Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Dens Park is a football stadium on Dens Road in the Scottish city of Dundee. 

The stadium is the home of Dundee F.C. and has a capacity of 11,856. Uniquely, the stadium shares part of the same road (Sandeman Street) as Tannadice, which is the home of city rivals Dundee United F.C.

The club moved to 'Dens' from their first stadium at Carolina Port in 1899. Over the years, the ground has been redeveloped, with the construction of the near-identical Bobby Cox and Bob Shankly stands, which sit at either end of the ground.  The former is given over to home supporters, and the latter to visiting supporters. 

Football stadiums in Scotland
Dundee
The Sega 32X is a game console first released by Sega in 1994. It was an add on for the Sega Mega Drive and was Sega's first console in the 32-bit games market. In Japan, it was called the Sega Super 32X. In North America, it was called the Sega Genesis 32X. In Europe and Australia, it was called the Sega Mega 32X.

The Sega 32X was an unpopular console and had poor sales, mostly due to there being only a handful of games made for it and because it was overshadowed by the Sega Saturn. 

Sega video game consoles
The Sega CD, also called the  in most places outside of North America, was a CD-based console add-on for the Sega Genesis. It was made by Sega. It was released in December 12, 1991 in Japan, October 15, 1992 in North America, and April 2, 1993 in Europe. It was 16-bit and Sega's first product in CD market. It was somewhat successful, but was criticized for the lack of quality games.

Notes

References

Sega video game consoles
The Amiga CDTV was a high-end game console and a home computer released by Commodore in March 1991.

The console was one of the first CD-based independent game consoles. However it was a commercial failure and was replaced by the Amiga CD32 in 1993.

Commodore video game consoles
Commodore computers
Vilanova i la Geltrú is a coastal town approximately  south of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Towns in Spain
Municipalities in Catalonia
Commodore is the common name for Commodore International Limited, a U.S. computer and electronics manufacturing company. Headquarters were in West Chester, Pennsylvania. 

In the 1960s they made typewriters and later calculators. In the late 1970s and 1980s, Commodore was one of the largest producers of home computers. They are famous for cutting in 1983 the price of their products so aggressively that it created a "home computer war".

The first computer model produced was the Commodore PET in 1977. It came with a keyboard and 
a monochrome monitor. This was followed by the first color computer, known as the VIC-20. This computer sold for under $300 in 1981, around $1000 in today's money. 

The company also sold about 22 million Commodore 64 machines, introduced in 1982. It is believed to be the biggest-selling computer in history. Commodore later released the Amiga line of computers in 1985.

The company went bankrupt in 1994.
1954 establishments in the United States
 
Electronics companies of the United States
Toronto
1950s establishments in Pennsylvania
1994 disestablishments in the United States
Commodore 64 Games System (often abbreviated C64GS) was a cartridge based console made by Commodore International. It was Commodore's first console and was released in December 1990. It was a commercial failure because Commodore could not market the console properly due to its lack of games and the fact it was an 8-bit console in a 16-bit era.

Other websites

"The C64 Console!" / "Inside the future: The C64GS" – By Ed Stu, Zzap 64 magazine, issue 66, October 1990
The Commodore C64 Games System – Photos and information from Bo Zimmermann's collection
8Bit-Homecomputermuseum – Nice pictures of the C64GS

Commodore video game consoles
East End Park is a football stadium in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. 

The stadium currently plays host to the home matches of Scottish First Division side, Dunfermline Athletic Football Club.

Football stadiums in Scotland
Fife
Cappielow is a district of Greenock in Inverclyde, west central Scotland.  It is home to Scottish Football League side Greenock Morton F.C. The name Cappielow, usually refers to the Cappielow Park stadium, but it can also mean a small area of housing or the nearby industrial estate.

Football stadiums in Scotland
Greenock
Almondvale Stadium is a football stadium in Livingston, West Lothian. It is the home of Scottish First Division club Livingston F.C..

The stadium, which used to be called the "City Stadium" because of a deal with the City Group, was built in 1995. It had also previously been called the "West Lothian Courier Stadium". Since the club was taken over by the Lionheart Consortium, it was changed back to its original name, Almondvale Stadium.  

It is hired by Livingston FC from West Lothian Council every year.  As Livingston moved up the divisions into the top flight of Scottish Football, they expanded the stadium to meet Premier League standards.

Football stadiums in Scotland
1995 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Scotland
West Lothian
The FM Towns Marty was the world's first 32-bit game console (not the Amiga CD32, which was only in Europe and North America). It was one of the first CD-based consoles and the first made for gaming rather than high-end PC-like systems, like the Amiga CDTV and Phillips CDi. It was only released in Japan and was a commercial failure, but despite this, it was made until 1999 – longer than the average games console.

Video game consoles
Firhill Stadium is the home ground of the Scottish association football club, Partick Thistle F.C.

In December 2005 Firhill also became the temporary home of Glasgow's professional Rugby Union team, Glasgow Warriors, when they moved from their previous base at Hughenden. The Glasgow Warriors will take up a two-year residency at Firhill from the start of the 2007-08 Magners League season.

References

Football stadiums in Scotland
Palmerston Park is a multi-use stadium on Terregles Street in Dumfries, south-west Scotland. The site of the ground was formerly a farm called Palmers Toun. This is on the Maxwelltown side of the River Nith in Dumfries. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Queen of the South F.C. The stadium holds 6,412 people. It also holds the record of having the tallest free standing floodlights in Scottish football, standing at 85 feet.

