Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
"Now That You Got It" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second solo studio album, The Sweet Escape (2006). Stefani co-wrote the song with its producers Sean Garrett and Swizz Beatz. The album version of the song is a hip hop and R&B song and the remix is a reggae song.

Music video 
The song's music video was directed by The Saline Project and was shot in Puerto Rico and Jamaica. The Puerto Rico scenes were filmed after Stefani's concert there on July 19, 2007. Most of the video were shot in a studio, including scenes of Stefani riding a motorbike in front of a green screen.
Track listings
 Australian CD single
 "Now That You Got It" (Album Version) – 3:00
 "Now That You Got It" (Remix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:26
 "Now That You Got It" (Single Version featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:09
 US iTunes remix single
 "Now That You Got It" (Hybrid Mix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:08 (single version)
 "Now That You Got It" (Main Mix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:26 (remix)
 US 12" single
A1. "Now That You Got It" (Single Version featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:09
A2. "Now That You Got It" (Album Version) – 3:00
A3. "Now That You Got It" (Instrumental Version) – 2:55
B1. "Now That You Got It" (Remix featuring Damian "Jr Gong" Marley) – 3:26
B2. "Now That You Got It" (Dub) – 3:30

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape.
Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Angel Aponte – additional recording
 Pete Davis – additional keyboards, additional mix programming
 Loren Dawson – keyboards
 Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
 David Emery – assistant engineering
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

 Sean Garrett – backing vocals, co-production, songwriting
 Kevin Mills – recording
 Glenn Pittman – assistant engineering
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 Swizz Beatz – production, songwriting
 Steve Tolle – assistant engineering

Charts

Release history

References

2006 songs
2007 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Hip hop songs
Reggae songs
R&B songs
Diego de Almagro is a small Chilean city and commune in the Chañaral Province, Atacama Region. The commune is named after Diego de Almagro, a Spanish conquistador.

Its inhabitants are called dieguinos (women: dieguinas).

History
The commune was created on 19 August 1972 with the name of Pueblo Hundido but its name was changed on 13 April 1977 to the present name of Diego de Almagro.

Geography
The commune of Diego de Almagro has an area of . The city of Diego de Almagro is at  from Chañaral (capital of the province and at  from the city of Copiapó (capital of the Atacama region).

The commune is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Chañaral commune.

Diego de Almagro has a very dry climate, a desert climate. The average amount of precipitation for the year, during 10 years, is only .
Population
 (last national census), there were 18,589 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest town of the commune is Salvador, a mining town, with a population, in 2002, of 9,745 inhabitants. The town of Diego de Almagro has 8,192 inhabitants.

Related pages
Atacama Desert
Provinces of Chile

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Atacama Official website 
 Commune of Diego de Almagro website }

Cities in Chile
Atacama Region
Copiapó Province () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Copiapó.

Geography
The Copiapó province has an area of , the largest province in the Atacama region.

Copiapó is bordered on the north by the Chañaral province, on the northeast by Argentina, on the east by the Tierra Amarilla commune, on the south by the Huasco province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean and the Caldera commune.

The main river of the province is the Copiapó river that is  long. In the valley of the Copiapó river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

Population
 (last national census), there were 155,713 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Copiapó, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 129,091 inhabitants.
Administration
As a province, Copiapó is a second-level administrative division, consisting of three  communes (comunas). The city of Copiapó serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Atacama Official website 
 Province of Copiapó website 

Provinces of Chile
Atacama Region
Huasco Province ) is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Vallenar.

Geography
The Huasco province has an area of , the smallest province in the Atacama region.

Huasco is bordered on the north by the Copiapó province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Coquimbo region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The main river of the province is the Huasco river that is  long. In the valley of the river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

Population
 (last national census), there were 6,649 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Vallenar, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 48,040 inhabitants in the commune.

Administration
As a province, Huasco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four  communes (comunas). The city of Vallenar serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Atacama Official website 
 Province of Huasco website 

Provinces of Chile
Atacama Region
Cimo is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Bosco Luganese and Cimo merged to form the municipality of Bioggio.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Breno is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 13 March 2005 the former municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Sirtuin or Sir2 proteins are a class of enzymes that are important in cell biology. 

Sirtuins regulate important biological pathways in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. The name Sir2 comes from the yeast gene 'silent mating-type information regulation 2', the gene responsible for cellular regulation in yeast.

Sirtuins influence many cellular processes like ageing, transcription, apoptosis, inflammation and stress resistance, as well as energy efficiency and alertness during low-calorie situations.  Sirtuins can also control circadian clocks and mitochondrial biogenesis.

References 

Enzymes
Euryale is one of the gorgons in Greek myth. Her sisters are Stheno and the infamous Medusa. All three were once ravishing young women, particularly Medusa, who also happened to  a priestess in the temple of Athena and took a vow of chastity, until she was raped by Poseidon. This was much to the ire of Athena and to punish Medusa, she had her and her sisters, who had been watching, turned into monsters with snakes for hair and a killer gaze, which turned onlookers into stone. The trio of sisters were later banished to a remote island. 

