Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On 20 November 2014, Nicola Sturgeon became First Minister of Scotland, succeeding Alex Salmond, who had resigned after defeat in the Scottish independence referendum. She is the first woman to hold this position.

Sturgeon lives in Glasgow, with her husband Peter Murrell.

In March 2023, Sturgeon resigned as First Minister and was succeeded by Humza Yousaf. She said that her resignation was because of the emotional toll the role took on her and for the false internet rumours about her sexuality and personal life.

References

Other websites
Nicola Sturgeon's page at the Scottish Parliament Website
Biography of Nicola Sturgeon on SNP website

1970 births
Living people
First Ministers of Scotland
BBC 100 Women
Scottish National Party members of the Scottish Parliament
The Social Democratic and Labour Party or SDLP is a centre-left political party in Northern Ireland. Its policies promote social democracy and the idea that Northern Ireland should leave the United Kingdom and join with the Republic of Ireland. Its leader is Colum Eastwood and currently it has none of the Northern Ireland seats in the UK parliament, however it has 8 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly making it the 5th largest party in the assembly .

The party rejected violence during the Troubles and was the most successful nationalist party during the 1980s and 1990s.

Sources

1970 establishments in Europe
Socialist International
Social democratic parties
Social Democratic and Labour Party
The Final Frontier is an album by Iron Maiden.  It was announced on 4 March 2010, along a concert tour.

It was recorded in The Bahamas and produced by Kevin Shirley. The album began being sold on 17 August 2010.

It sold very well, being the most popular album in 21 countries when it went on sale, as well as being one of the top five most popular albums in eight other countries.

Musicians
 Bruce Dickinson - vocals
 Janick Gers - guitar
 Steve Harris - bass guitar
 Nicko McBrain - percussion
 Dave Murray - guitar
 Adrian Smith - guitar

Track listing

References

2010 albums
Iron Maiden albums
Windows Narrator is a tool for the visually impaired. The user has four options to customize their  experience.

Purpose

The tool reads text, message boxes, and mimics user typing. The voice, pitch, and speed can all be tailored to the user's preferences.

Other tools

Microsoft Windows Speech Recognition

Related pages
 Narrator
 Microsoft Windows Speech Recognition

References

Other websites
 Windows Official Site

Microsoft Windows software
Sunny (born Susan Soonkyu Lee on May 15, 1989) is an American singer based in South Korean. She is also a radio DJ, music show host, and member of the Korean girl group Girls' Generation.

South Korean singers
Singers from California
1989 births
Living people
People from Orange, California
Stephanie Young Hwang (Korean name: Hwang Mi-young; Hangul: 황미영; Hanja: 黃美英; born August 1, 1989) is an American singer and dancer. She is known by her Stage name Tiffany or Tiffany Young. She was born in California, but moved to South Korea at the age of fifteen to start a music career. She became a member of the girl group Girls' Generation.

On August 15th, 2016, she was heavily criticized by Korean social media because she posted a Confederate Japanese flag on the Korean Liberation Day.

References

Other websites

 
  by S.M. Entertainment

South Korean singers
Singers from California
1989 births
Living people
K-pop singers
Kim Hyo-yeon (born September 22, 1989), better known by her stage name Hyoyeon, is a South Korean recording artist and entertainer. She is a member of the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation.

South Korean singers
1989 births
Living people
Kwon Yu-ri (born December 5, 1989) is a South Korean singer-songwriter, actress, model, and dancer. She is also known by her stage name Yuri.

South Korean singers
South Korean models
1989 births
Living people
Choi Soo-young (; Hanja: ; Japanese: チェ・スヨン also known as Sooyoung Choi or Summer Choi; born February 10, 1990) is a South Korean singer-songwriter, actress and TV presenter. She is a former member of the Korean-Japanese duo group Route θ and a current member of the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. Sooyoung is the only Asian woman in Complex's Hottest '90s Babies.

References 

Living people
1990 births
Actors from Seoul
South Korean singer-songwriters
Pop singers
South Korean models
South Korean movie actors
South Korean television actors
Im Yoon-ah (born May 30, 1990), commonly known as YoonA (윤아/潤娥), is a South Korean singer and actress.

South Korean singers
South Korean actors
1990 births
Living people
Seo Ju-hyun (born June 28, 1991 in Seoul) is a South Korean singer and actress. She is known by her Stage name Seohyun. She was a member of the girl group Girls' Generation but later become a solo artist. She sings K-pop, R&B and soul. She is also a dancer and actress.

Notes and references 

South Korean singers
1991 births
Living people
The Year 10,000 problem (also known as the Y10K problem, Y10K Bug, and Y10K) is an error machines and computers will encounter when they need to express five digits for a year.

