Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Simple games that do not require fast graphics rendering use GDI. However, GDI cannot animate properly as it has no notion of synchronizing with the framebuffer, and lacks rasterization for 3D. Modern games usually use DirectX or OpenGL instead, which give programmers the capabilities to use features of modern  hardware.

Microsoft Windows software
A ramekin or  is a small glazed ceramic or glass serving bowl used for preparating and serving various food dishes. The word is from French (as ramequin), and before that Middle Dutch and Middle Low German.

Details 

Ramekins usually have a volume of , and are dishes commonly used for serving a variety of dishes such as crème brûlée, French onion soup, Molten chocolate cake, moimoi, cheese or egg dishes, poi, potted shrimps, ice cream, soufflé, baked "cocottes", crumbles, or scallops or used to serve side garnishes and condiments alongside an entree.

Traditionally circular with a fluted exterior, ramekins can also be found in novelty shapes, such as flowers, hearts or stars.

Ramekins are built to withstand high temperatures, as they are often used in ovens, or in the case of crème brûlée, exposed to the flame of a cooking torch.

References 

Cookware and bakeware
Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre (Turkish: Muratağa, Sandallar ve Atlılar katliamı) was a massacre of totally 126 Turkish Cypriots in the villages of Maratha (Muratağa), Santalaris (Sandallar) and Aloda (Atlılar) in Cyprus. It happened on 14-16 August 1974, done by Cyprus Greek. The massacre was committed by EOKA-B.

89 (or 84) Turkish Cypriots people were killed by Cypriot Greeks in Maratha and Santalaris. Another 37 Turkish Cypriot people were killed by Cypriot Greeks in Aloda. Old people and children were also killed. Only three people could escape from the massacre in Aloda. A bulldozer buried people into mass graves. People from Maratha and Santalaris were buried in the same grave.

References 

Massacres in Asia
War crimes
Anti-Turkism
History of Cyprus
August events
1974 in Asia
Susan Michaela Sullivan (born November 18, 1942) is an American movie and television actress. She played Lenore in the soap opera Another World. She also starred in the soap Falcon Crest (1981–1989) and the television sitcom Dharma & Greg. Sullivan was born November 18, 1942.

1942 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
Guangdong () is a province on the southern coast of China. The meaning of the name in Chinese is "east of the expanse" or "expanse's east". It has a higher population and GDP than any other province in China. Its capital city is Guangzhou. Guangdong has 49 districts, 30 county-level cities, 42 counties, and three autonomous counties. 

Guangdong has an area of 177,900 km2 (68,700 sq mi) and is the 15th biggest province in China. In 2008, more than 95,440,000 people were living in Guangdong. They speak several different kinds of dialects. More than half of the people speak Yue Chinese, which is also the main dialect in the neighboring Hong Kong, while Min Chinese and Hakka Chinese each has about 20% of the total speakers.

The shortened name for Guangdong is Yue (粤), since Guangxi also shares the first word "Guang" (广), meaning "expanse".
This is a list of foods that were named after people.

A

B

C

D

References

 
named after people
Eleanor Kate "Elly" Jackson is an English singer and songwriter. She is the lead singer of the electropop duo La Roux. She was born on 12 March 1988 in London. She is the younger daughter of actress Trudie Goodwin.

1988 births
Living people
British electronic musicians
English singer-songwriters
Singers from London
Electropop singers
Booker T. & the M.G.'s are a rhythm and blues (R&B) band that are important in the history of soul music. They started in 1960 when they played instrumental music for singers. They did not sing themselves. They worked at Stax Records, and played music on hundreds of important records by famous singers such as Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Bill Withers, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas and Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor.

They also make their own records. As they do not sing, these are instrumental records - music without singing.  In 1962 they made a record called "Green Onions" which was a single, and this was a success. People liked the sound of their music, and by the mid-1960s, bands in America and in Great Britain were trying to copy their sound.

People liked them so much and felt they were so important they were given an award of being named in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992.
Persons in the band
Persons in the band when they started in 1960 were Booker T. Jones (organ and piano), Steve Cropper (electric guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass guitar), and Al Jackson, Jr. (drums).

Steinberg left the band in 1965, and Donald "Duck" Dunn joined the band. Since Al Jackson, Jr. was murdered in 1975, the band have used several drummers.

References

American R&B bands
Musical groups from Tennessee
Musical groups established in 1962
1962 establishments in the United States
Atlantic Records artists
Stax Records is an American record company, originally based in Memphis, Tennessee. The band Booker T. & the M.G.'s were employed by the company to play music on records by many singers, including Wilson Pickett and Otis Redding.

History

1957–1960: Early years as Satellite Records
Stax Records, originally named Satellite Records, was founded in Memphis in 1957 by Jim Stewart, initially operating in a garage. Satellite's early releases were country music, rockabilly records or straight pop numbers, reflecting the tastes of Stewart (a country fiddle player) at the time.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Official Stax Records site
 Stax Museu

American record labels
Electropop
Matthew Ellison (born December 8, 1983 in Duncan, British Columbia) is an Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays in the Kontinental Hockey League for Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod. He was picked by the Chicago Blackhawks with the one hundred and twenty-eighth overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. e played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks before being traded to the Philadelphia Flyers along with a 3rd-round pick in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft for Patrick Sharp and Éric Meloche. He signed a one-year contract on July 4, 2008 to play in Latvia with the Dinamo Riga of the Kontinental Hockey League before signing with HC MVD.

