Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Filing taxes
Every year, most people in the United States must file a report of their income from the year, their deductions, credits, and any other special tax issues.  This report is called a tax return. The tax return helps work out what a person might owe the government in taxes.  On the other hand, if a person has been paying their taxes bit by bit, the government may owe them money.  This is called a tax refund.

Usually, all tax returns are due by April 15.  However, because of holidays in Washington, D.C., sometimes "Tax Day" comes a few days later.
Filing status
There are a five different ways that a person, or a couple, can file their tax returns:
 Single: People file this way if they are not married and do not fit under any of the other five categories
 Married Filing Jointly: A married couple can file just one tax return if they want to.  Both people put their income and other information on the same tax form.  This is usually called a "joint return."
 Married Filing Separately: A married couple can file two different tax returns, one for each person, if they want to pay their taxes separately
 Head of Household: A person can file this way if they are not married; they pay most of the costs for their home; and a certain type of relative lived with them for more than half of the past year
 Qualified Widower with Dependent Child: If a person's spouse died during the tax year, the person can still file a joint return, as if their spouse was still alive.  A widower can only do this in the year that their spouse died.
Sometimes a person fits into more than one of these categories.  If this happens, they are allowed to file their taxes using the category that will let them pay the least amount of taxes.

Importance
Filing status is important because many things change based on what filing status a person files their taxes under.  For example:
 Tax brackets and marginal income tax rates are different for every filing status
 The standard deduction is different for different filing statuses
 People in some tax brackets may not be eligible for certain deductions and tax credits
 A person's filing status may affect whether they have to file a tax return at all

Example of a tax calculation

Here is a basic example of how a person would work out what they have to pay in taxes, based on their income, filing status, and deductions.

 Gross (total) income: $20,000
 Filing Status: Single
 Deductions: Standard deduction ($6,300) and one personal exemption ($4,000)
First the person needs to work out their taxable income.  This is the amount of income the government can tax.  It does not include deductions, since the government does not tax those.  So, to get their taxable income, the person needs to subtract their deductions from their gross income.  In other words:

$20,000 (gross income)  $6,300 (standard deduction)  $4,000 (personal exemption) = $9,700 taxable income

Now the person can use lists of tax brackets and marginal tax rates to figure out what they owe in taxes.  Here are the tax brackets and marginal tax rates that apply to this person:

 Out of $9,700 in taxable income:
 The first $9,275 will always be taxed at 10%.  $9,275 x 10% = $927.50.
 The person has $425 of income above $9,275.  This $425 will be taxed at 15%.  $425 x 15% = $63.75
 Total income tax is $927.50 + $63.75 = $991.25 

This person is paying only 4.9% of their gross (total) income to the government in income taxes.

What federal income taxes pay for
According to the White House, in 2014, the United States government spent people's federal income taxes on these things:

What state and local income taxes pay for
Every state gets to decide where to spend the income tax it collects (its income tax revenue).  Different states use this money for different things, at different times.

Education and health care

In 2015, a report looked at what every state spent its income tax revenue on.  It found that most of state income tax dollars went to pay for education and health care.
Specifically, states spent over half of their income tax revenues on three different things:
 Public elementary and secondary schools.  Together, state and local governments have to pay 90% of public school costs.  These include things like paying teachers, buying books, and paying for all the other things schools need.  On average, the states paid one-fourth of their income tax revenues toward public education.
 Higher education.  States paid about 13% of their income tax revenues to support community colleges, state (public) universities, and vocational schools.
 Health care.  The states have to help the federal government pay for some health care programs, like Medicaid.  These programs help pay for health care for poor people, the elderly, and people with disabilities.  States spent about 16% of their income tax revenues on these programs.

Other things

The 2015 report found that the states spent the other half of their income tax revenues on many different things.  Here are some examples.
Transportation makes up about 5% of the states' spending.  Income taxes pay for many things, like:
 Building roads, highways, and bridges
 Making sure roads and bridges are safe, and fixing them
 Public transportation
 Cleaning snow and ice off the roads during the winter to make them safe to drive on

States spend about 4% of their income tax revenue on corrections.  These income taxes pay for things like:
 Prisons (including paying guards, and paying the costs of keeping prisoners locked up safely)
 Treatment programs in prison (for example, for people with addictions)
 Educational and job training programs in prison
 Programs for children who commit crimes

Other "public services"
Many states also use income tax revenues to pay for important "public services," like:
 Public safety
 Police departments, and certain fire departments and emergency medical services
 Equipment for these departments, like ambulances
 Salaries for police officers, firefighters, and Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs)
 Trash collection and street lighting
 Free public libraries and public parks
 Paying the costs needed to keep the state government working, including paying the salaries of government workers

