Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Death.. 
At about 11:00 a.m. Australian eastern standard time (01:00 UTC) on 4 September 2006, Irwin was cut in the chest by the tail of a stingray (a large sea animal) while snorkeling (a way of swimming using a tube to help you breathe under water) in Batt Reef, near Port Douglas in Queensland, Australia. He died from the wound. At the time, Irwin was being recorded for a television show, The Ocean's Deadliest. Bad weather had stopped recording and Irwin took the time to record some different pictures for another program. Irwin's friend, John Stainton, was on Irwin's boat. Stainton says Irwin swam too near to one of the animals - "He came on top of the stingray and the stingray's barb (a point on the stingrays' tail) went up and into his chest and put a hole into his heart". His wife (Terri Irwin) did not find out about his death until a few hours later because she was trekking in Tasmania.

References
References

 The Ten Deadliest Snakes in the World with Steve Irwin, 1998 
 Steve Irwin Still in Running for Award
 Farewell to a larrikin adventurer, killed in his prime

Other websites
 Official Site 

1962 births
2006 deaths
Accidental deaths in Australia
Australian activists
Australian television presenters
People from Melbourne
People from the Sunshine Coast, Queensland
Officers of the Order of Australia
Karlstad is a city in Värmland, Sweden. About 58,544 people live there. Karlstad has a University and a Cathedral.

References

Other websites 

 Official site
Search and seizure is an act that police and other law enforcement authorities are allowed to do. It is when they search a place for evidence of a crime. If they find that evidence, they may take it. They usually knock the door down with a search warrant. Warrants are a document stating that the government has permission to go into a building due to found evidence.

Law enforcement techniques
In classical mechanics, an impulse is defined as the integral of a force with respect to time:

where
I is impulse (sometimes marked J),
F is the force, and
 dt shows it is with respect to time.

Impulse is also described as the change in momentum. If the force and the mass of the object do not change, impulse can be simply expressed as:

where
 F is the constant total net force applied,
 Δt is the time over which the force is applied,
 m is the constant mass of the object,
 Δv is the change in velocity produced by the force in the time that passed, and
 Δp is the change in linear momentum.

Related pages 
 Specific impulse

Basic English 850 words
Mechanics

de:Impuls#Kraftstoß
sv:Rörelsemängd#Impuls
A ruler (or 'rule') is an instrument of measurement. Rulers measure length. Length is how long or short something is. Most rulers work by having numbers (parallel to the measuring edge) and little lines (perpendicular to the measuring edge). Rulers can also be used as a straight edge to draw lines with.

Rulers come in many different forms. They can be made of plastic, wood and metal, and other materials. Rulers also come in a variety of lengths. For example, there are 1 metre rulers, 30 centimetre rulers, 20 centimetre rulers and 15 centimetre rulers. These are examples of metric rulers. You can also get 1 yard rulers, 18 inch rulers and 6 inch rulers, etc. These are examples of imperial rulers.

Notes

Measuring tools
In biology, a mutation is a change in the genetic material. This means changes to the DNA or to the chromosomes which carry the DNA. These changes are heritable (can be passed on to the next generation) unless they have lethal effects.

Mutations can happen for several reasons. It can happen because of errors when meiosis produces the gametes (eggs & sperms). Damage by radiation, or by certain chemicals may cause mutations. Mutations occur at random.

Also, by derivation, an individual carrying the mutation may be called a mutant or a mutation. So is the trait (character) most obviously affected by the mutation.

Types of mutation

DNA mutations 
When DNA is copied mistakes are sometimes made – these are called mutations. There are four main types of mutations:
 Deletion, where one or more DNA bases are left out.
 Insertion, where one or more extra base is put in.
 Substitution, where one or more bases are changed for another base in the sequence.
 Duplication, where whole genes are copied.
Chromosome mutations 
These terms are explained in the third diagram.
 Deletion: a piece of chromosome is lost, together with any genes which may be on it.
 Duplication: part of a chromosome is repeated
 Inversion: part of a chromosome is reversed end to end
 Insertion: a smaller chromosome is added into a longer chromosome
 Translocation: part of a chromosome gets moved onto another chromosome

Results of mutation 
Mutations may be bad for the organism, or neutral, or benefit the organism. Sometimes mutations are fatal for the organism – the protein made by the 'new' DNA does not work at all, and causing the embryo to die. On the other hand, evolution is moved forward by mutations, when the new version of the protein works better for the organism.
Mutations are the ultimate source of variation, upon which natural selection acts. What happens is that some mutations affect the organism's ability to live and reproduce. This is an important part of the theory of evolution. The amount of heritable variation carried by a population can be huge, and as a result natural populations can change and adapt to conditions in their environment.

References

Related pages 
 Variation

Classical genetics
Cell biology
Södermanland is a province of Sweden. A part of Stockholm is in Södermanland.

Provinces of Sweden
Dalarna, Dalercarlia or the Dales is a province in Sweden. The province was part of Svealand before Sweden was consolidated in the 11th century.

Other websites

Provinces of Sweden
Hälsingland is a province of Sweden.

Provinces of Sweden
The stingrays are a large suborder of the rays. They are cartilaginous fish related to sharks. They are in the suborder Myliobatoidei of the order Myliobatiformes, which consists of nine families.

