Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) ( or ) is a plant of the Family Lamiaceae. It is also known as Sweet Basil or Tulsi. It is a tender low-growing herb that is grown as a perennial in warm, tropical climates. Basil is originally native to India and other tropical regions of Asia. It has been cultivated there for more than 5,000 years. It is prominently featured in many cuisines throughout the world. Some of them are Italian, Thai, Vietnamese and Laotian cuisines. It grows to between 30–60 cm tall. It has light green, silky leaves 3–5 cm long and 1–3 cm broad. The leaves are opposite each other. The flowers are quite big. They are white in color and arranged as a spike. Is the Medicinal plant. 

The plant tastes somewhat like anise, with a strong, pungent, sweet smell. Basil is very sensitive to cold. It is best grown in hot, dry conditions. While most common varieties are treated as annuals, some are perennial, including African Blue and Holy Thai basil.
The word basil comes from the Greek βασιλεύς (basileus), meaning "royal". This is because it is believed to have grown above the spot where St. Constantine and Helen discovered the Holy Cross. The Oxford English Dictionary quotes speculations that basil may have been used in "some royal unguent, bath, or medicine". Basil is still considered the "king of herbs" by many cookery authors. An alternative etymology has "basil" coming from the Latin word basilicus, meaning dragon and being the root for basilisk, but this likely was a linguistic reworking of the word as brought from Greece.

Basil for cooking
Basil for cooking 

Most of the time, Basil should be used fresh. In recipes it is generally added at the last moment. Cooking it quickly destroys the meal. The fresh herb can be kept for a short time in plastic bags in the refrigerator. Using a freezer will allow for it to be kept a longer time. In both cases, it needs being blanched quickly in boiling water. The dried herb also loses most of its flavour, and what little flavour remains tastes very different, with a weak coumarin flavour, like hay.
Mediterranean and Indochinese cuisines frequently use basil. In Mediterranean cuisines it is often combined with tomato. Basil is one of the main ingredients in pesto—a green Italian oil-and-herb sauce from the city of Genoa. The other two main ingredients  of Pesto are olive oil and pine nuts. The most commonly used Mediterranean basil cultivars are "Genovese", "Purple Ruffles", "Mammoth", "Cinnamon", "Lemon", "Globe", and "African Blue". Chinese also use fresh or dried basils in soups and other foods. In Taiwan, people add fresh basil leaves into thick soups (羹湯; gēngtāng). They also eat fried chicken with deep-fried basil leaves.

Basil is sometimes used with fresh fruit and in fruit jams and sauces. Most commonly this is done with strawberries, but also raspberries or dark-colored plums. Some people say that the flat-leaf basil used in Vietnamese cooking is more suitable for use with fruit.

Basil seeds
Basil seeds 

When soaked in water the seeds of several basil varieties become gelatinous. They are used in Asian drinks and desserts such as falooda or sherbet. Such seeds are known variously as sabja, subja, takmaria, tukmaria, falooda, or hột é. They are used for their medicinal properties in Ayurveda, the traditional medicinal system of India.

other types 

Several other basils, including some other Ocimum species, are grown in many regions of Asia. Most of the Asian basils have a clove-like flavour that is generally stronger than the Mediterranean basils. In China, the local cultivar is called 九層塔 (jiǔcéngtǎ; literally "nine-level pagoda"), while the imported varieties are specifically called 羅勒 (luólè) or 巴西里 (bāxīlǐ), although [巴西里] often refers to another different kind plant—parsley.
'Lemon basil' has a strong lemony smell and flavour very different from those of other varieties because it contains a chemical called citral. It is widely used in Indonesia, where it is called kemangi and served raw, together with raw cabbage, green beans, and cucumber, as an accompaniment to fried fish or duck. Its flowers, broken up, are a zesty salad condiment.

Growing Basil 
Basil grows well in hot weather. It  behaves like an annual if there is any chance of a frost. In Northern Europe, the northern states of the U.S., and the South Island of New Zealand it will grow best if sown under glass in a peat pot. It can be planted out in late spring/early summer, when there is little risk of frost. It fares best in a well-drained sunny spot.
Although basil will grow best outdoors, it can be grown indoors in a pot. Like most herbs, it will do best on a south-facing windowsill (in the Northern Hemisphere). It should be kept away from extremely cold drafts. It grows best in strong sunlight. A greenhouse or cloche is ideal if available. Basil plants can even be grown  in a basement, under fluorescent lights.

If its leaves have wilted from lack of water, it will recover if watered thoroughly and placed in a sunny location. Yellow leaves towards the bottom of the plant are an indication that the plant needs more sunlight or less fertilizer.
In sunnier climates such as Southern Europe, the southern states of the U.S., the North Island of New Zealand, and Australia, basil will thrive when planted outside. It also thrives over the summertime in the central and northern United States, but dies out when temperatures reach freezing point, to grow again the next year if allowed to go to seed. It will need regular watering, but not as much attention as is needed in other climates.

Basil can also be propagated very reliably from cuttings in exactly the same manner as "Busy Lizzie" (Impatiens), with the stems of short cuttings suspended for two weeks or so in water until roots develop.
If a stem successfully produces mature flowers, leaf production slows or stops on any stem which flowers, the stem becomes woody, and essential oil production declines.To prevent this, a basil-grower may pinch off any flower stems before they are fully mature. Because only the blooming stem is so affected, some can be pinched for leaf production, while others are left to bloom for decoration or seeds. 

Once the plant is allowed to flower, it may produce seed pods containing small black seeds. These can be saved and planted the following year. Picking the leaves off the plant helps "promote growth", largely because the plant responds by converting pairs of leaflets next to the topmost leaves into new stems.

Diseases 

Basil suffers from several plant diseases that can ruin the crop and reduce yield. Fusarium wilt is a soilbourne fungal disease that will quickly kill younger basil plants. Seedlings may also be killed by Pythium damping off.
A common foliar disease of basil is gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, can also cause infections post-harvest and is capable of killing the entire plant. Black spot can also be seen on basil foliage and is caused by the fungi genus Colletotrichum.

Health issues 
Basil, like other aromatic plants such as fennel and tarragon, contains estragole, a known carcinogen and teratogen in rats and mice. While human effects are currently unstudied, the rodent experiments indicate that it would take 100–1000 times the normal anticipated exposure to become a cancer risk.

Cultural aspects
Cultural aspects 

There are many rituals and beliefs associated with basil. The French call basil "herbe royale". Jewish folklore suggests it adds strength while fasting. It is a symbol of love in present-day Italy, but represented hatred in ancient Greece, and European lore sometimes claims that basil is a symbol of Satan. African legend claims that basil protects against scorpions, while the English botanist Culpeper cites one "Hilarius, a French physician" as affirming it as common knowledge that smelling basil too much would breed scorpions in the brain.
Holy Basil, also called 'Tulsi', is highly revered in Hinduism and also has religious significance in the Greek Orthodox Church, where it is used to prepare holy water. It is said to have been found around Christ's tomb after his resurrection. The Serbian Orthodox Church, Macedonian Orthodox Church and Romanian Orthodox Church use basil (Macedonian: босилек;  Romanian: busuioc, Serbian: босиљак) to prepare holy water and pots of basil are often placed below church altars.

In Europe, they place basil in the hands of the dead to ensure a safe journey. In India, they place it in the mouth of the dying to ensure they reach God. The ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks believed that it would open the gates of heaven for a person passing on.
In Boccaccio's Decameron a memorably morbid tale (novella V) tells of Lisabetta, whose brothers slay her lover. He appears to her in a dream and shows her where he is buried. She secretly disinters the head, and sets it in a pot of basil, which she waters with her daily tears. The pot being taken from her by her brothers, she dies of her grief not long after.  Boccaccio's tale is the source of John Keats' poem Isabella or The Pot of Basil.  A similar story is told of the Longobard queen Rosalind.

References 

 Diseases of Basil and Their Management

Other websites 

 Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages explain the culinary use of basil in European and Asian cooking; further web links.

Lamiaceae
Herbs
A Cockapoo (also called a Spoodle or Cockerpoo) is a hybrid dog. It is a mix of an American Cocker Spaniel and a Poodle; (in most cases the Miniature Poodle or Toy Poodle), or by breeding a Cockapoo with another Cockapoo.

The Cockapoo has been around since 1950 and the first dictionary reference was a 1960 Oxford English Dictionary citation. Because it is a mixed breed, it is not recognised by purebred kennel clubs.

Other websites 
 The American Cockapoo Club
 Cockapoo Crazy
 Cockapoo Place 

Dog breeds
The short story is a genre of literature. It is usually fictional narrative prose and tends to be more direct and less-detailed than longer works of fiction, like novels.

Short stories are closely related to oral (spoken) story-telling traditions and prose anecdotes. They all develop the story very quickly and come to a conclusion quickly too.

Many authors today release their short stories together in a book, instead of one at a time. A short story can be written in only 10 words or less.
The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXII Olympic Winter Games, is the 22nd Games of the Winter Olympics. It is an international winter sports event that was held from February 7 to February 23, 2014. The host city was Sochi in Russia. It was chosen on July 4, 2007, during the 119th International Olympic Committee (IOC) meeting in Guatemala City, Guatemala. This was Russia's first time hosting the Winter Olympics (the Soviet Union hosted the 1980 Summer Games in Moscow though).  These were also the first winter games in a subtropical city.
Sports
Fifteen winter sports were played in the 2014 Winter Olympics program. Sports included were ones that are generally played in the winter. They include skiing, ice skating, ice hockey, and curling. A total of twelve new events was contested to make it the largest Winter Olympics to date. The following sports were played:
 Ice hockey
 Figure skating
 Luge
 Skeleton
 Bobsledding
 Ski jumping
 Skiing
 Snowboarding
 Curling
 Cross country skiing
 Biathlon
 Speed skating
Stadiums
Most of the stadiums will be built at a place called Sochi Olympic Park near the Black Sea coast  All of the venues(stadiums) being used  are new. The venues are near each other. This will provide a great compactness of the concept with the Olympic Stadium and all indoor venues of the Olympics  will be gathered within walking distance.
 Bolshoy Ice Dome – ice hockey (final), 12,000 spectators
 Shayba Arena – ice hockey, 7,000 spectators
 Adler Arena Skating Center – speed skating, 8,000 spectators
 Iceberg Skating Palace – figure skating, short track speed skating, 12,000 spectators
 Ice Cube Curling Center – curling, 3,000 spectators
 Fisht Olympic Stadium – ceremonies (opening/closing) 40,000 spectators[13]
 Main Olympic village- where the athletes sleep
 International broadcasting centre and main press room
Hoewever, some parts of the Olympics, mainly skiing and snowboarding, will take place away from the main area. These events will take place at Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster)
 Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex – Biathlon, Cross-country skiing
 Rosa Khutor Extreme Park – Freestyle skiing and Snowboarding
 Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort – Alpine skiing
 Sliding Center Sanki – Bobsleigh, Luge and Skeleton
 RusSki Gorki Jumping Center – Ski jumping and Nordic combined (both ski jumping and Cross-country Skiing on a 2 km route around the arena)
Rosa Khutor Plateau Olympic Village

Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the Games was held on 7 February 2014. It was held from 20:14 to 23:02 local time. The Games were officially opened by Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia. There was an audience of about 40,000 people. The performance part of the ceremony was mainly about Russian classical music. The pop duo t.A.T.u performed as well.
The site of the opening ceremony was Fisht Olympic Stadium. This was built just for the games. It will be used only for the opening and closing ceremonies.

Homophobia
In 2013, a law against 'homosexual propaganda' was made in Russia. Cher chose not to perform at the Winter Olympics because of the law.
On 27 January 2014, the mayor of Sochi said that there are no gay people living in Sochi.
On the first day of the Olympics, 7 February 2014, four gay rights activists were arrested in St Petersburg, including one pregnant woman.

Incidents and threats 

Organizers received several threats prior to the Games. In a July 2013 video release, Chechen Islamist commander Dokka Umarov called for attacks on the Games, stating that the Games were being staged "on the bones of many, many Muslims killed ...and buried on our lands extending to the Red Sea."
Threats were received from the group Vilayat Dagestan, which had claimed responsibility for the Volgograd bombings under the demands of Umarov, and a number of National Olympic Committees had also received threats via e-mail, threatening that terrorists would kidnap or "blow up" athletes during the Games. However, while the IOC did state that the letters "[contained] no threat and appears to be a random message from a member of the public", the U.S. ski and snowboarding teams hired a private security agency to provide additional protection during the Games.

References 

2014 Winter Olympics
2014
The 1944 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games, were not held.

The games would have been held in 1944 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. Cortina d'Ampezzo had won the right to host the event in June 1939.

The games were cancelled because of World War II.

Related pages
1916 Summer Olympics
1940 Summer Olympics
1940 Winter Olympics
1944 Summer Olympics

References

1944 in Italy
Olympics
Cancelled Olympic Games
Winter Olympics 1944
Veneto
Winter Olympic Games
The 1940 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games, were not held.

The games were planned to be in Sapporo, Japan, but the Japanese organisers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

The IOC decided to give the Winter Olympics to St. Moritz, Switzerland. There were some problems between the Swiss organisers and the IOC so the Games were cancelled again. The IOC then gave the 1940 Winter Olympics to Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Garmisch-Partenkirchen had hosted the 1936 Winter Olympics. The Games were to be held from February 2 - 11 1940.

The games were cancelled because of World War II.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
1916 Summer Olympics
1940 Summer Olympics
1944 Summer Olympics
1944 Winter Olympics

References

1940 in Europe
Olympics
1940s in Germany
1940s in Japan
Cancelled Olympic Games
Olympic Games in Germany
Sport in Japan
Sport in Switzerland
Winter Olympic Games
February events
Alonso González de Berruguete (Alonso Berruguete) (c. 1488 – 1561) was a Spanish painter, sculptor and architect. He is considered to be the most important sculptor of the Spanish Renaissance, and is known for his emotive sculptures, which had religious meanings.

1488 births
1561 deaths
Spanish painters
Alonso Sánchez Coello ( 1531/32 – 8 August 1588) was a portrait painter of the Spanish Renaissance. He was one of the pioneers of the great tradition of Spanish portrait painting.

1530s births
1588 deaths
Spanish painters
The Western European Union (WEU) was a European defence and security organization. It was set up by Treaty of Brussels of 1948, West Germany and Italy joined in 1954. It should not be confused with the European Union (EU). The WEU headquarters were in Brussels. After the Cold War its functions were gradually transferred to the European Union and the Council of Europe. It was dissolved on 31 March 2011.

Treaty of Brussels 

The Treaty of Brussels was signed by the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands on March 17, 1948. It was changed on October 23, 1954 when West Germany and Italy joined. 

The WEU's three main aims are:
 To promote European economic recovery;
 To help each other to resist any attacks or threats of attack;
 To promote the unity in Europe.
The WEU was led by a Council of Ministers, helped by a Council of Permanent Representatives (ambassadors). The Parliamentary Assembly eventually had the same members as the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe). Social and cultural activities were handed to the Council of Europe to avoid duplication.

Other websites 
WEU official web site 
Assembly of the Western European Union ; Assembly of the Western European Union
Historical fonds of the Western European Union at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence
History of NATO – the Atlantic Alliance - UK Government site
WEU evolution: The presentation of the Eurocorps-Foreign Legion concept at the European Parliament in June 2003

References 

European Union
1948 establishments in Europe
Military alliances
Guy Fawkes Night (also known as Bonfire Night) is a firework festival in Britain. It remembers the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605.