Graphs

Notes

References

Other websites
 The Internal Revenue Service (IRS)  Official website
 IRS Help and Resource Center 
 Find Answers to Your Tax Questions  IRS Online Tax Assistant
 Get Free Help Filing Your Taxes
 Your Tax Receipt: Understand Where and How Your Tax Dollars Are Being Spent  (from WhiteHouse.gov  based on 2014 taxes)

United States federal legislation
Taxation in the United States
Background 
In 1957, the Alabama state legislature passed Act number 140 that changed the borders of the city of Tuskegee's electoral district. It changed the square boundary of Tuskegee to an irregular 28-sided figure that eliminated all but a few of the city's 400 black voters but did not eliminate any white voters. It had the effect of keeping African-American citizens from voting. The petitioners Charles A. Gomillion and other black former residents of Tuskegee brought the suit against the Mayor of Tuskegee, Philip M. Lightfoot. They wanted the law ruled unconstitutional under the Fifteenth Amendment. They also wanted an order that prevented the city from enforcing the Act.

Fifth District Court ruling 
The District Court dismissed the case on the grounds it did not have the authority to invalidate an Act passed by the state legislature. The court ruled:
Supreme Court ruling 
On 14 November 1960, the Supreme Court dismissed the ruling by the lower courts and ruled the Alabama redistricting act was unconstitutional. Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote the majority opinion. He admitted that when states exercise power "wholly within the domain of state interest" they are generally protected from judicial review. But Alabama's representatives were not able to identify "any countervailing municipal function" that this act could serve. It was clear the irregular shaped district had only one purpose, namely, to prevent blacks from any participation in the political system of Tuskegee.
Significance 
This case marked a change in the Supreme Court's involvement in political redistricting. Up to this point the Court had shown it was reluctant to interfere with the States when establishing political boundaries of their cities. However, this case served to show that states cannot deprive citizens of their voting rights which are protected by the Fifteenth Amendment. Although the practice of gerrymandering remained an issue after this case, the Court determined it was unconstitutional when it clearly discriminated against any particular racial group.

References 

1960 in the United States
Rights
United States Supreme Court cases
Background 
Wong Kim Ark was born in San Francisco, California in 1873 to parents who were Chinese immigrants and who remained the subjects of the Emperor of China. Ark had lived in California ever since he was born. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. This act denied citizenship to any Chinese immigrants and did not allow any new immigrants into the United States from China until 1892. Ark's parents returned to China in 1890. He visited them there but returned to San Francisco and was recognized as a native-born American citizen when he re-entered the country. In 1894, when he was 21 years old, Ark went to visit his parents in China again. But when he returned in 1895 the U.S. Customs denied his entry, claiming he was not a U.S. citizen. Ark was returned to the ship he came on, then to another ship the Gaelic. He was sent to Peking, China where he waited for a chance to return to the United States where he lived.
With legal support from the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, Ark sued the U.S. government. A District court issued a writ of Habeas corpus on Ark's behalf. Government lawyers challenged the writ. The issue was whether his birth in San Francisco made him a citizen of the United States. The argument against Ark was his parents were subjects of China which made Ark a subject of China as well. Therefore, he was not, in the words of the Fourteenth Amendment, "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States and was therefore not a U.S. citizen. Both China and Japan held that children born to their citizens, wherever they were born, was based on their bloodline. Chinese law stated children born to Chinese nationals were citizens of China, as long as their birth is properly registered in China. The U.S. is mainly a country of citizenship by soil, also called Jus soli. This means they are citizens, by 'right of the soil', based on the state, territory or country in which they were born.
Supreme Court decision 
Both parties had agreed to the following facts of the case: 
 Wong Kim Ark was born in 1873 in San Francisco, California.
 His parents were of Chinese descent and subjects of the Emperor of China.
 At the time of his birth they lived in the United States until 1890 when they departed for China.
 At the time, his parents were engaged in business and were not diplomats of the Emperor of China. 
 Wong Kim Ark has never lost or changed his residence. 
 At no time has Ark (or his parents for him) renounced his allegiance to the United States.
 At no time has Ark ever committed an act that might exclude him from citizenship.
 That he made two visits to China to see his parents, once in 1890 and again in 1894.
 In 1890 he was allowed to enter the United States as a citizen but was denied entry in 1894 on the grounds he was not a citizen. 
 That if he is a citizen of the United States, the Chinese Exclusion Acts do not apply to him.
The question was whether the government could deny citizenship to persons born in the United States in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court ruled that Ark is an American citizen by virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Horace Gray delivered the majority opinion of the Court.

Significance 
The case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark set a legal precedent for all children born in the United States, regardless of their parents' status or citizenship. During the campaigning for the United States presidential election, 2016, the issue of children born in this country to undocumented aliens has come up again. Because of Wong Kim Ark, a child born in the U.S. is a citizen regardless of his or her parents’ citizenship or status. This could change by means of a Constitutional amendment, but this is a lengthy and difficult process.

References 

1898 in the United States
Rights
United States Supreme Court cases
The Light Rail Transit (LRT) is a light rail system used in Singapore. It acts as a feeder service to the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network. The LRT started operation on 6 November 1999 with the Bukit Panjang LRT to Choa Chu Kang route. As of 2017, the system consists of three lines with 43 stations.

Overview
Singapore already had a good MRT system when the Land Transport Authority (LTA) decided to add the LRT. This is because it is cheaper and easier to build LRTs. This new system would decrease traffic jams but without the huge cost and effort needed to build more MRT lines and stations. Construction began in 1996 with the Bukit Panjang to Choa Chu Kang route. The service first ran on 6 November 1999.

The LRT is also used in the Sengkang and Punggol areas. Construction began in January 2000 for both the East Loop and West Loop of Sengkang LRT and Punggol LRT.  The Sengkang East Loop was opened on 18 January 2003. The Sengkang West Loop and Punggol East Loop were opened on 29 January 2005.
Further LRT line projects were cancelled in 2008 as there was not enough space to build them over the ground.

Timeline
6 November 1999: All Bukit Panjang LRT Stations
18 January 2003: Sengkang, All Sengkang LRT East Loop Stations.
29 January 2005: Punggol, Thanggam - Renjong, Cove - Kadaloor
15 June 2007: Oasis
15 November 2007: Farmway
10 December 2010: Ten Mile Junction closes
20 June 2011: Damai
30 December 2011: Ten Mile Junction reopens
1 January 2013: Cheng Lim
29 June 2014: Nibong - Soo Teck
27 June 2015: Kupang
29 February 2016: Sam Kee

Routes
Singapore's LRT network is made up of 3 lines with 43 stations.

The Bukit Panjang LRT opened on 6 November 1999 and is operated by SMRT Trains. The line is in the shape of a single loop and connects with the MRT North South Line at Choa Chu Kang Station and the Downtown Line at Bukit Panjang.
The Sengkang LRT Line opened on 18 January 2003 while the Punggol LRT Line opened on 29 January 2005. These lines are operated by SBS Transit. Each line consists of an East and West loop, with each loop of a line meeting at either Sengkang or Punggol, and both lines being joined with tracks running parallel to the North East Line below.

Rolling Stock
The LRT lines are served by Automated People Mover rolling stocks, which were initially in a one-car formation. Due to higher passenger usage, most of the cars were joined together. The Bukit Panjang LRT Line started having 2-car formations when there was enough C801A trains ready for service, which the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines started having 2-car formations around 2015. In 2-car formations, passengers cannot walk between cars, and people can only go to the other car by departing at a station and boarding the other carriage before the train leaves.

A total of four rolling stock have been introduced on the LRT, namely the:
Bombardier Innovia APM 100 C801, the first generation of rolling stock for the Bukit Panjang LRT Line. 19 single unit trains were ordered and began operation on 6 November 1999.
Bombardier Innovia APM 100 C801A, the second generation of rolling stock for the Bukit Panjang LRT Line. 13 single unit trains were ordered and began operation on 19 November 2014.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover C810, the first generation of rolling stock for the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines. 41 single unit trains were ordered and began operation on 20 June 2003.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover C810A, the second generation of rolling stock for the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines. 16 single unit trains were ordered and began operation in 2016.
Safety
On November 24, 2015, authorities announced that they would install platform barriers to reduce the risk of passengers falling onto the tracks. They to be installed at all existing LRT stations except Ten Mile Junction LRT Station, which already had platform screen doors.  Ten Mile Junction was the only LRT station with air conditioning, and the doors had been installed to keep the cold air in and so save electricity. The barriers were installed between 2016 and 2018. Installation was completed first at Choa Chu Kang  and Bukit Panjang stations because more passengers used them than the other stations. The platform barriers were not installed with moving platform doors, possibly to reduce costs.
Train Headways
Trains usually arrive every 2.2 minutes on the Bukit Panjang LRT Line along Choa Chu Kang LRT Station to Bukit Panjang LRT Station while it is around 4.4 minutes along Petir LRT Station to Senja LRT Station. The arrival time of the next two trains will be displayed at all stations. For Sengkang LRT Line and Punggol LRT Line, no specific train timings were stated, but the timing before the train arrives can be seen at Fernvale LRT Station only.

At Ten Mile Junction LRT Station, trains arrive only every 20 minutes, possibly due to low passenger usage.

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
Bukit Brown MRT Station (CC18) is a Circle MRT Line station in Singapore. The station has never been used. It was built for future use. Nearby is Bukit Brown Cemetery, the only remaining cemetery in Singapore.

Following Stations
Previous: Caldecott (CC17)Next: Botanic Gardens (CC19/DT9)

References

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Prince Charles of Monaco, Count of Carladés (Charles Marie Auguste; 1 January 1722 – 24 August 1749), was a Monégasque prince. He was known as the Count of Carladés. He was also the Count of Matignon.

Family

Charles was born in Paris. He was the fourth child and third son of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Jacques I of Monaco. As the son of the then-reigning monarch of Monaco, he was a member of the House of Grimaldi. He was given the title of "Count of Carladés". He was also given the title of Count of Matignon in June 1744. aged 12.

Charles never married and never had children. He died of smallpox in the town of Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste in the Pyrenees.

References

1722 births
1749 deaths
House of Grimaldi
Earls and countesses
People from Paris
Deaths from smallpox
The New Jersey Legislature is the legislative branch of the government of the U.S. state of New Jersey. In its current form, as defined by the New Jersey Constitution of 1947, the Legislature consists of two houses: the General Assembly and the Senate. The Legislature meets in the New Jersey State House, in the state capital of Trenton.

History

Colonial period
The New Jersey Legislature was established in 1702 upon the surrender by the Proprietors of East Jersey and those of West Jersey of the right of government to Queen Anne. Anne's government united the two colonies as the Province of New Jersey, a royal colony, establishing a new system of government.
On December 6, 1775, Governor William Franklin prorogued the New Jersey Legislature until January 3, 1776, but it never met again.  On May 30, 1776, Franklin attempted to convene the legislature, but was met instead with an order by the New Jersey Provincial Congress for his arrest. On July 2, 1776, the Provincial Congress approved a new constitution which ordered new elections; on August 13 an entire new legislature was elected.

Provincial Congress and the Constitution of 1776
In 1775, representatives from New Jersey's 13 counties established a Provincial Congress to supersede the Royal Governor.

The Constitution of 1844
The New Jersey Constitution of 1844 provided for a direct popular election of the governor, and gave him the power to veto bills passed by the Legislature. The General Assembly was expanded to 60 members, elected annually and apportioned to the counties based on population.
Regardless of any changes, the Legislature met infrequently, had high turnover among its members, and was far from being the most influential or powerful organ of state government.

The Constitution of 1947 and modern developments
New Jersey adopted its current constitution in 1947. Under this constitution, the governor was given additional veto powers and the ability to serve two terms. Hundreds of independent agencies were consolidated into 20 principal executive departments under the control of the governor. Senators' terms were extended to four years; assemblymen's terms to two years.
In 1966, the Senate was expanded from 21 to 40 members and the General Assembly from 60 to 80. Following a United States Supreme Court decision in 1964 and a New Jersey Supreme Court decision in 1972, the state's legislative districts were reapportioned into the current arrangement. Two more modern developments have also helped shape the Legislature: the increase in importance of legislative committees and the development of longer tenures for the legislative leadership.

Organization

Powers
The Legislature has the power to enact laws by a majority vote of both houses, subject to the Governor of New Jersey's ability to veto a bill. A veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a two-thirds majority in favor of overriding in each House.
By a three-fifths vote of each house, the Legislature may propose an amendment to the State Constitution. Alternatively, it may propose an amendment by a majority vote two consecutive years. The Senate has the sole authority to confirm or reject gubernatorial nominees for judicial and some executive positions.

Houses, members, and qualifications
The current organization of the Legislature is outlined by Article IV ("Legislative") of the New Jersey State Constitution of 1947.To become a member of the Assembly, an individual must be at least 21 years old, must have resided in their district for one year and the state for two years, and must live in the represented district. To become a Senator, an individual must be 30 years old, must have lived in their district for two years and the state for four years, and again must live in the represented district.

Current legislature
The sitting Legislature is the 215th Legislature of the State of New Jersey.
Currently, the Democrats are the majority party in both Houses. In the Senate there are 24 Democrats and 16 Republicans. There are 48 Democrats and 32 Republicans serving in the General Assembly.

Senate

The senate is the upper house in the New Jersey legislature. Currently, 40 people serve in the Senate for two years after redistricting, followed by four-year terms.

General Assembly

The general assembly is the lower house of the New Jersey legislature. Currently, 80 people are in the New Jersey legislature for two-year terms.

References

Other websites 
 New Jersey Legislature 
 New Jersey Senate Republicans
 New Jersey Senate Democrats
 New Jersey Assembly Republicans
 New Jersey Assembly Democrats

State legislatures of the United States
Government of New Jersey
Bicameral legislatures
William Franklin (1730 – November 1813) was an American soldier, attorney, and colonial administrator, the acknowledged illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was the last colonial Governor of New Jersey (1763–1776). Franklin was a steadfast Loyalist throughout the American Revolutionary War.

Early life
William Franklin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin, a leading figure in the city. His mother's identity is unknown.
In 1750, Ben told his own mother that William was nineteen years old, but this may have been an attempt to make the youth appear legitimate.

William was raised by Benjamin Franklin and Deborah Read.

Marriage and family
As a young man, William became engaged to Elizabeth Graeme, daughter of prominent Philadelphia physician Dr. Thomas Graeme and granddaughter of Pennsylvania's 14th Governor, Sir William Keith.
While in London, Franklin sired an illegitimate son, William Temple Franklin, who was born 22 February 1762.  His mother has never been identified, and he was placed in foster care.

Later that year, Franklin married Elizabeth Downes on September 4, 1762 at St George's, Hanover Square in London.

Career
William Franklin completed his law education in England.

Governor of New Jersey
In 1763, William Franklin was appointed as the Royal Governor of New Jersey, due to his father's influence with the British Prime Minister. He replaced Josiah Hardy, a merchant and colonial administrator.  As governor, Franklin signed the charter for Queen's College, which would develop as Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.

References

1730 births
1813 deaths
Governors of New Jersey
Politicians from Philadelphia
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Middlesex County College is a community college with its main campus located in Edison, New Jersey, United States.

Description
The college was founded in 1964. It offers more than 700 courses in 100 different degree and certificate programs with 21 specially designed transfer programs. Its mission is to provide access to an affordable, quality education

Tuition for county residents is $103 per credit hour. Tuition for out of county residents is $206 per credit hour. Federal financial aid is available in the form of Pell grants, work study programs and direct loans. Students must complete their free application for FAFSA. The MCC Foundation offers over 100 scholarships for students attending the college.
Sports
Men’s sports include: Soccer, Basketball, Wrestling, Baseball, Golf, Track and field. Women sports include: Soccer, Softball, Basketball, Cross Country, Volleyball, Track and Field. The Physical Education Center has a swimming pool, basketball courts, racquetball courts, and a dance studio. There is a weight training room with treadmills and stairmasters, which are available for students, faculty, and college alumni.

Related pages 
List of New Jersey County Colleges

Other websites 
  Middlesex County College webpage
 http://www.stateuniversity.com/universities/NJ/Middlesex_County_College.html
 http://stats.stateuniversity.com/universities/NJ/Middlesex_County_College.html 

Colleges and universities in New Jersey
1964 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in New Jersey
Carteret is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 22,844, reflecting an increase of 2,135 (+10.3%) from the 20,709 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,684 (+8.9%) from the 19,025 counted in the 1990 Census.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Carteret had a total area of 5.000 square miles (12.950 km2), including 4.418 square miles (11.442 km2) of land and 0.582 square miles (1.509 km2) of water (11.65%).

Education
The Carteret School District serves students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2021-2022 school year, the district's five schools had an enrollment of 3,882 students and 305.42 classroom teachers. The student/teacher ratio is 12.71.

Government 
The government has a town council with 6 members and a mayor. They all are elected.

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Carteret include:
 Jim Babjak (born 1957), Dennis Diken (born 1957) and Mike Mesaros of the pop/rock group The Smithereens are former Carteret residents who met in school there.
 Lori Baratta, artist; her portraits of past and present mayors and other famous people from Carteret hang on the walls in City Hall.
 Joseph A. Cafasso (born 1956), former Fox News consultant on military and counterterrorism issues who left the network after allegations surfaced that he misrepresented his military record.
 Jim Conti of the ska band Streetlight Manifesto.
 Thomas Deverin (1921–2010), former mayor of Carteret who served 22 years in the New Jersey General Assembly.
 Keith Hughes (1968-2014), basketball player at Syracuse University and Rutgers who was selected by the Houston Rockets in the 1991 NBA Draft, but never played in the NBA.
 Chad Kinch (1958–1994), shooting guard who played in the NBA for the Cleveland Cavaliers and Dallas Mavericks.
Jim McGreevey (born 1957), former Governor of New Jersey, grew up in Carteret.
 Art McMahon, defensive back for the New England Patriots football team from 1968-1972.
 Joe "Ducky" Medwick (1911–1975), left fielder for the St. Louis Cardinals during the "Gashouse Gang" era of the 1930s, elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1968, by the Veterans Committee. Ranked #7 on the Sports Illustrated list of The 50 Greatest New Jersey Sports Figures.
 Nicholas Minue (d. 1943) United States Army Private who received the Medal of Honor for military service in World War II. An elementary school on Post Boulevard in Carteret is named in his honor.
 Paul J. Pluta, Rear Admiral, United States Coast Guard (Ret.)
 Joel Weisman (1943-2009), physician who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS.
 Laurence S. Weiss (c. 1919 - 2003), business executive and politician wh served in the New Jersey Senate from 1978 to 1992.
References

Boroughs in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
1906 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in New Jersey
1922 establishments in the United States
The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is in the Elapidae family of snakes. It is the longest venomous snake in the world. An adult king cobra can grow up to , though most are less than . It is endemic to Asia. 

The king cobra lives throughout India and in some parts of the south and the east of Asia. It is known around the world for its dangerous venom. It mostly avoids humans. The King cobra lives up to 20 years.

The king cobra lives in thick forests, and likes areas dotted with lakes and streams.

It eats mostly snakes but sometimes lizards and rodents. After a large meal it may live months before eating again. 

The Indian grey mongoose is one of the few predators of the king cobra but may not attack them much.

Venom 
The venom from a bite can be deadly. The snake can kill a man with a single bite.  The mortality rate can be as high as 75% without antivenom.
There are two kinds of antivenom that can be used to help when someone is bitten. Bites do not happen often, snake handlers are most likely to be bitten.

Parenting 
Unlike many snakes, the female king cobra is a very good parent. It makes a mound as a nest for its eggs and protects them for 60-90 days until they hatch. It lays 20-40 eggs.  The mother stays until the eggs begin to hatch and then leaves to find food for herself. Baby king cobras are  and have venom as strong as adults.
Growling hiss 
The hiss of the king cobra is a much lower pitch than many other snakes and many people thus liken its call to a "growl" rather than a hiss. While the hisses of most snakes are of a broad-frequency span ranging from roughly 3,000 to 13,000 Hz with a dominant frequency near 7,500 Hz, king cobra growls consist solely of frequencies below 2,500 Hz, with a dominant frequency near 600 Hz, a much lower-sounding frequency closer to that of a human voice. Comparative anatomical morphometric analysis has led to a discovery of tracheal diverticula that function as low-frequency resonating chambers in king cobra and its prey, the rat snake, both of which can make similar growls.

References

Other websites
Real Audio format of a king cobra hissing 

Elapidae
National symbols of India
Snakes of Asia
The Siemens C651, also known as Contract 651 or SIE C651, is the second generation Electric multiple unit rolling stock in operation on the North South and East West Lines of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. A total of 114 cars consisting of 19 train-sets were purchased in 1993 and introduced from 1994 onwards and were built by Siemens in Austria.

Overview 
The C651 trains are the second generation of train cars used on the SMRT network. the cost of the C651 was $259 million. They were bought mainly to allow the network to carry more passengers due to the opening of the Woodlands extension. The first train was delivered to SMRT on 20 September 1994. Unlike the first generation Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 trains, the C651s are specially painted to reduce scratches due to dirt trapping on the outside of the C151 trains that were difficult to remove.
These train cars are fitted with greenish-blue Glastroch (Germany) windows glass, and are almost the same as the first generation train cars before their upgrades, except that a louder, lower-pitched noise can be heard when the train speeds up or slows down. The run number display on the front of each train is made up of electronic green flip-dot display, as opposed to the manual plastic rollers of the C151 trains, while the rubber strips between the doors are thicker. The trains have a full white body and a thick red stripe in the middle. Similar to the C151 trains, the Siemens C651 trains had no visual passenger information systems, but only a built-in audio announcement system, until STARiS was installed and activated around 2010.

Service details 
Many experiments have been run on the C651 cars, including the past program.
For the past program, the third and fourth cars, coloured in green, had their seating layout changed, with all but eight parts of seats, four at each ends of the car removed completely. In its place was standing room with a cushion on the side, so that passengers standing at the side would feel more comfortable. Passengers did not like this, and it was eventually undone. The original seats between the 1st and 2nd door, and the 3rd and 4th door on these cars have been replaced. The remaining cushion standing areas were changed back to original seats in May 2006. All C151 trains had their seats on the middle part of carriage removed.

For now, some of the trains were changed to have more standing space in the late 1990s as part of another experiment, where the second and fifth cars (the blue cars) were changed to have more standing room on both sides.
More grabpoles were also added. Single grabpoles in the centre of each car were replaced by grabpoles that branch out into three in the centre first in 2007, followed by tripled hand grips and grab poles in 2014. Special non slip floorings were also tested.

Refurbishment 

Upgrades for these trains are to be done by Singapore Rail Engineering (SRE). When completed, these upgrades will fix train parts such as doors and brakes and make them cause less delays. Many changes will be made, such as upgrading the air-conditioning system, the power system, and upgrading the look of the trains. Sensors will also be installed to allow workers to fix problems more regularly.
Upgrading works has begun since early 2016, beginning with train set 217/218. Trains will also include STARiS 2.0, a system showing information about the train's route. The first upgraded train set is expected to be tested before starting to run in the second half of 2018. In late August 2016, 2 model train cars have been built by SRE, showing that the project is unaffected by the pausing of the end-of-life upgrades for the 66 C151 train sets. As of the second half of 2018, sets 217/218 and 227/228 have been upgraded and are being tested. It will also be the third and final rolling stock to be painted in SMRT's style while newer rolling stock starting from the upcoming C151C trains will be painted in LTA's style.

Train Formation
Train Formation 

The car numbers of the trains go from x201 to x238, where x depends on the carriage type. Each car is assigned a 4 digit serial number. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer(DT) and two motor cars(M1 & M2) permanently coupled together. For example, set 221/222 consists of carriages 3221, 1221, 2221, 2222, 1222 and 3222.

 The first digit identifies the car number, where the first car has a 3, the second has a 1 & the third has a 2.
 The second digit is always a 2, part of the identification numbers
 The third digit and fourth digit are the train identification numbers. A full length train of 6 cars have 2 different identification numbers. For example 215/216 (normal coupling) or 216/226 (cross coupling).
 Siemens built sets 201–238.

References
Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT Station (NS4/JS1/BP1) is an MRT station in Singapore. It is the interchange station between the North South MRT Line and Bukit Panjang LRT Line. It is located in Choa Chu Kang.

The station is the first interchange between the MRT and the LRT.

History
The MRT station opened on 10 March 1990 and was the terminus of the Branch Line. Construction began on 15 February 1986. With the opening of the North South Line Woodlands Extension on 10 February 1996, the branch line became part of the North South Line. It was recoded from B3 to N21 in 1996. The LRT station opened on 6 November 1999, on the opening day of the Bukit Panjang LRT line. It was again, recoded from N21 and A1 to the present BP1 and NS4 in 2001.
On 31 October 2012, LTA announced that Choa Chu Kang LRT Station will have two more platforms, specifically for commuters to exit the trains to allow the existing platform in the centre to have more space for passengers getting on. There will also be additional fare gates and a new covered linkway from the LRT station to Lot One. These new additions which also include widening the staircase between the MRT and the LRT stations will be completed by 2016. New Exit E was opened at the same time, to Lot One Shoppers Mall but despite that, there is no lift access, only stairs. The two newly constructed platforms at the LRT station began operations on 27 December 2016. The two new side platforms, Platforms 3 and 4, lack lift access so passengers who need to take the lift when exiting at Choa Chu Kang LRT Station have to wait for the doors to open to the island platform (Platforms 1 and 2), where lift access is available
. Stickers to remind passengers to exit at Platforms 1 or 2 if they need a lift to exit are placed on all the LRT doors.
In 2016, Platforms 1 and 2 of the LRT had Half-Height Platform Barriers installed. Choa Chu Kang (and Bukit Panjang) was the first to install platform gates due to the high commuter traffic at this station. Automatic platform gates were installed at Platforms 3 and 4 during construction.

References

Light Rail Transit (Singapore) stations
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1990 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Singapore
HarbourFront Station (NE1/CC29) is an MRT Station in Singapore. 

It is an interchange station along the North East MRT Line and Circle MRT Line. It is currently the only double terminus in Singapore's MRT line. The station is located next to VivoCity and HarbourFront Centre.

The station was originally called World Trade Center, but changed to its current name after the 9/11 attacks

Following Stations 
NEL:

-previous: Terminus  -next: Outram Park

CCL:

-previous: Telok Blangah  -next: Terminus

Timeline
20 June 2003: Station opened
8 October 2011: Circle MRT Line opened

Former Codes
North East MRT Line: H1 (before opening)
Circle MRT Line: N/A

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Dhoby Ghaut Station (NS24/NE6/CC1) is a Mass Rapid Transit station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along North South Line, North East Line and Circle Line.

Dhoby Ghaut is the first triple-line interchange station in Singapore. It is the fourth deepest MRT station (after Bras Basah, Promenade and Bencoolen) in Singapore. The deepest point is at 28 metres below ground level.

The station was named after the Indian laundrymen that worked around the area in the early 20th century. The section of track between this station and Somerset is the shortest between any two stations on the North South Line; it takes 1 minute for a train to travel between these two stations. It is one of the station that receives heavy passenger numbers during peak hours.
History
The North South Line section of Dhoby Ghaut (Code: N1) was the first to open, doing so on 12 December 1987. It was formerly named The Istana, where the president's palace is located. The platforms were built under the former Stamford canal. It became an interchange station with the opening of the North East Line on 20 June 2003 (Code: H5), while the North South Line part of the station underwent upgrading which was completed in 2006. It to date remains the only interchange station serving the North South and North East Lines.

The Circle Line station opened on 17 April 2010, at which point Dhoby Ghaut became the first station in Singapore to be an interchange between three MRT lines. It is currently the only triple-line interchange station on the MRT network; however, with the opening of Stage 3 of the Thomson-East Coast MRT Line in 2021, two other stations, Outram Park and Marina Bay, will also become triple-line interchanges.
Dhoby Ghaut is the fourth deepest MRT station (after Bras Basah, Promenade and Bencoolen) in Singapore, with the deepest point at 28 metres below ground level. It is one of only four stations on the MRT network to have travelators with the other three being Bugis, Serangoon and Botanic Gardens stations.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1987 establishments in Singapore
Rameshwaram is a coastal town in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu state in India. It is located in a island named Pamban island, which is separated from Indian mainland by Pamban Channel.

Rameshwaram is one of the holiest shrines for Hindus. The populous Ramanathaswamy Temple is located here.The town has the 64 Holy Tirthas,  of which 24 are important accoring to Skanda Purana.

The town covers an area of 53 km2. The population of the town is 44,851 according to 2011 census. This town is the birth place of the 11th president of India, Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam.

The island in which Rameshwaram located was hit by a cyclone in 1964, that washed away Dhanushkodi, a nearby town and made severe damage in Rameshwaram too.

References

Towns in Ramanathapuram district
The Vaigai River is a river that starts flowing from Varusanadu Hills, Periyar plateau of the Western Ghats range. This river flows east towards Tamil Nadu. The Vaigai river produces the Vattaparai Falls. The city of Madurai lies on the banks of this river. The river empties into the Palk strait in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu.

Length
The Vaigai river flows for 256km (160mi). The area of the drainage basin of Vaigai is 7036 square kilometers.

Tributaries
The tributaries of Vaigai are Suruli River, Mullaiyaar River, Varaha River and Manjal River. The Kirudhumal River joins Vaigai river in Theni district. The water of Periyar river is diverted or turned to Vaigai.

Reference

Rivers of Tamil Nadu
F.C|Roma]]|years1=2022-
Paulo Dybala (born 15 November 1993) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Roma and the Argentina national team.

He began his career as a professional footballer in 2011 in the Argentine Second division. In 2012, he moved to Europe and signed for Palermo. His great performances in Serie A got him a transfer to Juventus in 2015.

Due to his creative style of play, pace, technique, talent, and eye for goal, he has been nicknamed La Joya ("The Jewel" in Spanish.)

Early life
Dybala was born in Córdoba, Argentina. His grandfather, Bolesław Dybała, was from the village of Kraśniów in Poland. His family also had Italian origins through his maternal grandmother named Da Messa from the Province of Naples.

Career statistics

Club

International 

 As of match played 18 November 2019. Argentina score listed first, score column indicates score after each Dybala goal.

References
References

1993 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Juventus F.C.
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Córdoba, Argentina
Cecelia Holland is an American historical fiction novelist.

Early life and education
Holland was born on December 31, 1943, in Henderson, Nevada. She grew up in Metuchen, New Jersey, where she started writing at age 12.

1943 births
Living people
American children's writers
People from Henderson, Nevada
Writers from Nevada
Writers from New Jersey
Writers from California
Prince François of Monaco, Count of Thorigny (François Charles; 4 February 1726 – 9 December 1743) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title Count of Thorigny.

Life
Born in Paris. 

Born at the "Hôtel Matignon" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Count of Thorigny but the title was given to François. His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751. 

He died unmarried and childless.

References

1726 births
1743 deaths
Earls and countesses
House of Grimaldi
Joel D. Weisman (February 20, 1943 – July 18, 2009) was an American doctor who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS in the United States. He later became an advocate for the development of treatments and prevention of the disease.

Early life and education 
Weisman was born in Newark, New Jersey, on February 20, 1943. He attended the Kansas City College of Osteopathy (later known as the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, graduating in 1970 with a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). He practiced medicine in his hometown of Carteret, New Jersey, for several years and ended his brief marriage by disclosing that he was gay.
Discovery and treatment of AIDS 
He moved to Los Angeles and was hired by a doctor's office in North Hollywood. There, he started to see a number of patients in 1978 who had a series of unusual conditions, including younger men with shingles, a case of Kaposi's sarcoma, and several patients who had symptoms of what appeared to be, but was not, lymphoma.
Weisman referred two of these cases in 1981 to Michael S. Gottlieb, an immunologist at the UCLA Medical Center, who had a patient of his own with a similar pattern of symptoms. A report they jointly wrote published by the Centers for Disease Control in the June 5, 1981, issue of its Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, describing how their patients, "5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California" of which "[t]wo of the patients died" by the time of the original report. This notice has been recognized as the first published report marking "the official start" of the AIDS pandemic and as "the first report on AIDS in the medical literature".
In Weisman's obituary in the Los Angeles Times, Gottlieb described him as "a very astute physician" who recognized "that something out of the ordinary was happening" by being "alert to unusual symptoms in his patients". Krim described how Weisman immediately knew that "he was observing something that was never seen before."

Personal 
Weisman died at age 66 due to heart disease on July 18, 2009, at his home in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was survived by his domestic partner of 17 years, Bill Hutton, as well as by a daughter and granddaughter, a brother and two nieces. Timothy Bogue, his partner for 10 years, died of AIDS in 1991.

References

1943 births
2009 deaths
HIV/AIDS activists
LGBT people from New Jersey
People from Los Angeles
Dunellen is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

Population

History
Dunellen started in 1867. It grew around a railroad station. The station was originally called New Market station. It served the nearby community of that name in Piscataway.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.048 square miles (2.715 km2). All of it is land. Dunellen is in the Raritan Valley, a line of communities in central New Jersey.

References

Other websites

Boroughs in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
1887 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in New Jersey