Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Donald Hugh (Don) Harron (September 19, 1924 – January 17, 2015) was a Canadian comedian, actor, television director, journalist, author, playwright and composer. Harron was known for his roles in Charlie Farquharson and in Anne of Green Gables – The Musical. He hosted the radio program, Morningside. Harron was born in Toronto, Ontario.

Harron died in Toronto from cancer, aged 90. She was married to actress Virginia Leith.

References

Other websites
 

1924 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Toronto
Cancer deaths in Ontario
Canadian journalists
Canadian movie actors
Canadian radio personalities
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian television directors
Comedians from Toronto
Canadian playwrights
Writers from Toronto
Indio is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. It is in the Coachella Valley of Southern California's Colorado Desert region. The population was 89,137 at the 2020 census.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Riverside County, California
Lee J. Cobb (December 8, 1911February 11, 1976) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles in 12 Angry Men, On the Waterfront, and The Exorcist. Cobb was born in The Bronx, New York. His daughter, Julie Cobb, was also an actress.

Cobb died in Woodland Hills, California from a heart attack, aged 64.

References

Other websites

 
 

1911 births
1976 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
People from the Bronx
The Family is a 2013 American-French criminal comedy movie. It is set in Normandy and was directed by Luc Besson. It stars Robert De Niro, Michelle Pfeiffer, Tommy Lee Jones, Vincent Pastore, Dianna Agron, and John D'Leo. It was released to mostly positive reviews on 13 September 2013 in the United States and 23 October 2013 in France.

2013 comedy movies
2013 crime movies
2010s criminal comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
2010s English-language movies
French comedy movies
French crime movies
French-language movies
Movies about murderers
Movies set in France
Normandy
Movies directed by Luc Besson
Where the Red Fern Grows is a 1961 novel by American author Wilson Rawls. It is about the friendship between a boy and two Redbone Coonhound hunting dogs.

Plot
This story takes place on a farm near the Ozark mountain range. The narrator, Billy Coleman, saves a Redbone Coonhound from a dog fight. He helps it recover from its wounds. He sets it free. He remembers his past. He then tells the story of how he had owned two Redbone Coonhounds when he was a boy.
As a little boy, Billy had always wanted puppies since he was ten years old. His parents tell him they don't have enough money for puppies. He decides to earn the money himself. For two years, he works many different jobs. He saves $50. His grandfather helps him order two Redbone Coonhounds. The mail does not deliver the puppies, so Billy goes to get them. He walks to Tahlequah, Oklahoma. He sees how different the city life is from his country life at home. He buys gifts for his family there. He picks up his puppies. On the way back home, he sleeps in a cave on a mountain. He hears the roar of a mountain lion. The puppies answer the roar with their howls. They scare off the lion. The next morning, Billy and the dogs return home. On the way, he sees  a sycamore tree with the names Dan and Ann on it. He decides to name the puppies Old Dan and Little Ann.
Billy trains his dogs to become hunting dogs. They often mess up. Billy does not give up and continues to encourage them. He soon makes a strong loving bond with his dogs. In the end, Billy's dogs grow ill and weak and later die. He buries them on his family's farm to remember them. Soon, Billy sees a red fern growing over his dogs' graves. He sees the red fern as a symbol of the love that kept him and his dogs together.

References

Other websites
 SparkNotes: Where the Red Fern Grows

1961 books
American children's books
20th-century American novels
Euclidean space is the space Euclidean geometry uses. In essence, it is described in Euclid's Elements. The Euclidean plane () and three-dimensional space () are part of Euclidean space, which can be generalized to any dimension n (in which case one writes ). 

Euclidian space is sometimes called Cartesian space. A few other spaces and mathematical objects that are similar were added later. Euclid based his work Elements on certain axioms. Euclidean space can be described using such axioms.

Related pages 

 Elliptic geometry 
 Hyperbolic geometry

References

Other websites
 Euclidean Space and Metric Spaces

Geometry
Julian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Schwinger is well known for his theories about quantum electrodynamics.

Biography
Schwinger was born in New York City. His parents were Jewish from Poland.

Schwinger attended Townsend Harris High School and the City College of New York. He received a B.A. in 1936. He received a Ph.D. from Columbia University. He worked at the University of California, Berkeley.

Schwinger died of pancreatic cancer.

References

Other websites

1918 births
1994 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Columbia University alumni
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physics winners
Scientists from New York City
American theoretical physicists
Educators from New York City
Sui iuris is a Latin phrase that is used in law. Sometimes, the phrase is also spelled sui juris. It literally means of its own right. It is used to say that the legal status of an institution or entity is not comparable to anything else, and there are special laws that say how this institution or entity should work. An example use is in Canon law: The Roman Catholic church say that certain churches are sui iuris. That way the Eastern Catholic churches have their own government, and laws. Despite this, these churches still recognize the Pope of Rome as their spiritual leader.

"The Eastern Catholic Churches are not 'experimental' or 'provisional' communities; these are sui iuris Churches; One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic, with the firm canonical base of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated by Pope John Paul II." 

