Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
His defence lawyer was Gustav Steinbauer. Seyß-Inquart was nonetheless found guilty of all charges except conspiracy. On hearing of his death sentence, Seyss-Inquart made it clear he accepted responsibility for excesses during the war, "Death by hanging...well, in view of the whole situation, I never expected anything different. It's all right". He was hanged on 16 October 1946, at the age of 54, together with nine other Nuremberg defendants. His last words were "I hope that this execution is the last act of the tragedy of the Second World War and that the lesson taken from this world war will be that peace and understanding should exist between peoples. I believe in Germany".

References

Other websites 
 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1892 births
1946 deaths
Austrian people of World War II
Austrian war criminals
Chancellors of Austria
Executed Austrian people
Executed Nazis
Government ministers of Austria
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Austrian lawyers
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
People executed by hanging
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
Austrian Roman Catholics
Classical Athens refers to the city of Athens from  508 to 322 BC. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes, after the tyranny of the Peistratids and the rule of Isagoras. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC. Athens was one of the most powerful cities in ancient times. It was important because there democracy developed.
    
In 477 B.C. Athens began the Delian League to join the city-states for protection. Their rival was the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. The Delian League's money was kept in the temple of Apollo.
In the classical period, Athens was a center for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Akademia and Aristotle's Lyceum. Athens was also the birthplace of Socrates, Pericles, Sophocles, and other philosophers, writers and politicians of the ancient world. It is widely referred to as the cradle of western civilization, and the birthplace of democracy. Its culture and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC had widespread effects.

The classical period is usually dealt with by its most important political events, as follows:

Athenian hegemony or Age of Pericles (448–430 BC)
Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC)
Corinthian War and the Second Athenian League (395–355 BC)
Athens under Macedon (355–322 BC)

Wars

Persian War 
When King Xerxes of Persia fought the Greeks of Asia Minor, Athens helped the Greeks in Asia Minor. In time, the Persians attacked Greece and the Greco-Persian wars began.
On the plain of Marathon, many Persians with bows and arrows fought the Greeks. Even though there were many more Persians than Greeks, the Greeks won because they had spears and swords of metal.

Themistocles, the general of Athens, warned the Athenians that the Persians would return, so they should make their navy bigger. The people did so, and Sparta offered to help. In 480 BC the Persians arrived and attacked the Greeks, both on land and on sea. The Persians won the battle of Thermopylae, but the battle gave the Greeks time to get ready.

Although the city of Athens was burnt down, most of the people had run away to the nearby islands for safety. Themistocles ordered the Greeks to prepare for another attack. This time he told them to leave their ships in the Bay of Salamis. When the Persians arrived, they were surprised and confused by the harbor that was so full of ships they could not travel in it. In this battle of Salamis a few hundred Greek ships destroyed many, many Persian ships. Xerxes went away.
The next year, 32,000 Greek hoplites and 50,000 other soldiers won the Battle of Plataea.  The Persians did not attack Greece again.

Peloponnesian War 

Even though Sparta and Athens helped each other in battle, they were very different culturally. In 431 to 404 B.C., these two city-states fought in a conflict called the Peloponnesian War after the name of the lower part of the peninsula. Sparta had help from other states.  Many people died in the siege of Athens because of a terrible sickness, including Pericles.

In 405, the Spartans destroyed the navy of Athens in battle. Athens surrendered to Sparta in the following year.

For 30 years Sparta ruled, but many people did not like Spartan government, and Thebes, another city-state, helped Athens defeat Sparta. For nine years Thebes was the most powerful state.
However, Greece was much weaker because of the wars inside her country. Philip of Macedonia began to move into Greek territory. Although Demosthenes warned Athens of the danger, Athenians did not care. At Chaeronea, Philip of Macedonia controlled Greece.

When Philip died, his son, Alexander the Great, even though he was only 20 years, went out to capture the world.  He won Asia Minor, Persia, Egpyt, and a small part of India, but he died of sickness when he was 32.

Lifestyle 

The people in Athens ate simply, usually barley cakes, onions, fish, and fruit. For clothes the men wore short pieces of cloth (tunics), aprons, and sandals for work. A woman wore a chiton, which was a long, loose cloth that was attached to the shoulder. The loose garment was like a blouse because of a rope worn around the waist. Sandals were made by putting the foot on a piece of skin while the shoemaker made a covering for the foot.
Children liked to have pet rabbits and to play ball games. For fun, they also raced little chariots pulled by dogs. They were taught by slaves, and learned poetry, music, and dancing. Exercise was also important.

When a young man became 18, he began two years of training for the army. After that he could join in the men's classes where javelin throwing was done. For protection in wrestling, he tied leather strips around his wrists. He also cut his hair. Teachers from many lands taught the young men.

The Greek hoplites fought close together in a phalanx formation.  Their spears were very long.

Women in classical Athens 
Women in ancient and classical Athens were treated with little respect. They could not become citizens of Athens. This means they could not vote and did not have any direct say in what happened in Athens. They could not run for election.
Girls could not be citizens. They left their home at the age of 14 to get married, sometimes with a man who was much older than she was (about 30 years old). Her marriage would be arranged by her father. On most occasions, the father would pick a rich husband for his daughter. The girl and her mother had no say in who she married, it was entirely the father's choice.

