Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Jersey is an island in the English Channel off the northwest coast of France. It is a Crown Dependency of the British monarchy. Jersey is a bailiwick. The Bailiwick of Jersey also includes the islands of the Minquiers and Écréhous, where nobody lives. The other islands of the Channel Islands belong to the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The country code (also used for internet) is JE.

Over 106 000 people live on the main island. Thirty per cent of them live in its only town, Saint Helier.

Along with English and French, more than two thousand people speak Jèrriais, a local variation of the Norman language.

Politics 
Jersey is not a part of the United Kingdom or of the European Union, but the King of the UK is the King of Jersey as well. It has its own parliament called the States of Jersey which passes laws for the island.

The Chief Minister of Jersey is in charge of the government. Since the 2022 election, Kristina Moore has been the Chief Minister. She is the first woman to have the job.
Jersey is divided into 12 parishes which elect their own politicians and have control over some roads and the Honorary (volunteer) police.

History 

People have lived in the area for about 6,000 years. This was before the sea level went up and made Jersey an island. There are many very old buildings like .

The island was joined to Normandy in 933. Normandy then took control of England in 1066, but Jersey was still in Normandy, not in England. In 1204, King John lost his land in France, but the Channel Islanders wanted to be ruled by the English king, not the French king. Because the Channel Islands chose England over France, the English kings let them have their own laws and governments.

During the English Civil War (1642-1651), the future King Charles II stayed in Jersey because the important Islanders supported the monarchy. When he became King, Charles II gave one of these people a colony in America, which became New Jersey.
In 1769, there was not a lot of food and the rich were selling food made in the island to other countries. Many islanders went to St Helier, rioted and took over the Royal Court. In 1771, the British Government made changes, like introducing a single book of laws and stopping the Royal Court making laws in the future without the States.

Jersey was invaded by the French in the Battle of Jersey in 1781. Major Pierson led an army to fight the French in the Royal Square and won, but he died in the fight.

In Victorian times, the island become more British. More people started to talk in English and more English people moved to the island.

During World War 2, Jersey was controlled by the Nazis. It was freed on 9 May 1945, which is called Liberation Day and is the national day of Jersey.
Geography 
Jersey is an island. It is in the English Channel, a sea in between France and England. It is 22 kilometres (14 miles) from France and 160 kilometres (100 miles) from England. It is the biggest of the Channel Islands, a group of islands. The other big Channel Island is called Guernsey.

The island is around 9 miles from east to west and 5 miles from north to south, so it is often called "nine-by-five".

Climate 
Ths island has mild summers and mild winters. In summer, it is normally 12 to 20 degrees Celsius. In the winter, it is normally 4 to 9 degrees Celsius. The hottest day was 18 July 2022, when it was 37.9 degrees Celsius. The coldest day was -10.3 degrees Celsius in 1894.

Culture 
Jersey's culture is a mixture of French and British culture. The people speak English, but the old language is called Jèrriais, which is like French.
Because Jersey is an island, fish is a popular food in the island. There is a fish market in the middle of St Helier which sells fresh fish. Jersey is famous for its milk (from Jersey Cows) and its potatoes (called Jersey Royals).

Jersey's newspaper is called the Jersey Evening Post which has been printed since 1890.

There is a musical festival every year called the Weekender which happens in Trinity.

The Jersey Eisteddfod is a big art, music, drama, language and dance competition that happens every year. Many islanders take part and are given certificates.

Jersey takes part in the Commonwealth Games and the Island Games (which happened in Jersey in 1997 and 2015). Jersey does not have famous sports teams, so islanders who can play sports really well often play for England or other countries in the UK.

Economy 
Jersey has a lot of finance companies who manage people's money. Some call it a tax haven because it has low taxes and many people use its businesses to pay lower taxes.
Jersey also has a lot of hotels and farms.

Parishes 
There are 12 parishes on the island.

Saint Helier is the capital and main town of Jersey. There are many shops, offices, parks and important buildings. The harbour of the island is in St Helier where boats take people to England and France. There is a castle called Elizabeth Castle on a small island near the town.

Saint Saviour is on the east of Saint Helier. There are lots of houses and many people who live here work in Saint Helier.

Saint Clement is in the south east of the island. It is the smallest parish in area.

Grouville is next to Saint Clement. It has a large golf course and a very old building called La Hougue Bie.

Saint Martin is north of Grouville. It has a large castle in the village of Gorey called Mont Orgeuil Castle.

Trinity has lots of farms. Jersey's zoo is in Trinity.

Saint John is in the north of the island. Sorel Point is the most northern point of the island.
Saint Mary has the smallest number of people than any other parish.

Saint Ouen is the biggest parish in area. It has Saint Ouen's Bay, a large beach which is good for surfing.

Saint Peter has the island's airport.

Saint Brelade has a beach that many people like called St Brelade's Bay and a lighthouse called Corbière Lighthouse.

Saint Lawrence is in the middle of the island which has the Jersey War Tunnels, an old hospital from World War 2 which is now a museum.

