Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In the second half of the Miocene temperatures dropped, and grasslands began to expand. After the mid-Miocene climate change there grew vast grasslands in place of the forests which were there before. The browsers had teeth and behaviours which suited forests, and they largely died out. The modern herbivores are almost entirely grazers which "mow the lawns" of the huge African grasslands. This can be seen by comparing their teeth with the teeth of species from the earlier part of the Miocene. The same is true of the Americas and Asia. The world was drier, and grasslands spread.
All flesh is grass (Hebrew: כָּל־הַבָּשָׂ֣ר חָצִ֔יר kol habbasar chatsir) is a phrase from the Old Testament book of Isaiah, chapter 40, verses 6–8. It applies from the last part of the Miocene to the present day, at any rate so far as land animals are concerned. The steppes of Asia, the mid-West of the USA and the grasslands of Africa all offer the same lesson: that when the temperature and rainfall dropped, most of the forests changed to grassland. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the other factor which research looks at.

One fundamental cause of the change was the drop in rainfall in Africa and Arabia. This was partly caused by the rise of the Himalayas, which interfered with the flow of air from the wet tropical parts of the East. A major and permanent cooling occurred between 14.8  14.5 mya in the Langhian stage. However, as mentioned above, the grasslands expanded all over the Earth, not just in Africa.
There was a major growth in the Antarctic ice sheet. Ice cores tell us what happened: 18O:16O is a proxy for temperature.

In an indirect way, all this affected human evolution. The reduction in forests led to an expanse of grasslands with some trees. Into this more open area the Australopithecines later ventured out.

Mediterranean 
Another great event, which undoubtedly affected climate, was the refilling of the Mediterranean basin. The so-called Zanclean flood is thought to have refilled the Mediterranean Sea 5.33 million years ago.
This reconnected the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is possible that even before the flood there were partial connections to the Atlantic Ocean.

According to this model, water from the Atlantic Ocean refilled the dried up basin through the modern-day Strait of Gibraltar. The process took up to two years.

The flood may have affected global climate. The much smaller flood triggered when Lake Agassiz drained did result in (or coincide with) a cold period.
Africa and Eurasia 
During the early Miocene, the Arabian Peninsula collided with Eurasia. This cut the link between the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean. It let animals move between Africa and Eurasia, (elephants into Eurasia). In the late Miocene, the connection between the Atlantic and Mediterranean shut. This caused the Mediterranean Sea to almost completely evaporate. The Strait of Gibraltar opened and the Mediterranean refilled at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary: the Zanclean flood.

The Americas 
North and South America continued to drift westward. As they did so, their western edges gradually built up, and their eastern edges trailed.

There was as yet no land connection between the two continents. However, many groups can cross water to some extent. This is illustrated by the mammalian fauna of Madagascar, which is mostly got from Africa even though the two landmasses separated 120 mya.

Related pages 
 Paleogene
 Neogene

References 

Cainozoic
The Asterales are an order of flowering plants which include the composite family Asteraceae (sunflowers, daisies, thistles, etc.) and its related families.

Families 
Alseuosmiaceae
Argophyllaceae
Asteraceae - Daisies
Calyceraceae
Campanulaceae (incl. Lobeliaceae) - Bellflowers
Goodeniaceae (incl. Brunoniaceae)
Menyanthaceae
Pentaphragmaceae
Phellinaceae
Rousseaceae (incl. Carpodetaceae)
Stylidiaceae (also Donatiaceae)
The family Asteraceae or Compositae (the aster, daisy, or sunflower family) is the largest family of flowering plants. It has the most species. 

What looks like its flower is really made of  hundreds or thousands of tiny individual flowers. The technical term for it is a pseudanthium ("false flower"). 

The driving force for the evolution of the Asteraceae was that the composite flowers look attractive to pollinating insects. A large brightly coloured flower attracts insects. The other quality insects like is the scent of the pollen and the sugary nectar in the flowers. The asters are very successful (over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera in the order Asterales). Their success is due to what they offer to visiting insects. It is also due to their ability to grow almost anywhere, but especially on grass.
Heterocarpy, or amphicarpy, the ability of an annual species to produce different fruit morphs, is common in Asteraceae. It allows seeds to be dispersed over varying distances, each type adapted to different environment. This increases the chances of survival.

References
The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Australia. It is made up of the Royal Australian Navy, the Australian Army, the Royal Australian Air Force and a number of joint groups.

At first the Australian Government set up three separate armed services. In 1976, the government decided to have a single military headquarters. Over time, the three services have combined headquarters, logistics and training camps.

The ADF is small, but uses a lot of technology. With 53,000 full-time active-duty service people and 20,000 part-time reserve forces, it is the largest military force in Oceania. It is much smaller than most Asian military forces. The ADF does not have enough people in some highly skilled areas, but it is still able to send forces in many regions outside Australia.

References

Other websites

 Australian Defence Organisation website

Australian military organisations
Defence Force
1976 establishments
1970s establishments in Australia
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) is a set of rules in the United Kingdom. Employers are to protect employees and other persons from the hazards of substances used at work. 

