Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
But as of December 2019, only 55 countries have ratified, that is admitted formally the Convention. Most of those countries are in North Africa and South America. No migrant-receiving State in Western Europe or North America has ratified the Convention. Other important receiving countries, such as Australia, Arab states of the Persian Gulf, India and South Africa have not ratified the Convention either.

But this Convention is recalled by the Preamble of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Related pages
Immigration
Migrant worker
International Labour Organization
International human rights law

Other websites 
Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers (full text)

Migration laws
Human rights
Pope Benedict XI (; 1240–7 July 1304), born Nicholas Boccasini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 195th Pope from 1303 to 1304.

Early life
Boccasini was born in Treviso.

Dominican monk
In 1254, Boccasini became a Dominican friar at the age of 14. He rose in the ranks of the Order; and was elected General or Master of the Order of Preachers in 1296.

Cardinal
Pope Boniface VIII raised Boccasini to the rank of cardinal.  In 1298, he was named Cardinal of Santa Sabina.

In 1300, Cardinal Boccasini was named Bishop of Ostia and Velletri.

In 1302, he was the diplomatic representative of Boniface VIII in Hungary.

Pope
Cardinal Boccasini was elected pope on October 22, 1303; and he chose to be called Benedict XI. He was pope for only eight months.

Benedict was a supporter of the Ultamontane policies of Pope Boniface VIII.

In a conciliatory gesture, Benedict released the King of France from excommunication.

Pope Benedict died suddenly at Perugiain July 1304.
Beatification
Benedict XI was beatified in 1773.

Select works
Benedict XI was the author of a volume of sermons and commentaries on the Gospel of Matthew, on the Psalms, the Book of Job, and John's Apocalypse.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
 "St. Benedict XI., Pope and Confessor", Butler's Lives of the Saints''
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Boccasini

1240 births
1304 deaths
Italian popes
Beatified people
The Bell Centre () is a sports arena in Montreal, Quebec. The arena opened on March 16, 1996, and is the current home to the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). The arena was originally known as Molson Centre () from 1996 to 2002. Bell Canada currently has naming rights for the arena. The arena has also held several WWE events, which includes the Survivor Series in 1997, where the infamous Montreal Screwjob between Bret Hart, Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels took place, as well as other pay-per-views including No Way Out in 2003 and Breaking Point.

References

Other websites

Official website 

1996 establishments in Canada
Indoor arenas
Montreal Canadiens
Music venues
Sports buildings in Canada
Pope Adrian may mean

Pope Adrian I (772-795)
Pope Adrian II (767–872)
Pope Adrian III (884-885)
Pope Adrian IV (1154–1159), English pope
Pope Adrian V (1276)
Pope Adrian VI (1522–1523), Dutch pope

Adrian
"Santa Claus is Coming to Town" is a Christmas themed song. It was first written and recorded in 1934. The song was adapted to a television special around 1970. It has been recorded by multiple singers, including though not limited to Bruce Springsteen, Chicago, Dolly Parton, The Jackson 5, The Crystals, Mariah Carey and Beach Boys since it was introduced.

1934 songs
Christmas songs
Bing Crosby songs
The Andrews Sisters songs
Mariah Carey songs
Bruce Springsteen songs
The Supremes songs
The Beach Boys songs
Richard Marx songs
Dolly Parton songs
The Pointer Sisters songs
Tony Bennett songs
Miley Cyrus songs
Stevie Nicks songs
The Four Seasons (band) songs
Chicago (band) songs
Chris Isaak songs
Perry Como songs
The Jackson 5 songs
Barry Manilow songs
America's Most Wanted is an American television program about wanted criminals that airs on Lifetime. The program is about catching people wanted for catching serious crimes. It aired on Fox from its debut until Fox canceled it on June 18, 2011. Six months later, Lifetime brought the show back.  The creator and host is John Walsh.

On May 2, 2008, the program's website said it made its 1,000th capture.

American reality television series
Law enforcement in the United States
English-language television programs
Kiva Microfunds (commonly known by its domain name, Kiva.org) was founded as a non-profit organization in October in 2005 by Matt Flannery and Jessica Jackley, an American couple interested in microfinance.

The project began in April 2004 when Jessica Jackley came back from East Africa where she had worked as a consultant for the non-profit Village Enterprise Fund. After, they began developing their plan for a microfinance project that became Kiva. Kiva means “unity” in Swahili. 

In January 2006, Premal Shah became Kiva’s president. More and more countries were included in Kiva’s projects like Mongolia, Liberia and Columbia in 2009. On top of that, since its creation, the organization has won a lot of  prizes, for example the World Summit Award for “e-Business” in 2007 and the Webby People’s Choice Award for Charitable Organizations in 2008.
Kiva has become more and more popular. It belongs to the “50 best websites 2008” according to TIME magazine. President Clinton’s book Giving names Kiva "a way to give back".  In October 2010, Kiva celebrated its fifth birthday. In five years it has given 100 million loans.

