Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Markus Rosenberg (born 27 September 1982) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Werder Bremen and Sweden national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Malmö FF||rowspan="3"|Allsvenskan||13||1
|-
|2002||11||0
|-
|2003||16||3
|-
|2004||Halmstad||Allsvenskan||26||14
|-
|2005||Malmö FF||Allsvenskan||12||4

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Ajax||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||31||12
|-
|2006/07||9||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||14||8
|-
|2007/08||30||14
|-
|2008/09||29||7
|-
|2009/10||||
78||22
40||12
73||29
191||63
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2005||6||3
|-
|2006||6||1
|-
|2007||7||2
|-
|2008||7||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||30||6
|}

References 

1982 births
Living people
Swedish footballers
People from Malmo
Marcelo Miguel Pelissari (born 20 August 1975) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|1996||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|}

References

1975 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Richard Dutruel (born 24 December 1972) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="2"|Division 1||4||0
|-
|1992/93||0||0
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Caen||rowspan="2"|Division 1||30||0
|-
|1994/95||38||0
|-
|1995/96||Paris Saint-Germain||Division 1||6||0

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Celta Vigo||rowspan="4"|La Liga||36||0
|-
|1997/98||36||0
|-
|1998/99||37||0
|-
|1999/00||19||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||15||0
|-
|2001/02||0||0
|-
|2002/03||Deportivo Alavés||La Liga||33||0

|-
|2003/04||Strasbourg||Ligue 1||24||0
102||0
176||0
278||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1972 births
Living people
Footballers from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
French association football goalkeepers
People from Haute-Savoie
Masahiko Nakagawa (born 26 August 1969) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||2||0||4||0||6||0
|-
|1993||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1995||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1996||16||0||1||0||1||0||18||0
|-
|1997||0||0||0||0||6||0||6||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||Nagoya Grampus Eight||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 2||29||0||0||0||2||0||31||0
|-
|2002||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
46||0||3||0||14||0||63||0
46||0||3||0||14||0||63||0
|}

References

1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka
Japanese association football goalkeepers
Masao Kiba (born 6 September 1974) is a retired Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="12"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="12"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|1995||28||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||32||0
|-
|1996||22||1||3||0||13||0||38||1
|-
|1997||9||0||3||0||5||0||17||0
|-
|1998||21||0||1||0||0||0||22||0
|-
|1999||26||0||2||0||3||0||31||0
|-
|2000||23||0||4||0||2||0||29||0
|-
|2001||30||0||2||0||2||0||34||0
|-
|2002||30||0||2||0||8||0||40||0
|-
|2003||28||0||2||0||4||0||34||0
|-
|2004||2||0||1||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2005||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Valiente Toyama||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||13||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2007||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2007||Mi-O Biwako Kusatsu||Regional Leagues||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
245||1||24||0||37||0||306||1
245||1||24||0||37||0||306||1
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Hyōgo Prefecture
Foraminifera or forams, as they are called, are an important group of tiny single-celled rhizarian eukaryotes. They are mostly marine, though a few live in fresh-water, and even on damp land areas. In the sea, they live both in the plankton (pelagic), and in the deeper water (the benthos). They have tests (like shells) made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

The organism has pseudopodia like an amoeba. It uses these to capture and eat bacteria and small diatoms. Also, many of them keep algal endosymbionts. Some are idioplastic, which means they eat the algae, but keep the algal chloroplasts for their own benefit.

Forams are often used to date strata in palaeontology. The detailed record of forams from deep sea drilling projects are the basis of a fossil index for geological periods or stages. This is called biostratigraphy.
Deep sea forams from the Mariana Trench are below the carbonate compensation depth, below which all CaCO3 dissolves. They have evolved organic tests, instead of calcium carbonate ones. This suggests that the tests are a vital part of their life-style, perhaps protecting them from other micro-predators.

References 

Fossils
Protista
"Take Me Away" is a song by Canadian singer Avril Lavigne from her second album, Under My Skin. Like the single before it (Losing Grip), Take Me Away has an edgy, post-grunge sound and started playing on Canadian rock radio in March of 2004. At around the same time that "Don't Tell Me" was being promoted, as the lead single from Under My Skin, "Take Me Away" was being released as the B-side on some copies of the "Don't Tell Me" single. 

"Take Me Away" was released to radio only in Australia in 2005.

References 

Avril Lavigne songs
2004 songs
Strata are layers of rock, or sometimes soil. In nature, strata come in many layers. It is a term in sedimentary and historical geology; the singular is stratum.  The study of strata is called stratigraphy.

These layers are laid down as sediment, often in the sea, and are slowly changed by pressure, heat and chemical action into rocks. 

The strata are often typical of a particular time and place, and allow geologists to relate rocks in different places. For instance, chalk was laid down in the Upper Cretaceous period, and consists mainly of the remains of microscopic algae called coccoliths.

In normal strata, the later strata are laid down on earlier strata in horizontal layers. In the long passage of time, sedimentary rocks may get deformed by huge forces in the Earth: volcanism, orogeny (mountain building) or other causes. Then it requires research to work out what has happened to the strata.
When strata rise above sea level they get worn down by erosion, such as weather. This causes gaps in the sequence of strata, which may have risen and sunk many times in Earth history. These gaps are called unconformities in geological jargon.