References

Football stadiums in Scotland
CD-i was a CD-based data storage format that was mostly created by Philips. It was designed to hold programs, similar to CD-ROM. The first CD-i player, the CDI 910/205, was released by Philips in 1991. Along with consoles such as the FM Towns Marty and the Amiga CDTV, the CD-i is one of the first CD-based consoles. The CD-i was a bit of a commercial failure, but still had a long lifespan, with the last one being made in 1998. Its last game, Solar Crusade, released in 1999. The reason for its failure was most likely due to a lack of third party support, poorly received games, and a high selling price.

Video game consoles
Victoria Park is a football stadium in the town of Dingwall, Ross-shire, Scotland. It is the home stadium of Ross County F.C. who play in the Scottish First Division.

There are two stands, the West and East Stands, which have covered seats and two standing-only terraces known as the Academy End and Jailend. It has a total capacity of 5800 (2590 seated), so does not meet Scottish Premier League standards.

The Highland Football Academy is behind the Academy End and an Astroturf (fake grass) pitch is next to the East Stand. To date, the board have spent more than £3.5 million on renovating the stadium and plans are being made to create a modern all-seater stadium suitable for the Premier League.

The stadium holds more people than the town of Dingwall, which had a population of 5,026 at the last census.

References

Football stadiums in Scotland
The Nintendo 64DD (DD meaning Disk Drive) was a magnetic disk add-on for the Nintendo 64. It was considered too late in the fifth generation and flopped on its release in Japan in 1999. When it came out, the Dreamcast had already been released and soon for Nintendo fans the GameCube was developed with a built-in CD drive. For these reasons, it was unsuccessful, and only few games were ever released for it. The console was released only in Japan and it was discontinued in February 2001. Games such as Super Mario 64 2 (the sequel to Nintendo 64's 1996 game, Super Mario 64) were planned, but were cancelled. Instead, in 2004, an enhanced Nintendo DS remake called Super Mario 64 DS and was released the same day as the original DS and featured more characters, more stars, and better graphics. Only four Mario games were released on the 64 Disk Drive, all from the Mario Artist series.

References

Nintendo video game consoles
Nintendo hardware
McDiarmid Park is the home stadium of St. Johnstone Football Club from Perth, Scotland.  It has an all-seated capacity of 10,673. The record attendance is 10,525, which occurred on May 23, 1999, when Tayside rivals Dundee were the visitors for the last game of the season.

References

Football stadiums in Scotland
Perth, Scotland
Karbon14 (also known as Kontour, which was known KIllustrator) is a vector graphics editor. It is pat of KOffice, the KDE office suite.

Related pages
 Open Clip Art Library
 Inkscape

Other websites 
 Official website 

Vector graphics editors
KOffice
Nike may refer to:

 Nike (mythology), Greek goddess who personifies victory.
 Nike, Inc., major American manufacturer of athletic shoes, apparel, and sports equipment.
 Project Nike, US Army missile project.
Nike-Hercules Missile, solid fuel propelled anti-aircraft warfare missile.
 Various  American sounding rockets including Nike Apache, Nike Iroquois, and Nike Nike
 307 Nike, sizeable Main belt asteroid.
 Nike Award, Polish language literature prize
 Nike, a fictional character in The Underland Chronicles children's books by Suzanne Collins
Leonese language (Llionés in Leonese) is the language of León and Zamora, both in Spain, and Bragança, in Portugal. A Romance language, Leonese was the language of the Kingdom of León in the Middle Ages.

Leonese is recognised by the UN as "seriously endangered" and is officially recognised by Castile and León.

Education 

Leonese is taught in sixteen schools in the cirt of León, and there are lessons for adults in several villages in the provinces of León and Zamora.

For approximately fifteen years, some cultural associations have offered courses in Leonese, sometimes with the support or collaboration of local administrations in the provinces of Leon and Zamora. There was never collaboration by Castile and León. The courses have taken place mostly with difficulty, without continuity or by unqualified teachers and very often, far from where Leonese is spoken.
Pronunciation 
The language has five vowels in a stressed position, represented by a, e, i, o and u, and three (two archiphonemes /I/, /U/ and one phoneme /a/) in a nonstressed position, represented by e, u, and a at the end of word.

Endangered language 

UNESCO, in its Atlas of Languages in Danger in the World, places Leonese among languages in danger.

Leonese is classified in the worst of the possible situations whose characteristics are:

 Non-official language.
 No presence in the means of communication.
 Low level of knowledge and use.
 Low social consideration of the language.
 Absence of the language in the school.
 Toponymy without normalizing.

Leonese and other Romance languages

English and Leonese words
Literature
Literature written in Leonese started in the Middle Ages and is still written today. The first written text in Leonese is the Nodicia of Kesos (959 or 974), found in Ardón. Other works in Leonese include the Fueru de Llión, Fueru de Salamanca, Fueru Xulgu, Códice d'Alfonsu XI, Disputa d'Elena y María and Llibru d'Alixandre.

