Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
National Junior College Athletic Association (United States)

Women's
National Women's Hockey League (2015)
Canadian Women's Hockey League (2007)
Western Women's Hockey League (2004)
National Collegiate Women's Ice Hockey Championship (2000)
NCAA Division III women's ice hockey
Canadian Interuniversity Sport women's ice hockey championship (1998)
Junior Women's Hockey League (2007)
Hockey collégial féminin RSEQ (1999)
Livonia League
Mid-Atlantic Women's Hockey League (1975)
Provincial Women's Hockey League (2004)

Senior

Sanctioned by Hockey Canada or USA Hockey

Canada
Big 6 Hockey League (Saskatchewan Sr. AAA)
Chinook Hockey League (Alberta Sr. AAA)
Highway Hockey League (Saskatchewan Sr. AAA)
Ligue Centrale de Hockey (LCH) (Quebec Sr. AAA/semi-pro) (1990)
Major League Hockey (Ontario Sr. AAA) (1953)
North Peace Hockey League (Alberta Sr. AAA)
Western Ontario Athletic Association Senior Hockey League (Ontario Sr. AA and A) (1948)

United States
Great Lakes Hockey League (1937)
Unsanctioned
Hockey North America (1980)

School and youth
Central States Developmental Hockey League
United States Premier Hockey League (2013)
High School
Delaware Scholastic Hockey Association
Independent School League (Boston Area)
Interscholastic Hockey League
Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association (MIAA)
Super Eight (hockey)
Midwest Prep Hockey League
Minnesota State High School League boy's hockey
Missouri high school hockey 
Mid-States Club Hockey Association (MSCHA)
Mid America High School Hockey League (MAHSHL)
New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association
New York high school hockey 
New York State Public High School Athletic Association (varsity)
New York State Amateur Hockey Association (non varsity)
North Dakota High School Activities Association
Northern Virginia Scholastic Hockey League
Pennsylvania high school hockey
Penguins Cup 
Flyers Cup
Washington high school hockey
Western Washington High School Hockey League
Tri-Cities Amateur Hockey Association
West Virginia high school hockey (Penguins Cup)
Wisconsin high school hockey
Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association
Wisconsin Amateur Hockey Association
Defunct leagues
All-American Hockey League (1987–1988)
All American Hockey League  (2008-2011)
America East Hockey League (2005–2008)
Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (1886–1898)
American Amateur Hockey League (1896–?)
American Hockey Association (1926–1942)
Atlantic Coast Hockey League (1981–1987)
Atlantic Coast Hockey League (2002–2003)
California Hockey League (1928–1933)
California Hockey League (1957–1963)
Canadian Amateur Hockey League (1899–1905)
Canadian-American Hockey League (1926–1936)
Canadian Elite Hockey League (2005–2006)
Canadian Hockey Association (1909–1910)
Canadian Independent Junior Hockey League (2014)(folded prior to playing any games)
Canadian International Hockey League (2014) - played one season
Canadian Professional Hockey League (1926–1930)
Central Collegiate Hockey Association (NCAA Division I, 1971–2013)
Central Hockey League (1963–1984)
Central Hockey League (1992-2014) (United States; Canada)
Central Ontario Hockey League (Unknown-1980)
Central Ontario Women's Hockey League (1992-1998)
Central/West Junior Hockey League (relegated from Jr B 2014 and became inactive)
College Hockey America men's division (NCAA Division I, 1999–2010; conference remains in operation as a women's hockey league)
Coloured Hockey League (1895–1925)
Continental Elite Hockey League (2001–2004)
Continental Hockey League (1972–1987)-became All-American Hockey League
Eastern Amateur Hockey League (1933–1934, 1935–1948, 1949–1953)
Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (1905–1909)
Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey League (1923–?)
Eastern Hockey League (1934–1935, 1954–1973, 1979–1981)
Eastern Junior Hockey League (1993–2013) – Some split from the league to form the United States Premier Hockey League and the remaining teams joined the Eastern Hockey League
Eastern Junior B Hockey League (1951–1972)
Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League (2003–2008)
Eastern Professional Hockey League (2008–2009)
Eastern Professional Hockey League (1914–1915, 1959–1963)
Eastern States Hockey League (2003–2013) formerly the Continental Hockey Association 2003–2011
EJHL South (2006–2013) formerly the Southeastern Junior Hockey League, affiliated with the Eastern Junior Hockey League from 2011–2013 before merging with the United States Premier Hockey League as the Elite Division
Empire Junior Hockey League (–2013) – Merged with the United States Premier Hockey League as the Empire Division
Federal Amateur Hockey League (1904–1909)
Global Hockey League (DNP, 1990)
Great Lakes Junior Hockey League (2008-2012)
Great West Hockey Conference (NCAA Division I, 1985–1988)
Gulf Coast Hockey League (2001–2002)
International-American Hockey League (1936–1941)-became American Hockey League
International Independent Hockey League (2003)
International Hockey League (1929–36)
International Hockey League (1945–2001)
International Professional Hockey League (1904–1907)
Inter-Provincial Amateur Hockey Union (1908-?)
Interprovincial Professional Hockey League (1910–1911)
Ligue Centrale de Hockey (1978–2008)
Ligue de Hockey Junior de Montréal 
Major Intermediate A Hockey League (1978–1983)
Manitoba Professional Hockey League (1907–1909)
Maritime Major Hockey League (1950–1954)
Maritime Professional Hockey League (1911–1914)
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (NCAA Division I, 1997–2003; conference remains in operation as an all-sports league without ice hockey)
Metro Junior A Hockey League (1991–1998) merged with Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League
Mid-Atlantic Hockey League (2007–2008)
Midwest Junior Hockey League (2012-2015) merged with United States Premier Hockey League
Minnesota Junior Hockey League (1974-2015) merged with United States Premier Hockey League
National Hockey Association (1909–1917)
National Women's Hockey League (1999-2007)
New York-Penn Major Hockey League (1973 to 1979)
North American 3 Eastern Hockey League (2014–2016) formerly the Northern States Hockey League (2012–2014) - merged with North American 3 Hockey League
North American Hockey League (1973–1977)
North Eastern Hockey League (2003–2008)
North of Superior Junior B Hockey League (Canada)
North West Hockey League (1933–1936)
Northern Junior Hockey League (2008–2010) (2008 as United Junior Hockey League)
Northern Pacific Hockey League (2000–2016) - folded and remaining teams joined the United States Premier Hockey League
Northern States Junior Hockey League (2012–2014) - became the North American 3 Eastern Hockey League
Northwest Junior Hockey League (Manitoba) (Canada)
Ontario Professional Hockey League (1907–1911, 1930–1931)
Original Stars Hockey League (2004)
Ottawa City Hockey League (1890–1957)
Pacific Coast Hockey Association (1911–1924)
Pacific Coast Hockey League (1928–1931, 1936–1941, 1945–1952)
Pacific Coast Junior Hockey League (Canada)
Pacific Hockey League (1977–1979)
Prairie Hockey League (1926–1928)
Quebec Hockey League (1952–1959)
Quebec Senior Hockey League (1945–1952)
Rocky Mountain Junior Hockey League aka Peace Cariboo Junior Hockey League (British Columbia, Canada)
South East Hockey League (2003–2004)
Southern Elite Hockey League (1998–2000)
Southern Hockey League (1973–1977)
Southern Hockey League (1995–1996)
Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League (1972–1976) -merged with Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League
Southwest Hockey League (1975–1977)
Sunshine Hockey League (1992–1995)
Tri-State Hockey League (1932–1933)
Tri-State League (NCAA Division I, 1950–1972)
Tropical Hockey League (1938–1939)
United Hockey League (1991 as Colonial Hockey League, also known as International Hockey League) (1991-2010)
United States Hockey League (1945–1951)
Western Canada Hockey League (professional) (1921–1925)
Western Canada Hockey League (minor pro) (1932–1933)
Western Canada Senior Hockey League (1945–1951)
West Coast Hockey League (1995–2003)
Western Hockey League (professional) (1925–1926)
Western Hockey League (minor pro) (1952–1975)
Western International Hockey League (1946–1962, 1963–1988)
Western Professional Hockey League (1996–2001)
World Hockey Association (1972–1979)
World Hockey Association 2 (2003–2004)
World United Hockey League (2014–2015)
WHA Junior Hockey League (2006–2008)
Disabled hockey leagues
Leagues for disabled hockey players
Amputee Hockey 
American Amputee Hockey Association (AAHA)
American Hearing Impaired Hockey Association
Sledge hockey
United States Sled Hockey Association  (USSHA)
Mid-American Great Lakes Hockey League (MAGL)
Special Hockey
Special Hockey International – Representing hockey programs for developmentally challenged athletes from around the word, SHI stages an annual tournament that is the largest of its kind in the world.

