Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After the Sabres rejected Dumont's $2.9-million arbitration award, he signed a two-year, $4.5-million contract with the Nashville Predators on August 29, 2006. On June 30, 2011, the Predators bought out Dumont's contract and he became an unrestricted free agent for July 1. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2013.  Since retiring, Dumont is currently a member of tag HC Nashville which is based in Nashville, Tennessee.

References

Other websites

1978 births
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
Nashville Predators players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Val-d'Or Foreurs players
Joanne Whalley (born 25 August 1961) is an English actress. She played Christine Keeler in the movie Scandal. She also played Colleen in Mother's Boys

She was born in Salford, Lancashire, England.

References

English television actors
English movie actors
1961 births
Living people
Montek Singh Ahluwalia (born 24 November 1943) is an Indian economist and civil servant. He was the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of the Republic of India. The position has the rank of a Cabinet Minister. He resigned from the post in 2014. This was before the end of the UPA II regime in the center. Before this, he was the first Director of the Independent Evaluation Office at the International Monetary Fund.

References

Living people
1943 births
Indian economists
Civil servants
Supercross is a motor sport. People in it drive motorcycles very fast and try to beat their opponents on stunt bikes.

Motor sports
Georges Jacques Danton (26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a politician during the French Revolution.He was a member of the city council of Paris, minister of justice and head of the Provisional Executive Council, member of the Convention, member of the National Assembly, and he was the first president of the committee of public safety. The Reign of Terror lasted from 1793 to 1794.  During the Reign of Terror, Danton changed his mind: He said that continuing the Reign of Terror was a bad idea, but other people disagreed. Danton was charged with treason and executed on the guillotine.

References

1759 births
1794 deaths
Politicians from Grand Est
People of the French Revolution
People from Aube
Myra Maybelle Shirley Reed Starr (February 5, 1848 – February 3, 1889, known as Belle Starr) was an American outlaw. She knew Jesse James, the Younger brothers, and other criminals and outlaws. She was convicted of stealing horses in 1883. She was sent to prison. In 1889, she was ambushed in Oklahoma. She died of shotgun wounds. No one knows who killed her.

Early life
Belle Starr was born as Myra Maybelle Shirley on her father's farm near Carthage, Missouri. Her family called her May. Her father was John Shirley.  Her mother was Eliza Pennington. .  

In the 1860s, Starr's father sold the farm. He moved his family to Carthage. There he bought an inn and livery stable on the town square. May Shirley received a classical education. She also learned to play the piano. She graduated from Missouri's Carthage Female Academy.

American Civil War
American Civil War

The Union army attacked Carthage in 1864. The Shirleys moved to Scyene, Texas. Legend says that the Shirleys knew a number of Missouri-born criminals, including Jesse James and the Youngers. Starr knew the Younger brothers and the James boys because she had grown up with them in Missouri. People thought that Starr's brother Bud was in favor of the Confederate States of America. He was killed in 1864 by Union troops.

After the Civil War
Starr married Jim Reed in 1866. In 1868, their first child was born. Starr was good at using guns. She used to ride sidesaddle to her criminal activities wearing a black velvet riding habit and a feathered hat. She carried two pistols. Cartridge belts were strapped across her hips. Jim Reed started committing crimes. He was wanted for murder in Arkansas. The family moved to California. Starr gave birth to their second child, James Edwin (Eddie), in 1871.
Jim Reed returned to Texas. He was involved with several criminal gangs. He tried farming. He became restless. He was friendly with the Starr clan. This clan was a Cherokee Indian family. They were well known for whiskey, cattle, and horse thievery in the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). Jim also was involved with his wife's old friends, the James and Younger gangs. 

In April 1874, an arrest warrant was issued for Starr. People said she was involved in a stagecoach robbery. The robbery had been done by her husband and others. There was no proof she was involved in this robbery. Reed was killed in August of that year in Paris, Texas. He had settled there with his family.
Marriage to Sam Starr
Starr may have been briefly married to Charles Younger in 1878. There is no proof that they were married. In 1880, she married a Cherokee man named Sam Starr. She settled with him in the Indian Territory. There, she learned ways to help the cattle thieves, horse thieves and other criminals. She also hid them from the law. Starr's illegal activities made money. She used this money to free other outlaws from jail.

In 1883, Starr and Sam were charged with horse theft. They were tried in Fort Smith, Arkansas. She was found guilty. She spent nine months at the Detroit House of Corrections in Detroit, Michigan.

In 1886, she was again charged with theft. This time she was not convicted. On December 17, Sam Starr was involved in a gunfight with Officer Frank West. Both men were killed. After this, Starr stopped being an outlaw.

Unsolved murder
Unsolved murder

During the last years of her life, Starr had relationships with several men. These men had colorful names like Jack Spaniard, Jim French, and Blue Duck. She married a relative of Sam Starr named Jim July Starr. He was about 15 years younger than Starr.

On February 3, 1889, Starr was killed in Oklahoma. She was ambushed. She died from shotgun wounds to her back, neck, shoulder, and face. Legend says she was shot with her own double barrel shotgun.

