Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Noura Ghazi (نورة غازي) also Noura Ghazi al-Safadi ( نورة غازي الصفدي ) was born September 30 1981 in Damascus, Syria.  She is a Syrian lawyer.  Her husband, Bassel disappeared in Syria in 2014.

Life 

Ghazi's father was an activist for workers. When Ghazi was five years old, her father was sent to prison by the Supreme Court of State Security. Noura Ghazi studied law at Damascus University.

Work 

Ghazi became a human rights lawyer in 2004. She defends people who are in jail because they are prisoners of conscience in Syria.

Ghazi's husband Bassel Khartabil (Arabic: باسل خرطبيل‎), or Bassel Safadi (Arabic: باسل صفدي‎), a Syrian-Palestinian who wrote open-source software, was arrested on March 15, 2012. They were married at Adra prison on January 7, 2013.

While Bassel was in prison, from 2012-2015, Ghazi wrote a book about him called Waiting.  Bassel translated the book into English.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

  
 "Read the story of Bassel Khartabil, Syrian prisoner who lives and risks dying for a free Internet" on Creative Commons
 
 

1981 births
Living people
People from Damascus
Syrian lawyers
The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief introduction to the Constitution's purposes and guiding principles. It provides the Founding Fathers' intentions for creating the Constitution and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve. It was added to the Constitution as an afterthought and was not discussed on the floor of the Constitutional Convention nor was it voted on. Gouverneur Morris, one of the writers of the Constitution, wrote and added it at the last moment. The Preamble itself did not have any legal meaning. The Supreme Court upheld this view in Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905).

Text

We the People
We the People 

"We the People" means all of the citizens of the United States.
 
The first few words of the Preamble  "We the People of the United States"  were very different than any treaty or law the United States had ever written before.  For example, the United States' first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, describes itself as "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States," and then gives a list of all thirteen states.  The treaties the United States had signed were the same.  They were agreements between states, not people.
At the time, Gouverneur Morris chose to write "We the People" instead of saying "We the United States of..." and then listing all thirteen states.  First of all, Article Seven of the Constitution said that only nine states had to approve the Constitution for it to take effect.  At the time, nobody knew which states would ratify the Constitution and which would not.  Because of this, the Preamble could not list all thirteen states as if they had all already agreed.  Also, if other states joined the United States later, it would be impossible to add their names to the list.  For these reasons, the Preamble had to start with "We the People."
The words "We the People" turned into a strong statement that this new government was made by the people of the United States, to benefit the people of the United States.  When Virginia's delegates were debating the Constitution, Governor Edmund Randolph pointed out: "The government is for the people; and the [problem] was, that the people had no [power] in the government before."  If the people are going to have to follow the government, he said, should not the people be the ones to create that government?
In Order to form a more perfect Union 
"In order to form a more perfect union" is a concept most likely based on Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir William Blackstone. It was widely read at the time and many of the framers were students of his work. Blackstone stated the constitution of England was perfect, but steadily improving. The phrase "a more perfect union" simply meant a better one than any before the Constitution.

Before the government based on the Constitution, the United States was based on the Articles of Confederation.  However, had very little power as a federal government. They did not give the United States government enough power for the country to work and grow. Every state was for itself, instead of working cooperatively. Sometimes they acted like thirteen separate countries that would only come together if another country attacked them.
Establish Justice 
"Establish justice" meant to establish the rule of law. It meant that everyone was equal before the law with no distinction between the status or wealth of a person. With their new government, the Founding Fathers wanted to establish (create) justice and fairness.  When the British Empire governed the American colonies, the colonists did not think the government was fair.  For example, Parliament would decide that the colonists had to pay taxes on items like stamps and things that were made in other countries.  The colonists did not have any say in this.

Even after the United States became independent, many of the Founding Fathers thought that the states had too much power under the Articles of Confederation.  They thought the states had taken away people's rights.
For example, during the Shays' Rebellion in Springfield, Massachusetts, the state of Massachusetts:
 Took away the right to habeas corpus (so they could keep people in jail without a trial)p. 84
 Took away people's right to say bad things about the governmentp. 84
 Took over an armory (a building where weapons are kept), even though it was the property of the United States government, and they did not have permission to take it over

