Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
White Oleander is a 2002 American drama movie set in California. It stars Alison Lohman, Michelle Pfeiffer, Robin Wright Penn and Renee Zellweger. It was directed by Peter Kosminsky and is based on the novel of the same name.

Plot 
Ingrid (Pfeiffer) is a photographer who falls in love with a man named Barry Kolker (Billy Connolly). However he is not loyal to her and has sex with other women. Ingrid kills him. She goes to jail and is later found guilty for killing him and goes to prison for a long time. Her daughter, Astrid Magnussen (Lohman), is taken to a series of foster homes.

Her first foster home is with a woman named Starr Thomas (Penn), who has two children, a teenager named Carolee and a young boy named David. During this home, she falls in love with Starr's husband. During a fight, Carolee runs away from home. An angry Starr shoots Astrid in the arm after an argument with her husband.
For a brief time, she is put in a place called "Mac," which houses hundreds of children. During this time, she gets into a fight with a bunch of other girls. She cuts her hair off and threatens the other girls, saying that she will slit their throats in their sleep if they attack her again.

Her second foster home is with a woman named Claire Richards (Zellweger). She is very lonely since her husband Mark (Noah Wyle) is often away on business trips. Astrid likes her a lot and how she always is nice and happy towards her. When Claire and Astrid visit Ingrid, however, Ingrid tells Claire that Mark is cheating on her. Astrid warns her mother not to destroy this home, but Ingrid smiles and says that she would rather have her at the worst foster home ever over Claire. Afterwards, Claire fights with Mark and later kills herself by swallowing a lot of pills at once.
Astrid is put in another home. She is very upset and thinks that her mom caused Claire to kill herself. She chooses a home with a Russian mother named Rena, knowing that Rena will not love her like Claire did because she does not want to see this happen again. This new mother has her sell her nice clothes. Astrid dyes her own hair and starts wearing black clothing. When Ingrid meets Astrid again, she is shocked at how Astrid has turned herself.

During this time, there is a movement to free Ingrid. They believe the original decision of "guilty" of killing Barry was wrong and want a new trial. If Astrid lies and agrees to Ingrid's version of the story, Ingrid will be likely be freed. But if she tells the truth, Ingrid will be put in jail again. Astrid uses this new power to force Ingrid to tell her about her father. Ingrid is then put on trial, but Ingrid tells her lawyer not to call Astrid to the stand. Ingrid is found guilty again and is put in jail.
The movie ends with Astrid, living with her new boyfriend Paul Trout (Patrick Fugit) in New York, putting together a series of suitcases that stand for all of her experiences through foster homes. She has redyed her hair blonde.

Other websites 

2002 drama movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in California
This is a list of colleges and universities which are the Five Colleges, Incorporated:
Amherst College
Hampshire College
Mount Holyoke College
Smith College
University of Massachusetts Amherst

References
This is a list of colleges and universities which are the Five Colleges of Ohio:
The College of Wooster
Denison University
Kenyon College
Oberlin College
Ohio Wesleyan University

References
The Claremont Colleges are a group of private colleges and universities in Claremont, California, near Los Angeles. They include:

Pomona College
Claremont Graduate University
Scripps College
Claremont McKenna College
Harvey Mudd College
Pitzer College
Keck Graduate Institute
Put together, they have about 8500 students.

References

Colleges and universities in California
Los Angeles County, California
This is a list of colleges and universities in the Great Lakes Colleges Association:
Albion College
Allegheny College
College of Wooster
Denison University
DePauw University
Earlham College
Hope College
Kalamazoo College
Kenyon College
Oberlin College
Ohio Wesleyan University
Wabash College

References
Doctor Beverly Crusher is a fictional character from the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation The character is played by actress Gates McFadden. Crusher was born as Beverly Howard. She is a human medical doctor working for Starfleet. Crusher was the chief medical officer on the starships USS Enterprise-D and USS Enterprise-E. She had the military rank of Commander. Crusher had a husband, Jack Crusher (now dead), and one son, Wesley Crusher.
Character story
Doctor Crusher was born in Copernicus City, Luna (Earth's moon). When she was very young her parents died. After this, she lived with her grandmother on Arvada III, a colony planet. After joining Starfleet, she married Lieutenant Jack Crusher. He served with captain Jean-Luc Picard on the USS Stargazor. They had a son, Wesley Crusher. Jack Crusher was killed in an accident on the Stargazor in 2354. On the Enterprise-D, Crusher is a good friend with all the senior staff. She plays poker with them every week. Beverly is a good dancer. She has won many trophies in the past for dancing. She tries to keep this a secret because she did not want to be known as "the dancing doctor" as she used to be in the past.

Star Trek: The Next Generation characters
Chakswari (Urdu: ), also known as Chaksawari, is an area in the Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It comprises 15 Union councils including the Islamgarh Municipal Committee. Amongst the primary affectees from the raising of the Mangla Dam project were inhabitants of Chakswari and Islamgarh.  Chakswari is 26 miles or 41.84 km from Mirpur. The political constituency code for Chakswari and Islamgarh is LA-2.

