Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
MATE is a desktop environment for Linux. It is based on an older version of the desktop environment GNOME, called GNOME 2. Many people in the Linux community did not like the way GNOME 3 (or GNOME Shell) looked, and wanted GNOME 2. This called for someone to fork from part of an existing program) of GNOME based on GNOME 2. An Arch Linux user created MATE, it is named after a South American plant called Yerba Mate and the tea made from the plant, "mate."

Programs that it comes with
MATE comes with programs that are forked from GNOME's classic programs, and they have not changed much from when they were in GNOME. Some of them were made from scratch, not based on a GNOME program. The forked programs were named in Spanish, like MATE itself.
 Caja (box) – (from Nautilus)
 Pluma (quill) – Change or view text (from Gedit)
 Eye of MATE – View picture files (from Eye of GNOME)
 Atril (lectern) – View documents (from Evince)
 Engrampa (staple) – Open or change digital archives (from File Roller)
 MATE Terminal – Command prompt or console (from GNOME Terminal)
 Marco (frame) – Window manager (from Metacity)

References

Other websites 
 
 wiki

Linux software
Desktop Environments
Fecal Matter was a short lived punk rock band from Aberdeen, Washington. The band was made in 1985 by Kurt Cobain, the future lead guitarist of the band Nirvana, and Dale Crover. The band made a demo tape named Illiteracy Will Prevail. That demo tape was unofficially released in 1985.
The new group Fecal Matter formed in April 2022 for concert 7 years named TMR7, three members of: Gabriel Grigore, Luca Raicu & Ionuț Palade until March 2023 is fired & before started for 2nd leg on May until November 2023 joining at past members of Trupa Muzicii Rock: Cristian Dima, Florin David & Vlad Bușilă & 3rd leg on February until May 2024.

Members 
1984-1986
 Kurt Cobain – vocals, guitar (1985–1986)
 Dale Crover – bass guitar, drums (1985–1986)
 Greg Hokanson – drums (1985)
 Buzz Osborne – bass guitar (1986)
 Mike Dillard – drums (1986)
_

2022-present
Florin David – vocals, guitar (2023-present)  
Cristian Dima – drums (2023-present)
Vlad Bușilă – guitar (2023-present)
Paul Maftei – bass guitar, keyboards
–
Luca Raicu - drums (2022-2023)
Ionuț Palade - vocals, guitar (2022-2023)
Gbr. Grigore - guitar (2022-2023)

References 

American rock bands
Musical groups from Washington (state)
American punk bands
1980s American music groups
1985 establishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1985
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
1986 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Washington (state)
The UEFA Euro 1980 was the 6th UEFA European Football Championship tournament. Its formal name was the 1980 UEFA European Football Championship. It was held from 11 June to 22 June. All the European football teams could compete. The defending champion was Czechoslovakia. The tournament was hosted in Italy. 8 teams qualified for the final group stage. The winner of the tournament was Germany after defeating Belgium.

Results

Group A

Group B

Third place game

Final

Statistics 

3 goals
 Klaus Allofs

2 goals
 Horst Hrubesch
 Zdenek Nehoda
 Kees Kist

References 

 
1980 in Italy
Football in Italy
June events
The UEFA Euro 1976 was the 5th UEFA European Football Championship tournament. Its formal name was the 1976 UEFA European Football Championship. It was held from 16 June to 20 June. All the European football teams could compete. The defending champion was Czechoslovakia. The tournament was hosted in Yugoslavia. 4 teams qualified for the final group stage. The winner of the tournament was Czechoslovakia after defeating West Germany.

Results

Knockout stage

Third place game

Final

Statistics 

4 goals
 Dieter Müller

2 goals
 Dragan Džajić
 Ruud Geels

References
The 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup was the 7th FIFA Confederations Cup tournament. It took place in Germany from 15 June to 29 June. Brazil won the tournament after defeating Argentina. The host, Germany, got third place.

Results

Group Stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Statistics 

5 goals
 Adriano

4 goals
 Luciano Figueroa
 John Aloisi
 Michael Ballack

References 

FIFA Confederations Cup tournaments
2005 in association football
2005 in Germany
International association football competitions hosted by Germany
June 2005 events
The 1995 FIFA Confederations Cup was the 2th King Fahd Cup tournament. It took place in Saudi Arabia from 6 January to 13 January. Denmark won the tournament after defeating Argentina. Mexico got third place.

Results

Group Stage

Group A

*: Denmark finished top of the group because they did a penalty shootout with Mexico and won.

Group B

Thrid place match

Final

References 

FIFA Confederations Cup tournaments
Sport in Saudi Arabia
1995 in association football
1990s in Saudi Arabia
1990s in Asian sports
January 1995 events
Shkodran Mustafi (born April 17, 1992 in Bad Hersfeld) is a German association football defender (football) of Albanian descent. He plays for Valencia in Spain and for the Germany national football team. He made two appearances in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which his team won.

1992 births
Living people
2014 FIFA World Cup players
German footballers
Sportspeople from Hesse
Bossa Nova Baby is a rock n roll song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. on 22 January 1963 it was recorded by Elvis Presley. The album that included the song was Fun in Acapulco.

The song reached #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 1963 it hit #20 on the Billboard R&B Singles chart.

References 

Elvis Presley songs
1963 songs
Sandstone is a town in Pine County, Minnesota, United States, along the Kettle River. The population was 2,462 at the 2020 census.

References

Cities in Minnesota
Club de Fútbol Universidad Nacional A. C., commonly known as Pumas de la UNAM, or just Pumas, is a Mexican football club from Mexico City.

Honours

Domestic tournaments
Mexican Primera División: 7
1976-77, 1980–81, 1990–91, Clausura 2004, Apertura 2004, Clausura 2009, Clausura 2011

Segunda División de México: 1
1961–62

Copa México: 1
1974–75

Campeón de Campeones: 2
1975, 2004

International tournaments
CONCACAF Champions League: 3
1980, 1982, 1989

Copa Interamericana: 1
1981

Copa Sudamericana: 0
Runner-up: 2005

Friendly Tournaments
Copa Universidades de América: 1
2000

Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu: 1
2004

Copa Chiapas: 1
2008

References

Mexican football clubs
Sport in Mexico City
1954 establishments in North America
1950s establishments in Mexico
Arsenal Fútbol Club (), usually referred as Arsenal de Sarandí , is an Argentine sports club from Sarandí, Avellaneda Partido, Greater Buenos Aires. It is best known for its football team. They won their first Primera División championship in 2012 and the Copa Sudamericana in 2007.

They are also known for having a similar name to the famous English Premier League team Arsenal F.C

Honours

Domestic
Primera División (1): 2012 Clausura
 Copa Argentina (1): 2012–13
Supercopa Argentina (1): 2012
Primera C (1): 1964
Primera D (1): 1962

International
Copa Sudamericana (1): 2007
Suruga Bank Championship (1): 2008

Football clubs in Buenos Aires Province
1957 establishments
20th-century establishments in Argentina
Valvatida is an order of sea star in the class Asteroidea. That class contains 695 species in 172 genera in 17 families.

References

Echinoderms
Norman Fowler Leyden (October 17, 1917 – July 23, 2014) was an American conductor, composer, arranger, and clarinetist.  

He worked in movie and television. He was perhaps best known as the conductor of the Oregon Symphony Pops orchestra. He co-wrote with Glenn Miller the theme "I Sustain the Wings" in 1943, which was used to introduce the World War II radio series.

Leyden died on July 23, 2014, of an unspecified cause.

References

1917 births
2014 deaths
American conductors
20th-century American composers
American clarinetists
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
21st-century American composers
Percy Bland  is an American politician. He is a member of the Democratic Party. On July 1, 2013, became mayor of Meridian, Mississippi.

Early life
Bland was born in Crystal Springs, Mississippi on September 23, 1970. He grew up in Jackson, Mississippi. He attended St. Joseph High School. He earned a B.S. in Chemistry at Xavier University of New Orleans. He played collegiate basketball.  Bland earned a Master’s of Public Health (MPH) degree at the University of Southern Mississippi.

Career
Bland went to work for the Fulton County Health Department in Atlanta, Georgia. There he was an epidemiologist in the Tuberculosis Control Department. Bland met his wife Deidre in Atlanta. They married on August 15, 1999. Deidre Bland is a teacher at Ross Collins in the Meridian Public School District. Bland returned to Mississippi and became the Human Resources Director and Marketing Director with the G.A. Carmichael Family Health Center. Bland moved to Meridian to run a State Farm Insurance Agency.
Community involvement
In 2007, Bland was co-chair to pass a bond issue for the first major renovations and improvements to Meridian’s public schools in more than 20 years. The bond issue was for $19.5 million. The bond issue passed on March 27, 2007 with 71.3%.
Bland also helped establish the Magnolia Youth Sports Association. He still runs his own Summer Basketball Camp. Bland helped establish the First Tee Golf Program in Meridian, the first in the state, a golf program aimed at improving the quality of life of primarily inner-city children.

Mayor of Meridian
On June 4, 2013, Bland won the election for mayor of Meridian by 54% of the vote. Before he took office, he formed a team from the community to study five issues and make recommendations about how to move improve those areas in Meridian. The areas are education, community development, public safety, infrastructure and city partnerships. Bland was sworn in as the first African-American mayor of the city of Meridian on July 1, 2013.
Bland and several local businesses began recognizing an outstanding teacher or staff member from two MPSD schools a month during the 2013-14 school year. Improvements to public safety were made to the newly annexed part of Meridian. A new warning siren was put at the fire station in that area. Meridian youth sports were brought together through one program in the Meridian Parks and Recreation Department. The program brought in more mentors, more coaches, and more churches as partners for the City of Meridian to work with youth through athletics. In May 2014, the City of Meridian pledged $750,000 to help build a new community center.

In May 2014, the City of Meridian launched a series of new programs to help fight crime in the city. These included a new gang task force, a new team of Meridian police officers and citizens to help with tips on crime, and penalizing parents when their children do not comply with the Mississippi Compulsory School Attendance Law.

References
References

1970 births
Living people
Politicians from Mississippi
American mayors
African American politicians
Epidemiologists
John Demjanjuk (born Ivan Mykolaiovych Demianiuk; ; 3 April 1920 – 17 March 2012) was a Ukrainian-American auto worker, a former soldier in the Soviet Red Army, and a POW during the Second World War.

Early life
Demjanjuk was born in Ukraine. During World War II was drafted into the Soviet Red Army, where he was captured as a German prisoner of war.

World War II
Although he was a survivor of the notorious Nazi concentration camps system, he was convicted in 2011 in Germany for alleged war crimes as an accessory to the murder of 27,900 Jews while acting as a guard named Ivan Demjanjuk at the Nazi extermination camp near Sobibór in occupied Poland. Since his conviction was pending appeal at the time of his death, Demjanjuk remains innocent under German law, and his earlier conviction is invalidated.  According to the Munich state court, Demjanjuk does not have a criminal record.
Life in the United States
In 1952 he emigrated from West Germany to the United States, and was granted citizenship in 1958 whereupon he formally anglicized his name from "Ivan" to "John".

Deportation

In 1986 he was deported to Israel to stand trial for war crimes, after being identified by eleven Holocaust survivors, many from Israel, as "Ivan the Terrible", a notorious guard at the Treblinka extermination camp in Nazi occupied Poland. Demjanjuk was accused of committing murder and acts of extraordinarily savage violence against camp prisoners during 1942–43. He was convicted of having committed crimes against humanity and sentenced to death there in 1988.
The verdict was overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court in 1993, based on new evidence that "Ivan the Terrible" was probably another man, Ivan Marchenko. After the trial, in September 1993, he returned to his home in Ohio. In 1998 his citizenship was restored after a United States federal appeals court ruled that prosecutors had suppressed exculpatory evidence concerning his identity.

Later charges
In 2001 Demjanjuk was charged again, this time on the grounds that he had, instead, served as a guard named Ivan Demjanjuk at the Sobibor and Majdanek camps in Nazi occupied Poland and at the Flossenbürg camp in Germany. Demjanjuk became again a stateless person in 2002 (until his death in 2012). His deportation was again ordered in 2005, but after exhausting his appeals in 2008 he still remained in the United States, as no country would agree to accept him at that time.
Convictions
On 12 May 2011, Demjanjuk was convicted pending appeal by an ordinary German criminal court as an accessory to the murder of 27,900 Jews at Sobibor and sentenced to five years in prison.  The interim conviction was later annulled, because Demjanjuk died before his appeal could be heard. He was later released pending trial and final verdict by the German Appellate Court.

Death
He lived at a German nursing home in Bad Feilnbach, where he died on 17 March 2012.  Despite decades of legal wrangling and controversy, Demjanjuk died a free man and legally innocent.

References

Bibliography

Other websites

 Demjanjuk —Compilation of The Plain Dealer articles at Cleveland.com
 

1920 births
2012 deaths
American criminals
Naturalized citizens of the United States
SS people
Ukrainian people
Yoo Chae-yeong (; September 22, 1973 – July 24, 2014) was a South Korean singer, actress, and radio host. Yoo was known for her roles in Sex is Zero, Marrying a Billionaire, and in First Love of a Royal Prince.

Yoo was diagnosed with cancer in October 2013. She died on July 24, 2014 of gastric cancer at the age of 40.

References

Other websites
 

1973 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cancer deaths in South Korea
Radio personalities
South Korean movie actors
South Korean television actors
South Korean singers
K-pop singers
The UEFA Euro 1968 was the 3rd UEFA European Football Championship tournament. Its formal name was the 1968 UEFA European Football Championship. It was held from 5 June to 10 June. All the European football teams could compete. The defending champion was Spain. The tournament was hosted in Italy. 4 teams qualified for the final group stage. The winner of the tournament was Italy after defeating Yugoslavia.

Results

Knockout stage

Third place game

Final

Replay

Statistics 

2 goals
 Dragan Džajić
1 goal
 Luigi Riva
 Angelo Domenghini
 Pietro Anastasi
 Geoff Hurst
 Bobby Charlton

References 

 
1960s in Italian sport
Football in Italy
June events
The Osmonds are an American family singing group. They have had a long and varied career. They sung barbershop music as children, got success as teen-music idols, produced a hit television show. They have continued as solo and group performers.

The Osmonds are Mormons: devout members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Their religious values have influenced their careers. The Osmonds children are (from the oldest to the youngest), Virl, Tom, Alan, Wayne, Merrill, Jay, Donny, Marie, and Jimmy Osmond. 

Virl and Tom (who are twins born in 1945) were born nearly completely deaf. The two took up tap-dancing to perform in the group to make up for the fact that they could not sing. Tom eventually did perform as a full-time member of the Osmonds, however, Virl did not and Virl is the only non-performing Osmond child.

Donny and Marie Osmond once hosted a show in the 1970s called Donny and Marie. Donny is a former judge on dancing with the stars.
Wayne Osmond is a Cancer activist. Wayne suffered from a Brain tumour during the 1990s and 2000s.

References 

1958 establishments in the United States
1950s American music groups
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American boy bands
Musical groups from Utah
People from Provo, Utah
Musical groups established in 1958
20th-century establishments in Utah
Bill Bailey's Birdwatching Bonanza is a British television game show.  It is produced by Fever Media and Glass Box. It is broadcast on Sky1. The fist episode aired on 8 January 2010. The final episode aired on 12 February 2010. The show is presented by Bill Bailey. He gives two teams birdwatching challenges over a three-day period.  The two teams are captained by Alex Zane and Jeff Green.

Episode list
The colour of the backgrounds shows the result of the show:

 – means Alex's team won
 – means Jeff's team won
 – means the game ended in a draw

Notes

References

Other websites

2010s British television series
2010 British television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
Arch Linux (usually just called Arch) is a Linux-based operating system for 64-bit computers. It mostly has free software included with it, and supports community involvement.

Arch Linux focuses on elegance, code correctness, minimalism, and simplicity, and to use it, the user needs to have a motive to learn about it.  A package manager made only for Arch Linux named "pacman" can be used to install, remove and update packages of software on the computer.

History 

Arch Linux was inspired by CRUX, another minimalist Linux distribution.

Originally, Arch  Linux was only for 32-bit x86 systems, but 64-bit was supported in April 2006. In January 2017, 32-bit support was discontinued, but a derivative by the community called Arch Linux 32 has been produced for 32-bit systems.

Installation
Installation 

Unlike other Linux distributions like Ubuntu, Arch Linux's installation requires the user to enter commands manually. This can be scary for beginners, but the wiki suggests that new users can still install Arch Linux by investing time and effort.

Package Management 

Pacman is the official package manager of Arch Linux. It was written in the C programming language by Judd Vinet. The package manager handles all the packages on the system, and does installation, removal, upgrades, and more.

As a rolling release system, Arch Linux's repositories are being constantly updated.

Arch Build System (ABS) 

The Arch Build System is a system that automatically makes packages from a PKGBUILD file. The makepkg tool can convert these files into packages which are recognized by pacman, downloading all the source code specified and compiling it.

Arch User Repository (AUR)
The Arch User Repository is a repository for PKGBUILD scripts made by users. This allows users to install packages otherwise not in the official repositories.

Notes

References 

Linux distributions
The Polish złoty is the currency of Poland. The word złoty means "gold".

Banknotes 

10 złotych
60 × 120 mm
Color brown
Obverse:Mieszko I
Reverse:A silver denar coin during the reign of Mieszk.

20 złotych
126 × 63 mm
Obverse:Bolesław I 
Reverse:A silver denar coin during the reign of Bolesław.

50 złotych
132 × 66 mm	
Obverse:Casimir III 
Reverse:A white eagle

100 złotych
138 × 69 mm
Obverse:Władysław II Jagiełło
Reverse:Shield bearing a White Eagle

200 złotych
144 × 72 mm
Obverse:Sigismund I 
Reverse:Eagle intertwined with the letter S in a hexagon

500 złotych
150 × 75 mm
Obverse:John III Sobieski
Reverse:Wilanów Palace

Coins 
There are złoty coins of:

1 złoty
2 złote
5 złotych

Currency of Europe
Poland
Stockton is a city in northern California. It is located on the San Joaquin River in the northern San Joaquin Valley. In 2020, it had a population of 320,804. Stockton is the 11th largest city in California and the 62nd largest city in the United States.

In 2012, the city went bankrupt. The city was no longer bankrupt in February 2015.

References 

County seats in California
Cities in California
Settlements in San Joaquin County, California
The world map has changed a lot throughout history. This page lists some of the changes.

21st Century

2020s
September 30, 2022 - Russia annexes four regions from southeast Ukraine. This action is only partly recognized, and Russia did not control all the land.
September 17, 2022 - The Republic of Kazakhstan officially changed the name of its capital from Nur-Sultan back to Astana.
May 31, 2022 - The Republic of Turkey officially changes its name to the Republic of Türkiye.
August 15, 2021 - The Taliban overthrow the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and replace it with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
2010s
February 2019 - The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia officially changes its name to the Republic of North Macedonia.
April 19, 2018 - The Kingdom of Swaziland changed its name to the Kingdom of Eswatini.
February 20, 2014 - Russia annexes Crimea from Ukraine Which causes the Crimea Crisis, and The Russo-Ukrainian War begins. This action is only partly recognized.
July 9, 2011 - The Republic of South Sudan becomes independent from Sudan.

2000s
February 17, 2008 - The Republic of Kosovo declares independence from Serbia. Its independence is only partly recognized.
June 8, 2006 - Serbia and Montenegro splits into the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro.
May 20, 2002 - East Timor becomes independent from Indonesia.

20th Century
20th Century

1990s
December 31, 1999 - The United States gives the Panama Canal Zone to Panama.
December 20, 1999 - Macau is given from Portugal to the People's Republic of China.
July 1, 1997 - Hong Kong is given from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China.
May 24, 1993 - Eritrea becomes independent.
January 1, 1993 - Czechoslovakia breaks up into The Czech Republic and Slovakia.
1991 - The Soviet Union breaks up. The countries of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan are formed.
October 3, 1990 - The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic merge. They take the name the Federal Republic of Germany.

1980s
September 21, 1981 - Belize becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
1970s
December 1971 - Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) becomes independent from Pakistan after nine months of Bangladesh Liberation War.
December 1971 - The United Arab Emirates forms.

1960s
July 5, 1962 - The Algerian State becomes independent of France.
October 1, 1960 - The Federation of Nigeria becomes its own country.
August 15, 1960 - The Republic of the Congo becomes its own country.
August 3, 1960 - The Republic of Niger becomes its own country.

1950s
January 1, 1956 - The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan becomes the Republic of the Sudan.
April 20, 1952 - Treaty of San Francisco
1940s
October 7, 1949 - East Germany is founded.
September 21, 1949 - West Germany is founded.
September 9, 1948 - The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is formed in northern Korea.
August 15, 1948 - The Republic of Korea is formed in southern Korea.
May 14, 1948 - Israel becomes independent.
August 15, 1947 - The Union of India becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
August 14, 1947 - The Dominion of Pakistan becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
August 17, 1945 - The Republic of Indonesia becomes independent from the Netherlands.
September 8, 1943 - The Italian Civil War has started
April 17, 1941 - Yugoslavia Ceases to exist and is divided between Axis members.
April 10, 1941 - Independent State of Croatia, is Formed as a German Puppet State.
August 30, 1940 - Second Vienna Award, Hungary annexes Northern Transylvania from Romania.
August 6, 1940 - Estonia, is annexed by the Soviet Union.
August 5, 1940 - Latvia, is annexed by the Soviet Union
August 3, 1940 - Lithuania, is annexed by the Soviet Union
March 13, 1940 - Winter War Comes to a close , the Soviet Union annexes parts of eastern Finland
1930s
September 29, 1939 - Poland is divided along the Bug River between the German Reich and Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
September 27, 1939 - Poland Surrenders to the German Reich
September 1, 1939 - World War 2 Begins with the German Reich Invading Poland
March 22, 1939 - German Reich annexes Memel from Lithuania.
March 16, 1939 - Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Becomes a Partially annexed territory of the German Reich.
March 14, 1939 - Slovak State Becomes a German Puppet State.
March 1, 1939 - Poland annexes Zaolzie from Czechoslovakia.
November 2, 1938 - Hungary annexes parts of southern Slovakia.
September 30, 1938 - Munich Agreement, German Reich annexes the German speaking parts of Czechoslovakia.
March 12, 1938 - Anschluss, German Reich annexes Austria through a referendum.
May 9, 1936 - Italy annexes Ethiopia and Establishes Italian East Africa. 
February 16, 1934 - The Dominion of Newfoundland joins Canada.
1920s
The end of the Ottoman Empire:
Occupation of Constantinople after WWI (13 November 1918 – 23 September 1923).
Sultanate abolished (ended) on 1 November 1922, and the last Sultan, Mehmed VI (reigned 1918–22), left the country on 17 November 1922. 
Republic of Turkey founded on 29 October 1923. The Caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924.
December 6, 1922 - The Irish Free State becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
1910s
December 1, 1918 - Kingdom of Romania merges with all the principalities (Țara Românească , Moldova and Transilvania) after the Treaty of Trianon and the collapse of the Russian Empire.
November 11, 1918 - The German Empire is dissolved and the Treaty of Versailles is signed which gives land to France, Belgium, Denmark and Poland. German colonies are spilt between France, Belgium and The United Kingdom.
October 14, 1918 - Austria-Hungary is dissolved into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. 
January 2, 1918 - Finland becomes independent from the Soviet Russia.
June 28, 1914 - The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie.
May 30, 1913 - Treaty of London is signed and the last of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans is conquered by the combined forces of the Balkan League
September 29 1911 - The start of Italo-Turkish War
August 22, 1910 - Japan takes over Korea.
1900s
August 5, 1908 -  Bulgaria splits off from the Ottoman Empire.
October 6, 1908 - Bosnia is annexed by Austria-Hungary.

19th Century

1880's 

 15 November 1884 - Berlin Conference

1870s
January 18, 1871 - The German Empire is formed as one nation from a multitude of smaller German States.

1860s
October 18, 1867 - The United States of America buys Alaska from Russia.
March 15, 1867 -  Austro-Hungarian Compromise. Austrian empire becomes Austro-Hungary.
March 17, 1861 - The Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont becomes the Kingdom of Italy.

1850s
1854 - United States of America buys territory from Mexico, extending the New Mexico territory southward: Gadsden Purchase

1840s
February 2, 1848 - After the Second MexicanAmerican War (April 25, 1846 – February 2, 1848) much of north-western Mexico becomes part of the United States.

1830s
March 2, 1836 - The Republic of Texas declares independence from Mexico.
1820s
September 7, 1822 - The Empire of Brazil declares independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.
September 7, 1821 - The First Mexican Empire is formed.

1810s

 July 9, 1810 - France annexes (adds to its territory) Holland.

 July 9, 1816 - Argentina gains independence from Spain

1800s
August 6, 1806 - The Holy Roman Empire is dissolved.
January 1, 1804 - Haiti becomes independent from France.
1803 - The United States buys the Louisiana Territory from France.

18th Century

July 4, 1776 - The United States of America declares independence from the United Kingdom.

17th Century

1600s 

 1603 - Tokugawa Iesayu establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan.
 1607 - The Virginia Colony is founded.

16th Century

1500s. 

 1502 - The Golden Horde is disestablished.
 1501 - The Uzbek Khanate is disestablished.

15th Century

1450s 

 May 29th, 1453 - The Byzantine Empire falls to the Ottomans.

References

Geography-related lists
Władysław Sidorowicz (17 September 1945 in Wilno — 24 July 2014 in Wrocław) was a Polish senator, representing Civic Platform. 

He was a member of the Polish Solidarity trade union where he was the director of its Regional Coordinating Commission for Health Service Workers. During the martial law in Poland he was arrested and interned. He participated in the Round Table talks. He was a Minister of Health (January 1991 – December 1991).

References

1945 births
2014 deaths
Polish politicians
Dale Wayne Schlueter (November 12, 1945 – July 24, 2014) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Tacoma, Washington.

Schlueter played in the National Basketball Association from 1968 to 1978 as a member of the San Francisco Warriors, Portland Trail Blazers, Philadelphia 76ers, Atlanta Hawks, Buffalo Braves, and Phoenix Suns. He averaged 5.3 points and 5.2 rebounds over his career. He died of cancer on July 24, 2014.

References

1945 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Oregon
Portland Trail Blazers players
Philadelphia 76ers players
Atlanta Hawks players
Phoenix Suns players
Sportspeople from Washington (state)
Sportspeople from Oregon
Bella "Bel" Kaufman (May 10, 1911 - July 25, 2014) was an American teacher and author of Jewish-Ukrainian descent. She was best known for writing the 1965 bestselling novel Up the Down Staircase.

Kaufman was born in Berlin, Germany to Jewish-Russian parents. She was raised in Odessa and Kiev, Ukraine.

Kaufman died at home in New York City on July 25, 2014, aged 103.

References

Other websites
 

1911 births
2014 deaths
American centenarians
Columbia University faculty
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American writers
Jewish centenarians
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Odesa
Soviet Jews
Writers from Kyiv
Barry Levinson (born April 6, 1942) is an American screenwriter, Academy Award winning movie director, actor, and producer of movie and television. His most famous movies are  Diner, The Natural, Good Morning, Vietnam, Rain Man, Bugsy, and Wag the Dog.

References

Other websites

1942 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from Baltimore
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Emmy Award winners
Movie directors from Maryland
Movie producers from Maryland
Screenwriters from Maryland
Writers from Baltimore
Kelly Preston (born Kelly Kamalelehua Smith; October 13, 1962 – July 12, 2020) was an American actress and former model. She was known for her roles in Mischief, Twins and Jerry Maguire.  She married John Travolta in 1991. 

Preston died of breast cancer on July 12, 2020 at her home in Clearwater, Florida, at aged 57.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1962 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Actors from Honolulu
Models from Hawaii
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Scientologists
Verizon FiOS is a bundled internet access, telephone, and television service that works over a fiber-optic network. It is offered in some areas of the United States by Verizon Communications and Frontier Communications.

References 

2006 establishments in the United States
Telecommunications
American internet service providers
American television providers
Hrabove (; , Grabovo) is a village in Shakhtarsk Raion (district) in Donetsk Oblast of eastern Ukraine.

According to the 2001 census, 1,000 people were living there.

On 17 July 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down and crashed into a field near Hrabove, killing all 298 passengers. The flight was meant to go from Amsterdam, Netherlands to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

References

Other websites
 Hrabove, Donetsk Oblast, Shakhtarsk Raion 

Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
Villages in Ukraine
Donetsk Oblast
Khin Yu May (, ; 23 March 1937 - 23 January 2014) was a Burmese actress. She was a two-time Myanmar Academy Award winning actress and singer. She was known for her roles in A-Thet, I Bawa We, and in Equal Love.

May died on 23 January 2014 at the age of 77 in Yangon, Burma.

References

Other websites
 

1937 births
2014 deaths
Burmese actors
Movie actors
Singers
Dwight Leonard Gustafson (April 20, 1930 – January 28, 2014) was an American composer and conductor. He was the dean of the School of Fine Arts at Bob Jones University. Gustafson was born in Seattle, Washington. 

Gustafson died of complications from liver disease in Greenville, South Carolina on January 28, 2014, aged 83.

References

Other websites
"Soli Deo Gloria: The Legacy of Dwight Gustafson (1930-2014)".

1930 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
Academics from South Carolina
American conductors
Bob Jones University alumni
Musicians from Seattle
Barbara Ann Knudson Henry (December 4, 1927 – May 11, 2014) was an American movie and television actress with more than forty  professional credits, including starring roles in Meet Danny Wilson in 1952, The Cry Baby Killer in 1958, and The Jayhawkers! in 1959.

Knudson died from natural causes at her home in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 86.

References

Other websites

1927 births
2014 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Las Vegas
Harald Hove (10 January 1949 - 21 July 2014) was a Norwegian jurist and politician. He was for the Liberal Party.

Hove was born in Bergen, Norway.

He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Hordaland during the terms 1997–2001 and 2001–2005. From 1997 to 2000 he was a regular representative, covering for Lars Sponheim who was appointed to the first cabinet Bondevik.

Outside of politics, he graduated as cand.jur. from the University of Bergen in 1976. He worked at the university as an associate professor from 1976 to 1988 and lecturer from 1993 to 1997. He also worked as a lawyer.

Hove died in Oslo, Norway from a heart attack, aged 65.

References

1949 births
2014 deaths
Norwegian politicians
Academics of the University of Bergen
Lawyers
Super Mario Bros. is a 1993 American science fiction fantasy movie. It was produced by Jake Eberts and Roland Joffé. The movie was directed by Rocky Morton and Annabel Jankel. Super Mario Bros. was released on May 28, 1993. The movie is a loose live-action version of the 1985 Nintendo video game of the same name. The movie stars Bob Hoskins as Mario, John Leguizamo as Luigi, Dennis Hopper as King Koopa, and Samantha Mathis as Princess Daisy.

The movie was received with mainly negative reviews from critics and holds a 24% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the movie two thumbs down on their television program Siskel & Ebert At the Movies. They also put the movie on their list for one of the worst films of 1993. It only made $20,915,465 of its $48 million budget.
Cast 
 Bob Hoskins as Mario Mario
 John Leguizamo as Luigi Mario
 Dennis Hopper as King Koopa
 Samantha Mathis as Princess Daisy
 Fisher Stevens as Iggy
 Richard Edson as Spike
 Fiona Shaw as Lena
 Mojo Nixon as Toad
 Dana Kaminski as Daniella
 Francesca Roberts as Big Bertha
 Gianni Russo as Anthony Scapelli
 Don Lake as Sgt. Simon
 Lance Henriksen as The King
 Frank Welker as Yoshi, Goombas, and other creature voices
 Dan Castellaneta as Narrator

References

Other websites 

1990s American adventure movies
1993 comedy movies
1993 fantasy movies
1990s American drama movies
French comedy movies
French fantasy movies
French adventure movies
Japanese movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies based on video games
Movies set in New York City
Dystopian movies
Movies composed by Alan Silvestri
Movies about dinosaurs
‏‎
"Rusty Cage" is the third single off American rock band Soundgarden's third studio album Badmotorfinger. The song was released in 1992.

Lead singer Chris Cornell wrote the lyrics of the song. Lead guitarist Kim Thayil said of the song: 
The tuning on that song was pretty nutty. It's recorded with a wah wah in the low position used as a filter. That was the first time we did anything like that. It was Chris's idea; he wanted to get that weird tone that you can't really dial in on an amp. But if you use the wah wah as a filter, it gets an incredibly weird sound. And if you listen to that riff, especially if you've heard the original demos of it, it almost sounds backward.

A popular cover version of the song was done by Johnny Cash, who included it on his 1996 album, Unchained. The album won a Grammy Award for Best Country Album and Cash's version of Rusty Cage earned him a nomination for Best Male Country Vocal Performance in 1998.

References

Other websites

1992 songs
Johnny Cash songs
Soundgarden songs
"Room a Thousand Years Wide" is the first single off American rock band Soundgarden's third studio album Badmotorfinger. The song was released on September 1, 1990.

The song is one of the few songs written that did not have any input from frontman Chris Cornell. The lyrics for the song were written by guitarist Kim Thayil and the music was written by drummer Matt Cameron.

Lead guitarist Kim Thayil said of the song: 
I really liked the music to the song and it needed words, and since no one else pursued it, I decided to. It's not really about things that have actually happened to me. It's more about experience in general. I've heard a lot of good ideas from people telling me what it's about. They said it's about God, Satan, Jesus, Satan, both, it's religious, it isn't religious...The truth is, it's just me.

References

Other websites
"Room a Thousand Years Wide" on YouTube

1990 songs
Soundgarden
Oleh Meydanovych Babayev (; 21 October 1965 – 26 July 2014) was a Ukrainian politician and businessman. He was the Mayor of Kremenchuk, Poltava Oblast from 2010 until his death. He was also the owner of two football teams in Poltava Oblast.

Babayev was born in Kursk, Kursk Oblast which was then part of the Russian SFSR in the Soviet Union. He was of Azerbaijani ancestry.

Babayev was shot dead on 26 July 2014 outside his home in Kremenchuk, aged 48. He had three shotgun wounds.

References

Other websites

 Oleh Babayev 

1965 births
2014 deaths
Assassinated Ukrainian people
Ukrainian businesspeople
Murders by firearm
Ukrainian mayors
People from Poltava Oblast
WrestleMania XV was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on March 28, 1999 at the First Union Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the fifteenth WrestleMania event held by the WWF.

Matches

Battle Royal

References

Other websites
Official WrestleMania XV website

1999 in professional wrestling
Sports in Philadelphia
WrestleMania
1999 in the United States
1990s in Philadelphia
Panna Rittikrai () (born Krittiya Lardphanna ; 17 February 1961 – 20 July 2014) was a Thai martial arts action choreographer, comedian, movie director, screenwriter and actor. He was the leader of the Muay Thai Stunt team (formerly P. P .N. Stunt Team). His best known movies were The Bodyguard (2004), Born to Fight (2004), Ong Bak 2 (2008), Ong Bak 3 (2010) and Bangkok Knockout (2010).

Rittikrai was born in Khon Kaen. He was diagnosed with a brain tumor shortly before his death.

Rittikrai died from kidney and liver failure on 20 July 2014 in Bangkok. He was 53.

References

Other websites
 

1961 births
2014 deaths
Choreographers
Comedians
Deaths from liver failure
Deaths from renal failure
Movie actors
Movie directors
Screenwriters
Stuntmen
Panna Rittikrai
Disease-related deaths in Thailand
480i is a shorthand name of a video mode, to be specific, either US NTSC television system or digital television systems with the same characteristics. The number 480 means there are 480 lines that contain picture information, while the NTSC actually has a total of 525 lines, only 483 of them are used to display the image for DV-NTSC.

The digitally transmitted horizontal resolution is often 720 samples (including 16 samples for both horizontal sync and horizontal blanking) or 704 visible pixels that has an aspect ratio of 4:3 (with vertically rectangular pixels) which means a display resolution of 640 × 480 (VGA); that is standard-definition television (shortened as SDTV) with a 4:3 aspect ratio (with square pixels).

References

Television technology
The evolution of color vision causes light to be seen according to its wavelength. This has obvious advantages, especially it helps animals find food.

The color vision of many herbivores allows them to see fruit or (immature) leaves which are good to eat. In hummingbirds, particular flowers are often recognized by color. Predators also use color vision to help them find their prey.

All this applies mainly to animals in the daytime. On the other hand, nocturnal mammals have much less-developed color vision. For them, space on the retina is better used with more rods since rods collect light better. Color differences are much less visible in the dark.

Arthropods
Apart from vertebrates, the only land animals to have color vision are arthropods. So insects and spiders have quite good color vision. Aquatic arthropods such as crustacea also have color vision. As with vertebrates, the details differ, but the molecules which do the work  the opsins – are very similar.
Vertebrates
Four photopigment opsins exist in  teleost fish, reptiles and birds. This suggests that the common ancestor of tetrapods and amniotes (~360 million years ago) had full color vision:
"rods and four spectral classes of cone each [have] one of the five visual pigment families. The complement of four spectrally distinct cone classes gives these species the potential for tetrachromatic color vision".

Mammals
In contrast, mammals lost much of their color vision capability during the long period in the Mesozoic when they lived as nocturnal animals. 
"...two cone opsin gene families appear in contemporary eutherian mammals and, with the exception of some primates, none of these animals derive more than a single photopigment type from each of their two gene families".
Many primates do live as daytime animals, and one group – the Old World monkeys – has trichromatic vision. The anthropoid apes and humans are descended from this group of monkeys, and also have good color vision. So it comes about that most monkeys and humans have good color vision, but most other eutherian mammals do not: they have only two opsins, and so they are bichromatic. 

This has many consequences. For example, most deer cannot see red or orange. Thus they do not see the orange color of tigers. But monkeys do, because primates have one more opsin than other mammals. A film by David Attenborough illustrates this well.

UV light
Ultraviolet light plays a part in color perception in many animals, especially insects.

Color vision, with UV discrimination, is present in many arthropods—the only terrestrial animals besides the vertebrates to have this trait.
Birds, turtles, lizards, many fish and some rodents have UV receptors in their retinas. These animals can see the UV patterns found on flowers and other wildlife that are invisible to the human eye.

References

Vision
Evolution
Staffan Hellstrand, Mats Eric Staffan Hellstrand, born 13 May 1956 in Stockholm, Sweden is a Swedish singer, rock musician (guitar, harmonica, keyboard), songwriter and record producer. He has scored record successes at the Swedish charts during the 1990's.

Discography

Studio albums
Hemlös (1989)
Den stora blå vägen (1991)
Eld (1992)
Regn (1993)
Sot (1994)
Pascha Jims dagbok (1996)
Underland (1998)
Underbarn (1999)
Starsång (2001)
Socker & synder (2002)
Elektriska gatan (2004)
Motljus (2006)
Spökskepp (2007)
Staffan Hellstrand (2012)

Compilation albums
Staffan Hellstrand & SH! samling 85–92 (1993)
Staffan Hellstrands bästa (2000)
Diamanter (2004)
Lilla fågel blå (2009)

References

Other websites

1956 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Gustav Adolf Church may refer to:

Gustav Adolf Church, Borås
Gustav Adolf Church, Habo Municipality
Gustav Adolf Church, Hagfors Municipality
Gustav Adolf Church, Helsingborg
Gustav Adolf Church, Idensalmi
Gustav Adolf Church, Liverpool  
Gustav Adolf Church, Viby
Gustav Adolf Church, Sundsvall

Other
 Gustaf Adolf Church, Stockholm
 Gustav Adolf Church, Hamburg (German: Gustaf-Adolfs-Kirche)
 Gustav Adolf Chapel at Schwedenstein, Lützen
 Gustav Church
Hartola Church (fi. Hartolan kirkko, sv: Gustav Adolfs kyrka)
 Karl Gustav Church

Related pages
 Gustav Church (disambiguation)
 Gustav Adolf Parish
The Gustav Adolf Church () or the Scandinavian Seamen's Church () is located in Park Lane, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It consists of a church, built between 1883-1884, and an attached minister's house, and provides a centre for the Liverpool International Nordic Community.  The combined church and minister's house is designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building.

References

Other websites

Churches in England
1884 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Liverpool
"Fury of the Storm" was a song by the English power metal band DragonForce. The song was the second song in the album Sonic Firestorm. The song was the band's second single. It was released in 2004. It is one of DragonForce's most popular songs. It is in the video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock.

References

2004 songs
DragonForce
Rock songs
Maximum Overload is a 2014 album by the English power metal band DragonForce. It was released on 18 August 2014. This was the sixth studio album from the band.

Track listing

Band Members
Mark Hudson - vocals, backing vocals
Herman Li - guitars, backing vocals
Sam Totman - guitars, backing vocals
Vadim Pruzhanov - keyboard, piano, backing vocals
Dave Mackintosh - drums, backing vocals
Frédéric Leclercq - bass guitar, backing vocals

Guests
Matt Heafy - Backing vocals for The Game, Defenders and No More

2014 albums
Heavy metal albums
Idde Schultz, Eva Ann-Ida Schultz, born 1 September 1963 in Stockholm, Sweden is a Swedish female singer and  guitarist. She's a member in the band Docenterna and former member of Lars Winnerbäck's band Hovet. She's sister to Irma Schultz Keller. She has scored record successes at the Swedish charts during the mid-late 1990's and the 2000's.

Idde Schultz is music teacher at Fryshusets gymnasium.

Discography

Sulo & Idde
Kocksgatan Revisited Together with  Sören "Sulo" Karlsson 2011

Zzzang Tumb
1982 - 37 Minuter i Stockholms City, Stranded Rekords
1983 - Zzzang Tumb, Stranded Rekords

Torpederna
1993 - Innan himlen faller

Solo
1995 – Idde Schultz
1997 – Vad man gör (och inte gör)

Lars Winnerbäck & Hovet
1998 – Med solen i ögonen
2001 – Singel
2001 – Live för dig
2003 – Söndermarken
2004 – Live i Linköping (concert DVD)
2005 – Stort liv (EP)
2006 – Efter nattens bränder (compilation album)

Hovet
2004 – Hovet 2004

Anna + Idde
2005 – Anna + Idde (EP)
2006 – Vägar hem
2008 – Hjärtat fullt

References
References 

1963 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Irma Schultz Keller (born 1 October 1965) is a Swedish actress and pop singer who has appeared in many movies and television series in Sweden. She has acted in American productions such as the horror movie The Resurrection of Michael Myers Part 2 and the miniseries "Xerxes". She was examninated from the Swedish National Academy of Mime and Acting in 1999.

Disacography

Albums
As Zzzang Tumb
1982: 37 Minuter i Stockholms City (Stranded Rekords)
1983: Zzzang Tumb (Stranded Rekords)

As Paris Bis
1986: Body & Soul Mekano, single/maxisingle

Studio albums
 1989: Då staden har vaknat
 1991: Irma
 1993: Tröst för stygga barn
 1995: Andas fritt
 2003: Imma på glas
 2006: Sånger för December (Uno Svenningsson feat. Irma Schultz Keller)
 2007: Psalmer
 2010: Blank is - sånger av Joni Mitchell 
 2011: December - En svensk jul (Uno Svenningsson & Irma Schultz Keller)