Insure domestic Tranquility 

Shays' Rebellion was still fresh in the minds of the framers. It cause many to fear the spirit of the American Revolutionary War might be getting out of hand. There was a need to keep peace in the new country
Just five years after the Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781, many Americans were unhappy with the Articles.  Many of the Founding Fathers thought that the Articles had made the United States government too weak. Shays' Rebellion made it very clear that the national government under the Articles of Confederation was not strong enough. Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, led the rebel farmers trying to overthrow the Massachusetts government. The farmers had formed an entire army, which neither the state or federal governments had enough soldiers or money to fight. In desperation Massachusetts offered to pay for a private army to fight the rebellion.  Finally, in 1787, that private army defeated the rebels.pp. 84–86
John Jay, one of the Founding Fathers, said that after the United States government could not pay for soldiers to defend against any armed rebellion: "the inefficiency of the Federal government [became] more and more [obvious]."  Another Founding Father, Henry Knox, said that Shays' Rebellion convinced many people that the United States needed a stronger federal government.p. 127  The Rebellion made it clear that the states were not protected, and if they were attacked, they would be on their own.

Provide for the common defense
"Provide for the common defense" meant the framers were well aware that independence from Great Britain did not mean they were secure. British Canada to the north was still full of angry loyalists. To the west were unknown numbers of hostile Native American tribes. Farther west was the vast Louisiana territory held by France. To the south the Spanish held Florida. Worse, these powers were fighting a series of wars in Europe that affected much of North America. The framers knew America needed to protect itself. Providing for the common defence meant the new government would make sure all of the states were protected and defended if attacked.

Promote the general Welfare 
"Promote the general welfare" is the basic goal of all governments. It was the main reason for having a constitution.
In general, this part of the Preamble means that one of the new government's jobs would be to make things better for the whole country.  Specifically, this part of the Preamble has to do with the government's powers to tax people and spend money.  It means that the new government will only have the power to tax and spend on things that are good for the entire country. The government will not be allowed to spend money on things that will be good for only a part of the country, or only some people in the country.

For example, Article One, Section 8 of the Constitution gives Congress the power to tax people and spend money on creating Post Offices and building roads for mail carriers to use.  Congress can do this because Post Offices will "promote the general Welfare"—everybody in the country will benefit from being able to send and get mail.
Secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity 
"Secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity" was important since many had come to America from places with little political or religious freedom. This phrase demonstrates the intent of the new government to protect the newly-won freedoms and protect against a tyrannical government.
However, the Articles of Confederation were all about the states' rights.  At that time, many people were afraid of having a federal government that was too strong.  These people were called anti-federalists.  They included some of the Founding Fathers, like Patrick Henry and James Monroe.  The anti-federalists worried that a strong federal government could become tyrannical and take away the rights of individual states, like they thought the British colonial government had done.  They also worried that a government ruled by a President might turn into a monarchy, where the President would become a King and have total power. Because of these worries, the Articles of Confederation talked all about states' rights, and not about individual people's rights. The framers wanted to establish these rights for the people of the United States and their "posterity" meaning all the generations of Americans who would follow.
Do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America 
"Do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America" is perhaps the strongest statement in the Preamble. It says in effect that the people made the Constitution and it is the people who give it power.
The Preamble to the United States Constitution, is the beginning of the Constitution.  It is not a law.  Instead, it talks about the Founding Fathers' reasons for writing the Constitution, and what they hope the Constitution will do.

Notes

References

Other websites
 The Preamble (Simple English)
 The Preamble Song (for children)  from School House Rock

United States Constitution
Thelma Aldana or Thelma Esperanza Aldana Hernández de López (born September 27, 1955), is a Guatemalan lawyer. She became a judge in the Supreme Court in 2009. She was elected president of the Supreme Court from 2011 to 2011. In 2013 she replaced Claudia Paz y Paz as Guatemala’s attorney general.

Work 
Aldana graduated from the University of San Carlos in Guatemala. She has a Master's degree in Civil and Procedural Law.

Courts for violence against women 
In 2011, when she was president of the Supreme Court, Aldana started special courts in Guatemala for femicide cases. Killing women, and violence against women became a crime in Guatemala. Eleven districts now have the special courts. Judges and police officers receive special gender crime training. Every year there are 56,000 reports of violence against women.

Against corruption 
In 2015 Aldana led an investigation into government corruption. As a result, the president of Guatemala resigned.
Awards 
 In 2015 Aldana won the Jaime Brunet Prize for the Promotion of Human Rights from the Public University of Navarra. the prize was for her work for women's rights, against gender violence, and for the rights of the indigenous peoples, as well as against political corruption. The prize was for 36,000 euros.
 In 2016, Aldana received the International Women of Courage Award

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References 

Judges
Guatemalan politicians
Living people
1955 births
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Jayasinghe Rajapakse Mohottige Don Suranimala Rajapaksha (Sinhala:සුරනිමල රාජපක්ෂ) (5 January 1949 – 14 March 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was first elected to the Parliament of Sri Lanka in 1994. He was the Minister of School Education in Republic Socialist of Sri Lanka in 2001 to 2004. He was a member of the United National Party (UNP) and a member of UNP Working Committee. He was appointed as the Coordinating secretary to the Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe on 27 January 2015.

