Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Amanda Show is a sketch comedy television series starring Amanda Bynes, formerly of All That. It is a spin-off of All That. The series starred Amanda as almost every major recurring character, including herself, Penelope, Courtney, and Judge Trudy (a parody of Judge Judy.) The series aired on Saturday nights on the Nickelodeon television network in the United States.  It still shows the show in reruns. Three of the show's stars (Drake Bell, Josh Peck, and Nancy Cartwright) Were on the very popular Drake and Josh.

Penelope Taynt
Penelope Taynt is a fictional character played by Amanda Bynes "Number One Fan, Please" on The Amanda Show. She never once met Amanda, but often came very close. She is known for saying "please" and "actual" often. She does not know the names of any cast member that is not Amanda. On the show, she had a website called "www.amandaplease.com." Eventually, it was made into the show's official site.
Comedy television series
Nickelodeon television series
1999 American television series debuts
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was .

Events
January – June 
 January 3 – Kilauea on the island of Hawaii begins erupting.
 February 16 – The Ash Wednesday bushfires hit Victoria and South Australia.
 February 28 – The TV Show, M*A*S*H ends with 125 million people watching the last show.
 April 3 – In Mexico, the 2nd festival of the popular Juguemos a Cantar series begins, it ends five weeks later on May 1.
 April 4 – The Space Shuttle Challenger is launched on its maiden voyage: STS-6.
 April 11 – Spain's Seve Ballesteros won the 47th PGA Masters Tournament
 April 13 – Minnesota's largest retailer Target Corporation expands into California, opening 11 stores.
 April 18
 The 1983 United States embassy bombing in Beirut kills 63 people.
 Channel broadcasting is founded by the Disney Channel. 
 April 22 – A reactor shut-down due to failure of fuel rods occurs at Kursk Nuclear Power Plant, Russia.
April 25 – Cold War: Manchester, Maine, U.S., schoolgirl Samantha Smith is invited to visit the Soviet Union by its leader Yuri Andropov, after he read her letter in which she expressed fears about nuclear war.
 May 6 – The fake Hitler Diaries are published by Stern magazine.
 May 26 – An earthquake and tsunami hits Honshu, Japan, killing 104 people.
 June 9 – In the UK, Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Party scores a landslide election victory over Michael Foot's Labour Party.
 June 18 – Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space.
July – December 
 July 1 – A North Korean Ilyushin II-62 jet crashes in Guinea-Bissau.
 August 4 – Thomas Sankara takes control in Upper Volta, which he renames Burkina Faso exactly a year later.
 August 21 – Filipino opposition leader Benigno Aquino is assassinated.
 September 1 – Korean Airlines Flight 007 is shot down by the Soviet Union, after it passed over Sakhalin Island, as it had come off-course. All 269 people on board are killed.
 September 19 – St. Kitts and Nevis becomes an independent nation.
 September 27 – The GNU Project is announced publicly on net.unix wizards and net.usoftnewsgroups.
 October 19 – Grenadan prime minister Maurice Bishop, and 40 other people are assassinated in a coup.
 November 11 – Ronald Reagan addressed the Japanese Diet (national legislature).
 November 25-  The Great Man Called Suman Was Born.....In Kolkata, Westbengal, India.
 December 10 – Military rule ends in Argentina.
 December 31 – Brunei becomes independent.
Culture 
 Compact discs are introduced; vinyl records begin a dramatic decline in sales.
 "Crack" cocaine is first developed.
 Phish forms
 Billie Jean King retires from tennis

Births
Births

January – June 
 January 2 – Kate Bosworth, American actress
 January 16 – Emanuel Pogatetz, Austrian footballer
 January 17 – Yelle, French singer and songwriter
 January 21 – Maryse Ouellet, Canadian professional wrestler
 February 3 – Gabriel Sargissian, Armenian chess Grandmaster
 February 23 – Emily Blunt, English actress
 February 25 – Eduardo da Silva, Brazilian-Croatian footballer
 March 9 – Clint Dempsey, American footballer
 April 1 – Franck Ribéry, French footballer
 April 14 – James McFadden, Scottish footballer
 April 18 - Miguel Cabrera, Venezuelan baseball player
 April 23 – Taio Cruz, English singer
 May 11 – Matt Leinart, American football player
 May 11 – Holly Valance, Australian actress and singer
 June 8 – Kim Clijsters, Belgian tennis player
 June 19 – Mark Selby, English snooker player
 June 30 – Cheryl Cole, English singer (Girls Aloud)
July – December 
 July 5 – Zheng Jie, Chinese tennis player
 August 6 – Robin van Persie, Dutch footballer
 August 14 – Mila Kunis, Russian-American actress
 August 18 – Mika, Lebanese-English singer
 August 18 – Kris Boyd, Scottish footballer
 September 14 – Amy Winehouse, English singer
 September 26 – Ricardo Quaresma, Portuguese footballer
 October 14 – Lin Dan, Chinese badminton player
 October 17 – Ivan Saenko, Russian footballer
 November 11 – Philipp Lahm, German footballer
 December 9 – Dariusz Dudka, Polish footballer
 December 15 – Ronnie Radke, American singer
 December 31 – Sayaka Ichii, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)

Deaths

January 

 January 18 – Arturo Umberto Illia, 34th President of Argentina (b. 1900)
 January 20 – Garrincha, Brazilian footballer (b. 1933)
 January 24 – George Cukor, American film director and producer (b. 1899)
 January 28 – Frank Forde, Australian politician (b. 1890)
 January 28 – Billy Fury, English singer (b. 1940)

