Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Greater London Council (GLC) was the local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986. It replaced the earlier London County Council (LCC) which had covered a much smaller area.

Creation
The Labour Party had controlled the LCC from 1934 and by the 1950s the Conservative Government considered that elections were becoming one-sided, since the London County Council (LCC) covered only the inner (generally Labour-voting) districts. The government sought to create a new body covering all of London.

Abolition

Livingstone's high-spend socialist policies put the GLC into direct conflict with Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government. Livingstone soon became a thorn in the side of the sitting Tory government.  He deliberately antagonised Mrs. Thatcher through a series of actions (including posting a billboard of London's rising unemployment figures on the side of, and endorsing a statue of Nelson Mandela whilst Thatcher regarded the future South African president as a terrorist.
By 1983, Thatcher was determined to crush both Livingstone and the GLC, and the Cabinet agreed "in principle" to abolish the GLC and give its functions to the boroughs. 

The Local Government Act 1985, which abolished the GLC, faced considerable opposition from many quarters but was narrowly passed in Parliament, setting the end of the council for 31 March 1986.

Replacement

After its abolition, London was left as the only major city in the world without a central administrative body. Most of the powers of the GLC were given to the London boroughs. Some powers, such as the fire service, were taken over by joint boards made up of councillors appointed by the boroughs - see waste authorities in Greater London for an example. In total, around 100 organisations were responsible for service delivery in Greater London.

It was argued by many people that this situation was chaotic and un-coordinated and a new London-wide body was needed to co-ordinate the whole city.
Tony Blair's Labour government was elected in 1997, and was committed to bring back London-wide government. In 1999 a referendum was held on the establishment of a new London authority and elected mayor, which was approved by a two to one margin.  

The new Greater London Authority (GLA) was established in 2000. The GLA has a very different structure to the GLC, it consisted of a directly elected Mayor of London and a London Assembly.  The Mayor of London elections were won by the same Ken Livingstone, who began his victory speech with the words: "As I was saying before I was so rudely interrupted 14 years ago".

References

Local government in London
1965 establishments in England
1986 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1980s disestablishments in England
The Greater London Authority (GLA) controls the 1579 km² (610 sq. miles) of Greater London, England, covering the 32 London boroughs and the City of London. The GLA members are the Mayor and the 25 people the London Assembly. The current Mayor of London is Sadiq Khan.

Purpose 

The GLA was created to improve the coordination between the London boroughs, and the Mayor of London's role is to give London a single person to represent it. The Mayor proposes policy and the GLA's budget, and makes appointments to the capital's strategic transport body (Transport for London) and economic development body (the London Development Agency). 

One of the primary purposes of the London Assembly is to hold the Mayor of London to account. The Assembly must also accept or amend(change) the Mayor's budget on an annual basis(every year).
The GLA is different from the Corporation of the City of London with its largely ceremonial Lord Mayor. Corporation controls only the square mile of the City, London's chief financial centre. The GLA governs a much wider area 

The GLA is at City Hall, a new building on the south bank of the River Thames, next to Tower Bridge.

Related pages
 Scotland Yard
 Lord Mayor of London

References

Other websites 
The GLA's website
About the GLA - Website detailing the powers of the GLA
Greater London Authority Review, 2005-06 - House of Commons Library Standard Note
Wikisource - Referendum Results
Citymayors.com profile page on GLA history
MayorWatch.co.uk Independent guide to London Government

Local government in London
The Mayor of London is an elected politician in London. The role, created in 2000, was the first directly elected mayor in the United Kingdom. The Mayor of London is also referred to as the London Mayor, a form which helps to avoid confusion with the Lord Mayor of London, the ancient and now mainly ceremonial role in the City of London. The Mayor of London is mayor of Greater London, which has a population of over 7.5 million while the City of London is only a small part of the modern city centre and has a population of less than 10,000.

The first elected Mayor of London is Ken Livingstone, who was re-elected in 2004. Boris Johnson was elected mayor in 2008. Johnson announced that he will not run for re-election in 2016. Sadiq Khan was elected mayor in 2016.
Role
The Mayor is responsible for budgeting and strategic planning of some governmental functions across the whole of the London region. The plans of the mayor are looked at by the London Assembly and actioned by the Greater London Authority. Responsibilities include transport, the police, fire and emergency services, cultural strategy and economic development.

Salary

The mayor of London's salary is one that ranks along that of a government cabinet minister's. The current salary is £137,579 per year.

List of mayors of London 
This provides a list of people who have held the office of Mayor of London,

Other websites
 Mayor of London website
 Mayor of London's Cultural Strategy Group
 Page about the process of nomination 
 Page about Ken Livingstone's relationship with Labour

References

 

Directly elected British mayors
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (RRHOF), sometimes simply referred to as the Rock Hall, is a museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, which has information on the history of some of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, and other people who have in some major way influenced the music industry, mostly in the area of rock and roll and rock music.

First artists 
The first group of musicians, added on January 23, 1986, were Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, and Elvis Presley.

Other websites
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - official site
Future Rock Hall – lists eligible artists
Images and architectural information
How do you get into the Rock Hall of Fame?
2007 Induction Concert and Ceremony Video Archived on Spinner.com 

Rock music
Museums in the United States
Cleveland
Buildings and structures in Ohio
McKinley Morganfield (April 4, 1913April 30, 1983), known professionally as Muddy Waters,  was an American blues musician. He is considered "the Father of Chicago blues". He is also the actual father of blues musician Big Bill Morganfield. Muddy Waters is considered to be one of the greatest bluesmen of all time, and in 2004 he was ranked #17 in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
Life
Muddy Waters was born in Rolling Fork, Mississippi. He liked playing in a creek near his home so his sister gave him the nickname "Muddy Waters". His mother died and he grew up at his grandmothers home in Clarksdale. He learned to play the harp and played together with other musicans in juke joints and for parties. While he was working as tractor driver at the Stovall plantation he was recorded by Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress. Two songs (Country Blues/I Be's Troubled) were put on a record for documentary reasons. The first release of these recordings was 1993 by MCA Records. (The Complete Plantation Recordings)
1943 Waters went, like a lot of other musicans from the Mississippi delta, north to Chicago. He worked in a papermill and played and got a reputation as musican. To be louder than the visitors of the crowded clubs he changed the acoustic guitar for an electric guitar. Until 1948 he recorded for some minor labels amongst others with Sunnyland Slim, a pianist. Sunnyland Slim took him along as he recorded for Aristocrat Records. There he had the chance to record two sides(Gypsy Woman/Little Annie Mae). They were not successful but he had the chance to record again. He recorded I Can't Be Satisfied and I Feel Like Going Home, which were successful in the Chicago area. With his own band he recorded now and had success. Hits from the beginning of the 1950s were Louisiana Blues (1951), Long Distance Call (1951), Still A Fool (1951) and She Moves Me (1952).
The 1950s were commercially and artistically successful. He became the "King of the Chicago Blues". A lot of musicians who played in his band later were stars of the blues scene themself. (Otis Spann, Little Walter, Junior Wells, Big Walter Horton, James Cotton...). Willie Dixon, who played the bass and produced for Chess Records, wrote a lot of his hits from this time.(I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man (1954), Just Make Love To Me (1954), Mannish Boy (1955), Trouble No More (1956) ) Muddy Waters  also played outside the USA. 1958 he played some concerts in Great Britain with Chris Barber. 1960 he played at the Newport Jazz Festival, the first time it was possible for a white audience to hear him.
As a recording artist the 1960s were not good. But the white audience even in Europe discovered him. A band from London was named after one of his songs. (The Rolling Stones). His importance for young musicans was documented in the album "Fathers and Sons" where Muddy Waters, the father, played together with his sons Mike Bloomfield, Paul Butterfield and Donald "Duck" Dunn, all of them white. In the 1970s he tightend his reputation as live act. He played great festivals like the Montreux Jazz Festival. But also his albums were acclaimed, so the album "Hard again". This album was produced by the guitarist Johnny Winter.

On April 30, 1983 Muddy Waters died in his sleep from Heart Failure, at his home in Westmont, Illinois.
Influence
Unlike T-Bone Walker, who also used an electric guitar, Waters  used riffs consisting of only few accords. This was model for later guitarist. A lot of his songs was covered by other great musicians. The music was used in movies (especially in longtime fan Martin Scorsese's movies, including The Color of Money, Casino and Goodfellas). Even commercials used them.

Selected discography
Selected albums
Muddy Waters released about thirty albums during his career, including compilation albums. 
  The following lists most of the albums released during his career and the more recent and available compilations released after his death.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:40px;"| Year
! style="width:470px;"| Title
! Label
|-
| 1958
| The Best of Muddy Waters
| Chess
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1960
| Muddy Waters sings Big Bill Broonzy
| Chess
|-
| At Newport 1960
| Chess
|-
| 1964
| Folk Singer
| Chess
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1966
| The Real Folk Blues
| Chess
|-
| Down on Stovall's Plantation: His First Recordings
| Testament
|-
| 1967
| More Real Folk Blues
| Chess
|-
| 1968
| Electric Mud
| Cadet Concept
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1969
| After the Rain
| Cadet Concept
|-
| Fathers and Sons
| Chess
|-
| Sail On
| Chess
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1971
| They Call Me Muddy Waters
| Chess
|-
| Live (at Mr. Kelley's)
| Chess
|-
| 1972
| The London Muddy Waters Sessions
| Chess
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973
| ''Can't Get No Grindin| Chess
|-
| "Unk" in Funk
| Chess
|-
| 1975
| The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album
| Chess
|-
| 1977
| Hard Again
| Blue Sky
|-
| 1978
| I'm Ready
| Blue Sky
|-
| 1979
| Muddy "Mississippi" Waters - Live
| Blue Sky
|-
| 1981
| King Bee
| Blue Sky
|-
| 1989
| The Chess Box
| MCA/Chess
|-
| 1993
| The Complete Plantation Recordings
| MCA/Chess
|-
| 1994
| One More Mile
| MCA/Chess
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
| Rollin' Stone: The Golden Anniversary Collection (Chess Masters 1947–1952)
| MCA/Chess
|-
| The Lost Tapes
| Blind Pig
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| Muddy Waters 1941–1946
| Document
|-
| The Anthology (1947–1972)
| MCA/Chess
|-
| 2004
| Hoochie Coochie Man: Complete Chess Masters, Vol. 2: 1952–1958
| Hip-O Select/Chess
|-
| 2006
| The Definitive Collection
| Geffen/Chess
|-
| 2007
| Breakin' It Up, Breakin' It Down (Muddy Waters, Johnny Winter, & James Cotton)
| Epic/Legacy
|-
| 2009
| Authorized Bootleg: Live at the Fillmore Auditorium November 4–6, 1966
| Geffen/Chess
|}
Selected singles
Muddy Waters released approximately sixty singles (120 "sides") during his career, sixteen of which made the charts. The chart position is the highest in the Billboard Rhythm and Blues charts.

