Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Metadata 
A KDE/Qt application for Linux/Unix called easytag will edit metadata about AAC-encoded files as long as they end with the .m4a extension. Typically, renaming files to .m4a and back to the original extension after editing is sufficient. This method can be used to configure typical ID3v2 metadata including cover art. This cover art is used by Apple's iTunes and their media players. Note that easytag does not have the ability to add chapter points into Audiobooks (.m4b).

Computer file formats for audio
WMA is a file format for storing music. It was made by Microsoft. It stands for Windows Media Audio. It is used in Windows Media Player and many portable music players.

Computer file formats for audio
I am an amazing person who knows all about WMA but am not going to tell you anything
Hidden or The Hidden can refer to:

 L'Encobert (in Catalan; El Encubierto in Spanish; "The Hidden [One]"), a mysterious rebel leader in the Revolt of the Brotherhoods in Valencia in 1522
 Hidden, also known as Caché, a 2005 French drama movie
 Hidden (2009 movie), a 2009 Norwegian horror movie
 The Hidden a 1987 American science fiction movie
A regatta is a term used to describe either a boat race, or series of boat races. 

Although the term typically describes racing events of unpowered watercraft, some powerboat race series are also called regattas.  Most commonly, a regatta is either a series of rowing, sailing or yacht racing.

Although regattas are typically amateur competitions, they are usually very highly organized, formally structured events, with complex rules precisely describing the schedule and procedures of the event.

Rowing regattas
Henley Royal Regatta, held every year on the river Thames is the most prestigious British event
The Boat Race is a rowing race between the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club. It is rowed annually each Spring on the Thames in London.
Dad Vail Regatta, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Head of the Charles Regatta, on the Charles River between Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts
Sailing regattas
America's Cup, hosted by prior winner
Balmain Regatta held annually on Sydney Harbour, Australia
 Bass Week, Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumbria
Bay Week, Put-in-Bay, Ohio
Block Island Race Week, Storm Trysail Club Rhode Island
CORK Regatta, Kingston, Ontario, annually in August.
Cowes Week, Royal Yacht Squadron, England
Fowey Royal Regatta, Fowey Cornwall annually in August  
Kamer 2 Sailing Marathon, Kaag, Netherlands, annually in September
Key West Race Week, Key West, Florida
Larchmont Race Week, Larchmont Yacht Club, New York
Long Beach Race Week, Long Beach, California
National Offshore One Design (NOOD)
Round Texel, Texel, Netherlands, annually in June
Lysekil Women's Match , Lysekil, Sweden, annually in August
Tjörn Runt, Tjörn, Sweden, annually in August
Washington's Birthday Regatta, Coconut Grove, Florida, annually in February
Youngstown Levels, Youngstown, New York
Figawi Race, Hyannis, MA
College Sailing Regattas
Charleston Open, College of Charleston
Kennedy Cup, US Naval Academy
The Roth Regatta, Roth Pond, State University of New York at Stony Brook
Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships, various locations

High school sailing regattas
Mallory Cup, United States high school sailing national championships.
The National School Sailing Assosiation Regatta, UK. Annual Sailing reggatta held in various sailing clubs and competed in by many secondary school students.

Other regattas
The Madison Regatta, Madison, Indiana. (hydroplanes)
Kingston Multi-Hull Regatta, Kingston, Ontario (multihull sailboats and sailing hydrofoils)
Henley-on-Todd Regatta - an Australian dry-land event.
Royal Hobart Regatta - A Multiple event 3 day Reggatta in Tasmania, Australia.
Sy Barash Regatta - discontinued event at Penn State
Worrell 1000, between South Beach and Virginia Beach, Virginia
For the Cruise Ship Regatta see Oceania Cruises
Other websites
How to Start Racing a Boat
The photos and videos of Borneo regatta
Watski Skagerrak TwoStar, online yacht race in Norway, Denmark and Sweden 
Aegean Regatta Photos 
International Sailing Federation, the international governing body of sailboat racing
US Sailing's official homepage
Sailing Anarchy, a very popular international sailing site

Boat racing
A touchscreen is a computer screen that can be used by touching it with a finger or a stylus pen, instead of using a mouse and keyboard. It can be described as a touchpad with a screen built-in to it.

Today, all kinds of devices, both big and small, make use of touchscreens. However, tablet computers and smartphones have made them popular and are the most widely known and used products that use touchscreens.
History
In 1965, E.A Johnson of England’s Royal Radar Establishment, invented the first touchscreen that was used in the U.K for air traffic control up until around 1995. The first resistive touch screen was invented by G. Samuel Hurst in 1975, and produced in 1982. Back in 1970, Hurst and nine friends discovered that a touchscreen on a computer monitor made for an excellent method of interaction. Pressure on the cover sheet allowed voltage to flow between the X wires and the Y wires, which could be measured to indicate coordinates. This discovery helped found what we today refer to as resistive touch technology (because it responds purely to pressure rather than electrical conductivity, working with both a stylus and a finger).
Usage
Because of how easy they are to use, touchscreens can be found in many places. Along with general computing and consumer electronics devices such as smartphones, tablets, smartwatches and personal computers, touchscreens are also widely used on kiosks, which are used for information systems in cities and museums. They are also found on machines including Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), cash registers and retail point-of-sale terminals, GPS navigation systems such as those in cars and other vehicles, medical equipment and industrial control panels. The touchscreen built into kiosks use simple point and click interaction. Interactive whiteboards, which can be found in many schools, also use a simple form of touch technology.

