Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1911 happened when Outer Mongolia did not want to be part of the Qing dynasty anymore. They wanted to govern themselves. It happened at the same time as the Xinhai Revolution. 

Outer Mongolia is now the modern country of Mongolia. It is different from Inner Mongolia, which is in China.

Why did it happen? 

Mongolia used to be part of the Qing dynasty. But by the 20th century Mongolia was poor. Because of the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) many other people were poor. The Qing was running out of money. 

The Qing also moved many of the Mongols' animals to the rest of China to feed others. This made Mongols upset.

Manchus people created the Qing dynasty. They were not Han Chinese. But they eventually became Chinese themselves. They failed to keep the Manchus "pure". Still they tried to separate Han from Manchus and Mongols. For example, Han could not enter Mongolia, and Mongols could not leave Mongolia. Mongols were not allowed to speak Chinese.
In 1895, the Qing lost the First Sino-Japanese War. The Qing was declining.

The Boxer Rebellion and Japan's victory over Russia in 1905 made the Chinese hopeful that they could make things better. So they created new reforms called the Xinzheng or "New Policies" (新政).

One of the goals of Xinzheng was to move more Han Chinese into Outer Mongolia (cultural assimilation). This was to tell Russians to stay away from Mongolia as it still belonged to China. The Qing thought of this as a "shield".

Between 1901 and 1910, the Qing passed laws allowing: Han Chinese to settle Chinese Mongolia, intermarriage between Han and Mongol Chinese, Mongols to speak Chinese.

In 1910 the Qing government made Sando the ruler of Mongolia in Ulaanbaatar. Plans were made to send Han farmers to Mongolia. In January 1911 the army was organized. Half of the army was Mongol. The Mongolians did not like this. They did not like the tax. They were "penniless". They did not want farmers and still wanted to be nomads and horseback riders.
First revolt 

Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren convinced the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to support independence. He and another leader Qin Wang (Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj) then asked Russia to help. 

St. Petersburg heard the message. Russia wanted some distance from Japan and wanted Outer Mongolia to be a buffer state. So Russia sent some troops.

In 1911, the Qing government was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. While the rest of China was busy with this problem, the Mongols saw this as the perfect opportunity to secede from the union. In 30 Novmber 1911 Mongol and Russian soldiers surrounded Kulun (Ulanbatar).

On December 5, Khanddorj declared independence. In January 1912 the Governor of Uliastai in western Mongolia escaped protected by Russian Cossack troops. But the governor of Khovd decided to resist, hoping for support from Xinjiang. However they were defeated. In August 1912, Khovd left the country protected by the Coassacks.
Outer Mongolia then wanted Inner Mongolia (Pan-Mongolism). Some riots did happen in Inner Mongolia. And for some time, Outer Mongolia had parts of western Inner Mongolia. But then the new Beijing government also began to fight in Inner Mongolia. Outer Mongolia began to lose supplies. And Russia did not want to support the Outer Mongols or fight another war. So China kept Inner Mongolia. The year-long war was not good for Inner Mongolia. It is known as Year of the Ox rebellion ("牛年之乱" Үхэр жилийн үймээн).

On 1912 November 3, Russia signed a deal 《俄蒙协约》with Mongolia to mine in Mongolia in exchange for saying Mongolia is autonomous. China was not happy. So in 1913 September 18, Sun Baoqi (孙宝琦) signed a new agreement between China and Russia《中俄声明文件》. China agrees not to put troops in Mongolia and recognize the Russian-Mongol deal 《俄蒙协约》. In return, Russia recognizes that China has suzerainty over Mongolia. So China's power over Mongolia changed from sovereignty to suzerainty.

References
References 

20th century in Mongolia
The Korean Empire (Daehan Jeguk, ) lasted between 1897 and 1910. It was the last time Korea was unified and independent. The empire was established when the king Gojong became an emperor. After the First Sino-Japanese War, Korea was no longer a Chinese tributary state. But then in 1907 Korea became a Japanese protectorate, and 1910, got annexed by Japan as the province of Choson. Korea became a Japanese colony until 1945. Then after the Korean War it split.

History
History

1904-1905 
After First Sino-Japanese War, the Russia Empire and Japanese Empire fought for the control of Korea Peninsula. Eventually, the Russo-Japanese War occured. The Russia Empire was defeated by the Japanese Empire that was supported by British Empire. Then, the Korea Empire's Neutrality was threaten by the Japanese Empire. At the Russo-Japanese War, the British Empire and the United States viewed on Korea's peace was not important more than the Russia's expansion. In addition, the international views on a Korea Penisula was changed. The Japanese Empire's forces got stronger as the time pass. Korea's unequal treaties were hidden and ignored.

References 

History of Korea
1897 establishments
1910 disestablishments
Former empires
Former monarchies of Asia
The Japanese annexation of Korea happened in 1910. The Empire of Japan annexed (made part of its territory) the Korean Empire. In Japanese it is also called 日韓併合、朝鮮併合、日韓合邦 which translate as annexation of Korea, annexation of Joseon (an old name of Korea), and unification of Japan and Korea. 

