Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The  was a silver mine in the city of Ōda, Shimane Prefecture. It was the largest silver mine in Japanese history. Iwami Ginzan was active for almost four hundred years. It was discovered in 1526 and closed in 1923. 

Today the mine has become an open-air museum.  It was named a World Heritage Site in 2007.

Mine history

Kamiya Jutei, a Japanese merchant, started the mine in 1526. By the early 1600s the mine was producing approximately 38 tons of silver a year. That was one third of the world's production at that time. 

Warlords fought over the mine until the Tokugawa Shogunate took control of it in 1600 after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.  Yamabuki Castle was built in the center of the complex.  The mine produced less in the nineteenth century as it had trouble competing with other mines. It closed in 1923.
Position in the economy
Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was very important in East Asian trade because silver was the main currency. The silver mined at Iwami Ginzan was very high quality. From 17th century, coins made of the silver from the mine were not only one of the basic currencies in Japan but also used in the trade with China, Portugal and the Netherlands.

World Heritage Site

The Japanese Government named the mining town as a Special Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings in 1969. The government also applied for it to become a World Heritage Site. The application succeeded in July 2007, although the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOSMOS) did not find any "outstanding universal value" of the site.

References

Further reading
 Lyman, Benjamin Smith. (1879).  Geological Survey of Japan: Reports of Progress for 1878 and 1879. Tookei: Public Works Department.   OCLC: 13342563

Other websites
Other websites

 Iwami-Ginzan Silver Mine site 
 Article in UNESCO
 Japan Mint, World Heritage Coin Set 

World Heritage Sites in Japan
Museums in Japan
Mining
Buildings and structures in Japan
Shimane Prefecture
1520s establishments in Asia
1923 disestablishments
16th-century establishments in Japan
20th-century disestablishments in Japan
1526 establishments
1920s disestablishments in Asia
is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nikkō in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. 

The site covers 103 buildings or structures and the natural area around them.  Two Shinto shrines  and one Buddhist temple are included in the site.

History
The area of Nikko has been a Shinto forest since pre-historic times.  It has had Buddhist temples since the 9th century.  Thousands of Japanese cedars were planted in the early 17th century

The shrines and temples of Nikkō are closely related to the history of the Tokugawa Shoguns.  

In 1871, the Shinto areas and Buddhist areas were separated.  Three sites were identified -- two Shinto shrine complexes and one Buddhist temple complex.   

After the "Law on the Preservation of Shrines and Temples" in 1897, Nikkō was protected by the Japanese government. 
 
Nikkō's shrines and temples were named a World Heritage Site in 1999.

 At the , 23 structures are included in the World Heritage site.  All are registered "Important Cultural Properties".
At the , many buildings are named as part of the World Heritage site. Some are registered "National Treasures of Japan" and 37 are "Important Cultural Properties"

 At the , many buildings were mentioned in the World Heritage Site nomination process.  There are 37 "Important Cultural Properties". One sub-temple complex made up of the Honden and Haiden of the Taiyuin Mausoleum is a registered "National Treasure of Japan".

In 2012, the World Heritage Site covers nine National Treasures of Japan and many "Important Cultural Properties".

Gallery
Many gates and buildings at Nikkō have very detailed carvings. The use of color is based on records dating back to 1753.  The very precise descriptions of the architectural structures
and the decorative works are used by experts who want to preserve history at Nikkō.

Related pages
 List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

References

Other websites 

World Heritage Sites in Japan
Shinto shrines in Tochigi Prefecture
Buddhist temples in Japan
The Wet Tropics of Queensland is a UNESCO World Heritage Site which has the oldest continuously surviving tropical rainforests on Earth. The forests date from the Mesozoic era when the climate of Australia (and the world) was much more tropical than today. Originally, the rain forest area covered a much wider area than today. Today it is just a narrow strip along the east coast of Queensland. It starts just north of Townsville and continues to just south of Cooktown, a distance of about . 

The wet tropics cover an area of  in 730 separate blocks of land. It includes 41 national parks covering. About 80% of the site is tropical rainforest. It is interesting because it is very old forest, and is a living record of 415 million years of evolution, going back to Pangea and Gondwana. All of Australia's marsupials, and many of its other animals, evolved in tropical rainforests, and many of their closest surviving ancestors still live in the Wet Tropics of Queensland.
Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia
Daintree Rainforest

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Geography of Queensland
Australian National Heritage List
The Last Temptation of Christ is a 1988 American drama movie. It is based on the 1953 novel of the same name. Martin Scorsese directed the movie. It stars Willem Dafoe as Jesus, Harvey Keitel as Judas and Barbara Hershey as Mary Magdalene. This movie was highly controversial on multiple levels: certain countries went as far as banning it. Furthermore, certain video stores, such as Blockbuster, would not carry the movie or make it available for rental due to the controversy. This movie was released on August 12, 1988.

Other websites 

1988 movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Martin Scorsese
David Bowie
American independent movies
The national flag of the Andorra was adopted in 1866.  The flag is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red. The Coat of arms of Andorra is in the centre. The three vertical bars look of equal width but the centre yellow bar is slightly wider than the other two.  The ratio of bar widths is 8:9:8. 

The look of the flag is from the flags of France and Spain.

The motto in the coat of arms in the middle stripe Virtus Unita Fortior means "Strength United is Stronger".

Andorra
National symbols of Andorra
is a list of items made by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs. These are places and things that are especially important to the Japanese people.

Types of Cultural Properties
Japan's government made a Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties a  to protect its culture. It chooses important items and names them as Cultural Properties The law sets rules about changing, repairing, or exporting these items.

There is also , which sets a lower level of protection and support for  Registered Cultural Properties than for Designated Cultural Properties.

There are different levels of designation.  Designation can be at a ,  or  level.

Designations of a different level can coexist. For example, Sankei-en, a traditional Japanese-style garden in Naka Ward, Yokohama, owns both city designated and nationally designated Important Cultural Properties.

Some Important Cultural Properties of Japan

Notes

References

Japanese culture
The coat of arms of Andorra has been used for centuries. Below the shield arms is Andorra's national motto  (Latin for ). The coat of arms also appears on the Flag of Andorra.

Andorra
National symbols of Andorra
"El Gran Carlemany" (, meaning "The Grand Charlemagne") is the national anthem of Andorra. Enric Marfany Bons wrote the song, and Joan Benlloch i Vivó composed the music for the song. It started to be used in 1921.

Lyrics

References

European anthems
National symbols of Andorra
Andorran may mean:
 Something of, or related to Andorra, such as a person from Andorra, or of Andorran descent
 Andorran cuisine
 A person from Andorra, Teruel, in Spain
Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a predominantly Romance-speaking ethnic group native to Spain.  Latin America has the largest population of people of Spain descent, people with full or partial (Mestizo) ancestry.

References

Ethnic groups in Europe
Archbishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília (born 24 July 1949) is the current Bishop of Urgell and Co-Prince of Andorra.

Born in Barcelona, he became a priest in 1974. On 19 March 2010, he became an archbishop.

References 

1949 births
Living people
Current national leaders
People from Barcelona
Princes of Andorra
Spanish Roman Catholic archbishops
Nemesi Marquès Oste (born 17 May 1935) is the personal representative to Andorra of the Bishop of Urgell. He is a Roman Catholic priest.

References

1935 births
Living people
Andorran people
Christian clergy
Governors-general
Spanish Roman Catholics
Saltaire is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. The site is a complete and well-preserved industrial village of the second half of the 19th century. It has textile mills, public buildings and workers' housing.

History 
Construction of Saltaire was started in 1851 by Sir Titus Salt. The name of the village is a combination of the founder's last name and the name of the Aire River which runs through it.

Salt owned several textile mills Yorkshire. In 1853, he moved his businesses and his workers to Saltaire.

In time, the new village grew to over 800 dwellings.

In 1933, the village was sold the Bradford Property Trust. The mill closed down in 1986.

In 2001, Saltaire was named a World Heritage Site.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 Saltaire Village website

World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Bradford
Christian Frémont (23 April 1942 - 3 August 2014) was the chief of staff of Nicolas Sarkozy. He was the French Representative to Andorra from 24 September 2008 to 15 May 2012. 

Frémont died in Paris, France from cancer, aged 72.

References

1942 births
2014 deaths
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine‎
Governors-general

People from Dordogne
Antoni Martí Petit (born November 10, 1963) is an Andorran architect and politician.Andorra: Tax, foreign investment in the heart of early parliamentary  Pisqa, 3 April 2011 He was the Prime Minister from 11 May 2011 to 16 May 2019.

References

1963 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Andorra
A Paréage is an agreement between two rulers who were equal.  It was used in Medieval France.  The most famous paréage was in 1278.  It created Andorra.

13th-century treaties
The Crown of Aragon was a joining of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of the Crown of Aragon.  In the 14th and 15th the land of Aragon covered most of present-day France and Spain.  The political center was at Barcelona.

References

14th century in France
History of Spain
Former monarchies of Europe
15th century in France
gdp ppp by country wikipedia 2022 Purchasing Power Parity 

All figures are in current international dollars (Int$).

References

Notes

PPP
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a British Overseas Territory. It is in the South Atlantic Ocean and is made up of the island of Saint Helena, Ascension Island and the island group called Tristan da Cunha. In total, there are eight islands and the main is St Helena with a total area for the territory of .

It was known as Saint Helena and Dependencies until 1 September 2009. At that time a new constitution gave an equal status to all the islands in the territory.

History
Of volcanic origin, the islands of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha were all formerly separate colonies of the English crown, though separately discovered by several Portuguese explorers between 1502 and 1504.

Portuguese discovery
Going to India, in May 1501, the Portuguese admiral João da Nova saw the Ascension island in the South Atlantic.  On his return journey, Nova is said to have discovered the South Atlantic island of St Helena on 21 May 1502, the feast day of Helena of Constantinople.
Another Portuguese, Tristan da Cunha () discovered a group of islands in 1506 and gave its name to the principal island of the group () but it was soon changed to Tristan da Cunha.

