Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (often called CIWA or CIWA-Ar (an updated version)), is a scale used to measure alcohol withdrawal symptoms. The scale lists ten common symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.  Based on how bad a person's symptoms are, each of these is assigned a number.  All ten numbers are added up to make one final score.  The highest possible score is 67.  Higher scores are a sign of more severe alcohol withdrawal:
 Scores of 15 or less usually mean a person is having mild alcohol withdrawal;
 Scores of 16-20 usually mean moderate alcohol withdrawal; and
 Scores over 20 usually mean severe alcohol withdrawal.

The CIWA is used not just to measure how bad withdrawal symptoms are, but also to guide decisions about what treatments to give, like when to give benzodiazepines.
The CIWA Scale
The CIWA measures ten of the most common signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal:
Nausea and vomiting
Tremor
Paroxysmal sweats (sweats that come and go)
Anxiety
Agitation (like not being able to stay still)
Tactile disturbances (like feeling burning, itching, or bugs crawling on the skin)
Auditory disturbances (like hearing things louder than usual, hearing scary things, or hearing things that are not there)
Visual disturbances (like lights being too bright, seeing different colors, or seeing things that are not there)
Headache
Orientation and clouded sensorium (for example, if a person does not know who he is, where he is, or what is happening)

Uses
Uses

The CIWA scale is validated, which means it is proven to measure what it means to measure - alcohol withdrawal symptoms.  It also has high inter-rater reliability.  This means that if more than one medical professional used the CIWA on the same patient, they would get very similar results.  Validation and inter-rater reliability are signs of good, accurate tests. 

Studies have shown that when the CIWA scale is used to guide treatment:
Medical professionals can identify which patients are having milder withdrawal symptoms, and which are having more severe symptoms.  The CIWA helps them do this much more accurately than they might be able to without the scale.
Patients having milder withdrawal are less likely to be given benzodiazepines that they do not need (this is important because benzodiazepines are addictive)
Patients having very bad withdrawal are less likely to be under-treated (not be given enough treatment)

Related pages
Alcohol withdrawal
Alcoholism

References
References

Other websites
CIWA Score for Alcohol Withdrawal 
The Essential Handbook of Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol Problems

Alcoholism tests
Henderson Alexander "Sandy" Gall, CMG, CBE (born 1 October 1927), is a Scottish journalist, author, and former ITN news presenter. His career as a journalist has lasted more than 50 years.

Gall was born in Penang, Malaysia. He studied at the Aberdeen University.

References

Other websites

Sandy Gall CV at PFD 
Sandy Gall CV at Knight Ayton Management

1927 births
Living people
Scottish journalists
Scottish television presenters
Sir Herbert Douglas "Doug" Ellis, OBE (3 January 1924 – 11 October 2018), was an English entrepreneur. He was known as the former chairman of Aston Villa Football Club. Ellis was knighted in the 2012 New Year Honours for charitable services.

Ellis died on 11 October 2018 at the age of 94.

References

1924 births
2018 deaths
English businesspeople
People from Cheshire
Prunella Scales (born Prunella Margaret Rumney Illingworth; 22 June 1932) is an English actress. She is best known for her role as Basil Fawlty's wife Sybil in the BBC comedy Fawlty Towers and her BAFTA award-nominated role as Queen Elizabeth II in  A Question of Attribution (Screen One, BBC 1991) by Alan Bennett.

In March 2014, her husband Timothy West revealed to The Guardian that Scales was living with Alzheimer's disease.

References

Other websites

1932 births
Living people
People with Alzheimer's disease
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from Surrey
John Noakes  (6 March 1934 – 28 May 2017) was a British television presenter and personality. He was best known for co-presenting the BBC children's magazine programme Blue Peter in the 1960s and 1970s. He remains the show's longest-serving presenter for a total of 12 years.

Noakes was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire. He studied at the Rishworth School. 

On 30 June 2015, Noakes was reported missing from his home in Andratx, Majorca. His wife issued the alert to local police, who confirmed that Noakes had a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and had been living with the condition for some years. He was found the same day close to his home and taken to hospital, having fallen into some long grass "in the bottom of a storm drain".

Noakes died on 28 May 2017 at his home in Andratx, Majorca, Spain from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
John Noakes BBC Blue Peter
A view of John Noakes as a childhood icon of the 1960s and 70's
1934 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Spain
English television presenters
Actors from West Yorkshire
Farm Sanctuary is an animal protection organization founded in 1986 by Gene Baur and Lorri Houston.  It is the leading shelter for farm animals in the United States. Farm Sanctuary not only provides shelter to injured or endangered farm animals but also supports animal rights. The organization has a history of fighting laws that help the factory farming industry. Farm Sanctuary currently owns and operates three animal shelters in these cities: Watkins Glen, New York, Los Angeles, California and Orland, California. Combined, these locations house over 1000 farm animals, including chickens, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, ducks, rabbits, and geese.  Various books about Farm Sanctuary have been written by co-founder Gene Baur. These include Farm Sanctuary: Changing Hearts and Minds About Animals and Food and Living the Farm Sanctuary Life: The Ultimate Guide to Eating Mindfully, Living Longer, and Feeling Better Every Day.  Both of these books reached bestseller lists and have received national attention.
Related pages
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Animal rights

References

Animal rights activists
Marvin Panch (May 28, 1926 – December 31, 2015) was an American stock car racing driver. Panch won the 1961 Daytona 500. He also won seventeen NASCAR Grand National - now Sprint Cup Series - events during a 17-year career. He was born in Menomonie, Wisconsin.