Then Japanese ruled Korea until 1945, after the Potsdam Conference at the end of World War II.

References

History of Korea
Pages with unreviewed translations
1910
20th century in Japan
Ellsworth County (county code EW) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 6,376 people lived there. Its county seat is Ellsworth. Ellsworth is also the biggest city in the county.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.0%) is water. It is intersected by the Smoky Hill River.

Demographics

Government

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts
 Ellsworth USD 327
 Central Plains USD 112

Communities

Cities
 Ellsworth
 Wilson
 Kanopolis
 Holyrood
 Lorraine

References

Notes

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Ellsworth County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 70 pages; 1918.
 Plat Book of Ellsworth County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 41 pages; 1901.

Other websites
Other websites

County
 
 Ellsworth County - Directory of Public Officials
Other
 Ellsworth County Independent Reporter (local newspaper)
 Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961 (Ellsworth County)
Maps
 Ellsworth County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

Kansas counties
1867 establishments in Kansas
Hot pot is a popular food throughout China, and its popularity is increasing in other countries. Hot pot restaurants can be found in many places in China. Hot pot is a pot of boiling water, often with chili oil inside, where people put in whatever food they like to boil. Food that is cooked often includes thin slices of meat, starches, vegetables, mushrooms, and noodles. Chengdu and Chongqing hot pot are especially well-known throughout China and worldwide. In Japanese, the dish is called shabu-shabu.

Chinese food
is a 2015 Japanese anime television series. It was created, written, and directed by Yuzuru Tachikawa and produced by Madhouse. The television series aired in Japan between January 9, 2015 and March 27, 2015.

Story 
When someone dies, they are sent to one of many bars run by bartenders. There, they must play a Death Games with their souls on the line. The game reveals their secrets and what led them to their situation. Based on what is revealed, the bartender sends them for reincarnation or banishment into the void. The story is about Decim, a bartender of the bar where people who died at the same time are sent to. The place is also known as the Quindecim bar. His role in judging these souls changes when he meets a curious black-haired woman.

References 

2013 animated movies
2013 anime movies
2014 anime television series
2015 anime television series
2015 movies
Anime series
Japanese drama movies
Japanese thriller movies
Japanese-language movies
Manga series
Movies about the afterlife
Short movies
The Birmingham pub bombings were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army on 21 November 1974. Two bombs exploded in pubs in Birmingham, West Midlands, England, killing 21 people.

The first bomb exploded in the Mulberry Bush, killing ten people.

The second bomb exploded in the Tavern in the Town, killing eleven people.

A third bomb was planted in the doorway of a branch of Barclays bank. It was found by a policeman and did not explode. 

The Birmingham bombings were 20th century England's most deadly terrorist attack.

References 

1974 in the United Kingdom
1970s crimes in Europe
1970s disasters in Europe
1970s explosions
Attacks on bars
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1970s
Pub bombings
Building bombings in England
Mass murder in England
Mass murder in the 1970s
November events
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Terrorist incidents in the 1970s
This is a list of the heads of state of India, from the independence of India in 1947 to the present day. The current head of state of India is Ram Nath Kovind, elected in 2017 after being nominated by BJP, the party run by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

From 1947 to 1950 the head of state under the Indian Independence Act 1947 was King of India, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Dominions of the British Commonwealth. The monarch was represented in India by a Governor-General. India became a republic under the Constitution of 1950 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President.

Monarch (1947–1950)
The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.
Governor-General
The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the Monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of India without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government.

President of India
Under the Constitution, of the Republic of India, the President replaced the Monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President is elected by the Electoral College for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice-President serves as Acting President.

Status

Standards

Living former heads of state
There are two living former Indian heads of state:

Lists of heads of state
Politics of India
A gravitino is a theoretical particle that physicists think will carry the force of gravity. There is no confirmation of the particle's existence.

Cosmology
Elementary particles
Quantum mechanics

It’s essentially the same as the graviton particle.
Bepanah Pyaar (English:  Endless Love) is an Indian romantic drama television series produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner Balaji Telefilms. It premiered on 3 June 2019 on Colors TV. It stars Pearl V Puri, Ishita Dutta and Aparna Dixit as Raghbir, Pragati and Bani.

Synopsis 
The series revolves around two star-crossed lovers Raghbir and Bani who love each other endlessly but destiny brings them apart as Bani dies in an accident. Soon destiny brings Pragati in Raghbir's life.

Cast 

 Pearl V Puri as Raghbir Malhotra; Pragati's husband; Bani's former husband
 Ishita Dutta as Pragati Malhotra; Raghbir's wife
 Aparna Dixit as Bani Raichand; Raghbir's former wife

References 

2019 Indian television series debuts
The Territory of Louisiana or Louisiana Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. It was made from the former Louisiana (New France) on July 4, 1805. It lasted until June 4, 1812, when it was renamed the Missouri Territory.

