Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Early years 

Eisenstein was born in Riga, Latvia but his family moved a lot in his early years. Eisenstein continued to move often during his life. Eisenstein's father Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein was of German-Jewish  and Swedish descent and his mother, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, was from a Russian Orthodox family. He was born into a middle-class family. His father was an architect and his mother was the daughter of a wealthy merchant. Julia left Riga the year of the 1905 Revolution.  She brought Sergei with her to St. Petersburg. Sergei would return at times to see his father.  His father would later move to join them around 1910. His mother soon divorced his father and moved to France away from the family.
At the Petrograd Institute of Civil Engineering, Sergei studied architecture and engineering, the job of his father. At school with his fellow students however, Sergei would join the military to serve the revolution.  His father did not support his joining the army. In 1918 Sergei joined the Red Army with his father, Mikhail, supporting the opposite side. This brought his father to Germany after defeat, and Sergei to Petrograd, Vologda, and Dvinsk. In 1920, Sergei was transferred to a command position in Minsk, after success providing propaganda for the October Revolution. At this time, Sergei studied Japanese.  He learned some three hundred kanji characters which he cited as an influence on his pictorial development. This also allowed him to see Kabuki theatre. Because of his studies, he traveled to Japan.

From theatre to cinema
In 1920 Eisenstein moved to Moscow, and began his career in theatre working for Proletkult. His productions there were named Gas Masks, Listen Moscow, and Wiseman. Eisenstein would then work as a designer for Vsevolod Meyerhold. In 1923 Eisenstein began his career as a theorist, by writing The Montage of Attractions for LEF. Eisenstein's first movie, Glumov's Diary, was also made in that same year. Dziga Vertov hired at first as an "instructor" for the film The movie formed part of his theatre production Wiseman.
"Strike" (1925) was Eisenstein's first full-length movie. The Battleship Potemkin (1925) was well liked by critics throughout the world.  Because he was known throughout the world, Eisenstein was able to direct October (also known as Ten Days That Shook The World).  The movie was part of the tenth anniversary celebration of the October Revolution of 1917.  He then directed The General Line (also known as Old and New). People in the outside world praised the movies. However, in the Soviet Union, Eisenstein's focus on structural issues such as camera angles, crowd movements and montage, was not liked by the much of the Soviet movie community.
Travels to Europe 
In the autumn of 1928, Eisenstein left the Soviet Union for a tour of Europe.  He was joined by Grigori Aleksandrov and cinematographer Eduard Tisse. The trip was supposed to allow Eisenstein and others to learn about sound motion pictures.  It would also show the famous Soviet artists to the capitalist West. For Eisenstein, however, it was also an opportunity to see landscapes and cultures outside those found within the Soviet Union. He spent the next two years touring and lecturing in Berlin, Zurich, London, and Paris. In 1929, in Switzerland, Eisenstein supervised an educational documentary about abortion directed by Edouard Tissé entitled Frauennot - Frauenglück.
American projects 
In late April 1930, Jesse L. Lasky, working for Paramount Pictures, offered Eisenstein the chance to make a movie in the United States. He accepted a short-term contract for $100,000 and arrived in Hollywood in May 1930. However, this agreement failed. Eisenstein's approach to filmmaking did not work with the style and way movies were made in American movie studios.
Eisenstein proposed a biography of munitions invester Sir Basil Zaharoff and a movie version of Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw.  He also made plans for a movie of Sutter's Gold by Jack London. But the studio's producers did not like the plan. Paramount then proposed a movie version of Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy. This excited Eisenstein, who had read and liked the work, and had met Dreiser at one time in Moscow. Eisenstein completed a script by the start of October 1930. Paramount disliked it completely.  They also found themselves intimidated by Major Frank Pease, president of the Hollywood Technical Director's Institute. Pease, an anti-communist, started a public campaign against Eisenstein. On October 23, 1930, Paramount and Eisenstein declared their contract canceled. Eisenstein and his movie partners were given return tickets to Moscow, at Paramount's expense.
Eisenstein was faced with returning home as a failure. The Soviet movie industry was solving the sound-movie issue without him and his movies. His methods and ideas were becoming increasingly attacked as 'ideological failures'.  They were called examples of formalism. Many of his theoretical articles from this period, such as Eisenstein on Disney, have been found decades later as important scholarly texts.  These are used in movie schools around the world.
Eisenstein spent a large amount of time with Charlie Chaplin. Chaplin recommended that Eisenstein meet American socialist author Upton Sinclair who Chaplin thought might help Eisenstein. Sinclair's works had been accepted by and were widely read in the Soviet Union, and were known to Eisenstein. The two liked each other's work. Between the end of October 1930, and Thanksgiving of that year, Sinclair had gotten an extension of Eisenstein's leave from the Soviet Union.  He also received permission for Eisenstein to travel to Mexico to make a movie to be produced by Sinclair and his wife, Mary Craig Kimbrough Sinclair.  They joined with three other investors to make the Mexican Film Trust.
Trip to Mexico 
On November 24, Eisenstein signed a contract with the Trust.  The deal was "upon the basis of Eisenstein's desire to be free to direct the making of a picture according to his own ideas of what a Mexican picture should be, and in full faith in Eisenstein's artistic integrity." The contract also said that the movie would be "non-political." The money first came from Mrs. Sinclair and would be "not less than Twenty-Five Thousand Dollars." The schedule for making the movie would be "a period of from three to four months,".  The contract also said that "Eisenstein...agrees that all pictures made or directed by him in Mexico, all negative film and positive prints, and all story and ideas embodied in said Mexican picture, will be the property of Mrs. Sinclair..." An addition to the contract, dated December 1, allowed that the "Soviet Government may have the [finished] movie free for showing inside the U.S.S.R."  Reportedly, it was verbally decided that the movie was expected to be an hour long.
By December 4, 1930, Eisenstein was on his way to Mexico by train.  He was joined by Alexandrov and Tisse. Later he came up with a short summary of the six-part movie which would come. This would be the final plan Eisenstein would settle on for his project. The title for the project, ¡Que viva México!, was decided on some time later. While in Mexico, Eisenstein mixed socially with Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Eisenstein liked these artists and Mexican culture in general. They inspired Eisenstein to call his movies, "moving frescoes."

