Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Some very famous piano duets which were originally written in this form include several sonatas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, several pieces by Franz Schubert including a Fantasia in f minor, Gabriel Fauré’s Dolly Suite, Debussy’s Petite Suite and Georges Bizet’s Jeux d’Enfants (which he also arranged for orchestra).

Piano Duos 

Some works are written for two people to play together using two pianos. These are usually called piano duos. Examples include Mozart’s Sonata in D major K448. The Sonata op 34 by Johannes Brahms started as a string quintet but he changed it to a piano concerto, then a piano duo, and eventually a piano quintet. The Suite op 17 by Rachmaninoff is another. Most piano duos are very hard to play and need very good pianists. Piano concertos can be played on two pianos, with one player playing the solo part and the other playing the orchestra’s music.

Piano Six Hands
Piano Six Hands 

There is also a small repertoire of pieces for three people to play at one piano. This is called Piano six hands.  These pieces are often fun pieces which are not too hard to play, although there are examples of serious pieces.  The three people need to be good friends, because it is a bit of a squash.  The player at the bottom ought to do the pedalling but it may be easier for the middle player to do it.

Musical forms
Piano
Music described as piano six hands is for three pianists at one piano, as distinct from piano duet which is music for two pianists at one piano, and from piano trio which is music for piano, violin and cello.  Not much music has been written for this combination, although there are several arrangements of music originally written for other forces.

Examples
Compositions include 5 pieces by Percy Grainger, Sergei Rachmaninoff's Romance and Valse, Alfred Schnittke's Hommage, Carl Czerny's op.17 and 741, Jean Cras's "Âmes d’enfants", Paul Robinson (composer)'s "Pensees" and "Monmartre", various pieces by German composer Armin Fuchs, Bulgarian composer Tomislav Baynov's "Metrorhythmia 1", John Pitts's "Are You Going?", Greek composer Dionysis Boukouvalas's "Fantasy on a theme by Steve Reich", Canadian composer Paul Frehner's "Slowdown" and Italian composer Fabio Mengozzi's "Promenade".

References

Musical terminology
Piano
A pedal is something that is made to work by someone's foot.  The word "pedal" comes from the Latin word for "foot".  Many things can be made to work by pedals.  These include:

a car (automobile) which has a brake pedal, an accelerator pedal and sometimes a clutch;
a musical instrument such as piano, harp or organ (see pedal (music));
a spinning wheel
a sewing machine (in the days before electricity)

Mechanics
Rice wine is a word some people use to talk about alcoholic drinks. However, it is not a true wine, despite the name. True wine is made by fermenting grapes, and perhaps other fruit. In rice wine, the starch in the rice is first changed into sugar. This sugar is then fermented. This process is more like the fermentation as it is done in beer. 

The rice wines made in this manner have more alcohol in them than normal wines (18–25% alcohol compared to 10–14% for normal wines). Beers on the other hand usually have 4–8% alcohol in them.

Many people use the term rice wine to refer to sake (which is just one variant of many different kinds of rice wines). 

Wine
An alcopop is an alcoholic drink, also known as ready-to-drink (RTD), flavored alcoholic beverage (FAB) or flavored malt beverage (FMB). They are usually available in bottles or cans. They contain about the same amount of alcohol as a beer. Usually, they are very sweet, so that the alcohol can not be tasted. 

There are two different kinds of this drinks. In Europe, they are usually spirits mixed with lemonade, like vodka with lemon juice (and a lot of sugar, so the alcohol cannot be tasted),  or rum with fruit juice (also very sweet). In the US, they tend to be beers, which taste very sweet.

Because they are very sweet, alcopops tend to be more popular among young people. Since the fact that they contain alcohol is usually not obvious from the taste, these drinks are considered to be dangerous for young people by many countries. These have either raised the taxes on the drinks, or they have outlawed the sale of these drinks to people under a certain age (usually 18, sometimes 21 years).
Related pages
Mixed drink

Alcoholic drinks
Pedals on musical instruments are used to control parts of the instrument, or provide extra notes.

There are several musical instruments which have pedals for various reasons.

Piano

The piano has at least two pedals; large concert grand pianos always have three.  The pedal on the right (operated by the player's right foot) sustains the sound of the notes for as long as the pedal is depressed. It does this by lifting the dampers from the strings.  Some of the other strings even start to vibrate as well ("in sympathy").
The pedal on the left makes the sound quieter.  It is called the "una corda" pedal (Italian for "one string").  This is because, in the early days of the piano, the una corda pedal made all the hammers move over so that a hammer would only hit one string for each note instead of three (most notes on a piano each have three strings to make a bigger sound).  On modern pianos the hammers actually hit two strings instead of just one.  They also tend to hit the string at a point where the hammer is softer, away from the grooves which get worn in the hammerhead.  On an upright piano the una corda pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings so that they do not hit them so hard.

On pianos which have a middle pedal (called a sostenuto pedal) any note or chord which the player is holding down when the pedal is pressed will be sustained, but any more notes he plays afterwards will not be affected.

