Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of charged particles which come from the Sun as the solar wind. They are captured and held by the Earth's magnetic field.

Earth has two such belts and sometimes others. 
The belts were discovered by James Van Allen. Earth's two main belts extend from the altitude of about  

Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays. By trapping the solar wind, the magnetic field deflects those energetic particles and protects the atmosphere from destruction.

The belts are in the inner region of Earth's magnetosphere. The belts trap energetic electrons and protons. The belts endanger satellites, which must have their sensitive components protected with adequate shielding if they spend much time in that zone. In 2013, NASA reported that the Van Allen Probes had discovered a third radiation belt, which was observed for four weeks. It was destroyed by a powerful, interplanetary shock wave from the Sun.

References
References 

NASA
Space
Earth
Achernar is the name of the primary (or 'A') component of the binary system designated Alpha Eridani (α Eridani).

Of the ten apparent brightest stars in the night-time sky, Alpha Eridani is the hottest and bluest in color, due to Achernar being of spectral type B. Achernar has an unusually rapid rotational velocity, causing it to become oblate in shape. 

The secondary is smaller, of spectral type A, and orbits Achernar at a distance of about 12 astronomical units (AU).

References

Related pages 
List of brightest stars

Binary stars
Southern pole stars
Hardoi is a city in Hardoi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Hardoi district.

Cities in Uttar Pradesh
Stephanie Louise "Steph" Rice  (born 17 June 1988) is a former Australian swimmer. She won three gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She also competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She confirmed her retirement from competitive swimming on 9 April 2014.

Rice was born in Brisbane, Queensland. In 2013, she won the third season of The Celebrity Apprentice Australia.

References

Other websites

 
 Stephanie Rice  at Sports-Reference.com

1988 births
Living people
Australian Olympic gold medalists
Australian swimmers
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Order of Australia
Sportspeople from Brisbane
Reality television participants
Contra Costa County is a county in the state of California. It is in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,165,927. The county seat is Martinez. It is in the eastern part of the San Francisco Bay Area region.

References 

1850 establishments in California
Del Norte County is a county at the far northwest corner of the U.S. state of California, along the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Oregon border. As of the 2020 census, the population was 27,743. The county seat and only incorporated city is Crescent City.

Del Norte County was founded in March 2, 1857.

References 

1857 establishments in California
Fresno County, officially the County of Fresno, is a county located in the northern part of the U.S. state of California. As of 2020, the population was 1,008,654. The county seat is Fresno, the fifth-largest city in California. It is in the Central Valley, south of Stockton and north of Bakersfield.

References 

1856 establishments in California
Imperial County is a county in the state of California. It is in the United States. As of the 2020 census, 179,702 people lived there. The county seat is El Centro.

References

 
1900s establishments in California
1907 establishments in the United States
Madera County is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, 156,255 people lived there. The county seat is Madera. It is in the eastern San Joaquin Valley and the central Sierra Nevada.

References

1893 establishments in California
Mariposa County is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, 17,131 people lived there. The county seat is Mariposa.

References

 
1850 establishments in California
Merced County ( ) is a county in the northern San Joaquin Valley section of the Central Valley, in the U.S. state of California.

As of the 2020 census, the population was 281,202. The county seat is Merced. The county is named after the Merced River. It is located north of Fresno County and Fresno, and southeast of Santa Clara County and San Jose.

References

Other websites 

 Merced County Official Website

1850s establishments in California
1855 establishments in the United States
Guido Ceronetti (24 August 1927 – 13 September 2018) was an Italian poet, philosopher, novelist, translator, journalist and playwright. He was born in Turin, Italy.

In 1970, he founded the Theater of the Sensitive. His works are archived at the Cantonal Library of Lugano. He wrote columns for La Repubblica, La Stampa and Radio Radicale.

Emil Cioran dedicated to his book Il silenzio del corpo ("The Silence of the Body") a chapter of the essay Exercices d'admiration (1986).

Ceronetti died in Cetona, Italy on 13 September 2018 from bronchopneumonia at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

 Lettere senza buca, Weekly Columns by Guido Ceronetti
 Ma io diffido dell'amore universale Biography of Guido Ceronetti by la Repubblica

1927 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Italy
Italian poets
Italian philosophers
Italian novelists
Italian journalists
Italian playwrights
Translators
People from Turin
Modoc County is a county in the far northeast corner of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,700, making it the third-least populous county in California. The county seat and only incorporated city is Alturas. Previous county seats include Lake City and  Centerville; the latter is now a ghost town. The county borders Nevada and Oregon.

References 

1874 establishments in California
Mono County (MOH-noh) is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,195, making it the fourth-least populous county in California. The county seat is Bridgeport. The county is located east of the Sierra Nevada between Yosemite National Park and Nevada. Mono County was founded in 1861.

