Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Titles and styles

17 January 1779 – 6 April 1807 Her Royal Highness Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily
6 April 1807 – 12 March 1821 Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Genevois
12 March 1821 – 27 April 1831 Her Majesty the Queen of Sardinia
27 April 1831 – 11 March 1849 Her Majesty the Dowager Queen of Sardinia

Ancestry

Other websites

References and notes

1779 births
1849 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Dukes and duchesses
House of Bourbon
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
A court martial is a trial by military authorities.  "Martial" is a word that is often used instead of military.

Martial law sometimes means, in time of emergency such as wartime, that civilians can be tried by court martial.

Trials
Military law
The Plasmodiidae are a family of apicomplexan parasites, including the type genus Plasmodium, which is responsible for malaria. This genus was created in 1903 by Mesnil.

They are one of the four families in the order Haemosporida.

Apicomplexa
Martha Wainwright (born May 8, 1976) is a Canadian-American folk-rock singer. She is the daughter of singers Loudon Wainwright III and Kate McGarrigle. Her brother Rufus Wainwright is also a well known singer.

Albums
Martha Wainwright (2005)
I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too (2008)
Sans Fusils, Ni Souliers, à Paris: Martha Wainwright's Piaf Record (2009)
Come Home to Mama (2012)
Songs in the Dark (2015)

Other websites 

 Official website

1976 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
Canadian singers
People from Montreal
The Philadelphia Quakers was a professional ice hockey team from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Quakers played in the National Hockey League for only one season, the 1930-31 NHL season. The team started as the Pittsburgh Pirates when the Pirates moved to Philadelphia.

Defunct National Hockey League teams
Sports in Philadelphia
A protest song is a song that is part of a movement to change society. Many protest songs have lyrics that directly call for change, while others use humor, irony, or the ballad form to make their point. 

Protest songs can come from just about any type of music. In the 1960s in the United States, many folk musicians such as Phil Ochs, Joan Baez and Bob Dylan made protest songs. Some of these songs were against the United States fighting in the Vietnam War.

References

song

Political songs
Love. Angel. Music. Baby. is the debut  studio album by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. Before releasing the album Stefani was the lead singer of a ska and rock band called No Doubt, the album's music was different as it was mainly a mixture of pop, dance and R&B; music that No Doubt hadn't made.

Track listing
Personnel
 Producers: André 3000, Dallas Austin, Dr. Dre, Nellee Hooper, Jimmy Jam, Tony Kanal, Terry Lewis, The Neptunes, Mark "Spike" Stent
 Engineers: Andrew Coleman, Greg Collins, Ian Cross, John Frye, Simon Gogerly, Mauricio "Veto" Irragorri, Jason Lader, Matt Marrin, Colin Mitchell, Pete Novak, Ian Rossiter, Rick Sheppard
 Assistant engineers: Warren Bletcher, Nick Ferrero, Jason Finkel, Francis Forde, Cesar Guevara, Rob Haggett, Doug Harms, Rouble Kapoor, Kevin Mills, Glenn Pittman, Ian Rossiter, Jaime Sickora, Sean Tallman, David Treahern, John Warren
 Mixing: André 3000, Greg Collins, Dr. Dre, Lee Groves, Mark "Spike" Stent, Phil Tan
 Mastering: Brian "Big Bass" Gardener
 A&R: Jimmy Iovine, Mark Anthony Williams
 Programming: Simon Gogerly, Tony Kanal, Jason Lader, Sam La More, Aidan Love, Ewan Pearson, André 3000 as "Johnny Vulture"
 MIDI and sound design: Rick Sheppard
 Guitar engineer: Linda Perry
 Keyboard engineer: Linda Perry
 Cut: Cutmaster Swift
 Web service: Ray Ibe
Creative director: Gwen Stefani
 Art direction: Jolie Clemens
 Art coordinator: Nicole Frantz
 Layout design: Jolie Clemens
 Photography: Nick Knight
 Logo and type illustration: Johnny Copeland
 Package coordinator: Cindy Cooper
References

Other websites
 GwenStefani's official website
 Love. Angel. Music. Baby.  — lyrics and audio

2004 albums
Debut albums
Gwen Stefani albums
Dance-pop albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Ben Shalom Bernanke (born December 13, 1953) is an American economist of Jewish descent. He was the Chair of the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States.

He won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2022.

References

1953 births
Living people
American chief executives
American economists
American bankers
Harvard University alumni
Chairs of the Federal Reserve
Jewish American academics
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
People from Augusta, Georgia
Time People of the Year
United States Council of Economic Advisers
Academics from Georgia (U.S. state)
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Carrie Frances Fisher (October 21, 1956 – December 27, 2016) was an American screenwriter, actress and writer. She acted in many movies. Fisher was best known for playing Princess Leia in the Star Wars movies. She was also known for her 1987 novel Postcards from the Edge.

Fisher was born in Beverly Hills, California. She was the daughter of actress Debbie Reynolds and singer Eddie Fisher. Fisher had bipolar disorder. In 2008 her memoir Wishful Drinking was published.