Rajapaksha died on 14 March 2016 at a hospital in Colombo, Sri Lanka from renal failure. He was aged 67.

References

1949 births
2016 deaths
Sri Lankan politicians
Doreen Barbara Massey FRSA FBA FAcSS (3 January 1944 – 11 March 2016) was a British social scientist and geographer. She was working among others on topics involving Marxist geography, feminist geography, and cultural geography.  Her work on space, place and power has been highly helpful within a range of related disciplines and research fields.  She served as Emeritus Professor of Geography at the Open University.

Massey died on 11 March 2016 from pancreatic cancer. She was aged 72.

References

Other websites
Profile at Open University
Open University Radio transcript and mp3 file

1944 births
2016 deaths
British geographers
People from Manchester
Academics of the Open University
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist. He was a central figure in analytic philosophy from the 1960s. He worked in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. Until his death, Putnam was Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.

Putnam was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Harvard University, at University of Pennsylvania and at the University of California, Los Angeles. Putnam died on March 13, 2016 from mesothelioma at his home in Boston, Massachusetts. He was aged 89.

References

Other websites

 
 An extensive bibliography
 An extensive directory 
 London Review of Books contributor page
 Hilary Putnam: On Mind, Meaning and Reality , Interview by Josh Harlan, The Harvard Review of Philosophy, spring 1992.
 "To Think with Integrity" , Hilary Putnam's Farewell Lecture, The Harvard Review of Philosophy, Spring 2000.
1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from mesothelioma
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
American philosophers
American mathematicians
American computer scientists
Scientists from Chicago
Harvard University faculty
David Joseph Walsh (28 April 1923 – 14 March 2016), commonly referred to as  Davy Walsh or Dave Walsh, was an Irish footballer. He was born in Waterford, Ireland.

He played as a centre forward for, among others, Linfield, West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa. Walsh was a dual international. He played for both Ireland teams – the FAI XI and the IFA XI. 

In 1949, he was a member of the FAI XI that defeated England 2–0 at Goodison Park, becoming the first team to beat England at home.

Walsh died on 14 March 2016 from pneumonia in Dublin, Ireland. He was aged 92.

References

Other websites
Northern Ireland’s Footballing Greats

1923 births
2016 deaths
Aston Villa F.C. players
Deaths from pneumonia
Irish footballers
People from Waterford
San Francisco is a combined city/county in the U.S. state of California.

San Francisco may also refer to:

Related to San Francisco, California 
 San Francisco Bay
 San Francisco Bay Area, the metropolitan area
 San Francisco Peninsula, the peninsula where the city is located
 University of San Francisco, a Jesuit university located in the city
 San Francisco Giants, the professional baseball team which plays in the city
 San Francisco 49ers, the professional American football team which plays in Santa Clara, but retains the name San Francisco, having played in the city from 1946 to 2013

Place names 

Chile
 San Francisco de Mostazal, Chile

Dominican Republic
 San Francisco de Macorís

Ecuador
 San Francisco de Quito, formal name of the capital city

Related pages 
 São Francisco (disambiguation), the Portuguese equivalent of San Francisco
Sergio Arellano Stark (10 June 1921 – 9 March 2016) was a Chilean military officer. He led the so-called “Caravan of Death". It killed many Chileans from helicopters and established Augusto Pinochet’s hold on power. He was born in Santiago, Chile.

Stark died in Santiago, Chile on 9 March 2016 from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 94.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
Chilean generals
People from Santiago
Martha Wright, born Martha Lucile Wiederrecht (March 23, 1923 – March 1, 2016), was an American actress and singer. She performed on Broadway and on television. She was in South Pacific and The Sound of Music. 

Wright died at the age of 92 in Newburyport, Massachusetts on March 1, 2016.

References

Other websites
 

Broadway At Its Best!: Martha Wright (archived version)

1923 births
2016 deaths
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Seattle
Singers from Seattle
Thomas Gayle Morris (August 20, 1919 – March 4, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in Eastland County, Texas. Morris served in the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1953 to 1958. He was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1958. Morris began serving on January 3, 1959, and left office January 3, 1969, after being defeated for re-election.

