Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Port of Gladstone is a seaport in Gladstone, Queensland. It exports the fourth largest amount of coal of any seaport in the world.

The port has several different parts to it. Auckland Point was where coal began to be exported in 1925.
Later, live horses were moved there in the mid-1930s. Barney Point was used to export coal from Moura. Barney Point was made part of the Port of Gladstone in November 1998.

The Fisherman’s Landing part was opened in 1980. It was expanded in the 1990s and is planned to be expanded more. Boyne Wharf is used by the Boyne Island aluminium smelter and was opened in August 1982. The South Trees part of the port have been used by Queensland Alumina Limited, an aluminum company. The RG Tanna Coal Terminal was opened in 1997 and is used to export coking coal to Japanese steel mills.

References

Queensland
The Lawrence Massacre (also known as Quantrill's Raid) was an attack on the town of Lawrence, Kansas on August 21, 1863. The attack was a battle in the U.S. Civil War. The Confederates won the battle. They won because groups of guerillas led by William Quantrill rode into town and shot every man they saw. They killed about 150 people.

The guerillas attacked Lawrence because the city supported abolition and because it was a center for the Jayhawkers. The Jayhawkers were free-state militia groups known for attacking plantations in the pro-slavery western counties of Missouri.

Background
By 1863, there had been a lot of violence in Kansas. This is because people disagreed about whether Kansas should allow slavery or not.
In the summer of 1856, the first sacking of Lawrence started a guerrilla war in Kansas that lasted for years. John Brown might be the most famous person involved in the violence of the late 1850s that fought on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side. However, there were many groups on each side that fought during the "Bleeding Kansas" period.

By the beginning of the American Civil War, Lawrence was already a target for pro-slavery violence. This is because Lawrence was the biggest anti-slavery city in the state. It was also where the Union and Jayhawkers started attacks into Missouri. At first, the town and area around it were very prepared. They reacted strongly to any rumors that pro-slavery people might be coming to Lawrence. However, by the summer of 1863, this never happened, so the people did not fear much, and they forgot about their defenses.

Reasons for the attack
Revenge for Jayhawker attacks
Lawrence was a headquarters for a group of Jayhawkers (sometimes called "Red Legs"). They had started a campaign in late March 1863. They had a goal to end support from the people for the Confederate guerillas. Union General Blunt said the actions of the soldiers were as if "a reign of terror started, and no man's property was safe, nor was his life worth much if he fought them in their plans to rob and steal." Many Jayhawker leaders like Charles "Doc" Jennison, James Montgomery, and George Henry Hoyt attacked Western Missouri. This made both pro-southern and pro-Union civilians and politicians angry. The historian Albert Castel says that the bushwhackers under Quantrill also wanted to steal, but revenge was their main reason.
Even before the jail fell, the arrest and planned deportation of the girls had made Quantrill's guerrillas angry; George Todd left a note for General Ewing threatening to burn Kansas City unless the girls were freed. Quantrill's raid on Lawrence was planned before the jail collapse, and even before General Ewing issued "General Order No. 10". However, the deaths of the guerrillas' female relatives made the raiders want to kill people even more during the attack.

Attack
A man from Hesper named Henry Thompson tried to run to Lawrence to tell the people there that an attack was coming. He was able to run all the way to Eudora before he was too tired. An unknown man riding a chaise came across Thompson to ask if he needed help. Thompson told him that he ran all the way from Hester, and that he needed to warn Lawrence. Thompson and the man were able to get some people from Eudora to go to Lawrence to warn of an attack. They were too late.
George Burt was standing near a fence when a guerilla came to him. The guerilla asked for all of his money. When Burt gave the guerilla his pocket book, the guerilla took it with one hand and shot Burt with the other.

A German man named Phillip Albach was sick, laying in bed. Guerillas demanded the family clear the house so they could burn it. The family carried Albach outside on a mattress and laid him in the yard. When the guerillas came out of the house, they killed him on his bed.
The Kansas State Journal was the first newspaper in Lawrence to continue publishing after the attack. They released their first copy on October 1, 1863. In it, it said that every business in Lawrence had been sacked; every business except five had been burned; every house in Lawrence had been plundered; 160 men and boys had been killed. The Leavenworth Daily Conservative, on August 23, 1863, said that the guerrillas caused $2,000,000 worth of damage, and stole $250,000 worth of money.

Aftermath

The Lawrence massacre was one of the bloodiest events in the history of Kansas. The Plymouth Congregational Church in Lawrence wasn't destroyed, but many of its members were killed. Also, many of its records were destroyed.

A day after the attack, some of the people of Lawrence lynched Thomas Corlew, a member of Quantrill's raiders who was still in Lawrence. They believed he was a spy. They hanged him in a barn on Massachusetts Street.
After the attack, Quantrill brought his men south to Texas for the winter. By the next year, however, the raiders broke up as a group. They were unable to get similar successes. Quantrill died of wounds he got in Kentucky in 1865. By that point, he had only a few supporters left. Frank James and his younger brother, Jesse James were some of his supporters.

After Quantrill's attack, the Union built multiple military posts on Mount Oread. They built these to help guard the rebuilt city. However, no more attacks happened in Lawrence, and these forts were removed.