February
February 

 February 4 – Karen Carpenter, American singer (b. 1950)
 February 12 – Eubie Blake, American musician (b. 1887)
 February 25 – Tennessee Williams, American writer (b. 1911)

March 

 March 3 – Hergé, Belgian comics writer (b. 1907)
 March 18 – Umberto II of Italy (b. 1904)

April 

 April 4 – Gloria Swanson, American actress (b. 1899)
 April 15 – Corrie ten Boom, Dutch resistance fighter (b. 1892)
 April 30 – Muddy Waters, American musician (b. 1915)

May 

 May 2 - Pridi Banomyong, Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1900)
 May 5 – Anton Buttigieg, 2nd President of Malta (b. 1912)
 May 22 – Idris of Libya (b. 1890)
 May 31 – Jack Dempsey, American heavyweight boxer (b. 1895)

June

July 

 July 1 – Buckminster Fuller, American architect (b. 1895)
 July 29 – David Niven, English actor (b. 1910)
 July 29 – Luis Buñuel, Spanish director (b. 1900)

August 
 August 17 – Ira Gershwin, American lyricist (b. 1896)
 August 21 – Benigno Aquino Jr., Filipino politician (b. 1932)
September 
 September 1 – Larry McDonald, American politician (b. 1935)
 September 25 – Leopold III of Belgium (b. 1901)

October 
 October 19 – Maurice Bishop, Prime Minister of Grenada (b. 1944)

November

December 

 December 13 – Leora Dana, American actress (b. 1923)
 December 25 – Joan Miró, Spanish artist (b. 1893)
 December 28 – Dennis Wilson, American musician (The Beach Boys) (b. 1944)

