Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Formal definition

The parallel postulate in Euclidean geometry says that in two dimensional space, for any given line l and point P not on l, there is exactly one line through P that does not intersect l. This line is called  parallel to l. In hyperbolic geometry there are at least two such lines through P. As they do not intersect l, the parallel postulate is false. Models have been constructed within Euclidean geometry that obey the axioms of hyperbolic geometry. These models prove that the parallel postulate is independent of the other postulates of Euclid.

Because there is no hyperbolic analogue to Euclidean parallel lines, the hyperbolic use of parallel and related terms varies among writers. In this article, the two limiting lines are called asymptotic and lines that have a common perpendicular are called ultraparallel; the simple word parallel may apply to both.
An interesting property of hyperbolic geometry follows from the occurrence of more than one parallel line through a point P: there are two classes of non-intersecting lines. Let B be the point on l such that the line PB is perpendicular to l. Consider the line x through P such that x does not intersect l, and the angle θ between PB and x counterclockwise from PB is as small as possible; i.e., any smaller angle will force the line to intersect l. This is called an asymptotic line in hyperbolic geometry. Symmetrically, the line y that forms the same angle θ between PB and itself but clockwise from PB will also be asymptotic.  x and y are the only two lines asymptotic to l through P. All other lines through P not intersecting l, with angles greater than θ with PB, are called ultraparallel (or disjointly parallel) to l
. Notice that since there are an infinite number of possible angles between θ and 90 degrees, and each one will determine two lines through P and disjointly parallel to l, there exist an infinite number of ultraparallel lines.
Thus we have this modified form of the parallel postulate: In hyperbolic geometry, given any line l, and point P not on l, there are exactly two lines through P which are asymptotic to l, and infinitely many lines through P ultraparallel to l.

The differences between these types of lines can also be looked at in the following way: the distance between asymptotic lines run to zero in one direction and grows without bound in the other; the distance between ultraparallel lines increases in both directions. The ultraparallel theorem states that there is a unique line in the hyperbolic plane that is perpendicular to each of a given pair of ultraparallel lines.
In Euclidean geometry, the angle of parallelism is a constant; that is, any distance  between parallel lines yields an angle of parallelism equal to 90°. In hyperbolic geometry, the angle of parallelism varies with the  function. This function, described by Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, produces a unique angle of parallelism for each distance . As the distance gets shorter,  approaches 90°, whereas with increasing distance  approaches 0°. Thus, as distances get smaller, the hyperbolic plane behaves more and more like Euclidean geometry. Indeed, on small scales compared to , where  is the (constant) Gaussian curvature of the plane, an observer would have a hard time determining whether he is in the Euclidean or the hyperbolic plane.
History 
For centuries, geometers tried to prove the parallel postulate. They failed, but their efforts gave birth to hyperbolic geometry. The theorems of Alhacen, Khayyam on quadrilaterals, were the first theorems on hyperbolic geometry. Their works on hyperbolic geometry had an influence on its development among later European geometers, including Witelo, Alfonso and John Wallis.

In the nineteenth century, hyperbolic geometry was explored by János Bolyai and Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, after whom it sometimes is named. Lobachevsky published in 1830, while Bolyai independently discovered it and published in 1832. Karl Friedrich Gauss also studied hyperbolic geometry, describing in a 1824 letter to Taurinus that he had constructed it, but did not publish his work. In 1868, Eugenio Beltrami provided models of it, and used this to prove that hyperbolic geometry was consistent if Euclidean geometry was.
The term "hyperbolic geometry" was introduced by Felix Klein in 1871. For more history, see article on non-Euclidean geometry.

Models of the hyperbolic plane 

There are three models commonly used for hyperbolic geometry: the Klein model, the Poincaré disc model, and the Lorentz model, or hyperboloid model. These models define a real hyperbolic space which satisfies the axioms of a hyperbolic geometry.
Despite the naming, the two disc models and the half-plane model were introduced as models of hyperbolic space by Beltrami, not by Poincaré or Klein.
The Klein model, also known as the projective disc model and Beltrami-Klein model, uses the interior of a circle for the hyperbolic plane, and chords of the circle as lines.
 The Poincaré half-plane model takes one-half of the Euclidean plane, as determined by a Euclidean line B, to be the hyperbolic plane (B itself is not included).
 Hyperbolic lines are then either half-circles orthogonal to B or rays perpendicular to B.
 Both Poincaré models preserve hyperbolic angles, and are thereby conformal. All isometries within these models are therefore Möbius transformations.
 The half-plane model is identical (at the limit) to the Poincaré disc model at the edge of the disc
This model has direct application to special relativity, as Minkowski 3-space is a model for spacetime, suppressing one spatial dimension. One can take the hyperboloid to represent the events that various moving observers, radiating outward in a spatial plane from a single point, will reach in a fixed proper time. The hyperbolic distance between two points on the hyperboloid can then be identified with the relative rapidity between the two corresponding observers.
Visualizing hyperbolic geometry 

M. C. Escher's famous prints Circle Limit III  and Circle Limit IV 
illustrate the conformal disc model quite well. In both one can see the geodesics. (In III the white lines are not geodesics, but hypercycles, which run alongside them.) It is also possible to see quite plainly the negative curvature of the hyperbolic plane, through its effect on the sum of angles in triangles and squares.

