Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Building

The main building has two halls: The Summer Hall with 1100 seats and the Winter Hall with 610 seats, which are joined by a single stage. The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall is home to 7 performing groups:

 The Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra
 The Azerbaijan State Choir Capella
 The Azerbaijan State Chamber Orchestra
 The Azerbaijan State Piano Trio
 The Azerbaijan State String Quartet
 The Azerbaijan State Folk Song and Dance Ensemble
 The Azerbaijan State Orchestra of Folk Instruments

Related pages
 Concert hall
 Concert

References

Other websites

 Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater Official Website  
 The Ali and Nino Walking Tour: Philharmonic Hall by Betty Blair and Fuad Akhundov. Azerbaijan International Magazine. #12.2. Summer 2004

Concert halls
Buildings and structures in Baku
Entertainment venues in Azerbaijan
1912 establishments
1910s establishments in Azerbaijan
Alexander Parkes (1813 - 1890) was an English inventor. He created the earliest form of plastics which was called parkesine.

1813 births
1890 deaths
British inventors
ealiest plastic which was later called super nova
Barnston is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 850 people living in Barnston. It has a church called St Andrew.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Berden is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 427 people living in Barnston. It has a church called St Nicholas.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Birchanger is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 987 people living in Birchanger.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Great Canfield is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 364 people living in Great Canfield. It has a church called St Mary. It includes the hamlets of Hope End Green, Canfield Hart, Bacon End and Green Street.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
The Accipitridae are one of the two major families in the order Accipitriformes (the diurnal birds of prey). 

They are a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills (beaks). They vary accordig to their diet. They feed on  prey items from insects to medium-sized mammals. Some feed on carrion and a few feed on fruit. The Accipitridae have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all the world's continents (except Antarctica) and a number of oceanic island groups. Some species are migratory.

Many well-known birds, such as hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures are included in this group. The osprey is usually placed in a separate family (Pandionidae), as is the secretary bird. The New World vultures are now usually a separate family or order.

References 

Accipitriformes
An import is a raw material or a finished product that is brought into a country from abroad. For example America imports maple syrup from Canada and exports manufactured products to the Caribbean.  Some Caribbean countries import nearly all their goods, paying for them with money earned through tourism, banking, and other service industries.

Related pages 
 Export
 International trade

Economics
Semites was a word used for people who speak a Semitic language like Arabic or Hebrew. Scientists don't use the words "Semites" or "Semitic peoples" any longer, but they still speak of "Semitic languages".

The word "Semite" was taken from Shem, a son of Noah in Genesis (chapters 6-11). It was first used in the 1770s by German professors at Göttingen university.

References
Fazlur Rahman Khan (ফজলুর রহমান খান) (April 3, 1929 – March 27, 2013) was an Indian American structural engineer and architect. He and his business partner Bruce Graham are known for designing the Willis Tower and the 875 North Michigan Avenue both in Chicago, Illinois. He was one of the most well-known architects in the 20th century.

Khan was born on April 3, 1929 in Kolkata then when he was 14, moving to Dhaka,  He studied at The University of Calcutta, and at the University of Jeddah.

He was married to Liselotte Khan until his wife death in 1990. He died in 2015 at the age 85

References

Other websites
 Article on Fazlur Khan 
 Article on Khan's buildings
 Profile on Fazlur Khan 
 Website dedicated to Fazlur Khan

1929 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Kolkata
Engineers from Chicago
Architects from Chicago
Bruce John Graham (December 1, 1925 – March 6, 2010) was a Colombian-American architect. Graham and his business partner Fazlur Khan are well known for designing the Willis Tower and the 875 North Michigan Avenue, both in Chicago, Illinois.

Graham was born to a Canadian father and to a Peruvian mother in La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Columbia. He was raised in Bogotá, Columbia and in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Colegio San Jose de Rio Piedras, at the University of Pennsylvania, Case School of Applied Sciences, and at University of Dayton. 

Graham died on March 6, 2010 from emphysema in Hobe Sound, Florida, aged 84. He was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago.

References

Other websites
 Architect of Willis Tower John Hancock Center dies at 84
 Memorial Tribute to Fazlur Rahman Khan by Bruce Graham in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
1925 births
2010 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Colombian businesspeople
Canadian architects
Architects from Chicago
Oghi Tehsil is a tehsil or subdivision of the Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is in a mountainous area close to the Kala Dhaka tribal zone. The main or capital town of this tehsil is Oghi.

The large part of the population of Oghi tehsil is indigenous Swatis, Gurjars, Awans and a mixture of other smaller groups. Hindko is spoken as the main language by around 62% of the people, Pashto language by some 30% and Gojri by some 8 %.

Part of this tehsil is  the Agror valley which also used to be the estate of the former Khan of Agror, a famous tribal chieftain.

References

Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mansehra District
Oghi is a town in Mansehra District, of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Towns in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mansehra District
The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) is an image of a small part of space in the center of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. It is in the direction of the constellation Fornax. The image shows the deepest optical view into space.

