Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Planned missions 

On 16 April 2021, NASA (a government agency) selected Starship HLS as the Moon lander for the Artemis program. The other options were the Integrated Lander Vehicle by the National Team and Dynetics HLS by the Dynetics company. NASA then awarded SpaceX $2.89 billion to make Starship HLS. NASA wants Starship HLS to do a landing on the Moon without humans first. Then, Starship will send astronauts for the Artemis 3 mission.

The dearMoon project has no date for launch (as of 2022). In 2018, Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa announced that private space mission. Its crew are Maezawa himself and eight other people. The plan is to use Starship as the main spacecraft. The spacecraft is supposed to take them toward the Moon, circle around it, and then return back to Earth.

Possibilities for use (or potential uses)
Moving cargo or people between points on Earth  
In January 2022, SpaceX got a $102 million five-year contract to develop the Rocket Cargo program for the United States Space Force.

Point-to-point flights (called "Earth to Earth" flights by SpaceX), is the idea of traveling anywhere on Earth in under an hour. John Logsdon, an academic on space policy and history, said point-to-point travel is unrealistic, as [the people on board and] the craft would switch between weightlessness to 5 g of acceleration.

Spaceships going to other planets 
SpaceX wants to start Mars colonization and terraforming. It would do so by sending humans to Mars. Musk's life goal is to ensure that humans are still around after a mass extinction on Earth. He also talked about Starships going to Enceladus, Europa, Pluto, and the Oort cloud. The Starship rocket on those missions could launch from Mars.
Musk has guessed that a city with a million people on Mars is enough to keep itself running. It should be able to create everything that the people need. The city does not need shipments from Earth by then. He guessed that the city needs at least ten thousand Starships full of humans. Each Starship can carry 100 passengers on board. To give the colony enough equipment and food, a hundred thousand Starships carrying cargo might launch to Mars. This guess does not have population growth.

Other possibilities 
Most Starships would carry satellites, cargo, and humans to Earth orbit. They would have a large door that rotates along a hinge. These Starships could catch space debris as well.

Some Starships would carry propellant instead of cargo. These spacecraft can fuel another spacecraft in orbit. Via fueling, these spacecraft would have more range and can go further.
Starships going to Mars also need fueling as well. That spacecraft might have forty rooms, a storage room, and a shelter. The shelter protects astronauts from the Sun's ionizing radiation.

SpaceX wants Starship to replace the Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Dragon 2. Musk guessed a Starship launch should cost $2 million (United States dollars) and the mission's propellant cost should be about $900,000. Starship could carry 400 Starlink satellites into orbit. A Falcon 9 can carry only 60 Starlink satellites.

In the past, the Starship spacecraft was planned to only bring cargo and astronauts to Mars. However, as of 2021, SpaceX is planning many kinds of Starships that do different tasks. They are different from each other by having parts added, removed, or changed.

The Starship spacecraft is supposed to carry cargo to higher Earth orbits, the Moon, and Mars.

Launch and landing places
Starbase is being used (as of 2023) for launches of prototypes. Rockets might also launch from boats, or LC-39A. Starbase at Texas is where SpaceX makes and tests most Super Heavy and Starship. The launch boats are named Phobos and Deimos after the moons of Mars. They were oil platforms owned by Valaris.

All Starship launch and landing places will have a tower. It has a large crane placed on top that can lift Super Heavy and Starship. That tower also has a pair of steel arms that rotate at a hinge similar to claws. The claws can catch Super Heavy as well.

Some people living near Starbase blamed SpaceX for harming wildlife, building and testing things without permission, and making too much noise. However, many people come to visit and stay there. When asked, they said that watching and imagining Starships sending humans to Mars made them love the place.

Timeline 
Note: The start dates are when rocket stages were first seen, and the end dates are when they are destroyed or not used anymore.
A spaceship and its booster rocket were destroyed in flight, as late as April 2023. "Ship 24" (spacecraft) and Booster 7 were used during that flight.

 Early ideas 
In 2005, Elon Musk talked about a launch vehicle named BFR, later known as the Falcon XX. The Falcon XX was never built. Unlike Starship, it could only fly up once. Falcon XX was going to use Merlin 2 engine, a larger version of the Merlin engine. The engines burns kerosene and liquid oxygen.
In September 2016, at the 67th IAC (International Astronautical Congress), Elon Musk talked about the ITS (Interplanetary Transport System). It was going to be  tall and  wide. The booster was going to have 42 Raptors, and the spacecraft was going to have 9 Raptors. Both the booster and spacecraft are made from carbon composites, and could launch many times. The ITS can carry humans to Mars and other places inside the Solar System. When the spacecraft enters Mars's atmosphere, it cools by transpiration. Transpiration here means the spacecraft flows propellant to the front side and evaporates the heat.

At the next IAC in September 2017, Musk announced the Big Falcon Rocket. It is sometimes called Big Fucking Rocket. In that IAC, he talked about moving people around Earth quickly with a Big Falcon Rocket. He called it Earth to Earth.
In November 2018, Musk tweeted about a new spacecraft design. It had three bottom flaps and two top flaps. Around that time, the present names of Starship parts were first used:

 the booster stage was named Super Heavy;
 the spacecraft stage was named Starship; and
 the whole rocket was named Starship system or Starship.