Chakswari had always been an important trunk road to and fro Mirpur city.  Pre-Mangla Dam the Old Mirpur City now submerged under the Mangla Dam was a stone throw away from Chakswari.  Naturally, all major hub towns tend to be bustling with traffic and subsequently economic and commercial activity.  Chakswari was no different and remains a buzz with a activity and is a major economic and commercial hub outside Mirpur city even today.
Chakswari comprises of many villages that border the Mangla Dam and surround the bustling Chakswari bazaar.  A major city attributed to the state of Mirpur, it remains a major trunk road to travellers and traders to Dadyal, Kotli from and to Mirpur and Bhimber.  Chakswari Bazaar is a major economy in the region and today you can find all modern amenities one would expect in any major city in Pakistan.

Main Source of income of Chakswari, Azad Kashmir is investment via respected overseas Kashmiri's who have moved to UK in the 60s and consecutive years to date. They have created well established communities in Bradford, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Dewsbury, Nottingham, Sheffield, Stoke-on-Trent and a small number in towns around Greater Manchester and found in the South of England in Luton, Oxford and Rachyal family in London.
People of Chakswari are very entrepreneurial in spirit but also hard working who initially worked in British manufacturing and textiles industries.  By the time of the second generation they began to diversify into transport work and business.  The third and fourth generation have successfully moved into business and professional careers.  People of Chakswari like the vast majority of people of AJK are renowned for their hospitality, etiquette and hard work.
Geography
Chakswari comprises partly plain and partly hilly areas. Chakswari has pleasant scenery and the climate is generally arid with little rainfall and is characterised by hot summers and cool winters. Its history begins long before the events of partition. The old part of the town is divided up into a number of sub areas, made up of local and rural residentials with farming belts.  There is much family history tied in kinship to each locality that makes up Chakswari. Its old bazaar remains to this day a great commercial startup hub not only for locals but for people who have crossed into Azad Kashmir from other parts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and Afghanistan.  Many people from oitside set up shop in Chakswari bazaar some for short term and many whom have now settled and adopted Chakswari as their home.
Chakswari is divided into two parts, the historic old town where the majority of the wholesale shops are based.  This is very well established and known for its rich history.  Chakswari's old Raja Bazaar is the old much loved indoor historic shopping centre in the old town.  The old bazaar is actually very well maintained and a labyrinth of little streets with  small outlets selling everything one can imagine.  The bazaar is very safe, extremely clean and well maintained and is a hidden treasure and loved by the people of Chakswari and further parts, Dadyal, people of Kotli regularly frequent it.  The old town still has some iconic restuarants like the iconic old Roopyal dining restaurant near the old bazaar recently refurbished to compete with some new establishments on the colony road but sadly the once Kalyal hotel is no more with time came its demise.
Then offcourse there is the more recent part referred to as Chakswari Colony.  Chakswari Colony was built for the families who lost their homes following the construction of Mangla Dam.  Like most small to large cities where the historic old towns were not built or equipped to manage a boom in population.  Chakswari old town a d bazaar was also unable to meet the needs of a new generation who brought with them automotive traffic.  Naturally Chakswari had to expand outwards, like in most places the shopping precints begin to grow out from the old town connecting itself and so the old town integrated into to the wider roads linking to Chakswari New Colony. The new shopping areas now boasts rivalry to most mid sized cities in Pakistan with some relatively good brands such as the Nafees Bakery, Chicken Cottage and many boutique and high end restaurants on the Kotli Road.  Chakswari is also famous for its marriage halls including The Roopyal Marquee and Nashemam Marriage Hall
.  The Roopyal Marquee was the first super marriage hall in tne region if not Azad Kashmir.  The Roopyal Marriage Hall which was the vision of the Late beloved Nadeem Roopyal just off the Kotli Road.  In memory of Late Chaudhry Nadeem Roopyal it is today rightly so renamed Nadeem Roopyal Suites & Marquee who was a trailblazer for modern Marquees now found across the Kotli Chakswari road to Mirpur.
The ancient history of Chakswari can be traced back to the Old Grave Yard located in old Chakswari, leading to the land all around the old town of Chakswari. The old Ancestral Graveyard is located near Gazal Shaav (Holy Site).

Notable parts of Chakswari include Kalyal, Buna Mora or Taki Kalyal, Ladhar, Susral, Panyam, Rachyal, Roopyal, Tagdew but there are many more with rich heritage and history also.

Very notable Azad Kashmiris have hailed from Kalyal village and therefore Kalyal has always been held in high esteem. Even today very well known personalities of Mirpur state / borough hail from Kalyal village of Chakswari.  In recent times Panyam village also is notable due to well known Azad Kashmiri personalities.

The main Potohar areas of LA-2 Tehsil are the following:

1. Kalyal including Buna Mora or Taki Kalyal
2. Panyam
3. Susraal
4. Rachyal
5. Tang dew
6. Palak
7. Pind Khurd
8. Dheri Phali
9. Dheri Barwan
10. Boa
11. Kaneli
12. Mawah
13. Bajjar
14. Herdochi
15. Potha Bainsi
16.Ladhar
17.Chak
During the 1947 Poonch rebellion the demographics of Jammu State changed from a Muslim majority state to a Hindu marginal majority state.  The genocide was politically motivated to ensure Kashmir would ascede to India and the independence movement squashed.  Subsequently, a huge revolt took place by the indigenous Muslim Kashmiri population of Jammu and Kashmir against Maharaja Hari Singh and the Indian State.
What began as a economic peaceful boycott by the Indigenous muslim population, beginning as a No Tax revolt soon became a freedom struggle as news of the massacre of Muslims in poonch by Hari Singh and the Indian State reached across the state.  This subsequently led to the First Kashmir War where Chakswari served as a strategic location for the Muslim rebels who styled themselves as the Azad Army. Chakswari was an important staging ground for the revolt and supply of amunition to the Muslim freedom fighters that led to liberation from The despotic Dogra's with support from the state of Pakistan.  This struggle led to the liberation of parts of Kashmir which is dearly referred to by Kashmiris as Azad Kashmir or Free Kashmir from the tyranny of Hari Singh and the Indian State.
In the 1960s once again the region of Chakswari and its neighbouring areas would prove strategic for Pakistan.  This time, it was to build the Mangla Dam at the foot of Mangla and collapse the surrounding areas of Mirpur to support the water needs of the state of Pakistan.  

