Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1824, Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane asked Hovell to go with Hamilton Hume to explore the south part of New South Wales and Victoria. He wanted to know more about any rivers that might run south. Hovell was not an explorer but he knew how to navigate (find out where he was). There were problems deciding who was going to pay for the expedition. The two explorers bought most of the equipment. The government provided saddles, clothes, blankets and guns. Hume and Hovell left Sydney on  October 3 1824, with six men, five bullocks, three horses and two carts. The Murrumbidgee River was in flood so they had to make one of the carts into a kind of boat to get across. The men, horses, and bullocks swam over. A day or two later, in rough hilly country, they had great difficulty in finding a path for the carts. On October 27 they decided to leave them behind. They came to a large river on November 16, which Hovell called Hume's River "he being the first that saw it"
. This was the Murray River renamed by Charles Sturt a few years later. It was impossible to cross here (near the site of Albury), but after a few days they found a better place. They built the rough frame of a boat and managed to get across. By December 3, they had reached the Goulburn River. During the next ten days it was hard traveling through rough country, but they did get to more level and open land.
Western Port
On March 25, Governor Brisbane wrote about the discoveries of Hovell and Hume in a letter to England. He said that he was going to send a ship to Western Port to have it explored. His successor, Governor Ralph Darling, towards the end of 1826, sent an expedition led by Captain Wright to Western Port. Hovell went with this expedition, and his mistake in longitude was soon discovered. Hovell explored the land around Western Port and to the north. Near the coast at Cape Paterson he discovered "great quantities of very fine coal". This was the first discovery of coal in Victoria. Hovell was away 5 months on this expedition. He tried during the next 10 years to obtain some special reward from the government. He had already got 1,200 acres (5 km2) for the trip with Hume, and 1,280 acres (5 km2) for the trip to Western Port. He did not think this was enough.
Later life
He spent the rest of his life at his farm at Goulburn, New South Wales. He married Sophia Wilkinson in 1848. In December 1853, Hovell was special guest at a public dinner in Geelong, Victoria. His speech was reported in some of the newspapers. Hume thought that Hovell tried to claim all the credit for their joint expedition. This led to a long and bitter public fight between the two men. A full report of the speech shows that Hume was wrong. Hume was an experienced leader in the bush. Hovell was well-educated with a friendly character. During their expedition they worked well together. They were responsible for an important piece of exploration. Hovell's discovery of coal during his visit to Western Port was also important. Hovell died in Sydney on November 9 1875, and was buried at Goulburn. In 1877 his widow left £6000 to the University of Sydney as a memorial of him, which was used to start the William Hilton Hovell lectureship on geology and physical geography.

Recognition
Recognition

In 1922 a group was started in Melbourne to celebrate the centenary (100 years) of the expedition. Along the path of the expedition 37 memorials were built in Victoria. A dam was built on the King River near Cheshunt, Victoria in 1973. This formed Lake William Hovell. It supplies water for crops, vineyards and farms along the King River from Cheshunt to Wangaratta. A River Redgum tree Eucalyptus camaldulensis at Albury still has the mark Hovell made in 1824. He carved the words "Hovell NovR17/24" into the tree. The tree has been cloned so its genes can be kept for the future. An iron treasure chest, made in Germany in about 1660, and owned by Hovell is now in the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney. The Hume and Hovell Walking Track has been made, following the explorers path from Yass to Albury.

Related pages
 Hamilton Hume

References

1786 births
1875 deaths
English explorers
Exploration of Australia
People from Norfolk
The Star Wars prequel trilogy is a series of movies released between May 1999 and May 2005. All three movies were written and directed by George Lucas. The three movies are: Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999), Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)

Production
Lucasfilm started production on The Phantom Menace after George Lucas got interested in reviving the Star Wars franchise.

Reception
While all three movies are financially successful, the first two movies had mixed reviews, with the final movie having positive reviews. Critics didn't like the dialogue and some of the characters, including Jar Jar Binks. Many fans also thought that the previous three movies were better.

The trilogy has been popular with millennials who grew up with the movies. Because of this, the subreddit called Prequel Memes gained popularity. In more recent years, the movies have been more positively reviewed.
Mass media franchises introduced in 1999
Star Wars Skywalker Saga movies
During the period of the Abassid dynasty, Abassid claims to the caliphate did not go unchallenged. The  Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah of the Fatimid dynasty, which claimed descendency of Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the title of Caliph in 909 and created a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Initially it covered only Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, but then the Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking Egypt and Palestine and even ancient Pakistan, before the Abbassid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally ended in 1171. The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over the Muslim provinces of Spain, reclaimed the title of Caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031.

The tenth caliph, namely Al-Mutawakkil, is the person who oversaw the introduction of hadiths.

