Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The 47% story
After the first debate, an internet site named www.motherjones.com revealed on Monday September. 17, 2012 a YouTube video of Mitt Romney talking about some people of the United States who live at the expense of the state.
In this video he said: "There are 47 percent of the people who will vote for the president no matter what. All right, there are 47 percent who are with him, who are dependent upon government, who believe that they are victims, who believe the government has a responsibility to care for them, who believe that they are entitled to health care, to food, to housing, to you-name-it -- that that's an entitlement. And the government should give it to them. And they will vote for this president no matter what. ... These are people who pay no income tax. ... [M]y job is not to worry about those people. I'll never convince them they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives."
Conclusion of the 2012 presidential campaign
On the night of November 6, 2012, he announced that Barack Obama was re-elected as President of the United States of America and by extension Mitt Romney lost his chance to become president. He had received 206 votes against the 270 required to win.

His niece, Ronna Romney McDaniel, became the new Chair of the Republican Party after President Donald Trump nominated the then-Chairman Reince Priebus to White House Chief of Staff.

U.S. Senator from Utah
On January 2, 2018, after Orrin Hatch announced he would retire, Romney changed his Twitter location from Massachusetts to Holladay, Utah opening the long speculation of Romney running for the Senate seat.

On February 16, 2018, Romney formally launched his campaign through a video message posted on Facebook and Twitter. He won the Republican nomination on June 26, 2018.

Romney defeated Jenny Wilson in the general election in November 2018.
On February 13, 2021 Romney voted that Republican nominated President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

In 2021, Romney received the Profile in Courage Award for his impeachment vote for Trump.

In September 2023, Romney announced he would not run for re-election in 2024 and retire from the Senate when his term expires in 2025.

References

Businesspeople from Massachusetts
United States senators from Utah
American chief executives
Governors of Massachusetts
Politicians from Detroit
Businesspeople from Detroit
Businesspeople from Utah
2008 United States presidential candidates
2012 United States presidential candidates
Republican Party (United States) politicians
1947 births
Living people
21st-century American politicians
Massachusetts Republicans
Laboratory glassware refers to various items which are usually made of glass and used for scientific work in chemistry and biology laboratories. Some of these items are now made of plastic which is less expensive and more convenient.

Pipettes, petri dishes, and test tubes are examples of laboratory glassware. These items are used to store materials, to measure their volume, to mix and prepare solutions, or to contain a chemical reaction.

Laboratory equipment
Volta is a 2007 album by Icelandic rock singer Björk. She has claimed the album is about "returning to her roots". The style of the album is electronic pop. Five singles were released from it. The first single "Earth Intruders" was released April 2007. It was produced by Timbaland.

Songs 
 "Earth Intruders"
 "Wanderlust"
 "The Dull Flame of Desire"
 "Innocence"
 "I See Who You Are"
 "Vertabrae by Vertabrae "
 "Pneumonia"
 "Hope"
 "Declare Independence"
 "My Juvenile"

2007 albums
Björk albums
Pop albums
Mulatto is a word referring to a person who is born to one black parent and one white parent. The term may be considered offensive or rude to some, because of its origin. The term is also used to refer to a light brown color, because of a mulatto's skin color.  Many people prefer terms such as "biracial" and "of mixed race" over "mulatto".

In some cultures, such as in Cuba, there are a number of terms describing skin colour, and none of them is taken as evaluative. There are simply descriptive terms. And in the Spanish language the term mulata would be used for females of mixed race.
 
There are other descriptive terms which are used in the Caribbean and Latin America, without their being regarded as racial in the pejorative sense.

References 	

Ethnic groups
Spanish language
Water polo is a sport played in water with a ball. It has similarities to basketball and soccer, although players are in the pool. Players try to get the ball into the goal more times than the opposing team, without using goggles.

Outline 
Water polo is a team game. Two teams play a match. Each match has four periods called quarters. The length of each period is usually between 5 and 8 minutes. Because the amount of time spent on fouls or out throws is not counted in the quarter time, an average quarter really lasts around 12 minutes.

Each team has six field players and one goalkeeper. Water polo players need to be good at swimming and ball handing. They need good reflexes and awareness.

Players must keep floating in a game. Players may not stand on the bottom of the pool.

Water polo is played in a pool : depth is above 2 m, a vertical line is 30 m and width is 20 m.

Positions 
 Goal Keeper (2)
 Floater (1)
 Floater Back (1)
 Driver (4)
Equipments 
To play water polo, you need swimwear, caps, mouth guards, a ball and a goal.
The caps' design is unique. They are designed to protect head and ears.

Fouls
 Putting an offensive player who doesn't have a ball under the water; a defensive player who does this should go outside of the field for 20 seconds
 Sinking a ball
 Grasping a carrier's swimwear
 Touching a ball with both hands
 Putting both hands up to defend from shoot

History 
The rules of water polo were originally developed in the mid-nineteenth century in Great Britain by William Wilson. The game originated as a form of rugby football played in rivers and lakes in England and Scotland with a ball constructed of Indian rubber, probably from the 1850s onwards.

