Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After his move to Orkney, Davies often used Orcadian (the adjective of “Orkney”) or more generally Scottish themes in his music. He sometimes set the words of Orcadian writer George Mackay Brown. He wrote a number of other operas, The Martyrdom of St Magnus (1976), The Lighthouse (1980, his most popular opera), Resurrection (1987), and The Doctor of Myddfai (1996). Davies also became interested in classical forms, completing his first symphony in 1976. He wrote eight numbered symphonies since, a Sinfonia Concertante (1982), as well as the series of ten Strathclyde Concertos for various instruments (pieces he wrote when he worked with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra). In 2002, he began work on a series of string quartets for the Maggini String Quartet to record on the Naxos record label (the so-called Naxos Quartets). His most recent one is No.9 (2006).
Davies also wrote a number of lighter orchestral works such as Mavis in Las Vegas and An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise which featured the bagpipes and was played at the Last Night of the Proms in 1992 (with a bottle of whisky being passed round). He also wrote music for children including the operas A Selkie Tale, The Great Bank Robbery and The Spider's Revenge, and film music for Ken Russell's films The Devils and The Boy Friend.

Maxwell Davies's short piano piece Farewell to Stromness entered the Classic FM Hall of Fame in 2003.

Death
Davies died on 14 March 2016 on Orkney from leukemia. He was aged 81.

References

Other websites 
 MaxOpus (official site)  Includes music sales via downloads or custom CDs.

1934 births
2016 deaths
20th-century English composers
21st-century English composers
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
LGBT musicians
People from Salford
Scottish LGBT people
Take That are an English boy band from Manchester. They formed in 1990 and between then and 1996, when they broke up, they sold 19 million records.

They reformed in 2006 and went on tour, without Robbie Williams. Williams rejoined the band in 2009, doing the Progress sessions. In 2011 Williams and Take That toured Europe on their Progress Live tour to promote the album.  in October of the same year Williams chose to leave the group again to focus on his solo career, however, in 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2020 Williams has performed with the group occasionally.

Jason Orange left Take That in September 2014 and Take That became a 3 piece band. Take That released their seventh album called III in 2014. The band continued as a 3 piece for Wonderland in 2017 and Odyssey in 2018.

Members 
Current
 Gary Barlow (1990–96, 2005–)
 Mark Owen (1990.–96, 2005–)
 Howard Donald (1990 -1996 2005 -

Former

 Robbie Williams (1990–95, 2009–2014)
 Jason Orange (1990–96, 2005–2014)
Albums 
 Take That & Party (1992)
 Everything Changes (1993)
 Nobody Else (1995)
 Beautiful World (2006)
 The Circus (2008)
 Progress (2010)
 III (2014)
Wonderland (2017)
Odyssey (2018)
Gary Barlow, Mark Owen, Howard Donald, Jason Orange and Robbie Williams were in Take That. Williams left in 1995 after taking drugs and soon the 4 remaining members split up in 1996. Take That returned to the music business in 2005, released their come-back album called Beautiful World and then went on tour in 2006. 2010 saw the return of Williams and in 2011 Take That took a hiatus and Barlow become a judge on the British TV talent show The X Factor UK in that year. Donald then became a judge on the German version of the dancing talent show Got To Dance in 2013. Williams left the band in 2012. Barlow ended his time on The X Factor UK to focus on the group in 2013. In early 2014 it was announced that the band would release their seventh studio album in late 2014. In September 2014 it was announced that Orange had decided to leave the band. The group then became a 3-piece boy band without Orange or Williams. Their seventh studio album called III was released in 2014
. Their first single of III called "These Days" was released in November 2014. The second single of III called "Get Ready For It" was released in January 2015 and was also featured in the 2015 film Kingsman: The Secret Service. The third single of III called "Let in the Sun" was released in March 2015.
Other websites 
 TakeThatTV.com  Official website (Polydor)
 TakeThat.com (SonyBMG)
 TakeThat4ever.dk Danish fan website

1990 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Brit Award winners
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1990
English boy bands
Musical groups from Manchester
An ambulance is a type of vehicle that is designed to take people who are sick or injured to a hospital or other medical facility. Ambulances help people who are involved in life-threatening emergencies. Examples of life-threatening emergencies include heart attacks, strokes, broken bones, head injuries or trouble breathing. They often help people injured in situations such as car crashes and falls.

The first ambulances were used on battlefields. They were carts pulled by horses that were used to take wounded soldiers to field hospitals. Horse-drawn ambulances were common in Europe and North America in the 19th century. Automobiles replaced horses in the early 1900s. Modern ambulances have equipment that help them deal with many situations. They can provide first aid or other emergency care. Ambulances and other medical vehicles have lights, sirens and horns to warn people that ambulance is coming down the road. Ambulances normally have Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) or Paramedics working in them.
Ambulances are normally called by dialing a special emergency number. This number is different for each country. In the United Kingdom, the number is 999.  In the United States, the number is 911; In Europe, the number is 112. A call to any of these numbers connects the caller to a dispatcher. This person then sends an ambulance or another emergency vehicle to the scene.