Panch died of natural causes after he was found in his car in Port Orange, Florida at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

Réplica del Histórico Auto 

1926 births
2015 deaths
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Wisconsin
Brian Francis Johns (6 May 1936 – 1 January 2016) was an Australian company director and journalist. He  was the managing director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) from 1995 to 2000. Johns was born in Gordonvale, Queensland, Australia.

Johns died on 1 January 2016 in a hospital in Sydney, Australia after battling cancer at the age of 79.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Sydney
Australian businesspeople
Australian journalists
Writers from Queensland
The Carolingian dynasty was a Frankish noble family who ruled over a large part of western Europe from 751 to 987. They were a line of mayors, kings, and princes who succeeded the Merovingian dynasty. The most famous member of the family was Charlemagne. The dynasty was named after Charlemagne's grandfather, Charles Martel. He was a Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia and Neustria. The mayors of the palace were the real power behind the throne. 

Charles Martel (meaning "the hammer") left his wealth and power to his two sons, Pepin III and Carloman. In 771 Carloman died leaving his half to Pepin who became Mayor of the Palace. When the last of the Merovingian kings, Childeric III, was deposed by the Pope in Rome, Pepin was made king of the Franks. Pope Stephen III traveled to France and placed the crown on his head. Pepin left the kingdom to his two sons, Charles and Carloman.
Charles and his brother shared the kingdom for some time. Carloman then traveled to Rome and became a monk. Charles became the sole king. He then earned his name "Charles the Great" (Charlemagne) by defeating the Lombards, the Saxons, and the Avars. In 800 Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III. The dynasty was passed down to his son, Louis the Pious and to his grandsons. By the time Louis inherited the kingdom the Carolingian Empire had already started to decline. By the end of the 9th century it came to an end. With the collapse of the empire the dynasty came to an end.

References 

Frankish rulers
Royal dynasties
Pierre-Marie Rudelle (18 June 1932 – 28 December 2015) was a French trompe-l'œil painter. He painted First Lady of the United States Jacqueline Kennedy a pair of doors in her dressing room in the White House. He also worked for Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Pamela Harriman. He was born in Paris.

Rudelle died on 28 December 2015 in Paris, aged 83.

References

1932 births
2015 deaths
Artists from Paris
French painters
Gabriel Tambon (23 March 1930 – 27 December 2015) was a French politician for the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). He served as the Mayor of Le Castellet, Var from 1965 until his death. He was born in Castellet, Vaucluse.

Tambon died on 27 December 2015 at the age of 85.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
French mayors
Politicians from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
People from Vaucluse
People from Var
Åge Nordkild (19 September 1951 – 28 December 2015) was a Norwegian Sámi politician. He was a member of the Norwegian Sami Association. He held many places in the Sami Parliament from 2001 to 2005 and 2009 to 2013. He was born in Narvik.

Nordkild died on 28 December 2015 at the age of 64.

References

1951 births
2015 deaths
Norwegian politicians
Frederick Herman "Fred" Tuttle (July 18, 1919 – October 4, 2003) was an American dairy farmer, actor and 1998 candidate for the U.S. Senate from the state of Vermont for the Republican Party. He was born in Tunbridge, Vermont. He appeared in movies such as Nosey Parker and Man with a Plan.

Tuttle ran against senator Patrick Leahy in the Vermont senate elections. He lost in a landslide to Leahy. Tuttle was described by Senator Leahy as "the distilled essence of Vermonthood". He was thought by many to be an example of the "everyman".

Tuttle died of a heart attack in his farm in Tunbridge, Vermont at the age of 84.

References

1919 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
Actors from Vermont
Politicians from Vermont
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Disease-related deaths in Vermont
Robert Eugene "Bob" Richards (February 20, 1926 – February 26, 2023), nicknamed the "Vaulting Vicar" or the "Pole Vaulting Parson" in his competitive days, was an American athlete who was known for pole vaulting in the Olympics. He competed in the 1948 (where he won a bronze medal), 1952 (gold medal), and 1956 Summer Olympics (gold medal) as a pole vaulter, and as a decathlete in 1956.

In the 1984 United States presidential election, Richards ran for President of the United States on the far-right, white nationalist Populist Party ticket.

Richards was born in Champaign, Illinois. He studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Richards died on February 26, 2023, a few days after his 97th birthday.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1926 births
2023 deaths
1984 United States presidential candidates
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic gold medalists
American decathletes
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
People from Champaign, Illinois
Politicians from Illinois
Sportspeople from Illinois
Pole vaulters
Barbara Byrd–Bennett (born April 12, 1951) is an American educator.

