Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
California has a large population of Mexican Americans. Mexican Americans have influenced Californian cuisine and Californian culture. California also has a large Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Indian, and Chinese population. There aren't as many white people in the state but there are still many Russian, Spaniard, German, English, Scottish, Portuguese, Italian, Dutch, Irish, and French people in the state. Other ethnic groups in California are Serbians, Persians, Bulgarians, Navajos, Cherokees, Nicaraguans, Alaskans, and Romani people.

California is popular among celebrities. Celebrities such as Kim Kardashian, Dwayne Johnson, Kylie Jenner, and Jennifer Aniston are from California.
California English is a dialect of the English language spoken within California. California is the home to a highly diverse populace, and this is reflected in many other languages, especially Spanish. As is the case of English is spoken in any state, not all features of California English is used by all speakers in the state, and not all features are restricted in use only to the state. However, there are some linguistic features which can be identified as either originally or predominantly Californian.

California is famous for In-N-Out Burger, which is the regional chain of fast food restaurants and founded in 1948 by Harry and Esther Snyder.

Protestantism and Catholicism are the most practiced religions in California. A smaller population are Jews, Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists.

Marijuana became legal in 2016.

Californian cuisine is influenced by Spanish cuisine, Mexican cuisine, and Asian cuisine. Mexican food is very popular in California.
California is popular for its tourism. Hollywood and Disneyland are popular tourist destinations in California. Most tourists in Los Angeles come from Mexico, China, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, Vietnam, South Korea, France, Germany, Scandinavia, Middle East, and most recently, India, Spain, Italy, and Southeast Asia.

Politics
In 2019, Gavin Newsom became the governor of California. Before him, the governor was Jerry Brown.

On November 4, 1992, Dianne Feinstein became one of California's United States senators. On January 3, 2017, Kamala Harris became the other one. In the 2020 presidential election, Kamala Harris was elected as the first woman and person of color to be Vice President of the United States.

In January 2021, Alex Padilla became the next U.S. Senator, replacing Harris, and became the first Hispanic U.S. Senator from the state.
History
The people in Coastal California were Native Americans. The original Californians were a diverse population, separated by language into as many as 135 distinct dialects. Tribes included the Karok, Maidu, Cahuilleno, Mojave, Yokuts, Pomo, Paiute, and Modoc. In the past, the area that was called "California" was not just today's California. This area covered the Mexican lands south of it, as well as Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona and Wyoming. The Spanish called the part of the land that later became part of the United States Alta California (Upper California) when it was split from what became Baja California (Lower California). In these early times, the borders of the Sea of Cortez and the Pacific coast were not well known, so the old maps wrongly showed California to be an island. The name comes from Las sergas de Espladián (Adventures of Spladian), a 16th-century book by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, where there is an island paradise called California.
In 1848, there were about 4,000 Spanish-speaking people in today's California on the American side. (Today the state has a total of nearly 40,000,000 people.) In 1849, gold was suddenly found and the number of people went up very fast as the Gold Rush took hold. Slavery also spread there as people hoping to find gold brought African slaves and either forced them to work in gold mines or hired them out for other work. In 1850, California became a state in the Union (the United States).

During the American Civil War (1861-1865), many people in California, especially in the southern part of California, thought the South was right and slavery should be protected. Some people in Southern California even wanted Southern California to leave the rest of the state and join the Confederate States of America. However, this did not happen. California joined the war to and helped the North (the Union) and sent many troops east to fight the Confederacy.
Economy
The economy of the State of California is the largest in the United States. It has a gross state product (GSP) of US$3.0 trillion as of 2020. It has many sectors. The most dominant are finance, business services, government and manufacturing. If California were a sovereign nation, according to 2019 statistics, it would rank as the world's fifth largest economy, lying between Germany and India. Over 10% of the Fortune 1000 companies were based in California in 2018.
Present day
In 1900, there were only a million people in California and 105,000 in Los Angeles. Today, California has more people than any other U.S. state. Starting in 1965, the variety of people became much greater as many different people from around the world came to the United States and often decided to live in California. California is thought to be a very liberal state, but there are still a lot of people who are Republicans and view Ronald Reagan as a hero. Technology is very advanced and many new cultural trends begin there. Engineering and computers play a big part in the state's life. For over a hundred years, film has been one of the most important businesses in California. By the 1950s, television had also become an important business in California. Many Latinos especially Mexicans and Salvadorans live in the state.
In the twenty-first century, droughts and frequent wildfires attributed to climate change have occurred in the state. From 2011 to 2017, a persistent drought was the worst in its recorded history. The 2018 wildfire season was the state's deadliest and most destructive, most notably Camp Fire.

California has a growing Hispanic and Asian population. White people are the second largest ethnic group in California. Hispanics surpassed the white population in the 2010s.

Although air pollution problems have been reduced, health problems associated with pollution have continued. The brown haze that is known as "smog" has been substantially abated thanks to federal and state restrictions on automobile exhaust.

