Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Spider-Man has been among the most popular and commercially successful superheroes. Often considered to be Marvel's flagship character and company mascot, he has appeared in many forms of media such as animation and movies, and he has been played by actors such as Tobey Maguire, Andrew Garfield, Tom Holland, among others. Live-action movies include Spider-Man (2002), Spider-Man 2 (2004), Spider-Man 3 (2007), The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019), and Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021).

The first time that Spider-Man appeared in the Amazing Fantasy #15 comic book was in August 1962. Because of its success, a new comic book series began called The Amazing Spider-Man. Others were created including Spectacular Spider-Man, Sensational Spider-Man and Ultimate Spider-Man.
Outfit 
Spider-Man wears a red and blue super suit. This has a webbing design on the suit's red parts: the mask, torso, boots, and gloves. The leggings and sleeves are blue.

Fictional character biography 

In Peter Parker's first appearance, he is introduced as an orphaned science whiz teenager living with his aunt and uncle in the Forest Hills section of New York City. He is a brilliant student but also gets picked on by his peers who accuse him of being a bookworm, and he constantly gets bullied by Eugene "Flash" Thompson, who calls him "Puny Parker" and humiliates him daily. One day, he is bitten by a radioactive spider, giving him powers that turn him into Spider-Man.
As Spider-Man, he then becomes a successful TV star. The career then goes to his head that one day at a studio, he refuses to stop a thief, saying that it is the job of the police, not that of a star. He then returns home to learn that his beloved Uncle Ben has been murdered and as Spider-Man, he angrily sets off to capture the killer. When he does, he is horrified to find that the man is none other than the Burglar he refused to subdue. Learning that with great power comes great responsibility, Spider-Man becomes a vigilante. After his uncle dies, Peter and his aunt become desperate for money, so he gets a job as a photographer at the Daily Bugle selling photos to J. Jonah Jameson, who seems to be jealous of Spider-Man and makes Spider-Man look bad in the paper. As he battles many enemies for the first time, Parker struggles to simultaneously juggle his personal life and costumed adventures
. In time, he would then graduate from high school and enroll at Empire State University, where he meets roommate and best friend Harry Osborn and his second girlfriend (having been romantically involved with Betty Brant before), Gwen Stacy, Peter also discovers his best friend Harry has a drug problem and that Harry's father is revealed to be one of Spider-Man's nemeses the Green Goblin, Peter then attempts to give up his costumed identity. During his adventures, Spider-Man has made several friends and contacts within the superhero community, who often come to his aid when he faces problems he cannot solve.
His loved ones are frequently endangered by enemies, including a Spider-Man costume, which turns out to be an alien symbiote. After noticing the symbiote's true nature, Peter then rejects the symbiote after a difficult struggle. In a controversial storyline, Peter becomes convinced that Ben Reilly, the Scarlet Spider, a clone of Peter created by his college professor Miles Warren, is the real Peter Parker and that he, Peter, is the clone. Peter gives up the Spider-Man identity to Reilly for a while until Reilly is killed by the returning Green Goblin and revealed to be the clone after all. He, for a little bit, develops additional spider-like abilities, including biological web-shooters, toxic stingers that extend from his forearms, the ability to stick individuals to his back, enhanced Spider-sense and night vision, and increased strength and speed. He even becomes a member of the New Avengers and reveals his civilian identity to the world, which causes more problems such as Aunt May being shot
. Due to his Aunt May almost dying, his marriage to Mary Jane and public unmasking are later erased due to a deal made with the demon Mephisto, resulting in several adjustments to the timeline, such as the resurrection of Harry Osborn and Spider-Man original powers. After months of just Peter knowing Spider-Man's identity, he unmasks himself to the New Avengers and the Fantastic Four.
Spider-Man in pop culture 
Spider-Man is one of the most well-known superheroes ever created. His quote With great power comes great responsibility is one of the most popular superheroes quotes ever. He has also been adopted in other media such as television and video games and most popularly Sam Raimi's film trilogy which includes Spider-Man, Spider-Man 2, and Spider-Man 3. The Amazing Spider-Man movies are also popular.
Television 
In both live-action and animated television programs, spider-Man has appeared on television numerous times. In animation, he appeared in a 1967 television series named after him, he also appeared in "Spidey Super Stories" on The Electric Company, he appeared as a guest star in a Spider-Woman animated series. There was also a 1981 animated series of him, and then an animated series called Spider-Man and his Amazing Friends soon after. And then, in the Marvel Animation Age in 1994, there was another series about him, and there was a spin-off called Spider-Man Unlimited.  After the Sam Raimi movies, there was an animated series of Spider-Man on MTV called Spider-Man: The New Animated Series, and in 2008, there was an animated series called The Spectacular Spider-Man. It is also said that he will appear in The Super Hero Squad Show. In live-action, there is Amazing Spider-Man and a tokusatsu series of Spider-Man in Japan.
Movies 
 Spider-Man (2002)
 Spider-Man 2 (2004)
 Spider-Man 3 (2007)
 The Amazing Spider-Man (2012)
 The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014)
 Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017)
 Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
 Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019)
 Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021)
 Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023)

References 

Characters created by Stan Lee
Fictional characters introduced in 1962
Fictional orphans
Marvel Comics adapted into movies
Marvel Comics mutates
Marvel Comics superheroes
Fantastic Four
 
Tony Hawk's (series) guest characters
Fictional American people
Peanuts was a comic strip. It was written and drawn by Charles M. Schulz. It was about a boy named Charlie Brown, his dog named Snoopy who is his best friend, and the lives of their best friends named Linus, Schroder, Sally (Charlie Brown's little sister), Lucy, Patty, Peppermint Patty, Marcie and Woodstock. It started in 1950 and ended in 2000 when Schulz died before 2022. The Peanuts characters and concepts were adapted to several half-hour animated television programs over the years.