Morris died in Amarillo, Texas on March 4, 2016 at the age of 96.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Politicians from Texas
United States representatives from New Mexico
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Morgan Francis Murphy (April 16, 1932 – March 4, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives representing Illinois's 2nd district. He served from 1973 through 1981. He replaced Abner J. Mikva. He later served as a U.S. representative for Illinois's 3rd district. He served from 1971 through 1973.

Murphy died in Chicago, Illinois from prostate cancer on March 4, 2016. He was aged 83.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in Chicago
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Article Five of the United States Constitution outlines how the Constitution can be changed. Changes to the Constitution are called Constitutional amendments.

Article Five also says that there are certain clauses, or parts, of Article One of the Constitution that could not be amended right away.  These clauses are explained in the "Protected clauses" section.

Text

Background

Before the Constitution was approved, the United States was covered by its first constitution, the Articles of Confederation.

Under the Articles of Confederation, amendments had to be approved by a unanimous vote in all 13 state legislatures.  Not only did every state legislature have to agree on the amendment.  If a single state Senator or Representative in the country disagreed with an amendment, the amendment would fail.  This made it basically impossible to get any amendments passed.
When the Founding Fathers wrote Article Five, they were trying to make sure changing the Constitution was not too hard, but not too easy either.  James Madison later explained that the amendment process in the Constitution "guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults."

In Simple English, Madison meant that the amendment process protects equally against:
 The process being so easy that the Constitution would constantly be changing; and
 The process being so hard that problems in the Constitution could never be changed.

Step 1: Proposing an amendment

There are two steps in the process for changing the Constitution.  The first step is proposing (formally suggesting) an amendment.  Article Five of the Constitution allows this to be done in two different ways.
The first way is the most common way.  Any member of Congress can suggest an amendment.  However, two-thirds (67%) of both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives have to agree that the amendment is needed.  If this happens, the proposed amendment moves to Step 2 in the process.

As of 2020, the second way has never been used.  However, it exists to protect the rights of the state legislatures.  If two-thirds of the state legislatures ask them to, Congress has to call a Constitutional Convention.  Delegates would come to the Convention from each state.  The Constitutional Convention could propose as many amendments as they wanted to.  All of the amendments they proposed would move to Step 2 in the process.
At first, when the Founding Fathers were writing the Constitution, they were only going to give Congress the power to propose amendments.  However, some of the Founders, like Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, worried that this gave Congress too much power.  Madison and Hamilton re-wrote Article Five to add the second option for proposing an amendment, and the rest of the Founders agreed.  Adding the second option helped make sure the states had power too  the power to propose amendments if enough of their legislatures agreed.

Step 2: Ratifying the amendment
Step 2 starts when an amendment has been proposed, either by Congress or by a Constitutional Convention.  The proposed amendment now has to be ratified.  Like with Step 1, Article Five gives two choices for how an amendment can be ratified.  Congress gets to choose which way to use.
Congress has almost always chosen the first way: letting the state legislatures ratify the amendment.  If three-fourths (75%) of the state legislatures ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the Constitution.

The second option is for Congress to ask each state to create a "ratifying convention."  This is a group of people  not members of the state legislature  who would decide whether or not to ratify the amendment.  If ratifying conventions in three-fourths of the states ratify the amendment, it becomes part of the Constitution.

Congress has only used the second option once: after it proposed the 21st Amendment.  (This amendment cancelled the 18th Amendment, which made alcohol illegal in the United States.  The 21st Amendment made alcohol legal again.)
At the time, Congress thought that this would be the more democratic option.  A large majority of the people in the United States wanted the 21st Amendment to pass.  However, Congress thought the state legislators would refuse to pass the amendment because of pressure from powerful groups that were against alcohol.  In other words, Congress did not think that the state legislatures would vote the way the people of the United States would want.  This example shows why the Founding Fathers included the "ratifying convention" option in the amendment process.  If the state legislatures get too powerful, or do not represent what the people who elected them want, the people have the power to pass amendments too.
Statistics
Between 1789 and December 16, 2014:
 Members of Congress have suggested about 11,539 amendments to the Constitution
 Congress has approved 33 (or 0.028%) of the suggested amendments, and sent them to the states for ratification
 The states have ratified 27 (or 81%) of the amendments sent to them, making them part of the Constitution

Protected clauses

Article Five protects two clauses in Article One from being amended until 1808.  These clauses are:
 Section 9, Clause 1, which said Congress could not make laws that would make it harder to import slaves
 Section 9, Clause 4, which said the amount of taxes a person paid would depend on the number of people in their state
Article Five also puts one absolute limit on Constitutional amendments.  It completely protects Section 3, Clause 1 of Article One.  This clause says that every state will have the same number of United States Senators.  It does not set a time limit on how long this clause is protected for.  It just says: "no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate."  As of 1808, when the protections on the other two clauses expired, this is the only limit that the Constitution puts on suggested amendments.  Any amendment, about anything else, could be suggested.

Separation of powers
Article Five gives all of the power for creating Constitutional amendments to the Legislative Branch: the United States Congress and the state legislatures.  The President of the United States cannot amend the Constitution.  He has no part in the process of changing the Constitution.  The United States Supreme Court confirmed this in a 1798 case called Hollingsworth v. Virginia.  In its decision, the Court wrote: "[T]he President ... has nothing to do with the proposition, or adoption, of amendments to the Constitution."  However, the Supreme Court cannot create an amendment either.

This is an example of the separation of powers (also called "checks and balances") that the Founding Fathers built into the new American government.  If the President or the Supreme Court could change the Constitution any time they wanted to, they would have too much power.  One person (or nine Supreme Court Justices) could make decisions that would affect every American.

Checks and balances in Article Five
Instead, the Founders gave the job of creating Constitutional amendments to the Legislative Branch.  By requiring that two-thirds of both Houses of Congress, and three-quarters of the states, approve of every Constitutional amendment, they made sure that there would have to be a lot of debate, compromise, and thought before an amendment was approved.  Also, because so many legislators have to approve every amendment, it is very difficult for small "special interest" groups (like people who only care about a certain part of the country, or a certain issue) cannot control the vote.
The Founders even put checks and balances on the Legislative Branch's powers.  If Congress gets too powerful, the states can make it call a Constitutional Convention.  If the states get too powerful, ordinary Americans can vote on a Constitutional amendment through ratifying conventions.  As a legal scholar wrote later: "The ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment [by ratifying conventions] might be called one of the most democratic moments in American history. ... Almost all voters in America had the unprecedented opportunity to [support] or condemn a federal constitutional amendment directly.  ... The conventions ratified the choices of the people without fail."pp. 27–28
Importance
Almost right away, the amendments process became very important.  North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to ratify the Constitution without a Bill of Rights.  This meant they would not be a part of the new United States Government.  In 1789, James Madison wrote the Bill of Rights.  They were ratified together, as the first ten amendments to the Constitution, in 1791.  Having a Bill of Rights convinced North Carolina and Rhode Island to ratify the Constitution.

The amendments process set out in Article Five has allowed for many other important amendments to be added to the Constitution.  For example, these amendments have included:
 The Thirteenth Amendment (1865), which made slavery illegal
 The Fourteenth Amendment (1868), which said that all people born in the United States are United States citizens (this included ex-slaves)
 The Fifteenth Amendment (1870), which gave men of all races the right to vote
 The Nineteenth Amendment (1920), which gave women the right to vote
If Article Five had made the Constitution too hard to change, African-American people might still be slaves, and women might still not have the right to vote.

References

United States Constitution
Article Two of the United States Constitution creates the executive branch of the United States government.  The executive branch includes the President; the Vice President; the Cabinet; executive departments, like the Department of State; independent agencies, like the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and other things like committees and commissions.

Section 1: President and Vice President
Clause 1: Executive Power
Section One begins by giving federal executive power to the President only.  This is part of the separation of powers that the Founding Fathers built into the Constitution.   To prevent any part of the government from getting too powerful, they split the power between three branches.  This clause gives executive power to the President.  Another clause in Article One of the Constitution gives federal legislative (law-making) power to the United States Congress only.  A third clause in Article Three gives judiciary power to the federal courts.  No branch is allowed to do a job that the Constitution has given to another branch.  For example, the President cannot make laws; that is the Legislature's job.
This clause says the President is the head of the Executive Branch.  It also mentions the Vice President, though the Constitution does not give him any executive powers.  However, the Constitution does say that the President and Vice President must be elected at the same time, for the same term (amount of time), and by the same constituency.  The Founding Fathers wanted to make sure the Executive Branch would survive, and stay independent, if the Vice President had to become the President.

Clause 2: Method of choosing Electors
Under the U.S. Constitution, the President and Vice President are chosen by Electors.  The Constitution allows each state legislature to decide how they will choose Electors.  Since the 1820s, state legislatures have usually chosen Electors through an indirect popular vote.  This means that people in the state will get to vote on which Electors they want.  The ballot that people use to vote will have the Electors' names on it.  Usually, it will also say what Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates they plan to support.  This allows the people to choose Electors who support the candidates they like.
Each state has two United States Senators and a certain number of United States Representatives representing them in Congress.  (The number of Representatives depends on how many people live in the state.)  Each state gets a number of Electors that is equal to the number of Members of Congress the state has.  (For example, if a state has 2 Senators and 10 Representatives, they have 12 total Members of Congress, so they get 12 Electors.)
The only people who cannot be Electors are Senators, Representatives, and federal officers.  This is meant to make sure that the Electoral College is made up of regular Americans, not politicians.

Clause 3: Electors

This clause talks about Electors and how they choose a President.  Once they are chosen, the Electors meet in their states to vote for the President and Vice President. Originally, candidates only ran for President; there were no candidates for Vice President.  Each Elector voted for two different candidates for President.  They had to vote for at least one candidate who did not live in the Elector's home state.  The candidate who got more than half of the votes became President.  The candidate who got the next highest number of votes (the second-place winner) became Vice President.
This clause gives instructions for several possible problems:
 Ties: 
 If two candidates get the same number of votes, the House of Representatives can choose which of the two candidates becomes President
 If there is a tie for Vice President (because two second-place candidates got the same number of votes), the Senate votes on which person should get the job
 No majority: 
 If no candidate wins more than half of the votes, then the House can choose any one of the five candidates who got the most votes
 Quorum:
 For the House and Senate to choose a President and Vice President, there must be a quorum in both Houses of Congress.  This means that a certain number of members of Congress have to be there for the vote:
 At least one Representative from two-thirds (67%) of the states in the House; AND
 At least two-thirds of the Senators in the Senate

Changes
Changes

The Twelfth Amendment changed this process in a few ways:
 Since it was passed in 1804, electors are only allowed to vote for one Presidential candidate and one Vice President.  They do not have to vote for someone from a different state.  
 If no Presidential candidate gets a majority of votes, the House chooses from the top three candidates (not five).  
 The Vice President to get a majority of votes to be elected.  If no Vice Presidential candidate gets a majority, the Senate chooses from the two candidates who got the most votes.  
 To be the Vice President, a person must meet the Constitution's requirements for being President (see Clause 5: Qualifications for office).

Clause 4: Election day

Article Two allows Congress to set a national Election Day.

Clause 5: Qualifications for office
This clause simply means that to be President, a person must meet three requirements:
 They must be a natural born citizen
 They are at least 35 years old
 They have lived in the United States for at least fourteen years

If a person does not meet all of these requirements, they cannot be President.

Note there is ongoing controversy over the exact meaning of "natural born citizen".  The term has not been exactly defined in law. Neither has there been a definitive decision made by the Supreme Court on the meaning.

Changes
Two later amendments changed these rules about who can be President and Vice President:
The Twelfth Amendment (1804) says that to be Vice President, a person must meet all three of the requirements for President
The Twenty-second Amendment (1951) says a President cannot be elected more than twice

Clause 6: Vacancy and disability
This clause talks about the possibility that the Presidency might become "vacant".  This might happen because:
 Congress takes away the President's job because he committed a crime (see Section 4: Impeachment)
 The President dies
 The President resigns
 The President is unable to do the things a President needs to do - for example, because he or she is very sick.  This is called the Disability Clause.

If the Presidency becomes vacant, the Vice President becomes President.  If the Vice President is also unable to be President, Congress can decide who will become President.  Whoever takes over the Presidency will act as President until the actual President gets better (if he is sick or disabled), or until a President is elected in the next Presidential election.
Congress has come up with a "line of succession"  a list of the people who would become President, and in what order, if both the Presidency and Vice Presidency became vacant.  As of 2016, the order is: the Speaker of the House of Representatives; the President pro tempore of the Senate; and then the fifteen Cabinet Secretaries, in order of when their Departments were first created.

Changes
Changes

This clause was partially changed by the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967.  That Amendment creates a process for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President. It also says that the Vice President can become Acting President (temporary President) if:
 The President himself says he cannot discharge his duties (he cannot do his job); OR 
 The Vice President, and most of the Cabinet, agree that the President cannot do his job. 
If the President declares himself unable to discharge his duties, he can take the Presidency back at any time.  For example, in 2002, George W. Bush became the first President to formally use the Disability Clause.  He gave power to his Vice President for about two hours while he had a medical test which required anesthesia.  Once he felt ready to be President again, Bush took back the Presidency.
If the Vice President and the Cabinet say a President is unable to do his job, the President can still try to take control back.  However, if the Vice President and the Cabinet still think the President cannot do his job, they can challenge the President's return.  If two-thirds of both the House and Senate agree, the President is declared unable to discharge his duties and the Vice President stays in control of the Presidency.

Clause 7: Salary

This means the President can receive a salary.  However, the salary cannot be changed during the President's four-year term in office.  Also, the President cannot receive any other salary, either from the federal government, or from any state government.

Clause 8: Oath or affirmation
Before he becomes President, Clause 8 requires the new President to take an oath, promising that he will do his best as President, and will also do his best to protect and defend the Constitution.  Usually, the Chief Justice of the United States gives the oath ("swears in" the new President) at the President's inauguration.

Section 2: Presidential powers
Section 2 talks about the powers that Article Two grants to the President.

Clause 1: Command of military; Opinions of cabinet secretaries; Pardons

The Constitution gives the President the most powers in areas that have to do with national security and protecting the country.

The President is the military's Commander-in-Chief.  However, as part of the system of checks and balances in the Constitution, Article One says that only Congress can declare war. Still, the President can take actions like sending soldiers to certain places without needing Congress's approval, or a declaration of war.
The President may ask the "principal (head) officer" of any executive department to give him advice in writing.  The Constitution actually does not require a formal Cabinet.  However, America's first President, George Washington, organized his principal offices into a Cabinet, and every President has done the same since.

The President may grant pardons or reprieves to people who were convicted of crimes (except when the person was impeached).  A "reprieve" cancels or changes a punishment  for example, changing a death sentence to a sentence of life in prison.

Clause 2: Advice and Consent Clause

This part of Section 2 is called the Advice and Consent Clause.  It gives the President powers, but he has to use them with the "advice and consent" (agreement) of the Senate.  This is another example of checks and balances in the Constitution.

Treaties
Treaties

Here, the Constitution gives the President the power to make treaties with other countries.  However, two-thirds of the Senators must agree with the treaty for it to take effect.  If two-thirds of the Senate does not agree with the treaty, it is not approved, and there is nothing the President can do about it.
The Constitution does not say how the United States can end a treaty.  Since the Constitution has passed, the government has done this in a few ways.  In 1798, the first time the government wanted to end a treaty (the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France), Congress passed a law ending the treaty. Other times, in the 1800s, a few Presidents ended treaties after Congress asked them to. The first time a President ended a treaty without Congress's approval was in the 1970s, when President Jimmy Carter ended a treaty with the Republic of China.  In a lawsuit called Goldwater v. Carter, members of Congress asked the Supreme Court to clarify whether a President could end a treaty on his own.  The Supreme Court could not agree on a decision, and the case was dismissed (ended without a decision).

Appointments
The President may also choose judges, ambassadors, consuls (diplomats), ministers, and other officers; but again, he needs the advice and consent of the Senate.
If Congress chooses, it can let the President, heads of executive departments, or the courts appoint less important officials on their own, without needing Congress's approval.

Once the Senate gives advice and consent to the President (approves the President's choice for a job), and that person is given the job, the Senate cannot go back and change its mind.  It cannot take away its advice and consent once the person gets the job.

However, after the Senate grants advice and consent, the President can change his mind, and decide not to give the job to the person he nominated.

It is not clear whether the President can fire a person who was hired with the advice and consent of the Senate.  Congress has limited this power many times.  For example, during the Reconstruction Era, President Andrew Johnson wanted to fire people that Congress had approved.  Congress passed a law saying he could not do that, but Jackson ignored the law.  Later, Congress impeached him, but the Senate did not convict him.
A Supreme Court case called Bowsher v. Synar (1986) decided that Congress can fire a person it approved.  Congress can do this by repealing the law that gave the President permission to appoint that person.

Clause 3: Recess appointments

Clause 3 has to do with Senate recesses (times when the Senate is not meeting).  In the past, fast transportation was not available, and it could take a long time for members of Congress to get to Washington, D.C.  Because of this, Congress would usually meet only during planned "sessions," so everyone would have time to get there.  After the planned sessions were over, the Senate would go into recess, and all the Senators would go home.

During Senate recesses, the President may appoint officers to stand in for the missing Senators.  However, these officers are temporary, and their permission to act as Senators expire (end) when the Senate finishes its next session.

Section 3: Presidential responsibilities

Clause 1: State of the Union
Clause 1 of Section 3 is called the State of the Union Clause.  It says that "from time to time," the President must give Congress information on the "State of the Union."  ("State of the Union" basically means "The Situation in the United States.")

Originally, Presidents personally delivered State of the Union Addresses to Congress every year. Thomas Jefferson thought this was too much like a King speaking from a throne.  Instead, he would send Congress written messages, and clerks (assistants) would read them.  Other Presidents did the same for over 100 years, until President Woodrow Wilson went back to speaking in front of Congress.  Every President since Wilson has kept doing that .

The purpose of the State of the Union is to make sure the President shares information with Congress, as well as the entire country.  This information helps Congress decide whether anything is happening that they need to pass laws for.  It also lets the people in the country know what is happening in their government.
Clause 2: Making recommendations to Congress
The President has the power to suggest to Congress anything he thinks is "necessary [needed] and expedient [appropriate]". This is called the Recommendation Clause.

The Recommendation Clause is another part of the checks and balances in the Constitution.  The President cannot just do anything he thinks is needed; he has to get Congress's approval.  If the President gives recommendations to Congress, Congress can approve them.  However, if the President gives no suggestions to Congress, Congress has no power to force him to.

Also, just by asking Congress, the President shows that he respects them as equals, and is not more powerful or important than they are, like a King would be.  One scholar explains: "The Recommendation Clause empowers the President to represent the people before Congress, by recommending measures for the reform of government, for the general welfare, or for the redress of grievances [for problems to be fixed]."p. 43
Clause 3: Calling Congress into extraordinary session; adjourning Congress
Clause 3 gives the President the right to call one or both Houses of Congress "on extraordinary Occasions."  This clause is meant to allow the government to act quickly in case a major emergency comes up when Congress is not in session.  If the two Houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for when to adjourn a special session, the President may adjourn both Houses whenever he thinks it is appropriate.

Presidents have called extraordinary sessions 27 times in history to deal with crises like wars or emergencies with the economy.  The last time this happened was in 1948, when President Harry S Truman called a special session to try to get civil rights, Social Security, and health care laws passed.

After airplane travel became common around the 1950s, Congress began meeting year-round. Since that time, no President has had to call a special session.
Clause 4: Receiving foreign representatives
The President receives (greets and hosts) all foreign Ambassadors. This clause of the Constitution is called the Reception Clause.

Clause 5: Caring for the faithful execution of the law
The President must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed [used and followed]."  This clause in the Constitution is sometimes called the Take Care Clause, the Faithful Execution Clause, or the Faithfully Executed Clause.

This clause gives the President power, limits, and a duty, all at the same time:pp. 3–4
 It gives him the power to carry out the laws in any way that is legal and follows the Constitution
 It gives him the limit of not being able to ignore the laws.  He cannot refuse to enforce a law or follow part of the Constitution
 It gives him the duty to carry out the laws (even if he disagrees with them).  It also gives him the duty to make sure the rest of the government (including state governments) carry out the laws too
Supreme Court cases have focused on the duties and limits the Take Care Clause puts on the President.  For example:
 The President must make sure everyone in the Executive Branch follows the laws made by Congress
 The President cannot stop enforcing, change, or ignore whatever laws he does not like.  This is unconstitutional because it basically gives him power over lawmaking, and the Constitution gives that power only to Congress
 When Congress passes a law that approves money for a program, the President, or executive departments, cannot refuse to spend the money on that program.  They cannot spend the money on anything else, because this would go against a law made by Congress.
Clause 6: Officers' commissions
The President commissions "all the Officers of the United States."  (This means he gives these officers the power to do their jobs.)  These include officers in both the military and foreign service (people who work for the United States government in other countries, like Ambassadors).  However, Article One of the Constitution, Section 8, gives each state the power to appoint officers in their own militias.

Section 4: Impeachment

The Constitution also allows some government officials to be removed from office (fired).  The President, Vice President, Cabinet Secretaries, and other executive officers, as well as judges, may be impeached by the House of Representatives, and then tried in the Senate.
Anyone who is convicted by impeachment is fired immediately.  The Senate may also choose to prevent the person from holding any federal office in the future.  These are the only punishments that an impeachment proceeding can give.  However, the person can still be tried for civil and criminal charges in the courts, and punished if they are found guilty.

Impeachment is a power that only Congress has.  In Nixon v. United States (1993), the Supreme Court ruled that even they cannot review or change the Senate's decision in an impeachment trial.  Its impeachment powers give Congress a way to make sure that no executive officials or judges are getting corrupt.

"High crimes and misdemeanors"