Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Anthropologists such as Tim White suggest that cannibalism was common in human societies prior to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, based on the large amount of “butchered human" bones found in Neanderthal and other Lower/Middle Paleolithic sites. Cannibalism in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic may have occurred because of food shortages. However, it may have been for religious reasons, and would coincide with the development of religious practices thought to have occurred during the Upper Paleolithic. Nonetheless, it remains possible that Paleolithic societies never practiced cannibalism, and that the damage to recovered human bones was either the result of ritual post-mortem bone cleaning or predation by carnivores such as saber tooth cats, lions and hyenas.

Related pages 
Stone tool
Hand axe

References

Other sources
Other sources 

 Christopher Boehm 1999. "Hierarchy in the forest: the evolution of egalitarian behavior" page 198 Harvard University Press.
 Leften Stavros Stavrianos 1991. A global history from prehistory to the present. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. 
 Bahn, Paul 1996. The atlas of world archeology. The Brown Reference Group PLC.

Other websites 
 Early voices: the leap to language, by Nicolas Wade 
 Human Evolution, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007  © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. Contributed by Richard B. Potts.
 Stone Age, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007  © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. Contributed by Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth.
 Middle and Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers the emergence of modern humans: the Mesolithic
 Map of Earth during the late Upper Paleolithic, by Christopher Scotese

Stone Age
Anthropology
Bolas (from Spanish bola, "ball", also known as boleadoras) are a throwing weapon made of weights on the ends of interconnected cords, designed to capture animals by entangling their legs. They are used by the gauchos in South America today, but have been found in excavations of pre-Hispanic settlements, especially in Patagonia, where indigenous peoples used them to catch guanaco and ñandu.

Use 

Gauchos use boleadoras to capture running cattle or game. The thrower gives the balls momentum by swinging them and then releases the boledoras. The weapon is usually used to entangle the animal's legs, but when thrown with enough force might even break the bone.

Design 
There is no uniform design; most bolas have two or three balls, but there are versions of up to 8 or 9 balls. Some bolas have balls of equal weight, others vary the knot and cord. Gauchos use bolas made of leather cords with wooden balls or small leather sacks full of stones at the ends of the cords.
Bolas can be named depending on the amount of weights used:
 Perdida (1 weight)
 Avestrucera or ñanducera (2 weights)
 Boleadora (3 weights)
 Ka-Lum-Ik-Toun (Inuit name for bolas with 10 or more weights)

Other websites 

 Inuit Bolas 
 Boleadoras

Weapons
Cord may refer to:

 Cable, in electronics, such as power cord or extension cord
 Twine, string or rope
 Cord (band),  a British rock group
 Cord (movie), a 2000 movie starring Daryl Hannah and Jennifer Tilly
 Cord (sewing), a trimming made of multiple strands of yarn twisted together
 cord (unit of volume), used to measure firewood
 Cord Automobile, a former American car marque founded by Errett Lobban Cord
 Mycelial cord, a structure, used by fungi to transfer nutrients over larger distances
 spinal cord
 Umbilical cord, a tube that connects a developing embryo or fetus to its placenta
 Vibrating string

Related pages
 Chord

Basic English 850 words
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976), was an American businessman and movie producer.  During his life, he was one of the richest people in the world. He was born in Humble, Texas to a rich family. He went to Hollywood and became a movie producer and aviator. Hughes broke several world records for flying aeroplanes. He created his own air company, which was later bought by TWA.

Biography 
Many people now think Hughes may have had OCD or obsessive compulsive disorder. This is because later in life, he kept himself away from the outside world. He lived in a hotel suite at The Desert Inn in Las Vegas as a recluse.  He never left his room. He also did not cut his hair or fingernails. He had a group of doctors and other people to help take care of him.
In 1972, a man named Clifford Irving claimed to have co-written the autobiography of Hughes. It was later shown to not be real. Hughes died in Houston while being moved to a hospital in Mexico.  After he died, there was an argument over his will.

Other websites 

American aviators
Businesspeople from Texas
American billionaires
Movie directors from Texas
Movie producers from Texas
1905 births
1976 deaths
Tarzan is a main fictional character. He appeared in many books by Edgar Rice Burroughs. Burroughs first wrote about Tarzan in 1914. The book was called Tarzan of the Apes. Tarzan's father was an English lord who died in the African jungle. The baby Tarzan was left alone in the jungle. Giant apes found the baby Tarzan and took care of him. Tarzan has also appeared in other media including movies, movie serials, comic books, and television programs.

 
Books with jungle settings
Fictional characters with immortality
Surfer Rosa is the first music album by the Pixies.  It was released by a record label called 4AD in March 1988.

