Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Earphones or earbuds are a small type of headphones and audio devices that people wear in their outer ear. Earphones are lighter and more portable than headphones. They let people listen to music on a walkman, MP3 player, mobile phone or computer. 

Earphones that are worn inside the ear canal are called In-ear headphones or In-ear monitors. They typically have better sound quality.

Earphones often use a small plug for connection.

Audio technology
Ear
Suthep Thaugsuban (; born 7 July 1949) is a Thai politician. He is the leader of People's Alliance for Democracy. In 2013, he organized a protest in Bangkok against the government. He led protesters in "Occupying Bangkok". In 2014 he became a Buddhist monk.

1949 births
Living people
Buddhist monks
Suthep Thaugsuban
Greg Whyte, OBE (born 21 June 1967) is a former Olympian and a sports scientist. He won a World Championship silver medal and a European bronze medal. Whyte also competed in two Olympic Games, representing Great Britain in the Modern Pentathlon.

Whyte has been involved in Comic Relief. 
His role has been to train and coach celebrities who do challenges for charity, such as comedian David Walliams, John Bishop, James Cracknell, Cheryl Cole, Gary Barlow, and Eddie Izzard. His charity work for Comic Relief and Sports Relief projects has so far raised over £17 million.

Whyte is a Professor in Applied Sport & Exercise Science at Liverpool John Moores University. He is also an authority in the UK on exercise physiology, sports performance and rehabilitation.

Honours 
Greg was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2014 New Year Honours for his services to sport, sport science and charity.

Notes
Notes

1967 births
British athletes
British Olympians
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Finn Campbell Mertens (also known as Finn and Finn the Human) is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the American animated television series Adventure Time created by Pendleton Ward. He is voiced by Jeremy Shada in most appearances. 

The character first appeared in the original pilot, where he was named Pen and voiced by Zack Shada, Jeremy's older brother.

The character has been met with largely positive critical reception.

Finn's enthusiastic nature becomes more serious as the series progresses, meaning he is both maturing and developing as a character as he ages. As shown in "Memories of Boom Boom Mountain", Finn appears to have been abandoned in the woods when he was a baby.

References

Adventure Time characters
Fictional characters introduced in 2007
Shulem Deen (born 1974) is the author of a memoir, All Who Go Do Not Return (2015),  and the editor of Unpious.com, an online journal for voices critical of Hasidic lifestyle and beliefs.

Career 
Deen first became known as the author of the blog, "Hasidic Rebel," which he wrote from 2003 until 2012, and which was the subject of a 2003 feature article in the Village Voice. Deen's blog was the first widely read website by a practicing Hasid casting doubt on his religious faith. His memoir chronicles his often painful change from a devout member of the Skverer Hasidic community in New Square, New York to a secular Jew.

In 2010, Deen launched the Unpious website along with "Shtreimel," another ex-Hasidic blogger, and has served as its editor throughout. He has also written several pieces for other publications on the intersection of Hasidic and secular lives, including articles in the Jewish Daily Forward, Tablet Magazine, Salon, and Zeek.
He currently serves as a Board member at Footsteps, a New York City organization that assists formerly ultra-Orthodox Jews with transitioning to life outside the Orthodox world.

Personal life 
Deen spent his early life among Satmar Hasidim in Borough Park, Brooklyn, and joined the Skverer sect when he was a teenager, moving to the town of New Square, to settle after marriage. He was married in 1993, and has five children.

In 2005, Deen was expelled from New Square by its leaders for holding heretical views, and several years later divorced his wife and left the Hasidic lifestyle entirely. He currently lives in Brooklyn New York  He is mostly estranged from his children, who have remained among the Skverer Hasidim in New Square, N.Y.

References 

Jewish American writers
1974 births
Living people
Jaffna College (JC) is a private school in Vaddukoddai, Sri Lanka.

References 

Colleges and universities in Asia
Jaffna District
1867 establishments
19th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
1860s establishments in Asia
Organizations based in Sri Lanka
Vaddukoddai (also spelled Vattukkottai, Vatukotai, or Vattukotai; ) is a town in northern Sri Lanka. It is a small but important town located on the Jaffna peninsula. This part of the country is dominated by Tamil people.

Settlements in Sri Lanka
Northern Province, Sri Lanka
John W. North High School is a high school in Southern California, in the United States of America. It is named after the founder of Riverside, John W. North.

Schools in California
High schools in the United States
Shulamit Aloni (; November 29, 1928 – January 24, 2014) was an Israeli lawyer and politician. She founded the Ratz party. She was the leader of the Meretz party, and served as Minister of Education from 1992 to 1993. In 2000, she won the Israel Prize.

Aloni died on January 24, 2014 at her home in Tel Aviv, aged 85.

References

Other websites
Shulamit Aloni  Jewish Agency
Shulamit Aloni Jewish Virtual Library
Shulamit Aloni, Knesset website

1928 births
2014 deaths
Columnists
Members of the Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
HaAvoda politicians
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli teachers
Israeli political leaders
Israeli journalists
Lawyers from Tel Aviv
Israeli opposition leaders
Jewish atheists
Meretz politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Politicians from Tel Aviv
Polish Jews
Radio personalities
Zionists
François Deguelt (born Louis Deghelt, 4 December 1932 – 22 January 2014) was a French singer. He was best known for his performance on behalf of Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contests of 1960 and 1962.

Deguelt died on 22 January 2014 in Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France from heart failure, age 81.

References

Other websites
 Discography and cover art at encyclopédisque.fr

1932 births
2014 deaths
French singers

People from Var
Movable Ink is a technology company that allows marketers to change emails after they have been sent out. The technology can change emails based on the moment of engagement, the user's current location, social cues, fast-moving inventory, and it works across all email clients. Movable Ink has been called "The Harry Potter of Email" because it includes parts of code into an email's HTML that makes the content come to life and update in real-time.

Overview
Overview 

Movable Ink's technology allows email marketers to pull real-time content from their websites and embed that information into emails. When recipients open the emails, they contain the most up-to-date information as well as contextual data based on a person’s location, time of day, or the device they’re viewing the email on. The company also offers advanced email tracking reports and real-time metrics. Companies using Movable Ink include Nordstrom, Bloomingdale's, American Eagle Outfitters and Verizon,
Movable Ink was founded by Vivek Sharma and Michael Nutt in New York City in November 2010.

Funding 

In October 2011, Movable Ink received $1.3 million dollars in funding, led by Contour Ventures, Metamorphic Ventures, ff Ventures, and Kima Ventures, as well as angels Joshua Baer, Bob Pittman, Andy Russell, and Alan Laifer. In May 2013, Movable Ink received $11 million in funding led by Intel Capital, with participation from its previous investors.

References
References 

American technology companies
2010 establishments in the United States
Companies based in New York City
San Luis Obispo is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is about halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco. It was founded in 1772 by Junípero Serra.

San Luis Obispo is one of California's oldest settlements. It is the county seat of San Luis Obispo County. At the 2020 census, 47,063 people lived there. California Polytechnic State University is in San Luis Obispo.

References

County seats in California
Cities in California
Settlements in San Luis Obispo County, California
1772 establishments in North America
18th-century establishments in California
The Northern Province ( ;  ) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. The capital of the province is Jaffna. The Sri Lankan Civil War began in this province. It where most of the Tamil people in Sri Lanka live.

Provinces in Sri Lanka were created in the 19th century. Provincial councils were created in 1987 by a change to the Constitution. Between 1988 and 2006 the Northern Province and the Eastern Province were temporarily put together to make the North Eastern Province.

Districts 
 Jaffna District
 Kilinochchi District
 Mannar District
 Mullaitivu District
 Vavuniya District

Related pages 
 Tamil Eelam

References

Other websites 
 
 

 
1833 establishments in Sri Lanka
Jaffna (, ,  ) is the capital city of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The population of Jaffna is 88,138. Jaffna is Sri Lanka's 12th largest city.The biggest of all in Jaffna is the Jaffna Fort and Nallur Kandasamy temple. The statue made out of gold was the man who was the person who put Sinhala people and Tamil people together.

Related pages 
 Burning of Jaffna library

References

Other websites 
 
 Jaffna District – Jaffna Traveler Information
 Yarl Mann – Jaffna Culture, Tradition & Heritage 

Cities in Sri Lanka
1621 establishments
Jaffna District
Establishments in Sri Lanka
1620s establishments in Asia
Computation is the act of determining (working out) something by processing information. It involves using specific rules, either mathematical or logical. It may or may not involve using numbers; the computation of numbers and arithmetic is generally called calculation. The study of computation is called computer science.

The theory of computation involves determining whether a certain problem can be solved by computation.

Related pages 
 Algorithm

References 

Theoretical computer science
Colombo District (;  ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country.

Geography
Colombo District is in the south west of Sri Lanka. It has an area of .

References

Other websites
 
 

Districts of Sri Lanka
Western Province, Sri Lanka
The calculus of variations is a field of mathematical analysis. It usually deals with functions defined on the real numbers, and with finding minima and maxima of such functions. When finding a minimum or maximum, there are often additional conditions that need to be satisfied. In the 18th century, mathematicians such as Leonhard Euler and Joseph-Louis Lagrange made this kind of calculus popular. 

Other people who influenced it include Adrien-Marie Legendre, Alfred Clebsch, Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi and Karl Weierstraß. Today, calculus of variations is used in different fields of science, such as geodesy, theoretical physics, classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.

Functions and mappings
Hattula is a municipality in Finland. As of 31 October 2013, 9,704 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Hämeenlinna, Pälkäne and Valkeakoski.

Other websites 
 The official page 

Municipalities of Kanta-Häme
A collective noun is a noun that describes a group of things. In the examples, the word in italics is the collective term.

Examples are:
A bench of magistrates
A congregation of worshippers
A bunch of grapes/keys
A list of characters
A person

Parts of speech
The sine rule or law of sines, is a theorem in mathematics. It says that, if you have a triangle like the one in the picture, the equation below is true.

This is another version, which is also true.
 

D is equal to the diameter of the triangle's circumcircle. 

The law of sines is used to find the remaining sides of a triangle when two angles and a side are known. This is known as triangulation. The law of sines can also be used when two sides and one of the angles not enclosed by the two sides are known. In some such cases, the formula gives two possible values for the enclosed angle. This is called an ambiguous case.

The law of sines is one of two trigonometric equations which is used to find lengths and angles in scalene triangles. The other is the law of cosines.

Proof
The area  of any triangle can be written as one half of its base times its height (drawn from the vertex not on the base).  Depending on which side one chooses to be the base, the area can be given by

Multiplying these by  gives
References

Trigonometry
Swell Radio is a mobile radio streaming application. It learns what kind of radio stations the user likes based on listening to behaviour, community filtering and an algorithm. It was originally designed for use while going to and coming from work. The service focuses on delivering spoken-word audio content to users.

The app is available on iOS devices worldwide but content is customized to the United States and Canada. The application does not have any advertisements.

History 

Concept.io, creator of Swell Radio, raised $5.4 million in Series A Funding led by venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson. The application originally launched the application on the iOS platform in Canada in early 2013 and officially launched in the United States on June 27, 2013.

References 

Radio programs
Catbells is a fell in the English Lake District in the county of Cumbria. It has a modest height of . It is one of the most popular fells in the area. It is on the western shore of Derwent Water within  of the busy tourist town of Keswick. Its distinctive shape catches the attention of many visitors to the Lakes who like to climb to the top. There is a view of this mountain from Friars Crag on the opposite side of Derwent Water. The fell's unusual name may have come from a distortion of "Cat Bields" meaning shelter of the wildcat. But this is not certain. The fell's name is sometimes written as "Cat Bells".

References 

Mountains of the United Kingdom
Cumbria
Jean-Pierre Thiollet (born 9 December 1956 in Poitiers) is a French author and journalist.

In 2017, he creates the Cercle InterHallier, in tribute to Jean-Edern Hallier.

In October 2016, after dedicating a book about Jean-Edern Hallier to "the youth native from Euroland, zone F, victim of an old criminal political ruling class", he denounces in an interview "the French crime, committed by a political class, from the left as from the right".

From 2009 to 2012, he worked as one of the France-Soir editors-in-chief.

In 2010, he was among the petition's signatures for Roman Polanski when the film director was temporarily arrested by Swiss police at the request of U.S authorities.

Since 2007, he has been a member of the World Grand Family of Lebanon (RJ Lebanon Club).

He was, with Alain Decaux, Frédéric Beigbeder and Richard Millet, one of the guest writers at the 2005 Beirut Book Fair (BIEL) for Je m'appelle Byblos (My Name Is Byblos).
In 1994, he was the author allowed to interview Gérard Mulliez, one of the wealthiest and powerful people in France, for the book The Customer Driven Company — Moving from Talk to Action (translated in French as La Dynamique du client) by Richard C. Whiteley.

From 1988 to 1994, he was editor-in-chief for Le Quotidien de Paris (Daily Press Group).

Bibliography
Hallier en roue libre, with texts by François Roboth, Neva Editions, 2022. 
 Hallier, L'Edernel retour, with texts by François Roboth, Neva Editions, 2021.
 Hallier, L'Homme debout, with texts by François Roboth, Neva Editions, 2020.
 Hallier Edernellement vôtre, with texts by Isabelle Coutant-Peyre and François Roboth, Neva Editions, 2019. 
 Hallier ou l'Edernité en marche, with text by François Roboth, Neva Editions, 2018. 
 Improvisation so piano, Neva Editions, 2017. 
 Hallier, l'Edernel jeune homme, Neva Editions, 2016. 
 88 notes pour piano solo, Neva Editions, 2015. 
 Piano ma non solo, Anagramme Editions, Paris, 2012.
 Bodream ou rêve de Bodrum, Anagramme Ed., Paris, 2010. 
 Carré d'Art : Barbey d'Aurevilly, Lord Byron, Salvador Dalí, Jean-Edern Hallier, with texts by Anne-Elisabeth Blateau and François Roboth, Anagramme Ed., Paris, 2008. 
 Les Risques du manager, with A. Kibarian, Vuibert Ed., Paris, 2008.
Barbey d'Aurevilly, with texts by Eugen Drewermann, Jean-Louis Christ and Bruno Bontempelli, H & D, 2006 (ISBN 2-914266-06-5) and 2007 (ISBN 2-914266-08-1). With CDRom. 
 Je m'appelle Byblos, foreword by Guy Gay-Para, H & D, 2005. 
 Sax, Mule & Co, H & D, 2004. 
 Foreword to Willy, Colette et moi  by Sylvain Bonmariage, Anagramme Ed., 2004 (reprint). 
 Demain 2021 — Jean-Claude Martinez (book-length interview), G. de Bouillon, 2004. 
 Les Dessous d'une Présidence, Anagramme Ed., 2002. 
 Beau linge et argent sale - Fraude fiscale internationale et blanchiment des capitaux (Tax Avoidance, Tax Evasion and Money Laundering), Anagramme Ed., 2002, ).
 Vitamines & Minéraux, Anagramme Ed., 2001. 
 Les baux sans peine (The leases without penalty), Axiome Ed., 1999.  
 La Vie plurielle (Conjugal life. Types of union in the new legislative arena : information for all on their advantages and disadvantages), Axiome Ed., 1999.
La Pensée unique, collective work (with Jean Foyer), Economica/J. M. Chardon & D. Lensel Ed., 1998. 
 Le Chevallier à découvert, Laurens Ed., 1998.  
 Euro-CV, Top Ed., 1997. 
 L'Anti-Crise, with M-F Guignard, Dunod, 1994. 
 Os très primeiros meses num novo emprego, with M-F Guignard, transl. Maria Mello, Biblioteca do desenvolivemento pessoal, Publicações Europa-América, Mem Martins, 1993.  (Réussir ses trois premiers mois dans un nouveau poste, Nathan, Paris, 1992. )
 Utrillo, collective work, F. Birr Ed., 1982.
References

1956 births
Living people
French journalists
Writers from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
People from Poitiers
Welfare economics is a field of economics that looks at the problem of allocating resources. It uses techniques from microeconomics to assess general well-being. From this assessment, it tries to find an allocation of productive factors as to desirability and economic efficiency within an economy, often  relative to competitive general equilibrium. It analyzes social welfare in terms of economic activities of the individuals that compose the theoretical society considered. Individuals and their economic activities are the basic units for aggregating to social welfare. The aggregation may focus on a group of people, a community, or a society. There is no "social welfare" apart from the "welfare" associated with its individual units.
Welfare economics typically takes individual preferences as given and tries to improve  welfare in terms of  Pareto efficiency. As an example, social state B is "better" than social state A, if at least one person prefers B and no one else opposes it. Another aspect of welfare treats income/goods distribution, including equality, as a further dimension of welfare.
Social welfare refers to the overall welfare of society. With sufficiently strong assumptions, it can be defined as the sum of the welfare of all the individuals in the society. Welfare may be measured either cardinally in terms of "utils" or dollars, or measured ordinarily in terms of Pareto efficiency. The cardinal method in "utils" is rarely used in pure theory today. Its main problem is that different kinds of "utility" cannot easily be summed up without losing the meaning of the measurement. In applied welfare economics money-value estimates are often used. One example of applied welfare economics is cost-benefit analysis.  Money-value estimates are a useful form of measurement where income-distribution effects are factored into the analysis or seem unlikely to change the analysis.
The capabilities approach to welfare argues that freedom - what people are free to do or be - should be included in welfare assessments, and the approach has been particularly influential in development policy circles where the emphasis on multi-dimensionality and freedom has shaped the evolution of the Human Development Index.

Other classifying terms in welfare economics include externalities, equity, justice, inequality, and altruism.

References

subfields of economics
American Motors (AMC) was an American car company. It was formed in 1954 when Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company became one company.  It is famous for its Javelin and AMX muscle cars. AMC bought the Jeep car company in 1970. In 1987, Chrysler bought AMC for US $1.5 billion.

References

1954 establishments in the United States
1987 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Michigan
American automobile companies
Companies based in Michigan
Defunct companies of the United States
Renault
Jaffna District ( ; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second level of administrative division of the country. The capital of the district is the city of Jaffna.

Administrative units 
Jaffna District is divided into 15 Divisional Secretary's Division (DS Divisions), each headed by a Divisional Secretary (previously known as an Assistant Government Agent). The DS Divisions are further sub-divided into 435 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).

References

Other websites
In Sri Lanka, districts (, ) are the second-level administrative divisions. The first level are the provinces. Each province contains a number of districts. There are 25 districts in the country. They are organized into 9 provinces. Each district is administered under a District Secretary. Secretaries are appointed by the central government.

Districts

All population numbers are from the most recent census of Sri Lanka, in 2012. Population density has been calculated using the land area rather than the total area (total area would have included the area of rivers and lakes).

References
Kilinochchi District ( ; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. These districts are the second level of administrative divisions in the country; the first level are the provinces. Kilinochchi District is part of the Northern Province. The capital of the district is the town of Kilinochchi.

Geography
Kilinochchi District is in the north of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province. It has an area of .

Administrative units
Kilinochchi District is divided into 4 Divisional Secretary's Division (DS Divisions), each headed by a Divisional Secretary (previously known as an Assistant Government Agent). The DS Divisions are further sub-divided into 95 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).

References

Other websites
 
 

1984 establishments in Asia
Districts of Sri Lanka
Northern Province, Sri Lanka
20th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
Nanjing University is one of the oldest universities in China. It is in Nanjing. It started in 258 CE. In 1902, it became a new-type school when the Qing Dynasty ended. Nanjing University has two campuses. They are the Gulou campus, which is in the center of Nanjing City; and Xianlin, in the northeast of Nanjing.

Colleges and universities in the People's Republic of China
258 establishments
Establishments in China
3rd-century establishments in Asia
Nanjing
Mannar District  ( ; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the town of Mannar.

Geography
Mannar District is in the north west of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Northern Province. It has an area of .

References

Other websites
 
 

Districts of Sri Lanka
Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Vavuniya District ( ; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the city of Vavuniya.

Geography
Vavuniya District is in the north of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Northern Province. It has an area of .

Administrative units
Vavuniya District is divided into 4 Divisional Secretary's Division (DS Divisions), each headed by a Divisional Secretary (previously known as an Assistant Government Agent). The DS Divisions are further sub-divided into 102 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).

References

Other websites
 
 

Districts of Sri Lanka
Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Valkeakoski is a city in Finland. It is known for its paper industry. Nearby municipalities are Akaa, Hattula, Hämeenlinna, Kangasala, Lempäälä and Pälkäne. In 1973, Sääksmäki was merged with Valkeakoski.

Other websites

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Pirkanmaa
Vavuniya (, ) is a large town in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It is governed by an Urban Council. It is also the main town of Vavuniya District.

Other websites 

Cities in Sri Lanka
Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Mullaitivu District ( ; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the town of Mullaitivu.

Mullaitivu District is in the north east of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Northern Province. It has an area of .

References

Other websites
 
 

1978 establishments in Asia
Districts of Sri Lanka
Northern Province, Sri Lanka
1970s establishments in Sri Lanka
The Eastern Province ( ;  ) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. The capital of the province is Trincomalee.

Provinces are the first level administrative division of the country. Provinces in Sri Lanka were created in the 19th century. Provincial councils were created in 1987 by a change to the Constitution. Between 1988 and 2006 the Northern Province and the Eastern Province were temporarily put together to make the North Eastern Province.

The Eastern Province has an area of .

References

Other websites
 
 

1833 establishments in Sri Lanka
The Central Province ( ,  ) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. It is located in the central mountainous area of the island. It is the sixth largest province by area. About 2.5 million people live here. The border of this province are North Central Province on the North, Uva Province on the East, North Western Province on the West and Sabaragamuwa Province on the South and West. The province's capital is Kandy.

Towns

Large towns
 Nuwara Eliya (Municipal Council)
 Matale (Municipal Council)
 Gampola (Urban Council)
 Dambulla (Urban Council)

Other towns
 Walapane
 Madawala Bazaar
 Nawalapitiya UC
 Hatton-Dikoya UC
 Wattegama UC
 Ginigathena
 Galewela
 Akurana
 Hanguranketa
 Ukuwela
 Kadugannawa UC
 Kundasale
 Naula
 Laggala
 Udupussellawa
 Rattota
 Abewela
 Alawatugoda
 Lindula-Talawakele UC
 Pilimatalawa
 Teldeniya
 Kotmale
 Maskeliya
 Talatuoya
 Walapane
 Padiyapalella
 Sigiriya
 Watawala

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Central Provincial Council Sri Lanka 
 Central Provincial Postal Codes Sri Lanka 
 Cities in Central province  
 Searchable Map of Sri Lanka

Provinces of Sri Lanka
1833 establishments in Sri Lanka
North Central Province ( ,  ) is a province of Sri Lanka. Its capital city is Anuradhapura. The province is not densely populated. It has a weak economy.

Towns 
Anuradhapura is the only major city. It is governed by a Municipal Council. Other towns in the province are:

 Polonnaruwa-Kaduruwela
 Medawachchiya
 Kahatagasdigiliya
 Hingurakgoda
 Nochchiyagama
 Kekirawa
 Minneriya
 Horowpatana
 Tambuttegama
 Manampitiya
 Eppawala
 Habarana
 Maradankadawala
 Rambewa
 Mihintale
 Talawa
 Padawiya
 Kebitigollawa
 Giritale
 Mahailuppallama
 Welikanda

References

Other websites
 North Central Province Provincial Council 
 Cities in North Central province 

Provinces of Sri Lanka
1873 establishments
19th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
1870s establishments in Asia
Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is a bright astronomical radio source at the center of the Milky Way. It is in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius and Scorpius. 

The radio source is part of a larger astronomical feature known as Sagittarius A. Sagittarius A* is thought to be a supermassive black hole, like those that are at the centers of most spiral and elliptical galaxies. Observations of the star S2 in orbit around Sagittarius A* were used to show the presence of the Milky Way's central supermassive black hole. This led to the conclusion that Sagittarius A* is the site of that black hole.

Related pages
 Sagittarius A
 Sagittarius

References

Other websites

Astronomical objects
Milky Way
Pope Linus was the second Pope of the Catholic Church, (the official title is Bishop of Rome). He was pope from 67 to 76 C.E.

Linus came from Volterra, Tuscany.  He became a follower of Peter. Peter was pleased with Linus and introduced him to the teachings of Christianity.  After a time He was conscrated by Peter as a Bishop. He formed a Christian community in Ruvo, Apulia. The location where the community of Linus met is now known as the Crypt of San Cleto. He was also sent to Besancon and brought many people to Christianity.

When Peter was put into prison, Linus became the next leader of the Church. He served at a very dangerous time during the reign of Nero.  He converted to Christianity the daughter of a Roman official named Saturinus and was for that reason put into prison and beheaded.  He was buried near Peter.

Linus is one of the three popes mentioned by name in the New Testament along with Peter and Clement. He is recognized as a saint. His feast day is 23 September, the same day as his death.
References 

Linus
76 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People from Tuscany
North Western Province ( ,  ) is a province of Sri Lanka. The districts of Kurunegala and Puttalam are in North Western Province. Its capital city is Kurunegala.

The only higher educational institute in the province is the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka.

Districts

North Western Province is divided into 2 districts:
 Kurunegala District 
 Puttalam District

Settlements
Major cities
 Kurunegala (Municipal Council)

Big towns
 Puttalam (Urban Council)
 Kuliyapitiya (Urban Council)
 Chilaw (Urban Council)

Other towns
 Wariyapola
 Anamaduwa
 Narammala
 Wennappuwa
 Galgamuwa
 Pannala
 Alawwa
 Dankotuwa
 Hiripitiya
 Maho
 Nattandiya
 Kalpitiya
 Nikaweratiya
 Hettipola
 Bingiriya
 Marawila
 Giriulla
 Madampe

References

Other websites
 
 North Western Province Postal Codes [complete list of post codes for all towns and villages of wayamba palatha]
 North-Western Provincial Council  at the official website of the government of Sri-Lanka
Provinces of Sri Lanka
1845 establishments
19th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
1840s establishments in Asia
Uva ( Uva,  Uva) is a province of Sri Lanka. It was created in 1896. The capital city of the province is Badulla. There are about 1,259,880 people living in Uva Province. It is the second least populated province in the country.

Uva consists of two districts: Badulla and Moneragala. Eastern, Southern and Central provinces form the border of Uva.

Its major tourist attractions are Dunhinda Falls, Diyaluma Falls, Rawana Falls, the Yala National Park (lying partly in the Southern and Eastern Provinces) and Gal Oya National Park (lying partly in the Eastern Province). The Gal Oya hills and the Central mountains are the main highlands. The Mahaweli and Menik rivers and the huge Senanayake Samudraya and Maduru Oya Reservoirs are the major waterways.

Districts

Uva is divided into 2 districts:
 Badulla District 
 Moneragala District

Towns
Badulla is the only major city in the province. It is governed by a Municipal Council.

Large towns
 Bandarawela (Municipal Council)
 Haputale (Urban Council)
Other towns
 Monaragala
 Welimada
 Haputale
 Passara
 Ella
 Mahiyanganaya
 Diyatalawa
 Haliela
 Bibile
 Wellawaya
 Haldummulla
 Beragala
 Lunugala
 Buttala
 Madulla
 Kataragama
 Tanamalwila
 Badalkumbura
 Siyambalanduwa
 Okkampitiya

References

Other websites
 
 All Cities in Uva province  

1896 establishments in Asia
Provinces of Sri Lanka
Trincomalee District ( ; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the city of Trincomalee.

Trincomalee District is in the east of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Eastern Province. It has an area of .

References

Other websites
 
 

Districts of Sri Lanka
Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
Batticaloa District ( ; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Eastern Province. The capital of the district is the city of Batticaloa.

Ampara District was separated from the southern part of Batticaloa District in April 1961.

Geography
Batticaloa District is in the east of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Eastern Province. It has an area of .

References

Other websites
 
 

Districts of Sri Lanka
Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
Ampara District ( ; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country. Ampara District is part of the Eastern Province. The capital of the district is the town of Ampara.

The district was separated from the southern part of Batticaloa District in April 1961.

Geography
The Ampara District is in the southeast part of Sri Lanka in the Eastern Province. It has an area of .

References

Other websites
 
 

1961 establishments in Asia
Districts of Sri Lanka
Eastern Province, Sri Lanka
20th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
A fell (from Old Norse fell, fjall, "mountain") is a high and barren landscape feature, such as a mountain range or moor-covered hills. The term is most often employed in Scandinavia, the Isle of Man, parts of northern England, and Scotland.

Origins of the name 
The English word fell comes from Old Norse fell, fjall (both forms existed). It is from the same root word as the Icelandic fjall/fell. Also the Swedish fjäll, and Norwegian fjell. These all refer to mountains rising above the alpine tree line.

References

Other websites 

 Welcome to the Fjelds!

Mountains
Andrew Lamar Alexander, Jr. (born July 3, 1940) is an American politician. He was a United States senator from Tennessee from 2003 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. Alexander was conference chair of the Republican Party in the US Senate from 2007 to 2012.

He unsuccessfully ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 1996 and 2000.

In December 2018, Alexander announced his retirement from the Senate by not running in the 2020 election.

References

Other websites

Senator Lamar Alexander  official US Senate site
Lamar Alexander for Senate
Profile  at SourceWatch

1940 births
Living people
1996 United States presidential candidates
2000 United States presidential candidates
New York University alumni
Governors of Tennessee
United States Secretaries of Education
United States senators from Tennessee
Republican Party (United States) politicians
American Presbyterians
Academics from Tennessee
Lawyers from Tennessee
Warren Minor Christopher (October 27, 1925 – March 18, 2011) was an American lawyer, diplomat and politician.

Early life
Christopher was born in Scranton, North Dakota on October 27, 1925. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Christopher studied at the University of Southern California and at Stanford Law School.

Career
Christopher served as the 63rd Secretary of State under Bill Clinton's presidency. He also served as Deputy Attorney General in the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, and as Deputy Secretary of State in the Jimmy Carter administration.

At the time of his death, he was a Senior Partner at O'Melveny & Myers in the firm's Century City, California, office. He also served as a professor in the College Honors Program at the University of California, Los Angeles. At the behest of Al Gore, Christopher oversaw the Vice President's Florida recount effort in the aftermath of the disputed United States presidential election, 2000.
Personal life
He married Joan Workman during the 1940s. They had two children. They soon filed for a divorce. Christopher soon remarried in 1956. They had two children. Their marriage would last until his death in 2011. Christopher lived in Los Angeles and in Century City, California.

Death
Christopher died at his home in Los Angeles, California on March 18, 2011, from complications of kidney and bladder cancer. He was 85 years old.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1925 births
2011 deaths
American diplomats
Lawyers from North Dakota
American military personnel of World War II
American Methodists
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from kidney cancer
Writers from California
Writers from North Dakota
Politicians from California
Politicians from North Dakota
Stanford University alumni
United States Deputy Secretaries of State
United States Secretaries of State
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
United States Deputy Attorneys General
People from Stanford, California
Military people from North Dakota
Lawrence Sidney Eagleburger (August 1, 1930 – June 4, 2011) was an American statesman and diplomat.

Early life
Eagleburger was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on August 1, 1930. He was raised in Stevens Point, Wisconsin. Eagleburger studied at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Career
Eagleburger served briefly as the Secretary of State under President George H. W. Bush. Previously, he had served in lesser capacities under Presidents Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and as Deputy Secretary of State under George H. W. Bush.

Eagleburger is the only career Foreign Service Officer to have served as Secretary of State.

Personal life
Eagleburger married Marlene Ann Heinemann in 1966. They had three sons, Lawrence Scott, Lawrence Andrew, and Lawrence Jason. Their marriage would last until Eagleburger's death in 2011.

Death
Eagleburger died of pneumonia at the University of Virginia Medical Center in Charlottesville, Virginia. He was 80 years old.
References

Other websites

 Sourcewatch article on Eagleburger.
 Lawrence Eagleburger profile, NNDB.
 Lawrence Eagleburger has been interviewed as part of Frontline Diplomacy: The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, a site at the Library of Congress.

1930 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
United States Secretaries of State
United States Deputy Secretaries of State
American diplomats
Politicians from Milwaukee
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Alvey Augustus Adee (November 27, 1842 – July 4, 1924) was an American politicians and diplomat. He was a long-time official with the United States Department of State. He served as the acting Secretary of State in 1898 during the Spanish-American War.

References
 Mellander, Gustavo A.(1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Daville, Ill.:Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568. 
 Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. . OCLC 42970390. 
An Appreciation of Alvey Adee

Other websites

1842 births
1924 deaths
United States Secretaries of State
American diplomats
Politicians from New York (state)
Cyrus Roberts Vance (March 27, 1917 – January 12, 2002) was an American lawyer, politician, and diplomat.

Early life
Vance was born on March 27, 1917 in Clarksburg, West Virginia. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Vance studied at Kent School, Yale University, and at Yale Law School.

Career
Vance was United States Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1980. Before that, he was the Secretary of the Army and the Deputy Secretary of Defense.

As Secretary of State, Vance approached foreign policy with an emphasis on negotiation over conflict. He was very interested in arms reduction. In April 1980, Vance resigned in protest of Operation Eagle Claw, the secret mission to rescue American hostages in Iran. Edmund Muskie replaced him.

Personal life
Vance married Grace Elsie Sloane in 1947. They had four daughters and a son. Vance lived in New York City during his final years. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1995.
Death
Vance died at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City on January 12, 2002 of pneumonia. His death was a complication from Alzheimer's disease. He was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

References

Other websites

Oral History Interviews with Cyrus Vance , from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
Cyrus R. Vance and Grace Sloane Vance Papers, 1957-1992, held at Yale University Library, Manuscripts & Archives

Interview on French TV: Cartes sur table, 31 March 1980 (40 minutes)

1917 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Secretaries of State
United States Secretaries of the Army
American diplomats
Lawyers from Philadelphia
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from West Virginia
Writers from West Virginia
Writers from Philadelphia
Politicians from Philadelphia
Lawyers from West Virginia
John Michael McHugh (born September 29, 1948) is an American politician and diplomat. He is the 21st United States Secretary of the Army. He was a former New York representative in the United States House of Representatives.

On June 2, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated him to the position of United States Secretary of the Army. The United States Senate confirmed McHugh in a voice vote on September 16, 2009. He was sworn in as the 21st Secretary of the Army at a Pentagon ceremony on September 21, 2009. He resigned on November 1, 2015.

References

Other websites

Secretary of the Army, United States Army website
Statemens by John M. McHugh

1948 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of the Army
United States representatives from New York (state)
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Dave Strack (c. 1923 – January 25, 2014) was an American basketball coach and player. He was the former university athletic director for the University of Arizona and head basketball coach of the University of Michigan. He is an inductee of the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame.

Strack died on January 25, 2014 in Ann Arbor, Michigan from natural causes, aged 90.

References

Other websites
Strack coaching stats 

1923 births
2014 deaths
American football coaches
American football players
Sportspeople from Indiana
Sportspeople from Michigan
Norman Noel Quijano Gonzalez (born November 2, 1946) is an Salvadoran politician. He was the mayor of San Salvador from May 2009 through August 2013. He was the President of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador from May 2018 to November 2019.

Early life
Quijano was born Norman Noel Quijano Gonzalez on November 2, 1946 in Santa Ana, El Salvador.

Career
In 2008 he was appointed as the candidate of the Nationalist Republican Alliance for mayor of San Salvador. He won the elections on January 18, 2009. He defeated the incumbent mayor Violeta Menjívar. He was inaugurated as mayor on May 1, 2009.  He was reelected as mayor in 2012.

Presidential election
In August 20 2012, he was appointed as ARENA's presidential candidate for 2014 elections. On August 15, 2013, Quijano resigned his office as mayor, so that he can run for president. He was succeeded by Gloria Calderón de Oñate.

References

Other websites

Official biography in Spanish

1946 births
Living people
Salvadoran mayors
"Happy" is a 2013 song performed by American singer and producer Pharrell Williams. It was released as a soundtrack for the animated movie Despicable Me 2.

It was released for the album Despicable Me 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and is nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was ranked at number one at the Ireland musical charts.

Composition
"Happy" was written and produced by Pharrell Williams. Williams is the lead vocalist throughout the song, while the backing vocals are performed by Rhea Dummett, Trevon Henderson, Shamika Hightower, Ashley L. Lee, Jasmine Murray and Terrence Rolle. The song was recorded at Circle House Studios in Miami, Florida in 2013 and later mixed at Music Box Studios in Atlanta, Georgia.

"Happy" is 3 minutes and 53 seconds long and has a tempo of 160 beats per minute.
Chart performance
In October 2013, a month prior to its release, "Happy" reached the number-one spot on the Dutch Top 40 chart in the Netherlands, partially as a result of radio station 3FM airplay and online downloads, as well as featuring in a Transavia commercial.

"Happy" reached the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 1, 2014. This became the fourth song featuring Pharrell Williams to top this chart, however it is the first song with Williams as the lead vocalist to do so. By March 2014, more than 3 million units of the song were sold in the United States.

In the United Kingdom, "Happy" debuted outside the Top 70 of the UK Singles Chart on 1 December 2013 and eventually reached the number-one position on 29 December. It was the third song featuring Pharrell Williams to chart at number one in 2013, making Williams the first artist to have three number-one singles in the United Kingdom since 2009.
In Australia, "Happy" reached the number-one position on the ARIA Singles Chart on 6 January 2014 and spent 12 non-consecutive weeks at that position.

In New Zealand, "Happy" reached the number-one position on the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart on 6 January 2014 and has spent 15 non-consecutive weeks at that position. On 28 April 2014, its 15th week at the number-one position, it became the song with the most weeks at the number-one position in the chart's history.

Other countries in which "Happy" has reached the number-one position on a national singles chart include Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and Venezuela.

References

2013 songs
Pharrell Williams songs
Soul music
R&B songs
"Applause" is a 2013 song performed by American singer Lady Gaga. It was released for her album Artpop. It was released on August 12, 2013, a week ahead of its original release date, because it was leaked.

Background
"Applause" is an electropop and Eurodance song. It is about being famous and applauded by fans.

Commercial and chart performance
"Applause" reached the top five in the United States, Canada, and the UK, while reaching the top ten in several other countries.  It was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on May 29, 2015, for sales and streams equal to three million copies across the United States.

References

2013 songs
Lady Gaga songs
SMT may refer to:

 Smt., abbreviation for seamount
 Simultaneous multithreading
 Surface-mount technology
 San Miguel de Tucumán, city in Tucumán province, Argentina
A varistor, VDR, (voltage dependent resistor) is a type of resistor. It controls the current depending on the voltage.

In these devices resistance drops sharply at a certain threshold voltage. Once the voltage across the device reaches the threshold, there is a breakdown of the electrical structure in the vicinity of the grain boundaries, which results in its electrical resistance dropping from several megohms down to a few hundred ohms.  The major advantage of these is that they can dissipate a lot of energy, and they self reset–after the voltage across the device drops below the threshold, its resistance returns to being high.
This makes them ideal for surge-protection applications.  As there is control over the threshold voltage and energy tolerance, they find use in all sorts of applications.  The best demonstration of their ability can be found in electrical substations, where they are employed to protect the infrastructure from lightning strikes.  They have rapid response, are low maintenance, and do not appreciably degrade from use, making them virtually ideal devices for this application.

They can be used to protect electronics from voltages that could damage components.

Electronic components