Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Also in 2009, Cheadle performed in The People Speak, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States.

In 2010, Cheadle assumed the role of War Machine / James Rhodes in Iron Man 2 (2010), replacing Terrence Howard. Cheadle currently reprised this role in Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and will reprise it in the Disney+ series Iron Heart.

From 2012 to 2016, Cheadle starred in the Showtime TV series House of Lies. In 2013, he won the Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Comedy Series for his role on the show.

Cheadle spent ten years writing and producing the film Miles Ahead (2016) based on the life of jazz musician Miles Davis. Cheadle also directed and starred in the film. Locations for the movie were found in Cincinnati.
In 2018, Cheadle guest-starred in the first-season finale of DuckTales, providing Donald Duck's new voice box.

Some of the movies he was in are:
Boogie Nights
Mission to Mars
Hotel Rwanda
Ocean's Eleven
Ocean's Twelve
Ocean's Thirteen

References

Other websites

Actors from Kansas City, Missouri
African American actors
African American movie producers
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Movie producers from Missouri
1964 births
Living people
Massospondylus was a dinosaur from the Upper Triassic to the Lower Jurassic periods. It was described by Richard Owen in 1854. It is one of the first dinosaurs to have been named. The remains were found in South Africa. 

The dinosaur was bipedal. It was probably a plant eater (herbivore).

References 

Dinosaurs of Africa
Jurassic dinosaurs
Sauropodomorphs
Triassic dinosaurs
mIRC is a popular shareware Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client for Microsoft Windows. It was created in 1995 by Khaled Mardam-Bey in C. Its most recent update (7.25) was made in 2012. It is licensed as Proprietary. It comes free of charge for 30 days and then you have the choice to buy it for US$20, or continue using but the program will ask you to buy it at each launch.

Related pages
 List of IRC clients

Other websites 
 Official website

IRC clients
The ...for dummies is a series of books that try to explain something very simply. The series was created in 1991 by Dan Gookin. The first book was about the computer operating system  MS-DOS. Dan Gookin created the book, because in 1987 a person wanted a book that was simple and easy to read, as the person considered computer books to be dull at that time. After MS-DOS for dummies, came PC's for Dummies by Gookin, and Andy Rathbone. Other popular ...For Dummies books are The Internet for Dummies by John Levine, Carol Baroudi, and Margaret Levine Young, and Beginning Programming for Dummies by Wallace Wang. The book cover is usually yellow and black, with the name in white letters on the black part.

Other websites
For dummies website

Non-fiction books
Learning
The Source is a fictional character in the television series Charmed. The Source of All Evil is vanquished by the Power of Three in the fourth season of the show. Cole Turner (Phoebe's fiancee) takes his place as the ruler of the Underworld. Once he is killed, the Charmed Ones are free.

Television characters
Charmed
The  is a  railway line that runs from Omiya station in Saitama Prefecture to Takasaki Station in the Gunma Prefecture. It runs diagonally from south to north in Saitama prefecture and is owed and operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East Japan). The national highway route 17 and its historical predecessor Nakasendo run near this line.
The fare between Takasaki and Omiya of the Takasaki line is 1280 yen.
The colors of the cars are green and orange. So it looks similar to the Utsunomiya line.
The maximum speed of this train . So it is possible to go Takasaki from Omiya in about an hour and a half.
The Takasaki line including local trains and rapid trains has generally six standard-runs per hour in daytime. According to the time, the train might be crowded with students and company employees in major cities, for example, Ageo, Okegawa, Kitamoto, Kounosu, Kumagaya, Fukaya, Honjo.

Japanese railways
The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a mammal. It is the only species of the Ailuridae family. There are two subspecies: Ailurus fulgens fulgens and Ailurus fulgens styani. It is also known as lesser panda, cat-bear, bear-cat and firefox.

Overview 
Most that are bred at Japanese zoos are Ailurus fulgens styani. They are called レッサーパンダ in Japan and 小熊貓 (xiǎo xìong māo ) in China, both literally translating to English as "small bear-cat", or "fox-bear". They have become popular for how they look. The IUCN classes them as 'vulnerable'

The red panda is not closely related to the giant panda: they are in different families, but share a vegetarian diet. They have both adapted to eating plant material, which is unusual for members of the Carnivora.

French zoologist Frédéric Cuvier first described the western red panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens in 1825, 48 years before the black and white bear was classified.
A scientist by the name Brian Houghton Hodgson was one of the first people to look more deeply into the Red Panda because up until he did, there was not much known about the species. In addition to Bamboo, the Red Panda also eats fruits, tuberous roots, acorns, and beechmast. The Red Panda is not necessarily nocturnal but is classified as crepuscular which means they are active around dawn and sleep during the night and midday. Besides how they slept, Hodgson observed that they were monogamous and only breed once a year.