In 2021, the number of Hispanic and Latino residents in California had surpassed the number of white residents, with about 15.75 million Hispanics compared to 13.4 million white residents.

References

Other websites

California
1850 establishments in the United States
Propaganda is a form of communication to distribute information. It is usually biased. The information is designed to make people feel a certain way or to believe a certain thing. The information is often political. 

It is hard to tell whether the information is true or false. Very often, the information is confusing and unfair. Propaganda does tend to make disputes last longer, and be more difficult to resolve. It can take the form of posters, TV advertisements, and radio announcements. 

The word 'propaganda' comes from Latin. At first, it meant 'ideas to be spread around'. But in the First World War, it came to mean political ideas that are supposed to be misleading.

Propaganda is like advertising in some ways. For example, it uses the mass media to spread its ideas. But advertising is usually trying to sell something, whereas propaganda is about ideas. It is often political, and used by states or political parties, not private companies.
Uses 
Propaganda is often used during wars.  There it can be very useful.  Sometimes it keeps the people of a country happy  telling them that their country is fighting well and telling them how important it is that the enemy is defeated. Sometimes it tries to make people hate the enemy. The information could tell people that the enemy is evil or make them seem not human. Sometimes a government gives propaganda to the enemy  telling them that the war is going badly for them and that they should stop fighting.

When a country is not at war, propaganda can still be used. The government may use propaganda to change what people think about a political situation. A group may try to change the way people act towards an issue.

Propaganda under some countries, like dictatorships, is used along with censorship. While propaganda tries to give people false ideas, censorship forces the ones who disagree with propaganda to keep quiet. Then the propaganda can say everything, because nobody can question it in public.
Propaganda is also used to win people by tricking them. Some people say that cults use propaganda to get people to join them.

Examples of propaganda:
 British propaganda against Germany in the First World War.
 German propaganda against Poland to start the Second World War, see Attack on Sender Gleiwitz
 Propaganda through mass media (print, radio and movies) was used by the Soviet Union from beginning to end. Some great artists, like Sergei Eisenstein and El Lissitzky, helped them do it. Many others, such as Solzhenitsyn, did not.

History 
Propaganda has been used in every known civilisation. It was used by Rameses II on his monuments in Ancient Egypt; it was used by Ancient Greek orators; it was used by Julius Caesar, and all Roman Emperors. The word itself is formed from propagate, meaning to multiply.
Propaganda was carried much further  by the Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide of the Catholic Church. This committee, founded in 1622 by Pope Gregory XV, had action branches in most European countries. These were the local branches of the Inquisition, which sought out heretics. With torture and the threat of death by burning at the stake, they forced heretics to recant (to publicly withdraw their previous beliefs). The objective was to remove all challenges to the supremacy of the Church in matters of belief. The 1578 handbook for inquisitors noted  "Punishment does not take place primarily and for the correction and good of the person punished, but for the public good in order that others may become terrified and weaned away from the evils they would commit".

References 

Politics
Communication
Psychology
Topology is an area of Mathematics, which studies how spaces are organized and how they are structured in terms of position. It also studies how spaces are connected. It is divided into algebraic topology, differential topology and geometric topology.

Topology has been called rubber-sheet geometry. In a topology of two dimensions there is no difference between a circle and a square. A circle made out of a rubber band can be stretched into a square. There is a difference between a circle and a figure eight. A figure eight cannot be stretched into a circle without tearing.

The spaces studied in topology are called topological spaces. They vary from familiar manifolds to some very exotic constructions.

Natural Origin
Natural Origin 

In many problems, we often divide a large space into smaller areas. For instance, a house is divided into rooms, a nation into states, a type of quantity into numbers, and so on. Each of these smaller areas (room, state, number) is next to other small areas (other rooms/states/numbers). The places where the areas meet are connections. If we write down on paper a list of spaces, and the connections between them, we have written down a description of a space -- a topological space. All topological spaces have the same properties such as connections, and are made of the same structure (a list of smaller areas). This makes it easier to study how spaces behave. It also makes it easier to write algorithms. For instance, to program a robot to navigate a house, we simply give it a list of rooms, the connections between each room (doors), and an algorithm that can work out which rooms to go through to reach any other room. For more examples of this type of problem, look at Graph theory.
We can go further by creating subdivisions of subdivisions of space. For instance, a nation divided into states, divided into counties, divided into city boundaries, and so on. All this kind of information can be described using topology.

