Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
June 22 – Typhoon Fengshen hits the Philippines and capsizes the ferry MV Princess of the Stars, leaving hundreds dead or missing.
 June 27 – President Robert Mugabe is reelected with 85.5% of the vote in the second round of the controversial Zimbabwean presidential election.
 June 27 – After three decades as the Chairman of Microsoft Corporation, Bill Gates steps down from daily duties to concentrate on philanthropy.
July 2 – Íngrid Betancourt and 14 other hostages are rescued from FARC by Colombian security forces.
 July 7 – A suicide-bomber drives an explosives-laden automobile into the front gates of the Indian embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan, killing 58 and injuring over 150.
 July 7–9 – The 34th G8 summit is held in Tōyako, Hokkaidō, Japan.
 July 10 – Former Macedonian Interior Minister Ljube Boškoski is acquitted of all charges, by a UN Tribunal accusing him of war crimes.
 July 15–20 – World Youth Day takes place in Sydney, Australia. Pope Benedict XVI appears at the event.
 July 21 – Radovan Karadžić, the first president of the Republika Srpska, is arrested in Belgrade, Serbia on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-year long manhunt.
 July 22 – The United Progressive Alliance-led government in India survives a crucial no-confidence vote, based on disagreements between the Indian National Congress and Left Front, over the Indo-US nuclear deal.
July 23 – Ram Baran Yadav is sworn in as the first President of Nepal.
 July 25 – A series of seven bomb blasts rock Bangalore, India, killing two and injuring 20; the next day, a series of bomb blasts in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, kills 45 and injures over 160 people.
 July 27 – At least 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in 2 blasts in Istanbul.
 July 28 – At least 48 are dead and over 287 injured after bombs explode in Baghdad and Kirkuk, Iraq.
August 1 – A total eclipse of the Sun is visible from Canada and extends across northern Greenland, the Arctic, central Russia, Mongolia, and China.
 August 1 – George Tupou V is crowned as the new King of Tonga, an event that had been delayed for over two years following the 2006 Nuku'alofa riots.
 August 3 – A stampede at a Hindu temple at Naina Devi in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India kills 162 and injures 400.
 August 4 – Two members of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, which had threatened to attack the Beijing Olympics, kill 16 and injure another 16 officers at a police station in Kashgar, Xinjiang, China.
 August 6 – President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi of Mauritania is deposed in a military coup d'état.
 August 7 – The 2008 South Ossetia war begins, as Georgia and Russia launch a major offensive inside the separatist region of South Ossetia after days of border skirmishes between the two sides.
 August 8–24 – The 2008 Summer Olympics take place in Beijing, China.
August 15 – Pushpa Kamal Dahal (known as Prachanda) is sworn in as the first Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, after the Nepalese monarchy was abolished in May.
 August 17 – Michael Phelps surpasses Mark Spitz in Gold Medals won at a single Olympics, winning eight.
 August 18 – Pervez Musharraf resigns as President of Pakistan, under impeachment pressure from the coalition government.
 August 19 – Taliban insurgents kill 10 and injure 21 French soldiers in an ambush in Afghanistan.
 August 19 – A suicide bomber rams a car into an Algerian military academy, killing 43 and injuring 45.
 August 20 – Spanair Flight 5022, from Madrid to Gran Canaria, skids off the runway and crashes at Barajas Airport with 172 on board. Of them, 154 die and 18 survive.
 August 21 – At least 60 die following twin suicide bombings outside the Pakistan Ordnance Factories in Wah, Pakistan.
August 22 – Pirates hijack German, Iranian, and Japanese cargo ships off the coast of Somalia, in seven such attacks since June 20.
 August 24 – An aircraft crashes in Guatemala, killing 10, including four Americans on a humanitarian mission.
 August 24 – Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 6895 crashes upon takeoff near Manas International Airport in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, killing 68.
 August 26 – Russia unilaterally recognizes the independence of Georgian breakaway republics Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
 August 26 – September 1 – Hurricane Gustav makes landfall on Louisiana as Category 2 and kills seven in the United States, after making landfall on western Cuba as Category 4, and killing 66 in Haiti, eight in the Dominican Republic, and 11 in Jamaica.
 August 28 – September 7 – Hurricane Hanna kills seven in the United States, and 529 in Haiti, mostly due to floods and mudslides.
September 1–14 – Hurricane Ike makes landfall on Texas as Category 2 and kills 27 in the United States, after killing four in Cuba, one in the Dominican Republic, and 75 in Haiti.
 September 2 – Prime Minister of Japan Yasuo Fukuda resigns, less than a year after taking office following Shinzo Abe's resignation.
 September 2 – Political crisis in Thailand: Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej of Thailand declares a state of emergency in Bangkok.
 September 3 – Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani of Pakistan survives an assassination attempt near Islamabad, while on his way to meet British Leader of the Opposition David Cameron.
 September 3 – President's Dimitris Christofias and Mehmet Ali Talat hold peace talks in Nicosia, aimed at reunifying Cyprus.
 September 6 – Asif Ali Zardari is elected President of Pakistan by the Electoral College of Pakistan.
 September 6 – At least eight boulders dislodge from a cliff near Cairo, Egypt, killing at least 90 and burying an estimated 500 people.
September 9 – Political crisis in Thailand: The Constitutional Court of Thailand orders Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej to resign, after he is paid for appearing on a television cooking show.
 September 10 – The proton beam is circulated for the first time in the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator, located at CERN, near Geneva, under the Franco-Swiss border.
 September 12 – A Metrolink train collides head-on into a freight train in Los Angeles, California, killing 25 and injuring 130.
 September 14 – Aeroflot Flight 821 crashes near the city of Perm, Russia, killing all 88 on board.
 September 15 – Following negotiations, President Robert Mugabe and opposition leaders Morgan Tsvangirai and Arthur Mutambara sign a power-sharing deal, making Tsvangirai the new Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.
 September 15 – Lehman Brothers files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
September 17 – The International Astronomical Union classifies Haumea as the 5th dwarf planet in the Solar System.
 September 19–25 – Typhoon Hagupit kills 17 in China, eight in the Philippines, one in Taiwan, and 41 in Vietnam.
 September 20 – A suicide truck bomb explosion destroys the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing at least 60 and injuring 266.
 September 21 – President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa resigns after accepting a call by the African National Congress.
