Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Photovoltaics (PVs) are arrays of cells containing a solar photovoltaic material that converts solar radiation or energy from the sun into direct current electricity. Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years, and costs have dropped.

Solar photovoltaics are growing rapidly, from a small base, to a total global capacity of 130,000 MW at the end of 2013. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building.
Panels 
Photovoltaic solar panels come in many different voltages. The most common are 12 volts, 24 volts, and 48 volts. Like batteries, multiple solar panels can be connected together to produce higher voltages, for example, two 48 volt panels connected together would produce 96 volts. The inverter, batteries, and solar panels in a system are usually all of the same voltage. The advantage of a higher-voltage system is that thinner wire is used, which is less expensive and easier to pull through conduit. The disadvantage of a higher-voltage installation is that electric shock and arc flash become more of a hazard, so installations above 48 volts are usually only found in solar power plants or commercial buildings.
A photovoltaic installation typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, rechargeable batteries (for use at night), a charge controller (a device that prevents the batteries from over-charging), two GFCI circuit breakers (one before the inverter and one after), and interconnection wiring. There is sometimes also a transformer after the inverter, which can power 240 volt heavy appliances such as a clothes dryer or oven.  The transformer is often part of the inverter and can't be seen.  Everything past the inverter (or transformer if there is one) is set up like a normal utility-fed installation (breaker panel, lights, outlets, switches, etc.). If there is no transformer, only 120 volt devices may be used. Installations without a transformer must be labelled as such on the breaker panel to alert future electricians that 240 volt appliances can not be installed. Some installations have direct current (DC) lighting and possibly DC appliances
. The advantage of this is that for DC loads, the losses in the inverter are avoided. These installations will have a separate DC breaker panel connected before the inverter. For safety reasons, DC wiring cannot be run in the same conduit as AC wiring, and DC outlets must not accept an AC plug and vice versa.
World's Largest PV Power Stations (outdated)

Solar Cells 
A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that changes light energy into electricity. Photovoltaics are best known as a method for making electricity by using solar cells to change energy from the sun into a flow of electrons.  The photovoltaic effect was first noticed by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839.    Practically all photovoltaic devices are some type of photodiode.
Solar cells can be used to power tools or to recharge a storage battery. The first actual request of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecrafts, but today the most photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power creation. In this case a tool called an inverter is required to convert the direct current to alternating current. Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can give off, cells are electrically connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A single module is enough to power an emergency telephone, but for a house or a power station the modules must be arranged in multiples as arrays.

Notes

Other websites
Other websites 

 How Stuff Works: Solar cells.
 Energy Atlas of the West 
 World's largest photovoltaic power plants
 Information pertaining to photovoltaic solar electricity in each of the IEA PVPS member countries 
 Photon Magazine International PV magazine
 Renewable Energy World magazine 
 US Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
 http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/
 Photovoltaic components, projects and howtos

Solar power
Electricity
Solar cells are semiconductor devices that convert light to electricity. They have many applications. They have long been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable, such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, consumer systems, e.g. handheld calculators or wrist watches, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications. More recently, they are starting to be used in assemblies of solar modules connected to the electricity grid through an inverter, often in combination with net metering.

Solar cells are regarded as one of the key technologies of solar energy towards a sustainable energy supply.

Three generations of development
First
The first generation photovoltaic consists of a large-area, single layer p-n junction diode, which is capable of generating usable electrical energy from light sources with the wavelengths of sunlight. These cells are typically made using a silicon wafer. First generation photovoltaic cells (also known as silicon wafer-based solar cells) are the dominant technology in the commercial production of solar cells, accounting for more than 86% of the solar cell market.
The second generation of photovoltaic materials is based on the use of thin-film deposits of semiconductors. These devices were initially designed to be high-efficiency, multiple junction photovoltaic cells. Later, the advantage of using a thin-film of material was noted, reducing the mass of material required for cell design. This contributed to a prediction of greatly reduced costs for thin film solar cells. Currently (2007) there are different technologies/semiconductor materials under investigation or in mass production, such as amorphous silicon, poly-crystalline silicon, micro-crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide/sulfide. Typically, the efficiencies of thin-film solar cells are lower compared with silicon (wafer-based) solar cells, but manufacturing costs are also lower, so that a lower price in terms of $/watt of electrical output can be achieved
. Another advantage of the reduced mass is that less support is needed when placing panels on rooftops and it allows fitting panels on light materials or flexible materials, even textiles. This allows for portable roll-up solar panels, which can fit in a backpack and be used to power cell phones or laptops in remote areas.
Third
Third generation photovoltaics are very different from the other two, broadly defined as semiconductor devices which do not rely on a traditional p-n junction to separate photogenerated charge carriers. These new devices include photoelectrochemical cells, Polymer solar cells, and nanocrystal solar cells.

Companies working on third generation photovoltaics include Xsunx, Konarka Technologies, Inc., Nanosolar and Nanosys. Research is also being done in this area by the USA's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (http://www.nrel.gov/).

