Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
British monarchs 

After the Mughal Emperor ended by the British East India Company, the title "Empress of India" was taken by Queen Victoria from 1 May 1876. 

Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli is usually credited with creating the title for her. Also, the title was created when it became evident that Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, would become an empress when her husband ascended the German imperial throne, many people thought it was wrong for the daughter to be an empress while her mother was just a Queen.

When Victoria died, and her son Edward VII ascended the throne, his title became "Emperor of India". The title continued until India and Pakistan became independent from the United Kingdom at midnight on 14/15 August 1947.
When signing their name for Indian business, a British King-Emperor or the Queen-Empress used the initials R I (Rex/Regina Imperator/Imperatrix) or the shorter version Ind. Imp. (Indiae Imperator/Imperatrix) after their name. This was also used on many British coins, including some 1948 coins of George VI.

King of India and Pakistan 
George VI continued to hold the title King of India for two years during the short Governor-Generalships of Lord Mountbatten and of C. Rajagopalachari until India became a republic on 26 January 1950. George VI remained as King of the United Kingdom and King of Pakistan until his death in 1952. Pakistan became a republic on 23 March 1956, Elizabeth II was Queen of Pakistan for four years.

Related pages
 Mughal Empire
 Governor-General of Pakistan
 Governor-General

Notes 

British India
British monarchy
A radish is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family. People eat radishes all over the world. It was first grown in Europe in pre-Roman Empire|Roman times. Radishes are usually eaten as a crunchy salad vegetable. There are many varieties of radishes. Some radishes are different in size, flavor, color and the length of time they take to grow.

It has a somewhat hot taste, rather peppery. This keeps some herbivores away, or limits the amount they eat. It acts as a defence against herbivory.

Root vegetables
Brassicaceae
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (April 19, 1912 – Feb. 25, 1999) was an American chemist. He was born in Ishpening, Michigan. He won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edwin M. McMillan.

In 1980, he changed several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. His experimental technique, using nuclear physics, was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bismuth atom. Seaborg's techique would have cost too much money to make of gold, but his work is the closest to the mythical Philosopher's Stone.

Seaborg worked at the Manhattan Project during World War II. He studied the chemical properties of plutonium as a part of the secret war research.
He served as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
He was said to be the author/co author of 500 scientific articles and multiple books. He was born in 1912 and died in 1999 from a stroke. He has a wife called Helen Griggs and his family consisted of his sister, Jeanette who was 2 years younger than him, and his parents, Henry Theodore and Selma Olivia Erikson Seaborg
Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer of ten elements: plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and element 106, which was named seaborgium in his honor while he was still living. He also developed more than 100 atomic isotopes. Early in his career, Seaborg was a pioneer in nuclear medicine and developed many isotopes of elements that helped to diagnose and treat diseases. For example, he studied iodine-131, which is used in the treatment of thyroid disease. He developed the actinide concept which placed the actinide series beneath the lanthanide series on the periodic table. Seaborg also proposed the placement of super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series.

References

1912 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American Nobel Prize winners
American chemists
scientists from Michigan
Robert Emmet "Bob" McGrath (June 13, 1932 – December 4, 2022) was an American singer and actor. He is best known for playing the human character Bob on Sesame Street. He was born in Ottawa, Illinois. McGrath's character Bob was one of the longest-lasting human characters on Sesame Street.

Other websites

 Bob McGrath's official website
 

1932 births
2022 deaths
American television actors
Singers from Illinois
Actors from Illinois
BBC Radio 3 is a national radio station operated by the BBC within the United Kingdom. It devotes most of its schedule to classical music. Every year it broadcasts the BBC Proms concerts during the summer.

References

Other websites 
 
 , from BBC iPlayer.

1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
3
Grow may mean:

 GROW, a non-profit peer support and mutual aid organization for recovery from, and prevention of, serious mental illness.
 Grow, a Law & Order Criminal Intent episode.
 Growth, an increase in some quantity over time or a measure of some principal.
Nerf  (written in capitals as NERF) is a brand of toy weapons. It is created by Parker Brothers and currently owned by Hasbro. Most of the toys are a variety of foam-based weaponry. While it is commonly known for its toy guns (usually called "blasters" to separate the brand from real weapons), it can also be footballs and other types of sport utilities such as Nerf skateboards, scooters and bikes. Some blasters series that Nerf makes are called Zombie Strike, Modulus, Elite, Mega, Doomlands, N-Sports, Super Soaker, Rebelle, and Rival.

Toys
Disney Interactive Studios is an American video game publisher and developer. It publishes video games based on Disney works. It was originally Walt Disney Computer Software. The company was formed in 1988. 

American video game companies
The Walt Disney Company
1994 establishments in the United States
BBC Radio 4 is a domestic UK radio station that broadcasts different spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967.

Outline 
Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station after Radio 2. It was named "UK Radio Station of the Year" at the 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards, an award it had also won in 2003 and 2004.