 September 24 – The Diet of Japan elects Taro Aso as the new Prime Minister of Japan.
 September 25 – Kgalema Motlanthe is elected by the National Assembly of South Africa as the President of South Africa, succeeding Thabo Mbeki.
 September 25 – Shenzhou 7, the third manned Chinese spaceflight and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. China becomes the third country ever to conduct a spacewalk.
September 28 – SpaceX Falcon 1 becomes the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle to successfully make orbit.
 September 30 – A Jodhpur temple stampede in western India kills over 224 people, and injures 400.
October 3 – Global financial crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signs the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a 700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets.
 October 6 – NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its second of three flybys of Mercury, decreasing the velocity for orbital insertion on March 18, 2011.
 October 6 – An earthquake measuring 6.6 magnitude kills at least 65 in Kyrgyzstan.
 October 7 – Global financial crisis: Russia agrees to provide Iceland with a four-billion-euro loan.
 October 7 – The meteoroid 2008 TC3 impacts Earth, becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to impact.
 October 9 – Global financial crisis: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority takes control of the three largest banks in the country: Kaupthing Bank, Landsbanki, and Glitnir.
October 17 – The United Nations General Assembly elects Turkey, Austria, Japan, Uganda, and Mexico to two-year terms on the Security Council.
 October 21 – The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is officially inaugurated. It is a collaboration of over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories.
 October 22 – The Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launches theChandrayaan-1 spacecraft on a lunar exploration mission.
 October 29 – Global financial crisis: Hungary's currency and stock markets rise on the news that it will receive an international economic bailout package worth $25 billion from the IMF, European Union, and World Bank.
 October 29 – Delta Air Lines merges with Northwest Airlines, forming the world's largest commercial carrier.
November 4 – United States presidential election, 2008: Barack Obama is elected the 44th President of the United States and Joe Biden is elected the 47th Vice President. Barack Obama becomes the first African-American President-elect.
 November 6 – King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck of Bhutan is crowned, having ascended to the throne in 2006.
 November 7 – The 2008 Pétionville school collapse kills at least 92 in Pétionville, Haiti.
 November 8 – An accident aboard Russian submarine K-152 Nerpa kills 20.
 November 11 – The RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 departs on her last voyage from Southampton, UK to Dubai, UAE. She will become a floating hotel at Palm Jumeirah.
 November 14 – STS-126: The Space Shuttle Endeavour uses the MPLM Leonardo to deliver experiment and storage racks to the International Space Station. There will be only three more launches of Space Shuttle Endeavour after this mission.
November 19 – Claudia Castillo of Spain becomes the first person to have a successful trachea transplant using a tissue-engineered organ.
 November 20 – The 2008 Prairie meteoroid falls over Canada.
 November 22 – 23 – The APEC Peru 2008 Summit is held in Lima.
 November 24 – The 2008 Santa Catarina floods in Santa Catarina, Brazil kill 126 and force the evacuation of over 78,000 people.
 November 25 – Greenland holds a referendum for increased autonomy from Denmark. The vote is over 75% in favour.
 November 25 – Political crisis in Thailand: Protesters from the People's Alliance for Democracy party storm into Suvarnabhumi Airport and block flights from taking off. More protesters seize control of Don Mueang Airport the following day.
 November 25 – A car bomb in St. Petersburg, Russia, kills three people and injures one.
 November 26 – November 29 – A series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai, India by Pakistan-based Islamic militants kills 195, and injures at least 250.
November 27 – The longest serving Ocean Liner in history, QE2 is retired from service.
 November 29 – Riots in Jos, Nigeria kill 381, and injure at least 300.
December 1 – A triangular conjunction formed by a new Moon, Venus and Jupiter is a prominent object in the evening sky.
 December 2 – Political crisis in Thailand: After weeks of opposition-led protests, the Constitutional Court of Thailand dissolves the governing People's Power Party and two coalition member parties, and bans leaders of the parties, including Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat, from politics for five years. As such, Wongsawat promptly resigns and is replaced by Deputy Prime Minister Chaovarat Chanweerakul as caretaker Prime Minister.
 December 3 – The Convention on Cluster Munitions opens for signature in Oslo.
December 4 – Political crisis in Canada: Governor General Michaëlle Jean grants the request of Prime Minister Stephen Harper to prorogue Parliament until January 26, 2009, averting a motion of no-confidence by the new opposition coalition led by the Leader of the Opposition Stéphane Dion, and the New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton, with Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe as a coalition partner.
 December 5 – Human remains found in 1991 are identified as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, using DNA analysis.
 December 6 – Riots spread across Greece after a 15-year-old boy is shot dead by a special guard of the Greek Police.
 December 10 – The Channel Island of Sark, a British crown dependency, holds its first fully democratic elections under a new constitutional arrangement, becoming the last European territory to abolish feudalism.
 December 12 – Switzerland becomes the 25th European country to join the Schengen Agreement, whereby cross-border passport checks will be abolished.
December 12 – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called perigee, at the same time as its fullest phase of the Lunar Cycle. The Moon appears to be 14% bigger and 30% brighter than the year's other full moons. The next time these two events coincide will be in 2016.
 December 16 – Ruins of an ancient Wari city are discovered in northern Peru.
 December 18 – The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda convicts Théoneste Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentences them to life imprisonment.
 December 21 – Gwadar port, Pakistan becomes fully operational.
 December 23 – A military coup d'état is announced in Guinea shortly after the death of long-time President Lansana Conté.
 December 27 – Israel initiates a series of airstrikes followed by an invasion in Gaza Strip, killing at least 1300 (including at least 416 children) and wounding over 2,700.
December 29 – Bangladesh holds its general elections after two years of political unrest over the interim government.
 December 31 – An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the year. The last time this occurred was in 2005.
Births 
 May 2 - Kate Moyer, Canadian actress (Our House, Buffaloed, Children of the Corn, Delia's Gone and Two Girls Still Fight)