Related pages
 Knot theory
1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
January 28 – Choudhary Rahmat Ali chooses the name Pakistan in his pamphlet for a Muslim country in northwest India
 January 30 – Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg
 February 17 – Newsweek magazine is published for the first time in the United States
 March 3
 Earthquake in Japan kills 3.000 people
 Ching Yun University was established
 March 10 – Earthquake in Long Beach, California
 March 20 – Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed 
 April 2 – In a cricket test match against New Zealand, England batsman Wally Hammond scores a record 336 runs.
 May 8 – Mahatma Gandhi begins a 21-day fast in protest for India 
 July 6 – The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played at Comiskey Park in Chicago
 July 8 – The first rugby union test match is played between the Wallabies of Australia and the Springboks of South Africa at Newlands in Cape Town
August 2 – Opening of the Stalin White Sea–Baltic Sea Canal, connecting the White Sea with Lake Onega and the Baltic
 September 26 – Hurricane in Tampico, Mexico kills 1.000 people
 October 7 – Air France is formed
 December 5 – Prohibition ends in the United States
 The Toyota company starts in Japan
Births

January 

 January 25 – Corazon Aquino, 11th President of the Philippines (d. 2009)

February 

 February 13 – Paul Biya President of Cameroon
 February 13 – Kim Novak, American actress
 February 18 – Yoko Ono, Japanese singer, artist, wife of John Lennon
 February 18 – Bobby Robson, English association football player and manager (d. 2009)

March 

 March 10 – Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell, Argentine poet (d. 2004)
 March 13 – Pee Wee Gaskins, American serial killer (d. 1991)
 March 19 – Teresa Berganza, Spanish mezzo-soprano (d. 2022)
 March 22 – Philip Roth, American novelist (d. 2018)

April 

 April 9 – Jean-Paul Belmondo, French actor (d. 2021)
 April 18 – Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (d. 1995)

May 

 May 3 – James Brown, African-American soul musician (I Feel Good) (d. 2006)
 May 3 – Steven Weinberg, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021)

June
June 

 June 6 – Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
 June 11 – Gene Wilder, American actor (d. 2016)
 June 15 – Mohammad-Ali Rajai, President of Iran (d. 1981)

July 
 July 2 – Kenny Wharram, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2017)
 July 16 – John Baddeley, British diplomat
 July 17 – Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, 9th Prime Minister of Malta

August 

 August 18 – Roman Polanski, Polish movie director

September 

 September 29 – Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (d. 1986)

October 

 October 21 – Paco Gento, Spanish footballer (d. 2022)

November 

 November 3 – Amartya Sen, Indian economist, Nobel Prize laureate
 November 4 – Charles K. Kao, Hong Kong-British-American physicist (d. 2018)
 November 12 – Jalal Talabani, President of Iraq (d. 2017)

December 

 December 11 – Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. Filipino politician (d. 2019)
 December 23 – Akihito, Emperor of Japan

Deaths
Deaths 

 January 5 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (b. 1872)
 January 31 – John Galsworthy, English writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
 February 12 – Henri Duparc, French composer (b. 1848)
 March 1 – Uładzimir Žyłka, Belarusian poet (b. 1900)
 April 17 – Harriet Brooks, Canadian physicist (b. 1876)
 May 2 – Leonard Huxley, English writer (b. 1860)
 July 3 – Hipólito Yrigoyen, 18th President of Argentina (b. 1852)
 August 15 – Christie Fuller, Australia singer
 September 8 – Faisal I of Iraq, king of Iraq
 October 2 - Elizabeth Thompson, British painter
 October 16 – Ismael Montes, 26th President of Bolivia (b. 1861)
 November 3 – Émile Roux, French physician (b. 1853)
 December 16 – Robert W. Chambers, American writer (b. 1865)
Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physics won by Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist, and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, English physicist
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Thomas Hunt Morgan, American biologist
 Nobel Prize in Literature won by Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin, Russian writer
 Nobel Peace Prize won by Sir Norman Angell, British lecturer, writer, and Member of Parliament for the Labour Party

Movies released
Movies released 

 42nd Street 
 Alice in Wonderland
 Duck Soup
 Gold Diggers of 1933
 King Kong
 Little Women, starring Kathrine Hepburn
 The Private Life of Henry VIII, starring Charles Laughton
 The Prizefighter and the Lady, starring Max Baer, Myrna Loy, Primo Carnera and Jack Dempsey
 Queen Christina, starring Greta Garbo
 Secret of the Blue Room, starring Paul Lukas, Gloria Stuart and Lionel Atwill
 Secrets, starring Mary Pickford
 She Done Him Wrong, starring Cary Grant amd Mae West
 The Son of Kong, starring Robert Armstrong and Helen Mack
 Sons of the Desert, starring Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy
 State Fair, starring Janet Gaynor, Will Rogers and Lew Ayres
Hit songs 
 "Did You Ever See A Dream Walking?" by Eddy Duchin
 "Just An Echo In the Valley" by Bing Crosby; also version by Rudy Vallee
 "Lazy Bones" by Ted Lewis Band; also version by Don Redman's band
 "Let's All Sing Like the Birdies Sing" by Ben Bernie
 "Night and Day" by Eddy Duchin
 "Shadow Waltz" by Bing Crosby
 "Stormy Weather" by Ethel Waters
 "You're Getting To Be A Habit With Me" by Bing Crosby with Guy Lombardo's Royal Canadians