Famous players 
 Francesco di Fulvio
 Kan Aoyagi
 Seichiro Okuda
 Yoshitaka Koike
 Gerben Zwiep

Other websites 
 FINA Official Website
 Waterpolo-world
 Water Polo Planet 
 Coaching Information on Water Polo 

 
Summer Olympic sports
Fishsticks or fish fingers are a type of food probably invented in the United Kingdom. They are made of a whitefish like cod that is battered and breaded. They are often eaten with tartar sauce, cocktail sauce, or ketchup. Fishsticks are popular with children and their parents as an easy-to-prepare finger food that is somewhat healthy for kids.

History
Fishsticks first came about as a result of the invention of the plate froster in 1929, the first quick freezer. To ensure rapid freezing, food needed to be in slim rectangular slabs. A suitable candidate for this freezing method was fishsticks, slivers (small, thin pieces) cut from large fish and dipped in bread crumbs for frying.
In Britain in the 1950s, most of the herring catch was pickled and exported to other North European countries. In an attempt to make herring more appealing on the home market, companies tried to present it in a new way, creating herring fishsticks called “herring savouries” and were tested on the market against a bland control product of cod sticks, sold as “fish fingers.” Shoppers in Southampton and South Wales, showed an overwhelming preference for the cod. Cod fishsticks were first produced in Great Yarmouth and introduced in Britain on 26 September 1955. They became immensely popular after television advertising began in 1956. To this day, fish sticks are a favorite food among children.

Production
Production

On modern production lines, headless fish are processed through a machine that removes a fillet from each side of the backbone. The fillets then pass over a wheel and a blade that separates the skin from the flesh. Machine filleting leaves a few pin-like bones in the fillet, so the flesh containing the bones is cut out.

Fillets are formed into frozen blocks. A conveyor sends the blanks through batter and breadcrumbs, doubling the thickness of the fishstick. Then each is passed through a hot vegetable oil bath for about one minute to seal the coating and allow the fishstick to be grilled or fried. Then the fishstick is frozen again, with the center reaching -4 °F/-20 °C in less than 20 minutes. After packaging, it is stored at -18 °F/-28 °C, ready for distribution.

Trivia
Trivia 

 Fans of the New York Rangers of the NHL often taunt their rival team and fans, the New York Islanders because in the mid-1990s, the Islanders briefly changed their uniform from their traditional logo to a more new-age logo that featured a fisherman that many thought resembled the one on the box of Gorton's fish sticks. Rangers fans have been known to chant "We want Fishsticks" at both Madison Square Garden and the Nassau Coliseum during games between the teams.

Sources
 Readers Digest. (1990). "Fish fingers: coated cod fillets ready for frying." How in the World? Pleasantville, NY: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. 

Seafood
Fast food
Cornell Iral Haynes Jr. (born November 2, 1974) is an American rapper, singer, and entrepreneur better known by his stage name Nelly. He won three Grammy Awards in 2003 and nine Billboard Music Awards. Nelly's first five studio albums all reached the top three of the Billboard 200.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Remix albums

EPs

Singles

Filmography

References

1974 births
Living people
Rappers from Missouri
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Missouri
 
American rappers
American contemporary R&B singers
American R&B singers
American funk singers
A boy band is a type of musical group with three or more young male singers. Usually, the singers are able to perform as dancers as well. Most singers in boy bands do not play musical instruments. Boy bands usually perform pop or R&B music.

Best-selling boy bands
Despite negative critical reception, boy bands continue to be generally successful, with some notable ones managing to sell tens of millions of records, placing them among the world's best selling music artists. The best-selling boy bands based on sales figures are:

Total sales

Examples 
For a full list, see :Category:Boy bands
Some of the most popular boy bands include the following:
Big Bang (band) (2000s–present)
 The Jackson 5 (1960s–80s)
 The Monkees (1960s-present)
 The Temptations (1960s–present)
 One Direction (2010s–present)
 'N Sync (1990s–2000s)
 Backstreet Boys (1990s–present)
 O-Town (2000s–present)
 Westlife (1990s–present)
 Jonas Brothers (2000s–present)
 Blue (2000s–present)
 98 Degrees (1990s–present)
 A1 (1990s–present)
 New Edition (1980s–present)
 New Kids on the Block (1980s–present)

Related pages 
 Girl group
In musical performance, a solo is a piece or a section of a piece that is played or sung by a single performer. This performer is called a soloist. A soloist can be a singer or an instrumentalist.

Solos are common in classical music and jazz. In popular music, a solo is an improvised melody played by a single performer, such as a guitar solo. In the country music genre a solo is known as a ride.

Related pages
Concerto
Virtuoso

References

Musical forms
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a species of krill that lives in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. They are shrimp-like and belong to the invertebrates. 

They live in large groups, called swarms. Sometimes these swarms have a density of 10,000–30,000 individual animals per cubic meter. 