Deaths

January 

 January 3 – Yo-Sam Choi, Korean boxer (b. 1972)
 January 10 – Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. 1921)
 January 11 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. 1919)
 January 15 – Brad Renfro, American actor (b. 1982)
 January 16 – Nikola Kljusev, Macedonian Prime Minister (b. 1927)
 January 17 – Bobby Fischer, American-Icelandic chess grandmaster (b. 1943)
 January 19 – Suzanne Pleshette, American actress (b. 1937)
 January 22 – Heath Ledger, Australian actor (b. 1979)
 January 22 – Claude Piron, Swiss linguist and psychologist (b. 1931)
 January 26 – George Habash, Palestinian politician (b. 1926)
 January 27 – Gordon B. Hinckley, American Mormon leader (b. 1910)
 January 27 – Suharto, President of Indonesia (b. 1921)
 January 28 – Christodoulos, Archbishop of Athens (b. 1939)

February
February 2 – Joshua Lederberg, American molecular biologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925)
 February 5 – Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1917)
 February 7 – Andrew Bertie, British Grand Master of the Order of Malta (b. 1929)
 February 9 – Baba Amte, Indian social activist (b. 1914)
 February 10 – Roy Scheider, American actor (b. 1932)
 February 11 – Alfredo Reinado, East Timorese rebel (b. 1967)
 February 11 – Tom Lantos, American politician (b. 1928)
 February 12 – Imad Mughniyah, Lebanese militant (b. 1962)
 February 12 – Badri Patarkatsishvili, Georgian businessman and politician (b. 1955)
 February 13 – Kon Ichikawa, Japanese movie director (b. 1915)
 February 13 – Henri Salvador, French singer (b. 1917)
 February 18 – Alain Robbe-Grillet, French writer and movie maker (b. 1922)
 February 19 – Natalia Bessmertnova, Russian ballerina (b. 1941)
 February 19 – Yegor Letov, Russian singer (b. 1964)
 February 21 – Sufi Abu Taleb, Egyptian politician (b. 1925)
February 23 – Janez Drnovšek, Slovenian President and Prime Minister of (b. 1950)
 February 23 – Paul Frère, Belgian racing driver (b. 1917)
 February 27 – William F. Buckley, Jr., American writer and conservative commentator (b. 1925)
 February 27 – Ivan Rebroff, German singer (b. 1931)
March 1 – Raúl Reyes, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1948)
 March 2 – Jeff Healey, Canadian musician (b. 1966)
 March 3 – Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian operatic tenor (b. 1921)
 March 3 – Norman Smith, English singer and record producer (b. 1923)
 March 4 – Gary Gygax, American writer and game designer (b. 1938)
 March 6 – Peter Poreku Dery, Ghanaian cardinal (b. 1918)
 March 5 – Joseph Weizenbaum, German-American writer and computer scientist (b. 1923)
 March 14 – Chiara Lubich, Italian Catholic activist (b. 1920)
 March 18 – Anthony Minghella, English movie director and screenwriter (b. 1954)
 March 19 – Arthur C. Clarke, English writer, inventor, and futurist (b. 1917)
 March 19 – Hugo Claus, Flemish writer, painter and movie director (b. 1929)
 March 19 – Paul Scofield, English actor (b. 1922)
 March 22 – Adolfo Suárez Rivera, Mexican cardinal (b. 1927)
 March 24 – Neil Aspinall, British record producer and business executive (b. 1942)
 March 24 – Richard Widmark, American actor (b. 1914)
March 26 – Manuel Marulanda, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1930)
 March 27 – Jean-Marie Balestre, French sports executive (b. 1921)
 March 30 – Dith Pran, Cambodian-American photojournalist (b. 1942)
 March 31 – Jules Dassin, American movie director (b. 1911)
April 

 April 3 – Hrvoje Ćustić, Croatian footballer (b. 1983)
 April 5 – Charlton Heston, American actor (b. 1923)
 April 10 – Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, Mexican cardinal (b. 1919)
 April 12 – Patrick Hillery, 6th President of Ireland (b. 1923)
 April 13 – John Archibald Wheeler, American theoretical physicist (b. 1911)
 April 14 – Ollie Johnston, American animator (b. 1912)
 April 15 – Benoît Lamy, Belgian movie writer-director (b. 1945)
 April 16 – Edward Norton Lorenz, American mathematician and meteorologist (b. 1917)
 April 17 – Aimé Césaire, French Martinican poet and politician (b. 1913)
 April 29 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist and writer, discoverer of LSD (b. 1906)

