Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Google Campus 
Google got the facilities in early 2003. Clive Wilkinson Architects redesigned the inside in 2005. Google bought some of Silicon Graphics' properties in June 2006 for $319 million.

The buildings are not tall, but the complex covers a large area of land. The inside of the headquarters has items like shade lamps and giant rubber balls for decoration. The lobby has a piano and a projection of current live Google searches. There are also facilities like free laundry rooms, two small swimming pools, volleyball courts, and eighteen cafeterias with different menus. Google has also put in models of SpaceShipOne and a dinosaur skeleton.

Since 2007 the place has a set of solar panels covering the roofs of eight buildings and two solar carports. These can produce 1.6 megawatts of electricity. 30% of the peak electricity demand comes from the panels in their solar-powered buildings.
Bay view addition 
In 2013 construction started on a new 1.1 million square foot headquarters campus called "Bay View". This was next to the original campus on  leased from NASA. The estimated cost of the project is $120 million with a target opening date of 2015.

NBBJ is the architect of the addition. This is also the first time Google has designed its own buildings.

The addition is close to northeast corner of the complex. Google tried to get permission from the city to build bridges over Stevens Creek before announcing its construction. Google's 2012 year-end annual report says that it can expand only  of the  site.

In popular culture

The Googleplex was featured in the 2013 film The Internship, with the Georgia Tech campus standing in as a double. It was also the inspiration for the fictional Hooli headquarters in the HBO TV series Silicon Valley.

References

Google
Mountain View, California
Buildings and structures in California
Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Höss (also Höß, Hoeß, or Hoess; 25 November 1901 – 16 April 1947) was a high-ranking member of the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS) during World War II.  He was in charge of Auschwitz concentration camp for about four years from 4 May 1940-18 January 1945. He was put on trial in 1947 at the Auschwitz concentration camp on 16 April 1947 at the age of 45. Höss was friends with Martin Bormann a Nazi official.
During World War II, Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, decided to exterminate (kill all of) the Jewish people in Europe.  They called this plan the "Final Solution".  The Nazis also sent many other people to concentration camps and extermination camps (death camps).  As Commandant (commander) at Auschwitz, Höss tested and started using different ways of killing these people more quickly.  He started using Zyklon B, a pesticide with hydrogen cyanide in it, to kill prisoners in gas chambers.  This allowed Nazi soldiers at Auschwitz to murder 2,000 people every hour.  At Auschwitz, he created the largest place meant for the constant mass murder of human beings ever known in history.
Höss joined the Nazi Party in 1922, and joined the SS in 1934.  From 4 May 1940 to November 1943, and again from 8 May 1944 to 18 January 1945, he was in charge of Auschwitz.  Before Nazi Germany lost World War II, more than a million people were murdered at Auschwitz.  Höss was hanged in 1947 after he was found guilty at a trial in Warsaw, Poland.

Life
Höss was born in Baden-Baden, Germany, on 25 November 1900.  His parents were Franz Xaver Höss and Lina Höss.  He was the oldest of three children, and was the only son.  Höss's family was very Catholic.

In his autobiography, Höss said that he was briefly kidnapped by Gypsies when he was a child.
Höss's father was a former German army officer who had served in German East Africa (a German colony that included what are now Burundi, Rwanda, and part of Tanzania).  After leaving the army, he ran a tea and coffee business.  He brought up his son based on strict Catholic beliefs, and with military discipline.  He had decided that Höss would become a Catholic priest.  During Höss's early childhood, he was constantly being told about sin, guilt, and the need to do penance.

Höss began turning against religion as a young teenager.  This happened after he gave a confession to a priest (he told the priest what he had done wrong).  In Catholicism, the "Seal of the Confessional" is supposed to be unbreakable.  This means a priest is never supposed to tell anyone what someone has said in a confession.  Höss said he started to dislike religion when the priest told Höss's father about something Höss had said in a confession.  Soon after this, Höss's father died, and Höss began moving toward a military life.
When World War I started, Höss served briefly in a military hospital.  Then, at age 14, he was allowed to join his father's and grandfather's old regiment, the German Army's 21st Regiment of Dragoons.  At age 15, he fought with the Ottoman Sixth Army at Baghdad, at Kut-el-Amara, and in Palestine.  While stationed in Turkey, he rose to the rank of  (sergeant).  At age 17, he was the youngest non-commissioned officer in the German Army.  While in the Army, he was injured three times and got malaria.  He was awarded the Ottoman Empire's Gallipoli Star, the Iron Cross first and second class, and other decorations.
Nazi career
After Germany surrendered in November 1918, Höss finished high school.  Soon, he joined the nationalist paramilitary groups that were forming.  First, he joined the East Prussian Volunteer Corps.  Then he joined the  in the countries around the Baltic Sea, Silesia, and the Ruhr.  Höss participated in the armed terror attacks on Polish people during the Silesian Uprisings (when the Polish people tried to break away from German control).  He also participated in terror attacks on French nationals during the Occupation of the Ruhr (when the Ruhr valley in Germany was occupied by France and Belgium).

