Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Modern writers also question the idea that White has an enduring advantage. Suba, in his influential 1991 book Dynamic Chess Strategy, rejects the notion that the initiative can always be transformed into an enduring advantage. He contends that sometimes the player with the initiative loses it with no logical explanation, and that, "Sometimes you must lose it, just like that. If you try to cling to it, by forcing the issue, your dynamic potential will become exhausted and you won't be able to face a vigorous counter-attack". Rowson and Watson concur. p219p239 Watson also observes, "Because of the presumption of White being better, the juncture of the game at which Black frees his game or neutralizes White's plans has often been automatically assumed to give him equality, even though in dynamic openings, the exhaustion of White's initiative very often means that Black has seized it with advantage".p232
Tournament and match play
In chess tournaments and matches, the frequency with which each player receives white and black is an important consideration. In matches, the players' colours in the first game are determined by drawing lots, and alternated thereafter. p11 In All-play-all round robin tournaments with an even number of players, each receives one extra white or black. The double-round robin tournament is considered to give the most reliable final standings, since each player receives the same number of whites and blacks, and plays both white and black against each opponent.p56

In Swiss system tournaments, the tournament director tries to ensure that each player receives, as nearly as possible, the same number of games as white and black, and that the player's colour alternates from round to round.

References 

Chess
Wix.com is a freemium online platform that allows users to create websites and Facebook pages.
It competes with Webs, Weebly, Yola and other web hosting and creation sites.

History   
Wix was created in 2006 by Avishai Abrahami, Nadav Abrahami and Giora Kaplan. The company is located in Tel Aviv, with offices in San Francisco, New York City and Dnepropetrovsk. It is funded by investors Insight Venture Partners, Mangrove Capital Partners, Bessemer Venture Partners and Benchmark Capital.
It entered open-beta in 2008.

References

Websites established in 2006
Kandyan jewellery comes from Ceylon or Sri Lanka. The Kandyan Kingdom disappeared in 1815 but some jewellery and designs are still being used by Kandyan families today.

Kandyan jewellery is handmade and was originally designed for the royal families. It is a symbol of wealth, solidarity and strength. It is worn by women of royal or noble births and not women of lower castes.
Bridal pieces are the most important pieces of Kandyan jewellery. They are handmade and consist of 26 pieces of jewellery that will be worn by the bride.

References

Jewelry
Sri Lanka
Pinterest is an internet photo sharing and publishing service that allows users to "Pin" pictures they like and upload their own recommendations to their "pinboards". Users can visit other pinboards, 're-pin' images to their own pinboards, or 'like' photos. The site was created by Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra, and Evan Sharp. The site is managed by Cold Brew Labs and funded by a small group of entrepreneurs and inventors. Pinterest has a large female userbase.  Pinterest has many different categories, it can range from fashion, recipes, home improvement to quotes, health, and beauty.

References

Fahad, 16 June 2022. "Grow Pinterest Followers to Earn more in 2022".   

2010 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
Websites
Milo O'Shea (2 June 1926 – 2 April 2013) was an Irish-American actor and personality. He was known for his role as Leopold Bloom in Ulysses.

Early life
O'Shea was born on 2 June 1926 in Dublin, Irish Free State. He studied at Synge Street. O'Shea was married to Maureen Toal from 1952 until they divorced in 1974. Then he was married to Kitty Sullivan until his death in 2013.
Career
O'Shea starred as Leopold Bloom in Joseph Strick's 1967 movie version of Ulysses. Among his other well-known movie roles in the 1960s were as the well-intentioned Friar Laurence in Franco Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet and as the villainous Dr. Durand Durand (who tries to kill Jane Fonda's character by making her literally die of pleasure) in Roger Vadim's classic Barbarella (both movies were released in 1968). In 1984, O'Shea reprised his role as Dr. Durand Durand (credited as Dr. Duran Duran) for the Duran Duran concert movie Arena, since his character inspired the band's name. He played Inspector Boot in the 1973 Vincent Price horror movie Theatre of Blood.
Later career
He was active in American movies and TV shows, such as his memorable supporting role as the trial judge in the Sidney Lumet's The Verdict with Paul Newman, an episode of The Golden Girls in 1987, and portraying Chief Justice of the United States Roy Ashland in the TV series The West Wing. In 1992, O'Shea guest starred in the Season 10 finale of the sitcom Cheers, and, in 1995, in an episode of the show's spin-off Frasier. He appeared in the pilot episode of Early Edition as Sherman.

Personal life and death
He had two sons with Toal, Colm and Steven. He lived in New York City, New York and became a United States citizen. O'Shea died on 2 April 2013 from an short-illness in Manhattan, New York, aged 86.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 
 

1926 births
2013 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Irish movie actors
Irish television actors
Irish stage actors
Irish radio actors
Irish voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
Actors from Dublin
Jesús "Jess" Franco (Jesús Franco Manera; 12 May 1930 – 2 April 2013) was a Spanish movie director, screenwriter, cinematographer, and actor. His directing career began with the 1961 movie The Awful Dr. Orloff. He was known for his more than 160 movies including Necronomicon (1967), A Virgin Among the Living Dead (1971) and two Christopher Lee movies, The Bloody Judge and Count Dracula. Many of his films were pornographic in nature, and most of them were never dubbed in English.

