Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
World

United States
In the United States, government agencies include the United States Department of Homeland Security, which has the job of protecting U.S. citizens; the United States Department of Education, which sets certain rules for how U.S. schools are to be run; and the United States Department of the Treasury, which helps keep track of the nation's money supply.

Sources

Agencies
Acanthodii (sometimes called spiny sharks) is a class of extinct fishes, having features of both bony fish (Osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes). They appeared in the early Silurian (430 mya) and lasted until the late Permian (250 mya). The earliest ancanthodians were marine, but during the Devonian, freshwater species became predominant. They are distinguished in two respects: they were the first known jawed vertebrates, and they had stout spines supporting their fins, fixed in place and non-movable (like a shark's dorsal fin).

Other websites

Extinct fish
The Villanova University is a private university in Villanova, Pennsylvania. The university has about 9,535 students. It was founded in 1842. The current president of the university is Rev. Peter M. Donohue, O.S.A. .

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Wildcats. They have 24 varsity teams, most of which compete in the Big East Conference. The football team plays in the Colonial Athletic Association, and the women's rowing team is a member of the American Athletic Conference.

Sources

Other websites
Villanova University's Official website
Villanova Wildcats' Official athletics website

Big East Conference
Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
1842 establishments in Pennsylvania
The University of Connecticut or sometimes referred to as UCONN for short is a public university in Storrs and Mansfield, Connecticut. The university has about 28,677 students. It was founded in 1881. The current president of the university is Dr. Philip E. Austin.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the UConn Huskies. They have 25 varsity teams, all competing in NCAA Division I and most in the Big East Conference. The Huskies have varying conference homes in sports not played by the Big East:
 Football plays as an independent (not in a conference) in the top level of NCAA football, Division I FBS.
 Men's and women's ice hockey play in Hockey East.
 Women's rowing competes in the Colonial Athletic Association.
UConn will shut down four of its teams at the end of the 2020–21 school year—men's teams in cross country, swimming & diving, and tennis, plus women's rowing.

Other websites
University of Connecticut's Official website
UConn Huskies' Official athletics website
Big East Conference
Hockey East
Colleges and universities in Connecticut
1881 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Connecticut
Seton Hall University is a private Roman Catholic university in South Orange, New Jersey, United States.  It was started in 1856 by Archbishop James Roosevelt Bayley. Seton Hall is the oldest diocesan university in the United States. Seton Hall is also the oldest and largest Catholic university in New Jersey. The university is known for its programs in business, law, education, nursing, and diplomacy.

Seton Hall is made up of eight different schools and colleges.  It has about 5,200 undergraduate students and about 4,400 graduate students. Its School of Law has 1,200 students. US News & World Report lists the School of Law as one of the top 100 law schools in the United States.In 2011, Seton Hall's Stillman School of Business is ranked 88 out of the top 100 undergraduate business schools.  It is one of only three school from state of New Jersey to maje the list according to BusinessWeek.
The Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry was the first school of medicine in the State of New Jersey. The state took over the school in 1965.  It is now the New Jersey Medical School, part of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.

Sports

The school's sports teams are called the Pirates. They play in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big East Conference. The college started its first basketball team in 1903. Seton Hall stopped having a football team in 1982. 

Seton Hall athletics is best known for its men's basketball team.  The team won the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 1953.  It lost in the finals of the 1989 NCAA Tournament to Michigan, 80–79 in overtime. Seton Hall currently has teams at the Division I level in baseball, basketball, women's basketball, cross country running, men's golf, soccer, women's soccer, softball, swimming, diving, women's tennis, indoor and outdoor track & field, and volleyball.
Seton Hall also has club sports in ice hockey, rugby union, and Men's volleyball. Almost all the Seton Hall sports have their home field on the South Orange campus. The men's ice hockey team and the men's basketball team play at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey.

References

Other websites
Seton Hall University's Official website
Seton Hall Pirates' Official athletics website

Big East Conference
Colleges and universities in New Jersey
1856 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in New Jersey
DePaul University is a private university in Chicago, Illinois. The university has about 24,008 students. It was founded in 1898. The current president of the university is A. Gabriel Esteban, PhD. It was named after 17th-century French priest Saint Vincent de Paul.

DePaul's two main campuses are located in Lincoln Park and the Loop.  The Lincoln Park Campus is home to the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, Science and Health, and Education. The Loop campus is home to Colleges of Business, Law and Technology. 

Since 1998, DePaul University has been the largest Catholic university in the United States.
Students
The university enrolls around 16,000 undergraduate and about 7,600 graduate/law students, making DePaul the 13th largest private university by enrollment in the United States, and the largest private university in Illinois. According to the Division of Student Affairs website, about 90% of DePaul's students commute or live off campus. The student body represents a wide array of religious, ethnic, and geographic backgrounds, including over 60 foreign countries.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Blue Demons. They have 13 varsity teams and they compete in the Big East Conference.