There were no witnesses. No one was ever convicted of the murder. Some say the murderer was one of her sharecroppers.  He was afraid she was going to turn him in to the police. He was an escaped murderer from Florida. He was tried for Starr's murder. He was found not guilty. The murder of Belle Starr remains unsolved.
Story becomes popularized
Starr's story interested publisher Richard K. Fox. Her story was printed in dime novels and the National Police Gazette. Fox made her name famous with his novel, Bella Starr, the Bandit Queen, or the Female Jesse James. This book was published in 1889. This novel is sometimes cited as a historical reference.  It was the first of many popular stories that used her name.

References

1884 births
1889 deaths
American thieves
Murdered criminals
Murders by firearm in the United States
People from Missouri
Unsolved murders in the United States
The Royal Alcazar of Madrid (Real Alcázar de Madrid) was a former royal residence. It was originally built as a fortress by Muslims between 850 and 856 AD. It was in the center of Madrid and served as the center of the Spanish royal court. This was up to the construction of the Royal Palace of Madrid by the Bourbons in the 1700's. the great building kept its original title of Alcázar (English: "fortress").

The first extension to the building was completed in 1537 and was commissioned by King Charles I. Its exterior was constructed by the architect "Juan Gómez de Mora" in 1636, commissioned by King Philip IV.

It was famous for its many paintings and for its unusual architecture. It was the residence of the Spanish Royal Family and home of the Court until it was destroyed by fire in 1734. Many artistic treasures were lost. This included over 500 paintings, although 1,038 artworks were saved from the fire. One of these was Las Meninas by Velázquez. It was damaged, but later restored by Juan García de Miranda.
Related pages
Royal Palace of Madrid the building that is presently on the site.

References 

skrtttt the boi 100 is lit my boi

Castles in Spain
Buildings and structures in Madrid
9th-century buildings and structures
The Taxali Gate is one of the 12 gates of the old medieval walled city of Lahore, now in Pakistan. It dates from Mughal times.

History
The Royal Mint (where coins were made) of the Mughal Empire or Taxal, was here. The gate was named for that.

Present
Today, there is no mint here. There is a very famous shoe market, Sheikhupurian Bazaar. People can go there and try Desi (local) foods like Siri Paya and many types of sweets.

The world-famous Heera Mandi red light area is also in this area. This was made famous in Rudyard Kipling's novel, Kim (published 1901).

References

Mughal architecture
Buildings and structures in Lahore
Gregor Miguel Blanco Pedraza (born December 24, 1983) is a Venezuelan professional baseball player.  He is an outfielder for the Arizona Diamondbacks.

Career
Gregor Blanco was the center fielder and leadoff hitter for Tiburones de La Guaira in Venezuela.  He hit .315 (178 AB) in the 2006–07 season.  In the 2007-2008 season, he hit .345 (229 AB).  In the 2008-2009 season, he hit .349.  He eventually was sent to the majors because of Jordan Schafer's struggles.

References 

1983 births
Living people
San Francisco Giants players
Atlanta Braves players
Kansas City Royals players
Early history
The Heera Mandi was first called the 'Shahi Mohallah' or Royal Neighborhood in the 17th century. It was called that because many princes and nobles of the Mughal dynasty used to come there. At that time there were only Tawaifs (dancing girls) and courtesans there. They were there to amuse the people. Later, some women from other parts of Indian Subcontinent were also brought to perform classical Indian dances such as Kathak to entertain Mughals. During the rule of the Sikh king Ranjit Singh, prostitution [chudhai] also was common. Many brothels were opened there. Ranjit Singh renamed this place 'Heera Mandi'. It was named for an officer, Heera Singh, who lived there. Some historians think that he named it for the beautiful girls (prostitutes) who lived there. They were like precious diamonds.
British times
When the British Raj came to power in this region, Christian missionaries asked for the Heera Mandi to be moved away. They thought the activities there were 'sinful'. The British government tried to move it, but they were forced to move it back because people did not like this idea. Later, after the 1870s, the British also added some special brothels there for British soldiers. This area was made famous in Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim (printed in 1901).

Modern times
After Pakistan became independent in 1947, the Heera Mandi went on as before. Later, under the harsh Islamic puritanical rule of the military dictator General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, a big operation was started to 'clean' the area from prostitution and crime. Many brothels were moved or closed by force. However, once again, people did not like this move. Many of the brothels and other businesses were re-opened.
Even though prostitution is supposed to be illegal in Pakistan, the Mandi still exists. It is also famous for some very good food shops nearby, where many people including foreign tourists come to just eat and watch the shows.

References

Red light districts
History of Pakistan
Lahore
Reema Khan (born 1972) also known by her screen name Reema, is a Pakistani 
Lollywood movie actress, director and producer. She has appeared in more than 200 movies since making her debut in 1990.

Early life
Reema Khan was born in 1972, in the Heera Mandi area of Lahore, Pakistan. She was first spotted in 1990 by the Pakistani movie director Javed Fazil and was offered the leading role in his movie Bulandi. She became popular at once and went on getting success.
Main movies and later career
Khan's early movies included 'Zherilay', 'Ishq', 'Naag Devta', 'Pyar hi pyar', 'Sailab', 'Dil', 'Aag', 'Shama' and 'Sahiba'. These were followed by movies such as 'Hina', 'Anjuman', 'Chakuri', 'Chandni', 'Neelam' and 'Insaniat'. Later she appeared in 'Hathi Meray Sathi' directed by Shameem Ara and in 'Rani Beti Raj Karegi' directed by Altaf Hussain. In 2002, Asif Ali Pota's 'Fire' and Samina Peerzada's 'Shararat' were released starring Reema in the lead role. She later also started making some movies as a producer and part-time director.