Eurasia
Kontinental Hockey League (Belarus, Croatia, Finland, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine)
Higher Hockey League (Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus)

Asia and Africa
Asia League Ice Hockey (Japan, South Korea, China, Russia)

China
Chinese Ice Hockey Championship

Republic of China
Chinese Taipei Ice Hockey League

Georgia
Georgian Ice Hockey League

Hong Kong
Hockey Night in Asia
Hong Kong Ice Hockey Championship

India
Indian Ice Hockey Championship

Israel
Israeli League
Japan
All-Japan Championship (cup tournament)
Defunct
Japan Ice Hockey League

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan Hockey Championship (league in both Europe and Asia)

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan Championship

Malaysia
Subang Jaya Ice Hockey League

Mongolia
Mongolia Hockey League

North Korea
North Korean Championship

Philippines
Manila Ice Hockey League

Singapore
Singapore National Ice Hockey League

South Africa
South African Interprovincial Ice Hockey Championship

South Korea
Korea Domestic Championship

Thailand
Thai World Hockey League

Turkey
(Leagues involve teams from both Europe and Asia) 
Turkish Ice Hockey Super League (1993)
Turkish Ice Hockey First League
Turkish Ice Hockey Women's League (2007)

Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan Championship (ice hockey) (2013)

Qatar
Qatar Ice Hockey League

United Arab Emirates
Emirates Ice Hockey League
Europe
Alpenliga (1991–1999) - multinational league with teams from Austria, Italy and Slovenia. Replaced by the International Ice Hockey League (1999–2007)
Eastern European Hockey League (1995–2005) - multinational league with teams from Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Russia and Poland.
North Sea Cup - multinational league with teams in the Netherlands and Belgium.
Panonian League
 EUHL - international university league