Related pages
 Sunni Islam
 Islamic Golden Age

Notes
Notes

Other websites 
 Abbasids (750-1517) 
 Abbasids the 2nd dynasty of caliphs 
 Abbasid Caliphs (In Our Time, Radio 4), in Streaming RealAudio
 An On-Going Detailed Account of the History of the Abbasids from an Islamic perspective. Most of the narrations have been sifted through to avoid "biased" theories regardless if the historians as mentioned are Shiite or Sunni.
 Abbasid Caliphate entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica

Caliphates
Former countries in the Middle East
Former monarchies
Former monarchies of Africa
Former monarchies of Asia
Former monarchies of Europe
750 establishments
1517 disestablishments
8th-century establishments in Asia
8th-century establishments in Africa
16th-century disestablishments in Asia
Disestablishments in Africa
Medieval Azerbaijan
The Seattle Mariners are an American Major League Baseball team based in Seattle, Washington. The Mariners are part of the Western Division of Major League Baseball's American League. Since July 1999, their home stadium has been T-Mobile Park (originally Safeco Field). Until they moved in June 1999, the club's home park was the Kingdome.

Seattle had minor league baseball teams from the early 1900s to the late 1960s, with nicknames such as the "Indians" and the "Rainiers".

The first major league baseball franchise in Seattle was the Seattle Pilots, formed in 1969. The Pilots moved to Milwaukee the next year and became the Milwaukee Brewers. As a result, the city of Seattle, King County, and the state of Washington sued the American League for $32 million dollars in damages. In exchange for dropping the law suit, the American League gave Seattle a Major League Baseball team in 1977.
Seattle is a large and important seaport, a fact which led to the major league teams being called the "Pilots" and the "Mariners".

The Mariner's first winning season was in 1991, and the first time they made the playoffs was in 1995. The Mariners are owned by Nintendo of America, and the general manager of the team is Jack Zduriencik.

References

Other websites 

Seattle Mariners official website 
Seattle Mariners team statistics

 
1977 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Washington (state)
Yucatán is a state in the east of Mexico. About 1,820,000 people live in Yucatán. Its capital is called Mérida. 

The state is on the Yucatán Peninsula. It has the state of Campeche to the southwest, and Quintana Roo to the southeast. The Gulf of Mexico is off its north coast.

The state was a very important region for the Mayan civilization. There are still some villages there with Mayan-descent people who speak the old language. There are also archaeological sites where Mayan remains are investigated.
Even while he was alive, many people talked about Caravaggio. Some people liked to see what he did, and how he lived, and thought he was a good person. Other people thought he was very strange. Some people thought he was bad. He did not want to fit in, sometimes. He started being a famous painter in Rome in 1600. Many people gave him money to paint pictures for them, but he used all his money and sometimes got into trouble.  In 1604 someone wrote a note about him, and said that he was rude and a bad person. This note tells us how he lived, in 1601: In 1606 he killed a young man in a fight and ran away from Rome.  He ran away because Rome said it would give money to people who caught Caravaggio.  In Malta in 1608 he got into a fight again. He got into another fight in Naples in 1609, but this fight could have been enemies (people who hated him) trying to kill him. In 1610, after making paintings for more than ten years, he died.
Huge new churches and palazzi were being built in Rome the last years of the 1500s and the first years of the 1600s.  These big churches needed paintings to hang on the walls. The Counter-Reformation Catholic Church wanted to find painters who would paint beautiful art about God.  They wanted people to like the art so much that they would think Protestantism was ugly and boring, and wouldn't want to start being part of a Protestant church. So the Catholic Church needed a new type of art, because Mannerism had been the most famous type of art for 100 years, and now it was boring.  Caravaggio's paintings were new, and different from Mannerism.  He painted in a way called naturalism, which means that he painted things how they actually looked. He painted pictures of people so that the people looked real, and he made his pictures look exciting by painting a lot of very dark shadows and very bright lights (which is called chiaroscuro).
While he was alive he was very famous, and many artists wanted to paint like he did.  But after he died, most people forgot about him, and didn't care about his paintings.  Hundreds of years later, in the 1900s, people looked at his art again, and saw that he had been very important.  They saw that many other famous artists had tried to paint like he did.  Because so many artists had seen his paintings, and liked how he painted, and tried to paint like he did, he made many artists paint in the Baroque style, too. The Baroque style was very famous for hundreds of years. 

Andre Berne-Joffroy, Paul Valéry’s secretary, said that: "What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply, modern painting."

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

1571 births
1610 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
The Gothic style of architecture was built in Europe between about 1140 and about 1550. Beginning in late 18th century Europe, through the 19th century and into the early 20th century in Europe and elsewhere there was a fashion to build in the Gothic style. In this period architects and their patrons had various different styles to choose from. There were also revivals of Classical and Renaissance styles. Since medieval Gothic buildings vary so much, some architects often copied selectively from medieval buildings and some adapted the style to the needs of their own period. The "Gothic Revival" style was most commonly used for churches, cathedrals, universities, town halls and sometimes houses. 

