Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Passions was a television soap opera which aired starting July 5, 1999 until September 7, 2007 on NBC and on DirecTV from September 17, 2007 to August 7, 2008. This show focused toward the romantic and paranormal issues of Harmony, a fictional New England town. The storylines centered around multi racial families (the white Cranes and Bennetts, the black Russells, the Hispanic Lopez-Fitzgeralds). It also focused on Tabitha Lenox, a town witch.

Soap operas
NBC network shows
American drama television series
1999 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Gene targeting is a genetic technique for replacing an existing gene with a mutated (changed) one. It can be done in lab mice or some other model organism.

The method can be used to delete a gene, remove control sections, add a gene, and introduce point mutations. 

Gene targeting can be permanent or conditional. Conditions, for example, can be a specific time during development in the life of the organism or limited to a specific tissue.

To date, this method has been applied to a number of species including Drosophila melanogaster, tobacco, corn, human cells. mice, and rats.

2007 Nobel prize
Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on "principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells", in other words, gene targeting.
Method for mice 
First a DNA construct is made, usually in bacteria. The construct has the mutated gene or part of it, and a reporter gene, which may be a selectable marker. Mutated DNA is put into a stem cell genome derived from an embryo.

To target genes in mice, the construct is inserted into mouse embryonic stem cells in tissue culture. Cells with the correct insertion can be selected, because they carry a visible marker (such as a gene for white fur where the normal is brown). The treated cells can be added a mouse's tissue by embryo injection. Finally, chimeric mice where the modified cells make up the reproductive organs are selected for breeding. After breeding to others of the same kind, the entire body of the offspring mice has the altered gene.
In practice, large numbers of the injected mice are mated, which produces a few white mice (this only occurs when there are white-type cells in the germ line). Cross-breeding the white mice produces 50% of offspring which are homozygous for the marker, and so pure-bred for the experimental gene being inserted. Tests on the mice with the gene insertion can now take place.

References 

Genetic engineering
Developmental biology
The pipits are a cosmopolitan genus Anthus, of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. Along with the wagtails and longclaws, the pipits make up the family Motacillidae. The genus is widespread, occurring across most of the world, except the driest deserts, rainforests and the mainland of Antarctica.

They are slender, often drab, ground-feeding insectivores of open country. Like their relatives in the family, the pipits are monogamous and territorial. Pipits are ground nesters, laying up to six speckled eggs.

Passeri
The Potter Park Zoo is a zoo in Lansing, Michigan.  Potter Park Zoo is the oldest public zoo in Michigan.  The zoo is  in size.  The zoo has more than 160 species of animals.  The zoo is owned by the City of Lansing, and operated by Ingham County.  The zoo is a member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).

History
Potter Park Zoo was dedicated on July 5, 1915.  The zoo officially opened in 1920.

The Bird and Reptile building opened in 1929.  In 1930 the Lion building opened.  The bighorn sheep exhibit (originally called Monkey Island) was constructed in 1936.  The aviary was constructed in 1941.  The barnyard and petting zoo opened in 1949.  In the 1950s, Potter Park Zoo had 138 mammals and 267 birds.

In the late 1960s, the zoo began a decline from municipal neglect.  In 1969 a columnist of the Lansing State Journal encouraged residents to raise money for the zoo.
A magellanic penguin exhibit opened in 1985.  In 1986 the zoo became a member of the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).  In 1989 the zoo's Lion House was renovated and renamed the Feline and Primate Building.

In 2005 endangered tiger cubs were born at the zoo. They were featured on NBC's Today Show.  In 2005 the River Otter and Arctic Fox exhibits opened.  In November 2006 Lansing transferred the operation and maintenance of the zoo to Ingham County.

In January 2009 the zoo announced plans to expand the eastern black rhinoceros exhibit.  In 2009 the Wings from Down Under aviary opened with more than 600 Australian birds.  In March 2010 Potter Park Zoo artificially inseminated a female snow leopard.  It is believed to be the first successful procedure without surgery or anesthesia.  A larger Eurasian Eagle-owl exhibit opened in September 2010.
Animals and exhibits
Potter Park Zoo's Feline and Primate Building has two Amur tigers, African lions, snow leopards, mandrills, Pallas' cats, cotton-top tamarins, black-headed spider monkeys,golden lion tamarins, mongoose, red-ruffed, and ring-tailed lemurs.
 
The Bird and Reptile House has rare flying creatures like Bali starlings, chestnut-fronted macaws, eastern screech owls, Eurasian eagle owls, green aracaries, Jambu fruit doves. There are scaly species like chukwallas, inland bearded dragons, leopard geckos, blue-tongued skinks, Gila monsters, water dragons, boa constrictors, green tree pythons, and more.     

The Coral Reef Room, showcases exotic fish, crustaceans, eels, and coral.

The Farmyard EdVentures is where children can pet and feed animals at the barnyard and petting zoo. The petting zoo has goats, burros, reindeer, yaks, toy pigs, tortoises, and rabbits.