Radio 4 costs £71.4 million a year, and is the BBC's most expensive national radio network. Many people think of it as the corporation's flagship. There is currently no commercial network like it in the UK, although there are similar publicly owned stations in such countries as Sweden (Sveriges Radio P1) and Australia (Radio National).
Music and sport are the only subjects that generally fall outside the station's coverage. There are occasional concerts on Radio 4, and ball-by-ball commentaries of most test matches played by England cricket are broadcast on longwave. Because the longwave service can be received clearly at sea around the coasts of Britain and Ireland, Radio 4 also carries regular weather forecasts for shipping and gale warnings. The station has also been designated as the UK's national broadcaster in times of national emergency such as a war, meaning that even if all other radio stations were forced to close, Radio 4 would still carry on broadcasting.

The current controller of Radio 4 is Gwyneth Williams. She is also in charge of its sister station BBC Radio 4 Extra.

References

Other websites 

, from BBC iPlayer.

1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
4
BBC Four is a television channel developed by BBC. It was started on 2 March 2002. It often shows documentaries and arts programmes that often have a much smaller audience than BBC One or Two. It shows programmes between 7pm and 4am every day, timeshared with CBeebies.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
BBC television channels
Kernel can mean:

 A seed, in plants
 The atomic nucleus
 Kernel (computer science), the central component of most operating systems
 Linux kernel
 The kernel trick in machine learning
 In game theory, a cooperative solution concept
 Kernel (programming language), a Scheme-like language
 Kernel (Lilo & Stitch), experiment 014 from the Lilo & Stitch cartoon series
 Kernel Fleck, a character in the Demonata series of books
 In mathematics:
 Kernel (mathematics)
 Positive definite kernel
 Kernel (algebra)
 Kernel (linear operator)
 Kernel (matrix)
 Kernel of a function
 Kernel of an integral transform
 Kernel (statistics)
 Stochastic kernel
 Convolution kernel, as of a linear filter
 Kernel (category theory)
 Heat kernel
 Polygon kernel
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (also known as the Indian skipper frog or skittering frog) is a common frog found in South Asia. They are slimy and are often seen at the edge of bodies of water with their eyes above the water. They noisily move away from the shore when disturbed, giving them their common name. They are rarely seen outside water.

Frogs of Asia
Amphibians of Pakistan
Fejervarya limnocharis (also known as the cricket frog) is a species of frog found in South Asia.

Frogs of Asia
Amphibians of Pakistan
Fejervarya syhadrensis (also known as the long-legged cricket frog, Syhadra frog, and the Bombay wart frog) is a species of frog that is found in South Asia.

Frogs of Asia
Amphibians of Pakistan
Paa vicina is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, and freshwater springs. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Frogs of Asia
Amphibians of Pakistan
Paa sternosignata is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kashmir and possibly the India. Its natural habitats are rivers, swamps, and freshwater marshes.

Frogs of Asia
Amphibians of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Paa hazarensis (also known as the Kashmir paa frog, Hazara frog, or Hazara torrent frog) is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in the Republic of India, Pakistan and Kashmir, possibly Bhutan, and possibly Nepal. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, rivers, and freshwater marshes.

Frogs of Asia
Amphibians of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
The cricket frog, genus Acris, is a group of frogs in the family Hylidae. They live in North America. They spend more time in the water than other frogs in Hylidae do. They live near bodies of water that do not dry up and have plants growing on the surface. Scientists named them cricket frogs because their voices sound like crickets.

Species

Other websites
. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Acris. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: Apr 21, 2008).
 [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Acris. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: Apr 21, 2008).
 taxon Acris at http://www.eol.org.

Frogs of North America
The Common Indian Toad or Common Asiatic/Asian Toad or Black-spined Toad (Duttaphrynus bufo melanostictus) is a species of toad that is common in South Asia. The species grows to almost 20 cm long. The species breeds during the monsoons and the tadpoles are black. Young toads may be seen in large numbers after the monsoons.

Toads
Amphibians of Pakistan
Frogs of Asia
Duttaphrynus olivaceus (also known as the olive toad, Baluchistan coastal toad, Baluchestan coastal toad, and Makran toad) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Iran, Pakistan, and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rivers, freshwater springs, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, ponds, and irrigated land.

References 

 Stöck, M., Khan, M.S., Papenfuss, T., Anderson, S., Kuzmin, S., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., Dutta, S., Ohler, A. & Sengupta, S. 2004. Bufo olivaceus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Toads
Amphibians of Pakistan
Frogs of Asia
Duttaphrynus stomaticus (also known as the Indus Valley toad, Asiatic marbled toad, Punjab toad, or marbled toad) is a species of toad that can be found in Pakistan, Iran, and possibly in Afghanistan. It is most found in the Indus Valley. It is also known as the "house toad". These toads are usually found near cultivated plains which have still water. It is nocturnal and its diet consist of insects such as ants. This endemic toad species is the "National amphibian of Pakistan" respectively.

Notes

References

Toads
Amphibians of Pakistan
National symbols of Pakistan
Frogs of Asia
Duttaphrynus himalayanus (also known as the Himalaya toad, Himalayan toad, Himalayan broad-skulled toad, and Günther's high altitude toad) is a species of toad found in the Himalayan region of Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir.

Toads
Amphibians of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Frogs of Asia
Bufo latastii is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, arable land, and ponds. It is threatened by habitat loss.

References 
 Stöck, M., Khan, M.S., Dutta, S., Ohler, A., Vasudevan, K., Vijayakumar, S.P., Papenfuss, T., Anderson, S. & Kuzmin, S. 2004.  Bufo latastii.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

Toads
Amphibians of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Frogs of Asia
Amolops himalayanus is a species of frog found in Asia.

Frogs of Asia
Amphibians of Pakistan
Bufo pseudoraddei is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Pakistan and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations, and rural gardens.

Toads
Amphibians of Pakistan
Frogs of Asia
Manipur frog (Euphlyctis ghoshi) or Ghosh's frog is a species of frog found in Manipur, Asia. It is only known from its type locality in Khugairk Reserve Forest, Manipur.

References

Other websites 

Flora and fauna of Manipur
Frogs of Asia
The Himalayan Newt (Tylototriton verrucosus) is a species of salamander found in South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Newts
Amphibians of Pakistan
The Afghan hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus megalotis) is a subspecies of the Long-eared hedgehog native to Afghanistan and western Pakistan. It is larger and reddish in colour, but otherwise similar in appearance to the Long-eared hedgehog.

Eulipotyphla
Mammals of Asia
The argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon) is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay). 

The argali is the biggest wild sheep. It can be up to 120 centimetres tall, and can weigh as much as 140 kilograms. The Pamir argali, also called the Marco Polo sheep, may be more than 6 feet in length. They were discovered by the explorer Marco Polo. The Pamir argali is globally endangered.

References

Related pages

Caprids
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii) is a wild sheep, and a subspecies of the Argali.

It takes its name from famed explorer Marco Polo who described the species during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271. The Marco Polo sheep is particularly known for its long horns. The longest horn ever found on a sheep was found on a Marco Polo sheep and measured 191 centimeters (75 inches). The sheep is unofficially the National animal of Afghanistan.

Related pages

Argali

Caprids
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
it was named after Marco polo
its scientific name is Ovis ammon polii .They can reach 6 feet in length
horns starts to grow after 15 to 20 days after birth. number of rings on the horn indicates age of the male sheep
The argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon) is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay).
The Asian black bear, also called the Asiatic black bear, White-chested bear, Moon bear, or the Himalayan black bear, (Ursus thibetanus or Selenarctos thibetanus) is a medium-sized, sharp-clawed, black-colored bear with a distinctive white or cream "V" marking on its chest.

It is a close relative of the American black bear with which it is thought to share a European common ancestor. It is called 반달가슴곰 (bandalgaseumgom) in Korean.  Both American and Asiatic species are thought of as sister taxa. They are more closely related to one another than any other species of bear. Asian black bears are omnivores. They feed on fruit, grass, leaves, insects, rodents, rabbits, carrion, nuts, and even deer, buffalo, and wild boar. Their predators are humans, tigers, and brown bears, while leopards, wolves, lynxes, jackals, and dholes are predators of black bear cubs.

References 

Bears
Mammals of Pakistan
The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) is a critically endangered subspecies of the cheetah native to Asia.

It is also called the Iranian cheetah because the only living Asiatic cheetahs live in Iran. It is now extinct in India, but during British colonial times in India it was the famous hunting leopard. This name came about because some of these animals were kept captive by Indian royalty and used to hunt wild antelope.

References

Related pages 

 Cheetah

Felines
Mammals of Asia
The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) is a subspecies of the lion. It survives in the wild today only in India, where it is also known as the Indian lion. They once ranged from Southeast Europe to India, covering most of Southwest Asia, and hence it is also known as the Persian lion. It was the symbol of the Junagadh State.
The Asiatic lion is smaller than the African lion. The male Asiatic lion is slightly bigger than the female. The maximum recorded length of a male Asiatic lion in the Gir National Park is 115 inches (from head to tail). Like African lions, the males also have a mane at the top of their heads but the growth is shorter, making it possible to see the ears. The Asiatic lion’s tail tuft is larger than the African lion. A feature common in the species but absent in their African counterparts is the fold of skin on the belly.

Although lions are social species, the male Asiatic lions are generally solitary and may form a loose pride of up to three males. The females are more social and often have a strong pride of up to 12 females and their cubs. The pride of female lions will always share carcasses among themselves. Males and females often only associate for a short time during the mating season. The males have a large home range (56-89 square miles) compared to the female (26-33 square miles).

References
References

Other websites 

Asiatic Lion Information Centre (Includes an informative "News" section)
Asiatic Lion Protection Society (ALPS), Gujarat, India 
Panthera leo (lion) from “Animal Diversity Web”
 "Vanishing Herds Foundation (VHF), India" comes to the rescue of Asiatic Lion 
Asiatic lions in online video (3 videos)

Lions
Mammals of Pakistan
National symbols of Iran
hard disk
Disk partitioning is about making a physical or logical hard disk usable by the operating system. Each disk partition can be used like a hard disk by the operating system. A hard disk can be divided into many partitions. This is especially useful for:
Keeping the user data independent of the operating system. There will be one partition with the operating system on it, and one with the user data. Also if there is a problem with one file system, this does usually not affect the other file systems.
Some operating systems (those that are made like UNIX or Linux) use disk partitions for virtual memory
Using a boot loader it is possible to run many operating systems on the same computer. This is known as multi-booting.
Increasing security: Certain  operating systems allow to limit the access to a file system (for example: read-only, do not allow executable files, do not allow system files)

Usually each partition contains exactly one file system.

Hard drives
The honey badger  or ratel (Mellivora capensis) is a type of mustelid. It lives in Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent.

Despite its name, the honey badger does not look much like other types of badgers. It looks more like a weasel. It mostly eats meat, and does not have many predators because of its thick skin and tough defensive ability.

Taxonomy 
The honey badger is the only member of the genus Mellivora. Although it was first put to the badger group in the 1860s, they do not have much in common with the subfamily Melinae. They are closer to the marten family.
Physical description 
The honey badger has a fairly long body, but is thick set and broad across the back. Its skin is loose, and lets it to turn and twist freely within it. The skin around the neck is  thick, an adaptation to fighting each other. The head is small and flat, with a short muzzle. The eyes are small, and the ears are little more than ridges on the skin. These are also possible adaptations to avoiding damage while fighting.

The honey badger has short and sturdy legs, with five toes on each foot. The feet have very strong claws, which are short on the hind legs and very long on the forelimbs. It is a partially plantigrade animal whose soles are thickly padded and naked up to the wrists. The tail is short and is covered in long hairs, except below the base.

Adults are  in shoulder height and 68–75 cm in body length, with females being smaller than males. Males weigh  while females weigh 9.1 kg.
The honey badger has an anal pouch, a trait shared with hyenas. The smell of the pouch is said to be "suffocating", and may help calm bees when raiding beehives.

Fur 
Its winter fur is long, with some coarse, bristle-like hairs. There are fewer hairs on the side, belly, and groin. The summer fur is shorter and has even fewer hairs, with the belly being half bare. The sides of the heads and lower body are pure black in colour. A large white band covers their upper bodies, beginning from the top of their heads down to the base of their tails.

Habits 

Honey badgers live alone in self-dug holes. They are good diggers, being able to dig tunnels into hard ground in 10 minutes. These burrows always only have one passage and a nesting chamber and are usually not large, about 1–3 metres long. They do not put bedding in the nesting chamber. Although they usually dig their own burrows, they may take over aardvark and warthog holes that are no longer being used, or termite mounds.
Honey badgers are smart animals and are one of few species able to use tools. In the 1997 documentary series Land of the Tiger, a honey badger in India was filmed using a tool; the animal rolled a log and stood on it to reach a kingfisher fledgling stuck up in the roots coming from the ceiling in an underground cave.

Honey badgers are fearless and tough animals. They are known to savagely attack their enemies when they cannot escape. They are tireless in combat and can wear out much larger animals in fights. The fact that most predators do not want to hunt honey badgers has led to the theory that the countershaded coats of cheetah kittens evolved to look like the honey badger in order to keep predators away. This would be an example of mimicry.

The voice of the honey badger is a hoarse "khrya-ya-ya-ya" sound. When mating, males make loud grunting sounds. Cubs vocalise through whines. When attacked by dogs, honey badgers scream like bear cubs.
Diet
Honey badgers have the least specialised diet among mustelids. In undeveloped areas, honey badgers may hunt at any time of the day, though they become nocturnal in places with high human populations. When hunting, honey badgers trot with their fore-toes turned in, moving at the same speed as a young man. Despite their name, honey badgers mostly eat meat, and will take any sort of animal food at hand, including carrion, small rodents, birds, eggs, insects, lizards, tortoises and frogs. They will eat fruit and vegetables such as berries, roots and bulbs.
They may hunt frogs and rodents such as gerbils and ground squirrels by digging them out of their burrows. Honey badgers are able to feed on tortoises without difficulty, due to their powerful jaws. They kill and eat snakes, even highly venomous or large ones. They have dug up human corpses in India. They devour all parts of their prey, including skin, hair, feathers, flesh and bones, holding their food down with their forepaws. When seeking vegetable food, they lift stones or tear bark from trees.

Range 
The species can be found through most of Sub-Saharan Africa from the Western Cape, South Africa, to southern Morocco and southwestern Algeria. Outside Africa it lives through Arabia, Iran and western Asia to Turkmenistan and the Indian subcontinent.
Relationships with humans 
Honey badgers often kill chickens that humans are raising for food. Because of their strength and persistence, they are difficult to keep away. They are known to rip thick planks from hen-houses or burrow underneath stone foundations.

Because of their tough, loose skin, honey badgers are difficult to kill with dogs. Their skin is hard to get through, and its looseness allows them to twist and turn on their attackers when held. The only safe grip on a honey badger is on the back of the neck. The skin is also tough enough to resist several machete blows. The only sure way of killing them quickly is through a blow to the skull with a club or a shot to the head with a powerful rifle, as their skin is almost proof against arrows and spears.

References

Other websites

 Vanderhaar, Jane M. ; Hwang, Yeen Ten, Mellivora capensis, Published 30 July 2003 by the American Society of Mammalogists

Mustelids
Mammals of Africa
Mammals of Asia
The Balochistan forest dormouse (Dryomys niethammeri) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Pakistan.

References
 Gippoliti S. 2002. Dryomys niethammeri . 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. D E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Mammals of Pakistan
Dormice
The Baluchistan pygmy jerboa (Salpingotulus michaelis) is a species of rodent in the Dipodidae family. It is the only species in the genus Salpingotulus. It is endemic to Pakistan.

Rodents
Mammals of Pakistan
The Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) is a subspecies of the brown bear. Himalayan brown bear are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour. They are found in the foothills of the Himalaya and northern Pakistan, but are not found past Dachigam and Kashmir.

People also claim to have mistaken of what they thought was a Yeti (a Himalayan mythological ape-like creature) but was actually a Himalayan brown bear.

Bears
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
The Syrian brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus) is the smallest subspecies of brown bear.

They are omnivorous, eating almost any type of food, including meat, grass, and fruits.

Bears
Mammals of Pakistan
The bharal or Himalayan blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.

The bharal is found in the high Himalayas of Nepal, Tibet, China, Kashmir, Pakistan, Bhutan and the Republic of India.

The bharal has horns that grow upwards, curve out and then towards the back, somewhat like an upside down mustache.

Bharal are active throughout the day, feeding and resting on the grassy mountain slopes. With their excellent camouflage and the absence of cover in their environment, bharal stay motionless when approached. Once they have been noticed, however, they scamper up to the precipitous cliffs, where they once again freeze, using camouflage to blend into the rock face.

Where they overlap, they are the favourite prey of snow leopards and leopards. A few lambs fall prey to foxes or eagles.

References 

Caprids
Mammals of Asia
The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a species of antelope. It lives mainly in western India, but also in parts of Pakistan within the Republic of India. It also lives in Nepal.

The blackbuck was once the state animal of Osmanistan. It is now the provincial animal of Eastern Punjab.

Bovids
Mammals of Pakistan
Mammals of Asia
The jungle cat (Felis chaus) is a successful and widespread wild cat. It ranges from Egypt in the west to China in the east, and it is common in India.

The jungle cat is the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus Felis. It is 20 to 37 inches in body length (50 to 97 cm), with a  8 to 12 inch  tail (20 to 31 cm).

True to Bergmann's rule, the felid is largest at the northern limits of its range and becomes smaller-bodied closer to the tropics.

They live in savannas, tropical dry forests and reedbeds along rivers and lakes in the lowlands, but, despite the name, are not found in rainforests. Although they are adaptable animals, being found even in dry steppe, they prefer wetland environments with tall grasses or reeds in which to hide.
Distribution
The jungle cat lives in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, central and Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and in southern China. The jungle cat lives in places with lots of water and thick vegetation, such as swamps, wetlands, littoral and riparian areas, grasslands and shrub. It commonly lives in agricultural lands, such as fields of bean and sugarcane, in its range. It has often been seen near humans. It can even live in places with little vegetation. It is rare in places with lots of snow. Historical records show that it lives in altitudes of 2,310 m (7,580 ft) in the Himalayas. It does not like to live in rainforests and woodlands.

In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Eğirdir. In Palestine, it was recorded in the Nablus, Ramallah, Jericho and Jerusalem.
In Iran, it lives in a lot of habitat. It lives from plains and agriculture lands to mountains at altitudes of 45 to 4,178 m (148 to 13,707 ft) in at least 23 of 31 provinces of Iran. In Pakistan, it was photographed in Haripur, Dera Ismail Khan, Sialkot Districts and Langh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary.

In India, it is the most common small wild cat. In Nepal, it was recorded in alpine habitat at altitudes of 3,000–3,300 m (9,800–10,800 ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area.

A few jungle cat mummies were found among the cats in ancient Egypt.

Feeding
The jungle cat is mostly a carnivore. It likes to eat small mammals like gerbils, hares and rodents. It also hunts birds, fish, frogs, insects and small snakes. Its prey usually weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). Sometimes, it eats mammals as large as young gazelles. The jungle cat is a partial omnivore. It eats fruits, especially in winter.
The jungle cat hunts by stalking its prey. It then chases its prey. The jungle cats ears helps the jungle cat to know where its prey is. It uses different ways to catch prey. Like the caracal, the jungle cat can jump high into the air to catch birds. It is a great climber. The jungle cat can run up to 32 km/h (20 mph). It is a good swimmer. It can swim up to 1.5 km (0.93 mi) in water. It can jump into water to catch fish.

References 

Felines
Mammals of Asia
The sand cat (Felis margarita) is a small wild cat in the Felinae subfamily. It is distributed over African and Asian deserts.  Sometimes people call it "desert cat," but that is really the name of a different animal.  The sand cat does live in deserts, even the Sahara and Arabian Desert.  It is also found in Iran and Pakistan.  In zoos, this cat can live for up to 13 years.

The sand cat is about 50 cm long, not including the tail. The tail is 30 cm long and has rings on it. It weighs about 2.7 kg (6 lbs). It has sand-colored fur and a wide head with ears that can point up, out or down. There is fur on its paws so that the hot sand does not hurt it.
This cat finds shade or digs a burrow during the day and hides from the sunlight underground. It only lives in places where the sand or dirt is loose enough for it to dig.  The sand cat looks for food at night.  It eats rodents, lizards and insects.  It can even hunt and kill snakes.  It does not drink water, taking all its water from eating prey.  It does not need to go near watering holes, so it can avoid bigger predators that might hurt it.  Wolves, snakes, large birds and humans can hurt this cat.

The sand cat does not fight with other sand cats over territory. Sometimes sand cats will take turns in the same burrow, but they will not share it at the same time. The sand cat lives alone except when looking for mates and when mothers are raising cubs.
Distribution
The sand cat lives in both sandy and stony deserts. It prefers flat terrain with little grass or small bush. It avoids bare and moving sand dunes, where there is little prey. Sand cats live in the Moroccan Sahara, Algeria, Mali, Ténéré Desert, Egypt, Sinai peninsula, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan.

Diet
In the Ténéré Desert, sand cats were seen hunting small rodents, young cape hare. They were also seen hunting greater hoopoe lark, desert monitor, sandfish, and venomous vipers. If they caught more than they could eat, they buried some to eat later.

In Israel, pieces of the Egyptian spiny-tailed lizards were found near burrows used by sand cats. They were seen hunting jirds, Cairo spiny mouse, desert lark, and small reptiles. In central Iran, pieces of the Blanford's jerboa and Balochistan gerbil were found around the dens of sand cats.

References

Felines
Mammals of Pakistan
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Africa
The Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) or Jabeer Gazelle is a species of gazelle found in South Asia. It lives in grasslands and desert areas in the Republic of India, Bangladesh and parts of Iran and Pakistan. It is also known as the Indian Gazelle (Gazella gazella bennetti).

References 

Bovids
Mammals of Pakistan
Mammals of Asia
The corsac fox (Vulpes corsac), also known as the steppe fox, is a medium-sized Asiatic fox species. It is spread throughout the central steppes of Asia. It is very social and lives in "corsac cities" where animals have several dens with connected holes. It prefers some steppe and semi-desert in mountainous areas. It is mainly grey-reddish with silver celadon areas on their coat. The corsac fox is threatened by hunting for the fur trade.

References

Foxes
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Pakistan
The Eurasian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos arctos) is a subspecies of the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos). It is found across northern Eurasia. It is the national animal of many countries including Finland.

Conflict with humans
Bears are known to attack humans for many reasons but actually they avoid attacking. One reason is that if you surprise a bear it is likely to attack. The other one, is that bears enjoy to eat food, which is why people tend to avoid leaving food in the forest where bears are.

Diet 
The Eurasian brown bear is a omnivore (which eats everything). For example, they eat:
 Ants
 Berries
 Honey
 Meat
 Grass (if there is no food)

Related pages

 Brown Bear

Bears
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Pakistan
National symbols of Russia
The Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus) is a subspecies of the grey wolf (Canis lupus). It is also known as the common wolf, European Wolf, Carpathian Wolf, Steppes Wolf, Tibetan Wolf and Chinese Wolf. It originally lived in most of Eurasia, with a southern limit of the Himalayas in the Hindu Kush Range.

Wolves
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
The false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) is a cetaceans and larger members of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae). The species is the only member of the Pseudorca genus.

They live in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world. As its name implies, the false killer whale shares characteristics with the more widely known Orca ("killer whale"). The two species look somewhat similar and, like the orca, the false killer whale attacks and kills other cetaceans. However, the two dolphin species are not closely related.

The false killer whale has not been extensively studied in the wild by scientists; much of the data about the dolphin has been got by examining stranded animals.

Oceanic dolphins
Mammals of Pakistan
Blanford's fox (Vulpes cana), is a small fox. It is found in steppes and mountains of Afghanistan, Egypt (Sinaï), Turkestan, northeast Iran, SW Pakistan, the West Bank and Israel. Blanford's fox has large ears.  Its tail is almost equal in length to its body. Its coat is light tan.

References 

Foxes
Mammals of Pakistan
In Flames is a melodic death metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with At the Gates, are often said to be a major influence on the type of heavy metal known as "melodic death metal". The band is signed to the Century Media record label and have released nine albums.

References

Swedish heavy metal bands
Melodic death metal bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
1990 establishments in Sweden
The Chinese river dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer)  or baiji  was a river dolphin. It was found only in the Yangtze River in China.  The last confirmed sighting of the baiji was in 2004 but there were possible sightings in 2007 and 2016 as well. The baiji was declared functionally extinct in 2007.  that means experts said that even if there had been a few baiji left alive in 2007, there were probably not enough left to have young and keep the species alive. The IUCN Red List says the baiji is critically endangered but not really extinct.

Description 
The baiji was a graceful animal, with a long, narrow and slightly upturned beak and a flexible neck. As opposed to some other freshwater dolphins, like the Indus River dolphin, its eyes were functional, although greatly reduced. Its coloration was bluish-gray to gray above and white to ashy-white below. It weighed 135 – 230 kg (300 - 510 lb) and measured as much as 2.5 m (8.2') in length.
Reasons for extinction 
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) noted these threats to the species: 
a period of hunting by humans during the Great Leap Forward, 
entanglement in fishing gear, 
the illegal practice of electric fishing, 
collisions with boats and ships, habitat loss, and 
pollution. 
Further studies have noted the environmental impact of building the Three Gorges Dam on the living space of the baiji.

It was the first dolphin species that humans have made extinct.

References 

River dolphins
At the Gates is a heavy metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with In Flames, are seen as a big influence on the type of heavy metal called melodic death metal.

1990 establishments in Sweden
1996 disestablishments in Sweden
Death metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 1996
The Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis), also known as the Indian fox, is a fox. It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent, and is found from the Himalayan foothills and Terai of Nepal through southern India and from southern and eastern Pakistan to eastern India and southeastern Bangladesh.

Foxes
Mammals of Pakistan
Mammals of Asia
The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is a rare cat species. It is a medium-sized felid, found from the Himalayan foothills through mainland Southeast Asia into China. It is 55 to 110 cm (2 ft to 3 ft 6 in) long and weighs between 15 and 23 kg (33 to 50 lb). It is classified as vulnerable in 2008 by IUCN. Its total population may be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals.

Clouded leopards hunt in trees as well as on the ground. Their prey are monkeys and birds. They are one of the few cats who are arboreal.

The genetic analysis of specimens of Neofelis nebulosa and its close relative Neofelis diardi suggests the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago. A group crossed a now submerged land bridge to Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia. And, the Sunda clouded leopard is different enough on the two large islands to be classed as two subspecies.
The split between the two subspecies corresponds roughly with the catastrophic eruption of the Toba supervolcano in Sumatra 69,000–77,000 years ago. A probable scenario is that Sunda clouded leopards from Borneo recolonized Sumatra during periods of low sea levels in the Pleistocene, and these were later separated from their source population by rising sea levels.

References 

Felines
Mammals of Asia
The Government of India Act 1935 was the last constitution of British India which split Burma from it. It lasted until 1947, when British territory was split into Pakistan and India.

Features of the act:
Detailed document with 321 sections and 10 schedules.
 Divided powers between the Centre and units in terms of 3 lists: Federal list (59 items), Provincial list (54 items) and Concurrent list (36 items).
 Gave Indian provinces much less independence.
 Provision for the establishment of an All India Federation at the center, consisting of Provinces of British India and the Princely states. 
 For the first time direct elections were introduced. Women were also allowed to vote.
 Sindh was separated from Bombay, Orissa was separated from Bihar, and Burma was separated from India. The number of provinces were increased to eleven by giving North West Frontier Province (NWFP) the status of fully-fledged province and creating two new provinces, Orissa and Sindh.
 The System of Diarchy was dropped at the provincial level but introduced at the central government level.
 Two Houses of Parliament at central government level were introduced with Council of State being the Upper House and Assembly being the Lower House.
Special Responsibilities and Safeguards vested in British Executive power in London
 Introduced the Reserve bank of India to look after the cash flow and printing processes
Background 

Despite the failure of round table conferences, in March 1933 the British government announced its proposals for how India should be governed. These were published in a 'white paper' (a discussion issued before a Bill is presented to the British parliament). After discussions by the British politicians and consultation with Indian delegates, nominated by the government to take part in the talks, a Bill was introduced before the British parliament in December 1934. In August 1935, the Government of India Act became law. This was the last major legislation that the British government passed before independence was granted. The act was an important point in the move towards formal Independence. It provided the basis for negotiations which resulted in the British leaving India.
This act was opposed by both the Muslim League and Congress however both contested in the elections of 1937.

1930s in India‎
Brahmanbaria (Bengali: ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া Bramhonbaŗia) is a district in east-central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. It was part of greater Comilla District until 1984. Before 1830 the Sarail Pargana was a part of Mymensingh district. The district has 4 municipalities, 39 wards, 97 mahallas, 7 upazilas, 98 union parishads, 1052 mouzas and 1329 villages.

Geography
Brahmanbaria District is located at the east-central region of Bangladesh. It has a total area of 1927.11 km². Brahmanbaria is bordered by Kishoreganj District and Habiganj District on the north, Comilla District on the south, Habiganj District and Tripura State, India on the east and Meghna River, Kishoreganj District, Narsingdi District and Narayanganj District on the west.

The district is mainly by low-lying land with small hills.

Districts in Chittagong Division
The Dhund Abbasi (also written Dhúnd; ) is a sub tribe of the Abbasi Tribe in Northern Pakistan. They are mainly settled in Abbottabad District and Murree Hills, Along with Tehsil Kahuta and in District Rawalpindi of Punjab Province. They are also found in District Haripur and Mansehra of Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Apart from Abbottabad and Murree, there are large populations of Dhund Abbasis living in the Bagh District and Muzaffarabad District of Azad Kashmir. The tribe speaks the Dhundi-Kairlali hill dialect of Pahari-Pothwari.
The word Dhund was an honorary name given to one of their forefathers.
Origins
The tribe traces its roots back to Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, the uncle of Prophet Mohammad. The Dhund Abbasis are progeny of the Abbasid dynasty, who ruled over the Muslim empire from the Umayyads in 750 CE, and were known as the Abbasid Caliphate. The dynasty governed for 500 years from Baghdad, Iraq. The rule of the Abbasids extended eastwards across Afghanistan into the South Asian subcontinent, covering the eastern part of modern-day Pakistan.
Sardar Zorab Khan Abbasi had only one son named Ghai Mohammad Akbar, also known as, Sardar Akbar Ghai Khan Abbasi, whose grave is next to his father's grave in Darkot, Kahuta. Sardar Akbar Ghai had five sons name as Kanwar Khan (Kahundar Khan), Sardar Khan (Sarrara Khan), Salim Khan, Sana Wali Khan (Tanawali Khan) and Molam Khan. He was the forefather of Dhund, Jaskam, Ghayyal, Sarrara and Tanoli Abbasi Tribes. Kanwar Khan had three sons named Firadam Khan, Bahadur Khan and Kalo Khan (Kalo Raey Khan). Firadam Khan, who's progeny was inhabited in Rajori, Indian Occupied Kashmir, and Bahadur Khan who's sons live in Qaseer, Indian Occupied Kashmir. Kalo Khan (1083 AD - 1150 AD) moved from Poonch Region to Chalhaar, Palandari now Azad Kashmir, he married the the daughter of Raja Rustam Raey Khan, a Kashmiri King and became his successor. He gets the title of "Raey" so Kalo Khan name becomes Kalo Raey Khan. He married to the daughter of Raja Dhani Raey Khan of Kashmir
. Dhund, Jasgam and Ghayyal Abbasi Tribes of Murree, Hazara and Azad Kashmir back their family roots to Kalo Raey Khan (Kalo Khan). Kalo Khan had son named Qudrat Ullah Khan (Qound Khan) and Qudrat Ullah Khan had Naik Mohammad Khan (Nakodar Khan) and Naik Mohammad Khan had Daleel Mohammad Khan and Daleel Mohammad Khan had Rasib Khan. Rasib Khan had two sons named Shah Wali Khan Abbasi (Dhund Khan) and Bagh Wali Khan Abbasi (Bagh Khan). The Dhund Abbasi's of Murree, Hazara Divison and Azad Kahmir back their roots to Shah Wali Khan (Dhund Khan) while the Ghayyal & Jaskam Abbasi of Azad Kashmir & Kahuta trace their roots back to Bagh Wali Khan Abbasi (Bagh Khan). This incident is recorded in Ansaab Zafarabad Hind 1800 AD & Abbasiyan E Hind written in 1819 AD by Mufti Najam Ud Deen Samarqandi. Many historical references to Dhund's Abbasi are in old Kashmir History books, written in 16th and 17th century.
One of the famous members of the Dhund Abbasi Tribe is Peer Nehmat Shah, also known as Dada Dhummat Khan Abbasi (1295 AD - 1370 AD). Dada Dhummat Khan Abbasi was a Sufi Saint and his shrine is in Ghora Gali, Murree. He moved from Poonch Region of Kahsmir to Murree Hills in mid fourteenth century. He was the GrandFather of All Abbasi Tribes of Murree Hills & Hazara KPK Region adjacent to Murree Hills and also GrandFather of Abbasi Tribe's of Tehsil Dheerkot, District Bagh & District Muzzaffarabad of Kashmir.

One of Famous Spritual Grandsons of Peer Nehmat Shah's is Hazrat Sardar Abdul Rehman Khan Abbasi (1406 AD - 1480 AD) locally Known as Dada Rattan Khan Abbasi and Hazrat Sardar Qasim Khan Abbasi (Chand Khan Abbasi), who's Shrine is in Chamankot, Tehsil Dheerkot District Bagh Azad Kashmir. They are forefathers of Ratnaal & Chandaal Dhund's Abbasi clan, living in Circle, Bakote, KPK, Murree Hills, and Azad Kashmir.
Dhunds are the largest and most prominent tribe of Murree. Historically, besides Murree, the lands of the Dhund Abbasis include parts of present day Islamabad Capital Territory, Tehsil Kahuta and Kotli Sattian of Rawalpindi, District Abbottabad, Haripur and Mansehra of KPK and Deerkot tehsil in the Bagh district of Azad Kashmir. Besides there is a large population of Dhund tribe in Kahuta tehsil, who are known as Jasgam. According to Gazetteer Rawalpindi 1893-4 they had thirteen villages in Tehsil Kahuta to at the time.

According to Census of India 1881, the total population of Dhund Abbasis, excluding Abbasis tribes of Kashmir, in Rawalpindi and Hazara districts was 32,690 of which 18,268 lived in Rawalpindi and 14,412 in Hazara. Furthermore, Abbasis constitute overwhelming majority the population of Dheerkot Tehsil in the Bagh district of Azad Kashmir.