Cast and characters in adaptations

1960s

Other websites
 Snoopy.com: Official Peanuts Website
 Snoopy's Home: Charles M. Schulz's home page
 Peanuts Collector Club
 Peanuts Collectible Ornaments Guide 
 AAUGH.com: Peanuts Book Collecting Guide
 Peanuts Animation and Reprints Page
 Charles M. Schulz Museum website
 NCS Awards
 Fantagraphics Books - The Complete Peanuts series 
 Peanuts Gang Wikia

American comic strips
Eddie Cantor (born Isidore Itzkowitz; January 31, 1892 - October 10, 1964) was an American comedian, singer, actor, songwriter. Familiar to Broadway, radio and early television audiences, this "Apostle of Pep" was regarded almost as a family member by millions because his top-rated radio shows revealed intimate stories and amusing anecdotes about his wife Ida and five daughters. His eye-rolling song-and-dance routines eventually led to his nickname, Banjo Eyes, and in 1933, the artist Frederick J. Garner caricatured Cantor with large round and white eyes resembling the drum-like pot of a banjo. Cantor's eyes became his trademark, often exaggerated in illustrations, and leading to his appearance on Broadway in the musical Banjo Eyes (1941). He was the original singer of 1929 hit song "Makin' Whoopie".

References
References

Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
American stage actors
Comedians from New York City
American Jews
Actors from New York City
Singers from New York City
American television actors
American radio actors
1892 births
1964 deaths
Days of Our Lives is a popular American television show on the NBC television network. It is one hour long and is broadcast during the day. Betty and Ted Corday made the show in 1965. Two companies, Corday Productions and Sony Pictures Television make Days of Our Lives. In November 2015, the show celebrated 50 years on TV. It is currently in its 59th season with 14,716 episodes (as of October 23, 2023). They began filming the show in HD in 2010.

Days of Our Lives takes place in the city of Salem. The main families on the show are the Bradys, the DiMeras and the Hortons. Many good and bad things happened to the Brady family and the Horton family. One character named "Stefano DiMera" does some of the bad things that happen to characters on this show.
Characters
 Stefano DiMera is the head of the DiMera family. He is the villain in Salem and has done many bad deeds to the Brady family, mainly Marlena.
 Maggie Simmons Horton has been played by actress Suzanne Rogers since August 20, 1973. Maggie was created by scriptwriter William J. Bell, and executive producer Betty Corday.
Marlena Evans, mother of DJ, Sami, Eric and Belle. She has been taken over by the Devil twice and everyone thought she was a serial killer in 2004. 
 Sami Brady, daughter of Roman and Marlena Brady. She has a twin brother Eric, and her half sister is Carrie. She is the mother of Will, Allie, Johnny and Sydney, and she believed that Grace as she had been swapped at birth.

Couples
Here is a list of some of the main couples on the show:
 John and Marlena Black
 Bo and Hope Brady
 Abe and Lexie Carver
 Stefano and Kate DiMera 
 Jack and Jennifer Devereux
 Austin and Carrie Reed (Austin is Kate's son, Carrie is Roman's daughter)
 EJ DiMera and Nicole Walker 
Ciara Brady and Ben Weston
References

1960s American television series
1960s drama television series
1970s American television series
1970s drama television series
1980s American drama television series
1980s soap operas
1990s American drama television series
1990s soap operas
2000s American drama television series
2000s soap operas
2010s American drama television series
2010s soap operas
American soap operas
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
The recorder is a musical instrument that is a type of flute. It is shaped like a tube with one end bigger than the other end. A recorder player puts the bigger end in their mouth and blows into it.

In Europe, people started to play the recorder in medieval times. The recorder was often used by musicians to sound like bird songs. Purcell, Bach, Telemann and Vivaldi all wrote music for the recorder. By the 1900s very few people played the recorder. They liked the flute and other instruments better than the recorder. These instruments are louder than the recorder and are better for playing difficult music.

In the 1900s more people started to learn the recorder again. One reason was that people wanted to play old music on old kinds of instruments. A second reason was that the recorder is a good instrument for children to learn about music.

History
History 

Whistles are very old instruments. People have found some whistles that were made in the Iron Age. A recorder is a type of whistle. It has holes for seven fingers and one thumb. It also has one end bigger than the other. The first recorders were made in the 1500s. Some remains of these have been found in Germany, the Netherlands and Greece.

Many people played the recorder in Europe in the 1500s and 1600s. King Henry VIII of England had 76 recorders. William Shakespeare talks about recorders in his play Hamlet and John Milton talks about them in his poem Paradise Lost. Recorders from that time are now called Renaissance recorders.
In the 1600s, the people who made recorders tried new ways to make them sound better. They also wanted them to play more difficult music. Recorders from this time are called Baroque recorders. They were thinner than Renaissance recorders. They were also made in several parts that fitted together. In the picture at the top of the page, one of the recorders is in three parts.

