Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary), MSC, (April 5, 1937 – October 18, 2021) was an American  General in the United States Army and politician. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State (2001-2005), serving under President George W. Bush. He was the first African American appointed to that position. As a General in the United States Army, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War. He was the first and, so far, the only African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Early life 
He was born Colin Luther Powell on April 5, 1937, in Harlem, New York City, New York. His father, Luther Powell, was a shipping clerk. His mother, Maud Powell, was a seamstress. Both had immigrated to the United States from Jamaica. He grew up in south Bronx. He joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) while he was a student at City College of New York. He commanded his unit's precision drill team and achieved the highest rank in ROTC, cadet colonel. When he graduated in 1958, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army.
Army career 
His first assignment was in West Germany. He was promoted to the rank of Captain on June 1, 1962. Powell then served two tours of duty during the Vietnam War. He was wounded twice while in Vietnam. Once by a Viet Cong booby trap. He received a Purple Heart. A year later he received a Bronze Star Medal. He was wounded a second time in a helicopter crash where he saved two other soldiers. For this action he was awarded the Soldier's Medal. Between his two tours in Vietnam, Powell was promoted to the rank of major in May 1966.
United States Secretary of State 
In 2001 he was nominated and confirmed as US Secretary of State. After the September 11 attacks he took a leading role in aligning allies for military action in Afghanistan. Powell dealt with a number of international crises including a near war between India and Pakistan (both of which had nuclear weapons) in 2001–2002. In February 2003 he appeared before the United Nations Security Council. He presented evidence that Iraq was hiding weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This convinced many in the US that Iraq was a threat. In September 2004 he appeared before the United States Congress to testify that the intelligence used to show Iraq had WMDs was wrong. Then, on November 15, 2004, Powell announced his resignation.

Later life
Powell supported Barack Obama for President of the United States in 2008 and 2012.
In 2016, while not a candidate for that year's election, he received three electoral votes from Washington for President of the United States. After Barack Obama, Powell was only the second Black person to receive electoral votes in a presidential election.

Powell was a critic of the Donald Trump administration, believing he was not qualified to be president. He supported former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for president in 2016. On June 7, 2020, Powell announced he would be voting for former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. In August, Powell delivered a speech in support of Biden's candidacy at the 2020 Democratic National Convention.

In January 2021, after the Capitol building was attacked by Trump supporters, Powell said he left the Republican Party.
Death
On October 18, 2021, Powell, who was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland for multiple myeloma-related treatment, died from problems caused by COVID-19 on October 18, 2021 at the age of 84. He was fully vaccinated; however his cancer made his immune system weak. He also had Parkinson's disease when he died.

Other achievements 
 1993 he was the founder of America's Promise. This is a charitable organization that helps at-risk children.
 1993  was awarded an honorary Knight Commander (KCB) of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath by Queen Elizabeth II.
 1995, Powell published his memoir, "My American Journey".
 1997 he started America's Promise Alliance to help children and youths.
 2012 he published his second memoir "It Worked For Me: In Life and Leadership".

References

Other websites 

 Colin Powell: America's Best Leaders from US News & World Report
 Remarks to the United Nations Security Council, February 5, 2003
 "Colin Powell On the issues"
1937 births
2021 deaths
African-American military personnel
African American politicians
American generals
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Politicians from New York City
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
United States National Security Advisors
United States Secretaries of State
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Independent politicians in the United States
Republican Party (United States) politicians
People with Parkinson's disease
Military people from New York (state)
Anti-communists
The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State. This department deals with foreign affairs. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. This person is the highest-ranking cabinet secretary both in line of succession and order of precedence. The President chooses the person they want to be Secretary of the State. The United States Senate must agree with this choice for the person to become the Secretary of State.

The position of Secretary of State was created on April 6, 1789. Thomas Jefferson was the first Secretary. The Presidential order of succession lists the Secretary of State as the 4th person in line if something happens to the President.
Duties
The first duties of the Secretary of State included:
 Publication, distribution, and preservation of the laws of the United States
 Managing the commissions of people the President puts into office.
 Custody of the Great Seal of the United States
 Custody of the records of the former Secretary of the Continental Congress, except for those of the Treasury and War Departments
The following are the responsibilities of the Secretary of State. These were added to the duties over time.
 In control of the United States Department of State and the United States Foreign Service.
 Adviser to the President on matters dealing with other countries. This includes choosing diplomats to other nations and dealing with diplomats from other nations.
 Takes part in high-level negotiations with other countries. The Secretary deals with both single nations and international conferences or organizations. This includes the negotiation of international treaties.
 In control of the direction, coordination, and supervision of activities of the U.S. Government in other countries when more than one government department is involved.
 Support U.S. citizens living or traveling in other countries. This includes information, passports, visas and other services.
 Supervises the United States immigration policy in other countries.
List of Secretaries of State

Living former secretaries of state
As of , there are seven living former secretaries of state, the oldest being Henry Kissinger (served 1973–1977). The most recent death of a former secretary of state was that of Madeleine Albright (served 1997–2001) on March 23, 2022. The living former secretaries of state, in order of service, are:

References

 
1789 establishments in the United States
Jacques Ellul (January 6, 1912 – May 19, 1994) was a French philosopher, sociologist, theologian, and Christian anarchist. He wrote several books about the "technological society", and about Christianity and politics, such as Anarchy and Christianity (1991) –  anarchism and Christianity are socially following the same goal. A philosopher who approached technology from a deterministic viewpoint. Ellul was professor at the University of Bordeaux. He authored some 40 books and hundreds of articles over his lifetime, the dominant theme of which has been the threat to human freedom and Christian faith created by modern technology. Ellul spoke often about the emergence of a "technological tyranny" over humanity.

Ellul has been credited with saying the phrase, "Think globally, act locally."
Books
 Étude sur l'évolution et la nature juridique du Mancipium.  Bordeaux: Delmas, 1936.
 Le fondement théologique du droit.  Neuchâtel: Delachaux & Niestlé, 1946.
 The Theological Foundation of Law.  Trans. Marguerite Wieser.  Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1960.  London: SCM, 1961.  New York: Seabury, 1969.
 Présence au monde moderne: Problèmes de la civilisation post-chrétienne.  Geneva: Roulet, 1948. Lausanne: Presses Bibliques Universitaires, 1988.
 The Presence of the Kingdom.  Trans. Olive Wyon.  Philadelphia: Westminster, 1951.  London: SCM, 1951.  New York: Seabury,  1967.  Colorado Springs: Helmers and Howard, 1989.
 Le livre de Jonas.  Paris: Cahiers Bibliques de Foi et Vie, 1952.
 The Judgment of Jonah.  Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley.  Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971.
 L'homme et l'argent (Nova et vetera).  Neuchâtel: Delachaux & Niestlé, 1954.  Lausanne: Presses Bibliques Universitaires, 1979.
Money and Power.  Trans. LaVonne Neff.  Downers Grove IL: InterVarsity Press, 1984. Basingstoke, England: Marshall Pickering, 1986.
 La technique ou l'enjeu du siècle.  Paris: Armand Colin, 1954. Paris: Économica, 1990.
    The Technological Society.  Trans. John Wilkinson.  New York: Knopf, 1964. London: Jonathan Cape, 1965.  Rev. ed.: New York: Knopf/Vintage, 1967. with introduction by Robert K. Merton (professor of sociology, Columbia University). This  may be his best-known work; Aldous Huxley brought the French edition to the attention of an English publisher, and thus brought it to English readers. Theodore Kaczynski had a copy in his cabin and said he read it five times—his "manifesto" addresses similar themes.
 Histoire des institutions.  Paris: Presses Universitaires de France;  volumes 1 & 2,
 L'Antiquité (1955); vol. 3, Le Moyen Age (1956); vol. 4, Les XVIe-XVIIIe siècle (1956); vol. 5, Le XIXe siècle (1789–1914) (1956).
 Propagandes.  Paris: A. Colin, 1962. Paris: Économica, 1990
Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes.  Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner.  New York: Knopf, 1965.  New York: Random House/ Vintage 1973
 Fausse présence au monde moderne.  Paris: Les Bergers et Les Mages, 1963.
 False Presence of the Kingdom.  Trans. C. Edward Hopkin.  New York: Seabury, 1972.
 Le vouloir et le faire: Recherches éthiques pour les chrétiens: Introduction (première partie).  Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1964.
 To Will and to Do: An Ethical Research for Christians.  Trans. C. Edward Hopkin.  Philadelphia: Pilgrim, 1969.
 L'illusion politique.  Paris: Robert Laffont, 1965.  Rev. ed.: Paris: Librairie Générale Française, 1977.
 The Political Illusion.  Trans. Konrad Kellen.  New York: Knopf, 1967. New York: Random House/Vintage, 1972.
 Exégèse des nouveaux lieux communs.  Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1966. Paris: La Table Ronde, 1994.
 A Critique of the New Commonplaces.  Trans. Helen Weaver.  New York: Knopf, 1968.
 Politique de Dieu, politiques de l'homme.  Paris: Éditions Universitaires, 1966.
The Politics of God and the Politics of Man.  Trans./ed. Geoffrey W.  Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972.
 Histoire de la propagande.  Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1967, 1976.
 Métamorphose du bourgeois.  Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1967. Paris: La Table Ronde, 1998.
 Autopsie de la révolution.  Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1969.
 Autopsy of Revolution.  Trans. Patricia Wolf.  New York: Knopf, 1971.
 Contre les violents.  Paris: Centurion, 1972.
 Violence: Reflections from a Christian Perspective.  Trans. Cecelia Gaul Kings. New York: Seabury, 1969.  London: SCM Press, 1970.  London: Mowbrays, 1978.
 Sans feu ni lieu: Signification biblique de la Grande Ville.  Paris: Gallimard, 1975.
 The Meaning of the City.  Trans. Dennis Pardee.  Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970. Carlisle, Cumbria, England: Paternoster, 1997.
 L'impossible prière.  Paris: Centurion, 1971, 1977.
 Prayer and Modern Man.  Trans. C. Edward Hopkin.  New York: Seabury, 1970, 1973
Jeunesse délinquante: Une expérience en province.  Avec Yves Charrier.  Paris: Mercure de France, 1971.  2nd ed.: Jeunesse délinquante: Des blousons noirs aux hippies.  Nantes: Éditions de l'AREFPPI, 1985.
 De la révolution aux révoltes.  Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1972.
 L'espérance oubliée.  Paris: Gallimard, 1972.
 Hope in Time of Abandonment.  Trans. C. Edward Hopkin.  New York: Seabury, 1973.
 Éthique de la liberté,  2 vols.  Geneva: Labor et Fides, I:1973, II:1974.
 The Ethics of Freedom.  Trans. and ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley.  Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976.  London: Mowbrays, 1976.
 Les nouveaux possédés.  Paris: Arthème Fayard, 1973.
 The New Demons.  Trans. C. Edward Hopkin.  New York: Seabury, 1975.  London: Mowbrays, 1975.
 L'Apocalypse: Architecture en mouvement.  Paris: Desclée, 1975.
 Apocalypse: The Book of Revelation.  Trans. George W. Schreiner.  New     York: Seabury, 1977.
 Trahison de l'Occident.  Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1975.
The Betrayal of the West.  Trans. Matthew J. O'Connell.  New York: Seabury,1978.
 Le système technicien.  Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1977.
 The Technological System.  Trans. Joachim Neugroschel.  New York: Continuum, 1980.
 L'idéologie marxiste chrétienne.  Paris: Centurion, 1979.
 Jesus and Marx: From Gospel to Ideology.  Trans. Joyce Main Hanks.  Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988.
 L'empire du non-sens: L'art et la société technicienne.  Paris: Press Universitaires de France, 1980.
 La foi au prix du doute: "Encore quarante jours . . ."  Paris: Hachette, 1980.
 Living Faith: Belief and Doubt in a Perilous World.  Trans. Peter Heinegg.  San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1983.
 La Parole humiliée.  Paris: Seuil, 1981.
 The Humiliation of the Word.  Trans. Joyce Main Hanks.  Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.
 Changer de révolution: L'inéluctable prolétariat.  Paris: Seuil, 1982.
 Les combats de la liberté.  (Tome 3, L'Ethique de la Liberté) Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1984.  Paris: Centurion, 1984.
La subversion du christianisme.  Paris: Seuil, 1984, 1994. réédition en 2001, La Table Ronde;
 The Subversion of Christianity.   Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley.  Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986.
 Conférence sur l'Apocalypse de Jean.  Nantes: AREFPPI, 1985.
 Un chrétien pour Israël.  Monaco: Éditions du Rocher, 1986.
 Ce que je crois.  Paris: Grasset and Fasquelle, 1987.
 What I Believe.  Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley.  Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.
 La Genèse aujourd'hui.  Avec François Tosquelles.  Ligné: AREFPPI, 1987.
 La raison d'être: Méditation sur l'Ecclésiaste.  Paris: Seuil, 1987
 Reason for Being: A Meditation on Ecclesiastes.  Trans. Joyce Main Hanks. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
 Anarchie et christianisme.  Lyon: Atelier de Création Libertaire, 1988. Paris: La Table Ronde, 1998
 Anarchy and Christianity.  Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley.  Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
 Le bluff technologique.  Paris: Hachette, 1988.
 The Technological Bluff.  Trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley.  Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
Ce Dieu injuste . . .?: Théologie chrétienne pour le peuple d'Israël.  Paris: Arléa, 1991, 1999.
 Si tu es le Fils de Dieu: Souffrances et tentations de Jésus.  Paris: Centurion, 1991.
 Déviances et déviants dans notre société intolérante.  Toulouse: Érés, 1992.
 Silences: Poèmes.  Bordeaux: Opales, 1995.
 Oratorio: Les quatre cavaliers de l'Apocalypse.  Bordeaux: Opales, 1997.
 Sources and Trajectories: Eight Early Articles by Jacques Ellul that Set the Stage.  Trans./ed. Marva J. Dawn.  Grand Rapids:  Eerdmans, 1997.
Interviews
 "A temps et à contretemps: Entretiens avec Madeleine Garrigou-Lagrange".  Paris: Centurion, 1981.
 "In Season, Out of Season: An Introduction to the Thought of Jacques Ellul: Interviews by Madeleine Garrigou-Lagrange."  Trans. Lani  K. Niles.  San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1982.
 "Perspectives on Our Age: Jacques Ellul Speaks on His Life and Work".  Ed. Willem H. Vanderburg.  Trans. Joachim Neugroschel.  Toronto: CBC, 1981. New York: Seabury, 1981.  Concord, Ontario: House of Anansi, 1997.
 "".  Avec Didier Nordon.  Paris: Félin, 1992.
 "Entretiens avec Jacques Ellul".  Patrick Chastenet.  Paris: Table Ronde, 1994.
 "Jacques Ellul on Religion, Technology, and Politics: Conversations with Patrick Troude-Chastenet".  Trans. Joan Mendès France.  Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998.
 "Jacques Ellul on Politics, Technology, and Christianity: Conversations with Patrick Troude-Chastenet".  Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 2005.
Related pages
 Christian anarchism
 Indoctrination
 Propaganda
 Randal Marlin
 List of anarchists

References

Other websites
 International Jacques Ellul Society 
 Association Internationale Jacques Ellul
 AIJE, groupe Marseille / Aix-en-Provence
 Wheaton College Library's Jacques Ellul page  (with biographical information and listings of their holdings of rare Ellul manuscripts)
 Jacques Ellul works on Jesus Radicals 
 Jacques Ellul at Anarchist Archive 
 A Politics of God and a Politics of Man 

1912 births
1994 deaths
Anarchists
Calvinists
French Christians
French theologians
People from Bordeaux
Johann Joseph Most (5 February 1846 in Augsburg – 17 March 1906 in Cincinnati) was a German-American anarchist and orator. He is best known for accepting the strategy of "propaganda of the deed," which promoted direct action against a single person or institution (including the use of violence) to force revolutionary change and inspire further action by others. He travelled in Europe, and he lived in countries such as France and United Kingdom. In 1906, in Ohio, he fell sick because of a chronic case of erysipelas, a bacterial skin infection, in an era without any antibiotic treatments. Most died in a few days.

Related pages
 List of anarchists

References 
Memoiren (New York, 1903).

Other websites 
Johann Most Page  Anarchist Encyclopedia

1846 births
1906 deaths
American anarchists
American political writers
Writers from Saxony
People from Augsburg
Politicians from Saxony
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Marxists
Francesco Saverio Merlino (born 9 September 1856 in Naples; died 30 June 1930 in Rome) was an Italian lawyer, anarchist activist and theorist of libertarian socialism.

Life
Merlino started to participate in the anarchist movement in Italy during his university studies.

In 1884 he went into exile in England and also travelled to the USA. After he returned to Italy in 1894, he was arrested and had to spend two years in prison. 

In the following years, he developed his theory of libertarian socialism in arguments with his friend Errico Malatesta.
Main works
Socialismo o monopolismo? (1887)
L’Italie telle qu’elle est (1890)
gli opuscoli Necessità e basi di un accordo (1892)
L’individua-lismo nell’anarchismo (1893)
Pro e contro il socialismo (1897)
L’utopia collettivista e la crisi del “socialismo scientifico” (1898)
Formes et essence du socialisme (1898)
Fascismo e democrazia (1924)
Politica e Magistratura dal 1860 ad oggi in Italia (1925)
Il socialismo senza Marx. Studi e polemiche per una revisione della dottrina socialista (1897-1930), Massimiliano Boni, Bologna 1974.
Il problema economico e politico del socialismo. (1948)

Related pages
 List of anarchists

Italian anarchists
Italian lawyers
Jurists from Naples
1856 births
1930 deaths
Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American economist and writer.  He helped make the Austrian School of economics popular in the United States.

Rothbard helped to create modern libertarianism, a political belief in less government and more personal freedom. He founded a form of free-market anarchism which he called "anarcho-capitalism". Rothbard believed society should organise itself, and he didn't like central planning.

Rothbard wrote over twenty books and was an important central figure in the American libertarian movement.

His ideas 
Rothbard advocated the abolition of government control of society and the economy. He considered the monopoly force of government the greatest danger to liberty and the long-term well-being of the people. He called the state a "gang of thieves writ large — the most immoral, grasping and unscrupulous individuals in any society".
Rothbard thought that all services provided by monopoly governments could be provided more efficiently by the private sector. According to him, many regulations and laws passed "for the public interest" were self-interested power grabs by scheming government bureaucrats to make themselves look important. These schemes were not subject to market disciplines.

Government services were not efficient, and would get eliminated, if the services could be provided by competition in the private sector.

Rothbard was equally condemning of big business working with government. Business elites, he thought, used government's monopoly power so as to influence laws and regulatory policy to help themselves at the expense of their competitive rivals.
Books 
 Man, economy, and state Full text;  (1962)
 The panic of 1819. 1962, 2006 edition: 
 America's great depression. Full text . (1963, 1972, 1975, 1983, 2000)
 What has government done to our money? Full text / Audio Book  (1963)
 Economic depressions: causes and cures (1969)
 Power and market. . (1970) restored to Man, economy, and state , 2004
 Education: free and compulsory.  (1972)
 Left and Right, selected essays 1954-65 (1972)
 For a new liberty: the libertarian manifesto Full text / Audio book  (1973, 1978)
 The essential von Mises (1973)
 The case for the 100 percent gold dollar.  Full text / Audio Book (1974)
 Egalitarianism as a revolt against nature and other essays  (1974)
 Conceived in liberty 4 vols  (1975-79)
 Individualism and the Philosophy of the Social Sciences.  (1979)
 The ethics of liberty Full text / Audio Book  (1982)
 The mystery of banking   (1983)
 Ludwig von Mises: scholar, creator, hero.  (1988)
Freedom, inequality, primitivism, and the division of labor. Full text included as Chapter 16 in Egalitarianism above (1991)
 The case against the Fed.  (1994)
 An Austrian perspective on the history of economic thought 2 vols  (1995)
 Wall Street, banks, and American foreign policy. Full text with an introduction by Justin Raimondo. (1995)
 Making economic sense.  (1995, 2006)
 Logic of action 2 vols  and  (1997)
 The Austrian theory of the trade cycle and other essays.  (also by Mises, Hayek, & Haberler)
 Irrepressible Rothbard: the Rothbard-Rockwell report: essays of Murray N. Rothbard. Full Text  (2000)
 A history of money and banking in the United States.  (2005)
 The complete Libertarian Forum 2 vols Full text  (2006)
 The betrayal of the American Right.  (2007)
Related pages
 List of anarchists
 anarcho-capitalism

Notes

Other websites

 Murray N. Rothbard Library and Resources 
 Murray N. Rothbard Media Archive at Mises.org
 BlackCrayon.com: People: Murray Rothbard
 Chronological Bibliography of Murray Rothbard 
 The Complete Archives of The Libertarian Forum, written about twice a month between 1969 and 1984.
 Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult (pamphlet published by the Center for Libertarian Studies)
 A 1972 New Banner interview with Murray Rothbard
 A 1990 interview with Murray Rothbard
 Murray Rothbard Institute , Belgium

1926 births
1995 deaths
American agnostics
American anarchists
American economists
Anarcho-capitalists
Jewish American scientists
Libertarians
Scientists from New York City
Carlo Tresca (1879 - January 11, 1943, New York City) was an Italian-born American anarchist, newspaper editor, and labor agitator. Tresca was famous for the fight and the opposition to the fascism, stalinism, and the mafia. Tresca was part of the defense committee for accused murderers Sacco and Vanzetti, and frequently spoke in their defense at rallies and in articles. During the 1930s, Tresca became an outspoken opponent of Soviet Communists and Stalinism, particularly after the Soviet Union had engineered the destruction of the anarchist movement in Catalonia and Aragon during the Spanish Revolution. Before this, Tresca had supported the Bolsheviks, with the excuse of that a Communist state was preferable to a capitalist state. In early 1938 Tresca publicly accused the Soviets of kidnapping Juliet Poyntz to prevent her defection from the Communist Party USA. Tresca said that, before she had disappeared, Poyntz had talked to him about her disgust over Joseph Stalin's Great Terror
.  In 1941 Tresca, in a revealing moment, admitted to Max Eastman that Nicola Sacco was guilty of the crime with which he was charged, though Vanzetti was innocent. In New York, Tresca also began a public campaign of criticism of the Mafia in his weekly newspaper, Il Martello. Tresca was killed probably by the mafia, with a gun shot. Others have thought that Tresca was eliminated by the NKVD because of the criticism of the Stalin regime of the Soviet Union.
Related pages
 Industrial Workers of the World
 List of anarchists

Other websites
Review of All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder of Carlo Tresca from Washington Monthly 

Industrial Workers of the World
American anarchists
Socialists
Italian people
American murder victims
1879 births
1943 deaths
Benjamin Ricketson Tucker (April 17, 1854 – June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American individualist anarchism in the 19th century, and editor and publisher of the individualist anarchist periodical Liberty. In 1906, he opened Tucker's Unique Book Shop in New York City. In 1908 the books were destroyed by a fire. Tucker closed the shop. Tucker died in Monaco in 1939

Online publications
 Instead of a Book, by a Man Too Busy to Write One (1893, 1897)
 Travelling in Liberty : a complete online archive of Tucker's journal Liberty (1881–1908)
 Several works by Tucker at  Anarchy Archives
 State Socialism and Anarchism. How far they agree and wherein they differ (1886)
 Liberty and Taxation From the magazine Liberty 1881-1908

Related pages
 List of anarchists

Other websites
Other websites

 Tucker on Property, Communism and Socialism
 BlackCrayon.com: People: Benjamin Tucker
 Benjamin Tucker Anarchy Archives
 Benjamin Tucker, Liberty, and Individualist Anarchism by Wendy McElroy 
 Benjamin Ricketson Tucker from "CLASSicalLiberalism" archive
 Benjamin Tucker, Liberty and Taxation
 Memories of Benjamin Tucker by J. William Lloyd (1935)
 An Interview With Oriole Tucker  Tucker's daughter reveals biographical information, by Paul Avrich
 Benjamin R Tucker & the Champions of Liberty - A Centenary Anthology  Edited by Michael E. Coughlin, Charles H. Hamilton and Mark A. Sullivan
 

American anarchists
American philosophers
Writers from Massachusetts
1854 births
1939 deaths
Libertarians
American atheists
John Zerzan (born in 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist philosopher and author. His works speaks about agricultural civilization. Some of his criticism has extended as far as challenging domestication, language, symbolic thought (such as mathematics and art) and the concept of time. His five major books are Elements of Refusal (1988), Future Primitive and Other Essays (1994), Running on Emptiness (2002), Against Civilization: Readings and Reflections (2005) and Twilight of the Machines (2008). Zerzan is currently one of the editors of Green Anarchy, a journal of anarcho-primitivist and insurrectionary anarchist thought.

Related pages
 List of anarchists
Other websites
John Zerzan's website
Green Anarchy web site 
Insurgent Desire – John Zerzan writings and interviews can be read online
Primitivism.com  – Writings by Zerzan and other primitivist authors and essayists
Creel Commission  – June 2006 conversation with John Zerzan and the UK band
Guide to John Zerzan's papers at the University of Oregon
John Zerzan's Turkish articles

1943 births
Living people
American anarchists
People from Salem, Oregon
Green anarchism
Writers from Oregon
Green thinkers
The 2014 FIFA World Cup was the 20th FIFA World Cup being held in Brazil. It was the second time that Brazil hosted the World Cup and the fourth time that a South American country hosted the FIFA tournament. Germany won the tournament after defeating Argentina 1–0. The defending champions, Spain, were eliminated from the World Cup after losing to the Netherlands and Chile in the group stage and the host country, Brazil, were eliminated after a record-breaking 1–7 loss to Germany.

Participants

Prize money 
Before the tournament began, all teams received US$1.5 million for preparation costs. The teams that were eliminated from the Group Stage got US$8 million, from the Round of 16 got US$9 million, and from the Quarter-Finals got US$14 million. The fourth place team got US$20 million, the third place team got US$22 million, the second place team got US$25 million and the champions got US$35 million.
Venues
A total of Seventeen cities showed interest in being chosen as World Cup host cities: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Brasília, Belém, Campo Grande, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Goiânia, Manaus, Natal, Recife (a stadium would be shared by both cities), Rio Branco and Salvador. Maceió withdrew in January 2009.

According to current FIFA practice, no more than one city may use two stadiums, and the number of host cities is limited between eight and ten. The Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF) requested permission to assign 12 cities hosting World Cup Finals. On 26 December 2008, FIFA gave the green light to the 12-city plan.
Even before the 12 host cities were selected, there were few doubts that the chosen venue for the final match will be the Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro, which also hosted the decisive match of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. Originally the CBF's intentions were to have the opening match at Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. However, on 14 June 2010 the stadium was excluded from hosting games in the tournament due to a failure to provide financial guarantees for the improvements needed to have it as an eligible venue. In the end of August 2010, the CBF announced that the new Corinthians stadium will host the matches in São Paulo.

The 12 host cities for the 2014 World Cup were announced on 31 May 2009. Belém, Campo Grande, Florianópolis, Goiânia and Rio Branco were rejected.

Group Stage
A win would earn the team 3 points, a draw would earn them 1 point, and a loss earns them no points.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Knockout stage

Round of 16
Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semifinals

Third-place match

Final

Statistics

Goalscorers 
6 goals
  James Rodríguez

5 goals
  Thomas Müller

4 goals

  Lionel Messi
  Neymar
  Robin van Persie

3 goals

  Enner Valencia
  Karim Benzema
  André Schürrle
  Arjen Robben
  Xherdan Shaqiri

2 goals

  Abdelmoumene Djabou
  Islam Slimani
  Tim Cahill
  David Luiz
  Oscar
  Alexis Sánchez
  Jackson Martínez
  Bryan Ruiz
  Mario Mandžukić
  Ivan Perišić
  Mario Götze
  Mats Hummels
  Miroslav Klose
  Toni Kroos
  André Ayew
  Asamoah Gyan
  Wilfried Bony
  Gervinho
  Memphis Depay
  Ahmed Musa
  Clint Dempsey
  Luis Suárez

1 goal
Yacine Brahimi
  Sofiane Feghouli
  Rafik Halliche
  Ángel Di María
  Gonzalo Higuaín
  Marcos Rojo
  Mile Jedinak
  Kevin De Bruyne
  Marouane Fellaini
  Romelu Lukaku
  Dries Mertens
  Divock Origi
  Jan Vertonghen
  Edin Džeko
  Vedad Ibišević
  Miralem Pjanić
  Avdija Vršajević
  Fernandinho
  Fred
  Thiago Silva
  Joël Matip
  Charles Aránguiz
  Jean Beausejour
  Jorge Valdivia
  Eduardo Vargas
  Pablo Armero
  Juan Cuadrado
  Teófilo Gutiérrez
  Juan Quintero
  Joel Campbell
  Óscar Duarte
  Marco Ureña
  Ivica Olić
  Wayne Rooney
  Daniel Sturridge
  Olivier Giroud
  Blaise Matuidi
  Paul Pogba
  Moussa Sissoko
  Mathieu Valbuena
  Sami Khedira
  Mesut Özil
  Sokratis Papastathopoulos
  Georgios Samaras
  Andreas Samaris
  Carlo Costly
  Reza Ghoochannejhad
  Mario Balotelli
  Claudio Marchisio
  Keisuke Honda
  Shinji Okazaki
  Giovani dos Santos
  Andrés Guardado
  Javier Hernández
  Rafael Márquez 
  Oribe Peralta
  Daley Blind
  Stefan de Vrij
  Leroy Fer
  Klaas-Jan Huntelaar
  Wesley Sneijder
Wesley Sneijder
  Georginio Wijnaldum
  Peter Odemwingie
  Cristiano Ronaldo
  Nani
  Silvestre Varela
  Aleksandr Kerzhakov
  Aleksandr Kokorin
  Koo Ja-cheol
  Lee Keun-ho
  Son Heung-min
  Xabi Alonso
  Juan Mata
  Fernando Torres
  David Villa
  Blerim Džemaili
  Admir Mehmedi
  Haris Seferović
  Granit Xhaka
  John Brooks
  Julian Green
  Jermaine Jones
  Edinson Cavani
  Diego Godín
Own goals
  Sead Kolašinac (against Argentina)
  Marcelo (against Croatia)
  John Boye (against Portugal)
  Noel Valladares (against France)
  Joseph Yobo (against France)

Source: FIFA

Team rankings 

Rankings are based on performance, not team skill. Also, these rankings are unofficial and are not based on head-to-head record.

References

Notes

Other websites 
official website of 2014  
Unofficial portal of FIFA World Cup 2014 

FIFA World Cup tournaments
2014 FIFA World Cup
Ephedrine (or EPH) is an alkaloid found in plants of the genus Ephedra. It can also be found in other plants like wolfsbane or the Euopean yew.

Uses 
Ephedrine has effects on the human body. It can be used as a stimulant or a decongestant. It is also used to treat certain forms of low blood pressure or to help hunger. Ephedrine is like amphetamine and methamphetamine.

The herb má huáng (麻黄, Ephedra sinica) is used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in it. Nagayoshi Nagai was the first person to take ephedrine from Ephedra vulgaris in 1885. The substance called soma, mentioned in old Hindu books such as the Rig Veda, may have been ephedra extract.  

Ephedrine is sometimes used for doping, usually together with caffeine and salicylic acid.There have been lots of controversies related to ephedrine.
The production of ephedrine in China has become a multi-million dollar industry. Companies extract $13 million worth of ephedrine from 30,000 tons of ephedra per year, 10 times the amount that is used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Related pages 
 Pseudoephedrine
List of chemicals in doping cases in sport

References

Organonitrogen compounds
Bronchodilators
Emiliano Zapata Salazar (August 8, 1879 – April 10, 1919) was a leader in the Mexican Revolution, which started in 1910.

Zapata was ambushed and shot by Mexican troops in 1919. He is a folk hero in Mexico to this day.

Emiliano Zapata was born to Gabriel Zapata and Cleofas Jertrudiz Salazar of Anenecuilco, Morelos. Zapata's family were Mexicans of Nahua and Spanish ancestry. He was the ninth of ten children.

1879 births
1919 deaths
Mexican generals
Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a decongestant. The salts pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in many over-the-counter drugs either as single-ingredient preparations, or more commonly in combination with antihistamines, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and/or ibuprofen. Sudafed is a trademark for a common brand which contains pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, though Sudafed PE does not. Drugs containing pseudoephedrine are commonly used as a treatment for Rhinitis (an inflammation of the mucous mebranes in the nose)

Unlike antihistamines, which modify the systemic histamine-mediated allergic response, pseudoephedrine only relieves nasal congestion commonly associated with colds or allergies.

The advantage of oral pseudoephedrine over topical nasal preparations, such as oxymetazoline, is that it does not cause rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa); however, it is more likely to cause adverse effects, including high blood pressure.
Some countries started to replace pseudoephedrine by other drugs, such as phenylephrine. The reason for this is that pseudoephedrine can be used to make methamphetamine, which is an illegal drug.

Related pages
List of chemicals in doping cases in sport

Organonitrogen compounds
Drugs
Scion (from English - "escape, offspring, heir") was a brand of Japanese carmaker Toyota Motor Corporation, represented in the American market. The brand was founded in 2003 and is positioned for youth.

In early February 2016, it became known that Toyota has decided to close the brand in August that year. Since the 2017 model year, the FR-S, iA and iM models have been sold under the Toyota brand and are called 86, Yaris iA and Corolla iM respectively.

Automobile brands
The flag of Christmas Island was adopted in 1986. It was designed by Tony Couch of Sydney, Australia.

Symbol of the Island
The blue field means the sea that surrounds the island while the green field means the plants of the island. The southern cross appears in the blue field, showing Christmas Island's connection with Australia as well as its location in the southern hemisphere. The bird is a Golden Bosun, native to the island. The yellow disc means the island's history in mining. There is a map of the island in the centre of the disc.

History of the Flag

Creation 
In 1986, the Christmas Island Assembly held a competition for people to create a flag and coat of arms for Christmas Island. There was a prize of 100$ for the winner. Around 69 entries were submitted to the competition. The winning submission was made by Tony Couch, a man who lived in Sydney. The new flag was announced on April 14, 1986 by the Christmas Island Assembly.
Use of the Flag 
The flag became the official (government accepted) flag of Christmas Island on January 26, 2002. This day is also Australia Day.

British Antarctic Territory
Christmas Island
Christmas Island
Philippsburg is a city in Germany. It is in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg.

References

Other websites 
 
 Official website 

Cities in Baden-Württemberg
Ainsworth is a town in Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States. About 571 people live in Ainsworth as of the year 2002.

Geography
The town has a total area of 71.9 square miles, according to the United States Census Bureau.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Langlade County, Wisconsin
Bex () is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It is in the district of Aigle. It has an area of 96.60 km², an altitude of 424 m, and a population of about 5709. It is a few miles south of its sister town municipality of Aigle.

Geography 
Bex sits on the east side of the Rhône river in a big valley bordered on the east by the Bernese Alps and west by the Chablais Alps. Famous Swiss and French ski resorts are nearby. It is on Swiss National Route 9. Bex is connected to Les Diablerets by the mountain pass Col de la Croix

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Aigle
Erwitte is a town in the district of Soest. It is found in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

References

Other websites

 Official site 

Soest (district)
John Burke Krasinski (born October 20, 1979) is an American actor, director and writer. He is best known for portraying Jim Halpert on NBC's The Office and for directing and starring as Lee Abbott in the 2018 horror movie A Quiet Place.

Krasinski married Emily Blunt in Como, Italy on July 10, 2010. The couple's daughter was born in 2014.

Other websites 

1979 births
Living people
Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
American television actors
American voice actors
Writers from Massachusetts
The United States Department of State, often referred to as the State Department, is the Cabinet-level foreign policy agency of the United States government, similar to foreign ministries, foreign offices, ministries of external relations, etc. in other countries.  It is administered by the Secretary of State.

References
The Cabinet of the United States (usually simplified as "the Cabinet") is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States, and its existence dates back to the first American President (George Washington), who appointed a Cabinet of four people (Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of War, Henry Knox; and Attorney General, Edmund Randolph) to advise and assist him in his duties.

Cabinet officers are nominated by the President and then presented to the United States Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority. If approved, they are sworn in and begin their duties. Aside from Attorney General, and previously, the Postmaster General, they all receive the title Secretary.

Current cabinet members

Cabinet
The Cabinet officers are listed in rank order according to the United States presidential line of succession:
Cabinet-level officials
The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions.  Cabinet-level officials attend Cabinet meetings, but are not official Cabinet Members:

Related pages
 List of United States Cabinets

References
The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government.The Attorney General is considered to be the chief lawyer of the U.S. government. The Attorney General is a  member of the President's Cabinet, but is the only cabinet department head who is not given the title Secretary.

List of attorneys general
 Parties
 (4)
 (5)
 (33)
 (4)
 (40)
 (1)

 Status

Notes

References

 
1789 establishments in the United States
The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. The position carries similar responsibilities to agriculture ministers of other governments.

Secretaries of Agriculture
The following is a list of Secretaries of Agriculture, since the creation of the office in 1889.

The position of secretary of agriculture was created when the department was elevated to Cabinet status in 1889.  The following is a list of secretaries of agriculture, since the creation of the office in 1889.

 Parties
 (14)
 (18)

Status

References

1889 establishments in the United States
The following is a list of United States Cabinets by the President of the United States under which they operated.

1789-1801

1801-1901

1901-2001

2001-Present

Cabinets
The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the American homeland and the safety of American citizens.  The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The position was created following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

List of Secretaries of Homeland Security 
Parties
 (5)
 (3)
 (4)

Status

 James Loy served as acting secretary in his capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security.

 Rand Beers served as acting secretary in his capacity as confirmed Undersecretary of Homeland Security for National Protection and Programs and Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security; Beers was the highest ranking Senate-approved presidential appointee at the Department of Homeland Security.

 Elaine Duke served as acting secretary in her capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security.
Kevin McAleenan served as acting secretary in his capacity as Commissioner of Customs and Border Protection.   His tenure was ruled unlawful.

 Chad Wolf served as acting secretary in his capacity as Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Strategy, Policy, and Plans.   His tenure was ruled unlawful.

 Peter Gaynor served as acting secretary in his capacity as Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator.

 David Pekoske served as acting secretary in his capacity as Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration

References 

United States Secretaries of Homeland Security
2003 establishments in the United States
The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), commonly known in the United States as "Homeland Security", is a Cabinet department of the U.S. federal government with the duty of protecting the U.S. from terrorist attacks and helping when there is a natural disaster.

In 2002, because of the September 11 attacks in 2001, Congress passed a bill called the Homeland Security Act, which created the Department of Homeland Security. Tom Ridge was the first leader of the Department of Homeland Security. This was the biggest change to the federal government in 50 years.

See also
MasterChef
United States Department of Health and Human Services

References

Department of Homeland Security
Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States
The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior.  The Department of the Interior oversees such agencies as the Bureau of Land Management, the United States Geological Survey, and the National Park Service. The Secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation board. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The Secretary typically comes from a western state; only one of the last 16 Secretaries is not identified with a state lying west of the Mississippi River. The Secretary of the Interior is eighth in the United States presidential line of succession.

Secretaries of the Interior

 Parties
 (3)
 (17)
 (33)
 Status

References

Interior
1849 establishments in the United States
The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry; the Department states its mission to be "to foster, promote, and develop the foreign and domestic commerce." Until 1913 there was one Secretary of Commerce and Labor, uniting this department with the Department of Labor, which is now headed by a separate Secretary of Labor.

List of Secretaries of Commerce

 Parties
 (1)
 (20)
 (18)
 Status

Source: Department of Commerce: Secretaries

References 

 
1913 establishments in the United States
The United States Department of Commerce  is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting economic development. It was originally created as the United States Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14, 1903. It was subsequently renamed to the Department of Commerce on March 4, 1913, and its bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new Department of Labor.

References

 
1913 establishments in the United States
The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally owned land. These responsibilities are different from other countries' Interior Departments or ministries, which tend to focus on police or security.

References

 
1849 establishments in the United States
The United States Department of Agriculture (also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA) is a United States Federal Executive Department (or Cabinet Department). Its purpose is to develop and execute policy on farming, agriculture, and food. 

United States Department of Agriculture
1889 establishments in the United States
The United States federal executive departments are among the oldest primary units of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States–the Departments of State, War, and the Treasury all being established within a few weeks of each other in 1789.

Departments

Past departments
The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, re-employment services, and some economic statistics.  Many U.S. states also have such departments.  The department is headed by the United States Secretary of Labor.

References

 
1913 establishments in the United States
The United States Secretary of Labor is the head of the Department of Labor who exercises control over the department and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace, and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.

List of Secretaries of Labor
This is a complete list of all past and present Secretaries of Labor.
 Parties
 (12)
 (16)

Status

References

 
1913 establishments in the United States
A Raster image processor is a part in some printers. The raster image processor receives the data in a description language, like Postscript, PCL, or PDF and changes it to a bitmap or raster image.  

Raster image processing can be done in two ways: as Software running as part of the operating system, or as a special microprocessor inside the printer. Cheaper printers use a solution called host-based printing, where this is done in the operating system, more expensive printers, and those that support PCL, Postscript or a similar language have a Raster image processor inside the printer.

Stages of RIP