Organ
Organ

On pipe organs there is a pedalboard with pedals which play notes in the same way that the fingers are playing notes.  An organ pedalboard usually has two and a half octaves of notes.  These are low notes written in the bass clef.  An organist has to learn to play with the feet at the same time as with the hands.  He uses the toes or the heels of his shoes.  It is even possible to play four notes at once (four part chords) but this is very difficult and usually found in some modern French music.

Harp

There are seven pedals on a concert harp.  Each pedal can be in a high, middle or low position.  The strings of the harp can be thought of like the white notes of a piano, tuned to naturals (C,D,E etc.).  Each pedal can change one of the letter-named notes one semitone higher or lower. For example: the pedal on the left changes all the Ds to D flat (if the pedal is in the highest position) or D sharp (in the lowest position).  From left to right the pedals operate the Ds, Cs, Bs, Es, Fs, Gs and As.
Timpani

Pedal timpani are timpani with a pedal which will tighten or loosen the drumhead.  This will make the note go up or down in pitch.  It is a fairly new invention.  Composers in the Classical music period never had pedal timpani.  Their timpani always had to be tuned by hand using the taps around the side.  Composers like Béla Bartók wrote for pedal timpani.

Harpsichord
Modern harpsichords often have pedals which change the sound in the same way that stops on an organ change the sound.  In earlier harpsichords the sound was more often changed by pushing in or pulling out hand stops.

Related pages
Pedal point

Musical terminology
Alcoholism is addiction to alcohol. People who have alcoholism are called alcoholics.  

Alcoholism is a disease. It often gets worse over time and can kill a person. However, alcoholism can be treated.

Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in the world. Around the world, there are at least 208 million people with alcoholism.  

Alcoholism is a condition with a social stigma. Because of this, alcoholics often feel ashamed of their drinking. They may try to hide their drinking, avoid getting help, or refuse to believe that they are alcoholics because they are too ashamed.

Diagnosis

Being an alcoholic does not mean that a person just drinks a lot of alcohol. It means that they cannot control how much alcohol they drink. No matter how badly they want to, once they take one drink, they cannot stop drinking.
To be diagnosed with alcoholism, a person has to have three of these symptoms in the past year:
 They feel like they have to drink alcohol.
 They cannot control when they start drinking, when they stop drinking, or how much they drink.
 They get alcohol withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking.
 They have to drink more and more alcohol to feel drunk (this is called tolerance).
 They spend less time doing things they used to enjoy because they are spending so much time drinking. They spend a lot of time getting alcohol, drinking alcohol, or feeling sick from drinking too much.
 They keep drinking even though they know it is causing serious problems in their life.
Drinking or being sick from drinking interfered with work, family responsibilities, school, or social engagements.
They  continue to drink despite changes to mood, such as depression or anxiety or drinking too much much began to affect other aspects of their mental or physical health. Alternately, the person suffered more than one memory blackout.
They drank even though doing so increased the chances of getting hurt, such as drinking before driving.
There is no medical test, like a blood test, that can say whether a person is an alcoholic. There are some questionnaires (lists of questions) that can help tell whether a person may be an alcoholic. These questionnaires include the CAGE questionnaire (for adults) and the CRAFFT Screening Test (for teenagers).
Alcoholism causes many problems

Problems in the body

Alcoholism can cause many health problems. For example, it can cause:
 Brain damage
 Liver disease (like cirrhosis) and liver failure
 Many types of cancer, including mouth, throat, esophageal, breast, and liver cancers
 Heart problems, including a weak heart muscle; abnormal heartbeat; high blood pressure; and stroke
 Problems with the pancreas
 A weak immune system, which makes it harder for the body to fight off diseases
 Depression and anxiety
 Deaths from drunk driving accidents or other injuries

If a person drinks too much at one time, they can get alcohol poisoning. This can cause breathing problems, coma, and even death.

In 2012, alcohol use caused 3.3 million deaths around the world. This means that in 2012, about 3 out of every 50 deaths in the world were caused by alcohol use.
Problems in life 
Alcoholism can also cause many problems in alcoholics' lives. These include:
 Not doing well at school or work
 Having family problems
 Not having enough money, because the alcoholic is spending so much money on alcohol
 Being unemployed
 Abusing or neglecting their children
 Abusing their wives or husbands
 Living in poverty or being homeless

Alcohol withdrawal

If an alcoholic stops drinking suddenly, they can get alcohol withdrawal.

The most serious form of alcohol withdrawal is delirium tremens (often called "DTs"). Delirium tremens is a medical emergency. Many people who get the DTs die from them.

This does not mean that alcoholics should not stop drinking. It means that alcoholics should talk to a doctor or go to a hospital before they stop drinking. Doctors can give medications to make sure that a person is safe while they stop drinking.

Epidemiology
Epidemiology

In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there were 208 million people with alcoholism around the world. (This is 4.1% of the world's population over age 15.) In 2001, the WHO estimated that there were about 140 million alcoholics around the world. This means that in the nine years between 2001 and 2010, about 68 million people became alcoholics.

Around the world 
People in developed countries drink the most alcohol.p.4  

Alcoholism is more common in some areas than others. Here is a list of all the areas in the world. It is in order from the areas where alcoholism is most common to the areas where it is least common:p.21
 The European area
 The Americas
 The Western Pacific area (including China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand, and many islands in the Pacific Ocean)
 The Southeast Asian area
 Africa
 The Eastern Mediterranean area (including the Middle East and northeast Africa)
There are many reasons why alcoholism is more common in some areas than others. Some of these reasons include religion, culture, laws, and people's attitudes about drinking. For example, on average, people in Northern Africa, the Middle East, and islands in the Indian Ocean drink less than people anywhere else in the world.p.4 These are areas where many people are Muslims. Many Muslims in these areas do not drink any alcohol, because the Koran says not to.p.4 In some of these countries, drinking alcohol is illegal.  

However, in other areas, like Western Europe, alcohol is a part of daily life. It is legal and easy to get. People very commonly drink alcohol with meals. Very few people drink no alcohol.  People's attitudes about alcohol are very different than attitudes in mostly Muslim countries. This is an example of how differences in religion, culture, laws, and attitudes about drinking can affect the amount of alcohol use and alcoholism in different areas.
Men and women
Alcoholism is more common in men than in women. However, in the past few decades, the number of female alcoholics has increased. 

Female alcoholics are most common in the Americas and Europe. In the United States and Western Europe, five to ten percent of women will become alcoholics at some point in their lives.

In the Southeast Asian and Western Pacific areas, less than 1% of women are alcoholics. In Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean area, almost no women are alcoholics.p.21

Young people
In many countries, young people are using more and more alcohol. In a 2008 WHO survey, underage drinking had increased in 71% of countries. Drinking by young adults (ages 18-25) had increased in 80% of countries.p.10
Controls 
Lots of things have been tried to get people to drink less alcohol. In 1920 selling alcohol was made illegal in the United States. Less alcohol was drunk but there was more crime. Minimum unit pricing has been tried more recently.  The cost of these cheapest alcohol goes up. Fewer people end up in hospital.

Treatment options
Alcoholism can be treated. There are many forms of treatment for alcoholism.

Detoxification

Detoxification (detox) is often the first step in treating alcoholism. "Detoxification" means "getting toxins out of the body." Alcohol detoxification means that the alcoholic stops drinking, so that alcohol (a toxin) can get out of their body. The alcoholic also needs to give their body time to recover from not having alcohol any more.
It is not safe for an alcoholic to suddenly stop drinking on their own. The safest way to stop drinking is to go to a hospital that specializes in alcohol detoxification. These hospitals are often called "detoxes" or "rehabs." These places can make sure that an alcoholic has a safe detox. They can also give medications to make the alcoholic more comfortable, and to prevent symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. The most common medications that doctors give during alcohol detox are benzodiazepines.p.35

Once a person stops drinking alcohol, they are called sober. Most people need other treatments to help them stay sober.

Detox can be an intense process, and some people experience very strong emotions during it. This is complicated by the fact that, in the past, they may have used drugs or alcohol to help them handle strong emotions. In detox, the therapist helps them manage their emotions.
Therapy
Psychotherapy and group therapy can help alcoholics stay sober. For example, they can help alcoholics learn how to:
 Deal with stress without using alcohol
 Figure out what makes them want to drink, and learn how to deal with those things without drinking
 Plan what they will do if they are around people who are drinking
 Come up with reasons for why they want to stay sober, and use those things as motivation to stay sober (this is called Motivational Interviewing)
 Change their thoughts about drinking and how they react to those thoughts (this is called Cognitive-behavioral therapy)
Medications
Some medications can help alcoholics stay sober. These medications include:pp.130-144
 Antabuse: This medication makes a person very sick if they drink any alcohol. It can make an alcoholic not want to drink any more, because they do not want to get sick.
 Naltrexone: This medication causes changes in the brain. These changes make alcoholics not want to drink alcohol as much as they normally do. Also, if an alcoholic does drink alcohol, the naltrexone will block the alcohol from making them feel good, and they are more likely to stop drinking.

Vitamins
Many alcoholics do not have enough vitamins in their body. This can cause serious problems. For example, if an alcoholic does not have enough thiamine, they can get brain damage. Often, alcoholics are treated with thiamine to prevent brain damage. They may also be given other vitamins if needed.p.144
Groups for alcoholics
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is the biggest support and mutual aid group for alcoholics in the world. This means that in AA groups, alcoholics come together to support each other and help each other recover. AA uses a twelve-step program. This program is meant to help alcoholics fix the problems their alcoholism has caused.

