Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
As King was growing up, everything in Georgia was segregated, 70 years after the Confederacy was defeated and blacks were later separated away from white people.  This meant that black and white people were not allowed to go to the same schools, use the same public bathrooms, eat at the same restaurants, drink at the same water fountains, or even go to the same hospitals.  Everything was separated.  However, the white hospitals, schools, and other places were usually much better than the places where black people were allowed to go.

At age 6, King first went through discrimination (being treated worse than a white person because he was black).  He was sent to an all-black school, and a white friend was sent to an all-white school.
Once, when he was 14, King won a contest with a speech about civil rights.  When he was going back home on a bus, he was forced to give up his seat and stand for the bus ride so a white person could sit down.  At the time, white people were seen as more important than black people.  If a white person wanted a seat, that person could take the seat from any African American.  King later said having to give up his seat made him "the angriest I've ever been in my life."

Education

King went to segregated schools in Georgia, and finished high school at age 15.  He went on to Morehouse College in Georgia, where his father and grandfather had gone.  After graduating from college in 1948, King decided he was not exactly the type of person to join the Baptist Church. He was not sure what kind of career he wanted. He thought about being a doctor or a lawyer. He decided not to do either, and joined the Baptist Church.
King went to a seminary in Pennsylvania to become a pastor.  While studying there, King learned about the non-violent methods used by Mahatma Gandhi against the British Empire in India. King was convinced that these non-violent methods would help the civil rights movement.

Finally, in 1955, King earned a Ph.D. from Boston University's School of Theology.

Civil rights work

Montgomery Bus Boycott 

King first started his civil rights activism in 1955.  At that time, he led a protest against the way black people were segregated on buses. They had to sit at the back of the bus, separate from white people. He told his supporters, and the people who were against equal rights, that people should only use peaceful ways to solve the problem.
King was chosen as president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which was created during the boycott.  Rosa Parks later said: "Dr. King was chosen in part because he was relatively new to the community and so [he] did not have any enemies." King ended up becoming an important leader of the boycott, becoming famous around the country, and making many enemies.

King was arrested for starting a boycott. He was fined $500, plus $500 more in court costs. His house was fire-bombed. Others involved with MIA were also threatened. However, by December 1956, segregation had been ended on Montgomery's buses.  People could sit anywhere they wanted on the buses.

After the bus boycott, King and Ralph Abernathy started the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).  The group decided that they would only use non-violence.  Its motto was "Not one hair of one head of one person should be harmed."  The SCLC chose King as its president.

March on Washington
In 1963, King helped plan the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.  This was the largest protest for human rights in United States history. On August 28, 1963, about 250,000 people marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial.  Then they listened to civil rights leaders speak. King was the last speaker.  His speech, called "I Have a Dream," became one of history's most famous civil rights speeches.  King talked about his dream that one day, white and black people would be equal.

That same year, the United States government passed the Civil Rights Act. This law made many kinds of discrimination against black people illegal.  The March on Washington made it clear to the United States government that they needed to take action on civil rights, and it helped get the Civil Rights Act passed.

Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize

In 1964, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.  When presenting him with the award, the Chairman of the Nobel Committee said:
Today, now that mankind [has] the atom bomb, the time has come to lay our weapons and armaments aside and listen to the message Martin Luther King has given us[:] "The choice is either nonviolence or nonexistence"....

[King] is the first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence. He is the first to make the message of brotherly love a reality in the course of his struggle, and he has brought this message to all men, to all nations and races.

Voting rights 
King and many others then started working on the problem of racism in voting.  At the time, many of the Southern states had laws which made it very hard or impossible for African-Americans to vote.  For example, they would make African Americans pay extra taxes, pass reading tests, or pass tests about the Constitution.  White people did not have to do these things.
In 1963 and 1964, civil rights groups in Selma, Alabama had been trying to sign African-American people up to vote, but they had not been able to.  At the time, 99% of the people signed up to vote in Selma were white.  However, the government workers who signed up voters were all white.  They refused to sign up African-Americans.  In January 1965, these civil rights groups asked King and the SCLC to help them.  Together, they started working on voting rights.  However, the next month, an African-American man named Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot by a police officer during a peaceful march.  Jackson died.pp. 121–123  Many African-American people were very angry.