Career
Byrd–Bennett was the Chief Executive officer of the Chicago Public Schools district and the Cleveland Municipal School District. Byrd–Bennett served as CEO of the Cleveland Municipal School District from 1998 to 2006. From 2009 to 2011, she was the academic and accountability officer for the Detroit Public Schools system. She was hired as the Chicago Public Schools' chief education advisor in April 2012 and then named CEO by Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel six months later.

Illegal activity
She resigned from CPS in 2015 amid a bribery investigation, which led to her pleading guilty to multiple charges. She could go to jail for 7 and a half years.

References

1951 births
Living people
American fraudsters
American civil servants
Criminals from Chicago
Democrats (United States)
People from Brooklyn
Educators from Cleveland
Educators from Detroit
Educators from New York City
Educators from Chicago
Forrest Claypool (born 1958 in Vandalia, Illinois) is an American politician. He was the superintendent of the Chicago Public Schools system serving from the resignation of Barbara Byrd-Bennett in June 2015 until his own resignation in December 2017.

Before becoming superintendent, Claypool has held several positions in the governments of Chicago, Cook County, and the State of Illinois. He was the Democratic member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, Chief of Staff to Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel, and President of the Chicago Transit Authority.

In 2007–2008, Claypool served as a key member of Barack Obama campaign's media team, in his capacity as a longtime partner of David Axelrod.

References

1958 births
Living people
Educators from Chicago
American civil servants
Politicians from Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
David M. Axelrod (born February 22, 1955) is an American political operative and analyst. He is best known as the Chief Strategist for Barack Obama's presidential campaigns.  After Obama's election, Axelrod was appointed as Senior Advisor to the President. Axelrod left the White House position in early 2011 and became the Senior Strategist for Obama's successful re-election campaign in 2012.

He now serves as the director of the non-partisan Institute of Politics at the University of Chicago and is a Senior Political Commentator for CNN. In April 2014 it emerged that Axelrod had been appointed senior strategic adviser to the British Labour Party to assist party leader Ed Miliband in the run-up to the 2015 general election.

References

Other websites

AKPD Media
ASGK Public Strategies
The Agony and The Agony, Patrick T. Reardon, Chicago Tribune, June 24, 2007
Profile: David Axelrod, Ned Temko, The Guardian, July 27, 2008
Long by Obama’s Side, an Adviser Fills a Role That Exceeds His Title, Jeff Zeleny, The New York Times, October 26, 2008
President’s Political Protector Is Ever Close at Hand, Jeff Zeleny, The New York Times, March 8, 2009

1955 births
Living people
American political writers
American political commentators
Writers from New York City
Roslyn ( ) is a village in Nassau County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2010 Census, the village population was 2,770. Roslyn was once called Hempstead Harbor, but its name changed to Roslyn on September 7, 1844.

References

Other websites

 Roslyn, New York 
 Pictures and Info on Roslyn's Historic Estates

Villages in New York (state)
Erik De Vlaeminck (23 March 1945 – 4 December 2015) was a Belgian cyclist. He was a recording-winning cyclo-cross world-champion seven times (in 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973). He was born in Eeklo. He was the brother of Roger De Vlaeminck.

Later in life, De Vlaeminck had Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. He died in Eeklo on 4 December 2015, aged 70.

References

Other websites

 Erik De Vlaeminck profile at Cycling Archives

1945 births
2015 deaths
Belgian cyclists
Disease-related deaths in Belgium
Doping cases in cycling
People from East Flanders
People with Alzheimer's disease
People with Parkinson's disease
Tour de France cyclists
Carrier's constraint is an observation about air-breathing vertebrates which flex their bodies sideways when moving. They find it very difficult to move and breathe at the same time. The sideways flexing expands one lung and compresses the other, shunting stale air from lung to lung instead of expelling it completely to make room for fresh air.

It was named, by English paleontologist Richard Cowen, after David R. Carrier, who wrote his observations on the problem in 1987.

Many amphibia and reptiles can and do move very fast over short distances. They do it by moving without breathing, which builds up an "oxygen debt". Humans sometimes do this when running very quickly. 100-metre sprinters do not breathe during a race. They collapse and recover afterwards. Many reptiles and amphibians are ambush predators, which fits that kind of life quite well. There is no reptile or amphibian equivalent to dogs or deer, with their huge capacity for running long distances.
There are, however, some reptiles which get round the Carrier constraint. Snakes, for example have only one lung. And, of course, dinosaurs were bipedal to start with, and most groups stayed bipedal to the end. Lizards run in short bursts with brief pauses. Carrier was able to show that they breathed in the pauses.

References 

Tetrapods
Respiratory system
The 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the Brasileirão Chevrolet 2015 for sponsorship reasons) was the 59th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. After winning twice in a row in the 2013 and 2014 seasons, Cruzeiro came in defending their title as the Brazilian football champions. Corinthians won the title.

Teams

Stadia and locations

Results 
 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of first round
 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of second round

Season statistics

Top scorers

Top assists

Hat-tricks 

4 Player scored 4 goals.

References
 Source: ESPN FC & Globo

2015 in association football
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
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Islamabad United () is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Islamabad and was founded in 2015. It is owned by Ali Naqvi and Amna Naqvi (Leonine Global Sports). Misbah-ul-Haq is the captain of Islamabad United, while the head coach is Dean Jones.

