Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Dark adaptor goggles are used in the field of meteorology. They are used for either adapting the eyes to the dark before an observation at night or to help with the identification of clouds during bright sunshine or glare from snow. The goggles are made with red-tinted plastic lenses. The goggles are designed to be worn inside but some people find walking, especially up and down stairs, to be hard.

References
 Environment Canada - Atmospheric Environment Services, Manual of Surface Weather Observations (MANOBS), 7th Edition, January 1977.

Meteorology
Eyeglasses
The Digital Visual Interface (or DVI) is a video interface standard. It is used to send video between a source (such as a personal computer) and a display (such as a monitor). This interface cannot be used to transmit audio unless it is connected to a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) converter. HDMI and DVI use the same protocol for signalling, named Transition-minimized differential signaling.

The DVI standard has is widely used in the personal computer industry. Many desktop personal computers and monitors can use it. Most desktop personal computers and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors sold in stores today have more than one video interface, including DVI. Many other devices (such as projectors and televisions) can use DVI as part of HDMI. 

HDMI is a newer video interface standard. Many laptops still have an old-fashioned VGA connector. Many models in the 2010s have HDMI ports. Fewer laptops have DVI.
DVI was created by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). It was created to replace the "legacy analog technology" VGA connector standard.  DVI is designed to carry uncompressed digital video data to a display. It works very well with the HDMI standard in digital mode (DVI-D), and VGA in analog mode (DVI-A). It is also found in some television sets even though it has been widely replaced by HDMI.

References 

Computer hardware
Computer graphics
Electrical connectors
was a  after Enryaku and before Kōnin.  This period started in May 806 and ended in September 810. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Daidō era

 806 (Daidō 1): , also known as , returned to Japan from China; and he settled at Miyajima where he established .
 9 April 806 (Daidō 1, 17th day of the 3rd month): In the 25th year of Emperor Kammu's reign, he died; and the succession (senso) was received by a his son.  Soon after, Emperor Heizei accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 18 May 809 (Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month): In the 4th year of Emperor Heizei's reign, he abdicated.  Heizei's successor was his second son who became known as Emperor Saga.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
806 establishments
809 disestablishments
was a  after Daidō and before Tenchō.  This period started in September 810  and ended in January 824. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Kōnin era 

 812 (Kōnin 3):  Official commentary on the Nihongi was written.
 820 (Kōnin 3):  Legal code was re-written in 50 volumes, including all laws since 701.
 822 (Kōnin 13): Death of the monk Saichō, who was the founder of the  sect of Buddhism in Japan
 30 May 823 (Kōnin 14, 17th day of the 4th month): In the 14th year of Emperor Saga's reign, he abdicated.  The succession (senso) was received by a his younger brother.  Soon after, Emperor Junna accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

This era is part of Kōnin-jōgan, which is a historical period from 810 to 877.  The importance of Buddhism and the arts was notable during this time.

Related pages
 Heian period

References
References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
810 establishments
824 disestablishments
The Hessians were German soldiers who were hired to fight for the British Empire during the American revolution.

Some princes in Germany agreed to give Great Britain men to fight in return for money and were made rich by their soldiers' services.

There is controversy on whether or not the Hessians were mercenaries, or auxiliaries. However because they fought alongside other soldiers and were commanded as such, they are typically referred to as auxiliaries

Military of the United Kingdom
19th century in Germany
was a  after Kōnin and before Jōwa.  This period started in January 824 and ended in January 834.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Tenchō era

 824 (Tenchō 1): This summer was entirely dry; and prayers for rain were offered by the Buddhist priest Kūkai (also known as Kōbō-Daishi).  Those prayers seemed to be answered when it did rain.
 824 (Tenchō 1, 7th month): The former-Emperor Heizei died at age 51.
 825 (Tenchō 2, 11th month): The former-Emperor Saga celebrated his 40th birthday.
 826 (Tenchō 3, 11th month): Kūkai advises the emperor to build a pagoda near To-ji in Kyoto.

This era is part of Kōnin-jōgan, which is a historical period from 810 to 877.  The importance of Buddhism and the arts was notable during this time.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
824 establishments
834 disestablishments
The Riverside Stadium is a football stadium in Middlesbrough, England. The stadium is the homeground of Middlesbrough F.C. since its opening.  Its present capacity is 34,742 all seated. There is provisional permission to expand the stadium to 42,000 if it is needed.

History
The stadium was built in 1994/95. It replaced Ayresome Park. After the Taylor Report from 1990 all top league clubs must have all seater stadiums. Because the space was limited to enlarge Ayresome Park the club decided to built a new stadium. This stadium was built in only 32 weeks on the Middlehaven site by the River Tees.

The building had 30 000 seats but was enlarged to its present capacity in 1998. 4 900 seats were built in the north and west corners.

International matches
During the construction of the new Wembley stadium the English nationalteam toured the country. The Riverside was chosen to host the Euro 2004 qualifying match against Slovakia on 11 June 2003. But also some U21 matches were held.
Records
Record Attendance (All teams):  35,000 England v Slovakia, 11 June 2003, (Euro 2004 qualifier)
Record Attendance (Middlesbrough):  34,836 v Norwich City, 28 December 2004 (FA Premier League)

References

Other websites

Riverside Stadium
Riverside Stadium on the Official Homepage MFC 

Football stadiums in England
1995 establishments in England
was a  after Tenchō and before Kashō.  This period started in January 834  and ended in July 848.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Jōwa era 

There were disturbances when Emperor Junna abdicated; and this time was called Jōwa no Hen.
 
 834 (Jōwa 1): Emperor Ninmyō planted a cherry tree near the shishinden to replace the tree Emperor Kammu planted when the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō (Kyoto).

 834 (Jōwa 1): Kukai was permitted to create a Buddhist chapel at the Imperial Palace.

 11 June 840 (Jōwa 7, 8th day of the 5th month): Former-Emperor Junna died at the age of 55.

 841 (Jōwa 8, 11th month): A broom star was seen in the west.

 24 August 842 (Jōwa 9, 15th day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Saga died at the age of 57.

 843 (Jōwa 10): Work was completed on the Nihon kōki.

Coins minted from 835 to 847 were known as Jōwa-shōhō.

Related pages
 Heian period

References
References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
9th-century establishments in Japan
9th-century disestablishments in Japan
834 establishments
848 disestablishments
The American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) is a contract bridge federation in North America. It is the largest contract bridge organization in North America. It promotes the game of bridge in the United States, Mexico, Bermuda, and Canada. It is a member of the World Bridge Federation.

It was established in 1937 in New York City. Its headquarters are now in Horn Lake, Mississippi. It has a full-time staff of 75 employees in the headquarters, plus about 170 tournament directors throughout the country.

References

Other websites 
 ACBL official website

Bridge federations
1937 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in New York (state)
Sports organizations of the United States
The United States Chess Federation (USCF) is the national chess federation in the United States. It is the U.S. member of FIDE. It was established in 1939, and at present It based in Crossville, Tennessee. 

USCF organizes or sanctions over 20 national championships. It provides the main rating system for tournament chess in the United States. It does this together with about 2,000 affiliates, mostly chess clubs and local chess organizations. It publishes a magazine, Chess Life, for its members and for general sale. Its membership is about 80,000.

Organisation
President: Ruth Haring
Vice president: Gary Walters
Presidents 
 1939 – 1942 ; George Sturgis
 1943 – 1948 ; Elbert Wagner, Jr.
 1948 – 1951 ; Paul Geirs
 1951 – 1954 ; Harold M. Phillips
 1954 – 1957 ; Frank Graves
 1957 – 1960 ; Jerry Spann
 1960 – 1963 ; Fred Cramer
 1963 – 1966 ; Ed Edmondson
 1966 – 1969 ; Marshall Rohland
 1969 – 1972 ; Leroy Dubeck
 1972 – 1975 ; Frank Skoff
 1975 – 1978 ; George Koltanowski
 1978 – 1981 ; Gerald Sperling
 1981 – 1984 ; Tim Redman
 1984 – 1987 ; Steven Doyle
 1987 – 1990 ; Harold Winston
 1990 – 1993 ; Maxim Dlugy
 1993 – 1996 ; Denis Barry
 1996 – 1999 ; Don Schultz
 1999 – 2000 ; Bob Smith
 2000 – 2001 ; Tim Redman
 2001 – 2003 ; John McCrary
 2003 – 2005 ; Beatriz Marinello
 2005 – 2008 ; Bill Goichberg
 2009 – 2011 ; Jim Berry
 2011 ; Ruth Haring

Other websites 
 United States Chess Federation (USCF) 

1939 establishments in the United States
Chess organizations
Sports organizations of the United States
Spoken word is a type of poetry that is used to express words without any form of music. Spoken words are used in studio albums with typically the artist speaking about their experience on writing the album or any memories they share with writing the album.

Poetry forms
The United States Backgammon Federation (USBGF) is an organisation who are in charge of backgammon in the United States. They were founded in 1939.
The president is Perry Partner.

American backgammon players
Kit Woolsey

1939 establishments in the United States
Backgammon
Sports organizations of the United States
A fad is a type of behavior that develops in a large population. A trend happens when a large group of people begin liking an object, thing, hobby or a person in a short period of time. This can also include fashion, when a large group of people like a type of clothing and having it "sold out" in a short period of time.

Human behavior
Latin pop is a type of popular music that originated in Spanish-speaking countries. Latin pop songs are songs recorded in an up-tempo form. These songs are usually recorded in Spanish. Latin pop songs that have a lot of airplay can peak in Billboard charts such as the Hot Latin Tracks, Latin Pop Songs, Latin Pop Airplay and the Tropical/Salsa Songs charts.  

Music genres
Music of Mexico has a lot of different forms of music genres that are performed by Mexican musicians.

Type of music
The corrido is a type of narrative song that tells a story. Corridos are recorded as a ballad and sometimes as a duet with another artist. Traditional folk music is a type of folk music that is sung by ordinary people. In popular music, this can include the ranchera, mariachi and conjunto music. Mexican folk music are based on instruments such as the violin and guitar. Mexican sones are a type of ranchera music that developed when the Spanish evaded Mexico. Tejano music is a type of folk music mixed with R&B and country. Tejano (or Tex-Mex music) is popularized in South Texas and North Mexico. Tejano began when the Germans settled in South Texas during the 1600s and brought musical instruments to the native people. Ever since, Tejano has grown to become the most widely known type of music in Mexico and has its own music awards held annually in San Antonio, Texas. "The Queen of Tejano music" is Selena and "The King of Tejano music" is Emilio Navaria
. Banda and Norteño are two music genres that formed from Tejano music.
Cumbia and pop 
The cumbia music is also popular in Mexico and was brought by the Cubans. "Bolero", which originated from Puerto Rico, is popular in Mexico as a mixed style with cumbia music. In recent year, Mexican Pop music has seen the rise in popularity beginning in the 2000s.
The Surveyor General is a government's official surveyor. They would be responsible for surveying a particular country or area. These would once have been military jobs, but now they are mainly civilian positions.

The following Surveyor General positions exist, or have existed historically:
 Surveyor General (Canada):
 Arpenteur général du Québec
 Surveyor General of Ontario
 Surveyor General (Australia)
 Surveyor General of New South Wales
 Surveyor General of South Australia
 Surveyor General of Victoria
 Surveyor General of Western Australia
 Surveyor General of Cornwall
 Surveyor General of India
 Surveyor General of Ireland
 Surveyor General of New Netherland
 The Surveyor General of Pakistan
 Surveyor General of Sri Lanka (formal Surveyor General of Ceylon)
 Surveyor General of the United States
 Surveyor General of North Carolina
 Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory
Surveyor General of Hong Kong
Surveyor Generals are also known from former centralized markets enterprises and divisions created after finish of 2nd WW. They controled organized development of industrial areas based on coordination of existing plants layouts with future investment projects. Example as former VSZ n.p., etc.

Government occupations
The Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG) are in Canberra. They are under the control of the Australian Government's Department of the Environment and Heritage.

The botanic gardens are the largest living collection of native Australian plants. The garen was set up to study and promote Australia's plants. The garden keeps a wide variety of resources for researchers and grows native plants threatened in the wild.

History of the Gardens
The Advisory Council of Federal Capital Territory recommended the setting up of a National Botanic Garden in 1933. A large site for the gardens was set aside on Black Mountain. In September 1949, the first trees were planted by Prime Minister Ben Chifley and Director of Kew Gardens, Sir Edward Salisbury. The Gardens were officially opened in October 1970 by Prime Minister John Gorton.

The Gardens has over  on Black Mountain. About  have been used for the Botanic Gardens. Plans for the development of the remaining land are on hold until money is available.
The collection
The gardens is organised in sections; plants are grouped by shared taxonomy or are presented in groupings that exist in nature. More than 5,500 species are cultivated. Displays include:
Rainforest Gully, featuring plants for the rainforests of Eastern Australia.
Rock Garden, a display of plants which occur in habitats from the desert to alpine areas.
Sydney Region Flora, a display of plants found in the sandstone formations of the Sydney basin. 
Mallee Plants, the mallees is the name given to multi-stemmed eucalypts and the shrubs and grasses associated with them.
Banksias, waratahs and grevilleas (family Proteaceae)
Callistemon, Leptospermum and Melaleuca (family Myrtaceae)
The Eucalypt Lawn, features about 20% of Australian eucalypt species.
Wattles (Genus Acacia)
Research at the Gardens
The Australian National Herbarium is at the National Botanic Gardens. The Herbarium houses the largest collection of pressed, dried plant specimens in Australia. The Herbarium is operated jointly with the CSIRO as part of a joint research facility, the Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research. It is not open to the public. The Australian National Herbarium is participating in the creation of Australia's Virtual Herbarium (AVH), a web based record of botanical information. This includes six million specimen records displaying geographic distribution, images, descriptive text and identification tools.

The Gardens manages several large plant databases, including What's its Name? This is a simple point of access to the more complex 'Australian Plant Name Index' APNI listing all the scientific names ever used for Australia's plants. A large collection of photographs is also available.
The Gardens' library has important collections of botanical books, journals, CD-ROMs and maps. The library is open to students and the public by appointment.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

References

Other websites
Australian National Botanic Gardens
What's its name? A searchable database for the Australian Plant Name Index  

Botanical gardens
Buildings and structures in Canberra
1970 establishments in Oceania
1970s establishments in Australia
Tokyo Mew Mew (also known as Mew Mew Power in English) is a manga/anime series by Mia Ikumi and Reiko Yoshida. The series is about five girls who are able to change into superwomen based on endangered species. The girls fight a group of three aliens, Quiche, Pie, and Tart, who plan to take over Earth. The aliens attack the girls by creating "chimera animals" that the girls fight.

The manga was published from 2000 to 2003. The anime was broadcast from April 6, 2002 until March 29, 2003. It was broadcast on both TV Aichi and TV Tokyo.

References
 Tokyo Mew Mew volume 1

2005 television series debuts
2000s establishments in Japan
2005 television series endings
21st-century disestablishments in Japan
2000s disestablishments in Asia
A local ordinance is a law usually found in a municipal code.