Höss joined the Nazi Party in 1922 after hearing Adolf Hitler's speech in Munich.  Höss led at least one political assassination, and spent six years in jail for it.
On 31 May 1923, in Mecklenburg, Germany, Höss and members of the Freikorps (German volunteer soldiers) beat to death a local schoolteacher named Walther Kadow.  They did this because Martin Bormann wanted them to.  Bormann later became Hitler's private secretary.  Bormann thought that Kadow had told the French occupational government Nazi soldier Albert Leo Schlageter was sabotaging French supply lines.  Schlageter was arrested and executed on 26 May 1923.  Soon afterward, Höss and several accomplices, including Bormann, killed Kadow out of revenge.  In 1923, after one of the killers confessed to a local newspaper, Höss was arrested and tried as the leader of the murder.  Höss later said than another man was actually in charge, but at the time, Höss accepted the blame as the group's leader.  He was convicted and sentenced (on 15 or 17 May 1924).  His sentence was for 10 years in Brandenburg Penitentiary (prison). Bormann was sentenced to one year in prison.
Höss was released in July 1928 as part of a general amnesty.  He joined the  ("Artaman League"), a nationalist "back-to-the-land" movement that supported clean, farm living.

On 17 August 1929, Höss married Hedwig Hensel (3 March 1908 – 15 September 1989), whom he met in the Artaman League.  Between 1930 and 1943, they had five children: two sons (Klaus and Hans-Jürgen) and three daughters (Heidetraut, Inge-brigitt and Annegret).

Joining the SS
Höss became a member of the SS on 1 April 1934, when Heinrich Himmler encouraged all Nazi men to join the SS.  Höss joined the SS-Totenkopfverbände (Death's Head Units) in the same year.  He came to admire Himmler so much that he thought whatever Himmler said was "gospel."  He even preferred to display Himmler's picture in his office instead of Hitler's.
Höss was assigned to the Dachau concentration camp in December 1934.  There, he where he held the post of Blockführer ("Block Leader"), meaning he was in charge of one barracks of prisoners.  In 1938, Höss was promoted to SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain), and was made an assistant to Hermann Baranowski in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

Höss joined the Waffen-SS in 1939 after Nazi Germany invaded Poland.  Höss was good at his job, and his bosses suggested that he should be promoted (given a better job).  By the end of his tour of duty there, Höss was in charge of prisoners' belongings.

Auschwitz command
Auschwitz command

On 1 May 1940, Höss was appointed commandant of Auschwitz, which was a combination of concentration camps and an extermination camp.  Höss commanded the camp for three and a half years.  During this time, he changed the original camp into a huge complex (group of camps) called Auschwitz-Birkenau.  Höss went to Auschwitz determined "to do things differently" and develop a more efficient camp than the camps at Dachau and Sachsenhausen where he had worked before.  Höss lived at Auschwitz in a villa with his wife and five children.

The earliest inmates at Auschwitz were Soviet prisoners of war and Polish prisoners, including peasants and intellectuals.  About 700 of these prisoners arrived at Auschwitz in June 1940; the Nazi guards told them they would not survive more than 3 months.
At its largest, Auschwitz included three major camps:
 Auschwitz I: The administrative centre for the whole complex
 Auschwitz II (Auschwitz-Birkenau): The extermination camp, where people were sent to be killed right away
 Auschwitz III (Monowitz): The forced labor camp, where prisoners were forced to do slave labor for I.G. Farben, and later other German companies

There were also many smaller "sub-camps" nearby.  The Auschwitz complex was built on about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) that had been cleared of everyone who lived there.
In June 1941, Höss met with SS Commander Heinrich Himmler in Berlin.  Himmler told Höss that Hitler had given the order for the Final Solution - to kill all of the Jewish people.  Himmler had chosen Auschwitz as the place where Europe's Jews would be exterminated.  He chose Auschwitz "[because] of its easy access by rail [train] and also because the extensive site offered space for measures ensuring isolation."  This meant that Auschwitz was big enough that the genocide of the Jews could be kept secret.  Himmler described the project as a "secret Reich matter."  Höss later said that "no one was allowed to speak about these matters with any person and that everyone promised upon his life to keep the utmost secrecy."
Höss began testing and perfecting mass murder techniques on 3 September 1941.  His experiments made Auschwitz the camp that would kill the most prisoners during the Holocaust.  Höss later said that, during a regular day at Auschwitz, two to three trains carrying 2,000 prisoners each would arrive every day for periods of four to six weeks.  The prisoners were unloaded in the Birkenau death camp.  Prisoners who were strong, healthy, and able to work were marched to barracks in either Birkenau or one of the other Auschwitz camps.  Prisoners who were elderly, very young, sick, or unable to do forced labor were killed in gas chambers, which were disguised as showers.  At first, small gassing bunkers were located deep in the woods, to keep them secret.  Later, four large gas chambers and crematoria were built in Birkenau to make it easier for the Nazis to kill more people, more quickly.
Höss experimented with different poison gases.  At first, he used cotton filters soaked in sulfuric acid.  Höss later started using hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid), made from the pesticide Zyklon B, after his deputy Karl Fritzsch tested it on a group of Russian prisoners in 1941.  Höss said that when he used Zyklon B, it took 3–15 minutes for prisoners to die, and that "we knew when the people were dead because they stopped screaming."