The SCLC decided to organize a march from Selma to Montgomery.  By walking 54 miles (87 kilometers) to the state capital, activists hoped to show how badly African-Americans wanted to vote.  They also wanted to show that they would not let racism or violence stop them from getting equal rights.
The first march was on March 7, 1965.  Police officers, and people they had chosen to help them, attacked the marchers with clubs and tear gas.  They threatened to throw the marchers off the Edmund Pettus Bridge.  Seventeen marchers had to go to the hospital, and 50 others were also injured.  This day came to be called Bloody Sunday.  Pictures and film of the marchers being beaten were shown around the world, in newspapers and on television.  Seeing these things made more people support the civil rights activists.  People came from all over the United States to march with the activists.  One of them, James Reeb, was attacked by white people for supporting civil rights.  He died on March 11, 1965.
Finally, President Lyndon B. Johnson decided to send soldiers from the United States Army and the Alabama National Guard to protect the marchers.  From March 21 to March 25, the marchers walked along the "Jefferson Davis Highway" from Selma to Montgomery.  Led by King and other leaders, 25,000 people who entered Montgomery on March 25.  He gave a speech called "How Long?  Not Long" at the Alabama State Capitol.  He told the marchers that it would not be long before they had equal rights, "because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice."

On August 6, 1965, the United States passed the Voting Rights Act.  This law made it illegal to stop somebody from voting because of their race.

Later work 
After this, King continued to fight poverty and the Vietnam War.

Death
Death

King had made enemies by working for civil rights and becoming such a powerful leader. The Ku Klux Klan did what they could to hurt King's reputation, especially in the South. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) watched King closely.  They wiretapped his phones, his home, and the phones and homes of his friends.

On April 4, 1968, King was in Memphis, Tennessee.  He planned to lead a protest march to support garbage workers who were on strike.  At 6:01 pm, he was shot while he was standing on the balcony of his motel room.pp. 284–285  The bullet entered through his right cheek and travelled down his neck.  It cut open the biggest veins and arteries in King's neck before stopping in his shoulder.

King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital.  His heart had stopped.  Doctors there cut open his chest and tried to make his heart start pumping again.  However, they were unable to save King's life as he died at 7:05 p.m.pp. 284–285

King's death led to riots in many cities.
In March 1969, James Earl Ray was found guilty of killing King. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. Ray died in 1998.

Legacy

Just days after King's death, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968.  Title VIII of the Act, usually called the Fair Housing Act, made it illegal to discriminate in housing because of a person's race, religion, or home country.  (For example, this made it illegal for a realtor to refuse to let a black family buy a house in a white neighborhood.)  This law was seen as a tribute to King's last few years of work fighting housing discrimination in the United States.

After his death, King was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.  King and his wife were also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.
In 1986, the United States government created a national holiday in King's honor. It is called Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. It is celebrated on the third Monday in January. This is around the time of King's birthday. Many people fought for the holiday to be created, including singer Stevie Wonder.

In 2003, the United States Congress passed a law allowing the beginning words of King's "I Have a Dream" speech to be carved into the Lincoln Memorial.

King County in the state of Washington, is named after King.  Originally, the county was named after William R. King, an American politician who owned slaves.  In 2005, the King County government decided the county would now be named after Martin Luther King, Jr.  Two years later, they changed their official logo to include a picture of King.

More than 900 streets in the United States have also been named after King.  These streets exist in 40 different states; Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico. and many others
In 2011, a memorial statue of King was put up on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

There are also memorials for King around the world.  These include:
 The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. Church in Hungary
 The King-Luthuli Transformation Center in Johannesburg, South Africa
 The Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. Forest in Israel's Southern Galilee area (along with the Coretta Scott King Forest in Biriya Forest, Israel)
 The Martin Luther King, Jr. School in Accra, Ghana
 The Gandhi-King Plaza (garden), at the India International Center in New Delhi, India
 A statue of King at Westminster Abbey in London
 A statue dedicated to Martin Luther King Jr. in Uppsala, Sweden.

Photo gallery

Related pages
 Racial segregation
 Discrimination
 Non-violence
 Mahatma Gandhi

Notes

References

Other websites

 Timeline of Dr. King's life  from BBC
 Martin Luther King at Find a Grave
1929 births
1968 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
Time People of the Year
American civil rights activists
Nonviolence advocates
Writers from Atlanta
Assassinated American politicians
Murdered African-American people
Murders by firearm in the United States
American Baptist ministers
Boston University alumni
Republicans (United States)
Jumanji is a 1995 American fantasy adventure comedy movie starring Robin Williams, which was based loosely on a 1982 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg. It is about a boy who gets trapped in a game for 30 years, and must finish playing the game when he gets out. Other stars include Kirsten Dunst, David Alan Grier, Bonnie Hunt, Bradley Pierce, Jonathan Hyde, and Bebe Neuwirth. In the "Flying Hunter Van Pelt" scene, Roland D-50's PN-D50-02 patch "Fast Forward" was heard.

The game in the movie (titled Jumanji) has been made into a real game.

Its sequel is the 2017 movie Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, with different actors.

