Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1971 von Beust became member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU). In 1973, after finishing high school, he worked for the CDU group in Hamburg's city-state parliament ("Bürgerschaft"), a position he held until he started to study law in 1975 at the University of Hamburg. From 1977 until 1983 he was Hamburg president of the youth organisation of his party. Since 1978 Beust has been a member of the Hamburg city-state's parliament. In 1983 he successfully completed his studies and became an independent lawyer.

He has been a member of the ruling council of the Hamburg Land CDU since 1992, and of the national ruling council of the CDU party since 1998.

First Mayor of Hamburg
On 31 October 2001, Ole von Beust became First Mayor of Hamburg.
On 19 August 2003, Beust dismissed his vice-mayor Ronald Schill, causing a scandal. Beust had earlier dismissed  Walter Wellinghausen, senator of the interior and Schill's most important official, without consulting Schill beforehand. This was due to public allegations of misconduct on Wellinghausen's part. In a private conversation, Schill then demanded that Beust take back the dismissal, allegedly using personal threats. Beust then decided to dismiss Schill as well.
His unprepared statement to the press quickly earned Schill an homophobic reputation. A popular radio-station broadcast a song calling him "Mega-Proll" (mega redneck) and gay and lesbian associations protested vocally. Schill however later affirmed Beust's version of the story, except for the accusations of blackmail, saying that he warned Beust to stay clear of nepotism, and that this had nothing to do with Beust's sexual orientation. He stated "I have nothing against homosexuals".

In a later interview, Beust's father confirmed that his son is indeed homosexual. Beust himself considers his sexual orientation a private matter; when asked directly he usually ironically refers the interviewer to his father.
The Hamburg elections of 29 February 2004, ended with an unprecedented landslide victory for Ole von Beust and the CDU, with the party achieving absolute majority in the city-state's parliament. The CDU gained 47.2 percent of the vote, a full 21-point increase from the previous election in September 2001. This was the first time since 1993 the city-state has had only a single ruling party. In the Hamburg elections of 24 February 2008, the CDU gained 42.6 percent of the vote. Thus, the CDU continued to be the strongest party in Hamburg. However, since the CDU lost its absolute majority, it formed a coalition government with the Greens.

On 18 July 2010 Ole von Beust declared his resignation effective 25 August. He was a finalist for the 2010 World Mayor prize.

Notes
  However, the title provides no legal privileges of any sort in Germany.

References

Other websites

 Ole von Beust - CDU-Hamburg site 
 City Mayors profile
1955 births
Living people
Gay men
German LGBT people
German nobility
LGBT politicians
Mayors of Hamburg
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Sunny Day Real Estate is an American rock band from Seattle, Washington. Sunny Day Real Estate formed in 1992 when they were originally called Empty Set. The started in 1992 and broke up in 1995 because Goldsmith and Mendel were leaving to join Dave Grohl's band The Foo Fighters. They reunited in 1997 and disbanded again in 2001. They reunited once again in 2009.

Discography

Albums 
 Diary (1994)
 Sunny Day Real Estate (1995)
 How It Feels to Be Something On (1998)
 The Rising Tide (2000)

Other websites 
Sunny Day Real Estate's Official website
American rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from Seattle
Musical groups established in 1992
1992 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
1995 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
2001 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Washington (state)
1990s disestablishments in Washington (state)
2000s disestablishments in Washington (state)
Volbeat is an Danish heavy metal band from Copenhagen. Volbeat formed in 2001 when singer Michael Poulsen formed a death metal band called Dominus. He became tired of the death metal genre and left the band. He then formed a new band called Volbeat with other members of Dominus.

Discography

Albums 
 The Strength / The Sound / The Songs (2005)
 Rock the Rebel / Metal the Devil (2007)
 Guitar Gangsters & Cadillac Blood (2008)
 Beyond Hell/Above Heaven (2010)
 Outlaw Gentlemen & Shady Ladies (2013)
 Seal the Deal & Let's Boogie (2016)
 Rewind, Replay, Rebound (2019)

Other websites 
Volbeat's Official website

Danish heavy metal bands
Alfred Day Hershey (December 4, 1908 – May 22, 1997) was an American Nobel Prize-winning bacteriologist and geneticist.

He was born in Owosso, Michigan and received his B.S. in chemistry at Michigan State University in 1930 and his Ph.D. in bacteriology in 1934, taking a position shortly thereafter at the Department of Bacteriology at Washington University in St. Louis.

He began doing experiments with bacteriophages with Italian-American Salvador Luria and German Max Delbrück in 1940. He found that when two different strains of bacteriophage have infected the same bacteria, the two viruses may exchange genetic information.

He moved with his wife Harriet to Cold Spring Harbor, New York, in 1950 to join the Carnegie Institution for Science's Department of Genetics. There he performed the famous Hershey-Chase blender experiment with Martha Chase in 1952. This experiment provided additional evidence that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material.
He became director of the Carnegie Institution in 1962 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969, shared with Luria and Delbrück for their discovery on the replication of viruses and their genetic structure.

