Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
During his lifetime he learned many foreign languages. He spoke Polish as his native language, and learned Latin and Ancient Greek in school. On the day that he officially became Pope, he spoke to people in Italian, English, German, French, Spanish, Czech and Portuguese. He also spoke a little Lithuanian, Hungarian, Russian and Ukrainian.

John Paul II beatified many people. This means that the Pope gave these people the title of "Blessed". One example is the painter Fra Angelico, who lived in the 1400s. After studying his life and teaching, it was decided that he should officially be called "the Blessed Fra Angelico". John Paul II gave more people the title of "Blessed" than any other pope in history. He also made many saints.
In 1984 John Paul II started World Youth Day which was first held in Rome and attended by about 300,000 people. Since then it has been held in a different country every year. It encourages young people to be faithful to God, and to live together in peace. Many millions of people have attended.

Pope's travels

The first pope who traveled a lot was Pope Paul VI. Like him, John Paul II liked to travel. While he was pope, he made 105 trips, visiting 117 countries. In total he travelled more than 1.1 million km (725,000 miles). Wherever he went, he attracted large crowds. All these travels were paid by the money of the countries he visited and not by the Vatican.
One of John Paul II's earliest official visits was to his home country of Poland, in June 1979. There, he was always surrounded by happy, cheering crowds. The Pope wanted to bring freedom and human rights to his country. His visit encouraged Poles to oppose the communism, and in 1980 the Solidarity movement was born. On later trips to Poland, he made his message of support stronger. The Soviet Union had controlled Eastern Europe for many years. In 1989, Poland was the first country to begin to break free from the Soviet Union.

John Paul II went to places where other popes before him had already been, such as the United States, or The Holy Land. He also went to many countries that no pope had ever visited before. He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
In 1982, the Pope made a visit to Japan, and in 1984 to South Korea and Puerto Rico. He was the first pope to visit Cuba. During his visit in January 1998, he sharply criticized Cuba for not allowing people to freely express their religion. He also criticised the United States embargo against Cuba. In 2000, he became the first modern Catholic pope to visit Egypt, and met with the Coptic Pope, and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria. He was the first Catholic Pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in Damascus, Syria in 2001. He visited Umayyad Mosque, where John the Baptist is believed to be buried.

In 1988 he made a trip to Lesotho to beatify Joseph Gérard. On 15 January 1995, during the 10th World Youth Day, he offered Mass to an estimated crowd of between four and eight million in Luneta Park, Manila, Philippines. This is considered to be the largest single event in Christian history.
After the attacks on 11 September 2001, even though people were worried about his safety, the Pope traveled to Kazakhstan and spoke to large audiences including many Muslims. He also went to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of the 1700 years of Christianity. He said Mass in local languages during some visits, including Kiswahili in Nairobi, Kenya in 1995 and in an Indonesian language in East Timor.

During his trips, the Pope always showed his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. He visited many shrines consecrated to her, notably Knock in Ireland, Licheń Stary in Poland, Fátima in Portugal, Guadalupe in Mexico and Lourdes in France.
Assassination attempt
On 13 May 1981, the Pope was shot twice in the abdomen by a Turkish national, Mehmet Ali Ağca. The pope was gravely injured. He barely survived the assassination attempt, and had to be treated in hospital for 20 days. The pope later visited Ağca in prison. He had forgiven him already. Exactly one year later he traveled to Fatima to thank Mary, Mother of God for saving his life.

On this trip there was a second attempt to his life. A follower of the French archbishop Marcel Lefebvre tried to hurt the Pope with a bayonet. He was overpowered by the bodyguards of the Pope. Lefevbre and his followers were against the decisions of the Second Vatican Council. After this the Pope often travelled in a bullet-proof trailer known as the "popemobile."

Death
Death

John Paul died on Saturday, on the eve of the Divine Mercy Holiday, 2 April 2005. The official time of death on his death certificate was 9:37 pm, but a few sources reported 9:33 pm. The death certificate stated that when the Pope died, he had Parkinson's disease, with serious breathing difficulties. The Pope had tracheotomy surgery in mid February but it did not help and he lost weight. He also had an enlarged prostate, urinary infection and other problems. The cause of death were that his kidneys failed, causing blood poisoning and infection brought by septic shock. John Paul II spoke his final words, “pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca”, (“Let me depart to the house of the Father”), to his aides, and fell into a coma about four hours later.
According to the Vatican, Pope John Paul II's remains (which will not be exhumed and exposed) will be moved from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica, where he is presently buried, to a marble stone monument in Pier Paolo Cristofari's Chapel of St. Sebastian, which is where Blessed Pope Innocent XI is currently buried; Blessed Pope Innocent's remains will likely be moved. This more prominent location, next to the Chapel of the Pieta, the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament and statues of Popes Pius XI and Pius XII, will increase the number of pilgrims capable of viewing his memorial.
“ It will be a great joy for us when he is officially beatified, but as far as we are concerned he is already a Saint. ” —Stanisław Dziwisz [189]
On 30 September 2013, Pope Francis said that John Paul, together with Pope John XXIII, would be made saints on 27 April 2014. This was the first time two popes have been made saints on the same day.