Other websites 
Matt Ellison's NHL Player Page

1983 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Milwaukee Admirals players
Norfolk Admirals players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Philadelphia Phantoms players
Red Deer Rebels players
American Hockey League players
Fernando Antonio Pisani  (born December 27, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He was picked by the Edmonton Oilers with the 195th overall pick in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. He formerly played for the Edmonton Oilers from 2002 to 2010, the Chicago Blackhawks in 2011 and also played for the SCL Tigers of the National League A and the Asiago Hockey A.S. of the Serie A during the 2004-05 NHL lockout.

Other websites 
Fernando Pisani's NHL Player Page

1976 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Edmonton Oilers players
Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Sportspeople from Edmonton
American Hockey League players
Tracy Beaker Returns is a British television series for children starring Dani Harmer. It was first broadcast on 8 January 2010, on CBBC and BBC HD. It won the BAFTA award. It was replaced by a new series called The Dumping Ground in 2013.

References

Other websites

BBC Television programmes
Children's television series
BAFTA Award winning programmes
Literature of the 20th century refers to world literature produced during 1900 through the 1990s. The best-selling works of the 20th century are thought to be Quotations from Chairman Mao (1966, 900 million copies), Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (1997, 120 million copies), And Then There Were None (1939, 115 million copies) and The Lord of the Rings (1954/55, 100 million copies). The Lord of the Rings was also voted "book of the century" in various surveys. Perry Rhodan (1961 to present) boasts as being the best-selling book series, with an estimated total of 1 billion copies sold.

20th-century books
Conodonts are an extinct class of the phylum Chordata. They are now regarded as vertebrates, though the issue is still a live one.

For many years conodonts were known only from their feeding apparatus, which fossilises well. This is because most of the conodont animal was soft-bodied, so everything but the teeth were not fossilised in normal circumstances.

It was not until early 1980s that the conodont teeth were found with trace fossils of the host organism. It came from the Lower Carboniferous lagerstätte near Edinburgh, Scotland.

Conodont elements 
The 'teeth', called conodont elements, are very common in the fossil record, and have been used in biostratigraphy.

They are also used as palaeothermometers. This is because under higher temperatures the phosphate undergoes colour changes, which are measured with the conodont alteration index. This has made them useful for petroleum exploration in rocks dating from the Cambrian to the Upper Triassic.
Description of the animal 
Eleven fossil imprints of conodont animals are known. They depict an eel-like creature with 15 or, more rarely, 19 elements forming a bilaterally symmetrical array in the head. This array was a feeding apparatus different from the jaws of modern animals.  

There are three forms of teeth, coniform cones, ramiform bars, and pectiniform platforms, which may have performed different roles.

The organisms range from a centimeter or so to the giant Promissum, 40 cm in length. It is now widely agreed that conodonts had large eyes, fins with fin rays, chevron-shaped muscles and a notochord.

The entire class of Conodonts, or at least what was left of them at the time, were wiped out by the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, which occurred roughly 200 million years ago.

References 

Agnatha
Fossils
"Love Like This" is an R&B song by singer Natasha Bedingfield featuring Sean Kingston. The song was released in North America on October 2, 2007 as part of Pocketful of Sunshine, the second studio album by Natasha Bedingfield which was released in 2008. The song was commercially successful upon its release in the United States and reached into the Top 20 on many musical charts.

Natasha Bedingfield songs
2007 songs
"Unwritten" is a 2004 single by singer Natasha Bedingfield, although the song was not released in the United States until 2006. The song is from her debut record, also titled Unwritten. This song hit number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Bedingfield's first top ten hit single in the United States. This single and "Pocketful of Sunshine" are among Bedingfield's most successful singles.

Natasha Bedingfield songs
2004 songs
Backlash (2004) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on April 18, 2004 at the Rexall Place in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was the sixth annual Backlash PPV. It was a Raw-only event and was the first Backlash event that was held outside of the United States.

Results

References

Other websites 
Backlash Official Website
Official Backlash PPV History

2004 in professional wrestling
Sport in Edmonton
WWE Backlash
2004 in Canada
James River is a 410 miles long river in the state of Virginia in the United States. It is the  longest river in the United States that is only in one state. The river starts at the Allegheny Mountains and goes into the Atlantic Ocean. 

Rivers of Virginia
Radric Delantic Davis (born February 12, 1980), known professionally as Gucci Mane, is an American rapper and record executive.

Gucci released his first studio album Trap House in 2005. In 2007, he founded his own label, 1017 Records. He has released 12 studio albums and over 70 mixtapes.

He has a large tattoo of an ice cream cone tattooed onto his face which he got after he was released from the hospital.

Personal life
In 2017, Gucci married Keyshia Ka'oir. They have one son (born in 2020).

