Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Revolutionary change
Allende’s speeches were said to be very radical (extreme) and Allende’s vision for Chile seemed completely different to the Chile that most people were familiar with. For example: Allende was said to be an atheist and Marxist. He was a non-practicing Catholic. This was considered odd in a country that was very Catholic, held traditional family values, and in which people were taught that political freedoms (the freedom to elect politicians from different parties) was more important than solving problems such as extreme poverty or economic inequality (division between the poorest and the wealthiest people).
Allende also wanted revolutionary change, i.e. he wanted deep changes to Chilean society very quickly, such forms of changes have been said to have tended to cause great divisions in society between those who oppose the changes (called reactionaries) and those who support the drastic changes (revolutionaries). Through history such situations tend to end up resolved violently. For example, civil war (where one group of people fight another group of people of the same country), or military coup (when a government is overthrown before it finishes its term).

Results 
As a result, many Chileans, especially professionals like University professors, doctors and business people left the country–this had a negative effect on Allende’s reforms. E.g. Allende increased health services and places at Universities for the underprivileged while many professors, specialists and doctors were leaving the country.
Peaceful revolution
However, Allende was unique in that he did all he could to prevent this sort of violence, calling his revolution a “peaceful one within democracy” or calling it “the Chilean road to socialism.” In 1973 Allende’s enemies accused him of preparing a secret war and that his supporters were hoarding stocks of illegal weapons (in shanty towns and in rural areas) that were being sent from communist Cuba. To prove that this was not true, Allende allowed the Chilean Army to enforce a “weapons control’s law” that allowed the Chilean military to search and comb for any illegal weapons anywhere in the country. The Chilean army confirmed that after thoroughly searching for such weapons throughout the country they had found no significant stocks as the opposition was claiming. This ended up creating more support for Allende and allowed Allende to begin to focus on the upcoming election.
Allende's mandate
Allende came to power with a socialist plan. His vision for Chile was one in which the country's resources and wealth would be owned by Chileans and distributed more democratically. Allende started his program by nationalizing (put under control of government) major industries. Such as, Chile's copper mines (Chile had one of the largest copper mines in the World) but these mines were not owned by Chileans but by very powerful U.S. business people.

This created a serious problem with the U.S. government who saw Allende's nationalisation as an attack on U.S. interest and a threat to U.S. money investments in South America.
The coup, September 11, 1973
The American Central Intelligence Agency was said to be involved in the overthrowing of his government on September 11, 1973. Allende was a socialist. Many of his reforms and programs revolved around socialism. He created universal health care for all, made education better, and took a stronger level of control within the economy. He died in 1973. His death has been disputed for years; some feel that he killed himself by committing suicide, but others feel that he was murdered by Augusto Pinochet's soldiers. Pinochet would then become the military dictator of Chile until 1990.

Death and myth
Allende was replaced by those who overthrew him as president. Allende committed suicide by shooting himself. The new ruling Junta justified their coup claiming that “Chile could no longer tolerate the cancer of Marxism”. The Pinochet regime claimed Allende had violated the Chilean Constitution even though Pinochet ended up writing a completely new one.
Also, after the coup many rumors and myths emerged about Allende’s death and life. Many of these myths attempted to discredit the character of Allende i.e. make him appear as a coward, weak or cruel person:
 Some of his enemies claimed he was living in Cuba or East Germany - photographs appeared depicting people with the likeness of Allende.
 One of the more current myths about Allende, has been that he was an anti-Semite and white supremacist, even though he was a mestizo with Jewish extraction who advocated Marxism (which teaches that people are divided by class not race, ethnicity or nationality).

Legacy and place in history
Allende became of interest to people all over the world because he was the first democratically elected socialist in Chile and the first democratically elected Marxist in the world. Many people felt Allende was the beginning of a new era in which great changes to society - especially in developing countries - could be brought about peacefully through an election.
Allende has become one of the most commemorated Latin American polital figures in history. Since his death monuments, statues, parks and streets have been named in his honour all over the world. In France alone there are more than 320 public places named in honour of Allende. Ministries and municipalities in many countries have also officially approved the naming of schools and educational departments in his honour.
 Australia
 Belgium
 Canada
 France
 Germany
 Mexico
 Spain
 Venezuela

Despites Pinochet’s 17 years of military rule and an attempt to deny Allende his proper place in Chilean history, he was officially honoured in Chile as a defender of representative democracy (i.e. people’s right to elect their political representatives through free and fair elections) with a state funeral in 1990. A monument was also erected outside the Moneda Presidential Palace (Chile's house of Government) where he died defending the democratically elected Popular Unity government he lead.
References
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A716591
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/11/newsid_3199000/3199155.stm
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/september/11/newsid_3101000/3101146.stm
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/2/newsid_2771000/2771229.stm
 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-kornbluh/35-years-after-original-9_b_125447.html

1908 births
1973 deaths
People from Valparaíso
Presidents of Chile
Chilean physicians
Social democrats
Democratic socialists
Suicides by firearm
Presidents of the Senate of Chile
Authority is the ability of a person or an organization to conduct a certain lifestyle for another person or a group. Authority is known as one of the basis of society and stands against cooperation. Adopting lifestyle patterns as a result of authority is called obedience and authority as a concept includes most leadership cases.

Although authority is usually described as human there is also frequent mention of divine authority.

Authority is made by a certain social power. This power might be materialistic (such as a threat to harm someone) or fictitious (such as belief in a certain person's power). The power exists because of the possible use of sanction : An action who harms a person who's not obeying the authority or threatening it in order to conduct a social power.
Authority may exists in a direct way by virtue of an actual power (such as a threat of imprisonment), which is called "forcing", or by legitimization that the subject gives to the authority (such as recognition of aristocratic authority). In most cases both types exist.

Only a few authorities are based on physical power, most are based on an organizational authority system. In this way, the authoritys ability to act depends on her existence.

For example: the authority of a state leader takes part when there is some sort of a police that punishes individuals that do not obey him. The policeman are subordinated to the leader and his rules because they are also under the police threat. If all citizens of the state choose to deny the leader and his rules, the authority will be lost, but the very fact that the authority semi-exists allowes it to be full.

Obedience
Obedience

Obedience, as said, is the sign that means authority is being enforced. While obedience is the law, disobedience, insubordination and crime are a violation and resistance to the authority. 

Theoretically, violation of the authority drags with it a sanction or punishment that's given by the authority owner. The severity of the sanction and the threat it presents are based on the particular social situation, on the balance of power, on the local norms and so on.
Stanley Milgram was a psychologist who was interested in obedience. He designed an experiment to measured how willing people were to do what an authority figure told them to do. The experiment had three participants. The person running the experiment told one participant, the volunteer, to pretend to be a teacher. Another participant was an actor, but the volunteer didn't know this. The actor's role was to be the teacher's student. The actor and the volunteer were separated with a wall. The person running the experiment told the volunteer to test their "student"'s ability to remember pairs of words. When the teacher's "student" remembered a pair of words incorrectly, the experimenter told the teacher to give the student an electric shock from an electroshock generator. The electric shocks were not real, but the volunteer did not know this. Every time the student got a question wrong, the voltage of the shock went up by 15 volts
. In Milgram's first set of experiments, 65% of the volunteers gave the highest shock. It was 450 volts. Milgram had two theories for why he got the results he did.
The first is the theory of conformism. Milgram based this theory on Solomon Asch's conformity experiments. 
The second is the agentic state theory. According to agentic state theory, the participants who obeyed the experimenter's orders did this because they did not see themselves as responsible for their actions.
Criticism
Many people criticize people in authority, and some even criticize the existence of authority. Anarchism is a philosophy that opposes all forms of authority.

References

Related pages
Authoritarianism
Conformity
Hierarchy

Basic English 850 words
Hierarchy
Musical instruments are things used to make music. Anything that somehow produces sound can be considered a musical instrument, but the term generally means items that are specifically for making music. 

Musical instruments can be divided by type into:
 string instruments (plucked or bowed)
 wind instruments
 woodwind
 brass
 percussion instruments
 keyboard instruments

An orchestra has instruments from four families:
 bowed string instruments (e.g. violin)
 woodwind (e.g. flute)
 brass (e.g. trumpet)
 percussion (e.g. drums)

Some people think that the voice is a "natural musical instrument" because singing is a way to make music without any instrument at all.
There are different types of pupils:

 Pupil (eye), the centre of the eye, which is an opening into the inside. It's the black circle on the outside of the eye
 Student, someone who is learning something, usually in a school or university
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD FRS PC (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was an English politician. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, once during World War II, and again in the early 1950s.

Churchill was the only person to have been a member of the British Government during both World Wars, and the last commoner (non-royal) to be granted a state funeral.  He was also a soldier, journalist, and writer.  He won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1953.
Churchill featured in two media polls. He was ranked as the greatest British prime minister of the twentieth century by 20 prominent historians, politicians and commentators. They were asked by BBC Radio 4's The Westminster Hour to rank the 19 prime ministers from Lord Salisbury at the turn of the century through to John Major in the 1990s. In a 2002 BBC 2 television poll, Churchill was ranked as the greatest Briton in history. A million votes were cast, and the voting was heavily influenced by public campaigns from various candidates.

He is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize.

Personal life 
Winston Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England, the home of the Dukes of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a younger son of the 7th Duke, and a leading Tory politician. His mother (née Jenny Jerome) was American.