Related pages
 Bushwhacking, a kind of guerrilla warfare used a lot during the American Revolutionary War, American Civil War

Notes

References
Notes

References

More reading
 Albert E. Castel. Civil War Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind (1997)
 Albert E. Castel. William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times (1999)  excerpt and text search
 Thomas Goodrich, Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre (1992)
Paul I. Wellman. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws (1961). (On the formative background of the Kansas-Missouri border wars on the post-war western outlaws, notably the James-Younger gang.)
Richard F. Sunderwirth, "The Burning" Of Osceola Missouri" (2007)

Other websites
National Park Service battle description
Tour and photos of Lawrence Quantrill's Raid sites
Other reports that mention Quantrill's Raid and the Lawrence Massacre
Civil War history site article on Quantrill
Rev. R. Cordley's Description of the Massacre (published in 1865) {Partial list of killed/wounded/missing}
1897 account "Guns and the Gospel" with listing of Lawrence Massacre Victims at the end of Chapter 22
Monument to victims of William C. Quantrill
American Civil War battles
1860s in Kansas
1863 in the United States
August events
Lawrence, Kansas
Massacres of the American Civil War
Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467 or 1468 Belmonte – c. 1520 Santarém) was a Portuguese nobleman, navigator and explorer who was the first European to see Brazil (on 22 April 1500).

King Manuel I of Portugal sent Cabral on an expedition to India. 
Cabral sailed on 9 March 1500, with 13 ships, following the route of Vasco da Gama. 
On 22 April 1500, he sighted land (Brazil), claiming it for the Portuguese Crown and naming it the "Island of the True Cross." 
King Manuel I renamed this land "Holy Cross"; it was later renamed once again, to "Brazil", after a kind of wood found there, called pau-brasil. 

Cabral stayed in Brazil for 10 days and then continued on his way to India, in a dangerous trip with storms, and he suffered the destruction of some ships at the Cape of Good Hope, and fighting against Muslim traders in Calicut, India (50 men of Cabral were killed in this attack). 

Cabral successfully traded for spices in Cochin, now called Kozhikode, India (in early January, 1501).
Cabral returned to Portugal on 23 June 1501, with only 5 of the original 13 ships, carrying a big load of spices.

After this journey, King Manuel I appointed Vasco da Gama to head the next expedition (1502) because Cabral refused to command another expedition to India.

Cabral retired to his properties in Santarém. He died in c. 1520 and was buried in a monastery in Santarém, Portugal.
The Toyota Sequoia is a large SUV made by Toyota. The production of the Sequoia began during 2000. This sport utility vehicle is among the largest vehicles from Toyota. It can seat around seven or eight passengers.

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Sequoia
Mandaue City Central School is the oldest school in Mandaue, in Cebu, Philippines. It is an elementary school. The school occupies an area of more than . It belongs to the Central District council. For several decades, Mandaue City Central School stood as the only school in the Central District until three schools were established sometime in the 1990s. The first building, the Gabaldon Building, was built in 1904 which is still in use.

Other websites
Mandaue City Central School  official website

Education in the Philippines

Organizations based in the Philippines
The Battle of Mine Creek (also known as the Battle of the Osage) was a battle in the American Civil War. In total, 1,300 people were killed. The battle was fought in Linn County, Kansas.

References

Mine Creek
1860s in Kansas
1864 in the United States
A Wilson prime is a special kind of prime number. A prime number p is a Wilson prime if (and only if [ iff ])

where n is a positive integer (sometimes called natural number). Wilson primes were first described by Emma Lehmer.

The only known Wilson primes are 5, 13, and 563 ; if any others exist, they must be greater than 5. It has been conjectured that  there are an infinite number of Wilson primes, and that the number of Wilson primes in an interval  is about

.

Compare this with Wilson's theorem, which states that every prime p divides (p − 1)! + 1.

Related pages 
 Wieferich prime
 Wall-Sun-Sun prime
 Wolstenholme prime

Notes

References

Other websites
 The Prime Glossary: Wilson prime
 
 Status of the search for Wilson primes
 Wilson Quotients for composite moduli
 On congruences involving Bernoulli numbers and the quotients of Fermat and Wilson

Classes of prime numbers
The Honda Odyssey is a minivan that has been made by Honda since 1994. From 1994 to 1999, it was also sold as the Isuzu Oasis. A larger version of the minivan has been available since 1999 in North America. It was redesigned in 2005, 2011, and 2018. The 2015 model was awarded the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's top rated pick because of its collision avoidance system.

Honda automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles

Minivans
The short-faced bear or bulldog bear (Arctodus) is an extinct genus of bear endemic to North America during the Pleistocene era about 1.8 million years ago (mya) to 11,000 years ago. At that time, Arctodus simus may have been one of the largest mammals that lived on land and ate meat.

Arctodus simus first appeared during the middle Pleistocene in North America, about 800,000 years ago. It became extinct about 11,600 years ago.

Habitat 
The short-faced bear lived in many parts of North America, ranging from Alaska to Mississippi.
 However, it lived mostly in southern areas, from northern Texas to New Jersey in the east; Aguascalientes, Mexico to the southwest; and with large concentrations in Florida. 

The oldest short-faced bear fossils are from the Santa Fe River 1 paleontological sites in Gilchrist County, Florida.
Fossils 
Archaeologists first found fossils of the short-faced bear in the Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California. This animal might have been the largest carnivorous land mammal that ever lived in North America. 

Archaeologists have found only one giant short-faced bear skeleton, in Indiana. It is famous because it was the biggest most-nearly complete skeleton of a giant short-faced bear ever found in America. The original bones are in Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History.  

A recent study estimated the weight of six short-faced bear specimens. The largest was . This suggested that the bear was probably bigger than scientists had thought. When it was standing on its hind (back) legs, the bear was  tall.

Behavior 
One theory is that the short-faced bear was an active predator, attacking bison directly. Another theory is that it let faster predators make the kill, then bullied them off the carcass. This would mean it was a scavenger.

References 

Bears
Super Typhoon Mike (international designation: 9025, JTWC designation: 27W, PAGASA name: Ruping) was the strongest and deadliest typhoon of the 1990 Pacific typhoon season as it crossed the Philippines in November.

Meteorological history

An area of persistent convection over the Caroline Islands was first noted in the Significant Tropical Weather Advisory on November 6. As it headed westward, its outflow rapidly improved, with banding and a more circular cloud pattern. The organization continued, and it was upgraded to Tropical Depression 27W on the 7th. Early on the 8th, the depression strengthened to Tropical Storm Mike near the island of Yap.
Mike continued its westward movement and its intensification rate, and became a typhoon early on November 9, the 18th of the season. At this time, a weakness in the subtropical ridge, which kept the storm on its westward movement, was bring Mike northward. This did not occur, and Mike kept its persistent westward motion. On November 10, the typhoon rapidly intensified, reaching peak winds of 165 mph later that day. In a 48-hour period, the typhoon deepened 99 millibars to a minimum central pressure of 915 mb.

Mike retained its intensity of 165 mph winds for a day as it approached the Philippines. Fortunately for the archipelago, the combination of an eyewall replacement cycle and land interaction to its west weakened the super typhoon. Nevertheless, Mike still hit the eastern Philippines as a 140 mph typhoon on November 12. The typhoon further weakened to an 85 mph typhoon while crossing the islands, but in the South China Sea, conditions favored slight strengthening.
Mike reached a secondary peak of 95 mph winds on November 14, but land interaction with Vietnam again weakened it to a minimal typhoon. The forecast break in the subtropical ridge finally occurred on the 15th, causing a northwest motion. Vertical shear increased, weakening Mike to a tropical storm on the 16th. Early the next day, the storm passed over western Hainan Island, and degraded to a tropical depression that night. After a brief passage over the Gulf of Tonkin Mike hit southern China where it dissipated on November 18.

Impact

Template:Retired Philippine typhoon names
While crossing the western Caroline Islands, Mike proved to be quite destructive. Extensive damage occurred to the islands, but no deaths occurred and only one injury was reported.
The Philippines did not fare so well. The typhoon's heavy rainfall produced mudslides which, combined with the heavy wind damage, resulted in over $14 million in damage (1990 USD, $20.8 million 2005 USD). Over 748 people were reported killed, making Mike the most destructive typhoon for the Philippines since Typhoon Ike in 1984, which killed over 1,000 people. President Corazon Aquino declared a state of calamity in the Visayas.

Typhoon Mike's damage to the infrastructure of the city and province of Cebu forced its local leaders to rethink governmental priorities. A conscious effort to rebuild after the damage was promoted, resulting into the boom of the economy of Cebu, dubbed CEBOOM.

Due to the destruction in the Philippines, the name Mike was retired and was replaced by Manny. Its PAGASA name, Ruping, was also retired.

Related pages

List of tropical cyclones

References

Other websites
JTWC Mike Report
Worst Typhoons of the Visayan Islands
Typhoon Mike
Pacific typhoons
Retired tropical cyclone names
1990s in weather
A control variable is something in an experiment that is kept the same.  Having control variables means that the experiment will be a fair test.
The Control Variable is often used with the independent and dependent variables.

References

Science
Negative feedback is a basic concept of cybernetics; it is the basis of regulation and control. It is important in engineering and physiology. In biology and physiology negative feedback is known as homeostasis.

Negative feedback occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of a system. This has the result that the changes are made less, and the system kept within limits. The classic example is a central heating system which cuts off when a (suitably placed) temperature sensor hits a pre-set mark. The negative feedback part is the thermostat.

Homeostasis 
Virtually all aspect of living systems involve homeostasis, and disease follows when any of these systems fail. Examples: blood pressure, glucose level, liver functions, cell division, and so on.
Homeostasis  was defined by Claude Bernard and later by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1926, 1929 and 1932 is the property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition. The concept came from that of milieu interieur which was created by Claude Bernard and published in 1865. 
  
If the overall feedback of the system is negative, then the system will tend to be stable.

References 

Engineering
Physiology
Systems theory
980 was a leap year.