Most stingrays have one or more barbed stings on the tail, which is used only for self-defence. The sting may reach about 35 cm, and its underside has two grooves with venom glands. The sting is covered with a thin layer of skin, the sheath, in which the venom is held. A few members of the suborder, such as the manta rays and the porcupine ray, do not have stings.

Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world. There are species in warm temperate oceans, and some found in the ocean. Some live in fresh water. Most stingrays live at or near the bottom of the water, but some are pelagic.
Lifestyle 
Stingrays settle on the bottom while feeding, often leaving only their eyes and tail visible. Coral reefs are favorite feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide.

The flattened bodies of stingrays allow them to hide themselves. Stingrays agitate the sand and hide beneath it. Their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides. Stingrays  use smell and electro-receptors (like those of sharks) to find their prey.

Stingrays feed mostly on molluscs, crustaceans, and occasionally on small fish. Some stingrays' mouths have two powerful, shell-crushing plates, while other species have sucking mouthparts that bring in the plankton.

Reproduction 
Stingrays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in 'litters' of five to thirteen. The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted, the mother provides uterine 'milk'.
At the Sea Life London Aquarium two female stingrays have delivered seven baby stingrays, although the mothers have not been near a male for two years. "Rays have been known to store sperm and not give birth until they decide the timing is right".

Like all fish, stingrays get little  parasites (such as flukes or copepods) on their gills or body. A cleaner fish helps the stingrays by eating the parasites it can get at.

Families 
There are eight families in the stingray group. They are:
Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray),
Plesiobatidae (deep water stingray),
Urolophidae (stingarees),
Urotrygonidae (round rays),
Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays),
Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays),
Gymnuridae (butterfly rays), and
Myliobatidae (eagle rays).

References 

Rays
Venomous animals
Rachmaninoff is considered one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century. He could play extremely difficult music and had very large hands, so that he could play chords with large stretches. It is said that he could play a 13th. Rachmaninoff was a very tall man for his times, standing about . Rachmaninoff is also considered a great composer, writing very well in the Romantic style, even though he lived most of his adult life in the 1900s, whereas the Romantic style period is usually said to have ended around 1910. His music is characterized by lyrical melodies that are very memorable. His piano compositions are among the most difficult to play in the keyboard.

Life
Rachmaninoff was born in Semyonovo, near Novgorod in the north-west of Russia. Members of his family were important people who had been in the service of the tsars of Russia. His parents played the piano and arranged for him to have piano lessons in Saint Petersburg and then Moscow.
While he was still a student he wrote a short opera called Aleko. He also wrote some piano pieces including a Prelude in C sharp minor with loud, heavy chords. This piece became extremely famous and is still very popular today. He used to get fed up with people asking him to play the piece.

Not all his music was well-liked at first. The critics thought his First Symphony was very bad. This may have been because the orchestra played it so badly some of Rachmaninoff's friends thought the conductor was drunk, but the public reaction made Rachmaninoff compose a lot less for a while. After some years of feeling depressed he wrote his Second Piano Concerto which everybody liked very much, and is one of his most popular pieces.
Rachmaninoff became happier. He was allowed to marry Natalia after years of engagement during which the Russian Orthodox Church did not want them to be married. The political conditions in Russia were bad so he lived in Germany and Italy for a time. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 he left his country and never returned. He had been very successful with his Third Piano Concerto in the United States, so he went to live in the United States in 1918. Russia had become the Soviet Union and for many years Rachmaninoff’s music was not allowed to be performed there. This worried him a lot and he felt homesick. He did not write very much music during the rest of his life in the United States. One work that did become very popular was the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini which he wrote in Switzerland in 1934. He died of melanoma in Beverly Hills, California.
Music 
Rachmaninoff’s piano music is mostly difficult to play. He wrote many short pieces called preludes, and some studies which are considered to be very hard. As well as the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini he wrote four piano concertos. The Second and Third are very popular today, as is his Second Symphony. The second concerto reaches the lowest C on the piano, making it one of the lowest pieces of music (this is lower than a bass, which goes down to D).

He wrote some very beautiful choral music which includes a piece for choir and orchestra called The Bells and a very long, religious work called the All-Night Vigil (sometimes called the Vespers).

He wrote some chamber music including a cello sonata.

There are several excellent recordings of Rachmaninoff playing his own music. Most of these are available now on CD reissues.

Other websites 
 Sergei Rachmaninoff Site

References
References

20th-century composers
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Deaths from melanoma
Romantic composers
Russian composers
Russian pianists
1873 births
1943 deaths
Turbot is a large flatfish. It is a demersal fish which lives in marine or brackish waters. It is found in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.

Turbot are fished for food, and have a delicate flavour. They are farmed in a number of countries, and are quite expensive in restaurants.

When caught, professional fishermen often make small cuts through the bone near the tailfin. This lets the blood out and keeps the meat white. Storing the Turbot upside down also helps in keeping the underside of the fish white.

Flatfish
Edible fish
William Gallas (born 17 August 1977) is a French football player. He plays for Arsenal in England. He plays as a Defender.