The tasks that employers have to make according to COSHH include: 
 Finding out what are the hazards to people's health in the workplace. 
 Deciding how to prevent the damage to people's health - this is called risk assessment. 
 Giving tools for reducing the damage to people's health. 
 Making sure these tools are used. 
 Keeping all these tools in order. 
 Giving important information and teaching people how to use the tools and reduce health risk.  
 Keeping track of health, when this is needed. 
 Planning for times of emergency - for example an accident, when a dangerous material is spilled. 
 

United Kingdom law
Manga Kenchuugokuryu (Anti Chinese wave) is a manga written by Sharin Yamano, Japanese comic artist. Kenchuugokuryu, means "Anti-China" or "Anti-Chinese wave". As the title says, China is the target of criticism. Kenchogokuryu was published by Shinyusha. .

Contents 
No 1, Education of the anti Japanese
No 2, To China ODA
No 3, China attack of the other Asia and tibet
No 4, Bad Chinese food
No 5, Chinese students are spy in Japan
No 6, Blood and thunder in Beijing olympic Games
No 7, Broadcast of Anti Japan
No 8, The Truth about Nanjing(The truth of the Nanking Massacre)

Sharin Yamano's Comic Book 
《Anti Korean-wave1》 Sharin Yamano, 
《Anti Korean-wave2》 Sharin Yamano, 
《Anti Korean-wave3》 Sharin Yamano, 
《Anti China-wave》Sharin Yamano,

Other websites 
 - Manga Anti China's Website 
 - Buy a Comic in Amazon

Manga
Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski, is a Polish football club based in Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Poland.

Successes 
 Orange Ekstraklasa (First league):
 2nd place (2): 2003, 2005
 Polish Cup:
 Winner (2): 2005, 2007
 Polish League Cup:
 Winner (2): 2007, 2008

Other websites 
  official website 

Polish football clubs
1922 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Poland
Car navigation allows an automobile driver to see where he or she is on a map at any given time. Automobile navigation can rely on GPS (Global Positioning System), or it can be DVD- or data-based. GPS-bsed navigation uses radio signals from special satellites that send their position and the time of transmission. The GPS receiver catches the signal and calculates the time. The GPS can then calculate the distance from the satellite with the well-known radio signal speed.

Satellites
When driving a car with such a GPS receiver, the driver may receive information from a satellite which is above for instance Dover in the south and another one which is above Perth in the north. Then the GPS receiver knows precisely how far it is from Dover and how far it is from Perth. With that two possible positions of the car at the flat land are precisely determined.
To know which one of those positions is the right place, the GPS receiver needs a third satellite, for instance above Land's End in the west. With that information, the GPS receiver can also determine elevation. With three satellites in fact there is still a third possible point, but that is twice as high as the satellites above the earth's surface and does not need to be reckoned with in car travel.
 
But the GPS receiver still needs a fourth satellite, because the GPS receiver needs to know the time very precisely. In between it knows your car position, so that it can calculate the distance from that satellite. Then it knows the time of reception, because that is the time of transmission plus the travel time of the signal.

The GPS receiver
The GPS receiver 

At any moment the GPS receiver searches for the strongest satellites, calculates the position and the driving direction and then shows it all on a small screen as a three-dimensional map. With that it also shows the vehicle's driving speed and how far it is to the next junction.

The driver may add the address where he or she wants to go. The GPS receiver then directs the driver to their destination step-by-step, often using voice prompts. The driver can even be shown where there are traffic jams, speed cameras and traffic lights, and the route can be calculated in such a way that these can be avoided, reducing the time needed for the driver to reach his or her destination.

If the driver deviates from the indicated route, the GPS receiver can provide new directions to the same destination, by repeating the same calculations.
Maps 
To show where the car is with the calculated position, the GPS receiver contains digital maps. Many GPS receivers allow users to add more maps or newer maps to allow for better navigation.

Mobile phones 
Mobile phones are often equipped with GPS receivers, but most require a mobile Internet connection to function. Nokia's HERE Maps are able to store maps for offline use, and because of this, phones that have this app installed can be used as GPS navigation systems as mentioned above.

Other websites

Navigation
Road transport
WWE Extreme Rules is a yearly pay-per-view event from WWE. The match during Extreme Rules pay-per-views usually center around hardcore wrestling.

The event was originally known as WWE One Night Stand from 2005 - 2008. The 2005 and 2006 editions served as reunion events for Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW).

Events

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Extreme Rules

Extreme Championship Wrestling
WWE Extreme Rules
Night of Champions is a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event run by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).

The event started as a pay-per-view under the name Vengeance in 2001, replacing Armageddon for that year due to the possible insensitivity of the latter's name with respect to the September 11 attacks. In 2002, Vengeance took over Fully Loaded's pay-per-view spot. The 2003 event was belonged to the SmackDown! brand, while from 2004 to 2006, the events were Raw only. In 2005, Vengeance was moved again, this time changing positions with The Great American Bash.