As a boy, Churchill went to the famous Harrow School. He did not get good results, but said he was good at fighting.
He joined the British Army in 1893. In 1896, he was transferred to Bombay, in what was the Indian Empire (British India). He fought in what is now Pakistan. After this, he fought in a war in Sudan, in 1898 as an officer in the cavalry. In 1899, he went to the Second Boer War in South Africa, to be a newspaper reporter. He was captured by the Boers, but managed to escape.

In 1900, he became a politician in the Conservative Party, and was elected to Parliament. In 1904, he changed parties and joined the Liberal Party, but later returned to the Conservative Party.
He married Clementine Hozier in 1908, and had five children named Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold and Mary.
World War I 
In 1910 Churchill became Home Secretary, one of the most important members of the government. In 1911 he was made First Lord of the Admiralty, which put him in charge of the Royal Navy. When World War I broke out, he stayed in that job. He organized an invasion in Gallipoli which went wrong, and because of this, he was made to leave the government. He joined the army and was sent to fight in France, although he was still a Member of Parliament. In 1917 he was made minister in charge of military supplies (Minister of Munitions).

Between the wars 
After World War I, in 1919, Churchill was made Secretary of State for War, and Secretary of State for Air (aircraft). In 1920, he ordered the first air bombing in Africa when he bombed the Darwiish State, (also called Daraawiish State).
In 1921 he was in charge of the colonies as Secretary of State. Soon after, in 1922 he lost in an election. In 1924 he became a member of Parliament again, this time not as a member of any party. In 1925 he joined the Conservative Party again. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer (Minister of Finance) in 1924.

After 1929, Churchill disagreed with many things the Conservative party believed in. He was not given any job in the government. Instead he wrote books. One was called Marlborough: his life and times, about his famous ancestor John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough; another was A History of the English Speaking Peoples, which was not published until after World War 2.

When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Churchill warned that Britain should strengthen its military and oppose Hitler.  However, very few leaders agreed with him.
World War II 
At the start of World War II, Churchill was again put in charge of the Navy. In 1940 the war was going badly for Britain. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain resigned on May 10 and Churchill was given the job. Some people thought that Britain could not win the war, and that the British government should make peace with Hitler. Churchill was sure that Britain could win, and promised to continue the fight. He made famous speeches that are still remembered today.

He was friends with the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. He persuaded Roosevelt to give supplies to Britain, and to help Britain. He had many meetings with Roosevelt and with Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, after they came into the war. They were called the Big Three.

After the war 
In 1945, his party lost an election, and he stopped being Prime Minister. However, he became Prime Minister again in 1951, which he was until 1955.
He was knighted in 1953, and became Sir Winston, and also won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

In 1955, he retired from being Prime Minister. In 1964, he retired from Parliament.

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy named him 'Honorary Citizen of the United States' but too ill to attend a White House ceremony, his son and grandson accepted the award.

Sir Winston died of a stroke at the age of 90, in 1965. When he died, his wife Lady Clementine Churchill and other members of the family were at his bedside.
Books 
Title (US Title) (Year of publication)
 The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898)
 The River War (1899): about the reconquest of the Sudan, after the revolution of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammed Ahmed.
 Savrola (1900; serialised 1899 and published USA 1899): a novel
 London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900): the Second Boer War, and the Relief of Ladysmith
 Ian Hamilton's March (1900): Second Boer War continued
 Mr. Brodrick’s Army (1903)
 Lord Randolph Churchill (1906): two-volume biography of his father
 For Free Trade (1906)
 My African Journey (1908)
 Liberalism and the Social Problem (1909)
 The People’s Rights (1910)
 The World Crisis (1923–1931)
 My Early Life: A Roving Commission (1930): autobiography
 India (1931)
 Thoughts and Adventures (Amid These Storms) (1932)
 Marlborough: His Life and Times (1933–1938): four-volume biography on his greatest predecessor
 Great Contemporaries (1937): short biographies
Arms and the Covenant or While England Slept: A Survey of World Affairs, 1932–1938 (1938): a call to arms, warning about Hitler, urging rearmament
 Step by Step 1936–1939 (1939)
 Addresses Delivered in the Year 1940 (1940)
 Broadcast Addresses (1941)
 Into Battle (Blood Sweat and Tears) (1941)
 The Unrelenting Struggle (1942)
 The End of the Beginning (1943)
 Onwards to Victory (1944)
 The Dawn of Liberation (1945)
 Victory (1946)
 Secret Sessions Speeches (1946)
 War Speeches 1940–1945 (1946)
 The Second World War (1948–1954): six volumes (12 in paperback)
 The Sinews of Peace (1948)
 Painting as a Pastime (1948)
 Europe Unite (1950)
 In the Balance (1951)
 The War Speeches 1939–1945 (1952)
 Stemming the Tide (1953)
 A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–1958): four volumes
 The Unwritten Alliance (1961)
Essays and short stories
 "Man Overboard!" (1899). First printed in The Harmsworth Magazine, January 1899
 "If Lee had not won the Battle of Gettysburg" (1930). First published in Scribner's Magazine, December 1930.