Important writers are Torres Naharro, Juan del Encina, and Lucas Fernández. Some writers like Caitano Bardón (Cuentos en Dialecto Leonés), Luis Maldonado or Aragón Escacena (Entre brumas) restarted the Leonese literature in the early 20th century. Today, important writers include Eva González in the last 20th century or Abel Pardo, Xuasús González, Adrianu Martín or Félix Llópez.

References

Sources
Menéndez Pidal, R.: "El dialecto Leonés". Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 14. 1906.
 Linguasphere Register. 1999/2000 Edition. pp. 392. 1999.
 García Gil, Hector (2010). «El asturiano-leonés: aspectos lingüísticos, sociolingüísticos y legislación». Working Papers Collection. Mercator Legislation, Dret i legislació lingüístics. (25). ISSN 2013-102X.
 Academia de la Lengua Asturiana«Normes ortográfiques». 2005. .
 García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2003). Gramática histórica de la lengua asturiana: Fonética, fonología e introducción a la morfosintaxis histórica. Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. .
 González Riaño, Xosé Antón; García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2008). II Estudiu sociollingüísticu de Lleón (Identidá, conciencia d'usu y actitúes llingüístiques de la población lleonesa). Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. .
 Galmés de Fuentes, Álvaro; Catalán, Diego (1960). Trabajos sobre el dominio románico leonés. Editorial Gredos. .
 Linguasphere Register. 1999/2000 Edition. pp. 392. 1999.
López-Morales, H.: “Elementos leoneses en la lengua del teatro pastoril de los siglos XV y XVI”. Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Hispanistas. Instituto Español de la Universidad de Nimega. Holanda. 1967.
 Staff, E. : "Étude sur l'ancien dialecte léonnais d'après les chartes du XIIIe siècle", Uppsala. 1907.
 Gessner, Emil. «Das Altleonesische: Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Altspanischen».
 Hanssen, Friedrich Ludwig Christian (1896). Estudios sobre la conjugación Leonesa. Impr. Cervantes.
 Hanssen, Friedrich Ludwig Christian (1910). «Los infinitivos leoneses del Poema de Alexandre». Bulletin Hispanique (12).
 Krüger, Fritz. El dialecto de San Ciprián de Sanabria. Anejo IV de la RFE. Madrid.
 Morala Rodríguez, Jose Ramón; González-Quevedo, Roberto; Herreras, José Carlos; Borrego, Julio; Egido, María Cristina (2009). El Leonés en el Siglo XXI (Un Romance Milenario ante el Reto de su Normalización). Instituto De La Lengua Castellano Y Leones. .
Other websites in Leonese language 

 Héctor García Gil. Asturian-leonese: Linguistic, Sociolinguistic and Legal Aspects 
 Asturian Language Academy 
 González i Planas, Francesc. Institutum Studiorum Romanicorum «Romania Minor». The Asturleonese Dialects. 
 La Caleya Cultural Association. 
 Furmientu Cultural Association.
 Faceira Cultural Association. 
 El Teixu Cultural Association.
Leonese might mean:

Anything related to León (province), a province of Spain
Leonese language
Good Girl Gone Bad is the third studio album released by Barbadian singer Rihanna. The singles from the album includes "Umbrella", "Breakin' Dishes", "Shut Up and Drive", "Hate That I Love You", "Don't Stop the Music", and "Rehab". The album is a departure from the reggae sound of Rihanna's previous albums for a more pop, dance-pop and R&B album.

The Good Girl Gone Bad Tour 
Rihanna did a worldwide concert tour on September 15, three months after the release of the album. The tour had three parts with sixty-one shows. It ended on April 5, 2008. The first part of the tour began in Canada. It included eleven shows across the country with Akon. The tour later went through United States and Europe without Akon.
Supporting acts for the tour were Akon, Ciara and David Jordan.
"Disturbia" was the re-release's third single and the album's seventh single overall. It was released to radio on June 17, 2008. The song made its debut at number eighteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. This was Rihanna's highest debut to date on the chart. The single has since become Rihanna's third number one single from the album on the Hot 100. It has also reached number one in New Zealand.  It was her second number one song from the album, following "Umbrella". It has gone top ten in places including the United Kingdom, Ireland, and on the Canadian Hot 100. It has so far reached the top ten in nine countries, and the top twenty in eleven countries. The video was first shown on July 22, 2008.

Track listing
Track listing 

Notes
  denotes a vocal producer
  denotes a co-producer
  denotes a remixer and additional producer
 "Push Up on Me" samples "Running with the Night", as written by Lionel Richie and Cynthia Weil, and performed by Richie.
 "Don't Stop the Music" samples "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'", as written and performed by Michael Jackson, which itself samples "Soul Makossa", as performed by Manu Dibango.
 "Shut Up and Drive" samples "Blue Monday", as written and performed by New Order (Stephen Morris, Peter Hook, Bernard Sumner and Gillian Gilbert).
 "Say It" samples "Flex", as written by Ewart Brown, Clifton Dillon, Sly Dunbar and Brian Thompson, and performed by Mad Cobra.

Personnel
Credits for Good Girl Gone Bad adapted from AllMusic.
Jon Marius Aareskjold – engineer, guitar engineer
Angela Allen – marketing coordinator
Stevie Blacke – cello, violin
Tim Blacksmith – management
Jay Brown – A&R
Ed Calle – conductor, horn conductor, orchestration
Carter Administration – executive producer
Shawn Carter – additional personnel, guest artist, primary artist, rap
Demacio Castellon – engineer, mixing
Danny D – management
Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing
Roberto Deste – photography
William Durst – engineer
Mikkel Storleer Eriksen – engineer, instrumentation, musician
Terence Franklyn – assistant, assistant engineer
Rodrigo Gallardo – trumpet
Chris Gehringer – mastering
Richard "Rico" Gonzales – engineer
Augie Haas – trumpet
Kuk Harrell – engineer, vocal producer
Al Hemberger – engineer, mixing
Rob Heselden – production coordination
Ricardo "Slick" Hinkson – assistant engineer
Josh Houghkirk – assistant, mixing Assistant
Marc Jordan – management
Terese Joseph – A&R
Doug Joswick – package production
Anthony Kilhoffer – engineer
John Kricker – trombone
Hannon Lane – keyboards, producer
Daniel Laporte – engineer
Mathieu Lejeune – engineer
Mat LeJeuneat – engineer
Fabienne Leys – artist coordination
Espen Lind – guitar
Adam Lowenberg – marketing, mastering
Deborah Mannis-Gardner – sample clearance
Manny Marroquin – mixing
Roy Matthews – assistant, mixing assistant
Doug Michels – trumpet
Christie Moran – production assistant
Stephen Morris – composer
Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith – additional personnel, producer, rap, vocal producer
Greg Ogan – engineer
Deepu Panjwani – assistant engineer
Ciarra Pardo – art direction, design
Phillip Ramos – assistant engineer
Makeba Riddick – vocal producer
Rihanna – vocals
Dusty Robbennolt – assistant engineer
J. Peter Robinson – art direction, design
Evan Rogers – background vocals, executive producer, producer
Dan Satterwhite – tuba
Christa Shaub – management
Tyran "Ty Ty" Smith – A&R
Chris Steinmetz – engineer
Christopher "Tricky" Stewart – drum programming, keyboards, producer
Bernt Rune Stray – guitar
Tim Sturges – assistant engineer
Carl Sturken – executive producer, instrumentation, musician, producer
Rebecca Sweatman – production assistant
Phil Tan – mixing
Grayson Taylor – assistant engineer
Dana Teboe – trombone
Timbaland – producer
Justin Timberlake – background vocals, vocal producer
Mike Tocci – engineer
Marcos Tovar – assistant engineer
Charts

Weekly charts

All-time charts

Certifications

|-

Release history

References 

2007 albums
Rihanna albums
Pop albums
Dance-pop albums
R&B albums
Judd Apatow (born December 6, 1967) is an American movie producer, director, and screenwriter. He is best known for producing a distinct series of critically and commercially successful comedy movies, including Anchorman (2004), The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights (2006), Knocked Up, Superbad (both 2007), Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Step Brothers and Pineapple Express (all 2008).

Influences 
Apatow's comic and filmmaking influences including Adam Sandler, Garry Shandling, Steve Martin, Woody Allen, Kevin Smith, Harold Ramis, John Hughes, Jay Leno, John Cassavetes, Cameron Crowe, David Chase and Preston Sturges as influences.

Filmography

Movies

Other movies

Television

References

1967 births
Living people
Movie directors from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Movie producers from New York (state)
American television directors
American television writers
American television producers
Interstate 182 (sometimes called I-182) is a 15.19-mile longInterstate Highway in the state of Washington, going into the Tri-Cities. The road goes from Interstate 82 west of Richland to U.S. Route 12 in Pasco. It runs along U.S. Route 12 from Interstate 82 to U.S. Route 12, Washington State Route 240 through Richland, and U.S. Route 395 in Pasco.

References

182
Roads in Washington (state)
Interstate 84 (sometimes called I-84) is a  long Interstate Highway in the states of Oregon, Idaho, and Utah. The road goes from Interstate 5 in Portland, Oregon to Interstate 80 in Echo, Utah. There is another road with the same name in the eastern part of the country.

References 

84
Roads in Oregon
Ellensburg is a city in the state of Washington.

Cities in Washington (state)
County seats in Washington (state)
Kittitas County, Washington
For the area in Tennessee, see Tri-Cities, Tennessee.
The Tri-Cities are a group of 3 cities in Washington. They are Richland, Pasco, and Kennewick.

Cities in Washington (state)
Umatilla is a city in the state of Oregon. It was the former county seat of Umatilla  County. Its population was 7,363 at the 2020 United States Census.

References

Cities in Oregon
Hermiston is a city in the state of Oregon.

Cities in Oregon
Richland is a city in the state of Washington.

Cities in Washington (state)
Benton County, Washington
Pasco is a city in the state of Washington.

Cities in Washington (state)
County seats in Washington (state)
Selah is a city in the state of Washington.

Yakima County, Washington
Cities in Washington (state)
Union Gap is a city in the state of Washington.

Cities in Washington (state)
Yakima County, Washington
Zillah is a city of Yakima County in the state of Washington in the United States. 2,198 people were living in Zillah as of 2000.

References 

Cities in Washington (state)
Yakima County, Washington
Granger is a city in the state of Washington.

Cities in Washington (state)
Yakima County, Washington
Sunnyside is a city in the state of Washington.

Cities in Washington (state)
Yakima County, Washington
Grandview is a city in the state of Washington in the United States. The population of the city was 8,377 at the 2000 census.

History
Grandview was incorporated on September 21, 1909. It began as the midway point on the rail line between Prosser and Sunnyside.

Geography
Grandview is located at  (46.253670, -119.910133).

It has a total area of 5.4 square miles (14.0 km²). The whole of it is land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,377 people, 2,431 houses, and 1,956 families in the city. The density was 1,552.3 people per square mile. There were 51.12% White, 0.58% African American, 0.94% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 43.27% from other races, and 3.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 68.04% of the population.
There were 2,431 households out of which 49.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them.  60.0% were married couples living together. 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present. 19.5% were non-families. 16.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.40 and the average family size was 3.80.

In the city the population was spread out with 36.2% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The average age was 27 years. For every 100 females there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.
The average income for a household in the city was $32,588, and the average income for a family was $36,165. Males had a median income of $29,321 versus $21,959 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,489. About 16.0% of families and 20.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.

Cities in Washington (state)
Yakima County, Washington
1909 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Prosser is a city in the state of Washington.

Cities in Washington (state)
County seats in Washington (state)
Benton County, Washington
Music of the Sun is the first studio album released by Barbadian singer Rihanna. The album was released on August 30, 2005 by Def Jam and SRP with the singles "Pon de Replay" and "If It's Lovin' that You Want. The album features a wide range types of music, including dancehall, reggae and R&B as well as elements of hip hop and Latin and features guest appearances from Vybz Kartel, Kardinal Offishall, J-Status and Elephant Man.

Singles 
"Pon de Replay" (2005)
"If It's Lovin' That You Want" (2005)

Track listing

Personnel
Credits for Music of the Sun are adapted from AllMusic.

Musicians

 Rihanna – vocals, composer
 Rob Mounsey – arranger/conductor
 Full Force – vocals (background)
 Carl Sturken – composer, guitar, keyboards, piano,
 Evangeline Evelyn – guitar
 Lawrence Glazener – bass
 Avril Brown – violin
 Kenneth Burward-Hoy - violin
 Yana Goichman – violin
 Ann Leathers – violin
 Cenovia Cummins – violin
 Jan Mullen – violin
 Elizabth Nielson – violin
Debra Shufelt – violin
 Marti Sweet – violin
 Uri Vodoz – violin
 Carol Wener – violin
 Stephanie Cum – cello
 Richard Locker – cello
 Mark Orrin Shuman – cello
 Lian Truffle – cello
 Tristan Hart – viola
 Vince Lionti – viola
 Sue Pray – viola

Production

 Evan Rogers, Carl Sturken – Executive producers
 Full Force, Evan Rogers – Vocal production
 Full Force – Additional vocal production
 Al Hemberger, Matt Noble, Malcolm Pollack – Engineers
 Jason Agel, Roy Matthews, Alex Pinto – Assistant engineers
 Jason Goldstein, Jason Groucott, Al Hemberger – Mixing

 Chris Gehringer  – Mastering
 Jay Brown, Adrienne Muhammad, Tyran "Ty Ty" Smith – A&R
 Tai Linzie – Design
 Andy West – Art Direction
 Tai Linzie, Mark Mann, Ivan Otis – Photography

 Johnny Nice- Mixed by

Charts

Certifications

|-
!scope="row"| Canada (CRIA)
| Platinum
| 80,000
|-

|-

|-
!scope="row"| United Kingdom (BPI)
| Gold
| 100,000
|-
!scope="row"| United States (RIAA)
| Gold
| 623,000
|-

Release history

References
References

2005 albums
Rihanna albums
Debut albums
Dancehall albums
Reggae albums
R&B albums
Benton City is a city in the state of Washington. About 2,600 people live in Benton City as of 2002.

References 

Cities in Washington (state)
Benton County, Washington
"Pon de Replay" is the debut single recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna, from her debut studio album Music of the Sun (2005). It was written and produced by Vada Nobles, Alisha "M'Jestie" Brooks, Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers. Her debut single, the song was released on May 24, 2005 as the lead single from the album. It is a dancehall, reggae and R&B song that means "play it again" in one of Barbadoss official langauges.
Info 
The song peaked at number 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, becoming her first Top 5 single; it also peaked at number 1 in New Zealand, number 2 in the UK and at number 6 and number 7 in Australia and Canada, respectively. The beat for "Pon de Replay" was also used in Natasja Saad's hit "Mon de Reggae". Pon de Replay was also a major dance hit topping both the Hot Dance Music/Club Play and the Dance Radio Airplay chart for 2 weeks. It also performed well on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks charts peaking at #24; most of its chart points had been received from airplay from pop stations and from its digital downloads. In an unusual situation, the track reached #6 on the Hot Rap Tracks, an unlikely supporter of the song. On the non-Billboard chart, ARC Top 40, the track also hit #1. Pop girl group Girl Authority covered the song in 2006 for their debut album. The song was the 21st best sell of 2005 with 3,970,000 units sold.
The hit single, "Pon de Replay" was first made public in the mainstream media on March 17, 2005 by publicist, Jonathan Hay through co-producer Vada Nobles on MTV News.

Track listing 
 CD single (European version)
 "Pon de Replay" (Radio edit) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) — 3:34
 "Pon de Replay" (Remix featuring Elephant Man) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) — 3:37

 CD maxi-single (European version)
 "Pon de Replay" (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) — 3:36
 "Pon de Replay" (Cotto's Replay Dub) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) — 6:48
 "Pon de Replay" (Instrumental) (Brooks, Alisha/Rogers, Evan/Sturken, Carl/Nobles, Vada) — 4:05
 Extras:
"Pon de Replay" (Video) — 3:37
Music Video 
In the music video, directed by Little X, Rihanna and her friends arrive at the club where everybody is bored and not dancing because of the low music. Rihanna steps up and sings the song, causing the DJ to turn the music up and everybody to start dancing. The music video also features Rihanna doing some belly dancing moves. The music video was also popular receiving much play from MTV and BET. It peaked at #2 on MTV's Total Request Live spending 37 days on the countdown; it was not able to retire due to the early introduction of the music video for her second single, "If It's Lovin' That You Want". The video reached #4 on BET's 106 & Park and remained on the countdown for over 20 days.

Covers & Parodies 

"Weird Al" Yankovic covered part of the song in his polka medley Polkarama! from the album Straight Outta Lynwood.

References 

2005 songs
Rihanna songs
Debut singles
Reggae songs
Dancehall songs
R&B songs
Kennewick is a city in the state of Washington.

Cities in Washington (state)
Benton County, Washington
Plymouth is an unincorporated community found in Benton County of the state of Washington in the United States.

References

Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)
Benton County, Washington
An outlaw or bandit or thug is a person who is "outside the law" usually because they have committed serious crimes. A longtime criminal can be declared an outlaw, which means the outlaw cannot use the legal system to protect himself if needed.
Famous outlaws
The Emperor Nero was made an outlaw by the Roman Senate in 68 AD
Robin Hood, the English folk hero, who was probably a combination of several real and legendary outlaws.
Martin Luther was outlawed in 1521.
Carmine Crocco, the most famous Italian outlaw of the XIX century, an escaped convict who joined the liberal revolution of Garibaldi but returned to banditry because he didn't get the promised forgiveness. Then he became the leader of 2.000 men, heading the most feared peasant army in southern Italy at the time. 
Ben Hall, the Australian bushranger. The government passed a law in 1865 which outlawed the gang and made it legal for anyone to kill them. There was no need for the outlaws to be arrested, or for there to be a trial.
Billy the Kid, American gunman and cowboy who took part in the Lincoln County War.
Ned Kelly, the Australian bushranger. The government passed a law on 30 October 1878 to make the Kelly gang outlaws. They no longer had any legal rights. They could be killed by anyone.
Kittitas County is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. The county seat is Ellensburg, Washington. In 2020, 44,337 people lived there. The county includes  of which 2,297 are land (the rest is water). The highest point is Mount Daniel at .

References

 
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
1883 establishments in the United States
Yakima County is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. The county seat is Yakima, Washington.

19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
1865 establishments in the United States
Benton County is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. The county seat is Benton City, Washington.

 
20th-century establishments in Washington (state)
1905 establishments in the United States
Umatilla County () is a county in the U.S. state of Oregon. The county seat is Umatilla. In 2005, 73,878 people lived there.   The county includes 3,231 square miles (8,369 km2) of which 3,215 is land and the rest is water.

Oregon counties
In biology, the cell is the basic structure of organisms. All cells are made by the division of other cells.

The environment outside the cell is separated from the cytoplasm inside the cell by the cell membrane. Inside some cells, parts of the cell stay separate from other parts. These separate parts are called organelles (like small organs). They each do different things in the cell. Examples are the nucleus (where DNA is), and mitochondria (where chemical energy is converted).

Kinds of cells 
Cell can be divided into different types depending on the structure of the nucleus and the physiological function.  In 1957 cells were divided into two types based on the structure of nucleus.  These were the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cell.  Prokaryotes, such as bacteria and archaea, are simple cells that have no cell nucleus.  They do have bacterial microcompartments.
Eukaryotes are complex cells with many organelles and other structures in the cell. They are larger than prokaryote cells: they can be as much as 1000 times greater in volume. Eukaryotes store their genetic information (DNA) on chromosomes in the cell nucleus. Organisms (living things) which are made up of multiple cells are eukaryotes.

Most cells are small, the largest just being seen by the human eye (egg cell). They need to be small in order to work as they should.

Kinds of prokaryotic organisms 
The only kinds of prokaryotic organisms are bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotic organisms evolved before eukaryotic organisms, so at one point the world consisted of nothing but prokaryotic organisms. There are also viruses, which are biological organisms. They always reproduce inside the cells of other organisms. They cause some important diseases. Viruses are made of RNA, or DNA, and protein, and they reproduce themselves inside the cells of bacteria or eukaryotes.
Regions of prokaryotic cell 
The prokaryotic cell has three regions namely the cell envelope, cytoplasmic region and flagella or pili.

 Cell envelope: This consists of the plasma membrane covered by a cell wall. Some bacteria have a third layer called a capsule. Prokaryotes such as Mycoplasma and Thermoplasma only have a cell membrane layer. The envelope gives protection to the cell and separates the inside of the cell from its environment.
 Cytoplasmic region: This region is found inside the cell and contains the genome (DNA), ribosomes and other cell inclusions. Since prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, the genetic material is free in the cytoplasm.
 Flagella/Pili: These structures are not present in all prokaryotes. The flagella and pili extends from the surface of the cell, and they help in movement and communication between cells

Kinds of eukaryotic organisms

Unicellular 

Unicellular organisms are made up of one cell. Examples of unicellular organisms are:
 Amoeba
 Paramecium
Unicellular organisms need to:
 eat
 respire (most use oxygen to make sugar into energy)

All unicellular organisms must:
 get rid of waste (discard)
 reproduce (make more of itself)
 grow

Some may:
 move
 sense their environment
 get their energy from the sun (e.g., cyanobacteria)
 ferment (e.g., yeasts)
 use anaerobic respiration (e.g. Clostridium botulinum)

Multicellular 
Multicellular organisms are made from many cells. They are complex organisms. This can be a small number of cells, or millions or trillions of cells. All plants and animals are multicellular organisms. The cells of a multicellular organism are not all the same. They have different shapes and sizes, and do different work in the organism. The cells are specialised, this means they do only some kinds of work. By themselves, they cannot do everything that the organism needs to live. They need other cells to do other work. They live together, but cannot live alone.
Cell history 
Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke (1635–1703). He used a compound microscope with two lenses to look at the structure of cork, and to look at leaves and some insects. He did this from about 1660, and reported it in his book Micrographica in 1665. He named cells after the Latin word cella, meaning room. He did this because he thought cells looked like small rooms.

Many other naturalists and philosophers tried out the new instrument. The structure of plants was investigated by Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694). Grew's major work was The anatomy of plants (1682). It is not clear who first saw animal cells, Malpighi, Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) or Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723).p17
Leeuwenhoek's discoveries and drawings of 'little animalcules' opened up a whole new world for naturalists. Protozoa, and microorganisms generally were discovered, and the discoveries about them are still going on today. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg's book Die Infusionsthierchen summarised what was known in 1838. Lorenz Oken (1779–1851) in 1805 wrote that infusoria (microscopic forms) were the basis of all life.
The idea that cells were the basis of the larger forms of life came in the 18th century. Finding out who did the work has taken some time:
"The work of the Czech Jan Purkyně (1787–1869) and his student and collaborator Gabriel Valentin (1810–1883) was unjustly denigrated by the nationalistic Germans. They have a claim to some priority in the cell theory".Chapter 9 Johannes Müller (1801–1858) also made great contributions. "It was, however, his student Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) and Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) who got the credit for the cell theory, despite the fact that some of their observations were not correct, and their credits to previous workers were "a travesty".p97 

The cell theory includes these important ideas: 
 All living things are made of cells.
 The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms.
 Every cell comes from another cell that lived before it.
 The nucleus is the core element of the cell.
Cell reproduction 
The body cells of metazoans divide by simple mitotic cell division. Sexual reproduction is ancestral in eukaryotes, and in metazoa it is carried out by specialised sex cells. They are produced by a process called meiosis. 

Prokaryotic cells reproduce using binary fission, where the cell simply splits in half. For both mitosis and binary fission the cell must replicate (copy) all its genetic information (DNA) so that each new cell will have a copy.

Related pages 
Cytology
Plant cell

References 

 
Plant anatomy
Cartomancy is the study of reading cards for fortune-telling or divination. There are many different types of cards used for cartomancy, some of which include standard playing cards and the tarot.

Tarot cards are similar to a standard deck of playing cards. In fact, Tarot predates regular playing cards, and might have been the basis for them. The major difference between playing cards and tarot is that tarot decks contain 22 extra cards called the Major Arcana, which are primarily used to read fortunes.

Some Spanish-speaking countries like Mexico use cards similar to bingo for fortune-telling. They call this practice Lotería. Because the game was invented in Italy, Lotería gets its name from the Italian word for lottery.

Divination
Borshch (, , Lithuanian: barščiai, ) is a type of sour red beet soup. It is the main first meal in Ukrainian cuisine. It is also often eaten in Eastern European countries, such as Russia, Romania, Poland, Belarus, Moldova and Lithuania. It contains red beets, meat stock, sausage, onion, potatoes and cabbage. Borshch soup is usually eaten with a piece of black bread. It is also eaten in central Asian countries like Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.

References 

Soups
Belarus
Latvia
Lithuanian culture
Moldova
Polish food
Romanian food
Russian culture
Ukrainian food

ro:Borș
The Visconti-Sforza tarot deck is the oldest known tarot deck. It was ordered to be made in the 15th century by Filippo Maria Visconti who was then the Duke of Milan. The name of the deck is used to describe various decks that have survived over time.

Tarot decks
The Thoth tarot deck is a tarot deck painted by Lady Frieda Harris at the request of Aleister Crowley.  Crowley referred to this deck as The Book of Thoth, and wrote a book with the same title of use with the deck.

Tarot decks
Tlaxcala might mean:

Tlaxcala, a state in central Mexico
Tlaxcala de Xicoténcatl, the capital of the state
The International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU) was a program launched in January 2006 as a leading co-operative network of 10 international research-intensive universities. The president of the IARU is Australian National University Vice-Chancellor Professor Ian Chubb.

Its members are:
  Australian National University
  University of Cambridge
  University of Oxford
  University of California, Berkeley
  Yale University
  Peking University
  National University of Singapore
  University of Tokyo
  University of Copenhagen
  ETH Zurich
2006 establishments
International scientific organizations

Educational organizations
Rod Serling (December 25, 1924 – June 28, 1975) was American screenwriter, radio and television narrator and producer. He is best known for producing and hosting the television series The Twilight Zone.  In 1973 and 1974, he hosted a syndicated radio program.

After three emergency surgeries, Serling died during surgery on 28 June 1975 from heart problems.  He was buried on  July 2 1975 in Interlaken, New York. He was married to Carolyn Kramer.

In 1994, computers were used to have him host a television movie of the Twilight Zone using old images of him.

American screenwriters
American television presenters
Writers from New York (state)
Actors from New York (state)
1924 births
1975 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
The Masoretic Text is a copy of the Hebrew Bible that was written by the Masoretes between the 6th and 10th centuries.

The Masoretic Text is an authority because it is the source for most translations of the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament.

Standardisation
Before the first century CE, there were some small differences between copies of the Hebrew Bible. During first century CE, Jewish Bible specialists agreed on the same words, a process called standardisation.

Between about 100 and 300 CE, a group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Tannaim copied this Hebrew Bible. Then between about 300 and 500 CE, another group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Amoraim continued the work of the Tannaim. The Masoretes then continued the Amoraim's work for the next 500 years.
The Masoretes' Work
The Masoretes were very careful when they copied the Bible. When they thought there was a mistake in the work of the Amoraim or the other specialists, they wrote a note in the side of the book, rather than change the book. After they copied a book, they counted the verses, words and letters in each book to make sure there were no mistakes.

The Masoretes also added vowel points to make the Bible easier to read because the Hebrew writing does not show vowels.

There were two main places where Masoretes worked: Babylon and Israel. The Masoretes also wrote book about the Bible called the Masorah.

Further reading
The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible, by Paul D. Wegner (1999), BridgePoint Books. 

Hebrew Bible
Golant is a small village in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is in the parish of St Sampson on the banks of the Fowey estuary and between St. Austell and Polperro. The church in the villiage is dedicated to St. Sampson.

Golant railway station was at one time by the river to the south of the village.  It was served by trains on the Great Western Railway's Fowey branch line from 1 July 1896 until 4 January 1965. The station has since been removed. The space is now used for a car park.

Annie Vernon, the Olympic rower, first learned her sport at Golant's Castle Dore Rowing Club.
History 
Until very recently, Golant has been almost unknown except to the people who live there and pilgrims and other walkers of the Saints' Way. Nearby, there is a little used ford across the Fowey estuary. In late summer 1644, during the first English Civil War, war came to Golant and the area around the village. A large group of about 10,000 Parliamentary soldiers  fought against the forces of King Charles on the peninsula between Lostwithiel, St Blazey and Fowey. King Charles was in the area at the time.

References

Villages in Cornwall
The Saints' Way () is a long-distance footpath in Cornwall, in the United Kingdom.

It follows the probable route of early Christian travellers making their way from Ireland to the Continent. Rather than risk the difficult passage around Land's End they would disembark their ships on the North Cornish coast and progress to ports such as Fowey on foot. The footpath today between Padstow in the north and Fowey in the south is 26 miles in length and is well marked. Guide books are available.

Other websites 
Saints' Way information at Cornwall County Council 

Geography of Cornwall
Trails
Golda Meir (; , , born Golda Mabovitch, May 3 1898 - December 8 1978, known as Golda Myerson from 1917 to 1956) was the fourth prime minister of the State of Israel.

Golda Meir became Prime Minister of Israel on March 17 1969 after serving as Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister. She was said to be the "Iron Lady" (a strong-minded woman) of Israel's politics years before that name became said about the British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher. Meir was Israel's first and so far only female prime minister. She was the world's third female prime minister. The two biggest events of her time as prime minister were the murder of eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympic Games and the 1973 Yom Kippur War. After questions about her handling of the war, Meir left her job even though she had been found to be not to blame for problems with the war.

Before she became prime minister
Her birth name was Golda Mabovitch (). She was born in Kiev in the former Russian Empire (today Ukraine), and her parents were Blume Naidich and Moshe Mabovitch, a carpenter. The family moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the United States. Her father found a job as a carpenter, and her mother ran a grocery store. At the age of eight, she was already put in charge of watching the store when her mother went to the market for supplies. 

When she was 14 years old, Golda went to North Division High School and worked part-time. Her mother wanted her to leave school and marry, but she did not. She ran away from home and bought a train ticket to Denver, Colorado, and went to live with her married sister, Sheyna Korngold. The Korngolds held evening meetings at their home where Meir learned about the Jews' desire for a country of their own, literature, women's rights, trade unions and more. In Denver, she also met Morris Meyerson, a sign painter, whom she married when she was 19.

During time as prime minister
The two biggest things to happen during her time as prime minister were the murder of eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympic Games by the terrorist group Black September, and the twenty-day war called the Yom Kippur War between Israel and the Arab states led by Egypt and Syria in October 1973.

End of time in office 

The Yom Kippur War was from October 6 to October 26, 1973 and was between a group of Arab countries led by Syria and Egypt against Israel. Israel was surprised by the attack and after the Yom Kippur War, the government was asked questions about Israel's not being ready for the war. A group of people who were asked to look into the war decided that it was not Meir's fault. Her political party won the elections in December 1973, but Meir stopped being prime minister on April 11, 1974, because she felt that was what the people of Israel wanted. Yitzhak Rabin became prime minister after her on June 3, 1974.