Armenia
Armenian Hockey League

Austria
Austrian Hockey League
Austrian National League
Austrian Oberliga

Women
Austria women's ice hockey Bundesliga

Belarus
Belarusian Hockey League

Belgium
Belgian Hockey League

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina Hockey League

Bulgaria
Bulgarian Hockey League

Croatia
Croatian Ice Hockey Championship

Czech Republic
Czech Extraliga (1993)
Czech 1.liga
Czech 2.liga

Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League

Denmark
Metal Ligaen

East Germany
DDR-Oberliga

Estonia
 Meistriliiga
Finland
SM-liiga (1975)
Mestis (renamed in 2000)
Suomi-sarja
2. Divisioona
Defunct
SM-sarja

Women 
 Jääkiekon naisten SM-sarja

France
Ligue Magnus
Division 1
Division 2
Division 3

Germany

Men
German Ice Hockey League (DEL) (1994-)
Ice hockey Bundesliga (1958–1994, replaced by DEL)
DEL2 (2013-)
2nd Bundesliga (ice hockey) (1973-2013, replaced by DEL2)
Oberliga (Ice Hockey) (1948-)
Bavarian ice hockey leagues (1976-)
Regionalliga

Women
German women's ice hockey Bundesliga (1988-)

Greece
Greek Ice Hockey Championship

Hungary
MOL Liga
OB I. Bajnokság
Beno Fodor

Iceland
Icelandic Hockey League

Ireland
Irish Ice Hockey League

Italy

Semi-pro
Serie A (former Elite.A and Serie A1)
Serie B (former Seconda Divisione and Serie A2)

Amateur
Serie C

Junior and youth
Under 20 (2 national divisions)
Under 18 (2 national divisions)
Under 16 (many regional divisions)
Under 14 (many regional divisions)
Under 12 (many regional divisions)
Under 10 (many regional divisions)
Under 8 (many regional divisions)
Women
Serie A

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan Hockey Championship

Latvia
Latvian Hockey League
Independent Amateur hockey league (Neatkarīgā Amatieru hokeja līga/NAHL'')

Lithuania
Lithuania Hockey League

Luxembourg
Luxembourg Championship

The Netherlands
Eredivisie
Eerste Divisie
U17
U14
U12

Norway
GET-ligaen
1. divisjon

Poland
Polska Liga Hokejowa
Polish 1. Liga

Portugal
Portugal National Ice Hockey Championship

Romania
Liga Naţională de hochei

Russia

Major professional
Kontinental Hockey League

Minor professional
Russian Major League

Semi-pro
Russian Hockey League

Junior
Minor Hockey League (Molodezhnaya Hokkeinaya Liga)

Youth
Moscow Region
Northwest Region Hockey
Ural Region

Defunct
Russian Superleague (1996-2008)
International Hockey League (1992-1996)
Russian Second League

Serbia
Serbian Hockey League

Slovakia
Slovakia

Men
Slovak Extraliga (1993–present after dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League (1931–1993))
Slovak 1.Liga (12 teams, first 8 participate in play-offs and the winner plays with the worst team from Extraliga, last four teams participate in a play-out and 4th team after play-out plays a relegation game with the best team in 2.Liga)
Slovak 2.Liga

Slovenia
Slovenian Ice Hockey League

Soviet Union
Soviet Hockey League

Spain
Superliga Española de Hockey Hielo

Sweden
Men
Swedish Hockey League (New name for the top league in 2013. The national championship has been played since 1922 in other forms. 14 teams)
HockeyAllsvenskan (The Swedish second league. The four best teams compete in the end of the season with the two worst placed team in SHL. 14 teams.)
Hockeyettan, Division 1, (Divided into 4 regions: North, East, West, and South. The four best teams in each region make 2 new series called Allettan at the conclusion of the regions. The two Allettan winners, and the two teams that survive a three-round playoff, compete with the last two teams in HockeyAllsvenskan for their spots in the higher league. 48 teams at present.)
Division 2 (Divided into 11 regions.)
Division 3 (Divided into 13 regions.)
Division 4 (Divided into 6 regions. In Stockholm called the "Swedish Iron League". The league does not cover all of Sweden.)
J20 SuperElit (Under 20, junior league.)
J20 Elit (Under 20, junior second league. Divided into 4 regions: North, East, West, and South.)
Women
Riksserien (Highest league, 8 teams.)

Switzerland
National League A (1908)
National League B
1. Liga
2. Liga

Ukraine

Professional
Professional Hockey League (2011)

Junior
Youth Hockey League (2012)

Defunct
Major League (1992-2011)
First League

United Kingdom
Elite Ice Hockey League (2003-)
English Premier Ice Hockey League (1997-)
English National Hockey League (1996-)
Scottish National League
British Universities Ice Hockey Association Cup Competition (2004-)

Defunct Leagues
British National League (1954–1960)
British National League (1996–2005)
Ice Hockey Superleague (1996–2003)
British Hockey League (1982–1996)

English Ice Hockey Association Women's Leagues
Women's Premier League
Women's Division 1 North
Women's Division 1 South

Yugoslavia
Yugoslav Ice Hockey League

Oceania

Australia
Australian Ice Hockey League
East Coast Super League
Australian Junior Ice Hockey League
Australian Women's Ice Hockey League

New Zealand
New Zealand Ice Hockey League

References

Leagues
Mahmud Bayazidi (Kurdish: Mehmûdê Bazîdî), 1797–1859, was a Kurdish philosopher and polymath  from Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire. Bayazid is now Doğubeyazıt in Ağrı Province, Turkey.

1797 births
1859 deaths
Kurdish writers
John Stephen Goodman (born June 20, 1952) is an American actor. He was best known for being on Roseanne, for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in 1993.