Marriage
Reema married American cardiologist and surgeon Syed Tariq Shahab on 16 November 2011 in Virginia, United States. After her marriage, she produced and directed the movie 'Love mein Ghum', released on 31 August 2011. This was a very big commercial and critical success in Pakistan, making over 320 million rupees profit. Reema is mostly living in the USA now and planning new movie projects.

References
References

1972 births
Living people
Punjabi people
Pakistani movie actors
Lucasfilm Animation is an American television and movie animation company. It is the animation division of Lucasfilm Ltd.. It is known for the Star Wars: The Clone Wars television series. The division became part of Disney Television Animation company after Disney bought Lucasfilm for $4,000,000,000. Their logo included R2-D2. Lucasfilm Singapore moved into a new building at the beginning of 2014.

Products 
Star Wars: Clone Wars television series (2005-2008 (co-produced with Cartoon Network studios)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV Series) television series (2008-2014/present)(distributed by Cartoon Network)
Star Wars Rebels television series (2014-present) (co-production with Disney and distributed by Disney XD)  
Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles film series (2013/2014)(co-production with WILFILM and LEGO and distributed by Disney XD)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film) film (2008) (distributed by Wardner Bros.)
Star Wars: Ewoks (co-production with Nevaland)

References
References 

American animation studios
Companies based in San Francisco
2003 establishments in California
Asma Jilani Jahangir (27 January 1952 – 11 February 2018) was a leading Pakistani lawyer. Born in Lahore, she was an advocate of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, President Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan and a human rights activist who works both in Pakistan and internationally to prevent the persecution of religious minorities, women, and exploitation of children. 

She won several international awards for her activism including Right Livelihood Award and the Four Freedoms Award in 2010 for promoting Religious Freedom. 

Jahangir suffered from brain haemorrhage while going into cardiac arrest in Lahore on 11 February 2018 and died when was taken to the hospital at the age of 66.

References

1952 births
2018 deaths
Pakistani human rights activists
Pakistani lawyers
People from Lahore
Kari Peter Conrad von Bagh (29 August 1943 – 17 September 2014) was a Finnish movie historian, writer and director. He worked as the head of the Finnish Film Archive and directed many movie festivals. He was the editor-in-chief of Filmihullu magazine. 

From 2001 until his death, he had been the artistic director of the Il Cinema Ritrovato in Bologna, Italy. In 2004, he was a member of the jury in the competition category of the Cannes Film Festival.

Early life and career 
Von Bagh was born in Helsinki. He graduated from the University of Helsinki. in 1970. He also was a professor at many other universities across Finland, teaching movie history.

Von Bagh died after a long illness on 17 September 2014 in Helsinki. He was 71.

References

Other websites

 Peter von Bagh at the Cannes Film Festival webpage
 

1943 births
2014 deaths
Finnish educators
Finnish historians
Finnish movie directors
Writers from Helsinki
Carolyn Jean Spellmann Shoemaker (June 24, 1929 – August 13, 2021) was an American astronomer. She was a co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9.  She held the record for most comets discovered by a single person.

Personal life
Shoemaker was born Carolyn Jean Spellmann in Gallup, New Mexico, United States.  She was the widow of Eugene Shoemaker, a planetary scientist. They were married from 1951 until his death in 1997.

Shoemaker died on August 13, 2021 in Flagstaff, Arizona at the age of 92. The cause of death was health problems caused by a fall.

Career
Shoemaker started her astronomical career in 1980, searching for Earth-crossing asteroids and comets at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, and the Palomar Observatory, San Diego, California.

As of 2002, Shoemaker had discovered 32 comets and over 300 asteroids (counting the as-yet unnumbered ones).

References

Other websites
Other websites

Universe Today page about Carolyn Shoemaker
Biography of Carolyn Shoemaker at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center

1929 births
2021 deaths
American astronomers
Scientists from New Mexico
People from Gallup, New Mexico
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Audrey Charteris (née Long; April 22, 1922 – September 19, 2014) was an American actress. She appeared in 33 low-budget movies and television shows in the 1940s and early 1950s. Her best known roles were in Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), Tall in the Saddle (1944), Wanderer of the Wasteland (1945), Born to Kill (1947), and Desperate (1947).

Long was born in Orlando, Florida. Her father was an Episcopal minister and English immigrant. During her childhood, she and her family moved to Canada as well as Honolulu, Hawaii, and San Francisco, California. She was educated in both California and Virginia. She was first married to Edward Rubin from 1945 until their divorce in 1951. She was later married to British writer Leslie Charteris from 1952 until his death in 1993.

Long died in Virginia Water, Surrey, after a long illness on September 19, 2014, aged 92.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1922 births
2014 deaths
Actors from California
Actors from Orlando, Florida
Actors from Virginia
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Disease-related deaths in England
The January Man is a 1989 comedy-thriller movie. It is about a former New York City police detective lured back into his job when a serial killer terrorizes the city. Susan Sarandon plays Christine. Harvey Keitel plays Frank. Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio plays Bernadette. Danny Aiello plays Vincent. Kevin Kline plays Nick.

The movie received negative review from critics. 

American thriller movies
American comedy movies
1989 comedy movies
1989 thriller movies
Movies directed by Pat O'Connor
Movies set in New York City
Florentinus Ludovicus Leopoldus Eduard ("Flor") Van Noppen (28 June 1956 – 22 September 2014) was a Belgian politician. He was a member of the N-VA. Van Noppen was the brother of veterinarian Karel Van Noppen, who was murdered by the hormone mafia. 

Van Noppen was elected as a member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives in 2007 and reelected in 2010. He also served as city councilor (2001-2014) and alderman (2007-2013) of Dessel. Van Noppen, who suffered from Multiple system atrophy, retired from politics after the 2014 elections upon completing his term. 

Van Noppen died on 22 September 2014 from the disease, aged 58.

References

1956 births
2014 deaths
Belgian politicians
Deaths from multiple system atrophy
People from Antwerp (province)
Rackstraw Downes (born 1939) is a British-born American realist painter and author.  His oil paintings are known for their details about the months of plein-air sessions. His drawings usually show industry and the environment background. Downs lives in Midland, Texas, but was originally from Maine and Connecticut.

Downs was born Rodney Harry Rackstraw Downes in Pembury, Kent, England.

References

1939 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
British painters
American painters
Writers from Kent
Writers from Texas
Writers from Maine
Writers from Connecticut
Johnny Handsome is a 1989 crime-drama movie. Ellen Barkin plays Sunny. Mickey Rourke plays the title character. Elizabeth McGovern plays Donna. Morgan Freeman plays A.Z. Drones. Forest Whitaker plays Steven Fisher.

The movie was not a success at the box office. It was released on DVD in 2002 and Blu-ray in 2010.

American crime movies
American drama movies
1989 movies
Eugene Merle Shoemaker (April 28, 1928 – July 18, 1997), also known as Gene Shoemaker, was an American geologist. He was one of the founders of the field of planetary science. He was best known for co-discovering the Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with his wife Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy.

Shoemaker died in a car crash in Alice Springs, Australia, aged 69.

On July 31, 1999, some of his ashes were carried to the Moon by the Lunar Prospector space probe.

References

Other websites
USGS page about Gene Shoemaker
NASA page about Gene Shoemaker 

1928 births
1997 deaths
Road accident deaths
American geologists
Scientists from Los Angeles
David H. Levy (born May 22, 1948) is a Canadian astronomer and science writer. He co-discovered Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 in 1993, which collided with the planet Jupiter in 1994. Levy was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

References

Other websites

 David Levy's Home Page 

1948 births
Living people
Canadian scientists
Astronomers
Writers from Montreal
Gallup is a city in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 21,678 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of McKinley County.

References

Cities in New Mexico
County seats in New Mexico
Arthur Thomas Hannett (February 17, 1884 –  March 18, 1966) was an American politician. He became the seventh Governor of New Mexico.

After serving as a member of the State Highway Commission from March 1923, until December 1924, Hannett was elected Governor of New Mexico and served from January 1, 1925 until January 1, 1927.

1884 births
1966 deaths
Governors of New Mexico
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
People from Gallup, New Mexico
Politicians from New York (state)
Lyons is a town in Wayne County, New York, United States.  The population was 5,831 at the 2000 census.  The town is named after Lyons (usually now spelled Lyon), France.

Towns in New York (state)
The Smitley River is a river in British Columbia, Canada. It is in the north Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains.  It flows southeast to join the Noeick River.  The Smitley River starts on the east side of Mount Saugstad.

References

Rivers of Canada
Panipat is an old city in Haryana area of India. It is 90 kms north of Delhi and 130 kms south of Chandigarh. 

Three famous battles were fought here at different times in history: the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 and the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.

Today, Panipat is famous as 'The Town of Weavers' because of its fine carpet-weaving and textile industries. It was first captured by Mahmud of Ghazni of the Ghaznavid Empire in the year 1005 and later by the Ghurid dynasty. It was then under the Delhi Sultanate and then the Mughal Empire until the British conquered this area and colonized India.