Mangla Dam History

In 1960 IWT (Indus Waters Treaty) was signed; according to this treaty, India was awarded rights to the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi rivers, and Pakistan besides the waters of these three rivers within Pakistani territories, and some financial compensation was granted rights to construct the Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum river basins.

Until 1967, Pakistan’s whole irrigation system was totally dependent on the unchecked flow of the River Indus and its main tributaries.

Issue of Poor Agricultural Production
The agricultural production was very poor for a variety of reasons, the most important being the shortage of water during the crucial growing seasons. This issue arose from seasonal fluctuations inflow of the river due to monsoons and the lack of storage facilities to store large quantities of excess water during times of heavy river discharge.

The Mangla Dam was among 2-dams built to overcome this shortcoming and reinforce the irrigation country’s infrastructure as a part of the Indus Basin Program, while the 2nd was the Tarbela Dam located on the River Indus in Swabi, KPK.

Mangla Dam Construction

Cost

The dam was built at the cost of Rupees 15.587 billion, ADB (Asian Development Bank) and World Bank-funded for the dam.

Reservoir
Reservoir

The dam was built between 1961 & 1965 across the river Jhelum in the Mirpur district of AJK (Azad Jammu & Kashmir), some 108 km southeast of Islamabad. The components of the Mangla Dam include intake structures, power station, five tunnels, emergency spillway, main spillway, intake embankment, main embankment, and a reservoir.

Apart from the main dam, Sukian dyke seventeen-thousand feet long and a small dam named the Jari Dam to obstruct the Jari Nala-had to be built eleven miles outside the new town of Mirpur. There were 120 x 106 yd3 (cubic yards) of the trench for the reservoir, while the total fill was 142 x 106 yd3 & concrete to 1.96 x 106 yd3, respectively

With the advent of the Mangla Dam project, like most villages of Mirpur district; people of Chakswari migrated to the UK and other countries from the 1960s onwards.
The Mangla Dam remains a very important structure and holds strategic and climatic importance just as it did back the.  It was a  vital project for the people of Pakistan and agriculture of Pakistan.  Often overlooked are the real silent heroes who to this day are rarely acknowledged by the vast majority of Pakistanis for their sacrifice.  Families of Azad Kashmiris were displaced and uprooted and families divided as a result.  Azad Kashmiris from more so the people of Mirpur faced three major catastrophic upheavals in their modern history.  The first was the advent of the Dogra occupation who were gifted the state of Kashmir illegally by The British for a pittance.  The Dogra barbarity displaced thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Kashmiris from Jammu and Kashmir into into what we lovingly call Pakistan today.  The vast majority displaced into West Punjab as it was commonly known back then
.  The second was during partition, when Kashmiris faced the major brunt of the Indian states wickedness through sectarianism through their stooge Maharaja Hari Singh.  This resulted in alot of innocent Kashmiris bloodshed and hundreds and thousands were killed.  Thirdly, what has been often overlooked and equally disruptive was the construction of The Mangla Dam. Not to say Azad Kashmiris did not acknowledge The Mangla Dam for the greater good but their sacrifice often overlooked or simply never known by their brethren in Pakistan.
Buildings
Chakswari is well known for the existence of The Holy Pir. It is most commonly known as Noshahi Pir who were part of the Muhammad family tree. The Noshahi Haji Pir Ganj Baksh tomb is in Ralmal Sharif in Gujrat. In the '90s, they were known for helping the people of Chakswari with things like poverty. It is one of the most famous Sufi shrines in the region. Chakswari also has lots of mosques, the main one being the Jamia Masjid located in the town. There are other mosques too such as the Jamia-e-Haydar Masjid or Ghazi Hasan Masjid which owes its name to the 15th century Muslim warrior in the region, Raja Ghazi Hasan Khan.

Notable places and people

• The late Mian Hussain Ali – AJK State Council Member, politician, businessmen and patriarch of the Ali Family and responsible for Chakswari's place as a economic stalwart contributing to the success of Mirpur today.  His grandson is Zafar Anwar a well known business man and politician.  Hailed from Kalyal village Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.
• The late DSP Fazal Hussain was a prominent law man who policed Mirpur State following AJK liberation from India.  DSP Fazal Hussain was a towering figure in personality as he was in character and a man of great principle.  Much loved and remembered by all from Chakswari.  Hailed from Kalyal village Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.

• Ch. Muhammad Anwar (d.2020) – Politician & former chairman District Council Mirpur, AJK  Also the son of Mian Hussain Ali and father to Zafar Anwar.  Hailed from Kalyal village, Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.

• Ch. Mushtaq Ahmed (d. 2016) – Managing Director of Hussain Ali Construction Company (HACC).  Hailed from Kalyal Chakswari.