Creation
On March 3, 1805, Congress passed legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, starting July 4, 1805.

The Territory was governed like how the Indiana Territory was governed.

Government
The capitol of government was in St. Louis.

The first territorial governor was James Wilkinson. He was chosen by President Thomas Jefferson. He also was a Senior Officer of the United States Army while he was governor.

References

Other websites
  Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase from the Library of Congress 

Midwestern United States
History of Louisiana
Guo Shoujing (, 1231–1316), or Ruosi (若思), was a Chinese astronomer, engineer, and mathematician. He lived during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). He is considered one of the greatest scientists in Chinese history. Guo was a major influence in the development of science.

He improved the Grand Canal, built a human-made lake (Kunming lake), created one of the most accurate calendars in history, invented some of the most accurate clocks during his time, and made many other contributions to math, astronomy, and hydraulics (water engineering).
As a kid 
He was born in 1231 in Xingtai, Hebei province. His family was poor. He grandfather, Guo Yong, was famous for his study of the Five Classics to astronomy, mathematics, and hydraulics. Guo Shoujing was a child prodigy. As a teenager, he learned how to build a water clock. He then improved it. His new invention was called the lotus clepsydra (a bowl shaped like a lotus flower that water dripped into). At 16 he began to study math and from there hydraulics and astronomy.

Hydraulics 
At 20, Guo became a hydraulic engineer and government official. He helped fix a bridge over the Dahuoquan River.

Improving the Grand Canal 
In the late 1250s, Kublai Khan (of the Mongol Empire, Yuan dynasty) thought hydraulic engineering, irrigation, and water transport would help the country and people. He sent Liu Bingzhong and his student Guo to improve irrigation systems between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River. 

Guo helped build a 30 km canal from Baifu spring in the Shenshan Mountain to Dadu,
The Grand Canal linked the Yangzi river, the Huai, and Yellow river since the early 7th century. Guo helped extend it to Dadu 1292–93. 

It worked. Kublai Khan was happy, and Guo did similar things for the rest of the empire. He was promoted to chief advisor of hydraulics, mathematics, and astronomy.

Human-made Kunming lake 
He created a human-made Kunming Lake in Beijing. This was one of his most memorable engineering feats.

The lake provided water for all areas surrounding Beijing and led to the best grain transport system in the world.  

He built other reservoirs, thereby allowing people in inner China to access to fresh water for planting, drinking, and trading. 

For irrigation, he provided hydraulics systems which distributed water equally and quickly, which allowed communities to trade more effectively, and therefore prosper.  

In 1292, he became the head of the Water Works Bureau.
Inventions: clocks 
Guo invented many astronomy devices: the gnomon, the square table, the armilla, and a water powered armillary sphere called the Ling Long Yi.  

 The gnomon is a clock; it tells the time by measuring the position sun (like a sundial). It can also determine the seasons. Guo made this device much more accurate. 
 The square table measures the angle and position of stars in the side. It is also a protractor.  
 The armilla measures the angle of the sun, as well as the position of any celestial body.  
 The Ling Long Yi is a fancier and more accurate version of the armilla.

Astronomy: calendar 
Even when young Guo was revolutionizing old inventions. His clocks, watches, irrigation, reservoirs, and equilibrium stations were the most accurate of his time, allowing for an extremely accurate recording of time.
Kublai Khan noticed Guo was a genius in astronomy. So he asked Guo, Zhang, and Wang Xun to build a very accurate calendar. It would be the most accurate of its time. They built 27 observatories in the empire to collect data for calculations. 

In 1280, Guo finished the calendar, calculating a year to be 365.2425 days, just 26 seconds off modern measurements. He invented many tools in the process.

The calendar revolutionized China and the world. It allowed more accurate recording of history, gave a sense of unification, and helped later emperors rule over China. His calendar would be used for the next 363 years, the longest a Chinese calendar has been used in history.

Guo was also able to more accurately establish the location of celestial bodies and the angles of the Sun relative to Earth.  He invented a new type of compass, helping people find north using the stars instead of magnets.

In 1283, Guo was promoted to director of the Observatory in Beijing.
Math 
Guo’s work in mathematics was regarded as the most knowledgeable for 400 years. Throughout his life he worked a lot on spherical trigonometry, using a system of approximation to find arc lengths and angles. He approximated pi was equal to 3. But this allowed him to solve some equations much faster and more accurately than if he said pi was 3.14....

He also used mathematical functions for spherical trigonometry, building upon the knowledge of Shen Kuo's (1031–1095). 

The next important work in trigonometry would only be printed 300 years later by Xu Guangqi in 1607, during the Ming Dynasty.

Influence 
Tang Shunzhi 唐順之 (1507-1560) said Guo's work was an example of "practical scholarship" (applying advanced knowledge to solve practical problems). 

Guo influenced the Changzhou School of Thought and spread of "evidential learning" (learning through experience).
A number of things are named after Guo, including the Asteroid 2012 Guo Shou-Jing and the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope near Beijing.