References 

1861 establishments in California
Cameron County is the name of three counties in the United States:
 Cameron County, Pennsylvania
 Cameron County, Texas
 Cameron Parish, Louisiana
Camden County is the name of four counties in the United States:
 Camden County, Georgia
 Camden County, Missouri
 Camden County, New Jersey
 Camden County, North Carolina
Clark County is the name of twelve counties in the United States. Most, though not all, are named after two brothers: military hero George Rogers Clark in the Midwest, and explorer William Clark in the West.
 Clark County, Arkansas
 Clark County, Idaho
 Clark County, Illinois
 Clark County, Indiana
 Clark County, Kansas
 Clark County, Kentucky
 Clark County, Missouri
 Clark County, Nevada, the most populous county bearing the name Clark, containing Las Vegas
 Clark County, Ohio
 Clark County, South Dakota
 Clark County, Washington
 Clark County, Wisconsin

Other 
 Clarke County
 Lewis and Clark County, Montana
Baldwin County is the name of two counties in the United States:
 Baldwin County, Alabama
 Baldwin County, Georgia
McIntosh County is the name of three counties in the United States:
 McIntosh County, Georgia
 McIntosh County, North Dakota
 McIntosh County, Oklahoma
Winnebago County is the name of three counties in the United States:
 Winnebago County, Illinois
 Winnebago County, Iowa
 Winnebago County, Wisconsin
Lee County is the name of twelve counties in the United States:
 Lee County, Alabama
 Lee County, Arkansas
 Lee County, Florida
 Lee County, Georgia
 Lee County, Illinois
 Lee County, Iowa
 Lee County, Kentucky
 Lee County, Mississippi
 Lee County, North Carolina
 Lee County, South Carolina
 Lee County, Texas
 Lee County, Virginia
Sumter County is the name of four counties in the United States:
 Sumter County, Alabama
 Sumter County, Florida
 Sumter County, Georgia
 Sumter County, South Carolina
Life 
Volovik completed his master's degree at the Physico-Technical Institute in Moscow. In 1973 he went to the Landau Institute in Moscow, becoming Senior scientist in 1992. He completed his PhD in 1973 with a thesis called the Dynamics of a particle strongly interacting with a Bose System. In 1981, his habilitation (Russian doctor degree) was on the Topology of defects in condensed matter. In 1993, he was made Professor at the laboratory for low temperature physics of the Technical University of Helsinki (today's Aalto University), but still worked at the Landau Institute.
In 1992, he received the Landau prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 2004, he received the Simon Memorial Award in low-temperature physics for his fundamental research on the role of symmetry in low-temperature physics, and applications in Cosmology, quantum gravity, quantum field theory and particle physics (Eulogy). from 2003 to 2006 he was the leader of the European science Foundation, Cosmology in the Laboratory. Volovik is the author of several books and of more than 340 scientific journal publications.

In 2001, he became a member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences and in 2007, the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In 2014, he was awarded the Lars Onsager prize.
Researches in Physics 
One of his contributions in middle of 1970s together with colleges was independently clarify the relationship between topology (Homotopy) of order parameter manifold and defects. Together with few work about topological property of instanton in high energy physics during that time, those work are enter in textbook nowaday. In 1996, the Chiral anomaly originating from the Fermi/Weyl point in superfluid helium-3 has been observed. After almost twenty years, same phenomena has been observed in solid material experiment.

In 1999, he firstly claimed that the existence of Majorana fermion zero mode located in the core of vertex in spinless superconductors.
Publications 
 The Universe in a Helium Droplet.  Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003, 2009.
 Exotic properties of superfluid Helium-3.  World Scientific 1992.
 with Matt Visser and Mario Novello (ed.): Artificial Black Holes.  World Scientific 2002 (from Volovik: Effective Gravity and quantum vacuum in super-fluid)
 R. Huebener, and N. Schopohl (EDS.): Vortices in unconventional superconductors and super fluids.  Springer Verlag, 2002.
 with M. Salomaa Quantized vortices in superfluid He3.  In: Reviews of Modern Physics.  Band 59, 1987, P. 533-613.

Sources 
 Biographical note in the summer school and Relevant problem in the theory of condensed state.   Zelenogorsk 2010, pdf
 Member entry by Grigory E. Volovik, 10 August 2015, German Academy of natural scientists Leopoldina

Other websites 
 Homepage in Helsinki
 Page at the Landau Institute publication list 
 Fermion zero modes on vortices in chiral superconductors | Springer for Research & Development

References
References 

1946 births
Russian theoretical physicists
Living people
The American Physical Society (APS) is the world's second largest organization of physicists. The Society publishes more than 12 scientific journals, including the Physical Review and Physical Review Letters. It organizes more than 20 science meetings each year. APS is a member society of the American Institute of Physics.