May
May 

 May 1 – Anthony Mamo, 1st President of Malta (b. 1909)
 May 2 – Philipp von Boeselager, German military officer (b. 1917)
 May 3 – Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo, Spanish Prime Minister of (b. 1926)
 May 8 – François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (b. 1982)
 May 10 – Leyla Gencer, Turkish soprano (b. 1928)
 May 12 – Robert Rauschenberg, American pop artist (b. 1925)
 May 12 – Irena Sendler, Polish humanitarian (b. 1910)
 May 13 – Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1930)
 May 13 – Bernardin Gantin, Beninese cardinal (b. 1922)
 May 15 – Willis Lamb, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
 May 23 – Cornell Capa, Hungarian-American photographer (b. 1918)
 May 24 – Rob Knox, British actor (b. 1989)
 May 26 – Sydney Pollack, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1934)
 May 28 – Sven Davidson, Swedish tennis player (b. 1928)
 May 29 – Luc Bourdon, Canadian Hockey player (b. 1987)

June
June 1 – Yves Saint Laurent, French fashion designer (b. 1936)
 June 1 – Tommy Lapid, Israeli television presenter, journalist, and politician (b. 1931)
 June 2 – Bo Diddley, American musician (b. 1928)
 June 2 – Mel Ferrer, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1917)
 June 4 – Agata Mróz-Olszewska, Polish volleyball player (b. 1982)
 June 7 – Dino Risi, Italian director (b. 1916)
 June 8 – Šaban Bajramović, Serbian musician (b. 1936)
 June 9 – Algis Budrys, Lithuanian-American science fiction writer (b. 1931)
 June 9 – Karen Asrian, Armenian chess grandmaster (b. 1980)
 June 10 – Chinghiz Aitmatov, Kyrgyzstani writer (b. 1928)
 June 11 – Ove Andersson, Swedish rally driver (b. 1939)
 June 11 – Võ Văn Kiệt, Vietnamese prime minister (b. 1922)
 June 13 – Tim Russert, American journalist (b. 1950)
 June 15 – Stan Winston, American special effects and makeup artist (b. 1946)
 June 17 – Cyd Charisse, American actress and dancer (b. 1922)
 June 18 – Jean Delannoy, French movie director (b. 1908)
June 22 – George Carlin, American writer, actor, and comedian (b. 1937)
 June 23 – Arthur Chung, President of Guyana (b. 1918)
 June 24 – Leonid Hurwicz, American economist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917)
 June 27 – Sam Manekshaw, Field Marshall of Indian Army (b.1914)
 June 28 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (b. 1987)
 June 29 – Don S. Davis, American actor (b. 1942)
July 

 July 4 – Jesse Helms, American politician (b. 1921)
 July 4 – Evelyn Keyes, American actress (b. 1916)
 July 5 – René Harris, President of Nauru (b. 1947)
 July 9 – Seamus Brennan, Irish politician (b. 1948)
 July 11 – Michael E. DeBakey, American surgeon and inventor (b. 1908)
 July 12 – Tony Snow, American political commentator (b. 1955)
 July 13 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian and politician (b. 1932)
 July 15 – György Kolonics, Hungarian canoeist (b. 1972)
 July 22 – Estelle Getty, American actress (b. 1923)
 July 23 – Kurt Furgler, Swiss politician (b. 1924)
 July 25 – Johnny Griffin, American saxophonist (b. 1928)
 July 25 – Randy Pausch, American writer and computer scientist (b. 1960)
 July 27 – Youssef Chahine, Egyptian movie director (b. 1926)
 July 29 – Mate Parlov, Croatian boxer (b. 1948)

August
August 

 August 1 – Harkishan Singh Surjeet, Indian politician (b. 1916)
 August 3 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
 August 9 – Yodrak Salakjai, Thai male singer (b. 1956)
 August 9 – Bernie Mac, American actor and comedian (b. 1957)
 August 9 – Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet (b. 1941)
 August 10 – Isaac Hayes, African-American musician (b. 1942)
 August 11 – Fred Sinowatz, Austrian politician (b. 1929)
 August 13 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician (b. 1904)
 August 15 – Jerry Wexler, American music producer (b. 1917)
 August 16 – Ronnie Drew, Irish singer (b. 1934)
 August 16 – Masanobu Fukuoka, Japanese microbiologist (b. 1913)
 August 19 – Levy Mwanawasa, President of Zambia (b. 1948)
 August 20 – Hua Guofeng, Chinese premier (b. 1921)
 August 23 – Thomas Huckle Weller, American virologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
 August 28 – Phil Hill, American race car driver (b. 1927)

September
September 

 September 1 – Don LaFontaine, American voice actor (b. 1940)
 September 6 – Antonio Innocenti, Italian cardinal (b. 1915)
 September 6 – Anita Page, American actress (b. 1910)
 September 9 – Nouhak Phoumsavanh, President of Laos (b. 1910)
 September 12 – David Foster Wallace, American writer (b. 1962)
 September 15 – Richard Wright, English musician (b. 1943)
 September 18 – Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (b. 1931)
 September 26 – Paul Newman, American actor (b. 1925)

October
October 

 October 1 – Boris Efimov, Russian political cartoonist (b. 1900)
 October 6 – Paavo Haavikko, Finnish poet (b. 1931)
 October 8 – George Emil Palade, Romanian cell biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
 October 10 – Kazuyoshi Miura, Japanese businessman (b. 1947)
 October 10 – Alexey Prokurorov, Russian cross-country skier (b. 1964)
 October 11 – Jörg Haider, Austrian politician (b. 1950)
 October 13 – Guillaume Depardieu, French actor (b. 1971)
 October 13 – Antonio José González Zumárraga, Ecuadorian cardinal (b. 1925)
 October 13 – Alexei Cherepanov, Russian Hockey Player (b. 1989)
 October 20 – Sœur Emmanuelle, Belgian-born French nun (b. 1908)
 October 25 – Muslim Magomayev, Azerbaijani singer (b. 1942)
 October 26 – Tony Hillerman, American writer (b. 1925)
 October 31 – Studs Terkel, American writer and liberal commentator (b. 1912)

