Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Renault Clio is a car made by Renault since 1990. There are five generations of the Renault Clio. The Renault Clio was a replacement for the Renault 5. The car was intended to compete against established rivals in the European supermini market such as the Ford Fiesta, Opel/Vauxhall Corsa, Volkswagen Polo, Peugeot 208, SEAT Ibiza and the Fiat Punto.

Clio I 

The first Clio was produced from 1990 until 1998. The design was facelifted twice. It was 3700 millimeters long, 1670 millimeters wide and 1410 millimeters high. This Clio was voted European Car of the Year in 1991. The car went on sale somewhat cheaper than most of its rivals but had a basic interior. The previous Renault 5 continued to sell up until 1996 as a cheaper alternative to the Clio, being badged as the 'Renault 5 Campus'.

A sports version of the Renault Clio I with a 2.0l petrol engine was launched in 1992. This was called the 'Clio Williams' and was designed to compete with other 'hot hatches' such as the Peugeot 205 GTi.
Sales of the Renault Clio I were strong throughout Europe, and it is often credited as the first Renault car to break into the British market as many previous models had sold poorly in the United Kingdom. The Clio did not have to compete with the smaller Renault Twingo in the United Kingdom as this was only made available in continental Europe.

Clio II 

The second Clio was produced from 1998 until 2012. Its design was facelifted three times, the first in 2001, the second in 2006 and the third in 2009. The latter two being called the 'Renault Clio Campus and marketed alongside the Clio III. The rounded design of the Clio II contrasted with the 'square' Clio I. Certain issues with the previous design were addressed, for instance, the front wings were made of plastic, following problems with corrosion on the previous model.

In 1999, the Renault Sport or Clio RS was launched as a 'hot-hatch' and as a replacement for the previous Renault Clio Williams. This was entirely based on the Clio II.
A saloon version of the Renault Clio II was launched in South America and Eastern Europe, however was unavailable to customers in Western Europe.

Safety issues
A safety issue where the bonnet of the Clio II could come open whilst driving was highlighted by BBC consumer affairs programme, Watchdog. Some of these models were recalled by Renault. Problems were also highlighed where hazard warning light could come on without notice being unable to be switched off.

Clio III 

The third generation of the Clio has been produced from 2005 until 2014. In 2007 the Clio Grandtour, the station wagon version was launched. The design was facelifted in 2009. The Clio III achieved a 5-star NCAP safety rating, leaving only the Twingo and the Kangoo in the range without one. It's replacement arrived in late 2012.

Clio IV
Clio IV 

The fourth generation Clio has been produced from late 2012 to 2020. There's no longer a 3-door model in the range but it's available as a 5-door and a wagon, the latter isn't sold in the UK. The model have become more larger and have hidden rear door handles on the windows. The design was facelifted in 2016.

Clio V 

The fifth generation Clio was revealed in early 2019. The wagon model as well as the R.S. model has been discontinued.

Advertising
The Clio 'Papa and Nicole' adverts featuring a young promiscuous woman and her slow witted father ran throughout the cars early years and were voted one of the favourite adverts on television in the United Kingdom.

References 

Clio
The Trojan Horse is a large wooden horse from the Trojan War in Greek mythology. In the Trojan War, the Greeks were fighting against the city of Troy.  The war started when Helen, the queen of Sparta, was kidnapped by Paris, prince of Troy.  The Greeks waged war on Troy to win Helen of Troy back.
The Greeks could not enter the city or win the war. Because of this, Odysseus, one of the Grecian leaders, thought of a way to trick the Trojans.  The Greeks built a large wooden horse out of a ship and left it outside the gates of the city as a present for the Trojans, then sailed away. The Greek ships hid behind a nearby land mass. The Trojans took the horse and put it inside their city, thinking it was a victory gift from the Greeks.  The Trojans had a festival to celebrate their victory. Odysseus chose a horse so that Athena (goddess of wisdom and strength) would grant them good luck after the battle. After the Trojan victory festival ended, the Greeks, who were hiding inside the horse, came out. They opened the city gates to let the other Greeks enter Troy. The Greeks easily overpowered the unsuspecting Trojans and took control of the city. Because of the Trojan Horse, the Greeks won the Trojan War.
Today the word "Trojan horse" is used for things that are similar to that story: something that looks good, but in truth has another purpose, usually bad. An example for this is a type of computer virus called a Trojan horse.

Other websites 
 Trojan horse -Citizendium 

Greek mythology
Tesco is a multinational retailer owned by Tesco PLC from the United Kingdom. It was started by Jack Cohen in 1919 who opened the first Tesco grocery store in 1931 near London, England. His business grew very quickly and there were 100 Tesco stores by 1939. At first, Tesco only sold food in its stores, but in the 1990s it began to sell other things like mobile phones, DVDs and videos, clothing, and books. It now also operates petrol stations, banks, and is an Internet service provider in the UK since 2012.

There are different brands of Tesco stores, which are all different sizes. They go from small convenience stores to large hypermarkets. With more than 3,000 stores in the UK alone, it is one of the biggest retailers in the country. Tesco's website was also one of the first to let people buy things from the Internet.
The company that owns Tesco is called Tesco plc (public limited company) and is listed on the London Stock Exchange. It has opened stores in other countries within Europe and Asia. Countries with Tesco stores include Ireland, Hungary, Malaysia, and Thailand. Today, Tesco is the third-largest retailer in the world when measured by profit and the fifth-largest by revenue.