The Wing From Down Under aviary has grass parakeets, cockatiels, and eastern rosellas.
Gardens and a pond have ducks, geese, swans, and pelicans.  Other animals at the zoo are kangaroos, penguins, river otters, bongos, bald eagles, eastern timberwolves, red pandas, arctic foxes, and porcupines.

Photo gallery

Related pages
 Lansing, Michigan

References
Notes

Bibliography

Other websites

Potter Park Zoo at Greater Lansing Convention and Visitors Bureau 

Zoos in the United States
Lansing, Michigan
1915 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Michigan
Anonymous works are works, such as art or literature, made by someone who is anonymous. Some authors or artists choose to keep their identity a secret; others cannot reveal their names for legal reasons. In 2007, The Washington Post published an article by an anonymous author describing the use of national security letters by the FBI. In this case, the author, who would have preferred to be named, could not reveal his or her identity because it was against the law. 

Some anonymous works are not created by people who choose to be anonymous, but their creators are unknown (not by choice). With some very old or ancient works, the creator's name may simply be lost over the course of history, or historians are not sure. In such cases the author is often referred to as Anonymus, the Latin form of "anonymous". In the United States it is legally defined as "a work on the copies or phonorecords of which no natural person is identified as author."

Related pages
Pseudonym

Literature
Intellectual property law
The 2011 Tucson shooting was a mass murder in Tucson, Arizona. 

The mass shooting happened on January 8, 2011. Nineteen people were shot. Six of the nineteen people died. Another person was injured.  

U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords was holding a public meeting in the parking lot of a Safeway store.  

Giffords was shot through the head from a very short distance. Her condition was said to be very bad just after the shooting. The six killed included John Roll, a chief judge for the District of Arizona. 

22 year old schizophrenic Jared Lee Loughner was arrested at the scene with five charges filed against him. Loughner pleaded guilty to 19 crimes. He never gave a reason for the shooting. In November 2012, Loughner was sentenced to life in prison.

References
References

2011 in the United States
2010s in Arizona
2010s murders in the United States
January 2011 events
Mass murder in the 2010s
Mass murder in the United States
2010s mass shootings in the United States
Murder in 2011
Murders by firearm in the United States
2011 shooting
Nintendogs + Cats is a video game sequel of Nintendogs. It was released in North America on March 26, 2011. This game has a total of 3 versions. It is made for the Nintendo 3DS.

On April 26, 2011, just one month after this game was released in North America, Nintendogs + Cats have sold 1.7 million copies of the game.

Ratings 
Common Sense Media gave this game 5 out of 5 stars.

Features 
Nintendogs + Cats has more features than Nintendogs, like a RoboDog and cats.

References 

2011 video games
Tremaine Aldon Neverson (born November 28, 1984 ), better known by his stage name Trey Songz. 
Songz was born in Petersburg, Virginia, and raised in a military family,  He did not intend having a musical career as a child due to his shyness, saying "Singing wasn't a reality for me, until other people started noticing I sounded good." He recognized his vocal abilities at the age of 14 in 1998 (jobs). 
A
Some refer to him as 'The Prince of R&B'. His 2010 album, Passion, Pain and Pleasure, entered the Billboard magazine charts at Number 2 in September 2010. the song "Bottoms Up" from the album got into the Top Ten songs.

Recordings
 Step Up 3D - Soundtrack Appearance  
 I Gotta Make It - 2005
 Trey Day- 2007
 Ready - 2009
 Passion, Pain and Pleasure - 2010
   Chapter V - 2012
   Trigga - 2014
   Tremaine: The Album - 2017

References

Other websites
 Trey Songz website
1984 births
Living people
Singers from New Jersey
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
American R&B singers
African American musicians
Singers from Virginia
People from Petersburg, Virginia
Mad About You is an American situation comedy. It began on NBC on September 23, 1992. It ended on May 24, 1999. It stars Paul Reiser and Helen Hunt. They play a married couple living in New York City. Near the end of the sitcom's run, the couple have a baby, Mabel.

Other websites 

1992 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
1990s romance television series
1990s American sitcoms
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Romantic comedy television series
Television series about marriage
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Go Ask Alice is a controversial book from 1971. The book is said to be the actual diary of an anonymous teenage girl who became addicted to drugs. The diarist's name is never given in the book. The title is from the lyrics to the Jefferson Airplane song "White Rabbit". Grace Slick wrote the song based on drug references in the classic novel Alice's Adventures In Wonderland by Lewis Carroll.

