Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Most Smurfs wear white pants and white Phrygian caps. Papa Smurf, Grandpa Smurf, and some of the Smurflings dress differently. Grandpa Smurf wears yellow clothes and Papa Smurf wears red clothes. The Smurflings are Sassette, Snappy, Slouchy, and Nat. Sassette and Nat do not dress like the other Smurfs at all, while Slouchy and Nat do dress like the others. In some comics, the Smurfs dress differently in color or clothing.

Smurfs live in mushroom-shaped houses in a village in a forest.
Characters
 Smurfette, one of the female Smurfs
 Papa Smurf, the village leader
 Brainy Smurf, an intellectual show-off
 Vanity Smurf, is a narcissist. He has a flower in his hat. He often holds a hand mirror, staring into his own reflection.  In the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, Vanity speaks in a feminine voice.
 Grouchy Smurf, is a grouch
 Handy Smurf, is a mechanic and inventor.
 Hefty Smurf, strong Smurf
 Sassette Smurfling, the only female Smurfling
 Greedy Smurf, the village's baker
 Natural Smurf or Nat Smurfling, can communicate with animals.
 Grandpa Smurf, the former "Papa Smurf"
 Nanny Smurf, the oldest female Smurf
 Tailor Smurf, makes clothes
 Gustey a brave smurf
 Gargamel, a human, and the enemy of the Smurfs. Gargamel is an evil wizard who is absolutely obsessed with the Smurfs. His main goal changes. Sometimes he wants to catch Smurfs to eat them. Most of the time he tries to capture them for use in a potion to make gold. Sometimes it is simply getting revenge.
Azrael, is Gargamel's cat and chases Smurfs.
 Scruple, is Gargamel's assistant who failed wizard school. He was introduced later in the series.
References

Other websites
 Muckno Mania festival breaks world record
Istanbul, formerly known as Constantinople, is a mega city that sits in both Europe and Asia, divided by the Bosporus. Although it is the largest city of Turkey, it is not the capital. It is the largest city in Europe by population. It is also the 3rd largest European city in size. It was the capital city of the old Ottoman Empire until 1923. The city has been known since ancient times by the older names Byzantium and Constantinople (; , Konstantinoúpolis). Being a seaport, Istanbul is the main trade center of Turkey.

Part of Istanbul is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Istanbul faces the Golden Horn and the Bosporus strait. The Bosphorus connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and separates Europe and Asia. The city is actually in both Europe and Asia. One-third of the people live on the Asian side. Its population is between 11 and 15 million people, making it one of the largest cities in Europe. Many people migrate to Istanbul every year.
Its original name was Byzantion in the Greek language, known as Byzantium in the Latin language. Byzantium was originally settled as a colony by Greeks from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king, Byzas. In 196 AD, Byzantium was damaged by the Romans, then rebuilt by the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. Constantine the Great thought this city was in a nice location, and in 330, moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to there, as New Rome (Latin: Nova Roma; , Nea Rómi), renaming the city Constantinople, after his name.

When the Roman Empire was later divided into two, the East Roman Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire, and its capital was in Constantinople, where Hagia Sophia had been built. Although it was captured by Crusaders for a time, it continued as one of the political, cultural, religious, and economic centers of Europe until it finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1453. After the Ottoman Empire ended, the Republic of Turkey was started with its capital at Ankara. Later in 1930, Constantinople was renamed Istanbul.

The Romanlar (Turkish Gypsys) have lived in Istanbul since 1054 at Sulukule, well known for their Music and Dance style. After 1453, by order of Mehmed II, Roma was settled in Istanbul from other parts of the Ottoman Empire. In some cases, they live in several Mahallas (quarters) together with Turks in Istanbul in the European and Asian parts of this city.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Audioguide Seslirehber Istanbul Turkey
 Extensive information on Architect Sinan's works in Istanbul 

 
World Heritage Sites in Turkey
ABBA is a Swedish pop music group, who had many hits in the 1970s in Stockholm and early 1980s. ABBA was the most commercially successful pop group of the 1970s. 

ABBA became very popular after they won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1974. They had many hits. These included "Dancing Queen", "SOS", "Money, Money, Money", "Mamma Mia", and "Waterloo". Most of their songs were written by Ulvaeus and Andersson.

They originally broke up in 1982, but their music is still popular. It has appeared in movies (including the Australian movies The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding). The stage musical Mamma Mia! was developed from their music and subsequently made into a 2008 movie followed ten years later by a 2018 sequel Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again.

Name 
The name "ABBA" is made from the first letter of each member's first name:
 Agnetha Fältskog
 Björn Ulvaeus
 Benny Andersson
 Anni-Frid Lyngstad.

History

Formation and naming
All four ABBA members had local music careers before ABBA even formed. Frida and Agnetha were both solo singers. Benny and Bjorn both had their own individual bands. In 1966, Benny and Bjorn both met and decided to write songs together. In 1969, Bjorn met Agnetha and Benny met Frida. All four friends met together and decided to work together to record songs. 