From the second half of the 1700s, people preferred to play the flute and clarinet instead of the recorder. Flutes are good for playing music which has a large range of notes. Flutes are also better for playing music which needs many chromatic notes.
Modern period 
In the 1900s people wanted to play old music with old kinds of instrument. In England, Arnold Dolmetsch was one of the people who was famous for this. Other musicians also began to play the recorder at serious music concerts. Some of these people were Frans Brüggen, Hans-Martin Linde, Bernard Kranis and David Munrow. In modern times, people have written new music for the recorder. Some of these people are Paul Hindemith, Luciano Berio, John Tavener, Michael Tippett, Benjamin Britten, Leonard Bernstein, Gordon Jacob and Edmund Rubbra.

The recorder is sometimes used in popular music. The Beatles played the recorder in their song Fool on the Hill and the Rolling Stones used a recorder in Ruby Tuesday (song). 
Plastic recorders were invented in the 20th century. They are cheap and vary greatly in quality (that is often not related to the price) depending on the manufacturer. They are easy instruments to play simple music. Many elementary schools use plastic recorders to teach music to children.
The head joint of the recorder is used as a noise, rhythm and effect instrument, and as a toy musical instrument with children. Because the recorder head works like a whistle, it can be used as such. With a bit practice, it is easy to play all kind of rhythms. Effects are made by opening and covering the lower end of the head joint with the hand while blowing. Many players blow harder like "normal" recorder playing (like with a pea whistle), to get a very shrill and loud sound. Professor Agnes Dorwarth of the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg argues this is an attractive way to get children to play with part of the instrument, which can make playing the entire instrument more inviting.

Kinds of recorder
Kinds of recorder 

Recorders are made in different sizes. The lowest note of most recorders is either C or F. This is the note that is heard when the player covers all the finger holes and the thumb hole. The soprano recorder is the size of recorder which is usually played in schools, also known as a Descant. The lowest note of the soprano recorder is C. Some recorders are smaller than the soprano recorder but are not common. The alto recorder is bigger than the soprano recorder. Its lowest is F. The other main sizes are the tenor recorder (with lowest note C) and the bass (with lowest note F). Instruments larger than the bass are made but are not common. These include the Great Bass, Contrabass, Subgreatbass and Subcontrabass. Recorders higher than a soprano recorder include the Sopranino and Garklein recorders.

Recorder groups
Recorder groups 

The recorder is a very social instrument. Many people enjoy playing in small or large groups. Groups often play music that is written for several different sizes of recorder together. Often there is a separate musical part for soprano, alto, tenor, and bass recorders. This covers a wider range of notes, from high sounds to low, than any single instrument could play. Some music is written for a recorder duet (two instruments), trio (three), or quartet (four). These groups are called ensembles, from the French word for "together." Some people play in recorder orchestras. These sometimes have 50 or 60 players with nine sizes of instrument.

References 

Flutes
1067 was a common year.

Events 
 On the death of her husband Constantine X, Eudocia Macrembolitissa becomes regent of the Byzantine Empire.
 Work begins on the building of the Tower of London.
 Trencavel family takes over in Carcassonne.
 The Wartburg castle, according to Legend, built in Thuringia.
 Winchester Castle built
 Vorša was first mentioned in the chronicles.
Antoine-Joseph (known as Adolphe) Sax (November 6, 1814 – February 4, 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who played the flute and clarinet.  He is best known for inventing the saxophone.

Biography
Adolphe Sax was born in Dinant in Wallonia, Belgium.  Adolphe began to make his own instruments at an early age.  He entered two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of fifteen.  He studied those two instruments at the Royal School of Singing in Brussels.

Adolphe's first important invention was an improvement of the bass clarinet design.  He patented this at the age of twenty-four. In 1841, Sax moved to Paris.  Around this time he invented the saxophone.

He got a job teaching at the Paris Conservatoire starting in 1867.
 
Sax suffered from lip cancer between 1853 and 1858 but made a full recovery. He died in 1894 in Paris.
Books about Adolphe Sax
 Adolphe Sax, sa vie son oeuvre, Malou Haine, Brussel University Press, Brussel, 1980
 Sax, Mule & Co, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, H & D, Paris, 2004 

1814 births
1894 deaths
Belgian inventors
Belgian musicians
Clarinetists
People from Namur (province)
Unforgiven is a 1992 American western movie directed by Clint Eastwood. It stars Eastwood, Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman and Richard Harris. It ranks #98 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies and won the Best Picture Academy Award. It is set in the 1880s in Wyoming and Kansas about an aging outlaw and killer.

Other websites 

1992 crime drama movies
1990s Western (genre) movies
American crime drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
Movies featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
1990s English-language movies
Movies about prostitution
Movies about revenge
Movies about atonement
Movies set in Kansas
Movies set in Wyoming
Movies set in Alberta
Movies set in the 1880s
United States National Film Registry movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
Bucharest is the capital city of Romania. It is the largest city in the country. The city has a population of 1.9 million people. It is made up of 6 "sectors". It has a humid continental climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification). It became the capital of Romania in 1862. It is the centre of Romanian media, culture and art. Bucharest is the 6th largest city in the European Union by population within city limits.

According to European standards, Bucharest is an old city. The first mention of it appears in 1459. Its eclectic architecture is a mixture of historical, transitional, Communist and modern styles. In the period between the two World Wars, thanks to the elegant urban architecture and ingenuity of the urban elite, Bucharest was named "Paris of the East", or "Little Paris" (Micul Paris).

References 

 
Municipalities of Romania
County capitals of Romania
1459 establishments
15th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Romania
Tocantins can refer to: 
 Tocantins, a state of Brazil.
 Tocantins River, a river in Brazil.