Types
Types

Different kinds of touchscreens work in different ways. There are two main technologies used for touchscreens:
 A resistive touchscreen has a layer of conducting polyester plastic. When you press on it, you force the polyester to touch the glass and complete an electric circuit. A chip under the screen identifies the coordinates of the place you touched. These screens can sense only one finger at a time and get confused if you try to press in two places at once. They are often used in industrial equipment because it is strong and responds to any kind of input, such as when wearing gloves.
 A capacitive touchscreen has multiple layers of glass. Both the innermost and outermost layers of glass conduct electricity. The screen behaves like two electrical conductors separated by an insulator—in other words, a capacitor. Unlike resistive screens, capacitive screens can easily detect and distinguish more than one press at once. This is called multi-touch.
Unlike resistive screens, capacitive screens don’t work if you touch them with a plastic stylus because the plastic acts as an insulator. Some stylus pens, such as the Apple Pencil for the iPad Pro, are made to work with capacitive screens. They are pressure sensitive and let you to do different things by pushing harder or more gently. For example, you can draw a wider or narrower line in programs like Microsoft OneNote and Adobe Photoshop.

References 

Data input
My-Hime (舞-HiME, Mai-Hime) is an anime made by the Sunrise Inc. My-Otome is the parallel sequence to this story.

Story 

Mai Tokiha, the protagonist, is once of the Himes (Princesses) who are girls with power who fight against monsters and an evil organisation. 

Anime
The Zodiac is the twelve constellations in the form of animals, humans or objects.

Western Zodiac

The modern astrological signs are the simplified pictures of the signs used in the Hellenistic times. These are the twelve aspects the signs represent:

Aries  (The Ram) - (21 March - 19 April)
Taurus  (The Bull) - (20 April - 20 May)
Gemini  (The Twins) - (21 May - 20 June, and 23 October - 21 November)
Cancer  (The Crab) - (21 June - 22 July)
Leo   (The Lion) - (23 July - 22 August)
Virgo (The Virgin) - (23 August - 22 September)
Libra (The Scale) - (23 September - 22 October)
Scorpius  (The Scorpion) - (23 October - 21 November)
Sagittarius (The Centaur-Archer) - (22 November - 19 December)
Capricorn (The Sea-Goat) - (22 December - 19 January)
 Aquarius  (The Water-Bearer) - (20 January - 18 February)
Pisces  (The Fish) - (19 February - 20 March, and 21 May - 20 June)
A person's Zodiac sign is determined by at what time and on what day they are born.

Chinese Zodiac
Chinese Zodiac

In the Chinese Zodiac, years match twelve animals in turn.
Rat
Ox
Tiger
Rabbit
Dragon
Snake
Horse
Goat
Monkey
Rooster
Dog
Pig

Constellations
Calendars
Artemis Fowl is a series of books about a young criminal mastermind. The books were written by Irish author Eoin Colfer. The series currently has eight main books and two short stories. The first two books are have been made into graphic novels.

Artemis Fowl
Artemis Fowl And The Arctic Incident
Artemis Fowl And The Eternity Code
Artemis Fowl And The Opal Deception
Artemis Fowl And The Lost Colony
Artemis Fowl And The Time Paradox
Artemis Fowl And The Atlantis Complex
Artemis Fowl And The Last Guardian
The two short stories are:
LEPrecon
The Seventh Dwarf
LEPrecon comes before Artemis Fowl, and is about one of the main characters, an elf called Holly Short. It tells how she moves to a unit in the fairy 'police' called LEPrecon (a word-play on leprechaun).
The Seventh Dwarf comes between Artemis Fowl and Artemis Fowl and the Arctic Incident. The Seventh Dwarf is about when two of the characters are trying to steal a tiara. They do not originally know they are both trying. They meet, and end up helping each other.

As the books advance, more attention is given to the moral progressiveness of the main character, Artemis Fowl II. In the first book he is shown as the bad guy, but further on in the series he is shown as a goodie.

Series of books
Fantasy books
Irish literature‎
Barton Lee Hazlewood (July 9, 1929 – August 4, 2007) was an American country singer, songwriter and record producer. He was most famous for writing the song These Boots Are Made For Walking for Nancy Sinatra. He was born in Mannford, Oklahoma.

Hazlewood died of kidney cancer on August 4, 2007 in Henderson, Nevada at the age of 78.

Other websites
Article about his death at the BBC Website

1929 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from kidney cancer
Cancer deaths in Nevada
Record producers
American singer-songwriters
American country singers
Singers from Oklahoma
Boundary may mean:

A border that encloses a space or area
Boundary (cricket)
Boundary (topology)
Boundary lubrication
Boundary (surveying), a dividing line between parcels of real property.
Boundaries that are studied in landscape history
Boundaries - 1997 Movie starring Playboy Playmate Kathy Shower
The decimal separator is a symbol used to mark the border between the integer and the fractional parts of a decimal numeral. This symbol can be a period ("."), as is common in United States and other English-speaking countries, or a comma (","), as in continental Europe. Decimal point and decimal comma are also common names for the decimal separator. For example, 9.5 means nine and one half in English speaking countries, while in many European countries, the same number might be written as 9,5.

