Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Now we will prove that we can write an integer greater than 1 in only one way as a product of prime numbers. Take two products of primes A and B which have the same outcome. So we know for the outcome of the products that A = B. Take any prime p from the first product A. It divides the A, so it also divides B. Using several times the lemma that we just proved, we can see that p must then divide at least one factor b of B. But the factors are all primes themselves, so also b is prime. But we know that p is also prime, so p must be equal to b. So now we divide A by p and also divide B by p. And we get a result like A* = B*. Again we can take a prime p from the first product A* and find out that is equal to some number in the product B*. Continuing in this way, at the end we see that the prime factors of the two products must be exactly the same. This proves that we can write a positive integer as a product of primes in only one unique way.

Related pages
Fundamental theorem of algebra
"A Portuguesa" (, meaning "The Portuguese") is the national anthem of Portugal, adopted in 1911. The music of the song was composed by a Portuguese composer and painter named Alfredo Keil. The words of the song were written by a poet named Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, in response to the 1890 British Ultimatum for Portuguese troops to get rid of their positions in Africa between the Mozambique and Angola in the Pink Map.

Lyrics

References

European anthems
National symbols of Portugal
Welding is a way of heating pieces of metal using electricity or a flame so that they melt and stick together. There are many kinds of welding, including arc welding, resistance welding, and gas welding. The most common type is arc welding. Anyone who is near arc welding needs to wear a special helmet or goggles because the arc is so bright. Looking at the arc without visual protection may cause permanent eye damage. It is also important to cover all your skin because it can give you something like a sunburn. Hot sparks from the weld can burn any skin that is showing. One kind of welding that does not use an arc is Oxy-fuel welding (OFW), sometimes called gas welding. OFW uses a flame to heat up the metal. There are other kinds of welding that do not use an arc.

Arc Welding
Any welding process that utilizes an electric arc is known as arc welding. The common forms of arc welding include:
Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW): SMAW is also known as "stick" welding.
 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW): GMAW is also known as MIG (metal/inert gas welding).
 Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW): GTAW is also known as TIG (tungsten inert gas welding).

Arc welding heats metals by making a high-current electric arc between pieces of metal to be joined and an electrode.

Use of the electrode varies based on the type of welding process. In SMAW, GMAW, and related welding processes, the electrode is consumed and becomes part of the weld. The electrode is usually made of the same kind of metal to be welded. Because the electrode is consumed by the welding process, the electrode must constantly be fed into the weld. The SMAW welding process features a "stick" electrode impregnated with a weld promoter known as flux, clamped to the end.
The GMAW welding process uses a thin wire on a rotating spool, as a continuous electrode.  The size of this electrode varies from around 0.635 millimeters to about 4 millimeters.  The welding machine has a motor-driven spool inside that feeds the wire electrode into the weld.

The TIG welding (GTAW) process features an electrode that is not consumed by the welding process as the metal that makes up the weld does not have any electricity flowing through it. The electrode is made of Tungsten, so used as it will not melt while immersed in the electrical arc. A filler metal, in the form of a rod, can be used to add metal to the weld area.

Almost all welding uses filler metal to fill in the small gap between the metal pieces. The extra metal helps to make the weld strong. Sometimes welds need to be made without any filler metal. Welding with no filler metal is called autogenous welding.
Shielding in arc welding 
All types of welding require that the hot metal have protection. Dirt, rust, grease, and even the oxidation of the metal under the weld process can prevent a proper weld joint. As such welding processes use one of two protection methods: flux, and shielding gas.

Welding flux may be used in a solid, liquid, or paste form. During welding, the flux will melt and some of it will evaporate. This creates a small pocket of gas around the weld. This pocket of gas prevents oxidation of the metal under weld. Melted flux, through a corrosive reaction, cleans contaminants that prevent a proper weld. After welding, the flux solidifies. This layer of solid flux is called slag, and must be removed from the weld. The SMAW weld process most commonly uses flux, and is most commonly used on steel.
Other kinds of welding
Some kinds of welding do not use an electric arc. They might use a flame, electricity without an arc, an energy beam, or physical force. The most common type of welding that does not use an arc is called gas welding. In gas welding, a flammable(meaning it will burn) gas and oxygen are combined and burn at the end of a torch. Gas welding does not need any special shielding because a flame which is adjusted right has no extra oxygen in it. It is still important to make sure the metal is clean. The flame heats up the metal so much that it melts. When both the pieces of metal are melted at the edge, the liquid metal becomes one piece.
The other kind of welding that does not use an arc still uses electricity. It is called resistance welding. With this kind, two pieces of thin metal are pinched together and then electricity is made to go through them. This makes the metal get really hot and melt where it is pinched together. The two pieces melt together at that place. Sometimes this is called spot welding because the welding can only happen at one small place(or spot) at a time.

Forge welding is the first kind of welding that ever was used. Forge welding needs the two pieces of metal to so hot that they almost melt. Then they are beat together with hammers until they are one piece.

