Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A consulate is a small diplomatic office of one country in another country. If the first country has an ambassador in the other country, the main diplomatic office, located in the capital city is called an Embassy and in this situation, any consulates would be located in other large towns and cities. However if there is no embassy, the consulate could be in the capital city. Consulates usually do not perform all of the functions of an embassy.

Consulates usually deal with questions about passports for their own citizens, visas for foreigners wanting to visit the consulate's home country and licences for import and export.

Some larger and more important countries might also have Consulates General.  These are simply bigger consulates which might do more than a smaller consulate.
People who work in any sort of consulates are called consular officers.  The person in charge is called a consul, or consul general.  An honorary consul does not work full-time for the government.  They are usually in port towns, to speed up issuing documents for trade.  An honorary consul might be a citizen of the country they work for, have another link such as parents or grandparents, or they may have married someone from there.  They usually work in an office, which is considered an honorary consulate.

Consular officers have limited diplomatic immunity.

Government buildings
Diplomatic immunity is a special law that covers people who work in embassies or consulates. The people are called diplomats. The diplomatic immunity means that although they live and work as a visitor inside a "host country", they are not ruled by the law of that country. They are only ruled by the law of their home country. 

A diplomat can work without interference from the police and government of the country where he/she works.  Diplomatic immunity means that a diplomat can keep the secrets of his own country's government, without the government of the host country being able to find out about them.

Police from the host country cannot arrest a diplomat, or search a diplomat's house or office. They cannot even give a diplomat's car a parking ticket without the permission of the diplomat's government.

Honorary consuls only work part-time as diplomats, so only have diplomatic immunity when working as diplomats.  Police may search their offices, but not the part where they keep their diplomatic work.
The Illusionist is an Academy Award-nominated period drama written and directed by Neil Burger and featuring Edward Norton, Jessica Biel, and Paul Giamatti. The Illusionist tells about the story of Eisenheim (Norton), a magician in turn-of-the-20th-century Vienna.

Cast

Other websites 
 Official site 
 Official trailer (direct link) 
 Exclusive 3 minutes Video Clip 
 Variety.com - Video clips from The Illusionist
 Hollywood Reporter - James Greenberg's Review of The Illusionist 
Hollywood Gothique Review
 The Prague Post review by Steffen Silvis 
 Film Threat interview with director Neil Burger
 Twitch interview with Burger 
 Robert Houdin's Fantastic Orange Tree automaton illusion 

2006 drama movies
2006 fantasy movies
2000s American drama movies
2000s American fantasy movies
2000s Czech movies
2000s English-language movies
American independent movies
Movies directed by Neil Burger
Movies set in the 19th century
The State Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan, also known as "My Kazakhstan", is the current national anthem of Kazakhstan. The President of Kazakhstan made it the country's national anthem on 7 January 2006.

It is based on a song written in 1956 by Jümeken Näjımedenov, because he wanted to discourage what Nikita Khrushchev was doing to Kazakhstan three years prior. The first president of Kazakhstan, Nūrsūltan Nazarbaev, changed the original words of that song, then he turned it into the national anthem of Kazakhstan.

It replaced the previous anthem, which was used upon independence from the former Soviet Union.

History
This song was originally a patriotic song written in 1956 in response to the Soviet Union's Virgin Lands campaign. The author of the song was trying to tell the Soviets to stop abusing their land and people just for the USSR's sake.

Lyrics

The national anthem

The original song
The original song

Parodies
There is a parody version of the anthem—in an entirely different tune—which comes at the end of 2005 mockumentary film Borat. It is titled "O Kazakhstan". The actor who played Borat Sagdiyev, Sacha Baron Cohen, has been threatened with lawsuits by the Government of Kazakhstan after the execution (release) of the film.

Playback incidents
In March 2012, the full Borat soundtrack was played at the International Shooting Grand Prix in Kuwait with Gold-winner Mariya Dmitriyenko. Kazakh officials were angered by this incident and complained. A few weeks earlier, at a festival of a ski resort in Qostanaı, the first part of Ricky Martin's single "Livin' La Vida Loca" was played accidentally before it was immediately changed to "My Kazakhstan".

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites
Lyrics to the original song (1956)
 "My Kazakhstan (1956 song)", archived Wikipedia revision, as edited by Ulysses Faye Ohkiph at 16:08, 30 October 2017 – contains lyrics of old song
 "Meniñ Qazaqstanım (1956) [Original Kazakh National Anthem-Song]" (uploaded of "Kingworld30") — Original 1956 song,

Playback incidents
 "KAZAKHSTAN NATIONAL ANTHEM FAIL!" (uploaded by "Sergio Ledovsky") – Wrong song played briefly at the Qostanaı ski resort in early 2012.
 "Borat spoof Kazakhstan anthem by mistake in medal presentation with English subtitles words" (uploaded by "bluegumtv") – The incident that occurred in Kuwait.