Gothic Revival buildings have features that are like real Gothic buildings. They often have: 
 Pointed arches round the doors and windows 
 Arched stoned roofs called "vaults" 
 Towers and sometimes also spires on top of towers 
 Many stone-carvings around the doors and fireplaces
 Stained glass windows
Famous Gothic Revival examples 
 Strawberry Hill at Twickenham, near London, was one of the first houses designed in the Gothic Revival style. 
 The Houses of Parliament, London 
 Sydney University
 São Paulo Cathedral, Brazil
 The campus of Yale University and the University of Chicago

References 

Architectural styles
Lucimar da Silva Ferreira, called Lúcio (born 8 May 1978) is a Brazilian football player and the captain of the Brazil national team, for that he has played 105 matches and made 4 goals. His team is Internazionale Milano.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||10||0||||||||||10||0
|-
|1999||19||1||||||||||19||1
|-
|2000||16||3||||||||||16||3

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||15||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||5
|-
|2001/02||29||4||0||0||16||3||45||7
|-
|2002/03||21||3||0||0||6||0||27||3
|-
|2003/04||27||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||3
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="5"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||32||3||6||0||9||0||47||3
|-
|2005/06||30||2||5||0||7||0||42||2
|-
|2006/07||26||0||2||0||8||2||36||2
|-
|2007/08||24||1||6||0||13||2||43||3
|-
|2008/09||32||1||4||1||8||0||44||2
|-
|2009/10||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||||||||||||||||
45||4||||||||||45||4
236||22||23||1||67||7||326||30
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
281||26||23||1||67||7||371||34
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||12||0
|-
|2002||11||0
|-
|2003||9||0
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||13||2
|-
|2006||10||0
|-
|2007||8||1
|-
|2008||8||0
|-
|2009||14||1
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||88||4
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Federal District (Brazil)
Fluxbuntu was a Linux distribution made for computers that have less powerful hardware. It is based or made from Ubuntu and uses Fluxbox for its Window Manager.

Related pages
 Ubuntu
 LiveDistro

Other websites 
Official website 
Fluxbuntu page on Launchpad

Linux distributions
Live CD
Saint Dominic (; 1170 – 6 August 1221) was the founder of a Catholic order, the Friars Preachers, often called the Dominicans or the Order of Preachers (OP). Dominic is the patron saint of astronomers and the Dominican Republic. He was born in Caleruega, half-way between Osma and Aranda in Old Castile, Spain. He is sometimes called Dominic of Osma or Dominic de Guzmán. He is the founder of the worldwide famous Dominican Order. 

Christian saints
1170 births
1221 deaths
John Wayne Gacy, Jr. (March 17, 1942 – May 10, 1994; pronounced Gay-see), also known as The Killer Clown and Pogo the Clown, was an American serial killer and rapist. He is confirmed to have killed 33 young men and teenage boys. He killed them in a brutal way and buried their bodies in or near his Chicago home. Gacy did not use a gun for any of his crimes.

Gacy became known as "Pogo the Clown" and the "Killer Clown" because he would dress as a clown for fundraising events and parades. In March 1980, Gacy was convicted of 33 murders, as well as sex crimes, committed between 1972 and 1978, and given the death penalty. He was executed by lethal injection on May 10, 1994. Gacy's execution was filmed; his last words were, "kiss my ass". There were problems with the execution, but it eventually ended in Gacy's death. Immediately prior to his execution, Gacy observed the Last Rites with a Catholic priest; he had converted to the Catholic Church.
Early life
John Wayne Gacy, Jr. was born on March 17, 1942, in Chicago, Illinois, to father John Stanley Gacy and mother Marion Elaine Gacy. Gacy's father was a World War I veteran and a machinist, while his mother worked at home. He had two sisters, one younger and one older.

Gacy's father was an alcoholic. Growing up, John Gacy, Sr. would verbally and physically abuse his children. Gacy also had health problems in his youth. For example, in 1953, while playing on a swing set, Gacy hit his head off a swing and suffered a blood clot. The clot was not treated until he was 16.chapter one
After dropping out of high school in his senior year, Gacy moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, to work in a mortuary. Three months later, Gacy returned to Chicago, where he enrolled in and graduated from Northwestern Business College. After graduating, Gacy worked as a shoe salesman for the Nunn-Bush Shoe Company. In 1964, Gacy was transferred to Springfield, Illinois, where he met Marlynn Myers. The couple married in September 1964.

In Springfield, Gacy was involved in community organizations such as the United States Junior Chamber. He became the vice-president of the Springfield chapter by 1965.

Move to Iowa
After Marlynn's father made him an offer to manage three KFC restaurants, Gacy and his wife moved to Waterloo, Iowa, where they had a son and daughter.

In 1968, Gacy was diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
Unidentified victims 
As of August 2017 five victims remain unidentified, five of whom had been buried beneath Gacy's crawl space, with one additional youth buried approximately  from the barbecue pit in his backyard. Experts used the skulls of the unidentified victims to create facial reconstructions. Based upon Gacy's confession, information relative to where the victims were buried in his crawl space relative to Gacy's identified victims, and forensic analysis, police were able to determine the most likely dates when his unidentified victims were killed.

 January 1974. Body 28. Backyard. Male aged 14–18.
 June 13 – August 6, 1976. Body 26. Crawl space. Male aged 22–30.
 August 6 – October 5, 1976. Body 13. Crawl space. Male aged 17–21.

 August 6 – October 24, 1976. Body 21. Crawl space. Male aged 15–27.
 March 15 – July 5, 1977. Body 10. Crawl space. Male aged 17–21.

