Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Royal New Zealand Navy is the navy of New Zealand. It is the maritime arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. As of 2023, the Navy have nine ships and fly eight naval helicopters from the Royal New Zealand Air Force. The Navy was formed during World War II on 1st October 1941. Prior to that the Royal Navy had protected New Zealand.

History
WIP

Organisation
The Navy's fleet is grouped into four groups (also called forces).
 Naval Combat Force: The Navy's fighting ships (frigates).
 Naval Patrol Force: The Navy's patrol boats.
 Logistics Support Force: The Navy's support ships (e.g. tankers).
 Littoral Warfare Support Group: The Navy's coastal forces.
Air support uses the SH-2G Seasprite helicopter. They are operated by both the Navy and Air Force. They are part of No. 6 Squadron RNZAF. The helicopters mainly serve on HMNZS Canterbury, the frigates and the Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs).
Current Role
 Defence: "to secure New Zealand from external threat, to protect our sovereign interests, including in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and to be able to take action to meet likely contingencies in our strategic area of interest."
 International Participation: Supporting peace-keeping and other missions around the globe.
 Civilian Support: Helping Government agencies such as customs.

Bases
The Navy has one base in Auckland Harbour called the Devonport Naval Base. It is named after the naval base in Plymouth, Britain. The base includes harbour facilities for the whole fleet. It also includes a dry-dock, once the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, and the Navy's school.

Personnel
On 1 July 2007 the RNZN had a total of 2,034 Regular Force personnel, 237 Naval Reserve personnel and 378 civilian employees, totalling 2,699. Around 1800 of that total are based at the Devonport Naval base in Auckland.
On 1 January 2011 the RNZN consisted of 2,135 Regular Force personnel, 332 Naval Reserve personnel and 375 civilian staff.

Vessels
This is not a complete list of all Royal Navy vessels. It is a simplified version of only the major units for simplicity.

Anzac Class Frigate
HMNZS Te Kaha (F77) is one of the navy's two frigates. She entered service in 1997. Her name means strength in Maori. She has served in the Persian Gulf and Solomon Islands.

HMNZS Te Mana (F111) is one of the navy's two frigates. She entered service in 1999. Her name means authority in Maori. She is regularly sent to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman on patrol.
Canterbury Class MRV
HMNZS Canterbury (L421) is the navy's flagship. She entered service in 2007. She is named after one of the big cities in New Zealand, Canterbury. The last HMNZS Canterbury was a famous ship in the Navy. She can do a variety of roles to support the Navy and Army. She has responded to all of the major disasters in Australia and New Zealand since her commissioning.

References

New Zealand
1942 establishments
20th-century establishments in New Zealand
Organizations based in New Zealand
Androidland is the first Android retail store, opened by the company Telstra on Bourke Street, Melbourne, Australia, in December 2011. Two more Androidland stores opened in India in 2013.

Related pages
 Google Nexus
 Galaxy Nexus

References

Other websites
Official Telstra Press Release
News of about the store at the Official Google Australia Blog
Images of the store

Google
Android (operating system)
2011 establishments in Australia
Android store might mean:

Android Market, the place to get "apps" for an Android system
Androidland, a "real" shop with Android phones and other Android-related material
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania was Albanian (also known as King Leka I; 5 April 193930 November 2011), was the only son of King Zog I of Albania. Leka was also called King Leka of Albania, but he was never the ruler of the country.

He was born in Tirana in 1939. Two days later, the family was forced to leave Albania after Italy invaded the country. When his father died in exile in 1961, Leka was crowned king in a hotel in Paris. He returned to Albania in 1993, but was not allowed to stay in the country. He made a second visit in 1997. The country held a vote to decide whether they wanted to go back to a monarchy or stay as a republic. The country voted for a republic, but Leka said the vote had been changed. His supporters created demonstrations against the government. Several people were killed in the demonstrations. Leka again had to leave Albania. 

In 2002, he made an agreement with the government and came back to Tirana.
Death
He died on 30 November 2011 in Mother Teresa Hospital, Tirana from heart and lung illnesss. He was buried next to his wife’s and mother’s grave at the public Sharra cemetery in a Tirana suburb. Later he was buried in the royal mausoleum.

Ancestors

Other sources
Other sources

 Dedet, Joséphine "Géraldine, reine des Albanais". Paris: Belfond, 2016, published at the occasion of Prince Leka's wedding in Tirana, on October 8, 2016 (Leka being Geraldine's grand-son) ; former editions: Criterion, 1997  and Belfond, 2012, . Biography enriched by the Queen's testimony, by her personal archives and by a huge correspondence with the author, who has benefited of many unpublished sources.
 Dedet, Joséphine, Géraldine, Egy Magyar No Albania Tronjan, Budapest : Europa, 2015, , best-seller in Hungary, translation of Géraldine, reine des Albanais".
 Najbor, Patrice. "Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale" (5 volumes) - JePublie - Paris - 2008
 Rees, Neil. A Royal Exile – King Zog & Queen Geraldine of Albania including their wartime exile in the Thames Valley and Chilterns, 2010 ()

1939 births
2011 deaths
Albanian people
Princes and princesses
People from Tirana
The Prime Minister of Thailand (; ) is the head of government of Thailand. The Prime Minister is also the chair of the Cabinet of Thailand. The office was created after the Revolution of 1932. This was when the country became a constitutional monarchy. The current prime minister is Srettha Thavisin since 2023.

