Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Toshimi Kikuchi is also a former footballer.

Biography
Kikuchi was born in Tono on April 12, 1967. After graduating from Tono High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yomiuri (later Verdy Kawasaki, Tokyo Verdy) in 1986. The club won league champions 3 times, JSL Cup 1 time and Emperor's Cup 2 times. In Asia, the club also won 1987 Asian Club Championship. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and founded new league J1 League. The club won the league champions in 1993 and 1994. The club also won 1992, 1993, 1994 J.League Cup and 1996 Emperor's Cup. He was a central player in golden era in the clubs history. In 1999, he lost opportunity to play behind Kenji Honnami. In 2000, Kikuchi moved to Kawasaki Frontale on loan. In 2001, he returned to Tokyo Verdy and retired with his rival Honnami end of the 2001 season.
On September 27, 1994, Kikuchi debuted for the Japan national team against Australia. In October, he played all matches at 1994 Asian Games. He was also selected Japan for 1995 King Fahd Cup. But he did not play in the match, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Shigetatsu Matsunaga. He played 7 games for Japan until 1995.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="6"|Yomiuri||rowspan="6"|JSL Division 1||22||0||5||0||0||0||27||0
|-
|1987/88||10||0||4||0||1||0||15||0
|-
|1988/89||9||0||3||0||1||0||13||0
|-
|1989/90||8||0||0||0||1||0||9||0
|-
|1990/91||22||0||2||0||2||0||26||0
|-
|1991/92||6||0||0||0||5||0||11||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="8"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="8"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||5||0||9||0||14||0
|-
|1993||28||0||3||0||8||0||39||0
|-
|1994||39||0||2||0||2||0||43||0
|-
|1995||36||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||39||0
|-
|1996||30||0||5||0||15||0||50||0
|-
|1997||11||0||2||0||6||0||19||0
|-
|1998||33||0||2||0||4||0||39||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2000||Kawasaki Frontale||J1 League||6||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|2001||Tokyo Verdy||J1 League||16||0||3||0||2||0||21||0
276||0||39||0||58||0||373||0
276||0||39||0||58||0||373||0
|}

|-
|1994||5||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

References

Other websites
Other websites

1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Iwate Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Japan Soccer League players
Tokyo Verdy players
Kawasaki Frontale players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
Blanquette de Limoux is the name given to a number of sparkling wines from the Languedoc, in France.

Sparkling Wine 
Blanquette de Limoux is probably the oldest known sparkling wine in France. 

According to a text at a local abbey, Livy praised the wines from Limoux, which were not sparkling wines at the time..

Benedictine Monks 
Benedictine monks of the abbey of Saint Hilaire found out how to make sparkling wine from white wine.

Dom Pérignon 
Dom Pérignon brought back the method of making sparkling wines to his abbey in Champagne, at the end of the 16th century. 

He started to experiment with it in the vineyards of the abbey.

References

French wines
This is a list of clubs who have played in the English Premier League at any time since 1992 to the current season. English Premier League teams playing in the 2021-22 Premier League season are in bold. Founding members of the Premier League are shown in italics. A total of 50 teams have played in the Premier League (Bournemouth, Brighton, Brentford and Huddersfield are missing from the table for no particular reason ).

Notes

References 

club
Deborah Ann "Debby" Ryan (born May 13, 1993, in Huntsville, Alabama) is an American actress, singer, and songwriter. She is best known for her role in The Suite Life on Deck.

Career 
Debby Ryan is known as Bailey Pickett on The Suite Life on Deck. She has an older brother Chris Ryan who has an alternative rock band. She loves to hang with friends and says, she could not be happier. She is a singer, her main music genres are alternative rock, country music. She was set to perform on a tour in the summer of 2009, but was cancelled due to schedule conflicts. She is set to star as Kimberly in What If. And is Abby Jenson on 16 Wishes.

Ryan is also known for her role in "Longshots". She is a singer, as shown above, and she was scheduled to release her new single, "Adios" on the Terrific Teen Tour, but the tour had been cancelled. She said it would be her "big break" in her singing career, and she has many fans out there who support her through everything.
She stars in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Radio Rebel" as Tara the Radio Rebel. This movie has only just aired in the UK but has aired in the US for a long time. She also stars in the Disney Channel show, Jessie. Ryan plays as a nanny named Jessie.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 
 
Debby Ryan at the Internet Movie Database

1993 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American child actors
Singers from Huntsville, Alabama
American guitarists
Disney actors
Disney singers
Writers from Huntsville, Alabama
Musicians from Huntsville, Alabama
Actors from Huntsville, Alabama
The Albert Goldfield is an area of 1300 square kilometres (500 square miles) where gold was discovered in the outback of New South Wales in 1880. Gold was found at Mount Browne, which is  south west of Tibooburra. There were other finds at Good Friday, Easter Monday, Nuggerty, Pioneer Reef and Warratta Creek.
This is a very hot and dry area of Australia. Because of the shortage of water, towns were started at Milparinka and Tibooburra where there was water available. Towns at Albert and Mount Browne did not last for long because of the lack of water. By 1881 there were more than 2000 people living on the gold diggings or in the towns. Geologist William Henry John Slee was appointed resident Goldfield Warden.  The miners had to either take their dirt to one of the towns to use water to pan for the gold, or use a method called dry blowing. Dry blowing means breaking the dirt into fine particles and letting the wind blow away the dirt leaving the heavier gold behind. Life on the goldfields was hard, water was scarce, fresh fruit and vegetables were not available, and basics like flour were very expensive. Disease, including dysentery and typhoid were common.

