Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Lots of Somalis did not like what was going on, so a Muslim religious leader named Mohammed Abdullah Hassan started a group called the Darwiish to fight the British, Italians and Ethiopians. The British called him the "Mad Mullah" and spent about 30 years fighting him, eventually using fighter planes against his cavalry. At their height the Darwiish controlled almost a third of Somalia.

Italy created a colony around Mogadishu and enlarged the territory of Italian Somalia after WW1 with the areas south of the Juba river. In the next 20 years the Italian colony grew in importance, having at Hafun the biggest salt production in the world and in the Scebeli river a huge production of bananas exported to Europe. In 1928 was created the first airport in Somalia's capital and later in 1939 was started the longest air route in Africa with the Linea dell'impero, a flight between Rome and Mogadishu.
World War 2 history 
When Benito Mussolini took power in Italy, he ended the deals he made with the bigger Somali sultanates and invaded them conquering all the area that was to be the colony of Italian Somalia. Then he invaded and took over Ethiopia, using poison gas on the Ethiopians. Shortly afterwards, World War 2 broke out and he invaded British Somaliland, but two years later the British returned and liberated British Somaliland and Ethiopia as well as taking over Italian Somaliland.

After the war, Britain wanted to put all of the places Somalis lived in one country, which would be a British protectorate. The Ethiopians complained that they should be able to keep the areas they conquered, and the Italians also complained the same thing, so in the end the Ethiopians got to keep their bit, and the Italians did too. However, Italian Somaliland was put under a United Nations mandate, so the Italians could not make it a colony.
Cold War history 
In 1960 both British and Italian Somaliland declared independence together as the Somali Republic. It was chosen the Latin alphabet for the Somali language. Many areas where Somalis lived were still part of Britain, Ethiopia and France. Somalia wanted to get back all the areas that had been colonized by the French, Ethiopians and British. Somalia and Ethiopia had a short war in 1964 over the Ethiopian part of Somalia, and it was obvious that more fighting was to come.
In 1969, the President of Somalia was killed by a man whose clan had been hurt by his policies, and General Mohammed Siad Barre took over the country. Siad Barre built a huge army with help from the Soviet Union and when Ethiopia fell for the fourth time (this time because of a communist takeover) he invaded. The Soviet Union decided that Ethiopia was more important than Somalia and double-crossed Siad Barre, supplying huge amounts of weapons to Ethiopia. Some other countries including Cuba and Israel also sent help to Ethiopia, so in the end Siad Barre lost the war.

Ethiopia's new government then began helping Somali rebel groups, who did not like how Siad Barre took over the country, and these rebel groups toppled Siad Barre' government in 1991 and forced him out of the country. After this, however, all of the rebel groups started fighting amongst themselves over who would be in charge now that Siad Barre was gone.
Modern history 
Because there was no government in most of Somalia (except where one had been built from scratch, like Puntland and Somaliland) Somalia's only legal system, beyond the law of the gun, was traditional custom and Islamic Sharia law. Because of this, Sharia legal scholars in the lawless south of Somalia gained quite a bit of influence. Around the same time, the people fighting for Somali lands in Ethiopia to be part of Somalia turned to the example of the Afghani Mujahideen, and created their own group called al-Ittihad al-Islamiyya or the Islamic Union. During the 1990s Ethiopia invaded Somalia several times to attack the Islamic Union, who were helping Somali rebels in Ethiopia.
The United States of America and Ethiopia was alarmed by this takeover, so Ethiopia invaded southern Somalia in 2007 and put a new government in power that was made up of the rebel groups that Ethiopia had funded 15 years earlier. Almost everyone disagreed with this decision, and that same year a rebellion against this new government broke out in Mogadishu and spread across the whole country by 2008. At around the same time, Somali pirates kidnapped westerners from cargo ships and tourist boats for ransom. In 2006, jihadist group al-Shabaab began an insurgency.

References

 
Italian-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Melvin Jerome Blanc (May 30, 1908 – July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor, radio personality and comedian. Nicknamed The Man of a Thousand Voices, he was best known for his voice roles such as in Looney Tunes, Hanna-Barbera cartoons, and others.

