Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 2008, lead singer Dan Reynolds met drummer Andrew Tolman at Brigham Young University, where they were both students. Reynolds and Tolman recruited Andrew Beck, Dave Lemke, and Aurora Florence to play guitar, bass, and piano respectively for their band. Their name is an anagram for a phrase only known to members of the group, which Reynolds said each member approved of. The five released an extended play called Speak to Me that year. However, Beck and Florence left the band later that year. In 2009, Tolman recruited long-time high school friend Wayne Sermon to play guitar. Sermon had graduated from Berklee College of Music. Tolman later recruited his wife, Brittany Tolman, to sing back-up and play keys and the band began to play again. Lemke left the band later on, so Sermon recruited Ben McKee to join the band as their bassist. The band got a large following in their hometown of Provo, Utah before they moved to Las Vegas, where the band recorded and released their first three extended plays.
The band released a self-titled extended play Imagine Dragons on September 1, 2009, and Hell and Silence on March 10, 2010, both recorded at Battle Born Studios, in Las Vegas. They released their third extended play, It's Time on March 12, 2011. Six months later, they signed a record deal with Interscope Records on November 18, 2011.
They got their first big break when Train's frontman Pat Monahan fell sick just prior to the Bite of Las Vegas Festival 2009. Imagine Dragons was called to fill in and performed to a crowd of more than 26,000 people. Local accolades including "Best CD of 2011" (Vegas SEVEN), "Best Local Indie Band 2010" (Las Vegas Weekly), "Las Vegas' Newest Must See Live Act" (Las Vegas CityLife), Vegas Music Summit Headliner 2010, and more sent the band higher in popularity. In November 2011, they began working with English Grammy Award-winning producer Alex da Kid. Eventually, the Tolmans left the group. Daniel Platzman and keyboardist Theresa Flaminio were recruited by Ben McKee in August 2011, before the band's label deal in November 2011.
2012–2014: Night Visions 
Theresa Flaminio left Imagine Dragons in early 2012, leaving them as a quartet. The band worked with Alex da Kid. They recorded their first major-label release at Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood, California with him. An extended play called Continued Silence was released on Valentine's Day (February 14, 2012) digitally and got to number 40 on the Billboard 200. The band also released an extended play called Hear Me in 2012.

Shortly after, "It's Time" was released as a single and got to number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video debuted on April 17, 2012, on all MTV services and was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award in the "Best Rock Video" category. "It's Time" was made a 6× platinum single by the RIAA.
The band finished recording their debut album Night Visions in the summer of 2012 at Studio X inside Palms Casino Resort and released the album in the United States on September 4, 2012. It peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart with first week sales of more than 83,000 copies, the highest charting for a debut rock album since 2006. The album also reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative and Rock Album charts and the top ten on the Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Dutch, German, Irish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Scottish, Spanish, and United Kingdom Albums charts. It won a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Album and was nominated for the Juno Award for International Album of the Year. Night Visions is certified platinum in the US by the RIAA as well as in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. The album had three songs that got to the Billboard Top 40, four songs in the ARIA Top 40, and five songs in the UK Top 40.
The album's second single "Radioactive" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs, Billboard Rock Songs, and Swedish singles chart and has sold more than 14 million singles in the United States, going into the top 3 of the most selling songs digitally ever. It also beat the record of the longest song on the Billboard Hot 100 by spending 87 weeks before being broken by The Weeknd's "Blinding Lights" in 2021. "Radioactive" stayed at No. 1 on the Hot Rock Songs chart for a record-breaking 23 weeks and became the genre's biggest hit of 2013. It peaked at No. 3, becoming their first top ten single in the United States and broke the record for the longest run into the top five. It is the best-selling rock song on the Nielsen SoundScan running list of best-selling rock songs in digital history. By the end of 2013, "Radioactive" had already sold over 3 million copies. Rolling Stone called it "the biggest rock hit of the year". It was also the most streamed song of 2013 on Spotify in the United States
. It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. It won the Grammy Award for Best Rock performance.
Third single "Demons" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Pop Songs, peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spent 61 weeks on it. In 2021, RIAA said that the song has become the band's third diamond selling song in the US.

Fourth single "On Top Of The World" reached No. 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 and also spent 20 weeks on the chart.

In the US, the non-singles off the album, "Bleeding Out" and "Amsterdam" were certified platinum while "Hear Me" and "Tiptoe" were certified gold.

Billboard listed them as one of "2012's Brightest New Stars" and later "The Breakout Band of 2013". Imagine Dragons won the 2014 Billboard Music Awards for Top Duo/Group, Top Hot 100 Artist, and Top Rock Artist. Amazon.com called the band their "Favorite Rock Artist of 2012".

In 2013, Imagine Dragons went back to Europe and North America with the Night Visions Tour. The band announced 13 more US summer tour dates which also sold out. The band then announced a North America Amphitheatre tour.
The band released a live album, Live at Independent Records, in April 2013.

2014–2016: Smoke + Mirrors 

The idea behind the second album was to create music and finish it when the band feels that their work is done. Since the beginning of the Night Visions Tour, the band had been writing new material for the next album. Even as early as the start of the tour they had been recording demos for the album. By the time that they went into the studio to work on the album, they had created 50 demos to work from.