Other websites
Nobel biography
Biographical Memoir: Alfred Day Hershey by Franklin W. Stahl for the National Academy of Sciences
Key Participants: Alfred D. Hershey - Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History

1908 births
1997 deaths
American chemists
American geneticists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Scientists from Michigan
American Nobel Prize winners
American microbiologists
The Blues Hall of Fame is a list of people who are important in the development of blues music. The Hall is part of the Blues Foundation, and honors people who have performed, recorded, or documented blues.

Inductees

1980
Jimi Hendrix
Big Bill Broonzy
Willie Dixon
John Lee Hooker
Lightnin' Hopkins
Son House
Howlin' Wolf
Elmore James
Blind Lemon Jefferson
Robert Johnson
B. B. King
Little Walter
Memphis Minnie
Muddy Waters
Charley Patton
Jimmy Reed
Bessie Smith
Otis Spann
T-Bone Walker
Sonny Boy Williamson I (John Lee Williamson)
Sonny Boy Williamson II (Aleck "Rice" Miller)

1981
Bobby "Blue" Bland
Roy Brown
Blind Willie McTell
Professor Longhair
Tampa Red

1982
Leroy Carr
Ray Charles
Big Walter Horton
Freddie King
Magic Sam

1983
Louis Jordan
Albert King
Robert Nighthawk
Ma Rainey
Big Joe Turner

1984
Otis Rush
Hound Dog Taylor
Big Mama Thornton
B. B. King

1985
Chuck Berry
Buddy Guy
J. B. Hutto
Slim Harpo

1986
Albert Collins
Tommy Johnson
Lead Belly
Sonny Terry

1987
Percy Mayfield
Eddie Taylor
1988
Mississippi John Hurt
Little Milton
Jay McShann
Johnny Winter

1989
Clifton Chenier
Robert Lockwood, Jr.
Memphis Slim

1990
Blind Blake
Lonnie Johnson
Bukka White

1991
Sleepy John Estes
Billie Holiday
Fred McDowell
Sunnyland Slim

1992
Skip James
Johnny Shines
Big Joe Williams

1993
Champion Jack Dupree
Lowell Fulson

1994
Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup
Wynonie Harris
Non Performers :
Bill "Hoss" Allen
John Lomax
Alan Lomax
John Richbourg
Gene Nobles

1995
Jimmy Rogers
Non Performers:
Leonard Chess
Phil Chess

1996
Charles Brown
David "Honeyboy" Edwards
Non Performers:
Bob Koester
Pete Welding

1997
Brownie McGhee
Koko Taylor
Non Performer:
Bruce Iglauer

1998
Luther Allison
Junior Wells
Non Performers:
Lillian Shedd McMurry
Sam Phillips

1999
Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown
Roosevelt Sykes
Non Performers:
Lester Melrose
Chris Strachwitz

2000
Johnny Otis
Stevie Ray Vaughan
Non Performer:
Dick Waterman

2001
Etta James
Little Junior Parker
Rufus Thomas
Non Performers:
Theresa Needham
Robert Palmer
2002
Ruth Brown
Big Maceo Merriweather
Non Performer:
Jim O'Neal

2003
Fats Domino
Pinetop Perkins
Sippie Wallace
Dinah Washington
Non Performer:
Ralph Bass

2004
Bo Diddley
Blind Boy Fuller
Non Performer:
J. Mayo Williams

2005
Walter Davis
Ike Turner
Non Performer:
H. C. Speir

2006
 Paul Butterfield
 James Cotton
 Roy Milton
 Bobby Rush
Non-Performers:
Bihari Brothers
Bobby Robinson
Jerry Wexler

2007
Dave Bartholomew
Dr. John
Eddie “Guitar Slim” Jones
Sister Rosetta Tharpe
Non-Performers:
Ahmet Ertegün
Art Rupe

2008
Jimmy McCracklin
Mississippi Sheiks
Hubert Sumlin
Johnny "Guitar" Watson
Peetie Wheatstraw
Jimmy Witherspoon

Non-Performers:
John Hammond
Paul Oliver

2009
Reverend Gary Davis
Son Seals
Taj Mahal
Irma Thomas
Non-Performers:
Clifford Antone
Mike Leadbitter
Bob Porter

2010
Lonnie Brooks
Gus Cannon and Cannon's Jug Stompers
W. C. Handy
Amos Milburn
Charlie Musselwhite
Bonnie Raitt
Non-Performers:
Peter Guralnick
"Sunshine" Sonny Payne
2011
Big Maybelle
Robert Cray
John Hammond, Jr.
Alberta Hunter
Denise LaSalle
J. B. Lenoir
Non-Performers:
Bruce Bromberg
Vivian Carter & Jimmy Bracken
Samuel Charters
John W. Work III

Other websites
Blues Foundation's Blues Hall of Fame 
Blues music
American music history
A night terror, also known as a sleep terror, is a sleep disorder that causes extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness. The person having the night terror wakes up suddenly, usually gasping, moaning, or screaming while waking. It is often impossible to wake up the person fully because they are so concentrated on waking, and after the terror the subject normally settles back to sleep without waking. A night terror can rarely be recalled by the subject. They typically occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep.