Habitat 
The red panda lives in the southern part of China, Sikkim, Nepal, and the Himalaya mountains in high trees. In the Indian kingdom of Sikkim it is the state animal. As an endangered species it is protected by laws in the countries where it lives. 2 nearly complete skeletons have been found at the Gray Fossil Site in Gray, Tennessee.
Red pandas are about 50-60 centimeters long. They weigh between three and five kilograms. They have chestnut colored hair, and their faces have white designs. They eat fruits, roots, bamboo shoots, acorns, and insects. They are active at night and sleep on trees in the daytime. Red pandas sleep in their tail. A red panda's tail can measure from 30 to 50 centimeters long (Almost the length of their body) which provides them with supreme balance while navigating the treetops. They will also use these tails as wraparound blankets in their chilly mountain habitat. They act alone, not in groups. They eat blossoms, berries, various plants, and bird eggs. They have thumb-like appenages for grabbing Bamboo, similar to giant pandas. Red pandas feed mainly on bamboo using their opposable thumb
. While their thumb-like appendages can be used in the same way as that of giant pandas, it is believed that the red panda’s opposable thumbs may have evolved as an adaptation for grasping branches in trees rather than for stripping bamboo. The red panda can be found spending most of their day on top of tree branches. Their thumb-like appendages make them skilled climbers. They live eight to ten years in the wild and up to 15 years in captivity. They are particularly carnivore. They have the digestive system of a carnivore, but they are practically vegetarians.
References 
Glatston, A. R. (2011). Red panda biology and conservation of the first panda (1st ed.). Academic Press.

Caniformia
Mammals of Asia
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave, caused by the change in the wave's  speed. Examples of waves include sound waves and light waves. Refraction is seen most often when a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium. Different types of medium include air and water. 

When a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium, the wave will change its speed and its direction. For example, when a light wave travels through air and then passes into water, the wave will slow and change direction. In this property when the light is transmitted through a medium, polarisation of electrons take place, which in turn reduces the speed of light, thus changing the direction of light.
As light goes into a medium which is denser, the light ray will 'bend' toward the normal. When it goes back into the less dense medium (with a lower refractive index), it will bend back through the same angle as when it came in (if the surface at exit is parallel to the surface at entry).

An example of how refraction works is placing a straw in a cup of water, with part of the straw in the water. When looking at a certain angle, the straw appears to bend at the water's surface. This is because of the change in density of the medium and thus, bending of light rays as they move from the air to water.
A good and simple way to understand how light works is to think of it like a car. When the car hits the gravel surface (this is the medium) on an angle, the tire that hits it first will slow, causing it to turn in that direction. Therefore, if light hits a medium on the right having a greater refractive index, it will bend right. The amount of bending is given by Snell's law and corpuscular theory of light. Lenses work by refraction.

When light refracts in a prism, it splits into colours of the rainbow because some wavelengths bend more than others. 

In optics the refractive index or index of refraction n of a substance is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or other radiation, goes through that medium. It is defined as 

where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the phase velocity of light in the medium. Snell's law uses refractive indexes to calculate the amount of refraction.

Notes 

Wave physics
Fargo usually refers to:
 Fargo, North Dakota, United States
 Fargo (1996 movie), a crime movie by the Coen brothers
 Fargo (TV series), an American black comedy–crime drama television series

Fargo may also refer to:

Other places

United States
 Fargo, Arkansas
 Fargo, Georgia
 Fargo, Indiana
 Fargo, Benton County, Indiana
 Fargo, Ohio
 Fargo, Oklahoma
 Fargo, Wisconsin

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Fargo (1952 movie), an American western movie directed by Lewis D. Collins
 Fargo, a character from the anime series Bubblegum Crisis
 Fargo, a character from the video game Chrono Cross
 Douglas Fargo, a character from the TV-series "Eureka"
 "Fargo", a track by Caravan Palace on the 2019 album Chronologic

Military
 Fargo-class cruiser, a ship design of the United States Navy
 , the first Fargo-class cruiser
 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 (NATO reporting name: "Fargo"), a Soviet fighter plane
 USS Fargo (CL-85), original name for the  aircraft carrier
Vehicles
 Fargo Trucks, originally made by the Chrysler Corporation, later by Askam
 Isuzu Fargo, a commercial vehicle

Other uses
 FARGO (programming language)
 Fargo (surname)
Magic mushrooms or psychedelic mushrooms or Psilocybin mushrooms contain the alkaloid psilocybin, or similar  substances.

Psilocybin is a mind-altering chemical. It changes the brain to an altered state of mind, or a different state of consciousness. This can lead to effects like hallucinations or visions. They may be used for medical purposes to treat cluster headaches, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and certain kinds of depression.

Psilocybe semilanceata is the classic example of a magic mushroom, but there are quite a few others. These fungi also have some species with psilocybin: Copelandia, Gymnopilus, Inocybe, Mycena, Panaeolus, Pholiotina, Pluteus.
Psilocybin can kill in extremely high doses. The LD50 of psilocybin is 280 mg/kg for rats, this is about 1.5 times that of caffeine. In normal psychedelic mushrooms, psilocybin makes up about 1% of their weight. Therefore, nearly 1.7 kilograms of dried mushrooms, or 17 kilograms of fresh mushrooms, would be required for a 60 kg person to reach the 280 mg/kg LD50 rate of rats.