The 2007 event was named Vengeance: Night of Champions, as all nine WWE championships were defended that night. In 2008, the event was renamed to Night of Champions, keeping the format of the 2007 event, but dropping the Vengeance name. In 2009, the event was moved back to July.

Dates and venues

Related pages
 List of WWE pay-per-view events

Notes

Other websites 
 Night of Champions official website
Cyber Sunday is a former yearly WWE pay-per-view. It took place at the end of October and takes the lineage of WWE's former Pay-per-view event Taboo Tuesday. In 2009 it was replaced by WWE Bragging Rights.

Cyber Sunday dates and venues

World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
2009 disestablishments
2004 establishments
Survivor Series is a yearly WWE pay-per-view. It usually takes place in November around the American Thanksgiving

Survivor Series dates and venues

References 

World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
Royal Rumble (2008) was a wrestling PPV that took place in New York City, New York at Madison Square Garden. It was the 21nd Royal Rumble event. The event had the twenty-first yearly Royal Rumble match as the main event, which John Cena won. One of the matches was Randy Orton defending his WWE Championship against Jeff Hardy. Another was, Edge defending his World Heavyweight Championship against Rey Mysterio.  Another match was, John "Bradshaw" Layfield wrestling against Chris Jericho. The last match was Ric Flair wrestling against M.V.P.

Results

Royal Rumble entrances and eliminations

References 

Royal Rumble
2008 in professional wrestling
Sports in New York City
Robert Alexander Szatkowski (born December 18, 1971 in Battle Creek, Michigan), better known by his ring name, Rob Van Dam, is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for working for WWE. He has also wrestled with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1996 to 2001 and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2010 to 2013. His finishing move is the Five-Star Frog Splash.

Championships
Van Dam held many championships during his professional wrestling career:
All Star Wrestling
ASW North American Heavyweight Championship (one time)
American Wrestling Rampage
AWR World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
NLW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Extreme Championship Wrestling
ECW World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Sabu)
ECW World Television Championship (one time)
Fifth ECW Triple Crown Champion
International Wrestling Federation
IWF Television Championship (one time)
National Wrestling Council
NWC Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Bobby Bradley)
Peach State Wrestling
PSW Cordele City Heavyweight Championship (two times, first)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Comeback of the Year (2001, 2010)
PWI Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (2001, 2002)
He was ranked #1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2002.
Pro Wrestling Report
Match of the Year (2006) (vs. John Cena at ECW One Night Stand II)
South Atlantic Pro Wrestling
SAPW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Chaz Rocco)
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
World Stars of Wrestling
WSW World Heavyweight Championship (one time, current)
World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment
ECW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Kane (one) and Booker T (one))
WWE Championship (one time)
WWE Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Rey Mysterio)
WWF/E Hardcore Championship (four times)
WWE European Championship (one time)
WWF/E Intercontinental Championship (six times)
Money in the Bank (2006)
Fifteenth Triple Crown Champion
Seventh Grand Slam Champion
References

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
People from Battle Creek, Michigan
Sportspeople from Michigan
Former WWE wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
WWE Hall of Fame
Ron Killings (born January 19, 1972 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American professional wrestler and rapper. He is currently signed to WWE where he competes under the ring name R-Truth.

He has also worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2002-2007.

He is a former WWE United States champion and former two time WWF Hardcore Champion.

References

Other websites
R-Truth's WWE profile

1972 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
American rappers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Rappers from Atlanta
Sportspeople from Atlanta
WWE wrestlers
Nicholas Theodore "Nick" Nemeth (born July 27, 1980) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time with the WWE where he performed under the ring name Dolph Ziggler.

Nemeth signed a contract with the WWE in 2004 and competed in their developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). He debuted on the main roster in 2005 and played the role of Kerwin White's caddy. HE was sent back down to OVW and later called back up where he was a member of The Spirit Squad, performing under the ring name Nicky.

Ziggler is a two-time World Heavyweight Champion, one-time World Tag Team Champion with The Spirit Squad, two-time Intercontinental Champion, one-time United States Champion, Mr. Money in the Bank in 2012, and the 22nd Triple Crown Champion. In 2015 he is with Lana  who was with Rusev (another WWE superstar).
Championships
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (2 times) (with Brad Allen (1) and Gavin Spears (1))
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #9 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" in 2013
World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE
World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
World Tag Team Championship (3 time) 
WWE Intercontinental Championship (7 time)
WWE United States Championship (1 time)
Money in the Bank (2012 — World Heavyweight Championship contract)
Twenty Second Triple Crown Champion
Grandslam Champion
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Most Improved(2011)
Most Underrated(2011)

Lucha de Apuesta record

References

Other websites
Official website

1980 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Cleveland
A spiral is a special curve in mathematics. This curve starts at a point, and then goes around the point, but gets farther and farther away from it. This is different from a circle (which is always at the same distance) or an ellipse. A spiral is an "open" curve, unlike circles and ellipses which are closed curves.

