Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Programmed learning (or 'programmed instruction') is a research-based system which helps learners work successfully. The method is guided by research done by a variety of applied psychologists and educators.

The material to be learned is in a kind of textbook or teaching machine or computer. The medium presents the material in a logical and tested sequence. The text is in small steps or larger chunks. After each step, learners are given a question to test their comprehension. Then immediately the correct answer is shown. This means the learner at all stages makes responses, and is given immediate knowledge of results.

It is rather interesting that Edward L. Thorndike wrote in 1912:
"If, by a miracle of mechanical ingenuity, a book could be so arranged that only to him who had done what was directed on page one would page two become visible, and so on, much that now requires personal instruction could be managed by print".
Thorndike, however, did nothing with his idea. The first such system was devised by Sidney L. Pressey in 1926. "The first.. [teaching machine] was developed by Sidney L. Pressey... While originally developed as a self-scoring machine... [it] demonstrated its ability to actually teach".

Later developments 
In World War II, with largely conscript armies, there was great emphasis on training. What was learnt influenced education and training after the war. One of the main methods was the use of movies as a group training method. Research on the effectiveness of training films was done extensively. In one account, Lumsdaine comments that research on films went on "from about 1918 to the present" (meaning 1962).
A few conclusions stood out from the research. One was that films were great at giving overviews of a situation or an operation. However, they were less successful at getting over the details. Some general features of film (and, later, television) stand out. One is that a film goes at its own pace. Another is that no specific responses or activities are required from the viewer. A third is that the audience is varied, sometimes hugely varied. This gives clues to ways of improving instructional films.

In a 1946 experiment at Yale University, questions for students were put between segments of a film on the heart and circulation, with correct answers given after students had responded (knowledge of results). This added significantly to the amount learnt from the film. Lumsdaine commented that even showing the basic film twice was not so effective as showing the version with questions and answers.612
The connections between this experiment and those of Pressey were obvious. Active responses by learners and helpful feedback on the activities were now seen as critical elements in any successful system of learning. Pressey's work had been half forgotten, but it was now recognised as significant.

Programmed learning arrives
What is programmed learning? 
If so much research had already been done on learning from films, what exactly did programmed learning add? The short answer is "stimulus control", by which is broadly meant the teaching material itself. Also, in programmed learning, a complete system was proposed which included these stages:
The aims of the course are stated in terms which are objective, and can be measured.
A pre-test is given, or the initial behaviour is stated.
A post-test is provided.
The materials have been tried out and revised according to results (developmental testing).
The materials are constructed according to a predetermined scheme (stimulus control).
The material is arranged in appropriate steps.
The learner has to respond actively (not necessarily overtly).
Arrangements are made for responses to be confirmed (knowledge of results).
The teaching medium is appropriate for the subject-matter and the students.
The materials are self-paced or presented in a manner which suits the learner.
A helpful discussion of the different programming techniques was given by Klaus.

The two main systems 
Although there were three or four other systems proposed, we discuss here the two best-known methods.

One was by Norman Crowder, a psychologist with the U.S. Air Force. He had been asked to investigate the training of aircraft maintenance men. Crowder's system was to set multiple choice questions in the text, and provide feedback for each of the alternatives. Examples of this method show that the alternatives offered in questions were chosen to cover mistakes which students were likely to make.
Much better known was the other style of programmed learning, as proposed by the behaviourist B.F. Skinner. Skinner made some very effective criticisms of traditional teaching methods. His scheme of programmed instruction was to present the material as part of a "schedule of reinforcement" in typical behaviourist manner. The programmed text of Skinner's theory of behaviorism is the most complete example of his ideas in action. Skinner was a wonderful publicist for his own ideas, as can be seen from this passage:

"There is a simple job to be done. The task can be stated in concrete terms. The necessary techniques are known. The equipment can easily be provided. Nothing stands in the way except cultural inertia... We are on the threshold of an exciting and revolutionary period in which the scientific study of man will be put to work in man's best interests. Education must play its part. It must accept the fact that sweeping revision of educational practice is possible and inevitable...".
Both methods were originally presented in machines, and both were later presented in book form. Both systems were to an extent student centered. They were ways of teaching individual learners who worked at their own pace. Both systems (in different ways) used knowledge of results to promote learning.p619 In both systems the content was pre-tested to identify problems and iron them out. Both systems emphasised clear learning objectives. Progress in learning was measured by pre- and post-tests of equivalent difficulty. Many practical tests showed the effectiveness of these methods.

Many of these ideas were picked up and used in other educational fields, such as open learning (see the Open University) and computer-assisted learning.

References 

Learning
Education
Sidney L. Pressey (Brooklyn, New York, 1888  1979) was Professor of Psychology at Ohio State University for many years. He is famous for having invented a teaching machine many years before the idea became popular.

"The first.. [teaching machine] was developed by Sidney L. Pressey... While originally developed as a self-scoring machine... [it] demonstrated its ability to actually teach".