After a long time away from the Soviet Union, Stalin sent a telegram saying he was worried that Eisenstein had become a deserter. Eisenstein blamed Mary Sinclair's younger brother, Hunter Kimbrough, for the film's problems. Kimbrough had been sent along to act as a line producer on the movie. Eisenstein hoped to pressure the Sinclairs to stop Stalin, so Eisenstein could finish the movie in his own way.
The upset Sinclair shut down production.  He ordered Kimbrough to return to the United States with the remaining movie footage.  The three Soviets came as well to see what they could do with the movie already shot. For the unfinished filming of the "novel" of Soldadera, Eisenstein had gotten 500 soldiers, 10,000 guns, and 50 cannons from the Mexican Army. This was lost due to Sinclair's canceling of production.

When Eisenstein arrived at the American border, a customs search of his trunk revealed sketches and drawings of Jesus along with other material of a pornographic nature. Eisenstein's re-entry visa had expired, and Sinclair's contacts in Washington were unable to secure him an additional extension. Eisenstein, Alexandrov and Tisse were, after a month's stay at the U.S.-Mexico border outside Laredo, Texas, allowed a 30-day "pass" to get from Texas to New York. From there, they would be allowed to leave for Moscow. Kimbrough returned to Los Angeles with the remaining movie.
Eisenstein toured the American South, on his way to New York. In mid-1932, the Sinclairs were able to get the services of Sol Lesser. Lesser had just opened his own distribution office in New York, Principal Distributing Corp.. Lesser agreed to supervise post-production work on the miles of negative — at the Sinclairs' expense — and distribute any finished product. Two short movies and a short subject — Thunder Over Mexico based on the "Maguey" footage, Eisenstein in Mexico, and Death Day respectively — were completed and released in the United States between the autumn of 1933 and early 1934.

Eisenstein never saw any of the Sinclair-Lesser movies, nor a later effort by his first biographer, Marie Seton, called Time In The Sun. He would publicly say that he had lost all interest in the project.
Return to Soviet Union 
Eisenstein's trip to the west made the Soviet movie business look at him with a suspicion that would never completely go away. He apparently spent some time in a mental hospital in Kislovodsk in July 1933. This was possibly a result of depression because he realized that he would never be allowed to edit the Mexican footage which was turned over by Sinclair to Hollywood editors.

He was then given a teaching job with the movie school GIK (now Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography) where he had taught before.  In 1933 and 1934 he was in charge of writing the education plan. Eisenstein married filmmaker and writer Pera Atasheva (1900–65) in 1934. They remained married until his death in 1948. There is some question about his sexuality.
In 1935, he began another project, Bezhin Meadow. It appears the movie had many of the same problems as Que Viva Mexico.  Eisenstein decided to movie two versions of the plot. One was for adult viewers and one was for children.  He failed to set a clear shooting schedule.  He also used a lot of film which meant a lot of costs and missed deadlines. The movie ran into problems because it was not fully supported by its American financers.
The thing that may have saved Eisenstein's career at this point was that Stalin ended up saying that the Bezhin Meadow problems, along with several other problems facing the business, had less to do with Eisenstein's approach to filmmaking as with the executives who were supposed to have been watching him. In the end, this made Boris Shumyatsky, "executive producer" of Soviet movies since 1932 to blame.  In early 1938, he was denounced, arrested, tried and convicted as a traitor, and shot. (The production executive at movie studio Mosfilm, where Meadow was being made, was also replaced, but without more executions).
Return to success 
Eisenstein was then able to impress Stalin again for "one more chance", and he chose, from two offerings, the job of a movie of Alexander Nevsky, with music composed by Sergei Prokofiev. This time, however, he was also given a co-writer, Pyotr Pavlenko, to bring in a completed script. He had professional actors to play the roles.  He also had an assistant director, Dmitri Vasilyev, to make the filming faster.

