Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
They did their first tours in Europe with Gamma Ray, Jag Panzer, Lake of Tears and Raven.

Near the end of 2007, Glory to the Brave was released in Japan and the United States. They sold over 100,000 copies of the album.

Legacy of Kings 
In February 1998, they began recording Legacy of Kings. This album was made by Joacim, Oscar, and Jesper. Jesper had already quit the band, but wanted to help with the album. The album was produced by Fredrik Nordström (from Dream Evil) and Oscar, with the help of Joacim. It took the band one and a half months to record the album.

Before releasing the album, they toured with Alice Cooper, Rammstein, Deep Purple, Dream Theater, Saxon and Stratovarius. On the tour, they played the Beach Boys album Wild Honey in its entirety.
Their first world tour was in October 1998. During the shows in Sweden, Joacim Cans caught a serious throat infection, and he could not sing.  Magnus  Rosén also caught the infection, and after him, all of HammerFall's support crew became sick. The band played for as long as possible and then were had to cancel some of their concerts. 

After the tour, Anders Johansson, a friend of Magnus Rosén, joined as the new drummer.

Renegade 
After many concerts, the band went back to Sweden and began writing songs for their next album. It took eight weeks to record, and they named it Renegade. A music video by director Roger Johansson was created for the Renegade, and it reached the top of the Swedish charts; then the album also reached the top of the charts.

The band's second world tour started in January 2001.

Crimson Thunder 
After the tour, HammerFall recorded their fourth album  Crimson Thunder.
While Joacim was at a rock club he had been frequenting for over a decade, he was attacked by an person who hit him in the head with a beer glass and ran away. Joacim had to be taken to a hospital, where he had plastic surgery and rested for a couple of days. 

HammerFall toured after the release of the album. The tour was stopped when Oscar Dronjak had a motorcycle accident, breaking his left arm. HammerFall took a break because of this. Stefan decided to start flying airplanes, Magnus and Anders worked with other bands, and Joacim started on his own project. Joacim also had his first child.

Oscar worked with a team of doctors to get healthy again. After recovering, he toured with HammerFall again.

Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken 
Their live album and DVD, One Crimson Night, was released in February 2003. After this, they decided to take a break. Two years later, the band released Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken. A video for the song "Blood Bound" was made by director Roger Johansson.
Threshold 
On October 20, 2006, HammerFall released Threshold.

On March 6, 2007, Magnus Rosén left the band. He said he didn't like being in HammerFall because the bass parts of the song were too easy to play, and wanted more of a challenge.

On April 2, 2008 Stefan Elmgren decided to leave HammerFall so he could become and airplane pilot.  Pontus Norgren from The Poodles took over guitar in the band.

No Sacrifice, No Victory 

HammerFall's latest album, No Sacrifice, No Victory, was released February 23, 2009.

Band members 

 Joacim Cans – lead vocals (1996–present)
 Oscar Dronjak – guitar, backing vocals (1993–present)
 Pontus Norgren – guitar, backing vocals (2008–present)
 Fredrik Larsson – bass, backing vocals (1994–1997, 2007–present)
 Anders Johansson – drums (1999–present)
Former members 
 Stefan Elmgren – guitar, backing vocals (1997–2008)
 Magnus Rosén – bass (1997–2007)
 Patrik Räfling – drums (1997–1999)
 Jesper Strömblad – drums (1993–1997)
 Glenn Ljungström – guitar (1995–1997)
 Mikael Stanne – lead vocals (1993–1996)
 Niklas Sundin – guitar (1993–1995)
 Johann Larsson – bass (1993–1994)

Discography 

Studio albums
 1996: Glory to the Brave 
 1998: Legacy of Kings 
 2000: Renegade 
 2002: Crimson Thunder 
 2005: Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken 
 2006: Threshold 
 2009: No Sacrifice, No Victory
 2011: Infected
 2014: (r)Evolution
 2016: Built to Last
 2019: Dominion

Power metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
 
Musical groups established in 1993
1993 establishments in Sweden
Musical groups disestablished in 2003
2003 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in Sweden
Musical groups established in 2005
2005 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Sweden
Joacim Cans (born 19 February 1970 in Mora, Sweden) is a Swedish singer. He is the lead singer of HammerFall, a Swedish power metal band.

Songs

Solo albums 
"Beyond the Gates" (2004)

Past bands 
Highlander (Lost Horizon)
Warlord (U.S.)

Current bands 
HammerFall
Cans

1970 births
Living people
HammerFall
Swedish singers
Oscar Fredrick Dronjak (born January 20 1972) is the rhythm guitarist of the power metal band HammerFall. Prior to the success of HammerFall, he also played in the death metal bands Ceremonial Oath and Crystal Age.

1972 births
Living people
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
HammerFall
Musicians from Gothenburg
Pontus Norgren (born 22 April 1968) is a Swedish guitarist. He is the current guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall and the former guitarist of The Poodles. 

1968 births
Living people
Power metal
HammerFall
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
Fredrik Larsson is the bassist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall.

1974 births
Living people
Bassists
HammerFall
Anders Johansson (born 25 May 1962 in Gothenburg) is a Swedish musician. He is the son of Jan Johansson, jazz pianist, and brother of keyboardist Jens Johansson. He is the current drummer for the Swedish power metal band HammerFall.

1962 births
Living people
Swedish drummers
HammerFall
Musicians from Gothenburg
Johan Larsson (b. 8 December 1974) is a Swedish guitarist. He was the first bassist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames. Johan was also the first bassist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall, but quit before the band recorded a studio album.

Album appearances
 Lunar Strain (1994)
 Subterranean (1995, EP)
 The Jester Race (1996)
 Black-Ash Inheritance (1997, EP)
 Whoracle (1997)

1974 births
Living people
Bassists
HammerFall
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
Musicians from Gothenburg
Niklas Sundin, (born August 13 1974 in Sweden), is the guitarist of Dark Tranquillity and Laethora, and was guitarist for the band HammerFall.