Discography

Studio albums
 2005: Trap House
 2006: Hard to Kill
 2007: Trap-A-Thon
 2007: Back to the Trap House
 2009: Murder Was the Case	
 2009: The State vs. Radric Davis
 2010: The Appeal: Georgia's Most Wanted
 2011: The Return of Mr. Zone 6
 Trap God
 2015: Trap House 3
 Trap House 4
 Trap House 5: The Last Chapter
 2016: Everybody Looking
 The Return of East Atlanta Santa
 2017: Mr. Davis
 El Gato: The Human Glacier
 2018: Evil Genius
Collaborative albums
 2011: Ferrari Boyz (with Waka Flocka Flame)
 2011: BAYTL (with V-Nasty)
 TBA: Glacier Boyz (with Migos and Lil Yachty)

Filmography

References

Other websites

 

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Atlanta
Hardcore hip hop artists
Musicians from Atlanta
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
Trap musicians
Musicians from Birmingham, Alabama
African American musicians
Rappers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Rappers from Atlanta
African-American rappers
Gangsta rappers
Career 
Grandin worked most of her life to help the cruel living conditions of livestock. She worked on ways to prevent putting stress on animals before slaughter (when they are killed to be used for meat). Considering Grandin was autistic, she noticed the similarities in the way animals and autistic people saw the world, which let her help the cause even more. She's been a professor for over 20 years. She has taught animal science at Colorado State University since 1990.

Grandin wrote her first book with the help of Catherine Johnson. After having lots of success with her first book, she had a three-hour interview with Johnson. Later that year, a movie was released about her life. In that same year, Grandin was included in [[Time (magazine)|TIME'''s]] Top 100 Influential People. Grandin also wrote a book with Richard Panek in 2013 called The Autistic Brain: Thinking across the Spectrum'', which was about differences found in the brains of those who are autistic.
Achievements 
Because Grandin's achievements are so great, many parents of autistic children are inspired by her. Her autism may have been difficult at times, but it has also given her unusual advantages. During her career she has come up with humane conditions for the handling of animals. Grandin is motivated by a wish to improve animal welfare by getting rid of unnecessary stress on domestic animals, particularly before and during slaughter. She has won lots of awards. The National Woman's Hall of Fame nominated her in 2017. She has written books. She had a Ted Talk about understanding autism.
Later work 
Grandin is a professor of animal science at Colorado State University. She has focused on animal well-being throughout her career. She has been hired as a consultant to the meat industry (animal slaughtering). Grandin recommends "well-designed upright or rotating restraining pens" to hold cattle in a comfortable position. If this is done, 95 percent or more of the animals will stay calm. She thinks from a cow’s perspective to come up with her ideas. For example, she considers the animal’s sensitivity to light and slippery surfaces. She has said that soft lighting and single-colored walls help calm the animals. Also, she has said grooved floors are best, because cows are scared of slippery floors.

References

 "Temple Grandin." Newsmakers, Gale, 2006. Student Resources in Context, link.. Accessed 28 Mar. 2017.

1947 births
Living people
People on the autism spectrum
Writers from Boston
Scientists from Boston
The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains in Victoria, Australia, also known as the Newer Volcanic Province, are the third largest volcanic plains in world. The biggest is the Deccan Plateau in India and the Snake River Plateau in the USA. The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains cover an area of 2.3 million hectares, more than 10% of the state. The basalt plains were formed by volcanoes over the last 6 million years with the most recent eruption being at Mount Napier 7,200 years ago. There are only a few rivers which flow across the plains, these are the Barwon, Hopkins, Leigh, Maribyrnong, Wannon and Werribee Rivers and the Mount Emu Creek. More than 90% of the plains have been cleared for farming.
Over 400 volcano sites have been found on the plains. Near Ballarat the volcanoes are quite close together. The plains have built up over time with many small lava flows. The average depth of the lava is about 60 metres. Many of the features are stand out on the flat plains.
The Indigenous Australians must have seen some of the eruptions as they told stories about rocks and fires coming from some mountains. Stone tools have been found buried in volcanic ash near Warrnambool. Major Thomas Mitchell was the first European to describe the Western Volcanic Plains. He climbed Mount Napier in 1836 and wrote that it looked as if the volcano had been active not that long ago. Early settlers liked the plains as they could easily grow crops in the rich, fertile soil. They used the volcanic stones to build dry stone walls around their farms.

The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains have been quiet for thousands of years. There have been no earthquakes, no hot springs or other signs of activity. It is not known why the volcanos stopped, and some scientists believe that the volcanos on the plains are not extinct, but dormant.

Volcanic features
Bald Hill, north of Craigieburn
 Blue Mount
 Brocks Monument
 Camel's Hump
 Granville Hill
 Green Hill, near Wallan
 Green Hill near Buninyong
 Green Hill near Pootilla
 Green Hill near Snake Valley
 Hanging Rock
 Happy Valley
 Hardie Hill
 Hayes Hill near Donnybrook
 The Jim Jim
 Lake Bullenmerri
 Lake Keilambete
 Lake Purrumbete
 Lake Terang
 Larundel Hill
 Magnet Hill (45 metres)
 Melbourne Hill (75 metres)
 Mount Aitken
 Mount Blackwood
 Mount Bullengarook
 Mount Buninyong
 Mount Cotterell
 Mount Eccles
 Mount Elephant
 Mount Franklin
 Mount Fraser (120 metres)
 Mount Gisborne (100 metres)
 Mount Hamilton
 Mount Holden (75 metres)
 Mount Kooroocheang
 Mount Koroit (60 metres)
 Mount Lawaluk
 Mount Leura
 Mount Mercer
 Mount Moorookyle
 Mount Napier
 Mount Noorat
 Mount Pisgah
 Mount Porndon (278 metres)
 Mount Rouse
 Mount Rowan (Victoria)
 Mount Shadwell
 Mount Warrenheip
 Mount Widderin
 Organ Pipes
 Pretty Sally Hill
 Red Rock near Alvie
 Red Rock near Gisborne
 Tower Hill
 Wallinduc Hill
Related pages 
 List of volcanos
 Active volcano

References

Geography of Victoria, Australia
Regions of Australia
Harry Kurt Victor Mulisch (July 29, 1927 – October 30, 2010) was a writer from the Netherlands. He wrote more than 30 works. His books were translated into more than 20 languages. His most famous book is The Discovery of Heaven.