References

Cities in Haryana
The Durrani Afghan forces and their allies finally won and defeated the Marathas. The place of battle field is disputed by historians, but most of them are in favour of horiana in Punjab regions not far away from Delhi. The Marathas dug a trench which was three kilometres long and four hundred metres wide. Ahmad Shah Durrani showed his shrewdness by grounding pretended  tents behind which there was a four kilometres long  curtain. Behind the banner of curtain Ahmad Shah Durrani dug four kilometres long and twenty feet wide cannals. By extracting muds from the channel  five feet high, twenty feet wide and four kilometres long road was made behind which Afgan riflemen can take safer position to fire acutely targeting advancing Maratha soldiers. Furthermore, Ahmad Shah Durrani laid his short range movable cannons on the backs of camels positioned behind the road from which cannon fire could be made targeting the advancing Maratha soldiers over the heads of his own forces
. There were four feeder roads one kilometre  away from each other on which Afgan horsemen could come down to battle field and if needed could retreat behind the shadow of five feet high covering road. These four feeder roads were short, narrow and sloping to battle field. Ahmad Shah Abdali tried to bait Maratha troops to advance and Marathas stepped into this trap. Afgans riflemen and short range cannons fired flawlessly onto the Marathas Army and Marathas'began to fall down one after another. In this final stage of battle Ahmad Shah Abdali's left flank and right flank came down to battle field surrounding Maratha forces on three sides. In this conjuncture  of the battle, Holker left the battle field realizing the battle was lost and Marathas almost lost their ground in the battle  leaving the chief Sadashivrorao Bhaou encircled by his  bodyguards in the midst of the battle field. Front troops of Ahmad Shah did not further advance fearing cannon fire of the Marathas'
. Under the cover of these French made cannon 15,000 Maratha forces managed to flee leaving their chief vulnerable.
When the battle began at 8 a.m.on 14th January, 1761 after the Marathas' scantier foodgrains were engulfed by their soldiers, Durrani forces fired their short range cannons, but proved to be ineffective because of falling their ignition on the middle of the battlefield. Thus Ahmad Shah Durrani tried to thwart Maratha advance, he sent his special messenger over the river Jamuna to cross his roughly 15000 baluch soldiers who were engaged to block supply lines of Maratha. Ahmad Shah Abdali had little faith on his allies's ground troops. So, he cunningly played hit and run tactics until his 15000 Baluch troops completed crossing Jamuna toward the East. After reaching his 15000 cavalry troops in the evening, Ahmad Shah Abdali decided the final phase of his charge. In the meantime, after receiving message of crossing 15000 Afgan troops across the river Jamuna, Vishwasrao disappeared from the battlefield and secretly crossed the river Jamuna on the west. This was a major blow for the maratha side
. On the other side Ahmad Shah Abdali tried to prolong the battle for minimum losses and maximum gains. And he was successful in his tactics.
References

1761
18th century in India
Zabardast Khan (died 1788) was a Suleman Khel Ghilzai Pathan warrior in history. He fought at the Third Battle of Panipat as part of the Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani.

References

1788 deaths
18th century in India
Marc Okrand (; born July 3rd, 1948) is an American linguist.  He is known for making the Klingon language.

Biography

Linguistics
Okrand worked with Native American languages.  He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1972.  His 1977 doctoral work from the University of California, Berkeley, was on the grammar of Mutsun, a dialect of Ohlone (a.k.a. Southern Costanoan). Southern Costanoan is an extinct Utian language earlier spoken in the north central Californian coastal areas from Northern Costanoan down to 30 miles south of Salinas. Okrand's doctoral work was watched over by early linguist Mary Haas. He taught college linguistics courses at the University of California, Santa Barbara, from 1975 to 1978. After that he took a post doctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C., in 1978.
Star Trek
Okrand helped make closed captioning for the Oscars award show in 1982. While there Okrand met the producer for the movie Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. His first work was replacing in Vulcan language words for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. The actors had been filmed talking in English. He was then hired by Paramount Pictures to make the Klingon language. Okrand also taught the actors using it in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. He was later also hired for the 2009 Star Trek film for their use of the Romulan and Vulcan languages. He also made a Klingon dialogue for the 2009 movie, but it was not used in the final edited version. Okrand was also involved in Star Trek Into Darkness, but only after the movie was finished being made.

References
References

Other websites
 
 a press release about Marc Okrand  at the National Captioning Institute's website
 
 Marc Okrand  at startrek.com
 Interview with Marc Okrand in the Wall Street Journal

1948 births
Living people
American linguists
A eulogy (from , eulogia, meaning "praise") is a speech or writing in praise of a person or thing. It is often given about a recently dead or retired person. Eulogies may be given as part of funeral services.

Related pages
Epitaph

References

Death customs
North Bend is a village in Miami Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, United States, along the Ohio River. The population was 857 at the 2010 census. Ben Harrison was born here

References

Villages in Ohio
A fallen angel is an angel who has sinned and has been sent out of heaven.

Bible 

The Bible mentions "sons of Elohim" (sons of God) in Book of Genesis, who had evil powerful children. Some Jews and Christians think this refers to angels who left heaven and had children together with human women. There is also another opinion. Some Jews and Christians believe they are not angels, but "kings" who had evil and powerful children instead.

Isaiah compares a Babylonian king to an Angel who wanted to be God himself. So he tried to rise to the highest heaven but fell into the deepest underworld instead. For Christians, this angel was Lucifer. Jews usually don't think this verse really refers to an angel but is only a poem.
In the New Testament, it is said that Hell is prepared for Satan and his fellow (fallen) angels. Jesus is reported to say that he saw Satan fall from heaven. This is the reason why Christians believe that Satan has indeed been thrown out of heaven. This verse also confirms for Christians that the "morning star" in the Old Testament indeed speaks about a fallen angel.

The last chapter of the Bible, the Book of Revelation, describes a battle between the Archangel Michael and Satan. Here, Satan and his angels lose and are thrown out of heaven.
Book of Enoch 
The Book of Enoch mentions angels who mated with human women. These are supposed to be the same angels mentioned in Genesis. Their children are the giants. According to the Book of Enoch, the giants were slain by the Archangels or died during the Deluge. The fallen angels are imprisoned in the underworld. The most famous fallen angels are named Azazel and Shemyaza. They also teach sorcery and warcraft to humans. Azazel is blamed for corrupting the entire world with his teachings.