Squad

References

Cricket clubs in Pakistan
Islamabad
Pakistan Super League
2015 establishments in Pakistan
Karachi Kings (; ) is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Karachi and was founded in 2015. It is owned by the Salman Iqbal (ARY Group). Imad Wasim is the captain of Karachi Kings, while the head coach is Mickey Arthur.

Squad

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cricket clubs in Pakistan
Karachi
Pakistan Super League
2015 establishments in Pakistan
Lahore Qalandars (; ; abbreviated as LQ) is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Lahore and was founded in 2015. It is owned by Fawad Rana (Qatar Lubricants Company Limited (QALCO)). Brendon McCullum is the captain of Lahore Qalandars, while the head coach is Aqib Javed.

Squad

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cricket clubs in Pakistan
Lahore
Pakistan Super League
2015 establishments in Pakistan
Peshawar Zalmi (; ) is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Peshawar and was founded in 2015. Zalmi in the name means Youth. It is owned by Javed Afridi (Haier Pakistan). Darren Sammy is the captain of Peshawar Zalmi, while the head coach is Mohammad Akram.

Squad

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Cricket clubs in Pakistan
Peshawar
Pakistan Super League
2015 establishments in Pakistan
Quetta Gladiators () is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Quetta and was founded in 2015. It is owned by Nadeem Omar (Omar Associates). Sarfaraz Ahmed is the captain of Quetta Gladiators, while the head coach is Moin Khan.

Squad

References

Cricket clubs in Pakistan
Quetta
Pakistan Super League
2015 establishments in Pakistan
Gisella Perl (10 December 1907 – 16 December 1988) was a Jewish gynecologist who lived in Romania until 1944.  In 1944, World War II was happening, and the Nazis illegally invaded a part of Romania through Hungary.  The Nazis deported all of the Jewish people in the area and sent them to concentration camps.
Early life
Perl was born December 10, 1907, in the town of Sighetu Marmaţiei in Romania (called Transylvania at the time).  At age 16, she graduated first in her high school class; she was the only woman and the only Jew in the class.  She wanted to be a doctor, but at first her father would not let her.  Later she told the New York Times:
"[My father said] 'I do not want my daughter to lose her faith and break away from Judaism.' ... Several months later, she approached him again, this time with a prayer book he had given her, and said, 'I swear on this book that wherever life will take me, under whatever circumstances, I shall always remain a good, true Jew.'  Maurice Perl relented, and she enrolled in medical school. Years later, on the day she was paid a fee by her first patient, she bought another prayer book and had engraved on it her father's name.  ...

Her father carried that book into the crematorium in Auschwitz."
Life in the concentration camps
After the Nazis invaded Romania, Dr. Perl and her family were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp.  There, Dr. Perl's husband, only son, parents, and extended family were all killed by the Nazis.  Dr. Perl was allowed to live because she was a doctor.  She was given the job of working as a doctor in the camp.  Diseases (like all kinds of infections), injuries, malnutrition, and many other problems were very common among the inmates.  This was because of horrible living conditions at the camps, where inmates were beaten, not given enough food, not given clean water or toilets, were forced to work very hard, and had to live so close together that diseases spread very quickly.  Dr. Perl's job was to help these inmates, but she did not have even the most basic medical supplies, like antiseptic, soap, clean cloths for wounds, medicine, or even running water.
Dr. Perl is most famous for saving the lives of hundreds of women by aborting their pregnancies.  This saved the women's lives because pregnant women were often beaten and killed, or used by Dr. Josef Mengele for vivisections (which means they were cut open without any anesthesia.  In 1982, Dr. Perl recalled:
<blockquote>"The greatest crime in Auschwitz was to be pregnant.  ...  Dr. Mengele told me that it was my duty to report every pregnant woman to him.... He said that they would go to another camp for better nutrition, even for milk. So women began to run directly to him, telling him, 'I am pregnant.' I learned that they were all taken to the research block to be used as guinea pigs [in medical experiments], and then two lives would be thrown into the crematorium. I decided that never again would there be a pregnant woman in Auschwitz.</blockquote>
In January 1945, Russian soldiers were getting close to Auschwitz.  The Nazis sent everyone in Auschwitz to another concentration camp called Bergen-Belsen.  In April 1945, British soldiers freed the camp.  As the soldiers were moving in to free the camp, Dr. Perl was delivering a baby.

After leaving Bergen-Belsen, Dr. Perl found out that both her husband and son had died.  She tried to kill herself with poison, and was sent to recover in a convent in France.  She stayed there until 1947.

Life in the United States
In March 1947, Dr. Perl went to New York City and tried to become an American citizen.  Instead of being treated as a victim of the Nazi concentration camps, she was treated as a suspect.  She was interrogated and accused of helping the Nazi doctors at Auschwitz carry out human rights abuses.  She was finally granted citizenship in 1951.
Dr. Perl began work as a gynecologist in New York's Mount Sinai Hospital, and delivered around 3,000 babies in New York alone.  She became an expert in infertility treatment, helping couples who were having trouble getting pregnant.