References
Los Angeles (L.A.), officially the City of Los Angeles, is a city in Southern California, in the United States. There are 3,847,400 people living in the city, and over 18 million people in the L.A. region. The city has an area of . Los Angeles is the city with the second biggest population in the United States after New York, overtaking Chicago in the 1970s. It is also the biggest city of California. It is a car-centric city requiring much parking, and one of the most spread out cities in the world. Greater Los Angeles is home to many movie stars and many of the biggest rock bands in the history of the United States. Los Angeles is surrounded by East Los Angeles, Huntington Park, Maywood, Walnut Park, Commerce, Bell, Glendale, South Pasadena, Monterey Park, South Gate, Cudahy, West Hollywood, Alhambra, Bell Gardena and Westmont.
Los Angeles has Spanish and Mexican influences due to being a former colony of Mexico and Spain. Los Angeles is a diverse city with many ethnic groups such as Mexican, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Salvadoran, Iranian and Armenian. Mexican and Spanish architecture can be seen in Los Angeles.

Many celebrities live in Los Angeles. Los Angeles is known to be the entertainment capital of the world. Many movies, television shows and fashion shows are made in Hollywood and are often set in Los Angeles.

Los Angeles has the second largest Hispanic and Latino population in the United States, only behind New York City. Many are of Mexican and Central American descent. 

Los Angeles is one of the most expensive cities to live in.
Los Angeles is home to a large Albanian, Turkish, Roma, Mexican, Brazilian, Filipino, Chinese, Korean, Cambodian, Japanese, Bulgarian, Romanian, Italian, Greek, Indonesian, white Australian, Asian, Egyptian, Colombian, Bolivian, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Hungarian, Peruvian, Paraguayan, Argentine, Uruguayan, Salvadoran, Guatemalan, Honduran, Panamanian, Indian, Irish, Armenian, Georgian, Persian, Azerbaijani, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, German, and Dutch population.

History
The area comprising present-day Los Angeles County was first settled by small groups of Native Americans for centuries before the first European contact in 1769 when Gaspar de Portola and a group of missionaries camped on what is now the banks of the Los Angeles River. The name Los Angeles comes from the Spanish language,and it means "The Angels". The name is an abbreviation from the original name of the place. The original name is "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río Porciúncula" (in English, "The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the River Porciúncula"), giving it both one of the longest and shortest (referring to its shortening of "LA") place names in the world. Los Angeles was founded in 1781 while the area was within the borders of the Viceroyalty of New Spain
. The area had earlier been explored by two Franciscan priests named Junipero Serra and Juan Crespi and following the Mexican War of Independence the region passed into the hands of Mexico which subsequently ceded control of California to the U.S. in 1848. On April 4, 1850 California became a State of the USA. Los Angeles began half a century of rapid growth after railroads arrived in the city in the 1870s. Los Angeles was home to the Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984. It will host the Olympic Games in 2028. Three times the city broke out in riots, in 1943, in 1965, and in 1992, all due to racism. In 1994, an earthquake killed 72 people and damaged many buildings.
Demographics
Los Angeles has the second largest Mexican, Armenian, Salvadoran, Filipino and Guatemalan population by city in the world, the third largest Canadian population in the world, and has the largest Japanese, Iranian/Persian, Cambodian and Roma (Gypsy) population in the country.

Christianity is the most practiced religion in Los Angeles.

Spanish is the most spoken foreign language in Los Angeles. Korean, Filipino, Armenian, Chinese, and Persian are also spoken in the city.

Tourism
Most tourists in Los Angeles come from Mexico, Canada, China, Australia, Japan, UK, South Korea, Germany, France, Scandinavia, the Middle East and India.
Geography 
Los Angeles is a very large city, and the edges of the city are very far from the center, going from the beaches to the mountains. The Santa Monica Mountains run through the city, separating it into the San Fernando Valley to the north and the Los Angeles Basin to the south. The Los Angeles River also runs through the city some . Los Angeles moves about one-quarter of an inch (6.3 millimeters) to the east every year. It is caused by the city's tectonic plates and rough ground geography and since Los Angeles is at a close distance with the San Andreas Fault. This brings Los Angeles and San Francisco  closer together each year.

Climate
Climate 

The climate in Los Angeles is a Mediterranean climate. The weather is usually warm and dry during the summer, and it is mild and more rainy in the winter. The weather is different depending on how far away from the ocean you are, so places near the beach usually do not get as hot in the summer. It is very rare for temperatures to go below freezing near the coast, but can occur further inland. The city receives about  of rain each year, although the amount can change a lot from year to year. Snow is very rare except on the mountain tops where some occasional light snow might fall.
Sights 
L.A. has many famous sights. There are many very long beaches, such as Venice Beach. Many visitors go to Hollywood, home to the Hollywood Walk of Fame  the Mann's (Grauman's) Chinese Theater, a large cinema and L.A. Live, an entertainment complex.  Los Angeles also has many fine museums such as the L.A. County Museum of Art, California Science Center and the Getty Museum. Another sight is the Los Angeles City Zoo. Los Angeles is the only major city in the world with an active population of wild mountain lions.