Movies released 
 National Lampoon's Vacation
 Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
 Tootsie
 Trading Places
 WarGames
 Superman III
 Flashdance
 Staying Alive
 Octopussy
 Mr. Mom, starring Michael Keaton and Teri Garr
 48 Hrs.
 Risky Business, starring Tom Cruise and Rebecca De Mornay
 The Verdict
 Jaws 3-D
 Never Say Never Again
 The Outsiders
Hit songs 
 "99 Luftballons" (99 Red Balloons) – Nena
 "1999" – Prince
 "2000 Miles" – The Pretenders
 "Add It Up" – Violent Femmes
 "Africa" – Toto
 "All Night Long (All Night)" – Lionel Richie
 "All Time High" – Rita Coolidge
 "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me" – Naked Eyes
 "Another State Of Mind" – Social Distortion
 "Australiana" – Austen Tayshus #1 (a)
 "Baby, Come to Me" – Patti Austin with James Ingram
 "Baby Jane" – Rod Stewart
 "Bad Boys" – Wham!
 "Bad Day" – Carmel
 "Beat It" – Michael Jackson
 "Billie Jean" – Michael Jackson
 "Blind Vision" – Blancmange
 "Blister in the Sun" – Violent Femmes
 "Bloodstone" – Judas Priest
 "Blue Monday" – New Order
 "Blue World" – The Moody Blues
 "Bop Girl – Pat Wilson #1 (a)
 "Boxerbeat" – JoBoxers
 "Breaking Us In Two" – Joe Jackson
 "Buffalo Soldier" – Bob Marley and the Wailers
 "Buried Treasure" – Kenny Rogers
 "Burning Down the House" – Talking Heads
 "Calling Your Name" – Marilyn
 "Candy Girl" – New Edition
"Can't Get Used To Losing You" – The Beat
 "Chance" – Big Country
 "Change" – Tears for Fears
 "China Girl" – David Bowie
 "Chinese Cafe" – Joni Mitchell
 "Church of the Poison Mind" – Culture Club
 "Club Tropicana" – Wham!
 "Come Back And Stay" – Paul Young
 "Cruel Summer" – Bananarama
 "Cry Me a River" – Mari Wilson
 "Dark Is The Night" – Shakatak
 "Dear Prudence" – Siouxsie and the Banshees
 "Did You Have To Love Me Like You Do?" – The Coconuts
 "Dirty Laundry" – Don Henley
 "Don't Cry" – Asia
 "Don't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away" – Phil Collins
 "Don't Talk To Me About Love" – Altered Images
 "Double Dutch" – Malcolm McLaren
 "Down Under" – Men at Work
 "Drop The Pilot" – Joan Armatrading
 "Electric Avenue" – Eddy Grant
 "Every Breath You Take" – The Police
 "Everyday I Write The Book" – Elvis Costello and the Attractions
 "Everything Counts" – Depeche Mode
 "Family Man" – Hall & Oates
 "Femme" – Dalida
 "Fields of Fire (400 Miles)" – Big Country
 "Flashdance... What a Feeling" – Irene Cara
"Garden Party" – Marillion
 "Gimme All Your Lovin'" – ZZ Top
 "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" – Cyndi Lauper
 "Give It Up" – KC and the Sunshine Band
 "Gloria" – Laura Branigan
 "Gold" – Spandau Ballet
 "He Knows You Know" – Marillion
 "Heartache Avenue" – The Maisonettes
 "Hold Me Now" – Thompson Twins
 "Hungry Like the Wolf" – Duran Duran
 "I Cannot Believe It's True" – Phil Collins
 "I Don't Care Anymore" – Phil Collins
 "I Don't Remember(Live)" – Peter Gabriel
 "I Guess That's Why They Call It The Blues" – Elton John
 "I'll Tumble 4 Ya" – Culture Club
 "I'm Still Standing" – Elton John
 "In a Big Country" – Big Country
 "In the Neighborhood" – Tom Waits
 "I.O.U." – Freeez
 "Is There Something I Should Know?" – Duran Duran
 "Islands in the Stream" – Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton
 "It Don't Matter To Me" – Phil Collins
 "It's Raining Men" – The Weather Girls
 "Johnny B. Goode" – Peter Tosh
 "Jump (For My Love)" – The Pointer Sisters
 "Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club
"Keep Feeling (Fascination)" – The Human League
 "Kiss The Bride" – Elton John
 "Le restaurant italien" – Dalida
 "Les p'tits mots" – Dalida
 "Let's Dance" – David Bowie
 "Let's Stay Together" – Tina Turner
 "Little Red Corvette" – Prince
 "Long Hot Summer" – The Style Council
 "Love Blonde" – Kim Wilde
 "Love is a Battlefield" – Pat Benatar
 "Love Is A Stranger" – Eurythmics
 "Love On Your Side" – Thompson Twins
 "Love Town" – Booker Newberry III
 "Mama" – Genesis
 "Many Rivers To Cross" – UB40
 "Marguerita Time" – Status Quo
 "Market Square Heroes" – Marillion
 "Modern Love" – David Bowie
 "Moonlight Shadow" – Mike Oldfield
 "Mourir sur scène" – Dalida
 "Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" – Bananarama
 "New Frontier" – Donald Fagen
 "New Song" – Howard Jones
 "New Year's Day" – U2
 "Nobody's Diary" – Yazoo
 "Oblivious" – Aztec Camera
 "One On One" – Hall & Oates
 "Only For Love" – Limahl
 "Only You" – The Flying Pickets
 "Ooh To Be Ah" – Kajagoogoo
 "Our Lips Are Sealed" – Fun Boy Three
"Owner of a Lonely Heart" – Yes
 "Photograph" – Def Leppard
 "Pills and Soap" – The Imposter
 "Radio Free Europe" – R.E.M.
 "Reckless" – Australian Crawl #1
 "Red Red Wine" – UB40
 Relax – Frankie Goes to Hollywood
 "Right By Your Side" – Eurythmics
 "Rio" – Duran Duran
 "Rip It Up" – Orange Juice
 "Rock And Roll Is King" – Electric Light Orchestra
 "Rockit" – Herbie Hancock
 "Rosanna" – Toto
 "Save a Prayer" – Duran Duran
 "Say, Say, Say" – Michael Jackson & Paul McCartney
 "Screaming for Vengeance" – Judas Priest
 "Send Me An Angel" – Real Life
 "Sharp Dressed Man" – ZZ Top
 "She Works Hard For The Money" – Donna Summer
 "Shiny Shiny" – Haysi Fantazee
 "Shipbuilding" – Robert Wyatt
 "Sign Of The Times" – The Belle Stars
 "Soul Inside" – Soft Cell
 "Speak Like A Child" – The Style Council
 "Steppin' Out" – Joe Jackson
 "Sweet Dreams Are Made of This" – Eurythmics
 "Synchronicity 2" – The Police
 "Tell Her About It" – Billy Joel
 "Talking In Your Sleep" – The Romantics
 "Temptation" – Heaven 17
"Tender Is The Night" – Jackson Browne
 "That's All" – Genesis
 "The Big Apple" – Kajagoogoo
 "The Celtic Soul Brothers" – Dexy's Midnight Runners
 "The Chinese Way" – Level 42
 "The Cutter" – Echo and the Bunnymen
 "The First Picture Of You" – The Lotus Eaters
 "The Love Cats" – The Cure
 "The Safety Dance" – Men Without Hats
 "The Shape You're In" – Eric Clapton
 "The Story Of The Blues" – Wah!
 "The Sun Goes Down(Living It Up)" – Level 42
 "The Walk" – The Cure
 "They Don't Know" – Tracey Ullman
 "This Is The Day" – The The
 "Thriller" – Michael Jackson
 "Tonight I Celebrate My Love" – Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack
 "Too Shy" – Kajagoogoo
 "Total Eclipse of the Heart" – Bonnie Tyler
 "True" – Spandau Ballet
 "True Love Ways" – Cliff Richard
 "Tunnel Of Love" – Fun Boy Three
 "Twisting By The Pool" – Dire Straits
 "Under Attack" – ABBA
 "Undercover of the Night" – The Rolling Stones
 "Union Of The Snake" – Duran Duran
 "Up Where We Belong" – Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes
 "Uptown Girl" – Billy Joel
"Vintage'77(EP)" – The Heartbreakers
 "Vision In Blue" – Ultravox
 "A Volar"- Menudo
 "Walk Out To Winter" – Aztec Camera
 "Walkin' The Line" – Brass Construction
 "Watching You Watching Me" – David Grant
 "We Are Detective" – Thompson Twins
 "We've Got Tonight" Kenny Rogers and Sheena Easton
 "What Is Love?" – Howard Jones
 "What Kinda Boy You're Lookin' For(Girl)" – Hot Chocolate
 "Wherever I Lay My Hat(That's My Home)" – Paul Young
 "White Lines (Don't Don't Do It)" – Grandmaster and Melle Mel
 "Who's That Girl?" – Eurythmics
 "Why Can't It Wait 'Til Morning?" – Phil Collins
 "Wings of a Dove" – Madness
 "Wrapped Around Your Finger" – The Police
 "You Can't Hurry Love" – Phil Collins
New books 
 The Anubis Gates – Tim Powers
 Changes – Danielle Steel
 Christine – Stephen King
 Cold Heaven – Anita Brian Moore
 The Colour of Magic – Terry Pratchett
 The Dark Green Tunnel – Allan W. Eckert
 Hollywood Wives – Jackie Collins
 Icebreaker – John Gardner
 Ironweed – William Kennedy
 The Last Warrior Queen – Mary Mackey
 Life and Times of Michael K – J. M. Coetzee
 The Little Drummer Girl – John le Carré
 The Lonesome Gods – Louis L'Amour
 The Loser – Thomas Bernhard
 The Mists of Avalon – Marion Zimmer Bradley
 Odyssey: A Daring Transatlantic Journey – Susan Oliver
 On Wings of Eagles – Ken Follett
 Pet Sematary – Stephen King
 Phantoms – Dean R. Koontz
 The Piano Teacher – Elfriede Jelinek
 Poland – James A. Michener
 Resistance and Persecution in Passau from 1933 to 1939 – Anna Rosmus
 The Robots of Dawn – Isaac Asimov
 Scandal – A. N. Wilson
 Shame – Salman Rushdie
 A Time for Judas – Morley Callaghan
White Gold Wielder: Book Three of the Second Chronicles of Thomas Covenant – Stephen R. Donaldson
 Winter's Tale – Mark Helprin
 Worstward Ho – Samuel Beckett
Sally Kristen Ride (May 26, 1951 – July 23, 2012) was an American astronaut and astrophysicist. She was the first American woman to reach outer space.