Crew
An ambulance usually has two crew members. One person drives while the other looks after the patient in the back. A paramedic will have at least a year of medical training. They can do fairly advanced treatment. Not all ambulances have paramedics on them. In the United States, some may have Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) . Emergency Care Assistants (ECAs) can be found in the United Kingdom. In some countries such as France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, ambulances may have doctors or nurses on board.
Equipment
In the past, ambulances only gave patients a ride to hospital. They only carried a small amount of first aid equipment . This is still true in some parts of the world. Most modern ambulances will have more equipment and medicine. In some countries, an ambulance is like a mobile doctor's clinic.
Ambulances have some or all of the following equipment on board:
Collar: A special collar used to hold a person so they can not move their neck. This is used if it is thought that they may have damaged their backbone.
Defibrillator: An electric machine that delivers electricity and restarts a heart that has stopped beating normally. 
Nitrous oxide: Also known as "laughing gas". This gas is used to reduce pain.
Heart monitor: This machine shows how well a heart is beating.
Oxygen cylinders: If a person is having problems breathing, it often helps to give them oxygen from a cylinder.
Splints: These hold an arm or leg in place if a bone is broken. They stop the broken bone from moving and getting worse.
Stretcher: A cart used to carry the patient in and out of the ambulance.
Wheelchair: A chair with wheels used to carry a patient.

Air ambulance
Air ambulance 

Air ambulances became more common in the late 20th century.  They are helicopters that carry much of the same equipment as a normal ambulance.  In the United States, the Coast Guard runs a public air ambulance service using helicopters. These are often needed when emergencies happen at sea. There are also privately owned air ambulance services that provide for a wider range of needs, including international transport. Air ambulances are very useful when an emergency happens in a place that is hard to get to quickly by ground travel.

Air ambulances are very important in countries with low population density (few people, living in a vast area). Examples of these areas are Canada, Russia, Sweden or Finland.  They can often save the life of a patient who would otherwise die because they could not get to a hospital quickly by other means.

vehicles
Emergency services
Gan is the language of Jiangxi and some others provinces in China.

It is spoken by 20 to 50 million people in southern China.

Gan has 9 dialects, and Nangchang dialect is representative.

Dialects 
 Chang-Jing (昌靖片)
 Yi-Liu (宜瀏片)
 Ji-Cha (吉茶片)
 Fu-Guang (撫廣片)
 Ying-Yi (鷹弋片)
 Da-Tong (大通片）
 Lei-Zi (耒資片）
 Dong-Sui (洞綏片）
 Huai-Yue (懷嶽片）

References

Sino-Tibetan languages
Rock and Roll Over is the fifth studio album and sixth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 11, 1976.

Track listing 
I Want You
Take Me
Calling Dr. Love
Ladies Room
Baby Driver
Love 'Em and Leave 'Em
Mr. Speed
See You in Your Dreams
Hard Luck Woman
Makin' Love

Kiss (band) albums
1976 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Love Gun is the sixth studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on June 30, 1977.

Track listing 
"I Stole Your Love"
"Christine Sixteen"
"Got Love For Sale"
"Shock Me"
"Tomorrow And Tonight"
"Love Gun"
"Hooligan"
"Almost Human"
"Plaster Caster"
"Then She Kissed Me"

References

Kiss (band) albums
1977 albums
Hard rock albums
Alive II is the second live album and eighth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 28, 1977. The last five songs are exclusive to (only on) this album.

Track listing 
Detroit Rock City
King Of The Night Time World
Ladies Room
Makin' Love
Love Gun
Calling Dr. Love
Christine Sixteen
Shock Me
Hard Luck Woman
Tomorrow And Tonight
I Stole Your Love
Beth
God Of Thunder
I Want You
Shout It Out Loud
All American Man
Rockin' In The USA
Larger Than Life
Rocket Ride
Any Way You Want It

Kiss (band) albums
1977 albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Henry IV (1050–1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084, till he was forced to step down in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most interesting and important figures of the eleventh century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Italy and Germany.

Biography 
Henry was the eldest son of the Emperor Henry III, by his second wife Agnes de Poitou, and was probably born at the royal palace at Goslar. When Henry III unexpectedly died in 1056, the six-year-old Henry IV became king without problems. The Empress Agnes acted as regent, and the German pope Victor II was named as her counsellor.

Unlike Henry III, Agnes could not influence the election of the new popes, Stephen IX and Nicholas II. These popes worked together with the Normans of southern Italy.
But the first great problem started when Nicholas claimed influence in the election of Germany.
Investiture controversy 
Gregory VII, a reformist monk, was elected as pope in 1073. This is when the controversy between emperor and pope began.

In the higher ranks of the German clergy, Gregory had many enemies. Therefore, King Henry declared Gregory was no longer pope, and the Romans should choose a new pope. When Gregory heard of this he
excommunicated Henry IV, declared he was no longer emperor and canceled the oaths the people had sworn to King Henry.

The excommunication of the king made a deep impression both in Germany and Italy. Thirty years before, Henry III had deposed three popes, but when Henry IV tried to copy this procedure, he did not have the support of the people. The Saxons began a second rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength.

To Canossa
The situation now became extremely critical for Henry. It became clear that at any price he had to get his absolution from Gregory. At first he tried this by an embassy, but when Gregory rejected this, he went to Italy in person.
The pope had already left Rome. Henry tried to force the pope to grant him absolution by doing penance before him at Canossa, where Gregory stayed. For a Christian it seemed impossible to deny a penitent re-entrance into the church, and therefore Gregory removed the ban. But a new conflict followed because Henry IV thought the end of excommunication meant he was king again. But Gregory did not decide that.

Second excommunication of Henry 
The rebellious German nobles used the excommunication of Henry to set up a rival king, Duke Rudolph of Swabia (Forchheim, March 1077). At first Gregory seemed to be neutral because the two parties (emperor and rebels) were of fairly equal strength. But finally he decided to support Rudolph of Swabia after his victory at Flarchheim (January 27, 1080) and declared the excommunication and deposition of King Henry again (March 7, 1080).
This was widely felt to be an injustice. When Rudolph of Swabia died on October 16 of the same year, Henry began to fight to be king. In 1081 he opened the conflict against Gregory in Italy. Gregory had now become less powerful, and thirteen Cardinals stopped supporting him. Rome surrendered to the German king, and Guibert of Ravenna was enthroned as Clement III (March 24, 1084). Henry was crowned emperor by his rival, while Gregory himself had to flee from Rome in the company of his Norman "vassal," Robert Guiscard.

Marriages 
Henry's wife Bertha died on December 27, 1087. She was also buried at the Speyer Cathedral. Their children were:
 Agnes of Germany (born 1072), married Frederick I von Staufen, Duke of Swabia.
 Conrad (February 12, 1074 – July 27, 1101)
 Adelaide, died in infancy
 Henry, died in infancy
 Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor

Family Tree
Family Tree

Sources
 
 
 T. J. H. McCarthy: Chronicles of the Investiture Contest: Frutolf of Michelsberg and his continuators (Manchester, 2014).
 Gerd Althoff (Ed.): Heinrich IV. (Ostfildern, 2009) (Vorträge und Forschungen; 69).
 Gerd Althoff: Heinrich IV. (Darmstadt, 2006)
 Charter given by Henry to the bishopric of Bamberg, 17.8.1057. Photography taken from the collections of the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden at Marburg University showing the emperor's seal.

Other websites

 
 Report on the bust reconstruction (with images)
 Documents by Henry IV for the Bishopric of Bamberg, 17 August 1057, 

Holy Roman Emperors
11th century in Germany
1050 births
1106 deaths
Gene Simmons is a solo album by Gene Simmons, the bass player of the American hard rock/heavy metal band, Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss.

Track listing 

Kiss (band) albums
1978 albums
Rock albums
Paul Stanley is a solo album from the guitarist of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss.

Track listing 
Tonight You Belong To Me
Move On
Ain't Quite Right
Wouldn't You Like To Know Me
Take Me Away (Together As One)
It's Alright
Hold Me, Touch Me (Think Of Me When We're Apart)
Love In Chains
Goodbye

Kiss (band) albums
1978 albums
Hard rock albums
Ace Frehley is the first solo album from Ace Frehley, the guitarist of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss. The album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by AllMusic. They said "Of the four Kiss solo albums released simultaneously in 1978, the best of the bunch is guitarist Ace Frehley's".

Track listing

References

1978 albums
Debut albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
Kiss (band) albums
Tristan und Isolde (Tristan and Isolde) is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner.  As always, Wagner wrote the words for the opera himself.   He took the famous old legend which had been told by the German poet  Gottfried von Strassburg 

Wagner composed the opera between 1857 and 1859.  It was first performed, with Hans von Bülow conducting, in Munich on 10 June 1865. Many musicians think it is the greatest opera of the 19th century.  Wagner’s dramatic handling of the story had enormous influence on many composers of the time.  His harmonies were also an extremely important development in the language of Romantic music.  Not everybody liked it.  In particular, the music critic Eduard Hanslick said that he could not understand it.

The story of Tristan and Isolde was one of the great romances of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.  Several poets told the story, and each told it slightly differently.  The themes of chivalry and courtly love are always there.