The story caused a sensation when published and remains in print as of 2011. Revelations about the book's origin have caused much doubt as to its authenticity and factual accounts, and the publishers have listed it as a work of fiction since at least the mid-late 1980s. Although it is still published under the byline "Anonymous", press interviews and copyright records suggest that it is largely or wholly the work of its purported editor, Beatrice Sparks. Some of the days and dates referenced in the book put the timeline from 1968 until 1970.
A 15-year-old girl begins keeping a diary. With a sensitive, observant style, she records her thoughts and concerns about issues such as crushes, weight loss, sexuality, social acceptance, and difficulty relating to her parents. The diarist's father, a college professor, accepts a teaching position at a new college. After the move the diarist feels like an outcast at the new school, with no friends. She then meets Beth and they become best friends. When Beth leaves for summer camp the diarist returns to her hometown to stay with her grandparents. She reunites with an old school neighbor, Jill. Jill is impressed by the diarist's move to a larger town, and invites her to a party. At the party, bottles of sodas—some of which are labeled with LSD—were served. The diarist was not known about LSD and has an intense and pleasure trip. Over the following days the diarist continues friendships with the people from the party and willingly uses more drugs. She loses her virginity while on LSD
. She worries she may be pregnant, and her grandfather has a small heart attack. Gullets and lies were overwhelming her.
The United States National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in Asheville, North Carolina is the world's largest active archive of weather data.  The center became established in late 1951, and moved into a new facility  in early 1952. The center collects data on climate change, science, and transportation.

References

Organizations based in North Carolina
Climate change
Scientific organizations based in the United States
1951 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in North Carolina
A model organism is a non-human species that is studied over many years, building up a lot of knowledge about it in order to understand fundamental biological phenomena. The hope is that discoveries made in the model will give insight into how other organisms work.

In particular, model organisms are widely used in animal testing to explore potential causes and treatments for human disease when experimenting on humans would be impossible or less ethical.

This strategy is made possible by the similarities of all living organisms. They are similar because of their common descent and the conservation of metabolic and developmental pathways and genes  over the course of evolution.

Model organisms in genetics

Drosophila melanogaster 
Drosophila melanogaster was one of the first animals used for genetics. Today it is one of the most widely used and genetically best-known of all eukaryotic organisms.
All organisms use common genetic systems; understanding  transcription and replication in fruit flies helps to understand these processes in other eukaryotes, including humans.

Studies of X-linked traits confirmed that genes are found on chromosomes. Studies of linked traits led to the first maps of genetic loci on chromosomes. The first maps of Drosophila chromosomes were done by Alfred Sturtevant.

Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most studied organisms in biological research, particularly in genetics and developmental biology. Its complete genome was sequenced and first published in 2000.

Because great deal is known about its development from egg to larva to adult, it is a key model for developmental genetics, or evo-devo. The hox genes, or homeobox, which control development in metazoa, were worked out first of all in Drosophila.

Escherischia coli 
In 1946, Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum first described the phenomenon known as bacterial conjugation using Escherichia coli as a model bacterium.
E. coli was an integral part of the first experiments to understand phage genetics, and early researchers, such as Seymour Benzer, used E. coli and phage T4 to understand the topography of gene structure. Before Benzer's research, it was not known whether the gene was a linear structure, or if it had a branching pattern.

E. coli was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced; the complete genome of E. coli K12 was published by Science in 1997.
 
The long-term evolution experiments using E. coli, begun by Richard Lenski in 1988, have allowed direct observation of major evolutionary shifts in the laboratory.
Other model organisms 
 Viruses 
 Phage Lamda
 Tobacco Mosaic Virus
 Protists
 Emiliania huxleyi: coccolithophore alga, extensively studied as a model phytoplankton species
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
 Fungi
 Aspergillus nidulans
 Neurospora crassa
 Plants
 Arabidopsis thalliana
 Zea mays Maize
 Pisum sativum, Pea
 Animals
 Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode
 Tribolium castaneum, flour beetle
 Drosophila melanogaster
 Mus musculus, the mouse
 Rattus norvegicus, the Norwegian rat

References 

Cell biology
John Joseph McGraw (April 7, 1873– February 25, 1934) was a Major League baseball player/manager from 1894-1932. He was a player for the Baltimore Orioles and the New York Giants from 1894 until 1906. McGraw died one year after he stopped managing for the Giants.

1873 births
1934 deaths
American Roman Catholics
Baltimore Orioles players
New York Giants (NL) players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
St. Louis Cardinals players
Prudential World Cups

The inaugural Cricket World Cup was hosted in 1975 by England, the only nation able to put forward the resources to stage an event of such magnitude at that time. The 1975 tournament started on June 7. The first three events were held in England and officially known as the Prudential Cup after the sponsors Prudential plc. The matches consisted of 60 six-ball overs per team, played during the daytime in traditional form, with the players wearing cricket whites and using red cricket balls.

Eight teams participated in the first tournament: Australia, England, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, and the West Indies (the six Test nations at the time), together with Sri Lanka and a composite team from East Africa. One notable omission was South Africa, who were banned from international cricket due to apartheid. The tournament was won by the West Indies, who defeated Australia by 17 runs in the final at Lord's.
The 1979 World Cup saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy competition to select non-Test playing teams for the World Cup, with Sri Lanka and Canada qualifying. West Indies won a second consecutive World Cup tournament, defeating the hosts, England, by 92 runs in the final. At a meeting which followed the World Cup, the International Cricket Conference agreed to make the competition a quadrennial event.