He married Annabeth Herzog in 1989. They have a daughter, Molly Evangeline Goodman.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

Other websites
 

1952 births
Living people
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from St. Louis, Missouri
People from Springfield, Missouri
People's Choice Award winners
Imprinting is a term used in ethology and psychology to describe a special type of automatic learning.

It usually occurs early in life, during a critical period. That is why the textbooks call it phase-sensitive learning. It is learning which happens at a particular age or a particular life stage. The animal fixes on a particular signal (sound or sight), which is said to be 'imprinted' onto the subject. The process of imprinting is caused by an inherited instinct.

The best-known form of imprinting is the imprinting of the newly-hatched (or born) on one or both parent. Its function is to keep the young near their parent(s) during the early learning period. It is most obvious in birds, such as ducks and geese, after the fledglings have left the nest. They imprint on their parents and then follow them around, often in a long line, on land and on water.
It was first reported in domestic chickens, by the 19th-century amateur biologist Douglas Spalding. It was rediscovered by the early ethologist Oskar Heinroth, and studied extensively and popularised by his disciple Konrad Lorenz, and by Niko Tinbergen.

Lorenz showed how incubator-hatched geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus they saw within what a 'critical period' of 13–16 hours after hatching. For example, the goslings would imprint on Lorenz himself (to be more specific, on his wading boots). He is often shown in photographs being followed by a gaggle of geese who had imprinted on him.

In child development, imprinting is how a baby learns who its mother and father are. The process begins in the womb, when the unborn baby starts to recognise its parents' voices.
The filial imprinting of birds was a primary technique used to create the movie Winged Migration (Le Peuple Migrateur), which contains footage of migratory birds in flight. The birds imprinted on handlers, who wore yellow jackets and honked horns constantly. The birds were then trained to fly along with a variety of aircraft, usually ultralights.

References 

Learning
Ethology

sk:Reflex#Podmienený reflex
De Dion-Bouton is a French motor car company that began making cars in 1882. The company was started by Count Albert De Dion, Georges Bouton and Charles Trepardoux. Their first cars were steam powered and they made their first petrol internal combustion engine car in 1895.

A four-wheeled De Dion-Bouton et Trepardoux "La Marquise", a steam-powered car, said to be the oldest car in the world that still going, sold in 2007. The car had belonged to Count Albert De Dion. Built in 1884, it has a top speed of 35 miles per hour.

References

Automobile companies of France
1882 establishments in France
The Vienna Secession (also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who left the Association of Austrian Artists, housed in the Vienna Künstlerhaus due to its  conservatism. This movement included painters, sculptors, and architects. The first president of the Secession was Gustav Klimt, and Rudolf von Alt was made honorary president.

It was founded on  3 April 1897 by artists Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil, and others. Although the architect  Otto Wagner is one of the most important members, he was not a founding member. The first exhibition was held in 1898. In 1898, the group's exhibition house was built near Karlsplatz. It was designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich, the exhibition building soon became known simply as "the Secession" (die Sezession). Their work was also published in a magazin called "Ver sacrum".
1903 Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser founded the Wiener Werkstätten, a union of artists who wanted to reform  the applied arts (arts and crafts). 1905 Klimt and other artists left the group due to different opinions about art.

 Other Secession artists:
 Julius Exter
 Richard Gerstl
Max Fabiani
Oskar Kokoschka
 Jože Plečnik
 Carl Moll
 Koloman Moser
 Egon Schiele
 Malva Schalek
 Othmar Schimkowitz
Joseph Maria Olbrich

Other websites 
Homepage Secession

Art movements
Vienna
1897
19th century in Austria
1890s in Europe
Austrian artists
Kenneth Harry Olsen (February 20, 1926 —  February 6, 2011) was an American engineer and entrepreneur. He started Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1957 with  Harlan Anderson.

Background
Olsen was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He grew up in nearby Stratford, Connecticut. His father's parents came from Norway and his mother's parents came from Sweden. Olsen began his career working summers in a machine shop. Olsen fixed radios in his basement as a child.

He served in the United States Navy between 1944 and 1946. Then Olsen studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He earned a Bachelor of Science in 1950 and a Master of Science degree in 1952. Both degrees were in electrical engineering.

Career
Career

While he was studying at MIT, the Office of Naval Research of the United States Department of the Navy asked Olsen to help build a computerized flight simulator. Also while at MIT, Olsen directed a project to make the first transistorized research computer. Olsen also worked as an engineer at MIT Lincoln Laboratory on the TX-2 project.

In 1957, Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson, decided to start their own company. Harlan was also at MIT. They asked American Research and Development Corporation (ARDC) for money. ARDC was an early venture capital company started by Georges Doriot. In the 1960s, Olsen received patents for a saturable switch, a diode transformer gate circuit, an improved version of magnetic core memory, and the line printer buffer. Their company's headquarters was in an old wool mill in Maynard, Massachusetts. In 1992, the company had their best sales of $14,000,000,000. DEC was sold to Compaq for $9,600,000,000 in 1999. It later became a part of Hewlett-Packard.
Ken Olsen was known throughout his career for his fatherly management style and for supporting new ideas in engineering. He thought new ideas and technical excellence were very important. He used engineering matrix management. This management approach is used throughout many industries today.

He was awarded the Vermilye Medal in 1980.

In 1986, Fortune Magazine named Olsen "America's most successful entrepreneur", and the same year he received the IEEE Engineering Leadership Recognition Award.

