Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Magellan Telescopes are two 6.5 meter diameter optical telescopes at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. The two were named after the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan. Each telescope is also named; the Baade after astronomer Walter Baade, and the Clay after the philanthropist Landon T. Clay.

First light for the telescopes was on September 15, 2000 for the Baade, and September 7, 2002 for the Clay.

The Carnegie Institution for Science, University of Arizona, Harvard University, University of Michigan and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology worked together to build and operate the twin telescopes.

The Magellan Planet Search Program is looking for planets using a spectrograph mounted on the 6.5m Magellan II (Clay) telescope.

References

Other websites
 Magellan Project homepage 

Telescopes
Astronomical observatories in Chile
Las Campanas Observatory  is an astronomical observatory in the southern Atacama desert in Chile.  It is owned and operated by the Carnegie Institution for Science. It was built in 1969 as the main observing site for the Carnegie Institution for Science. The headquarters are located in La Serena, Chile and the observatory is about  northeast of the city. The observatory is at  above sea level.

On February 24, 1987, Ian Shelton and Oscar Duhalde first saw the Supernova 1987A (SN 1987A).
Telescopes
 Magellan Telescopes — Two 6.5m telescopes, Magellan 1 named after Walter Baade and Magellan II after Landon Clay
 Du Pont Telescope — 2.5-meter (100-inch), named after Irénée du Pont and in operation since 1977 
 Swope Telescope — 1m, named after Henrietta Swope
 Warsaw Telescope — 1.3 m, owned by Warsaw University Observatory
 Giant Magellan Telescope (under construction) — 24.5 m effective (seven 8.4 m segments)
 NANTEN Telescope (closed) — 4m millimeter-wavelength radio telescope, transported to Atacama desert, Chile.

There are also the small "Pi of the sky" wide-angle cameras that filmed the gamma ray burst GRB 080319B in 2008. This was the largest explosion ever seen in the Universe, and could have been seen without a telescope.

Other websites
Las Campanas Observatory 
Carnegie Institution for Science

References

Astronomical observatories in Chile
Atacama Region
Tyler Perry (born September 13, 1969 in New Orleans) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter, whose work plays are usually for encouragement to African Americans. Having started writing plays at age 18, Perry created a successful touring theater company, videos of whose performances were sold on DVD. As of March 2005, the plays had grossed over $75 million in ticket and DVD sales. He is well known for his plays on Madea.  At age 16, he had his first name legally changed from Emmitt to Tyler in an effort to distance himself from his father.

Filmography

Television work

References

Other websites 
Tyler Perry Official website
Tyler Perry's 34th Street Films Official website

Interview with Tyler Perry on beliefnet.com

1969 births
Living people
Actors from Louisiana
African American actors
African American movie directors
African American movie producers
African American writers
American Christians
Screenwriters from Louisiana
Writers from New Orleans
"Be Easy" is a song by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. The song peaked at number four on the Canadian Singles Chart, number 70 on the German Singles Chart and number 24 on the Portuguese Singles Chart. The song became the second single from Massari (2005). The music video won "Best Pop Video of the Year" at the 2006 MuchMusic Video Awards.

Charts

References

Massari
2005 songs
"Smile for Me" is a song by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. The song was the lead single from Massari (2005).

Charts

References 

Massari
2005 songs
Massari () is the debut album by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. It was released in 2005. It was certified gold for selling 50,000 copies in Canada.

Track listing

References

2005 albums
Debut albums
Massari
R&B albums
Pop albums
Hip hop albums
A spectrograph  is an instrument that breaks up a wave into a frequency spectrum. These could be sound, light or radio waves. For example the frequency spectrum of light is the brightness (intensity) and the amount of each colour. There are several kinds of machines called spectrographs, used to look at different waves. The term was first used in 1884.

A spectrograph is closely related to a polychromator.

Spectrographs and astronomy
In astronomy, the first spectrographs used photographic paper as the detector. The star spectral classification and discovery of the main sequence, Hubble's law and the Hubble sequence were all made using photographic paper. The plant pigment phytochrome was discovered using a spectrograph that used living plants as the detector. New spectrographs use electronic detectors, such as CCDs which can be used for both visible and UV light. The type of detector depends on the wavelengths of light to be recorded.
Echelle spectrograph
An echelle spectrograph is a special machine which is able to break up light waves, with a high resolution and little interference. It does this by using very narrow slits which breaks light into beams, and then breaking up those beams again.

References

 James, John (2007), Spectrograph Design Fundamentals (Cambridge University Press)

Other websites
Spectrograph for astronomical Spectra 

Astronomy
Physics
is a Japanese scientist. He studies the human brain. He works a researcher at Sony Computer Science Laboratories and teaches at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

Life
Mogi was born 20 October 1962 in Nakano Ward, Tokyo. His family soon moved to Kasukabe, Saitama where he grew up. He has an unusual hairstyle and cuts his own hair.

Studies
He graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1985 with a degree in science and in 1987 with a degree in law. Mogi earned his Ph.D. in 1992. His thesis was called "Mathematical Model of Muscle Contraction".