The 1983 event was hosted by England for a third consecutive time. By this time, Sri Lanka had become a Test-playing nation, and Zimbabwe qualified through the ICC Trophy. A fielding circle was introduced,  away from the stumps. Four fieldsmen needed to be inside it at all times. India, an outsider quoted at 66-1 to win by bookmakers before the competition began, were crowned champions after upsetting the West Indies by 43 runs in the final.
1987–1996
The 1987 tournament, named the Reliance World Cup after their Indian sponsors, was held in India and Pakistan, the first time that the competition was held outside England. The games were reduced from 60 to 50 overs per innings, the current standard, because of the shorter daylight hours in the Indian subcontinent compared with England's summer. Australia won the championship by defeating England by 7 runs in the final, the closest margin in World Cup final history.

The 1992 World Cup, held in Australia and New Zealand, introduced many changes to the game, such as coloured clothing, white balls, day/night matches, and an alteration to the fielding restrictions. The South African cricket team participated in the event for the first time, following the fall of the apartheid regime and the end of the international sports boycott. Pakistan overcame a dismal start to emerge as winners, defeating England by 22 runs in the final.
Australian treble
In 1999 the event was hosted by England, with some matches also being held in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and the Netherlands. Australia qualified for the semi-finals after reaching their target in their Super 6 match against South Africa off the final over of the match. They then proceeded to the final with a tied match in the semi-final (also against South Africa) where a mix-up between South African batsmen Lance Klusener and Allan Donald saw Donald drop his bat and stranded mid-pitch to be run out. In the final, Australia dismissed Pakistan for 132 and then reached the target in less than 20 overs, with eight wickets in hand.
In 2007 the tournament was hosted by the West Indies. The Cricket World Cup became the world tournament to be hosted on all six populated continents. Bangladesh progressed to the second round for the first time, after defeating India, and they later went on to defeat South Africa in the second round. Ireland making their World Cup debut tied with Zimbabwe and defeated Pakistan to progress to the second round, where they went on to defeat Bangladesh Following their defeat to Ireland, the Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer was found dead in his hotel room. The cause of death was heart failure, Australia defeated Sri Lanka in the final by 53 runs (D/L), extending their undefeated run in the World Cup to 29 matches and winning three straight World Cups.

References

Cricket World Cup
HuffPost (used to be called The Huffington Post) is an American liberal news website and political blog. It was founded in 2005 by Andrew Breitbart, Arianna Huffington, Kenneth Lerer, and Jonah Peretti. The website prints news stories and columns (called blogs) by celebrities, politicians, academics, and other well known people who have been invited to write for them.

HuffPost has around 25 million visitors each month and is the most well known political blog in the world. Der Spiegel calls The Huffington Post the most important source of information for millions of Americans.

On February 7, 2011, AOL announced it would acquire The Huffington Post for US$315 million.

Contributors

HuffPost has both staff writers, and other individuals they have invited to write for them, from politicians and celebrities to academics and policy experts, who contribute on a wide range of topics. The term blog is used for columns written by both staff and invited columnists.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

 
American websites
2005 establishments in New York (state)
News websites
Denim is a very strong kind of cloth. Denim has been used in the United States since the late 18th century.  The word comes from the name of a cloth called serge.  Serge was first made in the French town of Nîmes (de Nîmes)), by the André family.  First called serge de Nîmes, the name was soon shortened to denim.

Denims are highly popular throughout India.  Before in celebrations, formal wear was obvious.  These days in many functions and even in workplaces, there is no shortage of people donning denims.  International brand skinny jeans available in Asia and the market sees introduction of new styles.
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Denim was usually colored blue with indigo dye to make blue "jeans," though "jean" meant a different, lighter cotton textile.

Jeans vehicles
Between 1973 and 1975, Volkswagen made the Jeans Beetle, which had all-denim trim. They did this again in some later models.

References

Woven fabrics
The Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez is a Mexican Formula One circuit near Mexico City. It was named after racing driver Ricardo Rodríguez (the brother of Pedro Rodríguez, a Formula One driver). It was finished in 1962 and held its first Formula One race there in the same year, though it did not count for the championship. A year later, the Mexican Grand Prix started, and continued from 1963 to 1970, where F1 did not return until 1986, and left once again 1992. The track still hosts various events, and even hosted the Nationwide Series from 2005 to 2008, before leaving once again.

F1 winners

Formula One circuits
1962 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in Mexico
Andromeda may refer to:
 Andromeda (mythology), a woman in trouble in Greek mythology
 Andromeda (constellation), a group of stars
 The Andromeda Galaxy
 HMS Andromeda, one of several warships of the Royal Navy

In arts and literature:
 Andromeda (play), play by Euripides
 Andromeda (novel), by Ivan Yefremov
 The Andromeda Nebula, Russian 1967 science fiction film based on Andromeda
 Andromeda (TV series), science fiction TV series
 Andromeda (English band), a 1960s psychedelic rock band from Britain
 Andromeda (Swedish band), a 2000s progressive metal band from Sweden

In comics:
 Andromeda (Marvel Comics), character native of Atlantis in the Marvel comics universe
 Laurel Gand codenamed Andromeda, character of the Legion of Super-Heroes in the DC comics universe
 Andromeda Shun, character in the Saint Seiya universe
Andromeda is a constellation in the northern sky. It is named after the princess Andromeda in Greek mythology. It is sometimes called "Princess of Ethiopia" or "the Chained Woman" in English. It has also been called Persea ("Perseus's wife") or Cepheis ("Cepheus's daughter").  The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Andromeda when he made a list of 48 constellations.  It is also one of the 88 constellations made by the International Astronomical Union.

