Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Atlantic Ocean
Agulhas Current
Angola Current
Antilles Current
Azores Current
Baffin Island Current
Benguela current
Brazil Current
Canary Current
Cape Horn Current
Caribbean Current
East Greenland Current
East Iceland Current
Falkland Current
Florida Current
Guiana Current
Guinea Current
Gulf Stream
Irminger Current
Labrador Current
Lomonosov current (a deep current)
Loop Current
North Atlantic Current
North Atlantic Drift
North Brazil Current
North Equatorial Current
North Equatorial Counter Current
Norwegian Current
Portugal Current
Slope/Shelf Edge Current
Slope Jet Current
South Atlantic Current
South Equatorial Current
Spitsbergen Current
Subtropical Counter Current
West Greenland Current
West Wind Drift
Pacific Ocean 
Alaska Current
Aleutian Current
California Current
Cromwell current (a deep current)
East Australian Current
Equatorial Counter Current
Humboldt Current (or Peru Current)
Kamchatka Current
Kuroshio Current (or Japan Current, Kuro Siwo)
Mindanao Current
North Equatorial Current
North Pacific Current (or North Pacific Drift)
Oyashio Current (or Oya Siwo)
South Equatorial Current
West Wind Drift

Indian Ocean 
Agulhas Current
East Madagascar Current
Equatorial Counter Current
Indonesian Through-flow
Leeuwin Current
Madagascar Current
Mozambique Current
Somali Current
South Australian Counter Current
South Equatorial Current
Southwest and Northeast Monsoon Drift (or Indian Monsoon Current)
West Australian Current
West Wind Drift

Southern Ocean 
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Weddell Gyre
Tasman Outflow

Notes
The Immortal Game was a chess game played on 21 June 1851 by Adolf Anderssen  and Lionel Kieseritzky. The number of pieces Anderssen gave up in order to win have made it one of the most well known chess games of all time. Anderssen gave up both rooks and a bishop, then his queen, checkmating his opponent with the remaining bishop and two knights.

Chess
Bruno Walter (pronounce: "Valter"), (born Berlin, 15 September 1876; died Beverly Hills, California, 17 February 1962) was a German-born conductor, pianist and composer. He was one of the greatest conductors of his time. He grew up in Germany, but later became an Austrian and, when the Nazis came to power, he moved to several other countries, finally settling in the United States where he became an American citizen. His name was originally Bruno Schlesinger but from 1896 he was usually known as Bruno Walter. Walter became his official surname in 1911 when he became an Austrian citizen.

Life

Early life and career 
Bruno was born into a Jewish family in Berlin. He had his early musical education at the Stern Conservatory when he was eight, and played the piano in public when he was nine. He went to concerts which were conducted by the great Hans von Bülow. Two years later, in 1891, he heard Wagner operas in Bayreuth. These experiences made him want to be a conductor.
In 1901 Mahler invited Walter to be his assistant at the Court Opera in Vienna. At his first performance he conducted Verdi's Aida. He was becoming very famous all over Europe. He performed in Prague and in London where in 1910 he conducted Tristan und Isolde and Ethel Smyth's The Wreckers at Covent Garden. A few months after Mahler's death in 1911, Walter led the first performance of Das Lied von der Erde in Munich, as well as Mahler's Symphony No. 9 in Vienna the next year.

Years of fame in Europe 
Walter became an Austrian citizen in 1911, but two years later he went to Germany to become the Royal Bavarian Music Director in Munich. The next year Walter conducted his first concert in Moscow. He continued to conduct during First World War, conducting operas by composers including Erich Korngold and Hans Pfitzner. Among his friends in Munich was Eugenio Pacelli who later became Pope Pius XII.
Walter left Munich in 1922 and went to New York the next year. He conducted the New York Symphony Orchestra in Carnegie Hall. He later conducted in Detroit, Minnesota and Boston.

When he returned to Europe, Walter was invited to play in many places, including Berlin Leipzig, Milan (La Scala) and London, where he was chief conductor of the German seasons at Covent Garden from 1924 to 1931.