There are also other groups for alcoholics, like:
 SMART Recovery
 Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS)
 Women for Sobriety
 LifeRing Secular Recovery
 Celebrate Recovery (based on Christianity and the Bible)

Related pages
 Addiction
 Drunkenness
 Fetal alcohol syndrome
 CIWA scale (used to measure how bad alcohol withdrawal is)
 CAGE questionnaire (used to test adults for alcoholism)
 CRAFFT Screening Test (used to test teenagers for alcohol and drug problems)

References
References

Other websites
 Fact sheets about alcohol (from the United States Centers for Disease Control)
 Information about alcohol for kids (from KidsHealth.org)
 Information about alcohol for teenagers (from GirlsHealth.gov)

Help for alcoholism
 National Substance Abuse Hotline - find help for alcoholism, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (run by SAMHSA.gov)
 Treatment for Alcohol Problems: Finding and Getting Help (by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism)
 Resources of Alcoholism Treatment

Groups for alcoholics and their families
 Alcoholics Anonymous
 Al-Anon (support group for people who have an alcoholic family member)
 Alateen (support group for teenagers who have an alcoholic family member)
 SMART Recovery
 Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS)
 Women for Sobriety
 LifeRing Secular Recovery
 Celebrate Recovery

Alcoholism
A sprain is a type of injury in which a person hurts the part really bad, but it is not broken. It has common side affects of a broken bone, but it is less serious.

Degrees 

The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.

The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling.

The third degree is a complete rupture.

Signs and symptoms 
The typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprain are the main signs of inflammation: 
 localized pain
 swelling
 loss of function

Joints involved 
Although any joint can experience a sprain, some of the more common include:
 the ankle. It is the most common.
 the knee. Perhaps one of the more talked about sprains is that to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee. This is a disabling sprain common to athletes, especially basketball, soccer, and judo players. 
 the fingers.
 the wrist. The wrist is also a popular sprain area.
Prevention 
Sprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining strength and flexibility. Physical conditioning is the best way to avoid or lessen the degree of sprains.

Other websites 
 More information and treatment at nhsdirect.nhs.uk 

Skeletal system
Injuries
The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 to September 3, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan.  It became part of World War II when Japan entered that war on the side of the Axis powers. Part of the Sino-Japanese war was fought in northern Myanmar and northeastern India.  The war ended when Japan surrendered after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  It started in 1937 43 years after the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894 led by Emperor Meiji who was the Grandfather of Hirohito.

Invasion of China 
The Second Sino-Japanese War began when Japan invaded China in 1931.  Japan used the Mukden Incident as an excuse to invade China. The invasion grew into a full-scale war after the Marco-Polo Bridge Incident. Japanese officers said that a Japanese soldier got lost and they were allowed to find him in Beiping.
Japan invaded China for a few reasons:
 Japan needed more and more raw materials to create its heavy industry and intended to get them by taking over more of Asia
 The Japanese military, and Japanese nationalism, were becoming stronger and more popular
While the Imperial Japanese Army was trying to take over China, the KMT (the Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-Shek) and the CPC (Communist Party of China under Mao Zedong) cooperated a little to try to fight off Japan together. This was called the "Chinese United Front".  However, for the most part, they continued to fight each other as well.
Japanese occupation of China 
In 1931, the Imperial Japanese Army began to occupy China, starting in the northeast (Manchuria), where they created a puppet state called Manchukuo. In 1937, they occupied Beiping (now called Beijing), and then Nanjing.  For six weeks in Nanjing, the army committed the Nanjing Massacre.  During this massacre, Japanese soldiers killed between 40,000 and 300,000 Chinese people, and raped at least 20,000 women and girls. 

After six weeks, the Japanese Army left Nanjing.  It finally occupied the industrial cities in southern China. Chiang moved his capital city from Nanjing to Chongqing, and began a tactic of "using space to trade for time."  He was able to spread Japanese soldiers out too thin.  This means they were covering too much space with too few soldiers.  This made them harder to fight, and made it easier for partisans to fight back in occupied China.
Many soldiers died on both sides at this time.  However, in 1940, the Japanese Army stopped being able to move farther into China and take more land.  1940 also marked the point where China began to be able to fight back, instead of Japan continuing to take over the country.

End of the war 1941-1945 
After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in the United States on December 7, 1941, the Second Sino-Japanese War became part of World War II.  It became a part of the area of fighting called the China-Burma-India theatre. The entrance of the United States into the war in Asia meant that the Chinese military forces started receiving lend-lease supplies from the British and Americans over the Burma Road. This helped the Chinese fight back and get much-needed modern weapons.
The Second Sino-Japanese War had damaged Japan.  It had not been able to win the war against China quickly.  Instead, Japan's military had already been fighting China for four years.  This made it much more difficult for Japan to keep fighting (now in the Pacific against the Allied forces).  This may have been one reason why Japan eventually lost the war.

In China, the war had some important effects.  It made more people support the Chinese Communist Party.  It also made Chiang's Republic fall apart more quickly, in 1949.

Related pages 
 Empire of Japan
 Imperial Japanese Army
 Attack on Pearl Harbor
 Nanjing Massacre
 Republic of China
 Chiang Kai-Shek
 People's Republic of China
 Mao Zedong

References

Other websites 
 WW2DB: Second Sino-Japanese War

Second Sino-Japanese War
Wars involving Japan
Wars involving China
In anatomy, the word ligament usually means the fibrous tissue that joins bones to other bones or cartilages.
 
