Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On March 24, 2013, the band released the promotional single "The Phoenix", along with a music video. The song debuted and peaked at number-eighty on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. They followed it up with the release of the second promotional single, "Young Volcanoes" released on April 8, 2013, also accompanied with a music video, which premiered on April 18 on YouTube.

Background

In 2009, following two nationwide tours and the release of a greatest hits compilation, the members of Fall Out Boy decided to take a break. The band's decision stemmed from disillusionment with the music industry and the constant promotion of fourth record Folie à Deux. The band's, specifically bassist/lyricist Pete Wentz, every movement had become fodder for gossip in tabloids, and lead vocalist/guitarist Patrick Stump recalled that "We found ourselves running on fumes a little bit -- creatively and probably as people, too."
On February 4, 2013, the band called off the hiatus announcing a new single, new album, and a new tour.

Track listing
 "The Phoenix"
 "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)"
 "Alone Together"
 "Where Did the Party Go"
 "Just One Yesterday" (featuring vocals from Foxes)
 "The Mighty Fall" (featuring rapper Big Sean)
 "Miss Missing You"
 "Death Valley"
 "Young Volcanoes"
 "Rat a Tat" (featuring vocals from Courtney Love)
 "Save Rock and Roll" (featuring vocals from Elton John)

Bonus track
 "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" (featuring 2 Chainz) (2 Chainz remix)

Arena tour

Fall Out Boy did a concert tour in support of the album. It consisted of 16 shows in September 2013. The opening acts were Big Sean, who assists on the track "The Mighty Fall" on the album, and Panic! at the Disco.

Other websites

2013 albums
Fall Out Boy albums
"My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" is a song composed by American pop punk group Fall out Boy released on February 4, 2013, in the United States. The single marks the band's comeback four years of being on an indefinite hiatus in 2009. The band announced that "Light 'Em Up" is the lead single from the fifth studio album Save Rock and Roll, which was released on April 12, 2013. 

Commercially, "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" debuted on charts worldwide with modest success, debuting in the top five in the United Kingdom and at No. 36 on the Australian ARIA Chart, charts the band have previously received success from with singles like "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs". On the Billboard Hot 100, the song debuted at No. 26 and No. 8 on US Rock Songs; it reached No. 2 on iTunes upon its release. Fall Out Boy performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live! for their first post-hiatus TV performance on February 13.

Track listing
Track listing

Fall Out Boy songs
2013 songs
"The Phoenix" is a promotional single by American pop rock band Fall Out Boy. The single was released on March 24, 2013 in the United States. It was accompanied by a music video, released on the same day. It peaked and debuted at number-eighty on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and at number-fourteen on the Billboard Rock Songs chart. The music video's plot follows the story line of Fall Out Boy's capture in the video for "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)", which was released on February 4, 2013.

The song was succeeded by the second promotional single from Save Rock and Roll titled "Young Volcanoes", released on April 8, 2013 on SoundCloud. The music video for the song was released on April 18 on YouTube.

Track listing

Sound

The song sampled a various amount of genres and sounds. The introduction to the track samples an orchestral like symphonic build up leading to the song's high-NRG sound. Overall, it is an alternative dance pop, punk rock song composed by producer Butch Walker.
Fall Out Boy songs
2013 songs
The Araneomorphae are the kinds of spiders that humans most often see around their homes and gardens. They are different from the Mygalomorphae, the group of spiders that includes the tarantulas (also called "bird-eating spider"). There is a third group of spiders that is extremely ancient and now has few species remaining. It is called the Mesothelae.

References

Araneomorphae
"The Tinderbox" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.  It was originally published in Copenhagen, Denmark in May 1835 in the first booklet of Fairy Tales Told for Children. The three other stories in the booklet were "Big Claus and Little Claus", "The Princess and the Pea", and "Little Ida's Flowers". The critics did not like these stories. They thought the stories  immoral. "The Tinderbox" is Andersen's retelling of "The Spirit in the Candle", a traditional Danish story he knew as a child. It is also similar to "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp", another Andersen childhood favorite. The tale has been adapted to various media including the first Danish animated movie.
Story  
A soldier steals a magic tinderbox from an old witch. The tinderbox can summon three magic dogs that will do what the soldier wants them to do. He orders one dog to bring him a sleeping princess from her parents' castle. When the king and queen learn where their daughter is, the soldier is arrested and sentenced to death. At the last moment, he summons the dogs. They save his life and he marries the princess.

Other websites

"Fyrtøiet" . Original Danish text
"The Tinder Box". English translation by Jean Hersholt

Notes

References  
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford University Press. 

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
"The Princess and the Pea" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.  It was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1835. It appeared as the third tale in the first book of Andersen's Fairy Tales Told for Children. The other tales in the little book were "The Tinderbox", "Big Claus and Little Claus", and "Little Ida's Flowers". 

The story tells of a maiden whose royalty is established by her sensitivity to a pea placed under her matresses. Stories of super-sensitivity are rare. They are not unknown however in world literature and lore. Andersen heard the tale of the pea as a child, but it is unknown in Danish folk tradition. He probably heard a Swedish version of the tale.