Franco was born on 12 May 1930 in Madrid, Spain. He was married to Nicole Guettard from 1962 to 1980, and to Lina Romay from 2008 until his death 2013. He had no children.  Franco died on 2 April 2013 in a hospital in Málaga, Spain from a stroke, aged 82.

References

Other websites

 
 http://www.santoandfriends.com (Hispanic horror film index)

1930 births
2013 deaths
Cinematographers
Deaths from stroke
Entertainers from Madrid
Movie editors
Spanish movie actors
Spanish movie directors
Spanish movie producers
Spanish screenwriters
Notting Hill is a 1999 British-American romantic comedy-drama movie. It is set in Notting Hill, west London. It was written by Richard Curtis. It stars Julia Roberts as Hollywood actress Anna Scott and Hugh Grant as book shop owner Will Thacker.

Other websites 

1999 comedy-drama movies
1999 romantic comedy movies
1999 romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
British comedy-drama movies
British romantic comedy movies
British romantic drama movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies set in London
Notting Hill
Movies directed by Roger Michell
A virtual private server (VPS) is a virtual machine (something like a computer divided into many smaller machines using special software). They are often used by Internet hosting providers. Multiple VPS's run on the same machine, but they are separated as they will only share hardware resources without interfering on software level. A VPS is dedicated to the customer's needs, has the privacy of a separate physical computer, and can run server software. There are many platforms that can run a VPS. Some of them are VMWare and Xen.

References

Servers
Computer networking
Donkey Kong Country Returns is a platform video game for the Nintendo Wii game console. It was made by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on November 21, 2010, in Australia on December 2, 2010, in Europe on December 3, 2010, and in Japan on December 9, 2010. It follows Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!, which was released in 1996, making the time between these two games the longest timespan between releases of Donkey Kong Country games.

Story

The plot involves the Tiki Tak Tribe hypnotizing the animals of Donkey Kong Island. The hypnotized animals steal Donkey Kong's bananas. Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong go on an adventure to take back their bananas from the Tikis.

Gameplay
The gameplay of Donkey Kong Country Returns is very similar to that of the Donkey Kong Country Games. The game consists of 9 worlds on Donkey Kong Island: Jungle, Beach, Ruins, Cave, Forest, Cliff, Factory, Volcano, and Golden Temple (Cloud in 3DS version). In each world, players traverse a series of levels while collecting items such as bananas, banana coins, and KONG letters along the way. Banana coins act as currency and can be used to purchase items from Cranky's Shop. Puzzle Pieces appear for the first time in this game, and each level has 5, 7, or 9 of these items. Collecting all of the puzzle pieces in each level unlocks images in the image gallery. Defeating the boss at the end of each world gives players access to the next world. If players collect all of the KONG letters in all the levels in each world except for the boss level, they will unlock a secret temple stage. Completing the temple stage provides players with one of the 8 rare orbs needed to access the last world of the game
. Collecting all 8 rare orbs unlocks the last world.
Time Attack

After players complete a level once, they can replay it in time attack mode, where the objective is to finish the level in the fastest time possible. Upon finishing the stage, players will earn a bronze, silver, or gold medal based on their time. The times for these medals are given. If the players finish the stage within a certain time within the gold medal time limit, sparkles appear on their the gold medal. Players often call these medals "Shiny Gold medals". Time attack mode does not affect the game clear percentage, nor does it unlock any artwork.

Mirror Mode
After players beat the game, collect all the KONG letters, and complete the last level of the game, they unlock mirror mode. In mirror mode, players cannot use Diddy Kong or inventory items and they only get one heart. Completing mirror mode is necessary for 200% completion and is required to unlock some images in the image gallery.

3DS Port
3DS Port

On February 14, 2013, Nintendo announced a Nintendo 3DS port of the game called Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D. It was released in North America and Europe on May 24, 2013, in Australia on May 25, 2013, and in Japan on June 13, 2013.

References

Wii games
Wii U games
Donkey Kong
Platform games
2010 video games
2015 video games
Michal Handzuš (born March 11, 1977, in Banská Bystrica, Czechoslovakia, now Slovakia) is a Slovak NHL ice hockey centre that played for the Chicago Blackhawks.

He was drafted by the St. Louis Blues with the 101st overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. He has also played for the St. Louis Blues for 3 seasons, Phoenix Coyotes for 2 seasons, Philadelphia Flyers for 2 seasons, Chicago Blackhawks for 8 games, Los Angeles Kings for 4 seasons and the San Jose Sharks for 1 season. He was traded from the Sharks back to the Chicago Blackhawks for a 4th round draft pick on April 1, 2013. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1977 births
Chicago Blackhawks players
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Phoenix Coyotes players
San Jose Sharks players
Slovak ice hockey centres
Stanley Cup champions
St. Louis Blues players
Worcester IceCats players
American Hockey League players
Pump Up the Volume is a 1990 American Canadian comedy movie. Christian Slater and Samantha Mathis star. The movie received positive reviews from the critics. This movie was released August 22, 1990.

