Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Shahriar Nafees Ahmed () (born 25 January 1986) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He is a left-handed opening batsman. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut for Bangladesh in 2005. The opposition team was England. In 2005 he played his first Test.

1986 births
Living people
Bangladeshi Muslims
Cricketers from Dhaka
Mohammad Mushfiqur Rahim () (born 1 September 1988) is a Bangladeshi cricketer and the captain of his national team. He made his Test debut in 2005, at the age of 16. Rahim trained at the Bangladesh Institute of Sports. At the next year he made his ODI debut. At the end of 2011 he was given the captain of his national side.

References

Other websites
 Mushfiqur Rahim from ESPNcricinfo
 Mushfiqur Rahim from CricketArchive

1988 births
Living people
Bangladeshi cricketers
People from Rajshahi Division
Qazi Habibul Bashar () (born August 17, 1972) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He was the former captain of Bangladesh national cricket team. He captained Bangladesh at 2007 ICC World Cup. The first test victory came under his captaincy against Zimbabwe. He is the most successful captain in Bangladesh cricket's history. Under his captaincy, Bangladesh have beaten Australia, India, South Africa and Sri Lanka in limited overs matches. He is currently one of the chief selectors of BCB

Early career
In 1989 Bashar played for the Bangladesh Under-19 team in the U-19 Asia Cup. In 1990s he played his domestic cricket for Biman Bangladesh Airlines. He made his ODI debut at the 1995 Asia Cup against Sri Lanka. He missed the 1997 ICC Trophy. He also missed the 1999 World Cup.

Career milestones

Tests
Test Debut: vs India, Bangabandhu, 2000
 He made his highest score of 113 in Test cricket against West Indies, 2004
ODIs
ODI Debut: vs Sri Lanka, Sharjah, 1995
 He made his highest score of 78 in ODI cricket against Zimbabwe, 2007

Reference

Other websites
 Player Profile from Cricinfo
 Player Profile from CricketArchive
 Player Profile from Banglacricket 
 Bangladesh Test batting averages from Cricinfo

1972 births
Living people
Cricketers from Khulna Division
Mohammed Rafique () (born September 5, 1970) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He was the leading wicket-taker for Bangladesh in Test matches.

1970 births
Living people
Bangladeshi Muslims
Cricketers from Dhaka
Mohammad Javed Omar Belim (born November 25, 1976) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He has played Tests and ODI cricket since 2005.

1976 births
Living people
Bangladeshi Muslims
Cricketers from Dhaka
Khaled Mashud () (born February 8, 1976 in Rajshahi) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He was a wicketkeeper, also a middle order batsman. He was a regular member of the national team between 1995-2007. Former Bangladeshi coach Dav Whatmore said that Khaled Mashud was the best wicket-keeper in Asia.

Reference

1976 births
Living people
Bangladeshi cricketers
People from Rajshahi Division
The International Cricket Council (ICC) is the international governing body of cricket. It was founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909. It was renamed as International Cricket Conference in 1965. Later in 1989, It was renamed again as International Cricket Council.

The ICC has 108 members, 12 Full Members (who play tests) and 96 Associate Members. The membership had been divided into Full, Associate, and Affiliate Members, but the Affiliate category was removed in June 2017, with all Affiliate Members becoming Associate Members.

Members

Full Members
12 countries are full members of the ICC. These are:

Associate Members
106 nations are Associate members:

References

Cricket
1909 establishments
International sports organizations
Organizations based in the United Arab Emirates
ICC may refer to:
International Cricket Council
International Criminal Court
International Chamber of Commerce
HoboSapiens is the fourteenth studio album by Welsh multi-instrumentalist John Cale, former member of The Velvet Underground. It was released in October 2003 as his first full-length album on EMI Records label. The producers are John Cale and Nick Franglen.

Songs from the album
All tracks written by John Cale.
 "Zen" – 6:03
 "Reading My Mind" – 4:11
 "Things" – 3:36
 "Look Horizon" – 5:40
 "Magritte" – 4:58
 "Archimedes" – 4:40
 "Caravan" – 6:43
 "Bicycle" – 5:05
 "Twilight Zone" – 3:49
 "Letter From Abroad" – 5:10
 "Things X" – 4:50
 "Over Her Head" – 5:22

John Cale albums
2003 albums
The cricket teams of Bangladesh and South Africa have played against each other in ODIs since 2003. They have met on 14 occasions. South Africa is most successful with 13 victories, Bangladesh have won in only 1 game.

Summary of results

List of matches

In Bangladesh

In South Africa

In Neutral Venue

Related pages 
Bangladesh national cricket team
South Africa national cricket team

References

Other websites 
ESPNcricinfo

Cricket lists
Bangladeshi cricket lists
Sport in South Africa
South Africa-related lists
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak  (30 May 1960) was a Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator.  His parents were Jewish Ukrainians.  In his native Russia, Pasternak's anthology My Sister, Life, is one of the most influential collections ever published in the Russian language.  Furthermore, Pasternak's translations of plays by Goethe, Schiller and Shakespeare are deeply popular with Russian audiences.

Outside Russia, Pasternak is best known as the author of Doctor Zhivago, a novel which takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Second World War.  Due to its independent minded stance on the socialist state, Doctor Zhivago was refused publication in the USSR.  The typescript of Doctor Zhivago was smuggled out of the country to Milan and published in 1957.
Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature the following year, an event which humiliated and enraged the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In the midst of a massive campaign against him by the CPSU and the Union of Soviet Writers, Pasternak reluctantly agreed to decline the prize. In his letter to the Nobel Committee, Pasternak stated the reaction of the Soviet State was the only reason for his decision. He is still listed as the winner for that year.