Other website

 
 Corporate website
Tesco Payslipview

Supermarkets of the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
The Fiat Panda is a small car made by Fiat from 1980 to the present day. The first generation launched in 1980 and launched in the UK a year later. A 4x4 model appeared in 1983. A major facelift arrived in 1986 and another one took place in 1991. In 1995, the Panda was axed from the UK with other European markets following shortly after, remaining on sale in Italy right up to 2003. Normally it is bought by small families or young adults because the car is quite cheap and also the tax is not very high. The second generation of 2003 was made in Poland and was the European Car Of The Year in 2004. It received some small updates during it run and was produced until the end of 2012. It entered its third and current generation in 2011 with production moving back to Italy.  

Panda
Front wheel drive vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Fiat Croma is the name of two different large cars made by Fiat. The first was made between 1985 and 1996, and the design of it was changed in 1991. The second generation has been built between 2005 and 2010. Both have five seats and four doors.

Croma
Front wheel drive vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Fiat Ulysse was a large car with seven seats made by Fiat in two generations between 1994 and 2010. It is the only Eurovan in the PSA/Fiat joint vesture to have retained the same name in the second generation.

First generation (1994−2002)

Engines 
 1.8 73 kW (99 hp)
 2.0 89 kW (121 hp)
 2.0 16V 97 kW (132 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.0 Turbo 108 kW (147 hp)
 1.9 TD 66 kW (90 hp)
 2.0 JTD 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.1 TD 80 kW (109 hp)

Second generation (2002−2010)

Engines 
 2.0 16V 100 kW (136 hp)
 3.0 V6 152 kW (207 hp)
 2.0 JTD 80 kW (109 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.2 JTD 94 kW (128 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)

Ulysse
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Front wheel drive vehicles
The Fiat Punto is a car produced by Fiat in three generations since 1993. Production of the first generation Punto was 3.429 million units, second generation 2.96 million units, and third generation 2.67 million units.

First generation Type 176 (1993–1999)

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.1 8V 40 kW (55 hp)
 1.2 8V 44 kW (60 hp) and 55 kW (73 hp)
 1.2 16V 63 kW (85 hp)
 1.4 8V Turbo 96 kW (130 hp) and 98 kW (133 hp)
 1.6 8V 65 kW (88 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.7 D 42 kW (57 hp)
 1.9 TD 47 kW (63 hp) and 51 kW (70 hp)

Second generation Type 188 (1999–2011)

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 8V 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.2 16V 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.4 16V 77 kW (95 hp)
 1.8 16V 96 kW (131 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.3 Multijet 16V 51 kW (69 hp)
 1.9 D 8V 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.9 JTD 8V 59 kW (80 hp) and 63 kW (86 hp)
 1.9 Multijet 8V 74 kW (101 hp)

BiPower engines 
 1.2 Natural Power 8V CNG 51 kW (69 hp)

Third generation Type 199 (2005–2018)

Models

Engines
Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 8V 48 kW (65 hp)
 1.4 8V 57 kW (78 hp)
 1.4 StarJet 16V 70 kW (95 hp)
 1.4 MultiAir 16V 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.4 T-Jet 16V 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.4 MultiAir Turbo 16V 99 kW (135 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.3 Multijet 16V 55 kW (75 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
 1.3 Multijet II 16V 55 kW (75 hp) and 70 kW (95 hp)
 1.6 Multijet 16V 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.9 Multijet 8V 88 kW (120 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)

BiPower engines 
 1.4 Natural Power 8V CNG 51-57 kW (69-78 hp)
 1.4 8V LPG 57 kW (78 hp)

References

Other websites 
fiatpunto.com
The Punto Van 
Grande Punto EuroNCAP results
The Punto Power fan site 
The Punto Sports Forum fan site
The Punto MK2 & MK2B Forum fan site 
PuntoUK: a UK based Punto fan site 
Grande-Punto.de - The German Community
FiatPunto.com.pl - The Polish Fiat Punto fan Forum

Punto
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Different versions 

1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Volkswagen Fox is a car made by the German company Volkswagen. It has four seats, four wheels and two doors. The car is similar in size to the Ford Ka.

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Fox
The Proton Savvy is a small car made by the Malaysian company Proton Holding. It has 5 seats and 5 doors.

References 

Automobiles Toyota
SEAT W MOTORI Renault Suzuki
Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi savvy
The Peugeot 107 is a car made by the French company Peugeot. It has been made in the Czech Republic since 2005. It has four seats. The car can have two or four doors. The car is related to the Toyota Aygo and the Citroën C1. In 2009, Peugeot made new versions of the car that looked different. They did this again in 2012. It stopped being made in 2014. This is because Peugeot started making the Peugeot 108.

Engines 
 1.0 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.4 HDi 40 kW (54 hp)

107
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
107
The Toyota Aygo is a car made by the Japanese company Toyota in the Czech Republic since 2005. It has four seats and either two or four doors. The car has a 1-litre petrol or 1,4-litre diesel engine. The car is similar to the Peugeot 107 and Citroën C1. It entered its second generation in 2014.

Engines 
 1.0 VVT-i 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.4 D4-D 40 kW (54 hp)

Aygo
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Airbus A380 (also called "Super-jumbo-jet") is a four-engined, double-decked airliner manufactured by Airbus.  It is the world's biggest passenger airplane, larger than the Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet.  However, the six-engine Antonov An-225 super-freighter was even bigger. 

