Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
First lady
When Choi Kyu-hah became the acting President of South Korea after the assassination of Park Chung-hee in 1979, Hong became the First Lady of South Korea on December 6, 1979. Her tenure as First Lady is the shortest in South Korean history. During her time at the Blue House, Hong only took the lead in supporting nursing homes and orphanages, but refrained from outside activities. Secretaries who have been with her for 20 to 30 years remember her as an adult who is fair, respects principles, and has contributed greatly to helping her husband to be honest. On the other hand, she is evaluated by those around her as having a strong character that is as strong as a man.

She was forced to step down from her position as First Lady in August 1980, after Major General Chun Doo-hwan and close allies within the military staged a coup d'état against Choi's government in December 1979.
Later life
After stepping down as president, Choi and his family lived quietly out of the public eye. Hong Gi suffered from Alzheimer's disease in her later years. As a result, Choi took care of his wife, while at the same time looked after his ailing health also. Choi would often visit Seoul National University Hospital, where she was admitted to. She was the friend of Lee Hee-ho, wife of former South Korean President Kim Dae-jung.

Death
On July 20, 2004, Hong Gi died of Alzheimers at the age of 88. Her remains were initially buried at the Seoul National Cemetery. When her husband died two years later, her remains were relocated and reinterred at a special tomb site alongside Choi in the Daejeon National Cemetery.==Personal life==
Hong and Choi Kyu-hah have three children: sons (Choi Yun-hong, Choi Jong-seok) and daughter (Choi Jong-hye).

Honours
:
 Honorary Recipient of the Grand Order of Mugunghwa (1979)

In popular culture
Korea Gate (1995) - Jun Won-ju

References

Other websites
홍기
Other websites
홍기 

1916 births
2004 deaths
First Ladies of South Korea
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Peter Michael Nicholas (May 16, 1941 – May 14, 2022) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He co-founded the medical device company Boston Scientific with partner John Abele in 1979. He died on May 14, 2022, two days before his 81st birthday.

References

1941 births
2022 deaths
Businesspeople from New Hampshire
American philanthropists
Maphevu Dlamini (31 March 1922 - 24 October 1979) was a Swati soldier and politician who became the second Swati to hold the office of Prime Minister in 1976.

References

1922 births
1979 deaths
Prime ministers
The Chellah or Shalla ( or ; ), is a medieval Muslim necropolis and ancient archeological site in Rabat, Morocco. It is located on the left side of the Bou Regreg estuary. The site is a tourist attraction and is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2012.

References 

World Heritage Sites in Morocco
Buildings and structures in Morocco
Francesco Saverio Nitti (19 July 1868 – 20 February 1953) was an Italian economist and political figure. He was the Prime Minister of Italy between 1919 and 1920 as a member of the Italian Radical Party.

1868 births
1953 deaths
Prime Ministers of Italy
Nnaemeka Ikegwuonu is a Nigerian Business man and a radio broadcaster. He is the founder of Small Holders Foundation.
 He is also the CEO of ColdHubs.

Early Life
Nnaemeka Ikegwuonu is from an agricultural family in Imo State, Nigeria. He graduated from Imo State University as a Bachelor degree holder in History and International Studies. He also earn is master's degree in cooperation and development from the Institute for Advanced Studies at the University Of Pavia,in Italy in the year 2009. He attained some certificate in water resources management, poverty and human rights, and environmental education from various European universities.

Awards
Nnaemeka Ikegwuonu became an Asoka Fellow in 2008. He received an award from Rolex in 2010, Wise award in 2010 and the Yara Prize for Green Revolution in Africa.

References

Nigerian businesspeople
Radio personalities
Living people
The Alpinopolis snouted tree frog (Scinax maracaya) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.  It lives in the mountains in Minas Gerais.

References

Frogs of South America
Toyin Tofade is a Nigerian professor  
born on the 8th of January 1969. She was the first black lady to become a president of the Albany college of pharmacy and health sciences. Toyin has three children named Shola Tofade, Sheun Tofade and Fola Tofade.She obtained a bachelor's degree in the pharmacy of Obafemi Awolowo university at ile-ife Osun state. She also had a Master's degree in the pharmacy practice and a doctor of pharmacy (pharm. d). And she also had a degree UNC Eshelman School Of Pharmacy ,chapel hill,  In 2016,Tofade became the Dean and Professor at the Howard University of Pharmacy College in Washington DC . She begins her term on the 1st of June 2021.
Christopher Di Lascia who chaired the presidential commitee said, "Dr Tofade posses all the desired qualities including her deep commitment to academic  scholarship ,and service. Toyin  Tofade  is a brilliant woman and knows almost everything about medicine which made her more famous. She has a husband that lives happily with is family.  He is a well handsome man who does not complain about his wife's job and he's very calm and humble.

References

1969 births
Living people
Nigerian academics
Pharmacists
Segun Ogunsanya is the managing director and chief executive officer of Airtel Nigeria, subsidiary of Indian telecommunications conglomerate, with subsidiaries in 14 Sub-Saharan African countries.
Segun Ogunsanya became CEO (Chief Executive Officer) of Airtel Africa officially on October 1, 2021.

Education 
Ogunsanya earned a Bachelor's degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Ife in 1987. He is also a Chartered Accountant by the rules of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria.

References

Living people
1966 births
Nigerian businesspeople
Nigerian engineers
accountants
People from Ogun State
Melfi (Lucano: ) is a city and comune in the Vulture region of the province of Potenza of Basilicata. In 2015 it had a population of 17,768.

References

Other websites

Cities in Potenza
"Eat Your Salad" is a song by the Latvian pop rap group Citi Zēni. Eat Your Salad represented Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2022. It made it to the first semi-final.

2022 songs
The Catholic Church in France is part of the Catholic Church in communion with the Pope in Rome across the world.

Marian apparitions in France 
A list of Marian apparitions in France
 Our Lady of the Rosary, associated with Dominic de Guzmán at Prouille
 Our Lady of Lourdes, associated with Bernadette Soubirous at Lourdes
 Our Lady of La Salette, associated with Maximin Giraud and Mélanie Calvat at La Salette-Fallavaux
 Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal, associated with Catherine Labouré at Rue du Bac, Paris
 Our Lady of Laus, associated with Benoîte Rencurel at Saint-Étienne-le-Laus
 Our Lady of Pontmain, associated with Joseph and Eugène Barbedette at Pontmain
 Our Lady of Pellevoisin, associated with Estelle Faguette at Pellevoisin

References 

Roman Catholicism

Religion in France
Mick Schumacher (born 22 March 1999) is a German racing driver who is a reserve driver for Mercedes. most recently raced for Haas F1 Team.  He was born in Switzerland, but races as a German. He is the son of 7 time Champion Michael Schumacher.

References 

1999 births
Living people
German Formula One drivers
Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and the provinces. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. 

During the beginning of the Roman Empire, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis.

Conquests

Roman conquest 

The Roman invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC and used it as a training ground for tactics against the Carthaginians, the Iberians, the Lusitanians, the Gallaecians and other Celts. 

Roman emperor Augustus was not able to complete the conquest until 19 BC. Much of Hispania remained autonomous until the end of the Cantabrian Wars.

Germanic conquest 

In late 409 AD, the Germanic Buri, Suevi and Vandals moved into Iberia together with the Sarmatian Alans. The Suevi created a kingdom in Gallaecia and the Alans created a kingdom in Lusitania.
There were conflicts between the Chalcedonian natives and the Arian Visigoths. In 589, Recared renounced his Arianism and accepted Chalcedonian Christianity, this created an alliance between the Visigothic monarchy and the native Hispano-Romans.

Umayyad conquest

On April 711, Berber Umayyad governor Tariq ibn Ziyad led around 1,700 soldiers and invaded southern Hispania from North Africa. The North Africans defeated the Visgothic army in the Battle at Guadalete in 712.

Notes

References

Places of Ancient Rome
Area code 845 is an area code for New York. It was created in 2000 as a split from 914. It covers counties such as Rockland, Putnam, Delaware, Orange, Sullivan, and Columbia. It will be overlaid by 329 on March 24, 2023 due to the exhaustion of telephone numbers for the 845 area code.

Sources 

Area codes in New York (state)
Reccared I (or Recared; ; ;  559 – December 601; reigned 586–601) was Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania. He converted from Arianism to Chalcedonian Christianity in 587. He died of natural causes in Toledo. He was married to Baddo. When Reccared I died his son Liuva II took over power.

550s births
601 deaths

Visigothic kings
The Aquitani were ancient people that lived in the region between the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Garonne, in modern-day Aquitaine, France.

References 

Ethnic groups in Europe
Augusta Emerita, also called Emerita Augusta,  was an ancient Roman colonia (settlement) founded in 25 BC in present day Mérida, Spain. The city was founded by Roman Emperor Augustus and was the capital of the Roman province of Lusitania.

Related pages 
 List of Roman sites in Spain
 Biblioteca Nacional de España

References 

World Heritage Sites in Spain
The Iberians (, from , Iberes) were pre-Indoeuropean people that inhabited on the Iberian peninsula.

Ethnic groups in Europe
The execution of Louis XVI by guillotine is an important event of the French Revolution, it took place publicly on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la Révolution (renamed Place de la Concorde in 1795) in Paris.

Context 
At a trial on 17 January 1793, the National Convention convicted the king of high treason. No one voted "not guilty" but some deputies abstained. Louis XVI was condemned to death by a simple majority. The execution was performed four days later by Charles-Henri Sanson, who was the High Executioner of the French First Republic.

French Revolution
is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

Geography

Surrounding municipalities
 Hyōgo Prefecture
 Inagawa
 Itami
 Takarazuka
 Ōsaka Prefecture
 Ikeda
 Minō
 Nose
 Toyono

Population
From Japanese census data,

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in Hyōgo Prefecture
Julia van der Sprong (born 27 September 1999) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. she is a member of the Netherlands women's national wheelchair basketball team, and SC DeVeDo in Ermelo. She won the gold medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. 

She also became world champion in 2018 and European champion in 2019. 

She plays in the Dutch Eredivisie national league, with her club SC DeVeDo.

Life​ 
Van der Sprong was born in 1999 in Gouda. She did before her impairment hockey, roller skating and speed skating. After a field hockey training she couldn't feel her left leg and foot anymore. She had an inflammation that damaged nerves on her spinal cord and resulted that she had to use a wheelchair. She tried playing wheelchair tennis and wheelchair racing and switched to wheelchair basketball in 2016 in Gouda.

She studied business administration at the Radboud University in Nijmegen.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Topsporter Julia: ‘Op school hoorde ik: die rollator is voor een bejaarde’ | Foto | AD.nl
 Julia van der Sprong of The Netherlands during the Tokyo 2020 Paralympics... News Photo -  Ilse Schaffers
1999 births
Dutch wheelchair basketball players
Dutch Paralympic gold medalists
Living people
Abdul Maliki was born in 1914 and died in 1969. He was born in Nigeria and grew up to become a politician.

Education
Maliki started his primary education at Okene elementary school in 1923, but finished in Bida Primary School in 1927 and later went to Teachers Training College Katsina in 1929. He went to England for local government training program.

Career
Abdul Maliki, started his teaching job in Okene middle school in 1935. Later in 1936 he was promoted to become the suppervisor for works in Okene untill 1939.

References

1914 births
1969 deaths
Nigerian politicians
Joel H. Cohen is a Canadian award-winning producer and writer. He has worked on Saturday Night Live, Suddenly Susan, and The Simpsons.

Cohen was born in Canada. He is the younger brother of one-time The Simpsons writer Robert Cohen, who wrote the season three episode "Flaming Moe's".

Work 
 Cohen is best known for his work on The Simpsons as a writer, producer, and co-executive producer.
 Cohen was a consultant writer for The Simpsons Movie.
 Cohen was a writer on the movie Extinct (2021).
 Cohen wrote season 4, episode 9 of Suddenly Susan entitled The Birthday Party. He also wrote the teleplay of episode 20 called The Reversal.
 Cohen wrote the non-fiction book How to Lose a Marathon which describes what it took for him to complete a marathon in New York City. It is 26.2 chapters long, which is an odd number of chapters in the United States as 99% of books have full chapters. His book was released on April 4, 2017, by Abrams and as an audiobook by Audible.com.

Awards
|-
! scope="row"|2002
| The Simpsons
| Outstanding Animated Program (for programming less than one hour)
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Producer
| 
|-
! scope="row"|2006
| The Simpsons
| Outstanding Animated Program (for programming less than one hour)
| Primetime Emmy Awards
| 
| Co-Executive Producer/Writer
| 
|-
! scope="row"|2007
| The Haw-Hawed Couple (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program (for programming less than one hour)
| Primetime Emmy Awards
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
| 
|-
! scope="row"|2008
| Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program (for programming less than one hour)
| Primetime Emmy Awards
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
| 
|-
! scope="row"|2010
| Once Upon A Time In Springfield (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
| 
|-
! scope="row"|2011
| Angry Dad - The Movie (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
| 
|-
! scope="row"|2012
! scope="row"|2012
| Homer the Father (The Simpsons)
| Animation – any length – one airing time
| Writers Guild Awards
| 
| Writer
| 
|-
! scope="row"|2012
| Holidays Of Future Passed (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
| 
|- 
! scope="row" | 2013
| Treehouse Of Horror XXIII (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| Halloween of Horror (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
| A Test Before Trying (The Simpsons)
| Animation
| Writers Guild Awards 
| 
| Writer 
| 
|-
! scope="row" | 2015
| Treehouse Of Horror XXV (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2016
| Halloween of Horror (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| The Town (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| Gone Boy (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| Mad About The Toy (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
|
|-
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| Thanksgiving Of Horror (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
| 
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| Maggie Simpson: The Force Awakens From Its Nap (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Short Form Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award 
| 
| Writer
| 
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| The Dad-Feelings Limited (The Simpsons)
| Outstanding Animated Program
| Primetime Emmy Award
| 
| Co-Executive Producer
|
|-

Awards references

References

Other websites 

Writers from Alberta
Living people
Award winning writers
Emmy Award winning directors
American producers
The Simpsons
The Tidewater accent is a variety of English spoken in the Tidewater region of Virginia. It's a subvariety of Southern American English and features include:

non-rhoticity/R-dropping or variable rhoticity
Canadian raising of the "ou" dipthong so that words like house and down can be pronounced like heose\hoose and deon\doon.
conversion of a to e in certain cases, making afraid and bake sound like afred and Beck.
limited trap-bath split: words like rather bath and can't are pronounced with broad-a.

American English
Virginia
The High Tider accent, also Hoi Toider for the pronunciation of the ai dipthong found in the dialect, is a variety of Southern American English spoken in the Outer Banks of South Carolina and North Carolina. The High Tider accent can also be called the Ocracoke Brogue.

Conversion of i to ee, so that fish is pronounced as feesh and kitchen as keechen. This also happens with e so that pen can be peen for example.

Dropping of certain consonants except r, so cape is pronounced as cay

Rhoticity (no r-dropping)

American English
Charleston English or the Charleston accent is a sub-variety of  Southern American English spoken by elderly natives of Charleston, South Carolina. It is one of the older aristocratic Southern accents with the following features

R-dropping

Canadian raising of ou, making words like house and about more like hoose and aboat.

Vowels in cheer and chair can be pronounced the same. This is the cheer-chair merger.

Intrusive y onto the ar sound so garden and car come out as gyahden and kyah''.

American English
The Canadian raising or Scottish raising is a type of pronunciation in certain dialects of English. For example, Scottish English and Canadian English. In these cases, the ai dipthong and ou dipthong is pronounced higher with the tongue than in other varieties of English. 

The raising of the ai dipthong makes it similar to oi. The raising of the ou dipthong makes it similar to oo or oa.

Dialects of English
Pronunciation
New Orleans English refers to the range of accents native to the Greater New Orleans metropolitan area. It's often described as New York City English or the Boston accent mixed with Southern American English. Most subvarieties are non-rhotic.

New Orleans
American English
Luigi Facta (16 November 1861 – 5 November 1930) was an Italian politician, lawyer and journalist. He was the last Prime Minister of Italy before Benito Mussolini.

Other websites

1861 births
1930 deaths
Prime Ministers of Italy
A drawl is the prolongation of certain vowels in certain dialects of English. Drawls are commonly associated with Southern American English, in which vowel breaking can occur. Vowel breaking is the addition of more sounds to the vowel.

English language
A building extension, extension or addition is a room or set of rooms built onto a house or similar building after initial construction has been completed. Adding onto a building is a popular remodelling project to increase space within the building. These extensions can be built onto the rear, sides or fronts of buildings or can be added vertically as new storeys.

Rooms
Remodelling, remodeling or renovation is the process of changing, adding onto, repairing or otherwise changing a building such as a house. Such renovations include

building extensions
basement conversion
attic conversion
altering the layout or fixtures of a kitchen, bathroom, etc.
adding or removing walls.

Construction
Attic conversion or loft conversion is the process of turning an unfinished attic into a habitable storey. Such a project is usually undertaken to add more bedrooms to a dwelling.

Construction
Basement conversion is the process of turning an unfinished basement into habitable space which is heated and cooled.

Construction
TV5Monde (),  known as TV5, is a French television network. It broadcasts French-language programming. It is an approved participant member of the European Broadcasting Union.

The network is available across Europe on satellite via Astra 19.2°E and Eutelsat Hot Bird (13°E) (both free-to-air), online and via TVPlayer.

References

Other websites

Official Site 
TV5 Québec Canada 
TV5Monde US
TV5MONDE Asie-Pacifique
TV5Monde Charter 

Television networks
The Psychopath is a 1966 British crime horror movie directed by Freddie Francis and starring Patrick Wymark, Margaret Johnson, John Standing, Alexander Knox, Thorley Walters, Judy Huxtable. IT wa distributed by Paramount Pictures.

Other websites

 The Psychopath at TCMDB
 
 

1966 crime movies
1966 horror movies
British crime movies
British horror movies
Serial killer movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by Freddie Francis
Reminders are things to help you remember something. It may also refer to:

Music

"Reminder" (song), a song by The Weeknd from his 2016 album Starboy
 Reminder (album), a 2012 album by Pixel
A Reminder, a 2011 EP by Drake Bell
The Reminder, a 2007 album by Feist
"Reminder", a song by Mumford & Sons from their 2012 album Babel
X: The Man with the X-Ray Eyes is a 1963 American science fiction horror movie directed by Roger Corman and starring Ray Millard, Don Rickles, John Hoyt, Harold J. Stone, Diana Van der Vlis. It was distributed by American International Pictures.

Other websites
 
 
 

1963 horror movies
1963 science fiction movies
American science fiction horror movies
Movies directed by Roger Corman
This is a list of Zimbabwean Test cricketers.

A Test match is an international cricket match between two representative teams that are full members of the International Cricket Council (ICC). Both teams have two innings, and the match lasts up to five days.

The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his first Test cap. Where more than one player won his first Test cap in the same match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname.

Statistics are correct as of 11 July 2021.

Note:
 1 John Traicos also played three Test matches for South Africa. Only his record for Zimbabwe is given above.

Related pages 
 Test cricket
 Zimbabwe national cricket team
 List of Zimbabwe ODI cricketers
 List of Zimbabwe Twenty20 International cricketers

References

Other websites 
 Cricinfo
 Howstat

Lists of Test cricketers
Zimbabwe test cricketers

Zimbabwe-related lists
Africa sport-related lists
Cricket in Africa
Cover Up is a 1991 American British Israeli action movie directed by Manny Coto and starring Dolph Lundgren, Louis Gossett Jr., John Finn, Peter Gilmore, Lisa Berkley, John Saint Ryan.

Other websites

1991 action movies
1990s American action movies
British action movies
Israeli movies
Movies set in Israel
TiVi5 Monde (), stylized as TiVi5 MONDE, is an international pay television channel. It was launched at the end of January 2012.

Aims
The channel was launched by the Francophone network TV5 Monde, which is aimed mainly to French-speaking African children (4–13 years). Its main goal is to teach French to young children.

In the other regions, TiVi5 Monde is a block on TV5 Monde.

History 

The channel was launched in the United States in 2012 on Dish Network.
On , the channel was launched in Africa on Canalsat Horizons, StarSat, and Zuku TV

Programming 
TiVi5 Monde airs educational programs, cartoons, children's series and games. Starting 2016, 12% of the programs in the channel are African. All the programs are French-speaking; the channel doesn't make any French dubbing of American series. Its programs both playful and educational are broadcast without advertising.

This is a list of the programs formerly or currently broadcast on the channel:

Related pages 
 Gulli Africa

References
References

Other websites 
  (USA)
  (USA)

American television networks
Television stations
Media in Europe
Organizations based in Belgium
Over the Top is a 1987 American action drama movie directed by Menahem Golan and starring Sylvester Stallone, Robert Loggia, Susan Blakely, Rick Zumwalt, David Mendenhall, Terry Funk, Jimmy Keegan, Allan Graf. It was distributed by Warner Bros..

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1987 action movies
1987 drama movies
1980s road movies
1980s American action movies
1980s American drama movies
Movies directed by Menahem Golan
Movies set in Nevada
Movies set in Arizona
Warner Bros. movies
Aldosterone is an important steroid hormone. It keeps sodium in the kidney, salivary glands, sweat glands, and colon.

It plays a central role in the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure, plasma sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) levels. Indirectly, it influences water retention or loss, blood pressure and blood volume.

References 

Steroid hormones
The built environment or built world is the human made environment including all buildings, bridges, roads, transportation systems, machines, etc. The built environment is defined as the artificial spaces like structures, vehicles, etc in or on which people live, work and play on a daily basis and is distinct from nature.

Environment
A cisterna (plural: cisternae) is any membrane-bound sac. They can be found in the Golgi apparatus and in the endoplasmic reticulum.  It is the flattened sac on the branch of the endoplasmic reticulum and the curved sac on the branch of the Golgi apparatus.

Position in cells 

Cisternae are on the trans face of the Golgi apparatus. They are in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.

Roles
The cisternae play an important role in the packaging, modification, and transport in the cell. They help the transport of proteins and other enzymes from the Golgi. Cisternae transport proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum to the vesicles of the Golgi apparatus.

References

Cell biology
A brazier is a container used to burn charcoal or any other solid fuel for cooking, heating or cultural rituals. It often takes the form of a metal box or bowl with feet. Its elevation helps to circulate air, giving oxygen to the fire. Braziers have been used since ancient times; the Nimrud brazier dates to at least 824 BC.

History

The word brazier is said in the Bible. The Hebrew word for brazier is believed to be of Egyptian origin, suggesting that it was imported from Egypt. The single reference to it in the Bible being the following verse:

 - the winter palace of King Jehoiakim was heated by a brazier ().

Roman Emperor Jovian was poisoned by the fumes from a brazier in his tent in 364, ending the line of Constantine.

References 

Cooking appliances
The Yadavs, mentioned in the Mahabharata, were Pastoral-Kshatriyas among whom Krishna was brought up. The Gopas, whom Krishna had offered to Duryodhana to fight in his support when he himself joined Arjuna's side, were no other than the Yadavs themselves, who were also the Ahirs. In the Mahabharata it is mentioned that when the Yadavas (belonging to the Abhira group) abandoned Dwaraka and Gujarat after the death of Krishna and retreated northwards under Arjuna's leadership, they were attacked and broken up.
Origin and History
Yadavs are the descendants of Yadu, the eldest son of King Yayati. It is said that Yadu was expelled by Yayati from his kingdom and became a rebel. His successor was Madhu, who ruled from Madhuvana, situated on the banks of river Yamuna, which extended up to Saurastra and Anarta (Gujrat). His daughter Madhumati married Harinasva of Ikshvaku race, from whom Yadu was born again, this time being ancestor of Yadavas. Nanda, the foster father of Krishna, was born in the line of succession of Madhu and ruled from the same side of Yamuna. Jarasandh, Kansa's father-in-law, and king of Magadha attacked Yadavas to avenge Kansa's death. Yadavas had to shift their capital from Mathura (central Aryavart) to Dwaraka (on the western coast of Aryavart) on the Sindhu. Yadu was a legendary Hindu king, believed to be an ancestor of the god Krishna, who for this reason is sometimes referred to as Yadava.
The Yadavs of the Mahabharata period were known to be the followers of Vaisnavism, of which Krishna was the leader. They were the gopas (cowherd) by profession, but at the same time they held the status of the Kshatriyas, participating in the battle of Kurukshetra. The present Ahirs are also followers of Vaisnavism. In the Epics and the Puranas the association of the Yadavas with the Abhiras (Ahirs) was attested by the evidence that the Yadava kingdom was " mostly inhabited by the Abhiras (Ahirs)".

In the Indian History particularly with reference to the Vedic period the Yadavs had a great past, a glorious past and Yadavas were known for their bravery and diplomatic wisdom. The Mahabharata period which was the period of Yadavas is known for republican and democratic government.
Abhira of Deccan were called Andhra-Vratyas, and Puranas refer to them as Vratyas on many occasions. A Vratya is one who lives outside the fold of the dominant Aryan Society and practice their own form of austerity and esoteric rites. some scholars conjecture that they might have been the source of non-aryan beliefs and practices introduced into Vedic religion.

Genetically, they are in Indo-Caucasoid family.￼

Subdivisions
The Yadavs are divided into different subdivisions which have different ritual ranks (Yaduvanshi, Goallavanshi and Nandavanshi). There is nonetheless a strong belief amongst them that all Yadavs belong to.

The Haihayas
The Haihayas 

The Haihayas were an ancient confederacy of five ganas (clans), who were believed to have descended from a common ancestor, Yadu. These five clans are Vitihotra, Sharyata, Bhoja, Avanti and Tundikera. The five Haihaya clans called themselves the Talajanghas According to the Puranas, Haihaya was the grandson of Sahasrajit, son of Yadu. Kautilya in his  mentioned about the Haihayas. In the Puranas, Arjuna Kartavirya conquered Mahishmati from Karkotaka Naga and made it his capital.
Later, the Haihayas were also known by the name of the most dominant clan amongst them — the Vitihotras. According to the Puranas, Vitihotra was the great-grandson of Arjuna Kartavirya and eldest son of Talajangha. Ripunjaya, the last Vitihotra ruler of Ujjayini was overthrown by his amatya (minister) Pulika, who placed his son, Pradyota on the throne. The Mahagovindasuttanta of the Dighanikaya mentions about an Avanti king Vessabhu (Vishvabhu) and his capital Mahissati (Mahishmati). Probably he was a Vitihotra ruler.

The Shashabindus 
In the Balakanda (70.28) of the Ramayana, the Shashabindus are mentioned along with the Haihayas and the Talajanghas. The Shashabindus or Shashabindavas are believed as the descendants of Shashabindu, a Chakravartin (universal ruler) and son of Chitraratha, great-great-grandson of Kroshtu.

The Chedis
The Chedis 

The Chedis or Chaidyas were an ancient Yadava clan, whose territory was conquered by a Kuru king Vasu, who thus obtained his epithet, Chaidyoparichara (the overcomer of the Chaidyas) or Uparichara (the overcomer). According to the Puranas, the Chedis were descendants of Chidi, son of Kaishika, grandson of Vidarbha, a descendant of Kroshta. And the son of King Chidi was Maharaja DamGhosha (Father of Shishupal in Mahabharata). And then the lineage was called Hindu Ghosis.

The Vidarbhas 

According to the Puranas, the Vidarbhas or Vaidarbhas were descendants of Vidarbha, son of Jyamagha, a descendant of Kroshtu. Most well known Vidarbha king was Bhishmaka, father of Rukmin and Rukmini. In the Matsya Purana and the Vayu Purana, the Vaidarbhas are described as the inhabitants of Deccan (Dakshinapatha vasinah).
The Satvatas 
According to the Aitareya Brahmana (VIII.14), the Satvatas were a southern people held in subjection by the Bhojas. The Satapatha Brahmana (XIII.5.4.21) mentions that Bharata seized the sacrificial horse of the Satvatas. Panini, in his Ashtadhyayi mentions the Satvatas also as being of the Kshatriya gotra, having a sangha (tribal oligarchy) form of government but in the Manusmriti (X.23), the Satvatas are placed in the category of the Vratya Vaishyas.

According to a tradition, found in the Harivamsa (95.5242-8), Satvata was a descendant of the Yadava king Madhu and Satvata's son Bhima was contemporary with Rama. Bhima recovered the city of Mathura from the Ikshvakus after the death of Rama and his brothers. Andhaka, son of Bhima Satvata was contemporary with Kusha, son of Rama. He succeeded his father to the throne of Mathura.
The Andhakas, the Vrishnis, the Kukuras, the Bhojas and the Surasenas are believed to have descended from Satvata, a descendant of Kroshtu. These clans were also known as the Satvata clans.

The Andhakas 
According to the Ashtadhyayi (IV.1.114) of Panini, the Andhakas were of the Kshatriya gotra, having a sangha (tribal oligarchy) form of government In the Drona Parva (141.15) of the Mahabharata, Andhakas were categorized as the Vratyas (deviators from orthodoxy). According to the Puranas, the Andhakas were the descendants of Bhajamana, son of Andhaka and grandson of Satvata.

According to the Mahabharata, the allied army of the Andhakas, the Bhojas, the Kukuras and the Vrishnis in the Kurukshetra War was led by Kritavarma, son of Hridika, an Andhaka. But, in the same text, he was also referred as a Bhoja of Mrittikavati.

The Bhojas
The Bhojas 

According to the Aitareya Brahmana (VIII.14), the Bhojas were a southern people, whose princes held the Satvatas in subjection. The Vishnu Purana (IV.13.1-61) mentions the Bhojas as a branch of the Satvatas. According to this text, Bhojas of Mrittikavati were descendants of Mahabhoja, son of Satvata. But, according to a number of other Puranic texts, the Bhojas were descendants of Babhru, grandson of Satvata. In the Adi Parva of the Mahabharata (85.3533) and in a passage of the Matsya Purana (34.30) the Bhojas are mentioned as the mlecchas. But another passage of the Matsya Purana (44.69) describes them as pious and the performers of the religious rites.
The Kukuras 
Kautilya in his  (XI.1.5), describes the Kukuras as a clan, having sangha (tribal oligarchy) form of government, whose leader uses the title of  (). According to the Bhagavata Purana, the Kukuras occupied the territory around Dwarka. The Vayu Purana mentions that the Yadava ruler Ugrasena belonged to this clan (Kukurodbhava). According to the Puranas, Ahuka, an Kukura, had two sons by a Kashi princess, Ugrasena and Devaka. Ugrasena had nine sons and five daughters, Kamsa being the eldest. Devaka had four sons and seven daughters, Devaki was one of them. Kamsa usurped the throne of Mathura after imprisoning Ugrasena. But later he was killed by Krishna, son of Devaki, who re-installed Ugrasena to the throne.

The Nashik Cave Inscription of Gautami Balashri mentions that her son Gautamiputra Satakarni conquered the Kukuras. The Junagadh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman I includes the Kukuras in the list of the peoples conquered by him.

The Vrishnis
The Vrishnis 

The Vrishnis are mentioned in a number of Vedic texts, which include the Taittiriya Samhita (III.2.9.3), the Taittiriya Brahmana (III.10.9.15), the Satapatha Brahmana (III.1.1.4) and the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana (I.6.1). The Taittiriya Samhita and the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana mention about a teacher, Gobala belonging to this clan.
Although, Panini, in his Ashtadhyayi (IV.1.114) includes the Vrishnis in the list of the clans of the Kshatriya gotra, having a sangha (tribal oligarchy) form of government, but in the Drona Parva (141.15) of the Mahabharata, the Vrishnis, like the Andhakas were categorized as the Vratyas (deviators from orthodoxy). In the Shanti Parva (81.25) of the Mahabharata, the Kukuras, the Bhojas, the Andhakas and the Vrishnis are together referred as a sangha, and Vasudeva Krishna as Sanghamukhya (seignor of the sangha) According to the Puranas, Vrishni was one of the four sons of Satvata. Vrishni had three (or four) sons, Anamitra (or Sumitra), Yudhajit and Devamidhusha. Shura was son of Devamidhusha. His son Vasudeva was father of Balarama and Krishna.
According to the Harivamsa (II.4.37-41), the Vrishnis worshipped goddess Ekanamsha, who, elsewhere in the same text (II.2.12), described as daughter of Nandagopa. The Mora Well Inscription, found from a village near Mathura and dated to the early decades of the Common era records the installation of the images of the five Vrishni viras (heroes) in a stone shrine by a person, named Tosha. These five Vrishni heroes have been identified with Samkarshana, Vasudeva, Pradyumna, Aniruddha and Samba from a passage in the Vayu Purana (97.1-2).

A unique silver coin of the Vrishnis was discovered from Hoshiarpur, Punjab. This coin is presently preserved in the British Museum, London. Later, a number of copper coins, clay seals and sealings issued by the Vrishnis were also discovered from Sunet, near Ludhiana.
The Shaineyas 
The Shaineyas are believed to have descended from Shini, son of Anamitra, son of Vrishni. In the Mahabharata and the Puranas, the most notable Shaineya was Yuyudhana, son of Satyaka and grandson of Shini. He was a contemporary of Krishna. According to the Puranas, Asanga and Yugandhara were his son and grandson respectively.

Akrura and the Syamantaka 
A number of Puranas mention Akrura, a Vrishni, as the ruler of Dvaraka. His name is found in the Nirukta (2.2) as the holder of the jewel. In the Puranas, Akrura is mentioned as the son of Shvaphalka, who was great-grandson of Vrishni and Gandini. In the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana and the Brahma Purana, he was mentioned as the keeper of the Syamantaka, the most well-known jewel of the Yadavas. According to the Puranas Akrura had two sons, Devavant and Upadeva.
The fratricidal war and its aftermath 
According to the Mausala Parva (7.185-253) of the Mahabharata a few years after the Kurukshetra War, Andhaka-Vrsni Yadava clans of Dvaraka were destroyed due to a fratricidal war. Both Balarama and Krishna died soon after this war. Later, son of Kritavarma became ruler of Mrittikavati and grandson of Yuyudhana became ruler of the territory near the Sarasvati River. The rest of the surviving Yadavas took refuge in Indraprastha. Vajra, great-grandson of Krishna was installed as their king.

Vajra is mentioned as the great-grandson of Krishna in the Vishnu Purana. According to a section of this text (IV.15.34-42), he was the son of Aniruddha and Subhadra. But according or another section (V.32.6-7), he was the son of Aniruddha and Usha, daughter of Bana and granddaughter of Bali. Bahu (or Pratibahu) was his son and Sucharu was his grandson. Elsewhere in this text (V.38.34), he was mentioned as installed as king in Mathura instead of Indraprastha.
The narrative of the Yadava fratricidal war is also found in two Jataka tales of the Pali Buddhist canon: the Ghata Jataka and the Samkicca Jataka. According to the Ghata Jataka, Vasudeva, Baladeva and eight other Andhaka-Venhu (probably, a corrupt form of Andhaka-Venhi, Pali equivalent to Sanskrit Andhaka-Vrishni) brothers seized Dvaravati and killed its king Kamsa. Later, these brothers fought amongst themselves and except Vasudeva and Baladeva everybody died. Vasudeva and Baladeva also died soon after. The Samkicca Jataka mentions that the Andhaka-Venhus killed each other. Kautilya also in his  (I.6.10) mentioned about the destruction of Vrishni clan because of their foolhardiness.
Yadava kinship system 
According to a modern historian, Romila Thapar, the kinship system of the Yadavas shows traces of matrilineal structure, which is found from the mention of their cross-cousin marriages. This is particularly prohibited in the Indo Aryan kinship system. The Vishnu Purana mentions that Krishna married Rukmini, a Vidarbha princess. His son Pradyumna married Kakudvati, daughter of Rukmin, brother of Rukmini. Pradyumna's son Aniruddha married Subhadra, granddaughter of Rukmin.

References
A collegium musicum (plural: collegia musica) is a group of music lovers and musicians. They come together to perform music. There were many collegia musica in 18th-century Germany. They were often not employed by churches or noblemen.

Georg Philipp Telemann created a collegium musicum in Leipzig. Johann Sebastian Bach would later become the leader of this collegium.

Musical groups
The Ottoman dynasty rule of the Turkey lasted from 1299 to 1922. The Ottoman Turks, were the Turkic founding and most populated ethnic group of the Ottoman Empire.

Ottomans take their dynastic name, Osmanli from the house of Osman I. He reigned about 1299–1326. He was the founder of the House of Osman. This was the ruling dynasty of the Ottoman Empire for its 624 years. 

The Ottoman principality included other Turkish-speaking Muslims and non-Turkish Christians. Turks had advantages over non-Turks on issues like taxation, voting and legal rights. 

The Ottomans invaded Europe in the 1350s. They dominated the Mediterranean Sea. In 1453, they invaded Constantinople (the capital city of the Byzantine Empire). The Turks blocked  all major land routes between Asia and Europe. West Europeans had to find other ways to trade with the East.

See also: Ottoman dynasty

Ottoman Empire
History of Turkey
1922 disestablishments
13th-century establishments in Asia
The Bolivar snouted tree frog (Scinax danae) is a frog.  It lives in Venezuela.  Scientists think it could also live in Guyana.

References

Frogs of South America
"Lift Every Voice and Sing" is a hymn.  James Weldon Johnson wrote the words of the hymn. His brother,  J. Rosamond Johnson wrote the music. The hymn is from the point of view of African Americans, in the late 19th century. It is a prayer of thanksgiving, faithfulness, and freedom. Images in the hymn are from the book of Exodus in the Bible, where the people are freed from slavery, and led to the "promised land". 

The song was first performed in 1900. It has been popular in Black communities since then. In 1917, the NAACP began to promote the hymn as a "Negro national anthem". It has been part of 42 different Christian hymnals. Different African American singers and musicians have also performed it.
History 
James Weldon Johnson–Chair of the Florida Baptist Academy in Jacksonville, Florida, wanted to write a poem in memory of Abraham Lincoln's birthday. However, amid the ongoing civil rights movement; Johnson decided to write a poem which was themed around the struggles of African Americans  after the Reconstruction era (including the passage of Jim Crow laws in the South). "Lift Every Voice and Sing" was first recited by a group of 500 students in 1900. His brother J. Rosamond Johnson later wrote music to go with the poem.

After the Great Fire of 1901, the Johnsons moved to New York City to work on Broadway. In the years that followed, "Lift Every Voice and Sing" was sung within Black communities; Johnson wrote that "the school children of Jacksonville kept singing it; they went off to other schools and sang it; they became teachers and taught it to other children. Within twenty years it was being sung over the South and in some other parts of the country."

Recognition
Recognition 

A sculpture by Augusta Savage named after the song was shown at the World Fair in New York in 1939. It showed children singing, and the children  stood in a group which was shaped like a harp. Savage was the only Black woman asked to make something for the Fair. The sculpture was called  "The Harp" by organizers. Small copies of it and postcards showing it were sold at the fair. Like many other things shown at the fair, it was thrown away when the fair closed.

As the "Black national anthem" 
In 1919, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) called "Lift Every Voice and Sing" the "Negro national anthem". It did this, because of the song's  power in voicing a cry for liberation and affirmation for African American people. James Weldon Johnson would become  the NAACP's first executive secretary the following year. It has also been called "the Black national anthem".
In response to Askew's remarks, the NAACP's then-senior vice president of advocacy and policy Hilary O. Shelton told CNN that the hymn "was adopted and welcomed by a very interracial group, and it speaks of hope in being full first-class citizens in our society", used in conjunction with the U.S. national anthem or the Pledge of Allegiance during public events, "It is evident in our actions as an organization and here in America it is evidence that we are about inclusion, not exclusion. To claim that we as African-Americans want to form a confederation or separate ourselves from white people because of one song is baffling to me."

In February 2022, Representative Jim Clyburn said that he wanted "Lift Every Voice and Sing" to become the "national hymn" of the United States.
Prominence since the George Floyd protests 
In mid-2020, "Lift Every Voice and Sing" began to receive wider public attention amid nationwide protests over the police murder of George Floyd: it was sung during demonstrations and other events which were held in solidarity. Presidential candidate Joe Biden referenced the hymn in his action plan for addressing racial disparities in the United States, which was titled "Lift Every Voice: The Biden Plan for Black America". On June 19, 2020, Google featured a Juneteenth-themed animation on its home page, set to a spoken word rendition of the hymn's first verse by LeVar Burton. In 2021, Vanessa Williams sung "Lift Every Voice and Sing" on the PBS Independence Day special A Capitol Fourth, commemorating the recognition of Juneteenth as a federal holiday.
The hymn also began to be used in sporting events: during NASCAR's 2020 Pocono 350, musicians Mike Phillips and West Byrd quoted "Lift Every Voice and Sing" as part of their rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner", while the National Football League announced that "Lift Every Voice and Sing" would be played or performed as part of the pre-game ceremonies of all Week 1 games during the 2020 season. The decision came as part of a new social justice campaign being introduced by the NFL, stemming from the league's acknowledgements of the Black Lives Matter movement, and its handling of players taking a knee during the singing of the national anthem in order to protest against racial inequality and police brutality. The NFL's opening night kickoff game featured a filmed performance of the hymn by Alicia Keys at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which was later replayed as part of the pre-game show of Super Bowl LV on February 7, 2021
. The NFL stated that it would again feature the hymn at Week 1 games and other "tentpole" events (including the NFL Draft and playoff games) during the 2021 season. Some African American fans who were interviewed by NBC News felt that the NFL's decision was "pandering" that would not have a material impact on the league's pursuits of social justice.
Words

References

Other websites 

 An omnibus collection of Johnson's poetry at Standard Ebooks
 Free scores by J. Rosamond Johnson at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) – including "Lift Every Voice and Sing"
 , edited by Julian Bond and Sondra Kathryn Wilson
 NPR's Performance Today page on Black History Month 2003 – includes a link to a RealPlayer version of the song
 ''Chicago Sun-Times columnist Lynn Sweet, transcript of Rev. Lowery's Inauguration Benediction
  led by Alice Walker and Dr. Rudolph Byrd at Emory University
 
American poems
Articles with hAudio microformats