After Auschwitz
On 10 November 1943, Arthur Liebehenschel became the Commandant at Auschwitz.  Höss took over Liebehenschel's last job as the chairman of Amt D I in Amtsgruppe D of the SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt (WVHA), which ran the concentration camps.  Höss also was made the deputy (assistant) of Richard Glücks, the inspector of all of the concentration camps.
On 8 May 1944, Höss returned to Auschwitz to supervise operation Aktion Höss.  In Aktion Höss, 430,000 Hungarian Jews were sent to Auschwitz and killed in 56 days.  Even the huge facility that Höss had built could not handle the huge number of victims' corpses.  The camp's staff had to burn thousands of bodies in open fire pits.

Capture, trial, and execution
In the last days of the war, Himmler told Höss to disguise himself among German Navy sailors.  Höss avoided arrest for nearly a year.  When he was captured by British soldiers on 11 March 1946 in Gottrupel, he was disguised as a gardener and called himself Franz Lang.  His wife, who feared that her son, Klaus, would be shipped off to the Soviet Union to be imprisoned or tortured, had told the British where Höss was.  The British soldiers that captured Höss were led by Hanns Alexander, a young Jewish man from Berlin who was forced to flee to England with his entire family during the rise of Nazi Germany.  Höss initially denied who he was, until Alexander noticed his wedding ring and demanded to see it.  Höss refused to remove it, saying it was stuck on his finger.  But when Alexander threatened to cut his finger off, Höss removed the ring. It had the names "Rudolf" and "Hedwig" engraved inside.  After being questioned and beaten with axe handles by the British soldiers, Höss admitted who he really was.
Höss appeared at the Nuremberg Trials on 15 April 1946, where he explained his crimes in detail.<ref>Kevin Jon Heller.  The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law. Oxford University Press. 2011. p.149.</ref> Affidavits (sworn statements to the court) that Rudolf Höss made while imprisoned in Nuremberg were also used at the Pohl and IG Farben trials.

In his affidavit made at Nuremberg on 5 April 1946, Höss stated:
On 25 May 1946, Höss was handed over to Polish authorities, and the Supreme National Tribunal in Poland tried him for murder. His trial lasted from 11 to 29 March 1947.  During his trial, when accused of murdering three and a half million people, Höss replied, "No. Only two and one half million—the rest died from disease and starvation." Höss was sentenced to death by hanging on 2 April 1947.  He was executed on 16 April next to the crematorium of the former Auschwitz I concentration camp.  He was hanged on a gallows built specifically for his execution, at the location of the camp's Gestapo.  Today, a board that marks the site reads:

Höss wrote his autobiography while awaiting execution.  It was published in 1956 as , and later as Death Dealer: the Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz (among other editions).

After discussions with Höss during the Nuremberg Trials where Höss testified, the American military psychologist Gustave Gilbert wrote:
Four days before he was executed, Höss apologized for his crimes in a message to the state prosecutor:

Shortly before his execution, Höss returned to the Catholic Church.  On 10 April 1947, he received the sacrament of penance from Friar Władysław Lohn, S.J.  On the next day, the same priest gave Höss Holy Communion as Viaticum (the Eucharist given to a person who is dying).

Handwritten confession
Höss's original confession, with his signature, is displayed in a glass case in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.  Behind the confession is a photo showing Hungarian Jewish women and children walking to one of the four gas chambers in the Birkenau death camp on 26 May 1944.
Dates of rank and awards
{| width="100%"
|-
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable float-right" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ Höss's SS-ranks
!Date
!Rank
|-
|20 September 1933
||SS-Anwärter (candidate)
|-
|1 April 1934
|SS-Mann (Private)
|-
|20 April 1934
|SS-Sturmmann (Lance corporal)
|-
|28 November 1934
|SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal)
|-
|1 April 1935
|SS-Scharführer (Sergeant)
|-
|1 July 1935
|SS-Oberscharführer (Staff Sergeant)
|-
|1 March 1936
|SS-Hauptscharführer (First Sergeant)
|-
|13 September 1937
|SS-Untersturmführer (Second Lieutenant)
|-
|11 September 1938
|SS-Obersturmführer (First Lieutenant)
|-
|9 November 1938
|SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain)
|-
|30 January 1941
|SS-Sturmbannführer (Major)
|-
|18 July 1942
|SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant colonel)
|}
|valign="top"|
Awards and decorations
Iron Cross (1914) First & Second Class
War Merit Cross (with Swords) First & Second Class
SS Long Service Award (12 years)
Police Long Service Award (18 years)
 General Service Gau Badge (1925)
Baltic Cross
SA Sports Badge (in Bronze)
German Sports Badge (in Bronze)
Wound Badge (1914) in Silver
 Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)
 Baden Military Bravery Medal
 Austrian War Service Medal
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard
SS Honour Ring
SS Honour Sword
SS Julleuchter
|}

References
Notes
References
Notes

Bibliography
Autobiography, edited by Steven Paskuly and translated by Andrew Pollinger: Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1992. . Google Books preview.
Höß, Rudolf. Kommandant in Auschwitz; autobiographische Aufzeichnungen. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte. Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte, Bd. 5. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1958. 
Höss, Rudolf. Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess. (Constantine FitzGibbon, trans.) London: Phoenix Press, 2000. . (A different translation of Kommandant in Auschwitz.)
Gilbert, Gustave. [1947] 1995. Nuremberg Diary. USA: Da Capo Press. .
SS Personnel Service Record of Rudolf Höss, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland, US.
Ravenswood, Linda, Frau Kommandant Hoess' Pink Cardigan, Rivets Literary Magazine, 2010.
Further reading
Fest, Joachim C. and Bullock, Michael (trans.) "Rudolf Höss - The Man in the Crowd" in The Face of the Third Reich New York: Penguin, 1979 (orig. published in German in 1963), pp. 415–432.  ISBN  978-0201407143.