List of prime ministers

References

Other websites
 Official Website, website for the Royal Thai Government
 History of Thai Prime Ministers , a detailed list of Prime Ministers
Graphene is one of the forms of carbon. Like diamonds and graphite, the forms (or 'allotropes') of carbon have different crystal structures, and this gives them different properties. Graphene is the basic 2D (two dimensional) form of a number of 3D allotropes, such as graphite, charcoal, fullerene and carbon nanotubes.

The term graphene was coined as a combination of graphite and the suffix '-ene' by Hanns-Peter Boehm, who described single-layer carbon foils in 1962. Graphene is like a honeycomb or 'chicken wire' structure, made of carbon atoms and their bonds. Graphite is many graphene sheets stacked together.

Three million graphene sheets stacked to form graphite would be only one millimetre thick.

The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded to Sir Andre Geim and Sir Konstantin Novoselov "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene".

Graphene supercapacitors are among the possible applications.
Graphene oxide 
An international team from the University of Manchester made a membrane of graphene oxide. They showed it blocked many gases and liquids but let water through. Sir Andre Geim said: "Helium gas is hard to stop. It slowly leaks even through a millimetre-thick window glass but our ultra-thin films completely block it. At the same time, water evaporates through them unimpeded. Materials cannot behave any stranger".

Latest idea 
Membranes of graphene will make pretty good bullet-stoppers. Research shows that an atom-thick layer absorbs  a hit better than steel. The research team suggests that combining graphene with one or more additional materials to form a composite might be the way forward.

Graphene Batteries 
1. Internal Structure
The internal structure of a graphene battery is quite similar to that of a standard lithium-ion battery pack. There are 2 electrodes and an electrolyte solution to enable flow of charge. The difference is that one of the electrodes in graphene-based batteries, mostly the cathode, is replaced with a hybrid composite material (solid-state metal + graphene) used in place of a standard solid-state metal

2. Advantages

Smaller, slimmer battery: Graphene being a two-dimensional material is only a single layer of atoms. To help understand this better, when you stack 3 million layers of graphene is that you get 1 mm thickness. This means that graphene would allow smartphones to be slimmer than ever and provide more space from additional electronics and allow to place higher capacity batteries.
Higher capacity: Graphene has a higher energy capacity for the same size as compared to lithium-ion batteries. While Lithium-ion batteries are known to store up to 180 Wh per kilogram, graphene based batteries capable of storing up to 1,000 Wh per kilogram. So, the same size of graphene battery pack has a higher charge capacity than lithium-ion or other commonly used batteries.

Faster charging times: Graphene is an excellent conductor of electricity. Its two-dimensional honeycomb structure doesn’t offer any resistance to the flow of electrons. So, it can charge quickly and also provide greater endurance compared to lithium ion batteries.

Graphene patents 
The invention of graphene has led to many patents for its practical application. In 2013 the score was: 
Chinese entities: 2,204
US entities: 1,754
South Korean entities: 1,160
United Kingdom entities: 54

South Korean electronics giant Samsung stands out as the company with most graphene patents to its name.

References 

Allotropes of carbon
Materials
Toulouse Tech, also known as the Toulouse Institute of Technology is one of the collegiate universities in France. It was created in 2007. It gathers 16 of the best French schools, covering engineering science, management, architecture and veterinary, aiming to be of comparable status to the most famous universities of technology around the world.

Colleges and institutes
École nationale de l'aviation civile
 École nationale supérieure de formation de l’enseignement agricole
 École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes
 École nationale de la météorologie
 École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse
 École nationale supérieure en génie des technologies industrielles
 École des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
 École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse
 École d'ingénieurs de Purpan
 Toulouse Business School
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse
 École nationale supérieure d'électrotechnique, d'électronique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique et des télécommunications
 École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques
 Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
 Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace

Facts and Figures
From the official website:

850 teachers-researchers
14,000 students
22 millions of euros in research

References

Further reading 
 Toulouse Tech
Engineering schools
Technical colleges and universities in Toulouse
2007 establishments in France
Rory Williams is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who.He was played by Arthur Darvill. Rory was first seen at the start of the 5th series. He joined the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) as a companion in the middle of Series 5. Rory began as Amy Pond's fiancé. He was uncomfortable around the Doctor at first. This was because he believed that Amy cared more for the Doctor than she did for him. Later, he shows that he is truly a hero. Amy learns that she has always loved him and they get married. They conceive Melody Pond inside the TARDIS while it is travelling through time. Their baby is kidnapped at birth. Rory and Amy learn that their daughter is River Song, and become related to the Doctor when he marries River in The Wedding of River Song.

Appearances

Television
Television

Early life
Rory Williams has been a close friend of Amelia "Amy" Pond since they were children. They grew up in Leadworth, a fictional village near Gloucester, in South West England, along with their friend Mels. Mels secretly knows that she is their future daughter, Melody and is, oddly enough, who Melody is named after. (Yes, she is named after herself. Time is all "wibbily-wobbly" like that where the Doctor is involved)  The kids often played dress up. Amy makes Rory dress as her "imaginary friend" the "Raggedy Doctor".
Amelia first kisses Rory while dancing the macarena. Amelia grew up thinking of herself as "counting as a boy" and Rory was afraid to ever tell her his feelings toward her. She never thought that Rory was in love with her. Because he had never shown any romantic interest in other girls, she thought he was gay. Because of this, she never acted on her own feelings towards him. A year or two before the Doctor returns to Leadworth, Mels tells Rory and Amy that they have feelings for each other. This starts their relationship and in the end causes herself to actually be born.