Cultural practicing

Some people practice the art of cutting the last two digits of a decade. For example, the "1970's" becomes just the "70's".
However, this becomes a problem, because to keep order, one will now need to take the last three digits, rather than two.

Computer Errors due to this 
This is also a problem because the "000's" might be confused with the standard digits "00's", representing a new century. Also, the year can overflow with certain computer programs. For example: in Microsoft Excel, 12/31/9999 is considered a valid date, but 1/1/10000 is invalid and will raise errors. The date "ten thousand" is unable to be supported, producing a large negative instead.

Efforts
Efforts

So far, the Long Now Foundation is able to preempt the Y10K by adding a "0" in front of the date. So the current year of , will look like 0. However, it would still be affected by the "Y100K" problem.

Database Errors 
In MySQL  databases, the values of some datatypes are limited to the scope of only 31-12-9999 which causes some problems as the computer would not be able to compile the data in the SQL. Many other SQL software can also be affected by this error.

Related pages 
 Year 2000 problem
 Programming bug
 Integer overflow

References

Other websites 
 Official Long Now Site

Computing
Araucaria is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Araucariaceae. There are 19 species in the genus, with a scattered distribution in the southern continents. They are found in New Caledonia (where 13 species are endemic), Norfolk Island, eastern Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Chile, and southern Brazil.

The present populations are relicts, and of restricted distribution. They are found in forest and shrubland, in exposed sites. These tall trees are living fossils, dating back to early in the Mesozoic era. 

Fossil records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the Cretaceous period. By far the greatest diversity exists in New Caledonia, due to the island's long isolation and stability.
Description 
Araucaria are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 30–80 m (16–262 ft). The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like leaves. In some species, the leaves are narrow and shaped like a lance, barely overlapping each other, in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.

Aurucaria reproduces by seed cones.

Fossil record 

The whole group was common in the Jurassic period. The living Araucaria araucana is often called the monkey-puzzle tree. The whole family Araucariaceae is often called that name by palaeobotanists. The leaves (shown here) have an average life of 24 years, and cover most of the tree except for the older branches.

References 

Conifers
Living fossils
Fossil plants
Agathis is a genus of evergreen, coniferous trees, the kauri. They grow mainly in the southern hemisphere, including southeast Asia, areas of the western Pacific, and Australasia.

Agathis is a relatively small genus, with only 21 known species. As a conifer, it bears its seeds in conifer cones. Mature Agathis can become quite large, reaching 130 feet (about 40 m) in height and 10 feet (about 3 m) in diameter.

The genus is part of the ancient Araucariaceae family of conifers, a group once widespread during the Jurassic period, but now largely restricted to the southern hemisphere.

Description 
Mature kauri trees have large trunks, forming a bole with little or no branching below the crown. In contrast, young trees are normally conical in shape, forming a more rounded or irregularly shaped crown as they mature.
Uses 
In the logging industry it is generally referred to as commercial grade mahogany. Timber from the Agathis has several uses, including cabinet making, boat building, musical instruments, and in years past, artificial limbs. It also produces a wide variety of resins.

Species

References 

Conifers
Red Bull is an energy drink. It is based on the Thai soda Krating Daeng, which translates as "Red Bull". Red Bull is the most popular energy drink in the world, based on its share of sales. The company was founded by Thai national Chaleo Yoovidhya and Austrian national Dietrich Mateschitz. Chaleo Yoovidhya and his son own 51 percent interest in the company. Mateschitz is responsible for the company's operations through the Austrian company Red Bull GmbH.

Originally, Red Bull was only available in one flavor that was called Red Bull Energy Drink. Other variants were added later.
Red Bull's slogan is "it gives you wings". The product is strongly marketed through advertising, tournament sponsorship, sports team ownerships, celebrity endorsements, and with its record label. Red Bull sponsors Red Bull Air Race, Red Bull Crashed Ice. It owns the sports team Red Bull Racing, Scuderia Toro Rosso, EC Red Bull Salzburg, FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull New York, and RB Leipzig. Red Bull started its own record label, Red Bull Records.

In 2009 it was discovered that Red Bull Cola exported from Austria contained trace amounts of cocaine. Red Bull has also been criticized about the possible health risks of the drink. However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that the levels of taurine and glucuronolactone used in Red Bull and other popular energy drinks are safe.
History
Red Bull took many marketing and ingredient ideas from an energy drink in Thailand called Krating Daeng. Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur, developed the Red Bull Energy Drink brand. Mateschitz was the international marketing director for Blendax, a toothpaste company, when he visited Thailand in 1982 and discovered that Krating Daeng helped to cure his jet lag. Between 1984 and 1987, Mateschitz worked with TC Pharmaceutical (a Blendax licensee) to adapt Krating Daeng for the European market.