Death 
On 10 May 1994, Gacy was executed by lethal injection. He was 52 years old.
In October 2011, Cook County Sheriff Thomas Dart announced that investigators, having obtained full DNA profiles from each of the unidentified victims, were to renew their efforts to identify all of them. At a press conference held to announce this intention, Sheriff Dart stated investigators are actively seeking DNA samples from individuals across the United States related to any male missing between 1970 and 1979. Test results thus far conducted have confirmed the identification of three victims, ruled out the possibility of numerous other missing youths as being victims of Gacy, and solved four unrelated cold cases dating between 1972 and 1979.

Popular culture
Popular culture

Movies 
 The television movie To Catch a Killer, starring Brian Dennehy as John Wayne Gacy, was released in 1992. The movie is based on the investigation of Gacy.
 A feature movie, Gacy, was released in 2003. This movie cast Mark Holton in the role of John Gacy and focuses on Gacy's life from 1971 until his arrest in 1978.
 The made-for-TV movie Dear Mr. Gacy was released in 2010, starring William Forsythe as John Wayne Gacy. The movie is based upon the book The Last Victim, written by Jason Moss.
 A horror movie, 8213: Gacy House, was also released in 2010. This movie focuses on a fictional team of paranormal investigators exploring a house constructed on the former site of Gacy's home.

Books

Television 
 The television show South Park features a depiction of Gacy as a minor character in their 150th episode.
Music 
 Stephen Gregory Bier Jr., Marilyn Manson's keyboard player from 1989 to 2007, was known as Madonna Wayne Gacy, a stage name made from the names of Madonna and Wayne Gacy.
 Sufjan Stevens tells John Wayne Gacy Jr.'s story in his song "John Wayne Gacy Jr."

Notes and references

Notes

References

Other websites
 

1942 births
1994 deaths
American sex offenders
Bisexual people
Businesspeople from Chicago
Criminals from Chicago
Executed American serial killers
LGBT people from Chicago
People executed by lethal injection
People with antisocial personality disorder
Filmed executions
American Roman Catholics
Bridget Jane Fonda (born January 27, 1964) is a retired American actress. She has been nominated for both an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Fonda is the daughter of Peter Fonda, the granddaughter of Henry and the niece of Jane Fonda. She is of Dutch, English, French-Canadian, German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian and Scottish descent.

Fonda is known for  her roles in such movies as The Godfather Part III, Single White Female, Singles, Doc Hollywood, Lake Placid and Jackie Brown. She voiced Jenna in the 1995 animated movie Balto.

Award nominations
1990: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture for Scandal
1997: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Miniseries or a Movie for In the Gloaming
2002: Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Mini-series or Motion Picture Made for Television for After Amy

References

Other websites 

Bridget Fonda at TVGuide.com
1964 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
is a video game maker for Nintendo. He has worked on many popular games for Nintendo, including games in the Mario, The Legend of Zelda, and Animal Crossing series. His first game was the Nintendo Entertainment System video game Devil World. He is a senior officer of Nintendo EPD and executive at Nintendo.

Games

References 

1960 births
Living people
Japanese video game designers
People from Osaka
Nintendo people
is a Japanese video game developer for Nintendo. He is most well known for his work in The Legend of Zelda series, most recently with The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds on the Nintendo 3DS.

References

1963 births
Living people
Japanese video game designers
People from Nagano Prefecture
Nintendo people
/eye-Kee-doh/ is a Japanese martial art.  It was developed by Morihei Ueshiba.

Aikido is based on Ueshiba's philosophy, martial arts training and religious beliefs. The word "aikido" is often translated as "the way of unifying (with) life energy" or as "the way of harmonious spirit." Ueshiba wanted to create an art where people could defend themselves without harming their attacker by using the attackers "ki" against them. He wanted each practitioner of aikido to develop both physically and spiritually.

Aikido is performed by blending with the way the attacker moves, using the force of the attack rather than coming against it. This is achieved by using the attackers "ki" against them. This takes very little physical strength, as the aikidōka (person who does aikido) uses the force of the attacker's own momentum using stepping and turning movements. The techniques are completed with many different throws or joint locks which can be combined with different defenses. Aikido is one of many grappling arts.
Aikido is based on the martial art of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, but began to separate from it in the late 1920s, partly due to Ueshiba's involvement with the Ōmoto-kyō religion. Ueshiba's early students' records use the name aiki-jūjutsu. Many of Ueshiba's senior students have different approaches to aikido, depending on when they studied with him. Today aikido is found all over the world in a number of styles, with different groups placing importance on different things. However, they all share techniques learned from Ueshiba and most have concern for the safety of the attacker.

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan

References

Other websites 

 Encyclopedia of Aikido 
 AikiWeb
 AikidoFAQ
 Aikido Journal

Japanese martial arts
A blog, also known as weblog, is a type of website that is like a diary or journal. Blog organizes content in the form of categories and posts. Posts on a blog are presented in reverse chronological order. That means your latest post goes to the top of the page. That way, when you make a new post, it will come first and the first post will go below it. Anyone can create a blog and then write on that blog. Bloggers (a word for people who write on blogs) often write about their opinions and thoughts. A blog containing video material is called a video blog or video log, usually shortened to vlog.

When a person writes on a blog, what they write is in the form of a post, which is a single piece of writing on the blog. Posts often include links to other websites.