Before the album's release, Imagine Dragons released a number of singles for other projects including a song for the film Transformers: Age of Extinction, called "Battle Cry" (June 2014) and “Warriors" for the 2014 League of Legends World Championship (September 2014).
On October 24, they showed the lead single to the upcoming album, "I Bet My Life"  on Facebook and Instagram. It was released on October 27. It was sent to US Alternative radio for ads on November 3. On December 16, the band announced their second album Smoke + Mirrors and the release of its second single "Gold". "Shots" was released as the album's third single on January 26, 2015.

Imagine Dragons played at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles on February 5, 2015. The half-hour set included the live debut of unreleased songs "Summer" and "I'm So Sorry". On February 8, the band partnered with Target for a performance of "Shots" as part of a live commercial during the Grammy Awards.  Smoke + Mirrors was released on February 17. The album debuted on top of the Billboard 200, making it the band's first number one album. The band began a world tour on June 3 in Portland, Oregon.
During the band's tour, Imagine Dragons released two non-album singles. "Roots" was released on August 26, 2015, and "I Was Me" on October 12, 2015, on iTunes. The band also released a cover of "I Love You All the Time" by Eagles of Death Metal on December 18, 2015, in support of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks. The Smoke + Mirrors Tour ended on February 5, 2016, in Amsterdam.

They released the soundtracks songs "Not Today" from Me Before You and "Sucker for Pain" from Suicide Squad with Lil Wayne, Wiz Khalifa, Logic, Ty Dolla Sign, and X Ambassadors in April and June, respectively.

2016–2020: Evolve and Origins
Imagine Dragons began recording their third album in September 2016. The band teased the upcoming album by posting cryptic messages on their Twitter account for the next four months. They released the song "Levitate", recorded for the film Passengers, on December 2, 2016. On January 28, 2017, the band started posting a series of videos teasing the album's first single. The time-lapse videos featured lead singer Dan Reynolds drawing surreal images on a drawing pad. Morse code was hidden in the videos and translated to "objects of same color".
On February 1, 2017, Imagine Dragons released "Believer" as the lead single for their next album. "Believer" was used as part of a Super Bowl ad for the Nintendo Switch. On April 27, 2017, the band released "Thunder" as the second single from their third album. On May 8, 2017, Imagine Dragons announced their third studio album Evolve, as well as a new track "Whatever It Takes", which was released on the same day. A tour in support for the album was also announced within the same day. The tour was held across 33 countries from September 2017 through September 2018.
Evolve was released on June 23, 2017, worldwide. The album reached the top five in most countries but was met with mixed critical responses. The album and the single "Thunder" received nominations for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, respectively, at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards. "Whatever It Takes" was released as an official single off the album a few months later on October 6, 2017. The song won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video in 2018. On February 14, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled "Next to Me" on Twitter. The song was released as part of a re-issue of Evolve on February 21, 2018.

On June 12, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single with Kygo called "Born to Be Yours" on Twitter. The song was released on June 15, 2018. In 2018, Imagine Dragons also became co-owners of esports team Rogue.
On July 12, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single named "Natural" on Twitter. The song was released on July 17, 2018. The song was used as the anthem for the 2018 ESPN College Football season. The band ended the Evolve tour in Tampa, Florida on August 10. On September 18, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced a new single titled "Zero", which was released the following day. It was used in the end credits of the Walt Disney Animation Studios movie Ralph Breaks the Internet.
On October 3, 2018, Imagine Dragons announced their fourth studio album, Origins, which was released on November 9, 2018. "Natural" and "Zero" serve as the lead singles off the album, while "Born to Be Yours" is featured on the international deluxe edition of the album. The band has said that this album was made as a sister album to Evolve. On October 31, 2018, Imagine Dragons released the third single off the album, "Machine". Lastly, on November 6, 2018, Imagine Dragons released the album's fourth single, "Bad Liar". Origins debuted at number two in the US, making it their fourth top five album. It reached the top ten in multiple countries, but received mixed reviews from critics.

On January 7, 2019, Imagine Dragons performed the halftime show for the 2019 College Football Championship game. The band performed "Natural", "Bad Liar", "Thunder", and a special version of "Believer" with rapper Lil Wayne. The new version of the song was released on streaming platforms the following day.
In June 2019, Beat Games released a paid downloadable content (DLC) music pack for virtual reality rhythm game Beat Saber, called "Imagine Dragons Music Pack", that includes ten songs by Imagine Dragons.

On June 20, 2019, Imagine Dragons released a new version "Birds", featuring Italian singer Elisa, as the fifth and final single from Origins. On July 23, 2019, an animated video for the original version of the song was released.

On January 20, 2020, the band released a music video for "Nothing Left to Say", a song from their debut album Night Visions.
2021–present: Mercury – Acts 1 & 2 
On March 8, 2021, Imagine Dragons announced the release of two singles, "Follow You" and "Cutthroat", which were released on March 12. The band began teasing their upcoming album which was  produced by Rick Rubin. On June 29, 2021, the band announced the single "Wrecked", along with the pre-order for their fifth studio album Mercury – Act 1 a day later. The song was released on July 2, 2021. Mercury – Act 1 was released on September 3, along with the single "Monday". Similar to their previous work, the album was met with mixed critical reception. It debuted at number nine in the US.
In October, the band re-released their first three extended plays onto streaming services and digital retailers. Each EP features a previously unreleased bonus track. The band also released the single "Enemy" featuring rapper JID, as part of the soundtrack to the Netflix series Arcane, on October 28. It is the second collaboration between Imagine Dragons and League of Legends, following "Warriors".

