Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The massive stellar census will provide the basic observational data. With the data, astronomers hope to tackle a range of important problems, like the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our galaxy. Large numbers of quasars, galaxies, extrasolar planets and Solar System bodies will be measured at the same time.

Gaia was launched using a Soyuz rocket from its Guiana Space Centre (GSC) in French Guiana. It is in a Lissajous orbit around the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrangian point. As of April 2018 it has measured approximately a billion stars and other objects.

References 

European Space Agency spacecraft
French Guiana
A space observatory or a space telescope is any instrument (such as a telescope) in outer space which is used for observation of distant objects. Planets, stars, galaxies, and other outer space objects may be viewed and recorded.  This category does not include observatories in space which are pointed toward the earth for the purpose of reconnaissance, meteorology and other types of information gathering.

All observation of space from Earth is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere filters and distorts what is seen and recorded. 

Satellite-based telescopes opened up the Universe to human eyes. Turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere blurs images taken by ground-based telescopes, an effect known as seeing.  It is this effect that makes stars "twinkle" in the sky.  As a result, the pictures taken by satellite telescopes in visible light (for example, by the Hubble Space Telescope) are much clearer than Earth-based telescopes, even though Earth-based telescopes are very large.
Space-based astronomy is vital for frequency ranges outside the optical and radio windows. For example, X-ray astronomy is nearly impossible when done from the Earth. It has reached its present importance in astronomy due to orbiting X-ray telescopes. Infrared and ultraviolet are also largely blocked by the atmosphere. Most space observatories are in low Earth orbit.

History
In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer was the first to propose a telescope in outer space, a decade before the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik.

Spitzer said a large telescope in space, above the Earth's atmosphere, would see better.  His efforts resulted in the world's first space-based optical telescope, Hubble Space Telescope, which was launched on April 20, 1990 by the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-31).

References
Leeds City College is a college in the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is for further education, that is, education after finishing the compulsory years of secondary school. It is the largest college for further education in Leeds. It has around 57,000 students, and 2,300 staff. It makes about £78 million each year.

References

2009 establishments in England
Colleges and universities in England
Organisations based in Leeds
Curve fitting is constructing a mathematical function which best fits a set of data points.

Curve fitting may involve either interpolation or smoothing. Using interpolation requires an exact fit to the data. With smoothing, a "smooth" function is constructed, that fit the data approximately. A related topic is regression analysis, which focuses more on questions of statistical inference such as how much uncertainty is present in a curve that is fit to data observed with random errors.

Fitted curves can be used to help data visualization, to guess values of a function where no data is available, and to summarize the relationships among two or more variables.  Extrapolation refers to the use of a fitted curve beyond the range of the observed data. This is subject to a degree of uncertainty, since it may reflect the method used to construct the curve as much as it reflects the observed data.

References

Mathematical approximation
Common Brittonic (also called Common Brythonic, British, Old Brythonic, or Old Brittonic) was an ancient language spoken in Britain. It was the language of the Celtic people known as the Britons. By the 6th century it split into several Brittonic languages: Welsh, Cumbric, Cornish, and Breton.

Common Brittonic is descended from Proto-Celtic, a hypothetical parent language. By the first half of the first millennium BC it was already dividing into separate dialects or languages. There is some evidence that the Pictish language may have had close ties to Common Brittonic and might be a fifth branch.
Evidence from Welsh shows a great influence from Latin on Common Brittonic during the Roman period. This is particularly true of the Church and Christianity, which are nearly all Latin derivatives. Common Brittonic was replaced in most of Scotland by Gaelic. South of the Firth of Forth it was replaced by Old English (which later developed into Scots). Common Brittonic survived into the Middle Ages in Southern Scotland and Cumbria. Common Brittonic was gradually replaced by English throughout England. In the north of England, Cumbric disappeared as late as the 13th century. In the south, the Cornish was a dead language by the 19th century. There were some attempts to revitalize it, which have met with some success.

Notes

References 

History of the United Kingdom
Celtic languages
6th-century disestablishments
NES Remix is a video game for the Wii U console. It was developed by indieszero and published by Nintendo. It was released on December 18, 2013. In this game, the player has to complete challenges in Nintendo Entertainment System games. For example, the player may have to defeat a number of enemies in Super Mario Bros. while under a time limit.

Games

References

Other websites
Official website

2013 video games
Wii U games
St Peter's Cathedral () is a church in Worms, southern Germany. It was the seat of the Catholic Bishopric (diocese) of Worms before it broke up in 1800. Today, the former cathedral is a Catholic parish church and "basilica minor". Worms Cathedral is where Martin Luther presented his theses on reforms to church authorities.

Bells
The cathedral has three bells, all of which are housed in the southeast tower. They were cast in 1947 by Albert Junker to replace the old sound of the four bells destroyed in World War II.

References 

Buildings and structures in Rhineland-Palatinate
Cathedrals in Germany
Worms, Germany
12th-century buildings and structures‎
The Holy Trinity Church, also called the Reformation Memorial Church of the Holy Trinity) () is the largest Protestant church in Worms, Germany. It was built between 1701 and 1717. The baroque hall building is centrally located on the market square and is very close to the cathedral.