Before joining Arsenal, Gallas has played for Olympique Marseille of France and Chelsea of England. He also played for France in the 2006 World Cup, winning the runner-up. In 2006 he turned to join Arsenal.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Caen||Division 2||16||0||||||||||||||16||0
|-
|1996/97||Division 1||18||0||||||||||||||18||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="4"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="4"|Division 1||3||0||||||||||||||3||0
|-
|1998/99||30||0||||||||||||||30||0
|-
|1999/00||22||0||||||||||||||22||0
|-
|2000/01||29||2||||||||||||||29||2
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Chelsea||rowspan="5"|Premier League||30||1||||||||||||||30||1
|-
|2002/03||38||4||||||||||||||38||4
|-
|2003/04||29||0||||||||||||||29||0
|-
|2004/05||28||2||||||||||||||28||2
|-
|2005/06||34||5||||||||||||||34||5
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Arsenal||rowspan="4"|Premier League||21||3||2||0||0||0||6||0||29||3
|-
|2007/08||31||4||2||0||1||0||8||0||42||4
|-
|2008/09||23||2||4||1||0||0||9||3||36||6
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
118||2||||||||||||||118||2
234||21||8||1||1||0||23||3||266||25
351||23||8||1||1||0||23||3||383||27
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||15||0
|-
|2005||11||1
|-
|2006||15||1
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||9||2
|-
|2010||6||0
|-
!Total||84||4
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Île-de-France
Sportspeople from Hauts-de-Seine
Ruud Van Nistelrooy (born 1 July 1976) was a Dutch retired professional football player who has played for the Netherlands national team. He is the fourth-highest goalscorer in UEFA Champions League history with 56 goals. He played for Manchester United until 2006, where he has the record for being the club's top scorer in European competition. Van Nistelrooy last played for Hamburger SV. He retired on 14 May 2012.

Club career statistics
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="4"|Den Bosch||rowspan="4"|Eerste Divisie||2||0||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1994/95||15||3||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||3
|-
|1995/96||21||2||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||2
|-
|1996/97||31||12||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||12
|-
|1997/98||Heerenveen||Eredivisie||31||13||5||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||36||16
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="3"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||34||31||5||1||colspan="2"|-||7||6||46||38
|-
|1999/00||23||29||2||0||colspan="2"|-||8||3||33||32
|-
|2000/01||10||2||2||3||colspan="2"|-||0||0||12||5

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Manchester United||rowspan="5"|Premier League||32||23||2||2||0||0||14||10||48||35
|-
|2002/03||34||25||3||4||4||1||11||14||52||44
|-
|2003/04||32||20||4||6||0||0||7||4||43||30
|-
|2004/05||17||6||3||2||0||0||7||8||27||16
|-
|2005/06||35||21||2||0||2||1||8||2||47||24
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Real Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||37||25||3||2||0||0||7||6||47||33
|-
|2007/08||24||16||2||0||1||0||7||4||34||20
|-
|2008/09||6||4||0||0||2||3||4||3||12||10
|-
|2009/10||1||1||2||0||0||0||1||0||4||1

|-
|2009/10||Hamburger SV||Bundesliga||||||||||||||||||||
167||92||14||7||colspan="2"|-||15||9||196||108
150||95||14||14||6||2||47||38||217||149
68||46||7||2||3||3||19||13||97||64
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
385||233||35||23||9||5||81||60||510||321
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||8||1
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||7||7
|-
|2002||4||1
|-
|2003||8||5
|-
|2004||11||6
|-
|2005||9||5
|-
|2006||5||3
|-
|2007||5||2
|-
|2008||5||3
|-
!Total||64||33
|}

References 

1976 births
Living people
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Manchester United F.C. players
People from Oss
Footballers from North Brabant
UEFA Euro 2004 players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African-American civil rights activist. She was called "the mother of the Modern-Day American civil rights movement" and "the mother of the freedom movement".

Parks is best known for what she did in her home town of Montgomery, Alabama on December 1, 1955. While she sat in a seat in the middle of the bus, the bus driver told her to move to the back of the bus so a white passenger could take the seat in the front of the bus. During this time, when there were no white seats for white people, black people were told to get up out of their seat. Parks refused to move. She was a member of the local chapter of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Like so many others she was tired of being treated as a lower class person because of the color of her skin.
She was arrested. This led to the Montgomery bus boycott. The boycott lasted 381 days. This caused a change in the law. After that, black people were able to sit wherever they wanted to on the bus. Her refusal to let others treat her differently was an important symbol in the campaign against racial segregation.

Early years 
Rosa Parks was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913. Her parents were James and Leona McCauley. She was mainly of African ancestry. One of her great-grandfathers was Scots-Irish and went to Charleston, South Carolina as an indentured servant.

Her father left home to find work when Rosa was 2 years old. Her mother taught school in another town. Rosa and her brother Sylvester were brought up by their grandparents.
Rosa started school in 1919 when she was 6 years old.  At that time, schools were segregated.  There were black schools and white schools.  Later, Parks remembered how buses took white students to their school, but black students had to walk to theirs:
I'd see the bus pass every day... But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and a white world.