Career 
Pressey joined Ohio State in 1921, and stayed there until he retired in 1959. He continued publishing after retirement, with 18 papers between 1959 and 1967. He was  a cognitive psychologist who "rejected a view of learning as an accumulation of responses governed by environmental stimuli in favor of one governed by meaning, intention, and purpose". In fact, he had been a cognitive psychologist his entire life, well before the "mythical birthday of the cognitive revolution in psychology".
Pressey was the first winner of the E.L. Thorndike Award for achievements in educational technology, in 1964. This is an award of the American Psychological Association.

Early readability formula 
In 1923, Pressey and a co-worker published the first reading ease formula. They had been concerned that science textbooks in junior high school had so many technical words. They felt that teachers spent all class time explaining their meaning. They argued that their formula would help to measure and reduce the “vocabulary burden” of textbooks. Their formula, based on the Thorndike word list, took three hours to apply to a single book. It was a measure of vocabulary difficulty. Many later formulae made use of some measure of sentence complexity as well as vocabulary. These are the two main causes of text difficulty or 'readability'.
The 'teaching machine' 
Pressey's idea started as a machine for administering multiple-choice questions to students. These were (and are still) a basic method for testing students in the U.S.A.. The machine had a window with a question and four answers. The student pressed the key  to the chosen answer. The machine recorded the answer on a counter to the back of the machine, and showed the next question.

The great idea was to fix the machine so that it would not move on until the student chose the right answer. Then it was easy to show that the second arrangement taught the students what were the right answers. This was the first demonstration that a machine could teach, and also a demonstration that knowledge of results was the cause of the learning.
A number of reviews credit Pressey with being the founder of programmed learning and teaching machines, long before the better known efforts of B.F. Skinner. Skinner was, however, responsible for bringing the whole subject into popular view, and his critique of the limitations of traditional classroom teaching is a classic work.

Works 
Pressey S.L. & Pressey L.C. 1923. Introduction to the use of standard tests. Harrap.
Pressey S.L. & Pressey L.C. 1927. Mental abnormality and deficiency. Macmillan. 
Pressey S.L. 1933. Psychology and the new education. Harper.
Pressey S.L. & Robinson F.P. 1944. Psychology and the new education. Revised edition, Harper.
Pressey S.L. & Janney J.E. 1937. Casebook of research in education. Harper.
Pressey S.L; Janney J.E. & Kuhlen R.G. 1939. Life: a psychological survey. Harper.
Pressey S.L. & Kuhlen R.G. 1957. Psychological development through the life span. Harper & Row.. 
Pressey S.L; Robinson F.P & Horrocks J.E. 1959. Psychology in education. Harper.
Autobiographies 
Pressey, Sidney L. 1967. Autobiography. In A history of psychology in autobiography, vol 5. eds Edward G. Boring and Gardner Lindzey. New York: Appleton-Century-Croft.
Pressey, Sidney L. 1971. Sidney Leavitt Pressey, Part I: An autobiography. In Leaders in American education, ed. Robert J. Havighurst. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

References 

1888 births
1979 deaths
Academics from Ohio
American psychologists
Polar climate has temperatures below  for much of the year. According to the Köppen climate classification, a polar climate is one in which no monthly average goes above . If the temperature is between  and  in the warmest month, it is a tundra climate. If the average temperature is below  in the warmest month, it is an ice cap climate. These climates are found near the poles and on high mountains. There is usually little precipitation because the air is so dry. Ice cap climates are in the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, Antarctica and at high altitude.

About 20% of the Earth has a polar climate.

References

Köppen climate classifications
Teaching machines were originally mechanical devices. They presented educational materials and taught students. They were first invented by Sidney L. Pressey. His machine originally administered multiple-choice questions. When the machine was set so it moved on only when the student got the right answer, tests showed that learning had taken place. Much later, Norman Crowder developed the Pressey idea much further.

B.F. Skinner was responsible for a different type of machine which used his ideas on how learning should be directed with positive reinforcement. 

There is extensive experience that both methods worked well, and so did programmed learning in other forms, such as books.
The ideas of teaching machines and programmed learning provided the basis for later ideas such as open learning and computer-assisted instruction.
Quotes 
Edward L. Thorndike in 1912: "If, by a miracle of mechanical ingenuity, a book could be so arranged that only to him who had done what was directed on page one would page two become visible, and so on, much that now requires personal instruction could be managed by print".
Pressey in 1932: "Education was the one major activity in this country which has thus far not systematically applied ingenuity to the solution of its problems". (p. 668). He thought the machine he developed would lead to an "industrial revolution in education" (p. 672).

References 

Machines
Education
Luke Paul Hoare Shaw (born 12 July 1995) is an English professional footballer. He plays as a defender for Manchester United and the England national team and also spends times with his family that don’t live with him definitely his nephew Sam shaw and Oliver shaw

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours

Individual
PFA Premier League Team of the Year: 2013–14

References

1995 births
Living people
Footballers from London
Manchester United F.C. players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Premier League players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Konstantinos "Kostis" Stephanopoulos (, August 15, 1926 – November 20, 2016) was a Greek conservative politician. He served as President of Greece from 1995 to 2005. He was the longest serving president of the Third Hellenic Republic.