There are also some small Brazilian cities called Tocantins.
An avalanche is a natural disaster linked to snow. When there is too much snow on a mountain, some of the snow may fall, causing damage to things in its path. This is called an avalanche. People talk about avalanches because they may be dangerous to skiers and other people doing winter sports.

Large avalanches may carry stones, boulders and trees with them. They may bury people under them. If the people are not found rapidly enough by rescue teams they will die of suffocation (not getting enough air) or of hypothermia (freezing cold).

The chance of surviving an avalanche is as follows:
 92% if found within 15 minutes
 30% if found within 35 minutes (victims die of suffocation)
 nearly zero after two hours (victims die of injuries and hypothermia)

European avalanche risk table 

In Europe, the avalanche risk is widely rated on the following scale, which was adopted in April 1993 to replace the earlier non-standard national schemes. Descriptions were last updated in May 2003 to enhance uniformity pdf .
[1] Stability:
 Generally described in more detail in the avalanche bulletin (regarding the altitude, aspect, type of terrain etc.)

[2] additional load:
 heavy: two or more skiers or boarders without spacing between them, a single hiker or climber, a grooming machine, avalanche blasting.
 light: a single skier or snowboarder smoothly linking turns and without falling, a group of skiers or snowboarders with a minimum 10 m gap between each person, a single person on snowshoes.

Gradient:
 gentle slopes: with an incline below about 30°.
 steep slopes: with an incline over 30°.
 very steep slopes: with an incline over 35°.
 extreme steep slopes: extreme in terms of the incline (over 40°), the terrain profile, proximity of the ridge, smoothness of underlying ground.

Avalanche size:
Avalanche size:

Surviving avalanches 
Surviving avalanches is very difficult, as the snow rushes at a very fast rate and can bury anyone alive in seconds. However, the snow in an avalanche acts like a liquid when descending. Thus, the best way is to actually 'swim' a backstroke. This will help as the person will be able to keep his/her face up and breathe, and also not get submerged in the snow at the same time (the force of swimming backwards is in contrast and opposes the force of the snow coming in his/her direction, rather than the snow totally taking over). 

Another way is to hold on to something immediately after an avalanche occurs. The item should be strong so it itself doesn't get drifted away by an avalanche, like a tree or large and heavy rock. 
Natural events
The foot is a unit for measuring length. It is one of the Imperial units and U.S. customary units. The shortest way of writing the unit "foot" is by the abbreviation "ft" (or "ft."), or by a prime symbol ( ′ ).

One foot contains 12 inches. This is equal to 30.48 centimetres. It is called a foot, because it was originally based on the length of a foot.

History 
The foot was a common unit of measurement throughout Europe. It often differed in length not only from country to country but from city to city. Because the length of a foot changed between person to person, measurements were not even consistent between two people, often requiring an average. Henry I of England was attributed to passing the law that the foot was to be as long as a person's own foot. This was one of the first times a standard unit of measurement was put into place.
In 1959, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and the United Kingdom all signed a treaty known as the 'International Yard and Pound Agreement'. This standardised the avoirdupois weight and length of all nations. Those standards are still officially used in both the Imperial system and U.S. customary units.

Usage 

Road signs with height restrictions in the United States and the United Kingdom are in feet and inches. They are less commonly seen in Canada and Ireland. In the U.S. and the UK, people usually measure a person's height in feet and inches. If a person is "five foot eleven", this means that person is 5 feet and 11 inches, or about 180 centimeters. The height is written 5′ 11″

Many people born before metrication in a number of Commonwealth nations still use feet and inches. Altitude measurements are still sometimes given in feet, even in metricated nations.

Length 

Imperial units
Units of length
For the state in Brazil, see Acre (state).

An acre is an English unit of area, which is also used in the United States and some Commonwealth countries. It is most often used to describe areas of land.
 By the official definition it is 4,046.8564224 m2 (4,840 square yards). It is the area of one furlong by one chain. 
 The international acre is 4,046.8564224 m2, or 0.404686 hectares. This is based on international foot of 0.3048 m.

An acre is approximately equal:
 the area of an American football field.

Originally, it was seen as the area of land a farmer could plough with an ox in a day. Since this definition depended on the farmer and the ox, it looked variable. Therefore, Edward I, Edward III, Henry VIII and George IV passed laws fixing its size. The Commonwealth countries, including the United States then also introduced these laws.

Other websites
 The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995
 NIST Handbook 44 

Units of area
The Erfurt massacre was a mass shooting that happened at the Gutenberg Gymnasium in Erfurt, Thuringia, Germany, on 26 April 2002.  

A boy that had been expelled from the school 2 months earlier, 19-year-old Robert Steinhäuser, was the person who did all the shooting. In anger, he came into the gymnasium, and shot dead 12 teachers, a secretary, two students, and a police officer. After a teacher caught him and put him in an empty room, Steinhäuser shot himself dead. In total, 17 people were killed.

According to students, he ignored them and aimed only for the teachers and administrators, although two students were unintentionally killed by shots fired through a locked door.

References

2002 in Europe
2000s in Germany
2000s murders in Europe
April 2002 events
Attacks on buildings and structures in Germany
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2000s
Attacks on schools in Europe
Massacre
Mass murder in Germany
Mass murder in the 2000s
Mass shootings in Europe
Mass shootings in the 2000s
Massacres in Europe
Murder in 2002
Murder-suicides in Europe
Murders by firearm in Germany
High school shootings
Suicide in the 2000s
Suicides by firearm in Germany
The gymnasium is a form of higher education in Western Europe, especially in Germany. It is the same as a grammar school Gymnasiums are also common in Hungary and Austria. Graduating from a gymnasium is considered an accomplishment seeing as how difficult it is to do so.

Types of educational institutions
Huascarán is the highest mountain in Peru, and the fourth-highest mountain in South America. The top of it is 22,205 feet (6,768 meters) high.

The mountain is located in the Ancash Region of Peru.  Huascarán has turned into a tourist attraction for mountain climbers.

Huascarán is all that is left of an extinct volcano.  It has been getting smaller and smaller.  As recently as 1970, the Ancash Earthquake caused a big part of the mountain to crumble and fall off.  That part of the mountain was all rock and ice, and it killed almost 17,000 people in small towns around the mountain.

Related pages 
 List of volcanos
 Active volcano
 Dormant volcano

References 

Andes
Volcanoes of South America
Mountains of Peru
Ancash Region
Events 
 Tirant Lo Blanc by Joanot Martorell, Martí Joan De Galba is published.
 Yoshitane becomes Ashikaga shogun of Japan.
 Charles John Amadeus of Savoy becomes Duke of Savoy at age 1, mother Blanche of Montferrato is regent.
 Aldus Manutius moves to Venice.
 John Colet receives M.A. from Magdalen College, Oxford.
 Castle Church in Wittenberg is begun.
 Pedro de Covilham arrives in Ethiopia.
 Catholic missionaries arrive in the African kingdom of Kongo.
 Regular postal service connects the Habsburg residences of Mechelen and Innsbruck, the first in Germany.
 Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action in small-bore tubes.
 December 19 – Anne of Brittany married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy

Births 
 Wijerd Jelckama, Frisian warlord and rebel (d. 1523)

Deaths
1571 was a common year.

Events 
 January 11 – Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion.
 October 7 Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces under Don John of Austria defeat the Turkish fleet of Ali Monizindade Pasha.
 The Ottoman Empire captured the city of Nicosia on the island of Cyprus.

Births 
 February 15 – Michael Praetorius, German composer (d. 1621)
 October – Tirso de Molina, Spainish dramatist and poet (d. 1648)
 December 27 – Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (d. 1630)
401 (CDI) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Pope Innocent I succeeds Pope Anastasius I. 
 The Vandals start their westward trek from Dacia and Hungary (or 400).
The Visigoths begin to attack the northernmost reaches of Italy, causing destruction in the countryside.
Kumarajiva arrives in Changan.
Western Roman Empire general Stilicho leads an extensive campaign against the Vandals in Rhaetia.
Synod of Turin
Events 
 January 1 – Eudocia Macrembolitissa marries the general Romanus Diogenes who becomes Byzantine Emperor
 Emperor Go-Sanjō ascends the throne of Japan
 William the Conqueror takes Exeter, England after a brief siege
 Saint Herfast becomes the first Lord Chancellor of England in London, England at the age of 68. He does the job for two years before he retires

Births 
 September 1 – King Henry I of England, English royal (d. 1135)
Australian rules football is a sport created in Australia. It is the national sport and is the most popular sport in Australia. The main league of Australian rules football is the Australian Football League.

History

In 1858, Tom Wills, a former student of the Rugby school and Cambridge College, created a set of football rules that were like a cross between rugby, soccer and Gaelic football. He made up the game for cricketers to keep in shape during the off-season (winter). Wills had help in making up the game from other people like his cousin H.C.A. Harrison, and W.J. Hammersly and J.B. Thompson.
Wills grew up with Indigenous Australians.  He spoke the language of the people who lived near him and played with the children.  It has been suggested that Australian Rules Football is based in part on Marn Grook, an Aboriginal game with some similar rules to Australian Rules Football. Because the indigenous people Wills played with as a child would have played Marn Grook, Wills would have been influenced by this game when creating the rules for Australian Rules Football.
The Melbourne Football Club was founded on 14 May 1859; the Melbourne Football Club is one of the oldest surviving football clubs in the world.  A game of football was played between Scotch College and Melbourne Grammar School. It was played over three days on an oval next to the present day Melbourne Cricket Ground, and the two schools have played an annual game ever since.  This game became known as Melbourne Rules Football, one of many local varieties of football that existed at that time, another notable one being Sheffield Rules Football. Then following its decision to not join either the association rules (1863) or rugby rules (1871), it became known as Victorian Rules, although it closely resembled the two former rule sets
. Then in the 1880s as rugby and association rules began to diverge in a much greater way, Victorian Rules which resembled the 1850s type of football that both rugby and the association had based their rules on remained much the same except for moving to oval fields from rectangular fields and eventually introducing more posts.  After the sport became popular in other states, people started calling it "Australian Rules".
The Victorian Football League ( VFL ) was created in 1896. The next year, the first official games were played. The first clubs were Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Fitzroy, Geelong, Melbourne, St Kilda, and South Melbourne. In 1908, Richmond and University joined. University left after the 1914 season. In 1925, Footscray, Hawthorn and North Melbourne joined the VFL.