Related pages 

 Arithmetic precision
 Decimal degrees
 Dewey Decimal System

References 

Mathematics
The Moving Picture Experts Group, or MPEG for short, is a group of people that figure out ways to put music and video onto computers. Then they publish this information for people to use.

MPEG invented a number of file formats for music and video.

MP3 and AAC, which are two of MPEG's music formats, are very popular. The MPEG-2 video format, used in DVDs, is also very popular.

Companies like Apple use MPEG formats in iTunes and the iPod. Many YouTube videos use the MPEG-4 format, which sometimes goes by the brand names DivX™ or Xvid.

Computer file formats
Princess Iman bint Al Hussein (born April 24, 1983) is the daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and Queen Noor. She is the half-sister of the present Jordanian king, Abdullah II. Princess Iman was educated at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in England.

Jordanian princes and princesses
1983 births
Living people
Clannad are a musical group from  Gweedore, in County Donegal, which is in the north-west of Ireland. They are very famous for their haunting sound that has been used in many Hollywood movies. They have sold over 20 million albums all over the world and won a Grammy award in 1999. They are brothers and sisters Máire, Ciarán, and Pól Brennan and their uncles Noel and Pádraig Duggan. Their younger sister Enya was once part of the group.
Altan
Their first language is Gaelic and many of their songs are sung in that language.
Discography
 1973 – Clannad (The Pretty Maid) debut
 1975 – Clannad 2
 1976 – Dúlamán
 1978 – Clannad In Concert [live]
 1980 – Crann Úll
 1982 – Fuaim
 1983 – Magical Ring
 1984 – Legend [soundtrack for Robin of Sherwood]
 1985 – Macalla
 1987 – Sirius
 1988 – Atlantic Realm [soundtrack]
 1989 – Past Present [compilation]
 1990 – The Collection [compilation]
 1989 – The Angel and the Soldier Boy [soundtrack]
 1990 – Anam (US: 1992)
 1993 – Banba (with The Last of the Mohicans soundtrack theme)
 1994 – Themes
 1996 – Lore
 1996 – Rogha: The Best Of Clannad
 1997 – Landmarks
 1998 – An Díolaim [collection of early recordings for Irish Gael-Linn label]
 2003 – The Best Of: In A Lifetime
 2005 – Clannad: Live In Concert, 1996 [live]

Websites 
Official Clannad site
Fan site with videos, galleries and news blog

Irish rock bands
Grammy Award winners
County Donegal
Nicole Vaidišová  (born 23 April 1989 in Nuremberg) is a Czech professional female tennis player. 

She became a tennis professional in 2003, and debuted in several ITF tournaments. She measures at  and weighs . She enjoys reading, watching movies, yoga, and bike riding. Her favorite city is New York City. She speaks German, English, Czech, and is learning French.

WTA Tour Titles

Singles
 2004 Vancouver defeated Laura Granville
 2004 Tashkent defeated Virginie Razzano
 2005 Seoul defeated Jelena Jankovic
 2005 Tokyo defeated Tatiana Golovin
 2005 Bangkok defeated Nadia Petrova
 2006 Strasbourg defeated Shuai Peng

Singles Finalist
 2005 Istanbul lost to Venus Williams

ITF Titles

Singles
 2003 Plzen defeated Andrea Hlavackova
 2004  Columbus defeated Shuai Peng

Other websites
 Nicole Vaidisova profile on WTA Tour 

1989 births
Living people
Czech tennis players
Sportspeople from Nuremberg
Tatiana Golovin (born 25 January 1988 in Moscow, Russia) is a professional female tennis player. She moved to Paris, France and earned French citizenship. She won the 2004 French Open mixed-doubles event with Richard Gasquet. She lives in Miami, Florida. She speaks English and French.

WTA Tour titles

Singles
2007 Amelia Island defeated Nadia Petrova

Singles finalist
2004 Birmingham lost to Maria Sharapova
2005 Tokyo lost to Nicole Vaidišová
2006 Stuttgart lost to Nadia Petrova

Grand Slam titles

Mixed doubles
2004 French Open with Richard Gasquet defeated Cara Black and Wayne Black

Other websites 
 
 

1988 births
Living people
Russian tennis players
The home row is the middle row on a standard computer keyboard. On a QWERTY keyboard, the home row consists of the letters ASDFGHJKL, and the characters ; (the semi-colon) and ' (the apostrophe).

Typography
en:Home row
Arzashkun () was a capital city of the Kingdom of Urartu in the 9th century B.C. It is thought that the city was located north of Lake Van in what is now eastern Turkey. The city had two walls and towers. It was protected from attack, by a thick forest. An army could not easily travel through this forest. 

The nation of Urartu was at the headwaters of the river Tigris in the 9th century B.C. Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria thought that Urartu was a danger to Assyria. He started an expedition to Urartu in 857. He said that he destroyed the capital, Arzashkun. He also claimed that he traveled as far as Lake Van and left his inscription on Mount Irritia.

It is believed that the name Arzashkun is the Assyrian form of an Armenian name.