The critics did not like these four stories. They did not like their informal, chatty style. They thought the stories immoral. The stories did not promote good behaviour and the mores of the times. "Little Claus and Big Claus", for instance, featured unpunished lying, hoodwinking, theft, and adulterous conduct.
The story has been adapted to various media including a television program on Shelley Duval's Fairy Tale Theatre. A popular musical play of the 1960s was based on the story  called Once Upon a Mattress. It starred comedienne Carol Burnett.

Story 
A prince decides to marry. He wants a real princess as his bride. He searches the world, but does not find one. He returns home disappointed. 

One stormy night, a rain-soaked maiden comes to the castle door. She is seeking shelter. She says she is a real princess. 

The Queen uses a test to determine if the maiden is really a princess. She puts a pea upon a bed. She then puts 20 mattresses and 20 feather beds upon the bed. Here the princess must pass the night.

In the morning, the maiden says that she could not sleep. She says there was something hard in the bed that kept her tossing and turning all night. Everyone now realizes she is a real princess! Only a real princess is so sensitive that she can feel a pea beneath a huge pile of bedding!
References 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford University Press. pp. 216-218

Other websites

 "Prinsessen på ærten"  Original Danish text
 "The Princess and the Pea" English translation by Jean Hersholt
 Archived audio version of the story

Fairy tales 
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
James "Jimmy" Owen Sullivan (February 9, 1981 – December 28, 2009), also known by his stage name The Rev, was an American musician best known as a co-founder and drummer of heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold. 

Sullivan was also the lead vocalist and pianist in the side-project Pinkly Smooth along with Synyster Gates.

He was born in Huntington Beach, California and started playing the drums when he was 10 years old. Before he joined Avenged Sevenfold, he was a member of the third wave ska band Suburban Legends. The last album that Sullivan was featured on was Nightmare which was released on July 27, 2010.

On the morning of December 28, 2009, Sullivan was found dead in his Huntington Beach home. Toxicology results later revealed that his death was from an overdose of Oxycodone, oxymorphone, diazepam, nordiazepam and alcohol. The coroner also said that an enlarged heart may have played a role in his death.

References
References

American drummers
American heavy metal musicians
Drug-related deaths
Musicians from California
1981 births
2009 deaths
Huntington Beach, California
Loftus Road is a football stadium in Shepherd's Bush, West London. It is the home of Queens Park Rangers F.C..

Football stadiums in London
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Christine Joy "Chrissy" Amphlett (25 October 1959 – 21 April 2013) was an Australian singer who was the lead singer of the rock band Divinyls. She had many hits with the group and in solo. 

Amphlett was born in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. She died from breast cancer. She also had multiple sclerosis. She died in New York City at age 53.

References

Other websites

Australian singer-songwriters
Australian rock singers
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from breast cancer
Musicians from Victoria (Australia)
People from Geelong
1959 births
2013 deaths
New wave singers
Father Divine claimed to be God. Some people who lived at the same time claimed he was a charlatan; others say he was one of the first modern cult leaders. Father Divine made numerous contributions toward his followers' economic independence and racial equality. Father Divine was a contemporary of other religious leaders at that time such as Daddy Grace, Charles Harrison Mason, Noble Drew Ali and James F. Jones, also known as Prophet Jones. Another minister by the name of Jones would play an important part in a brief struggle to gain control of the Peace Mission following Divine's death - Jim Jones, of the 'apostolic socialist'  movement Peoples Temple.

References

1870s births
1965 deaths
Christian religious leaders
People from Maryland
Inspired by a true story, director Edward Zwick's epic World War II drama Defiance tells the tale of three Jewish Eastern European brothers (Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, and Jamie Bell) who narrowly escape certain death at the hands of the Nazis, subsequently vowing to avenge the deaths of their loves ones by launching a desperate battle against the forces that seek to exterminate their entire race. The year is 1941, and the setting is Nazi-occupied Belarus. The Final Solution is in full effect, and the Jews of Eastern Europe are being slaughtered wholesale. Tuvia, Zus and Asael have miraculously managed to escape into the dense surrounding forest. Having played in these woods since childhood, the brothers have a distinct advantage over their adversaries, and soon decide that simply surviving is not enough. In order to make a difference, they must take action, but in order to take action they will need support
. As whispers of their bravery take wind, others like them appear determined to lay their lives on the line for the cause of freedom. Tuvia has become the de facto leader of the group, but he's still somewhat reluctant to take on such a heavy responsibility and his brother Zus expresses concern that his idealistic plan will ultimately bring about the group's downfall. With winter setting in, everyone works to create a functioning community that will help them endure the frigid months that lie ahead, and Asael reluctantly finds himself caught in the crossfire of his older siblings' rivalry. Is it possible to keep faith alive in a time when the world seems devoid of humanity and survival becomes a way of life?
References

Other websites 
  
 

2008 drama movies
2000s war movies
2000s American drama movies
American war movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Edward Zwick
A ruby is a red gemstone.

Ruby may also refer to:

Ruby, Alaska, a city in the U.S. state of Alaska
 Ruby (programming language)

People
Ruby Tjangawa Williamson, Australian artist
 Sam Ruby, software developer
Ruby is the name of a programming language that was created in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Like other programming languages, such as Python, its structure (the way it works) is very similar to the English language. It has these qualities:

 Terse. Short, but still easy to understand.
 Dynamic. Easy to change, anytime and anywhere.
 Duck typing. If you think you understand it, you probably understand it.