His feast day is celebrated on 22 October.
John Paul II was generally against communism. He was also a critic of capitalism that was not controlled and he did not want people's basic rights to be oppressed by world governments. He officially condemned aspects of Liberation theology. He was against abortion and contraception in general. As head of the largest Christian group, John Paul II taught a conservative theological view of human sexuality. On the subject he wrote 130 topics called the Theology of the Body. He was against homosexuality, and in favour of people starting families as one husband and one wife. But he said that homosexuals have the same inherent dignity and rights as everybody else. On 30 April 2000, John Paul instituted a Divine Mercy Holiday, according to the teachings of Saint Faustyna Kowalska and on that day she was also proclaimed a Saint of the Catholic Church. The Feast of the Mercy of God is continuously growing worldwide
. John Paul is also remembered for his devotion to the Consecrated Holy Communion, the Holy Body and Blood of Christ.
Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 John Paul 2 & Friends, Quotes on Time!
 John Paul II biography on the Vatican website
 John Paul II  at about.com
 Pope John Paul II at the Catholic Hierarchy website

Popes
1920 births
2005 deaths
Nonviolence advocates
People with Parkinson's disease
Polish Roman Catholic priests
Christian saints
Servants of God
Time People of the Year
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Marvel Comics (or simply Marvel) is an American comic book company that makes "superhero" comic books and the imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. (formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group), part of Marvel Entertainment. Its top rival is DC Comics (the publications of Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman). In 2009, The Walt Disney Company bought Marvel for US$4 billion. 

Marvel was started in 1939 by Martin Goodman as Timely Comics, and by 1951 had generally become known as Atlas Comics. The Marvel era began in 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others.
The company features many iconic and famous superheroes such as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther, and Captain Marvel, as well as popular superhero teams such as the Avengers, the X-Men, the Fantastic Four, and the Guardians of the Galaxy. Marvel's most well-known supervillains include Doctor Doom, Magneto, Ultron, Thanos, Kang the Conqueror, Green Goblin, Red Skull, Galactus, Loki, and Kingpin. The majority of its publications takes place within the fictional Marvel Universe, with most locations mirroring real-life places; many major characters are based in New York City. Additionally, Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies. This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015.
Marvel Comics has adapted its characters into different forms of media, including action figures, animated/live-action movies, animated/live-action television series, and video games, which have made them even more popular.
The precursor to Marvel Comics was founded in 1939 by pulp magazine publisher Martin Goodman. In order to capitalize on the growing popularity of comic books—especially those starring superheroes—Goodman created Timely Comics. Timely’s first comic book was Marvel Comics no. 1 (cover dated October 1939), which featured several superhero characters, most notably the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner. Timely Comics introduced many superhero characters during comics’ “Golden Age” in the 1940s, most importantly Captain America, who first appeared in Captain America Comics no. 1 (March 1941). Timely characters were often portrayed as fighting against the Nazis and the Japanese even before the United States entered World War II. As the 1940s came to a close, superheroes fell out of vogue with comic book readers, and Timely canceled the last of its books in this genre in 1950. In 1951, Goodman formed his own distribution company, and Timely Comics became Atlas Magazines
. Though there was a brief experiment in bringing back superheroes such as Captain America in 1953, Atlas’s output was mostly in other genres such as humour, westerns, horror, war, and science fiction.
In 1956, rival company DC Comics ushered in the so-called Silver Age of comics by reintroducing superhero titles with significant commercial success. In the early 1960s, Atlas changed its name to Marvel Comics. For several decades Marvel and DC were the top companies in the industry. Throughout the 1980s and ’90s Marvel changed hands numerous times, becoming a publicly held company in 1991. Questionable management decisions and a general slump in sales in the comic book industry drove Marvel Comics into bankruptcy in 1996. The company emerged from bankruptcy in 1998 and began to diversify its output, launching imprints aimed at a variety of demographics and expanding its cinematic offerings under the Marvel Studios banner. In 2007 Marvel began publishing digital comics. In 2009 the Walt Disney Company purchased the parent company of Marvel Comics.
Marvel Universe 
The shared storytelling universe known as the Marvel Universe was unveiled in 1961, when Goodman responded to the growing interest in superhero books by commissioning writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby to create the Fantastic Four. With the release of Fantastic Four no. 1 (November 1961), readers were introduced to a super heroic setting that was, nevertheless, rooted in the real world. Lee and Kirby tried to make their comic book characters more original by allowing them to interact with each other in a realistic fashion, including heroes often fighting or arguing with each other. This trend continued with a flood of other superhero characters introduced by Marvel Comics during the early 1960s, including Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, the X-Men and the Fantastic Four. Lee wrote the majority of Marvel’s books during that time, and Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko were the most important and influential artists.
The late 1960s and early 1970s saw a new generation of creative talent emerge at Marvel. In 1967 Jim Steranko began to write and draw stories featuring secret agent Nick Fury in the anthology book Strange Tales. Steranko was influenced in his work by James Bond films and the psychedelic and Op art movements, and the resulting stories melded groundbreaking visuals with equally innovative storytelling techniques. Writer Chris Claremont and artist John Byrne began a long collaboration on The Uncanny X-Men in 1975. The pair revitalized the flagging series with characters such as Wolverine and complex story arcs that soon made the X-Men franchise one of Marvel’s best sellers.
In 1985, Mark Gruenwald started a people acclaimed 10-year run as the writer of Captain America. That same year he also began the miniseries Squadron Supreme (1985–86), a deconstructionist take on superheroes that preceded Alan Moore’s graphic novel Watchmen, submitted by DC Comics. The 1980s also saw Frank Miller’s stint on Daredevil, which took that book in a darker and grittier direction, reviving sagging sales and making it one of Marvel’s best sellers. In 1988, Todd MacFarlane began a popular run as artist on The Amazing Spider-Man. Four years later MacFarlane and a number of other popular artists, including Jim Lee, Erik Larsen, and Rob Liefeld, left Marvel to found rival Image Comics, a company that allowed creators to retain the copyrights of their characters.
During the 1990s and early 2000s, a new wave of writers, including Brian Michael Bendis (Daredevil, The Avengers), Jonathan Hickman (Fantastic Four), and Ed Brubaker (Captain America), became well known for their mature and sometimes controversial takes on Marvel’s characters. The 2010s saw the emergence of another new wave of talent, with writer Matt Fraction and artist David Aja turning in a visually arresting run on Hawkeye, longtime Spider-Man writer Dan Slott teaming with artist Mike Allred for a bold take on a classic character in Silver Surfer, and writer G. Willow Wilson and artist Adrian Alphona breaking new ground with their people acclaimed Ms. Marvel.
In the 21st century, Marvel’s profits were increasingly derived from toys, video games, and other merchandise featuring their most popular characters and from the production of a string of commercially successful movies. Those films differed from prior efforts to translate comics to the big screen in that they were set in a single shared world. That ambitious plan generated huge dividends with The Avengers (2012), a film that featured Iron Man, Thor, and Captain America—three heroes that had scored individual blockbuster successes—and grossed more than $1.5 billion worldwide. The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), as it came to be known, grew into one of the most lucrative franchises in film history. Its success spawned a wave of television programs, beginning with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–20) on ABC and continuing with Daredevil (2015–18), Jessica Jones (2015–19), and Luke Cage (2016–18), a string of critically lauded series that appeared on Netflix, as well as other series on Disney+
. In 2015 an agreement between Disney and Sony brought Spider-Man (who had previously appeared only in Sony-produced films) into the shared universe; the character would subsequently be available for use by both studios. Marvel Studios, the company’s film and television division, continued to set records with its flagship Avengers, but it also packed theatres with relatively unknown heroes such as the Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Ant-Man (2015), and Doctor Strange (2016). In addition, Black Panther (2018) became the first Marvel movie to win an Academy Award; it received Oscars for costume design, original score, and production design. By 2020, more than 20 films had been released under the banner of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and the franchise’s cumulative global box office receipts had topped $22 billion.
Offices 
Located in New York City, Marvel has had successive headquarters:
 In the McGraw-Hill Building, where it originated as Timely Comics in 1939.
 In suite 1401 of the Empire State Building.
 At 635 Madison Avenue (the actual location, though the comic books' indicia listed the owner creating-company's address of 625 Madison Ave.)
 575 Madison Avenue.
 387 Park Avenue South.
 10 East 40th Street.
 417 Fifth Avenue.
 A 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) space at 135 W. 50th Street.

References 

 

 
Disney companies
Comics publishing companies
The city of Lincoln is the capital city of Nebraska, United States. Only Omaha has more people of any city in Nebraska. Lincoln is also the county seat of Lancaster County and the home of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln's 2020 Census population was 291,082.

Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster. It became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859. The capital of Nebraska Territory had been Omaha since the start of the territory in 1854. Most of the territory's population lived south of the Platte River. After much of the territory south of the Platte became a part of Kansas, the legislature voted to move the capital south of the river and as far west as possible. They made the village of Lancaster the new capital, in part due to the salt flats and marshes.
People from Omaha tried to stop the move by renaming Lancaster after the recently killed President Abraham Lincoln. Many of the people south of the river had wanted the Confederate to win the recent Civil War. These people thought that the legislature would not approve the move if the future capital were named after Lincoln. The plan did not work, as Lancaster was renamed Lincoln and also became the state capital upon Nebraska's admission to the Union on March 1, 1867.  The people either liked or disliked the new name depending on how they felt about the Civil War.
Nebraska State Capitol was designed by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and constructed between 1922 and 1932. The capitol building is a skyscraper topped by a golden dome. The tower is crowned by a 6-meter (20 ft) statue of a farmer sowing grain on a pedestal of wheat and corn, to represent the state's agricultural heritage. City zoning rules prevent any other building from rivaling it in height, making it a landmark not only within the city but for the surrounding area. Inside, there are many paintings and iridescent murals showing Native American heritage and the history and culture of the early pioneers who settled Nebraska. It is the second tallest U.S. State Capitol building behind the Louisiana State Capitol building in Baton Rouge.

In March of 2023, Red Way was announced to start operating from Lincoln Airport, but, in August of 2023, because the airline was running out of money, the airline decided to shut down.

Lincoln has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification).
References

County seats in Nebraska
 
State capitals in the United States
1856 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Nuclear fission is a kind of nuclear reaction.  It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms.  Some fission reactions give off a lot of energy, and are used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, who observed a uranium nucleus splitting in two. Although they originally thought the two tiny resulting nuclei were barium isotopes, what Meitner and Frisch truly saw was a process that would revolutionize nuclear chemistry: nuclear fission

An atom is the smallest particle which makes up a chemical element (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium). All atoms are very small. Atoms are made of three components or particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clumped together in a ball called a nucleus, at the center of every atom. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in its 'electron cloud'. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission.
If a (relatively) very large atomic nucleus is hit by a slow-moving neutron, it will sometimes become unstable and break into two nuclei. When the nucleus breaks apart (or fissions) it releases energy, mostly as gamma rays and heat.  It also causes some neutrons to be released from the nucleus.
For a few isotopes (an atom with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons) such fission can release many neutrons.  If those neutrons then hit other atoms, they will make the other atoms split. This can happen again and again. This is called a nuclear chain-reaction, and it can release huge amounts of energy. Nuclear chain-reactions occur most commonly with Uranium-235. The splitting of Uranium-235 is jumpstarted when a neutron is slammed into its positively charged nucleus. This results in two lighter isotopes (Barium-141 and Krypton-92), whose total mass is less than that of the original Uranium isotope. The “mass defect” is converted into various forms of energy. A neutron is also released, triggering the afore-mentioned chain reaction as each additional neutron causes further collisions with existing Uranium isotopes in the environment.
This reaction can also occur "spontaneously" if the original nucleus is highly unstable. The resulting products are radioactive isotopes, but do not  release enough energy to generate usable power or make a bomb due to the lack of a chain reaction.  

In a nuclear bomb, this must happen very quickly to make a very big explosion.  The amount of energy released in the explosion is measured in kilotons.  One kiloton is the same as the energy of one thousand tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene).
  
In a nuclear reactor this must happen slowly to make heat.  The heat is used to boil water into steam, which turns a steam turbine to generate electricity.

References

Other websites 

 Annotated bibliography for nuclear fission from the Alsos Digital Library 

Nuclear energy
Nuclear physics
Up to 1900 
 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German languages respectively.
 1009 – First documented mention of Lithuania
 1014 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned.
 1076 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
 1349 - Several hundred Jews are burned to death by mobs while the remainder of their population are forced from the city of Strasbourg.
 1556 - In England, Thomas Cranmer is declared a heretic. He is later burned at the stake.
 1648 - A storm flood affects the Holstein area of present-day Northern Germany.
 1778 – The Flag of the United States is formally recognised by a foreign vessel for the first time.
 1779 – James Cook is killed by Native Hawaiians.
 1779 - American Revolutionary War: Battle of Kettle Creek, Georgia.
 1797 - French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Cape St. Vincent - The British Royal Navy defeats a Spanish fleet near Gibraltar.
1804 - Karadjordje leads the first Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
 1849 – In New York City James K. Polk becomes the first sitting US president to have his photograph taken.
 1852 – The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London is opened.
 1853 – Mormon leader Brigham Young lays the foundation stone for the Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah.
 1855 – Texas is linked by telegraph to the rest of the United States.
 1859 – Oregon becomes the 33rd State of the US.
 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray both apply for a patent for the telephone.
 1879 – The War of the Pacific begins when Chilean forces occupy the then-Bolivian port city of Antofagasta.
 1899 - Voting machines are approved by the United States Congress for use on federal elections.
 1900 - Second Boer War in South Africa: 20,000 British troops invade the Orange Free State.
1901  2000 
 1903 - The United States Department of Commerce and Labor is created. It later splits into the United States Department of Commerce and the United States Department of Labor.
 1908 - The world's first ski lift, invented by Robert Winterhalder, is opened in Schollach, Black Forest, Germany.
 1912 – Arizona becomes the 48th State of the US.
 1912 - The first diesel-powered submarine is commissioned.
 1918 – The Soviet Union adopts the Gregorian calendar.
 1919 – The Polish-Soviet War begins.
 1920 - The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago.
 1929 – St. Valentine's Day massacre: Seven people, gangster rivals of Al Capone, are shot dead in Chicago.
 1932 – The football club FC Vaduz is founded in Liechtenstein.
 1942 - World War II: The Battle of Pasir-Panyang contributes to the fall of Singapore.
 1943 - World War II: Rostov-on-Don, Russia is liberated.
 1944 - An anti-Japanese revolt occurs on Java.
 1946 – The Bank of England is nationalised.
1946 – The ENIAC digital calculator is unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania.
 1949 – The Knesset, Israeli parliament, meets for the first time.
 1949 – The Asbestos Strike begins in Canada.
 1952 – In Oslo, the Winter Olympics begin.
 1956 - The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union begins in Moscow.
 1961 – Element 103, Lawrencium, is synthesised at the University of California.
 1962 – US First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy gives television viewers a tour of the White House.
 1966 – Australian currency is decimalised.
 1967 - The Treaty of Tlatelolco declares the Caribbean and Latin America a nuclear weapon-free zone, with Cuba becoming the last country to sign it in 2002.
 1970 - The Who record the iconic live rock album Live at Leeds.
 1972 – The Star of Sierra Leone becomes the third-largest diamond ever found.
 1981 - Stardust Disaster: A fire in a Dublin nightclub kills 48 people.
1984 - 1984 Winter Olympics: In pairs figure skating, Jayne Torville and Christopher Dean of Great Britain win a historic gold medal, receiving perfect scores.
 1989 – Ayatollah Khomeini issues a fatwa (death warrant) against the writer Salman Rushdie for his novel The Satanic Verses.
 1990 – The Voyager 1 spacecraft takes a photograph of Earth from a distance of 6.4 billion kilometres.
 1990 – 92 people are killed when Indian Airlines Flight 605 crashes at Bangalore, India.
 1996 - A Chinese rocket, launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center, goes out of control and crashes into a nearby village, where an estimated 500 people are killed.
 1998 – An oil tanker collides with a freight train in Yaounde, Cameroon.
 2000 – The Spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker enters into orbit around asteroid 433 Eros.
From 2001 
 2002 – Bahrain becomes a kingdom.
 2004 – In Moscow, the roof of the Transvaal Water Park collapses, killing 25 people.
 2005 – In the Philippines a series of bomb attacks in Manila, Davao City and General Santos City kills 7 people.
 2005 - The Sunjawan Mine Explosion in Liaoning Province, China, kills 214 miners.
 2005 – A car bomb in Beirut kills 23 people, including former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri.
 2005 - YouTube is founded by a group of college students.
 2011 – As part of a series of uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East, protests begin in Bahrain.
 2013 - South African model Reeva Steenkamp is shot dead by her then-partner, athlete Oscar Pistorius, who is found guilty of her manslaughter in 2014.
 2014 - Prime Minister of Italy Enrico Letta submits his resignation to President Giorgio Napolitano.
2015 - 2015 Copenhagen attacks: A gunman attacks a free speech meeting at a café in Copenhagen that was attended by Swedish cartoonist Lars Vilks, killing one. He later attacks the city's main synagogue, killing one and injuring two, before being shot dead by police early the following day.
 2015 - Slovenia's Peter Prevc breaks the ski jumping world record, by jumping 250 metres in Vikersund, Norway.
 2018 - Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting: 17 people are shot dead at a high school in Parkland, Southern Florida.
 2018 - Jacob Zuma resigns as President of South Africa.
Up to 1850 
 1404 – Leone Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet, and philosopher (died 1472)
 1468 – Johannes Werner, German mathematician (died 1522)
 1483 – Zahir al-Din Mohammed Babur Shah, founder of the Moghul dynasty (died 1530)
 1545 - Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara (died 1561)
 1602 – Francesco Cavalli, Italian composer (died 1676)
 1679 - Georg Friedrich Kauffmann, German composer and organist (died 1735)
 1680 – John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (died 1737)
 1692 – Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée, French writer (died 1754)
 1701 – Enrique Florez, Spanish historian (died 1773)
 1763 – Jean Victor Marie Moreau, French general (died 1813)
 1766 – Thomas Malthus, English economist (died 1834)
 1778 – Minh Mang, Emperor of Vietnam (died 1844)
 1781 - Valentin Gomez Farias, Mexican politician (died 1858)
 1799 - Walenty Wankowicz, Polish painter (died 1842)
 1800 - Emory Washburn, 22nd Governor of Massachusetts (died 1877)
1802 - John White, American politician (died 1845)
 1812 – Alfred Thomas Agate, American artist (d. 1846)
 1812 – Christopher Latham Sholes, American inventor, publisher and politician (died 1890)
 1813 - Alexander Dargomyzhsky, Russian composer (died 1869)
 1824 – Winfield Scott Hancock, American general (died 1886)
 1835 - Piet Paaltiens, Dutch poet and minister (died 1894)
 1838 - Margaret E. Knight, American inventor (died 1914)
 1839 - Hermann Hankel, German mathematician (died 1873)
 1847 - Maria Pia of Savoy, of Portugal (died 1911)
 1847 – Anna Howard Shaw, English-born American women's suffrage leader (died 1919)
 1848 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (died 1934)
1851  1900 
 1855 – Vsevolod Garshin, Russian writer (died 1888)
 1856 – Frank Harris, Irish writer and editor (died 1931)
 1859 – George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr., American engineer, inventor of the Ferris Wheel (died 1896)
 1860 - Eugen Schiffer, German politician (died 1954)
 1864 - Robert E. Park, American sociologist (died 1944)
 1869 – Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Scottish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1959)
 1871 - Gerda Lundequist, Swedish actress (died 1959)
 1878 - Koki Hirota, Prime Minister of Japan (died 1948)
 1882 - John Barrymore, American actor (died 1942)
 1884 - Nils Olof Chrisander, Swedish actor and movie director (died 1947)
 1884 - Kostas Varnalis, Greek poet (died 1974)
 1884 – Hezekiah M. Washburn, missionary (died 1972)
 1885 - Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian-born Pakistani philosopher (died 1949)
 1890 – Nina Hamnett, Welsh artist (died 1956)
 1891 - Katherine Stinson, American pilot (died 1977)
 1892 - Radola Gajda, Czech commander and politician (died 1948)
1894 – Jack Benny, American actor and comedian (died 1974)
 1895 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (died 1973)
 1898 – Bill Tilman, English mountaineer and explorer (died 1977)
 1898 – Fritz Zwicky, Swiss-American physicist and astronomer (died 1974)
1901  1950 
 1902 - Alexander Abusch, German journalist, writer and politician (died 1982)
 1902 – Thelma Ritter, American actress (died 1969)
 1903 – Stu Erwin, American actor (died 1967)
 1907 - Sven Andersson, Swedish footballer (died 1981)
 1907 – Johnny Longden, British-American jockey (died 2003)
 1912 – Tibor Sekelj, Croatian explorer (died 1988)
 1913 – Mel Allen, American sports reporter (died 1996)
 1913 – Woody Hayes, American college football coach (died 1987)
 1913 – Jimmy Hoffa, American labor union leader (disappeared 1975)
 1916 – Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese director
 1916 – Marcel Bigeard, French military officer (died 2010)
 1916 – Edward Platt, American actor (died 1974)
 1917 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (died 2011)
 1920 - Albert Barillé, Polish-French television producer, screenwriter and cartoonist (d. 2009)
 1921 – Hugh Downs, American game show host
 1924 - Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma
1924 - Peg Murray, American actress and singer
 1925 - Bom Gillies, New Zealand soldier
 1927 – Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (died 2007)
 1928 - Sergey Kapitsa, Russian scientist (died 2012)
 1928 - William Allain, Governor of Mississippi (died 2013)
 1929 – Vic Morrow, American actor (died 1982)
 1931 - Newton de Sordi, Brazilian footballer (died 2013)
 1931 – Brian Kelly, American actor (died 2005)
 1931 - Margarita Lozano, Spanish actress
 1932 – Alexander Kluge, German actor and movie director
 1932 - Harriet Andersson, Swedish actress
 1933 - Robert Shea, American writer (died 1994)
 1934 – Michel Corboz, Swiss conductor
 1934 – Florence Henderson, American actress and singer (died 2016)
 1934 - Herwig Wolfram, Austrian historian
 1935 - David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn, Scottish academic and diplomat, 27th Governor of Hong Kong
 1935 - Krystyna Sienkiewicz, Polish actress and singer (died 2017)
 1936 – Fanne Foxe, Argentine dancer
 1936 – Andrew Prine, American actor
1939 - Eugene Fama, American economist
 1939 - Blowfly, American musician, singer and songwriter (died 2016)
 1940 - Mary Rand, British athlete
 1941 – Donna Shalala, American politician, educator
 1941 – Paul Tsongas, U.S. Senator (died 1997)
 1942 - Piotr Szczepanik, Polish singer
 1942 – Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City
 1943 - Ischa Meijer, Dutch journalist, writer, actor and television presenter (died 1995)
 1943 – Maceo Parker, American musician (P-Funk)
 1944 – Carl Bernstein, American journalist
 1944 – Alan Parker, British movie director and writer
 1944 - Ronnie Peterson, Swedish racing driver (died 1987)
 1945 – Frank Welker, American actor
 1945 – Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein
 1945 - Ladislao Mazurkiewicz, Uruguayan footballer (died 2013)
 1946 – Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (died 2003)
 1946 - Ainsley Gotto, Australian political staffer and interior designer (died 2018)
 1946 – Gregory Hines, American dancer and actor (died 2003)
1947 – Judd Gregg, American politician, former Governor of New Hampshire
 1947 - Tim Buckley, American singer-songwriter (died 1975)
 1947 - Heide Rosendahl, German athlete
 1948 – Pat O'Brien, American sportscaster and television host
 1948 – Teller, American magician (Penn and Teller)
1951  1975 
 1951 – Kevin Keegan, English footballer
 1951 - JoJo Starbuck, American ice skater
 1952 - Sushma Swaraj, Indian politician
 1953 – Hans Krankl, Austrian footballer
 1953 - Sergey Mironov, Russian politician
 1956 - Howard Davis, Jr., American boxer (died 2015)
 1959 – Renée Fleming, American soprano
 1960 – Jim Kelly, American football player
 1960 – Meg Tilly, Canadian actress
 1962 – Josef Hader, Austrian comedian and actor
 1962 – Kevyn Aucoin, American cosmetologist
 1963 - Philippe Sella, French rugby player
 1963 – Enrico Colantoni, Canadian actor
 1963 – Zach Galligan, American actor
 1963 – Guildo Horn, German singer
 1966 – Petr Svoboda, Czech ice hockey player
 1967 – Manuela Maleeva, Bulgarian tennis player
 1967 – Mark Rutte, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
 1967 – Stelios Haji-Ioannou, Cypriot-British airline entrepreneur
 1968 – Jules Asner, American model and television personality
 1968 - Latifa, Tunisian singer
 1968 - Scott McClellan, 25th White House Press Secretary
1970 – Simon Pegg, English comedian, writer, and actor
 1970 - Giuseppe Guerini, Italian cyclist
 1971 – Noriko Sakai, Japanese singer
 1971 - Kris Aquino, Filipina television host, actress and model
 1971 - Nelson Frazier, Jr., American professional wrestler (d. 2014)
 1972 - Hiroshi, Japanese comedian
 1972 – Drew Bledsoe, American football player
 1972 - Jann Tallinn, Estonian programmer and physicist
 1972 – Rob Thomas, American musician (matchbox twenty)
 1973 - Yuka Sato, Japanese figure skater
 1973 – Deena Kastor, American marathon runner
 1973 – Steve McNair, American football player (died in 2009)
 1974 - Filippa Giordano, Italian singer
 1974 - Valentina Vezzali, Italian fencer and politician
 1975 - Xie Hui, Chinese footballer
From 1976 
 1977 – Cadel Evans, cyclist, first Australian Tour de France winner
 1977 - Darren Bennett, English dancer
 1978 - Dean Gaffney, English actor
 1978 – Richard Hamilton, American basketball player
 1979 – Antonio Chatman, American football player
 1980 – Fatima Leyva, Mexican footballer
 1981 - Brad Halsey, American baseball player (d. 2014)
 1982 – Matteo Brighi, Italian footballer
 1983 – Bacary Sagna, French footballer
 1984 – Hamed Namouchi, Tunisian footballer
 1985 - Lee Hae-ri, South Korean singer and actress
 1985 – Philippe Senderos, Swiss footballer
 1986 - Tiffany Thornton, American actress
 1987 – Edinson Cavani, Uruguayan footballer
 1987 - Yulia Savicheva, Russian singer
 1988 - Angel Di Maria, Argentine footballer
 1988 – Asia Nitollano, American dancer and reality show contestant
 1989 - Adam Matuszczak, Polish footballer
 1989 - Emma Miskew, Canadian curler
 1989 - Brandon Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player
 1989 - Kristian Thomas, English gymnast
1990 - Brett Dier, Canadian actor
 1992 - Christian Eriksen, Danish footballer
 1992 – Freddie Highmore, British actor
 1993 - Shane Harper, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and actor
 1994 – Paul Butcher, American actor
 1995 - Nikita Tregubov, Russian skeleton bobsledder
 1997 - Breel Embolo, Cameroonian-Swiss footballer
Up to 1900 
 270 – Saint Valentine
 869 - Saint Cyril, Greek monk, scholar, theologian and linguist (b. 827)
 1229 - Ragnvald Godredson, King of the Isles
 1317 - Margaret of France, Queen of England (b. 1282)
 1400 – King Richard II of England (b. 1367)
 1405 – Timur, Mongol ruler (b. 1336)
 1714 – Maria Luisa of Savoy, Queen Consort of Spain (b. 1688)
 1737 - Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot of Hensol, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1685)
 1779 – James Cook, British naval officer and explorer (b. 1728)
 1782 – Singu Min, King of Burma (b. 1756)
 1808 - John Dickinson, Governor of Delaware and Pennsylvania (b. 1732)
 1831 - Vicente Guerrero, Mexican revolutionary hero (b. 1782)
 1831 - Henry Maudslay, English inventor (b. 1771)
 1834 - John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth, British politician (b. 1751)
 1881 - Fernando Wood, Mayor of New York City (b. 1812)
 1884 - Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, wife of Theodore Roosevelt (b. 1861)
 1891 – William Tecumseh Sherman, American general (b. 1820)
1901  2000 
 1901 - Edward Stafford, 3rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1819)
 1910 - Giovanni Passannante, Italian anarchist (b. 1849)
 1922 - Heikki Ritavuori, Finnish politician (b. 1880)
 1929 - Thomas Burke, American sprinter (b. 1875)
 1929 - Frank Gusenberg, American gangster (b. 1892)
 1929 - Peter Gusenberg, American gangster (b. 1899)
 1930 - Thomas Mackenzie, Scottish-New Zealand politician, 18th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1853)
 1938 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian politician (b. 1869)
 1943 - Dora Gerson, German actress, cabaret singer and Holocaust victim (b. 1899)
 1943 – David Hilbert, German mathematician (b. 1862)
 1948 - Mordecai Brown, American baseball player (b. 1876)
 1958 - Abdur Rab Nishtar, Pakistani politician (b. 1899)
 1959 - Baby Dodds, American jazz drummer (b. 1898)
 1967 - Sig Ruman, German-American actor (b. 1884)
 1969 – Vito Genovese, American gangster (b. 1897)
 1975 - Julian Huxley, English biologist (b. 1887)
1975 – P. G. Wodehouse, English writer (b. 1881)
 1980 - Rudra Baruah, Indian singer-songwriter (b. 1926)
 1983 – Lina Radke, German athlete (b. 1903)
 1988 - Frederick Loewe, Austrian-American composer (b. 1901)
 1989 – Albert Hawke, Australian politician (b. 1900)
 1994 – Andrei Chikatilo, Russian serial killer (b. 1936)
 1995 – U Nu, Burmese politician (b. 1907)
 1995 - Ischa Meijer, Dutch journalist, writer, actor and television presenter (b. 1943)
 1996 – Bob Paisley, English football manager (b. 1919)
 1996 – McLean Stevenson, American actor (b. 1929)
 1999 - John Ehrlichman, American politician (b. 1925)
 1999 - Buddy Knox, American singer-songwriter (b. 1933)
From 2001 
 2002 – Nandor Hidegkuti, Hungarian footballer (b. 1922)
 2003 – Dolly the Sheep, cloned mammal (b. 1996)
 2003 – Johnny Longden, British-American jockey (b. 1907)
 2004 – Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (b. 1970)
 2005 – Rafik Hariri, Lebanese businessman and politician (b. 1944)
 2010 – Dick Francis, British jockey and writer (b. 1920)
 2011 – George Shearing, English-born American jazz pianist (b. 1919)
 2013 - Reeva Steenkamp, South African model (b. 1983)
 2013 - Ronald Dworkin, American philosopher (b. 1931)
 2014 - Remo Capitani, Italian actor (b. 1927)
 2014 - James Condon, Australian actor (b. 1923)
 2014 - Tom Finney, English footballer (b. 1922)
 2014 - Bob L. Harris, American actor (b. 1922)
 2014 - Ferry Hoogendijk, Dutch political scientist (b. 1933)
 2014 - Ken Jones, English actor (b. 1930)
 2014 - Mike Stepovich, American politician, last-surviving territorial Governor in the US (in Alaska) (b. 1919)
 2014 - Edward J. Walsh, American journalist (b. 1942)
2015 - Wim Ruska, Dutch judoka (b. 1940)
 2015 - Michele Ferrero, Italian businessman (b. 1925)
 2015 - Louis Jourdan, French actor (b. 1921)
 2015 - Philip Levine, American poet (b. 1928)
 2015 - Pamela Cundell, English actress (b. 1920)
 2015 - Franjo Mihalic, Serbian runner (b. 1920)
 2016 - Muriel Casals i Couturier, Spanish economist (b. 1945)
 2016 - Ali Brownlee, English radio sports broadcaster (b. 1959)
 2016 - Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury, English politician (b. 1928)
 2016 - Wieslaw Rudkowski, Polish boxer (b. 1946)
 2017 - Hans Trass, Estonian botanist (b. 1928)
 2017 - Cipriano Chemello, Italian cyclist (b. 1945)
 2017 - Siegfried Herrmann, German long-distance runner (b. 1932)
 2017 - Elisabeth Lichtenberger, Austrian geographer (b. 1925)
 2018 - Lerone Bennett Jr., American scholar, writer and editor (b. 1928)
 2018 - Don Carter, American businessman (b. 1935)
 2018 - Antoni Krauze, Polish screenwriter and director (b. 1940)
2018 - Ruud Lubbers, former Prime minister of the Netherlands (b. 1939)
 2018 - Morgan Tsvangirai, Zimbabwean politician, opposition leader and 2nd Prime minister of Zimbabwe (b. 1952)
Observances
 Valentine's Day
 Statehood Day in Arizona and Oregon

Days of the year
1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.

Aer, music, theatre, literature 
 Edwin S. Porter's The Great Train Robbery is released.

Events 
 December 17 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
 Abeerden Football Club founded in Scotland.

Births

January

February 

 February 8 – Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1990)

March 

 March 24 – Adolf Butenandt, German chemist (d. 1995)

April

May 

 May 3 – Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (d. 1977)

June 

 June 21 – Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist (d. 2003)
 June 25 – George Orwell, English writer (d. 1950)

July 
 July 2 – Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)

August

September

October

November

December

Deaths 
 May 8 – Paul Gauguin, French painter

 

nv:1901 – 1950
The Fantastic Four is a team of superheroes. The team originally first appeared  in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. It was published by Marvel Comics starting in 1961. They also appeared in several cartoons and films as well. 

The members of the group are scientist Reed Richards, his girlfriend/wife Sue Storm, her teenage brother Johnny Storm, and Ben Grimm, a friend of them. While test flying a rocket ship, they are affected by cosmic rays, and gain superpowers. Richards becomes "Mr. Fantastic" who can stretch his limbs and body for long distances and sizes. Sue became the "Invisible Girl/Woman" who could make herself invisible, create force fields, and other things. Johnny transformed into the "Human Torch" who can become a giant ball of fire. Ben turned into a rock-like creature with super-strength, called "The Thing". 

They decide to use these powers for good and work from their laboratory in a New York City skyscraper.

 
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Robert William "Bob" Barker (December 12, 1923 – August 26, 2023) was an American television game show host and animal rights activist. He was best known for hosting CBS's  The Price is Right from 1972 to 2007 and for hosting Truth or Consequences from 1956 to 1974.

Early life
Barker was born Robert William Barker on December 12, 1923 in Darrington, Washington. He was of Sioux descent.

Barker met his future wife, Dorothy Jo Gideon, at an Ella Fitzgerald concert while he was attending high school in Missouri; they began dating when he was 15. He went to Drury College (now Drury University) in Springfield, Missouri.

Career
Barker started hosting Truth or Consequences on December 31, 1956. He continued with the program until 1974. On December 4, 1957, Barker began hosting a new Ralph Edwards creation, the short-lived End of the Rainbow for NBC.
On September 4, 1972, Barker began hosting the CBS revival of The Price Is Right. On October 15, 1987, Barker did what other MCs almost never did: he stopped using hair dye and allowed his hair to turn gray.

On October 31, 2006, Barker made his announcement that he would retire from The Price Is Right in June 2007. He taped his last episode on June 6, 2007. The show aired twice on June 15.

Barker acted as himself in the 1996 Adam Sandler comedy movie Happy Gilmore.

Barker won nineteen Daytime Emmy Awards.

Barker broke Johnny Carson's record for continuous performances on the same network television show, appearing for a total of twenty-nine years. At the time of his retirement at aged 83, Barker held the record of oldest person to host a regularly scheduled game show.
Personal life
Barker married Dorothy Jo Gideon in 1945. He had no children. Despite retiring from television, Barker was an active animal rights activist. In 1993, Dian Parkinson sued Barker for sexual harassment and the lawsuit was dropped in 1995.

Barker was a skin cancer survivor. On September 17, 2010, Barker collapsed at an L.A. shooting range. He was treated at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center for an adverse drug reaction and released.

Barker died on August 26, 2023 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 99. The cause of death was problems caused by Alzheimer's disease.

References

Other websites

 
 Bob Barker at Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
1923 births
2023 deaths
American game show hosts
Emmy Award winners
Actors from Missouri
20th-century American people
Actors from Washington (state)
American animal rights activists
American environmentalists
American movie actors
American television actors
American military personnel of World War II
American television producers
Military people from Washington (state)
Actors from South Dakota
Vegetarians
People from Springfield, Missouri
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Connect Four is a simple game. To win, players must put four of the same color markers in the yellow square so that they touch.

Gameplay
Example:

0= White Marker

o= Black Marker

An example of winning connect four: the player can see the 4 o's all connected together in a pattern.

oooo

An example of a move that does not let the player win:

0oo0

Games
The Nintendo DS (also known as the DS, NDS, or DS Phat) is a handheld system from Nintendo. Development began in mid-2002 and it was released in 2004/2005. It has a successor called the Nintendo 3DS, the very first 3D handheld, which also plays DS games. The DS is a small, nearly pocket-size fold-up machine that lets people play video games. The games are stored on small cartridges, which are like memory card chips from digital cameras. Some games, such as Super Mario 64 DS, were released on the same day as the original DS.

For most of Nintendo's systems, there have been no load times, except for the GameCube and Wii. With the DS, a level in the game loads up quickly, just like with Game Boy games. This is because cartridges can be read a lot quicker than DVDs.