The story of the opera
Act I 
Isolde, an Irish princess, and her maid, Brangaene are on Tristan’s ship, being taken to King Marke’s lands in Cornwall where Isolde is to be married to the King. The opera opens with a young sailor singing about a “wild Irish maid”.  Isolde thinks he is singing about her.  She is furious and wishes the sea would rise up and sink the ship, killing all on board. She is particularly furious with Tristan, the knight who is taking her to the king. She asks her maid to get Tristan, but he will not come because his is steering the ship. His henchman, Kurwenal, speaks crossly to Brangaene, reminding her that Isolde’s previous fiancé, Morold, had been killed by Tristan and his head sent back to Ireland.
Brangaene returns to Isolde to tell her about what was said.  Isolde sadly tells her how, after Morold had died, a man called Tantris had been brought to her because he was seriously injured, and that she had made him better using her powers of healing. However, she then found out that his real name was Tristan.  He was Ireland’s worst enemy, and he was the man who had killed Morold.  Isolde had tried to kill him with a sword, but when Tristan had looked into her eyes her heart had become full of love and she had dropped the sword. Tristan had been allowed to go back to Cornwall.  However, it seemed now he had told his uncle, King Marke, all about the beautiful Isolde and had come to get her so that his uncle could marry her.  Brangaene tries to make Isolde see that Tristan is doing an honourable thing to make her Queen of Ireland, but Isolde will not listen
.  She is furious, and wants him to drink a potion which had been intended by her mother for King Marke and Isolde as a love potion, but for Tristan it would be death.
Act II
King Marke and his men are hunting at night.  His castle is empty except for Isolde and Brangaene who stand by a lighted torch.  Isolde keeps thinking that the hunting horns are far enough away for her to put out the flames, giving the sign for Tristan to join her. Brangaene warns Isolde that one of King Marke’s knights, Melot, has seen Tristan and Isolde looking at one another lovingly.  Isolde, however, thinks that Melot is Tristan’s best friend, and, desperate to see Tristan, she puts out the flames. Brangaene goes to the castle walls to keep a look-out as Tristan arrives.

Tristan and Isolde can now tell one another they are madly in love. Brangaene tries to warn them that the night is ending, but they do not listen to her and Melot leads Marke to find the two lovers in one another’s arms.  Marke is desperately sad because Tristan has been betrayed and also because he himself had come to love Isolde.
Tristan now asks Isolde if she will follow him again into the night, and she agrees. Melot and Tristan fight, but then Tristan throws his sword to the side and is seriously wounded by Melot.

Act III 
Kurwenal has brought Tristan home to his castle at Kareol in Brittany. A shepherd plays a sad tune on his pipes and asks if Tristan is awake. Kurwenal says that only Isolde’s arrival can save Tristan. The shepherd says he will keep watch and pipe a happy tune to mark the arrival of any ship. Tristan now wakes up and is sad that it is daylight. His sadness turns to joy when Kurwenal tells him that Isolde is coming. He asks if her ship is in sight, but only the shepherd’s sorrowful tune is heard.
Tristan sinks back again.  He remembers that the shepherd’s tune is the one he had heard when his father and then his mother died.  He collapses.  The shepherd now pipes the arrival of Isolde’s ship, and as Kurwenal rushes to meet her, Tristan in his excitement tears the bandages from his wounds. As Isolde arrives at his side, Tristan dies while speaking her name. 

Isolde collapses beside him as the appearance of another ship is announced. Kurwenal sees Melot, Marke and Brangaene arrive and furiously attacks Melot because he had killed Tristan. In the fight both Melot and Kurwenal are killed. Marke and Brangaene finally reach Tristan and Isolde. Marke is terribly sad.  He explains that he has heard about the love-potion from Brangaene and he had come because he had decided that Tristan and Isolde should be united.  Isolde seems to wake but, in a last aria describing her vision of Tristan risen again (the “Liebestod”), then falls lifeless next to his body, uniting the two lovers in death.
The Tristan chord
The very first chord in the piece is very famous.  It has become known as the Tristan chord.  Although it had been used before, the way Wagner used it here was quite new.  It makes the chromatic harmony very hazy, and the listener does not know for many bars what key the music is in.  It creates a lot of tension.  There are many other moments like this in the opera.  The tension goes right through the opera.  The story tells of a tension that can only come to rest through death.

Prelude and Liebestod
The Prelude and Liebestod is a concert version of the overture and Isolde's Act 3 aria, arranged by Wagner, which was first performed in 1862, before the first performance of the opera itself in 1865. The Liebestod can be performed either in a purely orchestral version, or with a soprano singing Isolde's vision of Tristan brought back to life.
Other websites
 | Bilingual side by side German English Libretto Also available in Italian
 Wagner Operas. A comprehensive website featuring photographs of productions, recordings, librettos, and sound files.
 Richard Wagner - Tristan und Isolde. A gallery of historic postcards with motifs from Richard Wagner's operas.

1860s operas
Operas by Richard Wagner
Peter Criss is a solo album from the drummer of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss.

Track listing 
I'm Gonna Love You
You Matter To Me
Tossin' And Turnin'
Don't You Let Me Down
That's The Kind Of Sugar Papa Likes
Easy Thing
Rock Me, Baby
Kiss The Girl Goodbye
Hooked On Rock 'N' Roll
I Can't Stop The Rain

Kiss (band) albums
1978 albums
Rock albums
Pop albums
Pop Rocks are a kind of candy with carbonation added to make a "popping" feeling in the mouth of the person eating them.

How do they pop?
The candy pops and fizzes because it contains bubbles of carbon dioxide under high pressure. When you melt the candy shell, the carbon dioxide escapes with a pop. When Pop Rocks® are made, the hot candy syrup is mixed with carbon dioxide gas under high pressure (600 pounds per square inch).