In Roman law, the phrase is used for someone who was independent, and that could become pater familias.

References

Legal terms
Parity of zero is the question whether the number zero is even or odd. General consensus is that the number is even. Even numbers are defined to be integer multiples of two. That way, the numbers two, four and six are even, because they are one times two, two times two, and three times two. With that explanation, zero is also even, because it is zero times two. 

Another explanation is from number theory: The integers are arranged in such a way that even numbers are followed by odd ones, and odd ones by even ones. Zero is preceded by minus one, and followed by one. Both numbers are odd. So it must be even.
It would be possible to redefine "even" in a way that no longer includes zero. However, in this case, the new definition would make it more difficult to state theorems concerning the even numbers. Already the effect can be seen in the algebraic rules governing even and odd numbers. The most relevant rules concern addition, subtraction, and multiplication:
even ± even = even
odd ± odd = even
even × integer = even
Inserting appropriate values into the left sides of these rules, one can produce 0 on the right sides:
2 − 2 = 0
−3 + 3 = 0
4 × 0 = 0

The above rules would therefore be incorrect if zero were not even. At best they would have to be modified. For example, one test study guide asserts that even numbers are characterized as integer multiples of two, but zero is "neither even nor odd". Accordingly, the guide's rules for even and odd numbers contain exceptions:
even ± even = even (or zero)
odd ± odd = even (or zero)
even × nonzero integer = even
Making an exception for zero in the definition of evenness forces one to make such exceptions in the rules for even numbers. From another perspective, taking the rules obeyed by positive even numbers and requiring that they continue to hold for integers forces the usual definition and the evenness of zero.

References

Bibliography

Number theory
Henry Rider Haggard (1856–1925) was an English writer. He is best known for his adventure novels. His novels were notable for their unusual invention and stories that kept people interested. His best novels were very popular in his lifetime. They made the genre of adventure fiction popular again. Haggard also wrote books about farming and emigration.

Haggard lived in South Africa for six years when he was a young man. Many of his novels were set in Africa, including King Solomon's Mines (1886), Allan Quatermain (1887) and She (1887).

In 1919, Haggard was knighted for his services to the British Empire. Haggard's autobiography, The Days of My Life, was published in 1926 after he died.  Morton Cohen's biography of Haggard was published in 1960.

References 

English novelists
1856 births
1925 deaths
White's illusion is a brightness illusion. Here, some stripes of a black and white grating are replaced by gray rectangles (see Fig). All gray bars usually have same color and opacity. The brightness of the gray pieces appear to shift toward the brightness of the top and bottom bordering stripes, that is, the gray bars with horizontal black regions on their top and bottom appear darker and those with white regions on their top and bottom appear lighter. But this does not match with what lateral inhibition predicts. This illusion is mostly described for grayscale. A similar illusion occurs for colored patches. This is known as Munker-White's illusion or Munker's illusion.

Lateral inhibition result for White's effect
The amount of each bipolar cell response depends on the amount of the stimulation it receives from the receptor. Neighboring cells decrease this response. This is called lateral inhibition.
Lateral inhibition cannot explain White's illusion. In Figure 2.1 lateral inhibition sent by black cells A and C should make cell O lighter; in Figure 2.2 lateral inhibition sent by white cells A and C should make cell O darker.

Rules suggested to describe optical illusions such as simultaneous brightness contrast illusion, such as Wallach's ratio rule cannot explain White's illusion. These rules suggest that cell O in figure 2.1 receives less inhibition that cell O in figure 2.2. So, the cell O in figure 2.1 should be lighter than cell O in the other figure. However, the opposite case happens. 
White and White (1985) concluded that at a higher spatial frequency the grating of White's illusion could be described by brightness assimilation. They also concluded that at lower spatial frequencies White's illusion is still present.

Belongingness
Belongingness

The belongingness theory has been given as an explanation of White's illusion. Belongingness means that we perceive things depending on its surroundings. According to belongingness theory, the lightness of rectangle A is influenced by the white bars that surround it. Similarly, the rectangle B on the right side is surrounded by the dark bars. So, the lightness of rectangle B is affected by the dark background. As a result, area A which rests on the white background appears darker than area B which rests on the dark background.

Not all scientists accept the belongingness theory. They say that when talking about the background, it is the same as lateral inhibition.

References

Illusions
In neurobiology, lateral inhibition is the ability of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. It stops action potentials from spreading in the lateral direction. It is called lateral inhibition as it stops (inhibits) neighboring neurons from firing. This creates a contrast in stimulation. This increases perception. For example, in vision, it helps in differentiating edges. It occurs primarily in visual processes. But it has also been seen in tactile, auditory, and even olfactory processing. Cells that use lateral inhibition are mainly present in cerebral cortex and thalamus. They make up lateral inhibitory networks (LINs). Artificial sensory systems have artificial lateral inhibition built in them. Examples are vision chips,   hearing systems, and optical mice.