Soon after the release of Mercury – Act 1, the band began teasing a follow-up album that would also be  produced by Rubin. In January 2022, Reynolds said that the album was "almost done" and would be released after the first part of the Mercury Tour. The tour started on February 6 in Miami and ended on September 15 in Los Angeles. On March 11, 2022, the band released a single named "Bones". It was the lead single for their album Mercury – Act 2. On April 6, the band announced that Mercury – Act 2 would be released on July 1, 2022. The 18-track album was released as part of an album that had both Mercury albums.
Band members 

Current members
 Dan Reynolds – lead vocals, guitars, piano, keyboards, bass, drums, percussion (2008–present)
 Wayne Sermon – guitars, backing vocals, mandolin, drums, percussion, piano, synthesizers (2009–present)
 Ben McKee – bass, piano, keyboards, synthesizers, backing vocals, guitars, drums, percussion (2009–present)
 Daniel Platzman – drums, percussion, backing vocals, guitars, viola, keyboards (2011–present)

Current touring musicians
 Elliot Schwartzman – keyboards, guitar, backing vocals (2017–present)

Former members
 Andrew Tolman – drums, percussion, backing vocals, guitars (2008–2011) 
 Andrew Beck – guitars, backing vocals (2008)
 Aurora Florence – piano, keyboards, backing vocals, violin (2008)
 Dave Lemke – bass, backing vocals (2008–2009)
 Brittany Tolman – piano, keyboards, backing vocals, guitars (2009–2011)
 Theresa Flaminio – piano, keyboards, backing vocals (2011)
Former touring musicians
 Ryan Walker – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2011–2015)
 Will Wells – guitar, keyboards, piano, backing vocals (2015–2017)

Timeline

Discography 

 Night Visions (2012)
 Smoke + Mirrors (2015)
 Evolve (2017)
 Origins (2018)
 Mercury – Act 1 (2021)
 Mercury – Act 2 (2022)

Tours 

 Fall Tour 2012 (2012)
 Night Visions Tour (2013–2014)
 Smoke + Mirrors Tour (2015–2016)
 Evolve World Tour (2017–2019)
 Mercury World Tour (2022–2023)

References

Other websites 

 

2000s American music groups
Musical groups established in 2008
2010s American music groups
Alternative rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from Nevada
2008 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Nevada
Musical quartets
Interscope Records artists
Dark Tranquillity is a Swedish melodic death metal band from Billdal. 

The band was formed in 1989 by band member Mikael Stanne and guitarist Niklas Sundin. Stanne and Sundin originally formed a band under the name Septic Broiler. Members Anders Fridén, Anders Jivarp and Martin Henriksson joined the band shortly after. Dark Tranquillity is an important part of the melodic death metal genre of music and are one of the longest-standing bands from the original Gothenburg metal scene.

They released their debut album, Skydancer, on August 30, 1993. They are currently signed to Century Media Records.

Band members
Current
Mikael Stanne - vocals (1989–present)
Martin Henriksson - guitar (1989–present)
Niklas Sundin - guitar (1989–present)
Daniel Antonsson - bass (2008–present)
Anders Jivarp - drums (1989–present)
Martin Brändström - programming, keyboards (1999-present)

Former
Anders Fridén - vocals (1989–1993)
Fredrik Johansson - guitar (1993–1998)
Mikael Niklasson - bass (1999−2008)

Discography
Discography

Albums
Skydancer (1993)
The Gallery (1995)
The Mind's I (1997)
Projector (1999)
Haven (2000)
Damage Done (2002)
Character (2005)
Fiction (2007)
We Are the Void (2010)
Construct (2013)

References

Other websites
Official website

1980s music groups
Musical groups established in 1989
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Melodic death metal bands
Swedish heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Gothenburg
The 2000 UEFA Cup Final Riots, also known as the Battle of Copenhagen, was a riot in City Hall Square in Copenhagen, Denmark, between fans of English football team Arsenal and Turkish side Galatasaray around the 2000 UEFA Cup Final on 17 May 2000. The fights, in which four people were stabbed, also included fans from other clubs and were viewed by the media as part of revenge attacks for the killing of two Leeds United fans by Galatasaray fans the month before.

References

2000 in association football
2000s crimes in Europe

Riots in Europe
UEFA
21st century in Copenhagen
2000 in Europe
2000 in Denmark
2000 crimes
Year 1142 (MCXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 
 Africa 
 When it was unable to feed its population during a famine, the emir of the great commercial center of Mahdia has to recognize the de facto protectorate of Roger II of Sicily.
 Failed Norman raid against the city of Tripoli.

 Asia 
 Emperor Konoe succeeds Emperor Sutoku on the throne of Japan.

 Europe 
 Henry the Lion becomes Duke of Saxony.
 The Empress Maud grants Oakley, Buckinghamshire Church, with its chapels of Brill, Boarstall and Addingrove, to the monks of St. Frideswide's Priory, in Oxford.

Births 
 Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim 'Attar, Persian mystical poet (d. 1220)
 Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1192)

Deaths 
 January 27 – Yue Fei, Chinese military leader (b. 1103)
 April 21 – Pierre Abélard, French scholastic philosopher (b. 1079)
 Orderic Vitalis, English chronicler (b. 1075)

References
Year 1140 (MCXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Europe 
 December 21 – Conrad III of Germany besieged Weinsberg, the stronghold of Welfs.
 Henry Jasomirgott is made count palatine of the Rhine.
 The town of Lanark in Scotland is made a Royal Burgh by David I of Scotland.
 Marburg becomes a town.
 The Assizes of Ariano are enacted by Roger II of Sicily.
 Roger II of Sicily places the practice of medicine under royal control.