Other websites

Surfer Rosa at Last.fm
Surfer Rosa at Google Music

1988 albums
OK Go is a rock band from Chicago. The band members are Damian Kulash (lead vocals and guitar), Tim Nordwind (bass guitar and backing vocals), Dan Konopka (drums and percussion) and Andy Ross (keyboards, guitar and backing vocals). Their best known song is "Here It Goes Again".

American rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from Chicago
Musical groups established in 1998
1998 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Illinois
American Internet celebrities
The death zone is the name used by mountain climbers for high altitude where there is not enough available oxygen for humans to breathe.  This is usually above 8,000 metres (26,247 feet). Fourteen mountains have peaks that are in the death zone; Those mountains are in Asia, and they are part of the Himalaya and Karakoram.

"People are advised not to stay in the death zone for more than 16 to 20 hours", media said; Shorter stays can also be deadly.
Most of the 200+ climbers who have died on Mount Everest  have died in the death zone.  Due to the inverse relationship of atmospheric pressure to altitude, at the top of Mount Everest the average person takes in about 30% of the oxygen in the air that they would take in at sea level; a normal human person used to breathing air at sea level could only be there for a few minutes before they became unconscious.  Most climbers have to carry oxygen bottles to be able to reach the top.  Visitors become weak and have inability to think clearly and make decisions, especially under stress.  Since helicopters also perform poorly in thin air, many bodies of dead visitors are left on the mountain.

Alive in the death zone for more than one night

In 2008, Pemba Gyalje stayed in K2's Death Zone for 90 hours.
In 2006, climber Lincoln Hall, had been left for dead on Everest on May 25, 2006. He did survive the event. The lack of oxygen in his blood made it easier for him to get frostbite.  He also had headaches, nausea, vomiting and hallucinations.  He said later this was caused by cerebral edema. This is a swelling of the brain.  This is caused at high altitude when blood leaks into the brain. It  can kill a person if the brain becomes too compressed.  Hall was left for dead after his breathing and heartbeat stopped.  He was found the next morning. A team of four, led by American climber Daniel Mazur, found Hall was sitting cross-legged near a ten-thousand foot cliff's edge. He was not wearing his gloves or hat. He also did not have any oxygen equipment and his climbing suit was not zipped . Mazur later said that Hall seemed lucid. He said that Hall's first words were, "I imagine you're surprised to see me here." A very large rescue operation was created and Hall was rescued
. He lived for seven years after the event.. He spoke and wrote books about his experiences on Everest,. Hall died in 2012 from mesothelioma.
References 

Atmosphere
George Fitzgerald Smoot III (born February 20, 1945) is an American professor of astrophysics and cosmology. In 2006 he won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on cosmic microwave background radiation and COBE with John C. Mather. That work made it possible to measure black holes and cosmic radiation much more exactly than was possible before.

This work gave new evidence for the big-bang idea that the universe was once a big explosion. This work was completed using the Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (COBE). The Nobel Prize committee said: "the COBE-project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science."

Professor Smoot works for the University of California, Berkeley Department of Physics. In 2003 he was awarded the Einstein Medal.

Early life
Early life

Education
Professor Smoot was born in Yukon, Florida.  He went to Upper Arlington High School in Upper Arlington, Ohio until 1962. He studied mathematics for some time before going to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he was awarded two bachelor's degrees for mathematics and physics in 1966, and a Ph.D. in particle physics in 1970.

Smoots cousin, Oliver R. Smoot, also studied at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and was made famous for the Smoot measurement of the Harvard Bridge between Cambridge and Boston. The "Smoot" length was marked in paint over 360 times on the bridge and is repainted there every year. Oliver later worked as the Chairman of the American National Standards Institute.

Early research
Professor Smoot began to study cosmology, and went to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory where he worked with Luis Walter Alvarez on the experiment HAPPE, a high up weather balloon for detecting antimatter in the upper atmosphere.
He then took up an interest in the microwaves in cosmic radiation which had been discovered by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964.  This work gave new evidence of what the universe is made of. Some researchers thought that the universe was rotating, which would mean that temperature of microwaves would seem different when measured from different angles. With the help of Alvarez and Richard A. Muller, Professor Smoot developed a radiometer to measure the difference in temperature from two angles 60 degrees apart. The radiometer was put on top of a Lockheed U-2 plane, but the measurements seemed to show that the universe was not rotating. It did, however, detect another difference in the microwave temperature on one side of the sky. They called this a dipole pattern and a Doppler effect of the Earth's motion.  A doppler effect happens because the Sun, and the Milky Way are moving at nearly 600 km/s.  They think this is caused by gravity from the Great Attractor.