In 1924 she went to the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery, Alabama. After 5 years, she left school and went to work in a shirt factory. She also took care of her grandmother.
On December 1, 1955, Parks got onto a city bus to go home after work. She paid her 10¢ and sat down in the first row of seats behind the painted line on the floor which marked the black section. After several stops, more white passengers got on the bus. The bus driver ordered Parks and three other black people to give up their seats so the white people could sit down. The other three moved to the back of the bus, but Parks slid over to the window. She said she was following the law by sitting in the right section.  Later, she said that when she was told to go to the back of the bus, "I thought of Emmett Till and I just couldn't go back."  (Till was a black 14-year-old boy who was lynched in Mississippi about three months earlier.)

The driver stopped the bus and called the police. Two police officers arrested Parks and took her to jail for violating Alabama's bus laws.
Her mother called upon Edgar Nixon to bail her out. Nixon was the president of the local NAACP chapter. Nixon knew the danger Parks was in and immediately arranged her bail.

The local NAACP had been looking for a test case to challenge the bus segregation laws. Parks was a respected working woman. She was well-spoken, and her case would be a good way to challenge the law. It was decided that on December 5, a boycott of all the buses in Montgomery would be held.
The word was spread throughout the black community of the intended bus boycott. Black ministers told their congregations to support the boycott. On Monday, December 5th, Rosa Parks had to appear in court. This was also the first day black riders would stay off the Montgomery buses. The streets of Montgomery were filled with black people walking to work. Black children walked to school.  That same morning, all Montgomery buses were assigned two motorcycle policemen to guard against any black gangs intimidating riders. There were no black gangs. The black community simply cooperated with the boycott. The buses remained empty all day. White riders fearing trouble stayed off the buses as well.

In addition to the charge of violating the bus laws, Parks was also charged with disorderly conduct. Her trial was quick, only about 30 minutes. The court found her guilty of all charges and fined her $14. The boycott continued.

Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle 

Parks appealed her conviction. Her attorney, Fred Gray, and others in the NAACP brought an appeal named Browder v. Gayle. The appeals court ruled on June 19, 1956 in favor of the black citizens of Montgomery. But the city appealed the decision.

On September 13, 1956, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the lower court. The bus boycott ended. It had lasted 381 days. Black citizens of Montgomery could ride the buses and sit where they chose.  Rosa Parks rode the bus again on December 21, 1956. This time it was an integrated bus. Ironically, she had the same bus driver who had her arrested the year before. In an interview, Parks said "He didn't react (pause) and neither did I".

Rosa Parks was a heroine of the black community. While she didn't do it alone, her actions sparked a fire that led to great changes.

After the boycott
After the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Parks went through many difficulties. She lost her job at the department store. Her husband was forced to quit his job.
In 1957, Parks and her husband left Montgomery for Hampton, Virginia to find work. In Hampton, Parks found a job as a hostess in an inn at Hampton Institute, a historically black college.

Later, Parks and her husband moved to Detroit, Michigan.  Parks continued to work as an activist.  For years, she worked for United States Congressman John Conyers.  After that, she worked as an activist against apartheid in South Africa.  She also opened a center in Detroit that gave advice to black youth about careers and job opportunities.

In 1999, President Bill Clinton awarded Parks a Congressional Gold Medal.  This is the United States' highest honor (most important award) for civilians.  When he gave her the award, President Clinton said: 
We must never ever, when this ceremony is over, forget about the power of ordinary people to stand in the fire for the cause of the human dignity.
Parks died on October 24, 2005, at her home in Detroit due to dementia. On October 30, her casket lay in state in the United States Capitol.  This is a great honor for people in the United States.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Academy of Achievement Profile 
 Rosa Parks Library and Museum  at Troy University
 The Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development
 Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies - National Public Radio
 Complete audio/video and newspaper archive of the Montgomery Bus Boycott 
 Rose Parks Biography 
 Rosa Parks Quotes 
 Rosa Parks interview and photographs

Congressional Gold Medal recipients
1913 births
2005 deaths
African-American people
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Nonviolence advocates
People from Alabama
Euler's identity, sometimes called Euler's equation, is this equation:

It features the following mathematical constants:

, pi

, Euler's Number

,  imaginary unit

It also features three of the basic mathematical operations: addition, multiplication and exponentiation.

Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler. It is not clear that he invented it himself.

Respondents to a Physics World poll called the identity "the most profound mathematical statement ever written", "uncanny and sublime", "filled with cosmic beauty" and "mind-blowing".

Mathematical proof of Euler's Identity using Taylor Series 
Many equations can be written as a series of terms added together. This is called a Taylor series.

The exponential function  can be written as the Taylor series

As well, the sine function can be written as

and cosine as
and cosine as

Here, we see a pattern take form.  seems to be a sum of sine and cosine's Taylor series, except with all of the signs changed to positive. The identity we are actually proving is .

So, on the left side is , whose Taylor series is  

We can see a pattern here, that every second term is i times sine's terms, and that the other terms are cosine's terms.

On the right side is , whose Taylor series is the Taylor series of cosine, plus i times the Taylor series of sine, which can be shown as:

if we add these together, we have

Therefore,

Now, if we replace x with , we have:

Since we know that  and , we have:

which is the statement of Euler's identity.

Related pages 

 −1 (number)
 Euler's formula

References 

Complex analysis

pl:Wzór Eulera#Tożsamość Eulera
Hideki Tōjō (30 December 1884 – 23 December 1948) was the Prime Minister of Japan during most of World War 2.

Hideki Tōjō was born on 30 December 1884 in Tokyo, Japan. He was the third son of a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army named Hidenori Tōjō. Tōjō had two older brothers but they died before he was born. 

In 1909, he married a woman named Katsuko Ito and he had seven children with her: three sons and four daughters.

In the late 1930s, Hideki Tōjō fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War, leading Japanese forces in occupied Manchuria. He returned to Tokyo in 1940 and held ministerial posts, where he urged an alliance with Germany and Italy against the Allied forces. Tojo became Prime Minister in 1941 and within two months ordered a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor planned by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. He followed it with a declaration of war against the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands.
After Japan surrendered, American troops went to arrest Tojo and surrounded his house. He shot himself four times in the chest, but missed and the bullets hit his stomach. Disarmed and with blood gushing out of his chest, Tojo began to talk. He said, "I am very sorry it is taking me so long to die. The Greater East Asia War was justified and righteous. I am very sorry for the nation and all the races of the Greater Asiatic powers. I wait for the righteous judgment of history. I wished to commit suicide but sometimes that fails." 

After his injuries healed, the Allies found Tojo guilty of war crimes and hanged him in Tokyo on 23 December 1948.

References

Other websites

 WW2DB: Hideki Tojo

1884 births
1948 deaths
Japanese generals
Military personnel of World War II
People executed by hanging
Politicians from Tokyo
Prime Ministers of Japan
Fascists
War criminals
World War II political leaders
SUSE is a main version of a Linux distribution, produced in Germany and owned by Attachmate Group. SUSE is also a founding member of the Desktop Linux Consortium. Starting from version "10.2 Alpha 3" its official name is openSUSE. The current mascot of SUSE is a chameleon called "Geeko".

History
The SUSE Linux distribution was originally a German translation of Slackware Linux. The Slackware distribution was founded by Peter MacDonald, and was the first distribution to contain X and TCP/IP. S.u.S.E was founded in 1992 as a UNIX speaking group, which among other things regularly released software packages that included SLS and Slackware, and printed UNIX/Linux manuals. In 1994 the group released the first CD version of SLS/Slackware, under the name "S.u.S.E Linux 1.0." Then in 1996, SuSE Linux gained many aspects from Red Hat Linux. The name "SUSE Linux" came in September 2003.
On 4 November 2003, Novell announced it would buy SuSE. They planned to release the administration program YaST2 under the GPL license and add a community project, openSUSE. The openSUSE desktop  environment can be GNOME or KDE. Most parts of the program were "open"—not completely, but more than before. The version "10.0" was the first version that had public beta testing. The philosophy changed from before. There were multiple versions of the "10.0" Linux distribution for download. They are "OSS" (completely open source), with all programs "free" and without proprietary softwares, and "eval" (has both open source and proprietary applications).

Versions

Official website
 SUSE

Linux distributions
History 
In Ancient China, there were three schools of political thought. Taoism believed in almost no economic interference by the government. Legalism included the belief that the state should have the maximum power. They created the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire. Confucianism was split between these two extremes although was closer to Legalism than Taoism. 

During the 19th century Laissez faire developed as a social and economic philosophy. It was believed that government involvement in business was harmful at worst and ineffective at best. Socially, it was believed that government intervention to help the poor was harmful because it made them lazy and dependent on the government. Economically there was debate at this time in Europe and the United States over whether free trade or tariffs promoted the most economic growth. Up until the 1840s protectionism was favored over Laissez faire. In Britain the Corn Laws placed high tariffs on imported corn to protect British farmers and land owners.
Related pages 
 Economic liberalism
 Anarcho-capitalism
 Free-market anarchism
 History of economic thought
 Libertarianism
 Market fundamentalism
 Neoliberalism

References

Other websites 
 What is Laissez faire; YouTube

Politics
Political movements
Libertarianism
Walter Moers (born 24 May 1957 in Mönchengladbach, Germany) is one of the best-known and most commercially successful German comic book creators and authors.

Works available in English translation
Little asshole, 1991 (English Edn)
The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear, 2000 (UK) / 2005 (US)
A Wild Ride Through the Night, 2004
Rumo and His Miraculous Adventures, 2004
The City of Dreaming Books, 2006. 
The Alchemaster’s Apprentice, 2009 (English Edn).  978-1-846-55222-9
The Labyrinth of Dreaming Books, 2012 (English Edn)

References

Other websites
Official page

1957 births
Living people
Comics artists
German artists
People from Mönchengladbach
Writers from North Rhine-Westphalia
Dorothy Marie "Dottie" Metcalf-Lindenburger (born on May 2, 1975 in Colorado Springs, Colorado) is an American astronaut. She works for NASA.

She is married to Jason Metcalf-Lindenburger, who was a 7th grade school teacher at the time.

NASA experience 
Metcalf-Lindenburger was selected by NASA in May 2004 and began training. Astronaut Candidate Training includes tours, many scientific and technical meetings, much learning about the Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training. 

She successfully finished this training in February 2006. This qualified her as a NASA Astronaut.

Education 
 Fort Collins High School, Fort Collins, Colorado.
 Bachelor of Arts, Geology with honors and cum laude, Whitman College, Washington, 1997.

Organization 
 Phi Beta Kappa
 National Education Association
Honors 
 1999 Outstanding Teacher Preparation Candidate at Central Washington University.
 1997 Whitman College Leed's Geology Award
 1997 Whitman College Order of the Waiilaptu
 1996 GSA Field Camp Award
 1995-1996 NAIA Academic All-American in Cross Country and Track
 1996 NAIA Conference Champion in the 10K.

References 

1975 births
Living people
American astronauts
People from Colorado Springs, Colorado
A worker is a person who works. This usually means a person who does manual labour, like manufacturing goods. In economics there are three factors of production. These are labour (the work done by workers), land (usually people need some space to produce something), and capital (it will cost resources, or money, to produce something).

People who work, usually get paid for the work they do. This is either called wages (if it is bound to a time period, like an hour), or a salary (if it is independent of the time taken). 

May Day is an international holiday for workers' rights.

Related pages 
Working class
Workers of the world, unite!

 
Labor

no:Blåsnipparbeider
Actinium is chemical element 89 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Ac. Actinium's mass is 227 g/mol. 

Actinium is a silver radioactive, solid metal in actinide group. It is so radioactive that it glows in the dark. Even a small amount of actinium is dangerous to people.

History
Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist.  In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium.

Properties 
Actinium is a soft, silvery-white, radioactive metal. Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that of lead. Because its strong radioactivity, actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light.

Actinium reacts quickly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that stops the actinium from oxidizing.
Isotopes 
Actinium that is found in nature is made up of two radionuclides 227Ac and 228Ac. Thirty-six radionuclides of actinium have been found. The most stable is 227Ac which has a half-life of 21.772 years. The shortest-lived known isotope of actinium is 217Ac which has a half-life of 69 nanoseconds.

Occurence 
Actinium is only found in trace amounts in uranium ores. For example, one tonne of uranium ore contains about 0.2 milligrams of 227Ac. Thorium ores contain about 5 nanograms of 228Ac per one tonne of thorium.

Uses 
225Ac is now being studied for use in cancer treatments. 227Ac is studied for use as an active element of radioisotope thermoelectric generators. 225Ac is used in medicine to make 213Bi in a reusable generator. It can be used in radiation therapy.

References

Actinides
Alyson Renee "Aly" Michalka (born March 25, 1989) is an American actress and musician. She works with Disney Channel and takes part in duo group 78violet with her sister, Amanda Michalka. She is most well known for playing the part of Keely Teslow on the Disney series Phil of the Future.

Early life
Alyson Michalka was born in Torrance, California, United States on March 25, 1989 to Mark Michalka and Carrie Begley-Michalka. She was raised mostly in the city of Seattle, Washington. She has two dogs named Saint and Bandit.

Later life 
She began to be home schooled. She started acting for Disney Channel on Phil of the Future, then began her singing career. She says on Disney 411 that she started playing guitar with her sister at the ages of 12 and 10. She lives in a multimillion-dollar California mansion.
Musical career
Michalka has been singing since her sister was able to speak and sing. Then, for the movie Now You See It... her sister and she started a band and created a music video called Do You Believe In Magic?. The band is called 78violet. Then they left Disney Channel to "take off" with their musical career.

Acting career 
Soon she started acting for Disney Channel in the show Phil of the Future, which she had quit in 2006. She has been seen in many movies, outside of Disney channel, she worked with WB and NBC with TV dramas with her sister. She was most known for playing Keely Teslow in Phil of the Future on Disney Channel, though now has gained popularity being in a band. She has been in other Disney Channel productions like Now You See It... and Cow Belles. She is half of the musical duo 78violet, with her sister.
Filmography 
 Phil of the Future (2004-2006)-- Keely Teslow
 Now You See It... (2005 movie)-- Allyson Miller
 Cow Belles (2006 movie)-- Taylor Callum
 Bandslam (2009 movie) -- Charlotte Barnes
 Hellcats (2010 movie)--

Discography 
 Do You Believe In Magic?–2005
 No One–Ice Princess, 2005
 Walking on Sunshine–Herby: Fully Loaded, 2005
 Into the Rush–Twitches, 2005
 Chemicals React–2006
 Pontential Break Up Song–2007

Other websites 
 
 Hollywood Records's Aly & AJ Bio 

1989 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Musicians from Los Angeles County, California
American rock guitarists
American pop musicians
Actors from Torrance, California
Phil of the Future is an American comedy children's television series. It was produced by 2121 Productions (a part of Brookwell McNamara Entertainment). It was first shown on June 18, 2004 on the Disney Channel, and ended on August 19, 2006 as part of the Disney Channel Games. Stars of the show include Ricky Ullman (Phil Diffy), Amy Bruckner (Pim Diffy), and Alyson Michalka (Keely Teslow). The last episode was shown in the United States on August 19, 2006.