They feed directly on very small phytoplankton, so they can use the energy that the phytoplankton originally got from the sun in order to sustain their life in the open ocean. They grow to a length of 6 cm, weigh up to 2 g, and can live for up to six years. They are a key species in the Antarctic ecosystem and are, in terms of biomass, probably the most successful animal species on the planet (approximately 500 million tonnes).

In aquaria, krill have been observed to eat each other.

References
Further reading
 Hempel, G.: The krill-dominated pelagic system of the Southern Ocean. Envir. Inter. 13, pp. 33 – 36; 1987.
 Hempel, G.: Life in the Antarctic sea ice zone. Polar Record 27(162); pp. 249 – 253; 1991
 Hempel, G.; Sherman, K.: Large marine ecosystems of the world: trends in exploitation, protection, and research. Elsevier, Amsterdam: Large marine ecosystems 12, 423 pp; 2003
Nicol, S. & de la Mare, W. K. Ecosystem management and the Antarctic krill. American Scientist 81 (No. 1), pp. 36–47. Biol 9:129–135; 1993.
 Nicol, S.; Foster, J.: Recent trends in the fishery for Antarctic krill , Aquat. Living Resour. 16, pp. 42 – 45; 2003.
 Sahrhage, D.: Antarctic Krill Fisheries: Potential Resources and Ecological Concerns. In Caddy, J. F. (ed.): Marine Invertebrate Fisheries; their assessment and management; pp. 13 – 33. Wiley, 1989.
Ikeda, T. (1984) The influence of feeding on the metabolic activity of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana). Polar Biology 3(1)
Other websites 

 Euphausia superba  from MarineBio.
 "Virtual microscope"  of Antarctic krill for an interactive tour of their morphology and behavior, along with other peer-reviewed information.
 "Krill fights for survival as sea ice melts" from the NASA's "Earth Observatory".
 "Antarctic Wildlife at Risk From Overfishing, Experts Say", from National Geographic News, August 5 2003.
  Diary  of the RRS James Clark Ross, giving a popular introduction to the Antarctic krill.
"Less krill for predators in the Southern Ocean"  from the British Antarctic Survey. See also "Climate row touches blue whales", from the BBC, July 19 2001.
 A time to krill 
 Extensive bibliography.
 Krill Count Project
 WIKIversity Lecture "Biology of Antarctica" 

Krill
The cubic metre (symbol m³) is the SI unit of volume. It is a cube with a length, height, and width of one metre, with 1,000 litres of space.

In the many places it is spelled "cubic meter". Other names are stère and kilolitre or kiloliter.

Conversions 

1 cubic metre equals:
 1,000 litres
 Approximately 35.3 cubic feet
 Approximately 1.31 cubic yards
 Approximately 6.29 oil barrels

A cubic metre of pure water at the temperature of maximum density (3.98 °C) and standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a mass of 1000 kg, or one tonne. At 0 °C, the freezing point of water, it is slightly less, 999.972 kg.

It is sometimes abbreviated , , , , , when superscript characters or markup are not available/accessible (i.e. in some typewritten documents and postings in Usenet newsgroups).

Abbreviated CBM in the freight business and MTQ (or numeric code 49) in international trade.

Multiples and submultiples
Multiples 
Cubic decametre
the volume of a cube of side length one decametre (10 m)
equal to a megalitre
1 dam3 = 1,000 m3 = 1 ML

Cubic hectometre
the volume of a cube of side length one hectometre (100 m)
equal to a gigalitre
1 hm3 = 1,000,000 m3 = 1 GL
 
Cubic kilometre
the volume of a cube of side length one kilometre (1,000 m)
equal to a teralitre
1 km3 = 1,000,000,000 m3 = 1 TL

Submultiples 
Cubic decimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one decimetre (0.1 m)
equal to a litre
1 dm3 = 0.001 m3 = 1 L

Cubic centimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one centimetre (0.01 m)
equal to a millilitre
1 cm3 = 0.000001 m3 = 10-6 m3 = 1 mL

Cubic millimetre
the volume of a cube of side length one millimetre (0.001 m)
equal to a microlitre
1 mm3 = 0.000000001 m3 = 10-9 m3 = 1 µL

Units of volume
SI derived units
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger established on 16 October 1945.

It serves both developed and developing countries and acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all.

FAO offices

Regional offices 
 Regional Office for Africa in Accra, Ghana
 Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean  in Santiago, Chile
 Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific  in Bangkok, Thailand
 Regional Office for the Near East in Cairo, Egypt
 Regional Office for Europe at FAO headquarters, Rome, Italy
Subregional offices 
 Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa  in Harare, Zimbabwe
 Subregional Office for the Pacific Islands  in Apia, Samoa
 Subregional Office for Central and Eastern Europe in Budapest, Hungary
 Subregional Office for the Caribbean  in Bridgetown, Barbados
 Subregional Office For North Africa  in Tunis, Tunisia

Liaison offices 
 Liaison Office with the United Nations in Geneva 
 Liaison Office for North America in Washington D.C.
 Liaison Office with the United Nations in New York
 Liaison Office with Japan in Yokohama 
 Liaison Office with the European Union and Belgium in Brussels

Related pages 
World Food Programme

Other websites 
 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
 Fact sheets / features / press releases
 FAO Statistics Division 
 FAOSTAT website
 TeleFood 
 World Food Day
 Avian Flu 

United Nations
Green politics
A colorimeter is a device used for measuring colours, or colorimetry. It measures the absorbance of different wavelengths of light in a solution. It can be used to measure the concentration of a known solute.

Different chemical substances absorb different wavelengths of light. When the concentration of the solute is higher, it absorbs more light in a specific wavelength. This is known as the Beer-Lambert law.

Different parts 
The most important parts of a colorimeter are:
 a light source, which is usually an ordinary filament lamp
 an aperture, which can be adjusted
 a set of filters in different colors
 a detector that measures the light which has passed through the solution
Filters 
Different filters are used to select the wavelength of light which the solution absorbs the most. This makes the colorimeter more accurate. Solutions are usually placed in glass or plastic cuvettes. The usual wavelengths used are between 400 and 700 nanometers. If it is necessary to use ultraviolet light (below 400 nanometers) then the lamp and filters must be changed.

Output 
The output of the colorimeter may be shown in graphs or tables, by an analogue or digital meter. The data may be printed on paper, or stored in a computer. The output may be shown as transmittance (a linear scale from 0-100%) or as absorbance (a logarithmic scale from zero to infinity). The useful range of the absorbance scale is from 0-2 but it is desirable to keep within the range 0-1 because, above 1, the results become unreliable due to scattering of light. A Transmittance-Absorbance conversion table may be seen here.

Laboratory equipment
Valletta is the capital city of Malta. It was founded by Jean Parisot de la Valette, the Grandmaster of the Order of Saint John on March 28, 1566. The city's population is 6,315 (in 2005) and it is currently decreasing as people move to the UK, Italy, or the newer areas of Malta.

Other websites

National capitals in Europe
Cities in Malta
The Basketball Bundesliga (BBL) is the highest level of basketball competition in Germany. The BBL determines the national champion.

Teams

Champions since 1939 

2008: Alba Berlin
2007: Brose Baskets Bamberg 
2006: RheinEnergie Cologne 
2005: GHP Bamberg 
2004: OPEL Skyliners Frankfurt am Main 
2003: Alba Berlin 
2002: Alba Berlin 
2001: Alba Berlin 
2000: Alba Berlin 
1999: Alba Berlin 
1998: Alba Berlin 
1997: Alba Berlin 
1996: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1995: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1994: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1993: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1992: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1991: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1990: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1989: BG Steiner Bayreuth
1988: BSC Saturn Köln 
1987: BSC Saturn Köln 
1986: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1985: TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen 
1984: ASC Göttingen
1983: ASC Göttingen 
1982: BSC Saturn Köln 
1981: BSC Saturn Köln 
1980: SSC Göttingen 
1979: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
1978: MTV 1846 Gießen 
1977: USC Heidelberg
1976: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
1975: MTV 1846 Gießen 
1974: SSV Hagen 
1973: USC Heidelberg 
1972: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
1971: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
1970: TuS 04 Leverkusen 
1969: VfL Osnabrück 
1968: MTV 1846 Gießen 
1967: MTV 1846 Gießen 
1966: USC Heidelberg 
1965: MTV 1846 Gießen 
1964: Alemannia Aachen
1963: Alemannia Aachen 
1962: USC Heidelberg 
1961: USC Heidelberg 
1960: USC Heidelberg 
1959: USC Heidelberg 
1958: USC Heidelberg 
1957: USC Heidelberg 
1956: ATV Düsseldorf
1955: FC Bayern München 
1954: FC Bayern München 
1953: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
1952: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
1951: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
1950: BC Stuttgart-Degerloch 
1949: MTSV Schwabing 
1948: Turnerbund Heidelberg 
1947: MTSV Schwabing
1939: LSV Spandau

Other websites
Basketball Bundesliga

Basketball leagues
1939 establishments in Germany
Sports organizations of Germany
Butterfield, Missouri is a village in Missouri, United States.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.1 km² (0.4 mi²), all land.

Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 397 people, 136 households, and 102 families living in the village. The population density was 365.0/km² (947.6/mi²). There were 149 houses at an average density of 137.0/km² (355.7/mi²). The racial mix of the village was 85.14% white, 0.50% African American, 0.50% Native American, 11.59% from other races, and 2.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.41% of the population.
There were 136 households out of which 43.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were [married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.44.

In the village the population was spread out with 34.0% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 98.5 males.This is also the case for females over 18.
The median income for a household in the village was $24,706, and the median income for a family was $28,000. Males had a median income of $20,417 versus $18,750 for females. The per citizen income for the village was $9,460. About 19.8% of families and 19.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.2% of those under age 18 and 28.6% of those age 65 or over.

Cities in Missouri
Andorra la Vella is the capital city of the principality of Andorra and is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the southwestern part of the country.

Geography
The Andorra la Vella parish is in the southwestern part of the country at the confluence of two mountain streams, the Valira del Nord (Northern Valira) and the Valira de l'Orient (Eastern Valira), which join to form the Gran Valira that flows through the capital city.

The parish borders with the La Massana parish to the north, with the Escaldes-Engordany parish to the east, with the Sant Julià de Lòria parish to the south and with Spain to the west.

The highest mountain in the parish is Pic d'Os () with an elevation of  above sea level; it is on the border with the Sant Julià de Lòria parish and Spain.

At 1023 m (3,356 ft) above sea level, it is the highest capital in Europe.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 22,886 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Andorra la Vella
Villages
The urban areas in the parish are:

Economy
Andorra la Vella is the country's commercial centre. The city is also the centre for many banks and businesses. The state is not a member of the European Union, but has a customs arrangement with the EU, and uses the euro.

References

National capitals in Europe
Parishes of Andorra
Woodland is a low-density forest with plenty of sunlight and limited shade. It forms an open habitat. 

Woodlands have an understory of shrubs and herbaceous plants including grasses. Woodlands grade into shrubland in drier conditions or in early stages of plant succession. Higher densities and areas of trees, with largely closed canopy, and nearly continuous shade and are often called forests. 

Woodland in British forestry means any smaller area covered in trees, however dense. Forest in the British Isles means extensive wooded areas, regardless of density. Royal forests may not be wooded at all. The term ancient woodland is used in British conservation to mean any wooded land that has existed for a very long time (equivalent to the American term old growth forest).

Conservationist work hard to preserve woodlands. The woodlands in Northwest Indiana have been preserved as part of the Indiana Dunes.

References

Other websites 
The Woodland Trust 

Forests
Other meanings are at Limburg
Limburg is the southernmost province of the Netherlands. Its capital is Maastricht. About 1,116,000 people are living in Limburg (2021).

It is the only province in the Netherlands which has hills. It is a very old province; the capital city, Maastricht, is over 2000 years old. The Limburgish people do speak Dutch, but they also speak their own dialects called Limburgish. These dialects - especially the ones in the South of Limburg, the normal Dutch people find difficult to understand. These dialects have many influences from German and French. The Limburgish are renowned for their famous vlaai. 

Limburg got its status as a Dutch Province in 1867 

Limburger cheese comes from this region.

References

Other websites
Mount Cayley is an eroded stratovolcano. It is 11 km southeast of Callaghan Lake and 24 west of Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt which is a segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc.

A scenario of an eruption of Mount Cayley shows how western Canada is vulnerable to an eruption. The scenario is based on past activity in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and involves both effusive and explosive eruptions. The scenario impact is largely a result of the concentration of vulnerable infrastructure in valleys.

In 2003, Catherine Hickson, a scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada, was one of the three scientists to report on the hypothetical eruption at Mount Cayley. The first signs of activity at the volcano would probably be enlarged seismic activity in and close to the mountain. Flooding would turn out to be a huge issue for the community of Squamish and could eventually overrun parts of Highway 99.

The Mount Cayley volcanic field is named after Mount Cayley.

References
References

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Mountains of British Columbia
Limburg might mean:

Duchies, and former countries
the Duchy of Limburg (which was later split into the provinces below)

Provinces
Limburg (Netherlands), a province of the Netherlands
Limburg (Belgium), a province of Belgium

Cities
The city of Limbourg in Belgium (also known as Limburg an der Weser)
The city of Limburg an der Lahn in Germany

People
the Limbourg brothers, famous Renaissance painters

Other use
Limburger cheese is made in both Dutch Limburg and Belgian Limburg
Limburg  (, , , ) is the easternmost of the five provinces of modern Flanders, which is one of the three main political and cultural sub-divisions of modern Belgium. Its capital is Hasselt.

Geography
Limburg is located west of the Meuse (Dutch Maas) river, upon which it borders the similarly named province Limburg of the Netherlands. It also borders on the Walloon province of Liège to the south, with which it also has historical ties. To the north and west are the old territories of the Duchy of Brabant, the Flemish provinces of Flemish Brabant and Antwerp to the west, and the Dutch province of North Brabant to the north.

The province of Limburg has an area of  with a population of about 886,000 in 2022.
The province is divided into three arrondissements (arrondissementen in Dutch) with 42 municipalities. Among these municipalities are the current capital Hasselt, the early medieval capital Borgloon, Genk, Diepenbeek (home to Hasselt University), and Tongeren, the only Roman city in the province and regarded as the oldest city of Belgium.

The municipality of Voeren is geographically detached  (an exclave) from Limburg and the rest of Flanders, with the Netherlands to the north and the Walloon province of Liège to the south. This municipality was established by the municipal reform of 1977.

The highest point of the province, , is in the town of Remersdaal, Voeren municipality.
The centre of Belgian Limburg is crossed east to west by the Demer river and the Albert Canal, which run similar paths. The Demer river's drainage basin covers most of the central and southern part of the province, except for the southeastern corner, where the Jeker (in French: (le) Geer) runs past Tongeren and into the Maas river (in French: (la) Meuse) at Maastricht.

The eastern border of the province corresponds to the western side of the Maas, which originates in France. It's drainage basin includes not only the Jeker but most of the northern part of Belgian Limburg.

Administrative divisions
The province of Limburg is divided into 3 arrondissements (Hasselt, Maaseik and Tongeren) and a total of 42 municipalities since 2019.

Population by arrondissement
Population x 1,000 (on 1 January since 1980).

Related pages
 Limburg (Netherlands), a province in southeastern Netherlands.

References

Other websites

  
 Toerisme Limburg
Other meanings are at Limburg

Limbourg or Limburg is a medieval city in the Belgian province of Liège. It was founded in the 11th century.

In 2007 its population was 5644.

It is located at 50° 37 North, 05° 56 East.

References

Municipalities of Liège
Limburg an der Lahn (Limburg on the Lahn river) is a German town and the capital of the Kreis Limburg-Weilburg in the west of Hesse.

References

Other websites
Stinky could mean:

Television and movies
Stinky, a character on the American animated television show Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends 
"Stinky Britches", a fictional song by Alanis Morissette on the South Park episode "Chef Aid"
Stinky Pete, a fictional seal from the television series Sealab 2021 
Stinky Pete the Prospector, a character from the film Toy Story 2
Stinky Peterson, the name of characters on the television shows Hey Arnold!, The Red Green Show, and Recess
Stinky Toe / House Broken, an episode of The Angry Beavers

Music
The Stinkypuffs, an early 90's rock band
A Little Tiny Smelly Bit of...the Stinky Puffs, an album by The Stinkypuffs
Stinky Fingers, a 1995 EP by Turbonegro and Flying Crap
Stinky Toys, a Parisian punk band in the '70s

Other
Mr. Stinky, a nickname of Raymond Edmunds, a convicted rapist and murderer
The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales, a children's book by Jon Scieszka
Stinky tofu, a type of tofu with a strong odor
An illusion is a distortion  of perception. The brain arranges, sorts, and organises data from the senses. Normally the system works well. Sometimes it does not, and we see illusions. In general, they are shared by most people in the same situation.

Illusions can happen with all five senses (taste, touch, sight, smell, and hearing), and some involve the way information from two senses is put together. Some illusions happen because of disorders, but generally, all normal people can sense the same illusion. An illusion is different from a hallucination; a hallucination is sensing something that is not real, but an illusion is interpreting what we sense wrongly.

Optical illusions 
Optical illusions are the best known and understood. Because they are illusions common to most people, it follows that they are a product of the visual system. The visual system, from the retina to the visual cortex, is what is common to most humans.
Auditory illusions 
These are illusions which are heard. The person listening hears sounds that aren’t really there, or sounds that can’t really happen. A Shepard tone is an auditory illusion.

Touch illusion 
They are when a person feels something that is not there, or something that should not be there but feels like it is. This happens sometimes when a person loses their arm.  The person still feels like the arm is there.  They might want to scratch the arm, or the arm might hurt them.  This can happen with any limb of the body, and it is called the phantom limb.
Charcoal is a carbon-containing substance made from wood, naturally black and powdery. Charcoal is made from wood by heating it in an "airless" (minimal oxygen) space at a high temperature. The wood will not burn, but instead turn into charcoal. The by-product of making charcoal is tar and turpentine.

People use it for different things such as cooking on a barbecue grill, and in painting.

Fuel
Biofuels
Allotropes of carbon
Brose Baskets Bamberg (also Brose Baskets) is a basketball club in Bamberg, Germany. In 2005 (as GHP Bamberg), 2007, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 it won the BBL. In 1992, 2010, 2011, and 2012 it won the German Cup.

Bamberg
Basketball teams
Sport in Bavaria
Sports organizations of Germany
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Armenian:  – Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun, Dashnaktsutiun,  – Dashnak or Tashnag) is an Armenian political party founded in Tiflis (Tbilisi in modern-day Georgia) in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Shaumian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian. The party works in Armenia and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is active, notably in Lebanon and the ethnically Armenian-dominated de facto Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh.

Museum
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation History Museum was created during an official ceremony Friday 2007 at Yerevan's Kristapor Mikaelian Center, with the party's leaders and supporters on hand to mark this momentous occasion.

Opened in 1946, the ARF History Museum was in Paris and during the years has collected more than 3,000 artifacts describing the party's history. After the ARF's return to Armenia, the museum and the ARF archives have been sent to Armenia.

Giro Manoyan is one of the leaders of ARF.

References
References

Other websites 
Official web site - Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Armenian Revolutionary Federation Shant Student Association
History of the Armenian Socialist Party 

Socialist International
Political parties in Armenia
Nationalist organizations in Asia
Tbilisi
1890 establishments
Christapor Mikaelian (Armenian: ) also known by his noms de guerre Hellen (), Topal (), and Edward (), (1859-1905) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement.

Early life 
Rosdom was born in the village of Agulis in Goghtn, now part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. He graduated from the Professorial academy of Tiflis and also attended the University of Moscow, where he met Simon Vratsian, another co-founder of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

References 

 Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, C. hador [Armenian History, volume III], Athens, Greece, 1996, pg. 34.

Armenian politicians
1859 births
1905 deaths
Following the murder of King Papes, Valens sent Varazdat, a nephew of Pap, a young man highly reputed for his mental and physical gifts, to hold the Armenian throne.  Shapur II, having failed on the battlefield, now proposed to Valens in 375 that Armenia be divided between the two powers. The Emperor rejected the proposal, but sent Victor Magistrianus to the Persian King to discuss the question. This emissary was cozened into exceeding the bounds of his authority and agreeing to the Persian proposal. In the meantime, the internal condition of Armenia was imperiled through friction between King Varazdat and the nakharars, culminating in the assassination of Musel Mamikonian, the leader of the latters' party. Manuel, the son of Musel, took up arms against the King and compelled him to flee from Armenia in 378, after four years of reign.  Varazdat's life was saved, but the country was thrown into confusion
. The Persians took advantage of the turmoil and invaded Armenia; but their occupation was a short-lived one. Shapur II died in 379, and the Persians evacuated in haste. Manuel, the dynamic Mamikonian, had rallied a formidable national force for action.
Related pages
 List of Armenian Kings

Monarchs of Armenia
The Adana massacre happened in Adana Province, in the Ottoman Empire, in April 1909. A religious-ethnic clash in the city of Adana amidst governmental upheaval resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district. Reports estimated that the massacres in Adana Province resulted in 20,000 to 30,000 deaths.

References

Other websites 

 The Red Rugs Of Tarsus - A Woman’s Record of the Armenian Massacre of 1909
 Adana Massacre

Anti-Armenianism
Massacres in Turkey
Armenian Genocide
April events
1909
20th century in Turkey
Adana (Greek Άδανα) (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. According to the 2000 census, with 1,130,710 inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous city of Turkey (after İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir and Bursa). The 2006 estimate of Adana's population is 1,271,894. 

For most Turkish people, the word 'Adana' associates with Kebab, şalgam, cotton, oranges and very hot weather, in the awareness that Adana also embodies more than just these. 

Adana is also named among the 25 European Regions of the Future for 2006/2007 by Foreign Direct Investment Magazine. Chosen alongside Kocaeli for Turkey, Adana scored the most points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's points for infrastructure development, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for the categories of human resources and quality of life. 

Adana has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Related pages
Adana massacre

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Governorship of Adana
 Municipality of Adana 

Cities in Turkey
Mediterranean Region, Turkey
In October 1937, Dominican dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina ordered the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands with Haiti. The violence resulted in the killing of 17,000 to 35,000 Haitian civilians over a span of approximately five days. This would later become known as the Parsley Massacre.

Events
Trujillo had made his actions for the Haitian community clear in a short speech given at a dance held in his honor on October 2, 1937 in Dajabón, stating:

Endnotes

20th century in the Dominican Republic
Massacres
20th century in Haiti
1937 in North America
A heat pump is a machine that moves heat from a cold place to a hot place. Examples include:

 Refrigerator. It moves heat from the inside to the outside. This keeps the food inside cold, so it will not spoil.
 Air conditioner. It moves heat from the inside of a building to the outside.
 Peltier device. It moves heat from one side to the other by means of an electric current.
 Some buildings are heated with heat pumps, also. In the winter, the heat pump moves heat from the outside to the inside. Sometimes this works better than heating with a radiator.

How it works 

Usually, heat flows from a hot place to a cold place, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Heat will not move from a cold place to a warmer place by itself. Because of this, a heat pump must use extra energy to move the heat. This is sort of like pumping water uphill.

Most heat pumps use electric motors to provide energy. Some heat pumps use heat energy, supplied by a flame or an electric heater.
Most heat pumps have a refrigeration cycle using a compressor. A refrigeration cycle uses a fluid which moves through tubes and carries the heat. The fluid is called a refrigerant. During the refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant changes from a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid.

When the refrigerant changes from a (compressed) liquid to a gas, it absorbs heat energy from the environment. When the refrigerant changes from a gas back to a liquid, it loses heat energy.

The heat pump is set up so that the refrigerant gains heat from one place that will be cooled, and moves it to another place that will be warmed.

A heat pump forces the refrigerant to change from a gas to a liquid. It uses a compressor to do this. Often, an electric motor drives the compressor. The compressor compresses the refrigerant, and this makes it change from a gas to a liquid. Compressing will heat up the liquid extensively.
At the other end of the cycle, the refrigerant boils again, absorbing heat from its surroundings, it cools them down. So where the refrigerant is changing from a liquid to a gas, it feels cooler.

