Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Exxon Mobil or ExxonMobil () is the world's biggest oil and gas company. It was created when Exxon and Mobil, both companies formed after the John D. Rockefeller's original Standard Oil company split apart, joined together in a merger to become one company.  ExxonMobil has been involved in the global warming controversy, as have other Big Oil corporations such as Royal Dutch Shell

Board of directors 
Right now, Exxon Mobil board members include:
 Michael Boskin
 William W. George
 James R. Houghton
 William R. Howell
 Reatha King
 Philip Lippincott
 Henry McKinnell, Jr.
 Marilyn Nelson
 Walter Shipley

Biggest shareholders 

As of March 31, 2006:
Books
Bender, Rob, and Tammy Cannoy-Bender. An Unauthorized Guide to: Mobil Collectibles — Chasing the Red Horse. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1999.
Exxon Corporation. Century of Discovery: An Exxon Album. 1982.
Gibb, George S., and Evelyn H. Knowlton. The Resurgent Years, 1911-1927: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1956.
Hidy, Ralph W., and Muriel E. Hidy. Pioneering in Big Business, 1882-1911: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1955.
Larson, Henrietta M., and Kenneth Wiggins Porter. History of Humble Oil & Refining Company: A Study in Industrial Growth. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1959.
Larson, Henrietta M., Evelyn H. Knowlton, and Charles S. Popple. New Horizons, 1927-1950: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
McIntyre, J. Sam. The Esso Collectibles Handbook: Memorabilia from Standard Oil of New Jersey. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1998.
Sampson, Anthony. The Seven Sisters: The 100-year Battle for the World's Oil Supply. New York: Bantom Books, 1991.
Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). Ships of the Esso Fleet in World War II. 1946.
Tarbell, Ida M. All in a Day’s Work: An Autobiography.. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1939.
Tarbell, Ida M., and David Mark Chalmers. The History of the Standard Oil Company. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
Wall, Bennett H. Growth in a Changing Environment: A History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) 1950-1972 and Exxon Corporation (1972–1975). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.
Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
References

Other websites 

 Exxon's anti-global-warming propaganda expenditures

Companies based in Texas
1999 establishments in the United States
American fuel companies
Paul Gardner Allen (January 21, 1953 – October 15, 2018) was an American who created Microsoft with Bill Gates. He was the fifth richest person in the United States. He lived in Mercer Island, Washington.

Allen was also the outright owner of two sports teams, and was part-owner of a third. He fully owned the Seattle Seahawks of the NFL and the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA. He was a minority owner of Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer.

Allen died from septic shock caused by non-Hodgkin lymphoma on October 15, 2018 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 65.

References

Other websites

1953 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Microsoft people
Businesspeople from Seattle
American company founders
American billionaires
Writers from Seattle
A hero is a real person or fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength.

In Greek mythology, a hero is a demigod, a half-god/half-human being. Herakles, for example, was the son of the god Zeus and the mortal woman Alkmene. Heroes performed extraordinary feats and were worshipped in hero cults.

The word hero comes from the Greek ἥρως (hērōs), "hero" (literally "protector" or "defender"), particularly one such as Heracles with divine ancestry or later given divine honors.
In the modern world, hero has lost its ancient meaning.  It now means someone who is courageous ("The firefighter who saved my baby is a hero.").  Heroes are "heroic", they have "heroism". They help in saving people or a society from bad people, villains, or natural disasters.  A hero can also be someone who is helpful, polite, or helping people who need it.  The word is used in the sports world to mean an extraordinary player or athlete ("football hero", "Olympic hero", etc.).  The female equivalent of the male hero is the "heroine".

Sometimes, the protagonist (or main character) of a story is called the "hero" of the story.  Some fictional characters are superheroes. 

The opposite of a hero is a villain. A female hero like Joan of Arc is called a heroine.

References

Virtues
Greek mythology
Sonic Rivals is a video game for the PlayStation Portable that came out on November 16, 2006. The game is made by Backbone Entertainment and Sega. People can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Shadow the Hedgehog, Knuckles the Echidna, Metal Sonic or Silver the Hedgehog.

2006 video games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Sonic the Hedgehog games
The , called the Sega Genesis in North America is a 16-bit video game console made by Sega. It is Sega's third video game console. Sega released it as the Mega Drive in Japan in 1988. In 1989, they released it in North America as the Genesis.

In Japan, the Mega Drive sold poorly against its two main competitors, Nintendo's Super Famicom and NEC's PC Engine. However, it sold well in North America, Brazil, and Europe. Some of the reasons it sold well is because it had many arcade game ports, Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog series, several popular sports franchises, and an aggressive youth marketing that made the system seem like the cool console for teens. Controversy about violent games such as Night Trap and Mortal Kombat led Sega creating the Videogame Rating Council. It was a predecessor to the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB).
30.75 million first-party Mega Drive/Genesis consoles were sold around the world. By the mid-2010s, third-party Mega Drive/Genesis rereleases were still being sold by AtGames in North America and Europe. Many games have been rereleased in compilations or on online services such as the Nintendo Virtual Console, Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network, and Steam. The Genesis was succeeded in 1994 by the Sega Saturn.