By the time of his death from lung cancer in 1960, the campaign against Pasternak had damaged the international credibility of the U.S.S.R. He is still a major figure in Russian literature. Furthermore, the samizdat methods were later continued, expanded, and refined by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and other Soviet dissidents.

Books by Pasternak
Books by Pasternak

Poetry collections
Twin in the Clouds (1914)
Over the Barriers (1916)
Themes and Variations (1917)
My Sister, Life (1922)
On Early Trains (1944)
Selected Poems (1946)
Poems (1954)
When the Weather Clears (1959)
In The Interlude: Poems 1945–1960 (1962)

Books of prose
Safe Conduct (1931)
Second Birth (1932)
The Last Summer (1934)
Childhood (1941)
Selected Writings (1949)
Collected Works (1945)
Goethe's Faust (1952)
Essay in Autobiography (1956)
Doctor Zhivago (1957)

Further reading 
Boris Pasternak 1957. Doctor Zhivago. Pantheon Books
Boris Pasternak 1959. I Remember: sketches for an autobiography. Pantheon Books.
Boris Pasternak 1967. Sister, my life: Summer 1917. transl. C. Flayderman. Washington Square Press.
Boris Pasternak 1976. My sister, life and other poems. Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich. ISBN  0-15-163964-7
Olga Ivinskaya 1978. A captive of time; my years with Pasternak. Doubleday.

Related pages
List of Russian language poets
List of Russian novelists

References
References 

1890 births
1960 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Disease-related deaths in the Soviet Union
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Jewish writers
Russian Jews
Russian Nobel Prize winners
Russian novelists
Russian poets
Soviet Jews
Soviet writers
Russian translators
Writers from Moscow
Marivan Hashiye (, )  is a city in the Kurdistan Province of Iran, in Iranian Kurdistan. Its population was 111,031 (in 2005). The city is located near the border of Iran and Iraq.

"Lake Zarivar" is located to the west of Marivan. It has a length of 5 kilometres and a width of 1.6 kilometres. The water of the lake is fresh and has a depth of 6 metres.
Marivans people are mostly Kurds and followers of Islam.

Mariwan is famous for its two boulevards, Falakay Penjwen and Falakay Halabja.

References

Other websites 
 Government of Marivan 

Cities in Kurdistan Province
Nyan Cat is a moving image on the internet which became famous. It has a cat with a Pop-Tart (a type of food) for a body flying through space, with a colourful rainbow behind it. There is also a song that you can hear when watching the moving image. Nyan Cat was the 5th most watched video on YouTube, the place that has the video, in the year 2011.

Origin

Animated GIF
On April 2, 2011, a person named Christopher Torres put the moving picture, without the song, on his place in the internet. The place is called LOL-comics, and the picture is still there. Torres was making pictures, and two different people wanted him to make a cat and a piece of food. He combined the two to make a picture, and then made it a moving picture a few days later.

The Song
The song was made using The Vocaloid Oliver from Vocaloid in Japan and put onto the internet.
YouTube video
A YouTube user called "saraj00n"  put the moving picture together with the song and put it onto the internet on April 5, 2011. saraj00n called it "Nyan Cat". Torres wanted the cat to be called "Pop Tart Cat", but because of saraj00n now it's called "Nyan Cat".

Popularity
The original moving picture that saraj00n put onto the internet was seen 90,000,000 times . It's very well known, so other people made their own Nyan Cats. People made songs for their phones, pictures for computers, and progress bars. There are also things for iPhones, Android phones,  Windows Phones, and HP webOS.
There is also a game about Nyan Cat called "Nyan Cat Adventure".
Nyan Cat was in ninth place in a contest for best moving picture on the internet in 2011 by Business Insider.

References

Other websites
 The first Nyan Cat moving picture on YouTube by saraj00n, April 5, 2011.
 Nyan Cat's place on the internet

Internet memes
YouTube
Sanandaj (, ) is the capital city of Kurdistan Province of Iran, in Iranian Kurdistan. Its population was 311,446, in 81,380 families (at 2006). Its population is mostly Kurds and followers of Islam.

References 

Cities in Kurdistan Province
Susanna Hoffs (born 17 January 1959) is an American guitarist, vocalist and actress who has had many hit singles with the group The Bangles. Her hits included "Manic Monday" and "Walk Like an Egyptian". She and the group disbanded in 1990, although the Bangles regrouped nine years later. She also had some solo hit songs during her career. She was born near Los Angeles.

Singers from California
American movie actors
1959 births
Living people
Ingrid Ellen Michaelson (born December 8, 1979, New York City) is an American musician. She has had five studio albums since 2005. She has not been signed to any major record labels. Her music has been used in several television programs, including The Vampire Diaries and Scrubs. Michaelson performed with singer Sara Bareilles on the hit single "Winter Song".

Singers from New York (state)
1979 births
Living people
Roland Frederick "Bob" Godfrey (May 27, 1921 – February 21, 2013) was an English Academy Award-winning animator. He won the Academy Award and the BAFTA Award for his animated short movie Great in 1975.