Related pages
 Lake Van
 Ancient Armenia

Ancient Armenia
Urartu
Former national capitals
9th century BC
Kingdom of Urartu (Assyrian: māt Urarṭu, Babylonian: Urashtu, Hebrew: אֲרָרָט,  Ararat), was an Iron Age kingdom. Territory of the ancient Kingdom of Urartu extended over the modern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and the Republic of Armenia. Its center was the Armenian highland between Lake Van, Lake Urmia, and Lake Sevan. During the seventh century, the Urartians collaborated with a combination of Scythians and Cimmerians in their jockeying for power, but by 590, having been weakened in the constant rivalry between Assyrians, Babylonians, Scythians, and Medes, Urartu was swallowed by the Medes.

Urartu and Armenians
Armenians are the heirs of the Urartians. A. E. Redgate says that the Urartians are the "most easily identifiable" ancestors of the Armenians. Philip D. Curtin defined the Kingdom of Urartu as an Armenian kingdom.

Maps

References

Sources 

  
 
 
 
 

Ancient Armenia
Former monarchies of Asia
Former countries in the Middle East
The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range in Eurasia. They are in the Caucasus region between the Black Sea in the west and the Caspian Sea in the east. The Greater Caucasus divide Europe from Asia. The Lesser Caucasus are south of there.

Related pages 

 Languages of the Caucasus

Mountain ranges of Asia
Hayk (Armenian:Հայկ, also known as Haik),  in Armenian legend, was the founder of the Armenian nation. His story is found mostly in the 5th century historian Moses Khorenatsi's book History of Armenia.

History 
According to Moses Khorenatsi, Hayk is the son of Torgom (Togarmah), the son of Gomer, the son of Japheth. Hayk is also called the founder of the Haykazuni dynasty. According to the historian Juansher, Hayk "was prince of the seven brothers and stood in service to the giant Nimrod (Nebrovt') who first ruled the entire world as king.<ref>[http://rbedrosian.com/gc2.htm The Georgian Chronicle]</ref>"

Hayk is also the name of the constellation Orion in the Armenian Bible (Job 38:31)
According to Moses Khorenatsi, after Hayk the son of Torgom became father to Armeneak while living in Babylon, because the arrogant Titan Bel (who is Nimrod, according to Moses) has made himself king of the world, Hayk moves with his family and 300 others to the land of Ararat, and starts a village called Haykashen. On the way, he leaves one area for his grandson, Cadmus. Bel sends one of his sons to give Hayk a message, saying that he must return to Babylon, but Hayk answers that he will not. Then Bel marches against him with a great army, but Cadmus warns Hayk that he is coming. Hayk gathers his own army on the shore of Lake Van and tells them they must either defeat Bel or die trying, so they will not become his slaves.

After that, he finds Bel's army on a mountain. Moses says this mountain is found at Dastakert. Bel himself is seen in front of his army. In the middle of the battle, Hayk kills Bel with a lucky arrow and Bel's army becomes confused and defeated.
According to other writers, this battle was fought at Dyutsaznamart around Julamerk, southeast of Lake Van, in the year 2501 BC. Hayk builds a castle called Haykaberd'' and the village of Haykashen. He names the country where the battle was fought "Hayk" after himself, and today the name of Armenia is called "Hayastan" and the Armenian people are called "Hay", in their language. Also, in the ancient writings of the Hittites, there was a country called Hayasa in the area.

Sources

Vahan Kurkjian, "History of Armenia," Michigan, 1968 

History of Armenia
Mol is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 33060 people lived there.

It is at 51° 11 North, 05° 07 East.

References 

Municipalities of Antwerp
Autodesk Maya (), commonly shortened to Maya, is 3D computer graphics software that runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and Linux, originally developed by Alias Systems Corporation (formerly Alias|Wavefront) and currently owned and developed by Autodesk, Inc. It is used to create interactive 3D applications, including video games, animated film, TV series, or visual effects.

Sources

Graphics software
Gerard "Gerry" Adams () (born 6 October, 1948 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is an Irish politician who was the president of Sinn Féin, a political party that wants Northern Ireland to join the Republic of Ireland. He was a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly in Belfast and was a member of the British Parliament for Belfast West. He does not go to Parliament because he does not believe that Britain should control Northern Ireland, this is called abstentionism.

Adams is a spokesman for the Irish republican movement or the "Provisional movement". This includes Sinn Féin and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). The IRA is illegal in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, because it is called a terrorist group by both governments. Adams is thought to have persuaded the IRA to give up its "war" against the UK in return for devolved government for Northern Ireland.
From the late 1980s, Adams was an important figure in the Northern Ireland peace process, started when he met first the SDLP (Social Democratic and Labour Party’s) leader John Hume and later the Irish and British governments, and then other parties. In 1995 the IRA stopped fighting, and in 2005 the IRA said the war was over.

Adams retired from politics in February 2020.

Background 
Gerry Adams was born in West Belfast. He has 4 brothers and 5 sisters.

His parents, Gerry Adams Sr. and Annie Hannaway, came from strong republican backgrounds. Adams's grandfather, also named Gerry Adams, had been a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) during the Irish War of Independence. Two of Adams's uncles, Dominic and Patrick Adams, had been interned (jailed without a trial) by the governments in Belfast and Dublin. His uncle Dominic was a senior figure in the IRA of the mid-1940s, but not the chief of staff as some people say,. Gerry Sr. joined the IRA when he was sixteen.
Adams's mother’s grandfather, Michael Hannaway, was a member of the Fenians during their dynamiting campaign in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Michael's son, Billy, was election agent for Éamon de Valera in 1918 in West Belfast but refused to follow de Valera into democratic and constitutional politics upon the formation of Fianna Fáil. Annie Hannaway was a member of Cumann na mBan, the women's branch of the IRA. Three of her brothers (Alfie, Liam, and Tommy) were also IRA members.

