Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Globi is a Swiss cartoon character. He is often called the Swiss Mickey Mouse. Globi is one of the most famous cartoon figures in the Swiss-German part of Switzerland. It was created in 1932 by the Globus department store chain for advertising. It is a blue human-like parrot with a black beret and trousers in black and red. It was so much liked by the children in Switzerland that it got published independently in 1944. There are a many Globi cartoon books and tapes in Switzerland today. Its appearance has changed several times since his development.

History
Globi was created in 1932 by the Globus stores as a media vehicle for children. They wanted to address Globi to children. First, the figure was named "Kimbukku". Because the people of the canton of Bale named the Globus warehouse "Globi", they thought would be a better name than Kimbukku. The figure was well liked by the young customers from the beginning. First "Globi" appeared as a comic strip in the magazine "der Globi". In 1935, the first book Globi the Childfriend appeared. This book has sold over a million copies. It was only really successful in Switzerland. Until today, 79 illustrated classic books have been published. The Globi books were always successful, but in the 1970s they were criticized because of the racism, sexism and violence in books of the 1940s and 1950s. Today, Globi is seen as politically correct. It started to be interested in ecology and animal protection and became more of a role model. For example, in a newer volume, Globi goes with the small rhino named Najma to Africa
. The readers learn about the problems of life in the savanna of Africa for rhinos. There was also a movie with Globi in the cinemas in 2005.
Publisher 

Because of the big success of Globi, the costs for the warehouse became too big. Because of this, Globi Publisher AG was founded in 1944. Since 1 January 2007, the Globi Publisher AG has been owned by Orell Füssli Publisher. The publisher is active in the Swiss market. In addition to books, they sell other Globi merchandise. These include dishes, cutlery, watches and alarm clocks, plush toys, drapery, lamps, card games and foods. There are also tourist attractions such as Globi hotel, a trail and a bus. In December 2008, a Globi winter park was built in Engelberg. In addition to Globi, other characters including Papa-Moll and Glöbeli exist. Yearly, over 80,000 Globi comic books, 40,000 educational Globi books, between 25,000 and 30,000 Papa-Moll books and 100,000 cassettes are sold.

Today Globi Publisher employs 4 permanent employee, 2 exponents, 3-4 graphic artists and bookkeepers and about 10-12 illustrators and writers.

Book list of most important and best-sold books
Globi’s Worldtour
Globi the Childfriend
Globi and Pinoccio in Venice
Globi and it’s Swiss adventure travel
Globi the farmer
Globi the soldier
Globi the postman
Globi the fireman
Globi in the Zoo
Globi and the railroad
Globi and panda
Globi and the madagaskarbird
Globi the knight
Globi in Paris
Globi and his adventures at the sea bottom

References

Fictional birds
Animated characters
Swiss culture
In Christianity, the Second Coming is a time when Jesus Christ will come back to earth.  The Apostles Creed and the Nicene Creed state that "Christ will come again". This coming is to judge the living and the dead.  Throughout history, there have been different ideas about the details of this event. These disagreements are related to the Millennium which is described in the Book of Revelation as a 1000 year reign of Christ on the earth. Some Christians, called Amillennialists, think the 1,000 years refers only to the eventual triumph of the Gospel. Others, called Postmillennialists think that Jesus will return physically to earth.  This will happen only after Christianity has been predominant for the 1,000 years. This may be a real 1,000 years or an indefinitely long time.  In recent times, many Christians, especially in the United States, have believed that there will be a Rapture of the Christians.  This means that at a certain time all Christians will go up to heaven to be with Jesus
.  After seven years of trouble on earth, Jesus will return with all the Christians to defeat the Antichrist and rule on earth for 1,000 literal years. Others who believe in the rapture put it at in the middle or at the end of the seven years. These different views come mainly from the Book of Revelation, but other Old Testament and New Testament books are also used to develop the different views. Since the Book of Revelation uses highly symbolic language, it can be understood in different ways.  What virtually all Christians agree on is that in some way, Jesus will someday destroy all evil from the earth and bring goodness and peace.
References

Related pages
Acts
Book of Revelation

Christian eschatology
Jesus
A beret is a soft, round type of hat. They are similar to caps, but without the peak at the front. Berets are usually made of felt or a similar material.  Berets are often worn in France.  

Berets are worn as part of the uniform of many military and police units across the world.  Many other organizations also wear berets for different purposes.

References

Hats
Premature birth is when a baby is born before the normal end of pregnancy. In humans, a pregnancy normally lasts for about nine months. On average, a pregnancy lasts for 266 days.

Babies who are born before 37 complete weeks of pregnancy (calculated from the last menstrual period) are said to be premature. In the United States, about twelve percent of the babies are born prematurely (that is about one in every eight babies). In 2003, there were over 490,000 premature births. 

Worldwide rates of prematurity are more difficult to get. In developing countries, there is often no professional medical care for these babies. This makes it difficult to tell how far along the pregnancy really was. For this reason, the World Health Organization tracks rates of low birth weight instead. In 2000, 16.5 percent of babies born in developing countries were of low birth weight. It is estimated that one-third of these low birth weight deliveries are due to premature delivery.
Complications 
The risk of having a problem (called a complication) is higher in shorter pregnancies. Babies born prematurely die more often in their first year of life than others. Most such deaths occur in the first month of life, which is called neonatal mortality.  

Worldwide, prematurity causes ten percent of neonatal mortality, or around 500,000 deaths per year. In the U.S., where many infections and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced, prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality at 25%. Prematurely born infants are also at greater risk of developing serious health problems, such as cerebral palsy, chronic lung disease, gastrointestinal problems, mental retardation, vision loss, or hearing loss.  They are also more likely to have depression as teenagers.
Nearly half of all premature births have no known cause. When conditions permit, doctors may attempt to stop premature labor, so that the pregnancy can have a chance to continue to full term. This will increase the baby's chances of health and survival. 

In the United States, the rate of preterm births has increased 30% in the past two decades.

Special care for babies born early 
In developed countries, many hospitals have special facilities for prematurely born infants. This type of hospital unit is usually called a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU, pronounced "NICK-you"). In the NICU, premature babies are kept warm in incubators or other warming machines. They are enclosed in plastic with climate control equipment which keeps them warm and keeps germs away from them.
Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated measurement of temperature, respiration, heart function, oxygen supply, and brain activity. Treatments may include fluids and nutrition given through intravenous catheters; oxygen, breathing support; and medications. 

In developing countries, where advanced equipment may not be available or reliable, simple measures such as kangaroo care (skin-to-skin warming), encouraging breastfeeding, and basic infection control measures help reduce death rate and illness.
Chances of survival 
The earliest time in the pregnancy where the infant has at least a 50% chance of survival is called the limit of viability. In countries with good health care, viability has been reduced to about 24 weeks. Rare survivors have been documented as early as 21 weeks, but this date is controversial because the pregnancy was measured from the date of conception rather than the date of her mother's last menstrual period. This makes gestation appear 2 weeks less than if calculated by the more common method. Risk of brain damage and developmental delay is significant at that early time. Even if the infant lives, there are ethical controversies over the care given to such infants. The limit of viability has also become a factor in the abortion debate.

References 

Pregnancy and childbirth
Babies
An autoclave is a device that uses pressure to heat aqueous solutions above their boiling point. It is done to kill microbiological organisms, called sterilization. The autoclave was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.

Laboratory equipment
Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill, OBE (b. 1 March 1952) is an Northern Irish football manager. He is currently the manager of Sunderland F.C., and has previously managed Celtic F.C.. and Aston Villa F.C. O'Neill was born in Kilrea, Northern Ireland.

References

1952 births
Living people
Northern Irish footballers
Northern Irish football managers
Republic of Ireland at UEFA Euro 2016
James Duffy (born 27 April 1959) is a former Scottish football player and manager.

1959 births
Living people
Scottish football managers
Footballers from Glasgow
The nicotine in cigarettes and other tobacco products makes people dependent. When they quit, they will get withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is there to reduce the dependency symptoms. This is usually done by delivering nicotine (or a substance very similar to it) in other ways. Common methods include nicotine patches and chewing gums with nicotine in them.

Cigarettes are responsible for the deaths of about 5 million people each year. These people are not killed by the nicotine in the cigarette, but by other substances in tobacco smoke such as carbon monoxide and tars.
NRT delivers nicotine to the smoker's brain in a much slower way than cigarettes do. It helps to damp down the urges to smoke that most smokers have in the early days and weeks after quitting, rather than remove them totally. It gives the smoker the chance to break smoking cues in their daily lives, and might provide a more comfortable exit from the smoking habit. NRT however is best used with some form of support, ideally from someone who knows something about smoking cessation.

In 2005 the Committee on the Safety of Medicines recommended that NRT be given to pregnant smokers and also to adolescent smokers. 

Findings from a recent Cochrane review of controlled trials testing NRT products (Stead et al. 2008) indicated that smokers using NRT were 1.5 to 2 times more likely to be abstinent from smoking at followup than those in the placebo or control treatment condition.
Criticism
Nicotine is the addictive drug in tobacco products, so there is a chance when using NRT products, to become addicted to those products in place of the tobacco habit. Generally it is argued that NRT products are safer then smoking tobacco. NRT products are generally expensive, sometimes even more so then cigarettes, so a minority of people may become addicted to the NRT product and turn back to tobacco products to save money.

Types
 Nicotine patch
 Nicotine gum
 Nicotine inhaler
 Nicotine lozenge
 Nicotine spray
 Nicotine sublingual tablet

Electronic cigarette 
An electronic cigarette is an electronic item used instead of cigarettes. It gives a little nicotine, propylene glycol, and sometimes flavours, when you breathe through it. It was invented in China.
The electronic cigarette cannot be classed as an NRT as no recognized tests or studies have taken place. Furthermore WHO (World Health Organisation) has advised that any manufacturer or seller who is marketing the electronic cigarette as an NRT should halt unproven therapy claims. Currently most sellers who adhere to this guideline are marketing the device as a tobacco alternative.

References
References

Stead LF, Perera R, BullenC,Mant D, Lancaster T.Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000146. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub3.
Silagy C, Lancaster T, Stead L, Mant D, Fowler G. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD000146.pub2. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub2. abstract|full text
 Real-world efficacy of prescription and over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy, by Shiffman S, et al., published May 2002 in Addiction, Issue 97(5) at Pages 505–516 Entrez PubMed

Other websites
University of Wisconsin Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention 
Review of NRT from Cochrane 
The Best Electronic Cigarettes  A complete guide on which electronic cigarette to buy
Does CBD Help With Addictions Like Cigarettes  Does CBD Help With Addictions Like Cigarettes? How it Reduces Cravings

Smoking
Medical procedures
Addiction
The University of California, Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major university in Berkeley, California, United States. The oldest of the ten major campuses affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley offers some 300 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The university occupies 6651 acres with the central campus resting on approximately 200 acres.

The university was founded in 1868 when the private College of California and the public Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College merged. Berkeley was a founding member of the Association of American Universities and 61 Nobel Laureates have been affiliated with the university as faculty, researchers and alumni. Berkeley physicists worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II and the university now manages the nation's two principal nuclear weapons laboratories: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Berkeley student-athletes compete intercollegiately as the California Golden Bears. A member of both the Pacific-12 Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in the NCAA, Cal students have won national titles in many sports, including football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, water polo, rugby and crew. In addition, they have won over 100 Olympic medals. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are Berkeley blue and California gold.

Other websites

University of California, Berkeley official website
California Golden Bears official website

Notes

Association of American Universities
California
Berkley
Berkeley, California
1868 establishments in California
Metadata (also Meta data) is data about data, that is information about other information. This is often useful. Libraries usually group books by subject and keep a catalog of the books. In that context the metadata in the catalog include various pieces of information including the author and the subject it is classified under. The index and table of contents of a book also present metadata.

Digital cameras allow people to take pictures. Here the data is the picture taken, and the metadata is information about the picture taken, like when (the date and time), photographic exposure, focal length and other technical details about how the camera made the picture. Some cameras, especially smartphones, have GPS and can include the location in metadata.

Computer science
Data science
Photography
Failure rate is the frequency with which an engineered system or component fails. Usually it is expressed in a number of failures per time period, like failures per hour. It is often written as the Greek letter λ (lambda) and is important in reliability theory. In practice, the closely related Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) is more commonly expressed and used for high quality components or systems.

Failure rate usually increases with time. For example, a car failure rate in its fifth year of service may be many times greater than in the first year of service. Nobody expects to replace an exhaust pipe or worn brake pads in a new car.
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) is closely related to failure rate.  In the special case when the likelihood of failure remains constant with respect to time (for example, in some product like a brick or protected steel beam), and ignoring the time to recover from failure, failure rate is simply the inverse of the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF).  MTBF is an important specification parameter in all aspects of high importance engineering design–such as naval architecture, aerospace engineering, automotive design, etc.–in short, any task where failure in a key part or of the whole of a system needs be minimized and severely curtailed, particularly where lives might be lost if such factors are not taken into account. These factors account for many safety and maintenance practices in engineering and  industry practices and government regulations, such as how often certain inspections and overhauls are required on an aircraft.
A similar ratio used in the transport industries, especially in railways and trucking is 'Mean Distance Between Failure', a variation which attempts to correlate actual loaded distances to similar reliability needs and practices.

Failure rates are important factors in insurance, business, and regulation practices as well as fundamental to design of safe systems throughout a national or international economy.

Statistics
Engineering
Copy-on-write (COW) is a means of optimisation in Computer Science. When several callers ask for the same resource, they can all be given a pointer to the same address. Only when they try to change the resource does a local copy need to be made. This happens without the caller noticing. It is done so that all the other callers do not see the change they did not do. 

Computer science
Write Anywhere File Layout (WAFL) is a file system. It was developed with large RAID arrays in mind. After a failure, the RAID array can be directly restarted. Other features like making the filesystem bigger without taking it offline are also supported.

Software
The Tibetan bear or Tibetan blue bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) is a subspecies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos). It is found in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.(In the Himalayas).

Bears
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Mammals of Asia
The Tibetan red deer (Cervus affinis affinis or Cervus affinis wallichi), also known as shou, is a subspecies of Central Asian Red Deer that is native to the Tibetan highlands of Central Asia.

Deer
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Mammals of Asia
The wild goat (Capra aegagrus) is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.
The wild goat is a widespread species, with a distribution ranging from Europe and Asia Minor to central Asia and the Middle East.

The wild goat is an ancestor of the domestic goat.
Wild goats do not rely on humans for shelter, food or medical care

References 

Caprids
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
The Asiatic wildcat (Felis silvestris ornata) is also known as the Asian Steppe wildcat or Indian Desert cat. It is a subspecies of the Wildcat. 

It lives mainly in the Thar Desert, and the Rann of Kutch in India and Pakistan. It is about the size of a domestic cat, with a pale yellowish body marked with black spots.

References

Other websites

IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: Asiatic Wildcat 

Felines
Mammals of Pakistan
Mammals of Asia
The woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) is a squirrel. It is the only species of the genus Eupetaurus. 

Until recently scientific knowledge of this rare species was limited to 11 skins collected in the late nineteenth century. However, recent research has confirmed that it is still extant in Pakistan-administered Kashmir (P.A.K). It is the longest member of the family Sciuridae and the most massive gliding animal known, but observations confirm that despite its size, it does glide effectively like other flying squirrels.

References

Squirrels
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
The wild yak (Bos mutus) is a large wild bovid native to the Himalayas in Central Asia. It is the ancestor of the domestic yak (Bos grunniens).

Most yaks are domestic, which means they live on  farms run by people. There are a few wild yak but there are not many left and are in danger of extinction. There may be as few as 100 yak left in the wild. Wild male yaks stand about 2–2.2 meters tall at the shoulder, the females about 1 metre. Domestic Yaks are shorter, between 1 and 2 metres for both males and females. All yaks have long, thick hair to keep them warm in the cold places they live. Wild yaks can be black or brown. Some domestic yaks are white. All kinds of yaks have horns.

Life 
Yaks are herd animals. This means they live in groups called herds.  Yaks are herbivores, they don't eat meat. The oldest yaks can live up to 25 years.

References 

Bovines
Mammals of Asia
STV is a free television channel in Scotland. It is part of the ITV network. It is one of the five main channels in Northern and Central Scotland. It started in 2006, when the old Grampian Television (Northern Scotland) and Scottish Television (Central Scotland) were merged. STV has the channel 3 licence in these areas. In the Scottish Borders, ITV is shown. STV's director is Gordon MacMillan.

References

British television networks
Media in Scotland
2006 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s establishments in Scotland
Scotsport is a television programme on STV in Scotland. It covers the results of football in Scottish games.

Football in Scotland
English-language television programs
BBC Scotland is a part of the BBC in Scotland. It operates the television and radio channels in Scotland.

Related pages
BBC Radio Scotland

BBC
BBC Radio Scotland is BBC Scotland's national English language radio network. It broadcasts a wide variety of programming including news, sport, music, the arts, comedy, drama, history and lifestyle. It replaced the Scottish opt-out part of BBC Radio 4 in November 1978.

History 
BBC Radio Scotland was founded as a full-time radio network in 1978, although the name had been used since 1974 for the Scottish opt-out parts of BBC Radio 4. The creation of a separate network was made possible when Radio 4 became a fully national network and moved from medium wave to long wave.

Opt-out stations were established in Inverness and Aberdeen in 1976, followed by Orkney and Shetland in 1977, and Selkirk and Dumfries in 1983. Previously planned opt-outs in Edinburgh, Glasgow and Dundee were never realised.

Programmes 
The station broadcasts a wide range of programming including news, debate, music and sport commentaries.
News and Current Affairs 
News and current affairs programming has always constituted the dominant part of BBC Radio Scotland's schedules, especially on weekdays. In addition to regular news bulletins (usually hourly), the station broadcasts a wide range of longer in-depth news and current affairs programmes.

Good Morning Scotland (weekdays, 0600-0900) is Scotland's longest-running radio programme and one of the most popular in the country. It provides regular news, sport, business, travel and weather bulletins along with interviews and in-depth reports. It is similar to BBC Radio 4's Today programme, but from a Scottish perspective. It also includes the daily religious slot "Thought for the Day", again similar to that broadcast on Radio 4's "Today" programme.

The other daily news and current affairs strands are the Morning Extra phone-in (0905-1000), Scotland Live (1200-1245), Newsdrive (1600-1800) and the political news programme Scotland At Ten (2205-2230).
Weekend programmes include Newsweek Scotland (Sat, 0800-0900), Shereen (Sun, 0900-1000) and The Business (Sun, 1000-1030).

Sport 
Like Radio 5 Live, BBC Radio Scotland covers most of the major sporting events in Scotland. It holds exclusive rights to the Scottish Premier League and operates its Sportsound programme on a multitude of frequencies on Saturdays when games are being played. Other sporting events that can be heard on Radio Scotland include both of Scotland's domestic football cup competitions, Scotland football internationals and European games affecting Scottish teams and the rugby union Six Nations championships. Alongside the live action sports programmes, Radio Scotland also produces popular sporting shows such as football fanzine Off the Ball, phone-in forum Your Call with Jim Traynor and the multi-sports programme Sports Weekly, presented by former Scotland rugby player, John Beattie.
Local opt-outs 
Orkney and Shetland each have a half hour daily news programme — Around Orkney (0730-0800) and Good Evening Shetland (1730-1800). During the winter months, this is supplemented for both areas by an hour long programme, broadcast Monday-Friday, between 1805-1900.  Local bulletins are broadcast from Selkirk, Dumfries, Aberdeen and Inverness throughout the day.

Heads of Radio, Scotland 
Controllers of BBC Radio Scotland hold the title "Head of Radio, BBC Scotland" on account of BBC Scotland's radio productions for other BBC networks.

Other websites 

BBC Radio Scotland programme schedules 
BBC iPlayer home page for BBC Radio Scotland programmes 
BBC Radio Scotland controller's blog
A behind the scenes glimpse of BBC Radio Scotland

References 

Scotland
Media in Scotland
The Daily Record is a Scottish newspaper printed in Glasgow. For many years, it had been the best-selling daily paper in Scotland, with average sales of 363,411 as of April 2008.

References

Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
The Daily Mirror is a British newspaper. It was founded on 2 November 1903.

History

20th century
The Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe) as a newspaper for women, run by women. Hence the name: he said, "I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides....to be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull", and also invited men to read it. It cost one penny.
It was not an immediate success.  In 1904, he decided to turn it into a pictore newspaper, changing the masthead to The Daily Illustrated Mirror and made Hamilton Fyfe editor who then fired all the women journalists. This name ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904 (issues 72 to 150), then reverted to The Daily Mirror. The first issue did not have advertisements on the front page as previously, but instead news text and engraved pictures (of a traitor and an actress), with the promise of photographs inside. Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added: "A paper for men and women". This combination was more successful: by issue 92, the guaranteed circulation was 120,000 copies and by issue 269, it had grown to 200,000:
Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth (from 1914 Lord Rothermere) in 1913. In 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow: in 1919, some issues sold more than 1 million copies a day, making it the largest daily picture paper.

By the mid 1930s, the Mirror was struggling – it and the Mail were the main casualties of the early 1930s circulation war that saw the Daily Herald and the Daily Express establish circulations of more than two million, and Rothermere decided to sell his shares in it.

In the late 1930s the paper moved from being a conservative, middle-class newspaper into a left-wing paper for the working class. The Mirror was the first UK paper to adopt the look of the New York tabloids. By 1939, it was selling 1.4 million copies a day.
It was threatened with closure in World War II because Churchill thought a cartoon made fun of the navy.  The cartoon showed a sailor clinging to a piece of wreckage.  It attacked the waste of petrol, and other goods, that sailors were trying to bring across the Atlantic and avoid being killed by German submarines.
The Mirror'''s mass working-class readership had made it the United Kingdom's best-selling daily tabloid newspaper. In 1960, it bought the Daily Herald (the popular daily of the labour movement) when it bought Odhams, in one of a series of takeovers which created the International Publishing Corporation (IPC). The Mirror management did not want the Herald competing with the Mirror for readers, and in 1964, relaunched it as a mid-market paper, now named the Sun. When it failed to win readers, the Sun was sold to Rupert Murdoch — who immediately relaunched it as a more populist and sensationalist tabloid as a direct competitor to the Mirror.  In 1978, The Sun overtook the Mirror in circulation, and in 1984 the Mirror was sold to Robert Maxwell.

After Maxwell's death in 1991, the Mirror went through a protracted crisis before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity to form Trinity Mirror in 1999. In recent years, the paper's circulation has also been overtaken by that of the Daily Mail.
The Daily and Sunday Mirror are now printed at Watford and Oldham by Trinity Mirror.

21st century

In 2002, the Mirror changed its masthead logo from red to black, because the term "red top" is a name for a sensationalist mass-market tabloid.  Sometimes it was blue. On 6 April 2005, the red top came back.

Under then-editor Piers Morgan, it opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and ran many front pages critical of the war. It also gave financial support to the 15 February 2003 anti-war protest, paying for a large screen and providing thousands of placards.

The Mirror's front page on 4 November 2004, after the re-election of George W. Bush as U.S. President, read "How can 59,054,087 people be so DUMB?". It gave a list of states and their average IQ, showing the Bush states all below average intelligence (except for Virginia), and all Kerry states at or above average intelligence. The source for this table was The Economist, though it was a hoax. Richard Wallace became editor in 2004.

 Editors
Editors 

1903: Mary Howarth
1904: Hamilton Fyfe
1907: Alexander Kenealy
1915: Ed Flynn
1916: Alexander Campbell
1931: Leigh Brownlee
1934: Cecil Thomas
1948: Silvester Bolam
1953: Jack Nener
1961: Lee Howard
1971: Tony Miles
1974: Michael Christiansen
1975: Mike Molloy
1985: Richard Stott
1990: Roy Greenslade
1991: Richard Stott
1992: David Banks
1994: Colin Myler
1995: Piers Morgan
2004: Richard Wallace

Source: Tabloid Nation'' p. 248.

Other websites

References

Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
1903 establishments in the United Kingdom
Species
Boiga andamanensis (Wall, 1909) - Andaman Cat Snake
Boiga angulata (Peters, 1861) - Leyte Cat Snake
Boiga barnesii (Günther, 1869)
Boiga beddomei (Wall, 1909) - Beddome's Cat Snake
Boiga bengkuluensis (Orlov, Kudryavtzev, Ryabov & Shumakov, 2003)
Boiga blandingii (Hallowell, 1844) - Blandings Tree Snake
Boiga bourreti (Tillack, Ziegler & Le Khac Quyet, 2004)
Boiga ceylonensis (Günther, 1858) - Sri Lanka Cat Snake
Boiga cyanea (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) - Green Cat Snake
Boiga cynodon (Boie, 1827) - Dog-toothed Cat Snake
Boiga dendrophila - Gold-ringed Cat Snake or Mangrove Snake
Boiga dendrophila annectens (Boulenger, 1896)
Boiga dendrophila dendrophila (Boie, 1827)
Boiga dendrophila divergens (Taylor, 1922)
Boiga dendrophila gemmicincta (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
Boiga dendrophila latifasciata (Boulenger, 1896)
Boiga dendrophila levitoni (Gaulke, Demegillo & Vogel, 2005)
Boiga dendrophila melanota (Boulenger, 1896)
Boiga dendrophila multicincta (Boulenger, 1896)
Boiga dendrophila occidentalis (Brongersma, 1934) 
Boiga dightoni (Boulenger, 1894) - Pirmad Cat Snake
Boiga drapiezii (Boie & Boie, 1827) - White-spotted Cat Snake
Boiga forsteni (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) - Forsten's Cat Snake
Boiga gokool (Gray, 1835) - Arrowback Tree Snake
Boiga guangxiensis (Wen, 1998)
Boiga irregularis (Merrem, 1802) - Brown Tree Snake
Boiga jaspidea (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) - Jasper Cat Snake
Boiga kraepelini (Stejneger, 1902) - Kelung Cat Snake
Boiga multifasciata (Blyth, 1861) - Many-banded Tree Snake
Boiga multomaculata (Boie, 1827) - Many-spotted Cat Snake
Boiga nigriceps (Günther, 1863) - Black-headed Cat Snake
Boiga nuchalis (Günther, 1875)
Boiga ochracea (Günther, 1868) - Tawny Cat Snake
Boiga philippina (Peters, 1867) - Philippine Cat Snake
Boiga pulverulenta (Fischer, 1856) - Fischer's Cat Snake
Boiga quincunciata (Wall, 1908)
Boiga saengsomi (Nutafand, 1985) - Banded Cat Snake
Boiga schultzei (Taylor, 1923)
Boiga siamensis (Nootpand, 1971) - Gray Cat Snake
Boiga tanahjampeana (Orlov & Ryabov, 2002)
Boiga trigonata - Indian Gamma Snake
Boiga trigonata trigonata (Schneider, 1802)
Boiga trigonata melanocephala (Annandale, 1904)
Boiga wallachi (Das, 1998) - Nicobar Cat Snake
Boiga ranawanei (Samarawickrama, Samarawickrama, Wijesena & Orlov, 2006 (2005)) - Ranawana's Golden Cat Snake
Other websites 

Boiga at The Reptile Database

Reptiles of Pakistan
Bungarus is a genus of elapid snakes. They are commonly known as kraits. Kraits are venomous. They are found in India and South-East Asia.

Reptiles of Pakistan
Elapidae
The Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) is a type of snake that is found in the jungles of India. This snake is a very poisonous. It is one of the "big four" snakes in India.

Reptiles of Pakistan
Elapidae
Daboia is an  Old World venomous vipers. It was named after Patrick Russell (1726-1805). Patrick Russell was a Scottish
herpetologist, who studied many Indian snakes. The Russell's Viper is one of the four most venomous snakes in India, and it causes the most deaths of all the venomous snakes.

Description
Russell's vipers can grow up to the length of 166 centimeters (5.5 ft), but they are usually around the length of 120 centimeters (4 ft). The Russell's viper is usually dark yellow or brown in colour with many black spots. The viper is found in Asia.

Russell's Viper is found in open grassy and bushy areas, farmlands, coastal lowlands, plains and hills.
Behavior
The Russell's Viper is Terrestrial (lives on the ground) and is usually nocturnal, but in cool weathers it is diurnal. When threaten it raises its head and makes a hissing noise which is said to be louder than other snakes. Their bite may sometimes be a simple snap, or sometimes the jaws hang on to the enemy for a few seconds. Adults are said to be slow and sluggish but when disturbed they become aggressive. Since of its aggressiveness and venom many animals and people are scared of this snake. That is why another snake, Rough-scaled Sand Boa, mimics the color pattern of the Russell's Viper so it looks like the Russell's Viper, but it is actually harmless. Adult's venom glands hold around 21–268 mg of venom, while young one's venom glands hold around 8–79 mg of venom.

Feeding
The Russell's Viper eats rodents such as rats, mice, and squirrels, land crabs, lizards, shrews, scorpions and other arthropods. Young Russell's Vipers are said to be cannibals, meaning they eat each other.
Reproduction
The Russell's Viper is viviparous: they give live birth. They mate early in the year and a female is pregnant for around six months before giving birth to her young in May to November, but usually in June or July. A female gives birth to around 20-40 young at a time, and the young are around 215-260 millimeters long when they are born. A Russell's Viper becomes mature after around 2–3 years.

Subspecies
Not including the nominate subspecies, the Indian Russell's Viper (D. r. russelii), there is only one subspecies, the Eastern Russell's Viper (D. r. siamensis).

Reptiles of Pakistan
Black Pond turtle or Spotted Pond turtle Geoclemys hamiltonii is a species of turtle found in South Asia.

Sources

Reptiles of Pakistan
Turtles of Asia
Modern database systems are governed by the ACID principle. In that context, several operations can be grouped into what is called a transaction. From the outside, there are two points in time: before the transaction, and after the transaction. If one operation of this transaction fails, the whole transaction will. In other words: Either all the operations are done, or none is. An example of an atomic transaction is a monetary transfer from bank account A to account B.

References 
Computer science
Reed-Solomon error correction is a forward error correction code. It works by  oversampling a polynomial constructed from the data. The polynomial is evaluated at several points, and these values are sent or recorded. Sampling the polynomial more often than is necessary makes the polynomial over-determined. As long as it receives "many" of the points correctly, the receiver can recover the original polynomial even in the presence of a "few" bad points. 

Reed-Solomon codes are used in many different kinds of commercial applications, for example in CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray Discs, in data transmission technologies such as DSL & WiMAX, and broadcast systems such as DVB and ATSC.
Overview 
Reed-Solomon codes are block codes. This means that a fixed block of input data is processed
into a fixed block of output data. In the case of the most commonly used R-S code (255, 223) – 223 Reed-Solomon input symbols (each eight bits long) are encoded into 255 output symbols.
 Most R-S ECC schemes are systematic. This means that some portion of the output codeword contains the input data in its original form.
 A Reed-Solomon symbol size of eight bits was chosen because the decoders for larger symbol sizes would be difficult to implement with current technology. This design choice forces the longest codeword length to be 255 symbols.
 The standard (255, 223) Reed-Solomon code is capable of correcting up to 16 Reed-Solomon symbol errors in each codeword. Since each symbol is actually eight bits, this means that the code can correct up to 16 short bursts of error due to the inner convolutional decoder.
The Reed-Solomon code, like the convolutional code, is a transparent code. This means that if
the channel symbols have been inverted somewhere along the line, the decoders will still
operate. The result will be the complement of the original data. However, the Reed-Solomon
code loses its transparency if virtual zero fill is used. For this reason it is mandatory that the
sense of the data (i.e., true or complemented) be resolved before Reed-Solomon decoding.

In the case of the Voyager program R-S codes reach near optimal performance when concatenated with the (7, 1/2) convolutional (Viterbi) inner code. Since two check symbols are required for each error to be corrected, this results in a total of 32 check symbols and 223 information symbols per codeword.
In addition, the Reed-Solomon codewords can be interleaved on a symbol basis before being
convolutionally encoded. Since this separates the symbols in a codeword, it becomes less likely
that a burst from the Viterbi decoder disturbs more than one Reed-Solomon symbol in any one
codeword.

Basic idea 
The key idea behind a Reed-Solomon code is that the data encoded is first visualized as a polynomial. The code relies on a theorem from algebra that states that any k distinct points uniquely determine a polynomial of degree at most k-1. 

The sender determines a degree  polynomial, over a finite field, that represents the  data points. The polynomial is then "encoded" by its evaluation at various points, and these values are what is actually sent. During transmission, some of these values may become corrupted. Therefore, more than k points are actually sent. As long as enough values are received correctly, the receiver can deduce what the original polynomial was, and decode the original data.
In the same sense that one can correct a curve by interpolating past a gap, a Reed-Solomon code can bridge a series of errors in a block of data to recover the coefficients of the polynomial that drew the original curve.

History 
The code was invented in 1960 by Irving S. Reed and Gustave Solomon, who were then members of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Their seminal article was entitled "Polynomial Codes over Certain Finite Fields."  When it was written, digital technology was not advanced enough to implement the concept. The first application, in 1982, of RS codes in mass-produced products was the compact disc, where two interleaved RS codes are used. An efficient decoding algorithm for large-distance RS codes was developed by Elwyn Berlekamp and James Massey in 1969. Today RS codes are used in hard disk drive, DVD, telecommunication, and digital broadcast protocols.

Computer science
Mathematics
GNU Parted is a free computer program for creating, destroying, resizing, checking, and copying partitions, and the file systems on them. This is useful for creating space for new operating systems, reorganising hard disk usage, copying data between hard disks, and disk imaging. It was written by Andrew Clausen and Lennert Buytenhek.

Graphical frontends 

GParted is a graphical program using the parted libraries. It is adapted for GTK+. It is often included as utility on many live CD distributions to make partitioning easier.

Linux software
Continuum is the 3rd studio album by rock musician John Mayer. The album was released in September 2006. The album holds singles by John Mayer like "Waiting on the World to Change", "Gravity", and "Belief".

Album 
The album features mainly new songs, though "Gravity" and "Vultures" are available in live versions from John Mayer Trio's Try!, and "Bold as Love", which is a Jimi Hendrix cover: the first Hendrix cover that Mayer has ever recorded as a studio release (although Mayer has recorded other Hendrix songs over time in live settings such as "The Wind Cries Mary" and "Wait Until Tomorrow"). (Mayer had played "Bold as Love" live many times prior to the release of Continuum such as on the televised Tsunami Aid: A Concert of Hope which aired on January 15, 2005.) The album contains a collaboration between Mayer and 8-string guitarist Charlie Hunter on the song "In Repair".
Singles 
 "Dreaming With a Broken Heart" (2007)
 "Waiting on the World to Change" (2007)
 "Gravity" (2007)
 "Belief" (2006)
 "Say" (only on the re-release) (2008)

Track listing 
 "Waiting on the World to Change" - 3:20
 "I Don't Trust Myself (With Loving You)" - 4:52
 "Belief" - 4:02
 "Gravity" - 4:05
 "The Heart of Life" - 3:18
 "Vultures" - 4:10
 "Stop This Train" - 4:45
 "Slow Dancing in a Burning Room" - 4:02
 "Bold as Love" - 4:18
 "Dreaming With a Broken Heart" - 4:05
 "In Repair" - 6:00
 "I'm Gonna Find Another You" - 2:43

Discography 
Album
 2002 - Room for Squares
 2003 - Heavier Things
 2006 - Continuum

Charts and certifications

References 

2006 albums
The Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) named after William Roxburgh, is a pine native to the Himalayas. It has little green needle type leaves.

Plants of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Conifers
Ulmus villosa (Brandis ex Gamble, the Cherry-bark Elm) is one of the more distinctive Asiatic elms. It can live a long time.

Plants of Asia
Ulmaceae
Transformers are make-believe robots that are made by a toy company named Hasbro. In the story, they come from a planet called Cybertron. There are two main types of Transformers. These are the Autobots, the good guys, and the Decepticons, the bad guys. The leader of the Autobots is named Optimus Prime, and the leader of the Decepticons is named Megatron. Transformers can transform into different things like cars, planes, guns, and animals. Transformers were first made in 1984. There have been many different Transformers toys and stories since then.

Generation One (1984–1992)
In 1986, a Transformers movie was made. It was called The Transformers: the Movie and was a story about the future. In the story, it is the year 2005. Optimus Prime is killed by Megatron, and a new Autobot called Ultra Magnus becomes the new Autobot leader. The Autobots have to stop a planet-eating monster called Unicron, who can also transform into a giant robot. Unicron also meets Megatron and gives him a new body and a new name, and he becomes Galvatron. At the end of the movie, Unicron is destroyed.

The TV show also told the story of the year 2005. We learn that the Transformers were once robot slaves who had to work for aliens called Quintessons. The Autobots did not like being slaves, so they chased the Quintessons away from Cybertron. Kids liked Optimus Prime and were sad that he died, so the writers made a story in which he came back to life. In Japan, the TV show continued with new cartoons that were not seen in America.
The comic book was still being made after the TV show ended. Many robots who were not seen in the cartoon were in the comic book, like Darkwing and Skids. There was even a story about how the Transformers met G.I. Joe, another Hasbro toy line.

Beast Wars and Beast Machines (1996–2001) 

Beast Wars was about Transformers who could turn into animals. They looked like real animals, but they were robots in disguise. The good guys were called Maximals, and their leader was Optimus Primal. The bad guys were called Predacons, and their leader's name was Megatron. (He was a different Megatron from the Decepticon leader.) In the story, the Maximals and Predacons crashed on Earth a very long time ago, but they did not know where they were. Also, there was too much energy on the planet and it hurt their bodies. They turned into animals to protect themselves from the energy. They could only turn into robots for a short time before the energy started to hurt them.
Later in the story, many of the robots turn into Transmetals, which means they looked like robot animals instead of real animals. The Predacons find out they are on Earth, and Megatron tries to find the Autobots and Decepticons, who are on a space ship called the Ark. Megatron tries to kill Optimus Prime, who is still sleeping, so that he can change the future.

There was another show called Beast Machines that continues the story that started in Beast Wars. At the end of Beast Wars, the Maximals tried to catch Megatron. At the beginning of Beast Machines, he escapes and takes control over Cybertron. There are only four Maximals left and Megatron tries to stop them. Megatron creates new robots called Vehicons, who try to catch the Maximals. Later, we learn that the Vehicons are really Maximals or Predacons that Megatron caught and tried to control. In the story, we also learn that even though Cybertron is a dead, metal planet, it used to be a living planet like Earth.
Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Toys
The hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) is a tropical bird found in swamps, river forests, and mangroves of the Amazon and the Orinoco delta in South America.

They are the only bird which eats leaves as a main part of their diet. Their gut has special adaptations which help their digestion.

The hoatzin is also notable for having young with claws on two of their wing digits. They are the only living member of the family Opisthocomidae. Its close relatives probably died out long ago. There has been much debate about the hoatzin's relationships with other birds.

Life-style 
Hoatzin chicks are born with hooks on their wings. They use the hooks to climb around in the trees before they are large enough to fly. Hoatzins can fly only short distances even when they are fully grown, so they usually climb.
They build their nests over water. If danger threatens, the birds dive into the water. They climb back up the tree after the danger has passed.
Hoatzins communicate through unusual sounds that resemble wheezing, grunting, growls, and hisses.

Digestion 
The hoatzin is the only bird that digests leaves. Their odor has been compared to fresh cow dung. The odor is caused by their digestive system.