Godfrey was born on May 27, 1921 in West Maitland, New South Wales, Australia to British parents. He was raised in Ilford, Essex. Godfrey studied at Leyton Art School. He was never married. Godfrey died on February 21, 2013 in England from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites
 Bob Godfrey at Internet Movie Database
 Bob Godfrey Films Website of The Bob Godfrey Collection 
 Animation Research Centre archive of Bob Godfrey's films and artwork 
 Remembering Bob Godfrey at FLIP Animation Magazine Retrieved February 2013

1921 births
2013 deaths
Academy Award winning directors
British animators
Artists from New South Wales
BAFTA Award winners
People from Essex
Todor Kolev (; August 26, 1939 – February 15, 2013) was a Bulgarian actor, singer, comedian, and television presenter. He appeared in more than 30 movies and more than 50 television shows.

Kolev was born on August 26, 1939 in Shumen, Bulgaria. On February 15, 2013, he died in Sofia from lung cancer, aged 73.

References

Other websites
 

1939 births
2013 deaths
Comedians
Deaths from lung cancer
Disease-related deaths in Bulgaria
Bulgarian movie actors
Bulgarian singers
Stage actors
Television actors
Television presenters 
Voice actors
Vicente Fernández Gómez (February 17, 1940 – December 12, 2021) was a Mexican singer and actor. He is known as Chente or El Rey De La Canción Ranchera (The King of Ranchera Music). He had sold over 50 million copies worldwide. Fernandez had won eight Latin Grammy Awards and three Grammy Awards. His career spanned for over 60 years until his retirement in 2016.

Fernández was born on February 17, 1940 in Jalisco, Mexico. He had three children including Mexican singer Alejandro Fernández.

Fernández was hospitalized after falling at his home in Guadalajara on August 6, 2021. He died on December 12, 2021 from problems caused by that fall at 6:15 am in a hospital in his home town Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico at the age of 81.

References

Other websites
 
 Sony Music  
 Spotify

1940 births
2021 deaths
Mexican singers
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Grammy Award winners
Actors from Guadalajara
Latin Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Robin David Sachs (5 February 1951 – 1 February 2013) was an English actor. He was known for his roles in Babylon 5: In the Beginning, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Galaxy Quest, and in Resident Evil: Damnation.

Sachs was born on 5 February 1951 in London, England. He was married to Siân Phillips from 1979 until they divorced in 1991. Phillips was Peter O'Toole's ex-wife. Then he was married to Casey Defranco from 1995 until they divorced in 2006. Sachs died on 1 February 2013 in his home in Los Angeles, California from a heart attack, aged 61.

References

Other websites

 
 

1951 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors from London
Assata Olugbala Shakur (born July 16, 1947 as JoAnne Deborah Byron) is an African-American activist. She was a member of the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army. She was put into prison, but in 1984 she managed to escape. She now lives in Havana, Cuba, as a fugitive. She was the first woman to be put on the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists list. Shakur is the step-aunt of Tupac Shakur, a rapper who was assassinated in 1996.

Early life
Shakur was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York City. She lived there for three years. She then moved to North Carolina with her grandparents. Shakur was arrested for the first time in 1967 for trespassing during a protest.
Activism
In 1971, Shakur joined the Republic of New Afrika and the Black Liberation Army. She chose the name Assata Olugbala Shakur because she felt that her English name was a "slave name." She wrote in her book, "It sounded so strange when people called me Joanne. It really had nothing to do with me. I didn’t feel like no Joanne, or no negro, or no amerikan. I felt like an African woman".

Assata is a West African name from the Arabic name Aisha, which means "she who struggles." Olugbala is from Yoruba and means "savior." Shakur means "thankful one" in Arabic.
Arrests and trials
On April 6, 1971, Shakur was shot in the stomach. She was charged with attempted robbery, felonious assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on bail. Between 1973 and 1977 Shakur was charged with two bank robberies, the kidnapping of a Brooklyn heroin dealer, and attempted murder of two Queens police officers. She was put in prison in 1973. On November 2, 1979 she escaped the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey.

Political asylum in Cuba
In 1984, the Cuban government granted political asylum to Shakur. Her daughter Kakuya came to live with her in 1985.

Shakur wrote in a letter that Cuba was "one of the largest, most resistant and most courageous Palenques (Maroon Camps) that has ever existed on the face of this planet".

References
References 

1947 births
Living people
African-American people
American communists
American murderers
American people convicted of assault
American robbers
Criminals from New York City
People from North Carolina
People from Queens
Shakur family
Phenol is the organic compound with formula C6H5OH. It is a white solid. It has an OH group (hydroxyl group) bonded to a benzene ring. It is an alcohol. Because the aromatic group attracts electrons, it is quite acidic. topolin is produced from petroleum. It is an important molecule because it can be used to make many other products. It is also used in detergents and herbicides.

Properties

Acidity 

Phenol has a pKa of about 10. For normal alcohols this number is usually around 15. However, phenol is less acidic than compounds like carboxylic acids. The reason for this high acidity is the resonance stabilization of the molecule when it becomes an anion.

Reactions 
Phenol can do electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions very well. This is because the lone pair on the oxygen atom can give electrons through the benzene ring to an electrophile. Because the lone pair is so high in energy however, sometimes phenol reacts too many times.
History 
Phenol was first discovered in 1834. It was found as a product of burning coal. One of its first uses was to kill germs in surgery. It is still used today in some analgesics. During the Second World War, phenol was also used by the Nazis. They used it in concentration camps to quickly kill small groups of people.

References 

Organic compounds
Guerrero is a city and seat of the municipality of Guerrero, in Coahuila, Mexico. The population was 959 in the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Mexico
Coahuila
Frontera is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat is Ciudad Frontera. The municipality covers an area of 506.8 km².

In 2005, the municipality had a total population of 70,160.