References

Other websites 

 The International Churchill Society -
1874 births
1965 deaths
British military personnel of World War I
British Nobel Prize winners
British people of World War II
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Companions of Honour
Deaths from stroke
English historians
English journalists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Liberal Party (UK) MPs
Order of Merit
People of the Boer Wars
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
Time People of the Year
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
World War II political leaders
Anti-communists
Writers from Oxfordshire
The Golan Heights is a plateau and a disputed land between Syria and Israel, which captured the area in the Six Day War of 1967. The United Nations has voted to ask Israel to pull its troops out of the Golan Heights. Syria and Israel still have not signed a peace treaty from that war, mostly because of the issue of the Golan. They almost reached a peace deal but they could not agree on where to draw the line, and what Syria would have to do in return. The Golan Heights and Mount Hermon was annexed by Israel in 1981. On the western edge of the Golan Heights is a range of dormant and extinct volcanos.

In January 2013, the Israeli government said it planned to build a wall along the eastern edges of the Golan Heights, on its ceasefire line with Syria.

Maps

References

Notes

Other websites
Other websites 

 Israeli community portal 
 The Syrian Golan  – Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations
 Gaulonitis in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
 What is the dispute over the Golan Heights? 
 A View From Damascus: Internal Refugees From Golan’s 244 Destroyed Syrian Villages from Washington Report
1650 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 The city of Helsinki is founded.
The pupil is the opening in the centre of the eye. Light enters through the pupil and goes through the lens, which focuses the image on the retina.

The size of the pupil is controlled by muscles. There is a circular group, which squeezes the iris smaller, and another group which pulls the iris wider. When more light is needed, the pupil is made larger. In brighter light, the pupil is made smaller. The pupil can be compared with the aperture of a camera. It is surrounded by the iris which is the colored part of the eye.
The lens changes its shape depending on how far away the eye focuses. The focus point is where the eye is focusing on. The light makes the pupil change its size. When it is darker, the pupils will dilate (get bigger) because they need to allow more light into the eye to see. When it is bright, the pupil will constrict (get smaller) to restrict the amount of light there is getting into the eye so we can see. The pupil is normally black in most animals, but in some reptiles, it can be a different colour.

The main reason why we have a pupil is to regulate the light which travels to the retina. The reason why it has no colour is because the light that travels through the pupil is absorbed by the tissues in the inside of the eye. In humans, the pupil is round, but in some other animals, like cats, it is shaped like a slit.

Pupils and health 
In humans, the pupils can tell us many things about how healthy a person's brain is.  For example:

Size
Size 

Normal pupils are about 4mm across.  Pupils that are a normal size are called "regular."

Pupils that are both "pinpoint" (the size of the point of the end of a pin - about 1mm across) are a sign that a person may have one of these problems:
 They have overdosed on an opiate (like heroin or oxycodone)
 They have been poisoned with a type of chemical called an organophosphate, which includes things like some pesticides as well as nerve gases like sarin
 They are bleeding in a part of their brainstem called the pons (this is very rare)

A person's pupils may also be smaller than usual if they are in very bright light.

Pupils that are both "dilated" (larger than usual, up to 8mm across) are a sign that a person may have one of these problems:
 They are hypoxic (their brain is not getting enough oxygen)
 They have used drugs like methamphetamine, LSD, marijuana, or Ecstasy
 The person has died
A person's pupils may also be dilated if they are in a dark place, or if they have used some kinds of eyedrops.

Equality
In most healthy people, the pupils should be the same size ("equal").  Pupils that are "unequal" (one is bigger than the other) are usually a sign that something is wrong with the brain.  For example, their brain may be injured, or they may have had a stroke.

However, up to 20% of healthy people have pupils that are different sizes.  In these people, this is normal and does not signal a problem.  Usually, there is only a small difference in size.

Shape
Healthy pupils are round.  When one pupil is a different shape, usually the person has had an injury to the eye.

Reactivity
When a light is shined in one pupil, both pupils should get smaller at the same time.  When the light is taken away, both pupils should get bigger at the same time.  This is called being "light-reactive" (the pupils are reacting to changes in light).
If both pupils change size at the same time, but the change happens slowly, the pupils are called "sluggish."  This can be a sign of illegal drug use, hypoxia (not getting enough oxygen to the brain), or injury.

If only one pupil changes size, there is usually a problem with the brain, or with the optic nerve (the nerve that runs from the brain to the eye).

If neither pupil changes shape when light is shined in it, the pupils are called "fixed."  This is a sign of a very serious brain problem.  The brain is supposed to make the pupils change shape, so if this is not happening, it means the brain is not working normally.  When a person is in a coma or has died, their pupils will be both fixed and dilated (large).