In the late 1920s, the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler often complained that conductors at the Berlin opera were Jews. He often talked about Walter, adding that his real name was “Schlesinger”. When the Nazis came to power in 1933 Walter left Austria. He often conducted the Concertgebouw Orchestra and was invited to conduct concerts in New York with the New York Philharmonic. When the Nazi’s took power in Austria (the Anschluss) Walter was conducting in Paris. France offered Walter French citizenship. His daughter was in Vienna. She was arrested by the Nazis, but Walter managed to persuade them to free her.
Life in United States 
On 1 November 1939, he sailed to the United States where he lived for the rest of his life. His home was in Beverly Hills, California. Many people who lived there had fled from Europe because of the Nazis. They became his friends. They included the German writer Thomas Mann. He worked with many famous American orchestras, including the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the NBC Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic and the Philadelphia Orchestra. After the war he often came back to Europe. He performed at the Edinburgh Festival and in Salzburg, Vienna and Munich. In his later life he made many stereo recordings with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra. He made his last live concert appearance on 4 December 1960 with the Los Angeles Philharmonic and pianist Van Cliburn. His last recording was a series of Mozart overtures with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra at the end of March in 1961. Bruno Walter died of a heart attack in his Beverly Hills home in 1962.
Between 1923 and 1961 Walter made hundreds of recordings. The earlier recordings, made at a time when his conducting was at its best, are often rather poor recordings. When he made his last recordings, after stereo records had been invented, he was already quite ill. In his early years he gave some of the first performances of Mahler’s music. He conducted the first performance of Das Lied von der Erde with the Vienna Philharmonic. In 1936 he made the first recording of the same work with the same orchestra which still had the same leader: Arnold Rosé who was Mahler’s brother-in-law. This recording was made just before the Nazi Anschluss which forced Walter and Rosé into exile. Many years later, in 1952, Walter and the Vienna Philharmonic once again made a famous recording of Das Lied von der Erde with the singers Kathleen Ferrier and Julius Patzak. He also recorded Mahler’s Ninth Symphony
. Since Walter had worked closely with Mahler, and Mahler had never conducted either of these two great works of his, we can imagine that Walter’s recordings show us how Mahler might have wanted the music to be played.
Walter was known as a kind, modest man, quite unlike some other conductors of the time who behaved like dictators. He was an excellent pianist and sometimes accompanied singers such as Kathleen Ferrier at recitals. He also composed several works. He wrote an autobiography called “Theme and Variations”.

References 
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980, vol 20, pp187–188; .

Other websites 

The Bruno Walter Foundation 

1876 births
1962 deaths
American autobiographers
20th-century American composers
American conductors
American pianists
Austrian composers
Austrian conductors
Austrian Jews
20th-century German composers
German conductors
German pianists
Jewish American musicians
Jewish German musicians
Musicians from Berlin
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Mount Redoubt, also called Redoubt Volcano, is a volcano in the U.S. state of Alaska. It rises  above sea level and  above the valleys around it. It is about  from the city of Anchorage.

On March 22, 2009, Mount Redoubt erupted, sending ash high in the air and covering the mountains around with ash. No people live near Mount Redoubt, but the ash spread into towns and cities and the airport of Anchorage was closed shortly. Other years when it erupted include 1902, 1922, 1966, and 1989.

Images 

Geography of Alaska
Volcanoes of the United States
Allan Hunter (born 30 June 1946 in Northern Ireland) is a former Northern Irish football player.

He was a defender. He also spent most of his career at Ipswich Town. He made over 350 appearances in eleven years.

References 
All-time Ipswich Town players 

1946 births
Living people
Northern Irish footballers
Raymond Crawford (born 13 July 1936 in Portsmouth) is a former English association footballer.

References 
 
 

1936 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Portsmouth
Edward John "Ted" Phillips (21 August 1933 – 9 January 2018) was an English retired footballer.

Phillips died on 9 January 2018 from dementia at the age of 84.

Notes

References 
 
 

1933 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from dementia
English footballers
Sportspeople from Suffolk
Michael 'Mick' Denis Mills (born 4 January 1949) is an English footballer turned manager.

References 
 
 

1949 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Surrey
Kieron Dyer (born 29 December 1978) is an English football player. He plays for West Ham United.

Club career statistics
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Ipswich Town||rowspan="3"|First Division||15||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|1997/98||43||4||2||0||7||1||colspan="2"|-||52||5
|-
|1998/99||39||7||2||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||45||7
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Newcastle United||rowspan="8"|Premier League||30||3||6||1||0||0||3||0||39||4
|-
|2000/01||26||5||1||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||31||6
|-
|2001/02||18||3||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||3
|-
|2002/03||35||2||0||0||1||2||12||2||48||6
|-
|2003/04||25||1||2||2||0||0||7||0||34||3
|-
|2004/05||23||4||3||0||1||0||7||2||34||6
|-
|2005/06||11||0||2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|2006/07||22||5||2||1||2||0||4||1||30||7
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|West Ham United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||2||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2008/09||7||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
296||34||24||5||21||4||33||5||374||48
296||34||24||5||21||4||33||5||374||48
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||5||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
!Total||33||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
People from Ipswich
Sportspeople from Suffolk
Premier League players
Matteo Sereni (born February 11 1975) is an Italian association footballer.  He is a goalkeeper and he currently plays for Torino F.C. in Serie A.

References 
 
 

1975 births
Living people
Italian association football goalkeepers
Footballers from Parma
The River Orwell is a river that flows through Suffolk in England.

Rivers of England
Suffolk
Bank of America Plaza is a skyscraper in Atlanta, United States.  It is  tall and has 55 floors.  It was built in 1992. It is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the United States
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites

 Official Website - Bank of America Plaza 
 Emporis.com - Bank of America Plaza
 SkycraperPage.com – Bank of America Plaza

Skyscrapers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Atlanta
1992 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
U.S. Bank Tower is a skyscraper in Los Angeles, California, United States.  It is 310 meters (1018 feet) tall and has 73 floors.  It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.  It is one of the tallest building in the United States that is west of the Mississippi River. It is also the second tallest building in Los Angeles and California, after the Wilshire Grand Center.