References

Other websites
DePaul University's Official website
DePaul Blue Demons' Official athletics website

Big East Conference
DePaul University
1898 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Illinois
Marquette University is a private, coeducational, Roman Catholic university in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The university has about 11,599 students. It was founded in 1898. The current president of the university is Rev. Robert A. Wild, S.J. .

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Golden Eagles. They have 10 varsity teams and they compete in the Big East Conference.

Other websites
Marquette University's Official website
Marquette Golden Eagles' Official athletics website

Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities
Big East Conference
Colleges and universities in Wisconsin
Milwaukee
1898 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Wisconsin
Providence College is a private, Roman Catholic university in Providence, Rhode Island. The university has about 4,585 students. It was founded in 1917. The current president of the university is Fr. Brian J. Shanley, O.P. .

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Friars. They have 19 varsity teams and they compete in the Big East Conference.

Other websites
Providence College's Official website
Providence Frairs' Official athletics website

Big East Conference
Colleges and universities in Rhode Island
Providence, Rhode Island
1917 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Rhode Island
St. John's University is a private, coeducational, Roman Catholic university in Queens, New York. The university has about 20,069 students. It was founded in 1870. The current president of the university is Rev. Donald J. Harrington. There is also a campus in Paris, France and Rome, Italy.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Red Storm. They have 17 varsity teams and they compete in the Big East Conference.

Other websites
St. John's University's Official website
St. John's Red Storm's Official athletics website 

Big East Conference
Colleges and universities in New York City
1870 establishments in New York (state)
The University of Cincinnati is a public university in Cincinnati, Ohio. The university has about 41,357 students. It was founded in 1819. The current president of the university is Gregory H. Williams.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Bearcats. They have 18 varsity teams and they compete in the Big 12 Conference.

Other websites
University of Cincinnati's Official website
Cincinnati Bearcats' Official athletics website 

Big 12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Ohio
Cincinnati
1819 establishments in Ohio
The University of Wyoming is a public university in Laramie, Wyoming. The university has about 13,657 students. It was founded in 1886. The current president of the university is Tom Buchanan. Dick Cheney went to the University of Wyoming.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Cowboys for the men and the Cowgirls for the women. They are commonly known as the Pokes. They have 17 varsity teams and they compete in the Mountain West Conference. Josh Allen once played quarterback for the Wyoming football team.

Other websites
University of Wyoming's Official website
Wyoming Cowboys' Official athletics website

Mountain West Conference
Colleges and universities in the United States
Wyoming
1886 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Wyoming Territory
The University of Nevada, Las Vegas, often known as UNLV, is a public, coeducational university in Paradise, Nevada. The university has about 29,069 students. It was founded in 1957. The current president of the university is Neal J. Smatresk.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Rebels and Runnin' Rebels for basketball. They have 16 varsity teams and they compete in the Mountain West Conference.

Other websites
University of Nevada, Las Vegas's Official website
UNLV Rebels' Official athletics website

Unlv
Colleges and universities in the United States
Organizations based in Nevada
1957 establishments in the United States
Carol Elaine Channing (January 31, 1921 – January 15, 2019) was an American stand-up comedian, actress, singer, dancer and voice artist. She received three Tony Awards. Channing played Lorelei in the movie Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and played Dolly in the movie Hello, Dolly!.

Early life
Channing was born Carol Elaine Channing in Seattle, Washington on January 31, 1921. When she left home to go to Bennington College, her mother told her that her father's mother was African-American.

Death
Channing died on January 15, 2019, of complications from a stroke at her home in Rancho Mirage, California, sixteen days before her 98th birthday.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1921 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American movie actors
American dancers
American LGBT rights activists
Singers from Seattle
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Seattle
Actors from Seattle
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
The University of New Mexico is a public university in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The university has about 34,674 students. It was founded in 1889. The current president of the university is David J. Schmidly.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Lobos. They have 16 varsity teams, most of which compete in the Mountain West Conference (MW). New Mexico has separate conference memberships in two sports that the MW does not sponsor. In skiing, the Lobos are members of the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association. In men's soccer, New Mexico is a member of Conference USA.

Other websites
University of New Mexico's Official website
New Mexico Lobos' Official athletics website

Mountain West Conference
Colleges and universities in New Mexico
Albuquerque, New Mexico
1889 establishments in the United States
The University of Iowa is a college in Iowa City, Iowa. It was founded in 1847.

References

Iowa
Big Ten Conference
Colleges and universities in Iowa
1847 establishments in Iowa
San Diego State University or SDSU for short is a public university in San Diego, California, and a part of the California State University system. The university has about 33,790 students. It was founded in 1897. The current president of the university is Elliot Hirshman.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Aztecs. They have 17 varsity teams, most of which compete in the Mountain West Conference (MW). Three teams have separate conference memberships in sports that the MW does not sponsor. The women's rowing team is a member of the American Athletic Conference, the men's soccer team plays in the Pacific-12 Conference, and the women's water polo team plays in the Golden Coast Conference.

Other websites
San Diego State University's Official website
San Diego State Aztecs' Official athletics website

Mountain West Conference
California State University
San Diego, California
1897 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in California
Boise State University is a public university in Boise, Idaho. The university has 24,103 students. It was founded in 1974. The current president of the university is Robert W. Kustra.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Broncos. They have 17 varsity teams, almost all of which compete in the Mountain West Conference..

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Official news site 
 Official Athletics website
 Historic Boise State Digital Collection  features photographs that reflect the history of Boise State, from its beginning as Boise Junior College in 1932 to the present. Includes images of campus life, student activities, buildings, and athletics

Mountain West Conference
Colleges and universities in Idaho
Boise, Idaho
1974 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Idaho
Troy University is a public university in Troy, Alabama. The university has about 30,000 students. It was founded in 1887. The current chancellor of the university is Jack Hawkins, Jr.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Trojans. They have 18 varsity teams and they compete in the Sun Belt Conference.

Other websites
 Troy University's Official website
 Troy Trojans' Official athletics website

Sun Belt Conference
Colleges and universities in Alabama
1887 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Alabama
Jaclyn Smith (born October 26, 1945 in Houston, Texas) is an American actress. She played Kelly Garrett in the television series Charlie's Angels from 1976 to 1981. She also acted in many television movies.

References

Other websites

 

1945 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Houston
The University of North Texas is a public university in Denton, Texas. The university has 40,796 students as of 2020. It was founded in 1890. The current president of the university is Neal Smatresk.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Mean Green. They have 18 varsity teams and they compete in the American Athletic Conference.

Other websites
University of North Texas' Official website
North Texas Mean Green's Official athletics website

American Athletic Conference
Colleges and universities in Texas
1890 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Texas
Denton, Texas
Western Kentucky University is a public university in Bowling Green, Kentucky. The university has about 20,712 students. It was founded in 1906. The current president of the university is Dr. Gary A. Ransdell.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university for men are called the Hilltoppers and the athletics teams for the women are called the Lady Toppers. They have 17 varsity teams, all of which play in Conference USA.

References

Other websites
Western Kentucky University's official website
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers' official athletics website

Conference USA
Colleges and universities in Kentucky
1906 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Kentucky
Kurt Vincent Thomas (born October 4, 1972 in Dallas, Texas) is an American basketball player. He currently plays for the Chicago Bulls as a Power forward and Center. 

He was drafted out of Texas Christian University in the 1995 NBA Draft in the 1st round with the 10th pick by the Miami Heat.

He has also played with the Miami Heat from 1995 to 1997, Dallas Mavericks from 1997 to 1998, New York Knicks from 1998 to 2005, Phoenix Suns from 2005 to 2007, Seattle SuperSonics from 2007 to 2008, San Antonio Spurs from 2008 to 2009 and the Milwaukee Bucks from 2009 to 2010.

Other websites
Kurt Thomas' NBA player profile

1972 births
American basketball players
Sportspeople from Dallas
Living people
The Adjustment Bureau is a 2011 American romance science fiction thriller movie set in 2006. It was produced by George Nolfi, Chris Moore, Michael Hackett and Bill Carraro and was directed by George Nolfi. The movie was released on March 4, 2011.

Cast 
Matt Damon as David Norris
Emily Blunt as Elise Sallas
Anthony Mackie as Harry Mitchell
Shohreh Aghdashloo as Mrs. Norris
Michael Kelly as Charlie Traynor
John Slattery as Richardson
Anthony Ruivivar as McCrady
Terence Stamp as Thompson
Lauren Hodges as Robyn
Lawrence Leritz as Court Officer

Other websites 
The Adjustment Bureau's Official website
 
 

2011 romance movies
2010s mystery movies
2011 science fiction movies
2011 thriller movies
American mystery movies
American romance movies
American science fiction movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by George Nolfi
The Harmonia Macrocosmica is a star atlas by Andreas Cellarius. It was published in 1660 by Johannes Janssonius. The first part of the atlas has copper plate prints showing the universe models of Claudius Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe. In the second part are star maps of the Christian constellations. The atlas also had plates supporting the views of the Catholic Church, so the book was not placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list of publications the Catholic Church censored.

References

Other websites

17th-century books
Astronomy
Science books
1660s works
Ernestine Jane Geraldine Russell, known simply as Jane Russell (June 21, 1921 - February 28, 2011) was an Canadian-American actress, born in Minnesota. She starred in almost two dozen films throughout her career. Russell died in Santa Maria, California of a respiratory related illness.

Notable films 
 The Outlaw (1943)
 The Paleface (1948)
 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953)

References

Other websites 
 

1921 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Actors from Minnesota
American movie actors
American television actors
Disease-related deaths in California
Singers from Minnesota
Meave G. Leakey PhD DSc (hon) is a renowned paleontologist who studies the origin of mankind in West Africa. She was born Meave Epps, 28 July 1942 in London, and was married to Richard Leakey, the son of Louis and Mary Leakey. She is a research professor at Stony Brook University.