Mulisch was born in Haarlem and lived in Amsterdam from 1958 until the end of his life.
Works
Archibald Strohalm (1952; novel)
Tussen hamer en aambeeld ("Between hammer and anvil", 1952; novella)
Chantage op het leven ("Blackmail on life", 1953; short story)
De Diamant ("The Diamond", 1954; novel)
De Sprong der Paarden en de Zoete Zee ("The Jump of Horses and the Sweet Sea", 1955; novel)
Het mirakel ("The miracle", 1955; short stories)
Het Zwarte licht ("The Black Light", 1957; novel)
Manifesten ("Manifestos", 1958; essays)
Het Stenen Bruidsbed ("The Stone Bridal Bed", 1959; novel)
Tanchelijn (1960; play)
De knop ("The button", 1961; play)
Voer voor Psychologen ("Food for psychologists", 1961; autobiography)
Wenken voor de bescherming van uw gezin en uzelf, tijdens de Jongste Dag ("Tips for the Protection of Your Family and Yourself During the Last Judgment"), 1961; essays)
De Zaak 40/61 ("Criminal Case 40/61", 1963; report on the Eichmann trial)
Bericht aan de Rattenkoning ("Message to the Rat King", 1966; essay on the Provos revolts in Amsterdam in the 1960s)
Wenken voor de Jongste Dag ("Tips for the Last Judgment", 1967; essays) 
Het woord bij de daad ("The word added to the deed", 1968; essays)
Reconstructie ("Reconstruction", 1969; essays) 
Paralipomena Orphica ("Paralipomena Orphica", 1970; essays)
De Verteller ("The Narrator", 1970; novel)
De Verteller verteld: Kommentaar, Katalogus, Kuriosa en een Katastrofestuk ("The Narrator being narrated: Comments, Catalogue, Curiosities and a Piece of Catastrophe, 1971; essay on The Narrator)
De toekomst van gisteren ("Yesterday's future", 1972; essay on a book the author cannot write)
Oidipous Oidipous (1972; play)
Woorden, woorden, woorden ("Words, words, words", 1973; poetry)
De vogels ("The Birds", 1974; poetry)
Mijn Getijdenboek ("My book of hours") (1975; autobiography)
Tegenlicht (1975; poetry)
Kind en Kraai (1975; poetry)
Twee Vrouwen ("Two Women", 1975; novel) (filmed as Twice a woman)
Oude Lucht (1977; stories)
Opus Gran (1982; poetry)
De Aanslag (The Assault, 1982; novel); see above.
De Kamer (1984; stories)
Hoogste Tijd ("Last Call", 1985; novel)
De Pupil ("The Pupil", 1987; novel)
De Elementen ("The Elements", 1988; novel)
De Ontdekking van de Hemel (The Discovery of Heaven, 1992; novel); see above
De Procedure ("The Procedure", 1999; novel)
Het Theater, de brief en de waarheid ("The Theatre, the Letter and the Truth", 2000; novel)"Boekenweekgeschenk"
Siegfried (2001; novel)
1927 births
2010 deaths
Dutch essayists
Dutch Jews
Dutch novelists
Dutch poets
Jewish writers
People from Haarlem
Writers from North Holland
BellSouth Telecommunications is a service provider which serves the southern United States. It formed as a result of the 1984 AT&T Bell System breakup. BellSouth operates in nine states: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Tennessee, Georgia and Louisiana. The Bell System telephone companies before BellSouth were South Central Bell and Southern Bell in these nine states. BellSouth is currently under the ownership of AT&T.

American telephone companies
Mayflies are insects which belong to the Order Ephemeroptera (from the Greek ephemeros = ephemeral, or short-lived; pteron = wing). The name refers to the most distinctive features of the adults. They are in an ancient group of insects, the Palaeoptera, ('Ancient wings') with dragonflies and damselflies.

There are over 3,000 living species of mayfly, in over 400 genera in 42 families.

Egg stage 
At mating the female lays her eggs in the water. They settle to the bottom where they stick to rocks, vegetation or the bottom of the stream. They range in size by the particular species of Mayfly. Depending on temperature, the eggs take from a few days to a year to develop: usually it is one to three months. During this embryonic stage the mouth, legs, tail and organs all develop.

Larva (or nymph) stage 
Mayfly are insects whose aquatic larvae (called naiads or nymphs) live from several months up to a year, in freshwater. The naiads go through 20 or 30 moults as they develop.
Adult stage 
Mayflies are unique in that they moult one more time after getting functional wings (this is known as the alate stage). This second-to-last winged stage is usually very short, lasting from 30 minutes to one day, depending on the species. The function of the adult imago is reproduction and dispersal; they do not eat. The stage is a favorite food of many fish, and many 'fishing flies' are modeled on them.
The hatch 
It often happens that all the mayflies in a population mature at once (called the hatch). For a day or two in the Spring or Autumn (Fall), mayflies will be everywhere, dancing around each other in large groups, or resting on every available surface. The adults have various special features. Their rear wings are small or almost vestigial; the males have two long front legs for holding females, the rest have no function. Mating is usually in mid-air. The mayfly are quite a successful group. About 2,500 species are known worldwide, including about 630 species in North America. The hatch at La Crosse, Wisconsin has been a news event for several years. The hatch is so large it appears on weather radar. The emerging mayflies land on everything and cover some areas like snow.