Ride was born on May 26, 1951. She was born in the neighborhood of Encino in Los Angeles, California. She earned a Ph.D. in physics from Stanford University. She joined NASA in 1978. She was an astronaut until 1987. In order to be an astronaut and go into space, Sally Ride had to train for a year. Training included adapting to gravity, water survival, radio communications, and navigation. She went on the Space Shuttle Challenger in June 1983. This trip was the first time an American woman was in space. She helped design the robot arm for the space shuttle. The robot arm lifts heavy objects in space. Ride was the first person to use the robot arm in space. The robot arm put a satellite in space that showed how the sun affected weather. Ride flew to space twice.
She worked on the commissions that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger and Space Shuttle Columbia disasters. Ride became a professor in 1989. She was the professor of physics and director of the Oklahoma Space Institute at the University of California.

She was married to astronaut Steven Hawley from 1982 until they divorced in 1987. At the time of her death, Ride had been in a relationship with writer Tam O'Shaughnessy for 27 years.

On July 23, 2012, Ride died of pancreatic cancer at her home in La Jolla, a neighborhood of San Diego, California. She was 61.

References

American astronauts
American physicists
Cancer deaths in San Diego County
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
LGBT people from Los Angeles
LGBT scientists
Scientists from Los Angeles
1951 births
2012 deaths
For the court as the seat of a royal person see royal court.
For the court as a space inside a building, see courtyard.
A court, in law, is a part of the government in which people come together to decide how to apply the country's laws to a specific situation, especially when there is an argument over how to apply the law. Some disagreements a court may decide are whether a person is guilty of a crime, who is the legal owner of property, or who the children of two divorced parents should live with. The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is commonly known as the judiciary. A court is usually located in a special building called a courthouse.

Most countries have multiple courts to deal with different issues.  For example, civil courts deal with private disputes between people or organizations, while criminal courts deal with people who have been accused of crimes.

Types of courts 

 Appellate court
 Court-martial
 Constitutional court
 International court
 Supreme court
 Trial court
Related medical words 
 Childbirth is the process at the end of a human pregnancy that results in a baby being born.
 Natural childbirth is the technique of minimizing medical intervention, particularly anaesthetics, during childbirth.
 Multiple birth is the birth of two (twins), three (triplets), four (quadruplets), etc., babies resulting from a single pregnancy.
 Birth pangs are the pains felt by the mother during labor
 Caesarean section or C-section is surgical birth through the wall of the abdomen.
 Afterbirth is the birth of the placenta following the birth of the baby.
 Birth canal is the term used for the vagina during birth
 Birth control is the prevention of pregnancy.
 Birth defect is a physical or mental abnormality present at the time of birth.
 Complications may cause a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion to occur.
 Infertility treatments are devices, medications, or behavior patterns to increase the probability of pregnancy.
Premature birth is the birth of an infant before the full term of pregnancy.
 Stillbirth is the birth of a dead fetus or infant.
Changes in pelvis during human pregnancy 
In adult females the pelvis is shaped differently from males. The differences are connected with allowing the baby to pass through the birth canal successfully. Also, during pregnancy, a hormone called relaxin softens the ligaments in the pelvis area. This produces a little bit of extra space for the baby's head to get through. The process is hard to describe in words, but fortunately there is an excellent video which explains what goes on.
Baby Centre expert advice: how pregnancy changes your pelvis.

Legal meanings
 Birth certificate is a legal document describing details of a person's birth.
Birthday is a day to celebrate that the person has lived a certain number of years. 
 In some countries a person is considered of illegitimate birth if the child is born of parents not legally married to one another.
Spiritual meanings
Born again -a term used primarily in Protestantism, is associated with salvation, conversion, and spiritual rebirth. See Gospel of John chapter 3.
 Rebirth is a belief that a person is born again after their death based on the karma of their previous births.
 Virgin birth of Jesus is the Christian doctrine that asserts that Jesus Christ was born to a virgin, and thus that his conception was carried out without an earthly father.

Related pages
 Death
 Fertilisation
 Home birth
 Pregnancy

References

Pregnancy and childbirth
Pollution is when harmful substances are added to the environment and then change it in a bad way. There are six kinds of pollution of the environment: water pollution, air pollution, light pollution, noise pollution, soil pollution and thermal pollution.