Industries 
Los Angeles is known for its large movie and television industry. Much of this is located in Hollywood. Some military aircraft are also made there, as well as spacecraft.  The music industry is also concentrated in the area.  The city is also a banking center. The San Pedro area has a busy port.

Neighborhoods

Los Angeles has dozens of neighborhoods and named areas, including:
Hollywood, home of many well-known movie studios.
 Downtown Los Angeles, the financial centre of the city. Home to Los Angeles' and California's two tallest buildings, the Wilshire Grand Center and the U.S. Bank Tower
 Elysian Park, home of Dodger Stadium and previously Chavez Ravine.
 Venice Beach.
 Santa Monica, beachfront district (officially a separate city).
 Inglewood, home of SoFi Stadium and The Forum (officially a separate city).
 Brentwood, a very wealthy area in West Los Angeles.
 South L.A. the center of LA's African-American jazz scene
 Leimert Park, home to LA’s historic African-American museums.
 Crenshaw, a well-known district in South Los Angeles.
 University Park, home to the University of Southern California.
 Westwood, home to the University of California.
 Boyle Heights, where many Mexican Americans reside.
Exposition Park, home to the University of Southern California, the Coliseum, Banc of California Stadium and  the California Science Center are located
 San Fernando Valley, a large suburban area.
 San Pedro, where the Port of Los Angeles is located in the city.

Politics 

As of December 2022, the mayor of Los Angeles is Karen Bass.

Cityscape

Music
Los Angeles has a rich history and culture of popular music.  Many of the most notable recording artists in the history of the United States either started or flourished in Los Angeles or Greater Los Angeles.  The surf music scene is largely associated with Los Angeles and suburbs like Malibu.  Motown Records moved from Detroit, Michigan to Los Angeles in the 1970s.  The West Coast Hip-hop scene and genres such as G-funk are largely centered in Greater Los Angeles.
Notable bands include:
The Beach Boys
The Doors
The Mamas & the Papas
Metallica
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Eagles
Guns 'n' Roses
The Byrds
Love
Spirit
Rage Against the Machine
Buffalo Springfield
Beck
The Offspring
Tool
No Doubt
System of a Down
Linkin Park
X
N.W.A.
Jane's Addiction
Sublime (nearby Long Beach)
Steppenwolf
Incubus
Sugar Ray
The Wallflowers
Black Flag

Media

KCBS CBS

KABC American Broadcasting Company

KTLA The CW

KTTV Fox Broadcasting Company

KCOP My13

References

 
County seats in California
Olympic cities
1781 establishments in North America
18th-century establishments in California
A census is a way of getting information about every member of a population. It is usually used for a population of people, but can be used to mean a population of animals.
Both the United States and United Kingdom have a census every 10 years, or decade. But in Australia, Canada, Japan and New Zealand they have it every 5 years.

A census produces a large database and sometimes new information technology, such as the use of punched cards for data, has been invented to handle it.

The word comes from the Roman Republic when it meant a list of citizens it was used to keep track of adult males fit for military.

Census is a word of Latin origin which means to evaluate/assess or to estimate.

Notes

Related pages
 Statistics
 United States Census

Other websites 
Statistics Bureau of Japan - Official website

Censuses
A star is a very large ball of bright, glowing, hot matter in space. That matter is called plasma. Stars are held together by gravity. They emit light because they are very hot.

The Sun is an example of a star. It is at the center of the solar system.

The amount of material in a star (its mass) is so huge that a nuclear reaction called nuclear fusion goes on inside it. This reaction changes hydrogen to helium and gives off heat. 

The light and heat created by nuclear fusion makes stars like the Sun very hot. It also makes bigger chemical elements. In the Sun (but not all stars) the change which takes place is the production of helium, with small amounts of heavier elements.

Stars have a lot of hydrogen. Fusion makes a lot of energy. The energy produced by stars moves (radiates) away from them. Much of the energy leaves as light, and the rest leaves as other kinds of electromagnetic radiation.
When a star like the Sun gets old, it will expand in size and become a red giant star. That will happen in about 5 billion years.

Earth's Sun 
The star nearest to Earth is the Sun. The energy from the Sun supports almost all life on Earth by providing light for plants. Plants turn the light into energy in a process called photosynthesis. The energy from the Sun also causes weather and humidity on Earth. 

We can see other stars in the night sky when the Sun goes down. Like the Sun, they are made mostly of hydrogen and a little bit of helium plus other elements. Astronomers often compare those other stars to the Sun. For example, their mass is measured in solar masses (Mʘ). A solar mass is the same as the mass of the Sun. A small star may be about 0.2 Mʘ, a medium one may be about the Sun's mass (1 Mʘ), and a large star may be about 10 Mʘ.
Planets 
The Earth and other planets move around (orbit) the Sun. The Sun and all things that orbit it are called the Solar System. Many other stars have planets orbiting them, and those planets are called exoplanets. Our Sun would look like a star in the sky to someone on an exoplanet, but you would not see the Earth from one because it would be too far away.

