Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
One of Carr's most famous paintings is The Raven.  The Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design was named after her and two schools are also named after her.  She is considered one of Canada's most famous artists.

References

1871 births
1945 deaths
Canadian painters
People from Victoria, British Columbia
Writers from British Columbia
"Hatikvah" (, , meaning "The Hope") is a Jewish folk song that is the national anthem of Israel. The words of the song were written by Naftali Herz Imber in 1877, and about a decade later, his words were put to music by Shmuel Cohen. The words of the song are based on a longer poem written by Imber himself.

Background
The song tells about the Jews' two-thousand-year-old hope of returning to their homeland of Israel. The words of the song are based on a nine-stanza poem called "Tikvatenu" (,  , meaning "Our Hope"), which was written by Imber himself. "Hatikvah" uses only the first stanza and the refrain of Imber's poem. The last line of the refrain was changed, and the words were put to music. The music is from a very old and popular folk song that Samuel Cohen, a Jew born in Spain, found himself humming one day. It is played in a minor key. The words to the song are about the Jews' hope that one day their sadness will be turned into joy.

Lyrics

English translations

References
References

Other websites
Hatikvah performed by Xander Greene
Hatikvah on guitar
Hatikva by Enrico Macias
MIDI versions

Israeli music
1870s songs
Asian anthems
National symbols of Israel
Virology is the study of viruses such as the cold virus.

Virologists are responsible for many immunisations against common viruses like the common influenza (Flu) and things like chickenpox and smallpox.

Related pages
DNA virus
RNA virus
Retrovirus
Vaccine
The Stanley Cup is a trophy given to the champion of the National Hockey League (NHL) every year.

It was bought by Lord Stanley, the Governor General of Canada, in 1892, for $50.  The first team to win it was the Montreal A.A.A. in 1893.  Other teams could challenge for it. By 1915, it was awarded on a yearly basis.

The names of players and others such as coaches are put on the cup every year.  As a result, the NHL had to make the cup bigger, by adding layers to the bottom.  When the first cup was full of names, they made a copy of it, which is now what is awarded.

Today, there are 32 teams in the NHL who each play 82 regular season ice hockey games per year. 16 teams make the playoffs every year; these teams are made up of the top 3 teams from each division by regular season points as well as 2 wildcard teams from each conference . There are 4 best of 7 ice hockey playoff rounds that a team must win to win the Stanley Cup.
The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times, the most of any team.  They also won the most in a row:  five between 1955-56 and 1959-60.

Henri Richard of the Montreal Canadiens appears the most on the Stanley Cup, 11 times.

The Stanley Cup was not awarded in 2005:  there was no NHL season because of a labour disagreement.  It was not awarded in 1919, either, because of the influenza epidemic.
Recent Stanley Cup winners 
 2023 Vegas Golden Knights
 2022 Colorado Avalanche
 2021 Tampa Bay Lightning
 2020 Tampa Bay Lightning
 2019 St. Louis Blues
 2018 Washington Capitals
 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins
 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins
 2015 Chicago Blackhawks
 2014  Los Angeles Kings
 2013  Chicago Blackhawks
 2012  Los Angeles Kings
 2011  Boston Bruins
 2010  Chicago Blackhawks
 2009  Pittsburgh Penguins
 2008  Detroit Red Wings
 2007  Anaheim Ducks
 2006  Carolina Hurricanes
 2005  Season cancelled
 2004  Tampa Bay Lightning
 2003  New Jersey Devils
 2002  Detroit Red Wings
 2001  Colorado Avalanche
 2000  New Jersey Devils
 1999  Dallas Stars
 1998  Detroit Red Wings
 1997  Detroit Red Wings
 1996  Colorado Avalanche
 1995  New Jersey Devils
 1994  New York Rangers
 1993  Montreal Canadiens
 1992  Pittsburgh Penguins
 1991  Pittsburgh Penguins
 1990  Edmonton Oilers
 1989  Calgary Flames
 1988  Edmonton Oilers
 1987  Edmonton Oilers
 1986  Montreal Canadiens
 1985  Edmonton Oilers
 1984  Edmonton Oilers
1983  New York Islanders
 1982  New York Islanders
 1981  New York Islanders
 1980  New York Islanders
 1979  Montreal Canadiens
 1978  Montreal Canadiens
 1977  Montreal Canadiens
 1976  Montreal Canadiens
 1975  Philadelphia Flyers
 1974  Philadelphia Flyers
 1973  Montreal Canadiens
 1972  Boston Bruins
 1971  Montreal Canadiens
 1970  Boston Bruins
 1969  Montreal Canadiens
 1968  Montreal Canadiens
 1967  Toronto Maple Leafs
Ice hockey trophies and awards
National Hockey League trophies and awards
Militarization is when society gets ready for war and violence. It is connected to militarism, which is a belief that a country should have a strong military. The process of militarization affects many different parts of society and is complex.

Geopolitical 

The amount of danger that is thought to exist affects how much a country needs to be able to fight and protect itself. If a country does not feel like it is in danger, for example: Canada, it might not have as big of a military or as many weapons. But in Israel, because there is a risk of attack from other countries nearby, the military and defense are important and get a lot of money and people.
This danger could come from:
Other countries being more powerful (like in Europe before World War I)
 Terrorism, countries that don't follow international laws, weapons of mass destruction and state terrorism (governments that use violence to control their or other governments people)
 Interests of a country being threatened, like control of an area with a lot of oil, or stopping an idea that is different from the country's own ideas (like how the USA used CIA to weaken governments that were communist)

Political
Political 

Militaristic ideas are used in non-military situations. For example, when President Lyndon B. Johnson talked about fighting poverty, and President Richard Nixon talked about fighting drugs, they were not talking about real wars with an enemy that can be defeated. They were talking about how much work, effort, and dedication is needed to solve these problems. Sometimes, politicians use militaristic ideas when they create teams of government workers to solve important political or social problems. These teams are often called "task forces." Using militaristic ideas can also help politicians to have more power, because in war time, the leader of the country has more power than usual.

Police
Police 

Militarization of police means when police officers use military equipment and tactics. This includes things like armored vehicles, assault rifles, sniper rifles, grenades, and SWAT teams. It is also connected to when police gather information on the public and political activists in the same way as intelligence agencies and when police use more aggressive methods. A criminal justice professor named Peter Kraska defines the militarization of police as when the police start to act more like the military and follow their ways of doing things.

See also 

 Militarism
 Martial law

References 

Military
The tour lasts about three weeks. At the end of each day's race the leader is given a yellow shirt, the best sprinter is given a green shirt, and the best rider in the mountain races is given a polka dot jersey. He is sometimes called the King of the Mountains. The best young rider, who must be under 26, gets a white jersey. The winner is the one who finishes the race to Paris in the fastest time. There is a lot of prize money for the teams of the winners of the Tour, but the winner of each day's race also gets prize money.

Related pages
 List of Tour de France winners

1903 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in France
Joseph Smith, Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was the founder and first president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He and five associates formally organized the Church in Fayette, New York on April 6, 1830. He presided over the Church until his was martyred. 

Joseph Smith married Emma Hale on January 18, 1827. They were married 17 years, they were the parents of 11 children, 2 were adopted. Joseph and Emma's first 3 children passed away shortly after their birth. In 1831, they adopted twins, one of which, a boy, died before his first birthday. Over the next 12 years, Emma gave birth to six sons, four of them survived infancy and their youngest child was born five months after Joseph's death.
Joseph and his older brother Hyrum were shot to death on 27 June 1844 by a mob of 150 to 200 men. They had been imprisoned in an Illinois jail on false charges of riot and treason after surrendering themselves to the law. Joseph was 38; Hyrum was 44. On 28 June, the bodies of Joseph and Hyrum were prepared and laid out for the estimated 10,000 mourners to view, and on the following day were buried secretly to avoid further attacks or desecration by mobs.

Book of Mormon 
When Joseph Smith was 17 years old, an angel named Moroni.  appeared to him one night and told him about a hidden record containing the sacred history of an ancient American civilization.

Shortly after Joseph married Emma Hale an angelic messenger entrusted Joseph with gold plates and an Urim and Thummim to aid in the translation of the Book of Mormon. God provided a Urim and Thummim to His prophets in ancient times (see Exodus 28:30; 1 Samuel 28:6; Ezra 2:63).
When the Book of Mormon was almost finished, the Lord instructed Joseph Smith to formally organize a church. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, was established on April 6, 1830. Joseph published the Book of Mormon, which is a compilation of ancient scripture and is comparable to the Bible.

Mormon Church 
On April 6, 1830, he started The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is often called the Mormon Church. Joseph Smith said that God wanted him to be a prophet and teach other people the things that he learned from God. This church still exists today, with millions of members around the world.

Joseph Smith taught some things that some people did not like. He said that other churches were only partly true. He also said that men could have more than one wife if God commanded them, just like was taught in the Old Testament of the Bible. The Mormons also did not always get along with their neighbors.
Death
Joseph and his older brother Hyrum were shot to death on 27 June 1844 by a mob of 150 to 200 men. They had been imprisoned in an Illinois jail on false charges of riot and treason after surrendering themselves to the law. Joseph was 38; Hyrum was 44. On 28 June, the bodies of Joseph and Hyrum were prepared and laid out for the estimated 10,000 mourners to view, and on the following day were buried secretly to avoid further attacks or desecration by mobs.

References

1805 births
1844 deaths
American Latter Day Saint leaders
Anastasia or Anastacia [an-uh-stey-zhuh, ah-nuh-stah-shuh; Russian uh-nuh-stah-syi-yuh] is a Female name that comes from the Koine Greek. In English, it means "She who shall rise up again", but it is also used to mean "resurrection". The name, and its similar male name, Anastasius, were given to children born during Easter in the early years of Christianity.Ranked #181 in the nation for newborn prevalence in 2021.

The names "Stacey" (also spelled "Stacie", "Stacy" or "Stacee"), "Tasia", and "Stasia" are short for Anastasia. The name “Nastya” are also common shortname for those named Anastasia. 

It is also the name of several important women in history.
Anastasia, daughter of Constantius I (a Roman emperor) and Flavia Maximiana Theodora
 Anastacia of Russia (died 1560), married to Ivan the Terrible
 Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (1901-1918), daughter of Nicholas II of Russia.
 Eugenia Smith said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
 Anna Anderson said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
 Anastasia is the title of a movie telling the story of a pretender to the identity of the Grand Duchess.
 An animated movie version of the story was made in 1997.
 Albert Anastasia (1902-1957) was a Mafia boss who headed Murder, Inc. with Louis Buchalter.
Anastasia is also the name of:
 
 a 1956 song by Alfred Newman and Paul Francis Webster
 an American pop singer (a.k.a. Anastacia Newkirk) from Chicago, Illinois
 a music band from Macedonia
 a play
 Anastasia Myskina,a professional tennis player from Russia.
 Anastasia Zavorotnyuk,a Russian actress and television presenter
 Anastasia Verkhoglyadova,Russian water polo player
 Anastasia Gorshkova, is a designer and sculptor, known in professional circles

References

Given names
Types of bands
A rock band is usually a group of 4 people with 1 or 2 electric guitars, a bass guitar, a drum kit and a singer. Some rock bands have only 3 members, like Rush.
A brass band is a group of about 20 - 30 people with brass instruments and drums.
A concert band is a large group of 20 - 60 people with woodwind instruments, brass instruments, drums and percussion instruments.
A marching band has similar instruments to the concert band. Instead of sitting down to play, they march in parades or at American football matches.
A folk band uses traditional styles of music from around the world. It can include a guitar, violin, tin whistle, flute, accordion, lagerphone and tea chest bass, and many other makeshift instruments. A lagerphone is a percussion instrument which uses bottle tops to make a sound. A tea chest bass is a one string instrument that uses a large wooden tea box to make the sound louder.

References

Other websites

 
Basic English 850 words
About 86 per cent of Nicaraguans are European (but not limited to Spanish) or mixed European and of native ancestry. Most Nicaraguans have Spanish ancestors, but the 19th century saw several waves of immigration from other European countries (mainly from Germany). Most of the Mestizo and European population live in the western and central regions of the country and especially in the cities of Managua, Leon and Granada.

About 9 per cent of Nicaragua's population is black or afro-nicaragüense and they are concentrated in the country's eastern coast, and were brought mostly from Jamaica and Haiti when the region was a British protectorate. There is also a smaller number of Garifuna, a people of mixed African, Caribbean, Angolan, Congoan and Arawak descent.
Just 5 per cent of the population are of pure native descent. Nicaragua's pre-Columbian population consisted of the Nahuatl-speaking Nicarao people of the west, and six ethnic groups including the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos in the Caribbean region. While very few pure-blooded Nicarao people still exist, the Caribbean peoples have remained distinct. In the mid-1980s, the government divided the eastern half of the country - the former department of Zelaya - into two autonomous regions and granted the African and indigenous people of the region limited self-rule.

There is also a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrian, Armenian, Palestinian and Lebanese people in Nicaragua with a total population of about 30,000, and an East Asian community of Japanese, Taiwanese and Chinese people of almost 8,000. The minorities speak Spanish and maintain their ancestral languages as well.
Spanish is spoken by about 90% of Nicaraguans; the Nicaraguan dialect has many similarities to Galician, and also has similarities to Argentinian Spanish which uses "vos" instead of "tu", along with the "vos" conjugation. The black population of the east coast region has English as its first language. Several indigenous peoples of the east still use their original languages.

Roman Catholicism is the major religion, but evangelical Protestant groups have grown recently, and there are strong Anglican and Moravian communities on the Caribbean coast. 0.1% of Nicaragua is Buddhist and the religion has been growing in recent years.

Ninety per cent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific and central lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands. The population is 54% urban.

Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (9 December 1920 in Livorno, Italy – 16 September 2016 in Rome, Italy) was the 10th President of the Italian Republic. His work started in 1999 and ended in 2006. He was followed by Giorgio Napolitano

He is appreciated very much by the Italian people because of his equality and rightness.

Since 1979 he had been President of the Bank of Italy, but his task ended in 1993.

He was also Prime Minister of the Italian government, but his task lasted just a few months, because it was just a technical government,which purpose was to lead the country in a moment of difficulties.

Ciampi died at a hospital in Rome from multiple organ failure caused by pneumonia, aged 95.

References

.

1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Deaths from pneumonia
People from Livorno
Politicians from Tuscany
Presidents of Italy
Prime Ministers of Italy
Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Barry Sadler (November 1, 1940 – November 5, 1989) was an American soldier, songwriter and writer. In 1966, He recorded a song called "The Ballad of The Green Berets". It was the biggest selling song that year. He later helped write the "Casca" series of books. He died after being shot in the head by a robber.

American singer-songwriters
Writers from New Mexico
Military people from New Mexico
Singers from New Mexico
1940 births
1989 deaths
Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra. She is best known for the song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'".

She had a younger brother, Frank Sinatra, Jr. and has a younger sister, Tina Sinatra.

References 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
Frank Sinatra
The Rascals (formerly known as The Young Rascals) were an American pop-soul group popular in the 1960s.

They are known for their songs: Good Lovin', Groovin', A Beautiful Morning, and People Got To Be Free. Their members were: Felix Cavaliere (lead vocals and keyboard), Eddie Brigati (vocals), Gene Cornish (guitar) and Dino Danelli (drums).

Dino Danelli died on December the 15, 2022, at the age of 78 years old. He died from an illness in a hospice in New York.

Other websites

Rascals, the
Soul bands
Musical groups from New Jersey
Percy Sledge (November 25, 1940 – April 14, 2015) was an American R&B singer. He was born in Leighton, Alabama. He was best known for his song "When a Man Loves a Woman".

Sledge died of liver cancer in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, aged 74.

References

Other websites

[ Percy Sledge] at Allmusic
Percy Sledge at Discogs

1940 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
singers from Alabama
Tommy Roe (born May 9, 1942) is an American singer and guitarist. He was popular in the 1960s. His best known songs were "Sweet Pea" and "Dizzy".

Singers from Atlanta
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
American guitarists
1942 births
Living people
The Box Tops were a 1960s pop music group, from Memphis, Tennessee. Their best known songs are "The Letter" and "Cry Like A Baby".

Discography

Albums 
 The Letter/Neon Rainbow (November 1967) – US #82
 Cry Like a Baby (April 1968) – US #59
 Non-Stop (July 1968)
 Dimensions (September 1969) – US #77
 Tear Off! (1998)

Compilations 
 Super Hits (December 1968) – US #45
 The Box Tops' Greatest Hits (1982)
 The Ultimate Box Tops (1987)
 The Best of the Box Tops – Soul Deep (1996)
 Playlist (2013)

American rock bands
Soul bands
Musical groups established in 1967
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Tennessee
Lulu can mean:

 Lulu (singer), a pop music singer
 Lulu (opera), an opera, written by the 20th century Austrian composer Alban Berg
 Lulu (album), a 2011 album from Metallica and Lou Reed
Ludwigslust, a town in Mecklenburg, Germany, nicknamed Lulu
James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th president of the United States. He only served one term as president. Before he was president, he was Speaker of the House of Representatives (1835–1839) and the governor of Tennessee (1839–1841).

Early life
James Knox Polk was born on November 2, 1795 in Pineville, North Carolina. His parents were Samuel Polk and Jane Gracey Polk. James’ father was an American surveyor, slave owner, planter, and businessman. It is unknown what his mother did. It is thought she was a housewife. He was very sickly as a child, so he did not do much farm work. He had surgery at 17 years old to remove bladder stones. Anesthesia was not invented yet, so he was awake the entire surgery. He was in a debate club in college. Polk studied law under a leading Nashville lawyer. He then worked as a lawyer and a statesman. He married Sarah Childress on January 1, 1824. They had no children together.
James Knox Polk was nominated by the Democratic party and was elected as the 11th President of the United States. He was inaugurated on Tuesday, March 4, 1845 and George M. Dallas was sworn in as the vice president. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney swore in the president. During James’ 4 years in office, he accomplished many things. One event was reestablishment of the Independent Treasury System. Another important act was the reduction of tariffs. Polk also gained Oregon territory to the 49th parallel. The most important accomplishment of James K. Polk was westward expansion. He acquired more than 800,000 square miles of western territory. James K. Polk acquired this throughout the Mexican–American War. He was influenced by Andrew Jackson. James supported Jackson’s plan to dismantle the Bank of United States and replace it with a decentralized government banking system. James accomplished his 4 major goals throughout his presidency
. His faults were: he held slaves;and his good intentioned territorial expansion (accidentally) helped pave the road to War Between the States maybe that's why Polk High School (married with children) has his name
James K Polk became a private citizen at the end of his 4 years in office. He and his wife decided to move to their Nashville home in Nashville, Tennessee because they wanted to retire and live a quiet life. Instead of directly returning to Tennessee, the Polks decided to tour the Southern states. Along the way he gave many speeches to the public. Within two weeks, James’ health suffered from the strains of travel. As the trip continued, the Polks were often forced to stop along the way to allow James to rest. The rest did not help. After arriving at their Nashville home, James Polk again fell ill and complained of horrible stomach pains.  This time James had a serious disease called cholera. At the age of 53, James Knox Polk died on June 15, 1849. On his deathbed James asked his wife to free their slaves when she died. Sarah lived 42 more years and the Civil War freed their slaves long before she died
. He was first buried at the Nashville City Cemetery then moved to his Nashville home but was later moved to the Tennessee state capitol after his Nashville home was later sold. He had the shortest retirement of any president, dying only three months after leaving office.
References

Other websites
 Polk's White House biography 

1795 births
1849 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in Tennessee
Deaths from cholera
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
 
United States representatives from Tennessee
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Politicians from North Carolina
19th-century American politicians
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr.  (born March 31, 1948) is a former American politician. He was the 45th vice president of the United States under Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001. Before that, he was a U.S. senator and a congressman for Tennessee. He is a Democrat.

He was chosen as the Democratic nominee of the 2000 United States presidential election, but lost the electoral vote to Republican candidate George W. Bush because of Florida and the US Supreme Court ruling a 5-4 favor of Bush. He was supposed to be president before the supreme court decision.  Gore got more votes, though.

After the election, Gore became an activist focusing on climate change. Gore won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.
Early life
Albert Gore, Jr. was born at Columbia Hospital for Women in Washington, D.C. He is the second of two children. His father, Albert A. Gore Sr. was a Senator for Tennessee and congressman. His mother, Pauline LaFon Gore was one of the first women to have graduated from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century, and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War. At least two of these ancestors, Jacob Waggoner and Lewis Stunston, owned slaves. Gore was brought up in both Washington and Tennessee. His older sister was Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984.
Political career
Gore was a Representative from 1977 to 1985 and a Senator from 1985 to 1993. In 1988 he ran for president for the first time, but lost to Michael Dukakis in the Democratic primary. In 1993, he became vice president to Bill Clinton. He ran for president in 2000, but lost to George W. Bush (many people still argue this). Even though he lost the race, Gore won in the popular vote by over 500,000 votes.

After the vice presidency
Gore is now a businessman, and runs and works for several companies, including Generation Investment Management, Google, Apple, and TV channel Current.

He is also a fighter for issues involving the environment.  He released a movie in 2006 about global warming and climate change called An Inconvenient Truth, which was based on a slide show he had given to millions of people.  In 2007, Gore won the Nobel Peace Prize which he shared with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Potential 2016 presidential campaign
Interest in having Gore run for the 2016 Presidential election arose in 2014 and again in 2015. Gore did not run in 2016 and has expressed no interest to run in future elections.

Personal life
He currently lives in Nashville and was married to Tipper for 40 years. In June 2010, they filed for divorce. The Gores have 4 children and 2 grandchildren.

References

1948 births
Living people
American Nobel Prize winners
American war correspondents
Green thinkers
Webby Award winners
United States senators from Tennessee
United States representatives from Tennessee
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
1988 United States presidential candidates
2000 United States presidential candidates
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
American bloggers
Pumpkinhead II: Blood Wings is a 1994 movie about a young boy named Tommy, a misfit and deformed teenager who had no friends.

Plot

One day, Tommy is killed by a gang of bad boys from his home town for no reason at all. Miss Ossie was an old lady who used to take care of Tommy from the very beginning. When the young boy is killed, she decides to bury him in her backyard as a way to keep him around anyway. Several years later in the 1990s, a bunch of teenagers go to Miss Ossie's house and they do something that brings Tommy back to life. Some kind of spelling that resurrect the deformed kid. For some reason, Tommy comes back as an angry and even more grotesque creature who wants to take revenge on the people who killed him in the past and innocent people as well.

Other websites 
 

1994 horror movies
American horror movies
English-language movies
THX 1138 is a 1971 movie and was the first feature movie directed by George Lucas and executive produced by Francis Ford Coppola and Coppola's production company American Zoetrope.

It was based on a short film Lucas made in college in 1967 called Electric Labyrinth THX 1138 4EB.

Other websites 
 

1971 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
1970s English-language movies
Dystopian movies
Movies directed by George Lucas
Warner Bros. movies
Movies about mind control
Movies about rebellions
Movies about security and surveillance
Bats are mammals in the order Chiroptera. Bats are nocturnal – they are active during the night, dusk, or dawn and they sleep during the day.

Most use echolocation to catch prey and to find their way about. As nighttime animals, bats avoid direct competition with birds, few of which are nocturnal.

Bats usually live in caves or trees. In North America and in Europe they sometimes live in people's houses or barns. They are protected animals in the UK.

Bats are a successful group. They are the second largest order of mammals: there are more than 1,400 species of bats. This means that 20% of all living mammal species – one in five – are bats.

About 70% of bats are insectivores, which is the basal form of life for this group. The common pipistrelle is a successful example. Most of the rest are fruit-eaters (fruit bats). A few species suck blood, and a few large ones are carnivorous.
Bats live everywhere except the Arctic, Antarctic and a few oceanic islands. They usually roost in caves, old buildings, or trees.

Traditionally, bats are divided into two groups. Microbats mostly use echo-location and catch insects, but just a few eat fish or drink blood. Megabats do not echolocate, but instead eat fruit or nectar.

Most of the bats are well known for their uncanny capability to fly in dark places. Most bats use sound to navigate during the night by echolocation. Bats can fly and find their food by listening to the outcoming echoes and sending out high-frequency squeaks even in total darkness.

Taxonomy  
 Order Chiroptera
 Megabats (Megachiroptera)
 Microbats (Microchiroptera)
The phylogenetic relationships of the different groups of bats have been the subject of much debate. The traditional subdivision between Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera reflects the view that these groups of bats have evolved independently of each other for a long time, from a common ancestor which was already capable of flight.

The hypothesis was that flight only evolved once in mammals. Most molecular biological evidence supports the view that bats form a single or monophyletic group.

Palaeontology
Palaeontology

Fossil bats
There are few fossilized remains of bats, as bats are terrestrial and light-boned. An Eocene bat, Onychonycteris, was found in the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation in Wyoming, United States, in 2003. It could fly, but the well-preserved skeleton showed the cochlea of the inner ear could not achieve the great hearing ability of modern bats. This was evidence that flight in bats developed before echolocation. The team said it lacked ear and throat features not only of echolocating bats today, but also in other known fossil species. Fossil remains of other Eocene bats, Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Palaeochiropteryx, Hassianycteris and Australonycteris all show a similar mixture of basal and derived traits, as expected by mosaic evolution.
All Eocene bats had long tails. This feature is also found in early flying insects in the Carboniferous, in early pterosaurs and in Archaeopteryx and other dinobirds. The tail helped to keep their flight stable, which means it kept on course, and did not dart about much. To dart about quickly requires special advanced brains and reflexes, which later bats, birds and pterosaurs had, but early ones did not. It requires more brains to control unstable flight than it does for stable flight. That early bats had long tails was predicted by John Maynard Smith before any fossil early bats were found.
Onychonycteris had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches such as sloths and gibbons. This palm-sized bat had broad, short wings, suggesting it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, Onychonycteris likely alternated between flaps and glides while in the air. Such physical characteristics suggest this bat did not fly as much as modern bats do, rather flying from tree to tree and spending most of its waking day climbing or hanging on the branches of trees.

Adaptations

Echolocation 
An interesting thing about bats is that even though they can see with their eyes, they also use their ears to help them 'see' in the dark. Because of this, they can fly into very dark places where no eye could see. This way of sensing is called echolocation. Echolocation means they use echoes to find where things are.
Echolocation is like sonar, which submarines and ships use to find things underwater. This is how it works: when a bat flies, it makes lots of sounds. We cannot hear these sounds (they are too high-pitched), but bats can hear them. Biologists have instruments to record them, and then play them back at a lower frequency so humans can hear them.

When a bat makes its noises, the sound waves move away from the bat. If they hit something, they bounce back to the bat (this bounce is called an echo.) If nothing bounces back, the bat knows there is nothing in front. They use this echolocation to catch their food, like butterflies or dragonflies. When a bat begins its nightly exploration, it usually sends out about 10 calls per second. From the echo they know what is in front. When they get an echo from something good to eat, the calls increase up to 200 calls per second. This increase of sounds is called a feeding buzz. The bat makes a feeding buzz to sense all the quick moves of the insect it is trying to catch.
Hearing and understanding the echoes that go back to the bat takes special structures in the bat's brain. Because of this, many scientists, doctors, and even the U.S. army study bats carefully. The U.S. army spends hundreds of thousands of dollars every year to study echolocation in bats.

Bats also have reasonably good eyesight, and can see their prey and where they are flying if it's not too dark. There are lots of stories about bats flying right into people, but this is not true. They can see in the light very well, and in the dark, they can see much better than us. So the expression "blind as a bat" is not very scientific.
Communication 
Some bats use echolocation to communicate with each other to find food in groups. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior studied the bat Molossus molossus, which hunts insects in groups. They found the bats could understand echolocation noises made by other bats and even tell which other bat in their group had made the sound, like people recognizing each other's voices.

Bat wings 
Bats fly with their hands. In fact, the name of the order of bats, Chiropetera, means 'hand-wings' in Greek.

Bat and bird wings are different. Birds do not have long finger-like bones in their wings like bats. Birds can not move each of their fingers, but bats can. Because of this, bats can change their direction while flying or fly in any pattern they want: this makes it easier to catch their food. A bat flies as if they are "swimming" through the air – pushing both wings down and backward.
A bird's wing has lots of feathers, while a bat's wing is mostly a stretchy, thin skin called a patagium. This thin membrane of skin stretches between each finger bone, connects to the bat's ankle, and connects to the bat's tail (if it has one). A bat folds its wings next to its body when not flying.

Bats have one claw (sometimes called a bat thumb) that sticks out of the top of the wing. They use their "thumb" to climb and crawl. Interestingly, bats also use their thumbs to clean their ears.

Bats' wings have a lot of maneuverability (they can change direction quickly) – more so than a bird, in fact – but they do not have a lot of lift. Because of this, bats usually have to climb up onto a tree or jump up into the air for the boost before they start flapping their wings.
Immune system
Even though bats are very small, they live a long time.  Some bats can live forty years.  Scientists think this is because their immune systems are very good at fighting viruses.  Bats fight viruses without having inflammation in their bodies. Doctors think inflammation causes harm to the body, so they think this could be why bats live a long time.

Because bats rest in large groups with many other bats, they can pass diseases to each other easily.  This means that over thousands of generations, viruses and other germs have placed selective pressure on bats, killing bats with weak immune systems and leaving bats with good immune systems to survive and have young.

Many viruses that start in bats later change and become dangerous diseases in humans, for example Ebola and SARS-CoV-2.

Food 
Megabats eat fruit, nectar or pollen. They pollinate flowers and sometimes spread their seeds. Many tropical plants completely depend on bats.
Most microbats (7 out of 10 bat species) are insectivorous, that is, they eat insects. Some microbats eat small vertebrate animals (small mammals or fish), blood, or even other bats. There are only a few species of vampire bats, which eat blood from cattle.

Resting position 
Most bats rest, sleep and hibernate in an upside-down position. They hang on to branches or rocks with their feet. To do this they have a locking mechanism on the tendons in their feet which stops them from slipping. The energy they spend hanging on is greatly reduced. The most obvious gain is that they can sleep without falling off. Once the tendons are locked, the muscles in their legs and feet can relax. Even dead bats stay hanging.
Unusual bats 
Fruit bats (Pteropodidae) are the largest of the bats. They eat fruit and can see well. There are 166 species, all found in the Old World.
Vampire bats live in Latin America. They are famous for only drinking blood.
The greater noctule bat lives in Europe, West Asia and North Africa and it hunts birds.
The greater bulldog bat of South America swoops low over water and grabs small fish with its claws.
The bumblebee bat, from Thailand, is the world's smallest bat, and is also one of the world's smallest mammals. Adults grow to a length of 29-33mm, and weigh 2 grams.
The biggest known bat is the giant golden-crowned flying fox. It has a wing span of 1.5m and weighs approximately 1.2 kg.
The Christmas Island pipistrelle is a bat whose extinction date is not known.

Bats and people 
In the United Kingdom all bats are protected by law, and even disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine.
Austin, Texas is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat coven (under the Congress Avenue bridge), an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats, who eat an estimated 10 to 30 tons of insects each night, and attract 100,000 tourists each year.

In Sarawak, Malaysia bats are protected species, but the large naked bat and greater nectar bat are eaten by the local communities.

Bats in folklore and fiction 
In the West, bats are associated with vampires, who are said to be able to change into bats. Bats are also a symbol of ghosts, death and disease. However bats are said to be lucky in some European countries, such as Poland.

The bat is used in fiction by both villains like Dracula and heroes like Batman. Kenneth Oppel wrote a series of novels, beginning with Silverwing, which feature bats as good characters.

Gallery

References
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616) was a Spanish writer. His most famous book was Don Quijote de la Mancha. It is considered the first modern novel, and therefore Cervantes was the first novelist. The book has been published in 65 countries. The work is considered among the most important in all of literature. He is sometimes called "The Prince of Satire".

Military history and captivity 

Nobody knows for sure the reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Castile. Whether he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel, is another mystery.<ref>'The Enigma of Cervantine Genealogy, 118</ref>
By 1570, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a regiment of the Spanish naval elite corps, Infantería de Marina, stationed in Naples, then a possession of the Spanish crown. He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa, part of the galley fleet of the Holy League, Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of King Philip II's illegitimate half brother, John of Austria, that defeated the Ottoman fleet on October 7 in the Gulf of Lepanto near Corinth, at great cost to both sides. Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below, and begged to be allowed to take part in the battle, saying that he would rather die for his God and his king than keep under cover. He fought bravely on board a vessel, and received three gunshot wounds – two in the chest, and one which rendered his left arm useless
. In Journey to Parnassus he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" (he was thinking of the success of the first part of Don Quixote''). Cervantes always looked back on his conduct in the battle with pride; he believed that he had taken part in an event that would shape the course of European history.
References 

1547 births
1616 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Deaths from cirrhosis
Spanish writers
The Game Boys are a group of handheld video game consoles made by Nintendo that ran from 1989 to 2009.

Game Boy

The first Game Boy was released in 1989. It had a small screen, a D-pad, Start and Select keys, and an A and B button. To play games, there were small objects called cartridges that you put into the Game Boy to play the game in the cartridge. The game that made it popular, and the system's launch title, was Tetris. The Game Boy had a link cable and a link port which let it connect with other Game Boys to play games in multiplayer mode.

Game Boy Pocket
After the Game Boy, Nintendo released the Game Boy Pocket, which was a smaller Game Boy more convenient to carry around. It had a better, sharper screen and it only needed two AAA batteries instead of four AA. The link port was smaller than the Game Boy's, so the Game Boy and Game Boy Pocket could not connect with the original connector cable; a newer model cable with double-sided ends was needed to do this.
Game Boy Light
The Game Boy Light was only released in Japan and had a front-light (the blue light used on old watches) so people could see better. It is very rare - only about 12,000 of them were manufactured. Because it is rare, it sells for more money than other Game Boys.

Game Boy Color

The Game Boy Color was the first Game Boy in color. It was also able to play Game Boy cartridges, which helped it sell better. This also helped other Game Boy models after the Game Boy Color. It is sometimes called the GBC.

Game Boy Advance

The Game Boy Advance is a handheld that had better color and smaller cartridges. It could play more advanced games than the previous Game Boys. It is sometimes called the GBA. It came out in March 2001.

Game Boy Advance SP
The Game Boy Advance SP was an improved version of the original GBA. It has a clamshell design, which means you can fold it to make it smaller when you're not using it. It has a front-lit screen (better than the one on the Game Boy Light), which the Game Boy Advance did not have. It can play Game Boy and Game Boy Color games, along with the new cartridges introduced with the GBA. A newer model, labeled the AGS-101, was released which had an even better backlight and very good contrast; some people say it is the best way to play Game Boy, Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance games.

Game Boy Micro

The Game Boy Micro is a smaller variation of the GBA. It has a smaller link port than the Game Boy Advance. Its backlight and contrast are as good as the 101 model of the Game Boy Advance SP. Unlike its predecessors, it cannot play GB or GBC games.

Succesors
The Nintendo DS line is the successor to the Game Boy line. It consists of the Nintendo DS and the Nintendo 3DS.

Nintendo DS
Nintendo DS

When Nintendo released the Nintendo DS handheld in 2004, they said it was a "third pillar" (the other two pillars were the Game Boy and the home console). It has two screens, one of which is a touch screen. DS games use cards in Slot 1. Slot 2 can accept Game Boy Advance games. A newer model, called the DS Lite, released in 2006, also plays GBA games. But like the GBA Micro, neither of them can play original Game Boy or Game Boy Color games. The DSi and DSi XL, released in 2008 and 2009, replaced the GBA slot with an SD Card. This makes it impossible to play GBA games. Some DS games also included extra features contained in "option paks", which were just like GBA games. So these features could not be used on those DS games if they were played on the DSi or DSi XL.

Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo 3DS

Like the DSi and DSi XL, the 3DS line lacks a GBA slot. However, GB and GBC games can be downloaded through the Virtual Console. Those who bought a 3DS prior to the 2011 price drop were lucky to download ten GBA games, along with ten NES games, through the Ambassador Program. While the NES games became available to the public, the GBA games remain exclusive to the Ambassadors.
Pope Paul VI (; ), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 263rd Pope from 1963 until his death in 1978. Paul was a spiritual leader and the head of the church bureaucracy. Pope Benedict XVI declared in 2012 that Paul had lived “a life of heroic virtue.” Two years later he was beatified by Pope Francis. He was canonized by the same pope in October 2018.

Early life
Montini was born in Concesio. That is near Brescia in northern Italy.  His father was editor of a Roman Catholic newspaper.  He received degrees in civil and canon law, theology and philosophy.

Before the papacy
Montini was ordained and celebrated his first mass in 1920.  He worked in the Vatican diplomatic corps. During World War II, he was in charge of the Vatican's work for refugees and prisoners of war. He was made Archbishop of Milan in 1954. Pope John XXIII made Montini a cardinal in 1958.
Pope
Cardinal Montini was elected Pope in 1963. Pope Paul continued the Second Vatican Council which was begun by Pope John XXIII. His first encyclical is the only one in the Vatican archives which is in the handwriting of the pope who delivered it. Paul VI was known as the "pilgrim" pope for his numerous travels.  He was the first pope to fly in an airplane.  

In 1964, Paul was the first pope to travel from Rome to the Holy Land. He flew first to Amman in Jordan. Then he traveled by car to Jerusalem. In 1970, the pope visited Australia, the Phillipines, and Indonesia. In 1975, Paul declared 1975 to be a "jubilee" year with themes of renewal and reconciliation.

In 1978, Prime Minister Aldo Moro was kidnapped in Rome. Pope Paul VI made an offer to exchange his life for Moro's. The offer was not accepted. Moro was killed 55 days later.

Death
At the age of 80, Pope Paul VI died at Castel Gandolfo, Italy, from a heart attack.
Legacy
The Pope Paul VI Hall is the modern building in which mass papal audiences are held.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

More reading
Serafian, Michael. (1964). The Pilgrim. New York: Farrar, Straus. OCLC 386084?

Other websites

  Vatican webpage,  Paul VI biography
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul VI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Montini

1897 births
1978 deaths

Paul 06
Christian saints
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Lombardy
The Macao Special Administrative Region (Macau or Macao, ) is one of China's two Special Administrative Regions. (The other one is Hong Kong).  Macau is a small city in the southern coast in China. Like Hong Kong, Macau also has a large amount of autonomy, with its own passport, currency, economic rules, and constitution.

It consists of Macau Peninsula (Aomen Bandao), Taipa Island (Dangzai Dao), Coloane Island (Luhuan Dao) and Cotai (Ludangcheng), the new reclaimed land between Taipa and Coloane. It is very densely populated, with over half a million people living in just over 12 square miles.