Contrast that with Sparta. Spartan women enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world. Although Spartan women were excluded from military and political life, they enjoyed considerable status as mothers of Spartan warriors. As men engaged in military activity, women took responsibility for running estates.
in the 4th century BC Spartan women owned approximately between 35% and 40% of all Spartan land and property. By the Hellenistic Period, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women. They controlled their own properties, as well as the properties of male relatives who were away with the army. Spartan women rarely married before the age of 20, and unlike Athenian women who wore heavy, concealing clothes and were rarely seen outside the house, Spartan women wore short dresses and went where they pleased. Girls as well as boys received an education. Young women as well as young men may have taken part in the Gymnopaedia ("Festival of Nude Youths").

References
Watership Down is a novel written by Richard Adams. It tells the story of rabbits and their adventures concerning their warren at a hill in the north of Hampshire, England known as Watership Down.

In this fantasy book, rabbits with human intelligence are shown in their natural environment. They have their own culture, language, proverbs, poetry and mythology.

It was first published in the United Kingdom by Rex Collings Ltd in 1972 and has continued to be printed and is now available in 18 different languages.
Characters 
Hazel- The main character. He is at first the only rabbit who trusts his brother, Fiver. He becomes the leader of the rabbits when they reach Watership Down. Hazel is not very large or powerful, however he is loyal, brave, and a quick thinker. He sees the good in everyone, and what they bring to the table; in so doing, he makes sure that no one gets left behind, thus earning the respect and loyalty of his warren. He often relies on Fiver's advice, and trusts in his brother's instincts completely.
Fiver – A small, runt rabbit. His Lapine (rabbit language) name is Hrairoo, which means "Little-five" or "Little-thousand". Rabbits are supposed to be capable of counting only up to four, so there are no specific numerical fixes beyond four. He can tell the future. His visions of the destruction of the Sandleford warren cause him to leave with his brother, Hazel, and several other rabbits. His visions are almost always about Hazel, such as saving him from the snared warren and dying from a gunshot wound. He also gives Hazel a vision that inspires Hazel to set up the release of the Nuthanger Farm dog to save the Watership Down warren from General Woundwort.
Bigwig – A rabbit who was formerly an officer in the Sandleford Owsla.  His name in Lapine is Thlayli, which means "Fur-head" and refers to the fur on the back of his head. The largest and most powerful of the Sandleford survivors in terms of strength, he is often blunt and impatient for dangerous action and fighting. He quickly becomes friends with Kehaar and often asks for his help on Hazel's behalf.
General Woundwort – The Chief Rabbit of Efrafa who serves as the primary enemy. He is a hard and brutally efficient rabbit. He became an orphan at a young age and started the Efrafa warren. He is described as the largest rabbit anyone has ever seen. Holly thinks he is the one rabbit that is more than a match for Bigwig. In the television series and the movie, Woundwort is blind in his left eye.
Story 
Fiver, a rabbit with a gift for seeing the future, living at Sandleford Warren, sees his home being destroyed by a land developer in the future. He convinces his brother, Hazel to talk to the Chief Rabbit, Threarah about leaving the Warren, however, the Chief Rabbit has no intention of leaving.  Hazel, Fiver, and nine other rabbits then set off in search of a new home (at the time, merely off of the basis of Fiver's dreams that a good home awaits them somewhere far away).

They travel through forests, fields, over rivers, and roads filled with hrududu's (cars) before tiredness forces them to stop at a warren headed by a rabbit named Cowslip. After much debate, the rabbits agree to stay at Cowslips warren. The warren however, feels wrong to them (especially Fiver) due to the other rabbit's strange customs.
They soon find out that the strange actions that Cowslip's rabbits are showing is due to the fact that they are merely being fed and taken care of by a farmer so that he kill them off, one by one, for food. They leave Cowslip's warren, although Bigwig nearly dies on the way.

They keep going until they arrive at the site of Watership Down, a high hill that is far from man and full of good food and safety. After a day or two at their good land that Fiver had promised them, Hazel is named the unofficial chief rabbit of Watership Down. However, Hazel realizes that there are no does (female rabbits) among them, and they cannot have a healthy warren of rabbits without does.
Hazel later rescues a big gull named Kehaar, who has been hurt by a cat. After nursing Kehaar back to health, Keharr agrees to help the rabbits for the time being in return for their kindness toward him. After being asked by Hazel to check out of the area, Kehaar finds a large warren called Efrafa to the South of their position. After hearing that Efrafa is large and too crowded, Hazel sends four rabbits to Efrafa to ask if they could bring back some does to their warren.

However, Efrafa, being a large warren with too many rabbits, is tightly controlled by a rabbit named General Woundwort and his large military. Each rabbit is told when are where they are allowed to eat, sleep and more. Nothing happens without the General's ok, including leaving the warren. The four rabbits barely run away after playing a trick on an Efrafan Captain.
At the same time that the four rabbits are at Efrafa, Hazel leads a small group to look into Kehaar's report that there is a farm with a few caged rabbits, including does. After a few raids, the Watership rabbits break a few caged rabbits out of the farm, but Hazel is shot on the way out. Fiver has a vision where Hazel is, though, and Hazel is found and returned to health.

