Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A paladin or paladine was a person with a lot of power in many countries during the medieval and in early modern Europe.

The word paladin was first used in Ancient Rome for a chamberlain of the Emperor, and also for the imperial palace guard, called the Scholae Palatinae by Constantine. In the early Middle Ages, the meaning changed and the word was used for one of the highest officials of the Catholic Church in the pope's service and also for one of the big nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, who was then named Count Palatine. The word paladin was also used in 19th century Hungary and in the German Empire and United Kingdom during the early 20th century.

In medieval literature, the paladins or Twelve Peers were known in the Matter of France as the retainers of Charlemagne. Because of the way that this word was used in books, paladin was then known to be a knight with honor.

History

Ancient Rome
The paladins of the imperial guard were named after the Scholae Palatinae.
In the beginning, the word paladin was applied to the Chamberlains and to some soldiers guarding the palace of the Roman emperor. In Constantine's time, the word was also used for the best infantry of the army, the Praetorian Guard, that might guard the Roman Emperor during wars.

Holy Roman Empire
After the Middle Ages, the word palatine was put onto many different people of power across Europe. The most important of these was the comes palatinus, the count palatine, who in Merovingian and Carolingian times, was an official of the lords' household and court of law.

During the 800s, Carolingean rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later, the title was made alive again by Otto I, though the new empire was now centered in Germany rather than France. The term palatine is found again under Charles IV, but they were less powerful than the previous palatines.
Modern usage
In the early days of England, the word palatinate, or county palatine, was also used in counties of lords who could use powers normally used by the crown.

In Britain and Germany, paladin was an official rank and was a very good title for one in the service of the emperors. It was a Knight with additional honours, they were allowed to use powers normally used by the crown.

Present day
The word "paladin" is still used to describe a good, heroic person, or a defender of a good cause.

Some role playing games now use paladins as a character class that you can choose when starting a new game.

References

Knights
Paladin can mean:

Geography
 Rhineland-Palatinate, one of the 16 federal states of modern Germany (Bundesländer)
 Electorate of the Palatinate, a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire, with the count palatine being an elector of the HRE
 Palatine Hill, center most of the seven hills of Rome
 Tavola dei Paladini, a temple near Metapontum, Italy, dating from 570 to 480 BC, where, according to legend, Pythagoras died
 Palatine, Illinois, United States, a town near Chicago
 Palatine, New York, United States, a town in central New York settled by emigrant Germans
 Palatine Bridge, New York, a village in central New York settled by emigrant Germans
 Palatine, County Carlow , a hamlet in County Carlow, Ireland

Fiction
 Paladin (role-playing game)
 The Paladin, a 1988 fantasy novel by C. J. Cherryh
 The Paladin (novel), a 1979 novel by Brian Garfield with Christopher Creighton
 Paladin (comics), a Marvel Comics character
Other
 A Paladin (see above top), literally, in its dictionary sense, is a chivalrous knight, a medieval warrior or champion etc. 
 Nissan Paladin, a sport utility vehicle
 The Paladins, a roots-rock or rockabilly band from San Diego, California circa 1981
 M109 PALADIN, or M109 howitzer, a piece of artillery
The IC50 is a measure of how  effective a drug is.  It indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. In other words, it is the half minimal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance (50% IC, or IC50). It is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. Sometimes, it is also converted to the pIC50 scale (-log IC50), in which higher values indicate exponentially greater potency. According to the FDA, IC50 represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition in vitro.
It is comparable to an EC50 for agonist drugs. EC50 also represents the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect in vivo.

References

Chemistry
Soghomon Gevorki Soghomonyan - Komitas Vardepet (also Gomidas Vartabed) (September 26 1869 in Kütahya, Ottoman Empire - October 22 1935, Paris, France), was an Armenian priest, composer, choir leader, singer, music ethnologist, music teacher and musicologist, known as the founder of modern Armenian classical music.

He was born into a family whose members were deeply involved in music and were monolingual in Turkish. His mother died when he was one and ten years later his father died. In 1895 he became a priest and obtained the title Vardapet (or Vartabed), meaning a priest or a church scholar.
He established and conducted the monastery choir till 1896 when he went to Berlin, to the Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm University. Here he studied music at the private conservatory of Prof. Richard Schmidt. In 1899 he acquired the title doctor of musicology and returned to Echmiadzin. He traveled extensively around the country, listening and recording details about Armenian folk songs and dances performed in various villages. This way he collected and published some 3000 songs, many of them adapted to choir singing.

His major work is Badarak (Divine Liturgy), still used today as one of the two most popular musical settings of the Armenian Church liturgy.

He was the first non-European to be admitted into the International Music Society of which he was a co-founder.
On April 24, 1915, said to be the day when Armenian Genocide officially began, he was arrested. The next day he was put on a train with 180 other Armenian notables and sent to the city of Çankırı in northern Central Anatolia, at a distance of some 300 miles. His good friend, Turkish nationalist poet Emin Yurdakul, the authoress Halide Edip, and the U.S. ambassador Henry Morgenthau intervened with the government and, by special orders from Talat Pasha, Komitas was sent back to the capital. In autumn 1916, he was taken to a Turkish military hospital and he moved to Paris in 1919 where he died in a psychiatric clinic Villejuif in 1935. Next year his ashes were transferred to Yerevan and buried in the Pantheon. 
 