Later career history
In 1987 he gave the first of his "snake oil speeches". Some people thought he was talking about the "Unix Conspiracy". Olsen believed VMS was a better operating system for DEC customers than UNIX. He said why VMS was good. Yet, he did approve and encourage a plan inside DEC to make a UNIX for VAX computers based on BSD. This version of UNIX was called Ultrix. However, Ultrix never got good support from within DEC.
Olsen retired from DEC in 1992. He then became the chairman of Advanced Modular Solutions. Olsen was also a major contributor to The Family, a religious and political organization. Olsen also was a trustee of Gordon College in Wenham, Massachusetts. The college named a science center after him.

Death
Olsen died while in hospice care in Indianapolis, Indiana on February 6, 2011, aged 84. The cause of death was not announced. His family also did not speak publicly about how he died.
Quotations
Two things Olsen said are often repeated but without information to help people understand what he really meant.
 There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home.  (1977) This was about having a computer run the house including opening and closing doors and turning water on and off automatically  He had a computer in his home for general use and wanted people to use home computers.
 People will get tired of managing personal computers and will want instead terminals, maybe with windows.  (1992) This predicted thin clients and the client-server model of the Internet. When Olsen said "windows" he was not talking about Microsoft Windows, but about showing more than one program on a screen at the same time.
Further reading 
 Earls, Alan R. Digital Equipment Corporation. Arcadia Publishing, 2004. 
 Rifkin, Glenn and George Harrar. The Ultimate Entrepreneur: The Story of Ken Olsen and Digital Equipment Corporation. 1988.
 Schein, Edgar H. DEC Is Dead, Long Live DEC: The Lasting Legacy of Digital Equipment Corporation Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2004.

References

Other websites 

 1988 Transcript of an Oral History Interview with Ken Olsen 
 Ken Olsen, co-founder of DEC, dies at 84 , Mass High Tech
 DEC co-founder Kenneth Olsen mourned by computer industry  Network World

1926 births
2011 deaths
Businesspeople from Connecticut
American electrical engineers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Debbie Wasserman Schultz (born September 27, 1966) is the U.S. Representative for  since 2005. She was the Chairwoman of the Democratic National Committee, the leader the Democratic Party from 2011 until she resigned in 2016. From 1993 to 2004, she served in the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate.

Her district covers parts of Broward and Miami-Dade counties. Her district includes the cities of Fort Lauderdale and Miami Beach.

Early life, education and career
She was born Deborah Wasserman in Forest Hills, Queens, New York City. She grew up on Long Island. She received a Bachelor of Arts in 1988 and a Master of Arts with certificate in political campaigning in 1990, both in Political Science, from the University of Florida, in Gainesville.
Florida House of Representatives
In 1988 Schultz became an aide to Peter Deutsch at the beginning of his state legislative career. In 1992, Deutsch won election to the United States House of Representatives, which made his Florida post vancant. Schultz recalled getting a call from Deutsch at the time: "It was really amazing. He called me at home one day in the middle of the legislative session and he said, 'You could run in my race, your house is in my district.'" She had lived in the district for only three years. Schultz then won 53 percent of the vote in a six-way Democratic primary and avoided a runoff. She went on to win the general election and succeeded Deutsch in Florida's House of Representatives. At the age of 26, she became the youngest female legislator in Florida's history.
She served in the Florida State House of Representatives for eight years. State term limits required Schultz to leave the House. In addition to her work as a state legislator, she became an adjunct instructor of political science at Broward Community College. She also worked as a public policy curriculum specialist at Nova Southeastern University. She was elected to the Florida State Senate in 2000. She was considered one of the most liberal members of Florida's state legislature. She supported legislation requiring gender price parity for dry cleaning. She supported bills to require that an equal number of men and women were appointed to state boards. She pushed through several bills including the Florida Residential Swimming Pool Safety Act and one creating a Children's Services Council for Broward County. The Save The Manatee Club gave Schultz an award for her work in the state senate to protect manatees.

U.S. House of Representatives
Committee assignments
She serves on the following committees:
 Committee on the Budget
 Committee on the Judiciary
 Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Competition, and the Internet
 Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security

Party leadership
She is Chief Deputy Whip for the House Democrats. Schultz is a member of the New Democrat Coalition.

Schultz was appointed to the Democratic Steering and Policy Committee in her first term in Congress. During the 2006 elections, she raised over seventeen million dollars in campaign contributions for her Democratic colleagues. The only two congressmen to raise more money that year were Nancy Pelosi and Rahm Emanuel. Democrats in the House of Representatives chose her to be Chief Deputy Whip. They appointed her to the Appropriations Committee. (This was a very good job for a congresswoman with only two years of experience.)
She is a member of Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi's "30 Something" Working Group, which consists of congressional Democrats under age 40. The group concentrates on issues affecting young people, including Social Security. She also has joined the bipartisan Congressional Cuba Democracy Caucus. According to the Congress.org 2008 Power Rankings, she was the 24th most powerful member of the House and 22nd most powerful Democratic representative (also most powerful Florida representative).
Chair of the Democratic National Committee
In April 2011, Tim Kaine resigned as Democratic National Committee (DNC) Chairman in order to run for the United States Senate. On April 5, 2011, President Barack Obama chose Schultz to succeed Kaine as the 52nd Chairman of the DNC. Between Kaine's resignation and the next DNC meeting, current DNC Vice-Chair Donna Brazile served as the interim Chair of the Democratic National Committee. On May 4, 2011, the DNC met and elected Schultz as its chair. Schultz became the third female DNC chief in history and the first in over 15 years.