Stephanopoulos died at a hospital in Athens, Greece on November 20, 2016 from pneumonia, aged 90.

References

Other websites
 Biography from Athens News Agency

1926 births
2016 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in Greece
Deaths from pneumonia
Presidents of Greece
Ray Lonnen (18 May 1940 – 11 July 2014) was an English stage and television actor. His most famous roles include Willie Caine in the cold-war spy drama series The Sandbaggers (1978–80) and also as Harry Brown in the television miniseries Harry's Game (1982).

Lonnen died on 11 July 2014 from cancer, aged 74.

References

Other websites
 
 "The Sandbaggers" OpsRoom.org; accessed 12 July 2014.

1940 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Hampshire
Deaths from cancer
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Bournemouth
Nestor Basterretxea Arzadun (6 May 1924 – 12 July 2014) was a Basque-Spanish artist. He was born in Bermeo, Biscay. In the 1950s and 60s, he worked along with other artists such as Jorge Oteiza, Remigio Mendiburu, and Eduardo Chillida. 

In the 1980s Basterretxea was the Culture Councillor for the Basque Government for two years. Towards the end of that decade, he created two of his best known works: La Paloma de Paz (Peace Dove). It was installed in la Zurriola, Donostia (San Sebastian) and later on moved to a roundabout outside the Anoeta Stadium of the same city. In 1989, he created the Monument to the Basque Shepherd. It was installed in Reno, Atlanta. 

Basterretxea died in his home in Hondarribia in the morning of 12 July 2014, at the age of 90.

References

1924 births
2014 deaths
People from the Basque Country
Spanish painters
Valeriya Ilyinichna Novodvorskaya (; 17 May 1950 – 12 July 2014) was a liberal  Russian politician and Soviet dissident. She was the founder and the chairwoman of the "Democratic Union" party and a member of the editorial board of the news magazine The New Times. Novodvorskaya was a fierce critic of the president Vladimir Putin and his regime.

References

Other websites

 Website of Democratic Union 
 Opinions on grani.ru (Russian)
 «It can very soon come to pogroms», interview with Novodvorskaya, Jewish Observer, 21/40. November 2002

1950 births
2014 deaths
Russian politicians
Soviet dissidents
CyanogenMod is an operating system for many smartphones and tablet computers. It is based on the Android operating system. This means all of Android's programs (called "apps") can be used with CyanogenMod. 
Because it is Open sourced it can be changed. It provides more options for a smartphone or tablet computer than with normal Android.
But CyanogenMod is more difficult to set up than other similar operating systems. This is why most of CyanogenMod's users know more about Android than the normal Android user.

CyanogenMod can be installed from this link . Also, some phones, such as the OnePlus One, come with CyanogenMod as its default OS.

Other websites 
 CyanogenMod's official website 
 OnePlus, maker of a CyanogenMod phone 

Operating systems
Slugterra: Return of the Elementals is a 2014 Canadian animated movie produced by Nerd Crops Entertainment Inc. and distributed by Disney XD Canada, Screen Vision, Shout Factory, and Cineplex. The movie was released in theaters on August 2, 2014 in the United States.

Plot
Junjie (Previously the Dark Slinger from Slugterra: Ghoul from Beyond) joins the Shane Gang. They must stop an evil alliance led by the Goon Doc from Slugterra: Ghoul From Beyond from finding the four ancient elemental slugs—earth, air, fire, and water—which Goon Doc could use to destroy the 99 caverns.

Cast
 Samuel Vincent as Eli Shane/Will Shane
 Andrew Francis as Kord Zane/Shadow Clan
 Lee Tokar as Pronto Germiole 
 Shannon Chan-Kent as Trixie Sting
 Vincent Tong as Junjie  
 Brian Dubson as Goon 
 Mark Oliver as Blakk

Sources

2014 movies
Canadian animated movies
Eileen Ford (née Otte; March 25, 1922 – July 9, 2014) was an American model agency executive and co-founder. She founded the Ford Modeling Agency (now called Ford Models) in 1946.

Ford was born in New York City. She died in Morristown, New Jersey at age ninety-two.

Biography 
Eileen Cecile Otte was born in Manhattan and raised in suburban Great Neck, Long Island, the only daughter of four children of Loretta Marie (née Laine) and Nathaniel Otte. Eileen had been a model during the summers of her freshman and sophomore years at Barnard College, modeling for the Harry Conover Modeling Agency, one of the first in the United States. She graduated from Barnard in 1943.

The next year, she met her future husband, Gerard "Jerry" Ford, at a drugstore near the Columbia University campus and eloped with him, marrying in November 1944 in San Francisco.
Ford Modeling Agency 
A pregnant Eileen started to work as a secretary for several models, taking calls at her father's New York City law office, charging each model $65 to $75 per month.