References

Festivals in the United Kingdom
Anniversary days in the United Kingdom
November events
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a scientific agency of the United States government that is focused to monitor the oceans surrounding the United States and the atmosphere. NOAA warns people for dangerous weather, charts seas and sky, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to help understanding and stewardship of the environment. In addition to its civilian employees, NOAA research and operations are supported by 300 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Corps.

NOAA is currently celebrating 200 years of Science, Service, and Stewardship.

Other websites
 NOAA

United States government agencies
Scientific organizations based in the United States
Dame Tracey Ullman,  (born 30 December 1959) is a British-American comedian, actress, singer, dancer, screenwriter and author. She is most famous for being the host of her variety television show, The Tracey Ullman Show.

Ullman was born in Buckinghamshire. She emigrated to the U.S. and ended up having her own network television series, The Tracey Ullman Show, from which The Simpsons was spun off in 1989.

She was the voice of Little Lulu for a while.

References

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
Actors from Buckinghamshire
English comedians
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
English writers
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television writers

Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Actors from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
The Tracey Ullman Show was a weekly American television variety show, hosted by British comedian and former pop singer Tracey Ullman. It debuted on April 5, 1987 as the FOX network's second primetime series (after Married... with Children), and ran until May 26, 1990. The show featured sketch comedy along with many musical numbers, featuring Emmy Award-winning choreography by Paula Abdul. It also produced the hugely successful spin-off, The Simpsons.

Other websites 
 
 TV.com Entry 
 Watch Simpsons shorts
 The Dr. N!Godatu web page 
 The Tracey Ullman Show Episode Guide

1987 American television series debuts
1980s American television series
American comedy television series
Fox television series
The Simpsons
English-language television programs
Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida (February 27, 1863 – August 10, 1923), was a Spanish painter, born in Valencia.  He excelled in the painting of portraits, landscapes, and large works of social and historical themes. His most typical works are skillful pictures of the people and landscape under the Spanish sun.

References

Other websites 

 

1863 births
1923 deaths
Spanish painters
People from Valencia
The work commonly referred to as Laienspiegel is a book of law. It was published in Mainz, in 1509. Its full title is Laijen Spiegel. von rechtmässigen ordnungen in Burgerlichen vnd peinlichen regimenten. mit allegation[en] vn[d] bewerungen auß geschribnen rechten vnnd gesatzen. This can be roughly translated as A layman's guide, of the correct order of civil and criminal regiments, with illustrations of written rights and laws.. It was written by Ulrich Tengler, and published by Sebastian Brant. There was a second edition in 1511. The work was very important, there were 14 editions of it in the 16th century.

The work is divided in three parts. It contains private law, criminal law, and law of the public institutions. The publication is much like the Klagspiegel of 1436. Other similar works are the Malleus Maleficarum of the 13th century, and the Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis.

Other websites
 Completely digitised edition of the Work (Univ. Heidelberg) (German)
1509
Non-fiction books
16th century in Germany
Mainz
Law of Germany
16th-century books
1500s works
The Berlin Blockade was from 24 June 1948 to 11 May 1949. It began when the Soviet Union blocked railway and road access by the three Western powers (the Americans, British, and French) to the Western-occupied sectors of Berlin. The blockade stopped after the Western powers used airplanes to airlift food and other things that people needed.

The Soviet Union began the blockade because they thought that monetary reform in the three German Occupation zones controlled by the Western powers which started on 21 June 1948 made the western parts of Germany too strong and wanted to force the west out of their occupation zone.

Postwar division of Germany
When the Allied Powers met at Potsdam they agreed to divide Germany into four occupation zones, American, British, Soviet, and French. They divided Berlin into four zones as well. Berlin was surrounded by the Soviet occupation zone, so the only way to get to the three western controlled sectors was driving through Soviet-controlled territory.

Causes
The Soviet Union began the blockade because they thought the western half of Germany (controlled by the UK, USA and France) was becoming too strong, because one currency had recently been introduced throughout the entire western half - the Deutsche Mark. The Soviets were worried that a single currency would help the economy of the western half recovered quickly from the damage caused by the Second World War, and that this stronger western half would eventually develop into a country (it eventually did, called West Germany). The Russians wanted one Germany, without an army, that they could easily control. The Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union had killed one in seven Soviet people, and the Soviets feared that Britain, France and America might try to launch their own invasion at some point in the future
. They therefore wanted as much land between them and France as possible, so that any major war would be fought in central Europe, and not in the Soviet Union where Soviet civilians might be killed (which is what had happened during WWII).
Germany also has lots of coal and iron near its border with France. The Soviets wanted to use the coal and steel to help rebuild their own country, but these resources would be difficult to access if the western half of Germany turned into a capitalist country that was allied to Britain, France, and the USA. If Germany was a single neutral country, gaining access to these resources would be easier because Germany could be bullied by the Soviet Union.

Berlin airlift

On 24 June 1948, the Soviet Union blocked access to the three Western-held sectors of Berlin. They cut off all rail and road routes going through Soviet-controlled territory in the United States. They also blocked routes by river and canal to the Baltic Sea. The Western powers had arranged a treaty with the Soviets guaranteeing the right to use the roads, railways and waterways.
The commander of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, General Lucius D. Clay, wanted to send some tanks along the Autobahn from West Germany to West Berlin, with instructions to fire if they were stopped or attacked. President Truman said no, because that may start a war. Clay was told to ask General Curtis LeMay, commander of United States Air Forces in Europe, to see if an airlift was possible. General Albert Wedemeyer, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, was in Europe when the blockade began. He had been commander of the American forces in India and China in 1944–45. He knew about the Allied airlift from India over "The Hump" of the Himalayas to China. He was in favour of starting an airlift.

The first flight of the airlift was thirty-two C-47 cargo planes on 26 June 1948. They carried 80 tons of cargo including milk, flour, and medicine.
So many things had to be flown into Berlin that aircraft took off every three minutes. If an aircraft missed its landing place it could not fly around the airfield and try again, it had to return to its base. This was easier and safer than holding up the aircraft following behind.

The Americans also recruited ex-Luftwaffe aircraft mechanics to help with maintenance, when the Allies realised that the blockade was going to last longer than the expected three weeks.

British, U.S., Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and South African pilots flew in the airlift. The French were fighting in their colonies in South-East Asia and could not spare many aeroplanes for the airlift. Instead they built a new and larger airport in its sector, on the shores of Lake Tegel. They completed the building in less than 90 days. Today it is the Berlin-Tegel International Airport.
Hundreds of aircraft, nicknamed Rosinenbomber ("raisin bombers") by Berliners, were used to fly in a wide variety of cargo, ranging from large containers to small packets of candy with tiny individual parachutes intended for the children of Berlin, were flown out of Berlin on return flights.

278,228 flights were made, and 2,326,406 tons of food and supplies, including more than 1.5 million tons of coal, were delivered to Berlin.

The USSR lifted its blockade at midnight, on 11 May 1949. But, the airlift did not end until 30 September 1949, because the Western states wanted to build up enough supplies in West Berlin in case the Soviets blockaded it again.
The three major Berlin airfields involved were Tempelhof, in the American Sector, RAF Gatow in the British and Tegel in the French. To keep everything safe, air traffic control was located at Tempelhof. A new four-power organization also started, Berlin Air Safety Center (BASC). BASC only closed down in 1990, when Germany was reunited and the ordinary German civilian air traffic control took over.

British operation
The British had about 150 C-47 Dakotas and 40 Avro Yorks. The RAF was also using 10 Short Sunderlands and later by Short Hythe flying boats. These flew Finkenwerder on the Elbe near Hamburg to the Havel river. The flying boats were designed to resist rust and water damage so were very useful for transporting bulk salt, which would have rusted the other planes. Many other aircraft were later used, and the British had flown in about 100,000 tons of cargo by the end of the blockade.
Monument 
39 British and 31 U.S. pilots died during the blockade. There is a monument with their names in front of Tempelhof airport. Similar monuments can be found at the military airfield Wietzenbruch near Celle and at Rhein-Main Air Base

Afterward 
Tegel was developed into west Berlin's principal airport, and by 2007 had been joined by a redeveloped Berlin-Schoenefeld in Brandenburg. As a result of these two airports Tempelhof  1980s Schoenefeld had had its own crossing points through the Berlin Wall for western citizens.

Related pages
 Berlin
 RAF Gatow
 East Berlin
 Gail Halvorsen (also known as "Uncle Wiggle Wings the Candy Bomber")
 The Big Lift, a 1950 movie about the airlift from an American point of view.
 Bob Clarke (Historian)

Notes
Notes

References
 Robert E. Griffin and D. M. Giangreco, Airbridge to Berlin : The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath, Presidio Press, 1988. 
 Launius, Roger D. and Coy F. Cross II MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift. Scott Air Force Base IL: Office of History, Military Airlift Command, 1989.

Other websites
  - A PBS site on the context and history of the Berlin Airlift.
 Operation Plainfare 
 Luftbruecke: Allied Culture in the Heart of Berlin
 Agreement to divide Berlin
 Memorandum for the President: The Situation in Germany, July 23, 1948 
 Berlin Airlift: Logistics, Humanitarian Aid, and Strategic Success 
 Royal Engineers Museum  Royal Engineers and the Cold War (Berlin Airlift)

1948
1949 in Europe
1940s in Berlin
Cold War
Francisco Herrera the Younger (Sevilla, 1622 - Madrid, 1685), was a Spanish Baroque painter and architect. His father was Francisco Herrera the Elder, also a painter.

1622 births
1685 deaths
Spanish painters
Spanish architects
Francisco Herrera (1576-1656) was a distinguished Spanish painter, born at Seville. He was the founder of the Seville school. His son was Francisco Herrera the Younger, also a painter. 

1576 births
1656 deaths
Spanish painters
The lancelets, also known as Cephalochordata or Leptocardii, are a group of primitive chordates which were formerly called Amphioxus. It includes Pikaia.

Lancelets are the modern survivors of an ancient chordate lineage, with a fossil record dating back to the Cambrian period. The lancelets are usually said to be the sister group of the craniates. They are a small group of about 30 species in two genera.

Lancelets are usually found buried in sand in shallow parts of temperate or tropical seas. In Asia, they are harvested commercially as food for humans and domesticated animals. They are an important object of study in zoology as they give indications about the origin of vertebrates.
Relationships 
Lancelets serve as an intriguing comparison point for tracing how vertebrates have evolved and adapted. Although lancelets split from vertebrates more than 520 million years ago, their genomes hold clues about evolution, particularly how vertebrates have employed old genes for new functions. They are regarded as similar to the archetypal vertebrate form.

The genome of the Florida lancelet (Branchiostoma floridae) has been sequenced. "Most authors regard amphioxus as the closest relative of the Vertebrata on the basis of 10–15 [morphological] features that are not seen in tunicates".

References 

Chordates
Invertebrates
A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization which is responsible for registering Internet numbers in a special part of the world.

There are 5 active RIRs in the world:

 American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)  for North America
 RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)  for Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia 
 Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC)  for Asia and the Pacific region
 Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address Registry (LACNIC)  for Latin America and the Caribbean region
 African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC)  for Africa

References 

Internet
RIR can mean:

 Regional Internet registry
 Rhode Island Red, a breed of chicken
 Richmond International Raceway
 Riverside International Raceway
 The Royal Irish Regiment
Anna Göldi (or Anna Göldin, Göldin is the female form of the name) (24 October 1734 - 13 June 1782) was probably the last person in Europe to be executed as a witch.

Life, and accusations of witchcraft
Göldin was born into a poor family and worked as a  servant. She had two children. Her first child died shortly after being born, and Göldin was accused (and sentenced) for killing it. She later worked for a physician from Glarus, Jakob Tschudi, who was one of the richest and most influential people in the Canton of Glarus. When she worked there, small needles were found in the milk for one of the daughters of Tschudi. Additionally, Tschudi's relatives claimed that the daughter had spewn nails on several occasions.
For this reason, Göldin was accused of bewitching Tchudi's daughter. Under torture, she confessed that she had used the powers of the Devil. On 13 June 1782, she was sentenced to die by the sword, but the verdict did not mention witchcraft. The execution followed soon afterwards. After the execution, the paper trail was destroyed. Despite these efforts, the case created an uproar in other parts of Switzerland and in Germany because the public saw Göldin as an innocent victim.

What may have happened

Walter Hauser, a journalist, looked at sources that were not known to date. He thinks Göldin might have had an affair with her master, Johann Jakob Tschudin. During this affair, he might possibly have raped her. Adulterers were seen as unfit to hold a public office, at the time. For this reason, Tschudi may have decided to do away with Göldi. He initiated the trial for witchcraft, which ended in her execution.
Film about her life
Gertrud Pinkus made a film about Anna Göldin's life, in 1992. It is called Anna Göldin - Letzte Hexe.  In it Cornelia Kempers plays Anna Göldin.

Was she a witch, after all?
In March 2007, both the government and the Church of Glarus refused to say Anna Göldin had been innocent, 225 years after her execution. They said that in the minds of the people of Glarus, this rehabilitation had already taken place.

On 20th September 2007, the Swiss parliament decided that in Anna Göldin's case, justice was wrong. Fritz Schiesser, as representative for Glarus in the Swiss parliament, called for Anna Göldin's exoneration. A museum is  open in Glarus dedicated to her.

Looking for Anna Gödlin
What is the Neue Zürcher Zeitung today published a description on the 9th of February, 1782. In it, the authorities of Glarus offered a reward to whoever captured Anna Göldin, and bring it to them:
Anna Göldin, aus der Gemeind Sennwald, der Landvogthey hohen Sax und Forstek zugehörig, Zürchergebiets, ohngefähr 40. Jahr alt, dicker und grosser Leibsstatur, vollkommnen und rothlechten Angesichts, schwarzer Haaren und Augbraunen, hat graue etwas ungesunde Augen, welche meistens rothlecht aussehen, ihr Anschauen ist niedergeschlagen, und redet ihre Sennwälder Aussprach, tragt eine modenfarbne Jüppen, eine blaue und eine gestrichelte Schos, darunter eine blaue Schlingen- oder Schnäbeli-Gestalt, ein Damastenen grauen Tschopen, weis castorin Strümpf, ein schwarze Kappen, darunter ein weisses Häubli, und tragt ein schwarzes Seidenbettli.

Datum, den 25. Jenner St. v. 1782.

Kanzley Glarus evangelischer Religion.“
Most honorable estate of Glarus, of protestant (evangelical) religion will offer to pay 100 Kronenthaler as a reward to the person who discovers Anna Göldin, described below, and who delivers her to justice. This is also a call to all the authorities to help capture this person in any way they can, especially since that person has done an uncanny deed, with the help of a great many secret needles against an innocent eight-year-old child.

Anna Göldin, from Sennwald, belonging to the county  of ... in the influence of Zürich, about 40 years old, of a big and fat corpulence, of a red complexion, black-haired,  of grey, sometimes uncanny eyes, she is depressing to look at, she has the dialect of Sennwald. She is wearing a modic shirt, a skirt, a blue dotted skirt, ... a black and white cape, ...Dated: 25.1.1782References
Other sources
(All sources are in German)
 August Ludwig von Schlözer: Abermaliger JustizMord in der Schweiz. In: Stats-Anzeigen. Band 2. Göttingen 1782. Seiten 273–277
 Kaspar Freuler: Anna Göldi, die Geschichte der letzten Hexe. Roman. Büchergilde Gutenberg, Zürich 1945
 Eveline Hasler: Anna Göldin, letzte Hexe. Benziger, Zürich und Köln 1982 –  (Taschenbuchausgabe: dtv, München 1985 – )
 Elisabeth Korrodi-Aebli: Auf den Spuren der letzten Hexe. Lizenziatsarbeit. Zürich 1996
 Walter Hauser: Der Justizmord an Anna Göldi. Neue Recherchen zum letzten Hexenprozess in Europa.'' Limmat Verlag, Zürich 2007 – 

1734 births
1782 deaths
People executed for witchcraft
People from Glarus
The Neue Zürcher Zeitung (often shortened to NZZ) is a Swiss daily newspaper. It is based in Zürich. It is one of the oldest newspapers that is still published today. It was first published (as Zürcher Zeitung) on January 12, 1780. Politically, the paper holds liberal values. Other newspapers which are still published, and have a similar age, are the Wiener Zeitung (published since 1703) and the Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung (published since 1705).

Other websites
Webpage of the Newspaper (mostly German, some content is also available in English.

Swiss newspapers
Organizations based in Zürich
German-language newspapers
KOffice is a free office suite for the K Desktop Environment (KDE). All its components have been released under free software/open source licenses. The latest version of KOffice is 1.6.3, which was released on June 7, 2007. 

KOffice is primarily designed for Unix operating systems, but in the future there will likely be a Microsoft Windows and native Mac OS X version of all the applications.

KOffice applications uses OpenDocument as their native file format when possible.

The suite is released separately from KDE and can be downloaded at the KOffice homepage.

KOffice components 
KOffice includes the following components:

KOffice includes import filters for some file formats provided by competitors.

Other websites 
KOffice website
Senna, the sennas, is a large genus of flowering plants in the legume family (Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, tribe Cassieae). This diverse genus is native throughout the tropics, with a small number of species in temperate regions. The number of species is estimated to be from about 260 to 350. The type species for the genus is Senna alexandrina. About 50 species of Senna are known in cultivation.

References 

Shrubs
Fabaceae
ATM or atm can mean:

 Asynchronous Transfer Mode, a telecommunications protocol used in computer networking
 Atmosphere, a unit of pressure
 Automated teller machine
Storm Gabrielle was a tropical storm that move over eastern North Carolina before turning out to the sea. It was the seventh named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. Gabrielle formed as a subtropical cyclone on September 8 about 385 miles (625 km) southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina. Wind shear affect the storm for much of its existence. However, a brief decrease in the amount of shear let Gabrielle become stronger and become a tropical storm. On September 9, Gabrielle reached the coast of North Carolina. Turning to the northeast, the storm quickly weakened and dead out on September 11. The storm drop heavy rainfall near where it reach land, but little rain in other areas. Total damage was minor, and there were no reported deaths.

Storm history
Storm history 

A dying cold front move off the coast of Georgia on September 2 and left behind clouds and showers that moved slowly east. These begin to organize, and by late on September 4, the
thunderstorms have gotten bigger east of the system's center. On September 5, a Hurricane Hunters aircraft report that the system had not yet became a tropical or subtropical cyclone. A trough causes some wind shear, which stops the storm from gain strength. However, the area soon became better for the storm to get stronger.

The storm started to develop, about halfway between North Carolina and Bermuda. The storm began to turn slowly toward the west-northwest. On September 7, its center became slightly stronger. On September 8, the storm was named Subtropical Storm Gabrielle by the National Hurricane Center. At this time, Gabrielle was about 385 miles (625 km) southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina.
Preparations 
Gabrielle became a subtropical storm. Then, the National Hurricane Center sent out a tropical storm watch from Edisto Beach, South Carolina to Oregon Inlet in North Carolina, including the Pamlico Sound. As the storm came close to land, the storm watch for areas south of Cape Fear, North Carolina was taken away. At the same time, a tropical storm warning was declared from Surf City, North Carolina to the North Carolina – Virginia state border. A tropical storm watch was also issued for parts of the Delmarva Peninsula and Chesapeake Bay.
At first, forecasters, or weather men, were not sure where Gabrielle would go. They said it was possible for the storm to hit areas as far north as New York. Big waves and rip currents were predicted, so the Coast Guard helped to prepare for the storm in the Northeastern United States. On Cape Cod, Massachusetts, a jet airplane flew along the coastline, giving storm advisories to offshore boats. A Coast Guard patrol boat was sent offshore for search and rescue. Sailors were told to be very careful in the storm. However, the storm passed well to the south with little effect.

Impact 

Big waves from Gabrielle along the coast of Florida caused a surfer to drown. Around 200 others had to be rescued from the rough seas. People at New Smyrna Beach, Florida said waves reached .
By September 9, the outer rainbands of the cyclone began hitting southeastern North Carolina. Constant high winds occurred along coast, reaching 44 miles per hour (71 km/h) at Frisco. Wind gusts were sometimes stronger; a gust of 61 miles per hour (98 km/h) was recorded at Ocracoke. Along the coast of North Carolina, waves were  high. Rip currents caused many swimmers to be rescued by lifeguards. There was not much rain from the storm in most areas, but near the storm's center, 9.03 inches (229 mm) of rain fell.
Where the most rain fell, some flooding formed. This prevented farmers from harvesting their crops. Much of North Carolina was considered to be in a drought, so people hoped Gabrielle would bring needed water. However, in most locations, no rain occurred. The storm left part of North Carolina Highway 12 on Hatteras Island closed for three hours because of flooding. Other streets in Morehead City and Beaufort were closed. A few buildings in the area had minor damage from the flooding. In Carteret County, the flood waters did $5,000 in damage. Storm surge from Gabrielle was small, at just  above normal at Hatteras Island. Overall damage in the state was minor and no people died.

When the storm was called "Gabrielle", it was the fourth time that the name was used for a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean. The name was used previously in 1989, 1995, and 2001. Because Tropical Storm Gabrielle was not bad, the name Gabrielle was not retired and was later used for the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season.
Related pages
 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
 Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007)

References

Other websites 
 NHC's advisory archive on Tropical Storm Gabrielle.

Gabrielle
Gabrielle
Gabrielle
A donkey vote is when someone puts numbers on an election ballot paper in the same order that the candidates are listed. For example, if a ballot paper had J. Smith on the top line, M. Doe on the middle line and N. Citizen on the bottom line, and the voter put a 1 beside J. Smith, a 2 beside M. Doe and a 3 beside N. Citizen, that would be called a donkey vote. Donkey votes are counted in election results because a person could have wanted to vote in that way, the votes are formal, a number is placed in all boxes.

Related pages 
 Preferential voting

Voting systems
Marià José María Bernardo Fortuny y Carbó (June 11, 1838 - November 21, 1874), was a Spanish painter. His brief career encompass both the Romantic fascination with orientalist themes, but also moved towards a prescient loosening brush-stroke and color.

Early life 
He was born at Reus, a town near Taragon in the province of Catalonia in Spain. His father died when he was an infant, his mother by age 12, thus Mariano was raised by his grandfather, a cabinetmaker, raised him. His grandfather taught him to make wax figurines. At the age of 9, at a public competition in his town a local patron, Domingo Soberano, encouraged further study.
Education 
At the age of 14 years he moved to Barcelona with his grandfather. A sculptor, Domingo Talarn, secured him a pension of to allow him to attend the Academy of Barcelona. There he studied for four years under Claudio Lorenzale, and in March of 1857 he gained a scholarship that entitled him to two years of studies in Rome starting in 1858. There he studied drawing and grand manner styles.

In 1859, he was called by the Spanish government to depict the campaigns of the Spanish-Moroccan War (1859)|Spanish-Moroccan War. The expedition lasted for only about six months, and he returned to Spain in the summer of 1860.

References 
 
 
 

1838 births
1874 deaths

Spanish painters
People from Catalonia
No Doubt was a third wave ska and alternative rock band from Anaheim, California, United States. There are four members in the band currently: Gwen Stefani, Tony Kanal, Adrian Young and Tom Dumont. Eric Stefani and John Spence (now dead) were former members. No Doubt was formed in 1986. Their most successful album was Tragic Kingdom, which spawned many singles, including "Don't Speak", which was at number-one for sixteen weeks in the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay Chart.

The band's trademark sound combines ska and reggae with alternative rock, pop, and punk.

The band is currently on an hiatus and performed their last shows in 2015. Tony, Tom & Adrian has formed a band called "Dream Car" while Gwen Stefani continues to pursue her career as a soloartist.
History 
No Doubt formed in 1986 in Anaheim, California, but with the name "Apple Core", and with members Gwen Stefani, her brother Eric Stefani, and their friend John Spence. They played several concerts under that name. During one of the concerts, Tony Kanal was there. He was impressed with the band, and became their bassist. He later began dating Gwen (which lasted for seven years.)

However, Spence committed suicide in December 1987. The rest of the band was shocked, and broke up, but reformed a few weeks later because they thought that's what Spence would have wanted. They soon got Tom Dumont as a new guitarist. He was formerly in a band called Rising with his sister. One year later, the band hired Adrian Young as a drummer. When he joined, he said he had been playing the drums for five years, even though he had only been playing for two months.

The band released their first album, No Doubt, in 1992. One single was released from it, "Trapped in a Box".
In 1995 they released their second album, The Beacon Street Collection. It got better reviews than No Doubt and two singles were released from it.

On October 10, 1995 Tragic Kingdom was released. It was their first album to chart, and it was very successful. It has sold over sixteen million copies.

On April 11, 2000 Return of Saturn was released on Interscope. Four singles were released from it.

The band's fifth album Rock Steady was released December 11, 2001.

On 25 November 2003 The Singles 1992-2003 was released. No Doubt made a new song for it, a cover of "It's My Life" by Talk Talk. It was nominated for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 2005 Grammy Awards.

Everything in Time (B-sides, Rarities, Remixes) was released October 12 2004.

Between 2004 and 2008 the band's members did things separate from the band. Singer Gwen Stefani released a solo album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby.