Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco (French: Principauté de Monaco), is the second smallest country in the world after the Vatican City. Monaco is a city-state, meaning that the entire country is just one city.

Monaco is located south-east of France, on the Mediterranean Sea in Western Europe. Monaco's official language is French while the language of Monégasque is also a national language. Monaco's population is around 38,000 but under 10,000 of its citizens are Monégasque nationals.

The currency is the Euro, even though Monaco is not part of the European Union. Monaco is considered a tax haven and is often regarded as one of the wealthiest countries in the world because many rich people live there.

Monaco is famous for the Monte Carlo Casino and the Monte Carlo Opera, is in the north-east of the country. Monaco is also famous for two car races: the Monte Carlo Rally and the Monaco Grand Prix.
History 
Monaco began as a city named Monoikos and was under the control of the Holy Roman Empire, which later gave it to the Republic of Genoa. 

In 1297, Francesco Grimaldi and his army captured the fortress on the Rock of Monaco, but they were evicted by the Geonoese army. However, the Grimaldi family continued to fight for Monaco over the next century. Rainier I was the first Grimaldi ruler of Monaco.

The Republic of Genoa eventually lost Monaco while fighting the Crown of Aragon. In 1419, the Grimaldi family purchased Monaco from Aragon. In 1642, Honoré II, gave himself the title "Prince of Monaco". Until then, the rulers of Monaco were called the "Lords of Monaco".

In 1793, Monaco was invaded by France. In 1814, the principality became independent again. However, a year later, the Congress of Vienna designated Monaco as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1860, Monaco became a French protectorate once again.
At the time, the towns of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin were part of Monaco. However, the citizens of these towns wanted to be part of France. Charles III gave the towns to France in exchange for Monaco's full independence. A treaty was signed in 1861 which said that France would protect Monaco in case of a war.

In the early 1900s, Monaco became very popular among wealthy people because of the Monte Carlo casino. In 1910, there was a revolution in Monaco because the people wanted a democracy. Because of this, the powers of the Prince of Monaco were reduced. During World War II, Monaco was occupied by Italy.

Prince Rainier III famously married American actress Grace Kelly, who died in a car crash. In 2005, Albert II became the new Prince of Monaco.

Geography 
Monaco is entirely an urban area, meaning that it is all one city. There is only one natural resource in Monaco, which is fishing. The climate is a Mediterranean climate. There are land reclamation projects ongoing.
Its surface area is 2.02 square kilometres, of which approximately 0.4 were recovered from the sea since 1980.

Politics 

Monaco is a constitutional monarchy, meaning that the head of state is a monarch with little to no say in the way the country is governed. Monaco is a principality, which is a type of monarchy where the monarch holds the title of Sovereign Prince. 

The constitution of Monaco designates three councils to run the country. The three councils are:
The National Council, which is the legislature. It consists of 24 elected members, who may be members of political parties. The National Council meets twice a year to discuss bills put forward by the Prince's government. The council is presided over by a president.
 The Council of Government, which is the executive branch. The Government consists of 6 members, one of which is the Minister of State, who is appointed by the Sovereign Prince.
 The Communal Council is the city council. It consists of 15 elected members, one of which is the mayor. The Communal Council is in charge of the social and cultural aspects of the country.

In addition, Monaco is divided into ten administrative wards. 

Monaco has no military and is protected by France. However, it does have a police force of around 515 members.

Economy
Economy 

Tourism is the main industry. Tourism is extremely popular during the Monaco Grand Prix. People in Monaco pay no income tax. Many rich people live in Monaco and it is known for being very wealthy. Another large industry is gambling due to the Monte Carlo Casino.

Culture 
Monaco's culture is heavily influenced by its surrounding countries such as France and Italy. The main religion is Catholicism. The cuisine is influenced by that of northern Italy and southern France.

In terms of music, Monaco has an opera house, a symphony orchestra and a classical ballet company. Monaco has participated regularly in the Eurovision Song Contest, winning in 1971. 

There are three museums in Monaco.

The Principality of Monaco hosts major international events such as :

 International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo
 Mondial du Théâtre
 Monte-Carlo Television Festival

Monaco also has an annual bread festival on 17 September every year.
Education 
Monaco has ten state-operated schools, including: seven nursery and primary schools; one secondary school; one lycée that provides general and technological training and one lycée that provides vocational and hotel training. 

There are also two grant-aided denominational private schools.

There is one university located in Monaco, namely the International University of Monaco (IUM).

References

 
Italian-speaking countries
French-speaking countries
Current monarchies
Graal can be:

 Holy Grail or "Graal" in older forms
 A style of glassblowing
 Graal-Müritz, a seaside health resort
 GRenoble Anneau Accelerateur Laser
The main supermarket chains in the United Kingdom are:

United Kingdom-related lists
Jettingen is a village in the south-west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
There are 7,657 people living in Jettingen.

Municipalities in Baden-Württemberg
Villages in Baden-Württemberg
Böblingen (district)
Kenneth Wayne Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) is the highest money earning contestant on the American television game show Jeopardy!.  He won a total of 74 times, earning $2,522,700.  His winning streak lasted from June 2, 2004 through November 30, 2004.  He lost after that time to a player named Nancy Zerg, who lost within a day to Katie Fitzgerald.  He was brought back to appear in the final three games of the show's Ultimate Tournament of Champions. In the tournament, he lost to Brad Rutter, who became the highest money winner on Jeopardy!.

According to the introduction given at the start of the show, Jennings is a "Software Engineer from Salt Lake City, Utah"  His highest one day total was a record $75,000, which was later broken by Roger Craig in 2010.  Jennings is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon.

In February 2005, Ken started appearing in Cingular commercials as himself.
In October 2008, Jennings appeared on an episode of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?. He won $500,000, making him the highest winner in game show history once again.

In February 2011, Jennings, along with Rutter, competed in the "IBM Challenge" against an artificial intelligence computer named Watson. Jennings placed second, losing to Watson. He won half of a $300,000 prize; with the other half going to charity.

In the spring of 2014, Jennings and Rutter competed in the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades tournament.  They faced off in the finals alongside Roger Craig.  Rutter won the tournament with the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record from Jennings.

In January 2020, Jennings beat Rutter and James Holzhauer in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time, claiming the $1,000,000 first place prize.
During Season 37 of Jeopardy!, Jennings became a consulting producer and records video clues.  In January 2021, he became a guest host after the death of longtime host Alex Trebek.  And during the show's 38th Season, Jennings and Mayim Bialik are co-hosting the show after Mike Richards resigned.

References

Other websites
 
 Omnibus podcast web site
 Jennings' February 2013 TED talk (video), "Watson, Jeopardy, and me, the obsolete know-it-all" 
 
 2006 IMNO Interview with Ken Jennings

1974 births
Television game shows
Living people
Jeopardy!
American bloggers
American software engineers
Sublimation is how a solid becomes a gas without becoming a liquid first. It happens when the particles of a solid absorb enough energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them. Most substances can sublimate only at low pressure. Many can sublimate in space. 

Sometimes snow sublimates. This is usually on sunny winter days when the air is very dry. Snow may look like it disappears on a cold sunny day, but this is not sublimation because it forms a thin layer of liquid water first.

At normal atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth, only some compounds like dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) can go through this process. CO2 changes from dry ice, a solid to a gas without being a liquid. Also diamond, graphite, iodine, ammonium chloride and aluminium chloride sublime rather than melt at atmospheric pressure.

Chemistry
Physics
Malcolm McDowell (born Malcolm John Taylor; 13 June 1943) is an English actor and producer. He has been in many films, including: A Clockwork Orange, O Lucky Man! and Caligula.

McDowell lives in Ojai, California.

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from West Yorkshire
MAD Magazine is a humor and satire magazine that started in 1952 as a 10 cent comic book parody of other comics. For its 25th issue it converted to a 25 cent magazine. It remains popular in the United States.

Each issue features the grinning red-headed mascot, Alfred E. Neuman on the cover, and comic-like articles making fun of recent movies, television series, music, trends, etc. as well as regular monthly features (Spy Vs. Spy, Monore, etc.)

American magazines
Traverse City is a town in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, United States.  Traverse City is famous for its cherries.  It has a beautiful beach, world-class hotels, but the zoo has been closed because not many people visited it.

Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Willard Carroll Smith II (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor, producer and rapper. He got his start as part of the rap duo DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince. He became an actor when he starred on the television show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air as Will Smith, a teenager from Philadelphia sent to live with his rich relatives in Southern California. He has appeared in many movies including Independence Day, Men in Black, Ali, Wild Wild West, The Pursuit of Happyness, I Am Legend, and in Suicide Squad.

In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award, Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award for his role as Richard Williams in the 2021 drama movie King Richard. He is the first rapper to win an acting Oscar.

Personal life
Smith married actress Jada Pinkett in 1997. They have three children, including Jaden and Willow.
At the 94th Academy Awards in March 2022, Smith slapped comedian Chris Rock after he made a joke about his wife, Jada's, bald head. Smith was criticized for his violent reaction and on April 1, 2022 Smith resigned his membership from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and said he would support any punishment by the academy. Smith has been banned from going to the Oscar ceremonies for 10 years.

Filmography

Discography
Studio albums
 Big Willie Style (1997)
 Willennium (1999)
 Born to Reign (2002)
 Lost and Found (2005)

Notes

References

Other websites

 Official site
Official site
 

1968 births
Living people
Actors from Philadelphia
African American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Movie producers from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Philadelphia
Rappers from Pennsylvania
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Singers from Philadelphia
Interscope Records artists
American hip hop musicians
American hip hop singers
American contemporary R&B singers
American R&B musicians
American R&B singers
American dance musicians
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (, ) is the current President of Russia. Putin was born in Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg, on 7 October 1952. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000, then President of Russia from March 2000 to May 2008, and Prime Minister again from 2008 to 2012. He became president again in 2012. He originally trained as a lawyer.

Also June 2023, he survived the Wagner Group rebellion.

Early life
Putin was born on 7 October 1952, in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) during the rule of Joseph Stalin. His parents were Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911–1999) and Maria Ivanovna Putina (née Shelomova; 1911–1998). Spiridon Putin, Vladimir Putin's grandfather, was a cook to Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.
Early career
From 1985 to 1990, Putin worked for the KGB, the Soviet Union's secret spy service. Putin worked in Dresden, which was part of the former East Germany. After East Germany collapsed in 1989, Putin was told to come back to the Soviet Union. He chose to go to Leningrad, which is where he went to university. In June 1990, he started working in the International Affairs section of Leningrad State University. In June 1991, he was appointed head of the International Committee of the Saint Petersburg Mayor's office. His job was to promote international relations and foreign investments.
Putin gave up his position in the KGB on August 20, 1991, during the putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. In 1994, he became First Deputy Chairman of the city of Saint Petersburg. In August 1996, he came to Moscow, and served in a variety of important positions in Boris Yeltsin's government. He was head of the FSB (a secret spy service in modern capitalist Russia) from July 1998 to August 1999, and he was Secretary of the Security Council from March to August 1999.

President of Russia
Putin became President of Russia in May 2000.

Putin is the leader of the ruling United Russia party. This party has been winning the Russian elections ever since the fall of the Soviet Union.

Critics of Putin say that he has taken away people's freedoms, and that he has failed to make the country more developed. Russia makes lots of money from selling oil and gas to other countries, but because of corruption, this money is not used for improving living conditions.
Recently, the Russian opposition has held anti-government rallies, campaigned against Putin on the Internet, and published independent reports for the general public. Because of censorship in the mass media, it's very difficult to get different information out to the public.

Putin was against invading Libya in 2011. He is also against invading Syria and Iran.

On March 24, 2014, Putin and Russia were suspended from the G8. This was because the United States thought that the Ukraine crisis was Putin's fault.

According to the Constitution of Russia, no-one can be president three times in a row. Because of this, Putin didn't put himself forward for the March 2008 election. However, you're allowed to be president as many times as you want, as long as it's not for more than two times in a row. In March 2012, Putin put himself forward for the elections, and won 64% of the vote. This means that he was the president of Russia until 2018.
On December 6, 2017 Russia President Vladimir Putin announced he would run for a fourth term in the upcoming election, 2018 Russian Presidential Election.

In July 2020, Russian voters backed a referendum that would allow Putin to serve as president until 2036.

On 24 February 2022, Putin announced that his military was going to invade Ukraine. This happened after a year of tension and military buildup between the two countries. The invasion led to many calling Putin a war criminal and wanting him to be prosecuted as a war criminal.He has an arrest warrant for war crimes in Ukraine since 17 March 2023.

Personal life
He is a member of the Russian Orthodox Church, and is divorced with two daughters.

References

Bibliography

Other sources 

Burrett, Tina. Television and Presidential Power in Putin's Russia (Routledge; 2010) 300 pages
Kanet Roger E., ed. Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 295 pages; essays by experts

Journalist works
Journalist works

Gessen, Masha, The Man Without a Face : the unlikely rise of Vladimir Putin , New York : RIVERHEAD BOOKS, 2012.

Other websites

 Official personal website
 Official site of the President of Russia

1952 births
Living people
Soviet colonels
Current national leaders
Dictators
Directors of Russian intelligence agencies
KGB people
Presidents of Russia
Prime Ministers of Russia
Russian Orthodox Christians
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Time People of the Year
Politicians from Saint Petersburg
Henry VII or Henry Tudor (28 January 1457–21 April 1509) was King of England from 1485 to 1509. He founded the Tudor dynasty by winning the battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. His son became king Henry VIII of England.

Biography 
Henry VII was born in 1457 to Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort. His father died two months before he was born, leaving his 13-year-old mother as his only parent. After Henry's birth, he spent a lot of time with his uncle Jasper Tudor. Jasper took Henry to France, where he spent most of his youth. Henry had a claim to the throne of England, but it was not a very good one, and he had to wait a long time for a chance to take the throne.
In 1483, a new king came to the throne in England, called Richard III. King Richard was not popular with everyone. Some thought he had stolen the throne from his young nephews and had killed them. This gave Henry the chance he had been waiting for. With help from the French, he raised an army. They landed at Dale in Pembrokeshire, close to where Henry had been born, so he was able to gather more supporters on the way.

The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) had been going on for years. They were fought over the throne of England between supporters of the House of Lancaster and supporters of the House of York. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing their descent from King Edward III.                            

King Henry VI and his family the House of Lancaster fought against their enemies for many years.  The wars finally came to an end when King Henry VII of England came to the throne in 1485.
On 22 August 1485, Henry's army defeated Richard III's army at the Battle of Bosworth Field. When Richard III died in this battle, Henry VII became king.  Other people also had a claim on the throne, and Henry did his best to stop them from taking it from him, either by executing them, putting them in prison, or trying to make friends of them, as he did with the Earl of Lincoln.  Another step he took was to marry Elizabeth of York, the niece of King Richard III, who would herself have been the heir to the throne if she had not been a girl.
There were also people who pretended to be long-lost members of the royal family, so that they could try to take the throne. One of these was a little boy called Lambert Simnel, who looked very like Edward, Earl of Warwick. The real Earl of Warwick was Henry's prisoner, but this did not stop other people from believing that Lambert was him. The Earl of Lincoln rebelled against King Henry and raised an army to make Lambert king, thinking that he himself could rule the country. There was a battle, and the Earl of Lincoln was killed. Lambert Simnel was captured, but, because he was only a child, Henry spared his life and he became a royal servant.

Henry married Elizabeth of York, and by this action put an end to the Wars of the Roses. They had six children, but only four survived infancy:

 Arthur Tudor (September 1486–April 1502)
 Margaret Tudor (November 1489–October 1541)
 Henry VIII (June 1491–January 1547)
 Mary Tudor (March 1496–June 1533)
 Edmund Tudor (died young)
 Catherine Tudor (died young)
Henry VII increased taxes so future kings would have enough money. People disliked that.

Death 

Henry VII died of tuberculosis in 1509 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.  He was succeeded by his son, Henry VIII on 21 April 1509.

1457 births
1509 deaths

House of Tudor
15th century in England
16th century in England
Dover is also the name of the capital of Delaware

Dover is a town on the coast in Kent, in the United Kingdom. It was built by the Romans. There is a castle in Dover, called Dover Castle. It is the largest castle in England. The population is about 39,078. Throughout history, it has been an important port of Britain because it is the closest port to mainland Europe. The sea between Dover and the French port of Calais is called the Strait of Dover. It is the narrowest part of the English Channel at only  wide.

The ferry port in Dover has ferries to Calais, France and Ostende, Belgium. Almost 45,000 people and 15,000 vehicles pass through the port every day. On of the largest tourist attractions around Dover are the White Cliffs of Dover.
Dover History
The Romans first tried to invade Dover in 55BC, under Julius Caesar. They were forced back by the Celts, who fiercely defended the coastline. It was not until 43 AD, under the rule of Emperor Claudius, that Roman forces landed on British soil at Richborough and took control of the land as far as the northern border. Dover, then called DVBRIS, became the Romans' most important naval town.

Gallery

Other websites
A History of Dover 
The History of Dover Castle
Dover Castle information 

Towns in Kent
Tonbridge is a town in Kent in England. The River Medway runs through the town. A castle stands on the northern river bank in the middle of Tonbridge.

Tonbridge is linked by railways to London and Dover.

There are many secondary schools in the area. such as Tonbridge Grammar School

Towns in Kent
Inverness is a city in the northern part of Scotland. It is often called the capital of the Highlands. It is on the A9 road. Inverness Airport is an important way to get to the Scottish Highlands.

Notable people 
Yvette Cooper, politician
Karen Gillan, actress
Charles Kennedy, politician

Inverness
A boycott is a protest where the protesters do not buy a product or give money to a company. Instead of buying a certain product, they might also buy another, very similar product from a different company.

The word was made during the Irish Land War'. It comes from the name of Captain Charles Boycott. Boycott was in charge of looking after the land of a landlord in County Mayo, Ireland. In 1880, the tenants (those who rented) wanted their rent lowered. Boycott refused, and threw them out of the land they had rented. The Irish Land League then proposed that instead of becoming violent, everyone in the community should stop doing business with Captain Boycott. The captain was soon isolated. No one helped him with the harvest, no one worked in his stables or his house. Local businessmen no longer traded with him, the postman no longer delivered his post.
To get his harvest done, he had to hire 50 people from other counties, the counties Cavan and Monaghan. They were escorted to and from their work by 1000 policemen. Of course, this cost far more than what the harvest was worth.

Other websites

boycott resources 
List of boycotts at EthicalConsumer.org

Economics
Protests
When something is artificial, or man-made, it has been made by humans, not nature. For example, an artificial satellite is one made by humans, while a natural satellite is a satellite that was not made by humans. Many artificial things imitate or copy things found in nature. The imitation may use the same basic materials as those in the natural object; or it may use quite different materials, as in Artificial leather. These are concepts in defining reality. There are different ideas about what can be considered artificial and what is natural.

The word "artificial" comes from the Latin words art (meaning "skill") and fex ("to make").

Artificial does not necessarily mean synthetic (that is, created by synthesis). An artificial sweetener imitates sweetness using a chemical formula that is not found in nature; it is therefore both artificial and synthetic.

Some disasters are natural, but some are man-made disasters. like the dust-bowl disaster in the United States. See Dust Bowl.

References

Related pages
Related pages

Artifact (disambiguation)
Ontology

Technology
Anthropology
King Arthur was a mythical king in the mythology of Great Britain. He lived in the medieval times, in his famous castle, Camelot. He possessed a sword known as Excalibur, given to him by the Lady of the Lake.

King Arthur is a fabled ruler of Sub-Roman Britain who defended his kingdom from the Anglo-Saxons.  He is a popular fictional character in modern literature. He won several battles, and had many homes. However, his favorite home was in Camelot.  In one of the most famous tales of King Arthur, he pulls a sword out of a stone, making him King of the Britons.

 

The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin work Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), completed .
Camelot 
Many castles claim to be Arthur's Camelot, but the most likely one is Tintagel Castle, Cornwall (though there is no evidence for this). In Camelot sat the famous Round Table, where Arthur, his queen Guinevere, Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Sir Lancelot, Sir Gawain, Percival and many other valiant knights sat. Arthur and his knights went on many quests including The Quest For The Holy Grail, The Green Knight, The Black Knight and more.

Death 
After King Arthur's many adventures, his son Mordred seized his kingdom and queen, forcing Arthur to fight for what was truly his. They fought for a long time. Mordred hit King Arthur in many places, but in the end Arthur killed Mordred. After this victory, King Arthur was weak and died from losing blood from battle wounds. As his knights rode back to Camelot, they threw Excalibur into the lake so that it could return to where it came from. One legend says Arthur never died, and will return when the British need him.
Books, poems and movies 
Many books have been written about King Arthur.  Most of them involve Merlin, the Knights of the Round Table, and Morgan le Fay.

Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote the first book about Arthur in the 12th century.  In the 15th century, Sir Thomas Malory wrote one of the best-known books about Arthur, called Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur).  Later, in the 19th century, Alfred, Lord Tennyson visited Tintagel, the mythical Camelot, twice.  He wrote a series of poems about Arthur. 

Some stories about Arthur say he tried to find the Holy Grail, the cup that Jesus drank from at the Last Supper. 

There are also many movies about Arthur.  These include Disney's The Sword in the Stone; Monty Python and the Holy Grail; King Arthur (2004); King Arthur, The Kid Who Would Be King (2019); the Legend of the Sword (2017); and the musical Camelot.

References 

Arthurian legend
Facts 
John Chapman is said to have been in the Wilkes-Barre region some time in the 1790s, practicing his profession as a nurseryman, but just when he embraced the Swedenborgian faith and began his missionary activities we cannot be sure, though it is probable that it was before he ever reached western Pennsylvania. There are some early accounts of John speaking of his own activities as "a Bible missionary" on the Potomac when he was a young man, and Johnny was seen for two or three consecutive years along the banks of the Potomac in eastern Virginia, picking the seeds from the pomace of the cider mills in the late 1790s.The apple seeds that Johnny obtained were free, as the cider mills wanted there to be more apple trees planted to improve their business.

At the time of his death, Johnny Appleseed left an estate of more than 1,200 acres of nurseries, and he left these to his sister.  He additionally had four plots located in Allen County, Indiana, which was a nursery that included 15,000 trees.
Other websites 
http://johnnyappleseedfacts.com/ 

American folklore
People from Massachusetts
Christian missionaries
1774 births
1847 deaths
A Compact Disc, also called a CD is a storage device in the form of small plastic discs which store and retrieve computer data or music using light. Compact Discs replaced floppy disks because they were faster and could hold more information. The CDs made floppy disks become obsolete. CDs were invented by both Philips and Sony at the same time, but not together. Sony and Philips did work together to create a standard format and the technology to read CDs in 1982. CDs can hold up to 700 MB worth of data, which is about 80 minutes of music. Mini CDs were also made for special small programs like drivers. CDs that have computer information on them are called CD-ROMs, or Compact Disc - Read Only Memory. The diameter of a normal CD is 120 mm. The middle hole in a CD is about 1.5 cm).

Related pages

 CD-R
 CD-RW
 CD-MO
 Video CD or VCD
 DVD
Maidstone is a town in Kent, in England. It stands on the River Medway. Maidstone is the county town of Kent, meaning the local government is based there. Its name means "stone of the maidens". The town of Maidstone is within the borough of Maidstone, which also includes several surrounding villages. In 2001, 75,070 people lived in the town of Maidstone, and there were 138,959 in the whole of the Borough.

History
During the Civil War a battle took place in 1648, which was won by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers. A year later, Andrew Broughton, who was then Mayor of Maidstone (and also Clerk to the High Court of Justice) gave the death sentence to Charles I. Today there is a plaque in Maidstone Town Centre describing Andrew as 'Mayor and Regicide' (a killer of kings).
Maidstone used to be an industrial area, with paper making and brewing being two of the most important industries, although both have mainly died out in recent years. Until 1998, Sharps Toffee factory was where Bassets liquorice allsorts and other sweets were made. Most of the heavy industry has now been replaced by light and service industries.

Today
Today, Maidstone is one of the top five shopping centres in the south east of England, with more than one million square feet of retail space.  Most of this is in two shopping areas, Fremlin Walk, which was built on the site of one of the old breweries, is , and The Mall Maidstone provides another . Both include multi-story car parks.

Towns in Kent
Redhill  can mean several things:

Hill
 Maibam Lokpa Ching, a WWII memorial site, also known as Red Hills, because the entire landscape was dyed red due to heavy casualties in the Japanese troops as a result of British attack in the Battle of Imphal.

Towns and cities
 Redhill, Somerset, England
 Redhill, Surrey, England
 Redhill, Nottinghamshire, England
 Redhill, Singapore, Singapore

Schools
 Redhill High School, South Africa
Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), usually called C. S. Lewis, was a British scholar who wrote about 40 books. He was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is famous for his fantasy works, essays, and writings on literature and theology. Lewis' theological works are usually apologetics, the defence of Christianity. Some of his most popular Christian writings were Mere Christianity and The Screwtape Letters. His works have been translated into more than 30 languages. Lewis was a professor of literature at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.

Lewis was married to American writer Joy Davidman (1915–1960) from 1956 until her death from bone cancer. He died of renal failure in Oxford. 

His writing is popular with many people, and many of his books were made into movies. His most famous and popular fantasy work is The Chronicles of Narnia, which is a series of seven books.

He died in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England.

References

Other websites 
 Encyclopædia Britannica
1898 births
1963 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Oxford
British Anglicans
British children's writers
British novelists
Converts to Christianity
English theologians
Northern Irish Protestants
Writers from Belfast
This article is about the Irish rock band.  For the American rock band, see The Cars.

The Corrs is a folk pop rock band from Ireland. There are three sisters and one brother in the quartet. They became very popular in the late 1990s.

The group 
They were all born in Dundalk, Republic of Ireland, the children of Gerry and Jean Corr.

Jim Corr 
Jim Corr (born 31 July 1964) is the oldest member of the group. He mainly plays the guitar, but he can also play the on the keyboards and the piano.

Sharon Corr 
Sharon Corr (born 24 March 1970) plays the violin, keyboards, and does backing vocals and vocals on her own (vocals means "singing").

Caroline Corr 
Caroline Corr, (born 17 March 1973) plays the drums, the "percussion", the bodhran, the piano, and also does backing vocals.

Andrea Corr 
Andrea Corr (born 17 May 1974) plays the tin whistle and does the lead vocals.
Early history 
The Corrs created themselves in 1991 to try to get in the movie The Commitments. Jim, Sharon, and Caroline got a small part as musicians, while Andrea got a speaking part as Sharon Rabbitte, sister of the main character. It was while they were trying out for this movie that they were noticed by their manager, John Hughes.

Their music has been released through Atlantic Records, a music company.

Their first album, Forgiven, Not Forgotten, was most popular in Australia. They then did another album called Talk On Corners, which was very popular in Ireland and Britain.

Albums released 
 Jupiter Calling (2017)
 White Light (2015)
 Home (2005)
 Borrowed Heaven (2004)
 The Best Of The Corrs (2001)
 In Blue (2000)
 Talk on Corners (1998)
 Forgiven, Not Forgotten (1995)

DVDs they have been on 
 Best Of The Corrs 2002
 Live In London 2001
 Live At Lansdowne Road 2000
 Unplugged 2000
 Live At The Royal Albert Hall 2000

References 
 The Corrs Rock (fans website with discussion board)
Other websites 
 Official Corrs site 
 The Corrs Infopage (fan website)

1990s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Folk music groups
Irish pop music groups
Irish rock bands
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical quartets
Pop rock bands
Aaron is a person described in the Bible and the Qu'ran. He was the older brother of Moses. He helped Moses lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. In the Bible, he appeared very much in Exodus.

Moses' helper 
Aaron spoke for Moses, when he went to tell Pharaoh the King of Egypt everything God wanted Moses to say. The Lord said to Moses (Exodus 7:1 to 3), "See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet. You are to say everything I command you, and your brother Aaron is to tell Pharaoh to let the Israelites go out of his country...".

Aaron's staff
Aaron's staff

Aaron's staff was used by the Lord a few times when trying to persuade the Pharaoh to let the Israelites go. The Lord ordered Moses and Aaron, "When Pharaoh says to you, 'Perform a miracle,' then say to Aaron, Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh', and it will become a snake." So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and Aaron did so. Aaron's staff, according to the Bible, really became a snake and ate up all the other snakes that the Pharaoh's magicians had made. Also, Aaron's staff was used to make the Nile River all turn into blood. He "stretched it out", and the fish in the Nile died, and the river smelled; and the Egyptians could not drink the water, as it was recorded in the Bible.

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
15th-century BC deaths
Paula Julie Abdul (; born June 19, 1962) is an American singer and dancer. She had a string of hit songs and choreographed (planned) many dances for herself and others, including singer-songwriter Janet Jackson.  Musically, she is known for her late-1980s number-one singles "Straight Up" and "Cold Hearted", along with the 1990s number-one hit "Opposites Attract".  She won a Grammy Award for "Best Music Video – Short Form" for "Opposites Attract". She was a judge on the television show American Idol for its first eight seasons. She has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.

Abdul is Jewish.

=Discography

Studio albums 
 Forever Your Girl (1988)
 Spellbound (1991)
 Head over Heels (1995)

Tours and residencies
Headlining
Under My Spell Tour (1991–92)
Straight Up Paula! (2018–19)

Co-headlining
Club MTV Live (1989)
Total Package Tour (2017)

Residency
Paula Abdul: Forever Your Girl (2019–20)

Filmography

Film

Television

As Choreographer

Awards and honors
Awards and honors

See also
 List of artists who reached number one in the United States
 List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart
 List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart
 List of artists who reached number one on the Australian singles chart

References

External links

 
 
 
 
 

1962 births
Living people
American dancers
American Idol
American pop musicians
Television personalities from Los Angeles
American choreographers
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Mezzo-sopranos
Singers from Los Angeles
American contemporary R&B singers
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American new jack swing singers
American hip hop musicians
American dance musicians
American Jews
Douglas Adams (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was a British writer. He is most famous for his The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series.

Adams was born in Cambridge. When he was a few months old he moved to East London and a few years later to Brentwood, Essex. He originally received attention when he wrote for the popular TV shows Monty Python and Doctor Who in the 1970s. In 1978 he wrote a science-fiction radio series called The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. It was later turned into a novel. In the early 1980s, it became a television series and in 2005 it became a movie produced by Disney. Adams also wrote several sequels for radio and as novels. He was also known for his humorous detective novels starring Dirk Gently, and for his efforts to conserve endangered species. He was an atheist. In 2001, Adams died of a heart attack while he was working out at the gym in Montecito, California, United States.

References
References 

1952 births
2001 deaths
British atheists
English novelists
People from Brentwood, Essex
Writers from Essex
Tom Arnold (born March 6, 1959) is an American actor and comedian. He was born in Ottumwa, Iowa. He became famous when he married Roseanne Barr in 1990, another comedian and star of the popular sitcom, Roseanne, who he divorced in 1994. Recently, he was one of the original hosts of the talk show, "The Best Damn Sports Show Period!" on Fox Sports. In November 2009, he married Ashley Groussman.

References

Other websites 

Hollywood.com’s Tom Arnold profile
Tom Arnold on Officer Phil’s KUSI-TV page

1959 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Iowa
Comedians from Iowa
Beatrice "Bea" Arthur (May 13, 1922 - April 25, 2009) was an American actress, comedian, and singer, best known for her roles in Maude and The Golden Girls. She was Jewish.

Early life
Arthur was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Her parents were Philip and Rebecca Frankelin. She grew up in Cambridge, Maryland. After high school and the junior college she did an apprenticeship as a Medical Laboratory Technician and she was as a volunteer for the United States Marine Corps.

Career

Theater
In 1946 she moved back to New York and studied acting with Erwin Piscator.

Personal life
In the 1940s, she was married to author and producer Robert Alan Arthur.

In 1950, she married Gene Saks.

References

Other websites 

 
 Playbill biography
1922 births
2009 deaths
Actors from New York City
American feminists
American LGBT rights activists
American military personnel of World War II
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
Emmy Award winning actors
Jewish activists
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish comedians
Jewish feminists
Singers from New York City
Tony Award winning actors
American stage actors
United States Marine Corps personnel
Dave Attell (born January 18, 1965) is an American comedian and host of the TV show Insomniac with Dave Attell, shown on Comedy Central in the United States.

Comedians from New York City
1965 births
Living people
Christiaan Karel Appel (; 25 April 1921 – 3 May 2006) was a Dutch painter. He painted in the abstract expressionist style. He was known for his childlike style.

1921 births
2006 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Dutch painters
People from Amsterdam
Dutch sculptors
Randall Charles Bachman (born September 27, 1943 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian musician. He was a member of the rock groups The Guess Who and later Bachman–Turner Overdrive.

Other websites
Official website

1943 births
Living people
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian rock singers
Musicians from Winnipeg
Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish writer. His best-known work is Peter Pan.

Barrie was born in Kirriemuir. He died of pneumonia in London. 

1860 births
1937 deaths
British children's writers
Scottish novelists
People from Angus
Charon can mean:
Charon, the ferryman to the Greek underworld in Greek mythology
Charon (moon), a moon of the dwarf planet, Pluto
Charon (band), a Finnish gothic metal band
Charon (web browser), a web browser for the Inferno operating system
Charon (Forever War), a fictional planet in the Forever War
Charon (animal), a genus of amblypygid
Charon (cars), a Dutch automobile manufacturer
Charon of Lampsacus|Charon of Lampsacus, ancient Greek logographer
CHARON, a programming language 
Charon (Dungeons & Dragons), a lord of the yugoloths whose primary function is to provide passage across the River Styx for a steep price
Charon (CrossGen), a comic book character from CrossGen Entertainment's Sigilverse
Charon QC (Law), a law blog http://charonqc.wordpress.com/
Charon (The Three Worlds), a fictional human species from Ian Irvine's arc of novels, The Three Worlds.
Riga is the capital city of the European country of Latvia. Riga is on river Daugava near the Baltic Sea.  The historical center of Riga is in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List and is notable for its Art Nouveau architecture, which, according to UNESCO, has no equal in the world. 

The mayor of Riga was Mārtiņš Staķis.  He resigned in July 2023. 

The current mayor of Riga is Vilnis Ķirsis. He became the mayor on July 5, 2023.

History 
Riga was founded in 1201. It was a castle of the Teutonic Order.

In 1710 during the Great Northern War the city was incorporated to Russia. Then it became a center of Courland province.

Since 1918 Riga has been the capital city of Latvia, including Soviet Latvia in 1940-1991.

On June 30, 1941 German troops captured Riga. The city was liberated on October 15, 1944.

People 
The Riga inhabitants are named “Rīdzinieki” on Latvian and “рижане”(rizhani) on Russian.
Most of the people by ethnic origin are Latvian (45%) and 40% are Russian. Historically the city had large German population. Among other ethnic groups there are Byelorussians, Poles and Jews.

In the 16th century, Riga was one of the largest cities on the Baltic Sea coast, with a population of about 16,000. The population fell to about 6000 in 1720, but grew rapidly later, reaching 517,000 in 1913. The world wars reduced the population. It reached its peak in 1990 — 909,135 people.

Economy 
During the Soviet period the Riga wagon building factory made a very big number of local trains.

The Latvian National Theatre is in Riga.

Transportation 
The are 8 tram and 18 trolley routes run by Rīgas Satiksme.

Notable people 
Vera Mukhina, sculptor.
Sergey Eisenstein, movie director.
Mikhail Zadornov, writer.
Oleg Znarok, ice hockey player and coach.

References

Other websites 
 Riga Photos 

 
1201 establishments
Establishments in Latvia
1200s establishments in Europe
Pope John Paul II (; ; ), sometimes called Saint John Paul or John Paul the Great, born Karol Józef Wojtyła (; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), was the 264th Pope of the Catholic Church from 16 October 1978 to his death on 2 April 2005. He was the third longest-serving pope in history. As a Pole, he was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. The last non-Italian pope was Pope Adrian VI, who died in 1523.

He is the first pope to have visited the White House, and a mosque. He traveled more than any other pope before him, visiting many of the countries of the world. He is also famous for starting the annual World Youth Day. His last youth day was Cologne, Germany in 2005. After he was beatified, his title was changed to Blessed John Paul II. John Paul II was canonized by Pope Francis on 27 April 2014 which means that the Polish Pope is now known as Saint John Paul II.
Early life
Karol Józef Wojtyła was born on 18 May 1920 in Wadowice, Poland. His parents were Karol Wojtyła, who was a military officer, and Emilia Kaczorowska, who was a seamstress. He was the youngest of three children. He was nine years old when his mother died in 1929. His father supported him so that he could study. His brother was a doctor. He died when Wojtyła was twelve. He lost everyone in his family - a sister, brother, mother, and father - before he became a priest. He played sports. He liked football (soccer) as a goalkeeper.

Wojtyła went to Marcin Wadowita high school in Wadowice. In 1938, he studied drama at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. He worked as a volunteer librarian. He was an athlete, actor, and playwright. He did two months military training in the Academic Legion. This training was compulsory. He would not hold or fire a weapon.
On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was knocked down by a German truck (lorry). He thought he would be badly treated. The German officers sent him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there with head and shoulder injuries. It was at this time that he decided that he must become a priest. When he left hospital, the young Polish men were being sent to Germany for training. He escaped to the house of the Archbishop. He hid there till after the war. On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans left the city. The priests and teacher and students went back to the seminary. There was a big clean-up to be done. Wojtyła offered to clean out the lavatories.

That month, Wojtyła found a fourteen-year-old Jewish refugee named Edith Zierer. She was trying to reach her parents. She had collapsed from hunger. He gave her food and helped her go to the railway station. She did not hear of him again until the day came when he was elected Pope.
Priest
Karol Wojtyła was ordained as a priest by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha on 1 November 1946.

Bishop
In 1958, Wojtyła then became the youngest bishop in Poland at the age of 38. In 1962 he took part in the Second Vatican Council and helped write two very important documents. One was about Religious freedom and the other one was about the work of the church in the Modern World.

In 1963 Bishop Wojtyła became Archbishop of Kraków.

Cardinal
On 26 June 1967, Pope Paul VI raised Archbishop Wojtyła's rank to the rank of a cardinal.

Pope

John Paul II became Pope on 16 October 1978. John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. He was pope for 26 years, making him the second longest serving pope after Pope Pius IX who held the office for 31 years and seven months. He was also the first and only Slavic pope. John Paul II was the most traveled pope in history with 104 international trips.