Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Former band members
 Adolph Poczatek (Pozatek) (1911–1984) Violin, tenor banjo, plectrum banjo, accordion, mandolin, cordiovox, guitar, piano. Toured and recorded with Frankie throughout his career.  Appearances on Donahue and Lawrence Welk, and many live radio broadcasts. His original band was the Polka Aces, known in the Chicago Community. Adolph Poczatek also frequently appeared with polka bands including Verne Meisner, Roman Posedi, and Joe Kovich.
 Georgie Cook - Banjo player, helped Yankovic establish the "Cleveland Sound".
 Joey Miskulin - Began playing with Frankie Yankovic in 1962 at the age of 13. This was the start of a relationship that lasted for 35 years. Joey developed his skill with the accordion and music while touring with the band. Joey began writing and arranging songs for Yankovic. He eventually arranging and producing Frankie's albums, including the Grammy Award-winning album 70 Years of Hits.
Jeff Winard - Accomplished accordionist from Milwaukee; traveled with Yankovic in later years.
 Marian "Lefty" Bell - played bass with Yankovic.  His father was a tenor in the Slovenian operettas in Cleveland
References

More reading
Dolgan, Bob (2006). America's Polka King: The Real Story of Frankie Yankovic. Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers.

Other websites
Sample text from the book America's Polka King by Bob Dolgan 
Polkas.com: Frank Yankovic...America's Polka King 
Biography on ElvisPelvis.com 
Dennis Kucinich's letter to Clinton in support of awarding Yankovic a National Medal of Arts 
Profile of Frank Yankovic at The Remington Site
New York Times article on Yankovic's death

1915 births
1998 deaths
Accordionists
American musicians
Purple Heart recipients
CatDog is an American animated television series.  The first show was on April 4, 1998. The series is about a character with one half being a cat and the other a dog. Nickelodeon produced the series from Burbank, California, United States.

At the Kids' Choice Awards, USA, the show was nominated for a Blimp Award for Favorite Cartoon in 1999 and 2000.

Episodes

Characters

Main 
 CatDog (voiced by Jim Cummings and Tom Kenny respectively) are a conjoined cat and dog sibling. CatDog's conjoined body is very stretchy and flexible. Cat is the smarter and more cunning and Dog is the more happy-go-lucky and more gullible. Cat often devises plans to trick Dog into getting what he wants, such as making Dog smarter in an attempt to have more in common with him, or having him win a dog sledding contest by training him in a very hard and militaristic manner, and usually, as a result of his greediness and selfishness, these schemes all blow up in his face. Dog is the source of clumsiness. Dog is an American Foxhound.
References

1990s American animated television series
2000s American animated television series
2000s American children's television series
1990s American children's television series
1998 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Bowerbirds are the bird family Ptilonorhynchidae. The family has 20 species in eight genera. Bowerbirds are most known for their unique courtship behaviour. Males build a structure and decorate it with sticks and brightly coloured objects. The Vogelkop bowerbird is a good example. The function of this courtship ritual is to attract a mate. The bowerbirds have a "female choice" mating system.

The bowerbirds have an Austro-Papuan distribution, with ten species endemic in New Guinea, eight endemic to Australia and two found in both large islands. Their distribution is mainly in the tropical parts of New Guinea and northern Australia, though some species extend into central, western and southeastern Australia. They occupy a range of different habitats, including rainforest, eucalyptus and acacia forest, and shrublands.
The birds are medium to large-sized passerines, ranging from the golden bowerbird at  and  to the great bowerbird at  and . Their diet consists mainly of fruit but may also include insects (especially for nestlings), flowers, nectar and leaves in some species. The satin and spotted bowerbirds are sometimes regarded as pests because they feed on introduced fruit and vegetable crops. They have occasionally been killed by affected farmers.

References 

Passeri
Birds of Australia
Birds of Oceania
Tyrone Curtis "Muggsy" Bogues (born January 9, 1965) is a retired American professional basketball player. He is the current head coach of the United Faith Christian Academy boys' basketball team. Bogues is the shortest player ever to play in the NBA at . He played point guard for four teams during his 14-season career in the National Basketball Association. Bogues is best known for his time with the Charlotte Hornets. He also played for the Washington Bullets, the Golden State Warriors, and the Toronto Raptors. Bogues was also the head coach of the WNBA team Charlotte Sting.

References

African-American basketball players
Sportspeople from Baltimore
New Orleans Hornets players
Washington Wizards players
Golden State Warriors players
Toronto Raptors players
Living people
1965 births
American basketball players
Space Jam characters
A One-time pad is a method of encryption. It is a symmetrical cipher, which means the same key is needed for encryption and decryption. A one time pad uses a key that is either as long or longer than the message it encrypts. The key must only be used once, and after it is used, a new key must be generated and shared for the cipher to remain secure. 