As pollution grows, ways to combat it have been in demand. Solar energy and wind energy give people clean opportunities to power their homes. But these may also have environmental issues depending on the situation. When people  use these alternative forms of energy, they put less carbon dioxide into the environment.

Water pollution 

Water pollution is the presence of harmful materials in water, such as sewage, dissolved metal, waste from farms, factories and crude oil spilled from oil tankers. The three main substances that pollute water are nitrates from fertilizers, sewage and detergents.
Activities such as bathing and washing clothes near lakes, ponds or rivers add nutrients like nitrate and phosphate into the water bodies.This leads to excessive growth of algae on the surface of water. It blocks the penetration  of sunlight and air, thus reducing oxygen.

It causes harm to organisms living in water and can also harm people's health. In extreme cases, it may cause diseases like cancer. It also leads to loss of a large amount of aquatic life.

Epidemic diseases 
Water pollution has been a problem from the time human population increased, and live in cities. Cities have been prone to cholera and typhoid fever and other infectious diseases since Roman times. Existing water systems put in place in the 19th century are overwhelmed by the rapid growth of population in cities.

Air pollution
Air pollution 

Air can be polluted by many things.  Examples include poisonous gases, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and very small particulates.  Smoke and harmful gases released by fires, industries, and thermal power plants cause air pollution.  Using coal and wood as fuels for fire causes a lot of air pollution.  Petroleum produces less pollution per ton, but it causes a lot of pollution since a lot of it is burned globally.  Air pollution may cause health problems such as asthma or other breathing problems.

Air pollution causes global warming and acid rain. This makes it difficult for some living things to survive.

Noise pollution/Sound pollution
Noise pollution, also known as sound pollution, is harmful to the brain and hearing of all animals and humans. This includes the sound of vehicles, loud speakers, airplanes, jets, train horns etc. Noise pollution can cause ear problems or even permanent deafness, especially to older people. The schools which are beside the roads suffer from noise pollution. Students cannot concentrate in their studies. People in hospitals near main roads also suffer.

Thermal pollution 
Thermal pollution is the harmful release of heated liquid into a body of water or heat released into the air as a waste product of an industry.

A common cause of thermal pollution is using water as a coolant by power stations and industrial manufacturers. This puts back warm water, and so raises the temperature and decreases how much oxygen is in the water. The heat released into the air will make the air warmer which increase global warming.

Related pages 
Climate change
Ozone depletion
Overpopulation
Environmentalism

References
Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself from 'foreign bodies'. This means rejecting infections, clearing up dust which gets in the lungs, and killing cancer cells. 

Immunity is of two types. Innate immunity protects the host against infection, but has no 'memory', and so gives no long-term immunity.

The second type is adaptive immunity, which does have a kind of 'memory'. It does give long-term protection against specific pathogens.

All animals, plants and fungi have some innate immunity. Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity.

People can be immunised from some diseases by having a vaccination 
(injection of some dead or weakened virus, or bacteria that causes the disease). Vaccination builds on the natural immune system to make a person resist certain diseases. By doing so, the body reacts more quickly to fight the virus/bacteria when it comes.
History of immunology
Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. The earliest known mention of immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time.

In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom.

This and other observations of acquired immunity was later exploited by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory.
It was not until Robert Koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed.

Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century.  Humoral immunity (antibodies) and cellular immunity (T cells and dendritic cells). were all recognised.

Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich, who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1908, which was jointly awarded to the founder of cellular immunology, Elie Mechnikov.

Humoral immunity 
Humoral immunity is immunity that is done by macromolecules. Antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides are in extracellular fluids.
Cell-mediated immunity  
This is an immune response which does not involve antibodies. Cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

References 

Immunology
Roman numerals are a numeral system that was used by ancient Rome. Numbers in this system use letters from the Latin alphabet. Currently, it uses seven symbols:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Symbol
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
! Value
| 1
| 5
| 10
| 50
| 100
| 500
| 1,000
|}

The Europeans still used Roman numerals even after the fall of the Roman Empire. From the 14th century, the Europeans replaced Roman numerals with Arabic numerals. However, people still use Roman numerals to this day.

One place in which they are sometimes seen is on clock faces (the front of a clock). For example, on the clock of Big Ben, the hours from 1 to 12 are written as:

The  and  can be read as "one less than 5" (4) and "one less than 10" (9). On many clocks that use Roman numerals, however, 4 is written as .
Subtraction rule 
Instead of writing the same letter four times, a rule for subtraction is used. The letter is written once, then the next largest Roman numeral is written. When a lower number (such as ) appears before a higher one (such as ), the lower number is subtracted from the higher one. For example, 4 is not written as , but instead as , because  is  (5) minus  (1). The same is done for 9 - it is not written as , but instead as , because  is  (10) minus  (1).

Example 
It is very easy to write a number as a Roman numeral. Simply subtract the largest possible Roman numeral as many times as possible from the number. This system will result in a valid Roman numeral, but will not take the subtraction rule into account.

Getting the number from the numeral is equally simple, by adding the values of the symbols.

In general, the values for 5, 50, and 500 are not subtracted. Here is the same number using the subtraction rule:

Special values
Special values

Zero 
The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral. At about 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N, the abbreviation (short form) of nihil (the Latin word for "nothing").

Fractions 

The Romans also used fractions. The most common base for fractions was 1/12, which in Latin is called uncia (ounce).