The Airbus A380 can carry up to 850 passengers (but it usually carries about 525), and weighs over 550 tonnes. It has four Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engines or four Engine Alliance GP7000 engines.  The companies General Electric and Pratt & Whitney make alliance engines. The last A380 was produced in 2021 and delivered to Emirates.

Orders 

Hundreds of A380-800 airplanes have been ordered by 20 airlines.  One has been ordered by a Saudi Arabian Prince, Al-Walid bin Talal and 10 by a company called ILFC (who gives other airlines airplanes for rent).
Emirates Airlines (an airline from the United Arab Emirates) has the most A380 aircraft, because they have ordered 123 aircraft.    Singapore Airlines took delivery of the first A380, which flew to Sydney in Australia on October 25, 2007.  Singapore Airlines has 19 A380s.

Other airlines which ordered the A380 are: 

 Qantas (from Australia, currently operating 12)
 Air France (formerly operated 10)
 China Southern Airlines 
 Lufthansa (the German airline, which has 8) 
 Kingfisher Airlines (from India) 
 Korean Air (from South Korea) 
 Thai Airways 
 Malaysia Airlines 
 British Airways 
 Qatar Airways 
 Etihad Airways (from the United Arab Emirates) 
 Virgin Atlantic (from the United Kingdom) 
 Air Austral (France).

More than 200 A380 have been delivered, including 15 in 2017 and 12 in 2018.
Freighter Version
Airbus was going to make a version of the A380 to carry cargo instead of people.  This would look almost the same as the normal passenger version, but with no windows and much bigger doors.  Some cargo companies ordered the plane, like FedEx and UPS.  Because Airbus took too long to make the A380 freight version, those orders were canceled.  Because Airbus has not gotten any orders for the plane anymore, they decided to not make the freighter version for a while and focus on making the passenger version of the A380.
Incidents
The Airbus A380 had 1 incident, with no deaths.
 On 4 November 2010, Qantas Flight 32 was flying from Singapore Changi Airport when the number 2 engine failed, causing some damage to the plane, and forcing it to return to Singapore.  Nobody was injured, but debris from the airplane fell onto the island of Batam, in Indonesia.  Investigations found that the Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine leaked oil, causing an explosion.  Other Trent 900 engines had similar problems and many engines had to be replaced and the FAA issued that all Airbus A380s currently in service are required to go under mandatory inspections before takeoff to prevent future engine problems.

References

Other websites 

Airbus A380 website 
Proper A380 website 

Airbus aircraft
Paris is a personality in Greek mythology. He is an important person in the Trojan War, and Homer's Iliad. Paris was the son of King Priam of Troy and his wife Hecuba. Because it was prophesied that he would bring the end and destruction of Troy, he was left to die in the wilderness, but was found by another man, who took him as a son and named him Paris.

Three goddesses, Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena, had a beauty contest with a prize of the golden Apple of Discord of Eris (goddess). Paris was the judge and they all bribed him. Hera offered him power, Athena offered him wisdom, and Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen. 

The problem was that Helen was already married to Menelaus, the brother of Agamemnon. Paris took Helen home with him to Troy. This caused the Trojan War. 

During the war, Paris killed Achilles by shooting his heel with a poisoned arrow. 

Late in the war, Paris was killed by Philoctetes.

References 

Paris
In Greek mythology, Helen, also known as Helen of Troy (Ancient Greek: Ἑλένη, Helénē), was said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world. The queen of Sparta, Helen was married to Menelaus, but later eloped with Prince Paris of Troy (most often depicted as being kidnapped) and taken to Troy, resulting in the Trojan War as the Achaeans set out to bring her back to Sparta. She was believed to be the daughter of Zeus and Leda, the wife of King Tyndareos of Sparta, and was the sister of twins Castor and Pollux, and Clytemnestra.

Other websites 

Helen
RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is an algorithm used by modern computers to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm. Asymmetric means that there are two different keys. This is also called public key cryptography, because one of the keys can be given to anyone. RSA uses a public key and private key. The public key can be known to everyone- it is used to encrypt messages. Messages encrypted using the public key can only be decrypted with the private key. The private key needs to be kept secret. Calculating the private key from the public key is very difficult.
Other websites
 The Original RSA Patent as filed with the U.S. Patent Office by Rivest; Ronald L. (Belmont, MA), Shamir; Adi (Cambridge, MA), Adleman; Leonard M. (Arlington, MA), December 14, 1977, .
 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Standard (RSA Laboratories website)
 The PKCS #1 standard "provides recommendations for the implementation of public-key cryptography based on the RSA algorithm, covering the following aspects: cryptographic primitives; encryption schemes; signature schemes with appendix; ASN.1 syntax for representing keys and for identifying the schemes".
 
 Thorough walk through of RSA
 Prime Number Hide-And-Seek: How the RSA Cipher Works
 Onur Aciicmez, Cetin Kaya Koc, Jean-Pierre Seifert: On the Power of Simple Branch Prediction Analysis
 A New Vulnerability In RSA Cryptography, CAcert NEWS Blog
 Example of an RSA implementation with PKCS#1 padding (GPL source code) 
 Kocher's article about timing attacks
 An animated explanation of RSA with its mathematical background by CrypTool
An interactive walkthrough going through all stages to make small example RSA keys 
 Hacking Secret Ciphers with Python, Chapter 24, Public Key Cryptography and the RSA Cipher
 
 How RSA Key used for Encryption in real world
 Prime Numbers, Factorization, and their Relationship with Encryption
Cryptography
Algorithms
Hector (, Hektōr) was a Trojan prince and one of the central figures of the Iliad. The first-born son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, Hector was the heir apparent to the throne and the greatest of Troy's warriors in the defense of the city. Hector fought against a various number of the Greeks through the course of the Trojan War, including Protesilaus and Ajax. He was married to Andromache, with whom he had a son, Astyanax, whom the Trojans called Scamandrios. 

Hector is eventually killed by Achilles (Book XXII of The Iliad).

Related pages 
624 Hektor

Other websites

People in Greek mythology
Hecuba (also Hekuba or Hekabe) was a person in Greek mythology. She was the wife of King Priam of Troy.

Her children with Priam were: Sons: Hector, Paris, Deiphobos, Helenos, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Polydoros. And daughters: Ilione, Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, and Kassandra.

After the Trojan War she became a slave of Odysseus.

People in Greek mythology
Slaves
Priam (Priamos or (Latin) Priamus) is a person in Greek mythology. He was the King of Troy during the Trojan War.

Priam had several wives, but his principal wife was Hecuba. With her he had his favourite son Hector; and Paris the cause of the war.

In Book II of Virgil's Aeneid, he was killed during the destruction of Troy by Achilles' son Neoptolemus.

Other websites

Priam
Achilles (Ancient Greek: Ἀχιλλεύς, Akhilleus) was a hero of the Trojan War and is the central character of Homer's Iliad. The son of the mortal hero Peleus and the Nereid Thetis, he is the leader of the Myrmidons, and is described as the greatest of all the Achaean warriors.  The Iliad, which is set in the ninth year of the Trojan War, starts with a quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon, the commander of the Greek forces.

Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was his slaying the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy, as revenge against Hector for killing his lover, Patroclus.p53   While Achilles' death is not presented in the Iliad (as the poem ends with Hector's funeral), other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the war by Paris, who shot him in the heel with an arrow.
Legend 
Later stories depict Achilles as being invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel, as that is where his mother Thetis held him when she dipped him in the River Styx as an infant.  As such, the term "Achilles' heel" has come to mean a point of fatal weakness.  Because of that, his heel was still vulnerable.  However, the Iliad does not say this.

According to the legend, Achilles was killed by Paris, who shot his heel with a poisoned arrow. Achilles was shot many times by the arrows of Paris but the only arrow found on his body was through his heel.

References 

People in Greek mythology
Classical Greek literature
A nymph is a kind of female nature entity/spirit in Greek mythology. They are often companions of Greek gods and goddesses. Nymphs can be divided into different kinds, such as:
 Dryads (trees)
 Naiads (fresh water)
 Oreads (mountains)
 the Okeanids, the daughters of Okeanos, and the Nereids, the daughters of Nereus (seas)
 the Pleiades (stars)

Other websites
Romantic music is music written in the 19th century.  This was the period called the “Romantic period” by musicians.  In literature and some other arts the “Romantic period” is often said to begin and finish earlier: around mid 18th to mid 19th century. 

In the Classical period artists liked to see clear forms.  18th century architecture nearly always shows a lot of symmetry.  The gardens of the palace at Versailles are a good example of this with their very tidy patterns of straight paths, circular ponds and neatly clipped hedges.

In music the Classical composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert liked to compose music which had a clear plan like sonata form.

In the Romantic period artists thought that feeling and passions were more important than formal plans.  This can be seen in the gardens designed by Capability Brown, e.g. in at Blenheim Palace, Oxford.  The gardens are made to blend into nature.
In music the Romantic composers may still use plans like sonata form, but feelings and passions are important.  They often write what is called programme music which means: music that describes something or tells a story.  Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony is called the “Pastoral” which means that it is about the countryside.  Although Beethoven is usually called a composer of the Classical period he is also an early Romantic.  Later composers such as Felix Mendelssohn wrote pieces like Hebrides Overture which describes the sea coming into Fingal’s Cave in the Inner Hebrides Islands in Scotland.  Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) wrote a lot of music which tells a story.  His Symphonie Fantastique is about an artist madly in love.  Berlioz’s whole way of life was wild and romantic
.  He fell in love with an actress he saw on stage playing the part of Juliet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and he actually married her!  Other composers who wrote a lot of programme music include Franz Liszt (1811-1886) and Richard Strauss (1864-1949).  Strauss always wrote in a late-Romantic style even although he lived well into the 20th century.
The Romantic period was also the period of Nationalism.  "Nationalism" means being proud of one's country.  In the 19th century  a lot of European countries as we know them were being formed.  In music a lot of composers were writing music which was typical of their country.  They often did this by using folk music.  Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) and Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884) wrote music which sounds very Czech. Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)  wrote music with Russian folk songs in them. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) used German folk songs in his symphonies, and Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) collected English folk songs and put them in his music.  One of those pieces was a Fantasy on the famous tune Greensleeves.

Periods in music history
In Greek mythology, the Nereids ( Nereides) are sea nymphs, the fifty daughters of Nereus, the Old Man of the Sea, and the Okeanid Doris. 

Among them are:
Thetis - Wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles, she was often considered the leader of the Nereids. 
Amphitrite - Wife of Poseidon and queen of the sea. 
Galatea
Thoosa - mother of the Cyclops Polyphemus. 
Dione (mythology)

Nymphs
Gods and goddesses of water
Romance or romantic might mean:

Something related to Ancient Rome
Romance language, a language based on Latin, including Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian
Chivalric romance, a style of medieval and Renaissance fiction
Romance (love), love focusing on feelings over sex
Romantic friendship, a close but non-sexual relationship between friends that includes a degree of physical closeness
Romantic orientation, indicates which sex or gender people are likely to have a romantic relationship with
Romanticism, a style of art that started in France in the late 1700s. It includes:
Romantic painting
Romantic music
Romantic poetry
Romance novel, a style of written fiction
Romance movie, a style of movies
Romance comics, a style of comics
Romanticism (or Romantic movement) is a movement, or style of art, literature and music in the late 18th and early 19th century in Europe. 

The movement said that feelings, imagination, nature, human life, freedom of expression, individualism and old folk traditions, such as legends and fairy tales, were important. It was a reaction to the aristocratic social and political ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. 

It was also a reaction against turning nature into a mere science. 

The movement showed most strongly in arts like music, and literature. However, it also had an important influence on historiography, education, and natural history.

Examples

United Kingdom 
Romanticism in Britain was notable as the country was an early adopter of industrialization and science, and included such figures as:
 William Wordsworth
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge
 Lord Byron
 Shelley
 William Blake
 Robert Burns
 Walter Scott
J. M. W. Turner
Germany 
During the same period as Britain, there was a notable romantistic movement in Germany. Important motifs in German Romanticism are traveling, nature, and Germanic myths. Involved were such figures as:
Goethe as a younger man.
Hegel
Schiller
Beethoven
The Brothers Grimm

Related pages
 Romance (love)
 Romantic music

References

Other websites 
 The Romantic Poets
 Dictionary of the History of Ideas , Romanticism
 Romantic Circles Electronic editions, histories, and scholarly articles related to the Romantic era
 Dictionary of the History of Ideas , Romanticism in Political Thought
 Romanticism in the "History of Art" 
Romanticism in the Art History Archive

Art movements
Cultural history
19th-century books
Philosophical movements and positions
The Seveso disaster was a chemical accident on 10 July 1976, at the small Italian town of Meda, 20 km from Milan in Lombardy. There was an leak at a chemical factory which released a lot of the toxic poison dioxin, TCDD, into the air. The cloud of poison gas covered an area 6 km long and 1 km wide. It was named after the municipality of Seveso.  It resulted in the highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations  There were many studies and new regulations after the accident. The European Union directive covering the protection against such accidents is known as Seveso-II-directive today. 

The company where the accident happened was called Icmesa. It was owned by Givaudan, who is  owned by Roche. Icmesa produced Trichlorophenol, which is used to produce the disinfectant Hexachlorophene. The company was located in four communes; one of them Seveso.
None of the 20,000 people who lived in Seveso died, but the poison killed 3,000 farm animals and pets. Another 70,000 animals had to be killed to stop the dioxin from getting into the food chain.

Long term problems
Thirty years after the accident, scientists reported that babies born in the area affected by the dioxin were six times more likely to have thyroid problems. The affected people, now in their forties, are being studied to see if it stopped them growing properly, or reduced intellectual development (IQ).

References

1976 in Europe
1970s crimes in Europe
1970s disasters in Europe
1970s in Italy

Disasters in Italy
July 1976 events
Province of Monza and Brianza
Junichiro Koizumi (born 8 January 1942) is the former Prime Minister of Japan. He stepped down in 2006.

Early life 
Born in Yokosuka, Kanagawa on 8 January, 1942, Koizumi was taught at Yokosuka High School and Keio University, where he studied economics. He went to University College London before returning to Japan in August 1969 when his father died.

Yasukuni Shrine and Junichiro 
While he was prime minister of Japan, he made China and South Korea very angry by continuing to visit the Yasukuni Shrine. He was succeeded by Shinzo Abe.

Prime Ministers of Japan
Alumni of University College London
1942 births
Living people
Politicians from Kanagawa Prefecture
Keio University alumni
"Majulah Singapura" (Jawi: ماجولاه سانڬاڤورا, ; "Onward Singapore") is the national anthem of Singapore. It was written and composed by Singaporean musician Zubir Said in 1958. Seven years later, the anthem was adopted. This song must be sung in Malay, although there are translations provided in the country's three other official languages—English, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil.

Singaporeans are encouraged to sing the national anthem during times of national celebration or at important national events such as at the National Day Parade, at National Day observance ceremonies held by government departments and educational institutions such as schools and universities, and at sports events that Singapore teams take part in.

Lyrics

Official Malay

Mandarin Chinese translation

Tamil translation

English translation
Come, fellow Singaporeans
Let us progress towards happiness together
May our noble aspirations
bring Singapore success
Come, let us all unite
In a brand new spirit
Let our voices soar as one
Onward Singapore
Onward Singapore

Come, let us all unite
In a brand new spirit
Let our voices soar as one
Onward Singapore
Onward Singapore

References

Other websites
 Music score for Wind band (instrumental parts)

1958 works
Asian anthems
National symbols of Singapore
Abruzzo is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in Southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is the city of L'Aquila.

Geography 
The region is located in Southern Italy bordered by Marche to the north, Lazio to the west, Molise to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east.