If this method is used correctly, it is impossible to decrypt or break the encryption without the key. Failure to make and share random keys has led to successful cryptanalysis, as in the Venona project.
Because of these requirements, it is rarely used today.

History
One-time pads were created all the way in 1882 by Frank Miller. After the invention in 1917, Gilbert Vernam invented and patented an electronic version based on teleprinter technologies. 

Cryptography
Danny Ferry (b. October 17, 1966) is a retired NBA basketball player. He is the current general manager of the Atlanta Hawks. Ferry was born in Hyattsville, Maryland. He went to Duke University. Ferry played for the Cleveland Cavaliers and the San Antonio Spurs.

References

Living people
1966 births
American basketball players
San Antonio Spurs players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Sportspeople from Maryland
Shawn T. Kemp (born November 26, 1969) is an American retired professional basketball player. Kemp played a total of 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Seattle SuperSonics, Cleveland Cavaliers, Portland Trail Blazers and Orlando Magic.

References

Other websites
NBA profile 

1969 births
African-American basketball players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Living people
Orlando Magic players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Seattle SuperSonics players
Sportspeople from Indiana
People from Elkhart, Indiana
American basketball players
Syed or Sayyid or Sayed is a title of honour and respect in Islam. It is originally a word from the Arabic language which means 'Sir' or 'Mister' or 'Honourable Person'. 

However, the word is now also used in different parts of the world by Muslims to refer specially to a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. For example, if someone is called a 'Syed/Sayyid' in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Malaysia etc., then that person is descended from the prophet of Islam.

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, Sadat (Sayyids) are recognized as an ethnic group. On 13 March 2019, addressing the Sadat gathering at the presidential palace (Arg), President Ashraf Ghani said that he will issue a decree on the inclusion of the Sadat ethnic group in the new electronic national identity card (e-NIC).

President Ashraf Ghani decreed mentioning 'Sadat tribe' in the electronic national identity on 15 March 2019.
Sayyids of the north are generally located in Balkh and Kunduz; while in the east they can be found in Nangarhar. While most are Sunni Muslims, some in the Bamiyan province are Shi'a.

References

Middle East
Islamic terminology
Arabic words and phrases
Ashiq Mohamed Warsi (died August 1940) was a political figure of British India and a leader of the All India Muslim League. He was one of the members of the Working Committee of the League, which drafted the famous Lahore Resolution in March 1940.

Warsi's sudden death in August 1940 was deeply mourned by his colleagues. He had no connection to Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi, a Tory politician and life peer in England.

References

1940 deaths
Pakistan Movement
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Year of birth missing (living people)
Syed Muhammad Sharif or more commonly S.M. Sharif was a Muslim Barrister from Patna, Bihar, British India. He was an active leader of the All India Muslim League party in his area and also one of the members of the League's Working Committee of March 1940 which drafted the Lahore Resolution. 

Pakistan Movement
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison (1832 – 1896), was a British Indian administrator. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1882 to 1887.  He was of Scottish origins.

He is specially remembered today for founding the Aitchison College, Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1886. He also played an important role in supporting the earlier establishment of the University of the Punjab in 1882, on the recommendation of Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner.

Aitchison later also was Chief Commissioner of the British Crown Colony of Burma from 1878 to 1880.

1832 births
1896 deaths
Colonial officials of British India
The Shiromani Akali Dal or simply Akali Dal  () is a Sikh political party in India. It is mostly active in the province of Punjab. 

It is not to be confused with the Apna Dal ('Our Own Party'). 

Political parties in India
Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an  American novelist. He created the famous character Tarzan of the Apes in his novels. He wrote 25 novels on Tarzan's adventures starting from 1914 onwards.

He also wrote other novels and stories that became quite famous. Tarzan and John Carter were some of his characters that became famous.

Related pages 

 John Carter (movie)

References

1875 births
1950 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American novelists
Tarzan
Writers from Chicago
There are many different sizes of planetariums. They can be as large as the Hayden Planetarium's 21-meter dome. It seats 423 people. They can also be as small as a three-meter portable domes where children sit on the floor. These portable planetariums are used for education presentations outside of the permanent planetariums at museums and science centers.

The term planetarium is sometimes used to mean other things which show the solar system. These include computer simulations or an orrery. Planetarium software refers to software that creates a three dimensional image of the sky on a two dimensional computer screen. The term planetarian is used for someone who works at a planetarium. The plural of planetarium is either planetariums or planetaria.