Series 5 (2010)
Rory is first seen in "The Eleventh Hour" (2010). At this point he is in a romantic relationship with Amy (Karen Gillan). In 2008, he works as a nurse at the local hospital. He is curious about coma patients that he sees in the village. He is shocked to meet Amy's 'imaginary' "Raggedy Doctor" (the Eleventh Doctor - Matt Smith). Although meeting him is confusing, he know it is the Doctor without being told.
During the next two years, the Rory and Amy decide to get married. The Doctor returns the night before Rory and Amy's wedding. She travels in time with him but only after the Doctor promises to return her before the next morning. After Amy tried to seduce the Doctor, the Doctor takes her and Rory to 1580s Venice to fix the couple's relationship. Rory has always a problem with the Doctor because of his connection with Amy and her interest in him. He grows more annoyed and even paranoid with the relationship. It gets worse when the Doctor tells Rory that she kissed him. When Rory says that they should go back to Leadworth, Amy asks him to travel with them. The Doctor agrees and Rory accepts. In the episode "Amy's Choice", They have a shared dream in which they are married and Amy is pregnant. As Rory is about to die, he tells Amy to look after their baby. This causes Amy to see how much she loves him. Rory travels with the Doctor and Amy until "Cold Blood"
. In that episode, he is shot dead after saving the Doctor. He is then absorbed by a crack in time and space. The crack removes him all of time. As he is a part of Amy's history, she does not remembers him any more because he never existed He was removed from existence completely.
After the cracks were fixed, Rory was returned to his timeline. Everyone's memories were returned and he and Amy got married. When the Doctor went to the reception, he called Rory "Mr Pond". Rory did not like the name at first but accepted that is basically the truth. The Doctor left Rory and Amy for their honeymoon.

Series 6 (2011)
In series 6, Rory is a full-time companion. After the Doctor saves the cruise ship they were on during their honymoon from crashing, Rory and Amy join him again in the TARDIS. After some time travelling with the Doctor, Rory and Amy return to Leadworth for two months.
Sometime before "The Rebel Flesh", the Doctor learns that the Amy with them is not the real Amy. She is a "Flesh" avatar. The real Amy had been kidnapped. At the end of  "The Almost People", Rory did not know it was not the real Amy. When the Doctor tells him to move away from Amy, Rory does not want to but finally trusts the Doctor. Rory lets the Doctor destroy the false Amy just as the real Amy begins to give birth to her baby. Amy gives birth to their daughter Melody Pond, between "The Almost People" and "A Good Man Goes To War". The baby is kidnapped and replaced by a Flesh version as Rory and the Doctor fight to get to them. Rory shows courage against a group of Cybermen. He destroys their fleet with help from the Doctor. Rory's memories of being a centurion in the alternate timeline help him to fight the Headless Monks. After the battle, Rory helps a dying Sontaran nurse. In his final words, the Sonaran speaks of Rory and himself both being a warrior and a nurse
. At the end of the episode River Song appears and it is learned that she is the daughter of Amy and Rory. In the alien language of the people who raised her there are no words for Melody or Pond. The closest translation of "Melody" and "Pond" is "River" and "Song". In "Let's Kill Hitler", it is learned that Rory and Amy named their daughter Melody after their childhood friend Mels. Rory and Amy later learn that Mels is also Melody. They also see her regenerate into River Song.
As they travel, Rory sees that it can be dangerous to be on the TARDIS. He gets to the point in his travels that he tells the Doctor he does not want to travel any more if they are going to always be as risk.

In "The God Complex" Rory is the only person on the TARDIS is not hunted by the creature that feeds on faith. The Doctor thinks this is because Rory has no faith of his own. Rory also says that after traveling in the TARDIS there was very few things he was afraid of any more. The Doctor sees the danger he is putting his friends in. He takes Amy and Rory back to Earth and gives them a house and a car as a gift.
Reception
The fact that Rory dies often has been criticized. Digital Spy reviewer Morgan Jeffery wrote, "One of the key elements in Doctor Who is obviously the sense of danger and the lingering presence of death, but Rory's repeated demises and resurrections are now becoming so frequent that comparisons to South Park's Kenny seem almost inevitable." SFX gave Rory the third spot in the top 10 resurrections of science fiction TV. It said "it's becoming a cliché. But it's not one we mind too much, mainly because it's always done with such gusto. Except, perhaps, in the pirates episode which was a fairly gusto free zone all round".
However, critics have liked that Rory has had many times to be heroic in series 6. After "A Good Man Goes to War" as broadcast, io9's Charlie Jane Anders compared the character to Wesley Wyndam-Pryce (Alexis Denisof). That character's story in American television programmes Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel showed him changing from comic relief to a warrior. Anders said: "Yes, we're thrilled that Rory is getting his Wesley Wyndam-Pryce on. Badass Rory is, as we already observed, totally badass. But this episode exemplified the recent trend towards Amy being reduced to a bystander, victim, or worse." 
Rory's change into a heroic character has also led to a series of "Rory Williams Facts" in the style of the popular Chuck Norris Facts internet meme.

References

Other websites
Rory Williams on the BBC's Doctor Who Series 5 website 

Doctor Who characters
The Queen's Gambit Declined is a chess opening which starts with 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6. It is an old opening, and one of the most important. It is often used in top-class play. In this opening, called QGD for short, the struggle for the centre is the strategy of both players. Unlike the Queen's Gambit Accepted, Black keeps his pawn on d5 protected. A simple example:

1.d4 d5
2.c4 e6
3.Nc3 Nf6 
4.Bg5 Be7 
5.e3 0-0
6.Nf3 c6
7.cxd5 exd5
8.Bd3 Nbd7 (Black could play 8...Ne4 here)
9.0-0 h6
10.Bh4

Here White has more space, and Black has to decide how to develop his pieces. It is easier to play the white pieces in this kind of position. However, overall, black players do as well with this defence as with most others. Best for Black in this position is 10...Ne4 or 10...Re8.