References

1314 deaths
Pages with unreviewed translations
Chinese scientists
People from Hebei
The Grand Canal or Dayunhe or Jing–Hang Grand Canal () is the longest and oldest canal and artificial river in the world. 

It starts in Beijing; passes through Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang; and ends in Hangzhou.

It connects China's two longest rivers: the Yellow River and the Yangzi. 

The oldest parts of the canal were built during the 5th century BC.  

The Sui dynasty (581–618 AD) added some other parts. Between 1271–1633, the Yuan dynasty (through Guo Shoujing and others) and the Ming dynasty improved it and built parts to direct water to Beijing. 

The total length is . Its greatest height is 42 m (138 ft) near the Shandong mountains.

Song Dynasty (960–1279) engineer Qiao Weiyue invented the pound lock in the 10th century. This allowed ships to travel higher and lower through the canal.
The canal amazed many people throughout history including Japanese monk Ennin (794–864), Persian historian Rashid al-Din (1247–1318), Korean official Choe Bu (1454–1504), and Italian missionary Matteo Ricci (1552–1610).

Historically, flooding of the Yellow River threatened to break the canal. During wartime the canal was even used as a weapon: the dikes of the Yellow River were sometimes broken to flood the enemy troops. But this caused disasters and hurt the economy. 

The Canal has greatly improved China's economy and increased trade between the north and south. It is still used heavily to this day.

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

World Heritage Sites in China
Pages with unreviewed translations
Canals
Bodies of water of Asia
5th century BC
While Jefferson was president, Congress prohibited the importation of slaves, effective 1808. Although smuggling (illegal importing) through Spanish Florida was common. Slave trading within the United States, however, continued at a fast pace. This was because there was a need for labor due to the creation of cotton plantations in the Deep South. New communities of African-American culture were created in the Deep South. There were 4 million slaves in the Deep South before they were set free.

Colonial America

The first Africans came to the New World with Christopher Columbus in 1492. An African crew member named Juan Las Canaries was on Columbus's ship. Shortly after, the first enslavement happened in what would later be the United States. In 1508, Ponce de Leon created the first settlement near present-day San Juan. He started enslaving the indigenous Tainos. In 1513, to supplement the decreasing number of Tainos people, the first African slaves were imported to Puerto Rico.
The first African slaves in the continental United States came via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony (most likely in the Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina). It was created by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526.

The colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership. During the fight, the slaves revolted, and they ran away from the colony to hide among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly after from a sickness. The colony was abandoned. The settlers and the slaves who didn't run away went back to Haiti, from where they came.

On August 28, 1565, St. Augustine, Florida was created by the Spanish conquistador Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles. He  brought three African slaves with him. During the 16th and 17th centuries, St. Augustine was the where a lot of the slave trade in Spanish colonial Florida happened. It was the first permanent settlement in the continental United States to have African slaves.
The South developed an agricultural economy. It relied on commodity crops. Its planters quickly got more slaves. This was because its commodity crops were labor-intensive.

Revolutionary Era

While there were some African slaves that were kept and sold in England, slavery in Great Britain had not been allowed by statute there. In 1772, it was made unenforceable at common law in England and Wales by a legal decision. The big British role in the international slave trade continued until 1807. Slavery continued in most of Britain's colonies. Many rich slave owners lived in England and had a lot of power.
Many slaves used the war to run away from their plantations. They would run into cities or woods. In South Carolina, nearly 25,000 slaves (30% of the total enslaved population) ran away, migrated, or died during the war. In the South, many slaves died, with many due to escapes. Slaves also escaped throughout New England and the mid-Atlantic, joining the British who had occupied New York.

Slaves and free blacks also fought with the rebels during the Revolutionary War. Washington allowed slaves to be freed who fought with the American Continental Army. Rhode Island started enlisting slaves in 1778. Rhode Island promised money to owners whose slaves enlisted and lived to gain freedom. During the course of the war, about one fifth of the northern army was black. In 1781, Baron Closen, a German officer in the French Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment at the Battle of Yorktown, estimated the American army to be about one-quarter black. These men included both former slaves and free blacks.
In the 18th century, Britain became the world's biggest slave trader. Starting in 1777, the Patriots made importing slaves illegal state by state. They all acted to end the international trade. However, it was later reopened in South Carolina and Georgia. In 1807 Congress acted on President Jefferson's advice and made importing slaves from other countries a federal crime, as the Constitution permitted, starting January 1, 1808.

1790 to 1860

"Fancy ladies"
In the United States in the early nineteenth century, owners of female slaves could freely and legally use them as sexual objects. This is similar to the free use of female slaves on slave ships by the crews.