At first it was named Library Tower, but in 1993 it became U.S. Bank Tower.

Sources

Other websites

 Official Website - U.S. Bank Tower
 Emporis.com - US Bank Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – US Bank Tower

Buildings and structures in Los Angeles
Skyscrapers in the United States
1989 establishments in California
JPMorgan Chase Tower is a skyscraper in Houston, United States. It is 305 meters (1002 feet) tall and has 75 floors. It was built in 1982 and is one of the tallest buildings in the United States.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in the United States
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Sources

Other websites 
 Official Website - JPMorgan Chase Tower
 Emporis.com - JPMorgan Chase Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – JPMorgan Chase Tower

Skyscrapers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Houston
1982 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Texas
Karl Muck, (his first name is sometimes spelt Carl, his surname rhymes with “book”) (born Darmstadt,  22 October 1859; died Stuttgart,  4 March 1940) was a German conductor.  He was one of the greatest conductors of his day, especially famous for his conducting of operas by Richard Wagner.

Early life 
Karl Muck’s father was a Bavarian politician and amateur musician.  After his school years he studied music at the Conservatory in Würzburg.  He also studied classical philology at the University of Heidelberg.  In 1877 he continued his music studies in Leipzig, learning the piano with Carl Reinecke.  His first public performance was in 1880, the year in which he graduated with a doctorate, playing the piano in the Piano Concerto by Xaver Scharwenka at the Leipzig Gewandhaus.
Career 
Soon he spent all his time conducting operas.  He conducted in Zürich, Salzburg, Brno and Graz, and got a conductor’s job in Prague and later in Berlin.  He conducted the operas of Wagner’s Ring Cycle with great success as well as many performances of Parsifal. In 1912 he became the conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and from 1922 until he retired in 1933 he conducted the Hamburg Philharmonic Orchestra.

Muck was one of the first conductors to be internationally famous for travelling about conducting orchestras in many parts of the world.  He was a strict conductor who thought it was very important that the players should do exactly what the composer asks for in the score.
He was imprisoned in the United States during World War I, because of his support for Germany and because he refused to conduct the Star Spangled Banner.  After the war he was sent away and not allowed to return to America.  After his death a square in Hamburg was named after him, although in 1997 it was renamed “Johannes Brahms Square” because Muck had praised Adolf Hitler.

References
 

1859 births
1940 deaths
German conductors
People from Darmstadt
A town square is a large open area in the center of a town. Town squares were traditionally places where people came together to meet, or to sell and buy things, or to be entertained. They often had markets, lynchings, or they were used for concerts. They are often surrounded by shops or cafés.

Other names for town square are civic center, city square, urban square, market square, public square, Platz (from German), plaza (from Spanish), piazza (from Italian), and place (from French). 

Many town squares in the 20th century became used as car parks. In recent years cars have been banned from some town squares so that people can enjoy the open space once more, free from traffic and pollution.

In other parts of towns there are often smaller open spaces which are called “squares”. They are often square in shape, but some are different shapes.

Some famous squares include: Red Square in Moscow, Beijing's Tiananmen Square in Beijing, Times Square in New York City and Trafalgar Square in London.
Torture in the United States includes cases of torture reported in the United States and outside the USA by U.S. government workers.

Torture and the War on Terror 

The United States and other countries involved in the War on Terror have used torture to get information from suspected terrorists. Some of the most well known cases of torture involving the U.S. are the Abu Ghraib scandal and Guantanamo Bay.

Abu Ghraib Prison 
Starting in 2004 there were reports of abuse of prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. The New Yorker newspaper had an article in May 2004 about the abuse and the article had pictures that were taken by soldiers involved. According to an investigation by the Department of Defense called the Taguba Report, the military had been looking into the abuse since 2003. In the end nine soldiers were discharged from the military and sent to prison.
Guantanamo Bay 
Human rights organisations like Amnesty International have said CIA agents used waterboarding and other inhumane ways to get information out of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay. Because of the abuse President Barack Obama ordered the base to be closed down.

References 

Torture
Human rights abuses in the United States
Itumbiara is a Brazilian city of the state of Goiás. It has 95.265 inhabitants and an area of 2.461 km². It was founded in 1909 and it is one of the most important cities in state of Goiás.

Born in Itumbiara
Below is a list of famous people born in Itumbiara.
 Dante Amaral
 Zé Roberto

Other websites 

 Itumbiara's Official Home Page (in Portuguese)

Cities in Goiás
1909 establishments in Brazil
Legal tender is fiat money, or currency (bank notes and coins). It has value because a government creates it and backs it, and people using it have faith in its value. Fiat money such as US dollars can be used as an exchange for goods and services.

The point is that other kinds of money have been used. Legal tender differs from commodity money and representative money. Commodity money is based on a "good", often a precious metal such as gold or silver, which is desired or has other uses. Representative money is a claim on the commodity rather than the actual good. In that case, the gold stays in a bank, and its ownership changes from time to time as the money is used. Why might a good be used at all? One reason is that governments cannot just make it. It is said that this stops inflation because, with fiat money, governments can just print more.
Some economists argue that an economy can only grow if it can produce more capital goods and not more money in the form of credit. This means that good economies must produce things rather than borrow money to buy things produced in other countries.