History
The American Physical Society began on May 20, 1899, when a group of 36 physicists met at Columbia University to set up a society "to advance and diffuse the knowledge of physics". At the start the APS only held scientific meetings. In 1913 it took over the Physical Review, which had begun in 1893 at Cornell University. The Physical Review was followed by Reviews of Modern Physics in 1929 and by Physical Review Letters in 1958.
APS journals 
The American Physical Society publishes 13 research journals and a news and commentary website Physics.
 Physical Review Letters (PRL)
 Reviews of Modern Physics (RMP)
 Physical Review A (PRA): Atomic, molecular and optical physics.
 Physical Review B (PRB): Condensed matter and materials physics.
 Physical Review C (PRC): Nuclear physics.
 Physical Review D (PRD): Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology.
 Physical Review E (PRE): Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.
 Physical Review X (PRX): Open access; pure, applied, and interdisciplinary physics.
 Physical Review Applied (PRApplied): Experimental and theoretical applications of physics.
 Physical Review Fluids (PRFluids): Fluid dynamics.
 Physical Review Accelerators and Beams (PRAB): Open access; accelerator science and technology.
 Physical Review Physics Education Research (PRPER): Open access; experimental and theoretical research on physics education.
All members of APS receive the monthly publication Physics Today, published by the American Institute of Physics (AIP).

Prizes and awards
The American Physical Society gives out a number of awards including the Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS) for outstanding leadership, Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science, Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics, Lars Onsager Prize in theoretical statistical physics, and more.

References

Other websites
 Official American Physical Society website
 Bulletin of the American Physical Society — freely available scientific abstracts presented at general meetings and various unit meetings of APS Physics.
 Finding Aid to the Records of the American Physical Society , 1899-1989 at the Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics 
 Finding Aid to the American Physical Society, Division of Fluid Dynamics Archives , 1946-1991, Special Collections, Linderman Library, Lehigh University
1899 establishments in the United States
.
The Ontario general election of 2014 was on June 12, 2014, to elect the MPPs of the 41st Parliament of Ontario in the Ontario Legislative Assembly. The Ontario Liberal Party won a majority government of 56 seats, with Kathleen Wynne to continue as Premier of Ontario. This was the Liberals' fourth consecutive win since 2003. Tim Hudak lead the Progressive Conservatives' only to official opposition status again, due to this Hudak resigned as leader. The New Democrats under Andrea Horwath continued in third party status. 

The election had the lowest voter turnout record of 48.2%

References 

2014 elections
2014 in Canada
June 2014 events
ontario
General elections in Canada
Andrea Horwath (born October 24, 1962) is a Canadian politician, MPP and community development coordinator. She currently serves as the Leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party and Leader of the Official Opposition in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. She also is a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, representing the riding of Hamilton Centre, and was won the leadership of the Ontario New Democrats in the 2009 leadership election.

Provincial politics

By-election
Horwath was first elected in the 2004 by-election of the provincial riding of Hamilton East.

2007 election 
In the 2007 Ontario election, Horwath ran in the new riding of Hamilton Centre and won it.

2009 NDP leadership 
On November 7, 2008, Horwath officially launched her campaign to become the leader of the Ontario New Democrats. The leadership election was held March 6–8, 2009 and she won all three election ballots.
2011 election 
The 2011 provincial election saw a rise for the NDP under Horwath however still in third place. The party was balanced out, with a Dalton McGunity minority government.

2014 election 
In the 2014 provincial election, the NDP was able to continue its seat count of 21, however the Liberals still won a majority government.

2018 election  
Horwath running a third time, against the Liberal government led by Kathleen Wynne and a Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario led by Doug Ford. Horwath promised to introduce a provincial dental plan and prescription drugs. She also promised a child care plan and return Hydro One to public ownership by buying back privately held shares. She also promised to close the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station immediately, while the other party leaders have pledged to keep it open until 2024.
The party's support in public opinion polls increased in May 2018, leading to greater media attention and greater scrutiny for Horwath and her party. She ultimately led the party to official opposition status in the Legislature, the second highest number of seats in the party's history.

1962 births
Living people
Politicians from Ontario
Sheetal Agashe is an Indian businesswoman. She began her career as an actress; her most notable role being that of an eponymous character in the sitcom Yes Boss from 1999 to 2003. In 2005, she joined Brihans Natural Products Ltd. as the company's managing director.

Agashe was born in Pune, India, the daughter of Dnyaneshwar Agashe, and granddaughter of Chandrashekhar Agashe.

In April 2018, Agashe won Times of India's Pune Visionary award for her contribution to the Ayurvedic skincare industry as managing director of the company. In July, she won Pune's Most Powerful 2018-19 award by Femina, also for her position at the company.

References 

1977 births
Indian television actors
Businesspeople from Pune
Living people
Mandar Agashe (born 24 May 1969) is an Indian musician, music producer, and businessman. He is the founder and vice chairman of Sarvatra Technologies. Him and his family came under scandal during the controversial case surrounding the alleged scam by the Suvarna Sahakari Bank in 2008.

Early life 
Agashe was born in Mumbai to Dnyaneshwar Agashe and Rekha Gogte. Him and his siblings, Ashutosh Agashe and Sheetal Agashe, are the grandchildren of industrialist Chandrashekhar Agashe. He also has two children from a former marriage, including Adi Agashé.