Kazakh anthems
BI-LO is the name of several different supermarket chains around the world:

BI-LO (Australia)
BI-LO (United States)

Bilo is also 
The brother of Sacha Baron Cohen's character Borat.
The nickname of musician Pete Doherty.
The nickname of Evgeni Nabokov
Flag of convenience is a word from shipping. Every ship needs to be registered in a port. The laws of the port are valid for the ship's crew. In some countries the rules are not as strict as in others, or they are cheaper to use. Many owners of ships from other countries register their ships in one of those easy or cheap countries. The ship might never even come anywhere near that country, but it must fly the flag of the country where it was registered. This is then called a flag of convenience. Among the most popular flags are Panama, Marshall Islands and Liberia.

Law of the sea
Pizza Pizza Limited (PPL), doing business as Pizza Pizza (), is a franchised Canadian pizza fast food restaurant. It has locations throughout Ontario, Canada. Ingredients include pepperoni, pineapples, mushrooms, and other non-exotic produce. Pizza Pizza has served the area for over 30 years. It has over 500 locations around Ontario. It is expanding across the nation. They have recently opened shops in Montreal and British Columbia.

Other websites 

 Official website

Canadian fast food restaurants
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Companies based in Toronto‎
Dipole can mean two things in physics. The first is an electric dipole which separates the positive charge from the negative charge. A simple example of this dipole is a pair of electric charges with the same magnitude but with the opposite type of charge (positive and negative) and are separated by a small distance from each other. The second is a magnetic dipole, a closed circulation of electric current. A simple example is a single loop of wire with electric current flowing through it.
An important characteristic of dipoles is their dipole moment, which is a vector quantity with both a magnitude and direction. An example of an electric dipole moment occurring is in a pair of electric charges with opposite signs. The dipole moment would point from the negative charge towards the positive charge. The magnitude of the moment is equal to the strength of each charge multiplied by the distance separating between the charges. An example of a magnetic dipole moment occurring is in a wire loop with flowing current. The magnetic dipole moment would point through the loop (according to the right hand rule), with a magnitude equal to the current in the loop times the area of the loop.

A bar magnet is an example of a magnetic dipole, with a magnetic dipole moment moving from its south pole to its north pole.

Related pages
 Electric field
 Magnetic field

Electromagnetism
Functions and mappings                                   
Partial differential equations
AFI (short for A Fire Inside), is an American alternative rock band from Ukiah, California that formed in 1991.

Members

Current 
 Davey Havok - vocals (1991-present)
 Jade Puget - guitar, backing vocals, programming, keyboard (1998-present)
 Hunter Burgan - bass, backing vocals, programming, keyboard (1997-present)
 Adam Carson - drums, backing vocals (1991-present)

Former 
 Mark Stopholese - guitar, backing vocals (1991-1998)
 Geoff Kresge - bass, backing vocals (1992-1997)
 Vic Chalker - bass(1991-1992)

Studio albums 
 Answer That and Stay Fashionable (1995) (re-released in 1997)
 Very Proud of Ya (1996)
 Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes (1997)
 Black Sails in the Sunset (1999)
 The Art of Drowning (2000)
 Sing the Sorrow (2003)
 Decemberunderground (2006)
 Crash Love (2009)
 Burials (2013)
 AFI (2017)
 Bodies (2021)

Related pages
 Blaqk Audio

References
References

Other websites 
 AFI Series 
 AFI's official site
 AFI's official myspace
 AFI official fanclub 
 AFI Biography and Lyrics 
 Blaqk Audio official site 

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in California
Scientific notation is a way of writing numbers that is often used by scientists and mathematicians to make it easier to write large and small numbers. A number that is written in scientific notation has several properties that make it very useful to local scientists. It makes very large numbers into smaller numbers using decimals and exponents.

Variations 
The basic idea of scientific notation is to express zeros as a power of ten. The notation for this can be written as :

where b is an integer, or "whole" number, that describes the number of times 10 is multiplied by itself and the letter a any real number, called the significand or mantissa (using "mantissa" may cause confusion as it can also refer to the fractional part of the common logarithm).
Normalized notation 
Written in the form , exponent b is chosen such that the absolute value of a remains at least one but less than ten . Normal mathematics convention dictates a minus sign to precede the first of the decimal digits of a for a negative number; that of b for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1, e.g. minus one half is . There is no need to represent zero in normalized form, the digit 0 is sufficient. The normalized form allows easy comparison of two numbers of the same sign in a, as the exponent b gives the number's order of magnitude.

Other websites 
 Scientific Notation in Everyday Life
 An exercise in converting to and from scientific notation
 Scientific Notation Calculator and Converter
Measurement
Notation
Numerals
The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, shortened: SED) was the governing party of East Germany from 1949, when East Germany was created, until the elections of 1990. It was formed in 1946 a year after World War 2 ended in 1945 and after Nazi Germany was defeated and after the Nazi Party was banned .
The SED was created in april 1946 in the Berliner Admiralspalast when the Soviet Union forced the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) members and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) members who lived in the Soviet-occupied parts of Germany and Berlin. After 1990, the party reformed itself as the Party of Democratic Socialism (later in 2005, the Left Party.PDS).  It is still somewhat popular in parts the former East German territory, frequently winning seats at state and local elections. In the September 2005 Bundestag election the PDS was in coalition with WASG (Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice), which was formed by Oskar Lafontaine who left the SPD.  The PDS and WASG joined together in 2007.