Abruzzo is the 13th largest region in Italy, with a total area of . The main rivers in the region are:
 Aterno-Pescara,  long.
 Sangro,  long.
 Vomano,  long.
 Tordino,  long.
 Liri,  long,  in Abruzzo.

The Tronto river is  long but flows mainly in the Marche region.

The highest mountain in the region is Corno Grande (), in the Teramo province, with an altitude of .

Provinces 
The region is divided into four provinces:

Largest municipalities
The 10 communi of the region with more people living in it are:

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Site 
 Official Tourist Information
Teramo is an Italian city in Abruzzo. Teramo is the capital of the Province of Teramo. In 2020, Teramo had about 53,000 people.

Cities in Abruzzo
Capital cities in Italy
Province of Teramo
The Aegean Sea is part of the Mediterranean Sea. It is between Greece and Anatolia. It is connected (attached) in the north to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The islands of Rhodes, Karpathos and Crete mark the south end.

History 
In ancient times two groups of people lived near the sea  the Minoans of Crete, and the Myceneans of the Peloponnese. The city-states of Athens and Sparta came later and were part of Ancient Greece. Persians, Romans, the Byzantine Empire, the Venetians (people from Venice), the Seljuk Empire, and the Ottoman Empire later started around the Aegean Sea. The people near the Aegean were very advanced (powerful and clever) in Ancient history and they sailed across it to talk to each other.
There are seven groups of Aegean islands: the Thracian Sea group, the East Aegean group, the Northern Sporades, the Cyclades, the Saronic Islands (or Argo-Saronic Islands), the Dodecanese and Crete. The word archipelago used to mean these islands. Many of the Aegean islands, or chains of islands, are part of the mountain ranges on the mainland. One chain goes across the sea to Chios, another one goes across Euboea to Samos, and a third one goes across the Peloponnese and Crete to Rhodes. This one divides (splits, cuts) the Aegean from the Mediterranean. Many of the islands have safe harbours and bays, but sailing in the sea is difficult. Many of the islands are volcanos, and marble and iron are mined on other islands. The bigger islands have some green valleys and plains. Two big islands on the Aegean Sea are part of Turkey: Bozcaada () and Gökçeada ().

Notes 

Mediterranean Sea
William de Wiveleslie Abney (24 July 1843 – 3 December 1920) was an English astronomer, chemist, and photographer. Abney was a member of many scientific organizations.

He was best known for his discovering and measuring the effect of adding white to a hue, in 1910. The effect is generally known as the Abney effect. For example, adding white to red makes it slightly bluish (bluish red is known as pink), and adding white to yellowish green hues makes them less yellowish and thus greener.

1843 births
1920 deaths
English chemists
English astronomers
English photographers
Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (, ; 2 April 1725 – 4 June 1798) was a famous Venetian adventurer and writer. He was born in Venice. He is best known for having had many affairs with women. He died in Dux, Bohemia, (now Duchcov, Czech Republic).

References

Italian writers
1725 births
1798 deaths
People from Venice
Colima is the capital city of the Mexican state Colima. About 240,000 people live there.

Capital cities in Mexico
Colima
A given name is a name given to a person at birth or baptism.  Given names are referred as first names.  It is different from a surname.  A surname is the last name or family name.

Example: A baby girl is born and someone decides to name her Hope.  Hope is her given name.  Someone can decide to give her a surname as it is commonly accepted for people to have a last name.  When she grows up, she can pick her own given name or surname if she does not like the one that was picked for her.  Family names are inherited and are not easily changed.  

In most Western countries the given name comes first (before the last name or family name).  However, in many Asian countries such as India's Telugu States, Japan and China it comes after the last name or family name, and occasionally also in Europe, e.g. in Hungarian.

Christians often call their first name their "Christian name".

Related pages 
 Personal name
 Posthumous name
 Regnal name
 Indian name
A family name is a name shared by people in the same family. Different cultures have different customs for a person's family name and given name. In English, the family name is always at the end, and it is called a last name or surname. Children usually have the same family name as their father. A married woman usually changes her family name to be the same as her husband.

For example, Mary Brown married John Smith and she changed her name to Mary Smith. They had two children, David Smith and Kate Smith. Smith is the family name shared by the parents Mary and John, and their children David and Kate.

Some languages put the family name first. Some (for example Spanish) give both parents' family names in the children's' surnames. In Russian most surnames change depending on the gender of the person (example: ...ski or ...sky for a male, and ...skaya for a female). Some, such as Javanese, do not often give anyone a family name.

References

Related pages 
 Personal name
 Posthumous name
 Regnal name
John the Baptist (also called John the Baptizer or Yahya the Baptizer) is viewed as a prophet by at least three religions: Christianity, Islam, and Mandaeanism. According to the New Testament, he was a preacher who baptized people. 

John called people to turn to God and to prepare for the coming of the messiah (Jesus). He baptized Jesus in the Jordan River.
People would go to him so that he would put them in the water to show that they have turned away from their sins, so that they could get into heaven.

John was the son of Zechariah and Elizabeth, and a relative of Jesus. He was known for living in the wild, wearing clothes made from camel's hair, and eating locusts and honey. In Catholicism, his birthday is celebrated on June 24.

References 

1st-century BC births
1st-century deaths
Ancient Israeli people
Early Christian saints
Executed people
New Testament people
John is a name, originating from Hebrew.

a common male given name
a family name

People, things and meanings named John:

Biblical meanings
 John the Apostle (also called John the Evangelist)
 John the Baptist
 John of Patmos, the author of the book of Revelation.
 the Biblical texts: Gospel of John and Epistles of John (1 John, 2 John, 3 John)

Popes
There are over 20 popes with the name John:
Pope John XXIII
Pope John Paul I
Pope John Paul II

Other People
People with the first and the last name John:
Elton John
Newton John
John Denver
John Stamos
John Wayne
The King of England was the supreme head of state and head of government of the Kingdom of England. This is a list of the Kings and Queens of the Kingdom of England from 924 until England and Scotland joined together in 1707.

First kings 

 Athelstan (924–939)
 Edmund I (939–946)
 Edred (946–955)
 Edwy the Fair (955–959)
 Edgar the Peaceable (959–975)
 St Edward the Martyr (975–978)
 Ethelred the Unready (978–1013, 1014–1016)
 Sweyn Forkbeard (1013–1014) (from Denmark)
 Edmund Ironside (1016)

Danish kings 
 Cnut the Great  (1016–1035)
 Harold Harefoot (1037–1040)
 Harthacanute (1035–1037, 1040–1042)

Last Anglo-Saxon kings 
House of Wessex
 St Edward the Confessor (1042–1066)
House of Godwin
 Harold Godwinson (1066)

Normans 
In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy invaded England. He defeated King Harold Godwinson and became King.
William the Conqueror (1066–1087)                                                              
 William II (1087–1100)
 Henry I (1100–1135)
House of Blois 
 Stephen (1135–1154)

Plantagenets

Angevins 

 Empress Matilda (1141)
 Henry II (1154–1189)
 Richard I, the Lionheart (1189–1199)
 John (1199–1216)
 Henry III (1216–1272)
 Edward I (1272–1307)
 Edward II (1307–1327) (deposed)
 Edward III (1327–1377)
 Richard II (1377–1399) (deposed, died 1400)

Lancastrians 
 Henry IV (1399–1413)
 Henry V (1413–1422)
 Henry VI (1422–1461 and 1470–1471)

Yorkists 
 Edward IV (1461–1470 and 1471–1483)
 Edward V (uncrowned) (1483) (deposed 1483 possibly assassinated)
 Richard III (1483–1485)

Tudors 
The Tudors were from Wales. In 1536, Wales became part of England. England had controlled Wales since 1284.

 Henry VII (1485–1509)
 Henry VIII (1509–1547)
 Edward VI (1547–1553)
 Jane (uncrowned) (1553) (deposed, beheaded 1554)
 Mary I (1553–1558)
 Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
Stuarts 
The Stuarts were also kings of Scotland, with which kingdom England was in personal, but not legal union until 1707.

 James I (1603–1625), also from 1567 King James VI of Scotland
 Charles I (1625–1649), also King of Scotland

Interregnum 
The Civil War in England from 1642 until 1652 stemming from a growing enmity between King and Parliament, led to the execution of King Charles I in 1649. After the execution, England became a Commonwealth eventually led by Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector after successive interim governments failed and handed Cromwell power, and so England became a protectorate. Furthermore, both Ireland and Scotland became subjugated states under England and Cromwell at the end of the war. Cromwell died in 1658 and his son, Richard, became Lord Protector. This was short lived though as he failed to gain the support of the army and so the nation, in 1660 power was given back to the Monarchy and the King In Exile, Charles II, was invited back to England
Stuarts (restored) 
 Charles II (1660–1685), also King of Scotland (backdated the start of his reign to 1649)
 James II (1685–1688) (deposed, died 1701), also King James VII of Scotland
 William III (1689–1702) and Mary II (1689–1694), as co-monarchs, also King and Queen of Scotland
 Anne (1702–1714), though the English throne was replaced with that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707

Related pages
In 1707, England and Scotland joined together. For Kings and Queens after 1707, see British monarchs.

References 

Lists of British monarchs
monarchs
This is a list of the Kings and Queens of Scotland. This list goes from 843 until when England and Scotland joined in 1707.

House of Alpin

The House of Alpin traditionally ends in 1034, although this list continues to 1058.
 Kenneth I (c. 843–858)
 Donald I (858–862)
 Constantine I (862–877)
 Aed (877–878)
 Eochaid (878–889) (disputed)
 Giric (878–889)
 Donald II (889–890)
 Constantine II (900–943)
 Malcolm I (943–954)
 Indulf (954–962)
 Dub (962–967)
 Culen (967–971)
 Amlaíb (971-977) (disputed)
 Kenneth II (971–995)
 Constantine III (995–997)
 Kenneth III (997–1005)
 Malcolm II (1005–1034)
 Duncan I (1034–1040)
 Macbeth (1040–1057)
 Lulach (1057–1058)

House of Dunkeld
House of Dunkeld 

The House of Dunkeld may have begun in 1034.
 Malcolm III (1058–1093)
 Donald III (1093–1094)
 Duncan II (1094)
 Donald III (1094–1097)
 Edmund (1094–1097)
 Edgar (1097–1107)
 Alexander I (1107–1124)
 Saint David I (1124–1153)
 Malcolm IV (1153–1165)
 William I (1165–1214)
 Alexander II (1214–1249)
 Alexander III (1249–1286)
 Margaret (1286–1290)

First Interregnum 1290–1292 
Guardians of Scotland
 William Fraser, Bishop of St Andrews
 Duncan Macduff, 8th Earl of Fife
 Alexander Comyn, 2nd Earl of Buchan
 Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow
 James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland
 John Comyn