Healthy pupils
Since the brain controls the pupils, healthy pupils are one sign of a healthy brain.  Medical professionals describe healthy pupils with the abbreviation PERRL:
 Pupils are
 Equal,
 Round,
 Regular, and
 Light-reactive

References

Eye anatomy
A translator works with different languages. They may read something written in one language and speak it or write it in another language or vice versa. For example, they might read a book in French and then translate it into English. See translation for more information.

In order to convert meanings from one language into another one, translators must be able to know the target language deeply. They are conveying the original meaning of the source text or material to a second language. As a result, translators do not only convert words, which makes it more like an art than a science. 

Translators also work to convert speech as well as writing. The United Nations debates are translated as they are spoken, one individual translator for every individual language if it is the General Assembly.
One advantage of professional translation is that it reduces the problems of understanding what is said. On the other hand, there is often a loss of nuance (subtlety) in a translations, especially one done immediately the text is spoken. For this reason, many translators do a rough version immediately, and then work it over later on.

Translation
Cambodia or Kampuchea (officially called Kingdom of Cambodia) is a country in Southeast Asia. It is near Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. About 13 million people live in Cambodia. The people of Cambodia are called Cambodians or Kampuchea. Khmer is the official language. The country has recently emerged from a long civil war and the rule of the Khmer Rouge. It is part of ASEAN, Association of South East Asian Nations.

History 
The ancestors of Cambodia had an empire called Angkor centered in the northwest of present-day Cambodia. The Angkor civilization is the world's largest pre-industrial civilization. One of the buildings from Angkor is a Hindu/Buddhist temple called Angkor Wat which is the world's largest religious structure. This empire was later destroyed due to ecological and environmental problems as well as failing infrastructure. Theravada Buddhism came to the country in the 13th century via monks from Sri Lanka. Since then, Buddhism has been the official religion.
Geography 
Cambodia is set entirely in the tropic zone. The Mekong River runs through the middle of the country and is the most important source of water in the country. The country is the size of Missouri.

Sports 
In Cambodia, people play many sports. Some sports that are enjoyed that come from the West include golf, rugby and soccer. Traditional Cambodian sports are buffalo racing, dragon boat racing and bokator Khmer martial art also known as pradal serey. Cambodia attended its first Olympic Games in 1956 and participated in two more before warfare and civil strife interrupted its attendance. The country returned to regular participation with the 1996 Summer Games. Cambodia managed fourth in soccer in the 1972 Southeast Asian games.
Cambodia hosted the GANEFO games in the 1960s.

Culture 
The culture of Cambodia has been influenced by Hinduism. Today most people in Cambodia practice Buddhism. A lot of their customs revolve around Buddhism.
Cambodia also has a mystical tattoo called a yantra tattoo that is popular with soldiers. A yantra tattoo has ancient Khmer and Pali (An ancient Indian language) writing. A yantra tattoo is usually done by a religious person or monk. The tattoo artist guarantees that the person cannot receive any physical harm as long as they follow certain conditions. A person is supposed to not talk to anyone for three days and three nights. Another alternative is to follow the five Buddhist percepts. Movie star actress Angelina Jolie is known to have a yantra tattoo.

Cambodians celebrate the Cambodian New Year in April. It is based on Theravada Buddhism. The date depends on astrological signs but are usually are on April 13-15 or April 14-16.
Flag
The Cambodian flag includes a three-towered temple called Angkor Wat. It is the most famous monument in the country. Many tourists visit the temple. The Cambodian flag has three horizontal bands. There are two blue bands on the top and the bottom. There is a red band that is twice the height of each blue band. The red band represents the nation. The temple represents the structure of the universe.

Provinces

Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces including the capital. The provinces are divided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities are then divided into communes and quarters.

Transportation 
People in Cambodia use many different types of transportation. Transportation in Cambodia include: boat, car, motorcycle, elephant, train and airplane.

Economy
Economy 

The Cambodian economy has been growing rapidly in recent years. Cambodia is set to build its first skyscraper, Gold Tower 42. Cambodia is also building a satellite city next to Phnom Penh which is called Camko City. Camko City is being constructed by Korean companies to modernize Phnom Penh so as to make it appealing to foreign investors and businesses. Cambodia is also one of the most corrupted nations in the world and has been pressured by international communities to fix it.

Foreign relations 
Cambodia has foreign relations with most nations. It is part of ASEAN. Cambodia has border issues with Vietnam and Thailand over lost territories. Cambodia is one of a few nations with good relations with both Koreas. South Korean president Lee Myung Bak was an economic advisor to Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen and former Cambodian King Norodom Sihanouk was a good friend with former North Korean leader Kim Il-sung.
Ethnic groups 
The Khmer (Cambodians) account for the vast majority of the population. Ethnic minorities include Chinese, Vietnamese, Muslim Cham-Malays, Laotians, and various native peoples of the rural highlands.
Land 
Although much of Cambodia is heavily forested, the central lowland region is covered with rice paddies, fields of dry crops such as corn (maize) and tobacco, tracts of tall grass and reeds, and thinly wooded areas. Savanna grassland occur in the plains, with the grasses reaching a height of 5 feet (1.5 metres). In the eastern highlands the high plateaus are covered with grasses and deciduous forests. Broad-leaved evergreen forests grow in the mountainous areas to the north, with trees 100 feet (30 metres) high emerging from thick undergrowths of vines, rattans, palms, bamboos, and assorted woody and herbaceous ground plants. In the southwestern highlands, open forests of pines are found at the higher elevations, while the rain-drenched seaward slopes are blanketed with virgin rainforests growing to heights of 150 feet (45 metres) or more. Vegetation along the coastal strip ranges from evergreen forests to nearly impenetrable mangroves.
Related pages
 Cambodia at the Olympics
 Cambodia national football team
 List of rivers of Cambodia

References

Other websites 

 Map of Cambodia with new provinces

 
Current monarchies
Least developed countries
1953 establishments in Asia
Year 1466 (MCDLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–December 
 June – Second Siege of Krujë:  Mehmed II leads an army of 150,000 to stop the Albanian resistance by taking Krujë. The Albanians stop him and the Ottoman army leaves from Albania.
 August 26 – A conspiracy against Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, led by Luca Pitti and Borso d'Este, is discovered and put down in Florence.
 October 19 – The Thirteen Years' War ends

Date unknown 
 The Chimú Empire is conquered by troops of the Inca.
 Erik Axelsson Tott replaces Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna as Regent of Sweden.  
 The first printed German language Bible is made.
 Louis XI of France introduces silk weaving to Lyon.
 Kingdom of Georgia ends. Rival states of Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Saatabago start.
Births 
 February 11 – Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (d. 1503)
 June 18 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian music printer (d. 1539)
 August 10 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)
 September 9 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shogun (d. 1523)
 October 27 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (d. 1536)
 November 30 – Andrea Doria, Italian naval leader (d. 1560)
 probable
 Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (d. 1520)
 Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador and explorer (d. 1515)
 Laura Bowen, founder of the nursing profession.

Deaths 
 March 8 – Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1401)
 October 30 – Johann Fust, German printer (b. c. 1400)
 December 13 – Donatello, Italian artist (b. 1386)
 date unknown
 Benedetto Accolti, Italian jurist and historian (b. 1415)
 Hacı I Giray, first ruler of the Crimean Khanate
 Barbara Manfredi, Italian noblewoman
 Nicolaus Zacharie, composer

References
Events 
 The Franco-Spanish War over Naples begins.
 Montezuma II becomes ruler of the Aztecs.
 January 1 – The place where Rio de Janeiro is now is explored.
 Safavid dynasty begins.
A teenager, or teen, is someone who is 13 to 19 years old. They can also be called "adolescents". The laws on what teenagers may do varies between countries.

The term “teenager” became widely used for people who are old enough to have their own money to spend, but are not yet adults, after the scientist Mark Abrams wrote a research paper called “The Teenage Consumer” in 1959. The paper defined this group to be people 13-25 years old (despite ages 20-25 not being within the teens anymore).

The brain is still developing into a person's early or mid-20s. A person becomes a teenager when they become 13 years old. It ends when they become 20 years old. Teenagers who are between 13 and 17 years old are considered both children and teenagers in most countries. Teenagers who are 18 and 19 years old may be considered both teenagers and adults.
The way the word is used varies. Some societies have rites of passage to mark the change from childhood to adulthood. These ceremonies may be very complicated. During puberty, rapid mental and physical development can occur. Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to adulthood.

"Teenager" is mainly an English word, as many foreign languages do not include a suffix "teen" in their translations of the numbers 13 to 19. In non-English speaking countries, people between these ages may be called adolescents, youths, young adults, or just children, depending on the culture.

The law of each country may set dates when teenagers can do things. So, in the United States, alcoholic drinks are not served to young people under 21. Younger people on licenced premises (such as bars) need to carry identity cards (ID cards) to verify their age.
The life of a teenager can change every day. Constantly exposed to new ideas, social situations and people, teenagers work to develop their personalities and interests. Before their teenage years, they focused on school, play, and gaining approval from their parents.

Changes in time 
If by "teenager" we mean adolescents, then we have to realise that children today develop faster on average mainly because of modern nutrition. No matter where the "teens" start linguistically, their sexual development starts earlier than it did a century ago. That affects many things. An example is the change from primary education to secondary education. In many countries, children go to different schools when they are 11 or 12. The change to single-sex classes is often done at the age of 11. If a country decides to educate girls and boys separately after puberty, then it may be necessary to change schools a year earlier than previously.

References  

Human life stages
Events 
 Ottoman-Habsburg War in Hungary
 January 25– Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn

Births 
 September 7 – Elizabeth I of England

Deaths 
 June 25 – Mary Tudor
Age might mean:

Ageing, the process of people getting older
Period (geology)
1546 (MDXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 The Anglo-French War ends
 The Book of Apocrypha is added in the Roman Catholic church

Births 
 December 14 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (d. 1601)
 date unknown
 Thomas Digges, English astronomer (d. 1595)

Deaths 
 February 18 – Martin Luther, German religious reformer (b. 1483)
1598 was a common year.

Events 
 The Franco-Spanish War ends
 The Eighth War of Religion ends

Births 
 April 17 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli
 Bonaventura Cavalieri
1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The year 1600 was also a century leap year.

Events 
 Scotland adopts the Gregorian Calendar
 The Polish-Swedish War begins
 October 8 – San Marino adopts its constitution
 October 30- Sekigahara- Ieyasu unifies Japan after warring sates period by defeating the western army, lead by Mitsunari Ishida.

Deaths 
 September 16 – Gracia Hosokawa
 December 13 – Mitsunari Ishida

Births 
Charles I of England (d. 1649)
An adult may mean different things. In law and social norms, an adult is a human who has reached the age of majority. The age of majority is the age at which an individual will be legally considered an adult. That age varies: in most countries, an adult is a person who is 18 years old or older. Once someone is adult, they no longer have to take directions from a parent or guardian but can make decisions for themselves, and be held responsible for their own actions. Legal penalties for crimes are different before and after the age of majority.
There are many factors that constitute being an adult. An adult is much more than turning the age of 18. The definition in the dictionary states an adult means being completely grown: fully developed and mature. I think there is much more that defines an adult. In the United States an adult is considered to be someone who takes responsibility for themselves and their actions. An adult has stability in their life and is able to take care of themselves physically, mentally, financially and emotionally. In other countries and cultures their definition of an adult differs. Adults are unique in many ways. Every person is an entity having their own identity, thought process, and way they see things.

In contrast, a person who has not yet reached the age of majority is a minor.
There are additional laws that decide from what age a person is allowed to do something; for example, vote, drink alcohol, and have sexual intercourse. For example, in the United States, a person becomes an adult on their 18th birthday, but they cannot buy alcoholic beverages until they turn 21. To verify their age, a young person must have an I.D. card for inspection by the bartender.

There are also some cultures that says a person is an adult from an age of 13 years on, for example see Bar Mitzi, which usually corresponds to puberty.

In biology, an animal is an adult when they are sexually mature. This means that they are able to sexually reproduce.

Related pages
Adolescence
Middle age
Old age
Teenager

References

Human life stages
Developmental biology
A colony is a piece of land controlled by another country. The metropolitan state is the country that owns the colony. The phrase dependent territory is now used instead of colony. Colony can also refer to a commune or a currently hypothetical human settlement in the sea (ocean colony) or outer space (space colony).

A country that has many colonies is often called an empire. A colonist is a person from the metropolitan state who lives in a colony.

Colonial means having to do with a colony. Colonial land is land that belongs to the colony. A colonist is sometimes called a colonial. The philosophy of having colonies is called colonialism. There must be many people to start a colony. There are many colonies, or countries that were once colonies, in the world. Most countries that were once colonies of Britain are part of the British Commonwealth.

Related pages
Dependent territory
Other websites
 http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust3.htm - Non-self governing territories as listed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002
International relations
Colonialism
A sonic boom is created when an object travels faster than the speed of sound. When an airplane reaches the speed of sound, it makes a bang sound or an explosive noise. This is often called "breaking the sound barrier." The visible part of a sonic boom is actually air that becomes squashed by sound waves, which is known as a vapor cone. The thunder you hear when lightning strikes near enough, is also a sonic boom, caused by the lightning moving faster than the speed of sound, and making a sonic boom.

The first plane to fly at a level altitude above the speed of sound was the Bell X-1 in 1947 and was piloted by Chuck Yeager.

References 

Sound
Aviation
Sikkim () has been a state in India since 1975. It has the smallest number of people and second smallest land size () of any major divisions in the Republic of India. The third highest mountain in the world, Mt. Kanchenjunga ( above sea level), is in Sikkim. Its neighbours are Bhutan to the east, Nepal to the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of P.R.C. to the north and the Indian province of West Bengal to its south. The state capital is Gangtok and other big towns are Gayzing, Pelling, Yuksam and Jorethang. The languages spoken here are Sikkimese, Lepcha, Tibetan, Nepali, Hindi and English. Tourism makes a lot of the money in this small organised state of India, because it is not close to the sea.