Release Dates

3-D Version

1995 fantasy movies
1995 adventure movies
1995 comedy movies
American fantasy movies
American adventure movies
American comedy movies
Jungle movies
Movies about animals
Jumanji
Movies based on books
1990s English-language movies
Jumanji
Neopets is a website that lets its users create virtual pets, and take care of them. The site was created on November 15 1999, and has hundreds of millions of users.  The website is owned by Jumpstart.  Most of the pets that the user can create are not real animals, but are based upon real animals.  Neopets has story plots, chat boards, and different things that users can do with their Neopets. Many people of many different ages join Neopets. The site has many games that the user can play.  Neopets has a help section to find answers to many of the questions that users may have. The games length varies from a minute or less to saveable games like Neoquest that take more than 10 hours total to complete.

Pets

A person can make a pet and care for it using items. Items are given when a person does activities on the website. Items can also be purchased using Neopoints, the website's form of money. They can get special items called paint brushes which change the color of the pet to a different special color.
People younger than thirteen years old have less access to website features. They are not allowed to use the forum or send messages to other people.

Default avatars
Default avatars are the easiest type of avatar to get. Once a person creates an account on Neopets, they get to use the default avatars without having to do anything. Default avatars are mainly the different pets that can be used on the site and certain faeries.

Clickable avatars
Clickable avatars are the second easiest avatar to get. To earn a Clickable, the user must go to a certain place on the site. Once the user has gone to that page, they get a message that says they can use that avatar.

Avatars that are earned
Many avatars have to be earned. These are the avatars that people want most. These avatars are the hardest to get. These avatars may be gotten in many different ways. For example, getting a certain score in a game, buying a specific item, looking up a pet, refreshing, or getting a set amount of Neopoints.
Fan sites
There are many websites created by Neopets users to help other players. These sites help with information about how to play games and how to get avatars. There are also many sites for users to find ways to change the look of the pages that tell about themselves and their pets.

References

Other websites 
 Neopets home page

Online games
Entertainment websites
Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901), known as "Grandmother of Europe", was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 to 1901. She was born to a German princess and an English prince. She became Queen of the United Kingdom Great Britain at the age of 18 after her uncle King William IV died. She inherited the throne because her father's three elder brothers died without leaving any legitimate children.

She was taught by her governess, Louise Lehzen, and Reverend George Davys. She learned to speak and read German and French well. Queen Victoria enjoyed dancing, drawing, horse riding and singing. She had lessons as a child from the famous opera singer Luigi LaBlache. She liked to paint and could play the piano. She kept a regular diary throughout her life.
Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert, in 1840. He supported science, trade and art in Britain. Victoria and Albert had nine children. They believed that a good family life and Christianity were very important. In general, English people followed their example. 

The Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace opened in 1851. It happened partly because of Albert's hard work. The exhibition showed the success of British people in Victorian times.

In 1861, Prince Albert died and Victoria stayed away from public life. 

Britain became more powerful in the following years, and in 1877, Victoria got the title 'Empress of British India'. Victoria was very interested in British India, but she never went there to the subcontinent. Her son went there instead.
In 1897, Victoria celebrated 60 years of being monarch. This surpassed her grandfather King George III. She was queen for 63 years, seven months longer than any other king or queen of Britain. People called her the 'grandmother of Europe' because many of Victoria's children became kings, princes and princesses of other countries. 

After she died from a brain haemorrhage, her son Albert Edward became  King Edward VII became King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 to 6 May 1910.

Children

Ancestors

References

Other websites

 Queen Victoria Citizendium

1819 births
1901 deaths
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
English Anglicans
House of Hanover
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Indian monarchs
Royalty from London
Freak the Mighty is a young adult fiction novel by Rodman Philbrick. Published in 1993, it was followed by the novel Max the Mighty in 1998. The primary characters are friends Maxwell Kane, a large, very slow, but kind-hearted kid and his friend Kevin Avery, nicknamed “Freak,” who is physically crippled but very intelligent. (In the Book, Kevin's last name is Avery. However, in the movie, his last name was changed to Dillon. Kevin is diagnosed with Morquio syndrome.)