References 

Insects
"Alejandro" is a single from Lady Gaga's album The Fame Monster. The single is composed as a midtempo (medium speed) and Europop-influenced song with an uplifting melody. Critics portrayed the song as heavily influenced by pop groups such as Ace of Base. They gave this song mostly positive reviews. This was the seventh song by Lady Gaga to hit the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was released in 2010.  It reached the top five in the US and Canada, while reaching the top ten in the UK.

Track listing and formats

Digital download
 "Alejandro" – 4:34

The Remixes EP
 "Alejandro" (Afrojack Remix) – 4:48
 "Alejandro" (Rusko's Papuseria Remix) – 3:53
 "Alejandro" (Dave Audé Remix) – 7:15
 "Alejandro" (Skrillex Remix) – 6:17
 "Alejandro" (Kim Fai Remix) – 7:20
 "Alejandro" (The Sound of Arrows Remix) – 3:57
 "Alejandro" (Bimbo Jones Remix) – 6:40
 "Alejandro" (Kleerup Remix) – 5:22
French CD single and iTunes EP
 "Alejandro" (radio edit) – 3:58
 "Alejandro" (Dave Audé Radio Remix) – 3:51
 "Alejandro" (Bimbo Jones Radio Edit Remix) – 3:19

UK CD single
 "Alejandro" – 4:34
 "Alejandro" (Dave Audé Remix) – 7:15

UK 7-inch vinyl
 "Alejandro" – 4:34
 "Alejandro" (Bimbo Jones Remix) – 6:40

UK iTunes bundle
 "Alejandro" – 4:34
 "Alejandro" (music video) – 8:44

References

2010 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Synth-pop songs
Robert William Gary Moore (4 April 1952 – 6 February 2011) or Gary Moore, was a musician from Belfast, Northern Ireland. He was a blues rock guitarist and singer.

On 6 February 2011, Moore died in his hotel room in Estepona, Spain of a heart attack.

References

Other websites

Official site

1952 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Irish guitarists
British guitarists
Musicians from Northern Ireland
British rock musicians
British songwriters
Hollandaise sauce is an emulsion of egg yolk and butter.   Lemon juice, salt, and a little white pepper or cayenne pepper are often added as seasoning.  Hollandaise light yellow and opaque, smooth and creamy: it tastes rich and buttery, with a mild tang added by the seasonings, but not so strong as to overpower mildly flavoured foods.  Hollandaise sauce is well known as a key ingredient of Eggs Benedict, and is often paired with vegetables such as steamed asparagus.

Hollandaise is one of the five mother sauces in French haute cuisine.
History
Hollandaise sauce  got its name because it was thought to be like a Dutch sauce. As early as 1651, François Pierre La Varenne describes a sauce similar to hollandaise sauce in his groundbreaking cookbook Le Cuisinier François:
"avec du bon beurre frais, un peu de vinaigre, sel et muscade, et un jaune d’œuf pour lier la sauce"
("with good fresh butter, a little vinegar, salt, and nutmeg, and an egg yolk to bind the sauce")
.
Alan Davidson notes a "sauce à la hollandoise" from François Marin's Les Dons de Comus (1758), but since that sauce included flour, bouillon, and herbs, and omitted egg yolks, it may not be related to the modern hollandaise.
Mrs. Isabella Beeton's Household Management had recipes in the first edition (1861) for "Dutch sauce, for fish" (p. 405) and its variant on the following page, "Green sauce, or Hollandaise verte". Her directions for hollandaise seem somewhat fearless:
"Put all the ingredients, except the lemon-juice, into a stew-pan; set it over the fire, and keep continually stirring. When it is sufficiently thick, take it off, as it should not boil ..."
Derivatives of hollandaise sauce
Being a mother sauce, hollandaise sauce is the foundation for many others made by adding or changing ingredients. The following is not a complete list of such minor sauces.
The most common derivative is Sauce Béarnaise.  It can be made by replacing the acidifying agent (vinegar reduction or lemon juice) with a strained reduction of vinegar, shallots, fresh chervil, fresh tarragon and crushed peppercorns.  Alternatively, the flavourings may be added to a standard hollandaise. Béarnaise and its children are often used on steak or other "assertive" grilled meats and fish.
Sauce Choron is a variation of béarnaise without tarragon or chervil, plus added tomato purée.
Sauce Foyot (a.k.a. Valois) is béarnaise with meat glaze (Glace de Viande) added.
Sauce Colbert is Sauce Foyot with the addition of reduced white wine.
Sauce Café de Paris is béarnaise with curry powder added.
Sauce Paloise is a version of béarnaise with mint substituted for tarragon.
Sauce au Vin Blanc (for fish) is produced by adding a reduction of white wine and fish stock to hollandaise.
Sauce Bavaroise is hollandaise made with crayfish butter with added cream, crayfish tails horseradish, and thyme.
Sauce Crème Fleurette is hollandaise with crème fraîche added.
Sauce Dijon, also known as Sauce Moutarde or Sauce Girondine, is hollandaise with Dijon mustard.
Sauce Maltaise is hollandaise to which blanched orange zest and the juice of blood orange is added.
Sauce Mousseline, also known as Sauce Chantilly, is produced by folding whipped cream into hollandaise.
If reduced sherry is first folded into the whipped cream, the result is Sauce Divine.
Sauce Noisette is a hollandaise variation made with browned butter (beurre noisette).
Physico-chemical properties 
Like Mayonnaise, hollandaise sauce is an emulsion. Hollandaise sauce is classified as an emulsified butter sauce (beurre blanc).