Although the Fords' location was terrible, within a year, the modeling agency was the second or third most successful in the United States, grossing $250,000. The Fords' first superstar model was Jean Patchett. The Fords had the capital to instil the voucher system, something that other modelling agencies were not affluent enough to offer. Dorian Leigh described Eileen as "one of the hardest working, most persistent persons I have ever known, two qualities which made her my very good friend for years and later, my unanticipated enemy".
After two years, the Fords began to seriously compete with the Huntington Hartford modeling agency and the John Robert Powers agencies, the two most successful modeling agencies at the time. Leigh, meanwhile, closed her modeling agency when she was pregnant with her third child in 1948. Leigh called Eileen and told them that her 15-years younger sister, Suzy Parker, was making only $25 per hour working as a model for Huntington Hartford.

They soon realized, however, that Parker had the possibility of becoming quite a successful model. Soon thereafter, Parker would become the most successful model of the 1950s, helping push the Ford's agency to number one. In the 1940s and 1950s, the Fords represented top models Mary Jane Russell, Carmen Dell'Orefice, and Dovima.
Retirement 
In 1995, Katie Ford took over her parents' agency after their retirement. The 50th anniversary of the agency was highlighted in several articles including the July–August 1996 issue of American Photo magazine and in January–February 1997's Top Model magazine ("Ford at 50!"). She was CEO from 1995 to 2007. In December 2007, Ford was sold to Stone Tower Equity Partners. John Caplan took over as CEO while Katie Ford was on the Board of Directors. Jerry Ford died at the age 83 on August 24, 2008. He was survived by his wife, four children, eight grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren.

Death 
She died at a hospital in Morristown, New Jersey, from complications of meningioma and osteoporosis, on July 9, 2014, aged 92.

References

Businesspeople from New York City
1922 births
2014 deaths
John Michael Montgomery is the third studio album by John Michael Montgomery. The album was released on March 28, 1995.

References 

1995 albums
John Michael Montgomery albums
RoboCop 2 is a 1990 American science fiction action movie. It was directed by Irvin Kershner and once again starred Peter Weller, Nancy Allen and Dan O'Herlihy. It is a sequel to the 1987 movie RoboCop. The movie is set in the near future in a crime-ridden dystopian Detroit, Michigan. A sequel to this movie, RoboCop 3, was released in 1993. A remake of the 1987 movie was released in February 2014.

References

1990 crime movies
1990 action movies
1990 science fiction movies
American action movies
American crime movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Movies about drugs
Movies set in Detroit
Movies set in the future
RoboCop
Drone movies
Dystopian movies
American superhero movies
American independent movies
RoboCop 3 is a 1993 American science fiction film action movie. It is the third movie in the RoboCop franchise and was directed by Fred Dekker. It's a sequel to RoboCop and RoboCop 2. Robert John Bruke replaces Peter Weller as the cyborg RoboCop. Nancy Allen starrs as his colleague for the third and last time. It is set in a crime-ridden dystopian Detroit, Michigan in the near future. A remake of the first film of the same name released in February 2014. The film picks off where the second film left off.

References

1993 action movies
1993 science fiction movies
American action movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Detroit
Movies set in the future
RoboCop
Drone movies
Dystopian movies
American superhero movies
American independent movies
A Prairie Home Companion is a live radio variety show created and hosted by Garrison Keillor. The show runs on Saturdays from 5 to 7 pm Central Time. It is usually broadcast from the Fitzgerald Theater in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The program is also taken on the road. A Prairie Home Companion is known for its musical guests, especially folk and traditional musicians. It is also known for its tongue-in-cheek humor and Keillor's storytelling segment, "News from Lake Wobegon".

The radio program inspired a 2006 film of the same name, written by Keillor, directed by Robert Altman, and featuring Keillor, Lily Tomlin, Meryl Streep, Lindsay Lohan, Tommy Lee Jones, Kevin Kline, John C. Reilly, and Woody Harrelson.
History 
 
A Prairie Home Companion started as a morning show, running from 6 to 9 am on Minnesota Public Radio. The first program aired on 6 July 1974 before an audience of 12 people. The idea for the name came from a cemetery in Moorhead, Minnesota called the Prairie Home. It was located across the street from the radio station.

In April 1974, Keillor traveled to Nashville. This was the last broadcast of the Grand Ole Opry from the old Ryman Auditorium and Keillor was doing a story for The New Yorker Magazine. He decided to host a variety show based on that format on the radio. On July 6, 1974, the first live broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion took place.
In 1978, the show moved into the World Theater in Saint Paul, Minnesota. In 1987, he decided to move to Denmark with his new wife. He then moved to New York City. In 1989 he began a new show "The American Radio Company of the Air." The format was the same, but the program was geared to the New York audience. But after four seasons he moved back to Minnesota and brought back the Prairie Home Companion.

In 1985, the program was taped for audiences in Australia and Sweden. In 1990 digital tapes were rebroadcast in Tiwan. By 1995 the program was rebroadcast in numerous countries via satellite.

Program 

Music is a main feature of the program. It includes many different kinds of music, including country, bluegrass, blues, and gospel. The program also has guest performers from a wide variety of other styles of music, including classical, opera and music from a number of different countries.

News from Lake Wobegon
One of the show's best-known features is Keillor's "News from Lake Wobegon". This is a weekly storytelling monologue, claiming to be a report from Keillor's fictitious hometown of Lake Wobegon. The segment always begins with "It's been a quiet week in Lake Woebegone, my hometown." It almost always ends with "And that's the news from Lake Wobegon, where all the women are strong, all the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average."

