Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Harpers Ferry Armory, more formally known as the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, was the second federal armory commissioned by the United States government.  It was located in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (then part of Virginia). It was also called the "mother arsenal", a term coined in 1797 by the first Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert. The first federal armory was the Springfield Armory located in Springfield, Massachusetts. In many books the town is called “Harper’s Ferry” with an apostrophe. The national armory has been associated with many historical events throughout the history of the United States.

History
History

Harpers Ferry 
In 1751, Robert Harper purchased  of land at "The Hole", a name at the time for the place where the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers meet. He set up a ferry service for travelers who needed to cross the Shenandoah River. In 1763, the Virginia General Assembly established the town of "Shenandoah Falls" at "Mr. Harper's Ferry." Soon it just became known as Harpers Ferry. The town grew and became a transportation hub as more new businesses came here.

The national armory 
In 1794, the United States Congress passed a bill calling "for the erecting and repairing of Arsenals and Magazines". President George Washington, given wide latitude in carrying out this order, selected Harpers Ferry, then a part of Virginia, for the location of the Harpers Ferry National Armory. In 1796, the United States government purchased a  parcel of land from the heirs of Robert Harper. In 1799, construction began on the national armory. Three years later, mass production of military arms started.
When it opened, the armory's size seemed to be too small for its workforce. It consisted of only one room. There were 25 workers. Nevertheless, the armory produced many muskets, rifles, and later pistols for the United States. By 1810 the armory was producing about ten thousand weapons per year. The building relied on river power to drive the armory's machinery.

Most of the guns for the 1804 Lewis and Clark Expedition were made at Harpers Ferry. In 1811 the M1819 Hall rifle was designed by Captain John Hall. In 1819 it was adopted by the U.S. Army and produced at Harpers Ferry.

Expansion and upgrades 
The 1830s and 1840s saw a number of changes in the design of the basic musket produced at the armory. More powerful gunpowder was developed and weapons changed from flintlock to percussion cap operation. By 1855 the armory was producing rifled muskets by the thousands with ‘‘HARPERS FERRY’’ stamped on them.
The upgrades of the arsenal began in 1845-1854 with the construction of seven brand new workshops and the installation of 121 new machines. The new workshops had a brick superstructure with iron framing and sheet metal roofing. These reconstructed arsenal buildings became collectively known as the "U.S. Musket Factory". The armory canal was enlarged so that more water could get to the armory, which meant it would receive more power. 

In addition, more people were employed to work at the armory than before: the labor force increased from 25 in 1802 to about 400 workers in 1859. The working conditions improved, but only slightly.

John Brown's Raid 

In 1859, the armory became the site of the famous raid by abolitionist John Brown. While unsuccessful in inciting a slave revolt, it did raise Southern fears and increased the tension between North and South prior to the American Civil War.
On April 17, 1861, Virginia seceded from the Union. At this point the arsenal became a prime military target. the governor of Virginia planned to take the valuable armory for the South. He knew that no Southern arsenal could match the quality of the arms being produced at Harpers Ferry. He sent his militia to take the arsenal before the Union Army could send enough troops to hold it. When the Virginia militia was four miles away, army Lieutenant Roger Jones sent an urgent message to Washington, DC explaining the danger they were in and to send them thousands of troops to defend Harpers Ferry. When he received no reply he decided he had to act. On the night of April 18, 1861, Jones ordered his men to set fire to the arsenal and the over 15,000 muskets and all the ammunition stored there. Then they quickly retreated across the bridge to Maryland. But the approaching Virginia militia put out the flames. They were able to save 4,000 muskets and all the machinery
. The Confederates held the armory for the next three months. During this time they transported the machinery to the Confederate armory at Fayetteville, North Carolina. Then the Confederates set fire to the buildings when they retreated in July. The armory was destroyed and never rebuilt.
The armory's location 
In spite of the armory's strategic importance, it was nearly impossible to defend. The town and arsenal were surrounded on sides by thousand-foot high cliffs. To defend Harpers Ferry required the placement of artillery on all high points over the city. Soldiers stationed at Harpers Ferry during the war described it as a “godforsaken, stinking hole”. The location of Harpers Ferry proved to be a poor choice militarily.

After the Civil War 
After the Civil War, John Brown's Fort was the only building to survive the destruction by both the Confederates and the Union. The building was named after John Brown for his notorious raid on the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1859. The building was the armory's fire engine and guardhouse.

References

Other websites 
 Harpers Ferry Armory Guns 
 Armory Quarters B, Harpers Ferry Vacation Rentals 

American Civil War
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
1797 establishments in the United States
Entlebuch is a district of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The capital is the municipality of Schüpfheim.

