Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Doom, known during development as Doom 4, is a first-person shooter game in the Doom series from 2016. The game is the second reboot of the Doom series and features gameplay similar to the original Doom from 1993. The way Doom (2016) was designed was very different from Doom 3, which was more survival-horror-based and slower paced rather than the usual action-based, faster pace games of Doom (1993) and Doom II. It was released on May 13, 2016. The game can be played on the PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.

The sequel is Doom Eternal and was released in 2020.
Game design 
To make both fans of the first game and modern gamers happy, the game developers kept many of the old gameplay features and added some new ones as well. Older gameplay features include never reloading your weapon, having all weapons on you at all times rather than just two weapons, having a traditional health bar rather than health regeneration, running at full speed at all times, rewarding offensive gameplay rather than defensive gameplay, and defense being based on strafing (moving out of the way) rather than taking cover. Gameplay features that are new to the series include melee-based finishing moves called Glory Kills, most weapons having two different secondary firing modes that can be bought and switched out at any time, platforming similar to the Metroid Prime games, weapon challenges to upgrade your weapons, and arcade-style challenges to upgrade your suit. The art style is also a mix of Doom and Doom 3.
Weapons 
The game has all the weapons from Doom and Doom 2. It also has the Heavy Assault Rifle, which was based on the Assault Rifle in Doom 3. There is also a completely new weapon, the Gauss Cannon. The Chainsaw now has fuel limits, unlike the other Doom games, but it can kill most enemies in one hit, and it also gives the player more ammo pick-ups when he or she is low on ammo. The BFG-9000 also has its own ammo, which can kill every non-boss enemy you can see on-screen. Six weapons have two different mods that can be switched in battle. For example, the Shotgun has both Burst Shot and Grenade Launcher mods.

Like in earlier Doom games, certain weapons share ammo. The Chaingun and Heavy Assault Rifle share bullets, the Combat Shotgun and Super Shotgun share shotgun shells, and the Plasma Rifle and Gauss Cannon share energy cells.
Plot 
The game begins with the player, the Doom Slayer, wakes up chained to a coffin after hundreds of years being trapped in Hell. A zombie comes to kill the Doom Slayer, but he breaks free from his chains, kills the approaching zombie, and kills the rest of them with the Pistol. In the next room, the Doom Slayer finds his suit of armor, the Praetor Suit, and puts it on. Right after that, the Doom Slayer learns that the UAC lab on Mars has been overrun with demons, and that almost everyone on the base is either dead or they turned into zombies or demons. This is the result of leading scientist Olivia Pierce and her followers performing rituals to unleash Hell on Mars.
Despite the Doom Slayer's best efforts, Pierce was able to open up the Well, a very large portal of Hell on the UAC base, so that Hell will be unleashed on Mars forever. Even though the Doom Slayer gets sent to Hell, Hayden created a tether system that allows the Doom Slayer to be teleported out of Hell at anytime. Hayden tells the Doom Slayer that there is only one way to shut down the Well, go back to Hell to get a key called the Crucible.
2016 video games
Video game sequels
Doom video games
The at sign (@), otherwise known as the ampersat, is a logogram. It is used in bills, emails and programming. In email, it is used to show a specific domain of an email address. In bills, it used to mean "at a rate of". For example, 7 widgets @ £2 equals £14. In programming, the at sign has been used in a wide range of programming languages. It was invented by Ray Tomlinson.

It is the ligature form of the Latin word "ad", which means "at".

The sign is one of several special symbols on the standard English keyboard.

Typography
Symbols
Latin letters
The Humboldt Current is a cold, low-salinity ocean current. It flows north along the west coast of South America from the southern tip of Chile to northern Peru. Also called the Peru Current, it flows in the direction of the equator. It extends 1,000 kilometers offshore.  

The Humboldt Current is a large marine ecosystem, named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. It is one of the major nutrient systems of the world, bringing nutrients up into the surface waters of the ocean. This supports an extraordinary abundance of marine life.  Upwelling occurs off Peru year-round but off Chile only during the spring and summer. This is  because the subtropical center of high pressure is displaced during the summer.
About 18-20% of the world’s fish catch comes from the Humboldt Current. The species are mostly pelagic: sardines, anchovies and jack mackerel. This high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals (eared seals and cetaceans) and seabirds. The cold, nutrient-rich water upwelling to the surface drives the system’s extraordinary productivity.

The Humboldt Current is part of a much larger system, the South Pacific Gyre.

Pacific Ocean
Ecosystems
Ocean currents
Bodies of water of South America
The 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the Brasileirão Petrobras 2011 for sponsorship reasons) was the 55th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. It began on May 21 and was scheduled to end on December 4. Fluminense comes in as the defending champion having won the 2010 season.

Teams

Results 
 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of first round
 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of second round

Statistics

Top goalscorers

Hat-tricks

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2011 in association football
This is the Results of the first round of 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

Results

3rd round

5th round

6th round

10th round

12th round

13th round 

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2011 in association football
This is the Results of the second round of 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

Results

21st round

23rd round

26th round

32nd round

35th round

36th round

38th round 

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2011 in association football
The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

 Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, nationality, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and most importantly a source.


