Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Martin Heidegger (26 September 1889 – 26 May 1976) was a German philosopher.

His best known book, Being and Time, is considered one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. It is a very difficult book, even for the German reader.

Works
In it, and later works, Heidegger maintained that our way of questioning defines our nature. But philosophy, western civilization's chief way of questioning, has lost its way. Finding ourselves "always already" fallen in a world of presuppositions, we lose touch with what being was before its truth became "muddled".  As a solution to this condition, Heidegger advocated a return to practical life in the world, allowing it to reveal, or "unconceal" itself.

References 

1889 births
1976 deaths
20th-century German philosophers
German academics
19th-century German philosophers
Nazis
People from Baden-Württemberg
Parmenides (also Parmenides of Elea) (, early 5th century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, Italy and was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. His only known work is a poem, but only bits and pieces have survived. In it, he describes two views of reality. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and later, the whole of western philosophy. His philosophy was based on materialistic monism. Materialistic monism is the belief that everything in the universe is made of a single substance. Parmenides' biggest argument was that change does not exist. Parmenides' explanation is that we think we see change, but our senses are not reliable, and they create the illusion of change.

Other websites 
 Parmenides' of Elea Way of Truth with an annotated bibliography

Presocratic philosophers
Democritus () was an ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in Thrace, Greece, circa 460 BC.

He was a rich citizen of Abdera, in Thrace, and a student of Leucippus, another Greek philosopher. He studied natural philosophy in Thrace, Athens and Abdera. He liked to study geometry and he travelled to many places, including Egypt, Babylon and India. He wrote many books and never married.

Democritus is famous for his atomic theory of the universe. He said the universe is made up of two elementsː the atoms, and the space where they exist and move". He believed that all matter is made up of atoms. They are eternal, indestructible and invisible particles. They are made of different shapes, different properties and they are always moving. He believed the number of atoms is infinite.

Democritus didn't have any scientific evidence. He had these ideas thinking about them. However, his ideas were close to the discoveries made 2000 years after his death.

He died ca. 370 BC.

Presocratic philosophers
Leucippus or Leukippos (, first half of 5th century BC) was a Greek philosopher. He was an early philosopher of atomism, the idea that everything is made up of many tiny things which always continue to exist.

Leucippus was born at Miletus or Abdera, although apparently Epicurus said he never existed. There has long been a controversy about this.

Leucippus may have been the first person to suggest the idea of empty space (a vacuum). It is difficult to know which ideas come from him, and which come from Democritus.

References 

Presocratic philosophers
5th-century BC births
5th-century BC deaths
Mount Olympus (; also transliterated as Ólympos, and on Greek maps, Óros Ólimbos) is the highest mountain in Greece. It is  high. Since its base is at sea level, it is one of the highest mountains in Europe in terms of topographic prominence, the relative altitude from base to top.
 
In Greek mythology the mountain was regarded as the "Home of the Gods", specifically of the Dodekatheon, the twelve principal gods of the ancient Hellenistic world.

References

Other websites

 Revisiting the determination of Mount Olympus Height (Greece)
 Mount Olympus
 Greek Mountain Flora 

Biosphere reserves
Balkan Mountains
Mountains of Greece
Greek mythology
Kate is a text editor for the KDE desktop environment. The name is an acronym for "KDE Advanced Text Editor."  It was first put in the KDE 2.2 release, on August 15, 2002.

Features 

The "advanced text editor" part of its name refers to its many abilities. It can do many more things than a simpler text editor, like Notepad, but it does not have some of the important features of a word processor (compare it with KWord). Some important features of Kate include a checker for proper spelling, a thesaurus, and highlighting of computer programming code.

KDE
Ronald David Laing (born Glasgow (Scotland, 7th of October 1927; died 23rd August 1989), was a Scottish psychiatrist who described mental illness, especially psychosis. 

Laing is known for his theories on the causes of the mental perturbations. His theory on the "schizogenous" (?) parents or schizophrenia was to exclude him from the psychiatric orthodoxy of his times. He often was connected in thought with the movement against psychiatry called antipsychiatry, although he rejected that epithet.
Writings (selection)
 1960 - Laing, R.D.: The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 
 1964 - Laing, R.D. and Esterson, A.: Sanity, Madness and the Family. London: Penguin Books.
 1964 - Laing, R.D. and Cooper, D.G.: Reason and Violence: A Decade of Sartre's Philosophy. (2nd ed.) London: Tavistock Publications Ltd.
 1966 - Laing, R.D., Phillipson, H. and Lee, A.R.: Interpersonal Perception: A Theory and a Method of Research. London: Tavistock.
 1967 - Laing, R.D.: The Politics of Experience and the Bird of Paradise. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 
 1969 - Laing, R.D.: Self and Others. (2nd ed.) London: Penguin Books. 
 1970 - Laing, R.D.: Knots. London: Penguin. 
 1971 - Laing, R.D.: The Politics of the Family and Other Essays. London: Tavistock Publications.
 1976 - Laing, R.D.: Do You Love Me? An Entertainment in Conversation and Verse New York: Pantheon Books. 
 1976 - Laing, R.D.: Sonnets. London: Michael Joseph.
1976 - Laing, R.D.: The Facts of Life. London: Penguin.
 1977 - Laing, R.D.: Conversations with Adam and Natasha. New York: Pantheon.
 1982 - Laing, R.D.: The Voice of Experience: Experience, Science and Psychiatry. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
 1985 - Laing, R.D.: Wisdom, Madness and Folly: The Making of a Psychiatrist 1927-1957. London: Macmillan.
 1995 - Mullan, B.: Mad to be Normal: Conversations with R.D. Laing. London: Free Association Books.
Other websites 
 The International R.D. Laing Institute (Switzerland)
 The Society for Laingian Studies 

1927 births
1989 deaths
British psychiatrists
Scottish scientists
An alcoholic drink is a drink that contains 0.5% or more ethanol. In chemistry there is a whole class of substances known as alcohols. The alcohol used in alcoholic drinks is known as ethanol or grain alcohol. Grain alcohol is generally made through a process called fermentation. In fermentation, bacteria change sugar to make ethanol or vinegar. Other kinds of alcohol are usually harmful to drink, so the only kind of alcohol used in alcoholic drinks is grain alcohol. Since most people do not have to use any other kind of alcohol except ethanol, they will use the word "alcohol" to mean only ethanol. Sometimes people also use the word "alcohol" to talk about any drink containing ethanol, such as whiskey, vodka, or gin.
Fermenting grain can only make a drink that is 20% alcohol. To get higher amounts of alcohol in drinks, distillation is used. This allows to get substances that are made of alcohol to about 80-85% (Certain kinds of Rum used for cooking are at 70–80% alcohol). When beverages are sold, the amount of alcohol is listed as alcoholic proof rather than percentage. 

Generally, alcoholic drinks are divided into three classes:
 Beers, meads and ciders (generally up to about 15% alcohol)
 Wines and sake (12–20% alcohol), and 
 Spirits (20% alcohol or more, distilled alcohol)

Most countries limit the sale of the different kinds of alcohol. Usually there are two limits, one for wines and beers, and the other for distilled alcoholic drinks.
Drinking ethanol causes a person to feel relaxed. Ethanol is very commonly used, and has been made by humans for thousands of years. It is one of the oldest and most used recreational drug (drugs used for fun) in the world. People may overuse it for the same reason. The addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholic drinks can be dangerous. If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, they become intoxicated, meaning that they get drunk. People who are drunk may do or say strange or dangerous things and may not be able to control themselves. The amount of alcohol that it takes to get somebody drunk is different from person to person. All alcohols are toxic, but ethanol is less toxic because the human body can break it down quickly. Some strong alcohols can also cause intoxication and impairment.

Gallery

Related pages
 Beer
 Cocktail
 Rum
 Tequila
 Vodka
 Wine
 Prohibition Era

References
Hapoel Asi Gilboa is an Israeli football club based in Prazon on Mount Gilboa. The club currently plays in the northern division of Liga Alef. Their main rivals are Hapoel Afula.

In 2001 the club won the Liga Bet North B division and was promoted to Liga Alef after 18 years in Liga Bet.

Honours
Liga Bet
North B champions 2000-01

Other websites 
Hapoel Asi Gilboa  Israel Football Association

Israeli football clubs
Northern District (Israel)‎
Amy Lynn Hartzler (née Lee; born December 13, 1981) professionally known as Amy Lee, is an American singer and songwriter. She is the lead vocalist and co-founder of the rock/metal band Evanescence. She is also a classically trained pianist and a multi-instrumentalist.

Lee is musically influenced by musicians and artists of different genres, from classical artists such as Mozart to modern artists like Björk, Portishead, Danny Elfman, Korn and Tori Amos. Lee is the main lyricist and composer in the band and won the National Music Publisher's Association's Songwriter Icon Award in 2008 for her achievements as a songwriter. As of mid-2007, she is the only original band member who is still in the band.
Lee is the spokesperson of the Epilepsy Foundation. She started a campaign called "Out of the Shadows". She advocates for the "To Write Love on Her Arms" organization. She was chosen as the 2012 recipient of the Luella Bennack award at United Cerebral Palsy's 11th annual Women Who Care luncheon for her community projects and social impact.

Lee ranked at #69 in Hit Parader's list of "Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time". She was #49 in VH1's "100 Greatest Women in Music". She was listed by About.com as one of the greatest female rock artists. She won the 2012 Revolver's Golden Gods award for best vocalist, and was named the 2012 "Rock Goddess of the Year" in the Loudwire Music Awards.
Biography 
Lee was born in Riverside, California. Her parents were John Lee, a disc jockey, and Sara Lee (née Cargill). She was named after the 1970s song "Amie" by Pure Prairie League. Her family moved to many places. They settled in Little Rock, Arkansas when she was 13 years old. She has two sisters, Carrie and Lori, and one brother, Robby. She had a third sister who died 1987. Lee wrote the songs "Hello" and "Like You" for her late sister. She is mostly of Scottish and English heritage. Lee recalls growing up around music and that she and her siblings, took music lessons.

Lee first wanted to become a classical composer. She wrote "Eternity of the Remorse" on piano at the age of eleven. She describes it as a "depressing" and "dramatic" piece. Her first "real" song is "A Single Tear". It was written for an English assignment for eighth grade. She wrote the song and recorded it on a cassette with a friend who sang back-up vocals.
Lee studied at Pulaski Academy. She identified herself as an "art nerd" or "choir nerd" during her high school years and would listen to alternative and heavy metal music. She joined the school's mixed choir and sang as an alto. She became president of the choir council in her senior year. At age 17, Lee wrote a choir arrangement called "Listen to the Rain". It impressed her choir teacher, who encouraged Lee to direct the choir's performance of the song. Her direction of the choir during her graduation ceremony received a positive reaction from the audience. This experience made her feel more accepted for her skills amongst her peers. The song was also featured in Evanescence's EP Sound Asleep.
Lee described her school years as a "weird fit for [her]" and was "a loner for while". She believes that this is what inspired her to get into writing, which became an "outlet for all the bad stuff [she] was feeling". Lee was voted to be on homecoming court, but missed the announcement because she didn't expect to get chosen. She graduated from high school in 2000. She briefly attended Middle Tennessee State University to study music theory and composition. She dropped out to focus on her band.

Evanescence
Evanescence

Founding
Ben Moody first met Lee at a Christian youth summer camp in 1994 and was impressed by her performance of the Meat Loaf song "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Will not Do That)" on the piano. The two started writing songs together and performing at bookstores and coffee houses. After two of their songs were played on local radio stations, they became more popular in their area and were asked to appear in local concerts. The band went on to make two EPs, Evanescence EP (1998) and Sound Asleep/Whisper EP (1999). The EPs were distributed and sold to concert audiences.
In 2001, the band went to Ardent Studios in Memphis to mix a number of demos. There they met producer Pete Matthews who was impressed by their work and invited the band to move to Memphis and work on more songs while he showcased their demos to a number of labels. After playing the song "My Immortal" to Matthews' friend Diana Meltzer at Wind-Up Records, she became interested in signing the band a record deal. The band moved to Los Angeles once they were signed; however, because they were "still young and needed to be developed", they were enrolled in an artist development program for two years before they were given a producer to work with. During this time, Lee was given classes in stage presence and movement. She also applied to become a waitress before Fallen was released.

Controversies
Controversies

Lee was involved in a number of controversial issues with the band. Moody left the band in 2003 because of "creative differences" with Lee. Moody later explained his reason for leaving Evanescence in an interview with MTV "If I stayed, I think Amy and I would have destroyed [Evanescence] because we just weren't heading in the same direction; we were pulling it in two different directions. It was bad". Moody also revealed in an interview with Spin Magazine that he had tried convincing her of leaving the band instead "I had tried before, out of ignorance, pride, and resentment, to convince Amy that she should leave. That we'd be better off and Evanescence didn't need her" and followed this statement with an apology to Lee.
Lee has not spoken to Moody since his departure from the band. She stated in an interview with Blender in 2006 that she doesn't hate Ben, but they "need to just live [their] separate lives". In an interview with MTV, Moody hinted towards his advances for mending their relationship by inviting her for a movie along with David Hodges. Though Lee didn't respond, a representative told Moody that she was actually considering accepting the invitation.

In 2005, former Evanescence manager Dennis Rider filed a $10 million lawsuit against Lee for breach of contract, which she responded to with a counter-suit for "breach of fiduciary duty" among other claims.
In 2007, she fired guitarist John LeCompt and soon after, drummer Rocky Gray quit the band, making Lee the only original member left in the band. In a blog post, LeCompt claimed that Lee fired him through a phone call without "any warning or negotiations" and "for no good reason". Lee defended her choice, claiming that LeCompt "didn't really care about Evanescence at all, and just stayed around for the money" and that she fired him to save the band from being "driven into the ground". Later, in an interview with Spin Magazine, Lee noted that both LeCompt and Gray's writing "didn't work for Evanescence" and believes they "got bored or frustrated" because of this.

Lee often addresses these issues in interviews. In an interview with MTV, Lee noted that "there's always freaking drama". However, since the line-up change in 2010, Lee has stated that the band has become "stronger" and more cohesive.

Artistry
Artistry 

Lee is the main lyricist and composer in the band, being credited as a songwriter in every song since the release of Fallen. She also maintains solo writing credits for songs such as Lithium and Lost in Paradise. Lee claims that during her years as a high school student, she would listen to music that was not necessarily popular at the time. Her lyrics are often associated to themes ranging from hopelessness, introspection and loss to self-respect and empowerment.

Lee is influenced by a variety of artists and genres. Her music is often described as a blend between rock and classical music, possessing an emotional and dark character. During her early years, Lee wanted to be a classical composer after watching the movie Amadeus, which was based on the life of Mozart. She wrote her first classical composition on piano at the age of 11 and describes it as a "very dramatic" piece. She also named "Lacrymosa", a part of Mozart's Requiem, her favorite classical music piece.
Lee has been classically trained in piano for 9 years and uses simple chords with left-hand backing in songs. She often includes the piano as a main or background instrument into the bands' music, most prominently in the album "The Open Door". Several music critics consider the piano accompaniment as a characteristic feature of Evanescence's music. Lee often plays the piano during live performances in selected songs, and has been known to cover songs on the piano as well, such the Korn song “Thoughtless”. She can play the acoustic guitar and has been training in harp, lightly utilizing this instrument in the bands' third record, most prominently in the song "Secret Door".

American recording artist Kelly Clarkson described Lee's concert performances as "intense" and thinks that she's "a beautiful vocalist, and has great taste in melodies and music". Clarkson also revealed through her Twitter that she would like to sing a duet with Lee.

Voice
Voice 

Lee's vocal range spans 3.6 octaves from a low A2 (2003 Fallen Vocal warm up) to an E6 in full head voice (MTV Video Diary). Her highest recorded note in full head voice is a C#6 in the song "Weight of the World" and her lowest recorded note is a C3 in the cover of U2's song "With or Without You". Lee's highest mixed note in studio recording is a G#5 in the collaboration with American rock band Halestorm's song "Break In". Overall, her highest mixed note is a Bb5 in a cover of Michael Jackson's song "Dirty Diana". Lee has also been known for her scream in the song "Tourniquet" also, in which is in the note of a D5. In an MTV special, Lee managed to hit an E6 live during a vocal warm-up in full head voice, also showing that she is capable of reaching up to Bb7 through exclamation. She is popularly classified as a full-lyric mezzo-soprano, though this has not been confirmed by Lee herself.
Lee is not professionally trained in singing and applies what she learned from her years as a choir member in high school. Her lower to mid-range belts are often supported, if not resonant, and she can sustain notes in the 5th octave in all vowels. She also uses several vocal dynamics in her singing, most notably crescendos.

Critics often consider Lee's vocals to be one of the highlights of the bands' music, describing it as "ethereal", "dramatic" and "haunting", while praising its "powerful", "crystalline" and "operatic" qualities.

Songwriting and lyrical themes
After Moody's departure from the band, Lee dismissed the public assumption that Evanescence's music would be softer and that "all the sappy stuff comes from [her]", explaining that Moody was "more about the pop influence and being commercial" while she wanted to do "the more artistic, weird thing".

Lee wrote most of the bands' self-titled album with the fans in mind, describing her relationship with them through different lyrical themes. She also explored more into global issues such as sex trafficking and the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami for this album in the songs "My Heart is Broken" and "Never Go Back", respectively.

Lee was honored by the National Music Publisher's Association with their 2008 Songwriter Icon Award, which recognizes outstanding songwriters for personal achievement. Lee received the award during the annual NMPA meeting in New York City and performed a song to the attendance as well.

Image and style
Lee has an eclectic clothing style mostly inspired by Victorian, Gothic and Japanese fashion. She is known to design many of her outfits, such as the outfits she wore for the video of "Going Under" and the dress she wore to the Noble Peace Prize concert in 2011. She occasionally makes her clothes herself. In an interview with VEVO stylized, Lee showcased and explained her fashion style, commenting that she'd rather make her own clothes because it's hard to find what she exactly wants elsewhere. Lee stated that her daily style is very different from when she performs; describing it as "funky, spooky, cute" in an interview. She explained that her on-stage wardrobe was meant to preserve the atmosphere of the songs and complete the image. In another interview, she stated that when the band first started performing, she used to heavily wear corsets in fear of diluting the bands' image, but has gradually become more comfortable with her own style
. Her current on-stage style is often characterized by boots, a simple black tank top, a skirt and various ornaments and accessories.
Furthermore, Lee dyes her hair jet black. During the Fallen era, she used to use blue contact lenses and had a distinct piercing on her left eyebrow. She has not used them since.

Many fans admire Lee for not using sex appeal in her music. Lee frequently criticized women who are involved in show-business for abusing their positions as idols by sexualizing their image. The song "Everybody’s Fool" was written by Lee to mock such celebrities after seeing how her sister was infatuated by this trend. The video to this song emphasizes how celebrities peddle lies through projecting an image opposite to who they are.
In 2005, Lee came in 4th in Kerrang!'s 50 Sexiest People in Rock list. She was listed in Blender as one of the hottest women in rock in 2006, alongside other singers such as Joan Jett and Liz Phair. Revolver Magazine named Lee the #1 Hottest Chick in Hard Rock for their 2011 annual issue and she appeared on the front cover. When asked about this in an interview, Lee responded "You have to look at all of that as just press. I'm not the hottest chick in whatever. I'm a normal girl and it takes a lot of makeup and retouching to make that cover look good". She also came in at #9 in KROQ's 2011 list of "The Twenty Sexiest Singers of Female-Fronted Rock Bands".

Personal life
Personal life 

Lee is married to therapist and long time friend Josh Hartzler. They were engaged on January 8, 2007, with Lee making the first official announcement on January 9. They were married on May 6, 2007 and through a post to the bands' fan club message boards, she announced that she was "officially Mrs. Amy Hartzler". Hartzler was the inspiration behind the songs "Bring Me to Life" and "Good Enough".

Lee was involved in a romantic relationship with Seether frontman Shaun Morgan from 2003 till 2005. Their breakup inspired Lee to write the song "Call When Me You're Sober" which she said was about "the big relationship [she] was in, and the whole breakup, which was really long". Morgan responded to the song, saying that he was "really upset that she would say and do those things" yet "didn't feel the need to write back and be mean".
When she was younger, Lee wanted to become a veterinarian, but lost her interest after seeing a dog surgery on the television. Lee mentioned that if she wasn't pursuing a career in music, she would have entered a field in which she could help people, especially abused kids. During the bands' hiatus, Lee was considering taking a job as a music teacher for children.

Lee's hobbies include painting and cooking. She sketched the design of the cover art for "The Open Door" and painted the cover art of the charity single "Together Again". She also hinted during a Q&A with fans that she wanted to start a cooking show. Lee owns two cats named Stella and Shermie.
In 2011, Lee explained that one of the reasons behind Evanescence's lengthy hiatus after the conclusion of "The Open Door Tour" was because she was feeling pressurized by her band duties, mostly due to the hectic schedule and quick rise to fame. According to Lee, she "just needed to get away from it" and "wanted to be a normal person for a minute" because her "entire adult life [...] was all about [Evanescence]".

Social efforts 
Lee became the American chairperson of the Epilepsy foundation in 2005, and started a campaign called "Out of the Shadows" to raise awareness about epilepsy. She gained interest about this medical condition because her brother suffers from epilepsy.
Lee was chosen as the 2012 recipient of the Luella Bennack award at United Cerebral Palsy's 11th annual Women Who Care luncheon, which celebrates women who dedicate time for community projects and charities. In a statement released by the UCP of New York City, Lee was selected "because of her personal pledge to making life more accessible and understood by everyone", as well as for the "integrity" of her music that "inspired and transformed millions of women worldwide".

Other projects 

In 2000, Lee was featured in two songs by former Evanescence member David Hodges, "Breathe" and "Fall into You". In 2003, Lee joined artists such as Milla Jovovich and Maynard James Keenan in a discrete musical project for supergroup The Damning Well. She provided vocals on two tracks, one of which was a duet with former Filter vocalist Richard patrick, but her vocals were eventually taken off the final release because of record label issues. She also sang backup vocals on Big Dismal's song "Believe" from their first album.
Lee appeared in the Seether song "Broken" in 2004, where she performed a duet with Shaun Morgan. The song was featured in Seether's 2004 album, Disclaimer II, and soundtrack for the 2004 movie The Punisher. Broken was released as a single and Lee appeared in the music video wearing black wings.

In February 2007, during an MTV: Unplugged session featuring the band Korn, Lee performed a duet with vocalist Jonathan Davis in an acoustic version of the song "Freak on a Leash". MTV later released the song as part of MTV: Unplugged Korn, and became the first single off the album.

During Finger Eleven's opening act for an Evanescence concert in Providence, Rhode Island in 2007, Lee came on stage to perform the song "One Thing" with the band. Additionally, Lee performed the song "Epiphany" with Staind's lead singer Aaron Lewis during the 2007 "My Coke Fest" held in Johannesburg, South Africa.
When asked who she was interested in collaborating with, Lee chose Depeche Mode, Danny Elfman and Daft Punk. She further described a collaboration in which Elfman would write music similar to movie scores, while Lee would write the vocal parts and lyrics.

Solo album 
Lee hinted towards releasing a solo album since 2008. Lee told Spin Magazine that she wanted to prove she's "more than a one trick pony" and would like to do something different. She also mentioned that the music she was writing at the time was "nothing [she] would categorize as Evanescence".
After writing much of the material for Evanescence's third album, Lee decided to scrap the songs and start over with the writing process because the songs were "not right for Evanescence" and had little involvement from the rest of the band members. However, in an interview with Pulse of Radio, Lee noted the possibility of using the discarded tracks in future projects "I think it’s totally possible that some of those songs will end up in a different project someday – maybe solo, maybe something else".

Other appearances 
Lee made an appearance on Cartoon Network in 2004, where she "did an interview with a puppet" and performed a "cheesy song on the guitar about Cartoon Network". She made this appearance for her brother, Robby, who was 10 at the time.
She appeared briefly in the music video for Johnny Cash's "God’s Gonna Cut You Down" in late 2006. Each celebrity was allowed to choose what they would be doing for the video, so Lee chose to appear laying flowers on a grave. Her scene was recorded at Trinity Church and she was wearing a black velvet coat that previously belonged to Tim Burton. In November 2007, Lee was one of the celebrity cameos in the VH1 mockumentary Rock Band Cometh: The Rock Band Band Story that was released to promote the game Rock Band.

Lee was featured in an episode of "Legends & Lyrics" alongside artists Gaven DeGraw and Dwight Yoakam, where she performed an acoustic set of songs, including "Bring Me to Life", "Lithium" and a previously unheard song titled "Your Love", and explained her musical style and songwriting process.

Discography

Studio Albums
Fallen (2003)
The Open Door (2006)
Evanescence (2011)
The Bitter Truth (2021)

Live Albums
 Anywhere But Home (2004)
EPs and Demos
 Evanescence EP
 Sound Asleep/Whisper EP
 Origin
 Mystary EP

Collaborations and other songs

References

Other websites 
 Evanescence official site
 BMI Repertoire Listing for Amy Lee 

Singer-songwriters from California
American pianists
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Arkansas
Mezzo-sopranos
1981 births
Living people
Evanescence
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|label12   = Lyricist(s)
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|label13   = Conductor
|data13    = 
|header14 = 
|label15  = Semi-final result
|data15   = 
|label16  = Semi-final points
|data16   = 
|label17  = Final result
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"Wild Dances" is a song by Ukrainian pop-star Ruslana Lyzhichko (Ruslana).  It won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2004.

Charts

References 

2004 songs
Eurovision Song Contest
Lancaster may be

 City of Lancaster, a local government district of Lancashire, England
 Lancaster, Lancashire, a settlement in the City of Lancaster district after which it is named
 House of Lancaster, an English dynasty
 Lancaster, California, United States
 Lancaster, Kentucky, United States
 Lancaster, Ohio, United States
 Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States
 Lancaster Barnstormers, an American baseball team
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare is a first person shooter videogame released in 2007. It is part of the Call of Duty series. It is available on Xbox 360, PC and Playstation 3. There is also a version on the Nintendo DS called Call of Duty: DS and another one for the Wii that was released on November 2009 called "Reflex Edition".
The sequel, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, was released in 2009.

It has been awarded with the "Best game of the year", "Best action game" and "Best online game" prices on 2007. It was the most sold game around the world on 2007, with more than 7.000.000 sold games on 2008 and 13.000.000 on 2009.

Single player mode

Playable characters

During the single player's campaign, the player controls the following characters.

  Sergeant Soap MacTavish. Member of the 22nd Regiment SAS. Is the most playable character.
Sergeant Paul Jackson. Belongs to the 1st Division Recon Force of Marines of the United States moved to Middle East. Is the second more playable character, whose role is controlled in five missions in the Act I. He dies in a nuclear explosion.

  Captain John Price. Player takes the control of Price when he was Lieutenant of the 22th Regiment  SAS, in a retrospective mission 15 years ago on Chernobyl, under orders of Captain McMillan.

Story 

Sargent John "Soap" MacTavish is a new soldier of the British army sent to the SAS, on the 22th regiment, who needs training. When he passes weapons training and the obstacle course, he must choose the difficulty level. When it is finished, the Prologue mission will start.

Weapons 

Pistols:

 HK USP .45
 M9
 M1911 .45
 Desert Eagle

Short machineguns:

 MP5
 Heckler & Koch MP5
 P90
 P90SD
 Mini-Uzi
 Skorpion

Assault Rifles:
Assault Rifles:

 G36C
 M4A1
 M4A1 SOPMOD
 M4A1 with Grenadelauncher M203
 M16A4
 M16A4 with Grenadelauncher M203
 G3
 AK-47
 AK-47 with Grenade Launcher GP30
 AK-74U
 M14

Machine guns:

 M249 SAW
 M60 E4
 RPD

Sniper rifles:

 M40A3
 M21
 Dragunov
 R700
 Barrett .50

Shotguns:

 M1014
 W1200

Rocket launchers:

Non guided:
 RPG-7
 AT-4

Guided:
 FGM-148 Javelin
 FIM-92 Stinger

Explosives
 Grenades
 C-4
 Antipersonal mine Claymore.

Flashes
 Flash grenades
 Smoke grenades

Multiplayer Mode 

Multiplayer mode of Call Of Duty 4: Modern Warfare includes a class system. Five of them by default: Assault, 
Special Operations, Machine Gunner, Demolitions and Sniper, which have got weapons and 3 default upgrades; another five custom classes, whose weapons and upgrades can be modified when player gets rank number 5.
Game modes 
 Team Deathmatch [TDM]
Two teams fight each other as many times as they can before the time limit
 Domination [DOM]
Two teams fight for the control of 3 flags put strategically on the map. Possession of them increases some points to the team who have the flags.
 Sabotage [SAB]
Two teams fight for the possession of a bomb, which is moved by the players and have to be activated on the enemy objective. The other team can defuse that bomb in a limited time.
 Search and Destroy [S&D]
One of the two teams get the bomb, and have to go to the enemy objective and activate the bomb. The other team have to kill all the enemy members to win, but if the bomb explodes, or all team members die, they lose.
 Deatchmatch [DM]
The player is fighting alone, there are no teams. To win, you have to get the most of the kills.

Sources 

2007 video games
Call of Duty series
MacOS games
Windows games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
"RPG" redirects here, for the gaming genre, see role-playing game.

A rocket-propelled grenade or an RPG is the name for any kind of weapon, held on the shoulder that fires rockets that have an explosive warhead. These warheads are attached to a rocket motor and the rocket has fins which help it to fly straight. Some types of RPG are reloadable, while others are used only once and then thrown away. RPGs, with the exception of self-contained versions, are muzzleloaders, loaded from the front end. 

RPGs with High explosive anti-tank warheads are very effective against armored vehicles such as armored personnel carriers (APCs). They can also be used against tanks, as long as the shooter targets a weak part of the tank, such as the tracks or the top door of the turret.
In general, the front armour on a tank is too thick to be penetrated by an RPG warhead. In some cases, teams attacking tanks with RPGs will have multiple RPG users fire at the same tank, which may penetrate the armour. Insurgents have sometimes successfully used RPGs to shoot at helicopters.

Related pages 
 Bazooka

Explosives
The Tibetan Plateau, also known as the Qinghai-Tibetan (Qingzang) Plateau, is a vast, high plateau in Central Asia. It covers most of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Qinghai Province in China, and Ladakh in Kashmir, India.

The Tibetan Plateau occupies an area of around 1,000 by 2,500 kilometers, and has an average elevation of over 4,500 meters. It is the highest and largest plateau in the world.

It was formed by the same forces which formed the Himalayas, namely, the movement of the Indian continental plate into Asia. The Plateau has an great effect on climate, and is the main cause of the monsoon rains.

Geography of China
Plateaus
Heraclitus of Ephesus or Herakleitos (c.535 – 475 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He was a native of Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor.

His teaching, as we have it now, is a series of epigrams. This means his teachings are sayings and remarks, rather than systematic essays. Heraclitus is famous for his doctrine of change being central to the universe. His famous sayings, "All is flux", and "You cannot step twice into the same river" is still remembered today. Another of his sayings appeals to some psychologists:
"You cannot discover the depths of the psyche, even if you travelled every road to do so, such is the depth of its meaning".
Often it is difficult to understand what he was trying to say. He believed in the unity of opposites, stating that "the path up and down are one and the same".
"Good and bad are the same". In many of these 'opposite ends' pairs, if one never happened, then the other would be meaningless.
His utterance that "all things come to be in accordance with this logos," (literally, "word," "reason," or "account") has been the subject of many interpretations.
Logos became a technical term in philosophy, beginning with Heraclitus, who used the term for a principle of order and knowledge.

Diogenes Laërtius states that Heraclitus' work was "a continuous treatise On Nature, but was divided into three discourses, one on the universe, another on politics, and a third on theology." Theophrastus says (in Diogenes) "... some parts of his work are half-finished, while other parts make a strange medley".
Diogenes also tells us that Heraclitus deposited his book as a dedication in the great temple of Artemis, the Artemisium, one of the largest temples of the 6th century BC, and one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Ancient temples were regularly used for storing treasures, and were open to private individuals under exceptional circumstances. Many later philosophers refer to the work.

References 

Robinson T.M. 1987. Heraclitus: Fragments: a text and translation with a commentary. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. .

Presocratic philosophers
Thales of Miletus, about 624 BC – 546 BC, was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He was from Miletus in Asia Minor. Many, notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition.

According to Bertrand Russell, "Western philosophy begins with Thales".  Thales attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology and was tremendously influential in this respect. Almost all of the other pre-Socratic philosophers follow him in attempting to provide an explanation of ultimate substance, change, and the existence of the world—without reference to mythology. Those philosophers were also influential, and eventually Thales' rejection of mythological explanations became an essential idea for science.  He was also the first to define general principles and set forth hypotheses. As a result he has been called the "Father of Science", though maybe Democritus is more deserving of this title.
In mathematics, Thales used geometry to solve problems such as calculating the height of pyramids and the distance of ships from the shore. He is the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. Also, Thales was the first person known to have studied electricity.

Referencesty 

Presocratic philosophers
Hardancourt is a village in the Vosges département of northeastern France.

Communes in Vosges
Anaximander (;  Anaximandros; c. 610 – c. 546 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus, a city of Ionia. He belonged to the Milesian school and learned the teachings of his master Thales. He succeeded him and became the second master of that school where he counted Anaximenes and Pythagoras amongst his pupils.

Little of his life and work is known today. According to available historical documents, he is the first philosopher known to have written down his studies, although only one fragment of his work remains. Fragmentary testimonies found in documents after his death provide a portrait of the man.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 Philoctete – Anaximandre: Fragments ((Grk icon)) 
 The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Anaximander 
 Extensive bibliography by Dirk Couprie
 
 Anaximander entry by John Burnet contains fragments of Anaximander

610 BC births
546 BC deaths
Presocratic philosophers
Anaximenes () of Miletus (c. 585 BC-c. 525 BC) was a Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher from the latter half of the 6th century, probably a younger contemporary of Anaximander, whose pupil or friend he is said to have been.

His ideas 
Anaximenes, like others in his school of thought, practised material monism, the idea that underlying reality is one single thing.

For him, the primary substance was air. it was an attempt to find a natural way to explain the world.

References 

580s BC births
520s BC deaths
Presocratic philosophers
Eberhardt del’Antonio (April 21, 1926 in Lichtenstein – February 22, 1997 in Dresden) was a German writer.

Life 
Eberhardt Del'Antonio was the son of a locksmith. He learned the job as an technical drawer. He was fighting for the German army during the Second World War.

Publications 
 Gigantum, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1957
 Titanus, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1959
 Projekt Sahara, Tribüne, Berlin 1962
 Heimkehr der Vorfahren, Das neue Berlin, Berlin 1966
 Okeanus, Greifenverlag, Rudolstadt 1988
 Volle Kraft voraus, Junge Welt, Berlin 1991 (with Jens Prockat)

Other websites 
 
 The Science Fiction of the DDR. Authors

Writers from Dresden
1926 births
1997 deaths
Gorgias (, ca. 487-376 BC), Greek sophist, presocratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger.

His theory was subjected of critique by Plato in his work Gorgias.

Presocratic philosophers
480s BC births
376 BC deaths
Sophism can mean two very different things. In Ancient Greece, sophism was practiced by sophists, who were a group of teachers of philosophy and rhetoric. In the modern definition, a sophism is a confusing or slightly incorrect argument used for deceiving someone.

Etymology 
The word "sophism" originated from the Greek word σόφισμα, "sophisma" (from σοφίζω, "sophizo" meaning "I am wise"). 

The similar Greek word σοφιστής, "sophistēs" means "wise-ist, one who does wisdom, one who makes a business out of wisdom" while σοφός, "sophós" means a "wise man".

History 
The ancient Greek philosopher Protagoras 
(ca. 490–420 BC) is often said to be the first of the sophists. Others include: Gorgias, Prodicus, Hippias, Thrasymachus, Lycophron, Callicles, Antiphon, and Cratylus.

Plato opposed those sophists because they only abused wisdom for their own interest and refused the truth and justice.
Modern usage
In modern usage, sophism, sophist, and sophistry are derogatory terms, due the influence of many philosophers in the past. Sophism and platonism were rival schools, as enemies of each other.

A sophism is a statement to deceive someone in a debate or conversation. It might be made to seem to make sense when really being wrong, or it might use difficult words and complicated sentences to intimidate the audience into agreeing.  An argument ad hominem is an example of sophistry.

A sophist is a person who uses sophisms. Sophistry means using sophisms for subtly deceptive reasoning or argumentation.

References 

Philosophy
Protagoras () (ca. 490–420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. He is called one of the sophists by Plato, the Greek philosopher who followed Socrates. In Plato's dialogue Protagoras, he credits Protagoras with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue.

Philosophy 
It is thought that Protagoras used the phrase "Man is the measure of all things" (). By this, he meant that nothing is absolutely truth, but there are different truths for each person, and each person makes the truth for themselves. For example, one person might go outside on a cold day and feel some water in a bucket, and they will say that the water is warm. And another person might go outside on a hot day and feel the same water, but they will say that the water feels cold to them. Each person is right.

Related pages 
 Relativism

Other websites 

Presocratic philosophers
490s BC births
420s BC deaths
Joshamee Gibbs (known as Mr. Gibbs or Master Gibbs) is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean movie series. Alongside Jack Sparrow and Hector Barbossa, he is one of the few characters to appear in every movie. Gibbs is played by Kevin McNally in the movies.

Writer Terry Rossio has said he actually thinks that Gibbs to be the most important character in the series.

Gibbs is first seen as a Royal Navy warrant officer aboard the vessel carrying Governor Weatherby Swann and his young daughter Elizabeth from England to Port Royal. Gibbs is highly scared of pirates.

References

Pirates of the Caribbean characters
A pirate code is a code of conduct for pirates - a set of rules for how to behave. Some of these codes were used by real pirates; others are from movies.

Historical articles of piracy
In the second half of the 17th century, pirates started following rules. These rules had many different names, including Chasse-Partie, Charter Party, Custom of the Coast, or Jamaica Discipline. Eventually, they became known as Articles of Agreement, or the pirate's code.  These changed from one captain to another. Sometimes they were different from one voyage (journey) to another. These rules included punishments for rule breakers and said how much treasure each crew member would receive.

Each crew member signed the articles (or if they could not write, they would make a mark to show they agreed). After the rules were signed, they were then posted in a common place, often the door of the grand cabin.
There are three known sets of these rules that still exist today. Most of these come from Charles Johnson's book A General History of the Pyrates. Part of a code from Henry Morgan, a famous British pirate, is remembered in a book called The Buccaneers of America by Alexandre Exquemelin, who probably sailed with Morgan as a ship's doctor. Very few of these rules still exist today, because often pirates burned the papers before being caught. They did this to prevent these papers from being used against them.

Bartholomew Roberts' articles 
One of the most famous sets of pirate rules was written in 1720 by the famous Welsh pirate Bartholomew Roberts.

I. Every man has a vote in affairs of moment; has equal title to the fresh provisions, or strong liquors, at any time seized, and may use them at pleasure, unless a scarcity (not an uncommon thing among them) makes it necessary, for the good of all, to vote a retrenchment.
(This means that all crew members can vote on issues on the ship. All crew members can have any food or drink they have stolen, unless there is not much to go around.)

II. Every man to be called fairly in turn, by list, on board of prizes because, (over and above their proper share) they were on these occasions allowed a shift of clothes: but if they defrauded the company to the value of a dollar in plate, jewels, or money, marooning was their punishment. If the robbery was only betwixt one another, they contented themselves with slitting the ears and nose of him that was guilty, and set him on shore, not in an uninhabited place, but somewhere, where he was sure to encounter hardships.