Municipalities 
It contains the following municipalities:

 Doppleschwand
 Entlebuch
 Escholzmatt
 Flühli
 Hasle
 Marbach
 Romoos
 Schüpfheim
 Werthenstein

References
The sixth form is the final stage in British secondary schools. This term is used in England, Northern Ireland, Wales and some other Commonwealth countries. The sixth form (or 'Key Stage 5') is the final two years of secondary education (U.S. 'high school'). Students (typically between 16 and 18 years of age) prepare for their A-level (or equivalent) examinations.

The term sixth form college is used by schools which only take 16 to 19 year old for advanced school-level qualifications. They may offer courses for the International Baccalaureate Diploma as well as Advanced level exams.

In Scotland, the final year of school is known as sixth year or S6. Independent schools in Scotland often use the term "sixth form". 

Education in England
Education in the United Kingdom
Inkwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Innertkirchen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Gadmen merged into the municipality of Innertkirchen.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Innertkirchen 

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Ins () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website  
 
 

Municipalities in Seeland
Gaultheria is a flowering plant genus in the  family Ericaceae. Gaultheria has 135 species including the Salal, Gaultheria shallon. Gaultheria are shrubs that are related to the blueberry. Gaultheria is commonly called wintergreen.  The genus was described by Pehr Kalm.

References

Ericaceae
Interlaken is a town and municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is an important and well-known tourist destination in the Bernese Oberland region of the Swiss Alps, and the main transport gateway to the mountains and lakes of that region. In 2018, 5,610 people lived there.

The town is on the Bödeli between two lakes Brienz and Thun.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 Official Website of the municipality 
 Activities and webcams in the surrounding area  
 

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Cities in Switzerland
Léopold, I Duke of Lorraine (11 September 1679 – 27 March 1729) nicknamed the Good, was the ruling Duke of Lorraine and Bar from 1690 to his death.  He was named in honour of his uncle Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. He was also responsible for the creation of the Château de Lunéville which was used as the ducal residence during his lifetime. 

The eldest son of Eleanor of Austria and Charles V of Lorraine, He was from a long established House of Lorraine which had ruled over the small sovereign Duchy of Lorraine since 1473.

Life as duke

He was in exile and Lorraine was occupied by France until 30 October 1697, when it was returned to Leopold; it was again occupied by France from 1702 to 1714, although the duke remained in place. Following Leopold's death, his wife would act as regenbt for their son Francis until he gained his majority.

Marriage
Marriage

Leopold married Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIV of France. The match was designed to improve relations between Lorraine and its larger and more powerful neighbour. (Lorraine having been for many years in the possession of France) 
Leopold and Élisabeth Charlotte was finally married on 13 October 1698 at the Palace of Fontainebleau, Élisabeth Charlotte was given a large dowry. The couple eventually had 14 children in total, even though Leopold would often see his mistress the wife of Marc de Beauvau known as the "Princess of Craon".

Issue
Later life 

Having worked hard to restore the duchy throughout his reign as a result of it being destroyed by the various wars throughout Leopold's life. 

In March 1729, Leopold caught a fever while walking at the Château at Ménil near Lunéville. He returned to Lunéville where he died on 27 March, aged 49.

1679 births
1729 deaths
Dukes and duchesses
House of Lorraine
The following is a list of the 40 comuni of the Province of Macerata, Marche, in Italy.

References

Macerata
Province of Macerata
Joe Pavelski is an American profesional ice hockey player. He currently plays for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he is the alternate captain. He has also played for the San Jose Sharks. He was the captain of the Sharks from 2015 until 2019.

On July 1, 2019, he signed a three-year, $21 million contract with the Dallas Stars.

Pavelski has also played international hockey for the United States men's national ice hockey team. He won a silver medal with them at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

References

Other websites 

Joe Pavelski

1984 births
Living people
American ice hockey centers
American ice hockey right wingers
American Olympic silver medalists
Dallas Stars players
People from Wisconsin
San Jose Sharks players
United States Hockey League players
Agnetha Åse Fältskog (, born 5 April 1950) is a Swedish musician, singer, songwriter, actress, and author. She became successful in Sweden after the release of her debut album Agnetha Fältskog in 1968, and reached international stardom as a member of the pop group ABBA.

After the break-up of ABBA, Fältskog found some success as a solo artist in the 1980s. Fältskog stopped recording music for almost 17 years until she released a new album in 2004.

References

1950 births
Living people
Swedish singer-songwriters
Swedish actors
ABBA members
Björn Kristian Ulvaeus (credited as Björn Ulvæus ; born 25 April 1945) is a Swedish songwriter, producer, a former member of the Swedish musical group ABBA (1972–1982), and co-composer of the musicals Chess, Kristina från Duvemåla, and Mamma Mia!. He co-produced the movie Mamma Mia! with fellow ABBA member and close friend Benny Andersson.