History

Development
Development

In the early 1980s, Sega Enterprises, Inc. was one of the top five arcade game manufacturers in the United States. At this time, Sega was a subsidiary of Gulf & Western. Its company revenues was higher than $200 million between July 1981 and June 1982. In 1982, the arcade business slowed, and it hurt Sega. It led to Gulf & Western selling its North American arcade manufacturing organization. They also licensed rights for its arcade games to Bally Manufacturing. The company kept Sega's North American R&D operation, as well as its Japanese subsidiary, Sega Enterprises, Ltd. With its arcade business hurting, Sega Enterprises, Ltd. president Hayao Nakayama said that the company should to move into the home console market in Japan. The industry was very new at that time.
Legacy
The Genesis is often considered one of the best video game consoles. In 2009, IGN said it was the fifth best video game console. They said it was good because of sports games and it had a better home version of Mortal Kombat. They praised "what some consider to be the greatest controller ever created: the six button". In 2007, GameTrailers said the Genesis was the sixth best console of all time in their list of top ten consoles that "left their mark on the history of gaming". They said it was good because it had great games and a good controller. They also wrote about the "glory days" of Sonic the Hedgehog. In 2008, GamingExcellence said it was sixth of the 10 best consoles. They said "one can truly see the Genesis for the gaming milestone it was." GameDaily said it was ninth of ten for its memorable games.

Content Notes

Notes

References 

Sega video game consoles
The  is the fourth and last home video game console made by Sega that can play video games. It was sold before the PlayStation 2, GameCube, or Xbox came out. However, not many people bought it after the PlayStation 2 was released, so in the end Sega decided to stop making them.

Making the Dreamcast 
When it was time to make another video game machine after the Sega Saturn was released, Shoichiro Irimajiri asked Tatsuo Yamamoto from IBM Austin and his group to create it. However Hideki Sato's old group that made video game machines did not like this. Because of this, the two groups were in a competition to make the best machine.

Hideki Sato's group used Hitachi SH4 and PowerVR to make a video game machine called "White Belt". The name was later changed to "Guppy" and then "Katana".
Tatsuo Yamamoto's IBM/Motorola PowerPC 603e and 3dfx Voodoo 2 to make a video game machine called "Blackbelt" and then renamed to "Shark" in United States. In Japan, the machine was first called "Dural" and then renamed to "Katana".

In April 1997, 3dfx told people that Sega was using their 3dfx Voodoo 2 for a video game machine. Sega however wanted this to be a secret and became very angry. Because of this, Sega used Hideki Sato's "Katana" machine instead of Tatsuo Yamamoto's.

Later on, 3dfx sued Sega because they thought Sega broke their promise to them. However, the two companies then settled out of court.

Launch 
The Dreamcast was released in Japan on November 27, 1998, and then released September 9, 1999 in North America. At first, many people liked the Dreamcast and it sold a lot. In the United States, 300,000 machines were sold on the first week and Sega earned $98.4 million.
To help the Dreamcast sell even more, Sega told many stores to show some of their best games to customers, like Soul Calibur, Sonic Adventure, Power Stone, and Hydro Thunder.

Electronic Arts, a video games company, said that they did not want to make games for the Dreamcast until it sold one million machines. This is because Electronic Arts' video games on the Sega Saturn did not make a lot of money. However, in three months when the Dreamcast did sell one million machines, Electronic Arts still did not want to make games for the Dreamcast and made games for the PlayStation 2 instead.

Outside the USA and Japan 
In places like Europe, Sega decided to let other companies make ads for the Dreamcast. However, Sega did not give the companies enough money, so the companies could not make as many ads as the PlayStation 2, another console that was competing with the Dreamcast.

Many of these companies also forced people to pay more for the Dreamcast than in the United States and Japan.
Some games were not even sold in Europe, because Sega was more focused on selling the Dreamcast in the United States. Because of this, a lot of people who used to like Sega now liked Sony.

Competition 
After Sega released their Dreamcast, many other video game companies also released their video game consoles. This includes Sony, who released the PlayStation 2, which had the advantage of using the DVD-ROM format and being backwards compatible; Nintendo, who released the GameCube; and Microsoft, who released the Xbox.

End of the Dreamcast 
Sega's prestige among gamers was at the time heavily damaged because of the lack of good management/marketing back from the Sega Saturn, this also affected certain game developers such as Electronic Arts refusing to develop for the system because of the risk of the Dreamcast becoming just like the Sega Saturn, not selling well. This was a factor is why this console did not reach its full potential.
Even SEGA's own CEO at the time, Isao Okawa, wanted to leave the console business.

In the end, Sega told people on January 31, 2001 that they would be stopping the console production. Sega's last video game sold for Dreamcast was Puyo Pop Fever, which was released on February 24, 2004.

Accessories 
These accessories were sold by Sega to be used on the Dreamcast:
 Visual Memory Unit
 Controller and Rumble Pack
 VGA Adapter
 Mouse and keyboard
 Fishing Rod
 Microphone
 Lightgun
 Arcade Stick
 Twin Sticks
 Dreameye
 Samba de Amigo controller

Cancelled 
 VMU/MP3 player
 DVD player
 Zip drive

References 

Notes

Other websites 

 Sega Dreamcast's official website 
 Sega of America's official website 
 Dreamcast Scene (DCS) - latest Dreamcast news and active community
 IGN Dreamcast 

Sega video game consoles
Sixth generation consoles
The Platte River (also called the Nebraska River) is a river in the United States that flows into the Missouri River. It is around 310 miles (or 499 km) long.

References 

Rivers of Nebraska
Oregon Trail
Counting is something people do to find out how many things there are of any kind.

One way to count
The person counting in English usually starts with the number one, and gives this number to the first thing. The next thing is given the number two. Then, the next thing is given the number three. If there is another thing, it gets the number four. If after this there is another thing, it gets the number five. More things get more numbers. Each thing gets its own number in this way. The last number given to the last thing counted shows how many things there are.

Examples
 For example, to find out the number of hats in a group, a person counts the hats. The person gives a number to each hat.
John has a black hat, a brown hat and a blue hat. Mary asks John, "How many hats do you have?". John  gives the number 1 to the black hat. John gives the number 2 to the brown hat. John gives the number 3 to the blue hat. Now John has no more hats. The biggest number John gave was three, and each hat has a number. John tells Mary, "I have three hats". John has counted the hats.

 There are the letters A, Q, L, and S on a piece of paper. How many letters are there on the piece of paper? 

 Tom gives numbers to the letters. The letter A gets the number 1. The letter Q gets the number 2. The letter L gets the number 3. The letter S gets the number 4. There are no more letters to count. There are 4 letters on the piece of paper.
More counting
Counting is starting at a number and changing it up or down a certain number of times. In the examples above, counting started at one and then it changed by one each time something was counted. So at first the count was one. Then the count was changed by one, and one plus one is two, so the count was two. Then the count of two was changed by one again, and two plus one is three, so the count was three.  

Counting can go up or down. Counting can be done on fingers.

More about counting
It has been shown that some birds are good at counting. Crows
are birds that are good at counting. 

Mathematics
Blast off may refer to:

 A blast off is when a rocket ship lifts off the launch pad. Another word for blast off is lift off. NASA is known for its counting down to zero before blast off.
 Blast Off, a video game.
 Blast Off!, the album by The Blue Hearts.
 Blast Off, the Transformers character.
 Blast Off at Woomera, the sci-fi novel.
 Blasting Off, the final album of Red Lorry Yellow Lorry.
A launch pad is where rockets and spacecraft are placed until they are ready to blast off. NASA has its own launch pads for its spacecraft. Launch pads are often made out of steel reinforced concrete. Launch pads for larger spacecraft will often have towers to support it during its launch.

References

Spaceflight
Transport buildings and structures
The Space Shuttle was a spacecraft which was used by the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA. Space Shuttles were used to carry astronauts and cargo into space. Cargo such as satellites, parts of a space station or scientific instruments were taken up into space by the space shuttle. It was a new kind of spacecraft because it could be used many times.

Parts of the Space Shuttle 

The Space Shuttle was made up of 3 parts. These were the orbiter, the external fuel tank and solid rocket boosters.  

The orbiter was shaped like a large airplane with  wings and a tail.  This allowed the Space Shuttle to glide and land on a runway, letting the reusable part of the Shuttle be very large. Many spacecraft which came before the Space Shuttle, like the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo used parachutes when landing, and landed on the ocean. People have said that the Shuttle was very much like a pickup truck because of its usefulness.
The shuttle was launched out of Earth's gravity and into space by 3 rocket engines on the back of the orbiter along with help from 2 long white Solid Rocket Boosters (also called SRBs)  Fuel for the shuttle was stored in the large, usually orange, External Fuel Tank (also called ET).  Before the shuttle reached orbit, the SRBs were released and fell into the Atlantic Ocean where they were towed back to shore for reuse. The ET was also released but broke up and fell into the Indian Ocean and was not reused.
Cargo Bay add-ons 
Orbiter had a payload bay for various missions rather than deploying satellites. They were the following:
 Spacelab: A laboratory used for experiments in space.
 Spacehab: Similar to Spacelab, but it has multiple kinds.
 Inertial Upper Stage: Upper stage used for sending payloads into higher orbits.
 Payload Assist Module: Similar to IUS, but used solid propellants.
 Extended Duration Orbiter: Cryogenic kit used for extending the duration of the missions.
 Multi-Purpose Logistics Module: Cargo container used for supplying the cargos to International Space Station.
 Canadarm: Robotic arm used for any missions.

The space shuttles
The US space shuttles were:
Columbia†
Challenger†
Discovery 
Atlantis
Endeavour
Enterprise

A '†' next to a name means that the Shuttle was destroyed.

There was a Russian Shuttle called Buran. It flew one unmanned flight before being retired. The Buran was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002.
History 
The shuttle was created in 1973. It replaced the Apollo capsules. The first flight was a test of the landing and maneuvering abilities of the shuttle. This flight used Space Shuttle Enterprise. The first shuttle flight in space was on April 12, 1981. It used Space Shuttle Columbia.