Cycles 

In many formations of strata there are repeating patterns. For example, clay layers alternate with sandstone layers; or carbonate layers alternate with shales. This is usually caused by repeating cycles of climate. In warmer times the sea rises, and carbonate rocks are deposited in shallow subtropical seas. Later, ice builds up at the poles and the sea level drops. Then the same area is close to shore, and gets sand and mud washed down by rivers. 

Rocks showing repeat patterns of strata are called rhythmites. Sometimes the patterns are caused by annual climate changes. Geologists call those varves.

Gallery 

Geology
Earth sciences
Live Acoustic EP is an EP that was released in 2004 by Canadian singer Avril Lavigne. It was made up of songs from her 2004 album, Under My Skin, and her hit single "Sk8er Boi" from her 2002 album Let Go.

It is an acoustic album that was only released in United States Target stores. All the songs were recorded live during Avril's North American mall tour.

Song listing 
"He Wasn't"(Live Acoustic) - 3:16 
"My Happy Ending"(Live Acoustic) - 3:56 
"Sk8er Boi"(Live Acoustic) - 3:37 
"Don't Tell Me"(Live Acoustic) - 3:38 
"Take Me Away"(Live Acoustic) - 2:55 
"Nobody's Home"(Live Acoustic) - 3:42

References 

Avril Lavigne songs

en:Avril Lavigne discography#Extended plays
Sarah Lois Vaughan (March 27, 1924  – April 3, 1990) was an American jazz singer. She was described by jazz writer Scott Yanow as having "one of the most wondrous voices of the 20th century". She had a contralto (alto) vocal range.

Vaghan had the nicknames "Sassy" and "The Divine One", and she was a Grammy Award winner. The National Endowment for the Arts gave her its "highest honor in jazz," the NEA Jazz Masters Award, in 1989.

Other websites 

1924 births
1990 deaths
American jazz singers
Singers from New Jersey
Gish is the first album of the alternative rock group The Smashing Pumpkins. It was released on May 28, 1991.

Track listing

I Am One
Siva
Rhinocerous
Bury Me
Crush
Suffer
Snail
Tristessa
Window Paine
Daydream
I'm Going Crazy (hidden song)

1991 albums
Debut albums
Rock albums
The Smashing Pumpkins
Maureen ("Mo" or "Moe") Tucker (born August 26, 1944 in Levittown, New York) is an American musician, best known as the drummer for the Velvet Underground, a band from the 1960s and early 1970s.

Tucker worked in a factory during the day, but played drums as a hobby. Two of her brother Jim's friends were college , Lou Reed and Sterling Morrison, who had started a band. (Jim gave the band its name, after he brought them a copy of a book titled The Velvet Underground.) When their drummer suddenly quit, she was asked to fill in for him. She did so, and ended up staying with the band full-time. She left her factory job.
Early on she was asked to "do something different" with her drums. Tucker turned her bass drum on its side, and began playing with  instead of drumsticks, standing up. This became her signature style. (She also played  a few times, after her drums were stolen.) She played on all the band's recordings for Verve Records and MGM's record label, and their concerts through the 1960s. She also sang lead vocals on "After Hours" and "I'm Sticking With You".

Tucker had to take a break from drumming in 1970, when she became pregnant. Billy Yule, teenage brother of Doug Yule, filled in for her on drums until after her baby Kerry was born. Tucker returned to the band, staying on even when Reed and Morrison left. She quit later, when the band thought about changing names. Instead of a solo career, she went back to factory work, and family life.
Later Tucker began drumming with other bands, including her own projects. She joined the Velvet Underground's 1990s reunions, and was present when the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

1944 births
American drummers
American rock musicians
Musicians from New York (state)
Living people
Avatar is a 2009 American science fiction adventure movie. The two main characters are played by Sam Worthington (Jake) and Zoe Saldana (Neytiri). Avatar was directed by James Cameron.

In 1994, Cameron wrote an 80-page story about Pandora. He did not start to develop the movie until 12 years later, in early 2006. He did this because the level of technology at the time was not good enough. The cost of the movie was high. It cost $280–310 million to make it and $150 million for marketing. The movie was released in traditional 2-D and 3-D. Only three weeks after it was released (December 18, 2009 in the United States), Avatar has earned more money worldwide than any movie other than Cameron's previous movie, Titanic. Due to the movie's success, Cameron signed with 20th Century Fox to direct four sequels. The first sequel, Avatar: The Way of Water, was released on December 16, 2022. Avatar 3 is set to be released in 2024, with further sequels scheduled for release in 2026 and 2028.
It has been nominated for nine Academy Awards (winning three) and eight BAFTA awards (winning two).

Plot 
The story takes place on Pandora, a moon of a far away planet, in the year 2154. The movie opens with Jake Sully (played by Sam Worthington), a paraplegic marine, getting into a fight in a bar on Earth before he goes to Pandora. Pandora is a fictional Earth-like moon in a distant planetary system.
Some humans  have traveled from Earth to Pandora because it is a source of a very valuable mineral called unobtanium. The largest deposit of the mineral is under a large tree that the local Na'vi people have named "Hometree" (kelutral in the Na'vi language). The tree is very important to the Na'vi. Parker Selfridge (played by Giovanni Ribisi) is the military leader of the mining operation. He uses marines for security. The marines need to move the Na'vi people before they can start mining the unobtanium. They have tried to do this many times. They have offered the Na'vi clothing, education, and such, but none has been working. Their next plan is to just blow the place up.
Pandora is inhabited by the Na'vi. They are a blue-skinned species of humanoids with feline characteristics. Physically, the Na'vi are much stronger and taller than humans. They live in harmony with Nature and worship a mother goddess called Eywa. The human scientists on Pandora want to learn about the Na'vi's culture. To do this, they have created "avatars". Avatars are Na'vi bodies modified with human DNA. They are controlled mentally by human operators. These avatars are used to interact with the Na'vi people, to try to create peace. Jake's brother was a scientist trained to be an avatar operator. After his brother dies, Jake replaces him to control his avatar. Jake receives the mission to form relations with the Na'vi. His goal is to get the Na'vi to move away from Hometree so the humans can mine for unobtanium there. To do this, he was to become friends with the Na'vi so he could learn what it would take to get them to move
. Many people, like Grace (played by Sigourney Weaver), an avatar specialist, did not think Jake had enough experience and intelligence to be useful. On a mission in avatar form, he gets lost in the jungle.
With the help of a woman marine pilot named Trudy (played by Michelle Rodriguez), they escape in a helicopter. They go to a nearby base to change into avatar mode. They then go to Hometree to see the Na'vi. Jake tells the Na'vi people that they still must fight. He joins with one of the Na'vi warriors to train them. Soon, more Na'vi come to defend their land. The marines choose to just destroy the Na'vi rather than try and move them. Many people do not think this was right.  They think it is inhumane. These people are not listened to and the Marines went to attack the Na'vi. There is a very large battle between the Marines and Na'vi. When it looks as if the marines are going to win, many of the animals of Pandora join the battle. They fight with the Na'vi against the marines. Near the end of the battle, Jake, in his avatar, fights  Parker Selfridge. When he is almost dead, Neytiri saves him. The Na'vi eventually win but many die. After the battle, the Marines are sent home to planet Earth
. Jake Sully is changed into his avatar permanently and becomes the leader of the Na'vi with Neytiri.
Humans/Avatars 
 Sam Worthington as Jake Sully, a disabled former Marine who becomes part of the Avatar Program after his twin brother is killed. His military background helps the Na'vi warriors relate to him. Worthington also briefly appears as Jake's deceased identical twin, Tommy. 
 Stephen Lang as Colonel Miles Quaritch, the head of the mining operation's security detail. Fiercely consistent in his disregard for any life not recognized as human, he has a profound disregard for Pandora's inhabitants that is evident in both his actions and his language. 
 Sigourney Weaver as Dr. Grace Augustine, an exobiologist and head of the Avatar Program. She is also Sully's mentor and an advocate of peaceful relations with the Na'vi, having set up a school to teach them English.
 Michelle Rodriguez as Trudy Chacón, a combat pilot assigned to support the Avatar Program who is sympathetic to the Na'vi.
Giovanni Ribisi as Parker Selfridge, the corporate administrator for the RDA mining operation. While he is at first willing to destroy the Na'vi civilization to preserve the company's bottom line, he is reluctant to authorize the attacks on the Na'vi and taint his image, doing so only after Quaritch persuades him that it is necessary and that the attacks will be humane. When the attacks are broadcast to the base, Selfridge displays discomfort at the violence.
 Joel David Moore as Dr. Norm Spellman, a xenoanthropologist who studies plant and animal life as part of the Avatar Program. He arrives on Pandora at the same time as Jake and operates an avatar. Although he is expected to lead the diplomatic contact with the Na'vi, it turns out that Jake has the personality better suited to win the natives' respect.
 Dileep Rao as Dr. Max Patel, a scientist who works in the Avatar Program and comes to support Jake's rebellion against the RDA
Na'vi 
 Zoe Saldana as Neytiri, the daughter of the leaders of the Omaticaya (the Na'vi clan central to the story). She is attracted to Jake because of his bravery, though frustrated with him for what she sees as his naiveté and stupidity. She serves as Jake's love interest. The character, like all the Na'vi, was created using performance capture, and its visual aspect is entirely computer generated.
 CCH Pounder as Mo'at, the Omaticaya's spiritual leader, Neytiri's mother, and consort to clan leader Eytukan.
 Wes Studi as Eytukan, the Omaticaya's clan leader, Neytiri's father, and Mo'at's mate.
 Laz Alonso as Tsu'tey, the finest warrior of the Omaticaya. He is heir to the chieftainship of the tribe. At the beginning of the movie's story, he is engaged to Neytiri.
Release 
Avatar premiered in London on December 10, 2009, and was released worldwide from December 16 to 18. It was originally set for release on May 22, 2009, but it was delayed to allow more time for post-production and for theatres worldwide to install 3D projectors.

Home media 
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the movie on Blu-ray and DVD in the US on April 22, 2010, and in the UK on April 26. The US release was to coincide with Earth Day. The first DVD and Blu-ray releases do not contain any additional features other than the theatrical movie and the disc menu. This was made in favor of and to make space for optimal picture and sound.
The Avatar three-disc Extended Collector's Edition on Blu-ray and DVD was released on November 16, 2010. Three different versions of the movie are present on the discs: the original theatrical cut (162 minutes), the special edition cut (170 minutes), and a collector's extended cut (178 minutes). The Blu-ray set presents the movie in a single disc, while the DVD set spreads it across two discs. The collector's extended cut contains 8 more minutes of footage, thus making it 16 minutes longer than the original theatrical cut. There is also an "Earth opening", which Cameron stated that it is an additional  minutes of scenes that were initially in the movie but were eventually cut before the movie's theatrical release. 
The release also has an additional 45 minutes of deleted scenes and other extras.

Reception 
On Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 335 reviews are positive. The average rating is 7.40/10. On Metacritic, the movie has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 38 critic reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".
References

Other websites

2009 movies
2009 science fiction movies
2009 3D movies
2009 adventure movies
2000s epic movies
Academy Award winning movies
2000s American adventure movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies composed by James Horner
Movies directed by James Cameron
Movies set in the future
Movies set on fictional planets
Jungle movies
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Saturn Award winning movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies set in the 22nd century
Movies about extraterrestrial life
Paramecium is one of the best-known protists, often taught in school biology courses. It is a Ciliate genus. Ciliates are a clade of protists which move by synchronous waves of tiny projections from their cuticle. These projections are called cilia (singular: cilium). The species range from 50 to 350 μm in length. They live in freshwater ponds, and eat bacteria, and other protists such as single-celled algae.

Paramecium species usually have bacterial symbionts, and some species have green algal symbionts.
Reproduction 
Reproduction in Paramecium has been researched for many years.
Paramecium has two nuclei (a large macronucleus and a single compact micronucleus). They cannot survive without the macronucleus and cannot reproduce without the micronucleus. Reproduction is either by binary fission (asexual), conjugation (sexual), or, rarely, by endomixis, a process of self-fertilisation. During binary fission a fully grown organism divides into two daughter cells. Conjugation consists of the temporary union of two organisms and the exchange of micro-nuclear elements. Without the rejuvenating effects of conjugation a paramecium ages and dies. Only opposite mating types, or genetically compatible organisms, can unite in conjugation.

This reproductive system is unique to ciliates, and is one of the reasons why we think the Protista is not a natural clade (monophyletic), but rather a polyphyletic collection of single-celled organisms.
Paramecium aurelia 
This species consists of 14 "syngens", each genetically isolated from every other, and biochemically unique. Each syngen has two mating types. The syngens are so similar in appearance that they have not been given separate species names.p322

Killer paramecia and kappa particles 
These are paramecia which secrete, into the medium around them, particles which kill other paramecia. This killer trait is caused by kappa particles, which are symbiotic bacteria. The kappa particles are only found in paramecia with a dominant K gene. The killing is done by smaller particles which are defective DNA phages. The kappa bacterium is just one of many found in natural populations of Paramecium aurelia.p243/4

References 

Ciliates
Kingston is a village of Green Lake County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  288 people were living in Kingston as of 2000.

Geography 
Kingston has a total area of 1.5 square miles.

Other websites
Mill Pond Library, Kingston, Wisconsin

Villages in Wisconsin
Green Lake County, Wisconsin
The Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her" (From Heaven above to Earth I come), BWV 769 is a well-known piece of music for organ by Johann Sebastian Bach.  An organ with two manuals (keyboards) and pedals is needed to play this work.  There are five “variations”.  All the music is based on a Christmas hymn called “Von Himmel hoch” which was very well known to the people who went to the Lutheran church where Bach was organist.

Bach composed the piece when he became a member of Mizler's Music Society in Leipzig in 1747.  It was printed in 1747.  Another version was published later.  This was an autograph manuscript which also included other organ music: the six trio sonatas  and the Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes.  The most important difference Bach made in this version is that the fifth variation was moved to the middle.
History of the composition
In June 1747, Bach was allowed to become a member of the "Correspondierde Societät der Muscialischen Wissenschaften" (Corresponding Society for the Musical Sciences).  There were 14 members when Bach joined.  The society studied and encouraged people in Leipzig to compose music.  To celebrate becoming a member, Bach gave to the society a version of the Canonic Variations and also a portrait of himself that had been painted by Elias Gottlob Haussmann.  In the portrait Bach is seen holding up a copy of another composition which uses a lot of canon.
The five variations on “Von Himmel Hoch” are not variations in the usual musical sense.  They are not five statements of the theme with ornamentation.  They are five movements which all use canon to build up the music.  During the last years of his life Bach composed several works which were based on canons.  Several of his works from that period are canonic, including organ pieces from Parts III and IV of the Clavier-Übung, the Goldberg Variations for harpsichord, the Musical Offering and the Art of the Fugue.
The Canonic Variations are based on the Christmas Hymn "Von Himmel hoch, da komm ich her". The words and melody were composed in 1539 by Martin Luther. Bach had used the chorale (hymn tune) before.  It comes in his Christmas Oratorio, in his Magnificat, and in several organ preludes including the short one from the Orgelbüchlein (Little Organ Book) which can be heard in Britain and other countries on radio and television each Christmas Eve at the end of the world-famous carol service from King’s College, Cambridge.

The music

There are five variations:

Variation I
Variation I

This is a two part canon between the right and left hand. It is a “canon at the octave” because the second part starts an octave lower than the first part.  The hands play on different manuals so that they can produce a different sort of sound, like a duet between two instruments.  The chorale tune (cantus firmus) is heard in the pedals.  It is played in long notes with gaps of a bar and a half between each phrase.  The music of the canon, played by the hands, sounds in parts like the shape of the chorale.  It starts with six notes going down.  Bach may have done this deliberately to suggest Christ coming down to earth.  This sort of “symbolism” or “word-painting”, in which the actual notes of the music show the meaning of the words (or what were the words in the original hymn), is very common in Bach’s music and in a lot of other music of that time.

Variation II
Variation II

Again there is a canon between the hands and the chorale tune in the pedals.  It is strict three-part writing (each hand only plays one note at a time, as if for a melodic instrument). This time it is a “canon at the fifth” (the right hand begins on C, the left hand imitates half a bar later starting on the F below).  The canon is based on the first and second lines of the chorale.  When the start of the canon comes back near the end, it is syncopated.  At the very end the hands play a scale going up.  Bach may have meant this to sound like angels going up to heaven, or the soul going up.

Variation III

The canon this time is between the left hand and the pedals.  The canon moves mostly in quavers and is based on the chorale tune.  The right hand plays a free melody, and also the chorale tune in long notes at the top.

Variation IV
Variation IV

This variation has a new tune in the right hand (but some of its general shape comes from the chorale tune).  It is very lively (there are often demisemiquavers, especially near the end), and is very syncopated.  The bottom of the left hand plays the same tune in canon, but it only moves at half the speed of the upper part. This is called “augmentation”.  The top of the left hand meanwhile has a freer part.  The pedal has the chorale tune in long notes.  Three bars before the end we hear the BACH motif in the left hand.  These are the four notes that Bach often uses to represent his name.

Variation V

The last variation becomes more and more grand and finishes in a big climax.  It works well when it is played as the last variation (instead of the middle variation as in the autograph copy).
At the beginning of this variation, the canon is simply the melody of the chorale. It is played by the right and left hand, but this time the left hand plays it upside down (inversion).  It is a “canon at the sixth” (the right hand starts on C, then the left hand starts on the E below).  Later it becomes a canon at the third.   The pedal simply plays a bass part (like a continuo instrument).

In the next section the right hand (marked “forte” (loud)) moves in fast notes while the pedal plays the chorale tune and the bottom part of the left hand plays it in canon upside down at the second (pedal starts on C, left hand canon imitates starting on B).  Then the right and left hands swap round and there is a canon at the ninth.
In the last section, marked forte, the pedal part plays the chorale tune upside down.  At the very end, as the music rises to a climax, it repeats the last line of the chorale tune, finishing on the lowest pedal note: the bottom C.  The hands meanwhile play on the same manual.  There is a “stretto”: all the voices start the tune (or a version of the tune) quickly one after another.  At the very end we hear the BACH motif again.

Conclusion
Bach is often said to be a “mathematical” composer.  This set of variations are a good example of a piece of music in which Bach is trying to show different techniques of composing.  A lot of skill is needed in order to compose complicated canons like this, making the music sound good at the same time.  The description of the music may sound very complicated, but one can enjoy the music without understanding all the techniques used to compose it.  However, it is always fascinating to see how Bach has put all these ideas together.
References
The Organ Music of J.S.Bach vol II: Peter Williams, Cambridge University Press,

Other websites
Recordings by Ton Koopman, BWV769a/i (Koopman plays the variations in the order of the autograph score: with the “final” variation in third place, though each variation can be heard as a separate track, so one can listen in whichever order one likes.)

Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Christmas music
Solo organ pieces
In music, voice refers to several melodic lines being sung or played at the same time.  These lines are called "voices", even if they are not being sung but being played on instruments.  Another word for the same thing is "part", but the word "part" can also mean a "section" of a piece, so it can be confusing.

The word "part" meaning "voice" is often used when describing polyphonic music.  For example: a 3-part fugue would have three "voices".  It might be sung by three people, or it might be played by three instruments, or just by one keyboard instrument playing all three parts.

Related pages
polyphony
partsong
fugue

Music theory
An elf is a creature of various origins that is usually regarded as a good being that helps to make trees and nature good. It is therefore commonly associated with paganism and witchcraft (many modern witches today believe that elves are real creatures).

Elves are usually described as a taller human, but with more firmer touch to them. However, in The Lord of the Rings, elves were described as human sized (and if anything taller), hence changing the description of elves. They are sometimes known to have long, pointy ears.

In most modern fantasy scenarios, elves are one of the 3 main races (elves, dwarves, and humans), although if these 3 are described as the good races, they then become one of 6 races, including orcs, goblins, trolls, and / or giants.
The word elf is found throughout the Germanic languages and seems originally to have meant "white being". Reconstructing the early concept of an elf depends largely on texts, written by Christians, in Old and Middle English, medieval German, and Old Norse. These associate elves variously with the gods of Norse mythology, with causing illness, with magic, and with beauty and seduction.

The elves of Norse mythology have survived into folklore mainly as females, living in hills and mounds of stones. The Swedish älvor were stunningly beautiful girls who lived in the forest with an elven king.
The elves could be seen dancing over meadows, particularly at night and on misty mornings. They left a circle where they had danced, which were called älvdanser (elf dances) or älvringar (elf circles), and to urinate in one was thought to cause venereal diseases. Typically, elf circles were fairy rings consisting of a ring of small mushrooms, but there was also another kind of elf circle. In the words of the local historian Anne Marie Hellström:

...on lake shores, where the forest met the lake, you could find elf circles. They were round places where the grass had been flattened like a floor. Elves had danced there. By Lake Tisnaren, I have seen one of those. It could be dangerous and one could become ill if one had trodden over such a place or if one destroyed anything there.
If a human watched the dance of the elves, he would discover that even though only a few hours seemed to have passed, many years had passed in the real world. Humans being invited or lured to the elf dance is a common motif transferred from older Scandinavian ballads.

Elves were not exclusively young and beautiful. In the Swedish folktale Little Rosa and Long Leda, an elvish woman (älvakvinna) arrives in the end and saves the heroine, Little Rose, on condition that the king's cattle no longer graze on her hill. She is described as a beautiful old woman and by her aspect people saw that she belonged to the subterraneans.

Related pages
 Christmas elf

References

Other websites
encyc:elf

Christmas
Holmes Sterling Morrison Jr. (born August 28, 1942, died August 30, 1995) was an American musician (guitar), known as a founding member of the Velvet Underground.

Morrison met Lou Reed, who also played guitar, at college. They met again later in New York City, where Reed was collaborating with John Cale. Morrison joined Reed and Cale in jam sessions, and the three formed a band. The band gained the name "The Velvet Underground" when another college friend, Jim Tucker, brought them a book with that title. Tucker's sister Maureen became the band's drummer.

Morrison played lead guitar, and also rhythm and bass guitars, and sang backing vocals. When Doug Yule replaced John Cale, Morrison played lead guitar full-time. Yule sometimes pushed for the lead guitar role, and Morrison and Yule did not get along well.
Even though the Velvets were well known, their financial success was limited, and Morrison became unsure about the band's future. He quit college before the Velvets formed, with only a few credits to go, but went back to City College of New York during 1970. He completed his Bachelor's degree in English, while the band played Max's Kansas City, a restaurant and bar in New York.

After Lou Reed left the band late in 1970, Morrison continued to tour with them. He had sent his resumé to different schools, hoping to get a job as a teacher or professor. When the band visited Texas, he phoned Texas A&M University, and learned they wanted him for a teaching job. He quit the band, and taught college through the 1970s and 1980s.
Morrison later returned to New York, and became a tugboat captain. He reunited with the Velvets during the 1990s, playing shows with them in Europe and America. He became ill in 1995, saw a doctor, and found out he had lymphoma, a kind of cancer. He died only a few weeks later, and not long before the Velvet Underground were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

1942 births
1995 deaths
American rock guitarists
Musicians from New York (state)
American punk musicians
"Vanilla Twilight" is the second single on the album Ocean Eyes by electronica project Owl City. It was made into a music video that had several people in it, including Shaq, that look at a sunrise after a snow fall.

2009 songs
Feather Falls is a waterfall found on the Fall River.  It is a tributary of the Middle Fork Feather River, in Plumas National Forest of Butte County, California.  The falls were often said to be over 640 feet tall, however, they recently measured to stand 410 feet tall, which is what the USGS Brush Creek 7 1/2" quadrangle says.  A town found nearby, Feather Falls, California, is named after this waterfall.

References

Waterfalls
Landforms of California
Butte County, California
Feather Falls is an unincorporated community in Butte County, California.  It is found in the countryside.  It lies at an elevation of 2982 feet (909 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in California
Settlements in Butte County, California
Salween River is a major river in Southeast Asia. It flows through parts of China, Thailand, and Burma for . The river begins in the Qinghai Mountains and flows west. Then it turns east and south, flowing into the Andaman Sea at Mawlamyaing, Burma.

Related pages
Mekong River

References

Rivers of China
Rivers of Myanmar
Rivers of Thailand
Tal Ben Haim (; born 31 March 1982) is an Israeli football player. He most recently played for Beitar Jerusalem and Israel national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Maccabi Tel Aviv||rowspan="4"|Premier League||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2001/02||29||1||5||0||3||0||4||0||41||1
|-
|2002/03||30||0||4||0||10||0||4||0||48||0
|-
|2003/04||26||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||1

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Bolton Wanderers||rowspan="3"|Premier League||21||1||4||0||2||0||0||0||27||1
|-
|2005/06||35||0||4||0||3||0||7||0||49||0
|-
|2006/07||32||0||1||0||1||0||0||0||34||0
|-
|2007/08||Chelsea||Premier League||13||0||2||0||3||0||2||0||20||0
|-
|2008/09||Manchester City||Premier League||9||0||0||0||1||0||5||0||15||0
|-
|2008/09||Sunderland||Premier League||5||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2009/10||Portsmouth||Premier League||||||||||||||||||||
86||2||9||0||13||0||8||0||116||2
115||1||11||0||10||0||14||0||150||1
201||3||20||0||23||0||22||0||266||3
|}
International career statistics

|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||5||0
|-
|2007||9||0
|-
|2008||7||0
|-
|2009||7||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||53||0
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Israeli footballers
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
Rishon LeZion
Hugo Viana (born 15 January 1983) is a Portuguese football player. He has played for the Portuguese national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||25||1

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Newcastle United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||23||2
|-
|2003/04||16||0

|-
|2004/05||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||32||6

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Valencia||rowspan="2"|La Liga||18||0
|-
|2006/07||25||2
|-
|2007/08||Osasuna||La Liga||9||1
|-
|2008/09||Valencia||La Liga||0||0

|-
|2009/10||Braga||Portuguese Liga||||
57||7
39||2
52||3
148||12
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||5||1
|-
|2006||5||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
!Total||25||1
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Bruno Vale (born 8 April 1983), is a Portuguese football player. He has played for Portugal national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Porto||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||1||0
|-
|2004/05||0||0
|-
|2005/06||Estrela da Amadora||Portuguese Liga||30||0
|-
|2006/07||Leiria||Portuguese Liga||2||0
|-
|2007/08||Varzim||Liga Honra||7||0
|-
|2008/09||Vitória FC||Portuguese Liga||7||0
|-
|2009/10||Os Belenenses||Portuguese Liga||||
47||0
47||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
Portuguese association football goalkeepers
Fábio Santos Romeu (born 16 September 1985) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Corinthians.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||rowspan="4"|São Paulo||rowspan="4"|Série A||13||0||||||||||13||0
|-
|2004||27||1||||||||||27||1
|-
|2005||13||1||||||||||13||1
|-
|2006||2||0||||||||||2||0

|-
|2006||Kashima Antlers||J. League 1||20||3||4||0||3||0||27||3

|-
|2007||Cruzeiro||Série A||4||0||||||||||4||0

|-
|2007/08||Monaco||Ligue 1||5||1||||||||||5||1

|-
|2008||Santos||Série A||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|2009||Grêmio||Série A||||||||||||||||
64||2||||||||||64||2
20||3||4||0||3||0||27||3
5||1||||||||||5||1
89||6||4||0||3||0||96||6
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Haminu Draman (born 1 April 1986) is a Ghanaian football player. He plays for Lokomotiv Moscow and Ghana national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005/06||Red Star Belgrade||Superliga||4||1

|-
|2006/07||Gençlerbirliği||Süper Lig||31||2

|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Lokomotiv Moscow||rowspan="2"|Premier League||3||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
|2009||Kuban Krasnodar||Premier League||||
4||1
31||2
6||0
41||3
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||12||2
|-
|2007||4||0
|-
|2008||14||1
|-
|2009||7||1
|-
|2010||5||0
|-
!Total||43||4
|}

References

1986 births
Living people
Ghanaian footballers
Sportspeople from Accra
Saša Drakulić (born 28 August 1972) is a Serbian football player. He plays for Proleter Novi Sad.

References

1972 births
Living people
Serbian footballers
Alen Avdić (born 3 April 1977) is a Bosnia and Herzegovinan football player. He has played for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Sarajevo||rowspan="3"|Premier League||0||0
|-
|1996/97||0||0
|-
|1997/98||0||0

|-
|1998/99||Sakaryaspor||First League||2||0

|-
|1998/99||Cercle Brugge||Second Division||19||3

|-
|1999/00||Sarajevo||Premier League||0||0

|-
|2000/01||Chemnitz||2. Bundesliga||12||0

|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="2"|K-League||5||1
|-
|2002||3||0

|-
|2002||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||24||10

|-
|2003||Suwon Samsung Bluewings||K-League||2||0

|-
|2004||Liaoning||Super League||16||7

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Sarajevo||rowspan="2"|Premier League||9||1
|-
|2005/06||12||8

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Saba Battery Teheran||rowspan="2"|Pro League||19||6
|-
|2007/08||22||2
|-
|2008/09||Bargh Shiraz||Pro League||15||1

|-
|2009/10||Sarajevo||Premier League||||
21||9
2||0
19||3
12||0
10||1
24||10
16||7
56||9
160||39
|}
International career statistics

|-
|1999||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
People from Sarajevo
Mickaël Landreau (born 14 May 1979) is a French football player. He plays for Lille.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="10"|Nantes Atlantique||rowspan="6"|Division 1||29||0
|-
|1997/98||33||0
|-
|1998/99||31||0
|-
|1999/00||33||0
|-
|2000/01||33||0
|-
|2001/02||33||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Ligue 1||36||0
|-
|2003/04||34||0
|-
|2004/05||37||0
|-
|2005/06||36||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||38||0
|-
|2007/08||38||0
|-
|2008/09||38||0
|-
|2009/10||Lille||Ligue 1||||
449||0
449||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
!Total||11||0
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
French association football goalkeepers
Footballers from Pays de la Loire
People from Loire-Atlantique
Oleg Pashinin (born 12 September 1974) is a former Uzbekistani football player. He has played for Uzbekistan national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="10"|Lokomotiv Moscow||rowspan="6"|Top League||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1993||9||0||||||||||9||0
|-
|1994||11||0||||||||||11||0
|-
|1995||14||0||||||||||14||0
|-
|1996||11||0||||||||||11||0
|-
|1997||15||0||||||||||15||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="4"|Top Division||10||0||||||||||10||0
|-
|1999||25||1||||||||||25||1
|-
|2000||11||0||||||||||11||0
|-
|2001||1||0||||||||||1||0

|-
|2001||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||12||2||2||0||2||0||16||2

|-
|2002||rowspan="6"|Lokomotiv Moscow||rowspan="6"|Premier League||23||0||||||||||23||0
|-
|2003||19||0||||||||||19||0
|-
|2004||13||0||||||||||13||0
|-
|2005||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|2006||20||0||||||||||20||0
|-
|2007||3||0||||||||||3||0
203||2||||||||||203||2
12||2||2||0||2||0||16||2
215||4||2||0||2||0||219||4
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2001||5||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||2||0
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
!Total||12||0
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Uzbekistani footballers
The Škoda Fabia is a car produced by Škoda Auto in two generations since 1999. It is currently in its third generation which launched in late 2014.

First generation (1999–2007) 
The first generation launched in late 1999 and launched in the UK in Spring 2000 with estate and saloon versions added in 2001 and got a facelift in 2004.

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.0 37 kW (50 hp)
 1.2 HTP 40 kW (54 hp) and 47 kW (64 hp)
 1.4 MPI 44 kW (60 hp) and 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.4 16V 55 kW (75 hp), 59 kW (80 hp) and 74 kW (101 hp)
 2.0 MPI 85 kW (116 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.4 TDI 51 kW (69 hp), 55 kW (75 hp) and 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.9 SDI 47 kW (64 hp)
 1.9 TDI 74 kW (101 hp)
 1.9 TDI RS 96 kW (131 hp)
Second generation (2007–2014) 
The second generation model launched in Spring 2007 and continued with hatchback and estate models, the saloon was dropped due to poor sales, it was facelifted in 2010 and got a minor update in 2013. The car was launched in the UK with a memorable advert with the car made entirely of cake and used the song My Favourite Things from The Sound Of Music.

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 HTP 44 kW (60 hp) and 51 kW (69 hp)
 1.2 TSI 63 kW (86 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.4 16V 63 kW (86 hp)
 1.4 TSI RS 132 kW (180 hp)
 1.6 16V 77 kW (105 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.2 TDI 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.4 TDI 51 kW (69 hp) and 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.6 TDI 55 kW (75 hp), 66 kW (90 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.9 TDI 77 kW (105 hp)

Fourth generation (2021-present)
The Fabia IIII which will be unveiled in spring 2021 will be a little longer than the current generation. Based on the technical platform of the Volkswagen Polo and the Skoda Scala, it will have, according to Skoda, an additional 50 liters of trunk, bringing the capacity to a total of 380 liters, In its press release, Skoda also mentions the fact that the car will no longer be offered with gasoline powered mechanics. These will be paired with a manual gearbox or the 7-speed DSG dual-clutch transmission. 

Fabia
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Škoda Superb is a car produced by Škoda Auto from 2001 to the present day. The first generation was made from 2001 to 2008 and got a facelift in 2006, it was available as a saloon only. The second generation was made from 2008 to 2015 with a facelift in 2013, it was available as a hatchback or an estate from early 2010. It entered its third generation in 2015 and like its predecessor, it comes as a hatchback or an estate. 

Superb
2000s automobiles
The Škoda Octavia is a car produced by Škoda Auto in three generations since 1996. The first generation arrived in 1996 and launched in the UK in 1998 with a facelift in 2000. The second generation was launched in 2004 with a facelift in early 2009 but the first generation still continues until 2010. It entered its third generation in 2013 with a facelift in early 2017, it received some criticism for being a bit too big for some buyers. The fourth generation launched in June 2020.

First generation (1996–2010)

Versions

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.4 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.4 16V 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 55 kW (75 hp), 74 kW (101 hp) and 75 kW (102 hp)
 1.8 20V 92 kW (125 hp)
 1.8 20V Turbo 110 kW (150 hp)
 1.8 20V Turbo RS 132 kW (180 hp)
 2.0 85 kW (115 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.9 SDI 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.9 TDI 66 kW (90 hp), 74 kW (101 hp), 81 kW (110 hp) and 96 kW (131 hp)

Second generation (2004–2013)

Versions

Engines
Versions

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 TSI 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.4 16V 55 kW (75 hp) and 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.4 TSI 90 kW (122 hp)
 1.6 MPI 75 kW (102 hp)
 1.6 FSI 85 kW (116 hp)
 1.8 TSI 118 kW (160 hp)
 2.0 FSI 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 TSI RS 147 kW (200 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.6 TDI 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.9 TDI 77 kW (105 hp)
 2.0 TDI 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 TDI RS 125 kW (170 hp)

Octavia
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Volkswagen Vento was a car made by Volkswagen from 1992 through 1998. It is the European version of the Third Generation Volkswagen Jetta.

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.6 55 kW (75 hp) and 74 kW (100 hp)
 1.8 55 kW (75 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
 2.0 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.8 VR6 128 kW (174 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.9 D 47 kW (64 hp)
 1.9 SDI 47 kW (64 hp)
 1.9 TD 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.9 TDI 66 kW (90 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)

Vento
1990s automobiles
Akmal Shaikh (5 April 1956 – 29 December 2009) was a British citizen, originally from Pakistan, who was executed in Urumqi, China, by lethal injection. Shaikh was the first EU national to be executed in China in 50 years. The father of five took heroin from a friend named "Okole" unknowingly to China in a suitcase on a plane. China defended its decision to put Shaikh to death and stated it had acted according to Chinese law.

References 

1956 births
2009 deaths
British people convicted of drug offences

Drug dealers
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Pakistani Muslims
People executed by lethal injection