Unlike sauces thickened with solids, such as starches, emulsions such as Hollandaise sauce are essentially unstable, as it is a liquid-in-liquid solution.

Increasing the viscosity can be done by adding flour or cornstarch and this can also protect against curdling. Curdling occurs when the sauce is cooked too quickly over directly and actually brought to a boil, causing the egg proteins to denature and rearrange or coagulate into curds by bonding to one another. Starches, such as flour and cornstarch, protect against curdling when the starch granules absorb water and being to leak long starch molecules into the liquid. These long starch molecules prevent curdling in two ways. First, they absorb heat and prevent some egg proteins from denaturing. Second, the long dissolved starch molecule get in the way of the egg protein molecules and impede bonding.
Notes

References
 

 

 

 

 
 McGee, Harold (2004). On food and cooking. Scribner. p. 517. .

Other websites
Mrs. Beeton, The book of household Management, 1861: Project Gutenberg e-text
History of Sauces
History of Hollandaise 

 How To Make Hollandaise Sauce  Step-by-step tutorial from About.com (generally good, but a glass or ceramic bowl is not recommended as they make it too difficult to control the heat)
 Free Culinary School Podcast Episode 8  A podcast (audio) episode that talks about the proper classical technique for making hollandaise and the science behind the method.

Mother sauces
French food
The Osage Plains (sometimes known as the Lower Plains, North Central Plains, or the Rolling Plains) are a tallgrass prairie ecosystem. The Osage Plains are in the states of Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and north-central Texas.

References

Geography of Kansas
Geography of Missouri
Geography of Oklahoma
Geography of Texas
Regions of Kansas
A Metropolitan area network (often shortened to MAN) is a computer network that connects several other Local area networks (LANs). An example of  where  MANs are  used,  are the networks on a campus of a university. MANs use different technologies than LANs. Today, most MANs are done using fibre optic cabling. Protocol suites used in MANs include Asynchronous Transfer Mode, Switched Multimegabit Data Service, and Distributed-queue dual-bus. MANs can reach distances of up to 100km.

Computer networking
For the cheese from Normandy, see Brillat-Savarin cheese
Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1 April 1755, Belley, Ain – 2 February 1826, Paris) was a French lawyer and politician, and gained fame as an epicure and gastronome: "Grimod and Brillat-Savarin. Between them, two writers effectively founded the whole genre of the gastronomic essay."
Biography
Brillat-Savarin was born in the town of Belley, Ain, where the River Rhone separated France from Savoy.  He studied law, chemistry and medicine in Dijon and practiced law in his hometown.
He was born Jean Anthelme Brillat, but  adopted his second surname because an aunt named Savarin left him her entire fortune on the condition that he adopt her name.
In 1789, at the start of the French Revolution, he was sent as a deputy to the Estates-General that soon became the National Constituent Assembly, he became well lknown for some of his speeches, particularly one supporting capital punishment.
He returned to Belley and was for a year the elected mayor. At a later stage of the Revolution there was a bounty on his head, and he sought political asylum at first in Switzerland.  He later moved to Holland, and then to the new-born United States, where he stayed for three years in Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Hartford, living on the proceeds of giving French language and violin lessons. For a time he was first violin in the Park Theater in New York City.
He returned to France under the Directory in 1797 and acquired the magistrate post he would then hold for the rest of his life, as a judge of the Court of Cassation. He published several works on law and political economy. He remained a bachelor, but he counted love as the sixth sense: his inscription of the Physiognomie.  to his beautiful cousin Juliette Récamier reads
"Madam, receive kindly and read indulgently the work of an old man. It is a tribute of a friendship which dates from your childhood, and, perhaps, the homage of a more tender feeling...How can I tell? At my age a man no longer dares interrogate his heart."
His famous work, Physiologie du goût (The Physiology of Taste), was published in December 1825, two months before his death.  The full title is
Physiologie du Goût, ou Méditations de Gastronomie Transcendante; ouvrage théorique, historique et à l'ordre du jour, dédié aux Gastronomes parisiens, par un Professeur, membre de plusieurs sociétés littéraires et savantes. " The book has not been out of print since it first appeared, shortly before Brillat-Savarin's death.  Its most notable English translation was done by food writer and critic M. F. K. Fisher, who remarked "I hold myself blessed among translators."  Her translation was first published in 1949.
The philosophy of Epicurus lies at the back of every page; the simplest meal satisfied Brillat-Savarin, as long as it was executed with artistry:
Those persons who suffer from indigestion, or who become drunk, are utterly ignorant of the true principles of eating and drinking.
Influence
Brillat-Savarin cheese, the Savarin mould, a ring mould with a rounded contour, and Gâteau Savarin are named in his honour.

His reputation was  spread to a wide television audience by  Chairman Kaga of the TV series "Iron Chef" which introduced to millions the quote "Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are."
Brillat-Savarin is often considered as the father of low-carbohydrate diet. He considered sugar and white flour to be the cause of obesity and he suggested instead protein-rich ingredients. Sure enough, carnivorous animals never grow fat (consider wolves, jackals, birds of prey, crows, etc.). Herbivorous animals do not grow fat easily, at least until age has reduced them to a state of inactivity; but they fatten very quickly as soon as they begin to be fed on potatoes, grain, or any kind of flour. ... The second of the chief causes of obesity is the floury and starchy substances which man makes the prime ingredients of his daily nourishment.  As we have said already, all animals that live on farinaceous food grow fat willy-nilly; and man is no exception to the universal law. 

