Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Nicolae Ceauşescu (; 26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist dictator from 1965 until 1989. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989 he was deposed, tried and publicly executed by a firing squad along with his wife Elena Ceaușescu. He had been the only Communist dictator of Eastern Europe who had been charged for crimes against humanity and genocide during the revolutions of 1989. As of 2021, his execution was the last one on Romanian soil
. He joined the Romanian Armed Forces in 1950 just before Soviet-Leader (Ioseb Besarionis dzе Jughashvili) Joseph Stalin died in 1953 during the Korean War from 1950-1953 during the Cold War from 1947-1991 just 5 year’s after World War 2 in Europe and the Pacific War in Asia ended  in 1945 after Nazi Germany,Italy,Hungary,Romania,Bulgaria and the Empire of Japan were defeated by Britain, France,the United States Of America and the Soviet Union the Eastern Bloc was formed in 1947 by Joseph Stalin by turning the east of Germany,Poland,Czechoslovakia,Hungary,Romania,Bulgaria and Northern Korea into Communist States in Eastern Europe as East Germany,the Polish People's Republic,the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic,the Hungarian People’s Republic ,the Socialist Republic of Romania,and the People's Republic of Bulgaria and finally North Korea in North East Asia . He joined the Romanian Communist Party in 1950 and became leader in 1965 led by former KGB Officer Leonid Brezhnev until his death in 1982
. Nicolae Ceausescu died in 1989 during the Romanian Revolution of 1989 led by Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev until 1991 when the Eastern Bloc and Soviet Union collapsed .
References 

1918 births
1989 deaths
Romanian communist politicians
Former dictators
Former members of the Order of the Bath
People executed by firearm
Presidents of Romania
Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. He joined the Communist Party in 1953, and became a member of the Central Committee in 1965, serving in various positions until Nicolae Ceauşescu was overthrown and executed in 1989. Iliescu was the elected President of Romania for eleven years (three terms), from 1990 to 1992, 1992 to 1996, and 2000 to 2004.

1930 births
Living people
Presidents of Romania

Mk:Јон Илиеску
Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician and former Merchant Navy officer. He was the President of Romania from 20 December 2004 until 21 December 2014. He won the office in the 2004 presidential election. Prior to becoming president, he was the Mayor of Bucharest from June 2000 until December 2004.

Traian Băsescu met with Ion Iliescu and Loran Bini at the Romanian parliament.

Presidents of Romania
1951 births
Living people
The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania.  The President is directly elected by a two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004, after the Constitution was modified in 2003). He or she can serve two terms. During his term in office, the President must not be a member of any political party.

List of presidents of Romania (1947-present)

Peoples Republic Romania (1947-1965) Socialist Republic of Romania (1965-1989)

Chairman of the Presidium of the Romanian People's Republic

Chairman of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly

Presidents of the Council of State

President

Romania (1989-present)
The title is "President of Romania" (). Article 84 of the Romanian Constitution forbids the President to be member of any political party during his (or her) term (only).

 
Romania, Presidents
Galaţi ( in Romanian, ; ;  ) is a city in the eastern part of Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia. It is the capital city of Galaţi County.

It lies on the west bank of the Danube River, near Moldova and Ukraine.

As of 2011, about 196,003 people lived in Galaţi. But in 2016, 304,000 people were living in Galaţi.

Sister cities 
  Coventry, England; since 1963.
  Piraeus, Greece; since 1985.
  Wuhan, China; since 1987.
  Pessac, France; since 1991.
  Limón, Costa Rica; since 1992.
  Hammond, United States; since 1997.
  Mykolaiv, Ukraine; since 2002.
  Odessa, Ukraine; since 2002.
  Sevastopol, Ukraine; since 2002.
  Yalta, Ukraine; since 2002.
  Ancona, Italy.
  Jesi, Italy; since 2003.
  Scottsbluff, United States; since 2007
  Bombay, India; since 2007.
  Brindisi, Italy; since 2007.

Sources

Other websites 
  Official site 
  Pictures of old Galaţi

Cities in Romania
County capitals of Romania
Municipalities of Romania
Historische Zeitschrift, founded in 1859 by Heinrich von Sybel is considered to be the first and for a time the foremost historical journal. The creation of this journal inspired Gabriel Monod to found the French Revue historique in 1876. In 1886 the English Historical Review was founded and in 1895 the American Historical Review was founded.

Journals
Bran Castle (; ) is a castle near Bran  in the area of Braşov, Romania.  It is a national monument and landmark in Romania.  The fortress lies on the border between Transylvania and Wallachia, on Highway 73. 

The castle is known as "Dracula's Castle". It was used as the home of Dracula in Bram Stoker's Dracula.

Other websites

 Official Site of Castle Bran

Buildings and structures in Romania
Castles in Europe
14th-century buildings and structures
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network. The UNDP is an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest-ranking member of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.

The mission of UNDP is to help global sustainable development against poverty and to promote democratic society. UNDP also publishes Human Development Index every year and have directed United Nations Development Fund for Women until 2010.