The novel was adapted for the screen by Charles Leavitt; the movie was shot in Toronto, Canada and Cincinnati, Ohio, and directed by Peter Chelsom, and released in 1998.
Summary
In the beginning of the book, Maxwell "Max" Kane is a boy with low self-esteem, like his father; they are both "slow".  He lives with his grandparents Grim and Gram. Max thinks of himself as stupid and he is in a disabled class. People are afraid of him because he looks like his father, "Killer Kane," a convicted murderer.  Max sets the stage for the story by reminiscing about his time in daycare, when he was known as Kicker and Kevin, the other major character, was known as Freak.  Kevin was always different because he was small and needed crutches and then leg braces to walk. But Max respected him even back then for his death glare and thought the crutches and leg braces were cool.  Many years later when Max is in middle school, the real story begins.
Max finds out that people are moving into the house next door.  The new neighbors turn out to be Freak and his mother Gwen, who Freak calls "The Fair Gwen" after King Arthur's wife.  The boys make friends.  They go to the Fourth of July fireworks together, and puts Freak on his shoulders so he can see. The local tough guy, Tony D. "Blade", chases the two with his gang because Freak called him a cretin. With Max's size and speed and Freak's directions and master plan of running into the pond, they keep themselves safe until they are rescued by the police.  After this incident, Freak starts riding on Max's shoulders. They call their combined form "Freak the Mighty". The friendship is good for them both; they stick up for each other and Kevin even teaches Max to read and learn properly. They go on adventures such as going to the hospital which Freak claims has a secret department called the "Bionics Department" which has had his brain cat scanned to be fitted into an artificial body
. On one adventure they find a woman's purse in the sewer.  They return it to the woman who is called Loretta Lee.  Loretta is the wife of Iggy Lee, boss of the Panheads, a motorcycle gang who "struck fear in everyone, even the cops", as Max puts it. She loved to eat weird things like cowpie and a lot of disgusting things because that's how her gang was. Iggy says that the two of them once knew Max's  father.  They want to "have some fun" with the boys but  change their minds because they are afraid that Max's father will get angry. They are afraid of Max's father even though he's serving a life sentence. They also reveal that Kevin's father left once he heard his son had a birth defect.
At school, Freak nearly dies when he chokes after eating American chop suey. Max alerts the nurse.  Freak is taken to the hospital.  Later, Grim reveals to Max that his father has been let out on parole.  Throughout the story, it has been slowly revealed that Max's father killed his mother by strangling her, and that Grim and Gram hate him and are afraid of Max ending up like him. Max is shocked and scared by the news of his father's parole. Freak returns from the hospital and the two celebrate Christmas Eve together. After Christmas Eve, Max is woken up by his father, Killer Kane, who has come to kidnap him.  After Max is kidnapped by his father, the two drive to Iggy Lee's apartment in the "New Testaments" (really tenements).  Killer Kane is even bigger than Max and acts in a very threatening, intimidating manner towards everyone, including his son, who he keeps tied up.  Killer Kane swears on the Bible that he did not murder Max's mother
. He also reveals that he plans to head to "warmer weather" and be a con man.  At night he leaves Max alone, tied up in a room in the apartment of an old lady on vacation. Loretta, shocked that Kane would do something like that to his own child, tries to help him escape. Killer Kane catches her and starts to strangle her.  Max attempts to stop him and reveals that he witnessed his father kill his mother in the same fashion.  Kane gives up on training Max to be his obedient assistant and tries to kill him, but Freak arrives just in time and saves Max by squirting Kane with a squirt gun he claims is filled with sulfuric acid when in fact, it is filled with soap, vinegar, and curry powder.  The police are waiting outside, and Killer Kane goes back to prison, this time until he's an old man.
In the spring after the attack, Kevin celebrates his and Freak the Mighty's  birthday. Soon after, Freak dies in the hospital after telling Max to record all of their adventures. Max goes crazy when he hears the news and is furious at the doctors for promising Kevin a robotic body to save him.  The doctor explains that that was just a story Kevin told himself, and he always knew he was going to die young. He looked up his condition in a medical dictionary (Freak loved words and carried a dictionary around all the time).  Max mourns Freak for weeks and won't stop.  With Loretta Lee's encouragement, Max eventually starts to heal and writes a book about the adventures of Freak the Mighty, in accordance with Freak's final wishes.

References

1993 books
Daniel Handler  (born February 28, 1970) is the real name of Lemony Snicket, author of the popular A Series of Unfortunate Events books. He graduated from Lowell High School and from Wesleyan University in 1992. He is a native of San Francisco and went to the San Francisco Boys Chorus.  He calls himself the fake name of Lemony Snicket in the books, as well as in Lemony's autobiography. The autobiography is listed as fiction. After several years of writing the books, Daniel let the public know that he was behind the name of Lemony Snicket.

He is married to Lisa Brown and had their first child, Otto, in October 2003. He finished 13 books to complete the Series of Unfortunate Events.

It is also believed by some people that his wife, author and illustrator Lisa Brown could possibly be the "Beatrice" that Handler writes his books for.