Psilocybin mushrooms have probably been used since prehistoric times. They may be seen in rock art. Many cultures have used these mushrooms in religious rites. Psychedelic mushrooms have been used by native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion and healing. Catholic missionaries were against the use of magic mushrooms. In Modern society, they are sometimes used recreationally. Their medical use in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is studied, for example, in the treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer, the treatment of depression and to help quit smoking.
The function of compounds like this in nature is they reduce the likelihood of the mushroom being eaten before its spores have been scattered. It is a defence against herbivory.

References 

Mushrooms
Psychoactive drugs
Consciousness
Medicinal fungi
Harold Godwinson was King Harold II of England (c. 1022 – 14 October 1066). He ruled England after king Edward the Confessor died. He ruled from 5 January 1066 until he was killed at the Battle of Hastings. His death marked the Norman conquest of England and the end of Anglo-Saxon England.
unsourced

Career 
Harold was the son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and Gytha, a Danish noblewoman. His sister, Edith, was married to the king he succeeded, Edward the Confessor. About that same time Harold became Earl of East Anglia. When his father died in 1053, Harold inherited his earldom of Wessex. 

Elfgar, son of Leofric of Mercia was appointed to replace Harold in East Anglia. Berkshire and Somerset were joined to Wessex again. Wessex itself was, in those days, an enormous amount of land that covered about a third of England. Harold ruled over a large portion of England, making him the most powerful man in the whole kingdom, after the King.
Harold Godwinson had three brothers: Tostig, Swegen and Gryth. He claimed to have been made King by Edward the Confessor. Before Harold Godwinson became king, he swore to help William, Duke of Normandy to become king.

In September 1066 Harold Godwinson defeated an invasion from the north by Harald Hardrada. He returned south to fight Duke William's invasion. He was killed, it is generally assumed, by an arrow shot by one of William's archers, but some reports say he was cut down by many soldiers.

References

1022 births
1066 deaths
Anglo-Saxon royalty
11th century in England
The Spanish Armada was a Spanish naval fleet (army of ships) that was famously used by King Philip II of Spain against England in 1588.

The ships were on their way to Flanders, across the English Channel, to fetch an army to invade England. However, the Royal Navy, under Queen Elizabeth I, caught up with the ships on the way. English ships sailed from Plymouth to attack the Armada. They were faster and more easily moved than the larger Spanish galleons. The English fired on the Armada and lost no ships as the Spanish sailed eastward off the south coast of England.

That started on 12 July 1588 and ended in August 1588.

The second-in-command of the Royal Navy was Sir Francis Drake. A story is that he was playing a game of bowling with his friends when he heard of the attack, but he boldly insisted that he had time to finish the game and then to defeat the Spanish Armada. The story was first written 100 years after the supposed events, however, and so it may have not have happened.
The Spanish Armada was led by Spanish Duke of Medina Sidonia. He had no naval experience but replaced the original commander, who had died in February.

The following year, an English Armada, sometimes called the "Counter-Armada" attacked the Spanish Navy in Portugal but complety failed also. That makes much less famous than the Spanish Armada.
Reasons for war
The Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604) had several causes:
 Years of religious differences led up to the conflict between Catholic Spain and Protestant England. Philip II particularly feared the spread of Protestantism in England. He wanted to conquer England to bring it back to Catholicism and so he also had the support of the pope.
 Spain saw England as a competitor in trade and in expansion to the New World (America) That led to many skirmishes (irregular fights) between English pirates and privateers and Spanish vessels. English sailors targeted Spanish shipping around Europe and the Atlantic Ocean.
 The turning point came following the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, Spain’s Catholic ally, which had been ordered by Elizabeth. That was the final straw for Philip II, Mary’s husband, after tensions had long existed England and Spain.
 England, as a Protestant nation, continued to interfere in the Netherlands to support those who wanted independence from Spain.
In April 1587, while the Spanish Armada was being prepared, Drake burned over 20 Spanish ships in the Spanish port of Cadiz.
Defeat 
The defeat of the Armada is often attributed to a severe storm that scattered the Spanish vessels before they met the British fleet. The Spanish could not use their advantage of having far more ships. The English had only 55 ships, which were not larger but carried more guns. The Spanish had only short-range cannons, but the English had long-range cannons. Part of the English strategy was to sink or to damage the enemy ships before they got close enough to fire back at them.

The English ships could also move more easily. The Spanish galleons could have their oars broken off completely by a heavy vessel sailing past nearby. The morale and the dedication of the English sailors were high, especially by the famous speech by Elizabeth I and their loyalty to England. They also were led by experienced captains, who had years of naval battles behind them.
The defeated Spanish fled northward through the North Sea, and the English chased them. Many more ships were lost, and thousands of men died during the retreat.

Aftermath
The English sailors had done very well but failed to get paid and were made to stay on their ships and "guard" in case there was another Spanish attack. Lord Howard of Effingham was shocked when he found out that his soldiers were not getting paid. He said, "I would rather have never a penny in the world, than they should lack" (Modern English: I would rather never have money to having my men not have it).