Related pages
 World Population Day

Other websites
 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Development
Development Programme
Organizations in New York City
Tower Center International is a class A office building in Bucharest. It has 25 floors and a surface of . It is near Victoria Square, or 1 Mai zone. At a height of , it is the tallest building in Bucharest, as well as in Romania, but not the tallest structure.

Buildings and structures in Romania
Bucharest
Jordanes (also Jordanis, or Iornandes), was a 6th-century Roman clerk who became a historian later in life.

References 

Ancient Roman historians
6th-century people
Eutropius was a polytheist historian for Julian the Apostate in the late 4th century.

Writings 
Eutropius wrote a ten-book summary of Roman history called Historiae romanae breviarium between the years of 350 and 370. This is his only known writing.

Ancient Roman historians
4th-century births
4th-century works
Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos or Porphyrogenitus, "the Purple-born" (), (September 2, 905 – November 9, 959) was the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife Zoe Karbonopsina. He was also the nephew of the Emperor Alexander. He wrote two descriptive books, De Administrando Imperio and De Ceremoniis.

905 births
959 deaths
Byzantine emperors
Ottoman writers
Silent Alarm is the first album by Bloc Party. Bloc Party is an English rock band. It was released on 14 February 2005 in the UK. In the USA, it was released on 22 March.

Track listing 

 "Like Eating Glass" – 4:22
 "Helicopter" – 3:40
 "Positive Tension" – 3:55
 "Banquet" – 3:21
 "Blue Light" – 2:47
 "She's Hearing Voices" – 3:29
 "This Modern Love" – 4:25
 "The Pioneers" – 3:35
 "Price of Gasoline" – 4:19
 "So Here We Are" – 3:52
 "Luno" – 3:57
 "Plans" – 4:10
 "Compliments" – 4:43

The albums tracks were written by lead singer Kele Okereke and guitarist Russell Lissack. The album was produced by Paul Epworth who also produced "A Certain Trigger" by Maximo Park and "Made Of Bricks" by Kate Nash.

References 

Bloc Party albums
2005 albums
Debut albums
Rock albums
Timişoara is a city in the Banat area.  It is found in the western part of Romania.  It is the capital of Timiş County.  About 332,000 people live in Timişoara.

Sister cities 
The following are the sister cities of Timişoara:

  Sassari, Italy
  Faenza, Italy
  Mulhouse, France
  Cancún, Mexico
  Karlsruhe, Germany
  Rueil-Malmaison, France
  Gera, Germany
  Szeged, Hungary
  Treviso, Italy
  Novi Sad, Serbia
  Palermo, Italy
  Shenzhen, China
  Zrenjanin, Serbia
  Nottingham, England
  Bega, New South Wales, Australia

References

Other websites 

 City of Timisoara Homepage

County capitals of Romania
Municipalities of Romania
Cities in Romania
CBeebies is a British free children's television channel. It is aimed at children under six. It started on 11 February 2002 and is owned by the BBC. The channel broadcast from 6:00 am to 7:00 pm. It shares time with BBC Four, which is on between 7:00 pm and 4:00 am. The sister channel is CBBC for older children between the ages of six and twelve.

References

Other websites

 
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
Ploieşti is the county seat. of Prahova County. It can be found in the historical region of Wallachia in Romania. About 232,500 people were living in Ploieşti as of the year 2002.

Sister cities 
These are the sister cities of Ploieşti:

References

Other websites 

 Municipality of Ploieşti, official site

County capitals of Romania
Municipalities of Romania
Cities in Romania
Brăila is a city of Muntenia, in the eastern part of Romania.  It is the capital of Brăila County. As of the year 2002, about 216,300 people were living in Brăila. It is Romania's tenth largest city and has a port on the Danube river.

References

Other websites 

 Brăila Online  
 Brăila Online  

County capitals of Romania
Municipalities of Romania
Bergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp during World War II.  An estimated 50,000 prisoners died there, as well as 20,000 Soviet prisoners of war (POWs).  Up to 35,000 of them died of typhus just before and after the camp was liberated (freed). 

The camp was liberated on 15 April 1945 by British soldiers.  Inside the camp, the British soldiers found 60,000 people, and 13,000 dead bodies lying on the ground, unburied. The scenes were horrific.  They were described by the BBC's Richard Dimbleby, who was with the British soldiers:

Notable inmates 
 Anne Frank 
 Margot Frank

Photo gallery

References

20th-century establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Lower Saxony
Nazi concentration camps in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany
The bumblebee bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai), also known as Kitti's hog-nosed bat, is an endangered species of bat. It is the only member of the family Craseonycteridae. It occurs in western Thailand and southeast Burma. It usually lives in limestone caves along rivers.

This is the smallest species of bat and one of the world's smallest mammals. It has a reddish-brown or grey coat, with a distinctive pig-like snout. Colonies vary in size, with an average of 100 individuals per cave. The bat feeds during short activity periods in the evening and dawn, foraging around nearby forest areas for insects. Female bat have only one offspring each year.

Description 
The bumblebee bat is about 29–33 millimetres (1.14–1.30 in) in length and 2 grams (0.07 oz) in mass). This is the reason for its common name "bumblebee bat". It is the smallest species of bat. The Etruscan shrew is lighter (1.2–2.7 g) (0.042-0.095 oz).
The bat has a distinctive swollen, pig-like snout with thin, vertical nostrils. Its ears are relatively large, while its eyes are small and mostly concealed by fur. Its teeth are typical of an insectivorous bat.

The wings are relatively large and darker in colour, with long tips that allow the bat to hover. Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat has no visible tail. There is a large web of skin between the hind legs which may help in flying and catching insects, although there are no tail bones to help control it in flight.

Range and distribution 
In Thailand, the bat is in a small region of Kanchanaburi Province, in the drainage basin of the Khwae Noi River.

Since the 2001 discovery of a single individual in Burma, at least nine separate sites have been identified. The Thai and Burmese populations are morphologically identical, but their echolocation calls are distinct. It is not known whether the two populations are reproductively isolated.
Behaviour 
The bumblebee bat roosts in the caves of limestone hills, along rivers, within dry evergreen or deciduous forests. While many caves contain only 10 to 15 individuals, the average group size is 100, with a maximum of about 500. Individuals roost high on walls or roof domes, far apart from each other. Bats also undertake seasonal migration between caves.

The bat has a brief activity period, leaving its roost for only 30 minutes in the evening and 20 minutes at dawn. These short flights are easily interrupted by heavy rain or cold temperatures. During this period, the bat forages within fields of cassava and kapok or around the tops of bamboo clumps and teak trees, within one kilometre of the roosting site. The wings seem to be shaped for hovering flight, and the gut contents of specimens do include spiders and insects that are presumably gleaned off foliage. Nevertheless, most prey is probably caught in flight. Main staples of the bat's diet include small flies.
Late in the dry season (around April) of each year, females give birth to a single offspring. During feeding periods, the young either stays in the roost or remains attached to the mother at one of her two vestigial pubic nipples.

Taxonomy 
The bumblebee bat was discovered in 1974. It is the only living species in the family Craseonycteridae.

Conservation 
As of the species' most recent review in 1996, the bat is listed by the IUCN as endangered, with a downward population trend.

Currently, the most significant and long-term threat to the Thai population could be the annual burning of forest areas, which is most prevalent during the bat's breeding season. In addition, the proposed construction of a pipeline from Burma to Thailand may have a negative impact. Threats to the Burmese population are not well known.

In 2007, the bat was identified by the EDGE project (evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered) as one of its top 10 "focal species".

References 

Mammals of Asia
The Grimsby & Immingham Electric Railway was an electric tramway network linking the township of Grimsby and the then village of Immingham in Lincolnshire.
It is probably best described by the American term "Inter-Urban" as it links the places in its title by a reserved way rather than through the streets.

Tram transport in the United Kingdom
1923 establishments in England
1961 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in England
Buildings and structures in Lincolnshire
The Chesterfield and District Tramways Company was a tramway system in the Derbyshire town of Chesterfield.

Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Transport in England
Derbyshire
1882 establishments in England
1927 disestablishments
1920s disestablishments in England
Douglas Southern Electric Tramway was a standard gauge tramway which ran from the top of Douglas Head on the Isle of Man to the nearby resort of Port Soderick atop the cliffs via a number of spectacular viaducts and bridges.

References

Isle of Man
Rail transport in Europe
The Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus) is also known as the Etruscan pygmy shrew or the white-toothed pygmy shrew. It is the smallest known mammal by mass. The Bumblebee bat has a smaller skull.   

The smallest adults of this shrew weigh about 1.3 grams and are 36 mm (1.42 inches) long. This small mammal is 60 mm from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail; the tail is about 40 mm long. 

The shrew has a lifespan of 15 months. The Etruscan shrew lives in forests and brush areas between southern Asia and southern Europe. The shrew mostly eats insects.

References

Other websites 

 Savi's pygmy shrew, Etruscan shrew

Soricomorphs
Shrew, Etruscan
Shrew, Etruscan
Derby Tramway was tram system that serverd the city of Derby (then a town), England. It opened on 27 July 1904. It was closed nearly 30 years later, on the 29 June 1934.

Preserved trams
Tramcar n°1 is the only Derby tramcar preserved and is located at the National Tramway Museum in Crich, Derbyshire. This tram was used for crew training prior to the opening of the system.

Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Derby
1904 establishments in England
1934 disestablishments in Europe
1930s disestablishments in England
Ballan is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is a part of the Shire of Moorabool. Ballan is  north west of Melbourne, on the Werribee River. In 2006 there were 1808 people living in Ballan. The Western Freeway goes past the town.

History
The first people to live in the Ballan area were the Aborigines, the Wautharong people. The area was rich in animals with kangaroos, kangaroo rats, bandicoots, dingos, and two sorts of native cat. Many of these animals had gone by the end of the 1800s, with Europen settlement.

The first European settlers came from Tasmania, landing near Geelong, Victoria, and working their way up the Moorabool River with their sheep flocks. Robert Von Steiglitz first came to the area in 1838. He named it after Ballan in Ireland. Other early settler names included Covvie, Stead, Wallace and Egerton.
There were fights between the Wautharong people and white farmers during settlement. Robert Von Steiglitz said stated in his diary:
... it may be questioned by some feather-bed philanthropist whether we had the right to take the country from the blacks but I believe the general rule is that if people cultivate or graze the land they have a claim to it. These creatures did neither ...