Other websites

 Modern History Sourcebook: Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz: Testimony at Nuremberg, 1946
 
 Hanns and Rudolf 

1900 births
1947 deaths
German colonels
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
People executed by hanging
People from Baden-Württemberg
SS officers
Waffen-SS people
Bloons Tower Defense (also known as Bloons TD or BTD) are a series of tower-defense games that were created by Ninja Kiwi. The focus of the games is to use towers to defeat an enemy called Bloons to progress through the game. As you play the game, the Bloons become more difficult to defeat. Players are able to upgrade their towers to help defeat stronger enemies. Bloons can come with power ups, such as camouflage and regeneration. Most of the Tower Defense games can be played on computers and mobile/tablets.

Main Entries

Pricing 
On mobile, all of the Bloons Tower Defense Games (except Bloons Monkey City and Bloons TD 3, which are free on the App Store) cost $2.99 to play and download. A free game is also on their website. Some of the Bloons games have lite versions, such as Bloons TD or Bloons TD 4, which are free to play, but have limitations.
Bloons 
The enemies of the series are "Bloons". (The trademarked word Bloons is a spinoff of the word "balloons".) Once the Bloons come, a monkey will have to be placed to pop them. These monkeys pop the bloons. Red Bloons release no "children". B.A.Ds also have no "parents". Children & parents are terms determining what Bloons release when pop (children) and what Bloon releases that Bloon (parents). For example, the child of a Blue Bloon is a Red Bloon, and the parent of a Blue Bloon is a Green Bloon. A Red Bloon Equivalent (RBE) value is the number of Red Bloons it is equivalent to.

Towers 
In Bloons, there are a lot of towers. All towers contain upgrades that help make them better. All towers can be upgraded four tiers. You can only upgrade one side of the tower to the fourth tier but upgrade the other side to the second tier.

Bloons Tower Defense Games
Bloons Adventure Time TD
 Bloons Monkey City Flash
 Bloons Monkey City Mobile
 Bloons TD (DSi ware)
 Bloons TD 1
 Bloons TD 2
 Bloons TD 3
 Bloons TD 4
 Bloons TD 4 (DSi)
 Bloons TD 4 Expansion
 Bloons TD 4 HD Lite
 Bloons TD 4 Mobile
 Bloons TD 5
 Bloons TD 5 Console
 Bloons TD 5 Deluxe
 Bloons TD 5 Flash
 Bloons TD 5 Mac
 Bloons TD 5 Mobile
 Bloons TD 5 Steam
 Bloons TD 6
 Bloons TD 6+
 Bloons TD Battles 2
 Bloons TD Battles Flash
 Bloons TD Battles Mobile
 Bloons TD Battles Steam
 Bloons TD Mobile
 Bloons Tower Defense
 Bloons Tower Defense (PSN)
 Bloons Tower Defense 2
 Bloons Tower Defense 3
 Bloons Tower Defense 5 HD

Popularity 
The Bloons Tower Defense series has been a top seller on the Apple app store. Bloons TD 4 reached No. 6 on Apple's list of top paid iPhone and iPad games in 2010. Bloons TD 5 was able to reach No. 8 on Apple's list of top paid iPhone app downloads in 2013.

References

Mobile games
Tower Defense is a type of game where players use strategy to build towers to help defeat an enemy. In many tower defence games the player's towers must stop an enemy from invading a base. If the towers cannot stop the enemy, the player loses the game.

History

The first game that was thought to be a tower defense game was Rampart (Atari Games, 1990). Other games started to be used for tower defense by using tools in the games to change them. Those games were ones like Starcraft (Blizzard Entertainment, 1998), Age of Empires II (Microsoft Games, 1999), and Warcraft III (Blizzard Entertainment, 2002). 

Tower defense games were made by independent developers also. The first game made in Flash was Flash Element Tower Defense (January 2007). The next game was made quickly after and was called Desktop Tower Defense (Handdrawngames, March 2007). Desktop Tower Defense won an award from the Independent Games Festival.

References

Types of video games
Video game genres
Lonnie Melvin "Mel" Tillis (August 8, 1932 – November 19, 2017) was an American country music singer and songwriter. He recorded songs since the late 1950s. His biggest success occurred in the 1970s, with a long list of Top 10 hits. His biggest hits include "I Ain't Never", "Good Woman Blues", and "Coca-Cola Cowboy".

Awards and recognitions 
On February 13, 2012, President Barack Obama awarded Tillis the National Medal of Arts for his contributions to country music. He also has won the CMA Awards' most coveted award, Entertainer of the Year. He was also known for his stutter, which does not affect his singing voice. His daughter is country music singer Pam Tillis.