Legal problems
In 2009, Japan's National Tax Agency said that Mogi had broken tax laws. Mogi did not pay all of his taxes for three years. He tried to hide income of ¥400,000,000. NHK fired Mogi from a TV program because of his bad behavior.

References 

1962 births
Living people
Scientists from Tokyo
University of Tokyo alumni
Occupy Wall Street was a protest that started in 2011 in New York City and spread into other cities all over the United States. Citizens protested against how poor and wealthy people have lived in different ways and are treated differently by other people, and also against the way corporations used their money. People in New York started protesting in Zuccotti Park on September 17, and some people decided to camp there overnight. It grew to include several thousand people, with many different political views. Protesters included some communists, political moderates, liberals, conservatives, and libertarians.

Many of the Occupy protests in the rest of the country only started as in the middle of October. In some places, like Denver, Oakland, and New York City itself, police acted violently. In some places, including Miami, the protests were peaceful and some police officers supported the protests.  After 2011 the numbers of people involved dwindled away.
2011 in New York (state)
2010s in New York City
2010s protests
Thelma [ thel-muh ] is a female given name which in Greek means "will and volition". There are many celebrities going under this feminine name. Also, there are many television series featuring characters with the name Thelma. In addition, a deadly tropical cyclone by the name Thelma struck the Philippines in latter 1991. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

People
 Thelma Catherine Ryan, wife of U.S. president Richard Nixon
 Thelma Ritter, American actress
 Thelma Houston, American singer
 Thelma Aldana, Guatemalan judge
 Thelma Todd, American actress (1906-1935)

References

Given names
In astronomy, first light is the first time a telescope is used to look at the Universe. This is often not the first time the telescope has been used. Tests will have been done during daylight to make sure everything is working. Images taken during first light are not normally of scientific interest. They are usually poor quality as the parts of the telescope have not been properly adjusted for best performance. Usually, a well-known and spectacular astronomical object is chosen. First light is always a moment of great excitement, both for the people who designed and built the telescope, and for the astronomical community.

For example, the 200-inch Hale Telescope saw first light January 26, 1949, targeting a nebula located in the constellation Monoceros. under the direction of American astronomer Edwin Hubble. The image was published in many magazines.
The Large Binocular Telescope had its first light with a single primary mirror on October 12, 2005. This was a view of NGC 891, a spiral galaxy in the Andromeda constellation . The second mirror was installed in January 2006 and the telescope became fully operational in January 2008. 

In physical cosmology, first light refers to the light coming from the first generation of hyperstars. These were formed less than a billion years after the big bang, bringing an end to the cosmological Dark Ages.

References 

Telescopes
Early life
In March 1988 after a swimming lesson Vergeer became dizzy and passed out. Vergeer was just six years old at the time. Doctors found out that Vergeer was bleeding in her head. The bleeding had caused Vergeer to pass out. Vergeer had the blood removed. Six weeks later she went home. Yet the next year in June Vergeer had more headaches. She also had pressure behind the eyes and pain in her neck. The doctors could not find what was wrong. They sent her home. In October, doctors found Vergeer to be bleeding in her head again. They drained the blood. The doctors also found that Vergeer had an Vascular myelopathy. This abnormality caused the strokes that Vergeer experienced. On the 15 of January 1990, after a nine-hour operation Vergeer was unable to move her legs. The operation took place near to her spinal cord. Vergeer had one final operation in March but still could not move her legs.
Wheelchair tennis
Vergeer won her eleventh British Open singles title beating Griffieon in the final. Against Griffieon, Vergeer beat her for the forty ninth time. It was the first time that Vergeer had beaten her without losing a game. The tournament win was Vergeer's tenth US Open USTA Wheelchair tennis championships. Vergeer won her sixth U.S. Open by beating van Koot. Vergeer was good enough to reach both the singles and doubles events at the Masters.

References

Other websites

Official site
bio – file interview with Esther Vergeer

1981 births
Living people
Dutch Paralympic gold medalists
Dutch Paralympic silver medalists
Dutch wheelchair basketball players
Dutch wheelchair tennis players
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople from Utrecht (province)
Elizabeth Louise Kendall (born 1971) has been the MP for Leicester West since 2010. She is a member of the Labour party.

Labour Party (UK) MPs
1971 births
Living people
Nigel Keith Anthony Standish Vaz, known as Keith Vaz, was born 26 November 1956 in Aden, Yemen to Indian parents. He moved to Twickenham, London during his childhood. He was a MP for Leicester South.

In 2007, Vaz was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.

References 

1956 births
Living people

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
Korie Homan (born 16 June 1986, de Wijk) is a retired Dutch wheelchair tennis player. Homan was part of the current Paralympic doubles champion team. Homan is the former Australian Open Champion. She has won all the Grand Slam doubles titles. In 2009 she complete the Grand Slam with Esther Vergeer. In 2011 Homan retired from playing because of a wrist injury.

Early life
Homan was born to Jan and Gina Willem. Homan has two older sisters. At the age of 12 Homan was involved in a car accident. In 2003, when she finished school she had her leg cut off.
Homan first appeared on the wheelchair tennis tour in 2003. By the end of the season she had reached number 23. Homan did not have a ranking at the start of the year.  In 2004 at the age of 17 Homan won her first Masters title. She won the doubles with Jiske Griffioen. At the 2005 US Open Homan reached her first Grand Slam finals. She reached both the singles and the doubles final. In the singles she lost in straight sets to Vergeer. But she won the doubles with Vergeer. In 2006 Homan won her first two series one titles. She won both the singles and doubles titles in Livorno. Homan also reached her second Grand Slam doubles final. At the US Open Maaike Smit was her team mate. They lost in straight sets to Vergeer and Griffioen. The pair also lost the final of the Masters. Homan started 2007 by losing in the final of the Australian Open doubles. Her partner in the event was Florence Gravellier. They lost the final in a match tiebreaker. At the US Open Homan was joined by Sharon Walraven
. The pair reached the final before losing. Homan also had final defeats at the Super Series events of the British, Japan and US Opens. Homan lost both finals at the Masters. In 2008 Homan lost both the singles and doubles finals at the Australian and French Opens. She also lost in the singles final at the Masters. At the Paralympic Games Homan won a Gold Medal in the doubles event. She also won a silver medal in the singles. In the final she became the first player in over five years to hold match point against Vergeer. Homan's last competition was the 2010 Australian Open. In July 2011 Homan said that she had retired because of a wrist injury.
Outside of tennis
Homan has a degree in biomedical science. As of September 2010, she is studying Veterinary Medicine.

References

Other websites

Korie Homan  at the International Tennis Federation

1986 births
Living people
Dutch Paralympic gold medalists
Dutch Paralympic silver medalists
Dutch wheelchair tennis players
Sportspeople from Drenthe
A party realignment in the United States is when the country transitions from being mostly run by one political party to mostly run by another political party.  During party realignments, some groups of people who used to vote for one party vote for the other one.  Sometimes, political parties end and new ones begin.  Party realignments can happen because of important events in history or because of changes in the kinds of people in the country.

1820s
In the early 1800s, America had the "First Party System" with the Federalist Party and Democratic-Republican Party. When James Monroe was elected President of the United States, the Federalists died out. There was an "Era of Good Feelings" of one-party rule by the Democratic-Republicans. In the United States presidential election, 1824, four different men ran for President, all as Democratic-Republicans. John Quincy Adams was elected.
After the election, Andrew Jackson formed a new party called the Democrats. Jackson's party was strongest in the South and West, and in some cities (at this time, only a few Americans lived in cities). Soon after Jackson's election, another party formed around supporters of Adams and Henry Clay. It was first called the National Republican Party, and later the Whig Party. The Whigs were strong in the North, and among the middle class and businessmen. The system of Democrats and Whigs is called the "Second Party System."

1850s-60s 
After the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the "Second Party System" ended:
Whigs and Democrats who did not want to pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act (which would use popular sovereignty), and Free-Soilers (who, as a rule, opposed the expansion of slavery) formed a new party called the Republicans. The Republicans' main goal was stopping slavery, but they also liked many of the things the Whigs liked.
 The Whig Party broke up.  Some Whigs joined the Know-Nothing Party or other small parties for the 1856 election. More joined the Republicans or Democrats.
 In the 1860 election, Know-Nothings and Southern Democrats who supported the Union formed the Constitutional Union Party.  During and after the American Civil War, the Know-Nothings and Unionists were part of the Republican Party.
 In 1860, what was left of the Democratic Party broke into Northern and Southern wings, one on each side of the Civil War.
 By 1868, the Democratic Party came back together and there was the "Third Party System" of Democrats and Republicans.
1930s
America went from being mostly Republican in the 1920s to mostly Democratic in the 1930s.  This was due to America becoming much more urban, and the Great Depression.  Franklin D. Roosevelt formed a coalition that would mostly last until 1964 called the "New Deal coalition." 

Urban areas became very Democratic.  They voted very heavily for people like Al Smith and Roosevelt.  They had been growing rapidly, due in part to immigrants who were part of Democratic political machines.
African American citizens had been moving from the South into large Northern cities, in large part due to racial segregation.  Before the 1930s, they had either not voted or voted Republican.  Under Roosevelt, they mostly voted Democratic
Roosevelt also made gains in every part of the country, due to his mass appeal and the desire to end the depression
1960s-80s
In the 1960s and 70s, the New Deal coalition fell apart.  This was due to the  Civil Rights Movement, Roe v. Wade, Vietnam War and the suburbanization of America.  What changed:

After the 1964 Civil Rights Act, many white, conservative Southern Democrats became Republicans.  The South had been mostly Democratic before 1964; it was mostly Republican after (Although on the local level continued to be heavily democratic for decades).

Many "values voters" became Republicans.  These were people who voted based on their own form of morality. To them, abortion and gay rights were immoral. In the 1960s, sex was closely tied to morality.  In this way, people who opposed abortion and gay rights, for example Jerry Falwell, and the changes to society happening in the 1960s and 70s, became Republicans. (No source cited, dubious credibility.)

Republicans also made some gains among working-class Catholics, who are mostly conservative on social issues. (No source cited, dubious credibility.)
The Democrats were able to make gains among more liberal Republicans and with Latino voters. (No source cited, dubious credibility.)

Working-class Democrats voted for Republicans in the 1980 election. They were called Reagan Democrats because they voted for Ronald Reagan. (No source cited, dubious credibility.)

History of the United States
Politics of the United States
Krishna is an important God (Param Brahma) in Hinduism. He is considered to have been an avatar of the Vishnu. Krishna is believed to have been a real being who took part in the war known as the Mahabharata. He is a central character in the important Hindu scripture the Bhagavad Gita. Krishna belonged to a nomadic tribe of Abhiras known as Sāttvatas who inhabited the country (Surasena Janapad) near Mathura. These Sāttvatas or more properly the Yadavas of whom they were a branch were mentioned by Panini. Hindu often consider him a warrior, hero, teacher and philosopher and a great leader. He defeated the cruel Abhira King Kansa, who putted his sister, Devāki and her consort Vasudevā to jail.

References

Hindu gods and goddesses
A rotating furnace is a special type of furnace used to make lenses or mirrors for telescopes. Glass is placed in the furnace which is then spun up and heated. The top surface of the melted glass takes on a concave shape. The glass is cooled while still spinning. The spinning makes the glass the same shape as the main mirror used in a telescope. Computer controlled grinding machines can correct the shape of the glass. The concave top surface can be coated with silver and be used as a focusing mirror. The shape of bottom surface is made by the container the glass was melted in. The technology is being used for the Giant Magellan Telescope's seven mirrors. 

Large focusing mirrors can also be made using liquid mercury, such as the Large Zenith Telescope. The rotation is continuous and the metal remains liquid; once all waves and imbalances die out, the telescope is then used.

References

Telescopes
Optics
In an experiment, the parts being studied can be classed as either dependent or independent variables. The dependent variable is the possible outcome of the experiment; the effect. It depends on what happens to other variables in the experiment. The dependent variable is basically the part that you are changing. For example, if you want to know how much light a plant needs to grow, the amount of growth is the dependent. If you wanted to see if a plant would grow better in hot or cold areas your independent variable would be the temperature of the air.
The independent variable is the variable that you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate. It is usually what you think will affect the dependent variable. In some cases, you may not be able to manipulate the independent variable. It may be something that is already there and is fixed, something you would like to evaluate with respect to how it affects something else, the independent variable like color, kind, time. As an example, you are interested in how stress affects heart rate in humans. Your independent variable would be the stress and the dependent variable would be the heart rate. You can directly manipulate stress levels in your human subjects and measure how those stress levels change heart rate.

Mathematics
In mathematics, the dependent variable changes with the independent variable, hence the name (it depends on the independent variable).
In calculus, a function is a map whose action is specified on variables. Take x and y to be two variables. A function f may map x to some expression in x. Assigning gives a relation between y and x. If there is some relation specifying y in terms of x, then y is known as a dependent variable (and x is an independent variable).
A dependent variable is also known as a "response variable", "regressand", "measured variable", "responding variable", "explained variable", "outcome variable", "experimental variable", and "output variable".
 
If the independent variable is referred to as an "explanatory variable" then the term "response variable" is preferred by some authors for the dependent variable.

Experiments
Mathematics
Hamnet Shakespeare ( January 1585 
9 August 1596) was the only son of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway.  He was the twin brother of Judith Shakespeare. He died at age 11.  How he died is not known. There are several ideas about a possible relationship between Hamnet and his father's play Hamlet. Other ideas state there is a relationship between Hamnet's death and the writing of King John, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, and Twelfth Night. These ideas of a relationship became popular as early as the 18th century.  They continued into the 1930s.  In the 1930s, thinkers who believed in modernism and New Criticism said the relationship did not matter.  Modernism and New Criticism thinkers believe that a writer's life does not change his writing.   More recently, as New Criticism has become less popular, the ideas about Hamnet and his father's work have been talked about again.
Life
Hamnet was born along his twin sister Judith Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1585, as the son and daughter of William Shakespeare, a English playwright. The exact date of their births is unknown, but they were presumed to have been born sometime in January 1585. Hamnet Shakespeare died in Stratford-upon-Avon in August 1596. The exact date of his death is unknown, but is presumed to have been on 9 August 1596.

References 

1585 births
1596 deaths
People from Warwickshire
Twin people from England
The Large Zenith Telescope (LZT) is a 6.0 metre diameter telescope. It is in the University of British Columbia's Malcolm Knapp Research Forest, about  east of Vancouver. It is one of the largest  telescopes in the world. 

A zenith telescope is only able to look straight up. This means that it can use a mirror which is a smoothly spinning pan filled with liquid mercury. The LZT uses 28 litres of mercury, spinning once every 8.5 seconds. This type of mirror can be made much larger and cheaper than a conventional mirror, which means it collects much more light. This light is focused into a CCD to make an image. The LZT is used for "transit imaging". This means that earth's rotation moves stars past the telescope. Images can be taken by moving the sensor electronically in step with this movement.

The telescope was made in 1994 using parts from the three-metre diameter NASA Orbital Debris Observatory telescope, which was retired a couple years earlier after several years of use.

References
References

Other websites
 Large Zenith Telescope homepage
 A picture of the design.

Buildings and structures in Canada
Telescopes
Stéphane Frédéric Hessel (20 October 1917 - 27 February 2013) was a German-French diplomat and political activist. He was born in Berlin and became a French citizen in 1939. He was active in the Resistance in France during the Second World War. After the war, he was secretary to one of the writers of the United Nation's Universal Declaration of Human Rights and took part in World Conference on Human Rights that adopted Vienna Declaration He also opposed inequality in wealth and war by Israel in Palestine.

References

Other websites
 "Time for Outrage!"

1917 births
2013 deaths
French World War II resistance members
French diplomats
People from Berlin
French human rights activists‎
Background 
The Commonwealth forces, fighting as part of the United Nations, consisted of a number of British, Australian and New Zealand units. These included three Battalions of the 28th British Commonwealth Brigade,  the 1st Battalion The King's Own Scottish Borderers (KOSB), 1st Battalion King's Shropshire Light Infantry (KSLI) and 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. Brigadier George Taylor (United Kingdom) was the Brigade Commander. The British Commonwealth Division consisted of the 25th, 28th and 29th Brigades under the command of Lieutenant General James "Gentleman Jim" Cassels (later Field Marshal Sir James) and was part of 1 Corps. These units was arrayed against the Chinese Communist forces. 3 Battalion RAR was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel 'Frank' Francis Hassett.  Commonwealth forces main aims were to take a number of hill positions, and taking the main objective, Maryang San.
By 5 November, after the Australians were withdrawn to recover, Maryang San had been recaptured by the Chinese. It was a terrible blow to morale for those who had fought long and hard to capture it. The tactically important ground of Maryang San remained in the hands of Chinese forces for the rest of the war.

References

Further reading 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1951
Korean War
1950s in Australia
Biography 
He was born in Vienna as Ferdinand Maximilan Charles Leopold Marie, Duke of Saxony, later becoming Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the son of Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary (1818–1881) and his wife née Clémentine of Orléans (1817–1907). He was proclaimed prince regnant of Bulgaria on 25 June 1887 (O.S.)/7 July 1887 (N.S.).

On 20 April 1893 at the Villa Pianore in Luccia in Italy, he married Maria Luisa Pia Teresa Anna Ferdinanda Francesca Antonietta Margherita Giuseppina Carolina Bianca Lucia Appollonia, Princess of Bourbon-Parma, daughter of Roberto I of Parma. He was also thought to be bisexual, even after marrying his first wife.
They had four children, Boris III (born : 1894 : Varna Palace ,Sofia,Bulgaria–died : 28 August 1943 : Sofia, Bulgaria), Kyril (1895–1945), Eudoxia (1898–1985), Nadejda (1899–1958) and Maria Luisa died in 1899. On 28 February 1908 in Coburg Ferdinand married his second wife, Eleonore Caroline Gasparine Louise, Princess Reuss-Köstritz (1860-1917), daughter of Heinrich IV Reuss von Köstritz (1821–1894) and née Luise Caroline Reuss zu Greiz (1822–1875).

Ferdinand became king of Bulgaria after it became independent on 22 September 1908 (O.S.)/5 September 1908 (N.S.). He abdicated on 3 October 1918.

He died in Burglassschloßen in Coburg, and is buried in St. Augustin's Catholic Church.

References

Further reading 

Böttcher, Hans-Joachim: Ferdinand von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1861 - 1948  -  Ein Kosmopolit auf dem bulgarischen Thron. Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-89998-296-1.

Other websites 
 
 Historical photographs of the royal palace in Sofia
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Bisexual people
1861 births
1948 deaths
Bulgarian royalty
Botanists
Philatelists
In thermodynamics, the fugacity is a state function of any isothermal system. The fugacity, which has units of pressure, represents the tendency of a fluid to escape or expand isothermally. For gases at low pressures where the ideal gas law holds, fugacity is equal to pressure. The ratio  between fugacity  and pressure  is called the fugacity coefficient; therefore,  for an ideal gas.

The fugacity  is defined at fixed temperature  by the following differential relation:

where  is the Gibbs free energy,  is the molar gas constant, and  is the fluid's volume.  For any two isothermal physical states, represented by subscripts 1 and 2, the ratio of the two fugacities is as follows:

Thermodynamics
Laava is the stage name of Brazilian singer Fernanda Brandao.

Career 
In 2002 Fernanda released her single Wherever You Are (I Feel Love).  Although her music originates from Germany, Brandao considers herself Brazilian. Born on March 5, 1983 in Belo horizons (Minas Gerais) she grew up it in Rio de Janeiro.  Already at the age of 4 Fernanda danced with the Karneval in Rio and recorded samba folklore songs. She came from a musical family. Her mother produced some successful Brazilian pop songs and her aunt and uncle are well-known singers in Brazil. Fernanda spent much of her childhood time in studios.
When Fernanda was nine years old, her mother fell in love with a German man and they moved to Hamburg. She commutes back and forth between Brazil and Germany to dance. She also took up jazz, modern Dance, hip-hop, ballet, as well as vocal lessons in Germany . Fernanda trained physically, following styles such as box CUT, Tae Bo, BBP and crew class and became a licensed fitness trainer. Fernanda speaks four languages (Portuguese, Spanish, German and English). In 2001 she quit school, in order to give her all in recording music. Fernanda is currently in the band Hot Banditoz. 

She had been in many music videos as a back-up dancer for major international artistes including Enrique Iglesias, Kylie Minogue, Pink, Shaggy, Coolio, Gabriella Cilmi, Safri Duo and rock group Seed.

References

Other websites 
 Fernanda Brandao Official website

1983 births
Living people
Brazilian singers
Jay Brannan (March 29, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter. He grew up in Austin, Texas and is gay. His family, who were very conservative Baptists, had a hard time accepting this. Brannan moved to California after one year of being at college. Brannan had wanted to become an actor and landed his first role in Shortbus in 2003. He recorded "Soda Shop" which was featured in the movie soundtrack. After this, Brannan continued singing songs. He began performing acoustic versions on YouTube and became very popular without any promotion.

Brannan had acted in his second movie Holding Trevor in 2007. A year later, his debut album Goddamned was released. Brannan promoted the album during his Goddamned Tour. The following year, he released his second studio album called In Living Cover. The album peaked at number 10 the US Top Heatseekers on Billboard.
Brannan's voice is a tenor and has been compared to many female artists. Many feedback's from music critics have been mixed to negative. Brannan's music was called "The Little Mermaid on crack", while he stated that he writes songs out of anger and pain. Jer Fairall of PopMatters gave Brannan's debut album a mixed review, stating "with likeability to spare, Brannan's music nevertheless needs to grow up a bit". Brannan has said in interviews that he wishes not to be called a "gay singer".

Early life 

Jay Brannan was born on March 29, 1982 in Austin, Texas. His father was a petroleum engineer, while his mother was a teacher. Brannan spent his childhood in Austin and had wanted to become a successful singer. While growing up, he had to struggle with his sexuality. He had found out he was gay. Brannan came out to his family, who were conservative Baptists and had a rough time accepting his sexuality. Brannan took a college course in Cincinnati, Ohio. He only had done one year of college.
He left college to become an actor. He decided to move to Palm Springs, California, he had lived there for less than a year. Brannan decided to move to Los Angeles afterwards. He was given a casting notice while living there. However, because of his then-recent break-up with his ex-boyfriend, Brannan moved to New York City. Brannan then sent an audition tape and was asked to do a movie.

Career
In 2003, Brannan had acted in his first role in the movie Shortbus. His character named "Seth", who works two jobs to pay his bills, struggles with his own sexuality. Brannan had performed several sex scenes while playing the role as "Seth" in the movie. The song, "Soda Shop", which was written by Brannan, was included in the movie soundtrack. The song became his first studio recorded song, since he had always sing and records his music in his apartment. The song became a single and was released from Team Love Records. Afterwards, Brannan continued singing his music by performing acoustic versions on YouTube. His fan base grew in numbers while he promoted himself on his MySpace and Blogspot profiles. He was not given any corporate sponsorship for promotion. In 2007, Brannan acted in his second movie called Holding Trevor. His character was the best friend of the protagonist, who helped him relieve his depression
. After the movie was released, Brannan had recorded a limited-edition EP Unmastered and released it for a short while. A year later, his debut album Goddamned was released. Brannan founded his own recording label called Great Depression Records. Brannan had performed ten times during his Goddamned Tour (2008). That same year, Brannan left his old job and was able to live off as an independent singer.
Brannan released an LP record called In Living Cover in 2009. The album peaked at number 10 on the US Top Heatseekers on Billboard. He promoted the album when he appeared on ABC News in July 2009. Brannan does not like to be called a "gay singer", and states that he "hates" it because he rather be known as a musician then a "gay singer".

Musical styles and critical reception 

Brannan's voice is a tenor. Allmusic had reviewed his music and even compared him to female artists Ani DiFranco, Lisa Loeb, Sinéad O'Connor, and Liz Phair. Brannan's debut album Goddamned was described as lo-fi. Brannan's music was called "The Little Mermaid on crack". Brannan stated that he writes songs out of anger and pain. He has been compared to singer Rufus Wainwright by The New York Times. Brannan also stated that he sees himself echoing the angry and sad sounds of female singers like Tracy Chapman and Joni Mitchell.
Jer Fairall of PopMatters gave Brannan's debut album a mixed review, stating "with likeability to spare, Brannan's music nevertheless needs to grow up a bit". Dave Hughes of Slant magazine gave a negative review, stating "Brannan is a talented and tenacious guy, it's also impossible to recommend Goddamned".

Andrew Leahey from Allmusic, gave In Living Color a mixed rating, stating the album's "highlights spread too thinly to do much good". Jer Fairall of PopMatters called the album a "satisfying collection" with "a couple of bum notes".

Discography 
 Unmastered (2007)
 Goddamned (2008)
 In Living Color (2009)
 Rob Me Blind (2012)
 Around the World in 80 Jays (2013)
 Always, Then, & Now (2014)

Filmography

References

Other websites 

 jaybrannan.com Official website
 
 
 
 

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Austin, Texas
American movie actors
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Texas
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Marojejy National Park is a national Park of Madagascar in northeastern Madagascar.

Wildlife 

Thus, abundant forest habitats Marojejy host a great diversity of life often original. This is confirmed by surveys of some groups of animals. For example:
 More species of birds are found only forest Marojejy but in no other place in Madagascar mountain. 118 species of birds have been recorded in or around the park, of which 75 are forest (almost forest-dependent ). Each of these 75 species are endemic to the region of Madagascar.

 Eleven species of lemurs have been recorded so far in Marojejy. Some are endangered, mostly due to habitat loss. One of the most serious threat is the silky sifaka ( Propithecus candidus candidus ), a member of the family indris . This beautiful lemur with a silky white fur, is known only in the forests of this region.
147 species of reptiles and amphibians have been recorded so far in Marojejy. This represents over a quarter of all species currently known in Madagascar is the greatest diversity of reptiles and amphibians known to all protected areas in Madagascar. Seventeen of these species are endemic to Marojejy.

Camps 
Three camps located at different altitudes allow visitors to sleep in the forest. Bungalows made of wood and tarpaulin, shelter meals, a kitchenette with the availability of coal and stove and a toilet and a shower.
 Mantella camp ( 475 m ) altitude
 Marojejia camp ( 775 m ) altitude
 Simpona camp ( 1275 m ) altitude

Illegal logging 
It was estimated that between 23 325 and 46 650 trees of Rosewood were gunned down illegally in national parks Marojejy and Masoala for 2009. The year 2010 was marked by the intensification of cuts but rather in the Masoala National Park and the Makira Protected Area.

References
References

Other websites 
 The Friends of Marojejy National Park – Information, photos, maps, brochures, and species lists
 Silky Sifaka Conservation in Marojejy 
Trouble in Lemur Land – a professional 50 minute HD film about illegal rosewood logging in Madagascar and the impact on the silky sifaka lemur
 Angels of the Forest Marojejy Film
 Dan Rather Reports Marojejy Documentary
 Carte Blanche Marojejy Documentary Part 1 
 Carte Blanche Marojejy Documentary Part 2 
National parks in Africa
Geography of Madagascar
Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor.  He was from Beaver, Utah and grew up in Idaho.  He was a Mormon and went to college at Brigham Young University.  

He is one of several people who can claim to have invented television.  He invented the picture tube and built the first all-electric TV set.  He had built his first prototype in 1927, and presented it in 1928.  For the next few years, Farnsworth fought a battle with RCA over his patents.  By 1936, he was filming television programs.  He did a lot of research in nuclear fusion.  He also invented the modern method of air-traffic control.

A statue of Farnsworth represents Utah in the United States Capitol.

References

1906 births
1971 deaths
American inventors
Deaths from pneumonia
American Latter Day Saints
Businesspeople from Idaho
Businesspeople from Utah
Television people
Scientists from Idaho
Scientists from Utah
Luigi Bruins (born 9 March 1987 in Rotterdam) is a Dutch footballer who currently plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Bruins was born in Rotterdam and is of Italian descent.

Career

Club
He started playing football at the age of six with Excelsior Rotterdam. He ran through all youth teams of this club. Bruins made his professional debut for Excelsior in the season 2004–05. On January 28, 2005, Bruins came in for Santi Kolk in the 78th minute of the Eerste Divisie away match against FC Eindhoven (3-0). This was the only match in his first season. The next season he had his breakthrough. Bruins scored his first professional goal in the season opening away match against Cambuur Leeuwarden (0-1) on August 12, 2005. With Excelsior he became champion in the Dutch  Eerste Divisie  in the 2005/06 season.
After the promotion the team stayed in the Eere Divisie. Bruins made his Eredivisie debut on August 19, 2006, in the home match against Roda JC (0-1)and scored his first Eredivisie goals on September 9, 2006 against  SC Heerenveen(3-1). In 2007 he signed with Feyenoord Rotterdam. In his first season he played 27 matches and scored six goals

In the next season he was often injured so he lost his place in the first squad. After the end of his contract he signed in October 2011 with FC Red Bull Salzburg. He played his first match for his new team on 15 October 2011 versus Wacker Innsbruck, where he came on in the second half.

International
Bruins was part of the Netherlands U21 winning the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. In the final match he scored the last goal in the 4-1 victory over SerbiaU-21.

Statistics

References

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Rotterdam
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
A gerund is a verb used as a noun. 

In English, the gerund is formed by adding -ing to a verb root. It is identical in form to the present participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) acts as a noun within the larger sentence. For example: Eating this cake is easy.

In "Eating this cake is easy", "eating this cake", although traditionally known as a phrase, is referred to as a non-finite clause in modern linguistics.  "Eating" is the verb in the clause, while "this cake" is the object of the verb.  "Eating this cake" acts as a noun phrase within the sentence as a whole, though; the subject of the sentence is the non-finite clause, specifically eating.

Other examples of the gerund:
 I like swimming. (direct object)
 Swimming is fun. (subject)
Not all nouns that are identical in form to the present participle are gerunds. The formal distinction is that a gerund is a verbal noun – a noun derived from a verb that retains verb characteristics, that functions simultaneously as a noun and a verb, while other nouns in the form of the present participle (ending in -ing) are deverbal nouns, which function as common nouns, not as verbs at all. Compare:
 I like fencing. (gerund, an activity, could be replaced with "to fence")
 The white fencing adds to the character of the neighborhood. (deverbal, could be replaced with an object such as "bench")
Double nature of the gerund 
As the result of its origin and development, the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
 The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative:
 Smoking endangers your health. (subject)
 I like making people happy. (object)
 The gerund can be preceded by a preposition:
 I'm tired of arguing.
 Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case, a possessive adjective, or an adjective:
 I wonder at John's keeping calm.
 Is there any objection to my seeing her?
 Brisk walking relieves stress.
The verbal characteristics of the gerund include the following:
 The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object:
 I've made good progress in speaking Basque.
 The gerund can be modified by an adverb:
 Breathing deeply helps you to calm down.
 The gerund has the distinctions of aspect and voice.
 Having read the book once before makes me more prepared.
Verb patterns with the gerund 
Verbs that are often followed by a gerund include admit, adore, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, describe, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel, finish, give, hear, imagine, include, justify, listen to, mention, mind, miss, notice, observe, perceive, postpone, practice, quit, recall, report, resent, resume, risk, see, sense, sleep, stop, suggest, tolerate and watch.
Additionally, prepositions are often followed by a gerund.

For example:
 I will never quit smoking.
 We postponed making any decision.
 After two years of deciding, we finally made a decision.
 We heard whispering.
 They denied having avoided me.
 He talked me into coming to the party.
 They frightened her out of voicing her opinion.

References 

Parts of speech
The Institution of Electrical Engineers (I.E.E., pronounced I-double-E or I-E-E) was a British professional organisation of electronics, electrical, manufacturing, and Information Technology professionals. It focused on electrical engineers. The I.E.E. was founded in 1871 as the Society of Telegraph Engineers. It changed its name in 1880 to the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians. The name changed again to the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1889. It was Incorporated by a Royal Charter in 1921. In 2006, the I.E.E. merged with the Institution of Incorporated Engineers (I.I.E.) to form the Institution of Engineering and Technology (I.E.T.). Before the merger, the I.E.E. was the largest professional engineering society in Europe, with a worldwide membership of around 120,000.

Other websites
Institution of Engineering and Technology
Engineering Council UK
IET Digital Library 
IET Publishing 

Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom
In linguistics, a participle is a word that shares some characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. Examples of participle formation are:

As noun-modifiers, participles usually precede the noun (like adjectives), but in many cases they can or must follow it:
The visiting dignitaries devoured the baked apples.
Please bring all the documents required. (= Please bring all the documents that are required.)
The difficulties encountered were nearly insurmountable. (= The difficulties that were encountered were nearly insurmountable.)

Present participles 
The present participle in English has the same form as the gerund, but the gerund acts as a noun rather than a verb or a modifier. The word sleeping in Your job description does not include sleeping is a gerund and not a present participle.
While English past participles, like past tense forms, are sometimes irregular, all English present participles are regular, being formed with the suffix -ing.
The present participle in English is in the active voice and is used for: 
forming the progressive aspect: Jim was sleeping.
modifying a noun as an adjective: Let sleeping dogs lie. (= Let dogs that are sleeping lie.)
modifying a verb or sentence in clauses: Broadly speaking, the project was successful.

Past participles 
The past participle may be used in both active and passive voices:
forming the perfect: The chicken has eaten.
forming the passive voice: The chicken was eaten.
modifying a noun, with active sense: our fallen comrades (= our comrades who have fallen)
modifying a noun, with passive sense: the attached files (= the files that have been attached)
modifying a verb or sentence, with passive sense: Seen from this perspective, the problem presents no easy solution. (= When it is seen from this perspective,....)
Passive participles 
Passive participles reflect past action in the passive voice, for example
The dog, having been praised by its master, was happy, or more commonly, The dog, praised by its master, was happy.

Even irregular past participle verbs often follow the format -en or -ne, as may be seen from above.  For examples:

References 

Parts of speech
Diary of a Mad Black Woman is a 2005 movie. It was based on a play written by Tyler Perry. The movie starred Kimberly Elise, Shemar Moore, Cicely Tyson, Steve Harris, and Tyler Perry. The movie was directed by Darren Grant. It was released in the US on February 25, 2005. The movie became the top-grossing film in the United States in mid-March of 2005.

Plot 
Kimberly Elise portrays Helen McCarter, a depressed woman living in Atlanta with her husband Charles (Steve Harris). When Charles decides he wants to marry his "other woman" Brenda, he literally drags Helen out the door. With no place to go, Helen goes to live with her grandmother Mabel "Madea" Simmons (Tyler Perry) in the ghetto. Madea assists Helen in getting her life back under control with the help of Helen's mother Myrtle Jean (Cicely Tyson), Madea's brother Joe (Tyler Perry), and Brian (Tyler Perry), her attorney relative.