Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
was a  after Jōō and before Manji.   This period started in April 1655 and ended in July 1658. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Meireki era

 1655 (Meireki 1): The ambassador of Korea is received in Japan.

 1655 (Meireki 1): Emperor Go-Mizunoo went for the first time to location at base of Mount Hiei where Shugakuin Palace (Shugakuin Rikyū) would be built.

 2-3 March 1657 (Meireki 3, 18th-19th days of the 1st month): The city of Edo was destroyed by fire, also known as the Great Fire of Meireki.

In 1656-1659, Go-Mizunoo built the Imperial villa and Japanese gardens at Shugakuin Rikyū.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1655 establishments
1650s establishments in Japan
1658 disestablishments
1650s disestablishments in Japan
Manji or mangi may mean:

 Japanese name for the 卍 character  (Chinese: wàn), see swastika
 Manji (era), a Japanese era name from 1658 to 1661
 type of raised bed similar to a cot in India or Pakistan

In popular culture
 In The Legend of Zelda for the NES, level 3 from quest 1 is designed and named after the manji symbol.
 In the Tekken series of video games the Manji Party is led by the ninja Yoshimitsu.
 The Soul Calibur game series also features a Manji organization.
 One of the NPCs in the role-playing game MapleStory is named Manji.
was a  after Meireki and before Kanbun.  This period started in July 1658 and ended in April 1661. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Manji era

 1658 (Manji 1): After the Great Mereiki Fire, the shogunate organized four teams of firefighters.

 1658 (Manji 1): Birth of Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu.

 1659 (Manji 2): In Edo, construction began on the Ryōgoku Bridge (ryogokubashi).

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1658 establishments
1650s establishments in Japan
1661 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
The Regionalliga Ost is one of three third level leagues in Austrian football.The Regionalliga is the highest league in Austrian amateur football. The league was reintroduced in the 1984-85 season. It covers the Austrian states of Burgenland, Lower Austria and Vienna. The champion of the league plays relegation versus the 9th of the Austrian football first league. The champion of the 2010/11 season was ESV Parndorf. The club failed in the relegation matches versus First Vienna FC.

Teams of the 2022/23 season
USV Scheiblingkirchen-Warth
1. Wiener Neustädter SC
SC Neusiedl/See 1919
 	ASV Draßburg
SV Leobendorf
FC Marchfeld Donauauen
FCM Traiskirchen
Kremser SC
SR Donaufeld
 	FC Mauerwerk
Wiener Sport-Club
TWL Elektra 	
SC Wiener Viktoria
 	ASV Siegendorf
ASK-BSC Bruck/Leitha 
SC Columbia Floridsdorf

References

Football leagues in Austria
Chimaera or chimera can mean:

Mythology 
Chimera (mythology)
 Mount Chimaera, the region in Lycia that some believe inspired the myth

Science
 Chimaera (genetics)
 Chimera (plant)
 Chimera (virus), a virus with genetic material from other organisms
 Chimera or fusion protein, a hybrid protein made by the splicing of two genes
 Chimera (paleontology), a fossil put together with parts from different species
 Chimaera (fish)
Heterochromia means "different colours", and is most used for the description of different coloured eyes. Some people, and animals, have differences between the irises of their eyes. There are many different causes for this condition.

Genetic causes for heterochromia include genetic mosaicism, where changes may take place in the dividing cells leading up to iris formation in the embryo. Or, environmental damage may occur to the eyes. Or, various diseases and medical conditions may result in changes in eye colour.

Similar events may happen in other tissues, and sometimes result in visible tissue differences. However, the condition is most easily seen in the iris of the eye. The terms Hetrochromia iridis (= different colour of the iris), Heterochromia iridum (plural form) and Heterochromia iridium (a mistake in Latin grammar) are variously used when it is the eye colour which is specifically mentioned.

Eye
Osteopathy is a philosophy that refers to the ability of the human body to heal itself.

Alternative medicine
Endogamy is the idea that a person ought to marry another person from the same group as them. The type of group is not always the same; it could be based on a religion, a class or a social group. Often group endogamy is enforced by arranged marriages, this is a system based on benefits for the group rather than marriage for love.

Group adherence 
By marrying a person with the same group characteristics, it means that the partners will have similar views or beliefs about something. Many people marry endogamously for reasons of compatibility, which can be due to choice. But there are also other reasons when there is less choice involved or there is disapproval if it is not followed.
By doing this it keeps the numbers of a group to a minimum and thus creates stronger group bonds. For example, when moving to another country, a Sikh family may actively look for other Sikh families to mix with in order to facilitate Sikh marriages. By merging, they create a stronger bond between their own communities and can be a way to deal with being a minority.

Biology 
If a group has been marrying endogamously for a long period of time the gene pool may be smaller and there is a greater chance of genetic disease. For example, within the Jewish community Tay-Sachs disease is a common genetic disease.

