Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Politics 

Iceland has a multi-party system. Since the 2013 election, the center-right Independence Party and Progressive Party are the biggest political parties in Iceland. Other powerful parties in Iceland include the center-left Social Democratic Alliance and Left-Green Movement. See also: List of political parties in Iceland.

Iceland is a representative democracy and a parliamentary republic. Iceland has a president (Guðni Th. Jóhannesson) and a prime minister (Katrín Jakobsdóttir). The parliament, Althing, has 63 members and each member can only be in there for four years. The president is elected by Icelanders, and is in government for four years. The president can be elected an unlimited amount of times.

Iceland has no standing army. The United States Air Force had a base near Reykjanesbær, but they left in 2006. Since 2008, NATO nations have occasionally had their air force patrol Iceland. This was requested by the Icelandic government.

Divisions
Divisions 

Iceland is divided into 8 regions, 6 constituencies and 74 municipalities (since 2013). The regions are mainly used for statistics. The constituencies are used for selecting politicians who will represent them in parliament. Lastly, the municipalities give services to the people that live there. These services include education, waste management, public transportation, and so on.

Before 2003, the constituencies were the same as regions, but this was changed because it meant that a vote in Reykjavik meant less than one in a rural area. Even though this was addressed, the problem still exists.

Economy

Fishing and fish processing is the main economic activity in Iceland. Despite effort to diversify, particularly into the travel industry, seafood exports continue to account for nearly three-quarters of merchandise exports and approximately half of all foreign exchange earnings.
Geothermal Energy produces the vast majority of Electrical Power consumed on Iceland, due chiefly to the island's position atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and exhibits plentiful hot water reservoirs and geysers. This has the effect of drastically reducing the price of electricity in Iceland, and has attracted several energy-intensive industries.

Aluminum Smelting (The reduction of Aluminum ores to Aluminum metal) is the largest energy-intensive manufacturing sector in Iceland, and the country produced over 800,000 Metric Tonnes per Year in 2013, making it the 10th largest producer of Aluminum metal worldwide.

Geography 

Iceland sits on a rift between two tectonic plates. No surprise then that Iceland is very geologically active.

There are large amounts of rain and snow caused by the warm waters of the gulf stream current which flows toward it. Many interesting and unusual geographic features which make it different from any other island.
Some of these features are Iceland's numerous mountains, volcanoes, hot springs, rivers, small lakes, waterfalls, glaciers, and geysers. The word geyser is, in fact, derived from Geysir, the name of a particularly famous geyser on the southern side of the island. Glaciers cover about 11% of the island and the largest, Vatnajökull, is up to 1 km thick and, by far, the largest glacier in Europe.

Iceland, though a European country, sits partly in North America since it straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which marks the boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates. The ridge runs right through the populated Reykjavik and Thingvellir historic areas. The tectonic activity of these plates separating is the source of the abundant geothermal energy in the region.

Towns and cities 

Reykjavík is the capital city of Iceland. Reykjavík is also the most important port in Iceland.  Other important towns in Iceland are Akureyri, Kópavogur, Hafnarfjörður, Keflavík, Seyðisfjörður and Vestmannaeyjar.
People 
If you see a group of Icelanders together, one thing will immediately strike you. They all look rather similar. This impression is even stronger if you see an age-group of children together. And, they are indeed genetically more similar than any other group in any other European country. The reason is that they had a small founding population, and a very modest rate of immigration after that.

This is a problem which their government is well aware of. Why should it be a problem? Because it increases the risk that a viral infection could sweep through the whole population. So they have a very good health service which is entirely funded by the government. It is a world without Down's syndrome. Why? Because all pregnant women are tested, and any foetus with a serious genetic defect is aborted.
The people in Iceland are mostly of Scandinavian origin.  The language they speak is Icelandic. The language has not changed much in 1,000 years, so Icelanders are still able to read the sagas about the Vikings without many problems. Most people in Iceland are Christian. Most of them are Lutheran.

Icelandic people are considered to be the happiest people on Earth. Iceland has the highest birth rate in Europe, highest divorce rate and the highest percentage of women working outside their home.
Names 
There are no real surnames on Iceland. Children get the first name of their father (sometimes mother) with -s+son if it's a boy, and -s+dóttir if it's a girl.
For example, a man named Jón Stefánsson has a son named Fjalar. Fjalar's last name will not be Stefánsson like his father's, it will become Fjalar Jónsson.
The same goes for women. Jón Stefánsson's daughter Kata would not have the last name Stefánsson, she would have the name Jónsdóttir.
In most countries people use to call other people by their surname, but in Iceland people call other people by their first name. So when people talk about Halldór Ásgrímsson they do not call him Ásgrímsson, but Halldór.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

 
European Union candidate states
Nordic countries
1944 establishments in Europe
1965 (MCMLXV) was .

Events 

 January 30 – state funeral of Sir Winston Churchill in London
 February 18 – The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom
 March 7 – Bloody Sunday: Alabama State Troopers attack civil rights demonstrators as they attempt to march to the state capitol of Montgomery
 May 25 – Muhammad Ali knocks out Sonny Liston in the first round of their championship boxing rematch
 June 15 - Victoria, Australia, coldest day on record -11.7°C at Omeo
 July 16 – The Mont Blanc tunnel opens
 August 9 – Singapore proclaims its independence from the Malaysian Federation.
 September 9 – Hurricane Betsy is in Louisiana
 October 3 – Fidel Castro announces that Che Guevara resigned and left Cuba
 November 5 – Martial law is announced in Rhodesia
 December 20 – World Food Programme is made a permanent agency of the United Nations
 The Left Banke forms
 Pete Best attempts suicide

Births
Births 

 January 8 – John Catliff, Canadian footballer
 February 21 - Steve Lee, Sound effects wrangler and film historian
 February 1 – Brandon Lee, Chinese-American actor (d. 1993)
 March 1 – Booker Huffman, American professional wrestler
 March 23 - Jonathan Dow, British actor
 April 16 – Jon Cryer, American actor
 April 20 - Susan Cookson, British actress
 May 1 – Todd Spikes, American former police officer and convicted sex offender
 May 7 – Owen Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (died 1999)
 June 1 – Nigel Short, English chess player
 July 31 – J. K. Rowling, writer
 August 25 – Mia Zapata, singer
 August 28 – Shania Twain, singer
 September 2 – Lennox Lewis, British boxer
 October 5 – Patrick Roy, Canadian retired ice hockey player
 November 20 – Ben Stiller, actor
 December 31 – Nicholas Sparks, American author

Deaths

January 

 January 4 – T. S. Eliot, American poet (b. 1888)
 January 24 – Winston Churchill, British statesman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1874)

February
February 

 February 15 – Nat King Cole, American singer and musician (b. 1919)
 February 21 – Malcolm X, American civil rights activist (b. 1925)
 February 23 – Stan Laurel, English actor and comedian (b. 1890)

March 

 March 18 – King Farouk of Egypt (b. 1920)

April 
 April 18 – Guillermo González Camarena, Mexican inventor (b. 1917)

May 
 May 1 – Spike Jones, American musician and bandleader (b. 1911)

June 
 June 5 – Eleanor Farjeon, English author of children's literature (b. 1881)

July 

 July 1 – Wally Hammond, English cricketer (b. 1903)
 July 7 – Moshe Sharett, 2nd Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1894)

August 

 August 13 – Hayato Ikeda, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1899)
 August 27 – Le Corbusier, Swiss architect (b. 1887)

September 

 September 16 – Fred Quimby, American animated film producer (b. 1886)
 September 27 – Clara Bow, American actress and sex-symbol (b. 1905)

October
October

November 
 November 24 – Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1895)
 November 25 – Dame Myra Hess, English pianist (b. 1890)

December 

 December 5 – Joseph Erlanger, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physics shared by Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, and Richard P. Feynman for work in the development of quantum electrodynamics
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Robert B. Woodward, American chemist (for his synthetic work with natural products)
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared by François Jacob, André Lwoff, and Jacques Monod
 Nobel Prize in Literature won by Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Russian novelist
 Nobel Peace Prize won by UNICEF

References
Events 
 January 12 – Led Zeppelin's first album is released.
 January 20 – Richard Nixon becomes President of the United States, after Lyndon Johnson.
 February 3 – Yasser Arafat becomes Palestinian Liberation Organization leader at the Palestinian National Congress.
 April 9 – Around 300 students take over Harvard University, because they do not like the Vietnam War being fought.
 May 10 – Battle of Hamburger Hill in Vietnam.
 May 20 – National Guard helicopters spray skin-stinging powder on Vietnam War protesters in California.
 May 31 – John Lennon and Yoko Ono record "Give Peace a Chance" at their "Bed-In" in Montreal.
 June 8 – Nixon announces that 25,000 US troops will start to leave Vietnam before September.
 July 8 – As promised, some US troops begin to leave Vietnam.
 July 16–24 – The Apollo 11 mission makes Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin the first people on the Moon.
 August 9 – The Manson Family murders the actress Sharon Tate and members of her family.
August 15 – The Woodstock music festival starts in Upstate New York.
 August 17 – Hurricane Camille hits Mississippi, killing 248 people.
 August 31 – Boxer Rocky Marciano dies in a plane crash on the day before his 46th birthday.
 September 1 – King Idris I of Libya is removed from power in a coup.
 September 7 – Monty Python's Flying Circus airs for the first time on British television.
 October 15 – Hundreds of thousands of people across the US protest against the Vietnam War by not going to work.
 October 21 – Willy Brandt becomes the first SPD-Chancellor of Germany
 November 9 – A group of American Indians takes over Alcatraz Island and holds it for 19 months.
 November 10 - Sesame Street first aired.
 November 13 – Up to 500,000 anti-war protesters march and protest in Washington DC.
 December 1 – The United States holds the first "draft lottery", to pick who is going to be sent to fight in Vietnam.
January 2 – Christy Turlington, American model
 January 3 – Michael Schumacher, German Formula one driver
 January 5 – Marilyn Manson, American singer
 January 14 – Dave Grohl, American musician
 January 16 – Roy Jones, Jr., American professional boxer
 January 18 – Dave Bautista, American professional wrestler
 February 1 – Brian Krause, American actor
 February 11 – Jennifer Aniston, American actress
 March 6 – Greg Scott, English television presenter
 April 25 – Renée Zellweger, American actress
 May 14 – Cate Blanchett, Australian actress
 May 25 – Stacy London, American fashion consultant
 June 14 – Steffi Graf, German tennis player
 June 15 – Oliver Kahn, German football player
 June 27 – Colleen Fitzpatrick, American singer and actress
 July 17 - Kazuki Kitamura, Japanese actor
 July 20 – Josh Holloway, American actor
 July 24 – Jennifer Lopez, American singer and actress
 July 27 – Triple H, American professional wrestler
 August 6 – Elliott Smith, American singer and musician (d. 2003)
August 18 – Edward Norton, American actor
 August 19 – Matthew Perry, American actor
 August 28 – Jack Black, American actor, comedian, and musician
 October 24 - Adela Noriega, Mexican television actress
 November 10 – Jens Lehmann, German football player
 December 4 – Jay-Z, American rapper
 December 9 – Bixente Lizarazu, French footballer
 December 19 – Kristy Swanson, American actress
 December 28 – Linus Torvalds, Finnish computer scientist
 Buckethead, American musician
Deaths

January 

 January 1 – Barton MacLane, American actor (b. 1902)
 January 1 – Bruno Söderström, Swedish track and field athlete (b. 1881)
 January 4 – Paul Chambers, American jazz double bassist (b. 1935)
 January 9 – Jacques van Egmond, Dutch racing cyclist (b. 1908)
 January 17 – Grażyna Bacewicz, Polish composer (b. 1909)
 January 19 – Jan Palach, Czech activist (b. 1948)
 January 30 – Dominique Pire, Belgian friar (b. 1910)
 January 31 – Meher Baba, Indian mystic (b. 1894)

February 

 February 2 – Boris Karloff, English actor (b. 1887)
 February 23 – Madhubala, Indian actress (b. 1933)
 February 23 – King Saud of Saudi Arabia (b. 1902)
 February 26 – Levi Eshkol, 3rd Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1895)

March 

 March 24 – Joseph Kasa-Vubu, 1st President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1917)
 March 28 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States (b. 1890)

April

May
April

May 

 May 2 – Franz von Papen, 22nd Chancellor of Germany (b. 1879)
 May 3 - Zakir Husain, 3rd President of India (b. 1897)

June 

 June 8 – Robert Taylor, American actor (b. 1911)
 June 22 – Judy Garland, American actress and singer (b. 1922)

July 
 July 3 – Brian Jones, British musician (the Rolling Stones) (b. 1942)

August 

 August 6 - Theodor W. Adorno, German philosopher (b. 1903)
 August 9 – Sharon Tate, American actress (b. 1943)
 August 31 – Rocky Marciano, American boxer (b. 1923)

September 

 September 2 – Ho Chi Minh, 1st President of Vietnam (b. 1890)

October 

 October 12 – Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (b. 1912)
 October 21 – Jack Kerouac, American writer and poet (b. 1922)
November 
 November 8 – Vesto Slipher, American astronomer (b. 1875)
 November 12 - Iskander Mirza, 1st President of Pakistan (b. 1899)
 November 12 – Liu Shaoqi, 2nd President of China (b. 1898)
 November 18 - Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., American businessman (b. 1888)
 November 21 – Mutesa II of Buganda, President of Uganda (b. 1924)

December 
 December 13 – Spencer Williams Jr., American actor (b. 1893)
 December 17 - Artur da Costa e Silva, 27th President of Brazil (b. 1899)

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physics – Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist (for his work on the theory of elementary particles)
 Chemistry – Derek H R Barton, Odd Hassel
 Medicine – Max Delbrück, Alfred D Hershey, Salvador E Luria
 Literature – Samuel Beckett, Irish writer
 Peace – International Labour Organization
 Economics – Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen

Movies released 
 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
 Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice
 Cactus Flower
 Easy Rider
 Midnight Cowboy
 Shart
 The Wild Bunch
Hit songs 
 "Aquarius"/"Let The Sunshine In" – Fifth Dimension
 "The Ballad of John and Yoko" – The Beatles
 "But You Know I Love You" – Kenny Rogers and The First Edition
 "The Boxer" – Simon and Garfunkel
 "In The Ghetto" – Elvis Presley
 "Cloud Nine" – The Temptations
 "Come Together" – The Beatles
 "Get Back" – The Beatles
 "Good Times Bad Times" – Led Zeppelin
 "Honky Tonk Women" – Rolling Stones
 "I'd Wait A Million Years" – The Grass Roots
 "Listen to the Band" – The Monkees
 "Pinball Wizard" – The Who
 "Proud Mary" – Creedence Clearwater Revival
 "Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head" – B.J. Thomas
 "Something" – The Beatles
 "Suspicious Minds" – Elvis Presley
 "Touch Me" – The Doors
 "Whole Lotta Love" – Led Zeppelin

New Books 
 Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle – Vladimir Nabokov
 The Andromeda Strain – Michael Crichton
 The Edible Woman – Margaret Atwood
 The Godfather – Mario Puzo
 The Green Man – Kingsley Amis

Other websites
Saarbrücken (;  ; Rhine Franconian: Saarbrigge [zaːˈbʁɪɡə]; ) is a German city and a district in the state of Saarland.

The city is also the capital of the Saarland. Saarbrücken has 180,000 inhabitants. It is on the Saar River.

References

Other websites

Saarbrücken (district)
States of the Holy Roman Empire
German state capitals
Saarlouis is a town in the Saarland, Germany. It has 38,400 inhabitants. It is on the Saar. From 1936 to 1945 it was called Saarlautern. Ford Motor Company has a plant there; it produces the Focus, C-Max and Kuga.

References

Other websites

Saarlouis (district)
Brandenburg (Low Sorbian: Bramborska, Low German: Brannenborg) is a state (Bundesland) in Germany. It has been a state since 1990. It is 29,480 km² in area. It has about 2.6 million inhabitants.

Until 1945 it was the biggest province in Prussia, with 38,278 km² and 3 million inhabitants. From 1949 to 1952 it was a state in the German Democratic Republic. In 1952 it became divided into three Bezirke (Potsdam, Frankfurt and Cottbus). The capital of Brandenburg is Potsdam.

Berlin is in the middle of Brandenburg. But it is not part of Brandenburg. It is a city state.

History 
 1373 Karl IV bought Brandenburg for his sons from the Wittelsbacher
 1539 Protestant Reformation
 1618 United with Prussia
 1815 Brandenburg became a province in Prussia
 1945 Brandenburg lost 32% to Poland
 1949 State in East Germany
 1952 Divided into three Bezirke (Districts)
 1990 State of the reunited Germany
Administration 
Brandenburg is divided into fourteen Kreise (districts):
 Prignitz
 Ostprignitz-Ruppin
 Oberhavel
 Uckermark
 Havelland
 Barnim
 Märkisch-Oderland
 Potsdam-Mittelmark
 Teltow-Fläming
 Oder-Spree
 Dahme-Spreewald
 Elbe-Elster
 Oberspreewald-Lausitz
 Spree-Neiße

Also Brandenburg has four Kreisfreie Städte (district-free city):
 Brandenburg
 Cottbus
 Frankfurt an der Oder
 Potsdam

List of Minister-Presidents 
 1945 - 1949: Karl Steinhoff
 1949 - 1952: Rudi Jahn
 1990 - 2002: Manfred Stolpe (SPD)
 2002 - 2013: Matthias Platzeck (SPD)
 since 2013: Dietmar Woidke (SPD)

Cities and counties 

Brandenburg is divided into fourteen (rural) counties (Landkreise),

and four urban districts (kreisfreie Städte),

 Brandenburg an der Havel
 Cottbus
 Frankfurt (Oder)
 Potsdam
Russian might mean:

Anything related to the country Russia
Russians, the people of Russia
Russian language
Russian Empire
Russian dressing, a sauce put on salads
Russian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language. It is the main language spoken in Russia. It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.

Russian, like other Slavic languages, is an Indo-European language. Russian is one of the three main East Slavic languages; the others are Ukrainian and Belarusian. More people speak Russian than any other Slavic language.

Written Russian does not use the Latin alphabet that English and the West Slavic languages do - some people do however, learn to write it in Latin letters. It mostly uses the Cyrillic alphabet, whose letters, like those of Latin, came from Greek, but are different from them. The other East Slavic languages and some of the South Slavic languages use the Cyrillic alphabet as well.
Russian is an official language of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations, along with English, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Chinese.

Standard Russian 

Standard Russian is also called modern literary Russian (Современный русский литературный язык). It first appeared at the beginning of the 18th century. Peter the Great was then working to make the state more modern. Standard Russian grew out of the dialect of Russian that was spoken by people in and around Moscow. In some ways, Standard Russian was also like the Russian used in government offices in earlier centuries.
All of Russia began to use Russian as the language of literature, education, and official communication. Until the 20th century, only the upper classes and people in cities spoke the literary language. Russians from the countryside continued to speak their local dialects. In the 20th century, all children were required to go to school. Many people had radios and televisions, which helped to spread Standard Russian. By the mid-20th century, Russian dialects had mostly disappeared. Standard Russian replaced them almost completely especially to talk to people from different oblasts.

Names 
In Russian, a person's name has three parts: the first name, the second name and the family name.

Parents choose the first name for their child. Some common Russian names for boys are Ivan, Vladimir, Mikhail and Nikolai. Some common Russian names for girls are Anna, Anastasia, Svetlana and Yekaterina.
The second name is the patronymic (Russian: otchestvo) and comes from one's father's first name. For example, a boy whose father is Ivan would havae as patronymic is Ivanovich. If a boy's father is Nikolai, his patronymic is Nikolaevich. If a girl's father is Ivan, her patronymic is Ivanovna. If her father is Nikolai, her patronymic is Nikolaevna. The patronymic of a boy ends with -ovich or -evich. The patronymic of a girl ends with -ovna or -evna.

Boys have the same family name as their fathers. Girls use their father's family name but an -a is added to the end of the name. A man whose family name is Romanov would have a son with the family name Romanov and a daughter with the family name Romanova.

If a man's name is Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov and has a son, Aleksei, and a daughter, Anastasia, the son's full name is Aleksei Nikolaevich Romanov, and the daughter's full name is Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova.
There are also many people in Russia whose family names are not Russian. Some of the family names have only one form, which is the same for both sons and daughters. Some examples are Glushko (a Ukrainian name), Rubinstein (a German/Jewish name) or Shevardnadze (a Georgian name).

Grammar

Case

Like Latin, Greek, and German, Russian has a case system. In Russian, it applies to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numerals and participles with a set of word endings (sounds/letters attached to the ends of words) that show the grammatical roles of words in a sentence. Because the grammatical roles are shown by the endings, word order is freer in than in English. There are six cases in Russian.
The nominative case, the form listed in the dictionary, is used for the subject of the sentence. The genitive case often shows ownership. The accusative case is used for a direct object, the dative case for an indirect object. The instrumental case is used for the tool or instrument with which something is done. The prepositional case is used after certain prepositions, such as "in" and "on", but other prepositions may require the use of other cases. Each case has other uses than those listed.

Gender and number

In Russian, nouns have one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neutral. This is the same for languages like French, Spanish, etc. Masculine nouns usually end in consonants, neutral nouns usually end in -o or -e, and feminine nouns usually end in -a or -я. The plural acts like a fourth gender because gender does not change plural words.

Adjectives
Adjectives

In Russian, an adjective must agree with the word that it describes in gender, case and number. In the nominative case, adjectives that describe feminine words usually end in -ая or -яя. Those that describe masculine words usually end in -ый, -ий or -ой. Those that describe neuter words usually end in -ое or -ее. Those that describe plural words usually end in -ые or -ие. The endings change depending on case.

References

Other websites

 
Languages of Russia
Languages of Azerbaijan
Events 
 January 14 – The Sex Pistols played their final show (until a 1996 reunion) at San Francisco's Winterland
 April 22 – The Blues Brothers make their first appearance on Saturday Night Live. The duo of Jake & Elwood Blues (John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd) are introduced by Paul Shaffer (as Don Kirschner) and perform "Hey Bartender"
 April 26 – Ringo Starr's, Ringo, a musical version of The Prince and the Pauper airs on American television. Starr's fellow former Beatle George Harrison provides the narration
 May 8 – Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler are the first humans on the Mount Everest without oxygen tanks
 July 25 – First human birth from in vitro fertilization
 August 6 – Pope Paul VI dies at the age of 80. Albino Luciani become the new pope, Pope John Paul I
 August 17 – Double Eagle II becomes the first balloon to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
August 26 – The first Canada Jam Festival is held in Ontario, featuring sets by the Doobie Brothers, the Commodores, Kansas, Dave Mason, and the Atlanta Rhythm Section
 September 28 – Pope John Paul I dies after 34 days in office
 October 1
 Vietnam attacks Cambodia
 Tuvalu gains independence from the United Kingdom
 October 16 – Karol Wojtyła elected pope, and calls himself Pope John Paul II
 November 18 – Jim Jones and his followers commit suicide
 November 27 – San Francisco politician Dan White assassinates Harvey Milk and George Moscone
 December 21 - John Wayne Gacy is arrested for the killings of 33 boys and young men.
 Garfield, a comic strip, debuts
 Space Invaders is created by the Taito Corporation
Births

January 

 January 13 – Tinga, Brazilian footballer
 January 25 – Volodymyr Zelenskyy, 6th President of Ukraine
 January 28 – Gianluigi Buffon, Italian footballer
 January 30 – Daniel Lindström, Swedish singer

February 
 February 7 – Ashton Kutcher, American actor

March 

 March 7 – Azis, Bulgarian singer
 March 11 – Didier Drogba, Ivorian footballer
 March 21 – Kevin Federline, American doofus

April 
 April 4 - Sam Moran, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
 April 6 – Myleene Klass, English musician
 April 30 – Tom Fulp, Newgrounds creater

May 
 May 22 – Katie Price, English model and singer

June 

 June 9 – Matthew Bellamy, English singer
 June 9 – Miroslav Klose, Polish footballer
 June 11 – Joshua Jackson, Canadian actor
 June 19 – Dirk Nowitzki,
 June 21 – Frank Lampard, English footballer
 June 29 – Nicole Scherzinger, American singer and actress

July 
 July 19 – Chiara Zanni, Canadian actress

August
August 

 August 22 – Jeff Stinco, Canadian musician
 August 23 – Kobe Bryant, American basketball player (d. 2020)

September 
 September 25 – Rafał Wiechecki, Polish politician
 September 28 – Bushido, German singer
 September 30 – Candice Michelle, American model and wrestler

October 
 October 2 – Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer
 October 6 – Carolina Gynning, Swedish model
 October 5 – Gerald Asamoah, German footballer
 October 7 – Alesha Dixon, English singer
 October 26 - CM Punk, American professional wrestler

November 
 November 25 – Ringo Shiina, Japanese singer

December 
 December 2 – Nelly Furtado, Canadian singer
 December 2 – Chris Wolstenholme, English musician
 December 18 – Katie Holmes, American actress

Deaths

January
Deaths

January 

 January 1 – Nicolae Simatoc, Romanian football player (b. 1920)
 January 5 – Sally Eilers, American actress (b. 1908)
 January 8 – André François-Poncet, French politician (b. 1887)
 January 13 – Hubert Humphrey, 38th Vice President of the United States (b. 1911)
 January 14 – Kurt Gödel, Czech mathematician (b. 1906)
 January 28 – Greta Johansson, Swedish diver (b. 1895)

February 
 February 2 – Wendy Barrie, English actress (b. 1912)
 February 9 – Hans Stuck, German racing driver (b. 1900)

March 
 March 21 – Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, 5th President of Ireland (b. 1911)

April 

 April 16 – Philibert Tsiranana, 1st President of Madagascar (b. 1912)

May
May 

 May 1 – Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer (b. 1903)
 May 2 – Vong Savang, Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Laos (b. 1931)
 May 9 – Aldo Moro, 38th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1916)
 May 13 – Sisavang Vatthana, 3rd Prime Minister of The Kingdom of Laos (b. 1907)
 May 14 – Robert Menzies, 12th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1894)
 May 17 – Armin T. Wegner, German writer (b. 1886)
 May 24 – Cyrille Adoula, 4th Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1921)
 May 30 – Tetsu Katayama, 46th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1887)
 May 31 – József Bozsik, Hungarian footballer (b. 1925)

June 

 June 2 – Santiago Bernabéu Yeste, Spanish footballer (b. 1895)
 June 12 – Guo Moruo, Chinese politician (b. 1892)
 June 24 – Ahmad al-Ghashmi, President of North Yemen (b. 1941)

July 
 July 26 – Mary Blair, American artist (b. 1911)

August
August 

 August 6 – Pope Paul VI (b. 1897)
 August 6 – Edward Durrell Stone, American architect (b. 1902)
 August 22 – Jomo Kenyatta, 1st President of Kenya (b. 1894)
 August 26 – Charles Boyer, French actor (b. 1899)
 August 26 – José Manuel Moreno, Argentine footballer (b. 1916)

September 

 September 7 - Keith Moon, English drummer (b. 1946)
 September 28 – Pope John Paul I (b. 1912)

October 

 October 9 – Jacques Brel, Belgian musician (b. 1929)
 October 17 – Giovanni Gronchi, 3rd President of Italy (b. 1887)

November 

 November 15 – Margaret Mead, American anthropologist (b. 1901)
 November 19 – Jim Jones, American cult leader (b. 1931)

December 

 December 3 – Golda Meir, 4th Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1898)
 December 10 – Ed Wood, American screenwriter (b. 1924)
 December 11 – Raúl Alberto Lastiri, 39th President of Argentina (b. 1915)
 December 27 – Houari Boumédiène, 2nd President of Algeria (b. 1932)
Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physics – Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson
 Chemistry – Peter D Mitchell
 Medicine – Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O Smith
 Literature -Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polnish writer and journalist
 Peace – Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat and Menachem Begin
 Economics – Herbert Simon

References
Events 
 January 15 – K.C. and the Sunshine Band's Harry Wayne Casey is seriously injured in an automobile accident in Miami, Florida.
 January 17 – Tommy Tucker, writer of "Hi Heel Sneakers", dies of carbon tetrachloride poisoning sustained while he was finishing floors in his home.
 January 20 – Ozzy Osbourne bites the head off of a live bat thrown at him during a performance. Osbourne is hospitalized with rabies.
 January 21 – B.B. King donates his personal record collection, which includes nearly 7,000 rare blues records, to the University of Mississippi's Center for the Study of Southern Culture.
 February 13 – A 300-pound gravestone from the grave of Lynyrd Skynyrd singer Ronnie Van Zant is stolen from an Orange Park, Florida cemetery. Police found the gravestone two weeks later in a dry river bed.
 February 20 – Pat Benatar marries her guitarist, Neil Giraldo on the Hawaiian island of Maui.
 March 4 – Frank Zappa's son Dweezil and daughter Moon Unit form Fred Zeppelin.
March 5 – Comedian and Blues Brother John Belushi is found dead of an apparent drug overdose in the Chateau Marmont Hotel in Los Angeles, California.
 March 18 – Teddy Pendergrass is severely injured in a car accident in Philadelphia. Pendergrass' injuries result in him being paralyzed from the waist down.
 March 19 – Ozzy Osbourne's lead guitarist, Randy Rhoads is killed in a freak accident in Leesburg, Florida when the plane he's riding in buzzes Osbourne's tour bus and crashes into a house. The plane's pilot and a female passenger are also killed.
 March 28 – In Los Angeles, California, David Crosby is arrested for possession of Quaaludes and drug paraphernalia, driving under the influence of cocaine and carrying a concealed weapon.
 March 29 – Stevie Wonder and Paul McCartney release their single "Ebony and Ivory".
 March 31 – The Doobie Brothers announce that they are breaking up.
 April 2 – The Falklands War begins.
April 15 – Billy Joel is seriously injured in a motorcycle accident in Long Island, New York. Joel spends over a month in the hospital undergoing physical therapy for his hand.
 April – Amy Grant marries Gary Chapman.
 April 26 – Rod Stewart is mugged in Los Angeles, California. Stewart loses his $50,000 Porsche to the mugger, but was not hurt.
 June 20 – The Falklands War ends.
 August 17 – The first mass production of compact discs begins in Langenhagen near Hanover, Germany.
 September 7 – The musical Cats begins its 18-year run on Broadway.
 September 30 – The TV show Cheers premieres.
 November 5 – First broadcast of The Tube was shown on Channel 4 in the UK.
 November 13 – Vietnam Veterans Memorial dedicated.
Births 
 February 14 – Marián Gáborík, Slovak professional ice hockey player
 April 10 - Chyler Leigh, American actress, singer and model
 June 21 – Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
 August 6 - David Knazovicky
 November 20 - Nathan Vetterlein, American YouTube personality

Deaths

January 

 January 10 – Paul Lynde, American comedian (b. 1926)
 January 22 – Eduardo Frei Montalva, President of Chile (b. 1911)
 January 22 - Tommy Tucker, American singer-songwriter (b. 1933)
 January 30 – Stanley Holloway, British actor (b. 1890)
 January 30 – Lightnin' Hopkins, American musician (b. 1912)

February 

 February 11 – Eleanor Powell, American dancer (b. 1912)
 February 11 – Takashi Shimura, Japanese actor (b. 1905)
 February 12 – Victor Jory, Canadian actor (b. 1902)
 February 17 – Thelonious Monk, American jazz pianist (b. 1917)
 February 17 – Lee Strasberg, American actor (b. 1901)

March
March 

 March 1 – Charlie Spivak, American trumpeter (b. 1905)
 March 2 – Philip K. Dick, American writer (b. 1928)
 March 5 – John Belushi, American actor (b. 1949)
 March 6 – Ayn Rand, American writer (b. 1905)
 March 19 – Randy Rhoads, American guitarist (b. 1956)
 March 29 – Carl Orff, German composer (b. 1895)
 March 29 - Walter Hallstein, German educator (b. 1901)

April 

 April 15 – Riccardo Billi, Italian actor (b. 1906)
 April 24 – Ville Ritola, Finnish long-distance runner (b. 1896)

May 

 May 8 – Bernie Glow, American jazz musician (b. 1926)
 May 22 - Cevdet Sunay, 5th President of Turkey (b. 1899)
 May 29 – Romy Schneider, Austrian-French actress (b. 1938)

June 

 June 2 - Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, President of Pakistan (b. 1904)
 June 8 – Satchel Paige, American baseball player (b. 1906)
 June 13 – Riccardo Paletti, Italian racing driver (b. 1958)
 June 13 – King Khalid of Saudi Arabia (b. 1912)
 June 18 – Curd Jürgens, German actor (b. 1915)
July 
 July 4 – Antonio Guzmán Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1911)
 July 6 – Bob Johnson, American baseball player (b. 1905)
 July 8 – Gunnar Eriksson, Swedish cross-country skier (b. 1921)
 July 16 – Charles Robberts Swart, State President of South Africa (b. 1894)
 July 22 – Sonny Stitt, American saxophonist (b. 1924)

August 

 August 12 – Henry Fonda, American actor (b. 1905)
 August 12 – Tomás Romero Pereira, President of Paraguay (b. 1886)
 August 12 – Salvador Sanchez, Mexican professional boxer (b. 1959)
 August 21 – Sobhuza II of Swaziland, King of Swaziland (b. 1899)
 August 23 – Alfred S. Bloomingdale, American heir (b. 1916)
 August 27 – Atilla Altikat, Turkish military diplomat (b. 1937)
 August 29 – Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (b. 1915)
 August 29 – Nahum Goldmann, founder of the Jewish World Congress (b. 1895)

September
September 

 September 1 – Ludwig Bieberbach, German mathematician (b. 1886)
 September 5 – Douglas Bader, British fighter pilot (b. 1910)
 September 14 – Kristjan Eldjarn, 3rd President of Iceland (b. 1916)
 September 14 – Bachir Gemayel, elect President of Lebanon (b. 1947)
 September 14 – Grace Kelly, American actress (b. 1929)

October 

 October 4 – Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, President of Iraq (b. 1914)
 October 4 – Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1898)
 October 4 – Kunwar Inderjit Singh, Prime Minister of Nepal (b. 1906)
 October 4 – Glenn Gould, Canadian pianist (b. 1932)
 October 8 – Fernando Lamas, Argentine actor (b. 1916)
 October 8 – Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker, English peace activist (b. 1889)
 October 18 – Bess Truman, First Lady of the United States (b. 1885)
 October 18 – Pierre Mendès France, Prime Minister of France (b. 1907)
 October 18 - John Robarts, Canadian politician, 17th Premier of Ontario (b. 1917)
 October 26 - Giovanni Benelli, Italian cardinal (b. 1921)
November 

 November 10 – Leonid Brezhnev, 4th President of the Soviet Union (b. 1906)
 November 18 – A.K. Nazmul Karim, Bangladeshi sociologist (b. 1922)
 November 22 – Stanisław Ostrowski, President of Poland-in-exile (b. 1892)

December 

 December 8 – Marty Robbins, American singer-songwriter (b. 1925)
 December 20 – Arthur Rubinstein, Polish-American pianist (b. 1887)
 December 23 – Jack Webb, American actor (b. 1920)
Movies released 
 48 Hrs.
 Annie
 The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas
 Blade Runner
 Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean
 Class of 1984
 Conan the Barbarian
 Das Boot
 Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid
 Death Wish II
 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
 Fanny and Alexander
 Fast Times at Ridgemont High
 First Blood
 Frances
 Friday the 13th, Part 3
 Gandhi
 Grease 2
 Halloween III: Season of the Witch
 Megaforce
 Missing
 My Favorite Year
 An Officer and a Gentleman
 Parasite
 Poltergeist
 Porky's
 Richard Pryor Live on Sunset Strip
 The Road Warrior
 Rocky III, starring Sylvester Stallone
 The Secret of NIMH
 Sophie's Choice
 Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan
 Time Stands Still
 Tootsie
 Tron
 The Verdict
 Veronika Voss
 Victor/Victoria
 The World According to Garp
 Yol
Hit songs 
 "867-5309 Jenny" – Tommy Tutone
 "Always On My Mind" – Willie Nelson
 "Believer" – Ozzy Osbourne
 "Body Language" – Queen
 "The Day Before You Came" – ABBA
 "Don't Talk To Strangers" – Rick Springfield
 "Electric Eye" – Judas Priest
 "Even the Nights are Better" – Air Supply
 "Eye In The Sky" – Alan Parsons Project
 "Flying High Again" – Ozzy Osbourne
 "Freeze Frame" – J. Geils Band
 "Gloria" – Laura Branigan
 "Gypsy" – Fleetwood Mac
 "Head Over Heels" – ABBA
 "Heart Attack" – Olivia Newton-John
 "Heat Of The Moment" – Asia
 "Hold Me" – Fleetwood Mac
 "Hungry Like The Wolf" – Duran Duran
 "Hurts So Good" – John Cougar
 "I'm Afraid of Me" – Culture Club
 "Invisible Sun" – The Police
 "Love Will Turn You Around" – Kenny Rogers
 "Make A Move On Me" – Olivia Newton-John
 "The Message" – Grandmaster Flash
 "Open Arms" – Journey
 "Our Lips Are Sealed" – The Go-Gos
 "Over The Mountain" – Ozzy Osbourne
 "Planet Rock" – Afrika Bambaataa
 "Pressure" – Billy Joel
 "Quiero Ser" – Menudo
"Rock The Casbah" – The Clash
 "Rosanna" – Toto
 "Shake It Up" – The Cars
 "Since You're Gone" – The Cars
 "Spirits In The Material World" – The Police
 "Still They Ride" – Journey
 "Sube A Mi Motora" – Menudo
 "Time (Clock of the Heart)" – Culture Club
 "TV Party" – Black Flag
 "Twilight Zone" – Golden Earring
 "Vacation" – The Go-Gos
 "Valley Girl" – Frank Zappa
 "We Got The Beat" – The Go-Gos
 "White Boy" – Culture Club
 "You Can't Hurry Love" – Phil Collins
 "You Should Hear How She Talks About You" – Melissa Manchester
 "You've Got Another Thing Comin'" – Judas Priest
New books 
 Jumanji by Chris Van Allsburg

Nobel Prizes 
 Physics – Kenneth G. Wilson, American physicist
 Chemistry – Aaron Klug
 Physiology or Medicine – Sune K Bergström, Bengt I Samuelsson, John R Vane
 Literature – Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian novelist and journalist
 Peace – Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles
 Economics – George Stigler

References
Professor (often shortened to Prof.) is an academic rank at most universities and colleges. The word professor comes from Latin. It means a "person who professes", so professors are usually experts in arts or sciences.  A professor is a teacher of the highest rank. Professors are often active in research. In many institutions, the job title 'professor' means the same as "instructor".
Description
A professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe, the title professor is the highest academic rank at a university. In the United States and Canada, the title of professor is also the highest rank, but a higher percentage achieve it.  In these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees (typically Ph.D. degrees) or equivalent qualifications, though some have master's degrees. Most professors teach in four-year colleges and universities. An emeritus professor is a title given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature and ongoing research. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary. However, they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, and so on.
The term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate professor, which are not considered non-tenured professors. In Australia, the title associate professor is used in place of reader, ranking above senior lecturer and below full professor.

Beyond holding the proper academic title, universities in many countries also give notable artists, athletes and foreign dignitaries the title honorary professor, even if these persons do not have the academic qualifications typically necessary for professorship and they do not take up professorial duties. However, such "professors" usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution. In general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis.
Adjunct 
An adjunct professor, also called an  adjunct lecturer or adjunct instructor is a non-tenure position in the U.S. and Canada. They usually rank below a full professor. They are usually hired on a contract basis. They are often hired as part-time instructors especially at universities and colleges with tightening budgets. The position of an adjunct can often lead to a full-time professorship. It is also an opportunity for professionals to teach part-time.
Salary
A professor's salary can vary by education, school, subject taught and country. A professor typically earns a base salary and a range of benefits. In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in her institution (e.g., department chair, dean, head of graduate studies, etc.) earns additional income. In the United States, in 2014, a tenured Law professor made an average of $143,509 a year. By comparison, those teaching history, English, the Arts or Theology make about half that amount. But both are far above the median income for a person in the US.

Average by country

Related pages 
 Lecturer
 Teacher

References

Other websites 
 What is a professor?; YouTube

Education occupations
Academia
Slope might mean:
An area of ground that tends evenly upward or downward
The degree to which a surface tends upward or downward
In mathematics, the ratio of the vertical and horizontal distances between two points on a line

Basic English 850 words
California, officially the State of California, is a state in the western part of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is the third biggest US state by land area (after Alaska and Texas) with 163,696 square mi (423,970 km2). It has more people than any other state with over 39 million people as of 2020. It also has more people than Canada. Its largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, and San Francisco. The capital is Sacramento. The states around its borders are Arizona to the southeast, Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south.

California is the US state with the largest economy. California's Silicon Valley is home to some of the world's most valuable technology companies, including Apple, Alphabet Inc., and Facebook.

What is now California was first settled by Native Californian tribes. It was explored by Europeans in the 16th and 17th century. It became the 31st state of the United States in 1850.
39% of people in California are Hispanic. California hosts a large Mexican American population. Hispanics are expected to number 23.7 million in 2050. Asians are the fastest growing ethnic group in California.

Many celebrities and rich people live in California. Los Angeles attracts tourists from all over the world due to its celebrity culture. Many movies and television shows are filmed in Los Angeles.

California is home to many immigrants. Recent immigrants in California are from Asia. Most immigrants in California come from Mexico (3.9 million), the Philippines (859,000), China (796,000), Vietnam (539,000), and India (513,000).
Many Latinos such as Peruvians, Brazilians, Dominicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Colombians, Venezuelans, Panamanians, Nicaraguans, Guatemalans, Argentines, Uruguayans, Bolivians, Mexicans, Hondurans and Salvadorans live in California. California is also home to a large Indonesian, Dutch, Surinamese, Indian, Chinese, Vietnamese, Bulgarian, Korean, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Cape Verdean, Romanian, Japanese, Hungarian and Egyptian population.

In 2021, the number of Hispanic and Latino residents in California had surpassed the number of white residents, with about 15.75 million Hispanics compared to 13.4 million white residents.
Geography
The geography of California varies depending on region. Southwestern California has small mountain ranges and the cities of San Diego and Los Angeles. Southeastern California has the Mojave Desert and Death Valley, the lowest place in the United States. The eastern part of the state has the highest point in the United States outside of Alaska: Mount Whitney, in the Sierra Nevada mountain range.

The cities of Sacramento, Bakersfield, and Fresno are in the Central Valley. The valley has the Sierra Nevada to the east and the Pacific Coast Ranges to the west. It is California's single most productive agricultural region and one of the most productive in the world. It produces more than half the fruit, vegetables, and nuts grown in the United States. More than seven million acres (28,000 km2) of the valley are irrigated by an extensive system of reservoirs and canals.
The west-central part of the state has some small mountains and the cities of San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. Northern California has the Cascade Range, the Klamath Mountains, and the Modoc Plateau. Far northern California does not have many people, but the San Francisco region and the Sacramento region are often thought of as part of northern California.

Climate

Flora and fauna
California is home to many animals such as racoons, the California condor, and the mountain lion. California’s official flower is the California poppy. California was once home to the Grizzly bear and the jaguar. California poppy is the official flower of California.

Culture

The state is a leader in three businesses: farming, movie-making, and high technology, mostly software and websites. Aerospace used to be a large industry there, but it has been downsized in the last 20 years.

California is very diverse. Today it has high numbers of Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, and Armenian Americans.
There are many earthquakes in California. They happen when two tectonic plates (parts of the Earth's crust) shift underground. Californians need to be prepared for earthquakes and often store extra food, water, flashlights, and first aid supplies in case of such an emergency.

California has more people than any other state in the United States. If California was a separate country, it would have the sixth largest economy in the world. California is probably the state with the most ethnic groups. It also has many different geographic features – mountains, deserts, and coasts. It is often called The Golden State. The state flower is the golden poppy. The post office uses "CA" as a shorthand for California, and the Associated Press uses "Calif." or "Cali."