At the same time Mateschitz and Chaleo Yoovidhya founded Red Bull GmbH; each investing $500,000 of savings and taking a stake in the new company. Chaleo and Dietrich each held a 49% share of the new company. They gave the remaining 2% to Chaleo's son Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company. The product was launched in 1987, in a carbonated format.
Red Bull was launched first in Singapore in 1989 followed by Hungary, its second foreign market in 1992. It entered the United States market (via California) in 1997 and the Middle East in 2000. In 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as being the 260th richest persons in the world with an estimated net worth of $4.0 billion.

Ingredients
Red Bull contains taurine, glucuronolactone, caffeine, B vitamins, sucrose and glucose. Red Bull sugar-free also contains phenylalanine in place of sucrose and glucose.

Red Bull GmbH also manufactures Red Bull Cola, containing the coca leaf, which has sparked a controversy in Germany regarding minute traces of cocaine.
Health effects
A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of taurine used in energy drinks, including Red Bull, concluding that "The amounts of guarana, taurine, and ginseng found in popular energy drinks are far below the amounts expected to deliver either therapeutic benefits or adverse events. However, caffeine and sugar are present in amounts known to cause a variety of adverse health effects."
Commonly reported adverse effects due to caffeine used in the quantities present in Red Bull are insomnia, nervousness, headache, and tachycardia (see Caffeine intoxication).
A 2008 position statement issued by the National Federation of State High School Associations made the following recommendations about energy drink consumption, in general, by young athletes:
 Water and appropriate sports drinks should be used for rehydration as outlined in the NFHS document "Position Statement and Recommendations for Hydration to Minimize the Risk for Dehydration and Heat Illness".
 Energy drinks should not be used for hydration. Nor should they be used for performance enhancement.
 Information about the absence of benefit and the presence of potential risk associated with energy drinks should be widely shared among all individuals who interact with young athletes.
 Energy drinks should not be consumed by athletes who are dehydrated.
Cardiovascular effects
The results of a study conducted in 2008 showed that the ingestion of one, 250mL can of sugar-free Red Bull, in a sample of 30 healthy young adults, had an immediate detrimental effect on both endothelial function, and normal blood coagulation. This temporarily raised the cardiovascular risk in these individuals to a level comparable to that of an individual with established coronary artery disease.
Based on their results, researchers involved with the study cautioned against the consumption of Red Bull in individuals under stress, in those with high blood pressure, or in anyone with established atherosclerotic disease.
Red Bull representatives, however, stated that this observed increase in cardiovascular risk was not felt to be different from that associated with drinking a regular cup of coffee. They also stated that they believed that Red Bull must be safe, as it was felt the only way Red Bull could have such substantial global sales is if various health authorities had concluded the drink safe to consume.
There has been at least one case report of Red Bull overdose causing postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in a young athlete.
A February 3, 2009 article in The Daily Telegraph called, "Red Bull 'may have triggered heart condition that killed student'"
reported on the death of a 21 year-old woman who died after drinking four cans of Red Bull as well as alcohol at "social levels". It was believed, but had not been proven, that she suffered from a rare heart condition called long QT Syndrome. She was on medication for epilepsy. A medical examination found that there were no illegal drugs in her system. The article quoted a doctor as saying, "The QT levels may have grown over a few years, or it may have been artificially pushed over the limit by caffeine".
Cocaine controversy
In April and June 2009, batches of "Red Bull Cola" drinks imported from Austria were found to contain between 0.1 - 0.3 micrograms of cocaine per litre, according to Hong Kong officials. In Taiwan it was found that the importer was due to launch a marketing campaign the next day. Importing cocaine to the island is an offense that is punishable by death or a life sentence in prison. In Germany, 11 out of 16 states had already banned the drinks by May 25, 2009.

Testing of Red Bull Energy Drink and its variations has shown that a person with a low tolerance for cocaine would have to consume two million cans of the drink in a single sitting before becoming critically ill from the cocaine. However, this finding is legally irrelevant since distribution of cocaine is illegal in any quantity in Taiwan. At this point, no further action has been taken on the matter in Taiwan.

Red Bull's claims
Red Bull's claims

Red Bull claims to:
 Increase performance
 Increase concentration and reaction speed
 Improve vigilance
 Improve emotional status
 Stimulate metabolism
 Give you wings

Caffeine content
Red Bull's invigorating effects are attributed to its high caffeine content. A single can of Red Bull contains 80 mg/250 ml of caffeine. This is about the same as one cup of normal coffee, or slightly less depending on the brewing method  The actual caffeine level in Red Bull can vary depending on country, as some countries have legal restrictions on how much caffeine is allowed in drinks.

Red Bull drinkers may experience adverse effects as a result of caffeine.