The Andromeda Galaxy is inside Andromeda.  It is the closest spiral galaxy to Earth, at about 2.2 million light-years from Earth (estimates range up to 2.5 million light-years).  The brightest star in Andromeda is called Alpha Andromedae, which is a binary star.

References

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Local galaxies
Kathryn Dawn Lang, better known as k.d. lang (born November 2, 1961), is a Canadian country and pop singer-songwriter and guitarist. Her best known hit is "Constant Craving". She has contributed songs to many movie soundtracks.

Lang was born in Edmonton, Alberta. She is openly lesbian and is an activist for LGBT rights.

References 

1961 births
Living people
Canadian guitarists
Canadian LGBT people
Canadian pop musicians
Canadian singer-songwriters
Country musicians
Canadian activists
Entertainers from Edmonton
Lesbians
LGBT rights activists
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
Canadian pop singers
Country singers
Warner Bros. Records artists
The Premier of the Soviet Union was the head of government.  Most western countries use the term "Prime Minister".  In the former Soviet Union the job had many names:

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1917–1946)
Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1991)
Prime Minister of the Soviet Union (1991)
Chairman of the Interstate Economic Committee of the USSR—Prime Minister of the Economic Community (1991)

List of Premiers

Notes

References

Soviet Union
Loretta Lynn (née Webb; April 14, 1932 – October 4, 2022) was an American country music singer and songwriter born in Kentucky. She became a part of the country music scene in Nashville during the 1960s. In 1967 she charted her first of 16 number 1 songs overall. However, certain country music radio stations would not play her songs due to subject matter. Despite that, she had become the "First Known Lady of Country Music" and was one of the most successful vocalists of all time.

Personal life
Lynn was named after movie star Loretta Young. Lynn's sisters are Crystal Gayle and Peggy Sue, who are also country singers. She was married to Oliver Lynn from January 10, 1948 until he died on August 22, 1996.

Discography

Singles
"Coal Miner's Daughter" (1970)

Studio albums
Loretta Lynn Sings (1963)
Before I'm Over You (1964)
Songs from My Heart.... (1965)
Blue Kentucky Girl (1965)
Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be  (1965)
Hymns (1965)
I Like 'Em Country (1966)
You Ain't Woman Enough (1966)
Country Christmas (1966)
Don't Come Home a Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind) (1967)
Singin' Again  (1967)
Singin' with Feelin' (1967)
Who Says God Is Dead! (1968)
Fist City (1968)
Your Squaw Is on the Warpath (1969)
If We Put Our Heads Together  (1969)
Woman of the World/To Make a Man (1969)
Wings Upon Your Horns (1970)
Coal Miner's Daughter (1971)
We Only Make Believe  (1971)
I Wanna Be Free (1971)
You're Lookin' at Country (1971)
Lead Me On  (1972)
One's on the Way (1972)
God Bless America Again (1972)
Here I Am Again (1972)
Entertainer of the Year (1973)
Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man  (1973)
Love Is the Foundation (1973)
Country Partners  (1974)
They Don't Make 'Em Like My Daddy (1974)
Back to the Country (1975)
Feelins'  (1975)
Home (1975)
When the Tingle Becomes a Chill (1976)
United Talent  (1976)
Somebody Somewhere (1976)
I Remember Patsy (1977)
Dynamic Duo  (1977)
Out of My Head and Back in My Bed (1978)
Honky Tonk Heroes  (1978)
We've Come a Long Way, Baby (1979)
Diamond Duet  (1979)
Loretta (1980)
Lookin' Good (1980)
Two's a Party  (1981)
I Lie (1981)
Making Love from Memory (1982)
Lyin', Cheatin', Woman Chasin', Honky Tonkin', Whiskey Drinkin' You (1983)
Just a Woman (1985)
Who Was That Stranger (1988)
Honky Tonk Angels  (1993)
Making More Memories (1994)
All Time Gospel Favorites (1997)
Still Country (2000)
Van Lear Rose (2004)
Full Circle (2016)
White Christmas Blue (2016)
Wouldn't It Be Great (2018)
Still Woman Enough (2021)
References

Other websites
Official website

1932 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American singers
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American singers
American country singers
Singers from Kentucky
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. They were first described by Paracelsus (~1519),p1 but their full significance was not realised until the last quarter of the 20th century.

Microbial mats grow mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts. They colonize environments ranging in temperature from –40 °C to +120 °C. A few are endosymbionts of animals.