The result was a movie critically received by both the Soviets and in the West.  He won the Order of Lenin and the Stalin Prize. It was an obvious allegory and hard warning against the growing forces of Nazi Germany. This was started, completed, and put in theatres all within 1938. It was Eisenstein's first movie in nearly a decade.  It also his first movie with sound.
But, within months of its release, Stalin entered into his agreement with Hitler. Nevsky was quickly pulled from distribution. Eisenstein returned to teaching.  He was assigned to direct Richard Wagner's Die Walküre at the Bolshoi Theatre. Eisenstein had to wait until Hitler's sent German troops across the Soviet border in a fatal first strike, to see Nevsky receive wide distribution and real international success.

With the war coming to Moscow, Eisenstein was one of many filmmakers evacuated to Alma-Ata. There is where he first considered the idea of making a movie about Czar Ivan IV. Eisenstein wrote letters to Prokofiev from Alma-Ata.  Prokofiev joined him there in 1942. Prokofiev composed the score for Eisenstein's movie. Eisenstein designed sets for an opera version of War and Peace that Prokofiev was creating.
Ivan trilogy 
Eisenstein's movie, Ivan The Terrible, Part I, showing Ivan IV of Russia as a national hero, was liked by Joseph Stalin (and it won a Stalin Prize). The sequel, Ivan The Terrible, Part II, was not approved of by the government. All the film from the not-finished Ivan The Terrible: Part III was taken away, and most of it was destroyed (though several filmed scenes still exist today).

Eisenstein's health was also failing. He had a heart attack during the making of this movie. He died soon after of another heart attack at the age of 50. He is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

movie theorist 

Eisenstein was one of the first to use montage, a specific form of movie editing. He and Lev Kuleshov, two of the first movie theorists, said that montage was the basis of movies. His articles and books — especially Film Form and The Film Sense — explain the need for montage in detail.
His writings and movies have continued to have a major impact on later filmmakers. Eisenstein believed that editing could be used for more than just explaining a scene or moment through a "linkage" of related images. Eisenstein felt the "collision" of shots could be used to control the feelings of the audience and create movie metaphors. He believed that an idea should be concluded from comparing two different shots. This is what made a collage or montage within movie. He developed what he called "methods of montage":

 Metric
 Rhythmic
 Tonal
 Overtonal
 Intellectual
Eisenstein taught movie making during his career at GIK. He also wrote the lessons for the directors' course there. His classroom illustrations are reproduced in Vladimir Nizhniĭ's Lessons with Eisenstein. Exercises and examples for students were based on literature such as Honoré de Balzac's Le Père Goriot. Another situation students had to produce was the staging of the Haitian struggle for independence as depicted in Anatolii Vinogradov's The Black Consul,. Eisenstein also taught the specifics of directing, photography, and editing.  He encouraged his students' development of individuality, expressiveness, and creativity. Eisenstein's teaching, like his movies, were politically charged and contained quotes from Vladimir Lenin.
In his first movies, Eisenstein did not use professional actors. His narratives did not focus on individual characters.  Instead, they addressed broad social issues, especially class conflict. He used basic characters, and the roles were filled with untrained people from the matching classes. He avoided using stars. Eisenstein's vision of communism brought him into conflict with officials in the ruling system of Joseph Stalin. Like many Bolshevik artists, Eisenstein pictured a new society which would pay for artists totally.  This would free them from bosses and budgets. It would leave them free to create. But budgets and producers were as important to the Soviet movie business as the rest of the world. The isolated, post-revolution, new nation did not have the resources to nationalize its movie business at first. When it did, limited resources — both monetary and equipment — required production controls as big as in the capitalist world.

Filmography
Filmography 

 1923 Дневник Глумова (Glumov's Diary) (short)
 1924 Стачка (Strike)
 1925 Броненосец Потёмкин (The Battleship Potemkin)
 1927 Октябрь «Десять дней, которые потрясли мир» (October: Ten Days That Shook the World)
 1929 Старое и новое «Генеральная линия» (The General Line aka "Old And New")
 1930 : Romance sentimentale (France)
 1931 Да здравствует Мексика! (¡Qué viva México! released in 1979)
 1935 Бежин луг (Bezhin Meadow until 1937)
 1938 Александр Невский (Alexander Nevsky)
 1944 Иван Грозный 1-я серия (Ivan The Terrible, Part I)
 1945 Иван Грозный 2-я серия (Ivan The Terrible, Part II)
 1946 Иван Грозный 3-я серия (Ivan The Terrible, Part III)

List of writings 
 Selected articles in: .
 .  Trans. Jay Leyda.
 Eisenstein, Sergei (1942) The Film Sense, New York: Hartcourt, Trans. Jay Leyda.
 .
 Eisenstein, Sergei (1994) Towards a Theory of Montage, British Film Institute.