Gold was found in the area in 1851. A lot of people came to look for gold. This was part of the Victorian Gold Rush. The Ballan Hotel dates from the gold rush period in 1851. The town was an important staging point for coaches going to the Ballarat goldfields. The Post Office opened in September 1853 although there were two earlier offices in the area named Ballan.

Ballan’s first primary school started on 8 January 1855.
The first Mechanics' Institute in Ballan was built in 1861. The current Mechanics' Institute built on land bought in 1881. The facade (front) of the building was taken down and rebuilt in 1922. The building houses the library for the town town and a hall.

St. Paul’s Presbyterian Church in Ballan was opened in July 1866.

On 15 November 2003 a Sprinter train going to Ballarat was derailed (came off the tracks) between Ballan and Gordon hurting  61 people when it crashed into a car on a country railway crossing.

Community
The town has an Australian Rules Football team playing in the Central Highlands Football League.
It also has two senior and three junior cricket teams in the Ballarat Cricket Association.
Festivals and attractions
 There is a Vintage Machinery and Vehicle Rally in February. It is well known for its Vintage Tractor Pull.
 An Autumn Festival is held in Ballan every year in late March.
 There is a mineral spring at Ballan.
 South of Ballan are the Brisbane Ranges National Park and the You Yangs Forest Park.

Other websites

 Ballan Online

References
George Stephenson (9 June 1781  12 August 1848) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. He built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. He is known as the "Father of Railways". George was born in Wylam, which is in Northumberland.

Stephenson's rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called the "Stephenson gauge", is the standard gauge for most of the world's railways. He also invented a miner's safety lamp, which was widely used in the north of England.

Notes 

1781 births
1848 deaths
Deaths from pleurisy
Disease-related deaths in England
British mechanical engineers
English inventors
People from Northumberland
Rail transport in Great Britain
British civil engineers
British Rail Class D3/3 was a 0-6-0 shunting locomotive built by British Rail at their Derby Works in England. It was similar to the British Rail Class 08, except they were built with different engines and traction motors. They were all withdrawn and scrapped after only twelve years of service. 

D3/3
C locomotives
British Rail Class D3/5 was a shunting locomotive built by British Rail at their Darlington Works in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period and the class was numbered 13152–13166 (later renumbered D3152-D3166).

D3/5
C locomotives
Class D3/6 were diesel shunters built in 1935 by English Electric for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. They were the first of a new design of diesel shunters based on the English Electric 6K of 350 hp diesel engine. One demonstrator and ten production locomotives were built, numbered 7079 and 7069-7078 by the LMS. Three of these later became British Rail numbers 12000–12002 (previously 7074/76/79 respectively). The remainder were sold to the British War Department in 1940 and were shipped to France during World War II. Of these the first production locomotive, no. 7069, survived the war and was used in industrial service in France. It was later repatriated for preservation and is now based at the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway.

London, Midland and Scottish Railway locomotives
D3/6
C locomotives
British Railways Class D3/7 were diesel shunters built from May 1939 through to July 1942 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works. Like the earlier British Rail Class D3/6, they had the English Electric 6K diesel engine of . But a big change was having a "Jackshaft" type of connection between engine and wheels (like a diesel mechanical shunter). These were given LMS numbers 7080–7119. Ten were loaned to the War Department in 1941, and sold to the WD the following year. All ten survived the war; six were then sold to Egyptian Railways and four to Italian State Railways (Ferrovie dello Stato—FS). 

London, Midland and Scottish Railway locomotives
D3/7
C locomotives
British Rail Class D3/9 was a class of four locomotives built by the London and North Eastern Railway at their Doncaster Works in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period. 

J45
D3/9
C locomotives
British Rail Class D3/10 was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway in England, and later taken over by British Railways. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period. 

D3/10
C locomotives
Individual locomotives
British Rail Class D3/11 was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway, but delivered to its successor British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period. 

D3/11
C locomotives
British Rail class D3/12 was a class of three diesel electric shunting trains built by the Southern Railway in 1937. They were numbered 1 to 3 in a separate list from the SR's steam-powered trains. They were later renumbered by British Railways 15201–15203. Later, twenty-six similar trains were built after nationalisation as British Rail Class 12.

D3/12
C locomotives
British Rail Class D3/14 was a diesel-electric locomotive built by the London and North Eastern Railway at its Doncaster Works. It had a  Petter engine, and Brush Traction electricals. It was absorbed by British Railways on nationalisation, but was withdrawn in the pre-TOPS era.

DES2
D3/14
Brush Traction locomotives
C locomotives
Individual locomotives
British Railways Class D16/1 or 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline diesel locomotives in Great Britain.  They were built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at its Derby Works, using the EE16SVT 1600 hp diesel engine with electric transmission, in association with English Electric and the Vulcan Foundry, with whom the LMS had had a long working relationship.

References

D16/1
London, Midland and Scottish Railway locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
British Railways 10100 was an unusual experimental diesel locomotive known informally as The Fell Diesel Locomotive (after Lt. Col. L.F.R. Fell, who was one of the designers). It was the joint production of Davey Paxman & Co, Shell Refining & Marketing Co and Lt-Col L.F.R. Fell, built for them by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at Derby. Sir Harry Ricardo was also involved. By the time it emerged in 1950, nationalisation had taken place and it carried British Railways livery. The locomotive had six diesel engines, four of them used for traction.  The auxiliary engines drove the pressure-chargers for the main engines and the purpose of this arrangement was to enable the main engines to deliver very high torque at low crankshaft speed.

 10800
Individual locomotives
British Railways Class D16/2 was a class of prototype diesel locomotive built by BR at Ashford Works and introduced in  1950–1951, with a third example being introduced in 1954.  They had been designed by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway before the 1948 nationalisation but did not appear until after nationalisation.  The diesel engine and transmission were supplied by the English Electric company but the Bulleid influence was obvious.  The box-like body style closely resembled Bulleid's electric locomotives and was quite different from the usual English Electric style, typified by British Rail Class D16/1.

D16/2
British Railways 10800 was a diesel locomotive built by the North British Locomotive Company for British Railways in 1950.  It had been ordered by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1946 but did not appear until after the 1948 nationalisation of the railways. 

 10800
NBL locomotives
The British Railways Class D20/2 diesel-hydraulic locomotives were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow during 1957 and 1958. Although never assigned a TOPS class as they were withdrawn before TOPS was introduced British Loco enthusiasts coined the term "Class 41".  All were named after Royal Navy vessels, hence the nameplates each bore a subtitle "Warship Class".

41 1
NBL locomotives
A1A-A1A locomotives
KVIrc is a multilanguage, graphical IRC client for Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS. The K in K Visual IRC was for a dependancy to KDE, which became optional from version 2.0.0.

Features 
KVIrc is able to connect to several servers at the same time (optional with SSL and/or IPv6). Unicode, ISO-8859-*-Codes, Asian and windows-native char sets are supported. A special feature is the smart encoding, which allows you to use 2 encodings at the same time; you can send unicode and read unicode and cp-1252 for example.

Additional to the mIRC-Codes for bold, underlined and colored fonts, KVIrc owns a graphical emoticon and avatar system. This feature can be turned off.

KVIrc has its own script language named KVS for extensions, addons and scripts.
Every channel, term and DCC Chat is encryptable with Blowfish or AES/Rijndael.
With split window mode, users can divide their channel window into 2, one for chat messages and one for "commands" like joins/parts/mode changes. The size of the windows is variable, so they can hide the command window.

The Socket spy feature helps developers and users to watch the raw communication between client and server to debug.

Development 
Official stable releases are not often made, but in SVN is mostly a stable version to use.

KVIrc 4.2.0 was released on July, 3rd 2012.

Related pages
List of IRC clients

Other websites
Official site 
Official forum 
Official Russian site 
Official Download FTP

IRC clients
The steam locomotives of British Railways were used by British Railways over the period 1948-1968.  The majority of these were inherited from the Big Four British railway companies. In the 1950s, new British Railways Standard steam locomotives were introduced.

Numbering
BR locomotives were numbered in the following series:
 1 series, former Great Western Railway steam locomotives
 10,000 series, diesel locomotives and electric locomotives
 30,000 series, former Southern Railway steam locomotives
 40,000 and 50,000 series, former London, Midland and Scottish Railway steam locomotives
 60,000 series, former London and North Eastern Railway steam locomotives
 70,000 series, British Railways Standard steam locomotives
 90,000 series, former War Department steam locomotives (originally in 70,000 series)
 92,000 series, BR Standard Class 9F

Steam locomotives
TOPS Class 98 has been used to cover all steam locomotives used on the mainline in Britain, but also has a particular usage for the three Vale of Rheidol Railway-design 2-6-2T locomotives that remained in the ownership of British Rail after the end of mainline steam traction in August 1968. The locomotives on the Vale of Rheidol Railway were the only steam locomotives ever officially to carry the British Rail corporate blue and the double arrow logo.

British Rail locomotives
Gatwick Express is the name of a fast train service that runs on the Brighton Main Line, a railway line between Victoria station in London and the city of Brighton and Hove in South East England, stopping at Gatwick Airport on the way. It is fast because it does not stop at any stations between London Victoria and Gatwick Airport.

A Gatwick Express train leaves London Victoria station every 15 minutes and takes 30 minutes to get to Gatwick Airport station. After arriving at Gatwick Airport, at least every other train on weekdays and Saturdays continues non-stop to Brighton railway station. At peak hours, every train continues to Brighton, but makes two stops between Gatwick and Brighton. On Sundays, all trains end at Gatwick Airport; there are no trains to and from Brighton.
Before June 2008, Gatwick Express was a train operating company (TOC) and was a franchise owned by Southern, another TOC that has trains on other routes. On 22 June 2008, the Gatwick Express TOC was closed. Now the Gatwick Express is directly operated by Southern, but it is still called Gatwick Express.

Trains
The Gatwick Express service has used many types of trains over the years. Most of them were designed just for the service.