Now hearing how Efrafa is, the weakened Hazel decides to free the rabbits from Efrafa. All of the Watership rabbits travel carefully to the edges of Efrafa. Pretending to be a wandering alone rabbit, Bigwig infiltrates Efrafa as an officer of their Owsla. Secretly, however, Bigwig is helping get rabbits to help with the break out. He meets Hyzenthlay and Thethunninnang, two does who tell him that, if he has a working plan, they and a few other rabbits will attempt the escape with him.
After nearly having to fight General Woundwort, Bigwig and the does break out of Efrafa with Kehaar's help. Of course this break out is noticed by the guards, and soon the General himself and his small army catch up Bigwig and the runaway rabbits. They get away only because Kehaar attacks Woundwort. Woundwort keep chasing the rabbits to a stream, and the rabbits escape on a small boat. Two does die on the way to Watership Down, but most rabbits make it there safely.

The rabbits are glad to see the new rabbits. However, a field mouse warns the rabbits that General Woundwort and a small strike team are coming. The General then attacks the warren in the night as the Watership Rabbits head to their deepest burrows, blocking off the tunnels in an attempt to hold off the Efrafans.
While in a burrow, Fiver passes out as too many visions come to him at once. Meanwhile, Hazel, has a vision of how to stop the Efrafans. Hazel tells Bigwig to stay there and fight and he takes Blackberry and Dandelion out of the burrow. Hazel's plan is to use the dog at the nearby Nuthanger farm to defeat the Efrafans.

Hazel's plan works, however Bigwig and Hazel are hurt in the process. General Woundwort disappears, never to be seen again. Captain Campion and the other attackers go back to Efrafa, where Campion becomes Chief Rabbit.

Hazel lives a long life as Chief Rabbit of Watership Down, while his warren does well and is peaceful. Fiver recovers and Bigwig becomes the respected captain of the guard.

Notes
Notes

Other websites 
 Bestseller database entry 
 Article on the book by John D. Rateliff 
 The Real Watership Down: Photographs and descriptions of the story's setting 
 A Tribute to Watership Down, including Lapine Glossary 
 A literary pilgrimage to Watership Down 
 1985 Audio Interview with Richard Adams - RealAudio (28 min. 55 sec.) 
 Aerial View & Map of Watership Down (GoogleMaps)
 Essay: Life and Society on Watership Down
 Photos of the first American edition of Watership Down
 Amazon Online Reader entry: presents the text of Chapter 1

1972 books
Books by Richard Adams
Richard George Adams (9 May 1920 – 24 December 2016) was an English author. His most famous book, Watership Down, began as a story to tell his daughters. Adams won both important British children's book awards, the Carnegie Medal and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize.

Adams was in the British Army during World War II. Later he joined the British Civil Service. Two years after Watership Down was published, Adams became a full-time author. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1975.

Adams died on 24 December 2016 at the age of 96 in Oxford, England from complications of a blood disorder.

Select books 
 Watership Down
 Shardik
 Nature Through the Seasons
 The Tyger Voyage
 The Plague Dogs
 Voyage Through the Antarctic (with Ronald Lockley)
 Daniel (2006)

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
English novelists
Mergoscia is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village is found above Lago di Vogorno in the Verzasca valley.

References

Other websites
Meride was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Mezzovico-Vira is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Lugano
Miglieglia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Lugano
Minusio is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website
Moleno was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bellinzona
Monte Carasso was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged to form the municipality of Bellinzona.

The Swiss Heritage Society chose Monte Carasso for the 1993 Wakker Prize.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bellinzona
Mark Daniel Ronson (born 4 September 1975) is a music producer from London, England. Ronson has released two albums. His first, released in 2003, was mainly hip hop music. His second, in 2007, featured British singers and musicians performing many different genres and styles.

Early life
Ronson's mother, Ann Dexter-Jones, is a writer, and his father used to work in the music industry. He has two twin sisters, Charlotte and Samantha. Samantha is also a musical artist, and a well known LA DJ.
Charlotte is a well known clothing designer and owns several clothing stores.

Ronson's family are ethnically Jewish.

Ronson became interested in hip hop when he moved to New York City, aged 8. He went New York University, and became a popular DJ in New York during the 1990s.

Albums
Ronson's first album was called Here Comes the Fuzz, a hip hop album featuring artists such as Ghostface Killah. It was released in 2003. It reached #70 in the music charts.
His second album, Version, was more successful. It sold more, and was nominated for a number of awards. It featured lead vocals by the likes of Amy Winehouse, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, and others famous British singers too. Jordan Galland, an American musican also contributed to it.  The artists performed cover songs, (which means the songs were new 'versions' of old songs - the word "version" was originally used in this context by the Reggae scene) but what made this second album stand out was the return to the use of professional arrangers and a full brass section.  At a time when other producers such as Timbaland had made a name for themselves by producing simple stripped down backing beats, the sound was a complete change of direction.  The brass section that Ronson used was the Dap-Kings who usually performed with Sharon Jones.  It reached #2 in the British charts.

Other websites
 MarkRonson.co.uk Official home page
 MySpace.com/MarkRonson Ronson's MySpace page

References
References

1975 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
British record producers
English songwriters
Shardik is a fantasy novel written by Richard Adams in 1974.

Plot
Shardik takes place in an imaginary region called the Beklan Empire.  A lonely hunter, Kelderek, pursues Shardik, a giant bear. Both of them become unwillingly drawn into the politics of the entire empire. The story's key themes include the personal struggles of sin and atonement, the strength and potential of children, and the responsibility of adults to protect and nurture children in hope of a better future.

1974 books
Books by Richard Adams
The Warsaw Uprising of 1794 (also called the "Warsaw Insurrection") was started by a group of Polish people who lived in Warsaw. With help from the Polish Army, they tried to stop Russia from controlling the biggest city in Poland. It started on April 17, 1794, which was soon after Tadeusz Kościuszko's victory at an important battle.

Although the Russian army was larger, had better weapons, and killed many Polish people, Russian soldiers started to lose a lot of land and suffered from many deaths.

The Polish people had been preparing to fight in the uprising since the spring of 1793. They managed to become very popular: they formed a large army of volunteers who were led by a shoemaker, Jan Kiliński. Apart from this army, the most famous group to take part in giving the Polish people their freedom were the Poles who had been forced to join the Russian army. A person who watched the fighting was a French artist, Jan Piotr Norblin, who drew pictures of the uprising.

References
References 

History of Poland
18th century in Russia‎
1794
1790s in Europe
18th-century rebellions
Vaiśravaṇa (Sanskrit वैश्रवण) or Vessavaṇa (Pāli वेस्सवण) is the name of the chief of the Four Heavenly Kings and an important person in Buddhism.

Name 
The name Vaiśravaṇa comes from the Sanskrit viśravaṇa which means "Great Fame".

Vaiśravaṇa is also known as Kubera in Sanskrit or Kuvera in Pāli.

Character 
The character of Vaiśravaṇa is set up on the Hindu god Kubera, but although the Buddhist and Hindu deities share some characteristics, both of them have different functions and myths.

He is often shown with a yellow face. He carries an umbrella as a sign of his power. He is also sometimes shown with a mongoose, often shown spitting out jewels. The mongoose is the enemy of the snake, which is a symbol of greed or hatred; the spitting out of jewels shows generosity.
Vaiśravaṇa in Theravāda tradition 
In the Pāli writings of the Theravāda Buddhist tradition, Vaiśravaṇa is called Vessavaṇa. Vessavaṇa is one of the Four Great Kings, each one of which rules over a direction. Vessavaṇa's direction is the northern quarter of the world.

Vessavaṇa has the name "Kuvera" from a name he had from a past life as a rich mill-owner, who gave all the money he got from one of his seven mills to charity, and gave aid to the poor for 20,000 years.

As with all the Buddhist deities, Vessavaṇa is properly the name of a person who has the god inside him rather than a permanent individual. Each Vessavaṇa is a human, and when he dies, he will be replaced by a new Vessavaṇa. Like other beings of the Cātummahārājika world, his lifespan is 90,000 years, but other sources say nine million years.

When the Buddha was born, Vessavaṇa became his follower. He often brought the Buddha and his followers messages from the gods and other humans, and protected them.
Vaiśravaṇa in Japan 
In Japan, Bishamonten (毘沙門天), or just Bishamon (毘沙門) is thought of as a god of war or warriors who wears armor, and a punisher of people who do evil things, a view that is very strange when compared with the more peaceful Buddhist king described above. Bishamon is shown holding a spear in one hand and a small pagoda in the other hand. The Pagoda symbolises the divine treasure house, which holds things that he guards and gives away. In Japanese folklore, he is one of the Japanese Seven Lucky Gods.

Vaiśravaṇa in Tibet 
In Tibet, Vaiśravaṇa is known to be a worldly protector of the Dharma. He is also known as the King of the North. As guardian of the north, he is often shown on temple wall paintings outside the main door. He is also a god of wealth. Vaiśravaṇa is sometimes shown carrying a citron, the fruit of the jambhara tree. The fruit helps pick him out from depictions of Kuvera.
Vaiśravaṇa in popular culture 
 A character called "Uesugi Kenshin" in the Playstation 2 game Samurai Warriors prays to Bishamon a lot for strength. He also gains the title "Bishamonten Avatar" at one point.
 In the video game series Onimusha: Warlords a Bishamon statue is seen. The Bishamon Sword is also the best weapon in the game.
 In Atlus' video game series Megami Tensei, Bishamon is put into the Kishin clan which includes the protectors of various things.
 In the PC game Touhou: Unidentified Fantastic Object, in the fifth stage, the heroine fights Shou, a tiger Youkai who earned the title "Disciple of Vaiśravaṇa" because she is the Avatar of Bishamonten. Shou's theme is called "The Tiger Patterned Vaisravana" since she is the Avatar of Bishamonten, as stated above.

Related pages
 Four Heavenly Kings
 Seven Lucky Gods

References 
 Dictionary of Pali Proper Names
 Wrathful Guardians of Buddhism - Aesthetics and Mythology
 Deities in Buddhism

Notes
Notes 

Buddhist gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of Japan
Fugazi is an American alternative rock band that became active in 1987.

History
Singer and songwriter Ian MacKaye was in two bands before he joined Fugazi. These bands were Embrace, a band that existed from 1985 to 1986, and the more well-known Minor Threat. Guy Picciotto, who played guitar, was in famous punk/emo band Rites of Spring from 1984 to 1986. Brendan Canty, who played drums, was also in Rites of Spring. For Joe Lally, it was his first major band.