A famous SED poster read: To learn from Stalin means to learn how to win. Later, the word Stalin was replaced with the USSR.  When  Gorbachev was president of the USSR the famous slogan was abandoned, as the SED did not believe there was anything to learn from his ideas about perestroika.
At first the SED had a branch in West Berlin, but in 1962 the West Berlin branch was separated from the SED proper and became a "separate" party called the Socialist Unity Party of West Berlin (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Westberlins – SEW) but with the same ideas as the parent party.

The final days

Between the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the election in March 1990, the old Social Democratic Party was re-established as a separate party, while the rest of the SED lost a lot of members and renamed itself the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) at a special party meeting in December 1989. By becoming the PDS the party survived the reuniting of East Germany and West Germany, and eventually started growing again, managing to get representatives elected to the Bundestag.
On December 1, 1989 the SED was forced to give up its 40 year monopoly of power when the State Council (Volksammer) revoked the clause in the constitution of the GDR that guaranteed the SED to be the sole legal party in East Germany. Its leader and all of the politburo resigned three days later and the party was finally dissolved on December 16, 1989.

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the SED
(known as "First Secretary" from 1953 – 1976)
Walter Ulbricht (July 1950 – May 3, 1971)
Erich Honecker (May 3, 1971 – October 18, 1989)
Egon Krenz (October 18, 1989 – December 3, 1989)

These three party leaders were also the equivalent of the Prime Minister or President in other countries; they really led the government as well as the main, legally powerful party, which was not often the case in other Communist countries.

1946 establishments in Germany
1990 disestablishments in Germany
Communist parties in Europe
East Germany
Former political parties in Germany
Buck the World is the second studio album by American rapper Young Buck. It was released on March 27, 2007. Its title is a play on the expression "Fuck the World".

Production included Dr. Dre, Jazze Pha, J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Polow Da Don, and Lil Jon among others. Guest appearances included 50 Cent, Chester Bennington (from Linkin Park), Young Jeezy, Bun B, Trick Daddy, and Lyfe Jennings among others.

The first single was "I Know You Want Me" produced by Jazze Pha, who also made a guest appearance on the track. The second single was "Get Buck", produced by Polow Da Don. The third single, "U Ain't Goin' Nowhere", was released on May 18, 2007.

The song 'Push Em Back' was featured in the movie Drillbit Taylor during the first day of school scene.

Track listing

 All lyrics by Young Buck, music compositions are listed below.

Leftovers
 "Do It Myself"
 "Dead or Alive"
 "Sellin' Everything" (featuring B.G.)
 "Gone In the Morning" (featuring Trey Songz)
Sample credits
"Buss Yo' Head" - Contains a sample of "My Hero Is a Gun" by Michael Masser
"4 Kings" - Contains a sample of "Havin' Thangs" by Big Mike

2007 albums
Hip hop albums
Samaveda is third in the usual order of the four Vedas, the ancient core Hindu scriptures. It is the second oldest Veda . It is written in sanskrit
There are 1825 verses (except 75 verses, all have been taken from Rigveda)
There are two Upanishads embedded in Samaveda – Chandogya Upanishad and Kena Upanishad
The Samaveda is considered as the root of the Indian classical music and dance
It is considered as the storehouse of the melodious chants
Though it has lesser verses than Rigveda, however, its texts are larger
There are three recensions of the text of the Samaveda – Kauthuma, Raṇayaniya and Jaimaniya
Samaveda is categorised into two parts – Part-I includes melodies called Gana & Part-II includes three verses book called Archika.
Samaveda Samhita is not meant to be read as a text, it is like a musical score sheet that must be heard.

Vedas
Johannes Rau (16 January 1931, Wuppertal – 27 January 2006, Berlin) was a German politician of the SPD. He was the eighth President of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1 July 1999 until 30 June 2004 and minister president of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1978 to 1998.

Education and work 
He was born in Barmen, Wuppertal. His family was Protestant, and he was active in the Confessing Church, a part of the German Protestant Church which was against Nazism.

Rau left school in 1949 and worked as a journalist and publisher.

Political biography 
Rau was a member of the All-German People's Party (GVP), which was founded by Gustav Heinemann, who also became a president of Germany. This party only existed from 1952 until 1957.

In 1958 Rau and Heinemann joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SDP), where he was active in the Wuppertal branch. He served on the City Council (1964-1978), where he was as chairman of the SDP Group (1964-1967) and later as Mayor (1969-1970).
In 1958 Rau was elected a member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1967 he became chairman of the SPD group in the Landtag, and in 1970 Minister of Science and Education in the cabinet of Minister President Heinz Kühn. He founded five universities in North Rhine-Westphalia during the 1970s. He also started Germany's first distance learning university at Hagen (modelled on the Open University in Britain).