Chess openings
Connie Victoria Elizabeth Talbot (born 20 November 2000) is an English singer-songwriter. She became famous after competing in Britain's Got Talent. She lost at the finals.

Biography 
In Britain's Got Talent, she sang "Somewhere Over the Rainbow". This led her to the semi-finals. She then competed in but was defeated at the finals.

After her success, Talbot began posting Youtube videos since 2008. Most of them were videos of her singing. Some gained over 10 million views.

Other passions 
She is also a professional mermaid.

Discography
Talbot released three albums, with the first one released in 2007, and the second and third ones in 2008 and 2009.

References

Other websites

 Connie Talbot's website

2000 births
Living people
British child singers
English singer-songwriters
English pop singers
English guitarists
English pianists
Musicians from Birmingham
Progressive rock singers
British swimmers
Slovene (or Slovenian) is a language. It is the official language of Slovenia.

Experts estimate that 2.5 million people can understand and speak Slovene. It is a Slavic language, written for more than 1000 years. The earliest written records are the Freising manuscripts.

In 2004, it became an official language of the European Union (there are 24 official languages in total). The standard Slovene alphabet has 25 letters. The letters come from the Latin alphabet. Slovene words are usually pronounced how they are spelled.

Examples : 
   is the word for zero. 
  is the word for one.

References

Languages of Europe
Slavic languages
Slovenia
Carinthia (state)
Styria
Evgeny Tomashevsky, born 1 July 1987 in Saratov, is a Russian chess grandmaster. In 2001 he won the U18 Russian championship in Rybinsk with 9/10 and in 2004 he became second in the U18 World Youth Chess Championship. In 2007 he became second in the Aeroflot Open.

In 2009 Tomashevsky won the 10th European Individual Chess Championship after tie-breaks. The decisive match against Vladimir Malakhov went into armageddon, where Malakhov blundered a rook in a winning position. 

He was a member of the gold-medal-winning Russian team at the World Team Chess Championship 2009 in Bursa. In 2011, he tied for 1st-3rd with Nikita Vitiugov and Le Quang Liem in the Aeroflot Open.

Tomashevsky's style of play is described as being mostly positional.

References

Other websites 
 Final standings of the WYCC2004
 Interview with the European Champion Evgeny Tomashevsky ChessBase.com
 Interview with the European Chess Champion Evgeny Tomashevsky  Chessdom

1987 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
The International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools (IAAPS) is an association of pilot training organizations created in 1995. IAAPS is recognized by national and international aviation authorities. IAAPS is part of the rulemaking group of the European Aviation Safety Agency. (EASA)

History
In 1990,  the so-called "Cyprus Agreement"  caused the European Joint Aviation Authority (JAA) to be established.

In 1995, the European Association of Airline Pilot Schools (EAAPS) was established.

The EAAPS was active in the pan-European project to define and standardize the depth and scope of flight training within the JAA.  One of the results was the "Joint Aviation Requirement Flight Crew Licensing code" (JAR-FCL).

In 2009, the EAAPS became a worldwide association. The name or the organization was changed changed to IAAPS.

Mission
As a global pilot shortage grows, IAAPS members work together to maintain and improve the quality standards of pilot training. Aviation training improves air safety standards.
IAAPS is recognized by the EASA as the representative of the training industry. IAAPS activities include 
 EASA Advisory Board (EAB)
 Safety Standards Consultative Committee (SSCC)
 Subject Expert Team (SET)
 Theoretical Knowledge Steering Group (TKStG)
 Human Factor Steering Group (HFStG)

IAAPS helped to develop "learning objectives" for aircraft and helicopters. These were published by the JAA and then by EASA.

Members 
The membership is comprised of aviation training organizations.  Each member organization is certified nationally.  The international membership is expanding.

Austria
 AeronautX Luftfahrtschule, Hoersching

Belgium
   Ben-Air Flight Academy (BAFA), Antwerp
 Sabena Flight Academy (SFA), Steenokkerzeel

Croatia
  Croatia Aviation Training Center, Lucko

Finland
  Finnish Aviation Academy , Pori
France
 Airbus Training, Blagnac
   École de Pilotage Amaury de la Grange , Merville
 École nationale de l'aviation civile (ÉNAC), Muret
   ESMA Aviation Academy, Mauguio
 Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz, Rungis

Germany
 Haeusl 'air, Fürth
  IKON Gmbh , Erlangen
 Lufthansa Flight Training, Bremmen
  Verband Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule (VDV), Essen

Morocco
 École National des Pilotes de Ligne (ENPL), Benslimane

Netherlands
   Dutch Flight Academy  (DFA), Eelde
  EPST, Utrecht
   KLM Flight Academy, Paterswolde
   Nationale Luchtvaart School CAE- NLS, Hoofddorp
   Stella Aviation Academy , Teuge

Spain
   Asociación de Escuelas de Formación Aeronáutica (AEFA), Madrid
 Flight Training Europe Ltd (FTE), Cadiz

Sweden
  European Flight Training Academy (EFTA), Bromma
  Scandinavian aviation academy , Vasteras

Switzerland
  Swiss Aviation Training Ltd , Zurich

Turkey
  ER-AH Aviation Commerce Ltd Co. , Antalya
   Istanbul DUHA Aviation Flight School, Istanbul
United Kingdom
  Atlantic Flight Training Ltd , Coventry
  Bristol Flying Centre , Bristol
  Cabair College of Air Training, Bedford
  London Metropolitan University , London
 Oxford Aviation Academy  (OAA), Oxford

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Aviation organizations
Organizations based in the Netherlands
The Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies (ISSAT) is the French name for the Institute of Space, its applications and technologies. Supported by French Ministry of Education, the organisation was created in 1995 to develop aerospace activities in Toulouse. It also helps promote the distribution of aerospace expertise in France and Europe.