By 1893 the gold rush had ended and most people had left the goldfields.

References

Other websites
 Mount Browne
Geography of New South Wales
19th century in Australia
Edward Bawden, , RA (10 March 1903 – 21 November 1989) was a British painter and an artist who drew pictures and graphics. He was also famous for his prints, book covers, posters, and metal garden furniture. During an interview, Edward Gorey said that Bawden was one of his trusted artists, making the fact interesting that not many people knew or know about this fine artist well.

1903 births
1989 deaths
The Cross-City Line is a suburban railway line in the West Midlands region of England. It runs from Redditch, Worcestershire, its southern terminus, to Lichfield, Staffordshire, its northern terminus. It goes through Birmingham New Street. It services on the line are currently operated by London Midland.

Railway lines of England
West Midlands (region)
A book cover is any protective covering used to bind together the pages of a book. The covering may be of paper, or hard paper boards, or even plastic. The boards may be covered with paper, cloth or leather. They may be laminated, with a plastic layer onto paper.

There is a distinction between hardbacks and softbacks, which are usually sold at different prices. Hardbacks may be covered with a dust jacket designed to attract readers. Softbacks are almost always designed to attract sales in bookshop displays.

The evolution of printing methods has made the production of books very much cheaper than was the case with early printed works. As a result, books are bought and read in great numbers. They compete against each other in the marketplace. The function of book design is partly to help the reader, but even more to persuade the reader to buy the book.

References 

Books
A lawn mower (or lawnmower) is a machine that uses blades to cut a lawn. There are different types of lawn mowers. The smallest are pushed by a human, they are good for small lawns and gardens. Ride-on mowers are good for larger lawns. The largest are pulled behind a tractor, they are made for grass at places like golf courses and parks. Always wear safety equipment while working with these machines.

A lawn mower functions  by spinning either a thin blade or a small piece of cable, to cause lacerations on the stems of grass & other plants. Severing the plant and reducing the height of the plant to a more pleasing appearance. 

There are several types of lawn mowers available in the market. Some of the most common types are Push mowers, Self-propelled mowers, Riding mowers, Robotic mowers, Tractor mounted mowers, and Hover mowers.

References 

Cutting tools
Gardening tools
Agricultural machinery
Home appliances
A golf course is where the game of golf is usually played. It is made up of a series of 'holes', each consisting of certain key areas. A teeing ground is used to start playing the hole. A Fairway is the area between the tee and the green, where the grass is kept short for ball play. The green (or putting green) is a closely mowed area of grass surrounding the hole. It has a flagstick so the golfer can see the hole at longer distances. The hole itself has a diameter of 4¼ inches (108mm). Other areas of a golf course are called hazards. These include sand hazards and water hazards. Hazards are designed to make the game more challenging.

A standard round of golf consists of playing eighteen holes. Many golf courses are designed with eighteen holes.  Some, however, only have nine holes, and the course is played twice per round.

References 

Golf
Tom Eckersley (30 September 1914, Lancashire – 4 August 1997) was an English poster artist and teacher of design.

Other websites
Online exhibit from Eckersley's archival collection 
Brief biography with design examples
Visual database of Eckerlsey work commissioned by Transport for London 
'Take your gas mask everywhere' poster image 

1914 births
1997 deaths
English artists
People from Lancashire
A leaf blower is a gardening tool uses air to move yard debris like leaves. Some leaf blowers can also suck leaves through a vacuum, and shred (break into small pieces) them into a bag.

Gardening tools
Home appliances
A hose is a tube made to take fluids  or gasses from one place to another. Hoses are also called tube or pipes. The shape of a hose is usually cylindrical.

Gardening tools
A watering can is a container that is used to water plants by hand.

containers
Gardening tools
Sprinkler irrigation is a way of artificially watering plants. A sprinkler irrigation system is a pressurized system, which means it needs water under pressure to work. There are many different types of irrigation sprinklers. Some are used in home gardens, and some are used on farms.

Permanent systems
A permanent sprinker system is made of a pump to take water and create pressure, and a network of pipes leading to the sprinkler heads. Usually the sprinkler head is on a small pipe that comes out of the ground.

References

Gardening tools
Doctor could refer to:

Doctor (title), someone who has a doctorate. This can include: Medical doctor. In some American states people with a doctorate are not allowed to call themselves doctors because it confuses people.
Doctor (Doctor Who), a fictional character in the TV show Doctor Who
Doctor (Star Trek), a fictional character in the TV show Star Trek: Voyager
"The Doctor", nickname of basketball player Julius Erving

Titles
The Skagit River is a river in Canada and the United States. It flows about  from British Columbia to the state of Washington, where it flows into the Pacific Ocean north of Seattle. The river begins by flowing south. It then enters North Cascades National Park, where it is dammed by Ross Dam, which forms Ross Lake, a reservoir.