Career 
In 1998, he released his first album, Nazar Nazar. The album was recorded in Hindi and English, several songs from the albums were featured on MTV India. In 2003, Agashe made music for international listeners and released a single in Germany called I Need Someone. In 2016, he released a album with Asha Bhosle called "82", reflecting Asha's age at the time of recording.

References
References 

1969 births
Living people
Indian singers
Businesspeople from Pune
Marathi people
Dnyaneshwar Agashe (17 April 1942 – 2 January 2009) was an Indian businessman, cricketer, cricket administrator and philanthropist.

He was vice-president of Board of Control for Cricket in India from 1995 to 1999. He became a member of the Maharashtra Cricket Association in 1969 and became the association's executive chairman in 1989. He was chairman and managing director of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd., chairman of Kolhapur Steel and founder of Suvarna Sahakari Bank and Mandar Printing Press.

Agashe and his family came into public scandal in 2008, in the Suvarna Sahakari Bank scam. While in judicial custody during the scandal, Agashe died of complications from diabetes.

A wicketkeeper-batsman, Agashe played first-class cricket for Maharashtra between 1962 and 1968 and scored two half-centuries in 13 matches. His best season came in 1964–65 where he made his career-best 75, took ten catches and made two stumpings.

References
References 

1942 births
2009 deaths
Indian cricketers
Bankers
Indian philanthropists
Indian Hindus
Businesspeople from Pune
Marathi people
The Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. is an Indian sugar company headquartered in Pune, India.

The company was founded in 1934 by Chandrashekhar Agashe, who served as its managing director till his death in 1956. His elder son, Panditrao Agashe served as managing director of the syndicate from 1956 till his own death in 1983. After which, Agashe's younger son, Dnyaneshwar Agashe, served as managing director of the company till 1996; serving as chairman of the syndicate till his death in 2009. Agashe's grandson, Ashutosh Agashe has been managing director at the company since 17 December 1996.

References 

1930s establishments in India
1934 establishments in Asia
Companies of India
Pune
Chandrashekhar Agashe (; IAST: Candraśekhara Āgāśe; 14 February 1888 — 9 June 1956) was an Indian industrialist and lawyer, best remembered as the founder of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. He served as the managing director of the company from its inception in 1934 till his death in 1956. He served as the President of the Bhor State Council from 1932 to 1934.

Today, the Chandrashekhar Agashe College of Physical Education in Pune, the CGA - BMTRC in the Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce, and the Chandrashekhar Agashe High School in Shreepur are named after him. He is also the namesake of the Chandrashekhar Agashe Museum wing in the Raja Dinkar Kelkar Museum and the Chandrashekhar Agashe Road in Shaniwar Peth, Pune. He also became the namesake of the Agashe pattern, a means of equity crowdfunding, among businesses and press in Maharashtra between 1934 and 1956.

Bibliography

1888 births
1956 deaths
Indian philanthropists
Indian lawyers
Indian Hindus
Businesspeople from Pune
Jagdish "Panditrao" Agashe (1936 – 1983) was an Indian businessman. He was the elder brother of the late business magnate Dnyaneshwar Agashe, eldest son of industrialist Chandrashekhar Agashe. He served as the managing director of the Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd. after his father. Today, the Panditrao Agashe School, a private, co-educational day school located at Law College Road in Pune, India, is named after him.

References

1936 births
1983 deaths
Indian businesspeople
Marathi people
Ashutosh Agashe (born 21 October 1972) is an Indian cricket player and businessman. In his youth, he played the Ranji Trophy.  He is currently managing director of Brihan Maharashtra Sugar Syndicate Ltd..

References

1972 births
Indian cricketers
Living people
Businesspeople from Pune
Marathi people
Suvarna Sahakari Bank was a private Indian co-operative bank started by Dnyaneshwar Agashe in 1969.

It was established to cater to the banking needs, primarily of Pune's middle class Marathi population. After the controversial 2004 BCCI election scandal, the bank is most notable as the central business involved in Agashe's alleged scam case between 2006 and 2008, follow by plans for a merger with Cosmos Bank, it was finally dissolved and merged with Indian Overseas Bank in 2009.

The bank's failure amidst a political scandal is widely cited today in the Indian banking sector.

References 

1960s establishments in India
1969 establishments in Asia
Banks of India
Kurt Allan Ingemar Mundebo, (15 October 1930 – 7 September 2018) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Liberal People's Party and former budget and economy minister. He was born in Långasjö, Sweden.

Mundebo was Member of Parliament of Sweden for Stockholm between 1965 to 1980. He was also the governor of Uppsala County between 1980 and 1986.

Mundebo died on 7 September 2018 in Lidingö, Sweden at the age of 87.

References

2018 deaths
1930 births
Swedish politicians
Eugenia Szarlota Pawel-Kroll (1947 – 7 September 2018) was a Polish comic book artist. She was known as the creator of the popular series about Kleks. She was born in Warsaw.