References

Other websites 
 About Jersey (Visitors' guide) 
 Les Pâraîsses d'Jèrri en Jèrriais  (map of parishes, coat-of-arms, and history)
 States of Jersey (Jersey government's website)
 BBC Jersey
 Jersey History
 This is Jersey (Local Portal) 
 Jersey Insight (Local Portal) 
 
 Map of Jersey 

English-speaking countries
Islands of the Channel Islands
East Timor or the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste is a country in Southeast Asia. It is on the eastern side of the island of Timor. It also includes the smaller islands of Atauro and Jaco Island, and a small area, named Oecusse, inside the west side of Timor. Oecusse is an exclave, which means it is separated from the main part of the country by part of another country. That other country is Indonesia.

The capital and largest city, Dili, is home to one hundred and fifty thousand people. The next largest city is Baucau. (see List of settlements in East Timor).

East Timor gets its name from the Malay word for "east", timur.

It is a member of the United Nations, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.
History 
For a long time, Portugal controlled the East Timor and called it the Colony of Portuguese Timor. In 1975, the Portuguese army left, and East Timor was invaded (taken over) by the Indonesian army in 1975. The invasion was very violent. The army stayed there until 1999, when they gave up control of the territory with the help of the United Nations.

At the time, the United States government said it did not know Indonesia was going to invade East Timor. But secret documents, released from 2002 to 2005, show that Henry Kissinger, the Secretary of State of the United States, did know, and supported the invasion.

When it got its independence on 20 May 2002, it became the first country to become independent in the twenty-first century (since the year 2001). In 2006, when Montenegro became independent, East Timor was no longer the newest one.
Since then, East Timor has not been given much attention in the news. Recently, the Colombian music artist Shakira made a song named "Timor", which talks about the country. The attention is because there has been fighting in East Timor between gangs (groups of criminals with guns), security forces (the country's army). Australia, a large nearby country, sent troops in to make peace.

East Timor is a small country located between Australia and Indonesia, 3,000 years ago, East Timor was a mountainous island composed of migrant indigenous people from New Guinea, Australia and Melanesia.

There were some migrants from Austronesia searching for a new life on this island. Some of the people arrived from South China and North Indochina looking for trade because East Timor had resources which could be exported, like sandalwood, honey, slaves and wax.
During the Second World War, the Japanese occupied the region, encountered strong resistance to their attempts to force the population to grow foods for their troops and export. At the time 30% of the population died.

On 25 April  1974, the Portuguese Armed Forces headed by General António de Spínola organized a Military Coup against Salazar’s regime called the Revolution of Carnations. After this revolution, Portugal decided to give freedom to the colonized countries.

Geography 
East Timor is the largest of the Lesser Sunda Islands. To the north of the island are the Ombai Strait, Wetar Strait, and the greater Banda Sea. To the south the Timor Sea separates the island from Australia.

The country has many mountains. Its highest point is Tatamailau (also known as Mount Ramelau) at . The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid.

The Nino Konis Santana National Park is on the eastern tip of the island. The park includes coral reefs, coastal area, and mountains.
Municipalities 
East Timor is divided into 13 municipalites. These were formerly named districts. The municipalities are divided into administrative posts (former subdistricts), and further subdivided into sucos. The 13 municipalities are:
 Aileu
 Ainaro
 Baucau
 Bobonaro
 Cova Lima
 Dili
 Ermera
 Lautém
 Liquiçá
 Manatuto
 Manufahi
 Oecusse
 Viqueque

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Asia Times article on the Timor Gap dispute
 
 ETAN Links – Extensive links on East Timor
 Governo Timor Leste  – Official governmental site
 Bairo Pite Clinic website – Information on Health in East Timor
 Health Alliance International website  – More information on health projects in East Timor by HAI
 Jornal Nacional – Semanário  
 Links to Timor Leste government sites 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation 
 Suara Timor Lorosae – local newspaper in Tetum and Indonesian
 Tourism Timor-Leste – Tourism Guide to travel to Timor-Lest

 
Lesser Sunda Islands
Least developed countries
Country music (sometimes called Country & Western) is a form of music that has been enjoyed by people all over the United States for decades. Famous singers from this genre include Johnny Cash, Patsy Cline, The Judds, Alan Jackson, Rascal Flatts, Dolly Parton, Glen Campbell, George Jones and Tammy Wynette, George Strait, Kenny Rogers, Loretta Lynn, Randy Travis, Tanya Tucker, Willie Nelson, Reba McEntire, Garth Brooks, Toby Keith and Hank 3.

Country music's strongest appeal is with American rural and small-town populations, but many American cities have a large audience. The music also has listeners in Canada, in England, and worldwide. The popularity of Country comes and goes with each decade. Sometimes a new movie (like Midnight Cowboy or Urban Cowboy), hit record (like "She Believes In Me" by Kenny Rogers), or new performer (like Randy Travis in the 1980s) raises new interest.
History 
Country music has its roots and beginnings in folk music. The old cowboy and pioneer songs of the American frontier were popular in the early twentieth century, and so were arrangements of pop music songs by rural (or rural-sounding) performers. Country musicians also adapted new musical instruments, like the Hawaiian steel guitar.