Blanc was born on May 30, 1908 in San Francisco, California. He studied at Lincoln High School in San Francisco. He was married to Estelle Rosenbaum from 1933 until his death in 1989. He has one son. Blanc died on July 10, 1989 from heart disease, at age 81.
The characters he voiced and the years he started doing them
 Porky Pig (1937, assumed from Joe Dougherty)
 Daffy Duck (1938)
 Bugs Bunny (1940)
 Woody Woodpecker (1940)
 Cecil Turtle 1941 ["Tortoise Beats hare"]
 Dopey (1941-1967)
 Tweety Bird (1942)
 The Hep Cat (1942)
 Old man [1943] ["Tortoise winds by a hare"]
 Private Snafu, numerous World War II related cartoons (1943)
 Yosemite Sam (1945) ("Hare Trigger")
 Pepe LePew (1945)
 Herman Goering [1945] ("Herr Meets hare")
 Adolf Hitler [1945] ("Herr Meets hare")
 Joseph Stalin [1945] ("Herr Meets Hare")
 Sylvester the cat (1946) aka Thomas (1947) in some films
 Foghorn Leghorn (1946)
 Henery Hawk (1946)
 Hugo [1946] [Rackateer Rabbit]
 Police Detective [1946] {Rackateer Rabbit]
 Charlie Dog (1947)
 Wile E. Coyote (1948)
 K-9 (1948) (sidekick to Marvin the Martian)
 Marvin the Martian (1948)
 Road Runner (1948)
 Captain Bligh [1948] ["Buccaneer Bunny"]
 Polly the parrot [1948] ["Bucceneer Bunny"]
 Game Commissioner [1949] ["Rebel Rabbit"]
Police Guard [1949] ["Rebel Rabbit"]
 Congressman [1949] ["Rebel Rabbit"]
 Crew member [1949] ["Mutiny on the Bunny"]
 Woman [1949] ["Bowrey Bugs"]
 Swami [1949] ["Bowery Bugs"]
 Irish NYPD Policeman [1949] ["Bowery Bugs"]
 Prison Guard Sam Schultz [1950] ["Big House Bunny"]
 Prison Warden [1950] ["Big House Bunny"]
 Pigeon [1950] {"Big house Bunny"]
 Rocky [1954] {"Bugs and Thugs"]
 Mugsy [1954] ["Bugs and Thugs"]
 Policeman on phone [1954] {"Bugs and Thugs"]
 Policeman [1954] ["Bugs and Thugs"]
 The Tasmanian Devil (1954)
 Speedy Gonzalez (1955)
 Sportscaster [1955] ["Roman Legion_Hare"]
 Roman Soldier [1955] ["Roman Legion Hare"]
 Emperor Nero [1955] ["Roman Legion-Hare"]
 Charles M. Wolf [1958] ["Hare-Less Wolf"]
 Elmer Fudd (1959, assumed from Arthur Q Bryan)
 Railroad Station Announcer / Mexican Character / Maxwell Car / Carmichael Pet Polar Bear / Polly Pet Parrot / Salesman / Violin Teacher Professor LeBlanc [The Jack Benny show (Radio and TV)]
Jack Benny's Maxwell Car/Ed the Cheese Vault Guard [1959] [The Mouse That Jack Built]
 Barney Rubble (1960)
 Dino (1960) (Fred Flintstone's pet.)
 Cosmo G. Spacely (1962) also same character in last film [1990] Jetsons the Movie
 Spoiled King [1962] ("Shiskabugs")
 Head Devil [1963] ["Devil's Feud Cake"]
 Colonel Zachary GAtor (1963 episode of Wally Gator)
 Secret Squirrel (1964-1965)
 Hardy Harr Harr (1965-1966)
 Bubba McCoy from "Where's Huddles?"
 Captain Caveman
 Chug-a-Boom / Ant Hill Mob / Bully Brothers from "The Perils of Penelope Pitstop" and "Wacky Races"
 Twiki from Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1979)
 Heathcliff (1981 / appeared in syndication from 1986 to 1988)
Other websites

 

1908 births
1989 deaths
Actors from San Francisco
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from stroke
ConAgra Foods, Inc. is a food packing company that packs food for supermarkets, restaurants, and other businesses. It is located in North America.

Sources

Other websites 
ConAgra Foods, Inc.

American food companies
Companies based in Omaha, Nebraska
1919 establishments in North America
The iPod is a discontinued range of portable music players designed by the company Apple Inc. in California. The iPod comes with computer cables so that the user can put music from their computer onto the iPod, and play music from it using headphones. Newer iPods allow a user to play games, view pictures, watch videos and use the internet, too.

The first iPod was named the iPod Classic. This iPod was released on October 23, 2001. Apple Inc. made the iPod like this until September 9, 2014.

Apple made a smaller iPod called the iPod mini. It was much smaller than the iPod Classic, but did not hold as many songs. It used flash memory, a special kind of memory for very small electronics, instead of a hard drive. It was replaced by a version of the iPod called the iPod nano.

Another type of iPod, called the iPod shuffle, was very small, and it used flash memory, like the iPod mini but it had no screen. It was the least expensive iPod.
The most expensive iPod is called the iPod touch. It has a touch screen, like the iPhone. It's very similar to the IPhone, but it's not a smartphone. The first generation of iPod touch was released on September 5, 2007 and was discontinued on May 10, 2022.

iPods often contain songs downloaded from an online music store, using a program called iTunes. (The name of Apple's music and video store is the iTunes Store.) Songs are sold in AAC file format, not MP3 or WMA. These are popular formats for compressing (making smaller) music until it does not take up much space and can easily be put on a media player such as the iPod.

The App Store is an online shop that is run by Apple Inc. where people can buy software for their iPhone or iPod Touch. It opened on July 11, 2008. Over 2 million applications (or apps for short) are available for people to buy. Some apps are available for free.

Models

Timeline

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Apple iPod—Official website
 Apple's 21st century Walkman—Brent Schlender, Fortune, October 2001
 iPod Nation—Steven Levy, Newsweek, July 2004
 Behind the Music—Ken Aaron, Cornell Engineering, 2005
 The Perfect Thing—Steven Levy, Wired, November 2006

IPod
Costa Rica (officially called Republic of Costa Rica), is a country in Central America. It is bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The official language of Costa Rica is Spanish. The official currency is the colón. It has enjoyed a long period of peace since the 1863 civil war. Because of its natural beauty and political stability, it is nicknamed the "Switzerland of Latin America". Costa Rica has had no army since December 1, 1948. Instead of spending money on the military, the government spends money on education and health.

5,094,118 people live in Costa Rica. The capital city is San José. The current President is Rodrigo Chaves. He was elected in 2022.

History
History

Pre-Columbian period 
The indigenous people of Costa Rica belong to the Intermediate Area. This Intermediate Area is where the Mesoamerican and Andean indigenous cultures mixed together. The country was influenced by various Chibcha speaking indigenous people.

The impact of indigenous peoples' culture on modern Costa Rica has been small. The country did not have a strong native civilization to begin with. Most of the indigenous population was absorbed into the Spanish colony. There are still some small indigenous groups. The largest is the Bribri and Boruca tribes in south Costa Rica.

Spanish colonization 
Christopher Columbus sailed to the eastern shores of Costa Rica during his last trip in 1502,. He reported large amounts of gold jewelry among the indigenous people.
During the colonial period, Costa Rica was the most southern province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala. But it mostly ruled itself as a part of the Spanish Empire. Costa Rica's distance from the capital in Guatemala, its legal prohibition to trade with the Viceroyalty of New Granada, and the lack of gold and silver made Costa Rica into a poor, little populated region of the Spanish Empire. Costa Rica was called "the poorest and most miserable Spanish colony in all America" by a Spanish governor in 1719.

Costa Rica's poverty was also because there were not enough indigenous people available for slavery. Most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work on their own land. There were no large haciendas (plantations). For all these reasons, Costa Rica was unappreciated and forgotten by the Spanish Crown. It had to develop on its own.
Costa Rica became a "rural democracy" with no oppressed mestizo or indigenous class. It was not long before Spanish settlers turned to the hills, where they found rich volcanic soil and a better climate.

Independence 
Costa Rica never fought for independence from Spain. On September 15, 1821, after the last Spanish defeat in the Mexican War of Independence (1810–21), the authorities in Guatemala declared the independence of all of Central America. That date is still celebrated as Independence Day in Costa Rica.

Costa Rica joined the First Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide. After its collapse in 1823, Costa Rica became a province of the new Federal Republic of Central America. it existed from 1823 to 1839. It had a very loose authority over its provinces, especially the poor and remote Costa Rica.

In 1824, the Costa Rican capital was moved to San José. This led to a brief battle with the old capital, Cartago.
While civil wars were common in the Federal Republic of Central America, Costa Rica was largely peaceful.

In 1838, Costa Rica formally proclaimed itself an independent country. The local population had little allegiance to the federal government in Guatemala. From colonial times to now, Costa Rica's reluctance to become politically tied with the rest of Central America has been a major obstacle to efforts for greater regional integration.

Economic growth 
Coffee was first planted in Costa Rica in the early 19th century. It was first shipped to Europe in 1843. It became Costa Rica's first major export. Coffee would remain Costa Rica's biggest export until the 20th century.
Most of the coffee exported was transported by oxcart to the Pacific port of Puntarenas. Since the main market for the coffee was in Europe, it soon became a high priority to develop a transportation route from the Central Plateau to the Atlantic Ocean. For this purpose, in the 1870s, the Costa Rican government asked U.S. businessman Minor C. Keith to build a railroad to the Caribbean port of Limón. Despite enormous difficulties with construction, disease, and financing, the railroad was completed in 1890.

Most Afro-Costa Ricans come from Jamaican immigrants who worked on the railway. United States convicts, Italians and Chinese immigrants also worked in the construction of the railroad.

In exchange for making the railroad, Costa Rican gave Keith large amounts of land and a lease on the train route, which he used to produce bananas and export them to the United States. As a result, bananas became the largest export. The United Fruit Company began to hold a major role in the national economy.
20th century 
Costa Rica has enjoyed greater peace and political stability than other Latin American nations.

But in 1917–19, General Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a military dictator until he was overthrown. The unpopularity of Tinoco's government led to a considerable decline in the size, wealth, and political influence of the Costa Rican military.

In 1948, José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising between the previous president Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (he served as president between 1940 and 1944) and Otilio Ulate Blanco.  With more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day Costa Rican Civil War was the bloodiest event in Costa Rica during the 20th century.
The victorious rebels formed a government that abolished the military. It oversaw the drafting of a new constitution by a democratically elected assembly. Having enacted these reforms, the junta relinquished its power on November 8, 1949, to the new democratic government. After that, Figueres became a national hero, winning the country's first democratic election under the new constitution in 1953. Since then, Costa Rica has held 14 presidential elections, the latest in 2020. All of them have been widely regarded by the international community as peaceful and transparent.

Geography 
Costa Rica is on the Central American isthmus. It is between latitudes 8° and 12°N, and longitudes 82° and 86°W. It borders the Caribbean Sea to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It has a total of  of coastline. Costa Rica also borders Nicaragua to the north ( of border) and Panama to the southeast ( of border). In total, Costa Rica has  plus  of territorial waters.
The highest point in the country is Cerro Chirripó, at .  The largest lake in Costa Rica is Lake Arenal.

Climate 
Costa Rica is located between 8 and 12 degrees north of the Equator. The climate is tropical all year. The country has many microclimates depending on elevation, rainfall, and the geography of each region.

Costa Rica's seasons are defined by how much rain falls. It does not have the four seasons other countries have. The year can be split into two seasons: the dry season (known as summer), and the rainy season (known as winter). The "summer" starts in December and ends in April. "Winter" starts in May and ends in November. During this time it rains constantly in some regions.

The location receiving the most rain is the Caribbean. Annual rainfall is over . Humidity is also higher here. The mean annual temperature on the coast is around .  in the main populated areas, and below  on the highest mountains.

There are many national parks in Costa Rica, including Manuel Antonio National Park.
Plants and animals

Costa Rica is home to many plants and animals. The country has only about 0.25% of the world's landmass, but it has 5% of the world's biodiversity. Almost 25% of Costa Rica's land area is in national parks and protected areas.  This is the largest percentage of protected areas in the world.

Costa Rica successfully reduced deforestation. It had one of the worst deforestation rates in the world from 1973 to 1989. But it was almost zero by 2005.

The Corcovado National Park is internationally known by ecologists for its biodiversity. Visitors can see many different types of animals. An example is the big cats and tapirs. Corcovado is the only park in Costa Rica where all four Costa Rican monkeys can be found. These include the white-headed capuchin, the mantled howler,the endangered Geoffroy's spider monkey and the Central American squirrel monkey.  The squirrel monkey is found only on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and a small part of Panama.
Tortuguero National Park is home to spider, howler, and white-throat Capuchin monkeys. It is also the home of three-toed sloth and two-toed sloth. It has 320 species of birds and many reptiles. There is an annual nesting of the endangered green turtle, and is the most important nesting site for the species. Giant leatherback, hawksbill, and loggerhead turtles also nest here.

The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve is home to almost 2,000 plant species. Including many orchids. It is also home to more than 400 types of birds. There are more than 100 species of mammals here.

Costa Rica is a center of biological diversity for reptiles and amphibians. They have the world's fastest running lizard, the spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis).

Provinces, cantons, and districts
Article 168 of the Constitution of Costa Rica says the political divisions are classified into 3 groups: provinces, cantons, and districts.
Costa Rica has seven provinces.  The provinces are divided into 81 cantons.  The canton is directed by a mayor. Mayors are chosen democratically every four years by the canton's people. There are no provincial legislatures. The cantons are further divided into 463 districts.

The provinces are:

Sports

Costa Rica entered the Summer Olympics for the first time in 1936 with the fencer Bernardo de la Guardia. They entered the Winter Olympics for the first time in 1980 with the skier Arturo Kinch. All four of Costa Rica's Olympic medals were won by the sisters Silvia and Claudia Poll in swimming. Claudia won the country's only gold medal in 1996.
Association football is the most popular sport in Costa Rica. The national team has played in four FIFA World Cup tournaments. They reached the quarter-finals for the first time in 2014. Its best performance in the regional CONCACAF Gold Cup was runner-up in 2002.

Related pages 
 Costa Rican people
 Costa Rica at the Olympics
 Costa Rica national football team
 List of rivers of Costa Rica

References

Other websites
 
 

 
Spanish-speaking countries
1949 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in Costa Rica
Wisconsin is a state in the north-central United States. Two of the five Great Lakes and four other states (Illinois, Iowa, Michigan and Minnesota) border Wisconsin. The capital of Wisconsin is Madison.  The biggest city in Wisconsin is Milwaukee.

History 
Native  first settled in Wisconsin before the arrival of Europeans.

Origin 
The word Wisconsin comes from the name that one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the area gave to the Wisconsin River. They named the Wisconsin River at the time that the European contact happened.  Jacques Marquette, a French , was the first European (or person from Europe) to get to the Wisconsin River and write down the name.  He reached the Wisconsin River in 1673.   He wrote the name of the river as Meskousing in his journal. Over time, other explorers from France  this name into Ouisconsin.  This is now the French name for the Wisconsin River.  As of 1845, the government of the Wisconsin Territory gave the name Wisconsin to the Wisconsin River.
Cultures
Many people in Wisconsin go skiing, ice fishing and to snowmobile races. The Major League Baseball's Milwaukee Brewers are popular. Music events include the Summerfest. There is the Milwaukee Art Museum. Circle Sanctuary is the largest Wiccan organization in the U.S.

Geography 
The Montreal River flows along the border of Wisconsin.  Lake Superior and Michigan border Wisconsin to the north.  Lake Michigan is to the east of Wisconsin, and Illinois is found directly south of Wisconsin.  Other rivers that make up the border of Wisconsin include the Mississippi River and St. Croix Rivers to the west and the Menominee River to the northeast.
Wisconsin has a lot of different kinds of geography and is very diverse.  Wisconsin is made up of five main areas of geography.  The Lake Superior Lowland to the north is an area of land that is right against Lake Superior.  The Northern Highland area of Wisconsin is to the south of the Lake Superior Lowland.  This area contains  trees and other kinds of forests.  The Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest (1,500,000 acres big), is found in this area.  The highest point in Wisconsin, Timms Hill, is in the Northern Highland area.  The Central Plain area is found in the central part of Wisconsin.  Lots of sandstone , such as the Dells of the Wisconsin River, are found in the Central Plain area.  The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands area is found in the southeastern part of Wisconsin.  Many of the biggest cities in Wisconsin are in the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands area. The Western Upland area is in the southwestern part of the state
.  This area includes features like bluffs along the Mississippi River and forests and farmland (land put aside for farming).
Climate change 
The highest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the Wisconsin Dells.  It was recorded on July 13, 1936. The temperature reached 120 °F (46 °C).  The lowest temperature in Wisconsin ever written down was in the village of Couderay.  The temperature there was only –55 °F (-48 °C).  This was recorded on both February 2 and February 4, 1996.
Cities and important towns 
Wisconsin has cities and towns of many different sizes. Nearly 70 percent of people living in Wisconsin live in urban areas (cities like Milwaukee).  33 percent of the population of Wisconsin lives in the Greater Milwaukee area. Milwaukee is found at the northern end of a string of cities and towns along Lake Michigan.  With almost 600,000 people living in Milwaukee, that makes Milwaukee the 22nd-largest city in the country.  Madison is also another important city in Wisconsin.  With a population of just over 225,000 people, it is a city that grows very fast. A suburb of Madison, Middleton, was also ranked the "Best Place to Live in America" in 2007 by CNN Money.  There are a bunch of medium-sized cities and towns (meaning their populations are between 25,000 and 100,000 people) in Wisconsin.  12 cities in Wisconsin with a population of 50,000 or more.
Related pages
 List of rivers in Wisconsin
 List of cities in Wisconsin
 List of towns in Wisconsin
 List of villages in Wisconsin

References

Other websites 

 Map of Wisconsin at nationalatlas.gov 
 U.S. Census Bureau 
 State of Wisconsin
 Wisconsin state symbols 
 Wisconsin State Legislature
 Wisconsin Court System
 USDA Wisconsin State Facts 
 Wisconsin Health and Demographic Data 
 Energy Profile for Wisconsin- Economic, environmental, and energy data 
 Wisconsin Historical Society
 Wisconsin's Name: Where It Came From and What It Means 
 The State of Wisconsin Collection from the UW Digital Collections Center
 Wisconsin Historical Images

 
1848 establishments in the United States
Odia Coates (November 13, 1941 – May 19, 1991) was an American singer. She is best remembered for her duet with Paul Anka, "(You're) Having My Baby" from 1974.  The song was #1 on the Billboard Top 100 chart for three weeks in 1974.

References 

1941 births
1991 deaths
American pop musicians
Singers from Mississippi
Amy Lee Grant (November 25, 1960) is an American singer and songwriter. She is known for her Contemporary Christian music, as well as pop music hits. Grant is the best-selling contemporary Christian music singer ever. She released her first album in 1977 at the age of 16.

Early life
Grant was born in Augusta, Georgia.

References

Other websites
 Amy Grant official website

1960 births
Living people
Christian music singers
Gospel Music Hall of Fame inductees
People from Augusta, Georgia
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
American pop musicians
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Dalida (real name: Iolanda Cristina Gigliotti) (January 17, 1933 - May 3, 1987) was an Egyptian-born Italian/French biggest international singing icon and actress. She was born in Cairo to an Italian family. She had Italian citizenship all her life. From 1961, she also had French citizenship. She died in 1987. She is still today the most loved singer in France.

1933 births
1987 deaths
Actors who committed suicide
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Drug-related suicides
French movie actors
French singers
French television actors
Italian movie actors
Italian singers
Italian television actors
Musicians who committed suicide
Actors from Cairo
Suicides in France
The Bangles are an all-female American rock band. The band started in Los Angeles, California in 1981. The Bangles are best known for their hit (popular) songs "Walk Like an Egyptian" (which featured a dance where a person walks by bending the left hand forward and the right hand backward), and "Manic Monday".

Albums 
 All Over the Place (1984)
 Different Light (1986)
 Everything (1988)
 Doll Revolution (2003)
 Sweetheart of the Sun (2011)

1980s American music groups
1981 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American girl groups
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups disestablished in 1989
1989 disestablishments in the United States
1980s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in California
"Britcom" is short for "British sitcom". It is a situation comedy show produced in the United Kingdom. This is what they are called especially in the United States and Australia, where they have cult followings. Some of them like Till Death Do Us Part and Steptoe and Son were remade as American comedy TV shows (All in the Family and Sanford and Son).

Some famous Britcoms 

 Dad's Army
 Dinnerladies
* Fawlty Towers
* The Good Life
* Last of the Summer Wine
* Mr. Bean
* Only Fools and Horses
The millimetre is a metric unit of length. The symbol for the millimetre is mm. There are 1,000 millimetres in a metre.

Units of length
Kristoffer "Kris" Kristofferson (born June 22, 1936) is a former American actor, musician, and writer. He is known for writing country songs for other people or singing them himself. He is also a well-known actor and appeared in films like Star is Born, Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia, Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, Blade, He's Just Not That Into You, and Planet of the Apes.

He is the author of a number of country standards, such as "Me and Bobbie McGee" and "Sunday Morning Coming Down". He was born in Brownsville, Texas and was raised in San Mateo, California. He studied at Pomona College and Merton College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar.

He began playing music in 1959, however his career began in Nashville, Tennessee in 1965 after coming back from military service.

In 2015, Kristofferson was diagnosed with Lyme disease after having Alzheimer's-like symptoms for ten years.
Kristofferson was married to Frances Beer from 1960 until they divorced in 1969. He later married singer Rita Coolidge in 1973 and they divorced in 1980. In 1983, he married Lisa Meyers. Kristofferson has eight children.

In January 2021, it was confirmed that Kristofferson had retired from performing and acting.

In 1976, he won a Golden Globe Award for acting and in 2014 he was honored with a Lifetime Grammy Award. In 2004, he was honored into the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum.

References

1936 births
Living people
Country musicians from California
Rhodes scholars
Country musicians from Texas
Singer-songwriters from California
Singer-songwriters from Texas
People from Brownsville, Texas
Actors from Texas
Actors from California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American country guitarists
American country singers
People from San Mateo, California
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
A mathematical constant is a number, which has a special meaning for calculations. For example, the constant π (pronounced "pie") means the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. This value is always the same for any circle. A mathematical constant is often a real, non-integral number of interest.

In contrast to physical constants, mathematical constants do not come from physical measurements.

Key mathematical constants 
The following table contains some important mathematical constants:
Constants and series 
The following table contains a list of constants and series in mathematics, with the following columns:
Value: Numerical value of the constant.
LaTeX: Formula or series in TeX format.
Formula: For use in programs such as Mathematica or Wolfram Alpha.
OEIS: Link to On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS), where the constants are available with more details.
Continued fraction: In the simple form [to integer; frac1, frac2, frac3, ...] (in brackets if periodic)
Type:
 R - Rational number
 I - Irrational number
 T - Transcendental number
 C - Complex number
Note that the list can be ordered correspondingly by clicking on the header title at the top of the table.

Related pages 

 Constant function
 List of mathematical symbols

References

Books

Online bibliography 
 On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS)
 Simon Plouffe, Tables of Constants 
 Xavier Gourdon and Pascal Sebah's page of numbers, mathematical constants and algorithms
 MathConstants
Other websites
WolframAlpha
 Continued Fraction Calculator
 Inverse Symbolic Calculator, Plouffe's Inverter
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a building in Pisa, Italy.  It is a bell tower.  It is famous because it is not vertical.  In 1990 the tower was leaning at 5.5 degrees and increasing.  After that, much restoration work has been done to stop it from falling over completely.  There was scaffolding all around the tower for 20 years.  On 26 April 2011, the last bit of scaffolding was removed so that the tower can be seen properly again.

The height of the tower is about 56 metres from the ground. Its weight is about 14,500 tonnes. It now leans at about 3.99 degrees. The tower has 294 steps.

The tower construction began in 1173.  When the second floor was built in 1178, the tower started to lean. This was because it had a small three-meter foundation in soft soil. The design of this tower was bad from the beginning. Construction was stopped for almost 100 years because the people of Pisa were often at war with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence.
There is an old story that Galileo Galilei used the Tower for a physics experiment.

References

Buildings and structures in Italy
Towers in Europe
Pisa
12th-century buildings and structures
The city of Tel Aviv-Yafo (;  ) is a municipality in Israel, often just called Tel Aviv. It is Israel's second largest city and main commercial, financial, industrial and cultural center. It is on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea.

In 2018, 451,523 people lived in the city of Tel Aviv. Tel Aviv is a part of an area of cities called Gush Dan, which is the largest metropolitan area of Israel. About 3,850,000 people live in this urban area.

The city calls itself Israel's capital of culture, economy and trade.

History
In 1909, Jewish people started building Tel Aviv northeast of Jaffa, making it the first city founded by Jews in modern times. Tel Aviv was part of Jaffa at first, but it became a separate town in 1921. Tel Aviv grew quickly as Jewish immigrants arrived, mainly from Europe.

Between the years 1925-1929 the Scottish city planner Sir Patrick Geddes was design the first city plan for Tel Aviv.
In the early 1930s the area of the Yarkon River mouth has began to develop with the opening of the international trade fair - the "Orient Fair" and the opening of the "Tel Aviv Port" beside him. from the other side of the Yarkon River was built the Reading Power Station and the Sde Dov Airport.

It was Israel's first capital when the nation was established in 1948.  The capital was moved to Jerusalem in 1949, but the Israeli Ministry of Defense and many foreign embassies stayed in Tel Aviv.  Most Israeli ministries that are located in Jerusalem, have offices in Tel Aviv. The national intelligence agencies of Israel, Mossad (external security), Aman (military intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security) also have their headquarters in Tel Aviv.

In 1950, Tel Aviv and Jaffa (called Yafo in Hebrew) joined to into the city of Tel Aviv-Yafo.  Tel Aviv-Yafo is the official name of the city, but it is almost always called Tel Aviv.
Tel Aviv continued to grow quickly in the 1950s and 1960s. The fast growth of the Tel Aviv area caused problems such as air pollution, slums, and traffic that took until the 2000s to fix. Traffic is still a problem. That is why the Tel Aviv Light Rail is being built to ease the road traffic. Most of the people of Tel Aviv live in apartment buildings.

During the Persian Gulf War of 1991, Iraq fired about 25 missiles toward Tel Aviv.  Several missiles and falling debris struck residential areas in or around Tel Aviv. Two people were killed, and about 7,500 apartments were damaged.
Cultural life
The cultural center of Tel Aviv is a downtown intersection of streets at Dizengoff Circle.  Fashionable shops and sidewalk cafes line the nearby streets.  The 37-story Shalom Tower is in the city's financial district, several blocks south of Dizengoff Circle. It is the tallest building in Israel.  The southwestern part of the city was once the separate town of Jaffa. Jaffa, an ancient port from Biblical times, has many historic place that have been restored by archaeologists. Jaffa also has many art galleries, cafes, restaurants, and nightclubs.

The Israeli opera, and Habima Theater, Israel's national theater, was are in Tel Aviv. 
Tel Aviv is home to a number of dance centers and companies. The Batsheva Dance Company, a contemporary dance group, as well as the Bat-Dor Dance Company and the Israel Ballet are headquartered in Tel Aviv. Tel Aviv's center for modern and classical dance is the Suzanne Dellal Center.

Museums in Tel Aviv include Haaretz Museum and the Tel Aviv Art Museum.
Tel Aviv University is one of the city's several institutions of higher learning. Bar Ilan University is in Ramat Gan, a suburb of the city.

Tel Aviv is the Gay capital of Israel.

Economy
The Tel Aviv area is Israel's main manufacturing district.  About half of the nation's business companies are in the area.  Their products include computer software, electronic equipment, machine tools, building materials, chemicals, clothing, and processed foods. The city is also the nation's main center for banking, publishing, and trade and the home of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Abu Kabir Forensic Institute, the nation's only forensics institute, is located there.

Twin towns and sister cities 

Tel Aviv has a partnership with Los Angeles (), and is twinned with:

Partner city 
 Essen, Germany (since 1992) 
 Bonn, Germany (since 1980) 
 Budapest, Hungary (since 1989) 
 Warsaw, Poland (since 1992) 
 Belgrade, Serbia (since 1990) 
 Warsaw, Poland (since 1992)

References
References

Related pages 
 Jaffa Port
 Tel Aviv Port
 Israel Trade Fairs and Convention Center

Other websites 

The official Tel Aviv municipality website 
The official Tel Aviv municipality website 
The official Tel Aviv municipality website 
The History of Tel Aviv  
Tel Aviv official tourism website
The Tel Aviv Foundation
Tel Aviv beach guide 
Tel Aviv bus map

 
1909 establishments in Asia
1900s establishments in Israel
Trigonometry (from the Greek trigonon = three angles and metron = measure) is a part of elementary mathematics dealing with angles, triangles and trigonometric functions such as sine (abbreviated sin), cosine (abbreviated cos) and tangent (abbreviated tan). It has some connection to geometry, although there is disagreement on exactly what that connection is; for some, trigonometry is just a section of geometry.

Overview and definitions
Trigonometry uses a large number of specific words to describe parts of a triangle. Some of the definitions in trigonometry are:
 Right-angled triangle - A right-angled triangle is a triangle that has an angle equal to 90 degrees. (A triangle cannot have more than one right angle) The standard trigonometric ratios can only be used on right-angled triangles.
 Hypotenuse - The hypotenuse of a triangle is the longest side, and the side that is opposite the right angle. For example, for the triangle on the right, the hypotenuse is side c.
 Opposite of an angle - The opposite side of an angle is the side that does not intersect with the vertex of the angle. For example, side a is the opposite of angle A in the triangle to the right.
 Adjacent of an angle - The adjacent side of an angle is the side that intersects the vertex of the angle but is not the hypotenuse. For example, side b is adjacent to angle A in the triangle to the right.
Trigonometric ratios 
There are three main trigonometric ratios for right triangles, and three reciprocals of those ratios, making up a total of 6 ratios. They are:

 Sine (sin) - The sine of an angle is equal to the .
 Cosine (cos) - The cosine of an angle is equal to the .
 Tangent (tan) - The tangent of an angle is equal to the .

The reciprocals of these ratios are:

Cosecant (cosec) - The cosecant of an angle is equal to the  or .

Secant (sec) - The secant of an angle is equal to the  or .

Cotangent (cot) - The cotangent of an angle is equal to the  or .

Students often use a mnemonic to remember this relationship. The sine, cosine, and tangent ratios in a right triangle can be remembered by representing them as strings of letters, such as SOH-CAH-TOA:

Sine = Opposite ÷ Hypotenuse
Cosine = Adjacent ÷ Hypotenuse
Tangent = Opposite ÷ Adjacent
Using trigonometry 
With the sines and cosines, one can answer virtually all questions about triangles. This is called "solving" the triangle. One can work out the remaining angles and sides of any triangle, as soon as two sides and their included angle or two angles and a side or three sides are known. These laws are useful in all branches of geometry, since every polygon may be described as a combination of triangles.

Trigonometry is also vital in surveying, in vector analysis, and in the study of periodic functions. It developed from a need to compute angles and distances in fields such as astronomy, mapmaking, surveying, and artillery range finding.

There is also such a thing as spherical trigonometry, which deals with spherical geometry. This is used for calculations in astronomy, geodesy and navigation.

Trigonometry Laws

Law of Sines

Law of Cosines

Law of Tangents

Related pages 

 Radian
 Polar coordinate system
 Unit circle

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Basic Trigonometry course in Khan Academy
Monotheism is the belief in only one god, rather than two or more, which would be polytheism such as Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt and partly Hinduism. Many religions are monotheistic, such as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Baha'i Faith, Sikhism, Eckankar, Zoroastrianism, Cao Dai and Tenrikyo. Some pagan and neo-pagan religions are also monotheistic. Deism is the belief that a higher being like god exists, but rejects the belief in many gods, revelation, religions, rituals, sacred books (like the Bible or Quran), prophets (like Jesus or Muhammad), etc. Judaism and Zoroastrianism are thought to be the oldest living monotheistic religions.

Other websites 
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Theology
Polytheism means believing in many gods. A person that believes in polytheism is called a polytheist. A religion with polytheism can be called a polytheistic religion.

Polytheism is well documented in historical religions of classical antiquity, especially those of ancient Greeks and Romans. Other ancient people who were polytheists include German pagans, Turkic peoples, Ancient Egyptians, the Celts and the Norse. 

There are various polytheistic religions practiced today. Examples include Sanamahism (Meitei paganism), Tengrism, Shinto, Chinese folk religion, Thelma, Wicca, Druidism, Taoism, Asatru and Candomblé.

Usually, a polytheistic religion has a set of stories about the gods. This is called mythology. 

The opposite of polytheism is monotheism, which is the belief in only one god, practiced by the monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, etc.
 

Gods and goddesses
Nelvana is a Canadian animation studio. It was founded in 1971 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada by Michael Hirsh, Patrick Loubert, and Clive A. Smith. The company is now owned by Corus Entertainment. It is named after a local comic book superheroine of the 1940s.

It specialises mainly in the field of child-friendly TV shows and movies.

Programming

1970s
 Small Star Cinema (1974–1975) – live action/animation series
1980s
 Mr. Microchip (1983) – live-action
 20 Minute Workout (1983–1985) – live-action
 The Edison Twins (1983–1986) – live-action
 Mr. Dressup (1983–1996; co-production with CBC Television)– live-action
 Inspector Gadget (1983) (Series 1 only, co-production with DIC Audiovisuel, Field Communications and LBS Communications (now Fremantle (company))
 The Get Along Gang (1984, pilot episode) – co-produced with DIC Audiovisuel
 Star Wars: Droids (1985–1986)
 Star Wars: Ewoks (1985–1987)
 The Care Bears Family (1986–1988)
 Madballs (1986–1987)
 Cricket's Club (1986–1987) – direct-to-video series co-produced with Hi-Tops Video
 My Pet Monster (1987)
 T. and T. (1988–1990) – live-action
 Clifford the Big Red Dog (1988) – direct-to-video release
 Babar (1989–1991; 2000)
 Beetlejuice (1989–1991; co-production with The Geffen Film Company and Warner Bros. Television)

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Upcoming

Notes

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

Canadian animation studios
Companies based in Toronto
1971 establishments in Canada
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953) is an American businessman and politician. He served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007.

Bush is the second son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush, the younger brother of former President George W. Bush, and grandson of the late Prescott Bush, United States Senator from Connecticut. Following his father's successful run for Vice President in 1980, he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development. In 1986, Bush was named Florida's Secretary of Commerce, a position he held until his resignation in 1988 to help his father's successful campaign for the Presidency.
In 1994, Bush made his first run for office, losing the election for governor by less than two percentage points to the incumbent Lawton Chiles. Bush ran again in 1998 and defeated Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay with 55 percent of the vote. He ran for reelection in 2002. He won with 56 percent to become Florida's first two-term Republican governor. During his eight years as governor, Bush helped create environmental improvements, such as conservation in the Everglades, supporting caps for medical malpractice litigation, moving Medicaid recipients to private systems, and creating reforms to the state education system, including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice.

Bush was a candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election.
Early life
Bush was born in Midland, Texas. He was raised in Houston, Texas. His father is George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States and 43rd Vice President of the United States. His mother is Barbara Pierce. The nickname "Jeb" is made up of his initials J.E.B. (John Ellis Bush).

Bush received poor grades at first and occasionally smoked marijuana. He made the honor roll by the end of his senior year and served as captain of the tennis team. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin. At the age of 17, Bush taught English as a second language and worked in the building of a school in Ibarrilla, a small village outside of León, Guanajuato, Mexico/ It was part of a student exchange summer program. While in Mexico, he met his future wife, Columba Garnica Gallo.

Early career
Early career

Florida Secretary of Commerce (1987-1988)
Following his father's successful run for Vice President in 1980, he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development. In 1986, Bush was named Florida's Secretary of Commerce, a position he held until his resignation in 1988 to help his father's successful campaign for the Presidency.

1994 gubernatorial run
In 1994, Bush made his first run for office. He lost the election for governor by less than two percentage points to the incumbent Lawton Chiles.

Governor of Florida (1999-2007)
Bush ran again in 1998 and beat Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay with 55 percent of the vote. Bush's administration was marked by a focus on public education reform.

While Governor, Bush reduced taxes by $19 billion, reduced the size of state government by 6.6 percent, and vetoed $2 billion in new spending. Bush eliminated civil service protection for over 16,000 state jobs, which had the effect of making it easier to fire employees in those positions.