On January 28, 1986 the Space Shuttle Challenger destroyed 73 seconds into the flight of STS-51-L. It caused a year long stall in space flight.

In the 1990s the Shuttle began working on the International Space Station (ISS). This was its main job of the shuttle since then.

Also in the 1990s, the Space Shuttle launched the Hubble telescope into space.  Shuttle missions returned 5 times to repair and improve cameras and scientific instruments on the telescope.
On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia broke up  while returning STS-107 to Earth over Texas. The accident was caused by damage to the heat-shield which protects it from the heat of reentry into the Earth's atmosphere. It again caused a long delay until the next shuttle flight.

In 2010, NASA shut down the Space Shuttle program. They were more expensive to use than other launch vehicles.

Currently, the United States has no manned spacecraft capabilities. Both SpaceX with the Crew Dragon and Boeing with their Starliner capsule, are planning to provide crewed missions to the ISS. NASA is developing the Orion capsule for beyond Earth orbit missions.

The remaining shuttles are now on display at the following museums:
Enterprise is now at the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, in New York City. It was formerly at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
 Discovery is at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, Virginia.
 Endeavour is at the California Science Center in Los Angeles, California.
 Atlantis is on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, in Florida.
Pathfinder  (test model) is on display at the U.S. Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

References

Other websites 
NASA - Shuttle Basics 
Space Shuttle Climate Controls
What Was The Space Shuttle?
Thor (Old Norse: Þórr) is the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology, associated with strength, storms, hallowing and fertility. He is the son of Odin and Jörð, the personification of the Earth, and is the strongest of the Æsir. 

The champion of Asgard, Thor is said to protect both it and Midgard from the likes of the jǫtnar, a race of beings native to Jötunheimr. He is known in Old English as Þunor (Thunor) and in Old High German as Donar (runic þonar ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ), all of which stem from the  Proto-Germanic *Þunraz, meaning "thunder".

The modern English weekday Thursday (from Old English Þūnresdæg, “Thunor’s [Thor’s] day”) bears the god's name.

Family
Thor is the son of Odin, chief of the Æsir, and Jörð, the living personification of the Earth. He is the eldest of Odin's sons and is the half-brother of Baldr, Höðr, Víðarr, and Váli.
He is married to the golden-haired goddess Sif, with whom he has a daughter, Þrúðr. With his jötunn lover Járnsaxa, Thor has two sons, Móði and Magni. He has a stepson, Ullr, who is Sif's son by a previous marriage.

Possessions
According to writings known as sagas, Thor wielded a short-handled war hammer, Mjolnir. It was fashioned for him by the dwarven brothers Eitri and Brokkr, and is said to be the most powerful weapon in all the Nine Worlds, capable of crushing even mountains. When Thor threw the hammer, it magically returned to the god's hand.

Other attributes of Thor include a pair of gauntlets known as Járngreipr, which he is required to wear in order to wield Mjölnir, a belt, Megingjörð, which doubles his strength when he wears it, and a staff, Gríðarvölr, which, along with Járngreipr, was given to him by the jötunn Gríðr. Thor was believed to travel in a chariot drawn by two goats named Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr. 
Norse gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of thunder
Tube may refer to:

Electronics
 vacuum tube, a component of electronics
 cathode ray tube, a common component of electronics such as televisions and other displays
 Tube, An expansion bus on the BBC Micro computer

Food
 Yoplait Tubes, the Canadian name for Go-Gurt portable yog(o)urt

Geometry
 A hollow cylinder.

Mechanics
 pneumatic tube, transportation using compressed air
 inner tube, a part of a tire
Media
 The Tube (TV series), a music related TV series by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom
 TUBE, a Japanese pop group
 Tube (game), a freeware game from Bullfrog Productions, released in 1995
 Tube (movie), a South Korean movie
 Tube & Berger, the alias of Dance/Electronica producers Arndt Rörig and Marco Vidovic from Germany
 YouTube, a website that allows users to upload, view, and share video clips
 PornoTube, a website with adult material
 Peter 'Tubes' Dale, aka Tubes from the Soccer AM television show
 Series of tubes, an Internet meme and analogy for the Internet used by United States Senator Ted Stevens in reference to net neutrality

Music
 The Tubes, a San Francisco-based New Wave band, popular in the 1970s and 1980s

Nature
 lava tube, found in volcanoes
 the inside of a hollow wave in surfing
 the flower tube (corolla tube)
 pollen tube

Packaging
 Tube (packaging), a packaging solution for pasty and viscous goods such as toothpaste

Photography
 extension tube, a tool for macro photography
Plumbing
 tubing (material), used in plumbing, irrigation, and other applications

Software
 Tubes (software), a software program that combines file sharing and web publishing technologies

Structural Engineering
 Tube (structure), a structural system involved in architectural engineering to help with building stability and wind resistance.

Theatre
 Blue Man Group's theatrical show, "TUBES", now called "Rewired."

Transportation
 The London Underground, London's subterranean train system, commonly known as the tube.
 Transbay Tube, an underwater rail tube across the San Francisco Bay

Related pages
 test tube, a piece of laboratory equipment used in science
 Pipe
 Microtube
 Nanotube
A blood cell is any cell of any type found in blood. There are three main types of blood cells in mammals:
Red blood cell-carries oxygen
White blood cell-kills bacteria and cleans up debris
Platelet-helps heal wounds. Platelets are really thrombocytes. These are small fragments (pieces) of a cell called a megakaryocyte. The platelets take part in blood clots when injury occurs.

Discovery 
Jan Swammerdam a scientist from the Netherlands was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, another scientist from the Netherlands, was the first to draw an illustration of "Red Blood Cells".

Cell biology
Windsurfing is a wind propelled water sport that is a combination of sailing and surfing. It is also referred to as "sailboarding" and "boardsailing", and emerged in the late 1960s from the aerospace and surf culture of California. Windsurfing gained a popular following across Europe and North America by the late 1970s and had achieved significant global popularity by the 1980s. Windsurfing became an Olympic sport in 1984.

Newer variants include windfoiling, kiteboarding and wingfoiling. Hydrofoil fins under the board allow the boards to safely lift out of the water and fly silently and smoothly above the surface even in lighter winds.

Windsurfing is a recreational, family friendly sport, most popular at flat water locations around the world that offer safety and accessibility for beginner and intermediate participants. Technique and equipment have evolved over the years
Major competitive disciplines include slalom, wave and freestyle. Increasingly, "foiling" is replacing traditional events and the IQfoil class is the new Olympic windsurfing racing class for France in 2024.

Modern windsurfing, as a sport and recreational activity, did not emerge until the latter half of the 20th century. The earliest version of a sailboard design utilizing a freely articulating sail on top of a board was created in 1962 by American Newman Darby. Independently, engineer Jim Drake invented and co-patented the version we all know today and called it Windsurfing- a new new concept in sailing.

References 

Surfing
Wind energy
Thoroughbred is a breed of horse. They are mainly used for racing. 
Their pedigree is known and recorded. For each horse there is a chart showing its ancestry.

Horses in general have been used for many years, for farm, racing, harness work and so forth.  Horses were the fastest way for people to travel on land before cars were invented. They were the only way to travel long distances in a reasonable amount of time.  

Most horse breeds have been bred for a specific reason; the thoroughbred racehorse was bred to run.  Thoroughbreds originate from the Arabian breed, and all thoroughbreds can be traced back to three original sires (fathers): The Byerley Turk, The Darley Arabian, and The Godolphin Arabian. Thoroughbreds are known for their speed, and also for their jumping ability, used in steeplechases and in show jumping and other horse activities. Although thoroughbreds generally are slightly temperamental, they are very trainable and loyal.
Thoroughbreds are generally tall and sleek, with long legs to help carry them along the race track.  Thoroughbreds can be many colors, including bay (a colour which is brown with a black mane and tail), chestnut (red-brown), black, and gray.

Origin
The thoroughbred's genetic origin is Arabian and Turkmenian also Barb's. The Arabian foundation stallions which were brought to Britain in the late 1600s and early 1700s were bred to domestic mares – very probably Scottish Galloways – although they may have been bred to Arabian mares, too.  A substantial number of early thoroughbreds were bred in the vale of Bedale in the County of Yorkshire in Northern England.
Famous thoroughbreds
 Synsonby – bred by Foxhall Keene, 1902, lost only two races in his career to Artful and Race King. 
 Colin – unbeaten in his brief career in 1907 and 1908, won the English Epsom Derby in 1908. 
 Exterminator – born in 1915, purchased in 1918 as a work horse for Sun Beau, the Derby favorite. When Sun Beau broke down before the race, Exterminator, raced at thirty to one odds, was the surprise winner. 
 Man O' War – born in 1917, bought as a yearling by Samuel Riddle for $5,000, trained by Louis Feustel. His only loss was to Upset, as a two-year-old when he was Horse of the Year. Won 20 of 21 races. One of the greatest Thoroughbred sires of all times. 
 Equipose – won the 1931 Preakness and the National Stallion Stakes at Belmont, known as the "Chocolate Soldier." In 1942, the year's leading sire posthumously, when his colt, Shut Out, won the Derby and was the top money winner.
Citation – The first thoroughbred millionaire in history and a Triple Crown Winner. A versatile runner, by Bull Lea and born at Calumet Farm, Lexington, in 1945. He died there in 1970 at age 25, after a long and successful career as a sire. 
 Tom Fool – born in 1949, purchased by Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney, Greentree Stable. Trained by John M. Gaver, second horse in history to win the Handicap Triple Crown. Horse of the Year and Handicap Horse of 1953. 
 Native Dancer – this silver-gray horse won 21 of 22 races in his career. Owned by Alfred G. Vanderbilt, best two-year-old of 1952 and champion three-year-old in 1953, retired in 1954. Sired Raise A Native, Majestic Prince and Kauai King. 
 Kelso – Horse of the Year 1960–1964. Won the Handicappers' Triple Crown in 1961 followed by nearly every important American Handicap Race. Owned by Mrs. Richard C. Dupont, trained by Carl Hanford. The gelding earned $1,977,896 after eight seasons of 39 wins in 63 races.
Secretariat – in 1973, the first horse to win the Triple Crown since Citation in 1948, won 16 of 21 starts, fourth all-time money winner. Tied or broke five track records. Is considered the best racehorse of all time, having a heart weighing in at 22lbs.
American Pharoah
Input and output signals
What we hear in speakers is an analog (current, voltage or electric charge) output of the signal. For example, stored on a hard disk digital code is transferred under a control of some application (for example Winamp) to the sound card. Up in there, a special chip, called digital-to-analog converter, changes the binary code into the analog sound. Afterwards, signal is sent to a jack (in modern audio cards it has the green color) where the speakers are connected. The result is a nice waveform of our favorite digital medium, e.g. an mp3.