Large numbers 
A number of numeral systems are developed for large numbers that cannot be shown with , , , , ,  and .
Apostrophus 
One of the systems is the apostrophus, in which D is written as IƆ (500) and M is written as CIƆ (1,000). In this system, an extra Ɔ means 500, and multiple extra Ɔs are used to mean 5,000, 50,000 etc.
{| class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Numeral
| style="width:3em;" | IƆ
| style="width:3em;" | CIƆ
| style="width:3em;" | CIƆƆ
| style="width:3em;" | IƆƆ
| style="width:3em;" | CCIƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCIƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCIƆƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | IƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCCIƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCCIƆƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCCIƆƆƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCCIƆƆƆƆƆƆ|-
! Value
| 500 || 1,000 || 1,500 || 5,000 || 10,000 || 10,500 || 15,000 || 50,000 || 100,000 || 100,500 || 105,000 || 150,000
|}

 Vinculum 
Another system is the vinculum, in which V, X, L, C, D and M are multiplied by 1,000 by adding an overline.

 Usage
In the Baltics and Russia, the days of the week are often written as Roman numerals, with I being Monday.
 When writing dates by hand, the month is sometimes written as a Roman numeral, especially for dates written in day-month-year sequence. For example: 26.XI.2014 or XI'.26.2014 = 26 November 2014.
Some video games use Roman numerals to indicate the game position in a series. The most famous examples are Final Fantasy games (Final Fantasy VII, Final Fantasy VIII, Final Fantasy X, etc...).
 When movies or books are published, the year of publication or year of copyright may be written as a Roman numeral.
 When people write about Monarchs or Popes, Patriarchs, or other leading figures, they are sometimes counted with Roman numbers, e.g. Queen Elizabeth II (of England), Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI, Patriarch Alexius II (of the Russian-Orthodox church)
In France, the centuries are sometimes written with Roman numerals (example : "XXe siècle" meaning "20th century", XVIIIe siècle = "18th century", etc...)''. 
 In Poland, roman numerals are used to show the month in dates and as a short method of writing ordinals (i.e.  instead of 6th).
 Unicode has a code block called Number Forms, which also contains representations of Roman numerals, at the positions U+2160 to U+2188.
Related pages 
 Arabic numerals
 Greek numerals

References

Other websites 
 Roman Numerals (Totally Epic Guide) - Know The Romans
 Roman Numeral Converter

Numerals, Roman
Numerals
A map is an image of an area, usually of the Earth or part of the Earth. A map is different from an aerial photograph because it includes interpretation. Many maps are called "charts" such as star charts and nautical charts. Some maps are of distant worlds. Before the late 20th century almost all maps were on paper. Today, many maps are digital, and can be seen on smartphones and computers. However, paper maps are still used.

The word "map" can also be used to talk about a chart or drawing that shows relationships between ideas, people, events, or anything else you can think about. This is why web developers call a list of web pages on a web site a site map.

People who make maps are cartographers.

Many maps today are made using GIS computer systems. These are database systems that are organized by location instead of named records.
If a map is on a piece of paper or a computer screen, it has to be projected.  This is because the Earth is round and paper and screens are flat.  There are a lot of ways that use mathematics to make map projections.  The only kind of map of the Earth that is not projected is one drawn on a sphere.  This is called a globe.

Basic English 850 words
Cartography
Survival skills
Tools
A globe is a scale model with the shape of a sphere. Globes can be scale models of the Earth (terrestrial globes) or of other planets. Globes can also be models of the celestial sphere (celestial globes). The English word "globe" comes from the , meaning round mass or sphere. 

Most globes are maps of the Earth. They have the advantage of avoiding the distortions of flat map projections. The most common types are political and physical. Political globes show countries. Physical globes show landscape like mountains and rivers. Some globes are star charts and some are maps of distant worlds.

Global as an adjective is used to mean the entire world rather than any special place on the Earth. It is also used in fields like computers to mean dealing with a whole larger system, rather than its individual little parts.

History
History 

That the Earth is a sphere was established by Hellenistic astronomy in the 3rd century BC. The terrestrial globe appeared in that period. Now, there are no terrestrial globes from Classical Antiquity or the Middle Ages in existence. The first example of terrestrial globe known was the one the ancient Greek Crates of Mallus made in the middle of the 2nd century BC. The Greek geographer Strabo wrote about Crates's terrestrial globe during the early years of the Roman Empire.

A celestial globe from Classical Antiquity is in the Naples National Archaeological Museum, Italy. The globe is part of a sculpture – the globe is held up by a statue of Atlas, a Titan from Greek mythology. The ancient Romans made the globe and statue in the 2nd century AD. They may have copied the sculpture from Hellenistic art (art of the ancient Greek type) from the Hellenistic period (the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd centuries BC). The sculpture's name is the Farnese Atlas.
Early globes of the Earth that show all of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic Golden Age. One such example was made in the 9th century AD by Muslim geographers and cartographers working under the Abbasid caliph, al-Ma'mun. Another example was the globe introduced to Beijing by the Persian astronomer, Jamal ad-Din, in 1267.

Martin Behaim designed a globe in 1492, in Nuremberg, Bavaria (Germany). Georg Glockendon was the artist who created the actual map drawings following Behaim's specifications. This globe is the oldest terrestrial globe still in existence. A copy of the globe showing America was made by Martin Waldseemueller in 1507. Another early globe, the Hunt-Lenox Globe, ca. 1507, is thought to be the source of the phrase "Here be dragons". Another "remarkably modern-looking" globe of the Earth was made in Constantinople (Istanbul) by Taqi al-Din at his Constantinople Observatory during the 1570s.

