Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A data storage device is a device for recording (storing) information (data). Recording can be done using virtually any form of energy. People have been storing data for thousands of years, by pictures and writing. Modern storage device may hold information, process information, or both. Most often the term is used with computers. Data storage devices can permanently hold data, like files.

Electronic data storage is storage which requires electricity to store and get back that data. Most storage devices that do not require visual optics to read data fall into this category.  Electronic data may be stored in either an analog or digital signal format.

Terminology
An organic brain may or may not be considered a data storage device.

All information is data. However, not all data is information.
Data storage equipment
Any input/output equipment may be considered data storage equipment if it writes to and reads from a data storage medium. Data storage equipment uses either:
 portable methods (easily replaced),
 semi-portable methods requiring mechanical disassembly tools and/or opening a chassis, or
 inseparable methods meaning loss of memory if disconnected from the unit.
The following are examples of those methods:

Portable methods 
Hand crafting
Flat surface
Printmaking
Photographic
 Fabrication
Textile
 Cylindrical accessing
 Memory card reader/drive
 Tape drive
Mono reel or reel-to-reel
Compact Cassette player/recorder
 Disk accessing
Disk drive
Floppy disk
 Cartridge accessing/connecting (tape/disk/circuitry)
 Peripheral networking
 Flash memory devices

Semi-portable methods 
 Hard disk drive
 non-volatile RAM

Inseparable methods 
 Volatile RAM
 Neurons
Recording medium
A recording medium is a physical material that holds data expressed in any of the existing recording formats. With electronic media, the data and the recording medium is sometimes referred to as "software" despite the more common use of the word to describe computer software.

Ancient and timeless examples

 Optical
 Any object visible to the eye, used to mark a location such as a, stone, flag or skull.
 Any crafting material used to form shapes such as clay, wood, metal, glass, wax.
 Quipu
 Any branding surface that would scar under intense heat (chiefly for livestock or humans).
 Any marking substance such as paint, ink or chalk.
 Any item that would hold a marking substance such as, papyrus, paper, skin.
 Chemical
 RNA
 DNA
 Pheromone

Modern examples by energy used
Chemical
Dipstick
Thermodynamic
Thermometer
Photochemical
Photographic film
 Mechanical
Pins and holes
 Punch card
 Paper tape
Music roll
 Music box cylinder or disk
Grooves  (See also Audio Data)
 Phonograph cylinder
 Gramophone record
 DictaBelt (groove on plastic belt)
 Capacitance Electronic Disc
Magnetic storage
Wire recording (stainless steel wire)
Magnetic tape
Drum memory (magnetic drum)
Floppy disk
Optical storage
 Photo paper
 X-ray
 Hologram
 Projected transparency
 Optical disc
 Magneto-optical disc
 Holographic versatile disc
 3D optical data storage
Electrical
Semiconductor used in volatile RAM microchips
Floating-gate transistor used in  non-volatile memory cards
Modern examples by shape
A typical way to classify data storage media is to consider its shape and type of movement (or non-movement) relative to the read/write device(s) of the storage apparatus as listed:
 Paper card storage
 Punched card (mechanical)
 Tape storage (long, thin, flexible, linearly moving bands)
 Paper tape (mechanical)
 Magnetic tape (a tape passing one or more read/write/erase heads)
 Disk storage (flat, round, rotating object)
 Gramophone record (used for distributing some 1980s home computer programs) (mechanical)
 Floppy disk, ZIP disk (removable) (magnetic)
 Holographic
 Optical disc such as CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc
 Minidisc
 Hard disk drive (magnetic)
 Magnetic bubble memory
 Flash memory/memory card (solid state semiconductor memory)
 xD-Picture Card
 MultiMediaCard
 USB flash drive (also known as a "thumb drive" or "keydrive")
 SmartMedia
 CompactFlash I and II
 Secure Digital
 Sony Memory Stick (Std/Duo/PRO/MagicGate versions)
 Solid-state drive
Related pages
Archive
Computer data storage
Data vault
Library
Multimedia

References
Bekenstein, Jacob D. (2003, August). Information in the holographic universe. Scientific American.

Bibliography

Other websites
Historical Notes about the Cost of Hard Drive Storage Space
Relief is a type of sculpture or carving. The worker creating the piece starts with a flat base, usually stone or wood, and takes small parts of the surface away until the desired image has been made.

Reliefs are found around the world. They can be used to decorate buildings, such as temples. Usually the artist makes reliefs of figures, such as people or animals.

In bas-relief, only a bit of the base is taken away.  The figure is quite flat and this is especially common in friezes. An alto-relief is where the artist takes away a lot of the base material. This can be very detailed.

Famous reliefs

Famous reliefs include:
Great Altar of Pergamon, now at the Pergamon Museum, Berlin
 Lions and dragons from the Ishtar Gate, Babylon
 Temple of Karnak in Egypt
 Angkor Wat in Cambodia
 Lion Capital of Ashoka, the national symbol of India
 glyphs and artwork of the Maya civilization
 The monument to the Confederacy at Stone Mountain, Georgia
 Borobudur temple, Java, Indonesia
 The Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon now housed at the British Museum.
 The representation of Monticello on a US nickel.

Gallery

Sculpture
A relief is a sculptured artwork where a modeled form projects out from a flat background.