Sponsors

Because the program is aired on public broadcasting radio, they are not allowed to have real advertisements. Instead, the show produces fictional advertisements for fictional products. The ads are performed in the style of live old-time radio commercials. The show is "sponsored" by fictitious products including "Powdermilk Biscuits", "Cafe Boeuf" and the "American Duct Tape Council".

The program recently celebrated its 40th year.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 A Prairie Home Companion, American Public Media
 A Prairie Home Companion, SoundCloud
Kochas is a town in the Rohtas District, Bihar, India. At the 2001 census, 119,576 people lived there. Many of the people are associated with defence jobs. Many people in Kochas are dependent on agriculture and agricultural products. Sometimes lack of rain creates problems for farmers.

The closest railway station to Kochas is in Sasaram,  away. There are three other railway stations in the area. Kochas has everything needed to live a middle class life. Kochas is famous for Kanslilla

Towns in Bihar
The Battle of Monocacy was one of the most important battles of the American Civil War. It was fought near Frederick, Maryland on July 9, 1864. A Confederate army commanded by Jubal Early was marching eastward towards Washington, D.C., to capture the city. A small Union army commanded by Lew Wallace fought the Confederates along the Monocacy River. The battle took most of the day to fight. The Confederates finally made Wallace's force retreat about 4:30 p.m. However, the delay kept the Confederates from reaching Washington until General Grant's soldiers reached the city. The Battle of Monocacy is sometimes called "the battle that saved Washington".

Battlefield Preservation 

The Monocacy National Battlefield, established in 1976 as a unit of the National Park Service, covers 1,647 acres of the battlefield along the Monocacy River south of Frederick, Md. The address is 5201 Urbana Pike, Frederick, Md.
The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 445 acres of the battlefield. some of which is now part of the park.

References

Other websites 
 Historians mark the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Monocacy 
 The Battle of Monocacy; Early's Maryland Campaign

American Civil War battles
1864 in the United States
19th century in Maryland
July events
Cape Columbia is the northernmost point of land of Canada. It is on Ellesmere Island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut. It marks the westernmost coastal point of Lincoln Sea in the Arctic Ocean. It is only 769 kilometers (478 miles) from the North Pole.

Nunavut
The Outer Banks are a line of barrier islands off the east coast of North Carolina. 

The islands form a 200 mile (320 km) long stretch. The islands are narrow. The islands are supported by tourism. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and the Pamlico Sound is to the west. In the 1580s, the Lost Colony was built on the Outer Banks. The Wright Brothers's first flight happened on the Outer Banks in 1903.

References

Geography of North Carolina
Islands of the United States
Jan Nolten (20 January 1930 – 13 July 2014) was a Dutch professional road bicycle racer. Nolten rode in five Tours de France, and won two stages.

Death
Nolten was hospitalized in July 2014 after suffering a brain hemorrhage and died three days later.

Palmarès 

 1952
 Tour de France:
 Winner stage 12
 1953
 Tour de France:
 Winner stage 8
 1956
 Giro d'Italia:
 Winner stage 12

References

Other websites 
Official Tour de France results for Jan Nolten

1930 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Dutch cyclists
People from Sittard-Geleen
Sportspeople from Limburg (Netherlands)
Lorin Varencove Maazel (March 6, 1930 – July 13, 2014) was an American conductor, violinist and composer.

Early life 
Maazel was born to Jewish American parents of Russian origin in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. His father, Lincoln Maazel, was also a conductor.

Career 
In 1960, Maazel became the first American to conduct at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus. He was chief conductor of the Deutsche Oper Berlin from 1965 to 1971 and the Radio-Symphonie-Orchester (RSO) Berlin from 1964 to 1975.

Death 
He died aged 84 on July 13, 2014, his Castleton Farms estate in Virginia, from complications of pneumonia.

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
American composers
American conductors
American violinists
Jewish American musicians
Musicians from Île-de-France
Musicians from Pittsburgh
People from Hauts-de-Seine‎
Emil Bobu (22 February 1927 – 12 July 2014) was a Romanian Communist activist and politician. He was Interior Minister from 1973 to 1975. He was Labor Minister from 1979 to 1981. He was an influential figure in the later years of the Communist regime until his downfall during the 1989 Revolution.

Bobu died on 12 July 2014 at University Emergency Hospital Bucharest from a heart attack.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
Romanian communist politicians
Government ministers
Murderers
Prisoners
Carin Mannheimer (Karin Birgitta Mannheimer; Jacobson 17 August 1934 – 11 July 2014) was a Swedish dramatist, screenwriter, author and film director. Mannheimer was known for her book Rapport om kvinnor ('Report on Women') (1969).

According to a text message sent by her daughter to the newspaper Göteborgs-Posten Mannheimer died unexpectedly on 11 July 2014 at the age of 79.