I was a Doctor in Auschwitz
In June 1948, Gisella Perl published her story, called I was a Doctor in Auschwitz.  In the book, she talks about the horrors she saw there as an inmate doctor. The book includes Perl's descriptions of Joseph Mengele's experiments; of how she tried to save as many inmates as possible; and how the Nazi doctors would order operations on young women's breasts without anesthetics, because the warden, Irma Grese, liked watching them suffer.

Publications
Dr. Perl was later reunited with her daughter, Gabriella Krauss Blattman, whom she managed to hide during the war.  They both moved to live in Herzliya, Israel. Perl died in Israel in 1988. She was the sole author or coauthor of nine papers on vaginal infections published between 1955 and 1972.
In 2003, a film entitled Out of the Ashes'' was released.  It was based upon the story of Dr. Perl's life, and starred Christine Lahti as Dr. Perl.

Related pages
 The Holocaust
 Auschwitz concentration camp
 Dr. Josef Mengele
 Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

References

Other websites
 Gisella Perl: Angel and Abortionist in the Auschwitz Death Camp 
 Gisella Perl 
 Journal of Women's Health, Profiles: Dr. Gisella Perl

1907 births
1988 deaths
American autobiographers
American physicians
Holocaust survivors
Israeli Jews
Jewish American scientists
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Romanian Jews
Gynecologists‎
Dallas Murray "Dal" Richards, CM, OBC (5 January 1918 - 31 December 2015) was a Canadian big band leader. 

Richards led his band for many years in a weekly CBC Radio show broadcast nationally from the Panorama Roof Ballroom of the Hotel Vancouver.  , Richards also hosts a weekly one-hour show on radio station CISL. Richards is commonly thought to be the lyricist of "Roar You Lions Roar", the fight song of the BC Lions football club set to the music of "I Love the Sunshine of Your Smile".

References

1918 births
2015 deaths
Bandleaders
Musicians from Vancouver
Michael Garver "Mike" Oxley (February 11, 1944 – January 1, 2016) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican party. He served as a U.S. representative from the 4th congressional district of Ohio. He was born in Findlay, Ohio.

Oxley died of lung cancer in McLean, Virginia on January 1, 2016 at the age of 71.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Interview on The BusinessMakers Show.

1944 births
2016 deaths
United States representatives from Ohio
Lawyers from Ohio
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Ohio
Fazu Aliyeva (December 5, 1932, Iasi – January 1, 2016, Makhachkala, Russia) was an Avar speaking-Soviet-born Russian poet, novelist and journalist. She has made a significant role to the development of Dagestani in Russian literature. She is also known for being a human rights activist.

She was awarded two Orders of the "Badge of Honor" and two Orders of Friendship of Peoples, the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle in 2002. She was  awarded the Gold Medal of the Soviet Peace Fund and the Jubilee Medal of the World Peace Council, as well as honorary awards in several foreign countries.

Aliyeva was born in the Khunzakhsky District. She died in Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia on January 1, 2016, from heart failure at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
 Biography 
 Fazu Aliyeva poetry 

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Russian human rights activists
Russian journalists
Russian novelists
Russian poets
Soviet writers
Joseph Brooks, born Joseph Kaplan (March 11, 1938 – May 22, 2011), and also known as Joe Brooks or Joey Brooks, was an American composer, director, producer, and screenwriter. He was born in Manhattan, New York.

He was a known writer of advertising jingles and wrote the hit songs "My Ship Is Comin' In", "If Ever I See You Again", and "You Light Up My Life", he later composed the hit movie of the same name which he also wrote, directed, and produced. He won a Grammy Award, Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for it.

In his later years he became the subject of an investigation after being accused of a series of casting-couch rapes. He was indicted in 2009. On May 22, 2011, before he could be brought to trial, Brooks committed suicide in his Upper East Side, Manhattan home by placing a bag over his head with a hose from a helium tank connected to it. He was 73 years old. On May 23, 2011, the medical examiner ruled that Brooks had committed suicide, citing asphyxia by helium.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 
 

Grammy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Academy Award winning composers
1938 births
2011 deaths
Suicides by asphyxiation
Suicides in the United States
American composers
American rapists
People from Manhattan
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Criminals from New York City
John Patrick (May 17, 1905 – November 7, 1995) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his works in 1954. He was known for his works The Curious Savage (1950), The World of Suzie Wong (1960), and The Teahouse of the August Moon (1953). He was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

Patrick was found dead with a plastic bag over his head at his home in Delray Beach, Florida at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Teahouse of the August Moon tribute site embracing novel, play and movie

Pulitzer Prize winners
1905 births
1995 deaths
Suicides by asphyxiation
Suicides in the United States
American playwrights
American screenwriters
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Albert Horton Foote, Jr. (March 14, 1916 – March 4, 2009) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He was best known for his screenplays for the 1962 movei To Kill a Mockingbird and the 1983 movie Tender Mercies. He was born in Wharton, Texas. He won two Academy Awards (1962, 1983), a Pulitzer Prize (1995) and an Emmy Award (1997).