Events
 February 13 Burial of Edward the Martyr at Most Holy Mother of God Church in Wareham, Dorset
Vorarlberg (Vorarlbergian: Vorarlbearg, Voralbärg, or Voraadelbearg) is the westernmost federal state in Austria. The capital is Bregenz. The biggest cities are Feldkirch and Dornbirn. As of 2016, there were about 384,000 people.

It is the only province in Austria that does not speak Austro-Bavarian.  Instead they speak an Alemannic dialect. This makes it more in common with its Alemannic-speaking neighbors Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Swabia than with Bavaria and the rest of Austria.

The highest mountain is Piz Buin.  The main rivers in Vorarlberg are the Ill, the Bregenzer Ach and the Dornbirner Ach.

78% of the population is Roman Catholic.  The second most follow Islam which has a share of 8.4%.

Vorarlberg is divided into four large districts.  They are Bregenz, Dornbirn, Feldkirch and Bludenz.
Princess of Wales () is a royal title used in the United Kingdom. It is held by the wife of the Prince of Wales. It has been used since the first English Prince of Wales, in 1283.

The current Princess of Wales is Catherine, the wife of William, Prince of Wales.

There have been only ten Princesses of Wales, even though there have been a lot more than ten male heirs to the throne. The majority of Princes of Wales married after acceding to the throne as King. A number of other Princes of Wales died too young to marry.

Until 2022, the second wife of the past Prince of Wales, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, was the Princess of Wales, but did not use the title, out of respect for her husband's first wife, the late Diana, Princess of Wales.

The princess is usually entitled to the style of Her Highness.

References
Princesses of Wales by Deborah Fisher. University of Wales Press, 2005.
 'Tystiolaeth Garth Celyn' Y Traethodydd 1998,

More reading
Goh Gun (; hanja 高建; born January 2, 1938 ) is a Korean politicians and civil servants.

Career
Goh is best known as Interior Minister, Agriculture Minister, and Prime Minister of South Korea.  He was also mayor of Seoul.

He served as Acting President of Korea in 2004.

Related pages 
 Rhee Syng-man
 Kim Kyu-Sik
 Yun Poson
 Chang Myon

Living people
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Presidents of South Korea
Goh Kun
Mayors of Seoul
Clerow "Flip" Wilson Jr. (8 December 1933 – 25 November 1998) was an African-American comedian whose career was successful in the 1960s and 1970s. He is perhaps best known for his television variety series The Flip Wilson Show, which earned him a Golden Globe and two Emmy Awards.

On November 25, 1998, Wilson died from liver cancer in Malibu, California, aged 64.

References

1933 births
1998 deaths
Comedians from New Jersey
Deaths from liver cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
Television personalities from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
Defense mechanism is a psychological concept of the mind. It is the coping technique individuals unconsciously use to protect themselves from getting hurt in unpleasant situations (e.g. conflicts, unhappiness). Without defense mechanisms, people may suffer from psychological and mental illness.

Types 
 Regression
 Repression
 Denial
 Reaction formation
 Projection
 Rationalization
 Displacement
 Compensation

psychology
Chevrolet Volt is an American plug-in hybrid car. The car was first produced in 2011  and is made by the Chevrolet division of General Motors. This vehicle travels 25 to 50 miles (38 miles average) on electric power alone. After the battery is depleted, it switches to the extended range mode.
In the United States, the car has a suggested price of $34,185, but qualifies for a $7500 tax credit.  It can carry up to four people (including the driver).

Design 
The Volt has 16.5 kWh of lithium batteries and a 1.4 liter engine using premium fuel.  The batteries have enough power to drive the car normally (it can go from 0 to 60 mph in 9 seconds).  While the batteries have power, the car is like an electric car.
When the batteries run out of charge, they can be recharged from a special electrical outlet, or the car can turn on the gas engine.  The gas engine and electric motors combine in a special type of transmission called a planetary gear, like the Toyota Prius.  This allows the gas engine to drive the car or to change its power to electricity.  The electricity can charge the battery or power the electric motor.

Fuel efficiency
How much gas is used depends on how the car is driven and when the batteries are recharged.  It is possible to only use electric power and never use gasoline.  The EPA estimates the average person will get 98 miles per gallon (including the equivalent cost of electricity).
Recharging 
The batteries can be recharged in 10 to 16 hours using a 120V charging unit (most circuits in a house are at 120V). A 240V charging unit will recharge the car batteries in four hours. The batteries can also be charged from the gas engine or from the regenerative brakes, which turn the energy of the moving car into electricity.

References 

2010s automobiles
Volt
The La Brea tar pits (or Rancho La Brea) are a famous cluster of tar pits in central Los Angeles. Complete skeletons of many thousands of large animals have been found here. They date mostly from 40,000 to 8,000 years ago.

Hancock Park was formed around the tar pits, in the heart of Los Angeles. Asphalt or tar (brea in Spanish) has seeped up from the ground here for tens of thousands of years. The tar is often covered with water. Over many centuries, animals that came to drink the water fell in, sank in the tar, and died. In the tar, their bones turned into fossils.