COBE
The measurements from the radiometer showed that one side of the sky was different to the other but this was surprising because it was expected that many differences would be found all over the sky. Smoot was working on finding these smaller differences in the late 1970s when he gave NASA an idea to make a satellite with a detector that was similar to the one mounted on the Lockheed aeroplane. This detector would be much more powerful and it would not be affected by the atmosphere. NASA spent US$160  million on the satellite and named it the COBE. The COBE satellite was delayed after the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed, but was launched successfully on November 18, 1989. After more than two years, on 21 April 1992, the COBE research team claimed that the satellite had detected the small differences they were looking for. This was very important in the study of the early universe.  The study was "evidence for the birth of the universe"
. Professor Smoot said: "If you're religious, it's like looking at God."
More than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other workers helped to make the COBE. John Mather was in control of the whole project and the experiments that made the COBE possible. George Smoot was in control of measuring the small differences in the temperature of the radiation.

Smoot worked with the San Francisco Chronicles journalist, Keay Davidson, to write a book called Wrinkles in Time, all about the team's work. In the book The Very First Light,  John Mather and John Boslough write more of the COBE story. Mathers book says that Professor Smoot was giving news of COBE to the press before NASA did. This made problems between Smoot and Mather in the past.
Recent work
After COBE, Smoot helped with another experiment with a stratospheric balloon called the MAXIMA experiment. This ballon took some better measurements than the COBE. Smoot has continued studying cosmic radiatin and now works on the third generation COBE satellite Planck. He is also working on the design of a Supernova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP), a satellite which is to measure dark energy.  He has also assisted in analyzing data from the Spitzer Space Telescope in connection with measuring far infrared background radiation.

References

Other websites
George Smoot official website at UC Berkeley
George Smoot biography at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 
George Smoot curriculum vitae at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 
Smoot Group Cosmology official website at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 
Low gravity phase separator U.S. Patent 4027494  at the United States Patent Office
Nobel Prize announcement at the Nobel Foundation
 Contemplating the birth of the universe
1945 births
Living people
American astronomers
American astrophysicists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Florida
Soundgarden was an American rock band. They began in Seattle, Washington, in 1984.

Soundgarden helped create the sound of  grunge music. This is a genre of alternative rock that first became popular in Seattle. They were first signed to a local record label Sub Pop. Later, they were the first grunge band to sign to a major label, A&M Records, in 1988.

Soundgarden became well known with the 1994 album Superunknown. It debuted at number one on the Billboard charts. Two singles won Grammy Awards; "Black Hole Sun" and "Spoonman".  VH1 has ranked Soundgarden at number 14 in their special 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock.

In 1997, the band broke up because they could no longer agree on the sound of their musical future. The members worked on other projects for more than ten years. Soundgarden got back together in 2010. Two years later, they released their sixth studio album, King Animal.
On May 17, 2017, frontman Chris Cornell was found dead in his Detroit hotel room, the night after a concert at the city's Fox Theatre. An autopsy on his body revealed that Cornell had killed himself. The band broke up after Cornell's death.

Early band history 
Soundgarden began in 1984. They first had three members: singer and drummer Chris Cornell, lead guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto. The band named themselves after a wind-channeling pipe sculpture, "A Sound Garden". The art work is in Magnuson Park, in Seattle.

At first, Cornell played drums while singing, but in 1985 the band hired Scott Sundquist so that Cornell could just sing. The band's first recordings were three songs on a compilation album for C/Z Records named Deep Six. Also appearing on the album were early grunge artists Green River, Skin Yard, Malfunkshun, The U-Men and the Melvins. In 1986, Sundquist left the band. He was replaced by Matt Cameron, who had been the drummer for Skin Yard.
A Seattle radio station DJ, Jonathan Poneman, liked Soundgarden after seeing them perform. He later said, "I saw this band that was everything rock music should be". Poneman offered to pay for a record to be made by the band. Teaming up with Bruce Pavitt, Poneman also contributed $20,000 to the financially struggling Sub Pop. This helped turn Sup Pop into a popular, successful record label that attracted more success with grunge bands. Sub Pop then released Soundgarden's Screaming Life EP in 1987, and the Fopp EP in 1988. A combination of the two was issued as Screaming Life/Fopp in 1990.

Though major labels were asking Soundgarden to sign with them, in 1988 the band chose a small independent label, SST Records. SST released their debut album, Ultramega OK. The album was nominated for a Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 1990.
The band's first music video, "Flower", became popular; airing regularly on MTV's 120 Minutes. In 1989, Soundgarden promoted Ultramega OK with a tour of the United States and then went to Europe. This was their first overseas tour.

Major labels 
In 1989, Soundgarden released their first album for a major label, A&M Records.  Louder Than Love became the band's first to chart on the Billboard 200. It reached number 108 on the chart in 1990.  The band supported the album with tours of North America and Europe.

