Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Rupert's Land is a historical territory. Most of it is in Canada today, but some is in the United States. Originally, the Hudson’s Bay Company owned it. It is named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine.  who was the first head of the company. Charles II of England issued the lease, which gave the company a monoply over all fur trading along the rivers of the territory. In 1821, the company united with the North West Company from Montreal. North-Western Territory was added to the sphere of influence of the company. In 1869, the company sold its rights to both territories to the Canadian Dominion, which was the predecessor of modern-day Canada. In 1870, the Manitoba Act created the Canadian province Manitoba. Rupert's land was split: Parts of it were added to Saskatchewan, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec. In 1818, the border between Canada and the US was defined along the 49th latitude.  This means that part  of Rupert's land today make up the states Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana and South Dakota
. In addition, Rupert's land is an ecclesiastical province of the Anglican Church of Canada. It is also the name of an Anglican diocese in Manitoba.
Historical territories of Canada
British North America
Carcharhinus is one of the 12 genera of the requiem shark family, Carcharhinidae.

Like all members of the family, they have round eyes, and the pectoral fins are completely behind the five gill slits. Most species are viviparous: the young are born fully developed.
Species 
There are currently 34 known species of the Carcharhinus genus: 
 Blacknose shark, Carcharhinus acronotus
 Silvertip shark, Carcharhinus albimarginatus
 Bignose shark, Carcharhinus altimus
 Graceful shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides
 Grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos
 Pigeye shark, Carcharhinus amboinensis
 Borneo shark, Carcharhinus borneensis
 Copper shark, Carcharhinus brachyurus
 Spinner shark, Carcharhinus brevipinna
 Pacific smalltail shark, Carcharhinus cerdale
 Nervous shark, Carcharhinus cautus
 Coates' shark, Carcharhinus coatesi
 Whitecheek shark, Carcharhinus dussumieri
 Silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis
 Creek whaler, Carcharhinus fitzroyensis
 Galapagos shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis
 Pondicherry shark, Carcharhinus hemiodon
 Finetooth shark, Carcharhinus isodon
 Smooth tooth blacktip shark, Carcharhinus leiodon
 Bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas
 Blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus
 Oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus
Hardnose shark, Carcharhinus macloti
 Carcharhinus macrops
 Blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus
 Dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus
 Caribbean reef shark, Carcharhinus perezii
 Sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus
 Smalltail shark, Carcharhinus porosus
 Blackspot shark, Carcharhinus sealei
 Night shark, Carcharhinus signatus
 Spot-tail shark, Carcharhinus sorrah
 Australian blacktip shark, Carcharhinus tilstoni
 Carcharhinus tjutjot
The Kawasaki T-4 is a Japanese military training plane built in all-metal. It is used only by the Japanese Air Force, and in particulary by the Blue Impulse aerobatic team. The Kawasaki T-4 is a twin-turbojets two seats aircraft.

Military aircraft
Military of Japan
Melissa Ivy Rauch (born June 23, 1980) is an American actress and comedian. She works mainly on television. She plays Bernadette on the television sitcom The Big Bang Theory. Rauch was born in Marlboro Township, New Jersey.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New Jersey
1980 births
Living people
The blacknose shark (Carcharhinus acronotus) is a species of requiem shark, in the genus Carcharhinus. Found along the eastern coast of the Americas, this species is found mainly in coastal waters over beds of seagrass, sandy flats, and shell or coral rubble. The Blacknose shark is quite a small species of shark, with adults reaching a maximum length of 4.6 feet (1.4 metres). This shark gets its name from the black spot on the tip of its snout.
Description
 
Blacknose sharks are quite small and slender with a long rounded snout and large eyes. This shark gets it's name from the black spot under the tip of the snout. The Blacknose shark has two dorsal fins. The first dorsal fin is located over the free margins of the pectoral fins, and the second dorsal fin is over or slightly infront of the anal fin. The margin of the anal fin is deeply notched. This species does not have an interdorsal ridge (ridge between dorsal fins), and the caudal peduncle doesn't have a keel. 
The Blacknose shark is grey to greenish grey with black tips on the second dorsal fin and dorsal caudal lobe. The black spot under the tip of the snout makes this shark easy to differ from other shark species which are found in the same region.
The upper jaw of the Blacknose shark has 12-13 rows of teeth on each side with 11-12 rows on the lower jaw. Teeth on the upper jaw are quite narrow and triangular with slanting cusps along with rough serrations along the bases than the tips. The lower jaw also has cusped serrated teeth with broad bases. There is one symphysial tooth in the upper jaw and one or two in the lower jaw.
The average length of a full-grown Blacknose shark is around 4.1 feet (1.2 metres), reaching a maximum size of 4.6 feet (1.4 metres). This shark usually weighs about 22 pounds (10 kg) at maturity. The Blacknose shark is quite a fast growing species, with both males and females reaching maturity at the lengths of about 1 metre.
Habitat
The Blacknose shark is found in the continental and insular shelves off the eastern coast of the Americas, as far north as North Carolina and as far south as southern Brazil, including the Bahamas, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. They around found mainly in coastal waters over beds of seagrass, sandy flats, and shell or coral rubble. This species is found in different areas depending on the size and gender. Usually, only young sharks are encountered in shallow water, as the adults like depths greater than 9 metres (30 feet) and is most common at 18–64 metres (59–210 feet). 
Blacknose sharks found off the Atlantic coast of the southern United States migrate northward in the summer and southward in the winter; a similar migration occurs for the Blacknose sharks in the Gulf of Mexico.
Reproduction
Blacknose sharks are viviparous, and mate in late May and early June and have a 10-11 month gestation period. Currently, Blacknose sharks seem to have two different reproductive cycles in the Northwestern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Studies have shown that female Blacknose sharks in the Gulf of Mexico reproduce every year, while females in the Atlantic reproduce once every two years.
One litter of Blacknose sharks can contain 3-6 pups, but the usual number is 4. At birth, the young measure 43–51 cm in length. Both genders mature at about 2 years of age. Bulls Bay, South Carolina, United States is one known nursery area for this species.

Feeding
The Blacknose shark is a quick swimmer, feeding on small fish including pinfish, croakers, porgies, anchovies, spiny boxfish, and porcupine fish. It is also known to feed on octopus.
Human interaction
Blacknose sharks are of small commercial fishery importance, however it is fished as a gamefish, for the decent fight it gives when caught on light tackle. When it is harvested, this shark is often dried before being marketed for human consumption. This shark poses little threat to humans and has never been reported in a shark attack case. However, when confronted by divers, the Blacknose shark has been reported to give a threat display in the form of a hunched back with head raised and caudal lowered.

References

Sharks
In mathematics a holomorphic function is a function that is defined on the complex numbers plane, and that can be differentiated everywhere where it is defined. Differentiating the function again leads to a function defined on the complex numbers. In older literature, these functions are sometimes called regular. 

Holomorphic functions show a number of properties function defined on real numbers do not have.

Functions and mappings
Complex analysis
County Monaghan (in Gaelic ) is a county in  Ireland. It is part of the province of Ulster. It is also part of the Border Region, as it borders Northern Ireland. It is named after the town of Monaghan. 60,483 people live in the county according to the 2011 census.

Towns and villages
The main towns and villages are:

 Ballinode
 Ballybay
 Carrickmacross
 Castleblayney
 Clones
 Doohamlet
 Emyvale
 Inniskeen
 Glaslough
 Killanny
 Knockatallon
 Magheracloone
 Monaghan
 Newbliss
 Rockcorry
 Scotshouse
 Scotstown
 Smithborough
 Threemilehouse
 Tydavnet
 Tyholland

Largest Towns in County Monaghan (2011 Census)
1.  Monaghan - 7,452 people
2.  Carrickmacross - 4,925 people 
3.  Castleblayney - 3,634 people 
4.  Clones - 1,761 people 
5.  Ballybay - 1,461 people

Geography
Geography

There is a lot of countryside in County Monaghan. There are a few mountains like Mullyash Mountain, Slieve Beagh (on the border with Tyrone and Fermanagh) and Coolberrin Hill (214 m, 702 ft). Lakes include Lough Egish, Lough Fea, Muckno Lough, Lough Avaghon, Inner Lough (in Dartrey Forest), Drumlona Lough, White Lough and Emy Lough. 

Rivers in Monaghan include the River Fane (along the Louth border), the River Glyde (along the Louth and Meath borders), the Ulster Blackwater (along the border with County Tyrone) and the Dromore river (along the border of County Cavan, linking Cootehill to Ballybay). The Ulster Canal runs through Monaghan, but is not fully open to navigation. 

Monaghan has a number of forests, including Rossmore Forest, Dartrey Forest and Dún na Rí Forest Park. Managed by Coillte since 1988, the majority of trees are conifers. Due to a long history of intensive farming and recent intensive forestry practices, only small pockets of native woodland remain.
History
In 1585, the English lord deputy of Ireland, Sir John Perrot, visited the area and met the Irish chieftains. They wanted Ulster to be divided into counties, and that land in the kingdom of Airgíalla be split up and given to each of the McMahon chiefs. That is how County Monaghan was created. The county was divided into five baronies: Farney, Cremorne, Dartrey, Monaghan and Truagh, which was left under the control of the McKenna chieftains.

After the defeat of the rebellion of Hugh O'Neill, The O'Neill and the Ulster chieftains in 1603, the county was not colonised by the English ("planted") like the other counties of Ulster. The lands were instead left in the hands of the native chieftains. In the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the McMahons and their allies joined the general rebellion of Irish Catholics. Following their defeat, some plantation of the county took place with Scottish and English families.
Famous people from Monaghan
County Monaghan is the birthplace of the poet and writer Patrick Kavanagh, who based much of his work in the county. Kavanagh is one of the most significant figures in 20th century Irish Poetry. The poems Stony Grey Soil and Shancoduff refer to the county. 

George Collie (1904–75) is a famous painter from Monaghan. He was born in Carrickmacross and trained at the Dublin Metropolitan School of Art. 

Monaghan was also the home county of the Irish writer Sir Shane Leslie (1885–1971), 3rd Baronet of Glaslough, who lived at Castle Leslie in the north-east corner of the county. He was a Catholic convert, Irish nationalist and first cousin of British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill. Leslie became an important literary figure in the early 1900s. He was a close friend of many politicians and writers of the day including the American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940), who dedicated his second novel, The Beautiful and Damned, to Leslie.

Notes

Other websites
Other websites

Monaghan County Council
Monaghan Tourism Map 
History: Overview and Resources , The McMahon Story, Clogherhistory.ie
Description of County Monaghan (1900)
Monaghan Architecture 

Monaghan
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (which is known as SNAP) is a food assistance program in the United States. It supplies food for no-income or low-income people. Hot foods, medicines, and alcoholic drinks are not included. The program was originally called Food Stamp Program. It was renamed in 2008 through farm bills. The term EBT is often used.

During fiscal year 2012, close to $75 billion for assistance in food was distributed. As of September 2012, almost 48 million people received benefits. The average amount was less than $135 per month. Some states get more food assistance than other states.

Food and drink
United States Department of Agriculture
Social security
Ilyushin Il-14 (Ильюшин Ил-14; NATO reporting name: Crate) was a Soviet twin-engine cargo aircraft for small and medium-haul airline routes and a military transport, produced by Ilyushin.

Soviet & Russian aircraft
Civil aircraft
The Antonov An-2 is a Soviet airliner & cargo aircraft. It was designed and built after World War II. It is a biplane. It can carry between nine and eleven passengers. NATO calls it Colt. It was built under licence in China as Y-5. It is a single-engine aircraft.

Variants 
 Antonov An-3 

Soviet & Russian aircraft
Soviet military aircraft
The Robin DR400 is a French light aircraft. It is made of wood and metal. It is used for training and sport. It is designed and built by Avions Robin in Côte-d'Or. 

Civil aircraft
Aviation in France
In Christianity, different groups disagree about who can be a priest. Protestants believe that any baptized believer can become a priest (though denominations can vary depending on the question of gender), and that anyone can talk directly to God.  Ordination is not necessarily needed to become a priest, however, the unordained are generally referred to as, "Preachers," and the term "Pastor" can be used interchangeably. 

In contrast, Roman Catholics believe that only male believers can become priests and that they must receive special training because they intercede between God and His people.  Pope Paul VI in 1964 issued a papal bull called Lumen Gentium: In it, he stated the position the Roman Catholic church held after the Second Vatican Council:
History 
The first person who spoke about this was Martin Luther. Luther did not use the exact phrase "priesthood of all believers". He says that there is  a general priesthood in Christendom in his 1520 To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation. In this text, he also dismisses the medieval view that Christians in the present life were to be divided into two classes: "spiritual" and "secular". He put forward the doctrine that all baptized Christians are "priests" and "spiritual" in the sight of God:
That the pope or bishop (..) dresses differently from the laity, may make a hypocrite or an idolatrous oil-painted icon, but it in no way makes a Christian or spiritual human being. In fact, we are all consecrated priests through Baptism, as St. Peter in 1 Peter 2[:9] says, "You are a royal priesthood and a priestly kingdom," and Revelation [5:10], "Through your blood you have made us into priests and kings."
Two months later Luther wrote  in his On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520):
How then if they are forced to admit that we are all equally priests, as many of us as are baptized, and by this way we truly are; while to them is committed only the Ministry (ministerium Predigtamt) and consented to by us (nostro consensu)? If they recognize this they would know that they have no right to exercise power over us (ius imperii, in what has not been committed to them) except insofar as we may have granted it to them, for thus it says in 1 Peter 2, "You are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a priestly kingdom." In this way we are all priests, as many of us as are Christians. There are indeed priests whom we call ministers. They are chosen from among us, and who do everything in our name. That is a priesthood which is nothing else than the Ministry. Thus 1 Corinthians 4:1: "No one should regard us as anything else than ministers of Christ and dispensers of the mysteries of God."
But you are not like that, for you are a chosen people. You are royal priests, a holy nation, God’s very own possession. As a result, you can show others the goodness of God, for he called you out of the darkness into his wonderful light.

References

Protestant theology
Church organization
The Juvenile Miscellany was a 19th-century American bimonthly children's magazine published in Boston, Massachusetts between 1826 and 1836.  It was founded by Lydia Maria Child. Publishers varied over the years, but the original publisher was John Putnam. Sarah Josepha Hale edited the magazine as a monthly between September 1834 and April 1836.

History
The magazine was founded in 1826 by Lydia Maria Child. She supervised its bimonthly publication between September 1826 and August 1834. Child's interest in abolitionism and the publication in 1833 of her antislavery book, An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans, led to Child being socially shunned. Subscriptions to the magazine dropped off. Child left her editorial position.
Child wrote in the magazine to child readers when leaving the magazine in 1834: "After conducting the Miscellany for eight years, I am now compelled to bid a reluctant and most affectionate farewell to my little readers. May God bless you, my young friends, and impress deeply upon your hearts the conviction that all true excellence and happiness consists in living for others, not for yourselves. ... I intend hereafter to write other books for your amusement and instruction; and I part from you with less pain, because I hope that God will enable me to be a medium of use to you, in some other form than the Miscellany."

Content  
The magazine's content emphasized middle class Protestant values. It featured poems, stories, puzzles, and informative articles. The magazine was didactic. It provided amusement and imparted moral lessons while avoiding the piety so common in children's literature of the period.
The magazine was ground-breaking. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature writes, "The calm security of the lives of the children in the stories, the affection they receive, and their childishness were something new in American writing." 

The writers who contributed to its pages included Eliza Leslie, Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Hannah Flagg Gould, Sarah Josepha Hale, Caroline Howard Gilman, and Anna Maria Wells.  Child herself contributed  as "Aunt Maria".
Response
The magazine was hugely popular. Within four months of its debut, the magazine had 850 subscribers. While stories stressed the Protestant ethic, they were never boring. Caroline Healy Dall wrote in the Unitarian Review in 1883:"No child who read the Juvenile Miscellany ... will ever forget the excitement that the appearance of each number caused. ... The children sat on the stone steps of their house doors all the way up and down Chestnut Street in Boston, waiting for the carrier. He used to cross the street, going from door to door in a zigzag fashion; and the fortunate possessor of the first copy found a crowd of little ones hanging over her shoulder from the steps above. ... How forlorn we were if the carrier was late!"

Notes

References
 

19th-century American children's magazines
19th-century monthly magazines
Magazines published in Boston
Defunct magazines of the United States
"Papaoutai" is a song by Stromae, a singer from Belgium. It was released digitally in Belgium on May 13, 2013. It peaked at number 2 in Belgium and at number 15 in France.

Music Video
The video was released on June 6 on Youtube, with a length of three minutes and fifty three seconds.

Charts

Weekly Charts

References

2013 songs
PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch is a three-hour block of children's cartoons on the television channel PBS. The block was usually shown on Saturday or Sunday mornings. The block is produced by Nelvana. It began showing on 30 September 2000. It was last aired on 4 September 2004.

Programs
Timothy Goes to School
Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse
Seven Little Monsters
George Shrinks
CorduroyElliot Moose

PBS Kids shows
The Peugeot J7 is a van designed and built in France between 1965 and 1980. Some were built as ambulances, light fire-trucks, police vans, minibuses, or recreational vehicles.

Front wheel drive vehicles
The Paris-Saint-Lazare railway station is a railway station in Paris. It is in the eighth arrondissement of Paris. It was built between 1842 and 1853. It serves the major city of Normandy, and the western suburbs and northwest of Paris.

It is served by metro lines 3, 9, 12, 13, and 14. 

Buildings and structures in Paris
Railway stations in Europe
Public transport in Paris
Le Tréport is a commune of Seine-Maritime near Dieppe. Situated on the coast of the Channel, it marks the border with Picardie. It's an important fishing harbor. Pebble beaches of Le Tréport are famous. It was the theatre of a famous battle of World War II, the Operation Jubilee.

Communes in Seine-Maritime
Exchange rate, also known as the foreign exchange rate, is how much one currency is worth compared to a different one. It is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. Exchanges rates can change for many different reasons, for example the inflation rate of a country. For much of the 20th century the Bretton Woods system fixed exchange rates.

Currency
Vasantha Vallabharaya Temple is a temple dedicated to the deity Vasantha Vallabharaya (the Hindu god Vishnu). It is in Vasantapura in Bangalore. It dates back to the Chola period.

References 

Hindu temples
Bangalore
Temples in India
13th-century buildings and structures
The Labrador duck (Camptorhynchus labradorius) is an extinct duck that lived in North America.

Habitat 
The Labrador duck lived along the sandy coasts and bays of New Jersey and New England. Audubon's son reported seeing a nest belonging to the species. Some believe that it may have laid its eggs on the islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It was a rare bird before European settlement, and the increase in humans probably finished it off.

Extinction 
The duck became extinct after settlers became common along the eastern coast of North America. The reasons are not clear. The duck was eaten, although its flesh tasted bad. its eggs were probably harvested. It depended considerably on shellfish, which humans may have eaten in large quantities.
Sources 
 Cokinos, Christopher 2000. Hope is the thing with feathers. New York: Putnam, pp. 281–304. 
 Forbush, Edward Howe 1912. A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states. Boston: Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, pp. 411–416.
 Fuller, Errol 2001. ''Extinct birds. Comstock Publishing, pp. 85–87. 

Ducks
The Tahiti rail (Gallirallus pacificus), also known as the  Tahiti red-billed rail, or Pacific red-billed rail, is an extinct species of rail. It once lived on Tahiti. The second voyage of James Cook in 1773 got one. It was described by Johann Reinhold Forster and painted by his son, Georg. The Tahitian name was ebōnā or ōmnā.

Name 
 
Due to confusion about the name, the name Rallus ecaudatus was commonly used in the mid-late 20th century to refer to this bird. This is, however, in error, as the name is a subspecies of the buff-banded rail. Today it is known as Gallirallus philippensis ecaudatus. Also, at least once, the Tahitian bird has been referred to by the scientific name of the Samoan wood rail, Gallinula pacifica, in a major scientific work.

Extinction 
Not much is known about the bird's extinction. One idea is that the bird might have been prey to other species. The bird's habitat had active volcanos.
Sources 
  Database entry of the bird includes justification for why this species is extinct.
 Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1879): [Description of Gallirallus pacificus]. In: Systema Naturae (13th edition) 1, part 2: 717.

Flightless birds
Extinct birds
Rallidae
Frank Benton Kelso II (July 11, 1933 – June 23, 2013) was an admiral of the United States Navy. He served as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) in the early 1990s. 

Kelso was born on July 11, 1933 in Fayetteville, Tennessee. He studied at University of the South. Kelso was married Landess McCown until his death in 2013. They had four children. Kelso died on June 23, 2013 in Fayetteville, Tennessee from a fall, aged 79.

References

1933 births
2013 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Military people from Tennessee
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a sexual condition that is characterized by the lack of sexual fantasy and desire for sexual activity. For this to be judged as a disorder, the condition has to cause strong distress or interpersonal troubles, and should not be better accounted for by another mental disorder or drugs. The condition was first discovered around the late 1960s or early 1970s. The subtypes include women or men earlier having sexual interests for their partner, though that interest has since cooled down or faded away. In some cases, sexual partners, female or male, may have never had sexual desire to begin with. The condition may be triggered through other health problems.

Sexual disorders
Sir Percival was one of King Arthur's knights and a member of the Round Table. He proved himself to be one of Arthur's most loyal knights. Percival is most commonly known for retrieving Excalibur from a clan of mischievous faery creatures, whose only distinguishing characteristics were their brightly colored headwear and small stature. This eventually led to the present day Anglo-Saxon folklore of garden gnomes.

Percival is the Grail knight or one of the Grail knights in numerous medieval and modern stories of the Grail quest. Percival first appears in Chrétien de Troyes's unfinished Percivale or Conte del Graal (c. 1190). The incomplete story prompted a series of "continuations," in the third of which (c. 1230), by an author named Manessier, Percival achieves the Grail. (An analogue to Chrétien's tale is found in the thirteenth-century Welsh romance Peredur.)
In popular culture
The main character in the book Ready Player One has a virtual avatar named after Percival, but with a different spelling (Parzival).

Arthurian legend
Characters in written fiction
Fictional knights
Roger Johansson (born April 17, 1967, in Ljungby, Sweden) is a retired Swedish ice hockey defenceman that played a total of 4 seasons in the NHL.

Johansson started his playing career with the Färjestads BK of the Swedish Hockey League. He played 3 seasons with them and signed with the Calgary Flames of the NHL. He played 2 seasons with the Flames and went back to the SEL to join the Leksands IF for 1 season. After the season ended, Johansson rejoined the Flames. After his season with the Flames was over, he rejoined Leksands IF again for 1 season. He played 38 games with them and then signed with the Chicago Blackhawks after the 1994–95 NHL lockout was over and played 11 games with them before once again returning to the SEL to play with Leksands IF. He played 6 seasons with Farjestads BK Karlstad and was forced to retire because of an injury.

He also played with the Sweden men's national ice hockey team at the 1994 Winter Olympics when they won the gold medal.

Other websites
Other websites

Calgary Flames players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Swedish ice hockey defencemen
1967 births
Living people
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey defencemen
Oliver Optic's Magazine: Our Boys and Girls (sometimes, Oliver Optic's Magazine) was a 19th-century American weekly children's magazine. It was edited by boys' book writer, William Taylor Adams. Adams used the pen name "Oliver Optic". At its demise in December 1875, it was being published monthly. It became the most popular children's monthly in the United States.

The magazine was published in Boston, Massachusetts by Lee & Shepard. Publication began in January 1867. It had a nine year run, folding in December 1875. A 16-page single copy cost 6 cents; a yearly subscription was $2.50. Issues were reprinted in 1872 as Our Boys and Girls Mirror.
Contents included puzzles, rebuses, exercises in declamation with illustrations of appropriate gestures, dialogues, etc. Adams' serial story, Our Starry Flag, brought forth at least 100 letters from the magazine's readers. Adams felt compelled to write another story featuring the same characters  in order not to "disappoint his young friends". The magazine was hugely popular.

References

19th-century American children's magazines
American weekly magazines
Magazines published in Boston
Defunct magazines of the United States
The Outerbridge Crossing, also known as the Outerbridge, is a cantilever bridge that connects Perth Amboy, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It was designed by John Alexander Low Waddell and built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on June 29, 1928, the same day that the Goethals Bridge to Elizabeth, New Jersey opened. It was named after Eugenius Harvey Outerbridge, the first chairman of the Port of New York Authority. The bridge is of one of three bridges for cars that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Goethals Bridge and the Bayonne Bridge to Bayonne, New Jersey.

References

Other websites

Bridges in New York City
Cantilever bridges
Staten Island
1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
The Goethals Bridge is a cantilever bridge that connects Elizabeth, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It was designed by John Alexander Low Waddell, who also designed the Outerbridge Crossing. It was built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on June 29, 1928, the same day that the Outerbridge Crossing opened. It was named after George Washington Goethals, who was the first consulting engineer of the Port Authority.

The bridge of one of three bridges that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Outerbridge Crossing and the Bayonne Bridge in Bayonne, New Jersey.

The bridge was replaced in 2018 with a pair of cable-stayed bridges. The old bridge was demolished soon after. The new bridge has pedestrian and bicycle access, which the old one didn't have.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Bridges in New York City
Cantilever bridges
Staten Island
1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
2017 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in New York (state)
2017 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in New York (state)
Robert Merry's Museum was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was founded in 1841 by Samuel Griswold Goodrich in Boston, Massachusetts. The original Boston publisher was Bradbury & Soden. The monthly began publication as a 12.5 cent, 32 page magazine in February 1841. The number of pages had grown to 48 by November 1872, at which time the magazine was absorbed by The Youthful Companion.

The magazine was edited in the beginning by Goodrich. A number of editors followed him. Children's writer Louisa May Alcott edited between 1867 and 1869. She edited under her own name though other editors of the magazine used fictional names like "Aunt Sue", "Uncle Miles", "Hiram Hatchet", etc. Goodrich edited under "Robert Merry" and "Peter Parley".

References

19th-century American children's magazines
19th-century monthly magazines
Magazines published in Boston
Defunct magazines of the United States
Gyula Horn (5 July 1932 – 19 June 2013) was a Hungarian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Hungary from 1994 to 1998. He is best known for his role in Hungary's transition to democracy and his efforts to improve relations with neighboring countries.

Horn was born on July 5, 1932, in Budapest, Hungary. He studied economics at the Budapest University of Economics. He later worked as a journalist for the Hungarian Communist Party's newspaper, Népszabadság.

Horn became involved in politics in the 1960s. He quickly rose through the ranks of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP), which governed Hungary under communism. In 1989, he played an important role in negotiating the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary and in facilitating Hungary's transition to democracy.
After the fall of communism, Horn was appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs under Prime Minister József Antall. In this role, he worked to improve relations with neighboring countries, including Romania, Slovakia, and Austria. He was also instrumental in Hungary's efforts to join NATO and the European Union.

In 1994, Horn succeeded Péter Boross as Prime Minister after his coalition won a landslide victory in the parliamentary elections. As Prime Minister, Horn continued his efforts to improve relations with neighboring countries and oversaw significant economic and social reforms.

Horn's government implemented a series of measures aimed at improving the country's fiscal position and promoting economic growth. These measures included the introduction of a flat tax system, the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and the creation of a modern social welfare system.
Horn's time as Prime Minister was not without controversy. His government faced criticism for its handling of social issues and for its alleged involvement in corruption scandals. Horn's government also came under fire for its response to the 1997 floods that devastated parts of Hungary.

Despite these challenges, Horn is widely regarded as an important figure in Hungary's transition to democracy and its emergence as a modern, market-oriented economy. His efforts to improve relations with neighboring countries helped to ease tensions in the region and paved the way for greater cooperation and integration.

Horn retired from politics in 2002 and returned to journalism. He died on June 26, 2013, at the age of 80. His legacy as a statesman and a champion of democracy and peace is widely recognized, both in Hungary and around the world.
Early life and education 
Gyula Horn was a Hungarian politician. He was the country's Prime Minister from 1994 to 1998. He was born on July 5, 1932, in Budapest, Hungary. He grew up in a working-class family. Despite his family's financial struggles, he excelled academically and received a scholarship to attend university. Horn studied economics at Karl Marx University, where he became involved in politics and joined the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. He graduated in 1954 and began his political career shortly thereafter.
Administration and party career 
Gyula Horn was a prominent member of the Hungarian Socialist Party. He had a long and successful political career. He was first elected to parliament in 1971. He served in various government positions over the years, including as Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1994, he was elected as Hungary's Prime Minister and led the country through a period of economic reform and transition to a market economy. Horn was instrumental in negotiating the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Hungary and played a key role in the country's integration into NATO and the European Union. Despite facing criticism and opposition from some quarters, Horn remained a popular and respected figure in Hungarian politics until his retirement in 2004.
His role in 1956 
During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Gyula Horn played an active role as a member of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. At the time, he was a young journalist and served as the editor-in-chief of the party's daily newspaper, Szabad Nép. Horn was sympathetic to the goals of the revolutionaries. He advocated for reforms within the party to address the concerns of the protesters. However, when Soviet forces invaded Hungary and suppressed the revolution, Horn was forced to flee the country and went into hiding. Despite his role in the party, he was not considered a leading figure in the revolution and his actions during this period did not have a significant impact on his subsequent political career.
Illness and death 
In the years leading up to his death, Gyula Horn struggled with various health issues, including heart disease and lung cancer. Despite his declining health, he remained active in public life and continued to participate in political events and speak out on important issues. In 2013, he was admitted to a hospital in Budapest and had surgery to treat his lung cancer. However, his condition worsened and he died on June 19, 2013, at the age of 80. Following his death, Horn was widely mourned in Hungary and remembered as a respected statesman and a key figure in the country's transition to democracy.

1932 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from frontotemporal dementia
Politicians from Budapest
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Socialists
Emilio Colombo (11 April 1920 – 24 June 2013) was an Italian politician who was Prime Minister of Italy from 1970 to 1972. In 2003 he was appointed to be an Italian senator-for-life, a seat which he held until his death. In the first five years as senator, he was an independent. During the 16th term of the Senate in 2008-2013, he opted to join the parliamentary group UDC-independence.

Colombo was born on 11 April 1920 in Potenza, Basilicata, Italy. In November 2003, he admitted to have used cocaine (for "therapeutic purposes") over a 12- to 18-month period, and to be a homosexual. Colombo died on 24 June 2013 from natural causes in Rome, Italy, aged 93.

References

1920 births
2013 deaths
People from Basilicata
Gay men
Italian LGBT people
LGBT politicians
Prime Ministers of Italy
The Little Pilgrim was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between October 1853 and December 1868 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Leander K. Lippincott. It was edited by his wife, Sara Jane Lippincott, under the pen name, "Grace Greenwood". 

The Little Pilgrim was intended to replace the discontinued children's  magazine, Friend of Youth. F. O. C. Darley drew the picture of the boy pilgrim on the cover. In January 1857, the page size was reduced to about a third of its original height because "it was found that our paper was too long to fit on the book-shelves". The number of pages increased from 8 to 12 with the height reduction. The Little Pilgrim was absorbed by The Little Corporal in 1869.

References
References

Defunct magazines of the United States
19th-century American children's magazines
19th-century monthly magazines
Philadelphia
1853 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Pennsylvania
1860s disestablishments in the United States
19th-century disestablishments in Pennsylvania
1868 disestablishments
I Am Legend is a 1954 horror novel by American writer Richard Matheson. It helped the development of the zombie genre and in popularizing the idea of a worldwide apocalypse due to disease. 

The novel was a success. It was adapted to a movie as The Last Man on Earth in 1964, as The Omega Man in 1971, and as I Am Legend in 2007. It also came with a direct-to-video 2007 production capitalizing on that movie, I Am Omega. The novel was also the inspiration behind the 1968 movie Night of the Living Dead.

1954 books
Horror novels
20th-century American novels
Science fiction books
Tod Browning (born Charles Albert Browning, Jr.; July 12, 1880 – October 6, 1962) was an American motion picture actor, director and screenwriter. Browning's career spanned the silent and talkie eras. Best known as the director of Dracula (1931), the cult classic Freaks (1932), and classic silent movies with Lon Chaney. Browning directed many movies in a wide range of genres.

References

Other websites

Tod Browning bibliography via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center

Tod Browning at Virtual History

1880 births
1962 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
William Dodd Hathaway (February 21, 1924 – June 24, 2013) was an American Democratic Party politician from Maine.

Early life
Hathaway was born on February 21, 1924 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard University and at Harvard Law School.

Career
A Maine Democratic Party, in 1964 he was elected to the U.S. House, and he served from 1965 until 1973. This was a time of resurgence for Democrats in Maine, at that time a traditionally Maine Republican Party state. This same period saw the growth of the political careers of Edmund S. Muskie and Kenneth M. Curtis.

In 1972 Hathaway was the successful Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat held by Margaret Chase Smith. In 1973, Hathaway was one of the three senators who opposed the nomination of Gerald Ford to be Vice President. (The other two were Thomas Eagleton and Gaylord Nelson.) Hathaway served from 1973 to 1979. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1978, losing to William Cohen.
Personal life
Hathaway resided in the Washington, D.C. area after leaving the Senate. In 1990 he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to the Federal Maritime Commission, and he served as chairman from 1993 to 1996.

Death
Hathaway died on June 24, 2013 in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 89.

References

1924 births
2013 deaths
United States senators from Maine
United States representatives from Maine
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie (28 March 191426 March 1996) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Muskie was born in Rumford, Maine to a Polish family.

He was the Governor of Maine serving from 1955 to 1959, and a United States Senator from 1959 to 1980. He served as United States Secretary of State from 1980 to 1981 under the Carter administration. President Jimmy Carter gave Muskie the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981.

Muskie died in Washington, D.C. from congestive heart failure. He was 81 years old.

Early life
Muskie was born in Rumford, Maine on 28 March 1914. His father, Stephen Marciszewski (mar-chih-SHEF-ski) immigrated to the United States in 1903 and changed his name to Muskie.

Education
Muskie graduated from Bates College in 1936. He graduated from Cornell University Law School in 1939. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He served in the Atlantic and Asiatic-Pacific Theaters from 1942 to 1945.
Career
Muskie was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in the 1968 presidential election. Muskie later ran for President in the 1972 presidential election. After announcing that Muskie had lost, Muskie chocked with anger and began to cry. Afterwards, Muskie refused the fact that he cried at simply said that "melted snow flakes" in eyes and not tears. Muskie later said the reason he cried was that because newspapers insulted his wife.

Muskie held the highest office (Secretary of State) by a Polish American in U.S. history. If Muskie won the Presidential election in 1972, Muskie would have been the first Polish-American President of the United States.

In 1987, President Ronald Reagan appointed Muskie to serve in the Tower Commission to investigate the Iran-Contra affair.

Personal life
He was married to Jane Gray from 1940 until his death in 1996. He died of congestive heart failure. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

References

Other websites
Other websites

The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation
Edmund Muskie at Findagrave

1914 births
1996 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Governors of Maine
1972 United States presidential candidates
United States Secretaries of State
United States senators from Maine
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
Lewiston is a city in Androscoggin County in Maine, and is the second-largest city in the state. The population was 37,121 at the 2020 census up from 36,592 at the 2010 census. 

It is one of two principal cities of and included within the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area and the Lewiston-Auburn Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area. 

As of 2006 census estimates has a combined population of 107,702. It is also part of the extended Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine combined statistical area, which has a combined population of 621,219 as of 2006 estimates.

The city has the only basilica in Maine, Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul. It also has 5 colleges and universities, 44 listings on the National Register of Historic Places, the Androscoggin Bank Colisée, the Stephens Observatory, the Olin Arts Center, the Bates College Museum of Art, and two important hospitals: Central Maine Medical Center, and Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center.
While the most common language spoken in the city is English, it is home to a large Somali population. It also has the largest French-speaking population in the United States. But it is second to St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, in percentage of speakers.

The Farmers' Almanac is printed in Lewiston.

Newspapers
 The Sun Journal prints a daily newspaper in four different versions statewide. The Sun Journal was the winner of the 2008 New England Daily Newspaper of the Year and the 2009 Maine Press Association Newspaper of the Year.
 The Twin City Times is a free weekly newspaper printed in Auburn. It is publicly available in Lewiston as well. It features local news and short articles.

Public schools
Lewiston Public Schools is in charge of public schools.

 Lewiston High School (9–12)
 Lewiston Middle School (7–8)
 Farwell Elementary School (K–6)
 Raymond A Geiger Elementary School (K–6)
 Robert V. Connors Elementary School (K–6)
 Montello School (K–6)
 Thomas J McMahon Elementary School (K–6)

Other websites
Other websites

 City of Lewiston, Maine
 Lewiston Public Library
 Lewiston Sun-Journal Online
 L/A Arts
 Lewiston, Maine detailed profile
  The Public Theatre
The Bijou Theater is a gay adult theater and sex club in Chicago, Illinois. It was established in 1970, and is the oldest such theater and club in the United States of America.  It is located at 1349 N. Wells St. in Chicago's Old Town neighborhood. 

In January 1970, the Bijou opened on the first floor of a four story Victorian. The first movie shown was Richard Nixon's Checkers speech, named after Nixon's dog Checkers. The movie that followed was a gay porn movie.

In 1980, the Bijou expanded to the second floor, where a sexual playground was established. On this floor are booths, glory holes, a dungeon with slings, and a Saint Andrew's cross. The same year, the back yard was overhauled for summer frolicking. The Bijou was opened 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In 1984, the Bijou expanded to the third floor.

References

1970 establishments in the United States
Landmarks in Chicago
LGBT in the United States
Theatres in Chicago
1970s establishments in Illinois
BC Place is a sports stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia. The arena opened on June 19, 1983, and is the current home to the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League and the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of Major League Soccer.

It will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

History
The stadium was originally built for the Expo 86 which was held in Vancouver. Until May 4, 2010, the stadium was the world's largest air-supported domed stadium. It was deflated and replaced with a retractable roof. The Vancouver Whitecaps of the North American Soccer League played in the arena from 1983 to 1984. There have been 8 Grey Cup championship games held in BC Place in 1983, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1999, 2005, and 2011. The Vancouver Nighthawks of the World Basketball League played in the stadium for their 1988 season.
The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the XXI Olympic Winter Games and the opening ceremonies of the X Paralympic Winter Games. The stadium also hosted the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final game.

On September 2, 2023, an Ed Sheeran concert broke the attendance record with 65,061 people. The last record was held by U2 in 2009.

References

Other websites
Official website

Soccer stadiums in Canada
Buildings and structures in Vancouver
1983 establishments in Canada
Olympic venues