References

1970 births
Living people
Writers from San Francisco
Global warming is the rise in temperature of the air and oceans globally. It is happening mainly because humans burn coal, oil, and natural gas; and cut down forests. Average temperatures today are about  higher than before people started burning a lot of coal around 1750. In some parts of the world it is less, and in some, more. Most climate scientists say that by the year 2100, temperatures will be  to   higher than they were before 1750.
Global warming is a significant and rapidly accelerating issue caused by human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and the burning of fossil fuels. It is having a profound impact on the environment and our planet. The present global warming is mostly because of people burning things, like gasoline for cars and natural gas to keep houses warm. But the heat from the burning itself only makes the world a tiny bit warmer: it is the carbon dioxide from the burning which is the biggest part of the problem. Among greenhouse gases, the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the main cause of global warming. Svante Arrhenius predicted this more than a hundred years ago. Arrhenius confirmed the work of Joseph Fourier 200 years ago.
As the Earth's surface temperature becomes hotter the sea level rises. This is partly because water over  expands when it gets warmer. It is also partly because warm temperatures make glaciers and ice caps melt. The sea level rise causes coastal areas to flood. Weather patterns, including where and how much rain or snow there is, are changing. Deserts will probably get bigger. Colder areas will warm up faster than warm areas. Strong storms may become more likely and farming may not make as much food. These changes will not be the same everywhere.
In the  Paris Agreement almost all governments agreed to keep temperature rise below , but current plans are not enough to limit global warming that much. People in government and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are talking about global warming. But governments, companies, and other people do not agree on what to do about it. Some things that could reduce warming are to burn less fossil fuels, grow more trees, eat less meat, and put some carbon dioxide back in the ground. People could adapt to some temperature change. A few people think nothing should change.

Temperature changes 

Climate change has happened constantly over the history of the Earth, including the coming and going of ice ages. But modern climate change is different because people are putting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere more quickly than before.
Since the 1800s, people have recorded the daily temperature. By about 1850, there were enough places measuring temperature so that scientists could know the global average temperature. Compared with before people started burning a lot of coal for industry, the temperature has risen by about . In 1979, satellites started measuring the temperature of the Earth.

Before 1850, there were not enough temperature measurements for us to know how warm or cold it was. Climatologists measure other things to try to figure out past temperatures before there were thermometers. This means measuring things that change when it gets colder or warmer. One way is to cut into a tree and measure how far apart the growth rings are. Trees that live a long time can give us an idea of how temperature and rain changed while they were alive.
For most of the past 2000 years the average temperature of the world didn't change much. There were some times where the temperatures were a little warmer or cooler in some places. One of the most famous warm times was the Medieval Warm Period and one of the most famous cool times was the Little Ice Age (not really an ice age). Tree ring dating can only help scientists work out the temperature back to about 10,000 years ago. Ice cores are used to find out all the temperature back to almost a million years ago, and for some times to over 4 million years ago.

Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases 

There are several  greenhouse gases that cause the Earth to warm. The most important one is carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 comes from power plants which burn coal and natural gas to make electricity. Cars also emit CO2 when they burn petrol. About 35 billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the Earth's atmosphere each year. The amount of CO2 in the air is about 50% more than it was around 1750. About three-quarters of the CO2 that people have put in the air during the past 20 years are due to burning fossil fuel like coal or oil. The rest mostly comes from changes in how land is used, like cutting down trees.

The second most important greenhouse gas is methane. A tonne of methane is much more warming than a tonne of CO2 but methane stays in the atmosphere for only about ten years. About 40% comes from nature, like wetlands; and the rest is because of humans, like cows, landfill and leaks when oil and gas are produced.
Dust 
Dust in the air may come from natural sources such as volcanos, erosion and meteoric dust. Some of this dust falls out within a few hours. Some is aerosol, so small that it could stay in the air for years. The aerosol particles in the atmosphere make the earth colder. The effect of dust therefore cancels out some of the effects of greenhouse gases. Even though humans also put aerosols in the air when they burn coal or oil this only cancels out the greenhouse effect of the fuel burning for less than 20 years: however the carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere much longer and keeps on warming the earth.
When people burn stuff like the aerosols, for example smoke, are bad because when people breath them they make people ill. But some people say that in a climate change emergency the Earth could be kept cool by reflecting some sunlight back into space, for example by putting aerosols very high in the air or making clouds whiter. They say this would give more time to do a proper fix. This is so easy and cheap that even a middle-size country could do it. But there are a lot of problems: for example it might be good for that country but bad for some other countries.

Extreme weather 

Global warming can make dangerous heatwaves.

Slowing climate change 
Some people burn less fossil fuel. Countries try to emit less greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997. It was meant to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to below their levels in 1990. However, carbon dioxide levels have continued to rise.
Energy conservation is used to burn less fossil fuel. People can also use energy sources that don't burn fossil fuel, like solar panels or electricity from nuclear power or wind power. Or they can prevent the carbon dioxide from getting out into the atmosphere, which is called carbon capture and storage (CCS).

Dealing with impacts of climate change 
People can change how they live because of the effect of climate change. For example, they can go to places where the weather is better, or build walls around cities to keep flood water out. This cost money, and rich people and rich countries will be able to change more easily than the poor.

History of climate change science 

As early as the 1820s some scientists were discussing climate change: sunlight heats the surface of the Earth, and Joseph Fourier suggested that some of the heat radiated from the surface is trapped by the atmosphere before it can escape into space. This is called the greenhouse effect.
In 1856 Eunice Newton Foote did tests which showed that the warming effect of the sun is greater for air with water vapour than for dry air, and that the effect is even greater with carbon dioxide. So she said that "An atmosphere of that gas would give to our earth a high temperature...".   

Starting in 1859, John Tyndall showed that nitrogen and oxygen—together totaling 99% of dry air—are transparent to radiated heat. However, water vapour and gases such as methane and carbon dioxide absorb radiated heat and re-radiate that heat into the atmosphere. Tyndall suggested that changes in the concentration of these gases may have caused climatic changes in the past, including ice ages. In 1896, Svante Arrhenius tried to prove that it would take thousands of years for the industrial production of CO2 to raise the Earth’s temperature 5-6°C.
In the mid 20th century, scientists worked out that there was a 10% increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the 19th century, which made it a bit warmer. It was at this time that people believed the emissions of CO2 would increase exponentially in the future and the oceans would absorb any surplus of greenhouse gases. In 1956, Gilbert N. Plass decided that greenhouse gas emissions would have an effect on the Earth’s temperature. He argued that not thinking about GHG emissions would be a mistake. Soon after, scientists studying all different kinds of science began to work together to figure out the mystery of GHG emissions and their effects. As technology advanced, it was in the 1980s that there was proof of a rise in CO2 levels. An ice core, captured through drilling, provided clear evidence that carbon dioxide levels have risen.
Effects of global warming on sea levels 
Sea level is rising because water over  expands when it gets warmer. Probably more important is the melting of ice sheets. The Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets are melting. Sea level will rise between half and one meter by 2100, and between 2 and 7 meter by 2300.

Low-lying areas such as Bangladesh, Florida, the Netherlands and other areas face massive flooding.

Cities affected by current sea level rise 
Many cities are sea ports and under threat of flooding if the present sea level rises.
These and the other cities have either started trying to deal with rising sea level and related storm surge, or are discussing this, according to reliable sources.
 Rotterdam always was below sea level.
 London 
 New York City 
 Norfolk, Virginia, in Hampton Roads area of United States 
 Southampton 
 Crisfield, Maryland, United States 
 Charleston, South Carolina 
 Miami, Florida, has been listed as "the number-one most vulnerable city worldwide" in terms of potential damage to property from storm-related flooding and sea-level rise.
 Saint Petersburg 
 Sydney, Australia 
 Jakarta 
 Thatta and Badin, in Sindh, Pakistan 
 Malé, Maldives
Mumbai, Buenos Aires, Los Angeles, Rio de Janeiro 

All other coastal cities are in some danger.

Further reading
 What is climate change  National Geographic Kids
 What is climate change? A really simple guide BBC

Related pages 
 Carbon neutrality
 Climate change
 Dike/Levee
 Stern Review
 Pollution
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
 Greenhouse effect

References
References

Other websites 

 The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on Climate Change.

Energy
 
Air pollution
House music is a type of electronic dance music. It began during the early 1980s from disco and the black American soul music tradition.  It takes its name from the Warehouse, a Chicago club where DJs first played their records to a large audience.   The original "House" sound is characterized by "four on the floor" beats at 120-130 BPM, forward-driven bass lines, an emphasis on the second and fourth beats of each measure, handclaps, and cymbals.  Over the years, house has created many types of house music. These include:
Acid house (with its "trippy" melodic lines, usually generated on a Roland 303 synthesizer)
 Ambient house (with an ambient, atmospheric sound)
 Bassline house (with an prominent warpy low bass sound)
 Deep house (with a greater emphasis on "soul" and atmospheric background sounds)
 Electro house (with a fuzzy, electronic and dirty bassline and heavy usage of synthesizers, similar to electropop)
 Euro house (with a sound similar to Eurodance)
 Balearic house (originating in the Balearic islands of Spain)
 French house (originating in France)
 Italo house (originating in Italy)
 Speed garage (featuring choppy basslines, reggae-style vocals and often "broken" beats)
 Progressive house (usually faster than traditional house, with many volume and phase changes and a "progression" of different background sounds)
 Disco house (even greater emphasis on the bassline, and the return of many disco-like additions such as violin sections)
 Hip house (House music with rapped lyrics)
Tech house (techno sounds featured over a house-derived beat, with melodic progression often less emphasized)
 Latin house (incorporating elements of traditional Latin American music)
 Tribal house (greater emphasis on drumlines; melodies may be present, but with less traditional "progression") 
 Witch house (with a dark, paranormal and witchcraft-themed sound) and Rodrick Onunuga
References

Electronic dance music
Ammonia is a chemical. Its formula is NH3 (not to be confused with Ammonium that has a formula of NH4+). It is made from nitrogen and hydrogen atoms.