References 

Buildings and structures in Rhineland-Palatinate
Protestant churches in Germany
Worms, Germany
18th-century buildings and structures‎
Hammer Bro., also called Hammer Brothers or Hammer Bros., is an enemy from the Mario series of video games. It is a type of Koopa Troopa that walks on two feet and attacks by throwing hammers at the player character. There are different types of Hammer Bro. that are named after the attack that they use, such as the Boomerang Bro, the Fire Bro And The Ice Bro. Hammer Bro. has appeared in many Mario games since its first appearance in Super Mario Bros., including spin-off games such as the Mario Party games.

References

Other websites
Hammer Bro. at Super Mario Wiki

Mario series characters
Rassilon is a fictional character in the British television series Doctor Who. He is the founder of the Time Lords.

Doctor Who characters
Greg Montgomery (October 29, 1964 – August 23, 2020) was an American football punter. He played nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Houston Oilers from 1988 to 1993, Detroit Lions in 1994 and the Baltimore Ravens from 1996 to 1997.

Montgomery was born in Morristown, New Jersey.

He was drafted out of Michigan State University by the Houston Oilers in 1988. He retired in 1997. He was on the All-Time team for Michigan State University.

He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1997.

Montgomery died on August 23, 2020, in Grand Rapids, Michigan at the age of 55.

References

Other websites
 NFL profile

1964 births
2020 deaths
American football punters
Baltimore Ravens players
Detroit Lions players
People with bipolar disorder
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Buchi Emecheta OBE (21 July 1944, in Yaba, Lagos – 25 January 2017 in London) was a Nigerian writer. Her first novel, In the Ditch, was published in 1972. Her second novel was published in 1974. The novel is set in London, where Emecheta lived when she wrote it. Emecheta's most well known novel is The Joys of Motherhood.

Personal life
Emecheta married Sylvester Onwordi when she was sixteen. She had two children. In 1962 she moved with her husband to London. There she had three more children.

Emecheta died in her sleep at her home in London on 25 January 2017 from complications of a stroke, aged 72.

References

1944 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Writers from Lagos
Politicians from Lagos
Jean-Marie Faustin Goedefroid "João" de Havelange (May 8, 1916 – 16 August 2016) was a Brazilian association football administrator. He was the 7th President of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). He was elected to the position in 1974. He resigned in 1998, after 24 years in charge.

He was elected as an honorary president of FIFA in 1998 after he left office. He resigned in 2013 due to "health and personal reasons".

Havelange was a swimmer at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. He was also part of the team that tied for 13th in water polo at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.

Honors
 Cavalier of the Légion d'honneur
 Order of Special Merit in Sports
 Commander of the Cavaliers of the Order of Infante D. Henrique
 Cavalier of the Order of Vasa
 Grand Cross of Elizabeth the Catholic

References

Other websites
Other websites

1916 births
2016 deaths
1936 Summer Olympics
1952 Summer Olympics
Brazilian Olympians
Brazilian centenarians
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro
Presidents of FIFA
Swimmers
Brazilian water polo players
4 is the fourth studio album by American singer Beyoncé. It was released June 24, 2011. Seven singles were released from the album. "Run the World (Girls)" was the first single from the album. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8 out of 10.
The single "Love on Top" won the Best Traditional R&B Performance Award at the Grammy Awards. The album has sold three million copies. The third song on the album "I Miss You" was written by Frank Ocean.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Monthly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

References

2011 albums
Beyoncé albums
Funk albums
R&B albums
Columbia Records albums
Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid (born July 25, 1955), known as Iman, is a Somali-American supermodel. In 1992, she played a queen in Michael Jackson's music video "Remember the Time".

Early life 
Iman was born in Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia. She went to high school in Egypt. Iman then studied political science at the University of Nairobi in Kenya.

Career

Modeling
Photographer Peter Beard saw her on a street in Nairobi and asked if she had even been photographed. When he said he would pay her she asked if he would give her $8,000 and he said yes. That day he took photographs of her. He then took them back to New York. Iman was signed to the modeling agency Wilhelmina.

Business
In 1994 Iman started Iman Cosmetics. Iman Cosmetics makes makeup for women with dark skin.

Writing
Iman's first book, I Am Iman, was published in 2001.
Personal life
In 1978, Iman married American basketball player Spencer Haywood. She had a daughter with him called Zulekha. She works for Iman's cosmetics company. Iman divorced Haywood in 1987. In 1992, Iman married David Bowie. In 2000, she gave birth to their daughter Alexandria Zahra Jones. Iman and Bowie stayed together until his death on January 10, 2016.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1955 births
Living people
David Bowie
American models
People from Mogadishu
The kabomani tapir (Tapirus kabomani) is the smallest of the five living species of tapir. It was found in the Amazon rainforest. Discovered in 2013, it was the first odd-toed ungulate discovered in over 100 years. The tapir has an estimated weight of only . It has dark-grey to dark-brown hair. Males are smaller than females and females have a light throat patch that extends from chin to neck and up to the base of the ears.

Odd-toed ungulates
Mammals of South America
The heptarchy (, seven + realm) is a collective name applied to seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. These were: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms eventually became the Kingdom of England. The term has been in use since the 16th century. It is used to apply both to the seven kingdoms and to the time period in which they existed.

Origins of the heptarchy
The idea of a heptarchy, a group of seven independent kingdoms, is thought to have come from the English historian Henry of Huntingdon in the 12th century.  He listed the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in his Historia Anglorum (History of the English People). Bede, however, set up the idea that several kingdoms were more dominant than others (at different times). He created a list of kings who dominated the other kingdoms. The dividing line between these kingdoms was the River Humber. Northumbria (Deira and Bernicia) was the northern kingdom while the remaining kingdoms were those of the southern English. The actual term 'heptarchy' was first used in the 16th century by William Lambarde. His 1568 woodcut map is the earliest known use of the term.
The term heptarchy is sometimes used to imply a confederacy between the kingdoms that did not exist. From the 6th century to the 9th century these were simply seven kingdoms set up by the Germanic invaders and their descendants. There was little equality between them. Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex were the most powerful of the seven and often dominated the others. The kingdoms were gradually reduced in number. The heptarchy basically ended with the coming of the Vikings. The term heptarchy was popular among scholars from the 16th to the 19th centuries but is occasionally used today.

Bretwaldas 
Originally Bede listed seven kings who held authority over the other kingdoms in England at the time. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle lists the eighth bretwalda:

 Aelle King of the South Saxons (Sussex)
 Ceawlin King of the West Saxons (Wessex)
 Aethelbert King of Kent
 Raedwald King of East Anglia
 Edwin King of Northumbria
 Oswald King of Northumbria
 Oswiu King of Northumbria
 Egbert King of the West Saxons (Wessex)
Two Mercian kings of the 8th century can be considered bretwaldas also:

 Aethelbald King of Mercia
 Offa King of Mercia

Kingdoms of the Heptarchy 

The seven kingdoms were:

 East Anglia
 Mercia
 Northumbria, including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira
 Wessex
 Essex
 Kent
 Sussex

Notes

References

Other websites 
 The Seven Kingdoms of the Heptarchy

Anglo-Saxons
History of England
Thomas Stephen Szasz (April 15, 1920 – September 8, 2012) was a psychiatrist and academic. He was a libertarian. In 1961 Szasz's third and most well known book, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct, was published. Szasz died when he was 92.

Early life
Szasz was born in Budapest in Hungary to Jewish parents. He grew up speaking German and Hungarian. He also spoke French. In 1938 Szasz moved with his family to the United States. He studied medicine at the University of Cincinnati. However, he was more interested in politics and philosophy. In 1956 Szasz became a professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York in Syracuse.
Szasz's arguments
Szasz was a heretic in psychiatry. This means that his opinions were very different to the ideas generally accepted within psychiatry. He said that psychiatry is a pseudoscience. He compared it to religion. In Schizophrenia: The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry, Szasz argued that schizophrenia is a symbol that is 'worshipped' by psychiatrists in the same way that Christians worship Christ. He said that mental illness is not an illness of the brain but "problems of living".  People described Szasz as being 'anti psychiatry'. In response to this Szasz wrote a book called Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared. He believed that mental hospitals are like prisons.

He argued that "death control", or the right to killing oneself, is a human right like birth control. However, he was against euthanasia by the state. Szasz did not believe that drug addiction is a disease. Instead, he thought that it is a social habit. He thought that drugs should be made legal.

Szasz was an atheist.

References
References

1920 births
2012 deaths
American atheists
Hungarian Jews
Scientists from Budapest
American psychiatrists
Masdar City (, ) is a planned city which is being built in the United Arab Emirates.

Cities in the United Arab Emirates
Nick Aldis (born 6 November 1986) is an English professional wrestler. He currently works for WWE as an on-screen general manager for the SmackDown brand.

He is also known for his time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the ring name, Magnus. He is a former TNA World Heavyweight Champion and was the first English person to hold the title.

He was also known for being a member of The British Invasion with Doug Williams and Rob Terry.

Before becoming a professional wrestler, he appeared on the British revival of the television show Gladiators. He performed under the stage name Oblivion. Aside from wrestling, he is a co-presenter of Britain's Strongest Man on Challenge TV.
Championships
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #43 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012 and 2013.
Pro Wrestling Noah
GHC Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Samoa Joe)
Ring Ka King
Ring Ka King Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
IWGP Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Doug Williams)
TNA World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Doug Williams (one) and Samoa Joe (one))
Wild Card Tournament (2011) (with Samoa Joe)
TNA World Tag Team Championship #1 Contenders Tournament (2010) (with Desmond Wolfe)
Xplosion Championship Challenge (2011)
TNA World Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2013)

References

Other websites
Official website
TNA profile 

1986 births
Living people
English professional wrestlers
People from Norfolk
WWE people
Husayn ibn Ali (11 or 13 January 626 CE – 13 October 680 CE) was the third Imam of Shia Islam. He was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Caliph and first Imam of Shia Islam. His mother was Fatimah Zahra, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad and wife of Ali. He was also the younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali, the second Imam of Shia Islam.

Husayn ibn Ali is known as a great figure in Islam. He refused to submit to Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph. For this he was killed at the Battle of Karbala, along with most of his family. He is regarded as a martyr by Muslims.

References 

626 births
680 deaths
Imams
Arab people
History of Islam
Assassinated people
United States v. Windsor was a court case heard by the United States Supreme Court. The court's decision was historically important for marriage law in the U.S. It was also important for LGBT rights.

The court decided that defining "marriage" as a union between one man and one woman (as husband and wife) was unconstitutional (against the Constitution). This specifically related to Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), a law passed in 1996. This defined "marriage" for federal (national) law in the United States. It defined it as being between one man and one woman. In United States v. Windsor, the court decided that this definition was against the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. In the U.S., the Constitution protects the rights of citizens, and no individual law can take those rights away.
The basis for the case was the right to benefits for same-sex married couples; the same right held by heterosexual married couples. Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer, a same-sex couple living in New York, were married in Canada in 2007. Spyer died in 2009, leaving everything she owned to Windsor. Under the law, widows do not have to pay tax on anything they inherited from their dead spouse. Windsor tried to claim this exemption. She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of DOMA, which said that the word "spouse" only applies to a marriage between a man and woman. The Internal Revenue Service denied Windsor's claim, and demanded that she pay $363,053 in inheritance taxes.

After Windsor won the case, Time magazine named her the third most influential person of the year in 2013.

Related pages
 Same-sex marriage in the United States

References

Notes

United States Supreme Court cases
Same-sex marriage
2013 in the United States
LGBT rights in the United States
Mniophila is a genus of leaf beetles. It can be found nearly everywhere in Europe.

It contains two species:
 Mniophila bosnica (Apfelbeck, 1914)
 Mniophila muscorum (Koch, 1803)

References

Other websites

 

Chrysomelidae
Lythraria is a genus of leaf beetles. It was first described in 1897 by Ernest Marie Louis Bedel. It contains a single species: Lythraria salicariae.

This species lives is found in Europe, the Caucasus, across northern Asia to Korea and Japan.

References

Other websites
 

Chrysomelidae
Hippuriphila modeeri is a species of flea beetles, in the family Chrysomelidae. They that can be found in Europe and northern Asia, east to Mongolia.

References

Chrysomelidae
Dibolia is a genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae).

Species in this genus can be found nearly everywhere in Europe.

Species were first organised into this group in 1829, by Pierre André Latreille.

References

Other websites

 

Chrysomelidae
Batophila aerata is a species of leaf beetle. It is common in southern England, France, Corsica, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Greece, Spain, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. It can also be found on islands in the Mediterranean such as Sardinia and Sicily.

References 

Chrysomelidae
Altica ericeti (or Altica sandini) is a species of leaf beetle. It can be found in France, England, Germany, Netherlands, Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula.

References

Chrysomelidae
WCW Monday Nitro was a professional wrestling television program for World Championship Wrestling (WCW). The show ran from September 4, 1995 to March 26, 2001 and had 288 episodes.

History 
When Nitro debuted it started a ratings battle which became known as the Monday Night Wars between WCW and WWF which lasted almost six years. WCW started the nWo storyline which helped them gain more viewers than the WWF. They would continue to defeat the WWF in viewers for 84 consecutive weeks which forced WWF owner Vince McMahon to change the style of wrestling his promotion was doing and introduce The Attitude Era. As the nWo storyline became stale, fans turned from WCW to watch the WWF.
On the January 4, 1999 episode of Nitro, commentator Tony Schiavone gave away the results to Raw which included underdog Mick Foley defeating The Rock saying:
"Fans, if you're even thinking about changing the channel to our competition, do not. We understand that Mick Foley, who wrestled here at one time as Cactus Jack, is gonna win their World title. Ha! That's gonna put some butts in the seats, heh."

Bischoff thought that in doing this, viewers would be put off by this and would not watch Raw. His plan backfired however and a lot of Nitro viewers changed the channel to watch Raw because they were excited to see the underdog Foley win the championship. The fans switched back to Nitro after Foley won but from that week on, Nitro was beat by Raw in the ratings by a large amount and WCW was never able to regain their former success.

Special episodes

On-air personalities

Commentators

Ring announcers

Related pages
 World Championship Wrestling
 WCW Thunder

References

Other websites 
WCW on WWE.com
1995 American television series debuts
2001 American television series endings
American television series
Sports television series
World Championship Wrestling
English-language television programs
Edison Price "Ned" Vizzini (April 4, 1981 - December 19, 2013) was an American writer. He is best known for writing It's Kind of a Funny Story. In 2010 a movie of the novel was released. Vizzini had depression. He spent a week in a psychiatric hospital in 2004 after he called a suicide hotline. He based It's Kind of a Funny Story on his experience there. Vizzini was found dead on December 19, 2013 in New York. He had killed himself by jumping off a building.

Early life
Vizzini was born in Brooklyn in New York City. He went to Stuyvesant High School.

Career
Vizzini's first book It's Kind of a Funny Story was published in 2006.

References

Other websites
Ned Vizzini speaks about 'It's Kind of a Funny Story' on 'YA Visions' (2010)

1981 births
2013 deaths
Suicides by jumping in the United States
Writers from New York City
Rising Damp is a British sitcom produced by Yorkshire Television for ITV. There were 28 thirty minute episodes in four series between 1974 and 1978. In 1980 it was followed by a movie of the same name.

1974 establishments in the United Kingdom
1974 television series debuts
1978 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British sitcoms
ITV comedy
English-language television programs
Too Cool was a professional wrestling tag team and stable that competed in WWE/F 1998 to 2001.

The members of the tag team were Scott Taylor/Scotty 2 Hotty and Brian Christopher/Grandmaster Sexay. Rikishi joined in late 1999 to make Too Cool a stable.

The members of the stable were portrayed as hip hop fans and they would be dancing around the ring while lights flashed and music played. This also included a famous moment when all three members entered the Royal Rumble and Rikishi eliminated all the participants in the ring except Sexay. Rikishi looked like he was going to eliminate Sexay but Scotty entered the match next and they danced to their music while the Rumble match was still ongoing. Rikishi eliminated the other two members when their dance segment was over. They quickly became very popular with fans.
On the January 6, 2014 episode of Raw titled Old School Raw, Too Cool reunited with Rikishi and they defeated 3MB (Heath Slater, Drew McIntyre and Jinder Mahal) in a six-man tag team match. It marked the first time in thirteen and a half years that all three members of Too Cool had competed in a six-man tag team match. Too Cool also competed at NXT Arrival in a match for the NXT Tag Team Championships against The Ascension but they were unable to win the titles.

They showed up on independent circuit shows until Christopher committed suicide on July 29, 2018.

In wrestling 
 Entrance themes
"Turn it Up" by Jim Johnston (WWE/F)
"U Look Fly 2 Day" by Jim Johnston (WWE/F; used while teaming with Rikishi)
 Championships
WWE Tag Team Championship (one time) (Scotty and Rikishi)
WWF Intercontinental Championship (one time) (Rikishi)
WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (one time) (Scotty)
WWF Tag Team Championship (one time) (Scotty and Sexay)

References
References

Other websites 
Grandmaster Sexay's Online World Of Wrestling profile
Scotty 2 Hotty's Online World Of Wrestling profile
Rikishi's WWE profile

WWE teams and stables
Propofol is a drug that is used to put animals (including humans) to sleep. Propofol is injected into a vein. It takes about 40 seconds to work.

Dangers
Some people use propofol for fun. If they use it a lot they can become addicted. In 2009 the American pop musician Michael Jackson was killed by an overdose of propofol. The propofol was given to Jackson by his doctor Conrad Murray. Murray was sentenced to four years in prison for the involuntary manslaughter of Jackson. This made the public more aware of the dangers of the drug.

A rare side effect of propofol is propofol infusion syndrome. It is most common in children. It often causes death.

References

Drugs
Organic compounds
St. Antony's College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1950 and received a Royal Charter in 1953. It claims to be the most cosmopolitan of the University's seven graduate colleges.

References

1950 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in England
Colleges of the University of Oxford
Howard Robert Horvitz (born May 8, 1947 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American biologist of Jewish descent.

He is best known for the research he did on the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002 for "discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death". He shared the prize with Sydney Brenner and John E. Sulston.

He earned a BS in Mathematics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a PhD in Biology from Harvard University in 1974.

References

1947 births
Living people
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Educators from Chicago
Nae Lăzărescu (8 September 1941 – 19 December 2013) was a Romanian television, stage and movie actor. He was also a comedian.

He was born in Bucharest. His career began in 1963.

Lăzărescu died of chronic liver disease, in Bucharest. He was aged 72. He will be buried on 21 December in Focșani, Vrancea County.

References

Other websites

1941 births
2013 deaths
Romanian movie actors
Romanian television actors
Comedians
Actors from Bucharest
Disease-related deaths in Romania
Deaths from liver disease
Gottfried Böhm (January 23, 1920 – June 9, 2021) was a German architect. In 1986, he became the first German architect to be honored with a Pritzker Prize.

Böhm turned 100 in January 2020. He died on June 9, 2021 in Cologne at the age of 101.

Famous buildings
 St. Columba Church, in Cologne, Germany (1947-1950)
 Pilgrimage Church, in Neviges, Germany (1968-1972)
 Christi Auferstehung (Church of Resurrection), in Cologne (1968-1970)
 Bensburg Town Hall, Germany (1964-1969)

References

Other websites

 Pritzker Prize page on Gottfried Böhm 

1920 births
2021 deaths
German architects
German centenarians
People from Hesse
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
Pro Wrestling Noah (PW Noah or Noah) is an Japanese professional wrestling company. It was founded by Mitsuharu Misawa in 2000.  Misawa started the company after he left All Japan Pro Wrestling. He did not like the direction Giant Baba's widow Motoko Baba was putting the company in.

On June 13, 2009, Misawa was in a tag team match where he teamed with Go Shiozaki against Akitoshi Saito and Bison Smith. After Misawa took a belly to back suplex from Saito, he lost consciousness and was taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead at 10:10 p.m. JST from to spinal damage.

Akira Taue was named as Misawa's successor and the new President of Pro Wrestling Noah on June 27, 2009.

In January 2020, the company was purchased by CyberAgent.

Champions

References

Other websites
Official PWN website 
Official PWN website  

2000 establishments in Japan
Professional wrestling promotions
Sport in Japan
Pro Wrestling Illustrated is the monthly American professional wrestling magazine published by the Kappa Publishing Group.

PWI 500
The PWI has also ranked a list of the top 500 professional wrestlers each year since 1991. As of 2013, only Jushin Liger has appeared in every edition of the PWI 500. The first woman to be ranked in the list was Jacqueline Moore who was ranked #249 in 1993.

Awards
Pro Wrestling Illustrated gives out many different awards every year. The awards they currently give out are:

Wrestler of The Year
Tag Team of the Year
Match of the Year
Feud of the Year
Most Popular Wrestler of the Year
Most Hated Wrestler of the Year
Most Improved Wrestler of the Year
Most Inspirational Wrestler of the Year
Rookie of the Year
Stanley Weston Award (Lifetime Achievement)
Comeback of the Year
Woman of the Year

References

Other websites 
Official website  

1970 establishments in the United States
Sports media
American monthly magazines
Becket is a British and American drama movie. It was directed by Peter Glenville and produced by Hal B. Wallis. It stars Peter O'Toole as King Henry II. It also stars John Gielgud and Richard Burton. It was released on March 11, 1964

1964 drama movies
1960s biographical movies
1960s historical movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Movies based on plays
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in the 12th century
1960s English-language movies
American epic movies
Movies about politicians
Movies about religion
Movies about royalty
Movies set in England
The Lion in Winter is a British historical drama movie set in the Angevin Empire. It was directed by Anthony Harvey. It stars Peter O'Toole as Henry II of England, Katharine Hepburn as Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Anthony Hopkins and Timothy Dalton as their sons. Its music was composed by John Barry. It was released on October 30, 1968.

1968 drama movies
1960s epic movies
British drama movies
American drama movies
1960s historical movies
1960s LGBT movies
Movies directed by Anthony Harvey
Movies composed by John Barry
Movies set in the 12th century
Movies set in France
Movies set in Wales
Goodbye, Mr. Chips is an American musical movie. It is directed by Herbert Ross. It stars Peter O'Toole, Petula Clark, Michael Redgrave, Siân Phillips, and Alison Leggatt. It was released on November 15, 1969.

1969 movies
1960s musical movies
American musical movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Herbert Ross
Books by James Hilton
The Ruling Class is a British dark comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Peter Medak. It stars Peter O'Toole in a double-role (playing two people) and Arthur Lowe. It was released on September 13, 1973.

1973 comedy-drama movies
1970s musical movies
British comedy-drama movies
Movies directed by Peter Medak
The Stunt Man is an American comedy-drama-thriller movie. It was directed by Richard Rush. It stars Peter O'Toole, Steve Railsback, and Barbara Hershey. It was released on June 27, 1980.

1980 movies
American comedy-drama movies
American thriller movies
My Favorite Year is an American comedy movie. It was directed by Richard Benjamin. It stars Peter O'Toole, Mark Linn-Baker, Jessica Harper, Joseph Bologna, and Bill Macy. It was released on October 1, 1982.

1982 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies directed by Richard Benjamin
Ryan Parmeter (born February 6, 1980) is an American professional wrestler. As of 2023, he wrestled for for Impact Wrestling as a member of the Violent By Design. Parmeter wrestles under the ring name Kon. He is best known for his work in WWE, where he wrestled under the ring name Konnor. He was part of the fourth season of NXT. He earned fourth place on the fifth season of NXT.

He was formerly in the WWE from 2005 to 2008 but both Parmeter and his girlfriend who was also employed with the company asked for their released due to health problems. He was re-signed by the WWE on July 14, 2010 and was sent to their FCW developmental territory. He competed on the fourth season of NXT but was the second person eliminated. He also competed on the fifth season of NXT titled NXT Redemption but was eliminated fourth.

Parmeter won the NXT Tag Team Championship with Viktor on September 12, 2013 when they defeated Adrian Neville and Corey Graves.
Championships
Coastal Championship Wrestling
CCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
CCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Sean Allen)
Deep South Wrestling
DSW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
Four Star Championship Wrestling
FSCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
FSCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jeff "J-Dawg" Brooks)
Georgia Championship Wrestling
GCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Kings of Pro Wrestling
KPW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
Maximum Pro Wrestling
MPW Television Championship (one time)
NWA Sunray Pro Wrestling
NWA Sunray Heavyweight Championship (one time)
NXT Wrestling
NXT Tag Team Championship (one time, current) (with Viktor)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #179 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.

References

Other websites
Official website 
WWE profile

1980 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Dame Siân Phillips DBE (; born Jane Elizabeth Ailwên Phillips, 14 May 1933) is a Welsh actress. She was married to actor Peter O'Toole. She is also known for her roles in Becket and in Goodbye, Mr. Chips.

References

Other websites
 
 Siân Phillips  at Mario Huet's web site
 Siân Phillips bio, Ammanford Web Site
 Siân Phillips  

1933 births
Living people
Welsh movie actors
Welsh television actors
Welsh stage actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Man of La Mancha is an American drama movie. It is directed by Arthur Hiller. It stars Peter O'Toole, Sophia Loren and Ian Richardson. It was released on December 11, 1972.

1972 drama movies
American drama movies
Italian drama movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by Arthur Hiller
Man and Superman was a drama play written by George Bernard Shaw in 1903. Man and Superman opened at The Royal Court Theatre in London on 23 May 1905. A movie version of the play was released in 1982. It stars Peter O'Toole.

Video
 Man and Superman (Bernard Shaw) 2015 National Theatre Live

Plays by George Bernard Shaw
20th-century plays
Pygmalion is a television movie from 1983. It was produced by Margot Kidder. Kidder also stars in the movie, which also stars Peter O'Toole as Professor Henry Higgins. It received many positive reviews. It was based on George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion. It was released on July 14, 1983.

References

Other websites
 

1983 movies
American television movies
Movies based on plays
The Laurence Olivier Award (or the Olivier Award) is an award given to actors who succeed in theatre work. It is named for actor Laurence Olivier. It was first awarded in 1976.

Entertainment awards
Theater
1976 establishments
Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell is a play by Keith Waterhouse. It is about real-life journalist Jeffrey Bernard. Bernard was still alive when the play was first performed in the West End in 1989. It starred Peter O'Toole and Tom Conti.

British plays
1980s plays
1989 works
Standard Liège (full name: Royal Standard Club de Liège) is a football club from Liège in Belgium. The club is playing in the Belgian Pro League, the top level in Belgium.
Champion (10):1958, 1961, 1963, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1982, 1983, 2008, 2009
Cup (6):1954, 1966, 1967, 1981, 1993, 2011
European Cup Winner Cup:
Runner-up 1982

Team

1900 establishments in Europe
Belgian football clubs
Liège
Establishments in Belgium
The Kingdom of the East Saxons (), was also called the Kingdom of Essex. It was one of the seven kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Essex was founded in the 6th century. The kingdom of Essex covered the area of the modern English counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, Middlesex and (for a short while) Kent. Kings of Essex frequently found themselves under the control of other Anglo-Saxon overlords. The territory of the East Saxons included the two Roman provincial capitals of Colchester and, for a time, London. In the Tribal Hidage the East Saxons were listed at 7,000 hides.

History
History 

When they arrived in England the Saxons, like the Angles, Jutes and Frisians, were Pagans. After the Saxons gained control of Kent they set themselves up in the territory of Essex. The first attempts to convert the East Saxons to Christianity came in 604 with the arrival of Bishop (later Saint) Mellitus in London. Athelberht (King of Kent was the overlord of southern England and helped in the conversion of King Saebert of Essex.  Athelberht built and endowed St. Pauls in London, where St. Paul’s Cathedral now stands. After the death of Saebert in 616, Mellitus was driven out and the kingdom reverted to paganism. King Oswi of Northumbria convinced King Sigebert of Essex to become Christian. Sigebert then invited Chad to become Bishop of London. By 874 the Great Heathen Army held much of Essex. They established bases from which they attacked other parts of England. In 825 the kingdom of the East Saxons became part of Wessex.

Kings of Essex
Kings of Essex 

 Aescwine (legendary king)
 Sledda (legendary king)
 Saebert (–) - Son of Sledda, nephew of Athelbert of Kent
 Sexred (–623) - Son of Saebert, ruled jointly with his two brothers Saeward and Sexbald.
 Saeward (–623)
 Sexbald (–623)
 Sigebert I (623–) - Probable son of Saeward
 Sigebert II (–) - Possible cousin of Sigebert I
 Swithelm (–663)
 Sigehere (ruled Essex 663–688; Kent 687–688)
 Sebbi (663–693)
 Sigeheard (693–) - Son of Sebbi
 Swaefred (689–) - Son of Sebbi
 Offa (707–709) - Son of Sigehere
 Saelred (–746) Co-king
 Swebert (709–738) Co-king
 Swithred (746–759)
 Sigeric (759–798)
 Sigered (798–825) last king of Essex; reduced in rank after 811 to an ealdorman.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Kingdom of Essex 
6th-century establishments in England
9th-century disestablishments in Europe
825 disestablishments
Anglo-Saxons
Disestablishments in England
Former monarchies of Europe
History of England
St. Catherine's College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It is commonly referred to as "Catz". The college was founded in 1962, but its origins are older. In 1862, a "Delegacy for Unattached Students" was formed in Oxford. Students could join the Delegacy to become members of the University without being members of a college. Many students could not afford the cost of belonging to a college. The Delegacy came to be called "St. Catharine's [sic.] Club" after the name of the building at which its members met. In 1931, the Delegacy was officially renamed "St. Catherine's Society".

The Society obtained authority to become a full college in 1956. It purchased land from Merton College and built a modernist campus designed by Danish architect Arne Jacobsen. The College opened in 1962. It first admitted women students in 1974.

References

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1962 establishments in England
Dr. Luigi a puzzle video game for the Wii U console. It was developed by Nintendo and Arika. It was released in North America on December 31, 2013, and in Europe on January 15, 2014.

Gameplay
The gameplay of Dr. Luigi is to make sure vitamins of the same color are lined up together. There are three colors of vitamins: red, blue, and yellow. The player has to clear the field of viruses by dropping capsules with two colors on them. The player moves the capsules as they fall by moving them left or right and rotating them. The player gets points by killing viruses. The game ends if the bottle fills up with capsules.
There are four different modes. "Retro Remedy" is played like other Dr. Mario games. In "Operation L", capsules that are shaped like an L are dropped into the playing field. In "Virus Buster", players hold the Wii U GamePad vertically, and use the controller's touch screen to drop the capsules onto the playing field. In "Online Battle", players can play against other people through online multiplayer.

References

2013 video games
Mario video games
Puzzle video games
Wii U games
Luigi games
Tetris Attack is a puzzle video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy that was released in 1996. It was developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo. It is the first game in the Puzzle League series. It was originally known as Panel de Pon in Japan and had different characters, but the characters were replaced with characters from Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island when the game was made in English.

Gameplay
Players clear blocks that come down by lining them up in horizontal or vertical lines of three or more blocks. The lines have to have the same kind of block. As new blocks come down, the playfield rises. If it makes it to the top, the player loses. The player can stop the playfield from rising by clearing blocks. In two-player games, clearing more than one line at once making combos causes "garbage" blocks to come down on the opponent's side of the field. Garbage blocks can be cleared by clearing lines below it.
There are several single-player modes. In Story Mode, the player plays through the game's story. The player faces against opponents in head-to-head matches. The player has to make their opponent lose by causing their playfield to make it to the top. In Endless Mode, the player plays as long as possible; with the speed becoming faster over time. In Timed Mode, the player has to score as many points as possible in two minutes. In Stage Clear, the player goes through a series of stages where they have to clear blocks below a line. In Puzzle Mode, the player goes through puzzles where they have to clear blocks in a certain amount of moves.

There are also multiplayer modes which are two-player versions of the single-player modes.

Other websites

1996 video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Game Boy games
Yoshi games
Puzzle video games
A private school (also known as independent school or nonstate schools) is a school that is not owned by a government. These schools decide which students to admit. They get their money in whole or in part from the school fees that students pay to attend, instead of from taxes. Private schools are often more expensive than other schools.

In the United Kingdom, private schools are usually called public schools.

References

Types of educational institutions
Mikhail Borisovich Khodorkovsky (born 26 June 1963) is a Russian businessman. In 2005 he was put in prison for not paying taxes. On 20 December 2013 Putin let him out of prison. He lives in London, having been more recently convicted in absentee of murder for hire.

Early life
Khodorkovsky was born in Moscow to a Jewish father and Russian mother. He went to the Mendeleev Chemistry and Technology Institute.

Once the richest man in Russia 
In 2003, Khodorkovsky was named Person of the Year by Expert, sharing this title with Roman Abramovich and, in 2004, Khodorkovsky was the wealthiest man in Russia and one of the richest people in the world, ranked 16th on Forbes list of billionaires.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Khodorkovsky accumulated wealth by developing Siberian oil fields. He was the head of Yukos, one of the largest Russian companies to emerge from the privatization of state assets in the 1990s.
He was arrested on 25 October 2003. The government under Vladimir Putin then froze shares of Yukos shortly thereafter on tax charges. The state took further actions against Yukos, leading to a collapse of the company's share price. This destroyed most of Khodorkovsky's wealth. He was found guilty and sentenced to nine years in prison in May 2005. While still serving his sentence, Khodorkovsky and his business partner Platon Lebedev were further charged and found guilty of embezzlement and money laundering in December 2010, extending his prison sentence to 2014.

Khodorkovsky was pardoned by President Vladimir Putin following lobbying for his release by Hans-Dietrich Genscher, and released from jail on 20 December 2013.
Trial 
There is widespread concern internationally that the trials and sentencing were politically motivated. During Putin's presidency, it became clear that many state assets had been sold far below their true value. This was shown as soon as shares became available on the open market. The conspiracy theory is that, wanting to recapture Yukos for the state, a way was sought to put an end to Khodorovsky's control.

There was a confrontation between state auditors and Yukos auditors as to the extent of Yukos' profits. It was claimed for Yukos that a large part of the profits were covered by investments in plant (pipelines, etc.), and exploration. The upshot was that Khodorovsky was charged with tax evasion.
Khodorkovsky’s group established Quadrum Atlantic SPC in the Cayman Islands with $35 Billion siphoned through Cyprus shell companies. In 2013, the former Yukos managers transitioned these funds through the management of Quadrum Global, appointing Oleg Pavlov as its director, now employing Baron Property Group to facilitate the laundering of dark money into US real estate . 

1963 births
Living people
Jewish businesspeople
Businesspeople from Moscow
Russian Jews
Private might mean:

Private (rank)
Private First Class
Private bill
Private equity
Private network
Private prison
Private property
Private school