Foote died of natural causes in Hartford, Connecticut at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
 
 

Academy Award winning writers
Emmy Award winners
Pulitzer Prize winners
1916 births
2009 deaths
American playwrights
Screenwriters from Texas
"When We Were Young" is a song by English singer-songwriter Adele from her third studio album, 25.  The song is the fourth track on the album.  It has reached the top fifteen on the US Billboard Hot 100.  The song reached the top ten in the UK and Canada.  It is the second single from 25, after "Hello".

The song is similar to "Hello" because it is influenced by soul music, except "When We Were Young" has a slower tempo.  It discusses the theme of youth and remembering the times of one's youth.

Credits and personnel
 Adele Adkins - songwriting, vocals
 Tobias Jesso Jr. - songwriting, backing vocals, piano
 Ariel Rechtshaid - production, backing vocals
Live performances
Adele first performed the song live on Adele at the BBC, which was recorded at The London Studios on 2 November 2015 and broadcast on BBC One on 20 November. She performed the song on Saturday Night Live on 22 November. Adele also performed the song on Adele Live in New York City, which was recorded at a one-night-only show at Radio City Music Hall on 17 November and broadcast on NBC on 14 December. A version of the song was filmed live at The Church Studios, where much of 25 was recorded, and released via Vevo. Adele performed "When We Were Young" as the closing song on the 2016 Brit Awards in London. At Glastonbury Festival 2016, Adele performed this song the live for over 135,000 people.

Notes

References

2015 songs
2010s ballads
Adele songs
Soul songs
Barbara Rush (born January 4, 1927) is an American stage, movie, and television actress. She is known for her roles in It Came from Outer Space!, Bigger Than Life, When Worlds Collide, The Young Philadelphians, and Robin and the Seven Hoods. She also appeared on television shows such as Peyton Place, Batman, All My Children, 7th Heaven and Knight Rider. She won a Golden Globe Award in 1954.

Other websites

Golden Globe Award winning actors
1927 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Denver
A tension pneumothorax is when air builds up inside the chest. So much air builds up that one or both lungs may collapse.  This causes serious breathing problems.  Also, the air in the chest pushes on the heart and other important parts of the body, and causes other serious problems.  If it is not treated quickly, a tension pneumothorax will kill a person.

How does a tension pneumothorax happen?
A tension pneumothorax usually happens because of an injury to the chest. For example, a knife or gunshot wound will cause a hole in a person's chest.  Air then gets sucked in through that hole.  The air starts to build up. It pushes on the lungs.  If the knife or gun has also caused a hole in the person's lung, air will leak out of the lung.  That air will also build up in the chest.  When enough air is pushing on the lung, the lung will collapse.
A tension pneumothorax can also happen because of other kinds of chest injury, like from a car accident or a fall.  When a person gets injured this way, there may not be any hole in his chest.  But inside the body, the person may be bleeding badly.  Instead of air, blood builds up in the chest. It pushes on the lung and makes it collapse.  This is called a hemothorax.

What happens as a tension pneumothorax gets worse?
Once a person's lung collapses, they will have trouble breathing.  As air or blood keeps building up in the chest, the person's symptoms will keep getting worse.

The air or blood in the chest will push against and squeeze the heart.  This can cause serious problems.  If the heart is squeezed too much, it cannot fill with blood very well.  This means it does not have enough blood to pump to the rest of the body.  Every part of the body needs blood to survive.  If the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body, other parts of the body can start to die.
Pressure in the chest can also squeeze the vena cavae, the big veins that bring blood from the body back to the heart.  If the vena cavae are squeezed too tightly, blood will not be able to get into the heart.  This means the heart will not have enough blood to pump to the lungs or the rest of the body.

If a person bleeds enough into their chest, they can go into shock and die from blood loss.

If enough pressure builds up in the chest, the other lung can collapse, too.  If both lungs have collapsed, there will be no way for the person to breathe.
Symptoms
A tension pneumothorax will cause some other symptoms.  For example:
 Mediastinal shift.  This means that everything in the mediastinum - the space between the heart and the lungs - will get pushed to one side by the air or blood in the chest. For example, a medical professional will be able to see that the trachea (windpipe) is pushed to one side.  In medicine, this is called tracheal deviation or tracheal shift.
 Jugular vein distention (JVD).  This means that the big veins in the neck will be filled with blood.  They will look big and full. This happens because blood cannot get to the heart through the vena cavae, because they are being squeezed too hard, so the blood backs up into the veins in the neck (the jugular veins).
 Bulging intercostals.  The muscles between the ribs may get pushed out because of the pressure inside the chest.
Unilateral breath sounds.  When a medical professional listens to the lungs with a stethoscope, they will be able to hear breath sounds - the sounds of air going in and out of the lungs - only on one side.  They will hear nothing on the side where the lung has collapsed.
Treatment
A tension pneumothorax always needs emergency medical treatment.  If a person may have a tension pneumothorax (or has any bad injury to the chest), 911 or another emergency telephone number should be called right away.  The emergency medical dispatcher will be able to explain how to help the person until an ambulance gets there.