How it works
Kiva follows the rules of microcredit. Small, interest-free loans to people in difficulties or who cannot access a regular bank loan. The following points represent the different steps of the Kiva  system.
 Borrowers (they can be anyone in the world) meet “Field partners” and ask them for a  loan.
 The field partners give the amount of money requested to the borrowers.
 Then they ask Kiva to make a loan request on the website Kiva.org. Kiva publishes the name of the borrower, the amount of money requested and the reason for the loan. 
 Kiva receives the money from generous lenders or groups of lenders and gives it to the Field partners.
 As soon as they can, the borrowers begin to repay the loan.
To simplify all the transfers of money, there is a Kiva account which allows you to have a Kiva credit. When you are repaid, the money is available on this account, and you can loan it again. So, if you loan 25$, when you have been repaid you can lend it again, and actually, you have given 50$!

Kiva has achieved a total value of all loans at present of 251 142 725 $

Kiva's home base

In July 2007, the Kiva headquarters moved to their current address at 3180 18th Street, San Francisco.

Kiva's team
Kiva's team is composed of around 450 employees and volunteers who work for the organisation. There are different sectors:

engineering
management
finance
microfinance
human resources
legal
product marketing
partnerships (translators...)

Everyone who works for the organisation is personally engaged in Kiva.

The microcredit system
The system of microcredit generally deals with the attribution of low sum loans to businessmen or artisans who cannot have regular bank loans. Microcredit is being developed in developing countries : nations with a low level of material wealth, where it allows small  “micro” projects to become reality. It favours activity and wealth creation. Microcredit is also practiced in developed countries.

Microcredit is one of the financial sectors, like savings, micro insurance and others which compose the microfinance system.

On the 13th October 2006, Muhammad Yunus and the bank he created, Grameen Bank, were awarded the Nobel Peace prize. They were rewarded because of  microcredit development at international, almost worldwide level.
This microcredit system is aimed at local economic development generally in poor countries to help small businesses and artisans to increase their goods or services production. Thanks to this system, little by little it allows economic development at national level, then at international level.  It represents a solution to improve the situation of poor people.

References

Other websites
Kiva official website
Non-profit organizations of California
Waunfawr is a village in the small town of Aberystwyth in Wales. It has a big secondary school called Penglais Comprehensive School, a community hall and a park. It also has an old people's home, two shops and a chippy. There are many houses in Waunfawr.

Villages in Wales
A decompression chamber is a large container that divers can enter after they have surfaced to help their bodies return to normal atmospheric pressure. It is also called a "recompression chamber" or "hyperbaric oxygen therapy chamber".

When a diver returns to the surface too quickly, he can suffer from decompression sickness (also know as "the bends".) To prevent this divers would stop at various points as they returned toward the surface to allow their bodies to adjust to the pressure change.  If a driver uses a chamber, the diver will adjust in the chamber rather than stop at various depths underwater. This eliminates many of the risks of long decompressions underwater, in cold or dangerous conditions.

Diving
A herbal is a collection of plant descriptions: Very often, it also lists the properties of each plant, or its use, for example for medicine or alchemy. A herebal can also classify the plants it describes. One of the oldest known herbals is the Vienna Dioscurides dating from the 6th century. Physicians and Apothecaries were the main users of such books. Herbals were also important for the study of botany. Hieronymus Bock descrived the plants of southwestern Germany, in his 16th century herbal; he was the first to mention certain morphological features.

Related pages
Herbarium or Herbar - a collection of plant specimens

Herbs
Biology books
Lindsay Wagner (b. June 22, 1949 near Los Angeles) is an Emmy Award winning television and movie actress. She is best known as the main character in the television series The Bionic Woman. She has done many other programs and movies since then.

Other websites

1949 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Emmy Award winning actors
Willard Sterling Boyle, CC (August 19, 1924– May 7, 2011) was a Canadian physicist and co-inventor of the charge-coupled device.  On October 6, 2009, he won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor".

Life
Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia, he was the son of a medical doctor and moved to Quebec with his father and mother Beatrice when he was three. He was home schooled by his mother until age fourteen, when he attended Montreal's Lower Canada College to complete his secondary education. Boyle attended McGill University, but his education was interrupted in 1943, when he joined the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. He was loaned to the Britain's Royal Navy, where he was learning how to land Spitfires on aircraft carriers as the war ended. He gained a Bachelor of Science (1947), Master of Science (1948) and PhD (1950) from McGill University.
Career
After receiving his doctorate, Boyle spent one year at Canada's Radiation Laboratory and two years teaching physics at the Royal Military College of Canada. In 1953 Boyle joined Bell Labs a part of Bellcomm, where he invented the first continuously operating ruby laser with Don Nelson in 1962. He also helped invent a semiconductor injection laser. He became director of Space Science and Exploratory Studies at the Bell Labs in 1962. They provided support for the Apollo space program and helped to select Moon landing sites. He returned to Bell Labs in 1964, working on the development of integrated circuits.
Boyle was Executive Director of Research for Bell Labs from 1975 until his retirement in 1979. In retirement, he split his time between Halifax and Wallace, Nova Scotia where he helped launch an art gallery with his wife Betty, a landscape artist. He married Betty in 1947, and has four children, 10 grandchildren and one great-grandchild.  He was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada in 2010. Boyle died in Wallace from kidney disease.

References

Other websites

Nobel Prize information
Obituary 

Canadian Nobel Prize winners
People from Nova Scotia
Canadian physicists
1924 births
2011 deaths
Baku Metro (), is an electrified metro railway system which is a part of the public transportation system of Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. It was opened on 6 November 1967.