The Portuguese found that nobody was living in the St Helena island, with forests and fresh water. They built a timber chapel in the valley where later Jamestown was built.Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island became very important for ships coming from Asia and going back to Europe.

English and British colonisation

During the first years of the 16th century, the island of St Helena was used as a place to stop by the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French on their way to India and other Asian countries.
The Netherlands took St Helena from 1645 to 1659. In 1657, the English East India Company was given a permit to govern St Helena by Oliver Cromwell, and the following year the Company decided to colonise the island with farmers. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, and it is from this date that St Helena claims to be Britain’s second oldest (remaining) colony (after Bermuda). A fort was completed and a number of houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a Royal permit to start a colony in the island. The fort was named James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later King James II of England.

In 1815, the British government decided to use the island of St. Helena as a place of detention for Napoleon Bonaparte. To prevent any attempt to escape from the nearby islands, they formally annexed the islands of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. In 1821, Napoleon died on the island of St Helena.
On 22 April 1834, the island of St Helena became a colony of the British crown. In 1922, the Ascension then was attached as a dependency followed by the Tristan da Cunha Island 12 January 1938 .

During the Second Boer War (1899-1902), the island of St. Helena served as camp for about 5,000 prisoners of war.

During the Second World War, the Ascension was leased to the United States who established a base for their airplanes.

In 1961, a volcanic eruption on Tristan da Cunha forced authorities to evacuate the entire population of the island to the United Kingdom. The people of Tristan da Cunha could not return to the island until 1963.

Geography
Geography

There is a huge distance between the northern and the southern points of the territory. The northern-most island, Ascension, is at latitude  of the equator and the southern-most island, Gough Island is at . Between St Helena and Tristan da Cunha is the Tropic of Capricorn. The distance between the northern tip of Ascension Island and the southern tip of Gough Island is . The whole territory lies in the Western Hemisphere and has the same time zone: Greenwich Mean Time. Daylight saving time is not observed.

There are eight islands in the Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha territory:
 Saint Helena Island
 Ascension Island at  to the north-west
 the Tristan da Cunha archipelago at  to the south, with six islands:
 Tristan da Cunha Island
 Inaccessible Island
 Nightingale Islands
 Nightingale Island
 Middle Island
 Stoltenhoff Island
 Gough
Ascension has a warm, arid climate, but it is more moderated (and arid near the sea) in St Helena; Tristan da Cunha is much cooler. The highest point of the territory is Queen Mary's Peak on the island of Tristan da Cunha, with an elevation of  above sea level.

Although all three parts of the territory were formed by volcanic activity, only the Tristan da Cunha group of islands are active at the moment.

Administrative divisions 
Administratively, the territory is divided into the same three parts as the territory's geography, namely Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Each is governed by a council. The Governor of the territory is the representative of the British monarch across the territory and presides over the St Helena Legislative Council, while he or she is represented by an Administrator on Ascension Island and an Administrator on Tristan da Cunha that preside over these two areas' Island Councils.

The island of St Helena is divided into eight districts.
People
With a population of 6,567 inhabitants in the census of 1998 (estimated to be 7,754 in 2013), the territory appears as one of the least populated British territory. The largest city of the territory is the capital, Jamestown, with a population of 1,000 in 2009.

Approximately 50% of the population are of African origin while the descendants of Europeans (British and Scandinavian) and Chinese each represent a quarter of the population.

The inhabitants are mostly Anglicans, but there are Baptists, Adventists and Catholics.

Economy
The islands had a very simple economy the mid-1960s, mainly based on the culture of New Zealand flax, a plant of the genus Phormium, that was used to produce fibers and ropes. Agriculture is now mainly for food, except for a bit of coffee.
Fishing remains the only really important activity on the island, but the territory is almost entirely supported by the help from United Kingdom, particularly through the U.S. and British facilities in the Ascension Island, which employ about 25% of the population.

The tourism industry in St Helena is not well developed and is based on the fact that Napoleon lived and died here.

Related pages
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

Notes

References

Other websites

 St Helena Government
 Ascension Government
 Tristan da Cunha Government
Canillo is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the northeast of the country. Canillo is also the name of the main town of the parish.

The town of Canillo is the religious centre of Andorra because here is the Mare de Déu de Meritxell ("Our Lady of Meritxell") Basilica. Our Lady of Meritxell is the patron saint of Andorra.

Geography
The Canillo parish is in the northeastern part of the country and borders with the Ariège department to the north and east, with the Pyrénées-Orientales department (France) to the southeast, with the Encamp parish to the south and the Ordino parish to the west.

The highest mountain in the parish is Pic de l'Estanyó () with an elevation of  above sea level; it is on the border with the Ordino parish.

The main river in Canillo is the Valira d'Orient, also known as Valira d’Encamp.

The largest lake of Andorra, Estany de Juclà ("Juclar lake"), is in the Canillo parish; it has an area of .
Population
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 4,124 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Canillo

Villages
The urban areas in the parish are:

Economy
The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination during winter.

Sites of interest
 The new Our Lady of Meritxell Basilica in Meritxell.
 Sant Joan de Caselles church. It is similar to the church in Mérens-les-Vals, Ariège, France.
 Valley of the Incles river with the Estany de Juclà ("Juclar lake"), the largest lake of Andorra.
 Soldeu-El Tarter ski resort, part of the Grandvalira ski resort.

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra
Encamp is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the east central part of the country. Encamp is also the name of the main town of the parish.

Geography
The Encamp parish is in the east central part of the country and borders with the Canillo parish to the north, with the Pyrénées-Orientales department (France) to the east, with Spain to the southeast, with the Escaldes-Engordany parish to the south, with the La Massana parish to the west and the Ordino parish to the northwest.

The highest mountain in the parish is Pic del Pessons () with an elevation of  above sea level.

The main river in Encamp is the Valira d'Orient.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 12,212 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Encamp

Villages
The urban areas in the parish are:

Economy
The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination.
Sites of interest
 Sant Romà de Vila church in Vila
 Sant Romà de les Bons church in Les Bons
 Museu Nacional de l’Automòbil d’Andorra, a automobile museum in Encamp
 Santa Eulàlia d'Encamp church in Encamp
 Grandvalira ski resort

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra
Escaldes-Engordany is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the southeast of the country. Escaldes-Engordany is also the name of the main town of the parish.

History
The Escaldes-Engordany parish was created in 1978 with part of the territory of the Andorra la Vella parish with two urban areas: Escaldes and Engordany. With time, these two towns were combined to form the present capital of the parish.

Geography
The Escaldes-Engordany parish is in the southeast of the country and borders with the Encamp parish to the north, with the Sant Julià de Lòria parish to the southwest, with the Andorra la Vella parish to the west and the La Massana parish to the northwest. Spain is to the east and south of the parish.

The highest mountain in the parish is Tossa Plana () with an elevation of  above sea level. It is in the southeast of the parish, on the border with Spain.
The main rivers in Escaldes-Engordany are the Valira del Nord and the Valira d'Orient; they form the Gran Valira after their confluence in Escaldes-Engordany. Other river is the Madriu.

The town of Escaldes-Engordany is the capital of the parish; it is in the northwest of the parish, close to the town of Andorra la Vella, forming the largest urban area of the country.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 14,367 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Escaldes-Engordany
Villages
The urban areas in the parish are:
 Escaldes-Engordany, the main urban area of the parish; it is formed by:
 Les Escaldes, or just Escaldes, at an altitude of . The name Les Escaldes comes from the presence of numerous hot springs, which produce highly sulphurous and nitrogenous waters at temperatures between . The hot springs were known by the Romans who used them for medical purposes, and now are used in "Caldea", a spa.
 Engordany, at an altitude of  on the right side of the Valira d'Orient river, on the foot of the Pic de Padern mountain ( high).
 Els Vilars d'Engordany, to the north of Engordany. Here is the Sant Romà dels Vilars chapel of the X century, at an altitude of  on the foot of the Pic de Padern mountain.
 Engolasters at about  to the east of Andorra la Vella, at an altitude of .

Economy
The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination.
Sites of interest
 Sant Romà dels Vilars church in Els Vilars d'Engordany
 Sant Miquel d'Engolasters church in Engolasters
 Pont d'Engordany, a bridge built in 1785
 Pont dels Escalls, a bridge
 Caldea, a spa in Les Escaldes

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra
La Massana (originally La Maçana) is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. It is in the northwest of the country. La Massana is also the name of the main town of the parish.

The name Massana derives from the Latin name mattianam for a variety of apple.

Geography
The La Massana parish is in the northwest of the country and borders with the Ordino parish to the north, with the Ordino and Encamp parishes to the east, with the Andorra la Vella and the Escaldes-Engordany parishes to the south, with France (Ariège department) and Spain to the west.

The town of La Massana has an average elevation of  above sea level.

In the La Massana parish are the highest mountains of Andorra, including:
 Coma Pedrosa (),  high, the highest mountain of the country; it is in the northwest of the parish near the borders with France and Spain.
 Roca Entravessada,  high
 Pic de Medacorba,  high
 Pic de Sanfonts,  high
The main river in the parish is the Valira del Nord (or Valira d'Ordino) river, one of the two branches that form the Valira river. There are several small lakes in the parish; the main lakes are Estanys Forcats, Estany de Les Truites and Estany Negre.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015, of 10,359 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in La Massana

Villages
There are other villages and hamlets besides the main town of La Massana in the parish:

Economy

The main economic activity is tourism and the parish is a major tourism destination. In winter, the main activities are skiing, snowboarding, and ski ski biking. The main ski resort, Vallnord, includes the Arinsal and Pal sectors. In summer, the main activities are hiking, climbing, mountain biking and canyoning.

Farming is also an important economic activity in the parish; here tobacco, vegetables (mainly potatoes), and cereals are grown.
Sites of interest
 Sant Ermengol de l'Aldosa church in Aldosa
 Sant Climent de Pal church in Pal
 Pont de Sant Antoni de la Grella, a bridge also called Pont de Sispony
 Museu Casa Rull, a museum of Ethnology in Sispony
 Vallnord, a ski/snowboard resort in the Pyrenees mountains

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra
Ordino is one of the parishes of Andorra.  It is the most northern parish of the country. Ordino is also the name of the main town of the parish. In the parish is the Parc Natural de Sorteny ("Sorteny Natural Park"), the largest nature area of Andorra.

History
Ordino is known for the several places where the iron ore was melted between the XVII and the XIX centuries. Besides being the industrial centre of Andorra, Ordino is considered the cultural centre of Andorra. Here Antoni Fiter i Rossell wrote the Manual Digest (1748), called the "Bible of Andorra," which tells the history, the government and the Andorran customs.

Geography
The town of Ordino, the capital of the parish, is at  above sea level. Most of the parish is in the valley of the Valira del Nord (or Valira d'Ordino) river, in the northwest of the country.

Ordino borders with France (Ariège department) to the north, with the Canillo parish to the east, the Encamp parish to the southeast and the La Massana parish to the south and the west.
Some of the highest mountains of Andorra are in the Ordino parish; some of them are:
 Pic de l'Estanyó,  high
 Pic de la Serrera,  high
 Pic de Font Blanca,  high

The town of Ordino is on the slopes of the Pic de Casamanya (or just Casamanya); it is  high.

The main river in the parish is the Valira del Nord (or Valira d'Ordino) river, one of the two branches that form the Valira river.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015 of 4,687 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Ordino

Villages
There are other villages and hamlets besides the main town of Ordino in the parish:
Sites of interest
 Auditori Nacional d'Andorra ("National Auditorium of Andorra")
 Museu Postal d'Andorral ("Postal Museum of Andorra")
 Museu de la Miniatura ("Miniature Museum")
 Sant Martí de la Cortinada, a Romanesque church in La Cortinada, north of Ordino.
 Valle de Sorteny Natural Park, the largest natural park in Andorra.
 Vallnord, a ski/snowboard resort in the Pyrenees mountains; the Arcalís sector is in the Ordino parish.

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra
Sant Julià de Lòria is one of the parishes of Andorra.  It is the most southern parish of the country. Sant Julià de Lòria is also the name of the main town of the parish.  The University of Andorra is in the parish.

Geography
The parish has an altitude of ; the town of Sant Julià de Lòria is at  high, the lowest settlement in Andorra. The Valira river (or Gran Valira), the biggest river in the country, flows through the parish.

Sant Julià de Lòria borders with the Andorra la Vella parish to the north, with the Escaldes-Engordany parish to the northeast and with Spain to the east, south and west.

The highest mountain in the parish is Pic Negre Norte () with an elevation of  above sea level; it is on the border with the Escaldes-Engordany parish.

Population
The parish had a population, in 2015 of 9,379 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².

Evolution of the population in Sant Julià de Lòria
Villages
There are other villages and hamlets besides the main town of Sant Julià de Lòria in the parish:

Sites of interest
 Església de Sant Serni de Nagol  is a church built in the 11th century.
 Església de Sant Miquel de Fontaneda is a church in Fontaneda, built in the 11-12th century.
 Santuari de la Mar de Déu de Canòlic ("Mother of God of Canòlic Sanctuary"); the Mother of God of Canòlic is the patron saint of the Sant Julià de Lòria parish.
 La Rabassa, a cross-country skiing station; here there is also a park, Naturlandia.
 Museu del Tabac ("Tobacco Museum"), an old tobacco factory that is now a museum.

Gallery

References

Parishes of Andorra
Coma Pedrosa is the highest mountain in Andorra. It is popular with mountain climbers. The nearest town is Arinsal, La Massana.

References

Pyrenees
Geography of Andorra
Our Lady of Meritxell  is the patron saint of Andorra. It is a Roman Catholic statue showing the Virgin Mary. The original statue is from the late 12th century. But the chapel it was in burned down on September 8 and 9, 1972. The statue was destroyed. A copy was made in 1976 by Ricardo Bofill.

Statues
Marian shrines
National symbols of Andorra
12th-century works
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a serious, painful, and chronic (long-lasting) disease.  It is an autoimmune disease - a disease where the body's immune system attacks healthy cells.  When a person has RA, their immune system attacks the joints and the tissues around the joints in the body.  This causes different problems, like:
 The capsules around the joints get swollen
 The body makes too much synovial fluid (the special fluid that is supposed to cushion the joints)
 Tough fibrous tissue builds up in the synovium area (which is also supposed to help cushion the joints)

Eventually, RA can destroy a person's articular cartilage.  Normally, articular (having to do with the joints) cartilage covers the end of bones where they come together to form joints.  This keeps the bones from rubbing against each other.  If the articular cartilage has been destroyed by RA, the bones will rub against each other, which is very painful.
No one knows what causes RA, but some theories are that it has to do with hormones, environment, infection and genes. There is no cure, but doctors have determined ways to help slow down and reduce the impact of the disease. Women are two to three times as likely as men to get rheumatoid arthritis. Most cases of RA occur in people between the ages of 25 and 55.

RA was first recognized around 1800 by Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais.

Symptoms
Symptoms may include:
Swelling, stiffness, and pain around affected joints
Fever
A feeling of discomfort and tiredness

Often, people with RA also develop anemia, a different disease that causes a person to have not enough blood cells in the blood. 

Less often, a person with RA could have:
inflamed blood vessels
neck pain

References

Inflammation
Diseases and disorders of joints
Rheumatology
The World Heritage Committee is the group which decides on the places to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It makes sure that the agreements in World Heritage Convention are followed. It also decides how the money in the World Heritage Fund is spent. The committee has 21 members who are elected from the 188 countries that have agreed to the World Heritage Convention.

According to the World Heritage Convention, committee members are elected for six years, however many of the representatives choose to be on the committee for only four years. This gives more countries a chance to take part. At the 15th General Assembly (2005) all the committee members agreed to serve for only four years.

Session
The World Heritage Committee meets many times a year to discuss the management of existing World Heritage Sites, and to look at possible new sites. A special meeting, known as the World Heritage Committee Session, takes place each year where sites are added (inscribed) to the World Heritage List.
The annual session takes place in cities all over the world. With the exception of meetings held in Paris, where the UNESCO headquarter office is located, only countries who are members of the World Heritage Committee have the right to hold a Session. The cities are decided by the Committee.

References

Other websites

 UNESCO World Heritage portal — Official website 
 The World Heritage List — Official searchable list of all Inscribed Properties

UNESCO Conventions
International organizations
Conservation
The Willandra Lakes Region is a World Heritage Site that covers 2,400 square kilometres in south-western New South Wales, Australia. It includes important natural and cultural features. The lakes were formed about two million years ago, but are now dry. The Australian Aborigines camped around the lakes, especially in the sand dunes on the lake shores for at least 50,000 years. These dunes are crescent shaped, and are called lunettes. The world's oldest cremation, of an woman more than 40,000 years ago, was found in a lunette at Lake Mungo. A small section of the region is protected by the Mungo National Park. As well as Lake Mungo, there is also Lake Mulurulu which was the last lake to hold water, the Prungle lakes which have been dry for more than 20,000 years, and Lake Chibnalwood which has a 30 metre high lunette, one of the biggest in the world.

The Willandra Lakes Region was added to the Australian National Heritage List in May 2007.

Movies
2003 - Journey of Man
Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites 
World heritage listing for Willandra Lakes

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Geography of New South Wales
Australian National Heritage List
For Protestants, Diligence (or hard work) is one of the ways to please God. Max Weber (1864-1920) treats this in his work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. In his work "Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht", Immanuel Kant stated that of the capital sins sloth, cowardice and falsehood, the first one is the most despicable. However, he also sees this as a measure of self-protection of the individual, as long phases of hard work will lead a person to become tired, and to make short pauses between intervals of work. Without these pauses, the restless malice that is in the world would do a far greater amount of damage. In 1846, Louis Blanc wrote about the right to work. There was a financial crisis at the time, and many people were unemployed. The crisis led to the French Revolution of 1848.
In 1880, the Socialist Paul Lafargue  published an essay called The Right to be Lazy, where he explains that the worker should have a right to be lazy.

References

Seven deadly sins
Ponte Buggianese is an Italian town in the province of Pistoia, Tuscany. About 8,876 people lived there as of 2011.

References

Other websites

Towns in Tuscany
Settlements in Pistoia
The Hardy Boys are two American fictional teenage brothers and the main characters in a series of mystery books for children and teens launched in 1927. Edward Stratemeyer, the founder of the book-packaging Stratemeyer Syndicate, created the concept, but the books were written by several ghostwriters over the years under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon. 

The series overview is simple. Frank and Joe Hardy are two high school boys in their late teens. They live in the fictional city of Bayport with their famous private detective father Fenton Hardy. The boys sometimes help their father with his cases, but, at other times, they find and solve their own.
In 1959, the books were revised to eliminate  objectionable material, and rewritten in a simpler style. New series were launched in 1987, 1997, and 2005. The original Hardy Boys Mystery Stories series ended in 2005. Some stories were adapted for television programs. Critics have offered many explanations for the Hardy Boys popularity including escapism, homosociality, and the triumph of good over evil.
Overview 
The Hardy Boys are fictional teenage brothers and amateur detectives. They live in the fictional city of Bayport on the Atlantic Coast with their father, internationally famous private detective Fenton Hardy. The boys are in their late teens, have their own car, and are in the same grade in high school. Friends Chet Morton and Biff Hooper sometimes help the Hardys solve their cases. The boys have enough money to travel around the United States and even the world in pursuit of cases. Frank and Joe are very much alike, but "Frank was the thinker while Joe was more impulsive, and perhaps a little more athletic."
Production 
Edward Stratemeyer, founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate, came up with the idea of mystery-solving brothers in 1926. Publishers Grosset & Dunlap approved the idea, and the name "The Hardy Boys" was chosen for the series. The books were written under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon, by ghostwriters who signed away their rights to authorship, pseudonyms, and future royalties. The first three books were published in 1927, and were an instant success. By mid-1929, over 115,000 books had been sold. The Stratemeyer Syndicate received all royalties, and their offices handled all correspondence. Public and school libraries agreed to keep the ghostwriters' names secret.
Evolution of the series 
The earliest books are known for their atmosphere, detail, and clear writing style. Between 1938 to 1942 futuristic gadgetry and exotic locations were introduced to the series. The world in these early books is a dark  and "divided place". Police and authority figures usually come off poorly; the rich are portrayed as greedy and selfish; and racial stereotypes abound. Parents complained and a revision project was undertaken in 1959. Texts were streamlined; stereotypes eliminated; plots were rewritten, lurid elements deleted, chapters per book were reduced, slang and difficult words were deleted, and the writing style was tightened. The revised versions focused on non-stop action rather than atmosphere and suspense, and were meant for a younger audience with short attention spans. Commentators thought the originals had been "gutted".
New series were launched in the last decades of the 20th century: the Hardy Boys Casefiles in 1987 and the Clues Brothers in 1997.  The boys have distinct personalities and carry guns in the Casefiles series. The long-running Hardy Boys Mystery Stories series ended in 2005, and was replaced with The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers. In these books, the boys take turns narrating their adventures, and are given their cases by a secret group called American Teens Against Crime (ATAC). The Hardys were also featured in a  graphic novel series (2005), and a chapter book series for early readers called The Hardy Boys: Secret Files (2010).
Sales 
The Hardy Boys have been called "a cultural touchstone all over the world". The books have been translated into over 25 languages. The books have been continuously in print since 1927. The series was an instant success: by mid-1929 over 115,000 books had been sold, and as of 2008 the books were selling over a million copies a year. The first Hardy Boys book, The Tower Treasure, sells over 100,000 copies a year. Worldwide, over 70 million copies of Hardy Books have been sold.
The longest-running series of books to feature the Hardy Boys is the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories, sometimes also called the Hardy Boys Mysteries. The series ran from 1927 to 2005 and comprises 190 books. Some consider only the first 58 volumes of this series to be part of the Hardy Boys canon. The Hardy Boys also appeared in 127 volumes of the Casefiles series and are the heroes of the Undercover Brothers series. The Hardy Boys are largely successful because their adventures represent "a victory over anxiety". The series teaches readers that "although the world can be an out-of-control place, good can triumph over evil, that the worst problems can be solved if we each do our share and our best to help others."

Television adaptations 
 Disney produced two Hardy Boys television serials for The Mickey Mouse Club in 1956 and 1957.  The first, "The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure", was based on The Tower Treasure. The second was based on an original story called "The Mystery of Ghost Farm".
An hour-long pilot based on The Mystery of the Chinese Junk aired on CBS in 1967. It was not well received.

 The ABC aired a Saturday morning cartoon series from 1969 to 1971. The Hardys were members of a rock and roll band who spoke directly to children about not smoking and the importance of wearing seat belts. 

 ABC aired a prime-time series from 1977 to 1979 called The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries. The series featured original plots as well as ones based on Hardy Boys books. The Nancy Drew character was dropped for the third season and the title was shortened to The Hardy Boys.

 In 1995, The Hardy Boys was produced and syndicated by New Line Television. Frank worked as a reporter and Joe was a college student. The show received poor ratings and lasted only one season.

 In 2020, another TV show based on the series was made by HBO Max and got lots of good reviews, which is why it will get a second season in 2022.
Parodies 
The various Hardy Boys series offer readers an escape from the everyday world into one of mystery and adventure with two self-controlled, gentlemanly, homosocial, idealized young white males who are the equals of their father (and other men) in intelligence and powers of deduction. Their ignorance of sex, their "squareness" (socially conventional), their respect for the law, and their homosociality have generated parodies such as The Hardy Boys and the Mystery of Where Babies Come From, The Secret of the Old Queen: A Hardy Boys Musical, and A Ghost in the Closet: A Hardly Boys Mystery.

Notes

Reading list
Dumas, Alan (25 August 1991). "Grandma's Adventures with the Hardy Boys." Rocky Mountain News: p. 10M. Accessed through Newsbank on 9 May 2009.
 
 Frey, Christine (5 August 2004). "Nancy Drew recruits Hardy Boys: Teen Sleuths Will Team Up in New Computer Game." Seattle Post-Intelligencer (WA). Accessed through Access World News on 9 May 2009.
 Grant, Tracy (20 July 2005). "Extreme Danger (Book 1 of Hardy Boys Undercover Brothers series) [review]." The Washington Post. P. C16. Accessed through LexisNexis on 8 April 2009.
 
 
 
 
 
 "JoWooD and DreamCatcher Sign Jesse McCartney and Cody Linley for Hardy Boys Game" (16 May 2008). Wireless News (England). Accessed through Access World News on 10 May 2009.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "Sleuths Go Graphic" (10 March 2008). The Hindu (English) (Madras, India). Accessed through Access World News on 19 May 2009.
 
 
 Woolnough, Damien (20 April 2007). "Tom and Ben as Hardy Men." The Advertiser. Accessed through LexisNexis on 7 April 2009.
1. tower treasure
2. house on cliff
3. secret of old mill
4. missing chums
5. hidden gold
6. shore road
7. caves
8. cabin island
9. airport
10. midnight
11. clock
12. footprins

(for continuation of the list go to wikipeidia/hardy boys book list)

Other websites 
 The Hardy Boys Wiki. A wiki hosted by Wikia, that anyone can edit.
 The Hardy Boys Unofficial Home Page Detailed information on the Hardy Boys.
 HardyBoys.co.uk A guide to British editions.
 Hardy Boys Online Detailed information on the Hardy Boys

Characters in written fiction
American children's books
Fictional American people
Series of books
Television series by Disney
Stella Nina McCartney,  (born 13 September 1971 ) is an English fashion designer. She is the daughter of former Beatles member Sir Paul McCartney and American photographer and animal rights activist Linda McCartney.

Early life 
McCartney was born at King’s College Hospital in London, England, She is second child of American photographer Linda McCartney and former Beatle Paul McCartney. She is named after her maternal great-grandmothers both of Linda McCartney's grandmothers were named Stella.

References

Other websites

 

1971 births
Living people
British fashion designers
Paul McCartney
Chunseong (춘성 ; 春城, March 30, 1891 - August 22, 1977) was a philosopher, Buddhist monk, scholar, poet, and writer from South Korea.

Related pages 
 Han Yong-un
 Mangong

References 
 Doh Jin-Soon, "Great monk & Great learning" (큰 스님 큰 가르침) (Seoul: Moonwae, 2006) 
 Kim Kwang-sik, "Choonseong:Mooaedoin's Story" (춘성:무애도인 삶의 이야기) (Seoul: SaeSsak, 2009) 
 Samjoong, "The More story behind" (숨겨왔던 많은 이야기들) (Seoul: KukbooCarma, 2009)

Other websites 
 Chunseong 
 Chunseong
 Chunseong 

1891 births
1977 deaths
South Korean writers
Korean poets
Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nara in Nara Prefecture, Japan. 

The site covers eight places in the old capital city of Nara. Five are Buddhist temples, one is a Shinto shrine, one is a Palace and one a primeval forest.

History
Nara was the capital of Japan from 710 to 784.  The city's historic structures show what life was like in the Japanese capital in the 8th century.

All of the shrine and temple compounds have been recognized as "Historic Sites". The Nara Palace has been named as a "Special Historic Site".  The Kasugayama forest is a Special "Natural Monument".

The several properties include 26 buildings which have been named by the Japanese Government as "National Treasures". Also, there are 53 buildings which have been named as "Important Cultural Properties". 

In 1998, UNESCO listed parts of Nara as a World Heritage Site.

Table

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

References

Other websites

Nara
Nara
Nara Prefecture
University of Valparaíso () is a Chilean university. It is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities in Valparaíso.

Other websites 
Official website 

Colleges and universities in Chile
Valparaíso
1981 establishments in Chile
Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. 

The site covers 17 locations in three cities  in Kyoto, in Uji (Kyoto Prefecture) and in Ōtsu (Shiga Prefecture). Three of these places are Shinto shrines and 13 are Buddhist temples. A castle is also included in the group.

History
Kyoto was Japan's capital city from 794 until the late-19th century. Some of the city's historic structures show what life was like in the capital in those centuries.

The World Heritage Site has 17 properties which were established between the 10th century and the 19th century.  Each is representative of the period in which it was built.
The several properties include 38 buildings which have been identified by the Japanese Government as "National Treasures".  There are 160 properties which have been named as "Important Cultural Properties".  There are 8 gardens which have been recognized as "Special Places of Scenic Beauty".  There are 4 designated  as "Places of Scenic Beauty". 

In 1994, UNESCO listed parts of Kyoto as a World Heritage Site.

Table

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

References

Other websites 

 Kyoto City, "World Heritage Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto"
 Kyoto Prefecture, World's Cultural Heritage 
       

World Heritage Sites in Japan
Buildings and structures in Kyoto Prefecture
Vredefort crater is the largest verified impact crater on Earth. That means we know for certain it was caused by an asteroid or meteorite strike.  The crater is in the Free State Province of South Africa.  

In 2005, the Vredefort Dome was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites as a natural site of geologic interest.

Formation and structure
The asteroid that hit Vredefort was one of the largest ever to strike Earth since the Hadean eon. The Vredefort hit was some two billion years ago. The bolide is thought to have been about 5–10 km (3–6 miles) in diameter. 

The crater has a diameter of roughly , larger than the  Sudbury Basin and the  Chicxulub crater. This makes Vredefort the largest known impact structure on Earth. If the Wilkes Land crater in Antarctica is an impact crater then it is the largest known at  diameter.