"Fancy" was a code word that meant the girl or young woman was able to be used for or trained for sexual use. Sometimes, children were also abused like this. The sale of a 13-year-old "nearly a fancy" is documented.
Furthermore, females who were able to become pregnant were supposed to be kept pregnant, so they could make more slaves to sell. The differences in skin color found in the United States make it obvious how often black women were impregnated by whites. For example, in the 1850 Census, 75.4% of "free negros" in Florida were described as mulattos, of mixed race. Nevertheless, it is only very recently, with DNA studies, that any sort of reliable number can be provided, and the research has only begun.  Light-skinned girls, who contrasted with the darker field workers, were preferred.
Blacks who owned slaves
Some slave owners were black. An African former indentured servant who settled in Virginia in 1621, Anthony Johnson, became one of the earliest documented slave owners in the American colonies. This was documented when he won a civil lawsuit to own a man named John Casor. In 1830, there were 3,775 black slave owners in the South. They owned a total of 12,760 slaves. 80% of the black slave owners lived in Louisiana, South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland.

References

Bibliography

National and comparative studies
Berlin, Ira. Generations of Captivity: A History of African American Slaves. (2003) .
 Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Harvard University Press, 1998. 
 Berlin, Ira and Ronald Hoffman, eds. Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution University Press of Virginia, 1983. essays by scholars
 Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. (2008) .
 Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South Oxford University Press, 1979. .
 David, Paul A. and Temin, Peter. "Slavery: The Progressive Institution?", Journal of Economic History. Vol. 34, No. 3 (September 1974)
 Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (2006)
 Elkins, Stanley. Slavery : A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life. University of Chicago Press, 1976.
Fehrenbacher, Don E. Slavery, Law, and Politics: The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective Oxford University Press, 1981
 Fogel, Robert W. Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery W.W. Norton, 1989. Econometric approach
 
 Foner, Eric. The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (2010), Pulitzer Prize excerpt and text search
 Franklin, John Hope and Loren Schweninger. Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation. (1999) .
 Gallay, Alan. The Indian Slave Trade (2002).
 Genovese, Eugene D. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made Pantheon Books, 1974.
 Genovese, Eugene D. The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South (1967)
 Genovese, Eugene D. and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Fruits of Merchant Capital: Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion of Capitalism (1983)
 Hahn, Steven. "The Greatest Slave Rebellion in Modern History: Southern Slaves in the American Civil War." Southern Spaces (2004)
Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr. In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. Oxford University Press, 1978. 
 Horton, James Oliver and Horton, Lois E. Slavery and the Making of America. (2005) 
 Kolchin, Peter. American Slavery, 1619–1877 Hill and Wang, 1993. Survey
 Litwack, Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (1979), social history of how slavery ended in the Confederacy
 Mason, Matthew. Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic. (2006) .
 Moon, Dannell, "Slavery", article in Encyclopedia of rape, Merril D. Smith (Ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004
 Moore, Wilbert Ellis, American Negro Slavery and Abolition: A Sociological Study, Ayer Publishing, 1980
 Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia  W.W. Norton, 1975.
 Morris, Thomas D. Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860 University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
 Oakes, James. The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveholders. (1982) .
Ransom, Roger L. "Was It Really All That Great to Be a Slave?" Agricultural History, Vol. 48, No. 4 (1974) in JSTOR
 Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2007.
 Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2007.
 Scarborough, William K. The Overseer: Plantation Management in the Old South (1984)
 Schermerhorn, Calvin. The Business of Slavery and the Rise of American Capitalism, 1815–1860. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.
 Snyder, Terri L. The Power to Die: Slavery and Suicide in British North America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
 Stampp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South (1956) Survey
 Stampp, Kenneth M. "Interpreting the Slaveholders' World: a Review." Agricultural History 1970 44(4): 407–12. ISSN 0002-1482
Tadman, Michael. Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
 Wright, W. D. Historians and Slavery; A Critical Analysis of Perspectives and Irony in American Slavery and Other Recent Works Washington, D.C.: University Press of America (1978)
Fields, Barbara J. Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland During the Nineteenth Century Yale University Press, 1985.
 Jewett, Clayton E. and John O. Allen; Slavery in the South: A State-By-State History Greenwood Press, 2004
 Jennison, Watson W. Cultivating Race: The Expansion of Slavery in Georgia, 1750–1860 (University Press of Kentucky; 2012)
 Kulikoff, Alan. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800 University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
 Minges, Patrick N.; Slavery in the Cherokee Nation: The Keetoowah Society and the Defining of a People, 1855–1867 2003 deals with Indian slave owners.
 Mohr, Clarence L. On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia University of Georgia Press, 1986.
 