At that time, Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union until the end of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Baku Metro has the features found in most other ex-Soviet metro systems. These include very deep metro stations, and detailed decorations that blend traditional Azerbaijani national designs with Soviet ideology. The metro system has three lines and has 40.3 kilometers of double railway tracks with 27 stations, which, apart from two stations, are underground. It is run by the Bakı Metropoliteni. In 2015, it carried 222.0 million passengers, which means an average ridership of approximately 608,200 passengers each day.
Expansion plans 
At present, there are several projects, only two of which are under construction. In 2011, the Chief Executive of the Baku Metro, Taghi Ahmadov, announced plans to construct 70 new stations by 2040. These will serve the new bus complex as well as Heydar Aliyev International Airport.

Network

Lines

Timeline

Renaming of stations

Related pages
 List of Baku metro stations
 Rapid transit

References

Other websites 

 Official website   
 Baku Metro Track Map 
 Urbanrail - Baku Metro
 Information 
 More information 
 Baku Public Transportation

 
1967 establishments in Asia
Buildings and structures in Baku
20th-century establishments in Azerbaijan
Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941October 12, 2011), was an American computer scientist who "helped shape the digital era."  He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the UNIX operating system.  Ritchie and Thompson received the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Clinton in 1999.  Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007.  He was the 'R' in K&R C.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Dennis Ritchie's home page at Bell Labs 
Biography 
Bibliography 
 Williamson, Marcus, "Obituary: Dennis Ritchie: Computer software pioneer", The Independent (UK), Monday, 17 October 2011
 "Obituary"The Economist (UK), 20 October 2011
Transcript of an interview with Dennis Ritchie – Interview by Michael S. Mahoney
Interview with Dennis M. Ritchie – By Manuel Benet (published in LinuxFocus.org in July 1999)
"The C Family of Languages: Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, and James Gosling" -  article in Java Report, 5(7), July 2000 and C++ Report, 12(7), July/August 2000
- "The Guru" - article in Linux Magazine, June 2001 
Unix.se DMR interview published February 7. 2003 
 Ritchie and Thompson Receive National Medal of Technology from President Clinton 
The future according to Dennis Ritchie – LinuxWorld.com 12/4/00
The Limbo Programming Language by Dennis M. Ritchie
Dennis Ritchie's video interview June 2011
Turing Award winners
American computer scientists
Scientists from New York (state)
Harvard University alumni
1941 births
2011 deaths
Mayim Bialik (born December 12, 1975 in San Diego) is an American actress and neuroscientist. Her most notable television series are NBC's Blossom and CBS' The Big Bang Theory. In Blossom, Bialik played a teenage girl living with her father. In The Big Bang Theory, she plays Amy Farrah Fowler. Bialik has also acted in a number of movies, including Beaches in 1988. many voices of TV shows include, The Powerpuff Girls in Season 9, Recess, Johnny Bravo, Nutri Ventures, Jonny Quest, Star Vs. The Forces of Evil, Lloyd In Space, etc.  In 2021, she was a guest host on Jeopardy! after the death of Alex Trebek.  After Mike Richards resigned as host, Bialik split hosting duties with Ken Jennings for the remainder of the 2021-22 season. Bialik and Jennings were both named permanent Jeopardy! hosts in 2022.

Personal life
Bialik is Jewish. She married Michael Stone on August 31, 2003. The couple have two sons, and divorced in May 2013.

Education
Bialik obtained a PhD in neuroscience from UCLA.

Filmography

References
References

Other websites
 

1975 births
Living people
Actors from San Diego, California
American child actors
American feminists
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Jewish American actors
Jewish American scientists
American neuroscientists
Scientists from San Diego, California
Writers from California
Blossom was an American television situation comedy that aired on NBC from January 1991 to May 1995. The main stars were Mayim Bialik and Joey Lawrence. Bialik played Blossom Russo, a teenage girl living with her father and two brothers after her mother left to pursue her own career.

References 

1990s television series
1990 American television series debuts
1995 American television series endings
American sitcoms
American teen television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Mia Farrow (born Maria de Lourdes Villiers Farrow; February 9, 1945) is an American singer, actress and humanitarian worker. She has won many awards, including a Golden Globe. She has been in almost 50 movies. Farrow is also known for her extensive humanitarian work. Time magazine named Farrow one of the most influential people in the world. She gained further recognition for her subsequent short-lived marriage to Frank Sinatra. She later married André Previn after she became pregnant with his child. She has dated Woody Allen.

Career
Farrow's first main role in a movie was as Rosemary Woodhouse in Rosemary's Baby and starred in the television series Peyton Place. It was released in 1968. She won several awards for it. She became the first American actress to join the Royal Shakespeare Company. In the 1980s and early 1990s Farrow acted in nearly all of the movies released by her boyfriend Woody Allen. She last acted in the 2011 movie Dark Horse.
Personal life
Farrow married singer Frank Sinatra on July 19, 1966. He divorced Farrow in 1969. 

In 1980 Farrow started dating Woody Allen. In 1992 Farrow found naked pictures of her adopted daughter Soon-Yi Previn in Allen's house. Farrow and Allen broke up after this.

Children
She has thirteen living children and nine grandchildren. Two of her daughters have died. Farrow has seven adopted children.

In 2014, Dylan Farrow wrote an open letter in the New York Times, saying that her adoptive father Woody Allen had sexually abused her when she was a child. Allen wrote a response in which he quoted Moses Farrow, “My mother drummed it into me to hate my father for tearing apart the family and sexually molesting my sister."