• Ch. Raza Ali – Managing Director of Raza Group of Companies hails from Kalyal, Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.
• Ch. Muhammad Saeed – President Pakistan Chamber of Commerce, Azad Group Managing Director, Honorary British Consul for AJK, MLA from Mirpur (representing PML-N).  Chaudhry Saeed is an extemely successful businessman responsible for a great number of successful enterprises in Mirpur Azad Kashmir Toyota Azad Motors, Megha Mart, Shopping Pavilions and responsible for bringing big brand retailers into Azad Kashmir like Ideas, and holds the KFC and McDonalds franchise. Chaudhry Saeed hails from Kalyal village, Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.

• Ch. Zafar Anwar – Businessman and Senior Vice President (PTI)  Ch. Zafar Anwar represents a new generation of highly educated young elites from Azad Kashmir and has many business interests including Valley Homes housing association in Mirpur.  Hails from Kalyal village, Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.
• Ch. Maqsood Hussain (d. 2022) – UK Businessman father of Ch. Ansar Maqsood.  Ch. Maqsood's family settled in Stoke-on-Trent UK and his children have various business interests in UK and AJK notably the Honda Empire car showroom in Mirpur.  Hailed from Kalyal village, Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.

• Ch. Ansar Maqsood of Honda car showroom Mirpur AJK.  A prominent Azad Kashmiri business man in AJK.  Ch. Ansar Maqsood represents a new generation of entrepreneurial spirit in Mirpur Azad Kashmir and is responsible for a great deal in the vibrant economy of Mirpur city.  Hails from Kalyal, Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.

• Ch. Muhammad Azam (b. 1929 – d. 2007) – Pakistan Air Force Squadron Leader with 36 years service and was stationed in Quetta, Karachi and Saudi Arabia.  Hailed from Kalyal, Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.
• Ch. Abdul Karim– an MLA in the early years of parliament in AJK  Ch. Abdul Karim is responsible for a great deal in shaping the state of Mirpur and contributing to it's successful place as the hub of economic activity in Azad Kashmir.  Ch. Abdul Karim had many business interests including transport, logistics and construction.  Hailed from Kalyal village, Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.

• Ch. Qasim Majeed – MLA (representing PPP) hails from Panyam Chakswari.  Ch. Qasim Majeed brings much needed young blood and energy to the political landscape of Chakswari and Mirpur.  Hails from Panyam village, Chakswari.

• Chaudhry Abdul Majeed served as the Prime Minister of Azad Jammu And Kashmir from 2011 to 2016. He has also been the President of the Pakistan People's Party's in Azad Kashmir's Chapter.  Hails from Panyam village, Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.

• Zaman Khan – (born 2001), Professional cricketer who has represented Pakistan on the global stage.  Hails from Chakswari, Azad Kashmir.
Brief origins summary of the Kalyal clan

The predominant inhabitants of Chakswari are Jat and Chaudhry biradri (family) and there has been an emphasis and interest on the major Jat clan of Chakswari namely the Kalyal Jat clan.

Origins of the Kalyal Jat clan lineage
The Kalyal Jat clan is a prominent clan found along the Jhelum River, Mirpur Region (Chakswari) but further up in other regions like Dadyal Azad Kashmir and Gujjar Khan in the Punjab.  Sadly British colonialism and independence struggle history took precedence over local regional history in the modern era and little academic work was inked about the great Jat clans of the Jammu and Kashmir region that crossed the Jhelum river to Western Punjab regions like Jhelum, Gujjar Khan and further into the Gujrat regions.  The Kalyals (Kalial's) were a prominent clan and thus some piecemeal history exists and referenced here.  Even the early 20th Century British ethnologist, H. A Rose has  made a reference to the Kalyal Jat clan as being the last of the Rajput Jat clans.

"Sombanai descent and Rajput ancestry i.e., a last status as Rajput— are claimed by the Kalial (Kalyal)."
Horace Arthur Rose was an early 20th Century British colonial official who co-authored "A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province", which is one of the most comprehensive Glossary on the tribes of Punjab, and a good source on many Punjabi tribes.

the Kalyal (Kalial) tribe claims descent from Kala Khan or Mal Khan, a Chandravanshi Rajput, who settled in the Potohar region in the 15th Century. However, some Kalyal (Kalial) lineages claim Suryavanshi ancestry.
There are also a widespread tradition that Kal to be a Bhatti Rajput, which would make the Kalyal a clan of the Bhatti tribe. Therefore, the Kal aal are the descendants of Kals. The Kalyal are essentially a tribe of the Chibhal, a region between the Tawi and Jhelum rivers, now divided by the line of control, forming the districts of Mirpur and Bhimber in Azad Kashmir, Rajouri, Reasi and parts of Jammu district west of the river Tawi in Indian administered Kashmir. From Chibhal, groups of Kalyal began migrating to the Punjab plains, initially settling in around Dina, and Sahowa and then spreading to Gujar Khan, which is home to the greatest concentrations of Kalyal. Most of the Gujarkhan Kalyal claim to a be a clan of the Bhatti Rajputs. Other groups moved southeast, settling in Gujrat district, where they are still an important Jat clan. There is a single Kalyal village in Kharian Tehsil of Gujrat district.