The ISSAT has 13 members:
 Aerospace Valley
 Centre national d'études spatiales
 EADS Astrium
 École nationale de l'aviation civile
 École nationale supérieure des techniques industrielles et des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
 Institut aéronautique et spatial
 Institut national polytechnique de Toulouse
 Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
 Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
 Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
 Magellium
 Météo-France
 Université Paul Sabatier

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Education in France
Aerospace engineering
Aviation in France
Occitanie
Super Bowl XXXVIII was the thirty-eighth Super Bowl. The teams in the game were the Carolina Panthers from the NFC and the New England Patriots from the AFC. New England won the game 32-29. The performers at the halftime show were Spirit of Houston, Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake, OutKast, P. Diddy, Kid Rock, and Nelly. The halftime show created controversy when Janet Jackson's breast was shown by Justin Timberlake to everyone who was watching the show.

References 

038
Carolina Panthers
New England Patriots
2004 in sports
2000s in Houston
2004 in the United States
Super Bowl XXXIX was the thirty-ninth Super Bowl. The teams in the game were the Philadelphia Eagles from the NFC and the New England Patriots from the AFC. New England won the game 24-21. Paul McCartney performed in the halftime show.

039
New England Patriots
2005 in sports
2005 in Florida
Early life
Gordon was born in London in 1833, where his father was a major in the Royal Artillery. While still a very small child the family moved to Dublin so his father could work on modernising the guns at the Pigeon House Fort.  In 1837 they moved to Edinburgh when his father was posted to Leith Fort. The family were then sent to the island of Corfu where his father had to arrange for the guns to be placed in new positions. Gordon 's parents wanted him to have an English education so he was sent to Fullands School at Taunton. When he turned 14 he attended the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. He was often bullied, and he would become quiet and withdrawn. He go for several days without speaking to anyone. He would stand still and stare at the bullies until they felt uncomfortable and stopped. Gordon was accused of having bullied other students, and was punished by having to stay at the college for another term. He passed his exams and joined the Royal Engineers on the 23 June 1852.
Crimea
Gordon worked as an engineer repairing various army buildings in Chatham, and repairing the fort at Pembroke. In 1855 he was sent to the Crimean War and took part in the siege of Sebastopol. After the war, Gordon was sent to survey and map the border between Russia and the Romanian principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. In May 1857 he was sent to map the border between Russia and Turkey. He was awarded a Turkish war medal and the French Legion of Honour. Gordon returned to England at the end of 1858, where he was promoted to major, and took up a post at Chatham.
China
At the end of the Second Opium War in 1860, Gordon was sent to China with a force of soldiers to protect British interests. In 1863 he was put in charge of the "Ever Victorious Army", a mercenary army under the command of European officers. This army was to fight the Niang rebellion against the Manchu, and later the Taiping Rebellion. Gordon was able to create a highly disciplined and successful fighting force. By careful planning he was able to lead the Ever Victorious Army to victory of the rebels. The Chinese Emperor made him a Field Marshall in the Imperial Army and presented him with China's highest award, the peacock feather. The British Army promoted him to Lieutenant Colonel and he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He returned to England at the end of 1864.
The poor and the elderly
Gordon was made Commandant of Engineers at Gravesend. He had the job of repairing the forts guarding the Thames at Gravesend and Tilbury. Gordon was horrified by the number of poor people, especially old people and children. A man of strong religious belief, Gordon felt is was his duty to God to help provide food, clothing and education for these people. He spent about 90% of his army pay on the poor. The poor boys he called "Wangs", after the Chinese Princes of the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.

References

1833 births
1885 deaths
British Army officers
History of Sudan
Mercenaries
A rhythmite is layers of sediment or sedimentary rock laid down in a repeated pattern. This pattern may be varves, which are an annual pattern, or shorter or longer-term rhymites. Tides in some places have left rhythmites.

Longer-term rhythmites 
Rhythmites can show long-term prehistoric events, such as periodic floods, sea level changes, glaciation changes, earth's orbital variations, and other periodic climate changes.

Many rock formations show repeating patterns of strata. For example, clay layers may alternate with sandstone layers; or carbonate layers alternate with shales. This is usually caused by repeating cycles of climate. In warmer times the sea rises, and carbonate rocks are deposited in shallow subtropical seas. Later, ice builds up at the poles and the sea level drops. Then the same area is close to shore, and gets sand and mud washed down by rivers.
Deposits on land show patterns for similar reasons. A low-lying area will be a lake or a swamp during hot, wet periods, and maybe a desert or a mudflat during dry periods. Erosion takes place during the dry periods, and deposition takes place during the wet periods.

However, temperature and sea-level changes are not the only causes of rhythmites. In volcanic areas a pattern of deposition in lakes may be regularly interrupted by eruptions of volcanic ash, so that in the record of the rocks shales and mudstone alternates with tuff.

References 

Stratigraphy
A varve is a pattern in sediment which is made by annual processes (deposits which vary during the year). Varves are amongst the smallest-scale events in stratigraphy. They form only in fresh or brackish water. Varves are important in palynology, and can be fossilized as rhythmites.

The classic varve archetype is a light/dark-coloured couplet deposited in a glacial lake. The light layer is usually silt and fine sand deposited when spring meltwater brings sediment into the lake. 