1990 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Canadian comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Allan Moyle
Movies about radio people
Movies about freedom of expression
Movies set in Arizona
Aaron Downey (born August 27, 1974 in Shelburne, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger that played 10 seasons in National Hockey League.

He was one of few people that was not drafted by an NHL team or a major junior team. Downey played in the NHL for six teams, the Boston Bruins for 1 game, Chicago Blackhawks for 39 games, Dallas Stars for 2 seasons, St. Louis Blues for 17 games, Montreal Canadiens for 2 seasons, and the Detroit Red Wings for 2 seasons. Since his retirement, he returned to Detroit to become a part-time strength and conditioning coach for the Red Wings and Grand Rapids Griffins.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1974 births
Living people
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Dallas Stars players
Detroit Red Wings players
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
Norfolk Admirals players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Portland Pirates players
Providence Bruins players
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
The Kernot Range is a small mountain range in the south of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is located in the Angas Downs Indigenous Protected Area, near the junction of the Lasseter Highway and Luritja Road. The range consists of a singe ridge of deformed sedimentary rock, running in a northwest-southeasterly direction for about 18 km.

The Kernot Range was named by the explorer W. H. Tietkens when he reached the area on 18 July 1889. He named it after William Charles Kernot, a professor at the University of Melbourne. He named Mount Thompson, the highest peak in the north-western end of the range, after a politician from Victoria, H. M. Thompson.
The hills are culturally important to southern Luritja people, many of whom live in the surrounding area. The most important ceremonial site in the Kernot Range is Wilbia (also spelled Wilpia or Wilpiya). This is a clearing at the south-eastern end of the range that contains a soakage. The soak is a reliable source of water and an important place to many families living across the Luritja homeland. The site is connected with similar Dreaming sites at Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa. Wilbia is often used for rituals and ceremonies, including initiations.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of the Northern Territory
The highway begins in Erldunda, a roadhouse and hotel, on the Stuart Highway (N87). The Stuart Highway connects Darwin in the north and Adelaide in the south and is therefore one of Australia's major highways. From Erldunda, the Lasseter Highway leads west along the southern side of the Basedow and Kernot Ranges. After about 110 km, next to the Kernot Range, there is the junction with the Luritja Highway (S3), which leads north to Kings Canyon. Another 25 km towards the southwest is a rest area that has a view of Mount Conner. A further 22 km away is the Curtin Springs, a cattle station with a roadhouse. A further 100 km west along the highway is the tourist town Yulara. After Yulara, the road meets the Great Central Road, a dirt road that leads into Western Australia through the Petermann Ranges and across the Gibson and Great Victoria Deserts.

There are petrol stations at Erldunda (at the start of the highway), Mount Ebenezer (km 57) and Curtin Springs (km 245).

References
References

Highways in Australia
Northern Territory
The 2013 San Diego Padres season began with two losses to the New York Mets.

San Diego Padres
Sports seasons
2013 in California
21st century in San Diego, California
The Tripitaka is the collection of main religious text in Buddhism. They are often used alongside various sutras such as the Lotus. It is divided into three categories - the Sutras, the Abhidharma and the Vinaya.

Buddhist terminology
A khanqah or khaniqah () is a place where members of the Sufi faith meet and do their spiritual rituals. Today, there are a lot of khanaqahs around the world, especially in muslim countries.

Sufism
Religious buildings
100 Tears is a 2007 slasher comedy movie. The story is about revenge. This movie was released with an NC-17 rating.

Awards

References 

Comedy horror movies
2007 comedy movies
American comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
American independent movies
Winona Sammon, more well known as Peggy Shannon (January 10, 1907 – May 11, 1941) was an American actress. She acted on stage and in movie roles during the 1920s and 1930s. She had many movies during her short career. She was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. In May 1941, Shannon died in Los Angeles after a heart attack

People from Pine Bluff, Arkansas
American movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from Arkansas
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1907 births
1941 deaths
were men and women who were employed by the government of Japan in the early Meiji period.   These western experts were invited to come to Japan to share their specialized knowledge..

History
The oyatoi came from many nations.  By the 1870s, they were employed in many projects of the government.

The strategy of employing oyatoi was ended in 1899.

References

Other websites
 "Meiji era (1868-1912)" at Dentsu Advertising Museum
Reckendorf is a community in the district of Bamberg, in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. With roughly 2,000 inhabitants, Reckendorf is a member of the administrative community (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Baunach.

References

Other websites

 Community’s website

Bamberg (district)
Mega Man Anniversary Collection is a compilation video game for the Nintendo GameCube, Playstation 2, and Xbox. It was released on June 23, 2004 for the GameCube and Playstation 2, and on March 15, 2005 for the Xbox. It contains the first eight Mega Man games, as well as two spin-off fighting games in the series. It also contains extras such as original artwork and remixed music.