Tillis died on November 19, 2017 of respiratory failure complicated by sepsis in Ocala, Florida at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
 
 Mel Tillis at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
1932 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Florida
Country musicians from Florida
American singer-songwriters
American guitarists
Singers from Florida
Writers from Tampa, Florida
Noreen M. Corcoran (October 20, 1943 – January 15, 2016) was an American actress, singer and dancer. Her career began in 1951. She was best known for her co-starring role as the teenager Kelly Gregg in the television sitcom Bachelor Father. She also appeared in movies such as Gidget Goes to Rome and in The Girls on the Beach. She retired in 1965.

Corcoran was born in Quincy, Massachusetts. She studied at California State University. Corcoran died in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California from heart and lung disease (cardiopulmonary disease) at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
 
 Bachelor Father  at TV.com

1943 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Massachusetts
American child actors
American dancers
American movie actors
American pop singers
American television actors
Singers from California
Singers from Massachusetts
People from Quincy, Massachusetts
William Craig (November 13, 1918 – January 13, 2016) was an German-born American professor of Philosophy at University of California, Berkeley. His interests included mathematical logic, and philosophy of science. He was mostly known for the Craig interpolation theorem. Craig received his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1951.

Craig died in Berkeley, California at the age of 97.

References

1918 births
2016 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German philosophers
American philosophers
University of California, Berkeley faculty
People from Nuremberg
Abbey Simon (January 8, 1922 – December 18, 2019) was an American concert pianist, teacher, and recording artist. He was a student of Josef Hofmann at the Curtis Institute of Music. He was the winner of the Naumburg International Piano Competition in 1940.  He was called a "supervirtuoso" by the New York Times.

Simon was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His career began in 1940. Simon died in Geneva on December 18, 2019 at the age of 99.

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 Moores School of Music Faculty Profile: Abbey Simon
 Yamaha Artists: Abbey Simon
 A Chat with Piano Legend Abbey Simon  by Mike Emery, The Houston Chronicle, January 31, 2014
 Interview with Abbey Simon by Bruce Duffie, February 19, 1988
 Abbey Simon dedicated photo 1965, from first of two acclaimed tours of Southern Africa.

1922 births
2019 deaths
American pianists
Educators from New York City
Musicians from New York City
Rudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist. He was born in Tübingen, Germany.

Works
He was best known for his works to the algebraic formulation of axiomatic quantum field theory, namely the Haag-Kastler axioms
, and a central no-go theorem in QFT, Haag's theorem, which demonstrates the nonexistence of a unitary time-evolution operator in the interaction picture.

In 1965 he founded the journal Communications in Mathematical Physics, which he guided as Chief Editor for eight years.

He was awarded the Max Planck medal in 1970 and the Henri Poincaré Prize of the International Association of Mathematical Physics in 1997.

Haag died on 5 January 2016 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 A picture of Rudolf Haag at II. Institute for Theoretical Physics, Hamburg University  (Photographer: Ralf D. Tscheuschner, a pupil of Haag)

1922 births
2016 deaths
German academics
German theoretical physicists
People from Tübingen
Jean-Noël Rey (23 December 1949 – 16 January 2016) was a Swiss socialist politician. He was the Secretary of the Socialist Group of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland. He was a member of the National Council of Switzerland between 2003 and 2007. He was also the CEO of the national postal service Swiss Post.

Rey was born in Sierre. He was married twice and had two children.

Rey was shot and killed by terrorists on 16 January 2016 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. He was 66.

References

1949 births
2016 deaths
Murders by firearm
Socialist politicians
Swiss politicians
Sierre District‎
Francisco Xavier Alarcón (February 21, 1954 – January 15, 2016) was an American poet and educator. He was awarded the American Book Award for Snake Poems in 1993. He taught at University of California, Davis. He published over twenty works of poetry between 1985 and 2010. He wrote poetry in English, Spanish and Nahuatl. His works were often translated into other languages including Gaelic and Swedish.

Biography 
Alarcón was born in Wilmington, Los Angeles, California.  He grew up in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. He studied at Stanford University and California State University, Long Beach. He was openly gay.

Alarcón died from cancer on January 15, 2016 in Davis, California, aged 61.

References

1954 births
2016 deaths
Educators from Los Angeles
American poets
Gay men
LGBT people from Los Angeles
LGBT poets
Stanford University alumni
People from Guadalajara
Eva Carina Kvistborg Jaarnek (26 December 1962 – 16 January 2016), better known as Carina Jaarnek, was a Swedish singer. She was a member of several dansbands during the 1970s and 1980s, most notably Carina Jaarneks orkester. She recorded many songs with Elvis Presley artists.

Jaarnek was born in Säbrå, Ångermanland. She was married to her manager Niels Kvist Borg and had two daughters. Her sister, Towe, is also a singer.

Jarrnek died from a brain haemorrhage on 16 January 2016 in Stockholm, aged 53.

References

1962 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Disease-related deaths in Sweden
Soul musicians
Swedish singers
Lawrence Harvey Cohn (March 11, 1937 – January 9, 2016) was an American heart surgeon, researcher, and medical educator. He was best known for his heart valve repair and replacement surgeries. He was on the surgical staff at Harvard Medical School from 1971 until his death. He was also Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School from 1980 until his death. He was awarded the Chair in Cardiac Surgery at Harvard Medical School in 2000.

Cohn was born in San Francisco, California. His family was Jewish. He was married and had two daughters.

Cohen died from a stroke on January 9, 2016 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was 78.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Educators from California
American Jews
American physicians
Deaths from stroke
Scientists from San Francisco
A batch file is a special kind of computer file that tells a computer a list of instructions to do in order. Batch files were used a lot when DOS was used by many people. They are good for automating many small pieces of work. Some people still use batch files today.

Hello World example

This is an example of a batch file. It is called a "Hello World" example because it prints the text "Hello World!" to the screen.

@ECHO off
ECHO Hello World!
PAUSE

When that text is put into a file with an extension of .bat, saved, and run, it will put this on the screen:

Hello World!
Press any key to continue . . .

Computer programming
Demand forecasting is when a business predicts future demand for its products. A business looks at many things when they do demand forecasting. Some of these things are past sales, data from test markets, and statistics. Businesses can also use educated guesses to help predict future demand. Businesses use demand forecasting to help them come up with the amount of demand for their products so they know how much supply to make.

Calculating demand forecast accuracy is the process of determining the accuracy of forecasts made regarding customer demand for a product.

References

Business
Commerce
Economic theories
Aldebaran (α Tau, α Tauri, Alpha Tauri) is an orange giant star. It is about 65 light years away in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. With an average apparent magnitude of 0.87 it is the brightest star in the constellation and is one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky. The name Aldebaran is Arabic ( ) and means "the Follower", probably because it rises near and soon after the Pleiades. The diameter of Aldebaran is 61,277,920 km which is 38,076,334 miles. The planetary exploration probe Pioneer 10 is heading in the general direction of the star. It should make its closest approach in about two million years.

In 1993 a companion body was reported. A paper recently accepted shows evidence for a planetary companion.

References 

Red giants
Stars
Tau Ceti (τ Cet, τ Ceti) is a star in the constellation Cetus. It can be seen with the unaided eye as a third-magnitude star.

It has a spectrum similar to the Sun, but is only 78% of the Sun's mass. It is just under 12 light-years from the Solar System, a relatively nearby star. It is the closest solitary G-class star. The star appears stable, and is "metal-deficient" because (like the Sun) it is mostly made of hydrogen and helium.

There is more than ten times as much dust surrounding Tau Ceti as in the Solar System. There are probably five planets orbiting Tau Ceti,  two in the habitable zone. Because of its debris disk, any planet orbiting Tau Ceti would get far more impact events than Earth. Despite this, its Sun-like characteristics have led to widespread interest in the star. Tau Ceti is consistently listed as a target for the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI), and it appears in some science fiction literature.
Searching 
Project Ozma searched for intelligent life (SETI) by examining selected stars for artificial radio signals. It was run by the astronomer Frank Drake, who selected Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani as the first targets. Both are near the Solar System and are similar to the Sun. No artificial signals were found after 200 hours of observations. Subsequent radio searches of this star system have also turned up negative.
Planets? 
On December 19, 2012, evidence was presented for a system of five planets orbiting Tau Ceti. The planets' estimated minimum masses are between two and six times the Earth's mass. Their orbital periods range from 14 to 640 days. One of them, Tau Ceti e, appears to orbit about half as far from Tau Ceti as Earth does from the Sun. With Tau Ceti's luminosity of 52% that of the Sun and a distance from the star of 0.552 AU, the planet would receive 1.71 times as much stellar radiation as Earth does. This is slightly less than Venus, which gets 1.91 times Earth's. Some research places it within the star's habitable zone. 

The habitable zone for a star is where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet. For Tau Ceti, this is at a radius of 0.55–1.16 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.
References in Science Fiction 
The Expanse (TV): Destination of the Nauvoo, on a 100 year voyage. The ship is 500m cylinder, 2000m long. It would require a continuous acceleration of 0.05 m/s for 50 years, and an equal deceleration at the halfway point.

The Foundation book series by Isaac Asimov: The home star of the planet Aurora, first planet to be colonized by humans.

References 

Stars
Oliver Jeffers (born 1977) is an artist, illustrator and writer from Belfast, Northern Ireland. He now lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. He graduated from the University of Ulster in 2001. He creates art for children and adult alike.

His picture books, including 'How to catch a star, Lost and found, Stuck have been highly acclaimed.  This Moose Belongs to Me won the Irish Book Awards Children's Book of 
the Year, Junior category in 2012.

Originally from Belfast, Jeffers now lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.

Here is a list of books that Jeffers has illustrated:
 The Day the Crayons Quit
 How to Catch a Star
 Lost and Found
 The Way Back Home
 Up and Down
 Oliver Jeffers presents the Incredible Book Eating Boy
 the Great Paper Caper
 The Heart and the Bottle
 Stuck
 This Moose Belongs To Me
 The Hueys in The New Jumper
 The Hueys in It Wasn't Me
 The Hueys in None the Number (A counting Adventure) 
 Once Upon an Alphabet (Short stories For all the Letters)
In 2013, Jeffers illustrated the vinyl record cover for the U2 song "Ordinary Love". It is a drawing of Nelson Mandela.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Oliver Jeffers at British Council: Literature
 Discover author Oliver Jeffers  at publisher HarperCollins

1977 births
Living people
British children's writers
Writers from Belfast
British illustrators
Clarence Henry Reid (February 14, 1939 – January 17, 2016), better known by the stage name Blowfly, was an American musician, singer, comedian, rapper and producer. He released over 25 parody albums as "Blowfly" and another three albums as "Clarence Reid". He also wrote ten songs for Gwen McCrae.

Blowfly was born in Cochran, Georgia. His daughter, Tracy Reid, was a professional basketball player.

Blowfly died from liver cancer on January 17, 2016 in Florida, aged 76.

References

Other websites

 

1939 births
2016 deaths
African American comedians
African-American singers
American funk musicians
American hip hop musicians
American punk musicians
American R&B singers
American soul singers
Rappers from Georgia (U.S. state)
American record producers
American funk singers
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
American soul musicians
Cancer deaths in Florida
Comedians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from liver cancer
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Bob Harkey (June 23, 1930 – January 16, 2016) was an American racecar driver. He was in the USAC Championship Car series. He raced in the 1963–1979 seasons. He had 85 career starts, including the Indianapolis 500 in 1964, 1971 and 1973–1976. He finished in the top ten 23 times. His best finish in 4th position in 1964. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Harkley died on January 16, 2016 in Indianapolis, Indiana, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 Bob Harkey profile at Driver Database

1930 births
2016 deaths
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
Nazi eugenics were a set of beliefs and rules that were very important to Nazi Germany during World War II.  These beliefs said that the Aryan race was the master race – the best race of all – and all other races were inferior (not as good).  There were also many other people who the Nazis believed were "life unworthy of life," like people with disabilities.  These ideas about eugenics were at the center of the Nazis' beliefs and eventually helped lead to the Holocaust.
Because they did not want these "inferior" people in German society, the Nazis decided to get rid of them, using many different strategies.  They began with people with disabilities.  The Nazis forced more than 400,000 people with disabilities to be sterilized (to have surgery that would make it impossible for them to have children).  They also killed over 300,000 people with disabilities in a program called Action T4.  In this program, the Nazis sent people with disabilities to places like Hadamar  and Hartheim Euthanasia Centres to be killed.  These people were killed with lethal injections and poison gas, in vans and gas chambers at the Euthanasia Centres.
Using what they learned by killing people with disabilities, the Nazis soon built extermination camps (death camps).  The Nazis' goal was to use these death camps to exterminate (kill all of) the Jewish and Roma people in Europe.  The Nazis also sent many other people who they thought were inferior to the death camps and to concentration camps, where they were forced to work as slaves.

Groups targeted by the Nazis

The Nazis' ideas about eugenics said that many different groups of people were "inferior" or "unworthy of life."  These included:
 Jewish people
 Roma people
 People with mental and physical disabilities
 These included people with epilepsy, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, deafness, and blindness
 People who disagreed with the Nazis' political beliefs (like communists and socialists)
 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people
 People who could not work
 Slavic people
 Black people
 Criminals

Role of the United States
The eugenics movement was very popular in the United States by the time it spread to Germany. California eugenicists began writing things that encouraged eugenics and sterilization, and sent them to German scientists and medical professionals. By 1933, California had forced more people to get sterilized than all of the other U.S. states combined. The Nazis got the idea for their compulsory (forced) sterilization program partly from California's program.

In 1927, The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology (KWIA) was created in Berlin with a lot of financial support from the American philanthropic group, the Rockefeller Foundation. The KWIA's director was Eugen Fischer, a German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics. Fischer said he had found scientific proof of the Nazis' eugenics ideas, and the Nazis used his work to justify their eugenics policies.
In 1934, California eugenics leader C.M. Goethe visited Germany.  At that time, more than 5,000 people per month were being forcibly sterilized in Germany. Goethe bragged to a coworker:

"You will be interested to know that your work has played a powerful part in shaping the opinions of the group of intellectuals who are behind Hitler in this epoch-making program. Everywhere I sensed that their opinions have been tremendously stimulated by American thought . . . I want you, my dear friend, to carry this thought with you for the rest of your life, that you have really jolted into action a great government of 60 million people."
Eugenics researcher Harry H. Laughlin often bragged that his Model Eugenic Sterilization laws had been put into action in Germany's Nuremberg Laws. In 1936, Laughlin was invited to an award ceremony at Heidelberg University in Germany. (The ceremony was scheduled on the anniversary of the day Hitler fired all Jews from the Heidelberg faculty two years earlier.) Laughlin was offered an honorary doctorate for his work on the "science of racial cleansing." Laughlin could not afford to attend, and had to pick his doctorate up from the Rockefeller Institute. Afterwards, he proudly shared the award with his co-workers, remarking that he felt that it showed the "common understanding of German and American scientists of the nature of eugenics."

Hitler's views on Eugenics
Adolf Hitler read racial hygiene books while he was in Landsberg Prison.  "Racial hygiene" was a set of ideas that said that only certain people should be allowed to have children.  People who belonged to races that were seen as "inferior" would not be allowed to have children.  This way, those races would eventually die out.

Hitler believed Germany had become weak, and had been poisoned by "inferior" people.  He believed these "inferior" people were ruining Germany's society, and were the cause of Germany's problems.