Early republican career 
In the late 1960s, a civil rights campaign started in Northern Ireland, to get equal treatment for Roman Catholics Adams was an active supporter and joined the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association in 1967. Instead of leading to change, the civil rights movement there were protests counter-demonstrators called Loyalists. In August 1969 there was rioting in Northern Ireland’s big cities of Belfast and Derry, and the Government of Northern Ireland asked for the British army to help keep control.
This is when the IRA and its political counterpart in Sinn Féin, restarted. Gerry Adams was active in Sinn Féin at this time. In 1970 the republican movement (that is the peaceful politicians and the fighters like the IRA who all want the United Kingdom not to control Northern Ireland) split. Adams aligned himself with the active Provisional part based in Belfast. The Official part based in Dublin was not interested in fighting for people in Belfast, and the Official Sinn Féin was more interested in spreading Marxism rather than making Ireland united.
During the Hunger Strikes of 1981, Adams played an important policy-making role. The hunger strikes saw Sinn Féin become more important as a political force. In 1983 he was elected president of Sinn Féin and became the first Sinn Féin MP elected to the British House of Commons since the 1950s. Following his election (as MP for Belfast West) the British government lifted a ban on him traveling to Britain. In line with Sinn Féin policy, he refused to sit in the House of Commons.

On 14 March 1984, Adams was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt when several Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) gunmen fired about twenty shots into the car in which he was travelling. After the shooting, undercover plain-clothes police officers seized three suspects who were later convicted and sentenced. One of the three was John Gregg. Adams claimed that the British army had prior knowledge of the attack and allowed it to go ahead.
Alleged IRA membership 
Adams has often said that he has never been a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). However, several writers and journalists such as Ed Moloney, Richard English, Peter Taylor and Mark Urban have all said Adams was part of the IRA leadership during the 1970s. Adams has called Moloney's claims "libellous."

President of Sinn Féin 
In 1978, Gerry Adams became joint-vice-president of Sinn Féin and he led a challenge to the Sinn Féin leadership of President Ruairí Ó Brádaigh and joint-Vice President Dáithí Ó Conaill. Others who supported Adams and were from Belfast included Jim Gibney, Tom Hartley, and Danny Morrison. Some say Ruairí Ó Brádaigh was a more traditional Irish nationalist and that the northern leadership which surrounded Adams wanted to act faster and in different ways if they had to.
The 1975 IRA-British truce is often viewed as the event that began the challenge to the original Provisional Sinn Féin leadership, which was said to be Southern-based and dominated by southerners like Ó Brádaigh and Ó Conaill. However, the Chief of Staff of the IRA at the time, Seamus Twomey, was a senior figure from Belfast. Others in the leadership also lived in the North, including Billy McKee from Belfast. Adams was supposed to have become the most senior figure in the IRA Northern Command because he wanted only military action, but during his time in prison, Adams came to thought about his ideas and became more political.

It is alleged that "provisional" republicanism was founded on its opposition to the communist-inspired "broad front" politics of the Cathal Goulding-led Official IRA, but this too is disputed.
End of abstentionism 
Republicans like Ruairí Ó Brádaigh said that the only legitimate country in Ireland was the Irish Republic declared in 1916. They said the legal government was the IRA Army Council because the last remaining anti-Anglo-Irish Treaty deputies of the Second Dáil made them the government. (Adams agreed to this idea of republican political legitimacy until quite recently - however in his 2005 speech to the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis he rejected it.)

When Sinn Féin any won seats in the British or Irish parliaments they never went to the parliaments. At its 1986 Ard Fheis, Sinn Féin changed its and constitution to allow its members to sit in the Dublin parliament (Leinster House/Dáil Éireann). This made Ruairí Ó Brádaigh lead a small walkout, just as he had done years earlier to create Provisional Sinn Féin. This minority which still believed in abstentionism, called themselves Republican Sinn Féin (or Sinn Féin Poblachtach in Irish), and says that they are the true Sinn Féin.
Voice ban 
At this time most ordinary people in Britain knew about Adams because they could not hear him. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher banned radio and television stations from broadcasting his voice. All Irish republican organizations and loyalist terrorist organizations were banned like this, but Adams was the only person important enough to appear regularly on TV. This ban was imposed after the BBC interviewed Martin McGuinness. and the British Government thought that some groups were getting too much publicity.

A similar ban, known as Section 31, had been the law in the Republic of Ireland since the 1970s. However, media outlets soon found ways around the ban, first by the use of subtitles, and later and more commonly by using actors to read his words over the pictures of him speaking.
This ban was made fun of in cartoons and satirical TV shows, notably Spitting Image, and in The Day Today. It was also criticized by freedom of speech organizations worldwide and British media personalities, including BBC Director-General John Birt and BBC foreign editor John Simpson. The ban was lifted by Prime Minister John Major on 17 September 1994.

Moving into mainstream politics 
Sinn Féin continued its policy of refusing to sit in the Westminster parliament even after Adams won the Belfast West constituency. He lost his seat to Joe Hendron of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in the 1992 general election. However, he easily regained it at the next election in May 1997.