 Mooney, Chase C. Slavery in Tennessee Indiana University Press, 1957.
 Olwell, Robert. Masters, Slaves, & Subjects: The Culture of Power in the South Carolina Low Country, 1740–1790 Cornell University Press, 1998.
Reidy, Joseph P. From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South, Central Georgia, 1800–1880 University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
 Ripley, C. Peter. Slaves and Freemen in Civil War Louisiana Louisiana State University Press, 1976.
 Rivers, Larry Eugene. Slavery in Florida: Territorial Days to Emancipation University Press of Florida, 2000.
 Sellers, James Benson; Slavery in Alabama University of Alabama Press, 1950
 Sydnor, Charles S. Slavery in Mississippi. 1933
 Takagi, Midori. Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction: Slavery in Richmond, Virginia, 1782–1865 University Press of Virginia, 1999.
 Taylor, Joe Gray. Negro Slavery in Louisiana. Louisiana Historical Society, 1963.
 Trexler, Harrison Anthony. Slavery in Missouri, 1804–1865 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1914) online edition
 Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion W.W. Norton & Company, 1974.
Video
 Jenkins, Gary (director). Negroes To Hire (Lifedocumentaries, 2010); 52 minutes DVD; on slavery in Missouri

Historiography
Ayers, Edward L. "The American Civil War, Emancipation, and Reconstruction on the World Stage," OAH Magazine of History, January 2006, Vol. 20, Issue 1, pp. 54–60
 Berlin, Ira. "American Slavery in History and Memory and the Search for Social Justice," Journal of American History, March 2004, Vol. 90, Issue 4, pp. 1251–1268
 Boles, John B. and Evelyn T. Nolen, eds., Interpreting Southern History: Historiographical Essays in Honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham (1987).
 Brown, Vincent. "Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery," American Historical Review, December 2009, Vol. 114, Issue 5, pp. 1231–49, examined historical and sociological studies since the influential 1982 book Slavery and Social Death by American sociologist Orlando Patterson
 Campbell, Gwyn. "Children and slavery in the new world: A review," Slavery & Abolition, August 2006, Vol. 27, Issue 2, pp. 261–85
Dirck, Brian. "Changing Perspectives on Lincoln, Race, and Slavery," OAH Magazine of History, October 2007, Vol. 21, Issue 4, pp. 9–12
  Farrow, Anne; Lang, Joel;  Frank, Jenifer. Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited from Slavery. Ballantine Books, 2006 
 Fogel, Robert W. The Slavery Debates, 1952–1990: A Retrospective (2007)
 
 Frey, Sylvia R. "The Visible Church: Historiography of African American Religion since Raboteau," Slavery & Abolition, January 2008, Vol. 29 Issue 1, pp. 83–110
 Hettle, Wallace. "White Society in the Old South: The Literary Evidence Reconsidered," Southern Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the South, Fall/Winter 2006, Vol. 13, Issue 3/4, pp 29–44
 King, Richard H. "Marxism and the Slave South", American Quarterly 29 (1977), 117–31. focus on Genovese
Kolchin, Peter. "American Historians and Antebellum Southern Slavery, 1959–1984", in William J. Cooper, Michael F. Holt, and John McCardell, eds., A Master's Due: Essays in Honor of David Herbert Donald (1985), 87–111
 Laurie, Bruce. "Workers, Abolitionists, and the Historians: A Historiographical Perspective," Labor: Studies in Working Class History of the Americas, Winter 2008, Vol. 5, Issue 4, pp. 17–55
 Neely Jr., Mark E. "Lincoln, Slavery, and the Nation," Journal of American History, September 2009, Vol. 96 Issue 2, pp. 456–58
 Parish; Peter J. Slavery: History and Historians Westview Press. 1989
 Penningroth, Dylan. "Writing Slavery's History," OAH Magazine of History, April 2009, Vol. 23 Issue 2, pp. 13–20, basic overview
 Rael, Patrick. Eighty-Eight Years: The Long Death of Slavery in the United States, 1777–1865. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2015.
Sidbury, James. "Globalization, Creolization, and the Not-So-Peculiar Institution," Journal of Southern History, August 2007, Vol. 73, Issue 3, pp. 617–30, on colonial era
 Stuckey, P. Sterling. "Reflections on the Scholarship of African Origins and Influence in American Slavery," Journal of African American History, Fall 2006, Vol. 91 Issue 4, pp. 425–443
 Sweet, John Wood. "The Subject of the Slave Trade: Recent Currents in the Histories of the Atlantic, Great Britain, and Western Africa," Early American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal, Spring 2009, Vol. 7 Issue 1, pp. 1–45
 Tadman, Michael. "The Reputation of the Slave Trader in Southern History and the Social Memory of the South," American Nineteenth Century History, September 2007, Vol. 8, Issue 3, pp. 247–71
 Tulloch, Hugh. The Debate on the American Civil War Era (1998), ch. 2–4
Albert, Octavia V. Rogers. The House of Bondage Or Charlotte Brooks and Other Slaves. Oxford University Press, 1991. Primary sources with commentary. 
 The House of Bondage, or, Charlotte Brooks and Other Slaves, Original and Life-Like complete text of original 1890 edition, along with cover & title page images, at website of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 
 Berlin, Ira, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowlands, eds. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867 5 vol Cambridge University Press, 1982. Very large collection of primary sources regarding the end of slavery
 Berlin, Ira, Marc Favreau, and Steven F. Miller, eds. Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk About Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Emancipation The New Press: 2007. 
 Blassingame, John W., ed. Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies.Louisiana State University Press, 1977.
Burke, Diane Mutti, On Slavery's Border: Missouri's Small Slaveholding Households, 1815–1865,
 De Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. (1994 Edition by Alfred A Knopf, Inc) 
 A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845) (Project Gutenberg ), (Audio book at FreeAudio.org)
 "The Heroic Slave." Autographs for Freedom. Ed. Julia Griffiths Boston: Jewett and Company, 1853. 174–239. Available at the Documenting the American South website.
 Frederick Douglass My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) (Project Gutenberg )
 Frederick Douglass Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1892)
 Frederick Douglass Collected Articles Of Frederick Douglass, A Slave  (Project Gutenberg)
 Frederick Douglass: Autobiographies by Frederick Douglass, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Editor. (Omnibus of all three) 
 Litwack, Leon Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. (1979) Winner of the 1981 National Book Award for history and the 1980 Pulitzer Prize for History.
Litwack, Leon North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860 (University of Chicago Press: 1961)
 Document: "List Negroes at Spring Garden with their ages taken January 1829" (title taken from document)
 Missouri History Museum Archives Slavery Collection
 Rawick, George P., ed. The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography . 19 vols. Greenwood Publishing Company, 1972. Collection of WPA interviews made in the 1930s with ex-slaves
More reading