Related pages
Exogamy

References 
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186956/endogamy
Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press
http://www.jewishgenetics.org/?q=content/tay-sachs-disease

Marriage
Genetics
Exogamy is when a person ought to marry someone from outside a certain group.

Biological 
In most places, exogamy is practiced in order to avoid incest, which is taboo in many groups across the world. This is to avoid some of the effects that endogamy creates such as genetic diseases. If two parents have very different genes then there is a lesser chance of a child inheriting both copies of that gene.

Cultural 
Exogamy is used to make a connection between two groups. For example, when a person marries another they become part of the family. This connection may be for reasons of inter-group cohesion. In other words, creating an alliance with another group.

Dual exogamy 
Claude Levi-Strauss, an anthropologist, argued that when two families are connected by the marriage of two people it creates more relationships for trading other things such as food. It also means that they have more people to rely on. In order to keep this going, groups will trade sisters/daughters for wives and trade back in return.
Related pages
Endogamy

References 
Levi-Strauss, C. (1969) The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Beacon Press.
McCallum, C. (2001) Gender and Sociality in Amazonia: How Real People Are Made. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198244/exogamy

Marriage
Throw out the baby with the bath water is an idiom.

The phrase describes a special kind of mistake which happens when something good is lost while trying to get rid of something bad.

The idiom summarizes what happens when something which is necessary is rejected along with what is not necessary.

A slightly different explanation focuses on the loss of the essential while holding on to what is not essential.  In other words, the idiom also makes sense when someone might throw out the baby and keep the bath water. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

History

This idiom comes from a German proverb, das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten. In 1512,  Narrenbeschwörung (Appeal to Fools) by Thomas Murner includes a woodcut picture showing a woman tossing a baby out with waste water.

Alternate expressions
The meaning and intent are sometimes mirrored in different terms.
 Throw out the champagne with the cork
 Empty the baby out with the bath.

References

More reading 
 
 

Idioms
The Lurking Horror is an interactive fiction computer game released by Infocom in 1987. The game was  inspired by the horror writings of H. P. Lovecraft. It was released for several platforms simultaneously thanks to the Z-machine.

1987 video games
Infocom
Tuvalu has been in the Olympic Games one time. They were in the 2008, with 3 athletes. They have not been at the winter games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Tuvalu profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Tuvalu
Pope Gregory XII (; c. 1326 – 18 October 1417) was the 206th Pope. He was born Angelo Corrario at Venice, Italy.  He became Bishop of Castello in 1380, titular Patriarch of Constantinople in 1390, a cardinal in 1405, and finally Pope Gregory XII on 30 November 1406. He held office during the years of the Western Schism. In 1415, he resigned during the Council of Constance. He died at Recanati in 1417. His papal resignation was the last until Pope Benedict XVI resigned in February 2013.

References

Other websites 

 
   "Gregory XII", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Emeritus Gregory XII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Correr

 

Italian popes
1320s births
1417 deaths
Deans of the College of Cardinals
Vanuatu was first at the Olympic Games in 1988.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, no ni-Vanuatu athlete has ever won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Vanuatu was formed in 1987 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Vanuatu profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Vanuatu
New Zealand at the Olympics is a history which began in 1908.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for New Zealand is NZL.

History
A team from New Zealand was first at the Olympic Games in 1908.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  For their first two Games in 1908 and 1912, New Zealand was with Australia in a combined Australasia team.  New Zealand first sent an independent team in 1920.

New Zealand has been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1952, missing only the 1956 and 1964 Games.

New Zealand athletes have won a total of 103 medals at the Summer Games. The most successful sport is athletics.  New Zealand has only won a single medal at the Winter Games.  The silver medal won by Annelise Coberger in alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics was the first medal won at the Winter Games by a Southern Hemisphere nation.
National Olympic Committee 
The New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC) is the National Olympic Committee for New Zealand. The NZOC was formed in 1911, and recognized by the IOC in 1919.

Participation 
Being in the remote South Pacific, New Zealanders had to take long sea voyages to attend the early Olympics. It wasn’t until 1920 that New Zealand sent its first team. Before that three New Zealanders won medals for Australasian teams in 1908 and 1912.

As of  1111 athletes have represented New Zealand at the Olympic Games.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

The total (NZ) does not include the medals won by New Zealanders as part of the combined Australasia team (ANZ) at the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics:
 bronze medal won by Harry Kerr in Men's 3500 metre walk in Athletics
 gold medal won by Malcolm Champion as a member of the Men's 4x200 metre freestyle relay in Swimming 
 bronze medal won by Tony Wilding in Indoor men's singles in Tennis

Medals by Winter Games
Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
New Zealand at Olympic.org
Athletics in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand has a paragraph on each Olympiad and Empire Games to 1964  
The Olympics (NZHistory.net.nz) 
The Joseph Romanos list of our best Olympians 
Medal Count for NZ at DatabaseOlympics.com (total of 78 not complete)

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in New Zealand
National sports teams of New Zealand
Austria has been at most of the Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Austria is AUT.