Under Adams, Sinn Féin moved away from being a political voice of the Provisional IRA to becoming a professionally organized political party in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
SDLP leader John Hume MP realized that a negotiated settlement might be possible and began secret talks with Adams in 1988. These discussions led to unofficial contacts with the British Northern Ireland Office under the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Peter Brooke, and with the government of the Republic under Charles Haughey – although both governments maintained in public that they would not negotiate with "terrorists".

These talks provided the basis for what was later to be the Belfast Agreement, as well as the Downing Street Declaration and the Joint Framework Document.
Later there was a new ceasefire, and there were talks between teams from the British and Irish governments, the Ulster Unionist Party, the SDLP, Sinn Féin and representatives of loyalist paramilitary organizations, under the chairmanship of former United States Senator Mitchell. The talks produced the Belfast Agreement (also called the Good Friday Agreement as it was signed on Good Friday, 1998). Under the agreement, structures were created to show that some people on the island of Ireland were Irish and others wanted to be British. A British-Irish Council and the Northern Ireland Assembly were set up.
Articles 2 and 3 of the Republic's constitution, Bunreacht na hÉireann, which claimed sovereignty over all of Ireland, were reworded, and a power-sharing Executive Committee was provided for. As part of their deal Sinn Féin agreed to abandon its abstentionist policy regarding a "six-county parliament", and took its seats in the new Assembly based at Stormont Sinn Féin ran the and running the health and social services and the education ministries in the power-sharing government.

Opponents in Republican Sinn Féin accused Sinn Féin of "selling out" by agreeing to participate in what is called "partitionist assemblies" in the Republic and Northern Ireland. However Gerry Adams insisted that the Belfast Agreement provided a way to make Ireland united by non-violent and legal means, much as Michael Collins had said of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922
When Sinn Féin came to nominate its two ministers to the Executive Council, the party, like the SDLP and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) did not include its leader among its ministers. (When later the SDLP chose a new leader, it selected one of its ministers, Mark Durkan, who then opted to remain a minister.)

Adams remains the President of Sinn Féin, with Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin serving as Sinn Féin parliamentary leader in Dáil Éireann, and Martin McGuinness the party's chief negotiator and effective party head in the Northern Ireland Assembly. His son, Gearoid is a primary school teacher and has represented County Antrim in gaelic football.

On 8 March 2007 it was Adams was re-elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly.

On 26 March 2007, he met with DUP leader Ian Paisley face-to-face for the first time, and the two came to an agreement regarding the return of the power-sharing executive in Northern Ireland.

References
References

Published works 
 Falls Memories, 1982
 The Politics of Irish Freedom, 1986
 A Pathway to Peace, 1988
 An Irish Journal
 An Irish Voice
 Cage Eleven, 1990
 The Street and Other Stories, 1992
 Free Ireland: Towards a Lasting Peace, 1995
 Before the Dawn, 1996, Brandon Books, 
 Selected Writings
 Who Fears to Speak...?
 Hope and History, 2003, Brandon Books,

Further reading 
 J. Bowyer Bell. The Secret Army: The IRA 1916 -. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1979.
 Colm Keena. A Biography of Gerry Adams. Cork, Ireland: Mercier Press, 1990.
 Ed Moloney. A Secret History of the IRA. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002.
 O'Callaghan, Sean. The Informer. Corgi. 1999. 
 Robert W. White. Ruairi O Bradaigh, the Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
 Anthony McIntyre. Gerry Adams Man Of War and Man Of Peace? , academic lecture examining Gerry Adams' role in the Republican Movement
Other websites 
 Sinn Féin - Gerry Adams official profile
 Guardian Politics Ask Aristotle - Gerry Adams
 TheyWorkForYou.com - Gerry Adams MP
 The Public Whip - Gerry Adams voting record

1948 births
Living people
Writers from Northern Ireland
Sinn Féin members of Dáil Éireann
Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom
Sinn Féin members of the Northern Ireland Assembly
Politicians from Belfast
Sinn Féin MPs
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
The Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly was set up after the Belfast Agreement to allow the people of Northern Ireland to run their own government and pass some laws. The United Kingdom parliament can still abolish the assembly, because Northern Ireland is not an independent country, but a part of the United Kingdom. The assembly comes together in the city of Belfast. Speaker is Alex Maskey.

The assembly is elected using a form of proportional representation voting. The seats of each party after the 2022 election is shown in this table:

Other websites 
 Official website

 
Unicameral legislatures
Belfast
The Northern Ireland Office (NIO) was set up in 1971.  It is a ministry in the British Government which looks after the affairs of Northern Ireland. It head is the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.

The job of Secretary of State is less important now because the Northern Ireland Assembly and the ministers in the assembly do a lot of the work of the Northern Ireland Office. 

The devolution of police and justice in April 2010 transferred many of the NIO's previous responsibilities to the Northern Ireland Assembly and its devolved government, the Northern Ireland Executive. The Department of Justice (Northern Ireland) looks after those matters. This transfer of power resulted in a smaller Northern Ireland Office, similar to the Scotland Office and Wales Office.

Politics of Northern Ireland
Departments of the United Kingdom Government
Cyprian ( ; ;  210 – September 14, 258 AD) was bishop of Carthage. He was an important early Christian writer. Cyprian was a bishop of Carthage of Berber descent, many of whose Latin works are extant. He is recognized as a saint in the Western and Eastern churches. He was probably born at the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage. At Carthage, he learned about classical (Paganism). After becoming a Christian, he became a bishop around the year 249. He died a martyr at Carthage.