Style of music
Fugazi are known for their aggressive, "chunky" music. It is difficult to call them one genre of music. This is because they played many different musical styles. The band wanted to sound different from other bands they knew and had been in. MacKaye and Picciotto also have different styles of singing and songwriting. MacKaye prefers songs that people can sing along to, whereas Picciotto prefers more complex songs.
The members of Fugazi did not use illegal drugs, drink alcohol, or have casual sex. This was called being "straight edge". The term "straight edge" was invented by Minor Threat, MacKaye's previous band.

Today
Fugazi have not officially split up. However, they have not played since late 2002. This is because some of the band members have settled down with their families.

Albums
 13 Songs (1989) - A collection of songs from the band's first two EPs.
 Repeater (1990)
 Steady Diet of Nothing (1991)
 In on the Kill Taker (1993)
 Red Medicine (1995)
 End Hits (1998)
 The Argument (2001)

References

1980s establishments in Washington, D.C.
1987 establishments in the United States
American rock bands
Musical groups from Washington, D.C.
Musical groups established in 1987
Post-hardcore bands
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
Benzaiten (弁才天, 弁財天) is the Japanese name of the goddess Saraswati. Worship of Benzaiten arrived in Japan in the 6th to 8th centuries, mainly through the Chinese translations of the Sutra of Golden Light .

Her Sanskrit name is "Sarasvatî Devî", which means "flowing water". This is why Benzaiten is the goddess of everything that flows: water, words, speech, and music. The characters used to write her name showed her as the goddess of eloquence. Because of the Sutra of Golden Light, in Japan she became a protector of the people. Lastly, she became one of the Seven Lucky Gods.
In the Rig-Veda (6.61.7) Sarasvati killed the three-headed snake, also known as Vritra. This is probably one of the sources of Sarasvati/Benzaiten's close link with snakes and dragons in Japan. She has a shrine on the Island of Enoshima in Sagami Bay, about 50 kilometers south of Tokyo; and a five-headed dragon and her are the main people in the Enoshima Engi, a history of the shrines on Enoshima written by the Japanese Buddhist monk Kokei (皇慶). According to Kokei, Benzaiten is the third daughter of the dragon-king of Munetsuchi (無熱池; literally "lake without heat"), the lake which is at the center of the world in an ancient Buddhist view.

Other websites
  A Study of the Enoshima Engi 
 Sacred Texts account of Benzaiten

Sources
Japan and Indian Asia by Hajime Nakamura. Publisher: Firma KLM, 1961. Publication date: 1961
India and Japan: A Study in interaction during 5th cent - 14th century – By Upendra Thakur.

Gods and goddesses of Japan
There are two ways to measure GDP (total income of a country) of different countries and compare them. One way, called GDP at exchange rate, is when the currencies of all countries are converted into USD (United States Dollar). The second way is GDP (PPP) or GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP).

PPP

Uses 
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is measured by finding the values (in USD) of a basket of consumer goods that are present in each country (such as pineapple juice, pencils, etc.). If that basket costs $100 in the US and $200 in the United Kingdom, then the purchasing power parity exchange rate is 1:2.
For example, suppose that Japan has a higher GDP per capita (US$18) than the US (US$16). This means that the average Japanese person makes $2 more than the average American. However, this does not necessarily imply that the Japanese are more affluent. Suppose that one gallon of orange juice costs $6 in Japan, and $2 in the US, i.e. $6 buys a good in Japan that can be purchased in the US for $2. 1 gallon of orange juice is taken as a reference good in this example. Simply, 1 gallon of orange juice can be bought in Japan, versus 3 gallons in America, with an equivalent amount of money. We can calculate a PPP index for Japan vs. the US equal to 1/3.  According to orange juice prices, Americans have stronger purchasing power, or are able to buy more value with their money. The US has a PPP-adjusted GDP of $16, which has not changed since it is the reference currency. Japan's GDP, however, is only $6 when adjusted for PPP. This is calculated by multiplying Japan's unadjusted GDP by the PPP index
. In reality, a much wider range of goods that includes much more than just orange juice is taken to calculate the PPP index, so that it accurately reflects the average cost of living.
Daily life (application) 
Now apply this to daily life. The orange juice represents the previously mentioned "basket of goods" which represents the cost of living in a country. Therefore, even if a country has a higher GDP per capita (individual income), that country's people may still live poorer if the cost of living is higher.

There are some problems with how PPP is calculated using the market basket. Because people in different countries buy different goods, it can be very hard to create an accurate market basket. This means that PPP does not always represent the exact real value of money in different countries.

References

Gross domestic product
A domestic warren is a man-made, enclosed establishment of animal husbandry that is used for the raising of domestic rabbits for meat and fur.  

There was a clear distinction between free warren and domestic warren. But today that is nearly gone. One even speaks of a prairie dog warren.

Other websites 
 Description of mounds, etc.

References 

Domesticated animals
Animal enclosures
Warren could mean:

Animal husbandry and related

Animal husbandry
 Warren (domestic), a rabbitry for the breeding and raising of domestic rabbits.  Warren is also used for rabbit or hare burrows in the wild.

Forest law
 Warren (free) ("Free warren"), a type of hunting franchise under the Anglo-Norman Forest law

Metaphor
 In metaphoric use, warren refers to a tight agglomeration of inferior accommodations, such as a slum.