A year later, Elizabeth I sent a similar English Armada of more than 100 ships and 19,000 troops to complete her victory. It was to seize a fleet of Spanish treasure ships and to impose a new king on Portugal. However, that expedition also failed.

A second Spanish Armada in 1596 and a third one in 1597 also failed.

Reasons for Spanish failure
Unrealistic expectations
King Philip II of Spain had a poor understanding of his plan of action. He believed that God was on his side, which was a faulty understanding of reality.

Drake’s raid on Cadiz
As the Armada was being prepared, English Admiral Sir Francis Drake launched a daring raid on the Spanish port of Cadiz, which disrupted the Spanish preparations and forced the invasion to be postponed until 1588.

Duke of Medina-Sidonia
The Duke of Medina-Sidonia had been selected for not his skills as an admiral but his noble birth. He was not very confident to lead such a huge armada against the English naval ships.

Lack of experienced gunners
The Spanish lacked experienced gunners on their ships. On the other hand, the English fleet roughly had one man in ten as a gunnery specialist. That meant that that every gun crew was supervised by someone with the relevant skills and experience. As a result, when the battle came, the English fired two or three times faster.
Poorer ammunition
The Spanish carried more ammunition for their cannons than the English, but it was not as good. The iron ore in Spain was inferior in that found in England. The situation was made worse by the rush to produce ammunition for the expedition. To speed production, cannonballs had been cooled in water, which weakened their structure.

Weather
Even before they reached their destination, the Spanish ships had been scattered by storms twice. Some were damaged, others were lost, and there were long delays while they regrouped. That was an omen of what was to come, when storms smashed the Spanish fleet as it fled the English. The Spanish then limped home around the British Isles.

Fire ships
The English used fire ships against the Spanish fleet. They did not sink any enemy ships. However, they forced the Spanish to scatter, and ships were damaged as they collided one another. That gave the English an advantage in the days that followed.

Other websites 
 Spanish Armada Citizendium
16th century in Spain
History of the British Isles
Royal Navy
Crusades
1588
Frank Tracy Griswold III (born 18 September 1937 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania died 6 March 2023) was the 25th Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

Griswold went to school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire.  He earned an A.B. in English literature from Harvard College (1959). He attended the General Theological Seminary and earned his B.A. and M.A, in theology from Oriel College, Oxford University (1962, 1966). Griswold became a priest in 1963. He became a priest in Pennsylvania. He worked at three churches there. Frank Griswold was the bishop of Chicago from 1987 until he became presiding bishop in 1997.
Griswold is a member of the Joint Standing Committee of the Primates of the Anglican Communion and the Anglican Consultative Council. He was co-chair of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission from 1998 to 2003.  He was a member of the standing committee for the 1998 Lambeth Conference. He has also served on diocesan, national and international committees for liturgy, worship and ecumenism. He is also a member of The Fellowship of Saint John.

His term as presiding bishop ended on November first 2006. He was replaced by the Rt. Reverand Katharine Jefferts Schori. She was elected by the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

References

1937 births
2023 deaths
Presiding Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America
People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
People from Chicago
The Sun, also known as Sol, is a star at the center of our solar system. It is a white star that gives off different types of energy such as infrared energy (heat), ultraviolet light, radio waves and light. It also gives off a stream of particles, which reaches Earth as "solar wind". The source of all this energy is nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is the reaction in the star which turns hydrogen into helium and makes huge amounts of energy. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma.

The Sun looks yellow to a person standing on the Earth, but it is actually white. It looks yellow from the ground because the Earth's atmosphere scatters sunlight, causing shorter blue and green wavelengths to disperse, making the Sun's remaining visible light appear more yellow.

The Sun is a star like many others in our Milky Way galaxy. The Sun is a type of star called a G-type main-sequence star based on its spectral class. 

The Sun has existed for a little over 4.5 billion years.
The Sun is about a hundred times as wide as the Earth. It has a mass of . This is 333,000 times the mass of the Earth. 1.3 million Earths can fit inside the Sun. The Sun fuses about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second.

The Sun is the main source of energy for the Earth. This energy is made deep inside the Sun in a process called nuclear fusion. Four hydrogen atoms are fused together to make one helium atom. Some of the leftover matter turns into energy. This is the same way energy is released in a hydrogen bomb.

It can take between 10,000 and 170,000 years for the energy in the core of the Sun to escape.

No Sun, no life on Earth 
The Sun is the most important source of energy for life on Earth. Without the Sun, there would be no vegetation on Earth: every plant needs light to live and grow. Everything on Earth would freeze over without the Sun. The Sun gives the Earth heat as well as light.
Plants make oxygen by photosynthesis. All humans and animals breathe oxygen. The Earth's position in the Solar System is just right for the development of life on Earth.

General characteristics 
The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star. It has about 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System. The Sun has an absolute magnitude of +4.83. It is brighter than about 85% of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The Sun is a Population I star,  i.e it  a metal-rich fairly young star.

The Sun is the brightest object in the Earth's sky. It has an apparent magnitude of −26.74. It takes 8 minutes and 19 seconds for light to travel from the Sun's surface to Earth's surface.

Physics of the Sun

Origin 
Scientists think that the Sun started from a very large cloud of dust and small bits of ice about 4.567 billion years ago.
At the center of that huge cloud, gravity caused the material to build up into a ball. Once this got big enough, the huge pressure inside started a fusion reaction. The energy this released caused that ball to heat and shine.

How it works 
 At its very center, hydrogen atoms collide together at great temperature and pressure and fuse to form atoms of helium. This process is called nuclear fusion. It was proposed by Hans Bethe just before World War II.

Orbit 
The Sun and everything that orbits it is in the Milky Way galaxy. The Sun orbits around the centre of the Milky Way. It takes along everything in the Solar System. The Sun moves at 820,000 km an hour. At that speed, it still takes 230 million years for a full orbit.
Visible features 
Since the Sun is all gas, surface features come and go. If the Sun is viewed through a special solar telescope, dark areas called sunspots can be seen. These areas are caused by the Sun's magnetic field. The sunspots only look dark because the rest of the Sun is very bright.

Some space telescopes, including the ones that orbit the Sun have seen huge arches of the Sun's matter extend suddenly from the Sun. These are called solar prominences. Solar prominences come in many different shapes and sizes. Some of them are so large that the Earth could fit inside of them, and a few are shaped like hands. Solar flares also come and go.

Sunspots, prominences and flares become rare, and then numerous, and then rare again, every 11 years.

Photosphere 
This is the surface of the Sun. The light that the Earth receives from the Sun is radiated from this layer. Below this layer, the Sun is opaque, or not transparent to light.
Composition 
The Sun is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. All elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, account for less than 2% of the mass of the Sun.

The Sun's chemical composition was got from the interstellar medium. The hydrogen and most of the helium in the Sun would have been produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis in the first 20 minutes of the universe. The heavier elements were produced by stars that died before the Sun was formed. The heavier elements were released into the interstellar medium when stars exploded as supernovae.

Atmosphere 
Five layers make up the atmosphere of the Sun. The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are much hotter than the outer photosphere surface of the Sun. It is believed that Alfvén waves may pass through to heat the corona.
The minimum temperature zone, the coolest layer of the Sun, is about  above the photosphere. It has a temperature of about . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water to form. These molecules can be seen on the Sun with special instruments called spectroscopes.

The chromosphere is the first layer of the Sun which can be seen, especially during a solar eclipse when the moon is covering most of the Sun and blocking the brightest light.

The solar transition region is the part of the Sun's atmosphere, between the chromosphere and outer part called the corona.  It can be seen from space using telescopes that can sense ultraviolet light. The transition is between two very different layers. In the bottom part it touches the photosphere and gravity shapes the features. At the top, the transition layer touches the corona.
The corona is the outer atmosphere of the Sun and is much bigger than the rest of the Sun. The corona continuously expands into space forming the solar wind, which fills all the Solar System. The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about . In the hottest regions it is . We do not understand why the corona is so hot. It can be seen during a solar eclipse or with an instrument called a coronagraph.

The heliosphere is the thin outer atmosphere of the Sun, filled with the solar wind plasma. It extends out past the orbit of Pluto to the heliopause, where it forms a boundary where it collides with the interstellar medium.

Eclipses 
A solar eclipse appears when the moon is between the Earth and Sun. The last total solar eclipse occurred on December 26, 2019, and was visible from Saudi Arabia, India, Sumatra and Borneo, with a partial eclipse visible in Australia and much of Asia.
A lunar eclipse happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth which can only occur during a full moon.The number of lunar eclipses in a single year can range from 0 to 3. Partial eclipses slightly outnumber total eclipses by 7 to 6.

Fate of the Sun 
Astrophysicists say our Sun is a G-type main-sequence star  in the middle of its life. In a billion years or so, increased solar energy will boil away the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. In a few more billion years, they think the Sun will get bigger and become a red giant star. The Sun would be up to 250 times its current size, as big as  and will swallow up the Earth.
Earth's fate is still a bit of a mystery. In the long term, the Earth's future depends on the Sun, and the Sun is going to be fairly stable for the next 5 billion years.  Calculations suggest that the Earth might move to a wider orbit. This is because about 30% of the Sun's mass will blow away in the solar wind. However, in the very long term the Earth will probably be destroyed as the Sun increases in size. Stars like the Sun become red giants at a later stage. The Sun will expand beyond orbits of Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth. In any event, the ocean and air would have vanished before the Sun gets to that stage.

After the Sun reaches a point where it can no longer get bigger, it will lose its layers and form a planetary nebula. Eventually, the Sun will shrink into a white dwarf. Then, over several hundred billion or even a trillion years, the Sun would fade into a black dwarf.

More reading

References 

Basic English 850 words
The sign of the cross is a physical gesture made by Catholic and Orthodox Christians, and sometimes also Protestants. It is usually done at the start and end of prayers. 

In the Catholic tradition, the right hand goes from the forehead, to the chest, and then to the left and right shoulders (the order of shoulders does not matter). This is sometimes done while saying "Father, Son, Holy Spirit."

In the Orthodox tradition, the tips of the thumb and the middle and index fingers are put together, and the ring finger and little finger are put against the palm. The first three fingers are for faith in the Trinity, and the other two fingers are for the two natures of Jesus, divine and human.

Other websites 
 Why Do Lutherans Make the Sign of the Cross? - from the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America website
 The Power of the Sign of the Cross  - (Ukrainian church)
 The Sign of the Cross - a Catholic perspective
 Significance of the Sign of the Cross

References 

Non-verbal communication
Christian symbols
The Seljuks were one of the cultural ancestors of the Western Turks, the present-day inhabitants of Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan. Originally, the House of Seljuq was a branch of the Kinik Oghuz Turks who in the 9th century lived in the steppes north of the Caspian and Aral Seas in modern-day Turkmenistan.

Rulers of Seljuk Dynasty 1037-1157
 Toğrül (Toğrül Beg) 1037-1063
 Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063-1072
 Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072-1092
 Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092-1093
 Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1093-1104
 Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
 Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad Tapar 1105-1118
 Mahmud II 1118-1131
 Mu'izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1131-1157
Seljuk Rulers of Kerman 1041-1187
Kerman was a nation in southern Persia. It fell in 1187, probably conquered by Toğrül III of Great Seljuk.
 Qawurd 1041-1073
 Kerman Shah 1073-1074
 Soltan Shah 1074-1075
 Hossein Omar 1075-1084
 Turan Shah I 1084-1096
 Iran Shah 1096-1101
 Arslan Shah I 1101-1142
 Mohammad I 1142-1156
 Toğrül Shah 1156-1169
 Bahram Shah 1169-1174
 Arslan Shah II 1174-1176
 Turan Shah II 1176-1183
 Mohammad II 1183-1187
Seljuk Rulers in Syria 1076-1117
 Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1085-1086
 Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk 1086-1087
 Qasim ad-Dawla Abu Said Aq Sunqur al-Hajib 1087-1094
 Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I (second time) 1094-1095
 Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan 1095-1113
 Tadj ad-Dawla Alp Arslan al-Akhras 1113-1114
 Sultan Shah 1114-1123
Sultans/Emirs of Damascus:
 Aziz ibn Abaaq al-Khwarazmi 1076-1079
 Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1079-1095
 Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq 1095-1104]
 Tutush II 1104
 Muhi ad-Din Baqtash 1104
Atabegs of Aleppo:
 Lulu 1114-1117
 Shams al-Havas Yariqtash 1117
 Imad ad-Din Zengi 1128-1146
 Nur ad-Din 1146-1174

Seljuk Sultans of Rüm (Anatolia) 1077-1307
Kutalmish 1060-1077
 Süleyman Ibn Kutalmish (Suleiman) 1077-1086
 Dawud Kilij Arslan I 1092-1107
 Malik Shah 1107-1116
 Rukn ad-Din Mas'ud 1116-1156
 Izz ad-Din Kilij Arslan II 1156-1192
 Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau I 1192-1196
 Suleyman II (Suleiman) 1196-1204
 Kilij Arslan III 1204-1205
 Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau I (second time) 1205-1211
 Izz ad-Din Kay Ka'us I 1211-1220
 Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh I 1220-123]
 Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau II 1237-1246
 Izz ad-Din Kay Ka'us II 1246-1260
 Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV 1248-1265
 Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh II 1249-1257
 Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau II (second time) 1257-1259
 Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau III 1265-1282
 Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud II 1282-1284
 Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh III 1284
 Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud II (second time) 1284-1293
 Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh III (second time) 1293-1294
 Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud II (third time) 1294-1301
 Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh III (third time) 1301-1303
 Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud II (fourth time) 1303-1307
 Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud III 1307
History of the Middle East
Azerbaijani dynasties
Royal dynasties
Crusades
Jell-O is a brand name for a dessert. It is known for a number of gelatin desserts, such as fruit gels, puddings, and unbaked cream pies. including fruit gels, puddings and no-bake cream pies.

Description 

Jell-O is sold as all prepared (ready to eat) or in powder form, and it is has many different colors and flavors. The powder has powdered gelatin, sugar, and artificial sweeteners. It is melted into hot water, and then chilled and eaten. Sometimes other ingredients are added to make them taste better. Jell-O must be put in a refrigerator until it is served, and usually eaten with a spoon.

There are also pudding and pie under the Jell-O brand. To make pudding, they are cooked on the stove with milk, then eaten.

Though the word Jell-O is a name brand, it is commonly used in the United States as a generic name for all gelatin products.
Other websites 
 Official Kraft Jell-o website
 Upstate, Where It Was First Made, Unwavering Devotion to Jell-O New York Times May 4, 2008
 Thoughts on Jell-O With Antioxidants 

Desserts
Pteranodon was a large pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous period. About 1200 partial skeletons have been found, more than any other pterosaur. It lived in the area of the Western Interior Seaway.

Fossil Pteranodon have been found in Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota.

Appearance
With its wings open it was up to 7 meters across. Pteranodon might have lived much like an albatross, spending a lot of time over the ocean, looking for fish. It had no teeth in its long mouth, and it had a small pouch like a pelican at the back of its jaw. Pteranodon had a big crest at the back of its head. Pteranodon longiceps had a straight crest that went backwards, and Pteranodon sternbergi had a bigger, flatter crest that went upward.

Life style
Pteranodon lived mainly on offshore rookeries. Most Pteranodon fossils are found where, at the time, they were hundreds of kilometres from the coastline.
They certainly fed on fish. Fossilized fish bones have been found in the stomach area of one Pteranodon. Other specimens have fragments of fish scales and vertebrae near the torso.

Females of both species were smaller than the males, and had small, rounded crests. The crests were probably used in display, though they may have had other functions as well.

References

Pterosaurs
Richard II (6 January 1367–14 February 1400) was the son of Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan of Kent, "The Fair Maid of Kent". He was born in Bordeaux, and became his father's successor when his elder brother died in infancy. His father died before him, so he became king in 1377. His uncle John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster became regent until Richard II could rule.  He was deposed by Henry of Bolingbroke (Henry IV), John of Gaunt's son with Blanche of Lancaster, taken prisoner and later died in captivity.

Richard abdicated (resigned) in 1399.  He was murdered later that year.

References

1367 births
1400 deaths
House of Plantagenet
14th century in England
Drinker was a small dinosaur from North America. It was a very small herbivore that grew up to 1 meter long. It was named after Edward Drinker Cope a paleontologist, a dinosaur scientist who found many dinosaur fossils such as Triceratops, Anatotitan and Tyrannosaurus rex.

Hypsilophodontidae
Franz Ferdinand is an indie rock band from Glasgow, Scotland. The group is named after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The band has released five albums, Franz Ferdinand, You Could Have It So Much Better With Franz Ferdinand, Tonight: Franz Ferdinand, Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action, and their most recent release, Always Ascending.

The band members are Alex Kapranos, Robert Hardy, Julian Corrie, Dino Bardot and Audrey Tait.

2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Brit Award winners
Indie bands
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from Glasgow
Scottish rock bands
2000s establishments in Scotland
S. H. Kress & Co. was a group of "five and dime" department stores in the United States between 1896 to 1981. The business was started in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, by Samuel H. Kress in 1896. Kress Stores were common in many cities and towns of the United States. In 1964, S. H. Kress & Co. was bought by Genesco, Inc. Genesco began closing down the stores in 1980.

The Kress chain was known for the architecture of the stores. A number of former Kress stores, now used for other things, are said to be landmarks. Some of the most well-known Kress locations included New York City's Fifth Avenue, Canal Street, New Orleans, and one at Hollywood's Hollywood Boulevard. The one at Hollywood Boulevard is now preserved at a theme park in Florida.

Other websites 
 Main Street Five-and-Dime: The Architectural Heritage of S. H. Kress & Co. 
 The Kress Building in Fort Worth, Texas 
 Remembering the House of Kress
American department stores
1896 establishments in the United States
1981 disestablishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Pennsylvania
20th-century disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Companies based in Pennsylvania
Defunct companies of the United States
Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), was the King of England from 1413 to 1422. He was born at Monmouth, Wales. It is not known whether he was born on 9 August 1386 or 16 September 1387.

Henry V was the son of Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, and Mary de Bohun, who died before Bolingbroke became king.

During his reign, Henry increased his power as King of England and also took the title of King of France, over which English kings had been fighting for decades. He defeated the French at the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Shakespeare wrote a play about that and made him important in other plays. 

1387 births
1422 deaths
House of Lancaster
15th century in England
Athlete's foot is a condition where the foot is dry and cracked, which can be mildly painful. It was named athlete's foot because it was common in people who play sports or do exercise. The infection can be spread to other areas of the body, such as the armpits, knees and elbows.

Symptoms 
Athlete's foot causes scaling, flaking, itching, blisters and cracked skin. It can be cured by using antibiotics.

References 

Skin problems
Feet
The word back has several meanings.
 It is a part of the human body.
 It can mean behind something.
 It is the opposite of front.

Basic English 850 words
Reflection is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two different media, so that the wave moves back into the medium it came from.
The most common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.

Specular reflection is a mirror-like reflection of light from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction is reflected into a single outgoing direction. In the diagram to the right, a light ray is coming from the point P, and meets at the mirror at point O. The ray reflects at the point O outwards in the same medium towards point Q. Reflection is measured relative to a line through point O that is at 90˚ to the mirror. The angles made by the light ray (shown in the diagram as  and ) must be equal. Both angles have to be equal whenever reflection occurs. This is known as the "law of reflection".

People make many things to use reflections, including reflecting telescopes, radar, sonar, and lidar and putting light reflectors on things they want to see.