References

Other websites 
 Joshua Burns, "Perception and persecution in the Roman Empire: The Edict of Decius" 
 Pontius the Deacon (Pontius Diaconis), "The Life and Passion of Cyprian, Bishop and Martyr"
 "The Plague of AD 251" 
 Cyprian on the nature of the Church and Papacy by Dom John Chapman 
 New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia article on Cyprian
 Works by Cyprian at the IntraText Digital Library, with concordance and frequency lists
 Acta proconsularia S. Cypriani
Christian saints
Christian writers
210s births
258 deaths
Carthaginian people
The flag of Cyprus is the flag of the European country Cyprus. It features a map of the whole island, with two olive branches below the map (a symbol of peace) on a white background. The map on the flag is a copper-yellow color to show Cyprus has large amounts of copper. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is a partially recognised state and  uses a different flag similar to the flag of Turkey.

National symbols of Cyprus
Cyprus
Simon Barere  (September 1, 1896–April 2, 1951) was a Russian pianist. He was born in Odessa, Ukraine.

Barere died of a massive bleeding in brain during a performance of Grieg's Piano Concerto at Carnegie Hall with Philadelphia Orchestra.

Other websites
 Simon Barere's Liszt, Rachmaninoff, Balakirev, Chopin on Remington Records.

Russian pianists
1896 births
1951 deaths
People from Odesa
Tomsk (Russian: Томск) is a Russian city, the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast. One of the largest cities in Siberia. Population 575 352 (2019).

History 
Established under a decree from Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604.

In 1804, the government selected Tomsk to become the center for a new governorate which would include the modern cities of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Altai, Krasnoyarsk and eastern Kazakhstan.

Education 
Tomsk State University is the first university in Siberia (founded in 1878, opened in 1888). The Tomsk State University Library book reserve is considered to be among the richest in Russia.

Tomsk Polytechnic University is the first (founded in 1896 and opened in 1900) technical university in Siberia.

Siberian Medical University is one of the oldest (founded in 1930) and highest rated medical schools in Russia.

Climate 
Continental climate, transitional from subarctic to sharply continental climate.
The annual average temperature is 0.9 °C. Winters are severe and lengthy (from the end of October to the beginning of April), and the lowest recorded temperature was −55 °C in January 1931.

References 

Tomsk Oblast
Capitals of oblasts of Russia
Intelligent design is the idea that life, or the universe, cannot have arisen by chance and was designed and created by some intelligent entity. It believes that the universe is so complex that it must have been designed by a higher intelligent being. This theory is that life did not evolve by natural selection.  

Intelligent design was developed by a group of American creationists to get around legal judgements like Edwards v. Aguillard, which said that creationism could not be taught in schools because of the First Amendment. The first use of the term in this form was in the creationist textbook Of Pandas and People, published in 1989.
Concepts 
Intelligent design suggests that life is too complex to have evolved.  Scientists have discovered that even a single cell is complex.  The genes in a cell code have a huge amount of information.  Therefore that information, like computer programming, has to come from an intelligent source and cannot be made randomly.  This is thought to be because the properties of entropy say things cannot grow in complexity by randomness. Law professor Phillip E. Johnson was seen as the father of the intelligent design.
It is also argued that although an amino acid could be made randomly, a protein (a long, shaped string of amino acids) is such a precise sequence and structure that it would be impossible to make by chance.  Also, a protein or DNA would not be alive by itself; so a whole life form would have to be made all at once. This argument can be seen as a way of saying that natural selection could not have created life. It is argued whether that is a valid point.
 
A common example of this is a bacterial flagellum, which is essentially a microscopic animal version of a very efficient electric motor. The flagellum has lots of separate parts. It is argued that for the flagellum to form by evolution, every single one of the parts would have to be formed together at just the right time. However, scientists say this is not correct. There is evidence that the flagellum developed through evolution.
A religious philosopher, William Paley, said that life is more complicated than a machine (like as a watch.)  He said that just like a watch was made by a smart designer, so were animals. This is known as the watchmaker analogy.

Similarities and criticism of Intelligent Design
Many parts of different animals are very similar.  Intelligent design could show that a common creator used the same good design ideas for all of them. This could be evidence of evolution; but intelligent design suggests that every part of an animal is useful and there for a reason, showing how smart the designer was.  

Evolution suggests that many parts of the same animal would not be useful or not good, because it happened by natural selection.  In the past, it was believed that some parts of the human body have no biological function, but later it was proved that some actually do important things.
If animals and persons have similar parts because they came from a common ancestor, then the genes that code for these parts should be similar too.  Sometimes this is true. But, other times similar structures are coded by entirely different genes, because of convergent evolution.  These examples of this kind of different results in data can be used to claim that evolution is either wrong or right, causing arguments.

Legal cases 

In 2005, in the Dover trial, a United States judge ruled that Intelligent Design was a kind of creationism, so that it violated the First Amendment.

Notes

References

Other websites
 H. Allen Orr wrote an article for the New Yorker called  Devolution: Why intelligent design isn’t. It explains why scientists do not believe intelligent design.
Explaining the Science of Intelligent Design
Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi (; born 25 November 1941) is a spiritual leader and founder of the spiritual movements RAGS International (now known as Messiah Foundation International) and Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam.
He is the author of many Urdu books on spirituality. The most popular of his books is Deen-e-Ilahi "The Religion of God" (2000) which has recently been republished by Hay House and translated into English, Arabic, Thai, Persian, Hindi and other languages by Messiah Foundation International.