Pawel died of colorectal cancer on 7 September 2018 in Warsaw at the age of 71.

References

1947 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Cancer deaths in Poland
Polish artists
People from Warsaw
Peter Donat (born Pierre Collingwood Donat; January 20, 1928 – September 10, 2018) was a Canadian-American actor. He was born in Kentville, Nova Scotia. From 1965 to 1972, he was married to Michael Learned. Donat was known for his roles in The Godfather: Part II, The X-Files, and in The China Syndrome.

Donat died at his home in Point Reyes Station, California, on September 10, 2018, due to complications of diabetes, aged 90.

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in California
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Nova Scotia
Hossein Erfani Parsaei (; 1942 – 12 September 2018) was an Iranian voice actor. He was born in Tehran. Erfani was known for Persian voice-dubbing in foreign movies.

Erfani voiced dubbed Humphrey Bogart roles  in Maltese Falcon and Casablanca and Clark Gable role as Rhett Butler From Gone with the Wind. He has also dubbed over some of Orson Welles, Marlon Brando, Charlton Heston, Gene Hackman, Toshiro Mifune, William Holden, Morgan Freeman and Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Erfani died in Tehran of lung cancer on 12 September 2018 at the age of 76.

Famous dubbing

References

1942 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Actors from Tehran
Iranian voice actors
Henry Joseph Kalis (March 2, 1937 – September 12, 2018) was an American politician. He was born in Easton, Minnesota. He was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1975 to 2003. He was a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party. 

Kalis died on September 12, 2018, in Albert Lea, Minnesota from emphysema, aged 81.

References

Other websites
Kalis Reminisces: "Fun While It Lasted" (p. 17)

1937 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from emphysema
Cancer deaths in Minnesota
Politicians from Minnesota
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Easton is a city in Faribault County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 199 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Minnesota
Point Reyes Station (formerly, Marin and Olema Station) is a small unincorporated town located in western Marin County, California. It is also the name of a census-designated place (CDP) in northern California covering the unincorporated town and surrounding countryside, with a total CDP population of 895.

References

Unincorporated communities in California
Census-designated places in California
Settlements in Marin County, California
Hans Kloss (12 July 1938 – 12 September 2018) was a German artist and graphic designer. He was best known for his large paintings combining medieval and modern styles. He was born in Ohlau, Silesia.

For his work, Kloss has received the Premio Internazionale Federichino of Iesi, Italy in 2004; the Staufermedaille of the state of Baden-Württemberg in 2005; and the Irenen-Preis of the Freundeskreis Königin Irene Maria von Byzanz e.V. of Göppingen in 2003.

Kloss died on 12 September 2018 in Berlin from stomach cancer at the age of 80.

References

Other websites
 

1938 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cancer deaths in Germany
German designers
The European Council described their key goals as ways to reduce the amount of conflict related to copyright violation. One of their goals is to reduce the "value gap" between the profits made by internet platforms and content creators, which involves requiring financial agreement before they can use their content. Another one of their goals is to encourage "collaboration" between companies and people who use their products. The other goal they proposed is creating copyright exceptions for text and data mining (the use of high quality words to describe specific copyrighted content).

The directive aims to give online press publishers more freedom to protect their content from news aggregators (Article 11), as well as requiring websites who primarily host content posted by users to warn users very harshly against posting unauthorized copyrighted content (Article 13).
Articles 11 and 13 have attracted widespread criticism from many people and companies in Europe and North America. Article 11 has been criticised as a "link tax" which would require websites to obtain a license before linking to and previewing (using html snippets) news stories, and Article 13 as a "meme ban", because current content-filtering technology cannot distinguish copyright violation from fair dealing such as parody, and may counteract the panorama freedom. Supporters of the directive, mostly from large companies that support copyright, ignore these claims and think that it is disinformation. People from large companies that support this new directive try to claim that the opposers are trying to make the information seem worse than it actually is.

History

Background History

Progress of the directive
The first draft of the proposed directive was created on 14 September 2016, After many changes to the original draft, the Council of the European Union's Committee of Permanent Representatives (The EU's political leaders, abbreviated to COREPER) approved of the new changes on 25 May 2018. Afterwards, they prepared to vote for what would be the final draft of this new directive, but without the support of Germany, Finland, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Belgium, or Hungary. The European Parliament Committee on Legal Affairs had finished off making the final draft of the directive on 20 June 2018. They then discussed in parliament whether the directive will be approved to be added as a new law or not.