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) or paramedics may give these treatments for a tension pneumothorax:
 Give the person oxygen
 Put something occlusive over the hole in the chest to keep air from getting through.  Examples of things that can be put over chest wounds are plastic wrap, aluminum foil, a hand with a medical glove on it, or special sticky plastic bandages (called occlusive dressings).  These will keep more air from getting in through the hole in the chest. They also keep even more pressure from building up in the chest.
 Put a hollow needle into the person's chest so air can get out through the needle.  This is called a needle decompression.
At the hospital, a patient with a tension pneumothorax will be given a chest tube.  This is a tube that is placed into the chest so that air or blood can get out and does not build up inside.  If the person has bled a lot into their chest, they may also get blood transfusions.

Related pages
 Pneumothorax
 Lungs

References

Medical emergencies
Respiratory system
Raoul A. Walsh (March 11, 1887December 31, 1980) was an American film director and actor. He also founded the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. He was known for playing the part of John Wilkes Booth in the movie The Birth of a Nation (1915). He also directed films like The Big Trail (1930) starring John Wayne, High Sierra (1941) starring Ida Lupino and Humphrey Bogart, and White Heat (1949) with James Cagney and Edmond O'Brien.

Death 
Walsh died on December 31,1980 and is buried in Ventura County, California.

References

1887 births
1980 deaths
American movie actors
American movie directors
Joanna Angel, born as Joanna Mostov, (born December 25, 1980) is an American alternative pornographic and mainstream actress, director, writer of adult movies, and former stripper.

Early life
Angel was born in Brooklyn, New York to an Orthodox Jewish family. She was raised in River Edge, New Jersey, and studied at Rutgers University.  Drake’s birthday is October 24th.

Career
She became famous for creating an adult dating website called BurningAngel. Following the success of Burning Angel, Angel has been featured in numerous magazines and newspapers, including The New York Times. She has appeared in over 150 adult movies and has directed over 50 adult movies.

Personal life
Angel dated fellow porn star James Deen for six years. On December 2, 2015, Angel appeared on The Jason Ellis Show to give more details about her "violent and scary" six-year relationship with Deen.
Angel is a Democrat. In 2015, she endorsed Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in the upcoming 2016 U.S. presidential election.

References

Other websites

 
 
 "I’m a Porn Star, and I Believe in God"
 "Sociology Of Sexuality lecture at UC Irvine" 

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
Actors from New Jersey
American erotic dancers
American movie directors
American pornographic actors
Democrats (United States)
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Jewish screenwriters
Jewish sex industry people
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie directors from New York City
Pornographic movie directors
Stage names
Writers from Brooklyn
Writers from New Jersey
AVN Award winners
Lasse Erik Pöysti (24 January 1927 – 5 April 2019) was a Finnish actor, director, theatre manager and writer. He has acted both in Finnish and Swedish language.

Biography 
Pöysti began his career as a child actor. He was known for his role in the movie Suomisen Perhe (1941). He also appeared on stage mostly on Strindberg plays Gustav III () and Erik XIV.

He played his last role at theatre stage in Helsinki City Theatre at the age of 85.

From 1952 to 1984, he was married to actress Birgitta Ulfsson.
Filmography
1999 – Lapin kullan kimallus
1995 – Vita lögner
1995 – Petri tårar
1993 – Rosenbaum (TV-series)
1993 – Macklean (TV-series)
1989 – Tjurens år
1989 – Dårfinkar och dönickar
1986 – På liv och död
1986 – Flucht in den Norden
1984 – Dirty Story
1982 – Ingenjör Andrées luftfärd
1980 – Det blir jul på Möllegården (TV-series) 
1980 – Barna från Blåsjöfjället
1979 – Linus eller Tegelhusets hemlighet
1979 – Herr Puntila and His Servant Matti
1978 – The Adventures of Picasso
1969–1970 – Mumintrollet (TV-series)
1966 – Syskonbädd 1782
1964 – Bröllopsbesvär
1951 – Radio tekee murron
1942 – Suomisen Ollin tempaus

References

Other websites

1927 births
2019 deaths
Finnish movie actors
Finnish movie directors
Finnish stage actors
Finnish television actors
Finnish writers
The flag of New Zealand was adopted in 1907. It has the Union Flag of the United Kingdom in the upper left quarter, and the Southern Cross on a blue ground. it picks up the country's position as an island in a southern ocean, and its British heritage.

There was a referendum going on to find a replacement flag in 2015. New Zealanders voted to keep the original flag and not change it.

New Zealand
National symbols of New Zealand
Tove Marika Jansson (Finland ; 9 August 1914 – 27 June 2001) was a Finnish-born novelist, painter, illustrator and comic strip author. For her contribution as a children's writer she received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1966.

Jansson is best known as the author of the Moomin books for children. The first such book, The Moomins and the Great Flood, appeared in 1945, though it was the next two books, Comet in Moominland and Finn Family Moomintroll, published in 1946 and 1948 respectively, that brought her fame.

Jansson died in Helsinki, Finland from natural causes at the age of 86.

References

Other websites

Tove Jansson  at www.moomin.com 
Tove Jansson  at Schildts
Tove Jansson and the altarpiece "Ten Virgins" 
Tove Jansson at WSOY 
thisisFINLAND: People – Tove Jansson: writer, painter and illustrator
The Moomin Trove Comprehensive lists of Tove Jansson's Moomin books
Tove Jansson and The Moomin Trove by Finland Travel Club
Moominland Tales: The Life of Tove Jansson (BBC) by Eleanor Yule
1914 births
2001 deaths
Swedish children's writers
Writers from Helsinki
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), previously known as multiple organ failure (MOF), Total organ failure(TOF) or multisystem organ failure (MSOF), is when the organ function is acutely ill and the patient is requires medical intervention to achieve homeostasis. It usually involves two or more organ systems.