External link 
WPD (Worldwide Planetariums Database)

Astronomy
Entertainment venues
Highways in Greece are the most significant roads of the country. There are 10 most significant highways. They are:
  (PAThE Motorway): The highway that connects the capital Athens with the second biggest city Thessaloniki and the MK border at Evzoni.
  (Egnatia Odos): The highway that connects the west gate, the port of Igoumenitsa with the east one, the Greek-Turkish Borders at Evros river.
  (Central Greece Motorway): The highway that connects the major cities of Thessaly region, starting at Grevena and ending at Lamia.
  The highway that connects the city of Larissa and the city of Trikala at Thessaly region
  (Ionia Odos): The highway that traverses all the Western Greece, Starting at Ioaninna and ends at Kalamata at Pelloponnese.
  (Attiki Odos): The metropolitan ring road of Athens
  (Moreas Motoerway): The highway that connects the city of Corinth with the city of Kalamata, traversing all the Central Pelloponnese.
(Olympia Odos): The highway that connects the capital Athens with the third biggest city Patra.
  (Olympia Odos): The highway that connects the city of Patra with the city of Pyrgos at Western Pelloponesse.
  (BOAK Motorway): The highway that traverses all the island of Crete, connecting the cities of Chania, Rethimno, Hrakleion, Agios Nikolaos, ending at Siteia.
Highways
Geography of Greece
El Dorado is a neighborhood in northeast Houston, Texas, United States. The site of a halfway house, El Dorado had the highest amount of convicted felons per resident of all of the Houston neighborhoods in 2007.

Super Neighborhood #53 El Dorado/Oates Prairie includes El Dorado.

References

Houston
The Abilene Eagles were a West Texas League minor league baseball team. They were based in Abilene, Texas, USA from 1920 to 1922,. They won the league championship in both 1920 and 1921. The team managers for those years were Bugs Young and Ed Kizziar (1920) and Grady White and Hub Northen (1921). They finished in sixth place in 1922. The league folded following the 1922 season, and the Eagles followed suit.

Future major league baseball player Fred Johnson played for the Eagles.

References

Sports in Texas
Abilene, Texas
1920 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Texas
1922 disestablishments
1920s disestablishments in the United States
Disestablishments in Texas
Baseball teams in the United States
Jairus Cassius Fairchild (December 27, 1801-October 24, 1862) was an American politician and businessman.

Biography
Fairchild was born in Granville, New York. He moved to Hudson, Ohio and became a merchant.  Later he would move to Franklin Mills, Ohio for a short time. While there he operated a tannery before moving to Cleveland around 1834. He then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1845 and then to Madison, Wisconsin. Fairchild had a business working with cranberries and the lumber industry. He was also president of a railroad. From 1848 to 1852, Fairchild was the first State Treasurer of the State of Wisconsin. In 1856 he was elected the first Mayor of the city of Madison, Wisconsin. Two of his sons Cassius, and Lucius were also active in Wisconsin politics.

References

Businesspeople from New York (state)
Businesspeople from Cleveland
Politicians from Cleveland
Politicians from New York (state)
1801 births
1862 deaths
Irène Joliot-Curie (12 September 1897  17 March 1956) was a French scientist. She won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 with her husband, Frédéric Joliot. Curie was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie.

Education
Curie started her studies at the Faculty of Science in Paris. During World War I, she served as a radiographer. Curie became Doctor of Science in 1925. She did her thesis on the alpha rays of polonium.

During World War I (1914-1918), she helped her mother using X-ray technology in military hospitals. She helped train radiological workers. Curie then graduated from the Sorbonne in Paris. She earned a degree for work on radioactivity in polonium in 1925.
Research
Curie did important work on radioactivity, transmutation of elements, and nuclear physics. Curie and her husband won the 1935 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their creation of new radioactive elements. This work was written about in their paper "Production artificielle d'éléments radioactifs. Preuve chimique de la transmutation des éléments" (1934).

In 1938, she researched the action of neutrons on the heavy elements. This was an important part of the discovery of the nuclear fission of uranium. Curie became Professor in the Faculty of Science in Paris in 1937. She became Director of the Radium Institute in 1946. After six years as a Commissioner for Atomic Energy, Curie took part in the construction of the first French atomic pile in 1948. Its construction was continued after her death by her husband.
Personal life
Curie was born in Paris. Marie and Pierre Curie were her parents. In 1926, Curie married Frédéric Joliot-Curie, a French physical chemist. He joined Curie’s Radium Institute in 1925. In 1934, they discovered that they that could make stable elements radioactive. Curie and Joliot had a son and a daughter. Curie was also interested in social and intellectual advancement of women. In 1936, she became the Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research.

Curie died on March 17th, 1956.

References

French physicists
1897 births
1956 deaths
Scientists from Paris
French Nobel Prize winners
French chemists
A ringleader is a leader of a group of people.

Ringleader may also refer to:
 Ringmaster (circus), the leader of a circus performance
 Ringleader (comics), a fictional character from Marvel Comics
 Ringleader of the Tormentors, an album by the singer Morrissey

Related pages
 Ringmaster (disambiguation)
Lucius Fox is a fictional Batman character who helps Batman with equipment and is the manager of Wayne Enterprises. He gives Batman all of the equipment or his financing operations that he needs. He is one of the few people to known Batman's secret identity. He is one of the well known African-American comics characters in DC Comics.

He was played by Morgan Freeman in Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, and in The Dark Knight Rises. Brock Peters was his voice actor in Batman: The Animated Series. Kevin Michael Richardson also makes his voice in some animated movies.

References

Batman characters
DC Comics characters
Commissioner James Gordon is a fictional Batman character who is the police commissioner of Gotham City and is a fellow ally of Batman who gives him all of his missions and criminals to capture or question. In some cases, Gordon doesn't know Batman's identity, in other cases he does. He was created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane as an ally of Batman. He first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (May 1939), Batman's first appearance, making him the first Batman supporting character ever to be introduced.

Biography
As the police commissioner of Gotham City, Gordon shares Batman's deep commitment to stop the city of crime. The character is typically portrayed as having full trust in Batman and is even somewhat dependent on him. In many modern stories, he is somewhat skeptical of Batman's vigilante methods, but nevertheless believes that Gotham needs him. 

Gordon was in the United States Marine Corps before becoming a police officer. He is the father of Barbara Gordon, who is secretly Batgirl.
Television
He was played by Lyle Talbot in Batman shows, Neil Hamilton in Batman, Bob Hastings made his voice in Batman: The Animated Series, Ray Wise in Batman: The Killing Joke and by Héctor Elizondo in The Lego Batman Movie. He was played by Ben McKenzie in Gotham.

Movies

 Played by Neil Hamilton
 Batman (1966)
 Played by Pat Hingle
 Batman (1989)
 Batman Returns (1992)
 Batman Forever (1995)
 Batman & Robin (1997)
 Played by Gary Oldman in The Dark Knight Trilogy
 Batman Begins (2005)
 The Dark Knight (2008)
 The Dark Knight Rises (2012)
 Played by J. K. Simmons in the DC Extended Universe
 Justice League (2017)
 Played by Jeffrey Wright
 The Batman (2022)

References

Batman characters
DC Comics characters
Alfred Thaddeus Crane Pennyworth, or simply called Alfred, is a fictional character in the DC Comics universe. He is Batman's loyal butler and assistant who helps him complete his missions. He took care of Bruce Wayne when he was a child after his parents were killed. Pennyworth gives Batman all the information he needs and the location where villains are held at. He has a British accent.

Background
Before becoming a butler, Pennyworth was an actor and former member of Special Operations Executive. He is known for his sarcastic comments. He was nominated by the Wizard Fan Award for Favorite Supporting Male Character in 1994.

The character first appeared in Batman #16 (April 1943), by writer Don Cameron and artist Bob Kane. Alfred was created by the writers of the 1943 Batman serial but DC Comics asked Don Cameron to write the first Alfred story, which was published before the serial's release.
Television
Pennyworth was played by Alan Napier, Ian Abercrombie and Sean Pertwee in television shows. He was voiced by Clive Revill and by Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. in Batman: The Animated Series and was voiced by Ralph Fiennes in The Lego Batman Movie.

Movies

 Played by Alan Napier
 Batman (1966)
 Played by Michael Gough
 Batman (1989)
 Batman Returns (1992)
 Batman Forever (1995)
 Batman & Robin (1997)
 Played by Michael Caine in The Dark Knight Trilogy
 Batman Begins (2005)
 The Dark Knight (2008)
 The Dark Knight Rises (2012)
 Played by Jeremy Irons in the DC Extended Universe
 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)
 Justice League (2017)
 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021)
 Played by Andy Serkis
 The Batman (2022)

References

Batman characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1940s
Fictional British people
DC Comics characters
Bane is a fictional Batman character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Chuck Dixon, Doug Moench, and Graham Nolan, he made his debut in Batman: Vengeance of Bane #1 (January 1993). Bane is a supervillain who appears in the Batman comics. He is physically strong and wears a Mexican wrestlers mask. He has a tube that connects from his body to a chemical tank that is strapped to his suit that keeps him strong. He is one of Batman's most physical and smarter villains credited to be the only character in comic books who has broken the bat, both physically and mentally.

He is played by Jeep Swanson in Batman & Robin and by Tom Hardy in The Dark Knight Rises. In Batman & Robin, Bane appears like in the comics with a Mexican wrestling mask, but doesn't talk. In The Dark Knight Rises, Bane has a mask that only covers the front of his mouth and nose, his eyes can be seen and he had a muffled voice with a Caribbean accent.

References
References

Batman characters
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in 1993
Fictional mass murderers
Catwoman or Selina Kyle is a fictional Batman character who appears in comic books by DC Comics. She is sometimes a villain or Batman's assistant in fighting crime. She is sometimes called "Batman's girlfriend" because of her love-hate with Batman. Catwoman wears leather clothing and has a whip. In some comics, her father was mobster Carmine Falcone.

She is played by Lee Meriwether, Julie Newmar, Eartha Kitt, Michelle Pfeiffer, Halle Berry, Anne Hathaway in The Dark Knight Rises, Camren Bicondova in Gotham and by Zoë Kravitz in The Batman.