Scholarly books

Scholarly pages

Oral histories and autobiographies of ex-slaves

Literary and cultural criticism
 Ryan, Tim A. Calls and Responses: The American Novel of Slavery since Gone with the Wind. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008.
 Van Deburg, William. Slavery and Race in American Popular Culture. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984.

Documentary movies

 Kovgan, A. Ray, J. Browne, K. (Director). (2008). Traces of the Trade [Video file]. California Newsreel.

Other websites
"How Slaves Built American Capitalism", CounterPunch, December 18, 2015
 "Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1938", Library of Congress
 "Voices from the Days of Slavery", audio interviews of former slaves, 1932–1975, Library of Congress
 Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
 "Slavery and the Making of America", WNET (4-part series)
 "Slavery in the United States", Economic History Encyclopedia, March 26, 2008
 North American Slave Narratives, Documenting the American South, Louis Round Wilson Library
 "Slavery and Civil War digital collection", scanned original documents, Grand Valley State University 
 "How Slavery Really Ended in America", New York Times Magazine, April 1, 2011
 "The Color Line", 6-page lesson plan for high school, Zinn Education Project
 "The First Slaves", 15-page teaching guide for high school, Zinn Education Project
"Not Your Momma's History", historical education about slavery and the 18th and 19th-century African experience in America
 "Harvesting Cotton-Field Capitalism: Edward Baptist's New Book Follows the Money on Slavery", The New York Times, October 3, 2014
 "5 Things About Slavery You Probably Didn't Learn In Social Studies: A Short Guide To 'The Half Has Never Been Told'", HuffPost, October 25, 2014
 9 Facts About Slavery They Don't Want You to Know
 "Slavery" maps in the U.S. Persuasive Cartography collection, Cornell University Library
 The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database has information on almost 36,000 slaving voyages
The Territory of Nebraska was an organized incorporated territory of the United States. It existed from May 30, 1854, until March 1, 1867, when the part of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Nebraska. The Nebraska Territory was created by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. The territorial capitol was Omaha. The territory included areas of what is today Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado, and Montana.

Other websites
 "Nebraska as a Territory," History of the State of Nebraska, Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1882
 History of Nebraska
 History of Nebraska State Government Organization (PDF)

History of Nebraska
Hancock County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 43,929 people lived there. Its county seat is Bay St. Louis. The county was created in 1812. It is named for Founding Father John Hancock.

The county is along the Gulf of Mexico and the state line with Louisiana.

References 

1810s establishments in Mississippi Territory
1812 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Holmes County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 19,198 people lived there. Its county seat is Lexington.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Humphreys County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 9,375 people lived there. Its county seat is Belzoni.

References 

20th-century establishments in Mississippi
1918 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Issaquena County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 1,406 people lived there. Its county seat is Mayersville.

References 

1840s establishments in Mississippi
1844 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Itawamba County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 23,401 people lived there. Its county seat is Fulton.

Geography 
The county has a total area of .

References 

1836 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 139,668 people lived there which makes it the fifth-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Pascagoula.

History 
The county was founded in 1812 and named for Andrew Jackson, general in the United States Army and afterward President of the United States.

Geography 
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (31%) is water. It is the largest county in Mississippi by total area.