Manufacture
Manufacture 

Mass-produced globes are typically covered by a printed paper map. The most common type has long, thin gores (strips) of paper. These strips narrow to a point at the North Pole and the South Pole. Then a small disk is used to paper over the irregularities at the poles. The more gores there are, the less stretching and crumpling is needed to make the paper map fit the sphere. 

From a geometric point of view, all points on a sphere are the same. One could select any point on the planet, and create a paper map that covers the globe with strips that come together at that point and the opposite point.

A globe that represents the Earth is usually mounted at a 23.5° angle on bearings.  This mounting represents the axial tilt of the spinning planet, in relation to the Sun.  This makes it easy to visualize how days and seasons change.

References 

Cartography
Noah (meaning rest or comfort) is a man in the Abrahamic religions. He was the son of Lamech, and the father of sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Noah and his ark are in the Book of Genesis, which also describes Noah as the 'first man to plant a vineyard' (chapter 9). Several other parts of the Bible mention him, as does the Quran.

The Ark
The Ark 

As described in the Book of Genesis, Noah and his family kept believing in God in a time when most people were not, like his son Canaan and his wife Naamah. Knowing this was true, God told Noah he was going to flood the world, so he could drown out evil. He told Noah to build a boat called an ark. Noah was to put himself, his family (except his son and his wife because they refused to come aboard the ark), and two (a male and a female) of every kind of animal on it. People laughed at Noah, but they were killed by the flood with his son and his wife. Noah and family stayed on the ark until they reached land. To find land Noah sent out a dove, which returned with an olive branch. After the flood, God made a rainbow as a promise to say that he would never destroy the Earth by flood again. When they were able to walk on dry land, the animals were released and they were able to repopulate the earth.

References

Old Testament people
1452 was a leap year.

Events 
 March – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor becomes the last to be crowned in Rome.
 Portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers Corvo Island in the Azores.
 18 June – Pope Nicholas V issues the bull Dum Diversas, legitimising the colonial slave trade.
 October – English troops under John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, land in Guyenne, France, and retake most of the province without a fight.
 A major eruption of the South Pacific volcano Kuwae in Vanuatu has a subsequent global cooling effect (the eruption released more sulfate than any other event in the past 700 years).
 Battle of Bealach nam Broig, a Scottish clan battle.
 Murder of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas by James II of Scotland at Stirling Castle.
 Revolt of Ghent: Forces of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, clash multiple times with rebel militia from Ghent in the region around Ghent.
Births 
 February 6 – Joana, Crown Princess of Portugal (d. 1490)
 March 10 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1516)
 April 15 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist and inventor (d. 1519)
 April 19 – King Frederick IV of Naples (d. 1504)
 July 10 – King James III of Scotland (d. 1488)
 July 27 – Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1508)
 September 21 – Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer and ruler of Florence (d. 1498)
 October 2 – King Richard III of England (d. 1485)
 December 10 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (d. 1531)

Deaths 
 February 10 
 Svitrigaila, Grand Prince of Lithuania
 Michał Bolesław Zygmuntowicz, Prince of Black Ruthenia
 May 26 – John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury
 December 12 – Guillaume Huin d'Estaing, Catholic cardinal
 date unknown
 Nicholas Close, English bishop
 Gemistus Pletho, philosopher
 William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide is a TV show on Nickelodeon.

From "A middle middle school full of bullies, insane teachers and gross school lunches" comes Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, a show on Nickelodeon. The show stars Devon Werkheiser as Ned Bigby (that everyone hates), a 12-15-year-old student at James K. Polk Middle School. Every episode is a group of tips to surviving a school based activity. The show is part of Nick's Sunday lineup. It first aired on September 12, 2004.

The show is very successful, it has had a promising start. The show also stars Daniel Curtis Lee and Lindsey Shaw as Simon "Cookie" Cook and Jennifer "Moze/Mose" Mosley/Mozely.

It also comes on Family Channel.

Nickelodeon television series
English-language television programs
2004 television series debuts
2007 television series endings
VH1 (Video Hits One) is an American television network. It is a sister station to the groundbreaking MTV.

VH1 shows reality shows and reruns of sitcoms, whereas MTV's focus is on the current hits and also reality shows. VH1 also shows You're Cut Off! on Mondays for 3 weeks and Wednesdays for 5 weeks. It started airing on . Casting has been renewed for a 2nd season.

Related pages
You're Cut Off!
MTV

Notes

Other websites

VH1 Classic 
VH1 Country
VH1 Divas Live 
VH1 Europe
VH1 Save The Music Foundation
VH1 Soul 
VH1 Latin America
VHUno US Latin Channel

American television networks
Companies based in New York City
Music media
Cable television
A Cabinet is a group of important people in a government, who normally represent the head of government. It is also known as the Council of Ministers or the Executive Council.  They are part of the executive branch of government. People in the cabinet are called ministers or secretaries, and they do different things, such as look after the environment. 

In most countries with parliamentary systems, the cabinet decides the government's policy.  In other countries, such as the United States, the cabinet has limited power, and is an advisor to the Head of Government. In some countries, cabinet members are given their jobs by those who are in the government.

Many years ago the cabinets were called Privy Councils. The cabinet of today came about during the time that George I and George II were Kings of England. 

In some European countries, the term "cabinet" is used to mean the assistants of an important politician.
In the UK and some Commonwealth countries, the Shadow Cabinet are the leaders of the main opposition party in a parliament.