Geography 
The river then leaves the lake and flows into Diablo Lake, also a reservoir. It then keeps flowing southwest through a deep river canyon, known as the Skagit Gorge. It then meets its largest tributary, the Sauk River, and then turns west. The Sauk is about 45 miles long, flowing northwest.
After turing west, the Skagit parallels the North Cascades Highway, leaving the national park. It meets another tributary, the Baker River, from the north. The Baker flows south about 30 miles and is dammed twice, in Baker Lake and Lake Shannon. The river then flows out to the sea near Mount Vernon, Washington. The total extent of the basin is 1,505 square miles (3,900 square kilometers).

References 

Rivers of Washington (state)
North Cascades National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of Washington. It was established on 2 October 1968. The park covers 634,000 acres of the Cascade Range (specifically the North Cascades).

Geography
The Park is split in half by the Skagit River, which flows south then southwest through the park. Another primary watercourse of the park is the Baker River which flows into the Skagit and the Stehekin River (which flows into Lake Chelan in the southeast).

North Cascades National Park features the rugged mountain peaks of the North Cascades Range. This is the most expansive glacial system in the mainland United States. The Park also has the headwaters of numerous waterways, and vast forests with the highest degree of flora biodiversity of any US national park.

History
The region was first settled by Paleo-Indian Native Americans. By the time white explorers arrived it was inhabited by Skagit tribes.
National parks in the United States
Geography of Washington (state)
1968 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Washington (state)
The Green River is a river in the states of Wyoming and Utah, in the United States. It is the largest tributary of the Colorado River, at about 730 miles (1,175 km) long. Its headwaters are in the west part of Wyoming, in a subrange of the Rocky Mountains known as the Wind River Range. From there, it flows south, then turns east for a short while, then flows south, west, and south into the Reservoir, formed by Fontenelle Dam, and Flaming Gorge Reservoir, which is formed by the Flaming Gorge Dam. 

After it exits the dam, it flows east around the Uinta Mountains, and enters the desert-like Colorado Plateau. Here, it flows in a series of deep and spectacular canyons. It meets both of its largest tributaries, the White River and the Yampa River, from the east. In Canyonlands National Monument, it meets the Colorado. Shortly after the two rivers meet, they flow into Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam.

Related pages 
Green River Formation

Rivers of Utah
Mono Lake is a saline lake on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, in the U.S. state of California. It is endorheic, meaning that it does not connect with the sea. It is fed by streams flowing off the east side of the mountain range, including Rush Creek, Lee Vining Creek and Mill Creek. Lee Vining Creek has its headwaters near Tioga Pass, near Yosemite National Park. 

The lake covers 69 square miles (180 square kilometers) and is about  long. It is a very ancient lake, and is thought to have formed 760,000 years ago. In the 20th century, the city of Los Angeles began to take water from the streams feeding Mono Lake. This caused the lake to fall, exposing unique tufa formations.

Lakes of the United States
Bodies of water of California
Mono County, California
Thelyphonida is an order of arachnids commonly known as vinegarroons.

They give out a vinegar-like mist (containing mostly acetic acid). The Vinegarroon is not venomous and is not a true scorpion. It is related to spiders, true scorpions, and ticks. They are also known as whip scorpions because they look like true scorpions and because of their whip like tails.

Arachnids
Mount Shasta is a dormant volcano in northern California in the United States.

The volcano is part of the Cascade Range. It has a smaller peak abutting it, Shastina, and seven glaciers. The mountain stands alone in a large expanse of flatter land, rising 9,822 feet above the surrounding terrain. The Sacramento River flows south near the west edge of the mountain. The town of Mount Shasta and Shasta Lake Reservoir, formed by Shasta Dam, are all named for Mount Shasta. This stratovolcano is expected to erupt again someday.

References

Volcanoes of the United States
Mountains of California
Siskiyou County, California
This is a list of rivers in the U.S. state of Washington.

By drainage basin
This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name.

Fraser River (British Columbia)
Sumas River
Chilliwack River
Silesia Creek
Depot Creek
Little Chilliwack River

Strait of Georgia
Nooksack River
Wells Creek
South Fork Nooksack River
Middle Fork Nooksack River
Samish River

Puget Sound
Skagit River
Baker River
Thunder Creek
Swift Creek
Shannon Creek
Sulphide Creek
Crystal Creek
Blum Creek

Sauk River
Suiattle River
Sloan Creek
Cadet Creek
Clear Creek
White Chuck River
Cascade River
Stillaguamish River
Boulder River
Snohomish River
Pilchuck River
Skykomish River
Sultan River
Chaplain Creek
South Fork Sultan River
Wallace River
Miller River
Foss River
Beckler River
Rapid River
Snoqualmie River
Tolt River
Raging River
South Fork Snoqualmie River
North Fork Snoqualmie River
Middle Fork Snoqualmie River
Pratt River
Taylor River
Boeing Creek
Pipers Creek
Lake Washington Ship Canal/Lake Washington
Taylor Creek
Thornton Creek
Sammamish River
Kelsey Creek
Coal Creek
Cedar River
Rex River
Juanita Creek
Duwamish River
Black River (historical)
Cedar River (historical)
Green River
White River (historical)
Clearwater River
Greenwater River
Fauntleroy Creek
Puyallup River
Stuck River
White River
Clearwater River
Greenwater River
Carbon River
Mowich River
Chambers Creek
Clover Creek
Nisqually River
Van Trump Creek
Paradise River
Mashel River
Little Mashel River
Deschutes River
Union River
Tahuya River
Dewatto River
Skokomish River
Hamma Hamma River
Duckabush River
Dosewallips River
Big Quilcene River
Big Quilcene River
Little Quilcene River
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Dungeness River
Gray Wolf River
Elwha River
Little River
Lillian River
Lost River
Haynes River
Lyre River
East Twin River
West Twin River
Pysht River
Clallam River
Hoko River
Sekiu River
Sail River

