Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
There are lots of different trams in the fleet at Blackpool. Most of them were built in the 1930s and are still in service in an unchanged condition. Some others have had their bodywork changed. Sometime historic trams are borrowed from the National Tramway Museum in Crich and other museums for public service.

The trams from Starr Gate in the south to Fleetwood in the north. At busy periods such as the Blackpool Illuminations or on bank holidays services start or finish short at Cleveleys, Bispham or the Pleasure Beach. This means that more trams can run through the centre of Blackpool in a small period. When the Illuminations are on specially decorated trams carry passengers along the promenade and the illuminated area. The area runs from Starr Gate to Bispham. Until the opening of the Metrolink, Fleetwood was the only town in England that kept trams running down the main street.
The company paid £150,000 to rebuild the tramcar. It cannot be re-tested until November 2008 at the earliest though. This is because testing is not allowed during the busy summer months and also because of the earlier closure of the tracks for repairs.

A £1 billion bid for a Government grant was made in 2002 by Blackpool Council and Lancashire County Council after the Government made a pledge to build 25 new tram networks by 2010. They want to expand the tram network to include St Annes to the south and new housing estates in Fleetwood to the north. There is a possible further phase to include links to Poulton-le-Fylde and Thornton. In 2004 campaigners behind the bid expressed disappointment that nothing had been done to take the plans forward in two years. By November 2007 there was no further development.

References

Further reading

Other websites

 Metro Coastlines 
 Blackpool Tramway Photos
 Blackpool Trams website by the Lancastrian Transport Trust 
 Fylde Tramway Society
Tram transport in the United Kingdom
1885 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Lancashire
The Ancient Church of the East is an Assyrian church.

The church separated from the Assyrian Church of the East. This happened because Mar Shimun XXIII, the patriarch of Assyrian Church of the East introduced reforms which were not supported.  These reforms included changes such as those of using the new Roman calendar rather than the old calendar.  The people who did not support the changes thought they were opposed to the sanctity of being one of the oldest Christian churches in the world. For this reason, the followers of the Ancient Church of the East resisted the changes made to the church. Mar Thoma Darmo, a native of Mesopotamia, who was Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East in India from 1952 to 1968, based at Trichur separated from the Assyrian Church of the East. He became the head of the Ancient Church of the East in October 1968 and moved to Baghdad. He died the following year. After his death, Mar Addai II was elected to replace him.
Since January 2011 the synod of the Ancient Church of the East has split between those accepting the Patriarchate of Mar Addai II and those Old Calendarists rejecting it.

References

Eastern Christian denominations
A Territorial collectivity ( or sometimes called collectivité locale) in the France, is a name for all dependent areas. They have an elected local government and (per article #72 of the French constitution) a "certain freedom of administration". In 2018 Corsica became the first collectivité territoriale in metropolitan France followed in 2021 by the European Collectivity of Alsace.

Subdivisions of France
In telecommunications, cleartext is the form of a message or data which is in a form that is immediately understandable to a human being without additional processing. In particular, it implies that this message is sent or stored without cryptographic protection. The phrases, "in clear", "en clair" and "in the clear" are the same. 

It is close to, but not entirely the same as, the term "plaintext". Formally, plaintext is information that is fed as an input to a coding process, while  ciphertext is what comes out of that process.  Plaintext might be compressed, coded, or otherwise changed before it is converted to ciphertext, so it is quite common to find plaintext that is not cleartext.
Websites using insecure HTTP send using cleartext, with all data supplied (including usernames and passwords) being sent from the user's computer through the internet using cleartext. Anyone with access to the medium used to carry the data (the routers, computers, telecommunications equipment, wireless transmissions, and so on) may read the password, username, and anything else sent to the website.

Related pages
 Plaintext
 Ciphertext

References

Cryptography
A print server, or printer server, is a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to a network. It accepts print jobs from client computers, then prints the jobs on the requested printer.

The term can refer to:
 A computer running any of the printing servers software; implementing any of the network printing protocols.
 A dedicated device that connects one or more printers to a local area network (LAN).  It typically has a single LAN connector, such as an RJ-45 socket or a wireless connection,and one or more physical ports (e.g. serial, parallel or Universal Serial Bus (USB) ) to provide connections to printers. Such dedicated device converts network printing protocols from what was sent by client computers to what the printers can understand.

Notes
The term print server usually refers to (1) above, while print server device or print server appliance usually refers to (2).
Some printers have built-in print server's capabilities and can connect direct to the network.

References
References 

Servers
Computer networking
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol for distributing the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over IP networks. 

NTP is one of the oldest Internet Protocols still in use (since before 1985) and uses UDP port 123.

References

Other websites

 NTP Public Services Project This is the home for the NTP (Network Time Protocol) Public Services Project which provides public support for the NTP Project and the IETF NTP Working Group.  Also a Wiki with lists of NTP servers.   
 IETF NTP working group
 David Mills' NTP project page
 NTP version 4 Release Notes
 Time and NTP paper
 NTP Articles and News  - A collection of NTP related articles and news
 NTP Survey 2005 
 Network Time Protocol  - National Research Council of Canada
 Network Time Server - NTP time server software for Windows
 Online NTP Test Utility - Tests a NTP Server which is public to the internet
 A Brief Guide to NTP  - Google Knol on NTP
 Time Synchronisation Blog
Other time synchronization protocols
 Daytime protocol DAYTIME synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 13
 ICMP protocol Time synchronization with ICMP timestamps (basis for timed  )
 HTTP Time Protocol (HTP) Time synchronization with HTTP headers
 Reference-Broadcast Synchronization  (RBS)  Time synchronization for wireless networks
 Time protocol Time synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 37

Internet protocols
Project Athena was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM.  It was launched in 1983, and research and development continued until June 30, 1991, eight years after it began. It is widely believed that the goals were to create a computing environment that would utilize up to 1,000 workstations but in fact, the goal was to improve the quality of education delivered by the Institute.

The concept that a user could go to any workstation and access any files or applications without finding major differences in the user interface and service, just like browsing the Internet today.

The project created  many technologies that are widely used today, such as the X Window System and Kerberos.
References 
 Treese, G. Winfield, Berkeley UNIX on 1000 Workstations: Athena Changes to 4.3 BSD USENIX Association, February 1988.
 Arfman, J. M.; Roden, Peter. Project Athena: Supporting distributed computing at MIT IBM Systems Journal Volume 31, Number 3, 1992.
 Champine, George (1991). MIT Project Athena: A Model for Distributed Campus Computing, Digital Press, .
 Avril, C. R.; Orcutt, Ron L.  Athena: MIT's Once and Future Distributed Computing Project, Information Technology Quarterly (Fall 1990).
 Athena at MIT (mit.edu)

Other websites
 Athena at MIT 
 Project Glue at UMD College Park

Software
Session keys introduce complexities in a cryptosystem. However, they also help with some real problems, which is why they are used. There are two primary reasons for using session keys:
 
First, several cryptanalytic attacks are made easier as more ciphertext encrypted with a specific key is available. By limiting the number of messages encrypted using a single key, those attacks are made more difficult. 
 Second, many otherwise good encryption algorithms require that keys be distributed securely before encryption can be used. All symmetric secret key algorithms have this undesirable property. There are other algorithms which don't require secure distribution of secret keys, but they are too slow to be practical for encrypting long messages (see Public-key cryptography). By using one of these "asymmetric" algorithms to distribute an encrypted secret key for another, faster, symmetric-key algorithm, it's possible to improve overall performance considerably.
Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they are unpredictable by an attacker. In the usual case, this means that they must be chosen randomly. Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major drawback in any cryptosystem. 

cryptography
In The Kite Runner, Amir and Hassan grow up together in Afghanistan like brothers, although they could not be more different. Amir is the son of a rich  businessman, a Sunni Muslim, a Pashtun. He is educated and loves to read and write. Hassan's father Ali is a servant to Amir's father. Hassan is a Sh'ia Muslim and a Hazara. He can not read and has a harelip. Neither boy has a mother, although Baba's friend, Rahim Kahn, has a close friendship with Amir. They spend their boyhoods roaming the streets of Kabul together. Amir is a selfish friend to Hassan, who is devoted and loyal to Amir. One day, he hides in fear as Hassan is beaten and raped by three bullies, led by a boy called Assef, when Hassan refuses to give them a kite that he found for Amir. After this, he cannot bear to talk to Hassan and pretends to his father that Hassan stole his watch so that Hassan will be sent away. Although his father forgives Hassan, Ali and Hassan decide to leave
.  The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sends Amir and his father escaping to the United States, because Amir's father has been known to curse the Communists and had a strong admiration on Ronald Reagan. Amir is called back to Afghanistan, by a terminally ill Rahim Kahn, as an adult during the Taliban rule to rescue Hassan's son Sohrab, when Rahim tells him that he and Hassan are actually half-brothers because his father secretly had sex with Hassan's mother. When rescuing Sohrab, Amir has to confront Assef who is now a leader of the Taliban. He gets severely beaten by Assef and Sohrab eventually saves him by firing a slingshot at Assef's eye. He goes home with Amir to live with him and his wife Soraya, but does not talk or play. Eventually, Amir gets Sohrab to smile when he teaches him to fly a kite.
References

Other websites

 Official website of author Khaled Hosseini
 Khaled Hosseini discusses The Kite Runner on the BBC World Book Club
 Article on the novel at Let's Talk about Bollywood
 Excerpts: Excerpt at ereader.com Excerpt at litstudies.org Excerpt at today.com
 Book Drum illustrated profile of The Kite Runner 

2003 books
Kabul
Rape in fiction
The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) is a contraceptive for women. It is often called birth control pill or simply "the pill." The pills contain hormones that make the women who take them infertile. Women who take the pill will not become pregnant during sexual intercourse. When a woman stops taking the pills, she will usually become fertile again. When taken as prescribed, the pills are one of the safest methods of contraception.

In the 1950s, scientists (such as Carl Djerassi, George Rosenkranz and Alejandro Zaffaroni) realized that the hormone progesterone stopped women from making eggs (stopped ovulation).  After this discovery, the combined oral contraceptive pill was created. The combined oral contraceptive pill has two female hormones: estrogen and progesterone. Some oral contraceptive pills have only progesterone. These are often called the "minipill".

The combined oral contraceptive pill is thought to be safe and usually works well.
In the United States, the combined oral contraceptive pill was first given to women in 1960. It was a revolutionary breakthrough in contraception for two reasons. First, it is extremely effective at preventing pregnancy if it is used in the right way. Second, it was the first contraceptive to completely separate the act of contraception (in this case the taking of a pill) from sexual intercourse itself. Unlike barrier methods, when a woman is "on the Pill," she and her man are usually not even aware of it during sexual intercourse, which seems and feels very natural. (In fact, it is possible for the woman to be on the pill without her partner even knowing.) The couple can have sex at any time they wish; they don’t need to interrupt foreplay to put birth control in place, and they can feel the physical sensations and emotional closeness of intercourse without interference from a make or female condom
. Unlike coitus interruptus, when a woman is on the Pill, intercourse usually ends with her man reaching orgasm while inside the vagina, which both the man and woman usually find very pleasurable. It may also  make women's menses shorter and with less bleeding, as well as helping her complexion, which most women like. For all of these reasons, the Pill is very popular. In 2005, more than  80 million women across the world used the Pill. It is the most common method of contraception in the United States, with four out of five women there having used the pill for birth control at some point in their lives. Use of the Pill is different in different countries, and among women of different ages and levels of education. Both single women and married women use the Pill in large numbers.
The Pill has some slight risks for side effects. It may make a very small increase in the risk of blood clots in the lungs, strokes, heart attacks, and breast cancer. Most of these risk are small. Some women may experience mood swings, weight gain, or loss of sex drive. Sometimes, but rarely, these side effects are serious enough to make a woman decide to stop using the Pill.

Different countries use different contraceptives
The choices a woman has for contraception - and whether contraception is even available - depends on what country she lives in. These things are different in different countries. In the United Kingdom, one out of every 4 women aged 16–49 were using the Pill as at 2006 (either the combined pill or progestogen only pill ("minipill")). compared to only 1% of women in Japan.

Local culture and habits may also affect whether or not people use the Pill.
In some countries, women do not really have a choice because only one kind of contraception is available. In some countries (like Algeria, Morocco, and Zimbabwe), the Pill is the most common method offered by national family planning programs.  In other countries, like India, national family planning programs only offer female sterilization (a surgery which makes a woman unable to ever have children again). Other countries, like Egypt and Vietnam, only offer the IUD, intrauterine device.

Different kinds of pills
There are two major kinds of oral contraceptive pills. The first kind has both estrogen and progesterone in it. The other only has progesterone (these are called progesterone-only pills, or POPs). The pills do not actually have natural hormones in them. Instead, they have other chemical substances that are mostly the same as the hormones, but have been made in a laboratory.
Some women can only take one kind of COCP. For example, estrogen stops the breast from producing milk. Because of this, women who are breastfeeding should not take pills that have estrogen in them. There are also some other types of women who should not be given estrogen. These women should only use progesterone-only pills.

While there are just two major kinds of birth control pills (COCPs and POPs), there are many different brands or versions of each kind of pill. Every brand of COCP will have the same hormones (estrogen and progesterone) in it. However, each brand has a different amount of hormones in it. Also, some brands change the amount of hormones given from week to week.
Effectiveness 
There are two ways to measure how well COCPs work. (Most forms of birth control are also measured in these two ways.):
We can look at how well the Pill works in cases of perfect use. This means that the Pill has been used exactly how it is supposed to be used. The women using the Pill are assumed to have made no mistakes in how they used it. (For example, they have taken every dose on time, without missing any doses.)
We can look at how well the Pill works in cases of actual use or typical use. Usually, it is not realistic to think that every women uses the Pill perfectly. Some women use the pill the wrong way, miss doses, or stop taking the pill. This makes the Pill's effectiveness (how often it prevents pregnancy) lower.
There are a few reasons why women do not use the Pill perfectly. Because of these things, typical use effectiveness is lower than perfect use effectiveness.
 People are not always told how to use the Pill correctly. (For example, they are not given the right information about how often the Pill should be taken.)
 People sometimes make mistakes when they try to use the Pill, without knowing what they have done wrong. (For example, a woman might forget to take the Pill.)
 People sometimes make mistakes on purpose. (For example, a woman might not get new pills from the pharmacy. She might also decide to stop taking the Pill, or skip doses, if she decides she wants to get pregnant.)
Certain things can make COCPs not work as well:
If a woman misses more than one active pill in a packet. (Certain packets also contain "placebo pills", which do not have any hormones in them. COCPs are usually used for three weeks out of the month. The woman then takes a break from the pills for a week. Some packets have placebo pills for women to take during this week, so that the woman does not get out of the habit of taking a pill evey day. If a woman does not take placebo pills during this week, it does not make her more likely to get pregnant.)
If a woman waits more than a week to start taking COCPs (active pills) again, after her week-long break.
If a woman's body has problems with absorbing active pills (for example, if the woman has diarrhea or vomiting).
If a woman is taking other medicines which interact with her COCPs to make them not work as well (for example, medicines which lower her estrogen or progestogen levels).
Problems with other drugs 
Some other medicines can interact with COCPs and make them not work as well. These medicines can also cause breakthrough bleeding (where a woman bleeds between her periods). Some of these medicines are:
Some antibiotics which are used to treat tuberculosis and meningitis (like rifampicin)
Some sedatives (especially barbiturates)
Some drugs to treat epilepsy (like phenytoin and carbamazepine)
Broad-spectrum antibiotics, like ampicillin and doxycycline. These medicines may cause problems "by impairing the bacterial flora responsible for recycling ethinylestradiol from the large bowel" (BNF 2003). This means that a person's large intestine does not take up estradiol the way it should.

The traditional medicinal herb St. John's Wort also seems to make COCPs not work as well. This is because of the way St. John's Wort affects the liver.
Non-contraceptive uses 
The Pill can be used for other things besides contraception. There are many medical conditions that are caused by problems with hormone levels. Because the Pill has hormones in it, it can treat these conditions. Some of these conditions are:
Anemia caused by menstruation
Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)
Mild or moderate acne.
If a woman's menstrual cycle is not regular, the Pill can make the woman menstruate on a regular schedule. The Pill can also be used to treat certain problems that cause bleeding from the uterus.
Women who use combined oral contraceptives are less likely to get cancer of the ovaries. If a woman takes Pill for five years, her risk for getting ovarian cancer is cut in half. Women taking the Pill are also only half as likely to get endometrial cancer than women who have never taken the Pill. The longer a woman uses the Pill, the more her risk of getting endometrial cancer drops. However, women who take the Pill have a higher risk of getting breast cancer and cervical cancer.

References

Contraception
Drugs
In computer science, synchronization refers to one of two different but related concepts: synchronization of processes, and synchronization of data. 

 Process synchronization refers to the idea that multiple processes are to link or handshake at a certain point, so as to reach an agreement or commit to a certain sequence of action. 
 Data synchronization refers to the idea of keeping multiple copies of a dataset in coherence (in-constancy) with one another, or to maintain data integrity. 

Process synchronization is commonly used to implement Data synchronization.

Other websites 
 Anatomy of Linux synchronization methods at IBM developerWorks

Computer science
In Computer science, client-server is a software architecture model consisting of two parts, client systems and server systems, both communicating over a computer network or on the same computer. A client-server application is a distributed system made up of both client and server software. Client server application provide a better way to share the workload. The client process always initiates a connection to the server, while the server process always waits for requests from any client. 

When both the client process and server process are running on the same computer, this is called a single seat setup.

P2P
Another type of related software architecture is known as peer-to-peer, because each host or application instance can simultaneously act as both a client and a server (unlike centralized servers of the client-server model) and because each has equivalent responsibilities and status. Peer-to-peer architectures are often abbreviated using the acronym P2P.
Both client-server and P2P architectures are in wide usage today.

Client-server relationship
The client-server relationship describes the relation between the client and how it makes a service request to the server, and how the server can accept these requests, process them, and return the requested information to the client. The interaction between client and server is often described using sequence diagrams. Sequence diagrams are standardized in the Unified Modeling Language.

Two-tier
The basic type of client-server software architecture employs only two types of hosts: clients and servers. This type of architecture is sometimes referred to as two-tier. The two-tier architecture means that the client acts as one tier and server process acts as the other tier.
Network computing
The client-server software architecture has become one of the basic models of network computing. Many types of applications have been written using the client-server model. Standard networked functions such as E-mail exchange, web access and database access, are based on the client-server model. For example, a web browser is a client program at the user computer that may access information at any web server in the world.

Clients characteristics
 Always initiates requests to servers.
 Waits for replies.
 Receives replies.
 Usually connects to a small number of servers at one time.
 Usually interacts directly with end-users using any user interface such as graphical user interface.
Server characteristics
 Always wait for a request from one of the clients.
 Serves clients' requests then replies to the clients with the requested data.
 A server may communicate with other servers in order to serve a client request.
 If additional information is required to process a request (or security is implemented), a server may request additional data (passwords) from a client before processing a request.
 End users typically do not interact directly with a server, but use a client.
Advantages
 In most cases, a client-server architecture enables the worsening of roles and responsibilities of a computing system to be distributed among several independent computers that are known to each other only through a network, so one of advantages of this model is greater ease of maintenance. For example, it is possible to replace, repair, upgrade, or even relocate a server while its clients remain both unaware and unaffected by that change. This independence from change is also referred to as encapsulation.
 All the data is stored on the servers, which generally have better security controls than most clients. Servers can better control access and resources, to guarantee that only those clients with the appropriate permissions may access and change data.
Since data storage is centralized, updates to that data are much easier to administrators than what would be possible under a P2P architecture. Under a P2P architecture, data updates may need to be distributed and applied to each "peer" in the network, which is both time-consuming and error-prone, as there can be thousands or even millions of peers.
 Many advanced client-server technologies are already available which were designed to ensure security, user friendly interfaces, and ease of use.
 It works with multiple different clients of different specifications.
Disadvantages
 Networks traffic blocking is one of the problems related to the client-server model. As the number of simultaneous client requests to a given server increases, the server can become overloaded. Contrast that to a P2P network, where its bandwidth actually increases as more nodes are added, since the P2P network's overall bandwidth can be roughly computed as the sum of the bandwidths of every node in that network.
 Comparing client-server model to the Peer to Peer model, if one server fail, clients’ requests cannot be served but in case of P2P networks, servers are usually distributed among many nodes. Even if one or more nodes fail, for example if a node failed to download a file the remaining nodes should still have the data needed to complete the download.

Examples
Specific types of servers include: web servers, FTP servers, database servers, E-mail servers, file servers, print servers. Most web services are also types of servers.
Computer science
File sharing
Mainstream is a term that usually refers to the common current of thought held by the majority, meaning that "mainstream" things are those that are currently popular with most people. It is most often applied in the arts (i.e., music, literature, and performance). This includes:

 something that is ordinary or usual;
 something that is familiar to most people;
 something that is available to the general public;
 something that has ties to corporate or commercial entities.

The mainstream includes all popular culture, usually circulated by mass media. An example of the opposite of the mainstream is counterculture. The term is sometimes used as a negative term. In the United States, Protestant denominations with a mix of conservative, moderate, and liberal theologies are sometimes referred to as "mainstream."
In movies 
Mainstream movies can be defined as movies that cost much to make and are created for profit. To pay the cost and make the profit they are made so very many people will want to pay to see them. They have a wide release to first run theaters. Those are movie theaters that run mostly new mainstream movies from the major movie companies. After their time in first-run theaters, mainstream movies are sold at popular stores. Hollywood and Bollywood movies are usually considered mainstream, and may also be blockbusters. The boundary is vague. An example of the opposite of mainstream movie is art films.

In literature 
In literature, "mainstream" refers to traditional realistic fiction, as opposed to genre fictions such as science fiction or mysteries.
In music 
Mainstream music refers to music that is familiar to and popular with the majority of people in their culture. For example, popular music or pop music. However, older generations often dislike the mainstream taste of the youth, and may not agree as to what is or is not mainstream.

Opposing mainstream music is the music of subcultures. These opposing subcultures exist in most genres of music and is commonly found in punk rock, indie rock, and extreme metal, among others. In the 1960s, the music of the hippie counterculture exemplified this music. In more recent years, alternative rock, such as the music of Nirvana, has managed to maintain popularity in the mainstream music market even though their music did not conform to mainstream standards.
Punk rock has set itself apart from other non-mainstream genres by self-asserting an active anti-mainstream social movement that resists commercialism and corporate control. The punk subculture usually does not appreciate major label bands that play punk music that denies the do it yourself (DIY) punk ethic, and thinks they are the same as mainstream music. Indie rock that surfaced in the early 1990s underground took this same DIY ethic.
Many anti-corporate and not-for-profit forms of alternative protest have surfaced in the punk underground, for example, self-made publications known as "zines", where there is greater freedom to discuss controversial (usually far left) political issues such as bigotry, LGBT community issues, feminism, militant atheism, and veganism. Although the mainstream media often views this behavior as a youthful expression of rebellion, modern punk embodies a range of age groups who generally disagree with the perceived shared countercultural principals. It is not uncommon for middle-aged people to form punk houses (houses where people of the punk subculture live and open to others to stay, including touring bands) and resistance movements against what they see as the widespread, unfair use of human and animal rights for profit
. This modern group is effectively voiced through the anarcho-punk and crust punk subcultures, in attempt to fight what is seen by those groups as a general devaluation of, and way to profit from, life.
Mainstreaming in education
Mainstreaming refers to a type of education where children with a learning disability are mixed into classes with children without learning disabilities to help them learn better and to become comfortable with the "mainstream" of student life and life in their community. This is normally called "integration". When their needs cannot be met, they must be moved to special schools.

References 

Entertainment
Education
Culture
Opel Agila was a car from the Japanese carmaker Suzuki with partnership from the German carmaker Opel from 2000 to 2015.

Suzuki Wagon R+ and Splash 
The Suzuki Wagon R+ and Chevrolet MW are badge engineered versions of the Agila. It was replaced by the Splash in 2008 in Europe, however it is still available in countries such as Japan.

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Agila
Heatseekers Albums (formerly Top Heatseekers) is a weekly music chart for albums introduced by Billboard in 1993. It was created to publish sales by new and developing musical recording artists.  Albums that appear on Top Heatseekers may also appear on the Billboard 200 at the same time.

Top Heatseekers contains fifty chart positions.  Although the chart's rules have changed a little bit over the years, its current rules for an album to be allowed to enter Top Heatseekers say it needs to be one of the best-selling albums by a new or developing act (a band or musical artist), meaning an act that has never appeared in the top 100 of the Billboard 200.  If an album on Heatseekers does enter the top 100 of the Billboard 200, it and any albums  the act later releases are not eligible to appear on the Heatseekers chart. Many artists have bypassed Top Heatseekers because their first chart entry debuted on the Billboard 200 at position 100 or above.

References 

Record charts
Zoo Entertainment was an American record label, and a part of BMG. The label was created in the early 1990s by Lou Maglia, the former president of Island Records. It is now out of operation. Maglia and former BMG executive Kevin Czinger ran Zoo Entertainment and its successor company Volcano Entertainment. When money ran out, Volcano's owners sold the company to Zomba Records. Zomba later entered into a joint venture with Bernstein & Mensch, the rock management company. Zoo is best known for releasing three multi-platinum Tool albums.

References 

American record labels
Identifying subcultures 
Subcultures can be identified by the members' age, race, ethnicity, social class, location, or gender.  The qualities that distinguish among subcultures may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical, or a combination of factors.  Members of a subculture often signal each other through the use of fashion style, stereotypical behaviors, and use of a secret language created to prevent outsiders from understanding them (this is known as Argot).  They also live out particular relations to places: Ken Gelder talks about 'subcultural geographies' along these lines.
The study of subcultures often involves the study of symbolism attached to clothing, music and other visible things by members of subcultures, and also the ways that these same symbols are seen and understood by members of the dominate culture. Subcultures have been documented by others for a long time. In some cases—such as homeless people, criminal gangs or skateboarders—subcultures have had laws created to control or end their activities. But subcultures also talk about themselves, very often.

Related pages 
Folklore
Popular culture

References
Luxembourg can mean:

 Luxembourg, a small country in Western Europe
 Luxembourg Franc, the currency Luxembourg used to use
 Luxembourgish language, the main language in Luxembourg
 Luxembourg (city), the capital of Luxembourg
 Luxembourg (province), a province in Belgium
Wingfield is a village in the county of Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom.

Location 
Wingfield is two miles west of the town of Trowbridge.

Other websites 
Wingfield on Genuki
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Wingfield and surrounding area

Villages in Wiltshire
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (born 21 February 1980) is the son of Jigme Singye Wangchuck and the 5th and current reigning Dragon King (Druk Gyalpo) of the Kingdom of Bhutan. He became king on 9 December 2006. He was officially crowned on 1 November 2008.

References

1980 births
Living people
Current national leaders
People from Kathmandu
Monarchs of Bhutan
Late Registration is the second studio album by American hip hop artist Kanye West, released on August 30, 2005, by Roc-A-Fella Records. Late Registration debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 860,000 copies in its first week. The album has thus far sold over 3.1 million units in the United States and has been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Reviews 

Late Registration received rave reviews from music critics.

Track listing 

(*) designates co-producer
Notes:
 "Wake Up Mr. West" and "Heard Em Say" both contain excerpts of "Someone That I Used to Love" as performed by Natalie Cole
 "Touch the Sky" contains samples of "Move On Up" as performed by Curtis Mayfield
 "Gold Digger" contains samples of "I Got a Woman" as performed by Ray Charles
 "Drive Slow" contains samples of "Wildflower" as performed by Hank Crawford
 "My Way Home" contains samples of "Home Is Where the Hatred Is" as performed by Gil Scott-Heron
 "Crack Music" contains samples of "Since You Came in My Life" as performed by New York Community Choir
 "Roses" contains samples of "Rosie" as performed by Bill Withers
 "Addiction" contains elements of "My Funny Valentine" as performed by Etta James
 "Diamonds from Sierra Leone" contains samples of "Diamonds Are Forever" as performed by Shirley Bassey
 "We Major" contains samples of "Action" as performed by Orange Krush
 "Hey Mama" contains samples of "Today Won't Come Again" as performed by Donal Leace
"Celebration" contains samples of "Heavenly Dream" as performed by The KayGees
 "Gone" contains samples of "It's Too Late" as performed by Otis Redding
 "Late" contains samples of "I'll Erase Away Your Pain" by The Whatnauts
Personnel 
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Instrumentalists 
 Susan Chatman – violin (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Daphne Chen – violin (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Terry Glenny – violin (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Marisa Kuney – violin (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Victoria Lanier – violin (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Alyssa Park – violin (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Julie Rogers – violin (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Audrey Solomon – violin (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Amy Wickman – violin (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Eric Gorfain – violin, strings orchestration (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Piotr Jandula	– viola (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 David Sage – viola (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Tom Tally – viola (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Marda Todd – viola (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Richard Dodd – cello (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Mathew Cooker – cello (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Armen Ksadjikian – cello (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Victor Lawrence – cello (tracks 10, 17 and 19)
 Stephen Holtman – trombone (tracks 10 and 17)
 Andrew Martin – trombone (tracks 10 and 17)
 Bruce Otto – bass trombone (tracks 10 and 17)
Gary Grant – flugelhorn, trumpet (tracks 10 and 17)
 Dan Fornero – flugelhorn, trumpet (tracks 10 and 17)
 Denise Briese – double bass (tracks 10 and 17)
 Francis Senger – double bass (tracks 10 and 17)
 Jason Torreano – double bass (tracks 10 and 17)
 Rick Todd – French horn (tracks 10 and 17)
 Dave Tozer – guitar (tracks 13 and 20)
 Brad Warnaar – French horn (tracks 10 and 17)
 Tom Craskey – additional keyboards (tracks 13 and 20)
 Ervin Pope – keyboards (tracks 9 and 17)
 Robert Glasper - piano
Production 
 Kanye West – executive producer, primary artist, producer (all tracks except 3)
 Devo Springsteen – producer (track 13)
 Richard Reitz	– recording engineer (track 6)
 Brian Sumner – recording engineer (tracks 8, 9, and 21)
 Anthony Kilhoffer – recording engineer (tracks 3-4, 6, 8-14, 16-17, 19-20)
 Tom Biller – recording engineer (tracks 2, 4, 11-14, 16-17), string recording engineer (10, 17, 19-20)
 Andrew Dawson	– recording engineer (tracks 2-4, 6-8, 16-17, 21), mixing (8, 16, 17, and 19)
 Mike Mo – assistant recording engineer (tracks 2-4, 6, 10, 14)
 Ryan Neuschafer – assistant recording engineer (tracks 9-12)
 James Auwarter – assistant recording engineer (tracks 9-12)
 Nate Connelly – assistant recording engineer (tracks 2-4, 6, 9-10, 14, 21)
 Taylor Dow – assistant recording engineer (tracks 2, 7, 16, 17, and 19)
 Matt Green – assistant recording engineer (tracks 3, 4, 8, 10, 16, and 17)
Jon Brion – brass arrangement (tracks 10 and 17),  producer (2, 4, 9-11, 13-14, 16-17, 20),  string arrangements (10, 17, and 19)
 Warryn Campbell – producer (track 14)
 Just Blaze – producer (track 3)
 Kyambo Joshua	– executive producer
 Doug Joswick – package production
 Mike Dean – mixing (tracks 2-4, 6, 7)
 Craig Bauer – mixing (tracks 9-12)
 Manny Marroquin – mixing (tracks 13 and 20)
 Kris Yiengst – art coordinator, photography
 Sarah A. Friedman – photography
 Louis Marino – creative director
 Eric Weissman	– sample clearance
 Vlado Meller – mastering
Vocalists 
 Paul Wall – featured artist (track 6)
 Cam'ron – featured artist (track 19)
 Brandy – featured artist (track 10)
 Common – featured artist (track 7)
 Consequence – featured artist (track 19)
 Lupe Fiasco – featured artist (track 3)
 The Game – featured artist (track 8)
 GLC – featured artist (track 6)
 Jay-Z – featured artist (track 13)
 Adam Levine – featured artist (track 2)
 Nas – featured artist (track 14)
 Really Doe – featured artist (track 14)
 Jamie Foxx – featured artist (track 4)
 Tony Williams – additional vocals (track 9)
 Charlie Wilson – additional vocals (track 8)
 Keyshia Cole – additional vocals (track 8)
 DeRay Davis – additional vocals (track 1)
 John Legend – additional vocals (tracks 16 and 17)

Charts
Weekly charts
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (2005)
!Peakposition
|-
|Australian Albums Chart
|align="center"|14
|-
|Austrian Albums Chart
|align="center"|53
|-
|Belgian Albums Chart
|align="center"|43
|-
|Canadian Albums Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|Danish Albums Chart
|align="center"|11
|-
|Dutch Albums Chart
|align="center"|24
|-
|European Top 100 Albums
|align="center"|6
|-
|Finnish Albums Chart
|align="center"|18
|-
|French Albums Chart
|align="center"|36
|-
|German Albums Chart
|align="center"|14
|-
|Irish Albums Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|Italian Albums Chart
|align="center"|65
|-
|New Zealand Albums Chart
|align="center"|11
|-
|Norwegian Albums Chart
|align="center"|4
|-
|Scottish Albums Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|Swedish Albums Chart
|align="center"|11
|-
|Swiss Albums Chart
|align="center"|9
|-
|UK Albums Chart
|align="center"|2
|-
|US Billboard 200
|align="center"|1
|-
|US Top Pop Catalog Albums (Billboard)
|align="center"|6
|-
|US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
|align="center"|1
|-
|-
|US Top Rap Albums<ref name="b1">[ "Late Registration – Kanye West"]. Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. (2005–2007). Retrieved August 19, 2011.</ref> (Billboard'')
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
Year-end chartsDecade-end charts Chart precession and succession'''

Certifications

References 

2005 albums
Kanye West albums
Hip hop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
Santa Clara (PSGC: 031423021) is one of the twenty-four barangays composing the municipality of Santa Maria, Bulacan, in the Philippines. It is bordered by Barangay Lalakhan on the southwest, Bagbaguin on the south, Poblacion on the east, Sta. Cruz on the north and Barangay Tambubong in Bocaue on the west.

Geography

Area and Location

Sta. Clara is the 17th largest barangay in Santa Maria with a land area of 214.70 hectares or 2.1470 km2, slightly smaller than the barangay of Poblacion.

Sta. Clara is located on the south-west portion of Sta. Maria and thirty-three kilometers north from Manila.

Climate

The prevailing climatic conditions in the barangay are categorized into two types: dry and wet season.

The annual mean temperature in the area is 27℃.  The warmest month is May with a mean temperature of 29.9℃ while the coldest is January at 25.2℃.
The mean annual relative humidity in the Barangay is 77% which is not high. The mean monthly relative humidity is lowest in March at 64% and highest in September at 84%

Demographics
As of 2022 census, Sta. Clara has a population of 14,535 people with a density of 4,682 person per km2. The projected population of the barangay by 2010 is 11,080 with a growth rate of 3.3%

Population Projection

This is the projected population of the barangay by the next few years:

 2008 - 10,384
 2009 - 10,726
 2010 - 11,080
 2011 - 11,446
 2012 - 11,824
 2013 - 12,214
 2014 - 12,617
 2015 - 13,033
 2020 - 15,330
 2030 - 21,210

Barangay officials

 Danilo "Anyeng" Perez, Barangay Captain

Members of the Sangguniang Barangay

 Orlando R. Salvador
 Danilo C. Barcial
 Manolito DR. Loreto
 Reynaldo C. Sioson
 Reynan C. Castillo
 Juanito J. Lopez
 Roberto A. Domingo
 SK Juan Carlo C. Cruz
 Sec. Abegail Marie SM. Del Rosario
 Treas. Monina A. Babaan

Vision Mission
Vision Mission

VISION: A self-reliant, industrialized, commercialized, environment friendly barangay, accessible roads, discipline and morally upright citizenhood and a place where you can say "I BELONG"

MISSION: "Discipline and Determination" by discharging responsible services to the needs of people and continuing communication.

Health Care

Barangay Sta. Clara is a sub-center of RHU-I. This center serves the total population of 10,052 of the barangay.

The Health Center is open daily except on Weekends.

It is currently headed by Ms. Catalina C. Policarpio.

Schools

 Sta. Clara Elementary school
 Global Seed Academy
 Joseph Arimathea School
 Estrella Academy of Sta. Clara Inc.

Transportation and Communication

Transportation
Public vehicles such as buses, jeepneys, and tricycles are the means of transportation in the barangay. Tricycles are available for 24 hours.

Main roads
 Narra St./J.P Rizal St.
 Sta. Clara By-Pass Road
 Tindalo St.
 Yakal St./Luwasan
Other websites
  Official Website of Barangay Sta. Clara SMB
 Official Website of Santa Maria, Bulacan
 NSCB Sta. Maria, Bulacan 

Barangays
Lapis lazuli is a mineral, and a gemstone. It is formed as a metamorphic rock of the limestone type.

Lapis is famous for its beautiful blue colour: its name means "stone of blue". Lapis Lazuli has been used for many things. Its has been made into beads and used in jewellery since Prehistoric times. It can be carved into statuettes (little sculptures). The major use was as a pigment (colour) in artists' paint. During Medieval and Renaissance times, lapis was ground into powder, and mixed with oil. It was used as the colour for painting the sky, and blue clothes. It can be seen in the fresco paintings of Giotto and the tempera paintings of Fra Angelico.

Sources 
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock made from several minerals, but mainly Lazurite. 
Lazurite has been mined for over 6,000 years in Iran. It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; at Mount Vesuvius in Italy; in Burma; Canada; and the United States.
Iran was the source of lapis for the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, as well as the Ancient Greeks and Romans. During the height of the Indus Valley civilization about 2000 BC, the Harappan colony now known as Shortugai was established near the lapis mines.

In addition to the Persian deposits, lapis has been extracted for many years in the Andes (near Ovalle, Chile), the Lake Baikal region of Russia; Siberia; Angola; Argentina; Burma; Pakistan; Canada; India; and in the USA in California and Colorado.

Alternatives
Lapis lazuli is commercially "synthesized" (actually simulated) by a chemical process, using artificial ultramarine and hydrous zinc phosphates. There are also various substitutes for lapis.

References

 Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley,

Other websites 
 Mindat with location data
 Mineral galleries 
 Webmineral data

Gemstones
Royan is a city in the south west of France near the Atlantic Ocean and the Gironde estuary. About 18 100 (2005) people live in the city. Royan is a famous seaside resort, with five sandy beaches, a marina and a fishing port.

Communes in Charente-Maritime
Spider-Man 3 is a 2007 superhero movie directed by Sam Raimi. It is a sequel movie to Spider-Man and Spider-Man 2 and has Tobey Maguire and Kirsten Dunst in the same roles as Spider-Man and Mary Jane Watson. Spiderman gets a black suit from space, which begins to make him angry when fighting his enemies the Sandman and the new Goblin. He gets the black suit off, and it takes over another photographer called Eddie Brock to become another villain called Venom. Set shortly after the events of Spider-Man 2, as Peter Parker prepares for his future with Mary Jane Watson, he faces three more villains: Uncle Ben's true killer, Flint Marko who becomes the Sandman after a freak accident; Harry Osborn, who is now aware of Peter's identity and seeks to avenge his father; and Eddie Brock, a rival photographer who becomes Venom. Peter also faces his greatest challenge when he bonds with an extraterrestrial symbiote that augments his abilities but brings out his anger and other negative traits.