Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Other conferences
These conferences do not play football, but do play basketball:
America East Conference
ASUN Conference – Partner in the United Athletic Conference.
Atlantic 10 Conference
Big East Conference
Big West Conference
 Coastal Athletic Association – As noted above, the CAA football conference is separate from the all-sports conference.
Horizon League
 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
Missouri Valley Conference
The Summit League
West Coast Conference
Western Athletic Conference – Partner in the United Athletic Conference.

This conference plays more than one sport, but does not play either football or basketball:
 Mountain Pacific Sports Federation
These conferences only play ice hockey:
 Atlantic Hockey (men only) – Will merge with College Hockey America in 2024. The name of the merged conference has yet to be announced.
 Central Collegiate Hockey Association (men only)
 College Hockey America (women only) – Will merge with Atlantic Hockey in 2024.
 ECAC Hockey
 Hockey East
 National Collegiate Hockey Conference (men only)
 New England Women's Hockey Alliance
 Western Collegiate Hockey Association (women only)

The only Division I all-sports conference that plays either men's or women's ice hockey is the Big Ten. It started a men's hockey league in 2013–14.

The Ivy League technically sponsors ice hockey for both men and women, but does not hold a championship tournament. All Ivy League schools that play ice hockey play in Hockey East. The Ivy League determines its champion from results of ECAC Hockey games that involve two Ivy members.
These conferences only play water polo. Two run men's and women's leagues, and the other runs only a women's league.
Collegiate Water Polo Association
Golden Coast Conference (women only)
Western Water Polo Association

One conference competes only in wrestling:
Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association

These conferences play only one sport:
Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges
Pacific Coast Swim Conference

In some sports, the NCAA does not split schools into divisions because only a small number of schools play a given sport. Technically, conferences in these sports are not Division I. However, most of the schools in these conferences are in Division I in other sports.

These conferences only play men's volleyball (note that women's volleyball is split into divisions):
 Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association
 Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association

This conference only plays women's beach volleyball:
 Coastal Collegiate Sports Association
These conferences only compete in skiing:
 Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association
 Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association

These conferences only compete in gymnastics:
 Eastern Intercollegiate Gymnastics League (men only)
 Midwest Independent Conference (women only)
 Mountain Rim Gymnastics Conference (women only)

These conferences only compete in rifle shooting:
 Great America Rifle Conference
 Mid-Atlantic Rifle Conference
 Patriot Rifle Conference

This conference only does fencing:
 Midwest Fencing Conference
Division II is the middle division of competition in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. It is less competitive and less expensive than Division I, but more competitive than Division III, which offers no athletic scholarships. Divisions II and III were previously known togther as the NCAA College Division.

This is a list of Division II athletics (or sports) conferences:
Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association
Great American Conference
Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
Great Lakes Valley Conference
Great Midwest Athletic Conference
Gulf South Conference
Lone Star Conference
Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association
Mountain East Conference
North Central Conference
Northeast-10 Conference
Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference
Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference
Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference
South Atlantic Conference
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
These conferences do not play football:
California Collegiate Athletic Association
Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference
Conference Carolinas
East Coast Conference
Great Northwest Athletic Conference
Pacific West Conference
Peach Belt Conference
Sunshine State Conference

These conferences play only one or two sports. Note that the NCAA treats swimming and diving as a single sport. Also, the NCAA counts men's and women's teams in the same sport as playing two different sports.
 Bluegrass Mountain Conference (swimming and diving)
 Deep South Conference (men's lacrosse)
 ECAC Division II Lacrosse League (men's lacrosse)
 Metropolitan Conference (swimming and diving)
 New South Intercollegiate Swim Conference (swimming and diving)
 Western Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (men's and women's lacrosse)

 
College athletics conferences
This is a list of athletics conferences that belong to this division, divided into several groups by sports sponsorship:
All-sports conferences
Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference
American Rivers Conference
American Southwest Conference
Atlantic East Conference
Centennial Conference
City University of New York Athletic Conference
Coast-To-Coast Athletic Conference
College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin
Collegiate Conference of the South
Commonwealth Coast Conference
Empire 8
Great Northeast Athletic Conference
Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference
Landmark Conference
Liberty League
Little East Conference
Massachusetts State College Athletic Conference
Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association
Middle Atlantic Conference — An umbrella organization for the following three leagues:
 MAC Commonwealth, sponsoring 14 sports including men's and women's basketball, but not football
 MAC Freedom, sponsoring the same set of 14 sports
Middle Atlantic Conference, not to be confused with the umbrella organization; sponsoring competition in 13 sports, including football, for both Commonwealth and Freedom members
Midwest Conference
Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
New England Small College Athletic Conference
New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference
New Jersey Athletic Conference
North Atlantic Conference
North Coast Athletic Conference
Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference
Northwest Conference
Ohio Athletic Conference
Old Dominion Athletic Conference
Presidents' Athletic Conference
St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
Skyline Conference
Southern Athletic Association
Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference
State University of New York Athletic Conference
United East Conference
University Athletic Association
Upper Midwest Athletic Conference
USA South Athletic Conference
Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
Football-only conferences
 Eastern Collegiate Football Conference

Ice hockey-only conferences
 Colonial Hockey Conference (women only)
 ECAC West (men and women)
 New England Hockey Conference (men and women)
 Northern Collegiate Hockey Association (men and women)
 United Collegiate Hockey Conference (men and women)

Lacrosse-only conferences
 Midwest Lacrosse Conference (men only)
 Midwest Women's Lacrosse Conference

Men's volleyball-only conferences
 Continental Volleyball Conference
 Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League
 New England Collegiate Conference
 United Volleyball Conference

 
College athletics conferences
The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is one of the major college sports conferences in the United States. It was formed in 1953 by a group of seven colleges and universities that left the Southern Conference.

Members 

Starting with the 2023–24 school year, the only sport in which the conference's members are split into groups—the Atlantic and Coastal Divisions—is baseball. The Atlantic–Coastal split was also used in football before the 2023 season.

Notre Dame does not play football in the ACC; in that sport, it remains an "independent" school that does not play in a conference. However, it has agreed to play five of its 12 regular-season games each year against other ACC schools. Syracuse does not have a baseball team; Notre Dame takes its place in the Atlantic Division for that sport.
Future members
Amid a major NCAA conference realignment in the early 2020s, the ACC announced on September 1, 2023 that it would add three new members for the 2024–25 school year. Two are leaving the Pac-12 Conference, which will likely fold at the end of the 2023–24 school year, and the other is leaving the American Athletic Conference.

Former members
Two schools have left the ACC:
Sports
As of the 2023–24 school year, the ACC holds championships in 28 sports. Thirteen of these are men's sports and 15 are women's sports. One sport, fencing, has separate ACC men's and women's team championships, but has a single coeducational (men's and women's) NCAA team championship.
 Baseball (men only)
 Basketball (both)
 Cross country (both)
 Fencing (coeducational)
 Field hockey (women only)
 Football (men only)
 Golf (both)
 Gymnastics (women only)
 Lacrosse (both)
 Rowing (women only)
 Soccer (both)
 Softball (women only)
 Swimming and diving (both)
 Tennis (both)
 Track and field, indoor (both)
 Track and field, outdoor (both)
 Volleyball (women only)
 Wrestling (men only)

References
James Keir Hardie (15 August 1856 – 26 September 1915) was a Scottish socialist and labour leader, and was the first independent labour Member of Parliament (MPs) in the UK Parliament, seven years before the start of the Labour Party.

He was born in Newhouse, Lanarkshire. He worked as a coal miner, but his bosses stopped him from working when he made a union.  He became a politician, and was elected to (chosen for) parliament in 1892.  At first he was a Liberal, but he was interested in making a working class party.  He started the Independent Labour Party in 1893, and what became the modern Labour party in 1900. He died in Glasgow following a series of strokes.
Further reading
Benn, Caroline (1992) Keir Hardie London: Hutchinson 
 Kevin Jefferys (ed), Leading Labour: From Keir Hardie to Tony Blair  IB Taurus, 1999. 
 Kenneth O. Morgan, Keir Hardie, Radical and Socialist Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1975
 Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock OUP, 1987.
 Greg Rosen (ed), Dictionary of Labour Biography. Politicos Publishing, 2001. 
 Greg Rosen, Old Labour to New, Politicos Publishing, 2005.

Other websites
Biography of Hardie with quotes 
Rhondda Cynon Taff Online : Unveiling the Keir Hardie Bust 
BBC News: Memorial to Labour founder Hardie

1856 births
1915 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Politicians from North Lanarkshire
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1910
The Southeastern Conference (SEC) is an American college athletic conference located primarily in the South Central and Southeastern United States.  The conference has 14 members. It is a part of the NCAA's Division I.

Member Universities
Since July 1, 2012, there are 14 members, with Vanderbilt being the only private university.

Future members
On July 27, 2021, Oklahoma and Texas notified the SEC they are wanting to be a part of the conference. On July 29, 2021, the presidents of the current 14 schools of the SEC all voted in agreement to give an offer to Oklahoma and Texas. On July 30, 2021, both future SEC schools voted to accept the invitation, and then were set to join the SEC at the start of the 2025–26 school year. Oklahoma and Texas would later reach a buyout agreement with the Big 12 that will allow them to join the SEC in July 2024.

References
Angelo Fausto Coppi (15 September 1919 – 2 January 1960) was an Italian racing cyclist. He was born in Castellania. He was one of the most successful and most popular cyclists of all time. He won the Tour de France twice, in 1949 and 1952. He won the Giro d'Italia five times, in 1940, 1947, 1949, 1952 and 1953. He also held the World Hour record (the farthest cycled in one hour) from 1942 to 1956.

He fought in the Second World War. He was a prisoner of war of the British. It is possible that Coppi could have won many more races in the five years that were lost because of the war. Coppi died of malaria in Tortoni in 1960 at the age of 40.

Major results
1940
Giro d'Italia:
 Winner overall classification
Winner stage 11
1941
Giro di Toscana
Giro dell'Emilia
Giro del Veneto
Tre Valli Varesine
1942
Hour record - 45.798 km (Milan, Velodromo Vigorelli)
 Italian National Road Race Championship
1946
Milan-Sanremo
Giro di Lombardia
Grand Prix des Nations
Giro della Romagna
Giro d'Italia:
Winner stages 4, 13 and 14
1947
Giro d'Italia:
 Winner overall classification
Winner stages 4, 8 and 16
Giro di Lombardia
Grand Prix des Nations
 Italian National Road Race Championship
Giro della Romagna
Giro del Veneto
Giro dell'Emilia
1948
Milan-Sanremo
Giro di Lombardia
Giro d'Italia:
 Winner mountains classification
Winner stages 16 and 17
Giro dell'Emilia
Tre Valli Varesine
1949
Tour de France:
 Winner overall classification
 Winner mountains classification
Winner stages 7, 17 and 20
Giro d'Italia:
 Winner overall classification
 Winner mountains classification
Winner stages 4, 11 and 17
Milan-Sanremo
Giro di Lombardia
 Italian National Road Race Championship
Giro della Romagna
Giro del Veneto
1950
Paris-Roubaix
La Flèche Wallonne
1951
Tour de France:
Winner stage 20
Giro d'Italia:
Winner stages 6 and 18
Gran Premio di Lugano
1952
Tour de France:
 Winner overall classification
 Winner mountains classification
Winner stages 7, 10, 11, 18 and 21
Giro d'Italia:
 Winner overall classification
Winner stages 5, 11 and 14
Gran Premio di Lugano
1953
 World Road Cycling Championships
Giro d'Italia:
 Winner overall classification
Winner stages 4, 19 and 20
Trofeo Baracchi
1954
Giro d'Italia:
 Winner mountain classification
Winner stage 20
Giro di Lombardia
Coppa Bernocchi
Trofeo Baracchi
1955
Giro d'Italia:
Winner stage 20
 Italian National Road Race Championship
Giro dell'Appennino
1956
Gran Premio di Lugano
1957
Trofeo Baracchi
Other websites 
  Find-A-Grave profile for Fausto Coppi

1919 births
1960 deaths

Infectious disease deaths in Italy
Italian cyclists

Military personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Piedmont
Tour de France winners
Hurricane Hazel was the worst hurricane of the 1954 Atlantic hurricane season and one of the worst hurricanes of the 20th century. Hazel killed as many as 1,000 people in Haiti before striking the United States just south of Wilmington, North Carolina as a Category 4 hurricane. 19 people were killed in North Carolina, and 81 people were killed when it hit Toronto, Ontario. It is the strongest hurricane ever recorded to strike so far inland.

Retired tropical cyclone names
Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in the United States
1954 in the United States
History of Grenada
20th century in Haiti
20th century in the Bahamas
20th century in South Carolina
1950s in North Carolina
20th century in Virginia
20th century in West Virginia
20th century in Maryland
1950s in Pennsylvania
1950s in New York (state)
1954 in Canada
October events
1950s in weather
Miguel Ángel Indurain Larraya (born July 16, 1964) is a Spanish retired road racing cyclist. He was a professional cyclist from 1985 to 1996. He was the first person to win the Tour de France five times in a row from 1991 to 1995. He also won the Giro d'Italia two times, in 1992 and 1993. In 1994, he cycled 53.040 kilometres in one hour, which was a new hour record. He also won the Olympic Gold medal for the time trial in 1996.

Indurain was very good at time trials. In the five Tours de France that he won, he only won two stages that were not time trials. He finished time trials much quicker than other cyclists, so he did not need to attack in mountain stages. In the 1996 Tour de France, he had a bad cold and he could not win. He retired later in 1997.

Achievements 

Tour de France finishings
 1985: Withdrew, 4th stage
 1986: Withdrew, 8th stage
 1987: 97th
 1988: 47th
 1989: 17th
 1990: 10th
 1991: 1st
 1992: 1st
 1993: 1st
 1994: 1st
 1995: 1st
 1996: 11th
Giro d'Italia finishings
 1992: 1st
 1993: 1st
 1994: 3rd

Vuelta a España finishings
 1985: 84th
 1986: 92nd
 1987: Withdrew
 1988: Withdrew
 1989: Withdrew
 1990: 7th
 1991: 2nd
 1996: Withdrew, 12th stage

 Major results
 World Time-Trial Championship (1995)
 Summer Olympics Men's Individual Time Trial (1996)
 Dauphiné Libéré (1995, 1996)
 Paris-Nice (1989, 1990)
 Clásica de San Sebastián (1990)
 Critérium International (1989)
 Grand prix du Midi Libre (1995)
 Volta a Catalunya (1988, 1991, 1992)
 Tour de l'Avenir (1986)

 Accolades ya boi emilio
 French Légion d'honneur
 Prince of Asturias Awards: Sports (1992)
 Active member – Laureus World Sports Academy
 1995 ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year

1964 births
Giro d'Italia winners
Living people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
People from Navarre
Spanish cyclists
Spanish Olympic gold medalists
Spanish Roman Catholics
Tour de France cyclists
Tour de France winners
Shimon Peres  (; born Szymon Perski; 2 August 1923 – 28 September 2016) was a Polish-born Israeli statesman. He was the President of the State of Israel. Peres served twice as the Prime Minister of Israel. He also served as Interim Prime Minister twice. Peres has been a member of 12 cabinets. His political career spanned over 66 years.
 
He was one of three leaders who shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994.  The others were Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat. All three got the prizes for trying to make peace in the Middle East.

On September 13, 2016, Peres, aged 93, suffered a severe stroke and was hospitalized in Ramat Gan, Israel. He had suffered a massive brain hemorrhage. Two days later, he was reported as being in a serious but stable condition. However, on September 26, an examination found damage to his brainstem. He died on September 28 of complications from the stroke.

His cousin was the American Hollywood actress Lauren Bacall. Their fathers were brothers.
More reading 
 Shimon Peres The Biography (2006), Michael Bar-Zohar

References

Other websites 
 Official Israeli Presidency website 

  

1923 births
2016 deaths
Belarusian Jews
Deputy government ministers of Israel
Deaths from stroke
Members of the Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
HaAvoda politicians
Harvard University alumni
Israeli civil servants
Israeli political leaders
Israeli Nobel Prize winners
Israeli opposition leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Kadima politicians
Mapai politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
New York University alumni
Polish Jews
Presidents of Israel
Prime Ministers of Israel
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Alternate Prime Ministers of Israel
Ehud Olmert, Hebrew: אהוד אולמרט , (born 30 September 1945 in Binyamina) is an Israeli lawyer and former politician. He was Prime Minister of Israel.

Olmert was a Member of Knesset from 1974 to 2009, with an interruption from 1999 to 2003. He was also mayor of Jerusalem from 1993 to 2003.

In 2006 he switched from Likud to newly formed Kadima. He was the head of Kadima until September 2008.

He was the 12th Prime Minister of Israel between 14 April 2006 and 31 March 2009, succeeding Ariel Sharon and succeeded by Benjamin Netanyahu.

From February 2016 till July 2017, Olmert was spending time in prison because of a felony conviction of breach of trust and bribery.

References 
 Bio at Knesset Website

1945 births
Living people
Members of the Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
Israeli political leaders
Israeli lawyers
Israeli mayors
Israeli prisoners
Jewish Israeli criminals
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish lawyers
Kadima politicians
Likud politicians
Prime Ministers of Israel
Kadima, Hebrew: קדימה‎‎ - Forward,  is an Israeli political party.  

Its ideology is centrist liberal, and Zionist. 

Kadima believed in both Israel's security and continuing the peace process, and supported negotiating an agreement for peace with the Palestinians, but is de facto defunct.

Kadima was founded on November 24, 2005 by Ariel Sharon, as a splitting from Likud.

Number of seats in the 20th Knesset: / (-2).

Other websites 
 

2005 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Israel
Former political parties in Israel
Zionist parties
Liberal parties
Svetlana Aleksandrovna Kuznetsova (Cyrillic: ; born June 27, 1985) is a Russian professional tennis player who is currently ranked World No. 4. She won the US Open singles title in 2004 and was the runner-up in singles at the French Open in 2006 and the US Open in 2007, losing both finals to Justine Henin in straight sets.

1985 births
Living people
Russian tennis players
Jacques Anquetil (8 January 1934 – 18 November 1987), was a French road racing cyclist. He was the first cyclist to win the Tour de France five times, in 1957 and from 1961 to 1964. Anquetil was very good at riding time trials, and this helped him to win grand tours. He also won the Giro d'Italia in 1960 and 1964, and the Vuelta a España in 1963.  This made him the first cyclist to win all three grand tours.  In 1956 he rode 46.159 kilometres in one hour, making a new hour record.

Anquetil was born in Mont-Saint-Aigan. He died of stomach cancer in Rouen.

Major achievements 

 Tour de France
 1957 - 1st overall; 4 stage wins; 16 days in maillot jaune
 1959 - 3rd overall
 1961 - 1st overall; 2 stage wins; 21 days in maillot jaune
 1962 - 1st overall; 2 stage wins; 3 days in maillot jaune
 1963 - 1st overall; 4 stage wins; 5 days in maillot jaune
 1964 - 1st overall; 4 stage wins; 5 days in maillot jaune
Giro d'Italia
 1959 - 2nd overall; Stage 2 ITT win; Stage 19 ITT win; 7 days in maglia rosa
 1960 - 1st overall; Stage 9b ITT win; Stage 14 ITT win; 11 days in maglia rosa
 1961 - 2nd overall; Stage 9 ITT win; 4 days in maglia rosa
 1964 - 1st overall; Stage 5 ITT win; 17 days in maglia rosa

 Vuelta a España
 1963 - 1st overall; 1 stage win; 16 days in jersey de oro

 Other one-day classics and stage races
 Super Prestige Pernod International (1961, 1963, 1965, 1966)
 Grand Prix des Nations (1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966)
 Liège-Bastogne-Liège (1966)
 Gent-Wevelgem (1964)
 Bordeaux-Paris (1965)
 Dauphiné Libéré (1963 - 1st overall; 1 stage win; 1965 - 1st overall, 3 stage wins)
 Paris-Nice
 1957 - 1st overall; 1 stage win - Time Trial Stage
 1961 - 1st overall; 1 stage win
 1963 - 1st overall; 1 stage win
 1965 - 1st overall; 1 stage win
 1966 - 1st overall; 1 stage win
 Vuelta al País Vasco (1969)
 Four Days of Dunkirk (1958, 1959)

 Hour record in 1956 - 46.159 km
Other websites
Complete Palmarès 
Gitane USA

1934 births
1987 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from stomach cancer
Doping cases in cycling
French cyclists
Giro d'Italia winners

Tour de France winners
Vuelta a España winners
People from Seine-Maritime
Sportspeople from Normandy‎
The hour record for bicycles is the record for the longest length rode in one hour on a bicycle.  The first recorded hour record was in 1876 when F. L. Dodds rode 26.508 kilometres on a penny-farthing bicycle.  Many people since then have tried to be the fastest.  People trying to break the record have helped to change bicycle designs.

In 1972, the Belgian cyclist Eddy Merckx set a record of 49.431 kilometres.  It was the record for twelve years.  Since that time technology has allowed much more aerodynamic bicycle designs.  The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), has made his design standard for their competitions.  There is now another record, the International Human Powered Vehicle Association (IHVA) hour record, for other designs.  The hour record for regular bicycles is called the UCI record.  

Ondřej Sosenka holds the UCI hour record at 49.700 kilometres.  Sam Whittingham holds the IHVA hour record at 86.752 kilometres.
Cycle races
The Billie Jean King Cup is the premier team competition in women's tennis, launched in 1963 as the Federation Cup to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the International Tennis Federation (ITF).  The competition name changed to Fed Cup in 1995, and then to its current name, honoring American tennis great and women's rights advocate Billie Jean King, in September 2020.

References

Tennis tournaments
Kateryna Volodymyrivna Bondarenko  (, born 8 August 1986) is a professional female tennis player from Ukraine and a doubles champion at Australian Open in 2008.

The younger sister of Alyona Bondarenko, she was born in Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union.  She plays right-handed and turned pro in 2000.

1986 births
Living people
Female tennis players
Ukrainian sportspeople
Port Arthur may refer to: 

 Port Arthur naval base in Manchuria, now called Lüshunkou
 Port Arthur massacre (China) in the Sino-Japanese War in 1894
 Battle of Port Arthur, a sea battle in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904
 Siege of Port Arthur a land battle in 1904
Australia
 Port Arthur, Tasmania (Australia), the site of a historic convict settlement
 Port Arthur massacre (Australia), which occurred in Port Arthur, Tasmania in 1996
United States
 Port Arthur, Texas, a city in the United States
 Port Arthur, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Canada
 Port Arthur, Ontario (Canada), a former city, now a part of Thunder Bay
 Port Arthur (electoral district) (Canada), 
Finland
 VIII District, Turku (Finland), aka Port Arthur, a district in Turku

Other
  Port Arthur, BattleTech Universe's fictional planet
Melinda Czink (born October 22, 1982 in Budapest) is a Hungarian professional female tennis player. On March 1, 2004 Czink reached her career-high singles ranking of World No. 64.

Female tennis players
1982 births
Hungarian sportspeople
Living people
Maria Yuryevna Kirilenko (; born 25 January 1987 in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a Russian professional tennis player. She won her first WTA Tour title in 2005, defeating Anna-Lena Grönefeld 6–3, 6–4 in the China Open. Kirilenko reached #19, her career-high singles ranking, on the WTA tour in June 2008. She is a good friend of Maria Sharapova. She is affectionately called Makiri.

Sportspeople from Moscow
1987 births
Living people
Russian tennis players
Alberto Contador Velasco (born 6 December 1982 in Madrid) is a Spanish  road racing cyclist for the Astana Team. He won the 2007 Tour de France riding for the Discovery Channel team. He also won the 2008 Giro d'Italia riding for Astana. Contador is very good at climbing mountains.

Contador became a professional in 2003. In 2004 he started to have headaches. A few days later, while he was racing, he crashed and went to hospital. There, doctors found a problem with a blood vessel in his brain. He needed some dangerous surgery, and needed many months to recover (get better). In 2005 he was healthy, and rode in his first Tour de France. He finished in 31st place.
2007 season 
Contador had to find a new team. In January 2007, he joined the Discovery Channel team, and won the famous Paris-Nice race in March. In the Tour de France, he won the 14th stage, and was second in the race to Michael Rasmussen. Rasmussen had to leave the race because he had not been honest about where he was training before the race. Because of this, Contador wore the yellow jersey, meaning he was in first place in the race, from stage 18. In stage 19, a time trial, he did not lose too much time, and started the last stage with a 23 seconds lead over Cadel Evans in second place. Evans and Contador finished with the same time, so Contador won the 2007 Tour de France.
2008 season 
The Discovery Channel Team stopped racing at the end of 2007, and Contador joined the Astana Team. This was the same team he had worked for in 2005, but with a new name and new people managing it. However, the group running the Tour de France decided that Astana could not join the 2008 Tour de France. One week before the 2008 Giro d'Italia, the group running it invited the Astana team to join. The team did not have much time to prepare (get ready), but Contador became the leader of the race on the 15th stage. He wore the maglia rosa (pink leader's jersey) until the finish in Milan. This meant that Contador had won his second grand tour.

Achievements
2003 – ONCE-Eroski
 Stage 8 (ITT), Tour de Pologne
 4th Overall, Vuelta a Castilla y León
2004 – Liberty Seguros
 Mountains Classification, Vuelta a Aragón
 5th Overall, Setmana Catalana
2005 – Liberty Seguros-Würth Cycling Team
 Stage 6 (ITT), Points Classification and 3rd Overall, Vuelta al País Vasco
 Stage 5, Tour Down Under
 1st Overall, Combination Classification and Stage 3, Setmana Catalana
 Stage 4 and 4th Overall, Tour de Romandie
 3rd, Youth Classification and 31st Overall, Tour de France
2006 – Astana-Würth Team
 Stage 8, Tour de Suisse
 Stage 3 and 2nd Overall, Tour de Romandie
 5th Overall, Vuelta al País Vasco
2007 – Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team
 Vuelta a Castilla y León
 1st Overall
 1st Combination classification
 1st Spanish rider classification
 Winner Stage 4
 Paris-Nice:
 1st Overall
 1st Young rider classification
 Winner stages 4 and 7
 Stage 4, Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
Tour de France
Winner overall classification
Winner youth classification
Winner stage 14
Winner stage 14
2008 – Team Astana
 Vuelta a Castilla y León
 1st Overall 
 1st Stage 1
 1st Stage 4
 Vuelta a País Vasco
 1st Overall
 1st Stage 1 
 1st Stage 6 
 Giro d'Italia
 Winner overall classification
1982 births
Living people
Doping cases in cycling
Giro d'Italia winners
Spanish cyclists
Sportspeople from Madrid
Tour de France winners
Vuelta a España winners
Dinara Mikhailovna Safina (), born April 27, 1986) is a Russian professional tennis player of Tatar ethnicity. She was born in Moscow, Russia. She is the younger sister of former world number one men's player, Marat Safin.

She was coached by Glen Schaap, former trainer of Nadia Petrova. Her new coach is Željko Krajan. Her mother, Rauza Islanova used to be her trainer when she was younger and still gives advice to Dinara. Dinara Safina's father is director of the Spartak tennis club in Moscow. She has won one Grand Slam title, the  women's double title at the 2007 U.S. Open with her partner Nathalie Dechy. She also reached the final of the French Open in 2008, losing to current World No. 1 Ana Ivanović.

References

1986 births
Russian tennis players
Living people
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Tatars
US Open (tennis) champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Alejandro Valverde Belmonte (born April 25, 1980) is a Spanish road racing cyclist. He rides for the Caisse d'Epargne team. Valverde won the Liège-Bastogne-Liège race in 2006 and 2008. He was second in the 2006 Vuelta a España and sixth in the 2007 Tour de France. He won the 2008 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, an important race before the 2008 Tour de France. This means that many people think he will do well in the Tour. 

Valverde is a strong climber, sprinter and time trialist.

Achievements
2001
  U23 Road Race Champion
2003
 2nd overall, World Cycling Championship Road Race
 3rd overall, Vuelta a España
 1st, Stages 9 and 15
 1st, Combined Classification
 2nd, Points Classification
 1st, GP Primavera
 1st, GP Villafranca de Ordizia
 2 stage wins, Troféu Joaquim Agostinho
 Stage win, Vuelta al País Vasco
 Stage win, Vuelta a Aragón
2004
 4th overall and 1 stage win, Vuelta a España
 1st overall and 3 stage wins, Vuelta a Burgos
 1st overall and 2 stage wins, Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
 1st overall, Vuelta a Murcia
 1st, Trofeo Cala Millor - Cala Ratjada
 3 stage wins Vuelta a Castilla y León
 Stage win, Vuelta al País Vasco
 1st, GP Primavera
2005
 1st, Stage 10, Tour de France
 1st, Stage 8, Paris-Nice
 1st, Trofeo Manacor
 1st, Trofeo Soller
 1st, Stages 3 and 4, Vuelta al País Vasco
 2nd overall, World Cycling Championships Road Race
2006
 Champion, UCI ProTour
 2nd Overall, Vuelta a España
 1st, Stage 7
 3rd overall, World Cycling Championships Road Race
 1st, La Flèche Wallonne
1st, Liège-Bastogne-Liège
 1st, Stage, Vuelta a Murcia
 2nd, Overall, Vuelta al País Vasco
 1st, Points Classification
 1st, Stage 1
 3rd, Overall, Tour de Romandie
 1st, Stage 4
 7th, Overall, Dauphiné Libéré
2007
2nd, Liège-Bastogne-Liège
2nd, La Flèche Wallonne
7th, Amstel Gold Race
5th Overall, Vuelta al País Vasco
3rd, Vuelta al País Vasco, Stage 4
1st, Overall, Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
1st Overall, Vuelta a Murcia
1st Stage 4
3rd Overall,Critérium International
1st, Points classification
 1st Stage 4, Vuelta a Burgos
6th Overall, Tour de France
2nd, Stage 9
2008
1st Overall, Vuelta a Murcia
1st Stage 4
 2nd, Klasika Primavera
 1st, Paris-Camembert
 3rd, Amstel Gold Race
 1st, Liège-Bastogne-Liège
 1st Overall, Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 1st, Points Classification
 1st, Stage 1, Stage 4 (ITT)
2009
 1st, Overall,  Volta a Catalunya
 1st, Stage 3
 1st overall, Vuelta a Burgos
  1st Overall, Vuelta a España
  Winner combination classification
 1st, Klasika Primavera
1st Overall, Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 2nd Overall, Vuelta a la Comunidad de Madrid
 4th Overall, Tour de Romandie
 7th, La Flèche Wallonne
 9th Overall, Vuelta a Castilla y León
 1st, Points classification
 1st, Mountains Classification
 1st, Combination Classification
 1st, Stages 3 & 5
2010
All results were voided from 31 May, because of the suspension backdated to 1 January.
1st, Tour Méditerranéen
 1st Overall Tour de Romandie
 1st Stage 5
 2nd Paris–Nice
 2nd GP Miguel Indurain
 2nd Overall, Tour of the Basque Country
 1st Stages 1 & 2
  1st Points classification
 3rd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 8th La Flèche Wallonne
2012
 1st Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
1st Stage 2
 1st Points classification
1st Combination classification
1st Stage 17 Tour de France
2nd Overall Vuelta a España
1st Stages 1 (TTT), 3 & 8
 Winner points classification
 Winner combination classification
2nd Overall Tour Down Under
1st Stage 5
3rd World Cycling Championship Road Race
3rd Overall Paris–Nice
1st Stage 3
2013
 1st Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
 1st Points classification
1st Prologue & Stage 3
1st Trofeo Serra de Tramuntana
2nd Giro di Lombardia
2nd Amstel Gold Race
2nd Clásica de San Sebastián
3rd  World Road Race Championships
3rd Overall Vuelta a España
 Winner points classification
3rd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
3rd Vuelta a Murcia
4th GP Miguel Indurain
6th Milano–Torino
7th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné
7th La Flèche Wallonne
8th Overall Tour de France
9th Overall Tour de Romandie

Grand Tour general classification results timeline:

WD = Withdrew; In Progress = IP

Classics results 
This table shows Valverde's classics results.

References
References

1980 births
Living people
Spanish cyclists
Vuelta a España winners
In many racing sports an athlete will compete (take part) in a time trial.  This is when the athlete races over a course as fast as he can. In cross country skiing and biathlon competitions, a skier will start every 30 to 60 seconds. These are called interval starts. In cycling a time trial (TT) can be a single track race, or an individual time trial on the road.  Time trials are often a part of a stage race, for example the Tour de France.

In a team time trial in cycling, a team of riders will race together.  A group can ride faster than just one rider because riders following the leader are sheltered from the wind.  

In rowing, time trial races, where the boats start every 10 to 20 seconds, are usually called "head races".

Other websites 
Southern California Time Trial Racing 
List of cycling World Time Trial Champions 

Cycle races
The markhor (Capra falconeri) is a large goat. It is found in woodland in Central Asia, Karakoram and the Western Himalayas, this is the National Animal of Pakistan. 

Markhor are 65 to 115 centimetres tall at the shoulder.  They usually weigh from 40 to 110 kilograms. Females are a tan colour with a white underbelly and a pattern of black and white on the legs. Males are a lighter tan colour with the same white underbelly and pattern on the legs.  Males also have a black face and lots of long white fur on their neck and chest which can grow down to their knees. Both males and females have corkscrew-shaped horns which can grow up to 160 cm / 64 inches long in males, and up to 25 cm / 10 inches in females.
Markhor live in places 500 to 3500 metres (1,500 to 11,000 feet) high, where they eat grass, leaves.  Markhor often stand on their back legs to reach the top leaves of trees. Markhor are active (move around more) in the early morning and late afternoon. Females gather in herds (groups) of up to nine animals.  Males usually live alone.

The markhor is the National animal of Pakistan. The word "Markhor" is Persian for "Snake Eater".  They live in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Indian Kashmir Valley. In Pakistan, they live in the Chitral, Ghizar and Hunza regions.  There are fewer markhor left because human beings take livestock to eat grass in the places where the markhor lives.  Other people have killed the markhor for its horns.  As of 2012, the IUCN said there were probably 2,500 markhor left in the wild.
Subspecies
 Bukharan markhor, Capra falconeri heptneri
 Astor markhor, Capra falconeri falconeri
 Kabul markhor, Capra falconeri megaceros
 Kashmir markhor, Capra falconeri cashmiriensis
 Sulaiman markhor, Capra falconeri jerdoni

References 

Caprids
National symbols of Pakistan
Mammals of Asia
She's So Unusual is the first solo album by the famous American 1980s pop singer Cyndi Lauper. It was released in 1983. It included the popular single, "Girls Just Want to Have Fun".

1983 albums
Pop albums
Cyndi Lauper
Betta is a genus of fish. Betta splendens is a common  species of this genus. Betta are very brightly coloured. They can be bought in a local pet store. Other species of betta are more rare. The males often show their aggression at other males as well as females by flaring at one another. Betta are surface breathers. They breathe air from the surface to make a bubble nest which attracts the female for mating. Betta fishes are found in small water bodies. These bodies of water are full of fallen leaf litter and peat that gives the Betta many places to hide.
Mating 
Before mating, put two tanks near each other for a few days and put them together in the tank. The male betta breathes air from the surface to make a bubble nest. This nest attracts the female for breeding. Once the nest is complete, the male Betta will try to get a female Betta to lay her eggs by showing his fins and dancing around her. After that, the male betta will keep annoying and bullying the female betta. This shows that the male is stronger than the female. It also makes the female betta fish tired. A healthy and strong female betta will lay the eggs several days later. At that time, the male will help the female by pressing on the female's belly to squeeze out the eggs. It takes several days to lay all of the eggs. Once the female Betta lays her eggs in the nest, the male Betta will fertilize them by releasing his sperm over the eggs.
Environment for Betta fish 
The least need 20-cubed tanks for a living, do not put a male betta together they will fight until one of them dies. We can put female bettas together.

Types of Betta fish 

There are a lot of types that are not found, and many people are making new breeds so it is currently progressing. Some types of betta fish have colorful types, but many betta fish have only one or two colors. There are two types, one is a long fin and the other one is a short fin.

What do Betta fish eat in the wild 
-Brine shrimp

-Mosquito larvae

-Small fly larvae

-Common water fleas (Daphnia)

What do Betta fish eat as a pet 
-Types of worm (white worm, blood worm, glass worm)

-Brine shrimp

-Fruit flies

What human food do Betta fish like 
-Fruit (mango, banana, melon)

-Chicken

-Fresh seafood (raw)

Palaeobettidae 
Palaeobettidae is an extinct family of freshwater anabantiform fish.

References

Teleosts
Freshwater fish
Lichtenstein is a small town in Saxony. It is between Zwickau and Chemnitz. Lichtenstein has the second name "Stadt im grünen" (engl. "town in green"). Lichtenstein has several sights. There are 7 museums, 2 theaters, 1 castle and 7 nature parcs. The most famous museum of Lichtenstein is the "Miniwelt". There are many world sights in small, for example the statue of Liberty. As of December 2011, 12,613 people live there.

Lichtenstein consists of 3 parts the main town, Lichtenstein and the two small villages "Heinrichsort" and "Rödlitz".

Neighbour towns are Bernsdorf, Glauchau, St. Egidien, Mülsen, Hohndorf and Oelsnitz.

History 

Lichtenstein was founded in 1212. The church of St. Laurentius, one of two churches, was build in 1261. In the 12th century was built the castle of Lichtenstein. The "Schönburgs" live there until 1945.

Politics 
The council consists of 22 councillors and the mayor.

Wolgang Sedner is the mayor of Lichtenstein, since 1990. He won the last vote in June 2008 in the second ballot.
Population

Famous People 
 Eberhardt del’Antonio, author
 Werner Buschmann, minister of the GDR
 Edith Carstensen, visual artist
 Gottlob Christian Crusius, author
 Martin Goetze, visual artist
 Steve Jenkner, racing motorcyclist
 Wolfgang Mitzinger, minister of the GDR
 Max Wilhelm Müller, politician
 Richard Pietraß, author
 Erich Rauschenbach, visual artist
 Karl Max Schneider (1887-1955), professor and director of the zoo of Leipzig
 Ronny König, soccer player

References

Other websites 

 Lichtenstein town page 

Towns in Saxony
Zwickau Rural District
Otogizōshi are a group of short stories with pictures, written in Japan, mostly in the period between 1392 and 1573. There are about 350 of these stories. They are about many different things: love, religion, fighting, humor, and other things. The otogizōshi were often read to an audience.

Other websites
Online edition of the Otogizōshi at Kyoto University 

Japanese mythology
Japanese folklore
Salem is a city in Essex County, in Massachusetts. It was home of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692.

References 

Cities in Massachusetts
County seats in Massachusetts
Deval Laurdine Patrick (born July 31, 1956) is an American politician. He was elected to be the governor of Massachusetts in 2006. He is the first African-American to be elected governor of that state. He is only the third African-American to be elected a governor of any state in the United States. Patrick ran as a Democrat.

He was born in Chicago, Illinois on 31 July 1956, is a lawyer, and holds two degrees from Harvard University.

On November 11, 2019, The New York Times reported that Patrick was thinking of a 2020 presidential candidacy. He announced his candidacy three days later on November 14. He ended his campaign on February 12, 2020 a day after the New Hampshire primary.

References

Other websites
Deval Patrick for All  official presidential campaign site
Deval Patrick for Governor  official campaign site
National Governors Association - Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick  biography
Transcript of Deval Patrick's acceptance speech The Boston Globe, November 8, 2006
1956 births
Living people
African American politicians
Governors of Massachusetts
2020 United States presidential candidates
Politicians from Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
21st-century American politicians
Lawyers from Chicago
Lawyers from Massachusetts
The structure of the Earth is divided into layers. These layers are both physically and chemically different. The Earth has an outer solid layer called the crust, a highly viscous layer called the mantle, a liquid layer that is the outer part of the core, called the outer core, and a solid center called the inner core. The shape of the earth is an oblate spheroid, because it is slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator.

The boundaries between these layers were discovered by seismographs which showed the way vibrations bounced off the layers during earthquakes. Between the Earth's crust and the mantle is a boundary called the moho. It was the first discovery of a major change in the Earth's structure as one goes deeper.
The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is made of solid rocks. It is mostly made of the lighter elements, silicon, oxygen, aluminium. Because of this, it is known as sial (silicon = Si; aluminium = Al) or felsic. 
The mantle is the layer of the Earth right below the crust. It is made mostly of oxygen, silicon and the heavier element magnesium. It is known as sima (Si for silicon + ma for magnesium) or mafic. The mantle itself is divided into layers. 
The uppermost part of the mantle is solid, and forms the base of the crust. It is made of the heavy rock peridotite. The continental and oceanic plates include both the crust proper and this uppermost solid layer of the mantle. Together this mass makes up the lithosphere. The lithosphere plates float on the semi-liquid aesthenosphere below.
Upper aesthenosphere: magma
Lower aesthenosphere
Lower mantle
The Earth's core is made of solid iron and nickel, and is at about 50006000 °C. which is about the temperature of the photosphere of the Sun.
Outer core is a liquid layer below the mantle.
Inner core is the very center of the Earth.
A full explanation of these effects is not yet clear. It seems that the high temperature and pressure cause changes in the crystallization of minerals, so that the composition might be a kind of changing mixture of liquid and crystals.

The moho 
The moho, properly called the Mohorovičić discontinuity, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle. It was discovered by  Croatian seismologist Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909. He discovered that seismograms of earthquakes showed two kinds of seismic waves. There is a shallow slower wave which arrives first, and a deep faster wave which arrives second. He reasoned that the deeper wave changed speed as it got just below the mantle. The reason it went faster was that the material of the mantle was different from that of the crust.

The discontinuity lies 3040 km below the surface of continents, and less deep below the ocean floors.
Drilling holes 
Geologists have been trying to get at the Moho for decades.  During the late 1950s and early 1960s Project Mohole did not get enough support, and was cancelled by the United States Congress in 1967. Efforts were also made by the Soviet Union. They reached a depth of  over 15 years, the world's deepest hole, before abandoning the attempt in 1989.

Reaching the discontinuity is still an important scientific target.  One proposal considers a self-descending tungsten capsule. The idea is that the capsule would be filled with radioactive material. This would give off enough heat to melt the surrounding rock, and the capsule would be pulled down by gravity.
Macquarie Island 
Macquarie Island, off Tasmania, is at the meeting-point of two huge oceanic plates: the Pacific Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. The island is made of material pushed up from deep in the Earth's mantle.  It is thought that the green ophiolite rock was formed at the moho, and was brought up by a mid-oceanic ridge. Now it comes to the surface because the two plates are scrunching together. It is the only place on Earth where this is happening at present. There are other places where ophiolite is found, but they were brought up many millions of years ago. Ophiolites are found in all the major mountain belts of the world.

References 

Earth
Structure of the Earth
A provisional designation in astronomy is the naming convention of astronomical objects as soon as they are found. The provisional designation is usually replaced by a permanent name once a good orbit has been calculated. With asteroids, so many have been found that many will never be named by the people who found them.

Other websites 
 When did the asteroids become minor planets? 
 New and old-style minor planet designations (Minor Planet Center)

Astronomical objects
A traffic sign or a road sign is a sign put at the side of roads to give information to drivers. It can direct people driving where to go or what to do.

A road sign is something that gives information by means of a symbol, or in only 1 or 2 words. It helps people in their vehicles on the road. Some signs include: give way, stop, keep left, no U-turn, no parking, zebra crossing ahead, and much more.  Traffic signs are very useful. Without signs and traffic lights there would be many accidents and arguments on the road.
Istituto Nazionale di Statistica is the national statistical institute of Italy. The name translates to 'National Institute of Statistics'. This institute collects information about the country, including counting the people in Italy (the census). It is sometimes called Istat.

Other websites 
 Istat and the people of Italy 

Organizations based in Italy
Statistics organizations