Modern-day Country music started in the years after World War II. The Sons of the Pioneers and The Carter Family performed old and new songs, in a way that reminded people of singalongs and jamborees of the past. Hank Williams is often called the first songwriter of country music. His songs were easy to learn and remember, and their lyrics said things felt by many people. His music is still performed today. Some of the early rock and roll musicians, like Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Elvis Presley, began their career as country performers.
Nashville, Tennessee became the center of Country music, much like New Orleans became the center of Jazz. The Grand Ole Opry broadcast performances by The Carter Family and others, and became an important breaking ground in Country music. A television series, Hee-Haw, was a long-running showcase for Country performers, and was hosted by musicians Buck Owens and Roy Clark. When cable television became popular in the United States, The Nashville Network (TNN) and Country Music Television (CMT) brought Country music videos and related programming to nationwide audiences. (In later years, as interests changed, TNN changed its programming. It also changed names, first to "The National Network", then to Spike TV, which is its name today.) Country music began in the Southern United States at 1920. And Bob Wills had developed the Western Swing.
Country comedy 
Country-styled comedy is also popular, with writers and performers like Jeff Foxworthy, Bill Engvall, Larry the Cable Guy, and others. Many comedians have appeared with Country acts, including Andy Griffith, Ray Stevens, and George Lindsey. Lindsey, Lulu Roman and Junior Samples were cast members of Hee-Haw, and so were Grandpa Jones and Minnie Pearl. Homer and Jethro and Pinkard & Bowden were duos of musicians who made parodies of Country and pop songs.

The Beverly Hillbillies, a CBS television series, included music by Flatt and Scruggs. Members of the cast appeared in character at Country concerts, and on other television shows, to entertain audiences.

Other websites

 Roughstock - country music resource; also has a history of the genre 
 CMT (Country Music Television)
 Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
 The Country Music Association (America)
 Country Weekly magazine
 Grand Ole Opry website

 Countryfied Soul
The 1690s was a decade that began on 1 January 1690 and ended on 31 December 1699.

Events and trends 
 Thomas Neale designed Seven Dials
 The Salem Witchcraft Trials are held in Massachusetts Bay Colony (1692).
 Dutch explorer Arnout Vielle discovers the first trade route down the Ohio Valley, New York Colony financed and profitable (1692).

World leaders 
King Christian V of Denmark (1670–1699).
King Frederick IV of Denmark (1699–1730).
Queen  Mary II of England and Scotland (1689–1694).
King  William III of England and Scotland (1689–1702).
King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
Tsar Ivan V of Russia (1682–1696).
Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725).
King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700).
King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697).
King Charles XII of Sweden (1697–1718).

Deaths 
Daibhidh O Duibhghennain, d. 1696
Tootsie is a 1982 American romantic comedy-drama movie from Columbia Pictures. It stars Dustin Hoffman as a struggling actor, who dresses as a woman and soon has a role in a soap opera.

In 1998 the United States Library of Congress chose the movie to keep in the National Film Registry.

Theme song
The theme song to the movie, "It Might Be You", was a Top 40 hit in the U.S., and also hit #1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart.  Stephen Bishop sang the song and the music was by Dave Grusin / Marilyn and Alan Bergman.

Cast
 Dustin Hoffman as Michael Dorsey / Dorothy Michaels
 Jessica Lange as Julie Nichols
 Teri Garr as Sandy Lester
 Dabney Coleman as Ron Carlisle
 Charles Durning as Leslie "Les" Nichols
 Bill Murray as Jeff Slater
 Sydney Pollack as George Fields
 George Gaynes as John Van Horn
 Geena Davis as April Page
 Doris Belack as Rita Marshall
 Lynne Thigpen as Jo
 Estelle Getty as Middle Aged Woman
 Michael M. Ryan as Elderly Aged Man

Release dates
Release dates

Awards
The movie was nominated for ten Academy Awards. Lange was the only winner, for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.

The nominations were:
Best Picture: Sydney Pollack and Dick Richards
Best Actor in a Leading Role: Dustin Hoffman
Best Actress in a Supporting Role: Teri Garr
Best Director: Sydney Pollack
Best Original Screenplay: Larry Gelbart, Murray Schisgal and Don McGuire
Best Original Song ("It Might Be You"): Dave Grusin (music), Alan Bergman (lyrics) and Marilyn Bergman (lyrics)
Best Sound: Arthur Piantadosi, Les Fresholtz, Dick Alexander and Les Lazarowitz
Best Cinematography: Owen Roizman
Best Film Editing: Fredric Steinkamp and William Steinkamp

The movie was number two in the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list in 2000.

It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1982 comedy-drama movies
1982 romantic comedy movies
1982 romantic drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
Columbia Pictures movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies directed by Sydney Pollack
United States National Film Registry movies
Lynyrd Skynyrd is an American southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. Their name comes from one of their school teachers who was named Leonard Skinner. They wrote songs including: "Sweet Home, Alabama", "Simple Man" and "Freebird." The lead singer's name was Ronnie Van Zant. After Ronnie died, his brother Johnny Van Zant became lead singer. Lynyrd Skynyrd has been performing for 50 years now. They had a concert on October 6, 2023.