Batman characters
DC Comics adapted into movies
DC Comics supervillains
Fictional characters introduced in 1940
Ra's al Ghul is a fictional character in the Batman franchise appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a supervillain, and he was Bruce Wayne's trainer. He is the leader of the League of Shadows, which is an organization based on correcting the corruption in the world by ways of fear and hostility. Bruce destroyed their temple after he is made aware of their true intention of destroying Gotham City.

Ghul is one of the smartest and most physically skilled villains in the Batman universe. He also trained Bane. Ghul is the father of one of Batman's love interests: Talia al Ghul. He was played by Liam Neeson and by Ken Watanabe (decoy) in Batman Begins. Neeson later had a small role as Ra's in The Dark Knight Rises , Talia appears in. David Warner is his voice actor in Batman: The Animated Series.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1971
Yawar Hayat Khan (born 18th October 1943- died 3rd November 2016), was a senior former producer and director of the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and one of the early founders and creative entities of this channel from 1964-65 onwards, when its serialized dramas were immensely popular in Pakistan.

Khan was born in Lahore, in October 1943 and educated at the Aitchison College and the Forman Christian College, there.

In November 1964, the Pakistan Television Corporation made its first test-transmission from Lahore, and in that same year Khan was selected as a trainee with the fledgling state TV channel.
In 1967, he was transferred back to Lahore, and it is at the Lahore TV studios that he produced his best work. Khan's first major dramatic success came when he directed the immensely popular rural folk drama Jhok Siyaal (1973). This was followed by Waris (1978–79) and then a host of hit serials such as Bandaar Jaati aur Mamta, Samandar, Nasheman, Dehleez, Sahil, Lazawaal and others, between the 1980s and 1990s.

Khan retired from active television service in 2004. He died in Lahore, on 3rd November 2016, after a prolonged illness.

References

1943 births
2016 deaths
Punjabi people
Pakistani entertainers
Disease-related deaths in Pakistan
Grant Park is a large city park that is in Chicago, Illinois in the Chicago Loop. The Park has some special tourist attractions such as Buckingham Fountain, Millennium Park, Cloude Gate, and the Museum Campus that holds many of Chicago's museums. The Park was originally named Lake Park until it was renamed after the 18th President of the United States and Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant on October 9, 1901. Lollapalooza Music Festival and Taste of Chicago are held in the Park.

References

Other websites

Grant Park: The Night Obama Won  - image slideshow by Life magazine

History of Chicago
Parks in Chicago
1901 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois
Buckingham Fountain is a landmark that is in the center of Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. The fountain was finished in 1927 and was one of the largest fountains in the world. The fountain was also one of the first large fountains during that time. The fountain is in the eastern part from Route 66.

References

Other websites

 Chicago Landmarks: Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden
 Chicago Park District: Buckingham Fountain 
 Restore Buckingham Fountain 

1927 establishments in Illinois
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Buildings and structures in Chicago
Landmarks in Chicago
10239 Hermann (1998 TY30) is a main-belt asteroid.

Other websites 
 JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 10239 Hermann

Hermann
Biblical inerrancy is the doctrine that the Bible in its original manuscripts, is accurate and totally free from error. "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact". Some equate inerrancy with infallibility; others do not.

In 1978, 300 scholars and Protestant leaders met in Chicago and produced an agreed statement. It states the Bible is ' of infallible divine authority in all matters upon which it touches...'. Most Evangelical Christians agree with this view, but Liberal Christians do not.

Jesus himself quotes the Old Testament often without question (see Gospel of Matthew 5:17-20), but Judaism has never believed in the literal word of the Hebrew Bible.
There are over 5,600 Greek manuscripts containing all or part of the New Testament, as well as over 10,000 Latin manuscripts, and perhaps 500 other manuscripts in various other languages. Additionally, there are the Patristic writings which contain copious quotes, across the early centuries, of the scriptures. Inerrancy is only applied to the original autographs (the manuscripts written by the original authors), rather than the copies. For instance, the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy says, "We affirm that inspiration, strictly speaking, applies only to the autographic text of Scripture."

Reference

Other websites
Full text of Chicago statement 

Christian theology
Christian terminology
Independent Catholic Churches is the name for a few Christian churches which say that they have the traditions of the Catholic Church, but who are not recognised by the Holy See. Almost all of them say that their bishops have apostolic succession, that is that their legitimacy comes from an apostle. The first of these churches was the Old Catholic Church, who did not agree that the pope was infallible, in religious matters. This was agreed at the First Vatican Council in 1870. Most of the independent Catholic churches split  from the Old Catholic church. A notable exception is the Society of St. Pius X, a grouping of traditionalist priests, founded in the 1970s.

Communities such as the Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Church, or the Coptic Orthodox Church do not have the problem of recognition, as they are at least partially recognised by the Roman Catholic Church.  Most Independent Catholic Churches were created after 1870. 