Alan Greenspan was an early critic of fiat money arguing that "Deficit spending is simply a scheme for the confiscation of wealth". He thought the value of money should be backed by gold. Richard Nixon ended gold backing for the United States dollar in 1971. Other countries also changed to Fiat currency.

References

Currency
The words anal-retentive (or  anally retentive, anal retentive), often shortened to "anal", are used in everyday language to describe a person with so much attention to detail that the obsession becomes annoying to other people. The idea was thought up by Sigmund Freud

Origins

In the psychology ideas of Freud, the anal stage is said to follow the oral stage of development in babies and young kids. This is usually when they are learning  toilet training.  Freud made a theory which said that children who experience troubles during this time may develop "anal" personality traits, as well as a general interest in collecting and keeping things.

Other views

Although Freud's theories have been influential, research suggests patterns of parental attitudes has a major effect on how a baby will grow up.

References

Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
The San Joaquin River is one of the two major rivers of California, in the United States. At  long, it is the second longest river in California, after the Sacramento River. It begins on the west Sierra Nevada Mountains and flows west and north to its end at San Francisco Bay, at the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. 
Its basin, which is about 32,000 square miles (82,879 square kilometers) in size, contains mostly farmland. The river provides drinking water to over 22 million California citizens. Its three largest tributaries are the Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus rivers.
The river was once one of the richest river ecosystems in California. However, now over  of the river is dry except during floods, because lots of water has been taken away for irrigation. In fact, below Friant Dam, a dam built in the 1940s on the San Joaquin River, 95 percent of the river's flow is dry. Much of the river is polluted, destroying the historic population of chinook salmon, once the southernmost in the United States. Pesticides, selenium, and many more toxic materials are carried by the San Joaquin into San Francisco Bay.

Now, one of the largest projects in the American West has been begun to restore the San Joaquin River. On September 13, 2006, the Natural Resources Defense Council signed an agreement with Friant Dam users and the United States Department of the Interior. This agreement would restore the San Joaquin River below the dam, reducing pollution.

Geography

Source in the Sierra Nevada
Three forks of the San Joaquin River join to form the San Joaquin River at two places, called Balloon Dome and Junction Butte. 
The North Fork (formally called the North Fork San Joaquin River) begins at a unnamed lake on the west side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. This source is at coordinates . It is at  above sea level, and is in Madera County.
The Middle Fork (or the Middle Fork San Joaquin River) begins at a lake called Thousand Island Lake. This place is at coordinates .
The South Fork (or the South Fork San Joaquin River) flows out of Martha Lake, at  above sea level. Martha Lake is at coordinates . The river is in Madera and Fresno counties.

In the Central Valley
The river continues west into the Central Valley of California, and is joined by many other rivers flowing off the Sierra Nevada mountains. The most largest of these are the Stanislaus River, Tuolumne River, and Merced River. The Tuolumne and Merced river both flow out of Yosemite National Park.
As the river flows north and west, it is joined by the following tributaries:

Mokelumne River
Cosumnes River
Calaveras River
Stanislaus River
Tuolumne River
Merced River
Bear Creek
Hospital Creek
Ingram Creek
Chowchilla River
Ash Slough
Berenda Slough
Fresno River

The San Joaquin River and its tributaries pass through/feed the following lakes and reservoirs:

Pardee Reservoir
Camanche Reservoir
New Hogan Reservoir
New Don Pedro Reservoir
Lake McClure
Eastman Lake
Hensley Lake
Mendota Pool
Millerton Lake
Pine Flat Reservoir
Lake Kaweah
Lake Success
Florence Lake
Mammoth Pool Reservoir

Several man-made channels are also part of the river system:
Stockton Deep Water Ship Channel
Grant Line Canal
Eastside Bypass
Chowchilla Bypass
San Luis Drain
Madera Canal
Friant-Kern Canal
Mouth
The San Joaquin River eventually meets the Sacramento River, forming the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. This is one of the biggest estuaries in the United States. It is near the city of Antioch. At this place, the San Joaquin River splits into two rivers: the Old River and the Middle River. The Old River sometimes confuses fish to go down its channel. As a result, a wall is built between the San Joaquin River and the Old River.

Human impacts, economy, and development

Pre-development ecology
Before humans began to develop the Central Valley in the 1850s, the San Joaquin River and its surrounding lands were one of the richest biological habitats in California. In winter, the river would flood the valley, leaving behind wetlands. These wetlands became rich habitat for birds and other animals. The habitat of the endangered San Joaquin Kit Fox and the riparian brush rabbit also was near the San Joaquin River.

Friant Dam: destroying life of the lower San Joaquin
In 1942, a big dam, Friant Dam, was built on the San Joaquin River. This dam took away a lot of water from the river, to irrigate crops, provide drinking water, and provide electricity. The dam destroyed the salmon habitat in the river, and also destroyed the creation of these wetlands. 