They have two children, Louise (born 1972) and Samira (born 1974). Her daughter Louise Leakey is also a paleontologist studying human origins.

Dr. Leakey's research team at Lake Turkana, Kenya made a discovery in 1999 that changed our understanding of early human ancestry. They found a 3.5 million-year-old skull and partial jaw thought to belong to a new branch of our early human family. She named the find Kenyanthropus platyops, or flat-faced man of Kenya.

The Leakey family

References

Other websites
Leakey Foundation
Koobi Fora Research Project
Dr. Meave Leakey Discusses Kenyanthropus platyops 

1942 births
Living people
Kenya
British anthropologists
British zoologists
British palaeontologists
British biologists
Leakey family
Lake Turkana, formerly known as Lake Rudolf, is a lake in the Great Rift Valley in northwest Kenya. Its far northern end crosses into Ethiopia. 

It is the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake. By volume it is the world's fourth-largest salt lake after the Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul Lake and the (shrinking) Aral Sea. Among all lakes, it ranks 24th in area.

The water is drinkable, but not palatable. It supports a rich lacustrine wildlife. The climate is hot and very dry. 

The rocks of the surrounding area are predominantly volcanic. Central Island is an active volcano, emitting vapors. Outcrops and rocky shores are found on the East and South shores of the lake, while dunes, spits and flats are on the West and North, at a lower elevation.
On-shore and off-shore winds can be extremely strong as the lake warms and cools more slowly than the land. Sudden, violent storms are frequent. Three rivers (the Omo, Turkwel and Kerio) flow into the lake, but lacking outflow, its only water loss is by evaporation. Lake volume and dimensions are variable. For example, its level fell by  between 1975 and 1993.

Due to temperature, aridity and geographic inaccessibility, the lake retains its wild character. Many Nile crocodiles are  on the flats. The rocky shores are home to scorpions and carpet vipers. Although the lake and its environs have been popular for expeditions of every sort under the tutelage of guides, rangers and experienced persons, they certainly must be considered hazardous for unguided tourists.

Lake Turkana National Parks are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiloi National Park lies on the lake's eastern shore, while Central Island National Park and South Island National Park are in the lake. Both have crocodiles.
The Lake Turkana area is regarded by many anthropologists as the cradle of humankind because there are many hominid fossils. The skeleton of Turkana boy was found near the lake in 1984.

References 

Lakes of Africa
Archaeological sites in Africa
Olive Marie Osmond, known simply as Marie Osmond (born October 13, 1959) is an American singer, actress, and doll designer. She was born in Ogden, Utah. She is the sister of Donny Osmond. Marie was not a part of her family's singing group The Osmonds. She had some success as a solo country artist in the 1970s and 1980s. She also hosted several talk shows with her brother Donny.

Early Life 
Marie was born in Ogden, Utah. She is one of nine children and the only daughter.  She was four years old when she first performed on television in the 1960s.

Music 
Marie has released a total of 9 albums of mostly country and pop music. Her 1973 release of Paper Roses became a number 1 hit and started her successful career.  Her latest work released in 2015 is titled Music is Medicine.

Broadway 
She stared in 2 Broadway musicals. In 1994 she played the lead in The King and I and in 1997 she played the lead in The Sound of Music.
Acting 
She was co-host of the Donny and Marie show that was very popular from 1975 until 1978.  Marie acted in several made for TV movies, variety shows, situation comedy's and voiced animated characters during her career.  

In 1978, she stared in the movie Goin' Coconuts.

She was part of the CBS daytime show The Talk during the 10th season.

Other work 
Marie has written 3 books.  In 2007 she came in third place on the 5th season of the US version of Dancing with the Stars. From 2008 through 2019 she performed with her brother, Donny, in a musical show at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Charity 
Marie is the co-founder of the non-profit organization Children's Miracle Network.  It was started in 1983 and the money raised promotes children's hospitals in North America.
Personal 
Marie is married to Stephen Craig and lives in Las Vegas, Nevada. She also owns a home in Ogden, Utah and one in Los Angeles, California.  She has 8 children.  She is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Other websites
 

1959 births
Living people
Actors from Utah
American country musicians
American television actors
Singers from Utah
People from Ogden, Utah
Louis Leakey (L.S.B. Leakey, 7 August 1903 – 1 October 1972) was a Kenyan archaeologist, anthropologist and naturalist.

His work was important in establishing human evolutionary development in East Africa. He also played a major role in creating organizations for future research in Africa and for protecting wildlife there.

Leakey was the third of the three great anthropologists of British origin who made Africa their home: the others were Robert Broom and Raymond Dart.

He started a tradition of palaeoanthropological inquiry in Kenya. His own family carried on the 'family firm'. Several of them became well-known anthropologists and fossil hunters.

Louis took part in national events of British East Africa and then Kenya at critical times.