Members of Muddy Waters Band/Musicans during recordings

Awards and recognitions
Grammy Awards

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed four songs of Muddy Waters of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll.

The Blues Foundation Awards

InductionsU.S. Postage Stamp'''

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Muddy Waters entry at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

References

1913 births
1983 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Blues guitarists
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
Singers from Chicago
Musicians from Chicago
American guitarists
Chicago blues musicians
Suit is a term with various meanings:

 A lawsuit, an action brought before a court, as to recover a right or redress a grievance.
 Suit (clothing), a combination of clothing, such as a jacket and matching trousers, 
 Environmental suit, a piece of clothing used for a particular activity or in a particular environment, for example a space suit or diving suit.
 Jumpsuit, catsuit, wetsuit, or swimsuit, a one-piece outfit. 
 Suit (cards), one of four categories into which a deck of cards is divided.
 Slang for a professional, The Establishment, management or government employee, because they wear a suit (clothing).  Used pejoratively by  Beats, artists, and hackers to refer to anyone in a position of authority.
 Suit (album), the name of one of rapper Nelly's 2004 albums.
 Suits, the third album by Fish.
Suit (comic), a fictional character in the marvel universe, appearing first in the Venom series.
A suit is a set of clothing intended to be worn together. It may be a semi-formal 'lounge suit' or 'business suit'. It always includes a jacket and trousers (pants). In classical gentlemen's tailoring, a waistcoat (U.S: vest) is usually worn with single-breasted suits.

In formal or semi-formal wear, the suit is worn with various other items. Quality socks, leather lace-up shoes, and a tie are essential: if a tie is not worn, that is casual wear. This outfit is worn in many countries by men in professional jobs such as business, law, and politics. It is also sometimes worn by women and in such cases a dress skirt or tailored trousers are worn.

A suit can be part of a dress code, a set of rules that say what people should wear at an event. Ideally, a suit is tailored to the individual wearer. 'Off-the-peg' suits are much cheaper, but they may need adjusting by a tailor.

Special suits for special dangers include space suits and diving suits.
Parts of a suit 
A coat or jacket ('coat' is the traditional name in tailoring). This is usually made of worsted wool, but silk, cotton, linen or polyester are also possible. Suit jackets have a collar, pockets, and a silk or polyester lining. Suit jackets come in many colours, but the most common are  dark blue, brown and grey. Suit jackets come in different styles including double-breasted (buttons on both sides of the front), single-breasted (buttons down one side of the front only), two-button, three-button or more. 
Trousers (U.S: dress pants) should match the coat. It is essential that the jacket and trousers should be made of the same cloth by the same tailors. If not, the outfit is casual. Trousers are worn ironed, with a crease.  
Waistcoat (vest), either in the same cloth, or a fancy design in silk.
Accessories 
The shirt is made of silk, cotton or linen. It may have a stiff collar, and is ironed. Shirts worn with suits need not be white, but should be of conservative style.
A tie is usually worn. It made be of silk or polyester, and it usually has a colour or pattern on it.  Occasionally, a suit is worn with a bow tie or no tie at all.
Sometimes, if a waistcoat is not worn, a lightweight sleeveless v-neck wool garment may be worn.
Socks are often made of silk, cotton or a mix of cotton and polyester. Dress socks are usually in a dark colour such as black, dark blue or grey. In some countries, such as Germany, many men wear tights under their suits. 
Shoes are usually made of leather, and usually dark-coloured leather (black or brown) which is waxed and polished.

Social aspects 
Generally, colder climates are more formal. Suits are standard dress in most countries' international business and politics. In others, celebrity and political leaders aim to make a fashion statement.
Suits are not necessarily expensive, because while some may need to be tailored, this is a relatively cheap op, around $20 USD. Casual people suit up less today than in the last century, and presuming a tailor is a specialist, and cannot do it in the 5 minutes it takes you to stand in the mirror, is one common fallacy. Sportscoats are semi-formal clothing, usual for wearing to some offices, but less mainstream for watching a football match. A trend towards semi-casual style (just dresspants) started in the 1960s and 1970s, and has changed the way many people dress. All the same, many high-status men and women do still wear suits.

Origin 
The evolution of the suit began with changes made to formal English male dress by Beau Brummell in the early 1800s. More changes were made later in the 19th century by tailors in London and elsewhere. By the end of that century photographs show men wearing suits that are almost the same as those worn today.

Gallery 

Clothing
Deal or No Deal is a game show in more than 40 countries on the world created by John de Mol. It began in the Netherlands in 2000.

Format
Deal or No Deal involves a contestant, a host/presenter, a banker, and a number of briefcases (or boxes), with each having a different (and initially unknown) value. Each game starts with the contestant selecting one of the cases–this first case's value is not known until the game ends.    During the rest of the game, the contestant opens the rest of the cases, one at a time, revealing its value.  Each time after a specified number of cases are opened, the banker offers the contestant a certain amount of money to end the game.  If the contestant takes an offer, the game ends, otherwise the contestant ends up with the money from the first case.
Since the range of possible values for cases is known at the start of each game, how much the banker offers at any given point changes based on what cases have been eliminated.  To promote suspense and lengthen games, the banker's offer usually strays from the expected value dictated by probability theory, particularly early in the game.  However it is not uncommon for the bank's offer to exceed the player's expected value very late in the game.

Worldwide, the largest amount offer (in terms of exchange rates) was €1,495,000 (equal to $1,737,250) on the original Miljoenenjacht, on November 13, 2005 (which was accepted, the contestant's case only had €1,000). Only a few people have ever won the top prize on any version of the show.
Countries
All of these were found on the official website.
 Albania
 Algeria
 Argentina
 Armenia
 Australia
 Austria
 Brazil
 Belgium
 Bulgaria
 Chile
 Colombia
 Costa Rica
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Ecuador
 El Salvador
 Estonia
 France
 Germany
 Greece
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Hungary
 India
 Italy
 Japan
 Mexico
 Middle East
 Netherlands
 Nicaragua
 Norway
 Panama
 Peru
 Philippines
 Poland
 Portugal
 Romania
 Russia
 Singapore
 Slovenia
 South Africa
 South Korea
 Spain
 Sweden
 Switzerland
 Thailand
 Tunisia
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
 United States/Canada
 Vietnam

References

2000 television series debuts
2000s television series
2010s television series
Television game shows
Samuel John "Lightnin'" Hopkins (March 15, 1912 - January 30, 1982) was a country blues guitar player and singer. He was  from Houston, Texas.

Albums
1959 - Lightnin' Hopkins
1959 - Lightnin' and the Blues
1960 - Last Night Blues (Bluesville)
1960 - Lightnin'  (Bluesville)
1962 - Walkin' This Road By Myself (Bluesville)
1962 - Lightnin' and Co. (Bluesville)
1962 - Lightnin' Strikes (Vee Jay)
1963 - Blues in My Bottle (Bluesville)
1963 - Smokes Like Lightnin'  (Bluesville)
1963 - Goin' Away (Bluesville)
1964 - Down Home Blues (Bluesville)
1965 - Hootin' the Blues (Bluesville)
1965 - Lightnin' Strikes (Tradition)
1965 - The Roots of Lightnin' Hopkins
1966 - Soul Blues (Bluesville)
1967 - My Life in the Blues (Bluesville)
1967 - Original Folk Blues (Kent)
1967 - Lightnin'! (Arhoolie)
1968 - Freeform Patterns (International Artists)
1991 - Swathmore Concert Live, 1964
1995 - Po' Lightning
1999 - The Very Best of Lightnin' Hopkins

Other websites
 Blues Foundation Hall of Fame Induction, 1980
American guitarists
Singers from Houston
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Musicians from Houston
1912 births
1982 deaths
The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of London is the Mayor of the City of London and head of the Corporation of London. The Lord Mayor of London is not the same person as the Mayor of London; The Lord Mayor is an officer only of the City of London. The Mayor of London governs the much larger area of Greater London.

The Lord Mayor is elected each year at the end of September or the beginning of October, and takes office in November. On the day after taking office, the Lord Mayor's Show is held. The Lord Mayor's role is mostly ceremonial and social, not political, although he does promote London's business credentials abroad. The Lord Mayor of London is also the chancellor of the City University of London.

The Lord Mayor for 2022-2023 is Nicholas Lyons.

Titles and honours
Of the 66 cities in the United Kingdom, the City of London is among the 30 that have Lord Mayors (or, in Scotland, Lord Provosts). The Lord Mayor is entitled to the style The Right Honourable; the same privilege extends only to the Lord Mayors of Bristol, York, Cardiff and Belfast, and to the Lord Provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow. The style, however, is used when referring to the office and not to the person; "The Rt Hon The Lord Mayor of London" would be correct, while "The Rt Hon John Smith" would be incorrect.

A woman who holds the office is also known as a Lord Mayor. A male Lord Mayor's wife is known as a Lady Mayoress. In speech, a Lord Mayor is referred to as "My Lord Mayor", and a Lady Mayoress as "My Lady Mayoress".
It was once use for Lord Mayors to be created knights when they took office and baronets when they retired. The custom was applied inconsistently from the sixteenth until the nineteenth centuries; creations became more regular from 1889 onwards. From 1964 onwards, the regular creation of hereditary dignities such as baronetcies stopped, but Lord Mayors continued to be granted knighthoods (usually of the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire) until 1993. Since 1993, Lord Mayors have not received any automatic honours upon appointment.

Other functions
Other functions

The Lord Mayor is also
 Chief Magistrate of the City of London
 Admiral of the Port of London
 Chancellor of City University
 President of the City of London Reserve Forces and Cadets Association
 Trustee of St Paul's Cathedral
 Ambassador for the London Olympics Team 2012 
 de facto Lord Lieutenant for the city, as he also presides over Her Majesty's Commission of Lieutenancy for the City of London
 A link with the Livery Companies of London

Related pages
 Mayor of London

Notes

Other websites

 Lord Mayor official page
Richard Wayne Penniman (December 5, 1932 – May 9, 2020), known by his stage name Little Richard, was an American recording artist, songwriter, and musician. He was one of the early creators of rock and roll music in the 1950s.

Career
In 1951 Little Richard began his music career by making gospel and jazz influenced rhythm and blues. He did not sell many records until 1955 when he added a loud drum beat and loud Gospel-style singing and boogie-woogie piano playing. This new music would come to be known as of rock and roll.  Little Richard influenced many rock and roll musicians who started after him.

In 1957, when he was at his most popular point, Little Richard quit rock and roll music. He went to Bible college and became a church preacher. He then went on to play only Gospel music for many years. He returned to playing rock and roll when he was older, and also continued playing Gospel music.
In 1986, Little Richard was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He was one of the first seven people to be added to the museum.

Death
Little Richard died of bone cancer on May 9, 2020 at his brother's home in Tullahoma, Tennessee at the age of 87. He is survived by his brother, sister and his adopted son Danny.

Singles

References

Other websites

Hear Little Richard on the Pop Chronicles

African American musicians
American pianists
American R&B musicians
American R&B singers
American rock musicians
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
Bisexual Christians
American gospel musicians
LGBT African Americans
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singers from Tennessee
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Musicians from Tennessee
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Writers from Tennessee
People from Macon, Georgia
People from Lynchburg, Tennessee
1932 births
2020 deaths
The Monterey International Pop Music Festival took place from June 16 to June 18, 1967. Over 200,000 people went, and it is often seen as the beginning of the "rock era", replacing the earlier term "rock and roll". The festival was a cultural inspiration for future events. Many of the performers (like Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin) became major celebrities through their appearances, while older acts (like The Beach Boys, who were scheduled to appear but cancelled) were seen as obsolete.

People who played

Friday, June 16

The Association
The Paupers
Lou Rawls
Beverly
Johnny Rivers
The Animals
Simon and Garfunkel

Saturday, June 17
Canned Heat
Big Brother & The Holding Company
Country Joe and The Fish
Al Kooper
The Butterfield Blues Band
Quicksilver Messenger Service
Steve Miller Band
The Electric Flag
Moby Grape 
Hugh Masekela
The Byrds
Laura Nyro
Jefferson Airplane
Booker T and The MG's
Otis Redding

Sunday, June 18
Sunday, June 18

Ravi Shankar
The Blues Project
Big Brother & The Holding Company
The Group With No Name
Buffalo Springfield
Scott McKenzie
The Who
The Grateful Dead
Jimi Hendrix
The Mamas & the Papas

Other websites
The Official Blog for the Monterey Pop Festival Foundation 
Monterey Pop Festival Art Director Tom Wilkes 

Pop music
Music festivals in the United States
1967 in music
Music in California
1967 in California
"I Have a Dream" is the name of a speech Martin Luther King, Jr. gave on August 28, 1963 while standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.. In his speech, he spoke of his wish for the future. His wish was that people of different races could live together peacefully in the United States. The speech was given to over 200,000 supporters. He spoke of the discrimination that the black men have faced even though they were to be treated as equals after the great Abraham Lincoln signed the momentous decree; the Emancipation Proclamation. The speech is very famous. Many have called it "the best speech given in the 20th century".

References

Other websites 
 "I Have a Dream" Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric.com
 "Free At Last"
 SouthCoastToday.com: A read on a 4th, 5th and 6th graders' take on Martin
A Simple English Video about the "I Have a Dream" Speech

1963 in the United States
Martin Luther King Jr.
Speeches
1960s in Washington, D.C.
August events
The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6, is the United Kingdom's intelligence agency which collects intelligence about foreign countries. It is a branch of the Foreign Service, and reports to the Joint Intelligence Committee.

The service was formed in 1909 as the Secret Service Bureau, but its existence was not officially acknowledged until 1994. 

The service works with the Security Service (MI5), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence (DIS). SIS deal with the United Kingdom's espionage (spying) activities outside the United Kingdom.

The headquarters are at Vauxhall Cross in London in a purpose-built building. In John le Carré novels it is called The River House.

The National Audit Office (NAO) put the final cost at £135.05 million for site purchase and the basic building, or £152.6 million including the service's special requirements.

Related pages
 Central Intelligence Agency
 Special Air Service

References

Other websites 
 SIS web site
Military of the United Kingdom
British intelligence agencies
Banksia is a genus of plants common to Australia, they were named after Joseph Banks. The Banksia are noted for their unique flowering.

It is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. As Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants, they  are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones". They can vary from woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes: (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts.

They produce plenty of nectar,and are a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for all sorts of nectariferous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums and a host of invertebrates. Also, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries.

Banksia plants are threatened by land clearing, frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are rare and endangered.
Further reading 
 .

References

Other websites
 The Banksia Page  of ASGAP
 Banksia Study Group  of ASGAP

Proteaceae
Gollum is a Hobbit from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. He is a minor antagonist of The Hobbit and a secondary antagonist of The Lord of the Rings.

Fictional biography
Sméagol went fishing with his brother and found the One Ring. He strangled and killed his brother and kept the One Ring to himself. For 500 years, he lived longer but became ugly. He was encountered by fellow Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, who took his Ring. Decades later, he has been captured by Sauron's forces and shared Bilbo's location.

Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012)
In Peter Jackson's movie adaptations of both books, Gollum's motion capture and voice were done by Andy Serkis. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the series, specifically the second Lord of the Rings movie. The screenwriters portrayed him as if he had Dissociative identity disorder.
Other media
Gollum, voiced by Andy Serkis accepted a 2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance with him yelling censored swears towards the crew, audience, Serkis and fellow book character Dobby from Harry Potter, whom he described as a "fucking fag". It was written by Philippa Boyens and Fran Walsh as a humorous response. The speech itself won a 2004 Hugo Award.

Reception
His distinct voice and his catchphrase "My precious" are well-known for fantasy fans and Gollum is seen as one of the best computer animated characters in a live-action movie.

Fictional characters introduced in 1937
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
Characters in The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings characters
Events 
 Abbeville receives its commercial charter.
 The Battle of Fimreite takes place. 
 Archbishop Absalon of Lund wins a naval victory over Bogislav, duke of Pomerania.
 Streets of Paris paved by order of Philip Augustus.
 Second Battle of Uji
 Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur — third Almohad Caliph
 Papal bull ad aboldendam issued against several European heretical groups: the Cathars, the Waldensians, the Patarines and the Humiliati. It was created after a landmark meeting between the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick Barbarossa and the Roman Church under Pope Lucius III.

Births 
 April 11 — William of Winchester, Lord of Lunenburg (d. 1213)
 Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany (approximate date; d. 1241)
 Saadi, Iranian poet (d. 1291)

Deaths 
 February 16 — Richard of Dover, Archbishop of Canterbury
 March 27 — Giorgi III, king of Georgia
 June 15 — Magnus Erlingsson, king of Norway (b. 1156)
 July 29 — Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph
Heads of states 
 England — Henry II Curt Mantle, King of England (reigned 1154–1189).
 France — Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180–1223).

1184
A fairy or færie (Old English spelling) is a supposed magical being that flies in the air. They are usually depicted as tiny girls or women. Some fairies have certain jobs, such as the Tooth fairy, who gives money or treats under the pillow of small children who have had a tooth fall out.

In literature
A fairy tale is a story with a plot involving fairies. These stories are usually for children. Fairies come up in many fictional books such as "Peter Pan" and "The Spiderwick Chronicles".

In folklore
Fairies can also be found in folklore. For instance, in Ireland and Scotland, fairies are thought of as creatures that were defeated by the human race thousands of years ago and now live in caverns in the world of Faerie.  Sometimes fairies are believed to be a kind of angel. Other times, they are believed to be demons or spirits of the dead. Fairies are said to steal human babies and replace them with Changelings.

In Other Media
in Hyrule Warriors there is a playable fairy known as the Great Fairy.
1303 (MCCCIII) was .

Events 
 24 February: Battle of Roslin
 20 April: Pope Boniface VIII starts the University of Rome La Sapienza
October 22 – Pope Benedict XI replaces Pope Boniface VIII as the 194th pope.
 Edward I of England fights for and wins back Scotland (see also: William Wallace, Wars of Scottish Independence)
 The Khilji Dynasty under Alauddin Khilji beats Chittorgarh in northern India.

Births 
 Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (died 1373)
 Gegeen Khan, Mongol emperor of China (died 1323)

Deaths 
 October 11 – Pope Boniface VIII
 Daniel of Russia, he was the first prince of Moscow
 Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria, emperor of Bulgaria
 Beatrix of Castile, wife of King Afonso III of Portugal (born 1242)

Other 
 Avoirdupois system of weights and measures comes to England and Wales.
 An earthquake destroys the Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt, one of the seven wonders of the world
1306 (MCCCVI) was .

Events 
 March 25 – Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland.
 May – Hugh the younger Despenser, favourite of King Edward II of England, is married to heiress Eleanor de Clare.
 June 19 – Forces of Earl of Pembroke defeat Bruce's Scottish rebels at the Battle of Methven
 Philip IV of France exiles all the Jews from France and confiscates their property
 In London, a city ordinance decrees that heating with coal is forbidden when parliament is in session – the ordinance is not particularly effective

Births 
 Ashikaga Tadayoshi, general of the Northern and Southern Courts(d. 1352)
 Sasaki Takauji, Japanese poet, warrior, and bureaucrat (d. 1373)
 August 8 – Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria (d.1353)
Deaths 
 February 10 – John "the Red" Comyn, Scottish nobleman
 March 21 – Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (born 1248)
 August 4 – King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (born 1289)
 Robert de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
 Roger de Flor, German soldier
 Richard of Middleton, Norman theologian and philosopher of the Franciscan Order (born 1249)
 Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (born 1270)
Events 
 8 January – Monaco gains independence.
 English Church refuses to pay taxes, resulting in crisis.
 William Wallace begins his revolt against the English.
 Canonization of Louis IX, King of France
 August 28 – Edward I unsuccessfully invades Flanders.
 September 12 – King Diniz of Portugal and King Fernando IV of Castile signed the Treaty of Alcanizes. The geographic limits of Portugal are fixed permanently, with the exception of São Félix de Galegos, lost in 1640 and Olivenza, lost in 1801.
 September 11 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots of Andrew de Moray and William Wallace defeat English.

Births 
 March 25 – Arnost of Pardubice, Archbishop of Prague (d. 1364)
 August 14 – Emperor Hanazono of Japan (died 1348)
 Abu al-Hasan 'Ali, Sultan of Morocco (died 1351)
 Charles II of Alençon,Count of Alençon and Perche 1325–1346, Count of Joigny 1335–1336. (Died August 26, 1346)
 Kęstutis, Grand Prince of Lithuania (died 1382)
 Thomas Wake, English baron (died 1349)
Deaths 
 August 19 – Saint Louis of Toulouse, French Catholic bishop (born 1274)
 September 11 – Hugh de Cressingham English Treasurer
 December 31 – Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, English soldier (born 1249)

1297
Events 
 July 2 – The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.
 22 July – Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England defeats a Scottish army led by William Wallace
 End of the reign of Emperor Fushimi, emperor of Japan
 Emperor Go-Fushimi ascends to the throne of Japan
 While in prison in Genoa, Marco Polo dictates his Travels to a local writer
 A fire causes severe damage to the Palace of Westminster.
 The Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen (official) invents wooden movable type printing, while the earlier Bi Sheng invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century

Births 
 December 12 – Albert II of Austria (died 1358)
Deaths 
 July 2 – Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans
 July 10 – King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (b. 1262)
 July 22 – Sir John de Graham, Scottish soldier at the Battle of Falkirk
 July 13 – Jacobus de Voragine, Italian chronicler and archbishop of Genoa
 September 11 – Philip of Artois, French soldier (born 1269)
 Smilets of Bulgaria (born 1292)

1298
Events 
 Osman I declares the independence of the Ottoman Principality
 The house of Holland becomes extinct. The County of Holland becomes a part of a personal union with the County of Hainaut.
 April 1, 1299 Kings Towne on the River Hull granted city status by Royal Charter of King Edward I of England.
 King Håkon V Magnusson moves the capital of Norway from Bergen to Oslo, and builds Akershus fortress in Oslo. Norway is ruled from this fortress the next 500 years.
 The Mexica settle Chapultepec, a former Toltec stronghold.
 A serious fire occurs at Westminster Palace.
Events 
 March 9 – Pope Clement V settles the papal seat in Avignon, following a visit.
 August 15 – The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights establish their headquarters on the island, and rename themselves as the Knights of Rhodes.
 Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, bought by the Percy family, later Earls of Northumberland.

Births 
 Leo V of Armenia (died 1341)

Deaths 
 May 5 – Charles II of Naples
 James of St. George, Savoyard military architect (born 1230)
Events 
 May 11 – In France, 64 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy
 Abu al-Fida becomes governor of Hama.
 The first purpose-built accommodation for students (Mob Quad) completed in Merton College, Oxford, England.
 Basarab I, after the battle against the Tatars, is named "big prince" of Wallachia by the feudal lords of the region. The country is to remain under Hungarian domination until 12 October 1330 and the Battle of Posada.

Births 
 April 30 – King Casimir III of Poland (died 1368)
 November 30 – Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (died 1349)
 date unknown
 Gil Alvarez De Albornoz, Spanish cardinal
 Guillaume Tirel, chef (died 1395)
 Pope Urban V (died 1370)
Deaths 
 May 22 – Saint Humility (born c. 1226)
 June 5 – Amalric, Prince of Tyre (born c. 1272)
 October 1 – Beatrice, Burgundy of Bastia, Lady of Bourbon (born 1257)
 October 28 – Ecumenical Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople (born 1230)
 December 10 – Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria (born 1271)
 Shams al-Din ibn Ashraf Al-Samarqandi, astronomer (born 1250)
 George Pachymeres, Byzantine historian (born 1242)
Events 
 March 15 – At the Battle of Halmyros, the Catalan Company beats Walter V of Brienne to take the Duchy of Athens.
 Bolingbroke Castle gets into the House of Lancaster.

Births 
 June 24 – Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III of England (died 1369)
 August 13 – King Alfonso XI of Castile (died 1350)
 Peter I, Duke of Bourbon (died 1356)
 Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut (died 1356)
 Joan II of Navarre, daughter of King Louis X of France (died 1349)
 July 1 – Liu Ji, Chinese military strategist, officer, statesman and poet (d. 1375)

Deaths 
 March 15 – Walter V of Brienne, Duke of Athens
 Antony Bek, bishop of Durham
 David VIII of Georgia (born 1273)
 James II of Majorca (born 1243)
 Bernard Saisset, Occitan bishop of Pamiers (born 1232)
 Arnold of Villanova, Spanish alchemist and physician (born 1235)
 Emperor Wuzong of Yuan China
Events 
 The Great Famine of 1315-1317.

Births 
 Michael 2nd Baron Poynings, Knight (d. 1369)

Deaths 
 February 7 – Robert, Count of Clermont, French founder of the House of Bourbon (born 1256)
 February 14 – Marguerite of France, queen of Edward I of England (born 1282)

 date unknown
 William de Ros, 2nd Baron de Ros, an heir to the King of Scotland (born 1255)
 Ramkhamhaeng the Great, King of Sukhothai (born 1239)
 Madhvacharya, saint (born 1238)
Year 1318 (MCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 January–December 
 April 1 – Berwick-upon-Tweed is taken by the Scottish from the English.
 May 11 – Battle of Dysert O'Dea: The Irish armies of Conor O'Dea defeat the Hiberno-Normans under Richard de Clare.
 End of the reign of Emperor Hanazono, emperor of Japan.

 Date unknown 
 Emperor Go-Daigo succeeds Emperor Hanazono on the throne of Japan.
 Qala'un Mosque, Cairo, Egypt is founded by Al-Nasr Muhammad.

Births 
 June 8 – Eleanor of Woodstock, eldest daughter of King Edward II of England
 date unknown – Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol (died 1369)
 Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg
 Eleanor of Lancaster (died 1372)
 Pope Urban VI (died 1389)
Deaths 
 February 16 – Valdemar, Duke of Finland
 October 14 – Edward Bruce, High King of Ireland (b. 1275)
 November 22 – Mikhail Yaroslavich, Russian prince (b. 1271)
 date unknown
 Llywelyn Bren, Welsh rebel
 Heinrich Frauenlob, Bohemian musician
 Rashid al-Din, Persian writer and historian (born 1247)
Events 
 Magnus VII becomes the king of Norway and unites the country with Sweden.

Births 
 April 16 – King John II of France (died 1364)
 King Peter IV of Aragon (died 1387)
 Joanna of Dreux, Countess of Penthievre (died 1384)
 Murad I, Ottoman Sultan (died 1389)
 William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, English military leader (died 1360)

Deaths 
 May 19 – Louis d'Évreux, son of Philip III of France (b. 1276)
 Duccio, Italian painter (born 1255)
Events 
 September 8 – Stefan Dusan declares himself king of Serbia.
 Start of the reign of Emperor Kogon of Japan, first of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders.
 24 September – Edward Balliol enthroned as King of Scotland.
 September 27 – the Battle of Plowce took place.

Births 
 Coluccio Salutati, Florentine political leader (died 1406)

Deaths 
 January 14 – Odoric, Italian explorer
 October 27 – Abulfeda, Arab historian and geographer (born 1273)
1333 was a common year.

Events 
 End of the Kamakura period and beginning of the Kemmu restoration in Japan.
 End of the reign of Emperor Kogon of Japan, first of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders.
 July 19 – Battle of Halidon Hill, last of the wars of Scottish Independence.
 Burke civil war begins in Ireland.

Births 
 Kanami, Japanese noh actor and writer (died 1384)
 Blanche d'Évreux, French princess (died 1398)

Deaths 
 February 7 – Nikkō, Japanese priest, founder of Nichiren Shoshu buddhism (born 1246)
 September 25 – Prince Morikuni, 9th Kamakura shogun of Japan (born 1301)
 November 15 – Nichimoku, Japanese priest, the 3rd high priest of Taisekiji temple and Nichiren Shoshu (born 1260)
 William of Alnwick, Franciscan friar and theologian
 Ladislaus I of Poland
 Antipope Nicholas V
 William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (born 1312)
Events 
 December 20 – Pope Benedict XII succeeds Pope John XXII as the 197th pope.
 The first recorded outbreak of the Black Death occurred in Hubei.

Births 
 January 4 – Amadeus VI of Savoy (died 1383)
 January 13 – King Henry II of Castile (died 1379)
 May 25 – Emperor Sukō (died 1398)
 August 30 – King Pedro of Castile (died 1369)
 King James I of Cyprus (died 1398)
 Hayam Wuruk, Javanese ruler (died 1389)

Deaths 
 December 4 – Pope John XXII (born 1249)
 Sheikh Safieddin (born 1251)
Events 
 30 November – Battle of Culblean in Scotland.
 Abu Said dies and the Ilkhanate disintegrates.
 Slavery abolished in Sweden.
 Congress of Visegrád involving the monarchs of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland.
 Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. After the death of Duke Henry, the duchies are bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the Dukes of Austria. From that time onwards, what is today Slovenia was ruled jointly with Austria until 1918.
 Pope Benedict XII begins to reform the Cistercians
 The excommunication of Frederick III of Sicily and the interdict placed on Sicily end
 Beginning of the construction of the papal palace in Avignon
 Otto the Merry, Duke of Austria, becomes Duke of Carinthia on May 2
 Aabenraa is chartered as a city.
 Foundation of School of Arts in Zaragoza, Spain which later came to be known as the University of Zaragoza in 16th Century.

Births 
 Matthew of Kraków, Bohemian writer (died 1410)
Deaths 
 April 2 – Duke Henry of Carinthia
 Prince Morinaga, Japanese shogun (born 1308)
 Abu Sa'id, Persian ruler (born 1316)
Events 
 Hundred Years' War: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor appoints Edward III of England as a vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. Louis supports Edward's claim to the French throne under the terms of the Treaty of Koblenz.
 Philip VI of France besieges Guienne in Southwest France and his navy attacks Portsmouth in England.
 Ashikaga Takauji granted title of Shogun by the emperor of Japan.
 Nicomedia is captured by the Ottoman Empire.

Births 
 21 January – Charles V of France (died 1380)
 3 February – Joanna of Bourbon (died 1378)
 5 October – Alexios III of Trebizond (died 1390)
 29 November – Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (died 1368)

Unknown dates 
 George de Dunbar, 10th Earl of March (died 1420)
 Niccolò II d'Este (died 1388)
 Thomas de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros (died 1383)
 Margaret de Stafford (died 1396)
 Tvrtko I of Bosnia (died 1391)
Deaths 
 24 April – Theodore I of Montferrat (born c. 1270)
 5 May – Prince Tsunenaga, son of Japanese Emperor (born 1324)
 July – Muhammad Khan, Persian monarch
 4 August – Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (born 1300)
 22 August – William II of Athens (born 1312)

Unknown dates 
 Kitabatake Akiie, Japanese governor (born 1318)
 Alfonso Fadrique, Sicilian noble
 Awhadi of Maragheh, Persian poet
 Prince Narinaga, Japanese Shogun (born 1325)
 Marino Sanuto the Elder, Venetian statesman and geographer (born c. 1260)
 John Wishart, Scottish bishop
 Nitta Yoshiaki, Japanese Samurai
 Nitta Yoshisada, Japanese Samurai
Events 
 23 September – Simone Boccanegra elected to be the first Doge of Genoa.
 Emperor Go-Murakami ascends to the throne of Japan.
 Kashmir is conquered by Muslims.

Births 
 July 23 – King Louis I of Naples (d. 1384)
 November 1 – Duke Rudolf IV of Austria (died 1365)
 Pope Alexander V (died 1410)
 John V, Duke of Brittany (died 1399)
 Eric XII of Sweden (died 1359)

Deaths 
 February 17 – Duke Otto of Austria (born 1301)
 May 26 – Aldona Ona, Queen of Poland
 September 19 – Emperor Go-Daigo of Japan (born 1288)
 Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (born 1260)