References

1934 births
2014 deaths
Swedish movie directors
Swedish movie producers
Swedish screenwriters
David "Dave" Legeno (12 October 1963 – 6 July 2014) was an English actor, boxer, and mixed martial artist. He was best known for his role as the werewolf Fenrir Greyback in three Harry Potter movies; Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). He also had roles in Batman Begins (2005), Stormbreaker (2006) and Snow White and the Huntsman (2012).

Legeno was born in Marylebone, London. He lived with his daughter, Wendy, in England.

Legeno was found dead by hikers on 6 July 2014. He was hiking at the Death Valley National Park in the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California. His cause of death was heat stroke. He was 50.

References

Other websites
 

1963 births
2014 deaths
Actors from London
British boxers
English movie actors
English television actors
British mixed martial artists
Sportspeople from London
Kickin' it Up is the second studio album by John Michael Montgomery. The album was released on January 25, 1994.

1994 albums
John Michael Montgomery albums
Luiz Alberto Dias Menezes (5 October 1950 – 9 July 2014) was a Brazilian geologist, mineralogist and mineral dealer. He collected the material which was used in the discovery of the mineral menezesite, which was named in his honor. He was born in São Paulo.

Menezes died on 9 July 2014 in São Paulo, aged 63.

References

Other websites
  

1950 births
2014 deaths
Scientists from São Paulo
Mineralogists
The Fitzgerald Theater is the oldest active theatre in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is the home of American Public Media's A Prairie Home Companion.  The theater is owned by Minnesota Public Radio. The Fitzgerald was also the location for the 2006 film of the same name.

History 

It was built in 1910 at a cost of $165,000. It had a sandstone front and was of concrete and steel construction. The theatre had several very modern features for its time. It had 2,000 electric light bulbs. The stage could be lowered and raised by two feet. It had 16 dressing rooms and a side entrance for those arriving in automobiles. It was one of many theaters built by the Shubert Theatre Corporation. It was originally named the Sam S. Shubert Theater. The theatre was designed by the noted Chicago architectural firm of Marshall and Fox.
By 1933 it had fallen on hard times. Even the Broadway shows that played there could not make it profitable. That same year it was remodeled in the Art Deco style and renamed the World Theatre. It became a movie theatre and specialized in showing foreign films. By 1978 it was scheduled to be torn down. Minnesota Public Radio was looking for a new home for one of it's programs, A Prairie Home Companion. They were able to lease the theatre for a very reasonable price. It was  placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as the Sam S. Shubert Theatre and Shubert Building. In 1985 it was decided the building was unsafe and was in danger of closing permanently. After raising nearly two million dollars, the building was once again renovated. In 1994 it was renamed after St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Movie location 
 
In 2005, the theater was used for filming the movie A Prairie Home Companion, directed by Robert Altman. Garrison Keillor, the star of the radio show also starred in the movie. He was instrumental in getting Hollywood stars such as Meryl Streep and Lily Tomlin for the movie.

The movie was shot digitally which allowed the cast and crew to fit into the small building. Even the theatre's basement was used for movie sets. With all the actors, technicians, electricians and carpenters squeezed into a small space, it was "as crowded as an ant farm". A Hollywood-style premiere was held at the Fitzgerald on 3 May 2006. A parade led from Rice Park to the theatre and the red carpet was laid out for the stars who arrived in white horse-drawn carriages.

References

Other websites 

The Fitzgerald Theater
MPR: Coleman, Mondale debate

1910 establishments in the United States
Theatres in the United States
20th-century establishments in Minnesota
Typhoon Rammasun (known in the Philippines as Typhoon Glenda) was a 2014 Pacific Ocean typhoon. It affected Guam. It was expected to come to the Philippines, Taiwan, eastern China and Vietnam.

As of July 18, the storm's winds were .

Storm notices and warnings were activated from the Philippines to Vietnam and China. The Philippine threat from this typhoon was especially strong.

Impact
As of July 18, the typhoon had killed 38 people in the Philippines.

References
 

Pacific typhoons
2014 in weather
History of Guam
Retired tropical cyclone names
Palin may refer to:

Michael Palin (born 1943), British entertainer, world traveller and television presenter
Sarah Palin (born 1964), American politician
Palin, Arunachal Pradesh, Indian town
The Battle of the Wilderness was a battle of the American Civil War. It was the first battle of the Overland Campaign. It was fought from May 5 to 7, 1864. A Union army commanded by U.S. Grant started marching south to capture Richmond, Virginia. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by Robert E. Lee, attacked Grant's army in an area called the Wilderness. After two days, Grant wasn't able to defeat Lee's army. He then decided to move the Union army southward to get between Lee and Richmond. This resulted in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. This was a battle that was considered inconclusive.

American Civil War battles
1864 in the United States
May 1864 events
Lofsdalen is a minor locality and ski resort located in Härjedalen Municipality, Sweden. In 2010, 116 people lived there.

References

Other websites

 Lofsdalen home page

Settlements in Jamtland County
Onsala is a locality located in Kungsbacka Municipality, Sweden.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Jamtland County
Krombacher Brauerei is one of the largest private owned breweries in Germany and the best selling German beer in 2015. Their headquarters are in Kreuztal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

References

Other websites 
Krombacher Official Page

Companies of Germany
German beers
North Rhine-Westphalia
Kreuztal is a town in the Siegen-Wittgenstein district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. As of 2012, 30,827 people live there.