Satan is also mentioned in this Book, but he is not among the fallen angels. Satan instead appears to be the one who punishes the fallen angels and sinful humans.
Islam 
In the Quran, creatures fallen from heaven appear twice. One is Satan (named Iblis in the Quran) and the other is a pair of fallen angels called Harut and Marut. However, Muslims are undecided if these beings are really angels. Some Muslims don't believe that angels could sin, therefore think that angels will never be cast away from heaven. They think that Satan was not an angel himself but only lived among the angels. Harut and Marut are alternatively thought to be kings instead of angels, like the "Sons of Elohim" in Genesis. Others have no worries about the idea of fallen angels. But even if they are fallen, they don't rebel against God for Muslims. The angels are still the servants of God. Iblis and Harut and Marut do not fall together but each are punished for their own sins:
Iblis: When God creates the first human (Adam), God commands the angels to bow before Adam. But Iblis argues that the angels are better than humans, so they shouldn't bow down. Because Iblis thinks God's command was unjust, he is no longer allowed to be in heaven and is thrown to the earth. Iblis promises revenge and proves to be right and tries to show God that humans are sinful. For this reason, Iblis seduced humans into sin, including Adam and Eve. Iblis is now punished again for tempting Adam and Eve into sin, and this time banished to hell.
Harut and Marut: Their sin is not mentioned in the Quran, but used to explain why they are on earth. According to the Quran, they are on earth and teach humans sorcery. According to the Muslim story, some angels wanted to destroy all humans because they are sinful, but God said, they shouldn't be so harsh to humans. If angels would live on earth, they would also sin. So Harut and Marut made a bet with God, they wouldn't sin if they lived on earth. However, they lose the bet, commit sins, and are not allowed to return to heaven.
Scholarly explanation 
Scholars think that the idea of "fallen angels" comes from humans observing shooting stars. Before humans knew what stars are, many humans believed they are gods or angels. So, when they so a shooting star, and it looked like they fall to earth, they believed a creature (like an angel) from heaven was falling down.

The idea that fallen angels taught sorcery and sin, could also explain how sin entered a perfect world. If God created a good and perfect world, there would be no sin. But when there is sin in the world, sin must have come from outside of the world, what is the world of the angels. 
Theology
Radawczyk Drugi is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Konopnica in eastern Poland.

About 200 people live in Radawczyk Drugi.

References

Villages in Lublin Voivodeship
Mutsun is one of the languages spoken by the Ohlone people of California.

References

Languages of the United States
Mary Rosamund Haas (January 12, 1910 – May 17, 1996) was an American linguist. She studied Native American Indian languages. She also studied Thai and historical linguistics.

Early life
Haas attended high school in Richmond, Indiana, and later Earlham College.

Related pages 
List of women linguists

References

1910 births
1996 deaths
People from Richmond, Indiana
University of California, Berkeley faculty
American linguists
Writers from Indiana
Yale University alumni
Sahana Pradhan (17 June 1927 – 22 September 2014) was a Nepalese politician. She was Minister of Foreign Affairs until she resigned on 16 April 2008. In 1986, she became the leader of the Communist Party of Nepal. In 1987, the political party merged with another one.

Pradhan was born in Kathmandu. She was married to politician Pushpa Lal Shrestha until his death in 1978.

Pradhan died from a brain haemorrhage on 22 September 2014 in Kathmandu. She was 88.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
Communist politicians
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
People from Kathmandu

Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) politicians
Deputy Prime Ministers of Nepal
Star Trek Into Darkness is a 2013 American science fiction action movie. The movie was directed by J. J. Abrams.

References

Other websites 
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1408101/ - IMDb

Star Trek movies
2013 action movies
2013 science fiction movies
Paramount movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by J. J. Abrams
Geochronology is the science of finding the ages of rocks, fossils and sediments. It uses a number of methods. Geochronology is the main tool used to get absolute age dates for all fossil assemblages, and for the history of the Earth and other bodies.

Dating methods

Radiometric dating
By measuring the amount of radioactive decay of a radioactive isotope with a known half-life, geologists can establish the absolute age of the parent material. A number of radioactive isotopes are used for this purpose, and depending on the rate of decay, are used for dating different geological periods. More slowly decaying isotopes are useful for longer periods of time, but less accurate in absolute years. With the exception of the radiocarbon method, most of these techniques are actually based on measuring an increase in the abundance of a radiogenic isotope, which is the decay-product of the radioactive parent isotope. Two or more radiometric methods can be used in concert to achieve more robust results. Most radiometric methods are suitable for geological time only, but some such as the radiocarbon method and the 40Ar/39Ar dating method can be extended into the time of early human life and into recorded history.
Some of the commonly used techniques are:
 Radiocarbon dating. This technique measures the decay of carbon-14 in organic material and can be best applied to samples younger than about 60,000 years.
 Uranium-lead dating.  This technique measures the ratio of two lead isotopes (lead-206 and lead-207) to the amount of uranium in a mineral or rock.  Often applied to the trace mineral zircon in igneous rocks, this method is one of the two most commonly used (along with argon-argon dating) for geologic dating.  Uranium-lead dating is applied to samples older than about 1 million years.
 Uranium-thorium dating. This technique is used to date speleothems, corals, carbonates, and fossil bones.  Its range is from a few years to about 700,000 years.
Potassium-argon dating and argon-argon dating. These techniques  date metamorphic, igneous and volcanic rocks. They are also used to date volcanic ash layers within or overlying human anthropology sites.  The younger limit of the argon-argon method is a few thousand years.
 Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating
Cosmogenic nuclides 
A series of techniques to find the age when a surface was created or exposed. Exposure dating uses the concentration of nuclides like  10Be, 26Al, 36Cl. They are produced by cosmic rays interacting with Earth materials. The data show when a surface, such as an alluvial fan, was created. Burial dating uses the radioactive decay of two elements to find the age when a sediment was buried away from cosmic rays.