Eneas Sweetland Dallas wrote Kettner's Book of the Table, a Manual of Cookery, 1877, a treatise on gastronomy based on the work of Brillat-Savarin. Dallas published his book under the pseudonym of A. Kettner.
Quotes
 He compared after-taste, the perfume or fragrance of food, to musical enharmonics (Meditation ii): "but for the odour which is felt in the back of the mouth, the sensation of taste would be but obtuse and imperfect."
 An avid cheese lover, Brillat-Savarin remarked: "A dessert without cheese is like a beautiful woman with only one eye."
 "The discovery of a new dish confers more happiness on humanity, than the discovery of a new star."
 "Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are."
 "A man who was fond of wine was offered some grapes at dessert after dinner.  'Much obliged,' said he, pushing the plate aside, 'I am not accustomed to take my wine in pills.'"
 "To receive guests is to take charge of their happiness during the entire time they are under your roof.'"
 "Cooking is one of the oldest arts and one that has rendered us the most important service in civic life."
References

Other websites

 La Physiologie du goût Original French text of the 1848 illustrated edition  of The Physiology of Taste; a freely licensed copy hosted on the Bibliothèque nationale de France's digital library, Gallica.
The Physiology of Taste  In an English translation by Fayette Robinson,  available under a free licence from the University of Adelaide Library.
 Works by Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin  at Bibliothèque nationale de France        
 
 
 

1755 births
1826 deaths
Writers from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
People with foods named after them
French lawyers
Politicians  from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
People from Ain
Jennifer Eve "Jennie" Garth (born April 3, 1972) is an American actress. Her first starring role was playing Denise in the television series Growing Pains. She starred as Kelly Taylor in Beverly Hills 90210 and also starred in the CW's television series What I Like about You.

References

1972 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Illinois
People from Urbana, Illinois
Brillat-Savarin is a soft, white-crusted cow's milk cheese with at least 75% fat in dry matter (roughly 40% overall), named after the 18th century French gourmet Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin. The cheese was created in the 1930s by cheese-maker Henri Androuët.

Brillat-Savarin is produced all year round, mainly in Normandy. It comes in 12–13 cm wheels and approximately 4 cm thick, and is aged for one to two weeks. It is also available as a fresh cheese (non affine) that resembles rich cream cheese.

It is a triple cream Brie that is  creamy and faintly sour. It goes well with medjool dates and also champagne. Because of its creaminess combined with its Brie aroma and slight sharpness, it has been described as "Dairylea for grownups" or "what Dairylea tastes like in heaven".
Pairing with red wines is difficult, as any mushroominess or "mouldy" taste will bring out the tannins of the wine. Brillat-Savarin is also quite salty when ripe, which may disturb the taste of red wine. It does pair well with Pale Ale and Champagne. The carbonation wipes the fattiness from the palate and the malts enhance the creaminess of the cheese.

The French cheese making company Rouzaire also produces an older Brillat Savarin under the name Pierre Robert. The extra aging time concentrates the proteins and salt in the cheese, resulting in deeper earthy flavours and more intense salty taste. Wheels of Pierre Robert are physically shorter (due to loss of moisture), yet creamier than the regular-aged Brillat-Savarin.

Related pages
 List of cheeses

References
Description and history of Brillat Savarin cheese 

Dishes named after people
French cheeses
Poularde Albufera, (Chicken Albufera) is a chicken dish named in honour of the Duke of Albufera. It sometimes credited to French chef Adolphe Dugléré, who invented several other dishes.  However, as Dugléré was only ten years old when Albufera fell out of favour with the king, and had his French title of nobility taken away, it is  more likely that Poularde Albufera was created by Antonin Carême, who trained Dugléré

It consists of poached chicken with a garnish of vol-au-vents filled with quenelles, cocks' kidneys, mushrooms and truffles in Albufera sauce.

References

French food
Dishes named after people
Chicken as food
The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), is a species of freshwater aquarium fish. It is one of the most popular aquarium fish species. The guppy is also called the millionfish or rainbow fish. It is a small member of the Poeciliidae family (females 4–6 centimeters (1.6–2.4 in) long, males 2.5–3.5 centimeters (1.0–1.4 in) long). Like all other members of the family, it is live-bearing. Guppies are popular aquarium kept fish because of their inexpensive needs and beautiful color ranges
Guppies, like all fish, have gills. The heart of a guppy is very different from that of a mammal, for instance there are two compartments instead of four. They are called the auricle and ventricle. When the fish breaths the ventricle contracts and blood is forced out to the gills which act as lungs. This is where the gas exchange happens. The blood receives oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. The blood that now carries oxygen goes through the dorsal artery, which divides into smaller and smaller vessels and go all over the body to then distribute the oxygen and gets carbon dioxide and waste. Then, the blood is carried to the heart by veins and lymph vessels. Then the cycle repeats over and over.

A guppy's nervous system is highly centralized around its spinal cord and brain. The cerebellum controls the body's movements, and the olfactory bulbs and cerebrum controls its sense of smell.