Notes

 
 PVNET European Roadman for PV R&D  Ed Arnulf Jager-Waldan Office for Publications of the European Union 2004

Other websites
Other websites 

Directory of Solar Cell Manufacturers 
Directory of Solar Cell Manufacturing Equipment Suppliers 
School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering (Research lab of Prof. Martin Green et al.)
Energex: Animation of how a solar cell works 
Carbon Nanotube Solar Cells  (28 February 2005)
Flexible Silicon Solar Cells (15 February 2003)
Historical: Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion: An Update (M. Green, 1998)
Howstuffworks.com: How Solar Cells Work
Organic Photovoltaics and Materials — Overview 
Organic Solar Cells for the Near-Infrared Spectrum 
Photovoltaic Residential Benefits 
Photovoltaic Solar Panel Overview 
Photovoltaic Thin Films for the Full Solar Spectrum  (W. Walukiewicz 2002)
Pliable solar cells are on a roll 
Điện mặt trời Địa Cầu Xanh 
Superefficient, Cost-Effective Solar Cell Breaks Conversion Records - 40.7 percent efficiency achieved (Scientific American, December 2006)
Do-it-yourself
PEC (Photo Electro Chromic)
How to Build Your Own Solar Cell 
DIY (Do It Yourself): Nanocrystalline Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Kit Quote: "... sunlight-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency is between 1 and 0.5%..."

Cuprous oxide solar cells
Make a Solar Cell in Your Kitchen, A Flat Panel Solar Battery

Newsgroups
alt.solar.photovoltaic

Solar energy
Electronic components
Electricity
An alternating current (AC) is an electric current of which magnitude and direction vary, unlike direct current, whose direction remains constant.  This means that the direction of current flowing in a circuit is constantly being reversed back and forth.  This is done with any type of AC voltage source. 

The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave, because this leads to the most efficient transmission of energy.  However, in certain applications different waveforms are used, such as triangular or square waves. Inexpensive power inverters produce a square wave with a pause between the change in direction.

When one speaks of alternating current one mostly refers to the form in which electricity is delivered to businesses and residences.  The AC comes from a power plant.  The direction of the electricity switches back 60 times every second (or 50 times in some parts of the world).  This happens so fast that a light bulb does not stop glowing.
Both audio and radio signals carried on electrical wire are also examples of alternating current. In these applications, an important goal is often the recovery of information encoded (or modulated) onto the AC signal.

History 
Nikola Tesla experimented with electrical resonance and studied various lighting systems. He invented an induction motor, new types of generators and transformers, and a system of alternating current power transmission.
William Stanley, Jr. designed one of the first practical devices to transfer AC power efficiently between isolated circuits. Using pairs of coils wound on a common iron core, his design, called an induction coil, was an early precursor of the modern transformer. The system used today was devised in the late nineteenth century, largely by Nikola Tesla. Contributions were also made by George Westinghouse, Lucien Gaulard, John Dixon Gibbs,Wilhelm Siemens and Oliver Shallenger. AC systems overcame the limitations of the direct current system used by Thomas Edison to distribute electricity efficiently over long distances. 

The Mill Creek hydroelectric plant was built near Redlands, California in 1893. Designed by Almirian Decker, it used 10,000 volt three-phase electric power which eventually became the standard method for power stations throughout the world.
How it Works
AC power is cheaper and easier to make electronic devices. The power switches for AC power are also less expensive to make. It is less expensive than DC because you can increase and decrease the current very easily. AC can use high voltages with smaller current to reduce losses when you send power. AC reduces the heating in the wires. DC power could be sent, but it would lose a lot of energy and you would have to put more work in it to send it great distances. AC transformers are installed everywhere, including atop utility poles and underground. Alternating current works by switching the current many times back and forth constantly while it goes back to the source it came from.

Further reading 
 Willam A. Meyers, History and Reflections on the Way Things Were: Mill Creek Power Plant - Making History with AC, IEEE Power Engineering Review, February 1997, Pages 22–24

References

Related pages
 Direct current
 Electricity
Other websites 
 What is alternating current (AC)? - on All About Circuits
 "AC/DC: What's the Difference?". Edison's Miracle of Light, American Experience. (PBS)
 "AC/DC: Inside the AC Generator ". Edison's Miracle of Light, American Experience. (PBS)
 Kuphaldt, Tony R., "Lessons In Electric Circuits : Volume II - AC". March 8, 2003. (Design Science License)
 Nave, C. R., "Alternating Current Circuits Concepts". HyperPhysics.
 "Alternating Current (AC)". Magnetic Particle Inspection, Nondestructive Testing Encyclopedia.
 "Alternating current ". Analog Process Control Services.
 Hiob, Eric, "An Application of Trigonometry and Vectors to Alternating Current". British Columbia Institute of Technology, 2004.
 "Introduction to alternating current and transformers". Integrated Publishing.
 "Wind Energy Reference Manual Part 4: Electricity ". Danish Wind Industry Association, 2003.
 Chan. Keelin, "Alternating current Tools ". JC Physics, 2002.
 "Measurement -> ac ". Analog Process Control Services.
Williams, Trip "Kingpin", "Understanding Alternating Current, Some more power concepts".
 "Table of Voltage, Frequency, TV Broadcasting system, Radio Broadcasting, by Country".
 Professor Mark Csele's tour of the 25 Hz Rankine generating station
 50/60 hertz information 
 AC circuits Animations and explanations of vector (phasor) representation of RLC circuits
 Blalock, Thomas J., "The Frequency Changer Era: Interconnecting Systems of Varying Cycles ". The history of various frequencies and interconversion schemes in the US at the beginning of the 20th century
Direct current (DC or "continuous current") is the flow of electricity in a single direction, from the negative to the positive terminals (potential, poles).

The direct current always flow in the same direction, distinguishing it from the alternating current (AC). Direct current used to be called "Galvanic current".

Batteries are some of the main sources of direct current (DC), but many other sources also exist such as bridge rectifiers in power supply, solar panels, etc.

Typically, the current goes through a conductor and other things that can carry DC. DC is also sent through a vacuum as in electron beams or ion beams.

The first commercial electric power transmission was developed by Thomas Edison in the late nineteenth century using direct current. Today nearly all electric power distribution uses alternating current because of the advantages with transformers and transmission. High-voltage direct current is often used for transporting electricity to places far away.
For applications requiring direct current, the alternating current is typically distributed to a substation and then converted to direct current.

Long after the usage of direct current had been established, physicists realized that the current was made of negative electric charges, the electrons, and that the actual flow was from the negative to the positive pole (and so-called "holes" flow in the opposite direction), but by convention, the usage of the term was never changed.

Related pages
 Electric current
 Alternating current
 Railway electrification system

Other websites 
 AC/DC: What's the Difference?. Edison's Miracle of Light, American Experience. (PBS)

Electricity
A snowmobile is a motorized vehicle used for travelling over snow.  It is like a car, only instead of wheels, it has treads.  Some snowmobiles have skis in the front for steering.  

Adding snowmobile studs to the tread decreases the time and distance it takes to stop a snowmobile.  Once you make a decision to stop a snowmobile, the distance it will take to stop will be a combination of the speed of the machine, weight of the machine and the available friction and or the mechanical damping (which will equal the effective drag factor) between the snowmobile and the surface on which it is trying to stop. If the surface is icy or hard-packed, the mechanical damping portion of the effective drag factor is decreased, leaving you with only the friction provided by the tread to stop.
Snowmobile studs made from steel or stainless steel with carbide tips are installed in the tread. The studs are designed for specific terrains in varying lengths, shapes and materials. The studs control acceleration, deceleration and maneuverability. The correct amount and type of stud installed in an effective pattern will produce the best traction results.

Land vehicles
The Remo Four were a rock band from Liverpool, England, from the late 1950s and early 1960s, at the same time the Beatles were starting their musical careers.

While the Beatles gained experience performing in Hamburg, Germany, the Remo Four played at American Air Force bases in France. Members of the two bands were friends, and often played at the same places back in Liverpool, or would go to watch each other perform.

After the Beatles became famous under Brian Epstein's management, Epstein signed up the Remo Four also. He worked hard to promote the band, but they never achieved massive success as the Beatles had. Epstein paired the Remo Four with a singer he also managed, called Tommy Quickly. They made a series of singles together, but none became hits. Quickly retired from music, and the Remo Four went on to work with other singers, including Billy J. Kramer. They also released an album, titled Smile, on a German record label.
George Harrison was invited to record a movie soundtrack in late 1967. Instead of working with the Beatles, he invited the Remo Four to work with him. The movie, Wonderwall, got little exposure, but the soundtrack album, Wonderwall Music, became a minor hit the next year.

English rock bands
Musicians from Liverpool
The magnitude of a mathematical object is its size: a property by which it can be larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind.

In mathematical language one would say: It is an ordering of the class of objects to which it belongs.

The Ancient Greeks distinguished between several types of magnitude, including:
 (positive) fractions
 line segments (ordered by length)
 Plane figures (ordered by area)
 Solids (ordered by volume)
 Angles (ordered by angular magnitude)

They had proven that the first two could not be the same, or even isomorphic systems of magnitude. They did not consider negative magnitudes to be meaningful, and magnitude is still primarily used in contexts in which zero is either the lowest size, or less than all possible sizes.

Real numbers 
The magnitude of a real number  is usually called the absolute value or modulus. It is written as , and is defined by:

This gives the number's distance from zero on the real number line. For example, the modulus of  is .
Vector 
The magnitude of a vector  is called its norm, and is usually written as . It measures the length of the vector. For a three-dimensional vector , the norm can be calculated using the formula .

Practical math 

A magnitude is never negative. When comparing magnitudes, it is often helpful to use a logarithmic scale. Real-world examples include the loudness of a sound (decibel), the brightness of a star, or the Richter scale of earthquake intensity.

Because magnitudes are often not linear, they usually cannot be added or subtracted in a meaningful way.

Related pages 

 Order of magnitude

References 

Mathematics
A fraction is a number that shows how many equal parts there are. When we write fractions, we show one number with a line above (or a slash next to) another number. For example, ,  and 1/4.are different ways of writing the same fraction (in this case a quarter). The top number tells us how many parts there are, and the bottom number tells us the total number of parts.

The top part of the fraction is called a numerator. The bottom part of the fraction is called a denominator. For example, for the fraction , the 1 is the numerator, and the 4 is the denominator.

Examples of fraction
A room where  of the people are girls, has 1 girl for every 4 people.
A cake can be thought of as being made up of 4 equal parts, where each is 1 part of 4. This can be written as , and is called a "quarter". Similarly, 2 parts of the cake (2 quarters) can be written , which is also equal to 1/2 (one-half).
Mathematical fractions 
A fraction is a mathematical expression relating two quantities or numbers, where one divides the other. When the two quantities are whole numbers (or integers), this is called a rational number (such as the fraction ). When the two quantities are polynomials, this is called a rational function.

Mathematically, a fraction is a quotient of numbers, representing the number's value when the numerator (upper number) is divided by the denominator (lower number). Thus  means one divided by two, or, in decimals, 0.5.

To find  of , the denominators are multiplied, and because denominator 2 multiplied by 2 equals 4, we have that  x  = , or 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25.

(In this case, “ of” means "multiplication".)

To find  divided by , multiply  by the reciprocal of , which is 2. That answer is 1.
Multiplying 
To multiply two fractions, the first numerator is multiplied by the other numerator, and the first denominator is multiplied by the other denominator. For example.  x  = . One can simplify this by dividing both numbers by a common factor. This would be  after the simplication.

Related pages 

 Algebraic fraction
 Egyptian fraction
 Mixed number
 Ratio

References

Other websites 
 Curricula for Creating Fractions
 Worksheets:Fractions
 Interactive and dynamic worksheets to visualize fractions
 Worksheets: Identifying Fractions
 Worksheets: Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers
 Curricula for Teaching about Equivalent Fractions 
 Free online quizzes about Fractions
 Printable fraction worksheets for elementary grades.
Brian Patrick Carroll, better known as Buckethead, is an American musician and songwriter. Buckethead has released 435 studio albums, 388 of them are in the Pike series. He has performed on over 50 more albums by other music artists. His music spans many different styles and genres.

When performing onstage Buckethead wears a white KFC bucket over his head and an expressionless plain white costume mask.

Although he can play many different types of musical instruments, Buckethead is best known for his guitar playing. He has been voted as a top guitarist in many magazines dedicated to the topic of guitar playing.

Buckethead records and performs onstage as a solo artist most of the time. He has also worked with many musicians including: Bill Laswell, Bootsy Collins, Bhargav Polara Bernie Worrell, Iggy Pop, Les Claypool, Serj Tankian, Mike Patton and Viggo Mortensen. Buckethead was a member of Guns N' Roses from 2000 to 2004.
Buckethead has created music for movies such as: Saw II, Ghosts of Mars, Beverly Hills Ninja and Last Action Hero.

Notes

American guitarists
American composers
Musicians from California
American heavy metal musicians
American funk musicians
American rock musicians
American jazz musicians
1969 births
Living people
Multi-instrumentalists
In mathematics, the quotient is the result of a division. For example, in the division of 6÷3, the quotient would be 2. Here, 6 is also called the dividend, and 3 the divisor. The quotient can thus be expressed as the number of times the divisor adds together into the dividend.

On the other hand, a quotient can also mean just the integral part of the result of dividing two integers. For example, the quotient of 17 ÷ 5 would be 3 (since 5 goes into 17 at most 3 times), whilst the remainder, the leftover of the division, would be 2.

Quotients also come up in certain tests, like the IQ test, which evaluates one's intelligence quotient. In this case, the quotient is the score of the test. In recent decades, as people begin to emphasize multi-dimensional personal development, other similar quotients (such as emotional quotient) are being developed and considered as well.

Related pages 
 Difference quotient
 Fraction
 Long division
 Rational number

References 

Numbers
Arithmetics
Norman is a language spoken mainly in Normandy. It is a Romance language (a language which comes from Latin). It is closely related to French and is often called "Norman French". After the Norman Conquest, Norman changed the English language considerably.

Users
Forms of the Norman are still used in the Channel Islands,
 Jèrriais on Jersey
 Guernésiais on Guernsey
 Auregnais on the Guernsey dependency of Alderney
 Sercquiais on the dependency of Sark

No one now uses Sercquiais or Auregnais as their first language, but Jèrriais and Guernésiais  are still used.

References

Languages of France
Languages of the United Kingdom
Romance languages
In mathematics, division is the operation which is the opposite of multiplication. The symbols for division are the slash () and the fraction line, as in:

	or	

where both expressions mean "6 divided by 3", with 2 as the answer. The first number (6) is the dividend, and the second number (3) is the divisor. The result (or answer) of a division is the quotient, where any left-over amount as whole numbers is called the remainder. For example,  gives quotient 3 with remainder 2, all expressed as the mixed number  or ).

With multiplication 
If  times  equals , written as:

where  is not , then  equals  divided by , written as:

For example,

because

.

In the above expressions, the dividend is , the divisor is  and the quotient is  (with no remainder).

Division by zero, as in

is not defined.

Notation 
Division is most often shown by placing the dividend over the divisor with a horizontal line (called a vinculum) between them. For example,  divided by  is written as
This can be read as "x divided by y", or "x over y". A way to express division on one line is to write the dividend, then a slash, then the divisor, like this:

This is the usual way to write division in most computer programming languages, since it can easily be typed as a simple sequence of characters.

A typographical variation which is halfway between these two forms uses a slash, but elevates the dividend and lowers the divisor:

a⁄b

Any of these forms can be used to show a fraction. A fraction is a division expression where the dividend and divisor are both integers (in that case, the two numbers are called numerator and denominator).

Division should not be confused with ratios, which are written as , and read " (is) to ".

Related pages

 Divisor, another meaning as a number which evenly divides an amount
 Division by two
 Long division
 Modular arithmetic
 Remainder

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Division on a Japanese abacus selected from Abacus: Mystery of the Bead
 Chinese Short Division Techniques on a Suan Pan
 Rules of divisibility 

Arithmetics
Mathematics
Division could mean:

Processes:
Division (mathematics), a binary operation that serves as the inverse of multiplication
Division (electronics), digital implementation of mathematical division
Division (vote), a manner by which the votes of legislators are recorded
Division (horticulture), a method of vegetative plant propagation, or the plants created by using this method
Division (music) a specific type of ornamentation, most common in 17th century English music
Cell division, the process in which biological cells multiply
Continental divide, the geographical term for separation between catchment areas of a continent
North-South divide, the geopolitical term for the division between rich nations and poor nations
Segmentation
Units/ Entities:
Division (organisation), a subsidiary of a larger organisation
Division (business), a separate named business operated as a part of an organization
Division (military), a unit typically consisting of from 10,000 to 20,000 troops
Police division, a large unit (often a Basic Command Unit) of the British police
Division (sport), a group of teams in sport
Division (botany), a classification of plants (the botanical counterpart to zoology's phylum)
Administrative division, part of a country
A county constituency or Parliamentary seat in the UK Parliament
A subpart of a hundred (division), former administrative unit in England and Wales
Census division

Music:
A grouping of pipe ranks in a pipe organ, often with its own case, windchest, and keyboard
Divisions, a type of variation form used in the baroque.
Division viol, an English Renaissance instrument

Miscellaneous:
In nautical navigation the compass is called dividers

Basic English 850 words
For the second operand of a division, see division (mathematics).

In mathematics, a divisor of an integer n, also called a factor of n, is an integer which divides n without leaving a remainder. The statement "m is a divisor of n" can be written as . Any number is always divisible by 1 and itself, which are two of the divisors. A prime number is a number with no other divisors. The positive divisors of a number n, other than n itself, are the proper divisors of n.

Finding one or more factors of a given number is called factorization.


Explanation 

For example, 7 is a divisor of 42 because 42÷7 = 6. We also say that "42 is divisible by 7", "42 is a multiple of 7", "7 divides 42", or "7 is a factor of 42", and we usually write 7 | 42. For example, the positive divisors of 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42.
In general, we say that m divides n for non-zero integers m and n, if and only if there exists an integer k such that n = km.  Thus, divisors can be negative as well as positive, although we often restrict our attention to positive divisors. (For example, there are six divisors of four, 1, 2, 4, -1, -2, -4, but one would usually mention only the positive ones, 1, 2, and 4.) 

1 and -1 divide (are divisors of) every integer, every integer is a divisor of itself, and every integer is a divisor of 0, except by convention 0 itself (see also Division by zero). Numbers divisible by 2 are called even, and numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd.

A divisor of n that is not 1, -1, n or -n is known as a non-trivial divisor; numbers with non-trivial divisors are known as composite numbers, while prime numbers have no non-trivial divisors.

The name comes from the arithmetic operation of division: if a÷b = c, then a is the dividend, b the divisor, and c the quotient.
Spotting divisors 
There are properties which allow one to recognize certain divisors of a number from the number's digits. Those properties can be used as "math tricks" to quickly spot some divisors of a number.

For example, if the last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6 or 8), then 2 is a divisor. If the last digit is 0 or 5, then 5 is a divisor. If the digits add up to a multiple of 3, then 3 is a divisor. For the number 340, ending in "0" then both 2 and 5 are divisors, plus 2×5 = 10 is also a divisor. Dividing by 10, 340/10 = 34, as finally 2×17. Combining all the smaller numbers, the 12 divisors of 340 are:
 Divisors of 340:  1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 17, 20, 34, 68, 85, 170, 340.
Note that any number is always evenly divisible by 1 and itself.

Related pages 

 Coprime
 Euclid's lemma

References

Other websites 

 Online Number Factorizer Instantly factors numbers up to 17 digits long
 Factoring Calculator  -- Factoring calculator that displays the prime factors and the prime and non-prime divisors of a given number.
Arithmetics
Number theory
In arithmetic, the result of the division of two integers usually cannot be expressed with an integer quotient, unless a remainder—an amount "left over" after the division—is also accepted.

The remainder for natural numbers 
Given a natural number a and a non-zero natural number d, it can be shown that there exist unique integers q and r, such that a = qd + r and 0 ≤ r < d. The number q is called the quotient, while r is called the remainder.

The case of general integers 
If a and d are integers with d being non-zero, then a remainder is an integer r such that a = qd + r for some integer q, and with 0 ≤ |r| < |d|.

When defined this way, there are two possible remainders. For example, the division of -42 by -5 can be expressed as either

-42 = 9 ×(-5) + 3

or

-42 = 8 ×(-5) + (-2).

So the remainder is then either 3 or -2.
This ambiguity in the value of the remainder is not very serious; in the case above, the negative remainder is obtained from the positive one just by subtracting 5, which is d. This holds in general. When dividing by d, if the positive remainder is r1, and the negative one is r2, then

r1 = r2 + d.

The remainder for real numbers
When a and d are real numbers, with d being non-zero, then a can be divided by d without remainder, with the quotient being another real number. If the quotient is constrained to being an integer, however, the concept of remainder is still necessary. It can be proved that there exists a unique integer quotient q and a unique real remainder r such that a=qd+r with 0≤r < |d|. Similar to the case of division of integers, the remainder could be required to be negative, that is,  -|d| < r ≤ 0.
Extending the definition of remainder for real numbers, as described above, is not of theoretical importance in mathematics; however, many programming languages implement this definition—see modulo operation for more.

Related pages
Divisor, a number which evenly divides another
Long division
Modular arithmetic
Modulo operation

References 

Arithmetics
Remainder is the amount "left over" when dividing two integers.

Remainder could also mean:

Remaindered book, a publisher liquidating the remaining unsold copies of a book
Remainder (law), in property law, a future interest created in a transferee
Remainder term, in mathematics, when approximating a value by a series, is the error (the amount "left over") of an approximation, such that true value = series approximation + remainder term.
This is a list of movies produced and/or distributed by the U.S. movie studio 20th Century Studios (formerly 20th Century Fox). The company was founded on May 31, 1935 as a merger between Fox Film Corporation and 20th Century Pictures. For the movies of those two companies, see List of pre-1940 Fox films and List of 20th Century Pictures films.

 *:public domain

1910s
 Regeneration* (1915)
 Cleopatra* (1917, a legendary lost movie)
1920s
 The Lights of New York* (1922, with Technicolor sequences)
 Madness of Youth (1923, with Technicolor sequences)
 Circus Cowboy (1924)
 The Iron Horse (1924)
 Fig Leaves (1926, with Technicolor sequences)
 The Cowboy and The Countess (1926)
 Yankee Senor (1926, with Technicolor sequences)
 Hell's Four Hundred (1926, with Technicolor sequences)
 The Joy Girl (1927, with Technicolor sequences)
 Seventh Heaven (1927) (1927/28 Academy Award winner, Best Actress Janet Gaynor)
 Sunrise (1927), one of the first movies in the sound-on-movie system Fox Movietone; only the musical score was heard. 1927/28 Academy Award winner, Best Actress Janet Gaynor)
 None But the Brave (1928, with Technicolor sequences)
 Street Angel (1928) (1927/28 Academy Award winner, Best Actress Janet Gaynor)
 In Old Arizona (1928, Fox's first all-talkie, Academy Award winner) (1928/29 Academy Award winner, Best Actor Warner Baxter)
 Fox Movietone Follies of 1929 (1929, with Multicolor sequences)
Married in Hollywood (1929, with Multicolor sequences)
 Sunny Side Up (1929, with Multicolor sequences)
 Hearts in Dixie (1929, black and white)
 The Cock-Eyed World (1929, black and white)
New Movietone Follies of 1930 (1930, with Multicolor sequences)
 Happy Days (1930)
 Are You There? (1930)
 High Society Blues (1930)
 Just Imagine (1930)
 The Big Trail (1930)
 Song O' My Heart (1930)
 Cameo Kirby (1930)
 Cheer Up and Smile (1930)
 Man Trouble (1930)
 Liliom (1930)
 Delicious (1931, with Multicolor sequences)
 East Lynne (1931)
 Charlie Chan Carries On (1931)
 A Connecticut Yankee (non-musical version, with Will Rogers) (1931)
 Doctors' Wives (1931)
 Charlie Chan's Chance (1932)
 Call Her Savage (1932)
 Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1932)
 Tess of the Storm Country (1932)
 Berkeley Square (1933)
 Hoop-La (1933)
 Cavalcade (1932/33, Academy Award winner, "Best Picture")
 State Fair (1933) (non-musical version, with Will Rogers)
 Grand Canary (1934)
 Stand Up and Cheer! (1934)
 Bright Eyes (1934) a miniature Academy Award was given to Shirley Temple for this film
 Judge Priest (1934)
 Bottoms Up (1934)
 Charlie Chan in Paris (1935)
 The Little Colonel (1935)
 Charlie Chan in Egypt (1935)
Curly Top (1935)
 Charlie Chan in Shanghai (1935)
 Dante's Inferno (1935)
 Music Is Magic (1935)
 The Littlest Rebel (1935)
 King of Burlesque (1936)
 Captain January (1936)
 Sins of Man (1936)
 Poor Little Rich Girl (1936)
 Sing, Baby, Sing (1936)
 Ramona (1936, Fox's first all-Technicolor feature movie)
 Dimples (1936)
 Ladies in Love (1936)
 Under Your Spell (1936)
 Lloyd's of London (1936)
 Stowaway (1936)
 One in a Million (1936/37)
 On the Avenue (1937)
 Love Is News (1937)
 Café Metropole (1937)
 Fifty Roads to Town (1937)
 You Can't Have Everything (1937)
 Wake Up and Live (1937)
 Thin Ice (1937)
 Danger - Love at Work (1937)
 Heidi (1937)
 Second Honeymoon (1937)
 Love Under Fire (1937/38)
 In Old Chicago (1937/38)
 Happy Landing (1938)
 Sally, Irene and Mary (1938)
 Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938)
 Josette (1938)
 Little Miss Broadway (1938)
 Gateway (1938)
 Alexander's Ragtime Band (1938)
 Suez (1938)
 Jesse James (1939)
 The Three Musketeers (1939)
 Tail Spin (1939)
Tail Spin (1939)
 The Little Princess* (1939)
 Midnight (1939)
 The Story of Alexander Graham Bell (1939)
 Rose of Washington Square (1939)
 Second Fiddle (1939)
 The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939)
 The Rains Came (1939)
 Hollywood Cavalcade (1939)
 Day-Time Wife (1939)
 Barricade (1939)
1940s
 Swanee River (1940)
 The Grapes of Wrath (1940)
 Little Old New York (1940)
 Johnny Apollo (1940)
 Lillian Russell (1940)
 Four Sons (1940)
 The Return of Frank James (1940)
 The Mark of Zorro (1940)
 Tin Pan Alley (1940)
 Down Argentine Way (1940)
 Brigham Young (1940)
 Hudson's Bay (1941)
 Tobacco Road (1941)
 That Night in Rio (1941)
 The Great American Broadcast (1941)
 Blood and Sand (1941)
 Moon Over Miami (1941)
 Kiss the Boys Goodbye (1941)
 Belle Starr (1941)
 A Yank in the RAF (1941)
 The Feminine Touch (1941)
 Week-End in Havana (1941)
 How Green Was My Valley (1941)
 Sundown (1941)
 I Wake Up Screaming (1941)
 Confirm or Deny (1941)
 Remember the Day (1941)
 The Shanghai Gesture (1941)
 Son of Fury: The Story of Benjamin Blake (1942)
 Rings on Her Fingers (1942)
 My Gal Sal (1942)
 This Above All (1942)
 The Magnificent Dope (1942)
 Tales of Manhattan (1942)
 Orchestra Wives (1942)
 Song of the Islands (1942)
 Footlight Serenade (1942)
 Girl Trouble (1942)
 The Pied Piper (1942)
Thunder Birds (1942)
 Springtime in the Rockies (1942)
 The Black Swan (1942)
 China Girl (1942)
 Hello, Frisco, Hello (1943)
 The Song of Bernadette (1943)
 Crash Dive (1943)
 The Ox-Bow Incident (1943)
 Coney Island (1943)
 Heaven Can Wait (1943)
 Happy Land (1943)
 The Gang's All Here (1943)
 My Friend Flicka (1943)
 Sweet Rosie O'Grady (1943)
 Jane Eyre (1944)
 Four Jills in a Jeep (1944)
 Pin Up Girl (1944)
 Wing and a Prayer (1944)
 Wilson (1944)
 In the Meantime, Darling (1944)
 The Big Noise (1944)
 Greenwich Village (1944)
 Laura (1944)
 The Keys of the Kingdom (1944)
 A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1945)
 Thunderhead, Son of Flicka (1945)
 Diamond Horseshoe (1945)
 A Bell for Adano (1945)
 State Fair (1945)
 Fallen Angel (1945)
 The Dolly Sisters (1945)
 Leave Her to Heaven (1945) - Fox's highest-grossing movie of the 1940s
 Dragonwyck (1946)
 Anna and the King of Siam (1946)
 My Darling Clementine (1946)
 The Razor's Edge (1946)
 The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (1947)
Miracle on 34th Street (1947) (and 1994 remake)
 The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (1947)
 Kiss of Death (1947) (plus 1995 remake)
 Mother Wore Tights (1947)
 Nightmare Alley (1947)
 Gentleman's Agreement (1947)
 Captain from Castile (1947)
 The Iron Curtain (1948)
 Green Grass of Wyoming (1948)
 The Luck of the Irish (1948)
 That Lady in Ermine (1948)
 The Snake Pit (1948)
 When My Baby Smiles at Me (1948)
 That Wonderful Urge (1948)
 Chicken Every Sunday (1949)
 A Letter to Three Wives (1949)
 The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend (1949)
 Whirlpool (1949)
 Twelve O'Clock High (1949)
 Prince of Foxes (1949)
1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

.

2020s

Upcoming films

Undated films

Related pages
 20th Century Fox
 20th Century Fox Television

Notes

References

Lists of movies
American movies by studio
Andreas Starke (SPD) (born 17 September 1956 in Hamburg) became the Lord Mayor of Bamberg in Bavaria, Germany in 2006. He won the election against Peter Neller (CSU), Ursula Sowa (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) and Norbert Tscherner (BBB).

1956 births
Living people
Bamberg
German mayors
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Robert Enke (born 24 August 1977 in Jena, East Germany - died 10 November 2009, Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany) was a German football player. He was a goalkeeper for the Germany football team.

Football career 
Enke started to play football at BSG Jenapharm Jena, a local club in his city. In 1985 he came to the youth teams of Jena's major football club, Carl Zeiss Jena. On 11 November 1995, at the age of 18, he had his first professional match for Jena in the German 2. Bundesliga. In 1996, he came to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the German Bundesliga.

From 1997 to 1999 he made fifteen matches for the German under-21 national team. In 1999 he was nominated as one of three goalkeepers of the national team and he went to the FIFA Confederations Cup in the same year. After leaving Germany in 1999 and playing in Portugal, Spain and Turkey, he was not nominated.
In 2006, already playing two years back home, he was nominated as a stand-by goalkeeper for the world championships. After that he returned to the team, on 28 March 2007 he made his first match for the team (against Denmark). In May 2008 he became goalkeeper number two after Jens Lehmann who was already 38 years old. After the UEFA Euro 2008, Jens Lehmann left the national team. Since then, the goalkeepers changed often. On 8 October 2008, Enke broke his hand, so René Adler played his first match in the national team. Other goalkeepers who were tested were Manuel Neuer and Tim Wiese.

Enke's last club was Hannover 96. He had a contract until the year 2010. In 2007 he became team captain in his club. He had played eight matches for the national team. His last match for the national team was on 12 August 2009 against Azerbaijan, his last club match was on 8 November 2009 against Hamburg.
Private life 
Enke and his wife had a daughter who died in 2006. She was two years old. In 2009 they adopted another daughter.

Death 
Enke died in the evening of 10 November 2009 when he was hit by a train near Neustadt am Rübenberge. His advisor said that Enke committed suicide. The next day, there was a press conference with Enke's widow and his psychiatrist. They said that Enke had had a major depressive disorder (depression) since the year 2003.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||Carl Zeiss Jena||2. Bundesliga||4||0
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|1997/98||0||0
|-
|1998/99||32||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||26||0
|-
|2000/01||26||0
|-
|2001/02||25||0

|-
|2002/03||Barcelona||La Liga||1||0

|-
|2003/04||Fenerbahçe||Süper Lig||1||0

|-
|2003/04||Tenerife||Segunda División||9||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Hannover||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||34||0
|-
|2005/06||32||0
|-
|2006/07||34||0
|-
|2007/08||34||0
|-
|2008/09||24||0
|-
|2009/10||6||0
200||0
57||0
10||0
1||0
268||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}

References

Other websites 
 Robert Enke

1977 births
2009 deaths
German association football goalkeepers
People from Jena
Sportspeople from Thuringia
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides in Germany
Railway accident deaths
FC Barcelona players
Veliky Novgorod () is a city in the European part of Russia. It is the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. It is about  from St. Petersburg. In 2007, about 217,000 people lived there. "Novgorod" is the Russian word for "new city" and "Veliky" means "the Great". The city is actually one of the most historic in Russia. Its past can be traced to the 9th century. Yaroslav the Wise ruled there in the 11th century. It was the only Russian province that was not captured by the Golden Horde.

Capitals of oblasts of Russia
There is also a town Velikiy Novgorod with Novgorod in its name

Nizhny Novgorod (Russian:Ни́жний Но́вгород, often shortened to Nizhny) is the fourth largest city in Russia. The first three are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan. Nizhny Novgorod had a population of 1,249,861 in 2021, and one of 1,438,133 in 1989. It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District.

From 1932 to 1990 the city was known as Gorky (Russian: Го́рький) after the writer Maxim Gorky.

Other websites 

Nizhny Novgorod City Government website  
Official website of Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum  
Art Museum of Nizhny Novgorod 
http://www.nne.ru The Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas Archdiocese 
VisitNizhny.com  Information about tourism and entertainment in Nizhny Novgorod 
Nizhny Novgorod Online 

Cities and towns in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Capitals of oblasts of Russia
Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov (In Russian Алексей Максимович Пешков) (Old style: 16 March 1868, New style: 28 March – 18 June 1936), better known as Maxim Gorky (Максим Горький), was a Soviet/Russian author, a founder of the socialist realism literary method and a political activist. 

From 1906 to 1913 and from 1921 to 1929 he lived abroad, mostly in Capri, Italy; after his return to the Soviet Union he accepted the cultural policies of the time, although he was not permitted to leave the country.

Selected Works 
 The Lower Depths (На дне), 1902
 Children of the Sun (Дети солнца), 1905

Gallery

Other websites 

 
 

1868 births
1936 deaths
Russian writers
People from Nizhny Novgorod
The ankh was the Egyptian hieroglyphic character that stood for the word ʿnḫ, meaning life. Egyptian gods are often portrayed carrying it by its loop, or bearing one in each hand, arms crossed over their chest. It is also known as the Egyptian Cross, or as crux ansata, Latin for "cross with a handle".
"Ankhs" are viewed as a protective symbol. Many Ancient Egyptian Gods are seen holding this item. 

Religious symbols
Ancient Egypt
Ingrid Bergman (29 August 191529 August 1982) was a Swedish actress. She won numerous accolades, including three Academy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Tony Award, four Golden Globe Awards, BAFTA Award and a Volpi Cup.

Biography
Born in Stockholm, Bergman enrolled at Royal Dramatic Drama School. She began acting in Sweden before moving to Hollywood in 1939. Her first movie was a remake of a Swedish movie Intermezzo. Bergman starred in movies Casablanca (1942), Gaslight (1944), Spellbound (1945) and Notorious (1946). She was nominated for seven Academy Awards. Her last role was in a television miniseries Golda Meir (1982). Bergman married Roberto Rossellini in 1950.  She had a daughter Pia (born 1938) by her first husband Dr. Lindström, and a son Robertino (born 1950) and twin daughters Isabella Rossellini and Isotta (born 1952) with Rossellini. Bergman died of breast cancer in London, England.

References
 The Illustrated Who's Who of Cinema, Portland House, New York, 1987.

Other websites
Other websites

Academy Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from breast cancer
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Stockholm
Swiss stage actors
Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
Tony Award winning actors
1915 births
1982 deaths
The Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg is a cycle trail. It  links the Moselle-valley and
the Hunsrück from Trier to Hermeskeil in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
The length is about :
 Trier-Ruwer - Mertesdorf - Kasel - Waldrach: 
 Waldrach - Sommerau - Gusterath-Tal - Pluwigerhammer: 
 Pluwigerhammer - Hinzenburg - Burg Heid: 
 Burg Heid - Hentern - Zerf: 
 Zerf - Niederkell: 
 Niederkell - Kell am See: 
 Kell am See - Reinsfeld: 
 Reinsfeld - Hermeskeil:

Other websites 

 www.ruwer-hochwald-radweg.de

Cycling in Germany
Sport in Rhineland-Palatinate
Transport in Germany