A ligament is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue made of long, stringy collagen fibres. Ligaments join bones to other bones to form a joint. They do not connect muscles to bones; that is the function of tendons. Some ligaments limit the amount of movement in a joint, or stop certain movements altogether. 

Ligaments are only slightly elastic; when under tension, they gradually lengthen. This is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible: if the ligaments lengthen too much, then the joint will be weakened. Athletes, gymnasts, dancers, and martial artists perform stretching exercises to lengthen their ligaments, making their joints more supple. 
The result of a broken ligament can be instability of the joint. Not all broken ligaments need surgery, but if surgery is needed to stabilise the joint, the broken ligament can be joined.

References 

Skeletal system
A county (Polish: powiat, pronounced "povyat"; plural, powiaty) is the Polish  second-level unit of  administration, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries.  A county is part of a larger unit called a "voivodship" (in Polish, województwo. One would call it in English "province").

Names 
Most Polish counties are named after their capital city, or county seat. 
If a county seat has a double-barreled name, as with "Maków Mazowiecki," the county may become either "Maków County" or "Maków-Mazowiecki County."  Due, in all but the first case, to the existence, respectively, of two "double-barreled" county seats with the identical noun name, the corresponding adjectives "bielski," "grodziski," "ostrowski" and "tomaszowski" each denote two distinct counties.

History and functioning
Some Polish urban communes constitute administrative entities called the "urban county" (powiat grodzki), similar in local administration and self-governance to "land counties." An average county (the largest being the powiat of Białystok) comprises 5 – 8 communes. The largest urban county, in terms of population and area, is the city of Warsaw.  

The history of Polish counties goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic units of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's total dismemberment by its neighbors in 1795.  

In the 19th century, the county continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland"), and as the Polish equivalent of the German "Kreis" in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań.
After Poland regained independence in 1918, the county again became the basic territorial unit throughout Poland. Powiats (counties) were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodships, but were reintroduced in 1999.  There are now 314 "land counties" (powiat ziemski) and 65 "urban counties" (powiat grodzki), more formally "municipalities with county status" (miasto na prawach powiatu).

Government of Poland
1. FC Köln is a football club that is from Cologne, Germany. The 1. FC KOLN was created in 1948. It was a connection of two football clubs in Cologne (Kölner BC 01 und SpVgg Sülz 07).
In the present day, 1.FC Köln plays in the Bundesliga, the first teir of German football. The club's main rival is Borussia Mönchengladbach, though their Ultrá group WH96 does have friendly connections to The Unity of Borussia Dortmund.

League title 
 Bundesliga : 2
 1963/64, 1977/78

League position

Former position

Head coaches since 1963

Current squad

Popular ex-players 
 Toni Polster
 Bernd Cullmann
 Thomas Häßler
 Bodo Illgner
 Pierre Littbarski
 Dieter Müller
 Morten Olsen
 Wolfgang Overath
 Anton Polster from 1993 – 1998
 Harald "Toni" Schumacher from 1972 – 1987
 Bernd Schuster from 1978 – 1980 (Coach 1998 – 1999)
 Lukas Podolski from 1995 - 2006 and from 2009 to 2012

References

Cologne
German football clubs
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1948 establishments in Germany
Carolina Gynning (born 6 October 1978) is a Swedish celebrity and model. She also is the winner of the 2004 season of reality television program Big Brother. Gynning has also written the book, Ego Girl. It is a biography of her early life. In 2008 it was reported that Gynning would write a continuation to Ego Girl called Ego Woman.

Sources 
Gynning in Swedish newspaper

References 

1978 births
Living people
Big Brother winners
Swedish entertainers
Swedish models
Carrie Marie Underwood (born March 10, 1983) is an American country singer-songwriter and actress. She won the fourth season of American Idol. Her first album, Some Hearts, has sold 7 million copies. Underwood has won one American Music Award, eight Billboard Music Awards, and two Grammy Awards (including Best New Artist) and more.
Carrie Underwood grew up in Oklahoma, on her family's farm in Checotah. She started singing at a young age, initially at church and later in school plays and talent shows. In 2002 she entered Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, with intentions to pursue a career in broadcast journalism. She has had fourteen songs reach number one on charts in the United States and Canada, including "Inside Your Heaven", "Jesus, Take the Wheel", and "Before He Cheats". In 2007, Underwood sang during one of the live shows of American Idol, season 6. On December 5, 2013, Underwood appeared in The Sound of Music Live on NBC television. She played the heroine Maria von Trapp in the three-hour production. She received critical praise in the New York Times for her singing, but was reviewed negatively for her acting.

Personal life
She is married to Nashville Predators ice hockey player, Mike Fisher. They married on July 10, 2010 in Greensboro, Georgia.