In biology he asserted Charles Darwin's theory of evolution unswervingly, and set about to prove Darwin's hypothesis that man arose in Africa. He was also a devout Christian.chapter 3

Palaeoanthropologist par excellence
Vindication at Olduvai 
Louis and Mary spent all the time they could at Olduvai Gorge, starting in 1951. So far they had discovered only stone tools. A more extensive excavation came in 1952. They found what Louis termed an Oldowan "slaughter-house", an ancient bog where animals had been trapped and butchered. Louis was so carried away that he worked without his hat and his hair was bleached white from the sun. They stopped in 1953.

In 1955 they excavated again with Jean Brown. She related that he preferred to be called Louis, was absent-minded, once had everyone looking for spectacles that were around his neck, wore pants with the buttons off and shoes with holes in them, charged about everywhere and once collapsed unconscious. He was completely happy.chapter 12
In 1959 they decided to excavate Bed I. While Louis was sick in camp, Mary discovered the fossilized skull OH 5, which Mary called "Our Man", and became "Dear Boy" and "Zinj." The question was whether it was a previous genus discovered by Robert Broom, Paranthropus, which Broom had taken not to be in the human line, or a different one, in it. Louis opted for Zinj, a decision opposed by Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, but one which attracted the attention of Melville Bell Grosvenor, president of the National Geographic Society. That contact resulted in an article in National Geographic, and a hefty grant to continue work at Olduvai.

Zinj was far older than anyone had imagined. Scientists swarmed to Africa. Louis had proved Darwin right.chapter 13
The Leakey circus
In 1960, unable to leave the museum except on weekends, Louis appointed Mary director of excavation at Olduvai. She brought in a staff of Kamba tribesmen, instead of Kikuyu, who, she felt, took advantage of Louis. The first, Muteva Musomba, had kept her children's ponies. He recruited Kamoya Kimeu among others. Mary set up Camp 5 under Jonathan's direction. He was 19. From then on she had her own staff and associates.

Mary picked and sieved at the site from early morning dressed in old clothes, chain smoking cigarettes, always surrounded by her Dalmatian. She and Louis communicated by radio. On weekends he drove non-stop at high speed the 357 miles between Olduvai and Nairobi. The teen-age boys, Richard and Philip, were on site during holidays and vacations.
Their home in Nairobi was a circus, figuratively speaking, when they were there. Dinner guests were frequent. Important guests stayed for weeks if they could stand it. They shared the quarters and the dinner table with the Dalmatians, hyraxes, a monkey, a civet cat, an African eagle owl, tropical fish, snakes, such as vipers, and a python.

The extended families of twenty African staff lived in cinderblock huts in the yard. Mary had switched to cigars and the ashes often fell into the food. Both Louis and Mary cooked. Louis never stopped talking; his stories were endless. He literally ran through the day, making long lists of things to be done, which he never completed. He drove recklessly through the streets of Nairobi, often reading and writing as he drove.chapter 5
There was another side to the Leakey family. Louis was a notorious womanizer. He was faithful neither to Frida nor to Mary. Mary tolerated this behavior well until his relationship with Rosalie Osborn, 1954/55, threatened to break up her marriage.chapter 17

The two fought constantly, upsetting the boys. After Richard nearly died in a fall from a horse, Louis broke with Rosalie for the sake of the boys.

Floruit
Jonathan achieved some brief fame before he quit palaeoanthropology altogether. He started his own site, "Jonny's site" in the Leakey lingo, FLK-NN. There he discovered two skull fragments without the Australopithecine sagittal crest, which Mary connected with Broom's and Robinson's Telanthropus. The problem was its contemporaneity with Zinj. Mailed photographs, Le Gros Clark retorted casually "Shades of Piltdown". Louis cabled him immediately and had some strong words at this suggestion of his incompetence. Clark apologized.chapter 14
In 1960 Louis, his son Philip and Ray Pickering discovered a fossil he termed "Chellean Man", as it was in context with Oldowan tools, the first such find. After reconstruction Louis and Mary called it "Pinhead." It was subsequently included with Homo erectus and was in fact contemporaneous with Paranthropus, which on that account cannot have been in the human line. For many years Louis believed erectus was the user of the tools and Australopithecus was not.

In 1961 Louis got a salary as well as a grant from National Geographic and turned over the acting directorship of Coryndon to a subordinate. He created the Centre for Prehistory and Paleontology on the same grounds, moved his collections to it, and appointed himself director. This was his new operations center.
He opened another excavation at Fort Ternan on Lake Victoria. Shortly after, Heselon discovered Kenyapithecus wickeri, the species name from the owner of the property, which Louis promptly celebrated with George Gaylord Simpson, who happened to be present, aboard the Miocene Lady with Leakey Safari Specials, a drink made of condensed milk and cognac.

In 1962 Louis was visiting Olduvai when Ndibo Mbuika discovered the first tooth of Homo habilis at MNK. Louis and Mary thought it was female and named her Cinderella, or Cindy. Phillip Tobias identified Jonny's Child with it and Raymond Dart came up with the name Homo habilis at Louis' request, which Tobias translated as 'handyman'.chapter 16 It was seen as intermediary between gracile Australopithecus and Homo.chapter 16
Leakey's Angels 
One of Louis's greatest legacies was fostering field research of primates in their natural habitats. He understood this helped to unravel the mysteries of human evolution. He chose three female researchers: Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, and Birute Galdikas. They were dubbed 'Leakey's Angels'. Each went on to become an important scholar in the field of primatology.
Prominent organizations
 1958. Louis founded the Tigoni Primate research Center with Cynthia Booth on her farm north of Nairobi. Later it was the National Primate Research Center, currently the Institute of Primate Research, now in Nairobi. As the Tigoni center, it funded Leakey's Angels.
 1961. Louis created the Centre for Prehistory and Paleontology on the same grounds as Coryndon Museum, appointing himself director.
 1968. Louis assisted with the founding of The Leakey Foundation, to ensure the legacy of his life's work in the study of human origins.  The Leakey Foundation exists today as the number one funder of human origins research in the United States.
Books 
A selection:
 Adam's Ancestors: the evolution of Man and his culture (1934). Ran to four editions, very popular.
 White African: an early autobiography (1936)
 The Miocene Hominoidea of East Africa, with Wilfred Le Gros Clark. (1951)
 Olduvai Gorge: a report on the evolution of the hand-axe culture in Beds I–IV (1951)
 Olduvai Gorge: a preliminary report on the geology and fauna, 1951–61 (1965)
 Olduvai Gorge, 1965–1967 (1970)
 By the evidence: Memoirs, 1932–1951

The family

Prominent family members 
Louis Leakey was married to Mary Leakey, who made the noteworthy discovery of fossil footprints at Laetoli. Found preserved in volcanic ash in Tanzania, they are the earliest record of bipedal gait.

He is also the father of paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey and the botanist Colin Leakey. Louis' cousin, Nigel Gray Leakey, was a recipient of the Victoria Cross during World War II.

Family tree

Related pages
 List of Kenyan scientists

References
References 

1903 births
1972 deaths
British biologists
Kenyan scientists
British anthropologists
Autobiographers
British palaeontologists
British archaeologists
Leakey family
Donald Clark "Donny" Osmond (born December 9, 1957) is an American musician, actor, singer, and teen idol. He is also a talk show and game show host. Donny was part of the group The Osmonds before he went solo later on. He was born in Ogden, Utah.

Other websites
 

1957 births
Living people
Actors from Utah
American child actors
American child singers
American game show hosts
American movie actors 
American pop musicians
American television actors
American television producers
Participants in American reality television series
People from Ogden, Utah
Singers from Utah
Musicians from Utah
Degree of unsaturation (DOU) is a way to figure out how many rings or double bonds are in a molecule.

Calculation 
 Determine the number of hydrogens that should be present if it was completely single bonded.  In other words use the formula 2n+2 (with n = the number of carbons present.
 Subtract the total from above from the number of hydrogens actually present.
 Take that number and divide it by two.  This number is your DOU.

Each degree either equals one ring structure or pi bond.  A double bond would have one DOU.  A triple bond would have a DOU of two (triple bond is one sigma bond with two pi bonds).

Non-hydrocarbons 
For the below, use the same rules as above, using the definitions below.
 Silicon counts as a carbon
 Boron, nitrogen and phosphorus each count as a "half a carbon"
 Halogens (Group 7) count as a hydrogen
 Oxygen, sulfur and selenium (Group 6) can be ignored

Organic chemistry
The Olduvai Gorge is a steep-sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley that stretches through East Africa. It is in the eastern Serengeti Plains in northern Tanzania.

The Gorge is about  long. It is 45 km from the Laetoli archaeological site. The gorge is a highly important prehistoric site for the study of human evolution. It was once a lake, and got covered by layers of volcanic ash.

This site was occupied by Homo habilis about 1.9 million years ago, Paranthropus boisei 1.8 million years ago, and Homo erectus 1.2 million years ago. Homo sapiens occupied the site 17,000 years ago.

The name is a misspelling of Oldupai Gorge, which was adopted as the official name in 2005. Oldupai is the Maasai word for the wild sisal plant Sansevieria ehrenbergii, which grows in the gorge.

Geology 
Millions of years ago, the site was that of a large lake, the shores of which were covered with successive deposits of volcanic ash.
About 500,000 years ago seismic activity diverted a nearby stream which began to cut down into the sediments, revealing seven main layers in the walls of the gorge. The geology of Olduvai Gorge and the surrounding region was studied in detail by Richard L. Hay, who worked at the site between 1961 and 2002.

The stratigraphy is extremely deep and layers of volcanic ash and stones allow radiometric dating of the embedded artifacts, mostly through potassium–argon dating and argon–argon dating. The base of the Olduvai sediments dates to slightly older than 2 million years,

The nearby site Laetoli has a much older fossil record.
Palaeontology 
Olduvai Gorge is one of the most important prehistoric sites in the world and has been instrumental in furthering understanding of early human evolution. Chasing a fancy butterfly in the green wilds of Tanganyika 50 years ago, a German entomologist named (Wilhelm) Kattwinkel tumbled off a rocky ledge and nearly killed himself. When he regained his senses, he found himself in an anthropologist's dream world: an erosion-created rift with layer after layer of fossils, bones and ancient artifacts. The find was named Olduvai Gorge, and Kattwinkel's heirs ever since have been scrambling up and down its sun-baked sides in search of clues to man's earliest awakening. (Time, Friday 10 March 1961) 

Excavation work there was pioneered by Louis and Mary Leakey beginning in 1931. It is still going on.
The earliest archaeological deposit, known as Bed I, has produced evidence of campsites and living floors along with stone tools made of flakes from local basalt and quartz. Since this is the site where these kinds of tools were first discovered, these tools are called Oldowan. It is now thought that the Oldowan toolmaking tradition started about 2.6 million years ago. Bones from this layer are not of modern humans but earlier hominid forms of Paranthropus boisei and the first discovered specimens of Homo habilis.

The site of FLK North has the oldest known evidence of Elephant consumption, attributed to Homo ergaster around 1.8 million years ago. A nearly complete skeleton of the extinct Elephas recki was found in the lowest of its six occupation levels along with stone tools such as choppers and flakes. Large numbers of bone fragments of smaller animals found with it clearly identify FLK North as an early butchering site.
Above this, in Bed II, pebble tools begin to be replaced by more sophisticated handaxes of the Acheulean industry and made by H. ergaster. This layer has not yet been successfully dated, but likely falls between 1.75 and 1.2 million years.

Beds III and IV have produced Acheulean tools and fossil bones from more than 600,000 years ago.

During a period of major faulting and volcanism roughly 600,000 to 400,000 years ago, the Masek Beds were made. These beds contained tools from an industry made by modern humans, followed by the Ndutu Beds (400,000 to 32,000 years ago), and the Naisiusiu Beds (22,000 to 15,000 years ago).

Also, on the rim of the Gorge, is the Olduvai Gorge Museum. This Museum presents exhibitions about the Gorge's history.

References 

Geography of Tanzania
Archaeological sites in Africa
Prehistoric Africa
Vermicelli (English pronunciation: /ˌvɜrmɨˈtʃɛli/, Italian: [vermiˈtʃɛlli], meaning "little worms") is a type of pasta. It is round in section and somewhat thinner than spaghetti.

Pasta
Richard Leakey (19 December 1944 – 2 January 2022) was a Kenyan politician,  paleoanthropologist and conservationist. He was second of the three sons of the anthropologists Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey. In 2007, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Early life 
A high school dropout, Leakey discovered his love of paleontology when he led an expedition to a fossil site he had discovered while flying.  Frustrated by the lack of recognition he received for his accomplishments (due to his lack of qualifications), Leakey left for England to catch up on his education. However, after six months, Leakey returned home to continue his safaris.  He never completed his degree.

In 1965 he married Margaret Cropper. Their daughter Anna was born in 1969, the same year that Richard and Margaret divorced. He then married his colleague Meave Epps in 1970. They had two daughters, Louise (born 1972) and Samira (1974).
Leakey was diagnosed with a terminal kidney disease in 1969. Ten years later he became seriously ill, but received a kidney transplant from his brother Philip and recovered to full health.

In 1993, a small propeller-driven plane piloted by Richard Leakey crashed, crushing his lower legs. Both legs were later amputated. Sabotage was suspected but never proved. In a few months Richard Leakey was walking again on artificial limbs.

Leakey said in his autobiography that he was an atheist.

Teenage entrepreneur 
Richard chose to support himself. He borrowed 500 pounds from his parents for a Land Rover, and went into the trapping and skeleton supply business with Kamoya Kimeu.

Richard was already a skilled horseman, outdoorsman, Land Rover mechanic, archaeologist and expedition leader. He learned to identify bones. All these skills pointed to a path he did not yet wish to take, simply because his father was on it.
The bone business turned into a safari business in 1961. In 1962 he got a private airplane pilot licence and took tours to Olduvai. It was from a casual aerial survey that he noted the potential of Lake Natron's shores for paleontology. He went looking for fossils in a Land Rover, but could find none, until his parents assigned Glynn Isaac to go with him.

Louis was so impressed with their finds that he gave them National Geographic money for a month's expedition.chapter 18 They explored in the vicinity of Peninj near the lake, where Richard was in charge of the administrative details. Bored, he returned to Nairobi temporarily, but at that moment, Kamoya Kimeu discovered a fossil of Australopithecus boisei. A second expedition left Richard feeling that he was being excluded from the most significant part of the operation, the scientific analysis.

Expeditions led by Richard Leakey
Koobi Fora 
During the Omo expedition of 1967, Richard visited Nairobi and on the return flight the pilot flew over Lake Rudolph (now Lake Turkana) to avoid a thunderstorm. The map led Richard to expect volcanic rock below him but he saw sediments. Visiting the region by helicopter, he saw tools and fossils everywhere. In his mind, he was already planning a new enterprise.

In 1969 the discovery of a cranium of Paranthropus boisei caused great excitement. A Homo habilis skull and a Homo erectus skull, discovered in 1972 and 1975, respectively, were among the most significant finds of Leakey's earlier expeditions. In 1978 an intact cranium of Homo erectus was discovered.
Leakey and Donald Johanson were at the time considered to be the most famous palaeoanthoropologists, and scientifically their views on human evolution were differing, a scientific rivalry that gained public attention. This culminated at the Cronkite's Universe talk show hosted by Walter Cronkite in New York in 1981, where Leakey and Johanson held a fierce debate on live TV show.

West Turkana
Turkana Boy — discovered by Kamoya Kimeu, a member of the Leakeys' team in 1984 — was the nearly complete skeleton of a Homo ergaster (though some, including Leakey, call it erectus) who died 1.6 million years ago at about age 9-12.

Leakey and Roger Lewin describe the experience of this find and their interpretation of it, in their book Origins reconsidered (1992).  Shortly after the discovery of Turkana Boy, Leakey and his team made the discovery of a skull (known as 'Black Skull') of a new species, Australopithecus aethiopicus (or Paranthropus aethiopicus).
Richard shifted away from paleontology in 1989, but his wife Meave Leakey and daughter Louise Leakey still continue paleontological research in Northern Kenya.

Conservation 

In 1989 Richard Leakey was appointed the head of the Wildlife Conservation and Management Department (WMCD) by President Daniel Arap Moi in response to the international outcry over the poaching of elephants and the impact it was having on the wildlife of Kenya.

The department was replaced by Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) in 1990, and Leakey became its first chairman. With characteristically bold steps Leakey created special, well-armed anti-poaching units that were authorized to shoot poachers on sight. The poaching menace was dramatically reduced. Impressed by Leakey's transformation of the KWS, the World Bank approved grants worth $140 million. Richard Leakey, President Arap Moi and the WMCD made the international news headlines when a stockpile of 12 tons of ivory was burned in 1989 in Nairobi National Park.
Richard Leakey wrote about his experiences at the KWS in his book Wildlife Wars: my battle to save Kenya's elephants (2001).

Politics 
In May 1995 Richard Leakey joined a group of Kenyan intellectuals in launching a new political party — the Safina Party, which in Swahili means "Noah's Ark".

"If KANU and Mr. Moi will do something about the deterioration of public life, corruption and mismanagement, I'd be happy to fight alongside them. If they won't, I want somebody else to do it," announced Richard Leakey. The Safina party was routinely harassed and even its application to become an official political party was not approved until 1997.

In 1999, Moi appointed Richard Leakey as Cabinet Secretary and overall head of the civil service. Moi's hand was forced: the international donor institutions insisted as a pre-condition for the resumption of donor funds. Leakey's second stint in the civil service lasted until 2001 when he was forced to resign again.
Later activities 
Leakey joined the Department of Anthropology faculty at Stony Brook University, New York in 2002. He is currently a Professor of Anthropology at Stony Brook, where he is Chair of the Turkana Basin Institute.

In 2004, Richard Leakey founded and chaired WildlifeDirect, a Kenya-based charitable organization. The charity was established to provide support to conservationists in Africa directly on the ground via the use of blogs. This enables individuals anywhere to play a direct and interactive role in the survival of some of the world’s most precious species.  The organization played a significant role in the saving of Congo's mountain gorillas in Virunga National Park in January 2007 after a rebel uprising threatened to eliminate the highly vulnerable population.

In April 2007 he was appointed interim chairman of Transparency International, Kenya branch.

Death
Leakey died on 2 January 2022 at his home near Nairobi at the age of 77.

Family tree

References
References 

1944 births
2022 deaths
Anthropologists
Paleontologists
Atheists
People from Nairobi
Autobiographers
Civil servants
Leakey family
Arizona State University is a public university in Tempe, Arizona. The university has about 70,440 students. It was founded in 1885. The current president of the university is Michael M. Crow.

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Vanderbilt University is a private university in Nashville, Tennessee, named after Cornelius Vanderbilt. The university has about 12,714 students. It was founded in 1873. The current chairman of the university, whose official title is "Chancellor", is Daniel Diermeier.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Commodores. They have 16 varsity teams, almost all of which compete in the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Two Vanderbilt women's teams in sports that the SEC does not sponsor are housed elsewhere. The bowling team plays in the Southland Bowling League, a single-sport conference affiliated with the Southland Conference. The lacrosse team plays in the American Athletic Conference.

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