During winter, when meltwater and its sediment is reduced and the lake surface freezes, fine clay-size sediment is deposited forming a dark-coloured layer.

Varve formation needs the absence of bioturbation (lake bottom disturbed by animals). Therefore, varves usually form under anoxic conditions.

Geology
A sundown town is a town that is or was purposely all-white. The term is widely used in the United States in areas from Ohio to Oregon and well into the South. The term came from signs that were allegedly posted stating that people of color had to leave the town by sundown.  The minority people could not visit after sunset or spend the night in the town (even as a paying hotel customer). Such towns are also sometimes called “sunset towns” or “gray towns”.

History
Some towns placed signs at the town's boundary with statements similar to the one posted in Hawthorne, California, which read "Nigger, Don't Let The Sun Set On YOU In Hawthorne" in the 1930s.

In some cases, keeping minorities out was official town policy, through restrictive covenants written in land deeds, or by agreement between the real estate agents of the community. In others, the policy was enforced through intimidation. For example, law enforcement officers could stop all minorities found after sunset.
Though no one knows the number of sundown towns in the United States, the largest estimate was that the nation had several thousand. The highest proportion of confirmed sundown towns are in the state of Illinois. It is difficult to confirm sunset towns because the towns did not keep, or do not want to show, official documents stating their status as sundown towns. For example, One Hundred Years of Progress: The Centennial History of Anna, Illinois, although more than 400 pages long, never mentions Anna's 1909 expulsion of African Americans, the sundown signs at the northern and southern city limits in 1954, or anything else about race.
Since the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, and especially since the Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited racial discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing, the number of sundown towns has decreased. However, as sociologist James Loewen writes in his book on the subject, it is impossible to precisely count the number of sundown towns at any given time, because most towns have not kept records of the ordinances or signs that marked the town's sundown status. His book, Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism, notes that hundreds of cities across America have been sundown towns at some point in their history.

Loewen's book mentions that sundown status meant more than just African-Americans not being able to live in these towns. Essentially any African-Americans (or sometimes other groups) who came into sundown towns after sundown were subject to harassment, threats, and violent acts—up to and including lynching.
Other minorities targeted
In addition to the expulsion of African Americans from some small towns, Chinese Americans and other minorities were also driven out of some of the towns where they lived. Loewen says one example is that in 1870, Chinese made up one-third of the population of Idaho. Following a wave of violence and an 1886 anti-Chinese convention in Boise, almost none remained by 1910. The town of Gardnerville, Nevada, is said to have blown a whistle at 6 p.m. daily alerting Native Americans to leave by sundown.
In addition, Jews were excluded from living in some sundown towns, such as Darien, Connecticut.
Books that refer to Sundown towns 
James Loewen's book, Sundown Towns describes sundown towns.  Several other books also show the existence of sundown towns.  Sundown towns are mentioned in Following the Color Line, by Ray Stannard Baker; Free But Not Equal, by V. Jacque Voegeli; Black Ohio and the Color Line, by David Gerber; The Negro in Indiana, by Emma Thornbrough; Mobile Americans: Residential and Social Mobility in Omaha, by Howard Chudacoff; Race and Kinship in a Midwestern Town, by James DeVries; The Sociogenesis of a Race Riot by Roberta Senechal.  Visual treatments include Robby Heason, Trouble Behind (Cicada Films, 1990), and Marco Williams, Banished (banishedthefilm.com/).

References

Further reading

Other websites
 Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry: Sundown Towns
 Review and feature article, Dallas Morning News 
 Interview with James Loewen, U.S. News
 Article on Vidor, Texas's long time reputation as a sundown town

American civil rights
Punta Gorda (called P. G. by the locals) is a city in the southern part of Belize.  It is the capital of the district (state) of Toledo.  About 6,400 people live there.  Punta Gorda has a tiny airport.  Every Saturday, people come to Punta Gorda from all over Toledo District to buy and sell items in an open-air market.

Punta Gorda is a seaport and fishing town on the Caribbean Sea. It was a small fishing village before being settled by a number of Garifuna who came from Honduras in 1823. The town is about fifteen feet above sea level.

Well-known people from Punta Gorda include paranda musician Paul Nabor and Belize's 'Queen of Brukdown', Leela Vernon.

Cities in Central America
Settlements in Belize
1700s establishments in North America
Establishments in Belize
The following is a list of notable deaths in 2012.

