Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The origin of Iniki is unclear, but it possibly began as a tropical wave that moved off the African coast on August 18. It moved westward across the unfavorable Atlantic Ocean and crossed Central America into the Pacific on the 28th. the shock wave continued to go west, and remained disorganized. Conditions slowly became more favorable, and, as the convection concentrated around a center, the wave was classified Tropical Depression Eighteen-E on September 5, located 1,700 miles (2700 km) southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico or 1550 miles (2500 km) east-southeast of Hilo, Hawaii. The depression continued quickly westward and remained weak until the 8th, when it slowed enough to strengthen to a tropical storm. Iniki continued to get stronger and became a hurricane on September 9. It turned north towards Hawaii and became major Hurricane the next day. On September 11, Iniki peaked as Category 4 hurricane and hit Hawaii with wind of 145 mph
. Hurricane Iniki rapidly weakened and went extra tropical Midway between Also and Hawaii.
Preparations and Impact
The Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) failed to issue tropical cyclone warnings and watches for the hurricane well in advance. For several days prior to the disaster, the CPHC and the news media forecast Iniki to remain well south of the island chain, with the only effect being some high surf conditions.  Some of the standard international computer models were indicating a northward turn towards the populated Hawaiian Islands, but these were rejected by the CPHC forecasters.  CHPC Advisory #19 was issued at 11 AM local time on September 10, and suggested that a weakening Iniki would remain well to the south.  It was not until a special bulletin was issued by the CPHC at 6:30 PM on September 10 - less than 24 hours before landfall - that any warning was given to the public.
Hurricane Iniki was the costliest hurricane to strike the state of Hawaii, causing $1.8 billion ($2.6 billion in 2004 US dollars) in damage. Most damage was on the island of Kauai, where the storm destroyed thousands of homes and left a large amount of the island without power, although Oahu also suffered significant damage. Iniki also was responsible for six deaths.

The hurricane nearly struck the Central Pacific Hurricane Center in Honolulu. Had it hit there, Iniki, along with Hurricane Andrew and Typhoon Omar, would have struck each of the three National Weather Service offices responsible for tropical cyclone warnings within a two-month period.

References

1992 in the United States
1992 disasters
20th century in Hawaii
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in the United States
East Pacific hurricanes
1990s in weather
"Cinderella, or The Little Glass Slipper"  is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It was first published anonymously in Paris in 1697  in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault.

The story is about a girl who who was treated badly. Her fairy godmother helps her travel to a dancing party in a pumpkin coach.  She leaves the ball at midnight and loses her glass slipper. A prince, who has fallen in love with her, finds her lost slipper and uses it later to find her.

Similar European tales are found in Bonaventure des Periers's New Recreations and Joyous Games (1558) and Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1634-6). The Brothers Grimm included their version, "Aschenputtel", in Children's and Household Tales (1812). Tales similar to "Cinderella" exist in Chinese, Indian, African, Javanese, Australian, and Japanese literature and folklore. The tale has been adapted to the stage, movies, television, and other media.
Story 
A widower marries a very proud woman. She already has two daughters. They despise the man's daughter by his first marriage, but she is gentle and beautiful, They treat her meanly. She is told to do  all the housework and sleeps in the attic. Cinderella's step-mother gave her that name because she sits in the chimney corner.
The stepsisters tell her that the prince is in love with an unknown beautiful lady. The prince orders the slipper to be tried on all the ladies in the land. He will marry only the girl whose foot will fit the slipper. The stepsisters try it on but it does not fit. Cinderella tries it on and it fits. She pulls the other slipper from her pocket and puts it on. The Godmother appears and touches Cinderella's clothes with her wand. They change into a gown more beautiful than the one she wore to the ball.  A few days later, the prince marries her. She forgives her stepsisters for their past meanness and finds husbands for them at the court.

References 

 Betts, Christopher. 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. 

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
Iranian may refer to:
 Something of, from, or related to Iran, a country in the Middle East.
 One of the Iranian languages.  See also Languages of Iran.
 Iranians, persons from Iran, or of Iranian descent. For more information about the Iranian people, see Demographics of Iran and Culture of Iran. 
 Iranian peoples, various ethnic groups originating in or associated with Iran 
 Iranian diaspora
 For specific persons, see List of Iranians
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy which helps people change unhealthy thoughts and behaviors. Cognitive behavioral therapists teach their patients to use coping skills (healthy ways to deal with problems).  They also show their patients how their thoughts are not accurate.   These unhealthy thought patterns are called cognitive distortions.  CBT says that these inaccurate thoughts lead to unhealthy feelings and behaviors.  By changing these thoughts, patients can change how they feel and act.  CBT combines parts of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy.  Using this combination of therapies, CBT helps patients to identify problems in their lives and tries to help them feel better.
CBT is a common treatment for mood disorders.  It is popular because it works well, has a clear structure, and is based on common sense. Research shows that CBT works better than any other treatment for people with depression and anxiety. After completing 5 - 15 modules of CBT, 50 - 75% of people with depression and anxiety feel better.  Medication alone also works, but science still does not understand how these medications affect the brain and body over time.  Also, some evidence says that CBT costs less than medication in the long run.  However, when medication and CBT are used together, patients with mental illnesses get the best results.  In particular, antidepressants paired with CBT could prevent people with depression from getting depressed again in the future.

CBT can also treat personality disorders, post traumatic stress disorder and eating disorders.  Therapists can do CBT with a single patient, in a therapy group, or online.
History 
In the early 1900s, Austrian psychotherapist Alfred Adler suggested that therapists should pay attention to their patients’ cognitions (the way they think).  He talked about how making basic mistakes can make people feel bad.

Adler’s work inspired American psychologist Albert Ellis to develop rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) in the 1950s.  REBT was one of the earliest forms of cognitive therapy.
In the 1950s and 1960s, American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck developed a cognitive model of mental illness, which would later become a part of CBT.  This cognitive model says that people feel bad because of the way they think about an event, not the actual event itself.  While doing psychoanalysis, Beck noticed that his depressed patients had a lot of negative thoughts about themselves, he world, and the future.  They seemed like they were ‘talking’ to themselves in their thoughts.  However, they only shared some of these thoughts with Beck.  For example, a person might have thought to themselves, “The therapist is being very quiet today; I wonder if he’s mad at me?” and then began to feel anxious as a result.

In the 1960s, researchers did a number of scientific experiments to study how thoughts affect behaviours and emotions.  This period in the history of psychotherapy is called “the cognitive revolution,” and is also known as the “second wave” of CBT.
CBT targets different kinds of maladaptive thinking. The goal is to recognise unhealthy thoughts and develop them into positive thinking patterns. In that sense, CBT is scientific because irrational beliefs are thought of as theories which are tested to see if they are true. CBT is structured in that it uses an ABC format. A represents the activating event which triggers B, your beliefs. This is followed by C, the consequences, which are your actions. Beliefs are composed of different types of thinking. Some examples include catastrophising where small problems are blown out of proportion and all-or-nothing thinking which involves thinking in extremes. When creating solutions, the therapist and patient need to come to an agreement on attainable goals. They follow a criteria which is characterised as SMART: specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-limited. Specific and measurable highlight the science behind CBT as the goals are used to test the "hypothesis"
. Achievable, realistic and time-limited ensure that the patient makes small stages of progress through the intervention.
One of the key reasons why CBT is so effective is because of its interactive nature. This is known as collaborative empiricism; the patient and therapist work together in targeting problems and changing negative mindsets.  This means that patients play an active role in improving their mental health which is a key element that distinguishes CBT from other treatments. Therapists encourage patients to be active by setting them tasks. This may be noting down positive moments throughout their day or producing a list of things to complete. CBT combines cognitive and behavioural methods to maximise its effect. Therapists often set their patients homework which challenge their irrational beliefs. When patients feel down because of these beliefs, the therapist can produce this as evidence. An example of a behavioural method is that therapists help their patients to collect evidence that challenges the use of their avoidance behaviours
.  The techniques aim to prepare patient with the skills they need to target their problems independently in the future.
Uses 
Cognitive-behavior therapy can be effectively used as a short-term treatment centered on helping people with a very specific problem and teaching them to focus on present thoughts and beliefs.

 Addictions
 Anger issues
 Anxiety
 Bipolar disorder
 Depression
 Eating disorders
 Panic attacks
 Personality disorders
 Phobias
 Problems with stress
Why it's effective 
CBT is now increasingly recommended because it is successful in changing the patient's way of thinking. As previously mentioned, it's effective because patients participate in improving their mental health. They are encouraged to be proactive by acting as their own therapist. This means that once the sessions are over, patients are left with the skills they need to manage their problems. Furthermore, it works because the patient and therapist develop a healthy relationship. It is built upon understanding, cooperation and empathy.  Therapists show patience when patients struggle to identify their negative thoughts or when adopting new coping mechanisms. Compromise is also a key element in this relationship, if a strategy is not working, they are willing to work together to find a better solution. It is also effective because CBT focuses mainly on the present. It does not dive into the patient's past because CBT aims to improve the patient's current state of mind.
Criticisms 
Even though it is very popular, CBT has faced criticism.  CBT focuses on a patient’s thoughts and the problems they are having in their lives.  Critics say CBT does not look at the patient as a whole.  CBT also ignores the patient’s past experiences.  Because they ignore the patient's past, therapists might not understand how the patient first developed negative thought patterns.  Ignoring the root causes of these thought patterns can make it difficult to identify solutions.

CBT is an interactive therapy.  This can make it difficult for patients with mood disorders than can cause low energy, like depression.  Some of these patients might not have enough energy to do all the work required by CBT.
Revisions 
Since the emergence of CBT, several revisions and models have been made. One example is the Five Areas model. This model was created because traditional CBT tends to use complex terms which may be unsuitable for some patients or colleagues who do not specialise in CBT. The Five Areas model aims to be more versatile by using language that can easily be understood. In that sense, this model is not a new approach. Instead, it is a revision of standard CBT. The Five Areas model specifically focuses on five key elements, hence the name. These are life situation, altered thinking, altered emotions, altered physical feelings and altered behaviour.

References

Other websites 
 Cognitive Therapy Today
 An Introduction to Cognitive Therapy & CBT
 CBT Podcasts (The Jove Institute) 
 The Royal College of Psychiatrists' cognitive therapy leaflet
 REBT Network

Psychology
Psychiatry
Therapy
EMDR involves the processing of painful emotional events via the recalling of the event...paired with movement of the eyes; the hearing of select sound; tactile contact; gustatory (taste) input as an input into the brains processing. This process helps the client to move-on from the physical or emotional pain they are feeling. EMDR or Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) as it is alternatively named, has been being tested and researched in a large number of organizations since it was first discovered in 1987. 

Like all psychological theorems and processes it has it's admiring adherents and strong critics. 

The EMDR has training and trainers licensed internationally and over 10,000 psychologists and therapists qualified to practice in the U.S.  

TREATMENT DESCRIPTION
EMDR therapy combines different elements to maximize treatment effects.  A full description of the theory, sequence of treatment, and research on protocols and active mechanisms can be found in F. Shapiro (2001) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing:  Basic principles, protocols and procedures (2nd edition) New York: Guilford Press. 

EMDR therapy involves attention to three time periods:  the past, present, and future.  Focus is given to past disturbing memories and related events.  Also, it is given to current situations that cause distress, and to developing the skills and attitudes needed for positive future actions.  With EMDR therapy, these items are addressed using an eight-phase treatment approach.
Initial EMDR processing may be directed to childhood events rather than to adult onset stressors or the identified critical incident if the client had a problematic childhood.  Clients generally gain insight on their situations, the emotional distress resolves and they start to change their behaviors.  The length of treatment depends upon the number of traumas and the age of PTSD onset.  Generally, those with single event adult onset trauma can be successfully treated in under 5 hours.  Multiple trauma victims may require a longer treatment time.

Phase 2:  During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has several different ways of handling emotional distress.  The therapist may teach the client a variety of imagery and stress reduction techniques the client can use during and between sessions. A goal of EMDR therapy is to produce rapid and effective change while the client maintains equilibrium during and between sessions.
Phases 3-6:  In phases three to six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR therapy procedures.  These involve the client identifying three things:

1.  The vivid visual image related to the memory

2.  A negative belief about self

3.  Related emotions and body sensations.

In addition, the client identifies a positive belief.  The therapist helps the client rate the positive belief as well as the intensity of the negative emotions.  After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously engaging in EMDR processing using sets of bilateral stimulation.  These sets may include eye movements, taps, or tones.  The type and length of these sets is different for each client.  At this point, the EMDR client is instructed to just notice whatever spontaneously happens.
After each set of stimulation, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind.  Depending upon the client’s report, the clinician will choose the next focus of attention.  These repeated sets with directed focused attention occur numerous times throughout the session.  If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty in progressing, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client get back on track.

When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, (s)he is asked to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session.  At this time, the client may adjust the positive belief if necessary, and then focus on it during the next set of distressing events.
Phase 7:  In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a log during the week.  The log should document any related material that may arise.  It serves to remind the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two.

Phase 8:  The next session begins with phase eight.  Phase eight consists of examining the progress made thus far.  The EMDR treatment processes all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future events that will require different responses.

References

Other websites 
 EMDR International Association(EMDRIA)
 EMDR European Association, Inc.
 National Institute for Health & Clinical Excellence UK
 EMDR Scotland 

Psychology
An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is an electronic integrated circuit that converts a continuous quantity to a discrete time digital number. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).

Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number. The size of the number grows with an increase in the input voltage or current.  However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs.

References

More websites
More websites

 Counting Type ADC  A simple tutorial showing how to build your first ADC.
 An Introduction to Delta Sigma Converters A very nice overview of Delta-Sigma converter theory.
 Digital Dynamic Analysis of A/D Conversion Systems through Evaluation Software based on FFT/DFT Analysis RF Expo East, 1987
 Which ADC Architecture Is Right for Your Application? article by Walt Kester
 AN71 - The Care and Feeding of High Performance ADCs Real world circuit and layout advice
 ADC and DAC Glossary  Defines commonly used technical terms.
 Signal processing and system aspects of time-interleaved ADCs. 
 Introduction to ADC in AVR - Analog to digital conversion with Atmel microcontrollers

Electronic circuits
In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (abbreviated DAC or D-to-A) is a device for converting a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal (current, voltage or electric charge).

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse operation.

Electronic circuits
A Digital Signal Controller (DSC) can be thought of as a hybrid of microcontrollers and DSP processors.  

Technology
Computer science
Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist. It is often used to help alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is different from the drug naloxone. Naloxone is used in emergency cases of overdose. Naltrexone is for longer-term control of dependence. Naltrexone can help with overdose, but naloxone is more helpful in those cases.

References 

Drugs
Addiction
Organonitrogen compounds
A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze, for "variable time") is a fuze that is made to create an explosion when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a set value, or when the target passes through a given line. Proximity fuzes are mostly used in anti-aircraft warfare. They usually work as a simple radar. 

weapons
PT Boats were motor torpedo boats ("PT", for "Patrol Torpedo"). They were small, fast ships used by the United States Navy in World War II to attack larger surface ships. The PT boat squadrons were nicknamed "the mosquito fleet". They were exceedingly nimble, relatively expendable to the larger fleet, and carried torpedoes that featured a remarkable destruction-to weight ratio. John F. Kennedy famously served on one of these, and his boat was sliced in two by enemy fire. Navies often used destroyers to combat these nimble but dangerous surface craf. t

Naval ships of the United States
Radar jamming is the emission of radio frequency signals to interfere with the work of a radar by flooding its receiver with noise or false information. There are two types of radar jamming: Mechanical and electronic jamming.

War
Wave physics
The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency. The Peace Corps was started by Executive Order 10924 on March 1, 1961, and allowed by Congress on September 22, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Public Law 87-293). The first president of the Peace Corps was Sargent Shriver. The Peace Corps Act says the purpose of the Peace Corps is: 
“to promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.”

Since 1960, more than 190,000 people have served as Peace Corps volunteers in 139 countries.

Notes 

United States government agencies
The Great Society was a set of programs proposed or enacted in the United States by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society were to end poverty and to end racial discrimination. New major spending programs that dealt with education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were started during this period. The Great Society was like the New Deal domestic plan of Franklin D. Roosevelt, but had very different programs.

Unlike the New Deal, the Great Society focused more on people rather than the economy. Medicaid and Medicare were implemented to help poor Americans. President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society was the largest expansion of spending programs since the Great Depression. Many of the programs that exist can be attributed to the passage of the Great Society.

1960s in the United States
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. 1506 – 22 January, 1552) was an English peer and politician. He was Lord Protector of England during the reign of King Edward VI, because Edward was too young to rule alone. He served as Lord Protector from 1547 to 1552, when he was executed for treason.

1506 births
1552 deaths
English Dukes
A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons non-violently occupying an area for a protest.

Protests
Alden B. Dow (April 10, 1904, Midland, Michigan – August 20, 1983) was an American architect. He was the son of Herbert Henry Dow (founder of the Dow Chemical Company) and Grace A. Dow. Dow is known for his architectural design. His personal house in Midland, the Midland Center for the Arts, the Fleming Administration Building, as well as the building for the Grace A. Dow Library (named after his mother) are examples of his important work.

1904 births
1983 deaths
American architects
People from Midland, Michigan
Businesspeople from Michigan
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a plan created by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on defense instead on the offensive mutual assured destruction (MAD).

Notes 

Cold War
Military of the United States
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Military-industrial complex
Circa is Latin for "around" or "about". It is often used to show when something approximately happened. It is often shortened to c., ca., ca or cca.

An encyclopedia entry may begin with circa in the date of birth, for example: "Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – August 18, 1227)". The "c." means that he was born in about 1162, but the exact date is not certain. Sometimes the circa symbol is italicized to show that it is not in the English language.

Estimated values of different units may also begin with circa in research reports and scientific articles, for example "it involved c.450 kg of carved ivory". The "c." means that it was an estimated value based on an average value or any other coefficient that the researcher will generally define in the methodology.

References

Latin words used in English
Varg Vikernes (legal name Louis Cachet, born Kristian Vikernes on February 11, 1973 near Bergen, Norway) is a black metal musician, convicted murderer, arsonist and political activist. In 1991, Vikernes created the one-man music project Burzum. Burzum quickly became important within the early Norwegian black metal scene. Later he became a part of the Heathen Front and wrote several writings on Germanic neopaganism.

In the early 1990s, there were black metal bands who believed in burning churches to prove their hatred for Christianity. Vikernes was found guilty of arson and the murder of Mayhem band member Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth. He was sent to prison for 21 years. Vikernes was up for parole in 2008 but it was denied. He was released in March 2009.
On July 16th 2013, Vikernes and his wife, a French national, were arrested in Corrèze, France, on suspicion of planning acts of terrorism because his wife had purchased four rifles. They were released with no charges after police could not identify any terrorist plans or targets.

References

Other websites
Official website for Varg Vikernes and Burzum

1973 births
Living people
Arsonists
Norwegian murderers
Norwegian musical entertainers
Norwegian activists
Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 movie and the sequel to the 2002 Spider-Man movie. All of the main cast came back to make the movie.

Plot 

Peter Parker struggles to balance his new powers and starts to think that his role as Spider-Man is distracting him from his real life. He once delivers pizzas and is late because he had to save two children from being run over in the street.
Soon, Peter was invited to attend a demonstration by a man named Otto Octavius. He has built a series of four mechanical arms. He says that the arms can control him, but because of a special mental chip on his back, he can control them instead of the other way around. He uses the arms to allow him to build and touch a reactor that uses energy from the sun. The reactor is powered by tritium. Tritium is very rare and costly, so Harry Osborn and his company spend their money to provide him with the product. However, a paper clip gets into the machine and causes massive damage. Otto's wife is killed. Peter dons the Spider-Man costume and rescues his friend Harry Osborn. Harry is mad because he hates Spider-Man since he thinks that Spider-Man killed his father (back in the first movie). The accident causes Otto's mechanical arms to fuse to his body, and it also destroyed the chip that allows him to control his arms. The loss of his wife makes him go crazy
. The arms start forcing him to build the machine again to get revenge, but say they needed money in order to do it. Now called Doc Ock by the press, Otto attempts to rob a bank vault for cash, but is foiled by Spider-Man in the process.
Later, Peter promises to attend Mary Jane Watson's play, but is distracted by a crime in progress and has to go fight it and arrest the criminal. He cannot go into the play afterwards and Mary Jane likes him less for missing the play. He finally decides to give up the Spider-Man costume and become a normal person.

Without Spider-Man in his life, Peter's grades improve in school. He attends Mary Jane's play. However, she tells him that she has already been engaged to John Jameson. John is the son of his boss at the Daily Bugle.
Down at the river, Doc Ock has rebuilt his reactor, this one much larger than before. Peter stuns him with an electric shock, reveals who he is, and convinces him to not do it, and Doc Ock has a change of heart. He says that the reactor is so big that only a river can contain it and uses his mechanical arms to destroy the floor underneath and dies in the process. Peter reveals his secret identity to Mary Jane but says they cannot be together because Spider-Man's enemies will target her.

At the end of the movie, Peter sits in his apartment and is very unhappy. The wedding for Mary Jane Watson is about to take place, but at the last minute she cancels and runs to the apartment. There, she tells him that she is willing to take the risk of being Spider-Man's girlfriend. A fire truck siren roars past. She says, "Go get them, tiger" and watches as Spider-Man goes out on another rescue mission.
Cast 
 Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker / Spider-Man
 Kirsten Dunst as Mary Jane Watson
 James Franco as Harry Osborn
 Alfred Molina as Dr. Otto Octavius / Dr. Octopus
 Rosemary Harris as Aunt May Parker
 J.K. Simmons as J. Jonah Jameson
 Donna Murphy as Rosalie Octavius
 Daniel Gillies as John Jameson
 Dylan Baker as Dr. Curt Connors
 Bill Nunn as Joseph 'Robbie' Robertson
 Vanessa Ferlito as Louise
 Aasif Mandvi as Mr. Aziz
 Willem Dafoe as Norman Osborn / Green Goblin
 Cliff Robertson as Uncle Ben Parker

Soundtrack 

 Vindicated by Dashboard Confessional
 Ordinary by Train
 Did You by Hoobastank
 Hold On by Jet
 Gifts and Curses by Yellowcard
 Woman by Maroon 5
 This Photograph Is Proof (I Know You Know) by Taking Back Sunday
 Give It Up by Midtown
 Lucky You by Lostprophets
 The Night That the Lights Went Out in NYC by The Ataris
 We Are by Ana Johnsson
 Somewhere to Die For by Jimmy Gnecco ft. Brian May
2004 movies
2000s superhero movies
English-language movies
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
Movies directed by Sam Raimi
Sequel movies
Spider-Man (2002 movie series)
Buena Vista International movies
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a leading French post-Impressionist painter. He was not well appreciated until after his death. Gauguin was later recognized for his experimental use of color and style that were different from Impressionism. His work was influential among the French avant-garde and fauvism, as well later artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Gauguin’s art became popular after his death; partly from the efforts of art dealer Ambroise Vollard. 

Gaugin gave up his family and life to live in Tahiti in 1891. He died of syphilis in 1903.

Related pages 
 List of French painters

References 

1848 births
1903 deaths
Artists from Paris
Deaths from syphilis
French painters
French printmakers
People from Arles
The Three Musketeers () is a novel of adventure fiction by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is the story of a young man named d'Artagnan. He leaves home to become a musketeer of the guard of King Louis XIII of France. He and his friends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis live by the motto, "One for all, and all for one" ().

The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne. Those three novels by Dumas are together known as the D'Artagnan Romances.

The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the magazine Le Siècle between March and July 1844. All the books sold well and made plenty of money for Dumas. The story was later made into several plays and movies.

1844 books
French novels
Books by Alexandre Dumas, père
A Clockwork Orange is a 1971 British-American crime drama thriller movie. It was written, directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick. It is based on Anthony Burgess' 1962 short novel A Clockwork Orange. It includes disturbing, violent images. Its social commentary touches on psychiatry, youth gangs, and other social, political, and economic subjects in a dystopian vision of a not-too-future Britain.

Kubrick stopped the film being shown in Britain, concerned about its possible effects. For 27 years it was difficult to see the film in the United Kingdom. It reappeared in cinemas, and the VHS and DVD releases followed, soon after Kubrick's death in 1999.
Cast 
 Malcolm McDowell as Alex DeLarge (or Burgess)
 Warren Clarke as Dim
 James Marcus as Georgie
 Patrick Magee as Frank Alexander
 Adrienne Corri as Mrs. Alexander
 Carl Duering as Dr. Brodsky
 Madge Ryan as Dr. Branom
 Godfrey Quigley as Prison Chaplain
 Anthony Sharp as Minister (of Interior)
 Sheila Raynor as Mum
 Philip Stone as Dad
 David Prowse as Julian
 Michael Bates as Chief Guard
 Aubrey Morris as Mr. P.R. Deltoid
 Steven Berkoff as Tom
 Tony Hargreaves as Prison Guard
 Michael Tarn as Pete
 Richard Connaught as Billy Boy
 Miriam Karlin as Cat Lady
 John Clive as Stage Actor
 Virginia Wetherell as Nude stage actress

Release dates
Awards and honors 
 Academy Awards: The movie was nominated for 4 Academy Awards. However, The French Connection won in all these categories for that year:
 Best Director - Stanley Kubrick
 Best Film Editing - Bill Butler
 Best Picture
 Best Adapted Screenplay - Stanley Kubrick
 BAFTA Awards
 BAFTA Film Award Best Art Direction - John Barry
 Best Cinematography - John Alcott
 Best Direction - Stanley Kubrick
 Best Film
 Best Film Editing - William Butler
 Best Screenplay - Stanley Kubrick
 Best Sound Track - Brian Blamey, John Jordan, Bill Rowe
 Directors Guild of America
 1972  Nominated DGA Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures - Stanley Kubrick
 Golden Globes
 1972  Nominated Golden Globe Best Director: Motion Picture - Stanley Kubrick
 Best Motion Picture - Drama
 Best Motion Picture Actor: Drama - Malcolm McDowell
 Hugo Awards
 1972 Won Hugo Best Dramatic Presentation
 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
 1971  Won NYFCC Award Best Director - Stanley Kubrick
 Best Film
Best Film
 Writers Guild of America, USA
 1972  Nominated WGA Award (Screen) Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium - Stanley Kubrick
American Film Institute recognition
 1998 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies #46
 2001 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills #21
 2003 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:
 Alex DeLarge, villain #12
 2007 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) #70
 2008 AFI's 10 Top 10 #4 Sci-Fi film

Related pages
Ferenc Fricsay

Other websites

 

1971 crime drama movies
1971 science fiction movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
BAFTA Award winning movies
British crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
1970s English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Hugo Award winning movies
Movies about murderers
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Stanley Kubrick
Movies set in London
Movies set in the future
Prison movies
Rape in movies
Dystopian movies
Pasties (sing. 'pastie') are small pieces of cloth, plastic or metal. They are treated specially so they are sticky. They are used to cover a girl's nipples or genital area. They vary in size and are usually not much larger than the person's areola.

The concept of 'pasties' is to show as much of the breast as possible without making the woman entirely topless. Many exotic dancers in strip clubs are required to wear them by law. Pasties are usually applied with a special glue or tape.  This is the origin of their name, as they are quite literally 'pasted' onto the nipple.

Pasties are worn by many neo-burlesque performers. Burlesque pasties may also feature tassels which hang from the center, performer will sometimes twirl these as part of a performance. 

Some women who choose not to wear a bra wear pasties to prevent their nipples from protruding visibly through their shirt.
Pasties in law
The United States Supreme Court held in Erie v. Pap's A.M. that a city ordinance requiring erotic dancers to wear pasties, and a g-string, was constitutional.

References

Underwear
Body art
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea () is a science fiction novel by French writer Jules Verne. It was published in 1870. It is the story of Captain Nemo and his submarine Nautilus. The book depicts the latest technology, and more advanced things that had not yet been invented.

Plot
The story starts in 1866. All over the world, people on ships see something strange in the sea. The strange thing is long and thin, and sometimes it glows in the water. It is much bigger and faster than a whale. Some people think it is a moving reef. Others say it could be a sea serpent.
The next year, in 1867, the strange thing attacks two ships. People become scared that the strange thing will attack other ships, so the United States government sends an expedition to look for the thing and find out what it is. The expedition group includes a French professor named Pierre Arronax. He thinks the strange thing might be a giant narwhal. Arronax's servant Conseil goes with him. A Canadian harpooner named Ned Land is also in the group.

The expedition sets sail on a ship, the Abraham Lincoln (named after Abraham Lincoln).  After looking for some time, the expedition sees the strange thing. The thing attacks the Abraham Lincoln. Arronax, Conseil, and Ned Land fall into the sea. They swim to the strange thing and climb onto it. They find that it is not a sea animal at all; it is a submarine, the Nautilus. (The submarine is named after the nautilus, a sea creature that can rise and sink to different levels in the sea, just like a submarine).
Nemo takes his prisoners on a trip around the world, going through all of the world's oceans. They travel 43,200 miles, or 20,000 leagues (that is why the book is called Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea). They have many adventures. But then Arronax discovers that Captain Nemo attacks some ships on purpose, to try to sink them. Nemo is trying to get revenge on a country that killed his family. But he will not say which country it is, or even where he came from.

Finally, the Nautilus gets stuck in the Maelstrom, a giant whirlpool in the Atlantic Ocean. Arronax, Conseil, and Ned Land finally escape and make it back to dry land. Arronax wonders whether Captain Nemo got out of the Maelstrom safely. He also wonders whether he will ever learn what Nemo's real name is, or where he came from. Most of all, Arronax hopes that Nemo will forgive his enemies and become a peaceful man, studying all the wonderful things under the sea. The story ends

Publication
Publication

Pierre-Jules Hetzel published the novel in a magazine he owned, the Magazine of Education and Recreation (). The story was serialized in issues of the magazine, beginning in March 1869 and ending in June 1870. After that, in 1871, Hetzel published it as a book, with more than a hundred illustrations by Alphonse de Neuville and Édouard Riou.

Related pages
Maritime science fiction

References

Science fiction books
French novels
1870
Books by Jules Verne
Henri-Marie Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842) is better known by his pen name Stendhal. He was a 19th century French writer. He is known for his precise analysis of his characters' psychology. His two most famous novels are Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).

Stendhal was born in Grenoble. He died in Paris.

1783 births
1842 deaths
French novelists
People from Grenoble
Pen names
Writers from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Travis Landon Barker (born November 14, 1975) is an American drummer. He is better known for being in the band Blink-182. He is also the drummer for +44 and has several side projects such as Box Car Racer, Transplants and Expensive Taste.

Plane crash
Just before midnight on September 19, 2008, Barker and Adam "DJ AM" Goldstein were involved in a plane crash. Barker and Goldstein survived but the pilot, Sarah Lemmon, the co-pilot, James Bland, Chris Baker and security guard, Charles "Che" Still all died in the crash. Barker suffered both second and third degree burns that covered around 1/3 of his body.

Personal life
In May 2022, Barker married Kourtney Kardashian.

References

Other websites

Official website 

1975 births
Living people
American drummers
American rock musicians
American punk musicians
Musicians from California
Blink-182 members
Guy de Maupassant (5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a popular 19th century French writer. He is considered one of the fathers of the modern short story. 

He was an apprentice of Flaubert. Maupassant's stories have a common economy of style and their efficient, effortless dénouement (ending). Many of the stories are set during the Franco-Prussian War. Many more describe the war. He also wrote six short novels.

1850 births
1893 deaths

Writers from Normandy
People from Seine-Maritime
Prairie dogs are a genus of ground squirrels. They are  small, burrowing rodents which live in short-grass prairies and the high plains of western North America. The explorers Lewis and Clark sent a prairie dog to President Thomas Jefferson during their expedition; it was quite strange to him.

Prairie dogs are found in North America. In Mexico, they are mostly found in the northern states, which are the southern end of the great plains: northeastern Sonora, north and northeastern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, northern Nuevo León, and northern Tamaulipas; in the U.S., they range primarily west of the Mississippi River, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales. They are also found in the Canadian Prairies. They will eat all sorts of vegetables and fruits.

Diet 
Prairie dogs are mostly herbivores (plant-eaters). They eat grasses, seeds, leaves, flowers, fruit, eggs, and some insects.

Biology and behavior
Highly social, prairie dogs live in large colonies – collections of prairie dog families that can span hundreds of acres. Families usually are made up of one male and two to four females living in a strict social hierarchy. Prairie dog pups reach sexual maturity at about 3 years of age, and after their third winter the dominant male in a given family will drive them away, forcing them to establish their own families on the edges of the colony. The dominant male will defend the family's borders against rival prairie dogs, and disputes are resolved by fighting. Prairie dogs are also aggressive against predators such as badgers and snakes. 

Prairie dogs are social animals, and often make social visits with each other, and greet each other with a sort of kiss. Prairie dogs employ a complex form of communication that involves barks and rhythmic chirps.
Prairie dog tunnel systems usually have several rooms. Tunnels can go down as far as , and can extend laterally as much as . Prairie dogs line their burrows with grass to insulate them, and the earth excavated from the burrow is piled up in mounds around the burrow's entrance. The prairie dogs use these carefully maintained mounds as observation posts.

The prairie dog is well adapted to predators. They can detect predators from a far distance and alert other prairie dogs to the danger with a special, high-pitched call. Prairie dogs use different calls to identify specific predators. Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies, perhaps to remove any cover for predators. Their burrows generally contain several routes of escape.
The prairie dog is chiefly herbivorous, though it eats some insects. It feeds primarily on grasses and, in the fall, broadleaf plants. Prairie dogs have 1-6 pups (babies) yearly, which are born blind and furless and need about 30 days of close nurturing from their mother.

Sometimes two prairie dogs touch teeth with each other. Researchers think they do this as a way of recognizing each other.

Predators 
Prairie dogs are hunted by many animals, including wolves, dogs, coyotes, bobcats, foxes, and humans.

References 

Squirrels
Mammals of North America
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (, "Our Lady of Paris") is a 1831 French novel written by Victor Hugo. It is set in 1482 Paris. The story is about a Gypsy (Esmeralda), a bell-ringer in the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris (Quasimodo) and the archdeacon (Claude Frollo).

Other websites

 The Hunchback of Notre Dame at Internet Archive and Google Books, multiple English translations (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
 , 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood (plain text and HTML)
 The Hunchback of Notre Dame at LibriVox, 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood (audiobook)
 Notre Dame de Paris Harvard Classics
  Notre-Dame de Paris at Wikisource (HTML)

1830s books
French novels
Works by Victor Hugo
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) was a French artist. He was a leading painter who helped to create the Impressionist style. He painted portraits, and still life, but above all, he painted social scenes of the day. 

As a painter of women, it has been said that "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau".

Youth 
Pierre-Auguste Renoir was born in Limoges, Haute-Vienne, France, the child of a working class family. As a boy, he worked in a porcelain factory where his drawing talents led to him being chosen to paint designs on fine china. He also painted hangings for overseas missionaries and decorations on fans before he enrolled in art school. During those early years, he often visited the Louvre to study the French master painters.

Maturity
Maturity 

In the late 1860s, through the practice of painting light and water en plein air (in the open air), he and his friend Claude Monet discovered that the color of shadows is not brown or black, but the reflected color of the objects surrounding them, an effect today known as diffuse reflection. Several pairs of paintings exist in which Renoir and Monet, working side-by-side, depicted the same scenes (La Grenouillère, 1869). 

Renoir experienced his initial acclaim when six of his paintings hung in the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874. In the same year, two of his works were shown with Paul Durand-Ruel in London.

One of the best known Impressionist works is Renoir's 1876 Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette (Bal du moulin de la Galette). The painting depicts an open-air scene, crowded with people, at a popular dance garden on the Butte Montmartre, close to where he lived.
The works of his early maturity were typically Impressionist snapshots of real life, full of sparkling colour and light.
A trip to Italy in 1881, when he saw works by Raphael and other Renaissance masters, that convinced him that he was on the wrong path. For the next several years he painted in a more severe, classical, style. After 1890, however, he changed direction again, returning to thinly brushed colour to dissolve outlines as in his earlier work. From this period onward he concentrated on nudes and domestic scenes.

A prolific artist, he made several thousand paintings. The warm sensuality of Renoir's style made his paintings some of the most well-known and reproduced works in the history of art. The single largest collection of his works—181 paintings in all—is at the Barnes Foundation, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In 1890, he married Aline Victorine Charigot. She, with a number of the artist's friends, had been a model for Le Déjeuner des canotiers (Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1881). They already had a child, Pierre, in 1885. After his marriage, Renoir painted many scenes of his wife and daily family life, including their children and their nurse, Aline's cousin. The Renoirs had three sons, one of whom, Jean, became a film director of note and another, Pierre, became a stage and film actor.

Old age