The XDF image was released on September 25, 2012.  The image combined 10 years of images. It shows galaxies that are over 13.2 billion years old. The exposure time was two million seconds, or about 23 days. The least bright galaxies are one ten-billionth the brightness of what the human eye can see. Many of the smaller galaxies are very young galaxies. Some of them became the major galaxies, like the Milky Way and other galaxies in our galactic neighborhood. 

The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field adds another 5,500 galaxies to Hubble's 2003 and 2004 view into a very small part of the farthest universe.

eXtreme Deep Field

Related pages
 Big Bang
 Universe
 Hubble Deep Field
 Hubble Deep Field South
 Hubble Ultra Deep Field
 Hubble Space Telescope

References

Astronomy
A hypnotic is a drug designed to help you sleep. It is a type of psychoactive drug which acts as a soporific, and is also used for surgical anaesthesia. Many hypnotics are addictive, and have side-effects. Because of this, most are prescribed as a last resort, and only for a short time. Rohypnol is a particularly powerful example of a hypnotic.

References 

Psychoactive drugs
Anesthetics
Anxiolytics are drugs that are used for the treatment of anxiety, and anxiety-related disorders. The common drugs can be classified:
Benzodiazepines
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, often abbreviated SSRIs
Azapirones
Barbiturates
Hydroxyzines
Pregabalin

In addition to these drug classes, there are also certain plants that have such properties. Many of the drugs listed above have side-effects. For this reason, they are only available on prescription. Certain forms of therapy have also been used to treat anxiety disorders.

Mechanism 
Anxiolytics are said to act on key biochemical messengers in the brain and eventually decrease the abnormal excitability. The biochemical messengers or binding sites are unevenly distributed in the brain, and also said to be associated with a GABA receptor and a chloride channel.

References 

Drugs used in psychiatry
Eileen Yaritja Stevens (died 19 February 2008) was an Aboriginal artist from central Australia. Although she had brief career of less than four years, she quickly became one of the most successful artists of her generation to paint in the style of the Western Desert. Her work is now held in several major public art collections across Australia.

Life
Stevens was born some time in the 1910s. She was born at Makiri, in the north-west corner of South Australia, between what are now the communities of Kaltjiti and Watarru. Her father was a Yankunytjatjara man, and her mother was Ngaanyatjarra, but Stevens described herself as belonging to the Pitjantjatjara.
As an artist
Stevens did not begin painting professionally until 2004, very late in her life. Her husband had died by then, and Stevens had become close friends with Wingu Tingima. Tingima had already established herself as an artist in Irrunytju. The two women began to paint for Nyapaṟi's local community art centre, Tjungu Palya, after it was opened in 2006. They often painted alongside one another, sharing creative ideas and travelling to their exhibitions together. Eileen's daughter, Yaritja Stevens, was married to Tingima's son; and the two shared grandchildren. As the success of their art increased, they became the main providers of income for their combined families.
Stevens had a short career of less than four years. However, her art had immediate success. Her early works – those before Tjungu Palya – were shown in group exhibitions in Melbourne, Adelaide, Sydney and Alice Springs. Her first (and only) solo exhibition was held in October 2007, less than a year before her death. The exhibition, called ": One Woman", was held at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne.

Stevens died on 19 February 2008, at Ernabella. Her funeral was held in Kaltjiti. Her paintings continued to be featured in many other exhibitions alongside other Tjungu Palya artists, even after her death. Stevens' work is held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Art Gallery of Western Australia, and the National Gallery of Australia.
Artwork
Stevens' art focused on her family's Dreaming (a kind of spirituality). Makiri, where she was born, is a sacred place for Aṉangu women. In her paintings, Stevens depicted the Dreaming associated with this place, the . She also painted stories about Piltati, near her husband's birthplace, which is closely related to the Two Snake Men Dreaming (). The paintings featured in her solo show in Melbourne were all related to this particular Dreaming.

Stevens' style was described as bold and dominating. She was said to paint quickly, with a rich mixture of colours, and her paintings were done on large canvases.

References

1910s births
2008 deaths
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from South Australia
A fen is one of the four main types of wetland, and is usually fed by mineral-rich surface water or groundwater.  Fens have neutral or alkaline water, with relatively high dissolved mineral levels but few other plant nutrients.  They are usually dominated by grasses and sedges, and typically have brown mosses in general including Scorpidium or Drepanocladus.p8 Fens often have a high diversity of other plant species including carnivorous plants such as Pinguicula.ch9 They may also occur along large lakes and rivers where seasonal changes in water level maintain wet soils with few woody plants. The distribution of individual species of fen plants is often closely connected to water regimes and nutrient concentrations.

Fens have a characteristic set of plant species, which sometimes provide the best indicators of environmental conditions.  They are called "fen indicator species".
Fens are distinguished from bogs, which are acidic, low in minerals, and usually dominated by sedges and shrubs, with abundant Sphagnum mosses.p8

Fens have been damaged in the past by land drainage, and also by peat cutting.  Some are now being carefully restored with modern management methods.ch13 The principal challenges are to restore natural water flow regimes, to maintain the quality of water, and to prevent invasion by woody plants.

Related pages 
The Fens

References 

Wetlands
Armin van Buuren (born 25 December 1976) is a disc jockey from the Netherlands. He is the number one ranked DJ. He has won DJ Magazine's Top 100 DJs fan poll a record of 5 times. He won it 4 years in a row (2007-2010) and again in 2012. Since 2001, Van Buuren has hosted a weekly radio show called A State of Trance. The program says about 25 million people in 26 countries listen to it each week. This fact would make it one of the most listened-to radio programs in the world.

References

1976 births
Living people
Dutch DJs
Musicians from South Holland
People from Leiden
The Mindy Project is an American comedy television show on FOX. It stars Mindy Kaling as Mindy Lahiri, a obstetrician-gynecologist  in New York City.

Other websites 

2012 American television series debuts
2010s American comedy television series
2010s medical television series
American medical television series
Fox television series
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Wishbone was an American children's television show on PBS.

Cast
 Soccer, also Slugger, Shiner, Phoebe, and Bear as Wishbone
 Larry Brantley - Wishbone's voice
 Jordan Wall - Joe Talbot
 Adam Springfield - David Barnes
 Christie Abbott - Samantha Kepler
 Mary Chris Wall - Ellen Talbot
 Angee Hughes - Wanda Gilmore
 Justin Reese - Nathaniel Bobelesky
 Adan Sanchez - Lee Natonabah/Dan Bloodgood
 Rick Perkins - Mr. Bob Pruitt
 Taylor Pope - Curtis
Awards 
 Academy of Television Arts & Sciences First Honor Roll of Children's Programming, 1999
 George Foster Peabody Award, 1998
 Emmy Award - Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design, 1997
 Emmy Award - Costume Design/Styling, 1997
 Emmy Award - Graphics and Title Design, 1997
 Emmy Award - Costume Design/Styling, 1996
 Emmy Award Nominations, 1998, "WISHBONE's Dog Days of the West"
 Directing in a Children's Special
 Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design
 Main Title Design
 Costume Design/Styling
 Television Critics Association - Best Children's Show, 1996 and 1997

Other websites
 World Wide Wishbone 

American children's television series
PBS Kids shows
English-language television programs
1995 American television series debuts
1997 American television series endings
A bog is a wetland where peat builds up. Peat is layers of dead plant material—often mosses, in most cases, Sphagnum moss.  It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire and muskeg.

Frequently, as the illustration on the right shows, they are covered in Ericaceous shrubs rooted in the Sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual buildup of decayed plant material in a bog forms a carbon sink.

Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is acidic and low in nutrients. In some cases, the water is got entirely from precipitation, in which case they are (rain-fed). Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown colour, which comes from dissolved peat tannins.
In general the low fertility and cool climate results in relatively slow plant growth, but decay is even slower because of the saturated soil.  So, the amount of peat increases. Large areas of landscape can be covered many meters deep in peat. Bogs have a distinctive group of plant and animal species, and are of high importance for biodiversity, particularly in landscapes that are otherwise settled and farmed.

World's largest peat bog 
The world's largest peat bog is in the Congo (Brazzaville). It is as big as England. The bog covers between 100,000 and 200,000 square kilometres (40,000 to 80,000 sq miles), with the peat layer reaching up to 7m (23) beneath the ground. It holds billions of tonnes of partially decayed vegetation.

References 

Wetlands
A relation is said to be reflexive when for all members of the relations R, x=x.

For example, for the set A, which only includes the ordered pair (1,1). The relation is reflexive as 1=1.

Mathematics
This is a list of many of the different language editions of Wikipedia; as of July 2023, there are 334 Wikipedias. For their number of articles, see the main list.

Wikipedia edition codes

Each Wikipedia has a code, which is used as a subdomain below wikipedia.org. Interlanguage links are sorted by that code.

The codes represent the language codes defined by ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-3, and the decision of which language code to use is usually determined by the  Internet Engineering Task Force language tag policy.

One code is not a language code ('be-x-old') but refers to a specific orthography.

Some deviations include:
List
The table below lists the languages of Wikipedia roughly sorted by the number of active users (registered users who have made at least one edit in the last thirty days). It is shown as the "power of ten" of the count of active users, also known as the common logarithm, rounded down to a whole number. In this way, "5" means at least 105 (or 100,000), "4" means at least 104 (10,000), and so on.

Bot-created articles 
Internet bots have created most of the articles on the following Wikipedias:
 Cebuano Wikipedia
 Dutch Wikipedia
 Swedish Wikipedia
 Waray Wikipedia

Notes

References

Other websites

 m:Help:How to start a new Wikipedia
 m:List of Wikipedias
Jagannath Temple is a Hindu temple in the Pabna district of the Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh. It is dedicated to the god Jagannath. It is also known locally known as the Handial Mandir.

The temple was built between 1300 to 1400 CE. The temple is famous for its terracotta sculptures, and has been described as one of the most beautiful Hindu temples in Northern Bangladesh. The temple is incurring damage by high salinity from the soil it is built on.

References

Hindu temples in Bangladesh
14th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in Bangladesh
Kal Bhairab Temple is a Hindu temple, dedicated to the god Shiva, in the Chittagong division of Bangladesh. The temple is famous for the large linga. It is supposed to be the largest in the world. The goddess Kali is also worshipped there.

History
The temple dates back to the 19th century. It was damaged by Pakistani soldiers during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

References

Hindu temples in Bangladesh
Chittagong Division‎
An androgen is a male sex hormone made by the testes. Androgens control and stimulate development of male characteristics in vertebrates. The main hormone is testosterone.

Male reproductive system
Hormones
BeOS was an operating system made by Be Inc. and designed for multimedia and personal desktop use. It made good use of multiprocessor technology. Palm, Inc. bought Be Inc. in 2001 and new versions of BeOS were not made.

Related pages
Haiku (operating system)

Operating systems
A coccus (plural of cocci) is a bacterium that is shaped like a sphere or circle. Cocci are one of the three types of bacteria shapes. The word coccus comes from the Greek word kokkos, or "berry".

Some examples of cocci are  Abiotrophia, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus.

Related pages
Bacillus (one of the other two types of bacteria shapes)
Spirillum (the other shape of bacteria)

Bacteria
Spirillum (plural Spirilla) is any bacterium that is shaped like a spiral. It is one of the three shapes of bacteria. The other two are Coccus and Bacillus.It can be said as Spiral Bacteria. 

Spirillum is also the name of a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the family Spirillaceae. The two species in the Spirillum genus are Spirillum minus and Spirillum pulli.

Bacteria
The Great Chicago Fire was a large fire that started on Sunday October 8, 1871 in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The fire started out as nine separated fires. It burned until Tuesday October 10, 1871 when rain started to fall. 

The fire destroyed  and $192,000,000 in property.  About 100,000 people were left homeless. Three hundred people died. Because of a large fire the night before, firefighters were too tired to quickly put out these fires.

No one is sure what caused the fire. A legend says that it started when a cow knocked over a lantern in Catherine O'Leary's barn on De Koven Street.  

The oldest structure left standing in the area where the fire burned is the Couch family tomb. This stone tomb was built in 1858. 

Not all of the city was destroyed. Important places like the Stock Yards, where animals were slaughtered, were not damaged. Neither was the railroad system.

The second red star of the Chicago flag represents the fire.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Great Chicago Fire & the Web of Memory

1871 in the United States
19th century in Chicago
Fires in the United States
October events
The Loop or Chicago Loop is one of 77 officially designated community areas in the City of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the historic commercial center of downtown Chicago. It is the seat of government for Chicago and Cook County, as well as the historic theater and shopping district.
 
As established in social research done by the University of Chicago in the 1920s, the Loop is a defined community area of Chicago. The name comes from the eleveated train tracks that form a loop. Chicago's central business district community area is bounded on the west and north by the Chicago River, on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the south by Roosevelt Road. But the commercial core has grown into adjacent community areas.
The community area includes Grant Park and one of the largest art museums in the United States, the Art Institute of Chicago. Other major cultural institutions here include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Goodman Theatre, the Joffrey Ballet, the Cloud Gate, the Willis Tower, the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the central public Harold Washington Library, and the Chicago Cultural Center.
 
In what is now the Loop Community Area, on the southern banks of the Chicago River, near today's Michigan Avenue Bridge, the U.S. Army erected Fort Dearborn in 1803. It was the first settlement in the area sponsored by the United States.
References

Other websites

Chicago Loop Alliance 
Prairie District Neighborhood Alliance Website
City of Chicago Loop Community Map
Rand McNally 1893 Loop Sketches

Community areas of Chicago
Vermin Love Supreme (born June 1961) is an American politician, artist, anarchist, and activist who ran for president in 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024. He made promises to give a pony to all Americans, to have a Zombie-Apocalypse, and to have time travel research. He said the he will pass a law to order everyone to brush their teeth.

Supreme was born on June 1961 in Rockport, Massachusetts. He was raised in Baltimore, Maryland and in Boston, Massachusetts. Supreme studied at Gloucester High School.

References

Other websites

Vermin Supreme  at Americans Elect
Biography at Project Vote Smart

1961 births
Living people
American artists
American anarchists
Politicians from Boston
Politicians from Baltimore
2008 United States presidential candidates
2012 United States presidential candidates
2016 United States presidential candidates
2020 United States presidential candidates
Libertarian Party (United States) politicians
2024 United States presidential candidates
Ngupulya Pumani (born 1948 in Mimili) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Mimili, in the north-west of South Australia. She is part of a well-known family of artists, who belong to the Yankunytjatjara community. Her mother, Milatjari, and her sister, Betty Kuntiwa, are both successful painters. Ngupulya has paintings held in the National Gallery of Victoria, and the Art Gallery of New South Wales.

Ngupulya began painting in 2009, for Mimili's community art co-operative, Mimili Maku. She had been inspired to paint by her mother. Her first major exhibition was later that year in Alice Springs, at the annual "Desert Mob" show. Since then, her paintings have been exhibited in several cities around Australia, including twice at the Gallery Gabriella Pizzi in Melbourne.
Ngupulya's paintings depict scenes and concepts from her family's Dreaming. Her mother's ngura (homeland) is Antara, and her father's is near Watarru. Antara is a sacred place associated with the  (Witchetty Grub Dreaming), and Ngupulya most often paints stories from this Dreaming.

She uses pale, earthy colours in her backgrounds to depict the desert landscape, and this is contrasted with patterns of intense, bright dots and lines to represent symbols, figures and their journeys. Many of her techniques were taken from her mother, but used more consistently with her own refinements. The results have been compared to the early works of Emily Kngwarreye.

References

Other websites
Ngupulya Pumani  at Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi
Ngupulya Pumani  at Marshall Arts
Ngupulya Pumani at Aboriginal Signature Gallery

1948 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from South Australia
The meat ant (Iridomyrmex purpureus), also called the meat-eater ant, is a species of ant found all around Australia. The ants are often used by farmers to clean the remaining meat off dead animals.

Ants
Smoked fish are fish that have been cured by smoking.

Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. At first this was done as a preservative. Now the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavour that comes from the smoking process.

The most common types of smoked fish in the US are salmon, mackerel, whitefish and trout.  A common name for cold-smoked salmon is lox.

In the Netherlands, commonly available varieties include both hot- and cold-smoked mackerel, herring and Baltic sprats. Hot-smoked eel is a specialty in the Northern provinces. 

Smoked fish is an important item in Russian cuisine, Jewish cuisine, and Scandinavian cuisine, as well as several Eastern and Central European cuisines.

English, Scottish and Canadian cuisine have a strongly brined, smoked herring that used to be known as "red herring". Now it is called kippers.

Seafood
Thandiani (meaning 'Very Cold') is a hill station, or resort  in the Galyat hill area of Abbottabad District, Hazara, Pakistan.

History
Thandiani was originally granted as a leasehold  to some members of the famous Battye family  in British India. They were Christian missionaries and soldiers who fought in many famous military campiagns of the British Indian Army. They gifted the location to the church authorities, where a Sanatorium and various other facilities were set up, mostly for the convenience of missionaries, Anglican church personnel and officers stationed at the neighbouring cantonment of Abbottabad. It also contained some private European houses, a camping ground, a small bazaar, and the small seasonal church of St Xavier in the Wilderness (under the jurisdiction of St Luke's Church, Abbottabad) which were occupied only during the summers.
Location
Thandiani is in the south of Abbottabad District at 34°13'60N 73°22'0E and is about 31 kilometres from Abbottabad city in the foothills of the Himalayas. To the east beyond the Kunhar River lies the fabulous snow covered Pir Panjal Range of mountains of Kashmir.The hills of Thandiani are about 9,000 feet above sea level. Most of the people of residing here belong to the Qureshi, Gujar, and Karlal tribes.

Tourism
Thandiani has excellent weather and lush greenery in the summer months, and snow-covered views and hills in the winter. Many tourists from all over Pakistan visit here, especially in the summer season.

Forests and wildlife
The mountains around Thandiani are still quite thickly forested, compared to most other hill stations in the locality, which have suffered deforestation. The local wildlife includes leopards, deer, monkeys, several kinds of pheasants, the marbled polecat and the increasingly rare flying squirrel and a species of pine marten.
Hill stations in Pakistan
Abbottabad District
Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan (1863 – December 1937) was a distinguished Pashtun educationist and politician of British India. He is best known for establishing the famous  Islamia College, Peshawar, along the lines of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's policy of educating Muslims. He also briefly remained Chief Minister of the NWFP province during 1936-1937. 

1863 births
1937 deaths
People of British India
The marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) is a small mammal in the Mustelinae subfamily.

The marbled polecat is found in grasslands from southeast Europe to Asia. It is found in Russia, China, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, north-western Pakistan, northern India,  Mongolia and Kazakhstan.  Like other mustelines, if threatened it puts out a disgusting strong-smelling secretion from anal sacs under its tail.

Sources

Other websites 

Mustelids
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Hasan Abdal is an historic town in Northern Punjab, Pakistan. It is famous for the old Gurdwara Sri Panja Sahib shrine there, one of the most sacred places of Sikhism.

Other websites
City of Hasan Abdal 

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Attock District
Infrared spectroscopy (sometimes called Infrared spectrometry) is a physical analysis method that uses infrared light. Typically, infrared spectroscopy uses a wavelength between 800nm and 1mm. The method can be used for quantitative analyses of known substances, or of the structural properties of unknown substances. Raman spectroscopy is another method that produces similar results. The main method used in infrared spectroscopy today is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which uses Fourier transforms.

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy can be used to identify molecules by listing their chemical bonds.  An IR spectrometer is a machine that shines infrared light from a set range of frequencies on a sample. It measures which exact light frequencies are absorbed by the sample.
Chemical bonds in a molecule make molecular vibrations at frequencies that are characteristic of the bonds. A group of atoms in a molecule may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. The spectrometer records all the frequencies of absorption in a sample. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).

Analytical chemistry
Physical chemistry
Infrared
is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Shiso, Hyōgo on the island of Honshu.

History
Iwa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the old Harima Province.  It serves today as one of the ichinomiya of Hyōgo Prefecture.  
  This place is special to the kami named

References

Other websites 

Kokuhei Chūsha
Myōjin Taisha
Beppyo shrines
Ichinomiya
Shinto shrines in Hyōgo Prefecture
Judah Maccabee was a Jewish patriot who led a Jewish rebellion (the Maccabees) against the Seleucid Empire. Judah opposed the Seleucid Emperor's attempts to suppress traditional Jewish culture and make the Jewish people more Greek-like. He liberated Jerusalem, removed Greek idols from the Temple, and rededicated the Temple to the Jewish God. Judah died in combat, but the rebellion that he had led did not stop. The rebellion's success led to the reestablishment of the kingdom of Judah.

Ancient Israeli people
History of Hanukkah
Jewish military people
160s BC deaths
2nd-century BC births
Milatjari Pumani (born 1928) is an Aboriginal Australian artist from Mimili in South Australia. She is perhaps the most well-known artist from this community, and the first to gain a significant level of success for the community's centre, Mimili Maku. Her eldest daughter, Ngupulya, is also a successful painter.

Life
Milatjari was born in 1928, in the bush in north-western South Australia. She was born at Amuroona, on a cattle station between what are now the communities of Indulkana and Mimili. When she was a young girl, her family encountered stockmen at a waterhole called Victory Well. The family then moved to settle and work at the station, then called Everard Park. Milatjari's father was Nyapi "King" Everard and her mother was Mantjangka Everard (Everard was the surname given to them). Milatjari met her husband Sam Pumani in Mimili, and they had five children together: Ngupulya, Betty, Ken, Michael and Lewey.
Artwork
Milatjari paints the Maku Tjukurpa, which is the Dreaming (spirituality) associated with the land around Mimili. Antara, close to Mimili, is a place represented in almost all her paintings. It is her uncle's traditional country, and Milatjari's family would often go hunting and gathering food here when she was young. She and her mother and sister would dig for witchetty grubs (maku) while her father and brothers went hunting. Antara and Ngura Walytja (family's country) are common titles for her paintings.

Milatjari uses earthy colours on a dark background to depict the landscape of Antara. She paints figures and stories from the Maku Tjukurpa using fields of dots. Her style and technique has influenced those of many of Mimili Maku's younger artists, including her daughter Ngupulya and Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin.

References

1928 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from South Australia
Ismail Gulgee (commonly known as just Gulgee) (October 25, 1926 – December 16, 2007) was a Pakistani artist born in Peshawar. 

He was a qualified engineer and a self-taught abstract artist and portrait painter. Exhibitions of his work were held in many countries around the world, including the United Kingdom, United States, Iran, United Arab Emirates, France and other countries.

1926 births
2007 deaths
People from Peshawar
Pakistani painters
Nuruddin Muhammad Salim (known by his imperial name Jahangir)  (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627) was the fourth Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627.
Jahangir was the eldest son of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great. He was married to Queen Nur Jahan ('Light of the World') and was much under her influence. she handled court matters and coins were issued in her name. He is especially well-known because of his memoirs, the Naam-i-Jahangiri (also called the Jahangir-name by some). His eldest son was Shah Jahan. Prince Khurram rebelled in the last years of his reign. The efforts of Nur Jahan, Jahangir's wife, to marginalize him were unsuccessful.
He was buried at Lahore city, now in Pakistan. After his death, by his son and successor Shah Jahan came to power. Shah Jahan killed his father for his desire to be the ruler of the world but couldn't succeed, still military campaigns started by Akbar continued. 

He also consumed excessive amounts of opium, at one point employing a special servant just to manage his supply of intoxicating drugs. 

Mughal emperors
1569 births
1627 deaths
17th century in India
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan  ( ;  ), was Mughal emperor in India from 1628 until 1658. He was the fifth ruler of the Mughal dynasty.

The period of his reign is considered as the golden age of Mughal art and architecture. Shah Jahan is best known for erecting many splendid monuments, the most famous of which in all the world, is the Taj Mahal at Agra, built in 1632–1648 as a tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

Family

Akbarabadi Mahal, Kandahari Mahal, (most beloved wife) Mumtaz Mahal, Hasina Begum Sahiba, Muti Begum Sahiba, Qudsia Begum Sahiba, Fatehpuri Mahal Sahiba, Sarhindi Begum Sahiba and Shrimati Manbhavathi Baiji Lal Sahiba were the wives of Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan killed Mumtaz's husband to marry her. Mumtaz died during her 14th delivery. After her death, Shah Jahan married Mumtaz's sister.
Birth 
Shah Jahan (also known as Prince Khurram)  was born on 5 January  1592 at Lahore, Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession). His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called the  Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles was Bilqis Makani). The name "Khurram" (joyous) was chosen for the young prince by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar, with whom the young prince was close in relation.
Just prior to Shah Jahan's birth, a soothsayer had reportedly predicted to the childless Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, Akbar's first wife and chief consort, that the still unborn child was destined for imperial greatness. So, when Shah Jahan  was born in 1592 and was only six days old, Akbar ordered that the prince be taken away from his mother and handed him over to Ruqaiya so that he could grow up under her care, and Akbar could fulfill his wife's wish to raise a Mughal emperor. Ruqaiya assumed the primary responsibility for Shah Jahan's upbringing and he grew up under her care. The two shared a close relationship with each other as Salim noted in his memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son  [Shah Jahan ], "a thousand times more than if he had been her own [son]."

Shah Jahan remained with her [Ruqaiya] until he had turned almost 14. After Akbar's death in 1605, the young prince [Khurram] was allowed to return to his father's household, and thus, be closer to his biological mother.
Education 
As a child, Shah Jahan received a broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and exposure to a wide variety of cultural arts, such as poetry and music, most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Akbar and Ruqaiya. In 1605, as Akbar lay on his deathbed,Shah Jahan, who at this point was 13, remained by his bedside and refused to move even after his mother tried to retrieve him. Given the politically uncertain times immediately preceding Akbar's death, Shah Jahan was in a fair amount of physical danger of harm by political opponents of his father, and his conduct at this time can be understood as a precursor to the bravery that he would later be known for,he was also well known for his intelligent brain and creative ideas.

Governorships 
Punjab 1608-1611Deccan 1611–1612Bihar 1613–1614Gujarat 1614–1618Delhi 1623–1627Bengal 1624–1625Bihar 1625–1627
Religious attitude 
Shah Jahan leading the Mughal Army, in the upper left the war elephants bear emblems of the legendary Zulfikar sword. Shah Jahan was more radical in his thinking than his father and grandfather. Upon his accession, he adopted new policies which reversed Akbar's treatment of non-Muslims. In 1633, his sixth regnal year, Shah Jahan began to impose his interpretation of Sharia provisions against construction or repair of churches and temples and subsequently ordered the demolitions of newly built Hindu temples. He celebrated Islamic festivals with great pomp and grandeur and with an enthusiasm unfamiliar to his predecessors. Long-dormant royal interest in the Holy Cities was also revived during his reign. The Eid festival was celebrated with great splendour and great feasts especially in the capital city of Delhi.

References

1592 births
1666 deaths
Mughal emperors
16th century in India
Shah Dara or Shahdara or Shahdara Bagh (Urdu: شاہدره), is a suburb of Lahore, Pakistan. It is near the Ravi River. 

The area is famous for two historic Mughal architectural sites. These are the Mughal gardens and the Tomb of Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor and his wife Nur Jahan. Shah Dara also has other tombs and gardens from medieval times. 

Present day Shahdara is a busy area with a market and factories nearby. 

Lahore District
Shakir Ali (1916 – 1975) was a famous modern Pakistani artist and art teacher. 

He was the principal of the National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan, from 1962 onwards for a long time and did much to develop and modernise this institution. He had a huge following of students, many of whom also later became well-known artists in Pakistan.

Museum
Before he died, Shakir Ali donated many of his own paintings and artworks to a private, non-profit trust for a museum to be established. The Shakir Ali Museum was established by the Pakistan National Council of the Arts (PNCA) after Shakir Ali died in 1975. The PNCA decided on a plan of buying the house of teacher and painter Shakir Ali, and of converting into a museum.

The museum is in Lahore. It is a fine museum with a good art collection and is a very useful learning site for art students and teachers. PNCA is in charge of the museums exhibitions and programs and the day-to-day management.

Some of his other paintings can also be seen at the Lahore Museum.
Other websites
Posthumous tribute to Ten Great Painters by Pakistan Post

1916 births
1975 deaths
Pakistani educators
Pakistani painters
Artists from Lahore
Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 22 May 1545) born Farid Khan, was the Pashtun founder of the short lived Pashtun Suri or Sur kingdom in the Indian subcontinent, with its capital at Patna in Bihar and later Delhi. 

The title Sher Khan was impressed upon him after he singlehandedly fought against a lion while serving under Afghan noble Bahar Khan Lohani. Farid Khan was a talented and fearless soldier. His father Hasan Khan was a jagirdar under Bahar Khan Lohani, a noble who served under the ruler of Delhi.  Farid Khan succeeded his father to become the Jagirdar and soon he rebelled and successfully overthrew the Mughal Emperor Humayun in 1540.
He ruled until 1545 when he died in a gunpowder explosion.  He left a strong empire to his son Islam Shah Suri, who ruled for nine years and was succeeded by his son Firoz Khan who was murdered.  His son and followers could not keep for long the control of the kingdom and in 1555 the Mughal prince Humayun recaptured the lost Mughal territory and reinstates himself as Emperor after defeating Islam Shah in Punjab, thus effectively ending the Suri dynasty.

Military Campaigns 
Sher Shah Suri defeated the Mughal ruler Humayun twice and captured Delhi. Soon after becoming king, Sher Shah Suri raised a large army and captured Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

Achievements 
Sher Shah was a good general and administrator. He introduced a new currency, a silver coin known as 'Rupia'. He reduced custom duties and built an excellent connection of roads, including Grand Trunk Road in Bihar, which was 1,600 miles (2500 Kilometers) long. Sher Shah was a secular ruler who practised tolerance and welfare.
1486 births
1545 deaths
Indian royalty
The Khattak (not to be confused with the Punjabi Khattars) are a tribe of Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. They are a large tribe, and spread out over various places from Akora Khattak, on the banks of the Indus River, to Malakand District and Karak District of the above province. 

A colony of the Khattaks are also settled at Saghri village, Jand Tehsil, Attock District of Punjab (Pakistan). 

The famous Pashto language poet of the 17th century AD, Khushal Khan Khattak, also belonged to this tribe.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khushal Khan Khattak (1613–1689), was a famous Pashtun poet, warrior and tribal chieftain of the Khattak tribe of Pashtuns. He lived at Akora Khattak, a village on the Indus River, in India under the Mughal Empire. 

He wrote many Pashto language poems during the 17th century. Some of his poetry is of a Romantic type but most is nationalistic, advising the various Pashtun tribes to unite as one nation against the Mughals.

17th century in India
1613 births
1689 deaths
Kulgam () is unit part of Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
Bethesda Softworks is an American video-games company. It was founded in the city of Bethesda, Maryland, but the headquarters are in Rockville, Maryland.

History
Bethesda Softworks created its first video game in 1989, named Gridiron. From this game, they got a contract to make more popular games such as Terminator and the Wayne Gretzki series. A few games made by Bethesda won the Game of the Year Award, such as Fallout and The Elder Scrolls series. This second series consisted of 6 games: Arena, Daggerfall, Redguard, Morrowind, Oblivion and Skyrim.

Bethesda Game Studios
Bethesda Game Studios (BGS) is the award-winning, in-house development team at Bethesda Softworks led by game director and executive producer Todd Howard.

In the past, not all BGS titles were published by the Softworks division. However, beginning with The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion for the PlayStation 3, Bethesda Softworks began publishing all Bethesda Game Studios games.
References
UESPWiki's Bethesda Article.
Youtube - Todd Howard Interview (2008)

Other websites
 
 Moby

1986 establishments in the United States
American video game companies
Bethesda, Maryland
20th-century establishments in Maryland
The 2012 Chicago Summit was a meeting of leaders of countries that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was held at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois from May 20-21, 2012.

This was the first NATO summit in the United States that was not in Washington, D.C. Chicago was chosen because it was President Barack Obama's home town.  It was going to happen after the 2012 G8 summit in Chicago. The G8 summit was held at Camp David instead.

People at the summit talked about the Arab Spring, the 2011 Libyan civil war, the global financial crisis, transition for NATO forces in Afghanistan, and a missile shield system for Europe.

The summit cost the city of Chicago almost $15.6 million.

At least 38 countries around the world came to the summit. After the summit, Chicago's security system was improved.

References

Other websites

Chicago NATO Summit 2012 Declaration
NatoProtest.org, protest website
Full news coverage  at NATO Review

2012 in Illinois
Diplomatic conferences
2010s in Chicago
The 1968 Democratic National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois, from August 26 to August 29, 1968. Because President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced he would not seek reelection, the reason of the convention was to select a new presidential nominee to run as the Democratic Party's candidate for the office. The keynote speaker was Senator Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii). 
 
Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Senator Edmund S. Muskie of Maine, were nominated for president and vice president.
References

Other websites
1968 Democratic National Convention  at Smithsonian Magazine
Chicago '68: A Chronology
Chicago '68: An Introduction, by Dean Blobaum (2000)

Democratic National Convention
1960s in Chicago
United States presidential nominating conventions
Democratic Party (United States)
August events
Sereno Peck Fenn (April 25, 1844 – January 3, 1927) was an American businessman. He was one of three main people who started the Sherwin-Williams Company. Fenn College was named after him in 1930. A gift of $100,000 was left to Fenn College. It is now called Cleveland State University. He is buried in Lake View Cemetery. Fenn was also president of the Cleveland YMCA for 25 years. He founded the YMCA building in Cracow, 8th Street Krowoderska, Poland.

Other websites
Where, oh where, did the Fenn money go? 
Encyclopedia of Cleveland History:FENN, SERENO PECK
Fenn on Findagrave.com

1844 births
1927 deaths
Businesspeople from Cleveland