Luminescence dating 
Luminescence dating techniques use 'light' emitted from materials such as quartz, diamond, feldspar, and calcite. Many types of luminescence techniques are used in geology and in archaeology.

Incremental dating 
Incremental dating techniques let us build year-by-year annual chronologies. 
 Dendrochronology
 Ice cores
 Lichenometry
 Varves

Paleomagnetic dating 
The pattern of magnetisation in a rock formation can be used to help find its date.

Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy 

Marker horizons are stratigraphic units of the same age, with distinctive composition and appearance. So, though they are in different geographic sites, there is certainty about their age-equivalence. Fossil faunal and floral assemblages, marine and terrestrial, make for distinctive marker horizons. Volcanic ash (tephra) has a geochemical fingerprint. Tephra is often used as a dating tool in archaeology, because the dates of some volcanic eruptions are well-established.

Related pages 
Age of the Earth

References 

Dating methods
The Atlantean language is a constructed language created by Marc Okrand. It was made  for Disney's film Atlantis: The Lost Empire.

References

Other websites
 Atlantean Language Institute – Provides a dictionary, grammar guide, and corpus

Related pages
 Atlantis: The Lost Empire, the film for which the language was created.

Fictional languages
Dulla Bhatti or Dullah Bhatti real name Abdullah Bhatti (popularly referred to as the Son of Punjab' or 'Robin Hood of Punjab') (died 1599) was a famous Punjabi Folk hero and freedom fighter who led a revolt against Mughal rule during the rule of the emperor Akbar.

Career
He belonged to the Bhatti Muslim Rajput tribe and was a zamindar or rural farmer. On becoming a young man, Dulla was angered to see the injustice of the Mughal rulers against local Punjabis, and he turned against them. He started guerilla warfare against the Mughal forces in the Punjab and was successful to some extent for 10 or 12 years. Later, however, he was defeated by the Mughal forces through the betrayal of some enemies and was imprisoned in Lahore Fort, Lahore. He was later hanged there in 1599.
Place in popular literature and culture
 Bhatti still remains a big and popular hero for Punjabi people, and he is mostly remembered in the traditional Punjabi var (ballads or songs about heroes).
 He is also remembered in the traditional dhadhi performances, like poems acted out, where actors show his many brave deeds.
 A number of books, stories (fiction) and plays (drama) have been written about his life and deeds, most famous of these is Takht Lahore a 1973 play or drama written by the Pakistani writer Najam Hussain Syed.
 A number of Urdu and Punjabi films have been made about him, including Dullah Bhatti (1956) by famed director Anwar Kamal Pasha.

References

1599 deaths
16th century in India
Punjabi people
Folklore
Najam Hussain Syed also spelt Najm Hosein Syed (born 1936) is a Punjabi play-writer, poet, and critic who lives in Lahore, Pakistan.

References

1936 births
Living people
Punjabi people
Writers from Lahore
Pakistani poets
This is a timeline of events in the Levant by the Jihadist militant group called the Islamic State (also called IS, ISIS, ISIL or Daesh).