The Yerevan State Musical Conservatory is named after Komitas. There also a world famous string quartet named after Komitas.
Other websites 
 Virtual Museum of Komitas Vardapet 
 Biography #1
 Some songs in .rm format 
 New release of 36 Komitas-songs on SACD by the German independent label AUDITE
 Rita Soulahian Kuyumjian, Archeology of Madness: Komitas, Portrait of an Armenian Icon

References

1869 births
1935 deaths
Armenian composers
Musicologists
Ethnologists
Oberägeri is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

Oberägeri is on a plain on the northern shore of the Ägerisee.

References 

Municipalities of Zug
Unterägeri is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Zug
Menzingen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Zug
Baar is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

  Official website  

Municipalities of Zug
Cities in Switzerland
Cham is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official city website 
 Photosite with facts & figures 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Zug

Famous People from Cham

Deniz Urcum

DON LOZANO

Oleksandr Mozoriuk
Hünenberg is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Zug
Steinhausen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Zug
Risch-Rotkreuz is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Risch-Rotkreuz is well known because of the headquarter of Roche Diagnostics, two nice castles, Buonas and Freudenberg, the one of the most important train station in Switzerland, and of the Swiss Guard.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Zug
Cities in Switzerland
Walchwil is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Zug
Neuheim is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities of Zug
The women's rights  movement is a feminist movement, where women act to get what men have but what women have been denied. The women's rights movement has fought for things such as letting women vote, giving women access to jobs (such as doing construction work) that only men were allowed to do before, and even the right to same-sex marriage. Women and men can both stand for this movement. Women's rights leaders such as Susan B. Anthony encouraged many women to join the women's rights movements. In different societies throughout history, women have had different amounts of rights. The movement fighting for women's rights to vote is called women's suffrage. While there has been a ton of progress, many countries still do not allow women to vote, among other basic rights.

Related pages 
Gender equality
UN Women
Human rights
International Women's Day
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Olympe de Gouges
Universal suffrage

Feminism
Activism
Solothurn is a canton of Switzerland. It can be found in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn.

Districts 
There are 10 districts in Solothurn:
 Bucheggberg, Amtei Wasseramt-Bucheggberg
 Dorneck, Amtei Dorneck-Thierstein (unofficially Schwarzbubenland)
 Gäu, Amtei Thal-Gäu
 Gösgen, Amtei Olten-Gösgen (unofficially Niederamt)
 Lebern, Amtei Solothurn-Lebern
 Olten, Amtei Olten-Gösgen
 Solothurn, Amtei Solothurn-Lebern
 Thal, Amtei Thal-Gäu
 Thierstein, Amtei Dorneck-Thierstein
 Wasseramt, Amtei Wasseramt-Bucheggberg

Municipalities 
The canton has 125 municipalities:

References

Other websites 
Official site  
Official statistics
Solothurn can mean:
 Canton of Solothurn, a canton of Switzerland
 Solothurn (city), the capital of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland
 Solothurn (district), a district of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland
A pickup truck is a type of vehicle designed to move things. It is an all-purpose vehicle generally used for the transport of goods. They have an uncovered rear (called a box, boat, raft, bucket, body, plate, bed or basin). It is a cargo area for products or objects. The style is common in North America.
History
In the early days of automobile manufacturing, vehicles were sold as a chassis only, and third parties added bodies on top. In 1902, the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company was founded by Max Grabowsky and Morris Grabowsky who built one-ton carrying capacity trucks in Pontiac, Michigan. In 1913, the Galion Allsteel Body Company, an early developer of the pickup and dump truck, built and installed hauling boxes on slightly modified Ford Model T chassis, and from 1917 on the Model TT. Seeking part of this market share, Dodge introduced a 3/4-ton pickup with cab and body constructed entirely of wood in 1924. In 1925, Ford followed up with a Model T-based, steel-bodied, half-ton with an adjustable tailgate and heavy-duty rear springs. Billed as the "Ford Model T Runabout with Pickup Body", it sold for ; 34,000 were built. In 1928, it was replaced by the Model A, which had a closed-cab, safety-glass windshield, roll-up side windows, and three-speed transmission.
In 1931, GM introduced light-duty pickups for both GMC and Chevrolet targeted at private ownership. These pickup trucks were based on the Chevrolet Master. In 1940, GM introduced the dedicated light-truck platform, separate from passenger cars, which GM named the AK series. Ford North America continued to offer a pickup body style on the Ford Model 51, and the Ford Australian division produced the first Australian "ute" in 1932. In 1940, Ford offered a dedicated light-duty truck platform called the Ford F100, then upgraded the platform after World War II to the Ford F-Series in 1948.