The Friant Dam is:
 tall
 long
 thick at its base
 thick at its top
contains 2,135,000 cubic yards of concrete

Navigation and shipping
The San Joaquin River has been used a lot for shipping of products via boats and ships, otherwise known as navigation. The river was first used for navigation during the California Gold Rush of 1849. Boats carried people over  up the river to look for gold in the mountains. Now, there is a channel that runs all the way upriver to the city of Stockton. This channel allows big ships to sail in the river up to this point. Sediment, however, has clogged a lot of the river channel above this point, preventing big ships from going any farther.

Notes
Notes

Rivers of California
Central Valley of California
San Francisco Bay Area
Contra Costa County, California
Fresno County, California
Kern County, California
Madera County, California
Merced County, California
Stanislaus County, California
San Joaquin County, California
Sacramento County, California
The Hudson Valley is a valley of the Hudson River. It runs from about Westchester County to Albany.

The Hudson River valley runs in a north-south direction across eastern New York State.  There are many rock types in the valley.  This includes Triassic sandstones and redbeds in the south, and the Palisades Sill.  Older Precambrian gneiss is in the north (and east).  

In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a fjord. This fjord was cut during previous ice ages. To the west are the very long Appalachian highlands. Near Tappan Zee Bridge, the west side of the river has high cliffs. They are about 400–800 feet high.

Most of the Hudson Valley is part of the Appalachian Mountains. The northern part of the Hudson Valley is part of the Great Lakes area.
During the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier. The glacier went down as far as Long Island. Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River. The drained water is called Lake Iroquois. Lake Ontario is the remnant of that lake.

References

Geography of New York (state)
Valleys of the United States
Sargassum is a genus of generally planktonic (free-floating) macroalgae (seaweed) in the order Fucales. The Atlantic Ocean's Sargasso Sea gets its name from the large amount of several species of Sargassum that grow there.

References

Algae
The Central Valley (also called the Great Central Valley) is a very large valley in the middle of California, in the United States. The valley covers about . It is about the size of the state of Tennessee. It is made up of two connected, differently named valleys, the Sacramento Valley and the San Joaquin Valley.

The Sierra Nevada Mountains border the valley on the east side. The Coast Range borders it on the west side. The Sacramento River flows through the north part of the Central Valley. This part of the valley is also called the Sacramento Valley. The San Joaquin River flows through the larger south part of the Central Valley. That part is also called the San Joaquin Valley. Both rivers merge eventually and empty into the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay. 

The capital of California, Sacramento, is in the north part of the Central Valley. The Central Valley is around  long.
The Central Valley has 18 California counties. Fifteen of these counties are among the 25 most productive farmland counties in California. Overall, the Central Valley economy depends on farming. This has led to serious environmental damages, such as pesticides and selenium and other bad materials being washed into the rivers and polluting the San Francisco Bay.

Geography 
The valley floor is a flat, smooth land area covering about . It is  long and  wide. It covers 19 California counties. These counties are:

 Shasta
 Tehama
 Glenn
 Butte
 Colusa
 Sacramento
 El Dorado
 Sutter
 Yuba
 Yolo
 Placer
 San Joaquin
 Solano
 Stanislaus
 Merced
 Madera
 Fresno
 Kings
 Tulare
 Kern
-from north to south.

Mountain ranges
Mountain ranges 

The Sierra Nevada mountains are on the east side of the valley. These mountains are very tall and steep. Many rivers and streams flow off the Sierra Nevada. The highest mountain in the Sierra Nevada is Mount Whitney (14,495') which is also the tallest mountain in California and the rest of the continental United States. On the west side, there is the California Coast Ranges, an extension of the Pacific Coast Ranges. Its highest point is approximately .

Rivers 

The Sacramento River begins in the Cascade Range, but most of it is in the Central Valley. The river flows south about  to San Francisco Bay. Some of its tributaries are the Pit River, Feather River, and American River. All these rivers come off the Sierra Nevada.

The San Joaquin River begins at the south Sierra Nevada, and flows west and north into the Central Valley and to San Francisco Bay. Altogether, its length is sone . The San Joaquin is more polluted than the Sacramento, and about  of it is actually dry.
Together, the Sacramento-San Joaquin river system is the water supply of 22-23 million people in California.

Climate 

The climate of the Sacramento Valley (north Central Valley) and San Joaquin Valley are very different. The Sacramento Valley has a Mediterranean climate. This means that it has warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters. The San Joaquin Valley is much hotter and drier. Most of it is Mediterranean steppe, which is similar to Mediterranean except that it is warmer and drier. Some of it, however, can be close to desert climate. This section of the Central Valley is said to have the worst air quality in California.

Population and economy

Population centers 
The Central Valley is home to about 6.5 million people. The ten largest cities in or near the valley are, by population:
 Sacramento (2,042,283)
 Fresno (1,002,284)
 Bakersfield (756,825)
 Stockton (664,116)
 Modesto (505,505) 
 Visalia (410,874)
 Merced (241,706)
 Chico (214,185)
 Redding (179,904)
 Yuba City (165,080)
Population density 
However, since most of the land area of the Central Valley is devoted to farming, the population density (amount of people divided by land area) is actually quite low. The population density of the Central Valley is 155 people per square mile (60 people per square kilometer). In contrast, the population density of Los Angeles, the biggest city in California, is 25,904 people per square mile.

Economy and agriculture 

Farming (agriculture) has always been the main economy of the Central Valley. Except for the city of Sacramento, where the focus is on the government, the rest is mostly agricultural. Immigrants provide a large amount of the work done in farms in the Central Valley. Overall, 12.3% of jobs in the Central Valley are directly agriculture related. Not including Sacramento County, the percentage is 16%.
Transportation 
The main road transport routes through the Central Valley are Interstate 5 and California State Route 99. These two highways run from north to south. Interstate 5 is the larger of the two, and carries more traffic. Highway 99 is older than Interstate 5. The Highway 99 separates from Route 5 at the south end of the Central Valley, and joins again at the north end of the valley.

The Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) and the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) go through the Central Valley as well. Some of their branch lines include:
 BNSF:
 BNSF Bakersfield Subdivision
 BNSF Stockton Subdivision
 UP:
 Union Pacific Railroad Martinez Subdivision
 Fresno Subdivision
Amtrak is one of the main rail service providers in the Central Valley, and is also popular in much of the rest of California.

Water supply
Water supply 

The 715-mile (1,150 km) California Aqueduct, the longest aqueduct in California, runs through the Central Valley. Water from the northern Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada goes into this aqueduct. The Central Valley Project is another major water supply project in the Central Valley. This project includes:
 Shasta Dam and Shasta Lake (reservoir)
 Delta Cross Channel
 Delta-Mendota Canal
 Friant Dam
 Madera Canal
 Friant-Kern Canal
 Contra Costa Canal
 Folsom Dam

Notes
Adjacent is an adjective meaning next to.

In geometry, two sides that meet to create an angle are said to be adjacent.

In trigonometry the adjacent side of a right triangle is the side next to the angle in question.

Geometry
A tributary state is a state that  is subordinate to a more powerful neighbour. It was a form of subordination in pre-modern times.

The tributary sent a regular token of submission to the superior power. This was a tribute, a substantial gift of wealth, such as the gold, produce, or slaves. The tribute might best be seen as the payment of protection money. But there were other ways to show submission as well.

For modern forms of state subordination, see puppet state, satellite state and client state.

States
International politics
The Alhambra (from Arabic  = Al-Ħamrā', literally "the red fort"; the complete name was  = al-Qal'at al-Ħamrā' = "the red fortress") is a palace and fortress complex of the Moorish rulers of Granada in southern Spain (known as Al-Andalus when the fortress was constructed during the mid 14th century), occupying a hilly terrace on the southeastern border of the city of Granada.

History 

In the Middle Ages the Alhambra was the residence of the Muslim rulers of Granada and their court, now it is one of Spain's major tourist attractions. There one can see the most famous Islamic Architecture of the country. Within the Alhambra, the Palace of Charles V was erected by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1527.

The Muslim rulers lost Granada and Alhambra in 1492 without the fortress itself being attacked when King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile took the surrounding region with an overwhelming force of numbers.

Media

Other reading sources
Grabar, Oleg. The Alhambra. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1978.
 Jacobs, Michael and Francisco Fernandez. Alhambra. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2000.
 Lowney, Chris. A Vanished World: Medieval Spain’s Golden Age of Enlightenment. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 2005.
 Menocal, Maria, Rosa. The Ornament of the World. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2002.
 Read, Jan. The Moors in Spain and Portugal. London: Faber and Faber, 1974.
 D. Fairchild Ruggles, “Alhambra,” in Encyclopaedia of Islam, third edition. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2008.
 D. Fairchild Ruggles, Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
 D. Fairchild Ruggles, “The Gardens of the Alhambra and the Concept of the Garden in Islamic Spain,” in Al-Andalus: The Arts of Islamic Spain, ed. Jerrilynn Dodds. New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1992, pp. 162–71.
D. Fairchild Ruggles, Islamic Gardens and Landscapes, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
 Steves, Rick (2004). Spain and Portugal 2004, pp. 204–205. Avalon Travel Publishing. .
 lexicorient.com 
 Stewart, Desmond. The Alhambra. Newsweek Publishing, 1974. .
 The World Heritage. Istanbul and Cordoba, Vol. #15. Film Ideas, 2008. .
Related pages

 Islamic architecture

References 

 Lowney, Chris. A Vanished World: Medieval Spain’s Golden Age of Enlightenment. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 2005.

Other websites 

 Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife. Official web page of the Alhambra
Guided Tours Alhambra
 Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife. Official web page for particular clients
 www.AlhambraDeGranada.org
 www.alhambra.org 
 www.AlhambraGranada.info
 BBC Four documentary  —  Art in Islamic Spain
Article about Alhambra as one of the 21 candidates shortlisted for the New7Wonders of the World 
 Alhambra in turgranada.es  Official site for tourism of the province of Granada
Photos of Alhambra 
Alhambra Architectural Review
Photos and text at greatbuildings.com
Alhambra - information on garden history and design 
Detailed study with photos of the Alhambra Granada 
Google maps satellite image
Article with English translations of the poems on the walls of Alhambra *
Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra 
 Panoramic virtual tour of Alhambra 
 Large photo collection of the Alhambra and palaces

Buildings and structures in Spain
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Granada
12 Treasures of Spain
The Asociación de Profesores y Monitores en Llingua Llïonesa or APMLL (Leonese Language Teachers and Monitor Association) is an association of teachers and monitors that teach Leonese language. 

They teach Leonese language in 16 schools in the city of León, (Spain), and in courses for adults in the provinces of León, Zamora and Salamanca (Spain). Also they develop some activities for promoting Leonese language between the population, as the Leonese language Day, in all the provinces of the Kingdom of León.

Related pages

 Leonese language
 Leonese language writers

Other websites 
 Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa 
 Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu
 Asociación berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín
 Top Level Domain for Leonese Language

References

Leonese language associations
A Separately Managed Account or SMA is a type of financial investment account popular with some individual investors.  SMAs are offered by financial consultants and brokerage firms, and managed by independent "money managers." A money manager is simply a business that manages stock and other securities portfolios or baskets of investments for an investor.  SMAs have varying fee structures.  Common characteristics of SMA programs are: they provide open investment choices; have multiple managers; and, offer a customized investment portfolio created for a client's specific needs.  By customizing the portfolio, investors can limit the investment risk with various strategies, such as using stock options, according to the Wall Street Journal.
History 
SMAs were first introduced in the US in the 1970s by the former investment firm EF Hutton    Since that time, SMAs have grown in popularity, are offered in the US, UK, Australia and other countries.  For some investors, Separately Managed Accounts are rivals to mutual funds and other types of investments.

Performance 

While there is no long-term research that compares SMAs’ performance to that of mutual funds or other investment categories, the available research does show them as a strong competitor.

Morningstar Inc., a fund research firm, released research that showed that SMAs beat mutual funds in 2008.  Morningstar said that SMAs outperformed mutual funds in 25 of 36 stock and bond market categories that year.  In addition, Morningstar said that from 2006 to 2008, SMAs surpassed mutual funds in 22 of 26 categories.
The Wall Street Journal reported that Separately Managed Accounts may beat popular mutual funds because SMAs “…tend to have smaller amounts of assets than popular mutual funds, allowing them to trade more nimbly."    
  

Unlike mutual funds, SMAs permit the investor to tailor their basket of stocks and bonds which can limit the investment risk.  Registered Rep, an investment trade magazine, said that SMAs also can provide 
tax advantages that may not be available with mutual funds and other investments.  

The Wall Street Journal recognized top SMA performers including PTI Securities & Futures LP’s “Protected Index Program” and  Robinson Value Management Ltd’s “Market Opportunity Composite Strategy.”   
  

Pensions & Investments, a US investment trade magazine, reported on several of the highest performing SMAs for 2008.
Financial experts point out that past performance of any investment is not a predictor of future performance.  So, investors should talk with a licensed financial adviser and carefully review all information available before making any investment decision.  In addition, before making an investment, investors should check with the appropriate licensing and regulatory authorities to ensure that the firm(s) offering SMAs is (are) properly licensed and in good standing.

References

Finance
Dzhe (Џ, џ) is a letter of Vuk Karadžić's Cyrillic alphabet, used in Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian to present a Voice for need to tell  (like the J in English "jump").

Related pages
Dž (Latin alphabet)
Ц, ц - Tse (Cyrillic)
"Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo" is a sentence that uses correct grammar. It is often used as an example of how homonyms and homophones can be used to create confusing, hard-to-understand sentences.

It has been talked about since 1967, when the sentence was used by Dmitri Borgmann in his book Beyond Language.  Later, in 1972, the sentence was used by William J. Rapaport. Rapaport is a professor at the University at Buffalo in Buffalo, New York.

The sentence does not have punctuation. It uses three different meanings of the word "buffalo". They are:
 noun adjunct (a noun used as an adjective): the city of Buffalo, New York.
 noun: the animal called buffalo in the plural form. They are also known as bison.
 verb: the word "buffalo", which means to confuse or intimidate (to scare somebody).
It can be broken down to "Buffaloa buffalon Buffaloa buffalon buffalov buffalov Buffaloa buffalon", where "a" is adjective, "n" is noun, and "v" is verb. It means, "Bison from Buffalo, which other bison from Buffalo confuse, confuse the bison from Buffalo."

 The first two words, "Buffalo buffalo," mean bison from Buffalo in the same way that "Florida man" means a man from Florida.
 The next three words, "Buffalo buffalo buffalo," mean "which other bison from Buffalo confuse." We don't need the word which in the original sentence, just like how "a man which the woman loved" means the same thing as "a man the woman loved."
 The last three words, "buffalo Buffalo buffalo," mean "confuse the bison from Buffalo."

Other words can be used to make sentences like this one. These include police, fish, and people. For example, "Fish fish fish fish fish". Other times, similar words that are spelled differently can be used: "Foul fowl foul fowl foul foul foul fowl".
There is a city named Police in Poland. It is therefore possible to form a sentence "Police police Police police police police Police police", meaning "Cops from Police, whom other policemen from Police, Poland, are watching, watch yet other cops from Police, Poland".