Plane crash
On October 20, 1977, the band was on tour flying to Baton Rouge, Louisiana for their next gig, when their 1977 Convair 240 plane ran out of fuel and crashed in a heavily wooded area. Ronnie Van Zant, Steve Gaines, backup singer Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick and the pilots were killed in the crash. The rest of the band and crew were injured and temporarily split up. They reunited in 1987 with Van Zant's younger brother Johnny as their new singer.

References
References

1966 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1966
Musical groups from Florida
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Southern rock bands
Peter Handke (born December 6, 1942 in Griffen (Carinthia)) is an Austrian author and translator of books.

Peter Handke is known for his extremely critical (and perhaps even absurd) plays. Perhaps his best-known play is called Publikumsbeschimpfung (translates roughly as insulting /offending the audience).  The play consists of actors insulting and offending the audience, and later congratulating them for the good performance. The play has been labelled as  antitheater.

In 2019, Handke was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Note

Other websites

Peter Handke, Song of childhood 

"A son's long good-bye", Svenska Dagbladet, Karl-Erik Tallmo, September 23, 1988

1942 births
Living people
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
Austrian writers
European translators
People from Carinthia (state)
IDD is an abbreviation that could mean:
International Direct Dialing (see also: List of country calling codes)
Iodine deficiency disorders. This term is often in use when people talk of plans to stop it.
Insulin-dependent diabetes
Density is a measurement that compares the amount of matter an object has to its volume. An object with much matter in a certain volume has high density. An object with little matter in the same amount of volume has a low density.
Density is found by dividing the mass of an object by its volume:

where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume.

Changes of density 
In general, density can be changed by changing either the pressure or the temperature. Increasing the pressure always increases the density of a material. Increasing the temperature usually lowers the density, but there are exceptions. For example, the density of water increases slightly between its melting point at 0 °C and 4 °C. When water freezes, it expands by about 9% in volume, making ice that is less dense than liquid water. Water expands as it drops below 4 °C.

Measures 
Fresh water is often used as a standard of relative density. This is called specific gravity.
The most common SI units for density are g/cm3 and kg/m3. When the numerator is much larger than the denominator, that means the substance has a higher density. When the denominator is much larger than the numerator, the substance has a lower density.

Other uses of the term 
"Density" sometimes means the ratio between other properties instead of mass and volume.  Then it means how much of a property can be found in a specific piece of what they are looking at.  For example, population density is how many people live within the same amount of land area. The population density in the city is higher than the country side because people live closer to each other in the city. In computers, storage density is how much data can fit on a data storage device in relation to its physical size. A Blu-ray disc has a higher storage density than a DVD which has a higher storage density than a CD, even though they all have almost exactly the same volume.

References

Releted pages 
Archimedes' principle
Physical quantity
Matter
A gram, or gramme, is a unit of measure in the metric system. It measures mass, or how much matter something is. The symbol is g. One gram used to be defined as the mass of one cubic centimetre of pure water at 3.98 degrees Celsius. Now one gram is defined as 1/1000 of a kilogram. A milligram is 1/1000 of a gram.

References

Units of mass
Longitude is a way to say where a place is on the Earth. It is measured starting from an imaginary north–south line called the Prime Meridian. (A meridian is an imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole.) Longitude says how far east (positive numbers) or west (negative numbers) of the Prime Meridian any place is.

Longitude is measured using degrees, the same way an angle is. The Prime Meridian is 0° (zero degrees), and the farthest away is +180° eastward and -180° westward. Unlike latitude, which has the equator as a natural starting position, there is no natural starting position for longitude. Other meridians have been used in the past, but most scientists now agree to use the Prime Meridian.

For centuries navigators at sea were seldom able to know their longitude. The problem was solved by making better clocks (chronometers) in the early 19th century.
Unlike  latitude, longitude does not maintain a constant distance between degrees since meridians all come together at the poles and are far apart at the equator. This means people near the North or South Pole can cross many degrees of longitude by travelling a short distance. The time difference between longitudes is 4 minutes per degree. The distance between degrees of longitude is maximum at the equator.

Related pages
 Latitude

What are the lines latitude and longitude 

Lines of longitude
Measurement
Hilary Erhard Duff (born September 28, 1987) is an American actress and singer. She got celebrity famous by being in the television program show' Lizzie McGuire she has gone onto a movie career, with roles in mainstream pictures. Among the movies she plays in are Cheaper by the Dozen, The Perfect Man, A Cinderella Story, Raise Your Voice, Material Girls and independent movies such as War, Inc. and Greta. Duff has also ventured into a music career as a pop musician, releasing 8 albums (for example Most Wanted, Dignity, Metamorphosis, Hilary Duff) and 15 music videos (for example "Reach Out", "With Love", "Stranger", "Wake Up", "So Yesterday", "Come Clean"). Lately she has also ventured into a fashion career as a designer for DKNY, with her new line Femme for DKNY.