History
The Austrian team missed the 1920 Summer Olympics due to its role in World War I.  The nation has twice hosted the Games in Innsbruck for the 1964 Winter Olympics and again for the 1976 Winter Olympics.

Austrian athletes have won a total of 86 medals at the Summer Olympic Games.  They have 185 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Austria has won more medals in alpine skiing than any other nation.

The National Olympic Committee for Austria is the Österreichisches Olympisches Comité.  It was formed in 1908 and recognized in 1912.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 
 Austria profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Austria
National sports teams of Austria
Azerbaijan first took part in the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1996. They have taken part in all summer and winter Olympics since then.   Before Azerbaijani athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988.  In 1992 they were part of the Unified Team.

Azerbaijani athletes have won a total of twenty-six medals at the Summer Olympic Games.  The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee of the Azerbaijani Republic was formed in 1992 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medalists

Medals

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by Summer Sport

Medals by Winter Sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 List of flag bearers for Azerbaijan at the Olympics
 Azerbaijan at the Paralympics

Other websites
Other websites

 
 "Azerbaijani Wrestler Namig Abdullayev Wins Olympic Gold," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p. 76.
 "Zemfira Meftakhetdinova: Right on Target, Olympic Gold, Skeet Shooter," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p. 79.
 "Vugar Alakbarov, Olympic Bronze in Boxing," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:4 (Winter 2000), p. 78.
 Azerbaijan profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Belarus was first in the Olympic at the 1952 Summer Games in Helsinki, Finland as part of the Soviet Union.  After the Soviet Union disbanded in 1991, Belarus, along with four of the other fourteen former Soviet republics, were in the 1992 Winter Olympics (held in Albertville, France) as the Unified Team. Later in 1992, eleven republics joined Belarus to compete as the Unified Team at the Summer Games in Barcelona, Spain. Two years later, Belarus competed for the first time as an independent nation in the 1994 Winter Olympics, held in Lillehammer, Norway. From 1952 until the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin, Italy, 168 Belarusian athletes won 200 medals either as part of the Soviet Union or as independent Belarus.

Medal tables

Medals by Games

Medals by sport

Flag bearers

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Belarus profile at London2012.com 
 Official Website of the NOCRB  
 Olympic page 
 Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the United States Olympic movement in Belarus
Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Belarus
In navigation, the word bearing is used for different methods that try to find out the angle between an object used for this purpose, and a reference direction. There are different systems of reference that can be used for this. A system of reference that is commonly used is that of Cardinal directions, as they can be found with a compass. The direction a ship is pointed can also be the reference.

Points that can easily be determined, and that move very little, can be taken as reference. Such points include stars, mountains, the sun, and beacons. Beacons come in the form of lighthouses on the coast, but also as electric beacons or other sea marks on the open sea. 

Bearings can be measured different ways. Optical bearings rely on visual information, other systems rely on radar for tools.

Navigation
, also romanized as Kambun, was a  after Manji and before Enpō.  This period started in April 1661 and ended in September 1673. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Kanbun era

 20 March 1662 (Kanbun 2, 1st day of the 2nd month): Earthquake in Heian-kyō (Kyoto) destroyed the tomb of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

 1620 (Kanbun 2): Tosa Hiromichi 土佐広通 (1561–1633) was ordered by the emperor to change his name to .

 5 March 1663 (Kanbun 3, 26th day of the 1st month):  Emperor Go-sai abdicated; and his younger brother received the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Reigen 's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 6 June 1663 (Kanbun 3, 1st day of the 5th month): An earthquake struck in Ōmi Province.

 1668 (Kanbun 8, 1st day of the 2nd month): A major fire in Edo lasted 45 days.

 1670 (Kanbun 10): The Bonin Islands were discovered by the Ogasawara clan.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References
References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1661 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1673 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
Belgium has been in most Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Belgium is BEL.

History
Athletes from Belgium competed for the first time was at the 1900 Games.  The nation was host to the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.  Belgian athletes have won 142 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another five at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Belgium was formed and recognized in 1906.

List of medalists

Summer Olympics

Winter Olympics

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Belgium profile at London2012.com 
 Belgium at Olympic.org

Nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Bosnia and Herzegovina were first at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Independence from Yugoslavia was in 1991. No athletes have won a medal.

The Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed in 1992 and recognized in 1993.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

  Bosnia and Herzegovina profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Nations at the Olympics
or NACT is a museum in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

NACT is a unique art museum. It does not have a permanent collection.  Instead, it is a large venue for changing art exhibitions.  NACT has 14,000 square meters of exhibition space and an Art Library.  It also has educational programs.

History
The National Art Center building was completed in May 2006. Kisho Kurokawa was the architect.

The museum opened in 2007.