Blogs can have one or more writers. If they have more than one writer, they are often called community blogs, team blogs, or group blogs because the thoughts are made by more than one person.
Blogging platforms 
Websites and blogging applications that can be used to create a blog are called blogging platforms.

WordPress, Blogspot, Tumblr, Wix, Weebly, Joomla, Typepad, Ghost, Squarespace, etc.  are the most popular and unique blogging platforms today. Everyone is competing with each other for different services. Although everyone's main purpose is to attract bloggers, their different interfaces and facilities are unique.
WordPress WordPress is currently one of the most popular and famous blog publishing applications and powerful CMS. It is an open source blogging software, which is developed by PHP and MySQL. WordPress was initially a free blogging platform that later built an engine and began downloading it for free to give any blogger access. This is a very useful platform for beginners. But that doesn't know anything. It is not possible for them to handle this. At the very least, it is imperative for a new blogger to know how to install this platform, how to manage it, how to fix minor errors or problems for society.
Blogspot Blogspot is an open blog creation platform that allows you to create personal or commercial blogs for free. Blogger's automated subdomain is .blogspot.com. A registered user can create 100 blogs in one account for free. However, its popularity is not the same as before. But the importance has not been lowered. It is a product of Google. So, many businesses still use it, and it offers a blogspot.com domain as well as the option to buy a custom one. Its experienced platform makes it easier for people with less experience to work with and build upon it.
 Tumblr Tumblr is a microblogging and social networking website founded by David Carp in 2006 and owned by Yahoo since 2013. It can be used for free. Its popularity is slowly increasing. There are many who are trying to find a way to earn by creating their own blog on this platform.
Joomla Joomla is a free and open source content management system for publishing web content; It is an independent CMS. Like many other web applications, Joomla can be run on a LAMP server. You do not have to pay for the services of Linux Apache Mysql and PHP software.
 Weebly Weebly is a "drag-and-drop" website developer featuring a website hosting service. A newbie use easily free although it provides paid services.
How blogs work 
On many blogs, the person reading the posts can leave comments, which are notes in which a person says what they think about the blog post. This makes blogs good for discussion — if someone writes something that someone else does not believe to be true, someone else can fix it by writing a comment on that blog or on their own blog. Someone else cannot change what the post says, but the writer of the post can. Not all blog posts need to be talked about or fixed. But if there are a lot of people interested in a topic, they can start a discussion on the original blog, on their own blogs, or both. These people can discuss a topic or their point of view.
Very often, a community blog or group blog will shrink into a small group of bloggers (writers) who know and trust each other, called a creative network. That kind of community blog will also have a larger group of people, a social network, who only read (and maybe comment on) the blog. Some blogs have scoring (ranking) of posts that makes these networks more solid, so that postings that people like the most are shown first or in a way that is easier to find. 

Often people have their own blog and make an RSS feed to it. When blogs have RSS feeds, other programs, called content aggregators, can put postings from all the blogs that a person likes in one place. Many people find it easier to read all the new posts from blogs they like in one place, through RSS, instead of going to each site one at a time.
Some experts think that community blogs, and some groups of individual (one-person) blogs that talk about similar topics, have a power structure like that inside a political party. These experts think that a clique (a small, exclusive group of people) will control discussions by choosing when someone has "won" an argument, and when a matter is decided. But an advantage of blogs is that even people outside that clique can comment on the original discussion.

References 

Internet
A carbon nanotube is an allotrope of carbon that is shaped like a tube of carbon atoms. Carbon nanotubes are very tough and hard to break, but still relatively light. Some are very long. Because of their high strength, carbon nanotubes may one day be used for bulletproof armour and other uses needing hard, lightweight materials. A few carbon nanotubes also let electricity through them. Some may be up to 1,000 times better at conducting electricity than metals like copper and silver.

Other websites 
 Carbon nanotube -Citizendium 

Allotropes of carbon
A witch doctor often refers to a healer in undeveloped regions who use traditional and sometimes out of date methods rather than modern medicine or science.

The term witch doctor is generally used with negative terms. It is often used to imply that the healer has little or no experience or ability in medicine.

The Oxford English Dictionary says that the first recorded use of this term is in 1718, in a book by Francis Hutchinson.

The witch doctors in Africa are known as sangomas in Southern Africa. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the first use of the term "witch doctor" to refer to African shamans (i.e. medicine men) was in 1836 in a book by Robert Montgomery Martin (1803?-1868).
The role is only partly a practical one. It is also a spiritual one. The so-called witch doctor is often the guardian of the tribe's belief system and rituals. Key ceremonies must be properly held or else the life of the community may fall apart, as has happened in many places. Aggressive action by outsiders to the local belief system may lead to the 'genocide of indigenous peoples'.

Related pages
Shaman
Medicine man
Ainu

References

Witchcraft
Alternative medicine
Klingons (; Pronunciation: /ˈt͡ɬɪŋɑn/) are a warrior race in the fictional Star Trek universe. They were in the show Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS) many times and were in all five spin-off series afterwards, eventually becoming friends of the United Federation of Planets. 

Made by writer Gene Coon, Klingons were introduced in the episode "Errand of Mercy" (1967). They were named for Lieutenant Wilbur Clingan, who served with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry in the Los Angeles Police Department. 

In the first series, the conflict between the Federation and Klingon was supposed to be referring to the then-current Cold War unfriendliness between the United States and the Soviet Union. Star Trek: The Next Generation continued to have the Klingon as a group similar to the army but they made the Klingon fighter follow rules similar to bushido, military Japanese rules for behavior valuing honor above life.

Sources 

Star Trek
Fictional races
Someone who is right-handed will use their right-hand for everyday activities, such as writing, keeping personal hygiene, cooking and more. According to a studies, anywhere from 70% to 90% of the world population is right-handed, while most of the remaining are left-handed. A small percentage of the population can use both hands equally well; a person with this ability is called a ambidextrous.

Related pages
Handedness

References 

Motor skills
In the fictional universes of Warhammer 40,000 and Warhammer Fantasy, Nurgle is one of the four major Chaos gods.  Like his brother gods, Nurgle grew from a single survivalist emotion: in his case, the emotion was despair. Nurgle is the Chaos god of disease, decay, despair and destruction.  Even though the nature of his influence, he begins to like his victims, caring for them in a jovial manner close to a loving grandfather; so he is commonly called Grandfather Nurgle or Papa Nurgle. He is also called the Lord of Decay, Master of Plague and Pestilence and Lord of All.  He is shown as a huge, bloated humanoid, with boils and sores, his body completely rotten from disease.  He is usually with an enveloping cloud of buzzing flies.

Other websites 
 Nurgle information and message boards 

Video game characters
The Sharp Zaurus is the name of a series of Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) made by Sharp Corporation.

References

Personal digital assistants
Palatine is a village in the state of Illinois. It is north west of Chicago, the biggest city in Illinois. There were 67,908 people in Palatine in 2020.

History

Palatine was made in 1866, close to a train station that went to Chicago and other cities. The village has been growing a lot since the 1970s, like the other cities around Chicago.

People

Palatine has many different kinds of people. There are poor, normal, and rich people in the village. Some say there are over 100 languages spoken in Palatine.

In 2000, the number of people in Palatine was counted and was 65,479. There were 68,557 people in Palatine in 2010. There were 67,908 people in Palatine in 2020.

Education

Palatine has a lot of schools for the people. Palatine has two high schools, Palatine High School and William Fremd High School; and a college, William Rainey Harper College. The high schools, as well as the library, have gotten big awards from the whole country.

There are nine public elementary schools:
Jane Addams School 
Hunting Ridge School 
Marion Jordan School 
Lake Louise School 
Lincoln School 
Pleasant Hill School 
Stuart R. Paddock School 
Gray M. Sanborn School 
Virginia Lake School

There is also a combined kindergarten-through-eighth grade school, Winston Campus, which is Winston Churchill School and Winston Park Junior High combined.

Palatine also has three preschool-through-eighth grade schools:

Saint Theresa (Catholic)
Saint Thomas of Villanova (Catholic) 
Immanuel Lutheran (Lutheran)

References

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
1866 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Illinois
Mankind may mean:

 The human race
The total number of humans

Individuals 
 Mick Foley (born 1965), professional wrestler known as Mankind

Music 
 "Mankind", a song by Pearl Jam from their 1996 album No Code
 Mankind (Alice Cooper song), a 2005 song performed by Alice Cooper for the soundtrack of BloodRayne (film)

Other 
 Mankind (play), a 15th-century morality play 
 Mankind (video game), a 1998 massively multiplayer online real-time strategy game

Related pages
 Humanity (disambiguation)
The Province of Monza and Brianza (in the local idiom: "Pruincia de Munscia e Briansa") is a province of Lombardy, Italy. It was created (with part of the province of Milan) on May 12, 2004, but became effective in 2009. It has an area of 405.49 km² and a population (2010 census) of 850,321.

Communes of the Province of Monza and Brianza 
A list of its 55 communes follows:

Other websites 
 Official page from the Province of Monza and Brianza website
Apulanta is a rock band from Finland. It was started in 1991.

Apulanta's first music album was Attack of the AL People, which was released in 1994.

Members
 Toni Wirtanen - vocals and guitar
 Simo "Sipe" Santapukki - drums and vocals
 Sami "Parta-Sami" Lehtinen - bass guitar and vocals

Albums
 Attack of the AL People (1994)
 Ehjä (1996)
 Kolme (1997)
 Aivan kuin kaikki muutkin (1998)
 Plastik (2000)
 Heinola 10 (2001)
 Hiekka (2002)
 Kiila (2005)
 Eikä vielä ole edes ilta (2007)
 Kuutio (kuinka aurinko voitettiin) (2008)
 Kaikki kolmesta pahasta (2012)
 Kunnes siitä tuli totta (2015)
 Sielun kaltainen tuote'' (2022)

Other websites
 Apulanta's official web page

Finnish musical groups
Rock bands
Heavy metal bands
Punk bands
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Finland
Al-Andalus () was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. The term is used by modern historians for the former Muslim states in modern Spain and Portugal. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most of the peninsula and a part of present-day southern France, Septimania (8th century). For nearly 100 years, from the 9th century to the 10th, al-Andalus extended its presence from Fraxinetum into the Alps with a series of organized raids. The name describes the different Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492. These boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed, eventually shrinking to the south and finally to the Emirate of Granada.