By 1970, they were known as "Bjorn & Benny (With Svenska Flicka)".  Later they were called Bjorn & Benny, Agnetha & Frida. Their first hit was a song called "Hej, gamle man".  By 1971, Bjorn and Agnetha were married and Benny and Frida were engaged. It wasn't until 1973 that the group became officially known as ABBA. The name was suggested by their manager, Stig Anderson.
Melodifestivalen and Eurovision 
"Ring Ring" in 1973 was when the group achieved success throughout much of Europe and Africa. They entered the Swedish song contest Melodifestivalen in 1973 and finished in third place. They returned to Melodifestivalen the next year with "Waterloo" and won. This gave them the chance to perform in the Eurovision Song Contest. With "Waterloo", they won and soon got global success.

Global career 
In 1976, ABBA released "Dancing Queen", which is often known as ABBA's "signature song" and "one of the greatest pop songs ever written".  During 1977, their huge popularity became known as "Abbamania".  In Australia, ABBA played in huge concerts that usually always sold out.  "ABBA: The Movie" was also released in 1977 during the height of the group's popularity. Throughout the mid and late 1970's ABBA performed in Europe, The United States, Japan and Australia.
In early 1979, Agnetha and Bjorn divorced. In early 1981, Frida and Benny also got divorced. This led to many sadder and more mature songs over the next few years.  By 1981, ABBA's popularity was declining. Their last album, "The Visitors" a not a big success like previous albums.  "The Day Before You Came" was the last song ABBA ever recorded together, while "Under Attack" was the last song ever released, both in 1982.  ABBA broke up shortly before 1983 and all members continued on their independent music careers, just like before they had met.

Legacy
Legacy 

Even though they split up, they have remained very popular and many of their songs are still listened to by many people. The musical and film Mamma Mia! was made, which is a story featuring ABBA's main songs. Ulvaeus and Anderson both appear in the movie. Ulvaeus also made an appearance on video at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023. Due to Sweden's win at Eurovision 2023, the next contest will be hosted in Sweden and also marks the celebration of 50 years since ABBA won.

In addition, in 2022, a concert in London opened named ABBA Voyage. People can go to watch virtual avatars of ABBA performing.

Albums
ABBA recorded eight albums between 1973 and 1981, as well as some compilation albums.
 Ring Ring (1973)
 Waterloo (1974)
 ABBA (1975)
 Arrival (1977)
 ABBA: The Album (1977)
 Voulez-Vous (1979)
 Super Trouper (1980)
 The Visitors (1981)
 Voyage (2021)
Famous hit songs
 Waterloo (1974)
 Mamma Mia (1975)
 Fernando (1976)
 Dancing Queen (1976)
 Money Money Money (1976)
 Take a Chance on Me (1977)
 Chiquitita (1978)
 Gimme Gimme Gimme (1979)
 The Winner Takes It All (1980)

Other songs
 People Need Love (1972)
 Another Town, Another Train (1973)
 Honey Honey (1974)
 So Long (1974)
 I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do (1974)
 SOS (1975)
 Hey, Hey, Helen (1975)
 That's Me (1976)
 Dum Dum Diddle (1976)
 Knowing Me, Knowing You (1977)
 The Name of the Game (1977)
 Eagle (1977)
 Hole in Your Soul (1977)
 Summer Night City (1978)
 Does Your Mother Know (1979)
 Kisses of Fire (1979)
 I Have A Dream (1979)
 Happy New Year (1980)
 Me And I (1980)
 Lay All Your Love On Me (1980)
 One Of Us (1981)
 When All Is Said And Done (1981)
 Cassandra (1982)
 Under Attack (1982)
 The Day Before You Came (1982)
 I Still Have Faith in You (2018)
 Don’t Shut Me Down (2018)

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1970s Swedish music groups
1980s Swedish music groups
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
Musical groups established in 1972
Musical groups from Stockholm
Swedish pop music groups
1972 establishments in Sweden
1982 disestablishments in Europe
1980s disestablishments in Sweden
Gregg Allman (December 8, 1947 – May 27, 2017) was an American rock musician. He was a member of the Allman Brothers Band with his brother, Duane Allman, which popularized Southern Rock in the 1970s. He married Cher, a well-known pop singer and actress after she divorced Sonny Bono in 1974. They had a son, Elijah Blue Allman, before divorcing in 1979. Until recently, he had continued to perform with his band Gregg Allman and Friends and last resided in Georgia with his family.

Death 
Following a series of health problems,  Allman died at his home in Savannah, Georgia, on May 27, 2017 due to complications of liver cancer. He was 69.

References

Other websites 
Official Website

1947 births
2017 deaths
American guitarists
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Southern rock musicians
American rock musicians
Blues musicians
American gospel musicians
The Allman Brothers Band were an American southern rock band in the 1970s. It originally formed in 1969 with Duane Allman (slide guitar), Gregg Allman (vocals, organ), Dickey Betts (guitar), Berry Oakley (bass guitar), Butch Trucks (drums) and Jai Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson (drums).