Two-dimensional spirals
A two-dimensional spiral may be described most easily using polar coordinates. There the radius r is a continuous monotonic function of angle θ (theta).  The circle would be regarded as a degenerate case. With the circle, the function would not be  strictly monotonic, but constant.

Some of the more important sorts of two-dimensional spirals include:
The Archimedean spiral: r = a + bθ
 The Euler spiral, Cornu spiral or clothoid
 Fermat's spiral: r = θ1/2
 The hyperbolic spiral: r = a/θ
 The lituus: r = θ-1/2
 The logarithmic spiral: r = abθ; approximations of this are found in nature
 The Fibonacci spiral and golden spiral: special cases of the logarithmic spiral
 The Spiral of Theodorus: an approximation of the Archimedean spiral composed of contiguous right triangles

Three-dimensional spirals
For simple 3-d spirals, a third variable, h (height), is also a continuous, monotonic function of θ. For example, a conic helix may be defined as a spiral on a conic surface, with the distance to the apex an exponential function of θ.

The helix and vortex can be viewed as a kind of three-dimensional spiral.

For a helix with thickness, see spring (math).

In nature
In nature

The study of spirals in nature have a long history, Christopher Wren found out that many shells form a logarithmic spiral. Jan Swammerdam observed the common mathematical characteristics of a wide range of shells from Helix to Spirula and Henry Nottidge Moseley described the mathematics of univalve shells. D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson's On Growth and Form gives extensive treatment to these spirals. He describes how shells are formed by rotating a closed curve around a fixed axis, the shape of the curve remains fixed but its size grows in a geometric progression. In some shell such as Nautilus and ammonites the generating curve revolves in a plane pirpendicular to the axis and the shell will form a planer discoid shape. In others it follows a skew path forming a helico-spiral pattern.

Thompson also studied spirals occurring in horns, teeth, claws and plants.

Spirals in plants and animals are frequently described as whorls.
A model for the pattern of florets in the head of a sunflower was proposed by H Vogel. This has the form

where  is the index number of the floret and  is a constant scaling factor, and is a form of Fermat's spiral. The angle 137.5° is related to the golden ratio and gives a close packing of florets.

The spiral also represents infinity. Starting at a single point, and revolving outwardly until the end of the universe. Because of this, some civilizations believe that the Spiral is a pathway to the afterlife.

As a symbol

The spiral plays an important role in symbolism. It appears in megalithic art, notably in the Newgrange tomb or in many Galician petroglyphs such as the one in Mogor. See also triple spiral.

Scholars are still talking about the subject, but many of them now believe that the simple spiral in Chinese art may be a symbol of the sun.  Roof tiles from the Tang Dynasty with this symbol have been found west of the ancient city of Chang'an (modern-day Xian).
The spiral is the most ancient symbol found on every civilized continent.  Because it appears at burial sites across the globe, the spiral most likely represented the "life-death-rebirth" cycle.  Similarly, the spiral symbolized the sun, as ancient people thought the sun was born each morning, died each night, and was reborn the next morning.   

Spirals are also a symbol of hypnosis. This most likely comes from the cliché of people and cartoon characters being hypnotized by staring into a spinning spiral (One example being Kaa in Disney's The Jungle Book). They are also used as a symbol of dizziness, where the eyes of a cartoon character, especially in anime and manga, will turn into spirals to show they are dizzy or dazed. The spiral symbolizes the double helix structure of DNA, representing biological evolution, and the spiral structure of a galaxy.

References

Mathematics
Brian David Kendrick (born March 29, 1979) is an American professional wrestler best known for his time with the WWE as Brian Kendrick and The Brian Kendrick. currently working for Total Nonstop action wrestling

References 

1979 births
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Living people
Sportspeople from Virginia
People from Fairfax, Virginia
Michael Shawn Hettinga (born on July 17, 1978) is an American professional wrestler that is currently working for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He is best known for working with WWE on all three brands (Raw, SmackDown and ECW) from 2006 to 2010. He was released from his WWE contract on April 23, 2010. He had a dark match in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling in May, 2012.

References

American professional wrestlers
1978 births
Living people
Sportspeople from California
Former WWE wrestlers
San Bernardino, California
Dustin Patrick Runnels (born April 11, 1969) is an American professional wrestler and author. He currently works for All Elite Wrestling (AEW). Runnels was worked with the WWE under the ring names Goldust and Dustin Rhodes.  Rhodes is the son of former professional wrestler "The American Dream" Dusty Rhodes and half-brother of  Cody Rhodes  During his time with the WWE he won multiple titles. These include the World Tag Team Championship with Booker T and with his half brother, the WWE Hardcore Championship seven times and the WWE Intercontinental Championship three times.

Rhodes has also wrestled for World Championship Wrestling, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and All Japan Pro Wrestling.

References

Other websites

1969 births
Living people
All Elite Wrestling people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from Austin, Texas
Royal Rumble (2007) was the twentieth yearly Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on January 28, 2007 at the AT&T Center in San Antonio, Texas.

Results

Royal Rumble entrances and eliminations

 King Booker returned to the ring after being eliminated and eliminated Kane.
 Kane made his eleventh appearance in a Royal Rumble match, breaking his own and Rikishi's record for most Royal Rumble appearances. It was also his ninth-consecutive appearance, also billed as a record for Kane.
 This Royal Rumble set a new record for the most wrestlers involved in an elimination, taking 8 men to throw Viscera over the top rope. This beat the previous record set in the 1994 Royal Rumble when it took 7 men to eliminate Viscera (then known as Mabel).
 The Undertaker was the first wrestler to win the Royal Rumble match at number 30.

References
References

Royal Rumble
Sports in San Antonio, Texas
2007 in professional wrestling
2007 in Texas
21st century in San Antonio, Texas

pl:Royal Rumble (2007)
Don DeLillo (born November 20, 1936) is an American author. He lives in New York City. His works are about American life in the 20th century and 21st century.

Works

Novels 
 Americana (1971)
 End Zone (1972)
 Great Jones Street (1973)
 Ratner's Star (1976)
 Players (1977)
 Running Dog (1978)
 Amazons (1980) (DeLillo used the pseudonym "Cleo Birdwell" for the author name)
 The Names (1982)
 White Noise (1985)
 Libra (1988)
 Mao II (1991)
 Underworld (1997)
 The Body Artist (2001)
 Cosmopolis (2003)
 Falling Man (2007)
 Point Omega (2010)

Plays 
 The Day Room (1986)
 Valparaiso (1999)
 Love-Lies-Bleeding (2005)
 The Word for Snow (2007)

Screenplays 
 Game 6 (2005)

References

1936 births
Living people
Writers from New York City
Libra is a novel (book) by Don DeLillo. It was written in 1988. The book is about the life of Lee Harvey Oswald and the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

References

1988 books
20th-century American novels
Tardienta is a municipality in the province of Huesca in Aragon, Spain.

Municipalities in Aragon
Settlements in Huesca
Carmine is the general term for a particularly deep red color. Some rubies are colored the color shown in the color chart below as rich carmine. The deep red color shown at right as carmine is the color of the raw unprocessed pigment, but lighter, richer, or brighter colors are produced when the raw pigment is processed, some of which are shown below.

The color carmine comes from the pigment carmine, which is a deep red color obtained from the carminic acid produced by some scale insects, such as the cochineal and the Polish cochineal, and is used as a general term for a particularly deep red color. The pigment carmine is used in the manufacture of artificial flowers, paints, rouge, yogurt, cosmetics, food additives, and crimson ink.

The first recorded use of carmine as a color name in English was in 1523.

Meaning of carmine
Meaning of carmine

 Since carmine is the color of dried blood, the color is sometimes used to represent crime.
 In the Star Trek TV show, the person who the script dictated was to be killed was usually chosen from the engineering part of the crew of the starship Enterprise, who wore carmine red shirts. As a result, the redshirt is the actor playing the character in a TV Show or movie who the script dictates is to be killed.

Tones of carmine color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Taupe refers to a dark grayish-brown color.  The word "taupe" derives from the Latin name for the European Mole, Talpa europaea. 

Originally, this referred only to the average color of the French mole, but like the colors pink and lavender, the name expanded (in the case of taupe beginning in the 1940s) to encompass a wide range of varying shades.  It seems that this occurred because the color of the fur of the mole can itself be a wide range of shades, from gray through yellowish, brownish, and even purplish.

The first use of taupe as a color name in English was in the early 1800s (exact year is not known).

Meaning of taupe
 The various shades of the color taupe are widely used in fashion, interior design, industrial design, and in graphic design where Pantone ink and RGB hexadecimal specifiers both describe the color as a warm gray.

 Taupe is the most popular  color for leather sofas.

Tones of taupe color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Salvador Guerrero IV (born March 20, 1970 in El Paso, Texas) also known as Chavo Guerrero and Chavo Guerrero, Jr., is a third generation American professional wrestler and member of the famous Guerrero wrestling family. He currently wrestle for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. He has also wrestled for World Wrestling Entertainment and World Championship Wrestling.

References

Other websites
Chavo Guerrero's TNA profile 

1970 births
Living people
All Elite Wrestling alumni
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from El Paso, Texas
Violaceae (alternatively Alsodeiaceae, Leoniaceae and Retrosepalaceae) is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 800 species in 21 genera. It takes its name from the genus Viola, the violets and pansies.

Malpighiales
Plant families
The spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) is a large family of flowering plants with 300 genera and around 7,500 species. Most are herbs. Some, especially in the tropics, are shrubs or trees. 

The name spurge comes from the Latin word espurge meaning to purge: this refers to its use as a laxative.
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge was the eighth son of King George III. He married Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel in 1818. They had three children. One of them was Princess Mary Adelaide, the mother of Mary of Teck, who became the consort of George V of the United Kingdom.

Ancestors 

1774 births
1850 deaths
British royalty
Cambridge
Knights of the Garter
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
19th-century British people
Joan of Kent (29 September 1328 – 7 August 1385) was the wife of Edward, the Black Prince, who was the son and heir of Edward III of England. She was the mother of King Richard II of England.

House of Plantagenet
1328 births
1385 deaths
Ernest Augustus (5 June 1771 – 18 November 1851) was the fifth son and eighth child of George III of the United Kingdom. 

Ernest Augustus was made Duke of Cumberland by his father and became King of Hanover on 28 June 1837, on the death of his brother William IV of the United Kingdom.

His successor in Hanover was his only son, George V of Hanover.

Ancestors

Other websites 

1771 births
1851 deaths
German nobility
Kings and Queens of Hanover
The color champagne is a name given for various very pale tints of yellowish-orange that are close to beige.  The color's name came from the average color of the drink champagne.

The first written use of champagne as a color name in English was in 1915.

Meaning of champagne

 The color champagne represents luxury.

Tones of champagne color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

References
Passifloraceae is a family of flowering plants, containing about 530 species classified in around 18 genera. They include trees, shrubs, lianas and climbing plants, and are mostly found in tropical regions.

Malpighiales
Plant families
The Lauraceae or laurel family is a group of flowering plants in the order Laurales. It includes the bay laurel and its closest relatives. 

The family has over 3000 species of flowering plants in over 50 genera worldwide. They mostly live in warm temperate and tropical regions, especially southeast Asia and South America. Most are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but one or two genera such as Sassafras are deciduous, and Cassytha is a genus of parasitic vines.

References
Serviciul Român de Informaţii (SRI) is the Romanian intelligence service for home defense.

Other websites 
 Official site 

Bucharest
The Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party is a Romanian Christian-Democratic party, or group of politicians.

References

Other websites 
 Official site 

Christian democratic parties
Political parties in Romania
1989 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Romania
National Liberal Party can be any of the following parties:

 National Liberal Party (El Salvador)
 National Liberal Party (Lebanon)
 National Liberal Party (Moldova)
 National Liberal Party (Panama) 
 National Liberal Party (Romania)
The Partidul Național Liberal (National Liberal Party) is a conservative liberal political party in Romania. It is  a "historical" renewed liberal party in Romania. The party was founded in 1875 and re-founded in early 1990. In 2022, it was the second biggest party in the Romanian Parliament.

In 2011, the National Liberal Party has joined a coalition with the Social Democrat Party called the "Social Liberal Union"  which fell in 2014. On 26 July 2014, the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) formed an alliance with the National Liberal Party. The alliance was named the "Christian Liberal Alliance" (ACL).

References 

Conservative parties
Liberal parties
Political parties in Romania
1875 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Romania
The gravitational constant, called  in physics equations, is an  empirical physical constant. It is used to show the force between two objects caused by gravity. The gravitational constant appears in Isaac Newton's universal law of gravitation.

 is about  N⋅m2/kg2, and is denoted by letter . In the SI system, the constant is equal to the force in newtons that two objects, each with a mass of 1 kilogram, exert on each other at a distance of 1 meter.

It usually appears in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation, and in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. It is also known as the universal gravitational constant, Newton's constant, and colloquially as Big G. It should not be confused with "small g" (g), which is the local gravitational field of the Earth (equivalent to the free-fall acceleration).

References 

Relativity
Gravitation
Chepstow () is a town in Monmouthshire, Wales. It is next to the border with England. It is built beside the River Wye, close to where it joins with the River Severn. It is near the western end of the Severn Bridge on the M48 motorway. It is  east of Newport and  west of London. Named Striguil in Norman times (from a Welsh word meaning bend in the river), by the 14th century it had its current name - from the Old English ceap/chepe meaning market, and stowe meaning place. In Welsh it's called Cas-Gwent, meaning castle of Gwent.

Chepstow is famous for its castle, the oldest stone castle still standing in Britain, and for Chepstow Racecourse which is home to the Welsh Grand National. The course was officially opened in 1926. Chepstow Racecourse is just 16 miles from Bristol, making it easy to access from England via the Severn Bridge.
Chepstow's past includes shipbuilding and salmon fishing, the export of timber and oak bark and the import of wine. And in the 18th century the town became popular with visitors following the Wye Tour. Chepstow Museum tells the story of the Wye Tour, and is a short walk from the beautiful Regency iron bridge known as the Old Wye Bridge.

References 

Towns in Monmouthshire
The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest military medal given for bravery "in the face of the enemy" to members of the defence forces of Commonwealth  countries, and former British Empire territories. It is the most important medal, more important than all other orders, decorations and medals. 

It may be given to a person of any rank in any  service (army, navy or air force) or anyone working for the military. It is usually presented to the person, or a family member if they were killed, by the British monarch during a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. It can be presented by the Governor-General for awards made by other Commonwealth countries. 

It is the joint highest medal for bravery in the United Kingdom with the George Cross, which is for bravery not in the face of the enemy. However, the VC is higher in the order of importance and would be worn first by a person who had been given both medals (which has not happened).
The VC was begun on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria for acts    of bravery during the Crimean War. Since then, the medal has been given 1,356 times to 1,353 people. Only 13 medals, nine to members of the British Army, and four to the Australian Army have been presented since the Second World War.

Since 1990, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, have started their own versions of the VC.

Living holders of the Victoria Cross
The list of living holders of the Victoria Cross is small.
 This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Bill Apiata, VC  1944
 Johnson Beharry, VC  1951
 John Cruickshank, VC 1966
 Mark Donaldson, VC  1969
 Rambahadur Limbu, VC, MVO  2005
 Keith Payne, VC, OAM, DSC (US)  2007
 Ben Roberts-Smith, VC MG  2011
 William Speakman-Pitts, VC 2011
 Daniel Kieghran   2012

Related pages 
 Victoria Cross for Australia
George Cross
George Medal
Elizabeth Cross

References 

Military honors
is a fictional main character in the Kid Icarus game series. He is the angel bodyguard of Palutena. He also appeared in the Super Smash Bros. series.

Games
Kid Icarus (1986)
Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters (1991)
 Kid Icarus: Uprising (2012)

Other appearances
Captain N: The Game Master
Super Smash Bros. Brawl
Small appearances
 Tetris (NES) - 1989 - Pit is playing a violin when the player wins Game B on Speed 9, Height 0.
 F-1 Race (Game Boy) - 1990 - Before Course 8, Pit cheers for the player. He also appears in the end of the race.
 Super Smash Bros. Melee (GameCube) - 2001 - He appears as a trophy.
 WarioWare: Twisted! (Game Boy Advance) - 2005 - In one of 9-volt's games, the player directs Pit left or right to dodge snakes and eggplants thrown at the player. Pit is also seen on the cover of the Kid Icarus record box. The theme for Kid Icarus is an unlockable record in the game. When the cursor is placed on it, the text describing it says, "This is the closest thing to a sequel you're gonna get! Har har!"
WarioWare: Smooth Moves (Wii) - 2007 - In the conducting game, Pit is playing a cello. The theme is one of the songs which is conducted.
Character design
Pit is based on Icarus and Eros (also known as Cupid), figures from Greek mythology. The clothes that he wears and the fact that he is an angel resembles Perseus, Bellerophon, and Hercules, the last also being an archer. His looks have changed very little over the years, having always included things that have to do with classical antiquity (such as the chiton and sandals). His weapon is the bow and arrow. In Of Myths and Monsters, Pit first received a crown of laurel, as well as revealing his eye color, blue. In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Pit is seen wearing an exomis. On the official Super Smash Bros. Brawl website, it is said that Pit is an angel that cannot normally fly. Much like Samus Aran from the Metroid series and Link from The Legend of Zelda (series) series, Pit did not talk much in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, either.
As part of changing the character, the designers of Super Smash Bros. Brawl saw it fit to change his character design (looks) by combining parts of his looks from the promotional artworks of both Kid Icarus titles with new ideas. Pit now appears older than the child-age designs from older games and now has a more anime/manga-like appearance, although he still seems to have a childish voice in the Japanese version. In The English version of Super Smash Bros. Brawl, he has a deeper-sounding teenaged voice. Nintendo has described the redesign as "a giant leap forward in his evolution". It is also said on the Smash Bros. Dojo that one of Pit's color changes is black, a "Fallen Angel color" choice. This new look had became popular among most nintendo fans. It will be used for the upcoming Kid Icarus Uprising.
Other websites
Pit's character biography  at the official Super Smash Bros. Brawl website.
The first Super Smash Bros. Brawl trailer , as seen at E3 2006, at the game's official website.
Pit's descent from Angel Land  on Super Smash Bros. Brawl official website

Nintendo video game characters
Solomonovo (; ) is a village in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion (district) in the Zakarpattia Oblast (province) in western Ukraine.

According to the 2001 census, 1342 people were living there.

Other websites
 Solomonovo – karpataljaturizmus.net 
 Solomonovo (Соломоновo) of Ukraine 1:100,000 topographic maps 

Villages in Ukraine
Zakarpattia Oblast
Zakarpattia Oblast (, translit. ; , translit. ; ; ; also referred to as the Transcarpathian Oblast, Transcarpathia, Zakarpattya, or historically Subcarpathian Rus) is an administrative oblast (province) in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Uzhhorod. Other major cities within the oblast include Mukachevo, Khust, Berehove and Chop which is home to railroad transport infrastructure.

Zakarpattia Oblast was formally established on January 22, 1946 after the incorporation of Subcarpathian Rus lands to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Ukrainian independence referendum held in 1991, Zakarpattia Oblast voters were given a separate option on whether or not they favored  autonomy for the region. Although a large majority favored autonomy, it was not granted.
Zakarpattia Oblast is in the Carpathian Mountains landscape of western Ukraine, and is the only Ukrainian administrative division which borders upon four countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. The Carpathian Mountains play a major part in the oblast's economy, making the region an important tourist and travel destination housing many ski and spa resorts.

The oblast is ranked 23rd by area and 17th by population. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of Zakarpattia Oblast is 1,254,614. Excluding Ukrainians, this total includes people of many different nationalities of which Hungarians, Romanians and Rusyns constitute significant minorities in some of the province's cities, while in others, they form the majority of the population (as in the case of Berehove).

Geography
Geography

Zakarpattia Oblast has a total area of 12,800 km² and is in the Carpathian Mountains region of western Ukraine. It is the only Ukrainian oblast to have boundaries with four countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. On the West it borders the Prešov and Košice Regions of Slovakia and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Counties of Hungary, on the South—the Satu Mare and Maramureş Counties of Romania, on the East and Northeast—Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, and on the North—Lviv Oblast and the Subcarpathian Voivodeship of Poland.

Zakarpattia Oblast mostly consists of mountains and small hills covered with deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as alpine meadows. Mountains cover about 80% of the oblast's area, and cross from North-East to South-East. The Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians, part of which are within Zakarpattia Oblast, were recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007.
The largest rivers that flow through the oblast include the Tysa, Borzhava, and the Tereblia. The region's climate is moderate and continental with about 700-1000 millimetres of rainfall per year. The average temperature in summer is +21°С (70°F) and -4°С (25 °F) in winter. With a total height of , Hoverla, part of the Chornohora mountain range, is the tallest point in the oblast. The lowest point, 101 metres above sea level, is in the village of Ruski Heyevtsi in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion.

The four of the oblast's historical-cultural sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine competition in 2007: Palanok Castle, Museum upon the Chorna River, Mykhailiv Orthodox Church, and the Nevytsky Castle.
History
Zakarpattia was part of Kingdom of Hungary, later Austria-Hungary until the latter's demise at the end of World War I. This region was briefly part of the short-lived West Ukrainian National Republic in 1918 and occupied by Romania at end of that year. It was later recaptured by Hungary in the summer of 1919. Finally, it joined the newly formed Czechoslovakia as Subcarpathian Rus, of which it formed one of the four main regions, the others being Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia.

During the World War II German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the southern part of the region was awarded to Hungary under the First Vienna Award in 1938.  The remaining portion was constituted as an autonomous region of the short-lived Second Czecho-Slovak Republic. After the occupation of Bohemia and Moravia on March 15, 1939 and the Slovak declaration of an independent state, Ruthenia declared its independence (Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine) but it was immediately occupied and later annexed by Hungary.
During the German occupation of Hungary in 1944, almost the entire Jewish population was deported; few survived the Holocaust. When the Soviet Army crossed the pre-1938 borders of Czechoslovakia in 1944, Soviet authorities refused to allow Czechoslovak governmental officials to resume control over the region, and in June 1945, President Edvard Beneš formally signed a treaty ceding the area to the Soviet Union. It was then incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, it became part of independent Ukraine as Zakarpattia Oblast.
The province has a unique footnote in history as the only region in the former Soviet Union to have had an American governor: its first governor was Gregory Zatkovich, an American citizen who had earlier emigrated from the region and represented the Rusyn community in the U.S.  Zatkovich was appointed governor by Czechoslovakia's first president, Tomáš Masaryk, in 1920 and served for about one year until he resigned over differences regarding the region's autonomy.

After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine held an independence referendum in which the residents of Zakarpattia were asked about the Zakarpattia Oblast Council's proposal for self rule. About 78% of the oblast's population voted in favor of autonomy, however, it was not granted. There were also propositions of separating from Ukraine to rejoin Czechoslovakia, but after Czechoslovakia's dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on January 1, 1993, these ideas have been rendered largely moot.
On October 25, 2008, delegates to the Congress Of Carpathian Ruthenians declared the formation of the Republic of Carpathian Ruthenia.  The prosecutor’s office of Zakarpattia region has filed a case against Russian Orthodox Church priest Dmytro Sidor and Yevhen Zhupan, an Our Ukraine deputy of the Zakarpattia regional council and chairman of the People’s Council of Ruthenians, on charges of encroaching on the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine.

Politics

Zakarpattia Oblast's local administration is controlled by the Zakarpattia Oblast Council (rada). The Chairman of the Council is Mykhailo Kichkovskyi, elected from the People's Union "Our Ukraine" party. Kichkovsky holds this position since his election in April 2006.
The Zakarpattia Oblast Rada consists of a total of 90 deputies. Based on the March 26, 2006 regional election results, the distribution of the council's mandates is as follows: 30 mandates for the People's Union "Our Ukraine;" 25 for the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc; 7 for the Lytvyn People's Bloc; 5 for the Party of Hungarians of Ukraine "KMKS;" 4 for the Democratic Party of Hungarians of Ukraine; and 4 for the Socialist Party of Ukraine.

The oblast's governor (currently Oleh Havashi) is appointed by the President of Ukraine.

Administrative divisions

Zakarpattia Oblast is administratively subdivided into 13 raions (districts), as well as 5 cities (municipalities) which are directly subordinate to the oblast government: Berehove, Chop, Khust, Mukachevo, and the administrative center of the oblast, Uzhhorod. There are a total of 7 cities, 19 towns, and more than 579 villages.