Fisher died on December 27, 2016 at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from complications of cardiac arrest caused by sleep apnea along with other drug uses. at age 60. The next day, her mother died of a cerebral hemorrhage. (Z.A)

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

1956 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Actors from Burbank, California
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
American movie actors
American novelists
Actors from Beverly Hills, California
People with bipolar disorder
Screenwriters from California
Paul Simon
The Expendables 2 is an American action movie. It is the sequel to Sylvester Stallone's 2010 movie, The Expendables.  The movie was released in August 17th, 2012. It got many good reviews and did well at the box office. The movie earned $84.2 million in the United States and Canada and $285.7 million worldwide.

Release Dates

Cast
 Sylvester Stallone as commander Barney Ross
 Jason Statham as Lee Christmas
 Jet Li as Yin Yang
 Dolph Lundgren as Gunner Jensen
 Chuck Norris as Booker
 Jean-Claude Van Damme as Jean Vilain
 Bruce Willis as Mr. Church
 Arnold Schwarzenegger as Trent "Trench" Mauser
 Terry Crews as Hale Caesar
 Randy Couture as Toll Road
 Liam Hemsworth as Billy The Kid
 Scott Adkins as Hector
 Yu Nan as Maggie
 Amanda Ooms as Pilar
 Charisma Carpenter as Lacy
Sequel
In March 2012, it was announced that The Expendables 3 might start filming in late 2012, with Sylvester Stallone, Jason Statham, Jet Li and the rest of the cast returning for the third movie.
The Expendables 3, was scheduled to begin filming in August 2013. The film sees the return of several cast members and the addition of new ones including Wesley Snipes, Antonio Banderas, Harrison Ford, and Mel Gibson. The Expendables 3 was released theatrically in the United States on August 15th, 2014.

References

Other websites
 
 

American action movies
German action movies
Bulgarian movies
Sequel movies
2012 movies
2012 action movies
Lionsgate movies
Movies directed by Simon West
This is a list of filmography of all of Sylvester ″Sly″ Stallone's most prominent onscreen acting action roles as well as directing, screenwriting, producing and voice acting roles. Also, included in this list are some of Stallone's special cameo appearances and exclusive extra.

American actor, filmmaker, singer, character actor,  voice actor, director, movie producer, film producer, and screen writer, Sylvester Sly Stallone has appeared in over seventy-eight films.

Film

Television

Theatre

Commercial

Music video

Soundtrack appearances

Video games

Related pages
 List of awards and nominations received by Sylvester Stallone

References

Other websites
 
 

Stallone, Sylvester
The pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) is a large mammal native to the forests and swamps of West Africa. The specific name liberiensis means "of Liberia", as this is where most live. The pygmy hippo is reclusive and nocturnal. It is one of only two living species in the Hippopotamidae family, the other being its much larger cousin the common hippopotamus.

The pygmy hippopotamus has many terrestrial adaptations, but like its larger cousin, it is semi-aquatic. It relies on proximity to water to keep its skin moisturized and its body temperature cool. Behaviors such as mating and giving birth may occur in water or on land. The pygmy hippo is herbivorous, feeding on ferns, broad-leaved plants, grasses and fruits it finds in the forests.

Mammals of Africa
Even-toed ungulates
Ski jumping is, mostly, a winter sport performed on snow where skiers go down a take-off ramp, jump forward and land as far as possible down the hill below. Judges give points both for length of the jump and for the jump style. The skis used for ski jumping are wide and long (). Ski jumping is a part of the Winter Olympic Games.
True ski jumping originates in Norway in 1809 when a Norwegian lieutenant launched himself 9.5 metres in the air in front of his soldiers. The first widely known ski jumping competition was held in Oslo in 1879, with Olaf Haugann of Norway setting the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 metres(meters)

Ski jump techniques are divided into four sections; 1) In-run, 2) Take-off (jump), 3) Flight and 4) Landing. In each part the athlete is required to pay attention to and practice a particular technique in order to maximize his or her length and style marks.

Related pages
Skiing

Notes

Skiing
Winter Olympic sports
Ahura Mazdā (also known as Ohrmazd, Ahuramazda, Hormazd, Aramazd and Azzandara) is the Avestan name for what Zoroastrians believe is the Supreme, the creator of all good and all good things including people.

Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrians believe that Ahura Mazda, the creator of all supreme beings, is opposed by Angra Mainyu or the destructive spirit, the creator of all evil things.

Zoroastrianism
Limousines are luxury cars. They are longer than regular cars. The front and rear wheels are far apart. A limousine may have security features such as bulletproof glass.

Car classifications
Land vehicles
Katherine Victoria "Katie" Tunstall, also known as KT Tunstall (born 23 June 1975), is a Scottish singer and songwriter. She was born in St Andrews, Fife. Her father is Irish; her mother is half-Chinese, half-Scottish. She was adopted when she was 18 days old. She has had many hit songs, including, "Black Horse and the Cherry Tree"'.

References

Other websites 

1975 births
Living people
British adoptees
Scottish singer-songwriters
Self-synchronizing code is a special kind of line code that is easy to synchronize (having two computers "stay in time with" each other when "communicating"). Code like this happens in telecommunications.

Information on computers is made from binary bits - 0's and 1's (OFFs and ONs). This means that when a computer is being "communicated to", it must "listen" for bits at the correct speed by staying synchronized, or else there will be a misunderstanding. A computer needs to notice misunderstandings immediately, so that wrong things don't happen.

Confusion can happen when two signals combine or misalign, so it's helpful for different "words" in a code to be unique from each other.

Example
Example 

 Imagine a language with the only "letters" being 0 and 1, and no spaces or other symbols.
 This language only has "words" with exactly two letters.
This means that computers "reading" this language would start "reading" the "sentence" at the first two letters, then the next two letters, and so on.
 Two computers, Alice and Bob, have to say the sentence 1100001100 to each other, and it needs to be understood as .
 Alice says the sentence to Bob correctly.
 Bob's "sentence" gets de-synchronized on its way to Alice, and the first "letter" gets chopped off. This turns the "sentence" into 100001100.

Code A: self-synchronizing 

Imagine the language only has the words  and .
 Alice's sentence 1100001100 is heard by Bob as "11, 00, 00, 11, 00", meaning .
 When Bob's sentence 100001100 is heard by Alice as "10, 00, 01, 10, 0",  Alice knows there's been a misunderstanding at the very beginning, because "10" is not a word in its "language" code.
Code B is self-synchronizing, because its "words" are very different from each other, and hard to confuse with each other.

Code B: not self-synchronizing 

Imagine the language has the words , , and .
 Alice's sentence 1100001100 is heard by Bob as "11, 00, 00, 11, 00", meaning .
 When Bob's sentence 100001100 is heard by Alice as "10, 00, 01, 10, 0", it doesn't realize there's been a misunderstanding until it hears the third "word" "01". By that time, it's already heard .

Code B is not self-synchronizing, because its "words" are too similar to each other, and easy to confuse with each other.

Telecommunications
Call of Duty: Black Ops is a first-person shooter video game made by Treyarch. It is published by Activision. It is available for Xbox 360, Windows , PS3,  Wii and most recently, Xbox One.

Within 24 hours of the game going on sale, It sold more than 7 million copies, 5.6 million in the U.S. and 1.4 million in the U.K., breaking the record which was set by its predecessor Modern Warfare 2 by 2.5 million copies. The game's setting is in the Cold War. In Cuba, the game has been condemned from release because it features a special forces member trying and failing to kill a young Fidel Castro, killing instead a body-double. The game was also supposed to be banned in Germany because of graphic violence.

There are three modes of play. These are campaign, multiplayer and zombies.

Other websites
Official website

Xbox 360 games
Windows games
PlayStation 3 games
Wii games
Nintendo DS games
2010 video games
Pitfall! is a 1982 platforming video game made by Activision for Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit, ColecoVision, Commodore 64, Intellivision and the Sega SG-1000. The game was a best seller for the Atari 2600, with over 4 million copies sold.

In this game, the player has to move a character who is known as Harry through a maze-like jungle where he has to attempt to recover 32 treasures in a 20-minute time period. The player has to avoid many hazards including pits, quicksand, rolling logs, fire, rattlesnakes, scorpions, and crocodiles.

Atari 2600 games
Commodore 64 games
MSX games
SG-1000 games
1982 video games
Activision video games
Pitfall series
Alexei Yuryevich Zhamnov (born October 1, 1970 in Moscow, URS) is a Russian retired professional ice hockey centre. He is currently the head coach for the KHL's Vityaz Chekhov. Zhamnov played a combined 14 seasons in the NHL with four teams, 4 while part of the Winnipeg Jets, 8 while part of the Chicago Blackhawks, 1 while part of the Philadelphia Flyers and 1 while part of the Boston Bruins.

Zhamnov was also the captain of the Chicago Blackhawks from 2002-2004.

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
Russian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Boston Bruins players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–96) players
Jennifer Ann McCarthy, known as Jenny McCarthy, is an American model, actress, writer and activist. She was born on November 1, 1972 in Evergreen Park, Illinois. She was raised in West Elsdon, Chicago.

Career
She started her career as a Playboy model in 1993. She later became an actress, comedian, author and autism activist. In 2013 McCarthy hosted a show called The Jenny McCarthy Show for one season.

Activism
McCarthy has made controversial but unproven claims that vaccines lead to autism. She said that chelation therapy helped cure her son of autism.

Personal life
McCarthy married John Mallory Asher in 1999. The couple's son, Evan Joseph was born in 2002. In 2005, Evan was diagnosed with autism. the couple divorced in 2005. She lived with Jim Carrey; the couple split in 2010. She married Donnie Wahlberg in 2014.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1972 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
American activists
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
Autism
Models from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
People from Evergreen Park, Illinois
Nellee Hooper (born 1963, Bristol, England) is a British producer/remixer/composer best known for his work with Björk, No Doubt/Gwen Stefani, Madonna, Garbage, Andrea Corr, U2, Sneaker Pimps, Soul II Soul and Massive Attack. He also started being a motion picture music composer with famed Scottish composer Craig Armstrong and Marius De Vries for the soundtrack for Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet in 1996.

Biography 

Hooper began his career as a DJ and as a member of the Wild Bunch, the Bristol-based group that would turn into Massive Attack.

Between 1989 and 1992 he produced the first albums for Soul II Soul (Club Classics Vol. I), Massive Attack (Blue Lines) and Björk (Debut), which in 1995 Mixmag magazine ranked the 31st, 1st and 3rd best dance albums of all time.

The 1995 BRIT Awards honored Hooper as Best Producer for his work on Massive Attack's Protection, Björk's Post and Madonna's Bedtime Stories albums.
In 1998 he won a BAFTA Award (Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music) for his work arranging the score and soundtrack for Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet.

In the late 1990s Hooper set up the Meanwhile imprint, which is a company part of Virgin Records. 

Hooper continued to work slowly into the 2000s. He received a Grammy nomination in 2003 for his work on No Doubt's Rock Steady and Lamya's Learning From Falling albums. His other work has included producing the singles "GoldenEye" (1995) for Tina Turner, "Under the Bridge" (1998) for All Saints and "Down Boy" (2002) for Holly Valance, as well as providing remixes for artists like Janet Jackson and Sade.

Most recently he has worked with Gwen Stefani on her solo albums and on U2's 2004 release How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb, for which he won a Grammy Award. He also produced the first solo album of Andrea Corr of The Corrs, entitled Ten Feet High which was released on June 25, 2007.

1963 births
English composers
People from Bristol
Emma Rose Roberts (born February 10, 1991) is an American actress, model and singer. She acted in many movies during the 2000s. She is the daughter of actor Eric Roberts and the niece of actresses Lisa Roberts Gillan and Julia Roberts. Currently she is the lead role in the FOX's horror comedy Scream Queens as Chanel Oberlin.

Early life
Roberts was born in Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York. She is the daughter of actor Eric Roberts and Kelly Cunningham. She is the stepdaughter of Eliza Roberts and Kelly Nickels, and the niece of actresses Julia Roberts and Lisa Roberts Gillan. She has a half sister, Grace Nickels.

Filmography

Movies

Television

References

Other websites

1991 births
Living people
Actors from New York (state)
American child actors
American movie actors
American musicians
American television actors
Extras
Singers from New York (state)
The Terror Wheel is the second EP by the American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on August 5, 1994. The producer of the EP was Mike E. Clark. If you called the number featured in the song "Amy's in the Attic" at 6:06 into the song, it would tell you the name of the next Joker's Card, Riddle Box.

Track listing

1994 EPs
Insane Clown Posse EPs
Keri Lynn Hilson (born December 5, 1982) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She has had many hit singles. Hilson's debut album was released in 2009. Her second studio album was released in 2010. Hilson acted for the first time in the 2012 romantic comedy movie Think Like a Man.

1982 births
Living people
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B musicians
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
A Carnival Christmas is the third EP by the American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on December 6, 1994. The producer of the EP was Mike E. Clark. The EP was a Christmas EP.

Track listing

1994 EPs
Insane Clown Posse EPs
Tunnel of Love is the fourth EP by the American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on June 11, 1996. The producer of the EP was Mike E. Clark. A XXX Version which contained different cover art and a bonus track was also released at the same time.

Track listing

1996 albums
Insane Clown Posse EPs
The Calm is the fifth EP by the American Horrorcore band, Insane Clown Posse. It was released on May 17, 2005. The producer of the EP was Mike E. Clark. The EP peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200, number 1 on the Top Independent Albums and number 32 on the Top Internet Albums.

Track listing

References

2005 albums
Insane Clown Posse EPs
Freestyle skiing is an acrobatic form of skiing which is divided into a number of different disciplines. Freestyle skiing first began to be taken seriously in the 1960s and early 1970s. However, some people thought that this style of skiing was too dangerous and did not want it to be an Olympic sport. The free-form sport had few rules and was not without danger; knee injuries became a common case for professional freestylers.

The International Ski Federation (FIS) recognized freestyle as a sport in 1979 and brought in new regulations regarding certification of athletes and jump techniques in an effort to curb the dangerous elements of the competitions.  The first World Cup series was staged in 1980 and the first FIS Freestyle World Ski Championship took place in 1986 in Tignes, France.

Notes

Skiing
Winter Olympic sports
The City of London Livery Companies began as trade associations or trade guilds, which controlled who could carry out certain jobs in the City of London.

The Companies today 

Today the companies act mainly as social and charitable groups, because over the centuries the livery companies have lost most rights to control trade, often as statute law applied the same standards across the whole country.    Some support schools which were set up in the 1500s.  Others sponsor apprentices in colleges and unversities.  Some still have a statutory role.  For example the Goldsmiths' Company continue to run the London Assay Office where several million articles of gold, silver and platinum are hallmarked each year.

List of Companies in order of precedence 

The order of precedence was first set down in 1515 by the Aldermen of the City of London.  Forty-eight livery companies then existed.  The list was based on the companies' economic or political power.
The first twelve livery companies are known as the Great Twelve City Livery Companies. There are now 111 livery companies, some very new, so the Order of Precedence is sometimes supplemented.

The Merchant Taylors and the Skinners have always disputed their precedence, so once a year (at Easter) they exchange sixth and seventh place. This is one of the theories for the origin of the phrase "at sixes and sevens", as the master of the Merchant Taylors has said a number of times, although the first use of the phrase may have been before the Taylors and the Skinners decided to alternate their position. Both companies had been founded before the birth of Chaucer, who was one of the first people to use the phrase, so it may have dated from before him.
The Worshipful Company of Mercers (General merchants)
The Worshipful Company of Grocers 
The Worshipful Company of Drapers (Wool and cloth merchants)
The Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths
The Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors (Tailors) (alternates with the Skinners)
The Worshipful Company of Skinners (Fur traders) (alternates with the Merchant Taylors)
The Worshipful Company of Haberdashers
The Worshipful Company of Salters
The Worshipful Company of Ironmongers
The Worshipful Company of Vintners (Wine merchants) 
The Worshipful Company of Clothworkers
The Worshipful Company of Dyers
The Worshipful Company of Brewers
The Worshipful Company of Leathersellers
The Worshipful Company of Pewterers
The Worshipful Company of Barbers (Barbers, surgeons, and dentists)
The Worshipful Company of Cutlers
The Worshipful Company of Bakers
The Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers 
The Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers
The Worshipful Company of Armourers and Brasiers (Armour makers and brass workers)
The Worshipful Company of Girdlers (Sword-belt and dress-belt makers)
The Worshipful Company of Butchers
The Worshipful Company of Saddlers
The Worshipful Company of Carpenters
The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers (Fine leather workers)
The Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers
The Worshipful Company of Curriers (Tanned leather dressers)
The Worshipful Company of Masons
The Worshipful Company of Plumbers
The Worshipful Company of Innholders
The Worshipful Company of Founders (Metalworkers)
The Worshipful Company of Poulters
The Worshipful Company of Cooks
The Worshipful Company of Coopers (Barrel makers)
The Worshipful Company of Tylers and Bricklayers 
The Worshipful Company of Bowyers (Longbow makers)
The Worshipful Company of Fletchers (Arrow makers)
The Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths
The Worshipful Company of Joiners and Ceilers (Wood craftsmen)
The Worshipful Company of Weavers
The Worshipful Company of Woolmen
The Worshipful Company of Scriveners (Court document writers and notaries public)
The Worshipful Company of Fruiterers
The Worshipful Company of Plaisterers (Plasterers)
The Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers
The Worshipful Company of Broderers (Embroiders)
The Worshipful Company of Upholders (Upholsterers)
The Worshipful Company of Musicians
The Worshipful Company of Turners (Lathe operators)
The Worshipful Company of Basketmakers
The Worshipful Company of Glaziers and Painters of Glass
The Worshipful Company of Horners
The Worshipful Company of Farriers (Horseshoe makers and veterinary surgeons for horses)
The Worshipful Company of Paviors (Road and highway pavers)
The Worshipful Company of Loriners (Harness makers)
The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries (Medical practitioners and pharmacists)
The Worshipful Company of Shipwrights
The Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers
The Worshipful Company of Clockmakers
The Worshipful Company of Glovers
The Worshipful Company of Feltmakers (Hat makers)
The Worshipful Company of Framework Knitters
The Worshipful Company of Needlemakers
The Worshipful Company of Gardeners
The Worshipful Company of Tin Plate Workers
The Worshipful Company of Wheelwrights
The Worshipful Company of Distillers
The Worshipful Company of Pattenmakers (Wooden shoe makers)
The Worshipful Company of Glass Sellers
The Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers
The Worshipful Company of Gunmakers
The Worshipful Company of Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers 
The Worshipful Company of Makers of Playing Cards
The Worshipful Company of Fanmakers
The Worshipful Company of Carmen
The Honourable Company of Master Mariners (first of the 20th century companies)
The City of London Solicitors' Company
The Worshipful Company of Farmers
The Honourable Company of Air Pilots
The Worshipful Company of Tobacco Pipe Makers and Tobacco Blenders
The Worshipful Company of Furniture Makers
The Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers
The Worshipful Company of Chartered Surveyors
The Worshipful Company of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
The Worshipful Company of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators
The Worshipful Company of Builders Merchants
The Worshipful Company of Launderers
The Worshipful Company of Marketors
The Worshipful Company of Actuaries
The Worshipful Company of Insurers
The Worshipful Company of Arbitrators
The Worshipful Company of Engineers
The Worshipful Company of Fuellers
The Worshipful Company of Lightmongers
The Worshipful Company of Environmental Cleaners
The Worshipful Company of Chartered Architects
The Worshipful Company of Constructors
The Worshipful Company of Information Technologists
The Worshipful Company of World Traders
The Worshipful Company of Water Conservators
The Worshipful Company of Firefighters
The Worshipful Company of Hackney Carriage Drivers (Taxi drivers)
The Worshipful Company of Management Consultants
The Worshipful Company of International Bankers
The Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers
The Worshipful Company of Security Professionals
The Worshipful Company of Educators
The Worshipful Company of Arts Scholars
The Worshipful Company of Nurses
Two old companies do not intend applying for a grant of the right to wear the special costume or uniform known as a livery.

The Worshipful Company of Parish Clerks
The Company of Watermen and Lightermen

Two groups intend applying for livery.  Both have already been recognised as a "Company without Livery" .

The Company of Communicators
The Company of Entrepreneurs

References

Organisations based in London
Trade associations
A farrier is a person who works with iron, or other materials, to make horseshoes and take care of horse's hooves. They check for signs of disease and make sure the feet are well cared for.

History

At one time, a farrier and blacksmith had almost the same job, which can be seen by the etymology of the word: farrier comes from Middle French: ferrier ("blacksmith"), from the Latin word ferrum ("iron"). Today, farriers usually specialize in horseshoeing, and on the care of the horse's hoof. For this reason farriers and blacksmiths are now known to be different jobs.

Law 

By law, in Great Britain, it is illegal for anyone except a registered farrier to call themselves a farrier or to carry out any farriery work under the Farriers (Registration) Act 1975. The main aim of this act is to "prevent and avoid suffering by and cruelty to horses arising from the shoeing of horses by unskilled persons".
Worshipful Company of Farriers 
The Worshipful Company of Farriers a London Livery Company, was set up in 1356.  It still offers diplomas which are recognised qualifications to be a modern farrier.

References

Other websites 

 On The Horse's Foot, Shoes and Shoeing 
 Museum of Horse Shoeing Tools

Horses
Plot Summary 
Anna Fitzgerald's older sister, Kate, suffers from acute promyelocytic leukemia, a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. When Anna's parents learn about Kate's diagnosis, they decide to conceive Anna through artificial selection and in vitro fertilization because nobody in the family is a genetic match to donate organs to Kate. Once Anna is born, her umbilical chord blood was used in treatments for Kate to save her life. Although the treatment was initially successful, Kate relapsed (became sick again). Since then, Anna had been used as a donor for any other bodily substance needed to treat Kate, who continues to swing between remission and relapse as she grows up.

2004 books
21st-century American novels
Cancer in fiction
Rhode Island in fiction
An oracle (in ancient Greek times) was a person who was seen as a messenger for the gods. The Oracle of Delphi was the most famous. Oracles would answer questions about the future, and would often speak in riddles. In Ancient Greece oracles lived in temples and people travelled many miles to visit them and seek their advice. The oracles were a part of Greek religion.

References

Related pages
Prophet
Divination

Greek mythology
Divination
Ichthyornis (meaning "fish bird") was a tern-like bird which lived 93-83.5 million years ago in the Upper Cretaceous. It lived in flocks, nested on shorelines, and hunted for fish in the Western Interior Seaway, a huge inland sea in what is now North America.

Description 
Ichthyornis was about 8 inches (20 cm) long. It had a large head, toothed jaws, and a long beak. This powerful flyer is the oldest-known bird that had a keeled breastbone (sternum) similar to that of modern birds.

Ichthyornis was originally found in 1872 in Kansas by  Benjamin Franklin Mudge, a professor from Kansas State Agricultural College. Othniel C. Marsh of  Yale University described and named the first fossils. Fossils of the bird have been found in Kansas, Texas and Alberta.

Cretaceous birds
Feathered dinosaurs
The term designer baby is used sometimes, but its meaning is not clear or simple. It means something like "influencing the quality of a child which is not yet born". By this is meant not just health care. The idea is to change the nature, usually the genetics, of the child for the better. There are many technical, social, moral and legal issues connected to this idea. Society has scarcely begun to think about these issues. However, it is now certain that some of these ideas can, in principle, be done.

The following is a brief survey of what might be done. It is not a list of what should or will be done. Some elements are already happening in some parts of the world.

Choosing the gender of a child 
In some parts of the world there is a strong preference for male children. If that were widely gratified, it would probably have considerable unplanned effects on those societies. However, technically, it is simple to arrange so long as a good local health service is present.
The technique is as follows. A sample of the father's sperm is spun in a centrifuge. Sperms carrying an X-chromosome are heavier than sperm carrying a Y-chromosome. The male-causing sperm end up at the top of the plug of sperm in the test-tube. Sperm from the top of the tube are inserted into the mother. This greatly increases the chance of the mother conceiving a male child.

Another method is to conceive normally, but abort any foetus which is female. The sex of a baby is discovered by recovering cells from the sac covering the foetus. This procedure is standard, and is called amniocentesis.

Amniocentesis and stem cells 
Recent studies have discovered that amniotic fluid is a rich source of stem cells.

A benefit of getting amniotic stem cells is that risk to the foetus is low. These stem cells would also, if used to treat the same individual they came from, sidestep the donor/recipient issue which has so far stymied all attempts to use donor-derived stem cells in therapies.
Artificial heart valves, working tracheas, as well as muscle, fat, bone, heart, neural and liver cells have all been engineered through use of amniotic stem cells. Tissues got from amniotic cell lines show promise for patients suffering from congenital diseases/malformations of the heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, and cerebral tissue.

The first amniotic stem cells bank in the US is active in Boston, Massachusetts. The relevance of this is that a stock of stem cells creates the possibility of surgical corrections or replacements during the life of the individual.
Identifying serious birth defects 
The one area where there is, on balance, a consensus is the need to identify serious defects in a foetus before birth. This is now routine in many countries. The definition of "serious" would certainly include defects which make life of the foetus (if born) so defective that its life would be troubled and short. Some conditions, like triple-21 Down's syndrome, are often not that serious. In many cases, the parents' wishes decide whether or not an abortion will be carried out.

Analysis of parents' DNA 
A complete sequence analysis of an individual's DNA is possible, and costs about $5,000 US dollars. It is not yet done routinely, but it is going to become widespread. If the genetics of both parents is well understood, the possibilities for the foetus are well defined. Already, counselling is given to parents who have already had a defective baby. DNA analysis would allow problems to be spotted in advance.
Analysis of the foetus DNA 
Already, from the cells recovered by amniotic contuses, chromosome defects like triple-21 can be seen under the microscope. DNA analysis takes this a step further. The only limitation to the analysis is our ability to understand the function of the various genes. Our understanding is limited at present, but we do understand in great detail the causes of some important genetic defects.

What can be done when defects are found 
Until recently, the only practical action was to offer abortion to the mother. This is a legal alternative in some countries. However, the coming of genetic engineering offers the potential for actually fixing the defects in the genes of a foetus.
Ways are being developed to change the genetic make-up of a living being. Several Nobel prizes have been awarded in the last ten or so years research related to this idea. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for:
2006  Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, United States, for finding how RNA interference can switch genes on or off.
2007  Mario Capecchi, United States, Sir Martin Evans, United Kingdom, Oliver Smithies, United States, for finding a way to switch off genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. This leads to genetically changed mice.
2010  Robert Edwards, U.K., for the development of in vitro fertilization.

Related pages 
Genetic screening

References 

Genetic engineering
Herons are wading birds in the Ardeidae family. There are 64 recognised species in this family. Some are called egrets or bitterns instead of herons.
  
In the family, all members of the genera Botaurus and Ixobrychus are called bitterns: they are a monophyletic group within the Ardeidae.

On the other hand, egrets are not a biologically distinct group. They are called egrets because they are mainly white and/or have decorative plumes. Although egrets have the same build as the larger herons, they tend to be smaller.

The classification of the individual heron/egret species is difficult, and there is no clear consensus about the placement of many species into either of the two major genera, Ardea and Egretta.

Although herons look like birds in some other families, such as the storks, ibises and spoonbills, they differ from these in flying with their necks retracted, not outstretched. They are also one of the bird groups that have 'powder down'.
Some members of this group nest colonially in trees; others, notably the bitterns, use reedbeds.

Other examples:
Great egret
Little egret
Great-billed heron
Cattle egret

References
Deborah Ann Gibson (born August 31, 1970 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She was very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s and had many hit songs.  In 1988 she became the youngest artist to write, produce, and perform a #1 single on the Billboard Hot 100, with her song "Foolish Beat". She remains the youngest female to write, record, and perform a #1 single.

Although never married, Gibson was once engaged to Jonathan Kanterman.

Movies and television
On January 6, 2008 Gibson was on Deal or No Deal along with Corey Feldman as part of an 1980s special.

Gibson co-starred with actor Lorenzo Lamas in the low-budget movie Mega Shark Versus Giant Octopus. It was released on May 19, 2009. This movie had 2 million viewers on Syfy in 2009.  The movie premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. Gibson's former music rival Tiffany had her movie Necrosis (a.k.a. Blood Snow) premiere at the Cannes as well.
Tiffany and Debbie Gibson starred in a Syfy original movie called Mega Python vs. Gatoroid.  It aired on January 29, 2011. The pairing was at the suggestion of Tiffany, who wanted to play off their supposed rivalry.

Gibson made a cameo appearance in the 2012 movie Rock of Ages in the ("We're Not Gonna Take It"/"We Built This City") face-off.

Discography

Studio albums
Out of the Blue (1987)
Electric Youth (1989)
Anything Is Possible (1990)
Body Mind Soul (1993)
Think With Your Heart (1995)
Deborah (1997)
M.Y.O.B. (2001)
Colored Lights: The Broadway Album (2003)
Ms. Vocalist (2010)

Filmography

Movie
 Ghostbusters (1984) (uncredited)
 The Manhattan Project (1986) (uncredited)
 Sweet Liberty (1986) (uncredited)
 My Girlfriend's Boyfriend (1999)
 Wedding Band (2001)
 Soulkeeper (2001)
 Celeste in the City (2004)
 Coffee Date (2006)
 Body/Antibody (2007)
 Mega Shark Versus Giant Octopus (2009)
 Mega Python vs. Gatoroid (2011)
 Rock of Ages (2012)
Television
 Beverly Hills, 90210 East Side Story (1991)
 Street Justice as Gabrielle in Backbeat   (1991)
 Step by Step (1995)
 The Kidsongs Television Show:  Fun With Manners (1995)
 That '80s Show (2002)
 Maggie Bloom as Maggie Bloom  (2000)
 American Juniors as judge (2003)
 Skating with Celebrities (2006)
 Rita Rocks as Cindy Schotz "Old Friends" (2009)
 Celebrity Ghost Stories (2010)
 Celebrity Apprentice (2012)

References

1970 births
Living people
American pop musicians
Singers from New York City
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American musical theatre actors
American television actors
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. Its chemical name is 5-Hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT. It is derived from tryptophan. Serotonin is found in all vertebrates, mainly in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets and central nervous system. Its name is derived from its effect on blood pressure: serotonin is a part of the serum which regulates the tonus of blood vessels.

Serotonin does several jobs within the human body. Unlike dopamine, serotonin causes happiness, while dopamine causes pleasure. It is believed to regulate mood, intestinal activity and appetite, memory, and sleep. Many antidepressant medications are thought to work by increasing the levels of serotonin in the body. Some non-medical treatments for depression have also been shown to raise serotonin levels.
Serotonin is also found in insect venom, fungi and plants. Its presence in the seeds of many fruits helps speed those seeds through the digestive tract of animals that consume them. In insect venom, it causes pain, and sometimes death, through its effect on smooth muscle contraction.

Serotonin is involved in social rank. A lobster injected with serotonin behaves like an alpha male.

References

Neurology
Organonitrogen compounds
The ibises (collective plural ibis; classical plurals ibides and ibes) are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae. This family also includes the spoonbills.

They all have long down curved bills, and usually feed as a group, probing mud for food items, usually crustaceans. Most species nest in trees, often with spoonbills or herons.

The word ibis comes from Greek and Latin, and probably from the Ancient Egyptian. According to Josephus, Moses employed ibes against serpents during a desert campaign into Ethiopia in his early life. Pliny the Elder also recounted, "The Egyptians invoked ibes against the serpents."

Ancient Egyptians
Ancient Egyptians

Ancient Egyptians would make ibises into mummies and offer them to the god Thoth, whom they drew and carved with the head of an ibis.  Egyptologists have found many thousands of ibis mummies in tombs.  In 2019, scientists looked at the DNA from the ibis mummies and from living ibises around Africa and came to believe that the ibises that were made into mummies were not caught in the wild.  Instead, ancient Egyptians fed the ibises in large lakes near their temples and caught them when they wanted them.

References

Pelecaniformes
Molineux Stadium is a football stadium in Wolverhampton, England. It is the current home stadium of the Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.. The stadium was built in 1889 and was opened that same year. The total number of people that can be seated is about 31,700, although the view from some seats in the Stan Cullis stand are restricted by the Steve Bull stand roof until it is redeveloped, due to this they are never sold. The stadium has also hosted the England internationals and, more recently, the England under-21 internationals, and the UEFA Cup Final in 1972.

Other websites
Molineux Stadium's Official website 

Football stadiums in England
1889 establishments in England
Wolverhampton
Buildings and structures in West Midlands (county)
Spoonbills are a group of large, long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae, which also includes the Ibises.

All have large, flat, spatulate bills and feed by wading through shallow water, sweeping the partly-opened bill from side to side. The moment any small aquatic creature touches the inside of the bill—an insect, crustacean, or tiny fish—it is snapped shut. Spoonbills generally prefer fresh water to salt but are found in both environments. They need to feed many hours each day.

Spoonbills are monogamous, but, so far as is known, only for one season at a time. Most species nest in trees or reed-beds, often with ibises or herons.

Pelecaniformes
The Hawthorns is a football stadium in West Bromwich, Sandwell, England. It is the current home stadium of the West Bromwich Albion F.C.. The stadium was built in 1900 and opened in that same year. The total number of people who can seat in the stadium is about 26,500. The stadium is also near The Hawthorns station which provides transportation to the stadium. It is the highest ground above sea level in England. The four stands at the ground are called the East Stand, the Birmingham Road, the West Stand (formerly Halfords Lane)  and the Smethwick End.

Football stadiums in England
1900s establishments in England
1900 establishments in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in West Midlands (county)
TrES-4  is an exoplanet. It orbits around the star GSC 02620-00648. The planet is 4.5 million miles from its sun. Being this close to its sun, the year on TrES-4 about three days long. This makes the temperature on the planet very hot. In fact, the temperature on TrES-4 is about 2,300 degrees Fahrenheit (1,260 degrees Celsius).

TrES-4 is a gas giant that is 70 percent bigger than Jupiter. However, the planet is only as dense as cork. At the time of its discovery, TrES-4b was the largest known planet in the universe.

Discovery
The planet was found by Georgi Mandushev at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona. Mandushev discovered the planet as a part of the Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey project.

TrES-4 was discovered using the transit method. When an exoplanet passes between its sun and the Earth, astronomers can see a change in light from the star.

References

Gas giants
The oxpeckers are the two species of bird which make up the family Buphagidae.

Oxpeckers are endemic to the savanna of Sub-Saharan Africa. Their names come from their habit of perching on large mammals (both wild and domesticated) such as cattle or rhinoceroses, and eating ticks, botfly larvae, and other parasites.

According to the more recent studies of phylogeny, the oxpeckers are an ancient line related to  the Mimidae (mockingbirds, thrashers &c.) and starlings, but not particularly close to either.

Considering the known biogeography (distribution) of these groups, the most plausible explanation seems that the oxpecker lineage originated in Eastern or Southeastern Asia like the other two. This would make the two species of Buphagus something like living fossils.
Diet and feeding
Oxpeckers feed exclusively on the backs of large mammals. Certain species seem preferred, whereas others, like the Lichtenstein's hartebeest or topi are generally avoided. The smallest regularly used species is the impala, probably because of the heavy tick load and social nature of that species. In many parts of their range they now feed on cattle, but avoid camels. They feed on ectoparasites, particularly ticks, as well as insects infecting wounds and the flesh and blood of some wounds as well.
Oxpecker/mammal interactions are the subject of some debate and ongoing research. They were originally thought to be an example of mutualism, but recent evidence suggests that oxpeckers may be parasites instead. Oxpeckers do eat ticks, but often the ticks that have already fed on the ungulate host and there has been no proven statistically significant link between oxpecker presence and reduced ectoparasite load . However one study of impalas found that impalas which were used by oxpeckers spent less time grooming themselves suggesting they had fewer parasites. Oxpeckers have been seen opening new wounds and worsening existing ones in order to drink the blood of their perches . Oxpeckers also feed on the earwax  and dandruffs of mammals, although less is known about the benefits of this to the mammal, it is suspected that this is also a parasitic behaviour. Some oxpecker hosts are intolerant of their presence. Elephants and some antelope will actively dislodge the oxpeckers when they land
. Other species tolerate oxpeckers while they search for ticks on the face, what one author described as "appear[ing] ... to be an uncomfortable and invasive process."