In 1971, soon after their first album went gold, Duane and Berry were killed in separate motorcycle accidents in the group's hometown of Macon, Georgia. The group still released  more albums and songs, most notably Ramblin' Man and Jessica, which were their biggest hits.  Rolling Stone ranked them 52nd on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004. The band is still touring as of 2008.
Discography
Studio albums
 The Allman Brothers Band (1969)
 Idlewild South (1970)
 At Fillmore East (1971)
 Eat a Peach (1972)
 Brothers and Sisters (1973) 
 Win, Lose or Draw (1975)
 Enlightened Pogues (1979)
 Reach for the Sky (1980)
 Brothers of the Road (1981)
 Seven Turns (1990)
 Shades of Two Worlds (1991)
 Where it All Begins (1994)
 Peakin' at the Beacon (2000)
 Hittin' the Note (2003)

References

Other websites
 Official Allman Brothers' website
 The Allman Brothers Band  at RollingStone.com
American rock bands
Blues bands
Musical groups from Florida
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Southern rock bands
Musical groups established in 1969
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
1976 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Florida
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
1982 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1989
1989 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Florida
The John Frost Bridge is a bridge in Arnhem. It was bombed after Operation Market Garden in September 1944. It was later rebuilt. Some parts of the bridge are still the same as they were in 1944.

Bridges in Europe
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Transport in the Netherlands
Arnhem
The Vengaboys are a Dutch pop music group. The group is made up of DJ Danski and DJ Delmondo. They toured Spanish beach parties in a bus. The group formed in 1992. They added four dancers in 1995-1996 and toured through Europe. Their first song was Up & Down.  It was released in March 1997. The group is popular across Europe and have had some popularity in the United States. Their music is Eurodance.

Other websites 

1990s Dutch music groups
2000s Dutch music groups
2010s music groups
Dance music groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Pop music groups
Pope Benedict XVI (; ; , born Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger; 16 April 1927  31 December 2022) was a Pope Emeritus of the Catholic Church. He served as the 265th Pope from 2005 to 2013. In that position, he was both the leader of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Vatican City State. Benedict was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave after the death of Pope John Paul II. He celebrated his papal inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005. He took possession of his cathedral, the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005.
On 11 February 2013, Benedict announced his resignation in a speech in Latin before the cardinals. His reason was a "lack of strength of mind and body" because of his old age. His resignation became effective on 28 February 2013. He was the first pope to resign since Pope Gregory XII in 1415. He was the first to resign by choice since Pope Celestine V in 1294. As Pope Emeritus, Benedict retains the style of His Holiness, and the title of Pope. He will continue to dress in the papal colour of white. He was succeeded by Pope Francis on 13 March 2013. He moved into the newly renovated Mater Ecclesiae monastery for his retirement on 2 May 2013. In September 2020, Benedict XVI became the longest-lived pope at aged 93.

Priest
Ratzinger was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1951.  He was a professor at several German universities, including the University of Bonn and the University of Münster.  He also taught at the University of Tübingen. and the University of Regensburg.
Cardinal
In 1977, Ratzinger was named by Pope Paul VI as a Cardinal and the Archbishop of Munich and Freising.

Cardinal Ratzinger was Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
He became Dean of the College of Cardinals. He was a close friend of Pope John Paul II.

In January 2022 a report written by a German law firm found that Benedict XVI had failed to act over four cases of child abuse when he was in charge as Archbishop of Munich. He has denied these reports.

Pope
In 2005, Cardinal Ratzinger was elected Pope at the age of 78. At the conclave, "it was, if not Ratzinger, who?  And as they came to know him, the question became, why not Ratzinger?"  He chose to be called Benedict XVI.
On 11 February 2013, the pope announced that he would abdicate or resign on 28 February 2013: "I have come to the certainty that my strengths, due to an advanced age, are no longer suited to an adequate exercise of the Petrine ministry." The original declaration was made in Latin. He is the first pope to resign since Pope Gregory XII in 1415. He decided to resign then retired on February 28, 2013 in order to take care of his health condition.

Death 
On 28 December 2022, Pope Francis said that Benedict was "very sick". Benedict died on 31 December 2022. His funeral was held on 5 January 2023.
Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Joseph Ratzinger, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 360+ works in 520+ publications in 20 languages as well as library holdings.
 Introduction to Christianity (1968)
 Einführung in das Christentum: Vorlesungen über das Apostolische Glaubensbekenntnis (1968)
 Das neue Volk Gottes: Entwürfe zur Ekklesiologie (1969)
 Der Gott Jesu Christi: Betrachtungen über den Dreieinigen Gott (1976)
 Eschatologie : Tod und ewiges Leben (1977)
 Principles of Catholic theology: building stones for a fundamental theology (1985)
 Politik und Erlösung: zum Verhältnis von Glaube, Rationalität und Irrationalem in der sogenannten Theologie der Befreiung (1986)

As Pope, OCLC/WorldCat identifies 1,400+ works in 2,300+ publications in 33 languages and 55,000+ library holdings.
 Jesus of Nazareth: from the baptism in the Jordan to the transfiguration (2007)
 Without roots: the West, relativism, Christianity, Islam (2006)
Related pages
 Abdication
 Georg Ratzinger (brother)

References

Other websites 

  Vatican webpage,  Benedict XVI biography
 Pope Benedict XVI Hats 
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger

1927 births
2022 deaths
German popes
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Bavaria
Deans of the College of Cardinals
Guan Yu (160 – 219) was a Chinese general. He helped his sworn brother Liu Bei to fight the dynasty of Wei, which had seized the throne from the last Han emperor. He was also the sworn brother of Zhang Fei, another warrior of Liu Bei.