References

Actors from Los Angeles
American human rights activists
American movie actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Singers from Los Angeles
1945 births
Living people
Frank Sinatra
"So What" is a 2008 song performed by American pop rock singer Pink. The single was the first off her fifth album Funhouse and became her first solo #1 hit in the United States.

2008 songs
Pink (singer) songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Cheetos are an extremely popular snack food consisted of cheese curls made through Frito-Lay. The product has been sold using different mascots.

Snack foods
Frito-Lay North America is an American company connected under PepsiCo, Inc. The company creates potato chips, corn chips and other snack foods. It was founded around 1965. Its headquarters is in Plano, TX.

References 

1961 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Texas
American food companies
Companies based in Texas
Plano, Texas
Abbas II (14 July 1874 – 19 December 1944) was the last Khedive of Egypt and Sudan (1892-1914). He was largely a puppet of the United Kingdom. The British removed him from power because of his support for the Sultan of Turkey in the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Turkey was an ally of Germany fighting Great Britain.

1874 births
1944 deaths
Egyptian Muslims
Egyptian politicians
Belgian Congo was a Belgian colony in central Africa. It was formed in 1908. The government of Belgium took over the previously separate kingdom of Belgium's monarch Léopold II; the Congo Free State. Today it is called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It existed between Léopold II's formal transfer of his personal control to Belgium on 15 November 1908, and Congolese independence on 30 June 1960.

References

Other websites
Belgian Congo article in Encyclopædia Britannica 1922 extension.
Oasis Kodila Tedika and Francklin Kyayima Muteba. Sources of growth in Democratic Republic of the Congo before independence. A cointegration analysis. Revue congolaise d’économie / Congo Economic Review. Document de Travail / Working Paper. WP02/10 — July 2006.
1908 establishments
1960 disestablishments in Africa
1900s establishments in Africa
20th century in Belgium
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
States and territories established in the 20th century
Former colonies in Africa

de:Geschichte der Demokratischen Republik Kongo#Belgisch-Kongo
Sir Roger Casement (1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916) was an Irish nationalist and British diplomat. He served as British consul in Boma, the capital of the Congo Free State and reported human rights abuses there. He helped a campaign against King Léopold II of Belgium's rule in the Congo Free State which lead him to relinquish his African kingdom to the Belgian Parliament in 1908. He was an Irish revolutionary. After participating in the 1916 rising, he was executed for treason by hanging by the British.

His role in the rising was in the importation of guns, he was arrested in Tralee, County Kerry. 

At his trial he was outed as gay, this was discovered through his diary.

1864 births
1916 deaths
British diplomats
British criminals
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Irish politicians
People executed by hanging
British LGBT politicians
Brenda Blethyn (born 20 February 1946) is a British actress. She has starred in movies, television and theatre. She has been nominated for Academy Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Emmy Awards. She has won a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award. Notable movies she has starred in include Secrets & Lies (1996).

Filmography

Other websites 

1946 births
Living people
Actors from Kent
BAFTA Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Ramsgate
Saving Grace is a 2000 British comedy movie set in Cornwall. Brenda Blethyn stars in the movie. It premiered at Sundance Film Festival. Critical reaction to this movie was positive. The movie received favorable notice for an independent British comedy; it was nominated for awards.

Other websites 

2000 movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
British criminal comedy movies
Cornwall
English-language movies
Lukas Katnik (born 31 July 1989) is an Austrian footballer. He plays for FC Pasching in Austrias Regionalliga Mitte as striker.

Career
He started playing football in the local clubs FC Mäder and FC Köblach in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg. 2006 he went to FC Lustenau where he made his professional debut in 2007. In 2010, he went to FC Dornbirn where he scored 10 goals in the first part of the season. In January 2011, he went on to Red Bull Juniors but went at once to USK Anif on loan. In 2011/2012 he came back to the Juniors and is mostly part of the starting team in the Regionalliga West, which is the 3rd division in Austrian football.

After a cooperation with FC Pasching Katnik, he was transferred to this club on loan.

References

 Players profile Transfermarkt.at

Austrian footballers
1989 births
Living people
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Austrian football forwards
Pope Benedict IX (; c. 1012–1056), born Teofilatto or Theophylactus of Tusculum, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 145th Pope from 1032 to 1045.  He is listed as the 147th Pope in 1045.  Also, he was the 150th Pope in 1047-1048.

Early life
Teofilatto was born in Rome c. 1012. He was the son of Alberic III of the noble Tusculum family.

He was the nephew of both Pope Benedict VIII and Pope John XIX.

Cardinal
John XIX raised Teofilatto to the rank of a cardinal; but the date is unknown.

Pope
In 1032, Alberic III used his money and influence to make his son the pope. This was called simony.  Pope Benedict chose his name in honor of his uncle, Benedict VIII.

Benedict is usually recognized as having had three terms or reigns as pope

First term
Benedict's first period as pope lasted from 1032 to 1044 when a revolt in Rome forced Benedict out of the city; and an antipope was elected with the name of Sylvester III.
Second term
Benedict's second period as pope lasted from his return six months later to 1045 when he sold his title to John Gratianus, who was then made pope with the name of Gregory VI.  Benedict abdicated or resigned.

In 1046, there were three men with the title of pope.  The problem was solved by electing a new pope with the name of Pope Clement II, who died a short time later.