November
November 

 November 1 – Jacques Piccard, Swiss explorer and engineer (b. 1922)
 November 1 – Yma Sumac, Peruvian soprano (b. 1922)
 November 4 – Michael Crichton, American writer and producer (b. 1942)
 November 4 – Juan Camilo Mouriño, Mexican politician (b. 1971)
 November 10 – Kiyoshi Itō, Japanese mathematician (b. 1915)
 November 10 – Miriam Makeba, South African singer (b. 1932)
 November 12 – Mitch Mitchell, English drummer (b. 1946)
 November 13 – Paco Ignacio Taibo I, Mexican writer and journalist (b. 1924)
 November 14 – Tsvetanka Khristova, Bulgarian athlete (b. 1962)
 November 22 – Ibrahim Nasir, Maldivian President (b. 1926)
 November 27 – Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Indian Prime Minister (b. 1931)
 November 29 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (b. 1918)

December
December 1 – Mikel Laboa, Basque singer and songwriter (b. 1934)
 December 2 – Odetta, American singer (b. 1930)
 December 5 – Alexy II, Russian Orthodox Patriarch (b. 1929)
 December 5 – Nina Foch, Dutch-born American actress (b. 1924)
 December 9 – Yuri Glazkov, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1939)
 December 9 – Dražan Jerković, Croatian football player and manager (b. 1936)
 December 11 – Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American physician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1923)
 December 11 – Bettie Page, American pin-up model (b. 1923)
 December 12 – Avery Dulles, American Roman Catholic Cardinal (b. 1918)
 December 12 – Van Johnson, American actor (b. 1916)
 December 12 – Tassos Papadopoulos, 5th President of Cyprus (b. 1934)
 December 13 – Horst Tappert, German actor (b. 1923)
 December 15 - León Febres Cordero, 46th President of Ecuador (b. 1931)
 December 18 – Majel Barrett, American actress (b. 1932)
 December 18 – Mark Felt, American FBI agent, "Deep Throat" from the Watergate scandal (b. 1913)
December 20 – Olga Lepeshinskaya, Russian ballerina (b. 1916)
 December 20 – Robert Mulligan, American director (b. 1925)
 December 22 – Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (b. 1934)
 December 24 – Harold Pinter, English playwright (b. 1930)
 December 24 – Samuel P. Huntington, American political scientist (b. 1927)
 December 25 – Eartha Kitt, American singer and actress (b. 1927)
 December 29 – Freddie Hubbard, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1938)
Awards

Nobel Prizes 

 Chemistry – Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, Roger Y. Tsien
 Economics – Paul Krugman
 Literature – Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
 Peace – Martti Ahtisaari
 Physics – Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, Yoichiro Nambu
 Physiology or Medicine – Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Harald zur Hausen, Luc Montagnier

Major religious holidays
January 7 – Christmas in Eastern Christianity
 January 10 – Islamic New Year by Lunar calendar
 February 5 – Carnival (Shrove Tuesday)
 February 6 – Ash Wednesday, observance of Lent begins
 February 7 – Chinese New Year
 March 1 – Saint David's Day, celebrated in Wales and the United States.
 March 15 – Saint Patrick's Day, celebrated in Ireland, the United States, and most of the English-speaking world. (Held on March 15 instead of the usual 17th to avoid the second day in Holy Week). This March 17 will be the last one to fall within Holy Week until 2160.
 March 20 – March Equinox, also known as Ostara
 March 20 – Purim
 March 21 – Nowruz (Iranian New Year holiday)
 March 21 – Good Friday
 March 22 – Holi
 March 23 – Easter Sunday, the earliest Easter has fallen since 1913
 April 13 – Vaisakhi
 April 20 – Passover, Palm Sunday in Eastern Christianity
 April 27 – Pascha (or Easter) in Eastern Christianity
 May 1 – Ascension of Jesus in Western Christianity
 May 1 – Beltane, a Cross-quarter day
May 19 or May 20 – Vesak (the birthday of the Buddha) in Buddhism
 June 5 – Ascension of Jesus in Eastern Christianity
 June 9 – Shavuot
 June 15 – Pentecost in Eastern Christianity
 June 20 – June Solstice, also known as Midsummer or Litha
 June 22 – All Saints' Day in Eastern Christianity
 July 5 – Saints Cyril and Methodius day in Eastern Christianity
 August 1 – Lammas, a Cross-quarter day
 August 15 – Assumption of Mary
 August 16 – Raksha Bandhan
 September 1 – New Liturgical Year in Eastern Christianity
 September 2 – Start of Ramadan
 September 4- Janmastami -Birth of Lord Krishna
 September 22 – September Equinox, also known as Mabon
 September 30 – Rosh Hashanah
 October 1 – Eid ul-Fitr'''
 October 9 – Yom Kippur
 October 13 – Sukkot
 October 28 – Diwali
 November 1 – Samhain, a Cross-quarter day and Neopagan new year
 December 8 – Immaculate Conception
 December 8 – Eid al-Adha
 December 21 – Hanukkah begins at sundown
 December 21 – December Solstice, also known as Yule
References

Other websites 

 2008 Calendar at Internet Accuracy Project
Falafel is a kind of vegetarian food. It is a deep-fried ball or patty made from ground chickpeas, fava beans, or both. Falafel is made from chickpeas or fava beans. Spices are added to these. Falafel is either made into a ball, or a disc, which is then fried. The dish originally came from Egypt. Today, it is a popular form of fast food in the Middle East, where it is also served as a mezze. In Israel it is served as street food.

Origin of the word 
The word is pronounced  (fuh-lah-full);  .

In Egyptian and Sudanese Arabic it is called  Ta'amiyya.

The Arabic word "falafel" (falāfil) may be the plural of  () 'pepper'. More relevantly, it is an adjective for fluffy/crunchy things, as in  (), a kind of cooked rice, and  (), curly hair. Different spellings in English include felafel and filafil.
Different ways of serving falafel 
Falafel is usually served in a pita-like bread called lafa, either inside the bread, which acts as a pocket, or wrapped in a flat bread. In many countries falafel is a popular street food or fast food. The falafel balls, whole or crushed, may be topped with salads, pickled vegetables and hot sauce, and drizzled with tahini-based sauces. Falafel balls may also be eaten alone as a snack or served as part of a mezze. During Ramadan, they are sometimes eaten as part of an iftar, the meal which breaks the daily fast after sunset.

History 
Falafel was originally made with fava beans. When the dish was used more to the north, chickpeas were more common, so they were used instead. The chickpea was used as a food item in the Levant before 4000 BC.
According to Ynetnews, "A common theory suggests falafel was invented some 1000 years ago by the Egyptian Copts. They took it with them  when they moved to the rest of the Middle East. Another theory dates the invention of falafel as far as the 6th century AD, or even earlier, placing it on the subcontinent of India, which is known until today for making various chickpea-based dishes".

Ingredients
Ingredients 

Falafel is made from fava beans or chickpeas or a combination of the two. In Egypt, fava beans are used exclusively. Other variations may contain only chickpeas. This is the case of Palestinians, Yemenite Jews in Jerusalem as well as in Syria and Lebanon. In the Levant, Falafel is generally made only with chickpeas. Unlike many other bean patties, in falafel the beans are not cooked before they are used. Instead they are soaked, possibly skinned, then ground, a small quantity of onions, parsley, spices (including cumin), and bicarbonate of soda are added. It is then deep fried at a high temperature. Sesame seeds may be added to the balls before they are fried; this is particularly common when falafel is served as a dish on its own rather than as a sandwich filling.
Recent culinary trends have seen the chickpea falafel have more success than fava bean falafel. Chickpea falafels are served across the Middle East, and have been popularized by expatriates of those countries living abroad. However, fava-bean falafel continue to predominate in Egypt and Sudan and their respective expatriate communities, and Egyptians are fond of deriding chickpea falafel as inferior.

In Israel small 2.5 cm spherical balls are made, while in Egypt and among Palestinians larger patties are shaped with a tablespoon or a special scoop with a lever to release them into the hot oil.

Variations
Variations 

The kind of bread used for falafel may be different. Outside the Middle East, pita bread is often used as a pocket and stuffed with the different ingredients; in Arab countries a round khubz bread, 'eish' in Egypt, is halved, and the two resulting round pieces are used to create a cigar-shaped wrap. There, hummus (chickpeas pureed with tahini) is rarely used as a condiment, the usual sauce is tahini (sesame seed paste) thinned with water and lemon. The most common salad ingredients are tomato and parsley. In Lebanon, parsley is mixed with chopped mint leaves. It is also common in Syria and Lebanon to add pickles; the two canonical ones are pickled turnip, colored pink with beetroot, and pickled cucumber. Recently, there has been a new "filled" falafel, its center usually consisting of ground meat or minced onions or a boiled egg. These fillings are wrapped by the uncooked falafel mixture, and then deep fried.
The salads or the pita itself may be seasoned with salt or sumac, which is very commonly used in Syria; alternatively, these may be sprinkled on top.

Egyptian falafel (Ta'amiyya) 
Egyptian falafel is made from Phaseolus vulgaris or fried Vicia faba grains.

Syrian falafel 
Falafel made of bean beans with ground chickpeas and fried in a pretzel shape with a hole in the middle and coated with sesame.

References 

Middle Eastern foods
Meze or mezze  'to taste', is the name for a number of small dishes or appetizers served before a meal, often with a drink. The food is common in the Eastern Mediterranean. Drinks include anise-flavored liqueurs, such as arak, ouzo, raki or different wines.  These dishes are similar to the tapas of Spain or finger food.

In Levantine cuisines and in the Caucasus region (especially in Armenia and Georgia), these dishes are served as a part of any large-scale meal. Not accompanied by alcohol, meze is known in the Arab world as muqabbilat (Arabic for "starters").

References

Middle Eastern foods
Snack foods
Finger food is the name for a number of foods that are usually eaten with the hands, as opposed to using utensils, like forks, knives or chopsticks.  In some cultures, food is almost always eaten with the hands; for example, Ethiopian cuisine is eaten by rolling various dishes up in injera bread.

Examples of finger food are small beef pies, sausage rolls, sausages on sticks, cheese and olives on sticks, chicken drumsticks or wings, spring rolls, small quiches, samosas, onion bhajis, potato wedges, vol au vents, and risotto balls. Other well-known foods that are generally eaten with the hands include pizza, hot dogs, fruit and bread.

References

Foods by type
Risotto (plural: risotti) is a typical Italian dish based on pasta. Originally it comes from Piedmont, where rice is commonly grown. It is very important for the cuisine of Milan. Common ingredients of the base recipe are white wine, and onions.

Risotto is a class of Italian pasta dishes cooked in broth to a creamy consistency.  The broth may be meat-, fish-, or vegetable-based. Many types of risotto contain Parmesan cheese, butter, and onion. It is one of the most common ways of cooking rice in Italy.

Risotto is normally a primo (first course), served on its own before the main course, but risotto alla milanese is often served together with ossobuco alla milanese.

Rice varieties
A high-starch (amylopectin), low-amylose round medium- or short-grain rice is usually used to make risotto. Such rices have the ability to absorb liquids and to release starch and so they are stickier than the long grain  varieties.
The principal varieties used in Italy are Arborio, Baldo, Carnaroli, Maratelli, Padano, Roma, and Vialone Nano. Carnaroli, Maratelli and Vialone Nano are considered to be the best (and most expensive) varieties, with different users preferring one over the other. They have slightly different properties.  For example, Carnaroli is less likely than Vialone Nano to get overcooked, but the latter, being smaller, cooks faster and absorbs condiments better.  Other varieties like Roma, Baldo, Ribe and Originario may be used but will not have the creaminess of the traditional dish. These varieties are considered better for soups and other non-risotto rice dishes and for making sweet rice desserts.  Rice designations of Superfino, Semifino and Fino refer to the size and shape (specifically the length and the narrowness) of the grains, and not the quality.
Basic preparation
There are many different risotto recipes with different ingredients, but they are all based on rice of an appropriate variety cooked in a standard procedure.
The rice is first cooked briefly in a soffritto of onion and butter or olive oil to coat each grain in a film of fat, this is called tostatura; white or red wine is added and has to be absorbed by the grains. When it has evaporated, the heat is raised to medium high and very hot stock is gradually added in small amounts while stirring gently, almost constantly: stirring loosens the starch molecules from the outside of the rice grains into the surrounding liquid, creating a smooth creamy-textured liquid. At that point it is taken off the heat for the mantecatura when diced cold butter and finely grated Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese are vigorously stirred in to make the texture as creamy and smooth as possible. It may be removed from the heat a few minutes earlier, and left to cook with its residual heat. Seafood risotti generally do not include cheese.
Properly cooked risotto is rich and creamy but still with some resistance or bite: al dente, and with separate grains. The traditional texture is fairly fluid, or all'onda ("wavy, or flowing in waves"). It is served on flat dishes and it should easily spread out but not have excess watery liquid around the perimeter. It must be eaten at once as it continues to cook in its own heat and can become too dry with the grains too soft.

Variations

 
Risotto can be made using many kinds of vegetable, meat, fish, seafood and legumes, and different types of wine and cheese may be used. There is even, exceptionally, an Italian strawberry risotto.

Many variations have their own names:
Risotto alla milanese. Made with beef stock, beef bone marrow,  lard (instead of butter) and cheese, flavored and colored with saffron.
 Piedmont's risotto al Barolo is made with red wine and may include sausage meat and or Borlotti beans.
 Black risotto or risotto al nero di seppia made with cuttlefish cooked with their ink-sacs intact, is a specialty of the Veneto region.
 Risi e Bisi or "rice and peas" is a Veneto spring dish that is correctly served with a spoon not a fork; it is a soup so thick it looks like a risotto. It is made with green peas using the stock from the fresh young pods, flavored with Pancetta.

Notes

References
 Barrett, Judith, and Wasserman, Norma (1987). Risotto. New York: Scribner. .
 Hazan, Marcella (1992). Essentials of Classic Italian Cooking. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. .

Other websites
Other websites

Free Culinary School Podcast Episode 4 A podcast episode that talks about the classical technique and science behind making risotto.
How to make Risotto Step-by-step instructions on how to make a perfect risotto.
Shrimp Risotto Recipe  Recipe to make heart-healthy risotto.

Italian food
Rice dishes
A subscription is a product or service which is paid for periodically, rather than all at once. Magazines and newspapers are often subscription products. Public utility services like internet connections or cable television are examples of subscription services. Subscriptions fees are usually charged for a consistent time period, typically in weeks, months, or years.

In a traditional business model, revenue flows linearly – from marketing to sales and finance. But in subscription businesses, the revenue flow is cyclical. While the purposes of all functions remain unchanged, their revenue implications are amplified since customers need to be ‘won’ not just once but through every recurring billing cycle.
Subscription business models were first introduced in the 1600s by newspaper and book publishers. With the rise of technology and software as a service (SaaS) products, many companies are moving from a business revenue model where revenue is made from a customer's one-time purchase to a subscription model where revenue is made on a recurring basis in return for consistent access to the delivery of a software good or service.

Types of subscription business models 
Subscription business models can include a variety of companies and industries. Those industries include:

 cable television,
 satellite radio, 
 websites, 
 gyms, 
 lawn care, 
 storage units, 
 coffee and many more.

Publishing
In publishing, the subscription model typically involves a Paywall, Paysite or other "toll-access" system (named in opposition to open access). As revenues from digital advertising diminish, a paid subscription model is being favoured by more publishers who see it as a comparatively stable income stream.

References
References

Business
The wildcat is Felis silvestris, a member of the small cat sub-family Felinae. It is native to Eurasia. It is so-called because it is almost impossible to tame. However, crossbreeding with domestic cats has occurred throughout almost the whole of the species' range.

The wildcat shows geographic variation. All subspecies are larger than house cats, with longer legs and more robust bodies. There are about 22 subspecies, or (according to some) only four, including the Chinese mountain cat, which was previously considered a species in its own right.

Our domestic cat originated from the subspecies known as the African wildcat.

The name 'wildcat' is sometimes used as a term for  domestic cats which have gone wild in the sense of living rough, without owners.

Related pages 
Asiatic wildcat

References 

Felines
Mammals of Europe
The Krebs cycle (named after Hans Krebs) is a part of cellular respiration. Its other names are the citric acid cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). 

The "Krebs cycle" is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms in their energy conversion processes. It is important to many biochemical pathways.  This suggests that it was one of the earliest  parts of cellular metabolism to evolve.

The Krebs cycle comes after the link reaction and provides the hydrogen and electrons needed for the electron transport chain. It takes place inside mitochondria.
Summary 
The diagram below shows how this part of respiration is an ever-repeating cycle which produces ATP and gives off CO2. The ATP is a molecule which carries energy in chemical form to be used in other cell processes. To summarize: 
 Two molecules of carbon dioxide are given off
 One molecule of GTP is formed
 Three molecules of NAD+ are combined with hydrogen (NAD+ → NADH)
 One molecule of FAD combines with hydrogen (FAD → FADH2)

Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule. Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2 two QH2 (ubiquinol) and four CO2.

Related pages 	
 Cellular respiration	
 Glycolysis	
 Link reaction	
 Electron transport chain

Other websites 
 Lecture 
 Krebs cycle animation

References 

Metabolism
Cellular respiration
Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme used in up to 4% of enzymatic reactions within all living cells. Notably, it is used in fatty acid synthesis, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

Gallery 

Cellular respiration
Metabolism
In organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl), is a functional group, the acyl of acetic acid, with chemical formula -COCH3.

Structure 
The acetyl group contains a methyl group bonded to a carbonyl with a lone electron left over. This electron forms a chemical bond to the rest (R) of the molecule.

Use 
The acetyl group is part of some organic compounds such as acetylcholine and acetyl-CoA.

Chemical compounds
Functional groups
Multiple birth is when one woman gives birth to more than one child at the same time. Depending on the number of children born, it can be called twins (two), triplets (three), quadruplets (four), and so on. There have been cases known in which a woman gave birth to eight children at once. These have a higher risk of dying.

The chance of multiple birth grows when artificial insemination is used. It is therefore used in China to outsmart the one-child policy.

Biological reproduction
Skins is a controversial and two time BAFTA-winning British teen drama about a group of English teenagers growing up in Bristol. Mainly ages 16–18, the characters go to a fictional school called Roundview College. The show was created by television writers Bryan Elsley and Jamie Brittain, and was first shown on E4 on 25 January 2007. There are seven seasons (61 episodes). There are also mini episodes of Skins that can only be watched online. It was also shown on Channel 4. On 12 March 2009 it was announced on the official Skins website that a fourth season of Skins has been planned. The last episode was 5 August 2013. An American adaptation was made. The remake made in the USA was shown on MTV in 2011. It was not very popular and was accused of child pornography and being a bad influence on teenagers, so a second season was not made. It had the same characters as UK Skins apart from Maxxie, who was replaced with a lesbian called Tea Marvelli.

Characters
Characters

First generation 
These characters were in the first two seasons.
Anthony "Tony" Stonem is played by Nicholas Hoult. He is the older brother of Effy. He goes out with Michelle at the start of series 1. He cheats on her with Abbie and Maxxie. In the last episode of series 1 Tony is ran over by a bus. In series 2 he has subdural hematoma because of this. He and Effy and their mother Anthea lived with his abusive father named Jim in 2007-2008.
 Sid Jenkins is Tony's best friend. He is played by Mike Bailey. He is a virgin at the start of the first season. He has low self-esteem and his best friend Tony is his role model. His respect for Tony lessens throughout the two seasons. In the remake, Sid got called Stanley.
 Michelle Richardson is Tony's girlfriend. She is played by April Pearson. She describes Jal as her best friend.
 Cassie Ainsworth is a weird girl who self-harms and has anorexia. She is played by Hannah Murray. She is romantically interested in Sid from the first episode, Later they start dating.
Christopher "Chris" Miles is played by Joe Dempsie. He has an affair with his psychology teacher Angie. He is expelled from college. He dies unexpectedly in series 2 of a brain hemorrhage.
 Jalander "Jal" Fazer is a black musician. She is played by Larissa Wilson.
 Maxxie Oliver is openly gay. His best friend is Anwar. He is played by Mitch Hewer. He was the only character not to appear in the American adaptation of the show.
 Anwar Kharral is a Muslim. This conflicts with his friendship with Maxxie, who is gay. Anwar says that being gay is against his religion. But he eats pork, takes drugs at parties, and has premarital sex. He is played by Dev Patel.
 Lucy "Sketch" is a Welsh girl who stalks Maxxie in series 2. She is played by Aimee-Ffion Edwards. When Maxxie is not interested in her she has sex with his best friend Anwar.
Second generation 
At the end of the second season of Skins, it was announced that the old characters were being replaced with new ones. The only characters from the "original" season to come back are Effy Stonem (who is Tony's little sister), and Effy's best friend from season two, Pandora Moon. 
 Elizabeth "Effy" Stonem is the younger sister of Tony Stonem. She is the lead character of the series. She is played by Kaya Scodelario. She is popular but quiet.
 Pandora "Panda" Moon is played by Lisa Backwell. Thomas is her boyfriend.
 James Cook, known as Cook, is played by Jack O'Connell. He reappears in series 7. He is an outgoing 'party animal'. 
 Frederick "Freddie" Mclair is played by Luke Pasqualino. Cook and JJ are his best friends. They call themselves The Three Musketeers. He falls in love with Effy.
JJ Jones has Asperger syndrome. He is a virgin at the start of the series but he becomes more confident. He is played by Ollie Barbieri. In series 4 he becomes close friends with Thomas. Thomas helps him get a girlfriend, Lara.
 Emily and Katherine "Katie" Fitch are identical twin sisters. They are played by real-life twins Megan and Kathryn Prescott. They are very different. Katie refers to herself as a WAG because she has a footballer boyfriend. Emily goes out with Naomi.
 Naomi Campbell is played by Lucy Loveless. She goes out with Naomi and cheats on her. She reappears in season seven. She develops breast cancer and dies.
 Thomas Tomone is an immigrant from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He is played by Merveille Lukeba. Panda is his girlfriend.