For the first six games, a "Navi Mode" is available. This allows players to get hints from helpers if they are in need of help. It also changes the look of the health and weapon meters, as well as the weapon screen, for the first three games.

List of games
Mega Man
Mega Man 2
Mega Man 3
Mega Man 4
Mega Man 5
Mega Man 6
Mega Man 7
Mega Man 8
Mega Man: The Power Battle
Mega Man 2: The Power Fighters

References

Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Mega Man games
Capcom games
2004 video games
Compilation video games
Stephen Krashen is a linguist and educational researcher. He is professor emeritus at the University of Southern California (USC). Krashen moved from the USC linguistics department to the School of Education in 1994. He is also an activist who works hard to support bilingual education.

Work
Dr. Krashen has published more than 350 papers and books about second-language acquisition, bilingual education, and reading. He introduced several important ideas in the study of learning another language, including the acquisition-learning hypothesis, input hypothesis, monitor hypothesis, affective filter, and the natural order hypothesis. He started the Natural Approach to language learning and teaching with Tracy D. Terrell . More recently, Krashen promotes the use of free voluntary reading during second-language acquisition, which he says "is the most powerful tool we have in language education, first and second."
Educational Activism
Krashen lives and works in California. Government plans for education there turned against bilingual education. Krashen said that this was a bad idea  and responded with research that showed problems with he new policies. He also spoke publicly and wrote many letters to newspaper editors. In 1998,   Krashen campaigned very hard against Proposition 227. Though he tried hard, the proposition passed and got rid of most bilingual education in California.  Even though he lost, Krashen continues to work hard in support of bilingual education as other states try to get rid of it. His letters often appear in many newspapers. Krashen believes researchers should be more active to educate the public, especially about bilingual education.

Personal
Krashen holds a black belt in Tae Kwon Do,  and was the winner of the 1978 Venice Beach Open Incline Press. He spent two years in Ethiopia teaching English and science with the Peace Corps.

Writing

References
References

Other websites
 Books and articles by Stephen D Krashen
 Response to criticism  by Ron Unz
 NPR Talk of the Nation episode featuring Stephen Krashen
 Krashen's Comprehension Hypothesis Model of L2 learning  Applied linguist Vivian Cook's page on Krashen's hypotheses.

1941 births
Living people
Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
The Earth’s magnetic field is the magnetic field that surrounds the Earth. It is sometimes called the geomagnetic field.

The Earth’s magnetic field is created by the rotation of the Earth and Earth's core. It shields the Earth against harmful particles in space. The field is unstable and has changed often in the history of the Earth. As the Earth spins, the two parts of the core move at different speeds and this is thought to generate the magnetic field around the Earth as though it had a large bar magnet inside it.

The magnetic field creates magnetic poles that are near to the geographical poles.  A compass uses the geomagnetic field to find directions. Many migratory animals also use the field when they travel long distances each spring and fall.
Characteristics 
The Earth’s geomagnetic field is created by two things. The convection in the liquid conducting core inside the center of the Earth is important for making the magnetic field. When convection occurs in the electrical currents around the Earth, the magnetic field is created. The Earth’s rotation is what keeps the magnetic field up. The interaction between the convective motions and the electrical currents creates a dynamo effect.

The intensity of the magnetic field is greatest near the magnetic poles where it is vertical. The intensity of the field is weakest near the equator where it is horizontal. The magnetic field’s intensity is measured in gauss.
The magnetic field has decreased in strength through recent years. In the early 21st century the field has decreased its strength 1.7%, on average.  In some areas of the field, the strength has decreased as much as 10%.  The reversal might happen in the next few thousand years.  It has been shown that the movement of the magnetic poles is related to the decreasing strength of the magnetic field.

A geomagnetic reversal is when the north magnetic pole and south magnetic pole trade places.  This has happened a few times in the past few million years.  The magnetic reversal happens after the strength of the field reaches zero.  When the strength begins to increase again, it will increase in the opposite direction, causing a reversal of the magnetic poles.  The time it takes the magnetic field to undergo a reversal is unknown, but can last up to ten thousand years.

Magnetosphere
Magnetosphere 

The magnetosphere is created by the magnetic field. It is the area around the Earth that acts as a shield against the harmful particles in solar wind.  The magnetosphere has many different layers and structures, and solar wind shapes each of these layers. The interaction of solar wind and the magnetosphere also causes the Northern and Southern Lights to appear. The magnetosphere is very important in protecting the Earth against solar storms which increase solar wind activity. Solar storms can cause geomagnetic storms which sometimes have serious affects on the Earth.
The areas in between the north and south magnetic poles are the magnetic field lines. These lines leave the Earth from the vertical point of the South and reenters through the vertical point of the North. These two vertical points are called magnetic dip poles. The magnetic dip poles are commonly referred to as the magnetic poles.  The magnetic poles intersect the earth at two points.  The north magnetic pole intersects the Earth at 78.3 N latitude and 100 W longitude.  This places the north magnetic pole in the Arctic Circle.  The south magnetic pole intersects the Earth at 78.3 S latitude and 142 E longitude.  This places the south magnetic pole in Antarctica.  The magnetic poles are also where the magnetic fields are the strongest.