Many programmers like it because the creator tried to make it easy and nice to use.

Ruby on Rails (RoR) is a web application framework that is implemented using the Ruby language.
Example 
An example Hello World program in Ruby:
puts "Hello World!"
An example program in Ruby that asks for your name and then says it:
puts "What's your name?"
name = gets.chomp
puts "Ah hello there, #{name}"
A function in Ruby that joins the 2 strings (or arrays/integers) into one, removes all numbers from it, capitalizes the string and then repeats it 5 times:
def somefunction(arg1, arg2) # creates a function with 2 arguments. the args can be called anything
    arg = arg1 + arg2 # this joins them into 1 string
    arg = arg.tr("1234567890","") # this replaces all the numbers with a nothing. erases them essentially.
    arg = arg.capitalize # read that out loud
    5.times do # read that out loud too
        puts arg # prints it on a new line
    end
end
somefunction("h1e2l6lo7,"," W5o6r8l9d!3") # does the function
Output:
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
Hello, World!

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
 Ruby documentation site
 Ruby Draft Specification- Sep 2010 
 Wiki: Ruby language and implementation specification 
 

Multi-paradigm programming languages
Object-oriented programming languages
Functional languages
Hurricane Earl was an intense and long-lived hurricane that was also the first such storm to threaten New England since Hurricane Bob nineteen years earlier. The storm's center passed eighty six miles east of North Carolina on September 3, 2010. The storm then moved northeast, eventually being downgraded to tropical storm status and then becoming a hurricane again shortly before the storm made landfall in Nova Scotia. Before lashing the eastern United States, the hurricane passed extremely close to the Leeward Islands; the damage there totaled $40 million (2010 USD).

2010 Atlantic hurricane season
Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in the United States
"The Snow Queen" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published 21 December 1844 with "The Fir Tree" in New Fairy Tales (Nye Eventyr). It is one of Andersen's longest stories and is divided into seven chapters. It tells the story of a mirror fashioned by demons that is shattered. A piece of the glass enters the eye and the heart of a little boy named Kai. He is carried by the Snow Queen to her palace in the far north. He is rescued by his friend Gerda. His vision and his heart are restored. The story was adapted to movies and television. It is also in the book the land of stories the enchantress returns.

Inspired Works 
 Walt Disney Animation Studios' Frozen is inspired by "The Snow Queen", although the film's plot deviates from the original fairy tale. Frozen (2013) at the Internet Movie Database

Other websites
 "The Snow Queen" English translation by Jean Hersholt

Fairy tales 
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
The Italian Province of Zara (1941-1943) was an administrative section of the Governorate of Dalmatia. It was created during World War II by the Italian government with Regio Decreto Legge of May 18, 1941.

Characteristics

The Province of Zara was part of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia and had an area of 3,179 km² with a population of 211,900 inhabitants. It had included the two main cities of Zara (Zadar) and Sebenico (Sibenik).

The province bordered the Independent State of Croatia and to the south the Province of Spalato. The "Capoluogo" (administrative center) was Zara, where there was the "Tribunal" and the main administrative offices.

There were 20 municipalities (called in Italian: Comuni):

Zara / Zadar
Bencovazzo / Benkovac  
Bosavia / Božava
Chistagne / Kistanje
Eso Grande / Iž Veliki (Iž Veli)
Nona / Nin
Novegradi / Novigrad    
Obbrovazzo / Obrovac
Oltre / Preko
Sale / Sali
Scardona / Skradin
Sebenico / Šibenik
Selve / Silba
Stancovazzo / Stankovici
Stretto / Tijesho 
Timeto di Zara / Smilčić
Vodizze / Vodice
Zaravecchia / Biograd
Zemonico / Zemunik
Zlarino / Zlarin

Territory of Zara

The province was an enlargement of the "Territory of Zara" obtained by the Kingdom of Italy after WWI. Indeed in 1937 this small territory had an area of just 110.21 km² and a population of 25,000 inhabitants, concentrated in the city of Zara.

Related pages
 Spalato (Italian province)
 Cattaro (Italian province)
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
 Venice and Dalmatia

Notes
Notes

Bibliography
 Gambaro, Francesca. La città della memoria. Storie di vita di esuli da Zara nel secondo dopoguerra, Venezia: Alcione editore, 2010, 
 Lago, Valentino. Memorie sulla Dalmazia. Venezia: Stabilimento Grimaldo, 1868.-1870.
 Mileta, Olinto. Popolazioni dell'Istria, Fiume, Zara e Dalmazia. Edizioni A.D.ES. Trieste, 2005
 Praga, Giuseppe. Storia di Dalmazia. Dall'Oglio editore. Varese, 1981
 Vignoli, Giulio, I territori italofoni non appartenenti alla Repubblica Italiana, Giuffrè editore, Milano, 1995

1940s in Italy
"The Gingerbread Man" (sometimes, "The Gingerbread Boy") is an American fairy tale. It is a variant of the European runaway pancake story. The American version first appeared in the May 1875 issue of St. Nicholas Magazine. The story tells of a Gingerbread Man who runs away from the old woman who baked him. He is chased by several people and animals. A crafty fox finally eats him. The tale is known for the title character's chant: "Run, run, run as fast as you can! / You can't catch me, I'm the Gingerbread Man!" Gingerbread men were popular characters in children's stories of the late 19th century. The most notable gingerbread character was L. Frank Baum's John Dough. The Gingerbread Man is also in the commonly known movie Shrek.

Other websites

Fairy tales
Richard "Richie" Havens (January 21, 1941 – April 22, 2013) or Richard P. Havens; was an American folk singer and guitarist who performed at Woodstock 1969. He also performed cover versions of famous popular songs. 

Havens was born on January 21, 1941 in Brooklyn, New York City. He died due to a heart attack in Jersey City, New Jersey, April 22, 2013 at 72.

References

Other websites

 
 

African American musicians
American activists
American folk musicians
American guitarists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Folk singers
Musicians from Brooklyn
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
1941 births
2013 deaths
Jessica McClure Morales (March 26, 1986), better called Baby Jessica, became famous at eighteen months because of an ordeal in Midland, Texas in which she tumbled into a well on Wednesday, October 14, 1987. Between then and October 16, workers spent almost 58 hours to free her from the 8 inch wide well casing 22 feet below the ground. This story gained worldwide attention, and became the subject of a television movie two years following the incident.

People from Texas
1986 births
Living people
GoldenEye 007 is a first-person shooter video game for the Nintendo Wii and Nintendo DS. It is a modern retelling of the GoldenEye movie, and a remake of the 1997 Nintendo 64 game GoldenEye 007. It was released in North America on November 2, 2010, in Europe on November 5, 2010, and in Japan on June 30, 2011. The game's main character is James Bond, Agent 007. A version of the game with better graphics and sound titled GoldenEye 007: Reloaded was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011.

While keeping the same gameplay as the Nintendo 64's GoldenEye 007, modern elements of first-person shooter games such as environments that can be destroyed and a health meter that fills up after a while of not taking damage are added to the game. Levels from the Nintendo 64's GoldenEye 007 have been changed due to the game's changed storyline. Players can use the Wii Remote and Nunchuk combination, the Wii Zapper, Classic Controller, Classic Controller Pro, or Nintendo GameCube controller.
The game features both local multiplayer for four players and online multiplayer for up to eight players. Online play is done through the free Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service.

References

2010 video games
Wii games
Nintendo DS games
Shooter video games
Video game remakes
James Bond
The Constitution of Japan is the legal document that lays out the rules of how Japan is governed. It dates 3 November 1946 on creation and from 3 May 1947 it entered into force, when it replaced the earlier Meiji Constitution, by legal process of earlier Constitution. This Constitution consists Preamble, affirming that Japanese people should contribute for all human being to live in peace and tolerance, free from fear and want and 11 Chapters, and contrary to former Constitution, it ensure all human rights as unalienable, both civil rights and economic, social and cultural rights (at Chapter III), Article 98 affirms that any laws or orders against the Constitution are invalid and international law must be earnestly observed, Article 99 says that Empire and all public sector have duty to respect and observe the Constitution and the Article 9 of Chapter II prohibits all war and army for purpose of making war. 

Jiminto wants to change it.

Other websites
Full Text of Constitution
Government of Japan
Japan
1946
1947 in Asia
1940s in Japan
Italian irredentism in Dalmatia is related to the tentative of accession to Italy of coastal Dalmatia, promoted by the Dalmatian Italians from the Napoleonic era to World War II.

History

With the rise of the Risorgimento, in all Italian areas that were excluded from the unification of Italy (and with Italian majority population) started to be widely diffused the Italian movement called "Irredentism".

In the case of Dalmatia, after Napoleon, there was the development of Slav nationalism against Italian irredentism. But until 1848 there was still some convergence between these two ethnic groups, in order to create an independent Dalmatia inside the Hapsburg Empire.
In 1848, many young Italians from Istria and Dalmatia formed a 'Legion', crossed the Adriatic, and fought with Niccolo Tommaseo for the "Republic of Venice". And in the same year, six Dalmatian Italians also fought for the "Roman Republic". One of them was Federico Seismit-Doda from Ragusa, who became a member of the Italian Parliament and even Finance Minister of the Kingdom of Italy under Benedetto Cairoli (1878) and Francesco Crispi (1889–1890). In the battle of Curtatone, as a first lieutenant of the Battalion 'Bande Nere', fought against the Austrians the Dalmatian Giurovich Marino: he was killed by the Austrian soldiers in Livorno as a promoter of the ideals of Giuseppe Mazzini. Twenty were the Dalmatians in the Italian independence war of 1859-1860 enrolled in the Italian army, or in the red shirts of Giuseppe Garibaldi
. Among others, Marco Cossovich, a former lieutenant of the "Guardia Nobile" for the protection of Venice, fought in Calatafimi and Palermo: one of the few that Garibaldi recalled by name in his book "I Mille". In the third Italian war of Independence, George Caravan from Tenin (near Zara), commanded the 5th Regiment of Grenadiers; after promotion, he became adjutant general of the King of Italy Umberto I.
With the battle of Lissa, part of Third Italian War of Independence, in 1866 began a period of open hostility against the Dalmatian Italians by the Austrians, who favored the Croatian part because on their side.

