Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
No Apis species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of A. mellifera by Europeans. Only one fossil species is known, a single 14-million-year-old specimen from Nevada.

The close relatives of modern honey bees – bumblebees and stingless bees – are also social, but with smaller numbers in their families.

All honey bees (and perhaps all bees) use scent as a way to co-ordinate their activities. Nasonov's gland produces a pheromone used to get worker bees together. The pheromone can attract workers to a settled swarm and draw bees who have lost their way back to the hive.
Mating information 
 Queens are produced by mating between females and drones (male), and are fed with royal jelly (honey and pollen). This special feeding is done during the second and third days of the larva's life. One queen per hive is usual. Nurse bees do the care and feeding of the queen and the next generation. They are haploid females.
 Mating takes place between a queen and drones from other colonies.
 A fertilized queen can lay male or female eggs. Eggs laid by the queen are usually unfertilized. They become haploid female workers: the bees seen usually collecting pollen and nectar from flowers are the female workers. 
 The average lifespan of a queen is three to four years. Drones usually die after mating or are expelled from the hive before the winter. Workers live for a few weeks to several months.

References

Related pages 
Beekeeping
Bees
The Negev tortoise (Testudo werneri) is a tortoise found mainly in the Negev desert in southern Israel. It was once present in the Sinai Peninsula. In Israel it is protected by law and there are conservation programs. It is currently considered a critically endangered species. 

The Negev is one of the world's smallest tortoises. Unlike other tortoises it does not hibernate in winter. Instead, winter is the breeding season.  In 2010 the IUCN recommended that Israel take additional steps to protect the Negev tortoise including creating a wildlife preserve.

There is some disagreement over whether the Negev tortoise is the same species as the Kleinmann's tortoise.

References

Turtles
Turtles of Asia
Diana Ross (also re-released as Ain't No Mountain High Enough) is the self-titled debut solo album by American recording artist Diana Ross. It was released on June 19, 1970 by Motown Records. The album was released after Ross left R&B girl group The Supremes, a group Ross had been in since 1959.

Reviews

The album was quite successful and critics felt that the album is one of Ross’ best albums she had released in her career.

Track listing
All tracks written and produced by Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson, except for "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You", written by Johnny Bristol/Harvey Fuqua/Sylvia Moy and produced by Bristol.

Side A
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)" – 3:02
"Now That There's You" – 3:27
"You're All I Need to Get By" (originally recorded by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell) – 3:24
"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You" (originally recorded by The Velvelettes) – 3:06
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough" (originally recorded by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell) – 6:18
Side B
"Something on My Mind" – 2:24 (originally recorded by Syreeta Wright)
"I Wouldn't Change the Man He Is" (originally recorded by Blinky)  – 3:15
"Keep an Eye" (originally recorded by Diana Ross & The Supremes) – 3:12
"Where There Was Darkness" – 3:12
"Can't It Wait Until Tomorrow" – 3:12
"Dark Side of the World" (originally recorded by The Velvelettes) – 3:08

Expanded edition bonus tracks
"Something on My Mind" [live] (Ashford, Simpson) – 2:37
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough" [alternate mix] (Ashford, Simpson) – 6:06
"Now That There's You" [alternate vocal version]  (Ashford, Simpson) – 3:08
"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You" [alternate mix] (Bristol, Rose, Fuqua) – 3:13
"Time and Love" (Laura Nyro) – 4:08
"Stoney End" (Nyro) – 3:39
"The Interim" (Cheryl Ernst-Wells)  – 4:49
"Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes" (Dorothea Joyce) – 4:02
Personnel
Diana Ross: lead vocals
Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson: producers, background vocals
Johnny Bristol: producer, additional vocals on "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You"
Paul Riser: arranger
The Andantes: background vocals
Jackey Beavers: background vocals
Maxine & Julia Waters: background vocals on "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You"
The Funk Brothers: instrumentation

Singles history
"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)" b/w "Dark Side of the World" (Motown 1165, April 1970)
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough" b/w "Can't It Wait Until Tomorrow" (Motown 1169, July 16, 1970)

Chart history

Album

Singles

References

1970 albums
Diana Ross albums
R&B albums
Soul albums
Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A) is an α-amino acid. It has the chemical formula CH3CH(NH2)COOH. 

The L-isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a non-polar amino acid. 

L-Alanine accounts for 7.8% of the primary structure in a sample of 1,150 proteins. Leucine is the only amino acid which is more common. 

D-Alanine occurs in bacterial cell walls and in some peptide antibiotics.

References 

Amino acids
A nature reserve (preserve or (national/nature) conserve) is a protected area. It protects wildlife, flora (plants) and fauna (animals). Reserves may also protect geological features or other special interests. A nature reserve is land that is kept for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research.

Nature reserves can be created by government institutions. They can also be created by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an organization that helps countries and others with conservation programs and management.

