Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Other 
 Atlas (missile), a venerable line of space launch vehicles
 Atlas (architecture), a support or column sculpted in the form of a man
 Farnese Atlas, a 2nd-century Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic sculpture of the titan Atlas
 Atlas languages, a subgroup of the Northern Berber languages spoken in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco
 Atlas Uranium Mill, a decommissioned uranium mill near Moab, Utah
 CF Atlas, a Mexican professional football club
 Radio Atlas, a radio station in Montenegro
 Atlas Vampire, the nickname of the assailant of the unsolved "Vampire Murder" in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1932
 Atlas Economic Research Foundation, an incubator for free market think tanks

 Atlas (1863 - 1885), one of the eight South Devon Railway Dido class steam locomotives
 The Atlas (building), a tower in Midtown New York City
 Atlas, a book size
 Atlas, one of the main characters in the game BioShock.
The lira da braccio was a European string instrument that was played with a bow.  It was used during the Renaissance. Italian poet-musicians in court in the 15th and 16th centuries often played it to accompany the poems they were reading.  The lira da braccio was very similar to the medieval fiddle.  Changes continued to be made to the way the lira da braccio was made until the end of the 16th century.  In paintings it is often seen being played by the gods Orpheus and Apollo. Sometimes it was used in groups of instruments.

The instrument was a similar shape to a violin, but with a wider fingerboard and flatter bridge. It usually had seven strings, five of them tuned like a violin with a low D added to the bottom, and two other strings for drones.  It is likely that the player often played the tune on the top strings and chords on the lower strings.
The lira da braccio was very popular at court.  Later, in the 16th century, the madrigal became very popular and also the violin, so the lira da braccio was used less.  It continued to be used in plays, especially when it was associated with Apollo.  By the middle of the 17th century people no longer played it.

References

Other websites

String instruments
Early musical instruments
Atlas was a missile built by the Convair Division of General Dynamics.

It was originally designed as an ICBM in the late 1950s. It launched the Mercury project space capsules and became the foundation for a family of successful space launch vehicles now built by United Launch Alliance. The Atlas rocket family is today used as a launch platform for commercial and military satellites, and other spacecraft.

History 

The Atlas, first tested in 1957, was the United States' first successful ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile).

Atlas, named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, got its start in 1946 with the award of a United States Army Air Force research contract to Convair for the study of a 1,500 to 5,000 mi. (2,400 to 8,000 km) range nuclear armed missile.
The missile was originally given the military designation "XB-65", thus making it a bomber; from 1955 it was redesignated "SM-65" and, from 1962, it became "CGM-16". This letter "C" stood for "coffin" or "Container", because the rocket was stored in a semi-hardened container; it was prepared for launch by being raised and fueled in the open. The Atlas-F (HGM-16) was stored vertically underground, but launched after being lifted to the surface.

Current Atlas Family 

Atlas II
Atlas III
Atlas V

References 

 Gunston, Bill (1979). Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Rockets & Missiles. London: Salamander Books. 
 Walker, Chuck, & Powell, Joel (2005). Atlas The Ultimate Weapon Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Appogee Books.

Other websites
Other websites 

Video of an early Atlas launch in 1960
 bio Karel J. Bossart 
 Karel Jan Bossart, Ir.
 Atlas launch vehicle profile
 1958 Video of "Atlas in Orbit" Newsreel 
 Atlas D from Encyclopedia Astronautica
 Atlas ICBM History site 
 Atlas ICBM Launch on 5/23/1960  Video
 Atlas ICBM Information/History

Missiles
The Dominican Constitution says that the flag of the Dominican Republic has a white cross in the centre; the arms of the cross get to the sides of the flag and divides the flag into four rectangles —the left rectangles are blue (top) and red (bottom), and the right ones are red (top) and blue (bottom). The width of the white cross is half the height of one of the rectangles.

The National Flag, like the state and war flags of other Latin American countries, has a small coat of arms in the centre of the white cross but there is not a coat of arms in the ensign (the flag used by commercial ships).

The Dominican flag was created the first day of Independence (27 February 1844); it was created from the Haitian flag but with a white cross; that is, two blue rectangles on the top and two red rectangles on the bottom. The colors are from the French flag. That was the First National Flag.
The first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 did not say anything about the distribution of the rectangles but from the start the flag was represented with alternation of the colors (that is, blue and red on top and red and blue on bottom); this is the Second National Flag. Only the Constitution of 1908 is specific about the color distribution.

References 

Dominican Republic, Flag of
National symbols of the Dominican Republic
Southampton is a city in the United Kingdom. The city is in Hampshire. It is about in the middle of the south coast of England. Southampton is the largest city on the south coast.

It is an important port. It is the nearest city to the New Forest. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from there as was common with most ocean liners at the time. It contains several memorials and museum exhibitions related with the doomed ship.

Places in Southampton

Bargate 
Southampton has lots of landmarks, of which one is the Bargate. This is the old main gate of the city wall of Southampton, and nowadays is used as the beginning of the guided tour of Southampton, Walk the Walls. In medieval Southampton, a bell was rung at dusk every day to tell people that the gates would shortly be locked.

Today, the Bargate Shopping Centre is nearby.

The Mayflower 
Named after The Mayflower, which set sail from Southampton to the "New World" (via Plymouth), the Mayflower is the theatre in Southampton. It was built in 1928.
Docks 
Southampton is home to many cruise ships and ocean liners, including the Queen Victoria and the Queen Mary 2.

There is also a regular ferry service to Hythe (a small village on the other side of Southampton Water), which leaves every half hour.

Sport 
Southampton has a football team Southampton F.C., which is nicknamed "The Saints". In 2001, the team moved stadiums, from "The Dell", to St. Mary's Football Stadium. The club was founded in 1885, and has been playing ever since.

Twinned Cities 
Southampton is twinned with:
 Le Havre, France (since 1973)
 Rems-Murr-Kreis, Germany (since 1991)
 Miami, USA

Southampton is also sister cities with
 Hampton, Virginia
 Qingdao, China (since 1998)

References 

Unitary authorities
 
Port cities and towns of England
The Lhasa Apso is a small breed of dog. It originated in Lhasa, Tibet, which it is named after. Male Lhasas generally weigh about 14 to 18 pounds, and female Lhasas weigh 12 to 14 pounds. Lhasas have developed a thick coat of fur because they were bred in Tibet, which can get very cold. Their coat comes in many different colors, and they usually have dark brown eyes and a black nose. Lhasas generally live long lives, some surviving into their twenties. Lhasa Apsos do tend to develop arthritis in their legs, which is due to the fact they are excitable, energetic dogs.

Behavior problems are minimal, but the Lhasa Apso can be a little headstrong and stubborn, which may make it slightly difficult to train. The coat can also require a lot of effort to maintain.

Other websites 
 Lhasa World Forum 

Dog breeds originating in China
FCI breeds
Lhasa
States and territories of Australia

States

Territories

Mainland

From 1926 to 1931, Central Australia existed as a separate territory between the 20th and 26th parallels of latitude, before being becoming a part of the Northern Territory again.

Overseas territories

  Ashmore and Cartier Islands
  Australian Antarctic Territory
  Norfolk Island
  Christmas Island
  Cocos (Keeling) Islands
  Coral Sea Islands Territory
  Heard and McDonald Islands

Former 
 Territory of North Australia (1927-31)
 Territory of Central Australia (1927-31)
 Territory of Papua (1902-49)
 Territory of New Guinea (1920-49)
 Territory of Papua and New Guinea (1949-72)

Background and overview 
The states started as separate British colonies before Federation (in 1901). Their powers are protected by the Australian constitution. The territories are under the control of the Commonwealth government. The Australian Parliament has powers to create laws in the territories that it does not have in the states.
Most of the territories are directly administered by the Commonwealth government. Three of the territories (the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory and Norfolk Island) administer themselves. In the territories that govern themselves, the Australian Parliament has the power to govern, and can override laws made by the territorial governments. It has done this at times, but it is rare that it happens. The Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are usually treated as states.

Each state has a governor. This governor is chosen by the Queen, but she chooses the person on the advice of the state Premier. The Administrators of the Northern Territory and of Norfolk Island are chosen by the Governor-General. The Australian Capital Territory is governed by the Governor-General.
The head of government of each state is called the Premier. This person is chosen by the state's Governor. Normally the Governor will select as Premier whoever leads the lower house of the state Parliament. However, the Governor can chose someone else as Premier. The head of government of the self-governing mainland territories is called the Chief Minister. The Northern Territory's Chief Minister, is normally whoever controls the Legislative Assembly, is appointed by the Administrator.n.

Statistics

Other websites 
 Maps of Australia 
 CityMayors article
The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show is an alternative name for two separate American television animated shows: Rocky and His Friends (1959–1961) and The Bullwinkle Show (1961–1964).

Cast
Bill Scott as Bullwinkle, Dudley Do-Right, Fearless Leader, Mister Peabody, Gidney, Mr. Big and various others
 June Foray as Rocky, Natasha Fatale, Nell Fenwick, various witches, princesses and hags in Fractured Fairy Tales and every other female character on the show
 Paul Frees as Boris J. Badenov, Captain Peter "Wrongway" Peachfuzz, Cloyd, Inspector Fenwick, narrator for Dudley Do-Right and various historical figures in Peabody's Improbable History
 Walter Tetley as Sherman
 Daws Butler as Aesop Jr. and various characters in Fractured Fairy Tales and Aesop and Son
 Charles Ruggles as Aesop
 Hans Conried as Snidely Whiplash
 William Conrad as narrator for Rocky and Bullwinkle and narrator for Dudley Do-Right (shared)
 Edward Everett Horton as narrator for Fractured Fairy Tales
 Hal Smith as various other characters
Other websites

Animated television series
Comedy television series
1950s television series
1960s television series
1959 television series debuts
1964 television series endings
James Henderson "Jimmy" Finlayson (August 27, 1887 – October 9, 1953) was a Scottish-American actor who worked in both silent and sound comedies. Finlayson was bald, with a fake moustache, and had many trademark comic mannerisms and is famous for his squinting, outrageous "double-take, "fade away" head reaction, and characteristic expression D'oh!.

Other websites 
 
 James Finlayson Biography
 Yes Yes Nanette Public domain short comedy for free download 

1887 births
1953 deaths
Scottish movie actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
American silent movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
The body mass index (or BMI) is a measure which shows whether people have the right weight for their height. The World Health Organisation (WHO), governments and health workers use it. It is also sometimes called the Quetelet index.

History 
The BMI was invented by Adolphe Quetelet between 1830 and 1850. 

A scientist named Ancel Keys first used the term body mass index in 1972.  He wrote that governments should measure the BMI of adults to find out whether they are too fat or too thin.

Calculation 
To find somebody's BMI:
 measure their weight (body mass) in kilograms or pounds
 measure their height in meters or inches
 divide their weight by the square of their height
 if using pounds and inches, multiply the answer by 703
This is the formula:

For example, a man whose weight is  and height is  has a BMI of:

A man whose weight is  and height is  has a BMI of:
Overweight or not 
Health organisations, including the World Health Organisation (WHO), use the BMI to help decide whether people are too fat or too thin.  The WHO uses these numbers for adults:

Some people disagree with these numbers.  Some experts think the Overweight range for people with Asian body types should be 23–27.49, not 25–29.99.  Some experts think the lowest Normal BMI should be 20 for men, and 18 for women.
The old BMI definition of overweight was 27. This changed in 1998.

Uses 
BMI is useful for governments who want to know about the health of their people.  For example, in the United States in 2007, 74% of adults had a BMI above 25 (Overweight or Obese) and 27% of adults had a BMI above 30 (Obese).  Many of these people will become ill because they are too fat.  This information helps the United States government decide what to do about the health of its people.
BMI is less useful for finding out whether one person is too fat or too thin.  BMI does not say how much weight is fat, how much is muscle and how much is bone.  For example, many athletes have a high BMI.  They are not fat.  Their BMI is high because they have lots of heavy muscle.  Other people have lots of fat and not much muscle.  They are too fat but their BMI is normal.

Even so, BMI is popular.  It is easy to use and easy to understand, and it gives useful information for people with "normal" bodies.

Variations 
The Ponderal Index is similar to the body mass index, but the height is cubed, not squared.  The formula is:

Some experts suggest that the exponent should be between 2.3 and 2.7.  The best formula might be:

References

Other websites

 U.S. National Center for Health Statistics:
BMI Growth Charts for children and young adults
BMI calculator for people ages 2–19 
BMI calculator for people ages 20 and older

Fitness
For the time in history, see Middle Ages.

Middle age is the period of life between youth and before old age. There is no fixed age, but most people think it begins when someone is about 45 years old, until the person is 64 years old.

In most countries, people that think that by middle age, people should be mature, perhaps with a good, steady job and a family. Due to promotion, middle age is sometimes a time when adults have greater wealth and influence than earlier in their careers, although they may have less disposable income due to having children. However, it is also common for some adults to suffer from mid-life crisis, when they are unsure about their life and sometimes become depressed because of it. Women and men often have different experiences of middle age partly depending on whether they choose to work or care for their family full-time.
Health 
Middle-aged people begin to look older, with more wrinkles in their skin, and start to have grey hair. They become less fit and usually gain more weight. 

Middle-aged females find it harder to become pregnant. If they do have a baby, there is a higher chance that it will have a genetic disease (Down syndrome, for example). Females usually have their menopause in middle age, when they stop bleeding every month. When that happens, they cannot have children anymore.

Human life stages
A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is when one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical situations, of submission or loyalty.

This is trade between the parties under a contractual relationship formed upon pressure, and based upon the possibility of threats if improved relationships did not happen.

Imperial China 
In Imperial China, the term "tribute" is used to describe a kind of regulated trade in goods and services between China (the only great power in East Asia) and other trading partners.
Despite the term "tribute" state, China did not get involved in the domestic affairs and diplomacy of its trading partners, such as Joseon, Japan, Siam, Cochinchina and the Ryūkyū Kingdom.
 1403: The Ming Dynasty emperor of China gave a patent and a gold seal to  Taejong of Joseon.  This confirmed his legal status as the ruler of the Korean peninsula.
 1784: The earliest imperial device in Japan was lost.  It was found in the late 18th century.  A Han Dynasty emperor of China gave the gold object to the emperor of Japan in the first century (57 AD).  This is a relic of the Chinese tribute system.
Musical tribute
In music, a tribute is when a singer, musician or band plays the music of another musical group. These artists may make an entire album called a "tribute album" that is nothing but songs that were first played by other musicians. A "tribute band" is a band that only plays songs that were made famous by one other band. They will often dress like that band and try to look like them as they perform. For example, a Kiss tribute band will only play songs by the band Kiss. They will also dress like the band and use the same makeup designs as members of the bands.

Related pages
 Diplomacy

Notes

References
 
 
 
 
 

Taxation
Musical terminology
Brandy Rayana Norwood (born February 11, 1979), professionally known as Brandy, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actress. 

Brandy became famous as a teenager in the early 90s with the debut Brandy which received a platinum certification in the US. In 1997 she became the first African American in history to play the role of Cinderella in the movie with the same title. Her second album Never Say Never followed which sold over 16 million copies worldwide. A couple of highly successful singles were released from the record, including "The Boy Is Mine", a duet with Monica, which spent 13 weeks at number one on the US singles chart. In 1999 Brandy starred in the horror movie I Still Know What You Did Last Summer. Brandy earned the title "Princess of R&B" due to her success in the 1990s.  She starred in the sitcom Moesha as the title character.
Her third album Full Moon was released in 2002. The album went platinum a month after its release. The follow-up titled Afrodisiac was released in 2004. Thereafter Brandy's career suffered from several setbacks, most notably the 2006 car accident where another driver was killed. The singer's sixth album was expected for release in 2012. 

To date, Brandy has sold over 30 million records worldwide which makes her one of the best-selling female artists in she is top teen music history. In 2010 she was ranked amongst the 50 most successful teenagers in American history.

Brandy was a contestant in the late 2010 season of Dancing with the Stars.

Discography

Albums
 1994: Brandy
 1998: Never Say Never
 2002: Full Moon
 2004: Afrodisiac
 2008: Human
 2012: Two Eleven
 2020: B7

Additional releases
 1999: U Don't Know Me...Like U Used To  (EP) 
 2000: The Videos  (Video DVD) 
 2005: The Best of Brandy  (Compilation album) 
 2011: A Family Business  (Album together with Ray J and Willie Norwood)

References
References

1979 births
Living people
Actors from Mississippi
African American actors
African-American singers
American movie actors
American R&B musicians
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
Brandy Norwood
Dancing with the Stars participants
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Mississippi
Kew Gardens or the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in the United Kingdom.

Kew’s historic landscapes and buildings are a collection of gardens and parks and glasshouses.

Kew has the world's largest collection of plant specimens, and is one of the most important centres of research in botany.

Kew Gardens are open to visitors who pay to enter.

History
Early work on the gardens started in the 17th century when King Henry VII built Richmond Lodge in the area.

The land was a private royal garden until the Victorian era. In 1840, the Royal Botanic Garden was established.

The great expansion of the British Empire in the 19th century brought an expanded interest in exotic plants, so the gardens expanded.

In the 20th century, the gardens continued to grow larger and even more important in plant science.

The gardens were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.

The Temperate glass house was fixed over 5 years. It opened again in 2018.
Gallery

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
List of botanical gardens

References

Other websites

 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew website 
 Millennium Seed Bank Project
 Images and some highlights of Kew
 BBC, Marianne North collection of plant paintings
       

World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Botanical gardens in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
'Yo Gabba Gabba!' is a children's show on Nick Jr. It follows a musician named DJ Lance Rock, and 5 monsters: Muno, Foofa, Brobee, Toodee, and Plex in Gabbaland. The fun never ends. They like to sing, dance, teach, laugh and play.
Main characters 
DJ Lance Rock (Lance Robertson), a D.J. who makes toys come to life by saying "Yo Gabba Gabba!". He is also the host. DJ Lance wears an orange hat and suit with a white belt that says "ROCK".
Muno (Adam Deibert - seasons 1-3 & Rob Paulsen - season 4), a tall, red cyclops who is clumsy. His closest relationships are with DJ Lance, Foofa, and Brobee. He is the Gabba guitarist.
Foofa (Emma Jacobs), a pink, flower bubble who loves unicorns. Her closest relationships are with DJ Lance, Muno, and Toodee.
Brobee (Amos Watene), a tiny, green monster who is the youngest of the Gabbas. His closest relationships are with DJ Lance, Foofa, and Plex.
Toodee (Erin Pearce), a blue cat-dragon who loves fun. Her closest relationships are with DJ Lance, Foofa, and Brobee and she is the Gabba bassist.
Plex (Christian Jacobs), a yellow and silver magic robot who happily serves the Gabbas. He also has fun to pay off. He is the oldest and he is the only guy with no land. His closest relationships are with DJ Lance, Toodee, and Brobee. He is the Gabba keyboardist. He talks with a Chrome accent.
Recurring characters 
Biz Markie, a rapper and beatboxer who frequently appears for his own segment, "Biz's Beat of the Day".
Mark Mothersbaugh, an artist in his segment "Mark's Magic Pictures" who draws in every episode and all his drawings come to life.
Celebrity appearances 
Jack Black, an actor and new friend of the Gabbas who is scared at first but then has a strong friendship with the Gabbas later.
Jack McBrayer, a comedian who appears in the occasional segment "Knock Knock Joke of the day".
Erykah Badu, a very frequent singer and dancer in the show.
Fred Armisen, a rarely shown treasure hunter and crafter.
Paul Scheer, a joker who made a brief cameo and Gabba Land and in New Friends was (along with Jack McBrayer) a member in Knock Knock Joke of the day.
Carmen Osbahr, a puppeteer who plays Chibo.
Super Mr. Superhero (played by Mos Def), a superhero who helps protect a monster, showing that superheros can only defeat if they know they are evil.
Drew Massey, plays Brobee Cake in the episode "Birthday".
Rob Paulsen, played as Muno in season 4 and was a guest on "Dancey Dance Time".

References
References

2007 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
2000s American television series
2007 Canadian television series debuts
2010s Canadian television series endings
2000s children's television series
2010s American television series
2010s children's television series
American children's television series
Canadian children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
Post is an album by Icelandic rock singer Björk. She sent it out on June of 1995. It includes techno and dance songs.

Post was one of the most popular albums of Björk. It was ranked #26 in Spin magazine's "100 Greatest Albums, 1985-2005".

Björk albums
1995 albums
Component could mean:
 Electronic component, part of electronic circuits
 Component ingredient, the main ingredient in a food
 Component video, a type of analog video information that is sent or stored as two or more separate signals
 Symmetrical component, in electrical engineering, analysis of unbalanced three-phase power systems
 Component-based software engineering, a field of study within software engineering dealing with software components, reusable software elements with a specification
 Component (thermodynamics), a chemically distinct part of a phase of a system
 Component (VTA), a light-rail station in San Jose, California
Lumped component, a model of spatially distributed systems
In math
 Component (group theory), a quasisimple subnormal subgroup
 Connected component (analysis), a maximal set where there exists a path between any two elements, also known as a path component
 Connected component (graph theory), a maximal connected subgraph
 Connected component (topology), a maximal connected subspace of a topological space
 Vector component, a term in the breaking down of a vector into various directions such as axial, radial or tangential
A landscape means an area of land as one can see it. This includes landforms, flora, fauna and human elements, for instance human activity or the built environment.

According to its meaning, lighting and weather conditions are part of landscape as well. Objects inside the building can sometimes be considered part of landscape as well.

Geology 
The landscape is determined mainly by the underlying geology. This can be seen clearly in the East African Great Rift Valley. There almost everything in the landscape is caused by or connected with the pulling apart of Africa which is happening there. Even in Great Britain, a geologically quiet place, the whole landscape can be understood by understanding its geological past.One geological place is the rain forest
Etymology
The word was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century, when Dutch artists began to become masters of the landscape genre. The Dutch word landschap had earlier meant simply “region, tract of land” but now meant “a picture depicting scenery on land”.

References 

Geography
Geology
Dell is a private company that makes laptop and desktop computers and computer accessories. It was formed in 1984. It is named after Michael Dell, the CEO and creator of the company. Dell makes computers for businesses and home users, and they also make computer monitors and Printers. They used to make portable music players, called the Dell DJ, and PDAs too.

Their company is in Round Rock, Texas. In 2006, they employed over 78,000 people. Some of their computers have a Linux operating system. Most computers for consumer usage will come with Microsoft Windows.

History 
Michael Delle — Founder of the Company.

Founded by Michael Delle, in 1984 in the city of Austin (Texas) as PC Limited, since 1988 — Dell Computer, after 2003 — Dell, Inc.
In 1987, Dell entered the European market, in 1994 they went to the market of the Asia-Pacific region. In 2005, Fortune called Dell "the company causing the greatest admiration in the United States" (in the world ranking Dell was third place). The growth rates of profit and sales volumes of the late 1990's to the early 2000's significantly exceeded industry indicators.

In 2013, Michael Dell at the expense of its own funds and funds provided by the investment company Silver Lake Partners, for $25 billion bought a controlling stake in the company from the exchange, 75% of the company passed under the control of Dell.

Mergers and acquisitions 
Dell acquired Perot Systems, Ross Perot's IT infrastructure services company, for approximately $3.9 billion.

On October 12, 2015, the American corporation Dell signed an agreement to acquire EMC for $67 billion, which is the largest deal in the history of the IT industry.
On September 7, 2016, the acquisition of EMC was completed, the acquired EMC became part of the updated Dell Technologies Corporation as a subsidiary with the name "Dell EMC", moreover, it is planned to transfer Dell units involved in the sale of corporate servers to this business unit, data storage systems and some others related to the corporate market.

Other websites 
 Dell website

1984 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Texas
American computer hardware manufacturers
Companies based in Texas
Svartahrid is a black metal band from Norway. The band was formed in Skien, Telemark in 1994.

Members 
Istar - guitarist and singer
Forn - drummer
NidGrim - bassist

Studioalbums 
 Forthcoming Storm (1999)
 As The Sunrise Flickers (2000)
 Sadness And Wrath (2007)
 Malicious Pride (2008)

Other websites 
Svartahrid at Encyclopaedia Metallum

Black metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Marcel Mangel (22 March 1923 – 22 September 2007) better known by his stage name Marcel Marceau, was a French mime. He was one of the most popular mimes in the world. He was said to be "single-handedly responsible for reviving the art of mime after World War II."

Marceau created many personalities. The most famous of these is probably Bip the clown. He received several awards for his works.
The French Legion of Honour, in the rank of an Officer, 1986
Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres
The French Order of Merit

References

Other websites 
The World of Mime Theatre Library: Marcel Marceau
Compagnie Bodecker&Neander : Alexander Neander and Wolfram v. Bodecker are assistants and members of the Compagnie MARCEL MARCEAU.
Salon - Brilliant Careers 

1923 births
2007 deaths
French actors
French entertainers
French Jews
Jewish actors
Legion of Honour
Mimes
People from Strasbourg
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Bugs Bunny is an Academy Award-winning animated rabbit who starred in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series created by Warner Bros. He made the phrase "What's up, Doc?" popular as early as 1940.  Other things he says are "I knew I shoulda taken that left turn at Albuquerque", "Of course you realize, this means war", and "Ain't I a stinker?". He is often seen as a very studious character, with a carrot in his mouth. His counterpart is commonly Daffy Duck, with whom he is usually arguing.  In other shorts, he comes up against Wile E. Coyote, Elmer Fudd, or Yosemite Sam.  Bugs speaks Bronx/Brooklyn/Flat Bush/Jersey/New York with an Bronx/Brooklyn/Flat Bush/Jersey/New York accent, causing him to drop his "Rs". Bugs is somewhat based on the comedian Groucho Marx. Bugs is one of a dozen cartoon characters to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; he was the second after Mickey Mouse.

Further reading
Further reading

 
 
 Chuck Amuck : The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist by Chuck Jones, published by Farrar Straus & Giroux,

Other websites

 Warner Bros. Studios
 Bugs' Toonopedia profile

Animated characters
Anthromophic characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Fictional hares and rabbits
Looney Tunes characters
Space Jam characters
Tune Squad players
The Kaz II is a 12 metre catamaran that was found drifting 160 km (80 nautical miles) off the northern coast of west indies on April 18, 2007. What happened to the crew of the boat is not known. The circumstances in which they disappeared are mysterious and have been compared to that of the 1800s ship Mary Celeste.

References 

Ships
2000s in Australia
2007
The Simpsons shorts is a series of one-minute television shorts that ran on the variety show The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons. The shorts were created by cartoonist Matt Groening.

Season 1: 1987

Season 2: 1987-1988

Season 3: 1988-1989

Related pages
 The Simpsons
 The Tracey Ullman Show

References 

The Simpsons
James L. Brooks (born May 9, 1940) is a three-time Academy Award, nineteen-time Emmy and Golden Globe-winning American producer, writer, and movie director.

He is best known for creating American television programs such as The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Simpsons, Rhoda and Taxi. His best-known movie is Terms of Endearment, for which he received three Academy Awards in 1984.

References

Other websites
 
 Gracie Films Website

1940 births
Living people
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Emmy Award winners
Writers from New York City
Wi-Fi is a way of connecting to a computer network using radio waves instead of wires.  It was invented to connect computers that are near each other, and nowadays is much used for Internet connections.  

The Wi-Fi Alliance says Wi-Fi is any "wireless local area network" (WLAN) that follows the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 specification. A Wi-Fi device can work with any Wi-Fi network anywhere in the world.  

The word Wi-Fi is a play on words with hi-fi, and was invented to replace the name "IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum".
As of 2013, most wireless networks use one of two radio frequency bands. These are not the only two bands, but are the most used. One of the bands is at around 2.4 GHz, and the other is at 5 GHz. Both of these have benefits and drawbacks: The 2.4 GHz band is widely used, and devices are usually cheaper. Microwave ovens, DECT telephones and other wireless devices also use the 2.4 GHz band, and sometimes cause interference which slows transmissions. The 5 GHz band has more frequencies and usually less interference, but there are more rules for using it.  In some places, the 5 GHz band may not be used outdoors. Because fewer devices use the 5 GHz band, devices that do are often more expensive.

The World Health Organization (WHO) says that Wi-Fi is not dangerous.

Related pages
Hotspot (computers)

References

Other websites 
 Wi-Fi Alliance
 Free WiFi - A list of free Wi-Fi around the world

Computer networking
A Digital Object Identifier (or DOI) is a permanent way to identify an online document.  This identification is not related to its current location.

A typical use of a DOI is to give a scientific paper or article a unique number that can be used by anyone find the location of the paper. It may also make it possible to find an electronic copy, for example, on the Internet. The DOI system has a DOI resolution system which is used to locate where the document is. When the document is moved, the DOI resolution system is updated with the new location of the document.

For example, doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.03.001 links to "Web 2.0 authorship: Issues of Referencing and citation for academic integrity" by Kathleen Gray et al.  The work was published in The Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2008.

References

Other websites 
 Welcome to the DOI System
 Factsheet: DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications

Documents
Identifiers
Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives is a website which lists bands from various forms of heavy metal music.

Other websites 
Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives

Entertainment websites
Heavy metal
Tropical Depression Ten was a short-lived tropical cyclone that moved onto land on western Florida in September 2007. It was the tenth tropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm formed as a subtropical depression on September 21 in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from the contact of a tropical wave, the end of a cold front, and a low pressure system. Originally, the system had a disorganized circulation and thunderstorm patterns, but later turned into a tropical depression after convection became more organized over the center. Moving northwestward, the depression came onto land near Fort Walton Beach early on September 22, and shortly later, it dissipated over southeastern Alabama. The depression caused only light damages to the area and was limited to light rainfall, although the system that would later become Tropical Depression 10 created a damaging tornado in Eustis, Florida.

Storm history
By September 17, the contact between a tropical wave and the end of a cold front created huge amounts of thunderstorms over the Bahamas and western Atlantic Ocean. An upper-level low over western Florida created more convection across the area, and on September 18 the system began moving towards Florida. Originally, the system was very disorganized, but surface pressures slowly went down across the area, with a weak low pressure area forming on September 19. A Hurricane Hunters aircraft was sent to fly into the system on September 20 reported an organized low and strong wind gusts in the storm as it moved into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, along with little and disorganized thunderstorm activity. Convection slowly became better organized, with a well-defined rainband in its eastern half and irregular thunderstorm activity near the center
. In spite of its bad organization, with a disorganized circulation and an upper-level low aloft, the National Hurricane Center started advisories on Subtropical Depression Ten at 1500 UTC on September 21 while it was located about 40 miles (60 km) south of St. Vincent Island, Florida, stating "the potential for additional development right along the coastline."
With a mid-level ridge to its northwest, the subtropical depression was predicted to move alongside with the coastline of Florida and Alabama. As an outcome, the cyclone was forecasted to have winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and move onto land on southern Mississippi. The circulation became better organized as convection modestly increased over the center, and within 6 hours of its formation, the system turned into a tropical depression. The cyclone continued moving northwestward, making landfall around 0000 UTC on September 22 near Fort Walton Beach, Florida with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). The cloud pattern began to become disorganized as it moved inland, and 3 hours after it moved ashore the National Hurricane Center gave out its last advisory on the depression. As the depression continued into Alabama, it became more disorganized, and by 0900 UTC on September 22 the cyclone collapsed into a remnant low pressure area.

Preparations and impact
At the same time the National Hurricane Center gave out its first advisory on the depression, they also gave out a tropical storm warning from Apalachicola, Florida to the delta of the Mississippi River. Shortly thereafter, an inland tropical storm warning was given out for Pearl River, Walthall, and Pike counties in Mississippi and Washington Parish in Louisiana. Also, the New Orleans National Weather Service gave out a coastal flood watch for four parishes in southeastern Louisiana. In Mississippi, Governor Haley Barbour declared a state of emergency. Officials ordered a mandatory evacuation for people living in areas of low lands and in mobile homes for Jackson, Harrison, and Hancock counties. Officials in New Orleans opened three emergency shelters, stating the possible need of shelter for citizens in about 17,000 FEMA trailers after Hurricane Katrina
. Because of the threat of the cyclone, Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco also declared a state of emergency and placed the state's National Guard and other disaster services on stand-by.
Together, the wind shear and low-level helicity created moderate convection across central Florida associated with the precursor low pressure system. Late on September 20, a supercell formed near Lake Apopka, and moved quickly northward it created an EF1 tornado near Eustis; the tornado moved around for about 2 miles (3 km) and reached winds of about 100 mph (160 km/h). The tornado destroyed 20 homes, left 30 others severely damaged, and injured one person, and cut power for about 300 people. The depression also created waves of about 5 feet (1.5 m) and rip currents along the west coast of Florida. Outer rainbands began affecting coastal sections of western Florida by about 12 hours before the formation of the depression. Precipitation in the state reached 2.83 inches (71.9 mm) in Crestview. In other places, rainfall totals reached 1.46 inches (37.1 mm) in Albany, Georgia and 0.51 inches (13 mm) in Dothan, Alabama.

Related pages
 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
 List of hurricanes in Florida

References
References

Other websites 
 NHC's advisory archive on Tropical Depression Ten

Hurricanes in the United States
Tropical depressions
2007 Atlantic hurricane season
September events
2007 in Florida
2007 in Georgia (U.S. state)
2000s in Alabama
Software piracy (officially called copyright infringement of software) refers to the illegal copying of software.  It often uses the Internet.  Some countries have laws about this.  The problem is considered to be bigger in certain countries than in others.  Those who hold the copyright get less money because of copyright infringement.  As a result of this, some copyright holders publish “anti-piracy” campaigns to tell people about the effects of infringement.

Very often, the people making the laws have to make a trade-off between allowing people to copy and use the software, and the copyright holders charging for the content. At the same time, even not allowed distribution makes the content more popular. Because of these two reasons, infringement of copyright for proprietary software and content can be bad also for free software and content.
In 2010 to 2012, the entertainment industry advocated changes to United States law to make it easier to end piracy websites, called Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect IP Act.  Some websites including the English Wikipedia protested these proposals on January 18, 2012.  The next day, the United States Department of Justice seized the Megaupload website which is claimed to be one of the largest piracy websites.

Why people use pirate software 
Some reasons on why people pirate are: 

 Digital rights management (DRM) may limit people from using the software in ways they want.
 The price of software may be high.
 Not available in their country; no legitimate stores sell it there.
 The experience or quality may be bad for a person, but the pirate's service can be better than a legitimate seller's.
 Anonymity: Software piracy doesn't require an email, or other information that may identify the user.
 A person may be opposed to copyright law in general.
How to distinguish software piracy 
Illegally distributed proprietary software often has the following features:
 Can't meet the proprietor's requirement for a legal copyright certificate.
 No after-sales service.
 Unusually low price (though legitimate prices also vary).
 Can't upgrade by the official method. 
 Distribution by download from other than the maker's official Website.
 No DRM, letting people use the software offline or for other purposes.

Related pages 
 Copyright infringement

References 

Copyright
Software
Bionicle (stylized BIONICLE) is a line of toys by the LEGO Group marketed primarily for 5- to 16-year-olds. The line was launched on December 30, 2000 in Europe and June/July 2001 in Canada and the United States. "Bionicle" is a portmanteau constructed from the words "biological" and "chronicle", which is also actually derived from the word "bionics". The concept is similar to Lego Group's earlier themes, Slizers/Throwbots and RoboRiders in that each of those lines had characters based on classical elements. Earlier Bionicle packages had displayed the Technic Logo, but it has since been phased out, evolving Bionicle into its own branch of LEGO. It has recently been announced by the director of LEGO that they will stop making new Bionicle sets after Winter 2010 "for the foreseeable future". However, while production of sets will stop, the story  will not, as Greg Farshtey will continue to update it on the website. Bionicle was replaced by Hero Factory, which was released later in July 2010.
The Bionicle story is set in a science fantasy world and is primarily told through the book series, Bionicle Chronicles, Bionicle Adventures, and Bionicle Legends as well as through comic books published by DC Comics. Four films have also been made. As of 2010, the main Bionicle story will be published online.

The 2001–2008 Bionicle story arc was set in a world inhabited predominantly by part-organic, part-machine beings (most notably the Matoran) in a subterranean world, which exists in massive domes underground. 2009 began a new saga of the story-line, leaving behind the previous years and venturing out to newer possibilities as Mata Nui, after having been banished by Makuta Teridax, finds his way to a mysterious barren planet called Bara Magna. Here he becomes the center of the story and makes new allies as he tries to find a way to save the Matoran from Makuta Teridax's tyrannical rule.
Production
The concept of Bionicle was proposed in 2000. During that time, Lego was suffering a ten-year downturn. In 1998, the company suffered its first loss, resulting layoffs for the first time with 1000 people being laid off the following year. In January 2004, Lego posted a loss of 1.4 billion Danish kroner (140 million British pounds and 223.86 million USD). A few weeks earlier, in order to "stabilise its financial situation," another 500 jobs were cut.

Initially, the idea of Bionicle was faced with resistance from "company traditionalists" as Lego had "no experience of creating the kind of story-based, multichannel brand that was being proposed." Also, the war-like appearance of the Bionicle characters went against the company's values: "high-quality products, an emphasis on free play and encouraging the imagination, and no modern warfare or violence."
However, the Bionicle line soon became the "biggest of the recent hits" and the number one product of Lego in 2003. The series made its first debut in virtual form on the web in December 2000. In 2004, the sets accounted for approximately all of Lego's turnover. As the sets were produced, Lego developed them on the sets' website through "character bios and an episodic adventure game." The main storyline is developed by a team of eight people around the world, who decide "which media gets which bit of the story." Because the Bionicle story is told through multiple media (books, comics, and movies), the purpose of the website is to put the different parts together. The practice of making every Bionicle product "from toys to toothbrushes" promote the website resulted in web traffic averaging more than a million page views per month in August 2004. Another strategy used to promote the website was the use of "Kanoka points"
. Each toy packaging had special access codes that allows users to earn the points ("the Bionicle equivalent of a loyalty scheme") that can be used to play web games.
Story 
The 2001–2008 storyline arc of Bionicle was set in a science fantasy world inhabited predominantly by part-organic, part-machine beings in a subterranean world, which exists in massive domes underground. This world (dubbed "The Matoran Universe") and its races were once protected by a Great Spirit named Mata Nui, until he was cast into an eternal slumber by the evil Makuta Teridax and the Brotherhood of Makuta. The world of the Matoran began to fall apart. But mask of life that was stored inside Mata Nui was sent out to space to find a new planet. The mask landed on the planet of Bara Magna and the mask created a small body.
2001 – Quest for the Masks
The story begins with six Toa Mata: Tahu, Lewa, Gali, Kopaka, Pohatu, and Onua, arriving on an island known as the Island of Mata Nui, remembering nothing beyond their names. They discovered that the inhabitants, the Matoran villagers, face constant attacks from infected Rahi, savage beasts controlled by the powerful influence of Makuta Teridax through use of Infected Kanohi masks, causing a war which lasted about 1000 years. After searching for and finding numerous Kanohi masks, the Toa each receive a Golden Kanohi mask with tremendous power and seek out Makuta himself. After challenging the ferocious Manas crabs and the Shadow Toa (evil doppelganger-like illusional replicas of the Toa ), the Toa confront Makuta and defeat him by uniting their elemental powers.