Related pages
 Kyoto National Museum (KNM)
 Kyushu National Museum
 Nara National Museum (NNM)
 National Museum of Art, Osaka (NMAO) 
 National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto (MOMAK)
 National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
 National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
 Tokyo National Museum (TNM)
 List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
 List of national museums

References

Other websites
The National Art Center, Tokyo website in English

Art museums in Japan
National museums in Japan
Museums in Tokyo
Art exhibitions
Minoru Miki (; 16 March 1930 – 8 December 2011 in Tokushima) was a Japanese composer. He wrote opera and modern Japanese music. He was one of the first members of the group Pro Musica Nipponia. He died early in the morning on 8 December 2011. Miki was 81 years old.

References

Japanese musicians
2011 deaths
1930 births
People from Tokushima Prefecture
Treyarch is an American video game developer company. Peter Akemann and Doğan Köslü started the company in 1996. Activision bought it in 2001. It is in Santa Monica, California.

In 2005, Gray Matter Interactive and Treyarch became one company.

As part of the 2007 Leipzig Games Convention, Activision announced that Treyarch would be one of three developers making their first James Bond game, Quantum of Solace. The game started to be sold on 31 October 2008 in Europe and 4 November 2008 in North America. Beenox and Vicarious Visions made the PC and handheld versions of the game. Treyarch also plays an important part in developing the Call of Duty series. They have made Call of Duty 2: Big Red One, Call of Duty 3, Call of Duty: World at War, and Call of Duty: Black Ops.
Call of Duty: Black Ops had the record for the biggest entertainment release ever for any kind of entertainment. It broke the record during the first day it was sold Sales from the game worldwide reached US $650 million within five days after its release.Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 later broke the record again.

Developed

References 

Companies based in Santa Monica, California
American video game companies
1996 establishments in California
, also Empo, was a  after Kanbun and before Tenna.  This period started in September 1673 and ended in September 1681.  During this time, the reigning emperor was .

Events of the Enpō era 

 1673 (Enpō 1): A great fire destroyed much of Heian-kyō.

 1673 (Enpō 1): Mitsui opened a dry goods store in Edo.

 10 May 1674 (Enpō 2, 5th day of the 4th month): Ingen died at Mampuku-ji near Heian-kyō.

 1675 (Enpō 3): A great fire in Heian-kyō.

 1675 (Enpō 3): The Bonin Islands are explored by shogunate.

 7 April 1680 (Enpō 8, 8th day of the 3rd month) : Tokugawa Ietsuna died.

 11 September 1680 (Enpō 8, 19th day of the 8th month): Former-Emperor Go-Mizunoo died.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1673 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1681 disestablishments
1680s disestablishments in Japan
Roderick MacKinnon (born 19 February 1956) is a professor of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics at Rockefeller University. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Peter Agre in 2003 for his work on the structure and operation of ion channels.

Biography

Early life and education
MacKinnon was born in Burlington, Massachusetts and initially attended the University of Massachusetts Boston. MacKinnon then transferred to Brandeis University after one year, and there he received a bachelor's degree in biochemistry in 1978, studying calcium transport through the cell membrane for his honors thesis in Christopher Miller's laboratory. It was also at Brandeis where MacKinnon met his future wife and working-colleague Alice Lee.
After receiving his degree from Brandeis, MacKinnon entered medical school at Tufts University. He got his M.D. in 1982 and received training in Internal Medicine at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston. He did not feel satisfied enough with the medical profession, so in 1986 he returned to Christopher Miller's laboratory at Brandeis for postdoctoral studies.

Career
In 1989 he was appointed assistant professor at Harvard University where he studied the interaction of the potassium channel with a specific toxin taken from scorpion venom. He learned how to purify proteins and to use X-ray crystallography. In 1996, he moved to Rockefeller University as a professor and head of the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics. There, he started to work on the structure of the potassium channel. These channels are of particular importance to the nervous system and the heart. The channels enable potassium ions to cross the cell membrane.
Scientific contributions
Potassium channels demonstrate a seemingly strange activity: they permit the passage of potassium ions, whereas they do not allow the passage of the much smaller sodium ions. Before MacKinnon's work, the detailed molecular architecture of potassium channels and the exact means by which they conduct ions remained speculative. In 1998, despite barriers to the structural study of integral membrane proteins that had stopped most attempts for decades, MacKinnon and colleagues determined the three-dimensional molecular structure of a potassium channel from bacteria utilizing X-ray crystallography. With this structure and other biochemical experiments, MacKinnon and colleagues were able to explain the exact mechanism by which potassium channel selectivity occurs.

His prize-winning research was conducted primarily at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) of Cornell University, and at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) of Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Awards and distinctions
1997 - Newcomb Cleveland Prize
1998 - W. Alden Spencer Award
1999 - Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
2000 - Elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
2000 - Rosenstiel Award
2001 - Gairdner Foundation International Award
2003 - Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University
2003 - Nobel Prize in Chemistry

References

Other websites
Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
 Interview with Roderick MacKinnon by Harry Kroto Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust.
 Website of his lab at the Rockefeller University
 Ion Channel Chemistry: The Electrical System of Life Transcribed video of a May 2008 talk by MacKinnon, sponsored by the Oregon State University Libraries.
 Nobel Lecture by Roderick MacKinnon, 2003
1956 births
Living people
Scientists from Massachusetts
American Nobel Prize winners
American chemists
American neuroscientists
Rockefeller University faculty
Luis Raymond Villafuerte is a politician from the Philippines. He is the son of former governor Luis Villafuerte Sr.