A month before touring for Louder Than Love began, bassist Hiro Yamamoto left to go back to college. Yamamoto was unhappy because he felt he was not important enough to the band.  Former Nirvana bassist Jason Everman took his place for the tour.  Everman was fired immediately after Soundgarden got back from Europe in mid-1990.  An EP Loudest Love and the video compilation Louder Than Live, were both released in 1990. The video shows five live tracks made during the Louder Than Love tour.
Badmotorfinger: 1990–1993
Bassist Ben Shepherd joined Soundgarden in 1990. Their next album, Badmotorfinger  was released in 1991.  It had some success, reaching number 39 on the album charts. But it got less attention because of the surprise success of Nirvana's Nevermind, released the same month as Badmotorfinger. Two singles got popular airplay on alternative radio stations and MTV.

The first single from Badmotorfinger, "Jesus Christ Pose", got negative attention when MTV banned its music video in 1991. Many listeners were outraged by the song and its video, calling it anti-Christian. The band received death threats while on tour in the United Kingdom in support of the album. Badmotorfinger was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1992.
After a tour of North America in 1991, the band opened for Guns N' Roses in North America on the band's "Use Your Illusion Tour". After several tours to promote the album, they rejoined Guns N' Roses in the summer of 1992 in Europe as part of the Use Your Illusion Tour with another opening act, Faith No More. The band took part in the 1992 Lollapalooza tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Pearl Jam, and Ministry.

The band later released a video compilation Motorvision. It was made in 1992 at the Paramount Theatre. Also that year, they appeared in the movie Singles. They were show performing "Birth Ritual". The song appeared on the soundtrack, as did a Chris Cornell solo song, "Seasons".

Superunknown: 1994–1995
Soundgarden released Superunknown in 1994. It became the band's best-selling album, partly because of the popular singles "Black Hole Sun", "Spoonman", "My Wave", and "Fell on Black Days". Upon its release in March 1994, Superunknown debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart.
The lyrics of the songs were dark and sad; much of them seem to be talking about substance abuse, suicide, and depression.  Reviewer J.D. Considine of Rolling Stone said Superunknown "demonstrates far greater range than many bands manage in an entire career." He also stated, "At its best, Superunknown offers a more harrowing depiction of alienation and despair than anything on In Utero."

The music video for "Black Hole Sun" received the MTV Video Music Award for "Best Rock Video|Best Metal/Hard Rock Video" award in 1994. Soundgarden won two Grammy Awards in 1995; "Black Hole Sun" received the award for Best Hard Rock Performance and "Spoonman" received the award for Best Metal Performance.
Down on the Upside: 1996–1997
After a worldwide tour to promote Superunknown, the band members began working on what would become their last studio album for more than 15 years. It was released in 1996. Four singles were released from the album: "Pretty Noose", "Blow Up the Outside World", "Burden in My Hand", and "Ty Cobb".

The music was less heavy metal and grunge sounding than the group's previous albums. The band members said that they wanted to experiment with other sounds.  In a review, David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said, "Few bands since Led Zeppelin have so crisply mixed instruments both acoustic and electric." However, the writing and recording of the album was stressful for the group. Thayil and Cornell seemed to not agree on a change from the heavy guitar riffs that had become the band's trademark. The album got favorable reviews, but did not sell as well as Superunknown.
Breakup and reunion 
On April 9, 1997, the band announced they were breaking up. Thayil said, "It was pretty obvious from everybody's general attitude over the course of the previous half year that there was some dissatisfaction."  A best-of album named A-Sides, was released in November 1997 through A&M Records.

After almost 13 years, on January 1, 2010, Chris Cornell wrote on his Twitter, "The 12-year break is over and school is back in session. Sign up now. Knights of the Soundtable ride again!" The message linked to a website for fans to enter their e-mail addresses to get updates on the reunion.

On May 18, 2017, hours after the band performed a concert in Detroit, Michigan, Chris Cornell committed suicide by hanging.

Members

Chris Cornell - vocals, rhythm guitar (1984 – 2017)
Kim Thayil - lead guitar  (1984 - 2017)
Ben Shepherd - bass (1990 – 2017)
Matt Cameron - drums (1986 - 2017)

Discography

References
References

 
Musical groups from Seattle
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups established in 1984
1984 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
1990s disestablishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups established in 2010
2010 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Washington (state)
2017 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in the 2010s
21st-century disestablishments in Washington (state)
The Book of Judges is the seventh book in both the Christian Bible (Old Testament), and the Hebrew Tanakh. It was originally written in Hebrew, to the people in Israel. The Hebrew word for the book is Shaptiym, which means, 'people of judgment.'

Content
The book contains the stories of many "judges" who were leaders who typically led the people in battle and then served as a civil leader.  While not kings, these men were respected and they sometimes decided cases.  That is why they were called Judges. One of the Judges was Samson who was a very strong man.  He fought against the Philistines.  After his girl friend, Delilah, tricked him by cutting his hair, he was made a slave.  At his death, he destroyed many enemies by pulling down a building on them. Gideon was another famous judge.  He defeated an army of Midianites  with only 300 men. Another famous judge was Deborah, possible the most powerful woman in the Bible. She was a military, civil and religious leader.
In the book, there is a pattern which repeats.  The people turn from God, and he allows their enemies to harm them.  Then they pray to God.  He sends them a new judge.  This judge helps the people and defeats their enemies.  The people are happy for a time, but soon they again turn from God.  The cycle repeats itself.

Quote
In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes (21:25)

See
Samson

References 
 IVP New Bible Commentary

Other websites 
Judges (NIV)
Judges (KJV)

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
Black people is a term that is used for a racial group of people with a dark skin color. The meaning of the word is mainly used for people of Sub-Saharan African descent, but also includes certain groups in Oceania and Southeast Asia.

Black people in the Americas

United States

Black people in the United States are called African Americans. Before 1860, many Africans were brought to the United States in the European slave trade by white people. Many African slaves worked on cotton, sugarcane, tobacco and rice plantations in the Southern United States for their white slave masters. Later, other Africans came out of their free will. Discrimination against African Americans is a big problem. Black Lives Matter is a movement fighting against racism.
In 2010, the cities with the largest numbers of African Americans were Detroit (670,000 black inhabitants) and Memphis (607,000 black inhabitants). 
In 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American president of the United States. In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first African American to be the Vice President of the United States.

Some blacks in the United States are Hispanic, Caribbean or African because of immigration. Most recent African immigrants are refugees from East Africa such as Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia etc. or high-skilled immigrants from Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa.

Most non-Hispanic blacks in the United States live in the South. States with a large black population are Texas, Georgia, Florida, New York, North Carolina, Maryland, Illinois, Virginia and Louisiana. New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit and Houston have the largest black population by city.
The first black people were brought to the United States by white colonizers on a Dutch boat from Angola in 1619 to the British colony of Jamestown in Virginia.

Latin America 

White men who were Spanish colonizers shipped African slaves to Latin American countries such as Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, Venezuela, Cuba, Guatemala, Panama, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic because of the decline of Native Americans from smallpox and disease. Native Americans were initially slaves but white Europeans turned to Africans because of the mass decline of the Native American population. Many Mestizos and Hispanics have African DNA from the slave trade because of the race mixing with white people, African slaves and Native Americans. Many African ex-slaves in Latin America are mixed race and have Native American and Spanish ancestry. "Mestizaje" in Latin America by the Spanish was similar to the racial whitening that happened in Brazil.

Caribbean
Caribbean 

Black slaves were shipped to various Caribbean countries such as Jamaica, Haiti, The Bahamas, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. Europeans, mostly the British, the Dutch and the French brought Africans to the Caribbean to work on crops like coffee, sugar, cocoa, cotton and indigo.

Canada 

There were 1.2 million black people living in Canada in 2016.

Black people in other countries

Germany 
There were about 1 million black people living in Germany in 2020.

Black people were racially discriminated and were considered inferior by the Nazis along with Gypsies.

India and Pakistan
In India and Pakistan there are Siddi people. Their ancestors came from East Africa.
South Africa
During apartheid people in South Africa were classified into four main races: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian) and Coloured. Under apartheid black people were treated the most badly. Coloured people were treated slightly less badly. In South Africa, Chinese people who lived there during apartheid are classed as black. About 80% of people in South Africa are black African. The income of the average white South African household is six times as much as that of the average black South African household.

United Kingdom

Black people in the United Kingdom are defined by terms used by the Office for National Statistics. They make up 3.3% of the people in the UK. Of course, these terms may or may not be used in everyday life.

Palestine

Turkey

Related pages 
 Africa
 African American
 White people
 Afro-Asian

Notes

References 

Ethnic groups
Race
The Book of Ruth (meaning pity or compassion) is the eighth book of the Old Testament (Christian), and the Tanakh (Jewish).  It is one of the shortest books in both the Jewish and Christian holy books, consisting of only four chapters. It is unknown who wrote the book.

Date and author

The book does not name its author. In the past, people believed the prophet Samuel (11th century BCE) was the author. But the majority of scholars now date it to the Persian period (6th–4th centuries BCE).

Story of Ruth 
The book tells the story of the family of Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their sons Mahlon and Chilion. Because of a famine, they were forced to leave Bethlehem and go to the land of Moab. Once there, Elimelech died, and his sons married two Moabite women. Mahlon married Ruth, and Chilion married Orpah. After some time there, Mahlon and Chilion both died.
Naomi was forced to return home because her husband and sons were dead. She then told Ruth and Orpah to return home to their families and find new husbands. Orpah returned home but Ruth promised she would follow Naomi wherever she went. Ruth's pledge to Naomi is found in chapter 1 verses 16 and 17.  But Ruth said, "Do not press me to leave you or to turn back from following you! Where you go, I will go; where you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God. Where you die, I will die— there will I be buried. May the Lord do thus and so to me, and more as well, if even death parts me from you!" Although originally made by a daughter-in-law to her mother-in-law, a form of this pledge is sometimes included in wedding services.
They returned to their home and Ruth decided she would go into the fields to pick up grain the wealthy people would drop on the ground (a common practice in that time). A kind man named Boaz, who was the owner of the field, noticed her and her beauty.  He  also learned that she had chosen to follow the God of Israel and that she was caring for her widowed mother-in-law. He told his workers to drop extra grain for her. When she went home to tell her mother-in-law how much she received, they found out that Boaz was a close relative of theirs. Under Jewish law, this gave Ruth the right to marry Boaz, if Boaz bought the land formerly owned by Ruth's husband.

After an even closer relative said he would not buy the land and marry her, Boaz and Ruth were happily married. She would bear him a son named Obed, who was the father of Jesse, who was the father of David, who was, according to the New Testament, the ancestor of Jesus.

Family tree

References

Bibliography
Bibliography

Other websites 
The Book of Ruth (King James Version)
The Book of Ruth (New International Version)

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
5th-century BC books
The Mesolithic  was a period in the development of human technology between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of the Stone Age.

In the Palaeolithic, people were pure hunter-gatherers. In the Neolithic they were farmers in settlements with domesticated animals and wheat, with over 100 kinds of tools and with pottery. The Mesolithic was a transitional period between the two. It happened at different times in different places. Mesolithic tools are small tools produced by chipping, and are hunter-gatherer tools, often arrowheads and points. Neolithic tools are often polished and far more varied. They are tools of more settled societies with some agriculture.

The term 'Mesolithic' was introduced by Hodder Westrop in 1877, though the idea had been used earlier. It was not much used until V. Gordon Childe popularized it in his book The dawn of Europe (1947). There is another term, 'Epipalaeolithic', which is sometimes used instead.
Distinctive features 
The type of tool is the diagnostic factor. The Mesolithic featured devices made with small chipped stone tools. The Neolithic mainly abandoned this mode in favor of polished, not chipped, stone tools.

The Mesolithic culture can be set apart from that of the Palaeolithic in these ways:
the tool kit is more varied than Palaeolithic tools.
the emphasis is on small, even tiny, tools rather than the larger tools used previously. These small tools are called microliths. The Mesolithic also saw greater use of wooden handles for tools.
they used the adze, a carpentry tool with a wooden handle at right angle to the blade. 
the domestication of animals has begun. Perhaps the earliest clear cultural evidence for this domestication is the first dog found buried together with human, 12,000 years ago in Palestine.

The Fertile Crescent 
The Fertile Crescent was the first part of the world to move out of the Palaeolithic.
In some areas, such as the Near East, agriculture was already underway by the end of the Pleistocene, and there the Mesolithic is short. In areas with limited influence of ice age, the term "Epipaleolithic" is sometimes preferred.

Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the last ice age ended have a much more evident Mesolithic era. This lasted millennia. In Northern Europe, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviours which are preserved in characteristic finds. These conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until as late as 4000 BC (6,000 before present) in northern Europe.

Mesolithic people in Europe 
Genetic research has been done on the skeleton of a 7,000-year-old man from north-west Spain. It shows he had blue eyes and a dark skin. The analysis showed that he had ancestral alleles in several skin pigmentation genes. This means he had dark hair and brown skin.
Researchers were surprised because they thought that European populations evolved light skin quite quickly. In lower latitudes dark skin protects from UV rays in sunlight. In northern latitudes this is not such a problem, but the supply of vitamin D is a problem. Vitamin D is synthesised by the action of sunlight on skin. Therefore, it is an advantage in much of Europe to have a light skin.

Earlier research was done on data using 2,196 samples from 185 diverse populations. It showed that at least three ancestral groups contributed to present-day Europeans.

Burial of Thèviec – Museum of Toulouse

Other websites 

 Mesolithic Miscellany- Newsletter and Information on the European Mesolithic
 20th Century Mesolithic Sites in Mandla (Madhya Pradesh), India, discovered by Dr. Babul Roy:  , , and  
 Picture Gallery of the Paleolithic (reconstructional palaeoethnology) , Libor Balák at the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Archaeology in Brno, The Center for Paleolithic and Paleoethnological Research
References 

Stone Age
The Epipaleolithic or "peripheral old stone age" is a term used for the hunter-gatherer cultures that existed after the end of the last ice age, before the Neolithic. 

The term is sometimes confused with Mesolithic, and the two are sometimes used as synonyms. Yet, when a distinction is made, Epipaleolithic is used for those cultures that were not much affected by the ending of the Ice Age and the term Mesolithic is reserved for Western Europe where the extinction of the Megafauna had a great influence on the paleolithic populations at the end of the Ice Age.

References 

Stone Age
Thinker could mean:
 an intellectual - the one who tries to use his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different ideas.
 The Thinker (French: Le Penseur) a bronze and marble sculpture by Auguste Rodin.
 Thinker (comics), a pair of comic book characters at DC Comics and Marvel Comics, respectively.
Agricultural revolution could mean:
Neolithic Revolution (about 10,000 years ago), which formed the basis for human civilization to develop. It is commonly referred to as the 'First Agricultural Revolution'.
Green Revolution (1945-), the use of industrial fertilizers and new crops greatly increases the world's agricultural output.

There are also several more local events related to agriculture and called revolutions:

Muslim Agricultural Revolution (10th century), which led to increased urbanization and major changes in agriculture and economy during the Islamic Golden Age.
British Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which spurred urbanization and consequently helped launch the Industrial Revolution.
Scottish Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which led to the "Lowland Clearances."
The Neolithic revolution was the first agricultural revolution. It was a gradual change from nomadic hunting and gathering communities to agriculture and settlement. It changed the way of life of the communities which made the change. It occurred in different prehistoric human societies at different times. Many societies changed 9–7 thousand years ago

The term refers to the general time period over which these developments took place. It also applies to the developments in social organization and technology.  These included the adoption of early agriculture techniques, crop cultivation, and the domestication of animals.
The Neolithic revolution led to people living in permanent or semi-permanent settlements. Because of this fewer people led a nomadic lifestyle. To be able to know who the crops grown belonged to, the concept of land ownership was developed. The natural environment was changed, population sizes grew, and people ate more vegetable and cereal foods in their diet. Hierarchies developed in society. Grain was stored, and could be traded. Surplus production from good crop yields helped societies survive bad years.

General process
General process 

With domesticated animals such as dogs, goats, sheep, and cattle, and crops, human society changed. Now, having crops and livestock, they no longer needed to move around.  They could build better settlements. Their diet also changed. It included more oats and vegetables.  People also started to keep and manage food: it was not advisable to eat all grain seeds, because then there would be no seeds left to plant the next year.  Also, there were surplus in some years and that could be traded for other goods with other peoples.

These changes happened independently in several parts of the world. They did not happen in the same order. The earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. It is still unclear to what extent plants were domesticated in Britain, or if permanently settled communities existed at all. Early Japanese societies used pottery before developing agriculture.
In the Paleolithic there were more than one human species, but only the modern human reached the Mesolithic and Neolithic.
 
Vere Gordon Childe gave the name Neolithic Revolution to this process in the 1920s. He thought that it was as important as the Industrial Revolution (which happened in the 18th and 19th century).
Theories about the Neolithic revolution 
There are different theories why this transition could have happened:
 Oasis theory: Climate changed, and there was less rain.  Humans went to live in or near oases where there is more water, to be able to survive. Some animals and plants did that too. It was only a small step to domesticate some of the animals that were there. This theory was advocated by Childe himself. Climate data from the period does not support it though.
 The hilly flanks theory. It suggests that agriculture began in the hilly flanks of the Taurus and Zagros mountains, and that it developed from intensive focused grain gathering in the region.  It was proposed in 1948.
 The feasting model suggests that agriculture was driven by displays of power, such as throwing feasts to show dominance. This required assembling large quantities of food which drove agricultural technology.
The demographic theories say that the local population grew so much that it was difficult to support it using hunting and gathering alone. More food was needed than could be gathered. Various social and economic factors helped drive the need for food.
 The evolutionary/intentionality theory proposes that agriculture is an evolutionary adaptation of plants and humans. Domestication of wild plants started by protecting them. Later, the location where to grow them was chosen more carefully. Finally they were domesticated.
Reasons why it happened 
According to Harland, there are three main reasons why the Neolithic revolution happened:
 Domestication for religious reasons. There was a revolution of symbols; religious beliefs changed as well. Venus figurines which have been found could be a hint for this.
 Domestication because of crowding and stress. Many animals died out at the end of the last ice age. The human population had increased to fill all the available land. There was a food crisis. Agriculture was the only way to support the population on the available land.
 Domestication from discovery from the food-gatherers. Food-gatherers were those who cared for the young and who kept the fires alive. With the time, they found out which plants were edible, or would help against certain illnesses. They also helped to domesticate animals (which then traveled with the humans).

Related pages
Population growth a consequence of the Neolithic revolution

References

Further reading
Further reading 

 Bellwood, Peter. (2004). First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Blackwell Publishers.

Other websites 
 Harlan, Jack R. (1992) Crops & Man: Views on Agricultural Origins ASA, CSA, Madison, WI. 

History of agriculture
Neolithic
Revolutions
The British Army is the army of the British Armed Forces, the military of the United Kingdom. The British Army came into being with unification of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army included regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland and was administered by the War Office from London. Since 1963, it has been managed by the Ministry of Defence. Around a quarter of soldiers in the British Army are in the Infantry.

Under Oliver Cromwell, the English Army was active in the conquest and settlement of Ireland since the 1650s. The Cromwellian campaign was characterised by its uncompromising treatment of Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War.
Since the Seven Years' War ebded in 1763, the British have been one of the leading military and economic powers of the world. The British Empire expanded to include colonies, protectorates, and dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of the empire and British dominance of the world, the British Army also played important roles in colonisation. 

The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars by serving in Spain and the rest of Europe and in North Africa. The war between the British and the French Empires stretched around the world. The British Army finally came to defeat Napoleon at one of Britain's greatest military victories at the Battle of Waterloo.

References

Other websites 

 British Army Website
 Regiments and Corps of the British Army: An Introductory Overview Regiments
Mario Kart (stylized as MARIOKART) is a series of racing video games and media franchise, made by Nintendo. It began with Super Mario Kart for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1992. To date, there are four Mario Kart games on home consoles, three portable games, and three Namco co-developed arcade games, making a total of twelve. The latest game of the series is Mario Kart Tour.
In the Mario Kart series, players compete in go-kart races, controlling one of a selection of characters from the Mario franchise. Up to eight participants can compete in each race, with the exception of Mario Kart Wii, which holds twelve. One of the features of the series is the use of various power-up items obtained by driving into item boxes laid out on the course. These power-ups include mushrooms to give players a speed boost, Koopa Shells to be thrown at opponents, and banana peels that can be laid on the track as hazards. The type of weapon received from an item box is random and often influenced by the player's position in the race. For example, players lagging far behind may receive more powerful items while the leader will only receive small defensive items. This gameplay mechanic–called "rubber banding"– allows other players or computers a realistic chance to eat up the leading player no matter how far ahead they are
. As the series has progresses, each new title has introduced new elements in order to keep the gameplay fresh. Changes typically include new items, new stages, and new methods of obtaining speed boosts, but most games have also featured a new play mechanic as well. Changes new titles have brought to the series include: Mario Kart 64 introducing 4-player racing and bringing the series into the third dimension, Mario Kart: Double Dash!!'s introducing a partner system and the Double Dash!!, Mario Kart Wii's use of motorbikes and twelve participants per race, and the newest entry into the franchise, Mario Kart 7, featuring hang gliders, submarines and a new first-person perspective as well as customizing karts.
Courses
Many course themes are repeated throughout the series. For example, most games have featured a circuit course, a desert course, a city or highway course with traffic, some form of a beach course, a stadium course, a jungle course, an ice or snow course, Bowser's Castle and Rainbow Road. Each game in the series includes 16 original courses, with the exception of Super Mario Kart and Super Circuit, which holds 20. Most races have three laps, while some games have more or less. There are also three to six original battle arenas in each game, designed exclusively for Battle mode. So far, there are 120 original courses and 30 original arenas spread throughout these seven games. Additionally, there are 48 Retro courses and 10 Retro arenas. These consist of older material recreated for newer games.

Recurring items
Recurring items

Banana peel: deployed as a hazard to other racers. Sometimes appears in a group of three.
Green/Red Koopa shell: projectile fired at other racers. Green shells go straight and bounce off walls whereas red shells home in on other racers. Appears either as a single shell or as a group of three.
Spiny shell: indestructible shell that homes in on the player in 1st place. In Mario Kart 64, Mario Kart: Super Circuit, and Mario Kart 7, it travels along the ground and also knocks down other karts in its path; in the other games it is airborne and damages the 1st placed racer only. Also known as Blue Shells.
Starman: gives temporary invincibility and as well as an increase in speed. Knocks out other karts on contact.
Bob-omb: A bomb that explodes after a set amount of time or on contact.
Lightning Bolt/Thunderbolt: strikes all other racers with lightning, temporarily causing them to shrink and slow down.
Mushroom: gives user a speed boost. Sometimes appears in a group of three.
Boo: makes user temporarily invisible (to opponents) and invincible, as well as stealing another racer's item. This item has been dropped in later games.
Fake Item Box: looks similar to a real item box, but is instead used as a hazard to trick other racers.
Bullet Bill: Transforms the kart to an automated bullet which travels the course at a faster-than-usual speed, knocking out any kart in its path.

Modes of play
Each Mario Kart game features a variety of different modes. The following modes recur most often in the series:
Grand Prix – players compete in various "cups," groups of several courses each. Players earn points according to their finishing position in each race, and the player with the most points at the end of the cup wins a trophy. In some games, a ranking system is also included to determine the player's overall performance.
Time Trial – (single player) the player attempts to complete any course in the fastest time possible with three mushrooms to be used at anytime during the run. The best time is then saved as a ghost, in which the player can compete against in later runs.
VS – multiple human players compete against each other on any course with custom rules. Also playable in single player mode since Mario Kart DS.