Other websites
 Images of US patent 4289794 for Pop Rocks  from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
 Pop Rocks: The Inside Story of America's Revolutionary Candy, book detailing the story of Pop Rocks development to Pop Rocks today
 How do Pop Rocks candy work?, an article from HowStuffWorks that explains how pop rocks candy is manufactured and also has links to the original patent

Candy
Dynasty is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 23, 1979.

Track listing 
I Was Made For Lovin' You
2,000 Man
Sure Know Something
Dirty Livin'
Charisma
Magic Touch
Hard Times
X-Ray Eyes
Save Your Love

Kiss (band) albums
1979 albums
Hard rock albums
Disco albums
Master of the King's Music (or Master of the Queen's Music when the United Kingdom has a queen) is a post in the Royal Household of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. It is the title given to one chosen composer of classical music Only one person holds the title at any one time.  It is very similar to the post of Poet Laureate which is for a poet.

The Master of the King's Music is now Judith Weir.  Instead of being appointed for life, she was appointed for a ten-year term like her predecessor, starting March 2014.  The change was to give more composers the opportunity to serve.

The Master of the King's Music has the job of composing music for special royal occasions such as anniversaries, marriages and funerals, and for special ceremonies.

The title was created in 1626 by Charles I.  It was spelt Master of the King's Musick and was always spelt that way until the time of Sir Edward Elgar who was Master from 1924 to 1934.
 
Holders of the post have been:
Nicholas Lanier (1625-1649 and 1660-1666)
Louis Grabu (1666-1674)
Nicholas Staggins (1674-1700)
John Eccles (1700-1735)
Maurice Greene (1735-1755)
William Boyce (1755-1779)
John Stanley (1779-1786)
William Parsons (1786-1817)
William Shield (1817-1829)
Christian Kramer (1829-1834)
Franz Cramer (1834-1848)
George Frederick Anderson (1848-1870)
Sir William George Cusins (1870-1893)
Professor Sir Walter Parratt, KCVO (1893-1924)
Sir Edward Elgar, Bt OM GCVO (1924-1934)
Sir Henry Walford Davies, KCVO OBE (1934-1941)
Sir Arnold Bax, KCVO (1942-1952)
Sir Arthur Bliss, CH KCVO (1953-1975)
Malcolm Williamson, CBE AO (1975-2003)
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, CBE (2004-2014)
Judith Weir, CBE (2014-

References

British musicians
British monarchy
Unmasked is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 20, 1980.

Track listing 
Is That You
Shandi
Talk To Me
Naked City
What Makes The World Go 'Round
Tomorrow
Two Sides Of The Coin
She's So European
Easy As It Seems
Torpedo Girl
You're All That I Want

Kiss (band) albums
1980 albums
Pop rock albums
Hard rock albums
Music from "The Elder" is a concept album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 10, 1981.

Track listing 
"Fanfare"
"Just a Boy"
"Odyssey"
"Only You"
"Under the Rose"
"Dark Light"
"A World Without Heroes"
"The Oath"
"Mr. Blackwell"
"I"

Kiss (band) albums
1981 albums
Progressive rock albums
Hard rock albums
Cross-platform software is a type of software that can run on many different operating systems or computer architectures.  Together, the combination of an operating system and computer architecture is commonly referred to as a platform.

Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, BlackBerry, Linux and Android are five different types of well-known platforms.

Cross-Platform Development is very crucial towards marketing business over different platforms. Nowadays, there are multiple platforms for the customer base to surf the internet. A website has a particular pixel and differs in height and width that may not locate the different screen sizes. With the help of cross-platform development, a developer creates the website to mold to any screen size.
The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. The question was who would control appointments of bishops (investiture).

The controversy led to many years of bitterness and nearly fifty years of civil war in Germany. This war ended with the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, and the falling apart of the German empire in the end.

The dispute between Gregory VII and Henry IV 
When Gregory VII, a reformist monk, was elected as pope in 1073, the controversy between emperor and pope began.
Gregory had many enemies in the higher ranks of the German clergy, so Henry IV declared that Gregory was no longer pope and that the Romans should choose a new pope . When Gregory learned of this he excommunicated Henry IV, declared he was no longer emperor, and told his subjects that they no longer had to obey him as they had sworn to do.

The excommunication of the king made a deep impression both in Germany and Italy. Thirty years before, his father Henry III had deposed three popes, but when Henry IV tried to copy this procedure he did not have the support of the people. The Saxons began a second rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength from month to month.

To Canossa 
Henry had been excommunicated by this point, and facing widespread opposition at home with Rudolf as the figurehead of this, Henry met the Pope at a fortress in the Southern Alps. Over three days he signals his penitence in the snow, barefoot and wearing a sack cloth, leading to a reconciliation with Pope Gregory VII.
Second excommunication of Henry 
The opposition of the rebellious German nobles used the excommunication of Henry to set up a rival king Rudolf of Rheinfelden (Forchheim, March 1077). At first Gregory seemed to be neutral because the two parties (emperor and rebels) were of fairly equal strength. But finally he decided for Rudolf after his victory at Flarchheim (27 January 1080) and declared the excommunication and deposition of King Henry again (7 March 1080).