Dodge at first assumed heavier truck production from Graham-Paige, while the company produced their own light (pickup) trucks, initially on their sufficiently sturdy passenger car frames. But after switching to distinct, dedicated truck frames in 1936, Dodge/Fargo launched an extensive own truck range for 1939, marketed as the 'Job-Rated' trucks. These Art-Deco styled trucks were again continued after WW II.
In the 1980s, the compact Mazda B-series, Isuzu Faster, and Mitsubishi Forte appeared. Subsequently, U.S. manufacturers built their own compact pickups for the domestic market, including the Ford Ranger, and the Chevrolet S-10. Minivans make inroads into the pickups' market share. In the 1990s, pickups' market share was further eroded by the popularity of SUVs.

Mid-sized electric trucks had been tried early in the 20th century but soon lost out to gasoline and diesel vehicles. In 1997 the Chevrolet S-10 EV was released, but few were sold, and those were mostly to fleet operators.
Form 
The back of the truck is open, like some other types of trucks. It is very powerful for its small size. Pickup trucks have different shapes, sizes, and uses. Sometimes people would go ride in the back of the trucks to work. The back of the truck where the goods are placed is called a cargo bed. The cargo bed may be covered with a tonneau cover made of cloth, metal or plastic, to protect the cargo from rain and dirt.

Pickup trucks are easy to load and unload. They are especially popular in the countryside, where they are used to carry various agricultural cargo or tools.

Pickup trucks often have the same chassis as vans. Usually, pickup trucks are same size as normal cars. You usually may drive a pickup truck with the same driver's license as an ordinary car, but heavy pickup trucks may require a light truck license. The smallest pickup trucks are made from scooters by replacing the rear seat and rear wheel with an axle and cargo bed, and some have only three wheels.
A pickup truck can be turned into an improvised military vehicle by installing a machine gun or a light cannon on the cargo bed. Such cars are called "technicals", and they are especially popular in Africa. Pickup trucks are considered one of the most reliable and popular cars in the U.S. It is because of their functionality and good fit to the climate or landscape.

Related pages
 Van
 Truck

References
The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is a spaceport in Merritt Island, Florida, USA. It is one of the ten main locations of NASA.Since December 1968, Kennedy Space Center has been the main launch center of human spaceflight of the United States. It borders on the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, which helps the Space Center.

Facilities 
There are about 700 facilities and buildings in the  of KSC. The unique facilities of KSC are the  tall "Vehicle Assembly Building", the Launch Complex 39 (39A, 39B and 39C), the  long "Shuttle Landing Facility", the 4-storey tall "Launch Control Center", and the "Visitor Complex".

Vehicle Assembly Building
Launch Complex 39 
The Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch facility of KSC. The site was originally made for the Apollo program. Later, it was modified for the Space Shuttle program. , only Pad 39A is in use to launch SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. Pad 39B is modifying for NASA's Space Launch System. The Pad 39C was added in 2015 for small rocket launches, although it is not in use.

Shuttle Landing Facility 
The Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) is an airport of KSC. It was used for landing of the Space Shuttle until 2011. It is also used for take offs and landings for NASA airplanes, for example the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and some civilian airplanes.

Launch Control Center 
The Launch Control Center (LCC) is a building at KSC. It controls the rocket launches from Launch Complex 39.
Factories 
Several factory buildings are on-site at KSC, for the manufacture and processing of space station components. They include the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF), and the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building (O&C).

Visitor Complex 
The Visitor Complex is the visitor center of KSC. It has exhibits and displays, historic spacecraft and memorabilia, movies, and a bus tour of the KSC. , about 1,700,000 people visited the center.

Total launches

Related pages 
 Baikonur Cosmodrome
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
List of tallest structures in the world
NASA

References 

NASA
Spaceports
Buildings and structures in Florida
The Bradleys Head Fortification Complex is near Toronga Park Zoo. This fort was part of Sydney Harbour’s protection plan. It [the fort] remembers a time when the colony of New South Wales became more aware of its isolation and wealth. The fort is on Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia.

History 
They first started work to build the fort in 1840-42. It had a gun pit (special place for the cannon to sit and fire from) and firing wall (pictured in intro) that was built out of large blocks of sandstone and carved partly from the original rock that was already there. The first part of the building process around this time was done under the watchful eye of Major George Barney, a Commanding Royal Engineer who used hired workers provided by Governor Gipps.
In 1871 the fort got an extra barracks. The barracks were made from large sandstone blocks and carved out of the rock on the headland. This addition was the work of James Barnet, a colonial architect. This most recent add-on had three gun pits and had connecting walkways for the people in the army that worked there. The upgrade of 1871 was complementary to some of the larger fortifications being constructed during the same period.
The site is now part of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust.

Gallery

References 

History of Australia
Forts in Australia
Arnsberg is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the southeast of the country. It covers the Sauerland hills as well as the east part of the Ruhr area.

Other websites 
 Official website
Altdorf was a municipality in the municipality of Thayngen and the canton of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Schaffhausen
Bargen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Official site 

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Undervelier was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Undervelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier and Soulce merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Jura
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Schaffhausen is a canton of Switzerland. The capital city of the canton is Schaffhausen.

Geography 
The canton of Schaffhausen is the canton of Switzerland farthest north, located to the north of Zurich.  