2014 events
January 2014 
 3 January: ISIS was proclaimed an Islamic state in Fallujah. After tension for a long time, the newly formed Army of Mujahedeen, the Free Syrian Army and the Islamic Front launched an offensive against ISIS-held territory in the Syrian provinces of Aleppo and Idlib. A spokesman for the rebels said that rebels had attacked ISIS in up to 80% of all ISIS-held villages in Idlib and 65% of those in Aleppo.
 4 January: ISIS claimed responsibility for the car-bomb attack on 2 January that killed four people and wounded dozens in the southern Beirut suburb of Haret Hreik, an area controlled by Hezbollah.
 6 January: Syrian rebels had managed to expel ISIS forces from the city of Ar-Raqqah, ISIS's largest stronghold and capital of Ar-Raqqah province. Several weeks later ISIS took the city back.
8 January: Syrian rebels expelled most ISIS forces from the city of Aleppo. However, ISIS reinforcements from Deir ez-Zor province managed to retake several neighborhoods of the city of Ar-Raqqah. By mid-January ISIS fighters had retaken the entire city of Ar-Raqqah, while rebels expelled ISIS fighters fully from Aleppo city and the villages west of it.
 25 January: ISIS announced the creation of its new Lebanese arm, pledging to fight the Shia militant group Hezbollah and its supporters in Lebanon.
 29 January: Turkish aircraft near the border fired on an ISIS convoy inside Aleppo province in Syria, killing 11 ISIS fighters and one ISIS emir.
 30 January: ISIS fired on border patrol soldiers in Turkey. The Turkish Army retaliated with Panter howitzers and destroyed the ISIS convoy.
 In late January, it was confirmed that Syrian rebels had assassinated ISIS's second-in-command, Haji Bakr, who was al-Qaeda's military council head and a former military officer in Saddam Hussein's army.
February 2014 
 3 February: al-Qaeda's general command broke off its links with ISIS, reportedly to concentrate the Muslim extremist effort on unseating President Bashar al-Assad.
 By mid-February, the al-Nusra Front had joined the battle in support of rebel forces, and expelled ISIS forces from Deir ez-Zor province in Syria.
 23 February: The Islamic State carried out a suicide attack in Aleppo killing a commander of Ahrar ash-Sham and 6 other members of the group.
March 2014 
 By March, ISIS forces had fully retreated from Syria's Idlib province after battles against the Syrian rebels.
 4 March: ISIS retreated from the Aleppo province–Turkey border town of Azaz and nearby villages, choosing instead to stay around Ar-Raqqah, expecting more fighting with al-Nusra.
 8 March: During an interview with French television channel France 24, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki accused Saudi Arabia and Qatar of openly funding ISIS.
 20 March: In Niğde, a city in Turkey, three ethnic Albanian members of ISIS—Benjamin Xu, Çendrim Ramadani and Muhammed Zakiri—opened fire while hijacking a truck, killing one police officer and one gendarmerie officer and wounding five people. Shortly after their arrest, Polis Özel Harekat teams launch a series of operations against ISIS in the capital city, İstanbul. Police found documents and an ISIS flag in one place and two people from Azerbaijan were arrested.
April 2014 
 27 April: Iraqi military helicopters reportedly attacked and destroyed an ISIS convoy of eight vehicles inside Syria. This may be the first time that Iraqi forces have struck outside their country since the Gulf War.

May 2014 
 1 May: ISIS carried out a total of seven public executions in the city of Ar-Raqqah, in northern Syria. Pictures that emerged from the city show how ISIS had been carrying out public crucifixions in areas under its control. In most of these crucifixions, the victims were shot first and their bodies were then displayed, but there were also reports of crucifixions after the victims were shot or beheaded. In one case, a man was said to have been "crucified alive for eight hours," but there was no indication of whether he died.
June 2014 
 In early June, following its large-scale offensives in Iraq, ISIS was reported to have seized control of most of Mosul, the city with the second highest population in Iraq, a large part of the surrounding Nineveh province, and the city of Fallujah. ISIS also took control of Tikrit, the administrative center of the Salah ad Din Governorate, with the ultimate goal of capturing Baghdad, the capital city of Iraq. ISIS was believed to have only 2,000–3,000 fighters up until the Mosul campaign, but during that campaign, it became clear that there were far more fighters than was previously thought.
 In June there were reports that a number of Sunni groups in Iraq had joined ISIS. However, the Kurds—who are mostly Sunnis—in the northeast of Iraq, were unwilling to be drawn into the conflict, and there were clashes in the area between ISIS and the Kurdish Peshmerga.
 5 June: ISIS militants stormed the city of Samarra, Iraq, before being ousted from the city by airstrikes mounted by the Iraqi military.
6 June: ISIS militants carried out multiple attacks in the city of Mosul, Iraq.
 7 June: ISIS militants took over the University of Anbar in Ramadi, Iraq and held 1,300 students hostage, before being ousted by the Iraqi military.
 9 June: Mosul fell to ISIS control. The militants seized control of government offices, the airport, and police stations. Militants also looted the Central Bank in Mosul, reportedly absconding with US$429 million. More than 500,000 people fled Mosul to escape ISIS. Mosul is a strategic city as it is at a crossroad between Syria and Iraq, and poses the threat of ISIS seizing control of oil production.
 11 June: ISIS seized the Turkish consulate in the Iraqi city of Mosul, and kidnapped the head of the diplomatic mission and several staff members. ISIS seized the Iraqi city of Tikrit.
 12 June: Human Rights Watch, an international human rights advocacy organization, issued a statement about the growing threat to civilians in Iraq.
15 June: ISIS militants captured the Iraqi city of Tal Afar, in the province of Nineveh. ISIS claimed that 1,700 Iraqi soldiers who had surrendered in the fighting had been killed, and released many images of mass executions via its Twitter feed and various websites.
 22 June: ISIS militants captured two key crossings in Anbar, a day after seizing the border crossing at Al-Qaim, a town in a province which borders Syria. According to analysts, capturing these crossings could aid ISIS in transporting weapons and equipment to different battlefields.
 24 June: The Syrian Air Force bombed ISIS positions in Iraq. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated: "There was no coordination involved, but we welcome this action. We welcome any Syrian strike against Isis because this group targets both Iraq and Syria."
 25 June: The al-Nusra Front's branch in the Syrian town of al-Bukamal pledged loyalty to ISIS, thus bringing months of fighting between the two groups to a close.