Swedish songwriters
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
1974 births
Living people
HammerFall
Musicians from Gothenburg
Jesper Strömblad (born on November 28, 1972) is the guitarist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames. He also started the band HammerFall.

1972 births
Living people
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
HammerFall
Musicians from Gothenburg
Mikael Stanne (b. May 28, 1974) is a Swedish singer. He is the singer for the Swedish melodic death metal band, Dark Tranquillity. He was the first vocalist of HammerFall.

Swedish singers
Heavy metal musicians
HammerFall
1974 births
Living people
Glenn Ljungström was the guitarist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames with Jesper Strömblad. He was a member of In Flames from 1993 until 1997, when he quit to find another job. Glenn was also a guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall from 1995 until 1997.

Album appearances

In Flames 
 Lunar Strain (1994)
 Subterranean (1995, EP)
 The Jester Race (1996)
 Black-Ash Inheritance (1997, EP)
 Whoracle (1997)

HammerFall 
 Glory to the Brave (1997)

Dimension Zero 
 Penetrations from the Lost World (1997, EP)
 Silent Night Fever (2001)
 This Is Hell (2003)
 He Who Shall Not Bleed (2008)

1974 births
Living people
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
Musicians from Gothenburg
Klas Magnus Rosén is a Swedish musician, born 1963 in Gothenburg, and was the bassist of Swedish band HammerFall.

Magnus Rosén started to play the bass when he was 15 years old. When he had played bass for three years he went on his first tour with the band Kung Sune. After the tour he moved to Los Angeles. He became a member in the Swedish heavy metal band HammerFall in 1997. 

Bassists
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
HammerFall
1963 births
Living people
Musicians from Gothenburg
Stefan Elmgren (born 1974) was the guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall from 1997 to 2008. Before becoming a member of HammerFall, he was the guitarist in the band Highlander.

In 2007, Elmgren left Hammerfall to focus on his career as a pilot.

References

Swedish heavy metal guitarists
1974 births
Living people
HammerFall
Glory to the Brave is the first album from the Swedish power metal band HammerFall. The cover art was painted by Andreas Marshall.

Track listing

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans - Lead Vocals & Background Harmonies
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Fredrik Larsson - Bass Guitar & Backing Vocals
 Glenn Ljungström - Guitars
 Jesper Strömblad - Drums (credited, but does not play on this album)
 Patrik Rafling - Drums

HammerFall albums
Power metal
1997 albums
Debut albums
Heavy metal albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Legacy of Kings is the second album from Swedish metal band HammerFall. It was released September 28, 1998.

Track listing 
 "Heeding the Call"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:30
 "Legacy of Kings"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:13
 "Let the Hammer Fall"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:16
 "Dreamland"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 5:42
 "Remember Yesterday"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 5:04
 "At the End of the Rainbow"  (Albrecht/Mück/Dronjak/Cans) - 4:05
 "Back to Back" (Pretty Maids cover) - 3:39
 "Stronger Than All"  (Dronjak) - 4:29
 "Warriors of Faith" (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:45
 "The Fallen One" (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:23

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans - vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitar, backing vocals
 Stefan Elmgren - Lead Guitar
 Magnus Rosén - Bass
 Patrik Räfling - drums

Power metal
HammerFall albums
1998 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Renegade is HammerFall's third album, the first with drummer Anders Johansson. It was released on October 9, 2000.

 "Templars of Steel"  (Dronjak/Cans) - 5:26
 "Keep the Flame Burning"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:41
 "Renegade"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:23
 "Living in Victory"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:44
 "Always Will Be"  (Dronjak) - 4:51
 "The Way of the Warrior"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:08
 "Destined for Glory" (Dronjak/Cans) - 5:11
 "The Champion"  (Dronjak/Cans/Strömblad) - 4:58
 "Raise the Hammer"  (Dronjak/Elmgren) - 3:24
 "A Legend Reborn"  (Dronjak/Cans) - 5:10
 "Head Over Heels" (Accept cover - Feat. Udo Dirkschneider) - 4:30

"Head Over Heels" was released as bonus track on digipack and Brazilian versions of "Renegade"
Personnel
Joacim Cans - Lead & Backing Vocals
Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
Stefan Elmgren - Guitars & Backing Vocals
Magnus Rosén - Bass Guitar
Anders Johansson - Drums
Jamie Simmons, Paul Simmons, John Alexander - Additional backing vocals on "Destined For Glory"

Power metal
HammerFall albums
2000 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Crimson Thunder was the fourth album from Swedish metal band HammerFall. It was released on October 28, 2002.

Track listing
 "Riders of the Storm"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:34
 "Hearts on Fire"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:51
 "On the Edge of Honour"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:49
 "Crimson Thunder"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 5:05
 "Lore of the Arcane"  (Dronjak) – 1:27
 "Trailblazers"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:39
 "Dreams Come True"  (Dronjak) – 4:02
 "Angel of Mercy"  (David C. T Chastain) – 5:38
 "The Unforgiving Blade"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:40
 "In Memoriam"  (Elmgren) – 4:21
 "Hero's Return"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 5:23

Bonus tracks

 "Rising Force" (Yngwie Malmsteen Cover) (European and Brazilian Bonus Track) – 4:30
 "Detroit Rock City" (KISS Cover) (American Bonus Track) – 3:56
 "Crazy Nights" (Loudness Cover) (Japanese Bonus Track) – 3:42
Personnel
 Joacim Cans          -       Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak        -       Lead & Rhythm Guitars, Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren       -       Lead, Rhythm & Acoustic Guitars, Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén         -       Bass guitar
 Anders Johansson     -       Drums & Percussion

Power metal
HammerFall albums
2002 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
One Crimson Night is a two-disc live album and DVD by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. The album was recorded during a concert at Lisebergshallen, Sweden. The DVD with the live video was released on June 29, 2004.