The Rhine Falls are the largest waterfalls in Europe and lie on the border of the canton of Schaffhausen, the canton of Zurich and Germany.

Municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official Page (German)
 Archives  (German)
 34 townships
 Official Statistics
Vellerat was a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat merged into the municipality of Courrendlin.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Jura
Vermes was a municipality, in the new municipality of Val Terbi and district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Jura
The Rhine Falls, called the Rheinfall in Switzerland, are the biggest waterfalls of Europe.

They can be found in the High Rhine in the upper parts of the river Rhine, in the municipalities of Neuhausen am Rheinfall and Laufen-Uhwiesen, near the town of Schaffhausen in the north part of Switzerland and close to the German border. They are 150 meters (450 ft) wide and 23 meters (75 ft) tall. 
The Rhine Falls were made in the last ice age about 14,000 to 17,000 years ago.

Other websites
 Rhine Falls homepage 
 old views of the Rheinfall

Waterfalls
Bodies of water of Europe
Geography of Switzerland
Beggingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Beringen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2013, Guntmadingen part of the municipality.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Bibern can be one of two municipalities in Switzerland:

Bibern, Solothurn
Bibern, Schaffhausen
Bibern is a former municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Bibern, Altdorf, Hofen and Opfertshofen merged into the municipality of Thayngen.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Schaffhausen
Vicques was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Vicques, Montsevelier and Vermes merged into the new municipality of Val Terbi.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Jura
Le Bémont is a municipality of the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Franches-Montagnes
Raisin bread is a type of bread that has raisins in it. Sometimes it has cinnamon in it. It can be eaten as toast or as a dessert. Raisin bread is normally sold pre-sliced and often eaten in Northern Europe and the United States. Raisin bread is normally brown in color from the cinnamon. It is normally dryer than normal bread.

Related pages
Bread
Sweetbread
Cake
Raisin

Sweet breads
Robert Dyas is a large United Kingdom company. They sell goods that people can use in their homes and gardens. The company has over 100 stores in Greater London and South East England.

History
The company was established in 1872. It was taken over in 2004 by Change Capital, headed by former Marks and Spencer chairman Luc Vandevelde and former M&S CEO and head of B&Q Roger Holmes.

References

Other websites
Robert Dyas
Retail companies of the United Kingdom
Buch is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Geography
in Germany:
Buch am Wald, a town in the district of Ansbach, Bavaria
Buch am Buchrain, a town in the district of Erding, Bavaria
Buch am Erlbach, a town in the district of Landshut, Bavaria
Buch, Swabia, a town in the district of Neu-Ulm, Bavaria
Buch, Rhein-Hunsrück, in the Rhein-Hunsrück district, Rhineland-Palatinate
Buch, Rhein-Lahn, in the Rhein-Lahn district, Rhineland-Palatinate
Buch, Saxony-Anhalt, a town in the district of Stendal in Saxony-Anhalt
 Buch, Austria, a town in the district of Bregenz in Vorarlberg in Austria
in Switzerland
Buch, Schaffhausen, a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen
Buch am Irchel, a municipality in the canton of Zurich
Buch (Wiesendangen), a place in the municipality of Wiesendangen, canton of Zurich
Buch bei Frauenfeld (until 1953 Buch bei Uesslingen), part of the municipality Uesslingen-Buch, Thurgau
Buch bei Happerswil (Happerswil-Buch), part of the municipality of Birwinken, Thurgau
Buch bei Märwil (until 1953 Buch bei Affeltrangen), part of the municipality of Affeltrangen, Thurgau
Buch bei Mühleberg, part of the municipality of Mühleberg, Canton of Berne
 Buch (crater), a crater on the moon
Buchberg is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

Official website

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Cologne Government Region (German: Regierungsbezirk Köln, Kölsch: Rejierungsbezirk Kölle) is one of the five governmental districts of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in the southwest of that state. It covers the hills of the Eifel as well as the Bergisches Land.

It was made in 1815, when Prussia reorganised its districts.

Other websites
 Official website

 
1815 establishments in Europe
1810s establishments in Germany
Büttenhardt is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Dörflingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Gächlingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Guntmadingen was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2013, it is part of the municipality of Beringen.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Schaffhausen
Hallau is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Hemishofen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Hemmental was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2009, it is part of the municipality of Schaffhausen.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Schaffhausen
Schaffhausen
Hofen was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.  It is on the border with Baden-Württemberg in Germany. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Hofen, Altdorf, Bibern and Opfertshofen merged into the municipality of Thayngen.

Other websites

 Map of Hofen, Schaffhausen, Switzerland from Google Maps

Former municipalities of Schaffhausen
Lohn is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Lohn can mean:
 Lohn, the country estate of the Swiss Federal Council
 Some of the municipalities in Switzerland:
 Lohn, Graubünden
 Lohn, Schaffhausen
 Lohn, Solothurn, now part of Lohn-Ammannsegg
Löhningen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Detmold () is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northeast of the state.

The Regierungsbezirk was created in 1947 when the old state of Lippe was put into North Rhine-Westphalia and joined to the old Regierungsbezirk Minden. Regierungsbezirk Minden was one of the original Regierungsbezirke, formed in 1815.

Other websites 
 Official website

Regierungsbezirk Detmold
Merishausen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Neuhausen am Rheinfall is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

The municipality is known for the Rhine Falls, Europe's largest waterfall.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Cities in Switzerland
Neunkirch is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Cities in Switzerland
Oberhallau is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Opfertshofen was a municipality in the municipality of Thayngen and the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Schaffhausen
Ramsen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Rüdlingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Düsseldorf is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the northwest of the country. It covers the western part of the Ruhr Area. It is the most populated of all German administrative areas of the kind.

It was formed in 1815 when Prussia first made districts.

Other websites 
 Official website
Schleitheim is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. It is located directly at the border to Germany.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Schleitheim
 Tourist Information

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Siblingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Stein am Rhein is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Imperial free cities
Stetten is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Stetten can be one of many different places:

Germany
Baden-Württemberg
Stetten am kalten Markt, a town in the district Sigmaringen (district)
Stetten, an administrative district in Sigmaringen district
Stetten, Bodenseekreis, a town in the Bodensee district
Stetten im Remstal, a part of Kernen im Remstal in the Rems valley near Stuttgart.
Stetten, a place in the city of Lörrach
Stetten, a village in the municipality of Achstetten
Bavaria
Stetten, a village in the municipality of Sondheim in the Rhön-Grabfeld district
Stetten, Bavaria, a town in the Unterallgäu district 
Rhineland-Palatinate
Stetten, Rhineland-Palatinate, a town in the Kirchheimbolanden administrative unit

Austria
Stetten, Austria, a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria

Switzerland
Stetten is the name of two Swiss municipalities:
 Stetten, Aargau
 Stetten, Schaffhausen

France
 Stetten, a commune in Haut-Rhin
Thayngen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Altdorf, Bibern, Hofen, Opfertshofen merged into Thayngen.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Thayngen 

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Trasadingen is a municipality of the canton Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
Wilchingen is a municipality of the canton Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Osterfingen was added to this municipality in 2005.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities of Schaffhausen
112 ("one-twelve") is an American R&B quartet that came from Atlanta, Georgia. They started in 1991. In 1997 they won a Grammy Award.

African-American musical groups
Grammy Award winners
Hip hop bands
American R&B bands
Musical groups from Atlanta
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Bucheggberg is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the southwest of the canton. 

Bucheggberg contains the following municipalities:
Dorneck is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton. 

Dorneck contains the following municipalities:
Gäu is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the center of the canton. 

Gäu contains the following municipalities:
Gösgen is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the northeast of the canton. 

Gösgen contains the following municipalities:
Snap! is an electronic music group created by German producers Michael Münzing and Luca Anzilotti.

Discography

Albums
1990 World Power
1992 The Madman's Return
1995 Welcome To Tomorrow
1996 Attack!
1996 Attack! - The Remixes
2000 One Day On Earth (unreleased)
2001 The Greatest Hits
2002 The Power - Best Of Snap!
2003 The Cult Of Snap! (US: The Power Of Snap!)

Singles
1990 "The Power"
1990 "Ooops Up"
1990 "Cult of Snap"
1990 "Mary Had a Little Boy"
1991 "Megamix"
1991 "Colour of Love"
1992 "Rhythm Is a Dancer"
1992 "Exterminate!"
1993 "Do You See The Light (Looking For)"
1994 "Welcome To Tomorrow (Are You Ready?)"
1995 "The First The Last Eternity (Till The End)"
1995 "The World in my Hands"
1996 "Rame"
1996 "The Power '96"
1996 "Rhythm is a Dancer '96"
2000 "Gimme a Thrill"
2002 "Do You See The Light 2002" vs Plaything
2002 "Rhythm is a Dancer 2002" vs CJ Stone
2003 "The Power (Of Bhangra)"
2003 "Ooops up 2003"
2005 "Beauty Queen"
2006 "Excited"
2006 "We Want Your Soul"
German musical groups
Electronic music bands
Boney M. was a R&B, disco and reggae group created by West German record producer Frank Farian. They were very successful in the 1970s.

Discography

Studio albums 
 Take The Heat Off Me (1976)
 Love for Sale (1977)
 Nightflight to Venus (1978)
 Oceans Of Fantasy (1979)
 Boonoonoonoos (1981)
 Christmas Album (1981)
 Ten Thousand Lightyears (1984)
 Eye Dance (1985)
Compilations 
 The Magic Of Boney M. - 20 Golden Hits (1980)
 Children of Paradise - The Greatest Hits of Boney M. - Vol. 2 (1981)
 Kalimba de Luna - 16 Happy Songs (1984)  
 Christmas With Boney M. (1984)
 The Best Of 10 Years - 32 Superhits (1986)
 Die 20 schönsten Weihnachtslieder der Welt (1986)
 The 20 Greatest Christmas Songs (1986)
 Greatest Hits Of All Times - Remix '88 (1988)
 Greatest Hits Of All Times - Remix '89 - Volume II (1989)
 The Collection (1991)
 Daddy Cool - Star Collection (1991)
 Gold - 20 Super Hits (1992)
 The Most Beautiful Christmas Songs of the World (1992) 
 The Greatest Hits (1993)
 More Gold - 20 Super Hits Vol. II (1993)
 Sunny (1995)
 Hit Collection (1996)
 Hit Collection (1996)
 Hit Collection (1996)
 Hit Collection (1996)
 Best In Spain (1996)
 The Best Of Boney M. (1997)
 Norske Hits (1998)
 The Most Beautiful Christmas Songs of the World (1998)
 Christmas Party (1998)
 Ultimate(1999)
 20th Century Hits (1999)
 25 Jaar Na Daddy Cool (2000)
 25 Jaar Na Daddy Cool (2000)
The Complete Collection (2000)
 Their Most Beautiful Ballads (2000)
 The Collection (2001) 
 25 Jaar Na Daddy Cool (2001)
 25 Jaar Na Daddy Cool (2001)
 The Greatest Hits (2001)
 Christmas Party (2003)
 The Magic of Boney M. (2006)
 Hit Collection (2007)
 Christmas with Boney M. (2007)
Main Singles Discography 
 "Baby Do You Wanna Bump" (1975)
 "Daddy Cool"/"No Woman No Cry" (1976)
 "Sunny" (1976)
 "Ma Baker"/"Still I'm Sad" (1977)
 "Belfast"/"Plantation Boy" (1977)
 "Rivers of Babylon"/"Brown Girl in the Ring" (double A-side) (1978)
 "Rasputin"/"Painter Man" (1978)
 "Mary's Boy Child/Oh My Lord"/"Dancing In The Streets" (1978)
 "Painter Man" (1979)
 "Hooray Hooray It's A Holi-Holiday"/"Ribbons Of Blue" (1979)
 "El Lute"/"Gotta Go Home" (1979)
 "I'm Born Again"/"Bahama Mama" (1979)
 "I See A Boat On The River"/"My Friend Jack" (1980)
 "Children Of Paradise"/"Gadda-Da-Vida" (1980)
 "Felicidad (Margherita)"/"Strange" (1980)
 "Malaika / Consuela Biaz" (1981)
 "We Kill The World (Don't Kill The World)"/"Boonoonoonoos" (1981)
 "Little Drummer Boy"/"Boney M. On 45" (1981)
 "The Carnival Is Over (Goodbye True Lover)" / "Going Back West" (1982)
 "Zion's Daughter" (1982)
 "Jambo - Hakuna Matata (No Problems)" (1983)
 "Somewhere In The World" (1984)
 "Kalimba De Luna" (1984)
 "Happy Song"
"Happy Song"  
 "My Cherie Amor" (1985)
 "Young Free And Single"  
 "Daddy Cool (Anniversary Remix)" (1986)
 "Bang Bang Lulu" (1986)
 "Rivers Of Babylon´88" (1988)
 "Megamix" (1988)
 "The Summer Megamix" (1989)
 "Malaika (Lambada Mix)" (1989)
 "Everybody Wants To Dance Like Josephine Baker" (1990) (withdrawn)
 "Stories" - Boney M. Feat. Liz Mitchell (1990)
 "Boney M. Megamix" (1992)
 "Christmas Megamix" (1992)
 "Brown Girl in the Ring (Remix '93)" (1993)
 "Ma Baker (Remix '93)" (1993)
 "Papa Chico" - Boney M. Feat. Liz Mitchell (1994)
 "Ma Baker '99" - Boney M. vs. Horny United/Sash! (1999)
 "Daddy Cool '99" - Boney M. 2000 featuring Mobi T. (1999)
 "Hooray! Hooray! (Caribbean Night Fever)" - Boney M. 2000 (1999)
 "Sunny (Remix)" - Boney M. 2000 (2000)
 "Daddy Cool 2001" (2001)
 "Sunny" (Mousse T. Remix) (2006)
 "Mary's Boy Child - Oh My Lord" (2007)
Video / DVD / VCD releases 
 Gold - Video / VCD (in Hong Kong) (1993)
 Gold - DVD (2001 Europe)
 Greatest Hits (2001 UK)
 Special Edition (2002 South Korea)
 Special Edition EP (2003 UK)
 The Magic Of Boney M. (2006)
 Fantastic Boney M. - On Stage And On The Road (2007)

Chart positions

Albums

Singles 
Singles chart peaking in various countries. Includes U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart entries.

1970s German music groups
1980s German music groups
1990s German music groups
2000s German music groups
2010s German music groups
R&B bands
Disco groups
Reggae bands
German pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1975
Münster is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the north of the state.

The Regierungsbezirk was made in 1815. This means it is one of the original 25 Regierungsbezirke made to help govern Prussia.

The last time the boundaries of the region were changed was 1975. This was when the number of districts was changed from 10 to 5, and the number of district-free cities (urban districts) from six to three.