In the Euclidean plane, their angles would sum to 450°; i.e., a circle and a quarter. From this we see that the sum of angles of a triangle in the hyperbolic plane must be smaller than 180°. Another visible property is exponential growth. In Circle Limit IV, for example, one can see that the number of angels and demons  within a distance of n from the center rises exponentially. The demons have equal hyperbolic area, so the area of a ball of radius n must rise exponentially in n.
There are several ways to physically realize a hyperbolic plane (or approximation thereof). A particularly well-known paper model based on the pseudosphere is due to William Thurston. The art of crochet has been used to demonstrate hyperbolic planes with the first being made by Daina Taimina. In 2000, Keith Henderson demonstrated a quick-to-make paper model dubbed the "hyperbolic soccerball".

Other websites 
 Visions of Infinity: Tiling a hyperbolic floor inspires both mathematics and art  Science News: Dec. 23, 2000; Vol. 158, No. 26/27, p. 408
 Java freeware for creating sketches in both the Poincaré Disk and the Upper Half-Plane Models of Hyperbolic Geometry University of New Mexico
 "The Hyperbolic Geometry Song" A short music video about the basics of Hyperbolic Geometry available at YouTube.
 
 
 More on hyperbolic geometry, including movies and equations for conversion between the different models  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
, interactive instructional website.

References
References

Literature 

 Coxeter, H. S. M. (1942) Non-Euclidean geometry, University of Toronto Press, Toronto
 Nikolai I. Lobachevsky, Pangeometry, Translator and Editor: A. Papadopoulos,  Heritage of European Mathematics Series, Vol. 4, European Mathematical Society, 2010.
 Milnor, John W. (1982) Hyperbolic geometry: The first 150 years, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) Volume 6, Number 1, pp. 9–24.
 Reynolds, William F. (1993) Hyperbolic Geometry on a Hyperboloid, American Mathematical Monthly 100:442-455.
 Stillwell, John. (1996) Sources in Hyperbolic Geometry, volume 10 in AMS/LMS series History of Mathematics.
 Samuels, David. (March 2006) Knit Theory Discover Magazine, volume 27, Number 3.
 James W. Anderson, Hyperbolic Geometry, Springer 2005, 

Fields of geometry
In geometry the parallel postulate is one of the axioms of Euclidean geometry. Sometimes it is also called Euclid's fifth postulate, because it is the fifth postulate in Euclid's Elements.

The postulate says that: 

If you cut a line segment with two lines, and the two interior angles the lines form add up to less than 180°, then the two lines will eventually meet if you extend them long enough.

The field of geometry which follows all of Euclid's axioms is called Euclidean geometry. Geometries which do not follow all of Euclid's axioms are called non-Euclidean geometry.

History

Some mathematicians thought that Euclid's fifth postulate was much longer and more complicated than the other four postulates.
Many of them thought that it could be proven from the other simpler axioms.  Those who tried to do it included Omar Khayyám, and later Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri, John Wallis, Lambert, and Legendre.  Some mathematicians announced that they had proven the proposition from the simpler propositions, but they all turned out to be mistaken.

Playfair's axiom
Another more recent proposition known as Playfair's axiom is similar to Euclid's fifth postulate. It says that:

Given a straight line and a point not on this line, you can only draw one straight line through this point that will not meet the other straight line.

In fact, mathematicians found out that this axiom is not only similar to Euclid's fifth postulate, but has exactly the same implications. Mathematically, the two propositions are called 'equivalent' propositions. Today Playfair's axiom is used more often by mathematicians than Euclid's original parallel postulate.

Non-Euclidean geometry
Eventually some mathematicians tried to build new geometries without using the axiom.  One kind of Non-Euclidean geometry is called elliptic geometry.  In elliptic geometry the parallel postulate is replaced by an axiom that states that:

Given a straight line and a point not on this line, you cannot draw a straight line through this point that will not eventually cross the other straight line.
Mathematicians found that when they replaced Euclid's fifth postulate with this axiom, they were still able to prove many of Euclid's other theorems. One way to imagine elliptic geometry is by thinking of the surface of a globe. On a globe, lines of longitude appear to be parallel at the equator, but they all meet at the poles. Late in the 19th century, elliptic geometry was shown to be consistent. This proved that Euclid's fifth postulate was not independent of the other postulates. After this, mathematicians mostly stopped trying to prove the fifth postulate from the other four postulates. Instead, many mathematicians began studying other geometries that do not follow Euclid's fifth postulate.

Another axiom mathematicians sometimes replace Euclid's fifth axiom with says that:

Given a straight line and a point not on this line, you can draw at least two straight lines through this point that will not eventually cross the other straight line.

This is called hyperbolic geometry.
Another geometry simply removes Euclid's fifth postulate and does not replace it with anything. This is called neutral geometry or absolute geometry.

Geometry

tr:Paralel#Paralel aksiyomu
The City of London School (CLS) is a private school for boys, aged 10 to 18, next to the River Thames in the City of London. It was established in 1442. It is the brother school of the City of London School for Girls (a girls' school within the City) and of the City of London Freemen's School (a day and boarding school in Surrey).  Most boys enter the school at 11 and fewer enter at 10 and 13. There is a small intake at 16 into the sixth form.

1442 establishments
1440s establishments in England
Schools in London
Pedro Antonio de Alarcón (10 March 1833 – 19 July 1891) was a Spanish writer. He was born in Guadix, near Granada. He was a 19th century novelist. He gained his first literary recognition with A Witness' Diary of the African War (1859-1860), a patriotic account of the campaign.

Spanish writers
1833 births
1891 deaths
Robert Frederick Chelsea "Bobby" Moore (12 April 1941 - 24 February 1993) was an English former footballer. He was best known for playing for West Ham United and England national team. He was the captain of England when they won the World Cup in 1966. He played 108 games for England between 1962 and 1973. When he retired, this was a national record. Only Peter Shilton and David Beckham have since played more games for England. He is regarded as one of the greatest defenders of all time. He died of colorectal cancer in Wandsworth, London.

Club career statistics
|-
|1958/59||rowspan="16"|West Ham United||rowspan="16"|First Division||5||0
|-
|1959/60||13||0
|-
|1960/61||38||1
|-
|1961/62||41||3
|-
|1962/63||41||3
|-
|1963/64||37||2
|-
|1964/65||28||1
|-
|1965/66||37||0
|-
|1966/67||40||2
|-
|1967/68||40||4
|-
|1968/69||41||2
|-
|1969/70||40||1
|-
|1970/71||39||2
|-
|1971/72||40||1
|-
|1972/73||42||3
|-
|1973/74||22||0
|-
|1973/74||rowspan="3"|Fulham||rowspan="3"|Second Division||10||1
|-
|1974/75||41||0
|-
|1975/76||33||0

|-
|1976||San Antonio Thunder||NASL||24||1

|-
|1976/77||Fulham||Second Division||40||0

|-
|1978||Seattle Sounders||NASL||7||0
668||25
31||1
699||26

International career statistics

|-
|1962||8||0
|-
|1963||9||0
|-
|1964||9||0
|-
|1965||9||0
|-
|1966||15||2
|-
|1967||6||0
|-
|1968||9||0
|-
|1969||9||0
|-
|1970||11||0
|-
|1971||7||0
|-
|1972||6||0
|-
|1973||10||0
|-
!Total||108||2
|}

References
References 

1941 births
1993 deaths
1962 FIFA World Cup players
1966 FIFA World Cup players
1970 FIFA World Cup players
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from colorectal cancer
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Essex
Wat Tyler (4 January 1341 – 15 June 1381) was the leader of the English Peasant's Revolt of 1381. He died on 15 June 1381 at the meeting at Smithfield with the fourteen year old King Richard II. First, he was hit by William Walworth, mayor of London, and then one of the king's squires stabbed him in the stomach, killing him.

References 

1341 births
1381 deaths
Deaths by blade weapons
Assassinated English politicians
People from Kent
San Juan is a Dominican province, in the western part of the country. Its capital city is San Juan de la Maguana.

Name
The province is named after its capital city, San Juan de la Maguana. San Juan is short for San Juan Bautista (Saint John the Baptist).

History
Since colonial times, the territory was part of Azua province until the dictator, Rafael Trujillo, made this province in 1938 with the name Benefactor with the municipalities of Las Matas de Farfán y El Cercado. Bohechío was made a municipality in 1974, Vallejuelo in 1978 and Juan de Herrera in 1992.

In 1998, Matayaya became a municipal district; Pedro Corto in 2000; Sabaneta, Arroyo Cano and Yaque in 2004; Carrera de Yeguas, Sabana Alta, El Rosario, Hato del Padre, Guanito, La Jagua, Derrumbadero and Batista in 2005; Las Maguanas-Hato Nuevo, Las Charcas de María Nova, Jinova and Jorjillo in 2006; and Las Zanjas in 2007.
Location
The San Juan province has Santiago Rodríguez and Santiago provinces to the north, Azua province (and a short part of La Vega) to the east, Baoruco province to the south and Elías Piña province to the west.

Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the San Juan province, and 139,620 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 11th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 226,484 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is San Juan de la Maguana, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 71,494 inhabitants.

Geography
The San Juan province has a total area of . It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 1st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The altitude of the provincial capital, San Juan de la Maguana, is  above sea level.

Mountains
The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") is in the northern part of the province, and the Sierra de Neiba runs across the southern half. The area between those two mountain ranges is the San Juan valley, which the Taínos call Maguana, meaning "small valley".

The highest mountain in the province is Pico Duarte, with 3,087 m. It is the highest mountain in the West Indies and is on the border with Santiago province.

Rivers
The main rivers of the province are the San Juan and Yaque del Sur rivers.

Climate
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler in the mountains.

Municipalities
There are 6 municipalities and 17 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

Economy
The main economic activity of the province is farming; the main products are rice, maize, peanut, sorghum and beans.

References
The San Luis Rey River is a river in the southern part of the U.S. state of California. It begins in the Cleveland National Forest, near a mountain called Palomar Mountain, in several forks. It flows south into a reservoir, called Lake Henshaw. It then turns west and flows to its mouth at the Pacific Ocean. Altogether, it is about  long. Its watershed covers an area of 562 square miles. The lower part of the river is polluted, but the water in the upper part of the river can be used for drinking water.

Nearby rivers

North along coast
 Santa Margarita River

South along coast
 San Diego River

Rivers of California
San Diego County, California
For the nearby road bridge, see Forth Road Bridge.

The Forth Rail Bridge is more correctly called the Forth Bridge, but the title is to distinguish it from the nearby Forth Road Bridge). It is a railway bridge across the Firth of Forth (part of the River Forth) in Scotland.

The bridge is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
Built in 1890, it is a cantilever bridge design, with three major sections, each about  long, connecting to each other. The bridge is  long, and is  above the water. It carries about 190-200 trains every day.

More than 55,000 tons of steel were used, as well as 18,122 m³ of granite and over eight million rivets. The bridge has a speed limit of 50 mph (80 km/h) for passenger trains and 20 mph (32 km/h) for freight trains. The weight limit for any train on the bridge is 1,422 tonnes (1,442,000 kg). Approximately 4,600 workers were employed in construction of the bridge.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

  Forth Rail Bridge
Bridges in Scotland
Steel bridges
Cantilever bridges
1890 establishments in the United Kingdom
1890s establishments in Scotland
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
The New River is a north-flowing river that flows from Mexico into southern California.
The New River flows north 15 miles (25 km) through Mexico and another 66 miles (100 km) through California into the Salton Sea, the largest lake in California. It is one of the most polluted rivers in the United States.

Rivers of California
Rivers of Mexico
Imperial County, California
Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime which are created whenever objects with mass move. They were predicted by Albert Einstein in 1916 on the basis of his theory of general relativity. They were first directly detected on 14 September 2015.

To make gravity waves strong enough to be detected, something very massive must accelerate very fast. Sources of detectable gravitational waves include binary star systems composed of white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes.

Gravity and relativity 
In physics, gravitational waves are ripples in the curvature of spacetime that travel outward from the source. Albert Einstein predicted them in 1916 on the basis of his theory of general relativity. In theory, gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation.
In general relativity, gravitational waves cannot travel faster than the speed of light. They do not exist in the Newtonian theory of gravitation, in which physical interactions propagate at infinite speed. However, the detection of gravitational waves proves the last prediction of Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

In 1993, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for measurements of the Hulse-Taylor binary star system that suggests gravitational waves are more than mathematical anomalies.

Collision of neutron stars 
Gravitational waves have been detected from the collision and merging of two neutron stars. The first detection was on 17 August 2017 by a team in Pasadena, California.
The project is run by the LIGO Laboratory at Caltech. The detector is in the huge Livingston woodland in Louisiana. The detector is two two and a half mile (~4 km) long completely straight pipelines at right angles. Inside each pipe is a laser which measures any change in length. Once the gravity wave event was detected, telescopes searched for visual images of the cause. The VISTA telescope in Chile got the image.

The merging happened in a galaxy called NGC 4993. This is about 40 mega parsecs or 130 mega light years away in the direction of the Constellation Hydra. By comparison, the nearby Andromeda Galaxy is only 2.5 million light years from Earth.

"It happened 130 million years ago - when dinosaurs roamed the Earth. It was so far away that the light and gravitational waves have only just reached us".

Such events, as well as supernovas, are the sources of heavier elements such as gold and platinum.

References 

Relativity
Wave physics
Binary stars
Gravitation
Astrophysics
Silver Street is a railway station in Sterling Way, Edmonton in North London, close to Fore Street.

The next station away from London is Edmonton Green and the next towards London is White Hart Lane. Trains terminate at Liverpool Street station in the City of London.

References

Other websites

Railway stations in the London Borough of Enfield
London Travelcard zone 3
Railway stations served by National Express East Anglia
The rock dove (Columba livia, also occasionally known as rock pigeon or common pigeon) is a member of the bird family Columbidae. Rock doves are now rare in the wild, only found on remote islands and rocky cliffs in the far west and south of Europe east to central Asia. Domesticated birds which have become feral, most often called feral pigeons or simply pigeons, can however be found in cities, towns and villages all over the world, picking up dropped food in streets and parks, and begging food from people. Domesticated pigeons are also kept as poultry for food, and as homing pigeons, for the sport of pigeon racing.

The wild rock dove is very distinct, with a light grey back and body with two black stripes on its wings, and a dark blue-grey head with shiny feathers on the side of the neck which reflect green and purple light. Domesticated birds are much more variable, with a wide range of colours, including white, pink, and brown not seen in wild birds.

Columbiformes
Twelfth Night, Or What You Will is a play written by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy.

Plot
Orsino, the Duke of lllyria, is in love with the Countess Olivia. She has not dated any men for seven years because of the death of her brother, so she turns him down. Meanwhile,  Viola was shipwrecked in Illyria but she has been rescued by a captain. She has lost her twin brother, Sebastian. She dresses herself as a boy and uses the name Cesario, so she can get work as a page for Orsino. As Orsino's page, Viola is sent to Olivia with love letters. Viola finds out, to her dismay, that Olivia has fallen for her (as a boy) rather than Duke Orsino.  Also, Viola has already fallen in love with the Duke.
Antonio is brought before the Duke for questioning, and Viola tells all about the duel. Antonio tells everyone how he dragged "this man" from the surf, saving his life. Then Olivia comes in, searching for her new husband, which she thinks is Viola. Adding to this confusion, Belch and Aguecheek enter claiming that Viola/Cesario has violently assaulted them. In the midst of Viola's denials, Sebastian shows up. The brother and sister recognize one another and are reunited. Sebastian helps to explain the confusion over who fought and married who. 

In the end, Orsino and Viola are in love. Olivia and Sebastian are happily wed, and Olivia fusses at Belch and Maria for their abuse of Malvolio, who vows to get even. Belch agrees to wed Maria to make up for getting her in trouble. Everyone, except unhappy Malvolio, lives happily ever after. Orsino welcomes Olivia and Sebastian and he now realises he is attracted to Cesario. He promises to marry her as soon as she is dressed as a woman again.
Plays by William Shakespeare
1600s plays
Hinckley is a town in the Leicestershire.

References

Towns in Leicestershire
The quokka (Setonix brachyurus) is a small marsupial about the size of a large cat. Like other animals in the macropod family, such as kangaroos and wallabies, the quokka  eats grass and small plants, and is mainly nocturnal. It lives on some small islands off the coast of Western Australia, mainly on Rottnest Island near Perth, and Bald Island near Albany. A small number live on the main land in the protected area of Two Peoples Bay, which they share with Gilbert's Potoroo. The quokka is the only member of the genus Setonix.

Description 
The quokka weighs between  and . It is around  long with a  tail. This is short for a macropod. It has a solid build, rounded ears, and a short, broad head. It looks like a very small, fat kangaroo, but it can climb small trees and shrubs. It has rough fur which is a brown colour, fading to pale brown underneath. The quokka eats a small amount of its waste products.
It is about the size of a domestic cat.
Behaviour 
The quokka is a social animal and lives in large groups. They eat grass, sedges, succulents and leaves. They can become very sick if fed with things like bread, given to them by visitors to Rottnest Island. Visitors are now told not to feed them. Quokkas breed at any time on the mainland, but in late summer on Rottnest. The female quokka has two babies (called joeys) in a year.

The quokka moves in the same way as a kangaroo, using both small and large hops.

Quokkas and people 
Quokkas are not scared of people, so you are able to get quite close to them, particularly on Rottnest Island. It is against the law on Rottnest Island to handle or touch the animals in any way. A A$100 fine can be given by the Rottnest Island Authority for picking up a quokka. People can even be taken to court and get a fine of up to $1000. These fines have been used in some unusual cases where quokka have been hurt or killed by visitors to Rottnest.
Status 
There are a lot of quokkas living on the small offshore islands, because this is only a small area they are listed as vulnerable. On the mainland, they are attacked by dingoes, as well as introduced animals like foxes, dogs and cats. They also need thick ground cover for shelter. Farming has cleared much of the land which is another reason the species is threatened.

European discovery 
The quokka was one of the first Australian mammals seen by Europens. The Dutch sailor, Samuel Volckertzoon wrote about seeing a "a wild cat" on Rottnest Island in 1658. In 1696, Willem de Vlamingh thought they were rats and named the island "Rottenest", Dutch for "rat nest".

Name 
The word quokka is comes from a Nyungar word, which was probably gwaga.

References

Other websites 
 

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
Salzburgerland or Salzburg (; ; literally "Salt Fortress"; ), officially Land Salzburg, (German: Land Salzburg, East Central Austro-Bavarian: Laund Soizbuerg) is one of the states of Austria. It has  and about 546,000 inhabitants (2016). Its capital city is Salzburg.

Politics 

The last results  were:

 ÖVP: 11 seats (-3)
 SPÖ: 9 seats (-6)
 GRÜNE: 7 seats (+5)
 FPÖ: 6 seats (+1)
 Team Stronach: 3 seats (+3)

Total 36 seats.

History 
In the Modern Era Salzburg was an independent state.

Language 
Austrian German is the main written language. Austro-Bavarian language is also spoken, especially in the rural areas.

Administrative divisions 
Salzburger Land has six districts, (Bezirke or Gaue):

 Pinzgau 
 Pongau 
 Lungau 
 Tennengau 
 Flachgau
 Salzburg

Important cities and towns 

Settlements in Salzburgerland with town privileges:

  Salzburg (pop. 148,521)
  Hallein (20,022)
  Saalfelden (16,046)
  Sankt Johann im Pongau (10,740)
  Bischofshofen (10,352)
  Zell am See (9,683)
Seekirchen (9,945)
  Neumarkt am Wallersee (5,846)
  Oberndorf bei Salzburg (5,600)
  Mittersill (5,443)
  Radstadt (4,864)

Notes

References
A Mathematician's Apology is a book about mathematics which was written in 1940.

Overview 
It was written by a British mathematician called G. H. Hardy (1877—1947).  He used the essay to try to justify spending his life working on mathematics.  It is said he wrote it for two reasons:
He was getting old and found it more difficult to work on mathematics.  He spent time writing the essay instead because discovering new mathematical ideas was now too hard for him.
He believed that mathematics should be investigated for interest, instead of for making other things like weapons.

References 

G. H. Hardy, A Mathematician's Apology, Cambridge University Press (1940). 153 pages. .

Mathematics books
1940s books
1940 works‎
White Hart Lane station in Tottenham, (London) was originally a station on the Stoke Newington & Edmonton Railway. The station opened on 22 July 1872. It is now operated by London Overground. It is in London Travelcard Zone 3. It is on the Seven Sisters branch of the Lea Valley Lines.

It is close to the football ground belonging to Tottenham Hotspur F.C..

References

Other websites

Railway stations in the London Borough of Haringey
Railway stations served by National Express East Anglia
1872 establishments in England
Railway stations opened in 1872
Bruce Grove railway station in Tottenham was originally a station on the Stoke Newington & Edmonton Railway. It opened on 22 July 1872 .

It is not far from Bruce Castle.

References

Other websites 

  

Railway stations in the London Borough of Haringey
Railway stations opened in 1872
1872 establishments in England
Clapham Junction may mean:
 Clapham Junction, a railway station in London, England
 Clapham Junction, a prehistoric site on Malta
 Clapham Junction rail crash, a railway disaster which happened near Clapham Junction railway station
 Clapham Junction, a Channel 4 drama film.
Public transport in the London Borough of Enfield, which is northeast of the centre of London, is a mix of National Rail, London Underground and London Buses services. The group that is responsible for transport here is Transport for London. The local authority is Enfield London Borough Council.

Railways
The following railway stations are in the borough of Enfield.

Other websites
North East London Bus Map
Scope
This list, by their present names, of heavy rail passenger stations in the Greater London region excludes stations served only by the London Underground, Tramlink and Docklands Light Railway systems.
Other station lists for the area (whose limits are a matter of debate, see this article's Talk) are:
Closed railway stations in London,
London station group = Main central area stations grouped for interchange and ticketing, and 
London Underground and Docklands Light Railway stations.
All railway stations in and around London are shown on the non-geographic copyright London Connections map.  
All in the smaller area served by Transport for London are shown on the similar map.
For railway stations in the United Kingdom generally, see here.
 
For simplicity only major place names and lines are given, to help locate the stations. A line listed may neither serve passengers nor access platforms. Two lines are given for a station only if they do not connect and are not essentially collinear. Each station's linked article gives more detailed information, including services.

Repeated links (overlinkage) in this, a list, allows finding linked articles and expanding abbreviations without scrolling searches.
For compactness some abbreviations (e.g. N, S, E, W, M(ain)) are used. Roll over or click to see the full name.

Official names 
Official names by this site  for Blackfriars, Waterloo East and eleven absolute termini (which means "route ends") (not Moorgate) all start with "London". The thirteen are prefixed with asterisks in the list. Programs such as Travel planners require the "London" inconsistently. Queenstown Road is labelled "Queenstown Road (Battersea)" on maps and timetables, though its name is unique within London.



Related pages
 List of London Underground stations
 List of Docklands Light Railway stations

Sources 
 Borley, H.V. (1982) Chronology of London Railways. Railway and Canal Historical Society. Oakham, Leicester 
 White, H.P. (1963) A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume III: Greater London, Phoenix House, London
 Course, E. (1962) "London Railways" Batsford Ltd. London

Lists of railway stations in the United Kingdom
Stations
Railway stations
Seven Sisters station is a London Overground and London Underground Victoria Line station in the Seven Sisters area of the London Borough of Haringey, north London. The station is in Travelcard Zone 3.
Seven Sisters lies between Finsbury Park and Tottenham Hale on the Victoria Line and between Stamford Hill and Bruce Grove on the London Overground from Liverpool Street Station.  It is a short walk from South Tottenham station on  London Overground.

Transport connections
London buses routes 73, 76, 149, 243, 259, 279, 318, 349 and 476 serve the station.

References

Other websites

 
 Disused stations - closed Palace Gate branch platforms
 London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 
 See How they Run Layout of Seven Sisters station below ground

Victoria line stations
Railway stations in the London Borough of Haringey
Railway stations opened in 1872
1872 establishments in England
A paw is the soft foot of a mammal that has claws or nails. A hard foot is called a hoof. Paws are used to pad feet for walking and reduce friction.

Animals with paws 
 Members of the Canidae family, such as dogs and foxes
 Felines, such as cats and tigers
 Bears and Raccoons
 Weasels and other mustelids
 Rodents

Animal anatomy
Scientology teaches that Xenu (pronounced  (ZEE-noo)) was the dictator of a galactic confederacy of 76 planets, who was captured and imprisoned on Earth 75 million years ago after bringing billions of his people to Earth, placing them around volcanoes and killing them by using hydrogen bombs. Scientologists believe he is still being kept there these days. Xenu is very important to the beliefs of Scientology because the story of Xenu explains the believed origin of what are known as body thetans from humans. Body thetans are believed to be the essence of Xenu's people that gather around humans and cause them spiritual harm. It is the purpose of auditing within Scientology to remove these thetans from the Scientologist.

The existence of Xenu has been reported by L. Ron Hubbard's writings and by Scientology spokesman Tommy Davis in an interview ABC affiliate KESQ-TV.

Related pages 
 Scientology

References

Other websites 
 More information about Xenu
 "Who is Xenu?"

Scientology
The Princess Charlotte, Princess Royal (Charlotte Augusta Matilda; later Queen Charlotte of Württemberg; 29 September 1766 – 5 October 1828) was the fourth  child and oldest daughter of George III of the United Kingdom.She married Frederick of Württemberg on 27 May 1798. Charlotte was the godmother of Victoria of the United Kingdom. She died in 1828.

Ancestors

Titles and styles

 29 September 1766 – 22 June 1789: Her Royal Highness The Princess Charlotte
 22 June 1789 – 18 May 1797: Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal
In use practically from birth October 1766
 18 May 1797 – 22 December 1797: Her Royal Highness The Hereditary Princess of Württemberg
 22 December 1797 – 25 February 1803: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Württemberg
 25 February 1803 – 1 January 1806: Her Royal Highness The Electress of Württemberg
 1 January 1806 – 30 October 1816: Her Majesty The Queen of Württemberg
 30 October 1816 – 5 October 1828: Her Majesty Queen Charlotte of Württemberg
1766 births
1828 deaths
Princesses Royal
House of Hanover
William IX (17 August 1153 - April/December 1156) was the eldest son of  Henry II of England. He was heir to the throne from his birth to his death in 1156.

1153 births
1156 deaths
House of Plantagenet
The boy was married as a child to Marguerite of France (1158–1197), daughter of the French King Louis VII. The intention was political, but it did not work. War came between Henry II and Louis. Henry joined in rebellions directed at his father. A civil war (1173/74) occurred in which Young Henry and his mother, with Scots and French support, fought against Henry II. The king won, just. Young Henry died ten years later, of dysentery. As he died before his father he never achieved power.

References 
Crouch D, 2002. William Marshal: knighthood, war and chivalry, 1147–1219. 2nd ed, London.

1155 births
1183 deaths
Deaths from dysentery
Marguerite of France was the wife of Henry the Young King. They had one son William b/d 1177.  She died in 1197.

1157 births
1197 deaths
French princesses
House of Plantagenet
Kings and Queens consort of England
Rod cells are one of two types of photoreceptor cells that can be found in the retina of the eyes of humans and other mammals. Rod cells are very sensitive to light. They allow night vision. They are concentrated at the edge of the retina, where they also allow peripheral vision. Scientists in 1992 counted an average of 60 million rod cells per human retina. They counted only 3 million cone cells, the other kind of receptor, which are bigger and perceive color.

References

Vision
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized nerve cell that is sensitive to certain wavelengths of light. 

Vision
The Three Gorges Dam () is a dam in the Three Gorges region on the Yangtze River in Sandouping, in the country of China. Being one of the largest dams in the world, it also generates the biggest amount of hydroelectric power (22,250 megawatts), pushing the massive Itaipu Dam in Brazil from first place to second place. 

The Three Gorges Dam project was completed on July 4, 2012. The dam was built for flood control, irrigation, and electricity. However, this has not come without problems. The dam covers a lot of historic sites and has caused 1.24 million people to lose their homes under the rising water. The dam forms the Three Gorges Reservoir, which extends nearly   upstream to the city of Chongqing.

History
History 

The dam was proposed by Sun Yat-sen, a Chinese political leader, in 1919. The site was surveyed in 1932 and 1939, by the Chinese and Japanese respectively. The Japanese drew up a plan (the Otani plan) for the dam, only to realize later that China would remain under Chinese control. Later, in 1944, the United States helped make plans for the dam, but all work on the dam stopped in 1947, because of the Chinese Civil War. In 1949, work resumed, but the work was slow because of problems in the economy. Later in 1958, some engineers who were against the dam were put in jail.

In 1980, work on the dam continued faster. The National People's Congress voted in 1992 for the dam. The dam was accepted by the government, and on December 14, 1994, construction began. In 2009, the dam began to make hydroelectricity. Some new plans, such as a set of 6 new power generators under construction, became operational in the year 2011. The reservoir filled to capacity at the end of 2008.

Design, cost and purpose
The Three Gorges Dam consists of a main dam wall, and a section on the right with a set of five locks, which are devices used to raise boats and ships. 
 The dam is:
  long
  tall
  thick at the bottom
  thick at the top
 The dam uses:
 27,200,000 cubic meters (35,600,000 cubic yards) of concrete
 463,000 tons of steel
 102,600,000 cubic meters (1.342E+8 cubic yards) of soil
 The reservoir is:
  above sea level
  deep
  long
  wide

The dam cost $180 billion Chinese Yuan Renminbi (about $30 billion USD). While this cost seems huge, it actually was $20 billion yuan (about $3.3 billion USD) less than the original budget of $203.9 billion yuan (about $34 billion USD). However, this cost will be recovered when the dam makes money by making electricity. In about 10 years, the complete cost of the dam will be recovered.

Flood control
Flood control 

One of the big reasons the dam was built to control floods. It protects large cities like Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shanghai, which are very close to the river. Lots of farms, small villages and towns, and factories are also located near the river. In the event of a flood, there are 22 cubic kilometers (18 million acre feet) of space behind the dam to hold back the flood waters. The flood waters are stored behind the dam for future use. In the dry season, the water is released down the river, and the reservoir level drops to prepare for the next flood. However, the dam does not protect the lower river tributaries from flooding.

Navigation
Navigation 

Another reason the dam was built was for water navigation, or the transport of people and goods by ship. There are two sets of locks each of which has five stages. Each lock is  long,  wide, and  deep, which is similar in size to the original locks of the Panama Canal, one of the biggest canals in the world. The reservoir behind the dam floods dangerous sections of the river, so boats and ships can go safely and easily. There is also a "ship lift" (an elevator for ships) that can lift ships that weigh up to 3,000 tons.

Electricity
Electricity 

The Three Gorges Dam generates 22,250 megawatts, which makes it the biggest single hydroelectric power source in the world. It has 34 electricity generators, and 32 are main generators. Each generator is powered by water that comes from the reservoir.  Each of these 32 generators makes about 700 megawatts of electricity. (This is more electricity than the entire electricity generation of Glen Canyon Dam, one of the biggest dams in the United States.) The other two generators will make power for the dam itself. These two generators each make 50 megawatts.
Generators 
Of the 32 main generators, 14 generators are on the north side of the dam. 12 are on the south side of the dam. 6 are in a separate powerhouse under a mountain just south of the dam. The generating capacity of the dam is 10,000 MWh (megawatt-hours), or the amount of megawatts generated per hour. Each main generator weighs a massive 6000 tons (about the same weight as three thousand cars). The water drops  from the reservoir to the generator, which uses a type of turbine called a Francis turbine. Each turbine is  wide and  tall. The amount of water that goes into the turbine can be from 1,968 cubic feet (600 m3) to 3,116 cubic feet (950 m3) per second. The turbines turn at a speed of 75 RPM (rotations per minute). The efficiency of the generators is from 94 to 96.5 percent.
Construction 
The 14 main generators on the north side were installed from 2003 to 2005. The first one to begin making electricity (Generator No.2) started on July 10, 2003. The last one (Generator No.9) started on September 7, 2005. The full power (9,800 megawatts) of the north side generators was first tested on October 18, 2006, when the reservoir had risen to  above sea level. The 12 main generators on the south side were installed from 2007 to 2008. The first one to begin making electricity (Generator No.22) started on June 11, 2007. The last one (Generator No.23) started on August 19, 2008.

Electricity production and distribution 
From its completion to March 2009, the Three Gorges Dam has generated about 296,550,000 MWh (Megawatt-hours) of electricity.
Three power lines send electricity away from the dam, to three electricity grids called the East, Central, and South China grids.
 One goes to a power distributor called the East China Grid. This power line can carry 7,200 megawatts.
 A branch of it goes to Shanghai. This branch carries 3,000 megawatts.
 Another branch goes to Changzhou. This branch also carries 3,000 megawatts.
 The third branch goes first to Gezhouba then to Shanghai. This branch can carry 1,200 megawatts.
 The second one goes to the Central China Grid. This power line carries 12,000 megawatts.
 The third one goes to the South China Grid. This power line can carry 3,000 megawatts.
The dam provides about 3% of China's electricity. However, the dam was originally planned to supply 10% of China's electricity. The reason for the decrease is, China's energy use grew much faster than the designers expected.

Benefits of the dam
Because of reducing electricity needs on fossil fuels like coal and oil, the Three Gorges Dam has saved 31 million tons of coal per year, and prevented:
 100 million tons of greenhouse gas per year
 1 million tons of sulfur dioxide per year
 370,000 tons of nitric oxide (large amounts of it can damage the human body)
 10,000 tons of carbon monoxide
 Large amounts of mercury and dust

The dam has also benefited transportation on the river. Because of the locks (devices used to lift ships) installed on the dam, the benefits are:
 6 times the water traffic capacity on the river
 25 percent decrease in shipping cost
 Fuel saved by the dam by replacing land transportation by water transportation has cut carbon dioxide by 10 million tons.
In response to the dam, many sewage pipes that once dumped sewage straight into the Yangtze River now have to be treated. Over 65 percent of this waste water is now treated before flowing into the reservoir. There are now about 50 water treatment facilities in the area. Also, solid waste is now collected in 32 landfills. They can handle 7,664.5 tons of waste every day.

The dam also persuaded the government of China to think seriously about the pollution in the Yangtze River and the rest of China.

Disadvantages of the dam 
A total of 1.24 million people had to move to different places because their homes were flooded by the dam. This number is about 1.5% of the total population of Hubei Province (60.3 million) and Chongqing City (31.44 million) where the reservoir is located. 140,000 from Hubei Province alone. 
On July 22, 2008, most of the people were safely relocated. 4 million more people will ultimately have to move to Chongqing from their homes near the Three Gorges Dam.
Wildlife habitat and historic sites 
A large amount of animal habitat has also been destroyed. Many animals with critically low populations have lost their vital habitat. These include the endangered Siberian Crane, the Yangtze river dolphin (baiji), and Yangtze sturgeon. About one billion tons of dirty water flow into the Yangtze River each year. The dam has stopped this dirty water from being washed away to Shanghai, and led to serious pollution problems.

About 1,300 historical sites have been flooded by the Three Gorges reservoir.  Many of these historic sites have been moved to safer places.  Some historic sites cannot be moved because of their location, size, or design.

The Three Gorges Dam will become much less spectacular, because the water level will rise up to  in places, reducing the depth of the canyons.