Earth's magnetic poles 
Like other magnetic fields, the Earth's magnetic field has magnetic poles.
The North Magnetic Pole is the point on the surface of Earth's northern hemisphere where the planet's magnetic field points vertically downwards. There is only one place where this occurs, near to (but distinct from) the Geographic North Pole.

Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Since the Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical, a line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric centre of the Earth.

The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth's core. In 2001, it was near Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at .  As of 2015, the pole is thought to have moved east beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to .

The Earth's North and South Magnetic Poles are also known as Magnetic Dip Poles, referring to the vertical "dip" of the magnetic field lines at those points.

Migratory animals 
Animals which take long migrations may depend on the magnetic field for a guide.
Some migratory animals know their locations by the intensity of the field. They know the time because of circadian rhythms the field produces. Migratory animals are born with a magnetic map in their head that allows them to migrate great distances safely. Their ability to sense the magnetic field is because of magnetic particles. Other animals have a chemical compass based on a radical pair mechanism.

References

Earth
Magnetism
The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of atmospheric pressure that refers to the air pressure at sea level. It is defined as equal to 101325 Pa. Since 1982, it has been replaced by the bar, which is equal to exactly 105 Pa. The usage of either unit is discouraged.

References 

Units of pressure
The 40-Year-Old Virgin is a 2005 American romantic comedy movie. It was written, directed and co-produced by Judd Apatow.

Steve Carell plays the main character, a virgin who lives alone and is involuntarily celibate. He works in the stockroom of an electronics store and is socially inept. Carell also wrote the script. The movie got mostly good reviews from critics.

References

Other websites 

2005 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
Midlife crisis movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about virginity
Movies about weddings
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Judd Apatow
Wilga Rivers (13 April 1919 - 23 June 2007) was an Australian academic and writer. She was a Professor Emerita of Romance Languages and Literatures at Harvard University. She studied and wrote about teaching languages. Rivers was an early supporter of the change from the audiolingual method to more communicative and interactive language teaching. Rivers was born  in Melbourne, Australia and died in Watertown, Massachusetts.

Writing
 "The Psychologist and the Foreign-Language Teacher". University of Chicago Press, 1964.
 "Teaching Foreign-Language Skills". University of Chicago Press, 1968 & 1981.
 "A Practical Guide to the Teaching of English as a Second or Foreign Language". Oxford University Press, 1978.
 "Communicating Naturally In A Second Language". Cambridge University Press, 1983.
 "Interactive Language Teaching". Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Related pages 
 List of women linguists

References

Other websites
 "Principles Of Interactive Language Teaching"
1919 births
2007 deaths
Australian writers
Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
Harvard University faculty
Australian linguists
Mount Curdie is a mountain in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is 958 metres high. It is the highest peak in the Curdie Range, which is a section of the Petermann Ranges. The mountain is located on the southern bank of the Hull River, about  southeast of Kaḻṯukatjara. The Great Central Road passes nearby to the north. At the base of the mountain is the valley through which the Hull River flows. The valley contains a place known to local Aboriginal people as Tjunti, where Lasseter's Cave is located.

Ernest Giles named Mount Curdie on 13 March 1874, during his first journey through the Petermann Ranges. He named it after Dr Daniel Curdie, a subscriber to Giles' fund for his expedition. After climbing to the top of Mount Curdie, Giles also gave names to other peaks in the Petermann Ranges, including Mounts Fagan and Miller further to the east.

References

Mountains of the Northern Territory
Sarah Caldwell (born March 6, 1924 - died March 23, 2006) was an American opera conductor and a stage director. She sang, performed and was director of opera music. Sarah was born in Missouri, though was raised in Arkansas. She later died due to heart failure in Portland, Maine at 82.

People from Missouri
Opera
1924 births
2006 deaths
Guangzhou FC, known as Guangzhou Evergrande until 2020, is a football club which plays in China. This club has been very successful ever since Evergrande RE took over the club after a match-fixing scandal in 2009, with money flowing in.

Club honours 
 Chinese Super League
Winners (8): 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019

 China League One
Winners (2): 2007, 2010

 Chinese FA Cup
Winners (2): 2012, 2016

 Chinese FA Super Cup
Winners (4): 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018

 AFC Champions League
 Winners (2): 2013, 2015

Chinese football clubs
Guangzhou
1954 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in China
Amy Marie Madigan (born September 11, 1950) is an American television and movie actress. She has acted in many notable movies and TV series. These include  the 1989 movie Field of Dreams and Uncle Buck and the series Grey's Anatomy, Carnivàle and Fringe. She was born in Chicago. She married the actor Ed Harris in 1983. They have one daughter, Lily Dolores, born in 1993.

References

Other websites

Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American television actors
1950 births
Living people
Prolog is a programming language that uses first order logic. It is the most used logic programming language. It is a declarative programming language. Alain Cormerauer, a French computer scientist created Prolog in the early 1970s.