In January 2019, Musk tweeted that Starship will be made from stainless steel instead of carbon composite. He explained that a stainless steel Starship is stronger than a carbon composite Starship. In March 2019, Musk tweeted again that Starships will have a heat shield made of tiles. The heat shield replaces transpiration cooling.

On 27 August 2019, Starhopper'', the first vehicle to use the Raptor, flew  high. In October 2019, Starship's design had three Raptors and three Raptor Vacuum engines. There are only two bottom flaps in the new design. They are close to the heat shield’s edges.

Gallery

Notes and references 

Rockets
Spacecraft
SpaceX
You Only Live Once is a 1937 American crime drama movie directed by Fritz Lang and starring Sylvia Sidney, Henry Fonda, Barton MacLane, Jean Dixon, William Gargan, Jerome Cowan, John Wray. It was distributed by United Artists.

Other websites
 
 
 

1937 drama movies
1930s American crime drama movies
Movies directed by Fritz Lang
The Good Earth is a 1937 American romantic drama movie directed by Sidney Franklin, Gustav Machatý and Victor Fleming. It was based on the 1931 novel of the same name by Pearl S. Buck and starring Paul Muni, Luise Rainer, Walter Connolly, Tilly Losch, Charley Grapewin, Jessie Ralph. It was nominated for 5 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1938.

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1937 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Victor Fleming
Movies directed by Gustav Machatý
Movies directed by Sidney Franklin
Movies set in China
Conquest is 1937 American romantic drama movie directed by Clarence Brown and Gustav Machatý. It was based on the 1933 novel Pani Walewska by Wacław Gąsiorowski and starring Greta Garbo, Charles Boyer, Reginald Owen, Henry Stephenson, Alan Marshal, C. Henry Gordon, Leif Erickson. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1938.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1937 drama movies
1937 romance movies
1930s American drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Clarence Brown
Movies directed by Gustav Machatý
Madame X is a 1937 American drama movie directed by Sam Wood and Gustav Machatý. It is the fourth version of the 1908 play of the same name by Alexandre Bisson and starring Gladys George, Warren William, John Beal, Reginald Owen, Lynne Carver, Phillip Reed, Henry Daniell, Ruth Hussey, George Zucco. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Other websites
 

1937 drama movies
1930s American drama movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by Sam Wood
Movies directed by Gustav Machatý
Lorna Regina "Loren" Bautista Legarda is a Filipino politician and former journalist. She is currently serving as the representative of Antique and as a House Deputy Speaker.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Filipino politicians
The Black Watch is a 1929 American adventure movie directed by John Ford and was based on the novel King of the Khyber Rifles by Talbot Mundy. It stars Victor McLaglen, Myrna Loy, Francis Ford, Cyril Chadwick, Walter Long, Joyzelle Joyner, Mitchell Lewis, Lumsden Hare, John Wayne and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites
 
 
 

1929 movies
1920s adventure movies
American adventure movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by John Ford
Movies set in the 1910s
The Nambudiri, also transliterated Nambūdiri, Namboodiri, Namboothiri, and Nampūtiri, are a Malayali Brahmin caste, native to what is now the state of Kerala, India.

As the traditional feudal elite, Nambudiris owned a large portion of the land in the region of Malabar until the Kerala Land Reforms starting in 1957. Nambudiris have been noted for their unique practices such as the adherence to srauta ritualism and orthodox tradition. Cyriac Pullapilly mentions that the dominating influence of the Nambudiris was to be found in all matters: religion, politics, society, economics and culture of Kerala.
Nambudri Documentalist Advocate Jayaprakash Mallay. Awestruck by the nature and content of sahyadri khanda version of the skanda purana, I took courage to redefine Nambudri origins from the chaos of history's bizzare chess game with learned history scholars from National conferences like IHC and SIHC during 1999 - 2006 at various academic venues and enclaves. But their deafening silence prompted me to trigger this issue with Nambudri Brahmin scholars from Karikkad whose residence I shared in the early eighties. Emboldened by Nambudiries well versed in the Scriptures who narrated to me with pin point precision and stunning accuracy on an insider's expose about Nambudri Material Culture and Life Cycle Ritual, I came to the conclusion Nambudries have a shared heritage with Nalillacaran fishermen in Kerala. It is fortuitous fate that led me to take up residence at Puthan Mana, Pulikkathodi Illam and Moothedath Palasseri Mana all in the traditional Nambudri Village of Karikkad during 1983 - 1990 phase
. As a participant observer I was appointed Registration Officer during Nambudri social gatherings called swajana sangamam consequently from 1997 - 2001 period. It all resulted in the production of my print media book Malayala Brahmin Autochthon Theory in the year 1995. The book was subjected to Tuesday Open Page Book Review in The Hindu.
Origin
Nambudiri mythology associates their immigration to Kerala from the banks of Narmada, Krishna, Kaveri rivers with the legendary creation of Kerala by Parasurama, the 6th avatar of Vishnu. According to this legend, the region was created when Parasurama threw his axe into the sea Although it is known that the present-day region of Kerala was once governed by the Chera dynasty, little information exists regarding its early ethnography.
Early history
Operating from their illam houses, Nambudiris' ownership of agricultural land under the janmi system increased over many centuries and, according to Moser and Younger, they "established landholding temples and taught the people the rules of caste". The Nambudiris have been described to be responsible for the Sanskrit influence on Malayalam, basically a Dravidian language, due to the Nambudiri Brahmin's mixing of Sanskrit and the local Tamil language.
Medieval Kerala has been characterised as an oligarchy which was dominated by the Nambudiris, who owned all the temples and their subsidiary villages. The Nambudiris had influence with the ruling class through the practice of sambandam, where younger Nambudiris used to have relationships with Kshatriya women or women from the upper sections of the Nair caste. The children of such unions were not considered Nambudiris, but a part of their matrilocal lineages. As a result of such unions, many kings and ruling chiefs in Kerala would be the offspring of Nambudiri fathers. These arrangements allowed the Nambudiris to gain political power in addition to religious and cultural dominance.
The unwillingness of Nambudiris to adapt to changes in wider society persisted until the early years of the 20th century but Susan Bayly believes that their decline in significance can be traced to the period 1729-1748 when Marthanda Varma established the Kingdom of Travancore and chose to use Deshastha Brahmins from Tamil Nadu in his civil service. She believes that decision undermined the relationship between the Nambudiri Brahmins and royalty in the region, although others have said that Varma's influence was short-lived and that the main cause of change was the arrival of British colonial administrators, such as Colin Macaulay and John Munro, from the early 1800s
. After the passing of the Charter Acts of 1833 and 1853 in the British Parliament, the British encouraged the work of Christian missionaries, notably in provision of education, and began the introduction of a judicial system that would have a significant impact on the landholdings, inheritance customs and marriage arrangements of both the Nambudiris and Nairs. The traditional basis of life was challenged by these and other changes, affecting also the other major ethnic groups of the area, such as the Ezhavas and the Syrian Christians.
Religious customs