References

1945 births
Living people
Swedish screenwriters
Swedish singer-songwriters
Swedish composers
Swedish movie producers
Writers from Gothenburg
ABBA members
Musicians from Gothenburg
Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden e.V. (usually just called SG Dynamo Dresden or Dynamo Dresden) is a professional association football club from Dresden, Saxony, Germany. They currently play in the 2. Bundesliga.

The club was founded on 12 April 1953 as a club affiliated with the East German police. They became one of the most successful clubs in East Germany, winning 8 DDR-Oberliga titles. After the German reunification, they played in the Bundesliga for a few seasons, but they have drifted between the 2. Bundesliga and the Regionalliga Nordost.

Their main rivals are Berliner FC Dynamo, Lokomotive Leipzig, Chemnitzer, Sachsen Leipzig, Erzgebirge Aue and Dresdner. Also, their main colours are yellow and black (previously the colours were green and white).
Honours 
 DDR-Oberliga: 8
 Champions 1953, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1989, 1990
 FDGB-Pokal: 7 (Record, shared with 1. FC Magdeburg)
 Winners 1952, 1971, 1977, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1990
 Deutschland Cup: 1
 1990
 UEFA Cup
 Semi-final 1989
 NOFV-Oberliga: 1
 Winners 2002
 3rd Liga: 2
 Champions 2015-16
 3rd 2010-11 (promoted after promotion play-offs)
 Regionalliga Nord: 1 (As third tier)
 Runner-ups 2003-04 (promoted)
 Saxony Cup: 3
 Winners 2003, 2007, 2009
 Sachsenliga: 1
 Winners 2009
 GDR Junior Champion: 2
 1982, 1985
 Junge Welt Junior Cup: 2
 1976, 1985
 Indoor-Regio-Cup: 1
 2007

References

Other websites 
 Official team site 
 Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables 
 Sport 1 News topic page Dynamo Dresden  
 Spiegel News topic page Dynamo Dresden 
 Facebook 

Dresden
Football clubs in Saxony
A chromophore is the part of a molecule responsible for its colour.

The colour is caused when a molecule absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light. It transmits or reflects only other wavelengths, which causes the colour we see.

In biological molecules that capture or detect light energy, the chromophore is the part of the molecule which responds when hit by light.

Chromophores make the colour in chromatophores, which are the pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in many animals.

References 

Chemical compounds
Himeros (Ancient Greek: Ἱμερος "uncontrollable desire") is the god of sexual desire or unrequited love. He is one of the Erotes.

Himeros is shown to carry a bow and arrow. He created desire and passion in mortals. He is often depicted as a young man or child.

His parents are Ares and Aphrodite and he's brothers with Eros, his twin brother. His other siblings include Pothos, Anteros, Hermaphroditus, Hedylogos, Phobos, Deimos and Harmonia.

Sources
"Himeros." Greek Mythology Wiki. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 June 2016.

Greek gods and goddesses
Harpers Ferry is a historic town in Jefferson County, West Virginia, United States. In some cases the name Harper's Ferry has been spelled using an apostrophe. Harpers Ferry sits at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers. This is where the U.S. states of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia meet. It is the easternmost town in West Virginia. The original, lower section of the town is located on a low-lying floodplain created by the two rivers. It is surrounded by higher ground on all sides. Historically, Harpers Ferry is best known for John Brown's raid on the Armory in 1859 and its role in the American Civil War. During the war, between 1861 and 1865, the town changed hands between Union and Confederate forces 14 times. The Battle of Harpers Ferry resulted in the largest surrender by Union Army soldiers in the Civil War.

The population was 286 at the 2010 census.

Notes

References
Background 
During the Maryland Campaign of 1862, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia advanced north through the Shenandoah Valley into Maryland. Lee planned to capture the garrison at Harpers Ferry to secure his line of supply back to Virginia. The Confederate Army was being pursued at a leisurely pace by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac. Even though the Union Army outnumbering him more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army. He sent one portion to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from three directions. Col. Dixon S. Miles, Union commander at Harpers Ferry, insisted on keeping most of the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights. He had been ordered by McClellan to hold the town until McClellan could send more soldiers.
The battle 
The slim defenses of the most important position, Maryland Heights, first encountered the approaching Confederate on September 12. But there was only a brief skirmishing. Strong attacks by two Confederate brigades on September 13 drove the Union troops from the heights.
During the fighting on Maryland Heights, the other Confederate columns arrived. They were astonished to see that critical positions to the west and south of town were not defended. Jackson methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry and ordered Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to move down the west bank of the Shenandoah River in preparation for a flank attack on the Federal left the next morning. By the morning of September 15, Jackson had positioned nearly 50 guns on Maryland Heights and at the base of Loudoun Heights. He began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless. He agreed with his subordinates to raise the white flag of surrender. Before he could surrender personally, he was mortally wounded by an artillery shell and died the next day. After processing more than 12,000 Union prisoners, Jackson's men then rushed to Sharpsburg, Maryland, to rejoin Lee for the Battle of Antietam.

References
References

Other websites 
 Maryland Campaign of 1862
 From Beaver Dam Creek to Antietam: Lee’s Virginia-Maryland Campaign of 1862

Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
American Civil War battles
1862 in the United States
Maryland Campaign
History of West Virginia
September 1862 events
Giumaglio is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo merged into the new municipality of Maggia.

2004 disestablishments in Switzerland
Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Background 
During the summer of 1862, the hopes of the North that the rebellion could be easily crushed were quickly fading. In July, Major General George B. McClellan's defeated attempt to capture the Southern capital at Richmond, Virginia failed. Near the end of August, the Second Battle of Bull Run was another Confederate victory. The Union armies retreated back to Washington, D.C. only a few miles away. In the West, Confederate offensives were proving to be successful. This was causing poor morale among the Union army soldiers.

Battles 
Lee divided his Army of Northern Virginia into five smaller armies or columns. Three he sent with General "Stonewall" Jackson to attack and hold Harpers Ferry. This way Jackson could control the Shenandoah Valley.

Harpers Ferry (September 12-15, 1862)
The town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), sits at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers. It is surrounded by high cliffs on three sides making it nearly impossible to defend. Col. Dixon S. Miles, Union commander at Harpers Ferry, kept most the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights. Jackson put artillery on all the heights and bombarded the garrison. Miles decided to surrender the more than 12,000 men. As he debated with his officers over the decision, Miles was struck by a shell that shattered his left leg, a wound that proved fatal. Jackson then took possession of Harper’s Ferry before joining the rest of Lee’s army at Sharpsburg, He left General A.P. Hill’s division at the garrison to guard the prisoners.

South Mountain (September 14, 1862)
This skirmish took place in Maryland. While most of Lee's army was attacking Harpers Ferry, the rest moved into Maryland with Major General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac closely behind them. At Frederick, Maryland the Union army caught up with Lee and the fighting began on South Mountain. It was a natural formation that separated the Shenandoah and Cumberland Valleys from eastern Maryland. Several battles were fought that day over possession of South Mountain. The Confederates were driven back with a large number of casualties. McClellan could have destroyed Lee's army but he waited giving Lee the time to regroup.

Antietam (September 16-18, 1862)
The Battle of Antietam, also called the Battle of Sharpsburg, was not only the bloodiest day of the American Civil War, it was the single bloodiest day in American history. Most of the fighting occurred on September 17, 1862 between Antietam Creek and the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland. The events leading to the battle were somewhat strange. Earlier, a copy of Order No. 191 had been used to bundle a Confederate officer's cigars. It was dropped and found by Union soldiers. They were taken to McClellan who now knew exactly what Lee's battle plan was. However, a Southern sympathizer told Lee that McClellan had a copy of the order. So McClellan's advantage was lost. Because McClellan took his time after the Battle of South Mountain, Lee regrouped around Sharpsburg. The battles started on the morning of the 16th. By evening, there was still no clear-cut winner. Both sides were badly bloodied.

Shepherdstown  (September 19-20, 1862)
Also called the Battle of Botelier's Ford, this battle took place in Jefferson County, West Virginia. As Lee's army retreated south, Union troops under Major General Fitz John Porter's caught up with Lee's rearguard. While troops were still crossing the Potomac they were attacked by General William Pendleton's Confederates. This discouraged the Union command from following the Confederate retreat any further.

A little over a month later, President Lincoln relieved McClellan of command for failing to follow and destroy Lee's army. Major General Ambrose E. Burnside took over command of the Army of the Potomac.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 “To Antietam Creek: The Maryland Campaign of 1862" by Mr. D. Scott Hartwig; YouTube
 Why did Lee Enter Maryland?
 Maryland Civil War Trails 

 
September 1862 events
Ipsach is a municipality in the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 

Municipalities in Biel/Bienne
Iseltwald is a village and municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is located on the southern of Lake Brienz.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Villages in Bern
Egypt observes Eastern European Time (UTC+2) all year round, the same time as neighboring Libya. On April 29, 2016, Egypt announced it was going to re-introduce daylight saving time (DST) on July 7 at 00:00 (UTC+02:00), but on July 4, 2016, the Egyptian government announced that DST will not be observed in 2016.

Daylight saving time 
Egypt first observed DST in 1940, but ended in 1945. DST was re-introduced in 1957, and the country continued to observe it until 2010.

Egypt formally observed daylight saving time from the last Friday of April until the first Friday of October. However, because of Ramadan, the dates varied, in 2006, it ended on September 22, in 2007 on September 7, and in 2008 on August 29. In 2010, Ramadan was completely changed to inside "summer".