Catholicism
Old Catholicism
The Battle of Cambrai was an important battle in the First World War. It took place near Cambrai, and lasted from 20th November to 7th December 1917. This battle was the first in the war, where tanks were used on a large scale. Cambrai was important because it was a railroad hub. In total, about 95.000 people where killed or captured. The battle did not result in a gain of territory of either side. Cambrai lay on the Hindenburg Line. That part of the Hindenburg line between Arras and Soissons was known as Siegfried Line and more things

Cambrai
1917 in the United Kingdom
1910s in Germany
1910s in France
November 1917 events
December events
Indian Mujahideen is a terrorist group, which has carried out several attacks in India. The group may be related to Students Islamic Movement of India. The Student Islamic Movement of India may be involved in several terrorist organisations, and is therefore banned. Indian Mujahideen said they carried out the Jaipur bombings of 2008. The leader is Abdul Subhan Qureshi.

Islamic terrorism
Religion in India
Organizations based in India
Rule of the Begums
Bhopal was the second largest Muslim state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad. Between 1819 and 1926, it was ruled by four women – Begums – unique in the royalty of those days. Qudsia Begum was the first woman ruler, who was succeeded by her only daughter Sikandar Begum, who in turn was succeeded by her only daughter, Shahjehan Begum. Jahan Begum was the last woman ruler, who after 25 years of rule, abdicated in favour of her son, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan. The rule of Begums gave the city its waterworks, railways, a postal system and a municipality constituted in 1907. The peaceful rule of Begums led to the rise of a unique mixed culture in Bhopal. The Hindus were given important administrative positions in the state. This led to communal peace and a cosmopolitan culture took its roots.

Sources

Indian princely states
1723 establishments
1949 disestablishments in Asia
18th-century establishments in India
1940s disestablishments in India
1720s establishments in Asia
Cassius Fairchild (December 16, 1829-October 24, 1868) was a Wisconsin businessman, politician, and military officer.  he was born in Franklin Mills, Ohio (now Kent, Ohio). Fairchild was educated mostly in Ohio. His father was Jairus C. Fairchild, who was the first Treasurer of Wisconsin and the first Mayor of Madison, Wisconsin. His brother was Lucius Fairchild, Governor of Wisconsin. He moved to Wisconsin and managed his family's cranberry and lumber businesses. He also managed their rental properties. Fairchild was elected to the Madison, Wisconsin Common Council where he served as president. He also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. At the time of the American Civil War, Fairchild enlisted in the Union Army becoming a colonel in the 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fairchild was badly wounded in the Battle of Shiloh, and eventually died of his wounds.

References

Other websites
Political Graveyard: Fairchild
People from Ohio
People from Wisconsin
1829 births
1868 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Whiskey Tjukangku is an Australian Aboriginal artist from South Australia. He paints for Iwantja Arts, the community co-operative at Indulkana on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. He is an elder of the Yankunytjatjara people, and a  (traditional healer). One of his works was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2012. His brother, Barney Wangin, is also an artist.

Tjukangku was born around 1939, in the bush near Umuwa in north-western South Australia. The name "Whiskey" was given to him by one of his friends when he was a young boy. It is said that Tjukangku took this name because he could not pronounce his own Aboriginal name.
His artworks depict personal reflections on his travels and experiences in the central Australian desert. It is often just memories, about where he used to work or a place he fondly remembers. This is different to most traditional Yankunytjatjara artists, who usually paint about their  (Dreaming). A common motif featured in Tjukangku's artworks is puṉu (wood that is used for making traditional tools and objects). This is often both his subject and his medium. Objects in his artworks are often more figurative (realistic) than in most Western Desert art, but still contain elements and shapes that are very clearly abstract. Tjukangku paints in natural earthy tones, using rich shades of red, browns, ochres and black. He uses fields and lines of white dots to highlight shapes and movement.
Tjukangku's work has been featured in group shows at major galleries since 2010. He held his first solo exhibition in April–May 2011, in Alice Springs. He held a second solo show at the same venue the next year, in July–August 2012. One of the works exhibited at his first solo show was bought by the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne. Other works by Tjukangku are held in several of Australia's major private galleries. Some of his earliest prints are displayed in the South Australian Museum.

References

1939 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from South Australia

Australian printmakers
is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the Japanese people who immigrated. The emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called Issei; and their children born in the new country are called Nisei (second generation).  The grandchildren of Issei are called Sansei (third generation).

The character and uniqueness of the Issei is recognized in its social history.

History

The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897.

Imigration to Brazil began in 1908.  Today, the community established by the Issei has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other Issei established themselves in the United States,  Canada,  and Peru.
In the 1930s, the term Issei came into common use.  The word replaced the term "immigrant" (ijusha).  This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the Issei looked at themselves.  The label Issei also included the idea of belonging to the new country.  Other terns like Nisei were modeled after this Issei pattern or template.

Cultural profile 
The term Nikkei (日系) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century.  The Nikkei include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

The Issei were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice.  Their children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their parents.

Although the Issei kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan.
The Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters.

Select list of notable Issei 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Kan'ichi Asakawa (1873-1948), academic, author, peace advocate, historian and librarian
 Makoto Hagiwara ( -1925), made the fortune cookie popular
 Mazie Hirono (1947-  ), 1st US Senator born in Japan
 Fujitaro Kubota (1879-1973), American Seattle gardener and philanthropist
 Isamu Noguchi (1904–1988), American sculptor and landscape architect
 Yoko Ono Lennon (1933-  ) artist and musician.
 George Masa (1881–1933), activist in creation of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
 Yoichiro Nambu (1921 - ), American Nobel Prize winner (2008), Physicist
 Jokichi Takamine (1854 – 1922), chemist who isolated adrenaline

Related pages
 Japanese American Internment

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Japanese American National Museum
 Japanese American Historical Society
 Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
 Discover Nikkei

Japanese diaspora
Clavering is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1156 people living in Clavering. It has a church called St Mary & St Clement.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Elmdon is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 522 people living in Elmdon. It has a church called St Nicholas.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Great Easton is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 797 people living in Great Easton. It has a church called St John & St Giles.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the children born to Japanese people who immigrated. The emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called Issei; and their children born in the new country are called Nisei (second generation). The grandchildren of Issei are called Sansei (third generation).

The character and uniqueness of the Nisei is recognized in its social history.

History

The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897.

Imigration to Brazil began in 1908.  Today, the community which grew from the Nisei children has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other communities of Nisei grew up in the United States,  Canada,  and Peru.
The use of the term Nisei was modeled after an Issei pattern or template.  In the 1930s, the term Issei came into common use.  The word replaced the term "immigrant" (ijusha).  This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the Issei looked at themselves.  The label Issei also included the idea of belonging to the new country.

Cultural profile 
The term Nikkei (日系) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century.  The Nikkei include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

The Issei were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice.  Their Nisei sons and daughters grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their parents.

Although the Issei kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan.  The Nisei had never known a country other than the one into which they were born.
The Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters.

Select list of notable Nisei 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
Alberto Fujimori (1938-  ), Peruvian politician, 1990-2000
 Luiz Gushiken(1950- ), Brazilian politician and activist
 Barney Hajiro (1916–2011), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Mikio Hasemoto (1916–1943), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Joe Hayashi (1920–1945), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Shizuya Hayashi (1917–2008), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 William Hohri (1927–2010), American political activist
 Daniel Inouye (1924-2012), US Medal of Honor recipient World War II and US Senator from Hawaii
 Carlos Kasuga, Mexican businessman 
 Yeiki Kobashigawa (1920–2005), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Yuri Kochiyama (1921 - ), American civil rights activist
 Ford Konno (1933 - ), US Olympic athlete (1952, 1956), swimmer
 Tommy Kono (1930 - ), US Olympic athlete (1952, 1956, 1960), weightlifter
 Robert Kuroda (1922–1944), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Ben Kuroki (1917–2015), US Army Air Force airman
Mike Masaoka (1915–1991), American leader of the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
 Spark Matsunaga (1916–1990), US Senator from Hawaii
 Hiroshi Miyamura (1925 - ), US Medal of Honor recipient in Korean War
 Norman Mineta (1931 - ), US Congressman from California and US Secretary of Transportation
 Wataru Misaka (1923 - ), American basketball player, 1st non-Caucasian to play in the NBA in 1947
 Pat Morita (1932–2005), American actor
 Kaoru Moto (1917–1992), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Sadao Munemori (1922–1945), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Kiyoshi Muranaga (1922–1944), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Mirai Nagasu (1993 - ), American Figure Skating champion in 2008
 Masato Nakae (1917–1998), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Shinyei Nakamine (1920–1944), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 William Nakamura (1922–1944), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
George Nakashima (1905–1990), American furniture designer and cabinetmaker
 Joe Nishimoto (1920–1944), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Allan Ohata (1918–1977), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Apolo Anton Ohno (1982 -  ) American Olympic athlete (2002, 2006, 2010), speed skater
 James Okubo (1920–1967), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Yukio Okutsu (1921–2003), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Frank Ono (1923–1980), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Kazuo Otani (1918–1944), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 George Sakato (1921 - ), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 James Shigeta (1933 - ), American actor
 Shinkichi Tajiri (1923–2009), American sculptor
 Ted Tanouye (1919–1944), US Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
 Yoshinobu Oyakawa, American Olympic athlete (1952), swimmer
 George Takei (1937 - ), American actor
 Minoru Yamasaki (1912–1986), American architect
Related pages
 Japanese American Internment
 Manzanar

References

Other websites

 Japanese American National Museum
 Japanese American Historical Society
 Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
 Discover Nikkei

Japanese diaspora
Littlebury is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 802 people living in Littlebury. It has a church called Holy Trinity.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Aluminium iodide  is any chemical compound made up of only aluminium and iodine. It is formed by the reaction of aluminium and iodine, or the action of hydrogen iodide on aluminium metal.

Sources

Iodine compounds
Aluminium compounds
Galveston is a city on Galveston Island in the U.S. state of Texas. , the city had 47,743 people.  The city is the county seat of Galveston County. It is well known for a hurricane in 1900.

The city is about 45  miles (72 km) southeast of downtown Houston.

References

Other websites

 
1839 establishments in the Republic of Texas
County seats in Texas
Xerochrysum bracteatum  is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae and comes from Australia. In English, the plant is usually called golden everlasting or strawflower. It grows as a woody or leafy perennial or annual shrub.  Depending on the type it can get up to a meter (3 ft) tall.

The golden everlasting serves as food for different kinds of larvae (caterpillars) of butterflies, moths and skippers. Adult butterflies, hoverflies, native bees, small beetles and grasshoppers visit the flower heads.

The golden everlasting is easy to grow. Annual varieties in a host of color forms are available.

Distribution and habitat 
The Golden everlasting occurs in all Australian mainland states and territories as well as Tasmania. It is quite common and can be found from North Queensland across to Western Australia.
It occurs in all habitats except those that are in  dense shade. It grows as an annual in patches of red sand in Central Australia, responding rapidly to bouts of rainfall to complete its life cycle. It is common among granite outcrops in southwest Western Australia, and is found on heavier and more fertile soils in the Sydney region, such as basalt-, shale- or limestone-based soils, generally in areas with a high water table. It has been reported growing in disturbed soil, along roadsides and in fields in the New England region in the United States.

Ecology 
The brightly colored bracts act as petals to attract insects such as hoverflies, native bees and small beetles that pollinate the florets. Grasshoppers also visit the flower heads. The caterpillars of Tebenna micalis have been recorded on this species, as have those of the Australian painted lady (Vanessa kershawi). The tiny fruits are dispersed by wind, and germinate and grow after fire or on disturbed ground.
The water mould (oomycete) Bremia lactucae has infected commercial crops in Italy and California. In 2002 on the Ligurian coast, widespread infection of several varieties, most severely 'Florabella Pink' and to a lesser extent 'Florabella Gold' and 'Florabella White', resulted in leaf blistering and the development of lesions on the leaves, and white patches on the undersides, particularly in areas of poor ventilation. There was an outbreak of downy mildew in a crop of the Golden everlasting in San Mateo County, California in 2006, in which the leaves developed large chlorotic lesions. A Phytoplasma infection damaged X. bracteatum crops in the Czech Republic between 1994 and 2001, causing poor growth, bronzing of the leaves and malformation of flower heads. Genetically, the pathogen was indistinguishable from the agent of aster yellows. The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) attacks and forms galls on the roots, which leads to the death of the plant.

Farming and breeding
The Golden everlasting had been introduced to farming in England by 1791. German horticulturist Herren Ebritsch obtained material and developed it at his nursery in Arnstadt near Erfurt in Germany. He bred and sold varieties of many colors from bronze to white to purple, which spread across Europe in the 1850s. The bracts of these early forms tended to remain cupped around the flower head rather than flatten out like the native Australian forms. These were also annual rather than perennial forms. Many were given names such as 'atrococcineum' (dark scarlet flower heads), 'atrosanguineum' (dark blood-red flower heads), 'aureum' (golden yellow flower heads), 'bicolor' (red-tipped yellow flower heads), 'compositum' (large multicolored flower heads), 'macranthum' (large rose-edged white flower heads), and 'monstrosum' (flower heads with many bracts), although today they are generally sold in mixed seed for growing as annuals
. Some colored forms of South African Helichrysum are thought to have been introduced to the breeding program, which resulted in the huge array of colors. The Golden everlasting was one of several species that became popular with European royalty and nobility from the early 19th century, yet were little noticed in Australia until the 1860s, when they became more prominent in Australian gardens.
Most varieties started in Australia in the latter part of the 20th century are perennials. 'Dargan Hill Monarch' was the first of these, and many more have followed. Profusely flowering, these come in many colors including white, yellow, orange, bronze, pink and red. Their commercial lifespan is generally around three years. Queensland-based company Aussie Winners has a range of compact plants ranging from orange to white known as Sundaze. Plants of this series usually have larger leaves. This range won the Gran premio d'oro at the Euroflora exposition in Geneva in 2001, for the best new plant series in the previous three years. 'Florabella Gold', a member of the Florabella series, won the award for best new pot plant (vegetative) in the Society of American Florists' competition of 1999. The Wallaby variety of the flower range of taller forms with narrow leaves and white, yellow or pink flowers
. Other commercial ranges include the Nullarbor series, and Queensland Federation daisies, including 'Wanetta Sunshine' and 'Golden Nuggets'.