 By topic 

 Religion 
 June 3 – Pierre Abelard is condemned for heresy by a church court in Sens, France.
 September 8 – Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi, having completed the Kuzari, arrives in Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.
 The first Cistercian monastery in Spain is founded in Fitero. The order enjoys a rapid expansion in the region in the following 15 years.
 Camaldolite monk Gratian founds the science of Canon law with the publication of the Decretum Gratiani.
Births 
 May 28 – Xin Qiji, Chinese poet (d. 1207)
 Minamoto no Yoshihira, Japanese warrior (d. 1160)

Deaths 
 January 12 – Louis I, Landgrave of Thuringia
 February 6 – Thurstan, Archbishop of York
 February 14 
 Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia
 Leo I, Prince of Armenia
 November 15 – Adelaide of Hungary, Duchess of Bohemia
 date unknown &ndahs; Kitti Sri Megha, Sri Lankan ruler

References
Irreligion (meaning not religious) is a term that describes people who reject religion, or who do not have a particular religion.

The term covers all those who answer "none" to questionnaires which ask people about their religion. In the social survey world, they are called "the nones". The term irreligious is an umbrella term, for atheists, agnostics, deists and ignostics.

Irreligion takes many forms, ranging from the casual and unaware to full-fledged philosophies such as atheism, agnosticism, and secular humanism. 

Irreligion may be a purely naturalist worldview which denies a belief in anything supernatural. The broadest and loosest definition, is the lack of religious identification (attendance at church, temple etc.). The narrowest and strictest is subscribing to "positive atheism". That might be described as a willingness to state rejection of a deity absolutely. Public statements of belief can be, and are, tailored to the various social climates.
'No religion' groups 
There are, at least three different groups of "not religious" people:
Agnostics
Atheists
Deists

References 

Religion
Philosophy
Year 1230 (MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Africa 
 Sundiata starts to rule in Mali (approximate date).
 In the West African village of Siby, Sundiata Keita, founder of the Mali Empire, forces the Malinkés to bind themselves to each other by oath.

 Europe 
 March 9 – Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus near the village of Klokotnitsa.
 Iberian Peninsula: Alphonso IX defeats Ibn Hud al-Yamani (known as almogàver by the Christians) at the battle of Alange. This success opens the road to Badajoz to the Leonese troops. The Portuguese king Sancho II continues his offensive southward and takes Beja, Juromenha, Serpa and Moura.
 September 24 – The Kingdoms of León and Galicia unite with the Kingdoms of Castile and Toledo under Ferdinand III.
 The Teutonic Knights are invited into Prussia to forcibly convert the Prussians and Yatvags to Christianity.

 By topic
By topic 

 Arts 
 The Carmina Burana poetry and song collection is created (approximate date).

Births 
 Eudes of Burgundy (d. 1266)
 Hu Sansheng, Chinese historian (d. 1302)

Deaths 
 May 2 – William de Braose (hanged)
 July 28 – Duke Leopold VI of Austria (b. 1176)
 September 23 – Alfonso IX of Leon (b. 1171)
 October 25 – Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (b. 1180)
 December 15 – Otakar I of Bohemia
 December 23 – Berengaria of Navarre, queen of Richard I of England
 Xia Gui, Chinese painter (b. c. 1180) (approximate date).

References
Year 1136 (MCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Africa 
 Béjaïa repeals a Genoan naval assault.

 Europe 
 February 5 – Treaty of Durham: Stephen I of England concedes Cumberland to David I of Scotland.
 The people of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod of Pskov and remove him from power.
 Battle of Crug Mawr: Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans.
 Grimoald, duke of Bari, supported by the emperor, rebels against the king of Sicily Roger II.

 By topic 

 Arts and culture 
 The Saint Denis Basilica is completed in Paris.
 Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, describing his relationship with Heloise.

Births 
 Amalric I of Jerusalem
 William of Newburgh, English historian (d. 1198)
Deaths 
 April 15 – Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare (b. 1094)
 May 28 – Hughes de Payens, first Grand Master of the Knights Templar
 October 28 – Boleslaus III of Poland (b. 1086)
 November 15 – Margrave Leopold III of Austria (b. 1073)
 November 21 – William de Corbeil, Archbishop of Canterbury
 date unknown
 Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi, Spanish mathematician and astronomer (b. 1070)
 Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani, Persian physician

References
Events 
 June – A fire breaks out in the Song Dynasty Chinese capital of Hangzhou. It destroyed 13,000 homes and forced many to flee to nearby hills. Due to large fires such as this, the government installs an effective fire fighting force for the city. Items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are temporarily exempted from taxation, 120 tons of rice are distributed to the poor, and the government temporarily suspends the housing rent requirement of the city's residents.
 July 24 – Battle of Nocera: Ranulf II of Alife defeats Roger II of Sicily.
 Dermot MacMurrough has the abbey of Kildare in Ireland burned and the abbess raped. He becomes king of the province of Leinster.
 St. Malachy is made bishop of Armagh in Ireland, to impose the Roman liturgy on the independent Irish Church.
 Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey are founded in Yorkshire, Basingwerk Abbey is founded in Wales.
 Barnwell Castle is erected in Northamptonshire, England.
 The Japanese era 長承 (Choushou) begins.
Tughril II starts his rule of Iraq.
 Champa again invades Vietnam.
 Under the Song Dynasty, China's first permanent standing navy is established in this year, with the headquarters of the admiral stationed at Dinghai.
 Abd al-Mu'min becomes Almohad caliph in North Africa.
Births 
 Joachim of Fiore, Italian mystic and abbot (d. 1201)
 Rhys ap Gruffydd, ruler of Deheubarth (d. 1197)

Deaths 
 April 14 – Prince Mstislav of Kiev (b. 1076)
 Hugh of Grenoble, French saint (b. 1052)

References
Year 1127 (MCXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Estimation: Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Kaifeng, capital of China.

 By area 
 Asia 
 January 9 – Jurchen forces sack the Song Chinese capital of Kaifeng (the Jingkang Incident, 靖康事變), and begin more than a century of political division between northern and southern China.
Europe 
 Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair II.
 The first coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily is formed. The same year, Roger regains control over Malta after a rebellion. To guaranty the security of the seas, the king also establishes a pact with the maritime republic of Savona, probably following an Almoravid raid against his realm. 
 Count Charles the Good of Flanders is assassinated.
 First mention of the consuls in Brescia, indicating that the city has become an independent commune.
 The commune of Milan conquers the neighboring city of Como.

 By topic 

 Arts 
 The minaret of Kalyan is completed in Bukhara (present day Uzbekistan).

Births 
 October 18 – Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1191)
 November 27 – Emperor Xiaozong of China (d. 1194)
 Constance of Antioch (d. 1163), the Princess regnant of the principality of Antioch 
 Yang Wanli, Chinese poet (d. 1206)
Deaths 
 probable – Fulcher of Chartres, French chronicler (b. c. 1059)
 Gilla Críst Ua Máel Eóin, abbot of Clonmacnoise

References
Year 1126 (MCXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 
 Asia 
 January–March – In Song Dynasty China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around Kaifeng for the restoration of a probity military official, Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the Government.
 Two previously written Chinese pharmaceutical works, one by Shen Kuo and another by Su Shi, are combined into one written work.
 The rule of Emperor Huizong of Song ends in China.
 The Jin Dynasty is established in the north of China, following the Song Dynasty's loss at the Huang He River valley. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews.
Europe 
 Rutherglen becomes one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland.
 Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing. Sweden is without ruler, but Magnus the Strong claims sovereignty over Gothenland for the time being.
 Alfonso VII is crowned king of Castile and León in Spain.
 King Alfonso the Battler of Navarre and Aragon launches a raid into Granada.
 The Venetians occupy Cephalonia. Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos restores their trading privileges.
 Olegarius creates the community of knights known as the confraternity of Tarragona to combat the Andalusians in Catalonia.

 By topic 
 Science 
 Adelard of Bath translates Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī's arithmetic and astronomical tables into Latin.

Births 
 Fan Chengda, Chinese poet, travel writer, and geographer (d. 1193)
 Averoes, Andalus judge and physician
 Eynion de Tilston Lord of the Manor of Tilston
Deaths 
 February 10 – William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and poet (b. 1071)
 March 8 – Queen Urraca of Castile (b. 1082)
 October 1 – Morphia of Melitene, Queen of Jerusalem
 Edgar Ætheling, last member of the Anglo-Saxon royal house (b. 1052)
 Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne (killed by upset peasants at the thing)
 Abbot Ekkehard of Aura
 Omar Khayyam, Persian poet and mathematician

References
The 4th millennium BC saw major changes in human culture. It marked the beginning of the Bronze Age and of writing.

The city states of Sumer and the kingdom of Egypt were started and grew to prominence. Agriculture spread widely across Eurasia. World population in the course of the millennium doubled to approximately from 7 to 14 million people in the area surrounding them.
Events
Mesopotamia is in the Uruk period, with emerging Sumerian hegemony and development of "proto-cuneiform" writing; base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, potter's wheel and wheel; the Chalcolithic proceeds into the early Bronze Age.
c. 4000 BC—First neolithic settlers in the island of Thera (Santorini), Greece, migrating probably from Minoan Crete.
c. 4000 BC—Beaker from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now at Musée du Louvre, Paris.
c. 4000 BC–2000 BC—People and animals, a detail of rock-shelter painting in Cogul, Lleida, Spain, are painted. It is now at Museo Arqueológico, Barcelona.
c. 3900 BC—5.9 kiloyear event, one of the most intense aridification events during the Holocene. It ended the Neolithic Subpluvial and likely initiated the most recent desiccation of the Sahara desert, triggering migration to river valleys, such as from central North Africa to the Nile valley.
Babylonian influence predominant in Mediterranean regions of Asia (to 2000 BC)
In Colombia, circa 3600 BC, first rupestrian art Chiribiquete (Caquetá).
3600 BC—Construction of the Ġgantija megalithic temple complex on the Island of Gozo, Malta: the world's oldest extant unburied free-standing structures, and the world's oldest religious structures. (See Göbekli Tepe for older, buried religious structures.)
3600–3200 BC—Construction of the first temple within the Mnajdra solar temple complex on Malta, containing "furniture" such as stone benches and tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions.
3600–3000 BC—Construction of the Ta' Ħaġrat and Kordin III temples on Malta.
3500 Metalcasting began in the Mohenjodaro area.
c. 3500 BC—Figures of a man and a woman, from Cernavodă, Romania, are made. They are now at National Historical Museum, Bucharest.
3500–3400 BC—Jar with boat designs, from Hierakonpolis (today in the Brooklyn Museum) is created. Predynastic Egypt.
3500–2340 BC—First cities developed in Southern Mesopotamia. Inhabitants migrated from north.
The cuneiform script proper emerges from pictographic proto-writing in the later 4th millennium. Mesopotamia's "proto-literate" period spans the 35th to 32nd centuries. The first documents unequivocally written in the Sumerian language date to the 31st century, found at Jemdet Nasr.
3300–2900 BC—Construction of the Newgrange solar observatory/passage tomb in Ireland.
 3300—Bronze Age starts in Indus Valley (Harappa)
c. 3300 BC—Ötzi the Iceman dies near the present-day border between Austria and Italy, only to be discovered in 1991 buried in a glacier of the Ötztal Alps. His cause of death is believed to be homicide.
3250–3000 BC—Construction of three megalithic temples at Tarxien, Malta.
3200–2500 BC—Construction of the Ħaġar Qim megalithic temple complex on Malta, featuring both solar and lunar alignments.
c. 3150 BC—Predynastic period ended in Ancient Egypt. Early Dynastic (Archaic) period started (according to French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal). The period includes 1st and 2nd Dynasties.
c. 3150 BC a lesser Tollmann's hypothetical bolide event may have occurred.
 August 11, 3114 BC—start date of the Mayan calendar.
c. 3100 BC—According to the legend, Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt, and a new capital is erected at Memphis.
c. 3100 BC—Narmer Palette
c. 3100–2600 BC—Neolithic settlement at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, is inhabited.
First to Fourth dynasty of Kish in Mesopotamia.
Discovery of silver.
The beginnings of Iberian civilizations, arrival to the peninsula dating as far back as 4000 BC.
c. 3000 BC—First pottery in Colombia at Puerto Hormiga (Magdalena), considered one of the first attempts of pottery of the New World. First settlement at Puerto Badel (Bolívar).
Sumerian temple of Janna at Eridu erected.
Temple at Al-Ubaid and tome of Mes-Kalam-Dug built near Ur, Chaldea.
Significant persons
 Ötzi the Iceman lived c. 3300 BC.
 Predynastic pharaohs, Tiu, Thesh, Hsekiu, Wazner
 Early Dynastic Period pharaohs, Ro, Serket, Narmer

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
c. 4000 BC—potter's wheel in Sumer.
4000 BC—Susa is a center of pottery production.
c. 4000 BC—Horses are domesticated in Ukraine.
3500 BC—2340 BC; Sumer: wheeled carts, potter's wheel, White Temple ziggurat, bronze tools and weapons.
c. 3250 BC—potter's wheel appears in Ancient Near East.
3000 BC—Tin is in use in Mesopotamia soon after this time.
Beginnings of urbanisation in Mesopotamia in Sumer and Egypt.
First writings in the cities of Uruk and Susa (cuneiform writings). Hieroglyphs in Egypt.
Kurgan culture of what is now Southern Russia and Ukraine; possibly the first domestication of the horse.
Sails used in the Nile.
Construction in England of the Sweet Track, the World's first known engineered roadway.
Drainage and Sewage collection and disposal created in the Indus Valley civilization.
Dams, canals, stone sculptures using inclined plane and lever in Sumer.
Copper was in use, both as tools and weapons.
Bronze was in use, specifically by the Maykop culture.
Mastabas, the predecessors of the Egyptian pyramids.
The earliest phase of the Stonehenge monument (a circular earth bank and ditch) dates to c. 3100 BC.
The Céide Fields in Ireland, arguably the oldest field system in world, are developed.
Sumerian writing, done on clay tablets, shows about 2,000 pictographic signs.
White painted pottery in Egypt and southeastern Europe.
Harps and flutes played in Egypt.
Copper alloys used by Egyptians and Sumerians; smelting of gold and silver known.
Lyres and double clarinets (arghul, mijwiz) played in Egypt.
Earliest known numerals in Egypt.
Linen is produced in the Middle East.
Religion
 Sri Krishna and Mahabharata.
 Adam, Cain, Enoch, Methuselah, and Noah.

Calendars and chronology
The Maya calendar dates the creation of the Earth to August 11 or August 13, 3114 BC (establishing that date as day zero of the Long Count 13.0.0.0.0).
According to calculations of Aryabhata (6th century), the Hindu Kali Yuga began at midnight (00:00) on 18 February 3102 BC. Consequently, Aryabhata dates the events of the Mahabharata to around 3137 BC.
7 October 3761 BC—Epoch of the Hebrew Calendar (introduced in the 12th century).
3929 BC—Date of creation according to John Lightfoot based on the Old Testament of the Bible, and often associated with the Ussher chronology.
1 January 4000 BC — Epoch of the Masonic calendar's Anno Lucis era.

References
Year 1108 (MCVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 
 Asia 
 The Taira and Minamoto clans join forces to rule Japan after defeating the warrior monks of the Enryakuji Temple near Kyoto.
 Alexius I Comnenus and Bohemund I of Antioch negotiate the Treaty of Devol.

 Europe 
 May – Battle of Uclés: The Almoravids defeat the Kingdom of Castile and roll back the advances of Reconquista; several towns recently captured by Christians are lost to the conquering Berbers such as Tarragona.
 Saint Magnus becomes the first Earl of Orkney.
 In Pistoia, Italy, the Cathedral of San Zeno burns to the ground.
 Louis VI of France starts to rule.
 First mention of the consuls of Bergamo indicating that the city has become an independent republic.

 By topic 
 Religion 
 Chichester Cathedral is consecrated.

Births 
 Bohemund II of Antioch (d. 1131)
 Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut (d. 1171)
 Leopold IV, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1141)
Deaths 
 July 29 – King Philip I of France (b. 1052)
 Saint Alberic

References
Year 1110 (MCX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 December 4 – First Crusade: The Crusaders conquer Sidon.
 Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor invades Italy.
 Inge the Younger becomes joint king of Sweden with his brother Philip.
 The Russian Primary Chronicle ends.
 Construction begins on Fontevraud Abbey in France.
 Beirut and Sidon are captured by the Crusaders.
 Mawdud of Mosul captures all land belonging to the Crusader County of Edessa east of the Euphrates.
 Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus renews his war with the Seljuk Turks.

Births 
 Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Gyalwa Karmapa (d. 1193)
 St. Euphrosyne of Polatsk, a Belarusian saint and princess (d. 1173)

Deaths 
 Hugh VI of Lusignan

References
Year 1111 (MCXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

By area

Asia 
 Crusaders and Seljuk Turks fought the Battle of Shaizar in Syria to a draw.
 The Song Dynasty, Chinese Donglin Academy is established.

Europe 
 May 24 – The commune of Laus is destroyed by Milanese troops.
 Baldwin VII becomes Count of Flanders.
 Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II.
 Santarém and Sintra are captured by the Almoravid troops of the general Sir ibn Abi Bakr. The efforts of the Berbers to reconquer lost ground lead to the sack of Coimbra. The same year, the city had experienced the sole urban rebellion against their lord to take place in Portugal.
 Alfonso VII becomes King of Galicia.

By topic

Religion 
 The Synod of Rathbreasail marks the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan structure.

Births
Births

Deaths 
 February 22 – Roger Borsa, King of Sicily (b. 1078)
 March 3 – Prince Bohemund I of Antioch (b. 1058)
 October 5 – Robert II, Count of Flanders (b. 1065)
 Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali, Persian theologian (b. 1058)
 Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys
 Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys in eastern Wales
 Richard II of Gaeta, consul and duke of Gaeta
 Otto II, Count of Habsburg
 Antipope Sylvester IV
 Ōe no Masafusa, scholar and tutor (b. 1041)
 Robert of Molesme, Christian saint and abbot (b. 1027)

References
Year 1112 (MCXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Europe 
 The count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III, obtains the county of Provence due to his marriage with the heiress, Douce. 
 The people of Laon, France, proclaim a commune and murder their bishop.
 Salzwedel, Germany is founded.
 The German state of Baden is founded.
 Afonso I becomes Count of Portugal.
 Otto of Ballenstedt is made Duke of Saxony by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.
 Anonymus Gallus begins to write Gesta principium Polonorum to Boleslaw III.

Deaths 
 October 5 – Sigebert of Gembloux, French chronicler
 Tancred, Prince of Galilee, crusader (b. 1072)
 Giorgi II of Georgia
 Henry, Count of Portugal (b. 1066)
 Bertrand of Toulouse, count of Toulouse, and the first count of Tripoli.
 Ghibbelin of Arles, Archbishop of Arles (b. c. 1045)

References
Apus is a constellation in the southern sky.  It is hard to see because it is not very bright.  Apus means "no feet" in Greek.  It was named "no feet" because it looks like a Bird-of-Paradise, and people used to think that birds-of-paradise did not have feet.

References

Constellations
Year 1113 (MCXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Pierre Abélard opens his school in Paris.
 Alaungsithu succeeds Kyanzittha as king of Burma.
 Suryavarman I's reign begins in the Khmer Empire.
 Bridlington Priory is started.
 The Order of the Knights of the Hospital of Saint John started to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land, swears to fight in its defense.
 A riot starts in Kiev.
 The Republic of Florence takes over the neighboring city of Montecascioli as part of its effort to extend its control over the contado.
 Unsuccessful attempt of Queen Urraca to take over Burgos defended by her ex-husband King Alfonso.

Births 
 January 11 – Wang Chongyang, Chinese Daoist and co-founder of the Quanzhen School (d. 1170)
 August 24 – Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (d. 1151)
 Stefan Nemanja, Serbian Grand Zupan
Deaths 
 April 13 – Ida of Lorraine, saint and noblewoman (b. c. 1040)
 April 16 – Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Russian ruler (b. 1050)
 August 4 – Gertrude of Saxony, Countess and regent of Holland (b. c. 1030)
 December 10 – Radwan, ruler of Aleppo
 Wanyan Wuyashu, chief of the Jurchen Wanyan tribe (b. 1061)

References
Ara is a constellation in the southern sky.  Ara means altar in Latin.  It was one of the 48 constellations written down by the astronomer named Ptolemy in the 2nd century.  It is also one of the 88 modern constellations that were made by the International Astronomical Union.

In Greek mythology, Ara is the altar where Zeus and his brothers and sisters said that they were going to win in a war against Cronos and the other Titans.  It is also where people burned incense to show that they appreciated Zeus.  The Greek poet named Aratus said that if sailors could see the constellation Ara, it meant that there was going to be wind blowing from the south.

The Stingray Nebula is in Ara.  It is the  planetary nebula that was created most recently.

NGC 6193 is an open cluster at about 3,765 light-years away from Earth.

References

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Year 1114 (MCXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Asia 
 The Song Dynasty emperor Huizong sends a gift of Chinese musical instruments for use in royal banquets to the Goryeo court of Korea, by request from the Goryeo king Yejong.

 Europe 
 January 7 – Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, marries Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.
 Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and his Pisan allies, takes over Ibiza and Mallorca.
 The Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Muhàmmad ibn al-Hajj, launches an offensive against the County of Barcelona but is defeated at the Battle of Martorell by Ramon Berenguer III.
 As part of the Norman expansion southward, the count Routrou II of Perche enters the service of the king of Castille, Alfonso the Battler. 
 The Polovtsy attack the Byzantine Empire.
Births 
 Otto of Freising, German bishop and historian (approximate date; d. 1158)
 Gerard of Cremona, Italian translator of scientific works (approximate date; d. 1187)
 Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon (d. 1152)
 Bhaskara II, Indian mathematician

Deaths 
 Nestor the Chronicler, Slavic historian (approximate date) (b. c. 1056)
 Koloman, ban (ruler) of Croatia

References
1115 (MCXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Clairvaux Abbey is founded by St. Bernard.
 Anselm of Laon becomes archdeacon of Laon.
 Hugh of St. Victor joins the Victorines in Paris.
 Pierre Abélard becomes canon of Notre Dame de Paris.
 Stephen of England becomes count of Mortain.
 Battle of Welfesholz: Lothair I of Supplinburg defeats Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. 
 Arnulf of Chocques is accused of sexual relations with a Muslim woman, and is briefly removed from his position as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
 The Jurchen start the Jin Dynasty of China.
 The Crusader castle of Montreal is built by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
 Roger of Salerno's Crusaders stop the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Sarmin in Syria.
 The Mixtec lord Eight Deer Jaguar Claw is defeated in battle and sacrificed by a group of city-states led by his brother-in-law

Births 
 Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare (d. 1153)
Deaths 
 July 24 – Matilda, Countess of Tuscany (b. 1046)
 November 8 – Godfrey of Amiens, bishop of Amiens and Catholic saint.
 Adela of Flanders, queen of Denmark, regent of Apulia
 Thierry II, Duke of Lorraine
 King Olaf Magnusson of Norway (b. 1099)
 Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec ruler

References
Year 1116 (MCXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By area 

 Africa 
 Baldwin I of Jerusalem begins an invasion of Egypt.
 The Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya, Ali ibn Yahya, takes over the independent island of Jerba, then acting as an independent piratical republic.

 Americas 
 The Aztecs leave Aztlán, searching for the site of what will eventually become Tenochtitlán (later Mexico City).

 Europe 
 The Portuguese, under the leadership of countess Theresa take two Galician cities, Tui and Ourense. In reply, the sister of Countess Theresa, Queen Urraca of Leon and Castile, attacks Portugal.
 Almoravid troops take over the Balearic islands whose Muslim king had been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.

 By topic
By topic 

 Arts and technology 
 The modern book of separate pages stitched together is invented in China.
 Construction starts on the Chennakesava Temple in India.
 Aak music is introduced to the Korean court by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty.

Births 
 Roger de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford (d. 1173)

Deaths 
 February 3 – Coloman of Hungary (b. 1070)
 February 25 – Robert of Arbrissel, a preacher and founder of the abbey of Fontevrault (b. c. 1045)

References
Year 1120 (MCXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Asia 
 The Song Dynasty governor of the seaport of Quanzhou, Fujian, China, reports the population of his city has reached 500,000.
 August–September (the eighth month of the Chinese calendar) – Wanyan Xiyin completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script
Europe 
 January 16 – The Council of Nablus is held in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
 June 17 – at the Battle of Cutanda, the Aragonese troops of Alfonso I defeat the Almoravid army.
 November 25 – The White Ship is wrecked in the English Channel, resulting in the death of the son of King Henry I of England.
 Walcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude.
 Construction begins on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.
 Foundation of Freiburg in Breisgau.
 Under admirals Abu Abd Allah ibn Maymum of Almeria and Isa ibn Mayum of Sevilla, the Almoravid fleet attacks the Christian kingdom of Galicia.

Births 
 November 28 – Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1180)
 Ioveta of Bethany, daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem
 Louis VII of France (d. 1180)
Deaths 
 November 25 – William Adelin, son of Henry I of England (sinking of the White Ship) (b. 1103)
 September 3 – Gerard Thom (The Blessed Gerard), founder of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c. 1040)
 Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (b. 1094)

References
Year 1117 (MCXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Africa 
 Conflict between the independent republics of Mahdia and Gabes in Ifriqiya. Madhia is supported by the Zirid dynasty while Gabes receives the aid of the Roger I of Sicily.

 Asia 
 Pelusium is destroyed by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
 Miidera and the sohei of Enryakuji attack Nara, Japan.

 Europe 
 Borivoj II of Bohemia becomes prince in place of Vladislav I of Bohemia.
 The people of Santiago de Compostela (present-day Spain) try to burn their prelate in his palace, along with the queen.
 Iceland ends slavery.
 Short-lived Almoravid reconquest of Coimbra (Portugal).

 By topic 
 Education 
 May 3 – Merton Priory (Thomas Becket School) is consecrated.

 Technology 
 The earliest use of a compass for navigational purposes is recorded.

Births 
 Humphrey II of Toron, Constable of Jerusalem