A side effect of the transformation was that while Medusa's sisters were immortal, she herself wasn't, which would lead to Perseus killing her. Euryale is well known for her loud cries, particularly after her younger sister's death.

Greek legendary creatures
mTOR is a protein, an enzyme which regulates cell growth, cell division, cell movement, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTOR gene.

It has been given various names. It was originally called the 'mammalian target of rapamycin', but is also known as the 'mechanistic target of rapamycin' and 'FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1' (FRAP1).

The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of mammalian metabolism and physiology, with important roles in the function of tissues including liver, muscle, white and brown adipose tissue, and the brain.

References 

Enzymes
Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, is a compound produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus.

It is used in medicine to prevent organ transplant rejection. It has immunosuppressant functions in humans and is especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants. It inhibits activation of T cells and B cells by reducing the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Sirolimus is also used as a coating for coronary stents.

Effects on longevity 
Rapamycin was first shown to extend lifespan in eukaryotes (actually, yeast cells) in 2006.

In a 2009 study, the lifespans of mice fed rapamycin were increased between 28 and 38% from the beginning of treatment. That is a 9 to 14% increased maximum lifespan. The treatment began in mice aged 20 months, the equivalent of 60 human years.

Later, rapamycin has been shown to extend mouse lifespan in several separate experiments. It is now being tested for this purpose on nonhuman primates (the marmoset monkey). A study on dogs is also planned.
Because rapamycin at high doses can suppress the immune system, people taking rapamycin for transplant or cancer therapy are more susceptible to dangerous infections. 

It is thought that some dietary regimes, like restricting calories and methionine, cause lifespan extension by decreasing mTOR activity. It is believed that this is achieved by limiting the essential amino acid leucine, a potent activator of mTOR. The administration of leucine into the rat brain has been shown to decrease food intake and body weight via activation of the mTOR pathway.

According to the free radical theory of aging, reactive oxygen causes damage to mitochondrial proteins, and decreases ATP production. Then, the mTOR pathway is inhibited and ATP consuming protein synthesis is downregulated. This means the proportion of damaged proteins grows. Moreover, disruption of mTORC1 directly inhibits mitochondrial respiration.
These positive feedbacks on the aging process are counteracted by protective mechanisms: decreased mTOR activity (among other factors) upregulates glycolysis, and removal of dysfunctional cellular components by autophagy.

References 

Antibiotics
Organic compounds
The campaign 
In September, Lee was forced to send his I Corps commanded by general James Longstreet to the Western Theatre around Chattanooga, Tennessee. Meade lost his Union XI and XII Corps who were also sent to Tennessee. Lee was left with about 55,000 men while Meade’s forces now numbered about 80,000. Meade was unhappy about having to give up two Corps and felt he did not have a large enough force to defeat Lee. Lee, however, proceeded with his plan for a turning movement, to get between Meade and Washington DC.
At Culpepper Courthouse, Meade was beginning to think Lee was moving north around his flank. But he still had no reports showing this was the case. By the night of October 10, Meade decided a fight in the constricted area of Culpepper was dangerous and might give Lee an advantage. He ordered his entire army north of the Rappahannock. Buford had not received word of the Union army moving north and waited for support from I Corps on the morning of October 11. Instead, he was attacked by Confederate cavalry. The Union and Confederate cavalry units fought throughout the day and by evening Buford had fought his way back across the Rappahannock. But this had distracted the Union cavalry from discovering where Lee's army was.

Battles

Auburn (October 13–14)
On October 13, in what became known as the First Battle of Auburn, Confederate general J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry was riding ahead of Lee's army. He blundered into Federal troops guarding a supply train. Seeing he was outnumbered, Stuart's cavalry hid in the thick bushes waiting for a chance to attack. But they quickly found themselves surrounded by Union troops who did not know Stuart's men were there. The Confederate cavalry remained in hiding, gathering information about what they saw. The next morning, in what was called the Second Battle of Auburn, Stuart's cavalry fought its way out of the area.

Bristoe Station (October 14)
On October 14, 1863 Hill's Corps attacked two Union corps who were retreating north. Hill's mistake was in not ordering any reconnaissance before the attack to see what they were up against. One of Hill's divisions was badly beaten and one artillery battery was lost. After reinforcing his line Hill was not able to make any progress against the Union corps who were dug in behind the Orange and Alexandria Railroad embankment. After beating Hill, the Union army continued on to Centerville, Virginia. Lee was angry with Hill over his mistakes at Bristoe Station. He told hill, "bury your dead and say no more about it!"

Buckland Races (October 19)
After defeat at Bristoe Station and an aborted advance on Centreville, Stuart's cavalry shielded the withdrawal of Lee's army from the vicinity of Manassas Junction. Union cavalry under general Judson Kilpatrick pursued Stuart's cavalry along the Warrenton Turnpike. But they were lured into an ambush near Chestnut Hill and were routed. The Federal troopers were scattered and chased five miles (8 km) in an affair that came to be known as the "Buckland Races".