In 1978 Rau became Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia, where he remained until 1998, winning four elections for the SPD, which became biggest party in the Landtag each time and gained an absolute majority three times, in 1980, 1985, 1990 and finally 1995. From 1995 onwards, Rau led an SPD-Greens coalition in NRW.

In 1987 Rau tried to become chancellor of Germany for the SPD, but lost to Helmut Kohl's Christian Democrats (CDU). In 1994 Rau tried for the first time to become Federal President, but lost to Roman Herzog.
Rau twice served as President of the Bundesrat in 1982/83 and 1994/95, and was deputy for the Federal President. In 1998 Rau stepped down from his positions as SPD Chairman and Minister President, and on 23 May 1999, was elected Federal President by the Federal Assembly of Germany to succeed Roman Herzog (CDU). On 1 July 2004, he was succeeded by Horst Köhler.

In 2000 Rau was the first German head of state since the Holocaust to address the Knesset, the Israeli parliament, in German. Some Israeli delegates to walked out, but Israeli President Moshe Katsav supported and praised him for bridging the gap between the two states.

Following a long history of heart disease, he died a few days after his 75th birthday.

Private life 
Johannes Rau was a practising Christian. He was sometimes called , "Brother John", to make fun of his strong Christian belief; but, he sometimes used this term himself.
On 9 August 1982 he married the political scientist Christina Delius (born 1956). Christina Rau is a granddaughter of Gustav Heinemann, former President of Germany. The couple had three children: Anna Christina, born 1983, Philip Immanuel, born 1985 and Laura Helene, born 1986.

After leaving office, Rau lived with his family in the federal capital Berlin. However, they also kept a house in Wuppertal.

Johannes Rau died on 27 January 2006 in Berlin of heart disease.

1931 births
2006 deaths
Deaths from heart disease
German Lutherans
German mayors
Ministers-President of North Rhine-Westphalia
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Wuppertal
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Presidents of Germany
Peridot (pronounced "pair-uh-dot" or "pair-uh-doe") is the gem quality version of the mineral olivine. The name of the gemstone is believed to come from either the Arabic word faridat meaning "gem" or the French word peritot meaning "unclear." Peridot is one of the few gemstones that comes in only one color. The darkness of the green depends on how much iron there is. The color varies from yellow-green to olive to brownish green. Olivine is a very common mineral, but gem-quality peridot is rather rare. Peridot is the birthstone for the month of August.Peridot is believed to bring good health,restful sleep and peace to relations by balancing emotions and mind.

Birthstones
An archivist is a professional who  collects, organizes, preserves, maintains control over, and provides access to information determined to have long-term value.  The information maintained by an archivist can be any form of media (photographs, video or sound recordings, letters, documents, electronic records, etc.).

As Richard Pearce-Moses wrote, 
"Archivists keep records that have enduring value as reliable memories of the past, and they help people find and understand the information they need in those records." 

Determining what records have enduring value is not always easy.  Archivists must also select records valuable enough to justify the costs of storage and preservation, plus the labor-intensive expenses of arrangement, description,  and reference service.  The theory and scholarly work underpinning archives practices is called archival science.

Related pages
 Archive
 Librarian
 Manuscript
 Preservation

Footnotes
Footnotes

Other websites
 Archives and Records Association of New Zealand
 Society of American Archivists
 Directory of Regional, State and Local Archival Organizations in the United States
 Association of Canadian Archivists
 Society of Archivists (UK and Ireland)
  Australian Society of Archivists
 Česká archivní společnost / Czech Archive Society (In English) 
 International Council on Archives
 The Archivist's Toolkit an online tool for archivists

Occupations
Roman Herzog (5 April 1934 – 10 January 2017) was a German politician (CDU). He was President of Germany from 1994 to 1999.

Early life
He studied law in Munich, Bavaria and took the first stage law exam in 1957. In 1958, he gained the title Dr.jur. (doctor of laws) and worked in the University of Munich until 1964, where he passed his second law exam. He wrote Die Wesensmerkmale der Staatsorganisation in rechtlicher und entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Sicht ("Characteristics of State Organization from a Juristic and Developmental-Historical Viewpoint"), and was given the title of professor in 1964.

In Germany "professor" is a title meaning senior teacher, not a job name. Herzog taught at the University of Munich until 1966. From 1966 he taught state law and political science as a full professor at the Free University of Berlin (FUB). In 1969 he moved to the FUB in Speyer, and was the University President from 1971 to 1972.
Political career
In 1973 he entered politics, and became a member of the Bundesrat for Rhineland-Palatinate. He was minister for culture and sports in the Baden-Württemberg Land Government from 1978. In 1980 he was elected to the State Parliament (Landtag), and took over the state Ministry of the Interior.

Herzog was also always active in the Protestant Church. Since 1982 he had been a member of the synod (parliament) of the Protestant Church of Germany. He had been a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany since 1972.

In 1983 he became vice president of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in Karlsruhe, and president over from 1987 to 1994, when he was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung (Federal Convention). His term ended in 1999, when he was succeeded by Johannes Rau.

Personal life
His wife, Christiane Herzog, died on 19 June 2000. He later married Alexandra Freifrau von Berlichingen in 2001.

Herzog died at 82 years old on 10 January 2017 in Jagsthausen, Germany.
References

Other websites

1934 births
2017 deaths
Chief justices
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty
German judges
German Lutherans
Members of the German Bundesrat
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidents of Germany
The voltaic pile was the first ever battery. It was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist.

How the voltaic pile is made

The picture to the right shows a voltaic pile: it's a pile, or "stack" of discs, made from 3 different materials. Some of the discs are made from copper, some from zinc. Other metals can be used; but it's important that there are two different kinds of metal. There are also discs made from leather, fabric, or cardboard: these are the green discs in the picture. They must  be soaked, or "made wet", with something acidic.
Note how the discs follow a pattern: first a disc made from one of the metals, then a cardboard or leather disc, then a disc made from the other kind of metal. Then the same kinds of discs, in the same order, again and again. In the picture, you can see how one "set" of zinc disc, cardboard disc and copper disc has been "pushed" a little to the right. Such a "set" is called a cell: the voltaic pile in the picture has 6 cells. The two different metal discs in a cell will each have a voltage across it; about 1.1 volts. Stacking cells in a pile adds to the voltage of the cells, and from the discs at the top and bottom of the voltaic pile in the picture, there is a voltage of 6 × 1.1 volts = 6.6 volts.
How the voltaic pile works
The acid in the leather, fabric, or cardboard discs will try to dissolve some of the metal in the zinc discs. To be dissolved, a zinc atom must give away 2 of its electrons. The zinc atom then becomes an ion: Ions can "go where they want to" in the liquid acid. They go through the leather/cardboard disc, and meet the copper disc. The zinc ions are "missing" the two electrons they left behind, so when they get to the copper disc, they each "steal" two electrons to replace the missing ones. When they "steal" electrons, the zinc ions turn back from ions to "normal" zinc atoms. Saltwater can also be used in the cardboard, fabric, or leather, in a voltaic pile using copper and zinc plates.
The result is that the zinc disc ends up with a lot of electrons "left behind" by the zinc ions, and the copper disc ends up "missing" a lot of electrons "stolen" by the zinc ions. To use the electricity that comes from the pile, we must connect something that uses electricity to the two discs at the top and bottom of the pile. Doing so gives the electrons left behind in the zinc disc a "chance" to go to the copper disc. At the copper disc, the electrons "replace" those that were "stolen" from the copper by the zinc.

How Volta got the idea

Luigi Galvani was an Italian, working with anatomy. About 1786 he had seen something interesting: he had dissected (cut apart) a frog, and when he touched one of its legs with two tools made from different metals, it moved even though the frog had been killed before the dissection.
Galvani himself thought this had something to do with the leg, and not with the metal tools he used. Volta saw that the tools must be made from two different metals for the leg to move. Volta also found that he could make a little electricity just by making two different metals touch each other. He thought that the two different metals gave something he called contact tension, and the electricity came from that contact tension. Galvani and Volta talked a lot about this, but they never agreed.

Volta tried to make use of it all. He made experiments with (and tried out) rods of different kinds of metals, in wine carafes (a kind of bottle). This way, he found that the best metals to use, are silver and zinc. He could also make it better by using flat discs instead of rods of metal. This is because the discs have more surface area than the rod; this gives more "room" for the zinc ions to leave one disc and get in touch with the other.
Originally, Volta put an extra disc of each metal at the top and bottom of the stack. These were later proved to be unnecessary.

What happened after the invention
Before the voltaic pile was invented, people could make only static electricity. With the voltaic pile, they could make electricity that keeps flowing for some time. Along with this, it was an invention that could be easily made. With this kind of electricity, scientists could do a lot of "new" things. For instance, when new kinds of metal were discovered, the electricity from a voltaic pile could "sort" chemicals. This way, small but very pure bits of these "new" metals could be made.

Batteries
Arshile Gorky (; born Vostanik Manoug Adoian, ; April 15, 1904 – July 21, 1948) was an Armenian-born American painter.

Gorky had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism and Surrealism. Gorky was born in the village of Khorgom, situated on the shores of Lake Van (Vana Lij). It is not known exactly when he was born: it was sometime between 1903 and 1905.In later years Arshile Gorky was vague about even the date of his birth, changing it from year to year. In 1910 his father emigrated to America to avoid the draft, leaving his family behind in the town of Van (Armenia).

1904 births
1948 deaths
American painters
Armenian artists
A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure voltage. For instance, a voltmeter can be used to see if there is more electricity left in a battery. The creation of voltmeters became possible when Hans Oersted invented the most simple voltmeter in 1819.

Connecting a voltmeter
The voltmeter can be connected by joining two wires to where the voltage is. One wire is the positive one, and the other the negative. With some voltmeters, one must make sure that the wires are connected to the right spots: the positive connection on the voltmeter to the more positive "part" of the voltage source, and the negative to the more negative "part". This way, the voltmeter is parallel to the electrical circuit.