Pacific Coast
Waatch River
Sooes River
Ozette River
Big River
Quillayute River
Dickey River
Bogachiel River
Calawah River
Sitkum River
Sol Duc River
Hoh River
Queets River
Clearwater River
Snahapish River
Solleks River
Salmon River
Sams River
Raft River
Quinault River
Moclips River
Copalis River

Grays Harbor
Humptulips River
Hoquiam River
Chehalis River
Wishkah River
Wynoochee River
Satsop River
Canyon River
Black River
Skookumchuck River
Newaukum River
Johns River
Elk River

Willapa Bay
Cedar River
North River
Fall River
Willapa River
Bone River
Niawiakum River
Palix River
Canon River
North Nemah River
Middle Nemah River
South Nemah River
Naselle River
Bear River

Columbia River
Columbia River

Chinook River
Deep River
Grays River
Elochoman River
Cowlitz River
Coweeman River
Toutle River
North Fork Toutle River
Green River
Tilton River
Cispus River
Walupt Creek
Ohanapecosh River
Kalama River
Lewis River
Muddy River
Lake River
Washougal River
Lacamas Creek
Wind River
Little White Salmon River
White Salmon River
Klickitat River
Little Klickitat River
Walla Walla River
Touchet River
Snake River
Palouse River
Cow Creek
Union Flat Creek
Rock Creek
Tucannon River
Asotin Creek
Grande Ronde River
Yakima River
Toppenish Creek
Naches River
Tieton River
Bumping River
American River
Little Naches River
Teanaway River
Cle Elum River
Cooper River
Waptus River
Kachess River
Crab Creek
Wenatchee River
Chiwawa River
White River
Napeequa River
Little Wenatchee River
Entiat River
Mad River
Chelan River
Stehekin River
Methow River
Twisp River
Chewuch River
Lost River
Okanogan River
Similkameen River
Ashnola River
Nespelem River
Little Nespelem River
Sanpoil River
Spokane River
Little Spokane River
Hangman Creek
Colville River
Little Pend Oreille River
Kettle River
Pend Oreille River
Alphabetically
American River
Ashnola River
Baker River
Bear River
Big Quilcene River
Black River (historical)
Black River
Boeing Creek
Bogachiel River
Bone River
Bumping River
Calawah River
Canyon River
Carbon River
Cedar River (Lake Washington)
Cedar River (Willapa Bay)
Chehalis River
Chelan River
Chewuch River
Chilliwack River
Chinook River
Chiwawa River
Cispus River
Clallam River
Cle Elum River
Clear Creek
Clearwater River (Queets River)
Clearwater River (White River)
Clover Creek
Coal Creek
Columbia River
Colville River
Cowlitz River
Crab Creek
Deep River
Depot Creek
Deschutes River
Dewatto River
Dickey River
Dosewallips River
Duckabush River
Dungeness River
Duwamish River
East Twin River
Elk River
Elwha River
Entiat River
Fauntleroy Creek
Foss River
Gray Wolf River
Grays River
Green River (Duwamish River tributary)
Green River (Toutle River tributary)
Greenwater River
Hamma Hamma River
Hoh River
Hoko River
Humptulips River
Indian Creek (Elwha River)
Juanita Creek
Kachess River
Kelsey Creek
Kelsey Creek
Kettle River
Klickitat River
Lacamas Creek
Lewis River
Little Chilliwack River
Little Pend Oreille River
Little Quilcene River
Little River
Little Spokane River
Little Wenatchee River
Little White Salmon
Mad River
Mashel River
Methow River
Middle Fork Snoqualmie River
Miller River
Muddy River
Naches River
Naselle River
Newaukum River
Niawiakum River
Nisqually River
Nooksack River
North Fork Snoqualmie River
North River
Okanogan River
Palouse River
Paradise River
Pend Oreille River
Pilchuck River
Pratt River
Puyallup River
Queets River
Quillayute River
Quinault River
Raging River
Rex River
Sail River
Samish River
Sammamish River
Satsop River
Sauk River
Silesia Creek
Skagit River
Skokomish River
Skookumchuck River
Skykomish River
Sloan Creek
Snahapish River
Snake River
Snohomish River
Snoqualmie River
Sol Duc River
South Fork Snoqualmie River
South Fork Sultan River
Spokane River
Stehekin River
Stillaguamish River
Stuck River
Sultan River
Tahuya River
Taylor Creek
Teanaway River
Thornton Creek
Thornton Creek
Tieton River
Tilton River
Tolt River
Touchet River
Toutle River
Tucannon River
Twisp River
Union River
Van Trump Creek
Walla Walla River
Washougal River
Waatch River
Wells Creek
Wenatchee River
West Twin River
White River (Puyallup River tributary)
White River (Wenatchee Lake tributary)
White Salmon River
Willapa River
Wishkah River
Wynoochee River
Yakima River
References
USGS Geographic Names Information Service
USGS Hydrologic Unit Map - State of Washington (1974)

Washington
Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi (, 18 October 1130 – 23 April 1200) was a Confucian scholar during the Song Dynasty. Zhu Xi was one of the three most important Confucian philosophers. He organized the classic works of Confucianism and contributed to the philosophy of Neo-Confucianism.He was from Fujian province in China.