Properties 
 It is a gas at room temperature
 It is colourless
 It has a strong, sharp smell
 It is a base
 It is an alkali
 It is harmful when drank or inhaled
 It dissolves in water to form a solution called household ammonia
 The liquid boils at .
 It freezes to white crystals at

Uses of ammonia 
 Making nitric acid from which many other things are made
 Preparing wood pulp
 Dissolved in water, it is household ammonia, used in cleaning (such as glass)
 Refrigeration (making things cold)
 Creating fertilizers such as Ammonium nitrate to use on farms
 Ammonia is considered as a potential fuel for future container ships.
Ways it can be made 
Many organic nitrogen compounds are in animal waste, including urine and guano. In the 19th century the  Distillation (boiling for separation) of nitrogenous vegetable and animal waste was the main source of ammonia. During the 20th century the Haber process using high temperature and pressure with catalysts (things that make reactions faster) became the main source.

Ammonia in fish tanks
Ammonia is toxic. If a goldfish tank is dirty from their waste, the fish can suffer from ammonia burns which cause black spots or patches on their body. The tank must be large enough and have a filter.

Manufacture of ammonia
Because of its many uses, ammonia is one of the most highly produced inorganic chemicals. Dozens of chemical plants worldwide produce ammonia. The worldwide ammonia production in 2004 was 109 million metric tonnes. China produced 28.4% of the worldwide production (increasingly from coal as part of urea synthesis) followed by India with 8.6%, Russia with 8.4%, and the United States with 8.2%. About 80% or more of the ammonia produced is used for fertilizing agricultural crops.

Before the start of World War I, most ammonia was obtained by the dry distillation of nitrogenous vegetable and animal waste products, including camel dung, where it was distilled by the reduction of nitrous acid and nitrites with hydrogen; in addition, it was produced by the distillation of coal, and also by the decomposition of ammonium salts by alkaline hydroxides such as quicklime, the salt most generally used being the chloride (sal-ammoniac) thus:

2 NH4Cl + 2 CaO → CaCl2 + Ca(OH)2 + 2 NH3
Today, the typical modern ammonia-producing plant first converts natural gas (i.e., methane) or liquefied petroleum gas (such gases are propane and butane) or petroleum naphtha into gaseous hydrogen. The process used in producing the hydrogen begins with removal of sulfur compounds from the natural gas (because sulfur deactivates the catalysts used in subsequent steps). Catalytic hydrogenation converts organosulfur compounds into gaseous hydrogen sulfide:

H2 + RSH → RH + H2S (g)

The hydrogen sulfide is then removed by passing the gas through beds of zinc oxide where it is adsorbed and converted to solid zinc sulfide:

H2S + ZnO → ZnS + H2O

Catalytic steam reforming of the sulfur-free feedstock is then used to form hydrogen plus carbon monoxide:

CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2

In the next step, the water gas shift reaction is used to convert the carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and more hydrogen:

CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
The carbon dioxide is then removed either by absorption in aqueous ethanolamine solutions or by adsorption in pressure swing adsorbers (PSA) using proprietary solid adsorption media.

The final step in producing the hydrogen is to use catalytic methanation to remove any small residual amounts of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide from the hydrogen:

CO + 3 H2 → CH4 + H2O
CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2 H2O

To produce ammonia, the hydrogen then reacts with nitrogen (derived from process air) using a magnetite catalyst under high pressure to form anhydrous liquid ammonia. This step is known as the ammonia synthesis loop (also referred to as the Haber-Bosch process):

3 H2 + N2 → 2 NH3
3 H2 + N2 → 2 NH3

Hydrogen required for ammonia synthesis could also be produced economically using other sources like coal or coke gasification, less economically from the electrolysis of water into oxygen + hydrogen and other alternatives that are presently impractical for large scale production.
At one time, most of Europe's ammonia was produced from the Hydro plant at Vemork, using electrolysis.

Related pages 
 Ammonium
 Nitrogen
 Hydrogen

References 

Nitrogen compounds
In chemistry, an alkali is an aqueous (from water) solution with a pH value of more than 7.
The word 'Alkali' comes from the Arabic 'qali' meaning 'from the ashes' since ashes mixed with water used as cleaning products (such as soaps) are made of alkali materials.  

An alkali is where a base is dissolved in water. Often it is the salt of an Alkali metal
An alkali is the opposite to an acid and can be neutralised (brought down to pH 7) by adding acid.

Characteristics 
 It feels soapy 
 It is corrosive (it can burn your skin away)
 The higher the number is over 7 on the pH scale the stronger the alkali is.
 Highly soluble (can be dissolved) in water
 They have a bitter taste
 Turns red litmus paper blue
 Can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions
 Is blue or purple on universal indicator
Strength 
Like acids, alkalis can be weak or strong, depending on the nature and the concentration of the ionic salt composing it. The strength of an alkali can be found using universal indicator. Also like acids, the strength of an alkali is rated using the pH scale.

For example, soap and toothpaste contain weak alkalis, while cleaning products often contain strong ones.

Examples of common Alkalis 
 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
 Potassium hydroxide, KOH
 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
 Aqueous ammonia, NH3 (aq)
 Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2

Uses of common Alkalis 
 Sodium hydroxide is used to make paper, detergents and soap.
 Potassium hydroxide is used by farmers to make acidic soil more alkaline so that plants will grow better in it, and is also used as the electrolyte in alkaline, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH batteries.
 Calcium hydroxide is used to neutralize acidic soil.
 Ammonium hydroxide is used as a cleaning agent.
Oxides and Hydroxides 
Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are two types of base. When neutralised (an acid is added) they produce a salt and water. The type of salt produced depends on the acid and base.

Related pages
 Base
 Acid

Other websites 
 Small article on Alkaline chemicals
 A distributor of Alkali Metals
 A revision site directed towards GSCE students 
 In depth article on Alkalis - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
 Alkali cleaning materials
 Small in depth article on Alkali Metals 

Chemistry
The White Stripes were an American rock duo from Detroit, Michigan. There were two people in the band: Jack White (songwriter, vocals, guitar, piano, and bass) and Meg White (drums, percussion, and vocals). They are influential in the 2000s indie rock and garage rock revival. 

The White Stripes started in Detroit, and released two albums: their self-titled debut (1999) and De Stijl (2000). They became famous with their third album, White Blood Cells (2001). Their fourth album, Elephant (2003), won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album. Their last two albums, Get Behind Me Satan (2005) and Icky Thump (2007), each won the same award. After a break, they ended in 2011.
The White Stripes were known for presenting in strictly red, white, and black colors, and their frequent use of the number three. Jack and Meg White were married when they started the band, but divorced after its formation. They did not want people to know that they were once married, and told the public that they were brother and sister.

Members 

 Jack White – vocals, guitar, keyboards, piano, bass, percussion
 Meg White – drums, percussion, vocals

Awards 
The White Stripes won a lot of awards. They won three Grammy Awards and five MTV Video Music Awards. Two of their albums are on Rolling Stone's "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" list. Rolling Stone called them the sixth greatest duo of all time.

Discography 

Studio albums
 The White Stripes (1999)
 De Stijl (2000)
 White Blood Cells (2001)
 Elephant (2003)
 Get Behind Me Satan (2005)
 Icky Thump (2007)

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 

1990s establishments in Michigan
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American punk bands
American rock bands
Blues bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Detroit
The Millennium Dome is a large dome-shaped building in Greenwich in South East London, UK (now known as The O2). It was built between 1997 and 2000 to celebrate the beginning of the third millennium. The name was officially changed to The O2 when Telefónica O2 Europe plc  bought the naming rights from the devehutz Entertainment Group.

From 31 December 1999 until 31 December 2000 the Dome and some surrounding buildings were the home of the Millennium Exhibition which was meant to show the best of Britain to the world. The most successful part of the Exhibition was the stage show that was held two or three times each day in the middle of the dome. The show had dozens of dancers and acrobats, music by Peter Gabriel, and a tower that rose out of the dome's floor.

The rest of the Exhibition was not as successful as the Dome's owners had hoped. About 6 and a half million people visited the Exhibition, which was only half the number its owners hoped for.
The dome was sold to US Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) and reopened in July 2007 as the O2, an entertainment complex including a 22,000-seat concert and sports venue, cinema, music club and exhibition spaces. Among the first artists to perform there were Bon Jovi and Prince. The Rolling Stones performed there in August 2007, Led Zeppelin played a reunion show there in December 2007, and the Spice Girls took residence in the arena from December 2007 to January 2008.

In 2012, as part of the Summer Olympics in London, the building was renamed the "North Greenwich Arena" and was used to host gymnastics and basketball.

A walkway across the top of the dome's structure has been opened, allowing visitors to cross the roof at a height of 60m. The O2 Roofwalk tourist attraction is now partially  powered by solar energy.

References 

Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
A millennium (plural: millennia) is a time period of one thousand (1000) years. The word millennium is derived from two Latin words mille ("thousand") and annum ("year").

Units of time
Outlook is a free email, address book and calendar software, included with Microsoft Office. It is owned by Microsoft. It was started in 1996 as Hotmail. Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith created it. In 1997, Microsoft bought Hotmail for about $400 million. They renamed it twice, to MSN Hotmail and Windows Live Hotmail. In 2013, Hotmail became Outlook.

References

Other websites 
 

Microsoft websites
E-mail
1995 establishments in California
Joanne  Rowling , ( "rolling"; born 31 July 1965), writing under the pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British writer. She wrote the Harry Potter books. She only uses the name J. K. Rowling for her books: the "K" stands for "Kathleen", which was the first name of her grandmother.