One should also be careful about handling the connection: If there is a high voltage (many volts), one can get hurt or even killed by touching the metal connections with the voltage directly.
How voltmeters show the voltage
When the connections are made, the voltmeter shows the voltage. As there is no direct way to access the voltage, voltmeters are  designed as special sort of ammeter which can calculate the voltage by assessing the electrical current and applying Ohm's law.

There are two kinds of voltmeters. One kind has a needle, or "pointer", that points to a number that tells the number of volts. This is the kind of voltmeter where one has to be careful about making the positive and negative connections correctly – if the wrong connections are made, the voltmeter can be damaged.

The second kind of voltmeter shows the numbers in a "digital" way, just like digital clocks and calculators. This kind of voltmeter is not damaged from "wrong" connections; instead, they show a negative number.
Also, there are two types of voltmeters, based on the current type: some voltmeters are designed for use in direct current (DC) while others are designed for alternating current (AC). Modern voltmeters can work in both currents.

Using the right kind of voltmeter
All voltmeters have an upper limit, or a "maximum number" of volts they can "handle". If a voltmeter is used for bigger voltages than it was made to "handle", it may damage or destroy it.

Voltmeters with settings, and multimeters
Because it is important to use the right kind of voltmeter, they are most often made so they can be adjusted to measure all kinds of voltages. Such voltmeters usually have a "knob" or switch that can be set in different ways. If the voltmeter is set in one way, the voltmeter handles voltages up to, for example, 10 volts. If the switch is set in another way, the voltmeter can handle 100 volts, and so on. Inside the voltmeter, the switch usually works by changing resistors in a voltage divider.
In this way, one single voltmeter can be used for a lot of different voltages, large and small. Some modern voltmeters can do this setting all by themselves, one just has to make the connection and not worry about if the voltmeter can handle the voltage. It will automatically find a setting that can handle it.

Today, a voltmeter is usually part of a multimeter, an instrument that can work as both a voltmeter, an ammeter, and usually a few more measuring instruments. These also have switces, used to "tell" the multimeter to "be a voltmeter".

Multimeters often have more than two connections, and part of "telling" the multimeter what to measure (that is, whether to be a voltmeter or an amperemeter) is done by choosing the right two connections. This is explained in the manual for the multimeter, and often shown next to the connection points.
Use of amplifiers for sensitive measurement of voltage
The first type of voltmeters show the voltage using a needle or "pointer" pointing to the number of volts. These voltmeters take energy from the thing being measured to move the needle. Some very weak voltage sources might not have enough energy to move the needle to the right voltage. In that case, such a voltmeter shows too few volts. The voltmeter is not sensitive enough.

One solution to the above problem is to make the needle use as little energy as possible to move. However, there is a limit to how sensitive this kind of voltmeter can be. When vacuum tubes and transistors were invented, it became possible to build electronic amplifiers. By using an amplifier, a voltmeter can measure very small voltages from very weak sources. Modern voltmeters and multimeters normally have this kind of amplifier in them.

References 

Measuring tools
Energy
Powderfinger were a rock band from Brisbane, Australia. The band started in 1989. The band’s members were Bernard Fanning (singer, guitarist), Darren Middleton (guitarist), Ian Haug (guitarist), John Collins (bass), and Jon Coghill (drums).

After some extended plays (EPs) that sold quite well, and making one full album, Powderfinger became popular in Australia with their second album; Double Allergic. Their third album, Internationalist, was even more popular and made them celebrities. It sold over 350,000 copies. Odyssey Number Five was their fourth album and was released in 2000. It is their most famous album; it was sold overseas in the United States and Canada. Powderfinger's next two albums were not as popular as the earlier ones, but still got to number one on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) charts.
History
Powderfinger started in Brisbane, Australia, in 1989. Ian Haug, John Collins, and Steven Bishop (drums), had been playing music with other bands, when they decided to form Powderfinger. The band's name came from the song "Powderfinger" by Neil Young. Haug met Bernard Fanning at university and Fanning decided to join the band. Later, Jon Coghill joined when Bishop left. Darren Middleton was the last person to join, when Powderfinger saw one of his other bands playing and invited him to join.

Early work
Powderfinger released their first extended play (EP), called Powderfinger, in 1992. This was followed by Transfusion in 1993. Transfusion was popular in Australia, and got to number one on the ARIA Alternative Chart, a chart for alternative rock music. Powderfinger signed a contract with record label Polydor after releasing Transfusion.
Their first EPs did not sell badly, so they made an album, Parables for Wooden Ears, in 1994. It did not do very well, and Fanning said in an interview in 2004 that "the music wasn't very good". The band then released Double Allergic in 1996. This album became very popular in Australia; it sold more than 200,000 copies. Jonathan Lewis from Allmusic said "Double Allergic established Powderfinger as one of the most exciting Australian rock acts of the late 1990s". When they were making Double Allergic, Middleton said it was the best music the band had made so far. After releasing the album, Powderfinger went on a tour with You Am I, playing at the Livid concerts.
Successful releases
After Double Allergic, Powderfinger began to work on their third album. The band worked in Melbourne with a new producer, Nick DiDia. In 1998, they released Internationalist. The album went to number one on the ARIA Albums Chart, and stayed in the top 50 for 101 weeks. It sold more than 350,000 copies. Internationalist was the first Powderfinger album to win an ARIA Award; it won "Album of the Year", "Best Rock Album" and "Best Cover Art" at the 1999 ARIA Awards. "The Day You Come", the first single, won "Single of the Year" in 1999.

On Internationalist, Powderfinger included songs about their political opinions and social ideas, but they said this was not done on purpose. Internationalist sounded different to the band's first two albums. This was because the band experimented with new ways of playing their music and writing songs.
Powderfinger's next album, Odyssey Number Five (released in 2000), is their most famous. It won many awards including "Album of the Year" from Rolling Stone magazine, and the 2001 "Album of the Year" ARIA Award. It also got to number one on the ARIA Albums Chart. From Odyssey Number Five, Powderfinger released their most popular single, "My Happiness". It won the 2001 "Single of the Year" ARIA Award, and got to number four on the ARIA Singles Chart. Two songs on Odyssey Number Five appeared in movies; "These Days" was from the movie Two Hands,  and "My Kind of Scene" was part of Mission: Impossible II.
Odyssey Number Five was Powderfinger's shortest album yet. Similar to Internationalist, it talked about political and social issues. It also had numerous songs about love. Fanning liked listening to gospel music, and to soul which is often about love, and wrote his own songs after listening to that. Reviewers disagreed on the album; Entertainment Weekly liked it and gave it a B+, saying the album experimented well, while Allmusic gave it one-and-a-half stars out of five, saying Powderfinger were too careful and not aggressive enough. Powderfinger toured around North America with Coldplay to help promote Odyssey Number Five.

In 2003, Powderfinger released their fifth album, Vulture Street. It was named after a street in Brisbane where the band would rehearse. Vulture Street got to number one on the ARIA Albums Chart, but did not stay on the chart for as long as the two albums before it. Vulture Street won four ARIA Awards including "Album of the Year" in 2003.
Vulture Street contained louder guitars and drums than the albums before it, especially Odyssey Number Five. Bernard Zuel from The Sydney Morning Herald said it was "a rawer, louder, but by no means unrefined, album". Some of the album was recorded during jam sessions, and was similar to what Powderfinger sounded like when playing live. Kenneth Nguyen from The Age said the band "play a crowd-pleasing set".

Break from recording
In 2004, Powderfinger released a CD/DVD of themselves playing a concert in Sydney. The release was called These Days: Live in Concert. After this they released a "best of" album called Fingerprints: The Best of Powderfinger, 1994–2000. This included singles from their albums so far, some songs that were not released as singles but appeared on albums, and two new songs. Both compilations did well on the ARIA Albums Chart, reaching number two.
After releasing Fingerprints: The Best of Powderfinger, 1994–2000, Powderfinger said they would have a rest from working together.  During this break, Bernard Fanning made his own music, releasing an album called Tea & Sympathy. Darren Middleton released an album, called The Way Out with Drag, another band he plays in. Ian Haug and John Collins made a band called The Predators during this time with Steven Bishop, who had left Powderfinger around 1992. The Predators made an EP called Pick Up the Pace.

During the break, Fanning married his girlfriend, Andrea. The wives of Middleton and Haug both had children during the break.

Return from break
Return from break

Powderfinger returned from their break and began work on their sixth album in 2006. The band recorded in Los Angeles with Rob Schnapf, and released Dream Days at the Hotel Existence in 2007. The album's name came from a book called The Brooklyn Follies that Fanning was reading when the band recorded. Dream Days at the Hotel Existence contained songs about politics and the lives of Indigenous Australians, and also about love. Because of the political lyrics on one song, "Black Tears", the album was nearly banned.

The album sold well and was number one in Australia, like many of Powderfinger's previous albums. However, critics did not like it as much as the band's older work; Barnaby Smith of musicOMH said "the volume has been turned down", but he said that was "not always a good thing".
After the album was released, Powderfinger went on a concert tour with Silverchair, another Australian band. On the tour, called the Across the Great Divide tour, the band played shows in lots of cities in Australia and New Zealand. They did the tour to help Reconciliation Australia, an Australian charity that tries to improve the lives of Indigenous Australians.

Philanthropy
Powderfinger have done a lot of work for charities and philanthropic causes. In 2004, the band played at WaveAid, a concert in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The concert made over $2 million in profit, which was donated to help survivors of the earthquake.
The 2007 Across the Great Divide tour featured Powderfinger and Silverchair playing concerts across Australia to help promote Reconciliation Australia, a charity that tries to improve the lives of Indigenous Australians. More than 200,000 saw the bands play. After the tour, the bands released a DVD, which included the bands performing, and interviews with their members.

In October 2007, Powderfinger played a concert at the Sydney Opera House as part of "Breast Cancer Awareness Month". Only people who had breast cancer, and their families, were invited to the show. Silverchair and Missy Higgins also performed. After the concert, Fanning said that "musicians have a guilty conscience in general about their lives being quite good and tend to be aware of social issues".

Discography
A dash (–) means it did not appear on the chart.

Albums

Other releases

References

Other websites 

Powderfinger's official website
Discography  on official website
Powderfinger on Allmusic
1980s Australian music groups
1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
Australian alternative rock bands
Organizations based in Brisbane
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups from Queensland
 
1989 establishments in Australia
2010 disestablishments
2010s disestablishments in Australia
Schizanthus (butterfly flower) is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae. The genus is made up of twelve species: Schizanthus alpestris, Schizanthus candidus, Schizanthus grahamii, Schizanthus hookerii, Schizanthus integrifolius, Schizanthus lacteus, Schizanthus laetus, Schizanthus litoralis, Schizanthus parvulus, Schizanthus pinnatus, Schizanthus porrigens and Schizanthus tricolor.

Solanaceae
A hadith (, pronounced: "") is a saying attributed to Muhammad, a prophet of Islam. In English, the word hadith is also used as the plural word for a group of these narrations, although the plural in Arabic is a-HAA-deeth. 

For most self-identified Muslims, hadiths are used along with the Qur'an to interpret Sharia. Sunnis follow the Kutub al-Sittah; Shias follow the Kutub al-Arba'a; Ibadis follow Tartib al-Musnad. Hadiths attributed to Abu Hurairah are the most common hadiths in Sunnism. Unlike the Qur'an, hadiths are not universally accepted by Muslims; some Muslims claim that most hadiths are fabrications (pseudepigrapha) created in the 8th and 9th century AD, and which are falsely attributed to Muhammad.
Meaning
The word hadith means something new or a piece of information. The religious meaning of  hadith is a statement, action or approval attributed to the prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Therefore, hadith can be divided into three categories based upon their content:
An attributed statement of the Prophet  
An attributed action of the Prophet  
An attribution of the Prophet’s approval of an action done by other than him

History
After Prophet Muhammad died, Muslim scholars wrote down stories about what he had said and done. They also wrote down facts about who told each story. Some of the stories were retold many times before they were written down, and some stories did not agree in every detail resulting in the detailed study of hadith by scholars to compare between those hadith.
Historically, not all Muslims believed in the hadiths. For example, Mu'tazilites rejected the hadiths as the basis for Islamic law, while at the same time accepting the Sunnah and ijma. For Mu'tazilites, the basic argument for rejecting the hadiths was that "since its essence is transmission by individuals, [it] cannot be a sure avenue of our  knowledge about the Prophetic teaching unlike the Qur’an about whose transmission there is a universal unanimity among Muslims". Further, those who claim to obey the Qur'an alone while rejecting external sources such as the hadiths and the previous revelations are known as "Qur'anists".

Related pages
Quranism

References

Further reading
 

Islamic terminology
Arabic words and phrases
Cultural depictions of Muhammad
Fengyuan District is a district in north-central Taichung in Taiwan on the south bank of the Dajia River. 

Settlements in Taiwan
Billy Cox is a bassist, best known for playing with guitarist Jimi Hendrix. He was born in West Virginia.

Billy first met Hendrix in the early part of the 1960s, when they were both in the United States Army. Cox played with Hendrix in an R&B band called the King Kasuals. The two played at clubs in Nashville, Tennessee. While in England, Hendrix asked Cox to join him in a new band; Cox said no. The spot instead went to Noel Redding.

They met again in 1969, when Hendrix asked on Cox to play bass in the experimental band "Band of Gypsys".  

Billy Cox also played at Woodstock.

In 1971 Cox released his album Nitro Function.

Other websites 
Billy Cox
Biography 

1941 births
Living people
Military people from West Virginia
American guitarists
Musicians from West Virginia
Bassists
Clarksville is the name of several places in the United States of America:
Clarksville, Alabama
Clarksville, Arkansas
Clarksville, California
Clarksville, Delaware
Clarksville, Florida
Clarksville, Idaho
Clarksville, Illinois
Clarksville, Indiana
Clarksville, Iowa
Clarksville, Maryland
Clarksville, Michigan
Clarksville, Missouri
Clarksville, New Hampshire
Clarksville, New Jersey
Clarksville, Albany County, New York
Clarksville, Allegany County, New York
Clarksville, Ohio
Clarksville, Oklahoma
Clarksville, Oregon
Clarksville, Pennsylvania
Clarksville, Tennessee (best-known city with this name)
Clarksville, Texas
Clarksville, Virginia
One of the places known as Clarksville is in New Zealand
Clarksville, New Zealand
The city in the state of Tennessee is at Clarksville, Tennessee

Clarksville is a small township. It is located three kilometres southwest of Milton in the Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand.  State Highways 1 and 8 meet in Clarksville.  The town was also once the location of a railway junction, where the Roxburgh Branch left the Main South Line.  Construction of this branch line began in the 1870s and Clarksville acted as the junction until 1907, when an extension of the branch was built alongside the Main South Line into Milton to improve operations.  This led to Milton being the junction until 1960, when the extension was removed and Clarksville regained its status as a junction until the branch was entirely closed in 1968.

References 

Towns in Otago
Clutha District