Life 
Zhu Xi was born Wu Yuan, North East Jiangxi province. His father died when he was at the age of thirteen. He continued his studies until he passed the test for a government job. He taught for many years in the Wuyi Mountains and he is also remembered for the time he spent teaching at the Yuelu Academy in Changsha and at his retreat near the White Deer Grotto in Lushan. In his life his ideas were not generally accepted and he was fired from quite a lot of official positions. After his death nearly 1000 people were at his funeral and his tablet was put in a Confucian temple.
The Four Books 
During the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's teachings were considered to be unorthodox. Rather than focusing on the Book of Changes like other Neo-Confucians, he chose to emphasize the Four Books: the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Analects of Confucius, and the Mencius as the core curriculum (thing to learn) for aspiring scholar officials. For all these classics he wrote extensive commentaries (big reviews) that were not widely recognized in his time; however, they later became accepted as their standard commentaries. The Four Books served as the basis of civil service examinations all the way down to 1905.
Knowledge and action 
According to Zhu Xi, knowledge and action were indivisible components of truly intelligent activity. Although he did distinguish (tell apart) between the priority of knowing, since intelligent action requires forethought (thought before), and the importance of action, as it produces a discernible effect, Zhu Xi said "Knowledge and action always require each other. It is like a person who cannot walk without legs although he has eyes, and who cannot see without eyes although he has legs. With respect to order, knowledge comes first, and with respect to importance, action is more important."

References 
        

Chinese scholars
Chinese philosophers
1130 births
1200 deaths
The Plym Valley Railway is part of the closed South Devon and Tavistock Railway near Plymouth. It is a branch line of the Great Western Railway in Devon.

Heritage railways in England
The Swanage Railway is a six-mile (10 km) long heritage railway in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England.  The railway follows the route of the Purbeck branch line between Norden railway station, Corfe Castle railway station, Harman's Cross railway station, Herston Halt railway station and  Swanage. The line was  re−connected to the mainline at Wareham, Dorset along a stretch of the branch line. This had previously only remained open to freight traffic until 2005. Trains operate on the Swanage Railway between Swanage and Norden Park & Ride every weekend and Bank Holiday from mid-February to the end of the year. From April to October, they operate all seven days in the week; with Santa Special services in December. The link between the Swanage Railway and the main line at Wareham has been used used for materials deliveries, special excursions. The line has now reopened to its first through traffic from London with occasional special services.

References 

Heritage railways in England
The Mangapps Railway Museum (previously Mangapps Farm Railway Museum) is a heritage railway located near Burnham-on-Crouch in Essex. The  stretch of standard gauge track and museum are owned and operated by the Jolly family. They are assisted by a dedicated staff of volunteers.  It was never part of the national rail network. 

Heritage railways in England
The West Somerset Railway (WSR) is a heritage railway. It runs along the edge of the Quantock Hills in Somerset, England, between Bishops Lydeard and Watchet. The line then turns inland to Washford. It then returns to the coast for the run to Minehead. The Exmoor National Park is nearby.

Heritage railways in England
The Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company are a Welsh railway preservation society originally called the Butetown Historic Railway Society.

In 1979, the Butetown Historic Railway Society was formed at Bute Road Station in the docklands are of Cardiff. The aim was to restore the then derelict Taff Vale Railway station, and establish a steam hauled passenger service to Cardiff Queen Street station. By 1994, a short section of track existed, and the steam locomotive Sir Gomer hauled short passenger trains.

By 1997, the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was in charge of the redevelopment of Butetown, and dismissed the idea of a rejuvenated steam railway as part of their plans.

Even prior to 1997 the railway started negotiations with the Vale of Glamorgan Council and moved in during 1998 to its new base at Barry Island Railway. It renamed it self the Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company and were based there till early 2009 operating heritage services both steam and diesel over an expanding network of lines.
Following the December 2007 decision by landlords, the Vale of Glamorgan Council to terminate the £65,000 funding of the Barry Island Railway, the society maintain a service. However less than six months after withdrawing financial support, the council with out warning decided to put the railway site out to tender under a long term lease.  There were three bids submitted with the sucsefull bidder being the commercial company Cambrian Transport who have been the councils railway adviser and contractor since the Barry Railway Project started.

The other bidder NEWCO was submitted by Graham Lee owner of the LH Plant, Hunselt Engine Company, Statfold Barn Railway and Mike Thomson owner of Arrowvale who make black boxes for the rail industry.  NEWCO had spoken to the VGR in advance and agree a method of working together.  Had this bid been successfully the VGR would have continued operating at Barry.
The Railway has recently sold assets following the break down of talks with Cambrian Transport which an has been forced to leave Barry. It is now the intention for the railway to relocate to the Bridgend Valleys Railway, with some stock also going to the Dean Forest Railway and further a field.

The Railway is now working with the Bridgend Valleys Railway to develop the 4.5 miles of line in place north of Bridgend.

References

Rail transport in Wales
Organisations based in Wales
The Northampton & Lamport Railway is a standard gauge heritage railway in Northamptonshire, England. It is based at Pitsford and Brampton station, near the villages of Pitsford and Chapel Brampton. This is roughly  north of Northampton.

Heritage railways in England
The Epping Ongar Railway is a preserved railway. It runs along the last section of the old Great Eastern Railway and London Underground Central line branch line. The line runs between Epping and Ongar. There is also an intermediate stop at North Weald. The line was reopened in late 2004 after 10 years of being closed. It runs a Sunday and Bank Holiday service using a Class 117 diesel multiple unit. The service runs between Ongar and Coopersale. The service is provided by volunteers who take care for the line as well as run the trains. The land and infrastructure are owned by Epping Ongar Railway Ltd.

Early workings 

The branch line to Ongar was built in 1865 by the Eastern Counties/Great Eastern Railway. The eastern section of the line, between Epping and Ongar, was  single track. There was one passing loop at North Weald station. Around 14 trains went as far as Ongar station each day. The rest finished at Epping or Loughton.
In the 1950s, there were attempts to improve the service on the branch line. Over time, permission was given to electrify the line in 1957. However, because the electrification did not cost much, the branch was only able to have special two- or three-car trains running on it. This was because the power supply was not strong enough to support trains that had more cars. Another problem was that the stations on the line had short platforms. This would mean that the normal 8-car trains would not be able to stop at them. Because of this, the Epping-Ongar branch line was normally operated separately from the rest of the Central Line. However, for two days each year, trains did run through from London. These trains would terminate at North Weald for the airshow on the Saturday and Sunday of its opening. The normal Epping-Ongar service would get around this extra service by passing the train on the other line at North Weald station whilst it headed towards Epping
. The train from London was run as an extra train on the normal Central Line timetable. However, this extra train was only four carriages long instead of the normal eight.
Cutbacks and closure 

During the late 1960s it became clear that the number of people using the line had not become as high as people thought that it would. Not a lot of new development was allowed because the land was now Green Belt land. The number of people using the line peaked in 1971, and it was still only 650 people every day. This meant that the line did not make very much money. London Underground tried to close the whole line in 1980,  but they were not able to. Instead, fewer trains were run on the line and they also closed Blake Hall tube station on Sundays.

Blake Hall was permanently closed in 1981. Before the station closed it only had six passengers a day. The station building still survives as a private residence. However, the platform was removed, but recently (2015) partially reinstated to a very high standard.
North Weald station's platform one was closed in 1976. The passing loop and westbound tracks were lifted in 1978.  Until this time, access to the two platforms was controlled from the original Eastern Counties Railway signal box. This signal box is still on the southbound platform.  North Weald was the last section of the London Underground network to be signalled using semaphore signals.

The line was making a loss of seven pounds for each passenger journey. It was also in need of some expensive maintenance work. On 30 September 1994, the line was closed to the public, with one months notice. From this time on, the Central Line terminated at Epping station. When the line closed it was carrying just 80 passengers a day. Local lore said that the line was being kept open in case the Cabinet needed to be evacuated to the nuclear bunker at Kelvedon Hatch.

Cravens Heritage Trains have preserved a three-car unit of 1960 stock. This was the train that ran the final London Underground service on the line.
Purchase and reopening 
The line was bought by Pilot Developments in 1998. Pilot Developments is now known as Epping Ongar Railway Ltd. The Ongar Railway Preservation Society also entered an offer to buy the line. Their offer was for £339,500. However, Pilot Developments matched the offer and got London Underground to accept it. Martin Bell, an independent politician, said that this was "the most controversial land deal in the constituency for years". He said that there was a conflict of interest with local politicians.

The line reopened on Sunday 10 October 2004. It is being run by the Epping Ongar Railway Volunteer Society. An hourly service between Ongar and North Weald was operated. Shortly after opening the line was extended to Coopersale. However, it is currently not possible to get off the train there.
Between 22 January and 9 April 2006 the line was closed for engineering works. The works included general station maintenance, rolling stock maintenance and track maintenance. Ongar station remained closed for engineering works and general maintenance and reopened on Sunday 28 May 2006 to passengers. At first though it was not possible to use the station buildings.

At the end of 2007, the railway was sold to a new private owner. This was because planning permission for the Ongar residential development had been given. The new owner wants to bring steam locomotives back to the line.

In early 2008, the line was closed to passenger trains. This was to allow the railway to be able to have major engineering works. The work will mean that steam locomotives will be able to run on the line again. To make this happen run-round loops and signalling, amongst other things, must be built.
Heritage railway operations
Passenger services on the heritage line were operated throughout 2006 and 2007 by a Class 117 diesel multiple unit. This unit is currently being restored along with a class 205 DEMU. Class 37029 is in operation along with 03170. There are a selection of British rail Mk1 and Mk2 coaches on the line. The line also has some small diesel shunters; a Drewry shunter (works number 2566, current number D1995), named "Heather" by the railway, and two Ruston 88 shunters (RH 512572 is in service, RH 398616 is being used for spares and as a static display). The line employs a Harsco tug unit ("Badger") for engineering work. The EOR's fleet also includes a small works trolley, a Shark brake van, a Dogfish ballast hopper, and a box van for permanent way duties.
At one point the line owned two trains of 1962 tube stock. Units 1616 and 1491 (formed as an eight-car train) were purchased in 1996, and unit 1744 was purchased in 1998. These units were taken away to be cut up for scrap in 1998 and 2003, respectively, after they were destroyed by vandals.

References

Other websites 

 – More information can be found at the official site

Transport in Epping Forest
Epping Ongar Railway
The Ecclesbourne Valley Railway is a heritage railway in Derbyshire. Its operations are based at Wirksworth station. It is currently planned to extend the railway along the former Midland Railway branch line which joined the main-line at Duffield. 

When complete it will be one of the few Heritage Railways that operates a whole branch line in its original form and entire length.

The line is operated by diesel locomotives, which haul former multiple unit trailer cars and also uses heritage diesel multiple units.

History
History

Origin
The "Wirksworth Branch" was the product of early nineteenth century railway rivalry. Since 1835 Wirksworth's citizens had been promoting the idea for a branch line from the North Midland Railway (later the Midland Railway) at Duffield. The Midland was initially uninterested, but then realised that the branch could be extended to Rowsley. This was difficult, but the branch could avoid the section from Ambergate, on its Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway, which was shared with its rival the London and North Western Railway.

References 

Derbyshire
Heritage railways in England
1867 establishments in England
The Chelsea-Hackney (or "Chelney") line is a safeguarded route for an underground railway running from south-west London to north-east London. As of 2008, the plan is being developed by Cross London Rail Links Ltd. who are the developers of Crossrail. It is therefore sometimes known as Crossrail 2.

References 

Rail transport in London
The River Lee or River Lea is a river in England. It begins in Leagrave Park, Leagrave, Luton in the Chiltern Hills. It flows generally southeast, east, and then south to London where it meets the River Thames. The last section is known as Bow Creek.
A section of the river runs through Hertford castle and shares a valley with the river Beane at Hartham common. Morgans School, in Hertford, have named one of their houses after the river Lea.

References 

Rivers of England
Bedfordshire
Hertfordshire
Essex
Geography of London
A naval mine is a bomb placed in water to destroy ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are put in the water and left to wait until they make contact with a ship. Naval mines can be used offensively, to make it harder for enemy ships to sail easily, or trap them into a harbour. They can also be used defensively, to protect friendly ships and create "safe" zones.

Mines can be laid in many ways: by specially built minelayers, refitted ships, submarines, aircraft, or even by dropping them into a harbour by hand. They are a cheap weapon with a basic mine costing as little as US$1000. There are very advanced mines which can cost millions and have several kinds of sensors, and deliver a warhead by rocket or torpedo.
International law says that nations have to say when they put mines in an area. This is to make it easier for civil shipping to avoid the mines. The warnings do not have to be specific; during World War II, Britain said simply that it had mined the English Channel, North Sea, and French coast.

Explosives
Alan Gerard Fletcher (27 September 1931 – 21 September 2006) was a British graphic designer. He was described by The Daily Telegraph as "the most highly regarded graphic designer of his generation, and probably one of the most prolific".

1931 births
2006 deaths
The Edge Chronicles are books of young-adult and fantasy written by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell. It contains three trilogies. All in the books is surrealist. Characters, cities, places, monuments, animals, plants, transportation and more were invented by the writers.

Books

The books are in the chronological order of the story.

The Quint Saga
 Tome 7 :  The Curse of the Gloamglozer (2001)
 Tome 8 : The Winter Knights (2005)
 Tome 9 : Clash of the Sky Galleons (2007)

The Twig Saga
 Tome 1 : Beyond the Deepwoods (1998)
 Tome 2 : Stormchaser (1999)
 Tome 3 : Midnight Over Sanctaphrax (2000)

The Rook Saga
 Tome 4 : The Last of the Sky Pirates (2002)
 Tome 5 : Vox (2003)
 Tome 6 : Freeglader (2004)

Standalone books
Cloud Wolf : 2001, published for World Book Day

The Stone Pilot : 2006, published for World Book Day

The Lost Barkscrolls : 2008, contains the Cloud Wolf and The Stone Pilot

The Immortals : February 5 2009

The Edge Chronicles Maps : September 2 2004

Chronology
Chronology

Other websites
 New official website
 Old official website

British fantasy books
2000s books
A rake is an garden and farm tool. People use rake to gather loose things like leaves, hay, and grass.

In gardening, a rake loosens soil, and removes weed and dead grass from lawns.

Gardening tools
A scythe (, from Old English siðe.) is an agricultural tool for mowing grass or reaping crops.  It was replaced by horse-drawn machines and then tractors, but is still used in some areas of Europe and Asia.

Related pages
Sickle

References

Cutting tools
Gardening tools
Farming tools
Neil Finn,  (born 27 May 1958) is a rock singer. He was born in New Zealand. Together with his brother Tim, he was the lead singer for Split Enz. He is the frontman of Crowded House. He has released solo albums. He has created the 7 Worlds Collide project and the Pajama Club band.

Musical career
In the late 1970s he replaced singer songwriter Phil Judd in Split Enz. Split Enz was his brother Tim's band. Neil went on to write some of the biggest hits for the band. Examples are "One Step Ahead", "History Never Repeats", "I Got You" and "Message to My Girl". Split Enz broke up in 1984. 