Legal status
Red Bull has been subject to bans in France, Denmark and Norway. The ban has been lifted in Norway and Denmark. The French ban was challenged by the European Commission and (partially) upheld by the European Court of Justice in 2004.
Red Bull brand of sport asia dominate for first pumptrack league national to gear apparel by dream team in company figures supports.

Advertising
Red Bull has an aggressive international marketing campaign. The numerous sponsored activities range from extreme sports like windsurfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, kayaking, wakeboarding, cliff-diving, surfing, skating, freestyle motocross, rally, Formula 1 racing, and breakdancing to art shows, music, and video games. In keeping with their target market of young males, Red Bull has also enlisted help from celebrities, such as Eminem that would appeal to this group (sponsoring the Red Bull "EmSee Battle Rap championships"). It also hosts events like the "Red Bull Flugtag" (German for "flight day" or "flying day") and other such contests. Red Bull also sponsors association football teams, with clubs in Austria, Germany, the United States and Brazil featuring the Red Bull trademark in their names. By associating the drink's image with these activities, the company seeks to promote a "cool" public image and raise brand power
. In addition, the slender container is used to suggest a "sexier" image than some other cola counterparts. Hence, this one energy drink has helped create a market for over 150 related types of merchandise, like Red Rooster and Blue Lightning.
Red Bull's slogan, "it gives you wings", is widely used in these marketing activities. Claims about the drink's effects and performance have been challenged on various occasions, with the UK's Advertising Standards Authority imposing advertising restrictions in 2001 in response to complaints first recorded as early as 1997. Even with all of the concerns regarding Red Bull, in 2000 the corporation earned around $1 billion in worldwide sales and Red Bull held 65% of the market share.

In the PlayStation 3's social app, PlayStation Home, Red Bull has developed its own in-game island, specifically advertising its energy drink and the Red Bull Air Race event. In late November 2009, Red Bull brought out two new spaces, the Red Bull Illume space, and the Red Bull Beach space featuring the Red Bull Flugtag, both released on the same day.

In the video game Worms 3D, Red Bull could be drunk by the worms, giving them the effect of faster movement.
Red Bull is displayed on virtual track-side billboards during gameplay and in the opening cinematic in the video game Wipeout XL.

Team ownerships
 Red Bull Brasil – a football (soccer) team currently playing in the Brazilian Campeonato Paulista Série A2
 RB Leipzig – a football (soccer) team currently playing in the German Bundesliga
 Red Bull New York – a soccer franchise competing in the United States' Major League Soccer
 Red Bull Racing – one of two Red Bull Formula One teams, this one based in Milton Keynes, England
 Scuderia Toro Rosso (Italian translation of Team Red Bull) – the other Red Bull Formula One team based in Faenza, Italy
 Team Red Bull – a racing team competing in the US based stock car racing competition NASCAR
 FC Red Bull Salzburg – an Austrian football (soccer) club based in Salzburg and competing in the Austrian Bundesliga
 EC Red Bull Salzburg – a member of the Austrian Hockey League based in Salzburg, Austria
Endorsements
In 2009, Red Bull added mainstream sport athletes to its roster of sports endorsements. Reggie Bush was the first NFL athlete to endorse the product. The announcement was made at the Super Bowl.

Other endorsements
 Lindsey Vonn

Events
 Red Bull Crashed Ice
 Red Bull X-Fighters
 Red Bull Air Race World Championship
 Red Bull Flugtag
 Red Bull Paperwings
 Red Bull sports events

References

Other websites

 

1987 establishments
Red Bull
Safe mode is a mode of startup in computers that allows the user to detect and fix errors. Many things do not run on safe mode. The reason is to see whether any of the recently added or updated device drivers were causing the problem.

When safe mode is used, a computer will only start with the minimum number of system files needed for it to work properly. This is to make it easier to find a problem that may be causing a computer to work incorrectly. The screen resolution is also smaller and there is no sound or internet connection in safe mode. This is because these features are not necessary for the computer to work properly.

Computer terminology
Dryptosaurus ("tearing lizard") was a theropod dinosaur of the Tyrannosauroidea type. It was found in Upper Cretaceous strata of Eastern North America. It was formerly known as Laelaps.

It was given its name because it had 8-inch (21-cm) long finger claws. Fossils have been found in New Jersey. It is known only from a partial skeleton.

References 

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Theropods
is a prefecture  in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is Takamatsu.

History 
Kagawa was formerly known as Sanuki Province.

Drought is common in Kagawa history.  For example, in 1973 the region was called "the Takamatsu desert".

Geography 
Kagawa is in the northeast part of Shikoku.  The prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture in the southwest. Tokushima Prefecture is in the south. Kagawa has a coastline with many small islands on the Seto Inland Sea across from Okayama Prefecture.

The prefecture built 17 dams between 1947 and 1974.

Cities

Towns 

Towns and villages in each district:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Tamura jinja is the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites
Other websites

 http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/foreigner.shtml ; http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/
is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Shizuoka.

History 
Shizuoka prefecture was formed from the former Tōtōmi Province, Suruga Province and Izu Province provinces.

Timeline
 1586 – Construction begins at Sumpu Castle
 1617 – Tōshōgū Shrine
 1949 – Founding of University of Shizuoka

Geography
Shizuoka is on the east coast of Honshu facing the Pacific Ocean. The prefecture is bordered on the west by Aichi Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture.  The northern borders of Shuzuoka are shared with Yamanashi Prefecture and Kanagawa Prefecture.

Mount Fuji is on the northern border of Shizuoka.

Suruga Bay is its main coastal feature.  The Izu Peninsula forms the eastern side of the bay.

Throughout history, every 100 to 150 years, an earthquake of disastrous proportions called the Tokai Earthquake has hit Shizuoka.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Shrines and Temples
Oguni jinja, Kotonomamahachimangū, Sengen jinja and Mishima taisha were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Suruga.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Júbilo Iwata
 Shimizu S-Pulse

Notes

Other websites 

 Official Shizuoka Prefecture website
The Gion Festival or Gion Matsuri is a festival held every year in Kyoto in July. The festival is held at Yasaka shrine.

Related pages 

 Gion worship

Other websites 

Festivals in Japan
Kyoto
Gion faith
July events
is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Aomori.

History 
Until the Meiji Restoration, the lands of Aomori prefecture were part of Mutsu Province.

Geography 
Aomori Prefecture is the northernmost prefecture on Honshū.  The prefecture faces Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait. It shares its southern border with Akita Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture.

Cities
There are ten cities in Aomori Prefecture:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 12% of the total land area of the prefecture, including
 Towada-Hachimantai National Park

Shrines and Temples
Tsutsukowake jinja is the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

Aomori Prefecture website ;
is a prefecture in the Kantō region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is Mito.

History
In 1871, Ibaraki Prefecture was created from Hitachi Province.

Geography

Ibaraki Prefecture is the northeastern part of Kantō. It is between Tochigi Prefecture and the Pacific Ocean. Fukushima Prefecture is its neighbor to the north and Chiba Prefecture is to the south. Saitama Prefecture is to the southwest. There are many mountains in the northern part of the prefecture. The rest of the prefecture is a flat plain with many lakes.

Cities
There are thirty-two cities in Ibaraki Prefecture:

Towns and villages

Towns and villages in each district:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 15% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Kashima jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Kashima Antlers
 Mito Hollyhock

References
Red Bull can refer to:

 Red Bull, an energy drink
 Red Bull GmbH, the company that manufactures the energy drink
 Red Bull Records, independent record label owned by the energy drink company

Sports teams owned by Red Bull GmbH
In association football:
 FC Red Bull Salzburg, a club based in Salzburg, Austria
 Red Bull Arena (Salzburg), a stadium, home of the FC Red Bull Salzburg
 New York Red Bulls, a team based near New York that competes in Major League Soccer
 Red Bull Arena (Harrison), a stadium, home of the New York Red Bulls
 RB Leipzig, a club based in Leipzig, Germany 
 Red Bull Brasil, a club based in São Paulo, Brazil 

In auto racing:
 Red Bull Racing, a Formula One team based in Milton Keynes, England
 Scuderia Toro Rosso (Italian translation of Red Bull Stable), a Formula One team based in Faenza, Italy. Scuderia Toro Rosso is a separate team from Red Bull Racing
 Team Red Bull, a NASCAR team
In ice hockey:
 EC Red Bull Salzburg, a member of the Austrian Hockey League who play their games in Salzburg, Austria

Sponsored by Red Bull
 Red Bull Air Race World Series
 Red Bull Barako, a Philippine professional basketball team
 Red Bull Drifting World Championship, non-championship all-star drifting contest
 Red Bull Flugtag
 Red Bull Trolley Grand Prix
 Red Bull X-Fighters
Unrelated to the energy drink
 Red Bull, a Schlitz Malt Liquor from Pabst Brewing Company
 Red Bull Theatre, a seventeenth century playhouse in London
 Red Bull (Imaginary Creature), an imaginary creature from the fantasy novel The Last Unicorn by Peter S. Beagle
 The 34th Infantry Division (United States), the "Red Bull" division in the United States National Guard with members from Minnesota and Iowa
 Red Bull Highway (Minnesota), a commemorative designation for Interstate 35 in Minnesota in honor of the 34th Infantry (Red Bull) Division
 Red Bull Highway (Iowa), a commemorative designation for U.S. Route 34 in Iowa in honor of the 34th Infantry (Red Bull) Division
The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) is a small species of wallaby from Australia. They were the first macropods to be seen by Europeans. Francisco Pelsaert, captain of the Batavia, saw them when the ship was wrecked on the Abrolhos Islands in 1629. He said they looked like hopping cats. There are three sub-species of tammar wallaby:
M. e. eugenii from mainland South Australia. 
M. e. derbianus from Western Australia.
M. e. decres, the darma or dama wallaby, from Kangaroo Island, South Australia.

The name tammar comes from the word tamma, meaning sheoak. The wallaby lives under sheoak plants.
Tammar wallabies became extinct on mainland South Australia in the 1930's.  Extinction has been caused by habitat destruction, hunting, and foxes.  In 1998 a small population of South Australian wallabies was found living on Kawau Island near Auckland, in New Zealand. This group had been established by former South Australian governor, Sir George Grey in 1862 as part of his own private zoo. In New Zealand these wallabies were seen as a pest, and scientists have been studying ways to get rid of them. 85 wallabies were taken back to South Australia. After extensive fox controls at Innes National Park, 10 wallabies were released in November 2004. Another 36 were released in June 2005. These first releases were tracked with radio collars. Another group has been put into a captive breeding program at Monarto Zoo.
Tammar wallabies live in thick scrub during the day and come out into grassland to feed at night. They eat mainly grass and herbs. In dry areas they have been known to survive by drinking seawater. They range over an area of about .

They are about  in height, with a dark grey brown fur. They have reddish colour on their arms and sides, with pale grey fur on their bellies. They may also have a feint white line on their cheeks.

The wallabies have a very unusual breeding pattern. The fertilized eggs remain dormant inside the mother until the summer solstice when foetal development restarts. This is called "embryonic diapause". All the young are born on the same day about 31 days later, at the end of January or the beginning of February.

The tammar wallaby is the marsupial chosen for the genome sequencing project. Scientists are studying the milk from the wallaby as they think it might contain a new and powerful antibiotic.

References

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
The Antonine Wall is a stone and turf fortification built across northern Great Britain by the Roman Empire in the middle 2nd century. The Roman emperor Antoninus Pius built the wall to control barbarians: the ancient Britons to the north of the wall, in Caledonia. The wall is now in Scotland, and runs between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde in the modern Scottish Lowlands. When the Romans built the wall, it was the northern border of the Roman Empire.

The Roman legions (armies) of the governor of Roman Britain, Lollius Urbicus, built the wall for the emperor between 139 and 142. The wall was about  long. Its foundations were made of stone and was between  and  wide. The wall itself was made of turf. In front of the wall (on the northern side) was a ditch. The ditch was  away from the wall. The ditch was at least  deep and was nearly  wide in places. The Romans used the wall until after 158. The last Romans went away from the wall in around 163. After that, the wall fell into ruins slowly.
The Antonine Wall is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called Frontiers of the Roman Empire. It shares this listing with Hadrian's Wall in England and the German fortifications known as the Limes Germanicus. The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Great Britain. Its ruins are less visible than the better known Hadrian's Wall to the south.

Construction began in AD 142 at the order of emperor Antoninus Pius, and took about twelve years to complete. Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus Pius to send the empire's troops farther north. The wall was protected by sixteen forts with a number of small fortlets between them; troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the sites known as the Military Way. The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the barbarians in a number of decorative slabs, twenty of which still survive.
Despite this good start, the wall was abandoned after only twenty years. The garrisons were sent back to Hadrian's Wall. In 208 the emperor Septimius Severus re-established legions at the wall and ordered repairs. This has led to the wall being referred to as the Severan Wall. However, this occupation ended only a few years later, and the wall was never fortified again. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are still visible. Many of these have come under the care of Historic Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Site Committee. Most of the wall is private property.

References 

History of the United Kingdom
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Defensive walls
Roman buildings and structures
2nd-century buildings and structures
The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland is a liberal and non-sectarian political party in Northern Ireland. It is neutral on the issue of whether Northern Ireland should stay in or leave the United Kingdom. The party currently has 7 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 MP in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Its current leader is Naomi Long

The party was founded in 1970 and gained its first elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 UK General Election. It is close to the British Liberal Democrats.

Liberal parties
Liberal Democrats (UK)
Political parties in Northern Ireland
1970 establishments in the United Kingdom
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Jeremy John Durham "Paddy" Ashdown, Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon  (27 February 1941 – 22 December 2018) was a British politician and international diplomat. He served as leader of the Liberal Democrats from July 1988 to August 1999.

Biography 
Paddy Ashdown was born in New Delhi, British India, but was brought up in Northern Ireland and his Irish accent brought him the nickname "Paddy". He served in the Royal Marines from 1959 to 1972 and saw fighting in Borneo, Hong Kong and Northern Ireland. At the 1983 general election, Ashdown became the Liberal Party's Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Yeovil.
In 1988, when the Liberal Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to form the Liberal Democrats, Ashdown was elected the leader of the new party and led the party through the 1992 and 1997 general elections. He resigned in 1999, and was given both a knighthood and a seat in the House of Lords. In the House of Lords, he was given the title Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon. From 2002 to 2006 he served as High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

His reputation was damaged slightly in 1992, when it was revealed that he had a five-month extra-marital affair with his secretary, and many British newspapers exposed this in great detail. The Sun newspaper ran a famous headline which played on Ashdown's name, calling him "Paddy Pants-Down".

Ashdown was diagnosed with "serious" bladder cancer in October 2018. He died two months later on 22 December 2018 from the disease in Norton-sub-Hamdon, Somerset, at the age of 77.

References

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James Francis 'Jim' Murphy (born August 23, 1967 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a British politician. He was the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of East Renfrewshire.

He was first made a Member of Parliament at the 1997 General Election for the Eastwood constituency. He has been the East Renfrewshire MP from 2005 onwards. He held two cabinet posts: Minister of State for Europe (June 2007-October 2008) and Secretary of State for Scotland (October 2008-May 2010). He was made the shadow Secretary of State for Defence in October 2010. He became the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development in 2013. He resigned from this job in November 2014 because he wanted to be the leader of the Scottish Labour Party.
On 13 December 2014 he became the leader of the Scottish Labour Party. Because he was an MP in the UK Parliament, the deputy leader of the Scottish Labour Party represented him in the Scottish Parliament. The deputy leader was Kezia Dugdale.

After the Scottish Labour Party's defeat in the 2015 general election (with Murphy himself losing his seat), Murphy resigned as party leader.

References

Other websites
Jim Murphy's website 
Page at parliament.co.uk

1967 births
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Ermine Street is the name of one of the main Roman roads in Britain. It ran from London (Londinium) to Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) and York (Eboracum). The original Roman name for the road is not known. 

Ermine Street is also called the Old North Road from London to where it joins the A1 near Godmanchester.

The alternative route (in blue) was built to allow transport in all weather. The direct route crosses the River Humber, a tidal estuary of the rivers Trent and Ouse. In bad weather crossing would have been impossible. The Humber is too wide for the Romans to have built a bridge, therefore some kind of ferry must have been used.

Roman roads in Britain
Islamic Azad University (, Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi) is a private university system based in Iran. The university was founded in 1982. It is the world's third largest university. 1.5 million students study there. The university has over 100 branches across Iran and also in other countries such as the emirate of Dubai and the United Kingdom. Over the years, the university has become richer. It is estimated to be worth between $20 and $25 billion.

References

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Sadiq Aman Khan (born 8 October 1970) is a British politician. He is the Mayor of London since 8 May 2016. He was the Shadow Justice Secretary in Ed Miliband's and Jeremy Corbyn's shadow cabinet. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Tooting.

Khan was born at St George’s Hospital in Tooting, London, to Pakistani parents on 8 October 1970. He grew up in Earlsfield, London.

Khan worked as a human rights solicitor until the 2005 General Election when he was elected as an MP. He became the Minister of State for Transport from June 2009 to May 2010 and when Ed Miliband became leader of the Labour Party, he was made the Shadow Justice Secretary.

Khan was chosen to be the Labour Party candidate in the 2016 London mayoral election. On 6 May 2016, Khan was elected to the office of mayor by winning 57% of the vote. He became the first Muslim to be elected mayor of a British capital city. He became mayor on 8 May.

References
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Sir John Vincent "Vince" Cable (born 9 May 1943 in York, England) is a British politician. He was the Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2017 to 2019. Cable was the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. He is the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Twickenham.

Early life
Vince Cable studied economics at university and became an economic advisor to the Kenyan government in 1966.
Early career
He was an advisor to the British government and to the Commonwealth Secretary-General in the 1970s and 1980s. He served as Chief Economist for the oil company Shell from 1995 to 1997. In the 1970s, Cable was active in the Labour Party and became a Glasgow councillor. However, in 1982, he joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP) which would go on to form the Liberal Democrats and he unsuccessfully contested seats in the elections of 1983, 1987 and 1992 until being elected as the MP for the London constituency of Twickenham in the 1997 general election.
Before the leadership
He was the main economics spokesperson for the Liberal Democrats from 2003 to 2010 and became the Liberal Democrats' Deputy Leader in 2006. In May 2010, a coalition government was formed between the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats and Vince Cable was made the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills. He has promised a 'very radical overhaul' of the state pensions system. He resigned from his position as Deputy Leader in May 2010.

Leader of the Liberal Democrats (2017-2019)
After Tim Farron resigned, Cable said he would stand for leader. No other MP decided to stand against him and Cable became leader on 20 July 2017. 

Cable announced in September 2018 that he would resign as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in May 2019. He later changed his retirement date to whenever "Brexit is resolved or stopped". On 24 May 2019, Cable said he would step down as party leader on 23 July. He was replaced by Deputy Jo Swinson on 22 July 2019.
Personal life
Cable was a contestant in the BBC's Christmas 2010 Strictly Come Dancing contest. He did not win. Cable was the second politician to appear on the show, after Ann Widdecombe.

References

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Fosse Way was one of the main Roman roads in Britain. Its route was unusual, because despite its length it went nowhere near London. It went directly from the south-west coast to the midland east coast. It linked Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) in South West England to Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) in the East Midlands. The road went via Ilchester (Lindinis), Bath (Aquae Sulis), Cirencester (Corinium) and Leicester (Ratae Corieltauvorum).

It joined Akeman Street and Ermin Way at Cirencester, crossed Watling Street at Venonis (High Cross) south of Leicester, and joined Ermine Street at Lincoln.

The word Fosse is derived from the Latin fossa, meaning ditch. For the first few decades after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, the Fosse Way marked the western frontier of Roman rule in Iron Age Britain. It is possible that the road began as a defensive ditch that was later filled in and converted into a road, or possibly a defensive ditch ran alongside the road for at least some of its length.
It is remarkable for its extremely direct route. From Lincoln to Ilchester in Somerset is a distance of 182 miles. The road is never more than six miles from a straight line.

Place names with words like -cester or -chester are derived from the Latin castra, meaning 'military camp'. 'Street' is derived from the Latin strata, meaning a paved road.

Fosse Way still exists. In places it is a major road, in others a country path. The A46 between Lincoln and Leicester is on the Fosse Way. From Bath to Ilchester the A37 follows the Fosse, and from Ilchester to Exeter the A30/A303 roads follow the Fosse for the most part.

The Roman road is, quite simply, the shortest route possible.

Roman roads in Britain
Ann Noreen Widdecombe MEP (born 4 October 1947 in Bath, Somerset, England) is a British former politician. She was the Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Maidstone and The Weald from 1987 to 2010.

Early life
Widdecombe is the daughter of a Ministry of Defence civil servant James Murray Widdecombe and Rita N Plummer. She attended the Royal Navy School in Singapore, and a convent school in Bath. She then read Latin at Birmingham University and later attended Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, to read Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE). She worked for Unilever (1973–75).  She was then an administrator at the University of London (1975–87) before entering Parliament.

Career
She was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1987 General Election. From 1995 to 1997, she was the Minister of State for Prisons. Ann Widdecombe served in William Hague's shadow cabinet from 1997 to 2001.  Widdecombe retired from politics at the 2010 general election.
Throughout her political career, Widdecombe was socially conservative and converted from the Church of England to Catholic Church in 1992 after the Church of England voted to allow female priests.

She is a committed animal lover. She is one of the few Conservative MPs to have consistently voted for the ban on fox hunting.

Widdecombe was a contestant in the 2010 series of Strictly Come Dancing. In 2002 she took part in a Louis Theroux television documentary. It showed her life, both in and out of politics. She was cast as herself in an episode of the science-fiction drama Doctor Who.

On 23 April 2012, Widdecombe presented an hour-long documentary for BBC Radio 5 Live. It was Drunk Again: Ann Widdecombe Investigates, looking at how the British attitude to getting drunk has changed over the last few years.

Bibliography

Fiction
Fiction

 2000: The Clematis Tree. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 
 2002: An Act of Treachery. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 
 2005: Father Figure. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 
 2005: An Act of Peace. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson

Non-fiction
 1999: Inspired and Outspoken: the collected speeches of Ann Widdecombe; edited by John Simmons, with a biographical preface by Nick Kochan. London: Politico's Publishing 
 2000: Kochan, Nicholas Ann Widdecombe: right from the beginning. London: Politico's Publishing

References

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Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside (6 April 1926 – 12 September 2014) was a politician and church minister in Northern Ireland. He founded the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in 1971 and was its leader until May 2008. 

He was born in Armagh and grew up in Ballymena. He founded the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster in 1951 and was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North Antrim from 1970 to 2010. He was the First Minister of Northern Ireland from May 2007 to June 2008 at the head of an all-party government.

He called himself the Reverend Doctor Ian Paisley.

Paisley died in Belfast on 12 September 2014, aged 88. At the time of his death, Paisley suffered from cardiomyopathy.

References
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