This is the complete cycle, from the cooling side to the heating side:
On the cooling side, heat is taken up to boil the refrigerant from a liquid to a gas. Then the fluid moves to the heating side.There, the compressor forces the refrigerant back to a liquid again. This makes it give up its heat. So heat has moved from the cooling side to the heating side. Then, the cycle repeats.

If the cooling side is the inside of a refrigerator, it gets cold.

If the cooling side is the inside of a building, and the warming side is the outside of the building, the inside of the building gets cold. This is how an air conditioner works.

If the cooling side is the outside of the building, and the warming side is the inside of the building, this is how a heat pump can heat a building during the winter.

Other websites
Other websites 

Heating and Cooling with a Heat pump (PDF)
Heat pumps Long Awaited Way out of the Global Warming (PDF) - Information from Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technology Center of Japan

Engineering
HVAC
The second law of thermodynamics says that when energy changes from one form to another form, or matter moves freely, entropy (disorder) in a closed system increases.

Differences in temperature, pressure, and density tend to even out horizontally after a while. Due to the force of gravity, density and pressure do not even out vertically. Density and pressure on the bottom will be more than at the top.

Entropy is a measure of spread of matter and energy to everywhere they have access.

The most common wording for the second law of thermodynamics is essentially due to Rudolf Clausius:

In other words, everything tries to maintain the same temperature over time.

There are many statements of the second law which use different terms, but all mean the same thing.   Another statement by Clausius is:

Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.
An equivalent statement by Lord Kelvin is:
A transformation whose only final result is to convert heat, extracted from a source at constant temperature, into work, is impossible. 

The second law only applies to large systems. The second law is about the likely behavior of a system where no energy or matter gets in or out. The bigger the system is, the more likely the second law will be true.

Overview 
In a general sense, the second law says that temperature differences between systems in contact with each other tend to even out and that work can be obtained from these non-equilibrium differences, but that loss of thermal energy occurs, when work is done and entropy increases. Pressure, density and temperature differences in an isolated system, all tend to equalize if given the opportunity; density and pressure, but not temperature, are affected by gravity.  A heat engine is a mechanical device that provides useful work from the difference in temperature of two bodies.

Quotes
Quotes 

--Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World (1927)

--Greg Hill and Kerry Thornley, Principia Discordia (1965)

--Philosopher / Physicist P.W. Bridgman, (1941)

Notes 
 Flanders and Swann produced a setting of a statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to music, called "First and Second Law.
 The economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen showed the significance of the Entropy Law in the field of economics (see his work The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971), Harvard University Press).

 References 

 

 Further reading 

 Goldstein, Martin, and Inge F., 1993. The Refrigerator and the Universe. Harvard Univ. Press. A gentle introduction, a bit less technical than this entry.
 Maxwell's demon 2 : entropy, classical and quantum information, computing. Edited by Harvey S. Leff and Andrew F. Rex. Bristol; Philadelphia : Institute of Physics, 2003
Other websites 
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics." by Lawrence Sklar.
 The evolution of Carnot's principle, by E.T. Jaynes, in G. J. Erickson and C. R. Smith (eds.) Maximum-Entropy and Bayesian Methods in Science and Engineering'' vol. 1, p. 267 (1988).
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Thermodynamics
Laws of physics
Note:the term "air conditioning" refers to any form of "Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning". This article deals specifically with units used as part of a cooling system.An air conditioner (AC) is a system or a machine that treats air in a defined, usually enclosed area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air is removed and replaced with cooler air. 

In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is called HVAC. Whenever Refrigeration is added it is called HVACR. Whether in homes, offices, or vehicles, its purpose is to provide comfort by altering the properties of the air, usually by cooling the air inside. The main function of an air conditioner is to change adverse temperatures.

History

In the 19th century British scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.
In 1842, American physician Dr. John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients. He hoped eventually to use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings and even considered cooling entire cities with a system of centralized air conditioning units.

Air conditioning applications
Air conditioning engineers broadly divide air conditioning applications into comfort and process. 

Comfort applications aim to provide an indoor environment that remains relatively constant in a range preferred by humans despite changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads.
Process applications aim to provide a suitable environment for an industrial or a commercial process, regardless of internal heat loads and external weather conditions. Although often in the same comfort range, it is the requirements of the process that determines conditions, not human preference. Process applications include:
Hospital operating rooms in which air is filtered to high levels to reduce the risk of infection and the humidity is controlled to limit patient dehydration. Although temperatures are often in the comfort range, some specialist procedures such as open heart surgery require low temperatures (about 18 °C, 64 °F), and others such as neonatal relatively high temperatures (about 28 °C, 82 °F).
Cleanrooms for the production of integrated circuits and pharmaceuticals  etc. in which extremely high levels of air cleanliness and control of temperature and humidity are required for the success of the process.
Facilities for breeding laboratory animals. Since many animals normally only reproduce in spring, holding them in rooms that mirror spring-like conditions can cause them to reproduce all year round.
Aircraft air conditioning. Although nominally aimed at providing comfort for passengers and the cooling of equipment, aircraft air conditioning presents a special process due to the low air pressure outside the aircraft.