Related pages 
 Cabinet of the United States
 Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Shadow cabinet

Government
A newspaper is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once a day or once a week. It gives information and opinions about current events and news.  Usually people like to read them to stay informed about their local city, state or country.  Newspapers can be delivered to one's home, by subscription.  One also can buy a newspaper at a store or at a newsstand.  Recycling of paper is common.  It may be converted to new paper, for example. 

Newspapers usually have many topics.  They usually include political events, crime, business, sports, and weather news.  Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; and also often include comics and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes.  Many have opinion sections.  These sections print the opinions of people who work for the newspaper.  The opinions, which are usually on stories in the news, are called editorials.  Opinion sections usually also print short letters from people who read the newspaper.

Related pages 
 Media studies
Other websites 
 Newspapers from List of Newspapers - Online Newspapers Directory

 
Printing
Reference works
Events 
January 3 – Britain invades the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.
March 2 – United States President Andrew Jackson signs the Force Act, which authorizes him to use troops to enforce federal law in South Carolina.
March 4 – Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea of Thiruchendur as the avatar of Kali Yukam.
June 6 – U.S. President Jackson becomes the first President to ride a train.
May 11 – French-American farmhand Antoine le Blanc murders family of three.
September 29 – The infant Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.  Her uncle Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War.
December 14 – The assassination of Kaspar Hauser, who dies three days later on December 17.
Charles Babbage described his analytical engine. (see also history of computing hardware)
The dawn of biochemistry: discovery of the first enzyme, diastase, by Anselme Payen.
The British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act giving all slaves in the British Empire their freedom.
Heard Island and the McDonald Islands discovered.
Aphelion, the point during its orbit, when the Earth is furthest from the Sun, occurs around this date.

Events
Up to 1900 
 993 - Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized as a saint.
 1054 – Chinese astronomers observe a supernova.
 1187 - The Crusades: Battle of Hattin - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.
 1534 – Christian III is elected King of Denmark and Norway.
 1569 – The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is created.
 1610 - Battle of Klushino: Fought between forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia.
 1744 - The Treaty of Lancaster, in which the Iroquois cede lands  between the Allegheny Mountains and the Ohio River to British colonies, is signed in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
 1754 - French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French captain Louis Coulon de Villiers.
 1776 – Officials from 13 British colonies in North America sign their Declaration of Independence; this is later celebrated every year by the US's Independence Day.
 1802 - At West Point, New York, the United States Military Academy opens.
1803 - The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
 1805 - The Louisiana Territory is created out of part of the land bought by the United States from France in the Louisiana Purchase.
 1817 - In Rome, New York, building work on the Erie Canal begins.
 1819 - The Arkansas Territory is created.
 1826 – US Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both die on the 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.
 1827 – Slavery is abolished in New York State.
 1831 – US President James Monroe dies, as the third man in this position to die on Independence Day.
 1837 - Grand Junction Railway, the first long-distance railway, is opened between Birmingham and Liverpool, England.
 1838 - Iowa Territory is organized.
 1855 - In Brooklyn, New York, the first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems, Leaves of Grass, is published.
 1863 – American Civil War: The Siege of Vicksburg ends.
 1865 - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll is first published.
1872 – US President Calvin Coolidge is born.
 1879 - Anglo-Zulu War: The Zululand capital of Ulundi is captured by British forces and burned to the ground.
 1886 - The people of France offer the Statue of Liberty to the people of the United States.
 1886 - The first scheduled Canadian transcontinental train arrives in Fort Moody, British Columbia.
 1892 – Samoa experiences two occurrences of July 4, as the International Date Line is shifted to its west, meaning that Samoa has the experience of a 367-day year in 1892. This change is reversed when Samoa skips December 30, 2011.
 1894 – The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is declared by Sanford Dole.
 1898 - French passenger steamer La Bourgogne is hit by a British sailing boat in thick fog off Nova Scotia, Eastern Canada, killing 565 out of the 730 people on board, including all but one of the women on the steamer.
1901  2000 
 1903 - The Philippine-American War officially ends.
 1911 - A massive heatwave strikes the Northeastern United States.
 1918 - Mehmed VI becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
 1934 – Leó Szilárd patents the chain reaction design for the Atomic Bomb.
 1934 – Marie Curie dies.
 1939 - Having been diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gehrig announces his retirement from baseball.
 1941 - Nazi troops massacre Polish scientists and writers in Lviv, present-day Ukraine.
 1943 - World War II: Battle of Kursk begins.
 1945 - Austria is divided into four occupation zones by the Allies.
 1946 – The Philippines attain full independence from the United States.
 1950 – Radio Free Europe is first broadcast.
 1953 - Imre Nagy is elected Prime Minister of Hungary.
 1954 - One of the most notorious cases in US criminal history occurs when Marilyn Sheppard is murdered in the home she shared at Lake Erie with her husband Sam Sheppard. The case remains unsolved.
1954 – West Germany wins the 1954 FIFA World Cup. A lot of controversy surrounds the 3-2 win over the Hungary national football team, which becomes known in Germany as the "Miracle of Bern".
 1954 – Following World War II, the United Kingdom ends food rationing.
 1959 – In the United States, the 49-star flag is introduced.
 1960 – In the United States, the 50-star flag is introduced.
 1973 - Caribbean Community is founded.
 1976 – Israeli commandos raid Entebbe Airport in Uganda, rescuing all but four of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner that was seized by Palestinian terrorists.
 1982 - Four Iranian diplomats are abducted by Lebanese militia in London.
 1987 – Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie is convicted of crimes against humanity in France.
 1997 - NASA's Pathfinder probe lands on Mars.
 1998 - Japan launches the Nazomi probe to Mars.