Although usually only a few centimetres thick, microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments. They consist of layers of microorganisms that can feed on or tolerate the chemicals at their level. In moist conditions mats are held together by slimy substances (polysaccharides) secreted by the microorganisms.118; 1671-7 Some of the micro-organisms form tangled webs of filaments which make the mat tougher. The best known physical forms are flat mats and stubby pillars called stromatolites, but there are also spherical forms.
Microbial mats are the earliest form of life on Earth for which there is good fossil evidence, from 3500 million years ago, and were for a long period the most important members of the planet's ecosystems.

Originally they may have depended on hydrothermal vents for energy and chemical "food". The development of photosynthesis gradually liberated them from the 'hydrothermal ghetto' by proving a more widely-available energy source, sunlight, although initially the photosynthesizing mats still depended on the diffusion of chemicals emitted by hydrothermal vents. The final and most significant stage of this liberation was the development of oxygen-producing photosynthesis, since the main chemical inputs for this are carbon dioxide and water.
Because of microbial mats' ability to use almost anything as nutrients, there is considerable interest in industrial uses of mats, especially for water treatment and for cleaning up pollution.

References 

Ecosystems
Microbiology
Fiji Hindi or Fiji Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language which is the mother tongue of 313,000 people of Indian and Pakistani origin in Fiji.

This language is very different from the standard Hindi spoken in India and the relationship between the two languages are similar to those between Dutch and Afrikaans. The language is composed of the Eastern Hindi dialects (Bhojpuri and Awadhi) with numerous English and Fijian words. It is spoken with a Pacific twang. 

In recent times, due to the political upheaval  in Fiji, large numbers of Fiji Indians have migrated to Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada, taking the Fiji Hindi language with them.

References

Other websites
 Ethnologue - Fiji Hindi

Hindi
Urdu dialects
Urdu language
Languages of Fiji
Electronic money is money stored electronically, and spent by using a technical device, such as a smart card.  If it is stored on a card, its use may be secured by a PIN code.  In Japan, electronic money is commonly used to pay for train tickets.  JR East’s prepaid train ticket (Suica) and JR West’s IC Operating card (ICOCA).  Suica and ICOCA are plastic cards with a built-in IC chip.  Suica was originally introduced in 2001.

In addition, many types of electronic money are used in other train stations in Japan. For example, Kitaca is electronic money in the Hokkaido area, Sugoca is used in the Kyusyu area, etc. Most electronic money is also used to pay for goods at convenience stores in Japan.

In 2004, NTT DoCoMo launched a mobile phone that uses smart card chip to realize electronic
money capability. Recently, many people have been using these kinds of electronic money cards in Japan.
Note, that electronic money is always backed by real money. For this reason, cryptocurrencies cannot be used as electronic money.

In the European Union, authorized and regulated electronic money institutions can issue e-money which serves as a "digital alternative to cash". The issuance of e-money is governed by the Directive 2009/110/EC "on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions". The Directive also describes e-money as a "technically neutral ... electronic surrogate for coins and banknotes". 

In June of 2019, the Icelandic company Monerium become the first company authorized to issue e-money tokens on blockchains.

Related pages 

 Bitcoin
 Debit card

References 

Money
was a Japanese industrial designer. is one of the most famous product designers in Japan. He played a role in Japanese modern design developed from after World War 2 to the high-growth period in the Japanese economy. He is both a representative of the wholly Japanese modern designer and a full-blown modernist who merged simplicity and practicality with elements of traditional Japanese crafts.

Early life
He was born in 1915 in Tokyo, Japan, as the son of Soetsu Yanagi, who founded the "mingei" movement which celebrated Japanese folk crafts and the beauty of everyday objects. Soetsu helped establish the Nihon Mingeikon, the Folk Crafts Museum of Japan. Sori entered Tokyo Art School in 1934, where he studied both art and architecture. He was influenced by Le Corbusier as well as by Charlotte Perriand when she worked in Japan in the early 1940s. So, his interests moved from painting to buildings to design and objects.
Designs
After World War II, he designed many products: furniture, three-wheeled vehicles, Olympic cauldrons, pedestrian overpasses, etc. One of the most famous pieces of furniture is his Butterfly Stool. Announced in 1956, its' 2-piece form has been compared to a butterfly's open wings. Alternately, the shape can be seen as the gateway of a Shinto shrine or even an antique samurai helmet. In effect, it is a form that is both modern and timeless, that has won critical acclaim and prizes, and is included in major collections such as the Museum of Modern Art New York and the Ruble Museum.

Most of Yanagi's designs are very simple and beautiful. His products illustrate his thinking: true beauty is not made, it is born naturally. When he created a new product, he made the first versions over and over by hand, seeking new forms that took shape from both new and old ideas..

Sori Yanagi died at the age of 96 in 2011 .

Honours
 Honorary Royal Designer for Industry (UK), 2008

References
References

People from Tokyo
Japanese designers
1915 births
2011 deaths
The yukata is a kind of kimono. Yukata are very casual kimono, and are worn in the summer.

Normal kimono can be difficult to wear because they have many different parts. These can include a long, stiff obi (belt), a kimono worn underneath the outer kimono, called a juban, and padding to make the shape of the kimono nicer. Many Japanese people cannot put normal kimono on by themselves, as they are so different to everyday clothing.

However, yukata are a type of kimono that is easy to wear. They are made of cotton, and do not have to be worn with a juban. They are worn with thin, short obi, called hanhaba obi, which are easy to tie without someone else's help.

Yukata are worn in the summer, and are very popular to wear to festivals. They are cheap, keep the body cool, and are easy to wash and dry, unlike regular silk kimono.
Yukata used to be decorated only with designs in blue and white colours. However, many modern yukata have bright and colourful designs, making them fun and fashionable to wear. Many young women wear yukata and geta (Japanese clogs) at summer festivals, fireworks displays, and Bon festival dances.

Recently, yukata have been adopted as summer uniforms in some of the restaurants and theme parks in Japan. The sumo wrestler wears a yukata in his daily life, every single day. In addition, a type of yukata called nemaki are used as night clothes for guests at many Japanese hotels and inns. Unlike yukata, and regular kimono, nemaki are not made differently for men and women.

Japanese clothing
Tonkatsu (,  or ) is a Japanese dish of fried pork meat. 

Either pork fillet or pork loin, is sliced. It is then coated in flour, dipped into beaten eggs,  and rolled in breadcrumbs. It is then fried in hot oil. People often use a Japanese Worcester sauce, but some use a vinegar-soy-sauce called ponzu when they eat it. Tonkatsu originated as a cutlet, but it is also used as a sandwich filling or in combination with curry. 

Tonkatsu originated in Japan in the 19th century. Now it is known as a Japanese food by most of the world. It is usually prepared for special occasions, for example a wedding. It is always served with a type of alcoholic drink.
 

Japanese food
Meat dishes
The Wilderness Road was a trail made by Daniel Boone in 1769 through the Appalachian Mountains and through Kentucky. This road was used for more than 50 years for settlers to travel from the East into Kentucky.

History of Kentucky
Appalachian Mountains
The Iroquois (), also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are a group of tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the people who spoke Iroquoian came together as different tribes, which were mostly in what is now central and upstate New York, in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an group known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The first Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was made up of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. To this day, fifty sachems who represent different clans of the Iroquois meet at the Grand Council near Syracuse, New York.
When Europeans first arrived in North America, the Iroquois lived in what is now the northeastern United States, mostly in what is today upstate New York, west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region. Today, the Iroquois live mostly in New York and Canada.

The Iroquois League has also been called the Iroquois Confederacy.  Some modern scholars now think the League and the Confederacy are different. According to this belief, the term "Iroquois League" stands for the ceremonies and culture found in the Grand Council, while the term "Iroquois Confederacy" stands for what was the spread out political and diplomatic group that was made after Europeans began colonizing America. The League still exists.  The Confederacy broke up after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War.
Name 
The Iroquois call themselves the "Haudenosaunee", which means "People of the Longhouse," or more accurately, "They Are Building a Long House."  They believe that the Great Peacemaker came up with the name when the League was formed. It means that the nations of the League should live together as families in the same longhouse. Symbolically, the Mohawk guarded the eastern door, as they lived in the east closest to the Hudson River. The Seneca guarded the western door of the "tribal longhouse", the land they controlled in New York.  The Onondaga, who lived in the center of Haudenosaunee territory, were keepers of the League's (both literal and figurative) central flame. 
The French colonists called the Haudenosaunee by the name of Iroquois. There are several different places this name might have come from:
French transliteration of irinakhoiw, a Huron (Wyandot) name for the Haudenosaunee.  Used in a negative way, it meant "black snakes" or "real adders". The Haudenosaunee and Huron were traditional enemies, as the Huron were allied with the French and tried to protect their access to fur traders.
 French linguists, such as Henriette Walter, and anthropologists, such as Dean Snow, support the following explanation. Before France colonized the Americas, Basque fishermen traded with the Algonquins, who were enemies of the Haudenosaunee. The above scholars think "Iroquois" came from a Basque expression, hilokoa, meaning the "killer people", which changed because of different ways that Algonquins and French pronounced words.

History
History

Formation of the League
Members of the League speak Iroquoian languages that are very different from those of other Iroquoian speakers. This suggests that while the different Iroquoian tribes had the same historical and cultural origin, they came apart over a long enough time that their languages became different. Evidence from archaeology shows that Iroquois ancestors lived in the Finger Lakes region from at least 1000 AD.
  After coming together in the League, the Iroquois invaded the Ohio River Valley in present-day Kentucky to find more hunting grounds.  
The Iroquois League was made before they first met European people.  Most archaeologists and anthropologists think that the League was made sometime between about 1450 and 1600, although some people think it was even earlier.
According to tradition, the League was formed through the efforts of two men, Deganawida, sometimes known as the Great Peacemaker, and Hiawatha.  They brought a message, called the Great Law of Peace, to the fighting Iroquoian nations.  The nations who joined the League were the Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga and Mohawk.  Once they stopped most of their fighting, the Iroquois fast became one of the strongest forces in 17th- and 18th-century northeastern North America.
According to legend, an evil Onondaga chieftain named Tadodaho was the last to be converted to the ways of peace by The Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha.  He became the spiritual leader of the Haudenosaunee. This is said to have occurred at Onondaga Lake near Syracuse, New York.  The title Tadodaho is still used for the league's spiritual leader, the fiftieth chief, who sits with the Onondaga in council.  He is the only one of the fifty to have been chosen by the entire Haudenosaunee people.  The current Tadodaho is Sid Hill of the Onondaga Nation.

Beaver Wars
In the 1600s, the Iroquois fought with other tribes for hunting land. This is called the Beaver Wars.
French and Indian Wars
During the French and Indian War (the North American part of the Seven Years' War), the Iroquois took the side of the British against the French and their Algonquian allies, both of whom had been enemies of the Iroquois in the past. The Iroquois hoped that helping the British would also bring favors after the war. In actuality, few Iroquois joined the campaign, and in the Battle of Lake George, a group of Mohawk and French ambushed a Mohawk-led British column. The British government made the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the war, which said that white people could not live past the Appalachian Mountains, but this proclamation was largely ignored by the settlers, and the Iroquois agreed to move this line again at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768, where they sold the British all their remaining claim to the lands between the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers.
American Revolution
During the American Revolution, many Tuscarora and the Oneida took the side of the colonists, while the Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain. This was the first major split among the Six Nations. Joseph Louis Cook offered his services to the United States and received a Congressional commission as a Lieutenant Colonel- the highest rank held by any Native American during the war.  However, after a series of successful operations against frontier settlements – led by the Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant, other war chiefs, and British allies – the future United States wanted revenge. In 1779, George Washington ordered the Sullivan Campaign led by Col. Daniel Brodhead and General John Sullivan against the Iroquois nations to "not merely overrun, but destroy," the British-Indian alliance.
After the American Revolution 
After the war, the ancient central fireplace of the League was made again at Buffalo Creek.  Colonel Joseph Brant and a group of Iroquois left New York to settle in Canada. As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown, they were given a large land grant, now called Brantford, Ontario on the Grand River.

Food
Traditionally, the Iroquois were a mix of farmers, fishers, gatherers and hunters, although most of their food came from farming. The main crops they farmed were corn, beans and squash, which were called the three sisters and were considered special gifts from the Creator. These crops are grown strategically. The food was stored during the winter, and it lasted for two to three years. When the soil eventually became less fertile, the Iroquois moved.

Gathering was the job of the women and children. Wild roots, greens, berries and nuts were gathered in the summer. During spring, maple syrup was tapped from the trees, and herbs were gathered for medicine.
Women in society
When Americans and Canadians of European descent began to study Iroquois customs in the 18th and 19th centuries, they found that women assumed a position in Iroquois society that was about equal in power to that of the men. Women could own property including homes, horses and farmed land, and when they married, they could keep their property without it being given to their husbands. A woman could keep the money she earned for herself. A husband lived in the longhouse of his wife's family. A woman choosing to divorce a husband who was not being a good husband was able to ask him to leave the dwelling, taking any of his possessions with him. Women had responsibility for the children of the marriage, and children were educated by members of the mother's family. The clans were matrilineal, which means that clan ties were traced through the mother's line. If a couple broke up, the woman kept the children.
The chief of a clan could be removed at any time by a council of the mothers of that clan. The chief's sister was responsible for nominating the next chief.

Spiritual beliefs
Important festivals were at the same time as the major events of the agricultural calendar, including a harvest festival of thanksgiving. The Great Peacemaker (Deganawida) was their prophet. After the Europeans arrived, many Iroquois became Christians, among them Kateri Tekakwitha, a young woman of Mohawk-Algonkin parents. Traditional Iroquois religious beliefs became somewhat more popular again in the second half of the 18th century by the teachings of the Iroquois prophet Handsome Lake.

People
People

Nations
The first five nations listed below formed the original Five Nations (listed from south to north); the Tuscarora became the sixth nation in 1720.
<center>
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! English name !! Iroquoian !! Meaning !! 17th/18th century location
|- 	
| Seneca       || Onondowahgah  || "People of the Great Hill"  || Seneca Lake and Genesee River</tr>
| Cayuga       || Guyohkohnyoh  || "People of the Great Swamp" || Cayuga Lake</tr>
| Onondaga || Onöñda'gega'''   || "People of the Hills"       || Onondaga Lake</tr>
| Oneida        Onayotekaono  || "People of Standing Stone"   || Oneida Lake</tr>
| Mohawk      || Kanien'kehá:ka || "People of the Great Flint"       || Mohawk River</tr>
|-
| Tuscarora1 || Ska-Ruh-Reh || "Hemp Gatherers" || From North Carolina²
|}

</center>