Other websites
Night Terror Resource Center 
eMedicine Health: Night Terrors 
National Institutes of Health, Medline Plus: Night Terrors
National Library of Medicine - Medical Subject Headings: Night Terrors

Sleep disorders
David Hunter Hubel  (February 27, 1926 – September 22, 2013) was a Canadian neurophysiologist noted for his studies of the structure and function of the visual cortex. He was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with Roger W. Sperry), for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.

Career 
For much of his career, Hubel was the John Franklin Enders University Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. In 1978, Hubel and Wiesel were awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.
David Hunter Hubel (February 27, 1926  September 22, 2013) was a Professor of Neurobiology Emeritus at Harvard Medical School.

Hubel was co-recipient with Torsten Wiesel of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system. The prize was shared with Roger Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.

Hubel died of renal failure.
Nobel award 
Hubel and Wiesel received the Nobel Prize for two major contributions:
 Their work in the 1960s and 1970s on how the visual system developed. They worked on parts of the visual cortex of the brain which get signals from the right or left eye.
 Their work describing how signals from the eye are processed by the brain to generate edge detectors, motion detectors, stereoscopic depth detectors and colour detectors. These are building blocks of the visual scene.

Some details

Cells detect features 
In one experiment, done in 1959, they inserted a microelectrode into the primary visual cortex of an anesthetized cat. They then projected patterns of light and dark on a screen in front of the cat. They found that some neurons fired rapidly when presented with lines at one angle, while others responded best to another angle. Some of these neurons responded differently to light patterns than to dark patterns.  Hubel and Wiesel called these neurons 'simple cells'.
Still other neurons, which they called 'complex cells', detected edges regardless of how they were placed in the visual field, and could detect motion in certain directions.  These studies showed how the visual system constructs complex pictures of visual information from simple stimulus features.

Flexibility of visual cortex 
They did important work in the study of cortical plasticity (flexibility).

By depriving kittens from using one eye, they showed that columns in the primary visual cortex receiving inputs from the other eye took over the areas that would normally receive input from the deprived eye.

These kittens did not develop areas receiving input from both eyes, a feature needed for binocular vision. Hubel and Wiesel's experiments showed that ocular dominance (dominance of one eye is normal) develops early in childhood development, and cannot be reversed. Several childhood vision problems were understood better after this work.

Related pages
 List of biologists

References
References 

1926 births
2013 deaths
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Canadian Nobel Prize winners
Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Canadian neuroscientists
Scientists from Ontario‎
The Red Bull Arena is a soccer stadium in Harrison, New Jersey in the United States. It is home to two teams that each play in the top level of American soccer—the New York Red Bulls, a men's team playing in Major League Soccer, and NJ/NY Gotham FC, which plays in the National Women's Soccer League.

The construction started in 2006, but through differences of the clubowner and the state of New Jersey there was a delay. After the buying of the former Metro Stars by the Red Bull Company the stadium was opened on March 20th, 2010 with a friendly match of the NY Red Bulls versus FC Santos from Brazil. One week later the first leaguematch was held in the new stadium versus Chicago Fire. The stadium has 30 luxury suites and 1,000 premium seats. The design is customized to the design of the owner company, Red Bull.

Footnotes

Other websites
Red Bull Arena Homepage 

See also:Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)

Soccer stadiums in the United States
2010 establishments in New Jersey
Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was an American neurobiologist and Nobel Prize winner. 

He shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. In 1989, Sperry also received the National Medal of Science.

Before Sperry's experiments, some research evidence seemed to indicate that areas of the cerebral cortex were largely interchangeable. In his early experiments, Sperry showed that the opposite was true: after early development, circuits of the brain are largely hardwired. That is, they are set with a particular function.

Sperry's work was on 'split-brain' research. In his Nobel-winning work, Sperry tested ten patients who had undergone an operation developed in 1940 by William Van Wagenen, a neurosurgeon in Rochester, NY.  

The surgery, designed to treat epileptics with grand mal seizures, severed (cut) the corpus callosum, the area of the brain used to transfer signals between the right and left hemispheres.
Sperry and his colleagues tested these patients with tasks that were known to be dependent on specific hemispheres of the brain and demonstrated that the two halves of the brain may each contain consciousness.  In his words, each hemisphere is

This research contributed greatly to understanding how each cerebral hemisphere works. 

Some activities, such as naming objects or putting blocks together in a particular way, can only be done when using one side of the brain or the other. It seems the left hemisphere usually specializes in language processes and the right is dominant in visual-construction tasks.

References 

1913 births
1994 deaths

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
American Nobel Prize winners
American neuroscientists
Scientists from Hartford, Connecticut
Machair was written in English and translated into Gaelic, then given English subtitles and broadcast during primetime.  At first, critics thought this process would not work, but when the show aired it got lots of praise from reviewers.  Kenneth Roy, television critic of Scotland on Sunday, described it as "A credit to the company (Scottish Television) and a smack in the face to those of us who were doubtful" and after a few episodes said "It is even better than it looked at first glance quite simply the best thing to have happened to television in Scotland for a long time." Audiences liked the show too. Machair got 30% audience share and made it into the Top Ten of programmes viewed in Scotland, even though fewer than 2% of the Scottish population can speak Gaelic.  It was nominated for awards for production and writing from The Celtic Film Festival and Writers Guild of Great Britain.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1993 British television series debuts
1999 television series endings
British soap operas
Scotland in fiction
1999 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Scotland
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial plant where crude oil is made into useful petroleum products by fractional distillation and other processes. Products include gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Searchable United States Refinery Map
 Interactive map of UK refineries 
Complete, detailed refinery description
Petroleum Refinery Planning and Optimization Using Linear Programming
Student's Guide to Refining
 Global refinery shortage shifts power balance
Ecomuseum Bergslagen  - history of Oljeön, Sweden
Detailed refinery description 
Fueling Profits: Report on Industry Consolidation (publication of the Consumer Federation of America)
Price Spikes, Excess Profits and Excuses (publication of the Consumer Federation of America)
Refinery study
2011 NACS Annual Fuels Report 
Basics of Oil Refining Overview of crude oil refining process
Basics of Oil Refining  Overview of crude oil refining process with focus on Canadian crude oil
Refinery Animations & Videos  Oil Refinery Process Animations,Videos & 360 Degree Views
Chicago Bridge & Iron: Virtual Refinery 
Encyclopaedia of Hydrocarbons, ENI and Treccani ed., 5 volumes

Energy
Fuel
Petroleum
An IP Phone is a VoIP-based telephone service. Because it uses the internet instead of a phone company, call costs are often lower.

Telecommunications
The following is a list of episodes from the American animated series Rugrats. The first episode aired on Sunday, August 11, 1991. The first three seasons aired between 1991 and 1995. The series returned with two Jewish holiday specials in April 1995 and December 1996. From 1997 to 2004, the series began airing regular episodes again. The 10th anniversary special "All Growed Up" aired on July 21, 2001, on Nickelodeon. Rugrats ended on Sunday, August 1, 2004. Rugrats reruns still air on TeenNick’s late night programming block NickRewind. There are 9 seasons, 172 episodes, three movies, and two direct-to-DVD specials.

Series overview

Episodes

Pilot (1990)

Season 1 (1991)

Season 2 (1992–93)

Season 3 (1993–95)

Season 4 (1996–97)

Season 5 (1998–99)
Season 5 (1998–99)

Season 6 (1999–2001)
In the United States, episodes 127 to 130 were held over from this season and ended up airing during Season 7. The first Klasky Csupo logo still appeared after the second logo appeared at the end of The Rugrats Movie. The second logo did not appear until "Runaway Reptar".

Season 7 (2001; 2004)
During season 7, Rugrats made a change with a different format that consisted of three segments per episode. Additionally, all half-hour stories from this point on had two ad breaks instead of one.

Season 8 (2001–03)
The original two-segment format for Rugrats was brought back in season 8. However, the half-hour episodes retain having two commercial breaks. The first Klasky Csupo logo appeared after the credits in the early airings of this season. However, the Season 8 DVD from Amazon.com, "The '90s Are All That" and the later airings kept the second logo.

Season 9 (2002–04)
Season 9 (2002–04)

DVD releases
Nickelodeon and Amazon.com produce DVDs of new and old Nickelodeon shows through the CreateSpace service. Using a concept similar to print on demand, Amazon manufactures the discs, cover art, and disc art. , Seasons 1–9 were available. , the Amazon.com releases have been discontinued.

In Australia, Beyond Home Entertainment has released all 9 seasons on DVD.

In May 2017, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Entertainment released Seasons 1 and 2 on DVD. In February 2018, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 3 and 4 on DVD.

Rugrats Tales from the Crib (2005–06)
These movies are direct-to-DVD movies that are part of the Rugrats series.

Notes

References

General references

Other websites
 TV.com's Rugrats episodes
 TV Guide's Rugrats episode

Lists of Nickelodeon television series episodes
The American Express Company, (sometimes known as AmEx as variants) is a financial company which today is best known for its credit card business.  Sometimes called Amex cards, these credit cards make up nearly a quarter of all credit card transactions in the USA.

Since 1958, the company's mascot has been a Roman centurion.

History of American Express Company
Early years of the company
When the American Express Company was founded in 1850 it was an “express business”.  This meant that it was a private company whose business was to carry money, packages or valuable things from one place to another.  The US Postal Service had only recently begun. They delivered letters, but not large parcels. This is why some people started small “express businesses”. An express messenger would carry money in a money bag. He would travel by train or stagecoach.  The trains were very slow and often came off the rails. The stagecoaches travelled on terrible roads which were much too bumpy for the horses to trot.  It was a time when many people were going to California and other areas in the west of the US. There was a lot of demand for money to be transferred from one part of the country to another.  This is why the American Express company was started.
Two very important people in the express business at the time were Henry Wells and William G. Fargo. They had formed a partnership in 1844. When the American Express was formed its headquarters were in a building in Manhattan, New York. Three other companies merged to form the new company. They soon bought several other buildings nearby to use as stables for their horses. For many years it was the most successful company transporting goods, securities, money etc. (these were called “express shipments”). In 1874 the American Express moved its headquarters to 65 Broadway in the financial district of Manhattan.  It has been there ever since.
Move to financial services
Gradually American Express began to focus their attention on banks and other big financial groups because they found the American Express very reliable and paid them good money for their services.  The American Express gradually changed to be a financial company.  In the late 1890s they started to compete with the banks by issuing money orders.  They had big offices in London, Paris, Antwerp, Zurich and Berlin.

By 1890 the company needed a new building, so they pulled down the old building and built a new ten-story building in its place.  By 1903, the company had assets of about $28 million.  In 1916-17 a new building was constructed. It was made of concrete and steel and was shaped like an H.  This building was sold in 1975.
When their director J. C. Fargo travelled to Europe around 1890 he found it very difficult to get cash.  He was very annoyed, because he was carrying with him letters of credit, and he felt that, as president of the American Express, it should have been no problem. Fargo went to Marcellus Flemming Berry and asked him to invent a better way getting cash. Berry invented the Traveler's Cheque.  The traveler’s cheque was a very safe way of  getting cash from a bank when travelling.  The American Express Traveller’s Cheque, started in 1891, was to be used worldwide for nearly a century, when credit cards took over. Traveler's cheques made American Express a great international company.

Effects of World War I
In 1914, when World War I started, many people who happened to be travelling could not get at their money, but American Express offices in Europe were among the few companies to honor the letters of credit so that American tourists could get money to travel back home.
The war made American Express enter the travel business. In 1922 they provided a luxury steamship to take tourists round the world.  The traveler’s cheque business made them hugely successful for many years.

Modern times: Charge card services

The idea of a charge card for travel was discussed as early as 1946 but it was not until 1958 that American Express introduced their first cards. The early ones were paper. In 1959 plastic cards were introduced.

In 1966, American Express introduced the Gold Card and in 1984 the Platinum Card. The Platinum Card had a $250 annual fee (today it is $550). It was only offered to trusted customers. Today customers can apply for it.

In 1987, American Express introduced a credit card, known as the Optima card. Customers did not have to pay in full every month.  They could now wait to pay later.
"Boston Fee Party"
From early 1980s until the early 1990s, American Express offered merchants and restaurants a discount if they accepted only American Express and no other credit or charge cards. However, in 1991, several restaurants in Boston started accepting Visa and MasterCards, even encouraging their customers to use them. These cards had a much lower fee than American Express fees, which at the time charged 4% for each transaction.  Some restaurants even stopped accepting American Express cards.  This revolt was called the “Boston Fee Party” (a pun on the name “Boston Tea Party”). In the end American Express decided to reduce their charges.

American Express today
The director of American Express is Stephen Squeri. American Express continues to be one of the world’s biggest financial companies.

References

Other websites 
 

1850 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in New York (state)
Buffalo, New York
Companies based in New York City
American financial companies
A traveler's cheque (also traveller's cheque, travellers cheque, traveller's check or traveler's check) is a preprinted  cheque for a fixed amount.  The person who buys it must sign it and then sign it again when he "cashes" it.  It is a good way for a traveller to take money when going on holiday.  If a traveler's cheque is stolen it can be replaced so long as the person still has a receipt to prove that he bought it.

Traveler's cheques were a large part of the business of American Express.  Since 2005 the American Express have been issuing "American Express Travelers Cheque Cards".  These can be used in stores like a credit card.

Other websites
 American Express Traveler's Cheques merchant site 

Money
Catscratch is an American animated television series. It was broadcast on Nickelodeon and Nicktoons Network from 2005 to 2007.

Nickelodeon
2000s American animated television series
2000s American children's television series
English-language television programs
2005 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
The nabarlek (Petrogale concinna), also known as the pygmy rock-wallaby or the little Rock-wallaby, is a small marsupial, a type of wallaby from northern Australia. Nabarleks are small kangaroos. They can hop and jump with their powerful legs, and balance on their long tail.

References

Marsupials of Australia
Mathias Grünewald (c. 1470 in Würzburg, died 31 August 1528) was a German painter and artist. Today he is seen as one of the important German artists of the Renaissance. His real name was Mathias Gothart or Mathias Neidhardt, his first name is also spelled Mathis. Sometimes he is called Mathias of Aschaffenburg. Today, only ten paintings and 35 drawings survive. At first many of his works were attributed to Albrecht Dürer, even though Dürer's style of paining is completely different. All the surviving works have religious motifs.

1470s births
1528 deaths
German painters
People from Würzburg
The American Airlines Center (also known as the AAC) is a multi-purpose arena. It is in the Victory Park neighborhood, near downtown Dallas, Texas. It is currently used by the Dallas Stars, Dallas Mavericks and, Dallas Vigilantes. It is also used for concerts and entertainment.

References

Other websites
Official Site

Sports buildings in Texas
Sports in Dallas
2001 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Texas
Dallas Stars
Torsten Nils Wiesel (born June 3, 1924) is a Swedish neuroscientist.

He and David Hubel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries of information processing in the visual system. The prize was shared with Roger Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.

After serving as president of the Rockefeller University, he is now director of the Shelby White and Leon Levy Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior at the same institution. He is also an advisor to several countries and organizations, mainly helping young scientists do research. He is a member of the President's Council of University of the People.

Torsten was married to American editor Jean Stein from 1995 until they divorced in 2007.

References
References 

Foreign Members of the Royal Society
1924 births
Living people
Swedish neuroscientists
People from Uppsala
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
Rockefeller University faculty
American physicians
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Neurologists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Swedish academics
Swedish physicians
Yi Jun-yong (or Lee Junyong, , hanja: , June 25 1870  March 22, 1918) was a Korean politician. He was a member of the Joseon Dynasty royal family. He was the grandson of Heungseon Daewangun, and elder nephew of Emperor Gojong of the Korean empire. He was rival of his uncle Kojong 1874 to 1907. His title was 'Prince Yeongseon' ().

References

Other websites 
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=536044
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=128028

1870 births
1917 deaths
Korean politicians
The Keine Sorgen Arena ("No Worries Arena") is a football stadium in Ried, Austria. It is the homeground of SV Ried. The stadium is named after a slogan used by one sponsor of SV Ried, an upper Austrian insurance company. Since 2018 it is called Josko-Arena. Josko is another sponsor of SV Ried.

The stadium replaced the former stadium of SV Ried which had only 1 100 places and was a multipurpose stadium with a running track. The new stadium is only used for football and has 7 700 seats of whom 120 are a VIP-area. The weststand and the awaystand offer only standingroom.

Football stadiums in Austria
Upper Austria
Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was an American biologist. She was a distinguished cytogeneticist who worked on inheritance in maize. McClintock was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

McClintock got her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927. Maize cytogenetics was the focus of her research for the rest of her career.

From the late 1920s, McClintock studied chromosomes and how they change during reproduction in maize. She used microscopic analysis to show genetic recombination by crossing-over during meiosis—a mechanism by which chromosomes exchange information.

She produced the first genetic map for maize, and demonstrated the role of the telomere and centromere. These are regions of the chromosome that are important in preserving genetic information.

She was recognized amongst the best in the field, awarded prestigious fellowships, and elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1944.
During the 1940s and 1950s, McClintock discovered transposition and used it to show how genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on or off. She developed theories to explain the control of genetic information from one generation of maize plants to the next. Encountering skepticism of her research and its implications, she stopped publishing her data in 1953. Later, she made an extensive study of the cytogenetics of maize races from South America.

McClintock's research became well understood in the 1960s and 1970s, as researchers discovered the mechanisms behind the genetic change and gene regulation that she had shown in her maize research in the 1940s and 1950s.

Awards and recognition for her contributions to the field followed for the discovery of transposons; she is the only woman to receive an unshared Nobel Prize in the category 'Physiology or Medicine'.

Discovery of controlling elements
In the summer of 1944 at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, McClintock began systematic studies on the inheritance of colour patterns of maize seeds. In early 1948, she made the surprising discovery that two genetic loci, Dissociator and Activator could transpose, or change position, on the chromosomes.

McClintock also found that the transposition of Ds and the is determined by the number of Ac copies in the cell.

Between 1948 and 1950, she developed a theory: these mobile elements regulated genes by inhibiting or modulating their action. She referred to Dissociator and Activator as "controlling units"—later, as "controlling elements"—to distinguish them from genes.

She suggested that gene regulation could explain how complex multicellular organisms made of cells with identical genomes have cells of different function. McClintock's discovery challenged the concept of the genome as a static set of instructions passed between generations.
In 1950, she reported her work on Ac/Ds and her ideas about gene regulation in a paper. In summer 1951, when she reported on her work on gene mutability in maize at the annual symposium at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

Her work on controlling elements and gene regulation was difficult and was not immediately understood or accepted by her contemporaries; she described the reception of her research as "puzzlement, even hostility". Nevertheless, McClintock continued to develop her ideas on controlling elements. She published a paper in 1953 where she presented all her statistical data, and undertook lecture tours to universities throughout the 1950s to speak about her work. She continued to investigate the problem and identified a new element that she called Suppressor-mutator (Spm), which, although similar to Ac/Ds, displays more complex behavior.
Key publications
McClintock B. 1929. A cytological and genetical study of triploid maize. Genetics 14 (2): 180–222. PMID 
 McClintock B. 1950. The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 36 (6): 344–355. PMC 1063197. PMID 15430309.
 McClintock B. 1953. Induction of instability at selected loci in maize. Genetics 38 (6): 579–599. PMC 1209627. PMID 17247459.
 McClintock B. 1961. Some parallels between gene control systems in maize and in bacteria. The American Naturalist 95 (884): 265–277.

References 

1902 births
1992 deaths
American botanists
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
Cornell University alumni
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Scientists from Hartford, Connecticut
Scientists from New York City
Orlen S.A. (formerly Polski Koncern Naftowy Orlen S.A., PKN Orlen) is a Polish oil and gas company. It has a lot of petrol stations in Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Lithuania and Slovakia. It is the biggest company in Poland and one of the biggest oil and gas companies in Europe.

History
Orlen was founded in People's Repubic of Poland. In 1999 it was privatized.

Brands of Orlen Group
 Basell Orlen Polyolefins
 Petrochemia Płock
 UniPetrol
 Benzina
 Solino
 Anwil
 Orlen KolTrans
 Orlen Lietuva
 Polkomtel
 Orlen Transport
 Orlen Oil
 Orlen Gaz
 CPN
 Bliska
 Star
 Benzina Plus
 Ventus
 Orlen Petrocentrum
 Orlen Wir
 Orlen Medica
 Orlen Budonaft
 Spolana
 Orlen International Exploration and Production Company
 Orlen Upstream

Other websites

Companies of Poland
Petrol companies
Sir Richard John Roberts FRS (born 6 September 1943, Derby) is a British biochemist and molecular biologist.

He was awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Phillip Sharp for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence".

Roberts has worked at Harvard University, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and New England Biolab. He was knighted in the 2008 Birthday Honours.

Work 
It used to be thought that each gene on DNA coded for a single protein in a continuous strip. Roberts and Sharp independently found out that the genes in adenovirus (which causes the common cold), were split into segments that were combined later in RNA processing.
In 1997 Roberts proved that in the adenovirus coding DNA is separated by stretches of DNA which are non-coding. The coding sections are exons, and the non-coding sections are introns.

Furthermore, it turned out that this structure occurs in all higher organisms. The discovery that a gene in could be present in the genetic material as several distinct and separate segments was revolutionary.

The second part of Robert's work was in gene-splitting and gene splicing. This means to cut pieces out of, and add pieces to, a coding sequence. This creates a protein which works differently from the original version. This is now used in genetic engineering.

Suggested effect on evolution 
This kind of structure may allow more flexible responses to environmental change, and so speed up evolution. The structure may also be responsible for a number of inherited genetic defects.

Here's a key part of the Nobel presentation speech by Professor Bertil Daneholt of the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute:
"Earlier it was believed that genes evolve mainly through the accumulation of small discrete changes in the genetic material. But their mosaic gene structure also permits higher organisms to restructure genes in another, more efficient way. This is because during the course of evolution, gene segments - the individual pieces of the mosaic - are regrouped in the genetic material, which creates new mosaic patterns and hence new genes. This reshuffling process presumably explains the rapid evolution of higher organisms".

References 

1943 births
Living people
English biochemists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
English molecular biologists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Derby
Asseco Poland S.A. is a Polish company in the technology sector, the biggest in Warsaw Stock Exchange.

Its headquarters are in Rzeszów, Poland.

History
It was founded in 1991.

The company works in Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Austria, Lithuania, Germany, Romania, Hungary, Spain, United States, Israel, Japan, Turkey and the Balkans.

References

Technology companies of Europe
1991 establishments in Poland
Etta Baker (March 31, 1913 – September 23, 2006) was an American blues guitarist and singer from North Carolina, United States. She played in the Piedmont blues style.

Baker was born Etta Lucille Reid in Caldwell County, North Carolina of African American, Native American, and European American origin. Since the age of three she played 6- and 12-string guitar and Banjo. She was thought by her father, who was also a Piedmont blues musician. She did her first recording in 1956, when folk singer Paul Clayton was asked by her father to listen to his daughter. She played "One Dime Blues" and Clayton was very impressed. Next day he did some recordings with his taperecorder in Etta Bakers home.

Over the years she played with different musicians like Bob Dylan, Taj Mahal, and Kenny Wayne Shepherd. Etta Baker had nine children, one of them died in the Vietnam War. She died at the age of 93 in Fairfax, Virginia, while visiting a daughter who had suffered a stroke.
Honours
North Carolina Folk Heritage Award from the North Carolina Arts Council (1989)
National Endowment for the Arts' National Heritage Fellowship (1991)
North Carolina Award (2003)
North Carolina Folklore Society's Brown-Hudson Folklore Award (1982 - together with her sister Cora Philips)

Discography
 1956 : Instrumental Music From the Southern Appalachians (1956, Tradition Records; reissued 1997)
 1990 : One Dime Blues
 1998 : The North Carolina Banjo Collection (various artists) (1998, Rounder)
 1999 : Railroad Bill
 2004 : Etta Baker with Taj Mahal (Music Maker 50)
 2005 : Carolina Breakdown  with Cora Phillips (Music Maker 56)
 2006 : Knoxville Rag with Kenny Wayne Shepherd (CD Title: "10 Days Out- Blues From The Backroads", it also includes a DVD that shows Kenny & Etta playing guitar in her kitchen), Reprise Records, 2006

Singers from North Carolina
Musicians from North Carolina
American guitarists
Blues guitarists
1913 births
2006 deaths
Piedmont blues
20th-century American guitarists
Susumu Tonegawa (born 6 September 1939) is a Japanese scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1987.

He discovered the genetic mechanism that produces antibody diversity. Although he won the Nobel Prize for his work in immunology, Tonegawa is a molecular biologist by training. In his later years, he has turned his attention to the molecular and cellular basis of memory.

Tonegawa is best known for elucidating the genetic mechanism in the adaptive immune system. If each antibody was coded by one gene, it would take millions of genes to protect against antigens.

Instead, as Tonegawa showed in a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976, genetic material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies. The main mechanism is called RNA splicing.
Antibodies have a 'variable region' in their structure. Tonegawa compared the DNA of B cells (a type of white blood cell) in embryonic and adult mice. He found that genes in the mature B cells of the adult mice are moved around, recombined, and deleted to make the many versions of the variable region of antibodies.

The critical work 
The critical work was started in Basle, Switzerland, and later at MIT. "Our work resolved the long held debate on the genetic origin of antibody diversity. It turned out that this diversity is generated by somatic recombination of the inherited gene segments and by somatic mutation".

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References 

1939 births
Living people
Japanese scientists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Aichi Prefecture
Japanese Nobel Prize winners
Kyoto University alumni
Edexcel is a UK examination board. It is one of England, Wales and Northern Ireland's five main examination boards. Edexcel is owned by the private-sector Pearson PLC.  The company offers many qualifications including A levels and GCSEs. Edexcel's name is from the words education and excellence.

Education in the United Kingdom
Companies of England
A chamber pot (also a chamberpot), a piss pot, a potty, a po, a gazunder, or a thunder pot) is a container with a handle, usually used as a urinal at night. It is kept in a bedroom under a bed or in a nightstand.

During Victorian times, some chamber pots were built into a cabinet with a closeable cover.

History
The chamber pot was originally designed for females. Called the Bourdaloue, it allowed women to urinate squatting or sitting without accidents. It was supposedly named after the French Catholic priest Louis Bourdaloue, whose sermon were so long that women brought Bourdaloue so they could urinate without having to leave.

In the 19th century, water closets started to be more common than chamber pots, but chamber pots were still used until the mid-20th century. Today, they are used in countries that have no indoor plumbing.

In North America and the UK, "potty" refer to the toilets made especially for potty training. These toilets are similar to chamber pots.
In the Philippines, chamber pots are used as urinals and are commonly called "Arinola" in Philippine languages like Tagalog and Cebuano.

In Korea, chamber pots are referred to as yogang (요강). Currently, they are still used in some country regions in the North.

Related pages

Furniture
SimCity 2000 is a city building computer game released in 1994. It is the sequel to SimCity. It had a lot of new things such as more power plants, hills and mountains, subways, water pipes, prisons, schools, libraries, museums, and hospitals. There were also roads, highways, and other buildings.

The game also had different scenarios.

1994 video games
Windows games
PlayStation games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo 64 games
SimCity
Amiga games
DOS games
Sega Saturn games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
PlayStation Network games
Jonathan Dickinson State Park is a Florida State Park and historic site in Martin County, Florida, between Hobe Sound and Tequesta. The park has many kinds of areas, such as sand pine scrub, pine flatwoods, mangroves, and river swamps. The Loxahatchee River, which was named a National Wild and Scenic River in 1985 (the first in Florida), runs through the park. The address is 16450 S.E. Federal Highway, Hobe Sound.

History
The park is named after Jonathan Dickinson, a Quaker merchant who was shipwrecked in 1696, with his family and others, on the Florida coast near the present-day park. He wrote a journal about their encounters with local tribes, and their journey up the coast to St. Augustine.

A man known as Trapper Nelson lived on the banks of the Loxahatchee River after coming to the area in the 1930s, living off the land trapping and selling furs. He soon became known as the Wildman of the Loxahatchee. After he died in 1968 the state got his land, and gave it to the park.
The United States Army established Camp Murphy, a top-secret radar training school, in the area that is now the park, in 1942. The camp included over 1,000 buildings, and housed more than 6,000 officers and soldiers. The camp stopped being used in 1944, after only two years. Most of the camp buildings were torn down, but some of the building foundations remain. The property was given to the State of Florida in 1947, and opened as a state park in 1950.

Recreational activities
The park has such activities as bicycling, boat tours, boating, cabins, canoeing, fishing, hiking, horse trails, kayaking, picnicking areas, swimming, wildlife viewing and full camping facilities. It also has the Elsa Kimbell Environmental Education and Research Center, with exhibits about the park's natural and cultural history.  The park operates a 44-passenger boat for tours of Trapper Nelson's homestead.

Gallery
Gallery

Other websites
 Jonathan Dickinson State Park  – official site
 Jonathan Dickinson State Park at State Parks of the United States
 Jonathan Dickinson State Park  at Absolutely Florida

Geography of Florida
State parks in the United States
1950 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Florida