Prolog is rather different from other programming languages. It uses facts and rules. Given the facts, the rules can be used to figure out new facts. 

Prolog uses a paradigm called negation as failure, which means that  is assumed if  cannot be derived. This is different from true logical negation. While negation is failure has its benefits, it often confuses people starting to learn Prolog, as they expect true logical negation.

Prolog also uses Horn clauses. It is a turing-complete programming language. 

Programming languages
Graupel is a form of precipitation, which is very similar to snow and hail. However, hail falls almost always during severe thunderstorms. Snow falls during blizzards or snowstorms. Graupel often falls in wintry mixes, and usually falls apart during contact.

Severe weather
Precipitation
A Horn clause is a logic disjunction of literals, where at most one of the literals is positive, and all the others are negative. It is named after Alfred Horn who described them in an article in 1951. 

A Horn clause with exactly one positive literal is a definite clause; a definite clause with no negative literals is sometimes called a “fact”; and a Horn clause without a positive literal is sometimes called a goal clause. These three kinds of Horn clauses are illustrated in the following propositional example:

definite clause:	

fact:			

goal clause:		

In the non-propositional case, all variables in a clause are implicitly universally quantified with scope the entire clause. Thus, for example:

stands for:

which is logically equivalent to:
Horn clauses play a basic role in constructive logic and computational logic. They are important in automated theorem proving by first-order resolution, because the resolvent of two Horn clauses is itself a Horn clause, and the resolvent of a goal clause and a definite clause is a goal clause. These properties of Horn clauses can lead to greater efficiencies in proving a theorem (represented as the negation of a goal clause).

Horn clauses are also the basis of logic programming, where it is common to write definite clauses in the form of an implication:

In fact, the resolution of a goal clause with a definite clause to produce a new goal clause is the basis of the SLD resolution inference rule, used to implement logic programming and the programming language Prolog.

In logic programming a definite clause behaves as a goal-reduction procedure. For example, the Horn clause written above behaves as the procedure:

to show , show  and show  and  and show .
To emphasize this backwards use of the clause, it is often written in the backward form:

In Prolog this is written as:

 u :- p, q, ..., t.

The Prolog notation is actually ambiguous, and the term “goal clause” is sometimes also used ambiguously.  The variables in a goal clause can be read as universally or existentially quantified, and deriving “false” can be interpreted either as deriving a contradiction or as deriving a successful solution of the problem to be solved.
Van Emden and Kowalski (1976) investigated the model theoretic properties of Horn clauses in the context of logic programming, showing that every set of definite clauses D has a unique minimal model M. An atomic formula A is logically implied by D if and only if A is true in M. It follows that a problem P represented by an existentially quantified conjunction of positive literals is logically implied by D if and only if P is true in M. The minimal model semantics of Horn clauses is the basis for the stable model semantics of logic programs.

Propositional Horn clauses are also of interest in computational complexity, where the problem of finding truth value assignments to make a conjunction of propositional Horn clauses true is a P-complete problem (in fact solvable in linear time), sometimes called HORNSAT. (The unrestricted Boolean satisfiability problem is an NP-complete problem however.) Satisfiability of first-order Horn clauses is undecidable.

Bibliography
Bibliography

Alfred Horn (1951), "On sentences which are true of direct unions of algebras", Journal of Symbolic Logic, 16, 14–21.
 Dowling, W. and Gallier, J. (1984), "Linear-time algorithms for testing the satisfiability of propositional Horn formulae". Journal of Logic Programming, 3, 267–284.
 M. van Emden and R. Kowalski [1976] The semantics of predicate logic as a programming language. Journal of ACM, Vol. 23, 733–742.

Logic
Computer science
A Venn diagram is a diagram that shows the logical relation between sets. They were popularised by John Venn in the 1880s, and are now widely used. They are used to teach elementary set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science. A Venn diagram uses closed curves drawn on a plane to represent sets. Very often, these curves are circles or ellipses. 

Similar ideas had been proposed before Venn. Christian Weise in 1712 (Nucleus Logicoe Wiesianoe) and Leonhard Euler (Letters to a German Princess) in 1768, for instance, came up with similar ideas. The idea was popularised by Venn in Symbolic Logic, Chapter V "Diagrammatic Representation", 1881.

Example
Example 

The following example uses two sets, A and B, represented here as coloured circles. The orange circle, set A, represents all living creatures that are two-legged. The blue circle, set B, represents the living creatures that can fly. Each separate type of creature can be imagined as a point somewhere in the diagram. Living creatures that can both fly and have two legs—for example, parrots—are then in both sets, and hence correspond to points in the area where the blue and orange circles overlap. That area contains all such (and only) such living creatures.
Humans and penguins are bipedal, and hence are in the orange circle, but since they cannot fly, they appear in the left part of the orange circle, where it does not overlap with the blue circle. Mosquitoes have six legs, and fly, so the point for mosquitoes is in the part of the blue circle that does not overlap with the orange one. Creatures that are not two-legged and cannot fly (for example, whales and spiders) would all be represented by points outside both circles.