January
January 1 - Carlos Soria, 62, Argentine politician, shot.
 January 1 - Bob Anderson, 89, English fencer, and movie sword fight choreographer.
 January 1 - Kiro Gligorov, 94, former President of the Republic of Macedonia.
 January 2 - William P. Carey, 81, American investment manager and philanthropist.
 January 3 - Josef Skvorecky, 87, Czech writer and publisher, cancer.
 January 5 - Frederica Sagor Maas, 111, American screenwriter, playwright and writer.
 January 6 - Bob Holness, 83, South African-born British quiz show host.
 January 8 - Alexis Weissenberg, 82, Bulgarian pianist.
 January 9 - Malam Bacai Sanha, 64, President of Guinea-Bissau.
 January 9 - Mae Laborde, 102, American actress, natural causes.
 January 12 - Bill Janklow, 72, American politician and former Governor of South Dakota, cancer.
 January 12 - Reginald Hill, 75, British crime fiction writer.
 January 13 - Rauf Denktaş, 87, 1st President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, multiple organ failure.
January 14 - Txillardegi, 82, Basque linguist, writer and politician.
 January 15 - Manuel Fraga Iribarne, 89, Spanish politician and former Prime Minister of Galicia, heart failure.
 January 15 - Ed Derwinski, 85, American politician.
 January 16 - Gustav Leonhardt, 83, Dutch musician, conductor and teacher.
 January 17 - Johnny Otis, 90, American songwriter.
 January 19 - Sarah Burke, 29, Canadian freestyle skier, complications from skiing accident.
 January 20 - Jiri Raska, 70, Czech ski jumper, heart disease.
 January 20 - Etta James, 73, American singer, leukemia.
 January 22 - Joe Paterno, 85, American college football coach, lung cancer.
 January 24 - Theodoros Angelopoulos, 76, Greek movie director and screenwriter, hit by a motorcycle.
 January 24 - James Farentino, 73, American actor.
 January 25 - Veronica Carstens, 88, former First Lady of Germany.
 January 26 - M. O. H. Farook, 74, Indian politician, diplomat and Governor of Kerala.
 January 26 - Colin Tarrant, 59, British actor
January 29 - Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 93, 9th President of Italy.
 January 29 - Camilla Williams, 92, American opera singer, complications from cancer.
 January 31 - Anthony Bevilacqua, 88, former Roman Catholic Archbishop of Philadelphia.
 January 31 - Mike Kelley, 57, American artist and musician, suicide, (body found on this date).
 January 31 - Dorothea Tanning, 101, American painter.
February 1 - Wislawa Szymborska, 88, Polish poet, awarded 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature.
 February 1 - Angelo Dundee, 90, American boxing trainer.
 February 1 - Don Cornelius, 75, American gameshow host (Soul Train), suicide by gunshot.
 February 3 - Ben Gazzara, 81, American actor, pancreatic cancer.
 February 3 - Samuel Youd, 89, British science fiction writer.
 February 4 - Mike deGruy, 60, American documentary movie maker, helicopter crash.
 February 4 - Andrew Wight, 52, Australian screenwriter and producer, helicopter crash.
 February 4 - Florence Green, 110, British supercentenarian and last-surviving World War I service veteran, natural causes.
 February 6 - Antoni Tapies, 88, Spanish painter and sculptor.
 February 6 - Janice E. Voss, 55, American engineer and astronaut, breast cancer.
 February 11 - Whitney Houston, 48, American singer and actress, drowning.
 February 12 - David Kelly, 82, Irish actor.
 February 16 - Baddeley Devesi, 70, first Governor-General of the Solomon Islands.
February 16 - Anil Ramdas, 54, Surinamese-Dutch journalist and columnist, suicide.
 February 16 - Anthony Shadid, 43, American journalist, asthma attack.
 February 17 - Ulric Neisser, 83, American psychologist.
 February 18 - Roald Aas, 83, Norwegian speed skater and cyclist.
 February 18 - George Brizan, 69, former Prime Minister of Grenada, diabetes.
 February 19 - Ruth Barcan Marcus, 90, American philosopher and logician.
 February 19 - Renato Dulbecco, 97, Italian virologist and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner.
 February 20 - Vitaly Vorotnikov, 86, Soviet-Russian politician.
 February 22 - Marie Colvin, 56, American war correspondent, killed in Syria.
 February 22 - Remi Ochlik, 28, French photographer, killed in Syria.
 February 24 - Infanta Maria Adelaide of Portugal, 100, Portuguese royal.
 February 24 - Jan Berenstain, 88, American writer and illustrator, stroke.
 February 25 - Maurice Andre, 78, French classical trumpeter.
February 25 - Red Holloway, 84, American jazz saxophonist, stroke and kidney failure.
 February 25 - Erland Josephson, 88, Swedish actor and writer.
 February 25 - Louisiana Red, 79, American blues musician.
 February 29 - Davy Jones, 66, British actor and musician (The Monkees), heart attack.
March 1 - Lucio Dalla, 68, Italian singer-songwriter and musician, heart attack.
 March 3 - Ralph McQuarrie, 82, American conceptual designer and illustrator.
 March 5 - Robert B. Sherman, 86, American songwriter.
 March 6 - Francisco Xavier do Amaral, 75, East Timorese politician and President in 1975.
 March 7 - Wlodzimierz Smolarek, 54, Polish footballer.
 March 7 - Felicien Marceau, 98, French novelist, playwright and essayist.
 March 9 - Jose Tomas Sanchez, 91, Filipino cardinal.
 March 10 - Jean Giraud, 73, French comic book artist and writer.
 March 10 - Frank Sherwood Rowland, 84, American chemistry professor and Nobel Prize winner.
 March 10 - Nick Zoricic, 29, Canadian ski cross racer, brain injuries following crash.
 March 13 - Michel Duchaussoy, 73, French actor, cardiac arrest.
 March 14 - Censu Tabone, 98, 4th President of Malta.
 March 16 - Mervyn Davies, 65, Welsh rugby union player, cancer.
 March 16 - Estanislao Basora, 85, Catalan-Spanish footballer.
March 17 - John Demjanjuk, 91, Ukrainian convicted war criminal.
 March 17 - Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, 88, Egyptian Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, cancer.
 March 18 - George Tupou V, 63, King of Tonga.
 March 21 - Tonino Guerra, 92, Italian writer, poet and screenwriter.
 March 22 - Mohammed Merah, 23, French Islamic Jihadist and spree killer, shot.
 March 23 - Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, 77, former President of Somalia, complications from pneumonia.
 March 24 - Jocky Wilson, 62, Scottish darts player.
 March 25 - Antonio Tabucchi, 68, Italian writer and expert on Portuguese language and literature.
 March 27 - Adrienne Rich, 82, American poet, writer and feminist, complications from rheumatoid arthritis.
 March 28 - Alexander Arutunian, 91, Armenian composer.
 March 28 - Earl Scruggs, 88, American musician.
 March 31 - Dale R. Corson, 97, American physicist.
April 1 - Giorgio Chinaglia, 65, Italian footballer, heart attack.
 April 1 - Leila Denmark, 114, American pediatrician and supercentenarian, natural causes.
 April 1 - Miguel de la Madrid, 77, 52nd President of Mexico, complications from pulmonary emphysema.
 April 3 - Xenia Stad-de Jong, 90, Dutch athlete.
 April 5 - Jim Marshall, 88, British businessman and founder of Marshall Amplification.
 April 5 - Barney McKenna, 72, Irish musician (The Dubliners).
 April 5 - Bingu wa Mutharika, 78, President of Malawi, heart attack.
 April 5 - Ferdinand Alexander Porsche, 76, German automobile designer and businessman.
 April 6 - Fang Lizhi, 76, Chinese astrophysicist and activist.
 April 6 - Thomas Kinkade, 54, American painter, accidental overdose of alcohol and valium.
 April 7 - Mike Wallace, 93, American journalist and television personality.
 April 8 - Jack Tramiel, 83, Polish-born American businessman, heart failure.
 April 11 - Ahmed Ben Bella, 93, 1st post-independence President of Algeria.
April 14 - Émile Bouchard, 92, Canadian ice hockey player.
 April 14 - Piermario Morosini, 25, Italian footballer, cardiac arrest.
 April 14 - Jonathan Frid, 87, Canadian actor, pneumonia.
 April 15 - Murray Rose, 73, Scottish-born Australian swimmer, leukaemia.
 April 16 - Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller, 98, Danish shipping magnate.
 April 18 - Dick Clark, 82, American radio and television personality, heart attack. 
 April 19 - Valeri Vasiliev, 62, Russian ice hockey player.
 April 19 - Levon Helm, 71, American musician and actor, throat cancer.
 April 21 - Charles Colson, 80, American Watergate scandal figure.
 April 23 - Tommy Marth, 33, American musician (The Killers), suicide.
 April 27 - David Weiss, 65, Swiss artist.
 April 28 - Matilde Camus, 92, Spanish poet and writer.
 April 29 - Shukri Ghanem, 69, former Prime Minister of Libya, drowning.
 April 29 - Joel Goldsmith, 54, American composer.
 April 29 - Amarillo Slim, 83, American professional poker player.
April 30 - Tomas Borge, 81, Nicaraguan politician, complications from surgery.
 April 30 - Alexander Dale Oen, 26, Norwegian swimmer, heart failure.
May 2 - Endang Rahayu Sedyaningsih, 57, Indonesian physician and politician, lung cancer.
 May 2 - Junior Seau, 43, American football player, suicide by gunshot.
 May 3 - Jorge Illueca, 93, former President of Panama.
 May 3 - Lloyd Brevett, 80, Jamaican musician, complications from a stroke.
 May 4 - Adam Yauch, 47, American musician (Beastie Boys) and music video director, cancer.
 May 4 - Rashidi Yekini, 48, Nigerian footballer.
 May 5 - Carl Johan of Wisborg, 95, Swedish royal.
 May 6 - George Lindsey, 83, American actor, comedian, and writer, following a brief-illness.
 May 8 - Maurice Sendak, 83, American children's writer and illustrator, complications from a stroke.
 May 8 - Roman Totenberg, 101, Polish-American violinist.
 May 8 - Nicholas Katzenbach, 90, 65th United States Attorney General.
 May 9 - Vidal Sassoon, 84, British hairdresser, leukaemia.
 May 9 - Geoffrey Henry, 71, former Prime Minister of the Cook Islands.
May 10 - Gunnar Sonsteby, 94, Norwegian resistance activist during World War II.
 May 10 - Carroll Shelby, 89, American automotive designer, racing driver and entrepreneur.
 May 12 - Ningali Cullen, Australian activist
 May 13 - Donald "Duck" Dunn, 70, American musician.
 May 13 - Nguyen Van Thien, 106, Vietnamese, oldest Roman Catholic bishop.
 May 15 - Zakaria Mohieddin, 93, former Prime Minister of Egypt.
 May 15 - Carlos Fuentes, 83, Panama-born Mexican writer and novelist, internal hemorrhage.
 May 17 - Donna Summer, 63, American disco singer, lung cancer.
 May 17 - Gideon Ezra, 74, Israeli politician, lung cancer.
 May 18 - Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, 86, German baritone and conductor.
 May 19 - Ian Burgess, 81, British racing driver.
 May 20 - Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, 60, Libyan intelligence officer (only person convicted of the Lockerbie bombing), prostate cancer.
 May 20 - Robin Gibb, 62, British musician (Bee Gees), kidney failure.
May 20 - Eugene Polley, 96, American engineer and inventor (Remote control).
 May 23 - Paul Fussell, 88, American writer, historian, writer and professor, natural causes.
 May 25 - Edoardo Mangiarotti, 93, Italian Olympic fencer.
 May 27 - Friedrich Hirzebruch, 84, German mathematician.
 May 27 - Johnny Tapia, 45, American boxer (body found on this date).
 May 29 - Kaneto Shindo, 100, Japanese movie director, natural causes.
 May 29 - Doc Watson, 89, American folk and bluegrass musician, surgical complications.
 May 30 - Andrew Huxley, 94, British physiologist, biophysicist and Nobel Prize winner.
 May 30 - Jack Twyman, 78, American basketball player, blood cancer.