RAGS International was renamed to Messiah Foundation International in 2000. MFI claims that Shahi is the Mehdi, Messiah, and Kalki Avatar.

Early life 
Shahi was born on 25 November 1941, in the village of Dhok Gohar Shah in the district of Rawalpindi in British India. He is a fifth generation descendant of the Sufi Baba Gohar Ali Shah.
At the age of twenty, when he was the owner of F.Q. Steel Industries, Shahi began to search for spirituality. Eventually he became disillusioned in this search and returned to work. Shahi then married and had three children.

In 1975, he went to Sehwan Sharif for self-mortification. He spent a period of three years in the mountains of Sehwan Sharif and the forest of Laal Bagh in self-purification.

Career as spiritual leader

Shahi became popular as a Sufi preacher in Pakistan during the later 1970s. He formed RAGS International and Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam in 1980. Of the two organisations, RAGS International is still active as Messiah Foundation International whereas Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam was reported to have been dissolved and banned in Pakistan in 2011.

The CEO of Messiah Foundation International is Younus AlGohar. Shahi claimed to have met with Jesus Christ in 1997.
Legal persecution and exile
He and many of his followers have been convicted under Islamic blasphemy  by an antiterrorist court in Sindh. After he fled to England, Shahi was convicted in absentia, receiving sentences that totaled approximately 59 years.
Disappearance
Shahi was reported to have disappeared in London in 2001; afterwards, sightings of him were reported around the world of people claiming to have met and received spiritual guidance from him.
In February 2002, prior to any decision on appeals filed with the Sindh High Court, Ardeshir Cowasjee claimed in an article he wrote for Dawn newspaper, the Pakistani newspaper, that unnamed people who identified themselves to him as office-bearers of the All-Faith Spiritual Movement told him that Gohar Shahi died abroad, but this report was unconfirmed.
After Shahi's disappearance, his followers largely split into two organisations: the Messiah Foundation International and the Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam. RAGS International was renamed to Messiah Foundation International shortly after Shahi's disappearance. Its current leader is Younus AlGohar.
Some sources report his death as of 2001, others as of 2003. According to the Pakistani Press Foundation Shahi died in 2001 An article from 2006 in the Sunday Telegraph reports that Shahi died in 2003, and a 2009 article in Your Local Guardian also says he was reported to have died in 2003. But none of these reports are confirmed as there is no physical proof of his body.
However, the Indian news agency PTI reported in 2008 that Shahi was based in the United Kingdom after being convicted of blasphemy by the Sindh High Court. This view is supported by the Indian Express which reported in 2008 that Shahi had fled to the United Kingdom and was presently based there. Zee News also supported this claim. The Hindustan Times has reported that he is "serving a life sentence".
The Messiah Foundation International claims that he merely disappeared.

Shahi's family, including his wife, five sons and a daughter, still resides in Kotri.

Teachings and followers 
Main page: Messiah Foundation International
The teachings of Gohar Shahi have been a source of controversy. Some orthodox theological scholars say his teachings are blasphemous, 

Classical singers such as Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Ghulam Farid Sabri have been presented the message of Shahi, which they have praised. Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan was quoted as saying "The message of Hazrat Riaz Gohar Shahi is the greatest message I have ever heard." In Qawwali events in Japan and Germany, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan personally distributed leaflets in favour of Shahi. Aziz Mian has also presented a Qawwali in praise of Shahi at a Jashan-e-Shahi event (which celebrates the day Shahi  supposedly took the rank of Mehdi by Allah) event.

Claims and criticism 

Shahi and his followers have made claims that are opposed by some mainstream Islamic theologians in Pakistan and abroad. Shahi was accused of claiming the status of a prophet but Shahi denied such accusations. His teachings have been condemned by Muslim religious leaders and the Pakistani government.
Shahi predicts that the world would end in the year 2026 due to a comet heading towards earth. He claims the comet will be the cause of "total destruction" though mentions that "in order to intimidate [mankind]...God plans destruction on a small scale".

Many attempts were made on the lives of Shahi and Younus AlGohar, including a petrol bomb thrown into AlGohar's residence in Manchester where Shahi stayed when he toured the United Kingdom. A man tried to attack him with a hand grenade during a discourse at his home in Kotri, Pakistan. A bounty was put on his head in Pakistan.
Shahi's books have been banned by the government of Pakistan, and his followers are not allowed to meet in public.
Gohar Shahi claimed to have met with Jesus in America. Shahi's supporters claim that his face became prominent on the moon, sun, nebula star and the Black Stone in Mecca, and that these appearances were signs from God that Gohar Shahi is the awaited Mehdi, Messiah, and Kalki Avatar.
The alleged images induced greater legal and religious opposition. Shahi has also supported this claim, saying that God had revealed the images of Shahi on the Moon and various locations, for which Shahi himself was not responsible, and if questions should be raised, they should be raised to God. Messiah Foundation International claims the alleged images to be signs from God, pointing to Shahi being the awaited Mehdi, and quote religious texts as well as sayings from the likes of Nostradamus, and Ja'far al-Sadiq to support it.