The combined area of sets A and B is called the union of A and B, denoted by . The union in this case contains all living creatures that are either two-legged, or that can fly (or both).
The area in both A and B, where the two sets overlap, is called the intersection of A and B, denoted by . For example, the intersection of the two sets is not empty, because there are points that represent creatures that are in both the orange and blue circles.

Venn diagrams of common operations on sets
In the illustrations below the left circle shows set  and the right circle shows set . Results of operations are shown as colored areas.

Related pages 

 Exclusive disjunction
 Inclusive disjunction

References 

Set theory
Starbuck Island (or Volunteer Island) is a coral atoll in the central Pacific. It is part of the Central Line Islands of Kiribati. No one lives on the island.

Geography, flora and fauna
Starbuck Island is located at . It is  east-to-west and  north-to-south. The island has a land area of .  It is a low, dry, coral limestone island. It has a steep beach. 

There is no freshwater on the island. Each year, the island gets about  of rain.

Starbuck Island has a large colony of Sooty Terns. It is estimated that 1.5 million pairs of the birds live on the island. The island is also a home to Polynesian Rats, feral cats, Green turtles and about fifteen other species of seabirds.

References

Islands of Kiribati
Atolls
Pacific islands
Enrique Peña Nieto (born 20 July 1966) is a Mexican politician. He was the 64th President of Mexico from 2012 to 2018. He became President in 2012. Peña Nieto is a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was Governor of the State of Mexico from 2005 to 2011. Peña Nieto became President-elect after the 2012 general election was found to be valid by the Federal Electoral Tribunal, after some accusations of electoral fraud. He took office on 1 December 2012.
Early life and education 
Nieto was born on 20 July 1966 in Atlacomulco, State of Mexico, a city 55 miles (89 km) northwest of Mexico City. He is the oldest of four siblings; his father, Gilberto Enrique Peña del Mazo, was an electrical engineer; his mother, María del Perpetuo Socorro Ofelia Nieto Sánchez, a schoolteacher. He is the nephew of two former governors of the State of México: on his mother's side, Arturo Montiel; on his father's, Alfredo del Mazo González. He attended Denis Hall School in Alfred, Maine, during one year of junior high school in 1979 to learn English. After living in Atlacomulco for the first 11 years of his life, Peña Nieto's family moved to the city of Toluca.
In 1975, his father would often take him to the campaign rallies of the State of Mexico's governor, Jorge Jiménez Cantú, a close friend of Peña del Mazo. The successor of the governor was Alfredo del Mazo González, a cousin of Peña Nieto's father. During Del Mazo González's campaign in 1981, the fifteen-year-old Peña Nieto had his first direct contact with Mexican politics: he began delivering campaign literature in favor of his relative, a memory Peña Nieto recalls as the turning point and start of his deep interest in politics.

In 1984 at the age of 18, Peña Nieto traveled to Mexico City and enrolled in the Panamerican University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in legal studies. Peña Nieto's academic thesis was found to contain some improper citations and plagiarism, which stirred controversy in May 2016. Peña Nieto sought a master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) at the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), based in the State of Mexico.
Political beginnings 
Peña Nieto joined the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1984, and with a law degree nearly completed, he began earning his own money. During his final years in college, Peña Nieto worked for a public notary in Mexico City, around the same time when his relative, Alfredo del Mazo González, was mentioned as a firm candidate for the 1988 presidential elections. In his twenties, he worked at the San Luis Industrial Corporation, an auto parts manufacturer, and at the law firm Laffan, Muse and Kaye. While still a student at the Universidad Panamericana, he roomed with Eustaquio de Nicolás, the current president of Homex, a leading Mexican construction and real estate company. He also befriended and roomed with Luis Miranda, who occupied several offices during the 1999–2000 administration in the State of Mexico.
Campaign for Governor 
Peña Nieto was elected to a local deputy position in his hometown of Atlacomulco, State of Mexico, in 2003. Two years later, the governorship of the State of Mexico was sought by Atlacomulco-natives Carlos Hank Rhon, Isidro Pastor, Héctor Luna de la Vega, Guillermo González Martínez, Óscar Gustavo Cárdenas Monroy, Eduardo Bernal Martínez, Cuauhtémoc García Ortega and Fernando Alberto García Cuevas. Peña Nieto was among the crowd, but was not poised as one of the favorites. Nonetheless, in 2005, Peña Nieto was the last man standing, succeeding Montiel Rojas as governor of the State of Mexico. On 12 February 2005, with 15,000 supporters in attendance, he was sworn in as candidate for the PRI.
Governor of the State of Mexico (2005–2011) 
On Sept. 15 2005, Peña Nieto was sworn as governor of the State of Mexico at the Morelos theater in Toluca. Among the hundreds of attendees were the outgoing governor, Arturo Montiel; the president of the Superior Court of Justice, José Castillo Ambriz; former governors, members of Peña Nieto's cabinet and party, mayors, businessmen, and church figures. The centerpiece of Peña Nieto's governorship was his claim that he was to deliver his compromisos – 608 promises he signed in front of a notary to convince voters that he would deliver results and be an effective leader. According to El Universal, during Peña Nieto's first year as governor, his administration delivered 10 of the structural promises he had advocated in his campaign – marking the lowest figure in his six-year term.
In 2006, his administration carried out 141 of the promised projects, making that year the most active in the governor's term. The 608 projects Peña Nieto proposed consisted of creating highways, building hospitals, and creating adequate water systems to provide fresh water throughout the state. The most important of these was highway infrastructure, which tripled under Peña's government. By mid-2011, the official page of the State of Mexico noted that only two projects were left. The major projects in public transportation were the Suburban Railway of the Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area and the "Mexibús", both of which served commuters between Mexico City and the State of Mexico, providing service to more than 300,000 people every day and 100 million a year. Regarding public health services, 196 hospitals and medical centers were built throughout the state and the number of mobile units to attend remote and vulnerable areas doubled
. Deaths caused by respiratory diseases were reduced by 55%, while deaths caused by dysentery and cervical cancer were reduced by 68% and 25% respectively. In addition, between 2005 and 2011, the State of Mexico was able to fulfill the requirement of the World Health Organization of having one doctor for every 1,000 inhabitants. The funds for these and all the other commitments were obtained through restructuring the state's public debt, a strategy designed by his first Secretary of Finance, Luis Videgaray Caso. The restructuring also managed to keep the debt from increasing during Peña Nieto's term because the tax base was broadened to the point that it doubled in six years.
Peña Nieto also claimed that he halved the murder rate in the State of Mexico during his time as governor, but retracted this claim after The Economist showed that the murder rate did not diminish and was being measured in a different way.

The Yo Soy 132 student movement criticized Peña Nieto for his stance on the San Salvador Atenco unrest, which occurred during his term as governor. Peña Nieto stated in an interview that he does not justify the actions of the state and municipal forces, but also mentioned that they were not gladly received by the citizens of San Salvador Atenco upon their arrival.

References

1966 births
Living people
Presidents of Mexico
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
People from Mexico (state)
Earls Croome is a village and civil parish  in the Malvern Hills District in the county of Worcestershire, England.

Other websites
A History of the County of Worcester: volume 3 (1913)

Villages in Worcestershire
Johannis de Rijke (5 December 1842-10 January 1913) was a Dutch civil engineer.  He was a foreign advisor to the Japanese government in the Meiji period.

Early life
Rijke was born in Noord-Beveland in the Netherlands.

Career
In 1865, Rijke worked the chief construction foreman for water projects near Amsterdam.

Japan
Rijke was a government advisor in Japan from 1873 to 1903.  He worked on flood control and water management projects. He led projects which improved the ports of Japan, including  Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Hiroshima (Ujina) and Fukuoka (Hakata).

After 1891, Rijke was an official of the Home Ministry. He became Vice Minister. It was uncommon for a foreigner to be promoted to such high rank in a Japanese government bureaucracy.

China
In 1876, Rijke worked on Yangtze River projects. 
 
In 1901, worked on the Yellow River flood control project.

Honors
 Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1903
 Order of Orange-Nassau, 1911.
 Order of the Dutch Lion, 1913. 
 Order of Leopold.
Related pages
 Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan

References

Other wesbsites

1842 births
1913 deaths
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
People from Zeeland
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 7 was the seventh season of the reality television series America's Next Top Model. It started airing on 20 September 2006. It was the first season to be shown on The CW network.

Contestants
(ages stated are at time of contest)

 Amanda and Michelle Babin are identical twins, however they were judged individually.

Episode Summary
1. casting episode
2.
Best: Michelle Babin
Worst: Melrose Bickerstaff & Christian Evans
Eliminated: Christian Evans
3.
Best: Melrose Bickerstaff
Worst: Jaeda Young & Megan Morris
Eliminated: Megan Morris
4.
Best: A.J. Stewart
Worst: Eugena Washington & Monique Calhoun
Eliminated: Monique Calhoun
5.
Best: CariDee English
Worst: Jaeda Young & Megg Morales
Eliminated: Megg Morales
6.
Best: Brooke Miller
Worst: Jaeda Young & A.J. Stewart
Eliminated: A.J. Stewart
7.
Best: Amanda Babin
Worst: Eugena Washington & Brooke Miller
Eliminated: Brooke Miller
8.
Best: CariDee English
Worst: Michelle Babin & Anchal Joseph
Eliminated: Anchal Joseph
9.
Best: Melrose Bickerstaff
Worst: CariDee English & Jaeda Young 
Eliminated: Jaeda Young
10.
Best: Eugena Washington 
Worst: Amanda Babin & Michelle Babin
Eliminated: Michelle Babin
11.
Best: Melrose Bickerstaff
Worst: CariDee English & Amanda Babin
Eliminated: Amanda Babin
12.
Best: CariDee English
Worst: Melrose Bickerstaff & Eugena Washington 
Eliminated: Eugena Washington
Final Two: CariDee English & Melrose Bickerstaff
Winner: CariDee English

07