The Three Brothers conquered the Southwest of China and founded a Dynasty named Shu Han because Liu Bei claimed to be the rightful heir of the Han Dynasty. They also battled with Eastern Wu, another Chinese dynasty at the time, and during one of the battles, Guan Yu was captured by the Wu general Lü Meng and executed, along with his son Guan Ping.

In later centuries, Guan Yu became a Chinese deity and was given the name Guan Gong, meaning "Lord Guan."

160 births
219 deaths
Three Kingdoms generals
Chinese gods and goddesses
Subsistence farming is the kind of farming done by farmers who have small plots, or little water, or otherwise grow enough only for themselves. Literally, subsistence agriculture means no extra food is produced to sell or trade. This means farming doesn't give them money to buy things. However, today most subsistence farmers also do trade to some degree. From time to time they may need money to buy essential things to keep going.

Subsistence farming may also mean shifting farming or nomadic herding (see nomadic people).

Examples:
 A family has only one cow to give milk only for that family. 
 A farmer grows only enough wheat to make bread for his or her family.

References 

Agriculture

Simple living
The River Clyde (, ) is a river in Scotland. It  flows through Glasgow before opening up into the Firth of Clyde.

References

Other websites 

 River Clyde: Source to Firth Panorama Project 
   The Clyde-built ships data base - lists over 22,000 ships built on the Clyde 
 Clyde Waterfront regeneration
 Clyde Waterfront Heritage 
 Glasgow Digital Library: Glimpses of old Glasgow
 In Glasgow Photo Gallery of pictures of the River Clyde 
 Clydebank Restoration Trust

Rivers of Scotland
Glasgow
Electric charge is a basic property of electrons, protons and other subatomic particles. Electrons are negatively charged while protons are positively charged. Things that are negatively charged and things that are positively charged pull on (attract) each other. This makes electrons and protons stick together to form atoms. Things that have the same charge push each other away (they repel each other). This is called the Law of Charges. It was discovered by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb. The law that describes how strongly charges pull and push on each other is called Coulomb's Law.
Things that have equal numbers of electrons and protons are neutral. Things that have more electrons than protons are negatively charged, while things with fewer electrons than protons are positively charged. Things with the same charge repel each other. Things that have different charges attract each other. If possible, the one with too many electrons will give enough electrons to match the number of protons in the one that has too many protons for its load of electrons. If there are just enough electrons to match the extra protons, then the two things will not attract each other anymore. When electrons move from a place where there are too many to a place where there are too few, that is called an electrical current.
When a person shuffles their feet on a carpet and then touches a brass doorknob, they may get an electrical shock. If there are enough extra electrons then the force with which those electrons push each other away may be enough to make some of the electrons jump across a gap between the person and the doorknob. The length of the spark is a measure of voltage or "electrical pressure." The number of electrons that move from one place to another per unit of time measured as amperage or "rate of electron flow."

If a person gets a positive or negative charge, it may make the person's hairs stand up because the charges in each hair push it away from the others.
Electric charge felt when one gets a shock from a doorknob or other object usually is between 25 thousand and 30 thousand volts.  However, the electric current only flows briefly, so the flow of electrons through the person's body does not cause physical harm.  On the other hand, when clouds gain electrical charges they have even higher voltages and the amperage (the number of electrons that will flow in the lightning strike) can be very high. That means that electrons can jump from a cloud to the earth (or from the earth to a cloud).  If those electrons go through a person, then the electric shock can burn or kill.

Historical experiment 
The following experiment is described by James Clerk Maxwell in his work A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873). Normally, glass and resin are both neutrally charged. However, if they are rubbed together and then separated, they will become able to attract each other.
If a second piece of glass is rubbed with a second piece of resin, the following things will be seen:

 The two pieces of glass repel each other.
 Each piece of glass attracts each piece of resin.
 The two pieces of resin repel each other.

If a charged and an uncharged object are brought together, attraction will be very weak.

Bodies that are able to attract or repel things in this way are said to be 'electrified', or to be 'charged with electricity'. When two different substances are rubbed together, an electrical charge is produced because one of them will give electrons to the other. The reason is that the atoms in the two substances have unequal power to attract electrons. So the one that is more able to attract electrons will take electrons from the one that has a lower attractive force. If glass is rubbed against something else, it may either give or take electrons. What happens depends on what the other thing is.
Things that have taken electrons are called "negatively charged", and things that have given up electrons are called "positively charged". There is no special reason for these names. It is just an arbitrary (random choice) convention (agreement).

Besides being electrified by friction, bodies may be electrified in many other ways.

Related pages 
Electric
Static electricity

References 

Electricity
Magnetism
Basic physics ideas
Argyroxiphium is a small genus of plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae.  Its members are known by the common names of silversword or greensword due to their long, narrow leaves and the silvery hairs on some species.

The Silversword plant grows only at high elevations on the Island of Maui in Hawaii.

The silversword is a noticeable, round-shaped rosette plant with rigid (swordlike), succulent leaves densely covered by silver hairs. When a plant flowers at the end of its life, it produces a spectacular flowering stalk 0.5-2.0 m (1.6-6.4 ft) tall, typically with hundreds of maroon sunflowerlike flower heads. This plant receives more attention from visitors to Haleakala National Park than any other plant or animal because of its striking appearance and restricted distribution.
The strikingly beautiful Haleakala silversword has always aroused the curiosity of human visitors to Haleakala Volcano. In pre-park days, plants were often removed by travelers to Haleakala Volcano as proof that the party had reached the summit, a practice that eventually seriously affected the silversword population. Browsing by feral goats and domestic cattle was also a significant factor in the silversword decline, but it was not a species preferred by these animals. By the 1920s, silversword numbers were so depleted that the Maui Chamber of Commerce sent a petition to Washington, DC, requesting that a serious effort be made to save the species (Loope and Crivellone 1986).

References

Asteraceae
Mr. Pacman is an American pop music band from Colorado. They use sounds from old video games to create their music. Mr. Pacman has recorded 2 CDs & made 4 music videos.

Other websites
 http://myspace.com/mrpacman/ - official website

American pop music groups
Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Denver
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Colorado
A music video or music clip is a short movie that represents a song on a television screen. Most music videos feature the artist who recorded the song singing or lip-syncing it on screen. TV network channels that are famous for playing music videos are MTV, VH1, BET, and CMT.

In most countries in East Asia, music videos are called PVs. PV stands for "Promotional Video."

Music media
Movies
Hip hop is a type of culture/art style that started in the 1970s in the Bronx. It began in Jamaican American, African American, and Puerto Rican/Hispanic and Latino American urban areas in some of the larger cities of the United States. Hip hop uses drumbeats produced by a drum machine, and rapping, where the rapper or group chants or says words with a rhythm that rhymes. The lyrics of hip hop songs are often about the life of urban people in the big cities. Hip hop music also uses musical styles from pop music such as disco and reggae. Rap and hip hop music have become successful music genres.
Rapping
Rapping is a form of singing. It is a mix between singing and talking. The words are spoken with rhythm and in the text there are rhymes. The urban youth made rhyming games based on rap. The beat in the background is a simple loop that is sometimes made by the rapper themself or sometimes copied from a sample CD. The simple loop carries out through the entire song usually, except for the chorus. It developed in the ethnic minority urban (city) areas, as an American form of Jamaican "toasting" (chanting and rhyming with a microphone).

Run DMC and The Sugarhill Gang were early popular hip hop groups in the 1980s. When rappers began to use violent language and gestures, the music was then liked by gangsters. This kind of music was called "gangsta rap". Gangsta rap often has lyrics which are about guns, drug dealing and life as a thug on the street. This genre also began in the 1980s and is still produced.
Some well known early rappers include: Tupac Shakur, Nas, Snoop Dogg, The Notorious B.I.G., Eminem, and Sean "P-Diddy" Combs. During the 1990s there was a rivalry between the two big record labels "Death Row Records" and "Bad Boy Records". The rappers Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G. were murdered. Later, the two record labels stopped the rivalry. Because most of the rappers who rapped for "Death Row Records" were from the West Coast of the US and most of the rappers who rapped for "Bad Boy Records" were from the East Coast, this rivalry was called "the West Coast – East Coast beef".

The fastest rapper according to Guinness World Records is Twista. In 1992, he rapped 11 syllables in one second. In 2013, the song Rap God by Eminem took the record for most words in a song; 1,560 in a little over 6 minutes, which is about 4 words per second.
Related pages
 Rhythm and blues
 Rock and roll
 Soul music
 Contemporary R&B
 Jazz
 Funk
 Pop music
 Country music
 Breakdance
 Reggaeton
 West Coast hip hop
 Comedy hip hop
 Old-school hip hop
 Political hip hop
 Underground hip hop
 Dirty rap
 Hip hop soul
 Rap metal
 Horrorcore
 Battle rap

References 

Hip hop
Music genres
People with color blindness cannot tell the difference between certain colors. They may not see colors at all. 

Most color blindness is inherited, usually as simple Mendelian inheritance. Sometimes, it is the result of damage to the eyes, nerves, or the brain. It can be caused by coming into contact with certain chemicals. 

Most color blindness is permanent. Some conditions can lead to temporary color blindness. During certain kinds of migraine, some people are unable to tell the difference between certain colors. There is no treatment cure for permanent color blindness.

Many more males are color blind than females. Between five and eight percent of males, but less than one percent of females, are color blind.

People usually think of color blindness as a disability. However, people who are color blind have one advantage: they are sometimes better at seeing through some types of camouflage.
History
In 1798, English chemist John Dalton published the first scientific article about color blindness. That was after he found out that he was color blind. The article was called "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours [sic]". Because of this, the condition is sometimes called daltonism. As of 2009, the word daltonism is used only for the type of color blindness called deuteranopia.

Seeing color
There are three steps in the process of telling the difference between colors:
Light hits specialized nerve cells in the eye. Those cells are called receptors. Some of them are stimulated and create an electrical signal.
The signals move along nerves to special parts of the brain.
Those parts of the brain interpret the signals. The signals are changed into an image. This image is then carefully looked at to separate different objects, to see shapes and sometimes colors, and to link these to other kinds of information.

How the human eye sees colors
Inside the human eye is a part called the retina. The retina receives the images that the eye sees. It sends the images to the brain. The retina has two types of cells: Rod cells and Cone cells. They work in different types of light. 

Rod cells receive the images that the eye sees when the light is dim, at night, or in a dark room. 
Cone cells receive the images that the eye sees in normal daylight or in bright light. There are three types of cone cells. Each type has a different chemical photopsin and reacts to a different spectrum of light. One is specially sensitive to short wavelengths. Another is sensitive to medium wavelengths. The third is sensitive to long wavelengths. These wavelengths cover much of the visible light. Each color is "seen" as a result of how much each of the receptors is stimulated.
How the brain works out the colors 
Parts of the thalamus and the visual cortex in the brain are involved in seeing, also seeing colors. Color blindness can therefore also result if these areas of the brain, the optic nerve or the retina have been damaged. These types of color blindness happen because of an accident. They are not inherited. Inherited forms of color blindness affect the retina only. 

That way it is possible that only a part of the visual field is affected by color blindness, but in the rest, there is no color blindness. 

Some types of color blindness, but not inherited color blindness, can be cured.
Causes of color blindness
There are several different problems that can cause color blindness. 
If a person's eye has no cone cells, then they cannot see any color at all. They can only see shades of dark and light. 
There are three types of cone cells in the human eye. If there are two types, a person will have a hard time to tell certain colors apart. If there is only one type, a person will not see color at all. 
Sometimes cone cells change. This means that they no longer react to those wavelengths they should. A person will need more of a certain color to see this color. They see colors differently, and may not be able to tell certain colors apart. Most of these people do not know they are color blind, as they have little difficulty telling colors apart in most cases.
There may be nothing wrong with the eye, but the nerves that transport the information or the area in the brain that interprets it may be damaged. This means that the signal is interpreted the wrong way. The damage may be permanent, or it may be temporary. Certain conditions of the brain, like a migraine can change the way people see colors.
Total color blindness
Total color blindness is very rare. People who suffer from it can only see in black, gray and white. They can perceive only differences in brightness and do not see color.  This is called monochromacy.
 
There are two main types of total color blindness:
 Rod monochromacy (achromatopsia): The retina has no cone cells. This makes it difficult to see even lights of a normal level; this means that people who suffer from it are almost blind. It occurs almost only on the island of Pingelap, a part of the Pohnpei state in the Federated States of Micronesia. There it is called maskun: about one person in 12 of the population has it. The island was hit by a storm in the 18th century. Very few men survived the storm. One of them carried a gene for rod monochromacy. Today, several hundred people live on the island, about 30% have this gene.
Cone monochromacy: The retina has both rods and cones, but only one type kind of cone. People who suffer from this will be able to see patterns well, in normal daylight, but they will not see hues.
Red/green color blindness
There are two kinds of red-green color blindness: protanopia or deuteranopia. Deuteranopia is the most common form of color blindness; between five and ten percent of males suffer from it. It is called Daltonism because John Dalton discovered it. Those affected have trouble telling the difference between red and green. As seen by protanopes (people suffering from protanopia), red is darkened. Most often, this is because they lack the receptors for long (protanopia) or medium (deuteranopia)-length light waves or because these receptors have changed their sensitivity.
Blue/yellow color blindness
Although the name is blue-yellow color blindness (tritanopia), people affected by this type of color blindness can usually tell the difference between blue and yellow. Instead they cannot tell the difference between blue and green, and also yellow and violet.  It is different from the other types of color blindness because it is not linked to sex.  It is equally possible for males or females to develop blue-yellow color blindness. It is caused by having few or no cones in the retina which can sense short wavelength light.

Other causes of color blindness
Sometimes, people do not have problems seeing color, but their brain has trouble "telling" the color, and interprets it wrong. It is also possible that only certain parts of the eye have color blindness; people may become color blind because of other diseases, but after the disease goes away, see normally again. This seems to be the case with certain forms of migraine.
How color blindness is inherited
Males have one X and one Y chromosome; females have two X chromosomes. Many of the genes involved in making color vision work are on the X chromosome: they are sex linked. For this reason, men are more often affected by color blindness than women. 

The "color blind" gene allows non-color blind people to see the difference between red and green. The gene is located on the X chromosome.  This means that a male will be color blind if the single X he inherits from his mother contains the color blind version of the "color blind" gene. A female will inherit color blindness only if she inherits two X chromosomes containing defective (mutant) color gene alleles. In other words, a female needs to inherit "color blind" genes from both parents in order to be color blind.

Testing someone for color blindness
The Ishihara plate test has been in use since 1917.  Each plate has an image with dots of different size and color. People will then see different images (most often numbers). Those with certain types of color blindness will see different numbers from those not affected by color blindness. 

Because many young children have not learned numbers yet, other tests have been developed. They use symbols, like a square, a circle or a car instead of numbers.

Design changes
A color code is when there is much information in the color of certain item. Such codes cannot be understood easily by those who are color blind. For this reason, color should not be used alone to give information.  Good graphic design avoids using color coding or color differences alone to give information. This does not only help color blind people, but also normally sighted people.
Cascading Style Sheets can be used on web pages. They allow to give a different color scheme for color blind people. Certain color scheme generators help graphic designers see color schemes as eight types of color blind people see them.   

Color blindness is very sensitive to changes in material. A red-green color blind person may be unable to see the difference between colors on a map printed on paper. The same map on a computer screen or television may appear normally. In addition, some color blind people find it easier to tell the difference between colors on artificial materials, such as plastic or in acrylic paints, than on natural materials, such as paper or wood. Thirdly, for some color blind people, color can only be distinguished if there is enough color: thin lines might appear black, but a thicker line of the same color can be seen in the correct color.
In certain cases when it is important to understand information very quickly, the visual system may drop the colors, and only work in shades of gray. This is important to know when designing the interfaces for objects that need to be used in an emergency situation, like emergency brakes, or emergency telephones. 

Because color blind people may not see the difference between colors such as red and green, some countries, such as Romania have refused to give them driving licenses. In Romania, people have started to change the laws so that color blind people will also be able to drive legally.

In the United Kingdom, electricity wires in houses used to be red, black and green. They were changed to brown, blue and green/yellow to help color blind people see the difference between the "live" and "earth" wires.
What color blindness is not
Many people do not understand color blindness. People who are color blind never swap the colors they are blind to.  They may have trouble telling two colors from one another. That way they may have a problem finding the right kind of apple in the supermarket. The image below first shows the way that two apples look to a person with normal vision, and then the way it looks to a person with red-green color blindness. The left apple is a Braeburn; it is red in color. The apple on the right is a Granny Smith; it is green. To someone with red-green blindness, the apples look like they are almost the same color.

References

Diseases and disorders of the eye
Genetic disorders
Tests
Sopron (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈʃopron]; , ; Central Bavarian: Ednburg, ) is a city of Hungary, near the western border of Hungary with Austria, at the foot of the Alps, 60 km from Vienna (in Austria) and 220 km from Budapest. The people of this city are famous for their loyalty to their country, and their hometown. A famous monument is 'Gate of Faith' which is the symbol of the people's faith to Hungary in 1921.

History

Ancient Scarbantia 
At the time of the Roman Empire, there was a city here called Scarbantia. The main square of Sopron is in the same place as the forum (or main square) of Roman times.

After this, the city was probably deserted. When the Hungarians arrived in the area, it was in ruins. In the 9th–11th centuries Hungarians strengthened the old Roman city walls and built a castle. The town got its Hungarian name of Sopron from a steward of the castle named Suprun. By 1153 it was an important town.
In 1273 King Otakar II of Bohemia took over the castle and took the children of Sopron's noble families as hostage. But the people of the city opened the gates when the army of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary arrived. The King Ladislaus made Sopron a free royal town.

1500s-1800s 
In 1528 Hungary was invaded by Ottoman Turks who destroyed many parts of the city but did not take it over. Many people from other towns fled to Sopron for safety.

In 1676 most of the ancient buildings in the city were destroyed by a fire. When they were replaced, they were in a new style, called Baroque. Many of the Baroque buildings are standing today.
1900s 
Sopron was an important town in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. After the World War I it became part of Austria. But the townspeople were not happy with this and in December 1921 they voted that the city should be part of Hungary. Since that day the city has been called "Civitas Fidelissima", ("The Most Loyal Town" which in Hungarian is "A Leghűségesebb Város"). A holiday is held every year to celebrate.

In World War II Sopron suffered badly. It was bombed several times. There were many Jewish people living in Sopron before the war. The Nazis and their Hungarian allies sent the Jews of Sopron to death camps and killed nearly all of them, as well as other people who disagreed with Nazi ideas.
The Soviet Red Army captured the city on April 1, 1945. Sopron, as part of Hungary, was ruled by a Socialist government. At this time many factories were built around Sopron. The Socialist government took away a lot of the freedom that people had. In August 1989, in Sopron there was a big protest against the Socialist government, which was called the Pan-European Picnic. While this was happening more than 200 people who lived in East Germany (which was Socialist) escaped to the West. This was the beginning of a big change for all the Socialist countries of Europe. People who had not been allowed to travel or live in other countries were finally allowed to be free.

21st century 
Hungary is now part of the European Union. Sopron now has trade with other countries, most importantly Austria. There are many German-speaking people who live in Sopron so most street signs are written in both Hungarian and German.

Culture

Architecture
Architecture 

The city of Sopron shows signs of its long history in its buildings. There are still walls and foundations from the Ancient Roman times and also building from the Middle Ages. The medieval Kecske Church ("Goat Church") was where coronations (crowning kings) and parliament took place. There is also a very old Jewish synagogue.