In his Second Book, which was never published during the Nazi era, Hitler praised the ancient Greek city of Sparta. In Sparta, all newborn infants were examined carefully.  Any infant that seemed weak, sick, or had any kind of disability was killed.  Only the healthy, strong children were allowed to live.  This meant that they were the only people alive to have children and continue the Spartan race.  Hitler praised this early model of eugenics:
<blockquote>The exposure of the sick, weak, deformed children, in short, their destruction [murder], was more decent and in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day [in which the most disabled people are allowed to survive], and indeed at any price ... in order subsequently to breed a race of degenerates burdened with illnesses.</blockquote>

Basically, Hitler was saying it was better (and cheaper) to kill people with disabilities than to allow them to live and have children.  He thought that if people with disabilities were allowed to have children, their children would also have disabilities.  So people with disabilities should be killed to prevent them from "breeding [creating] a race of" "inferior" people.

Hitler would later apply these same ideas to other people he thought were "inferior."  The Holocaust was based on the idea that all of these "inferior" people should be killed so they would no longer exist in the Third Reich, Hitler's planned Nazi empire.
Nazi eugenics program
In organizing their eugenics program, the Nazis were inspired by the United States' programs of forced sterilization, and especially the eugenics laws that had been enacted in California.

On July 14, 1933, the Nazis passed the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring.  ("Hereditary diseases" are genetic disorders which are passed down from parents to children.  "Offspring" means "children.")  This law did a few things:
 It required everyone with a genetic disorder to be sterilized.
 It required doctors to report any patient with a genetic disorder to the Nazis (except in women over age 45).
 It created fines to punish doctors who did not cooperate with the law.
In 1934, nearly 4,000 people appealed against court decisions saying they would have to be sterilized. A total of 3,559 of the appeals (89%) failed. By the end of the Nazi regime, the Nazis had created over 200 Hereditary Health Courts ().  Based on their rulings, over 400,000 people were forced to be sterilized.

Nazi eugenics institutions

The Nazis made six psychiatric hospitals into "Euthanasia Centres," where people with disabilities (including children) were taken to be killed.  These six hospitals were Bernburg, Brandenburg, Grafeneck, Hadamar, Hartheim, and Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centres.

At first, the Nazis killed patients in gas vans.  The patients would be put into vansand exhaust gas from the vans' engines would be pumped into the vans.  The carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas killed the patients.  Later, gas chambers were built into the Euthanasia Centres and used pure carbon monoxide gas to kill the patients.
Identifying 'genetically sick' people
In July 1934, Nazi Germany passed the Law for Simplification of the Health System.  This law set out rules for how the Nazis would decide whether a person was 'genetically sick.' The person would be sent to a Genetic Health Court, which would decide whether the person should be sterilized.

Doctor's offices and welfare departments had to give the Nazis information about people who might be 'genetically sick.'
Nazi eugenics policies regarding marriage
The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 made anyone who wanted to get married get tested for genetic disorders. The goal of this rule was to make sure the "Aryan race" would stay "pure," without people with disabilities in it. While dating, everyone was encouraged to question their dating partner carefully about whether anyone in their family ever had a genetic disorder. Members of the Schutzstaffel'' (SS) were ordered to carefully interview possible marriage partners to make sure they had no family history of hereditary disease or insanity, but to do this carefully to avoid hurting the woman's feelings.  They were told that if they had to reject the woman for eugenic reasons, they should do it politely and not upset the woman.

Related pages
 Eugenics
 Euthanasia
 The Holocaust

References

Eugenics
Nazism
Nazi Germany
The Holocaust
Bern Herbolsheimer (September 2, 1948 – January 13, 2016) was an American composer and pianist. He was born in Great Falls, Montana. Herbolsheimer served on the music faculty at Cornish College in Seattle. He performed for the National Endowment for the Arts and for the Chamber Music America. He has composed over 500 pieces of work. 

Herbolsheimer died of cancer in Seattle, Washington, aged 67.

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Washington (state)
American composers
American pianists
People from Great Falls, Montana
Musicians from Montana
Musicians from Seattle
Gottfried Honegger (12 June 1917 – 17 January 2016) was a Swiss artist and graphic designer. From 1955 through 1958, he was art director at Geigy. He worked at the University of Dallas until his death in 2016.

Honegger was born in Zürich, Switerland. He was married to the Swiss illustrator Warja Lavater. He studied shop-window display at the Zurich Kunstgewerbeschule and taught there from 1948. His early work was commercial graphic design. Honegger died at his home in Zürich, Switzerland from a short-illness, aged 98.

References

Other websites

 Gottfried Honegger on artnet
 Gottfried Honegger by Museo Cantonale d’Arte von Lugano 

1917 births
2016 deaths
Swiss academics
Artists from Zürich
Paris School of Business (formerly the ESG Management School) is a European business school. The school has two locations, one in Paris and one in Rennes, France. It was created in 1974. PSB offers degrees in the fields of economics, social sciences, luxury markets, arts and management.

References

Other websites 

 PSB Paris School of Business (in English)

1974 establishments in France
Universities in Paris
Rennes
Monster Strike (モンスターストライク: Monsutā Sutoraiku) is a mobile game with elements of RPGs, strategy games and cooperative multiplayer. It is developed by Mixi for the iOS and Android platforms. The game was co-created by Yoshiki Okamoto. In Japan, its name is often shortened to . As of June 30, 2015, the game has daily revenues of $4.2 million. A more traditional RPG of Monster Strike was released for the Nintendo 3DS in December 2015.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Monster Strike

Mobile games
2013 video games