In Russian, and available online
 , Избранные статьи.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Documentaries 
 The Secret Life of Sergei Eisenstein (1987) by Gian Carlo Bertelli

Other websites 
 
 Discussion with Stalin regarding Ivan the Terrible
 Eisenstein on Google video
 Sergei Eisenstein Is Dead In Moscow; New York Times
 

\

1898 births
1948 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Russian movie directors
People from Riga
Soviet writers
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Latvian writers
Soviet screenwriters
Yass is a town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Yass Valley Shire. The name probably comes from an Aboriginal word, "Yarrh" (or "Yharr"), which means 'running water'.

Yass is about 280 km southwest of Sydney and is 56 km north of Canberra. It is on the Hume Highway which is the main road between Melbourne and Sydney. The new Hume Freeway goes around the town. The Yass River flows past the town. It later flows into the Murrumbidgee River.

Yass has an impressive and historic main street. It includes many 19th century hotels with large verandahs. It is popular with tourists, some from Canberra and others taking a break from the Hume Highway.

The Pride of Erin Festival and Yass Show are held in March. The Yass Arts-and-Crafts Festival is held in November.

History

The Yass area has long been inhabited by Aboriginal tribes called the Wiradjuri and Ngunnawal. They called it yarrh, meaning “running water.”
In 1821 the area was visited by the European explorer Hamilton Hume. In 1830 a small village began. It started where the road crossed the Yass River. The road became the main road to Melbourne.

Yass became a District Council in 1842. By 1848 there were 248 people living in Yass. On 13 March, 1873, the Municipal District of Yass was begun. James Cottrell was elected as the first Mayor of Yass.

One of Australia's best known poets, A.B. 'Banjo' Paterson came to the area with his family in 1871. He was only 7 and spent his childhood in the district, near Binalong. He later bought a property at Wee Jasper, near Yass, so that his children could enjoy a country life. Poet and priest Patrick Hartigan was born near Yass in 1878. He studied at the local convent school as a youth. He wrote using the name John O'Brien.
Sir Walter Merriman started a farm called 'Merryville'. It became one of Australia's most famous sheep farms. It produced some of the best fine wool in 1903. Yass is an important area for raising sheep which have very fine wool. This is because of the soil and climate in the Yass area.

Yass was one of the sites suggested for the Australian Federal Capital after 1901.

Railways at Yass 

Because of the steep hills the New South Wales Government Railways built the railway a few kilometres from the town. The people in Yass wanted the railway to pass closer or even through the town. In 1892, a light railway or tram was built to connect Yass Junction on the main railway line and Yass Town.
Yass Junction was the nearest railway station on the Sydney Melbourne railway to serve the national capital at Canberra. The uniform gauge (distance between the rails) railway line between Melbourne and Sydney was opened in 1961. The special train had to stop at Yass Junction to pick up William Charles Wentworth. He was a member of parliament who had worked hard to get the railway built. He could not get on the train at Sydney because he was needed in the parliament at Canberra.

St Augustines 

St Augustine's Parish Yass  began in 1838 with the laying of the foundation stone of the church now called the chapel.

An unusual modern style new building (the 'big' church) was begun in 1954. The bishop in charge was Bishop Young who later became the Archbishop of Hobart. The design for the church was by the architects Fowell Mansfield and Maclurcan of Sydney. The builder was James Wallace of 123 Sussex St Sydney.
There are important works of art by famous Australian sculptor Tom Bass in the Church:
 the crucifix on the outside
 the crucifix on the rear doors
 the statue of St Paul and
 the new low-relief of St Augustine near the front door.

The foundation stone of the new church was laid on 11 April 1954 by Archbishop Eris O'Brien and the church was opened on 29 April 1956, by Archbishop Guilford Young. Fifty year celebrations were organised on 29 April 2006 by Father Laurie Bent.

References

 
 A brochure produced by Yass Tourist Information Centre, Printed June, 2000.

Other websites

 Whitehurst Yass Photographic Collection by R. Whitehurst (1870?-1989) held in Pictures Collection, National Library of Australia, Canberra
 Google Earth - Yass

Towns in New South Wales
The Community of Christ is a Mormon movement. From 1872 to 2001, it was known as Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS). It was founded in the 1860s. It did not recognise Brigham Young as a Prophet, but instead followed Joseph Smith III, the son of the founder of Mormonism, Joseph Smith. Unlike the followers of Young who went to Utah they remained were they were, in the Midwestern United States, mainly in Missouri. A number of court cases established this Church as the follower of law of the church established by Smith. for this reason it has the most manuscripts and the oldest Temple. 

In general, their beliefs are closer to mainline Protestant Christianity. Unlike other Latter-day Saints movements, they have a classic view of the Trinity. Their baptism is therefore recognised as a valid Christian one.

Mormonism
1860 establishments in the United States
Christian denominations
Christian organizations based in the United States
The six species in the genus Didelphis, commonly known as large American opossums, are members of the Didelphimorphia order.

Species:

Didelphis albiventris
Didelphis aurita
Didelphis imperfecta
Didelphis marsupialis
Didelphis pernigra
Didelphis virginiana

Related pages
 Marsupial
 Opossum

References 
 Gardner, Alfred 2005. in Wilson D.E. & Reeder D.M. (eds) Mammal species of the world, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 5. 