Years later other teams joined in: 
West Coast Eagles (joined in 1987)
Brisbane Bears (1987)
Adelaide Crows (1991)
Fremantle Dockers (1995)
Port Adelaide (1997)
Brisbane Lions (1997, when the Brisbane Bears and Fitzroy Lions merged).
Gold Coast Suns (2011) 
Greater Western Sydney Giants (2012)

In 1990 the Victorian Football League was changed to the Australian Football League (AFL). Footscray changed its name to the Western Bulldogs in 1997. North Melbourne changed its name to the Kangaroos in 1999, but changed back in 2008.
About
Football is the most popular sport in Australia, with crowd attendances of 50-80,000 people common to normal home and away matches and capacity crowds of 100,000 people at the home of football the MCG during the finals and special matches.  The record crowd still remains at 121,696, who watched that most history-making of all Grand Finals in 1970, between Carlton and Collingwood, where Carlton came from a 44-point deficit at half-time to win the game by implementing an entirely new system of play, handballing out of the backline, which changed the game forever, and marked the beginnings of the transition of the game from one of a 'territorial' base to 'possession football'.
Every game consists of 4 quarters, being 20 minutes and overtime (stoppage time, time-keepers acting upon central umpire signals to determine how long). After every quarter the teams swap direction. The quarter is started when the umpire blows his whistle and bounces the ball in the middle of the field (similar to a basketball "tip")and opposing players try to tap or punch the ball to their team-mates.
 
The idea of the game is to kick more goals than the other team. At each end of the field are 4 poles. Players score points by kicking the ball between the poles. A goal is a kick between the centermost posts. It is worth 6 points. A Behind (worth 1 point) is a kick that goes between the outer posts. Players can bounce the ball and hit it with their hand (handball it) to other players .  If a player catches a ball after the ball has been kicked in the air by another player, then this is a "mark" and the player cannot be tackled until he plays on.
It is the only "football" code where the major score can ONLY be scored with the foot.

In other countries

Australian rules football was introduced by expats into many countries around the world. It is also the national sport of Nauru. There is also an Australian Football International Cup held every four years.

Present teams 
Clubs competing in the Australian Football League.

Individual major awards

Brownlow Medal (best and fairest )
Coleman Medal (most goals )
AFL Rising Star (best young player)
Leigh Matthews Trophy (most valuable player voted by the players )
Norm Smith Medal (best player in Grand Final)
Michael Tuck (best player in pre -season Grand Final) (now defunct)
AFL Mark of the Year (award for best mark in season)
AFL Goal of the Year (award for best goal in season)
All Australian Team (team made up of the best players from all clubs )
Club Best and Fairest Awards (best player in a club)

References

Australian Football League
The Australian Football League (AFL) is the Australian national league in the sport of Australian Rules Football. The league is the most popular sports competition in Australia. In 2017, more than 7.2 million people watched a game in a stadium.

This sport is the best sport in the entire world.

The clubs

National Competition 
Since the 2012 season, there are nine clubs from Melbourne, one from Victoria's second largest city, Geelong, two teams from South Australia's capital of Adelaide, two from the Perth area in Western Australia, two from Queensland and two from Sydney, New South Wales.

AFL is the dominant league in television, print and radio news in Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Tasmania. Also Australian rules football has more people playing than any other football code in these states and territories.
The AFL is becoming more popular in the states of New South Wales and Queensland. This happened after the finals wins by the Brisbane Lions (2001, 2002 and 2003) and Sydney Swans (2005). With the success of these sides, interest in Australian rules football has grown rapidly in these states in recent years. This directly led to new clubs being added in both states in the 2010s—Gold Coast in 2011 and Greater Western Sydney in 2012.

Major annual awards 

 Brownlow Medal
 Coleman Medal
 AFL Rising Star
 Leigh Matthews Trophy
 Norm Smith Medal
 Jock McHale Medal
 Michael Tuck Medal
 AFL Mark of the Year
 AFL Goal of the Year
 All Australian Team 
 Club Best and Fairest Awards

Present teams
|-
! Club
! Nickname
! City
! Home Ground
! Entered Competition
! No. of Premierships
! Notes
|-
| Adelaide Football Club
| Crows
| Adelaide, South Australia
| Adelaide Oval
| 1991
| 2
| 
|-
| Brisbane Lions Football Club
| Lions
| Brisbane, Queensland
| Brisbane Cricket Ground (The 'Gabba)
| 1997
| 3
| Club formed after merger of Brisbane Bears and Fitzroy Football Club in 1996.
|-
| Carlton Football Club
| Blues
| Carlton, Victoria
| Etihad Stadium/Melbourne Cricket Ground
| 1897
| 16
|
|-
| Collingwood Football Club
| Magpies
| Collingwood, Victoria
| Melbourne Cricket Ground
| 1897
| 15
|
|-
| Essendon Football Club
| Bombers
| Essendon, Victoria
| Etihad Stadium
| 1897
| 16
|
|-
| Fremantle Football Club
| Dockers
| Fremantle, Western Australia
| Domain Stadium
| 1995
| Nil
|
|-
| Geelong Football Club
| Cats
| Geelong, Victoria
| Simonds stadium
| 1897
| 8
|
|-
| Gold Coast Football Club
| Suns
| Gold Coast, Queensland
| Carrara Stadium
| 2011
| Nil
|
|-
| Greater Western Sydney Football Club
| Giants
| Giants
| Sydney, New South Wales
| Sydney Showground StadiumANZ Stadium
| 2012
| Nil
|
|-
| Hawthorn Football Club
| Hawks'
| Hawthorn, Victoria
| Melbourne Cricket Ground
| 1925
| 10
|
|-
| North Melbourne Football Club
| Kangaroos| North Melbourne, Victoria
| Etihad Stadium
| 1925
| 4
|
|-
| Melbourne Football Club
| Demons| Melbourne, Victoria
| Melbourne Cricket Ground
| 1897
| 12
|
|-
| Port Adelaide Football Club
| Power| Alberton, South Australia
| Adelaide Oval
| 1997
| 1
|
|-
| Richmond Football Club
| Tigers| Richmond, Victoria
| Melbourne Cricket Ground
| 1908
| 11
|
|-
| St Kilda Football Club
| Saints| St Kilda, Victoria
| Etihad Stadium
| 1897
| 1
|
|-
| Sydney Swans Football Club
| Swans| Sydney, New South Wales
| Sydney Cricket GroundANZ Stadium
| 1897
| 5
| Relocated from South Melbourne, Victoria in 1982.
|-
| West Coast Eagles Football Club
| Eagles| Perth, Western Australia
| Domain Stadium
| 1987
| 3
|
|-
| Western Bulldogs Football Club
| Bulldogs| Footscray, Victoria
| Etihad Stadium
| Etihad Stadium
| 1925
| 2
| Formerly the Footscray Football Club, renamed in 1998.
|}
Legends of the Game 
In 1996, twelve Hall of Fame members were declared Legends of the Game.  Another member of the Hall of Fame is declared a legend every few years. The following is a list of Legends of the Game.

 Ron Barassi Junior (added 1996) Haydn Bunton Senior(added 1996) Roy Cazaly (added 1996) John Coleman (added 1996) Jack Dyer (added 1996) Graham Farmer (added 1996) Leigh Matthews (added 1996) John Nicholls (added 1996) Bob Pratt (added 1996) Dick Reynolds (added 1996) Bob Skilton (added 1996) Ted Whitten Senior (added 1996) Ian Stewart (added 1997) Gordon Coventry (added 1998) Peter Hudson (added 1999) Kevin Bartlett (added 2000) Barrie Robran (added 2001) Bill Hutchison (added 2003) Jock McHale (added 2005) Darrell Baldock (added 2006) Norm Smith (added 2007) Alex Jesaulenko (added 2008) Kevin Murray (added 2010) Barry Cable (added 2012) Royce Hart (added 2013) Tony Lockett (added 2015) Malcolm Blight (added 2017)''
VFL/AFL Records 
 Highest scoreGeelong - 37.17 (239) vs. Brisbane Bears Carrara Oval, May 3, 1992.
 Highest winning marginFitzroy - 190 pointsWaverley Park, July 28, 1979.
 Highest aggregate score 52.33 (345) - Melbourne 21.15 (141) vs St Kilda 31.18 (204)MCG, May 6, 1978
 Highest score in one quarterSouth Melbourne - 17.4 (106) vs. St Kilda Lake Oval, July 26, 1919
 Largest crowdCarlton v Collingwood - 121,696 MCG, September 26, 1970 (Grand Final)
 Largest Home & Away Season crowdMelbourne v Collingwood - 99,346 MCG, 1958
 Largest crowd for a game between a Victorian and non-Victorian clubAdelaide Crows v St Kilda Saints - 99,645 MCG, September 27, 1997 (Grand Final)
 Largest crowd for a game between non-Victorian clubsWest Coast Eagles v Sydney Swans - 97,431MCG, September 30, 2006 (Grand Final)
 Largest International crowdMelbourne v Sydney - 32,789B.C. Place, Vancouver, Canada, 1987
 Most premierships Carlton 16, most recent 1995, Essendon 16, most recent 2000
Most wooden spoons (last position at the end of the Home and Away Season) St Kilda - 26, most recent 2000
 Most consecutive premiershipsCollingwood - 41927-1930
 Most games won in a seasonEssendon - 24 (incl. finals)2000
 Most consecutive winsGeelong - 231952-1953
 Most consecutive games unbeatenGeelong - 261952-1953
 Most consecutive lossesUniversity - 51 (1911-1914)
 Most games played in a careerBrent Harvey (North Melbourne) - 432 games
 Most games as club captainStephen Kernahan (Carlton) - 226 games
 Most goals in a career Tony Lockett (St Kilda/Sydney) - 1359 goals
 Most goals in a gameFred Fanning (Melbourne) - 18 Goals
 Most goals in a seasonBob Pratt (South Melbourne, 1934) and Peter Hudson (Hawthorn, 1971) - 150 goals
 Most consecutive matchesJim Stynes (Melbourne) - 244
 Most consecutive matches from debutJared Crouch (Sydney) - 194 (Ended Rd 13, 2006 due to unknown injury)
 Tallest playerAaron Sandilands (Fremantle), Peter Street (Western Bulldogs) - 211cm
Shortest playerDanny Craven (St Kilda/Brisbane) - 162cm
 Heaviest playerAaron Sandilands (Fremantle) - 124kg
 Longest kickAlbert Thurgood (Essendon) - 98.48m (109 yards, 1 foot, 3.2 inches)
Urbain Grandier (born 1590 in Bouère, Mayenne, France ; died April 18,1634 in Loudun, France) was a free-thinking cleric. A satirical publication against Richelieu was attributed to him. After this, Pierre-Martin de Laubardement, a statesman was charged to lead the process against Grandier in 1633. He was charged of having bewitched the ursuline nuns of Loudun. They became obsessed by him. His friend, Claude Quillet agreed to defend him in court, but without success. 

He was condemned to burn at the stake as a witch in 1634.

English literature
The Devils of Loudun, by Aldous Huxley, published in 1952

1590 births
1634 deaths
Executed French people
French Roman Catholics
People executed by burning
People executed for witchcraft
Armand Jean du Plessis, better known as Cardinal Richelieu (9 September 1585–4 December 1642) was a French clergyman, noble, and statesman. His full name was Armand Jean du Plessis. He was later created the Duke of Richelieu and duke of Fronsac.

In order to keep the diocese of Luçon, Armand Jean needed to become a monk. He joined the Grande Chartreuse, the main monastery of the Carthusian order. This monastery is in the Isère département, near Grenoble. As a comparison, Luçon is near La Roche-sur-Yon.

He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607. For this he obtained a dispensation of the pope; at age 21, he was too young to become a bishop.  He later entered politics and became a Secretary of State in 1616. Richelieu soon rose in both the Church and the state. He became a cardinal in 1622. He became King Louis XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642; then Jules Cardinal Mazarin became chief minister.
As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and of the keeping of Quebec, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec to French rule under de Champlain, after the settlement had been captured by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of French-speaking culture in North America.

Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he founded the Académie française, the learned society responsible for matters of the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's vestments and the style "eminence" as a cardinal.

1585 births
1642 deaths
French cardinals
French nobility
Politicians from Paris
Dukes and duchesses of France
17th-century French people
Belaying is a way to hold and control a rope for a person who is rock climbing. A climber has to be attached to a rope so they do not fall very far. A person on the ground who is belaying is called a belayer.

The belayer usually puts the rope through a belay device, which lets the rope move through the device in one direction (as the climber being belayed goes up). If the climber falls, the device lets the belayer also hold the rope still, so the climber hangs in the air but does not hit the ground. 

A belayer can hold the weight of the climber with the rope and help prevent an injury caused by a fall.

Reference 

Rock climbing
Ropework
# Psycho (1960)
# Jaws (1975)
# The Exorcist (1973)
# North by Northwest (1959)
# The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
# Alien (1979)
# The Birds (1963)
# The French Connection (1971)
# Rosemary's Baby (1968)
# Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
# The Godfather (1972)
# King Kong (1933)
# Bonnie and Clyde (1967)
# Rear Window (1954)
# Deliverance (1972)
# Chinatown (1974)
# The Manchurian Candidate (1962)
# Vertigo (1958)
# The Great Escape (1963)
# High Noon (1952)
# A Clockwork Orange (1971)
# Taxi Driver (1976)
# Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
# Double Indemnity (1944)
# Titanic (1997)
# The Maltese Falcon (1941)
# Star Wars (1977)
# Fatal Attraction (1987)
# The Shining (1980)
# The Deer Hunter (1978)
# Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
# Strangers on a Train (1951)
# The Fugitive (1993)
# The Night of the Hunter (1955)
# Jurassic Park (1993)
# Bullitt (1968)
# Casablanca (1942)
# Notorious (1946)
# Die Hard (1988)
# 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
# Dirty Harry (1971)
# The Terminator (1984)
# The Wizard of Oz (1939)
# E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
# Saving Private Ryan (1998)
# Carrie (1976)
# Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)
# Dial M for Murder (1954)
# Ben-Hur (1959)
# Marathon Man (1976)
# Raging Bull (1980)
# Rocky (1976)
# Pulp Fiction (1994)
# Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969)
# Wait Until Dark (1967)
# Frankenstein (1931)
# All the President's Men (1976)
# The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
# Planet of the Apes (1968)
# The Sixth Sense (1999)
# Cape Fear (1962)
# Spartacus (1960)
# What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)
# Touch of Evil (1958)
# The Dirty Dozen (1967)
# The Matrix (1999)
# The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
# Halloween (1979)
# The Wild Bunch (1969)
# Dog Day Afternoon (1975)
# Goldfinger (1964)
# Platoon (1986)
# Laura (1944)
# Blade Runner (1982)
# The Third Man (1949)
# Thelma and Louise (1991)
# Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
# Gaslight (1944)
# The Magnificent Seven (1960)
# Rebecca (1940)
# The Omen (1976)
# The Omen (1976)
# The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951)
# The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
# Poltergeist (1982)
# Dracula (1931)
# The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945)
# The Thing from Another World (1951)
# 12 Angry Men (1957)
# The Guns of Navarone (1961)
# The Poseidon Adventure (1972)
# Braveheart (1995)
# Body Heat (1981)
# Night of the Living Dead (1968)
# The China Syndrome (1979)
# Full Metal Jacket (1987)
# Blue Velvet (1986)
# Safety Last (1923)
# Blood Simple (1984)
# Speed (1994)
# The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam was a country that existed from 1955 to 1975. It occupied in the southern of what is now Southern Vietnam. The country was south of the local Demilitarized Zone.

History
South Vietnam established on 26 October, 1955 after the 1955 Referendum. It was first ruled by Ngo Dinh Diem until 1963. After the 1963 coup, South Vietnam was run by a military government. It lasted until 1967. From 1967, On 1 April, 1967, the Second Republic was established. This Second Republic lasted until the Fall of Saigon when the president Duong Van Minh surrendered to Viet Cong. South Vietnam ceased to exist on 30 April, 1975. This day is also known as Black April to Vietnamese anti-communists.

Related pages
State of Vietnam

References

Notes
References

Notes

1955 establishments in Asia
1976 disestablishments in Asia
20th century in Vietnam
Former countries in Southeast Asia
Former dictatorships
States and territories established in the 20th century
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
Robert Ludlum (May 25 1927 - March 12 2001) was an American writer. He is best known as the author of The Bourne Identity from 1980, which was made into a movie in 2001.

Other websites 
 Official website of Robert Ludlum 
 

1927 births
2001 deaths
Writers from New York City