People
 Warren G. Harding, 29th President of the United States
 Warren Beatty, American actor
 Warren Christopher, former Secretary of State of the United States
 Warren E. Burger, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
 Warren Buffett, American businessman and entrepreneur 
 Warren Hastings, first Governor-General of India
 Warren Zevon, American singer and musician
 Warren Truss, Australian politician
Other
 Warren abstract machine, a Prolog (software) engine
 Warren Commission, which investigated the assassination of John F. Kennedy
 Warren Cup, a Roman antiquity
 Warren's Gate, an archaeological site
 Warren's Skipper, a type of butterfly
 Warren Wagon Train Raid, historic incident in Texas
A burrow is a hole or tunnel in the ground made by an animal. Animals dig burrows to live in. Sometimes animals only use burrows for a short time. Many animals dig burrows.

There are many different kinds of burrows. Different kinds of animals make different kinds of burrows. Lots of mammals make burrows. Some mammals that make burrows are moles, gophers, groundhogs, rabbits, meerkats, and kangaroo mice. The biggest mammal that makes a burrow is the polar bear.

Other kinds of animals that make burrows are: mammals, amphibians, fish (lungfish), crustaceans, reptiles, birds, small dinosaurs, insects, spiders, sea urchins, crustaceans, clams, and worms.

Burrows can be made in different materials. Kangaroo mice make burrows in sand. Termites make burrows in wood. Some sea urchins and clams make burrows in rock. Burrows can also be make in different shapes and sizes. Some burrows are simple tubes a few centimeters long. Others are many tunnels and rooms that connect to each other.
Sometimes a burrow has a special name when it is made by a certain kind of animal. For example, a rabbit's burrow is called a warren.

References 

Ethology
A burrow is a hole made by an animal.

Burrow can also mean:
Burrow (Shropshire), a hill in Shropshire, England
 "The Burrow" (short story), a short story by Franz Kafka
 The Burrow, residence of the Weasley family in the Harry Potter book series
 FAU Arena or The Burrow, the Florida Atlantic University Arena

People with the family name Burrow
James Burrow, a Gentleman well versed in Natural and Mathematical knowledge
Sharan Burrow, Australian union official
Taj Burrow, Australian surfer
Thomas Burrow, orientalist, Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford

Related pages
Burro, a donkey
Borough
Sogyal Rinpoche (1947 – 28 August 2019) was a Tibetan Dzogchen Lama of the Nyingma tradition. He taught for over 30 years. He travels widely in Europe, America, Australia and Asia.

He was the founder and spiritual leader of Rigpa, which is an international network of over 100 Buddhist centres and groups in 23 countries around the world. He is also the author of the best-selling book The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying, which has been printed in 30 languages and 56 countries.

Rinpoche often speaks at major conferences in all areas of society, including medicine and healing, education,  dialogue between religions, movements for peace and non-violence, the world of business and leadership, and the field of serving the dying and hospice care.
Early life
Sogyal Rinpoche was born in 1947 in the region of Kham in Eastern Tibet. Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö says that he is the reincarnation of Tertön Sogyal, a teacher to the Thirteenth Dalai Lama. Jamyang Khyentse raised him as a son and made sure he got good training.

When things got bad in Kham, Khyentse Rinpoche and his young student went to Central Tibet and Lhasa. In 1955, they met Tenzin Gyatso, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama. They then went to India. They settled in Gangtok at the invitation of the king of Sikkim.

Education
Rinpoche went to Catholic School in Kalimpong.  Then he went to study at a university in Delhi before coming to the West. In 1971, he was granted a place to study comparative religion at Trinity College, Cambridge  as a visiting scholar. He continued to study with many masters of all schools of Tibetan Buddhism, especially His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche and His Holiness Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche.
Controversy 
In 1994, a $10 million civil lawsuit was filed against Sogyal Rinpoche. It was alleged that he had used his position as a spiritual leader to induce one of his female students to have sexual relations with him. The complaint included accusations of infliction of emotional distress, breach of fiduciary duty, as well as assault and battery. The lawsuit was settled out of court. Related allegations were later introduced by journalist Mary Finnigan, who was also the main author of the original article in 1995.

Teaching career

Rinpoche soon began teaching in Paris. He often translated for His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche. He also went with Dudjom Rinpoche to the United States in 1976.

In the summer of 1977, he started a centre in London, which he called Dzogchen Orgyen Chöling. Many great masters taught there: Dudjom Rinpoche, His Holiness Sakya Trizin, Gyalwang Karmapa, Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche and others.
In 1979, Sogyal Rinpoche chose the name Rigpa for his work. It means "the innermost, essential nature of mind". Rigpa soon set up a schedule of teaching events, referred to as retreats, with Sogyal Rinpoche and other teachers, with teachings in France every summer, California at Thanksgiving, Germany in Winter, followed by Myall Lakes in Australia, and then England at Easter. The first winter event at Kirchheim in Germany took place in December 1986, retreats in Tiona Park in Australia began in 1989, and the first Thanksgiving retreat in the US was in Oakland in 1988.