Personal life 
Duff has an older sister, Haylie, who is also an actress.
Filmography 
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9;
|- align="center"
! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
|- align="center"
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Year
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Film
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Role
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Notes
|-
| 2001
| Human Nature
| Young Lila Jute
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2003
| Agent Cody Banks
| Natalie Connors
|
|-
| The Lizzie McGuire Movie
| Lizzie McGuire/Isabella Parigi
|
|-
| Cheaper by the Dozen
| Lorraine Baker
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2004
| A Cinderella Story
| Samantha "Sam" Montgomery (Cinderella)
|
|-
| Raise Your Voice
| Teresa "Terri" Fletcher
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2005
| The Perfect Man
| Holly Hamilton
|
|-
| Cheaper by the Dozen 2
| Lorraine Baker
|
|-
| 2006
|Material Girls
| Tanzania "Tanzie" Marchetta
| also Producer
|-
| 2008
|War, Inc.
| Yonica Babyyeah
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2009
|What Goes Up
| Lucy
| Premiered at the 3rd Annual Buffalo Niagara Film Festival
|-
|-
| Greta
| Greta
| also Executive Producer
|-
| Stay Cool
| Shasta O'Neil
| Premiered at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2010
|Provinces of Night
|Raven Halfacre
| [Post-production] 
|-
|The Story of Bonnie and Clyde
| Bonnie Parker
|[Pre-production]
|-
| unreleased
| Foodfight!| Sunshine Goodness
| (Voice only)
|}
Discography 

Studio albums
 Santa Claus Lane (2002)
 Metamorphosis (2003)
 Hilary Duff (2004)
 Dignity (2007)
 Breathe In. Breathe Out. (2015)

Compilation albums
 Disney Artist Karaoke Series: Hilary Duff (2005)
 Most Wanted (2005)
 4Ever (2006)
 Best of Hilary Duff (2008)
 Metamorphosis / Hilary Duff / Dignity (2009)

Live albums
 The Girl Can Rock (2004)
 Live At Gibson Amphitheatre - August 15th, 2007'' (2009)

References

Other websites 

 Official music site
 

1987 births
Living people
Actors from Houston
American movie actors
American pop singers
American television actors
Extras
Singers from Houston
An oil platform is a large structure placed in the sea. It is used to drill for oil or natural gas at the bottom of the sea. The platform may be attached to the sea floor (stationary)or it might be movable(mobile).

In general, oil platforms are located on the continental shelf. As of 2006, drilling for resources up to 8km away from the platform was possible.

Energy

Buildings and structures
A continental shelf is the part of the continent that is under water. The shelf was part of the land during the ice ages in the glacial periods, but under water in the interglacial periods. We are at present in an interglacial period.

Every continent is in the sea, like an island. Most of the island is above the water line, and we see it as a continent. Some of it though, is below the water line. Beyond the continental shelf, the bottom goes down to much greater depths.

The continental shelf is a shallow ocean. It varies in depth, up to 140 metres deep. It varies greatly in its width. At the leading edge of a moving continental plate there will be little or no shelf. The western edge of the Americas are an example. The shelf on a passive edge of a plate will be wide and shallow. The widest shelf is the Siberian shelf in the Arctic Ocean: it is 1500 km (930 miles) in width.
Inland seas 
There have been, at some periods, shallow seas inside continents. These are called epicontinental seas. Much of present-day North America was covered by an epicontinental sea called the Sundance Sea during the Jurassic period. In the Cretaceous an even larger area was covered by the Western Interior Seaway.

Ecology 

Continental seas have the richest life of the oceans, more species and greater numbers than anywhere else. This is because it has both sunlight and nutrients for photosynthesis. This causes microscopic algae and cyanobacteria to bloom, and then animals eat the phytoplankton. Most of the nutrients in the oceans are washed down from the continents by rivers. In particular, the continents are almost the only source for some key elements such as iron. The lack of nutrients away from continents explains why so much of the Pacific Ocean is almost barren of life, and why the shelves are so rich in life.
Topography
The shelf usually ends at a point of decreasing slope (called the shelf break). The sea floor below the break is the continental slope. The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins. With a few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly ; this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is now.p43

References 

Landforms
Oceanography
Biomes
The Mariana Trench is the deepest known submarine trench. It is also the deepest known location on Earth itself. It lies south and east of the Mariana Islands, and has a depth up to 10,971 m (7 miles). The western end of the trench is near Guam.

The trench is about 2,550 kilometres (1,580 miles) long but only an average of 69 kilometres (43 miles) wide.

Challenger Deep 
The deepest part of the trench is known as the Challenger Deep. It is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger, whose expedition of 1872–76 made the first recordings of its depth.
A 2009 sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep from the Kilo Moana found a spot with a depth of  (6.82 miles). The sonar system has an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth.  Water pressure is more than a thousand times as great as at the surface.
 
The Challenger Deep has been reached four times by submersibles, namely the manned bathyscaphe Trieste on 23 January 1960, the unmanned robotic deep-sea probes Kaiko (Japanese) in 1995 and Nereus (U.S.) in 2009, and by James Cameron in the Deepsea Challenger on 26 March, 2012. Cameron was able to film a 3D movie of the bottom of the trench.