After that, Neil formed Crowded House with Split Enz's final drummer Paul Hester and bass player Nick Seymour in 1985. They became famous worldwide in 1987 when they released the single "Don't Dream It's Over". He ended Crowded House in 1996 to start a solo career.
Neil Finn has recorded two solo albums to date:  Try Whistling This (1998) and One Nil (2001).  (One Nil was released in the US and Canada – remixed, reordered and renamed One All – in 2002.) He has also worked together with his brother Tim on two Finn Brothers albums, Finn (1995) and Everyone Is Here (2004).

In 2001, he released a live album/DVD (7 Worlds Collide) with songs that were recorded at St James Theatre in Auckland, New Zealand. Other musicians that were on stage with him were Lisa Germano, Sebastian Steinberg (Soul Coughing), Ed O'Brien and Phil Selway (Radiohead), Johnny Marr (The Smiths), Eddie Vedder (Pearl Jam), Paul Jeffrey, Tim Finn, and Betchadupa. 

In 2009, another album was released under the "7 Worlds Collide" name. This was The Sun Came Out. It was a charity studio record for Oxfam.  This album has songs by Jeff Tweedy and three other members of Wilco, Scottish singer-songwriter KT Tunstall, and New Zealand songwriters Don McGlashan and Bic Runga.
Finn has contributed solo music to various film and TV soundtracks including Rain, Boston Legal, Boston Public, The Waiting Game, Antz, and Sports Night.

In 2007, Finn reformed Crowded House with Beck's former drummer Matt Sherrod. They released two albums Time on Earth (2007) and Intriguer (2010). 

In 2011, he has formed Pajama Club with his wife Sharon, New Zealand indie artist SJD and Alana Skyring. They released an album. 

In 2014, Dizzy Heights, a Neil Finn solo album was released.
Personal life
Finn married Sharon Dawn Johnson, on 13 February 1982. The song "I Love You Dawn", available on Afterglow was written in her honour. Sharon makes chandeliers in her workshop in Auckland. She has appeared on backing vocals on various albums such as Crowded House and Alex Lloyd's Watching Angels Mend She also features prominently on the second 7 Worlds Collide project, co-writing (and sharing lead vocal) the track 'Little By Little' with her husband and sings on the track 'Isolation' on the new Crowded House album, Intriguer. In 2011, she becomes part of the Pajama Club band after a jam session with Neil.
They have two sons, Liam Mullane Finn (born 1983) and Elroy Timothy Finn (born 1989). Both sons have performed alongside their father. Liam had his own band, Betchadupa, originally based in Auckland, then London before releasing a solo album, I'll Be Lightning in 2008. He also plays in Crowded House's touring band lineup. Elroy Finn is drummer for the psychobilly band The Tricks and has been filling in on drums for Cut Off Your Hands.

References

Rock musicians
1958 births
New Zealand singers
Fleetwood Mac members
Living people
Francisco Correa de Arauxo (or Araujo) (b. Seville, 1584; d. Segovia, 1654) was an important Spanish organist, composer, and theorist in the last years of the Renaissance and early years of the Baroque period.

Life
We do not know very much about Correa de Araujo.  He was probably born in 1584.  He may have been of Portugese origin.  In 1599 he got a job as organist in Seville.  It must have been an important job because he earned a lot of money.  Many years later he seems to have become a priest.  He may have been made a priest because he was a good organist.  In 1630 he organized a protest when priests were made to work harder wothout being paid more money.  Because he argued about this he was sent to prison for a time.  By 1635 his health was very bad.  In spite of earning a high salary he often had no money.
After 37 years in Seville he took a job as organist in Jaén Cathedral.  He was there until 1640 when he went to Segovia Cathedral.  He worked there until 1653, by which time he was too ill to work.  When he died the following year he was very poor.
His music
Correa only seems to have published one collection of organ works.  It was called Libro de tientos y discursos de música practica, y theorica de organo intitulado Facultad organica (1626).  This was a collection of organ music, as well as a discussion about music theory.  It is one of the few books we have which shows us what musical composition was like in Spain at that time.  His organ music uses a divided keyboard (medio registro), so that the upper and lower parts of the keyboard (high notes and low notes) can use different stops (making different sounds).  The organ pieces in the collection are arranged in order of difficulty.  The pieces at the end are very hard indeed. He uses a lot of dissonances, and he expects the performer to put in lots of ornaments, even if they are not shown in the music.  He uses glosa (ornamental figuration), although he also uses counterpoint.  His harmony shows the influence of composers such as Cabezon and Aguilera de Heredia.
References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

1584 births
1654 deaths
Spanish organists
Renaissance composers
Spanish composers
Baroque composers
Collaboration is when people work with each other to complete a task. It involves co-operation and teamwork and the sharing of ideas, knowledge and skills to reach the same objective. The objective is usually creative in nature. Most collaboration needs leadership or some kind of co-ordination, although responsibilities can be shared within an egalitarian group.

Each person plays a tightly or loosely defined role in the process of collaboration. For instance, to make a movie a writer, director, producer and actors are needed. There may also be a need for a costumer, a cameraman (if the director cannot do it all), an audio engineer, and a film editor if the project is big enough and the schedule tight enough.

Not only individuals collaborate; groups also do it. Large construction projects are usually done by collaborations between corporations, wars are often fought between alliances of countries, and political parties often collaborate in government.

Related pages
 Critical thinking

References
References

Human communication