Kalyal in Azad Kashmir (Chakswari, Mirpur region).
The most visible branch of the Kalyal are found in a single village named Kalyal in Chakswari, Azad Jammu and Kashmir.  Giving credence to the Rajput lineage due to the influential personalities that came from this village.  To this day, the Kalyal village descendants remain a very influential prominent group in Chakswari and Mirpur city.  The Kalyal, Chakswari family remain influential across Mirpur state and city which is the economic hub of Azad Kashmir.  The Kalyal village in Chakswari was widely known as the home of Chakswari nobility or gentry in the past. Further divisible Kalyal branches are also found in Mohra-na-Mohra / Mohra Mundian and Pind Kalan villages  Add-ne-Plai, Laddar and Domal (now inundated by the Mangla Dam) and also Gaderi (now inundated by the Mangla Dam), while another branch is in Palaak, Tarnot, and Arnoh, near Panyam.
Further Jatt branches migrated from Sialkot to Gujrat Gorsian, from there to the Mirpur region and settled in the villages of Panyam (Moohri Panyam / Baavaya-ni-Moohri – these have largely moved to New Abadi Kalyal Chakswari due to the Dam); Essar, Pind Kalan; Gowanda and Prahi (near Chok Sahiban); and Mera Kandi.

In Panyam Chakswari, also known as Sarr-wala-Mohra, branche/s of the Kalyal's originate in Tope Mankiala near Rawalpindi. Finally, there is also a lineage found in the village of Kalyal Sheru.

References

Tehsils of Mirpur District
Mirpur () is a city in Pakistan administered Azad Kashmir, and the headquarter of Mirpur District and formerly the Mirpur Division. Officially, it is named New Mirpur City. Although it is now part of Azad Kashmir, up until the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar Mirpur was part of the Punjab region. The population are Pahari and the language they speak is Pothwari. Mirpur is located at the South West of Azad Kashmir at an elevation of 459 metres (1509 ft), not far from Islamgarh. It is 323 kilometres (200 miles) from Srinagar, the capital of Jammu and Kashmir and 295 kilometres (183 miles) from Muzaffarabad. The city is 100% Muslim with all residents professing Islam.

References 

Cities in Azad Kashmir‎
Tehsils of Mirpur District
Jalalabad () is a city and a municipal council of Ferozpur District in the Punjab state of the Republic of India.

Cities in Punjab, India
The Kupferhof Bauschenberg was a brass producing factory built in the 17th century in the German city of Stolberg. It had a great influence on the brass industry which made Stolberg world leader in brass production for more than a century.

Due to the excellent conditions for the production of the alloy brass there could hardly be a better place to choose than Stolberg. Located near the small river Vichtbach the water wheels could easily be powerded. Calamine was delivered by the oar mines from nearby Breinigerberg and wood for firing the furnaces had been available in adequate quantities in the forests of the Eifel. This must be the reason why Gottfried Schardinel, one of the richest persons at that time in the region of Stolberg built the Kupferhof Bauschenberg. 

Later the three factories Kupferhof Bauschenberg, Dollartshammer as well as Straßburger Hof fusionated to create the company Prym.
Literature 
 Karl Schleicher: Geschichte der Stolberger Messingindustrie. (=Beiträge zur Stolberger Geschichte und Heimatkunde, Heft 6, 1956, hsg. von der Stadtbücherei Stolberg (Rhld.)) {de}

Companies of Germany
17th-century establishments in Germany
Zira () was one of the two tehsils of Punjab that was part of a controversy during the Partition of India. The other tehsil was Ferozpur. Sir Cyril Radcliffe created the boundary between India and Pakistan just days before the partition. A draft of the award was supposedly sent to Evan Jenkins by George Abell, Lord Mountbatten’s private secretary. Jenkings was the provincial governor of Punjab at the time. The draft had the description of the Punjab boundary. It showed that the tehdils of Ferozepur and Zira tehsils were to be a part of Pakistan.

The final version of the boundary gave the areas to India. This caused Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, to say that the award was not just, incomprehensible and perverse. He did agreed to accept the action. The dispute was settled in 1960 as part of an agreement between the governments of India and Pakistan.

References

Punjab, India
Sturgeon is the common name for 27 species of fish in the family Acipenseridae.

Evolution 
Sturgeons have been referred to as "living fossils" or "primitive fish" because their features have not changed very much since their earliest fossil record.

Habitat 
Sturgeon range from subtropical to subarctic waters in North America and Eurasia. In North America, they range along the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of Mexico to Newfoundland. They used to be found throughout the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes and the Hudson River.

Throughout this extensive range, almost all species are highly threatened or vulnerable to extinction due to a combination of habitat destruction, overfishing, and pollution.
In the last century, this large fish was often regarded as a nuisance because it often became entangled in and caused  commercial fishing nets to become ripped. Only much later did the sturgeon become prized for its meat, eggs (caviar) and oil. Gelatin from the inner lining of its air bladder was used to make isinglass--a substance used as a clarifying agent in jellies, glues and in the isinglass windows of carriages and early cars. Nowadays, the lake sturgeon's dark form can be sometimes be discerned in reedy shallows or near river mouths.

References 

Edible fish
Ray-finned fish
Living fossils
The Great American Bash is an yearly summer professional wrestling pay-per-view made by World Wrestling Entertainment. It was originally made by the National Wrestling Alliance and then by World Championship Wrestling. However, according to Ric Flair in his autobiography, Dusty Rhodes invented The Great American Bash.
 
After the last Great American Bash by World Championship Wrestling in 2000, The Great American Bash did not happen again until 2004 and only Smackdown! superstars were on it until the 2007 event when Raw and ECW superstars joined. Something special about this pay-per-view is that anyone in the American military can see The Great American Bash for free.

Dates and places
Here are the dates and places where past events have been held.


Other websites 
Official Website of The Great American Bash
WWE The Bash 2009 Matches 

World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
Ness may refer to:

Places
 Ness is an archaic word meaning a headland or cape and comes from nes in Icelandic / Old Norse and for that reason there are many places once under Viking or Norse influence that include the word
 Loch Ness
Loch Ness Monster
 Ness: East Ness & West Ness, Ryedale, North Yorkshre
 River Ness, links the Loch to the North Sea at Inverness, Scotland, UK
 Ness, Western Isles, the most northerly area on Lewis, Scotland, UK
 Bo'ness, a town in Scotland, UK
 Lowestoft Ness, most easterly point of the UK
 Orford Ness, shingle spit and bird sanctuary in Suffolk, England, UK
 Dungeness, shingle promontory and site of a nuclear power station in Kent, England
 Ness, Cheshire, a village in Cheshire on the Wirral Peninsula, England, UK
 Ness Botanic Gardens, owned by the University of Liverpool and located on the Wirral Peninsula, England, UK
 Langness Peninsula, in the Isle of Man
 Ness City, Kansas
 Ness Township, Minnesota
 Sheerness, an English town in Kent
 Caithness, a Scottish county
Organizations
 New England Skeptical Society (NESS), a Skeptical organization
 Ness Foundation, a medical research charity near Inverness, Scotland
 Nottingham Exchange Students Society, a student-run society at the University of Nottingham
 Ness Technologies Ltd, an Information Technology company.
Hy-Vee is an employee owned chain of supermarkets in the Midwestern United States. As of January 2008, Hy-Vee runs 197 supermarkets and 26 Drugstores in seven states. Over 100 of its supermarkets are in Iowa, but it also has stores in Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Hy-Vee is known for its longtime advertising slogan, "Where there's a helpful smile in every aisle."

Two-time National Football League MVP Kurt Warner once worked at a Hy-Vee Store in Cedar Falls, Iowa.  After he was cut by the Green Bay Packers at age 24, he thought his football career might be over, so he worked there to play for his bills.
Company starting 
The company was started by Charles Hyde and David Vredenburg. They had opened a general store in Beaconsfield, Iowa, in 1930. In 1938, the company changed their name to Hyde & Vredenburg, Inc. Hyde & Vredenburg had 15 stores in Iowa and Missouri at that time. In 1945, Hyde & Vredenburg moved its headquarters from Lamoni to Chariton, Iowa, after buying the Chariton Wholesale Company.

Stores 
Most Hy-Vee stores are full-service supermarkets with bakeries, delicatessens, banks, florists, and pharmacies. To keep pace with Wal-Mart's recent expansion into the gas station business, Hy-Vee has also added gas stations with convenience stores to some of its stores.

HyVee's Largest Store is in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, which has 
over  of Retail Space in the store. Hy-vee keeps making larger stores, so their largest store changes every 6 months to every year.
Employment 
Hy-Vee Inc. employs over 52,000 people and is the largest employer in the state of Iowa.  The company has annual sales of over $5.84 billion. In 2007, Hy-Vee ranked 47th on Forbes magazine's annual list of the largest privately owned companies in the United States.

References

Other websites
 Hy-Vee Food Stores Official Website

Supermarkets of the United States
1930 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Iowa
Mézeray may mean:

 François-Eudes de Mézeray (1610-1683), French historian
 Mézeray, a commune of the Sarthe département in France
A liger is a mix between a male lion (Panthera leo) and a female tiger (Panthera tigris). It is different from a similar mix called a tigon and is the biggest of all known extant cats.

Other websites 
 Liger Tribute 
 Liger  Video of Sinbad (900 pound liger)
 Liger Pictures Liger Pictures from the Animal Safari in Pine Mountain Georgia
 The Liger Exists 

Panthera
Animal hybrids

hu:Panthera hibridek#Liger
sv:Lejonhybrid#Liger och tigon
White Oleander is a 1999 novel set in Los Angeles. It was written by Janet Fitch.  It was later made into a movie in 2002 titled White Oleander.

Plot

Ingrid is a poet who falls in love with a man named Barry Kolker.  However he is not loyal to her and sees other women.  Ingrid kills him by going to Mexico and buying a drug.  She then smears it over all of the surfaces.  Barry touches these surfaces, the poison gets in his body, and he dies.  She goes to jail and is later found guilty for killing him and goes to prison for a long time.  Her daughter, Astrid, is taken to a series of foster homes.  

Her first foster home is a woman named Starr, who has a two children, a teenager named Carolee and a young boy named David.  During this home, she falls in love with Starr's husband.  She later has an affair by sleeping with him.  During a fight, Carolee runs away from home.  An angry Starr shoots Astrid in the arm after an argument with her husband.
Her second home is with a woman named Amelia.  Amelia has many girls at her house.  She has them only to get money (she calls it "easy money") and only feeds them at dinnertime, locking the fridge during the rest of the day.  All the girls are hungry all of the time.  She eventually gets out of it by talking to a foster worker.

For a brief time, she is put in a place called "Mac," which houses hundreds of children.  During this time, she gets into a fight with a bunch of other girls.  She cuts her hair off and threatens the other girls, saying that she will slit their throats in their sleep if they attack her again.  She also meets a boy named Paul Trout here, who she likes a lot.
Her third foster home is with a woman named Claire Richards.  She is very lonely since her husband Ron is always out on business trips.  Astrid likes her a lot and how she always is nice and happy towards her.  When Claire and Astrid visit Ingrid, however, Ingrid tells Claire that Ron is cheating on her.  Astrid warns her mother not to destroy this home, but Ingrid smiles and says that she would rather have her at the worst foster home ever over Claire.  Afterwards, Claire fights with Mark and later kills herself by taking a lot of pills at.  

Astrid is put in a fourth home.  She is very upset and thinks that her mom caused Claire to kill herself.  She chooses a home with a Russian mother named Rena, knowing that Rena will not love her like Claire did because she does not want to see this happen again.  This new mother has her sell her nice clothes.  Astrid dyes her own hair and starts wearing black clothing.  When Ingrid meets Astrid again, she is shocked at how Astrid has turned herself.
During this time, there is a movement to free Ingrid.  They believe the original decision of "guilty" of killing Barry was wrong and want a new trial.  If Astrid lies and agrees to Ingrid's version of the story, Ingrid will be likely be freed.  But if she tells the truth, Ingrid will be put in jail again.  Astrid uses this new power to force Ingrid to tell her about her father.  Ingrid says that all she wanted Astrid to be was strong, but that she has turned into a nuclear site, the wrong kind of strong.  She says that she wants Astrid to be back the way she used to be.  Astrid says she will only come back if her mother releases her – does not call her as a witness.  Ingrid agrees.  Ingrid is then put on trial again and found not guilty.
The novel ends with Astrid, living with her new boyfriend Paul in East Berlin.  She is reading the newspaper and finds out about how her mother was found not guilty.  Astrid is putting together a series of suitcases that stand for all of her experiences through foster homes.

1999 books
20th-century American novels
Los Angeles in fiction
Cold Mountain is a 2003 American drama movie set in North Carolina. It was directed by Anthony Minghella. The main actors in the movie are Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, and Renee Zellweger. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards and won one, for Zellweger as Best Supporting Actress.

Plot
The movie is about a Civil War deserter named W. P. Inman.  He has deserted the Confederate Army – he does not to fight the war anymore and they would not let him go, so he left and has not come back. In the Civil War, the Confederacy wanted to break away from the United States, but the Union would not let them, so they fought for whether the Confederacy (also called the South) should be allowed to break away or not. Before he left, he fell in love with a woman named Ada and now he wants to be back with her.
Along the way, Inman finds a preacher named John. John is a drunk, but he goes with Inman. However, they are caught by the Home Guard, a group of men who try to find deserters and round them up. They are put in chains with a bunch of other people and are forced to march for a few days. However, the Home Guard gets tired of moving them and decides to shoot them all.  Inman manages to not get hit and soon breaks free.

At home, Ada is living with her father. Her father dies soon after Inman leaves and soon the farmhouse and the farm breaks down and looks bad. A woman named Ruby comes and teaches Ada how to work and fix the farmhouse up. They soon become good friends.  One day, Ruby's father comes to the farm. He had left his wife and the children before, and Ruby slaps him because of it but she lets him in. He can play an instrument.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

2003 romantic drama movies
2000s war movies
Italian drama movies
Romanian drama movies
American Civil War
American romantic drama movies
American war movies
2000s English-language movies
2000s historical movies
Movies set in North Carolina
Movies set in forests
Movies set in the 1860s
Buena Vista International movies
Miramax movies
Movies directed by Anthony Minghella
Environment may mean:
Environment (biophysical), the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism
Natural environment, all living and non-living things that occur naturally on Earth
Built environment, constructed surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging from the large-scale civic surroundings to the personal places
Social environment, the culture that an individual lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact
Environmental science, the study of the interactions among the physical, chemical and biological components of the environment
Environmental psychology
Environmental determinism
Environmental policy
Environmental quality
Environmental art
In computing:
Environment variable, the set of environments meaning in a process
Runtime environment, a virtual machine state which gives a software services for processes or programs while a computer is running
Integrated development environment, a kind of computer software that helps computer programmers in developing software
Desktop environment, in computing, is graphical user interface to the computer

Related
Ambient
Environmentalism, a concern with the preservation of the environment
Environmental movement
Ecology, a sub-discipline of biology often confused with the environment in general
AT&T Inc. (used to be called American Telegraph & Telephone) is the largest provider of both local and long distance fixed telephone services and Internet access in the United States with 71.4 million customers. It is the second largest wireless service provider in the country.

AT&T has been publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange since 1984. It was one of the 30 companies that made up the Dow Jones Industrial Average until 2013, when it was replaced by Apple Inc.

On April 8, 2022, the spinoff of WarnerMedia and its subsequent merger with Discovery, Inc. to form Warner Bros. Discovery was completed. As a result of this merger, HBO Max and other video services were dropped from AT&T's unlimited plan offering.

References

Other websites
 Official website

American telephone companies
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Texas
Companies based in Dallas
Air-ground radiotelephone service is a method of telephone communications used by aircraft pilots and passengers of commercial airline jets flying over the United States.

Aviation in the United States
Telecommunications
Heart of Midlothian Football Club (commonly known as Hearts) is a professional football club based at Tynecastle Stadium in Edinburgh, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Premier League along with their city rivals Hibernian. Hearts were one of the teams invited to join the Scottish Football League when it first started in 1890. Hearts have won the Scottish Cup on 8 occasions, the League title 4 times and the League Cup 4 times.

Players

Current squad 

As of 7 December

Out on loan

References 

Scottish Premier League clubs
1874 establishments in Scotland
Organisations based in Edinburgh
The Abbey library of St. Galllen () is a library in St. Gallen, Switzerland. It was attached to the abbey of St. Gallen. This abbey had a great importance in the Middle Ages. Today, there are about 2,100 manuscripts from the Middle Ages, about 1 650 Inucabula (books and sheets printed before 1501) and early printings before 1520, as well as about 160,000 books. The library is the oldest library in Switzerland. The manuscript B of the Nibelungenlied is kept here.

Libraries in Europe
St. Gallen
Pohleď is a village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 80 people live there. The village has an area of 4.34 km². It was first documented in 1400.

Villages in Vysočina Region
In 1887 Hibernian defeated Preston North End in a match nicknamed the Association Football Championship of the World decider, because of the two teams’ achievements in their domestic cup trophies. Hibs enjoyed enormous success throughout the 1940s and 50s where they won the 1947/8, 1950/1 and 1951/2 League Competitions. Their not-so-secret weapon was the attacking formation known as ‘The Famous Five’ consisting of Bobby Johnstone, Willie Ormond, Lawrie Reilly, Gordon Smith and Eddie Turnbull. 

Hibs became the first British team to enter European competition in 1955.  They competed in the Champions Cup and gave a fantastic performance against the German club, Rot Weiss Essen, winning 4-1 and drawing 1-1 on the return match in Scotland.

Hibernian F.C. was in grave danger of being closed down at the beginning of the 1990s when Wallace Mercer of rivals, Hearts of Midlothian, decided he wanted just one main club in Edinburgh.  However, the club was saved in 1991 by Sir Tom Farmer CBE.
Hibernian became the first team to be relegated via the SPFL playoffs in 2014. In 2016 they ended their 114 year wait for the Scottish Cup, winning a final against Rangers 3-2.

In 2019, Tom Farmer sold the club to Ron Gordon. Gordon died in 2023.

Squad 
As of June 15 2008.

References

Scottish Premier League clubs
1875 establishments in the United Kingdom
1870s establishments in Scotland
Organisations based in Edinburgh
Inverness Caledonian Thistle Football Club is a professional football club based at Caledonian Stadium in Inverness, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Championship and are currently managed by Billy Dodds.

Current squad

International players 
Six players have represented their country whilst contracted to Caley Thistle. These are Pāvels Mihadjuks (Latvia), Richard Hastings and Davide Xausa (both Canada), Marius Niculae (Romania), Jonathan Tuffey (Northern Ireland) and Owain Tudur-Jones (Wales national football team).

References

Caledonian
Scottish Premier League clubs
1994 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Scotland
Kilmarnock Football Club is a professional football club based at Rugby Park in Kilmarnock, Scotland. They were founded in 1869, and are the oldest professional club in Scotland. They currently play in the Scottish Premier League and are managed by Angelo Alessio.

Current squad

Notable former players
 Steven Naismith
 Kris Boyd       
 Alex Burke
 Ian Durrant
 Alex Burke
 John Shaw
 Gary Holt
 Gus MacPherson
 Ally McCoist
 Kevin McGowne
 Jim McIntyre
   Dylan Kerr
 Tommy McLean
 Gordon Smith 
 Paul Wright
 Dragoje Leković
 Gary McSwegan

Managers

References

Scottish Premier League clubs
1869 establishments in the United Kingdom
19th-century establishments in Scotland
East Ayrshire
Higher education is after secondary education. Through attending college a higher degree (or title) can be gained. Generally, people must be 18 years old or over to enter higher education. They also need to have completed primary school and secondary education. Usually some kind of selection is used.  Exams can be of state, local or university level. Sometimes no selection exists. Some open universities encourage older adults to apply, whether they were good at school or not.

Preparation 

Higher education is either professional or academic. You can study for a diploma or a degree. Graduates can study for a master's or doctorate.  Places of higher education were traditionally called universities, but there are other names like institute, teaching training college, academy, conservatory, and polytechnic. (The names depend on the country).

Other functions 
Research work is done at this level. Colleges often also reach out to employers and offer cultural or sporting events open to the local community.
Role in society
The importance of higher education in society changes according to the country; for example, in many countries a student goes to university to obtain a diploma for work, but university is also often a time during which the student learns to be independent. Students also learn to mix with people of different origins, and to grow as people. Richer students can study in a place far from their hometown, but kids from poor neighbourhoods may be unable to afford college at all without a scholarship of some kind.

Related pages
Academia
Academic Ranking of World Universities
Postgraduate education
Right to education

References

Other websites
Portal dedicated to the higher education
EU-Student Informations on Erasmus and Practices 

Education

References
Aeronautics is the study of how to make and use flying machines like aeroplanes or helicopters. The name comes from the Ancient Greek language.  It means "Air Navigating".

Part of aeronautics is Aerodynamics, how air moves around things.  Many books are available on these topics.  Aeronautics is related to transport and engineering, and aerodynamics is science.

Related pages
 NASA
 Spacecraft

Other websites

 Aeronautics Citizendium
 

Aviation