In 1987, Rinpoche became spiritual director of the centre in County Cork in the west of Ireland which was to become Dzogchen Beara, Rigpa’s first long-term retreat centre. In 1991, Sogyal Rinpoche opened the retreat centre of Lerab Ling near Montpellier in southern France. The first three-month retreat was held there in 1992. A centre in Berlin named Dharma Mati was opened in October 2007.
Abuse allegations
In 2017, a letter revealed that Rinpoche had physically and sexually abused many of his students dating back to the 1990s.

Death
Rinpoche died of a pulmonary embolism caused by colorectal cancer on 28 August 2019 at a hospital in Thailand at the age of 72.

Publications

Books
Sogyal Rinpoche, The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying, 
Sogyal Rinpoche, Dzogchen and Padmasambhava, Rigpa Publications, 1990, 
Sogyal Rinpoche, Glimpse After Glimpse, 
Sogyal Rinpoche, The Future of Buddhism, Rider & Co, 2002,
Articles and contributions
Himalaya: Personal Stories of Grandeur, Challenge and Hope, National Geographic Books, 2006
Jonathon Cott, On the Sea of Memory: A Journey from Forgetting to Remembering, Random House, 2005, 
Reginald A. Ray (ed.), The Pocket Tibetan Buddhist Reader, Shambhala Publications, Boston, Mass. 2004, 
Kathryn Meeske (Author), Sandra Scales (Photographer), Sacred Voices of the Nyingma Masters, Padma Publishing, California, 2004, 
Charles A. Tart, Living a Mindful Life, A Handbook for Living in the Present Moment, Shambhala Publications, Boston, Mass. 1994,
Forewords and introductions
Biography of Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche (forthcoming).
His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Mind in Comfort and Ease, Wisdom Publications, 2007, 
Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, Blazing Splendor: The Memoirs of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, North Atlantic Books, 2005, 
Don Farber, Portraits of Tibetan Buddhist Masters, University of California Press 2005, 
Nyoshul Khenpo Jamyang Dorje (translated by Richard Barron), A Marvelous Garland of Rare Gems: Biographies of Masters of Awareness in the Dzogchen Lineage (A Spiritual History of the Teachings on Natural Great Perfection), Padma Publications, 2005, 
Tsoknyi Rinpoche, Fearless Simplicity: The Dzogchen Way of Living Freely in a Complex World, Rangjung Yeshe Publications, Nepal, 2003, 
His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection, Snow Lion Publications, 2000, 
Khenpo Namdrol The Practice of Vajrakilaya, Snow Lion Publications, 1999,
Christine Longaker, Facing Death and Finding Hope: A Guide to the Emotional and Spiritual Care of the Dying, Arrow Books, 1998, 
Mordicai Gerstein, The Mountains of Tibet, Harper Trophy, 1989,
Related pages
List of Chinese writers

References

Other websites
 The Official Biography of Sogyal Rinpoche 
 Lotsawa House Biography of Sogyal Rinpoche 
 Sogyal Rinpoche - Rigpa Wiki
Buddhist Masters and Their Organisations: Sogyal Rinpoche

Tibetan Buddhist lamas
Chinese writers
1947 births
2019 deaths
Soma is a drink used in ancient India, in the (Vedic) culture. It is written of in the Vedas, in which there are many hymns praising it. 

It was probably a juice made from a mountain plant or the haoma plant. In the Vedas, Soma is both the sacred drink and also a god (deva). It is not known for sure what Soma actually was.

Soma is similar to the Greek drink, ambrosia. According to their beliefs it is what the gods drink, and what made them gods. Indra and Agni are known for drinking a lot of Soma. Mortals also drink it, giving them visions that are thought to be divine. The Rig-Veda (8.48) states, "We have drunk the Soma; we have become immortal; we have gone to the light; we have found the gods." The Ninth Mandala of the Rig Veda is known as the Soma Mandala. It is mostly hymns to Soma.
History
The Soma/Haoma cult originated in the Andronovo culture. It is noted that other early Indo-Europeans did not drink Soma except Indo-Iranians (cf. Norman 1990: 292f.), and therefore making it unlikely that this cult started with Proto-Indo-Europeans. Based on the flower-clusters of the Ephedra alata, Soma-drinking is especially associated with Indra and the Sanskrit name for the colour Yellow, हरि ("hari"). A similar plant-colour system exists in Turkic sarï-msak ("garlic"), a plant which is called after its yellowish-white root developed from Turkic sarï 'yellow' (Tenisev: 2001, p. 144). Buryat hara-ana and Bashkir harï-na show the closest phonetic affinity with Sanskrit. The original meaning is preserved in Chuvash šură ("white, light colored; clean, uncontaminated").
Etymology
Russian linguist Alexander Lubotsky is sure that the Soma cult was borrowed by the Indo-Iranians from the Andronovans and gave rise to the Avestan word stem su- ("Haoma plant").<ref>"It seems further obvious ta me that the Soma cult was borrowed by the Indo-Iranians. [...] Av. su- 'Haoma plant" Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations, University of Helsinki, 8 -10 January, 1999, Vammala 2007, pp. 308-310. ISBN 952-5150-59-3</ref> The Vedic tradition of Indra and Zoroastrianism evidently adopted the cultic drink from the earlier Bronze Age religion of Central Asia. There are different theories about the further etymology of the word. According to one theory:
1. the word may ultimately come from Turkic qumlaq/xumlaq ("hop"). The word is thought to be borrowed into Scythic *xumallag and Ossetian хуымӕллӕг. The Turkic word may be related to the Germanic word for 'hops', compare Old Norse humli, humla, humall. Either from Turkic or Germanic it has been borrowed into Latin humulus, Greek χουβέλι and Slavic xъmeľь.Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*Kumlak”, in  (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill The Iranian derivation of Osset. xumälläg 'hop', however, raises some phonetic and morphological problems and is therefore to be considered rather weak. The ultimate Turkic source of the Volga-Finnic, Iranian and other late European names for 'hop' can not be excluded.Riho Grünthal, Johanna Laakso, Oekeeta asijoo: "Commentationes Fenno-Ugricae in honorem Seppo Suhonen sexagenarii 16.V.1998, Volume 1998", Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 1998 p
.5 quote: "Among the Volga-Finnic languages Mordvin shows komula, while others, like Cheremis, have borrowed umla ~ əməla through Turkic. [...] Indian scholars derived the form soma from a root *su- 'to press', but it could not be the Humulus lupulus, since this has flavour but does not possess any intoxicating qualities. It has also been said that Humulus did not grow wild in India. [...]. Vasmer (R. Sl. VI p. 174) also admitted the possibility of deriving xiiméli from Iranian, but in REW III p. 250 f. he regarded it as “nicht annehmbar”. Räsänen in TEW derived all words from Turkic, and Hubschmid and others followed him. The renowned Swedish orientalist and historian of religion, H. S. Nyberg, supported the Opinion that the plant in question was Cannabis sativa, or hemp. The Swedish school of Iranists has in general accepted this interpretation of the haoma ~ soma."
Another theory interprets the Soma/Haoma drink as an "offering to gods" (via Chinese shuma and Sun 蓀) which is associated with the Turkic origins of the Zhou people in c. 1046 BC. This theory suggests that Soma:
 2. may have its origins in the Turkic second person pronoun “san/sin” ("thou, you"), specifically in the respectful form “su” found in the modern Uyghur and Kazak languages. In the Turkic group of languages sun and su seem to be interchangeable. Both sun and shuma are clearly shown as plants and associated with the deity Siming in the Nine Songs of the Chinese tradition. A Turkic-Iranian extension via Chin. wu 巫 "priest" is considered.compare W. Eberhard, "Çin Tarihi" on the Zhou origins (original: "Chinas Geschichte" in Bibliotheca Sinica. 1, ZDB-ID 419856-6), Ankara 1947, p.33. translated from German into Turkish by Dr. Hasan Bahar: "Türkistan'ın coğrafi konumu ve ilkçağ kaynaklarına göre tarihi", p. 240. In Turkic languages sun- also means “to hold out, offer, present”.
A last option derives the word :
 3.''' from Turkic xum ("sand/earth"), from the Proto-Turkic root *kum through a mediation from "hemp", indicating the place where plants grow.
The most ancient forms for garlic plants seem to have been preserved in Siberian Turkic and Mongolian dialects, since they show typical signs of evolutionary rhotacism (l~r) and initial consonant mutation (k/h~s/š) which are ancestral to all Indo-European forms: Altaian, Teleut kalma, Tuva xylba, Lebedinskij-Tatar, Shor, Khakas kalba and Mongolian xaliar''.
Tokyo Juliet (or 東方茱麗葉 in Chinese) is a 2006 Taiwanese dramatic television series. It stars Ariel Lin and Wu Zun of the band Fahrenheit. The series is based on the manga of the same name by Miyuki Kitagawa.

Cast
Ariel Lin 林瀨穗 Lin Lai Sui
Wu Chun as 紀風亮 Ji Feng Liang
Simon Yam as 褚形 Chu Xing
Tang Zhi Ping as Ai Li Ou
Huang Hong Sheng as 陸一彌 Lu Yi Mi
Kagami Tomohisa as 克行 Ke Xing
Lu Jia Xin as Gan Li Sha
Cai Shu Zhen as Gao Gang Quan
Cai Yi Zhen as 裴美子 Pei Mei Zi (Pei Mitsu)
Wu Jun Qiang as Guang Xi

2006 television series debuts
2006 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Taiwan
Left Hand Path is a term used in occultism for one kind of spiritual path. It is the opposite of the Right Hand Path, which is what most people think of when they think of religion or spirituality.

The use of this term in occultism came from a term used in Hindu Tantra, Vama marga in Sanskrit. This ancient form of tantra used the breaking of rules (taboos) as part of the practice. Rules about diet and sex were broken on purpose. For example, rules against eating meat and drinking alcohol might be broken. Such a practice might require eating meat and drinking alcohol while having sex in a graveyard or cremation ground.

People who follow the Left Hand Path in the West are not interested in giving up pleasure or the world in order to be spiritual. They are not interested in worshiping God or following rules made up by others. They seek to gain power and freedom by breaking through taboos, fears and restrictions.
Many people link this term with Satanism and black magic, but they are not the same. The Left Hand Path is sometimes described as amoral.

Related pages
 Thelema
 The Satanic Bible

References 
 Evans, Dave. The History of British Magic After Crowley. Hidden Publishing, 2007. 
 Grant, Kenneth. Cults of the Shadow. London: Muller, 1975.
 Hine, Phil. Black magic and the left-hand path .

Spirituality