Across the Rappahannock (November 7)
Lee returned to his old position behind the Rappahannock but left a fortified bridgehead on the north bank. This protected the approach to Kelly's Ford. On November 7, Meade forced passage of the Rappahannock at two places. A surprise attack by general John Sedgwick's VI Corps at dusk overran the Confederate bridgehead at Rappahannock Station. They captured two Confederate brigades (more than 1,600 men) of general Jubal A. Early's division. Fighting at Kelly's Ford was less severe, but the Confederates retreated, allowing the Federals across in force.

Notes

References 

American Civil War battles
1863 in the United States
1860s in Virginia
A turning movement , also called a wide envelopment is a maneuver designed to pass around the enemy's front to strike a vital part of the enemy's rear. It is a military tactic where a command is divided into two parts. The first part holds the enemy from the front while the other part moves around to attack the enemy's rear or flank. Unlike an envelopment or a flanking maneuver, the two forces operate beyond the distance where they could usually support each other. It is often easier for an enemy force to avoid an envelopment than it is to avoid a turning movement. To counter a turning movement, the enemy must either abandon their position or turn to meet the new threat. The turning movement is a variation of the envelopment tactic. Another difference is that the turning movement often seeks to avoid enemy contact until they are deep in the enemy's rear. Faced with a new threat in his rear area, the enemy is "turned" out of his defensive position and forced to act.
Examples 
An early example of a turning movement was by Julius Caesar in 48 BC. One of Napoleon I of France's favorite tactics was the "Strategy of Indirect Approach" or the turning movement. One corps of his army would hold the enemy's attention while the main force would move behind the enemy in a wide circle. Ideally he would use the terrain to hide the turning movement. He used this to great effect during his 1805 Ulm Campaign. He repeated his success with this tactic at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, and at the Battle of Friedland in 1807.

The famous "left hook" maneuver by American and French troops during Operation Desert Storm was another example of a turning movement. Paratroopers of the American 82nd Airborne Division in vehicles along with the French 6th Light Armoured Brigade moved up the flanks. At the same time the 101st Airborne Division made the largest helicopter assault in history in the rear of Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard to cut off their retreat.
Related pages 
 Envelopment
 Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
 Flanking maneuver
 Rearguard
 Attrition warfare
 Feigned retreat
 Preemptive war
 Oblique order
 Shock tactics

References

Other websites 
 Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics
 1990-91 Gulf War briefing General Norman Schwarzkopf part 2 (Left hook); YouTube 

Military terminology
Military tactics
The Geoffroea decorticans  or  Chañar  is a small tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found in very arid places of southern South America. It is a deciduous tree that loses its leaves in winter with the cold and also in summer if it gets too dry.

Description

The trunk of Geoffroea decorticans grows vertically when grows alone but the plant looks like a shrub when it grows inside the forest. The tree grows up to  tall.

The trunk could have up to  in diameter, with yellow bark that peels off, revealing the underneath young green bark. The plant has many branches and many leaves, and the tree have a rounded look in its upper part.

The flowers are very visible, small, papery and yellow-coloured. The tree produces flowers in spring (September to October, in the Southern hemisphere), either singly or in groups ("clusters)", and produces fruits from November to January.
Geoffroea decorticans is unique among legumes in that it produces fleshy, oval pods that hold a single seed. Fruits are initially green but turn deep orange as they mature.

Name
The second name of the species,  decorticans, means that the bark of the trunk peels off.

Common names for this tree are chañar, Chilean palo verde and kumbaru.

Synonyms
The species have the following synonyms:
 Gourliea decorticans var. subtropicalis Lillo
 Geoffroea decorticans var. subtropicalis (Lillo) Burkart
 Geoffroya spinosa (Molina) M. de Moussy
 Gourliea spinosa (Molina) Skeels
 Gourliea chilensis Clos
 Gourliea decorticans Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.
 Gourliea decorticata Walp.
 Lucuma spinosa Molina

Where it grows
The plant grows naturally in very dry regions in South America. Geoffroea decorticans is found in Argentina (northwest and central), Bolivia, northern Chile, western Paraguay, southern Peru and western Uruguay.
The chañar grows from sea level up to  above sea level. In Chile, it grows in the Arica and Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo regions, and grows in groups called , in plural  ( in singular).

Uses
Geoffroea decorticans is an average tree with a wood moderately hard and dense, good for carpentry and furniture making. It is also used as firewood and to make cheap posts (tall sticks) for fences.

The fruits are sweet and can be eaten, as well as the seeds; both are used as human and animal feed. The fruits are very commonly used for both cooking and medical purposes in the processed form of chañar molasses.

Because they produce many bright, yellow flowers, Geoffroea decorticans is also used as ornamental plants.

References

Other websites

 Arid Zone Trees
Pictures and information of Geoffroea decorticans in Northern Chile 
Geoffroea Notes 
Image of G. decorticans branch - sample stored at FieldMuseum (Chicago)

Trees
Faboideae
Cyclone Bobby took place on February 19, 1995. The cyclone hit parts of Western Australia. It moved slowly before hitting the east of Onslow. Cyclone Bobby had 40mm of rain and a maximum winds of 270km/h. Three people died from Bobby and many were injured. Cyclone Bobby was one of the most devastating cyclones in the history of Western Australia.

1995
Tropical cyclones in Oceania
1990s in Australia
Western Australia
Retired tropical cyclone names
1990s in weather
Postal codes in Azerbaijan consist of four digits.  

The four-digit postcode shows the nationwide format AZ NNNN. The first two digits show the regions of Azerbaijan in accordance with the modern administrative divisions, including the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and occupied Nagorno-Karabakh.

From 1970 until 1991, when Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR, the entire territory of the Soviet Union used the six-digit postcode 37NNNN. After gaining independence, Azerbaijan switched to the current four-digit postcode.

Related pages 
 Azərpoçt – the national postal service of Azerbaijan
 Postal code
 Telephone numbers in Azerbaijan
 ISO 3166-2:AZ
 Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan

References

Other websites
 
 

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
ENSAE Paris (officially École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique Paris) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its curricula lead to these French & European degrees:
 Ingénieur ENSAE ParisTech (ENSAE ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are taught mainly in French and English languages. The students are from a dozen nationalities.

Research labs 
Research activities at ENSAE ParisTech relate to the following topics:
Economics
Finance, insurance
Macroeconomics
Microeconomics
Sociology
Statistical

Notable graduate 
 Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, Moroccan economist and writer.

References 

Technical colleges and universities in Paris
1942 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in France
The Hayflick limit (or Hayflick phenomenon) is a phenomenon of cell division in tissue culture. It is the number of times a normal human cell population divides until cell division stops.
We now know that the telomeres on each cell's chromosomes get slightly shorter with each new cell division, until they reach a critical length.

The idea of the Hayflick limit was suggested by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hayflick showed that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture will divide between 40 to 60 times. The population then goes into senescence. This refutes the idea of Nobel laureate Alexis Carrel that normal cells are potentially immortal.

Each mitosis slightly shortens each of the telomeres on the chromosomes of the cells. Telomere shortening eventually makes cell division impossible, and this ageing of the cell population may cause the overall physical ageing of the human body.
The process of telomere shortening leads to apoptosis, the technical name given to programmed cell death. Although the Hayflick experiments were done on human cells in tissue culture, there is nothing special about human cells which would not be found in the cells of other living organisms. Apoptosis is thought to happen in all multicellular organisms. The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis. The genes were found by studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. These same genes function in humans for apoptosis.

References

Related pages 
Apoptosis
Ageing

Chromosomes
Cantor's diagonal argument is a mathematical method to prove that two infinite sets have the same cardinality. Cantor  published articles on it in 1877, 1891 and 1899. His first proof of the diagonal argument was published in 1890 in the journal of the German Mathematical Society (Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung).  According to Cantor, two sets have the same cardinality, if it is possible to associate an element from the second set to each element of the first set, and to associate an element of the first set to each element of the second set. This statement works well for sets with a finite number of elements. It is less intuitive for sets with an infinite number of elements.

Cantor's first diagonal argument 

The example below uses two of the simplest infinite sets, that of natural numbers, and that of positive fractions. The idea is to show that both of these sets,   and   have the same cardinality. 

First, the fractions are aligned in an array, as follows:
Next, the numbers are counted, as shown. Fractions which can be simplified are left out:

That way, the fractions are counted:

By omitting fractions that can still be simplified, there is a bijection which associates each element of the natural numbers, to one element of the fractions: 

To show that all natural numbers and the fractions have the same cardinality, the element 0 needs to be added; after each fraction its negative  is added;

That way, there is a complete bijection, which associates a fraction to each natural number. In other words: both sets have the same cardinality. Today, sets that have the same number of elements than the set of natural numbers are called countable. Sets which have fewer elements than the natural numbers are called at most countable. With that definition, the set of rational numbers / fractions is countable. 

Infinite sets often have properties which go against intuition: David Hilbert showed this in an experiment which is called Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel.
Real numbers 
The set of real numbers does not have the same cardinality than those of the natural numbers;  there are more real numbers than natural numbers. The idea outlined above influenced his proof. In his 1891 article, Cantor considered the set T of all infinite sequences of binary digits (i.e. each digit is zero or one).
He begins with a constructive proof of the following theorem:
If s1, s2, … , sn, … is any enumeration of elements from T, then there is always an element s of T which corresponds to no sn in the enumeration.
To prove this, given an enumeration of elements from T, like e.g.
{|
|-
| s1 = || (0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || ...)
|-
| s2 = || (1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || ...)
|-
| s3 = || (0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || ...)
|-
| s4 = || (1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || ...)
|-
| s5 = || (1, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 1, || ...)
|-
| s6 = || (0, || 0, || 1, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 1, || ...)
|-
| s7 = || (1, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 0, || ...)
|-
| ...
|}
|-
| ...
|}
The sequence s is constructed by choosing the 1st digit as complementary to the 1st digit of s1 (swapping 0s for 1s and vice versa), the 2nd digit as complementary to the 2nd digit of s2, the 3rd digit as complementary to the 3rd digit of s3, and generally for every n, the nth digit as complementary to the nth digit of sn. In the example, this yields:
{|
|-
| s1 || = || (0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || ...)
|-
| s2 || = || (1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || ...)
|-
| s3 || = || (0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || ...)
|-
| s4 || = || (1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || ...)
|-
| s5 || = || (1, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 1, || ...)
|-
| s6 || = || (0, || 0, || 1, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 1, || ...)
|-
| s7 || = || (1, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 0, || ...)
|-
| ...
|-
|
|-
| s || = || (1, || 0, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 0, || 1, || ...)
|}
By construction, s differs from each sn, since their nth digits differ (highlighted in the example).
Hence, s cannot occur in the enumeration.
Based on this theorem, Cantor then uses a proof by contradiction to show that:
The set T is uncountable.
He assumes for contradiction that T was countable. In that case, all its elements could be written as an enumeration s1, s2, … , sn, … .
Applying the previous theorem to this enumeration would produce a sequence s not belonging to the enumeration.
However, s was an element of T and should therefore be in the enumeration. 
This contradicts the original assumption, so T must be uncountable.

Notes

References 

Set theory
There are 3 arrondissements in the Deux-Sèvres department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Deux-Sèvres are:
History
Since its creation, the Deux-Sèvres department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the department, with six districts: Melle, Niort, Parthenay, Saint-Maixent, Thouars and Châtillon (now Mauléon). The capital of the department was Niort alternating with Parthenay and Saint-Maixent but soon was changed and Niort was kept as the only capital.
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Melle, Niort, Parthenay and Thouars. Saint-Maixent and Châtillon were left out.
 1804 : the subprefecture of Thouars is moved to Bressuire.
 1926 : the arrondissements of Bressuire and Melle were eliminated.
 1942 : the Bressuire was made again an arrondissement.

References

Related pages
List of arrondissements of France

Deux-Sevres
The arrondissement of Bressuire is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Bressuire.

History
When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Bressuire was not one of the original districts but, in 1804, it was made one of the arrondissements of the department when the subprefecture of Thouars was moved to Bressuire.

Geography
Bressuire is the northernmost arrondissement of the department. It is bordered to the north by the Maine-et-Loire department, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the arrondissement of Parthenay and to the west by the Vendée department.

It has an area of , and a population of 96,703 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
In the arrondissement of Bressuire, there are 3 cantons with all their communes  in the arrondissement: Bressuire, Mauléon and Thouars, 

The following table shows the distribution of the communes in the arrondissement of  Bressuire:

Communes
The arrondissement of Bressuire has 53 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Argentonnay (79013)
 Argenton-l'Église (79014)
 Boismé (79038)
 Bouillé-Loretz (79043)
 Bressuire (79049)
 Bretignolles (79050)
 Brie (79054)
 Brion-près-Thouet (79056)
 Cerizay (79062)
 Chiché (79088)
 Cirières (79091)
 Combrand (79096)
 Coulonges-Thouarsais (79102)
 Courlay (79103)
 Faye-l'Abbesse (79116)
 La Forêt-sur-Sèvre (79123)
 Geay (79131)
 Genneton (79132)
 Glénay (79134)
 Louzy (79157)
 Luché-Thouarsais (79159)
 Luzay (79161)
 Mauléon (79079)
 Mauzé-Thouarsais (79171)
 Missé (79178)
 Montravers (79183)
 Nueil-les-Aubiers (79195)
 Oiron (79196)
 Pas-de-Jeu (79203)
 La Petite-Boissière (79207)
 Pierrefitte (79209)
 Le Pin (79210)
 Saint-Amand-sur-Sèvre (79235)
 Saint-André-sur-Sèvre (79236)
 Saint-Aubin-du-Plain (79238)
 Saint-Cyr-la-Lande (79244)
 Sainte-Gemme (79250)
 Sainte-Radegonde (79292)
 Sainte-Verge (79300)
 Saint-Jacques-de-Thouars (79258)
 Saint-Jean-de-Thouars (79259)
 Saint-Jouin-de-Milly (79261)
 Saint-Léger-de-Montbrun (79265)
 Saint-Martin-de-Mâcon (79274)
Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay (79277)
 Saint-Maurice-Étusson (79280)
 Saint-Pierre-des-Échaubrognes (79289)
 Saint-Varent (79299)
 Taizé (79321)
 Thouars (79329)
 Tourtenay (79331)
 Val en Vignes (79063)
 Voulmentin (79242)
Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Bressuire
Cynthia Jane Kenyon (born February 21, 1954) is an American molecular biologist and geneticist. She does research on the genetics of aging in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, which is a roundworm.

Career 
Kenyon did postdoctoral studies with Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, studying the development of C. elegans.

Since 1986 she has been at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), as the Herbert Boyer Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and now as an American Cancer Society professor. She is also Vice President of Aging Research at Calico, a new company focused on health, well-being, and longevity.

Research 
Her early work led to the discovery that hox genes, known to pattern the body segments of the fruit fly Drosophila, also pattern the body of C. elegans. These findings showed that hox genes were part of an ancient and fundamental metazoan patterning system.
Michael Klass discovered that lifespan of C. elegans could be altered by mutations, but he believed the effect was due to reduced food consumption (calorie restriction). Later, Thomas Johnson showed that the 65% life extension effect was due to the mutation itself, not calorie restriction.