House of Balliol 
 John (1292-1296)

Second Interregnum 1296–1306
Guardians of Scotland
 Andrew de Moray (1297)
 William Wallace (1297–1298)
 Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick (1298–1300)
 John Comyn (1298–1301)
 William Lamberton, Bishop of St Andrews (1299–1301)
 Sir Ingram de Umfraville (1300–1301)
 John de Soules (1301–1304)
 John Comyn (1302–1304)
House of Bruce
 Robert I the Bruce (1306–1329)
 David II (1329–1371)

House of Balliol
 Edward Balliol (1329 – 1363)

House of Stewart (Stuart)
 Robert II (1371–1390)
 Robert III (1390–1406)
 James I (1406–1437)
 James II (1437–1460)
 James III (1460–1488)
 James IV (1488–1513)
 James V (1513–1542)
 Mary I (1542–1567) (executed 1587)
 James VI (1567–1625), Union of the Crowns with Kingdom of England from (1603)
 Charles I (1625–1649)
 Charles II (1649–1685) (See also English Interregnum)
 James VII (1685–1689)
 Mary II (1689–1694), co-monarch
 William II (1689–1702), co-monarch until 1694
 Anne (1702–1714), though the Scottish throne was replaced with that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707
Disputed or unrecognized claims 
Note: there have been other claims to the Scottish throne besides these
 Margaret, the Maid of Norway was unrecognized by some Scots (ruled 1286-1290)
 Henry Lord Darnley proclaimed himself king in 1565 as Henry I of Scotland (ruled 1565-1567)
 Charles II claimed to rule even during Oliver & Richard Cromwell's reigns (ruled 1649-1685)
 James VII was recognized by France to rule after his deposal (ruled 1685-1702)

Related pages
 In 1707, England and Scotland joined. For Kings and Queens after 1707, see British monarchs. The same monarchs had ruled Scotland, England, and Ireland since James VI and the Union of the Crowns in 1603.

 
Lists of British monarchs
Scotland-related lists
A dandelion is a flower. Its scientific name is Taraxacum, a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Taraxacum are native to Eurasia, and have been widely introduced to North and South America and other continents. They are an invasive species in some areas. Two species, T. offale and T. erythrospermum, are found as weeds worldwide. All parts of both species are edible.

Their sharp leaves look a bit like lion's teeth. Its seeds are like little parachutes that fly away with the wind, spreading and growing more dandelions. They are used in China as medicine. Dandelion pollen can often make people have allergies.

Like other members of the Asteraceae family, they have small flowers collected together into a composite flower head. Each single flower in a head is called a floret. Many Taraxacum species produce seeds asexually by apomixis, where the seeds are produced without pollination. This results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant.
Al Razi around 900 (A.D.) wrote "the tarashaquq is like chicory". A Muslim scientist and philosopher Ibn Sīnā around 1000 (A.D.) wrote a book chapter on Taraxacum. Gerard of Cremona, in translating Arabic to Japanese around 1170, spelled it tarasacon.

References 

Flowers
Asteraceae
Herbs
The word Motet is a piece of music for a church service sung by a choir without using any instruments. The words are usually in Latin.  If the words are written in English for the Anglican church, it is called an anthem.

Motets have been written since the Middle Ages.  Medieval motets often had very complex rhythms.  The tenor often had the tune, which might be a folk tune, and two voices would put quite complicated accompaniments on top. The most famous medieval composer who wrote motets was Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377)

In the Renaissance, motets were usually polyphonic. That means that the different voices (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) would be singing different parts of the melody at the same time, making it very beautiful, but quite complicated to listen to. Many composers of this time wrote motets. The most famous was Giovanni da Palestrina (1525-1594).
In the Baroque period, one of the most famous composers was Heinrich Schütz(1585-1672), who wrote motets which he called “Cantiones Sacrae” (meaning: “sacred songs”).  Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote six wonderful motets with German texts.  Some people think that Bach may have used a few instruments to accompany these motets. In three of them the choir divide into eight parts.

The most famous motet from the Classical period is Mozart’s Ave Verum Corpus.

In the Romantic period (19th century), Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) wrote several motets which are still very popular with choirs, both in services and at concerts.
musical forms
John D. Carmack II (born August 20 1970) is a well known video game creator. He was one of the creators of id Software, a video game company, in 1991. Carmack was the main programmer of the first-person shooter games Wolfenstein 3D, Doom, Quake, and their sequels.
In 1999, Carmack appeared as number 10 in TIME's list of the 50 most influential people in technology.

Carmack is married to Katherine Anna Kang since January 2000 and their son, Christopher Ryan, was born on August 13 2004. In March 2006, Carmack was added to the Walk of Game, an event that names the most important people in video games.

References 

 Kushner, David (2003). Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture, New York: Random House. .

1970 births
Living people
Carmack, John
Carmack, John
Scientists from Kansas
American bloggers
An anthem is a piece of music written for a choir to sing at an Anglican church service.  The difference between an anthem and a motet is that an anthem is sung in English.  Also most anthems are accompanied by an organ.

The word “anthem” has come to mean “a song of celebration”. Anthems are also patriotic songs adopted by countries of the world. It has 158 stanzas, written by the poet Dionysios Solomos (although the cut-down version is shorter than Uruguay's, which is more than five minutes long). The anthem of Greece "Hymn to liberty" is the longest anthem in the world.