Other websites 
 Official website
 The Münsterland Tourism board
Caffè Nero (Italian for black coffee) or Caffè Nero Group Plc is a British coffee shop chain. It was established in 1997 and runs more than 330 shops nationwide. The company successfully dismissed a hostile takeover attempt during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Other websites
Official website
 Business Week Caffe Nero Article

Coffee houses
Companies of the United Kingdom
1997 establishments in England
Costa Coffee is a British multinational coffeehouse company headquartered in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Coca Cola. It is the largest coffeehouse chain in the world behind Starbucks and the largest in Britain.[2]

Costa Coffee was founded in London in 1971 by the Costa family as a wholesale operation supplying roasted coffee to caterers and specialist Italian coffee shops. Acquired by Whitbread in 1995 for £19M, it has since grown to over 3,277 stores across 31 countries. The business has 2,121 UK restaurants, over 6,000 Costa Express vending facilities and a further 1,280 outlets overseas (including 395 in China).[1][3]

History 
Italian Immigrant brothers Bruno and Sergio Costa founded a coffee roastery in Lambeth, London, in 1971, supplying local caterers. The family had moved to England in the 1960s.[4][5] Costa branched out to selling coffee in 1978, when its first store opened on Vauxhall Bridge Road, London.
In 1985, Sergio bought out Bruno's share of the company. Bruno went on to found a tableware company.[6] By 1995, the chain had 41 stores in UK.[7] In 1995, the business was acquired by Whitbread for £19M, UK's largest hotel and coffee shop operator, becoming a wholly owned subsidiary. In 2009, Costa opened its 1,000th store - in Cardiff. In December 2009, Costa Coffee agreed to acquire Coffee Heaven for £36 million, adding 79 stores in central and eastern Europe.[8]  On 31st August 2018, Coca Cola paid US$4.9 billion for the Costa chain worldwide. After approval from regulatory authorities in the European Union and China, the deal went ahead, extending Coke's presence in the coffee and restaurant market.

Related pages
Starbucks
Caffè Nero

References

Other websites
Costa Coffee at Motorway Services
Costa Coffee website
Costa Book Awards website
Costa Foundation website 

Costa Coffee
1971 establishments in the United Kingdom
Dunstable
Yves Ternon (born in 1932 in France) is a French historian specializing on historical research of the Jewish Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide. He is a doctor of history of University Paris IV Sorbonne. He is also an active member of Doctors Without Borders organization.

Books
Le massacre des aliénés (with Socrate Helman), Casterman, 1971.
German Doctors and national-socialism (1973), 
Armenians, history of a genocide (Threshold, 1977 and 1996), 
The Armenian Cause (Threshold, 1983), 
Investigation into the negation of a genocide (Brackets, 1989),
The criminal State (Threshold, 1995).

Other websites
LeMonde:Yves Ternon 
Ternon's biography

1932 births
Living people
French historians
Israel W. Charny, Hebrew: ישראל טשרני , (born 1931 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an Israeli psychologist and genocide scholar. He is a world renowned genocide expert. He is the editor of the two-volume Encyclopedia of Genocide. He is executive director of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem.

An affiliate of the Institute for the Study of Genocide, the International Association of Genocide Scholars was founded in 1994 by Israel Charny and other historians.
He  has been devoted to the study of the Holocaust and genocide since the mid 1960s. His first publication on the subject which appeared in Jewish Education in 1968 was "Teaching the Violence of the Holocaust: A Challenge to Educating Potential Future Oppressors and Victims for Nonviolence."

References
References

Publications 
Encyclopedia of Genocide
Genocide: a critical bibliographic review
The Widening Circle of Genocide
Century of Genocide Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts
"A Classification of Denials of the Holocaust and Other Genocides", Journal of Genocide Research 2003, 5(1), pp. 11–34.

Other websites 
Biography of Israel Charny
List of books by Israel Charny

1931 births
Living people
Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty
Israeli historians
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Israeli writers
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Israeli psychologists
Scientists from Brooklyn
Educators from New York City
Vahakn Norair Dadrian (; 26 May 1926 – 2 August 2019) was a researcher and historian of the Armenian Genocide. He was the director of Genocide Research at Zoryan Institute.

Biography 
Dadrian was born in Istanbul. He first studied mathematics at the University of Berlin, after which he decided to switch to a completely different field, and studied history at the University of Vienna, and later, international law at the University of Zürich. He completed his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago.

Dadrian was a professor of sociology, and an internationally renowned expert on the Armenian genocide.

The particularity of Dadrian's research is that by mastering many languages, including German, English, French, Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and Armenian.