Following the Muslim conquest of Spain, al-Andalus, then at its greatest extent, was divided into five administrative units, corresponding roughly to modern Andalusia; Castile and León; Navarre, Aragon, Catalonia; Portugal and Galicia; and the Languedoc-Roussillon area of Occitania.
As a political domain, it successively constituted a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, initiated by the Caliph al-Walid I (711–750); the Emirate of Córdoba (–929); the Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031); the taifa kingdoms that succeeded the Caliphate of Córdoba (1009–1110); the Almoravid Empire (1085–1145); the second taifa period (1140–1203); the Almohad Caliphate (1147–1238); the third taifa period (1232–1287); and ultimately the Nasrid Emirate of Granada (1238–1492).

This civilization was quite advanced at architecture and urban planning. The Moors were very wealthy because they controlled the gold trade from the Ghana Empire in West Africa. They built many beautiful buildings in all the land they controlled. Many of their large buildings still stand in cities in Andalusia, such as in Seville, Granada, and Cordoba.
Muslim Spain was multicultural and comparatively tolerant; Jews, Christians and Muslims lived side by side.  There was also a saqaliba population (the descendants of European slaves) near the Mediterranean coast. Though these people were at first brought in to be slaves, some of them became generals (as did some Mamluks in another caliphate) and some generals became rulers of their own cities (taifas) for a short time.

In 1236, the Reconquista (gradual Christian reconquest) under the forces of Ferdinand III of Castile progressed as far as the last remaining Islamic stronghold, Granada. Granada was reduced to a vassal state to Castile for the next 256 years, until January 2, 1492, when Boabdil surrendered complete control of Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella.

Related pages

 Umayyad Caliphate
 Islamic Golden Age
 History of Islam
 History of Spain
 Berber people
 Andalusia
 Moors

Notes

Footnotes
Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography 
An Islamic History of Europe . video documentary, BBC 4, August 2005.
 Stavans, Ilan. 2003. The Scroll and the Cross: 1,000 Years of Jewish-Hispanic Literature. London: Routledge. 
 Wasserstein, David J. 1995. Jewish élites in Al-Andalus. In Daniel Frank (Ed.). The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society and Identity. Brill.

Movies 
 Cities of Light: The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain (Unity Productions Foundation documentary)

Other websites 
 Paper by Georg Bossong evaluating proposals for the etymology of "al-Andalus".  In German.
 Photocopy of the Ajbar Machmu'a, translated by Lafuente 1867
 The routes of al-Andalus (from the UNESCO web site)
 Muslim contributions to Andalus
 History and influences of Andalusian music
 The Library of Iberian Resources Online
 Al-Andalus Chronology and Photos 

Al-Andalus
`Abbas ibn `Abd al-Muttalib  () (c. 566 – c. 653) was a uncle and companion of Muhammad.

Key Facts 

 He was only born a few years before his nephew Muhammad, and was one of Muhammad's father's youngest brothers.
 The Abbasid dynasty claimed the title of caliph (literally "successor to the prophet") through his son Abdullah ibn Abbas.
 He is buried in Medina.

Background 
Muhammad had 10 or 11 uncles. Four of them earned a great name in history - Abu Talib, Abu Lahab, Hamza and Abbas. Abu Talib became important because he brought up his orphan nephew,  Muhammad, with great love and care and always supported and protected him. Abu Lahab  is famous because he tried to destroy Islam. Both Hamza and  ‘Abbas became Muslims and remained firm and strong in their faith in Islam.

566 births
653 deaths
Family of Muhammad
Aung San (13 February 1915 – 19 July 1947) was a Burmese revolutionary, nationalist, general, and politician. He was the father of Nobel Peace winner Aung San Suu Kyi.

Burmese politicians
Assassinated people
1915 births
1947 deaths
is a city designated by government ordinance in Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyūshū, Japan.  It was known as a region before neighboring cities grew together.

It is a very important industrial city.  It has steel factories,  coal mines and car factories.

In Japan, it is an important city in reducing pollution.  It also has an important recycling facility.

Kitakyūshū has a population of almost one million people.

It is on the main Shinkansen line between Fukuoka and Tokyo.

History
The city was named Kitakyūshū in 1963, after five cities were made into one.  These cities were Moji, Tobata, Yahata, Kokura and Wakamatsu.

Wards 
Kitakyūshū has seven wards (ku):

Sister cities 
 Dalian, China
 Incheon, South Korea
 Norfolk, Virginia, United States
 Tacoma, Washington, United States

Education
Education

Research institutes and graduate schools 
Kitakyushu Science and Research Park(北九州学術研究都市)
Fukuoka University Institute for Recycling & Environmental Control System(福岡大学大学院工学研究科 資源循環・環境制御システム研究所)
Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology(九州工業大学 大学院生命体工学研究科)
The Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems/Information, Production and Systems Research Center, Waseda University(早稲田大学大学院 情報生産システム研究科 情報生産システム研究センター)

Universities and colleges 
National University
Kyushu Institute of Technology (九州工業大学)

Public universities
Kyushu Dental College (九州歯科大学)
University of Kitakyushu (北九州市立大学)

Private Universities
Kyushu International University(九州国際大学)
Kyushu Kyoritsu University (九州共立大学)
Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University(九州栄養福祉大学)
Kyushu Polytechnic College(九州職業能力開発大学校)
Kyushu Women's University (九州女子大学)
Seinan Women's University(西南女学院大学)
The University of Environmental & Occupational Health Japan(産業医科大学)
Colleges
Higashi Chikushi Junior College(東筑紫短期大学)
Kyushu Women’s Junior College(九州女子短期大学)
Orio Aishin Junior College(折尾愛真短期大学)
Seinan Jo Gakuin University Junior College(西南女学院大学短期大学部)

Related pages
 Kitakyushu Municipal Museum of Art
 Giravanz Kitakyushu

References

Other websites 

 Official website  in Japanese
 Official website  in English
 Kitakyushu page of Fukuoka Prefecture Tourism Association website 
 Kitakyushu Science and Research Park
 CCA Kitakyushu 
 Kitakyushu Film Commission 
 Kitakyushu International Association  produces Himawari  – a monthly newsletter
 Kitakyushu Kicks – an unofficial English language website about Kitakyushu
 www.e-you.biz  – a website for foreigners in Kitakyushu
 Kitakyushu weather 
 Kitakyushu guide – some tourist maps about Kitakyushu

 
1963 establishments in Japan
I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (a.k.a. Chuck and Larry) is a 2007 American comedy movie. It was directed by Dennis Dugan and stars Adam Sandler and Kevin James. It is about two heterosexual male firefighters in New York City who marry each other.

Release dates

Cast 
 Adam Sandler as Charles Todd "Chuck" Levine
 Kevin James as Lawrence Arthur "Larry" Valentine
 Jessica Biel as Alex McDonough
 Ving Rhames as Fred G. Duncan
 Nick Swardson as Kevin McDonough
 Steve Buscemi as Clinton Fitzer
 Dan Aykroyd as Captain Phineas J. Tucker
 Nicholas Turturro as Renaldo Pinera
 Richard Chamberlain as Councilman Banks
 Mary Pat Gleason as Teresa
 Rachel Dratch as Sara Powers
 Matt Winston as Glen Aldrich
 Peter Dante as Tony Paroni
 Cole Morgen as Eric Valentine
 Shelby Adamowski as Tori Valentine

Other websites
 

2007 comedy movies
2000s LGBT movies
2000s sex comedy movies
American LGBT movies
American sex comedy movies
English-language movies
LGBT comedy movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies directed by Dennis Dugan
Knocked Up is a 2007 American romantic sex comedy movie. It was directed by Judd Apatow, and stars Seth Rogen as Ben Stone and Katherine Heigl as Alison Scott. She becomes pregnant unintentionally due to a one-night stand with him.

Release Dates

DVD released 
Knocked Up: Unrated cut edition DVD is in September 30, 2008.

Music 
Strange Weirdos: Music From and Inspired by the Film Knocked Up, an original soundtrack album, was composed for the film by folk singer-songwriter Loudon Wainwright III and Joe Henry. However, the movie's lead song "Daughter" was written by Peter Blegvad.

In addition to Wainwright's tracks, there were approximately 40 songs featured in the motion picture that were not included on the official soundtrack on Concord Records.
Some of the songs featured in Knocked Up are:
"We Are Nowhere and It's Now" – Bright Eyes (feat. Emmylou Harris)
"All Night" by Damien Marley
"Stand up tall" by Dizzee Rascal
"Rock Lobster" by The B-52's
"Gives You Hell" by The All-American Rejects
"Police On My Back" by The Clash
"Biggest Part of Me" by Ambrosia
"Smile" by Lily Allen
"Girl" by Beck
"King without a Crown" by Matisyahu
"Toxic" by Britney Spears
"Santeria" by Sublime
"Tropicana" by Ratatat
"Shimmy Shimmy Ya" by Ol' Dirty Bastard
"Love Plus One" by Haircut One Hundred
"Rock You Like a Hurricane" by Scorpions
"Reminiscing" by Little River Band
"Ashamed" by Tommy Lee
"Swing" by Savage (featured in the menu section of the DVD)
"Shame on a Nigga" by Wu-Tang Clan (used in the film's trailer)
"Grey in LA" by Loudon Wainwright III
"End of the Line" by Traveling Wilburys (used in the film's trailer)

References

Other websites
 Movie website
2007 romantic comedy movies
2000s sex comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American sex comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies about couples
Movies about drugs
Movies about sisters
Movies set in Los Angeles
Pregnancy movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Judd Apatow
The 1988–89 NHL season was the 72nd season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The Calgary Flames won an all Canadian Stanley Cup final against the Montreal Canadiens four games to two. To date, this is the last time two Canadian teams squared off for the Stanley Cup.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders 
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs

Division semi-finals
Hartford Whalers vs. Montreal Canadiens

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

Buffalo Sabres vs. Boston Bruins

Boston wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1

Washington Capitals vs. Philadelphia Flyers

Philadelphia wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2

New York Rangers vs. Pittsburgh Penguins

Pittsburgh wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0