Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Prince of Piedmont was born in Turin in May 1699. He would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him. He was also close to his mother. From birth he was styled as the Prince of Piedmont. He was the brother of the Princess Maria Adelaide and Queen Maria Luisa of Spain. He acted as regent of the duchy of Savoy in 1713.  He was the heir to the Kingdom of Sardinia. There were plans for him to marry Elisabetta Farnese thus linking the duchies of Savoy and Parma by marriage but a union would never take place Elisabetta later marrying Philip V of Spain. Prior to 11 April 1713 the young prince was entitled to the style of "Highness" however after this date he was raised to the style of Royal Highness. 

Piedmont died in Turin on 22 March 1715 having caught smallpox. He was buried at the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista and later moved to the Basilica of Superga outside Turin.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
6 May 1699 – 11 April 1713 His Highness the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]
11 April 1713 – 22 March 1715 His Royal Highness the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]

References

1699 births
1715 deaths
People from Turin
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Deaths from smallpox
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Regents
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
The Statue of Herman () is a monument in the Southern part of the Teutoburg Forest,  in the district of Lippe, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.

The monument commemorates the Cherusci war chief Hermann or Armin (Latin: Arminius) and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD when the Germanic tribes under Arminius fought three Roman legions and other troops under Varus. 

The sword has the following inscription:

German unity (is) my strength - my strength (is) Germany's might.

History

The monument is 53.46 m (173.39 ft) tall and was built according to plans by the sculptor Ernst von Bandel.

Building for the  statue was started in 1841, but was not finished until 1875 with the help of a lot of money from the state of Prussia. 

When building was started Germany was made up of lots of small countries.  Most of these were united into the Second German Empire in 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War.  The monument was seen as one of those heping to remind people of Germany's history and  national pride.
Tourism
The statue is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Germany with over 130,000 visitors a year. It is possible to climb up onto the base of the statue to look around the countryside

A similar Hermann Heights Monument exists in New Ulm, Minnesota, a town settled by German immigrants.

Related pages

 Walhalla (Hall of the Slain, Regensburg, Germany)
 Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame, Munich, Germany)
 Befreiungshalle (Hall of Liberation, Kelkheim, Germany)
 Heldenberg Memorial (in Austria)

Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Landmarks in Germany
Monuments and memorials in Germany
Mercury(II) bromide, also known as mercuric bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgBr2. It has mercury and bromide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(II) bromide is a colorless solid. It is very toxic and similar to mercury(II) chloride. It can form explosive mixtures with potassium. It also reacts violently with indium at high temperatures. It is corrosive.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with hydrobromic acid or by disproportionation of mercury(I) bromide.

Uses
It is used as a reagent in a reaction in organic chemistry. It is also used to test for arsenic. The arsenic is reacted with hydrogen to make arsine, which reacts with mercury(II) bromide to turn it yellow or brown.

Related pages
Sodium bromide
Mercury(II) sulfate

Mercury compounds
Bromine compounds
The babirusas are a genus Babyrousa, in the pig family (Suidae). They live in in Wallacea, or the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Togian, Sula and Buru. 

They are often called deer pigs. All members of this genus were part of a single species. After the split into several species, Babyrousa is restricted to the Buru babirusa from Buru and Sula, whereas the best-known species, the north Sulawesi babirusa is named B. celebensis. 

The name "pig-deer" has sometimes also been used in English, and is a direct translation of the Indonesian babi-rusa.

Pigs
Mercury(II) fluoride, also known as mercuric fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgF2. It has mercury and fluoride ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(II) fluoride is a white solid. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid. It breaks down when heated strongly.

Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid.

Related pages
Mercury(I) fluoride
Mercury(II) chloride

Mercury compounds
Fluorine compounds
Mercury(I) bromide, also known as mercurous bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2Br2. It has mercury and bromide ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(I) bromide is a white crystalline solid. It is highly toxic. It easily disproportionates to mercury(II) bromide and mercury metal.

Occurrence
It is found very rarely as kuzminite, a mercury(I) bromide and chloride.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a bromide like potassium bromide or sodium bromide with mercury(I) nitrate. It can also be made by reacting mercury and bromine.

Related pages
Mercury(II) chloride
Mercury(II) oxide

Mercury compounds
Bromine compounds
Mercury(I) fluoride, also known as mercurous fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2F2. It has mercury and fluoride ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Mercury(I) fluoride is a light yellow solid. It evaporates at 240°C. It turns black when light is shined on it. It reacts with water to make mercury metal, mercury(II) oxide, and hydrofluoric acid. It is highly toxic.

Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.