References

Neuroscience
Raif Badawi (Arabic: رائف بدوي‎; born 13 January 1984) is a Saudi Arabian writer and activist. He started the website Free Saudi Liberals in 2008. He was arrested in 2012 because of the website. The website was then taken off the internet. Badawi was sentenced to 10 years in prison and being hit with a whip: 1000 lashes (or hits). Media said in March 2022, that Badawi no longer is in prison.

Badawi has also been banned from any media work or foreign travel for 10 years after his release from prison. Badawi's first 50 lashes were given on January 9, 2015. After that, Badawi's lashes were postponed many times.  In June 2015, a Saudi high court ruled that Badawi should be lashed but the lashing was postponed hours before it was going to happen. 
Badawi's wife called Ensaf Haidar believes he is weak in body and suffering mentally.  She fears this may be a slow death sentence.
Badawi's sister Samar Badawi is also an activist. Her husband Waleed Abul-Khair is Raif's lawyer. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison in July 2014. Samar is working to get both her brother and husband released from prison.

References

1984 births
Living people
Saudi Arabian writers
Sweden–Finland (, ) is a historiographical term. It refers to the Kingdom of Sweden from the days of the Kalmar Union in the late 14th century up to the Napoleonic Wars in to the early 19th century. In 1809 it was split into two halves. The eastern half became the Grand Duchy of Finland in personal union with the Russian Empire. The western half remained as the Kingdom of Sweden.

References

History of Finland
History of Sweden
Government of Finland
Adventure fiction is a type of fiction in which an adventure forms the main storyline. The adventure is usually an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger. Author Malins describes adventure fiction as the story "of the hero—individual or group—overcoming obstacles and dangers and accomplishing some important and moral mission." The characters in an adventure fiction are highly sympathetic. They are also ones the reader can easily relate to. There has to be a conflict to overcome and a clever villain to stop.

The hero 
A key part of many adventure fictions is the hero. In most stories the hero has to succeed. At the same time the hero may be the least interesting character in the story. The hero is often timid, submissive and easily pushed around. The hero may be a superhero, a spy, a detective or even an antihero. But the hero manages to meet the challenge. All great adventure heroes seem to find the ability to beat their enemies or win over hostile environments.
Sometimes the villain wins. In Edgar Allan Poe's story The Cask of Amontillado, the villain is the narrator of the story. Sometimes the villain wins only to be confronted again in a sequel.
The genre 
In many adventure fictions, the adventure takes place in foreign lands or exotic places. One of the earliest adventure fiction writers was Daniel Defoe. His stories of Robinson Crusoe and Captain Singleton helped set the standards for the adventure fiction genre. Another British author Sir Walter Scott built on the formula. He combined history with adventure fiction. His historical romance novels Waverley, Rob Roy and Ivanhoe were classic adventures. They helped the reader understand the hero and gave him a code of chivalry. French author Alexandre Dumas wrote The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo and Man in the Iron Mask. These were very popular in Europe and America. His stories had strong elements of revenge and forgiveness. James Fenimore Cooper in his adventure stories The Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans and The Pathfinder were set in exotic new world locations. But Cooper changed the aristocratic hero into one who was noble even though not born into the nobility.

References
References

Other websites 
 The 200 Greatest Adventure Novels of All Time
 Popular Adventure Fiction Books

Fiction genres
Anthony Trollope (1815–1882) was an English novelist who wrote 47 novels and a number of other books. 

His mother Frances Trollope was also a writer. Trollope became an official of the Post Office and lived in Ireland from 1841 to 1859; he left his Post Office job in 1867.

Trollope is well known for his series of novels set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire.  His first novel was published in 1847 and The Warden, the first Barsetshire novel, in 1855. The rest of the series were published during the next 12 years: The Barchester Chronicles (1857), Doctor Thorne (1858), Framley Parsonage (1861), The Small House at Allington (1864), and The Last Chronicle of Barset (1867). Barsetshire is imagined as a county in southwest England. The county town is Barchester, which is the seat of the Bishop of Barchester.
Trollope also wrote a series of political novels featuring the Palliser family. These began in 1864 with Can You Forgive Her?. The rest of the series is Phineas Finn (1869), The Eustace Diamonds (1873), Phineas Redux (1876), The Prime Minister (1876), and The Duke's Children (1880). Trollope was an industrious and disciplined writer who wrote short stories, travel books and biographies as well as novels.

Source 
Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1985) The Oxford Companion to English Literature; 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; pp. 996-97

English novelists
1815 births
1882 deaths
Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by mass of silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum of 925 in continental European terms.

Pure silver, for example 99.9% pure, is generally too soft for making objects for use. Therefore, the silver is usually alloyed with copper to give it strength while keeping the ductility and beauty of the precious metal. Other metals can replace the copper, to improve various properties of the basic sterling alloy such as increasing resistance to tarnish. These replacement metals include germanium, zinc and platinum, as well as a variety of other additives, including silicon and boron. Alloys such as argentium silver have appeared in recent decades. Argentium silver has some germanium added, and resists tarnishing well.
The first legal definition of sterling silver appeared in 1275. A statute of Edward I specified that 12 ounces of silver for coinage should contain 11 ounces  pennyweights of silver and  pennyweights of alloy, with 20 pennyweights to the Troy ounce.

Sterling silver standards are protected by hallmarks stamped on pieces by officials.

References 

Alloys
Standards
Queen Christina of Sweden (;  – 19 April 1689), was the queen of 
Sweden from 1632 to 1654. She then resigned to become a Roman Catholic.

She also liked humanities and had invited philosophers such as René Descartes in Sweden.

References

Other websites

1626 births
1654 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Richard Philip Henry John Benson, known as Richard Benson (10 March 1955 – 10 May 2022) was an English–Italian guitarist.

Career
Benson probably moved to Rome in 1965. In 1971 he joined the progressive rock band Buon Vecchio Charlie. In 1972, he took part in the festival "Villa Pamphili".

From 1978 to 2013 he hosted TV shows relating to new musical releases of the time. The music was mostly hard rock and heavy metal, but also jazz, funk, blues, fusion and Italian rock.

In 1983, Benson released his first LP, Animal Zoo. In 1984, he released the LP Renegade. In 1987 he was included on the compilation album, Metal Attack (RCA Italy – Talent).

In 1992, Benson played himself in Carlo Verdone's movie Maledetto il giorno che t'ho incontrato. In the second half of the 1990s he gave concerts in Rome. In 1999, he released his first CD, Madre Tortura.
Benson has then appeared in Italian national broadcast television as a music critic (Rai 2), together with Max Giusti. His work in the show was comical instead of serious. He played a sort of parody of his own character. In June 2013, he created an online television channel, "RichardBensonTV". He hosts a show there about heavy metal music. RichardBensonTv closed after just over a year.

In 2015 he released his second CD, L'inferno dei vivi.

In November 2016, it was announced that Benson had heart disease. He  died in Rome on 10 May 2022, at the age of 67.

Discography
 1990: Buon Vecchio Charlie (recorded in 1971)
 1983: Animal Zoo (single)
 1984: Renegade (single)
 1999: Madre Tortura
 2015: L'inferno dei vivi

References

Other websites

 Article on la Repubblica
 

1955 births
2022 deaths
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Rome
Musicians from Surrey
People from Woking
Kjell Arnljot Wig (31 December 1924 – 18 January 2015) was a Norwegian media personality. He was a journalist for Morgenbladet from 1948. He was later with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1963 to 1992. He hosted a series of television shows, including Aktuell debatt, Vindu mot verden, and Åpen post. Some of his novels were Det skjulte Norge (1969), Kongen ser tilbake (1977), and Eventyret om Blaafarveværket (1995).

Wig was born in Stjørdal. He was married and had children.

Wig died after an illness on 18 January 2015 at Bærum hospital. He was 90.

References

Other websites
 

1924 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian writers
Norwegian novelists
Norwegian television personalities
Robert McClelland Barr (December, 1856 - March 11, 1930) was a Major League Baseball pitcher.  He also made some appearances as an outfielder, first baseman, and third baseman.

Barr played for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Washington Nationals, Indianapolis Hoosiers, and Rochester Broncos. He also played for the Washington Nationals and New York Giants.

1856 births
1930 deaths
Washington Nationals players
Suspicion is a 1941 romantic thriller movie. It is based on the novel Before the Fact. The movie was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cary Grant plays Johnnie, a gambler. Joan Fontaine plays Lina. Dame May Whitty plays Martha.

This movie was nominated for Academy Awards for the Best Picture and the Best Original Score. Fontaine won the Best Actress award.

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1940s psychological movies
1941 mystery movies
1940s thriller movies
Academy Award winning movies
American mystery movies
American romantic thriller movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in England
The Pike Place Fish Market is an open air fish market located in Seattle, Washington at the corner of Pike Street and Pike Place. It is known for their tradition of fishmongers throwing fish that customers have purchased, before they are wrapped. After nearing bankruptcy in 1986, the fish market owner and employees decided to become "world famous", changing their way of doing business by introducing their flying fish, games, and customer performances. Four years later, they were featured repeatedly in the national media and television shows.  The store is now a popular tourist destination in Seattle, attracting up to 10,000 daily visitors, and is often billed as world-famous.
History
The Pike Place Fish Market was purchased in 1965 by John Yokoyama. Yokoyama was a former employee of the fish market, who bought the store to make enough money to afford the car payments on his new Buick Riviera. At first, Pike Place Fish Market was unknown outside of the Seattle area. Yokoyama and his staff decided to change that in a meeting with a business coach in 1986. Prior to the meeting, the Pike Place Fish Market was near to bankruptcy. Consultant, Jim Bergquist, was helping them to conceive of ways to save the business. A fish market employee at the meeting suggested that they not only save the business, but make it "world famous". They had the idea of flying and throwing fish and having games with customers. They thought that staff were enjoying their work so that customers would as well. In an interview, Yokoyama stated, "We took a stand that we were going to become world famous. We just said it and it became so."
Four years later, in 1990, Ted Turner's Goodwill Games were held in Seattle. News crews at the Pike Place Market discovered the fish market and its performances with customers, and they filmed them. Soon afterwards, the fish market appeared on Good Morning America. The business and its employees were being filmed by various movie crews, and being featured in many magazines. Now, during the summer tourist season, the fishmongers will perform now in front of as many as 10,000 visitors daily. The success of the business has been cited to its human resources and employee attitudes. The employees of the fish market will often speak to businesses, civic groups, and schools on ways to be successful. This has led to their being featured in motivational books.

A popular feature at the Pike Place Fish Market is a fish which sometimes is made to "snap" at customers. In 1991, CNN named the Pike Place Fish Market as one of the three most fun places to work in America.

Flying fish
Flying fish

The Pike Place Fish Market is best known for their habit of hurling customers' orders across the shopping area. A typical routine will involve a customer ordering a fish, with their fishmongers in orange rubber overalls and boots calling out the order, which is loudly shouted back by all the other staff, at which point the original fishmonger will throw the customer's fish behind the counter for wrapping. Initially, the shouted repeating of the ordered fish began as a prank on one employee, but was enjoyed by customers, so it became a tradition. While working, the staff continually yell to each other and chant in unison while they throw ordered fish. At times, the fish market staff will throw a foam fish into the crowd to scare bystanders, or select a customer from the crowds to participate in the fish toss. Above the areas in which they throw fish, the market hangs a sign that reads, "Caution: Low Flying Fish".

Movies, books and popular culture
In 1998, the Pike Place Fish Market was the subject of a documentary movie and accompanying book, FISH! Philosophy. The Pike Place Fish Market has also been the setting for several best-selling corporate training videos, the aforementioned FISH!, and also FISH!Sticks, which have been used by companies such as Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Sprint Nextel, Southwest Airlines, Sainsbury's, Saturn, and Scottish and Southern Energy, for employee training. The Pike Place Fish Market has been featured in a variety of television shows and commercials. These include a Spike Lee Levis jeans commercial; MTV's The Real World; NBC's Frasier, and ABC's Good Morning America. In movies, it has appeared in Free Willy.

References

Further reading
Further reading

 When Fish Fly: Lessons for Creating a Vital and Energized Workplace — From the Word Famous Pike Place Fish Market, Yokoyama, John and Joseph Michelli. New York: Hyperion, 2004.
 "Catch: A Fishmonger's Guide to Greatness", Crother, Cyndi and the crew of Pike Place Fish.  Berrett-Koehler Publishers (January 1, 2005)

Other websites 

 Pike Place Fish Market official website
 5:12:60 official blog

Fishing
1930 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Seattle
Street markets
Gustav I of Sweden (born 14 May 1496, died 29 September 1560) was the King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560. During his reign, Sweden broke relationship with the Kalmar Union and the Roman Catholic Church.

References

Other websites

1650 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Marie Hermanson (born 1956) is a Swedish writer and journalist.

Bibliography
Det finns ett hål i verkligheten - 1986
Snövit - 1990
Tvillingsystrarna - 1993
Värddjuret - 1995
Musselstranden - 1998
Ett oskrivet blad - 2001
Hembiträdet - 2004
Mannen under trappan - 2005
Svampkungens son - 2007
Himmelsdalen - 2011
Skymningslandet - 2014

Awards 
 Partille Bookstore's Writer's Scholarship -1997
 Bokhandelns val - 2005

Nominations
August Prize - 1995 (for Värddjuret).

References

Other websites
official website 

1956 births
Living people
Swedish writers
Pietra dura () or pietre dure () (see below), called parchin kari or parchinkari () in the Indian Subcontinent, is a term for using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images. 

The stonework is glued stone-by-stone to a base after being "sliced and cut in different shape sections; and then assembled together so precisely that the contact between each section was practically invisible". Stability was achieved by grooving the undersides of the stones so that they interlocked, rather like a jigsaw puzzle, with everything held in place by an encircling 'frame'. Many different colored stones, particularly marbles, were used, along with semiprecious, and even precious stones. 

The technique first appeared in Rome in the 16th century. It reached its peak in Florence.  Pietra dura items are generally crafted on green, white or black marble base stones. Typically the resulting panel is completely flat, but some examples have the image is in low relief.
There are a number of similar techniques which should not be called pietra dura. The English term "Florentine mosaic" is sometimes used for the work of Giovanni Montelatici (1864-1930). He was an Italian Florentine artist whose brilliant work has been distributed across the world by tourists and collectors.

Pietra dura is also different from mosaics because stones are mostly much larger and cut to a shape suiting their place in the image, not all of roughly equal size and shape as in mosaic. In pietra dura, the stones are not cemented together with grout, and works in pietra dura are often portable. Nor should it be confused with micromosaics, a form of mosaic using very small tesserae of the same size to create images for Byzantine icons, and later for furniture panels.

References 

Art materials
Cats can be many different breeds and fur coat colors. A pink cat is not a color found in nature. But several pink cats have been reported about in the news  media. Sometimes the cat colour has changed to pink with chemicals or dyes. There are also several fictional pink cats in popular culture.

Real pink cats
In September 2005, a cat named Brumas roamed away from his owners in Launceston, Cornwall. When he came back after a short time, his fur was coloured pink. No one ever figured out the cause of the colour change. Brumas was taken to the RSPCA to be tested. He did not have any toxins.
Russian writer Lena Lenia had dyed a Kitten pink in early 2015, witch meant led to the confusion that they thought that Kitten died from being dyed pink, and then the kitten was okay from the owner having that kitten still.
In May 2011, four kittens were found in a concrete factory in Redruth, Cornwall. One kitten had pink fur. A cat rescue group named "Cats Protection", tried to wash out the color with shampoo, but could not.

Pollution from a steel factory in Port Talbot, Wales, has turned cats both pink and grey.

Cats having pink patches are found in Bulgaria. The color is probably a genetic mutation and is very close to orange. They are usually pink-white bicolor; or pink-blue-white or pink-black-white calico cats.

Sometimes the lilac or cream fur color of cats is confused with pink. Lilac and cream are both natural colors in cats, and are the diluted (lighter) versions of chocolate and red.

Fictional pink cats 

The Pink Panther is a cartoon cat that was created by Friz Freleng. He is seen in the opening titles of the Peter Sellers movies with his own theme music. He also had his own cartoon show. Animation historian Jerry Beck has said the cartoon cat is "anti-authority – he's cool yet he's pink".
The character of the children's television series Bagpuss was a pink cat. The Bagpuss puppet was really supposed to be an orange marmalade colour. When the puppet was made, it was dyed pink by mistake.  

Another children's franchise, Strawberry Shortcake, has a pink cat named Custard who is the pet of the titular character.''

In 2014, a Dutch artist, Florentijn Hofman, made a  tall pink cat for an exhibition in Century Park, Shanghai.

Princess Carolyn from BoJack Horseman is a pink cat.

There is also a pink cat in the children's show “Pete the cat” named Callie.

References

Other websites 

Fictional cats
Doraemon:Nobita's Dinosaur is a 1980 Japanese animated movie. This movie  also known as Doraemon: motion picture. It is based on the popular manga and anime series Doraemon. The movie was released in Japan on 15 March 1980.

Cast

Music
Doraemon no Uta (ドラえもんのうた) by Nobuyo Oyama

References

1980 movies
1980s animated movies
Japanese movies
Movies about dinosaurs
is a Japanese voice actress. She is represented by Production Baobab. Her son is Sunrise animator .

She is known for the roles of Nobita Nobi (Doraemon), all female lead villains in the Time Bokan series, Conan (Future Boy Conan), Peter (Heidi, Girl of the Alps), Oyuki and Claudia LaSalle. In the first ever Seiyu Awards in 2007, she won the Synergy award.

Voice roles
Alps no Shōjo Heidi (Peter)
Urusei Yatsura (Oyuki)
Starzinger
Space Pirate Captain Harlock (Mime)
Space Battleship Yamato II (Sabera, Jiro Shima)
Chōdenji Machine Voltes V (Hiyoshi Gō)
Soreike! Anpanman (Kurobarajoou)
Time Bokan series (Maajo, Doronjo, Muujo, Ataasha, Mirenjo, Munmun, Yanyan, Ruuju)
The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (Claudia LaSalle, Narrator)
Doraemon (Nobita Nobi, Nobisuke Nobi)
Future Boy Conan (Conan)
Wansa-kun (Wansa)
Crusher Joe (Ricky)
La Seine no Hoshi (Catherine)
Genesis Climber Mospeada (Refless)
Tatsunoko vs. Capcom (Doronjo)
Wacky Races (Japanese dub; Penelope Pitstop)

References
References

Other websites 
 Noriko Ohara at IMDb

1935 births
Living people
Actors from Tokyo
Japanese voice actors
Anthony F. Verna (November 26, 1933 – January 18, 2015) was an American television producer. He was known for creating instant replay and for producing interviews with Pope John Paul II, Ronald Reagan, and Charlton Heston. Verna was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Verna died in Palm Desert, California from leukemia, aged 81.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
American television producers
American inventors
People from Philadelphia
Pedro María Iguaran Arandia (2 July 1940 – 16 January 2015) commonly known as Pello Iguaran was a Spanish football defender.

Iguaran played for Deportivo Alavés in the 1963-1964 season. Iguaran served his new club for 7 years, being in most cases used as a reserve defender. He played a total of 85 games for Real Sociedad.

References

1940 births
2015 deaths
Spanish footballers
George Elmer Pataki (; born June 24, 1945) is an American politician. He was the 53rd Governor of New York. A member of the Republican Party, Pataki served three consecutive four-year terms from January 1, 1995, until December 31, 2006.

Early life
Pataki was born in Peekskill, New York. He is of an Austrian-Hungarian ancestry. After graduating fom Peekskill High School, he entered Yale University in the same year as George W. Bush in 1964 on an academic scholarship and graduated in three years. While there he served as chairman of the Conservative Party of the Yale Political Union.

Governor of New York (1995-2006)
Pataki's first job in politics was mayor of his hometown of Peekskill. In 1994 he ran a campaign against Mario Cuomo for Governor of New York. Cuomo was one of the most famous politicians in the country at the time and he was an icon of liberalism in the country. Few people expected Pataki to win, but in a major upset, Pataki won the election.
He served three terms as Governor of New York State. A popular governor, Pataki became most famous for his leadership of the state after the September 11th attacks in 2001. He also focused on creating jobs in the state and creating increased parkland for New Yorkers.

2016 presidential race

Pataki had often been mentioned as a possible presidential candidate. In early 2015, he began exploring a candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2016, and announced his candidacy on May 28, 2015. On December 29, 2015, Pataki announced that he would be ending his presidential campaign. A few days later, he announced his support for Marco Rubio for president. After Rubio dropped out and days before the New York primary, Pataki endorsed Ohio governor John Kasich for the nomination.

Personal life
Pataki married Elizabeth Rowland in 1973. They have four children: Emily, Teddy, Allison, and Owen.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 George Pataki for President
 Video of speech at cornerstone laying ceremony for the Freedom Tower on July 4, 2004

2016 United States presidential candidates
1945 births
Living people
Governors of New York (state)
American mayors
People from Peekskill, New York
Republican Party (United States) politicians
The National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) is a fellowship of member denominations, churches, organizations, and individuals. Its stated goal is to honor God by connecting and representing evangelicals in the United States. Today it works in four main areas: Church & Faith Partners, Government Relations, Chaplains Commission, and World Relief. The NAE is a member of the World Evangelical Alliance (WEA).

Other websites

Generation Forum 

1942 establishments in the United States
Evangelicalism

Christian organizations based in the United States
Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a public university for scientific research. It is located in Bangalore, India. Jamshetji Tata gave active support to establish this institute. He is one of the earliest industrialists of India. IISc is well known as India's finest research university.

History
In 1893, Jamshetji Tata had a chance meeting with Swami Vivekananda on a ship from Japan to Chicago. Then, Jamshetji Tata discussed his plan with Vivekananda to bring Iron and Steel industry to India. Five years later, Tata wrote a letter to Vivekananda about his desire to establish a research institution. He also asked Vivekananda for guidance in this matter. Vivekananda softly declined this proposal.

The government of Mysore donated (371 acres or 1.50 sq km) to build the institute. They also agreed to donate 50,000 rupees every year. The institute was established in 1909. It had two departments - Department of General and Applied Chemistry and Electro Technology. Morris Travers became the first director of IISc.
Campus
IISc campus is in Malleswaram,  north of Bangalore City railway station. A number of other research institutes are nearby. These are Raman Research Institute, Central Power Research Institute and the Institute of Wood Science and Technology. There are regular bus services between them and IISc.

The campus is home to over 40 departments and centers of sciences. It has more than 3,000 students who are pursuing their undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The facilities on the campus include a library,gymnasium, dining halls and restaurants. There are dormitories for men and women and accommodation for staff members. A visitor's hostel was built in 1990. The campus is full of greenery. It has over 110 species of trees and rare and native plant species. The roads connecting the departments are named after species of trees. For example Arjun Marg (Marg means path in Hindi), Tala Marg and Silver Oak Marg.

Related pages 
 Indian Institute of Astrophysics
 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

References
References

Other websites 

 Indian Institute of Science 
 Top Universities: Indian Institute of Science

Buildings and structures in India
1909 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in India
Dan Waern (born 17 January 1933 in Sköldinge, Sweden) is a Swedish former middle-distance runner. In 1957, he became the first Swede to run the first sub-four-minute mile. 1957 was also the year he was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal.

In 1961, the IAAF disqualified him for professionalism.

References

1933 births
Living people
Swedish middle-distance runners
Sköldinge is a locality in Katrineholm Municipality in Södermanland County in Sweden. In 2010, 604 people lived there.

References 

Settlements in Sodermanland County
Toini Gustafsson Rönnlund, born Toini Gustafsson, 17 January 1938 in Suomussalmi, Finland) is a Swedish former cross country skier. During the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble she won two individual gold medals. In 1968, she was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal. She was married with Swedish cross-country skier Assar Rönnlund until he died in January 2011.

References

Other websites

1938 births
Living people
Swedish skiers
Lasse Granqvist, born 25 October 1957 in Solna, Sweden is Swedish a sports journalist. He was active for Sveriges Radio from August 1987 to 15 January 2013. On 1 January 2000 became active for C More Entertainment.

References

Other websites

1957 births
Living people
Swedish journalists
Michel Guimond (December 26, 1953 – January 19, 2015) was a Canadian politician. From 1987 to 1993 he served as a city councillor in Boischatel, Quebec. After this, he ran in the 1993 federal election for the Bloc Québécois.

Career
He was elected into the Canadian House of Commons as the member from Beauport—Montmorency—Orléans. He was re-elected in the 1997 and 2000 federal elections (in the riding of Beauport—Montmorency—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île-d'Orléans) and in the 2004 federal election (in the riding of Charlevoix—Montmorency).

In the 2004 and 2008 elections, he won in Montmorency—Charlevoix—Haute-Côte-Nord before being defeated in the 2011 federal election. A lawyer, he has served as the Bloc critic of Parliamentary Affairs, Transport and to the Auditor General.

He then served as whip and deputy whip of the Bloc Québécois, and was also the vice-chair of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs.
In the 2014 provincial election, he ran unsuccessfully for the Parti Quebecois to represent the riding of Montmorency.

Death
Guimond died of heart failure on January 19, 2015 in Quebec City, Quebec, aged 61.

References

Other websites
 Parliament Webpage 

1953 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Politicians from Quebec
Vladimir Petrovich Kesarev (; 26 February 1930 – 19 January 2015) was a Soviet Russian footballer.

He earned 14 caps for the USSR national football team, and participated in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. He was selected in the squad for the first ever European Nations' Cup in 1960, where the Soviets were champions, but did not play in any games at the tournament.

Other websites
Profile (in Russian) 

1930 births
2015 deaths
1958 FIFA World Cup players
Russian footballers
Russian football managers
Soviet footballers
Sportspeople from Moscow
Miriam Akavia (born Matylda Weinfeld, 20 November 1927 – 16 January 2015) was a Polish-born Israeli writer and translator. She was a Holocaust survivor. Akavia served as president of the Platform for Jewish-Polish Dialogue. She was born in Kraków, Poland.

Akavia died in Warsaw, Poland of natural causes, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 Platform for Jewish-Polish Dialogue 

1927 births
2015 deaths
Holocaust survivors
Jewish Israeli writers
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Writers from Kraków
Polish Jews
Anne Kirkbride (21 June 1954 – 19 January 2015) was an English actress. She was best known for playing Deirdre Barlow in the long-running ITV soap opera Coronation Street, who she played from 1972 to 2014.

On 19 January 2015, Kirkbride died of breast cancer in a Manchester hospital. She was 60 years old. Before she died, Kirkbride was planning to go back to Coronation Street, but never had the chance to do so.

References

Other websites
Anne Kirkbride at the Internet Movie Database
What's on TV profile

1954 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Cancer deaths in England
English television actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
Actors from Lancashire
People from Oldham
General Arthit Kamlang-ek (31 August 1925 - 19 January 2015; , ) was a Thai general.

He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army from 1982 to 1986 and parallel the Supreme Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces from 1983 to 1986.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
Arthit Kamlang-ek
José Carlos Carrasco Távara (1944 – 18 January 2015) was a Peruvian politician. He represented Piura from 2006 through 2011. Carrasco was a member of the Peruvian Aprista Party. He was born in the Sullana Province, Peru.

Carrasco died in Lima, Peru on 18 January 2015 from lung cancer, aged 70.

References

Other websites 

Official Congressional Site

1944 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Peru
Deaths from lung cancer
Peruvian politicians
Marshmallow creme (also called marshmallow fluff, marshmallow stuff, marshmallow spread, or marshmallow paste) is an American food item. It is a very sweet and spreadable. It is made out of marshmallows. Marshmallow creme and peanut butter are used to create a fluffernutter sandwich. In addition, marshmallow creme and Nutella can be spread on graham crackers to make s'mores.

Marshmallow creme has around 91.3 calories.

References

Snack foods
Chynna Phillips (born February 12, 1968) is an American actress and singer who performed with Wilson Phillips. In the movie Some Kind of Wonderful, she played Mia. She played Mimi in Say Anything.... She is the daughter of The Mamas & the Papas band members Michelle and John Phillips.

Phillips was born in Los Angeles.

References

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Singers from Los Angeles
1968 births
Living people
Carnie Wilson (born April 29, 1968) is an American singer and television host. She sang with Wilson Phillips. She also hosted her own talk show.

Wilson was born in Los Angeles.

References

Musicians from California
American television personalities
1968 births
Living people
In association football, an assist is a pass or a cross by a player which helps to score a goal. Most commonly, an assist is given to a player for passing or crossing the ball to the scorer.  It may also be awarded to a player whose shot rebounds (off a defender, goalkeeper or goalpost) to a teammate who scores. Some systems may give an assist to a player who wins a penalty kick or a free kick for another player to score. An attacking player for contributing to an own goal can also get an assist. A goal may be unassisted, or have one assist. In some systems, even two assists is possible.

References

Football (soccer) terminology
Vejbystrand is a bimunicipal locality in Skåne County, Sweden. In 2010,2,721 people lived there. Most people live in Ängelholm Municipality and some in Båstad Municipality.

References 

Settlements in Skane County
Renzo De Felice (8 April 1929 – 25 May 1996) was an Italian historian. He was born in Rieti and studied at the Sapienza University of Rome. In his youth De Felice joined the Italian Communist Party. He left the party after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He wrote more than 20 books and a large number of essays based on his extensive research. He was especially known for his studies on fascism. On this subject he was considered an expert.

He spent more than 40 years (1956-1996) of his life writing a biography of Benito Mussolini. He died before completing it. De Felice was considered an historical revisionist. He taught history at the Sapienza University of Rome. He was married to Livia De Ruggiero. De Felice died May 25, 1996 in Rome.