Marsupials
The word Pakistani or Pakistanis ()  means from or about the country of the modern Islamic Republic of Pakistan partly consisting of the Indus Valley. It refers to a person or people from Pakistan.
Every citizen of Pakistan is called a Pakistani (singular) or Pakistanis (plural).

References
Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi () (born 5 October 1952) is a Pakistani politician. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2018 to 2022. Before entering politics Khan was a cricketer and played for international cricket for two decades in the late 20th century.

Cricket career
Khan started his career as a first-class cricketer in Lahore in 1968. During his studies at the University of Oxford, he also played for their Blue's Cricket team.
In 1971, he played his first international test match for Pakistan against England. In 1974, he played his first One-day international against England.

Khan also became the second fastest all-rounder to reach the mark of 3000 runs and 300 wickets. He also has the second best batting average in test cricket at position 6.

Khan became the captain of Pakistan side in 1982, becoming one of the most successful captains with 91 wins in tests and ODIs.
Political career
Khan became a politician in the mid-1990s by founding his political party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) in 1996. He made a cancer hospital, Shaukat Khanum, in memory of his mother who also died of cancer. He supported president Pervez Musharraf from 1999. In 2007, he changed his view and then opposed Musharraf.

On July 26, 2018, Khan was elected Prime Minister despite many people accusing Khan's campaign of rigging the election. Khan took oath as Prime Minister of Pakistan on 18 August 2018.

On April 3, 2022, he told President Arif Alvi to dissolve the National Assembly after a no-confidence motion against him failed. However, four days later on April 7, the Supreme Court later said what Khan did was illegal. A motion of no confidence was soon passed against Khan on April 10, 2022 becoming the first prime minister in Pakistan to be removed from office by a vote of no confidence.
On November 3, 2022, in Wazirabad, Punjab, Khan was shot while giving a speech, but he survived the assassination attempt.

On 9 May 2023 Khan was arrested for corruption at the High Court in Islamabad.

References 

1952 births
Living people
Assassination survivors
Pakistani cricketers
Politicians from Lahore
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Sportspeople from Lahore
Thule is the name of the island which Pytheas, the ancient Greek explorer, discovered in the fourth century B.C. Pytheas reported that this island was located in the north of Britain. So it is believed that Thule is probably Iceland or the Shetland Islands or the Faroe Islands or the coasts of Norway. Today, a village in the north of Greenland is called  Thule which is also called Qaanaaq.

Related pages 
279 Thule

Arctic  
Iceland
The 2008 Mumbai attacks were carried out at seven places across Mumbai, India, on 26 November 2008. 175 people were killed and 291 were injured in these attacks.

Reasons for the attacks 
Waging war against India.

Mumbai attacks 
Mumbai City (mainly south Mumbai area) came under heavy terrorist attacks on 26 November 2008, from 2120 hrs. The attack started when two heavily-armed terrorists opened fire and throw grenades on the public and police inside the CST (VT) Railway Station. After that they threw grenades at BMC Office and moved to Cama Hospital. Terrorists tried to take some hostages in the hospital. They came out on the main road where they shot dead the ATS chief, HemantKarkare and other police officials, who were coming in a Toyota Qualis vehicle. Two terrorists tried to escape but faced cross fire from police. The police injured and captured one terrorist. The other died near Metro Cinema.
In a major operation, the National Security Guards (NSG) neutralized all the terrorists holed up in Taj Hotel, Oberoi-Trident and Nariman House, Mumbai. The NSG completed the sanitization of Nariman House and Oberoi-Trident Hotel on November 29, 2008, Hotel Taj on early morning of November 30. 

In the attack, 175 persons were killed (Police-18, Public-122, Foreigners-26 and terrorists-9) and 291 were injured (Police-25,Public-243 Foreigners-22 and terrorist-1).

The multiple terrorist attacks in Mumbai were launched from Karachi from where a group of 10 Laskhar-e-Taiba (LeT) fidayeens (all Pakistanis) equipped with arms/ammunition had sailed off on November 23,2008.
A new militant outfit called Deccan Mujahideen claimed responsibility for the attack.  Investigations have revealed that the sender of the email was connected to Zarrar Shah Communication, Coordinator of LeT based in Pakistan. One of the perpetrators namely Ajmal belonging to district Okara of Pakistan, who was captured, revealed in his interrogation his LeT connections and other details about the attack. According to him, the operation was planned by Zaki-ur-Rehman of LeT.

Nine terrorists killed in the operations by the security forces in Mumbai have been identified by Ajmal as his fidayeen associates from LeT.
Conviction of Mohd Amir MohdAjmalKasab and death penalty 
Special Court, Mumbai  convicted  Mohd Amir MohdAjmalKasab (case no. 175/2009) and awarded him a death sentence on May 6, 2010. Bombay High Court and the Supreme Court of India upheld the death penalty. The President of India rejected the mercy petition of Ajmal Kasab. Ajmal Kasab was hanged on November 21,2012 at 7:30 am at Yerwada jail, Pune.

Acquittal of Fahim Ansari and Sabahuddin 
In the same case, The Trial Court acquitted two Indian accused viz. Fahim Ansari and Sabahuddin with benefit of the doubt on May 3, 2010. Prosecution has challenged the acquittal of both co-accused, before the Supreme Court.

References

Other websites 

 Bloodbath in Mumbai Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis.
 Mumbai rocked by deadly attacks BBC.
 Mumbai rocked by deadly attacks rediff News.
 Photo of alleged terrorist captured by cctv camera at CST railway station 
 Pictures of attacks from BBC
2008 crimes
2008 in India
2000s explosions
Attacks on buildings and structures in Asia
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2000s

Attacks on hotels
Attacks on restaurants

Explosions in Asia
Islamic terrorist incidents in Asia
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2000s
Mass murder in Asia
Mass murder in the 2000s
Mass shootings in the 2000s
2008 attacks
Murder in India
November 2008 events
2008 disasters
The Deccan Mujahiddeen is believed to be a terrorist group. They do attacks inside India. They came to the attention of the public after they said they were responsible for the attacks on Mumbai on 26 November 2008. It is possible that the organization could be related to the Indian Mujahideen.

Attacks on Mumbai 
Indian authorities said that the Mumbai attacks were directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan. The surviving gunman was a Pakistani. Pakistan initially contested this attribution, but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009.

Where the word is from 
Deccan refers to the Deccan Plateau in southern India. The states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu lie on this plateau. The name is an anglicised from the Prakrit word dakkhin. That word comes  from the Sanskrit word dakṣiṇa- (), meaning 'South' or 'The South'.
Mujahideen (also spelt Mujahedin) in Arabic is a "struggler". So the name Deccan Muhahideen may literally mean Strugglers of the South, The South Strugglers or South Strugglers.

Related pages
 26 November 2008 Mumbai attacks
 Terrorism

References

Other websites 
 Deccan Mujahideen on Mahalo.com

Islamic terrorism
Religion in India
Organizations based in India
In grammar, case changes what a noun, adjective or pronoun does in a sentence. It is a set of forms which depend on the syntax (how the words go together). Case is an example of inflection, which is often an affix, a part of a word that is added to other words, that signals a grammatical relationship. Long ago, Old English used several cases, but Modern English does not use cases except for in pronouns.

History of case 
In Latin, nouns pack several ideas into one word:
Gender: nouns must be masculine (Latin: ends in -us), feminine (ends in -a) or neutral (ends in -um). Also, adjectives must agree with the nouns by changing their endings. English is one of the few European languages that does not usually have gender in nouns.
Case: nominative (subject), vocative (direct speech), accusative (object), genitive (of the noun), dative (to or for the noun), ablative (by, with, or from the noun).
The locative (at the noun) is a rare case form for some specific nouns.
In many languages like Latin, German, Russian, Korean and Japanese, a noun's case changes the end of a word depending on the noun's role in the sentence. Nouns change their endings to show that they are doing something, that something is done to them, that they just happen to be there during the action, or that they own something.

Therefore, word order in those languages is less important than in English, which often has word order change a sentence's meaning.

Modern English 
In English, case is not used much. Instead, word order and auxiliary verbs (helpers) are more important.
"The most important grammatical development [in English] was the establishment of a fixed pattern of word-order to express the relationship between clause elements".p44
English has these cases for nouns and pronouns: common case and genitive (possessive).p202 Each may take a plural:
Nouns: Girl; girls; girl's; girls. The last three cannot be distinguished in speech (except by the context).
Pronouns: This is your hat; this hat is yours. A few pronouns have three cases and four forms: I (subject), me (object), my (genitive before noun), mine''' (independent genitive).

English adjectives unchanged: red hat, red hats''.

References 

Linguistics
Grammar
The axon is the part of a neuron that sends the signal to the synapse. Axons are long, thin and tendril-like.

Axons are much like a highly developed dendrite.

The axon carries an electrical signal from the cell body (soma) to the synapse. There the signal passes to other neurons or to muscle fibers. An axon can be over a meter long in humans. Or even longer in longer animals like elephants and whales.

The electrical signal of an axon is made by ions that flow in and out of the cell producing an electric impulse called an action potential. The speed at which the signal travels depends on how thick the axon is, and how much insulation it has. Insulation is provided by specialized cells called myelin that wrap around the axon. This insulation is called the myelin sheath. 

The axon was discovered by Otto Deiters.

What is an axon?
What is an axon?

Axons are the primary signaling lines of the nervous system and they bundle together to form nerves. Axons have variable lengths and diameters. The numbers of axonal  telodendria can vary depending on the type of nerve fiber. Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) tend to have more ends which allows for simultaneous transmission of messages to a large number of target neurons within a single region of the brain.
The role of axons is to transmit information around the body between neurons, muscles, and the glands. Axons are one of two extensions of a neuron, the other one is the dendrites  and axons are covered by a membrane called the axolemma and the cytoplasm of the cell is the axoplasm. Most messages are sent across neurons in the form of neurotransmitters which travel across synapses (connection between two neurons) and axons branch off into telodendria. Impulses are sent down the axons in the form of action potentials which activate the neurotransmitter release when it hits the axon terminal. 

Anatomy

There are two types of axons: myelinated and unmyelinated axons. The myelin sheath serves as insulation material for the axon. The white matter in the brain is made of myelinated axons while gray matter is made of unmyelinated cells.
Axons send impulses down their body. Impulses jump between exposed areas on the axon not covered by the myelin sheath called the nodes of Ranvier. The myelin sheath is made by glial cells. Axons are covered in spots in myelin sheath made by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), or Schwann cells in peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neurons are made up of two regions: the cell body and dendrites as one region and axonal body as another. The axonal region of neurons consists of the axon hillock which receives an action potential from the neuron which generates an action potential from the initial segment. The axonal initial segment (AIS) separates the main part of the axon from the rest of the neuron and also initiates action potentials
. The AIS is unmyelinated and has a certain plasticity to it which allows for adaptability and the fast conduction of nerve impulses, which is achieved by a large concentration of voltage gated sodium channels in the initial segment where the action potential is initiated.
Axons can divide into many ends called telodendria. At the end of the telodendria is an axon terminal which has an axon synaptic vessel that stores neurotransmitters for release at the synapse. This makes multiple synaptic connections with other neurons possible. Sometimes the axon of a neuron may synapse into dendrites of the same neuron, called autapse. 

Action potential
Most axons carry messages in the form of action potentials which start in the cell body of a neuron and travel down the axon. Axon potentials are terminated at the point where axons make contact with synaptic vesicles. The axon's body has a negative charge because of charged potassium ions and a positive charge outside (sodium ions). The difference is called the resting membrane potential  about 70 millivolts in your body. When a neuron has a negative membrane potential it is said to be polarized. A protein in the nerve cell membrane adds to this difference in charge, since it pumps out three sodium ions for every two potassium ions it brings in. The difference in charge is called an electrochemical gradient, which the neuron wants to even  out. The cell membrane is also riddled with ion channels (examples are voltage gated channels, ligand gated channels, mechanically gated channels)
. When these gates open, the ions move down them to even out the differences in charges across the membrane; these actions are the key to all electrical events in neurons. If only a few channels open and only a few sodium ions pass through this is called a graded potential and only causes a small change in membrane potential in a localized part of the cell. Action potentials trigger release of voltage gated ion channels. Process: something stimulates you and causes the sodium channels to open causing the inner charge to increase. The stimuli has to be strong enough to trigger the action potential. At this level many voltage sodiums open causing a lot of sodium ions to enter the cell causing the cell to be massively depolarized, up to 40 mv. This causes a biological chain reaction causing the charges inside and outside the cell to swap. Repolarization is when voltage gated potassium ion channels cause the pot ions to go outside trying to rebalance the charges
. This causes hyperpolarization which is when the membrane potential drops to -75mv before sodium potassium ;pumps take over and return everything to its resting level. Refractory period process during which the axon is not responsive to any other stimuli. The strength of an action potential is always the same, what changes is the frequency of the stimuli. The speed of conduction also varies, myelinated axons are faster than unmyelinated ones because impulses can jump from node to node in saltatory conduction.
Synapses

Some are chemical, others are electrical. Electrical synapses send an ion current flowing directly from the cytoplasm of one nerve cell to another through small windows called gap junctions which causes all nearby synapses and neurons to be activated all together which is useful in places like your heart. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to communicate by diffusion through a synaptic gap. Presynaptic neuron sends signals through presynaptic terminals filled with synaptic vesicles filled with the neurotransmitters. Postsynaptic neurons make the neurotransmitters in the receptor region on the dendrite or cell body. 

Development and growth of axons
In early embryonic development the neural tube differentiates into immature neurons which migrate to a final location and an axon grows from each immature neuron in response to chemical stimuli. During the development of the CNS, axons grow from their tip via a growth cone which has a broad sheet-like extension called a lamellipodium. This enables axons to navigate through their environment so they can meet with other axonal synapses and form connections which will become the entire circuitry of the nervous system.

Clinical significance 

The dysfunction of axons in the nervous system is one of the leading causes of neurological disorders that affect central and peripheral neurons. Crushing an axon can lead to its death which can also take place in many neurodegenerative diseases especially when axonal transport is impaired. Demyelination of neurons (when axons lose their protective sheath)  causes many disorders, as does dysmyelination (abnormal formation of myelin sheath).

References
References 

Anatomy of the nervous system
Haast's eagle (Harpagornis moorei) was the largest known eagle. It is the only eagle in the world known to have been the top predator in its ecosystem. It lived on the South Island of New Zealand, where there were no other large predators.

Fossil evidence shows that the areas where the Haast’s eagle lived were covered in forest and shrublands, as well as in the grasslands on river floodplains. 

The arrival of people in New Zealand had unfortunate consequences for the eagle. By 1400 AD, most of the forest habitat it used had been cleared by fire, and most of the large flightless moas that it ate had been hunted to extinction. Not surprisingly, Haarst's eagle also became extinct.

