Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Razvi held views that Hyderabad should eventually join Pakistan in a major war against Bharat, as clearly evidenced by some of his speeches and publications in Hyderabadi newspapers. Razvi was politically powerful and a close advisor of the Nizam, whom he encouraged to defy the infidel government, and blocked the invasion of Hyderabad into Republic of India. At the height of the crisis, Razvi had placed his allies in influential posts, and was virtually dictating the Nizam's policy on the issue. Razvi even traveled to Delhi and had a stormy meeting with Indian leader Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. He is quoted to have said "Death with the sword in hand, is always preferable to extinction by a mere stroke of the pen. "prompting the Indian government to call him the "Nizam's Frankenstein monster."

After Indian military intervention, Razvi was placed under house arrest and tried under Indian laws on seditious activities and inciting communal violence. He was released in the 1950s, and he later fled to Pakistan.
People from Hyderabad, India
1902 births
1970 deaths
Razakars were private militia organized by Qasim Razvi which supporter the rule of Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII and resist the integration of Hyderabad State into India. 
Eventually, the Indian army routed the Razakars and the group was disbanded after  India annexed the state.

Qasim Razvi, the military chief of Hyderabad State, fled to Pakistan where he was granted asylum. Majlis, a contemporary political party in the present Hyderabad owes its foundations to Qasim Razvi.

Etymology
Razakar literally means volunteer. There were types of Razakars: muslim Razakar,Hindu razakar, Reddy razakar and congress Razakars.
Types of Razakars
Quoting an article of K F Rustomjee, the former DGP of Maharashtra and BSF, Captain Panduranga Reddy said that the policemen from Akola district in then Central Province were sent in to Hyderabad state in the garb of Razakars to create turmoil and blame the Nizam government. Rustomjee was SP of Akola at the time. Captain Reddy called the Communists as traitors, who encouraged violence to spread their agenda.
 General:
 Muslim razakars
 Hindu razakars - Personnel recruited by Hindu Deshmukhs and Zamindars to gain favour of the Nizam.
Fake Razakars: These Razakars were Members of the Arya Samaj, Hindu Mahasabha, Communists, and even Congress of Hyderabad State working in close coordination with an organisation called "Poona Patri Sarkar" operating from Satara under the leadership of "Achyut Patwardhan". This organisation caused a lot of damage and destruction in Hyderabad and was feared by its local populace.
 Communist razakars - Communists who posed as Razakars and carried out loot
 Congress razakars

References

1940s in India
History of Pakistan
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Hyderabad, India
Al-Shams () was a militia force formed in East Pakistan in early 1971 by the Pakistan Army.

Al-Shams is an Arabic word meaning 'The Sun'. Al Shams was Pakistani armed groups formed by the Pakistan Army to fight out and resist Mukti Bahini and support the army in its campaigns in the former East Pakistan provincial region.

Related page 
 Al-Badr

1971 in Bangladesh
1971 in Pakistan
Bangladesh Liberation War
Al-Badar (আল বদর) was a paramilitary force formed in East Pakistan in 1971 by the national Pakistan Army.

Al-Badar means The Battlefield of Badar.  The politics of the force were intermingled with jihad, the religious war or holy war of Muhammad 1400 years earlier.  However, the war between Pakistan and Bengali separatists was a nationalistic war, not a religious one.

Background
On March 27, 1971, after beginning the Pakistani Civil War, Pakistani military forces needed military support from Bengali nationalists supporters who still wanted to be part of Pakistan, or did not like Indian involvement in the movement; as well as the non-Bengali muhajirs in order to abolish the independence fighters of Bangladesh, the Mukti Bahini, Hemayet Bahini and Kaderiya Bahini.
The Al Badar were formed to find these independence fighters and to be guides as well as co-fighters who were familiar with the local terrain.  The force was composed of madrasa students and teachers, Bengali supporters of Muslim League and Jamaat E Islami, and muhajirs coming from non-Bengali part of India.

There were three type of Paramilitary forces Pakistan formed,

1.Razakars: refuges who were came from other parts of India during separation of India and Pakistan, and settled in East Pakistan.

2. Al-Badar: Bengali Muslim Students from Colleges, universities and madrasah, who were loyal to Jamat-e-islami.3. Al-Shams: Bengali Madrasah Students, teachers & supporters of Islamic parties other than Jamat-E-Islami (these smaller parties included Nejam-e-Islami and various factions of Muslim League).

Al-Badar was a very organized par military force among those three forces, with their own hierarchy of organization and reporting system.
Tasks
The Al Badar were given a variety of combat and non-combat tasks including:
Taking part in the operations
Spying against Mukti Bahini
Interrogation
Working as the guides of the regular army
Assassination
Finding and killing Mukti Bahini soldiers
Providing supply line to front army

Abolition
On 16 December 1971, Pakistan unconditionally surrendered. Members of Al-Badr, along with other Razakars, Al-Shams, and Shanti Committee also surrendered to the Mitro Bahini's. As they all were Bengali it was supposed that Bangladesh would treat them as an opposition party, that is they would arrest them and treat them as prisoners of war. However most of them were tortured, killed by Mukti Bahini, or forced into exile from Bangladesh.

References 

1971 in Bangladesh
1971 in Pakistan
Bangladesh Liberation War
The All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference is a major political party of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Overview 
In 1932 Pro-Congress Sheikh Abdullah formed Kashmir's first political party, the All Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference, with a demand for merger of Kashmir and Jammu with British India. His party was renamed the National Conference in 1939 to suite the secular nature of Kashmiri culture. The All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, led by Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah, espoused a secular ideology and wished to create a secular, democratic but independent Kashmir with close ties to British India.
When the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference was converted into a secular political party in 1939, the Muslim leaders amended the Constitution of the Muslim Conference, renamed it as the All Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, modified its objectives and threw its membership open to all the people of the State. On 13 June 1941, the breakaway factions of the National Conference revived the erstwhile Muslim Conference under the leadership of Choudry Ghualm Abbas. 

The All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference led the Muslim movement for accession into Pakistans favor in the State. 

On July 19, 1947, a convention of All Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference, adopted the "Accession to Pakistan Resolution" demanding accession of the Kashmir state to Pakistan. 

In 1955 the All-Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference was the political party in power in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Even today All-jummu and Kashmir Muslim Conference is in power in Azad Jamu and Kashmir.
History and achievements of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference    

The movement was started by the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference after its induction as a political platform of the Muslims in August 1932 in Srinagar. Prominent amongst the participants were Sardar Gohar Rehman, Chaudhry Ghulam Abbass, Chaudhry Muhammad Taj, Khwaja Ghulam Ahmad Ashai, Agha Syed Hussain Shah Jalali, Haji Jaffer Khan, Mistri Yaqoob Ali, Sheikh Ghulam Qadir and even Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah himself. Sardar Gohar Rehman favoured the formation of Provincial Muslim Conference in Jammu, but he was prevailed upon by the others to relegate his demand in favour of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference. 
To unite Kashmiri Muslims on a common platform. It was an enormous task in the wake of the deep variance in the political thinking of Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah and Mir Waiz Mohammed Yusuf Shah who parted way along with his  his aides towards the end of the first session.
Presidents of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference 

Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah (deceased)
Rais-ul-Ahrar Quaid e Millat Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas (deceased)
Agha Syed Hussain Shah Jalali (deceased)
Mir Waiz Kashmir Muhammad Yousuf Shah (deceased)
Sardar Mohammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (deceased)
Raja Muhammad Haider Khan (deceased)
Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan
Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan 

Political parties in Kashmir
Pinworm is an intestinal infection caused by tiny parasitic worms. One of the most common roundworm infections, pinworm infections affect millions of people each year, particularly children.

Parasites
Nematodes
Some supporters of Cornish self-government question the legitimacy of English rule in Cornwall, due to the failure of the former Parliament of England to ever pass an Act of Union, although their claims are not generally recognised within the United Kingdom (or sometimes within Cornwall itself). However, many see some degree of autonomy as a stepping stone towards this, and are supportive of the Cornish Assembly Campaign. The Cornish National Party (CNP) is a social democratic political party in Cornwall to which some Cornish nationalists belong. It wants Cornish independence from the United Kingdom.

References 

Nationalism
Political movements
Politics of Cornwall
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technology related to Frequency Division Multiplexing. With it, many different signals can be sent over the same medium, at the same time. Each signal uses a different basis function. By using the basis function given, the sender and recipient will then see their signal better, the other signals will be clearly separated.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages 
 Can adapt easily to bad channels (noisy,etc.)
 Robust against crosstalk between channels that are close together.
 Robust against Intersymbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath propagation
 High spectral efficiency
 There are good implementations available
 Few problems with errors that come from time synchornization
 Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike conventional FDM) 
 Facilitates Single Frequency Networks, i.e. transmitter macrodiversity.
Disadvantages 
 Problems with Doppler shift. 
 Synchronizing frequencies can be problematic
 Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems.
 High peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR). This needs linear transmission circuits; they need a lot of power.
 Loss of efficiency caused by Cyclic prefix/Guard interval

Uses 
Many technologies use OFDM. Among them are:
 ADSL and VDSL
 Power line communication
 Wireless LAN, namely 802.11a,g, and n, and HiperLAN/2 (802.11b uses Direct-sequence spread spectrum)
 4G LTE mobile networks use OFDMA (OFDM multi-users variant)
 Some Digital radio systems
 Some Digital TV systems, most notably DVB-T

Radio technology
A calculator is a machine which allows people to do math operations more easily. For example, most calculators will add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Some also do square roots, and more complex calculators can help with calculus and draw function graphs. Calculators are found everywhere. A smartphone or other computer can also act as a calculator. 

Some calculators, like the abacus, will work without electricity. Others, like the electronic calculator, use batteries. Some calculators are simple, and can only add, subtract, multiply and divide, and sometimes take square roots. Scientific calculators can do many other things, such as use exponents (or powers or indices) and trigonometry functions.

A printing calculator can print its results.

Pocket calculator
Pocket calculator 

A pocket calculator is a small calculator that helps people do arithmetic. It is so small that it can be put in a pocket. Its most common use is for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.  Many pocket calculators are powered by solar cells. They are commonly seen in schools and businesses and can be used quickly and efficiently for simple mathematical problems. Other names are 'miniature calculator' or 'mini calculator'.

Scientific calculator 
A scientific calculator can do more things. It can often use exponents (or powers or indices), pi, trigonometric ratios, and the order of operations. Scientific calculators can also use bigger numbers. They tend to cost more than pocket calculators. Many are also programmable. The user can make a program directly with the calculator, or transfer one from a computer.

Related pages 
 Graphing calculator  
 Abacus

Other websites 

Mathematical tools
People with the name "John Gilbert":

 John Gilbert (naturalist) (1812—1845), English naturalist and explorer in Australia
 John Gilbert (bushranger) (1842—1865), a famous Australian bushranger and member of Ben Hall's gang
 John Gilbert (actor) (1899—1936), American actor
ITV Yorkshire (originally Yorkshire Television) is an ITV franchise based in Leeds. ITV Yorkshire broadcasts to Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.  Yorkshire Television has made successful programmes such as Emmerdale, Heartbeat, The Beiderbecke Trilogy, Rising Damp, Harry's Game, The Darling Buds of May, Only When I Laugh and Duty Free.  Yorkshire Television also produces the Calander news programme.

The headquarters of ITV Yorkshire are at The Leeds Studios in the Burley area of Leeds.
Identity 
For almost 35 years, Yorkshire Television's on-screen identity always revolved around the use of the station logo: the chevron. This yellow symbol was seen on nearly all of Yorkshire Television's idents and presentation. The first symbol used was a black and white chevron, formed by slit-scan techniques and accompanied by an orchestral version of the tune "On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at", a famous Yorkshire folk song. This music was later to become the station's jingle. This ident continued until Yorkshire Television officially commenced their colour broadcasts in November 1969.
The new colour ident featured the yellow chevron on a black background with the still caption card "Yorkshire Television Colour Production", along with a simplified version of "On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at". This ident was modified in 1981, so that the caption "Colour Production" was changed to "In Colour", and in 1982 the colour caption was removed altogether. The new version of the jingle was at a lower pitch than was previously composed.

Supplementing the ident throughout this period were idents promoting the station's coverage, with the slogan "Serving Six Million Viewers". One version, in 1983 featured a giant chevron logo, made up out of smaller chevrons, and another in 1986 featured the view zooming in from space, to the Yorkshire TV region, which then flipped over, becoming the chevron. This last version was computer animated, with 3D-style lettering and chevron.
On 5 January 1987, Yorkshire Television introduced a new ident, entitled "Liquid Gold", featuring a pool of liquified gold, with the chevron rising up from it, and rotating into the sky, where the station name joins it. This ident features a fully orchestrated version of the theme tune and reportedly cost £40,000 to make. This was occasionally supplemented by a large rotating chevron over a gradient-ed blue background, used over continuity.

On 1 September 1989, Yorkshire Television adopted the first ITV generic look, featuring the large ITV logo, addition ident was also used where a static chevron on the same background as the main ident. On 7 January 1991, the ident was revised to allow the Chevron to appear full screen instead of being a segment of the 'V' which the company used until 23 October 1994.  The whole package was used by Yorkshire Television, and an adapted version, where the whole chevron appeared in the V segment before moving into centre screen, was used before regional programming.
1990s
Upon YTV dropping the generic look on 24 October 1994, a new ident was introduced, featuring a textured background with a central strip containing images of the region itself, with the chevron placed in the centre of said strip. The most noticeable thing about this ident set was the smooth nature of the chevron's appearance and, like the previous look, did not feature the "On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at" jingle, instead favouring a smooth orchestral jingle. The background was later changed from a cream to a light blue, and variations on the theme for special occasions and yearly themes were also introduced.
Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television adopted a new branding package, based on the concept of Channel 3. The new look was fully implemented in the Tyne Tees region on 2 September 1996, where all on-screen branding was replaced by giant numeral '3', and the Tyne Tees brand became secondary to 'Channel 3 North East, however the look was only partially implemented in the Yorkshire region a month after Tyne Tees's revamp. The entirety of Yorkshire's Channel 3 look included an ident which was later introduced on 4 November 1996 at the same year, where the chevron span against a light blue background with numeral '3's covering the background. Another ident featured the chevron with the '3' numeral embossed on the side, which would zoom into view, before revealing a spinning numeral 3, which in turn had YTV chevron on the middle of the 3 and when zoomed into, the chevron re-appeared spinning against the background
. The look also heralded the return of the "On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at" tune, which was now noticeably higher in pitch.
The Channel 3 look was dropped on 9 March 1998, following Granada's acquisition of Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television, with the look returning to a spinning chevron against a misty blue background, light blue during the day and dark blue in the evenings.

On 8 November 1999, Yorkshire Television adopted the second generic look, based on the theme of hearts, which was used for the entirety of the branding period before network programming. However, for local programming, Yorkshire created their own ident featuring a background of spinning chevrons, with pictures of the region featuring inside a central box.

2000s
On 28 October 2002, the brand was dropped in favour of a national ITV1 identity, in which local regional identities were dropped except before local programming, when the Yorkshire name appeared below the ITV1 logo only. These regional idents however were dropped by 2006.

Continuity announcers
Redvers Kyle (1968–1993)
 Bob Preedy (late 1980s – 2002)
 John Crosse (senior announcer, early 1970s – 1998)
 Graham Roberts (c. 1970s – 1993)
 Kerrie Gosney (2000–2002)
 Earl Richmond (1968 – c.1970s)
 Neil Didsbury (2001–2002)
 Pete Haslam (promo voiceover and continuity announcer, 1999 – c.2007)
 Peter Lewis (late 1960s)
 Keith Martin
 Maggie Mash (1988–2002)
 Nick Oliver
 Karen Petch
 Paul Lally (c.1968 – 1990s)
 Ian de Stains (1968–1970)
 Paul Kaye (c.1970s – 1980)
 Helen Aitken (1995–2002)
 Roger Tilling (1998–2002)
 Colin Weston (freelancer)
 Stephen Whitlock (1992–2004)

References 

ITV (TV network)
Racibórz is a city in Southern Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. 56,272 people live there and it is  large.

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
2 World Trade Center (also known as 200 Greenwich Street) is a planned skyscraper as part of the planned rebuilding of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan. It will replace the original 2 World Trade Center, which was built in 1972 and destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001. The new building will stand on the place where the original 5 World Trade Center was. As of 2013, the building rose  up into the air. In 2013, construction was halted as tenants had not been found yet.

References

Skyscrapers in New York City
September 11 attacks
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
A beekeeper is a person who farms bees either for pollinating plants or for the collection of their honey. The main job of a beekeeper is to monitor bees, maintain beehives, split colonies, and remove vermin and parasites from hives.

Other websites

Agricultural occupations
Beekeeping
Microsoft Bob is a computer program that was made by Microsoft. It was created to make Microsoft Windows easier to use and had a cartoon styled dog named Rover. Microsoft Bob looks like a house that the user can move around in. The user's computer programs can be moved around the room to look like things in the house, like calenders, pictures and clocks.

History
Microsoft Bob was released in March 1995 (before Windows 95 was released), although it had been widely made public before to that date under the codename "Utopia" and featuring a dog named "Rover".

References

Other websites
 Microsoft Bob Review
 Information about Microsoft Bob version 1.0 for Windows
 The GUI Gallery: Microsoft Bob' Examining Bob in the context of other graphical user interfaces
 A short computing history (story and slideshow) of Bobs from Microsoft Bob to Bob Metcalfe to Alice & Bob.
 A more in-depth article about Microsoft Bob 
 
 Modern Microsoft Bob Support

Microsoft
Torquay United F.C. is an English football team currently playing in League Two of the English Football League. They play at the Plainmoor ground in Torquay in the county of Devon. The club was formed in 1899 when two other soccer teams, Torquay Town and Babbacombe FC merged to create one club. The team has never been higher than the third tier of the English Football League. In 2007 they were relegated from the Footall League to the Nationwide Conference for the first time in their history but were promoted back to League Two in 2009 when they beat Cambridge Utd in the Conference Play off final at Wembley Stadium.

References
Official site

1899 establishments in England
English football clubs
Torquay
Organisations based in Devon
Punk blues is a genre of music which mixes elements of Punk rock with Blues-rock. It is considered a type of Underground Music as it has not yet achieved mainstream popularity on radio and television and through sales of music. It is most popular in the United States. An example of a Punk blues band is the Imortal Lee County Killers and the Gun Club. One artist who may be considered to have been a big influence on this genre is Captain Beefheart.

References
http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d13419

Rock music
Hangzhou (, also transliterated as Hangchow) is the capital city of Zhejiang province in eastern China.  It is considered as one of China's most renowned and beautiful historic cities. The top tourist site in Hangzhou is the West Lake, where stands by a Leifeng Pagoda with a famous moving "White Snake Legend".

Tianmu Mountain is nearby.

In 2016, Hangzhou hosted the eleventh G20 summit. In 2022, Hangzhou will host the 2022 Asian Games. It will be the third city in China to host the Asian Games after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010.

References

Other websites 

Hangzhou official page
The West Lake (西湖) is a famous fresh water historic lake in the center in Hangzhou. It is known for its natural scenery and for the many historic and cultural sites, such as temples and gardens.

Lakes of China
Hangzhou
The Huron River is in southeastern Michigan, starting in the Huron Swamp in Indian Springs Metropark in northern Oakland County and ending in Lake Erie.

Rivers of the United States
Geography of Michigan
The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), commonly called the Shanghai ranking, is a list of the world's best universities made by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The rankings have been made since 2003 and they are updated each year. As of 2012, Harvard University remains top. The ranking is used by the Chinese to compare other colleges and universities to their own universities.

The ranking uses a special formula to determine how to rank universities. It uses such things as how many Nobel Prizes university people have won and how many papers university scientists have published in the journals Science and Nature. Over 1,200 universities are ranked.

Notes

Colleges and universities
College and university rankings are lists of universities and colleges in an order made by any number of factors. Rankings can be based on "quality," or on some combination of data or numbers.

Colleges and universities
Tolerance might mean toleration,  treating everyone the same, even if your opinions are different to each others , or your race, religion, or practices are. 

Tolerance may also refer to:

 Engineering tolerance
 Drug tolerance
 Alcohol tolerance
 Pain tolerance
Cow tipping is the myth of tipping over a cow.  Cows do not sleep standing up, so cow tipping does not happen. The British media Times Online has posted a document of the force needed to push over a cow.

References

Cattle
Sojourner Truth (about 1797 – November 26, 1883) was one of the first abolitionists and activists for women's rights. She was born as a slave, but escaped from slavery in 1826. She was born Isabella Baumfree, but renamed herself to 'Sojourner Truth' when she was 46 and announced she would travel to work against injustice.The name Sojourner Truth translates as itinerant preacher. She is one of the most widely known African American women of the 19th century. Her freedom was linked with the passage of a New-York State Law in 1799 that began the process of gradual emancipation.
Early Life 
Isabella Baumfree (Sojourner Truth) was born into slavery around 1797 in Swarterkill, New York. Sojourner was the daughter of James Baumfree and Elizabeth Baumfree. Her family’s slave owner was Colonel Hardenbergh. Sojourner was born a slave and did not know how to read or write because nobody taught slaves how to. Out of 13 children, she was the youngest. In the first three decades of her life she was the property of five owners.It is  In 1815 she dated fellow slave Thomas. Together they had 3 children. Her family was separated in 1806. In 1826 Isabella escaped to freedom with her infant daughter. Sojourner changed her name in 1843 from Isabella Baumfree to Sojourner Truth. She married and bore five children although only four of their names are known. She never learned to read or write and depended on others to take down her words while handling her correspondences.
Sojourner was the first African American to win a trial against a white man. This trial was about getting her son Peter back. This was a great accomplishment for African Americans. During the Civil War Belle told the people about the Woman's Right to vote and became friends with some other people, which one of them threaten that she would not support the issue.She campaigned for Republican Ulysses S. Grant. She was one of the prominent Americans that attempted to vote in the 1872 election but was refused the right to. She went on to support herself by selling copies of her book, “The Narrative of Sojourner Truth “. During that time, she was a Battle Creek resident and property owner. She spent the last few years of her life and died in Battle Creek, Michigan on November 26, 1883.

References

1797 births
1883 deaths
African-American people
American abolitionists
American feminists
People from New York (state)
Slaves
Quinkana is an extinct genus of large land crocodile that reached up to 7 meters (23 feet) in length. It lived in Australia from 24 million years ago to 40,000 years ago.

Extinct species
Crocodilia
Reptiles of Australia
Amaranth (Amaranthus species) is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs. About 60 species are recognized, with flower clusters and foliage ranging from purple and red to gold. 

Although several species are often considered weeds, people around the world value amaranths as leaf vegetables, cereals, and ornamentals.

Amaranthaceae
Grains
Instant runoff voting is a method of electing one political candidate to office from a list of more than two, but it can also be used for other group decisions. Voters rank the candidates from favorite to least favorite, with only their top choices being counted each time. Ballots are counted, and a series of simulated rounds is conducted. If no candidate has a majority of the votes in any round, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and those voters' next choice votes are then counted. This is repeated until a candidate has a majority.

Instant runoff voting has been used in Australia's lower house for more than 80 years. That house is strongly dominated by two parties. It has also been used to elect mayors in some cities in the United States. Voter turn out is typically the same as with plurality voting.
Proponents believe instant runoff voting allows them to vote for their first choice candidate and still help the lessor of evils if the first choice is eliminated. They believe Instant Runoff Voting to be the only way let voters vote their true intentions and undermine the two-party system. By having more candidates on the ballot, incumbents are more likely to be kicked out of office.

Opponents argue that if at least three candidates have a chance of winning, voting for one's favorite could cause a compromise candidate to lose in the first round. Their favorite might then lose against the least preferred candidate in the second round. Voters' votes cannot be transferred to their second choice if their second choice is eliminated before their first choice is. Voters often use their first choice vote for a compromise vote, the same as with plurality.
While theoretically simple, instant runoff voting often requires computers because the rankings on each ballot matter for determining the elimination order and can not be counted in aggregate. Opponents of Instant runoff voting often oppose computer counting of ballots, since it is difficult for ordinary citizens to count the ballots by hand and catch any fraud. The fact that a candidate has fewer votes does not mean the candidate is less popular but that the candidate was squeezed out on both sides of the political spectrum. Instant runoff voting can eliminate centrists in the last elimination.

Voting systems
The Harrier Jump Jet, usually called the Harrier, is a British-designed military aeroplane. It was designed during the 1960s. The Harrier is well known as it can take off vertically.  It can do this by changing the direction of thrust from its engines. It is sometimes called V/STOL, which means "Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing". It can carry heavier loads with a short takeoff than with a vertical one.

Development 
In 1967, the Bristol Engine Company proposed the radical idea of a directed thrust engine. Next, Hawker Aircraft designed an aeroplane that could meet the NATO specification for a "light tactical support fighter". There was no financial support for the development from HM Treasury, but support was found from NATO.
A prototype flew in 1960. Various changes were made and several preliminary versions flew including the "Kestrel" and the first Harriers flew for the RAF and Royal Navy in 1969. The planes were built in both Britain and the United States. They were redeveloped and manufactured by British Aerospace and Macdonald Douglas, companies which are now owned by BAE Systems and Boeing, respectively. At present the Boeing/BAE Systems AV-8B Harrier II is used by NATO countries such as the United States, Spain and Italy. A modified version, the BAE Systems/Boeing Harrier II is used by the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy.

Between 1969 and 2003, 824 Harrier variants were delivered. Manufacture of new Harriers ended in 1997. The last remanufactured aircraft (Harrier II Plus configuration) was delivered in December 2003. This ended the Harrier production line.
Users
The Harrier is used by many military forces. The United States Marine Corps and the Royal Air Force (RAF) use versions which are specially designed for taking off and landing on aircraft carriers. Other countries which use the Harrier include Thailand and India.

In 2006, the RAF introduced a new version of the Harrier, the GR/9.  This is an updated version of the previous version, the GR/7.  It has a top speed of 574 knots.

The Harrier was used a lot during the Falklands War. Harriers flew a total of 1,561 sorties, shot down 20 enemy planes (+ 3 probables) with 10 Harriers lost. Of the ten lost, six were shot down; the others were damaged in accidents on the carrier. The Sea Harriers made the Argentine Air Force much less effective than they hoped to be.

Equipment
The Harrier can carry different equipment for each mission.  It can carry missiles and bombs.  It can also carry cameras to take pictures of the ground.

References

Royal Air Force aircraft
Valentina Ivanovna Matviyenko (née Tyutina,  born 7 April 1949), is a Russian politician who was Governor of Saint Petersburg from 2003 to 2011. She is Chairman of the Federation Council since 2011. She is the highest-ranking female politician in Russia.

Notes

Other websites 

 Valentina Matvienko is in Lentapedii

Russian politicians

1949 births
Living people
Dejan Savićević (born 15 September 1986) is a former Montenegrin football player. He has played for Yugoslavian national team and the Serbian national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1982/83||rowspan="6"|Budućnost Titograd||rowspan="6"|First League||2||0
|-
|1983/84||7||1
|-
|1984/85||29||6
|-
|1985/86||32||10
|-
|1986/87||31||9
|-
|1987/88||29||10
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Red Star Belgrade||rowspan="3"|First League||25||10
|-
|1990/91||25||8
|-
|1991/92||22||5

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="7"|Milan||rowspan="7"|Serie A||10||4
|-
|1993/94||20||0
|-
|1994/95||19||9
|-
|1995/96||23||6
|-
|1996/97||17||1
|-
|1997/98||8||0
|-
|1998/99||0||0

|-
|1998/99||Red Star Belgrade||First League||3||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Rapid Wien||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||22||11
|-
|2000/01||22||7
202||59
3||0
97||20
44||18
346||97
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1986||1||1
|-
|1987||2||0
|-
|1988||4||3
|-
|1989||5||1
|-
|1990||5||0
|-
|1991||9||5
|-
|1992||1||0
|-
!Total||27||10
|}
|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||3||2
|-
|1996||6||4
|-
|1997||10||3
|-
|1998||4||0
|-
|1999||4||0
|-
!Total||29||9
|}

References 

1966 births
Living people
Montenegrin footballers
Dejan Stanković (born 11 September 1978) is a Serbian football player. He plays for Internazionale Milano and Serbia national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="4"|Red Star Belgrade||rowspan="4"|First League||7||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1995/96||24||4||colspan="2"|-||2||0||26||4
|-
|1996/97||26||10||colspan="2"|-||5||2||31||12
|-
|1997/98||28||15||colspan="2"|-||4||3||32||18
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="6"|Lazio||rowspan="6"|Serie A||29||4||5||1||7||4||41||9
|-
|1999/00||16||3||4||0||11||2||31||5
|-
|2000/01||21||0||2||1||9||0||32||1
|-
|2001/02||27||7||4||0||5||1||36||8
|-
|2002/03||29||6||2||0||7||0||38||6
|-
|2003/04||15||2||4||2||8||0||27||5
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="7"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="7"|Serie A||14||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||16||4
|-
|2004/05||31||3||6||0||10||3||47||6
|-
|2005/06||23||2||7||2||8||2||38||6
|-
|2006/07||34||6||4||0||7||0||45||6
|-
|2007/08||21||1||3||0||6||0||30||1
|-
|2008/09||31||5||1||0||5||0||37||5
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
85||30||colspan="2"|-||11||5||96||35
291||43||44||6||82||12||417||61
376||73||44||6||93||17||513||96
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1998||10||3
|-
|1999||7||3
|-
|2000||8||0
|-
|2001||6||2
|-
|2002||8||0
|-
|2003||4||1
|-
|2004||6||2
|-
|2005||7||0
|-
|2006||11||2
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||7||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||85||13
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Belgrade
is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Mizuno was born in Shizuoka on September 6, 1985. After graduating from Shimizu Commercial High School, he joined J1 League club JEF United Ichihara (later JEF United Chiba) in 2004. He played many matches as right side midfielder from 2005. The club won the champions in the 2005 and 2006 J.League Cup. In January 2008, he moved to Scottish Premier League club Celtic. In June 2010, he returned to Japan and joined J2 League club Kashiwa Reysol. The club won the champions in 2010 J2 and was promoted to J1 from 2011. The club won the champions in 2011 J1 League and 2012 Emperor's Cup. In 2013, he moved to Ventforet Kofu. In 2015, he moved to his first club JEF United Chiba. From 2016, he played for Vegalta Sendai, Sagan Tosu, Roasso Kumamoto and SC Sagamihara.
In 2005, Mizuno was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2005 World Youth Championship. At this tournament, he played all 4 matches and scored 1 goal. On March 24, 2007, he debuted for the Japan national team against Peru. He was also selected Japan for 2007 Asian Cup and played 2 matches. He played 4 games for Japan in 2007.

Statistics

|-
|2004||JEF United Ichihara||J1 League||7||1||1||0||0||0||8||1
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|JEF United Chiba||rowspan="3"|J1 League||25||3||2||1||5||0||32||4
|-
|2006||25||0||1||0||9||2||35||2
|-
|2007||29||9||0||0||5||0||34||9

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Celtic||rowspan="3"|Premier League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008/09||10||1||0||0||0||0||10||1
|-
|2009/10||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2010||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||J2 League||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2011||rowspan="2"|J1 League||10||0||3||0||1||0||14||0
|-
|2012||14||1||4||0||2||0||20||1
|-
|2013||rowspan="2"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="2"|J1 League||19||0||1||0||3||0||23||0
|-
|2014||11||1||1||1||3||2||15||4
|-
|2015||JEF United Chiba||J2 League||19||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|-
|2016||Vegalta Sendai||J1 League||8||0||1||0||4||0||13||0
|-
|2017||rowspan="2"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|J1 League||9||1||2||0||5||2||16||3
|-
|2018||0||0||0||0||3||0||3||0
|-
|2018||Roasso Kumamoto||J2 League||12||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|2019||rowspan="2"|SC Sagamihara||rowspan="2"|J3 League||10||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2020||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
199||17||18||2||40||6||257||25
11||1||0||0||1||0||12||1
210||18||18||2||41||6||269||26
|}

|-
|2007||4||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References

Other websites
Other websites

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
JEF United Chiba players
Kashiwa Reysol players
Ventforet Kofu players
Vegalta Sendai players
Sagan Tosu players
Roasso Kumamoto players
SC Sagamihara players
is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Mizumoto was born in Ise on September 12, 1985. After graduating from Mie High School, he joined J1 League club JEF United Ichihara (later JEF United Chiba) in 2004. He played many matches as center back. The club won the champions in the 2005 and 2006 J.League Cup. In 2008, he moved to Gamba Osaka. However he could not play many matches and he moved to Kyoto Sanga FC in June. He played as regular player in 3 seasons. The club was relegated to J2 League end of 2010 season. In 2011, he moved to Sanfrecce Hiroshima. The club won the champions in the 2012, 2013 and 2015 J1 League. Although he played as regular player until 2018, he could hardly play in the match in 2019. In August, he moved to Matsumoto Yamaga FC. In 2020, he moved to J2 club FC Machida Zelvia.
In 2005, Mizumoto was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2005 World Youth Championship. At this tournament, he played full-time in all 4 matches. In 2008, he was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2008 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played full-time in all matches as captain. On October 4, 2006, he debuted for the Japan national team against Ghana. He played 7 games for Japan until 2015.

Statistics
|-
|2004||JEF United Ichihara||J1 League||5||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|JEF United Chiba||rowspan="3"|J1 League||15||0||2||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2006||25||1||1||0||11||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|2007||31||1||1||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|2008||Gamba Osaka||J1 League||7||0||0||0||0||0||4||0||11||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Kyoto Sanga FC||rowspan="3"|J1 League||18||1||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||19||1
|-
|2009||33||2||2||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||40||2
|-
|2010||34||0||2||1||6||1||colspan="2"|-||42||2
|-
|2011||rowspan="9"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="9"|J1 League||18||1||2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||2
|-
|2012||34||2||0||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||40||2
|-
|2013||34||3||5||0||2||0||6||0||47||3
|-
|2014||34||1||2||0||1||0||7||0||44||1
|-
|2015||33||1||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||1
|-
|2016||17||0||2||0||2||0||5||0||26||0
|-
|2017||34||3||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||37||3
|-
|2018||31||0||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2019||0||0||1||0||0||0||3||0||4||0
|-
|-
|2019||Matsumoto Yamaga FC||J1 League||13||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|2020||rowspan="2"|FC Machida Zelvia||rowspan="2"|J2 League||41||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
457||18||27||2||45||1||25||0||554||21
457||18||27||2||45||1||25||0||554||21
|}
|-
|2006||2||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||0||0
|-
|2010||0||0
|-
|2011||0||0
|-
|2012||2||0
|-
|2013||0||0
|-
|2014||1||0
|-
|2015||1||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

References

Other websites

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Mie Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
JEF United Chiba players
Gamba Osaka players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Matsumoto Yamaga FC players
FC Machida Zelvia players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
The Handley Page Victor was a bomber aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force.  It was one of the V bombers and was used as part of the nuclear deterrent during the Cold War.

References

Royal Air Force aircraft
The Vickers Valiant was a bomber aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force.  It was one of the V bombers and was used as part of the nuclear deterrent during the Cold War.

References

Royal Air Force aircraft
A nuclear deterrent is a phrase that means a country's nuclear weapons arsenal.  It means that other countries do not attack the country with the "deterrent" because they might be attacked back.

Nuclear weapons
The Avro Vulcan (also Avro 698 Vulcan) is a delta wing bomber aircraft.  It was part of the RAF V bombers which were used by the Royal Air Force as a nuclear deterrent during the Cold War.  The other aircraft in the V bombers were the Vickers and Valiant.  The Vulcan was also used for long-distance bombing runs during the Falklands War.

Development
In 1947, the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence said it needed a bomber aircraft that could fly a long way and very high.  It also needed to carry a lot of bombs.  The prototype Vulcan flew in 1948.  It crashed in 1949, but development carried on.  Over 100 aircraft were built between 1956 and 1965.

Use
The crew of the Vulcan was made up of five people – two pilots, two navigators and one electronics officer.  The Vulcan was originally used as part of the United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent.  It carried the United Kingdom's first nuclear weapon, called Blue Danube.
The Vulcan was also used sometimes for reconnaissance.  It was retired from the Royal Air Force in 1984.

Technical data (Vulcan B Mk.2)

References

Other websites

Vulcan To The Sky

Royal Air Force aircraft
Tony Gwynn (May 9, 1960 - June 16, 2014) was an American baseball player. He was a Major League Baseball player for the San Diego Padres. He played from 1982 to 2001.
Gwynn was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007. His son, Tony Gwynn Jr, currently plays for the Padres. He has a brother named Chris who played for the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Padres.

Gwynn died of salivary gland cancer in Poway, California.

References

1960 births
2014 deaths
African-American baseball players
African-American basketball players
Baseball players from California
Basketball players from California
Cancer deaths in San Diego County
Deaths from salivary gland cancer
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National League All-Stars
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
San Diego Padres players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
American basketball players
Barthold Fles (February 7, 1902 – December 19, 1989) was a Dutch-American who worked as a literary agent, helping writers find publishers to print their books.  He also wrote books and articles, edited texts, translated books from German to English, and published poetry books.

Life
Barthold Fles was born in Amsterdam on February 7, 1902. His family was Jewish but did not keep Jewish laws. His father, Louis Fles, thought that it was wrong for Jews and other people to be religious. Louis Fles imported typewriters and sold them, in addition to other office products, in several stores that he owned and to other stores. Barthold was his oldest son so his father wanted him to help him at work. Barthold did not want to work for his father. He only wanted to read. Barthold read in Dutch, German, English, and French. He read a lot and very fast. Barthold found a job at De Lange publishers. In 1923 he left for the United States.
In New York Fles first worked as a violinist, painting apartments, selling vacuum cleaners and for publishers. In 1933 he started his own business, a literary agency, in Manhattan, New York. As a literary agent he mostly helped writers find publishers. He also sold stories for films or magazines and would find a writer to make a book that a publisher wanted. When Barthold started working as a literary agent, many of his clients were people who left Germany for the United States because of the Nazism in Germany. He held meetings for these writers in New York so that they could learn about publishing books and stories in the United States. Later, however, most of the writers he worked with were born in the United States.
In 1936 Barthold married Ruth Grünwald, a dancer at the Metropolitan Opera who had been just one year in the United States. Ruth helped Barthold with his work. Later she left him. Although he had no children of his own, Barthold Fles wrote two books for kids: Slavonic rhapsody: the life of Antonín Dvořák (in 1948) and East Germany (in 1973). He also wrote many articles and introductions to story collections. He translated three books from German to English. One of these books, Bambi's Children by Felix Salten, was also a book for children.

In 1986, when he was 84 years old, Fles stopped working. He went back to the Netherlands, and lived three years in a home for retired artists. He died on December 19, 1989 at the age of 87.

Books

Written
 1948 - Slavonic rhapsody: The life of Antonín Dvořák
 1973 - East Germany
 1993 - Briefwechsel mit Barthold Fles, 1942-1949 (with Heinrich Mann; editor Madeleine Rietra)
Compiled 
 1948 - The best short stories from Collier's
 1949 - Seven short novels from the Woman's Home Companion
 1951 - The Saturday Evening Post western stories

Translated
 1939 - Ernst Krenek: Music here and now
 1939 - Felix Salten: Bambi’s children
 1943 - Hans Natonek: In search of myself

Published
These German poetry books were published by Barthold Fles Verlag, New York
 1941 - Max Herrmann-Neisse: Letzte Gedichte
 1941 - Barthold Viertel: Fürchte dich nicht! Neue Gedichte
 1942 - Hans Sahl: Der hellen Nächte, Gedichte Aus Frankreich
 1942 - Max Hermann-Neisse: Mir bleibt mein Lied, Auswahl aus unveröffentlichten Gedichten (posthumous publication)

Articles
Written
 1928-09-15 - Chávez lights new music with old fires. Musical America 48 (22): 5 & 21.
 1932-05-18 - The Price of Being Sensible. The Nation 134 (3489): 576.
 1934-07-04 - Now as a Story Teller. The New Republic: 216. (book review of Kaleidoscope by Stefan Zweig)
 1935-03-10 - In Holland Writers Favor the Exotic. The New York Times: BR 8 & ?.
 1935-10-27 - Van Gogh Letters and Other Dutch Books. The New York Times: BR 8 & ?.
 1935-12-24 - The Literary Scene In Holland. The New York Times: 61.
 1935-11-02 - Rococo Italy in a Picaresque Novel. The Saturday Review of Literature 8 (1): 12.
 1936 - Literature in Exile. Story 9: 8, 101-102.
 1936-08-23 - Holland Turns to the Historical Novel. The New York Times: BR 8.
 1945-07-28 -  What Has Happened to Them Since? Reply. Publishers Weekly: 307.
 1950-06-04 - A Literary Letter about Holland. The New York Times: BR 11.
1951-10 and 11 - The Literary Agent. The Writer 64 (10): 319-323, (11): 361-365. (also included in the book Briefwechsel mit Barthold Fles)
Translated
 1935 - Nettie Sutro: Biographical Note on the author in Ignazio Silone: Mr. Aristotle

References

1902 births
1989 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
Jewish American writers
American translators
Writers from Amsterdam
Writers from Manhattan