Related pages
 Heathrow Express
 Stansted Express
 Airport rail link

West Sussex
Railway operators in London
Gatwick
Defunct railway companies of the United Kingdom
1996 establishments in England
2008 disestablishments in England
Freightliner Group Limited is a rail freight and logistics company, founded in 1995 and now operating in the United Kingdom and Poland. It is the second largest rail freight operator in the UK, after EWS. 

Companies of Poland
British transport companies
Railfreight Distribution was a subsector of British Rail responsible for non-trainload freight operations, as well as Freightliner and Intermodal services. In its early years the division was occasionally referred to as Speedlink Distribution. It was later responsible for freight operations through the Channel Tunnel.

British Rail
Railway companies of the United Kingdom
A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for locomotives and multiple units operated by British Railways (BR), and this page explains the principal systems. This section also covers the post-privatisation period, as the broad numbering and classification arrangements have not altered since the break-up of BR.

Related pages
For further information on individual classes of locomotive or multiple unit, see these pages:
 List of British Rail classes
 Steam locomotives of British Railways
 Locomotives of the Great Western Railway
 Locomotives of the Southern Railway
 Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
 Locomotives of the London and North Eastern Railway

Related pages on BR numbering and classification include:
 British Rail TOPS first arrangement
 British Rail Regional Multiple Unit Numbering
 British Carriage and Wagon Numbering and Classification
 Route availability

British Rail
Locomotive classification systems
Motor Rail was a British locomotive-building company, based in Bedford. Formed in 1911 as The Motor Rail & Tramcar Co Ltd, they built petrol and diesel engined locomotives, mainly narrow gauge. During World War I over 900 locos were supplied for use on temporary military supply railways. The trade name Simplex was used from the early days; in 1972 the company was renamed Simplex Mechanical Handling Ltd.

Locomotive manufacturers
British rail vehicles manufacturers
Bedfordshire
The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) was the second-largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It existed from 1 January 1923 until nationalisation on 1 January 1948, when it was divided into the new British Railways' Eastern Region, North Eastern Region and partially the Scottish Region.

Other websites

LNER Encyclopedia

 
1923 establishments in the United Kingdom
1948 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Metropolitan-Vickers, Metrovick, or Metrovicks, was a British heavy electrical engineering company of the early-to-mid 20th century formerly known as British Westinghouse. Highly diversified, they were particularly well known for their industrial electrical equipment such as generators, steam turbines, switchgear, transformers, electronics and railway traction equipment. Metrovick holds a place in history as the builders of the first commercial transistor computer, the Metrovick 950, and the first British axial-flow jet engine, the Metrovick F.2. Their factory in Trafford Park, Manchester, was for most of the 20th century one of the biggest and most important heavy engineering facilities in Britain and the world.

Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Aircraft engines
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Locomotive manufacturers
Companies based in Greater Manchester
British rail vehicles manufacturers
The British Rail Class 99 was a fleet of 14 ferries, mostly owned by Sealink, which carried rail vehicles between Britain and mainland Europe. When British Rail implemented the TOPS system for managing their operating stock, these ships were incorporated into the system in order to circumvent some of the restrictions of the application software. This allowed them to be counted as locomotives while carrying railway vehicles in the same way as a normal locomotive would haul a train.

British Rail
Ferries
English Electric (EE) was a British industrial manufacturer. Founded in 1918, it initially specialised in industrial electric motors and transformers. Its activities would expand to include railway locomotives and traction equipment, steam turbines, consumer electronics, guided missiles, aircraft and computers.

English Electric Diesel Engines
English Electric Diesel Engines was the diesel engine division of English Electric.  It built diesel engines under the names English Electric, Napier and Dorman.

References 

Aircraft companies
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
1918 establishments in Europe
Locomotive manufacturers
British rail vehicles manufacturers
The Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRC&W) was a railway locomotive and carriage builder, founded in Birmingham, England. For most of its existence, it was at nearby Smethwick, with the factory divided by the boundary between the two places. The company was established in 1854.

References

British rail vehicles manufacturers

Organisations based in Birmingham
Brush Traction is a manufacturer and maintainer of railway locomotives, based at Loughborough in Leicestershire, United Kingdom alongside the Midland Main Line.

Leicestershire
Locomotive manufacturers
British rail vehicles manufacturers‎
The Yorkshire Engine Company (YEC) was a small independent locomotive manufacturer in Sheffield, England. The company was formed in 1865 and continued to produce locomotives and carry out general engineering work until 1965. Mainly known for shunting engines for the British market, but also built main line engines for overseas customers.

 
Locomotive manufacturers

Organisations based in Sheffield
British rail vehicles manufacturers
Ephesus (; ) was an ancient Greek city on the west coast of Anatolia, now in Turkey.  It was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League.  The Apostle Paul is said to have addressed an epistle to the Christians of the city., and it is now known as the Epistle to the Ephesians in the New Testament.  The site still possesses many well preserved Roman ruins side by side with rich history.  

Most significant are the odeon, used as a concert hall and city council with the capacity of 1.500 people, Temple of Hadrian dating back to the second century where one of the best sculpture craftsmanship can be seen, Curettes Street hosting many monuments and countless colums on the sides of its marble paved ground, a fountain dedicated to Emperor Trajan where a part of a remaining statue shows us that Romans knew the round shape of the world in the first century AD, and latrines (toilets) where it can be seen how they cared about public sanity.
Two other of Ephesus's outstanding monuments hold importance not just for their home city also for world's cultural and architectural heritage.  The first one is the library of Celsus which is located at the end of the Curettes Street.  The library looks like a two storeyed building seen from the facade but as we know it former had three stories inside.  The facade shows a rare found craftsmanship. Also the library was the third biggest library of the ancient world, after the libraries of Alexandria and Pergamon.  Anyone who stands in front of this monumental building can understand why did it take twenty years (115 AD to 135 AD) to complete it.
The second one is Ephesus' grand theatre which had the capacity of 25.000 spectators. It was not just a place of art also as we know it was used for animal and gladiator fights.  With its great dimensions it makes one think about how small my moment in time really is.  It's one of the sacred ruins of Ephesus, according to the Acts of the Apostles (19:23-41), the theater was the site of the "riot of the silversmiths" in which those who made silver figures of Artemis the pagan godess of the city rioted because Paul's preaching was bad for business.  In the 1st century AD, the Apostle Paul spent over three years in Ephesus and he sermonized many times, disapproving pagan worship, in this theater.

Related pages 
 Temple of Artemis

Other websites 

 All you need on Ephesus 

 Ephesus UNESCO Silk Road World Heritage Site

Places of Ancient Rome
Ancient Greek cities
Je (Ј, Ј̇, ј) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Serbian, Macedonian, Azeri, and Altai languages.

In Serbian, Macedonian and Azeri this letter sounds like [y]. Since the letters Я (ya), Є (yeh), Ё (yo), Ї (yee) and Ю (yu) are not used in those languages, they are written as Ja, Je, Jo, Jи and Jy.

It is also used in the Altai language to show [ʤ] or [j].

In Russian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, Й is used instead of Ј.

Related pages
J
Craniata (sometimes Craniota) is a proposed clade of chordate animals that contains the vertebrates (subphylum Vertebrata) and Myxini (hagfish) as living representatives. Craniata includes all animals with a skull, or cranium, as the name suggests.

These two taxa lack proper vertebrae, which are characteristic for vertebrates according to the new interpretation, whereas traditionally—and confusingly—they were not (Hickman et al., 2007).

Chordates
Ka (К, к) is the tenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [k].

It comes from the Greek letter kappa and is the same as the Roman K.

Related pages
 Kappa (letter)
 K
El (Л, л) is the eleventh letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [l]. It comes from the Greek letter lambda and is the same as the Roman L. It looks like Pe, (П, п), another letter in the same alphabet but its left leg is curved.

Related pages
Lambda (letter)
L
Pe (Cyrillic)

Cyrillic letters
The Kingdom of Tungning was the first Han Chinese government to rule Taiwan. It ruled between 1661 and 1683. It was a pro-Ming Dynasty kingdom. It was started by Koxinga, after the destruction of Ming government by the Manchu. Koxinga was son of a pirate who was a supporter of the Ming Dynasty. He hoped to get his soldiers together on Taiwan and use it as a base to get back mainland China for the Ming Dynasty.

Names

The Kingdom of Tungning is also sometimes known as:
The Kingdom of Zheng (Cheng) 
The Kingdom of Yanping. 
The Koxinga dynasty.

Admiral Koxinga called Taiwan Tungtu/Dongdu. In western history books it is known as the Kingdom of Taiwan,.

History
History 
 

In 1661, Koxinga forced a landing at Luerhmen, Taiwan. In less than a year, he took Fort Zeelandia and made an agreement  with Frederick Coyett, the Dutch governor. The Dutch gave him the fort and left all the goods and property of the Dutch East India Company behind. All the Dutch people, officials and soldiers were able take their personal things and supplies back to Batavia in safety. This ended 38 years of Dutch colonial rule on Taiwan. Koxinga kept himself busy making Taiwan into a useful base for anti-Qing Dynasty supporters who hoped to get the Ming Dynasty back to power.

In 1662, at the age of 39, Koxinga died of malaria. Some people said that he died in a sudden fit of craziness when he heard about the death of his father under the Qing. His son, Zheng Jing, took control as the ruler of Taiwan, with the name of Prince of Yanping.
For the next 19 years, Zheng Jing tried to run the country and rebuild his army in Taiwan. Contact with the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty from the China through ambassadors was frequent. Zheng Jing fought the Qing to defend Xiamen, Quemoy and the Pescadores islands, which he finally lost over the years. His small army army was not big enough to defend the islands from the Qing. During Revolt of the Three Feudatories, Zheng Jing started an attack in the Fujian area. At the end of the revolt, Zheng's army was defeated. After the defeat, Zheng went back to Taiwan where he spent his time with wine and women, dying soon after of illness. After his death, his generals and ministers were split into two groups, each supporting one of his sons to take take over. After some fighting, Zheng Keshuang, his 12 year old son, became the new king.

In 1683, after the Battle of Penghu, Zheng Keshuang gave himself up to the Qing. His kingdom was added to the Qing Dynasty as part of the Fujian Province.
What the kingdom means today
The Kingdom of Tungning lasted for just over 20 years. Because its history is almost the same as modern Taiwan, it has great symbolic value.

After its defeat in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the Republic of China (ROC), led by the Kuomintang, went to Taiwan. They left mainland China to the Communist Party who started the People's Republic of China (PRC). For many years, the ROC planned to take control of the mainland. It kept island bases close to the mainland (for example, Quemoy). This was the same as Koxinga and his sons had done. The ROC has now become a democracy and no longer wants to take over the mainland. The political and territorial arrangement has not changed. In this way, it is the same as between the Qing/Koxinga situation and the current PRC/ROC situation.
The Kuomintang of the ROC have talked a lot about the goals of Koxinga. They were going to use Taiwan as a base for returning their government to Mainland China. They see themselves as the defenders of the ROC. They see Taiwan as a base from which the ROC will take back control of the mainland. The PRC talks about the fact that Koxinga freed Taiwan from Dutch colonialism for the sake of the motherland. They do not talk about the fact that Koxinga was trying to get rid of the mainland government, to bring back an earlier dynasty.

References

History of China
History of Taiwan
Former monarchies of Asia
Bredevoort is a small village in the municipality of Aalten, in the region of Achterhoek in the Netherlands.  It is between the towns of Aalten and Winterswijk. About 1,600 people live there.

Today they name Bredevoort also Bredevoort boekenstad (Bredevoort book town).  There are now more than twenty second-hand book shops in the town.
The name Bredevoort appears for the first time in 1188, when the earl of Steinfurt tried to sell his share of the castle to the bishop of Münster and the earl of Lohn tried to sell his share to the earl of Gelderland, a war broke out between the bishop and the earl of Gelderland. The fight lasted for almost two centuries. From 1326, Bredevoort was actual part of Gelderland. Between 1326 and 1696 the municipality of Bredevoort repeatedly changed ownership during the eighties years of war. In 1646, lightning hit the gunpowder tower of the castle of Bredevoort, causing an explosion that destroyed the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who was not home that day, survived. The former municipality of Bredevoort was comprised of the city, the castle Bredevoort, and the villages Aalten, Dinxperlo and Winterswijk. After centuries of war, its fortifications were demolished by its residents
. In 1818, the municipality of Bredevoort was dissolved to become part of the city Bredevoort under the newly formed municipality Aalten.
Sights

 St. Joriskerk, Gothic Church with rococo chair from 1672
 Windmillmolen 'De Prins van Oranje'
 Historic centre
 19th century theehouse at the town ditch
 remains from the 17th century city gate

Gallery

Other websites

 Official website of Bredevoort
 Bredevoort booktown
 windmill Prins van Oranje
 Gondola festival in Bredevoort 
 Heerlijkheid Bredevoort, with historic items
 Reconstructions old Bredevoort 

19th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Settlements in Gelderland
Former municipalities of Gelderland
Aalten
Plzeň (Czech/German: ) is the fourth largest city in the Czech Republic. About 165,238 people live there. It is in the west of the historical region Bohemia. Famous beer is made there.

Cities in the Czech Republic
Plzeň Region
The Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine ( or ,  or ) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War. It was made up of almost all of the French region of Alsace and about a quarter of Lorraine, hence its name. France took it back in 1918 and it became part of that country as a result of Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Nazi Germany de facto took it back in 1940 but France took it back in 1945.

The territory has been part of France since then. In 2016 it became part of the Region of Grand Est.

Other websites

 http://www.geocities.com/bfel/geschichte5b.html(Archived  2009-10-25) 
 http://www.elsass-lothringen.de/ 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090730200508/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Alsace_Lorraine.html
 France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland
 Elsass-Lothringen video 
 Annuary of Cultur and Artists from Elsass-Lothringen 

Former countries in Europe
1871 establishments in Europe
Isah Eliakwu (born 25 October 1985) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Varese.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004/05||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2004/05||Ascoli||Serie B||24||0||1||0||25||0
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Triestina||rowspan="2"|Serie B||16||8||0||0||16||8
|-
|2006/07||35||3||5||3||40||6
|-
|2007/08||Spezia||Serie B||29||7||0||0||29||7
|-
|2008/09||Triestina||Serie B||5||0||2||1||7||1
|-
|2009/10||Gallipoli||Serie B||4||0||||||4||0
|-
|2009/10||Varese||LP Prima Divisione||||||||||||
113||18||9||4||122||22
113||18||9||4||122||22
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
Nigerian footballers
Moniwa was born in Atsugi on September 8, 1981. He joined J1 League club Bellmare Hiratsuka (later Shonan Bellmare) from youth team in 1999. Although he played many matches as center back from first season, the club finished at the bottom place and was relegated to J2 League. He became a regular player from summer 2001. In 2002, he moved to J1 club FC Tokyo. He played many matches as center back with Jean until 2006. The club won the champions in 2004 J.League Cup which is first major title in the club history. However his opportunity to play decreased for injuries from 2007 and he could only 9 matches in 2009 season. In 2010, he moved to Cerezo Osaka. He played many matches as regular center back until 2012. However he lost his opportunity to play for injury from July. In 2014, Moniwa moved to Thailand and signed with Bangkok Glass. In 2015, Moniwa returned to Japan and re-joined Cerezo Osaka which was relegated to J2 from 2015 season