History 

The first documents about the area go back to 1067. The town began to develop in 1861 after the Ruhr-Sieg railroad was made, making Kreuztal a railroad hub at that time. The town of Kreuztal was made on 1 January 1969.

Other websites 

 

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Siegen-Wittgenstein
The Panzer I tank was a Nazi Germany light tank that was used during many wars of the 1930s as well as during World War II. The name of the tank is short for Panzerkampfwagen I ("armored fighting vehicle mark I") (abbreviated PzKpfw I).

The tank was only intended for use as a training tank to introduce the concept of armoured warfare to the German Army. The tank was used in combat in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, in Poland, France, the Soviet Union and North Africa during the Second World War, and in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The tank had thin armor and light armament of two machine guns. It was weak in combat but was a large part of Germany's tank forces. The Panzer I was replaced by the Panzer IV, Panther, and Tiger later on.

References

Tanks
C.D. Lugo is a football club which plays in Spain. C.D. Lugo consists of a subsidiary team, Polvorín FC, which currently competes in the RFEF Third Division.

League position 

1953 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Spain
Spanish football clubs
Province of Lugo
High Point is a city in central North Carolina. In 2010, it had 104,731 people. It is southwest of Greensboro and southeast of Winston-Salem. High Point has furniture, textile and bus manufacturing.

High Point became a town in 1859.

References

Cities in North Carolina
1859 establishments in North Carolina
Greenville is the county seat of Pitt County, North Carolina, in the eastern part of the state. It is on Tar River. In 2020, it had 87,521 people.

References

Cities in North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina
Alice Marie Coachman (November 9, 1923 – July 14, 2014) was an American athlete. She specialized in high jump. She was the first black woman to win an Olympic gold medal. In 2002 she was designated a Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project.

References

Other websites
Alice Coachman's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
 Alice Coachman  (Entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia)

1923 births
2014 deaths
American Olympic gold medalists
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Albany is a city in and the county seat of Dougherty County, Georgia, United States. Albany is in the southwestern part of the state. The population was 69,647 at the 2020 U.S. Census, making it the twelfth-largest city in Georgia.

Legendary singer Ray Charles was born in Albany in 1930.

References
References

Further reading
 Carolyn Clive, Frances Davis, and Tom Liner, eds., Glancing Backward: Albany, Georgia, 1836–1986 (Albany, Ga.: Dougherty County School System and Sesquicentennial Publication Committee, 1986).
 Lee W. Formwalt, "A Garden of Irony and Diversity," in The New Georgia Guide (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996).
 Joseph Winthrop Holley, You Can't Build a Chimney from the Top: The South through the Life of a Negro Educator (New York: William-Frederick Press, 1948).
 Thronateeska Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, History and Reminiscences of Dougherty County, Georgia (1924; reprint, Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co., 1978).
 Works Progress Administration, Historical Background of Dougherty County, 1836–1940 (Atlanta: Cherokee, 1981).

Other websites
 South Georgia Historic Newspapers Archive Digital Library of Georgia
 Old U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
County seats in Georgia
1838 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Oral rehydration therapy is a treatment for dehydration: the sick person drinks water mixed with sugar and salt. They don't stop eating food. There is a mixture that is used for severe dehydration: This mixture also includes zinc. Those who take care of the sick person are taught how they can see it if the dehydration gets worse. The World Health Organization and UNICEF specify indications, preparations and procedures for ORT.

The therapy was developed in the second half of the 20th century. It has helped lower the number of human deaths from dehydration in vomiting and diarrheal illnesses, especially in cholera epidemics occurring in children. It is sign for public health getting better all over the world. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.
Before ORT was used often, most of the children who died in developing nations, died from diarrhea. Between 1980 and 2006, the introduction of ORT is thought to have lowered the number of young children who died anywhere in the world from 5 to 3 million every year. However, in 2008, diarrhea is still the second most common cause of death in children under five years (17 percent), (after pneumonia (19 percent)). Moreover, by the same year, the use of ORT in children under five had declined.

Preparation 

WHO and UNICEF developed official guidelines for how to make ORS. Depending on what materials are available, they propose different alternative preparations. Commercial preparations are available as either pre-prepared fluids or packets of oral rehydration salts (ORS) ready for mixing with the fluid.

WHO/UNICEF's formula is  salt (NaCal),  trisodium citrate dihydrate ,  KCl,  anhydrous glucose () per litre of fluid.
A basic oral rehydration therapy solution is composed of salt, sugar, and water in solution, made using a standard ratio and is appropriate for use in situations when ORS must be prepared without the standard ingredients. 

 30 ml sugar : 2.5 ml salt : 1 liter fluid
 6 teaspoons (tsp). sugar : 0.5 tsp. salt : 1 quart fluid

The Rehydration Project says that making it a bit too thin (using more than 1 liter of fluid) is not bad for the sick person.   