Relief could also mean:
Relief (music), the curvature of the neck of a guitar or similar instrument
Relief print, art techniques in printmaking
Relief map, a map depicting elevation
Relief pitcher, a baseball pitcher who is brought into a game in progress
 Six ships of the US Navy, listed at USS Relief

Other 
 Analgesic
 Humanitarian aid
In architecture the frieze is the wide central section of an entablature and may be plain or– in the Ionic or Corinthian order – decorated with bas-reliefs.  

Architectural elements
Frieze has two major, totally unrelated meanings:
In architecture, the frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature: see Frieze, Parthenon Frieze.

In textiles, frieze ("Frisian woolen cloth") is a napped woollen cloth:  see Frieze (textile).

See also:
the London art fair: see Frieze Art Fair.
the mathematical concept frieze group.
An entablature (IPA [ɛnˈtæblətʃə]; Latin, and tabula, a tablet) is a major piece of classical architecture. It is the big part of the building made of moldings and bands that sits flat above the columns, resting on their capitals (tops).  

An entablature is made of three parts: 
 the architrave - the bottom part which runs right above the wall or columns below
 the frieze – an unmolded strip that may or may not be decorated
 the cornice - the top part which sticks out below the pediment.

The entabulature is an improvement on the older and less advanced lintel, which also sits between two posts and holds up roof rafters.

Related pages
 Frieze

References
 

Architectural elements
Flickr is a photo sharing website and web services suite. It was founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake in 2002.It is also an online community platform, which is considered an early example of a Web 2.0 application.

Users can upload any photo to their website. The user will then be asked to release the photo under many licenses available. Some licenses allow other people to reuse it, which makes it possible for Wikimedia Commons to transfer free files from Flickr to their website.

Any person that has a Yahoo! ID can register their Flickr account in a few seconds.

Service 
Flickr provides a free service for users to share their photos online with other people. However, free users have a limit of 300 MB of uploads per month, 15 MB per photo and 150 MB per video. However, users can upgrade to the pro account where they can get unlimited uploads at $24.95 per month.
Tools 
Flickr also has a set of tools for users to upload their photos from their desktops. However, they can only be used on Windows and Mac computers.

References

Other websites 
Flickr
FlickrBlog 
Ludicorp corporate website 
Flickrbits, a repository for third party plug-ins and API-based tools

Websites established in 2004
Social networking
Norton AntiVirus (NAV) is a popular product of Symantec Corporation. It is one of the most widely used antivirus programs. Norton AntiVirus is sold as a standalone product. It is also included as part of Norton Internet Security and Norton SystemWorks. There is also a standalone corporate edition version called Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition.

Other websites 
 Official website

Antivirus software
Haemophilia is a blood condition that means bleeding does not stop. The bleeding occurs because the blood does not clot. People with hemophilia lack proteins in the blood that make scabs and blood clots. A person with a small cut or internal bleeding (bruise) could bleed to death. They do not bleed more than a normal person, but they bleed for much longer. The word comes from the Greek words haima ("blood") and philia ("to love"). To treat this, an affected person can get a blood donation from someone without hemophilia. The donor’s blood has clotting proteins and can temporarily make a normal scab. 30% of hemophilia A and B cases are the first person in their family to have hemophilia which is the result of an unexpected mutation (this means that there is an unexpected change in the body).

It usually affects males. It is passed from mother to child through genes.
There are 3 types of haemophilia:
 Haemophilia A - about 90% of cases. There is no blood clotting ability.
 Haemophilia B - not as severe, but much less common. There is not enough blood clotting ability.
 Haemophilia C - caused by not one, but two recessive (weak) genes.

Haemophilia A happens in about 1 in 5,000–10,000 male births. Haemophilia B happens in about 1 in every 20,000–34,000 male births.

Genetic defects on the X chromosome affect males because they have only one X chromosome. In females, a recessive gene is usually masked by a normal gene on the other X chromosome. The Y chromosome does carry some genes, but far fewer than the X chromosome. Defects of this type are called "sex-linked" in genetics. There is no cure for this disease but there are different treatments available around the world.

A person with haemophilia is called a haemophiliac.

References 

Blood disorders
Genetic disorders
Otis R. Bowen, M.D. (February 26, 1918 – May 4, 2013), was the governor of the American state of Indiana from 1973 to 1981. He was the first governor of Indiana to serve two consecutive terms.  He was also the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services on the cabinet of President Ronald Reagan.

Early life
Bowen was born in a farmhouse in Fulton County, Indiana.  He raised his family, practiced medicine, and began his political career while living in Bremen, Indiana, where he still lives today.
Career
On Labor Day weekend in September 1973, Governor Bowen declared amnesty for a group of inmates that took hostages and rioted at the Indiana State Prison. Although his decision to give "blanket amnesty" was a controversial one, it proved to be the correct decision as all the hostages, who were not only guards, but also a few select inmates who were otherwise weak and preyed upon, were released without harm. The guards who were subsequently released after a short meeting took place between the leaders of the riot and Governor Bowen in front of b-block....the inmate negotiation took only a few minutes between the governor and a group of inmates led by one Thomas D Brown (ISP#37151) serving 10 years for armed robbery, and was compelling enough to cause Gov. Bowen to declare a successful "blanket amnesty".
The governor's action preceded a "domino effect" of changes made in all aspects of the Indiana Department of Corrections. The changes involved personnel, regulations and conditions within areas of the system, e.g. medical, food, access to media, and disciplinary aspects of every day life.

Death
Bowen died on May 4, 2013 in his home in Donaldson, Indiana at the age of 95. The cause of death has not been disclosed.

References

1918 births
2013 deaths
Governors of Indiana
United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Guacamole (called Guacamol in Central America and Cuba) is a Mexican dip made of avocados, salt and sometimes tomatoes. 

Various herbs may be added, such as chives. It is a green, creamy dip or garnish. It is often served as a dip or garnish with Mexican foods such as tacos and tortilla chips.

Related pages 
 Wasakaka

Other websites
Guacamole recipes and avocado information 

Condiments
Mexican sauces
Avocados
Gordan Nikolitch (born 1968) is a Serbian violinist.  He is the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.

Gordan Nikolitch began playing the violin when he was seven.  He studied at the Musikhochschule (music conservatoire) in Basel, Switzerland.  He worked with many famous people including the composers Witold Lutosławski and György Kurtág.  He became particularly interested in Baroque music and contemporary music.

Gordan has been the leader of the Orchestre d’Auvergne and the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne before becoming the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.  He has made many recordings, especially of violin music which is not well known.  He often plays chamber music.  The violin he plays was made in Cremona in 1776 by a violin maker called Lorenzo Storioni.

Other websites
Home website 

Nikolitch, Gordan
Concertmasters
Nikolitch, Gordan

1968 births
Living people
This page lists things that happened in the year 1085.

Events 
 Start of reign of Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I, Seljuk Ruler in Syria

Deaths 
 May 25 - Emperor Shenzong of China (b 1048)
 May 25 - Pope Gregory VII
 July 15 - Robert Guiscard, Norman adventurer.
Literal translation is the translation of text from one language to another "word-for-word", rather than giving the sense of the original. For this reason, literal translations usually mis-translate idioms. 

For example, a literal English translation of the German word "Kindergarten" would be "garden of children", but in American English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade. The history of the word may also help. It was coined in 1840 by Friedrich Fröbel in the metaphorical sense of “place where children can grow in a natural way”, not in the literal sense of “garden”.

Related pages
Machine translation
Interlinear text
 Literal translation
 Example of a literal translation of bible text compared with normal translation (at the right) (pdf)

Translation
Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the acronym MT, is part of computational linguistics. It is the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another. 

At its basic level, MT changes words words in one natural language for words in another. That is literal translation.

Present machine translation software adapts the translation to the subject. For example, weather reports improve output by limiting the substitutions. This technique is very effective in domains where specialised formal language is used. It follows then that machine translation of government and legal documents more often produces usable output than conversation or less standardised text.

Quotes 
In the words of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT):
History 
The origins of machine translation can be traced back to the work of Al-Kindi, a ninth-century Arabic cryptographer. He developed techniques for systemic language translation. Hw was aware of cryptanalysis, frequency analysis, probability and statistics, which are all used in modern machine translation. 

An idea related to machine translation appeared in the 17th century. In 1629, René Descartes proposed a universal language, where equivalent ideas shared a symbol.

The idea of using digital computers for translation of natural languages was proposed in 1947 by England's A.D. Booth and Warren Weaver at Rockefeller Foundation in the same year. "The memorandum written by Warren Weaver in 1949 is perhaps the single most influential publication in the earliest days of machine translation". 

Others followed. One example was reading and composing Braille texts by computer.

Related pages
 Translation
 Literal translation

References

References
Other websites 
 International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT)
 Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)
 European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)
 Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation (APAMT)
 Association for Computational Linguistics
 Machine Translation, an introductory guide to MT by D.J.Arnold et al. (1994)
 Machine Translation Archive  by John Hutchins. An electronic repository (and bibliography) of articles, books and papers in the field of machine translation and computer-based translation technology
 Machine translation (computer-based translation)  — Publications by John Hutchins (includes PDFs of several books on machine translation)
 NIST 2006 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results 
 NIST 2005 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results 
 Machine Translation and Minority Languages 
 John Hutchins 1999 
 SMT  An article on statistical machine translation in general and Language Weaver in particular
Free online machine translation powered by PROMT Supports 24 language directions and the following languages: English, Russian, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese.
  How the Computer Translates  An article on machine translation from the founder of PROMT . broken link
Software
Linguistics
Translation
Events 
 A council is organized in Constantinople, but disturbed by soldiers
 Beatus of Liébana, Spanish monk, publishes his Commentary on the Apocalypse.
 September 14 — Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad upon the death of his brother al-Hadi, and appoints Salim Yunisi as the Abbasid governor of Sindh and the Indus Valley. Harun al-Rashid rules until 809.

Births 
 Emperor Saga, emperor of Japan
 Emperor Junna, emperor of Japan
 Hirohito, emperor of Japan
Interlinear text is text on several lines where additional lines  give explanations of the main text.  That can be a transliteration or a translation of each word of the main line (literal translation) or a free translation of the entire main text line.

Interlinear text is usually used to translate or explain the main text. It is used frequently in foreign language learning material and linguistic literature. Latin text books and Greek or Hebrew Bibles with interlinears are common examples.

Related pages
Literal translation

Other websites
 Example of interlinear text (Matthew) (pdf)
 Interlinear Glossed Text Standards (E-MELD)
 Interlinear Glossed Text Levels (E-MELD)
 Toward a General Model of Interlinear Text (E-MELD)
 Interlinear Morphemic Glosses 
 The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses 
 Online Interlinear of Biblical Greek Scriptures (New Testament) text - Requires Adobe Acrobat

Language education
Transcription may mean:

Transcription (linguistics), the conversion of spoken words into written language.  Also the conversion of handwriting, or a photograph of text into pure text
Transcription (genetics), the process of copying DNA to RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (RNAP)
Transcription (music), either notating an unnotated piece, common in ethnomusicology, or rewriting a piece, either simply recopying (as for clarity), or as an arrangement for another instrument
Medical transcription, documentation of patients medical records
Piano transcription, a piece of music played on one or more pianos that is an approximation of a source piece of music
in computer speech recognition, transcription is the process of having a speech recognition system/software listen to prerecorded voice and then make it insert the recognizable words into a document for later correction

Related pages 
Transcript (disambiguation)
Transcript could mean:

 Transcript (molecular biology) refers to a strand of messenger RNA
 Transcript (education), a copy of a student's permanent academic record
 Transcript (medical), the documented medical record of patients
 Film Transcript, a transcript needed for dialogue
 Transcript (law), a record of all court proceedings
 Transcript programming language, a computer programming language
 Adobe Transcript, a commercial troff tool from Adobe Systems
 The Transcript, Ohio Wesleyan University's student-run newspaper

Related pages 
Transcription (linguistics)
Transcription is the conversion of a text from another medium. 

That can be the conversion of human speech into written, typewritten or printed form. But it can also mean the scanning of books and making digital versions. A transcriber is a person who performs transcriptions.

Transcription as going from sound to script must be distinguished from transliteration, which creates a mapping from one script to another that is designed to match the original script as directly as possible. 

Standard transcription schemes for linguistic purposes include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and its ASCII equivalent, SAMPA. See also phonetic transcription

In this table IPA is an example of phonetic transcription of the name of the former Russian president known in English as Boris Yeltsin, followed by accepted hybrid forms in various languages. Note that 'Boris' is a transliteration rather than transcription in strict sense.
The same words are likely to be transcribed differently under different systems. For example, the Mandarin Chinese name for the capital of China is Beijing in the commonly-used contemporary system Hanyu Pinyin, and in the historically significant Wade Giles system, it is written Pei-Ching.

Practical transcription can be done into a non-alphabetic language too. For example, in a Hong Kong Newspaper, George Bush's name is transliterated into two Chinese characters that sounds like "Bou-sū" (布殊) by using the characters that mean "cloth" and "special". Similarly, many words from English and other Western European languages are borrowed in Japanese and are transcribed using Katakana, one of the Japanese syllabaries.

After transcribing
After transcribing a word from one language to the script of another language:
 one or both languages may develop further. The original correspondence between the sounds of the two languages may change, and so the pronunciation of the transcribed word develops in a different direction than the original pronunciation.
 the transcribed word may be adopted as a loan word in another language with the same script. This often leads to a different pronunciation and spelling than a direct transcription.
This is especially evident for Greek loan words and proper names. Greek words are normally first transcribed to Latin (according to their old pronunciations), and then loaned into other languages, and finally the loan word has developed according to the rules of the goal language. For example, Aristotle is the currently used English form of the name of the philosopher
whose name in Greek is spelled  (Aristotélēs),
which was transcribed to Latin Aristóteles, from where it was loaned into other languages
and followed their linguistic development.(In "classical" Greek of Aristotle's time, lower-case letters were not used, and the name was spelled .)

When this process continues over several languages, it may fail miserably in conveying the original pronunciation.
One ancient example is the Sanskrit word dhyāna which transcribed into the Chinese word Ch'an through Buddhist scriptures. Ch'an (禪 Zen Buddhism) was transcribed from Japanese (ゼン zen) to Zen in English. dhyāna to Zen is quite a change.
Another complex problem is the subsequent change in "preferred" transcription.
For instance, the word describing a philosophy or religion in China was popularized in English as Tao and given the termination -ism to produce an English word Taoism.
That transcription reflects the Wade-Giles system.
More recent Pinyin transliterations produce Dao and Daoism.

Footnotes

Related pages

 Romanization
 Transliteration

Other websites 
 Transcripts of software freedom talks, with reasoning for the usefulness of transcripts 

Writing
The Sumgait pogrom was a pogrom by the local Azerbaijanis that targeted the Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani seaside town of Sumgait on February 1988. An estimated 30 were killed. But most say 200.

Related pages
Anti-Armenianism
Kirovabad pogrom
Khojaly Massacre
Maraghar Massacre
Nagorno-Karabakh War
Other websites 
Sumqait.com  , 
Aslan İsmayılov. Sumqayıt — SSRİ-nin süqutunun başlanğıcı. Bakı: Çaşıoğlu. 2010. 204 səhifə.  
Aslan Ismayilov. Sumgayit — Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR. Baku: Çaşıoğlu. 2010. 
Аслан Исмаилов. Сумгаит — начало распада СССР. Баку: Чашыоглу. 2010. 220 стр.  
Уголовное Дело № 18/55461-88. Сумгаит. 1989. (I) 
Уголовное Дело № 18/55461-88. Сумгаит. 1989. (II) 
Həsənova Rəna, Cəfərova Nazxanım. Sumqayıt danışan tariximizdir. Sumqayıt şəhərinin 60 illik yubileyinə həsr olunmuş Biblioqrafik göstərici. Sumqayıt-2009.  
sumgayit1988.com
Vladimir Kryuchkov. Hardline Soviet Communist who became head of the KGB and led a failed plot to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev
Incomplete list of victims of the massacre

Massacres in Azerbaijan
1988 in Asia
1980s riots
20th century in Azerbaijan
710 was a common year.

Events 
End of the Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period and beginning of the Nara period in Japan; Heijō-kyō (Nara) becomes the capital of Japan.
April 5 — During the Cold Food Festival, Chinese Emperor Zhongzong of Tang had his chief ministers of court, sons-in-law, and high-ranking military officers engage in the festive game of tug of war within a palace of Chang'an City. The Emperor purportedly laughed when two older ministers fell over during the game.
Founding of the Muslim Kingdom of Nekor in Morocco.
Muslim army invited into Ceuta by its governor, Count Julian, who, being an opponent of Roderick, encourages them to invade the Iberian peninsula.
Roderick deposes Achila to become king of the Visigoths.
The first (wooden) Al-Aqsa Mosque is finished.

Deaths 
Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, Japanese poet
Saint Adalbert of Egmond
Emperor Zhongzong of Tang China (assassinated, b. 656)
Shangguan Wan'er, female Chinese poet and official of the Tang Dynasty (born 664)
Events 
 The Japanese capital moved away from Nara. End of the Nara period.
 The Chinese engineer and prince Li Gao invents a successful model of a paddle-wheel ship.
 August 31—Paul IV abdicates as Patriarch of Constantinople
 December 25—Tarasius elected Patriarch of Constantinople
Events 
 February 14 – Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty.
 Oaths of Strasbourg — alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar — sworn and recorded in vernacular languages.
 Ramiro I succeeds Alfonso II as king of Asturias.
 Uurad is succeeded by Bred, then Ciniod.
 Charles the Bald marries Ermentrude.
 Three year old Michael III succeeds Theophilus (emperor) as emperor of Byzantium.
 End of the reign of caliph Moqtasim.
 Uyghurs leave the Mongolian plateau.

Deaths 
 January 5 — Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid caliph (b. 794)
 Emperor Saga of Japan (b. 786)
 Alfonso II of Asturias (b. 759)
 Theophilus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 813)
 Liu Yuxi, Chinese poet, philosopher, and essayist (born 772)
825 (DCCCXXV) was .

Events 
Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellandun. Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex submit to Wessex and East Anglia acknowledges Egbert as overlord.
Emperor Louis the Pious of the Franks wars against the Wends and Sorbs.

Births 
Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 875)

Deaths
Events 
 Oldest known mention of the city of Dortmund
 Pope John VIII issued the Bill "Industriae Tuae", creating an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Saint Methodius as its head. The Old Church Slavonic was recognized as the fourth liturgical language, besides Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
Bishopric established in Nitro.

Births
 Fujiwara no Tadahira, Japanese regent
 Louis the Blind, King of Provence (r. 887 – 900), King of Italy (r. 900 – 901), and Holy Roman Emperor (r. 901 – 905)

Deaths
Carloman, King of Bavaria
Emperor Seiwa of Japan
is the Japanese tradition of visiting areas where leaves have turned red in the autumn. The word comes from the two Japanese words  meaning "red leaves" or "maple tree" and , "hunting".  It is also called . "Kōyō" is another pronunciation of the characters for "momiji". In Hokkaidō another word for it is .

Many people in Japan do this. The cities of Nikkō, Tochigi and Kyoto are very popular. The tradition started in the Heian era.

Related pages
 Hanami

References

Other websites
"Momijigari" , Japanese events calendar

Japanese customs
The term bloom or blooming mostly means one or more flowers on a flowering plant. The word may also be used as a metaphor for young people at the peak of their beauty or health. See also Blossom.

Bloom or Blooming may also mean:


Entertainment
 Club Blooming is a football (soccer) club and academy from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
 Bloom (novel) is a science fiction novel by Wil McCarthy.
 Bloom (boutique) is a specialty boutique in Newark, Delaware.
 Bloom (movie) is a 2004 movie based on James Joyce's novel Ulysses.
 Bloom (band) is an Australian trip hop band from the mid-1990s.
 Bloom is the name of several record albums. See Bloom (album)
 Bloom (Winx Club) is a fictional character from the Winx Club animated series.
Science 
 In direct reduced iron, bloom is the name for an unconsolidated mass of iron metal, mixed with remains of slag and charcoal that is produced in the 'bloomery' process. 
 The same term is used for a similar mass of iron metal produced in the finery process.  
 Bloom is also the name for a section of steel, with the dimensions of 630 mm wide, 400 mm high and 6 m long. Compare with billet and slab.
 Bloom filter is a probabilistic method to find a subset of a given set.
 Charge-coupled device bloom is a property of CCD image sensors that causes charge from the potential well of one pixel to overflow into others.
 Blooming (laser) is an effect of laser beams and particle beams in air.  See Directed-energy weapon#Blooming
 Bloom (test) is a test to measure the strength of a gel or gelatin.
 Bloom (shader effect) is a graphics effect used in modern 3D computer games.
 Bloom is also used to refer to the whitish covering which sometimes appears on improperly  tempered chocolate.
Bloom is used to refer to the glaucous, bluish appearance of plant surfaces covered with epicuticular wax.
 Bloom is a term to describe the process involving Meat.. All meat is more of a brown color until the oxygen hits it and the myoglobins turn it red..This process is called "blooming". If Meat is deprived of oxygen the same applies..it will turn dark in those spots that, touch something. The meat "blooms" when exposed to air and turns red.
Nature
 A bloom can be a large swarm (or "smack") of jellyfish.
 The phenomenon of algal bloom.
 Bloom on fruit such as plums or grapes is a white or bluish covering. Once thought to be wild yeast cells, it is now known to be waxy coverings to the epithelial cells of the fruit, presumably intended to provide some protection from environmental damage.
People named Bloom
Allan Bloom (1930–1992), American philosopher and author.
Benjamin Bloom (1913–1999), American educator.
Bobby Bloom (1946–1974), American singer songwriter best known for one hit wonder "Montego Bay" in 1970.
Claire Bloom (born 1931), British actor.
David Bloom (1963–2003), NBC journalist.
Harold Bloom (1930–2019), American literary critic.
Harry Bloom (1913–1981), South African novelist and activist.
Howard Bloom (born 1943), American author.
Luka Bloom (born 1955), Irish musician.
Matthew Bloom (born 1972), American wrestler.
Leopold Bloom and Molly Bloom, fictional characters in James Joyce's Ulysses.
Orlando Bloom (born 1977), English actor.
Ursula Bloom (1892–1984), English writer.
Verna Bloom (1938–2019), American actress, best known for role in Animal House.

Business
Bloom (store) is a U.S. supermarket chain operated by Food Lion LLC.

Education
Bloom Public School is a K–12 school in Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India.
Ancient means very old. The word can also be used in these ways:
Ancient history — the period of written history starting more or less 5,000–5,500 years ago.
Ancient (band) — the progressive black metal musical group.
Ancient (company) — the Japanese software developer.
Ancient — used to refer to an ensign in medieval times, appearing in texts such as Shakespeare's Othello.
Calm is an adjective meaning peaceful, quiet; particularly used of the weather, free from wind or storm, or of the sea, opposed to rough. The word appears in French calme, through which it came into English, in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian calma. 

Weather
is a Japanese castle which is in Himeji in Hyōgo Prefecture. It includes 83 buildings made of wood. It is sometimes known as Hakurojō or Shirasagijō ("White Heron Castle") because of its brilliant white exterior.

It is a Japanese National Cultural Treasure.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 

Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, it is one of Japan's "Three Famous Castles", and is the most visited castle in Japan.

Several movies have been filmed at the castle, like Akira Kurosawa's Kagemusha and Ran; The Last Samurai  starring Tom Cruise; and the Shogun 1980 TV-miniseries/movie starring Richard Chamberlain.

In 2009, Himeiji Castle was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Himeji Castle Guide 
 Himeji castle website  (requires Macromedia Flash plugin)
 Official UNESCO page for Himeji castle
 Himeji Tourist Information・Worlds Cultural Heritege Himeji castle 
 Himeji Castle - LOCATION VIEW Himeji Edition (Tourist Guide with 360 degree movie map)

Castles in Japan
World Heritage Sites in Japan
Hyōgo Prefecture
14th-century buildings and structures
The Tang dynasty () (18 June 618 – 4 June 907) was an imperial dynasty of China. It came after the Sui Dynasty and was followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li (李) family, who came to power during the fall of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was interrupted for a short time by the Zhou dynasty (周) (16 October 690 – 3 March 705) founded by Empress Wu Zetian who managed to claim the throne, becoming the first and only Chinese Empress.

The Tang Dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an (today Xi'an), was the biggest city in the world at the time. It is considered by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization—maybe even greater than the earlier Han Dynasty—as well as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture.

Empress Wu, the first woman to ever rule in China, was also included in the Tang Dynasty. Her methods were sometimes vicious, but she was very intelligent and talented.
Other websites 
 The Tang Dynasty at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Home of 300 Tang Poems, University of Virginia
 The Tang Dynasty  at AsianSpiritGallery

References 

Chinese dynasties
7th-century establishments in Asia
10th-century disestablishments in Asia
618 establishments
907 disestablishments
Divination (Greek μαντεια, from μαντις "seer") is an attempt to get information through omens or supernatural things. The verb form is to divine, but this should not be confused with the adjective divine. Divining the outcome of things has been done by many different methods, such as the ones listed below.

Divination is different from fortune-telling. Divination is more ritual, usually religious. Fortune-telling is more for personal things.

Types of divination
Astrology (by celestial bodies)
 Ailuromancy (by the behaviour of felines)
 Augury (by the flight of birds)
 Aura-Soma, based on colors
 Bibliomancy (by book, frequently but not always a religious text)
 Cartomancy (by cards, e.g., playing cards, tarot cards, and non-tarot oracle cards; see also Taromancy)
 Cheiromancy (by palms; see Palmistry)
 Chronomancy (by time; lucky/unlucky days)
 Coscinomancy (by a sieve)
 Crystallomancy (by crystals or other reflecting objects; see also Scrying)
 Extispicy (from the entrails of sacrificed animals)
 Geomancy (by earth), includes Feng Shui divination
 Graphology (by handwriting)
 I Ching divination (ancient Chinese divination using I Ching): (But using an I Ching manual can make it also a form of Bibliomancy/Stichomancy)
 Heruspicy (by the organs of sacrificed animals)
 Necromancy (by trying to ask the dead)
 Numerology (by numbers)
 Oneiromancy/Incubatio (by dreams)
 Onomancy (by names)
 Ouija board divination
 Palmistry (by palm inspection)
Phrenology (by the shape of one's head)
 Pyromancy, or pyroscopy (by fire)
 Rhabdomancy divination by rods
 Scrying ("seeing" in a crystal ball, a mirror, or water)
 Runecasting / Runic divination (by runes)
 Sternomancy (by markings or bumps on the chest)
 Taromancy (by specially designed cards: Tarot; see also Cartomancy)
Related pages 
Oracle

Other websites 

Apple Divination
Ancient Astrology and Divination on the Web , resources on Greco-Roman and Mesopotamian divination
W. R. Halliday, Greek Divination  (1913), a complete scanned edition of the most recent general treatment of Greek divination
1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: Divination
Divination Methods 
 Encyclopedia Iranica: Divination
Theory of Divination by Tim Maroney, exploring different possibilities
The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull

Occult
Offering can mean any of the following:

An offering is a donation during religious worship. See also alms, tithe, charity, gift and virtue.

An offering can mean a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life (blood sacrifice), or a sacrifice of precious things. An offering may also be in money, or may be of a purely spiritual nature, like offering one's heart or life to God (see also Oblation).

An offering, in Buddhism, is a form of prayer.
Feast may mean:
 A large meal.
 A Festival
 A day (or the celebration on that day) in honor of a certain saint, in Christianity.
was the 52nd Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Saga's reign started in 809 and ended in 823.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .  He was the son of Emperor Kammu, and he was the younger brother of Emperor Heizei by the same mother.

He had nine Empresses and consorts; and 47 Imperial sons and daughters.

Saga was known as a good writer.  He sponsored the first imperial poetry competitions (naien).  According to legend, he was the first Japanese emperor to drink tea.

Events of Saga's life
Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for three years.

 17 June 809 (Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month): In the 4th year of Emperor Heizei's reign, he was very sick and he abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by his younger brother  Then the new emperor is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 24 August 842 (Jōwa 9, 15th day of the 7th month): Saga died at the age of 57.
After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Heizei is near Daikaku-ji in Ukyō-ku, Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

Eras of reign
The years of Kammu's reign are identified by more than one era name (nengō).
 Daidō             (806-810)
 Kōnin (810-824)

Legacy
In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the Gempeitōkitsu (源平藤橘).  One of these clans, the Minamoto clan are also known as Genji (源氏). The Saga Genji (嵯峨源氏) are said to be descended from Emperor Saga.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Emperor Go-Saga

References

Other websites 

 Gate at Saga's mausoleum 

Emperors of Japan
785 births
842 deaths
Kriss Donald (2 July 1988 – 15 March 2004) was a Scottish boy who was kidnapped, tortured and stabbed to death by five Pakistani Muslims because he was white. The murderers were later convicted of his murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.

References 

2004 in the United Kingdom
2000s in Scotland
British murder victims
Kidnapped British people
Murder in 2004
Murder in Scotland
Murders by blade weapons
People murdered in the United Kingdom
Racially-motivated violence
2000s crimes in the United Kingdom
Imperial Court in Kyoto was the government of Japan from 794 AD until the Meiji Era, in which the court was moved to Tokyo. It was moved by Empress Gemma.
Since Minamoto no Yoritomo started the shogunate, the true power had been in the hand of the Shoguns, who were mistaken several times for the Emperors of Japan by the Chinese government.

History of Japan
Buildings and structures in Kyoto Prefecture
Kyoto
8th-century establishments in Japan
1860s disestablishments in Japan
794 establishments
Úhořilka is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 51 people live in Úhořilka. It covers 2,52 km². It was first documented in 1454.

Villages in Vysočina Region
Temporary is a term that shows a finite period of time, with a clear beginning and an end. It is derived from the Latin temporarius "of seasonal character, lasting a short time," from tempus (gen. temporis) "time, season." It is the opposite of permanent. It could also mean any of the following:

 In computing:
temporary variable
temporary file
temporary folder (often named :/tmp or :/var/tmp on Unix-like systems)
temporary filesystem
, "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints. They were produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries and showed landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and brothels. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan.

Ukiyo-e were cheap because they could be mass-produced. They were meant for mainly townsmen, who were generally not rich enough to pay an original painting. The original subject of ukiyo-e was city life, in particular activities and scenes from the entertainment district.  Beautiful courtesans, big Sumo wrestlers and popular actors would be portrayed while doing interesting activities. Later on landscapes also became popular. To this day, Ukiyo-e is still very popular across the world.

A novelist of the time period, Asai Ryōi, in his , gives an insight into the idea of the floating world:
"Living only for the moment, turning our full attention to the pleasures of the moon, the snow, the cherry blossoms and the maple leaves; singing songs, drinking wine, diverting ourselves in just floating, floating; ... refusing to be disheartened, like a gourd floating along with the river current: this is what we call the floating world".

References

Other websites 

 A Guide to the Ukiyo-e Sites of the Internet 
  Kuniyoshi Project
 Gallery with a lot of info
 Overviews of the Printmaking Process detailed description of the stages of printmaking with many illustrations

Japanese art
Printmaking
Art movements
, also called Hiroshige,  was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

List of print series
Famous Places in the Eastern Capital (Tōto Meisho jukkei), 1831
 36 Views of Mount Fuji (Fuji Sanjū-Rokkei), 1832
 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō (Tōkaidō Gojūsantsugi), 1832-1834 
 Famous Scenes of Our Country (Honcho meisho), 1832-1837
 Famous Scenes of Kyoto (Kyōto meisho), 1834-1835 
 Famous Scenes of Osaka (Ōsaka meisho), 1834-1835 
 Eight Views of Omi (Ōmi hakkei), 1834-1835
 69 Stations of the Kisokaidō (Kisokaidō Rokujūkyūtsugi no uchi), 1835-1842
 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, Kyōka version (Kyōka Tōkaidō), 1839-1840
 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, Gyōsho version (Gyōsho Tōkaidō), 1841-1842
 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, Reisho version (Reisho Tōkaidō), 1848-1852
 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō, Jinbutsu version (Jinbutsu Tōkaidō, 1848-1852).
 Famous Scenes of Edo (Edo meisho, 1853).
 Famous Scenes of the 60 Provincess (Rokujū yoshū meisho zue), 1853-1858
 Famous Scenes of the 53 estaciones (Gojūsantsugi meisho zue, 1855).
 100 Famous Views of Edo (Meisho Edo hyakkei), 1856-1858
Gallery
Ukiyo-e from Kachō-ga : Pictures of Flowers and Birds:

Some Ukiyo-e from 53 Statuibs if the Tōkaidō

Some Ukiyo-e from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo

References

Other websites 

 images and descriptions of works by Hiroshige and his contemporaries 
 Hiroshige
 Ando Hiroshige – Free source of information and pictures
 Hiroshige at WebMuseum Paris
 Christian Science Monitor article
 Profile of Hiroshige 
 Brooklyn Museum: Exhibitions: One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
 Utagawa Hiroshige at Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut 

Japanese printmakers
1797 births
1858 deaths
People from Tokyo
Forecasting is studying and saying what is likely to happen in the future. It is similar to predicting, but usually forecasting is done with scientific methods. Forecasting can be done for many different things, like weather forecasting (predicting the weather) or economy forecasting.  Science cannot know the future for sure, so forecasters try to identify the most probable events, and sometimes they are wrong.

Future
The  or JMA, is the  Japanese government's weather service. It has the duty of getting the information on the weather and making the weather forecasts in Japan. It also must observe and warn about earthquakes, typhoons, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.  

The central office of the agency is in Tokyo, and it has six smaller offices at other regions of Japan.

Other websites 
 Official website

Scientific organizations based in Japan
Ariwara no Narihira (, 825 - 9 July 880) was a Japanese poet and noble. He was the fifth son of Prince Abo, a son of Emperor Heizei. His mother Princess Ito was a daughter of Emperor Kammu, so he was family to Emperor Kammu by both his mother and father. Along with his other brothers, he was forced to have a civilian life and did not live in the Imperial Court, getting a new clan name, Ariwara.

References 

825 births
880 deaths
Japanese poets
Yoshino (吉野町; -cho) is a town in Yoshino District, Nara Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an about 10,550 people living there and a density of 110.61 people per km². The total area was 95.65 km². 

Mt. Yoshino is famous for its 500,000 sakura trees.  They are planted in three gardens at different altitude so that they bloom at different times of the spring.

Related pages
Emperor Go-Daigo

Other websites
 Yoshino town Official Site (in Japanese)

Towns in Japan
Settlements in Nara Prefecture
Daigo (大子町; -machi) is a town that is in the Kuji District, Ibaraki, Japan.

In 2003, about 22,813 people lived there, 70.03 people per km². The total area is .

Other websites
Official website 

Towns in Japan
Settlements in Ibaraki Prefecture
is a big public park in the Ueno section of Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan. It is in the site of an old Kan'eiji, a temple very related with the Tokugawa shoguns, who had built the temple to guard Edo Castle against the northeast. The temple was destroyed during the Boshin War.

Ueno Park was created through an imperial land grant to the city of Tokyo by Emperor Taishō in 1924. The official name of the park is , which can be translated as "Ueno Imperial Gift Park".

A famous statue of Saigō Takamori walking his dog is in this park.

Tokyo
Mansa Musa (about 1280 – about 1337) was the ninth emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. He became emperor in 1312. He was the first African ruler to be famous in all of Europe and the Middle East. 

Historians say he was the richest person to have ever lived. Today, his wealth would be worth about US $900 billion.

Mansa Musa was the great nephew of Sundiata Keita, who started the Mali Empire. He is famous for his Hajj (1324–5). His caravan may have had 60,000 people carrying supplies and bags, 500 slaves each carrying a gold staff, and 80 to 100 camels each carrying 300 pounds of gold dust. On his journey, he is said to have given out millions of dollars worth of gold. He gave out so much gold in Cairo that the price of gold went down and stayed low for many years. Mansa Musa stopped in many places on his way to Mecca for his Hajj. These placed include Timbuktu and Gao. He stopped every Friday at a destination and left enough gold for a mosque to be built.