islands.

Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in A.D. 79 which destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. They were never built again. The towns were buried in ash so completely that later people who lived there forgot about them until they were accidentally discovered in the late 18th century.

The eruption also changed the way the Sarno River flowed, and raised the sea beach. Because of this, Pompeii was not on the river nor next to the coast anymore. Mount Vesuvius was also greatly changed. Many of the plants there died, and the top of the mountain looked different because of the strong eruption.
Vesuvius has erupted many times after that. Today, it is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. About 3 million people live near this explosive volcano. More people live near Mount Vesuvius than any other volcano in the world.

Vesuvius has a long tradition of history and literature. A serpent (snake) called "Vesuvius" has been used in frescos of many lararia (household temples) from Pompeii. In Capua, the words "IOVI VESVVIO" (Jupiter Vesuvius) show that he was worshipped as a power of Jupiter.
The historian Diodorus Siculus said that there was a story that Hercules once passed through the country of Cumae when he was going to Sicily. There, he found a place called "the Phlegraean Plain" (phlegraion pedion, "plain of fire"). It said that it was "from a hill which anciently (from a long time ago) vomited out  called Vesuvius." Giant "sons of the Earth" lived inside it. With the help of the gods, he helped the people there and went on. An ode by Martial in AD 88 suggests that Venus and Hercules were worshipped in the place that was destroyed by the eruption in AD 79.

Name 
The volcano was often called "Vesuvius" in the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire. It was also called Vesaevus, Vesevus, Vesbius, and Vesvius. Writers in ancient Greek called it "Οὐεσούιον" or "Οὐεσούιος". Many scholars think the word Vesuvius was related to the Greek word "οὔ" (not) and σβέννυμι (I quench), so that it would mean "unquenchable". Others think it might come from ἕω "hurl" and βίη "violence", "violence".
Appearance 

Vesuvius has a large cone (Gran Cono) which is partly surrounded by the top of a caldera which was made when an earlier and much higher structure called Monte Comma collapsed. The Gran Cono was made during the eruption of AD 79. For this reason, the volcano is also called Somma-Vesuvius or Somma-Vesuvio.

Eruption of 79 AD 
Before Mount Vesuvius exploded in 79 B.C.E people who lived nearby did not even know that it was a volcano, because it had not erupted for 600 years. At about 1 PM, on August 24, AD 79, Mount Vesuvius erupted violently. It showered ash and pumice on the town of Pompeii, which was 5 miles away.

Today, people think the eruption of 79 AD lasted more than 19 hours. It was noticed by Pliny the Younger who described the mushroom cloud from the volcano as being in the shape of umbrella pine, a tree commonly found in the region. Pliny the Younger was the only person to write the story down.
There were many ways that people died. One was that the smoke that they breathed in was deadly because it dried in their lungs and formed glass. They also were buried by powdery ash from the volcano, which was all over them. Over time this ash turned to a sort of rock, protecting the bodies and the city from the weather and from robbers.

Vesuvius erupted 50 more times after the eruption in 79 AD. Vesuvius was named a national park in 1995.

Related pages 
 List of volcanos
 Dormant volcano

References

Bibliography

Other websites 
 
 
 
 

Calderas
Volcanoes of Italy
VEI-6 volcanoes
Campania
1853 (MDCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

Events
 October 4–5 – the Crimean War begins when the Ottoman Empire begins war with the Russian Empire

Births 
 March 30 – Vincent van Gogh, painter
 July 18 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and mathematician

Deaths 
 March 30 – Abigail Fillmore, wife of U.S. President Millard Fillmore
January – June 
 January 1 – Charles Bickford, American actor (d. 1967)
 January 7 – Zora Neale Hurston, Harlem Renaissance writer (d. 1960)
 January 8 – Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1957)
 January 22 – Antonio Gramsci, Italian Communist writer and politician (d. 1937)
 January 27 – Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian writer (d. 1967)
 February 9 – Ronald Colman, English actor (d. 1958)
 February 11 – J.W. Hearne, English cricketer (d. 1965)
 February 21 – Sean Heuston, Irish rebel (d. 1916)
 February 27 – David Sarnoff, Russian-born American broadcasting pioneer (d. 1971)
 March 10 – Sam Jaffe, American actor (d. 1984)
 March 19 – Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1974)
 March 29 – Yvan Goll, French lyricist and dramatist (d. 1950)
 April 2 – Max Ernst, German painter (d. 1976)
 April 7 – Ole Kirk Christiansen, founder of the Lego group (d. 1958)
 April 13 – Nella Larsen, American novelist (d. 1964)
 April 15 – Wallace Reid, American actor (d. 1923)
April 17 – George Adamski, Polish-born alleged UFO traveler (d. 1965)
 April 23 – Sergei Prokofiev, Soviet composer (d. 1953)
 May 7 – Harry McShane, Scottish socialist (d. 1988)
 May 15
 Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian writer (d. 1940)
 Fritz Feigl, Austrian-born chemist (d. 1971)
 May 16 – Richard Tauber, Austrian tenor (d. 1948)
 May 18 – Rudolf Carnap, German philosopher (d. 1970)
 May 19 – Oswald Boelcke, German World War I pilot (d. 1916)
 May 22 – Eddie Edwards, American jazz trombonist (d. 1963)
 May 23 – Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
 May 24 – William F. Albright, American archeologist and Biblical scholar (d. 1971)
 June 9 – Cole Porter, American composer and songwriter (d. 1964)
 June 20 – John A. Costello, second President of Ireland (d. 1976)
 June 21 – Hermann Scherchen, German conductor (d. 1966)
 June 28 – Carl Panzram, serial killer (d. 1930)
 June 30 – Man Mountain Dean, American professional wrestler (d. 1953)
July - December  
    
 July 5 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
 August 2 – Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky, Russian literary historian, linguist (d. 1971)
 August 21 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican, longest-lived war veteran ever and last verified person born in 1891 (d. 2007)
 September 3 – Bessie Delany, African American physician and writer (d. 1995)
 September 12 – Pedro Albizu Campos, advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d. 1965)
 September 14 – William F. Friedman, American cryptographer (d. 1969)
 September 16
 Karl Dönitz, President of Germany (d. 1980)
 Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-born German World War II spy (d. 1972)
 Julie Winnefred Bertrand, Canadian supercentenarian (d. 2007)
 September 26 – Charles Munch, French conductor and violinist (d. 1968)
 September 28 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American movie and stage actress (d. 1918)
 October 12 – Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1945)
October 20 – James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
 October 24 – Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic (d. 1961)
 November 14 – Frederick Banting, Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1941)
 November 15
 Vincent Astor, American philanthropist (d. 1959)
 Erwin Rommel, German field marshal (d. 1944)
 November 28 – Gregorio Perfecto, Filipino jurist & politician (d. 1949)
 December 9 – Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet (d. 1917)
 December 10 – Nelly Sachs, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
 December 26 – Henry Miller, American writer (d. 1980)
Deaths

January – June 
 January 5 – Emma Abbott, American opera singer (b. 1849)
 January 16 – Léo Delibes, French composer (b. 1836)
 January 21 – Calixa Lavallée, Canadian composer (b. 1842)
 February 14 – William Tecumseh Sherman, American Civil War General (b. 1820)
March 15
 Théodore de Banville, French writer (b. 1823)
 Sir Joseph Bazalgette, English civil engineer (b. 1819)
 March 29 – Georges Seurat, French painter (b. 1859)
 April 2 – Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Turkish statesman (b. 1823)
 April 7 – P. T. Barnum, American showman (b. 1810)
 April 24 – Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian field marshal (b. 1800)
 April 25 – Nathaniel Woodard, educationalist (b. 1811)
 May 8 – Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Russian-born writer and theosophist (b. 1831)
 June 6 – John A. MacDonald, first Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1815)
July – December 
 July 4 – Hannibal Hamlin, Vice President of the United States (b. 1809)
 August 12 – James Russell Lowell, American poet and essayist (b. 1819)
 August 14 – Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (b. 1803)
 August 29 – Pierre Lallement, French inventor of the bicycle (b. 1843?)
 September 7 – Lorenzo Sawyer, 9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California (b. 1820)
 September 11 – Antero de Quental, Portuguese poet (b. 1842)
 September 15 – Ivan Goncharov, Russian writer (b. 1812)
 September 28 – Herman Melville, American novelist (b. 1819)
 October 6
 Charles I of Württemberg (b. 1823)
 Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish nationalist leader (b. 1846)
 October 15 – Gilbert Arthur a Beckett, English writer (b. 1837)
 October 23 – Ambrosius of Optina, Russian Orthodox saint (b. 1812)
 November 6 – J. Gregory Smith, Vermont governor (b. 1818)
 November 10 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (b. 1854)
 December 5 – Pedro II, Brazilian deposed emperor (b. 1826)
1371 was a common year.

Births 
 May 28 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
Mineralogists (people who study minerals) study minerals in rocks with hand lenses (a magnifying glass), and in thin section (thin slices of rock) with microscopes. They record things about the minerals like how big they are, what shape they are, what color they are, and if the mineral changes colors when you turn it. Mineralogists also record what color minerals turn in a special light. These details can help mineralogists figure out what minerals they are looking at. 

Minerals can be used in a lot of different things, like mining, jewelry, farming, pottery, making metals, and more . Mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn.

Other websites
International Mineralogical Association
Mineralogical Association of Canada
Virtual Museum of the History of Mineralogy 
The Giant Crystal Project 
The Geological Society of America 

subfields of geology
A supermarket, grocery store (or just grocery) is a retail store that sells food. Most grocery stores sell fresh fruit, vegetables, seafood, meat, and other prepared foods.

The person who controls a grocery store is called a grocer.  A grocer will order food from farmers or other people who send out farmers food to other grocery stores and restaurants.

Types of grocery stores
There are a range of different types and sizes of grocery stores.  Some grocery stores are small community stores with a limited range of items.  Other grocery stores are large, with a wide selection of food items. 
They may also sell household cleaning and laundry supplies, and hygiene items (soap, toothpaste, etc.). They may also contain a pharmacy (known as a drug store or chemist in some places).
Supermarkets
Supermarkets are large grocery stores that sell a large variety of fresh and packaged food and other consumer or household products. Supermarkets are divided into sections, such as bakery, dairy, produce (fruits and vegetables), frozen, meat, and deli, along with a "general grocery" section where one can find packaged goods, cleaning supplies, and personal hygiene items. Many supermarkets today now also sell hot, prepared food that is ready to eat, or contains a food court with different fast food shops. The term "supermarket" usually refers to a larger store than the term "grocery store."

Hypermarkets
A hypermarket is a very large supermarket that is part of a larger general merchandise store such as Walmart, which also sells clothes, electronics, household hardware, and other items. It can be said to be a hybrid (or combination) of a grocery store and a department store. These stores are mainly found in suburbs where there is a lot of room to build and near where people live.
How to shop at a grocery store 

Until the 20th century, grocery stores were small.  The owner, called a shopkeeper, would ask the customer what he or she would like to buy.  The shopkeeper would then get the items, bring it to the customer, and put them in bags which the customer would take with them.  He would then calculate how much the customer has to pay, and take the money from the customer.  The customer then took the bags of items out of the store by him/herself.
Today, most groceries stores are too big for one person to take care of.  Because of this, customers must find the items they wants by themselves.  Most often, the customer takes a shopping basket or shopping cart and put the items into the basket or cart.  For some items, like meat and seafood, the customer still has to have an employee get or prepare the item.  When customers have finished selecting, they bring the items to the "checkout", where a person called a cashier scans the customer's items into a cash register (or a computer as part of a point of sale system) and then takes the customer's payment.  Supermarkets typically accept payment by cash, debit cards, and/or credit cards.  In the 21st century, there are so-called self-checkout systems where customers scan the items themselves.
Many large supermarkets also have a loyalty program, where a customer can earn points by purchasing products. When a customer has enough points, a discount or reward is given. These programs are meant to make customers come back to the same store again and again.

Food and drink
Supermarkets
Ecuador is a small country in South America. It used to be part of the Spanish Empire and Gran Colombia. Spain was interested in finding gold in Ecuador. Before Spain, Ecuador was part of the Inca Empire.

The President of Ecuador is Guillermo Lasso since 2021.

Ecuador produces bananas and cocoa.

Geography

Ecuador is along the equator. There are jungles and mountains such as the Andes mountains. Ecuador has many active volcanoes and also one of the highest densities of volcanoes in the world. Ecuador's coast is on the Pacific Ocean.

The capital of the country is Quito. This city is high up in the Andes, which makes it hard for some new visitors to breathe. The biggest city is Guayaquil on the coast. Cuenca and Loja is famous for its old buildings and colonial architecture.

Peru borders Ecuador to the south, and Colombia borders it to the north. The Galápagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean are also part of Ecuador and are famous for lots of animals. Charles Darwin travelled to the Galápagos Islands.
Population
In 2011, 14,440,000 people lived in Ecuador. These people are 65% Mestizo, 25% Amerindian, 7% white, and 3% black. About 27% of the people live below the national poverty line.

The official language is Spanish. Many other indigenous languages are spoken. Most of the people in Ecuador are Roman Catholics, although Ecuador has religious freedom and people can follow any religion they choose.

Provinces

Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces. Each has its own administrative capital.

The provinces are divided into cantons. The cantons are divided into parishes.
Historic Center of Quito
The Historic Center of Quito, Ecuador is one of the largest, least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the Americas. This center was, together with the historic centre of Kraków in Poland, the first to be declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978. The Historic Centre of Quito is in the center south of the capital on an area of 320 hectares (790 acres), and is considered one of the most important historic areas in Latin America.There are about 130 monumental buildings (which hosts a variety of pictorial art and sculpture, mostly of religious inspired in a multi-faceted range of schools and styles) and 5,000 properties registered in the municipal inventory of heritage properties.

Presidential Palace
During the Republican era, almost all the presidents (constitutional, internees and dictators) have dispatched from this building, which is the seat of Government of the Republic of Ecuador. In addition to the administrative units in the third level of the Palace is the presidential residence, a luxurious colonial-style apartment in which they live the President and his family. Rafael Correa, president since 2007, considering that Carondelet Palace and its agencies are Ecuadoran heritages, converted the presidential compound into a museum accessible to all who wish to visit it. To this end, areas were organized to locate objects within their cultural contexts to make them accessible to the world. Several rooms and spaces within the palace are used for this purpose.

Church of La Compañía de Jesús
Construction began in 1605, with Mastrilli laying the first stone. The building was not completed until 1765. La Compañía is among the best-known churches in Quito because of its large central nave, which is profusely decorated with gold leaf, gilded plaster and wood carvings. Inspired by two Roman Jesuit churches—the Chiesa del Gesù and the Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola—La Compañía is one of the most significant works of Spanish Baroque architecture in South America.

Independence Square
Also known as Big Square (Spanish: Plaza de la Independencia, Plaza Grande). Historic public square of Quito (Ecuador), in the heart of the old city. This is the central square of the city and one of the symbols of the executive power of the nation. Its main feature is the monument to the independence heroes of August 10, 1809, date remembered as the First Cry of Independence of the Royal Audience of Quito from Spanish monarchy. The environment of the square is flanked by the Carondelet Palace, the Metropolitan Cathedral, the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace and the Plaza Grande Hotel.

Church of San Fransisco
The Iglesia y Monasterio de San Francisco (English: Church and Monastery of St. Francis), colloquially known as El San Francisco, is a colonial-styled church and monastery in Quito, Ecuador. Construction of the building began a few weeks after the founding of the city in 1534 and ended in 1604. The founder of the church was Franciscan missionary Jodoco Ricke.
Church of El Sagrario
In colonial times, the Church of El Sagrario was one of the largest architectural marvels of Quito. The construction is of the Italian Renaissance style and was built in the late 17th century. It has a screen that supports its sculptures and decorations. This structure was built by Bernardo de Legarda. Its central arch leads to a dome decorated with frescoes of biblical scenes featuring archangels, work by Francisco Albán. The altarpiece was gilded by Legarda. It is on Calle García Moreno, near the cathedral.

Church of Santo Domingo