Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Clemens Fritz (born 7 December 1980) is a German football player. He plays for Werder Bremen.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998/99||Leipzig||Regionalliga||6||0||||||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Rot-Weiß Erfurt||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga||25||4||||||colspan="2"|-||25||4
|-
|2000/01||32||10||||||colspan="2"|-||32||10
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Karlsruhe||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||31||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||5
|-
|2002/03||30||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||14||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|-
|2004/05||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2005/06||29||1||1||0||2||0||32||1
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||32||1||0||0||12||1||44||2
|-
|2007/08||23||1||0||0||8||0||31||1
|-
|2008/09||24||0||5||0||5||0||34||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26
246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||8||2
|-
|2008||11||0
|-
!Total||22||2
|}

References
References

1980 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Erfurt
Sportspeople from Thuringia
Werder Bremen players
Simon Rolfes (born 21 January 1982) is a German football player. He plays for Bayer Leverkusen and Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|2001/02||0||0
|-
|2002/03||0||0
|-
|2002/03||Reutlingen||2. Bundesliga||13||0
|-
|2003/04||Werder Bremen||Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|2004/05||Alemannia Aachen||2. Bundesliga||28||3
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||32||7
|-
|2006/07||34||3
|-
|2007/08||34||8
|-
|2008/09||33||3
|-
|2009/10||||
174||24
174||24
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||10||1
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||21||1
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Paul Freier (born 26 July 1979) is a German football player. He plays for Bochum. In the Germany national team he played 19 matches and scored 1 goal.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Bochum||2. Bundesliga||6||0
|-
|2000/01||Bundesliga||22||1
|-
|2001/02||2. Bundesliga||30||7
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||32||7
|-
|2003/04||27||1
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||33||6
|-
|2005/06||29||6
|-
|2006/07||31||3
|-
|2007/08||19||2
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Bochum||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||28||1
|-
|2009/10||||
257||34
257||34
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||8||1
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||19||1
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
German football managers
German footballers
Jan Schlaudraff (born 18 July 1983) is a former German football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2003/04||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2004/05||6||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Alemannia Aachen||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||15||0||0||0||1||0||16||0
|-
|2005/06||29||11||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||11
|-
|2006/07||Bundesliga||28||8||4||2||colspan="2"|-||32||10
|-
|2007/08||Bayern Munich||Bundesliga||8||0||0||0||6||0||14||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Hannover||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||22||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||23||5
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
112||24||6||2||7||0||125||26
112||24||6||2||7||0||125||26
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
Riesa-Großenhain was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Riesa and Großenhain. It ended in 2008.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Germany
The House of Valois was a younger branch of the Capetian dynasty that ruled France in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance from 1328 to 1529. The kings of the House of Valois were descended 
from Charles of Valois who was the third son of Philip III of France. They claimed the Salic law put them ahead of Edward III of England to rule France. Edward III of England thought he had gotten the right to the French crown through his mother. The two countries fought the Hundred Years' War because of that disagreement.

Hundred Years' War
 
1328 establishments
1529 disestablishments
1320s establishments in Europe
14th century in France
15th century in France
16th century in France
1500s in Europe
1510s in Europe
1520s in Europe
The Salic law was a set of laws established by King Clovis I for the Salian Franks during the sixth century. It stayed important in parts of western Europe for a long time because Charlemagne based his laws on the Salic law. One part of Salic law that stayed very important was inheritance for kings. The Salic law said that land goes to sons and not daughters.

History of France
History of Germany
Alizée Jacotey (born 21 August 1984 in Ajaccio, Corsica) is a French singer. Her stage name is Alizée — which is the feminine form of alizé and means "trade wind". Alizée was found by Mylène Farmer, after Alizée's performance in the talent show, Graines de Star, in 1999. While working with Mylène Farmer and Laurent Boutonnat, Alizée put out two albums. Both of which were hits both inside and outside of France. After the first two albums she broke up with Mylène and Laurent. She has released three more albums. On 6 November 2003 she married Jérémy Chatelain. In 2012 they divorced.

References

Other websites 

 Alizée's official website
 Alizée Art - News, photos & more
 Alizée-Forum - Place to meet the fans 

1984 births
Living people
French pop singers
People from Ajaccio
Synth-pop singers
The Scarlet Letter is a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published on March 16, 1850 by Ticknor, Reed, and Fields of Boston, Massachusetts. It is set in Puritan Boston, Massachusetts in the 1640s. It is about adultery, its punishment, and aftermath. It has been adapted to movies.

1640s
1850
1850s books
19th-century American novels
Adultery in fiction
Boston in fiction
Fiction set in the past
Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Uetersen () is a small city in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is about  south of Elmshorn, and  northwest of Hamburg. Uetersen is home to the Rosarium Uetersen, the oldest and largest rose garden in Northern Germany, created in 1929.

Mathias Rust took off from Uetersen for his historic flight in 1987.

People 
 Arthur Drews
 Franz Kruckenberg
 Detlef Lienau

References

Other websites

Towns in Schleswig-Holstein
The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system in New York City, United States.  It is run by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority  (MTA). It is one of the biggest rapid transit systems in the world, with 472 stations. It has 245 miles (or 394 km) of routes on 691 miles (or 1112 km) of railway track. The New York City Subway almost never closes; the trains run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, all year. The system has only closed three times, most notably during the September 11 attacks and when Hurricane Sandy flooded its tracks.

The first elevated trains started working on October 9, 1863, and the first underground trains started working on October 27, 1904.

History
Alfred Ely Beach built an underground subway tunnel to test in 1869. His Beach Pneumatic Transit only extended  under Broadway in Lower Manhattan. The subway car in the tunnel was pneumatic, or pushed by air. The tunnel was never made longer. It could have gone to Battery Park to the south and the Harlem River to the north.
The first underground subway line opened on October 27, 1904. The oldest elevated train line in the subway system opened in 1885. The oldest right-of-way was a steam railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road. That railroad opened in 1863.

By the time the first subway opened, there were two private subway companies. They were the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Corporation (BRT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). Most subway lines built after 1913 were built by the New York City government. These tracks were leased to the companies. The first line of the city-owned and city-run Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932.

In 1940, the two private systems were bought by the city. Some elevated train lines closed and were destroyed.  The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) was made in 1953 to run subway, bus, and streetcar operations. It was made part of Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968.
By the 1970s and 1980s, the New York City Subway was really bad to ride. There were very few people riding the subway. There was a lot of graffiti and crime on the subway. This was fixed in the 1990's.

After the September 11 attacks, there were train disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy flooded the subway system. It closed many lines for a few days, then recovered.

Stations 
There are subway stations in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx.  About 40% of the tracks are above ground and the other 60% are below ground.  Every day about 5,076,000 people take rides on the subway. 463 out of the system's 472 stations are always open.

Many stations have "mezzanines". These are the levels of the station where you pay a fare before entering the subway platforms. Everyone must pay a fare to enter the subway system. They are usually between street level and platform level.
Many station entrances and exits have lamp posts. At the top of the lamp posts are colored balls. Green globes identify that the entrance is open 24/7, 365. Red globes can show two things. An entrance lamp post with a red globe can show that the entrance is either part-time open or is an exit only entrance. Some of the globes do not show the right information about an entrance or exit.

Most subway stations have waiting platforms that are from  long. People wait for trains on these platforms.

All new stations have platforms with air conditioning.

Many stations also have artwork on the subway station walls.

Most of the stations wers built before 1990. That is when a new law said that many new buildings, like subway stations, should have elevators and ramps so people with wheelchairs can enter these buildings.
The MTA has run the "Music Under New York" (MUNY) program in the subway since 1987.  People must compete in order to be allowed to play music in a station. There are now more than 100 musicians and performers in the subway system.

There are only 129 open restrooms in 77 of the system's stations.

Some platforms have newspaper stands as well. They sell many things, including newspapers and food. There are also stores in some stations.

Lines and routes

In other cities' subway systems, a train "line" is the same as a train "route". In New York City's subway system, however, the "line" is the actual tracks, which a train "route" uses. "Routes", also called "services", have a letter or a number, such as "1" or "A". "Lines" have names, like BMT Broadway Line.
There are 24 train services. This includes 3 "shuttle" routes. Each route has a color. Raleigh D'Adamo, a lawyer who entered a contest in 1964, planned the colors that are used on subway maps now. Before, subway maps used different colors for every route. People who live in New York City do not call lines and services by color (such as, Blue Line or Green Line). However, tourists often use colors to tell between routes.

There are three different types of subway services. "Local" trains make all stops at "local" stations as well as at "express" stations. "Express" trains skip local stations, but stop at "express" stations. There is one "skip-stop" service, the J/Z, where two train routes run on the same line; each route only stops at every other station along the line.
The subway system runs 24 hours a day and 7 days a week, but some routes do not run when not many people ride the subway. When a line is closed, the transit authority uses free shuttle buses. The transit authority shows planned service changes on its website, on station walls, inside subway cars, and through its Twitter page.

Trunk lines

Routes

There are many routes on the subway.  Many people who have never ridden on the subway get confused because there are so many routes going to so many different places. The subway has signs that hang from the stations' ceilings to show the routes and where they go.
Routes on the "A Division", which used to be the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, are:

Routes on the "B Division", which used to belong to the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation and Independent Subway System, are:
Fares 
From 1904 until 1948, people paid a nickel to go into the subway. On July 1, 1948, the fare was raised to a dime. In July 1953, the fare was raised to 15 cents. The MTA gave out subway tokens, which people used to enter the subway. People stopped using tokens in 2003.

The fare is $2.75. Riders must pay with MetroCards or OMNY. The subway started using MetroCards in 1994. At subway stations, riders can buy MetroCards from the station booth or from vending machines. Riders can also buy MetroCards from many places in New York City, like convenience stores and newspaper sellers. ONMY later came out in 2019 as a testing fare for credit/debit cards on the 4/5/6 lines, to use for another way to pay for your subway fare. Once it succeeded, it expanded all throughout the NYCTA. Currently, it is planning to replace the MetroCard by 2024.

Rider safety 

Riders are allowed to take pictures using cameras, but are not allowed to take pictures with cameras that flash or with cameras that are on tripods.
Subway police can search riders to make sure they do not have weapons or other items that could be used to hurt other people.

When riders get hurt, usually it is because they slip when they are getting on or off the train.  This is because there is a gap between the train and the platform.  In recent times, workers have made the gaps smaller to prevent people from slipping. Often messages are played from loudspeakers that say "Please watch the gap when entering and exiting the train".

Train safety 
The MTA makes sure that New York City Subway trains run without accidents. There are railroad switches, railroad signals, and speed limits on the subway. All tracks also have a stopper on the side. If the train passes a red signal, the stopper will stop the train.

A black-and-white striped board hangs above the middle of each platform. The conductor has to point to the board in front of him or her. After the conductor points to the board, the train doors will open.
The subway has had over 56 train accidents since 1918. The Malbone Street Wreck on November 1, 1918 was the most deadly. That crash killed 93 people.

Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the MTA has experimented with Automatic train operation. New York City Subway trains normally run with a train conductor and a train operator. In 2006, the L train was the first route to be run by computers. The 7 train is becoming the second route to be run by a computer. There are computers both on the train and along the side of the tracks. The computer does the engineer's job by driving and stopping the train.

References 

Rail transport in the United States
1863 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in New York (state)
Fundamentalism was used at first to describe some people in the Protestant community in the United States in the early 20th century. These people had a set of well-defined ("fundamental") values. These values were in opposition to more modern ideas. The group also said it was important to stick to what faith (and a more literal translation of the Bible) told them. When people look at religion this way they see the ideas in the religion as absolute. This means that it is not possible for them to change. When religion is seen as absolute it becomes fundamentalism.

Today, the term is used more generally. It is now often used to describe groups of people who are committed to behave or act according to their (mostly moral, and religious) values and beliefs even though these values may be criticised by many people or unpopular. Modern-day fundamentalists want to go back to the roots of certain ideological or religious positions.
Religious fundamentalism has been prevalent in society since its beginnings in the late 19th- and early 20th-century. People today who study fundamentalism see it as a response to modern society. Today society is not as simple as it was: many people live in societies that can be difficult to understand. Changes in familiar things can make people feel unsafe. So some people look in their religion to see something that does not change. They also want rules about how to act that do not change. So they see their religion as this thing that does not change.

See Reformation for an older historical precedent.
Terminology 
Some people who are called religious fundamentalists do not like that name, as the term has other meanings. They do not like it because 'religious fundamentalist' has some negative ideas about it. Many people who are politically progressive or liberal sometimes do not like religious fundamentalists. They believe bad things about them like that they are not clever, they are not educated, or that they do not respect people's human rights.

Some people who are Christian fundamentalists do like that term and use it to name themselves. But they do not like being called religious fundamentalists because Islamic fundamentalists are in this same group.
History 
Fundamentalism began as a movement in the U.S., starting among conservative Presbyterian academics and theologians at Princeton Theological Seminary in the first decade of the Twentieth Century. It soon spread to conservatives among the Baptists and other denominations during and immediately following the First World War. The movement's purpose was to reaffirm orthodox Protestant Christianity and zealously defend it against the challenges of liberal theology, German higher criticism, Darwinism, and other movements which it regarded as harmful to Christianity.

The term "fundamentalism" has its roots in the Niagara Bible Conference (1878–1897) which defined those things that were fundamental to Christian belief. The term was also used to describe "The Fundamentals", a collection of twelve books on five subjects published in 1910 and funded by Milton and Lyman Stewart
Issues of fundamentalism 
Not all religious fundamentalists believe the same things. But there are many issues that they have strong beliefs about. Some of these issues are similar even in different religions. Some of these issues are:
 Abortion
 Homosexuality
 Feminism (or women's rights)
 Sex before marriage
 Contraception
 Religion as the basis for laws
 Teaching religion in schools
 Science

Criticism 
Many criticisms of fundamentalist positions have been offered. One of the most common is that some claims made by a fundamentalist group cannot be proven, and are irrational, demonstrably false, or contrary to scientific evidence. . For example, some of these criticisms were famously asserted by Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Another is that religious beliefs do not translate well into laws or social policy in diverse tolerant societies. This criticism favors secularism as a better foundation for social harmony and stability.
One of the critics, Elliot N. Dorff wrote:
In order to carry out the fundamentalist program in practice, one would need a perfect understanding of the ancient language of the original text, if indeed the true text can be (found...) among variants. Furthermore, human beings are the ones who transmit this understanding between generations. Even if one wanted to follow the literal word of God, the need for people first to understand that word (requires) human interpretation. Through that process human fallibility is inextricably mixed into the very meaning of the divine word. As a result, it is impossible to follow the indisputable word of God; one can only achieve a human understanding of God's will.

References 

Theology
Philosophical movements and positions
Political ideologies
Agostino Carracci (sometimes also spelled Agostino Caracci, August 16, 1557 – March 22, 1602) was an Italian painter and printmaker.  His brother Annibale and cousin Lodovico Carracci were more famous than he was. 

He thought nature was an ideal. He founded a school that was competing with that of Caravaggio. Together with his brothers, he founded the Accademia degli Incamminati. The academy helped painters of the School of Bologna to become famous.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

Other websites
Catholic Encyclopedia: Carracci

1557 births
1602 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Printmakers
The Vogtlandkreis is a Landkreis (rural district) in the southwest of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders Thuringia, Bavaria, and the Czech Republic. Plauen is the capital of the district.

Famous people 
The first German cosmonaut, Sigmund Jähn was born in the Vogtland. His hometown, the small village Morgenröthe-Rautenkranz in the south-west of the district houses a small space exhibition.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German, Czech)
Zwickauer Land was a Landkreis (rural district) in the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city of Zwickau is in the middle of the district. It is nearly completely surrounded by the district. In July 2008, the city lost its right to administer itself, and become a city under the control of the district government.

The rural district was created on 1 August 1994. Its capital is Werdau. On January 1, 1999, the district was reorganised. Cainsdorf, Mosel, Oberrothenbach and Schlunzig were made a part of to Zwickau even though the people living in those towns wanted to stay independent.

Geography 
The district is located in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), with the main rivers being the Zwickauer Mulde and the Pleiße.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites
 Official website (German, English)

Old Rural District of Saxony
2008 disestablishments in Germany
Chemnitzer Land was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

The district has a very big population because the East German government tried to make the area very industrial.

The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Glauchau and Hohenstein-Ernstthal. In 2008, part of city of Zwickau will become part of the district. The rest of the city will become part of Zwickauer Land.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)

Old Rural District of Saxony
2008 disestablishments in Germany
Meißen is a district (Kreis) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities 
{|
! align=left width=33%|Towns
! align=left width=33%|Municipalities
|- valign=top
||
Coswig
Gröditz
Großenhain
Lommatzsch
Meißen
Nossen
Radebeul
Radeburg
Riesa
Strehla
||
Diera-Zehren
Ebersbach
Glaubitz
Hirschstein
Käbschütztal
Ketzerbachtal
Klipphausen
Lampertswalde
Leuben-Schleinitz
Moritzburg
Nauwalde
Niederau
Nünchritz
||
Priestewitz
Röderaue
Schönfeld
Stauchitz
Tauscha
Thiendorf
Triebischtal
Weinböhla 
Weißig am Raschütz
Wildenhain
Wülknitz
Zabeltitz
Zeithain
|}

References

Other websites 
 Official website (German)
 Inofficial website (German)
The Sächsische Schweiz (Saxon Switzerland) was a rural district (Landkreis) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

It borders the Czech Republic. Vehicles registered in the district have PIR, for the city of Pirna. This is because the districts own abbreviation would be SS, and this is not used because it is the same as the Nazi SS, the Schutzstaffel

History 
The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Sebnitz and Pirna were merged.

Geography 
The district is named after the landscape - the Saxon Switzerland - as it is the most mountainous region of Saxony.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Related pages
 Saxon Switzerland

Other websites
 Official website  (German)
 Regional website (German)
 Tourism website (German)
 Official tourism portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland  (English)
 Tourism portal (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Germany
Sächsische Schweiz might refer to:

Sächsische Schweiz (district), a former district in Saxony
Sächsische Schweiz (tourism)
Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, a district in Saxony
The Weißeritzkreis was a district (Kreis) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders the Czech Republic. The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Dippoldiswalde and Freital were merged. It ended in 2008.

During the flooding in August 2002 the river Weißeritz had to drain many times the normal amount of water, and a lot of buildings in the river valley - houses, streets and bridges were destroyed

Partnerships
 Rottweil
 Berchtesgadener Land
 Göttingen
 Zollernalbkreis

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)
 Website about the 2002 Flooding (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Germany
Sächsische Schweiz means Saxon Switzerland in English. It is a mountainous climbing area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Part of the area is in the Czech Republic. It is called the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic.

Sächsische Schweiz has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers.

The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz Rural District.

History 
Sächsische Schweiz area has a number of fortresses built to protect trade routes; remaining fortresses include Festung Königstein and Castle Hohnstein. Hardly anything is left of other castles and fortresses.

The area became popular with tourists during the 19th century. Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("wolf's gorge") scene near the city of Rathen.
Rock Climbing 
Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Saxon Rules' for rock climbing were made, the first ever of their kind worldwide.

Other websites 

 Saxony Switzerland (en)
 Sächsische Schweiz (in German)
 Official portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland  (in English)
 Saxon Switzerland 

Geography of Saxony
The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. It is one of the earliest works of literary fiction known.

The most complete version that exists today was preserved on twelve clay tablets in the library collection of the 7th century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
A series of Sumerian legends and poems about the mythological hero-king Gilgamesh were probably gathered into a longer Akkadian poem some time before the 7th century BC.

The essential story is about the relationship between Gilgamesh, a king who has become distracted and disheartened by his rule, and a friend, Enkidu, who is half-wild and who undertakes dangerous quests with Gilgamesh. Much of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh's thoughts of loss following Enkidu's death. It is often credited as being one of the first literary works with emphasis on immortality.

The epic is widely read in translation, and the hero, Gilgamesh, has become an icon of popular culture.
History 
Gilgamesh was the fifth king of Uruk, an ancient city of Sumer. His supposed historical reign is believed to lie within the period 2700 to 2500 BC, 200–400 years before the earliest known written stories. His father was the third king, Lugalbanda.
 
The Epic of Gilgamesh was about him.

Bibliography

Editions 
 
 
 
  Glossary, Appendices, Appendix (Chapter XII=Tablet XII). A line-by-line translation (Chapters I-XI).
 
 
 
 Sandars, N. K. (2006). The Epic of Gilgamesh (Penguin Epics).  - re-print of the Penguin Classic translation (in prose) by N. K. Sandars 1960 () without the introduction.
  (Volume 1) in the original Akkadian cuneiform and transliteration; commentary and glossary are in English
Other 
 Damrosch, David (2007) The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh. Henry Holt and Co, 
 Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976) The Treasures of Darkness, A History of Mesopotamian Religion, New Haven: Yale University Press, 
 West, Martin (1997) The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, New York: Clarendon Press,
Other websites 
 Translations for several legends of Gilgamesh in the Sumerian language can be found in Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/ ), Oxford 1998-.
 Babylonian (Akkadian) texts: ETCSL
 Gilgamesh and Huwawa , version A - (the adventure of the cedar forest)
 Gilgamesh and Huwawa , version B
 Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven 
 Gilgamesh and Aga 
 Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the nether world 
 The death of Gilgamesh 
 The Project Gutenberg eBook, An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic, by Anonymous, Edited by Morris Jastrow, Translated by Albert T. Clay
 Epic of Gilgamesh, summary by M. McGoodwin
 Gilgamesh  by Richard Hooker (wsu.edu)
 The Epic of Gilgamesh: A Spiritual Biography (theosophy-nw.org)

Tablets
 Tablet XI (The Flood Chapter)
Flood
 Comparison of equivalent lines in six ancient versions of the flood story  (noahs-ark-flood.com)
 Comparison of The Epic of Gilgamesh to the Genesis flood  (religioustolerance.org)
 Comparison of the Flood in Genesis to the Epic of Gilgamesh and related literature (Christian-thinktank.com)

Mythology
Mesopotamia
Fiction books
8th-century BC books
The Sorbian languages are Slavic languages, a branch of the Indo-European languages. 

They are the Sorbs' native languages, who are a Slavic minority in eastern Germany. The languages used to be known as Wendish or Lusatian. 

There are two languages: Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbsce), spoken by about 40,000 people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbski), spoken by about 10,000 people in Brandenburg. Both languages are spoken is an area known as Lusatia (Łužica in Upper Sorbian, Łužyca in Lower Sorbian and Lausitz in German).

In Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are officially equal to German.

The city of Bautzen, Upper Lusatia, is the centre of Upper Sorbian culture. Bilingual signs can be seen around the city, including the name of the city, "Bautzen/Budyšin".
The city of Cottbus (Chóśebuz) is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian. Cottbuss also has bilingual signs.

Sorbian is also spoken in the small Sorbian (“Wendish”) settlement of Serbin in Lee County, Texas. Until recently newspapers were published in Sorbian there. The local dialect has been heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and English.

American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves “Wends” or “Wendish” since think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.

Other websites 
Sorbian language tree
Euromosaic information page

Slavic languages
Sorbs
Languages of Germany
Bautzen (, ,  ; ) is a city in eastern Saxony, Germany, and capital of the Bautzen Rural District. It is on the Spree River.

In 2005, 42,189 people lived in Bautzen. Asteroid 11580 Bautzen is named in honour of the city.

Bautzen is historical capital of Upper Lusatia, and it is the most important cultural centre of the Sorbs, a Slavic minority.

During World War II and the Nazi era, there was a subcamp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in Bautzen. Ernst Thälmann was imprisoned there before being deported to Buchenwald.

After the war Bautzen was well known in the German Democratic Republic because of its prison. Bautzen I was used as an official prison, Bautzen II was a secret prison for prisoners of conscience (people arrested for their political beliefs, not because of an ordinary crime). Bautzen I is still used as a prison, and Bautzen II has been a memorial since 1993.

In 2002 the city commemorated its thousandth birthday.

Twin cities
Twin cities 

 Worms, since 1990
 Heidelberg, since 1991
 Dreux, France, since 1992
 Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Republic, since 1993
 Jelenia Góra, Poland, since 1993

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Interactive sightseeing tour through Bautzen 
 City and regional portal of Bautzen and the Oberlausitz 

Sorbs
Bautzen Rural District
James "Jim" Root (born October 7, 1971) is an American musician. He is the guitarist for both Slipknot and Stone Sour. In Slipknot he is named #4. He is the tallest member of the band at 6 feet and 6 inches tall. Jim wears a court jester's mask with a zip-up mouth. Jim enjoys fishing and playing video games in his free time.

Musicians from Iowa
American rock musicians
American heavy metal musicians
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
1971 births
Living people
Originally the word 'ghetto' meant the Jewish quarter of Venice, and later of any European town.  Many places had a ghetto where Jews were allowed to live. The term "ghetto" is now commonly used to refer to any poverty-stricken urban area with a concentration of minority groups.  The word has a few possible sources:
 "getto", the Venetian word for foundry slag, because the Jews were only allowed in the area where the iron foundries were.  
 Others believe it is from the Italian word borghetto, meaning a little borgo or ‘borough’.

It is also used to refer to areas that are considered to be undesirable.

References 

Human rights
Ghettos
ECW (which at one time stood for Extreme Championship Wrestling) was a professional wrestling brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), based on the independent Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion that lasted from 1992 to 2001. It started on June 13, 2006 with a weekly television series. The ECW brand was one of WWE's three brands, the other two being RAW and SmackDown.

Show history
Original format
WWE got Extreme Championship Wrestling and its video library in 2003 and later began reintroducing ECW through a series of DVDs and books. The big popularity of ECW merchandise prompted WWE to organize ECW One Night Stand, an ECW reunion pay-per-view in 2005. The financial and critical success of the event encourages WWE to start a second One Night Stand the next year. With rejuvenated interest in the ECW product, WWE began exploring the possibility of reviving the promotion full-time. On May 26, 2006, WWE announced the launch of ECW as a stand-alone brand, congruous to Raw and SmackDown!, with its own show on the Sci Fi Channel. Despite initial concerns that professional wrestling would not be accepted by the Sci Fi Channel's demographic, network President Bonnie Hammer said that she believed ECW would fit the channel's theme of "stretching the imagination". Sci Fi Channel is owned by NBC Universal, parent company of USA Network and exclusive cable broadcaster of WWE programming.
Former ECW owner Paul Heyman served as the on air "ECW Representative". According to an interview in the UK newspaper The Sun, Heyman wrote the brand's weekly scripts and gave them to writers for possible changes, and then Vince McMahon for final approval. After the December to Dismember 2006 Heyman was relieved from both his on and off air duties with World Wrestling Entertainment. After Heyman left, there was no ECW authority figure until August 14, 2007, when Armando Estrada was announced as the General Manager.

ECW on Sci Fi
ECW's weekly series was first given a thirteen episode run as a "summer series" on the Sci Fi Channel. The first episode got a 2.79 rating, making it the highest rated show on cable in its time slot. Because of its good ratings it was given an extended run through the end of 2007. On October 23, 2007, the network renewed the series through 2008.
While the show started out a ratings success, it began drawing criticism from fans of the original ECW early on. This was most evident by the negative crowd reaction "old school" fans gave the main event of Batista vs. the Big Show at the show of August 1, 2006 from Hammerstein Ballroom.

On October 16, 2007 a "talent exchange" was started between the SmackDown! and ECW brands, allowing their respective talent to appear on either brand.

In February 2010, McMahon announced that ECW would be replaced by NXT.

Online presence
At ECW's launch, WWE.com introduced Hardcore Hangover, a video feature which allowed fans only in the United States to stream or download video footage from the weekly show. On October 16, 2007 it was replaced by a new feature which made full episodes of the show available for streaming on WWE.com the day after they were shown. After making a list of names from fans and conducting an online poll, the feature was named ECW X-Stream on October 31, 2007.
Production
ECW brand shows were held in big arenas as a part of the SmackDown! brand's Tuesday taping schedule. This is in sharp contrast to the first Extreme Championship Wrestling which ran most of its events in smaller venues. The show usually aired live on Tuesdays directly before – when touring the west coast – or after SmackDown! has taped, though it has been recorded and placed on a broadcast delay until later in the night depending on what circumstances dictate.

ECW's initial theme song was "Bodies" by Drowning Pool, which had been used by WWE for Extreme Championship Wrestling since before the brand was established. Since then the theme song has changed between a number of different songs before settling on "Don't Question My Heart", sung by Kyle Morrison of the band Shattersphere. A remix of "Don't Question My Heart" by Saliva featuring Brent Smith was the show's last theme song.
Starting with the January 22, 2008 version, ECW began broadcasting in HD, along with a new HD set, which was shared among all three WWE brands.

Television Finale
On February 2, 2010, WWE Chairman Vince McMahon announced that ECW would be going off the air and would be replaced with a new weekly program in its slot in what McMahon announced as "the next evolution of WWE; the next evolution of television history."  It was later announced that the show would air its final episode on February 16, 2010. On the February 4, 2010 episode of WWE Superstars, the new show's name was announced as WWE NXT. The ECW brand disbanded, with every ECW wrestler becoming a free agent after the show endee.

Special episodes

On-air personalities

Champions

Authority figures

Commentators

Ring announcers

Recurring segments

International broadcasters
In addition to being broadcast on Syfy in the United States, ECW was broadcast on a number of channels in many different countries.

References

Other websites
 ECW at SciFi.com
2006 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
American television series
 
English-language television programs
World Wrestling Entertainment television programs
For Jewish people, YHWH is the most holy name of God, as written in the ancient Hebrew language. The written language showed no vowels, so the pronunciation is not agreed on. However, most academics agree that "Yahweh" is the most accepted way to say it.

It has also been pronounced as "Yehova" in Hebrew as a substitute word for the tetragrammaton. This is because Hebrew pointing, or vowel symbols, are often put under the YHWH, making . The vowels used come from the Hebrew word for Lord, "Adonai", which after the last captivity, was substituted and the vowels of "Adonai" forced into the tetragrammaton, incorrectly spelling God's Hebrew name as "YaHoVaH".
It was never meant to be anything more than a substitute to avoid pronouncing the tetragrammaton.
Traditionally, religious Jews today do not often say this name aloud. This is because it is believed to be too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God. For example, they use HaShem ("The Name") or Shem HaMeforash (“the indescribable Name”). 

Today, the three Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam)  say that there is only one God, defined in the Judeo/Christian
Scriptures as Yahweh almost 7,000 times, with the general name "Elohim" a distant second at 2,500 times. Yahweh was spoken often by Jews. In
the New Testament, Yahweh is also present with the expanded name of Yeshua (Jesus), meaning "Yahweh is Salvation".

Sometimes the four letters are called the Tetragrammaton, which is Greek for four letters
The Hebrew languages has no vowels as was used in Latin or eventually, English. Therefore, the Tetragrammaton, translated from Hebrew to Latin was JHWH. Eventually, it was JHVH in English. Since it does not contain vowels, as does English, vowels were inserted to make the name pronouncable. Therefore JHVH became JEHOVAH.

These four letters are usually JHWH in German, French and Dutch, and either YHWH, YHVH, JHWH or JHVH in English. In some English language Bibles, it is written in all capital letters as "LORD," as in Jewish tradition. Others, such as the Jerusalem Bible use "Yahweh". The Holman Christian Study Bible uses
"Yahweh" when there is a reference to his name; God's Word Translation uses all of the Hebrew transliterations for the name of God.
The name Jehovah is used by the religious organisation of Jehovah's Witnesses based on early English Bible translations repeated by the KJV. They are not the only religious group to pronounce the holy name as Jehovah. When settlers of different religions arrived to settle lands in North America, the name Jehovah was widely used. It is still used by several regions besides Jehovah’s Witnesses. 

In 2008, the Holy See reiterated a directive that the full name YAHWEH should not be used in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce the full word and YHWH was to be used instead.

Related pages
 God in Christianity
 Jehovah

References 

Judaism
Hebrew language
Oriana Fallaci (29 June 1929 - 15 September 2006) was an Italian journalist, author, and political interviewer. A young partisan during World War II, she had a long and successful journalistic career. 

She has interviewed many internationally known leaders and celebrities such as the Dalai Lama, Henry Kissinger, the Shah of Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini, Willy Brandt, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Walter Cronkite, Omar Khadafi, Federico Fellini, Sammy Davis Jr, Nguyen Cao Ky, Yasser Arafat, Indira Gandhi, Alexandros Panagoulis, Archbishop Makarios III, Golda Meir, Nguyen Van Thieu, Haile Selassie and Sean Connery.

After retirement, she returned to writing a series of articles and books critical of Islam and Arabs and some people interpreted the articles under the guise of racism and so-called Islamophobia.
Life and career 
Fallaci was born in Florence, Italy. During World War II, she joined the resistance in the democratic armed group "Giustizia e Libertà". Her father Edoardo Fallaci, was a famous antifascist political activist, in Florence.
Fallaci began her journalistic career in her teens, becoming a special correspondent for the Italian paper Il mattino dell'Italia centrale in 1946. After 1967 she worked as a war correspondent, in Vietnam, for the Indo-Pakistani War, in the Middle East and in South America. For many years, Fallaci was a special correspondent for the political magazine L'Europeo and wrote for a number of leading newspapers and Epoca magazine. During the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre prior to the 1968 Summer Olympics, Fallaci was shot three times, dragged down stairs by her hair, and left for dead by Mexican forces. The demonstrations by immigrants in the United States these past few months "disgust" her, especially when protesters displayed the Mexican flag. "I don't love the Mexicans," Fallaci said, invoking her nasty treatment at the hands of Mexican police in 1968. "If you hold a gun and say, 'Choose who is worse between the Muslims and the Mexicans,' I have a moment of hesitation
. Then I choose the Muslims, because they have broken my balls."
In the late 1970s, she had an affair with the subject of one of her interviews, Alexandros Panagoulis, who was a big rebel in the Greek resistance against the 1967 dictatorship, having been captured, heavily tortured and imprisoned for his (unsuccessful) assassination attempt against dictator and ex-Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos. In 1972 she interviewed  Henry Kissinger.

Fallaci has twice received the St. Vincent Prize for journalism, as well as the Bancarella Prize (1971) for Nothing, and So Be It; Viareggio Prize (1979), for Un uomo: Romanzo; and Prix Antibes, 1993, for Inshallah.  She received a D.Litt. from Columbia College (Chicago). She has lectured at the University of Chicago, Yale University, Harvard University, and Columbia University. Fallaci’s writings have been translated into 21 languages including English, Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Greek, Swedish, Polish, Croatian, Hungarian and Slovenian.
Bibliography
The Seven Sins of Hollywood 1958.
The Useless Sex: Voyage around the Woman 1961.
Penelope at War 1962.
Limelighters 1963.
The Egotists: Sixteen Surprising Interviews 1968.
Quel giorno sulla Luna 1970.
Interview With History, (a collection of interviews with various political figures) 1976.
A Man, a novel about a hero who fights alone for freedom and for truth, never giving up, and so he dies, killed by all. 1979
Inshallah,1983.
If the Sun Dies, (about the US space program).
Letter to a Child Never Born, (a dialogue between a mother and her unborn child).
Nothing, and so be it, report on the Vietnam war based on personal experiences.
The Rage and The Pride (An expose on Islam) December 2001..
The Force of Reason (La Forza della Ragione ) April 2004.
Oriana Fallaci intervista Oriana Fallaci, Fallaci interviews herself on the subject of "Eurabia" and "Islamofacism".August 2004.
Oriana Fallaci intervista sé stessa - L'Apocalisse. An update of the interview with herself. November 2004.
1929 births
2006 deaths
Italian journalists
Writers from Florence
Solange Piaget Knowles (; born June 24, 1986), also known as Solange, is an American singer, songwriter and model.

She began her musical career at age 14. She has been acting since 2003. She is also now an entrepreneur promoting Baby Jamz.

Knowles is the younger sister of Beyoncé. She appeared in her sister's music video for B'Day and in Bring it On: All or Nothing. She has always been compared to her more famous sister by the media. In the lyrics to "God Given Name", she says her thoughts about this: "I'm not her and never will be".

Knowles started her own record label, Saint Records in 2013.

Personal life 
Knowles' father is Matthew Knowles. Her mother is Tina Knowles.

Her sister is Beyonce.

She started her musical career at age 14.

At age 17, Knowles married a man called Daniel Smith. She gave birth to their son Daniel Julez J. Smith Jr. at 18. She then later divorcing Smith three years later. She now lives with her son and family in Louisiana. Her hometown is Houston, Texas.
Knowles has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Notes
 A ^ "I Decided" was also released as "I Decided, Pt I" in various countries. The main single release in the United Kingdom of "I Decided" was a Freemasons remix titled "I Decided, Pt II".

Music videos

Other appearances

References

Other websites 
 

1986 births
Living people
Actors from Houston
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
American television actors
Singers from Houston
American bloggers
Jessie Redmon Fauset (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an American editor, poet, essayist and novelist. She wrote more books than any other African-American female novelist of the Harlem Renaissance.

Her life and work
Fauset was born in  Fredericksville, New Jersey, in Camden County. She was the daughter of Annie Seamon and Redmon Fauset, a Presbyterian minister.  Her mother, Annie, died when she was still a little girl.