Wave physics
The Caspian Sea is the largest lake on Earth by both area and volume. It has a surface area of . Its volume is . The Caspian has for 40 to 44% of the total lake waters of the world.

The Caspian sea is an endorheic body of water. It is bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It has a maximum depth of about . It is called a sea because when the Romans first arrived there, they tasted the water and found it to be salty. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of sea water.

References

Other websites 

 Caspian Sea Region
 Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea (2003)
 Target: Caspian Sea Oil  John Robb, 2004

Seas
Lakes of Azerbaijan
Lakes of Kazakhstan
Lakes of Russia
Geography of Iran
Geography of Turkmenistan
Geography of Asia
Lakes of Asia
Complementary angles are two angles that when their measurements are added together is equal to 90 degrees.

Angles
Civil rights are rights that all people in a country have. The civil rights of a country apply to all the citizens within its borders. These rights are given by the laws of the country. Civil rights are sometimes thought to be the same as natural rights.

In many countries civil rights include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly. Civil rights also include the right to own property and the right to get fair and equal treatment from the government, from other citizens, and from private groups. They may prevent against discrimination based on race, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity and disability.

Civil rights are protected by law and custom.  The constitutions of many democracies have a "Bill of Rights" that describes the people's liberties and rights. A well-known example is the United States Bill of Rights.
A court of law decides if a person's civil rights have been violated.  The courts also decide the limits of civil rights, so that people do not use their freedoms to take away the rights of other people.

Related pages
 Civil and political rights
 Constitutional economics
 Economic, social and cultural rights
 Political economy
 Human rights
 Natural rights
 Rule of law
 Second-class citizen
 Women's rights
 Minority rights
 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Moscovium is a superheavy synthetic radioactive chemical element also known as eka-bismuth. It has the symbol Mc and the atomic number 115. Moscovium does not exist in nature. It is made from a fusion reaction between americium and calcium.

The element is named in honor of the Russian city of Moscow.

Moscovium is in or near the center of the theoretical island of stability. No stable isotopes of moscovium have yet been found. The most stable isotope with 184 neutrons is 299Mc. The isotope that has been made has only 175 neutrons (290Mc).

Uses 
There is no use of Moscovium at the moment because of its radioactivity and the fact that it decays pretty quickly.

History 
On February 2, 2004 a report that moscovium and nihonium were made was written in a journal named Physical Review C. The report was written by a team of Russian scientists at Dubna University's Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.,
These people reported that they bombarded americium with calcium to make four atoms of moscovium.

Scientists of Japan also report that they have made moscovium.

In May 2006 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research this element was made by another method and what the final products from radioactive decay were was found by chemical analysis.

Name 

The name was changed to Moscovium. It used to be named ununpentium.

Chemical properties
Not enough moscovium has been made to measure its physical or chemical properties. It is thought that it would be a hard metal. It may be slightly colored.
Moscovium is in the same group as bismuth but its chemical properties will be different. The chemistry of ununpentium will be very influenced by special relativity. It will make its properties different to the other elements in the periodic table that have a smaller atomic number. One important difference from bismuth is the presence of a stable oxidation state of +I (Mc+). The (Mc+) ion is thought to have chemical properties like Tl+.

In popular culture
Moscovium is inside or near the island of stability. This is probably why it is found in popular culture. It is more likely to be talked about in UFO conspiracy theories. 

The most popular story about moscovium is from Bob Lazar. It is not pseudoscience because it is a refutable theory, however Lazar's claims are not backed by any direct experimental evidence at this time.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Uut and Uup Add Their Atomic Mass to Periodic Table 
 Apsidium - Ununpentium 
 Discovery of Elements 113 and 115 
 Discovery of New Superheavy Elements 113 and 115 
 Superheavy elements
 History & Etymology

Post-transition metals
Synthetic elements
Tennessine (formerly Ununseptium meaning "one-one-seven-ium" in Latin) is a radioactive superheavy man-made chemical element. It has a symbol Ts and atomic number of 117. It is the second heaviest element of all, and is the second to last element. It is in group 17 in the periodic table, where the halogens are. Its properties are not yet fully known but it is probably a metalloid.  The discovery of tennessine was announced in 2010 by scientists in Russia and the United States. They collaborated and it is the most recently discovered element as of 2019. It is named after the state of Tennessee and it has no uses except research.

History
History

Before discovery
In 2004, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) team in Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russia planned an experiment to create element 117. To do this, they needed to fuse the elements berkelium (element 97) and calcium (element 20). However, the American team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the only producer of berkelium in the world, had stopped making berkelium for a while. So, they created the element 118 first using californium (element 98) and calcium.

The Russian team wanted to use berkelium because the isotope of calcium used in the experiment, calcium-48, has 20 protons and 28 neutrons. This is the lightest stable or almost stable nucleus (the center of an atom) with much more neutrons than protons. Zinc-68 is the second-lightest nucleus of this kind, but it is heavier than calcium-48. Since tennessine has 117 protons, they need another atom with 97 protons to be combined with the calcium atom, and berkelium has 97 protons.