Wikileaks scandal and resignation
On July 24, 2016, it was announced that she would resign her position as chairperson of the Democratic National Committee following the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Leaked emails provided by WikiLeaks showed Schultz and other members of the DNC staff mocking and attempting to sabotage the presidential campaign of Senator Bernie Sanders in favor of Clinton's campaign.
The Clinton campaign announced the same day that Wasserman Schultz would act as honorary chair of an effort to elect Democrats across the United States in the 2016 U.S. Presidential election.

Personal life
Schultz currently lives in Weston outside Fort Lauderdale. She has three children and is married to Steve Schultz. She is an active member of the National Jewish Democratic Council, Planned Parenthood and Hadassah.

In March 2009, she said that she went through seven surgeries related to breast cancer in 2008, while remaining a member of the House. That year, she promoted efforts for early screening for breast cancer.
Awards
 Giraffe award, Women's Advocacy Majority Minority (WAMM), 1993
 Outstanding Family Advocacy award, Dade County Psychol. Assn., 1993
 Rosemary Barkett award, Academy of Florida Trial Lawyers, 1995
 Woman of the Year, AMIT, 1994
 Outstanding Legislator of the year, Florida Federation of Business & Professional Women, 1994
 Quality Floridian, Florida League of Cities, 1994
 Woman of Vision, Weizmann Institute of Science
 One of Six Most Unstoppable Women, South Florida Magazine, 1994.

References

Other websites 

 Congresswoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz  official U.S. House site
 Debbie Wasserman Schultz for Congress official campaign site
 

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1966 births
Living people
Jewish American politicians
Jewish politicians
People from Queens
Politicians from New York City
United States representatives from Florida
University of Florida alumni
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Curtin University (formerly known as Curtin University of Technology) is the largest university in Australia. Its main campus is in Bentley, Western Australia.

History
Curtin University was first called the Western Australian Institute of Technology (WAIT), which opened in 1966. But the name was changed to the Curtin University of Technology. In 2010, 'of Technology' was dropped and it is now known just as Curtin University.

In 2005, both Curtin and Murdoch University considered merging together, but this was later cancelled.

Facilities
Curtin is split into four faculties, the Centre for Aboriginal studies, Curtin Business school, Humanities, and Science and Engineering.

Transport
Curtin has its own bus port, which has many routes run through it, including services from Canning Bridge railway station.

References

Alumni 
Melissa Cristina Márquez

Other websites

 

Colleges and universities in Australia
1966 establishments in Oceania
1960s establishments in Australia
Midnight is the opposite of solar noon, which is when the Sun is highest in the sky. The time period "00:00 - 00:01" is midnight. On computer clocks, the day changes to the next day the minute(s) after midnight.

Start and end of the day 
In the world, midnight is the start of one day and the end of the last day. It iss the dividing point between two days.In the United States and Canada, digital clocks and computers usually show 12 a.m. right at midnight. However, people have to remember that any time is actually an instant. The "a.m." shown on clock displays means the 12-hour period after the instant of midnight. So when a clock says "12:00 a.m.", midnight has already passed and a new day has started. In other words, 11:59 p.m. shows until midnight; at the instant of midnight, it changes to 12:00. At the same time, the p.m. changes to a.m., but a.m. does not mean the instant of midnight which separates p.m. and a.m.
During New Year 
Midnight is also the time where you get to watch fireworks. Typically, this only happens when it is a new year, like 2023. Fireworks were originally invented in China. China remains the largest manufacturer and exporter of fireworks in the world.
Parts of a day
Rottnest Island (also known as Rotto or just Rottnest) is 18 kilometres from the mainland of Western Australia. It is called Wadjemup by the Noongar tribe, which means land across the water. Rottnest is a popular tourist attaction.

History
Aboriginal people originally occupied Rottnest around 30,000  years ago. The island was originally connected to the mainland, but it eventually became separated with the Indian Ocean, and so it became an island. As Aboriginal people did not have boats, the island had no one living on it until the Europeans arrived.  Dutch sailor Willem de Vlamingh named the island Rattenest, meaning Rat's nest. The 'rats' he was referring to was actually a Quokka, a native animal on the island. 

After the Swan River Colony was established in 1830, Robert Thomson settled on the island with his family. He made a living selling salt, which is naturally found on the island. Before refrigeration, salt was very important, as it kept food fresh.
The island became a prison for Aboriginals, during the periods of 1838-1849 and 1855-1931. Around 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys were imprisoned for crimes such as spearing livestock, burning the bush and digging vegetables.

Rottnest Island was also used during World War I and II.

Animals

Rottnest is home to the Quokka, and is one of the few places in the world where they live.

Tourism

Rottnest Island is now a very popular tourist destination, due to its beaches, wildlife and natural environment. Nearly 500,000 people visit the island each year, mostly by ferry but others by aircraft (Rottnest has its own airport). The island is looked after by the Rottnest Island Authority (RIA). A fee is charged when people enter the island, which goes to help maintain it.
Motor vehicles are prohibited on the island, except for use by the RIA, Police or other emergency services. Additionally, only certain individuals are allowed to permanently live on the island.

References

Other websites
 Rottnest Island Website
Islands of Australia
Geography of Western Australia
The Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) is a low-level professional ice hockey league based in Charlotte, North Carolina, with teams located in the southeastern United States.

Other websites 

Ice hockey leagues in the United States
2004 establishments in North Carolina
The Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey(North American Hockey League) (LNAH) was founded in 2004 and is a low-level professional league based in the Canadian province of Quebec.

References

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
The Federal Hockey League (FHL) is a professional ice hockey league with teams in the Northeastern United States and Ontario.

Ice hockey leagues in the United States
The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) (French: Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace) is the worldwide governing body for ice hockey and in-line hockey. It is based in Zurich, Switzerland, and has 70 members. It is responsible for the management of international ice hockey tournaments, and maintains the IIHF World Ranking.

Despite its worldwide authority, the IIHF has little control of hockey in North America, where the National Hockey League (NHL) is the highest hockey organization. Its base of power rests in Europe with the respective national governing bodies and leagues. Canada (Hockey Canada) and the United States (USA Hockey) are the only members who have their own rulebooks.

Decisions of the IIHF can be appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne, Switzerland.
The IIHF museum was located within the International Hockey Hall of Fame Museum located in Kingston, Ontario from 1992 to 1997. After terminating the partnership with the International Hockey Hall of Fame, the IIHF signed an agreement with the NHL to house their museum within the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 1998, the IIHF museum relocated to Toronto, Ontario, occupying over  within the Hockey Hall of Fame.

As part of the centennial celebrations of the IIHF's founding, the 2008 IIHF World Championship was held in Canada, the perennial leaders of the sport. This was the first time the championships were hosted in Canada. Russia went on to win the 2008 Championship.

Presidents

Functions
Functions

The main functions of the IIHF are to govern, develop and organize hockey throughout the world. Also to promote friendly relations among the member national associations and to operate in an organized manner for the good order of the sport.
The federation may take the necessary measures in order to conduct itself and its affairs in accordance with its statutes, bylaws and regulations as well as in holding a clear jurisdiction in what concerns to ice hockey and in-line hockey at the international level. The IIHF is the body responsible with arranging the sponsorships, license rights, advertising and merchandising in connection with all IIHF competitions.
Even though the IIHF runs the world championships, it is also responsible for the organization of several European club competitions such as the Champions Hockey League or the Continental Cup. With its 100 anniversary, the federation launched a new annual club competition in 2008, the Victoria Cup, named after the Montreal Victoria Skating Rink, the site of the first organized indoor ice hockey match.
The federation is governed by the legislative body of the IIHF which is the General Congress along with the executive body, which is the Council. The Congress is entitled to make decisions with regard of the game's rules, the statutes and bylaws in the name of the federation. It is also the body that elects the president and the council or otherwise known as board.
History
The International Ice Hockey Federation was founded on May 15, 1908 at 34 Rue de Provence in Paris, France, as Ligue International de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG). The founders of the federation were representatives from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Switzerland and Bohemia (now Czech republic). Louis Magnus, the French representative, was the fifth member to sign the founding document and also the first president of the LIGH. A year later, the first congress was held in Paris and then another one during the same year in Chamonix, France.

Members
Members

The Federation has 51 full members: Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Chinese Taipei, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, DPR Korea, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, and United States. Full members have a national body dedicated to the sport, and participate annually in the international championships. Only full members have voting rights.

In addition, there are 16 associate members and 3 affiliate members.
Associate members either do not have a national body dedicated to the sport, or do not regularly participate in the international championships. They are Andorra, Armenia, Brazil, Georgia, Greece, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Liechtenstein, Macau, Macedonia, Malaysia, Moldova, Morocco, Portugal, Singapore and United Arab Emirates.

Affiliate members participate only in the inline championships. They are Argentina, Chile and Namibia.

Related pages

 Ice Hockey World Championships
 IIHF Centennial All-Star Team
 Champions Hockey League
 National Hockey League

References

 International Ice Hockey Federation

 
1908 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in Zürich
International sports organizations based in Switzerland
The Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL), an association of Canadian Junior A ice hockey leagues and teams, formed in November 1993, emerging from the Canada West Association of Junior 'A' Hockey.

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
The Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL) is an Alberta-based Junior A hockey league that belongs to the Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL).

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Sport in Alberta
The British Columbia Hockey League is a Junior "A" ice hockey league from British Columbia under Hockey Canada, a subsection of the Canadian Junior Hockey League.

Member teams

Other websites
Official website

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
The Central Canada Hockey League (CCHL) is a Canadian Junior "A" ice hockey league operating in eastern Ontario, Canada.

References

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
The Ligue de Hockey Junior AAA Quebec or Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League is a Hockey Quebec Junior "AAA" ice hockey league. It is a member of Hockey Canada and the Canadian Junior Hockey League.

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
The Czech Extraliga () is the highest-level ice hockey league in the Czech Republic. As of 2009, it is ranked by the IIHF as the third strongest league in Europe.

Name 
The name of the league is leased a general sponsor and changes frequently.
 In 1999-2000 season – Staropramen Extraliga
 In 2001-2002 season – Český Telecom Extraliga
 From 2003 to 2006 – Tipsport Extraliga
 From 2007 to 2010 – O2 Extraliga
 From 2010 – Tipsport Extraliga

2022-23 teams
Note: The names of most teams are leased to general sponsors and change frequently.