Cast 
 Ricky Ullman as Philip "Phil" Diffy
 Amy Bruckner as Pim Diffy
 Craig Anton as Lloyd Diffy
 Lise Simms as Barbara Diffy
 Alyson Michalka as Keely Teslow
 J.P. Manoux as Curtis and as Vice Principal Hackett
 Kay Panabaker as Debbie Berwick
 Rory Thost as Bradley Benjamin Farmer

Episodes
Episodes

Season 1 
 Your Cheatin' Heart
 Unification Day
 Meet the Curtis
 Phillin' In
 Tanner
 Raging Bull
 My Way
 Daddy Dearest
 Pheremonally Yours
 Future Tutor
 Future Jock
 You Say Toe-Mato
 Doggie Daycare
 We'll Fix it in Editing
 Halloween
 Age Before Beauty
 Neander Phil
 Double Trouble
 Milkin' It
 Corner Pocket
 Team Diffy

Season 2 
<li>Versa Day
<li>Virtu-Day
<li>The Giggle
<li>Dinner Time
<li>Tia, Via, or Me... Uhh
<li>Ge Ready to Go-Go
<li>Phil Without a Future
<li>Time Release Capsule
<li>Mummy's Boy
<li>Maybe-Sitting
<li>Good Phil Hunting
<li>Pim-Cipal
<li>Phil of the Garage
<li>It's a Wonder-Phil Life
<li>Christmas Break
<li>Stuck in the Meddle with You
<li>Broadcast Blues
<li>Happy Nirday
<li>Ill of the Future
<li>Where's the Wizard?
<li>Not-So-Great Great Great Grandpa
<li>Back to the Future (Not the Movie)

Gadgets Used in the TV Series
Wizard - Can perform multiple functions (Usually spelled Wizrd)
 New Ager - Can make people older and younger
 DNA Scrambler - Manipulates the DNA of the person it is used on
 Insta Morph - Changes what people look like so other people think they are someone else(as seen in Not-So Great-Great-Grandpa)
 Skyak - A futuristic flying vehicle, which is like a jet-ski
 Penny Missile - Springing clip
 The Giggle - A futuristic version of the internet
 Replicator Gadget - Replicates (or 'clones') the subject
 Holographic Tracking Sensor - Can be used to track a subject
 Omnimatic Grapthifiers - Works as a laser operated gripping device, used for climbing
 Virtu-Goggles - Strap-on goggles that lets people view and experience a virtual-reality world
 Laser Squash - A futuristic game like handball
 Spray Food Cans - Spray cans that make any kind of food
 I Want Straight Hair - Makes frizzy, messy hair instantly neat
 Dress Me Hoop - Used to automatically dress a person when he or she goes through it
Other websites 
 Save Phil of The Future 
 Brookwell McNamara Entertainment

Television series by Disney
2004 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Brenda Song (born March 27, 1988) is an American actress.  She is also a former child model. Song was first famous for her appearances on the Disney Channel. She was a regular part on The Suite Life of Zack and Cody. Her character was noted as one of the Disney Channel's longest continuous characters. In 2010, she moved into mainstream movies and TV. These included Changeland, Angry Angel, and Station 19.

Biography

Early years 
Brenda Song was born in Carmichael, California to a Hmong American father and a Thai American mother. Song has two younger brothers, Timmy and Nathan. Brenda Song holds a black belt in Tae Kwon Do and was named an All-American Scholar in ninth grade.

Career 
Brenda Song began acting and modeling at age 6. She also played a very minor role in a skit on MADtv.
One of Song's more notable acting roles is her portrayal of London Tipton in the Disney Channel Original Series The Suite Life of Zack and Cody (along with Ashley Tisdale and twins Cole and Dylan Sprouse). She later continued this role in the spin-off The Suite Life on Deck. She also played a recurring role as Tia in the Disney Channel Original Series Phil of the Future. Song had minor guest appearances on both That's So Raven and American Dragon: Jake Long.

Song had her first starring role in 2006 in the movie Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior.

In 2010, Song was part of the main cast of The Social Network. This marked her entry into mainstream movies and TV.

In 2012, Song starred in the short film First Kiss along with her Social Network costar Joseph Mazzello.

In 2017, Song was cast in Freeform's movie, Angry Angel.

In January 2019, Song was cast in a starring role in the Hulu television series Dollface alongside Kat Dennings.
Personal 
She belongs to the Hmong tribe with their sacred and historical beliefs. She has received a black belt in one martial arts and had used her skills in the Disney Channel movie, Wendy Wu:Homecoming Warrior.

In 2017, Song began a relationship with actor Macaulay Culkin. They have a daughter together named Dakota, born in 2021.

Filmography

Film

Television

Web

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 

 Brenda Song - Official Website
 

1988 births
Living people
American television actors
Models from California
Disney actors
Actors from Sacramento County, California
Singers from California
William E. Nelson (born February 18, 1941) is an Environmental Wax Researcher.

1941 births
Canadian inventors
Living people
Scientists from Ontario
Racket might mean:

A loud noise
A scheme to cheat people
A racquet, a tool used in sports like tennis, badminton and squash
Guide dogs are dogs trained to help blind  or vision impaired people live on their own.  They are sometimes called "Seeing Eye" dogs. Guide dogs are one type of assistance animals, which are animals trained to help people with a disability to lead more complete lives.

