Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Secondary Sector 

 It includes the industries where finished products are made from natural materials produced in the primary sector. Industrial production, cotton fabric, sugar cane production etc. activities comes under this sector.
 Hence its the part of a country's economy that manufactures goods, rather than producing raw materials
 Since this sector is associated with different kinds of industries, it is also called industrial sector.
 People engaged in secondary activities are called blue collar workers.
 Examples of manufacturing sector:
 Small workshops producing pots, artisan production.
 Mills producing textiles,
 Factories producing steel, chemicals, plastic, car.
 Food production such as brewing plants, and food processing.
 Oil refinery.

Core Industries
Core Industries

Eight Core Industries are Electricity, steel, refinery products, crude oil, coal, cement, natural gas and fertilizers. The Index of Eight Core Industries is a monthly production index, which is also considered as a lead indicator of the monthly industrial performance. The Index of Eight Core Industries is compiled based on the monthly production information received from the Source Agencies.

Tertiary Sector/Service Sector 

 This sector’s activities help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. By itself, economic activities in tertiary sector do not produce a goods but they are an aid or a support for the production.
 Goods transported by trucks or trains, banking, insurance, finance etc. come under the sector. It provides the value addition to a product same as secondary sector.
 This sector jobs are called white collar jobs.

Pink Collar Worker
Pink Collar Worker

 Pink-collar worker is one who is employed in a job that is traditionally considered to be women's work. The term pink-collar worker was used to distinguish female-orientated jobs from the blue-collar worker, a worker in manual labor, and the white-collar worker, a professional or educated worker in office positions.
 A pink collar worker need not require as much professional training as white-collar professions. They do not get equal pay or prestige.
 A pink collar worker is usually a woman. Men rarely work in pink collar jobs. Some examples of pink collar occupations are baby sitter, florist, day care worker, nurses etc.
 Lately, the pink collar worker is educated or trained. Pink collar workers are educated through training seminars or classes and they have to continue to strive for advancement in their careers.
 Today, women have more opportunities in traditionally male white-collar jobs and men work in traditionally female pink-collar jobs.

Sunrise Industry
Sunrise Industry

 Sunrise industry is a term used for a sector that is just in its infancy but shows promise of a rapid boom.
 The industry is typically characterized by high growth rates, high degree of innovation and generally has plenty of public awareness about the sector and investors get attracted to its long-term growth prospects.
 On the other hand, Sunrise industry rapid emergence may threaten a competing industry sector that is already in decline. Because of its dim long-term prospects, such an industry is referred to as a sunset industry.
 Existing Indian sectors that can be termed as Sunrise sectors and likely to hold us in good stead in the future in terms of employment generation and business growth are:
 Information Technology
 Telecom Sector
 Healthcare
 Infrastructure Sector
 Retail Sector
 Food Processing Industries
 Fisheries

Why did India shift from primary sector to services sector and not secondary sector?
The natural economic movement of a country goes from agrarian economy to an industrial economy to a service economy but India has leapfrogged from an agrarian economy to a service economy.
 One remarkable feature of India’s recent growth is diversification into services, with the services sector dominating GDP.
 India’s success in software and IT-enables serviced (ITeS) exports, has made it a significant services exporter with its share in world services exports rising from 0.6 per cent in 1990 to 3.3 per cent in 2013.
 Well educated and immense human resources, Fluency in English and availability of cheap labour are other reasons for rapid growth of service sector in the country. On the other hand, low growth in Secondary sector can be attributed to:
 The license Raj
 Restrictions on foreign investment
 Lack of measures to promote private industry
 Power Deficit
 Stringent Labour laws
 Lack of skilled labour
 Delays in Land Acquisition and environmental clearances
 Import of cheap manufactured goods etc.
Though India ranks low in terms of per capita income, its share of services in GDP is approaching the global average. Interestingly, however, the contribution of services to employment was significantly lower than the world average.
 The manufacturing sector tends to be labour-intensive, hence renewed emphasis on the manufacturing through programmes like ‘Make in India’ will serve to correct this anomaly and raise employment in proportion with growth in GDP.
Quaternary Activities 

 These are specialized tertiary activities in the ‘Knowledge Sector’ which demands a separate classification.
 The quaternary sector is the intellectual aspect of the economy. It is the process which enables entrepreneurs to innovate and improve the quality of services offered in the economy.
 Personnel working in office buildings, elementary schools and university classrooms, hospitals and doctors’ offices, theatres, accounting and brokerage firms all belong to this category of services.
 Like other tertiary functions, quaternary activities can also be outsourced.

Quinary Activities
The quinary sector is the part of the economy where the top-level decisions are made. This includes the government which passes legislation. It also comprises the top decision-makers in industry, commerce and also the education sector.
 These are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies.
 Profession under this category often referred as 'gold collar' professions, they represent another subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc.

Organised Sector
Organised Sector 

 In this sector, employment terms are fixed and regular, and the employees get assured work and social security.
 It can also be defined as a sector, which is registered with the government and a number of acts apply to the enterprises. Schools and hospitals are covered under the organised sector.
 Workers in the organised sector enjoy security of employment. They are expected to work only a fixed number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer.

Unorganised Sector
An unorganised worker is a home-based worker or a self-employed worker or a wage worker in the unorganized sector and includes a worker in the organized sector who is not covered by any of the Acts pertaining to welfare Schemes as mentioned in Schedule-II of Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008.
 In this sector wage-paid labour is largely non-unionised due to casual and seasonal nature of employment and scattered location of enterprises.
 The sector is marked by low incomes, unstable and irregular employment, and lack of protection either from legislation or trade unions.
 The unorganised sector uses mainly labour-intensive and indigenous technology. The workers in unorganised sector, are so scattered that the implementation of the Legislation is very inadequate and ineffective. There are hardly any unions in this sector to act as watch-dogs.
But the contributions made by the unorganised sector to the national income, is very substantial as compared to that of the organised sector. It adds more than 60% to the national income while the contribution of the organised sector is almost half of that depending on the industry.
The Public Sector 

 In the sector, government owns most of the assets and it is the part of the economy concerned with providing various governmental services.
 The purpose of the public sector is not just to earn profits. Governments raise money through taxes and other ways to meet expenses on the services rendered by it.

Classification of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)
CPSEs are classified into 3 categories- Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna. Presently, there are 7 Maharatna, 16 Navratna and 71 Miniratna CPSEs.
 Maharatna Scheme was introduced for Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs), with effect from 19th May, 2010, in order to empower mega CPSEs to expand their operations and emerge as global giants.
 Presently there are seven ‘Maharatna’ CPSEs, viz. (i) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, (ii) Coal India Limited, (iii) GAIL (India) Limited, (iv) Indian Oil Corporation Limited, (v) NTPC Limited, (vi) Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited and (vii)Steel Authority of India Limited.
 CPSEs fulfilling the following criteria are eligible to be considered for grant of Maharatna status:
 Having Navratna status.
 Listed on Indian stock exchange with minimum prescribed public shareholding under SEBI regulations.
 Average annual turnover of more than Rs. 25,000 crore, during the last 3 years.
 Average annual net worth of more than Rs. 15,000 crore, during the last 3 years.
Average annual net profit after tax of more than Rs. 5,000 crore, during the last 3 years.
 Should have significant global presence/international operations.
 Criteria for grant of Navratna status
 The Miniratna Category – I and Schedule ‘A’ CPSEs, which have obtained ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ rating under the Memorandum of Understanding system in three of the last five years, and have composite score of 60 or above in the six selected performance parameters, namely,
 net profit to net worth,
 manpower cost to total cost of production/services,
 profit before depreciation, interest and taxes to capital employed,
 profit before interest and taxes to turnover,
 earning per share and
 inter-sectoral performance.
'Miniratna' Scheme: In October 1997, the Government had also decided to grant enhanced autonomy and delegation of financial powers to some other profit making companies subject to certain eligibility conditions and guidelines to make them efficient and competitive. These companies called ‘Miniratnas’, are in two Category-II. The eligibility conditions and criteria are:
 Category –I CPSEs should have made profit in the last three years continuously, the pre-tax profit should have been Rs. 30 crore or more in at least one of the three years and should have a positive net worth.
 Category-II CPSEs should have made profit for the last three years continuously and should have a positive net worth.
 These CPSEs shall be eligible for the enhanced delegated powers provided they have not defaulted in the repayment of loans/interest payment on any loans due to the Government.
The Private Sector 

 In the private sector, ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies.
 It is sometimes referred as the citizen sector, which is run by private individuals or groups, usually as a means of enterprise for profit, and is not controlled but regulate by the State.
 Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits. To get such services we have to pay money to these individuals and companies.

PPP (Public Private Partnership)
PPP is an arrangement between government and private sector for the provision of public assets and/or public services.
 In this type of partnership investments being undertaken by the private sector entity, for a specified period of time.
 As PPP involves full retention of responsibility by the government for providing the services it doesn't amount to privatization.
 There is a well defined allocation of risk between the private sector and the public entity.
 Private entity is chosen on the basis of open competitive bidding and receives performance linked payments.
 PPP route can be alternative in developing countries where governments faced various constraints on borrowing money for important projects.
 It can also give required expertise in planning or executing large projects.

Sector-wise Contribution of GDP in India
Services sector is the largest sector of India. Gross Value Added (GVA) at current prices for Services sector is estimated at 92.26 lakh crore INR in 2018-19. Services sector accounts for 54.40% of total India's GVA of 169.61 lakh crore Indian rupees.
 With GVA of Rs. 50.43 lakh crore, Industry sector contributes 29.73%. While Agriculture and allied sector shares 15.87%.
 It is worth mentioning that agriculture sector has maximum share by working force at near 53% while services and secondary sectors shares are near 29% and 18% respectively.

Economics
Yellow is a color. It is found in the rainbow between red and orange.

Inkjet printers use yellow ink as one of their three primary colors (basic colors used to make the other colors), along with cyan ink and magenta ink.
Yellow is the color of:
 The color amber.
 The outer skin of a mango.
 The flower of the dandelion.
 The flower of the sunflower.
 The flower of the marigold.
 The flower of the mustard.
 The fruit  of the lemon.
 The peel of a banana.
 The middle light of a stoplight.
Most of the time, your urine.

Meaning of yellow 

 Yellow can represent light and the sun's rays as well as lightning.
 The phrase "yellow" used to be used as a sign of cowardice.
 In China, yellow is the color of royalty. Emperors used to wear yellow.
 On road signs in the USA, yellow means "warning".
Tones of yellow color comparison chart 
<li style = "background-color: #fffff0;">
 Ivory (Pale Yellow) (Hex: #FFFFF0) (RGB: 255, 255, 240)
 Yellow Mist (web color Light Yellow) (Banana) (Hex: #FFFFE0) (RGB: 255, 255, 224)
 Old Lace (web color) (Hex: #FDF5E6) (RGB: 253, 245, 230)
 Linen (web color) (Hex: #FAF0E6) (RGB: 250, 240, 230)
 Antique White (web color) (Hex: #FAEBD7) (RGB: 250, 235, 215) 
 Blanched Almond (web color) (Hex: #FFEBCD) (RGB: 255, 235, 205) 
 Light Goldenrod Yellow (web color) (Hex: #FAFAD2) (RGB: 250, 250, 210)
 Lemon Chiffon (web color) (Lemon Cream) (Hex: #FFFACD) (RGB: 255, 250, 205)
 Cornsilk (web color) (Hex: #FFF8DC) (RGB: 255, 248, 220)
 Beige (web color) (Hex: #F5F5DC) (RGB: 245, 245, 220)
 Cream (Hex: #FFFDD0) (RGB: 255, 253, 208)
 Papaya Whip (web color) (Hex: #FFEFD5) (RGB: 255, 239, 213)
 Banana Mania (Crayola) (Hex: #FBE7B2) (RGB: 251, 231, 128)
 Moccasin (web color) (Hex: #FFE4B5) (RGB: 255, 228, 182)
 Peach-Yellow (Hex: #FADFAD) (RGB: 250, 223, 173)
Wheat (web color) (Hex: #F5DEB3) (RGB: 245, 222, 179)
 Navajo White (web color) (Hex: #FFDEAD) (RGB: 255, 222, 173)
<li style = "background-color: #f0e68c;"> Light Khaki (X11 "Khaki") (Hex: #F0E68C) (RGB: 240, 230, 140)<li>
 Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189)
 Pale Goldenrod (web color) (Hex: #EEE8AA) (RGB: 238, 232, 170)
 Pale Canary Yellow (Crayola Canary) (Hex: #FFFF99) (RGB: 255, 255, 153)
 Buff (HexF0DC82) (RGB: 240, 220, 130)
 Flax (Hex: #EEDC82) (RGB: 238, 220, 130) 
<li style = "background-color: #ebc2af;"> Zinnwaldite (Hex: #EBC2AF) (RGB: 235, 194, 175)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #edc9af;"> Desert Sand (Crayola) (Hex: #EDC9AF) (RGB: 237, 201, 175)<li>
 Peach Puff (web color) (Hex: #FFDAB9) (RGB: 255, 218, 185)
 Peach (Hex: #FFE5B4) (RGB: 255, 229, 180)
 Deep Peach (Crayola Peach) (Hex: #FFCBA4) (RGB: 255, 203, 164)
 Peach-Orange (Pale Salmon) (Hex: #FFCC99) (RGB: 255, 204, 153)
 Bright Apricot (Crayola Apricot) (Hex: #FDD5B1) (RGB: 253, 213, 177)
Apricot (Hex: #FBCEB1) (RGB: 251, 206, 177)
<li style = "background-color: #eedd62;"> Light Mustard (Hex: #EEDD62) (RGB: 255, 119, 255)<li>
 Dandelion (Crayola) (Hex: #FED85D) (RGB: 254, 216, 93)
 Mustard (Hex: #FFDB58) (RGB: 255, 219, 88)
 Energy Yellow (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #F8DD5C) (RGB: 248, 221, 92)
 Medium Goldenrod (Crayola Goldenrod) (Hex: #FCD667) (RGB: 252, 214, 103)
<li style = "background-color: #f8de7e;"> Mellow Yellow (Hex: #F8DE7E) (RGB: 248, 222, 126)<li>
 Light Goldenrod (web color) (Hex: #FFEC8B) (RGB: 255, 236, 139)
 Maize (Corn) (Hex: #FBEC5D) (RGB: 251, 236, 93)
<li style = "background-color: #ffff66;"> Ultra Yellow (Unmellow Yellow) (Crayola) (Hex: #FFFF66) (RGB: 255, 255, 102)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #fefe22;"> Laser Lemon (Crayola) (Hex: #FEFE22) (RGB: 254, 254, 34)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffff00;"> Yellow (Electric Yellow) (Hex: #FFFF00) (RGB: 255, 255, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #FDFD02;"> Daisy Yellow (Hex: #FDFD02) (RGB: 255, 253, 2)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #fff700;"> Lemon Yellow (Lemon) Hex: #FFF700) (RGB: 255, 247, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffef00;"> Process Yellow (Pigment Yellow) (Printer's Yellow) (Canary Yellow) (Hex: #FFEF00) (RGB: 255, 239, 0)<li>
 Medium Yellow (Crayola Yellow) (Hex: #FFE302) (RGB: 255, 227, 2)
<li style = "background-color: #ffdf00;"> Golden Yellow (Hex: #FFDF00) (RGB: 255, 223, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffd800;"> School Bus Yellow (Hex: #FFD800) (RGB: 255, 216, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffd700;"> Golden (web color Gold) (Hex: #FFD700) (RGB: 255, 215, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffcc00;"> Tangerine Yellow (Hex: #FFCC00) (RGB: 255, 204, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffc901;"> Supernova (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #FFC901) (RGB: 255, 201, 1)<li>
 Golden Poppy (Hex: #FCC200) (RGB: 252, 194, 0)
 Amber (Hex: #FFBF00) (RGB: 255, 191, 0)
 Selective Yellow (Hex: #FFBA00) (RGB: 255, 186, 0)
<li style = "background-color: #ffcc33;"> Sunglow (Crayola) (Hex: #FFCC33) (RGB: 255, 204, 51)<li>
 Saffron (Hex: #F4C430) (RGB: 244, 196, 48)
 Macaroni and Cheese (Crayola) (Hex: #FFB79B) (RGB: 255, 185, 123)
<li style = "background-color: #f4a460;"> Sandy Brown (web color) (Hex: #F4A460) (RGB: 244, 164, 96) <li>
 Atomic Tangerine (Crayola) (Hex: #FF9966) (RGB: 255, 153, 102)
 Gamboge (Hex: #EF9B0F) (RGB: 239, 155, 15)
 Light Buff (Hex: #ECD9B0) (RGB: 236, 217, 176)
 Pale Gold (Crayola Gold) (Hex: #E6BE8A) (RGB: 230, 190, 138)
 Brass (Hex: #C3A368) (RGB: 195, 163, 104)
 California Gold (Hex: #A98F64) (RGB: 169, 143, 100)
 Vegas Gold (Hex: #C5B356) (RGB: 197, 179, 88)
 Old Gold (Hex: #CFB53B) (RGB: 207, 181, 59)
 Metallic Gold (Hex: #D4AF37) (RGB: 212, 175, 55)
 Goldenrod (web color) (Hex: #DAA520) (RGB: 218, 165, 32)
 Banana Yellow (Yellow Ochre) (Human Feces) (Hex: #CCCC33) (RGB: 204, 204, 51)
 Satin Sheen Gold (Hex: #CBA135) (RGB: 203, 16, 53)
Buddha Gold (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #C1A004) (RGB: 193, 160, 4)
<li style = "background-color: #cd853f;"> Peru (web color) (Hex: #CD853F) (RGB: 205, 133, 63)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #cc7722;"> Ochre (Hex: #CC7722) (RGB: 204, 119, 34)<li>
 Dark Goldenrod (web color) (Hex: #b8860B) (RGB: 184, 134, 11)
 Bronze Yellow (Hex: #737000) (RGB: 115, 112, 0)
 Yellow-gray (Hex: #A1A15A) (RGB: 161, 161, 90)
 Dark Mustard (Hex: #7C7C40) (RGB: 124, 124, 64)
 Sandy Taupe (Hex: #967117) (RGB: 150, 113, 23)
<li style = "background-color: #c19a6b;"> Fallow (Hex: #C19A6B) (RGB: 193, 154, 107)<li> 
<li style = "background-color: #c3b091;"> Khaki (HTML/CSS) (Hex: #C3B091) (RGB: 195, 176, 145)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #cdb891;"> Ecru (Hex: #C3B091) (RGB: 205, 184, 145)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #bdb76b;"> Dark Khaki (X11 "Dark Khaki") (Hex: #BDB76B) (RGB: 189, 183, 107)<li>
 Citrine (Hex: #E4D00A) (RGB: 228, 208, 10)
 Pear (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49)
<li style = "background-color: #ecf245;"> Starship (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E3DD39) (RGB: 227, 221, 57)<li>
 Chartreuse Yellow (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0)
 Neon Yellow (Hex: #FFFFE0) (RGB: 207, 255, 4)
 Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0)
 Lime (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0)
 Green-yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47)
 Spring Bud (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0)
<li style = "background-color: #9acd32;"> Yellow-green (web color) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50)<li>
 Citrus (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10)
 June Bud (Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87)
 Medium Spring Bud (Hex: #C9DC89) (RGB: 202, 220, 137)
 Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136)
 Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 209, 225, 137)
 Olivine (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115)
 Pistachio (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146)
 Swamp Green (Hex: #ACB78E) (RGB: 172, 183, 142)
 Camouflage Green (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107)
Olive (web color) (Dark Yellow) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0)
 Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6B8E23) (RGB: 107, 142, 135)
 Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47)
 Shadow (Crayola) (Hex: #837050) (RGB: 131, 112, 80) 
<li style = "background-color: #734a12; color: #ffffff"> Raw Umber (Hex: #734A12) (RGB: 115, 74, 18)<li> 
 Olivetone (Xona color list) (Hex: #716E10) (RGB: 113, 110, 16)
 Bisque (web color) (Hex: #3D2B1F) (RGB: 61, 43, 31) 
 Black Olive (Olive RAL 6015) (Hex: #3B3C36) (RGB: 59, 60, 54)
Related pages

 List of colors
 Amber
 Gold
 Yellow-gray

Basic English 850 words
Plymouth Argyle Football Club, is an English football club. The club is nicknamed The Pilgrims. The team usually plays in green, white and black.

Club Information 
The club is called The Pilgrims because the people that left Plymouth for America were the first people to be called Pilgrims. The ship on the badge is called The Mayflower. The first pilgrims travelled on the Mayflower.

The club's stadium is called Home Park. It was ruined by German aeroplanes in World War II. Home Park was repaired after the war. In 2001 and 2002, Home Park was made into a better stadium. Some parts of the stadium were not used while the work was being done. The stadium is now fully open.

The club was made in 1886, but it was called Argyle Athletic Club. The club changed its name to Plymouth Argyle Football Club in 1903.
Plymouth Argyle has never won a match by more than 7 goals. They have beaten Hartlepool United and Millwall 8-1. On 3 January 2004, they beat Chesterfield 7-0. The club lost 9-0 to Stoke City in 1960. Luke McCormick is a goalkeeper. He played seven games in a row for Plymouth Argyle without letting the other teams score a single goal.

In the 1990s, Peter Shilton, Neil Warnock, and John Gregory all managed the club.

The club won Division Three in 2001/02, won Division Two in 2003/04 and now plays in the newly named Championship, the second tier of English football. When the club won Division Three they scored 102 points. No other team had ever scored that many points.

Name 
 1886-? Argyle F.C.
 ?-present Plymouth Argyle F.C.

100th season 
2003/04 is the club`s 100th season since becoming Plymouth Argyle in 1903. The club has set up many events, while the team has won many awards.

A list of things that happened in the 2003/04 season:
22 October 2003: Plymouth Argyle beat Sheffield Wednesday 3-1 at Hillsborough (Sheffield Wednesday's ground) to become the top team in Division Two.
 24 October 2003: Plymouth Argyle were given an award for their 5-1 win against Port Vale.
 1 November 2003: Paul Sturrock won the Division Two manager of the month award for October.
 6 November 2003: David Friio won the Division Two player of the month award for October.
 23 December 2003: Paul Sturrock agreed to stay as the club's manager until 2008.
 26 December 2003: Paul Wotton scored Plymouth Argyle's 5000th goal in league matches. Plymouth Argyle beat A.F.C. Bournemouth 2-0 on that day. Plymouth Argyle became the first big side in England to score 50 goals in that season.
 2 January 2004: Paul Sturrock won the Division Two manager of the month award for December.
 3 January 2004: David Friio scored three goals in one match.
 6 January 2004: Paul Sturrock was named as the best manager in England.
17 January 2004: Two men who used to play for Plymouth Argyle, Billy Rafferty and Paul Mariner went back to Plymouth to celebrate with fans.  Plymouth Argyle beat Rushden & Diamonds 3-0.
 5 February 2004: Graham Coughlan won the Division Two player of the month award for January.
 19 February 2004: The club's first shop in Plymouth city centre was opened.
 4 March 2004: Paul Sturrock became manager of Southampton
Club Honours 

Third Division South
Champions
 1930, 1952
Runners-up
 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927
Third Division (Old Format)
Champions
 1959
Runners-up
 1975, 1986
Division Three
Champions
 2002
Division Two
Champions
 2004

League position

Former position
Current Plymouth Argyle Squad 
1 	Romain Larrieu 	 Goalkeeper (on loan to Gillingham)
2 	Anthony Barness  Defender
4 	Lilian Nalis 	 Midfielder
5 Krisztián Timár Defender (on loan from Ferencvaros)
6 	Hasney Aljofree Defender (on loan to Oldham)
7 	David Norris 	 Midfielder
8 	Ákos Buzsáky 	 Midfielder
9 Sylvan Ebanks-Blake Midfielder
10 Barry Hayles Striker
11 	Nick Chadwick 	 Striker
13 	Mathias Doumbe 	 Defender
14 	Tony Capaldi 	 Midfielder
15 	Paul Wotton 	 Midfielder
16 Péter Halmosi  Midfielder (on loan from Debrecen)
17 Kevin Gallen  Striker (on loan from QPR)
18 Gary Sawyer  Defender
19 Marcel Seip  Defender
20 	Lee Hodges 	 Midfielder
21 Cherno Samba  Striker
22 	Paul Connolly 	 Defender
23 	Luke McCormick 	 Goalkeeper
24 Josh Clapham  Goalkeeper
25 	Ryan Dickson 	 Midfielder (on loan to Torquay)
26 Scott Sinclair  Midfielder (on loan from Chelsea)
27 	Reuben Reid	 Midfielder (on loan to Torquay)
28 Scott Laird  Defender
29 	Luke Summerfield Midfielder
30 Dan Gosling Midfielder
31 Anthony Mason Striker
32 	Bojan Djordjic 	 Midfielder
33 Rory Fallon  Striker
34 Ashley Barnes  Striker
The other workers at Plymouth Argyle 
Manager - Paul Mariner
Assistant Manager - Gary Penrice
Coach - Tim Breacker
Youth Coach - Stuart Gibson
Physiopherapist - John Carver
 2nd Physiopherapist- Tom Hunter
Chief Scout - John James
Chairman - Paul Stapleton
Vice Chair - Robert Dennerly
Directors - Phillip Gill, Damon Lenszner, Tony Wrathall
Chief Executive - Michael Dunsford
Community Officer - Geoff Crudgington
Commercial Manager - Andy Budge
Club Shop Manager - Rachel Fry
Club Photographer - Dave Rowntree
Official Webmaster - Steven Hill
Previous Argyle Managers 
These are the team managers of Plymouth Argyle and the dates they took over.
 Frank Brettell (August 1 1903)
 Bob Jack (August 1 1905)
 Bill Fullerton (August 1 1906)
 Bob Jack (August 1 1910)
 Jack Tresardern (April 1 1938)
 Jimmy Rae (September 1 1948)
 Jack Rowley (February 1 1955)
 Neil Dougall (March 1 1961)
 Ellis Stuttard (November 1 1961)
 Andy Beattie (October 1 1963)
 Malcolm Allison (May 1 1964)
 Derek Ufton (May 1 1965)
 Billy Bingham (February 1 1968)
 Ellis Stuttard (March 1 1970)
 Tony Waiters (October 11 1972)
 Mike Kelly (May 1 1977)
 Lennie Lawrence (Caretaker) (February 14 1978)
 Malcolm Allison (March 16 1978)
 Bobby Saxton (January 5 1979)
 Bobby Moncur (June 1 1981)
 Johnny Hore (October 1 1983)
 Dave Smith (November 1 1984)
 Ken Brown (July 6 1988)
 John Gregory (Caretaker) (February 6 1990)
 David Kemp (March 1 1990)
 Peter Shilton (March 2 1992)
 Steve McCall (Caretaker) (January 2 1995)
 Neil Warnock (June 22 1995)
 Mick Jones (February 3 1997)
Kevin Hodges (June 21 1998)
 Kevin Summerfield (Caretaker) (October 4 2000)
 Paul Sturrock (October 31 2000)
 Kevin Summerfield (Caretaker) (March 4 2004)
 Bobby Williamson (April 20 2004)
 Jocky Scott (John Alexander Scott) (Caretaker) (September 6 2005)
 Tony Pulis (September 23 2005)
Former players 
 Bruce Grobbelaar
 John Hope Peddie
 Jack Leslie
 Paul Mariner
 Billy Rafferty
 Peter Shilton
 Tommy Tynan

References

Other websites 
 Club official website
 PASOTI  (Plymouth Argyle Supporters On The Internet, the main fans' site)
 Useful site with audio/visual round ups of games as well as many good links
 Club forum which also has some club news 

English football clubs
Organisations based in Plymouth, Devon
1886 establishments in England
Football is a word which could mean one of several sports. The best-known type of football is association football. This is called "soccer" in North America, South Africa, and Australia to avoid confusion with other types of football that are commonly played there.

The name football comes from the two words 'foot' and 'ball'. It is named football because the players of the game walk and often run (on their feet) while playing, as opposed to (for example) polo where the players ride horses. Football is played using a ball, also called a 'football', that is usually shaped like a sphere or an ellipsoid. The ball is often kicked with the foot, but depending on the game, it can also be hit using other parts of the body (in association football) and handling the ball is a part of some other sports known as 'football'. Players can use any part of their body except their arms and hands. Goal keepers can use every part of their body to keep the ball out of the goal.
Some elements of football have been seen in many countries, dating back to the second and third century AD in China. The modern games of both rugby football and association football comes from 19th-century England.
Kicking a ball, in Europe, was described in Britannia (now western Scottish lowlands), in Germania (now Deutchland) and Gallia (now France and northern-central Italy).  An evolution goes back to the Middle Ages in Paris. Association football (founded in Richmond, London at the end of 1800) spread to many other parts of Europe, and was brought to the rest of the world with colonization. Today, it is the most popular sport in the world and many people watch it on television, especially the FIFA World Cup that happens every four years.
Every year there is a Football Club Competition called as Champions League. All the qualified big teams take part. At the end, we have one winner who takes the prestigious UEFA trophy. All big players play for their own teams. Some big players who take part every year are Mbappe, Ronaldo, Messi, Dybala, Neymar and many more.

Types of football 

 Association football (soccer)
 Rugby
 Rugby league football
 Rugby union football
 Gridiron football
 American football
College football
Touch rugby - Called "touch football" in Australia.
Canadian football
 Gaelic football
 Australian Rules Football

References
Poland is a country in the central region of Central Europe. Its official name is Republic of Poland. It is on the east of Germany (along Oder and Lusatian Neisse). The Czech Republic and Slovakia are to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and the Russian exclave Kaliningrad to the north. The total land area of Poland is about 312,679 km2 (120,728 mi2), slightly larger than Oman. This makes Poland the 77th largest country in the world with over 38.5 million people. Most Polish people live in large cities, including the capital, Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa), Łódź, Cracow (Polish: Kraków), the second capital of Poland (first was Gniezno), Szczecin, Gdańsk, Wrocław and Poznań.
In 1989, Poland ceased being a communist country and became a liberal democracy. Its change of government was the first in a series of events that led to the states of Eastern and Central Europe regaining their independence and the fall of the USSR in 1991. After the democratic consolidation, Poland joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. Poland is also a member of NATO, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organization.

History

Early history 

The first sign of humans in Polish lands was 500,000 years ago. The Bronze Age started around 2400-2300 BC. The Iron Age started around 750-700 BC. At that time the Polish lands were under the influence of the Lusatian culture. About 400 BC Celtic and Germanic tribes lived there. Those people had trade contacts with the Roman Empire.
Over time, Slavs came to Polish lands. Some of those Slavs, now commonly referred to as Western Slavs (though in reality a diverse group of tribes with shared ethnic and cultural features), stayed there and started to create new nations. The most powerful tribe was called the Polans, who united all of the other Slavic tribes living there, and this is where the name "Poland" comes from.

Piast and Jagiellon dynasties
Poland began to form a country around the middle of the 10th century in the Piast dynasty. In 966, Prince Mieszko I became a Christian, and so the Polish people also became Christians. The next king was Bolesław I of Poland (called Bolesław the Brave). He conquered many lands and he became the first King of Poland. Casimir I of Poland changed the Polish capital from Gniezno to Kraków. In the 12th century, Poland broke into some smaller states after the death of King Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138 because of his will. Those states were later attacked by Mongol armies in 1241, which slowed down the unification of the small states into the big country of Poland. This happened eighty years later, in 1320 when Władysław I became the King of United Poland. His son Casimir III the Great reformed the Polish economy, built new castles, and won the war against the Ruthenian Dukedom. Many people emigrated to Poland, becoming a haven for emigrants. Many Jewish people also moved into Poland during that time
. The Black Death, which affected many parts of Europe from 1347 to 1351, did not come to Poland.
After the death of the last Piast on the Polish throne, Casimir III, Louis I of Hungary and his daughter Jadwiga of Poland began their rule. She married the Lithuanian prince Jogaila. Their marriage started a new dynasty in Poland: the Jagiellon dynasty. Under the Jagiellon dynasty, Poland made an alliance with its neighbor Lithuania.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Second Republic of Poland
Napoleon made another Polish state, “the Duchy of Warsaw”, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was split again by the countries at the Congress of Vienna. The eastern part was ruled by the Russian tsar. The Polish people did not like the new kings, and often rebelled (two big rebellions in 1830 and 1863). During World War I all the Allies agreed to save Poland. Soon after the surrender of Germany in November 1918, Poland became the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska). It got its freedom after several military conflicts; the largest was the 1919-1921 Polish-Soviet War.

World War II
World War II 

On September 1, 1939, World War II started when Nazi Germany attacked Poland. The Soviet Union attacked Poland on September 17, 1939. Warsaw was defeated on September 28, 1939. Poland was split into two pieces, one half owned by Nazi Germany, the other by the Soviet Union. More than 6 million Polish people died, and half of these people were Jewish. Most of these deaths were part of the Holocaust, in which 6 million Jews and 1.5 poles were killed. At the war's end, Poland's borders were moved west, pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line. The western border was moved to the Oder-Neisse line. The new Poland became 20% smaller by 77,500 square kilometers (29,900 sq mi). The shift forced millions of Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and Jews to move.

Polish People's Republic to Third Polish Republic
Currently, the Prime Minister is Mateusz Morawiecki. On 10 April 2010 the President Lech Kaczyński died in a government plane crash in Smolensk in Russia. The president is elected directly by the citizens for a five-year term. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and confirmed by the "Sejm". The Sejm is the lower chamber of Parliament legislature for the country. It has 460 deputies elected every four years.

Geography 

Poland's territory is a plain reaching from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Carpathian Mountains in the south. Within that plain, the land varies from east to west.
The Polish Baltic coast is mostly smooth but has natural harbors in the Gdańsk-Gdynia region and Szczecin in the far northwest. This coast has several spits, dunes, and coastal lakes. Coast lakes are former bays that have been cut off from the sea. These areas are sometimes called lagoons. Szczecin Lagoon is on the western border with Germany. The Vistula Lagoon is on the eastern border with Kaliningrad, province of Russia. The longest river in Poland, the Vistula river, empties into the Vistula Lagoon and also directly into the Baltic Sea.

The northeastern region is densely wooded, sparsely populated, and lacks agricultural and industrial resources. The geographical region has four hilly districts of moraines and lakes created by moraines. These formed during and after the Pleistocene ice age. The Masurian Lake District is the largest of the four districts and covers much of northeastern Poland.
Poland has many lakes. In Europe, only Finland has more lakes. The largest lakes are Śniardwy and Mamry. In addition to the lake districts in the north, there are also many mountain lakes in the Tatras mountains.

South of the northeastern region is the regions of Silesia and Masovia, which are marked by the broad ice-age river valleys. The Silesia region has many resources and people. Coal is abundant. Lower Silesia has large copper mining. Masovian Plain is in central Poland. It is in the valleys of three large rivers: Vistula, Bug and Narew.

Further south is the Polish mountain region. These mountains include the Sudetes and the Carpathian Mountains. The highest part of the Carpathians is the Tatra mountains which is along Poland’s southern border. The tallest mountain in Poland, Rysy at 2,503 m (8,210 ft), is in the High Tatras.

Climate 
Poland has a continental climate.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Poland was  on 29 July 1921 in Prószków. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Poland was  on 11 January 1940 in Siedlce.

Top 5 warmest days

Administrative divisions 
Poland is made of sixteen regions known as voivodeships (województwa, singular - województwo). They are basically created from the country's historical regions, whereas those of the past two decades (till 1998) had been focused on and named for separate cities. The new units range in areas from under 10,000 km2 (Opole Voivodeship) to over 35,000 km2 (Masovian Voivodeship). Voivodeships are controlled by voivod governments, and their legislatures are called voivodeship sejmiks.

The sixteen voivodeships that make up Poland are further divided into powiaty (singular powiat), second-level units of administration, which are about the same as to a county, district or prefecture in other countries.

Literature
Literature 

Almost no Polish literature remains before Christianisation in the 10th century. Polish literature was written in the Latin language during the Middle Ages. The Polish language was accepted as equal to Latin after the Renaissance for literature.

Jan Kochanowski was a leading poet of European Renaissance literature in the 16th century. Other great Polish poets include Adam Mickiewicz who wrote Pan Tadeusz epic in 1834.

Several Polish novelists have won the Nobel prize. Henryk Sienkiewicz won in 19 dramatized versions of famous events in Polish history. Władysław Reymont won a Nobel prize in 1924. He wrote the novel Chłopi. Two polish poets won Nobel prizes as well. One is Wisława Szymborska (1996) and the second Czesław Miłosz (1980).

Stanisław Lem is a famous science fiction author in the modern era. His Solaris novel was made twice into a feature film.

People
People 

In the past, Poland was inhabited by people from different nations and of different religions (mainly Catholics, Orthodox and Judaism). This changed after 1939, because of the Nazi Holocaust which killed many Polish Jews. After World War II, the country was changed into a communist country, by the Warsaw Pact which included most central European countries and Russia Russia.

Today 38,038,000 people live in Poland (2011). In 2002 96.74% of the population call themselves Polish, while 471,500 people (1.23%) claimed another nationality. 774,900 people (2.03%) did not declare any nationality. Nationalities, or ethnic groups in Poland are Silesians, Germans (most in the former Opole Voivodeship), Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Russians, Jews and Belarusians. The Polish language is part of the West Slavic section of the Slavic languages. It is also the official language of Poland. English and German are the most common second languages studied and spoken.
In the past few years, Poland's population has gone down because of an increase in emigration and a sharp drop in the birth rate. In 2006, the census office estimated the total population of Poland at 38,536,869, a very small rise from the 2002 figure of 38,230,080. Since Poland's accession to the European Union, many Polish people have moved to work in Western European countries like the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Some organizations state people have left because of high unemployment (10.5%) and better opportunities for work somewhere else. In April 2007, the Polish population of the United Kingdom had risen to about 300,000 people and estimates predict about 65,000 Polish people living in the Republic of Ireland. However, in recent years strong growth of the Polish economy and the increasing value of Polish currency (PLN) makes many Polish immigrants go back home. In 2007, the number of people leaving the country was lower than people who are coming back
. Poland became an attractive place to work for people from other countries (mainly Ukraine).
Famous people 
 Fryderyk Chopin, a music composer.
 Joseph Conrad, born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, an acclaimed author who however wrote in English.
 Nicolaus Copernicus, an astronomer who showed that the Earth moves around the Sun.
 Maria Skłodowska-Curie discovered radium and polonium.
 Franciszek Kamieński, discovered mycorrhiza.
 Tadeusz Kościuszko, an army commander who fought for USA's and Poland's independence.
 Robert Kubica, a F1 driver.
 Stanisław Lem, a science fiction writer.
 Adam Małysz, a ski-jumper.
 Adam Mickiewicz, a poet
 Pope John Paul II (earlier Karol Wojtyła). Before he became Pope, he was a Bishop in Kraków.
 Agnieszka Radwańska, female tennis player
 Władysław Reymont, a novelist
 Henryk Sienkiewicz, a novelist
 Kamil Stoch, a ski jumper
 Wisława Szymborska, a writer
 Andrzej Wajda, a film director
 Lech Wałęsa, leader of "Solidarność" ("Solidarity"), he helped defeat the communist government in Poland and USSR influence in Central and Eastern Europe
Robert Lewandowski, a football player
 Czesław Miłosz, a poet
Jan Matejko, a painter
Urban demographics 

The lists below show the population count of Poland's largest cities based on 2005 estimates.

Related pages
List of rivers of Poland
Poland at the Olympics
Poland national football team

References

Other websites 

 Tourist information portal
 Poland.gov.pl - Polish national portal 
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 Poland at the World Factbook 
 Background Note: Poland
 WorldFlicks in Poland: photos and interesting places on Google Maps 

 
European Union member states
1989 establishments in Europe
England is a country in Europe with over sixty cities. It is in a union with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. All four countries are in the British Isles and are part of the United Kingdom (UK).

Over 55 million people live in England (2015 estimate). This is 84% of the population of the UK. The capital city of England is London, which is also the biggest city in the country. Other large cities in England are Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and Leeds.

The English flag is a red cross on a white background. This cross is the cross of Saint George, who is the patron saint of England. Some other symbols used for England are a red rose and three lions.

History 
Although people had lived in England long before, it was a long time before the land was unified. The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, about 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date to 500,000 years ago.
This was first done by Æthelstan in 927 and Eadred in 953. A wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013 and again by his son Cnut in 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-lived North Sea Empire that included Denmark and Norway. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of Edward the Confessor in 1042. When King Edward died, Harold Godwinson (the Earl of Wessex) became king. William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy (today part of northern France), said that Harold had promised to make William the king. He invaded England and fought King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. William won, and became king of England.

Subsequently, the House of Plantagenet from Anjou inherited the English throne under Henry II, adding England to the budding Angevin Empire. They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs being Richard I, Edward I, Edward III and Henry V.
The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing of the Magna Carta, an English legal charter. Catholic monasticism flourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The Principality of Wales became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century and the Lordship of Ireland was given to the English monarchy by the Pope.
During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and the House of Valois both claimed to own the House of Capet and with it France. The two powers clashed in the Hundred Years' War. The Black Death epidemic hit England: starting in 1348, it killed up to half the population. From 1453 to 1487 civil war occurred between two branches of the royal family  the Yorkists and Lancastrians – known as the Wars of the Roses. Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to Tudors. Henry Tudor invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, won at the Battle of Bosworth Field where the Yorkist king Richard III was killed.
For several centuries the religion of England was Roman Catholicism. The bishops (church leaders) of England and all their churches obeyed the Pope and the church in Rome. During the Protestant Reformation many did not agree with this. In the 1530s, the Pope told King Henry VIII that he could not divorce his wife. King Henry VIII created the Church of England (a "Protestant" church) partly so that he could divorce his wife. He made Protestantism the official church in England. For the next 200 years, there was struggle over whether the King (or Queen) of England should be Roman Catholic or Protestant.

Queen Elizabeth I was Henry's second daughter. She was a powerful queen who ruled for more than 40 years. Elizabethan England was the best of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of art, poetry, music and literature. The era is most famous for its drama, theatre and playwrights. When Queen Elizabeth I died, she had no children.
In 1603 James VI of Scotland (the son of Mary, Queen of Scots) became King James I of England. He called his two countries "Great Britain", but they were still separate countries with their own parliaments and laws, even though they were in personal union because they shared the same monarch.

James' son, Charles I and the English Parliament fought each other in the English Civil War (Scotland and Ireland were involved as well, and the story is complicated!). Oliver Cromwell became leader of the Parliamentary Army (the "Roundheads") and defeated the Royalist Army (the "Cavaliers"). King Charles was beheaded in 1649 and Oliver Cromwell became dictator ("Lord Protector"). When Cromwell died, his son Richard was not strong enough to rule, and Charles II, the son of Charles I, was invited to come to England and be king in 1660.
When King Charles II died, his brother James II was the next king. A lot of people did not like James because he was Roman Catholic. William of Orange was invited to invade England. He was the ruler of part of the Netherlands and husband of Mary, the daughter of King James. Many people welcomed William because he was a Protestant.

James left the country without a fight and Parliament asked William and Mary to become King and Queen together. When Mary II of England died, William ruled alone. Queen Mary's sister Anne became the next queen. While she was queen, England and Scotland were officially joined as one country. This was called the Acts of Union 1707. It also merged their separate parliaments. The parliament in London now included Scottish Members of Parliament ("MPs"), and was called the Parliament of Great Britain.