Champions
Champions

Year By Year
 1994 HC Olomouc
 1995 HC Dadák Vsetín
 1996 HC Petra Vsetín
 1997 HC Petra Vsetín
 1998 HC Slovnaft Vsetín
 1999 HC Slovnaft Vsetín
 2000 HC Sparta Praha
 2001 HC Vsetín
 2002 HC Sparta Praha
 2003 HC Slavia Praha
 2004 HC Hamé Zlín
 2005 HC Moeller Pardubice
 2006 HC Sparta Praha
 2007 HC Sparta Praha
 2008 HC Slavia Praha
 2009 HC Energie Karlovy Vary
 2010 HC Pardubice
 2011 HC Oceláři Třinec
 2012 HC ČSOB Pojišťovna Pardubice
 2013 HC Škoda Plzeň
 2014 PSG Zlín
 2015 HC Verva Litvínov
 2016 Bílí Tygři Liberec
 2017 HC Kometa Brno
 2018 HC Kometa Brno
 2019 HC Oceláři Třinec
 2020 No champions
 2021 HC Oceláři Třinec
 2022 Třinec or Sparta

References

Other websites

 Hokej.cz
 Hokej iDNES.cz

Ice hockey in the Czech Republic
Ice hockey leagues
The Deutsche Eishockey Liga (German Ice Hockey League, shortname DEL) is a German professional ice hockey league, which currently has the highest number of American and Canadian players outside of North America.

Current teams
There are currently 14 teams playing in the DEL.

Ice hockey leagues
The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) () is an international professional ice hockey league in Eurasia founded in 2008.

Teams in 2021–22

References

Ice hockey leagues
2008 establishments
Apple strudel () is a traditional Austrian dessert. It is also known in most of the countries which formed the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

History
The recipe came over the Ottoman Empire to Austria. A sweet related to strudel is baklava. Strudel was named for the first time in 1696. It gained popularity after Empress Maria Theresia had it served to her.

Pastry
Strudel is made of a thin, elastic pastry. The filling contains sliced apples,  sugar, cinnamon, raisins, and bread crumbs. Preparing the strudel dough is a difficult process, so you can also buy strudel pastry. Apple strudel can also be made with puff pastry. Traditionally, the strudel is served warm with whipped cream or vanilla ice cream. Also, vanilla sauce is popular in many countries.

References

Desserts
Austrian food
The order Ostreoida includes the oysters and other families of bivalves such as Pectinidae (mostly scallops).

2010 taxonomy
In 2010, a new proposed classification system for the Bivalvia was published by Bieler, Carter & Coan, revising the classification of the Bivalvia, including the order Ostreoida.

Order Ostreoida
(Oysters)
Superfamily: Ostreoidea
Family: Gryphaeidae
Family: Ostreidae

Suborder: Pectinoida

(Scallop shells and allies)
Superfamily: Anomoiidea
Superfamily: Plicatuloidea
Superfamily: Dimyoidea
Superfamily: Pectinoidea
Family: Entoliidae
Family: Pectinidae
Family: Propeamussiidae
Family: Spondylidae

Suborder: Limoida

(File shells and allies)
Superfamily: Limoidea

Suborder: Mytiloida

(Saltwater mussels)
Superfamily: Mytiloidea

Suborder: Pterioida

(Winged oysters and allies)
Superfamily: Pinnoidea
Superfamily: Pteroidea

References

Other websites

 European checklist of marine species, for Molluscs 
 Man and Molluscs Bivalve page

Bivalves
Pectinina is a suborder in the Bivalve order Ostreoida. It contains the superfamilies Pectinoidea and Anomioidea.

Bivalves
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (October 22, 1783 – September 18, 1840) was a French nineteenth-century polymath. He contributed to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.

Rafinesque was eccentric. People often say he was an "erratic genius". He was an autodidact. He was  successful in many things. He was good as a zoologist, botanist, writer and polyglot. He wrote prolifically on such diverse topics as anthropology, biology, geology, and linguistics. Today, scholars say that he was far ahead of his time in many of these fields.

References

French botanists
French zoologists
French writers
1783 births
1840 deaths
Linguists
Ostreidae are the true oysters. The family includes most species eaten under the name oyster. Pearl oysters are not true oysters because they belong to a different order, the Pterioida.

Like scallops, true oysters have a central adductor muscle. This causes a scar in the middle of the shell. It is the point of attachment. The shell is often irregular because oysters attach to substrates.

Other websites

Bivalves
The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex  structure in the eye. With the cornea it helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The lens changes shape. This changes the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances. This adjustment of the lens is called accommodation. It is similar to the focusing of a photographic camera when it focuses its lenses. The lens is flatter on the inside.

The lens is also called the aquula (Latin, a little stream, dim. of aqua, water) or crystalline lens. In humans, the refractive power of the lens in its natural environment is approximately 18 dioptres. This is about one-third of the eye's total power.

Related pages
Melatonin
Visual perception
 Cataract

Eye anatomy
Pecten is a genus of large scallops or saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the family Pectinidae.
This is the type genus of the family. Pecten have lived since the Triassic Era and swim by flopping their shells.

The name "Pecten" is the Latin word for a comb or rake.

Shell petroleum company has used its logo with a shell since 1904.

Species
Species in the genus Pecten include:
 Pecten maximus - the great scallop, which species may also include Pecten jacobaeus
 Pecten novaezealandiae - New Zealand scallop
 Pecten sulcicostatus Sowerby II, 1842 - South African scallop
 Pecten yessoensis - Japanese (sea) scallop

References

Other websites 

Bivalves
Byssus is a silky filament by which certain molluscs attach to hard surfaces. It also means a rare fabric. It is also called sea silk, and is its fibre source.

Bivalves