Lifeforms 
The HMS Challenger expedition found radiolaria in the two dredged samples taken when the Challenger Deep was first discovered.
On their 1960 descent, the crew of the Trieste noted that the floor consisted of diatomaceous ooze and reported observing "some type of flatfish, resembling a sole, about 1 foot long and 6 inches across" lying on the seabed. The report has since been questioned, with suggestions that it may have been a sea cucumber. The video camera on board the Kaiko probe spotted a sea cucumber, a scale worm and a shrimp at the bottom. At the bottom of the Challenger deep, the Nereus probe spotted one polychaete worm about an inch long.

An analysis of the sediment samples collected by Kaiko found large numbers of simple organisms at . 

The overwhelming majority of the organisms collected were simple, soft-shelled foraminifera (432 species according to National Geographic).
Eighty-five percent of the specimens were organic, soft-shelled forams. This is unusual compared to samples of sediment from other deep-sea environments, where the percentage of organic-walled foraminifera ranges from 5% to 20%. As small organisms with hard, calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water, scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft-shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from survivors of the biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now.

Tectonic plates 
The trench formed because of a large boundary where two oceanic tectonic plates have converged (collided).
At the boundary, the western edge of the Pacific Plate is subducted beneath the small Mariana Plate. Because the Pacific plate is the largest of all the tectonic plates on Earth, crustal material at its western edge has had up to 170 million years to compact and become very dense; hence its great height-difference relative to the higher-riding Mariana Plate, at the point where the Pacific Plate crust is subducted. This deep area is the Mariana trench proper. The movement of these plates is also responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands.

References 

Pacific Ocean
Oceanography
Plate tectonics
The Mariana Islands (also the Marianas; up to the early 20th century sometimes called Islas de los Ladrones meaning "Islands of Thieves") are a group of islands made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the western Pacific Ocean. 

They are the southern part of a seamount range that goes on for 1,565 miles (2,519 km) from Guam to near Japan. The Marianas are the northernmost islands of a larger island group called Micronesia. The Marianas have a total land area of 396 square miles (1026 km²) and are composed of two administrative units:
Guam is a US territory
the Northern Mariana Islands (including the islands of Saipan, Tinian and Rota) comprise a Commonwealth of the United States .

The first European to discover the island group was Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. In 1667 Spain formally claimed them, and named them after Spanish queen consort and later regent Mariana of Austria. 

Islands of Oceania
Island insular areas of the United States
Micronesia
Archipelagos
In computing, an image scanner is a device used to transfer images or text into a computer. There are special models for scanning photo negatives, or to scan books. In the computer, the signal from the scanner is transferred to a digital image. This image can then be edited, printed, etc. All scanners have special parts which are used to take a picture from an object.

Charge-coupled device or Contact Image Sensor parts take the light from the object and change it into a digital signal. The digital signal is then transferred to the computer memory or is read in the scanner's processor. With some software it can be changed to a compressed digital image, like JPEG or PNG. Text printed or written by hand can be changed to ASCII code by an OCR program.
Types 
The main types of scanner 
Desktop scanner (flatbed scanner). This is probably the most popular type. An object to be scanned (picture, image, text sheet) is put on the glass. Under the glass, there is a moving Image Sensor.
Hand scanner. The device is moved on the paper by hand. It was popular during the 1990s. 
Rotary scanner (drum scanner) used for fast scanning large numbers of sheets of paper.
Smartphone scanner scans a document by taking a photo with the smartphone's camera.

Producers 
 Canon
 HP
 Lexmark
 Mustek
 Plustek
 Other

References

Related pages
 Digital camera

Other websites 
 Scanning tips
 More tips on scanning 
 HP scanning

Computer hardware
Data input
Scanner may refer to:

Technology
 Scanner (radio), for searching for and receiving radio broadcasts
 Image scanner, which digitizes a two-dimensional image
 3D scanner, which digitizes the three-dimensional shape of a real object
 Neutron scanner, a scanner which utilizes neutrons to penetrate objects for analysis
 Port scanner, in computer networking
 Virus scanner (Antivirus)
 Vulnerability scanner, a computer program that probes for weaknesses
 Barcode reader, which reads the data encoded in a barcode
 Lexical analyzer, a computer program
 Stepper, a part of the photolithography process
 A rotating radar antenna
 An outside broadcasting control vehicle
 An automotive electronic control unit diagnostic tool
 An automated spotlight
 A biometric scanner, an electronic device with a sensor to read patterns or images from faces, irises and finger pads to create a biological template or profile
 WikiScanner, a tool that provides a searchable database of anonymous Wikipedia edits
Popular culture
 Scanner (comics), a mutant appearing primarily in X-Men comics.
 Scanner (band), a German speed metal band
 Scanners (band), an alternative band from London
 Scanner, the stage name of British electronic musician Robin Rimbaud
 Scanner (Code Lyoko), a fictional teleportation device
 Scanner (Half-Life), a floating enemy in the Half-Life video game series
 Scanners Live in Vain, a science fiction short story by Cordwainer Smith
 A Scanner Darkly, a science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick
 Scanners, a 1981 science fiction horror film
 In much science fiction, especially older science fiction, the term scanner is used to refer to what is usually now termed a computer monitor.

Other
 A personality type described by self-help author Barbara Sher
A brassière, commonly called a bra, is an undergarment for women. Its main purpose is to support their breasts, but is sometimes also used for sexual attraction in the form of lingerie. The bra is a nineteenth century invention which took off as a fashion garment in the 20th century.

Brassière measurement 
Brassière measurement (also called bust size or bra size) refers to the size of bra a woman wears. Bra sizes were first introduced in the 1910s. The sizes vary from one manufacturer to another. Bra size systems are often used to label off-shelf bras and not custom-made bras.
The term cup, in relation to bras, began being used in 1916 when two patents were issued. Cup sizes are given in letters such as A, B, C, D, E, F and G the Further the letter is the bigger the bra needed so for example a C size bra is bigger than an A size bra.
Bra sizes in most countries have a number and a letter (for example, 34B). The number comes from the measurement of the ribcage directly underneath the breasts. The letter is a measure of how much larger the breasts are than the ribcage. This is found by measuring the chest over the breasts (across the nipples) and subtracting the ribcage measurement from the breast measurement, then finding the matching letter of the alphabet. For example, someone with a 3-inch difference between the breast measurement and the ribcage measurement would have a C-cup bra. However, this does not always work, since different manufacturers have differently-sized bras. Many women prefer to find a brand and size that works for them by trial and error.
Many Males and Females can find looking at bulging bras arousing.

Underwear
Breasts
Torture is when someone puts another person in pain as a punishment or in order to force them to do or say something. This pain may be physical or psychological. People who have been tortured often suffer from long term physical problems or mental health issues and the person may even die.

Reasons for torture 
Reasons for torture can include punishment, revenge, political re-education, deterrence, and interrogation. Victims or third parties may be forced to take actions against their will. Torture may for the sadistic gratification of those watching the torture.
Torture for information 
A common reason for torture is to get information from the victim, for example, to get confessions or the names of accomplices. Information got by torture is unreliable, because people suffering tend to say whatever the questioner wants them to say. Nevertheless, it was used for centuries by all kinds of societies. It was authorised by the Christian Church during the  Inquisition from 1252 to 1816.
 
In 1600 Anton Praetorius fought against torture and against the hunting of witches.

Present day 
Almost all countries agree that torture is a violation of human rights and one of crimes against humanity. On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Article 5 states, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". To ensure human rights protection against torture, the Convention against Torture has adopted by United Nations in 1984.
Amnesty International is the leading non-governmental organisation against the use of torture. It has regularly reported on which countries it thinks still use torture. It says "Over the last five years, Amnesty has reported torture in at least three quarters of the world - 141 countries".

References 

 
War crimes
The 1680s was a decade that began on 1 January 1680 and ended on 31 December 1689.

Events 
 The Treaty of Ratisbon between France and England in 1684 ended the Age of Buccaneers.
 1685: The Chinese army attacks a Russian post at Albazin. The events lead to the Treaty of Nerchinsk. 
 Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. In this document, he introduces his laws of motion, and his theory of gravity.
 The Glorious Revolution brings William and Mary to power in England.
World leaders 
 King Christian V of Denmark (1670–1699)
 King Charles II of England and Scotland (1660–1685)
 King James II of England and Scotland (1685–1688)
 Queen Mary II of England and Scotland (1689–1694)
 King William III of England and Scotland (1689–1702)
 King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715)
 Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705)
 King Peter II of Portugal (1667–1706)
 Tsar Feodor III of Russia (1676–1682)
 Tsar Ivan V of Russia (1682–1696)
 Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725)
 King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700)
 King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697)
 Padshah Aurangazeb (Mughal Empire)
 Bhonsle Dynasty of the Marathas
 Shambhaji (1680–1689)
 Rajaram Chhatrapati (1689–1700)

Births 

 Stede Bonnet

Deaths 

 Pierre Corneille

Reference
Cheaper by the Dozen refers to two movies based on the book of the same name by Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey:

 Cheaper by the Dozen (1950 movie), the 1950 original, starring Clifton Webb
 Cheaper by the Dozen (2003 movie), a 2003 remake starring Steve Martin, Ashton Kutcher and Hilary Duff
Dependency has a number of meanings:
 Dependency theory
In project management, a dependency is a link amongst a project's terminal elements.
In computer science, dependency is a state in which one object uses the functions of another object.

 Dependency theory is an economic worldview.
 A dependent area is a classification of territory.
 A dependent territory.
 Co-dependency is a state of behaviour.
 A chemical dependency is such a strong need for a substance in order for an animal (usually a person) to function properly.
 A former or current colony, such as those governed by the United Kingdom.
Iqaluit (Inuktitut: ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ) is the capital of and largest community in Nunavut in Canada. It is the most northerly capital in Canada, and is also Canada's fastest growing community.

History 
The name  is Inuktitut word meaning "place of many fish". It is built on the mouth of the Sylvia Grinnell River, on Frobisher Bay. English explorer Martin Frobisher sailed into the bay in 1576 and thought he had discovered the Northwest Passage. The settlement was called Frobisher Bay from 1955 until 1987. The weather in there is normally cold.

References

Cities in Canada
Nunavut
Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada
A phasor is a tool in mathematics. It is used to show numbers in a different coordinate system.  Certain electronic components have models that can be described more easily by the use of phasors.  Inductors add a +90º "phase", while capacitors add -90º "phase". Both elements work on the imaginary axis.  Resistors have 0º "phase", and are considered real.

Engineering
In summer, the plants grow quickly (one plant every 25-78 days) during the midnight sun. Svalbard is a breeding ground for many seabirds. There are also polar bears, reindeer, and mammals that live in the sea. Seven national parks and 23 nature reserves cover two-thirds of Svalbard. This protects the fragile natural environment. Sixty percent of land is covered by glaciers, and the islands have many mountains and fjords.

Economy: coal mining is still being done in one mine (as of 2022).
Climate
Svalbard's climate is a combination of an Arctic climate (Köppen: ET) tempered by the North Atlantic Current. Nordenskiöld Land is the warmest and wettest part of the archipelago, caused by the convergence of mild and humid air from the south and cold air from the north. Average summer highs are typically  while average winter highs are . Svalbard experiences midnight sun from 19 April through 23 August, polar night from 27 October through 14 February and civil polar night from 14 November through 29 January. However, due to shading from mountains, the sun is not visible in Svalbard until around 8 March. Snow typically covers the town from November through March. The warmest temperature ever record in Svalbard was an extraordinary  in July 1977 and the coldest was a frigid  in March 1986.
Despite its extreme northerly location, Svalbard has recorded a temperature above freezing in all months. One example was in February 2012, when the mild temperatures had an affect on both people and wildlife. The climate is known to be warming very rapidly. Svalbard has also not recorded a temperature below freezing in July.

Warm temperatures can occasionally occur in Summer. The most recent warm spell was at the end of July to the beginning of August in 2015, when the mercury hit .

Bjornoya (Bear Island) holds the record for the lowest average annual sunshine total in Europe, at just 595 hours, sunnier than some parts of Scotland. Conversely, Longyearbyen, further to the north-west, receives almost twice as much sunshine as Bjornoya.

References

Related pages
Svalbard in fiction

Other websites

Governor of Svalbard Official site 

Archipelagos
Arctic islands
Islands of Norway
The 1670s was a decade that began on 1 January 1670 and ended on 31 December 1679.

Events 
The Franco-Dutch War
Father Jacques Marquette continues to explore the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River.  Other Frenchmen explore North America.
The Quakers come to America from England.
 Newton and Leibniz independently discover calculus.
 Popish Plot started by Titus Oates. Oates' aim is to kill King Charles II. Plot fails and ends in 1681.

Deaths 
John Milton, British poet
World leaders 
King Frederick III of Denmark (1648–1670).
King Christian V of Denmark (1670–1699).
King  Charles II of England and Scotland (1660–1685).
King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1669–1673).
King John III of Poland (1674–1696).
King Peter II of Portugal (1667–1706).
Tsar Aleksey I of Russia (1645–1676)
Tsar Feodor III of Russia (1676–1682).
King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700).
King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697).
Margrethe II (Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid; born 16 April 1940) is the Queen regnant of Denmark. Only very rarely is her name anglicized as Margaret II.

Life 
Princess Margrethe was born at Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen. Her parents were Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Ingrid. She was baptised on 14 May 1940 at the Naval Church in Copenhagen. As King Christian X of Denmark was also the King of Iceland at the time of her birth, the Princess was given an Icelandic name, Þórhildur (spelled with the Icelandic thorn character, simplified as "th").

She studied archaeology at Girton College, Cambridge, from 1960 to 1961. She was also at the London School of Economics in 1965.

Margrethe was not born to be monarch, even though she was the eldest child of the Crown Prince, later King. At the time of her birth, only males could ascend the throne of Denmark.

The act of succession was changed in 1953.
Her father King Frederik IX died in 1972, and Queen Margrethe II became the first female Danish Sovereign.

In 2018, her husband Prince Henrik died of pneumonia in February and her first cousin Princess Elisabeth died in June.

Title

16 April 1940-14 January 1972 Her Royal Highness Princess Margrethe Alexandrine Porhildur Ingrid of Denmark 

14 January 1972 Her Majesty The Queen of Denmark

Notes

Other websites

 The Queen's Homepage 
 The Official Website of The Danish Monarchy 
 Illustrations - Lord of the Rings 

1940 births
Living people
Kings and Queens of Denmark
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Copenhagen
Current national leaders
Enterprise architecture is comprehensive framework used to manage and align an organization's business processes, information technology, computer hardware and software, local and wide area networks, people, operations and projects with the organization's overall strategy.

A strong enterprise architecture process helps to answer basic questions.

Frameworks 
There are numerous enterprise architecture frameworks defined. Here is a list of a few prevalent frameworks:

 Zachman Framework
 TOGAF
 Agile Architecture

Business