Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Sex chromosomes are chromosomes which determine the sex of individual organisms. In men, for example, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, and one of these pairs are sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes, males have one X and one Y. An egg always carries a single X, while sperms carry either an X or a Y. That is how sex is determined in humans.

Not all organisms have their sex determined by chromosomes. Those that do use the sex chromosome system have variations in how it happens. The account above is generally true for mammals.

Related pages 
Sex determination 
Karyotype
Chromosome

References 

Biological reproduction
Chromosomes
Cytogenetics is the branch of genetics which deals with cytology: cell structure and function. It includes the study of chromosomes, chromosome bands, karyotypes, and cell division, especially meiosis. Cytogenetic studies have also been used to study evolution in natural populations.

References 

Classical genetics
Cell biology
All the cells in the body of an organism are somatic cells, except for the haploid gametes (sex cells like eggs and sperm) and other cells involved in reproduction.

Somatic cells are usually diploid, except where there is polyploidy. Either way, somatic cells have double the number of chromosomes that gametes in the same organism have. Somatic cells divide by mitosis and make identical copies of themselves, while gametes are made when germ cells divide by meiosis.

In humans, somatic cells have 46 chromosomes.

References

Cell biology
Genetic screening finds out genetic susceptibility to a particular disease. Genetic testing identifies differences in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. It allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases. It can also be used to find out a child's parentage (genetic mother and father).

Genetic screening in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders.
Most of the time, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder. Several hundred genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed.

Since genetic testing may open up ethical or psychological problems, genetic testing is often accompanied by genetic counselling.

Related pages 
Designer baby
References 

Genetics
Haploid is the term used when a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes. A normal eukaryote organism is composed of diploid cells, one set of chromosomes from each parent. However, after meiosis, the number of chromosomes in gametes is halved. That is the haploid condition.

In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is 46 (2x23). The number in haploid cells (sperm and eggs) is 23. Some types of animals are haploid, such as male Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps). This is a special genetic system called haplodiploidy.

Some plants and animals are polyploid, with more than two sets of chromosomes. For example, one species of wheat is hexaploid, with six sets of chromosomes, although other species of wheat have only two sets. Because so many organisms are diploid, it can become confusing whether haploid refers to one set of chromosomes or more than one. The special term monoploid can be used; it means one set of chromosomes.

Related pages
Cell division
Meiosis
Karyotype
Ploidy

Chromosomes
A malt shop or soda shop was a older type of drink store in North America. It is where kids mostly went to buy sodas and candy (confectionery).

Other websites
Art of drink history

Shops
A’tong (also spelled Attong) is a language spoken in Bangladesh. It is spoken by about 5,400 people in the northern Netrokona District.

The language will possibly become more mixed with the Abeng dialect of Garo and Bengali. Many children can speak Abeng before starting school, but most speakers also have good proficiency in Bengali.

They are reckoned by themselves and other Garos to be Garos, but the languages are not mutually intelligible with Garo. The speakers of A’tong are mostly Christian peasants.

References

Languages of Bangladesh
Sino-Tibetan languages
Jaywalking is a form of crossing a street by not following the crosswalk. People crossing the street, known as pedestrians, can get a fine or time in prison for jaywalking in some states and cities. 

Traffic
Types of crime
Do Ab is a village in Bamyan Province in central Afghanistan.

References 

Settlements in Afghanistan
Bamyan Province
For the village Do Ab in Afghanistan see: Do Ab.

Do Ab is the name of a rural area in the center of Savadkuh County, Mazanderan province, Iran. It contains five villages. Sevatcow station on the Mazanderan branch of the trans-Iranian railway was built there during the rule of Reza Pahlavi. It is about 7 kilometers south of Pol Sefid (Capital of township) and about 14 kilometers from Veresk Bridge.

Mazandaran Province‎
The Mexican Fritillary (Euptoieta hegesia) is a North and South American butterfly.  It is in the family Nymphalidae.

Description
The upper side of the wings is bright orange.  Most of the hind wing (the bottom wing) does not have black markings.  There is a row of submarginal (submarginal means just inward of the wing edge) black spots on both the fore wing (the top wing) and the hind wing.  The underside of the wings is yellow-orange.  There are no black submarginal spots.  It has a wingspan of 2.5 to 3 inches.

Similar species
The only similar species in the Mexican Fritillary's range is the Variegated Fritillary (Euptoieta claudia).  The Variegated Fritillary has more black on the upper side of the hind wing.  The underside of the hind wing has a pale band in the center.

Flight period
The Mexican Fritillary may be seen from mid-June to November in Arizona.  It is seen from July to December in Texas.  It is seen year-round in Mexico.
Habitat
This species may be found in a variety of open habitats and gardens.

Life cycle
The caterpillar is shiny red.  It has a silver stripe edged with black on each side of the body.  It has silver spots edged with black along the top of the body.  There are six rows of black spines.  The head has two long black spines with clubbed ends.  The chrysalis is dark brown or tan.  It has gold eyes and short gold spines.  On the wing cases, it has a black marking shaped like a "T".  It has 1-3 broods per year.

Host plants
Here is a list of host plants that the Mexican Fritillary caterpillar feeds on:

Ipomoea maritima (used in Brazil)
Passiflora foetida - Foetid Passionflower
Turnera ulmifolia - Yellow Alder (used in Mexico and in the Antilles)

References

Nymphalidae
Planning
The London County Council had two tramway systems called the "North Side" and "South Side". For a long time, they had considered joining the two together. This would allow them to send trams from the "North Side" to the Central Repair Depot in Charlton in South East London for overhauls. In 1898 it was decided to demolish the slum districts in the Holborn area and rebuild them. This gave a chance to use the new streets for a tramway. In 1902, the Council decided to build a tramway that was under the ground (subway). The subway went from Theobalds Road in the north to the Embankment underneath Waterloo Bridge to the south. From there a line that was not underground would continue over Waterloo Bridge.
At the north end, the approach near Southampton Row was a  open cutting with a 1 in 10 (10%) slope. The tracks passed through cast iron tubes underneath the Fleet sewer. They then rose very slightly to enter Holborn tramway station. From here up to Aldwych tramway station the subway was built with a steel roof. Because it was not planned to run a public service south of here at first, the tracks leading towards the Strand were used as a depot with appropriate equipment and inspection pits.

Opening
Opening

The first public tram through the subway ran on 24 February 1906. It ran from The Angel, Islington to Aldwych. The chairman of the Highways Committee held an opening ceremony. The first journey took 10 minutes to go to Aldwych and 12 minutes to get back. This was also allowing for the horse-drawn vehicles that were using the roads on the overground part of the route. On the 16 November of the same year, the routes were extended north from The Angel to Highbury station. The route used special trams built from materials that could not catch fire. Wooden trams, like those used on other routes, were not allowed to go through the subway.
In the parliamentary session of 1905, plans were submitted for another station at the south end of the tunnel. The station would be underneath Wellington Street. The opening of the new tramway along the Embankment meant it was decided to link up with this route instead and the station was never built. A new sharp curve was built under Lancaster Place to allow an exit through the western side wall of Waterloo Bridge. A triangular junction with the through line was constructed. The eastern side of this junction, leading to Blackfriars, was removed as part of the 1930s upgrade.

Through services
Through services

Through services started on 10 April 1908. They ran from Highbury station to Tower Bridge and to Kennington Gate. There was a procession of six cars that went south from the Holborn through to Kennington. They then diverted to Elephant and Castle in order to return through the subway to Angel. The Kennington service was not commercially viable and services were diverted to operate to Queens Road in Battersea. Due to a low bridge, this service could only be operated with single-deck vehicles. Drivers of the trams recorded difficulty in climbing the ramp north from Holborn tramway station and would sometimes roll all the way back to the station. Drivers on routes through the tunnel had to have at least two years experience on other services to be considered for these routes.
The services continued to change for many years, especially when the tram lines over Blackfriars Bridge opened on 14 September 1909. During the 1920s the LCC also realised that for the subway to remain profitable it would need to be able to take double-deck trams. In 1929, it was then decided that the headroom of the tunnel would be increased to . This would be done by raising the roof or deepening the tunnel as appropriate. Work started on 11 September 1929. The work resulted in the replacement of the cast iron tubes with a new steel girder-supported roof. The sewer was also diverted. In some places, the trackbed was lowered by . This meant that the walls had to be underpinned with concrete. After the last service ran on 2 February 1930 the tunnel was closed. It did not re-open until 14 February 1930 which was the formal re-opening. Tram number 1931 was used on the new route 31. Public services started on the  next day. As well as the whole tunnel being rebuilt, the two tramway stations were as well
. Services now ran from Hackney to Wandsworth or Tooting, Leyton  to Westminster, Highbury to Waterloo or Norbury and Archway to Kennington.
A weekend service was introduced between Highgate (Archway) and Downham via Brockley. This route closed in 1932. It was  long. This made it the longest tram route operated entirely within the County of London.

Waterloo Bridge re-building
 
In 1937, Waterloo Bridge was re-built. This meant that the side entrance to the tramway had to be moved. A new entrance was built in a position centrally underneath the bridge. This opened on 21 November of that year.
Tram abandonment programme
In 1933, the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) was formed. They took over the London County Council trams. Soon after this takeover, the LPTB decided to replace all of the trams in London with "more modern vehicles". The abandonment programme began in 1935. The trams in the South-West, West, North-West, North and East London were mostly replaced with trolleybuses. This programme carried on quickly until 1940. In 1940, the last tram conversion took place before the Second World War. This left only the South London trams and subway routes 31, 33 and 35 running. The subway routes were the only trams to run into North London during the war.
Prototype Kingsway trolleybus number 1379 was built to test the use of trolleybuses through the subway. The trolleybus had exits on both sides to allow this. However, the tests were unsuccessful. This was because the trolleybuses would have had to run on battery power through the subway. They would  have had to have used battery power because headroom restrictions made it impossible to use overhead current collection.

In 1946, it was decided to replace all of London's remaining trams "as soon as possible". This time though the replacement would be by diesel buses instead of trolleybuses. The first subway route to be closed was route 31. It closed on 1 October 1950. Routes 33 and 35 were closed at the end of service on Saturday 5 April 1952. The last public services through the subway were 'specials' which ran on the Sunday, shortly after midnight. During the early hours of the next morning, all of the remaining trams north of the subway were driven through the subway to the depots south of the Thames.
Closure and a new use

The trams in London stopped running on 5 July 1952.  After this, the tracks on the street were lifted. However, those in the subway mostly remained in place. In 1953 London Transport used the tramway to store 120 unused buses and coaches. This was in case they were needed for the Coronation. However, proposals to convert the tramway subway to a car park or a movie studio failed and it was leased out as a storage facility from October 1957.

In June 1958, the London County Council proposed to use the tunnel for light traffic coming from Waterloo Bridge. This would reduce traffic congestion at its junction with Strand. In April 1962, the go-ahead was given for part of the southern end of the subway to be used in this way. Construction began in September of the same year. The subway opened to road traffic as the Strand Underpass on 21 January 1964.
The southern section of the abandoned tunnel between the Embankment and the Strand Underpass has been converted into a branch of the Buddha Bar chain of bars and restaurants.  This involved the demolition of the pedestrian subways under Waterloo Bridge and extensive construction in the bridge's undercroft.

Other websites

References

Transport architecture in London
Trams in London
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Tunnels in London
Grade II listed buildings in London
1952 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century disestablishments in England
Eastbourne College is a British co-educational day and boarding school for children aged 13-18. It is on the south coast of England. The headmaster is called Simon Davies. The College was started by the Duke of Devonshire in 1867 and has been growing ever since. It is a charity.

Motto

Ex Oriente Salus
(Out of the East comes Hope/Health/Safety)

Chapel

The Chapel follows the religion of the Church of England. The College has a very good choir.
   
It also has a full-time Chaplain. Since he lives with his family in the middle of the College campus, he is always available. Pupils are always welcome to visit him about anything that is bothering them. Sometimes people go just to talk and enjoy a cup of tea.
Every Thursday evening there is a communion service followed by warm pizza in the Chaplain's flat at which all are welcome. There is also a Bible study group (The Connection) led by members of staff, which meets weekly throughout the year. At the beginning and end of each term there is a whole school service in All Saints' Church.

Sports 

Sports are taken very seriously at Eastbourne College and in the past it has produced many successful teams. Old Eastbournians Will Green and Mark Lock once won the Premiership with the London Wasps. 

At the College, one main sport is played each term.

However there are also other sports played, such as football, cross country, swimming, golf, tennis, squash, rowing, sailing & rugby fives.

Combined Cadet Force

The school has a CCF (Combined Cadet Force) which all of year ten must join, and some students choose to continue in the upper years. The CCF has Royal Navy, Army and Royal Air Force sections for the pupils to choose from.

Eastbourne College Houses
Day Houses
Craig (Boys)
Powell (Boys)
Reeves (Boys)
Blackwater (Girls)
Watt (Girls)

Boarding Houses
Gonville (Boys)
Pennell (Boys)
Wargrave (Boys)
Nugent (Girls)
School (Girls)

Notable Old Eastbournians 

Aleister Crowley, occultist and mystic
Eddie Izzard, comedian
Mark Lock, rugby player
Adam Mynott, BBC journalist
Frederick Soddy, chemist and Nobel laureate
Hugo Southwell, rugby player
Edward Speleers, actor, played Eragon in the film Eragon, and is now starring in the ITV soap Echo Beach
Sir Christopher Leaver, former Lord Mayor of the City of London

Military 
Major-General Hugh Prince
General Sir David Richards, Chief of the General Staff

Victoria Cross Holders 
Two Old Eastbournians have won the Victoria Cross:
Tirah Campaign, India
Captain Henry Singleton Pennell VC. He was a Lieutenant when he performed the act for which he received the VC.
First World War
Group Captain Lionel Wilmot Brabazon Rees VC OBE MC AFC RAF. He was a Major when he performed the act for which he received the VC.
Recognition
The Southern Railway used to use trains' names for publicity, and carrying pupils to boarding schools at the beginning and end of school terms was a big part of the traffic. One type of train was named after various English public schools. The fifteenth train of this type made, no. 914, was named Eastbourne after the college. Built at Eastleigh in October 1932, no. 914 was working until July 1961.

References

Other websites 
School website

Eastbourne
Schools in England
The University of Bonn () is a public research university in Bonn, Germany. Started in 1818, the University of Bonn is today one of the leading universities in Germany. The University of Bonn offers many programs in different subjects. Its library has more than two million volumes. The University of Bonn has 525 professors and 27,800 students. Among its famous students and teachers are seven Nobel prize winners, two Fields Medalists, eleven Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners, Pope Benedict XVI, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Joseph Schumpeter and Joseph Goebbels.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 University Library 
 Students' union executive committee (AStA)
 Student parliament

1818 establishments
Bonn
Bonn
1810s establishments in Germany
The University of Würzburg is a university in Würzburg, Germany, which first started in 1402. The university is a member of the Coimbra Group.

Name
The University’s official name is Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg  (Julius Maximilian University Würzburg) but it is commonly called the University of Würzburg. This name is taken from two people; Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg, who restarted the University 426 years ago, and Prince Elector Maximilian Joseph, the prince under whom it became public, not religious, at the start of the 19th century. The University’s central administration, foreign student office, and several research institutes are located within the old town. The new liberal arts campus, with its modern library, overlooks the city from the east. The University today has about 21,000 students, of which more than 1,000 come from other countries. Among its students and teachers, the University includes 13 Nobel Prize winners.

Other websites
University of Würzburg
Wurzburg
Würzburg
Carles Rexach (born 13 January 1947) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1967/68||rowspan="14"|Barcelona||rowspan="14"|La Liga||22||6
|-
|1968/69||14||2
|-
|1969/70||26||7
|-
|1970/71||29||17
|-
|1971/72||26||5
|-
|1972/73||28||7
|-
|1973/74||28||9
|-
|1974/75||31||6
|-
|1975/76||32||6
|-
|1976/77||14||0
|-
|1977/78||22||9
|-
|1978/79||24||4
|-
|1979/80||24||3
|-
|1980/81||8||0
328||81
328||81
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1969||2||0
|-
|1970||2||1
|-
|1971||3||1
|-
|1972||1||0
|-
|1973||0||0
|-
|1974||2||0
|-
|1975||3||0
|-
|1976||0||0
|-
|1977||0||0
|-
|1978||2||0
|-
!Total||15||2
|}

References

1947 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Spanish football managers
FC Barcelona managers
Frank Lobos (born 25 September 1976) is a former Chilean football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||16||1
16||1
16||1
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Santiago
Andriy Rusol (born 16 January 1983) is a Ukrainian retired footballer who formerly played as a defender for Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk and the Ukrainian national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih||rowspan="4"|Premier League||3||0
|-
|2000/01||9||0
|-
|2001/02||19||0
|-
|2002/03||9||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk||rowspan="8"|Premier League||1||0
|-
|2003/04||24||1
|-
|2004/05||28||0
|-
|2005/06||30||3
|-
|2006/07||28||1
|-
|2007/08||28||0
|-
|2008/09||27||1
|-
|2009/10||||
206||6
206||6
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||9||1
|-
|2006||13||2
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||4||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||47||3
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
Ukrainian footballers
Arivaldo Alves dos Santos (born 19 November 1980) is a Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||Kashima Antlers||J. League 1||14||0||0||0||3||0||17||0
14||0||0||0||3||0||17||0
14||0||0||0||3||0||17||0
|}

1980 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Bahia
The MacBook Air has been updated over four times since the original release. The first revision introduced better performance, a bigger hard drive, and a Mini DisplayPort for peripheral monitors. The second update, introduced with the MacBook Pro series, featured a lower price, better performance, and a longer-lasting battery.  It was revised a third time in October 2010 when the outside container was redesigned. At this time Apple began selling another model with a smaller, 11.6-inch (29 cm) screen until 2019. The fourth update was released in July 2011. There have been other revisions in between, but in October 2018, there was a fifth revision to the MacBook Air, with a fingerprint scanner, a larger Retina screen, and a backlit keyboard.

Design
Design 

The MacBook Air, made for thinness, weighs , was the first MacBook produced using a single piece of aluminum with Apple's unibody technique. The computer has a glossy LED backlit screen and a backlit keyboard, as well as a large trackpad that responds to iPhone-like Multi-Touch gestures such as pinching, swiping, and rotating. With the release of Mac OS X Snow Leopard, the Air's multi-touch trackpad also supports handwriting recognition of Chinese characters.

A hatch that flips down on the right side shows the ports on MacBook Air: a USB port, a Mini DisplayPort, and a stereo earphone jack. The left side of the computer has a MagSafe adapter for power, and there is an iSight webcam and microphone above the screen.
The MacBook Air was the first compact laptop sold by Apple since the full-featured 12" PowerBook G4 was stopped in 2006. It was also Apple's first computer with an optional solid-state storage drive. ArsTechnica found "moderate" performance improvements of the 64 GB solid-state drive of the first generation Air over the standard 80 GB hard drive in tests. On October 14, 2008, new models were announced boasting improved capacities of 128 GB (solid-state) and 120 GB (hard drive). The Air comes standard with 2 GB non-upgradable RAM. The CPU on the original Air was an Intel Core 2 Duo chip especially designed to be 40 percent the size of the standard Core 2 Duo chip. The current model has a low voltage, small form factor Core 2 Duo "Penryn" with 6 MB of cache, running on a 1066 MHz bus. MacBook Air has no user-replaceable parts. The hard drive, memory, and battery are enclosed within the casing, with memory soldered directly to the logicboard
. MacBook Air's battery is enclosed within the case but can be replaced using normal screwdrivers, though it is unclear whether this process would void the notebook's warranty. As part of the out-of-warranty service, Apple offers to replace the battery for a fee.
To regain the features of an optical drive, users can either use a separately-available external USB SuperDrive, or the bundled Remote Disc software to access the optical drive of another computer. However, this method only allows for disk browsing or software installation; DVD movies or CDs cannot be watched or listened to. The Remote Disc capability is achieved by the computer wirelessly accessing the optical drive of another Mac or Windows PC that has the Remote Disc program installed. It can also be used to reinstall the system software from the included installation DVD. Remote Disc supports netbooting, so MacBook Air can boot from its installation DVD in another computer's drive. This feature requires Remote Install Mac OS X to be running on the remote computer. The software does not allow the playback or information of DVDs or CDs, nor does it allow the installation of Microsoft Windows. For these features, an external USB drive is required
. A single speaker located under the keyboard is included for mono sound.
The MacBook Air includes Mac OS X Snow Leopard pre-installed, along with Apple's iLife multimedia suite. Apple's iWork work suite, similar to Microsoft Office, is also available with the purchase of the computer, with an extra charge.

With the 2008 changes to the notebook, wired Ethernet connectivity required a separately available USB-to-Ethernet adapter. However, for the 2009 revision, the adapter is included in-the-box. Additionally, in the 2008 revision, the hard drive, graphics, front side bus, processor, memory, battery, and port connections were upgraded.

Launch and reception
Dan Ackerman of CNET commented on the original models, "the design and engineering that went into MacBook Air is extraordinary, but it's certainly a much more specialized product than the standard 13-inch MacBook." Ackerman disliked the limited internet connectivity, slow speed, small hard drive, battery, and the price of SSD hard-drive option, however, appreciated the thinness, sturdiness, and the MultiTouch gestures. Macworld's Jason Snell praised the portability, however commented that "the decision about whether the MacBook Air is a product worth having can be answered by 1 question: How much are you willing to compromise?"

MacBook Air's launch was accompanied by a television commercial emphasizing its slender design. In the commercial, a hand unthreads a manila envelope and slides out a MacBook Air, then opens it to wake it from sleep. The music playing is "New Soul" by Yael Naïm.

"Thinnest" disputes
The Mitsubishi Pedion, released in 1998, was the thinnest rectangular laptop at 0.72 inches (1.84 cm) until the release of the Dell Adamo in March 2009, which is a rectangular laptop 0.65 inches (1.65 cm) thick. Although both these laptops are thinner than MacBook Air's thickest point (0.76 inches/1.94 cm), MacBook Air tapers from 0.16–0.76 inches (0.4–1.94 cm), leading to some controversy over the "thinnest" laptop.

The Sharp Actius MM10 Muramasas, a thin, tapered notebook, had a minimum height (thickness) of  and a maximum height of . It was the thinnest tapered laptop until the release of MacBook Air in 2008. In March 2009, Dell challenged that claim with the release of the Dell Adamo XPS.

Issues
Issues 

The flip-down hatch on the side of Mac Book Air is a tight fit for some headphone plugs and USB devices, requiring users to purchase an extension cable. Apple has removed the flip-down hatch on the Late 2010 model in favor of open connection ports as on other Mac books. Since the release of the first-generation product, some MacBook Air users have complained of overheating that caused CPU lockup. The effect can be seen at CPU temperatures as low as  and worsens with higher temperatures. Apple released a software update in early March 2008 to fix the problem with mixed results: the deactivation of 1 CPU core appears to have been corrected; however, the runaway kernel problem remains for at least some users. The problem is aggravated by system-intensive tasks such as video playback or video chatting.

Specifications

Notes

References

Other websites

 Official website for MacBook Air
 MacBook Air at iFixit

MacBook
Darijo Srna (born 1 May 1982) is a Croatian former football player. He last played for Shakhtar Donetsk and Croatia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Hajduk Split||rowspan="4"|Prva HNL||2||0||||||||||2||0
|-
|2000/01||10||0||||||||||10||1
|-
|2001/02||24||1||||||||||24||1
|-
|2002/03||27||3||||||||||27||3

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="7"|Shakhtar Donetsk||rowspan="7"|Premier League||19||0||5||3||5||0||29||3
|-
|2004/05||21||1||7||1||11||0||39||2
|-
|2005/06||20||2||1||0||10||0||31||2
|-
|2006/07||20||3||5||0||9||1||34||4
|-
|2007/08||28||0||3||0||10||0||41||0
|-
|2008/09||25||4||3||0||18||1||46||5
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
63||4||||||||||63||4
133||10||24||4||63||2||220||16
196||14||24||4||63||2||283||20
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||11||1
|-
|2004||11||4
|-
|2005||9||3
|-
|2006||9||3
|-
|2007||11||4
|-
|2008||10||2
|-
|2009||9||1
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||71||18
|}

References
References

1982 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Croatia at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
Croatia at UEFA Euro 2004
Croatia at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
Croatia at UEFA Euro 2008
Croatia at UEFA Euro 2012
Croatia at the 2014 FIFA World Cup
Croatia at UEFA Euro 2016
Donbass Arena is a football stadium in Donetsk in Ukraine. It is home to the club F.C. Shakhtar Donetsk. It can hold up to 51,504 people and it is the biggest club stadium in Ukraine.

Other websites 
 Official Website 

Football stadiums in Europe
Buildings and structures in Ukraine
Mara Virgínia Manzan (28 May 1952 – 13 November 2009) was a Brazilian actress. At the age of 17, Mara, at the time living and studying in São Paulo, visited the Teatro Oficina, and, as she often jokingly said, never left it. There she made all kinds of backstage activities, until one day she had the chance to replace a sick actress in a play. In March 2008, acting as "Amara" in Duas Caras, she discovered to suffer of lung cancer, and was operated by surgeon Drauzio Varella on 16 April that year. The actress had already faced a cancer of the uterus and ovaries and had to undergo a radical hysterectomy. Her condition worsened and the actress died at the age 57. Mara Manzan died of pulmonary failure.

Career in television
1994 - A Viagem .... Edméia
 1996 - Salsa e Merengue .... Sexta-feira
 1997 - Mundo VIP .... herself
 1998 - Hilda Furacão .... Nevita
 1998 - Pecado Capital .... Alzira
 1998 - Você Decide .... Marly
 1999 - Ô Coitado .... Cráudia
 1999 - Terra Nostra .... seamstress dress Giuliana
 2001 - O Clone .... Odete
 2003 - Kubanacan .... Agatha
 2004 - Da Cor do Pecado .... client of Father Helinho
 2004 - Senhora do Destino .... Janice
 2005 - América .... mother of Creuza
 2006 - Cobras & Lagartos .... Marilene
 2007 - Duas Caras .... Amara
 2009 - Caminho das Índias .... Dona Ashima

Film career 

 1982 - Bonecas da Noite
 2000 - De Cara Limpa .... Suzy
 2003 - Herman .... herself
 2008 - Sexo com Amor? .... Dirce

References

Other websites 
 Personal Blog 
 
 Istoé Gente 

Brazilian actors
1952 births
2009 deaths
Madeline Kahn (September 29, 1942 - December 3, 1999) was an American actress. She was known mainly for her comic roles in moviess such as Paper Moon, Young Frankenstein, Blazing Saddles, What's Up, Doc?, and Clue. She made a guest appearance on The Carol Burnett Show and the Cosby Show.

She was born in Boston, Massachusetts. She moved to New York City during her early childhood and died of ovarian cancer there.

Other websites 

1942 births
1999 deaths
Actors from Boston
Comedians from Boston
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Tony Award winning actors
The Keihin-Tōhoku Line (京浜東北線 けいひんとうほくせん) is a railway line of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) that connects the cities of Saitama, Warabi, Kawaguchi, Tokyo, Kawasaki, and Yokohama.

Station

* Station is skipped when trains are in rapid service, which runs in non-peak hours (10:30 a.m. - 3:30 p.m.).

Related pages
 Saitama Prefecture
 Tokyo
 Yokohama

Japanese railways
Shin-Yokohama Station (新横浜駅,しんよこはまえき) is a railway station of JR Central, JR East, and Yokohama Municipal Subway in Yokohama, Japan.

Adjacent stations
JR Central
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
Shinagawa - Shin-Yokohama - Odawara
JR East
Yokohama Line
 Rapid
Kikuna - Shin-Yokohama - Kozukue
Local
Kikuna - Shin-Yokohama - Kamoi
Yokohama Municipal Subway
Blue Line
Kishine-koen(B25) - Shin-Yokohama(B26) - Kita-Shin-Yokohama(B27)

Other websites

Railway stations in Kanagawa Prefecture
Yokohama
Hachiōji Station(八王子駅,はちおうじえき) is a Railway station of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in the city of Hachiōji, Tokyo, Japan.

Neighbor
JR East
Chūō Line
Commuter Ltd. Rapid
Tachikawa - Hachiōji - Takao
Chūō Ltd. Rapid, Commuter Rapid, Rapid, Local
Toyoda - Hachiōji - Nishi-Hachiōji
Yokohama Line
Rapid,local
Katakura - Hachiōji
Hachikō Line
Hachiōji - Kita-Hachiōji

Other websites

Railway stations in Tokyo
The nuclear football is the name given to a black briefcase which is carried along with the President of the United States at all times. Inside the briefcase are instruction manuals, a radio transmitter and authentication codes for the Emergency Broadcast System. The President can use the briefcase in case of emergency, to order the use of nuclear weapons. The briefcase is carried by a military aide for the President.

References
 https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-05-05-nuclear-football_x.htm
 http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/nuclear-football.htm

Nuclear weapons
Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM) is one of the largest militant groups operating in Jammu and Kashmir from Azad Jammu and Kashmir and stands for the integration of the Disputed Territory and unification of all the Kashmir region with Pakistan. Since its formation the HuM has also wanted the Islamization of Kashmir.

The HuM was formed in 1989 in the Kashmir Valley with Master Ahsan Dar as its chief. Dar was later arrested by the Indian all-armed forces by mid-December 1993. It was reportedly formed as the militant wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI) at the behest of the Inter Services Intelligence (ISI), Pakistan’s external intelligence agency, to counter the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), which had advocated complete independence of the State from the nations. Many of the early Hizb cadres were former JKLF members.

Kashmir
Qalat or Kalat () is a historical town in Kalat District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Qalat is the capital of Qalat District and is known locally as Qalat-e Baluch.

Qalat, formerly Qilat, is roughly in the center of Pakistani Balochistan, south and slightly west of the provincial capital Quetta. It was the capital of the Qalat Khanate. The Brahui population is almost completely Muslim.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
Makran was an autonomous princely state of both British India and Pakistan, which ceased to exist in 1955. It was located in the extreme southwest of Pakistan, an area occupied by the districts of Gwadar, Kech and Panjgur. The state did not include the enclave of Gwadar which was under Omani rule until 1958.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
The State of Kharan was an autonomous princely state in British India (later Pakistan), in the southwest of modern Pakistan. It was established about the year 1697 CE. In 1948, the state was integrated into Pakistan's West Pakistan. In 1971, East Pakistan became Bangladesh, and West Pakistan was renamed to Pakistan. Since then, the state is organised as the Kharan District of Balochistan.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
Kharan District
The area in which Amb was located is historically known as Tanawal. This is in the Hazara region in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The part covered by Amb is called "Upper Tanawal", and is now part of Mansehra District. "Lower Tanawal" is in the Abbottabad District. The name "Tanawal" comes from the name of the tribe that lives there, the Tanoli (or Tanawali). The Tanoli are Muslims. They speak Hindko.

History 
Amb and the area around it have a long history, which goes back to the time of the invasion of the region by Alexander the Great. A settlement called Embolina, located on the Indus River, is mentioned in writings by Arrian and Ptolemy. This is the place from which the Nawabs of Amb took their title.
From early on, the Tanawal area stayed mostly free from the influence of the Mughals and Sikhs and later had only limited contact with British. The people of Tanawal thus had little or no contact with other places for a long period and remained ignorant and backward. At most times, they would resist outside authority, preferring to be ruled by their own chiefs at a local level. Until the late-18th or early-19th centuries, Tanawal was not one state. It was rather an area where several important Tanoli chiefs had authority over an area of influence. The Hindwal section chiefs remained stronger than the other. In 1772, Mir Haibat Khan, the eldest son of Mir Gul Muhammad Khan, was declared to be the chief of Upper Tanawal. Later, his descendants were made as the Nawabs of Amb under the British Raj, and continued ruling over this territory until 1972.

Rulers
Rulers

The rulers of Amb belonged to the Hindwal branch of the Tanoli. The Tanoli are of Mughal ancestry. The rulers are descendants of a Barlas Turk probably named Ameer Khan Turk but authentic records of the tribe no longer exist beyond the 18th century.

List
The Nawabs, or rulers of Amb were:
 Mir Haibat Khan and what are the names of all sons?
 Mir Navab Khan and what are the names of all sons?
 Mir Painda Khan (died 1843)
 Mir, later Nawab Jehandad Khan (1843–1868)
 Sir Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan (1868–1907)
 Sir Nawab Khan i Zaman Khan (1907–1936)
 Sir Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan (1936–1971)(state and all titles etc. formally abolished)
 Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan (1971–1972; titlular only 1972–1973)

The concept of hereditary rulerships was abolished in Pakistan on 1 January 1972. It was done by a change to the constitution. This meant that the Nawab of Amb would no longer be recognised as a ruler. They could also no longer use their old styles and titles.
The current head of the old/former royal family is Salahuddin Saeed Khan, since 1973. He is the son of the last Nawab and is allowed to use the courtesy title of 'Nawabzada' (son of a Nawab).

Notes

References

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
Phulra was a minor princely state of both Pakistan and British India, in the modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It was east of the nearby princely Amb. Both states ended in 1950 when they were merged into the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. There is some dispute as to whether Phulra ranked as a full princely state or as a minor noble estate (jagir) of the Indian Empire.

At present, Phulra is a small town and union council in Mansehra District, Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Mansehra District
Chitral (or Chitrāl); was a former princely state of Pakistan and British India which ceased to exist in 1969. The area of the state now forms the Chitral District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Shahzada Ghaziuddin (Prince of Nagar) was a graduate from Aligarh university India. he was the son of Shuja ul mulk (Mehtar of Chitral) He was highly intelligent man and due to his intelligence, bravery, kind, loving nature was highly recognised. He was given the jagir of Nagar, Ursoon, patai, sweer, arandu, ziarat etc. Nagar fort was the winter resort of H.H Sir Shuja Ul Mulk.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
Chitral District
Dir was a small former princely state in the modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. The state ceased to exist in 1969 when it was incorporated into Pakistan. The area once occupied by the state (5,282 km²) now forms two districts of Pakistan - Upper Dir and Lower Dir. The two districts were part of Malakand Division until divisions were abolished as an administrative tier.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
Hunza () was a former princely state in the northernmost part of the Northern Areas, of Pakistan, which existed until 1974. The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south, the former princely state of Nagar to the east, Chinese Turkistan to the north and Afghanistan to the northwest. The state capital was the town of Baltit (also known as Karimabad). The area of Hunza now forms the Aliabad Tehsil of Hunza-Nagar District.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
Nagar () was a princely state in the northernmost part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which existed until 1974. The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south and west, and the former princely state of Hunza to the north and east. The state capital was the town of Nagar. The area of Nagar now forms three tehsils of Nagar District. Nagar along with Gilgit and Baltistan is falsely claimed by the Republic of India as so-called part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
Polyurethane is a polymer. Its name is often shortened to PU or PUR. Polyurethane is made of organic units, which are joined by urethane. Polyurethane polymers are formed through step-growth polymerization. In this process, a monomer containing at least two isocyanate functional groups reacts with another monomer containing at least two hydroxyl (alcohol) groups in the presence of a catalyst.

Polyurethane is available with different levels of stiffness, hardness or densities. Examples for such materials are:
 Low-density flexible foam used in upholstery
 Low-density rigid foam used for thermal insulation and RTM cores
 Soft solid elastomers used for gel pads and print rollers
 Low density elastomers used in footwear
 Hard solid plastics used as electronic instrument bezels and structural parts
Polyurethanes are widely used in high resiliency flexible foam seating, rigid foam insulation panels, microcellular foam seals and gaskets, durable elastomeric wheels and tires, automotive suspension bushings, electrical potting compounds, high performance adhesives and sealants, Spandex fibers, seals, gaskets, carpet underlay, and hard plastic parts.

Polyurethane products are often called "urethanes". They should not be confused with the specific substance urethane, also known as ethyl carbamate. Polyurethanes are neither produced from ethyl carbamate, nor do they contain it.

References

Polymers
Violetta Villas (born 10 June 1938  - 5 December 2011) was a Polish singer, actress, composer and songwriter. She was born in Verviers, Belgium. Her voice was a coloratura soprano which spans 4.7 octaves. In 1960s she was the star of revues in Paris, New York and Las Vegas. She died in Lewin Klodzki, Poland.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2011 deaths
European opera singers
People from Verviers
Polish actors
Polish singers
Pop musicians
Stage actors
Yutaka Fukufuji (born September 17, 1982) is a Japanese professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for the Nikkō Ice Bucks of the Asia League. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings with the 238th overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Kings on January 13, 2007 and became the first Japanese player to start in a NHL game on January 16, 2007. He returned to the Bakersfield Condors on September 10, 2007. He signed a contract with the Destil Trappers of the Eredivisie and played a full season with them before returning to Japan in 2010 to play with the Nikkō Ice Bucks.

References

Other websites

1982 births
American Hockey League players
Japanese sportspeople
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
Sportspeople from Hokkaido
ECHL players
Ice hockey goaltenders
XFL, LLC, operated as XFL, was a professional American football. The league was founded by Vince McMahon, owner of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The league was founded in 2000. The XFL was supposed to be a major professional sports league complement to the off-season of the NFL, but could not find an audience and folded after its first season. The first and only champions were the Los Angeles Xtreme. Both the WWF and NBC each lost a reported $35 million.

Teams

References

Other websites
Official website
a XFL website 

2001 establishments in the United States
2001 disestablishments in the United States
American football
NBC network shows
UPN network shows
World Wrestling Entertainment television programs
Urban Meyer III (born July 10, 1964) is an American college football TV analyst and former coach. He coached the Bowling Green Falcons, the Utah Utes, Florida Gators, and Ohio State Buckeyes. Meyer has also coached in the National Football League (NFL). He coached the Jacksonville Jaguars in 2021. 

During his time coaching in the NCAA, Meyer won three National championships. He won two while coaching Florida in 2006 and 2008 and won one while coaching Ohio State in 2014.
On January 14, 2021, the Jacksonville Jaguars hired Meyer as their new head coach. In October, a video surfaced of Meyer touching and dancing at his restaurant with a woman who was not his wife. Jaguars owner Shahid Khan was not happy and said that Meyer would need to earn their trust back. On December 18, kicker Josh Lambo said that accused Meyer of kicking him in the legs during practice. Lambo told Meyer to stop and Meyer responded "I'm the head ball coach. I'll kick you whenever the fuck I want." On December 16, 2021, Meyer was fired from his position as Jaguars head coach, finishing with a record of 2-11.

References

1964 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Ohio
College football coaches
Rachael Yamagata (born September 23, 1974) is an American singer-songwriter and pianist. She is from Arlington, Virginia.

References

Singers from Virginia
People from Arlington County, Virginia
Living people
1977 births
American pianists
NCIS (also called NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service) is a crime-drama television series on CBS. It is about a team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service in Washington, D.C. Their job is to investigate crimes involving the US Navy and Marine Corps. The series is a spin-off from JAG and has the spin-offs called NCIS: Los Angeles and NCIS: New Orleans.

Main cast

Other websites 

 Official NCIS homepage at CBS
 
 Website - NCIS: The Official TV Soundtrack 
 NCIS  at Yahoo! TV
 
 

American drama television series
CBS network shows
Television spin-offs
2003 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
NCIS can refer to:
 NCIS (TV series) - A crime-drama television series on CBS
 NCIS: Los Angeles - A crime-drama television series set in Los Angeles. Spin-off of NCIS TV series
 NCIS: New Orleans - American military crime-drama set in New Orleans. Spin-off of NCIS TV series
Cap-Haïtien, also known as Le Cap, (Kréyòl: Kap Ayisyen, Okap) is a city in northern Haiti. It is the capital city of the Nord Département.

The city is on the coast of the Cap-Haïtien Bay, on the Atlantic Ocean, about 260 km north of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. The central part of the city is between the bay to the east, and mountains to the west.

Cap-Haïtien is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) with the same name. The arrondissement has three communes (a commune is like a municipality): Cap-Haïtien, Limonade and Quartier-Morin.

History 
On the left side of the river Haut du Cap, Christopher Columbus built a small fort with the rest of the ship Santa María when it was destroyed on Christmas Day on 1492; he named the fort as La Navidad (in English, "Christmas").