Third term
When the death of Clement II in 1047, Benedict IX tried to claim the papacy again, but was driven out of Rome by German troops.  The timely election of Pope Damasus II became unimportant when he died 23 days later.

After 1048, Benedict's importance faded; and Pope Leo IX was elected in 1049.

After his death
Benedict IX was buried in the Abbey of Grottaferrata c. 1056.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Tusculum family
 List of ages of popes
 Abdication

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Teofillato
Italian popes
1012 births
1056 deaths
Shooting is when a rifle, shotgun or other weapons which fire a projectile, such as bows or crossbows, are fired. Even the firing of artillery, rockets and missiles can be called shooting. A person who is very good at shooting is a marksman. Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field in hunting, in shooting sports or in combat. Shooting is also an Olympic sport.

Uses 
Shooting is used for hunting birds such as grouse or pheasant, rabbits etc. Sometimes "shooting" just means "hunting".

Violence
Shooting is also used in warfare, self-defense, crime, and law enforcement. When someone shoots random innocent people it is sometimes caused by misanthropy (hate for humans).
Competitive shooting
In several countries, rifle clubs have been made since the 19th century. Soon, international shooting events were started, including shooting at the Summer Olympics (from 1896) and World Championships (from 1897). The International Shooting Sport Federation is in charge of Olympic and non-Olympic rifle, pistol and shotgun competitions. However, there are also many national and international shooting sports which other organisations are in charge of.

Shooting supplies
In most countries, people who want to shoot firearms need a license. Firearms can usually only be bought from registered shops.

Related pages 
Gun

Other websites 

Summer Olympic sports
War
Thomas William McNeeley, Jr. (February 27, 1937 – October 25, 2011) was a professional boxer. He was son of Tom McNeeley, Sr., who was also a professional boxer.  McNeeley attended Michigan State University where he played football.

His first professional fight was on July 17, 1958.  He fought 25 times without losing. On December 4, 1961, McNeeley fought Floyd Patterson for the World Heavyweight Championship. Patterson retained his title.  McNeeley retired after a June 14, 1966 fight. He later served on the Massachusetts Boxing Commission for eight years. He was also a U.S. Marshall. Later, he worked in the athletic department of the Massachusetts prison system and as a counselor for state employees.

McNeeley's son, Peter McNeeley was also a professional boxer. Peter fought Mike Tyson.

References

1934 births
2011 deaths
American boxers
Politicians‏ from Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
The Waitresses were an American experimental new wave music group. They were from Akron, Ohio. The group formed in the early 1980s. Their song I Know What Boys Like was released in 1980 but did not chart until 1982. They also represented the theme song for the television series Square Pegs in 1982-1983. The group broke up in 1984. Their lead singer died due to lung cancer in 1996.

American rock bands
New wave bands
Musical groups from Ohio
Musicians from Akron, Ohio
Pope John may mean:

 Pope John I (523–526)
 Pope John II (533–535)
 Pope John III (561–574)
 Pope John IV (640–642)
 Pope John V (685–686)
 Pope John VI (701–705)
 Pope John VII (705–707)
 Antipope John VIII
 Pope John VIII (872–882)
 Pope John IX (898–900)
 Pope John X (914–928)
 Pope John XI (931–935)
 Pope John XII (955–964)
 Pope John XIII (965–972)
 Pope John XIV (983–984)
 Pope John XV (985–996)
 Antipope John XVI 
 Pope John XVII (1003)
 Pope John XVIII (1003–1009)
 Pope John XIX (1024–1032)
 Pope John XX
 Pope John XXI (1276–1277)
 Pope John XXII (1316–1334)
 Antipope John XXIII 
 Pope John XXIII (1958–1963)

See also:
 Pope John Paul I (1978)
 Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)

John
"Deck the Halls" is a Christmas and New Year's themed song. The "fa-la-la" refrains were played earlier on harps. The tunes of this song are that of old Welsh air. Various singers have covered the song, including James Taylor and Nat King Cole.

Christmas carols
1860s songs
Nat King Cole songs
James Taylor songs
Michael McDonald (musician) songs
"Silver Bells" is a classic Christmas song. The lyrics represent Christmas in the city rather than rural. It was first performed via Bob Hope. The first recorded version was done by Bing Crosby and released in October 1950. Other musicians, including though not limited to The Supremes, Johnny Mathis and Andy Williams have done their versions of this Christmas carol.

1950 songs
Christmas songs
Bing Crosby songs
The Supremes songs
Johnny Mathis songs
Andy Williams songs
The Judds songs
Bob Dylan songs
Andy Williams (December 3, 1927 - September 25, 2012) was an American singer. He had many gold and several platinum albums and songs, including 8 Christmas albums.

Williams was born in Wall Lake, Iowa. Some sources say he was born in 1927, others say 1928. Williams was married to Claudine Longet from 1961 until they divorced in 1975. He was later married to Debbie Meyer from 1991 until his death in 2012. Williams had 3 children. In November 2011, Williams was diagnosed with bladder cancer. Williams died on September 25, 2012 in Branson, Missouri from the cancer, aged 84.

References 

1927 births
2012 deaths
American pop singers
Cancer deaths in Missouri
Deaths from bladder cancer
Singers from Iowa
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (also known as "Let It Snow!") is a holiday oriented song that is played during the Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years holidays' season, although it does not mention any holiday within the lyrics. It was originally written by Sammy Cahn. It has been covered by many singers, including though not limited to Ella Fitzgerald, Dean Martin and Anne Murray throughout the decades.