The historian Matteo Bartoli in his book "The language of the Italian Venezia Giulia and Dalmatia", wrote that:
The most renowned Dalmatian Italian in those years was Antonio Bajamonti, the last Italian mayor of Spalato. He spent his entire life and his own activity for this city, but his economic expenses were never reimbursed by the Austrians despite repeated promises. He was a moderate irredentist who was the propeller of important public works in his city, including the introduction of lighting gas, building the aqueduct and the hospital, creating technical schools, and doing the foundation of the Dalmatian Bank. For his initiative Split was also given a square surrounded by galleries. His most famous work was the construction of the big fountain that was named later after him. Three months later after the second opening of the fountain, Antonio Bajamonti died (the fountain was destroyed in 1947 by Yugoslav authorities who considered it as a symbol of fascism and Italian domination of the city)
. He created the Società Politica Dalmata in 1886 in order to defend the Italian characteristics of Spalato but died at age 69 in 1891 with debt up to his neck.
Another famous Dalmatian irredentist was Arturo Colautti. He was a writer and journalist who -from his native Zara- relocated to Spalato in 1876, where he founded the magazine of culture and literature, Rivista Dalmatica. The magazine did not last long, because strongly pro-Italian and related to Antonio Bajamonti. In the same year, he was asked to direct L'Avvenire and, from 1876 al 1880, he developed it as an irredentist newspaper. Following the publication of an anti-Austrian article on his newspaper, in September 1880, Colautti was attacked by a group of Croatian soldiers who rendered him impaired for a few months. Shortly after, also because of the threat of a lawsuit for crimes against the stringent Austrian press laws and for his support of Italian irredentism, Colautti chose the path of exile and took refuge in the Kingdom of Italy (where he strongly supported the intervention of Italy in World War I).
In 1885 a group of young Dalmatian Italians created a sort of secret pact that pledged to fight on a united front against the government of Vienna. They chose to use all legal means available. They were: John Marino Bonda Avoscan (from Ragusa), Stefano Smerchinich (from Curzola) and Ercolano Salvi Pezzoli Leonardo (from Premuda), John Lubin (from Trau), Emanuele Fenzi and Louise Pini (from Sebenico), Christmas Krekich, Luigi and Roberto Ziliotto Ghiglianovich (from Zara), all representatives of the Italian irredentistm with the most sincere patriotism. The same (precisely Ghiglianovich, Krekich, Lubin, Pini, Salvi, Ziliotto, Smerchinich) in 1919, during the crisis in the city of Fiume (Rijeka), wrote the articles "Application of the Dalmatians" and "Cry of Sebenico" published on 2 October by the national newspaper "The national responsibility" (according to one of the few Italian newspapers promoting the union of Dalmatia to Italy).
In the late nineteenth century were created in Dalmatia some Italian cultural associations, as the irredentist "Philological circle" in Ragusa and the "National Union Committee," the "Diadora" and "Iuventus Iadertina" in Zara. Also active in these years was the "National Association" in Spalato, based on the Bajamonti theater, which was set on fire (officially by unknown people) in 1893. In Spalato, the city of Emperor Diocletian, in the year 1910 there were 1,046 Italians officially counted when in the same year more than 3,000 were enrolled in the cultural and patriotic public association "Dante Alighieri." In Zara a group, under the leadership of irredentists Desanti and Boxich (dissatisfied followers of the "Dalmatian Autonomist Party" of Luigi Ziliotto), founded the newspaper Il Risorgimento in 1908, promoting openly the unification to Italy of Dalmatia, but was closed in 1914.
About 3,500 Italians in Dalmatia during World War I took refuge as exiles in Italy. They were led by Antonio Cippico, Alessandro, and Roberto Dudan Ghiglianovich: more than 250 volunteers enrolled in the Italian army and risked the gallows, as when the Austrians killed Francesco Rismondo (executed in Gorizia in 1915 and active member of the irredentist organization "Pro Patria" in Spalato). To Francesco Rismondo the Kingdom of Italy awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor.

The number of volunteers from the remote ports of Montenegro (as Cattaro, Castelnuovo di Cattaro, and Perasto) appears very high in proportion to the total number of enrolled in the Italian Army. In fact, these volunteers in Spalato, Cattaro, Ragusa, Perasto, Castelnuovo di Cattaro, Trau, and Macarsca (not less than 90 in total, almost half of all volunteers in Dalmatia) fought in Italy despite the "Treaty of London", which categorically excluded the possible "Redemption" and annexation to Italy of their cities.

Dalmatia "Redenta"
Dalmatia "Redenta"

Dalmatian Italians obtained their "Redenzione" (meaning redemption or union to Italy) in the years following the Italian victory in World War I. In the peace treaty, the territory of Zara and some Dalmatian islands (Cherso, Lussino and Lagosta) was united to the Kingdom of Italy. But the full agreements reached in 1915 in the Treaty of London were not respected by the Allies, because of the opposition from US president Woodrow Wilson. This created huge resentment, that was pinpointed in the phrase "Vittoria mutilata" (mutilated victory) created by the nationalist D'Annunzio.
As a direct consequence in 1920 Gabriele D'Annunzio made his famous Occupation of Fiume. The so-called "Poeta imaginífico" did a dramatic attack with paramilitaries and a group of "Legionnaires" from the Italian city of Monfalcone and occupied the city of Fiume, which the Allied powers had assigned to Italy as the winner of the war. With this gesture D'Annunzio reached the pinnacle of the process of building their own personal and political myth. D'Annunzio personally entered Fiume with a column of Dalmatian Italian volunteers (mostly irredentist).