References 

Accipitriformes
Megafauna
Life 
Benjamin W. Lee was born in Seoul, Korea. Before finishing high school, he entered the department of Chemical Engineering at Seoul National University. He was one of the best students. During his time in college, he transferred to the United States. He graduated from Miami University. Lee received a master degree from the University of Pittsburgh, and his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 25. Lee worked at Institute for Advanced Study. He was a professor of physics at University of Pennsylvania, SUNY at Stony Brook, University of Chicago, and head of the theoretical physics department at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. On June 16, 1977, he was killed in a car accident near Kewanee, Illinois. Lee studied symmetry principles and weak interactions.

1935 births
1977 deaths
American physicists
Korean people
Volta worked on the electrophorus that makes a static electric charge in 1775. Volta also studied what we now call capacitance, developing separate means to study both electrical potential V and charge Q, and discovering that for a given object they are proportional. This may be called Volta's Law of Capacitance, and likely for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt. Around 1791 he began to study "animal electricity". In this way he discovered Volta's Law of the electrochemical series, and the law that the electromotive force (emf  ) of a galvanic cell. In 1800, he invented the voltaic pile, an early electric battery, which made a steady electric current. It is credited as the first electrochemical cell.
Volta married the daughter of Count Ludovico Peregrini, Teresa.  They raised three sons. In 1779 he became professor of experimental physics at the University of Pavia.  He had the job for almost 25 years. Volta is buried in the city of Como. At the Tempio Voltiano near Lake Como there is a museum about him and his work.

1745 births
1827 deaths
Italian physicists
People from Como
Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz (also August Kekulé) (7 September 1829 – 13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. Kekulé was born in Darmstadt, the son of a civil servant. After graduating from secondary school, in 1847 he entered the University of Giessen, with the intention of studying architecture. After hearing the lectures of Justus von Liebig he decided to study chemistry. Following his education in Giessen, he took further doctorate fellowships in Paris (1851-52), in Chur, Switzerland (1852-53), and in London (1853-55), where he was decisively influenced by Alexander Williamson. 

In 1858, he was hired as a full professor at the University of Ghent. In 1867, he was asked to work at the University of Bonn. There he studied carbon organic compounds and benzene. He suggested a benzene ring structure.
Kekulé's most famous work was on the structure of benzene. In 1865 Kekulé published a paper in French suggesting that the structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject. The empirical formula for benzene had been long known, but its highly unsaturated structure was challenging to determine. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Joseph Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but the study of aromatic compounds was in its earliest years, and too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure.

1829 births
1896 deaths
German chemists
Scientists from Darmstadt
Uses
UHF frequencies have higher attenuation from atmospheric moisture and benefit less from 'bounce', or the reflection of signals off the ionosphere back to earth, when compared to VHF frequencies. The frequencies of 300–3000 MHz are always at least an order of magnitude above the MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency). The MUF for most of the earth is generally between 25–35 MHz. Higher frequencies also benefit less from ground mode transmission. However, the short wavelengths of UHF frequencies allow compact receiving antennas with narrow elements; many people consider them less ugly than VHF-receiving models
United States 
On December 29, 1949 KC2XAK of Bridgeport, Connecticut became the first UHF television station to operate on a regular daily schedule. 
In the United States, UHF stations (broadcast channels above 13) originally gained a reputation for being more locally owned, less polished, less professional, less popular, and for having a weaker signal than their VHF counterparts (channels 2–13). The movie UHF, starring Weird Al Yankovic, parodied this phenomenon.
However, with the emergence of additional broadcast television networks ( Fox, UPN, WB, and PaxThe PAX Network PAX TV PaxNet or simply PAX is a cable television network formed in 1998. PAX, which is owned by Paxson Communications, shows family-oriented programming. Its programming contains little or no sex, violence or strong language. Unlike most), the concentration of media ownershipConcentration of media ownership is a commonly used terms among media critics, policy makers, and others to characterize ownership structure of media industries. Media ownership is said to be concentrated usually in one or more of the following ways
., and the proliferation of cable televisionCable television or Community Antenna Television CATV (and often shortened to 'cable') is a system of providing television, FM radio programming and other services to consumers through fixed coaxial cables, rather than by the older and more widespread rad, digital televisionDigital television DTV uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets.
United Kingdom 
In Britain, UHF television began with the launch of BBC2 in 1964, using a 625-line system (which had higher resolution, and therefore required greater bandwidth, than the existing 405-line system). BBC1 and ITV soon added their own 625-line services on UHF (British channels 21 to 69), and PAL colour was introduced on UHF only in 1967– 1969. VHF was phased out by 1986. Today all British terrestrial television channels (analog and digital) are on UHF. A drawback to this is the very large number of small relay transmitters needed to fill in gaps in the main transmitters' coverage, which would not have been necessary with a VHF system due to its different propagation characteristics.

Related pages
Electromagnetic spectrum

Wave physics
Electromagnetic radiation