Other websites 
 
 

Cyprinodontiformes
Freshwater fish
Aquarium fish
Albufera sauce (known in French as Sauce Albuféra) is a minor sauce whose  mother sauce is velouté. It was probably created by Antonin Careme, to accompany Poularde Albufera, which he also created. It was named in honour of the Duke of Albufera. 

Escoffier gives a recipe in Le Guide culinaire which consists of a base of  Suprême Sauce to which is added meat glaze in order to lend the latter an ivory-white tint which characterizes it. It is served chiefly with poultry and  sweetbreads.

References

Dishes named after people
Sauces
Jack in the Box is an American fast food restaurant chain. It was founded in 1951 by Robert O. Peterson. Peterson opened his restaurant in Long Beach, California on the Pacific Coast highway. It featured a clown's head on top of the building. Instead of using carhops like other drive-in restaurants, Peterson used a two-way intercom. He also pioneered the drive-through. It allowed a customer to place their order while the car ahead of them was picking up their order. This made service much faster and Jack in the Box became known for fast service.

Jack in the Box has over 2,200 restaurants in 21 states and Guam. At first the menu was simple. Only 15 items were offered including hamburgers, cheeseburgers, french fries and soft drinks. Today the menu is expanded to include items such as onion rings, chicken tacos and shrimp. They also offer ice cream, shakes and hot apple turnovers.

Jack I. Box is a fictional character and the mascot for their advertising.

References
References

1951 establishments in the United States
American fast food restaurants
Companies based in California
San Diego, California
1950s establishments in California
Bihari Muslims are people originating and tracing descent from the Indian State of Bihar, who practice Islam as their religion. Bihari Muslims mainly practice Sunni Islam of the Hanafi creed, though a small Shia minority exists.

Origin

Islam in Bihar is said to have been established in the 10-15th century with the arrivals of Sufi missionaries as well as Sunni rulers. 

About 3 millions of Bihari Muslims migrated to the newly created State of Pakistan and the former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) because of Muslim League politics. Those who settled in Pakistan were deemed a sub-caste of Muhajirs. Those who lived in Bangladesh were deemed Stranded Pakistanis.

History
This glorious history of Bihar lasted till around the middle of the 7th or 8th century A.D. - the Gupta Period - when, with the conquest of almost all of northern India by invaders from the middle-east, the Gupta dynasty also fell a victim.
In medieval times Bihar lost its prestige as the political and cultural center of India. The Mughal period was a period of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi. The only remarkable person of these times in Bihar was Sher Shah, or Sher Khan Sur, an Afghan. Based at Sasaram which is now a town in the district of the same name in central-western Bihar, this jagirdar of the Mughal King Babur was successful in defeating Humayun, the son of Babur, twice - once at Chausa and then, again, at Kannauj (in the present state of Uttar Pradesh or U.P.) Through his conquest Sher Shah became the ruler of a territory that, again, extended all the way to the Punjab. He was noted as a ferocious warrior but also a noble administrator - in the tradition of Ashok and the Gupta kings. Several acts of land reform are attributed to him. The remains of a grand mausoleum that he built for himself can be seen in today's Sasaram (Sher Shah's maqbara.)

Society
Society

The majority of educated Bihari Muslims formally speak Urdu, while in the vernacular speak in the Bihari language. The Muslims of Bihar have wealth rates comparable to rest of the Republic of India.

Bihar
Partition of India
Bangladeshi Muslims
Margaret LeAnn Rimes Cibrian (born August 28, 1982), known professionally as LeAnn Rimes, is an American country and pop singer. Her first album Blue was released in 1996. She has won many major industry awards.

Discography
Singles
"Can't Fight the Moonlight" (2000)

Studio albums
 Blue (1996)
 You Light Up My Life: Inspirational Songs (1997)
 Sittin' on Top of the World (1998)
 LeAnn Rimes (1999)
 Twisted Angel (2002)
 What a Wonderful World (2004)
 This Woman (2005)
 Whatever We Wanna (2006)
 Family (2007)
 Lady & Gantlemen (2011)
 Spitfire (2013)
 Today Is Christmas (2015)
 Remnants (2016)

Related pages
List of country musicians from Mississippi

References

1982 births
Living people
Country musicians
Singers from Mississippi
Ashanti Shequoiya Douglas (born October 13, 1980), better known as Ashanti, is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, model and actress. She became famous in the early 2000s. Ashanti released her debut album Ashanti in 2002. It released three singles: "Foolish", "Happy", and "Baby". "Foolish" reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. "Happy" and "Baby" reached the top twenty. Ashanti's first album sold 503,000 copies the first week. She then became the first "new female artist" to sell that many records in one week. She outsold artists including Alicia Keys and Lauryn Hill. She also became the first female artist to have two singles "Foolish" at number one and "What's Luv?" (with Fat Joe) at number two. Ashanti also became the first artist to have three top ten songs ("Foolish", "What's Luv?" and "Always on Time") on the Hot 100 the same week. She was the first women and second artist, behind The Beatles, to do this.
Her first album also won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album. Later that year, her duet with Ja Rule on "Mesmerize" reached number two on the Hot 100. Her next album, Chapter II (2003) debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold 326,000 copies the first week. The album was given three Grammy nominations for Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best R&B Song. Chapter II was certified platinum by the RIAA. This means that 1 million copies of the album were shipped in the United States. The two singles "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me" reached the top ten in the US. Her holiday album Ashanti's Christmas (2003) reached number 160 on the Billboard 200.