Bibliography
Books 
 Autopsie du Génocide Arménien. Trans. Marc & Mikaël Nichanian. Brussels: Éditions Complexe, 1995, 266p.
 Jenosid Ulusal ve Uluslararasi Hukuk Sorunu Olarak: 1915 Ermeni Olay ve Hukuki Sonuçlar [Genocide as a problem of national and international law: The World War I Armenian case and its contemporary legal ramifications]. Trans. Yavuz Alogan. Istanbul: Belge Uluslararas Yaynclk, 1995, 221p.
 The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Providence, RI & Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995, 452p.
 German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide: A Review of the Historical Evidence of German Complicity. Watertown, MA: Blue Crane Books, 1996, 304p.
 Histoire du génocide arménien: Conflits nationaux des Balkans au Caucase. Traduit de l'anglais par Marc Nichanian. Paris: Stock, 1996, 694p.
 The Key Elements in the Turkish Denial of the Armenian Genocide: A Case Study of Distortion and Falsification. Cambridge, MA and Toronto: Zoryan Institute, 1999, 84p.
Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1999, 214p.
 Los elementos clave en el negacionismo Turco del Genocidio Armenia: un estudio de distorsión y falsificación. Translated by Eduardo A. Karsaclian. Buenos Aires: Fundación Armenia, 2002, 79p.
 Historia Tis Armenikan Genoktonias [History of the Armenian Genocide]. Athens: Stokhastis, 2002, 685p.
References

Other websites 
 Complete bibliography of V. N. Dadrian 

Armenian historians
2019 deaths
1926 births
Academics from New York City
David Lynn Selby (born February 5, 1941 in Morgantown, West Virginia) is an American actor, mostly in movies, soap operas and on television.

Biography
The son of Clyde Ira Selby and Sarah E. McIntyre Selby, he went to West Virginia University in the town of his birth, getting him a Bachelor of Science and a Master's degree in theater, and after that, a Ph.D. from Southern Illinois University.

Awards
In 1998, West Virginia University gave Selby its first Life Achievement Award from the College of Creative Arts.

References 

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from West Virginia
1941 births
Living people
Publius Ovidius Naso. better known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was an Ancient Roman poet. He was born on March 20, 43 BC in Sulmona, then called Sulmo. People today  do not know when he died. It was probably either 17 AD or 18 AD. He died in Tomis, which is modern-day Constanţa in Romania. 

With Virgil and Horace he is considered among the three great poets of Latin literature. Ovid usually wrote in verses. Ovid was the most widely read classical author in medieval times and the Renaissance.

Works
Works by Ovid (with approximate dates of publication) 
 Amores ("The Loves"), five books, published 10 BC and revised into three books ca. 1 AD.
 Metamorphoses, ("Transformations"), 15 books. Published ca. AD 8.
 Medicamina Faciei Feminae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics"), also known as The Art of Beauty, 100 lines surviving. Published ca. 5 BC.
 Remedia Amoris ("The Cure for Love"), 1 book. Published 5 BC.
 Heroides ("The Heroines"), also known as Epistulae Heroidum ("Letters of Heroines"), 21 letters. Letters 1–5 published 5 BC; letters 16–21 were composed ca. AD 4–8.
 Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love"), three books. First two books published 2 BC, the third somewhat later.
 Fasti ("The Festivals"), 6 books extant which cover the first 6 months of the year, providing unique information on the Roman calendar. Finished by AD 8, possibly published in AD 15.
 Ibis, a single poem. Written ca. 9 AD.
 Tristia ("Sorrows"), five books. Published 10 AD.
Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from the Black Sea"), four books. Published 10 AD.
Lost works, or works by other poets 
 Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation to Livia")
 Halieutica ("On Fishing") — generally considered spurious, a poem that some have identified with the otherwise lost poem of the same name written by Ovid.
 Medea, a lost tragedy about Medea
 Nux ("The Walnut Tree")
 A volume of poems in Getic, the language of Dacia where Ovid lived in exile, not extant (and possibly fictional).

Other websites
University of Virginia, "Ovid Illustrated: The Renaissance Reception of Ovid in Image and Text"
 
 Latin and English translation
 Perseus/Tufts: P. Ovidius Naso Amores, Ars Amatoria, Heroides (on this site called Epistulae), Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris. Enhanced brower. Not downloadable.
 Sacred Texts Archive: Ovid  Amores, Ars Amatoria, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris. 
 The Metamorphoses of Publius Ovidius Naso ; elucidated by an analysis and explanation of the fables, together with English notes, historical, mythological and critical, and illustrated by pictorial embellishments: with a dictionary, giving the meaning of all the words with critical exactness. By Nathan Covington Brooks. Publisher: New York, A. S. Barnes & co.; Cincinnati, H. W. Derby & co., 1857 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF  format)
 Original Latin only
Latin Library: Ovid Amores, Ars Amatoria, Epistulae ex Ponto, Fasti, Heroides, Ibis, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris, Tristia.
 Gutenberg Project: Fasti  With introduction and extensive notes in English by Thomas Keightley. Plain text version.
 Works by Ovid
 English translation only
 New translations by A. S. Kline Amores, Ars Amatoria, Epistulae ex Ponto, Fasti, Heroides, Ibis, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris, Tristia with enhanced browsing facility, downloadable in HTML, PDF, or MS Word DOC formats. Site also includes wide selection of works by other authors.
  Two translations from Ovid's Amores by Jon Corelis. 
 English translations of Ovid's Amores with introductory essay and notes by Jon Corelis
 Some English translations of Ovid by famous literary figures
 Commentary
 Perseus/Tufts: Commentary on the Heroides of Ovid
References 

43 BC births
10s deaths
Ancient Roman poets
Lebern is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the west of the canton. 

Lebern district has these municipalities:
Olten is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found by the city of Olten. 

Olten contains the following municipalities: