Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
History

When the United States joined World War I, they did not have very good machine guns. One reason for this was because there was no military doctrine for their use. The U.S. declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. At this time, the commanders were told that the U.S. only had 670 M1909 Benet-Mercies, 282 M1904 Maxims and 158 Colts, M1895 to fight the war. After a lot of arguments, they decided that the U.S. would have to build up more American weapons. However, until then, U.S. soldiers would have to take what the French and British could give them. The machine guns given to the U.S. by the French were often not very good. They also fired different cartridges from what the U.S. soldiers usually used. This meant that soldiers and machine gunners had to be given different kinds of cartridge.

Development
Development 

In 1917, before the United States joined the First World War, John Browning brought two weapons to Washington, D.C. These were: a water-cooled machine gun (later named the M1917 Browning machine gun) and an automatic rifle. Back then, this automatic rifle was called the Browning Machine Rifle or BMR. Both of these weapons fired the standard U.S. cartridge. John Browning had set up a demonstration of the weapons at Congress Heights. Congress Heights is just outside of Washington D.C. On 27 February 1917, Browning tested the automatic rifle in front of 300 people. The crowd was so impressed that he was immediately given a contract for the weapon. It was quickly brought into service. The water-cooled machine gun was tested further.
More tests were done for U.S. Army weapon officers at Springfield Armory in May 1917. Both weapons were recommended to be brought into service immediately. So that the BAR was not confused with the M1917 machine gun, it was officially named the M1918 or Rifle, Caliber .30, Automatic, Browning, M1918. On 16 July 1917, 12,000 BARs were ordered from Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company. They were allowed to make the BAR under Browning's patents (Browning's patent 1293022 was owned by Colt). However, Colt was already making as many weapons as they could (as they were making the Vickers machine gun for the British Army). They asked for the military to wait a while, as they were opening a new factory in Meriden, Connecticut. Because of how much the weapon was needed, the request was turned down. The Winchester Repeating Arms Company (WRAC) would make the weapons instead. Winchester also helped out with the BAR's final design.

Making of the M1918
By July 1918, the BAR had arrived in France. The first unit to get BARs was the U.S. Army's 79th Infantry Division. The division used them for the first time on 13 September 1918. Even though it was brought in very late in the war, the BAR made a large effect. It was used a lot during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The other Allies were impressed by the BAR. France asked for 15,000 BARs to replace their Chauchat.

Design 

The M1918 is a selective fire automatic rifle. It fires from an open bolt.

The weapon's barrel can not be removed quickly. The M1918 gets its ammunition from a 20-round box magazine. 40-round magazines were also used to shoot down aircraft. However, these stopped being used in 1927. Not many bayonets for the BAR were made. Because of this, they are very rare.

Because the M1918 was supposed to be used as a support weapon, it did not have a place to put a bayonet. No bayonets were ever used on a BAR.  Winchester did make one BAR with a place to put a bayonet, but it was only for testing.
Different types of M1918

During its long time in service, the M1918 was developed further and further. It was upgraded many times. The first big try at making the M1918 better made the M1922 light machine gun. The M1922 was taken into service with the United States Cavalry in 1922. The weapon used a new type of barrel. It also had a bipod with spikes on the end. The handguard was also changed.

In 1931, the Colt Arms Co. made the Colt Monitor Automatic Machine Rifle (R 80). This was mostly meant to be used by prison guards and the police.  The Colt Monitor did not have a bipod. The Colt Monitor weighed around 16 lb. 3 oz. without any ammunition in it. It had a rate of fire of around 500 rpm.  Around 125 Colt Monitor automatic rifles were made. 90 of these were bought by the FBI.  Eleven rifles went to the U.S. Treasury Department in 1934. The rest went to many prisons, banks, security companies and police departments.
In 1932, a much shorter version of the M1918 BAR designed for 'bush warfare' was made by USMC Major H.L. Smith. Captain Merritt A. Edson wrote a report on this rifle. Edson was the Ordnance officer at the Quartermaster's Depot in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  The barrel was made nine inches shorter (229 mm), and there were some other changes as well.  The changed BAR weighed 13 lb. 12 oz. and was only  long.  This version was more accurate than the BAR when firing automatically and while lying down, it was less accurate when fired from the shoulder. It was also very loud.  Though the report written by Edson said that six of the 'jungle' BARs should be built for testing, no more work was done on the project.

The M1918A1 had a light bipod with spikes on it, along with some other new features. It was brought into service on 24 June 1937. Not many M1918s were rebuilt to be M1918A1s.
In April 1938, work was started on an improved BAR for the U.S. Army. Early prototypes had bipods that were put onto the barrel. It also had a special mechanism to make the rate of fire less. However, in 1939 the Army

Final development of the M1918A2 started on 30 June 1938.  The M1918A2's buttstock (the part of the gun which sticks out at the back) is about one inch longer than the M1918 BAR buttstock. Late in the war, a handle was put onto the barrel to carry the weapon around.
Because the companies did not have a lot of money, the first M1918A2s were just older M1918 BARs that were changed. A small amount M1922s and M1918A1s were also changed.  After WWII started, it was tried to make more M1918A2s. However, the World War I tools used to make the M1918 were either worn out or could not be used with modern machines.  In 1942, there was not enough wood to make the buttstocks, so a black plastic buttstock was made for the BAR.  Firestone Rubber and Latex Products Company made the plastic buttstock for the U.S. Army. This was brought into service on March 21, 1942.

Other models
In 2008, one company made a modern, semi-automatic version of the Browning Automatic Rifle. This was called the 1918A3 SLR ("self-loading rifle").
Civilian use
When the war ended, Colt Arms Co. were given the Browning patents to make the BAR that was not given out during the war.  This allowed Colt to make the BAR for sale to civilians. This BAR was called the Colt Automatic Machine Rifle Model 1919. It was first made up of M1918s from the contract with the military which were not delivered. It was one of several Colt BARs. However, the weapon had a high price. It was also not very useful to civilians. Because of this, it did not sell much. Ad Topperwien was a famous shooter of the early 1920s. He bought one of the first Colt BARs to shoot things out of the sky.  When the National Firearms Act of 1934  was passed, civilian BARs were restricted. Machine guns for U.S. civilians were banned in 1968. Also, making machine guns for U.S. civilians was banned in 1986.
Criminal and police use
Clyde Barrow, a gangster, liked the army's M1918. He got his BARs by robbing the Army National Guard. Barrow taught his girlfriend Bonnie Parker to fire the M1918 as well.

Automatic weapons were becoming more popular with gangsters in the United States. Because of this, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover told the FBI to train agents with automatic weapons. Examples were the Thompson submachine gun and the BAR. The FBI bought its BARs from Colt. Colt sold 90 BARs to the agency. Some of the FBI's BARs were sent to FBI offices. They were to be used as support weapons if they were needed. The rest were kept at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. They were there for training.  Colt sold another 11 BARs to the U.S. Treasury Department in 1934. 24 guns were sold to prisons, banks, security companies and police departments.
It has sometimes been said that the M1918 or M1918A2 BAR was used by Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) members in a shootout with Los Angeles police. This happened on 17 May 1974. However, no SLA members ever used such a weapon.  This confusion happened because Browning decided to call its semi-automatic hunting rifle the Browning BAR.  The SLA changed a Browning BAR hunting rifle to automatic fire. It was this weapon that was used in the shootout.

The M1918 in U.S. service

World War I
When it first came into service, the M1918 was supposed to be fired from the shoulder. It was meant to be a rifle that could give both semi-automatic and fully automatic fire. The M1918 was first given out in September 1918.

As well as being fired from the shoulder, M1918 gunners were given a belt which had pouches on it for the magazines. They were also given a sidearm.
The BAR was not used much during World War I. This was partly because of the Armistice, and also because the U.S. Army did not want the enemy to be able to capture an M1918. 85,000 BARs were built by the war's end.

In between World War I and World War II
In between World War I and World War II, the M1918 was given to all U.S. naval landing forces.  The weapon could be found on board most U.S. ships. Each BAR had a spare barrel.  Big ships often had over 200 BARs on board.  Many of the U.S. Navy BARs were still used until the 1960s.
World War II
When the threat of a new war rose, U.S. Army Ordnance realized they did not have a squad light machine gun that could be moved around easily. They tried to use the M1918 BAR as a light machine gun when the M1918A2 was brought into service with the U.S. Army on 30 June 1938.  The BAR was given as the only automatic gun for a squad of eight soldiers. All men were trained how to use the BAR in case the gunner(s) were killed or injured.  At the start of the war, most BAR teams were two or three people. These were a gunner and one or two assistants who carried extra magazines for the gun.  By 1944, some units' BAR teams were just one person, with the other people in the squad carrying ammunition.

Users

: Adopted in 1930, built under licence by Fabrique Nationale

: A large number were seized from the Republic of China during the Chinese Civil War.
: Used by nationalist forces during the Second Sino-Japanese War and subsequent Chinese Civil War, most of them armed with BARs or FN Mle 30s
: Colt commercial BAR. Anticastrists of the Brigade 2506 were also equipped with some M1918A2 BARs.
 
: FN type D in 7.92 Mauser
: FN Mle 30 and M1918 BAR
: FN Mle 30 and Swedish m/21
: Supplied to Free French forces during World War II and later used during Indochina War and Algerian War. Known as the Fusil-mitrailleur 7 mm 62 (C. 30) M. 18 (B. A. R.).
: The Wehrmacht captured a number of Polish-made Browning wz. 1928 guns and used them until the end of World War II under the designation IMG 28(p)
: FN Model D in limited service.
: Used FN Model Ds.
: Used the M1918A2 as the Fucile Mitragliatore Browning (B.A.R.) cal. 7,62.
: Used some FN Mle 30s. Most of them were taken from disarmed Chinese forces with original markings removed to use Japanese markings. Used M1918A2 post-war by National Police Reserve.
 : Received 1,198 M1918A2 prior to the Korean War, which reached 11,768 in service at the end of the war. Also used as squad automatic weapon in early years of the Vietnam War by the Republic of Korea Forces in Vietnam.
: Received from US Government during Laotian Civil War and Vietnam War.
: Introduced to the Korps Mariniers in 1943 with the creation of the Mariniersbrigade. Known as the Browning Automatisch Geweer M.1918 A2, 243 BARs were in use with the Mariniersbrigade. The Koninklijke Landmacht also used the M1918A2 whilst fighting in the Korean War under United Nations command.
: The Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua used the BAR, first supplied by the US Marines and later by the US Military Assistance Program (MAP) continuously from 1932 to 1979.

: used during the anti-Japanese guerillas and by the Armed Forces of the Philippines during the Hukbalahap Rebellion

 
: Ex-French BARs used by the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army.
: Used by the ARVN, most provided as surplus
: Bought some Colt commercial BARs. Some ex-Polish wz. 1928s also used during the war.

: 25,000 bought from 1940, issued to the Home Guard units

Notes
Notes

References 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hogg, Ian V. and Weeks, John, Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, DBI Books Inc.
 FM 23–15: Basic Field Manual — Browning Automatic Rifle, Caliber .30, M1918A2 (27 Aug 1940).

Other websites 

 Modern Firearms 

7.62 mm firearms
Battle rifles
Light machine guns
Automatic rifles
Machine guns of the United States
The Río de la Plata (called River Plate in British English) is a river in Argentina.  It is an estuary made from the Uruguay River and the Paraná River.  These rivers are on the border between Argentina and Uruguay. It is about  long.

The Río de la Plata widens from about  at the inner part to about  at its mouth. Buenos Aires is on its western shore.  Montevideo is on its northern shores.

The Río de la Plata is home for the loggerhead sea turtle, green sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle, the rare La Plata dolphin, and many species of fish.

Battle of the River Plate (1939) 
The first naval battle of the Second World War was fought near the River Plata.  The Kriegsmarine "pocket battleship" Admiral Graf Spee was engaged by the Royal Navy cruisers, ,  and  off the estuary of the River Plate in December 1939.
The German ship retired up the estuary with a crippled fuel system and put into port at Montevideo.  A few days later, rather than fight outgunned against the British, she was scuttled in the estuary.  This engagement was part of the early Battle of the Atlantic skirmishes.

References

Other websites
Is an old map from 1616 showing the Río de la Plata

Rivers of Argentina
Rivers of Uruguay
The Paraguay River is a major river in south central South America.  It goes through Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. It is about  long. It starts in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.  It ends when it joins the Paraná River north of Corrientes.  The biggest city on the river is Asunción, the capital city of Paraguay, which is located at its meeting with the Putumayo River.

References

Rivers of Argentina
Rivers of Bolivia
Rivers of Brazil
Rivers of Paraguay
The Bermejo River is a river in South America.  It flows from Bolivia to the Paraguay River in Argentina. 
The river is  long. The Bermejo is not able to be travelled on. 

Rivers of Bolivia
Rivers of Argentina
The Colorado River is a river in the south of Argentina. The man-made Embalse Casa de Piedra dam is on the river.  It starts on the eastern slopes of the Andes.  It ends in the Atlantic Ocean just south of Bahía Blanca. 

Rivers of Argentina
The Templo Libertad is a synagogue in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the home of the Argentinian Israelite Congregation and the Jewish history museum.

Synagogues
Buildings and structures in Buenos Aires
1932 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Argentina
The Beth Yaacov Synagogue is a synagogue in Madrid, Spain. It is the main center of the Jewish community of Spain.

Other websites 
 Artículo de El País 
 Federación de las Comunidades Judías de España 
 Comunidad Judía de Madrid 

Synagogues
Buildings and structures in Madrid
The Paraná River is a river in south Central South America.  It goes through Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.  It is  long. It is second in length only to the Amazon River among South American rivers. The name Paraná is a shortened form of the phrase "para rehe onáva".  It is a Tupi word that means "like the sea". 

It starts where the Paranaiba and Grande rivers join in southern Brazil.  It joins the Paraguay River and continues south, where it merges with Uruguay River, before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.

The surubí and the sábalo are fished on the river.

There are many dams along the river.  The Yacyretá and Itaipu are used for hydroelectric power.

References

Rivers of Argentina
Rivers of Brazil
Rivers of Paraguay
The Pampas are fertile South American lowlands. It is from a Quechua word meaning "plain". It covers more than .  That includes parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and the southernmost Brazilian State. The climate is generally subtropical and semiarid. There is around 31962920 people in this area, mainly because of the inclusion of the Buenos Aires metropolitan area. 

Some of the wildlife includes the rhea, the pampas deer, several species of armadillos, the pampas fox, the White-eared opossum, the Elegant Crested Tinamou, and several other species.  Frequent wildfires mean that only small plants such as grasses live, and trees are rare.
 

Geography of Argentina
Geography of Brazil
Geography of Uruguay
Chuck Lorre Productions is a production company mainly used on television series, created by Chuck Lorre.

Filmography

Television 

American entertainment companies
, also known as Noboyuki Abe,  was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea, and 36th Prime Minister of Japan from August 30, 1939 to January 16, 1940.

Early life
Abe was born into an ex-samurai family in Kanazawa city, Ishikawa Prefecture. 

Abe attended Tokyo No.1 Middle School (Tokyo Metropolitan Hibiya High School) followed by No.4 High School. While still a student, he volunteered for military service during the First Sino-Japanese War.

After the war, Abe graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy.  He was part of the 19th class of the Army War College.

Military Career
Abe became commander of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment from 1918-1921. In August 1918, his regiment was sent to Siberia during Japan's Siberian Intervention, but was never in combat.

Abe was appointed commander of the 4th Infantry Division on  December 22, 1930. 

He later served as instructor in the Army War College followed by chief of the Military Affairs Bureau and as Vice Minister of the Army.
In 1933, Abe was promoted to full general.  He was Commander-in-Chief of the Taiwan Army. 

In 1936, he was placed on the reserve list.

Politician
Abe Nobuyuki became 36th Prime Minister on August 30, 1939.  

Abe was replaced by Mitsumasa Yonai in January 1940.

Abe joined the House of Peers in 1942.

He was appointed the 10th (and last) Governor-General of Korea in 1944 and 1945.

After World War II, Abe was arrested by the Americans under General Douglas MacArthur. He was not charged with any war crimes and he was soon released.

Related pages
 Shōwa period

References

Other websites

|-

|-

1875 births
1953 deaths
Japanese generals
People from Ishikawa Prefecture
Prime Ministers of Japan
A femminiello, also spelled femmeniello is an Italian word for a male with feminine nature and behaviour, and part of an old tradition in Neapolitan culture. They are believed to bring luck in gambling and are known to participate in games such as bingo and also some traditional events.

Related pages
LGBT rights in Italy

Other websites
The femminiello in Neapolitan culture 

Gender
Italy
The Bourrée is a quick double time dance of French origins. It is similar to a Gavotte, but has  a 1 beat anacruis (upbeat), where the gavotte has a 2 beat anacrusis.

It often has a rhythm with a strong beat followed by two weaker ones. For example, an accented crochet followed by two quavers. This is called dactylic.

Ballroom dances
North London Collegiate School is an independent school for girls between the ages of 4-18. It is located in Harrow, London. It was established by Frances Mary Buss in 1850. Frances Mary Buss originally opened the school in her own home in Camden Town, London. It later moved to Canons, Edgware in the 1930s. It is thought to be the first girls' school in the United Kingdom, and the first to give girls the same chances to learn things as boys were given.
Girls travel from all over London to attend the school. Famous women who were pupils there include Anna Wintour, Susie Orbach, and Rachel Weisz.

In September 2011 NLCS opened a new school in Jeju, South Korea. NLCS Jeju is a mixed school. 

1850 establishments in Europe
Schools in London
1850s establishments in England
Jacques Villiers, (26 August 1924 – 13 March 2012) is a French aerospace engineer and public servant. He is the founder of the Centre d'études de la navigation aérienne (French air navigation center) and co-founder of the CAUTRA system, the computer system of the French air traffic management.

In the words of Michel Wachenheim: "We can consider Jacques Villiers as one of the main
founders of "the French school of air navigation" with everything
it has scientific expertise, know-how
technological and operational experience. He quickly understood
that France could and should play a leading role in this
sector, because of its aviation history, its ability to
train highly qualified specialists, but also its global ambitions
and European geography. He retained confident until the end that we could provide leadership in technical
international level, I am reminded of conversations with him on this
subject. The best tribute to him is certainly to continue
in this way."
Bibliography 
 In partnership with Paul Funel, Le transport aérien français : rapport au ministre d'État, ministre des Transports, La documentation française, Paris 1982 ()
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche-Midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), p. 523, Villiers, Jacques
 Sophie Poirot-Delpech, Mémoire et histoires de l'automatisation du contrôle aérien : Sociobiographie du CAUTRA, L'Harmattan Editions, 11th of September 2009

References 

1924 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
French aerospace engineers
Aviation in France
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
In software engineering, an entity–relationship model is a conceptual model of data. Very often, the term is shortened to ER model. ER models are used to create relational databases. They show how the different parts of a data model interact with each other.

Peter Chen proposed to use this modelling approach in an article he wrote in 1976. Chen was not the first to have this idea. After the publication of the article, the idea was modified as well.

ER modelling
ER modelling

In an ER model, there are three different types of objects:
 An entity exists in the real world; for example: an employee called Smith, or a project with number 1234.
 A relationship shows how two entities relate to each other
 Both entities and relationships can have attributes. Anything that is useful to know about an entity or a relationship is an attribute. 
Since the database must be able to find an entity or a relationship, it must be able to identify it with a set of attributes that is unique. This set of attributes is usually called primary key.
After all the relations have been mapped, they are usually also revised to include cardinalities; a cardinality specifies the number of entities related in a relationship. This information is needed when the database is created. Depending on cardinality and the level of database normalisation, it may be necessary to introduce additional entities and relationships.
Creating a database
When everything has been described, it is easy to create a relational database, as follows:
 Every type of entity can directly be mapped to a relation ("database table")
 Every type of attribute can directly be mapped to attributes ("columns" in the database table)
 Attributes can directly be mapped to attributes ("columns" in the database table)

Limitations
An ER model describes the relations between entities. It is adapted to represent relational data. Data that cannot easily be put into this form should not be modelled with an ER model. ER is aimed at designing a database from scratch; using it to describe and change a database that already exists may be more difficult to do.
Even where it is suitable in principle, ER modeling is rarely used as a separate activity.
One reason for this is that there are many tools that allow diagramming and that have other design support directly on relational database management systems.
These tools can extract database diagrams that are very close to ER diagrams from existing databases, and they provide alternative views on the information contained in such diagrams.

In a survey, Brodie and Liu could not find a single instance of entity–relationship modeling inside a sample of ten Fortune 100 companies.  Badia and Lemire blame this lack of use on the lack of guidance but also on the lack of benefits, such as lack of support for data integration.

References

Database modeling
The proof of Fermat's Last Theorem 
In the summer of 1986, Wiles decided to prove the theorem. Gerhard Frey, Jean-Pierre Serre and Ken Ribet had done successful research in the last few years. Wiles realised that he could prove a limited form of the modularity theorem. So, he decided to solve this problem. This was done somewhat secretly. In 1993, he presented his proof to the public for the first time at a conference in Cambridge. In August 1993, however, it turned out that the proof contained a gap. Wiles tried to fill in this gap. But the error he made was a very basic one. Wiles got the crucial idea for avoiding, rather than closing this gap. This came to him on 19 September 1994. Together with his former student Richard Taylor, he published a second paper. This avoided the error and thus completed the proof. Both papers were published in 1995 in a special volume of the Annals of Mathematics.
Recognition by the media
Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem was scrutinized by mathematical experts. Wiles was interviewed for an episode of the BBC documentary series Horizon that focused on Fermat's Last Theorem. This was renamed "The Proof". It was made an episode of the Public Broadcasting Service's science television series Nova.

References

Abel Prize winners
English mathematicians
1953 births
Living people
Fellows of the Royal Society
British number theorists
Richard Lawrence Taylor (born 19 May 1962) is a British mathematician. He works in number theory. He was a former research student of Andrew Wiles. He returned to Princeton to help Wiles complete the proof of Fermat's last theorem.

Taylor received the 2007 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences. This for his work on the Langlands program. He did this work with Robert Langlands.

Career
Taylor received his B.A. from Clare College, Cambridge. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1988. From 1995 to 1996 he held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at Oxford University. He was also a Fellow of New College, Oxford. Currently, he is the Herchel Smith Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University.

He received the Whitehead Prize in 1990, the Fermat Prize and the Ostrowski Prize in 2001. He also got the Cole Prize of the American Mathematical Society in 2002, and the Shaw Prize for Mathematics in 2007. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1995.

Work
Work

There are two papers which have the complete proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. One of them was written by Taylor with Andrew Wiles.

In his later work, Taylor (along with Michael Harris) proved the local Langlands conjectures. A simpler proof was suggested almost at the same time by Guy Henniart.

Later, together with Christophe Breuil, Brian Conrad, and Fred Diamond, he completed proving the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, by performing very difficult computations. 

Recently, Taylor, following the ideas of Michael Harris, developed on his work with Laurent Clozel, Michael Harris, and Nick Shepherd-Barron. He has announced that he proved the Sato–Tate conjecture, for elliptic curves with non-integral j-invariant. This partial proof of the Sato–Tate conjecture uses a theorem of Wiles.

Personal life
Taylor is married to Christine Taylor . She is a mathematical biologist. They have two children: Jeremy and Chloe.  He is also the son of  British physicist, John C. Taylor.

References
References

Living people
1962 births
Fellows of the Royal Society
British number theorists
Yi Bok-nam (; born June 28, 1555 in Gangneung - died August 16, 1597 in Namwon) was an army general and politician of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was one of Korea's generals in the Imjin War.

References 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=888269 
 http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOb_A9999_1_0009571&curSetPos=0&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=B  
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=1045

1555 births
1597 deaths
Korean generals
Korean politicians
In mathematics, an algebraic equation, also called polynomial equation over a given field is an equation of the form

where P and Q are polynomials over that field, and have one (univariate) or more than one (multivariate) variables. For example:

is an algebraic equation over the rational numbers.

Two equations are called equivalent if they have the same set of solutions. This means that all solutions of the second equation must also be solutions of the first one and vice versa. The equation  is equivalent with . So the study of algebraic equations is equivalent to the study of polynomials.

If an algebraic equation is over the rationals, it can always be converted to an equivalent one, where all the coefficients are integers. For example, in the equation given above, we multiply by 42 = 2·3·7 and group the terms in the first member. The equation is converted to
The solutions of an equation are the values of the variables for which the equation is true. But for algebraic equations there are also called roots. When solving an equation, we need to say in which set the solutions are allowed. For example, for an equation over the rationals, one can find solutions in the integers.  Then, the equation is a diophantine equation. One may also look for solutions in the field of complex numbers. One can also look for solutions in real numbers.
Ancient mathematicians wanted the solutions of univariate equations (that is, equations with one variable) in the form of radical expressions, like  for the positive solution of . The ancient Egyptians knew how to solve equations of degree 2 (that is equations in which the highest power of the variable is 2) in this manner. During the Renaissance, Gerolamo Cardano solved the equation of degree 3 and Lodovico Ferrari solved the equation of degree 4. Finally Niels Henrik Abel proved in 1824 that the equation of degree 5 and the equations of higher degree cannot always be solved by using radicals. Galois theory, named after Évariste Galois, were introduced to give criteria deciding if an equation is solvable using radicals.

References

Equations
An algebraic solution is an algebraic expression which is the solution of an algebraic equation in terms of the coefficients of the variables. It is found only by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and the extraction of roots (square roots, cube roots, etc.).

The most well-known example is the solution of the general quadratic equation.

(where a ≠ 0).

There is a more complicated solution for the general cubic equation and quartic equation.  The Abel-Ruffini theorem states that the general quintic equation does not have an algebraic solution. This means that the general polynomial equation of degree n, for n ≥ 5, cannot be solved by using algebra. However, under certain conditions, we can get algebraic solutions; for example, the equation  can be solved as

References

Algebra
Sylvie Faucheux (born 29 May 1960 in the 20th arrondissement of Paris) is a French professor and politician. She specialized in the fields of economy of the natural environment and sustainable development. She was President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from 2002 till the 12 April 2012.

Faucheux graduated from the Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University which she founded in 1995. She managed the Center for economics and ethics environment and sustainable development, which, in 2002, became a joint research unit between UVSQ and the Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) (Institute of Development Research).

Faucheux is a politician as well as an educator. She was a SP candidate at the parliamentary elections for the first district of Yvelines in June 2007.
In December 2002, she was named President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. She was president until 12 April 2012, when Jean-Luc Vayssière was made president. She is the current head of Université du grand ouest parisien. Faucheux is a member of the Board of Research and Higher Education in France. She has been a member since 2002. She is responsible for the working group on sustainable development.

Sylvie Faucheux is Chevalier of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (14 July 2004 promotion), Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite (14 November 2005 Decret), Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and owner of the Marianne d'Or 2009 for her actions in favor of the sustainable development.

References
References

Further reading 
 Sylvie Faucheux, Jean-François Noël, Économie des ressources naturelles et de l'environnement, Armand Colin, 1999, 320 p. ()
 Sylvie Faucheux, H. Joumni, Économie des changements climatiques, La découverte - slf, 2005, 128 p. ()
 Sylvie Faucheux, Catherine Moulin, T.I.C. et développement durable, De Boeck, 2010 ()
 Who’s Who in France 2011, 2010 ()
 Who’s Who in France 2012, 2011 ()

Living people
1960 births
Politicians from Paris
Presidents of the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
Socialist Party (France) politicians
In finance, a derivative is a special type of contract. In it, the two parties agree to sell (or to buy) certain goods, at a given price, on a given date. Derivatives can be used in two ways. The first is called speculation: One party hopes that the market price differs from the price agreed upon in the contract, so that they can make the difference between the two. The second is called hedging: One party wants to make sure that the market price doesn't go in a direction that would hurt their profits, so they make sure that the price is agreed upon a long time before the transaction takes place. For a seller, hedging means that they can be certain to receive the agreed upon price, and for the buyer, hedging means that they can be certain not to pay more than the agreed upon price. From a moral point of view, speculation is considered a negative activity.

One of the oldest derivatives is rice futures, which have been traded on the Dojima Rice Exchange since the eighteenth century.
Derivatives can take many forms, but some of the most common types are Futures, Contracts for Difference and Options. They can also be structured on a range of different assets including Forex, Equities, Commodities, and interest rates.

References

Finance
The Walking Dead is a monthly comic book series. It tells the story of the travels of Rick Grimes, his family, and other survivors of a zombie apocalypse.

The series was first published in 2003 by Image Comics. It was created by writer Robert Kirkman and artist Tony Moore. Moore was replaced by Charlie Adlard from issue #7 forward,. Moore still did the art for the covers up to issue #24.)

The Walking Dead won the 2010 Eisner Award for "Best Continuing Series" at San Diego Comic-Con International. A television series, The Walking Dead was created based on the comic. It was first broadcast on AMC in 2010. The series has been translated into languages such as Portuguese and Spanish.
Plot
Rick Grimes was a Atlanta police officer. After being shot by criminals, he  wakes from a coma in the hospital to see that his town is overrun with walking dead people. He goes to Atlanta, Georgia to look for his wife and son. Rick finds them in a small camp near the city. The group is being led by Shane. Shane was Rick's partner as a police officer. He helped Lori and Carl get to Atlanta.

After a zombie attack on the camp that caused people to be killed, Rick criticizes Shane. Shane pulls his gun on Rick, but is shot and killed by Rick’s 7-year-old son Carl. Rick, as the new leader of the group, decides the survivors need to find a better place to live.
Rick’s early tries to find a place to live end very badly. A mother is killed after the survivors go into a neighborhood full of zombies. A farmer, Hershel, lets the group stay on his land. They stay there until zombies break free from his barn and kill several members of his family. Things get better when the group finds prison with fences to keep out the zombies.

Rick send a message back to Hershel and his family to come join them at the prison.  Rick’s group and four prisoners do what they can to make the prison safe from the zombies. One of the prisoners kills Hershel’s two youngest daughters. Rick kills another of the prisoners when they try to take control of the prison from his group. Because of many problems Rick chooses to not be the group’s leader. He is replaced by a committee.
Rick and two friends, Glenn and Michonne, leave the prison when they see a helicopter crash close to the prison. They find the town of Woodbury. It is a survivor town controlled by an insane tyrant called the Governor. When Rick and his group won't tell him where they came from, the Governor locks them up. He cuts off Rick's right hand and rapes Michonne many times. The Governor lets the three escape. He hopes they can be followed back to where they came from. Before leaving, Michonne attacks the Governor. She tortures him and causes much damage to his body.

The group at the prison get ready for an attack by the people from Woodbury. As time passes and there is no attack for weeks, they start to feel safe. Lori, Rick’s wife, gives birth. Glenn marries his girlfriend Maggie. The two of them “adopt” Sophia, a girl in the group whose mother died. Rick and Hershel are out in the yard looking at their vegetable garden when the Governor and a small army comes to the prison fence.
The group from Woodbury have better weapons and more people but Rick's group kills many of them and they move back away from the prison. Glenn and Maggie think they will attack again. They take Sophia and leave the prison with another family. Michonne and Tyreese are caught while trying to attack Woodbury. Michonne escapes but the Governor kills Tyreese outside the prison gate. He then begins a second attack on the prison.

The Governor’s forces use a tank to break down the fence. Many people in Rick's group are killed in the fighting. These include Hershel, Lori and the baby. Rick and Carl escape from the battle. Zombies move in through the broken fence. They begin to attack the Woodbury forces. One of the Woodbury soldiers shoots the Governor in the head. The people of Woodbury fight on, but there are too many zombies.
Rick and Carl find Michonne and those who left the prison earlier. They soon find three people who are traveling to Washington, D.C. One of them, Eugene, says he is a government scientist. He tells them he is in radio contact with survivors in the capital.

Maggie tries to kill herself after the death of her family. Rick and Abraham go out looking for supplies. Abraham is a U.S. Army sergeant who is traveling with Eugene. The two become friends when they tell each other about the killings they have had to do to survive.

The group’s oldest member, Dale, is bitten by a zombie. He leaves the group in the dark to go into the forest so he can die alone. He is captured by a group of cannibals. They eat his leg before he dies. Rick and the other adults find and kill the cannibals. A reverend is the only person among them who think they way they killed the cannibals was bad.
When they get near Washington, Eugene tells the group that he was actually a high school science teacher and has no contact with the government. Washington is full of zombies like other cities. A man comes to the group and tells them about a peaceful walled-off town of about 40 people. It is called the Alexandria Safe Zone. He takes them to this town.

Rick is worried that the Alexandrians have forgotten how dangerous the world is. He slowly starts to not follow their rules. As town constable, he secretly carries a gun and disobeys Alexandria's leader, Douglas, to stop a domestic dispute. After the newcomers help stop an attack on Alexandria by other survivors, Douglas sees that Rick is a better leader and steps down.
The gunfire during the attack causes a herd of zombies to move toward the town. They break through Alexandria’s wall and begin to kill people. The people hide in their houses while zombies fill the town. Rick, Carl and Alexandria resident Jessie try to escape the town. Jessie is killed by the walkers.

When Rick and Carl are surrounded by zombies, Douglas tries to help them. He accidentally shoots Carl in the eye before being killed. Rick carries Carl to Alexandria’s surgeon. He then goes back outside. Rick, Michonne and other residents destroy the entire herd. This shows Rick that zombies can be dealt with. He decides to rebuild civilization at Alexandria.

Carl wakes from a coma but he does not remember everything that has happened over the past few years.

Rick stops a small rebellion in Alexandria but forgives the rebels.

Andrea tells Rick that she loves him. He does not love her back.
A man named Paul soon comes to the town. He says he is from a nearby community of about 200 people. Paul wants to trade supplies with Alexandria. He tells them that he already does so with several other survivor groups in the area. Rick thinks this may be a trap and captures Paul. He gets Alexandria ready to defend against an attack. Rick soon changes his mind and decides to trade with Paul's group. He tells Andrea that Carl is in the house and asks her to watch him while he is gone. Rick then leaves with Paul and several other to go to Paul's group.

Artists
 Tony Moore: #1–6 (2004) (interior), #1–24 (covers) (2005), collected trade paperback volumes 1–4 (covers).
 Charlie Adlard: #7–present (inside), #25–present (covers), collected trade paperback volumes 5–present (covers).

Reception
Reception

The series is very well liked by critics. It won the Eisner Award for "Best Continuing Series" in 2010. Eric Sunde of IGN comics called it "one of the best monthly comics available". Max Brooks told Kirkman that he read The Walking Dead and liked it.

IGN ranked Rick Grimes as the 26th Greatest Comic Book Hero of All Time in 2011. They said that Kirkman "has an endless supply of [wringers] to run Rick through." IGN ranked Michonne as the 86th Greatest Comic Book Hero of All Time the same year. It ranked the Governor as the 86th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time in 2009. They said that he was "a sadistic evil that The Road Warrior forgot." Wizard magazine ranked The Governor as the 131st greatest comic book character of all time.

Other media

Television adaptation
AMC picked up the rights to make a series based on the comic in 2009. It ordered a pilot episode on January 21, 2010. Filming for the series started on May 15, 2010. The series premiered on October 31, 2010. It had very high ratings. On November 8, 2010, after broadcasting two episodes, AMC wanted a second season of The Walking Dead. This season would have 13 episodes. The second season began on October 16, 2011. Frank Darabont wrote, directed and served as an executive producer until July 25th, 2011. Kirkman and Charles H. Eglee are currently writers and executive producers.

AMC released an animated movie of the first part of Issue #1 of the comic. It was animated by Juice Films. The voices were done by Phil LaMarr and art by Tony Moore.

Video game
Video game

On February 18, 2011, Telltale Games said they planned to make a video game based on the series. It was scheduled for the fall of 2011, but was not released until April 24th 2012. Kirkman has said that, unlike most zombie games such as Left 4 Dead, it will focus more on characterization and emotion than action.

Collected editions
The series has so far been collected into the following collections:

Trade paperbacks
The trade paperbacks have six issues in each. They have only the story and no cover art. Each paperback has a three-word title.

Hardcovers
All hardcovers have the contents of the comics with the covers. Some have extra material. They are larger than the paperbacks. Each hardcover has two story arcs from the series. Signed versions of the books are available, each limited to 310 pieces.
Omnibus editions
Limited omnibus editions have 24 issues in a slipcase with several extras. The first volume is signed by Kirkman and Adlard. There are 300 of this edition. Later volumes were released with 3000 pieces each. There is also a deluxe limited edition (signed by Kirkman/Adlard) with 300 pieces available.

Compendium editions
These are 48-issue softcover editions. The large books have over a thousand pages. They have no cover art. Compendium One was also released as a limited edition hardcover in 2012 at the Emerald City Comicon and San Diego Comicon with 1000 pieces available.

Novels

References

Other websites
 The Walking Dead Official Site
 AMC's Official The Walking Dead TV Series site 
 The Walking Dead A Telltale Games Series

The Walking Dead
2003 books
"Mickey" is a song by US singer Toni Basil. It was a top 5 hit when it was released in 1982. It is was covered in 1999 by Lolly, who also had a top 5 hit with the song. The top 10 2005 hit by Gwen Stefani - "Hollaback Girl" and 2012 top 40 hit by Madonna ft Nicki Minaj & MIA - "Give Me All Your Luvin'" also had musical influences from this song, Toni Basil's version was released by Radialchoice and Lolly's version was released by Polydor.

Contrary to popular belief, the song does ''not'' refer to Mickey Mouse

1982 songs
"Hollaback Girl" is the third single off American singer Gwen Stefani's first solo studio album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. The song was released on February 8, 2005.

Background and writing
While writing the song, Stefani and Pharrell Williams discussed about writing a song on her intentions for pursuing a solo career. Stefani then said that the album was missing an "attitude song", and she remembered a negative comment that musician Courtney Love had said about her in an interview with magazine Seventeen. 
"Being famous is just like being in high school. But I'm not interested in being the cheerleader. I'm not interested in being Gwen Stefani. She's the cheerleader, and I'm out in the smoker shed."

Stefani then responded to Love's comment in the March 2005 issue of the NME:
"Y'know someone one time called me a cheerleader, negatively, and I've never been a cheerleader. So I was, like, "OK, fuck you. You want me to be a cheerleader? Well, I will be one then. And I'll rule the whole world, just you watch me."
On the Billboard charts, "Hollaback Girl" was able to peak at #1 on Hot 100, #1 on the Pop 100, #8 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #15 on the Hot Dance Club Play, and #18 on the Adult Pop Songs charts. In 2006, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the categories of Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Record of the Year.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts
The music video for "Hollaback Girl" was directed by Paul Hunter and filmed in January 2005. the Van Nuys and Reseda neighborhoods of Los Angeles, California. It opens with a scene of Stefani taking a picture of her four Harajuku Girls, when a crowd of students appears. Stefani and the Harajuku Girls then drive down Sherman Way past Magnolia Science Academy to Birmingham High School in a 1961 Chevrolet Impala, accompanied by the crowd. Stefani and the group cause a commotion when they disrupt a football game by walking onto the field and when they go to a 99 Cents Only Store and throw cereal and other food products down an aisle. Throughout the video, there are intercut sequences of choreographed dancing filmed in a sound stage, intended to represent Stefani's imagination