Christmas songs
1946 songs
Bing Crosby songs
Frank Sinatra songs
Rod Stewart songs
Carly Simon songs
Dean Martin songs
Anne Murray songs
Ella Fitzgerald songs
Chicago (band) songs
Kung Fu was an American television series created by Ed Spielman, and starring David Carradine as Kwai Chang Caine. The show was nominated for 2 Golden Globes.

Plot 
Kung Fu follows the adventures of a Shaolin monk named Kwai Chang Caine travelling through the Old West of the United States as the only weapon, using his skills in martial arts and inner strength of his philosophy of life. Its purpose was to find his half-brother, Danny Caine, and start a new family, as Kwai Chang had fled China after the authorities put a price on his head.

63 episodes of the series were filmed between 1972-1975, including the 90-minute TV pilot.

References 
 Action TV: tough-guys, smooth operators and foxy chicks, by Bill Osgerby,Anna Gough-Yates
 Cinephilia: movies, love and memory, by Marijke de Valck,Malte Hagener

Other websites 
 

1972 American television series debuts
1975 American television series endings
1970s American television series
American drama television series
English-language television programs
Stoichiometry is a branch of science that studies and measures the amount of matter in chemical reactions. It can be used to predict the amount of things that will be made in a chemical reaction. It uses the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite composition and the law of multiple proportions in balancing chemical equations.

Branches of chemistry
Occupy London (also known as Occupy London Stock Exchange) is a peaceful protest and demonstration. The aims of the protest is to demand dialogue and to draw attention to several different issues such as the widening gap between rich and poor people in the UK as well as the great influence that companies and business groups have on decisions made by the UK government.

Location and History
The protest is mostly found in a group of tents that have been put up in the grounds of St Paul's Cathedral in London, United Kingdom. The Cathedral is just in front of the London Stock Exchange. The protest started on 15 October 2011 with the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York, United States. On 22 October 2011 another protest was set up in Finsbury Square which is about 1 km away.

Organisation and Events
The protesters are not part of a political party and they do not have a leader.

Gallery

References
The Occupy London website and blog
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and radiation by heated objects. He coined the term black body radiation in 1862. 

He proposed two sets of independent concepts in both circuit theory and thermal emission. They are all called 'Kirchhoff's laws' after him, as well as a law of thermochemistry. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after him and his colleague, Robert Bunsen. He also discovered rubidium with Bunsen in 1861.

References 

1824 births
1887 deaths
German inventors
German physicists
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
"Carol of the Bells" is a very popular song. It was composed by Mykola Leontovych, a Ukrainian composer. It is played during the Christmas season of every year. It has been featured in many movies, in parodies and in television programs. It has also been performed by many musicians, such as Johnny Mathis, The Carpenters, Destiny's Child and Jessica Simpson.

1910s songs
Christmas music
Johnny Mathis songs
Marillion songs
Destiny's Child songs
Jessica Simpson songs
The Carpenters songs
Valentín Paz-Andrade (b. Pontevedra, 23 April 1898-d. Vigo, 19 May 1987) was a Galician lawyer, writer, politician, journalist, poet, businesspeople and economist.

Galician Literature Day is dedicated to him in 2012.

Works

 Pranto matricial (1955) .
 Los derechos sobre el espacio marítimo (1960) .
 La anunciación de Valle-Inclán (1967) .
 Sementeira do vento (1968) .
 La marginacíón de Galicia (1970) .
 X. R. Barreiro Fernández, F. Díaz-Fierros ..., Los Gallegos, (1976), La sociedad y la economía, (1975), pp. 45–93.
 A galecidade na obra de Guimarães Rosa (1978) .
 Cen chaves de sombra (1979) .
 Castelao na luz e na sombra (1982) .
 
 O legado xornalístico de Valentín Paz-Andrade (1997) .
 Epistolario, (1997) .

References

Further information
 Freixanes, Víctor F. (1982), Unha ducia de galegos. .
 Calvo, Tucho (1998), Valentín Paz-Andrade, a memoria do século. .
 
 Rodríguez Vidales, Francisco (1999), VPA, Valentín Paz-Andrade. .

Other websites 

 Enciclopedia Galega Universal
Spanish poets
Spanish journalists
Spanish lawyers
Galician people
Spanish businesspeople
Spanish economists
1898 births
1997 deaths
People from Pontevedra
Pope Innocent may mean:

 Pope Innocent I (401–417), saint of the Roman Catholic Church
 Pope Innocent II (1130–1143) 
 Pope Innocent III (1198–1216)
 Antipope Innocent III 
 Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254)
 Pope Innocent V (1276)
 Pope Innocent VI (1352–1362)
 Pope Innocent VII (1404–1406)
 Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492)
 Pope Innocent IX (1591)
 Pope Innocent X (1644–1655)
 Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689)
 Pope Innocent XII (1691–1700)
 Pope Innocent XIII (1721–1724)

Innocent

de:Innozenz
Reactivity is a measure of how much a substance tends to react with other things. Some substances are more reactive, and others are less reactive. Reactivity is set by several factors:
 the range of circumstances (conditions that include temperature, pressure, or presence of catalysts) in which the substance reacts,
 the range of substances that will react with it,
 the equilibrium point of the reaction (that is, the extent to which all of it reacts), or
 the speed of the reaction.

Reactivity involves both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the particular chemical reaction. A reaction will be more reactive if the total energy of the products is less than the total energy of the reactants. A reaction will be more reactive if the energy of its transition is low.
Lithium reacts with water and air. Gold does not react with water or air. Gold is unreactive, thus low on the reactivity series. Lithium is reactive. There are several ways to measure reactivity. Some are reducing agents, and others can be oxidizing agents. Some absorb water easily. Some break down easily.

References

Chemistry
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" is a widely popular Christmas song first done by Mariah Carey for her fourth studio album, Merry Christmas. It was first released in November 1994. The lyrics of the song declare that the protagonist doesn't care about the Christmas presents or lights and that all she is wanting is to be united alongside her lover for the Christmas holidays. The song has been remixed and covered by other musicians, such as The Cheetah Girls, Shania Twain, Miley Cyrus and John Mayer since it was introduced.  Carey wrote and produced the song with her longtime collaborator Walter Afanasieff.

The song's length is four minutes and one second.  On December 18, 2017, Billboard announced that the song had reached the top ten on the Hot 100 for the first time in the 23 years that the song was released.  In 2018, it reached number three on the Hot 100 and was at the top of the Canadian Hot 100 and Australian Singles Chart.
On December 16, 2019, Billboard announced that, after 25 years of release, the song had reached number one on the Hot 100, marking Carey's 19th chart-topper, extending her record as the soloist with the most US number-ones in history.

After peaking at number two, the song was at the top of the UK Singles Chart on December 11, 2020.

On December 3, 2021, the RIAA certified the song Diamond in the US for sales and streams of 10 million copies there.

Popular culture 
In December 2016, British talk show host James Corden recorded a version of the song as part of his Carpool Karaoke segment on CBS's The Late Late Show.  The video features British musicians Adele, Elton John, and Chris Martin, along with American entertainers Lady Gaga, Selena Gomez, Nick Jonas, Demi Lovato, Gwen Stefani, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Carey herself, singing lines from the song. As of January 2021, this version has over 49 million views on YouTube.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts
All-time charts

Certifications

References 

Christmas songs
Mariah Carey songs
Justin Bieber songs
Michael Bublé songs
1994 songs
Dance-pop songs
R&B songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of the Indian independence movement. He was also known as Mohandas Karam Chandra Gandhi.
Gandhi or Ghandhi may also refer to:

 Kanchi Natarajan Gandhi
 Gandhi (band)
 Gandhi (movie)
AKUT Search and Rescue Association (Turkish: AKUT Arama Kurtarma Derneği) is a non-governmental and volunteer organization in Turkey, which was established in 1996 by a group of mountaineers. The association has established 27 teams in different regions of Turkey and has participated in more than 1000 search and rescue operations in and out of Turkey. It's also a member of the International Rescue Dogs Organization and United Nations' International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG). 

In 2011 the association participated in INSARAG's classification event and since then it's a "medium search and rescue group".

Other websites

 Official webpage 
 Official webpage of Ankara Team  rev. 6. Nov. 2011
 INSARAG USAR Directory rev. 6. Nov. 2011
 IRO - Mitgliedsorganisationen  rev. 6. Nov. 2011 (in German)

Organizations based in Turkey
Collage 

Christmas songs
1780s songs
Orthacanthus was an ancient, fresh-water shark that had a long spine growing from the back of its skull. It had a very long dorsal fin, which ran all along the sharks back, giving it an eel-like appearance. 

Orthacanthus was the terror of freshwater swamps and bayous in Europe and North America. Its body reached nearly 10 feet (3 meters) in length and its powerful jaws were lined with double-fanged teeth.
Orthacanthus lived from roughly 280 million years ago, from the Pennsylvanian period through the Permian period. They were around before the dinosaurs evolved.

Extinct fish
Sharks
Rod Piazza (born December 18, 1947, Riverside, California) is a blues harmonica player and singer from the United States. His sound combines the styles of jump blues, West Coast blues and Chicago blues.

Life
He started playing at the age of seven. His first instrument was a guitar. He played blues because his much older brothers bought records of this style. In 1963 he started playing the harp.
Around 1965 he formed his first band (The Mystics) where he should play the guitar but it came out that someone else played this instrument much better. So he became harp player and singer of the band. They had their first gigs at parties. Later they went to Los Angeles and played in little clubs. At that time they signed a contract with ABC Bluesway  and renamed the band. They were now called „The Dirty Blues Band". Because some of the members had to go to Vietnam the band broke up. He formed a new band called Bacon Fat. In this band his mentor  George "Harmonica" Smith played the second harp and so they had a "dual harp" sound.