Sikkim has been cut off from the outside world for a long time. It was settled by Tibetans in the 16th century. It became a British Protectorate in 1890. Sikkim was transferred to India in 1949 by the British. It was annexed in 1975.
The majority is formed of Bhutias (Tibetan and Bhutnese in origin) and aboriginal Lepchas, who are mainly pastoral nomads. The Sikkimese predominantly  practice Hinduism, but the former Chogyal House (“King under the religious laws”) and the official class are Buddhist. Sikkim is known for its Buddhist monasteries. Tibeto-Burmese languages and dialects are commonly spoken. Sikkim is bordered by the Tibet autonomous region of China to north
Physical features 
Sikkim is the second smallest state after Goa, but it has many physical features like forests, rivers and mountains around its edges. Most of the mountains are above 6100 metres (20000ft) are near the west of the occupied territory, like Mt Kanchendzonga. Other mountains that are over 6100 meters (20000ft)tall are Kabru (the second tallest), Sinilchu, Pandim, Rothong, Kokthang, Talung, Kanglakhang, Simvo & Jonsang. On the east side the tallest peak is Paunhri, which is about 6700 meters(22000ft) tall. The other mountains that are a little bit shorter than 6100 meters (20000ft) are Masthonangye, Yabukjakchen, Narsing and Lamaonden. Most of the mountains in Sikkim have never been climbed, because the Sikkimese consider them sacred. They feel that when the mountains are climbed, they will not be holy anymore.
Sikkim has many hot springs which are known to be good for health. The most important hot-springs are at Phurchachu (Reshi), Yumthang, Borang, Ralang, Taram-chu and Yumey Samdong. All these hotsprings have a lot of sulfur and are near the river banks. The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50 °C.

Lakes 

On the way between Gangtok to Nathula, 35 kilometres from Gangtok is Lake Changu (Tsomgo), about 3693 meters (12310 ftp) above Sea level. 

Two other lakes nearby are the Bidangcho and the Mememcho. Lake Kechopari is another well-known lake. It is between Gyalshing and Yoksum. 

Many of the lakes in Sikkim are on the western border, north of Chiwabhanjang towards the Base Camp. Laxmipokhari, Lampokhari, Majurpokhari, Dud Phokhari, Samiti Lake, and the twin lakes of Ram-Laxman are a few of the lakes in this area. 

Gurudogmar, which is the largest lake, is in North Sikkim.

Food 
Sikkimese people usually eat rice, green vegetables, potatoes, dal, and sinky, Kenama and Gundruk.
Momo is a very popular Tibetan treat in Sikkim. It is prepared by stuffing meat and vegetable ingredients in flour dough then making them into dumplings. Momos are eaten with soup and chilli sauce. This dish can be found in almost every local restaurant and fast food shop.

Thukpa is a noodle soup with vegetables and beef which is also very popular.

Seal Roti is made by grinding rice and water into a paste, then deep fried. It is normally eaten with potato curry. It is prepared during Dasai and Tihar (local festivals).

Gundruk is the leaves of the mustard oil plant that are dried in the sun, then boiled with ingredients.

Geography 
 Area : 7110 km2
 Capital : Gangtok 
 Height: 1,780 m (5,840 ft) above sea level
 Population: 6.10 Lakhs (= 610,000)
 Land type: Hilly from 180 m (~600 ft.) to over 8.690 m (28,509 ft) above sea level

 Climate:
 Summer
Max- 21 °C ; Min - 13 °C
 Winter
Max -13 °C ; Min - 0.48 °C
Rainfall : 325 cm every year
 Languages spoken: Nepali, Bhutia, Lepcha, Tibetan, English, Hindi
State symbols of Sikkim 

 
1817 establishments
1974 disestablishments
1810s establishments in Asia
Former polities of the Cold War
A Spelling bee is a spoken spelling competition. In a spelling bee, children are asked to spell words. The child who spells the most words correctly is the winner. Schools hold spelling bee competitions to encourage children to learn to read. As well, spelling bees encourage children to learn about spelling words and improve their vocabulary. One type of spelling bee is the Scripps National Spelling Bee, in Washington, D.C.

The United States National Spelling Bee was started in 1926 by The Courier-Journal, the newspaper of Louisville, Kentucky. Contests may have been held before that year. A key impetus for the contests was Noah Webster's spelling books. Webster's spelling books were an essential part of the curriculum of elementary school children in the United States for five generations. They were first published in 1786 and known as "The Blue-backed Speller". Now the key reference for the contests is the Merriam-Webster unabridged dictionary.
In a Spelling Bee it is actually best to go first rather than last because words usually go by levels in a school competition, so if it goes from easiest to hardest you will most likely get the less difficult words.

Type of game: Nytimes Spelling Bee for free online.

Spelling
Birth control, also known as contraception or family planning, is a way for a man and woman to have sexual intercourse without the woman getting pregnant. 

Some contraceptives, such as condoms, also protect a person from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). When people use contraception to prevent STDs and pregnancy, it may be called safe sex.

Birth control is also sometimes called family planning. It means people can have babies or not as they wish. That way, babies and families do not happen by accident.

The need for birth control 
Birth control lets a man and woman have sexual intercourse but makes pregnancy less likely.