Related pages
 Marine reserve
 World Environment Day

References

Other websites

Natural resources
Conservation
Protected areas
Wrangell Island is an island in the Alaska Panhandle of southeastern Alaska. It is  long and 8–23 km (3–14 miles) wide.  It has a land area of , making it the 29th largest island in the United States. Wrangell is separated from the mainland by the narrow Blake Channel. 

Wrangell has been ruled by Russia, Great Britain and the United States. It was visited in 1799 by The Dragon, a ship out of Boston, Massachusetts. They traded with the Stikine Tlingit peoples. It was occupied in 1834 by the Russians. It is named after Ferdinand Wrangel, a German explorer in Russian service. From 1867 to 1877 it was a U.S. military post. Later it was a stopping point for hunters, explorers and miners using the Stikine river route to the Yukon.
The island contains the city of Wrangell, Alaska. Wrangell Island is heavily forested and contains an abundance of wildlife. The only other community is Thoms Place. Wrangell Island's total population was 2,401 at the 2000 census. Fishing and mining are the main jobs. A sawmill closed in the 1990s. The island and surrounding areas contain many recreational areas. It is at the mouth of the Stikine River.

References

Islands of Alaska
the University of Chicago sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois in 1962. It was because of segregation at the university. It was led by future United States senator of Vermont Bernie Sanders.

References

Bernie Sanders
1960s in Chicago
1962 in the United States
Everything Is Everything is the second album by Diana Ross, released in 1970. After the huge success of her self-named album and the two singles released from it, Motown rushed the release of Everything is Everything album and therefore the album was released just a few months after it. Like Ross' previous album, the album had two singles released off of it, "I'm Still Waiting" and "Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedbood'ndoo".

Reviews

Track listing

Side A
"My Place" (Hal Davis, Mel Larson, Jerry Marcellino) – 2:46
"Ain't No Sad Song" (Hal Davis, Berry Gordy, Diana Ross) – 2:42
"Everything Is Everything" (Berry Gordy) – 2:27
"Baby It's Love" (Marvin Gaye, Anna Gordy Gaye, Charles Laskey) – 3:09
"I'm Still Waiting" (Deke Richards) – 3:44
"Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedood'ndoo" (Deke Richards) – 4:52
Side B
"Come Together" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)  – 6:40
"The Long and Winding Road" (Lennon, McCartney)  – 3:26
"I Love You (Call Me)" (Aretha Franklin)  – 3:23
"How About You?" (Deke Richards, Sandra Sanders, David VanDePitte) – 2:47
"(They Long to Be) Close to You" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David)  – 4:07

2008 expanded edition bonus tracks
"I Wish I Knew" (Debbie Dean, Deke Richards) – 3:30
"What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?" (Marilyn Bergman, Alan Bergman, Michel Legrand) – 3:25
"Something" (George Harrison) – 3:11
"Ain't No Sad Song" (Davis, Gordy, Ross) – 3:16
"Baby It's Love" (Alternate version) (Gaye, Gaye, Laskey) – 3:42
"Come Together" (1982 "Revelations" remix) (Lennon, McCartney) – 4:04
"I'm Still Waiting" (1990 Phil Chill remix) (Richards) – 4:08

Singles

References

1970 albums
Diana Ross albums
R&B albums
Soul albums
Franco Interlenghi (29 October 1931 – 10 September 2015) was an Italian actor. He has worked with great directors such as Federico Fellini in I Vitelloni, Michelangelo Antonioni in I Vinti and Luchino Visconti in his stage adaptation of Death of a Salesman.

Interlenghi died on 10 September 2015 in Rome, aged 83.

References

Other websites

 

1931 births
2015 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian stage actors
Actors from Rome
Antonella Lualdi (6 July 1931 – 10 August 2023) was an Italian actress and singer. She appeared in many Italian and French movies in the 1950s and 1960s, notably in Claude Autant-Lara's movie Le rouge et le noir in 1954, opposite Gérard Philipe.

Lualdi died on 10 August 2023 in Rome, Italy at the age of 92.

References

Other websites

1931 births
2023 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian singers
People from Beirut
Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo (2 November 1906 – 17 March 1976), was an Italian theatre, opera and movie director, and screenwriter. He was best known for his movies The Leopard (1963) and Death in Venice (1971).

On 17 March 1976, Visconti died from a stroke in Rome, Italy. He was age 69.

Other websites

Biography, Filmography and More on Luchino Visconti  
British Film Institute: "Luchino Visconti" : filmography
Hutchison, Alexander, "Luchino Visconti’s Death in Venice", Literature/Film Quarterly, v. 2, 1974. (In-Depth Analysis of Death in Venice).

1906 births
1976 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Italian movie directors
Italian screenwriters
Carlo Lizzani (3 April 1922 – 5 October 2013) was an Italian movie director, screenwriter and critic. He was born in Rome. He was known for his movies The Violent Four (1968) and Crazy Joe (1974) or crime-comedy Roma Bene (1971).

Lizzani committed suicide by jumping off the balcony of his house in Rome, aged 91.

References

Other websites

 

1922 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Rome
Italian critics
Italian movie actors
Italian movie directors
Italian movie producers
Italian screenwriters
Italian television actors
Suicides by jumping

Writers from Rome
Whitney Dancin' Special is the first extended play/remix album by American singer Whitney Houston, it was released only in Japan on November 1, 1986 by Arista RecordsIt includes 5 remixed and 1 instrumental versions of songs from Houston's self-titled debut album (1985). The album peaked at #14 in the Japanese charts and sold 19,480 copies there.

Track listing

References

1986 albums
Remix albums
Whitney Houston albums
Disco albums
Dance albums
R&B albums
James Edward Proctor, Jr. (June 14, 1936 – September 10, 2015) was an American politician. He represented district 27A in the Maryland House of Delegates from May 1990 until his death.

Proctor was born in Washington, D.C. to an African American family. He lived in Accokeek, Maryland with his wife Elizabeth G. Proctor.

Proctor died from heart disease on September 10, 2015 in Washington, D.C., aged 79.

References 

1936 births
2015 deaths
African American politicians
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
George R. Klare (Minneapolis, 1922 – The Plains, Ohio, 2006) was a World War II veteran and  a distinguished professor of psychology and dean at Ohio University.

World War II
Klare served as a navigator on a B-17 Flying Fortresss in the Eighth Air Force in England. On December 31, 1944, he was shot down over Germany.  He spent the rest of World War II in German POW camps. He was liberated by advancing Soviet troops from Stalag Luft One on May 1, 1945. He was honorably discharged as a First Lieutenant in December, 1945, receiving the Air Medal, the Purple Heart, European area ribbons and the Prisoner of War medal.

Klare later recounted his experiences as a prisoner of war in a chapter entitled "Questions" in Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment, published by Springer in 2004.
In 1978, he was named Distinguished Professor of Psychology. While at Ohio University, he served as chair of the Psychology Department from 1959 to 1963, as acting dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1965–66 and in 1984–85, and as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences from 1966 to 1971. He was also acting associate provost for graduate and research programs from 1986 until his retirement in 1987. in 1981, Klare was elected to the Reading Hall of Fame of the International Reading Association in 1997. He is listed in Who's Who in America.
Main works 
His major contribution was in the field of readability. From the beginning of the 20th century, the assessment of the grade level of texts for different grades of readers was a central concern of reading research. It was well known that without correctly graded texts, readers would not improve their reading skill. There were over 1,000 published studies on this topic.  Klare's contribution to that effort came both in his critical reviews of the studies and his participation in original research.
Klare G.R. & Buck B. 1954. Know your reader: the scientific approach to readability. New York: Hermitage House.
Klare G.R. 1963. The measurement of readability. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
Klare G.R. 1975. A manual for readable writing. Glen Burnie, MD.
Klare G.R. 1984. Readability. In Handbook of Reading Research, (ed) P.D. Pearson. New York: Longman, pp. 681–744.
Klare G.R. 1985. How to write readable English. London: Hutchinson. 
Klare G.R. and Klare R. 2012. The haunting memories of war: a memoir of father and son. Bloomington, Indiana: Lulu Press.

References 

1922 births
2008 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
American psychologists
Academics from Ohio
Scientists from Minneapolis
Military people from Minnesota
This is a list of the presidents of Cuba beginning in 1902.

References
Cuba – World Statesmen.org

List
Cuba
presidents
Turritopsis dohrnii, also known as the immortal jellyfish, is a species of small jellyfish found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the waters off Japan. 

It is the only known case of an animal which can revert completely to a sexually immature, colonial stage after it has reached sexual maturity as an individual.

Like most other hydrozoans, T. dohrnii begin life as free-swimming tiny larvae known as a planula. As a planula settles down, it gives rise to a colony of polyps that are attached to the sea-floor. While an immortal jellyfish can age in reverse, it can also be killed by predators including various fish, sharks, turtles and even other jellyfish. 

Jellyfish, also known as medusae, bud off these polyps and continue their life in a free-swimming form. Eventually they become sexually mature. All the polyps and jellyfish coming from a single planula are genetically identical clones.
Turritopsis dohrnil is a species of jellyfish that apparently does not die of natural causes, because it can revert to the juvenile stage from the adult stage. However, it is not actually immortal. Most Turritopsis are likely to be eaten by predators or die from disease in the adult stage.

Shin Kubota from Kyoto University, has managed to keep these jellyfish for a long time. 
Kubota reported that during a two-year period, his colony rebirthed itself 11 times.

References 

Jellyfish
The St. Croix River () is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is about  long. The St. Croix flows in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The lower  of the river forms the border between Wisconsin and Minnesota. The river is a National Scenic Riverway under the protection of the National Park Service. A hydroelectric plant at St. Croix Falls supplies electricity to the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area.

Naming
Father Louis Hennepin wrote in 1683, from information probably provided by Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut: "There is another River which falls ... into the Meschasipi ... We named it The River of the Grave, or Mausoleum, because the Savages buried there one of their Men ... who was bitten by a Rattlesnake." Father Hennepin called it in French Rivière du Tombeaux.
There are several possible explanations for the origin of the present name. An early map dated to 1688 recorded a "Fort St. Croix" on the upper part of the river. Near the mouth of the river was a French Voyageur's grave marked with a cross. The most likely explanation was that it was named for a French trader named Sainte-Croix.
The name "Rivière de Sainte-Croix" was applied to the river sometime in 1688 or 1689.

On Map of the Territories of Michigan and Ouisconsin (1830) by John Farmer, the St. Croix River is shown as the "Chippewa River".  However, by 1843, Joseph Nicollet's Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River reinforced the name provided by Franquelin's 1688 map.
History
The river valley and the surrounding area was originally occupied by the Ojibwe, Dakota and nine other American Indian tribes. The Indians mainly lived on wild rice, fish, and game. By the eighteenth century, the Ojibwe and Dakota were the two main tribes that inhabited the area. This lasted until around 1745, when the Dakota were driven from the St. Croix Valley as a result of the Battle of Kathio. It is worth noting that many Dakota and Ojibwe people still occupy this area to this day, as it is particularly considered a part of Dakota homeland.
Fur trade
The first Europeans to arrive in the area were Sieur du Lhut and his men in the fall and winter of 1679-1680. For the next eighty years the area was mainly under French influence. The fur trade grew throughout the first half of the eighteenth century. Beaver pelts were one of the main products.  French trade in the upper valley was dominated by the Ojibwe. They were tied to Lake Superior traders. In the lower valley the Dakota assisted in trading with merchants based out of St. Louis. After the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, British traders entered the area. They grew in numbers and influence with the help of the powerful North West Company.
Logging
The 1837 Treaty of St. Peters with the Ojibwe gave the United States government a large tract of land in what today is north central Wisconsin and east central Minnesota. This opened the region to logging. The river was important to float the logs downstream to the sawmills that processed it. During the 1840s, important sawmills were located at St. Croix Falls and Marine on St. Croix. In the 1850s Stillwater became the primary lumber destination. During this time the population of Stillwater grew rapidly. New sawmills were opened, and the town saw an influx of capital, primarily from lumber companies based in St. Louis. In 1856 construction began on a boom site two miles north of Stillwater. It was used to hold and sort the logs floating downstream. The boom was in operation for over fifty years. The St. Croix Boom Site is now a wayside rest and National Historic Landmark along Minnesota State Highway 95.
There were vast white pine forests in the upper St. Croix river valley. They provided the forest products that built the towns along Lake St. Croix, Minneapolis and St. Paul. The St. Croix along with the forests in Red Cedar, Chippewa, and Rum valleys provided supplies for the building of Winona, Minnesota, Davenport, Iowa, Rock Island, Illinois, and St. Louis.

The lumber industry continued to grow throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century, with larger log drives in the spring  caused dangers to navigation on the river above Stillwater. Logs were frequently caught in log jams at the narrow parts of the St. Croix River near St. Croix Falls. In 1883 the blockade was so severe it took almost two months before the flow of logs was re-established. At its peak in 1890, logging in the St. Croix River valley produced  of lumber and logs. The lumber industry continued until the last major log drive in 1912 marked the end of the rich white pine forests of the area.
It was along the banks of the St. Croix, in the milltown of Stillwater, that the state of Minnesota was first proposed in 1848.

Geography and hydrography 
The St. Croix River starts in the northwestern corner of Wisconsin. It flows out of Upper St. Croix Lake in Douglas County. The lake is near Solon Springs, approximately  south of Lake Superior. The St. Croix flows south into Gordon, then southwest. It is joined by the Namekagon River in northern Burnett County. A few miles downstream the St. Croix meets the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin. It marks that boundary for another  until its confluence with the Mississippi River.
Conservation efforts
The St. Croix River was one of the original eight rivers to be protected by the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. The upper parts of the river for the first  and the Namekagon River are protected as the "St. Croix National Scenic Riverway". The only interruption is a hydroelectric dam operated by the Northern States Power Company at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin. The lower , including both sides of the river along the Minnesota-Wisconsin border, were protected as part of the "Lower St. Croix National Scenic Riverway".

References 

Waterways
Rivers of Wisconsin
Rivers of Minnesota
Barbara Palvin (, born 8 October 1993) is a Hungarian Supermodel and actress. 
She started her career in 2010 by walking the runway for a Prada fashion show. Miuccia Prada chose her to walk exclusively for her brand.

In 2012, she became a spokesmodel for L'Oréal and walked the Victoria's Secret fashion show. 

In 2014, she portrayed Antimache in Hercules.

References

1993 births
Living people
Actors from Budapest
Models
Stillwater is a city in Washington County, Minnesota. It is on the St. Croix River directly across from the state of Wisconsin. The population was 18,225 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat. Stillwater is part of the Twin Cities Metro Area.

History

Treaties 
On July 29 and September 29, 1837, treaties were signed between the US government and the local Ojibwa and Dakota nations. They allowed settlement in the St. Croix River Valley. The town was founded by settlers drawn by the area's then-abundant lumber and river traffic. It is one of Minnesota's oldest towns, preceding Minneapolis by several years. Stillwater was officially incorporated as a city on March 4, 1854 (the same day as St. Paul). The city was named for the calm waters of the St. Croix River.
Territorial convention 
Stillwater is often called the birthplace of Minnesota. In 1848, a territorial convention that began the process of establishing Minnesota as a state was held in Stillwater. The convention selected three leading Minnesota cities as locations for three important public institutions. Minneapolis got the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul became the capital, and Stillwater was chosen as the site of the territory's first prison. The Minnesota Territorial Prison was opened in 1853.

Lumbering era 
Lumbering was the main industry in the St. Croix River Valley in the second half of the nineteenth century. For many years logs were sent down the St. Croix river, collected at the St. Croix Boom Site two miles upstream of Stillwater, and processed in Stillwater's many sawmills. Steamboats were used most widely from 1860 to 1890, and a few are still used for entertainment today.
Civil war 
Stillwater sent men of the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Company B and the 8th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment Company C to fight during the American Civil War.

References 

Cities in Minnesota
County seats in Minnesota
1854 establishments in the United States
Alan David Purwin (c. 1962 – September 11, 2015) was an American helicopter pilot, entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was known for being the aerial movie operator Transformers, Star Trek, and Jurassic World. Purwin was born in Los Angeles, California.

On September 11, 2015, Purwin died as a passenger in a plane crash near Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia, during the shooting of the movie Mena. He was 53 years old.

References

1962 births
2015 deaths
Aviation deaths
American philanthropists
People from Los Angeles
National Botanic Garden of Israel (official name: The Botanical Garden for the Native Plants of Israel in memory of Montague Lamport, in ) is a botanic garden located in Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. The garden is dedicated to the plants of Israel.

The botanic garden was opened in 1931 by Otto Warburg and Alexander Eig. They were the founders of the botanic department of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. After Mount Scopus was isolated from Israel in 1948, they decided to create a new botanical garden in West Jerusalem, in Givat Ram. The new garden, Jerusalem Botanical Gardens, was opened in 1954.

The National Botanic Garden of Israel is also an archaeological park. It has many Jewish burial caves from the Second Temple period. In the southern part of the garden there is a famous cave called the Tomb of Nicanor. The cave is also burial place of two Zionist activists: Leon Pinsker and Menachem Ussishkin.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites
Other websites 

  National Botanic Garden of Israel 
   National Botanic Garden of Israel at "Botanic Gardens Conservation International" website

Botanical gardens in Israel
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Mount Scopus
Willi Fuggerer (11 September 1941 – September 2015) was a German track cyclist. He was born in Nuremberg. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in the 2000 m tandem and 1000 m sprint and finished in third and fifth place, respectively.

References

1941 births
2015 deaths
German cyclists
German Olympic bronze medalists
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics 
Sportspeople from Nuremberg
Antoine Lahad (1927 – 10 September 2015) was a Lebanese general and leader of the South Lebanon Army (SLA) from 1984 until 2000.

Lahad died in Paris on 10 September 2015 from a heart attack, aged 88.

References

1927 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Generals
Lebanese Christians
Lebanese military people
Adrian Frutiger (May 24, 1928 – September 12, 2015) was a Swiss typeface designer. He was known for typing name of cities and towns on road signs. His most famous signs designs include Univers, Frutiger and Avenir. He was born in Unterseen, Switzerland.

Frutiger died in Bremgarten bei Bern, Switzerland, aged 87.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Swiss writers
Swiss designers
People from the canton of Bern
Hudson is a city in and the county seat of St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2010 United States census, its population was 12,719. It is part of the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Hudson is bordered on the north by the village of North Hudson and the Willow River. On the North and East is the township of Hudson. To the south is the township of Troy. It is bounded on the west by the St. Croix River.

History
History

Hudson was settled in the summer of 1840 by Louis Massey and his brother in-law, Peter Bouchea. William Steets arrived at about the same time. Later that same year, Joseph Sauperson (commonly known as Joe LaGrue) moved there. These four are considered Hudson's original inhabitants. Massey and Bouchea settled at the mouth of the Willow River, near the present-day First and St. Croix Streets. They had been part of the group who lived for some time along the river below Fort Snelling. This appears on some old maps as "Massey's Landing". The 1840s saw a few settlers arriving here — Captain John Page, the Nobles brothers, Dr. Philip Aldrich, Ammah Andrews, Moses Perrin, Colonel James Hughes, Daniel Anderson, and others.
Hudson was originally called "Willow River". It was later named "Buena Vista" by Judge Joel Foster, founder of River Falls. This was after he returned from the Mexican–American War where he fought in the Battle of Buena Vista. In 1852, Alfred D. Gray, Hudson's first mayor, petitioned to change the name of the city to "Hudson", because the bluffs along the St. Croix River reminded him of the Hudson River in his native New York.

A large number of settlers arrived in the 1850s and 1860s. Many of were the ancestors of today's residents. The lumber industry was the prime attraction of the area. Over time sawmills were started throughout the St. Croix Valley.
On August 30, 1917 a violent mob of 1,000 held a night rally in front of the armory. They were protesting the attempt by the pacifist People's Council of America to hold a conference in Hudson's prizefighting arena. The crowd then went after the four wiktorganizers in the lobby of their hotel and threatened to hang them. Only after the pleadings of county attorney N. O. Varnum were the four allowed to leave town.

U.S. Highway 12 once crossed the St. Croix River on a toll bridge between Wisconsin and Minnesota, which provided revenue for the town. With the construction of Interstate 94, the toll bridge was removed. The long causeway extending to the former bridge location is now open to the public as a pedestrian walkway.

Hudson has grown as a tourist destination in recent years. There are shops and restaurants on the St. Croix river in its historic downtown, along with hotels and other businesses that serve traffic on Interstate Highway 94.

References
References 

County seats in Wisconsin
1840 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Wisconsin Territory
River Falls is a city in Pierce and St. Croix counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is located mostly within the Town of River Falls in Pierce County. A small part lies within the Town of Kinnickinnic in St. Croix County. River Falls is the most populous city in Pierce county. The population was 15,000 at the 2010 census. It is divided by 11,851 living in Pierce County, and 3,149 in St. Croix County. It is part of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. River Falls is the home of the University of Wisconsin–River Falls.

References 

Cities in Wisconsin
Douglas Wayne Sahm (November 6, 1941 – November 18, 1999), was an American musician. He was born in San Antonio, Texas. He was a child prodigy in country music. He later became best known in roots rock, tejano music, Americana and other genres. 

He was the lead singer of a popular 1960s rock and roll band, the Sir Douglas Quintet. He later formed a Tex Mex band with Augie Meyers, Freddy Fender and Flaco Jimenez.

Early life 
Sahm started his musical career singing and playing steel guitar, mandolin and violin. He first sang on the radio at age five. He recorded his first song, "A
Real American Joe", at age eleven. On December 19, 1952, when he was eleven, he played on stage with Hank Williams Sr. at the Skyline Club in Austin, Texas.  It was Hank Williams's last time playing. He died on New Year's Day of 1953. He died of heart failure while on the road to his next show in Canton, Ohio.
When he was thirteen, Sahm was invited to join the Grand Ole Opry, but his mother wanted him to finish junior high school. When he was a teenager, he started sneaking into San Antonio rhythm and blues bars to play music.

Sir Douglas Quintet 

In 1965, Sahm formed the band, Sir Douglas Quintet, with a childhood friend, Augie Meyers. A record producer picked the band's name so they would seem British. At the time, music from Britain was so popular in the United States, it had a name: "British invasion". The British name only helped a little. Sahm had a Texas accent and two band members were Hispanic. Some early photographs of the band tried to hide this from music fans.

The band had a Top Twenty US hit with "She's About a Mover". It also made the Top Twenty in the UK Singles Chart. 

Bob Dylan liked the group's sound and said: "Look, for me right now there are three groups: Butterfield Blues Band, The Byrds and the Sir Douglas Quintet."
The band broke up after an arrest for having marijuana, in Corpus Christi, Texas.

1970s 

After the breakup, Sahm moved to San Francisco to begin a blues band. Later, he and Augie Meyers got back together as Sir Douglas Quintet, with new members. They recorded a successful album and single, both named Mendocino. 

In 1973, Jerry Wexler of Atlantic Records produced Sahm's first solo album, Doug Sahm and Band.  Bob Dylan, Dr. John and Flaco Jiménez also played on the album. Wexler said: "Then in October 1972, Dylan was in the studio with Doug Sahm... Dylan having been friendly with Sahm since the mid-sixties and having expressed enthusiasm for the Sir Douglas Quintet on more than one occasion".

Sahm also played on recordings by other artists during this time, including The Grateful Dead and Willie Nelson.
Texas Tornados 
In 1989, Sahm started the Tex-Mex supergroup, the Texas Tornados, with Freddy Fender, Augie Meyers, and Flaco Jimenez. They recorded seven albums. These included two live ones, and a "Best of" collection. Their first album won a Grammy for Best Mexican-American Performance for their song "Soy de San Luis", in 1991. 

Sahm played on the 1993 Uncle Tupelo album Anodyne, on the song "Give Back the Key to my Heart". He also recorded a Grammy-winning solo album, The Last Real Texas Blues Band, in 1994.

Death and tributes  
Sahm died of a myocardial infarction while asleep in a motel room in Taos, New Mexico, on November 18, 1999. He is buried in Sunset Memorial Park in San Antonio.

A posthumous album, The Return of Wayne Douglas, was released in 2000. Sahm's son, Shawn, leads his own Tex Mex band. They were on the cover of Rolling Stone in 1968, as father and son. Doug Sahm's other son, Shandon Sahm, is the drummer for the Meat Puppets as of 2010.
Sahm has been named into in the South Texas Music Walk of Fame. In 2008, he was inducted into the Austin Music Memorial, in the first group.
He also was given the Americana Music Association (AMA)'s Presidents Award in 2002.

In 2008, Austin, Texas approved the naming of Doug Sahm Hill, in a park near Lady Bird Lake, to honor him.

In October 2012, Steve Earle played a tribute to Sahm at Hardly Strictly Bluegrass Festival in Golden Gate Park. His group played several of Sahm's Americana songs.

A documentary movie, Sir Doug & the Genuine Texas Cosmic Groove, premiered at South by Southwest (SXSW) music festival. This was in Austin, Texas on March 19, 2015.

Other reading 
  (isbn=978-0-292-72244-6)

References

Other websites 

Austin Chronicle Doug Sahm Memorial Issue
1941 births
1999 deaths
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from San Antonio, Texas
Singers from San Antonio, Texas
Tejano musicians
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American blues musicians
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Deaths from myocardial infarction
Yamaha DX7 is a digital programmable musical synthesizer. It was first made and released in 1983. The Yamaha DX7 ROM-4A patch "Synthbrass" was heard in the Corey Hart song "Sunglasses at Night".

Versions 
Yamaha TX7 is a keyboardless sound module and rack version of Yamaha DX7 and was made in 1985 and released in 1985-present. Editing cannot be done on the front side but must be done through MIDI using the DX7 Keyboard or a computer. Software such as Unisyn can be used to edit. It has been used by producers like Genesis, Human League and Spice Girls.

References

Electronic musical instruments
Keyboard instruments
The Kinnickinnic River, called the Kinni for short, is a  river in northwestern Wisconsin in the United States.  The Kinni is a cold water fishery supporting a population of native Brook Trout and naturally reproducing Brown Trout. The Kinnickinnic River is officially designated as a Class I trout stream by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. This means it is a "high quality" trout water that has populations of wild trout. Also, these streams do not need stocking with hatchery trout.

Recreation 
The main recreational activity on the upper part of the Kinnickinnic River is trout fishing.  Nearer to River Falls downtown, walking, hiking, running, mountain biking along the trails are popular activities.  The City is also a Bird City and attracts a number of birders along the river. Kayaking along the lower parts of the river has become popular.

References 

Waterways
Rivers of Wisconsin
On 11 September 2015, a mobile crawler crane accidentally fell onto the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. At least 118 people were killed and another 394 were injured. The victims were mostly foreigners, among the injured and dead included citizens of Indonesia, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Algeria, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Morocco, Iraq, Nigeria and the United Kingdom.

References

2015 disasters
Mecca
2010s in Saudi Arabia
William French Smith (August 26, 1917 – October 29, 1990) was an American lawyer. He was the 74th United States Attorney General serving from 1981 through 1985.

Other websites
 Appointment of William French Smith as a Member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: February 28, 1985 
 

1917 births
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Richard Lewis "Dick" Thornburgh (July 16, 1932 – December 31, 2020) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He served as the 41st Governor of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1987, and then as the U.S. Attorney General from 1988 to 1991.

Thornburg resigned as Attorney General to run for the United States Senate in Pennsylvania in 1991, but lost to Democratic Harris Wofford.

Thornburgh died on December 31, 2020 in Verona, Pennsylvania at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
The Dick Thornburgh Papers  at the University of Pittsburgh.
 The Dick Thornburgh Forum for Law and Public Policy 
Finding Aid for the Jay C. Waldman Papers, 1968–2003, AIS.2007.10, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh
Professional biography, K&L Gates 
Selection of Thornburgh quotes re Puerto Rico
Speaking biography 

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James Gaius Watt (January 31, 1938 – May 27, 2023) was an American lawyer and politician. He was United States Secretary of the Interior from 1981 to 1983. He was called an "anti-environmentalist". He was one of Ronald Reagan's most controversial cabinet appointments. Watt resigned after saying a controversial remark about affirmative action.

In 1995, Watt was indicted on 18 counts of felony perjury and obstruction of justice for making false statements before a federal grand jury. He was sentenced to five years probation. 

Watt died on May 27, 2023 in Arizona at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

 Wolf, Ron. 1981. "God, James Watt, and the Public Land". Audubon 83(3):65
 Time magazine article (August 23, 1982). "Going, Going...! Land sale of the century"
 James G. Watt papers at the University of Wyoming – American Heritage Center
 

1938 births
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Lawyers from Wyoming
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Donald Paul Hodel (born May 23, 1935) is an American politician and businessman. He is the former United States Secretary of Energy and former Secretary of the Interior. He served in the Ronald Reagan cabinet. He is Chairman of the company FreeEats.com/ccAdvertising.

Other websites
 

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John Rusling Block (born February 15, 1935) is an American politician. He served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 through 1986. He later became a lobbyist.

Other websites
John Block profile from a site on Presidents
Essays on John Block from 1977 
Block's Resignation letter to Reagan 
Horatio Alger Award site 
Essay by him
Friends of the World Food Program  United States agency helping raise funds and awareness about global hunger
John Block Reports  Archived radio commentary from John Block's weekly radio spot about agriculture and government

1935 births
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Politicians from Illinois
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Richard Edmund Lyng (June 29, 1918 – February 1, 2003) was an American politician. As a Republican, he served as the United States Secretary of Agriculture between 1986 and 1989 under the Ronald Reagan administration.

Lyng died of complications from Parkinson's disease in Modesto, California, on February 1, 2003.

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1918 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
United States Secretaries of Agriculture
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Howard Malcolm "Mac" Baldrige, Jr. (October 4, 1922 – July 25, 1987) was an American businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from 1981 until his death in 1987.

Baldrige died from injuries he suffered from a rodeo competition in Walnut Creek, California, aged 64.

References

Other websites
Howard M. Baldrige at Find-A-Grave
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom - October 17, 1988 

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Calvin William Verity, Jr. (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was an American administrator and steel industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan.

He died on January 3, 2007, a complications of pneumonia, in Beaufort, South Carolina, at the age of 89.

References

1917 births
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United States Secretaries of Commerce
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Raymond James "Ray" Donovan (August 31, 1930 – June 2, 2021) was an American businessman and politician. He served as U.S. Secretary of Labor under President Reagan from 1981 until 1985. Donovan was born in Bayonne, New Jersey.

Donovan died on June 2, 2021 in New Vernon, New Jersey from congestive heart failure at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
  U.S. Department of Labor Biography 
 Raymond J Donovan at NameBase (Archive)

1930 births
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United States Secretaries of Labor
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Ann McLaughlin Korologos (born Ann Lauenstein; November 16, 1941 — January 30, 2023), formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin, is an American politician. She was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989.

Other websites
A Few Good Women... Ann M. Korologos 

1941 births
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Margaret Mary Heckler (June 21, 1931 – August 6, 2018) was an American Republican politician from Massachusetts.

She served in the United States House of Representatives for eight terms, from 1967 until 1983 and was later the Secretary of Health and Human Services and Ambassador to Ireland under President Ronald Reagan. After her defeat in 1982, no woman would be elected to Congress from Massachusetts until Niki Tsongas in a special election in 2007.

Heckler died at a hospital in Arlington, Virginia from a heart attack on August 6, 2018 at the age of 87.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Doug Allan. “Speaker of the House: Joe Martin of N. Attleboro.” Providence Journal. 07/26/1999. 
 Jane Anderson. "Two Massachusetts Incumbents Fight for Single Seat in Congress". Miami Herald. 10/17/1982. p. 5D.
 Karen DeYoung. "Margaret Heckler, All Emerald Smiles". Washington Post. 03/18/1987. p. D1.
 David Hoffman. "Heckler Offered Irish Ambassadorship". Washington Post. 10/01/1985. pA1.
 Stephanie Mansfield. "The Heckler Breakup". Washington Post. 10/16/1984. p. B1.
 Donnie Radcliffe. "The Women’s Caucus". Washington Post. 04/27/1978. p. B12.
 Spencer Rich. "Heckler’s Administrative Skills Called Inadequate for Agency". Washington Post. 10/01/1985. A1.
 Eric Scheidler. “Father and Son Rally the Troops on Maryland Truth Tour.” Pro-Life Action News. Fall 2003. 
 Myron Stuck and Sarah Fitzgerald. "Senate Confirms Heckler". Washington Post. 03/04/1983. p. A13.
 U.S. House of Representatives. Office
1931 births
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United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services
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Ambassadors of the United States to Ireland
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John Stewart Herrington (born May 31, 1939) is an American Republican politician.  He served as the United States Secretary of Energy under Ronald Reagan during his second term.

Other websites
Clean Energy Corp bio
Forbes profile 

1939 births
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Kenneth M. Duberstein (April 21, 1944 – March 2, 2022) was an American politician and lobbyist. He served as U.S. President Ronald Reagan's White House Chief of Staff from 1988 to 1989.

Duberstein died at a hospital in Washington, D.C. on March 2, 2022 at the age of 77.

References

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1944 births
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David Alan Stockman (born November 10, 1946) is a former businessman and American politician. He served as a Republican U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan (1977–1981) and as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (1981–1985) under President Ronald Reagan.

References

1946 births
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James Clifford Miller III (born   June 25, 1942, in Atlanta, Georgia) is a former U.S. government official and economist. He served as chairman of the Federal Trade Commission between 1981 and 1985 and as Budget Director for President Ronald Reagan between 1985 and 1988.  He also ran for United States Senate in Virginia, losing the Republican nomination at the convention to Oliver North in 1994 and losing the nomination in the primary to John Warner in 1996.

References

1942 births
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American economists
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Joseph Robert "Joe" Wright, Jr. (born 1938) is an American businessman and politician. He served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1988 through 1989.

Other websites
Jefferson Consulting biography 

1938 births
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Directors of the Office of Management and Budget
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