1968 births
Living people
Filipino politicians
People from Quezon City
High arch is a human foot type, where the foot arch is higher than normal. People with high arches often feel foot pain, and have to wear special shoes.

Feet
Gamophobia (prounced 'ga-me-PHO-bia', from the Greek 'gamo' meaning 'marriage') is the fear of getting married, being in a relationship, or commitment. The opposite of 'gamophobia' is 'anuptaphobia'-it is the fear of not being in a relationship (to be single or alone). A person who has gamophobia may like or love a person, but when he or she finds out about that person liking them back and attempting to be together, there is a possibility that their  would change to hate.

Rather than a phobia, such behavior is linked to a number of personality disorders and neuroses. The majority of phobias are socially created, and are not found in any DSM Psychology manual. The inability to allow oneself to  be vulnerable and show their 'bad parts' has a personality disorder. When the individual displays reaction formation (love to hate) this is a neurotic defense mechanism. This can also be known as commitment phobia.

References

Phobias
Cluny Abbey is a Benedictine abbey in Cluny. It was built in Romanesque style and its three churches date rom the 10th to the 12th century. It was founded by William I of Aquitaine in the year 910. Soon the place was noted because it followed the Rule of St. Benedict more strictly than the place where the rule was developed, that is Subiaco in Italy. Cluny became the leader of a movement called monasticism. The abbey also started the Cluniac Reforms, and was subject only to the pope, Sergius III at the time. The Benedictine order was very important for the stability of f European society at the time.In 1790, during the French Revolution, the abbey was sacked, and mostly destroyed. Today, only very little of the original remains. 

Dating around 1334, the abbots of Cluny had a townhouse in Paris known as the Hôtel de Cluny, what is now a public museum since 1833. Apart from the name, it no longer possesses anything originally connected with Cluny.
Benedictine abbeys
Buildings and structures in France
Saône-et-Loire
The Irish rebellion of 1798 was an uprising of Irish people against British rule in Ireland. It was led by Wolfe Tone and consisted primarily of a secret society called the United Irish. It was aided by Republican France. However, it never gained much traction due to its alliance with anti-Catholic France, because Ireland was primarily Catholic. Despite the British government's anti-Catholicism, most Irish Catholics supported the Crown as the lesser of two evils because of the issue of Revolutionary France's involvement. The uprising lasted several months. A group called the United Irishmen were the main driving force in the rebellion. They were influenced by revolutions taking place in America and France around the time. The uprising is also known as United Irishmen Rebellion.

Between 10.000 and 50.000 people died as casualties on the Irish side, between 500 and 2000 on the English side.

References 

History of Ireland
1798
1790s in Europe
18th-century rebellions
A volcanic winter is a climate cooling caused by an extremely large volcanic eruption. Such an eruption releases ash and sulfur dioxide in huge quantities. They form aerosols of sulfuric acid. When they reach the stratosphere more sunlight is reflected, and some is absorbed by the stratosphere. These reactions heat up the stratosphere, but lead to a drop in the temperature on the ground.

The Siberian Traps, Emeishan Traps, and Deccan Traps are huge flood basalt provinces caused by volcanism. They are the cause, or part of the cause, of several mass extinctions, especially the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

Nuclear winter is a theory of similar effects which might be caused by a large-scale nuclear war.

Recent events

The effects of recent volcanic eruptions on winters are modest in scale but historically their effects have been significant.

Most recently, the 1991 explosion of Mount Pinatubo, a stratovolcano in the Philippines, cooled global temperatures for about 2–3 years.
In 1883, the explosion of Krakatoa (Krakatau) created volcanic winter-like conditions. The next four years after the explosion were unusually cold, and the winter of 1887 to 1888 included powerful blizzards. Record snowfalls were recorded worldwide.

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, a stratovolcano in Indonesia, occasioned mid-summer frosts in New York State and June snowfalls in New England and Newfoundland and Labrador in what came to be known as the "Year without a Summer" of 1816.

A paper written by Benjamin Franklin in the 1780s blamed the unusually cool summer of 1783 on volcanic dust coming from Iceland. The eruption of Laki volcano had released enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide, resulting in the death of much of the island's livestock and a catastrophic famine which killed a quarter of the population. Temperatures in the northern hemisphere dropped by about 1 °C in the year following the Laki eruption.
In 1600, the Huaynaputina in Peru erupted. Tree ring studies show that 1601 was cold. Russia had its worst famine in 1601 to 1603. From 1600 to 1602, Switzerland, Latvia and Estonia had exceptionally cold winters. The wine harvest was late in 1601 in France, and in Peru and Germany wine production collapsed. Peach trees bloomed late in China, and Lake Suwa in Japan froze early.