United States
In the United States, these laws are enforced locally in addition to state law and federal law.  In some states, the state legislature has limited the scope of local ordinances.  This approach was made popular by John Forrest Dillon called the "Dillon Rule". The law in such states says that local governments could only adopt ordinances when the state gives them authority on particular subjects. States that do not follow the Dillon Rule believe that local government has inherent (unstated) powers of self-government. In those states, local government can make ordinances on any subject not prohibited by the state legislature.

Japan

In Japan, any prefecture or municipality may pass  under authority granted by Article 94 of the Constitution.
There must generally be a statutory basis for an ordinance, the ordinance must be in compliance with any overlapping statutes (although it may impose a stricter standard or penalty), and the ordinance must be related to the affairs of the local government in question.

Ordinances must generally be approved by a local assembly and promulgated by the mayor or governor of the local government in question, who may demand a second vote but may not veto the ordinance.

Under the Local Autonomy Law, an ordinance may impose a penalty of up to two years imprisonment and/or 1 million yen in fines, although any penalty under an ordinance must be prescribed in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedure.  There are even some ordinances, such as bans on smoking on the street, for which the police in some districts state that there is no penalty for failure to obey the ordinance.

British colonies
British colonies

All laws enacted by the legislature of British colonies are referred to as Ordinances, which sometimes delegate power to other parties (usually government departments) to make subsidiary legislations that supplement the Ordinances. In Hong Kong, all laws enacted by the territory's Legislative Council remain to be known as Ordinances, despite the transfer of the territory to the People's Republic of China in 1997.

References

Legal terms
Local government
Local government in the United States
History
The club was founded in 1936 by David Horn. He was the head of the local Betar movement. The Betar movement was a Zionist youth organisation. Most of the early players came from this group. In 1938 the club stopped playing because the manager and some of the players were arrested and deported by the British authorities in Palestine. In 1943, they were able to play again, but in 1947 the British blocked the games on the day the 1948 Arab-Israeli War started. A player was also killed when he entered a British camp. During his existence the club was very successful. The team has never been relegated from the Israeli Premier League. It was one of the original 14 Israeli Premier League teams at the time of its foundation in 1999. In the all-time table of the league Beitar ranks 4th.

The farthest they have ever gone in a European competition was in the 2016-17 Europa League where they made it to the play off round.

Current team
Current team

Stadium
The club first home was the "Banana Field" close to Beitar youth group's "nest". In the 1950s the club moved to the YMCA Stadium. Later it was  shared with Hapoel Jerusalem. The YMCA was nicknamed the sandbox because the field was in a very poor condition.

In 1991 both clubs moved to the Teddy Stadium, named after longtime Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek. Initially the stadium was two-sided and held 12,000 spectators. This was increased to 21,600 when a third side was completed in 1997.

Seasons in the Premier League

Honours
Israeli championships
Winners: 1986/87, 1992/93, 1996/97, 1997/98, 2006/07, 2007/08
Second Division
Champions: 1953/54; 1957–58; 1966/68
State Cup
Winners: 1976, 1979, 1985, 1986, 1989, 2008, 2009, 2023
Toto Cup
Winners: 1997–98, 2009–10
Shalom Cup (Roma)
Winners: 2000
Israeli Supercup
Winners: 1976, 1986
Lilian Cup
Winners: 1985
Mini Football Championship
Winners: 1988

Other websites

Official Website

References
References

Israeli football clubs
Organizations based in Jerusalem
1936 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in Israel
John Linton Gardner,  (born Manchester,  2 March 1917; died Liss, Hampshire,  12 December 2011) was an English composer of classical music.  He is particularly remembered for his church music, especially for his setting of the carol Tomorrow shall be my dancing day.

Early life and education
Gardner was born in Manchester, England and brought up in Ilfracombe, North Devon. His father was a doctor and amateur composer who was killed while fighting at the end of the First World War. 

Gardner went to school at Eagle House and Wellington College and studied at Exeter College, Oxford.  He enjoyed jazz, but concentrated on classical music and soon started to compose.   An Intermezzo for Organ was published by Oxford University Press in 1936.  In the same year he got an organ scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford.  He got to know the composer Arthur Benjamin and dedicated his Rhapsody for Oboe and String Quartet (1935) to him.   At Oxford he became friendly with Theodor Adorno with whom he played piano duets.
Career
Gardner went to Repton School to teach music, but after two terms World War II started and he joined the RAF.  He conducted the RAF band and played the piano for the dance band.  He enjoyed playing jazz and started a swing band.  Later in the war he was a navigator in the fighting.

After the war Gardner got a job as repetiteur at the Royal Opera House.  He rejected all the music he had composed (although he did not throw it away) and started again by calling his next piece his opus 1.  His First Symphony was numbered opus 2.  It was a mature work and made him famous.  He resigned from his job at the opera house and he had time to concentrate on composing.  He wrote Cantiones Sacrae for the Three Choirs Festival in 1952 and an opera The Moon and Sixpence which was performed at Sadler’s Well in 1957.
In 1956 he was invited by Thomas Armstrong to teach at the Royal Academy of Music. For 30 years he was professor of harmony and counterpoint there.  A few years later he also had a part-time job as Director of Music at St Paul's Girls' School in London, where Gustav Holst and Herbert Howells had taught. 

Gardner wrote a lot of music for his pupils and also worked on holiday programs.  He composed a total of about 300 works.  The carol Tomorrow shall be my Dancing Day is particularly famous.  It has a lively rhythm with time signatures that keep changing.

Awards
He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1976.

Personal life
He married in 1955 and had one son and two daughters.

Other websites and references
John Gardner at Oxford University Press
John Gardner official website
”John Gardner - Obituary, The Independent, 26 Dec 2011 p.47.
1917 births
2011 deaths
20th-century English composers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Manchester
World War II people
British military people
21st-century English composers
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music‎
Sadler's Wells Theatre is a performing arts theatre in London.  It is in Rosebery Avenue, Clerkenwell in the London Borough of Islington.  The theatre which now stands is the sixth building that has been there since 1683.  There are two performance spaces: a 1,500 seat main auditorium and the Lilian Baylis Studio.  There are many rehearsal rooms and technical facilities. Sadler's Wells is one of the most important theatres for dance in the United Kingdom.  Several dance companies perform there.

During World War II the theatre was closed and the dance and opera companies toured to many parts of the United Kingdom.  After World War II the dance company was renamed Sadler's Wells Ballet. The opera company became the English National Opera.  When the theatre reopened they performed Benjamin Britten's opera Peter Grimes.
In 1946 the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden reopened and the ballet company was invited to become the resident company there. A second ballet company was formed to perform at Sadler's Wells. This was called the Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet. In 1956 the Sadler's Wells company later moved to Covent Garden where it became The Royal Ballet Touring Company. After a number of years as a touring group, it returned to Sadler's Wells in 1976, becoming the Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet.

In 1990 the  Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet moved to Birmingham and changed its name to Birmingham Royal Ballet. Since then there has not been a resident ballet company at Sadler's Wells.

The opera company moved out of Sadler's Wells Theatre to the London Coliseum in 1968 and was later renamed English National Opera. Sadler's Wells Theatre was used by foreign companies and by dancers at the beginning of their careers. The Lilian Baylis Theatre opened in 1988.
The theatre that now stands was opened in 1998.  The first performance was of Iolanthe and was given by Rambert Dance Company.

Other websites 

Sadlers Wells website
 Independentopera in Sadler's Wells

Dance
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Islington
John Forrest Dillon (December 25, 1831 – May 6, 1914) was an American judge. He served on both federal and Iowa state courts. He wrote an important book on the power of states about municipal governments.

Early life and career
Dillon was born in Northampton, Montgomery County, New York. He studied medicine at the University of Iowa at the age of 19. Shortly after beginning to work as a doctor, he switched to studying law, and was admitted to the Iowa bar in 1852. He was elected as the Scott County prosecutor after a brief private practice in 1853, and was then elected to a judgeship in Iowa's 7th Judicial Circuit in 1858. He joined to the Iowa Supreme Court in 1862 and served until 1869, when he was appointed by President Grant to the United States Circuit Court.

Federal judgeship and scholarly work
While Dillon was a federal judge, he wrote Municipal Corporations (1872), which was one of the earliest books to present the subject, and people still study it today. He was also the author of Removal of Cases from State Courts to Federal Courts and Municipal Bonds, both in 1876. On February 17, 1876, Justice Dillon ruled Ulysses S. Grant's deposition for Orville E. Babcock was admissible in court during the Whiskey Ring graft prosecutions.  After leaving the Circuit Court, Dillon was a professor at Columbia Law School from 1879 until 1882, where he taught real estate and equity. He then taught at Yale Law School from 1891 until 1892. While at Yale, he also was the president of the American Bar Association. Dillon then returned to private practice until his death in 1914 in New York City.

A memorial fountain to Dillon was built in downtown Davenport, Iowa in 1918. Sculptor Harry Liva carved it out of Indiana limestone in Romanesque style.
Dillon's oldest son, Hiram Price Dillon (1855 – 1918), also became a lawyer in Iowa, and a Master of Chancery in federal court. Dillon's sister was the grandmother of baseball manager Casey Stengel.

Dillon Rule
The theory of state preeminence over local governments was called the "Dillon Rule" in an 1868 case: "Municipal corporations owe their origin to, and derive their powers and rights wholly from, the legislature. It breathes into them the breath of life, without which they cannot exist. As it creates, so may it destroy. If it may destroy, it may abridge and control." Clinton v Cedar Rapids and the Missouri River Railroad,(24 Iowa 455; 1868). As opposed to the Dillon Rule, the Cooley Doctrine expressed the theory of an inherent right to local self-determination. In a concurring opinion, Michigan Supreme Court Judge Thomas M. Cooley in 1871 stated: “[L]ocal government is a matter of absolute right; and the state cannot take it away.” People v. Hurlbut, (24 Mich 44, 95; 1871).
In Municipal Corporations (1872), Dillon explained that in contrast to the powers of states, which are unlimited but for express restrictions under the state or federal constitution, municipalities only have the powers that the state legislature expressly gives to them. This formulation of the scope of municipal power came to be known as the "Dillon Rule". It says that municipal governments only have the powers that are expressly granted to them by the state legislature, those that are necessarily implied from that grant of power, and those that are essential and indispensable to the municipality's existence and functioning. If the legislative grant of power is unclear, it should be read narrowly. Courts should assume that the legislature did not mean to give a power unless that power was clearly spelled out in a law
. However, when the state has not specifically directed the method by which the municipality may implement its granted power, the municipality has the discretion to choose the method so long as its choice is reasonable.
The Supreme Court of the United States cited Dillon's book Municipal Corporations and fully adopted Dillon's emphasis on state power over municipalities in Merrill v. Monticello, 138 U.S. 673 (1891), reaff'd. Hunter v. Pittsburgh, 207 U.S. 161 (1907), which upheld the power of Pennsylvania to consolidate the city of Allegheny into the city of Pittsburgh, despite the wishes of the majority of Allegheny residents to be a separate city. The Court's ruling that states could alter or abolish at will the charters of municipal corporations without infringing upon contract rights relied upon Dillon's separation of public, municipal corporations from private ones.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Further reading
Gerald E. Frug et al., Local Government Law, 3rd ed. pp. 139–158. West Publishing, 2001.
See Arlington County v. White, 528 S.E.2d 706 (Va. 2000), for a modern use of the Dillon Rule to invalidate municipal action. See State v. Hutchison, 624 P.2d 1116 (Utah 1980) for an example of the minority, critical view.
David Y. Miller, The Regional Governing of Metropolitan America, pp. 1–2. Westview Press, 2002.
Robert W. Creamer, "Stengel: His Life and Times," p. 21-23.

1831 births
1914 deaths
American judges
Lawyers from Iowa
Government of Iowa
People from Iowa
Writers from New York (state)
Lawyers from New York (state)
Hunter Ripley Rawlings III (born December 14, 1944) is an American classics scholar and academic administrator.  He is best known for serving as the 17th president of the University of Iowa from 1982 until 1995 and as the tenth president of Cornell University from 1995 until 2003.  He also served as Cornell's interim president in 2005-2006. He is president of the Association of American Universities (AAU).
Originally from Norfolk, Virginia, Rawlings received his B.A. with honors in classics from Haverford College in 1966.  From there he moved to Princeton University, where he received a Ph.D. in classics in 1970.  After graduating from Princeton, he joined the faculty at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He became a full professor there in 1980.  Rawlings began his career in academic administration at Colorado, serving as chairman of the classics department and later as associate vice chancellor for instruction. In 1988, Rawlings was named President of the University of Iowa, a position he held until 1995.
Rawlings then came to Cornell University. He was its tenth president, serving from 1995 until 2003.  At Cornell, he was good at asking people for money.  Rawlings started several new positions and programs to support undergraduate education. Cornell built of several new dormitories and centralized the location of freshmen dormitories on campus (initially protested by Al Sharpton and others due to alleged racial implications). Rawlings promoted stronger undergraduate admission standards.  Rawlings began initiatives in certain areas of science and engineering that he considered important to the future (such as bioinformatics, computational biology, computer and information sciences, genomics, and materials science), and began plans for Weill Hall, a large new life sciences building.  He encouraged cooperation between the humanities and social sciences.  He also worked on an agreement to start a branch of Cornell's medical school in Qatar.
While President of Cornell, Rawlings also held the rank of professor of classics, and continued to hold this position after he left the presidency.  He taught an undergraduate course in classics the last two years he was president. At the same time, many students and alumni leaders criticized his hands-off approach toward the student body and his focus on the business operations of Cornell.

After the sudden resignation of his successor as president, Jeffrey Lehman, effective June 30, 2005, Rawlings became Cornell president again until a permanent replacement could be found. David J. Skorton  became the new president on July 1, 2006.  (Like Rawlings, Skorton was previously President of the University of Iowa.)

Currently, he serves a professor of classical history in Cornell's Department of History and Department of Classics.
Rawlings is a member of many prominent organizations, including the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and served as a committee chair of the AAU. On June 1, 2011, he became President of the AAU.

References

Other websites
 Cornell Presidency: Hunter R. Rawlings III
 Cornell University Library Presidents Exhibition: Hunter Ripley Rawlings III (Presidency; Inauguration)
 Hunter Rawlings Interview

American historians
1944 births
Living people
People from Norfolk, Virginia
Cornell University faculty
Academics from Colorado
The 1994 San Marino Grand Prix (known as the 14° Gran Premio di San Marino by the people putting on the race) was a Formula One motor race held on 1 May 1994 at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, Italy. It was the third race of the 1994 Formula One season. Some things that happened at this race proved to be a major turning point in both the 1994 season, and in the development of Formula 1 itself, especially safety.

During the race weekend, Austrian driver Roland Ratzenberger and three-time world champion Ayrton Senna died in different accidents. Other incidents saw driver Rubens Barrichello hurt and a few mechanics and spectators injured. BBC Television commentator Murray Walker described it as "the blackest day for Grand Prix racing that I can remember".
The race led to a bigger focus on safety in Formula One as well as the reforming of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association after 12 years of not running, and the changing of many track layouts and car designs. Since the race, many regulation changes have been made to slow Formula One cars down, and newer tracks, such as Bahrain International Circuit, have large run-off areas to slow cars before they collide with a wall.
Senna was given a state funeral in his home country of Brazil, where around 500,000 people lined the streets to watch the coffin pass. Italian prosecutors charged six people with manslaughter in connection with Senna's death, all of whom were later found to be not guilty. The case took more than 11 years to conclude due to an appeal and a re-trial following the original not guilty verdict.

Report

Qualifying
Report

Qualifying

Friday qualifying
On Friday 29 April, during the first qualifying session to determine the starting order for the race, Rubens Barrichello, a driver for Jordan, hit a kerb at the Variante Bassa corner at 140 miles an hour (225 kilometres an hour), launching him into the air. He hit the top of the tyre barrier, and was knocked unconscious. His Jordan rolled several times after landing before stopping slowly upside down. Doctors teams treated him at the crash site, and he was taken to the medical centre. He returned to the race meeting the next day, although his broken nose and a plaster cast on his arm forced him to sit out the rest of the race weekend. Ten years after the incident, Damon Hill, who drove for the Williams-Renault team at the time, described the feeling after the crash: "We all brushed ourselves off and carried on qualifying, reassured that our cars were tough as tanks and we could be shaken but not hurt."

Saturday qualifying
Twenty minutes into the final qualifying session, Roland Ratzenberger failed to negotiate the Villeneuve curva in his Simtek; he then hit the concrete barrier wall almost head-on and was injured a lot. Although the survival cell (a part of the car) stayed largely together, the force of the crash caused a basal skull fracture. Ratzenberger, in his first year as a Formula One driver, ran over a kerb at the Acque Minerali corner on his previous lap, causing a fault in his front wing. Rather than come back to the pitlane, he continued on another fast lap. Going at 190 miles an hour (306 kilometres an hour) his car's front wing failed, leaving him unable to control it.
The session was stopped whilst doctors attended to Ratzenberger. The session was started approximately 25 minutes later, but several teams—including Williams and Benetton—took no further part. Later in hospital it was announced that Ratzenberger had died as a result of his injuries. His death marked the first Formula One race weekend death since the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix when Riccardo Paletti was killed. It had been eight years since Elio de Angelis died testing a Brabham car at the Circuit Paul Ricard. Professor Sid Watkins, then head of the Formula One on-track medical team, recalled in his book about himself, Ayrton Senna's reaction to the news, stating that "Ayrton broke down and cried on my shoulder." Watkins tried to stop Senna from racing on the next day, asking "What else do you need to do? You have been world champion three times, you are obviously the quickest driver. Give it up and let's go fishing," but Ayrton said that, "Sid, there are certain things over which we have no control
. I cannot quit, I have to go on."
Senna would start on pole position, ahead of championship leader Michael Schumacher. Gerhard Berger qualified in 3rd, and Senna's team-mate Damon Hill started from fourth position. A time posted by Ratzenberger before his fatal crash would have been sufficient for entry into the race starting from the 26th and final position on the grid.

Race

First start
At the start of the race, J.J. Lehto's Benetton did not move. Pedro Lamy, starting from further back on the grid, had his view of the car blocked by other cars and hit the back of Lehto's car, causing bodywork and tyres to fly into the air. Parts of the car went over the safety fencing designed to protect spectators at the start-line causing nine people to be hurt but not very much. The incident caused the safety car to come out on track, with all the drivers still in the race staying in the same place behind it while going at a slower speed. During this period, as a result of going at slower speeds, tyre temperatures dropped. At the drivers' briefing before the race, Senna, along with Gerhard Berger, had expressed concern that the safety car (which only came into F1 in 1993) did not go fast enough to keep tyre temperatures high. Once the track was reported clear of pieces of car, the safety car went back into the pit lane and the race started again, with a rolling start
. On the second lap after the restart, with Ayrton Senna leading Michael Schumacher, Senna's car left the road at the Tamburello corner, and after slowing from 190 miles an hour (306 kilometres an hour) to 131 miles an hour (211 kilometres an hour), hit the concrete wall.
At 2:17 p.m. local time, a red flag was shown to show that the race was stopped and Sid Watkins came to the scene to treat Senna. When a race is stopped under a red flag cars must slow down and make their way back to the starting grid until they are told what to do next. This protects race marshalls and medical staff at the crash scene, and allows for medical cars to get to the crash quicker. Approximately 10 minutes after Senna's crash, the Larrousse team made a mistake and allowed one of their drivers, Érik Comas, to leave the pits despite the circuit being closed under red flags. Marshalls slowed him down as he approached the scene of the accident travelling at "pretty much full speed". Eurosport commentator John Watson described the incident as "the most ridiculous thing I have ever seen at any time in my life". Comas avoided hitting any of the people or cars that were on the circuit but after going over towards Senna's accident scene, he was so upset at what he saw that he withdrew from the race
. The pictures shown of Senna being treated on the world feed (supplied by host broadcaster RAI) were very graphic, and the BBC switched to their own camera focused on the pit lane. BBC commentator Murray Walker has frequently talked about how upsetting it was to have to talk to viewers while avoiding all mention of the distressing pictures he could see on the world feed. Senna was lifted from the wrecked Williams and flown to Maggiore Hospital in nearby Bologna. Medical teams continued to treat him during the flight. Thirty-seven minutes after the crash, at 2:55 p.m. local time, the race was restarted.
Second start 
The results of the restarted race would be determined by the aggregate results of the stopped first race and the second race. From the restart, Gerhard Berger took the lead on track but Schumacher still led the race due to the amount of time he was ahead of Berger before the race was stopped. Schumacher took the lead on track on lap 12, and four laps later, Berger retired from the race with handling problems. Larini briefly took the lead as Schumacher pitted but the order was restored when Larini took his own pit stop.

Ten laps from the end the rear-right wheel came loose from Michele Alboreto's Minardi as it left the pit lane, striking two Ferrari and two Lotus mechanics, who were left needing hospital treatment.
Michael Schumacher won the race ahead of Nicola Larini and Mika Häkkinen, giving him a maximum 30 points after 3 rounds of the 1994 Formula One season. It was the only podium finish of Larini's career, and the first of just two occasions when he scored world championship points. At the podium ceremony, out of respect for Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna, no champagne was sprayed.

Classification

Qualifying

Race

Standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

Footnotes

Related pages
 Death of Ayrton Senna

Other websites 

 Video of Senna's crash used in the Italian court case 
 AtlasF1's 'The Races we Remember' Series:The 1990s

Formula One Grands Prix
1994 in sports
Han Myeong-hoe (한명회, 1415 - 1487) was a Korean Joseon Dynasty politician, writer, and soldier. He was the fther-in-law of King Yejong of Joseon (the 8th King of Joseon Dynasty) and Seongjong of Joseon (9th King of Joseon Dynasty and nephew of Yejong of Joseon).

His daughter, Queen Jangsun, married King Yejong of Joseon. Another daughter, Queen Gonghye, married King Seongjong of joseon.

Other websites 
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=13136 
 Han Myung-hoi:Navercast
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=186312

1415 births
1487 deaths
Korean politicians
Korean autobiographers
Kashō may mean:

 Kashō (early Heian period), a Japanese era name (848-851)
 Kashō (late Heian period), a Japanese era name (1106–1108)
CAE Global Academy is a flight school network. It is owned by Canadian group CAE.

Members 
 CAE Global Academy Amsterdam (formerly ) (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
 CAE Global Academy Brussels (formerly Sabena Flight Academy) (Brussels, Belgium)
 CAE Global Academy Douala (formerly Sabena Flight Academy Africa) (Douala, Cameroon)
 CAE Global Academy Évora (formerly ) (Evora, Portugal)
 CAE Global Academy Gondia (formerly National Flying Institute) (Gondia, India)
 CAE Global Academy Langkawi (formerly HM Aerospace) (Langkawi, Malaysia)
 CAE Global Academy Moncton (formerly Moncton Flight College) (Moncton, Canada)
 CAE Global Academy Perth (formerly China Southern West Australian Flying College)  (Perth, Australia)
 CAE Global Academy Phoenix (formerly Sabena Airline Training Center) (Phoenix, USA)
 CAE Global Academy Rae Bareli (formerly Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi) (Rae Bareli, India) 
 CAE Global Academy San Diego (formerly SAA Flight Training) (San Diego, USA)

References
References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Aviation organizations
Colleges and universities
Colleges and universities in Canada
is an ancient history of Japan written in 797.

This work is the second of the Rikkokushi ("Six National Histories").  It was written after the Nihon Shoki and before the Nihon Kōki.

Sugeno Mamichi was the main editor.

Shoku Nihongi is a primary historical source of information about Japan's Nara period.

The work covers the 95-year period from the beginning of Emperor Mommu's reign in 697 until the 10th year of Emperor Kammu's reign in 791.   The text is an account of nine imperial reigns.

References

Further reading
 Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). The Six National Histories of Japan (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

Other websites 
 Shoku Nihongi text  
 Shoku Nihongi  text  
 Waseda University Library, Shoku Nihongi manuscript 

History of Japan
8th-century books
France AEROTECH is the name of the French national network for aeronautical and space universities (named grandes écoles in French).

It was created in 2011 by Arts et Métiers ParisTech, École Centrale de Lyon, École Centrale de Nantes, École nationale de l'aviation civile and École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux.

The goals of France AEROTECH are to provide French courses abroad, to develop international research projects and courses in aeronautical and space engineering, and to help emerging markets.

To achieve all these projects, the universities created a summer program in embedded systems and a master in airworthiness.

References 

Aviation in France
Aerospace engineering
French Civil Aviation University
2011 establishments in France
Belize City is the largest city in Belize.  Belize City is not the capital of Belize.  61,461 people live in Belize City.

Settlements in Belize
Cities in Central America