A typical sound input device is a microphone, connected to the red/pink jack socket. The sound wave is digitized and then it may be stored as a file using data compression algorithms which make the file smaller. Of course all of this is done under the control of some software.

Computer hardware
Sir Charles Spencer  "Charlie" Chaplin  (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer. He was very famous in silent movies (where there was no talking or sound). He acted, directed, scripted, and produced most of them.

Charlie Chaplin was a performer for almost 70 years. He started working when he was 5, and worked until he was 80. The character that Charlie Chaplin played most was called "the Little Tramp". The "Tramp" was a man of good
Childhood 
Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889 in London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Chaplin had a rough childhood; his mother, Hannah Hill Chaplin, a talented singer, actress, and piano player, spent most of her life in and out of mental hospitals. His father, Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr. was a fairly successful singer until he began drinking. After his parents separated, Charlie and his half-brother, Sidney, spent most of their childhood in orphanages, where they often went hungry and were beaten if they misbehaved. He first started acting at age five. He acted in a music hall in 1894, standing in for his mother.
When Charlie was a child, he was kept in bed for many weeks from a bad illness. At night, his mother would sit at the window and act out what was going on outside. His first important work came when he joined The Eight Lancashire Lads. In 1900, his brother Sydney helped him get the role of a comic cat in the pantomime Cinderella. In 1903 he was in a play called “Jim: A Romance of Cockayne”. Chaplin was in Casey's 'Court Circus' variety show. The next year, he became a clown in Fred Karno's 'Fun Factory' comedy company.

Assassination attempt 
Chaplin was the target of an assassination attempt which took the life of Prime Minister of Japan Inukai Tsuyoshi.
Awards 
Chaplin won two special Oscars. Chaplin had first been chosen for both "Best Actor" and "Best Comedy Directing". But then, instead, he was given a special award "for versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing and producing". Chaplin's second special award came 44 years later, in 1972. When getting this award, Chaplin had the longest standing ovation (people standing up and clapping) in Academy Award history. In 1976 he was given the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. Chaplin became the first actor to have appeared in the cover of Time in 1925.

Myths say, Chaplin once entered in a Charlie Chaplin look-a-like contest. Chaplin lost the contest.

Movies 

 1914: Making a Living
 1916: The Floorwalker
 1916: The Fireman
 1916: The Vagabond
 1916: One A.M.
 1916: The Count
 1916: The Pawnshop
 1916: Behind the Screen
 1916: The Rink
 1917: Easy Street
 1917: The Cure
 1917: The Immigrant
 1917: The Adventurer
 1918: A Dog's Life
 1918: The Bond
1918: Shoulder Arms
 1919: Sunnyside
 1919: A Day's Pleasure
 1921: The Kid
 1921: The Idle Class
 1922: Pay Day
 1923: The Pilgrim
 1925: The Gold Rush
 1928: The Circus
 1931: City Lights
 1936: Modern Times
 1940: The Great Dictator
 1947: Monsieur Verdoux
 1952: Limelight
 1957: A King in New York

Becoming a Knight 

On 9 March 1975, Charlie Chaplin was knighted in England by Queen Elizabeth II.

Death 
Chaplin died on Christmas on 25 December 1977, in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland. He died of a stroke in his sleep, at the age of 88. On March 1, 1978, his body was stolen by a small group of Swiss people. They were trying to get money from Chaplin’s family. This plan didn’t work. The criminals were caught, and Charlie’s body was found 11 weeks later near Lake Geneva. He was buried under concrete to prevent further incidents.

Related pages
 German semi-postal series

References

Other websites 

  by Association Chaplin
Academy Award winning actors
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from London
British silent movie actors
Deaths from stroke
English movie actors
Movie directors from London
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Movie producers from London
Screenwriters from London
1889 births
1977 deaths
The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) is a stock exchange in New York City. It was created on Broad Street near Exchange Place, during colonial times. The stock exchange is currently owned by its own members. 

Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Stock exchanges in the United States
Field Hockey is a well-liked sport for both men and women. It is played in many countries all around the world. In Asian countries like Pakistan and Republic of India, it is considered the "National sport." The game is played between two teams and each team is made up of 11 players. There are four 15-minute quarters with a 15-minute break at halftime and a 2-minute break after the 1st and 3rd quarters. Field hockey is played with a ball on natural grass, or on sand-based or water based artificial turfs with a small hard ball. The field has a goal at each end. A semi-circle about 15 meters from the goal is known as the shooting circle. Goals can only be scored when the ball is in the shooting circle.

Players use a hockey stick to move the ball. The stick is in the shape of a J and is made out of wood, glass and fibre. The players each play a position like fullbacks, halfbacks, forwards and goalkeepers.

References

Related pages
 Hockey
 Ice hockey

 
 
National symbols of Pakistan
National symbols of India
(sometimes spelled as Su Doku, but also called Number Place or Nanpure) is a puzzle that is very popular in Japan. It was created in Indianapolis in 1979 by Howard Garns and it appeared in Dell Magazines afterwards.

Sudoku puzzles are solved by logic and no math is required. As seen on the right, it consists of a grid which is usually made up of nine rows, nine columns, and nine boxes that are separated by thicker, darker lines. Some of these boxes will contain numerals from 1 to 9. To solve the puzzle, a person must fill in all the empty squares without using the same numeral twice in each column, row, or box, and without changing the numerals that are already in the grid.
These puzzles were created to be done using pencil and paper, and there are many books that contain collections of these puzzles with tips and strategies for completing them. They also appear in newspapers and magazines: typically, a different puzzle appears every day and the solution is printed somewhere else or in the next issue. Later, small handheld machines were created that generate Sudoku puzzles for the user to solve. More recently, though, the game can be played on the Internet or on mobile apps.

Variations 
There are many Sudoku variations that have been created since the original Sudoku's release.  The grid is most often 9 by 9, but can be different sizes, though, and separated into smaller grids in different ways. For example, there is a 6 by 6 grid with dark lines between the third and fourth columns and between two pairs of rows: the second and third rows, and the fourth and fifth rows. The numerals that must be filled in here are from 1 to 6.
Because no arithmetic is needed to solve Sudoku puzzles, the numerals can be replaced with letters or symbols. It is only their position that changes the solution to the puzzle, not their value.

On educational websites, such as Math Playground there are Sudoku games, such as 3-d Sudoku.

Jigsaw Sudoku 
Jigsaw Sudoku (also called Squiggly Sudoku, Odd Sudoku or JigSaw Doku) is just like a regular Sudoku puzzle, except that instead of the lines being perfect, they are different. Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete the grid.

Samurai Sudoku 
Samurai Sudoku is a Sudoku variation that has 5 overlapping Sudoku grids formed like a big X.  These puzzles are big and take a long time to complete.  Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete all 5 grids in order to complete the puzzle.

Mini Sudoku 
Mini Sudoku is played on a 6x6 grid with 3x2 regions. The object is the same as in Sudoku, but the puzzle only uses the numbers 1 through 6.
Logic 5 
Logic 5 is another Sudoku variation that uses 5x5 grids instead of 3x3 grids, and are in use at the Sudoku World Championships.

References

Other websites 
  – An active listing of Sudoku links.
 Father of Sudoku puzzles next move BBC
 Internet Sudoku Generator
 Sudoku  - flash game
 Computer Program to solve and generate Sudoku puzzles 
 Free Sudoku Generator 
 Sudoku-Coach  Step-by-step help and training (Flash-player is required)
 Sudoku - Simple Online sudoku Web Site
 Eurosudoku  - Free Sudoku Project
 Online Sudoku

Puzzles
Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard; born 31 January 1938) is the former Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. She reigned from 1980 to 2013.

Beatrix is the eldest daughter of Queen Juliana and her husband, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. In 1948, she became heiress presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands. Her mother abdicated (gave up) the throne on 30 April 1980. Beatrix succeeded her as queen.

In January 2013, Beatrix announced that she would abdicate on 30 April 2013. This day is known as Koninginnedag (Queen's Day). Her eldest son, Willem-Alexander, succeeded to the throne as King. He is the first King of the Netherlands in 123 years.

Since her abdication, she is called Princess Beatrix.

Family
Beatrix was married to Claus von Amsberg, who died in 2002. Her sons are King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau and Prince Constantijn.
Her second son, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, died on 12 August 2013. He had been in a coma for more than a year because of a skiing accident in Austria in February 2012.

Her younger sister Christina died of bone cancer on 16 August 2019.

Titles 

31 January 1938-30 April 1980 Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix Wilhelmine Armgard of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld

30 April 1980-30 April 2013 Her Majesty The Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld

30 April 2013-present Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix Wilhelmine Armgard of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld

Ancestors

References

Other websites

 of Princess Beatrix
 

|-

1938 births
Living people
Kings and Queens of the Netherlands
Order of Prince Henry
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Qatar Airways (in Arabic: القطرية, al-Qatari'ya) is an airline. The airline is based in Doha, the capital city of Qatar. Its headquarters can be found at the Hamad International Airport in Doha. It is one of the fastest growing airlines in the world, and one of the four airlines in the world that are rated "five stars" because of its good service. 

Airlines of the Middle East
Doha
Sir George Houston Reid (25 February 1845 – 12 September 1918) was the fourth Prime Minister of Australia. He was the first Leader of the Opposition and leader of Free Trade Party. He moved to London after he retired and was elected to the House of Commons.

Reid was elected to the Australian Paliament in 1901 for the Division of East Sydney. He retired in 1910.