On April 20, 2011, Egypt stopped observed summer time. EET was then used all year, with no summer time change.
In May 2014, daylight saving time was re-introduced in the country. DST started on Friday, May 16, with the period stopped during Ramadan, and then ended on Friday, September 26, but was abolished in 2015. In April 2016, it was announced DST will start on Friday, July 8, and end on Friday, October 28, but it was cancelled by the Egyptian government on July 4, 2016.

References

Egypt
Egypt
Mithankot (Urdu: مِٹهن كوٹ) is a city in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Mithankot is located on the right (west) bank of the Indus River, only a short distance downstream from its junction with Panjnad River.

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Moscow Time is UTC+03:00, the same time as Eastern European Summer Time, East Africa Time, and Arabia Standard Time.

On 28 March 2010, Moscow Time became the time zone for the Samara Oblast in Russia, leaving Samara Time (UTC+04:00) unused.

On 8 February 2011, the Russian government announced the abandonment of daylight saving time (DST) in all time zones across Russia. Moscovians set their clocks forward on 27 March 2011, and then UTC+04:00 became its standard time permanently.

In July 2014, the law to observe summer time year round was abandoned, and the clock has been set to UTC+3 starting from 26 October 2014.

References

The time zone database is Europe/Moscow.

Time zones
Moscow
Siti Musdah Mulia (born March 3, 1958 in Bone, South Sulawesi Selatandari) is an Indonesian professor of religion and an activist for women's rights. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Mulia came from a family with a strong religious tradition.  She went to an Islamic boarding school. Her father and father-in-law are Islamic religious leaders.  
Mulia's father was H. Mustamin Abdul Fatah, a battalion commander in Darul Islam the insurgent Islamic State led by Abdul Kahar Muzakkar.   Her mother was Hj. Buaidah Achmad, the first girl in her village to graduate from an Islamic boarding school, Pesantren Darud Da'wah wal Irshad in Pare-Pare. 

Mulia graduated from As`adiyah Islmaic high school in South Sulawesi in 1973.  In 1997, she received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Islamic political thought from the State Islamic University. She was the first woman to receive this degree.

Work
Work 

In 1999, Mulia became a research professor at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. She is also a professor of Islamic Political Thought at the School of Graduate Studies of Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University in Jakarta, Indonesia.

From 1999 to 2007 Mulia was the senior advisor of the Minister of Religious Affairs.  In 2004 this group started to write the Compilation of Islamic Law. This draft of Indonesia’s Islamic code included banning polygamy and child marriage. Because of this, Mulia got death threats.

From 2000 to 2005 Malia was head of the Council of Indonesian Ulema.

Malia believes in "the right of women to interpret Islamic teachings, the right of women to become an ulema, and the right of women to correct religious missions".

List of Works 

Mulia is the author of many books.
Reformist Muslima (2004)
 Islam Criticizes Polygamy (2003)
 Islam and the Inspiration of Gender Equity (2005)
 Islam and Human Rights (2010)
 Woman Portrait in the Lecture of Islam (2000)
 Islam and Mass Media (2000)
 Gender Equality and Justice in the perspective of Islam (2001)
 Islamic State: The Political Thought of Haikal (2002)
 Women and Politics (2003)
 Reformist Muslim Women : Islam Litigates Polygamy (2004)
 Religion-reform-inspired Muslim Women (2005)
 Islam and Violence Against Women (2006)
 Islam and The Inspiration of Gender Equity (2007.

Awards 

 International Women of Courage 2007
 Yap Thiam Hien Human Rights Award 2009 
 International Prize for the Woman of the Year (Italy)

References  

1958 births
Indonesian writers
Indonesian activists
Human rights activists
Living people
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
South Sulawesi
The Shenandoah River  is a tributary of the Potomac River,  long with two forks approximately  long each. One is in the U.S. states of Virginia while the other in West Virginia. 

The river and its tributaries drain the central and lower Shenandoah River valley. They also drain the Page Valley in the Appalachians on the west side of the Blue Ridge Mountains, in northwestern Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia.

Geology

The Shenandoah Valley sits on limestone. The fertile soil made it an attractive place for early settlement.  It continues to be a major agricultural area of Virginia and West Virginia. 

Some karst topography is evident, and the limestone has a great number of caves.  Several have been developed as commercial tourist attractions. These include Luray Caverns, Shenandoah Caverns, and the Skyline Caverns.
On the riverbank a few miles above Harpers Ferry, West Virginia is said to be a cave with an opening just large enough for a rider on horseback to squeeze through. It widened in the interior to a spacious room where hundreds of Col. John Mosby's raiding troops are said to have hidden from pursuing Union cavalry.

References

Other websites

Rivers of West Virginia
Rivers of Virginia
Ittigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The municipality was formed in 1983 when it and Ostermundigen were separated from territory once part of Bolligen.

Since 1991, Ittigen expanded its source of budget to the highway resting site parking fees. The well known example is the resting site Grauholz. As it is very pioneeric economic area, world rare and extraordinary, at the same time but controversy, it has been published in several newspaper articles. The municipality maintains the income source up to nowadays.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Langnau bei Reiden is a village and former municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Langnau bei Reiden and Richenthal merged into the municipality of Reiden.

Villages in Lucerne
Former municipalities of Lucerne
Kottwil is a village and former municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

Since 2006, it is part of the municipality of Ettiswil.

Villages in Lucerne
Former municipalities of Lucerne
Dixon Stansbury Miles (May 4, 1804–September 16, 1862) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He commanded a division in the First Battle of Bull Run. He was the commander of the Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry during the Battle of Harpers Ferry. He died from shrapnel wounds the day after the Union garrison surrendered.

Early career 
Miles was born in Baltimore, Maryland on May 4, 1804. He was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point from June 24, 1819, to July 1, 1824. He was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 7th Infantry Regiment. Nine years later Miles was promoted to first lieutenant in 1833 and captain in 1836. He served as Assistant Quartermaster from January 16, 1839 to September 30, 1845. In 1846, he served in the Mexican–American War. At the Siege of Fort Texas he was cited for Gallantry and "Meritorious Conduct" in the defense of Fort Texas and was promoted to the rank of major.
Civil War 
Miles had achieved the rank of Colonel by 1859. He was stationed at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas when the Civil War began. He was sent to Virginia and placed in command of an infantry brigade under Major general Robert Patterson. Then he was given command of a division under Brigadier general Irvin McDowell. He was at First Battle of Bull Run, but his division was held in reserve. He was then accused of being drunk at the battle. A Court of Inquiry was held and he was found guilty. A court-martial was not held. But Miles was not given another command until March 1862.
At the time he was assigned to the Harpers Ferry Armory, he was 58 years old; the oldest colonel in the Union Army. Miles arrived to take command in the spring of 1862. In 1861 the armory had been burned by Confederates.  The town's remaining houses, mills and churches served as hospitals, barracks and stables. Most of the population was gone. But it was still an important base of supply for the Union. By September 1862, Miles had 14,000 men at Harpers Ferry. On September 12, 1862 Brigadier general Julius White arrived. But because he had no military experience, Colonel Miles remained in command. On September 5, Miles had been given very specific orders by his superior, Major general John E. Wool, "you will not abandon Harpers Ferry without defending it to the last extremity." As if the message was not specific enough, Wool sent another saying "there must be no abandoning of a post, and shoot the first man that thinks of it". Miles wired back saying he was ready for them
.  But for some reason Miles insisted on keeping most of the troops near the town instead of taking up commanding positions on the surrounding heights.
As Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved North in his Maryland Campaign of 1862, he split his forces. Lee sent Major General (CSA) Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson to capture and hold Harpers Ferry. His troops found the heights unguarded and placed artillery in a position to bombard the town. Early on September 15, Miles gathered his officers together. They were surrounded and nearly out of ammunition. At around 9:00 a.m., white flags were raised by the Union troops indicating their surrender. A few minutes later a Confederate shell exploded mortally wounding Miles. He died the next day. General White, the second in command, arranged for the surrender. It was the largest capture of Union soldiers during the war. Jackson captured over 12,700 men, 13,000 arms and 47 artillery pieces. Miles was blamed for the surrender.

Notes

References 

1804 births
1862 deaths
American colonels
Military personnel of the American Civil War
People from Baltimore
Monte Vettore (; "victorious") is a mountain on the border between Umbria and the Marche, in Central Italy.

It is the highest mountain in the Marche region and in the province of Ascoli Piceno.

Geography

The mountain is part of the Sibillini Mountains (), a mountain group in Italy, part of the central Apennines between eastern Umbria and the Marche. It is in the "Sibillini Mountains National Park" ().

Below the peak, in a small enclosed U-shaped valley is one lake called the Lago di Pilato, at an altitude of . Even if it is a small lake ( in diameter), it is important for biologists; a fresh water shrimp, Chirocephalus marchesonii, is endemic to this lake.

Today climbers reach it from the Umbrian side from Norcia, a town and comune in the province of Perugia (Italy) in southeastern Umbria or, on the Marche side, from Ascoli Piceno.

Related pages
List of Italian regions by highest point

References

Other websites

Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibilini

Mountains of Italy
Marche
The 2016 Stanley Cup finals is the 123rd Stanley Cup trophy presentations as well as the champions of the 2015-16 NHL season. It featured the Pittsburgh Penguins and the San Jose Sharks. This was the Sharks first ever appearance in a Stanley Cup final and the Penguins 5th time in a Stanley Cup finals.

The Penguins beat the Sharks winning the series in game 6 at SAP Center, 3-1.

Series

Rosters
Years in boldface under the "Finals appearance" column signify the player won the Stanley Cup in the given year.

Pittsburgh Penguins

San Jose Sharks

References 

2016 in ice hockey
2016 in Pennsylvania
2016 in California
21st century in Pittsburgh
History of San Jose, California
June 2016 events
May 2016 events
Pittsburgh Penguins
San Jose Sharks
Stanley Cup Finals
This is a list of Italian regions by highest point.

List

Gallery
ˈ

References

Mountains of Italy
Italy-related lists
Hochdorf is a district of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The capital is the municipality of Hochdorf.

It contains the following municipalities:

 Aesch
 Altwis
 Ballwil
 Emmen
 Ermensee
 Eschenbach
 Gelfingen
 Hämikon
 Hitzkirch
 Hochdorf
 Hohenrain
 Inwil
 Lieli
 Mosen
 Müswangen
 Rain
 Retschwil
 Römerswil
 Rothenburg
 Schongau
 Sulz
Howards End is a novel by E. M. Forster, first published in 1910. it is about social conventions,  personal relationships and conflicting values in Edwardian England.

Some people think Howards End was Forster's best piece of work. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Howards End 38th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. It was adapted into a film in 1992 starring Anthony Hopkins, Vanessa Redgrave, Emma Thompson, and Helena Bonham Carter. It was directed by James Ivory. It was nominated for 9 Academy Awards and won 3 Academy Awards.

References 

1992 drama movies
British drama movies
Japanese drama movies
British novels
Movies directed by James Ivory
Jaberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Jegenstorf (Bernese German: Jegischtorf) is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010, the former municipality of Ballmoos merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Münchringen and Scheunen merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Kallnach () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

History 
On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Niederried bei Kallnach merged into the municipality of Kallnach and on 1 January 2019, the former municipality of Golaten merged into the municipality of Kallnach.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 
 
 

Municipalities in Seeland
Kandergrund is a municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Frutigen-Niedersimmental
Kandersteg is a municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is along the valley of the river Kander, west of the Jungfrau massif.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Kandersteg Tourism 

Municipalities in Frutigen-Niedersimmental
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Altwis is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Hochdorf
Bouillabaisse is a French fisherman's soup. This traditional Provençal fish stew originated in the port  of Marseille. The word is a compound of bolhir (to boil) and abaissar (to reduce heat, i.e., simmer).

It was a stew made by Marseille fishermen using the bony rockfish they were unable to sell. As well as fish, the soup has mussels (fr: moules) and may have other marine invertebrates. Vegetables such as leeks, onions, tomatoes, celery, and potatoes are simmered together with the broth and served with the fish.

The broth is traditionally served with a rouille, a mayonnaise made of olive oil, garlic, saffron, and cayenne pepper on grilled slices of bread.

In Marseille, the broth is served first in a soup plate with slices of bread and rouille, then the fish is served separately on a large platter  (see image). A simpler version has the fish and broth brought to the table separately and served together in large soup plates.

References 

Soups
French food
(also known as SAO) is a 2009 Japanese light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec. The series is about many virtual reality video game worlds.

Sword Art Online was commercially successful. According to Oricon, SAO was the top selling light novel series of 2012. More than 16 million copies of the light novel has been printed. The novel was later acted into a Japanese Anime.

An anime television series titled Sword Art Online aired in Japan between July and December 2012. It was produced by A-1 Pictures. Its second season called Sword Art Online II aired between July and December 2014. The third season of the anime titled Sword Art Online: Alicization premiered on October 7, 2018.

References 

Series of books
2012 anime television series
2014 anime television series
2018 anime television series
Light novels
Salade niçoise  is a salad from the district of Nice. It has tomatoes, tuna, hard-boiled eggs, olives, and anchovies. It is dressed with a vinaigrette. It is served with or without a bed of lettuce. The tuna may be cooked or canned.

The salad may include raw red peppers, shallots, artichoke hearts and other seasonal raw vegetables. It does not have cooked vegetables (like green beans and potatoes) which are often served in variations of salade niçoise around the world.

In French cuisine, raw vegetables served as appetisers are known as crudités.

References 

French food
Salads
Nice
A  is a type of Japanese novel. It is mainly intended for young adults to read. They are sometimes adapted into manga and anime.

References
Ballwil is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Hochdorf
Punitive damages are a remedy given by a court of equity in a lawsuit. It is used when a court believes that the defendant needs more punishment to be reformed or stopped from doing the action that caused them to be sued.

References

Law enforcement
Ilze Jaunalksne is a Latvian journalist for a television news program.  In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Jaualksne reported on political corruption and buying votes.  She won a court case against the government.

References 

Latvian journalists
Living people
1976 births
Movie actors
Non-fiction literature
Television presenters
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Kappelen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Seeland
Samia al-Amoudi () is a Saudi Arabian doctor. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

In 2006 al-Amoudi learned she had breast cancer. She fought the cancer and broke the silence about this women's health problem.

Work 

Al-Amoudi is an associate professor at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah and a consultant obstetrician gynecologist. She is also the head of the Women's Health Empowerment Scientific chair for women's health rights.

In 2013 King Abdullah named al-Amouid to the board of directors of the Union for International Cancer Control in Geneva, Switzerland.

Awards 
 International Women of Courage Award (2007).
 The ALMIFTAHA award from Prince Faisal bin Khaled of Asir Region

Books
Books 

Al-Amoudi wrote several books.
 My Daughter-My Best Friend 1st Edition (Arabic) 2011
 Islamic Guidelines for Sensitive Issues in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2003
 I.V.F. and Islamic Guidelines, 2003
 Breast Cancer Patients’ Health Rights, 1st Edition (Arabic/English) 2011
 Saudi Women’s Health Rights 1st Edition, (English), 2011
 Breast Cancer in Sign Language for Deaf and Mute (English), 2011 1st Edition
 Breast Cancer Researches in KSA Vol. 2, 2011

References 

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Saudi Arabian academics
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Saudi Arabian physicians
Obstetricians
Gynecologists‎
Gurzelen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities in Thun
Kaufdorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Background 
During the summer of 1862, the hopes of the Union that the rebellion could be easily crushed were quickly fading. In July, Major General George B. McClellan failed in his attempt to capture the Southern capital at Richmond, Virginia. Near the end of August, the Second Battle of Bull Run was another defeat for the Union. Shortly after the battle, Lee made his plans to invade the north. Lee led his Army of Northern Virginia into Maryland on September 4, 1862. Lee thought that if he took the Civil War to the Union states, a major victory might convince Great Britain and France to support the South. He also thought it would make the North sue for peace. This would insure the Confederate States of America could remain an independent country.
McClellan remained in command of the Army of the Potomac even though he had failed to support Major General John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run. When Lee entered Maryland, in a rare exception to his usual slowness, McClellan moved more quickly to cut him off. Unknown to Lee at the time, a Union soldier had found a copy of Special Order 191. This was Lee's plan to split up his army. McClellan learned Lee had sent General Stonewall Jackson to attack and hold the Harpers Ferry Armory. The information gave McClellan the chance to destroy Lee's army while it was still weakened by Jackson's attack on Harpers Ferry. McClellan learned of Lee's plan on September 13. He boasted "Here is a paper with which if I cannot whip Bobbie Lee, I will be willing to go home." He also sent a telegram to President Lincoln where he wrote, "I have all the plans of the rebels, and will catch them in their own trap if my men are equal to the emergency." But McClellan waited another 18 hours before acting
. This delay allowed Lee more time to collect all the elements of his army. As Lee had moved into Maryland, he left detachments to guard two of the passes through South Mountain, Crampton's Gap and Turner's Gap. These were the two most important routes through the 50-mile long South Mountain. Had McClellan moved a little faster, he would have caught Lee's army scattered on the other side of the mountain.
The battle 

On September 14, the battle took place on three gaps. A few Confederate regiments guarded the two northern gaps, Turner's and Fox's and Crampton's Gap to the south. The Union army advanced from the east and attacked in two waves. The first wave attacked Fox's Gap at about 9 am. Early in the afternoon the second wave hit both Fox's and Turner's Gaps at the same time. Crampton's Gap was attacked in the late afternoon.
Battlefield Preservation 

The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 647 acres of the South Mountain battlefield.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 The Battle of South Mountain (Fox's Gap) - September 14, 1862 (American Civil War), YouTube
 Special Order 191 - Perhaps The Greatest "What If" Of American Military History

American Civil War battles
1862 in the United States
Maryland Campaign
September 1862 events
Mariya Ahmed Didi is a Maldivian representative in the parliament. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

In March 2006, the police arrested a female activist at her house late at night, so Didi organized the first women's rights protest in Maldives.

References 

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Political activists
Maldivian politicians
Living people
1962 births
Lawyers
Women's rights activists
Kehrsatz is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Kernenried is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

It is  west of Burgdorf and  north-northeast of Berne.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Kernenried 

Municipalities in Emmental
Kienersrüti was a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Kienersrüti merged into the municipality of Uttigen.

Former municipalities in Thun
Thomas Henry Alex "Hal" Robson-Kanu (born on 21 May 1989 in Acton, England, United Kingdom) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger. He currently doesn't play for any club, but has been playing for the Wales national football team since 2010. He has played for England's youth squads, but decided to play for Wales in 2010. He played his first match with Wales against Austria  on 18 May 2010.

Hal Robson-Kanu has played with Arsenal, Reading, Southend United on loan and Swindon Town on loan. He won the Football League Championship with Reading during the 2011–12 season.

Other websites 

Hal Robson-Kanu profile at Reading F.C.

References 

1989 births
Welsh footballers