The best fluid is plain, clean water. However, fluids such as rice water, coconut water, vegetable broth, yogurt, weak unsweetened tea, unsweetened fresh fruit juice or even non-drinking water are recommended when plain, clean water is unavailable. Water can be made safe with chlorine, or by boiling it. However, ORS should still be given even if the water is maybe unsafe. Rehydration is more important.
The molar ratio of sugar to salt should be 1:1 and the solution should not be hyperosmolar. The Mayo clinic suggests half a teaspoon of salt, six level teaspoons of sugar and  water. The British Columbia health service suggests 1 part fruit juice without sugar, mixed with 4 parts water.

References

Public health
Donald Eugene "Don" Lenhardt (b. Alton, Illinois October 4, 1922 – July 9, 2014), nicknamed "Footsie", as son of Henry and Nettie (nee Rumple) Lenhardt, was an American baseballer of Danube Swabians Background of Austria-Hungary. He was an outfielder, first baseman, third baseman, scout and coach in Major League Baseball. He played for the St. Louis Browns, the Chicago White Sox, the Boston Red Sox and the Detroit Tigers between 1950 and 1954.

Lenhardt was born in Alton, Illinois. He was nicknamed "Footsie" by teammates because he often had a hard time finding shoes that fit him right.

Lenhardt died on July 9, 2014 in Chesterfield, Missouri, aged 91.

References

Other websites
 Don Lenhardt at Baseball-Reference

1922 births
2014 deaths
American baseball players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball coaches
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago White Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
People from Alton, Illinois
Sportspeople from Illinois
Kenneth James Gray (November 14, 1924 – July 12, 2014) was an Americans politician, businessman and auctioneer. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was a U.S. Representative from Illinois's 25th, 21st, 24th and 22nd congressional districts. He served as a Representative between 1955 to 1974 and 1985 to 1989.

Gray was born in West Frankfort, Illinois. He was a World War II veteran and got five medals for his service.

Gray died on July 12, 2014 in Herrin, Illinois, aged 89.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2014 deaths
Businesspeople from Illinois
Military people from Illinois
United States representatives from Illinois
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
The Honourable Peter George Underwood  (10 October 1937 – 7 July 2014) was an Australian jurist and politician. He was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Tasmania from 2004 to 2008. He was a judge of that court since 1984. He was the Governor of Tasmania from 2008 until his death in 2014. He replaced William Cox.

Underwood was born in the United Kingdom. He moved to Australia in 1950 at the age of 13. He served in the Royal Australian Navy and graduated from the University of Tasmania in 1960.

Underwood had a tumour removed from his kidney in early June 2014. However, he had a setback after coming back to office. He died from kidney cancer on 7 July 2014 in Hobart. He was 76.

References

Other websites
 Peter Underwood  at the Supreme Court of Tasmania

1937 births
2014 deaths
Australian judges
Australian lawyers
Cancer deaths in Australia
Deaths from kidney cancer
Governors of Tasmania
University of Tasmania alumni
Lois Johnson Scoggins (May 15, 1942 – July 7, 2014) was an American country music singer. She recorded for the record labels Columbia, MGM, 20th Century, Polydor between 1969 and 1978. She charted twenty singles on the Hot Country Songs charts. Her song "Loving You Will Never Grow Old" reached No. 6 in 1975. She toured with Hank Williams, Jr. between 1970 and 1973.

Johnson was born in Union County, Tennessee. She was raised in Maynardville, Tennessee.

Johnson died after a long illness on July 7, 2014 in Nashville, Tennessee, aged 72.

References

Other websites
 

1942 births
2014 deaths
Country musicians from Tennessee
Disease-related deaths in Tennessee
Singers from Tennessee
Robert Cameron Broomfield (June 18, 1933 – July 10, 2014) was an American judge. He was a member of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona. President Ronald Reagan nominated him on May 15, 1985 and he was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 10, 1985. He served as chief judge from 1994 to 1999 and as a senior judge until his death.

Broomfield was born in Detroit, Michigan. He went to both the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Arizona College of Law.

Broomfield died from cancer on July 10, 2014 in Phoenix, Arizona, aged 81.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2014 deaths
American judges
Cancer deaths in Arizona
Politicians from Detroit
Politicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Canis is a genus with seven to ten living species. It incudes the domestic dog, wolves, coyotes, and jackals, and various extinct species. 'Canis' means "dog" in Latin.

Their canine teeth are adapted for killing, and their molar teeth can crunch bone. They are able to chase prey over long distances, far more so than felines.

References 

Carnivora
Nancy Astor, Vicountess Astor CH (Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, 19 May 1879  2 May 1964) was an American-born English politician and socialite.

She was the first woman to sit as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons. Her second husband was Waldorf Astor.

England 

She was once asked by an English woman, "Have you come to get our husbands?"  Her reply, "If you knew the trouble I had getting rid of mine....." charmed her listeners and displayed the wit which later became famous.

Her second husband, Waldorf Astor, was born in the United States but the family to England when Waldorf was twelve. The couple were well matched from the start. Not only were they both American expatriates with similar temperaments, but they were of the same age, being born on the same day, 19 May 1879.