Numbers, distances 
Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun. It is 39.9 trillion kilometres, equal to 4.2 light years, away. This means that light from Proxima Centauri takes 4.2 years to reach Earth.

Astronomers think there is a very large number of stars in the Universe. The observable Universe contains more than 2 trillion (1012) galaxies and, overall, as many as an estimated  stars (more stars than all the grains of sand on planet Earth). That is, 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars, which is many times more than the few hundred billion stars in our galaxy, the Milky Way.
Most stars are very old. They are usually thought to be between 1 billion and 10 billion years old. The oldest stars are 13.7 billion years old. That is as old as the Universe. Some young stars are only a few million years old. Young stars are usually brighter than old ones. 

Stars are different sizes. The smallest stars are neutron stars, which are actually dead stars. They are no bigger than a human city. A neutron star has a large amount of mass in a very small space. A neutron star has a mass of at least 1.4 Mʘ.  

Hypergiant stars are the largest stars in the Universe. They have a diameter up to 1,600 times bigger than the Sun's. If the Sun was a hypergiant star, it would reach out to as far as Jupiter.

The star Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star about 700 times the Sun's diameter. Although these stars are very large, they also have low density.
Some stars look brighter than other stars. This difference is measured in terms of apparent magnitude. There are two reasons why stars have different apparent magnitude. If a star is very close to us, it will appear much brighter. This is just like a candle. A candle that is close to us appears brighter. The other reason a star can appear brighter is that it is hotter than another cooler star.

Stars give off light but also give off a solar wind and neutrinos. These are very small particles of matter. 

Stars are made of mass and mass makes gravity. Gravity makes planets orbit stars. This is why the Earth orbits the Sun. The gravity of two stars can make them go around each other. Stars that orbit each other are called binary stars. Scientists think there are many binary stars. There are even groups of three or more stars that orbit each other. Proxima Centauri is a small star that orbits other stars.
Stars are not spread evenly across all of space. Instead, they are grouped into galaxies. A galaxy contains hundreds of billions of stars.

History of seeing stars 

Stars have been important to people all over the world for all of history. Stars have also been part of religious practices. Long ago, people believed that stars could never die.

Astronomers organized stars into groups called constellations. They used the constellations to help them see the motion of the planets and to guess the position of the Sun. The motion of the Sun and other stars was used to make calendars. The calendars were used by farmers to decide when to plant crops and when to harvest them.

The life of stars

Stars are made in nebulae. These are areas that have more gas than normal space. The gas in a nebula is pulled together by gravity. The Orion nebula is an example of a place where gas is coming together to form stars.
Stars spend most of their lives combining (fusing) hydrogen with hydrogen to make energy. When hydrogen is fused it makes helium and it makes a lot of energy. To fuse hydrogen into helium it must be very hot and the pressure must be very high. Fusion happens at the center of stars, called "the core".

The smallest stars are called red dwarfs. Red dwarfs fuse their hydrogen slowly and live for more than 100 billion years, so they live longer than any other star. At the end of their lives, they become dimmer and dimmer. Red dwarfs do not explode.

When very heavy stars die, they explode. This explosion is called a supernova. When a supernova happens in a nebula, the explosion pushes the gas in the nebula together. This makes the gas in the nebula very dense (thick). Gravity and exploding stars both help to bring the gas together to make new stars in nebulas.
Most stars use up the hydrogen at their core. When they do, their core becomes smaller and hotter. It becomes so hot that it pushes away the outer part of the star. The outer part expands and it makes a red giant star. Astrophysicists think that in about 5 billion years, the Sun will be a red giant. Our Sun will be so large it will "eat" the Earth. After our Sun stops using hydrogen to make energy, it will use helium in its very hot core. It will be hotter than when it was fusing hydrogen. Heavy stars will also make elements heavier than helium. As a star makes heavier and heavier elements, it makes less and less energy. Iron is a heavy element made in heavy stars. 

Our star is an average star. Average stars will push away their outer gases. The gas it pushes away makes a cloud called a planetary nebula. The core part of the star will remain. It will be a ball as big as the Earth and called a white dwarf. It will fade into a black dwarf over a very long time.
Later in large stars (~ 10 Mʘ), heavier elements are made by fusion. Finally the star makes a supernova explosion. Most things happen in the universe so slowly we do not notice. But supernova explosions happen in only 100 seconds. When a supernova explodes its flash is as bright as a 100 billion stars. The dying star is so bright it can be seen during the day. Supernova means "new star" because people used to think it was the beginning of a new star. Today we know that a supernova is the death of an old star. The gas of the star is pushed away by the explosion. It forms a giant cloud of gas called a planetary nebula. The crab nebula is a good example. All that remains is a neutron star. If the star was very heavy (~ 25 Mʘ), the star will make a black hole. Gravity in a black hole is extremely strong. It is so strong that even light cannot escape from a black hole.
The heaviest elements are made in the explosion of a supernova. After billions of years of floating in space, the gas and dust come together to make new stars and new planets.  Much of the gas and dust in space comes from supernovae. Our Sun, the Earth, and all living things are made from star dust.

Colors 
Astronomers have known for centuries that stars have different colors. When looking at an electromagnetic spectrum, ultraviolet waves are the shortest, and infrared are the longest.   The visible spectrum has wavelengths between these two extremes.  

Modern instruments can measure very precisely the color of a star.  This allows astronomers to determine that star's temperature, because a hotter star's black-body radiation has shorter wavelengths.  The hottest stars are blue and azure, then white, then yellow, and the coolest are red. Knowing the color and absolute magnitude, astronomers can place the star on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, and estimate its habitable zone and other facts about it.
For example, our Sun is yellow-white, and the Earth is the perfect distance away for life. If our Sun was a hotter, blue star, however, Earth would have to be much farther away or else it would be too hot to have water and sustain life.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 
  View the stars above your location
  

 
Astrophysics
This article lists the 50 states of the United States. It also lists their populations, the date they became a state or agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence, their total area, land area, water area, and the number of representatives in the United States House of Representatives. 

Washington D.C., (Washington, District of Columbia) is a federal district and capital of the United States and is not considered a state. The United States also has sovereignty over 14 other territories. These are not included in this list.

Map of the U.S States 
Click on any state to learn more about that state.

List of states
List of states

Related pages 
List of U.S. states and territories by area
List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
List of U.S. states by elevation
List of U.S. states by GDP
List of U.S. states' largest cities
List of U.S. states by population
List of U.S. states by population density
Lists of United States state symbols
List of U.S. states and territories by time zone
List of U.S. states by traditional abbreviation

Other websites

Notes

References
DUI may mean:
 Driving under the influence, the act of driving a motor vehicle (car, truck, etc.) while under the effects of alcohol. 
 Data Use Identifier 
 Data Use Institute 
 Davis Unified Ignition 
 Diving Unlimited International Inc 
 Documento Unico de Importación 
 Duke University Improv
Drunk driving (Drink driving in the UK and Australia) is the act of driving a motor vehicle (car, truck, etc.) while under the effects of alcohol.  Drunk driving is illegal in most areas of the world.  In some places, driving a motorless vehicle such as a bicycle while drunk is also illegal.

Most areas that make laws (jurisdictions) started with DWI (driving while intoxicated) laws, banning just alcohol. Later, most changed them to DUI (driving under the influence) laws, adding other drugs to those banned while driving. The most common blood alcohol content (BAC) limit in the United States is 0.08% for the legal meaning of drunk. Only three states still use the more lax, original standard of 0.10%.  Many jurisdictions add extra penalties (more jail time and/or a longer DUI program) in cases where the driver's BAC is over 0.20%.

United States laws
The first place in the United States to adopt laws against drunk driving was the state of New York in 1910, with California (1911) and others doing the same later. Early laws simply banned driving while drunk, with no mention of what BAC was banned (which means how drunk the person is). The state of Georgia was one of the last states to make laws against drunk driving. One of the years with the most alcohol related crashes was 1982. The year 1982 had 26,173 alcohol related deaths due to drunk driving.

In the US, most of the laws were greatly tightened in the early 1980s, largely due to pressure from groups like Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) and Young Adults Educating Responsible Drinking.

Types of crime
The Creative Commons is a 
American non-profit organisation that tries to make creative work available for others to use and share.

Aim 
Their website allows copyright holders to give some of their rights to any other people. They still keep some other rights. They do this through licenses and contracts. Some of these make the work public domain or open content. They do this because copyright law can stop people sharing information.

The project has different free licenses. A person who has copyright can choose which one they want to use when they publish their work. They also provide RDF/XML metadata. These say what the licenses are and make it easier to automatically sort out and find work that has these licenses. They also provide a 'Founder's Copyright' contract. This aims to give the same effects as the original US Copyright did.

History 
Creative Commons was officially started in 2001.
Lawrence Lessig is the founder and chairman of Creative Commons. Lessig started it as a way of reaching the goals of his Supreme Court case, Eldred v. Ashcroft.

Localisation 
The iCommons (International Commons) is one of the Creative Commons projects. They improve the wording of the licenses and make them usable in other countries. The first ones dealt with US law only. As of February 4, 2004, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Finland, France, Italy, Japan, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom have joined this project.

Projects that use Creative Commons licenses include LOCA Records, Magnatune, Opsound, Opcopy, Wikitravel, iRATE radio and the fiction of Cory Doctorow.

References

Other websites 
 Article on the Creative Commons License on the English Wikipedia
 The creativecommons.org website
 A short Flash animation talking about Creative Commons
 International Commons: Creative Commons initiatives outside the United States.
Non-profit organizations of California
2001 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a markup language used to create web pages. It was created in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist who is credited with inventing the World Wide Web. Webpages can include writing, links, pictures, and even sound and video. HTML tells web browsers what webpages should look like. HTML also adds meta information to webpages. Meta information is information about a webpage e.g., the name of the person who created the page. Web browsers usually do not show meta information.

HTML is often used with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript. CSS is used to change the way HTML looks. JavaScript tells websites how to behave. It can also change HTML and CSS.

HTML is made by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). There are many versions of HTML. As of September 2018, the current standard of HTML is called HTML 5 and is specifically at version 5.2.
Tags 
HTML uses "elements" to let the browser know how a webpage is made of. Elements are shown as "tags" in the code, written with angle brackets: . Tags usually come in pairs: an opening tag defines the start of a block of content and a closing tag defines the end of that block of content. There are many kinds of tags, and each one has a different purpose. See Basic HTML Tags below for tag examples.

Some tags only work in certain browsers. For example, the <menuitem> tag, which is used to make something appear when the person presses the right button of the mouse, only works on the Mozilla Firefox browser. Other browsers simply ignore this tag and display the writing normally. Many web page creators avoid using these "non-standard" tags because they want their pages to look the same with all browsers.
Example 
Here is an example page in HTML with "Hello world!".<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Hi!</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Hello world!</p>
  </body>
</html>The Text between  and  describes the web page, and the text between  and  is the page content.  defines the browser page title.

Example HTML tags 
Here are some example HTML tags:

Notes

References 

Markup languages
Internet
Web design
A leg is a weight-bearing and locomotion device. Birds and humans have two legs, but many animals have four or six or even more. A biped is an animal with two legs and quadruped is an animal with four legs.
Centipedes and millipedes have many more legs.

By extension, the word is also used for some objects. For example tables and chairs, also have legs to hold them up.  

People also use the word "leg" in idioms, for example: 
you do not have a leg to stand on (that means "you have no support; you have no chance in this discussion") 
to leg it (to run)
to pull someone's leg (to play a little joke on someone for fun by trying to make them believe something that is not true)
Components 
A leg is a structure of gross anatomy, meaning that it is large enough to be seen unaided. The components depend on the animal. In humans and other mammals, a leg includes the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and skin. In insects, the leg includes most of these things, except that insects have an exoskeleton that replaces the function of both the bones and the skin.

Sometimes the end of the leg, or foot, is considered part of the leg; other times it is considered separate. Similarly, the hip joint or other place where the leg attaches to the main body may be considered separate or part of the leg.

Robotic leg 
A robotic leg is moved by an actuator, which is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It is operated by a source of energy, usually in the form of an electric current and converts that energy into some kind of motion.

Prosthetic leg 
A prosthetic leg is an artificial leg that is used to replace one that has been lost
Basic English 850 words
Limbs and extremities
One method is by the three-sector hypothesis:
 Primary sector extracts natural materials and provides raw materials for secondary industry. 
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Introduction
India is the fastest growing large economy in the world, with an enormous population, favorable demographics and high catch-up potential due to low initial GDP per head.
 As per the World Bank data, in 2017, India became the sixth largest economy with a GDP of US$2.59 trillion, relegating France to the seventh position.
 India is likely to surpass the United Kingdom in the world's largest economy rankings in 2019, according to a report by global consultancy firm PwC.
 According to World Economic Outlook report of IMF, India's economy is expected to grow by 7.5 per cent in the 2019-20 fiscal year, keeping an upward trajectory as the rest of the world slumps.
 According to report "India's economy is poised to pick up in 2019, benefiting from lower oil prices and a slower pace of monetary tightening than previously expected, as inflation pressures ease," the report said.
As per Central Statistics Office (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI), the growth in GDP during 2018-19 is estimated at 7.2 percent as compared to the growth rate of 6.7 percent in 2017-18.
Economic Sectors 

 Economic activities result in the production of goods and services while sectors are the group of economic activities classified on the basis of some criteria.
 The Indian economy can be classified into various sectors on the basis of ownership, working conditions and the nature of the activities.
 All economic activity was in the primary sector during early civilisation. After the surplus production of food, people’s need for other products increased which led to the development of the secondary sector.
 The growth of secondary sector spread its influence during the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century.
 A support system was needed to facilitate the industrial activity. Certain sectors like transport and finance played an important role in supporting the industrial activity.

Primary Sector
Primary Sector 

 In Primary sector of economy, activities are undertaken by directly using natural resources. Agriculture, Mining, Fishing, Forestry, Dairy etc. are some examples of this sector.
 It is called so because it forms the base for all other products. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, forestry, fishing, it is also called Agriculture and allied sector.
 People engaged in primary activities are called red-collar workers due to the outdoor nature of their work.

Secondary Sector