On 12 November 1920 was signed the Treaty of Rapallo: Fiume became a free city (Free State of Fiume), while Zara was given to Italy. But D'Annunzio did not accept the agreement and the Italian Government, on 26 December 1920, evicted from Fiume the Legionaries by force. Fiume and the more northern islands of Dalmatia were incorporated in 1924 to the Kingdom of Italy, thanks to the large contribution of the Italian irredentists in town.
Even in Trau the irredentists attempted to repeat what D'Annunzio did in Fiume: the local Count Farfogna in September 1919 occupied Trau with some Italian troops, but the Us intervention blocked him. Other problems arose in Spalato in 1920, in the so-called Incidents of Spalato.

The irredentist aspiration of the Dalmatian Italians was fully met when Yugoslavia in April 1941 was conquered and occupied by Italy and Germany. At the end of that month almost all of the Dalmatian coast, with the major cities of Spalato, Sebenico, and Cattaro was annexed to Italy with the name Governatorate of Dalmatia. The coastal area between Fiume and Segna was not incorporated in the Governorate and went to the fascist Croatia of Ante Pavelić (although it was controlled militarily by the Italian army). Even the area around Ragusa was theoretically Croatian, but the Italians ruled everything in the city, opening even Italian schools.
The Governorate was divided between the three provinces of Zara, Spalato, and Cattaro. Many families of Dalmatian Italians were forced to move to Italy after World War in these provinces (mainly in order to administer it).

Though Italy had initially larger territorial aims that extended from the Velebit mountains to the Albanian Alps, Mussolini decided against annexing further territories due to a number of factors. One was that Dalmatian irredentists like Antonio Tacconi complained that a larger annexation would have included hundreds of thousands of Slavs, who were partially hostile to Italy within the enlarged national borders.

But this "Redemption" (as was called by the Dalmatian Italians) lasted only a few years: with the defeat of Italy in World War II the Italians of Istria and Dalmatia were expelled 'en masse' during the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus (while Zara was fully destroyed by Allies bombings promoted by Tito and later nicknamed the "Italian Dresden" by Enzo Bettiza).

References
References

Bibliography
 Dalbello M.C.; Razza antonello. Per una storia delle comunità italiane della Dalmazia. Fondazione Culturale Maria ed Eugenio Dario Rustia Traine. Trieste, 2004.
 Norwich, John Julius. A History of Venice. Vintage Books. New York, 1989.

Related pages
 Italian irredentism in Istria
 Dalmatian Italians
 Incidents of Spalato.

History of Italy
Dalmatia
Roman expeditions to Lake Chad and western Africa were a group of military and commercial expeditions conducted by the Roman Empire across the Sahara Desert, into the interior of Africa and along its coasts. They were made by the Roman Empire between the first and the fourth century. One of the main reasons of the explorations, according to academics like Jonathan Roth, was to procure gold and spices

Characteristics

The Romans organized expeditions to cross the Sahara desert with five different routes:
 through the western Sahara, toward the Niger river and Timbuktu.
 through the Tibesti mountains, toward Lake Chad and what is modern day Nigeria
 through the Nile river, toward modern day Uganda.
 though the western coast of Africa, toward the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde islands.
 through the Red Sea, toward the Somalia region and potentially Tanzania.
All these expeditions were supported by legionaries and we're mainly for commercial purposes. Only the expedition conducted during emperor Nero's reign is seen as a preparative for the subsequent conquest of Ethiopia or Nubia. In 62 CE, two legionaries explored the sources of the Nile river.

The primary reason for these explorations was to obtain gold and used the camels to transport it.

The explorations near the African western and eastern coasts were supported by ships and deeply related to the naval commerce (mainly toward the Indian Ocean).

History

The first Roman expedition was done by Lucius Cornelius Balbus, following Augustus' wish to expand his Empire. In 19 BCE, he conquered the Garamantes (who lived in the Fezzan of Libya) and sent an expedition under Septimus Flaccus south across the Tibesti mountains, reaching the River Niger.
Gaius Suetonius Paulinus conducted another expedition in the Western Sahara and Mauretania in 41 CE. He reached the northern area of the Senegal river and potentially the western Niger river's affluents.

In 41 CE, Suetonius Paullinus led the first Roman military force across the Atlas Mountains. At the end of a ten day march, he reached the summit. From there, the force crossed the desert, the Gerj River, and then moved into the country of the Canarii and Perorsi, not far distant from the Pharusii and the river Daras (modern river Senegal). Evidence (coins, fibulas) dated to the First Century indicates Roman commerce and contacts in Akjoujt and Tamkartkart, near Tichit in modern day Mauritania.

The third was conducted by Julius Maternus, a Roman explorer who reached the Lake Chad area during a four-month long expedition.
The eastern Sahara expedition was promoted by the emperor Nero, to discover the sources of the Nile River. Seneca wrote that around 62 CE, Nero sent legionaries to the city of Meroe in Nubia in order to explore all the Nile southward from that capital. Another expedition was recorded by Plinius the Elder in 68 CE. This expedition resulted in the first Europeans to reach the interior of equatorial Africa. It probably lasted several months, bypassed the Sudanese swamps and possibly reached the northern portion of present-day Uganda.