March

1
Stuart Beck, 69, American diplomat, Ambassador to the United Nations for Palau (20032013), kidney cancer.
Jean Miotte, 90, French abstract painter.
Martha Wright, 92, American actress (South Pacific, The Sound of Music) and singer.
2
Janusz Bolonek, 77, Polish Roman Catholic prelate and diplomat, Apostolic nuncio (1989–2013), cancer.
Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern, 83, German royal and art historian.
Marion Patrick Jones, 85, Trinidadian writer, heart failure.
Benoît Lacroix, 100, Canadian Dominican priest and historian, complications from pneumonia.
Aubrey McClendon, 56, American energy and basketball executive, CEO of Chesapeake Energy, part-owner of the Oklahoma City Thunder, traffic collision.
Paul Webley, 62, British educator, president of SOAS, University of London (20062015), cancer.
3
Berta Cáceres, 42, Honduran indigenous leader, shot.
Martin Crowe, 53, New Zealand cricketer (national team, Wellington Firebirds, Central Districts Stags), complications from lymphoma.
Sophie Dessus, 60, French politician, member of the National Assembly for Corrèze's 1st Constituency (since 2012), cancer.
Ashok Ghosh, 94, Indian politician, General Secretary of All India Forward Bloc (since 1946), multiple organ failure.
Hayabusa, 47, Japanese professional wrestler (Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling), brain hemorrhage.
Thanat Khoman, 102, Thai politician, Foreign Minister (1959–1971), respiratory failure.
Natalia Krachkovskaya, 77, Russian actress (Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future), heart attack.
4
Bud Collins, 86, American sports journalist.
Pat Conroy, 70, American author (The Prince of Tides, The Great Santini), pancreatic cancer.
Thomas G. Morris, 96, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives for New Mexico's at-large district (1959–1969); New Mexico House of Representatives (1953–1958).
Morgan F. Murphy, 83, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 3rd congressional district (1971–1981), prostate cancer.
P. A. Sangma, 68, Indian politician, Speaker of the Lok Sabha (1996–1998), heart attack.
Abbas Vaez-Tabasi, 80, Iranian cleric, Grand Imam of Ali al-Ridha mosque (since 1979), respiratory failure.
5
Hassan al-Turabi, 84, Sudanese Islamic spiritual leader, Secretary of the Popular Congress Party (1999-2016), figure in 1989 Sudanese coup d'état.
James Douglas, 86, American actor (As the World Turns, Another World, One Life to Live).
Nikolaus Harnoncourt, 86, Austrian conductor.
Lester Menke, 97, American politician, member of the Iowa House of Representatives (19731985), dementia.
Ray Tomlinson, 74, American Hall of Fame computer programmer, invented email and chose @ symbol for usage, heart attack.
Al Wistert, 95, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles, Michigan Wolverines), NFL Champion (1948, 1949).
6
Elizabeth Garrett, 52, American educator, president of Cornell University (20152016), colon cancer.
Znaur Gassiev, 90, South Ossetian politician, Head of State (1991-1992). (death announced on this date)
Kalabhavan Mani, 45, Indian actor (Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum) and singer, liver disease.
Nancy Reagan, 94, American actress (The Next Voice You Hear..., Hellcats of the Navy, Donovan's Brain), social activist (Just Say No), and First Lady (1981–1989), congestive heart failure.
Paul Ryan, 66, American comic artist (Fantastic Four, Superman, Iron Man), cancer.
Sheila Varian, 79, American horse breeder (Arabian horses), cancer.

7
Adrian Hardiman, 65, Irish judge, member of the Supreme Court (since 2000), heart attack.
Jean-Bernard Raimond, 90, French politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1986–1988).
Michael White, 80, Scottish movie and theatre producer (Monty Python and the Holy Grail, The Rocky Horror Picture Show), Tony Award-winner (1971, 1973), heart failure.
8
Richard Davalos, 85, American actor (Cool Hand Luke, East of Eden, Kelly's Heroes).
Aldo Ferrer, 88, Argentine economist, Minister of the Economy (1970-1971).
David S. Johnson, 70, American computer scientist. 
George Martin, 90, British record producer (The Beatles), composer, arranger and engineer.
Alfred E. Senn, 83, American historian and academic, awarded Order of Vytautas the Great for service to Lithuania.

9
Sergio Arellano Stark, 94, Chilean military officer, leader of the Caravan of Death, complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Jon English, 66, Australian musician and actor (Against the Wind), complications from surgery.
Ray Griff, 75, Canadian country music singer ("If I Let Her Come In") and songwriter ("Canadian Pacific"), pneumonia.
Robert Horton, 91, American actor (Wagon Train).
Naná Vasconcelos, 71, Brazilian jazz percussionist and vocalist, eight-time Grammy Award winner, lung cancer.
Bill Wade, 85, American football player (Los Angeles Rams, Chicago Bears), NFL Champion (1963).
10
Sir Ken Adam, 95, British production designer (Dr. Strangelove, James Bond, The Madness of King George), Oscar winner (1975, 1994).
Ernestine Anderson, 87, American jazz and blues singer.
Anita Brookner, 87, British novelist (Hotel du Lac) and art historian, Man Booker Prize winner (1984).
Keith Emerson, 71, English progressive rock and rock keyboardist (The Nice, Emerson, Lake & Palmer), suicide by gunshot.
Claude Estier, 90, French politician and journalist, member of the National Assembly for Paris (19671968, 19811986), MEP for France (19791981).
Bill Gadsby, 88, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Blackhawks, New York Rangers).
Gogi Grant, 91, American pop singer ("The Wayward Wind").
Roberto Perfumo, 73, Argentine footballer (Racing Club, Cruzeiro, national team), fall. 
Jovito Salonga, 95, Filipino politician, Senate President (1987–1992), cardiac arrest.
11
Iolanda Balaș, 79, Romanian high jumper, Olympic champion (1960, 1964), director of the FRA (19882005), complications from a gastric disorder.
Rómulo Macció, 84, Argentine painter.
Doreen Massey, 72, British geographer, pancreatic cancer. 
Louis Meyers, 60, American festival organizer, co-founder of South by Southwest, director of Folk Alliance International, suspected heart attack.
Dragan Nikolić, 72, Serbian actor (Kad budem mrtav i beo), cancer.
Lawrence Van Gelder, 83, American newspaper journalist (The New York Times), cancer.

12
Rafiq Azad, 74, Bangladeshi poet, stroke.
Erik Duval, 50, Belgian computer scientist, lymphoma.
Lloyd Shapley, 92, American mathematician and economist, Nobel Prize in Economics (2012), complications of a broken hip.
13
Adrienne Corri, 84, British actress (A Clockwork Orange), coronary artery disease.
Hilary Putnam, 89, American philosopher, mathematician and computer scientist, mesothelioma.
Martin Olav Sabo, 78, American politician, U.S. Representative from Minnesota (1979–2007), respiratory failure.
József Verebes, 74, Hungarian football player (Ferencvárosi TC) and coach (Győri ETO FC, MTK Budapest FC, national team), complications from a stroke.

14
John W. Cahn, 88, American metallurgist, awarded National Medal of Science (1998), namesake of Cahn–Hilliard equation, leukemia. 
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, 81, English composer and conductor, Master of the Queen's Music (2004–2014), leukemia.
Riccardo Garrone, 89, Italian actor (La Dolce Vita, The Yellow Rolls-Royce, Swordsman of Siena), heart failure.
Suranimala Rajapaksha, 67, Sri Lankan politician and minister, MP (19942004), renal failure.
Davy Walsh, 92, Irish footballer (Limerick F.C., Aston Villa F.C., national team), pneumonia. (death announced on this date)
15
Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs, 94, British historian, codebreaker and life peer.
Tamara Grigsby, 41, American politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly (20042012), cancer. (death announced on this date)
Ralph C. Johnson, 62, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (since 2015), complications from a stroke.
Earline W. Parmon, 72, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (20022012) and Senate (20122015).
Seru Rabeni, 37, Fijian rugby union player (national team), heart attack.
Lyubka Rondova, 79, Bulgarian folk singer.

16
Sylvia Anderson, 88, British television producer and voice actress (Thunderbirds). (death announced on this date)
Alexander Esenin-Volpin, 91, American poet and mathematician.
Cliff Michelmore, 96, British television presenter (BBC) and producer. 
Frank Sinatra, Jr., 72, American singer ("That Face!") and actor (The Dean Martin Show, Hollywood Homicide, Family Guy), cardiac arrest.
17
Shozo Awazu, 92, Japanese judoka.
Meir Dagan, 71, Israeli military officer and intelligence official, Director of the Mossad (2002–2011), liver cancer.
Paul Daniels, 77, British magician (The Paul Daniels Magic Show), brain tumour.
Larry Drake, 66, American actor (L.A. Law, Johnny Bravo, Darkman), Emmy winner (1988, 1989), heart attack.
Zoltán Kamondi, 55, Hungarian movie director (Paths of Death and Angels).
Marian Kociniak, 80, Polish actor (How I Unleashed World War II), heart attack.
Solomon Marcus, 91, Romanian mathematician, heart failure.
18
Miguel Hernández Agosto, 88, Puerto Rican politician, President of the Senate (1981-1992).
Jan Němec, 79, Czech movie director (A Report on the Party and the Guests) and screenwriter, heart attack.
Joe Santos, 84, American actor (The Rockford Files, The Friends of Eddie Coyle, The Last Boy Scout), heart attack.
Lothar Späth, 78, German politician, Minister President of Baden-Württemberg (19781991), Alzheimer's disease.
Les Tanyuk, 77, Ukrainian theatre and movie director and politician, MP (1990–2012).
Tray Walker, 23, American football player (Baltimore Ravens), dirt bike accident.
Guido Westerwelle, 54, German politician, Foreign Minister (20092013) and Vice-Chancellor (20092011), leukemia.
19
Roger Agnelli, 56, Brazilian businessman, CEO of Vale S.A. (2001–2011), plane crash.
José Artetxe, 85, Spanish footballer (Athletic Bilbao, national team), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Léonie Geisendorf, 101, Swedish architect.
Jack Mansell, 88, British football player (England B, Brighton, Portsmouth) and coach (Israel, Reading, Rotherham United).

20
Robert J. Healey, 58, American politician, political activist and attorney, suspected heart attack. (body found on this date)
Anker Jørgensen, 93, Danish politician, Prime Minister (1972–1973, 1975–1982).
21
Peter Brown, 80, American actor (Lawman, Laredo, Foxy Brown), complications from Parkinson's disease.
Andrew Grove, 79, American business executive, CEO and Chairman of Intel Corporation, complications from Parkinson's disease.
Joseph Mercieca, 87, Maltese Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Malta (1976–2006).
Carolyn Squires, 75, American politician, member of the Montana Senate (2002–2010) and House of Representatives (since 2010), colorectal cancer.
22
Richard Bradford, 82, American actor (Man in a Suitcase, The Untouchables, Cagney & Lacey).
Leon Charney, 77, American real estate tycoon and talk show host. (death announced on this date)
Glen Dawson, 103, American rock climber and mountaineer.
Phife Dawg, 45, American rap musician (A Tribe Called Quest), complications from diabetes. 
Santiago J. Erevia, 70, American soldier (Vietnam War), Medal of Honor recipient. 
Rob Ford, 46, Canadian politician, Mayor of Toronto (2010–2014), liposarcoma.
Rita Gam, 88, American actress (The Thief, King of Kings, No Exit) and filmmaker, respiratory failure.

23
Joe Garagiola, Sr., 90, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, Pittsburgh Pirates) and sportscaster (MLB GOTW), World Series Champion (1946).
Ken Howard, 71, American actor (1776, The White Shadow)  and union executive, president of the SAG/SAG-AFTRA (20092016), Emmy Award winner (2009), Tony Award winner (1970).
Jimmy Riley, 61, Jamaican reggae musician (The Uniques), cancer.
24
Maggie Blye, 73, American actress (The Italian Job), cancer.
Roger Cicero, 45, German jazz and pop musician, stroke.
Johan Cruyff, 68, Dutch football player and manager (AFC Ajax, FC Barcelona, national team), lung cancer.
Earl Hamner, Jr., 92, American television writer and producer (Falcon Crest, The Waltons, The Twilight Zone), cancer.
Esther Herlitz, 94, Israeli diplomat and politician.
Marie-Claire Kirkland, 91, Canadian politician and judge, first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.
Tibor R. Machan, 77, Hungarian-born American philosopher and journalist.
Garry Shandling, 66, American comedian, actor (The Larry Sanders Show, It's Garry Shandling's Show, Captain America: The Winter Soldier) and Emmy Award-winning television writer (Sanford and Son, Welcome Back, Kotter), heart attack.
Leonard L. Northrup Jr., 98, American engineer.
25
Abu Ala al-Afri, 57/58, Iraqi militant, leading member of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, bombing.
Clodomir Santos de Morais, 87, Brazilian sociologist, heart failure. 
Paolo Poli, 86, Italian theater actor (Gulliver's Travels).
Imre Pozsgay, 82, Hungarian Communist politician, Minister of Education (1980-1982).
David Snellgrove, 95, British Tibetologist.
Adam Żurowski, 86, Polish geodesist.

26
David Baker, 84, American jazz musician.
Norm Hadley, 51, Canadian rugby union player (London Wasps).⋅
Jim Harrison, 78, American author and screenwriter (Legends of the Fall, Wolf), heart attack.
Igor Pashkevich, 44, Soviet-born Russian Olympic figure skater (1994, 1998), World Juniors champion (1990).
27
Mother Angelica, 92, American Franciscan nun, founder of the Eternal Word Television Network, complications from a stroke.
Vince Boryla, 89, American basketball player and coach (New York Knicks), and general manager (Denver Nuggets), Olympic champion (1948), complications from pneumonia. 
Alain Decaux, 90, French historian, member of the Académie française.
Antoine Demoitié, 25, Belgian cyclist, race collision.
Anatoly Savin, 95, Soviet-born Russian weapons designer, Hero of Socialist Labour.

28
Daan Myngheer, 22, Belgian professional cyclist, heart attack.
James Noble, 94, American actor (Benson, 10, Archie: To Riverdale and Back Again), complications from a stroke.

29
Jean-Pierre Coffe, 78, French television presenter and food critic.
Patty Duke, 69, American actress (The Miracle Worker, The Patty Duke Show, Valley of the Dolls), President of SAG (19851988), Oscar winner (1963), sepsis.
30
Anne Aasheim, 53, Norwegian newspaper editor (Dagbladet), lung cancer.
Howard Cable, 95, Canadian conductor, composer and arranger, complications from pneumonia.
Shirley Hufstedler, 90, American lawyer and judge, Secretary of Education (1979–1981), cerebrovascular disease.  
Bernard Lamarre, 84, Canadian soil mechanics engineer and businessman, CEO of Lavalin (1962–1991).
Bill Rosendahl, 70, American politician, member of the Los Angeles City Council (2005–2013), ureteral cancer.
Gianmaria Testa, 57, Italian singer-songwriter.
31
Béla Biszku, 94, Hungarian politician, Minister of the Interior (1957–1961).
Ronnie Corbett, 85, British comedian (The Two Ronnies, The Frost Report) and actor (Casino Royale), motor neurone disease.
Georges Cottier, 93, Swiss Roman Catholic cardinal.
Hans-Dietrich Genscher, 89, German politician, Minister of the Interior (1969–1974), Minister for Foreign Affairs (1974–1982; 1982–1992) and Vice Chancellor (1974–1982; 1982–1992), heart failure.
Dame Zaha Hadid, 65, Iraqi-born British architect, heart attack.
Imre Kertész, 86, Hungarian writer, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (2002), complications from Parkinson's disease.
Denise Robertson, 83, British writer and television broadcaster (This Morning), pancreatic cancer.
Khuzaima Qutbuddin, 75, Indian Islamic leader, cancer.
Douglas Wilmer, 96, English actor (Sherlock Holmes, Octopussy, Jason and the Argonauts).

Months
 January
 February
 March
 April
 May
 June
 July
 August
 September
 October
 November
 December
Related pages
 Deaths in 2014
 Deaths in 2015

References

Other websites
 The Guardian, UK obituaries
 Obituaries, Los Angeles Times
 Obituaries, Chicago Tribune
 The New York Times, US obituaries
 The Sydney Morning Herald, Australian obituaries
 The Telegraph obituaries

03
March 2016 events
Crimes against humanity are crimes that are committed against a large group of people who have not done anything wrong.  Groups who commit crimes against humanity do not hurt just one person, or just a few people.  They want to hurt an entire group of people that they do not like.  For example, in Nazi Germany during The Holocaust, the Nazis tried to kill all of the Jewish people in Europe.  This is an example of a crime against humanity.

Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity can happen during peace or war, and against people who do not fulfill the criteria of protected persons in an international armed conflict under international humanitarian law.
Definition
Not every crime committed against a big group is a crime against humanity.  To be crimes against humanity, crimes must be:
 Planned by a government, or
 Accepted by the government.  Even though the crimes are very common, the government does not do anything to try to stop them.  In this way, the government is giving its approval for the crimes, without actually telling people to do them.

Crimes against humanity must also be committed against a civilian population (people who are not soldiers).

Examples 
Today, crimes against humanity can include:

However, in the past, not all of these things were thought of as crimes against humanity.  For example, crimes against humanity were first listed in 1945.  However, it was not until 2002 that many forms of sexual abuse (like sexual slavery) were included as crimes against humanity.pp. 8–10

History

The Armenian Genocide
The words "crime against humanity" were first used after the Armenian Genocide.  In 1915, the government of the Ottoman Empire killed up to 1.5 million Armenian people.  The government killed men or made them do forced labor.  They also forced Armenian women and children to leave their homes.  On the way, the Ottoman military raped, robbed, and killed civilians.

On May 24, 1915, Britain, France, and Russia accused the Ottoman Empire of committing "a crime against humanity."

The Nuremberg Trials

After World War II ended, many people who participated in The Holocaust were captured and put on trial at the Nuremberg Trials.  However, the people running the Trials had to figure out how to deal with the crimes these people had committed during the Holocaust.  At that time, courts could try people for war crimes.  But the courts had never seen a case where a government committed such awful crimes against its own citizens.
To allow the court to charge the Nazis for these crimes, the court passed a law.  This law said that the court could put people on trial for crimes against humanity as well as war crimes.  It defined "crimes against humanity" as:

Apartheid

Apartheid is a system of keeping one race separate from another.  One race has all the power, and the other race has none.  This continues through racist laws and attitudes.

South Africa practiced apartheid for decades.  The government passed laws saying that different races could not live in the same areas, have sex, get married, go to school together, go to the same beaches, or even go to the same hospitals.  The schools, hospitals, and other places where non-white people were allowed to go were much worse than the places for white people.
In 1976, the United Nations General Assembly ruled that apartheid is a crime against humanity.  Part of its ruling said:
Considering ... that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to all ... rights and freedoms ... [we] declare that apartheid is a crime against humanity. 

No one has ever been tried for apartheid-related crimes against humanity.
Rape and sexual violence
The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened in 2002.  Its job is to look into war crimes and crimes against humanity.  If possible, it tries and punishes people for these crimes.  When the ICC was formed, it created a new list of crimes against humanity.  This was the first time that any type of sexual abuse, other than rape, was included as a crime against humanity.  The ICC includes all of these as crimes against humanity:pp. 8–10
 Rape
 Sexual slavery
 Making women work as prostitutes
 Forcing women to get pregnant
 Forcing women to get sterilized
 Sexual violence (other types of sexual abuse and sexual assault)

The ICC also includes all of these crimes as war crimes, if they happen as part of a war.pp. 8–10

In 2008, the United Nations Security Council ruled that “rape and other forms of sexual violence can [be] war crimes, crimes against humanity or a [part of] genocide.”

References
References

Other websites
 Elements of Crimes by the International Criminal Court  (a list and explanation of every crime the ICC considers a crime against humanity or a war crime)

 
International law
War crimes
Genocide
Human rights abuses
Torture
Captain Donald Edward "Don" Williams (February 13, 1942 – February 23, 2016) was an American naval officer and aviator, test pilot, mechanical engineer and NASA astronaut. He has a recorded total of 287 hours and 35 minutes in space. He was born in Lafayette, Indiana.

Williams died on February 23, 2016 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida from complications of a stroke. He was 74 years old.

References

Other websites
NASA: Astronaut Biography

1942 births
2016 deaths
American astronauts
American aviators
Deaths from stroke
People from Indiana
Louise Rennison (11 October 1951 – 29 February 2016) was an English author. She wrote the Confessions of Georgia Nicolson, which was a series for teenage girls. This series records the life of a teenage girl, Georgia Nicolson, and her best friends, the Ace Gang. 

Rennison was born in Leeds. She grew up on a council estate in Seacroft. She lived in New Zealand for part of her teens. During that time she had daughter, whom she gave up for adoption.

Her first and second novels, Angus, Thongs and Full-Frontal Snogging and It's OK, I'm Wearing Really Big Knickers  were made into a movie called Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging. She also wrote a series of books about Georgia's younger cousin, The Misadventures of Tallulah Casey.

Rennison never married. She died on 29 February 2016.

References

1951 births
2016 deaths
English novelists

Writers from Leeds
The Vorkuta mine disaster was a series of explosions that happened in a mine in Vorkuta, Komi Republic, Russia. It killed 36 people on 25 February 2016.

References

2016 disasters in Europe
2010s explosions in Europe
2010s in Russia

Explosions in 2016
February 2016 events
Mining disasters
Adriana Benetti (12 December 1919 – 24 February 2016) was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in Quattro passi fra le nuvole, C'è sempre un ma!, Uno tra la folla and Avanti c'è posto.... She was born in Ferrara, Italy. 

Benetti died in Rome on 24 February 2016 from complications of pneumonia. She was 96 years old.

References

Other websites

1919 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Emilia-Romagna
Deaths from pneumonia
Italian movie actors
People from Ferrara
Alan Mark Grayson (born March 13, 1958) is an American politician. He was the United States Representative for  from 2013 to 2017. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

He last served as Representative for  from 2009 to 2011. He was defeated for re-election in 2010 by Republican Daniel Webster. He was then elected in 2012 for another term in the House of Representatives, defeating Republican Todd Long.

In 2014 he defeated Republican challenger Carol Platt to win re-election.

On July 9, 2015, Grayson announced his intentions to run in the United States Senate election in Florida, 2016 to replace Marco Rubio. In 2016, Grayson said he supported Bernie Sanders to be the Democratic nominee for President of the United States.

References

1958 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American politicians
Politicians from New York City
United States representatives from Florida
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Tulsi Gabbard (born April 12, 1981) is an American politician. She was a member of the Democratic Party until 2022, when she left the party to become an Independent. She was the United States Representative for Hawaii's second congressional district from 2013 to 2021. She was also a vice-chair of the Democratic National Committee until 28 February 2016. She resigned in order to support Senator Bernie Sanders for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.

Gabbard was elected in 2012. She is the first American Samoan and the first Hindu member of the United States Congress. Along with Tammy Duckworth, she is also one of its first female combat veterans.
In January 2019, Gabbard announced her plans to run for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election. On October 25, 2019, Gabbard announced that she will not seek another term in Congress. She dropped out from the primaries on March 19, 2020 and announced her support for Joe Biden. After leaving the U.S. House in 2021, she became more conservative on social issues such as abortion and transgender rights and even spoke at the 2022 CPAC.

Early life
Gabbard was born on April 12, 1981, in Leloaloa, American Samoa, the fourth of five children. Her father, Mike Gabbard, is of American Samoan descent. She graduated from Hawaii Pacific University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration in 2009.
Hawaii House of Representatives (2002–2004)
In 2002, Gabbard ran to represent the 42nd House District of the Hawaii House of Representatives. She won the four-candidate Democratic primary with a plurality of 48% of the vote over Rida Cabanilla (30%), Dolfo Ramos (18%), and Gerald Vidal (4%). Gabbard then defeated Republican Alfonso Jimenez in the general election, 65%–35%. In 2002, at the age of 21, Gabbard had become the youngest legislator ever elected in Hawaii's history and the youngest woman ever elected to a U.S. state legislature. She represented the Oahu 42nd District, which covers Waipahu, Honolulu, and Ewa Beach.

Gabbard strongly supported legislation to promote clean energy. Regarding the environment, Gabbard supported legislation to better protect air quality and the water supply.
Honolulu City Council (2011–2012)
After returning home from her second deployment to the Middle East in 2009, Gabbard ran for a seat on the Honolulu City Council. Gabbard finished first with 33% of the vote in the primary. In the November 2 runoff election, she defeated Sesnita Moepono, 58%–42%, to win the seat. Gabbard introduced a measure to help food truck vendors by loosening parking restrictions. She also introduced Bill 54, a measure that authorized city workers to confiscate personal belongings stored on public property with 24 hours' notice to its owner.
United States House of Representatives (2013–present)
In early 2011, Mazie Hirono, the incumbent Congresswoman in Hawaii's second congressional district, announced that she would run for a U.S. Senate seat. Soon after that, in May 2011, Gabbard announced her candidacy for the House seat. Gabbard won with 62,882 votes or 55% of the total. The Honolulu Star-Advertiser described her win as an "improbable rise from a distant underdog to victory." Gabbard resigned from the City Council on August 16 to prevent the cost of holding a special election.

Gabbard traveled to Charlotte, North Carolina and spoke at the 2012 Democratic National Convention.

In December 2012, Gabbard was highly thought to be the frontrunner replaced for the U.S. Senator from Hawaii after Daniel Inouye died.
Gabbard was reelected on November 8, 2016, defeating her Republican opponent, Angela Kaaihue, by about 130,000 votes, or 170,848 to 39,668 votes (81.2%–18.8%). Gabbard was overwhelmingly reelected in 2018. She defeated her Republican opponent, Brian Evans, by around 110,000 votes, or 153,271 to 44,850 votes (77.4%–22.6%).

Gabbard is the first Samoan American member of the United States Congress and the first Hindu member of the United States Congress.

In October 2019, Gabbard announced her retirement from congress.

Democratic National Committee
Gabbard, a vice-chair of the Democratic National Committee, was critical of the decision by DNC chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz to hold only six debates during the 2016 Democratic Party primary season, compared with 26 in 2008 and 15 in 2004.
Gabbard resigned as DNC vice-chair on February 28, 2016, in order to endorse Senator Bernie Sanders for the Democratic presidential nomination. She was the first female U.S. Representative to endorse Sanders. At the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Gabbard gave the nominating speech putting his name forward.

2020 presidential campaign

On October 19, 2018, Politico announced that Gabbard was "weighing a 2020 presidential bid", and would wait until after the 2018 midterms for an official announcement. On January 11, 2019 interview with CNN, Gabbard confirmed her plans to seek the Democratic nomination and officially announced her candidacy the following week.

After failing to qualify in recent debates or winning any primary contests, Gabbard left the race on March 19, 2020 and supported Joe Biden.

Personal life
In 2002, Gabbard was a martial arts instructor.
In 2002, Gabbard married Eduardo Tamayo. The couple divorced in 2006. In February 2015, Gabbard got engaged to Abraham Williams, and the two married on April 9, 2015.

References

Other websites

 Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard  official U.S. House website
 Tulsi Gabbard for Congress 
 Healthy Hawai'i Coalition (HHC) 

 
 Tulsi Gabbard  Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
 Tulsi Gabbard Marriage  Tulsi Gabbard's marriage in Vedic tradition

1981 births
Living people
2020 United States presidential candidates
State legislators of the United States
Military people from Hawaii
American Samoan people
Hindus
Iraq War
Majors in the United States Army
United States representatives from Hawaii
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Independent politicians in the United States
"Writing's on the Wall" is a song by British singer Sam Smith. It was the theme song for the James Bond movie Spectre in 2015. The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. The song was written by Smith and Jimmy Napes, and produced by Napes, Steve Fitzmaurice and Disclosure. It was released on 25 September 2015.

"Writing's on the Wall" received mixed reviews, especially when compared to other Bond theme songs. The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey being a popular topic on Twitter on the day it was released. 

The single became the first Bond movie theme to reach number 1 in the UK Singles Chart. It also reached the Top 10 in a few other European countries. Unlike other James Bond themes, it was not as successful outside Europe. It only peaked at Number 43 in Canada and Australia and Number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100. Only the instrumental version of the song appeared on the movie's official soundtrack album.
The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 88th Academy Awards.

References

2015 songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Golden Globe Award winners
Pop ballads
Sam Smith (singer) songs
Betsy Jochum "Sockum" (born February 8, 1921) is a former American baseball player. She played as an outfielder and pitcher. She played from 1943 to 1948 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She was listed at , . She batted and threw right-handed. Jochum played for the South Bend Blue Sox during her whole career.

Jochum was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She was raised in South Bend, Indiana.

References

1921 births
Living people
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Indiana
Sportspeople from Cincinnati
People from South Bend, Indiana
Repeating decimal (or recurring decimal) is a decimal where the number or pattern repeats forever. Repeating decimal is resulted when dividing a number by a number that is not divisible except for certain cases like dividing any number by 5. For example, dividing 7 by 3 would result in a repeating decimal, which is 2.333... or 2.. The number or group of numbers that repeats is called a repetend or reptend and the number of numbers in the repetend is called the period length. For 2., 3 is the repetend and the period length is 1.

Related pages
0.999...
Rational number

Numbers
Azerbaijani wines are wines made in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is one of the oldest wine-making regions in the world. Azerbaijani wine is made in several areas throughout Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijan has a successful wine industry that dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. Azerbaijan's long history of wine-making was rediscovered at archaeological digs of settlements in Kültəpə, Qarabağlar and Galajig. Archaeologists discovered stone fermentation and storage containers that included remnants and grape seeds dating back to the 2nd millennium BC. The Ancient Greeks were well aware of wine production in the area by at least the 7th century BC according to Herodotus. Later Strabo would comment in the 1st century BC about an Azerbaijani wine known as Albania. Arabic historians and geographers described the extensive viticulture around Ganja and Barda that was taking place even after Islamic conquest of the area.
Since the end of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan, many attempts have been made to revive and modernize the Azerbaijani wine industry. Today vineyards are found in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains and the Kur-Araz lowlands near the Kura River. In the 21st century, Ganja, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhchivan have emerged as centers of wine production in the region.

Related pages
Azerbaijani cuisine

References

Other websites
History of Vine growing and wine making 
Wine and Wagons. Helenendorf: Azerbaijan's First German Settlement, on German wine-growing community of Azerbaijan, by Azerbaijan International

Wine
Azerbaijani culture
Urinogenital is a term for the common urinal and sex passage (opening) in mammals. In females it is called the vagina, and in males it is called the penis. Mammals have a sepate opening for waste (defaecation) called the anus.

The term contrasts with that of reptiles and birds, which have one common opening for sex, urine and defaecation. This is called the cloaca.

References 

Anatomy
An economic system is a man-made and malleable system to regulate the production, resource allocation, exchange, and distribution of goods and services in a society or a geographic area.

Trade, money, markets, banks, laws and regulations are all part of an economic system. Examples of economic systems include:

Market economy, where prices are decided by supply and demand.
Socialism \communism, any of the economic ideologies in which the national government owns and manages all or most of the means of production. Most famous is Marxist-Leninism.
Corporatism, where big box corporations hold great influence over the country's economic policies, usually through lobbying.
Laissez-Faire capitalism - Capitalism with very little, if any, state intervention. Also called free market.
barter - economic system common in tribal societies.

References
1066 Harold’s Way is a long-distance path in South East England. It was developed in 2013.

The path goes from Westminster Abbey to Battle Abbey. It goes through London, Kent and East Sussex. The route includes parts of the Thames Path, the Green Chain Walk, the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and the High Weald AONB.

1066 Harold’s Way commemorates King Harold II’s march to the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. It is based on the Roman road network that was still being used in 1066. That went from London to Rochester along Watling Street and then south through Maidstone, Staplehurst, Sissinghurst, Benenden and Bodiam, a clear route through the former Forest of the Andreasweald and a route that offers some of the best scenic views for walkers.

The total length of 1066 Harold’s Way is 160 km (100 miles), mainly along Public Footpaths and Public Rights of Way (PRoW) and as a result, is unsuitable for cyclists or riders on horseback.
The route is mixed-category in that it varies throughout the length from footpath (80%) to bridleway, byway and road. Some 15% of 1066 Harold’s Way is along roads, of which almost all are on minor lanes. The route is accessible by public transport.

1066 Harold’s Way links with the 1066 Country Walk.

London to Rochester 

From Westminster Abbey, 1066 Harold’s Way follows the Embankment and the Thames Path to Greenwich, the O2Arena and the Thames Barrier. It continues to Erith along the Green Chain Walk through Marryon Park, Charlton Park, Plumstead Common, Bostall Woods, and Lesnes Abbey Woods. After Cray Marshes, the path follows the River Darent through Dartford to climb up to the North Downs at Beacon Hill Country Park. It continues through Jeskyn’s Country Park, past the Darnley Mausoleum to join the North Downs Way. It then goes to Rochester along the Strood Community Trail. It ends at Rochester Castle (English Heritage).

Rochester to Battle
1066 Harold’s Way leaves Rochester by the Medway Valley Walk. It joins the North Downs Way (NDW) to go up to Bluebell Hill with views south over the Medway Valley towards Maidstone. Going downhill, it passes Kit's Coty House (English Heritage). It leaves the NDW to follow the path through Cobtree Manor Park joining the River Medway, close to Allington Lock, for the final walk, along the Medway Valley Walk, to Maidstone and The Archbishop’s Palace. The route continues through the Loose Valley Conservation Area up onto the ragstone ridge to join the route of the old Roman road on the descent into the Low Weald. It continues through Staplehurst, Hocker Edge, Sissinghurst Castle (National Trust), Sissinghurst, Benenden, Iden Green and Sandhurst joining the Sussex Border Path to Bodiam Castle (NT). 1066 Harold’s Way finishes at Battle Abbey (EH) where it links with 1066 Country Walk from Pevensey to Rye.

Battle sites
Battle sites 

1066 Harold’s Way passes by or overlooks some of the key battle sites in English History including:
 Hastings (1066)
 Medway (AD 43)
 Aylesford (455)
 Southwark (1066)
 Rochester (1215, 1264, & 1667)
 Cobham (1554)
 Maidstone (1648)

Places of interest 
 Greenwich
 Thames Barrier
 Cobham, Kent
 Darnley Mausoleum
 Temple Manor
 Rochester Castle
 Kit's Coty House
 Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone
 Sissinghurst Castle Garden
 Bodiam Castle
 Battle Abbey

Further reading 

 
 Battlefields of Kent and Sussex by Rupert Matthews, Frances Lincoln, 
 1066 Country Walk: Brian Smailes, Challenge Publications,

Other websites 
 Long Distance Walkers Association
 1066 Harold's Way
 1066 Country Walk
 The Ramblers

East Sussex
Geography of London
Kent
Chisholm v. Georgia, , is considered the first great decision by the United States Supreme Court. Given its early date, there was little available legal precedent in American law.  It was almost immediately superseded by the Eleventh Amendment.

Background 
In 1777, needed supplies for the Revolutionary War were purchased from a South Carolina businessman by the Executive Council of Georgia. The supplies were delivered but Georgia never paid as they had promised. After the businessman's death, Alexander Chisholm, the executor of his estate, took the case to court trying to collect from the state of Georgia. Georgia maintained it was not under the jurisdiction of the federal courts. 

United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph  argued the case for the plaintiff before the court. The defendant, Georgia, refused to appear, claiming that, as a sovereign state, it could not be sued without granting its consent to the suit.
The decision
In a four to one decision, the court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, with Chief Justice John Jay and associate justices John Blair, James Wilson, and William Cushing constituting the majority. Only Justice Iredell dissented. The court ruled that Article 3, Section 2, of the Constitution did not allow the states' sovereign immunity. In short, the Court ruled that Georgia was subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court. It granted federal courts the power to hear disputes between private citizens and states.

Effects 
The resulting public sentiment in favor of states' rights led directly to the passage of the Eleventh Amendment in 1795.  In Hollingsworth v. Virginia (1798), the court ruled that pending court actions from Chisholm were dismissed due to passage of the Eleventh Amendment. This removed federal jurisdiction in cases where citizens of one state or of foreign countries attempt to sue another state.
Supreme Court decisions overturned by Constitutional Amendments  
Chisholm is one of only four decisions by the Supreme Court that were overturned by an amendment to the United States Constitution. The other three are:
 Dred Scott v. Sandford, which was overturned by passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.
 Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., which was overturned by passage of the Sixteenth Amendment.
 Oregon v. Mitchell, which was reversed by the Twenty-sixth Amendment.

Arguably, one more case could be added:
 Minor v. Happersett, which was indirectly overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment. In 1875, Virginia Minor, in trying to gain the right to vote for women, argued the Fourteenth Amendment gave citizens the right to vote. The Court said it did not. The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, 45 years later, gave women the right to vote. However, Minor v. Happersett'' was still cited as case law into the 1960s in other right to vote issues.

References
References 

United States Supreme Court cases
1793
1790s in the United States