The other kinds of welding that do not use an arc are hard to do, and usually new. They are expensive too. Most of these kinds of welding are only done where specially needed. They might use an electron beam, laser, or ultrasonic sound waves.
Energy for welding
Every kind of welding needs to use energy. This energy is usually heat, but sometimes force is used to make a weld. When heat is used, it can be from electricity or from fire.
Energy for other kinds of welding
OFW uses a flame from burning fuel gas and oxygen to heat up the metal. This fuel gas is almost always acetylene. Acetylene is a flammable gas that burns very hot, hotter than any other gas. That is why it is used most of the time. Other gases like propane, natural gas, or other industrial gases can be used too.

Some kinds of welding do not use heat to make the weld. These kinds of welding can get hot, but they do not make the metal melt. Forge welding is an example of this. Friction stir welding is a special kind of welding that does not use heat. It uses a very powerful motor and a special spinning bit to mix the metals together at the edge. This seems odd because metals are a solid. this is why it takes a lot of force to do and is very hard. The energy for this kind of welding is mechanical energy from the spinning bit.

Other websites 

 The American Welding Society

Construction
Metalworking
Stalking means following something or somebody secretly. In the animal kingdom, Predators often hunt by stalking, or by combining stalking with ambushing. 

Someone who likes to watch other people is known as a voyeur. When this is continually done to a person it can have a bad effect.

Criminal stalking 
Stalking in a way that makes someone feel unsafe is a crime in many countries. It is not just one event but an ongoing process that threatens or makes that person feel scared. Someone who does this is called a stalker. The stalker may do this because they want to be involved in that person's life, because they want to have power over that person's life, or for other sexual reasons. The stalker can make that person feel scared. They may feel they do not have the power to stop the stalker. Psychologists say stalking is a way of hurting someone's mind. Sometimes a stalker may go on to hurt that person's body by assaulting, raping or murdering that person.
Cyber-stalking 
Stalking can sometimes be done on the internet. This is called cyberstalking.

References

Human behavior
Crime
William Henry Cosby Jr. (; born July 12, 1937) is an American former stand-up comedian, actor, author, producer, musician, and activist. He was also a regular star of movies and television. He was known for creating and starring in The Cosby Show. 

In 2018, Cosby went to prison because of many sexual assault allegations. 

He got out of prison in 2021, because the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania found that the justice system had made a mistake in the process of convicting him.

Life

Early life
Cosby was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Temple University.

Cosby was the class president and a captain of the baseball team.

Career
He is the creator of such shows as Filmation's animated Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, NBC's The Cosby Show (in which he played a doctor named Heathcliff Huxtable) and Nick at Nite's Fatherhood (with Blair Underwood).

On television, he starred in the 1960s spy spoof I Spy, and has also advertised Jell-o and other products.
In 1983, Cosby released the concert film Bill Cosby. Cosby performed his first TV stand-up special in 30 years.

On the big screen, he appeared in Leonard Part 6 (1987), Ghost Dad (1990), and The Meteor Man (1993).

On May 2, 2015, his last show of the "Far from Finished" tour was performed at the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre in Atlanta, Georgia. 

His last known standup performance before his conviction was held at the LaRose Jazz Club in Philadelphia on January 23, 2018.

Bill Cosby was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

Personal life
Cosby married Camille Hanks Cosby in 1964. Together, they have five children: Erika, Erinn, Ennis, Ensa and Evin. Cosby lives in suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Cosbys have three grandchildren.

Since 2016, Cosby has been legally blind, as a result of keratoconus.

Cosby and his wife have collected more than three hundred works of African-American art since 1967.
Sexual assault charges
As of December 30, 2015, numerous civil lawsuits are active against Cosby, and he faces one felony charge of aggravated indecent assault in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania; a warrant was issued for his arrest. This charge is based on the 2005 allegations of a January 2004 incident. He was released on a $1 million dollar bail later that day. 

In 2014, Cosby was set to release his new standup special Bill Cosby 77 on Netflix. The release of the film was canceled due to allegations of sexual assault against Cosby.

Cosby's trial started on June 5, 2017. He was found guilty of three counts of assault on April 26, 2018, and was sentenced to 3–10 years in prison in late September 2018. He used lawyer Thomas Mesereau.
Cosby got out of prison on 30 June 2021, because the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania found that the justice system had made a mistake in the process of convicting him. In 2022, the Supreme Court of the United States decided to not hear the case about Cosby getting out of prison.

Works

Discography

Comedy albums
Comedy albums

 Bill Cosby Is a Very Funny Fellow...Right! (1963)
 I Started Out as a Child (1964)
 Why Is There Air? (1965)
 Wonderfulness (1966)
 Revenge (1967)
 To Russell, My Brother, Whom I Slept With (1968)
 200 M.P.H. (1968)
 8:15 12:15 (1969)
 It's True! It's True! (1969)
 Sports (1969)
 Live: Madison Square Garden Center (1970)
 When I Was a Kid (1971)
 For Adults Only (1971)
 Bill Cosby Talks to Kids About Drugs (1971)
 Inside the Mind of Bill Cosby (1972)
 Fat Albert (1973)
 My Father Confused Me... What Must I Do? What Must I Do? (1977)
 Bill's Best Friend (1978)
 Bill Cosby: Himself (1982)
 Those of You with or Without Children, You'll Understand (1986)
 Oh, Baby! (1991)
 Bill Cosby: Far from Finished (TV broadcast on November 23, 2013, Blu-ray, DVD, CD and digital distribution on November 26, 2013)