References

Municipalities of Coahuila
Escobedo is the municipal seat for the Escobedo Municipality in city in Coahuila, Mexico. The name "Escobedo" honours 19th-century liberal statesman Mariano Escobedo.

References

Cities in Mexico
Settlements in Coahuila
is a Japanese city in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.

History
Usa grew up around Usa Shrine which was established in the 8th century.

References

Other websites

Usa City website 

Cities in Ōita Prefecture
is a Japanese city in Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.

History
Hita was a castle town in the Edo period.

References

Other websites 

 Hita City website 

Cities in Ōita Prefecture
is a Japanese city in Shimane Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

History
Hamada was a castle town in the Edo period.

References

Other websites 

 Hamada City website 

Cities in Shimane Prefecture
is a city in Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

History
Izumo grew up around the Izumo Taisha (Shinto shrine).

References

Other websites 

 Izumo city website 

Cities in Shimane Prefecture
Imèr () is a city in Italy. It is in the Primiero valley in Province of Trento.

Imèr borders these municipalities: Siror, Canal San Bovo, Mezzano and Sovramonte.

References

Other websites 

 Official homepage of Imèr

Cities in Trentino
Krushchev's Secret Speech was the speech in which Nikita Krushchev denounced Joseph Stalin after the latter's death. The speech was a spoken report to the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956. Its title was On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences.

The report was known as the "Secret Speech" because it was delivered at a closed session of Communist Party delegates, with guests and members of the press excluded. Although the text of the Khrushchev report leaked almost immediately, the official Russian text was published only in 1989 during the glasnost campaign of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
The speech was based on an investigation of the repressions of the delegates of the 1934 XVII Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. They were victims of the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. Estimates of Stalin's role in history were quite changed by the speech. Many in the West who had been Communist Party member, or at least sympathetic fellow-travellers, resigned their memberships and no longer defended the reputation of Stalin. Russian writers like Solzhenitsyn found they were treated with more sympathy. The speech was a significant turning-point in history.

The speech caused such shock to the audience that, according to some reports, some of those present suffered heart attacks, and others later committed suicide. Many Soviet citizens were confused by De-Stalinization. They had been fed on praise of the "genius" of Stalin. This was especially obvious in the Georgian SSR, Stalin's homeland, where rioting ended with the Soviet Red Army crackdown on 9 March 1956.

References
References 

1956 in Europe
1950s in the Soviet Union
Speeches
February events
Jeri Ryan (born on February 22, 1968) is an American actress. She works mostly on television programs. She acted in Star Trek: Voyager and Boston Public. She played Doctor Kate Murphy in the show Body of Proof. She was born near Munich, Germany. She was raised in Paducah, Kentucky.

Other websites 

 
 
 BBC Online interview
 Jeri Ryan Biography , Startrek.com

American television actors
Actors from Kentucky
1968 births
Living people
The Master and Margarita is a novel by Mikhail Bulgakov (1891–1940), a Russsian author. It has been called one of the masterpieces of the 20th century. Like much of Bulgakov's work, magic realism and fantasy occur against the background of life in the 1920s Soviet Russia.

The plot 
With a fascinating cast of characters, the novel in its deepest layer is about the interplay of good and evil, innocence and guilt, courage and cowardice.

The novel is a satire on the Soviet society, a love story and an ironical look at some religious themes, all interwoven with elements and characters from the Faust legend. The novel is divided into two parts. It starts with a plot in which two apparently unrelated stories alternate chapter by chapter.

Part one 
The first plot theme is the Devil in modern Moscow; the second is the story of Pontius Pilate.

Plot line A 
1930s Moscow is visited by Satan in the guise of "Professor" Woland or Voland (Воланд). This mysterious magician of uncertain origin arrives with a retinue.
Woland's retinue 
a grotesquely dressed valet Koroviev 
a huge, mischievous, gun-happy, fast-talking black cat Behemoth, a subversive Puss in Boots. The name refers to the Biblical monster and the Russian word for Hippopotamus. 
a fanged hitman Azazello 
the pale-faced Abadonna with a death-inflicting stare 
the witch Hella

The group causes havoc in the literary elite, especially its trade union, MASSOLIT. MASSOLIT is a Soviet-style abbreviation for the "Moscow Association of Writers" or "Literature for the Masses". Targets are Massolit's posh HQ, corrupt social-climbers and their women (wives and mistresses alike), bureaucrats and profiteers and, more generally, skeptical unbelievers in the human spirit.

Plot line B 
The second setting is the Jerusalem of Pontius Pilate, described by Woland talking to Berlioz and later echoed in the pages of the Master's novel. It concerns Pontius Pilate's trial of Yeshua Ha-Notsri (Jesus the Nazarene).
Sympathetic characters 
Linking plots A and B are the rather sympathetic characters of Berlioz, Pontius Pilate and Ivan Ponyryov, a young, aspiring poet whose pen name (Bezdomny) means "homeless".

Berlioz is the head of MASSOLIT. Berlioz brushes off Woland's prophecy of his death, only to have it come true just pages later in the novel. Ivan, the young poet "Homeless", tries to chase and capture the gang and warn of their evil. This lands him in a lunatic asylum, where he meets the Master (named Faust in the drafts and margins of the manuscript, but never in the finally published version). Led to despair by the rejection of his novel about Pontius Pilate and Christ, the Master burns his manuscript and turns his back on the "real" world, including his devoted lover, Margarita.
Part two 
Connecting these two themes are Satan himself, and the Master with his devoted lover Margarita. The Master is an embittered author, whose historical novel about Pontius Pilate had been rejected by the Soviet literary committee MASSOLIT.