In 1452 or 1453, a cataclysmic eruption of the submarine volcano named Kuwae.  It caused worldwide disruptions.

The Great Famine of 1315–1317 in Europe may have been caused by a volcanic event. That of Kaharoa, New Zealand, had lasted about five years.

Related pages 
 Supervolcano

References

Weather
Volcanoes
Climate
4Minute () is a five-member South Korean K-pop girl group. Its members are Nam Ji-hyun, Heo Ga-yoon, Jeon Ji-yoon, Kim Hyun-ah and Kwon So-hyun. They belong to Cube Entertainment in Korea. Far Eastern Tribe Records in Universal Music Japan is responsible for 4minute's labels in Japan. Their official fan club name is 4Nia. This is a combination of 4Minute and mania.

They debuted through the M.net M! Countdown on June 18, 2009 with their song "Hot Issue". The name 4minute has two meanings. One means that each of its member will attract audiences in 4 minutes and this is why all of their songs are shorter than 4 minutes. The other meaning is that they will do their best for a minute (for every moment).
Kim Hyun-ah already released two singles. She used to be a member of Wonder Girls and Kwon So-hyun was a member of girl group Orange.  Nam Ji-hyun is best in dance, Heo Ga-yoon in drama, Jeon Ji-yoon in music and Kim Hyun-ah is best in the Department of Theater and Film. 
 
In December 2010, it released its first Japanese album, Diamond. In 2011, the group released its first Korean full-length album, 4Minutes Left with the title track "Mirror Mirror" and the following years they have promoted 2 more mini albums and 2 chart topping hits "Volume Up" and "What's Your Name"
The group received the Bonsang Award at the 20th Seoul Music Awards, and the Kpop New Artist Award at the 2010 Billboard Japan Music Awards.

The Group disbanded in 2016 after 4 of the 5 members left Cube Entertainment.

Members
Members

Music 
 Hot Issue (2009)
 For Muzik (2009)
 Jingle Jingle (Hangul:징글 징글) (2009)
 개인의 취향 OST Part.3 (2010)
 Hit Your Heart (2010)
 'Muzik (Single) (2010)
 Superstar (2010)
 I My Me Mine (Single) (2010)
 지구대표 롤링스타즈 OST (2010)
 First . Dreams Come True (Standard Ver.) (2010)
 Diamond (2011)
 Heart To Heart (2011)
 4Minutes Left (2011)
 FreeStyle (2011)
 Volume Up (2012)
 Love Tension (Japanese Single) (2012)
Name is 4Minute (2013)
4Minute World (2014)
Crazy (2015)
No. 7 (2016)

References

Other websites 

 
 

South Korean girl groups
K-pop music groups
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Musical groups disestablished in 2016
2010s disestablishments in Asia
Musical groups established in 2009
Disestablishments in South Korea
The Brady Bunch is an American situation comedy created by Sherwood Schwartz. It stars Robert Reed, Florence Henderson and Ann B. Davis. It is about a large blended family who live in a suburban setting. It ran ABC from 1969 to 1974.

Cast
 Robert Reed as Mike Brady
 Florence Henderson as Carol Brady
 Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson
 Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady
 Eve Plumb as Jan Brady
 Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady
 Barry Williams as Greg Brady
 Christopher Knight as Peter Brady
 Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady
 Allan Melvin as Sam Franklin
 Jack Collins as Mr. Phillips 
 Robbie Rist as Cousin Oliver

Guest Stars
 Herbert Anderson
 Melissa Sue Anderson
 Desi Arnaz Jr.
 Jim Backus
 Ken Berry
 Imogene Coca
 Don Drysdale
 Don Ho
 Davy Jones
 Deacon Jones
 Bartell LaRue
 E. G. Marshall
 James McDivitt
 Joe Namath
 Denise Nickerson
 Wes Parker
 Vincent Price
 Marion Ross
 Natalie Schafer
 Marcia Wallace
 Rita Wilson
 Paul Winchell

Other websites
Other websites

1969 establishments in the United States
Fictional families
Television series about families
English-language television programs
Tristania is a gothic metal band from Norway. The band was created by Morten Veland.

Style
The album Widow's Weeds (1998) is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal and doom metal. The album Beyond the Veil (1999) is a mix of gothic metal and doom metal. The album World of Glass (2001) is a mix of gothic rock, gothic metal, alternative rock, symphonic metal and folk metal. 

Death metal bands
Doom metal bands
Gothic metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Stavanger
The double acute accent ( ˝ ) is a special mark called a diacritic. It is usually used to make a vowel sound longer. It is only used in the Latin alphabet. The double acute accent is mainly used in Hungarian. Because of this, it is sometimes called the hungarumlaut. This is a way of writing Hungarian umlaut.

Related pages 
 Acute accent

Alphabetic diacritics
Ken Park is a 2002 American movie. It is a co-direction by Larry Clark and Edward Lachman. It was written by Harmony Korine, based off Clark's journals. The movie was highly controversial because of its subject matter. The movie was not rated by the MPAA but is similar to an NC-17 due to foul language and strong sexual material involving minors. In Australia, Ken Park was rated Refused Classification due to content.