The George C. Page Museum is dedicated to researching the tar pits and displaying specimens from the animals that died there. The La Brea Tar Pits are now a registered National Natural Landmark.
History of the site 
Modern excavations of the bones started in 1913–1915.  In the 1940s and 1950s, public excitement was got by the preparation of previously recovered large mammal bones. A later study showed the fossil material was well preserved. They are about 10–20,000 years old, from the last glacial period.

Findings 
At the La Brea Tar Pits, scientists have found the skeletons of many prehistoric species, including:
 Mammoths
 American mastodons
 American lions
 American cheetahs 
 Dire wolves
 The Western camel Camelops
 Short-faced bears
 Ground sloths
 The saber-toothed cat, Smilodon fatalis (the state fossil of California)

Only one human has ever been found in the tar pits: a partial skeleton of a woman, dated at about 9,000 BC.  Because of the way her skull was crushed, scientists think she was murdered.
Over a million fossils 
Over a million fossils have been recovered from the tar pits.  These fossils include individual bones as well as pieces of bone.  Scientists estimate that at least 10,000 animals got trapped in the Tar Pits over 30,000 years.  These animals belonged to at least 660 different species.  This includes at least 135 species of birds, and 59 species of mammals.

Tar pits 

Oil is created when decayed organic matter is underground. It is under pressure. The crude oil seeps upward through fractures, or porous sedimentary rock layers. It may form a pool  at the surface. 

The lighter parts of the crude oil evaporate into the atmosphere, leaving behind a black, sticky asphalt. Tar pits are often excavated because they contain many fossils.
There are not many of these tar pits in the world, because they only form in these circumstances. The evaporation of the lighter elements in the crude oil is needed to create the sticky tar which traps the animals. Their distress calls are irresistible to the predators which follow them.

References 

Lagerstätten
Geography of Los Angeles
Fossils
Natural history museums
The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom is the official coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Charles III. These arms are used by the King in his official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom, and are officially known as his Arms of Dominion. Different versions are used by other members of the Royal Family; and by the British Government in connection with the administration and government of the country. In Scotland, the King has a separate version of the Royal Arms, a variant of which is used by the Scotland Office.

The shield is quartered, depicting in the first and fourth quarters the three passant guardant lions of England; in the second, the rampant lion and double tressure fleury-counter-fleury of Scotland; and in the third, a harp for  Ireland.

The version used by the government does not have the helmet or lion, the version used by the government in Scotland does not have the lion or "In Defens" motto.

United Kingdom
British monarchy
James Earl Ray (March 10, 1928 – April 23, 1998) was the man who was convicted of murdering Martin Luther King, Jr on April 4, 1968. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. At first he said that he had shot King, but he later said that he did not do it. There are multiple conspiracy theories surrounding the assassination.

Early life
He was born in Alton, Illinois. He was convicted of burglary, robbery, theft and forgery during the 1950s. 

He escaped from prison in 1967.

Death
He died in Nashville, Tennessee from liver failure caused by hepatitis C.

References

1928 births
1998 deaths
American burglars
American fraudsters
American murderers
American prisoners
American robbers
American thieves
Assassins
Criminals from Illinois
People from Alton, Illinois
People who died in prison custody in the United States
Traits
 Cognitive: Having an actively developed strong verbal, perceptual, and reasoning skills which can effectively guide pivots and at the time be compatible to peer groups.
 Self-confidence: Ability to be certain about one’s competencies and skills with a nurtured sense of self-esteem and self-assurance.
 Determination: Ability to assert themselves, be proactive, and have the capacity to persevere in the face of obstacles. Characteristics include initiative, persistence, dominance, and drive.
 Integrity: It is the quality of honesty and trustworthiness. Characteristics are loyalty, dependability, and not deceptive.
 Sociability: It is the ability to be sensitive to others’ needs and show concern for their well-being. They are people who have good interpersonal skills and create cooperative relationships (friendliness, outgoing, courteous) with their followers and able to take socially responsible decisions.
Team leadership
There are two factors in team leadership, they are: Interpersonal and Analytical. The interpersonal factors are : Talk, Evaluation, Assisting and Motivating. The Analytical aspects for problem solving with team leadership are: Focusing, Organizing, Collecting, Understanding and Synthesizing the material.

Related pages
 Coach (sport)
 Political economy
 Tribal chief
 Entrepreneur
 Supreme Leader

References

Other websites

Management
Political philosophy
Sociology
Deltora Quest is three series of books for children by Emily Rodda. It has 15 books overall: the first series Deltora Quest has eight books, the second series Deltora Shadowlands has three books, and the third series Dragons of Deltora has four books. They are all about a group of three friends who try to defeat the evil Shadow Lord and his friends.

Characters

Lief

Lief is the son of King Endon and Sharn, who went into hiding disguised as Jarred and Anna before their son was born. Lief was raised as a blacksmith's son in the run-down city of Del after the invasion. On his 16th birthday he set off on the Deltora Quest to find the seven gems of Deltora. In the ends he finds out that he is the heir to the throne and becomes the King of Deltora. At the end of the third series he marries Jasmine and has three children.

Barda
Barda

Barda is a strong bearded man. Before the invasion of the Shadow Lord, he was a guard of the Palace, but then he fled because his mother Min was killed, so he made friends with Endon and Sharn, and pretended to be a beggar for sixteen years, and always guarded Lief when he was in trouble. He accompanied Lief to find the seven gems of the Belt of Deltora. At the end of the last series he married Linden of Broome.