Part Two introduces Margarita, the Master's mistress, who refuses to despair of her lover or his work. She is invited to the Devil's midnight ball, where Satan (Woland) offers her the chance to become a witch with supernatural powers. This coincides with the night of Good Friday: the Master's novel also deals with this same spring full moon when Christ's fate is sealed by Pontius Pilate and he is crucified in Jerusalem. All three events in the novel are linked by this.
Margarita enters naked into the realm of night. She flies over the deep forests and rivers of the USSR. She bathes, and returns with Azazello, her escort, to Moscow as the anointed hostess for Satan's great Spring Ball. Standing by his side, she welcomes the dark celebrities of human history as they arrive from Hell.

She survives this ordeal without breaking, and for her pains, Satan offers to grant Margarita her deepest wish. Margarita selflessly chooses to liberate a woman whom she met at the ball. Satan grants her first wish and offers her another, saying the first wish was unrelated to Margarita's own desires. For her second wish, she chooses to liberate the Master and live in poverty-stricken love with him.
The Master and Margarita, for not having lost their faith in humanity, are granted peace but are denied light – that is, they will spend eternity together in a shadowy yet pleasant region, having not earned the glories of Heaven, but not deserving the punishments of Hell. As a parallel to the Master and Margarita's freedom, Pontius Pilate is also released from his eternal punishment.

History of its writing and publication 
Bulgakov started writing the novel in 1928. He burnt the first manuscript of the novel in 1930, seeing no future as a writer in the Soviet Union. The work was restarted in 1931. The second draft was completed in 1936 by which point all the major plot lines of the final version were in place. The third draft was finished in 1937. Bulgakov continued to polish the work, aided by his wife, but was forced to stop work on the fourth version four weeks before his death in 1940.
A censored version (12% of the text removed and still more changed) of the book was first published in Moscow magazine (#11, 1966 and #1, 1967). The text of all the omitted and changed parts, with indications of the places of modification, was published on a samizdat basis. In 1967 the publisher Posev (Frankfurt) printed a version produced with the aid of these inserts.

In the Soviet Union, the first complete version, prepared by Anna Saakyants, was published in 1973, based on the version of the beginning of 1940 proofread by the publisher. In 1989 the last version was prepared by literature expert Lidiya Yanovskaya based on all available manuscripts.
English translations
There are quite a few published English translations of The Master and Margarita, including:
Michael Glenny, New York: Harper & Row, 1967; London: Harvill, 1967; with introduction by Simon Franklin, New York: Knopf, 1992; London: Everyman's Library, 1992.
Diana Burgin and Katherine Tiernan O'Connor, annotations and afterword by Ellendea Proffer, Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1993, 1995; New York: Vintage Books, 1996.
Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky, London: Penguin, 1997. 
Michael Karpelson, Lulu Press, 2006. 
Hugh Aplin, One World Classics, 2008.
The early translation by Glenny runs more smoothly than the modern translations. Some Russian-speaking readers consider it to be the only one creating the desired effect, though it may take liberties with the text. As an example, Glenny's translations leaves out Bulgakov's "crucial" reference to the devil in Berlioz's thought:
 "I ought to drop everything and run down to Kislovodsk." (Glenny)
 "It's time to throw everything to the devil and go to Kislovodsk." (Burgin, Tiernan O'Connor)
 "It's time to send it all to the devil and go to Kislovodsk." (Pevear, Volokhonsky)
 "To hell with everything, it's time to take that Kislovodsk vacation." (Karpelson)
 "It’s time to let everything go to the devil and be off to Kislovodsk.” (Aplin)
Several literary critics have hailed the Burgin/Tiernan O’Connor translation as the most accurate and complete English translation. There are matching annotations by Bulgakov's biographer, Ellendea Proffer. However, these judgements came before the translation by Pevear and Volokhonsky.

A graphic novel, an adaption by Andrzej Klimowski and Danusia Schejbal, published by Self Made Hero in 2008 provides a fresh visual translation/interpretation.

In other media 
The novel has been the basis of films, stage productions, opera, ballet, and television versions.

Related pages
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

References 

Russian novels
1967 books
Books by Mikhail Bulgakov
Padmashali () or Padma Bramhana is a Hindu Bramhin in origin,and took up artisan tasks are  predominantly found in South Indian States. Padmashali Bhargava Brahmins are Rugvedi Brahmins. The community members are traditionally weavers specialised in making clothes of all kinds. They engage as priests Brahmins for performing all rites and rituals and also perform services as temple Priests for other castes.

Origin
The term Padmashali is derived from two words Padma and Shali, The Padma means lotus and Shali means weaver. They support their Sanskrit origin with various myths and Puranas such as Kulapurana and Markandeya Purana.

The Padmashalis claim to be descendants from Bhrigu Rishi and Markandeya Rishi, Markandeya's son Bhavana Rishi who were born one hundred and one son; they took to weaving and the first clothes they wore was out of the fibres of the lotus stem so they came to be known as Padmashalis.
Padmashalis Today
The Padmashalis divided into two groups based on Sampradaya, being the Shaivas and the Vaishnavas and they worship both Shiva and Vishnu.

Although Padmashalis are related to Brahmins, they are considered as a backward (OBC) caste by the Indian government while forward caste in some states. The community is highly Sanskritised, with all men wearing the sacred thread and performing the similar rituals which north Indian Brahmins do, like North Indian Brahmin castes, their origin relates to sages as gothras.

The Padmashalis basically perform Brahmin rites and even today a group who are qualified as agama shastra pandits perform the poojas and vedic rites. They are identified as Padma Brahmins.

References
References

Other websites
 Padmashali Network, Global 
 Padmashali International Welfare Association, Vijayawada
 POPA - Padmashali Officials and Professionals Association 
 World Padmashali Foundation
 Padmashali Samaj Seva Sangh - an informational portal for Padmashalis 
 Karnataka Padmashali Sangha 
 Weavers Welfare Trust 
 Nirmal Padmashali Sanstha 
 Akhil Padmashali Samaj
 Padmashali Graduates and Students Association 
Telangana Padmashali Udyogula Sangam
North American Padmashali Association
Padmashali 
Hindus
Ethnic groups in India
The 2012 Trinidad Quadrangular T20 is a Twenty20 cricket tournament. It was held in Trinidad & Tobago. The tournament is played to celebrate the Trinidad and Tobago's 50th year of independence. The tournament was scheduled to be a 6-match Twenty20 series between Trinidad & Tobago, Barbados, Bangladesh and Afghanistan. The matches in this series were not classified as official Twenty20 International matches. But it was classified as practice matches. The champions received a prize money of $50,000.

Rules and Regulations 
In the tournament points are awarded to the team as follow ;

Each team will play 3 matches.
The team which got highest points will get the championship trophy
If 2 team's points are equal, then the champions will be decided by head-to-head result.
If 3 or more team's points are equal, then the champions will be decided by Net Run Rate.

Squads

2012 Trinidad and Tobago Quadrangular T20 Series

Matches

Statistics

References
References 

Trinidad Quadrangular T20
Cricket
Sport in Trinidad and Tobago
2012 in North America
21st century in Trinidad and Tobago
Bijar (, ) is a city in Kurdistan province in Iran. People of Bijar speak in Sorani and Garusi dialect of Kurdi. Most people in Bijar are followers of Islam.

References 

Cities in Kurdistan Province
Revenge is an American television soap opera. It was first shown on 21 September 2011, on ABC. The series is about a woman who comes back to her childhood home to get revenge on her father's friends who betrayed him by accusing him of a terrorist plot that he did not commit.

References

Other websites

2011 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
American soap operas
Mystery television series
Revenge
Television series set in New York (state)
English-language television programs
Rachel Dratch (born February 22 1966 in Lexington, Massachusetts) is an American comedy actress. She works mostly in television programs. She was on Saturday Night Live from 1999 to 2006. She was also in the sitcoms 30 Rock and Frasier.

Actors from Massachusetts
Comedians from Massachusetts
1966 births
Living people
is one of the eleven wards in the Japanese city of Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

In Fushimi ward, Fushimi Inari-taisha, tombs of Emperor Kanmu and of Emperor Meiji are situated.

References

Other websites

 Fushimi City website 

Kyoto
is a Japanese city in Wakayama Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

References

Other websites 

 Gobo City website 

Cities in Wakayama Prefecture
Mohammad Aminul Islam () (born February 2, 1968 in Dacca) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He played 13 tests for Bangladesh. He also played 39 ODIs. 

He scored the first hundred for Bangladesh. 

He, along with other senior players like Minhajul Abedin Nannu and Akram Khan, took Bangladesh towards Test status.

He scored a scintillating 145 against India in their inaugural test, showing all the world of his class, and made the 2nd Bangladeshi test 50 after Habibul Bashar had reached his own. However, Bulbul, as he was affectionately called, lost his form afterwards and only managed to cross 50 twice more in Test mattches.

Now he works for ICC, aiming to develop cricket in countries where it isn't a big sport, like China for instance, and aims to spread cricket throughout the world.

1968 births
Living people
Bangladeshi Muslims
Cricketers from Dhaka
Imrul Kayes (; born 2 February 1987) is a Bangladeshi international cricketer. He plays for Khulna Division. He is a left-hand batsman. He is also an occasional wicket-keeper. He made his first-class debut in 2006.

1987 births
Living people
Cricketers from Khulna Division
Kazi Shahadat Hossain () (born August 7, 1986) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He played his first Test match for Bangladesh in 2005.

1986 births
Living people
Bangladeshi cricketers
People from Dhaka Division
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire is the short title of an important book by the 18th century English historian Edward Gibbon. The book traces the Roman Empire—and Western civilization as a whole—from the late first century AD to the fall of the Eastern or Byzantine Empire. 

Published in six volumes, from volume I in 1776 to volumes IV, V, VI in 1788–89. The work covers the history of the Roman Empire, Europe, and the Catholic Church from 98 to 1590 AD, and discusses the decline of the Roman Empire in the East and its fall in the West. Because of its relative objectivity and heavy use of primary sources, its methodology became a model for later historians. This led to Gibbon being called the first "modern historian of ancient Rome".

Thesis 
Gibbon gave an explanation for why the Roman Empire fell.
According to Gibbon, the Roman Empire succumbed to barbarian invasions because its citizens gradually lost their "civic virtue". They had become weak, using  barbarian mercenaries to defend their Empire, who then became so numerous that they were able to take over the Empire.  

Romans, he believed, became unwilling to live the tougher, "manly" military lifestyle. In addition, Gibbon argued that Christianity created a belief that a better life existed after death. This fostered an indifference to the present among Roman citizens, and sapped their desire to sacrifice for the Empire. He also believed its pacifism tended to hamper the traditional Roman martial spirit. Finally, like other Enlightenment thinkers, Gibbon held in contempt the Middle Ages as a priest-ridden, superstitious, "dark age".  It was not until his own age of reason and rational thought, so it was believed, that human history could resume its progress.
Gibbon sees the Praetorian Guard as the main catalyst of the empire's initial decay and eventual collapse, a seed planted by Augustus at the start of the empire. He cites repeated examples of the Praetorian Guard abusing their power with calamitous results, including numerous instances of imperial assassination and incessant demands for increased pay.

Views on Christianity 
In Volume I, especially Chapters XV and XVI, Gibbon challenged Church history. He estimated far smaller numbers of Christian martyrs than had been previously thought. The Church's version of its early history had rarely been questioned before. For Gibbon, however, the Church writings were secondary sources. He shunned them in favour of primary sources from the period he was writing about. This is one reason why Gibbon is referred to as the "first modern historian".
Gibbon's main theory was that Christianity as a prime factor in the Empire's decline and fall. 
"The introduction, or at least the abuse, of Christianity, had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman empire. The clergy successfully preached the doctrines of patience and pusillanimity; the active virtues of society were discouraged; and the last remains of military spirit were buried in the cloister".

And, more generally:
"The various modes of worship which prevailed in the Roman world were all considered by the people as equally true; by the philosophers as equally false; and by the magistrate as equally useful". (volume 1, chapter 1)

Later historians have mostly not agreed with Gibbon. Today, historians tend to analyze economic and military factors in the decline of Rome.

Editions
Gibbon continued to revise and change his work even after publication. The complexities of the problem are addressed in Womersley's introduction and appendices to his complete edition.
In-print complete editions
 Hugh Trevor-Roper (ed) 6 volumes (New York: Everyman's Library, 1993–1994). ISBN 0-679-42308-7 (vols. 1–3); ISBN 0-679-43593-X (vols. 4–6)
 David Womersley (ed) 3 volumes. hardback-(London: Allen Lane, 1994); paperback-(New York: Penguin Books, 2005;1994). Includes the original index, and the Vindication (1779) which Gibbon wrote in response to attacks on his caustic portrayal of Christianity. The 2005 print includes minor revisions and a new chronology. ISBN 0-7139-9124-0 (3360 p.); ISBN 0-14-043393-7 (v.1, 1232 p.); ISBN 0-14-043394-5 (v.2, 1024 p.); ISBN 0-14-043395-3 (v.3, 1360 p.)
 In-print abridgements
 David Womersley (ed) 1 volume (New York: Penguin Books, 2000). Includes all footnotes and eleven of the original seventy-one chapters. ISBN 0-14-043764-9, 848 p.
Hans-Friedrich Mueller (ed) one volume abridgment (New York: Random House, 2003). Includes excerpts from all seventy-one chapters. It eliminates footnotes, geographic surveys, details of battle formations, long narratives of military campaigns, ethnographies and genealogies, but keeps the narrative from start to finish. ISBN 0-375-75811-9, (trade paper, 1312 p.); ISBN 0-345-47884-3 (mass market paper, 1536 p.)
References 

History books
Roman Empire
1770s books
1780s books
Aminul Islam  (born 29 December 1963) is a poet and essayist. He is from Bangladesh. Aminul has written seventeen books. He written thirteen poetry books. He has been involved in creative writing for 20 years.

Books 
 Tantra Theke Durey (poems)
 Mahananda Ek Sonali Nodir naam (poems)
 Kuashar Barnamala (poems)
 Bishwayan, Bangla Kabita O Onnyannyo Probandha (collection of essays)
 Dadur Bari (rhymes)

References 

1963 births
Living people
Bangladeshi poets
Essayists
Aminul Islam (1973 – April 2012) was a Bangladeshi trade unionist (someone who organises trade unions). He was murdered in 2012.

Work
Islam was a former garment worker and was president of the Ashulia and Savar Bangladesh Garment & Industrial Workers Federation.
Also he was the leader of Bangladesh Center of Worker Solidarity. It has advocated for improved working conditions and higher wages.  In 2010, the organization led protested to push for a larger increase in the minimum wage for garment workers. Islam and other protester were arrested for that.

Islam had recently been working to organize workers in factories, which belonged to the Shanta Group. The company produces clothing for multiple American companies, like Tommy Hilfiger, Nike, and Ralph Lauren.  He had also assisted ABC News, for an interview with the survivors of a recent factory fire in Bangladesh.

References

1973 births
2012 deaths
Bangladeshi people
Trade unionists
Aminul Islam may refer to:

Aminul Islam Bulbul cricketer
Aminul Islam (poet)
Aminul Islam (trade unionist)
Mohammad Mahmudullah Riyad (born February 4, 1986 in Mymensingh, Dhaka), is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He is also known as Mahmudullah. Currently he is the vice captain of Bangladesh cricket team.

References

1986 births
Living people
Cricketers from Dhaka
Mohammad Naeem Islam is an international cricketer from Bangladesh. He was born on 31 December 1986 in Gaibandha. He is a right-handed batsman. He is also an occasional off break bowler.

1986 births
Living people
Bangladeshi cricketers
People from Rangpur Division
Sohag Gazi (born August 5, 1991, Barisal) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He made his Test debut in first test against West Indies in 2012. taking six wickets in the second innings.

Reference

1991 births
Living people
Bangladeshi cricketers
People from Barisal Division
Another Enamul Haque also played for Bangladesh

Enamul Haque (born 5 December 1986 in Sylhet), is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He is known as Enamul Haque jr because a Bangladeshi player Enamul Haque played before him. He is a right-handed batsman. He bowls a slow left-arm delivery.

References

1986 births
Living people
Bangladeshi cricketers
Bangladeshi Muslims
People from Sylhet Division
The Indian Cricket Team is the national cricket team of India. It is ruled by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). It is a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). It has Test and One Day International (ODI) status. On the other hand the women's cricket team just has Test and One Day International status. Under 19 India Cricket is involved along with the Ranji trophy in recruiting players for the Indian national team and the BCCI is the governing body in India.

India's statistics

India's squad
India's squad 

 Captain: Rohit Sharma
 Vice Captain: Ajinkya Rahane (Test), Hardik Pandya (ODI, T20I)
 Wicket-Keeper: KL Rahul, Rishabh Pant.
 Batsmen: Virat Kohli, Shubman Gill, Shreyas Iyer, Suryakumar Yadav, KL Rahul, Ruturaj Gaikwad, Ishan Kishan, Cheteshwar Pujara, Rahul Tripathi, Rinku Singh, Yashasvi Jaiswal.
 All Rounders: Ravindra Jadeja, Ravichandran Ashwin, Axar Patel, Deepak Hooda, Shivam Dube.
 Bowlers: Jasprit Bumrah, Mohammad Shami, Mohammad Siraj, Kuldeep Yadav, Yuzvendra Chahal, Umran Malik, Shardul Thakur.

Women's Cricket 

The Indian National Women's Cricket team was establish in 1976, they later debuted in 206 for the T20 international tournaments.

Official ICC ODI &T20 Rankings 
The Nationals women's team is ranked at 4th place with a rating of 104 in ODIs and is ranked 4th in T20Is with a rating of 265.

Squad
Squad 

 Captain: Harmanpreet Kaur
 Vice Captain: Smriti Mandhana
 Wicket-Keeper: Taniya Bhatia, Yastika Bhatia, Richa Ghosh
 Batters: Harleen Deol, Dayalan Hemalatha, Sabbhineni Meghana, Kiran Navgire, Jemimah Rodrigues, Shafali Verma
 All-rounders: Simran Bahadur, Armanjot Kaur, Shikha Pandey, Sneh Rana, Deepti Sharma, Devika Vaidya
 Bowlers: Radha Yadav, Anjali Sarvani, Meghna Singh, Renuka Singh, Pooja Vastrakar, Rajeshwari Gayakwad

Uniforms

References

Cricket organizations of India
1932 establishments in India
1932 establishments in Asia
The cricket teams of Bangladesh and Australia have played against each other in ODIs since 1990. They have met on 19 occasions. Australia is most successful with 18 victories, Bangladesh have won in only 1 game.

Summary of results

List of matches

In Bangladesh

In Australia

In Neutral Venue

Related pages 
Bangladesh national cricket team
Australia national cricket team

References

Other websites 
ESPNcricinfo

Cricket lists
Bangladeshi cricket lists
Cricket in Australia
One Day International is a form of limited overs cricket. It is played between 2 teams who has one-day status. It was played first in 1971. The teams were Australia and England. In this format of cricket 50 overs played in each innings. But earlier it was 60 overs.

Cricket
In a cricket match an over is a set of six balls bowled from one end of a cricket pitch.

In a normal over, a single bowlers delivers six balls. After the over, the umpire calls "over". Some forms of cricket, like T20 cricket, limit the number of overs that can be bowled in a match/innings.

Historical number of balls per over in Test cricket
Since 1979/80, all Test cricket has been played with six balls per over. But sometimes it also played more than six or less than six.

Balls per over

In England
 1880 to 1888: 4
 1889 to 1899: 5
 1900 to 1938: 6
 1939 to 1945: 8 (though not in the "Victory" Tests)
 1946 to date: 6

In Australia
 1876/77 to 1887/88: 4
 1891/92 to 1920/21: 6
 1924/25: 8
 1928/29 to 1932/33: 6 
 1936/37 to 1978/79: 8 
 1979/80 to date: 6 

In South Africa
 1888/89: 4 
 1891/92 to 1898/99: 5 
 1902/03 to 1935/36: 6 
 1938/39 to 1957/58: 8 
 1961/62 to date: 6

In New Zealand
 1929/30 to 1967/68: 6 
 1968/69 to 1978/79: 8 
 1979/80 to date: 6
In Pakistan
 1954/55 to 1972/73: 6 
 1974/75 to 1977/78: 8 
 1978/79 to date: 6 

In India, West Indies, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh and the United Arab Emirates (venue, not host) all Test matches have been played with six ball overs.

References

Cricket
Sports words
In a cricket match the cricket pitch is the central part of the cricket field. It is 22 yards (20.12 m) long and 10 feet (3.05 m) wide. The surface is very flat, so the ball can bounce on it when bowled to the batsman. At each end of the pitch there is a batsman's ground and a wicket. The bowler must bowl the ball from one end of the pitch (otherwise it is a no-ball) to the batsman or wicket at the other end (it is a wide if the ball is not thrown near one of these).

Cricket
Samizdat was the underground literature of the Soviet Union. Since many authors were banned, and could not publish their works, people used typescripts to circulate their work. Penalties for being caught with copies of banned works was severe. Owning a printing press required permission, and all forms of printing required a licence. However, typewriters were common and, with the aid of carbon paper, many copies of the best works were produced and circulated.

Once samizdats were in circulation, they sometimes got into the West. Several important works were published from samizdat and translated, before they were published in the Soviet Union.

Notable books first published via samizdat 
Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago
Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita (partly)
Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago

European literature
Censorship
Soviet culture