Obscenity
2002 drama movies
American erotic movies
American drama movies
Dutch drama movies
French drama movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Movies about child sexual abuse
2000s erotic movies
The cosmic distance ladder (also known as the extragalactic distance scale) is the way astronomers measure the distance of objects in space. No one method works for all objects and distances, so astronomers use a number of methods.

A real direct distance measurement of an astronomical object is possible only for those objects that are close enough to Earth (within about a thousand parsecs). It is the larger distances which are the problem. Several methods rely on a standard candle, which is an astronomical object that has a known standard luminosity.

The ladder analogy arises because no one technique can measure distances at all ranges encountered in astronomy. Instead, one method can be used to measure nearby distances, a second can be used to measure nearby to intermediate distances, and so on. Each rung of the ladder provides information that can be used to determine the distances at the next higher rung.

Direct measures
Direct measures

Astronomical Unit 
The astronomical unit is the mean (average) distance of the Earth from the Sun. This we know quite accurately. Kepler's Laws tell the ratios of the distances of planets, and radar tells the absolute distance to inner planets and artificial satellites in orbit around them.

Parallax 
Parallax is the use of trigonometry to discover the distances of objects near to the solar system.

As the Earth orbits around the Sun, the position of nearby stars will appear to shift slightly against the more distant background. These shifts are angles in a right triangle, with 2 AU making the short leg of the triangle and the distance to the star being the long leg. The amount of shift is quite small, measuring 1 arcsecond for an object at a distance of 1 parsec (3.26 light-years)

This method works for distances up to a few hundred parsecs.
Standard candles 
Objects of known brightness are called standard candles. Most physical distance indicators are standard candles. These are objects which belong to a class that has a known brightness. By comparing the known luminosity of the latter to its observed brightness, the distance to the object can be computed using the inverse-square law. 

In astronomy, the brightness of an object is given in terms of its absolute magnitude. This quantity is derived from the logarithm of its luminosity as seen from a distance of 10 parsecs. The apparent magnitude is the magnitude as seen by the observer. It can be used to determine the distance D to the object in kiloparsecs (kiloparsec = 1,000 parsecs) as follows:

where m the apparent magnitude and M the absolute magnitude. For this to be accurate, both magnitudes must be in the same frequency band and there can be no relative motion in the radial direction.
Some means of accounting for interstellar extinction, which also makes objects appear fainter and more red, is also needed. The difference between absolute and apparent magnitudes is called the distance modulus, and astronomical distances, especially intergalactic ones, are sometimes tabulated in this way.

Problems 
Two problems exist for any class of standard candle. The principal one is calibration, finding out exactly what the absolute magnitude of the candle is. 

The second lies in recognizing members of the class. The standard candle calibration does not work unless the object belongs to the class. At extreme distances, which is where one most wishes to use a distance indicator, this recognition problem can be quite serious.
A significant issue with standard candles is the question of how standard they are. For example, all observations seem to indicate that Type Ia supernovae that are of known distance have the same brightness, but it's possible that distant Type Ia supernovae have different properties than nearby Type Ia supernovae.

Galactic distance indicators 

With few exceptions, distances based on direct measurements are available only up to about a thousand parsecs, which is a modest portion of our own galaxy. For distances beyond that, measures depend upon physical assumptions, that is, the assertion that one recognizes the object in question, and the class of objects is homogeneous enough that its members can be used for meaningful estimation of distance.
Physical distance indicators, used on progressively larger distance scales, include:
Eclipsing binaries — In the last decade, measurement of eclipsing binaries offers a way to gauge the distance to galaxies. Accuracy at the 5% level up to a distance of around 3 million parsecs.
 RR Lyrae variables —  are periodic variable stars, commonly found in globular clusters, and often used as standard candles to measure galactic distances. These red giants are used for measuring distances within the galaxy and in nearby globular clusters.
 In galactic astronomy, X-ray bursts (thermonuclear flashes on the surface of a neutron star) are used as standard candles. Observations of X-ray burst sometimes show X-ray spectra indicating radius expansion. Therefore, the X-ray flux at the peak of the burst should correspond to Eddington luminosity, which can be calculated once the mass of the neutron star is known (1.5 solar masses is a commonly used assumption). 
 Cepheid variables and novae
Cepheids are a class of very luminous variable stars. The strong direct relationship between a Cepheid variable's luminosity and pulsation period, secures for Cepheids their status as important standard candles for establishing the Galactic and extragalactic distance scales.
Novae have some promise for use as standard candles.  For instance, the distribution of their absolute magnitude is bimodal, with a main peak at magnitude −8.8, and a lesser one at −7.5.  Novae also have roughly the same absolute magnitude 15 days after their peak (−5.5). This method is about as accurate as the Cepheid variable stars method.
White dwarfs. Because the white dwarf stars which become supernovae have a uniform mass, Type Ia supernovae produce consistent peak luminosity. The stability of this value allows these explosions to be used as standard candles to measure the distance to their host galaxies, because the visual magnitude of the supernovae depends primarily on the distance. 
 Redshifts and Hubble's Law By using Hubble's law, which relates redshift to distance, one can estimate the distance of any particular galaxy.