Track listing

DVD
"Lore of the Arcane"
"Riders of the Storm"
"Heeding the Call"
"Stone Cold"
"Hero's Return"
"Legacy of Kings"
"Bass Solo: Magnus Rosén"
"At the End of the Rainbow"
"The Way of the Warrior"
"The Unforgiving Blade"
"Glory to the Brave"
"Guitar Solo: Stefan Elmgren"
"Let the Hammer Fall"
"Renegade"
"Steel Meets Steel"
"Crimson Thunder"
"Templars of Steel"
"Gold Album Award"
"Hearts On Fire"
"HammerFall"

Disc one
"Lore of the Arcane"
"Riders of the Storm" 
"Heeding The Call"
"Stone Cold"
"Hero's Return"
"Legacy of Kings"
"Bass Solo: Magnus Rosén"
"At the End of the Rainbow"
"The Way of the Warrior"
"The Unforgiving Blade"
"Glory to the Brave"
"Guitar Solo: Stefan Elmgren"
"Let the Hammer Fall"
Disc two
"Renegade"
"Steel Meets Steel"
"Crimson Thunder"
"Templars of Steel"
"Hearts On Fire"
"HammerFall"
"The Dragon Lies Bleeding" (Bonus Track)
"Stronger Than All" (Bonus Track)
"A Legend Reborn" (Bonus Track)

Personnel

 Joacim Cans        -       Lead Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak      -       Guitars, Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren     -       Guitars, Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén       -       Bass Guitar
 Anders Johansson   -       Drums

HammerFall albums
Power metal
2003 albums
Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken is an album by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. It was released on March 4, 2005.

Track listing 
 "Secrets"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 6:06
 "Blood Bound"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:49
 "Fury of the Wild"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:44
 "Hammer of Justice"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:37
 "Never, Ever"  (Dronjak) – 4:05
 "Born to Rule"  (Dronjak/Cans/Elmgren) – 4:08
 "The Templar Flame"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:41
 "Imperial"  (Dronjak) – 2:29
 "Take the Black"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:46
 "Knights of the 21st Century"  (Dronjak/Cans) – 12:19
 "The Metal Age" (Live) - 4:55

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans      -      Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak    -      Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren   -      Guitars
 Magnus Rosén     -      Bass Guitar
 Anders Johansson -      Drums
 Conrad "Cronos" Lant - Additional vocals on "Knights of the 21st Century"

Power metal
HammerFall albums
2005 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Threshold was Swedish power metal band HammerFall's fifth album.

Track listing 
 "Threshold" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:43
 "The Fire Burns Forever" (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:20
 "Rebel Inside" (Dronjak) – 5:32
 "Natural High" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:13
 "Dark Wings, Dark Words" (Dronjak/Cans) – 5:01
 "Howlin' with the 'Pac" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:04
 "Shadow Empire" (Dronjak/Cans/Elmgren) – 5:13
 "Carved in Stone" (Dronjak/Cans) – 6:10
 "Reign of the Hammer" (Elmgren) – 2:48
 "Genocide" (Dronjak/Cans/Elmgren) – 4:41
 "Titan" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:24

Personnel 

 Joacim Cans - Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén - Bass
 Anders Johansson - Drums

References

Power metal
HammerFall albums
2006 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Steel Meets Steel: Ten Years of Glory is a compilation album from Swedish power metal group HammerFall.

Track listing

CD 1 
 "The Abyss" - (02:05)
 "Last Man Standing" - (04:20)
 "HammerFall v2.0.07" - (04:46) (appears as v1.07 on the iTunes digital version)
 "The Dragon Lies Bleeding" - (04:22)
 "Steel Meets Steel" - (04:02)
 "Glory to the Brave" - (07:20)
 "Heeding the Call" - (04:29)
 "At the End of the Rainbow" - (04:04)
 "Legacy of Kings" - (04:11)
 "Let the Hammer Fall (Live)" - (05:51)
 "Templars of Steel" - (05:24)
 "Renegade" - (04:21)
 "Always Will Be" - (04:29)
 "Keep the Flame Burning" - (04:39)
 "Riders of the Storm" - (04:34)
CD 2 
 "Hearts on Fire" - (03:51)
 "Crimson Thunder" - (05:05)
 "Hero's Return" - (05:22)
 "Blood Bound" - (03:49)
 "Secrets" - (06:06)
 "Fury of the Wild" - (04:44)
 "Never, Ever" - (04:05)
 "Threshold" - (04:45)
 "Natural High" - (04:15)
 "Dark Wings, Dark Words" - (05:02)
 "The Fire Burns Forever" - (03:22)
 "Restless Soul" - (5:28)
 "The Metal Age (Live)" - (04:27)
 "Stone Cold (Live)" - (04:35)
 "HammerFall v2.0.07" (MPEG video - Rough mix version)

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans – Vocals (All tracks)
 Oscar Dronjak – Guitar, backing vocals (All tracks)
 Stefan Elmgren – Guitar, backing vocals (Disc 1 tracks 1-3, 7-15; Disc 2 all tracks)
 Fredrik Larsson – Bass, backing vocals (Disc 1 tracks 1-6; Disc 2 tracks 12,15)
 Anders Johansson – Drums (Disc 1 tracks 1-3, 10-15; Disc 2 all tracks)
 Jesper Strömblad – Drums (Disc 1 tracks 4-6)
 Glenn Ljungström – Guitar (Disc 1 tracks 4-6)
 Patrik Räfling – Drums (Disc 1 tracks 7-9)
 Magnus Rosén – Bass (Disc 1 tracks 7-15; Disc 2 tracks 1-11, 13-14)

References
References 

Power metal
HammerFall albums
2007 albums
Compilation albums
Heavy metal albums
Track listing 
 "Child of the Damned" (Tsamis) (Warlord cover) – 3:42
 "Ravenlord" (Spengler) (Stormwitch cover) – 3:31
 "Eternal Dark" (Lovell/Jaarsveld/Vreugdenhil/Manen/Bakker) (Picture cover) – 3:07
 "Back to Back" (Hammer/Owen/Atkins) (Pretty Maids cover) - 3:39
 "I Want Out" (Hansen) (Helloween cover) – 4:36
 "Man on the Silver Mountain" (Blackmore/Dio) (Rainbow cover) –5:55
 "Head Over Heels" (Accept/Deaffy) – (Accept cover) – 4:35
 "Run With the Devil" (Wahlquist) (Heavy Load cover) – 5:13
 "We're Gonna Make It" (Snyder) (Twisted Sister cover) – 3:33
 "Breaking the Law" (Downing/Tipton/Halford) (Judas Priest cover) - 2:48  
 "Angel of Mercy" (Chastain) (Chastain cover) – 5:38  
 "Rising Force" (Malmsteen/Turner) (Yngwie J. Malmsteen cover) – 4:31
 "Detroit Rock City" (Stanley/Ezrin) – (Kiss cover) – 3:53
 "Crazy Nights" (Takasaki/Niihara) – (Loudness cover) – 3:38
 "När vindarna viskar mitt namn" (Holmstrand/Jansson/Dahl) – (Roger Pontare cover) - 3:09
"Flight of the Warrior" (Reale/Van Stavern/Moore) – (Riot cover)* - 4:22
 "Youth Gone Wild" (Bolan/Sabo) – (Skid Row cover)* - 3:20
 "Aphasia" (Norum) – (Europe cover)* - 2:35
Credits 

 Joacim Cans – Vocals (All tracks except track 5 and 10)
 Oscar Dronjak – Guitar, backing vocals (All tracks)
 Pontus Norgren – Guitar, backing vocals (Tracks 16-18)
 Fredrik Larsson – Bass, backing vocals (Tracks 1, 15-18)
 Anders Johansson – Drums (Tracks 7-18)
 Jesper Strömblad – Drums (Tracks 1)
 Glenn Ljungström – Guitar (Tracks 1)
 Patrik Räfling – Drums (Tracks 1-5)
 Magnus Rosén – Bass (Tracks 2-14)
 Stefan Elmgren – Guitar, backing vocals (Tracks 2-15)

HammerFall albums
Power metal
2008 albums
No Sacrifice, No Victory is the seventh studio album by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. It  was released February 20, 2009. This is the first album featuring the band's new lead guitarist Pontus Norgren.

Track listing 
 "Any Means Necessary" - 3:37 (Joacim Cans / Oscar Dronjak)
 "Life Is Now" - 4:45 (Cans / Dronjak)
 "Punish and Enslave" - 3:59 (Cans / Dronjak)
 "Legion" - 5:38 (Cans / Dronjak)
 "Between Two Worlds" - 5:30 (Dronjak)
 "Hallowed Be My Name" - 3:58 (Cans / Dronjak)
 "Something for the Ages" - 5:06 (Pontus Norgren)  
 "No Sacrifice, No Victory" - 3:34 (Cans / Dronjak)
 "Bring the Hammer Down" - 3:43 (Cans / Stefan Elmgren)
 "One of a Kind" - 6:16 (Cans / Dronjak / Jesper Strömblad)
 "My Sharona" (The Knack cover) - 3:57 (Doug Fieger / Berton Averre)

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans - Lead and backing vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Rhythm, Lead Guitars and backing vocals
 Pontus Norgren - Rhythm, Lead Guitars and backing vocals
 Fredrik Larsson - Bass and backing vocals
 Anders Johansson - Drums
References

2009 albums
HammerFall albums
Power metal
Nuclear Blast albums
"Glory to be Brave" is a song by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. It was released as a single on October 20, 1997.

Track listing 

 "Glory to the Brave (Radio Edit)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 5:02
 "Ravenlord (Stormwich Cover)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:30
 "Metal Age (Live)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:12
 "Glory to the Brave (Live)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 7:17

Personnel 

 Joacim Cans - Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén - Bass
 Patrik Räfling - Drums

Power metal
HammerFall songs
1997 songs
"Heeding the Call" is a song by HammerFall. It was released as their second single on August 3, 1998.

Track listing 
 "Heeding the Call" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:24
 "Eternal Dark" (Dronjak/Cans) – 3:08
 "The Metal Age (live)" (Dronjak) – 4:28
 "Steel Meets Steel (live)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 4:34
 "Stone Cold (live)" (Dronjak/Cans) – 7:02

Personnel 
 Joacim Cans - Lead & Backing Vocals
 Oscar Dronjak - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Stefan Elmgren - Guitars & Backing Vocals
 Magnus Rosén - Bass
 Patrik Räfling - Drums

Power metal
HammerFall songs
1998 songs
"Hearts on Fire" is a 2002 song by Swedish heavy metal band HammerFall. It was the only single released from their fourth album, Crimson Thunder.

Track listing 
 "Hearts on Fire" (video clip)
 "The Making Of 'Hearts On Fire'"
 "Heeding the Call" (live)
 "A Legend Reborn" (video clip)
 "Always Will Be" (video clip)
 "Renegade" (video clip)

Personnel 
Joacim Cans - Lead and Backing Vocals
Oscar Dronjak - Guitar and Backing Vocals
Stefan Elmgren - Lead Guitar
Magnus Rosén - Bass
Anders Johansson - Drums

Power metal
HammerFall songs
2002 songs
A paper clip (or sometimes paperclip) is a piece of plastic or metal that is used to hold pieces of paper together.

Shape
A paper clip is usually a thin wire in a shape that is wrapped in on itself. It is used to hold two or more pieces of paper together by pressure. Some other kinds of paper clips use two pieces.

The type of wire paper clip that is usually used was never patented. It was first made by The Gem Manufacturing Company sometime during the 1890s. The first time Gem was mentioned was in 1883, but historians do not think this is when they began making paper clips. The first advertisement for paper clips was in August 1894. The "Gem" name was trademarked in the United States in 1904. The trademark paperwork said that the paper clip had been sold since March 1892.

It has been said  that Herbert Spencer invented the paper clip.
It is proven that the paper clip was well known by 1899. A patent was given that year for a "machine to make wire paper clips" to William Middlebrook on April 27. The drawing in the patent shows a Gem paper clip. There are many different kinds of paper clips. Some have pointy ends instead of round ones. Some have a bent end. This was done so that it is easier to put paper in. Some of them have wires with bumps that allow them to hold the paper better. Some paper clips are made to look good. They are sometimes in a triangle or a circle.

Norway's claim

A Norwegian, Johan Vaaler (1866–1910), has sometimes been called the inventor of the paper clip. He was given patents in Germany and in the United States for a paper clip of a different design

After Vaaler died, some Norwegians made a myth that the paper clip was invented by a Norwegian genius. Dictionaries in Norway since the 1950s have said that Vaaler is the inventor of the paper clip. Dictionaries in other countries sometimes say this now too.
Vaaler was probably given a patent in other countries because patent laws in the 1800s were not as tough as they are today. Vaaler worked in a patent office, or place that deals with patents, and could have given himself a patent very easily.

The patents that Vaaler held have since expired.  The Gem paper clip was used around the world, including in Norway. His device did not work as well as the Gem version.  This was because it was hard to put pieces of paper in it, and it did not look as good when there was paper in it.
National symbol
The person who started the Norwegian paper clip myth was a person who worked for Norway's patent office. He visited Germany in the 1920s to get patents for some Norwegian inventions. He came across Vaaler's patent, and did not realize that it was not the same as the Gem paper clip. In a pamphlet put out by the patent office in celebration of its first 50 years, he wrote about how Vaaler was the inventor of the paper clip. This was put into many Norwegian encyclopedias after World War II.

The war helped make the paper clip into a national symbol. Some Norwegian patriots wore them on the outside of their clothing as a symbol of resistance to the German occupiers and local Nazi rulers when they were not allowed to protest. Soon, the Nazi's made wearing them illegal.

The first Norwegian encyclopedia did mention it as a symbol of resistance, but did not call it a Norwegian invention. According to the encyclopedia, the idea started in France.
Other uses
Paper clips are usually made out of wire. A paper clip can be useful when working with many things, like computers. The metal wire can be made straight with a little bit of work. Some things have buttons that cannot be reached by fingers if the people who make the device do not want users pressing them accidentally. Most CD-ROM drives have small buttons like this to eject the CD-ROM if there is not any power. A paper clip bent into a 'U' shape can be used to create a short circuit to start a computer if there is no power button.

Kyle MacDonald took one red paperclip and traded it for a house. He began with a red paper clip and posted it on craigslist, trading it for a pen. MacDonald kept trading things until he finally traded a movie role for a two-story house in Kipling, Saskatchewan.

Paper clips can be used to pick a lock. Usually, professional lock picking tools are used, because most paper clips are not strong enough for this use.
Other holding devices
Treasury tag
Staple (fastener)
Binder clip
Bulldog clip
Rope
Brass fastener

Notes

References
 Petroski, Henry. The Evolution of Useful Things. New York: Knopf, 1992. . Includes a comprehensive history of the evolution of paper clip design.

Other websites

 History of the Paper Clip
 The Paper Clip Project 
 Classroom Holocaust Museum 
Patents
—Paper clip—E. P. Bugge

Stationery
Pe (П, п) is the fifteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [p]. Its italic lowercase form is п.

It comes from the Greek letter pi and stands for the Roman letter P.

Related pages
 П, п - Pi (Greek)
 P, p (Roman)
 Р, р - Er (Cyrillic)
 N, n (Roman)
Cryonics (from Greek kryos, which means 'cold') is the process of vitrifying a human (or animal) about  after a doctor says they are dead. People do that in hope that, in the future when medicine becomes better, they can have life again, solve their health problems and have eternal life.

Cold people like this are not awake at all as they have no brain activity. The law also says they are dead. Their body and its brain are made more like glass than ice because ice would harm their cells more. To do this, their blood is replaced with chemicals called cryoprotectants, which act like anti-freeze (stops to freeze).

Companies 
There are five big cryonics companies:
 Alcor, Arizona, USA
 Cryonics Institute (CI), Michigan, USA
 American Cryonics Society (ACS), California, USA
 KrioRus, Russia
Tomorrow Biostasis, Germany

References

Other websites 
 Why Cryonics Makes Sense - Wait But Why
 Afterlife Insurance - Is Cryonics Really That Crazy | Answers With Joe

Medicine
Cryogenics
Schwarzenberg (German pronunciation: [ʃvaɐ̯t͡sənbɛɐ̯k]) is a town in the rural district of Erzgebirgskreis in Saxony, Germany. The town was built in the 12th century. It is located about  southeast of Aue, and  southwest of Chemnitz.

References

Other websites

Erzgebirgskreis Rural District
There are 201 communes in the Haute-Vienne département, in France.

Haute-Vienne
Kipling is a town in the southeastern part of Saskatchewan in Canada.

One red paperclip
On 12 July 2006, Kyle MacDonald traded with the town of Kipling after he traded many times starting with one red paperclip.

Other websites
 Official website
 One Red Paperclip Website

Settlements in Saskatchewan
Balsam Lake is a village of Polk County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  It is the county seat of Polk County.  About 950 people were living in Balsam Lake as of 2000.

References

Other websites
Balsam Lake Wisconsin - Official Website 

Villages in Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
Polk County, Wisconsin
Balsam Lake can be any of the following:

Balsam Lake, Wisconsin, a village
Balsam Lake (town), Wisconsin

Balsam Lake (Ontario), a lake in the Kawartha lakes region, Canada 
Balsam Lake Provincial Park, on the above lake
Balsam Lake is a town of Polk County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  The village of Balsam Lake is found inside of the town.  Almost 1,400 people were living in the town of Balsam Lake as of 2000.

Towns in Wisconsin
Polk County, Wisconsin
Friendship is a village of Adams County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  Nearly 700 people were living in Friendship as of 2000.

References

Villages in Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
Adams County, Wisconsin
Friendship is a town of Fond du Lac County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. About 2,400 people were living in the town of Friendship as of 2000.

Towns in Wisconsin
Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
Iron Ridge is a village of Dodge County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. Almost 1,000 people were living in Iron Ridge as of 2000.

References

Villages in Wisconsin
Dodge County, Wisconsin
Lime Ridge is a village of Sauk County in the state of Wisconsin in the  United States.  About 170 people were living in Lime Ridge as of 2000.

References

Villages in Wisconsin
Sauk County, Wisconsin
Bellevue is a city of King County in the state of Washington, in the United States.  It is found across Lake Washington from Seattle.

References 

Cities in Washington (state)
Grapevine can be any of the following:

Grapevine, California
Grapevine, Texas
A vine of grapes
San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca is a city in the north-west of Argentina.

It is the capital city of the Catamarca Province. In 2010, 159,139 people lived there.

Cities in Argentina
Capitals of Argentine provinces
Catamarca Province
Ceremonial Oath was a Swedish death metal band who started making music in 1989 when they called themselves "Desecrator" and stopped in 1995.In their six years, they released two demos, one EP, and two full-length albums.

Members

Final line-up
 Anders Fridén – vocals (1993 – 1995)
 Anders Iwers – guitar (1989 – 1995)
 Mikael Andersson – guitar (1993 – 1995)
 Thomas Johansson – bass (1993 – 1995)
 Markus Nordberg – drums (1989 – 1995)

Former members
 Jesper Strömblad – bass (1989 – 1993)
 Oscar Dronjak – vocals, guitar (1989 – 1993)

Session members
 Tomas Lindberg – vocals on three songs from Carpet (1995)

Discography
 Promo 1991 (Demo, 1991)
 Lost Name of God (EP, Corpse Grinder Records, 1992)
 The Book of Truth (CD, Modern Primitive Records, 1993)
 Carpet (CD, Black Sun Records, 1995)

Under the name Desecrator
 Wake The Dead (Demo)
 Black Sermons (Demo)

References
References

Death metal bands
Melodic death metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1989
1995 disestablishments in Sweden
1989 establishments in Sweden
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
The Poodles were a glam metal/heavy metal band from Sweden.

Discography

Albums
 Metal Will Stand Tall (2006)
 Sweet Trade (2007)
 Clash of the Elements (2009)
 Performocracy (2011)
 Tour De Force (2013)
 Devil in the Details (2015)
 Prisma (2018)

Singles
 "Night of Passion" (2006)
 "Metal Will Stand Tall" feat. Tess Merkel (2006)
 "Song for You" (2006)
 "Seven Seas" feat. Peter Stormare (2007)
 "Streets of Fire" (2007)
 "Line of Fire" feat. E-Type (2008)
 "Raise the Banner" (2008) Swedish official song for the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008
 "One Out of Ten" (2009)

Other websites
 Official web
 German The Poodles Fanpage

Swedish heavy metal bands
Nuclear Blast is a record label. It was founded in 1987 by Markus Staiger in Germany. At first, it released hardcore punk records. After a while, they started releasing albums by melodic death metal, grindcore, power metal and black metal bands. Their most successful artists include Blind Guardian, Soilwork, In Flames, Meshuggah, Therion, Dimmu Borgir, Nile, Death, HammerFall, Sonata Arctica, Epica, Wintersun, and Nightwish.

Related pages
Nuclear Blast
Nuclear energy
Nuclear disasters
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear physics
Nuclear power
Nuclear power plant
Nuclear reaction
Nuclear reactor
Nuclear weapon

Record labels
A nuclear explosion is energy being released from a very fast nuclear reaction. It can be caused by nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or both.

Atmospheric nuclear explosions are associated with mushroom clouds, although mushroom clouds can occur as a result of large chemical explosions. It is also possible to have an air-burst nuclear explosion without these clouds. Nuclear explosions produce radiation and radioactive debris.

The nuclear weapon was first detonated in combat on 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second and last use of a nuclear weapon in combat occurred three days later when United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people while more died over time due the nuclear radiation.
Power plant accidents such as those at Chernobyl and Fukushima were caused by steam and hydrogen explosions, not nuclear explosions. The fuel in a nuclear power plant is not enriched enough to create a nuclear explosion.

Other websites
Videos and other media on nuclear explosion
Images of nuclear explosion

Nuclear weapons
Nuclear energy
Saint Mirren Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Paisley, Renfrewshire. St. Mirren play in the Scottish Premiership, having been promoted from the Championship in 2017-18. They are managed by Jim Goodwin.

Current squad

Club officials 
Boardroom
 Chairman: Stewart Gilmour
 Vice-Chairman: George Campbell
 Directors: Bryan McAusland, Gordon Scott, Ken McGeoch
 Director/Secretary: Allan Marshall

Coaching and Medical Staff
 Manager:Danny Lennon 
 Assistant Manager: Iain Jenkins
 First Team Coach: Stuart Balmer
 Head Of Youth Development: David Longwell
 Goalkeeping Coach: Paul Mathers
 Club Doctor: Dr Gerry Canning
 Club Physiotherapist: Elmer Boothroyd
 Sports Scientist: Frank Nutall

References 

Scottish Premier League clubs
1877 establishments in Scotland
Paisley, Renfrewshire
Polygar War or Palayakarar Wars refers to the wars fought between the Polygars (Palayakarrars) of former Madurai Kingdom in Tamil Nadu, India and the British colonial forces between March 1799 to May 1802. The British finally won after carrying out long and difficult protracted jungle campaigns against the Polygar armies and finally defeated them. Many lives were lost on both sides and the victory over Polygars made large part of territories of Tamil Nadu coming under British control enabling them to get a strong hold in India.

First Polygar War 1799
The war between the British and Kattabomman Nayak of Panchalankurichi Palayam in the then Tirunelveli region is often classified as the First Polygar war. In 1799, a brief meeting (over pending taxes) between Kattabomman and the British ended in a bloody encounter in which the British commander of the forces was slain by the former. A price was put on Kattabomman head prompting many Polygars to an open rebellion.
After a series of battles in the Panchalankurichi fort with additional reinforcements from Thiruchirapalli, Kattabomman was defeated but he escaped to the jungles in Pudukottai country. Here he was captured by Pudukottai Rajah (after an agreement with the British) and after a summary trial Kattabomman was hanged in front of the public in order to intimidate them, near Kayattar Fort, close to the town of Kovilpatti and in front of fellow Polygars too who had been summoned to witness the execution.

Subramania Pillai, a close associate of Kattabomman Nayak, was also publicly hanged and his head was fixed on a pike at Panchalankurichi for public view. Soundra Pandian Nayak, another rebel leader, was brutally done to death by having his head dashed against a village wall. Kattabomman’s brother Oomaidurai was imprisoned in Palayankottai prison while the fort was razed to ground and his wealth looted by the troops.
Second Polygar War 1800-1805
Despite the suppression of the First Polygar War in 1799, rebellion broke out again in 1800. The Second war was more stealthy and covert in nature. The leaders operated more cohesive and united with people from Kerala and Mysore taking part. Also it marked the joining of entire west Tamil Nadu, Malabar and south Mysore regions (which was under British domain after the death of Tipu Sultan).Dheeran Chinnamalai commanded a vast army,He settled down at Odanilai and constructed a fort there to continue his struggle against the British, whom he defeated in battles at Cauvery in 1801, Odanilai in 1802 and Arachalur in 1804. Later, Dheeran Chinnamalai left his fort to avoid cannon attack and engaged in guerrilla warfare while he was stationed at Karumalai in the Palani region.

He was betrayed by his cook and captured by the British, who hanged him at Sankari Fort on July 31, 1805.
Defeat
The British finally won after a long expensive campaign that took more than a year. However, the superior British military who had recently defeated the powerful Tipu Sultan of Mysore quickly asserted itself. The British had better artillery compared to the Polygar troops who had country-made gunfire artillery, barring a few proper ones received from erstwhile Tipu Sultan's army. The war being regional in nature, the British forces could easily mobilize additional forces from other regions.
So savage and extensive was the death and destruction wrought by the English that the entire region was left in a state of terror.

Results
Dheeran Chinnamalai was betrayed by his cook and captured by the British, who hanged him at Sankari Fort on July 31 or August 2, 1805. At last entire region of Tamil Nadu came under the control of Britishers after the end of Chinnamalai.
Later day folklore 
Tamil Nadu government constructed a "mani mandapam" (memorial) for Chinnamalai in Arachalur, Erode district at a cost of about 30 lakhs. Tamil Nadu government placed a statue of Chinnamalai in Chennai.[1]

References
 Theeran Chinnamanlai Gounder by Pulavar S. Rasu, Samba Publications, 152 Peters Road, Chennai, India 600 086, 1996.
 Kongu Nattu Lion Singham Theeran Chinnamalai by Kavignar Magudam Manickam, Sakunthla Publications, Rangoli Graphics, 329 E.V.N.Road, Erode, TN, India 638 009, year 2001.

Wars involving India
Wars involving the British Empire
1799
1800
1801
1802
History of the United Kingdom
18th-century conflicts
19th-century conflicts
Dheeran Chinnamalai ( born as Theerthagiri Sarkkarai Uttama Kāminda Mandraadiyaar (Surname of Payiran Kulam Gotra of Kongu Vellalar community) on April 17, 1756) was a Kongu chieftain and Palayakkarar from Tamil Nadu who rose up in revolt against the British East India Company in the Kongu Nadu, Southern India. He was born in Melapalayam, near Erode in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

He was one of the main leaders in the Polygar Wars and commanded a vast army, notably during the Second Polygar War that took place in 1801–1802. A thousand-strong army under him took French Military training in modern warfare alongside Tipu's Mysore forces to fight against the British East India company. They helped Tipu Sultan in his war against the British and were instrumental in victories at Chitheswaram, Mazahavalli and Srirangapatna.
References
Theeran Chinnamanlai Gounder by Pulavar S. Rasu, Samba Publications, 152 Peters Road, Chennai, India 600 086, 1996.
Knogu Nattu Lion Singham Theeran Chinnamalai by Kavignar Magudam Manickam, Sakunthla Publications, Rangoli Graphics, 329 E.V.N.Road, Erode, TH, India 638 009, year 2001.

1756 births
1805 deaths
Indian revolutionaries
Tamil activists
Indian monarchs
18th century in India
19th century in India
The rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) is an Australasian parrot. This brightly colored parrot lives on the east coast of Australia, eastern Indonesia (Maluku and Western New Guinea), Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.

In Australia, it is common along the eastern seaboard, from Queensland to South Australia and Tasmania. Its habitat is rainforest, coastal bush and woodland areas. 

It has a number of subspecies. Some classifications list about 20 subspecies.

In some places, such as Western Australia and the North Island of New Zealand, they have been artificially introduced, and are seen as a pest species.
Description 
The rainbow lorikeet is a large lorikeet, about  tall. It is has green feathers on its back, wings and tail. It has bright red feathers on the chest, with orange and yellow feathers on the sides of its chest. It has deep blue feathers on its abdomen and head. It also has stripes of yellow among its green feathers. It has a bright red bill with grey legs and feet.
Feeding
Rainbow lorikeets eat mostly fruit, pollen and nectar. They have a tongue adapted for their particular food. Nectar from eucalyptus is important in Australia. Other important sources of nectar are Pittosporum, Grevillea, Spathodea campanulata (African tulip-tree), and Metroxylon sagu (sago palm). In Melanesia, coconuts are a very important source of food, and rainbow lorikeets are important pollinators of coconuts. They also eat the fruits of Ficus, Trema, Mutingia, as well as papaya and mangoes already opened by fruit bats. They also eat crops such as apples, and will take maize and sorghum. They will also visit bird feeders placed in gardens.

In many places, including campsites and suburban gardens, wild lorikeets are so used to humans that they can be fed by hand.
Semi-tame lorikeets are common daily visitors in many backyards in Sydney. But, many people are ignorant of the food they need to eat, and feed them bread or bread coated with honey. Bread and honey do not have the nutrients, vitamins and minerals that the rainbow lorikeet needs, and this practice can lead to health and feather problems in young lorikeets. Packet mixes with a nutritional mix that is good for feeding lorikeets are generally available from vets and pet stores.

Breeding
Rainbow lorikeets are monogamous and pair for life. Male and female rainbow lorikeets look almost identical. They are strongly territorial, and chase off other birds.
In southern Australia, breeding usually happens from late winter to early summer (August to January). In other places in Australia, breeding has been recorded in every month except March. It depends on changes in food availability and climate. Nesting sites can include hollows of tall trees such as eucalyptus, palm trunks, or overhanging rock. One lorikeet population in the Admiralty Islands nests in holes in the ground on predator-free islets. Pairs sometimes nest in the same tree with other rainbow lorikeet pairs, or other types of bird. Rainbow lorikeets lay between one and three eggs, which are incubated for around 25 days. Incubation is carried out by the female alone.

Status
Overall, the rainbow lorikeet is widespread and often common. According to the annual Birdlife Australia census, it is the most commonly observed bird in Australia. It is considered to be a least concern species by BirdLife International.
As a pest
The rainbow lorikeet was accidentally released into the southwest of Western Australia near the University of Western Australia in the 1960s, and they have since been classified as a pest.

A feral population of rainbow lorikeets was established in New Zealand after an Auckland resident illegally released many rainbow lorikeets in the area in the 1990s, which started breeding in the wild. The Department of Conservation was concerned that rainbow lorikeets would outcompete native honeyeaters. They could also be a possible threat to nearby islands like the Little Barrier Island. They began killing the feral population in 2000.

Many owners of fruit orchards think of rainbow lorikeets as a pest, as they often fly in groups and take fresh fruit from trees. In urban areas, the birds create nuisance noise and poop on outdoor areas and vehicles.
In Western Australia, the rainbow lorikeet competes with native bird species. This includes domination of food sources and competition for scarce nesting hollows. Different types of birds such as the purple-crowned lorikeet, the Carnaby's black cockatoo, and the Australian ringneck are affected.

References

Other websites 
 This pet website has advice on looking after a rainbow lorikeet 

Birds of Australia
Lorikeets
Birds of Oceania
A verdict is a term in law. It is the formal finding of a fact by a jury of a court. In a criminal court, the accused may be found guilty or not guilty.

Examples 
In Scotland, the acquittal is one of two types: "not guilty" and "not proven".

Trials

de:Verdict
Gosport can be any of the following:

Gosport, a town in Hampshire, England
Gosport, Indiana, a town in Indiana, United States
Gosport, Ontario, a town in Ontario, Canada
Geography of Gosport, the area of Gosport in England
Gosport is a town of Wayne Township in Owen County, of the state Indiana in the United States. About 700 people were living in Gosport as of 2000.

References 

Towns in Indiana
Winona Laura Horowitz (born October 29, 1971), better known under her professional name Winona Ryder, is an American actress. She started her career in 1986. She first appeared in the movie Lucas in 1986. Her first big role came in 1988 with Beetlejuice as Lydia Deetz, a Gothic teenager.

Ryder had other big roles in Edward Scissorhands (1990), Heathers (1989), Dracula (1992) and Girl, Interrupted (1999). She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in The Age of Innocence (1993), and for Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as "Jo" in Little Women in 1995. She did not win either of the awards. In 2000, Ryder received a star on the Walk of Fame in Hollywood, California.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Minnesota
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
World Poverty and Human Rights is a 2002 book by Thomas Pogge. In the book, Pogge says that the poorest 46 percent of people have 1.2 percent of global income, and 826 million of them do not have enough to eat. One-third of all human deaths are from poverty-related causes: 18 million annually, including 12 million children under five.

At the other end of the spectrum, the 15 percent of people in the developed countries have 80 percent of global income. Pogge says that shifting 1 or 2 percent of our share toward poverty eradication seems morally compelling. Yet most of the rich people believe that they have no such responsibility.

References

Political books
Poverty
Human rights
2002 books
The Psittacinae is a subfamily in the parrot family. It contains the true parrots, parakeets and macaws, but not the lories, lorikeets and cockatoos.

True parrots
Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (; April 8, 1859, Prostějov, Moravia, Austrian Empire – April 26, 1938, Freiburg, Germany) was an Austrian-German philosopher and mathematician who is deemed the founder of phenomenology. He broke with the positivist orientation of the science and philosophy of his time, believing that experience is the source of all knowledge.

Husserl studied mathematics under Karl Weierstraß, completing a Ph.D. under Leo Königsberger, and studied philosophy under Franz Brentano and Carl Stumpf.

Then Husserl taught philosophy, as a Privatdozent at Halle from 1887, and as a professor:

 first at Göttingen from 1901,
 then at Freiburg im Breisgau from 1916 until his 1928 retirement.

Biography

Birth
Husserl was born into a Jewish family in a town that was then in the Austrian Empire (after 1918 a part of Czechoslovakia, and since 1993 a part of the Czech Republic). He became a member of the Lutheran Church in 1886.