On 5 July 2018, this was not approved. Instead, the EU parliament decided to change the date of discussing about the directive on September 2018.  There were 318 votes that approved re-opening the debate on a later date, 278 votes that approve the directive immediately, and 31 votes that oppose the directive.
Romania noticed that the EU was proposing to do meetings about Article 11 and Article 13 on 19 January 2019. Romania cancelled these meetings because Romania's proposal for the directive used wrong wording to describe how the directive will be run. There were 11 countries currently in the EU that did not like Romania's wording to describe Article 11 and 13: Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Slovenia, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Croatia, Luxembourg, and Portugal. With the exclusion of Portugal and Croatia, the other nine countries that opposed Romania believed that Romania's wording did not cover enough information regarding protecting the EU's citizens' copyright protections. Romania will have an opportunity to improve their wording for Article 11 and 13 to gain a majority vote, but this has caused the final vote for the directive from May 2019.

Content

Article 3
Article 3 

Article 3 proposes a copyright exception for text and data mining (the use of high-quality words to describe a copyrighted subject, commonly abbreviated as TDM for short) for the purposes of scientific research.

Depending on whether this article (a specific rule of a directive) understands what is considered in the public domain, TDM will potentially increase or decrease copyright restrictions compared to if this article is not approved.

Article 4

Article 4 proposes that all educational establishments (schools, universities, etc.) are able to use copyrighted content for illustrative purposes only. Once this article has been approved, this article will clarify that educational establishments can make non-commercial use of copyrighted works for illustrative purposes.

Article 11

Article 11 is a section of this proposed directive that will restrict access to linking to other websites. Companies who try to link to other news without permission will be punished.
Article 12a 
Article 12a proposes that sport event organizers have full copyright over recordings of their events.

Article 13

Article 13 is a section of this proposed directive that will aim to censor any unauthorized copyrighted content. They will make it compulsory for all companies that post primarily user-generated content to do this.

It is very controversial. People think that it will make it very difficult to share new content on the internet. People also think it will make it confusing for filters to distinguish fair use and copyright violation. People who love memes, tend to call it the "meme ban". They also make memes about the EU in retaliation.

Criticism
Lots of people think Article 11 and Article 13 are bad. They think they are going to make the internet very restricted. They also think free internet content will become very difficult to find or create.
On November 2018, Google also threatened to shut down YouTube for the EU if the directive passes unless adjustments are made to the directive.

References

Copyright
European Union
Brian Banks (born July 24, 1985) is a former American football player. He is best known for having a woman say that he raped her but she had was not really raped. He was in prison for 5 years. He had consensual sex with the person who lied about being raped, Wanetta Gibson, and she later told Brian on Facebook that she lied about being raped because she didn't want her mother to know they had sex.

Career 

He attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School and played football there, but he was expelled after Gibson lied about being raped.

He signed with the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League on September 20, 2012. He made one tackle, and played 2 games, before the UFL suspended their season.

On April 3, 2013, he signed with the Atlanta Falcons, and he was in their offseason workouts, OTA's and their training camp. His first game was a preseason game against the Cincinnati Bengals where he made 2 tackles. was released on August 30, 2013.
1985 births
Living people
African American players of American football
American football linebackers
Atlanta Falcons players
Sportspeople from Long Beach, California
Sir Alec John Jeffreys  (born 9 January 1950) is a British geneticist. He developed techniques for genetic fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are now used worldwide in forensic science. The information helps police detective work and solves paternity and immigration disputes.

Jeffreys is a professor of genetics at the University of Leicester. He became an honorary freeman of the City of Leicester on 26 November 1992.  In 1994, he was knighted for services to genetics.

References 

1950 births
Living people
People from Oxford
English geneticists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
University of Leicester
Typhoon Mangkhut was a very strong tropical cyclone in the western Pacific Ocean in September 2018. The storm struck the northern Philippines on September 25, 2018, just before 1:40 am Philippine Standard Time. When it hit, it was a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon.

The storm killed many people in the Philippines.

Mangkhut then headed toward Hong Kong and southern China.

A tornado was reported in Marikina, part of eastern Metro Manila on the night of September 14, 2018. Two people were hurt.

Over 105,000 families left from their homes before the storm hit.

References

2018 disasters
2018 in weather
2018 in Asia
September 2018 events
Tropical cyclones in Asia
Pacific typhoons
Retired tropical cyclone names
Celebrity Big Brother  (also called Big Brother UK) was a reality television series in the United Kingdom which began in 2001. It was a Celebrity version of the Big Brother franchise. Contestants must complete challenges while living in a house full of cameras. In some series the house is in London; in some series it is in Hertfordshire. From 2001-2010, it was shown on Channel 4 and was presented by Davina McCall; from 2011-2018, it was shown on Channel 5 and was presented by Emma Willis.

Format 
A group of celebrities who don't know each other move into a house full of cameras. They are watched every day and are set challenges by a fictional character named "Big Brother". The contestants can speak to Big Brother privately in a room called the "diary room". They are not allowed to have contact with the outside world. Throughout the series, the public vote for who they want to evict and the last one remaining is the winner.

Eye 
Every year, there is a different "Big Brother eye".

Overview

Spin-offs
Spin-offs

Other websites
Celebrity Big Brother  at Channel5.com

2001 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2000s reality television series
2010s British television series
2010s reality television series
Channel 4 reality television programmes
Channel 5 (UK) television programmes
English-language television programs
Big Brother
Xenopus commonly known as the clawed frog) is a genus of aquatic frogs native to sub-Saharan Africa.  

Twenty species are known. The two best-known species of this genus are Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, which are studied as model organisms for developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology, neuroscience and for modelling human disease and birth defects.

The genus is also known for its polyploidy, with some species having up to 12 sets of chromosomes. The frogs are all excellent swimmers and have powerful, fully webbed toes, though the fingers lack webbing. Three of the toes on each foot have conspicuous black claws.

References 

Frogs of Africa
Model organisms
The Money in the Bank ladder match is a multi-person ladder match held by the professional wrestling promotion WWE. First contested at WWE's annual WrestleMania event beginning in 2005, a separate Money in the Bank pay-per-view was established in 2010.

History 

In WWE storyline, the concept for the Money in the Bank match was introduced in March 2005 by Chris Jericho. Jericho then pitched the idea to Raw general manager Eric Bischoff, who liked it and promptly began to book the match for WrestleMania 21. Edge won the inaugural match and held the contract until New Year's Revolution in January 2006. There, he cashed in his Money in the Bank contract against WWE Champion John Cena, who had just successfully defended the title in an Elimination Chamber match. Edge defeated Cena to become WWE Champion and quickly establishing the precedent of "cashing in" on a vulnerable champion.
The 2017 Money in the Bank pay-per-view took place on June 18, 2017 at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri as a SmackDown brand exclusive event.

Matches

Record

Cash-in matches

Males

Females

References 

2005 in professional wrestling
2006 in professional wrestling
2007 in professional wrestling
2008 in professional wrestling
2009 in professional wrestling
2010 in professional wrestling
WrestleMania
WWE
The African Science Academy is an Advanced Level school for girls in maths and science. It was established in August 2016.

References 

Buildings and structures in Africa
Schools
2016 establishments in Africa
East Baton Rouge Parish is the most populous parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 456,781. The parish seat is Baton Rouge, Louisiana's state capital.

References

19th-century establishments in Louisiana
1812 establishments in the United States
Napa County is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 138,019. The county seat is the City of Napa. It is in the San Francisco Bay Area region.

Napa County is known for its regional wine industry.

References 

1850 establishments in California
Solano County is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 453,491. The county seat is Fairfield. It is the northeastern county in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area region.

A portion of the South Campus at the University of California, Davis is in Solano County.

Solano County was created in 1850.

References 

1850 establishments in California
Nevada County is a county in the Sierra Nevada of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 102,241. The county seat is Nevada City. It was created in 1851.

References 

1851 establishments in California
Plumas County is a county in the Sierra Nevada of California. As of the 2020 census, 19,790 people lived there. The county seat is Quincy, and the only incorporated city is Portola.

References

1854 establishments in California
San Benito County is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, 64,209 people lived there. The county seat is Hollister. It was founded in 1874.

References

1874 establishments in California
Lafayette Parish () is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 241,753. The parish seat is Lafayette. The parish was founded in 1823. It was named in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette.

References

19th-century establishments in Louisiana
1823 establishments in the United States
Mandeville is the second-largest city in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States.

Cities in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana
Wayne Marvin Meyers (August 28, 1924 – September 12, 2018) was an American physician, microbiologist, chemist, humanitarian, and medical missionary. He was born in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. He discovered new infectious agents, and trained countless researchers and scientists. Meyers was well known for his work with Hansen’s disease (Leprosy), Buruli ulcer, and filarial diseases.

Meyers died on September 12 2018 in Glen Burnie, Maryland at the age of 94.

References

1924 births
2018 deaths
American physicians
American biologists
American chemists
American philanthropists
Humanitarians
Scientists from Pennsylvania
Huntingdon is a borough in (and the county seat of) Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located along the Juniata River. With a population of 7,093 at the 2010 census.

References

Boroughs in Pennsylvania
County seats in Pennsylvania
Glen Burnie is a census-designated place (CDP) in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. It is a suburb of Baltimore. The population of Glen Burnie was 67,639 at the 2010 census.

References

Census-designated places in Maryland
Walter Mischel (; February 22, 1930 – September 12, 2018) was an Austrian-born American psychologist. He was born in Vienna. He worked in personality theory and social psychology.  He was the Robert Johnston Niven Professor of Humane Letters in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University. He was ranked as the 25th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Mischel died on September 12, 2018 in New York City from pancreatic cancer at the age of 88.

References

1930 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
Austrian scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American psychologists
Writers from Vienna
Mark Walter Olson (March 17, 1943 – September 12, 2018) was an American economist and politician. He was a member of the Board of Governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve from 2001 to 2006. He resigned on June 21, 2006 in order to run the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.

Olson was born in Fergus Falls, Minnesota. He died on September 12, 2018 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 75.

References

1943 births
2018 deaths
American economists
Politicians from Minnesota
Writers from Minnesota
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Max Bennett (May 24, 1928 – September 14, 2018) was an American jazz bassist and session musician. He was born in Des Moines, Iowa. He played for L.A. Express and The Wrecking Crew. He performed on many records by The Monkees and The Partridge Family. In 1969, Bennett served as the principal bassist for Frank Zappa's Hot Rats project. 

Bennett died in San Clemente, California on September 14, 2018 from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

Max Bennett Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2007)

1928 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in California
American jazz musicians
Musicians from Iowa
San Clemente is a city in Orange County, California, United States. The population was 64,293 at the 2020 census.

References

Other websites
The San Clemente Sun Post News, the town's oldest newspaper

Cities in California
Settlements in Orange County, California
Thomas Kevin Beattie (18 December 1953 – 16 September 2018) was an English footballer. He played as a central defender. At a club level, he played most famously for Ipswich Town 307 times. He won the FA Cup in 1978 and UEFA Cup in 1981 with Ipswich. He has been called Ipswich Town's best ever player. He played nine times for the England national team, scoring one goal. Other clubs he played for include Colchester United and Middlesbrough.

Beattie was born in Carlisle. He died of a heart attack on 16 September 2018 in Ipswich, Suffolk, aged 64.

Honours
Ipswich Town
FA Cup (1): 1977–78
UEFA Cup (1): 1980–81

References

1953 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English footballers
Sportspeople from Cumbria
Louise Johanna "Anneke" Grönloh (7 June 1942 – 14 September 2018) was a Dutch singer. She had a successful career starting in 1959. It lasted throughout the 1960s. She became famous with the song "Brandend Zand", one of the best-selling Dutch songs of all time. She was born in Tondano, North Celebes, Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia).

Grönloh died on 14 September 2018 from leukemia in Amsterdam at the age of 76.

Discography
"Asmara" (1960, in Indonesian)
"Flamenco Rock"
"Brandend Zand" (1961) – gold
"Paradiso" (1962) – went platinum
"Soerabaja" (1963)
"Cimeroni" (1963)
"Oh Malaysia" (1963)

References

Other websites

1942 births
2018 deaths
Dutch singers
Zienia Merton (11 December 1945 – 14 September 2018) was a Burmese-British actress. She was raised in Singapore, Borneo, Portugal, and England. She was probably best known for playing Sandra Benes in Space: 1999.

Merton also starred in Grange Hill, Return of the Saint (1979), Bergerac (1983), Tenko (1984), Dempsey & Makepeace (1985), Lovejoy (1986), Crime Traveller (1997), Doctors (2001), Dinotopia (2002), Casualty (1986 – 2002), EastEnders (1998 – 2003), The Bill (1999 – 2005), Judge John Deed (2006), Coronation Street (2008) and Wire in the Blood (2008). 

Morton died on 14 September 2018 at the age of 72.

References

Other websites

1945 births
2018 deaths
Burmese actors
British movie actors
British television actors
British stage actors
(15 January 1943 – 15 September 2018) was a Japanese actress. She was known for her work in Japanese cinema and television. Kiki was born in Tokyo. Kiki was known for her roles in Ballad of Orin, The Triple Cross and in Half a Confession.

Kiki died of breast cancer in Tokyo on 15 September 2018 at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 

1943 births
2018 deaths
Cancer deaths in Japan
Deaths from breast cancer
Actors from Tokyo
The United States Senate has 100 members. There are two senators from each of the 50 states. Below is a list of the current U.S. Senators, sitting in the 117th United States Congress.

Party affiliation

Leadership

List of senators

Notes

References
Dudley Sutton (6 April 1933 – 15 September 2018) was an English actor. He was born in Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, England. He was known for his roles in Rotten to the Core (1965), Crossplot (1969), The Devils (1971), Madame Sin (1972), The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976), Fellini's Casanova (1976), Edward II (1991), and The Football Factory (2004).

Sutton died of cancer on 15 September 2018 in London at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
 

1933 births
2018 deaths
Cancer deaths in London
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors from London
Actors from Surrey
José Manuel de la Sota (28 November 1949 – 15 September 2018) was an Argentine politician. He was born in Córdoba, Argentina. Sota was a member of the Argentine Senate from 1995 to 1999 and was Governor of Córdoba from 1999 to 2007 and again from 2011 to 2015. Sota was a member of the Justicialist Party.

Sota was killed in a car crash in Córdoba on 15 September 2018 at the age of 68.

References

1949 births
2018 deaths
Road accident deaths
Argentine politicians
Zhu Xu (, April 15, 1930 – September 15, 2018) was a Chinese actor. He was well known for his roles in Zhang Yang's Shower and Wu Tianming's The King of Masks. He was born in Shenyang.

Zhu died on September 15, 2018 from mesothelioma in Beijing at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 

1930 births
2018 deaths
Cancer deaths in China
Deaths from mesothelioma
Chinese movie actors
Actors from Beijing