This was widely felt to be an injustice. When Rudolf died on 16 October of the same year, Henry, now more experienced, took up the struggle. In 1081 he opened the conflict against Gregory in Italy. Gregory had now become less powerful, and thirteen cardinals deserted him. Rome surrendered to the German king, and Guibert of Ravenna enthroned as Clement III (24 March 1084). Henry was crowned emperor by his rival, while Gregory himself had to flee from Rome in the company of his Norman "vassal" Robert Guiscard.
References 
 Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (1988). The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century. University of Philadelphia Press.
 Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization of the Middle Ages. HarperCollins
 Cowdrey, H.E.J. (1998). Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085. Oxford University Press.
 Jolly, Karen Louise. (1997). Tradition & Diversity: Christianity in a World Context to 1500. ME Sharpe.
 Tellenbach, Gerd (1993). The Western Church from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century. Cambridge University Press.

Other websites 
 "Investiture Constroversy", from Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
 "Conflict of Investitures", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
 "Canonical Investiture", from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
 "Investiture" , from the Columbia Encyclopedia.
 "The Owl, The Cat, And The Investiture Controversy" , from the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies (ORB).
 "Empire and Papacy", from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
Sources 
 Henry IV: Letter to Gregory VII, Jan 24, 1076.
 Gregory VII: First Deposition and Banning of Henry IV (Feb 22, 1076)
 Gregory VII: Second Banning and Dethronement of Henry IV (March 7, 1080)
 Gregory VII: Dictatus Papae 1090
 Ban on Lay Investitures, 1078
 The Concordat of Worms 1122
 The Canons of the First Lateran Council, 1123
 Avalon Project, Yale University: Documents relating to the War of the Investitures 

Popes
Holy Roman Emperors
Christianity of the Middle Ages
Controversies
11th century in Europe
The word palm can mean:
The central region of the human hand
Palm reading, a form of telling the future by looking at the lines and structure of the human hand
Palm (unit), a unit of length
Different plants: Arecaceae (Palm trees), Cycadaceae (Sago palm), Heliconiaceae (Travellers palm)
Palm wine, a drink made from the sap of a palm
A palm branch, a branch of a palm, as a symbol for various things
Palm, Inc., a maker of portable computers
Palm OS, an operating system made by Palm, Inc.
Cycas is a genus of plants. It is the only living genus remaining in the Cycadaceae family. Cycads were common plants when dinosaurs roamed the Earth, but are rare today.

Over 100 species are known. Probably the best-known of these is Cycas revoluta, the Sago Palm. The generic name comes from Greek kykas and means "palm tree". The plant is not a true palm, however.  

Cycas is native to the Old World; most species are around the equatorial regions. It is native to eastern and southeastern Asia including the Philippines with 6 species (4 of which are endemic), eastern Africa (including Madagascar), northern Australia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. Australia has 26 species, while the Indo-Chinese area has about 30. The northernmost species (C. revoluta) is found at 31°N in southern Japan. The southernmost (C. megacarpa) is found at 26°S in southeast Queensland, Australia.
The plants have often been considered to be a living fossil. The earliest fossils of the genus Cycas appear in the Cainozoic, but Cycas-like fossils occur well into the Mesozoic. Phylogenetic studies have shown that Cycadaceae is the sister-group to all other living cycads.

Other websites 
 Cycad Pages: Cycas 
 Singh R. & Radha P. 2006. Cycas annaikalensis, a new species of Cycas from the Malabar Coast, Western Ghats, India. Brittonia 58 (2): 119-123.

Gymnosperms
Living fossils
Heliconia is a genus of flowering plants. They are native tropical South America, as well as the Pacific Ocean Islands west to Indonesia. There are between 100 and 200 species in the genus. Other common names include lobster-claw, wild plantain and false bird-of-paradise. 

The plants have very decorative flowers. For this reason they are often sold decorative plants.

Zingiberales
A screenplay or script is the written instruction about what happens in a play, movie or television program. The screenplay for a movie has everything that happens in the movie. It includes the plot, the dialogue and actions of the characters, and instructions for editing.  The person who writes the screenplay is called a screenwriter. A screenplay for television is called a teleplay.  The script is usually slightly changed or things will be added or subtracted as the directors and producers decide. 

Movie terminology
television
Pope Gregory VII (; 1020–May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 158th Pope from April 22, 1073 until he died in 1085.

Early life
Hildebrand was born in Sovana in Tuscany.  As a youth, he became a Benedictine monk.  

In Rome, Hildebrand became the chaplain of Pope Gregory VI.  When Gregory VI abdicated and went into in exile in Germany, Hildebrand went with him.

Cardinal
Pope Leo IX raised Hildebrand to the rank of Cardinal in 1049.

Pope 
Cardinal Hildebrand was elected pope on April 22, 1073; and he chose to be called Gregory. 

Pope Gregory was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

After his death
Pope Gregory died an exile in Salerno. His last words were: "I have loved justice and hated iniquity; therefore, I [now] die in exile." ("Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem propterea morior in exilio")..  

Gregory was recognized as a saint in 1728..

Gallery

Related pages
 List of popes

References
References

Other websites

 
   "Gregory VII", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Ildebrando

Italian popes
1020 births
1085 deaths
Benedictines
Excommunication is a religious act used to take off or suspend membership in a religious community.

The word literally means out of communion, or no longer in communion.  In some churches, excommunication includes the belief that the person who was exocommunicated is going to Hell. Sometimes punishment  follow excommunication; these include being banned, shunning, and shaming, depending on the group's religion or religious community.

Related pages 
 Takfiri

References
Encyclopedia of American Religions, by J. Gordon Melton 
 Ludlow, Daniel H. ed, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan Publishing, 1992.
Other websites 
 De Fide, a non-profit association, uses Canon Law to defend the Roman Catholic Church from Heresy by filing lawsuits in Ecclesiastical Court, seeking the excommunication of impenitent offenders.
 Excommunication, the Ban, Church Discipline and Avoidance (from Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online)
 Catholic Encyclopaedia on excommunication
 The two sides of excommunication 
 Episcopal Church of America excommunication

Christian terminology
Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from December 1999 to November 2008. She is was later the head of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) from 2009 to 2017. In 2006, she was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 20th most powerful woman in the world.

Clark is a member of the of Global Commission for the Economy and Climate.

Early life

Clark grew up the eldest of four daughters from a Waikato farming family. Her mother, Margaret, worked as a primary school teacher and her father, George, was a farmer who supported the National Party during the 1981 election.

Clark studied at the University of Auckland, where she graduated with a MA (Honours) in 1974. Her thesis research focused on rural political behavior and representation.

References 

BBC 100 Women
1950 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) are a type of two dimensional picture that work on vectors, rather than pixels. This means they can become bigger or smaller without losing any quality or becoming blurry. SVG is based on XML and created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

History 
The W3C published SVG in September 2001. As of 2018 SVG is widely supported in all modern browsers.

The normal Filename extension is .svg and the MIME-Type is image/svg+xml.

Structure 
SVG uses Extensible Markup Language (XML). So it has a definition of the document type.

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 
 <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ev="http://www.w3.org/2001/xml-events"
  version="1.1" baseProfile="full"
  width="800mm" height="600mm">
 
 <!-- content of the file -->
 
 </svg>

Difference between bitmap and vector images 

This image shows the difference between bitmap and vector
images. The vector image can be scaled forever, while the bitmap can not.
References

Other websites 
 VectorMagic Online raster to SVG converter

Computer file formats
Computer graphics
Vector graphics
Creatures of the Night is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 13, 1982.

Track listing 
Creatures of the Night
Saint and Sinner
Keep Me Comin'
Rock and Roll Hell
Danger
I Love It Loud
I Still Love You
Killer
War Machine

Kiss (band) albums
1982 albums
Heavy metal albums
Full communion is a term used in Christian ecclesiology to describe relations between two distinct Christian communities or Churches that recognise that each other shares the same communion and the same essential doctrines. That does not mean that there would be no differences at all between them. 

The meaning of full communion is different in, on the one hand, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian theology, and, on the other hand, in the theology of other Western Christians.
The Roman Catholic Church (which follows the so-called Latin Rite) is in full communion with the Chaldean Catholic Church, for example. The Chaldean Catholic Church follows the East Syrian tradition. In other words: Both churches celebrate mass differently, but they agree completely on all ideas.
The Roman Catholic Church is in partial communion with the Protestant Churches. There are many things both Churches agree on; but in some things they are different; As an example: a Catholic priest can forgive sins; a Protestant priest cannot.

All the Eastern Orthodox Churches are in full communion
All the Oriental Orthodox Churches are in full communion
All the Churches in the Union of Utrecht are in full communion with the Anglican Church

Related pages
Communion (Christian)

References

Christian terminology
Church organization
A queue is a line of people standing behind one another who are waiting for something.  The person at the front of the queue will have his turn next, then the next person and so on.  When someone comes to join the queue they have to go to the back of the queue and wait until it is their turn.  Sometimes people try to "jump the queue" or "push in".  They are usually told off and have to go to the back of the queue.

The word "queue" comes from the French word for "tail", but when talking about a queue of people in English it is pronounced "kyoo" (like "Kew" in "Kew Gardens").  The word "queue" can be a noun ("Please stand in the queue") or a verb ("Please queue over there").

A queue may also be a queue of vehicles waiting to get passed something or to go in somewhere.

People may queue to be served in a shop, or queue for a bus or taxi or to go into something like a museum.  Queueing is much better than pushing one's way in.
Sometimes, in places where a lot of people are queueing, there may be a system of numbered tickets.  When someone arrives, they take a number and wait until their number is shown on a display board.  This system is often used in banks, doctor's surgeries, passport offices, etc.

People waiting in a queue are not always standing around.  There may be people who, for example, are waiting to have an operation, but they have to wait "in a queue" until one day they receive a letter from the hospital telling them when to come in for their operation.

Russians often make jokes about queues because, in the days of the Soviet Union, there was not much in the shops.  When a shop had a delivery there would suddenly be a long queue of people.  People joined a queue even if they did not know what the queue was for.  If they bought something they did not want they could always sell it.
Perhaps the most famous queue in Britain is the queue for promenade tickets (standing places) at the BBC Proms.  People enjoy chatting to one another in the queue.  The people who are at the front of the queue can have the first choice of where to stand for the concert.  The word queue does not have any word families, however, it has many synonyms. Some of these are: Chain, line, row, and series. It only has two antonyms, and they are disorder and disorganized.

References 

Society
In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of doctrine about the Church itself as a community and about the churches own view of its mission and role.

That means that ecclesiology looks at the role of the church in salvation, at its origin, its relationship to the historical Christ, its discipline, its destiny (see Eschatology) and its leadership. 

In addition to describing a broad discipline of theology, ecclesiology may be used in the specific sense of a particular church or denomination’s character, self-described or otherwise. This is the sense of the word in such phrases as Roman Catholic ecclesiology, Lutheran ecclesiology, and ecumenical ecclesiology.

Questions asked by ecclesiology
Ecclesiology asks the questions:
 Who is the Church?  Is it a visible or earthly corporation -- a "church" in the sense of a specific denomination or institution, for instance?  Or is it the body of all believing Christians regardless of their denominational differences and disunity?  What is the relationship between living Christians and departed Christians (the "cloud of witnesses" Epistle to the Hebrews 12:1)-- do they (those on Earth and those in Heaven) constitute together the Church?

 Must one join a church? That is, what is the role of corporate worship in the spiritual lives of believers?  Is it in fact necessary? Can salvation be found outside of formal membership in a given faith community, and what constitutes "membership?" (Baptism? Formal acceptance of a creed? Regular participation?)
What is the authority of the Christian church?  Who gets to interpret the doctrines of the Church? Is the organizational structure itself, either in a single corporate body, or generally within the range of formal church structures, an independent vehicle of revelation or of God's grace?  

 What does the Church do? What are the sacraments, divine ordinances, and liturgies, in the context of the Church, and are they part of the Church's mission to preach the Gospel? 

 How should the Church be governed? What was the mission and authority of the Apostles, and is this handed down through the sacraments today? What are the proper methods of choosing clergy such as bishops and priests, and what is their role within the context of the Church?  

 What are the roles of 'spiritual gifts' in the life of the church?

 How does the Church's 'new covenant' relate to the covenants expressed in scripture with God's chosen people, the Jewish people?

 What is the ultimate destiny of the Church in Christian eschatology?
Related pages

Beliefs that define the Church 
 Body of Christ
 Biblical canon
 Creed
 Orthodoxy
 Theology -- beliefs about the nature of God. This can include Pneumatology - beliefs about the Holy Spirit,  Christology - beliefs about Jesus being the Messiah, and Soteriology -beliefs about how people are saved

Rituals that define the Church 
 Liturgy
 Ritualism
 Sermon
 Sacrament
 Eucharist 
 Baptism
 Infant baptism
 Believers Baptism
 Confirmation (Christianity)
 Chrismation
 Holy Orders
Topics in church government 
 Apostolic succession - Catholics, Eastern Orthodox and Anglicanism all claim to have priests ordained by priests going back to the Twelve Apostles.
 Autocephaly
 Canon Law
 One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church
 Separation of church and state
 Full communion
 Laity
 Ecclesia (sociology of religion)
 Sect
 Cult
 Ecclesiastical polity
 Connectionalism
 Congregational polity
 Episcopal polity
 Presbyterian church governance
 Clergy
 Pope
 Patriarch
 Metropolitan
 Archbishop
 Bishop
 Elder
 Priest
 Deacon
 Pastor
 Priesthood of all believers

Other websites 
 A Study in Church History A look at ecclesiology from an Evangelical perspective with audio and video resources.
 Centre for the Study of Contemporary Ecclesiology  at Liverpool Hope University

Christian theology
Ecclesia (or Ekklesia) in Christian theology means both: a particular body of faithful people, and the whole body of the faithful. Latin ecclesia, from Greek ekklesia, where the word is a compound of two segments: "ek", a preposition meaning "out of", and a verb, "kaleo", signifying "to call" - together, literally, "to call out". That usage soon disappeared and was replaced with "assembly, congregation, council", or "convocation".

Christian understanding of 'Church' 

If one speaks of the whole body of Christian faithful, then there are included not only the members of the Church who are alive on earth but all who were members of the church before. Some churches therefore describe the Church as being composed of the Church Militant (Christians on Earth) and the Church Triumphant (Christians in Heaven). In Catholic theology, there is also the Church Suffering (Christians still in purgatory).

The Christian family, the most basic unit of Church life, is sometimes called the domestic Church.
Finally, 'The Church' may sometimes be used, especially in Catholic theology, to speak of those who exercise the office of teaching and ruling the faithful, the Ecclesia Docens, or again (more rarely) the governed as distinguished from their pastors, the Ecclesia Discens.

Related pages
 Church
 Roman Catholic Church
 Eastern Orthodox Church

Notes

Other websites 
 Vatican II, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium
 The church Alive!
 Ekklesia.co.uk 
 Ekklesia.us 
 Ecclesia.gr
 Reflections on the Church  by Reid Monaghan

Christian theology
Christian terminology
Church organization