Related pages
Mercury(II) fluoride
Mercury(I) chloride

Mercury compounds
Fluorine compounds
Mercury(II) sulfide, also known as cinnabar, mercuric sulfide, and mercury sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgS. It has mercury and sulfide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties 
Mercury(II) sulfide is a red or black solid. It is found in two forms; cinnabar (alpha form) and metacinnabar (beta form). The alpha form is more common. The beta form is made when a mercury(II) salt like mercury(II) chloride reacts with hydrogen sulfide. It reacts with only the strongest acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a mercury(II) salt again. It does not dissolve in water. It breaks down to sulfur dioxide and mercury metal when heated.

Occurrence 

Mercury(II) sulfide is found as the mineral cinnabar. It is the most common mercury mineral and mercury ore. It is a bright red mineral. It is soft and heavy.
Uses 
Mercury(II) sulfide is what makes the pigment vermilion. It has been used as a pigment and as a mercury ore. It was used to make lacquerware, containers covered with lacquer. It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Related pages 
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(I) chloride

Mercury compounds
Sulfur compounds
Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) was a member of the royal family of France and served as Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723. Born at his father's palace at Saint-Cloud, he was known from birth under the title of Duke of Chartres. His father was Louis XIV's younger brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, known as Monsieur; his mother was Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. 

In 1692, Philippe married his first cousin, Françoise Marie de Bourbon - the youngest legitimised daughter (légitimée de France) of Philippe's uncle Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan. Named regent of France for Louis XV until Louis attained his majority in February 1723, the era of his de facto rule was known as the Regency (1715–1723). He died at Versailles in 1723. He is referred to historically as le Régent.

Issue
Issue

Mademoiselle de Valois (17 December 1693 - 17 October 1694) died in infancy.
Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (20 August 1695 - 21 July 1719) married Charles of France, Duke of Berry and had issue.
Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (13 August 1698 - 10 February 1743) Abbess of Chelles died unmarried.
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (20 October 1700 - 19 January 1761) married Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena and had issue.
Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 - 4 February 1752) married Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden and had issue.
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 - 16 June 1742) married King Louis I of Spain, no issue.
Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (18 December 1714 - 21 May 1734) married Infante Carlos of Spain, no issue.
Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 - 26 September 1736) married Louis François de Bourbon and has issue.

Philippe also had several illegitimate children with several women, three of whom he acknowledged.
By Florence Pellerin:
Charles de Saint-Albin (1698–1764);
By Marie Louise Le Bel de La Boissière:
Jean Philippe bâtard d'Orléans (1702–1748);
By Christine Charlotte Desmares:
Angélique de Froissy (1702–1785).

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

2 August 1674 – 9 June 1701 His Royal Highness The Duke of Chartres, Grandson of France.
9 June 1701 – 2 September 1715 His Royal Highness The Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France.
2 September 1715 – 15 February 1723 His Royal Highness The Regent [of France], Grandson of France.
15 February 1723 – 2 December 1723 His Royal Highness The Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France.

1674 births
1723 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
Dukes and Duchesses of Nemours
Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
People from Saint-Cloud
Regents
House of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Philippe of France, Son of France, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the youngest son of Louis XIII of France and his queen consort Anne of Austria. His older brother was the famous Louis XIV, le roi soleil. He was known as Monsieur at his brother's court.

Biography
Philippe de France was born at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Styled Duke of Anjou from birth, Philippe became Duke of Orléans upon the death of his uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans. During the reign of his brother he was known simply as Monsieur. Openly homosexual, he married twice: firstly to Henrietta of England, Minette, sister of Charles II of England. During their marriage, Philippe met and began a relationship with the Chevalier de Lorraine who was the great love of Philippe's life, their long relationship beginning in 1668. After the alleged poisoning of Minette, Philippe married again in 1671 to Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Liselotte.
He was the founder of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, and thus the direct ancestor of Louis Philippe I, who ruled France from 1830 till 1848 in the July Monarchy. Through the children of both of his marriages Philippe became an ancestor of most modern-day Roman Catholic royals, giving him the nickname of "the grandfather of Europe". Philippe's other legacies include his decisive victory at the Battle of Cassel in 1677. Through careful personal administration, Philippe greatly augmented his fortune and thus the fortune of the House of Orléans.

Issue

First marriage
Married Princess Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, on 31 March 1661, at the Palais Royal. The couple had three children:
Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married Charles II of Spain, no children;
Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666) died in infancy;
Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665);
Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and had children;

Second marriage
Married Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, daughter of Elector Palatine Charles I Louis and Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, on 16 November 1671 at Châlons. The couple had three children:

Alexandre Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (2 June 1673 – 16 March 1676) died in infancy;
Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France and had children;
Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 24 December 1744) married Léopold of Lorraine, Duke of Lorraine and had children.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
21 September 1640 – 14 May 1643 His Royal Highness The Duke of Anjou, Son of France.
14 May 1643 – 2 February 1660 His Royal Highness Monsieur, Duke of Anjou, Son of France.
2 February 1660 – 9 June 1701 His Royal Highness Monsieur, Duke of Orléans, Son of France.

Other websites

1640 births
1701 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
House of Bourbon
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Deaths from stroke
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
Dukes and Duchesses of Anjou
French LGBT people
gay men
French generals
LGBT royalty
Yousuf Karsh  (December 23, 1908 – July 13, 2002) was a Canadian photographer. He had Armenian heritage. He was a portrait painter. His work includes portraits of statesmen, artists, authors, musicians, film directors, scientists, and other people that do important things. He was celebrated by a festival in 2009.

References 

willy

Other websites 
 

1908 births
2002 deaths
Canadian painters
Canadian photographers
Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France, Granddaughter of France by marriage (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest legitimised daughter (fille légitimée de France) of Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan. She was famed for her arrogance and belief that she was above most other people.

Biography

Originally known as the second Mademoiselle de Blois, that style eventually gave way to the name Françoise Marie de Blois. She married her first cousin Philippe d'Orléans in 18 February 1692 at the age of fourteen and later bore eight children, four of which would have further children.
Proud, lazy and attractive, she successfully intrigued to have her daughters marry well to the Prince of Conti, Duke of Berry, Duke of Modena and King of Spain, mostly to spite her sister Louise Françoise de Bourbon, the Duchess of Bourbon. However, she welded little political influence considering her proximity to the political circle of the era. She was involved in the Cellamare Conspiracy in 1718 which was supposed to overthrow her own husband Philippe d'Orléans as Regent of the Kingdom and replace him with her favourite brother the Duke of Maine. The marquis d'Argenson said she was very like her mother, Madame de Montespan, but also had Louis XIV's orderly mind with his failings of injustice and harshness.
Among her male line descendents are Philippe Egalité, Louis-Philippe I, King of the French, and Prince Henri, Count of Paris, the present Orléanist pretender to the French throne. She is also an ancestor of Juan Carlos I of Spain, Philippe, King of the Belgians, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, the pretender to the Italian throne.

Children
Children

Mademoiselle de Valois (17 December 1693 - 17 October 1694) died in infancy.
Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (20 August 1695 - 21 July 1719) married Charles of France, Duke of Berry and had children but none survived to adulthood.
Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (13 August 1698 - 10 February 1743) Abbess of Chelles died unmarried and childless.
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (20 October 1700 - 19 January 1761) married Francesco d'Este, Duke of Modena and had children.
Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 - 4 February 1752) married Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden and had children.
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 - 16 June 1742) married Louis I of Spain, no issue.
Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (18 December 1714 - 21 May 1734) engaged to Infante Carlos of Spain but never married and died childless.
Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 - 26 September 1736) married Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and had children.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
4 May 1677 – 22 November 1681 Françoise Marie de Bourbon.
22 November 1681 – 18 February 1692 Her Highness Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Legitimée de France, "Mademoiselle de Blois".
18 February 1692 – 9 June 1701 Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Chartres.
 9 June 1701 – 2 December 1723 Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Orléans.
2 December 1723 – 1 February 1749 Her Royal Highness the Dowager Duchess of Orléans.

References

1677 births
1749 deaths
House of Bourbon
House of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
Dukes and Duchesses of Nemours
Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 – 4 February 1752) was the Duke of Orléans and a prince du sang. At his father's death, he became the First Prince of the Blood (Premier Prince du Sang). Known as Louis le Pieux and also as Louis le Génovéfain, Louis was a pious, charitable and cultured prince, who took very little part in the politics of the time.

Louis d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1703 to Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and of his mistress Madame de Montespan. At his birth, he was given the courtesy title of Duke of Chartres.

He was brought up by his mother and his grandmother, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Louis was very close to his younger sister Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans. Upon the death of his father on 2 December 1723, he became Duke of Orléans.
Marriage
He married Johanna of Baden-Baden (1704–1726), the daughter of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his wife Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg, on 18 June 1724. The couple were very happy but Joanne died in childbirth in 1726 and Louis mourned her intensely. He never remarried. 

He died in 1752, at the age of forty-eight, at the Abbaye de Sainte Geneviève, having lost most of his sanity. He was buried at the Val-de-Grâce in Paris.

Children

Louis Philippe d'Orléans (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785) married Louise Henriette de Bourbon in 1743 and had issue.
Louise Marie d'Orléans (5 August 1726 – 14 May 1728) died young.

Titles and styles

4 August 1703 – 2 December 1723 His Serene Highness the Duke of Chartres 
2 December 1723 – 4 February 1752 His Serene Highness the Duke of Orléans 
Monsieur le Prince
1703 births
1752 deaths
People from Versailles
House of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Valois
Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Nemours
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
Louis Philippe d'Orléans (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785) was Duke of Orléans and the father of Philippe Égalité. He greatly augmented the already huge wealth of the House of Orléans.

Biography

Louis Philippe d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles on 12 May 1725. As the only son of Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans and his wife Johanna of Baden-Baden.

First marriage

In 1743, his paternal grandmother, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon the formidable Dowager Duchess of Orléans, and Louise Élisabeth, Dowager Princess of Conti arranged his marriage to his seventeen-year old cousin, Louise Henriette de Bourbon. The couple was married on 17 December 1743 at Versailles.

After a few months of a passion that surprised everyone at court, the couple started to drift apart as the young Duchess of Chartres began to lead a scandalous life.

Étiennette Le Marquis
After the death of Louise Henriette on 9 February 1759, Louis Philippe took as his mistress Étiennette Le Marquis, a former dancer who liked to act in comedy plays, and who introduced him into the world of the theater. Louis Philippe had three children with Étiennette, they were raised under the care of the Orléans family:

Louis Étienne d'Orléans, (21 January 1759 – 24 July 1825), Count-abbé of Saint-Phar
Louis Philippe d'Orléans, (7 July 1761 – 13 June 1829), Count-abbé of Saint-Albin,
Marie Étiennette Perrine d'Auvilliers, (7 July 1761 - ?), who married François-Constantin, Count of Brossard, a dragon regiment officer.

Second marriage
Second marriage

In spite of his liaison with Étiennette, Louis Philippe had several other mistresses until he met, in July 1766, Madame de Montesson, a witty but married twenty-eight year old. After the death of the Marquis of Montesson in 1769, Louis Philippe tried to obtain Louis XV's authorisation to marry the young widow. Finally, in December 1772, the King gave his consent on the condition that the Marquise of Montesson would never become Duchess of Orléans or succeed to any other Orléans titles. In addition, the couple was to live a quiet life away from the court. The morganatic wedding took place on 23 April 1773.

Later life

Surrounded by all the members of his immediate family, even his three children by Etiennette Le Marquis, Louis-Philippe died on 18 November 1785, at Sainte-Assise at the age of sixty. He was buried at the Val-de-Grâce convent in Paris, built by his ancestor Anne of Austria to celebrate the birth of Louis XIV of France, Louis Philippe's great grandfather.

Children
Children

A daughter (Château de Saint-Cloud, 12 or 13 July 1745 – 14 December 1745, Château de Saint-Cloud);
Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans (Château de Saint-Cloud, 13 April 1747, – 6 November 1793, Place de la Révolution, Paris (executed)) married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon and had issue.
Bathilde d'Orléans (Château de Saint-Cloud, 9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822, Paris) married Louis Henri, Prince of Condé and had issue.

Titles and styles 

12 May 1725 – 4 August 1752 His Serene Highness the Duke of Chartres (Monseigneur le duc de Chartres)
4 August 1752 – 18 November 1785 His Serene Highness the Duke of Orléans (Monseigneur le duc d'Orléans)

1725 births
1785 deaths
People from Versailles
House of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
Dukes and Duchesses of Nemours
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
Dukes and Duchesses of Valois
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans (Louis Philippe Joseph; 13 April 1747 – 6 November 1793) commonly known as Philippe, was a member of the  House of Orléans. He actively supported the French Revolution and adopted the name Philippe Égalité, but was still guillotined during the Reign of Terror. His son Louis Philippe became King of the French after the July Revolution of 1830.  He held the rank of prince of the blood.

Biography
Louis Philippe was the son of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres, and Louise Henriette de Bourbon and was born at the Château de Saint Cloud.

Duke of Orléans
In November 1785, upon his father's death, Philippe, the new Duke of Orléans, became the head of the House of Orléans. This was one of the wealthiest families of France, and Premier Prince du Sang, addressed as Monsieur le Prince, the most important person of the kingdom after the king's immediate family. He was next in line to the throne should the main Bourbon line die out.
Marriage
On 6 June 1769, Louis Philippe married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon at the Chapel of the Palace of Versailles. Louise Marie Adélaïde brought to the already wealthy House of Orléans a considerable dowry of six million livres, an annual income of 240,000 livres (later increased to 400,000 livres), as well as lands, titles, residences and furniture. They had five children:

 Louis Philippe d'Orléans (later King Louis Philippe I of the French) (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) married Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily.
 Antoine Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Montpelier (3 July 1775 – 18 May 1807) died unmarried.
 Adélaïde d'Orléans, later made a "Princess of Orléans" (23 August 1777 – 31 December 1847) died unmarried.
 Françoise d'Orléans (twin sister of Adélaïde) (1777–1782) died young.
 Louis Charles d'Orléans, Count of Beaujolais (17 October 1779 – 30 May 1808) died unmarried.
During the first few months of their marriage, the couple appeared devoted to each other, but the duke went back to the life of "libertinage" he had led before his marriage. During the summer of 1772, a few months after his wife had given birth to a stillborn daughter, Philippe began a secret relationship with one of her ladies-in-waiting, Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de St-Albin, Countess of Genlis. Stephanie was the niece of Madame de Montesson his fathers second wife.

Military service
In 1778, Philippe served in the squadron of the Count of Orvilliers. He was present in the Battle of Ushant, a naval battle against the British during the American War of Independence on 27 July 1778. He was removed from the navy due in part to the queen's hatred of him and also to his own incompetence and alleged cowardice. As compensation, he was given the honorary post of colonel-general of hussars.

Revolutionary Politics
The part Philippe d'Orléans played during the summer of 1789 is one of the most debated points in the history of the French Revolution. The royal court said he was at the bottom of every popular movement, and saw the "gold of Orléans" as the cause of the Réveillon riot and the storming of the Bastille. This was like the subsequent belief held by the Jacobins that everything opposing them relied on the "gold of Pitt the Younger"). His hatred of Marie Antoinette, his previous disgrace at court, and his liberalism (alongside his friendship with Duport and Choderlos de Laclos), all seem to point towards his involvement. The Duke is also said to have deliberately withheld grain from the people of Paris, being a direct cause of the 5 October "March on Versailles". The Duke is also thought to have lied about where he was when the Palace at Versailles was stormed in the early hours of the morning on the 6th of October
. He said he was at the General Assembly in Paris, yet several witness (including the Marquise de la Tour du Pin) saw him lead the bloodthirsty mob to a staircase leading to the Queen's bedroom, protected by Swiss Guard. The mob cried "Long live our King d'Orléans" during the raid.
Citoyen Égalité
Philippe d'Orléans tried to keep himself distant from the political world, but he was still suspect to the King and subject to pressures from his supporters to replace Louis XVI. His lack of political aspirations could be proven by noting that he did not attempt to obtain any leading position after the King's flight to Varennes in June 1791. In fact, Louis Philippe attempted to reconcile with the King in January 1792, but was rejected, and refused to aid the King any further. In an attempt to show his support of democratic and Enlightenment philosophies, he changed his name to Philippe Citoyen Egalité, meaning equality.

This is clearly why Philippe now has his head hanging on a wall in the palace in France.

In the summer of 1792, he was present for a short time with the Army of the North, together with his two sons, the Duke of Chartres, future King of the French, and the Duke of Montpensier, but had returned to Paris before the insurrection of 10 August.
During the Grand Terror
After the fall of the monarchy, Philippe risked his own life by saving suspects of the revolutionary regime. At the request of Grace Elliott, he saved the life of Louis René Quentin de Richebourg de Champcenetz, the governor of the Tuileries Palace, who was his personal enemy. He accepted the title Citoyen Égalité given to him by the Commune.  He was elected 20th and last deputy for Paris to the National Convention, where he again made no notable contribution other than voting in the king's trial. He voted in support of the death sentence for Louis XVI. Many citizens of Paris saw this as an attempt by Philippe to overthrow the crown and take power himself.  They believed that not only was the Palais-Royal the center for revolutionary and philosophical debates, but that it was also his ground for recruiting and financing riots and rebellious activity.
As a member of the House of Bourbon, Louis Philippe was shortlisted for a trial, and effectively tried and guillotined in the space of one day on 6 November 1793. Accounts of his time in prison and execution mention his exceptional courage.

Philippe d'Orléans was buried in the Madeleine cemetery (closed in 1794), in Paris, where Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and hundreds executed on the Place de la Révolution during the Terror had been buried.  His remains have never never found.

Titles and styles
13 April 1747 – 4 February 1752: His Most Serene Highness the Duke of Montpensier (Monseigneur le duc de Montpensier)
4 February 1752 – 18 November 1785: His Most Serene Highness the Duke of Chartres (Monseigneur le duc de Chartres)
18 November 1785 – 6 November 1793: His Most Serene Highness the Duke of Orléans (Monseigneur le duc d'Orléans)

References
References

1747 births
1793 deaths
People from Saint-Cloud
House of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
Dukes and Duchesses of Nemours
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
Dukes and Duchesses of Valois
A 9×19mm Parabellum is a nine millimeter wide bullet. It is usually used in handguns or submachine guns. The nine millimeter is often referred to as a "nine", "9mm", or "9×19". It is one of the most widely used bullets in history originating with the 9×19 Luger, invented in Germany. Many guns fire the 9mm, including the Luger, Walther P38, the Sten Mk II, the MP-40, the Uzi, the MP5, the Beretta 92, and the Glock 18. It is the standard handgun bullet for all NATO countries.

Pistol and rifle cartridges
Military cartridges
Ulvales is an order of green algae.

Algae
Ulvaceae is a family of green algae.

Algae
A Dangerous Path is the fifth book in the Warriors series by Erin Hunter. It focuses on a cat named Fireheart, who is a member of a group of cats called ThunderClan.
Fireheart to struggle to care for ThunderClan, one of the five warrior Clans in the forest. Tigerstar, leader of ShadowClan tries to destroy ThunderClan. ThunderClan's leader, Bluestar, is no help at all, because she has gone insane from Tigerstar's previous betrayal. Tigerstar plans to use a pack of dogs to kill ThunderClan. He kills rabbits in ThunderClan territory, and leaves a trail from some rocks to the ThunderClan camp, with the body of a cat named Brindleface at the end, in order to lure the dogs to kill the warriors of ThunderClan. Once Fireheart discovers this, he takes ThunderClan to hide. A line of fast warriors lead the dogs to their deaths in a gorge (a hole that goes very far down, with water at the bottom). Fireheart is the last in line, and has a good run until Tigerstar leaps out of a bush and holds Fireheart down, letting the dogs catch Fireheart. Fireheart is trapped by the lead dog, but is rescued by Bluestar
. She runs into the lead dog, who releases Fireheart, and the two fall down into the gorge. Fireheart saves Bluestar from the gorge and brings her to the shore, where she dies. Fireheart is filled with sadness for his dead leader, and he is scared because he must become the new leader of ThunderClan.
References 

Warriors books
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., (; November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American writer. He influenced many other writers. He combined satire, black comedy, and science fiction in his writing. Some of his works include  Slaughterhouse-Five (1969), Cat's Cradle (1963), and Breakfast of Champions (1973).  He was known for his humanist beliefs and was honorary president of the American Humanist Association.
Kurt Vonnegut made a cameo in the 
movie Back to School starring Rodney 
Dangerfield in 1986.

Life
Life

Family
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. His parents were Kurt Vonnegut, Sr., and Edith Lieber. He was the youngest of three children. His ancestors had come to America from Germany in 1855. They were prosperous, originally as brewers and merchants. Both his father and his grandfather attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology and were architects in the Indianapolis firm of Vonnegut & Bohn. His great-grandfather was the founder of the Vonnegut Hardware Company, an Indianapolis institution.
Early years
Vonnegut graduated from Shortridge High School in Indianapolis in May 1940. He went to Cornell University that autumn. He studied Chemistry, but he was Assistant Managing Editor and Associate Editor of the university newspaper called The Cornell Daily Sun. He was a member of the Delta Upsilon Fraternity just like his father. Vonnegut joined the U.S. Army while he was at Cornell. The Army transferred him to the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee to study Mechanical Engineering. On Mothers' Day in 1944, his mother committed suicide with sleeping pills.
World War II
Kurt Vonnegut's experience as a soldier and prisoner of war (POW) had a deep and powerful effect on his writing. During the war, he was a soldier with a low rank. He was a private with the 423rd Infantry Regiment, 106th Infantry Division. Vonnegut was captured during the Battle of the Bulge on December 19, 1944. He was in prison in the German city of Dresden. He became a leader among the prisoners because he could speak German a little bit. But, he told German guards "...just what I was going to do to them when the Russians came…".  The guards beat Vonnegut and stopped him from being a leader. He experienced the fire bombing of Dresden in February 1945 which destroyed most of the city.
Vonnegut's group of American prisoners of war survived the attack. The Germans had kept them in an underground room for storing meat at a slaughterhouse. The Germans called the building Schlachthof Fünf (Slaughterhouse Five) and the Allied POWs used that name for their prison. Vonnegut said the result of the attack was complete destruction and death that nobody could understand. This experience gave him ideas for his famous novel, Slaughterhouse-Five. His experience of death and destruction is a central theme in at least six of his other books.  In Slaughterhouse-Five he described the city as looking like the surface of the moon after the bombing. He told about how the Germans making the prisoners work. They had to break into basements and bomb shelters to gather bodies. They had to bury these dead people all together in large holes while German people threw rocks at them and shouted curses. Vonnegut said later, "There were too many corpses to bury. So instead the Germans sent in troops with flamethrowers
. All these civilians' remains were burned to ashes."
Vonnegut was freed by Red Army troops in May 1945 at the Saxony-Czechoslovakian border. The U. S. Army gave him a Purple Heart. But he said it was funny because he was not hurt badly at all. He wrote in Timequake that he was given the award for getting "frostbite".

Work after WWII
After the war, Vonnegut became an anthropology graduate student at the University of Chicago. He also worked at the City News Bureau of Chicago. Vonnegut admitted that he was a not a good student. One professors said that some of the students were going to be professional anthropologists but  he was not one of them. In the book Bagombo Snuff Box, Vonnegut wrote that the university rejected his first thesis. It was about Cubist painters and the leaders of Native American uprisings. The university said it was "unprofessional."
He moved from Chicago to Schenectady, New York. He worked in public relations for General Electric. His brother Bernard worked in the research department at the same company. While in Schenectady, Vonnegut lived in a tiny village called Alplaus. Vonnegut rented an upstairs apartment across the street from the Alplaus Volunteer Fire Department. He was an active Volunteer Fire-Fighter for a few years. That apartment still has his desk in it. He wrote many of his short stories at that desk carved his name into the bottom of it.  The University of Chicago later accepted his novel Cat's Cradle as his thesis because they said the story was anthropological. They gave him an M.A. degree in 1971.
In the mid 1950s, Vonnegut worked for Sports Illustrated magazine for a very short time. He was asked to write about a racehorse that had jumped a fence and tried to run away.  Vonnegut stared at the blank piece of paper on his typewriter all morning. Then, he typed, "The horse jumped over the fucking fence," and left.  He was almost going to quit writing, but the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop asked him to teach. While he was there, Cat's Cradle became a best-seller, and he began Slaughterhouse-Five. That book is now called one of the best American novels of the 20th century. It is on the 100 best lists of Time magazine and the Modern Library. In 1961, he published the famous short story Harrison Bergeron.

Vonnegut moved to Barnstable, Massachusetts, a town on Cape Cod. He was the manager of the first Saab dealership in the U.S.
Personal life
After coming home from World War II, Kurt Vonnegut married Jane Marie Cox. They had loved each other since they were very young. He wrote about their early relationship in several of his short stories. The couple separated in 1970. He did not divorce Cox until 1979, but from 1970 Vonnegut lived with another woman, the photographer Jill Krementz. She became his second wife after Vonnegut divorced Cox.

He raised seven children. Three were from his first marriage to Cox. He adopted one daughter named Lily with Krementz. Three were his sister Alice's children. Vonnegut adopted them after she died of cancer.
Of Vonnegut's four adopted children, three are his nephews: James, Steven, and Kurt Adams. Vonnegut adopted them after a terrible week in 1958. During that week the children's father James Carmalt Adams was killed in a train crash and their mother died two days later. In his novel Slapstick, Vonnegut told how Alice's husband had died two days before she did. Her family tried to keep her husband's death a secret. However, she found out when another patient gave her a newspaper one day before she died. The three boys had a younger brother named Peter Nice. He was a baby when their parents died. Peter went to live with their father's cousin in Birmingham, Alabama.

On January 31, 2001, a fire destroyed the top story of Vonnegut's home. He had smoke inhalation and was in the hospital in critical condition for four days. He survived, but his personal papers were destroyed.

Vonnegut smoked unfiltered Pall Mall cigarettes. He called this habit a "classy way to commit suicide".
Vonnegut fell down at his home in Manhattan and injured his brain. He died on April 11, 2007.

References

1922 births
2007 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
American novelists
American military personnel of World War II
American science fiction writers
Cornell University alumni
Writers from Chicago
Military people from Chicago
Prisoners of war
Purple Heart recipients
University of Chicago alumni
Writers from Indianapolis
Military people from Indiana
The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America gives awards for good Science Fiction writing. Each year they give the Nebula Award for Best Novel. In this list, the year means the year that the book was published; awards are given the next year.

Winners and other nominees 

1 Also a winner of the Hugo Award for Best Novel.

Related pages
 Hugo Award for Best Novel
 List of science fiction awards

References

Other websites
 Nebula Awards Homepage
 List of award winners from official site 
 A list of the most honored Nebula Award nominated novels
 Another list of award winners 
 Scans of the first edition covers of Hugo- and Nebula-winning novels 

Nebula Awards
Lists of books
The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America gives awards for good Science Fiction writing. Each year they give the '“Nebula Award for Best Short Story”'. In this list, the year means the year that the book was published; awards are given the next year. The first title is the winner. Titles below the winner are other nominees (stories that were suggested as possible winners).

Winners and nominees

Related pages
 Hugo Award for Best Short Story

References

Other websites
 Nebula Awards Homepage
 List of past winners 
 http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NebulaNomList.html 

Short Story
Hamiltonian mechanics is a mathematical way of understanding the way something  mechanical will behave. It was invented  in 1833 by Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.

The value of the Hamiltonian is the total energy of the thing  being described. For a closed system, it is the sum of its  kinetic and potential energy. There will be  a set of differential equations known as the Hamilton equations which show how the thing changes through time. 

Hamiltonians can be used to describe such simple systems as a bouncing ball, a pendulum or an oscillating spring in which energy changes between  kinetic and  potential energy and back again over time. Hamiltonians can also be used to study the orbits of planets and in the behaviour of atoms using the principles of quantum mechanics.

Mechanics
Bathilde d'Orléans (Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde;9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822), was a French princess. She was sister of Philippe Égalité, the mother of the executed duc d'Enghien and aunt of Louis-Philippe King of the French. She was known as Citoyenne Vérité during the French Revolution. By birth and marriage she held the rank of a princess of the blood.

Youth

Descended from both Louis XIV of France and his younger brother, Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, Bathilde was born a princesse du sang and baptised with the names Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde. She was the youngest child of Louis Philippe d'Orléans and Louise Henriette de Bourbon. Bathilde was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud on 9 July 1750. 

Her mother died in 1759 when Bathilde was just eight years old. Her father, pressured by his mistress, Madame de Montesson, sent her to a convent. During her time at the convent, she became a very spiritual person.

Marriage
Marriage

Initially, Bathilde was considered as a possible bride for a distant cousin, Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, the favourite grandson of King Louis XV of France, however, that marriage never materialised.

Finally, in 1770, when she was twenty years old, she was allowed to leave the convent and marry her younger cousin, the Louis Henri de Bourbon, son and heir of Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Condé and his wife Charlotte Élisabeth Godefride de Rohan. 

The scandal of her husband's adultery came out in 1778, and the consequences fell entirely on her shoulders. The couple separated in 1780. As a separated spouse, she was never received at court and was forced to reorganise her life at the Château de Chantilly. 

In her isolation, she discreetly had an illegitimate daughter with a marine officer. Later, she passed the child off as the daughter of her secretary, in order to keep the little girl close to her. In 1787, she purchased the Élysée Palace from Louis XVI and had a hamlet constructed there.
Revolution

During the French Revolution, just like her brother Philippe Égalité, Bathilde discovered democracy. She fell out with her royalist husband and son, who both chose to leave France after the storming of the Bastille. As the Ancien Régime crumbled, she took the name, Citoyenne Vérité, "Citizeness Truth". Threatened by the new revolutionary government, she offered her wealth to the First French Republic before it could be confiscated.
In April 1793, her nephew, the young Duke of Chartres (future Louis Philippe of the French), fled France and sought asylum with the Austrians. In retribution, the National Convention decreed the imprisonment of all Bourbons remaining in France. While other members of the Orléans family still in France were kept under house arrest, Bathilde, Philippe Égalité and his sons were imprisoned in the Fort Saint-Jean in Marseille. Badly rewarded for her fidelity to the democratic ideals of the Revolution, she survived a year and a half in a prison cell. In November of the same year, her brother was guillotined. Miraculously spared during the Reign of Terror, Bathilde was freed during the Thermidorian Reaction and returned to her Élysée residence in Paris. Poverty-stricken, she was forced to rent out most of the palace.

Exile
Exile

In 1797, the Directoire decided to exile the last of the Bourbons still living in France. With her sister-in-law, Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, she went to Spain with her illegitimate daughter. Despite being forty-seven years old at the time, during the months which this journey took, she had an amorous intrigue with a handsome twenty-seven year old police officer (gendarme) under whose responsibility she had been put. The two maintained a correspondence during her exile.

Relegated to a place near Barcelona, Bathilde founded, despite her small means, a pharmacy and dispensary for the poor, and her house became a gathering place for those who needed aid. She became completely republican during this time period, despite her exile.
In 1804, she learned that Napoléon I, whom she admired, had had her only son, Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien, kidnapped, and executed by firing squad in the moat of the Château de Vincennes. For ten years, the emperor kept the mother of his most famous victim from setting foot in France. Bathilde got her revenge in 1814, when the people, seeing in her the mother of the "Martyr of Vincennes," cheered her as she travelled the route back to Paris.

Return to France

In 1815, at the start of the Bourbon Restoration, she returned to France. Louis XVIII traded with her the Hôtel Matignon for the Élysée Palace. Bathilde promptly installed a community of nuns on the premises and charged them with praying for the souls of the victims of the Revolution. Her family, in the new moral order of the day, wanted to see her rejoin her husband after a separation of thirty-five years, but she refused. Instead, she resumed her affair with the police officer who had escorted her to Spain in 1797.
In 1822, while she was taking part in a march towards the Panthéon, she lost consciousness, and drew her last breath in the home of a law professor who taught at the Sorbonne. After her death, her nephew, Louis-Philippe, wanting to give an air of respectability to her bohemian lifestyle, burned the manuscript of her memoirs and a file on her young police officer in the war archives. 

She was buried in the Orléans family chapel the Collégiale de Dreux.

Children

Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, (2 August 1772 – 21 March 1804) titled the Duke of Enghien;

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and Styles

 9 July 1750– 24 April 1770 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle
24 April 1770 – 2 August 1772 His Serene Highness The Duchess of Enghien
2 August 1772 – 18 May 1818 Her Serene Highness The Duchess of Bourbon 
18 May 1818 – 10 January 1822 Her Serene Highness The Princess of Condé

Other websites

1750 births
Dukes and Duchesses of Bourbon
1822 deaths
People from Saint-Cloud
House of Orléans
House of Bourbon
Robert Del Naja (pron. ; born 21 January 1966, in Bristol, England), also known as 3D, is an English artist and musician.  Originally famous as a graffiti artist and a member of the Bristol group known as "The Wild Bunch", Del Naja went on to become a founding member of the band Massive Attack where he is active to this day. However he has also admitted that he got his own way by "being stubborn, throwing tantrums — the usual fucking childish behaviour."

References

1966 births
Living people
English artists
English singers
Entertainers from Bristol
Massive Attack
Trip hop musicians