The western coast of Africa was explored after the conquest of northern Morocco (then called Mauretania Tingitana). The Roman vassal king, Juba II, organized successful trade from the area of Volubilis. Pliny the Elder, drawing upon the accounts of Juba II, stated that a Roman expedition from Mauritania visited the Canaries and Madeira around 10 CE and found great ruins and only dogs (from those animals he called the islands, using the latin word "canarius" or "canis" for dog).
Maritime commerce
In 1 BCE, Augustus decided that the circumnavigation of Africa should be attempted. Two naval outposts were established on the Atlantic coast of Africa. One was located at Sala, near present Rabat, and the second was at Mogador in southern Maroc (north of Agadir). The island of Mogador prospered for the local exploitation of purple (highly esteemed in imperial Rome) until the during the reign of Septimius Severus. Based upon the discovery of a sunken merchant ship from southern Spain in the Djibuti area, Augustus also wanted to organize an expedition from Egypt to Mogador and Sala.
The eastern coast of Africa, south of Egypt, was at the center of a huge sea commerce between Rome and India through the Somali coast. Works, such as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Ptolomey's Geography, list a string of market places along this coast. Finds of Roman-era coins along the coast confirm the existence of this trade that extended to the area of modern day even Tanzania. Geography references the town of Rhapta as metropolis of a political entity called Azania. Archaeologists have not yet succeeded in identifying the location of Rhapta, though many believe it lies deeply buried in the silt of the delta of the Rufiji River.

Felix Chami has found archaeological evidence for extensive Roman trade on Mafija island near the Kenyan coast and on the African mainland, near the mouth of the Rufiji River and the northern Mozambique coast, which he dated to the first few centuries CE.
Roman coins have been found in the area of modern day Zimbabwe and Madagascar, suggesting that Roman vessels sailed south of Azania toward the area of the gold mines of the Zambesi river and the legendary Greater Zimbabwe kingdom.

References
References

Bibliography
 
 
 Mattern, Susan. Rome and the enemy: imperial strategy in the principate. University of California Press. San Francisco, 2002 
 Miller, J. Innes. The Cinnamon Route in the Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. University Press. Oxford, 1996 
 Milne, Joseph. A history of Egypt under Roman rule. Publisher Methuen. London, 1898
 
 
 Roth, Jonathan. The Roman Army in Tripolitana and Gold Trade with Sub-Saharan Africa. APA Annual Convention. New Orleans, 2002
 
 Sirago, Vito. Breve excursus sull'Arabia da Augusto a Maometto. Rivista storica del Sannio. Arte tipografica. Benevento, 2006
 The Cambridge history of the British Empire, Volume 7, Part 1
 Walker, Eric Anderson. The Cambridge History of the British Empire. Volume 7. Part 1. CUP archive. London, 1963.
History of Africa
Roman Empire
"The Little Match Girl" is a story by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published in December 1845. Andersen got the idea to write the story after seeing a print by Johan Thomas Lundbye of a little girl selling matches. The story has been adapted to various media including an animated movie.

Story 
A little match girl in poverty lights all the matches she carries to keep herself warm on a cold New Year's Eve. Afraid of beating by her father when she could not sell any match, she could not return home. In the glow of the firelight, she sees wonderful visions of a Christmas tree and a festive dinner. In the sky, she sees a shooting star, which her late grandmother had told means someone is on their way to Heaven. The last vision is her dead grandmother, the only person to ever show her any love. The little match girl dies in the cold, and ascends into Heaven with her grandmother.

Related pages
Near death experience
Child labour

Other websites
Other websites

"The Little Match Girl" Jean Hersholt's English translation
Den Lille Pige med Svovlstikkerne  Original Danish text
Surlalune : The Annotated Little Match Girl
"The Little Matchgirl" Creative Commons audiobook

Fairy tales

Works by Hans Christian Andersen
"The Steadfast Tin Soldier" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. The story was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C.A. Reitzel on 2 October 1838 in the first booklet of Fairy Tales Told for Children. The booklet includes Andersen's "The Daisy" and "The Wild Swans". The story was Andersen’s first story not based upon a folk tale or a literary model.  "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" has been adapted to various media including ballet and animated movie. 

The story tells of a tin soldier who loves a paper ballerina. He falls from the window in the toy room. After many adventures, he is returned to the toy room. A little boy throws the tin soldier in the fire. A breeze blows the paper ballerina into the fire. The two toys are destroyed together.
Joan G. Haahr writes in The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales: "The story is unusual among Andersen's early tales, both in its emphasis on sensual desire and in its ambiguities. Blind fate, not intention, determines all events. Moreover, the narrative questions the very decorum it praises. The tin soldier's passive acceptance of whatever happens to him, while exemplifying pietistic ideals of self-denial, also contributes to his doom. Were he to speak and act, the soldier might gain both life and love. Restrained, however, by inhibition and convention, he finds only tragedy and death. The tale is often read autobiographically, with the soldier viewed as symbolizing Andersen's feelings of inadequacy with women, his passive acceptance of bourgeois class attitudes, or his sense of alienation as an artist and an outsider, from full participation in everyday life."

Notes

References

Other websites
Other websites

"Den Standhaftige Tinsoldat" . Original Danish text
"Den Standhaftige Tinsoldat". Original Danish text (Royal Library)
“The Steadfast Tin Solder“. English translation by Jean Hersholt

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
Haley Bennett (born January 7, 1988) is an American singer and actress. Her movies include The Haunting of Molly Hartley and Music and Lyrics By. She was born in Fort Myers, Florida. Bennett also acted in other movies.

References

Other websites
Official website

American movie actors
1988 births
Living people
Actors from Florida
Jessica Charlotte Poland (born January 15, 1988), also known by her stage names JPOLND, Charlotte Sometimes, and Laces, is an American singer-songwriter. She is from New York State. She grew up around New Jersey.

Poland has had four EPs and a full-length studio album.

References

Singers from New York (state)
1988 births
Living people
Turpan, also referred to Turfan or Tulufan in Chinese, is an oasis county-level city in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.

Background
Historically, Turpan is an important ancient stop on the Silk Road in China. Turpan means 'the lowest place' in Uygur and 'the fertile land' in Turki. Now the city is a tourist spot with unique landscape, abundant historical relics and fertile farmland.

Other websites
Photos of Turpan Attractions

Geography of Xinjiang
Cities in China
Ürümqi is the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (East Turkestan) in northwest China. It is at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains.

Background
With a population of two million people, this prairie city is a major hub on the ancient Silk Road , leading to Central Asia and even as far as Europe. It developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing Dynasty.

Ürümqi, whose name means "beautiful pasture" in the Mongolian language of the Dzungar people, is the largest city in China's western interior. Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and is now a regional transport node, cultural, and commercial centre.

Other websites
Images & Photos of Urumqi Sights

Geography of Xinjiang
Cities in China
Capital cities in Asia
Visual poetry is poetry in which the typographical arrangement of words and images is important in conveying the intended effect. It was influenced by Fluxus, the international artistic movement of the 1960s, well known for blending different disciplines and artistic media.

References 
Willard Bohn: The Aesthetics of Visual Poetry, 1914-1928.  University Of Chicago Press, 1993. 
Dick Higgins: Synesthesia and Intersenses: Intermedia. 1965, Originally published in Something Else Newsletter 1, No. 1 (Something Else Press, 1966). 
Litsa Spathi: Rail Track. 2008, Originally published by Fluxus Heidelberg Center, 2008
Crag Hill and Nico Vassilakis (editors): The Last Vispo Anthology: Visual Poetry 1998-2008.  Fantagraphics, 2012.

Other websites
Visual Poetry in the Avant Writing Collection at The Ohio State University Libraries 
e-motive: Visual Poetry in the Digital Age 
From Concrete to Visual Poetry by Klaus Peter Dencker
 Example of Visual poetry found on Youtube.com today

Poetry
Art
Billy the Kid is the story of a boy who has a dream to become a professional footballer. The book was published in 2000 and was written by Michael Morpurgo. It is illustrated by Michael Foreman.

The story 
Most of the book is set during World War II. Throughout the story, Billy, the main character, has to cope with a lot of sadness and loss. Whilst playing football in the local park, he is scouted by the club of his dreams: Chelsea FC. But his mood quickly changes when his brother dies in the war. This persuades Billy to join the army.

Inspiration for the book 
The idea for the book came about when Michael Foreman took Michael Morpurgo to a Chelsea game and pointed out the Chelsea pensioners, who get free tickets for every game. Morpurgo was fascinated to learn that one pensioner chose to pay for his ticket still so he could sit with the same fans he did during his childhood.

2000 books
MIMAROPA, also known as Southern Tagalog Islands, is a region of the Philippines. It was also called Region IV-B. The provinces of the region are Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and  Palawan. The capital is Calapan.

Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park and El Nido Marine Reserve Park are in the region.

History 
The MIMAROPA region was created by Executive Order No. 103 in 2002.

References 

Regions of the Philippines
Palawan () is a province of the Philippines.  It is in the western MIMAROPA region.

List of municipalities
The province includes many local governments.

Mainland municipalities

Aborlan
Bataraza
Brooke's Point
Dumaran
El Nido (Bacuit)
Narra
Quezon
Rizal (Marcos)
Roxas
San Vicente
Sofronio Española
Taytay

Island municipalities

Agutaya
Araceli
Balabac
Busuanga
Cagayancillo
Coron
Culion
Cuyo
Kalayaan (Spratly Islands)
Linapacan
Magsaysay

References

Other websites

  Palawan Province website

Provinces of the Philippines
Asia-related lists
Kalayaan is a Philippine municipality in the province of Palawan.  It is in the eastern part of the South China Sea.

History
In 1978, the Presidential Decree No. 1596 established the municipality as part of Palawan.

Control of the seas around Kalayaan is disputed.  The 2010 Philippine census identifies a population of 200+ people.

Geography
Kalayaan is in the eastern part of the South China Sea.  The Phillipines claims that these mostly uninhabited off-shore islands are in an area which is distinct from the Spratly Islands.

Kalayaan has a land area of approximately 85 hectares.

Related pages
Spratly Islands

References

Other websites
 ""Kalayaan Islands group," Atlas of Philippine Coral Reefs

Settlements in the Philippines
1978 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in the Philippines