Bordering counties 
 George County - north
 Mobile County, Alabama - east
 Harrison County - west
 Stone County - northwest

Communities

Cities 
 Gautier
 Moss Point
 Ocean Springs
 Pascagoula (county seat)

Census-designated places 

 Big Point
 Escatawpa
 Gulf Hills
 Gulf Park Estates
 Helena
 Hickory Hills (former CDP)
 Hurley
 Latimer
 St. Martin
 Vancleave
 Wade

Unincorporated places 

 East Moss Point
 Gulf Islands National Seashore

Ghost towns 
 Brewton

References
References

Other websites 

 Official Website of Jackson County, Mississippi

1810s establishments in Mississippi Territory
1812 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Jasper County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 17,062 people lived there. Its county seats are Bay Springs and Paulding.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Jefferson Davis County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 12,487 people lived there. Its county seat is Prentiss. The county was founded on March 31, 1906. It is named in honor of Mississippi Senator and Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

References

Other websites 

 Official county website

1900s establishments in Mississippi
1906 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Kemper County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 10,456 people lived there. Its county seat is De Kalb.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Lafayette County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 47,351 people lived there. Its county seat is Oxford.

References 

1836 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Union County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 27,134 people lived there. Its county seat is New Albany.

Geography 
The county has a total area of .

References 

1870 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Lamar County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 55,658 people lived there. Its county seat is Purvis.

References 

1900s establishments in Mississippi
1904 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Smith County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 16,491 people lived there. Its county seat is Raleigh.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Raleigh is a town in, and the county seat of, Smith County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,462 at the 2010 census, making it the largest town in Smith County.

References 

Towns in Mississippi
County seats in Mississippi
Gainesville is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Cooke County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Lauderdale County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 80,261 people lived there. Its county seat is Meridian. The county was founded in 1833. It is named for Colonel James Lauderdale, who was killed at the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812.

References 

1833 establishments in Mississippi
Songtsen Gampo (Tibetan: སྲོང་བཙན་སྒམ་པོ, srong btsan sgam po; 569–649) or Songzan Ganbu (), was the 33rd Tibetan king and founder of the Tibetan Empire.

He helped introduce Buddhism to Tibet. He had a Nepali wife named Bhrikuti and a Tang wife named Princess Wencheng. Both of them were Buddhists. He also helped invent the Tibetan alphabet and made Classical Tibetan the official language of Tibet at the time.

He may have been born in 569 or 605. Tibet used their own calendar so we are still trying to figure it out.

As a kid 

Songtsen Gampo was born at Gyama in Meldro, northeast of modern Lhasa. His dad was the Yarlung king Namri Songtsen. The book The Holder of the White Lotus says Gampo was the human form (incarnation) of the Avalokiteśvara. Dalai Lamas are also thought to be human forms of the Avalokitesvara. In the 11th century, Buddhists started calling him a cakravartin and incarnation of Avalokiteśvara.
Family 
Some Dunhuang documents say Gampo had a sister Sad-mar-kar and a younger brother. His younger brother was betrayed and died in a fire after 641. There may have been fighting between his sister and brother.

Songtsen Gampo's mother was part of the Tsépong clan (Tibetan Annals). She helped unify Tibet. Her name is Driza Tökarma ("the Bri Wife [named] White Skull Woman", Tibetan Annals).

According to Tibetan tradition, Songtsen Gampo became king when 13 after his father was poisoned around 618. He was the 33rd king of the Yarlung Dynasty. He was born in the Ox year. Yarlung kings usually took throne at 13. This accords with the tradition that the Yarlung kings took the throne when they were 13, when they were old enough to ride a horse. If this is true, then Gampo may have been born in the Ox year 605 CE. The Old Book of Tang confirms that he "was still a minor when he succeeded to the throne."

Gampo's wives and children 
Gampo had six wives. Five are listed:
Pogong Mongza Tricham (Mongza, "the Mong clan wife") was mother of Gungsong Gungtsen. 
 a noble woman of the Western Xia known as Minyakza ("Western Xia wife"), 
 a noble woman from Zhangzhung. 
 Nepali princess Bhrikuti ("the great lady, the Nepalese wife")  
 Tang Princess Wencheng (文成)

In Tibetan tradition, these last two wives helped bring Buddhism to Tibet. The two great influences on Tibetan Buddhism are Indo-Nepali and Han Buddhism.

Gampo's son, Gungsong Gungtsen, died before his father. So Gampo's son, Mangsong Mangtsen, took the throne. His mother may have been Wencheng or Mangmoje Trikar. Trikar is mentioned in Genealogy, in a hidden library in the caves in Dunhuang, and the Tibetan Annals, which list the names of the Tibetan emperors, their mothers, and their clans.
Some sources tell a different story. When Gungsong Gungtsen turned 13 (nowadays 12 as Tibet used a different calendar), his dad Gampo retired, so Gungsong ruled for five years. They say Gungsong married 'A-zha Mang-mo-rje when he was thirteen, and they had a son, Mangsong Mangtsen (r. 650-676 CE). Gungsong then died when he was 18. His dad Gampo then took the throne again. Gungsong Gungtsen may be buried at Donkhorda, the site of the royal tombs, to the left of his grandfather Namri Songtsen (gNam-ri Srong-btsan). The dates for these events are very unclear.

What did he do for Tibet?

He made an Alphabet 
Songtsen Gampo sent Thonmi Sambhota to India to create a new alphabet for Classical Tibetan. This led to the first written works, literature, and constitution.

He brought new culture 
He brought new culture and tech to Tibet.