Jasmine
Jasmine is the daughter of Jarred (Doom) and Anna. She was born in the Forests of Silence, but when she was 7, her parents got taken away by Grey Guards. She lived as an orphan, with Kree and Filli for company. She met Lief and Barda in the Forests of Silence, and helped them get the first jewel, the topaz. After that, her mother Anna appeared to her in spirit form (because the topaz lets you come into contact with the dead)and told Jasmine to travel with Lief and Barda to find the jewels. At the end of the third series she married Lief and had three children.

Kree
Kree

Kree is a raven who used to live in Thaegan's territory, but Thaegen killed his parents so he fled to the Forests of Silence where he met Jasmine. He is very affectionate to Jasmine. He accompanied Jasmine, Lief and Barda on all three quests, warning others of danger by flying ahead. He later became and official messenger bird for the Palace.

Filli

Filli is a furry grey small creature who Jasmine found in the Forests of Silence. Like, Kree, he loves Jasmine a lot. He accompanied Jasmine, Lief and Barda on all three quests.

Veritas

Veritas is the amethyst dragon who is very truthful. He helped to destroy the Sister of the West, and he brought up the baby Diamond Dragon, Forta.

Deltora Quest 1

Forests of Silence
Forests of Silence

In the first half of this book, it follows Jarred and Endon, how the King of Deltora died, then Endon became King, Jarred fled from the castle, married Anna, and the Shadow Lord invaded. In the second half of the book, it follows Lief, how on his 16th birthday, he set out on the Deltora Quest to find the gems of Deltora, with Barda, and got paralysed by Wenn, saved by Jasmine, and got the topaz from Gorl.

References

2000 books
Australian fantasy books
Yaws is a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints. It is caused by the spirochaete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue.

The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, two to five centimeters in diameter. The center may break open and form an ulcer. This usually heals after three to six months. After several weeks, or even years later, the joints and bones may become painful, fatigue may develop, and new skin sores may appear. The skin of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet may become thick and break open. The bones (especially those of the nose) may change shape. After five years or more large areas of skin can die. This leaves large scars.

Yaws is spread by touching the fluid from the sores of a person with the disease. The disease is most common among children, who spread it by playing together.
Other similar diseases are caused by different strains of the same bacterium, such as syphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum). Once the lesions have appeared doctors are able to tell it is yaws. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the best method of diagnosis.

The main way of stopping the disease spreading, is by curing those who have it. This stops them passing it on to others. Where the disease is common, treating the entire community is effective. Improving cleanliness and sanitation will also decrease spread. Yaws can be treated with antibiotics. Without treatment, physical deformities happen in 10% of cases.

Yaws is common in at least 14 tropical countries as of 2012. The disease infects only humans. In the 1950s and 1960s the World Health Organization (WHO) nearly destroyed yaws. Since then the number of cases has increased.

One of the first descriptions of the disease was made in 1679 by Willem Piso. Archaeology shows that yaws may have been present among humans as far back as 1.6 million years ago.
References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Skin problems
Vibrio is a type of gram-negative bacteria that have a curved rod shape, several species of which can cause food poisoning, usually due to eating seafood that has not been cooked enough. They are usually found in saltwater as they cannot survive in freshwater. Vibrio can breathe with or without oxygen and do not create spores. All members of the genus can move and have flagella on both ends with or without sheaths. Recent phylogenies have been made based on a group of genes (multi-locus sequence analysis).

The name Vibrio comes from Filippo Pacini who isolated microorganisms he called "vibrions" from cholera patients in 1854.

Gram-negative bacteria
Pele was the goddess of fire, dancing, and volcanoes in Hawaiian religion. Pele's husband is Wahielo, also spelled with an a.

There are several stories about who Pele is. One story says that her sister is the goddess of the ocean. In another story, she lives in a land in the sky.

Pele is well known as a volcano goddess living in the crater of Kilauea on the island of Hawaii.

Pele (Pele), the Hawaiian  transmitted to the volcano of goddesses.

Other websites

Gods and goddesses
Culture of Hawaii
Hootie & the Blowfish are an American rock band It formed in 1986. Their first studio album, Cracked Rear View, was released in 1994. This group became popular in the second half of the 1990s. The group have been semi active since 2008.

Discography
Studio albums
 Cracked Rear View (1994)
 Fairweather Johnson (1996)
 Musical Chairs (1998)
 Hootie & the Blowfish (2003)
 Looking for Lucky (2005)
 Imperfect Circle (2019)

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
American pop music groups
Post-grunge bands
People from Columbia, South Carolina
Musical groups established in 1986
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
The Chevrolet Impala was a full size car made from the Chevrolet network of General Motors. The name Impala comes from the southern African antelope. The car was first produced in 1957, discontinued around 1985 and then resumed for the 1994 model year. From 2000 to 2005, the Impala was a mid-sized sedan and succeeded Chevrolet's dwindling Lumina. The 2006 to present Impala is a full-sized sedan and is sold to the public, the previous generation is restricted to fleet and commercial buyers and is dubbed Impala Ltd. The Impala limited is set to conclude production in 2016. Its final generation, introduced in 2012, went on sale in May 2014 until General Motors discontinued the vehicle in March 2020.

1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Impala
Full-size vehicles
The Hydrogenophilaceae are a family of Betaproteobacteria, with two genera. Like all Proteobacteria, they are gram-negative. Hydrogenophilus are thermophilic, growing around 50 °C and obtaining their energy from oxidizing hydrogen. It includes the genera Hydrogenophilus and Thiobacillus (see below for the removal of certain species).

Gram-negative bacteria
The Coral Sea is a small sea off the north east coast of Australia. It has Queensland on its west side and the islands of Vanuatu and New Caledonia on its east. On the north edge is the Solomon Islands, and in the south it joins the Tasman Sea. The Great Barrier Reef is in the Coral Sea. It has a warm climate, it often rains and there are often tropical cyclones. It covers an area of about four times the size of Great Britain. The WWF describe the Coral Sea as being one of the last complete tropical wilderness areas on earth. It has beautiful coral reefs with many different sea creatures including  grey and white tip reef sharks, hammerheads, manta rays, tuna, barracuda, turtles, whales and the rare nautilus.

Australia claims many of the islands as part of its 780,000 square kilometre Coral Sea Islands Territory. Most of them are small coral or sand islands, and only one has people living on it. It has a population of only four.

World War II
World War II 

In World War II the Battle of the Coral Sea was the first aircraft carrier battle fought between the United States and Australia against Japan. The battle lasted from 4 May to 8 May 1942.  During that time none of the ships saw each other or fired their guns at each other.  All the fighting was done by aircraft from the carriers. It is the largest naval battle fought near Australia.  It was important because it stopped the Japanese from invading Port Moresby, the capital city of New Guinea.  Many people regarded it as the battle that saved Australia.

References

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
Bodies of water of Oceania
The Gulf of Carpentaria () is a large, shallow sea surrounded on three sides by northern Australia. Its north edge is the Arafura Sea; the sea between Australia and New Guinea. At its mouth, the Gulf is 590 km wide, and further south, 675 km. The north south distance is more than 700 km. It covers a water area of about 300,000 km². The gulf is between 55 and 66 meters deep, although there are spots as deep as 82 meters. In the last ice age the Gulf would have been dry land.

Geography
The land around the Gulf is generally flat and low-lying. To the west is Arnhem Land, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and Groote Eylandt, the largest island in the Gulf. To the east is the Cape York Peninsula. The area to the south, is a part of Queensland) called the Gulf Country or simply "the Gulf."
The climate is hot and humid with two seasons per year. The dry season lasts from about April until November and is has very dry southeast to east winds, caused by winter high pressure systems to the south. The wet season lasts from December to March. Most of the year's rainfall is happens in these months, and many low-lying areas are flooded. The Gulf is also a breeding ground for tropical cyclones from November and April.

In September and October the Morning Glory cloud appears in the Southern Gulf. The best place to see this is in the Burketown area shortly after dawn.

European exploration
The first known Europen person to visit the area was the Dutch Willem Janszoon (whose name is also written as Jansz) in his 1606 voyage. Jan Carstenszoon (or Carstensz), visited in 1623 and named the Gulf after Pieter de Carpentier, who was the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.  Abel Tasman also explored the coast in 1644. The area was later explored and mapped by Matthew Flinders in 1802 and 1803.
The first overland expedition to reach the Gulf was the Burke and Wills expedition, led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills. They left Melbourne in August 1860 and reached the Bynoe River in February 1861.

Rivers of the Gulf 
 Archer River
 Calvert River
 Cox River
 Flinders River
 Gilbert River
 Leichhardt River
 McArthur River
 Mission River
 Mitchell River
 Alice River
 Norman River
 Roper River
 Wilton River
 Smithburne River
 Staaten River
 Wenlock River

References

Other websites 
 Morning Glory Cloud video footage and video of the Gulf Region around Burketown
 Morning Glory Cloud meteorology
 Aerial Video of Sweers Island in the Gulf of Carpentaria
 Video of Burketown and the Gulf from the air

Bodies of water of Australia
Gulfs
Geography of Queensland
Geography of the Northern Territory
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Le Mondes 100 Books of the Century}}Le Mondes 100 Books of the Century is a list of books thought to be the 100 best of the 20th century. The list was made in 1999 by the French retail store Fnac and the Paris newspaper Le Monde.

Starting with a list of 200 titles made by bookshops and journalists, 17,000 French people answered the question, "Which books have stayed in your memory?" The list includes novels, poetry, theatre, and comic strips. Some received the Nobel Prize in Literature. 


The 100 Books of the Century 

Note: Language and Country refer to the author's career generally, not to the book specifically.

Related pages
 Nobel Prize in Literature - Camus, Steinbeck, Hemingway, Beckett, Sartre, Solzhenitsyn, Gide, García Márquez, Faulkner, Mauriac, Mann, Pirandello, Böll, Lagerlöf, Le Clézio, Perse
Booker Prize - Kadare, Rushdie
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction - Steinbeck, Hemingway, Faulkner, Mitchell, Styron

References

20th-century books
Lists of books
Heinrich Anton de Bary (26 January 1831 – 19 January 1888) was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology). 

He is considered a founding father of plant pathology (phytopathology) as well as the founder of modern mycology. His extensive and careful studies of the life history of fungi and contribution to the understanding of algae and higher plants were landmarks of biology.

Lichen 
De Bary studied the formation of lichens, the association between a fungus and an alga. He traced the stages through which they grew and reproduced and the adaptations which enabled them to survive drought and winter. He coined the word 'symbiosis' in 1879 in his monograph as "the living together of unlike organisms". He carefully studied the morphology of moulds, yeasts, and fungi and he established mycology as an independent science.
Slime moulds 
de Bary was one of the first people to do research on slime moulds (Myxomycetes). He published a key paper in 1859, and later a book on the subject.

References 

1831 births
1888 deaths
German doctors
Microbiologists
Pathologists
Systematics is one of the main fields in biology. It is closely related to taxonomy.

Systematics is the study of the diversification of life on the planet Earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. 

Relationships are usually seen as evolutionary trees (cladograms, phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). 

Phylogenies have two components, branching order (showing group relationships) and branch length (showing amount of evolution). Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (anatomical or molecular characteristics), and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics is used to help us understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

"Systematic biology" and "taxonomy" are terms that are often confused and used interchangeably. They were defined as follows:
Systematics is the field which (a) provides scientific names for organisms, (b) describes them, (c) preserves collections of them, (d) provides classifications for the organisms, keys for their identification, and data on their distributions, (e) investigates their evolutionary histories, and (f) considers their environmental adaptations. Taxonomy is that part of systematics concerned with topics (a) to (d) above.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Taxonomy
Artivism combines art and activism. Artivism developed since the Berlin wall collapsed while the anti-globalization and antiwar protests emerged and proliferated. In most of the cases artivists attempt to push political agendas by the means of art and especially, but not only street art.

The years 1967-1968
Protesting against the War in Vietnam, American "hippies" could use poetry, songs, sittings and other non traditional demonstration techniques.

From The fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) to the 9/11 (2001)  
In 1993, Act Up-Paris put a gigantic pink condom on the Concord Obelisk. It was Land art in a way. And it rose interest in France about VIH infection risks. In Mexico the "intergalactic" anonymous Chiapas mouvement used "phony icons", like sub-commander Marcos to attract attention from the media.
Since the 9/11 (2001) 
In some cases, in Paris in 2003 for instance, artivists were arrested for acts of political art that verged on property destruction. A typical short term goal of artivists is to reclaim public space, especially by subvertising or destroying ads in urban areas or city transportation systems. Nevertheless, artivists engage in different media like the internet not only for actions which could be described as hacktivism.

Often the acts of artivists can be referred to as part of the larger concept of culture jamming.

Social Centres

Artivists are often found in social centers.

Activism
Several awards are given to authors, editors and illustrators for creating works of science fiction. These awards show that fans or other professionals recognize the quality of stories, novels, movies, illustrations, or other works.  Awards are usually given once a year. The list below gives the name of the award, additional information, and the year it began.

International awards
Hugo Award - since 1955
Nebula Award - since 1965
Edward E. Smith Memorial Award (the Skylark) - since 1966
BSFA Award - since 1970
Seiun Award - since 1970
Locus Award - since 1971
Saturn Award - movie and television SF - since 1972
John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel - since 1973
Rhysling Award - for best science fiction poetry, given by the Science Fiction Poetry Association - since 1978
Philip K. Dick Award - since 1982
Arthur C. Clarke Award - since 1987
Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award for best short science fiction - since 1987
Awards by country or region
Aurealis Award - Australian
Aurora Award - for Canadian science fiction
Chandler Award - for contributions to Australian Science fiction
The Constellation Awards - for the best SF/fantasy movie or television works released in Canada
Ditmar Award - for SF by Australians
Endeavour Award- for SF by authors from the Pacific Northwest 
Janusz A. Zajdel Award - award of Polish fandom
Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis - German SF award
Nautilus Award - Polish award
Paul Harland Prize - for Dutch SF
Prix Tour-Apollo Award - France since 1972
SFERA Award - given by SFera, a Croatian SF society
Sir Julius Vogel Award - for SF by New Zealanders
Tähtivaeltaja Award - for the best SF novel released in Finland
Premio Urania - for Italian SF
The Galaxy Awards (银河奖) - given by magazine Science Fiction World for Chinese SF&F
SRSFF Award - România
Awards for SF with a specific theme
Prometheus Award - best Libertarian SF - since 1979
Lambda Literary Award - since 1988
Tiptree Award - since 1991
Sidewise Award for Alternate History - since 1995
Gaylactic Spectrum Awards - since 1999
Geffen Award - Israeli award - since 1999
Norton Award - San Francisco - since 2003

New artists or first works
Writers of the Future - contest for new authors
Jack Gaughan Award for Best Emerging Artist
John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer
Compton Crook Award For Best first Novel in the genre in a given year.

Career awards
Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award - associated with the Nebula

References

Lists of awards and nominations