After leaving Bacon Fat he played solo. Later he formed the Chicago Flying Saucer Band which was renamed "The Mighty Flyers". This is the band which is till today backing up Piazza. On of the founding members of the Mighty Flyers was the pianist Debra „Honey“ Solum, who later became Piazzas wife.
The Mighty Flyers 2011
Rod Piazza: harp, vocals
Honey Piazza:keyboards
David Kida:drums
Henry Carvajal:guitar

Discography

Pre-Mighty Flyers Era
 1967 Dirty Blues Band / Dirty Blues Band (ABC-Bluesway)
 1969 Dirty Blues Band / Stone Dirt (ABC-Bluesway)
 1970 Bacon Fat / Grease One for Me (Blue Horizon)
 1971 Bacon Fat / Tough Dude (Blue Horizon)
 1973 Rod Piazza / Blues Man (LMI)
 1979 Chicago Flying Saucer Band /	Flying Saucer Band (Gangster)
The Mighty Flyers
 1980 Radioactive Material (Right Hemisphere)
 1981 The Mighty Flyers (Right Hemisphere)
 1982 Robot Woman II (Shanghai)
 1984 From the Start to the Finnish (Right Hemisphere)
 1985 File Under Rock (Takoma)
 1985 Harp Burn (Murray Brothers; Rod Piazza solo)
 1988 So Glad to Have the Blues (Murray Brothers; Rod Piazza solo)
 1991 Blues in the Dark (Black Top)
 1992 Alphabet Blues (Black Top)
 1994 Live at B.B. King's Club (Big Mo)
 1997 Tough and Tender (Tone-Cool)
 1999 Here and Now (Tone-Cool)
 2001 Beyond The Source (Tone-Cool)
 2004 Keepin' It Real (Blind Pig)
 2005 For The Chosen Who (Delta Groove)
 2007 Thrillville (Delta Groove)
 2009 Soul Monster (Delta Groove)
 2011 Almighty Dollar (Delta Groove)
As guest artist
1968 George 'Harmonica' Smith- Of the Blues 
1969 Charlie Musselwhite- Tennessee Woman  
1970 Revolutionary Blues Band- Revolutionary Blues Band  
1978 Shakey Jake- Make It Good To You  
1981 Gary Wright- Right Place  
1981 Mother Gong- Robot Woman 
1983 Shakey Jake- The Key Won't Fit 
1983 Pee Wee Crayton- Make Way for Pee Wee 
1983 Smokey Wilson- 88th Street Blues  
1985 Jimmy Rogers -Feelin' Good  
1988 Michelle Shocked -Short Sharp Shocked 
1990 Tommy Conwell -Guitar Trouble 
1991 Doug MacLeod -Ain't the Blues Evil 
1994 Big Joe Turner -Big Bad & Blue 
1995 Johnny Dyer- Jukin' 
1995 Smokey Wilson- 88th Street Blues  
1998 George 'Harmonica' Smith- Now You Can Talk About Me  
1999 Pee Wee Crayton -Early Hour Blues  
2000 Rick Holmstrom -Gonna Get Wild  
2000 Charlie Musselwhite- Best of the Vanguard Years  
2001 Kid Ramos -Greasy Kid Stuff

References

Blues musicians
1947 births
Blues harp players
Living people
Timothy Donald "Tim" Cook (born November 1, 1960) is the chief executive officer of Apple Inc.. He joined the company in March 1998. On August 24, 2011, he was made the CEO of Apple after the resignation of Steve Jobs, who died on October 5, 2011 from pancreatic cancer.

Early and personal life 
Cook grew up in Robertsdale, Alabama, near Mobile. His father was a shipyard worker, and his mother was a homemaker. Cook finished high school at Robertsdale High School, earned a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Auburn University in 1982, and his M.B.A. from Duke University's Fuqua School of Business in 1988.
Career 
Cook spent six months at Compaq as the Vice President for Corporate Materials before he was hired by Steve Jobs to join Apple. At first, he was the Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations.  Before that, Cook was the chief operating officer (COO) of the computer reseller division of Intelligent Electronics and spent 12 years in IBM's personal computer business as the director of North American Fulfillment.

Cook is praised for pulling Apple out of working by closing factories and warehouses around the world. This helped the company get lower inventory levels and make its supply chain easy, making margins a lot bigger. In January 2007, Cook was promoted to COO.

Cook served as Apple CEO for two months in 2004, when Jobs was healing from pancreatic cancer surgery. In 2009, Cook was made Apple CEO again for several months while Jobs had to leave for a liver transplant.
In January 2011, Apple's Board of Directors allowed Jobs to leave again for medical reasons. During that time, Cook was responsible for most of Apple’s day-to-day operations while Jobs made most big decisions. After Jobs retired, Cook was made permanent CEO of Apple on August 25, 2011.

Cook is also on the board of directors of Nike.

References

Other websites 

Executive Biography of Tim Cook at Apple

1960 births
Living people
American chief executives
Apple Inc.
Gay men
Businesspeople from Alabama
LGBT businesspeople
LGBT people from Alabama
People from Mobile, Alabama
"Azerbaijan Railways" Closed Joint-Stock Company () is the national state-owned rail transport company in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The total length of the rail network is , with a  rail gauge which is electrified at 3 kV (3,000 V) DC. The headquarters of the Azerbaijan Railways is in the capital Baku.

The Azerbaijan Railways was made from the Soviet Railways. The Soviet Railways itself came after the Russian Imperial Railways.

After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, its railway system broke up into national railway systems of many countries which used to be in the Soviet Union. The Republic of Azerbaijan became independent the same year and the Azerbaijan Railways was made.

The first railway line in Azerbaijan was laid in 1878 and was opened in 1880 in the suburbs outside Baku.

There are  kilometers of railway tracks out of which 72% or  kilometers are single railway tracks and 28% or  kilometers are double railway tracks which are laid next to each other.