The blind person (sometimes called a "handler") and the dog need to work together. Both the dog and the handler must take special training to learn how to work as a team. The handler needs to let the guide dog know the direction they want to go. The dog can lead the person around things that may be dangerous, such as moving cars or other things. Also, guide dogs may be taught to press buttons to work elevators or get things for their handler.  Because dogs cannot see colors as well as people, they cannot read traffic signals, so the handler must use ways to tell if it is safe to cross a street.
Because the guide dog and handler will be in public, it is important that the dog stays calm in busy or loud areas. In many countries, guide dogs are allowed inside places where animals normally are not allowed, such as restaurants, stores, buses and trains.

History
Germany started the first guide dog schools during World War 1, to help soldiers who were blinded in the war. By 1931, schools and organizations such as The Seeing Eye in Morristown, New Jersey in the United States and the British Guide Dog Association in the United Kingdom were founded.

Related pages
Blindness

Working dogs
Service animals
Keelung (; Hokkien POJ: ), officially known as Keelung City, is a provincial city of Taiwan Province, Republic of China. It is in the northeastern part of the island. It is next to Taipei County. Nicknamed the Rainy Port for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung).

History

Early History
Keelung was first inhabited by the Ketagalan, a tribe of Taiwanese aborigine. The Spanish expedition to Formosa in the early 17th century was its first contact with the West; by 1624 the Spanish had built San Salvador de Quelung, a fort in Keelung serving as an outpost of the Manila-based Spanish East Indies. The Spanish ruled it as a part of Spanish Formosa. From 1642 to 1661 and 1663–1668, Keelung was under Dutch control. The Dutch East India Company took over the Spanish Fort San Salvador at Santissima Trinidad.

International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Keelung is twinned with:
 Bacolod and Davao City, Philippines
 Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands
 Campbell, California, U.S.
 Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.
 East London, South Africa
 Marrickville, New South Wales, Australia
 Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan
 Rosemead, California, U.S.
 Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
 Sangju, North Gyeongsang, South Korea
 Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
 Yakima, Washington, U.S.

References

Other websites

  
  
 WorldStatesmen.org — Taiwan
 

Cities in Taiwan
Ports and harbours of Taiwan
A chocolate cake is a cake made with chocolate or cocoa. The ingredients are put into a bowl and mixed together; then the mixed ingredients are put into a cake tin and put in an oven until it is fully cooked. Then the cake is taken out of the oven and placed on a cooling stand. If the cake maker wants to, they can ice the cake, when it has cooled down, by spreading thick icing on it. Chocolate cakes are a sold in shops as well as made at home. They are a sweet food and should not be eaten all the time, which would be unhealthy.

There are many different types of chocolate cake, depending on the recipe and different types of chocolate used. Different countries have different recipes for chocolate cakes. In France, gâteau au chocolate is popular. In Germany, Sachertorte is popular.
History
In 1828 Conrad Van Houten of the Netherlands made a mechanical extraction method for taking away the fat from cacao liquor resulting in cacao butter and the mostly de-fatted cacao. It was a compacted mass of solids that could be sold as it was "rock cacao" or ground into powder. The processes made chocolate from an luxury to an cheap daily snack. A process for making smoother chocolate called conching was made in 1879 by Swiss Rodolphe and made it easier to bake with chocolate as it "amalgamates smoothly and completely with cake batters." Until 1890 to 1900 chocolate recipes were mostly for drinks.
In the U.S., chocolate decadence cakes were popular in the 1980s; in the 1990s, single-serve chocolate cakes with liquid chocolate centers were popular.

Gallery

Other websites
 

Cakes
Ten Who Dared is a movie made by Disney in 1960. It tells the real story of an officer of the United States Army called John Wesley Powell who was the first to travel up the Colorado river with other nine men to make a map of the region, and the dangers they had to face in their trip.

Some people say it is one of the worst movies made by Disney.

References

Other websites 
 Ten Who Dared at Rotten Tomatoes
 
 Ten Who Dared at AllMovieGuide
Ten Who Dared at Yahoo! Movies

Disney movies
1960 movies
1960s historical movies
In math, the imaginary unit (written as ) is a mathematical constant that only exists outside of the real numbers and is used in algebra. When we multiply the imaginary unit by a real number, we call the result an imaginary number. Though imaginary numbers can be used to solve a lot of mathematical problems, they cannot be represented by an amount of real life objects.

History
Imaginary units were invented to answer the polynomial equation , which normally has no solution (see below). The term "imaginary" comes from by René Descartes and was meant to be insulting as, like zero and negative numbers at other times in history, imaginary numbers were thought to be useless as they are not natural. It wasn't until later centuries that the work of mathematicians like Leonhard Euler, Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Carl Friedrich Gauss would prove that imaginary numbers were very important for some areas of algebra.
Definition
A common rule for multiplying and dividing numbers is that if the signs are different then the result is negative (e.g. ), but if both numbers have the same sign then the result will be positive (e.g.  and ). However, this leads to problems with square root numbers of negatives, as two negative numbers will always make a positive number:

so 
but 
as 

To fill in this value gap the imaginary unit was made, which is defined as  and . Using imaginary numbers we can solve our last example:

 and

Square root of i 
Although the imaginary unit comes from solving a quadratic equation (an equation where the unknown appears squared), we could ask whether we need to create new number values like the imaginary unit to solve equations where higher powers of  like  and  appear. For example, the equation  has a fourth power of the unknown variable . Do we need new units like  to solve this equation?