1845 births
1918 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Premiers of New South Wales
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Government ministers of Australia
Politicians from Sydney
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Spider Riders is a Japanese–Canadian animated television series based on a trilogy novel series. It premiered on June 17, 2006, and was produced by Cookie Jar Entertainment and Bee Train.

Synopsis 
After wearing a manacle on his arm, Hunter Steele ends up entering the center of the Earth and seeing the inner world of Arachna. There, he and his friends ride on mechanical spiders and save Arachna from an army of insect mutants.

Novels 
The anime is based on each characters and stories in three parts for each books, including Shards of the Oracle, Reign of the Soul Eater and Quest of the Earthen. The first book was written by Ted Anasti and Patsy Cameron-Anasti. Stephen D. Sullivan joined them and helped write the second and third books in the series. The books were first published in December 2004. They were published by Newmarket Press.

2006 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
Boudica  (born about 25 AD, died 60/61 AD) was the queen of the Celtic Iceni people in Norfolk in the eastern part of Roman Britain. Her husband Prasutagus ruled an independent client state of Rome. He died in 60 AD and left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and the Roman emperor.

A statue of Boudica has stood in the Westminster area of London since 1902. She was the Boss of the celts.

Death of Prasutagus and its aftermath 
In this era it was normal Roman practice to allow allied kingdoms independence  for the lifetime of their client king. For example, the provinces of Bithynia and Galatia, were part of the Empire in just this way. Also, Roman law allowed inheritance only through the male line.
When Prasutagus died, his will was ignored by the Governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. His kingdom was then annexed just as if it had been conquered. To make matters worse, Roman money-lenders called in the debts which Prasutagus owed during his lifetime. To collect the debts the Romans confiscated the lands and property of the Iceni and treated their nobles like slaves.

When Boudica protested, Paulinus had her flogged, and her two daughters raped in public. Tacitus reports:
"Prasutagus, the late king of the Icenians... by his will he left the whole to his two daughters and the emperor in equal shares, conceiving, by that stroke of policy, that he should provide at once for the tranquillity of his kingdom and his family.
"The event was otherwise. His dominions were ravaged by the centurions; the slaves pillaged his house, and his effects were seized as lawful plunder. His wife, Boudicca, was disgraced with cruel stripes; her daughters were ravished, and the most illustrious of the Icenians were, by force, deprived of the positions which had been transmitted to them by their ancestors. The whole country was considered as a legacy bequeathed to the plunderers. The relations of the deceased king were reduced to slavery".
Revenge of the Iceni 
Choosing a good moment, when the Governor was attacking Anglesey and another legion was in Bristol, Boudica led the Iceni and their associates, the Trinovantes, to war. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester), and moved towards Londinium. There was only the 9th legion (Legio IX Hispana) to defend it. The tribes burnt and destroyed both Verulamium (St Albans) and Londinium and massacred all they could lay their hands on. An estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and British were killed in the three cities by those led by Boudica.

Battle of Watling Street 
The final battle took place near Watling Street in the English Midlands. Watling Street was an old trackway between Canterbury and St Albans. The Romans rebuilt it their way, and took it through the Midlands into Wales.
While Boudica's army assaulted in Verulamium, Suetonius put together a force with his own Legio XIV Gemina, some detachments of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix, and any available auxiliaries. Down near Exeter, The Prefect of Legio II Augusta, Poenius Postumus, ignored the Governor's call to arms. Nonetheless, the Governor was able to call on almost ten thousand men.

The Romans were heavily outnumbered. However, the tribes lacked manoeuvrability. They had no way to direct these numbers, which put them at a disadvantage to the Romans. The Romans were skilled at open combat, and had better equipment and discipline. Also, the narrowness of the field meant that Boudica could put forth only as many troops as the Romans at any given time.
First, the Romans stood their ground and used volleys of pila (heavy javelins) to kill thousands of Britons who rushed toward the Roman lines. The Roman soldiers engaged Boudica's second wave in the open. As the Romans advanced in a wedge formation, the Britons attempted to flee, but were impeded by the presence of their own families. They had put their people in wagons at the edge of the battlefield, and were slaughtered.

Tacitus reports that "according to one report almost eighty thousand Britons fell" compared with only four hundred Romans. Boudica fled, and her time and place of death is not known.

The Prefect Postumus, on hearing of the Roman victory, fell on his sword. Fearing Suetonius' actions would provoke further rebellion, Nero replaced the governor with the more conciliatory Publius Petronius Turpilianus. The historian  Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus tells us the crisis had almost persuaded Nero to abandon Britain.

References

Other websites 
 Boudica -Citizendium
History of the British Isles
Kings and queens
People from Norfolk
20s births
60s deaths
Rebellions in Europe
Parts of a Choir 
The singers in choirs are grouped by their voice types and choral music is usually written with distinct lines or parts for some or all of these voice types. Voice types are typically organized into four groups. From highest vocal range to lowest, these include:

 Soprano (S): typically sung by higher-voiced, adult females or children
 Alto (A): typically sung by lower-voiced, adult females or children and less-typically by males who sing in their falsetto range
 Tenor (T): typically sung by higher-voiced, adult males
 Bass (B): typically sung by lower-voiced, adult males