Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Organization

The island of Dejima was part of the city of Nagasaki. Dejima was small, 120 by 75 meters. 25 local Japanese families owned the land. They got a yearly rent from the Dutch.  The island was linked to the mainland by a small bridge with guards.  There were houses for about twenty Dutchmen and warehouses for goods. 

The Dutch were watched by a number of Japanese officials, gatekeepers and night watchmen. There was also a head supervisor (otona) who had about fifty people working for him. There were a number of traders to sell the people on Dejima food and drink and other items they needed. There were also about 150 tsūji ("translators"). They all had to be paid by the VOC. Like the city of Nagasaki, Dejima was under direct supervision of Edo by a governor (Nagasaki bugyō).
It was very expensive for the Dutch to pay for their trading post. But their trade with Japan was very profitable for the VOC. At first they made profits of 50% or more. Trade became less in the 18th century. This was because only two ships per year were allowed to dock at Dejima. The VOC had no more money in 1795, and went bankrupt. After that, the Dutch government took over the trade with Japan. Life on Dejima became especially difficult when the Netherlands (then called the Batavian Republic) was under French Napoleonic rule. All contact with the homeland was broken off. For a time Dejima was the only place in the world where the Dutch flag was flown because they were not ruled by France.

The most important Dutch official in Dejima was called the Opperhoofd by the Dutch. The Japanese also called him Kapitan (from Portuguese capitão).

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Islands of Japan
Artificial islands
Lua is an open source programming language. It was created in 1993 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes. Lua is used for many different things, especially in video games such as World of Warcraft, SimCity 4 and Transformice. It is also used in the popular virtual world sharing website Roblox under a dialect called Luau. In June 2010, Apple Inc. changed the terms of use for the software development kit of its iOS operating system to allow the use of Lua. This led to Lua being used to make iPhone applications such as Angry Birds. In June 2011, Lua was ranked the tenth most popular programming language by the TIOBE Index.

Examples 
An example Hello World program in Lua:

-- !/usr/bin/lua
print("Hello World!")

An example of setting a value, then printing it:
--!/usr/bin/lua
a = "Hello World!"
print(a)

An example of a function:
--!/usr/bin/lua
local function TestFunction()
   print("Hello, World!")
end
An example of a loop that prints each entry in the list in order:
--!/usr/bin/lua
local list = {"Hey","my","name","is","Dan"}

for i, v in pairs(list) do
   print(v) 
end

References

Other websites 
 Lua.org
 lua-users.org

Lua
Functional languages
Object-oriented programming languages
The innate immune system defends the host from infections.  It includes cells which recognize and respond to pathogens (germs) right away. The innate immune system response is not specific: it responds the same way to all pathogens that it recognises.

Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system does not give long-lasting immunity against specific infections.

Innate immune systems rapidly defend against infections in all plant and animal life. The innate system is the  evolutionarily older defense strategy. It is the main immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and in primitive multicellular organisms. The system is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.
The vertebrate innate immune system:
Acts as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents. If that fails, then:
 Gets  immune cells (such as natural killer cells) to the infection by producing cytokines.
 Starts the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and clear out dead cells.
 White blood cells identify and remove foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph.
 Activates the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation.

Anatomical barriers 
The innate immune system includes the skin.  The outer layers of the skin are called "epithelial". Epithelial cells form a waxy physical barrier that keeps out most infectious agents. These cells are the innate immune system's first line of defense against invading organisms.

Old skin cells drop off, and this helps remove bacteria that have stuck to the skin.
The skin continues internally as the lining of the intestine and lung. In the intestines or lungs, movement by peristalsis or cilia helps to remove infectious agents. Also, mucus traps infectious agents. In the intestines, gut flora can prevent pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances, or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or for attachment to cell surfaces.

The flushing action of tears and saliva helps prevent infection of the eyes and mouth.

Inflammation 

Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to pathogens or foreign substances that get past the anatomical barriers.

Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells. It sets up a physical barrier against the spread of infection, and promotes healing of damaged tissue after the clearance of pathogens.
Chemical factors produced during inflammation attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils. Neutrophils then trigger other parts of the immune system.<ref>Lotze M.T. & Tracey K.J. 2005. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. Nature Reviews Immunology '5’’’ (4) 331-342. </ref>

 Complement system 
The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps antibodies clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells.

The cascade is composed of many plasma proteins, which are made in the liver.  The proteins work together to:
 trigger the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
 tag pathogens for destruction by coating their surface.
 disrupt the plasma membrane of an infected cell, causing cytolysis of the infected cell, and death of the pathogen.
 rid the body of neutralized antigen-antibody complexes.

Elements of the complement cascade can be found in many non-mammalian species including plants, birds, fish and some species of invertebrates.
Cells of the innate immune response

All white blood cells (WBC) are known as leukocytes. Leukocytes are different from other cells of the body: they work like independent, single-celled organisms. They can move freely, and capture cell debris, foreign particles, or invading microorganisms. They are produced by blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow.

The innate leukocytes include: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils; and the phagocytic cells including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. They identify and eliminate pathogens that cause infection.

 Mast cells
Mast cells 

Mast cells are a type of innate immune cell in connective tissue and the mucous membranes. They are intimately associated with defence against pathogens and wound healing. They are also often associated with allergy and anaphylaxis. When activated, mast cells rapidly release characteristic granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators, and chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the signs of inflammation, and recruits neutrophils and macrophages.

Phagocytes
Phagocytes

The word 'phagocyte' literally means 'eating cell'. These are immune cells that engulf, i.e. phagocytose, pathogens or particles.  To engulf a particle or pathogen, a phagocyte extends portions of its plasma membrane, wrapping the membrane around the particle until it is enveloped (i.e. the particle is now inside the cell). Once inside the cell, the invading pathogen is contained inside an endosome which merges with a lysosome. The lysosome contains enzymes and acids that kill and digest the particle or organism.  Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but are also able to react to a group of highly specialized molecular signals produced by other cells, called cytokines.  The phagocytic cells of the immune system include macrophages], neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
Phagocytosis of the hosts’ own cells is common as part of regular tissue development and maintenance. When host cells die, phagocytic cells remove them from the affected site. By removing dead cells,  phagocytosis is an important part of the healing process.

Macrophages

Macrophages are large phagocytic leukocytes. They can move across the cell membrane of capillary vessels and go between cells to hunt invading pathogens. Macrophages are the most efficient phagocytes, and can phagocytose substantial numbers of bacteria or other cells or microbes. 
The binding of bacterial molecules to receptors on the surface of a macrophage triggers it to engulf and destroy the bacteria. Pathogens also stimulate the macrophage to produce chemokines, which summon other cells to the site of infection.

Neutrophils
Neutrophils

 
Neutrophils and two other cell types (eosinophils and basophils), are known as granulocytes (because they have granules in their cytoplasm) or polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) due to their distinctive lobed nuclei.

Neutrophil granules contain a variety of toxic substances that kill or inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi. The main products of the neutrophil  are strong oxidizing agents. These include hydrogen peroxide, free oxygen radicals and hypochlorite. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte, with 50 to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. They are usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection. The bone marrow of a normal healthy adult produces more than 100 billion neutrophils per day, and more than 10 times that many per day during acute inflammation.

Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytic cells present in tissues that are in contact with the external environment, mainly the skin (where they are often called Langerhans cells), and the inner mucosal lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. Dendritic cells are very important in the process of antigen presentation, and serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Basophils and eosinophils

Basophils and eosinophils are cells related to the neutrophil (see above). When activated by a pathogen encounter, basophils releasing histamine are important in defense against parasites, and play a role in allergic reactions (such as asthma). When they are activated, eosinophils secrete a range of highly toxic proteins and free radicals that kill bacteria and parasites. The same chemicals also cause tissue damage during allergic reactions. Activation and toxin release by eosinophils is therefore tightly regulated to prevent any inappropriate tissue destruction.
Natural killer cells

Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a part of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Instead, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells. It recognises such cells by a condition known as "missing self". This term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I (major histocompatibility complex). This can occur in viral infections of host cells. They were named "natural killer" because they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are "missing self".

 Invertebrate immune systems 
 Antimicrobial peptides 

Antimicrobial peptides, or host defence peptides, are part of the innate immune response. They are found among all classes of life. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics. They kill both gram negative and gram positive bacteria, mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis''), enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells.
Marine fish sources have high levels of antimicrobial compounds. Testing with live fish showed that fish peptides used in food/feed ingredients worked well.

References
Adolphe-Marie Hardy (23 May 1868 in Dison – 19 June 1954 in Laeken) was a Belgian writer first published in 1888  He rose to be a major figure in French literature.

Hardy was educated at Herve, before starting at the University of Louvain in 1886, studying law.  After getting his doctorate he returned to Dison, where he carried on his literary work as well as working as a lawyer.

Hardy was editor or assistant editor of several literary journals from 1900 onwards, including Rappel de Charleroi,  Dépêche de Liège and the Journal de Bruxelles.

In 1931 Hardy received the Grand Prix de Langue française from the French Academy. He was the first Belgian to win the prize, and he won it for his poem "Le Cortège des mois".
In 1935 he married Madeleine Verhelst. In 1940, they escaped to Issigeac, France. After his wife's death, in 1941, he married Germaine Van Den Boeck. 

In May 1954 he was made a Freeman of the City of Dison, and died at Laeken on June 19 of that year.
Charles Ranhofer, chef at Delmonico's honoured Hardy early in his publishing career by naming a goose liver pate after him, and Ranhofer's book "The Epicurean", also lists a chicken dish, Cotelettes De Poulet A La Adolphe Hardy.

Related pages
 List of foods named after people

Other websites
 Friends of Adolphe Hardy 
 Adolphe Hardy's House, Wallonia Tourist Office

References

1868 births
1954 deaths
Belgian poets
Belgian writers
People from Liège (province)
People with foods named after them
Not to be confused with Charles Barkley.

Gnarls Barkley is a music group with DJ and music producer Danger Mouse and American rapper Cee Lo Green. The group had a hit song in 2006 with Crazy. Rolling Stone later named the song as one of the "Best Songs of the 2000s". Gnarls Barkley has released two albums: St. Elsewhere in 2006, and The Odd Couple in 2008.

History
In 2006 Gnarls Barkley released their first album St. Elsewhere. It went straight to number one in the UK. The album's first single "Crazy" was the best-selling song of 2006 in the UK. The song won a Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance in 2007. In 2008 Gnarls Barkley released their second album The Odd Couple. It had a less pop sound than their first album. It was nominated for the Grammy for Best Alternative Album.

References
References

American rock bands
Soul bands
Grammy Award winners
Hip hop bands
Musical groups from Atlanta
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Atlantic Records artists
The All Saints are an English-Canadian pop group. They were founded in 1993. The members of All Saints are British Melanie Blatt, Shaznay Lewis and Canadian sisters Natalie and Nicole Appleton. The group were one of the most successful pop groups in the UK in the 1990s with nine Top 10 singles, two platinum albums and two gold albums. The groups biggest hit was the 1997 single Never Ever.

Albums 
 All Saints (1997)
 Saints & Sinners (2000)
 Studio 1 (2006)
 Red Flag (2016)
 Testament (2018)

References
References

1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
British girl groups
English pop music groups
English R&B bands
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups from London
Musical quartets
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
2001 disestablishments in Canada
2001 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Musical groups established in 2006
2006 establishments in Canada
2006 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in 2013
2013 establishments in the United Kingdom
2010s establishments in Canada
Oxygen difluoride is the chemical compound with the formula OF2. It has a V-shaped molecular structure like H2O, but has different properties. It is a strong oxidizer.

Preparation
Oxygen difluoride was first prepared in 1929. It was made by the electrolysis of molten potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid. The chemicals had a small amount of moisture.   Nowadays, it is prepared by the reaction of fluorine with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Sodium fluoride is left as a side-product:

2 F2 + 2 NaOH →  OF2 + 2 NaF + H2O

Reactions
It is a very powerful oxidizing agent. This is proved by the oxidation number of +2 for the  oxygen atom. This oxidising number is quite unusual. Above 200 °C, OF2 decomposes to oxygen and fluorine.

OF2 reacts with many metals. It produces oxides and fluorides.  Nonmetals also react with it. Phosphorus reacts with OF2 to form PF5 and POF3. Sulfur produces SO2 and SF4 with it. A noble gas, xenon also reacts with it. It produces XeF4 and xenon oxyfluorides.
Oxygen difluoride reacts very slowly with water to form hydrofluoric acid:
OF2 (aq) + H2O (aq) → 2 HF (aq) + O2 (g)

Oxygen difluoride oxidizes sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide:
OF2 + SO2 → SO3 + F2
However, in the presence of UV radiation the products are sulfuryl fluoride, , and pyrosulfuryl fluoride, :

OF2 + 2 SO2 →

Safety
OF2 is a dangerous chemical. This is because it is highly oxidising.

References

Other websites
 National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet 
 WebBook page for OF2

Fluorine compounds
Oxygen compounds
Phosphorus pentafluoride, PF5, is a phosphorus halide. It's a colorless gas at room temperature and pressure. It can be formed when OF2 reacts with phosphorus.

Phosphorus compounds
The adaptive immune system is made of specialized cells and processes which kill pathogens or prevent their attack.

The adaptive immune system is switched on by the evolutionarily older innate immune system. This older system is non-specific, whereas the adaptive system is tailored to specific targets.

Whereas the innate immune system is found in all metazoa, the adaptive system is only found in vertebrates. It is thought to have arisen in the first jawed vertebrates.

The adaptive immune response gives the vertebrate immune system the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens. The system mounts stronger attacks each time a particular pathogen is encountered. It is adaptive immunity because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges.

Layered defence
The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defences. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.
If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.

If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a third layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen.

After the pathogen has been killed, the offspring of B and T cells continue. They are ready for a faster response next time. This is a kind of 'immunological memory'. These cells allow the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered.
Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules. One class of non-self molecules are called antigens (short for antibody generators) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response.

Functions
In animals with backbones, the adaptive immune system is activated when a germ manages to sneak past the body's first line of defense (the innate immune system) and produces a certain amount of a particular signal. 

The main jobs of the adaptive immune system are: 

 to recognize specific invaders that do not belong in the body, 
 to make a customized response to fight them, and 
 to remember how to fight them if they ever come back.
The adaptive immune system recognizes these invaders when special cells called macrophages and dendritic cells collect them and present them to other cells called T cells, which recognize the invaders and help fight them.

Components of the adaptive immune system

B cells 
B cells are type of white blood cell that responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that can recognize and bind to specific antigens, such as bacteria or viruses. B cells are produced in the bone marrow and circulated in the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid organs.

T cells 
T cells are another type of white blood cell that are a key component of the adaptive immune system. Unlike B cells, which recognize antigens in their native form, T cells recognize antifens that are presented to the by other cells in the body. This is because T cells express a unique receptor called the T cell receptor (TCR), which can only recognize antigen fragments that are displayed on the surface of other cells.
Diseases of the adaptive immune system

Autoimmune disease 
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body's own tissues, mistaking them for foreign antigens. This can lead to a wide variety of conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and type I diabetes.

Immunodeficiency disorders 
Immunodeficiency disorders occur when the immune system is unable to mount an effective responses to infections, leaving the body vulnerable to a wide range of pathogens. Examples of immunodeficiency disorders include primary immunodeficiency diseases, such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), as well as acquired immunodeficiency diseases, such as HIV/AIDS.

Hypersensitivity reactions 
Hypersensitivity reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances, such as pollen, food, or medications. This can lead to a range of symtoms, from mild rashes and itching to life-threatening anaphylaxis.
Related pages 
For the adaptive immune system used by bacteria against viruses, see CRISPR.

References 

 
Vertebrates
Alexander Urbom (born December 20, 1990) is a professional Swedish ice hockey defenseman who is currently playing for the Albany Devils. He was drafted by the New Jersey Devils in the third round, 73rd overall, in the 2009 NHL Draft.

Career statistics

References

1990 births
Albany Devils players
American Hockey League players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Living people
New Jersey Devils players
Swedish Hockey League players
Swedish ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey defencemen
Daniel Tetrault (born September 4, 1979) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman for the Wichita Thunder of the Central Hockey League. He won the Central Hockey League Most Outstanding Defenseman in the 2001-02 CHL season.

Career statistics

References

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Bridgeport Sound Tigers players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Peoria Rivermen (AHL) players
ECHL players
Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe is a novel by George Eliot. It is her third novel. It was first published in 1861. It tells the story of Silas Marner, a lonely linen weaver.

Other websites

 Silas Marner, online at Project Gutenberg
 Silas Marner, online at Ye Olde Library
 Silas Marner , complete unabridged book at sparknotes.com 
 Silas Marner Cliff Notes 
 Silas Marner audio book at Librivox
 Silas Marner - Stage Version 
 Discussion of Silas Marner on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time

1861 books
English novels
Robbie Neale (born April 17, 1953) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward who played in the World Hockey Association.

Career statistics

Other websites
 

1953 births
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Living people
Sportspeople from Winnipeg
World Hockey Association players
The Rapid City Rush is an American ice hockey team in the Central Hockey League (CHL). It plays its home games at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center in Rapid City, South Dakota. The team began playing in 2008, and won the Ray Miron President's Cup, which is the championship of the CHL, in 2009.

Other websites
Official website of the Rapid City Rush

Central Hockey League
2008 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in South Dakota
The Ministries Trial (or, officially, The United States of America vs. Ernst von Weizsäcker, et al.) was the eleventh of the twelve trials for war crimes the US authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II.

Disagreements between the Allies meant only one trial was held by the International Military Tribunal (IMT). Other trials were held by the Allies in their own zones of occupation. The Americans held twelve trials, in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice as the IMT. These twelve trials are known as the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials" or, more formally, as the "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals" (NMT).
This case is also known as the Wilhelmstrasse Trial, because the German Foreign Office was on the Wilhelmstrasse in Berlin. The defendants in this case were officials of various Reich ministries, facing various charges for their jobs in Nazi Germany and responsibility for the numerous atrocities committed both in Germany and in occupied countries during the war.
The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal IV, were William C. Christianson (presiding judge) from Minnesota, Robert F. Maguire from Oregon, and Leon W. Powers from Iowa. The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor; the chief prosecutor was Robert Kempner. The indictment was filed on November 15, 1947; the hearings lasted from January 6, 1948 until November 18 that year, and then the judges took a whole five months to compile their 833-page judgment, which they presented on April 11, 1949. The sentences were handed down on April 13, 1949. Of all the twelve trials, this was the one that lasted longest and ended last. Of the 21 defendants arraigned, two were acquitted, the others were found guilty on at least one count of the indictment and received prison sentences ranging from three years including time served to 25 years' imprisonment.

Defendants 

 Stuckart was tried again in 1950 before a denazification court and sentenced as a Mitläufer (follower) a fine of DM 50,000.
Herbert Ernst Backe, the former minister for agriculture who should also have been tried, committed suicide on April 6, 1947 while in custody awaiting the trial.

References 

 Description from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
 Another description 
 Transcript  of a German radio broadcast from 1999 (in German).

Nuremberg trials
Mitläufer is a German term (plural: Mitläufer) used in the denazification proceedings in West Germany after World War II to describe people who supported Nazism without directly participating in Nazi atrocities such as genocide.  Mitläufer is usually translated in English as either "fellow-traveler" or "hanger-on".

Other websites
http://www.woxikon.com/wort/mitl%C3%A4ufer.php 

Nuremberg trials
Freiherr was a title of nobility used in German speaking countries.  Its equivalent in English is Baron.

Since the end of the German Empire titles of nobility have not been allowed, but are still used, as if they were part of the name.

In Austria the use of titles, even as names, is illegal.

Titles
Nobility
Dresdner Bank AG was one of Germany's largest banking corporations and was based in Frankfurt. It was formed in 1872, and bought by competitor Commerzbank in December 2009.

History 
Dresdner Bank was established in 1872.  It moved its headquarters to Berlin in 1884, although its registered office stayed in Dresden until 1950.   

By 1900, Dresdner Bank had the largest German branch network. During the First World War, the London branch was forced to close; however, the overall branch network expanded.

After the banking crisis in 1931 the Weimar Republic owned 66%  Dresdner Bank shares. Its deputy director was Dr Schacht, Minister of Economy under Nazism. The Bank was reprivatised in 1937. 

During World War II, Dresdner Bank controlled various banks in countries under German occupation.  

The introduction of the Deutsche Mark in 1948 helped return banking to normality.
Dresdner Bank expanded its network with acquisition and opening new offices not only in Europe but also in the United States, Singapore, Canada, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and China. Dresdner Bank was the first to open its own office in former East Germany in Dresden in 2 January 1990. 

In 2002 Dresdner Bank became a wholly owned subsidiary of the insurance corporation Allianz. Allianz sold Dresdner Bank, which was legally merged with Commerzbank on 11 May 2009 and ceased to be an independent company.

Controversies

Hitler's Germany 
Dresdner Bank was known as the bank of choice for Heinrich Himmler's SS.

The bank took part early on in the Third Reich's policy of confiscating Jewish property and wealth. The bank helped to finance concentration camps, including Auschwitz.

The bank was closely involved in the occupation of Europe, "essentially acting as the bank of the SS in Poland".
Matthias Warnig's involvement 
Dresdner Bank attempted to get a banking operating licence in Saint Petersburg, where former KGB agent Vladimir Putin was in charge of foreign economic relations. Dresdner Bank appointed Matthias Warnig, a former Stasi agent and Vladimir Putin's former KGB contact , to negotiate with Putin. The office was opened in 1991. Warnig became Chairman of the Board of Directors of Dresdner Bank ZAO, Dresdner Bank Russian subsidiary.

The bank has had a lucrative business relationship with Gazprom and the state oil company Rosneft. The bank was also involved in the controversial  forced sale of Yukos assets.

References 

Banks of Germany
Defunct companies of Europe
1872 establishments
1870s establishments in Germany
The Daily News of New York City is a daily tabloid newspaper. As of a 2009 study by BurrellesLuce , a media relations measurement service, it is the fifth most-widely distributed daily newspaper in the United States, publishing and selling.  The original New York Daily News was started by Benjamin Wood, but the business fell after his death. Joseph Medill Patterson went onto create a newspaper of the same name in 1919, it was America's first official tabloid journal. The paper has won 10 Pulitzer Prizes.

References

Newspapers in New York City
Pulitzer Prize winners
"LoveGame" is a song by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga. It was released from her 2008 debut album, The Fame. It is the second song on the album.  "LoveGame" was the third single from The Fame to be released in North America. The video for the song was banned by MTV Arabia.

The song reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Canadian Hot 100.  The song was planned to be the third single released in the UK, but "Paparazzi" was released instead because of “LoveGame”'s music video and controversial lyrics.  "LoveGame" managed to become Gaga's third number-one song on Billboard's Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs radio chart.

Music video
The video depicts Gaga dancing in a garage surrounded by cars and dancers.  She rides in a subway car and performs choreography.  The video is known for its sexual content.

References

2009 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Hurricane Gracie was a major hurricane in September of 1959. This hurricane moved erratically for five days before making landfall over South Carolina as a strong Category 3 hurricane. Gracie caused $14 million in damage (1959 USD). Twenty-two people died due to this storm.

It is unknown whether or not the name Gracie was retired.

Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in South Carolina
1959 in North America
1950s in weather
The term tabloid is used to describe newspapers or magazines with pages smaller than regular journals, although there is no standard for the exact dimensions of a tabloid. It is also used (sometimes inappropriately or as an insult) to describe a newspaper that sensationalizes news stories, often with a focus on personalities and gossip, and much less detailed coverage of topics such as politics and economics than is offered by newspapers regarded as more serious. Tabloids usually include more "celebrity" news than political.

Related pages
Yellow journalism

Newspapers
The Paraná Association of Electrical Engineers () exists to promote scientific and technological development and to protect the interests of professional electrical engineering, such as: Electrical, Electronics, Telecommunications, Computer, Automation, of the state of Paraná, Brazil. It is a nonprofit organization.

It was founded on August 2, 1984, in Curitiba, capital of Paraná.

References

 
Non-profit organizations
1984 establishments in South America
1980s establishments in Brazil
Organizations based in Brazil
Trade associations
Electrical engineering
Mary Elizabeth "Sissy" Spacek (born December 25, 1949) is an American actress and singer. She played Carrie White in the 1976 movie Carrie. She also played country singer Loretta Lynn in the 1980 movie Coal Miner's Daughter. Spacek is known mainly as a dramatic actress, but she has acted in comedies. She was born in Quitman, Texas.

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1949 births
Living people
Durham is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It has about 230,000 people. Durham has two universities, Duke and NC Central. It is northwest of Raleigh, and northeast of Chapel Hill. It is the county seat of Durham County.

Historical Facts
Before Europeans came to the Durham area, there were some Native American tribes nearby.

Durham was officially started in 1869, but there was a train station and some stores before that. It grew quickly in the late 1800s and early 1900s because of tobacco. NC Central was one of the first publicly funded (paid for) African-American colleges, and was started in 1924.

In the mid-1900s, people were buying less tobacco, so Durham became poorer. Some civil rights people also visited Durham during this time. The Research Triangle Park near Raleigh helped it some, but not very much.

Recently, Durham's downtown has gotten better and Durham is growing more. The old tobacco buildings are now being used for other things.
Geography
Durham is located in north-central North Carolina, near Chapel Hill and Raleigh, in an area known as The Triangle. One of the few rivers in Durham is the Eno River. It goes into Falls Lake.

Climate
Durham has a sort of mild climate with hot summers and cool winters. In the summer temperatures usually go from 90° Fahrenheit during the day to 70 °F at night. In the winter, is about 50 °F during the day and 30 °F at night. It can change more. Durham gets about  of rain and  of snow.

Transportation
Durham has a lot of transportation, or roads, trains, and airplanes. Some freeways in Durham are Interstates 40 and 85 and highway 147. Durham is right next to an airport. Durham also has a train station.

Things to see
Duke University is in Durham. Durham also has the Museum of Life and Science and the Nasher Art Museum. Downtown, there are also several tall buildings.
Cities in North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina
Durham County, North Carolina
1869 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in North Carolina
Valerie Elise Plame Wilson, known simply as Valerie Plame, is a former officer of the Central Intelligence Agency, politician and the author of two books related to her career. Her identity was revealed to public on July 14, 2003; that ended Plame's career with the CIA, from which she resigned around December 2005.

In May 2019, Plame announced her plans to run for the United States House of Representatives for New Mexico's 3rd congressional district. She lost the primary for the Democratic nomination on June 3, 2020.

References

1963 births
Living people
American political commentators
American political writers
CIA people
Politicians from Anchorage, Alaska
Politicians from New Mexico
Writers from Anchorage, Alaska
Writers from New Mexico
Paul Menard (born August 21, 1980 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin) is an American racecar driver. Menard drives the No. 21 Ford Mustang for Wood Brothers Racing in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, and runs part-time for Team Penske in the NASCAR Xfinity Series. Menard won the 2006 AT&T 250 (now NorthernTool.com 250) in the Nationwide Series. 

Menard won his first NASCAR Sprint Cup race, the Brickyard 400, on July 31, 2011 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Menard is the son of home improvement store magnate John Menard.

Other websites
Paul Menard's NASCAR profile 

1980 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
Sportspeople from Wisconsin
American racecar drivers
People from Eau Claire, Wisconsin
The article about her talk show is Ricki Lake (TV series)

Ricki Pamela Lake (born September 21, 1968) is an American television host and actress.  She hosted her own talk show, named Ricki Lake, from 1993 until 2004. Lake played Tracy Turnblad in the 1988 movie Hairspray. During the 1990s, she starred in many movies. These included Serial Mom and Mrs. Winterbourne. She recently hosted another talk show named The Ricki Lake Show which began in 2012.

Early life
Lake was born to secular, Jewish parents, Barry who is a pharmacist and Jill who is a housewife. Lake went to Ithaca College and Professional Children's School.

After her first talk show
Lake hosted Gameshow Marathon on CBS in 2006.

In September 2011, Lake competed in Dancing with the Stars with Derek Hough. She got third place. She lost to Rob Kardashian and J. R. Martinez, respectively.

Personal life
Personal life

Lake married Rob Sussman on March 1994. They have two sons, Milo Sebastian Sussman born March 22, 1997 and Owen Tyler Sussman born June 18, 2001. They separated in August 2003. Lake and Sussman divorced in 2005. She started dating Christian Evans in 2009. They were engaged in August 2011. Lake and Evans married on April 8, 2012.

Movies

Television

Awards

Related pages
 Hairspray
 Ricki Lake (TV series)

References

Other websites
 

Actors from New York (state)
American movie actors
American television talk show hosts
Dancing with the Stars participants
Jewish American actors
1968 births
Living people
Valerie Anne Bertinelli (born April 23, 1960) is an American actress and television personality. She is known for her roles as Barbara Cooper Royer on the sitcom One Day at a Time (1975–84), Gloria on the religious drama series Touched by an Angel (2001–03) and Melanie Moretti on the sitcom Hot in Cleveland (2010–15). Since 2015, she has hosted the cooking shows Valerie's Home Cooking and Kids Baking Championship on Food Network.
Early life 
Bertinelli was born in Wilmington, Delaware to Nancy (née Carvin) and Andrew Bertinelli, a General Motors executive. Her father is of Italian descent and her mother is of English descent. She has three brothers: David, Patrick and Drew. She had an elder brother, Mark, who died at 17 months from an accidental poisoning before she was born. Because of her father's career, the family frequently moved.  Over various periods, they lived in Claymont, Delaware; Clarkston, Michigan; Shreveport, Louisiana; Oklahoma City and the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles, California, where Bertinelli studied acting at the Tami Lynn School of Artists. She attended Granada Hills High School. She was raised Roman Catholic.

References

Other websites

1960 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Wilmington, Delaware
Designing Women was an American television sitcom. It starred Dixie Carter, Annie Potts, Jean Smart and Delta Burke. It was broadcast from September 1986 to May 1993 on CBS. This series was about the working and personal lives of four southern women.

Nielsen ratings

DVD releases
Shout! Factory has released all seven seasons of Designing Women on DVD in Region 1.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Designing Women Online
 http://www.tvacres.com/homes_designing.htm

1990s television series
American sitcoms
English-language television programs
Spiritual séance or, simply, Séance is a meeting at which a group of people often including a medium attempts to contact a ghost and communicate with it.  Participants of such meeting need not be seated while engaged in a séance.

One of the earliest books on the subject is Communitation With the Other Side by George, First Baron Lyttelton, published in England in 1760.

Some notable people who attended séances and believed in all that include the United States President Abraham Lincoln, and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln; the social reformer Robert Owen; the journalist and pacifist William Thomas Stead, and more.

Scientists who have conducted a search for real séances and believed that contact with the dead is a reality include the evolutionary biologist Alfred Russel Wallace, the inventor of telephone Alexander Graham Bell, and the inventor of television technology John Logie Baird, who claimed to have contacted the spirit of the inventor Thomas Edison, and more.

Related pages
Spiritualism
Spiritism
Other websites

A Séance Procedure (courtesy of the Other World Society)
Ghostsandstories.com Ghost stories and haunted places.
Your Ghost Stories People sharing their ghost experiences.

Notes

Occult
The Murray-Darling Basin is an area in Australia around the Murray and Darling Rivers.   Three million Australians inside and outside the basin are directly dependent on its water. 

About 6 per cent of Australia's total rainwater falls into the Murray-Darling Basin. About 85 per cent of all irrigation in Australia takes place in the basin, which supports an agricultural industry worth more than $9 billion per annum.

The Murray-Darling Basin covers  or approximately one-seventh (14%) of the total area of Australia. 

Over two million people live in the Basin.

References 

Rivers of Australia
Regions of Australia
Biosphere reserves
Drainage basins
The Buick Regal is a mid-size automobile that is built by General Motors's Buick brand. The Buick Regal has had five generations, the newest one in 2011. The assembly for the car's are in Shanghai, China, Rüsselsheim, Germany and Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. Prior to the fifth generation Buick Regal was strictly front-wheel drive, beginning with the fifth generation all-wheel drive (AWD) became an option. From 1974-2003 certain generations shared the same frame and design with the Buick Century, in 1997 the Regal was released with a new design making it a more upscale version of the Century the only changes were the grille and interior.

Other websites
Buick Regal at GM.ca

Regal
Coupes
Sedans
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
William Joel "Bucky" Covington III (born November 8, 1977 in Rockingham, North Carolina) is an American country music singer and songwriter.

Covington was part of the 5th season of American Idol where he placed eighth.

Covington released his debut album, Bucky Covington, in 2007.

Albums

Websites
Billy Covington's Official website 

1977 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
Country musicians
Singers from North Carolina
The term "mileage" refers to distance traveled. It often refers to distance per unit of fuel, such as miles per gallon (mpg) or litres per 100 kilometres (L/100 km). In the U.S., the fuel efficiency of motorized vehicles (such as cars, trucks, or motorcycles) is measured in mpg, as miles per U.S. gallon of gasoline. However, in the UK, the fuel efficiency is often measured in litres of fuel used per 100 kilometres, or in miles per imperial gallon.

Related pages
 U.S. customary units
 imperial units

Measurement
Patsy Cline (born Virginia Patterson Hensley; September 8, 1932 – March 5, 1963) was an American country music singer.

Some of Cline's greatest known hits were "She's Got You," "I Fall to Pieces," "Walkin' After Midnight," "Sweet Dreams," and "Crazy".

In 1973, Cline was named to the Country Music Hall of Fame. This was after she had died. She was the first woman to enter the Country Music Hall of Fame.

She died on March 5, 1963 in a plane crash near Camden, Tennessee. She is buried at Shenandoah Memorial Park in Winchester, Virginia.

Related pages
List of country musicians from Virginia

References

1932 births
1963 deaths
20th-century American composers
20th-century American singers
American country singers
American singer-songwriters
Aviation deaths in the United States
Contraltos
Country musicians from Virginia
Singers from Virginia
Daniel Nathans (October 30, 1928 - November 16, 1999) was an American biologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978. His parents were both Russian Jews who came to the U.S for a better life.

Daniel Nathans parents, Samuel and Sarah Nathans met each other in the U.S and were married in Philadelphia in 1910. Sarah Nathans (Daniel’s mother) came to the U.S from Russia when she was 18 years old. Samuel Nathans (Daniel’s father) came to the U.S when he was a teenager. Daniel was born on October 30, 1928. He was the last of nine children in his family. He attended the University of Delaware in 1950 and earned a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry. He then attended the Washington University in St. Louis and earned a Master's Degree in 1954.

In 1978, he won a Nobel Prize with Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith for finding restriction enzymes. He won a National Medal of Science in 1993. Nathans died on November 16, 1999 at the age of 71.
Other websites 
 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/nathans-autobio.html 
 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/nathans.html

1928 births
1999 deaths
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Jewish American scientists
Scientists from Wilmington, Delaware
Christopher Wesson Bosh (born March 24, 1984 in Dallas, Texas) is an American basketball player. He attended college at Georgia Tech where he played basketball. Chris Bosh started his NBA career when he was drafted by the Toronto Raptors in the 2003 NBA Draft with the 4th pick in the 1st round. Bosh would play 7 seasons with the Raptors becoming a star player before doing a sign-and-trade deal with the Miami Heat after the 2009–10 NBA season.

Other websites 
Chris Bosh's Official website

1984 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Miami Heat players
Toronto Raptors players
Sportspeople from Dallas
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
The Fiat Cinquecento is a car produced by Fiat, introduced in 1991 and produced in Poland. It launched in the UK in June 1993 and was replaced by the Fiat Seicento in 1998. A fictional version called the Hawaii became famous in the British sitcom The Inbetweeners.

Engines 
 Cinquecento ED 22 kW (30 hp)
 Cinquecento 29 kW (40 hp)
 Cinquecento Sporting 40 kW (54 hp)

Cinquecento
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
Bowers Coaches was a bus operator based in Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derbyshire.

It operated local bus services centered around the towns of Buxton, Glossop and New Mills. The company specialised in local bus services and the service area covers the High Peak Borough and some surrounding areas such as the town of Marple in Stockport and Ashbourne in the Derbyshire Dales.

The company became 'defunct' on 1 April 2012 as it combined with Trent Barton to form High Peak.

References

Other websites

Transport in England