Discography
Singles
"Church Bells" (2016)
Albums
She has released six albums.
 Some Hearts
 Carnival Ride
 Play On
 Blown Away
 Storyteller
 Cry Pretty

References

Other websites
 Arista Records Official site of Carrie Underwood from Arista Records
 Carrie Underwood music, videos, news and more at CMT.com
 Arista Nashville  Résumé of Carrie Underwood's autobiography, accomplishments, and personal interests
 
 

1983 births
Living people
American Idol winners
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Oklahoma
Christian music singers
American country singers
American Music Awards
Nicole Camille Richie (born September 21, 1981) is an American socialite, actress, and author. She is the adopted daughter of Lionel Richie, and is best known for being in the reality show The Simple Life. During late 2007 Nicole Richie faced charges of drunk driving and risked a jail sentence similar to Paris Hilton, her co-star and friend in The Simple Life. She has had two children with Joel Madden: Harlow and Sparrow Madden. On February 15, 2010, she announced that she was engaged with Madden. They got married later in 2010.

In 2013, Richie was in the video for the song "Let There Be Love" by Christina Aguilera.

Richie is of black, Creole, English, French, French-Canadian, Indigenous Mexican, Mexican, Cherokee Native American, Scottish and Spanish descent.

References

Other websites 
IMDb - Nicole Richie
American movie actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
American socialites
Participants in American reality television series
Singers from California
Actors from San Francisco

1981 births
Living people
The Simple Life is the name of a reality television series originally broadcast on Fox from 2003 to 2005 and on E! from 2006 to 2007. The series stars Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie doing ordinary jobs.

Other websites 
 FOX - The Simple Life official website 

2003 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American reality television series
Fox television series
English-language television programs
Jordin Brianna Sparks (born December 22, 1989 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American recording artist, singer and actress. On May 23, 2007, she won the 6th season of the reality television show American Idol. She was the youngest winner of the talent show. She has released two studio albums Jordin Sparks and Battlefield. She has a vocal range of a mezzo-soprano.

Other websites 
Jordin Sparks official webpage 
Jordin Sparks Planet 

American Idol winners
Singers from Phoenix, Arizona
1989 births
Living people
Mezzo-sopranos
People from Glendale, Arizona
Taylor Reuben Hicks (born October 7, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter and musician. In 2006, he won the fifth season of American Idol. His runner-up was Katharine McPhee. After he won, he was signed to Arista Records. His album called Taylor Hicks was released on December 12, 2006.

Other websites 
 Taylor Hicks Official Site

 Taylor Hicks at rehearsals.com
 Taylor Hicks  at GoFish
Taylor Hicks on American Idol  at American Idol Watch
Taylor Hicks on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno

1976 births
Living people
American blues singers
American rock singers
American soul singers
American blues musicians
American rock musicians
American soul musicians
Musicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Singers from Birmingham, Alabama
American Idol winners
Oba Chandler (October 11, 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio - November 15, 2011 in Raiford, Florida) was an American convicted murderer who was executed in Florida for the murders of Joan Rogers and her two teenage daughters. The women's bodies were found floating in the Tampa Bay, Tampa in June 1989. They had been bound and gagged and then tossed into the bay with concrete blocks tied to their necks while still alive.

Billboards where at the later stages of the investigation used in trying to find however did the murders, the billboards that was spread all over Tampa had pictures of the Rogers women and a picture of the hand-writing of the suspected triple murderer. This method had never been used before, and became useful in searches for missing people later on.
Chandler was arrested in September 1992. He was put on trial where he was found guilty of the murders by a 12-member jury. On November 4, 1994 he was sentenced to death by a deadly injection by the judge in the case. Before his execution, Chandler was locked up at Union Correctional Institution in Florida. Author Thomas French in 1998 won the Pulitzer Prize for his article series Angels & Demons which told the story of the murders.

Background
Early life 
Oba Chandler was born in Cincinnati in the state of Ohio. He was the fourth of five children. His parents were Oba Chandler Sr. and Margaret Johnson. At the age of 10, Chandler's father Oba Chandler Senior hanged himself in the Chandler family's basement. This upset Oba so much that he jumped into his father's grave during the funeral in 1957 while gravediggers were covering the coffin with dirt. Afterwards, Oba's life spun out of control and he was arrested many times and had been arrested 20 times by the time he was a teenager. As an adult, he was charged with a long list of crimes, including theft, having fake money, burglary, kidnapping and armed robbery. Chandler would also father a total of eight children before his arrest, the latest one being Whitney born in February, 1989 with his wife at the time Debra Chandler. Between May and September 1991 Chandler worked as an informant for the US customs Tampa office, at the same time as Tampa police investigated the Rogers family triple murder.
Facts of the murders 
Joan Rogers and her two daughters, Michelle (17 years of age) and Christe (14 years of age) left their family dairy farm on May 26, 1989 in Willshire for a vacation in Florida.
 They had never before left the state of Ohio. On their last day in Florida they became lost and drove into Tampa to ask for directions to the nearest hotel, in a store they came across Oba Chandler and asked him. It is thought that he saw the Ohio state car license plates on Joan's car and used that as means to ask the family to join him out for a boat trip later.

The discovery of the bodies
The women's bodies were discovered floating in the Tampa Bay on June 4, 1989 with bound hands and feet with concrete blocks tied to their necks and duct tape over their mouths. The first body was found floating over the Sunshine Skyway bridge when a sailboat on its way home to Tampa after a trip to Key West, had just crossed under the Sunshine Skyway when many people on board saw an object in the water. They soon realized it was a dead body of a female. Soon another body was found and yet another third body was also dragged out of the bay within an hour. All three bodies had been tied and gagged and had concrete blocks tied around their necks. Autopsies thought the women had been tossed into the bay while still alive.

Investigation
Investigation

Subsequent investigaton 
The Rogers women where identified a week after their bodies where found in the bay. A hotel maid had discovered that a hotel room had stood unused for several days. And when the reports about the murders started to leap into the media the hotel decided to contact investigators in the case. Soon it stood clear that it was indeed the families room after fingerprints where matched to those of the victims, some snaphots from a camera was also discovered in the room which showed where the family had traveled and also a last shot over Tampa Bay. This photo was taken just minutes before the Rogers women went out to meet Oba Chandler to go on a boat ride out on the bay.
Incriminating fact and arrest 
The case remained unsolved and cold for several years, partly due to the volume of tips pouring in to the police who investigated the crime.
Chandler would not be arrested for the murders until September 24, 1992. His handwritten directions and palmprint on a brochure found in the Rogers' vehicle, along with a description of his boat written by Jo Rogers on the brochure, were the primary clues that led to his being named a suspect. Also, authorities had posted the handwriting from the brochure on billboards, which was historic as it was used for the first time in an attempt to find the unknown killer, and this led to a tip from a former neighbor who was able to provide a copy of a work order that Chandler had written. A handwriting analysis conclusively matched the two.
Sentence and aftermath 
The Rogers women were all buried on June 13, 1989 after a funeral service at the Zion Lutheral Church in their hometown of Willshire, Ohio. About 300 people among them family and friends of the victims attended the service. Numerous police officers were also present to keep all news media and crews out of the church during the funeral service, this because of the huge media interest for the case by media at the time. Chandler was tried and found guilty of the murders, and sentenced to death on November 4, 1994. After sentencing, the jury forewoman commented regarding the death sentence that "They need to do this swiftly. The man is a mutation of a human being and he needs to be destroyed." In July 2008, it was revealed that Chandler was on Florida's short-list of executions.
Profiling experts believe that Chandler may have killed previously, based on the speculation that a first-time killer would not be experienced or bold enough to abduct and kill three women at once. Chandler remains a suspect in a 1982 murder of a woman found floating off Anna Maria Island, he is also a suspect in a rape case concerning a Canadian woman weeks before the Rogers women's murder. However, Chandler has never been charged with other murders. Chandler got an Institutional Adjustment disciplinary report on December 15, 2001, for disobeying orders in prison. All of Chandler's appeals since his 1994 conviction have been denied, the latest one in May 2007. Author Thomas French in 1998 won the Pulitzer prize for his article series Angels & Demons which told the story of the murders.

Execution
Oba Chandler was executed on November 15, 2011 with a lethal injection at 4:25 pm in Florida State Prison in Raiford, Florida.

References
References

Other websites
  Retrieved on 2010-03-08
 Angels & Demons  Retrieved on 2010-03-08
 Inmate details and case updates:Oba Chandler  Retrieved on 2010-03-08
 Inmate Population Information Detail - Inmate 056979 . Florida Department of Corrections. Retrieved on 2010-03-08

1946 births
2011 deaths
American people executed for murder
American robbers
American thieves
Criminals from Ohio
People executed by lethal injection
People from Cincinnati
All Saints' Day is celebrated by Catholic Christians on November 1. Other Christians celebrate it as well. (May not be on the same day) It is a mandatory Catholic holiday. It is celebrated in the Catholic Church.
The next day, November 2 is celebrated as All Souls' Day, souls in Purgatory are especially remembered. Both days are considered important and they are integrated with each other. 
The older name is All Hallows or Hallowmas 

All Saints is also a Christian formula involving all the faithful saints and martyrs, known and unknown.

Customs
Customs 

In Portugal, Spain and Mexico, ofrendas (offerings) are made on this day. In Spain, the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed. In Spain, Portugal, Italy and France, people bring flowers to the graves of dead relatives. In Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Croatia, Austria and Germany, the tradition is to light candles and visit the graves of deceased relatives. In the Philippines, the day is spent visiting the graves of deceased relatives, where they offer prayers, lay flowers, and light candles, often in a picnic-like atmosphere. In English speaking countries the festival is traditionally celebrated with the hymn "For All the Saints" by William Walsham How. The most familiar tune for this hymn is Sine Nomine by Ralph Vaughan Williams. 

The festival was retained after the Reformation in the calendar of the Church of England and in many Lutheran churches.

References
References

Other websites 
	 
 American Catholic - Saints FAQs, All Saints and All Souls Day  	 
 All Saints' Day article in the Catholic Encyclopedia 	 
 All Saints Sunday Orthodox England
 All Saints Church, Barbados 

Christian holidays
November events
"Ishy Bilady" (, ; "Long Live My Country") is the national anthem (a song that represents the country) of the seven United Arab Emirates. The tune was written in the year 1971 without words to sing. Then, in the year 1986 Arif Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan Sahab came up with words for the song. The song is dedicated to the UAE. In the song, the people praise their country by stating that "the unity of the Emirates has lived" and "the United Arab Emirates has lived to be the nation, whose religion is Islam and whose guide is the Quran" the people also vow to forever work hard and sincerely for the country. The people also state that they "supply their country with their body, blood and souls." The song is a representation of love and submission of the Emirati people to country. It music was composed by Mohammed Abdul Wahab.

Lyrics

Arabic original
Arabic original

English translation 
Long live my country, the unity of our Emirates lives.
You've lived for the nation's faith of Islam and guide of the Quran.
I've made you stronger in God's name, o homeland.

My country, my country, my country, my country.
God protected you from the evils of time.
We have sworn to build and work –
work earnestly, work earnestly.
As long as we live, we will be sincere.

The safety has lasted, the flag has lived, o our Emirates!
The symbol of Arabism: we all sacrifice for you and give you our blood;
For you we sacrifice with our souls, o homeland!

References 

1971 works
Asian anthems
National symbols of the United Arab Emirates
Origami is a traditional Japanese art of paper folding. It uses many techniques and various objects can be created. The object is made of origami paper, which is specially made for folding and staying in shape. Many dictionaries and television shows suggest that origami is only paper cranes, waterbombs, and paper planes, but many new models and creatures have been made because new folding techniques have allowed this.

When the Japanese first folded origami, they used only one piece of paper. A different kind of origami called modular origami uses many small pieces that are the same, which are combined to form one large model. Also, many mathematical shapes can be made with origami.
History 
The beginnings of origami are not clear. Paperfolding started in China in the 1st or 2nd century. It finally came to Japan in the 6th century. Instead of making models that looked exactly like things, the first origami models only looked similar to things. People often folded models and gave them to other people for good luck. For example, Shinto nobles celebrated weddings with sake in glasses decorated with origami butterflies, which gave good luck to the bride and groom.

There were also independent paperfolding traditions in other countries, like Germany and Spain. The earliest evidence of paperfolding in Europe is a picture of a boat in 1490. There was also a paper box from 1440. Finally, in 1845, Kan no mado was written, and it was the first book of origami models.

Recently, people have become more interested in origami. In 1954, Japanese paperfolder Akira Yoshizawa created rules to explain how to fold origami models. His instructions on paperfolding are now used in all countries.

Paper
Paper 

Peter Engel, who is a well-known paperfolder, says "the best paper [for origami] is thin and crisp and absolutely square."  Pre-cut origami paper is sold in many colors, sizes, and patterns. Duo paper, or paper with different colors on each side, is used by paperfolders because it makes areas of different color on the finished model. There are also special papers, like textured, metallic, and patterned.

Many people like to make their own paper. Engel describes a process shown to him by Robert J. Lang that is "a sandwich of aluminum foil and two pieces of tissue paper."  In this method, two pieces of paper are pasted to each side of the aluminum foil. Many people like origami because there is almost always paper. Copy paper, napkins, wallpaper, index cards, and even paper money can be used to make interesting and unique models.
Tools 
Many paperfolders prefer to use a flat surface to fold models on, but others, like the Japanese, fold in the air. Traditional paperfolders believe that only the hands should be used when folding, but many modern folders use other tools when folding. Tweezers and paper clips can be used to make very small folds. Some folders use rulers or other flat tools to make sharper creases in the models.

Types 
New types of origami have been made because more people are making origami models.

Modular

Pureland 

Pureland origami is origami with one rule: only one fold can be made at a time. British paperfolder John Smith started pureland origami for inexperienced paperfolders or for people with poor motor skills. Hard folds, like the inside-reverse fold, are not allowed in pureland origami.

Pictures

References
JSPWiki is a feature-rich and extensible WikiWiki software built around the standard J2EE components (Java, servlets, JSP).
It was created by Janne Jalkanen.

Other websites 

JSPWiki Homepage

Wiki software
Cross-platform software
Statement has several meanings:

 The act of saying something; an expression in words.
 The thing stated; a declaration.
 A formal account, implying or claiming to be truthful.
 An official assessment of a situation.
In philosophy and logic, a statement is a sentence which declares that something meaningful is either true or false. See proposition.
In theology, salvation can mean various things:

 following the sunnah of prophet Muhammad (surah Baqarah)
 rejecting shirk, or disbelief in the oneness of Allah (sahih Bukhari)
 being saved from something, such as suffering or the punishment of sin - also called deliverance (see Epistle to the Romans 5:8)
 being saved for something, such as an afterlife or participating in the Reign of God - also called redemption (Gospel of Luke 23:43)
being saved through a process of healing or transformation to wholeness, such as gaining secret knowledge, or becoming Christlike.(Ephesians 1:4)

Related pages 
 Crucifixion of Jesus
 History of salvation
 Salvation (Christianity)

Theology