Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Pope Alexander IV (;  c. 1185 – 25 May 1261), born Rinaldo Conti di Segni, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the 182nd Pope from 1254 until his death.

Early life
Rinaldo Conti di Segni was born into the family of the counts of Segni.  His relations included Pope Innocent III  and Pope Gregory IX.

Cardinal
In 1227, Gregory IX made Conti a cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Conti was elected pope on December 12, 1254. He chose to be called Alexander IV.

Pope Alexander was involved in Italian and European political disputes.  The pope tried and failed to affect politics in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Conti family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
 GCatholic,  Pope Alexander IV
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Conti di Segni 

Italian popes
1180s births
1261 deaths
was a  after Bunroku and before Genna.  This period started in October 1596 and ended in July 1615. During this time, the emperors were  and .

The nengō Keichō means "Eternal Jubilance" or "Eternal Jubilance".

Events of the Keichō era
1596 (Keichō 1): Japanese invasion of Korea (also known as the Imjin War).
 18 September 1598 (Keichō 3, 18th day of the 8th month): Toyotomi Hideyoshi died at the age of 63.
 21 October 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month): Battle of Sekigahara, which was known as . 
 1603 (Keichō 8): Tokugawa Ieyasu was named Shogun.
 1605 (Keichō 10): The first major map of Japan was ordered by the shogunate.
 1609 (Keichō 12): Satsuma invades Kingdom of Ryukyu; King Shō Nei travels to Edo. 
 20 May 1610 (Keichō 15, the 27th day of the 3rd month):  Toyotomi Hideyori came to Kyoto to visit the former-Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu; and the same day, the emperor announces his intention to resign in favor of his son Masahito.
 9 May 1611 (Keichō 16): Go-Yōzei abdicated; and his son received the succession (senso); and soon after, Emperor Go-Mizunoo's role as monarch is confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 1612 (Keichō 17): The oldest clock in Japan was received by Tokugawa Ieyasu as a gift from Philip III of Spain.
1613 (Keichō 18): Hasekura Tsunenaga headed a diplomatic mission to the Americas and Europe.  
 1614 (Keichō 19): Siege of Osaka.
 18 October 1614 (Keichō 19, 25th day of the 10th month): A strong earthquake shook Kyoto.
 1615 (Keichō 20): Osaka Summer Battle
Related pages 
 Momoyama period
 Edo period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 Okinawa Prefectural Archives, http://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/publication/2009/04/post-168.html 

 

Japanese eras
1596 establishments
16th-century establishments in Japan
1615 disestablishments
17th-century disestablishments in Japan
The Senedd (), previously called the National Assembly building, contains the debating chamber and 3 committee rooms for the Welsh Parliament in Cardiff. The building is 5,308 square meters (57,100 sq ft) large.

History 
After 2 selection processes were held, it was decided a new debating chamber for Wales was to built on a new site, Site 1E, at Capital Waterside in Cardiff Bay.

Design 
Richard Rogers, an architect who had won the Pritzker Prize, won the international competition to design the building. It was designed to be sustainable, with renewable technologies, and to be energy efficient. The building was awarded an "Excellent" certification by the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, the highest ever certification to be awarded in Wales, and was nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize. The Senedd is now a symbol of Cardiff, and Wales.
Building the Senedd 
The Senedd was constructed in two phases, the first in 2001 and the second starting in August 2003, until it was handed over to the National Assembly in February 2006.

Between the phases, the National Assembly changed contractors and the management structure of the project, but kept Rogers as architect.

Once finished, the building cost almost 6 times more than expected, and was finished 4 years and 10 months late (compared to estimates in 1997).

The cost grew because of the extra security that had to be added after the September 11 attacks, and because the National Assembly did not have an independent estimate of the project's cost until December 2000, three years after the original estimate. The costs of the second phase grew by less than 6% over budget, and was 6 months late, because of ICT problems.
It was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 1 March 2006 and it cost £69.6 million, which included £49.7 million in construction costs. The Senedd is part of the land owned by the National Assembly that includes Tŷ Hywel and the Pierhead Building.

References

Politics of Wales
2006 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s establishments in Wales
Organisations based in Wales
June Christy (November 20, 1925 in Springfield, Illinois - June 21, 1990) was an American singer. She started her singing career with the Stan Kenton Orchestra. Her solo career began in 1954. She was active until 1988.

Christy died in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California from renal failure. After her death, people called her one of the finest and most neglected singers of her time.

1925 births
1990 deaths
American jazz singers
American jazz musicians
Deaths from renal failure
Singers from Illinois
Musicians from Springfield, Illinois
Pall Mall is a street in the  City of Westminster, London. It is parallel to The Mall. Pall Mall East leads into Trafalgar Square.

The street's name is taken from a game called 'pall mall'. The game was a mallet-and-ball game played in the early 17th century.

Pall Mall is probably best known for its many gentlemen's clubs.

Related pages 
Westminster
London

Other websites 
Introductory page from the Survey of London 
Pall Mall on TourUK 
Panoramic photograph of Pall Mall 
19th Century Gentleman's Clubs on Pall Mall (including photographs)
The Institute of Directors' 116 Pall Mall

Roads in London
119 (One hundred [and] nineteen) is the natural number that comes after 118 and comes before 120. In Roman numerals, it is CXIX.

Mathematics 
 119 is the sum of five primes in a row (17 + 19 + 23 + 29 + 31). It is a highly cototient number.
 119 is the order of the largest cyclic subgroups of the Monster group.

Telephony 
 1-1-9 is the emergency telephone number in some countries.
 A number to report children / youth at risk in France

References 

19E02 119
Seneca may mean many different things:

People
Seneca the Elder
Seneca the Younger

Native American groups
Seneca people, a Native America tribe or nation
Seneca language
Seneca Nation of New York
Seneca–Cayuga Nation
Tonawanda Band of Seneca

Places
Seneca, Kansas
Seneca, South Carolina
Seneca Gardens, Kentucky
Jo Stafford, (November 12, 1917 - July 16, 2008) was an American singer for traditional pop (or called standard pop) and for jazz standards. She was born in Coalinga, California. Her career began during the late 1930s and lasted until the early 1960s. Stafford was strongly admired for the purity of her voice; she was one of the most versatile singers of the era. In 1961 she won Grammy Awards for Best Comedy Album. She died of congestive heart failure in Century City, Los Angeles.

Other websites 

Jo Stafford - record album "Jo + Jazz" at YouTube

1917 births
2008 deaths
Actors from Fresno County, California
American television actors
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Singers from California
Hilaire Belloc (27 July 1870–1953) was a French-born English writer, poet, satirist and politician . He wrote many different poems which he put into the book Cautionary Tales for Children. That book included the famous Matilda. This poem was about a girl who told lies and was burned to death. Belloc was one of the most productive writers in 1902.

Belloc was a politician as well as a writer. He was a Member of Parliament from 1906 until 1910. While he many things in addition to writing, he is best known for his writing. These poems included characters such as Jim, who ran away from his nurse and was eaten by a lion and Matilda who told lies and was burnt to death. Belloc was also well known as a speaker, man of letters and political activist

References

1870 births
1953 deaths
Writers from Sussex
English poets
Liberal Party (UK) MPs
FC Dinamo Tbilisi is a football club from Tbilisi, Georgia. The club was one of the best in the Soviet Top League, but after the Soviet Union broke up, the club joined the newly created league, the Umaglesi Liga. The team won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, Soviet Top League, Soviet Cup, Umaglesi Liga, Georgian Cup, Georgian Super Cup and the CIS Cup.

Honours 

 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1
1981
 Soviet Top League: 2
1964, 1978
 Soviet Cup: 2
1976, 1979
 Georgian League: 13
1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005, 2008
 Georgian Cup: 9
1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2004, 2009
 Georgian Super Cup: 5
1996, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2008
 CIS Cup winner: 1
2004

References

European football clubs
Football in Georgia (country)
Tbilisi
1911 establishments
Sports organizations of Georgia (country)
The Boris Paichadze Stadium is a stadium in Tbilisi, Georgia built in 1976. The stadium is home to FC Dinamo Tbilisi and the Georgia national football team.  The stadium is used for football and rugby. The stadium can hold around 56,000 people.

Football stadiums
Sport in Georgia (country)
Tbilisi
1976 establishments in Europe
Alejandro García Casañas (born on 14 January 1970 in Barcelona, Spain) is a Spanish retired professional footballer and a current coach. He played as a defender. As a player, he only got 278 appearances for his 13 years of clubs. He currently coaches FC Dinamo Tbilisi.

Career statistics 

Spanish football managers
Footballers from Barcelona
1970 births
Living people
Wiki Conference India was a event held in India for users of Wikimedia projects. It was hosted by the Mumbai users of Wikimedia and Wikimedia India Chapter
 with the help of the Wikimedia Foundation. The conference is a national event happening every year for Wikimedia in India and people from all nations can participate in it. Its basically for things about India on Wikipedia and other sister projects in English and Indian languages.

Related pages
 Wikimania

References

Other websites 

 "Wiki Conference India 2011" at Meta-Wiki, a Wikimedia project coordination wiki

News reports
 "Wikipedia eyes India for language growth"  Agence France-Presse November 09, 2011
 "WikiConference comes to town" Times of India November 10, 2011
 "Mumbai to host first WikiConference in India" Deccan Herald November 09, 2011

Hashtags
 #wci11

Wikis
Wikimedia Foundation
The Regionalliga West is one of three 3rd level football leagues in Austria. The Regionalliga West is formed by teams from the federal states Vorarlberg, Tyrol (only North Tyrol) and Salzburg. The league was formed in the 1980/81 season.

The champions of the three leagues have to play relegation matches against the 9th from the first league. Amateur teams of professional clubs are not allowed to promote, so Red Bull Juniors, last seasons champion, is still playing in this league.
Clubs of the Regionalliga West
2011/12 season
FC Dornbirn 1913 from Vorarlberg
FC Hard from Vorarlberg
FC Kufstein from Tyrol
FC Pinzgau Saalfelden from Salzburg
Red Bull Salzburg Juniors from Salzburg
SC Bregenz from Vorarlberg
SCR Altach Amateure from Vorarlberg
SV Austria Salzburg from Salzburg
SV Hall from Tyrol
SV Seekirchen from Salzburg
TSV Neumarkt from Salzburg
TSV St. Johann from Salzburg
Union Innsbruck from Tyrol
FC Wacker Innsbruck Amateure from Tyrol
WSG Wattens from Tyrol
 2012/13 season
 WSG Wattens from Tyrol
 SG FC Anif/Red Bull Juniors from Salzburg
FC Dornbirn 1913 from Tyrol	
FC Liefering from Salzburg
 FC Kufstein from Tyrol
Wacker Innsbruck Amateure from Tyrol
SC Rheindorf Altach II from Vorarlberg 
 SV Austria Salzburg from Salzburg	
TSV St. Johann im Pongau from Salzburg	
SC Bregenz from Vorarlberg	
FC Pinzgau Saalfelden	from Salzburg
FC Hard from Vorarlberg 	
TSV Neumarkt am Wallersee from Salzburg	
SV Seekirchen 1945 from Salzburg
SV Wals Grünau from Salzburg
FC Andelsbuch from Vorarlberg	
 2013/14 season
SV Austria Salzburg 	 from Salzburg
WSG Wattens from Tyrol	
TSV St. Johann 	from Salzburg
SC Rheindorf Altach II from Vorarlberg 	
TSV Neumarkt am Wallersee from Salzburg	
Wacker Innsbruck Amateure from Tyrol
SC Schwaz from Tyrol	
SV Seekirchen from Salzburg	
FC Kufstein from Tyrol	
 SG FC Anif/Red Bull Juniors from Salzburg
Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz from Vorarlberg
FC Höchst from Vorarlberg
FC Hard from Vorarlberg	
USC Eugendorf 	from Salzburg
FC Dornbirn from Vorarlberg	
SV Wals-Grünau from Salzburg 
 2014/15 season
SV Austria Salzburg from Salzburg
 	WSG Swarovski Wattens 	from Tyrol
 	 	TSV St. Johann im Pongau 	from Salzburg
 	 	USC Eugendorf 	 from Salzburg
 	 	FC Kitzbühel from Tyrol
 	 	TSV Neumarkt am Wallersee 	from Salzburg
 	 	FC Dornbirn 1913 	from Vorarlberg
 	 	FC Kufstein 	from Tyrol
 	 	SV Seekirchen 1945 	 from Salzburg
 	 	SC Schwaz 	 from Tyrol
 	 	FC Wacker Innsbruck II 	from Tyrol 
 	 	FC Pinzgau Saalfelden  from Salzburg
FC Hard 	from Vorarlberg
 	 	SCR Altach II 	from Vorarlberg
 	 	FC Bizau from Vorarlberg
 	 	FC Höchst from Vorarlberg
 2015/16 season
USK Anif from Salzburg
 	WSG Swarovski Wattens 	from Tyrol
 	 	TSV St. Johann im Pongau 	from Salzburg
 	 	USC Eugendorf 	 from Salzburg
 	 	FC Kitzbühel from Tyrol
 	 	TSV Neumarkt am Wallersee 	from Salzburg
 	 	FC Dornbirn 1913 	from Vorarlberg
 	 	FC Kufstein 	from Tyrol
 	 	SV Seekirchen 1945 	 from Salzburg
 	 	SC Schwaz 	 from Tyrol
 	 	FC Wacker Innsbruck II 	from Tyrol 
 	 	FC Pinzgau Saalfelden  from Salzburg
 	 	FC Hard 	from Vorarlberg
 	 	SCR Altach II 	from Vorarlberg
 	 	Schwarz Weiß Bregenz from Vorarlberg
 	 	SVG Reichenau from Vorarlberg
Other websites
Regionalliga West(german language)

References

Football leagues in Austria
Kathryn Elizabeth Smith, better known as Kate Smith (May 1, 1907 – June 17, 1986) was an American singer and musician. She is best known for being plus sized and for singing "God Bless America". Her radio, television and recording career began around 1930. It reached its best during the 1940s. She died from complications of diabetes in June 1986.

1907 births
1986 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Singers from Virginia
Harley-Davidson, or H-D for short, is an American motorcycle maker that started making motorcycles in Milwaukee in 1903. The company makes heavyweight motorcycles that are designed for cruising on the highway; they're called Harleys. Harley-Davidson is one of two big U.S. companies that made motorcycles that was still in business after the Great Depression; the other closed down in 1953.

Harleys have a special look and sound.  Most new Harleys, except the V-Rods, are made to look like old Harleys. Harley-Davidson made small motorcycles in the US and in Italy, but they didn't sell well enough. They stopped making small motorcycles in the US in 1966 and in Italy in 1978.
Harley-Davidson and their motorcycles have many fans.  The fans can join clubs and go to events or to Harley-Davidson's museum.  Apart from selling motorcycles, Harley-Davidson also charges fees for companies to put Harley-Davidson's logos on the things they make. Less than one-hundredth of the money Harley-Davidson made in 2010 came from these fees.

Labor Hall of Fame

William S. Harley, Arthur Davidson, William A. Davidson and Walter Davidson, Sr. were inducted into the Labor Hall of Honor. They were given the award for their good work for the H-D company and its workforce.

References 

1903 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Wisconsin
Milwaukee
Eduard "Edi" Kainberger (born 20 November 1911 in Salzburg, died 7 March 1974) was an Austrian football player. He played as goalkeeper for SAK 1914 and the Austrian amateur footballteam. With this team he won the silver medal at the 1936 Olympic football tournament.

Career
Together with his younger brother Karl he played for Salzburger AK 1914 in the Salzburger football league. He won several titles with the club and played for the first time in the national team in 1933 versus Hungary. At the 1936 Olympic games he won with the Austrian squad the silver medal and played 4 matches during the tournament. In 1938 he went to TSV 1860 München. Till his 42th year he played 1200 times as goalkeeper.

Honours
1936 Olympic games:silver medal
Austrian amateur championship-runner-up:: 1934, 1935, 1937

1911 births
1974 deaths
Sportspeople from Salzburg
Austrian football goalkeepers
Hurricane Dolly was the first United States hurricane of 2008. The storm struck south central Texas with winds of around 100 miles an hour. Dolly caused no deaths within Texas. Damage, however, was estimated between $1 billion and $2 billion. The storm hit in July 2008. Despite the extensive damage, the name Dolly was not retired.

Hurricanes in Texas
Ultralight materials are very light substances. They include silica aerogels, carbon nanotube aerogels, metallic foams, polymeric foams, and metallic microlattices. The density of air is about 1.275 mg/cm3, which means that the air in the pores greatly lowers the density of the material.

The lightest material ever made was invented in 2011. It is made out of a microscopic micro-lattice of hollow tubes – a criss-cross diagonal pattern with open spaces between the tubes. The researchers say the material is 100 times lighter than Styrofoam and is very strong. The material is low density: it has a density of 0.9 milligrams per cubic centimetre. Silica aerogels, the world's lightest solid materials, are only as low as 1.0 mg per cubic cm. The metallic micro-lattices are 99.99% air and only 0.01% solid. The metal used is nickel.

"The trick is to fabricate [make] a lattice of interconnected hollow tubes with a wall thickness of 100 nanometers, 1,000 times thinner than a human hair", said Tobias Schaedler.
The material is not just light: it has some elastic properties. When it is squashed, the little tubes are also squashed, but when the pressure is removed, they rebound. A sample squashed to half its height rebounds 98% when the pressure is lifted. That makes the material similar in some ways to elastomers: they are materials used to cushion against shock.

References

Materials
The Venona project was a long time secret plan which started in February 1943 by the United States Army Signal Intelligence Service. The project was transferred to the National Security Agency and had many names. However, VENONA was the last name that was used. The word VENONA is usually in capital letters (VENONA) but some writings use lowercase letters (Venona). VENONA was made to decrypt secret communications of Soviet intelligence agencies including NKVD, KGB and GRU. Decryption was possible because the encrypting one-time pads were reused.

The Venona project was most famous for the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg case known as LIBERAL and it ended in both of them being executed. VENONA exposed other spies including Klaus Fuchs and Alger Hiss. 

In July 1995, the first six documents were shown which included had 49 messages about the Soviets trying to get information on the United States atomic bomb and the Manhattan Project. In the next five more years, about 3,000 VENONA messages were made public.
Related pages
 Cryptanalysis
 KGB
 Cold War
 McCarthyism

References 

20th century in the United States
National Security Agency
Renaud, popular name of  Renaud Séchan (born 1952, Paris) is a French singer and songwriter. He sang Dans mon H.L.M., Laisse béton, Les Bobos, Manhattan-Kaboul, Marche à l’ombre, Mistral gagnant, Molly Malone and Mon beauf’. In the 90s,  he was a contributor for the satirical weekly magazine Charlie Hebdo.

1952 births 
French singers
French songwriters
Living people
The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a NASA mission to land and control a rover named Curiosity on the surface of the planet Mars. The MSL was launched on November 26, 2011. The MSL successfully did the first-ever precision landing on Mars. It landed on Mars at Gale Crater on August 5, 2012 and began exploring the surface.

The goal of the Curiosity rover is to study the history of Mars. It was to see whether Mars has, or ever had, an environment able to support microbial life.  It indeed did that, finding evidence that 3 Billion years ago there was once water and an environment that could support life.  This means it found that life could have existed, but not that it certainly did.  It will also carefully look at samples scooped up from the soil and drilled powders from rocks.
Curiosity is five times as heavy as the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit or Opportunity and carries more than ten times their mass of scientific instruments . It was launched by an Atlas V 541 rocket. Curiosity will be expected to work for at least 1 Martian year (668 Martian sols/686 Earth days), but may live a lot longer than that. It will explore Mars with greater range than any other rover.

Mars Science Laboratory mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The program is a long-term mission of robotic exploration of Mars. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology manages the program for NASA. The total cost of the MSL project is about US$2.3 billion.

References

More reading

Other websites
Other websites

 MSL Home Page
MSL - Mission Summary - Animated/Extended Video (11:20)
MSL - Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) - Animated Video (02:00)
MSL - Gale Crater Landing Site - Animated/Narrated Video (02:37)
MSL - NASA/JPL News Channel Videos
MSL - NASA/JPL Virtual Tour - Rover 
MSL - Construction - Recorded Video
 Send Your Name To Mars
 MSL - Demo , reported by The Planetary Society.
 MSL - Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) - Description.  (PDF)
 ChemCam Mounted with LIBS for Classifying Carbonate Minerals on Mars  (PDF)
 MSL Press Kit

NASA spacecraft
Mars
Spacecrafts launched in 2010s
Mayfair (first called The May Fair) is an area in central London. It is in the city of Westminster.

History
Mayfair is named after the annual fortnight-long May Fair that happened in a place that is Shepherd Market today (from 1686 until it was banned at that place in 1764). Until 1686, the May Fair was held in Haymarket, and after 1764, it moved to Fair Field in Bow.

Mayfair was bordered by Hyde Park to the west, Oxford Street to the north, Piccadilly to the south and Bond Street to the east, although the eastern boundary has been made longer recently, so now it goes all the way to Regent Street. Most of the area was first made between the mid 17th century and the mid 18th century.
The district is mostly commercial now. It has many offices in houses and new buildings. The price of rents in Mayfair are some of the highest in London and the world. There is still a large number of houses as well as some exclusive shopping and London's largest number of luxury hotels and many restaurants. Some buildings in Mayfair are:
 The Canadian High Commission and the United States embassy in Grosvenor Square
 The Royal Academy of Arts
 The Handel House Museum,
 The Grosvenor House Hotel
 Claridge's
 The Dorchester.

Education 
The City of Westminster uses the Mayfair Library as a local library.

St. Nicholas College of London has lessons in English and other languages for people who live in and visit Mayfair.

References

Related pages 
Westminster
London

Other websites 
The Site of the original May-fair 
BBC News story: Reviving the Mayfair May Fair
History of Mayfair 
St. Nicholas College of London 

Areas of London
City of Westminster
Walla Walla is a town in Washington. It is known for its wine vineyards. It is near the Oregon state line. It is also the home to Whitman College and a state prison.

Towns in Washington (state)
County seats in Washington (state)
An overpass is a bridge over a road, railway, or similar pathway. It allows people or vehicles to cross pathways without coming into contact with the traffic on the other pathway.

Bridge types
This is about the mental disorder, the studio album is at Folie à Deux (album)
Folie à deux is the name for a condition where an otherwise sane person develops the symptoms and delusions of a person suffering from psychosis. If more than two people share the symptoms or delusions, people speak about folie à trois (3), folie à quatre (4), folie à plusieurs, or folie en famille. Officially, the condition is known as induced delusional disorder or shared psychotic disorder today, but many publications still use the original terms, which were developed in France in the 19th century.
Today, there are two main forms of the condition:
Folie imposée: A person forms a delusion, and passes it on to other people. If the people get separated, the delusions in those people who did not develop them first will usually disappear quickly.
Folie simultanée: Two people suffering from delusions influence each other so that their delusions become very similar.
Newer studies seem to indicate that this classification may not be sufficient to fully describe 'folie à deux'. There may be more symptoms than are usually described in the cases above. Also, in many cases, separating the two patients may not be enough to make the condition go  away in one of them. Also, the person described as "sane" before developing the folie à deux may already be suffering from a psychiatric illness, or may develop one.
The condition was first described in an article pubilshed by Ernest-Charles Lasègue and Jules Farlet in 1877.

Mass hysteria can be seen as a form of folie à deux.

References
 

Psychosis
Small nuclear RNA (snRNP, or 'snurps'), joins with proteins to form spliceosomes. The spliceosomes govern alternative splicing.

The background to this is that, in eukaryotes, most genes code for a protein in separated strings of DNA. This is because, of a total gene, coding bits (exons) are separated by non-coding bits (introns). The process called alternative splicing can produce many possible proteins from the gene parts because the proteins are put together in different ways. Alternative splicing produces alternative messenger RNAs, and these produce different proteins. Spliceosomes control the details of the splicing.
The two essential components of snRNPs are protein molecules and RNA. The RNA found within each snRNP particle is known as small nuclear RNA, or snRNA, and is usually about 150 nucleotides in length. The snRNA component of the snurp is specific to individual introns because it 'recognises' the sequences of critical signals at the ends and branch sites of introns. The snRNA in snurps is similar to ribosomal RNA: it acts both as an enzyme (catalyst) and builds structure.

SnRNPs were discovered by Michael Lerner and Joan Steitz.
Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman also played a role in the discovery, winning the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1989 for their independent discoveries that RNA can act as a catalyst in cell development.

References 

RNA
Molecular biology
The Nexus is a series of Android smartphones and tablets produced by Google in co-operation with some phone-making companies. The purpose of the Nexus phones and tablets is to offer a "pure Android experience", in which the phones or tablets come free of carrier or manufacturer modifications and with an unlockable bootloader to allow for further development and end-user modification. Nexus phones and tablets were once considered the "flagship" Android devices. The Nexus line was later replaced with the Google Pixel.

Phones in the series:

Nexus One
Nexus S
Galaxy Nexus
Nexus 4
Nexus 5
Nexus 6
Nexus 5X
Nexus 6P

Tablets in the series:

Nexus 7
Nexus 9
Nexus 10

The series also had a media streaming device known as the Nexus Q, however it was never officially released because it didn't have enough features to make it worth using.

Related pages
 Rooting (Android OS)

References

Other websites
 Google.com/nexus 
 Using Hardware Devices to develop Android applications
Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked is a 2011 movie starring Jason Lee as David Seville. The main characters for the movie are Alvin, Simon, Theodore and the Chipettes. The movie was released on December 16, 2011.

Plot
Dave Seville (Jason Lee), the chipmunks, and the chipettes are on a cruise with Dave for a family vacation. Dave discovers that his old boss, Ian Hawke (David Cross) is working as a pelican on the Cruise. Dave warns Alvin to not have too much fun but Alvin does not listen and him and the other chipmunks get blown away while holding onto a kite and they end up stranded on a deserted island. Dave tries to take a hanglider to find the chipmunks but after Ian tries to stop him and they both end up in the ocean.
On the island, the chipmunks try to find food and they meet a castaway, Zoe (Jenny Slate). She shows the chipmunks her hut she built with a zip line. Eleanor sprains her ankle after falling from the zip line and Simon gets bitten by a spider. This gives him a neurotoxin disease making him believe he is a French explorer named "Simone." Simone asks Jeanette to dance, thinking she is beautiful, much to Alvin's dismay. Zoe takes Simone, Jeanette, Eleanor and Theodore to a waterfall and Simone finds a cave full of gold and jewellery.

The next day, Alvin and Brittnay notice the volcano on the island is active and decide they had better leave the island after Dave and Ian arrive at the island. They begin to build a raft to escape the island. Simone and Jeanette are still looking for food. Zoe knocks Simone out with a golf ball, and captures Jeanette. She forces her to give her all the gold, by tying Jeanette to a rope and putting her down into the cave. Even though Jeanette refuses, Zoe still makes her.
Later, Simon wakes up as his normal self and cannot remember anything after the spider bite. When the others cross a tree log to find Jeanette but when the ground  begins to rumble, Zoe lets go of the rope. Jeanette follows Dave and Alvin back but gets caught by Zoe who still forces Jeanette to give her the gold. Simon saves Jeanette from Zoe. Alvin cuts the rope, releasing Zoe's grip and as the log begins to crack, Dave hangs on and Ian finally convinces Zoe to help save Dave.

They escape the island on the raft just as the volcano erupts and later are rescued by a rescue helicopter, Jeanette gives Zoe a bracelet that Simone gave her as a present. Alvin and Dave reconcile.

The chipmunks and chipettes perform at the International Music Awards and Ian gets his job back by selling Zoe's story to Hollywood.
In the epilogue on the flight home, Alvin speaks on the pilot's microphone that the plane is heading for Timbuktu. The flight attendant says the flight will leave now and Alvin accidentally pushes the food cart and it hits Dave and Dave yells "ALLLLVINNN!!"

Cast
Jason Lee as Dave Seville
David Cross as Ian Hawke
Jenny Slate as Zoe
Justin Long as the voice of Alvin Seville
Matthew Gray Gubler as Simon Seville 
 Alan Tudyk as Simone
 Jesse McCartney as Theodore Seville
 Christina Applegate as Brittnay Miller
 Anna Farris as Jeanette Miller
 Amy Poehler as Eleanor Miller

References

2011 movies
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
Alvin and the Chipmunks movies
Movies set on islands
Movies about volcanoes
The Joan Gamper Trophy (also known as Joan Gamper Cup) is a yearly friendly football competition before the start of FC Barcelona's season. The tournament is named after a player, and president, of FC Barcelona whose name was Joan Gamper. The tournament is always hosted by FC Barcelona at the Camp Nou. The trophy is pure silver and gold.

Football competitions in Europe
FC Barcelona
Camp Nou
20th-century establishments in Spain
1966 establishments in Europe
Oblast Sports Complex "Metalist" (, commonly known as simply the Metalist Stadium) is a stadium in Kharkiv, Ukraine. The stadium was one of the venues for the UEFA Euro 2012. The stadium can hold 38,633 people. F.C. Metalist Kharkiv plays there. The stadium was first opened on September 12, 1926. The stadium's only renovation was on December 5, 2009, for the UEFA Euro 2012.

Football stadiums in Europe
Buildings and structures in Ukraine
1926 establishments
1920s establishments in Ukraine
Alfred Riedl (2 November 1949 – 8 September 2020) was an Austrian football player. He played as striker in Austria and Belgium. He was also a football coach.

Career

as player
He played for FK Austria Wien until his 22nd year. Then he went to Belgium and played there 8 seasons for  Sint-Truiden, Royal Antwerp and  Standard Liège. After he came back to Austria he played for KK Austria, Grazer AK, Wiener Sportclub and VfB Admira Wacker Mödling. He was two times top scorer in the Belgian league.

From 1974-1978 he played four matches for the Austrian national football team.

as coach
As a manager, Riedl has coached Olympique Khouribga (Morocco, 1993–94), Al-Zamalek (Egypt, 1994–95), Al Salmiya (Kuwait, 2001–03), and many national teams, including Austria (1990–92), Liechtenstein (1997–98), Palestine (2004–05), Vietnam (1998–2001, 2003–04, 2005–2007), and Laos.

Death
Riedl died on 8 September 2020 of cancer in Vienna at the age of 70.

Honours (as a player)
Club honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (2):
 1969, 1970
Austrian Cup (2):
 1971, 1981

Honours (as a manager)

Indonesia
ASEAN Football Championship
Runners-up (1): 2010

Individual honours
Austrian Bundesliga Top Goalscorer (1):
 1972
Belgian First Division top scorer (2):
 1973, 1975

References

Other websites 
Official page
Profile  - Austria Archive
Career stats - National Football Teams

Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Austrian football managers
Austria national football team managers
1949 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in Austria
Austrian football forwards
Austrian Football Bundesliga top scorers
A Halkett boat is a type of lightweight inflatable boat. The boat was first created by  (1820–1885) during the 1840s. Halkett had been interested in the problems of travelling in the Canadian Arctic. He wanted to make a boat that was light enough to be carried over bad terrain, but strong enough to be used in very bad weather conditions.

Halkett's first design was a boat that was made using cloth combined with rubber. This boat could be filled with air (inflated) to float on water or the air could be removed (deflated) so it would be smaller and lighter to carry. When deflated, the hull of the boat could be worn as a cloak. The oar used as a walking stick and the sail could be used as an umbrella. Next, he created a two-man boat that was small enough to fit into a knapsack. When it was deflated, It could be used as a waterproof blanket.
Many people who explored Canada liked his ideas but they were not very useful to most other people. He tried to show the  Royal Navy that the boats could be useful to them but did not succeed. He also could not sell them fishermen and people that hunted duck. They were commercially unsuccessful. Only two Halkett boats are still known to exist. One belonged to Orcadian explorer John Rae. The other is in the Hudson's Bay Company Museum Collection at the Manitoba Museum.

Peter Halkett
Peter Halkett was a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy in the 1840s. He was the son of John Halkett, a director of the Hudson's Bay Company who had lived in Canada for many years before returning to England. Peter Halkett was interested in the exploration of the Canadian Arctic for a long time. He was very interested in John Franklin's Coppermine Expedition of 1819–1822. This expedition had many problems.
Franklin explored the northern coast of Canada for three years. He was looking for the Northwest Passage. His search ended very badly. It was said that people killed other members of the expedition and that some even ate the other people.  11 of the 20 members of the group were killed. The people that were not killed had to eat lichen, their own boots, and the remains of dead animals left by wolves. They had become stranded on the wrong side of the Coppermine River after their boats had been destroyed in a storm. John Richardson tried to swim to safety. This caused him very bad hypothermia. One person in the party built a small canoe from canvas and willow. They had to cross the river one at a time using the canoe.
Halkett was an amateur inventor. During his spare time while in the navy, he worked on building a boat that would be small and light enough to be carried through wilderness, but strong enough to carry people in safety across wide bodies of water. He chose to build a boat in which all parts could also be used as clothing or items that the user would normally carry with them.

Boat-cloak
Boat-cloak

Halkett made a waterproof cloak. It was created from an early form of Macintosh cloth. This cloth was made of cotton combined with India rubber. The inside of the cloak was an airtight and watertight inflatable ovoid. It was made of four different airtight sections. If one section was damaged and could not hold air, the others would still keep the boat floating. The cloak had a pocket that held a paddle blade and a small bellows. The person wearing the cloak would carry a walking stick. This stick was also used as the handle for the paddle. There was also a large umbrella which was used as a sail for the boat. The cloak weighed about . It took three to four minutes to inflate the boat. Once the boat was inflated, it could carry six to eight people.
In early 1844, Halkett tested the first boat-cloak on the River Thames. He paddled it  without taking on any water. His test went very well. Because of this, he took the boat-cloak with him while on naval service. He used it whenever he could to test it under many different sea conditions. In November 1844, Halkett wanted to test the boat-cloak in bad weather conditions. The seas of the Bay of Biscay were usually very bad, but the weather was unusually calm when he got there. The boat-cloak was very well liked by explorers. John Richardson (who had almost died during the 1819–1822 Coppermine expedition) wrote that "Had we been possessed of such a contrivance in our first expedition, I have little doubt of our having brought the whole party in safely".

Halkett's boats in the Canadian Arctic
Orkneyman John Rae, known by the Inuit as  (, "He who takes long strides"), was a Hudson's Bay Company surgeon. He became a surveyor of the Canadian Arctic. Unlike most Europeans of that time, Rae believed that the local people knew the best ways to deal with the very bad weather conditions. He travelled Inuit-style, using sledges and snowshoes. He slept in snow igloos. Rae took a Halkett boat on his first expedition in 1846. He said that it was "most useful in crossing and recrossing the river at Repulse Bay". He also said that "although in constant use for upwards of six weeks on a rocky coast it never required the slightest repair" and "ought to form part of the equipment of every expedition".
Commercial failure
Even though the boats were said to be very good for lake-fishing and duck-shooting and were shown in the Great Exhibition of 1851, they did not sell well.  Halkett's boat were not widely used except in the field of Canadian exploration. Halkett died on 23 March 1885, aged 65, and the building of his boats stopped. John Rae gave his boat from the 1853 expedition to a Miss Peace of Kirkwall. Many years later it was found and is now in the Stromness Museum at Orkney. A second boat is in the Hudson's Bay Company Museum Collection at the Manitoba Museum.

References
Notes

References

History of Canada
Boats
Tonight is the 4th extended play of South Korean band, Big Bang. It is released under YG Entertainment.

Tracklist

Other websites 
 Official site
 YG Entertainment
 Big Bang Japan Official site

2011 albums
"BigBang is V.I.P" (also known as "Second Single" or "La La La") is the second single of South Korean boy band, Big Bang. Released under YG Entertainment, title released after a month with First Single.

Track listing

 La La La
 Ma Girl (Taeyang Solo)
 V.I.P
 La La La (Instrumental)

Released singles
 La La La
 Ma Girl (Taeyang Solo)

Other versions
La La La
 La La La (Korean Version)
 La La La (English Version)
 La La La (Instrumental)

Ma Girl (Taeyang Solo)
 Ma Girl (Taeyang Solo)(Korean Version)
 My Girl (Japanese / English Version)
 Taeyang - My Girl (Part 2)(ft. Israel, G-Dragon, & T.O.P)

V.I.P
 V.I.P (Korean Version)
 V.I.P (Intro)(English Version)

Chart performance

References

Other websites 
Official Site
YG Entertainment
Big Bang Japan Official Site

2006 songs
The Marshall Islands have competed in two Olympic Games. They first competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics. They also competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics. They have not won any Olympic medals. In their first Olympics, they had 5 athletes compete in 3 different sports.

The Marshall Islands at the Summer Olympics

References

Marshall Islands
Nations at the Olympics
The Mackenzie Large Igneous Province (MLIP) is a major Mesoproterozoic large igneous province of southwestern, western and northwestern Canada. It is a group of igneous rocks which were formed during a massive igneous event starting about 1,270 million years ago. The large igneous province extends from the Arctic in Nunavut to near the Great Lakes in northwestern Ontario.

MLIP is one of the largest Proterozoic magmatic provinces on Earth, as well as the world's largest and best-preserved continental flood basalt terrain. This huge area of igneous rock was spewed out in a short time, geologically speaking. The MILP is much larger than other well-preserved large igneous provinces. The standard size classification for large igneous provinces is a minimum of . However, the Mackenzie dyke swarm itself occupies an area of at least , making the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province larger than the Ontong Java Plateau in the southwestern Pacific Ocean or the U.S. state of Alaska.
The Mackenzie Large Igneous Province was caused by processes other than normal plate tectonics and seafloor spreading. Igneous rocks of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province are generally mafic in composition, including basalt and gabbro.

Origins 
Like most large igneous provinces, the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province was caused by a mantle plume—an upwelling zone of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle. As the head of the Mackenzie plume reached the Earth's lithosphere, it spread out and melted catastrophically to form large volumes of basaltic magma. This resulted in the creation of a stationary volcanic zone west of Victoria Island, called the Mackenzie hotspot.

Coppermine River Group 
The Coppermine River Group is a sequence of Mesoproterozoic continental flood basalts. They are part of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada. This is one of the largest flood basalt provinces on Earth, covering the area with a volume of approximately .
Between 1,200 and 740 million years ago, a series of flood basalt eruptions took place. At the northern portion of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province, vast volumes of basaltic lava paved over a large part of the northwestern Canadian Shield. This constructed a large lava plateau with an area of , a volume of lavas of at least 500,000 km3 (120,000 cubic miles). 

This extensive area of flood basalt lava flows has been called the Coppermine River flood basalts. With an area of  and a volume of 650,000 km3 (120,000 cubic miles), the Coppermine River flood basalt sequence is larger than the Columbia River Basalt Group in the United States. It compares in size to the Deccan Traps in west-central India. This makes the Coppermine River flood basalts one of the largest flood basalt events ever to appear on the North American continent, as well as on Earth. The maximum thickness of the Coppermine River flood basalts is  and has 150 lava flows, each  to  thick.
The Coppermine River flood basalts occurred shortly after a period of crustal uplift. The uplift then collapsed. This sudden uplift was likely caused by rising magma of the Mackenzie plume, which caused the Mackenzie hotspot. The Coppermine River basalts show over 100 individual lava flows.

References 

Geology of Canada
Proterozoic
Flood basalts
The Memory of the World Programme is a part of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It is part of a strategy for preserving history.  The programme focuses on archives and libraries.

The UNESCO programme began in 1992.  It promote the importance of historical documents.

International Advisory Committee
The program is administered by a body known as the International Advisory Committee (IAC).  There are 14 members. Each is appointed by the UNESCO Director-General.

Memory of the World Register
Select additions to the World Register are chosen at biannual meetings of the IAC.

 Bayeux Tapestry
 Biblioteca Malatestiana
 Gero-Codex
 Jikji
 Magna Carta
 Matenadaran
 Shahnameh
 Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)
 Tabula Peutingeriana
 The Communist Manifesto
 The Diary of a Young Girl
 Treaty of Tordesillas
 Vienna Dioscurides
 Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty

Jikji Prize
Jikji Prize

The Jikji Prize was established with the South Korean government.  The $30,000 prize and all costs associated with the prize are funded by South Korea.

Recipients
 2005: Czech National Library (Prague)
 2007: Austrian Academy of Sciences, Phonogrammarchiv (Vienna)
 2009: National Archives of Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)
 2011: National Archives of Australia, Canberra.

References

Other websites

 Memory of the World Programme official website

UNESCO
Documents
Libraries
Nelson Aldrich (1841-1915) was a liberal Republican United States Senator from Rhode Island. He was the leader of his party in the Senate during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. He was the maternal grandfather of Nelson Rockefeller. He was a freemason. He sponsored the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill. 

1841 births
1915 deaths
American esotericists
Freemasons
United States senators from Rhode Island
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Regent Street is a large shopping street in London's west end. It is well known to people who live in London as well as tourists. It is also famous for its Christmas decorations.

Regent Street is named after Prince Regent (who became George IV).

Regent Street was designed by architect John Nash. The street layout he made is still there, but the only building left in Regent Street that was there when it was first designed and built is All Souls Church.

Every single building in Regent Street is protected as a Listed Building. Together, they make up the Regent Street Conservation Area.

The street can be bought in the United Kingdom version of the board game Monopoly.

Related pages 
Monopoly (game)
London

References

Other websites 
 Regent Street Online website
 The Crown Estate website

Roads in London
Giorgio Orsini descends from ancient and noble House of Orsini. Hard times had been fallen upon the House branch Giorgio belonged to. Mateo, Giorgio's father, as much as Giorgio himself, has forced to support himself and his family by manual labor. As the architect and sculptor, he was educated in the art workshop of sculptors Giovanni and Bartolomeo Buon in Venice. While in Venice, Giorgio married Elizabetta da Monte, who brought him a fair dowry, money and homes in Venice. He invested Elizabetta's money in a grocery store and in a merchant ship which brought them good returns. Elizabetta's husband entrusted her of a power of attorney by which she was able to attend to his affairs while he was absent. In July 1455 Giorgio bought home from a local nobleman Simeonich, where he engraved his family's heraldic symbol - a bear
. When signing contracts, Giorgio often used his art name Georgius Dalmaticus, Sixty five years after his death, his grandson, Giacomo, an advocate by vocation, was recognized as a descendant of the noble House of Orsini. Giorgio's and Elizabetta's daughter Flavia married another Dalmatian painter, Giorgio Culinovich (Schiavone) in the year of 1463. Other source claims that the Orsinis' daughter's name was Elena (who married Schiavone).