Music albums
Music albums

 Silver Throat: Bill Cosby Sings (1967)
 Bill Cosby Sings Hooray for the Salvation Army Band! (1968)
 Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral & Marching Band (1971)
 Charles Mingus and Friends in Concert – As master of ceremonies (Columbia, 1972)
 Bill Cosby Presents Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral Marching Band (1972)
 At Last Bill Cosby Really Sings (1974)
 Bill Cosby Is Not Himself These Days (1976)
 Disco Bill (1977)
 Where You Lay Your Head (1990)
 My Appreciation (1991)
 Hello Friend: To Ennis, With Love (1997)
 Quincy Jones & Bill Cosby – The Original Jam Sessions 1969 (2004)
 Quincy Jones & Bill Cosby – The New Mixes Vol. 1 (2004)
 State of Emergency (2009)
 Keep Standing (2010)

Compilations

 The Best of Bill Cosby (1969)
 More of the Best of Bill Cosby (1970)
 Bill (1973)
 Down Under (1975)
 Cosby and the Kids (1986)
 At His Best (1994)
 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection: The Best of Bill Cosby (2001)
 The Bill Cosby Collection (2004)
 Icon (2011)
Singles

Filmography

Books

Awards and honors
 1969: Received his third Man of the Year award from Harvard University's performance group the Hasty Pudding Theatricals.
 1991: Induction into the Television Hall of Fame.
 1998: Received the Kennedy Center Honor.
 2002: The Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contributions to television
 2002: The scholar Molefi Kete Asante included him in his book The 100 Greatest African Americans.
 2003: The Bob Hope Humanitarian Award.
 2005: In a British poll broadcast on Channel 4 to find the Comedian's Comedian, he was voted among the top-50 comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders.
 2010: Received the Lone Sailor Award by the United States Navy Memorial.
 2009: Presented with the 12th annual Mark Twain Prize for American Humor.
 2011: Made an honorary Chief Petty Officer (Hospital Corpsman) in the United States Navy. The Navy revoked this award on December 4, 2014.

Emmys

Grammys

Honorary degrees
Cosby has been awarded at least 57 honorary degrees since 1985. Several of these honorary degrees have been rescinded due to allegations of sexual assault and/or immoral behavior:
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Boston University, May 18, 2014 (Rescinded) 
 Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Marquette University, May 19, 2013. (Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from The University of San Francisco, May 18, 2012. (Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Oberlin College, May 1, 2010. (Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Virginia Commonwealth University, December 5, 2008.
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Carnegie Mellon University, May 20, 2007; he was also the keynote speaker for the commencement ceremony.
 Honorary Doctor of Music degree from Berklee College of Music, May 8, 2004. Cosby was also the host of the school's 60th Anniversary Concert in January 2006.
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Wilkes University, May 2004.(Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Baylor University, September 4, 2003, at the "Spirit Rally" for the Baylor and Central Texas communities. (Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Yale University, May 26, 2003.
 Honorary Degree in 2003 from Sisseton Wahpeton College for his contributions to minority education.
 Honorary Doctorate from West Chester University of Pennsylvania during the 2003 graduation ceremony.
 Honorary Doctorate from Paine College in 2003.
 Honorary Doctorate from Drew University during the 2002 graduation ceremony. (Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Haverford College, May 2002.
 Honorary Degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the University of Cincinnati in 2001.
 Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Fordham University in 2001. (Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctorate from Goucher College, 2001. (Rescinded)
Honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Tufts University, 2000. (Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctorate from Amherst College, May 1999. (Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa) (Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctorate from Colgate University, May 22, 1999; he was also the keynote speaker for the commencement ceremony.
 Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Southern California, May 8, 1998.
 Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from the University of Connecticut, and served as the commencement speaker, May 18, 1996. (Rescinded) 
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Swarthmore College, 1995. (Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, 1992. (Rescinded)
 Honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Pennsylvania, 1990. He also served as the commencement speaker in May 1997.
 Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Brown University, May 1985. (Rescinded)
Other websites 

 

1937 births
Living people
Actors from Philadelphia
American people convicted of assault
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Ham is pork that comes from a leg of a pig. 

Ham can be dry-cured or wet-cured. Dry-cured ham is made by rubbing the meat with salt. Wet-cured ham is made with brine.

Types of dry-cured ham:
Prosciutto crudo (Italian)
Prosciutto di Parma (Italian)
Jambon de bayonne (French)
Jamón serrano (Spanish)
Jamón iberico (Spanish)
Country ham (American)
York ham (English)
Westphalian ham (German)

Ham is used in SPAM.

Gallery

References
Spam is a canned meat food made by the Hormel Foods Corporation. It is made from pork shoulder meat and ham. Spam Lite, a newer kind of Spam, is made with pork and chicken.

There have been many ideas about what the word "Spam" means. The Hormel Foods Corporation once said that it means "Shoulder of Pork and Ham", but in some dictionaries "Spam" means "spiced ham".
Members of staff at the SPAM museum say it stands for Specially Produced American Meat.
In 2019, Spam began making advertisements containing the definition “Sizzle Pork And Mmmm”.

Spam was used a lot in World War II, as there wasn't proper meat. Because of that, spam was used as a rationed item.
Jokes about Spam 
The British comedy group Monty Python created a short play about Spam in 1970. In it, a lady who does not like Spam is talking to a waitress in a restaurant when a bunch of Vikings cut their conversation by singing the word "Spam" over and over again. The lady does not like what is happening and eventually the word "Spam" became widely used to mean unwanted email messages.
There is also a song called Spam. It was sung by Weird Al Yankovic and first recorded in 1988.

Pork
A mushroom (also called a toadstool) is the part of a fungus that is comparable to the fruit of a plant. Unlike plants, mushrooms do not use sunlight to generate energy for themselves. Some mushrooms are edible, and are used for cooking in many countries, such as China, Korea and Europe. Other mushrooms, however, are poisonous, and can cause severe illness or death if eaten. People who search for edible mushrooms are called mycophagists, meaning "mushroom eater", while the act itself is called "mushrooming". Mushrooms have been known to support bone health and to regulate blood sugar in diabetics. It is available in Different colours and Shapes.

Kinds of mushrooms 

 Agarics (includes very poisonous, and hallucinogenic kinds)
 Boletus (edible)
 Chanterelles (edible)
 Coral fungi (edible)
 Cap fungi (usually edible)
 Jelly fungi (usually edible)
 Polypores (similar to boletes)
 Psychedelic (also known as shrooms)
 Puffballs (usually edible)
 Stinkhorns (edible, but has a stench)
 Tooth fungi
Structure of mushrooms 
Most mushrooms have a stem and a cap. The bottom of the cap usually has gills to hold spores, however, some mushrooms, such as the Porcini, have pores under the cap.

References

Other websites

Identification
 Mushroom Expert
 MykoWeb
 An Aid to Mushroom Identification, Simon's Rock College
 Online Edible Wild Mushroom Field Guide
 Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org), a collaborative mushroom recording and identification project
 list of field guides to mushrooms , from the International Field Guides database

Research associations
 Mushroom Mania; the Newsletter 
 North American Mycological Association
 International Society for Mushroom Science 
 Pacific Northwest Fungi Online Journal
Factorization (also called factorisation and factoring) is taking a composite number apart into numbers that multiply together to get the original number.  These smaller numbers are called factors or divisors.  1 is a factor of all numbers.

Prime factorization is breaking apart a composite number into prime numbers that can be multiplied to give the larger number.  Note that since 1 is not prime, it is not included in the prime factorization.

For example, 12 can be factored as 4 × 3. Since 4 is not a prime number, that is not its prime factorization.  12's prime factorization is in fact 3 × 2 × 2.

The numbers which are obtained from the factorization are usually ordered, for example, starting with the smallest number. For example, 72=2^3*3^2.  The factorization of every number is unique.  This generalizes to:

 Every number has a unique prime factorization
 Every prime factorization corresponds to a unique number
Since finding the numbers to multiply together is very difficult for large numbers, this fact can be used in cryptography.

Polynomials 

This is how one type of polynomial is factored.

Find two numbers that add up to 9 and can be multiplied to get 20. Here, these numbers are 4 and 5.

Related pages
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Algebra
Arithmetics
A joint is the place where two or more bones make contact. They allow movement (except for skull bones) and give mechanical support.

Joints have cartilage in between them, which help to make the movement flexible. Joints are described structurally and functionally. Structural classification is how the bones connect to each other; function is the degree of movement between the articulating bones.

Synovial bursa 
A synovial bursa is a small fluid-filled sac lined by a synovial membrane. It has an inner capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (bit like raw egg white). The bursa is a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement.

References
Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (), was an Egyptian politician. He served as President of Egypt from 14 October 1981 to 11 February 2011.

Mubarak became the vice-president of the Republic of Egypt after moving up the ranks of the Egyptian Air Force. Then he became the President after President Anwar Sadat was assassinated on 6 October 1981.  His almost thirty-year presidency made him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha.

As President of Egypt, Mubarak is thought to have been one of the most powerful leaders in the region. Under the 1971 Constitution of Egypt, Mubarak exercised strong control over the country and was generally considered a dictator. In 2005, he called an election and easily won it. Many opponents believed Mubarak changed the election results so he could win.
In early 2011, during the Arab Spring, there were huge protests against his government. In the end, Mubarak resigned and handed over power to the armed forces. It is hoped that elections later that year for a new government. On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was sentenced to life imprisonment for ordering the shooting of protesters in the revolution that ousted him.

On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial. On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences. Mubarak was detained in a military hospital and his sons were freed 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court.

He was acquitted on 2 March 2017 by the Court of Cassation and released on 24 March 2017.

He died on 25 February 2020 at a Cairo hospital after having surgery, aged 91.

References
References

1928 births
2020 deaths
Egyptian criminals
Egyptian generals
Egyptian Muslims
Presidents of Egypt
Prime Ministers of Egypt
Former dictators
Prisoners
Vice-presidents of Egypt
Euclid of Alexandria  () (about 325 BC–265 BC) was a Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt and worked at the Library of Alexandria. Little is known about this person, but people think he lived there when Ptolemy I was Pharaoh. It is not known where and when he was born.

The Elements 
Euclid collected together all that was known of geometry, which is part of mathematics. His Elements is the main source of ancient geometry. Textbooks based on Euclid have been used up to the present day. In the book, he starts out from a small set of axioms (that is, a group of things that everyone thinks are true). Euclid then shows the properties of geometric objects and of whole numbers, based on those axioms.
The Elements also includes works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, and possibly quadric surfaces. Apart from geometry, the work also includes number theory. Euclid came up with the idea of greatest common divisors. They were in his Elements. The greatest common divisor of two numbers is the greatest number that can fit evenly in both of the two numbers.

The geometrical system described in the Elements was long known simply as geometry, and was considered to be the only geometry possible. Today that system is referred to as Euclidean geometry to distinguish it from other so-called non-Euclidean geometries which mathematicians developed in the 19th century.
Other works 
In addition to the Elements, at least five works of Euclid have survived to the present day. They follow the same logical structure as Elements, with definitions and proved propositions.
 Data deals with the nature and implications of "given" information in geometrical problems; the subject matter is closely related to the first four books of the Elements.
 On Divisions of Figures, which survives only partially in Arabic translation, concerns the division of geometrical figures into two or more equal parts or into parts in given ratios. It is similar to a third century AD work by Heron of Alexandria.
 Catoptrics, which concerns the mathematical theory of mirrors, particularly the images formed in plane and spherical concave mirrors. The attribution to Euclid is doubtful. Its author may have been Theon of Alexandria.
 Phaenomena, a treatise on spherical astronomy, survives in Greek; it is quite similar to On the Moving Sphere by Autolycus of Pitane, who flourished around 310 BC.
Tributes to Euclid 
 An asteroid, is named after Euclid.
 A crater on the moon is named after Euclid.

References 

325 BC births
265 BC deaths
Ancient Greeks
Ancient mathematicians
Number theorists
Geometers
Guadeloupe is part of France in the Caribbean Sea. It is made up of five islands. The capital is Basse-Terre. 

Arawak native Americans first lived on the islands. Most died when Europeans came. Guadeloupe was first governed by the French Company of the American Islands. It was then taken over by England, given to Sweden, and given back to France. 

Today, most of the people in Guadeloupe are Roman Catholic and are of African descent.

 71%: African or Multiracial (European, African, Chinese, East Indian, Amerindians, and others).
 15%: East Indian
 9%: European
 2%: Middle Easterns
 3%: Chinese

Related pages
 Martinique, French island in the Caribbean
 Saint Barthélemy, French island in the Caribbean
 Saint Martin, French island in the Caribbean

Other websites

 Guadeloupe Tourism Authority
1770 was a common year.

Events 
 March 5 – Boston Massacre: 5 Americans killed by British troops in an event that would help start the American Revolutionary War 5 years later.
 May 14 – Marie Antoinette arrives at the French court.
 May 16 – 14-year old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year old Louis-Auguste (who later becomes Louis XVI King of France).
 May 16 – Fireworks at the wedding of the crown prince of France in Paris cause a fire – 800 dead
 June 3 – Gasper de Portola and Father Junipero Serra establish Monterey, which was the capital of California from 1777-1849.
 July 1 – Comet Lexell (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth
 August 22 – James Cook claimed for Great Britain the eastern coast of New Holland (Australia)
 Joseph Priestley, British chemist, recommends the use of a rubber to remove pencil marks.
 Joseph Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's Conjecture.

Births 
 December 17 – Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised).
1616 was a leap year.

Events 
War between Austria and Venice.

Births 
May 25 – Carlo Dolci, Italian artist

Deaths 
April 23 – Miguel de Cervantes
April 23 – William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet
Lewis Allan "Lou" Reed (March 2, 1942 – October 27, 2013) was an American rock musician. He was originally from Long Island, New York and spent most of his life in New York City. He is remembered for being in the Velvet Underground, although he also released solo work. He was friends with artist Andy Warhol.

Early life
Lewis Allan Reed was born on March 2, 1942 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Syracuse University. Reed was raised Jewish.

Career
Reed began his career in 1964. He is perhaps most famous for his songs "Walk on the Wild Side" (about transgender woman Candy Darling and other such people Reed had known), "Perfect Day" (which was covered by many other artists, including Duran Duran and a version used by the BBC) and "Heroin" (an  "love song" about the drug. Reed's 1989 album New York drew attention and praise, for its matter-of-fact look at the condition of New York City in the late 1980s.
At the height of his popularity as a solo artist, Reed released one of the least "commercial" recordings ever; his 1975 experimental album Metal Machine Music. It was an hour of electric guitar feedback, and not what many people thought was music. The album did not hurt his career in the long run, and it reminded people that Reed was a unique musician.

Because of his song about heroin, Reed was believed to have been addicted to the drug, but this was not the case. He was a longtime user of amphetamines, marijuana and tobacco, but gradually stopped using any drugs. He began exercising more, and enjoyed Tai Chi.

In May 2000, Reed performed before Pope John Paul II at the Great Jubilee Concert in Rome.

Reed was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with The Velvet Underground in 1996 and as a solo artist in 2015.
Personal life
Reed was bisexual. He was married to Betty Reed from 1973 until they divorced in 1978. Then he was married to Sylvia Morales from 1980 until they divorced in 1994. Then he was married to Laurie Anderson, the performance artist and musician, from 2008 until his death in 2013. Reed had no children.

Death
In April 2013, Reed had a liver transplant. He died from a liver disease on October 27, 2013 in his home in Long Island, New York. He was 71 years old.

Tributes were paid to Reed on Twitter, including those from Miley Cyrus, Salman Rushdie, Samuel L. Jackson, Lenny Kravitz, Ricky Gervais, Ryan Adams, Elijah Wood, and many others. John Cale, his Velvet Underground bandmate, posted on his Facebook: "The world has lost a fine songwriter and poet…I've lost my 'school-yard buddy'".

References

Other websites

 Official Lou Reed website
 
 Comprehensive music biography of Reed by Allmusic
  BBC obituary'
1942 births
2013 deaths
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Bisexual Jews
Deaths from liver disease
Disease-related deaths in New York (state)
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American musicians
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from New York (state)
Musicians from New York City
Organ transplant recipients
Warner Bros. Records artists
Albany can be any of the following:

Geography
Australia
 Albany, Western Australia
 Albany Creek

Canada
 Albany, Nova Scotia
 Albany, Ontario
 Albany, Prince Edward Island
 Fort Albany, Ontario

New Zealand
 Albany, New Zealand

South Africa
 Albany, South Africa

United Kingdom
 Albany, Tyne and Wear
United States of America
 Albany, Alabama 
 Albany, California, 
 Albany, Georgia, 
 Albany, Illinois
 Albany Park, Chicago, Illinois
 Albany Township, Illinois
 Albany, Indiana
 Albany, Iowa
 Albany, Kentucky
 Albany, Louisiana
 Albany Township, Maine
 Albany, Minnesota
 Albany Township, Minnesota
 Albany, Missouri
 Albany Township, Nebraska
 Albany, New Hampshire
 Albany, New York, the capital of New York and the most populous city in this list
 Albany County, New York
 Albany, Ohio
 Albany, Oklahoma
 Albany, Oregon
 Albany Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
 Albany Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania
 Albany, Tennessee
 Albany, Texas
 Albany, Vermont
 Albany, Wisconsin
 Albany, Green County, Wisconsin
 Albany, Pepin County, Wisconsin
 Albany, Wyoming
 Albany County, Wyoming

Rivers
 Albany River, in Canada

People
 Duke of Albany, a Scottish, and later, British Peerage title

Other
 Albany Records, a record label in Albany, New York
Augusta may refer to:

Places

In Australia
Augusta, Western Australia
Port Augusta, South Australia
Shire of Augusta-Margaret River

In Canada
Augusta, Ontario
North Augusta, Ontario

In Europe
Augusta, Sicily, Italy

In the United States
Augusta, Arkansas
Augusta, Georgia
Augusta, Illinois
Augusta, Kansas
Augusta, Kentucky
Augusta, Maine (capital city of Maine)
Augusta, Michigan
Augusta, Minnesota
Augusta, Missouri
Augusta, Montana
Augusta, New Jersey
Augusta, New York 
North Augusta, South Carolina 
Augusta, West Virginia 
Augusta, Wisconsin 
Augusta County, Virginia
Augusta Charter Township, Michigan
Augusta Township, Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota

People
 Augusta (given name)
Berkeley could mean:

Berkeley, California, USA
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley Software Distribution
Charleston might mean:

Places
Cities in the United States
Charleston, Arkansas
Charleston, Illinois
Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston, West Virginia

Other
Charleston (dance), a dance
Charleston Battery, a soccer club based in Charleston, South Carolina

Related pages
Charlestown, Indiana
Anthropomorphism is the addition of human traits to something that is not a human. For example, the non-human might have human feelings, needs, and wants. It is common for people to use anthropomorphism.

Anthropomorphism is often used in stories and art. The story of the "Three Little Pigs" has a wolf and three pigs who talk and act like humans. Disney's Mickey Mouse also talks and acts like a human. An anthropomorphized animal is called a "furry".

The novel The Call of the Wild also uses anthropomorphism. The main character is a dog named Buck. Many other characters are dogs and wolves. In the story, the animals think and act more like humans than dogs.

Reasons for anthropomorphism
Humans can usually explain why humans do things. Humans are not as good at explaining why non-human things do things. This can lead to people assuming non-human things will do things like humans.
Humans learn about other humans early in life. They know more about humans than about things that are not humans, and they can remember it better.

Related pages
 Furry: A section of anthropomorphism where animals and legendary creatures are shown as human-like in stories and art.

References

Metaphors
Illusions
The apostrophe is a punctuation mark used in writing. It is a diacritic (a mark used with letters).

In English, it has two jobs:
 To show where one or more letters have been left out, as in the abbreviation (contraction) of do not to don't.
 To show the possessive case, as in the cat’s whiskers.

Examples

Its versus it's 
The most common grammatical mistake in written English is to put it's where its is correct. 

Its: a possessive adjective and pronoun of the personal pronoun it. 
The cat chased its tail. (correct)
The tyre lost it's grip. (wrong)

It's: a contraction of the verbal phrase it is or it has.
It's mine. (correct; check: It is mine)
It's been here. (correct; check: It has been here)
The cat chased it's tail. (wrong; cannot be expanded to it is)

The same applies to yours, theirs and ours because these are also possessive adjectives of personal pronouns.
The colour is ours.
That book is hers (or his).
Theirs was the responsibility.
Possession 
Apostrophes are also used to show something belongs to someone (or something). Again, correct uses can be expanded:
 Mike's car. (correct; the car that belongs to Mike)
 The dog's ball. (correct; the ball that belongs to the dog)
Those dog's are large. (wrong; here "dogs" is a plural word)

The intrusive apostrophe 
Comes in plurals which don't (do not) need it. Do not put an apostrophe in word ending in s, such as a plural. Put an apostrophe, or 's, at the end of the word instead.
Mr. Jones' hat or Mr. Jones's hat. (both correct)
Both of my parents' birthdays. (correct)
CD's and DVD's (wrong; not possessive. See "Plural" section below)
Apple's and pear's (wrong; not possessive)

Writing dialogue or titles 
Apostrophes are also used when other words are shortened, as in slang:
Go get 'em tiger! or Li'l Bow Bow.
This is just a version of the abbreviation function.
Plural 
To make a word that doesn't (does not) usually exist as a plural into a plural, an apostrophe is occasionally used. See these examples:
 How many A's did you get this year? Here it is wrong because it is not needed.
 The poll received many yes's and very few no's. Here it is sensible because without it the words 'yess' and 'nos' look quite peculiar. However, you may find 'yeses' and 'noes' are appropriate as plurals. General rule: if an apostrophe is not needed, do not use it.

References 

Punctuation
Grammar
Ryan M. North (born October 20, 1980) is a Canadian writer. He is the author of the comic strip Dinosaur Comics, as well as Whispered Apologies and several other projects. He is also the programmer of ohnorobot, a web comic search engine. Ryan North is also a member of The Ryans, a group dedicated to being called Ryan and making comics.

Other websites

 Dinosaur Comics
 Whispered Apologies

Writers from Ontario
Comics writers
1980 births
Living people
People from Ottawa
A by-election or bye-election is a type of special election. These elections are held in between general elections. General elections are elections for all members of an elected body. By-elections are elections for just some members. A by-election could be needed if a member dies or resigns while in political office. They are also used if a person is removed from office for some reason, for example if he/she is guilty of a crime or is not qualified to be a member anymore.

By-elections in the United States and the Philippines are called "special elections". In India, they are called "bypolls".

In the 1980s, all 12 of the Unionist MPs in the British House of Commons resigned and all of the elections happened on the same day. Although unusual, these were still only by-elections. It is also defined as an election held in a single political constituency to fill a vacancy that has happened during a government's term of office.

Types of elections
Elections
A secretary is a person who is employed to help in an office, and help the people in charge of the office do their job.

By definition, the main task of a secretary is to keep organized paper and electronic files for the business, school, hospital, or government agency they work for. Other common jobs that secretaries do are answering telephones; typing and writing letters; plan and schedule meetings with guests; and manage the website of their office.

In different workplaces, and for different reasons, a secretary may also be called an administrative assistant, receptionist, clerk, or executive assistant.

In the past, most secretaries were men. Today, 98% of secretaries are women, according to the US Census.

In 1952, several groups, for example the National Secretaries Association, founded Secretary's Day. It is celebrated in the 4th week of April. It has been renamed "Administrative Professional's Week" to represent the more challenging roles of secretaries today.
Other secretaries
In government, secretaries are important people who hold high positions in government. Many secretaries in government are in charge of government agencies.

Most members of the United States Cabinet are called "Secretary" including the United States Secretary of State, who deals with other countries.

In the United Kingdom, a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department.

In the US,  United States Secretary Defense is the head of the US Department of Defense.

Sources

Basic English 850 words
Occupations
Happiness is a feeling of pleasure and positivity. When someone feels good, proud, excited, relieved or satisfied about something, that person is said to be "happy". Feeling happy may help people to relax and to smile. 

Happiness is usually thought of as the opposite of sadness. However, it is very possible to feel both at once, often about different things, or sometimes even about the same thing. You are often excited when you are happy. Happiness can also be inspired too.

Many philosophers have said that people in the world go back and forth between times of happiness and sadness, but there is nobody who is always happy or always sad. Happiness sometimes causes people to cry when they laugh because the emotion takes control of them. Happiness was thought of as the key to love in ancient civilizations such as the Inca and the Maya.

Other websites
Dr Tal Ben-Shahar | Happiness Studies Academy on YouTube

Emotions
A number is called a perfect number if by adding all the positive divisors of the number (except itself), the result is the number itself.

6 is the first perfect number. Its divisors (other than the number itself: 6) are 1, 2, and 3 and 1 + 2 + 3 equals 6. Other perfect numbers include 28, 496 and 8128.

Perfect numbers that are even

Euclid discovered that the first four perfect numbers are generated by the formula 2n-1(2n - 1):

for n = 2:   21(22 - 1) = 6
for n = 3:   22(23 - 1) = 28
for n = 5:   24(25 - 1) = 496
for n = 7:   26(27 - 1) = 8128                                                                                                                  

Euclid saw that 2n - 1 is a prime number in these four cases.  He then proved that the formula 2n-1(2n - 1) gives an even perfect number whenever 2n - 1 is prime (Euclid, Prop. IX.36).
Ancient mathematicians made many assumptions about perfect numbers based on the four they knew. Most of the assumptions were wrong. One of these assumptions was that since 2, 3, 5, and 7 are precisely the first four primes, the fifth perfect number would be obtained when n = 11, the fifth prime. However, 211 - 1 = 2047 = 23 × 89 is not prime and therefore n = 11 does not give a perfect number. Two other wrong assumptions were:

The fifth perfect number would have five digits since the first four had 1, 2, 3, and 4 digits respectively.
The perfect numbers would alternately end in 6 or 8.

The fifth perfect number () has 8 digits. This falsifies the first assumption. For the second assumption, the fifth perfect number indeed ends with a 6. However, the sixth (8 589 869 056) also ends in a 6. It is straightforward to show the last digit of any even perfect number must be 6 or 8.
In order for  to be prime, it is necessary that  should be prime.  Prime numbers of the form 2n - 1 are known as Mersenne primes, after the seventeenth-century monk Marin Mersenne, who studied number theory and perfect numbers.

Two millennia after Euclid, Euler proved that the formula 2n-1(2n - 1) will yield all the even perfect numbers. Therefore, every Mersenne prime will yield a distinct even perfect number–there is a concrete one-to-one association between even perfect numbers and Mersenne primes. This result is often referred to as the "Euclid-Euler Theorem". Till January 2013, only 48 Mersenne primes are known. This means there are 48 perfect numbers known, the largest being 257,885,160 × (257,885,161 - 1) with 34,850,340 digits.
The first 42 even perfect numbers are 2n-1(2n - 1) for
n = 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 61, 89, 107, 127, 521, 607, 1279, 2203, 2281, 3217, 4253, 4423, 9689, 9941, 11213, 19937, 21701, 23209, 44497, 86243, 110503, 132049, 216091, 756839, 859433, 1257787, 1398269, 2976221, 3021377, 6972593, 13466917, 20996011, 24036583, 25964951 
The other 7 known are for n = 30402457, 32582657, 37156667, 42643801, 43112609, 57885161, 74207281.
It is currently not known whether there are others between them.

It is still not known if there are infinitely many Mersenne primes and perfect numbers. The search for new Mersenne primes is the goal of the GIMPS distributed computing project.

Since any even perfect number has the form 2n-1(2n - 1), it is a triangular number, and, like all triangular numbers, it is  the sum of all natural numbers up to a certain point; in this case: 2n - 1.  Also, any even perfect number except the first one is the sum of the first 2(n-1)/2 odd cubes:

Perfect numbers that are odd
It is not known whether there are any odd perfect numbers. Various results have been obtained, but none that has helped to locate one or otherwise resolve the question of their existence. Carl Pomerance  has presented a heuristic argument which suggests that no odd perfect numbers exist.  Also, it has been conjectured that there are no odd Ore's harmonic numbers. If true, this would mean that there are no odd perfect numbers.

Any odd perfect number N must satisfy the following conditions:
 N > 10300.  It is likely that, in the near future, it will be proven that N > 10500.  
 N is of the form

where:
 q, p1, ..., pk are distinct primes.
 q ≡ α ≡ 1 (modulo 4) (Euler).

Proof
Let  be odd perfect number. Since divisor function is multiplicative,
.

 must be an even not divisible by 4 and all the remaining must be odd.
forces .
 Either qα > 1020, or  > 1020 for some j (Cohen 1987).
 N <  (Nielsen 2003).
 The relation ≡ ...≡  ≡  1 (modulo 3) is not satisfied (McDaniel 1970).
 The smallest prime factor of N is less than (2k + 8) / 3 (Grün 1952).

 The largest prime factor of N is greater than 108 (Takeshi Goto and Yasuo Ohno, 2006).
 The second largest prime factor is greater than 104, and the third largest prime factor is greater than 100 (Iannucci 1999, 2000).
 N has at least 75 prime factors; and at least 9 distinct prime factors. If 3 is not one of the factors of N, then N has at least 12 distinct prime factors (Nielsen 2006; Kevin Hare 2005).