In 1993, Kenyon discovered that a single gene mutation (daf-2) could double the lifespan of C. elegans and that this could be reversed by a second mutation in daf-16m. This set off an intensive study of the molecular biology of aging. Kenyon's findings led to the discovery that an evolutionarily-conserved hormone signaling system influences aging in other organisms, perhaps also mammals.

The company she founded, Elixir Pharmaceuticals, is trying to make a pill that would slow down the process that makes people age. It would mimic gene manipulation.
Honors 
Kenyon has received many honors, including the King Faisal Prize for Medicine, the American Association of Medical Colleges Award for Distinguished Research, the Ilse & Helmut Wachter Award for Exceptional Scientific Achievement, and La Fondation IPSEN Prize, for her findings. She is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is now the director of the Hillblom Center for the Biology of Aging at UCSF.  She is also one of featured biologists in the 1995 science documentary Death by Design / The Life and Times of Life and Times.

Personal diet 
Kenyon's research prompted her to make personal dietary changes.  She stopped eating high glycemic index carbohydrates when she discovered that putting sugar on the worms' food shortened their lifespans.

Kenyon follows a low glycemic index diet similar to the Atkins diet and the South Beach Diet.
In the past, Kenyon had also briefly experimented with a calorie restriction diet for two days, but couldn't stand the constant hunger.

Related pages 
 Senescence

References

Other websites
 NIH Profile: Cynthia Kenyon, Ph.D. 
 Basic Research: Cynthia Kenyon by Steven Kotler in Discover, vol. 25, no. 11, 2004
 Kenyon Lab at UCSF
 Cynthia Kenyon's seminar: Genes that Control Aging 
 Cynthia Kenyon: "A GENETIC CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR AGING" 
 Cynthia Kenyon Seminar: "Longevity Mutants" 
 Elixir Pharmaceuticals
 Kenyon Lab website
 In Methuselah's Mould, an open-access interview discussing Kenyon's research and her personal low carb diet.

American geneticists
American biochemists
American biophysicists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
1955 births
Living people
Randall Woolf (born 23 August 1959) is an American composer. He studied at Harvard University. Woolf received Guggenheim Fellowship in 1999. One of his piaces is called White Heat. He is a long time collaborator of Welsh musician John Cale. He arranged Cale's score for Mary Harron's movie American Psycho. His wife Kathleen Supové is a pianist.

References

Other websites
Official website

1959 births
Living people
American composers
The arrondissement of Niort is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Niort.

History
When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Niort was one of the original districts.

Geography
Niort is the southernmost arrondissement of the department. It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Parthenay,  to the east by the  Vienne department,  to the south by the  Charente-Maritime department and to the west by the Vendée department.

It has an area of , and a population of 212,425 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the case of the arrondissement of Niort, all its cantons have their communes within the arrondissement. The following table shows the distribution of the communes in the arrondissement:
Communes
The arrondissement of Niort has 163 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aiffres (79003)
 Aigonnay (79004)
 Alloinay (79136)
 Amuré (79009)
 Arçais (79010)
 Ardilleux (79011)
 Ardin (79012)
 Asnières-en-Poitou (79015)
 Aubigné (79018)
 Augé (79020)
 Avon (79023)
 Azay-le-Brûlé (79024)
 La Bataille (79027)
 Beaussais-Vitré (79030)
 Beauvoir-sur-Niort (79031)
 Béceleuf (79032)
 Belleville (79033)
 Bessines (79034)
 Le Beugnon (79035)
 Boisserolles (79039)
 Bougon (79042)
 Bouin (79045)
 Le Bourdet (79046)
 Brieuil-sur-Chizé (79055)
 Brioux-sur-Boutonne (79057)
 Brûlain (79058)
 Le Busseau (79059)
 Caunay (79060)
 Celles-sur-Belle (79061)
 Chail (79064)
 Champdeniers-Saint-Denis (79066)
 La Chapelle-Bâton (79070)
 La Chapelle-Pouilloux (79074)
 La Chapelle-Thireuil (79077)
 Chauray (79081)
 Chef-Boutonne (79083)
 Chenay (79084)
 Chérigné (79085)
 Cherveux (79086)
 Chey (79087)
 Chizé (79090)
 Clussais-la-Pommeraie (79095)
 La Couarde (79098)
 Coulon (79100)
 Coulonges-sur-l'Autize (79101)
 Cours (79104)
 Couture-d'Argenson (79106)
 La Crèche (79048)
 Crézières (79107)
Crézières (79107)
 Échiré (79109)
 Ensigné (79111)
 Épannes (79112)
 Exireuil (79114)
 Exoudun (79115)
 Faye-sur-Ardin (79117)
 Fenioux (79119)
 Fontenille-Saint-Martin-d'Entraigues (79122)
 Fors (79125)
 Les Fosses (79126)
 La Foye-Monjault (79127)
 François (79128)
 Fressines (79129)
 Frontenay-Rohan-Rohan (79130)
 Germond-Rouvre (79133)
 Granzay-Gript (79137)
 Hanc (79140)
 Juillé (79142)
 Juscorps (79144)
 Lezay (79148)
 Limalonges (79150)
 Lorigné (79152)
 Loubigné (79153)
 Loubillé (79154)
 Luché-sur-Brioux (79158)
 Lusseray (79160)
 Magné (79162)
 Mairé-Levescault (79163)
 Maisonnay (79164)
 Marigny (79166)
 Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon (79170)
 Mazières-sur-Béronne (79173)
 Melle (79174)
 Melleran (79175)
 Messé (79177)
 Montalembert (79180)
 La Mothe-Saint-Héray (79184)
 Mougon-Thorigné (79185)
 Nanteuil (79189)
 Niort (79191)
 Paizay-le-Chapt (79198)
 Paizay-le-Tort (79199)
 Pamplie (79200)
 Pamproux (79201)
 Périgné (79204)
 Pers (79205)
 Pioussay (79211)
 Pliboux (79212)
 Pouffonds (79214)
Pouffonds (79214)
 Prahecq (79216)
 Prailles (79217)
 Priaires (79219)
 Prin-Deyrançon (79220)
 Prissé-la-Charrière (79078)
 Puihardy (79223)
 La Rochénard (79229)
 Rom (79230)
 Romans (79231)
 Saint-Christophe-sur-Roc (79241)
 Saint-Coutant (79243)
 Sainte-Blandine (79240)
 Sainte-Eanne (79246)
 Sainte-Néomaye (79283)
 Sainte-Ouenne (79284)
 Sainte-Soline (79297)
 Saint-Étienne-la-Cigogne (79247)
 Saint-Gelais (79249)
 Saint-Génard (79251)
 Saint-Georges-de-Rex (79254)
 Saint-Hilaire-la-Palud (79257)
 Saint-Laurs (79263)
 Saint-Léger-de-la-Martinière (79264)
 Saint-Maixent-de-Beugné (79269)
 Saint-Maixent-l'École (79270)
 Saint-Martin-de-Bernegoue (79273)
 Saint-Martin-de-Saint-Maixent (79276)
 Saint-Martin-lès-Melle (79279)
 Saint-Maxire (79281)
 Saint-Médard (79282)
 Saint-Pompain (79290)
 Saint-Rémy (79293)
 Saint-Romans-des-Champs (79294)
 Saint-Romans-lès-Melle (79295)
 Saint-Symphorien (79298)
 Saint-Vincent-la-Châtre (79301)
 Saivres (79302)
 Salles (79303)
 Sansais (79304)
 Sauzé-Vaussais (79307)
Sciecq (79308)
 Scillé (79309)
 Secondigné-sur-Belle (79310)
 Séligné (79312)
 Sepvret (79313)
 Sompt (79314)
 Soudan (79316)
 Souvigné (79319)
 Surin (79320)
 Thorigny-sur-le-Mignon (79328)
 Tillou (79330)
 Usseau (79334)
 Vallans (79335)
 Vançais (79336)
 Le Vanneau-Irleau (79337)
 Vanzay (79338)
 Vernoux-sur-Boutonne (79343)
 Le Vert (79346)
 Villefollet (79348)
 Villemain (79349)
 Villiers-en-Bois (79350)
 Villiers-en-Plaine (79351)
 Villiers-sur-Chizé (79352)
 Vouillé (79355)
 Xaintray (79357)
Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Niort
The arrondissement of Parthenay is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Parthenay.

History
When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Parthenay was one of the original districts.

Geography
The territory of the present arrondissement of Parthenay is the historical region of Gâtine vendéenne; several communes are named after this region:  La Boissière-en-Gâtine, Mazières-en-Gâtine, Saint-Paul-en-Gâtine, Vernoux-en-Gâtine.

Parthenay is the central arrondissement of the department. It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Bressuire, to the east by the  Vienne department, to the south by the arrondissement of Niort and to the west by the Vendée department.

It has an area of , and a population of 64,425 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Parthenay, there are 2 cantons with all their communes  in the arrondissement: La Gâtine and Parthenay. The following table shows the distribution of the communes in the arrondissement:

Communes
The arrondissement of Parthenay has 77 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Adilly (79002)
 Airvault (79005)
 Allonne (79007)
 Amailloux (79008)
 Assais-les-Jumeaux (79016)
 Aubigny (79019)
 Availles-Thouarsais (79022)
 Azay-sur-Thouet (79025)
 Beaulieu-sous-Parthenay (79029)
 Boussais (79047)
 Chantecorps (79068)
 Chanteloup (79069)
 Châtillon-sur-Thouet (79080)
 Clavé (79092)
 Clessé (79094)
 Coutières (79105)
 Doux (79108)
 Fomperron (79121)
 Fénery (79118)
 Gourgé (79135)
 Irais (79141)
 L'Absie (79001)
 La Boissière-en-Gâtine (79040)
 La Chapelle-Bertrand (79071)
 La Chapelle-Saint-Laurent (79076)
 La Chapelle-Saint-Étienne (79075)
 La Ferrière-en-Parthenay (79120)
 La Peyratte (79208)
 Lageon (79145)
 Largeasse (79147)
 Le Breuil-Bernard (79051)
 Le Chillou (79089)
 Le Retail (79226)
 Le Tallud (79322)
 Les Forges (79124)
 Les Groseillers (79139)
 Lhoumois (79149)
 Louin (79156)
 Maisontiers (79165)
 Marnes (79167)
 Mazières-en-Gâtine (79172)
 Moncoutant (79179)
 Moutiers-sous-Chantemerle (79188)
 Ménigoute (79176)
 Neuvy-Bouin (79190)
 Oroux (79197)
 Parthenay (79202)
Parthenay (79202)
 Pompaire (79213)
 Pougne-Hérisson (79215)
 Pressigny (79218)
 Pugny (79222)
 Reffannes (79225)
 Saint-Aubin-le-Cloud (79239)
 Saint-Georges-de-Noisné (79253)
 Saint-Germain-de-Longue-Chaume (79255)
 Saint-Germier (79256)
 Saint-Généroux (79252)
 Saint-Jouin-de-Marnes (79260)
 Saint-Lin (79267)
 Saint-Loup-Lamairé (79268)
 Saint-Marc-la-Lande (79271)
 Saint-Martin-du-Fouilloux (79278)
 Saint-Pardoux (79285)
 Saint-Paul-en-Gâtine (79286)
 Saurais (79306)
 Secondigny (79311)
 Soutiers (79318)
 Tessonnière (79325)
 Thénezay (79326)
 Trayes (79332)
 Vasles (79339)
 Vausseroux (79340)
 Vautebis (79341)
 Vernoux-en-Gâtine (79342)
 Verruyes (79345)
 Viennay (79347)
 Vouhé (79354)
Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Parthenay
Arosio is a village and former municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 13 March 2005 the former municipalites of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.

Villages in Ticino
Former municipalities of Ticino
Types of envelopment 
 Turning movement where the object is to "turn" the enemy from his defensive position and force them to act.
 Single envelopment is an attack on one flank or the enemy rear from one direction while holding their attention to their front.
 Double envelopment, also called a Pincer movement, requires three forces. One holds the center while the other two attack the right and left flanks. Once both flanking attacks reach the rear, the enemy is encircled.   
 Vertical envelopment is an envelopment from the sky. First thought of by Benjamin Franklin, it was not practical until the invention of the airplane.  Vertical envelopment uses paratroopers or other soldiers that arrive by air on the enemy's flank or rear.
Historic examples 
Famous examples of the single envelopment include Alexander the Great who used it at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. Robert E. Lee used the tactic at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. During World War II, German General Erwin Rommel used it successfully at the Battle of Gazala, which led directly to his capture of Tobruk in 1941. Some of the famous double envelopments include Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae where he defeated the Roman army in 216 BC. In 1781 during the American Revolutionary War, American general Daniel Morgan used it successfully against British general Banastre Tarleton, causing many of the British soldiers to surrender.  In the 1944 Falaise Gap during Operation Overlord, German troops were caught in a double envelopment by British and American forces.

References

Other websites 
 Rome 2 - Advanced Tactics - Double Envelopment at Cannae; YouTube

Military terminology
Military tactics
Knap of Howar is a neolithic settlement on Papa Westray (one of the Orkney Islands) in Scotland. The farm was occupied from about 3700 to 2800 BC. The farm consists of two buildings: One has been interpreted as house where people lived, the other as a workshop of sorts.The houses have no windows, both entries face the sea. It is believed that the houses where lit by fires. 

Settlements in Scotland
DeAndre Yedlin (born July 9, 1993 in Seattle, Washington) is an American soccer player for Newcastle United.

References 

1993 births
African-American sportspeople
American soccer players
Jewish American sportspeople
Sportspeople from Seattle
Premier League players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Living people
The Sèvre Nantaise is a river in western France, a left tributary of the Loire river.

It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Niortaise river that flows through Niort) and ends in the city of Nantes (and is the origin of the second part of the river's name).

Geography
The Sèvre Nantaise river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Nantes, where the Sèvre Nantaise joins the Loire river.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Nantes

Course
The Sèvre Nantaise starts in the Gâtines plateau, commune of Neuvy-Bouin, near the commune of Secondigny in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée, Maine-et-Loire and Loire-Atlantique.

Finally, the river flows into the Loire river in the city of Nantes.
The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 4 departments and 44 communes:
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Deux-Sèvres: 15 communes.
 Pays de la Loire region
 Vendée: 15 communes.
 Maine-et-Loire: two communes.
 Loire-Atlantique: 12 communes.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Sèvre Nantaise river are:

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station M7502410 - La Sèvre Nantaise à Nantes  
 Visite virtuelle du basin de la Sèvre Nantaise 

Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Rivers of Pays de la Loire
Ricardo Samuel Lucarelli Santos de Souza (born February 14, 1992) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He is a member of the Brazil national volleyball team and Brazilian club Funvic Taubaté. He competed on the winning volleyball team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

References 
 http://poland2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/bra-brazil/players/ricardo-lucarelli-santos-de-souza?id=40937

1992 births
Living people
Brazilian volleyball players
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Aaron Russell (born June 4, 1993) is an American volleyball player. He is a member of the United States men's national volleyball team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He won a bronze medal. Since late 2015, he plays for an Italian volleyball club.

Other websites
 Bio in Centre Daily Times
 FIVB profile

American volleyball players
1993 births
Living people
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics