Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Singha (; ) is a beer brand. It is manufactured in Thailand by the Singha Corporation Co. Ltd.. Singha corp is a subsidiary of its parent company, Boon Rawd Brewery.

History
Praya Bhirom Bhakdi received a license to brew beer from the Thai government. In May 1933, construction of a brewery began. Boon Rawd Brewery was founded on 4 August 1933. In March 1934, production was started. Three beers were brewed: Golden Kite, Singha, and Stupa.

A royal warrant was bestowed on 25 October 1939. Boon Rawd is the only brewery permitted to display the royal Garuda. The Singha is a powerful mythological lion, found in ancient South Asian and Thai mythology.

Boon Rawd bought two German breweries at Hartmannsdorf and Mittweida, Saxony in 1994. Some Singha beer is brewed in Germany by Schlossbrauerei Au-Hallertau under licence from Singha Corporation Co., Ltd..
Beginning in September 2007, a 5.0% (abv) version of Singha replaced the 6.0% (abv) original. This new version, while still brewed in Thailand by Pathum Thani Brewery Co. Ltd., states on its label to have been brewed under the supervision of Singha Corporation Co. Ltd., instead of Boon Rawd.

From 2013, some Singha beer has reportedly been produced at Carlsberg's Russian plant for distribution in some markets. Singha is also said to use eight Carlsberg plants in Asia for production, as part of an agreement to share each other's production facilities and markets.

Governance
Singha Corporation, established in 2001, is a subsidiary of Boon Rawd Brewery, tasked with managing of all of Boon Rawd's 150-plus subsidiary companies. It reports directly to Boon Rawd's board of directors.

Products
Besides Singha beer, the company manufactures Singha Light, Leo beer, U Beer, bottled and soda water, and packaged foods.
Operations
In 2017, Singha Corporation sold 1.32 billion litres of Singha, Leo, and U Beer and retained a 62 percent market share in Thailand. The firm intends to sell 1.4 billion litres in 2018 and up its market share to 65 percent.

Advertising
Singha was the title sponsor of Francesco Cantando's Formula 1 Powerboat team from the mid-1990s up until the end of the 2013 season, making it one of the longest partnerships in the history of the sport. For 2014, Motorglass.it replaced Singha as Cantando's team's new title sponsor.

In 2010, Singha formed a four-year partnership with Premier League football club Chelsea. The company already had a similar partnership with Manchester United.

In the 2010 Formula One season, Singha's logo was seen on the Red Bull Racing team's livery.

In 2014, Singha became the first Official Beer of the FIM MotoGP™ World Championship and official sponsor of the Professional Darts Corporation Grand Slam of Darts.
In 2015, Singha became a personal sponsor of Formula One driver Kimi Räikkönen.

In 2018 Singha became an official partner of ROK Cup International Final.- karting CIK Homologated international competition organized by Vortex Engines (VORTON Srl.)

In 2018 Singha became the official sponsor of Oxford United Football Club.

Singha is a title sponsor the Alfa Romeo Formula One team for the 2019 Formula One World Championship Season.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Official USA website

20th-century establishments in Thailand
1933 establishments in Asia
Thai culture
Beer
Maulana Muhiuddin Khan (; April 19, 1935, Pakundia – June 25, 2016, Kishoreganj), known also as Muhiuddin Khan of the Quran, was a Bangladeshi Muslim politician, scholar and author who wrote numerous books on Islam in Bengali and also noted for the famous Bengali translation of the Quran through the Maariful Quran. He was major in Bengali, Urdu, Persian and Arabic.

He translated for the first time tafseer Maariful Quran into Bengali.

References

1935 births
2016 deaths
Bangladeshi Muslims
Politicians from Dhaka Division
Zohurul Hoque (Bengali: জহুুুুুুুুুুুুরুুল হক; Assamese: জহৰুুুুুুুুুুুুুুুুল হক; October 11, 1926 - January 18, 2017), was an Indian Muslim figure from Assam who is the only figure noted for the translation of the Quran in three languages, which were Bengali, Assamese and English. Along with the translation by Muhiuddin Khan, his Bengali translation of the Quran is one of the most used, but it is not famous in terms of built-up structure of the translation of the certain verses in the Quran, unlike Muhiuddin Khan who did.

1926 births
2017 deaths
People from Assam
Indian Muslims
Asian translators
Trial in absentia (literally in absence in the Latin language) means a person is held responsible for a crime and tried although he or she is not present during the proceedings. It may be because the person is at an unknown location or has escaped justice, for example after paying bail and then refused to return to the court on the date set anyway, or because the person may not be even alive (a famous case is Martin Bormann, who most likely died in May 1945 and was sentenced to death in November 1946, as part of the Nuremberg Trials). It is controversial, especially if a person is convicted and sentenced to a hard punishment, because the basic premise of a trial is thus violated, and everyone has a right to defend oneself. Others point out, however, that this right is waived when one doesn't show up without a good reason and that the court must make its best, through appointing a defender for instance, to determine guilt or innocence even if the person is not present
. Most defendants make their case through a defender anyway, especially when the crime is serious.
Another case is when a court or committee must determine whether a person, such as a suspected terrorist, is going to be surveilled or wire-tapped, and whether there is enough suspicion of criminal activity or intent to do so. In that case, the person himself can of course not be asked to appear, as the idea is to hold the surveillance secret. In that case, a defender is appointed to make the case that the suspected person does not want to and does not deserve to be subjected to surveillance and that it should not be permitted, although he/she doesn't know of the proceedings. Most of such hearings, however, are not a trial in the technical sense of the term, though they may involve a judge and lawyer and so on.
Criminal justice
A letter bomb is a bomb concealed within a letter or package, which is then sent or left for the recipient to find, typically with his or her name and address on, to be opened and then exploded, or exploded within a certain time.

The first known case of a "modern" letter bomb was the Swedish bombmaker Martin Ekenberg in August 1904. He built a bomb and sent it to a factory owner in Stockholm called Karl Fredrik Lundin. The bomb exploded but nobody was seriously injured. He sent a total of four bombs until 1907 before he was discovered.
Letter bomb sendouts 
There had been many injuries caused by letter bombs. A very famous letter bombmaker is Ted Kaczynski, the so-called Unabomber, who sent a series of letter bombs between 1978 and 1995, killing three people (all men) and injuring 23. One package, however, exploded onboard an airplane, which could have killed all the passengers and personnel, but it only caused an emergency landing. He stopped sending bombs after the New York Times accepted to publish a text he had written called Industrial Society and its Future.
Unfortunately for him, his brother recognised the writing style and alerted the police, which ultimately captured Kaczynski and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. The bombs were very well made and had no evidence from the sender, but typically of letter bombs, they are too small to case significant damage, and in most cases did not even kill the person who opened the package (this was also the case with Ekenberg, who failed to kill a single person). For this reason, and because most important government departments X-rays packages, the method is not very efficient.

Another

Government agencies 
Several government agencies have used letter bombs to target persons outside their jurisdiction. One victim of a letter bomb was German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who was sent a letter bomb by the so-called Stern gang and Israeli politician (and later Prime Minister) Menachem Begin in the 1950s.
Begin's reasons, as he explained, was that Adenauer and all Germans were responsible for the deaths of millions of Jews during the Holocaust, although Adenauer had been imprisoned by the Nazi regime which committed these crimes. The same group also sent several bombs to US President Harry S. Truman. The South African apartheid regime used letter bombs, including to activist Ruth First, who died when opening one in 1982.

References 

Terrorism
Explosions
Letters
Drancy internment camp was a concentration camp in France during its occupation by Nazi Germany during World War II. It was organised in 1941 to collect French Jews and particularly foreign Jews who had escaped to France before the invasion by the Germans. After that, they were put on railroad carts and sent east, to concentration camps, from which most did not return alive. Nearly 70,000 people were rounded up, including resistance fighters, Roma people, and others considered "undesirable". Until 1943, the camp was administered by French police under German supervision. After this, the French were removed and replaced by German SS men led by Alois Brunner, which increased the efficiency of the deportations. 

When the camp was liberated in 1944, about 1,500 people remained. Brunner was later tried (in absence) and sentenced to death, but remained at large until his death in 2010.

Nazi concentration camps
Buildings and structures in France
Seine-Saint-Denis
Jews have lived in Europe for thousands of years, and their dispersal and relations with governing authorities and peoples have changed greatly. Originally, in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, there was a Jewish minority which had varying rights and relations with the Romans. After the Roman-Jewish wars in the first and second centuries and the destruction of the Temple, Jews were expelled from Palestine, which greatly increased their numbers in Europe (and North Africa and Asia). In the Middle Ages, with the spread of Christianity and Christian anti-Semitism, conditions were generally bad, and Jews were forbidden from integrating (mingling) with Christians, working most jobs and were often secluded to particular parts of cities, called ghettos. They were allowed to do certain jobs that Christians were not allowed to, such as lending money to people for interest, which was a necessary part of modern economies but considered foul or bad for Christians
. This made several Jews wealthy but also increased resistance and persecutions.
Jews were eventually welcomed in Poland, whose king declared the Statute of Kalisz to protect them. For example, Christians could not testify against Jews for committing crimes, which commonly had led to unjust accusations and punishments. For many Christians, however, this protection increased their resistance. Many Jews, so-called Ashkenazim, gathered in Eastern Europe because of this, however. In Spainand Portugal under Muslim rule, the so-called Al Andalus period, Jews were generally accepted although they could not take part in the government. After Christian rule was re-established on the Iberian peninsula, Jews were rejected and persecuted if they stayed. Some sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire, which was then relatively tolerant to Jews and Christians and allowed them to have their own courts and laws, as long as they payed taxes and did not resist Ottoman rule.
After the Renaissance and the Early Modern Period, Jews were integrated increasingly and permitted to live openly as Jews in more and more countries. After the French Revolution, France and other European countries affected by French rule through Napoleon I introduced secular laws aimed at abolishing religion in the public sphere and assimilating Jews, i.e. treating them more openly as citizens and members of the public, who could believe whatever they wanted privately and still be members of the community. Other Jews began to discard their religion too, or integrated willingly into the larger community, such as by becoming Christians, like British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's father, Isaac d'Israeli. Many European countries had restrictions on Jews until the 19th and 20th centuries, however, such as banning them from certain professions or holding public offices. Many Jews became prominent scientists or public intellectuals, however, such as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein
. Only one hundred years before, this would have been impossible.
With the modern time and the gradual establishment of republics and constitutional monarchies across Europe, conditions were considered much better for Jews. Some preferred to emigrate to the United States and other American countries, however, including Argentina, which to this day has a large Jewish community. Eventually, the United States gathered the largest Jewish population outside of the Russian Empire. After Poland became an independent country again after the Treaty of Versailles, it had the largest Jewish population in Europe, of about 3,000,000 Jews. The Soviet Union, which came about in 1922, had nearly as many. With Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, there was again increased emigration, to the Western European countries and to the United States, supported by the Germans who did not want Jews in German-governed territory. More Jews emigrated to Palestine, which had been taken from the Ottoman Turks by the United Kingdom in 1917, to establish a Jewish homeland for Jews
. Hitler temporarily supported this migration, but the British were sceptic, as the greater number of Jews meant conflicts with the local Arabs, who resisted Jewish immigration, and several bloody rebellions were fought between them and the British troops in the region. With World War II, the Nazi-controlled German armies occupied most of Europe and started to deport Jews east, eventually adopting a policy of mass murder known as the Holocaust. After 1942, all Jews under German control (with very few exceptions) would be sent to Eastern Europe and killed or worked to death. In the end, before Nazi Germany's defeat in 1945, this killed about two thirds of the Jewish population in Europe. Only the Jewish communities of Albania, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Britain and Ireland were untouched, and those of Italy, Yugoslavia and Romania much less affected
. Many remaining Jews migrated to the United States and Palestine, where Israel was created in 1948 as a Jewish-majority state, which resulted in Europe losing most of its Jewish population and the United States becoming the most Jewish country. Also, later persecution in Communist Poland and other countries led to more refugees. Of the 3,000,000 Jews in Poland, less than 3,000 remain today. In France, the United Kingdom and Russia, however, there are significant communities left comparable to before the war.
References

Jewish history
Jews
Manatuto is one of the municipalities (formerly districts) of East Timor. The capital of the municipality is also named Manatuto.

To the north is the Strait of Wetar, to the south is the Timor Sea.

Administrative posts
The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:

Barique-Natarbora (pop. 5,438)
Laclo (pop. 7,756)
Laclubar (pop. 12,050)
Laleia (pop. 3,689)
Manatuto (pop. 14,392)
Soibada (pop. 3,294)

The administrative posts are divided into 31 sucos ("villages") in total.

References

Municipalities of East Timor
Manufahi is one of the municipalities of East Timor. The capital of the municipality is Same.

Administrative posts
Manufahi's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:
Alas
Fatuberlio
Same
Turiscai

References

Municipalities of East Timor
Bolívar is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Guaranda.

Cantons
The province is divided into 7 cantons. The following table lists each with its population as of the 2010 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital.

References

 
1827 establishments
1820s establishments in South America
is a special ward of Tokyo, Japan. It is a very important area for commerce and business. It also has the two busiest railway stations in the world, Shinjuku Station and Shibuya Station. As of 2020, it has an population of about 231,043, and a population density of 15,290.7 people per km2 (39,603/sq mi). The total area is 15.11 km2 (5.83 sq mi).

Shibuya is famous for its scramble crossing, which is called Shibuya Crossing.

Related pages
 Shinjuku

References

Other websites

  

Wards of Tokyo
Cañar is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Azogues.

Cantons 
The province is divided into 7 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the time of the 2019 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital.

References

Provinces of Ecuador
Hédi Jouini (; November 1909 – 30 November 1990) was a Tunisian singer, oud player, and composer. In his long career, Jouini composed close to 1,070 songs and 56 operettas.  His songs are inspired by the Andalusian art of flamenco, and found great popularity in Tunisia and the countries of the Mashriq.

References 

1909 births
1990 deaths
Singers from Tunis
Carchi is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Tulcán. The Carchi River forms the boundary between Colombia and Ecuador.

Cantons 
The province is divided into 6 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2019 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital.

References

Provinces of Ecuador
Leïla Sfez (Arabic: ليلى سفاز), (born 1874 –1944 Tunisia), was a Jewish Tunisian singer and composer She is also the aunt of the famous Habiba Msika to whom she will pass on her musical education. Sh became a celebrated café-concert performer in Tunis in the 1920s. She sang music in both the ma'luf and charqui genres.

References 

1874 births
1944 deaths
Singers from Tunis
Feuchtwangen (; East Franconian: Feichtwang) is a city in Middle Franconia in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the district of Ansbach.

Feuchtwangen has about 12,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Ansbach (district)
Central Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Kabwe.

Provinces of Zambia
Eastern Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Chipata.

Provinces of Zambia
Luapula Province is a province in northern Zambia. The capital is Mansa. It is named after the Luapula River.

Provinces of Zambia
Lusaka Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Lusaka, which is also the national capital. It is the smallest province in Zambia, with an area of 21,896 km². It is also Zambia's most populated and most densely populated province, with a population of 2,191,225 and density of 100 persons per km² as of 2010.

The province is bordered by Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and separated by the Lower Zambezi National Park. Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (in Chongwe District) and Lusaka City Airport (in Lusaka) are the two airports in the province.
Northern Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Kasama.

Provinces of Zambia
North-Western Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Solwezi. It is the most sparsely populated province in the country.

Provinces of Zambia
Southern Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Choma. Until 2011, the capital was Livingstone. Victoria Falls is located along that boundary.

Provinces of Zambia
Muchinga Province is a province in northeastern Zambia. The capital is Chinsali. It borders with Tanzania in the north, Malawi in the east, Eastern Province in the south, Central Province in the southwest, Luapula Province in the west, and Northern Province in the northwest.

Provinces of Zambia
TD Place Stadium (originally Lansdowne Park and formerly Frank Clair Stadium) is a stadium in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is the home to the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and Atlético Ottawa of the Canadian Premier League (CPL). It has a capacity for 24,000 people.

Soccer stadiums in Canada
Rugby
1976 Summer Olympics
Sport in Ontario
Buildings and structures in Ottawa
Dominique Ellen Dunne (November 23, 1959 – November 3, 1982) was an American actress. She was born in Santa Monica, California. Her parents were Dominick Dunne and Ellen Griffin Dunne. She was best known for her role as Dana Freeling in the 1982 horror movie Poltergeist.

On October 30, 1982, Dunne was strangled by her ex-boyfriend, John Thomas Sweeney, in the driveway of her Los Angeles home. She went into a coma and died five days later, aged 22. Sweeney was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in Dunne's death and went to prison for three and a half years.

References

Other websites 
 

1959 births
1982 deaths
American murder victims
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American movie actors
American television actors
Bad Hersfeld is the capital of the district Hersfeld-Rotenburg, in the state of Hesse in Germany. It is a well-known festival and spa town. Every summer, the Bad Hersfelder Festspiele (festival) are held here in 1951 at the monastery ruins. It is the largest Romanesque church ruin in Europe.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Bad Hersfeld 
 Bad Hersfeld Festival 
 Lullusfest in Bad Hersfeld 

Spa towns in Germany
Helmut Krauss (11 June 1941 – 26 August 2019) was a German voice actor.

Filmography

Animated roles 
 Star Wars: Clone Wars - General Grievous

Movie roles 
 Antz - Drunk Scout
 Arachnophobia - Delbert McClintock
 Casper - Fatso
 Monsters, Inc. - Henry J. Waternoose III
 Shrek 2 - Mongo
 Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope - Deathstar Loudspeaker Announcer
 Stowaways on the Ark - Grizzly Bear
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Shredder
 The Great Mouse Detective - Fidget
 The Hunchback of Notre Dame - The Archdeacon
 The Plague Dogs - Rowf
 The Rescuers Down Under - McLeach
 Treasure Planet - Pirate
 Who Framed Roger Rabbit - Benny the Cab, Gorilla

Video game roles 
 Mafia - Salieri
 Toonstruck - Drew Blanc

Other websites 
 

1941 births
2019 deaths
German voice actors
Actors from Bavaria
People from Augsburg
Jane Carr (born August 13, 1950) is a voice actor.

Filmography

Animated roles
 Fantastic Four - Lady Dorma
 Fish Hooks - Ann Chovie, Dan Chovie
 Grim & Evil - Pud'n
 Hey Arnold! - Inga Perlmutter
 Kim Possible - Nanny Nane
 Phineas and Ferb - Grandma Winifred Fletcher
 The Fairly OddParents - Mama Cosma
 The Mummy: The Animated Series - Marie, Villager

Film roles
 Finding Nemo - Additional Voices
 Treasure Planet - Mrs. Dunwitty

Video game roles
 X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse - Dr. Moira MacTaggert
American voice actors
Teefa in Trouble is an Urdu language Pakistani movie, directed by Ahsan Rahim.

Urdu-language movies
The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II. 

On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chairman of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document. It talked about the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan. These terms were first talked about during the Potsdam Conference. 

The declaration said if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction."

References

1945 in Germany
Potsdam
World War II
Michael Connor Gainey (born January 18, 1948) is an American actor whose distinctive mustache, 6'2" height, and intimidating appearance have landed him supporting roles as Southern or Southwestern thugs and criminals. He is known for playing a major role in the 1997 Con Air action movie.

Other websites 

 

1948 births
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Mississippi
People from Jackson, Mississippi
Living people
Robert McElhenney III (born April 14, 1977) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter. He is known for his role as Mac on the FX/FXX comedy series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. McElhenney is also known for his ownership of Wrexham A.F.C., a Welsh soccer club that plays in the English league system. He and fellow actor Ryan Reynolds purchased the club in 2021. Their ownership is the subject of the documentary TV series Welcome to Wrexham, which is currently broadcast in the U.S. on FX.

References 

1977 births
Living people
American television directors
American Roman Catholics
American television writers
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television producers
Actors from Philadelphia
Writers from Philadelphia
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
This is a list of prime ministers of Togo since the creation of the job of Prime Minister in 1960, to the present day.

A total of twelve people have been Prime Minister of Togo.

Key
Political parties

Other factions

List of officeholders

References

Other websites
World Statesmen – Togo
1992 Constitution of Togo (as amended in 2007)
Eugene Koffi Adoboli (born 3 October 1934) is a Togolese politician. He was Prime Minister of Togo from 21 May 1999 to 31 August 2000. 

In 2011 he was sentenced to five years in jail in absentia for corruption.

References

1934 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Togo
The Chairperson of the African Union Commission is the head of the African Union Commission. On January 30, 2017, it was announced that Chad's Moussa Faki would become the further Chairperson.

List

References
Central Africa is a region of the African continent. It is made up of Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Central African Republic and Rwanda.

Countries
 Angola
 Burundi
 Cameroon
 The Central African Republic
 Chad, 
 The Democratic Republic of the Congo
 The Republic of the Congo
 Equatorial Guinea
 Gabon
 Rwanda
 São Tomé and Príncipe

These countries are members of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS).

References

Central
Moussa Faki Mahamat ( , born 21 June 1960) is a Chadian politician and diplomat. He has been Chairperson of the African Union Commission since 14 March 2017. He was Prime Minister of Chad from 24 June 2003 to 4 February 2005 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from April 2008 to January 2017.

On 30 January 2017, he was elected as Chairperson of the African Union Commission.

References

1960 births
Chairpersons of the African Union Commission
Prime Ministers of Chad
Living people
Jean Ping (; born 24 November 1942) is a Gabonese diplomat and politician.

He was the Minister of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and Francophonie of the Gabonese Republic from 1999 to 2008, and was President of the United Nations General Assembly from 2004 to 2005 and Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union from 2008 to 2012. 

Ping was a candidate in the 2016 Gabonese presidential election against the outgoing president Ali Bongo.

References

1942 births
Gabonese politicians
Chairpersons of the African Union Commission
Living people
Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly
African diplomats
Nkosazana Clarice Dlamini-Zuma (born 27 January 1949), sometimes known by her initials NDZ, is a South African politician and anti-apartheid activist. She has been the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs since May 2019 during the Cyril Ramaphosa presidency. She also had cabinet jobs during the presidencies of Nelson Mandela, Thabo Mbeki, Kgalema Motlanthe and Jacob Zuma (her ex-husband).

From 1982 to 1998, she was married to Jacob Zuma.

References

1949 births
Living people
South African politicians
Chairpersons of the African Union Commission
Alumni of the University of Bristol
South African anti-apartheid activists
Édouard Kodjovi Kodjo, better known as Edem Kodjo (May 23, 1938 – April 11, 2020), was a Togolese politician and diplomat. He was Secretary-General of the Organisation of African Unity from 1978 to 1983; later. He was Prime Minister from 1994 to 1996 and again from 2005 to 2006. 

Kodjo was President of the Patriotic Pan-African Convergence (CPP).  

Kodjo died on April 11, 2020, in Paris at the age of 81.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
Prime Ministers of Togo
This is a list of presidents of Togo since the creation of the job of president in 1960, to the present day.

List of Presidents

Other websites
World Statesmen – Togo
1992 Constitution of Togo (as amended in 2007)
Emmanuel Bodjollé (born 1928) is a Togolese politician. He was Chairman of the nine-member Insurrection Committee that overthrew the government of Togolese President Sylvanus Olympio on 13 January 1963. For two days in January 1963, he was the interim President of Togo.

References

1928 births
Living people
Presidents of Togo
Christian Poncelet (24 March 1928 – 11 September 2020) was a conservative French politician. He was a member of President Nicolas Sarkozy's Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). He was President of the Senate from 1998 to 2008. He was Mayor of Remiremont (Vosges) and has been the President of the General Council of Vosges. From 1979 to 1980, he was a member of the European Parliament.

Poncelet was born in Blaise (now part of Vouziers) in the Ardennes. He died on 11 September 2020 in Remiremont, France at the age of 92.

References

1928 births
2020 deaths
French mayors
Presidents of the Senate (France)
MEPs for France
Politicians from Grand Est
People from Ardennes
People from Vosges
The Senate (; pronunciation: ) is the upper house of the French Parliament. It represents territorial collectivities of the Republic and French citizens living abroad. The Senate does not have as much power as the lower house, the directly elected National Assembly. Senators had been elected in thirds every three years; this was also changed to one half of their number every three years.

References

Government of France
France
The French Parliament ()  is the bicameral legislature of the French Republic. It is made up of the Senate () and the National Assembly (). Each assembly has legislative meetings at different places in Paris: the  for the Senate and the  for the National Assembly.

The National Assembly has more power than the Senate.

Other websites
 Site of the CHPP (Comité d'histoire parlementaire et politique) and of  Parlement(s), Revue d'histoire politique 

Politics of France

Organizations based in France
A silversmith is a person who makes things out of the element silver or creates silverware. Silversmiths are similar to goldsmiths, who make things out of gold or things similar to gold. Silversmithing means making something out of silver. There have been silversmiths since ancient times.

References 

Metalworking occupations
Johannes van Knobelsdorff (19 September 1917 – 2 April 2020) was a Dutch politician. He was born in The Hague. He was mayor of Goedereede and Stellendam from 1947 to 1961. He was also Mayor of Sassenheim from 1961 to 1974. He was also Dijkgraaf.

Knobelsdorff died on 2 April 2020 at the age of 102.

References

1917 births
2020 deaths
Dutch centenarians
Dutch mayors
Dutch nobility
Politicians from The Hague
Miguel Ángel Tabet Balady (December 24, 1941 – April 7, 2020) was a Venezuelan theologian, Catholic priest, author, and exegete. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. Tábet lived and worked in Rome, Italy. He was a professor of biblical hermeneutics, the study of the principles of the Bible, at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome.

Tabet died from COVID-19 during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in Rome, Italy, on April 7, 2020, at the age of 78.

References

1941 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
Venezuelan Roman Catholic priests
Christian theologians
Venezuelan academics
Paulus Petrus Maria “Paul” Gilissen (28 August 1934 – 9 April 2020) was a Dutch KVP and later CDA politician. Gilissen was born in Amsterdam. He was mayor of Valkenburg-Houthem from 1976 to 1982 and Valkenburg aan de Geul from 1982 to 1990 and again in 1991.

Gilissen died in Maastricht on 9 April 2020, aged 85.

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
Catholic People's Party politicians
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Dutch mayors
Dutch Roman Catholics
Politicians from Amsterdam
Bert van de Kamp (8 March 1947 – 9 April 2020) was a Dutch music journalist. He was known for his interviews with pop stars in the Dutch Muziekkrant OOR. He was born in Rotterdam. In 1972 van de Kamp won the prize: Wordt Popjournalist en Vlieg naar Londen!.

From 1973 to 1977 he was writer of Muziekkrant OOR. He wrote about many music styles; of hardrock to singer-songwriters. From 1977 to 1980 he was correspondent in London for Muziekkrant OOR and the KRO radio and television magazine Studio. In 1995 he won the first .

Kamp died in Utrecht on 9 April 2020, aged 73.

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Music lists of Bert van de Kamp (1973-2004.

1947 births
2020 deaths
Dutch journalists
Writers from Rotterdam
Iris M. Zavala (27 December 1936 – 10 April 2020) was a Puerto Rican author, scholar, and poet. She had written over 50 works. Her best known work was "Nocturna, mas no funesta", built on and express this belief.

Early life and education 
She was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico.  In Spain she was a UNESCO fellow at the University Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, and a Ramón LLul fellow at the University of Mallorca. She also taught at the University of Minnesota.

Zavala died from COVID-19 in Madrid during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, at the age of 83.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Puerto Rican poets
Political writers
Puerto Rican educators
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Writers from Ponce
Gustavo Rodríguez (May 27, 1960 – April 11, 2020) was an actor, screenwriter, producer, director, gamer, and video game journalist. He was born in Mexico City. He was a known person in video game journalism in Latin America. 

In December 1991, he founded one of the most important video game magazines in the region, Club Nintendo. The magazine made more than 200 issues, publishing monthly until February 2019.

He dubbed roles in Wreck It Ralph, Shrek 2, Ghostbusters, Pixels and Night at the Museum 2.

In 2019, Rodríguez was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died on April 11, 2020 of the disease in Mexico City, aged 59.

References

1960 births
2020 deaths
Mexican comedians
Mexican television actors
Television producers
Mexican television directors
Mexican voice actors
Mexican journalists
Tsvetan Teophanov (Bulgarian: Цветан Теофанов; born July 12, 1952), is a Bulgarian figure who has noted for the very first known and famous Bulgarian translation of the Quran, numerous Bulgarian Islamic religious books, and an Arabist. His rise causes his translation of the Quran the most used in the Balkans that was then known throughout the world.

Biography 
He has a degree in Arabic Philology from the University of Baghdad, and a specialization at the University of Cairo. He defended his doctoral (PhD) thesis at the Moscow Institute.

He lectures on Arabic literature, Quran and the Hadith (the science of the Prophet's tradition) as well on the phenomenology of prophecy. Doctor of Philology. He was the Dean of the Faculty of Classical and Modern Philology of Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, as well as the Deputy Dean, Director of the Centre of Oral Languages and Cultures and Head of the Department of Arabic and Semitology.
Quran translation 
The rise of his Quran translation makes his translation the most used in the Balkans and the only translation of the Quran from the Balkans that was known throughout the world. His translation is also famous and authentic in built-up structure of certain verses. The country has much praised him for the Quran translation, and is more famous and authentic in built-up structure of certain verses.

1952 births
Living people
Gregory Wright Carman (January 31, 1937 – April 5, 2020) was an American judge and politician. He was a United States Judge of the United States Court of International Trade from 1983 to 2014. He was nominated by President Ronald Reagan. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from 1981 to 1983. 

Carman was born in Farmingdale, New York. He died on April 5, 2020 in Melville, New York, aged 83.

References

1937 births
2020 deaths
American judges
United States representatives from New York (state)
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Farmingdale is an incorporated village on Long Island within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 8,189 at the 2010 Census.

Other websites
 Farmingdale official website
 Village history 

Villages in New York (state)
Melville is an affluent hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Huntington in Suffolk County on Long Island, New York, in the United States. The population was 18,985 at the 2010 census.

References

Hamlets in New York (state)
Census-designated places in New York (state)
Carole Baskin (née Stairs Jones; born June 6, 1961) is an American animal rights activist. She is the owner of Big Cat Rescue.

Baskin became well known when she was featured in the 2020 Netflix documentary series Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem and Madness about Oklahoma-based private zoo operator Joe Exotic. Following the series' release, Baskin has been targeted by Internet memes related to the disappearance of Don Lewis, her second husband.

References

1961 births
Living people
American animal rights activists
Businesspeople from Texas
Jack Donald Lewis (April 30, 1938 –  August 19, 2002) is an American missing person who disappeared on August 18, 1997, after leaving his home in Tampa, Florida. The investigation into his disappearance has led from Lewis's Wildlife on Easy Street sanctuary in Tampa, co-owned by his second wife Carole Baskin, to land owned by Lewis in Costa Rica.

No evidence of Lewis being killed has been found, but investigators believe it is unlikely that he disappeared on his own. Lewis left behind over $5 million. He was declared legally dead in 2002.

As of 2020, the case is still open. Lewis's disappearance was covered in 2020 crime documentary series Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem and Madness, which focused on a fight between Baskin and Joe Exotic.

The Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office has used the popularity of Tiger King to help investigate the disappearance. A theory is that his ex-wife Carole fed him to tigers.

References
References

1938 births
2002 deaths
Missing American people
People declared dead in absentia
Businesspeople from Florida
People from Tampa, Florida
Muskingum County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 86,410. Its county seat is Zanesville.

References

1800s establishments in Ohio
1804 establishments
Ohio counties
Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron (‎; April 5, 1941 – April 12, 2020) was an Israeli rabbi. He was Rishon LeZion (Chief Rabbi of Israel) from 1993 to 2003. He was Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Bat Yam from 1972 and Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Haifa from 1972 to 1990. He was born in Jerusalem.

Bakshi-Doron died on April 12, 2020 of COVID-19 in Jerusalem.

References

1941 births
2020 deaths
Chief Rabbis of Israel
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel
Rabbis from Jerusalem
Glenn Alfred Beckert (October 12, 1940 – April 12, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a second baseman for the Chicago Cubs for nine seasons from 1965 to 1973. He ended his career with the San Diego Padres in 1975. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 

Beckert died on April 12, 2020 in Florida at the age of 79.

References

Other websites

1940 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
Chicago Cubs players
San Diego Padres players
Timothy Julian Brooke-Taylor OBE (17 July 194012 April 2020) was an English actor and comedian.

Brooke-Taylor became known for his work on BBC Radio with I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again. He later moved into television with At Last the 1948 Show. He was best known as a member of The Goodies, starring in the television series throughout the 1970s. He was a panellist on I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue for almost 50 years.

Brooke-Taylor died of problems from COVID-19 on 12 April 2020, aged 79.

Filmography

Film

Television

Radio

References

1940 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Derbyshire
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
English comedians
English movie actors
English radio personalities
English television actors
English television personalities
English voice actors
Louis van Dijk, also spelled Louis van Dyke (27 November 1941 – 12 April 2020), was a Dutch pianist. He was born in Amsterdam. He played with Pim Jacobs and Pieter van Vollenhoven under the name De Gevleugelde Vrienden ("The Winged Friends"). 

In September 2005, he played at a charity concert at the Concertgebouw to raise funds for New Orleans after the city was hit by Hurricane Katrina. He was awarded the honorary title of Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion. 

Dijk died in Laren on 12 April 2020 of cancer, aged 78.

References

Other websites
http://www.louisvandijk.nl
 

1941 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in the Netherlands
Dutch jazz musicians
Dutch pianists
Musicians from Amsterdam
Alexandria Bay is a village in Jefferson County, New York, United States, within the town of Alexandria. It is in the Thousand Islands region of northern New York. The population of the village was 1,078 at the 2010 United States Census.

References 

Villages in New York (state)
Edward Alfred Evans  (4 March 1941 – 12 April 2020) was an Australian senior public servant and economist. He was born in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. He was a Secretary of the Department of the Treasury from 24 May 1993 through 26 April 2001. 

As secretary of the Treasury, he was ex officio member of the boards of several financial institutions.  He was a director of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia between 1993 and 1996, and a member of the board of the Reserve Bank of Australia from 10 May 1993 to 26 April 2001.

Evans died on 12 April 2020, aged 79.

References

1941 births
2020 deaths
Australian economists
Australian civil servants
Politicians from Queensland
George Douglas Sanders (July 24, 1933 – April 12, 2020) was an American professional golfer. He won 20 events on the PGA Tour and had four runner-up finishes at major championships. He was born in Cedartown, Georgia. He was a member of the U.S. Ryder Cup team in 1967, which won in Houston.

Sanders died in Houston on April 12, 2020 from dementia-related problems, at the age of 86.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from dementia
American golfers
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Sportspeople from Houston
Cedartown is a city in Polk County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 10,190. The city is the county seat of Polk County.

References

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Polk County is a county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 42,853. The county seat is Cedartown. The county was created on December 20, 1851.

References

1851 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) counties
Wynn Handman (May 19, 1922 – April 11, 2020) was an American educator, producer, director and artist. He was the artistic director of The American Place Theatre, which he co-founded with Sidney Lanier and Michael Tolan in 1963. He was born in New York City.

He was a teacher for over 50 years, in his professional acting classes, Handman has trained many actors including: Alec Baldwin, James Caan, Chris Cooper, Michael Douglas, Sandy Duncan, Mia Farrow, Richard Gere, Joel Grey, Allison Janney, Raul Julia, Frank Langella, John Leguizamo, Susan Lucci, Donna Mills, Burt Reynolds, Mira Sorvino, Christopher Walken, Denzel Washington, Lauren Graham and Joanne Woodward.

Handman died on April 11, 2020 in New York City of pneumonia caused by COVID-19 at the age of 97.

References

1922 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City
Educators from New York City
Artists from New York City
Writers from New York City
Everett Lee (August 31, 1916 – January 12, 2022) was an American conductor and violinist. He was the first African-American to conduct a Broadway musical. He was also the first African-American to conduct a performance by a major US opera company. In September 1945, he became the main conductor of the musical On the Town. He later conducted at Tanglewood. He served as director of Columbia University's opera department in the early 1950s.

Lee was born in Wheeling, West Virginia. In 1927, he moved with his parents to Cleveland, Ohio. He married Sylvia Olden Lee in 1944. The couple later divorced. He later married his second wife. He lived in Sweden. He turned 100 in 2016.

Lee died on January 12, 2022, in Malmö, Sweden. He was 105.

References

1916 births
2022 deaths
African American musicians
American centenarians
American conductors
American pianists
American violinists
Musicians from Cleveland
Musicians from West Virginia
Camillo Ballin (June 24, 1944 – April 12, 2020) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop, writer, missionary, and educator. He was the Roman Catholic Vicar Apostolic of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia from 2001 until his death. He was born in Padua, Italy.

Ballin died on April 12, 2020 at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 EWTN Interview with Bishop Camillo Ballin -- Apostolic Vicar of Northern Arabia March 5, 2014
 Interview with H.E. Mgr Camillo Ballin. May 2009. Oasis. Accessed on 22 April 2010.
 Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Arabia

1944 births
2020 deaths
Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Italian writers
Italian educators
Shri M.V. Rajasekharan (12 September 1928 – 13 April 2020) an Indian politician. He was a member of the Indian National Congress party. He  was a member of the Legislative Council Karnataka in the upper house of the Government of Karnataka. He also was a member of the Rajya Sabha.

Rajasekharan died on 13 April 2020 at a hospital in Bangalore at the age of 91.

References

1928 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Karnataka
Marion Hartzog Smoak (July 8, 1916 – May 4, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a Republican. He was Chief of Protocol of the United States under President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974. He was a member of the presidential campaign staff and transition team for Ronald Reagan in 1980. He also served as member of the South Carolina Senate from 1967 to 1968.

Smoak was born in Aiken, South Carolina. His wife Mary Frances Meister died in 2015. The couple had three children. He turned 100 in 2016. Smoak died on May 4, 2020, in Palm Beach, Florida. He was 103.

References

Other websites
Council of American Ambassadors profile 

1916 births
2020 deaths
American centenarians
Lawyers from South Carolina
Politicians from South Carolina
Republican Party (United States) politicians
George Shapiro (May 18, 1931 – May 26, 2022) was an American talent manager and television producer. He was the most successful managers in show business. He was best known for representing Jerry Seinfeld, Carl Reiner and Andy Kaufman. He was a producer for the sitcom Seinfeld. He was born in New York City.

Shapiro died on May 26, 2022 at his home in Beverly Hills, California, eight days after his 91st birthday.

References

1931 births
2022 deaths
American television producers
Businesspeople from New York City
Charles Miossec (25 December 1938 – 12 April 2020) was a French politician. He served as a Deputy from 1978 to 2002. He was born in Lanhouarneau, Finistère.

Miossec died on 12 April 2020 at the age of 81.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Brittany
People from Finistère
A cloth facemask is a face covering which is used to cover the mouth and nose. As the name suggests, these masks are made of textiles. Cotton is commonly used. Starting with the 19th century, such masks have been used by healthcare professionals. They are also used to protect against air pollution, although they may not be very effective in protecting against air pollution. 

Depending on the design, they can be effective stopping the transmission of disease spread by droplets of liquid. Today, healthcare professionals often use surgical masks or respirators, which offer better protection. A study done in 2010 found that 40 to 90 percent of particles pass through a cloth facemask.

Cloth face masks are commonly used during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially when surgical and other medical face coverings are not available.

References 

Hygiene