Main sequence fitting 
In a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram the absolute magnitude for a group of stars is plotted against the spectral classification of the stars. Evolutionary patterns are found that relate to the mass, age and composition of the star. In particular, during their hydrogen burning period, stars lie along a curve in the diagram called the main sequence.
By measuring the properties from a star's spectrum, the position of a main sequence star on the H-R diagram can be found. From this the star's absolute magnitude is estimated. A comparison of this value with the apparent magnitude allows the approximate distance to be determined, after correcting for interstellar extinction of the luminosity because of gas and dust.

In a gravitationally-bound star cluster such as the Hyades, the stars formed at approximately the same age and lie at the same distance. This allows relatively accurate main sequence fitting, providing both age and distance determination.

This is not a complete list of methods, but it does show the ways astronomers go about estimating the distance of astronomical objects.

References 

Astronomical distances
The V-1 flying bomb (also called the Buzz Bomb or Doodlebug) was a World War II weapon. 

It was a flying bomb, an early cruise missile. Its jet engine made it travel at 350 mph (600 kmph).  The Luftwaffe aimed it at London, and also Antwerp in Belgium. V-1s destroyed nearly as many houses as the Blitz did but killed fewer: 22,892 people were killed by the weapon. 

The Allies tried to stop these attacks by bombing their launching places, by shooting at them in the air, and by flying fast planes close to them and nudging them off course using their wings.

They had a fairly crude guidance system. Overall, only about 25 per cent of V-1s hit their targets. Most were lost lost by defensive measures, mechanical unreliability or guidance errors.

Related pages
 V-2 rocket

References

Explosives
Nazi Germany
Citrus Blast is a grapefruit flavored soft drink. It is made by PepsiCo.  It has no caffeine.  It was first sold in 2011.

Soft drinks
Young Dracula is a British children's fantasy television series. It is shown on CBBC. The series is based on Young Dracula AND Young Monsters, a children's book by Michael Lawrence. The series is directed by Joss Agnew. It was first broadcast in 2006.

Young Dracula was nominated for Best Children's Drama in the 2008 BAFTA Awards. A fourth series is now being filmed.

References 

Children's television series
BBC Television programmes
English-language television programs
The Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search, or SWEEPS, was an astronomical survey. It was carried out in 2006. SWEEPS used the Hubble Space Telescope to look at 180,000 stars for seven days to find extrasolar planets.

Area looked at

The stars that SWEEPS monitored were all in the Sagittarius-I Window. This is a rare transparent look at the huge group of closely packed stars at the Milky Way's centre (central bulge), in the Sagittarius constellation. Our view to most of the stars in the centre of the galaxy is blocked by lanes of dust. These stars are about 27,000 light years from Earth.
Planets discovered
Sixteen planets were discovered by SWEEPS. They took from 0.6 to 4.2 days to go around the Sun. Planets which took less than 1.2 days to go around the sun have not been detected yet; these have been called "ultra-short period planets" (USPPs) by the search team. USPPs were discovered only around stars with a low mass. This means that larger stars might have destroyed any planets orbiting so closely, or that planets could not move as far inward around larger stars.

SWEEPS-4 and SWEEPS-11 orbited stars that were very different to other stars close by. This made it possible for these to be looked at again using the radial velocity method. Their masses could then be found.

Related pages
 Hubble Space Telescope

References

Other websites
 News Release Number: STScI-2006-34 Hubble Finds Extrasolar Planets Far Across Galaxy 

Astronomy
was a  after Enpō and before Jōkyō.  This period started in September 1681 and ended in February 1684. During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Tenna means "Peace of Heaven".

Events of the Tenna era

 1681 (Tenna 1): Tokugawa Tsunayoshi is established as the fifth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

 5 February 1681 (Tenna 1, 28th day of the 12th month): The Great Tenna Fire in Edo.

 1681 (Tenna 2): A famine afflicts Heian-kyō and the nearby areas.

 1683 (Tenna 3): Tokugawa shogunate grants permission for Mitsui money exchanges (ryōgaeten) to open in Edo.

 1683 (Tenna 4): Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated.

In Tenna, the first book was written about the coins of Japan.  The work was entitled Classified Collection of Coins (Kwacho Kuien).

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1681 establishments
1680s establishments in Japan
1684 disestablishments
1680s disestablishments in Japan
Brown asbestos, also called grunerite or amosite, is one of the six types of asbestos. It has the chemical formula Fe7Si8O22(OH)2. It is less common than white asbestos but can be found in some construction materials. Like other types of asbestos, being exposed to it can cause mesothelioma and asbestosis.

Asbestos