Many old buildings whose architecture are from the 1600s and 1700s and are in the Baroque style which often has a lot of decoration. Stornó House is one of the most well-known buildings, because of its elegant Baroque architecture, its connection with King Matthias and its interesting collection. There is also a famous statue of the Holy Trinity from this time. the "Várkerület" is part of the city built where the ancient moat was; The inner row of houses follow the line of the castle wall. Várkerület has a famous Maria Statue. The Town Hall built in 1896 and the Ursuline Church is an important building in the Gothic Revival style.
Countryside 
Sopron is popular as a holiday place because it is set in beautiful countryside where people like to walk in the hills, enjoying the pure air, the forests and mountain springs. There are many hiking paths and look-out towers. Near to Sopron is Lake Fertő.
The Löverek, is a beautiful hilly area south of the city, with forests of spruce, oaks and chestnut trees. The flowers that bloom there include Lily of the Valley and cyclamens.

Wine 
Sopron is a wine producing region, that is one of the few in Hungary to make both red and white wines. The grapes grown here include Kékfrankos for red wine and Traminer (Gewürztraminer) for white wine. In climate it is similar to the Burgenland wine region nearby in Austria, and several winemakers make wine in both countries. The group of ethnic German winegrowers in the Sopron area were the so-called Ponzichter.

Sports 
MFC Sopron is a football team based in Sopron.

References
References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Sopron Chat 
 Sopron Chat közösségi Portál – SopronChat - www.sopronchat.eu 

Cities in Hungary
Wine regions
Győr-Moson-Sopron County
is a Japanese full-contact sport.

In sumo, a wrestler (rikishi) attempts to force another wrestler out of a circular ring (the dohyō) 4.55 metres in diameter. Also, the rikishi try to use their skill to force an opponent to touch the ground with anything other than the soles of his feet.

Sumo tournaments (basho) take place in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka. There are a total of 6 major professional tournaments (known as honbasho) per year, in January, March, May, July, September and November.

A tournament normally lasts for 15 days and features matches from different divisions. The top 5 ranks are known as the "Top division", also called the Makuuchi (幕内) or Makunouchi (幕の内). It is fixed in size and always contains 42 rikishi.

The ranks included in the top division are yokozuna, ozeki, sekiwake, komusubi and maegashira.

Rikishi
Sumo wrestlers (rikishi) are ranked into a hierarchy based on win-loss statistics in competitive tournaments.
Grand champions
Those who have earned the highest rank are grand champions (yokuzuna).
 Akashi, 16th century
 Maruyama, (1712-1749)
 Tanikaze (Kajinosuke, 1750-1795)
 Onagawa (1758-1805)
 Ao no Matsu (1791-1851)
...
 Chiyonofuji Mitsugu (b. 1955)
 Takanosato (b. 1952)
 Futahaguro Koji (b. 1963)
 Hokuto-umi, (b. 1963)
 Onokuni (b. 1962)
 Asahifuji (b. 1960)
 Akebono (b. 1970)

For a full list of those rikishi who have held the title of Yokozuna, see List of yokozuna.

Foreign-born competitors
Sumo has changed in modern times. Foreign-born wrestlers are part of the sport. For example, Konishiki and Akebono are Hawaiian-born athletes who earned places for themselves.

In 2008, Kotooshu from Bulgaria won a championship. In that same year, two top wrestlers, Asashoryu and Hakuho, were Mongolian. Hakuho won the Nagoya tournament with no losses, 15-0.

References

Sport in Japan
Wrestling
Germany is divided into 402 administrative districts. These consist of 295 rural districts (Landkreise), listed fully here, and 107 urban districts (Kreisfreie Städte / Stadtkreise) - cities which constitute a district in their own right.

References 

Districts of Germany
Districts
Bremen is the smallest and least populous state  in Germany.  It is a city-state with an area of . Bremen has a population of around 664,000 people.

The official name is "Freie Hansestadt Bremen".  This is because Bremen used to be in the Hanseatic League which was a group of cities which did a lot of trading.  Many goods were sent from the port of Bremen or bought from the port from other countries.  "Free" means it was independent of the local dukes and princes.

Bremen has two major cities, these cities are Bremen and Bremerhaven. The local football club is named Werder Bremen.

References

Other websites
Saxony-Anhalt (, (; Low German: ) is a Bundesland (state) in Germany. It has an area of . 2,580,626 people live there. The capital is Magdeburg.

Some big cities and towns in Saxony-Anhalt are:
 Bitterfeld-Wolfen
 Dessau
 Halberstadt
 Halle
 Wittenberg
 Magdeburg (capital)
 Merseburg
 Naumburg (Saale)
 Quedlinburg
 Stendal
 Weißenfels

References
Erfurt is the capital city of the German state of Thuringia. It has an area of . In December 2015 it had a population of 210,000 people. The River Gera runs through the city.

History
People have lived in the area for about 100,000 years. The city was first mentioned in writing in 742, in a letter to the Pope from St Boniface. St Boniface established Christianity in the area. He set up a church in Erfurt in 742. Erfurt Cathedral was later built on the same site.

The city is in the centre of Germany. It was on the Via Regia, a medieval trade road network that stretched across Europe. It became an important trading centre in the Middle Ages. Erfurt was a member of the Hanseatic League, an alliance of trade associations and market towns. It was also famous for producing woad. Blue indigo dye is made from the woad plant.