The use of "multiple organ failure" or "multisystem organ failure" should be avoided since that phrase was based upon physiological parameters to determine whether or not a particular organ was failing.

Cause
The condition usually results from infection, injury (accident, surgery), hypoperfusion and hypermetabolism. The primary cause triggers an uncontrolled inflammatory response. Sepsis is the most common cause in operative and non-operative patients. Sepsis may result in septic shock.
Stages
Four clinical phases have been suggested:
Stage 1 the patient has increased volume requirements and mild respiratory alkalosis which is accompanied by oliguria, hyperglycemia and increased insulin requirements.
Stage 2 the patient is tachypneic, hypocapnic and hypoxemic; develops moderate liver dysfunction and possible hematologic abnormalities.
Stage 3 the patient develops shock with azotemia and acid-base disturbances; has significant coagulation abnormalities.
Stage 4 the patient is vasopressor dependent and oliguric or anuric; subsequently develops ischemic colitis and lactic acidosis.

References

Other websites
 The ICU Book by Marino 
 Cecil Textbook of Medicine
 The Oxford Textbook of Medicine 
 Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 

Organ failure
Medical emergencies
The crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) is a medium-sized bird of prey. It is found in forested habitats across tropical Asia. It is found in a wide range across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and East Asia. There are a number of variations and some authorities prefer to treat several of its subspecies as completely separate species. In the past, several species including the Philippine serpent eagle (S. holospila), Andaman serpent eagle (S. elgini) and South Nicobar serpent eagle (S. klossi) were treated as subspecies of the Crested serpent eagle.

Physical description 
All members within the species complex have a large looking head with long feathers on the back of the head giving them a crested appearance. The face is bare and yellow joining up with the beak. Its powerful feet are unfeathered and heavily scaled. They fly over the forest canopy on broad wings and their tails have wide white and black bars. They call often with a loud, piercing and familiar three or two-note call.
Behavior 
This raptor sits motionless from a high perch watching for prey. When prey is found it drops almost straight down to pounce. They often feed on snakes, giving them their name and are placed along with the Circaetus snake-eagles in the subfamily Circaetinae. In addition to snakes it catches reptiles as well as small mammals and birds. It will take a dead snake whenever it finds one. They are often seen soaring over their territory in pairs. In Japan they are usually found very close to forest edges and wet marshlands.

Role in the ecosystem 
Crested serpent eagles are apex predators and at the top of their food chain. They are a good indicator of the health of the ecosystem they occupy. They control snake populations and also those of other small mammals and reptiles. They are a common sight in places such as India. The species is not globally threatened. On most lists they are of least concern.

References
References 

Accipitriformes
Birds of China
Birds of India
Birds of Indonesia
Birds of Pakistan
Least concern species
Nimr Baqr al-Nimr (‎; 1959 – 2 January 2016), better known as Sheikh Nimr, was a Saudi Shia Sheikh and human rights activist. He was a Sheikh from around 2008 until his death. He was one of the best known Shia clerics in Saudi Arabia. In July 2012, he was arrested by Saudi police and shot in the leg. He was put on trial for terrorism charges and sentenced to death in October 2014.

Early life and education 
Al-Nimr was born in Al-Awamiyah, Qatif. He studied for about ten years in Tehran, Iran and also studied in Syria.

Death 
Al-Nimr was among the prisoners killed by beheading in a mass execution on 2 January 2016. He was 56.

References

Other websites

1959 births
2016 deaths
South Korean human rights activists
Saudi Arabian Muslims
People executed by decapitation
Islamic religious leaders
The scale insects are small bugs of the order Hemiptera. They are the superfamily Coccoidea.  There are about 8,000 described species of scale insects. They are ectoparasites of plants, like most bugs. They sit on the outside of plants, stick their mouthparts inside, and suck up the plant sap.

Adult female scales usually do not move: they are permanently attached to the plant they have parasitized.  They secrete a waxy coating for defence. The coating makes them look like  fish scales, hence their common name.

Males and females are quite different form each other. This is sexual dimorphism. Female scale insects keep their juvenile shape even when sexually mature (a condition known as neoteny). Adult males usually have wings (depending on their species) but never feed, and die within a day or two.

The details of their reproductive systems vary greatly between species. Three types of hermaphroditism are known, and at least seven forms of parthenogenesis.
Their young, known as crawlers, lose the use of their legs if they are female, and stay put for life. Only the males keep their legs and use them in seeking females for mating.

Pest control 
Many scale insects are serious crop pests.  The waxy covering  protects them from contact insecticides. However, scales may be controlled. Horticultural oils suffocate them, and systemic pesticides poison the sap of the host plants. Biological control agents such as tiny parasitoid wasps and Coccinellid beetles also work on them.  
Insecticidal soap may also be used against scales.

References 

Hemiptera