Vedic learning
The following Vedic recensions are attested among them.

 Rigveda, the Śākala recension which is the only extant recension of the Rigveda across India. The Nambudiris follow both the  Āśvalāyana and Śāṅkhāyana Śrauta Sūtras. The latter, called the Kauṣītaki tradition among Nambudiris is restricted to them.
 Yajurveda, the Taittirīya śākhā with the Baudhāyana, Vādhūla and  Āgniveśya srauta sutras.
 Samaveda in the Jaiminīya recension, which is elsewhere found only among the Śōḻiya Brahmans.

Agnicayana
The ancient Vedic ritual of Agnicayana (the altar of fire), which spans a 12-day period and which Frits Staal and Robert Gardner claim to be one of the oldest known rituals, was maintained by Nambudiri Brahmins until at least 1975. Although it may have largely died out elsewhere in India and thus be symptomatic of the community's resistance to change, David Knipe notes that it is still performed regularly in Andhra Pradesh and has been for centuries.
Attire
Traditionally, they wore a simple cloth around the waist called a thorthu (or thortumundu), in domestic settings. When they had to travel, they wore two sets of cloth in addition known as a vasthram.

Nambudiris wore their traditional hair tufts (kuṭumi or śikhā) on the front like the Dikshitars of Tamil Nadu.

Marriage customs
Nambudiri Brahmin families practised a more strict version of primogeniture than Brahmin communities elsewhere in India. Under this custom, only the eldest son could marry a Nambudiri woman and thus produce an heir to the family property. Younger sons were restricted to sambandam relationships with non-Brahmin women, whom the Nambudiris considered to be concubines and whose offspring could not inherit. This tradition limited the extent of marriage within their own caste and led to the practice of hypergamy with the Nair community. Kathleen Gough notes that:
The disparity in caste ranking in a relationship between a Brahmin man and a Nair woman meant that the woman was unable to live with her husband(s) in the Brahmin family and so remained in her own family. The children resulting from such marriages always became Nairs. K. M. Panikkar argues that it is this type of relationship that resulted in the matrilineal and matrilocal system. It has also been argued that the practice, along with judicious selection of the man who tied the thali, formed a part of the Nair aspirational culture whereby they would seek to improve their status within the caste. Furthermore, that: 

Although it is certain that in theory hypergamy can cause a shortage of marriageable women in the lowest ranks of a caste and promote upwards social movement from the lower Nair subdivisions, the numbers involved would have been very small. It was not a common practice outside the higher subcaste groups and the Nambudiris had mostly stopped the practice by the 1920s.
Koodiyattam (artform)
The form of Sanskrit theatre known as Koodiyattam, which is native to Kerala, was traditionally patronised by Nambudiris.

References
Josie Natori, (born Josefina Almeda Cruz) is a Filipino-American fashion designer and former Wallstreet executive. Natori served as a commissioner on the White House Conference on Small Business. In March 2007, she was awarded the Order of Lakandula, one of the highest civilian awards in the Philippines.

References 

Filipino businesspeople
Cat People is a 1942 American horror movie directed by Jacques Tourneur and starring Simone Simon, Kent Smith, Jack Holt, Tom Conway, Jane Randolph. It was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures and was followed by the 1944 sequel The Curse of the Cat People and was remade in 1982.

Other websites
 
 
 

1942 movies
1940s horror movies
American horror movies
Movies directed by Jacques Tourneur
Polygender, plurigender or multigender is a non-binary identity in which the person experiences multiple genders. Pangender, bigender, and trigender are examples of multigender identities, sometimes along with androgyne, associated with demigender.

References 

Non-binary gender
The Saint Thomas Christians are a very old community in Kerala, India also called as  Syrian Christians of India, Nasrani or Malabar Nasrani or Malankara Nasrani or Nasrani Mappila, are an ethno-religious community of Indian Christians from the state of Kerala, who follow the East Syriac Rite, West Syriac Rite and the liturgical rites of Syriac Christianity. They trace their origins to the evangelistic or missionariy activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century. Nasrani is an Arabic word for "Christian" that came from the Greek word Nazōraioi, Nazarene in English. The Saint Thomas Christians are now divided into different Churches like Eastern Catholic, Oriental Orthodox, Protestant, and independent bodies, each with their own liturgies and traditions. They are Malayali people and speak the Malayalam language
The Saint Thomas Christians have also been nicknamed such due to their reverence for Saint Thomas the Apostle, who is said to have brought Christianity to India. The name dates back to the period of Portuguese colonisation. They are also known, especially locally, as Nasrani or Nasrani Mappila. The former means Christian; it appears to have been derived from the Hebrew word Netzer or the Aramaic Nasraya from Isaiah 11:1. Mappila is an honorific applied to members of non-Indian faiths and descendants of immigrants from the middle east who had intermarried with the local population, including Muslims (Jonaka Mappila) and Jews (Yuda Mappila). Some Syrian Christians of Travancore continue to attach this honorific title to their names
. The Government of India designates members of the community as Syrian Christians, a term originating with the Dutch colonial authority that distinguishes the Saint Thomas Christians, who used Syriac (within East Syriac Rite or West Syriac Rite) as their liturgical language, from newly evangelised Christians who followed the Roman Rite.The terms Syrian or Syriac relate not to their ethnicity but to their historical, religious and liturgical connection to the Church of the East, or East Syriac Church.
History

According to tradition, Thomas the Apostle came to Muziris on the Kerala coast in AD 52 and converted many Nambudiri Brahmins to christianity and established the Ezharapallikal. The most prominent families amongst the many are Pakalomattam, Sankarapuri, Kalli, Kalliyankal, Nedumpally, Kunnappilly, Payyippilly, Vazhappilly, Maliekkal, Panakkamattom and Thayil.

The Cochin Jews are known to have existed in Kerala in the 1st century AD, and it was possible for an Aramaic-speaking Jew, such as St. Thomas from Galilee, to make a trip to Kerala then.The earliest known source connecting the Apostle to India is the Acts of Thomas, likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in Edessa.
There is evidence that  members of the St Thomas Christian community observed Brahmin customs in the Middle Ages, such as the wearing of the sacred thread and having a kudumi. The medieval historian Pius Malekandathil believes these were customs adopted and privileges won during the beginning of the Brahmin dominance of medieval Kerala. He argues that the Syrian Christians in Kerala, integrated with Persian Christian migrant merchants, in the 9th century to become a powerful trading community and were granted the privileges by the local rulers to promote revenue generation and to undermine Buddhist and Jain traders who rivaled the Brahmins for religious and political hegemony in Kerala at the time.

Christian denominations
Ethnic groups in India
Malayali people
Tamil Brahmins are Tamil-speaking Brahmins, primarily living in Tamil Nadu, although a few of them have settled in other states like, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and   Karnataka. They can be broadly divided into three religious groups, Gurukkals who follow Saivism, Iyers who follow the Srauta and Smartha tradition and Iyengars who follow Sri Vaishnavism.
Tulu Nadu, also called as Tulunaad, is a region on the southwestern coast of India. The Tulu people, known as 'Tuluva' (plural 'Tuluver'), speakers of Tulu, a Dravidian language, are the preponderant ethnic group of this region. South Canara, an erstwhile district and a historical area, encompassing the undivided territory of the contemporary Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, and Kasaragod districts, forms the cultural area of the Tuluver.

Historically, Tulu Nadu lay between the Gangavali River (Uttara Kannada district) in the north and the Chandragiri River (Kasaragod taluka) in the south. Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka, and the northern parts of the Kasaragod district of Kerala up to the Chandragiri River.

This region is not an official administrative entity. However, the Tulu Nadu state movement has been gaining momentum since the Indian States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
Mangalore, the second largest and a major city of Karnataka, is the chief and largest city of Tulu Nadu. Udupi, Kasaragod and Puttur are the other major cities of this region.

References
Family Guy is an American animated sitcom. It was created by Seth MacFarlane to be shown on television by the Fox Broadcasting Company. It is on its 19th season with over 350 episodes. It is behind The Simpsons on being the oldest show on Fox. On September 23, 2020, Fox said that the show will have 21 seasons.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (1999)

Season 2 (1999-2000)

Season 3 (2001-03)

Season 4 (2005-06)

Season 5 (2006-07)

Season 6 (2007-08)

Season 7 (2008-09)

Season 8 (2009-10)

Season 9 (2010-11)

Season 10 (2011-12)

Season 11 (2012-13)

Season 12 (2013-14)

Season 13 (2014-15)

Season 14 (2015-16)

Season 15 (2016-17)

Season 16 (2017-18)

Season 17 (2018-19)

Season 18 (2019-20)

Season 19 (2020-21)

Season 20 (2021-22)

Season 21 (2022-23)

Notes

References 

 
Family Guy
Family Guy
Patharghata () is an Upazila of Barguna District in Bangladesh. It is a part of the Barisal Division. It has a total area of 387.36 km2.

Administration
Patharghata Upazila is divided into Patharghata Municipality and seven union parishads. The list of union parishads:

The union parishads are subdivided into 42 mauzas and 66 villages. Patharghata Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 9 mahallas.

References

Upazilas of Barguna District
Dolphin shorts or Dolfins are a specific style of unisex shorts for athletics. They are typically very short and were originally made from nylon with contrasting binding, side slits, and rounded corners, with a waistband at the top—a style popular in the 1980s. Richard Simmons is iconic for wearing "dolphin shorts" as his trademark.

References

Trousers and shorts
Mad Max: Fury Road is a 2015 Australian post-apocalyptic action movie. It was co-written, co-produced, and directed by George Miller. Miller worked on the screenplay with Brendan McCarthy and Nico Lathouris. The movie is the fourth installment and "reboot"  of the Mad Max films. It was produced by Kennedy Miller Mitchell and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The movie stars Tom Hardy, Charlize Theron, Nicholas Hoult, Hugh Keays-Byrne, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Riley Keough, Zoë Kravitz, Abbey Lee and Courtney Eaton.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

2015 action movies
English-language movies
Reboot movies
Post-apocalyptic movies
IMAX movies
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award
Australian action movies
American action movies
South African movies
2010s road movies
Movies directed by George Miller
2010s chase movies
2010s feminist movies
Trucker movies
Movies set in Australia
Movies set in Namibia
Movies set in deserts
Dystopian movies
Movies about water scarcity
Mad Max movies
Margaret Lucas Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (born in 1623 and died on 15 December 1673) was an English aristocrat, philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction-writer, and playwright during the 17th century.  She wrote on many topics, such as gender, power, manners, scientific method, and philosophy.

British nobility
"Cape Feare" is the second episode in the fifth season of The Simpsons. It was first shown on the Fox network on October 7, 1993. The episode has Kelsey Grammer do the voice of Sideshow Bob. In the epidsode, Bob wants to kill Bart Simpson because Bart put him in jail. The episode is a parody of the 1991 movie with a similar name, Cape Fear.

Other websites 

1993 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 5) episodes
The Knānāya, (from Syriac: Knā'nāya (Canaanite)) also known as the Southists or Tekkumbhagar, are an endogamous ethnic group found among the Saint Thomas Christian community of Kerala, India. They are differentiated from another part of the community, known in this context as the Northists (Vaddakkumbhagar). There are about 300,000 Knanaya in India and elsewhere.
Today, the majority of Knanaya are members of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church (Kottayam Archeparchy) and the Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church (Knanaya Archdiocese). They became increasingly prominent in Kerala in the late 19th century. Many Knanaya migrated away during the 20th and 21st centuries, largely westward, forming communities in non-Malayalam speaking areas, with a large expatriate community currently living in Houston, Texas and Chicago, Illinois in the United States.

Origins and traditions
The earliest extensive written evidence for the division of the Christian community of India dates to the 16th century. The St. Thomas Christian tradition defines the division as being both geographical and ethnic, expressing that the Native St. Thomas Christians initially resided on the north side of the Chera Empire's capitol city of Cranganore while the Middle Eastern migrant Knanaya arrived and settled on the south side, which subsequently led to the designations Northist and Southist. Celebrated St. Thomas Christian scholar Dr. Placid J. Podipara wrote the following about the division:

"The Thomas Christians hail the Apostle St. Thomas as the founder of their Church...The first converts of St. Thomas were reinforced by local conversions and by Christian colonizations (migrations) from abroad. Connected with the IV century colonization is the origin of those called the Southists"
Thomas of Cana's Arrival
The historical rationale for the division between the majority St. Thomas Christians and minority Knanaya traces the divide to the figure of Thomas of Cana, a Syrian merchant who led a group of 72 Jewish-Christian immigrant families, a bishop named Uraha Mar Yausef, and clergymen from Mesopotamia to settle in Cranganore, India in the 4th century (some sources place these events as late as the 9th century). This may reflect a historical migration of East Syrian Christians to India around this time, which established the region's relationship with the Church of the East.In the commonly accepted accounts of this history, the Knanaya are the descendants of Thomas of Cana and his followers, while the Northists descend from the local Christian body which had been converted by Thomas the Apostle centuries earlier. The Oxford History of the Christian Church states the following about the division:
Elements of Thomas of Cana's arrival feature in ancient songs as well as the Thomas of Cana copper plates awarded to his followers by a local Hindu ruler.  These plates granted Thomas' followers 72 social, economic, and religious rights from Cheraman Perumal, the Chera king.   The plates were present in Kerala during the time of the Portuguese colonization in the early 17th century, but were lost during Portuguese rule.   Archbishop Francis Ros notes in his 1604 account M.S. ADD 9853 that the plates were taken to Portugal by the Franciscan Order. The Knanaya invoke the plates as evidence of their descent from Thomas of Cana's mission.
Jewish-Christian Ancestry
Knanaya tradition claims that the Syriac Christian migrants who arrived with Thomas of Cana were Jewish-Christians. Community scholars express the historicity of this tradition by noting that Jewish-Christian tribes in Mesopotamia were a major component of the early Church of the East. Additionally, scholars express that both Jewish and Christian merchants of the region took part in the Arabian Sea trade with Kerala.
The community also cites their culture as evidence of their Jewish-Christian heritage, particularly their folk songs first written on palm-leave manuscripts in the 17th century. Many of the historical songs allude to the migrants being of Jewish descent such as the song Nallor Orosilam (The Good Jerusalem) which states the migrants prayed at the tomb of the Jewish Prophet Ezra before departing to India. A number of Jewish scholars such as Dr. P.M. Jussay, Dr. Nathan Katz, Dr. Shalva Weil, and Dr. Ophira Gamliel have noted that the Knanaya maintain cultural similarities to the Cochin Jews of India,suggesting historic cultural relations between the two communities.
In 1939, the Knanaya politician and author Joseph Chazhikaden published a book on the community, Tekkumbhagasamudayam Charitram, in which he included some aspects of the communities Jewish claim. Chazhikaden built upon the Thomas of Cana tradition but asserted that Thomas' followers originated in Judea. According to Chazhikaden, the group converted to Christianity while maintaining their distinct culture and identity. Eventually, they were forced out of their homeland and moved to Cranganore, where they were welcomed by the ruler Cheraman Perumal and lived near, but maintained their separateness from, the indigenous "Northist" Saint Thomas Christians. Many modern Knanaya accept the account as factual, while others reject it. As with other Knanaya origin traditions, some Northists dispute and condemn it.
Two Wives Legend
In many other variants recorded during the colonial era, Thomas of Cana had two wives or partners, one of them being the ancestor of the endogamous Southists, and the other one being the ancestor of the Northist. A number of traditions and stories have emerged to explain the status of either wife, and both Southists and Northists historically used variants of these traditions to claim superiority for their group.
These variants are considered apocryphal and are not the accepted tradition among contemporary Northist and Southist scholars who generally believe them to be the consequence of rivalry between the St. Thomas Christians and Knanaya. In most of these variants, the Southists' ancestor was Thomas' Syrian wife, while the Northists' was an indigenous St. Thomas Christian or Nair woman who became his second wife or concubine, implying that the Southists are Thomas' true heirs. In other variants, both wives were Kerala natives, while the Southists' forebearer was from a higher caste.
Some Northist historically maintained versions which countered this assertion, claiming that the Knanaya descend from a dobi (washerwoman); in some versions of this story, she became Thoma's concubine, while in others she married a lower-caste Maaran boy. This assertion is based on the 1676 Portuguese document "M.S Sloane 2748-A", a likely forgery attributed to the Carmelite priest Father Mathew.
Historian of medieval India and Northist priest Pius Malekandathil argues that the two-wives legend was simply a creation of rivalry between the Middle Eastern migrant Knanaya and the Native St. Thomas Christians. Malekandathil expresses that the story originated in the medieval era due to the two ethnic groups of Christians asserting socioeconomic dominance over the other. Furthermore, Malekandathil notes that the two-wives legend is not the accepted tradition among the people of Kerala but instead that the indigenous Saint Thomas Christians got the appellation "Northists" because they were initially located on the northern part of the city of Cranganore, while the migrant Knanaya under the leadership of Thomas of Cana were given the southern side of the city which led to the generic title of "Southists".

References

Malayali people
The House of Representatives was the lower chamber of Fiji's Parliament from 1970 to 2006.  It was the more powerful of the two chambers.

The House of Representatives was suspended by the 2006 military coup. The 2013 Constitution abolished it and replaced it with a single chamber Parliament.

Other websites
 Official Website of the Parliament of Fiji
 House of Representatives

Politics of Fiji
The Senate of Fiji was the upper chamber of Parliament. It was abolished by the 2013 Constitution of Fiji, after a series of military coups. 

The Senate had 32 members.  They were appointed by the President for five-year terms at the same time as the term of the House of Representatives.

Other websites
 Official website of the Fijian Senate

Politics of Fiji
Suhaila Siddiq (March 11, 1949 – December 4, 2020) was an Afghan politician. She was born in Kabul, Afghanistan. Seddiqi was Minister of Public Health from 2001 to 2004 during the Hamid Karzai presidency.

Seddiqi died on December 4, 2020 in Kabul from Alzheimer's disease-related problems at the age of 71.

References

Other websites
'We Can Only Rely On Ourselves To Rebuild Our Country'

1949 births
2020 deaths
Afghan writers
Afghan politicians
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Anand Singh Bisht (8 August 19484 December 2020) was a Fijian lawyer and politician. He was born in Bombay, India. 

Singh was a member of the Labour Party. From 1999 to 2000, he was a member of the House of Representatives and Attorney General. From 2001 to 2006, Singh was a member of the Senate.

Singh died on 4 December 2020 in Auckland, New Zealand at the age of 72.

References

1948 births
2020 deaths
Lawyers
Fijian politicians
Giuseppe Dalla Torre del Tempio di Sanguinetto (27 August 1943 – 3 December 2020) was an Italian lawyer and educator. He was born in Rome. He was a Rector of the Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta between 1991 to 2014. 

Dalla Torre died on 3 December 2020 in Rome from COVID-19 at the age of 77.

References

1943 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
Italian educators
Italian lawyers
People from Rome
The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU; , Natsional’na akademiya nauk Ukrayiny, abbr: NAN Ukraine) is a self-governing state-funded organization in Ukraine. It focuses on the development of science and technology.

References

20th-century establishments in Ukraine
1918 establishments in Europe
Ukraine
Anatoly Mykhailovych Samoilenko () (January 2, 1938 – December 4, 2020) was a Ukrainian mathematician. He was an Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1995 until his death and he was the Director of the Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from 1988 until his death. Samoilenko was born in Potiivka, Soviet Union.

Samoilenko died on December 4, 2020 in Kyiv, Ukraine at the age of 82.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
Ukrainian mathematicians
André Gagnon  (August 2, 1936 – December 3, 2020) was a Canadian composer, conductor, arranger, and actor. He was known for his works of classical and pop styles. Many of his best known compositions were Neiges, Smash, Chevauchée, Surprise, Donna, and Mouvements in the disco and pop fields. He was born in Quebec. Gagnon was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1978 and an Officer of the National Order of Quebec in 2018.

Gagnon died on December 3, 2020 in Montreal from problems caused by Lewy body dementia at the age of 84.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Canadian composers
Canadian conductors
Writers from Quebec
Deaths from dementia with Lewy bodies
Jutta Lampe (13 December 1937 – 3 December 2020) was a German actress. She appeared in more than twenty movies from 1963 until his death. She was born in Flensburg, Germany.

Lampe was known for her roles in Sisters, or the Balance of Happiness (1979), Marianne and Juliane (1981), The Distant Land (1987) and The Possessed (1988).

Lampe died on 3 December 2020 in Berlin at the age of 82.

References

Other websites

1937 births
2020 deaths
German movie actors
German television actors
German stage actors
Alison Lurie (September 3, 1926December 3, 2020) was an American novelist and academic.  She won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her 1984 novel Foreign Affairs. She was born in Chicago, Illinois.

Lurie died on December 3, 2020 in Ithaca, New York at the age of 94.

References

1926 births
2020 deaths
American novelists
Educators from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Pulitzer Prize winners
Albert Salvadó i Miras (1 February 1951 – 3 December 2020) was an Andorran writer and industrial engineer. He wrote in both Catalan and Spanish. Salvadó wrote children's stories, essays and novels, often focusing on historical fiction. He was born in Andorra la Vella.

Salvadó died on 3 December 2020 in Andorra la Vella from leukaemia at the age of 69.

Some written works
L'enigma de Constantí el Gran
El mestre de Kheops
L'anell d'Àtila
El rapte, el mort i el Marsellès
Jaume I el Conqueridor (El punyal del sarraí, La reina hongaresa, Parleu o mateu-me)
L'ull del diable
El relat de Gunter Psarris
Un vot per l'esperança
Els ulls d'Anníbal
L’ombra d’Ali Bei (Maleït català!, Maleït musulmà!, Maleït cristià!)
La gran concubina d'Amon
L'informe Phaeton
Una vida en joc
 Obre els ulls i desperta (Meteora)
El ball de la vida co-author Anna Tohà
Vols viure?

References

1951 births
2020 deaths
Andorran writers
Children's writers
Essayists
Industrial engineers
Christopher Cox Krebs  (born January 30, 1977 in Atlanta, Georgia ) is an American attorney who served as the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency in the United States Department of Homeland Security from November 2018 to November 2020.

In November 2020, President Donald Trump fired Krebs for not agreeing with Trump on the disproven claim of election fraud in the 2020 presidential election.

Notes

References

1977 births
Living people
Politicians from Atlanta
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Businesspeople from Atlanta
Lawyers from Georgia (U.S. state)
A monolith is a geological feature. It is a massive stone or rock. 

Erosion usually causes the geological formations, which are often made of very hard and solid igneous or metamorphic rock.

In other words, a monolith is what's left after most of an original rock or mountain is worn away.

Other websites
 Regarding Uluru/Ayers Rock and earlier representations of it as the largest monolith: GA.gov.au, ABC.net.au, Wayoutback.com.au

Geological formations
Brian Christopher Deese (born February 17, 1978) is an American economic political advisor. He was the Director of the National Economic Council in the Joe Biden administration from January 20, 2021 until February 21, 2023.

Deese was a senior advisor to U.S. President Barack Obama. He was the deputy director of the Office of Management and Budget and was the acting director of the office in the summer of 2014. 

Deese also was deputy director of the National Economic Council. 

In December 2020, Deese was chosen as the director of the National Economic Council by Joe Biden.

In February 2023, it was announced that Deese would be leaving his position. Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve Lael Brainard was selected as his replacement.

References

1978 births
Living people
Politicians from Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Directors of the National Economic Council
Gitanjali Rao (born 19 November 2005) is an American inventor. She won the Discovery Education 3M Young Scientist Challenge in 2017. She was honored as  Forbes 30 U 30 for her innovations. She was named TIME Top young innovator in 2020 for her innovations and "innovation workshops" she conducts across the globe. In the December 2020 cover, Time  named Rao the first "Kid of the Year". Rao was born in Lone Tree, Colorado.

References

American inventors
Scientists from Colorado
2005 births
Living people
Lone Tree is a home rule municipality in Douglas County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 14,253 at the 2020 United States Census.

References

Cities in Colorado
A white hole is a hypothetical region in spacetime. It has not been proven to exist.

It is said to be the exact opposite of a black hole. While a black hole sucks in objects to its singularity, the white hole emits matter from its singularity. A white hole may be formed after a black hole can no longer suck things in. Immediately, it turns into a white hole and starts emitting the things that it has previously sucked in before. Nothing can enter a white hole as its emitting force is too great. In this sense, it is the reverse of a black hole, which can be entered only from the outside and from which energy-matter, light and information cannot escape.

Like black holes, white holes have properties like mass, charge, and angular momentum. They attract matter like any other mass, but objects falling towards a white hole would never actually reach the white hole's event horizon.

References 

Cosmology
The Sardinian tree frog, Sardinia tree frog or Tyrrhenian tree frog (Hyla sarda) is a frog.  It lives on islands: Sardinia in Italy, Corsica in France and other islands nearby.

This frog is 38 to 40 mm long from nose to rear end.  It is green or gray with a dark stripe down each side of its body.  This frog can change color.

This frog can live near humans.  Sometimes it lives in gardens and hides in garden walls.

References

Frogs of Europe
Phumulani is a nonprofit organization dedicated to preventing domestic violence and sexual abuse in communities of color throughout Minnesota and globally.

History 
Phumulani was founded by Comfort Dondo, a survivor of childhood sexual abuse and domestic violence. Born and raised in Zimbabwe and now residing in Minnesota, Comfort’s struggle with domestic violence was compounded by the inability of women’s shelters in America to provide the language, cultural and societal resources she and her children needed to feel safe and supported. Often, she found herself back in her abuser’s home with no alternative.
Now free from the dangerous situation, Comfort wants to make sure women and children of African descent have the cultural resources they need to feel comfortable in sharing their stories and recovering from their experiences. She understands firsthand that individuals who have fled African countries to save their lives often have lasting trauma that needs to be acknowledged and treated holistically to ensure long-term progress.

Meaning of the name Phumulani 
Comfort created Phumulani, named for a Zulu word meaning “lover of peace,” as a way of helping African immigrants and refugees in Minnesota. It is truly a place where survivors of gender-based abuse and violence can find peace and recovery.

Mission of Phumulani
To stop violence and abuse of women and children. Phumulani is a non-profit organization dedicated to preventing domestic violence and sexual abuse in communities of color throughout Minnesota and the nation. By providing culturally-specific resources to women and girls of African descent, we hope to change the cycle of gender-based abuse in the vulnerable populations.

References 

Non-profit organizations of the United States
Domestic violence
(524522) 2002 VE68 is an asteroid and a temporary quasi-satellite of Venus. It was the first quasi-satellite to be found around a planet in the Solar System. It looks like it travels around Venus during one Venerean year but it actually orbits the Sun, not Venus.

Discovery, orbit and physical properties 
It was discovered on 11 November 2002 at Lowell Observatory. It has a semi-major axis of 0.7237 AU. Its eccentricity is 0.4104. Its orbital inclination is 9.0060°. It is calculated to measure 236 meters in diameters. Its rotational period is 13.5 hours.

Potentially hazardous asteroid 

2002 VE68 is in the Minor Planet Center list of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) because it frequently comes as close as 0.05 AU (7,479,894 km) to Earth. It comes as close as 0.04 AU (5,983,915 km) every 8 years.

References 

Asteroids
Astronomical objects
Nezahualcóyotl, commonly known as Neza, is a city in Mexico. In 2010, the city had about 1.105 million people living there.

References 

Cities in Mexico
Settlements in Mexico (state)
A quasi-satellite is an astronomical object that crosses a planet's orbit during its own orbit.

A quasi-satellite's orbit around the Sun takes exactly the same time as the planet's orbit. Its eccentricity is different from the eccentricity of the planet. The orbits of quasi-satellites are unstable and over time they will break free from the planet's gravity.

Astronomical objects
Manoj Sinha (born 1 July 1959) is an Indian politician. On 6 August 2020, he became the 2nd Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir. 

He was the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Communications and Minister of State for Railways in the Government of India. 

Sinha was elected as Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha, representing Ghazipur for three terms from the Bharatiya Janata Party.

References

1959 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of Jammu and Kashmir
Kirby Star Allies is a 2018 platformer video game for the Nintendo Switch. It was released worldwide on March 16th, 2018. It was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. It is part of the Kirby series.

Gameplay 
Kirby Star Allies plays similarly to previous Kirby entries. Kirby can run and jump, and if the jump button is pressed multiple times, he can float. Kirby can inhale enemies to get copy abilities; special power-ups that are of a certain element or other thing (example: Fire).

References

2018 video games
Nintendo Switch games
Nintendo Switch-only games
Kirby
Albanian Americans () are Americans of full or partial Albanian ancestry and heritage in the United States. They trace their ancestry to the territories with a large Albanian population in the Balkans among others to Albania, Italy, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Montenegro.

References

Ethnic groups in the United States
Dharam Pal Gulati (27 March 1923 – 3 December 2020), also known as Mahashay Dharampal Gulati, was an Indian businessman, and founder and CEO of MDH (Mahashian Di Hatti; ), an Indian spice company. He was known  as the 'spice-king'. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 2019. He was known for being the founder and CEO of MDH.

Gulati died on 3 December 2020 at a hospital in Delhi of a cardiac arrest at the age of 97.

Notes

References

1923 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indian businesspeople
Indian philanthropists