Why it is confusing to read
The sentence is very confusing because:

Most people do not use the word "buffalo" as a verb.
The plural form of the noun "buffalo" can be "buffaloes" or "buffalo". In this sentence, the second form is used, which is spelled the same way as the verb.
There is no punctuation.
Having no words such as that or which makes the sentence harder to follow.
The only distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters is the use of capital B whenever Buffalo is used as a noun or an adjective. Lowercase b is used as a verb.
By saying the word over and over again, it is confusing to read, as most words can't be used like the buffalo sentence.

References

Grammar
Buffalo, New York
Goat's milk cheese or simply Goat cheese is cheese made from milk that came from a goat. It has a different color, structure, and taste than that of regular cheese. It is usually white and breaks apart quickly. Because it breaks apart quickly it is usually stored in plastic containers with water.

Goat's milk cheese is more common in countries where it is difficult to keep cows.

References

Cheeses
A webcomic is a comic that can be viewed on the Internet. Most webcomics are made viewable either as a page or a strip at a time. Some do this on a regular schedule, often one strip each day, or one strip on each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.

Sources
The Mekong River is a river in the south-east of Asia. It flows through many countries: China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and finally Vietnam. The Mekong begins in the Lasagongma Spring which is in the plateaus of Tibet, disputed part of China, and flows about  south-east to the South China Sea. Its watershed covers 307,000 square miles (797,000 square kilometers).  Its name comes from the Thai language's Mae Num, or literally, "Mother Water".

The Mekong is one of the most biologically diverse areas in the world, with hundreds of types of fish, as well as river dolphins, crocodiles, and otters. Fishing is a very important activity on the river. However, the Mekong River is also used extensively for navigation.

Dams
The river has dams:
Guoduo Dam
Miaowei
 Gongguoqiao
 Xiaowan 
Manwan
Dachaoshan
 Nuozhadu 
 Jinghong

Dams that are being built in China, are:
Gushui
Wunonglong 
Huangdeng
 Dahuaqiao

Dams that are being built in Laos, are:
 Xayaburi
 Don Sahong
Dams that are planned (as of 2017), include:
Pak Beng Dam (planned finished in 2022)
Latsua (planned finished in 2023)
Sanakham (planned finished in 2024)

Related pages
 Salween River

References

Other websites

Government, corporate, environment and technical
 Mekong River Commission
 Thailand National Mekong Committee 
 Vietnam National Mekong Committee
 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library

Travel, culture and history
 NYTimes: The Mysterious Mekong Starts to Reveal Itself
 First raft and kayak descents of the Mekong in China, 1994 - 2004 

Rivers of China
Rivers of Thailand
Rivers of Myanmar
Rivers of Laos
Rivers of Vietnam
Rivers of Cambodia
A taifa (from  ṭā'ifa, plural طوائف ṭawā'if) was an independent Muslim-ruled principality in the Iberian Peninsula. Taifas developed during the history of Iberia. They were usually emirates or little kingdoms, but there was one oligarchy as well, Seville. A number were formed in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia) after the end of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordóba in 1031.

They developed because of an administrative division of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba and an ethnic division of its elite. It was divided among Arabs (a powerful but tiny minority), Eastern European former slaves and Iberian Muslims (known as Muladíes (the great majority). 

There was a second period when taifas developed: the middle of the 12th century, when the Almoravid dynasty was in decline. The taifas rose once again in Spain and Portugal.
In the 11th century and again in the mid 12th century, the emirs (rulers) of the taifas kept fighting among themselves, not only militarily but also for cultural prestige. They tried to recruit the most famous poets and artisans.

After the end of the Caliphate, the rival Muslim kingdoms were much weaker than the Christian ones and so they had to submit and to pay tribute. 

The taifa princes appealed for North African warriors to help them fighting Christian kings on two occasions. The Almoravids were invited after the fall of Toledo (1085), the Almohads after the fall of Lisbon (1147). The warriors did not help the taifa emirs but rather annexed their lands to their own North African empires.
Taifas often hired Christian mercenaries to fight neighbouring realms (both Christian and Muslim). The most dynamic taifa, which conquered most of its neighbours before the Almoravid invasion, was Seville. Zaragoza was also very powerful and expansive, but was kept in check by the neighbour Christian states of the Pyrenees. Zaragoza, Toledo and Badajoz had previously been the border military districts of the Caliphate.

List of taifas
First period (11th century) 
 Albarracín: 1011–1104 (to Almoravids)
 Algeciras: 1035–58 (to Seville)
 Almería: 1011–91 (to Almoravids)
 Alpuente: 1009–1106 (to Almoravids)
 Arcos: 1011–68 (to Seville)
 Badajoz: 1009–1094 (to Almoravids)
 Carmona: 1013–91 (to Almoravids)
 Ceuta: 1061–84 (to Almoravids)
 Córdoba: 1031–91 (to Seville)
 Denia: 1010/12–76 (to Zaragoza)
 Granada: 1013–90 (to Almoravids)
 Lisbon: 1022–? (to Badajoz)
 Lorca: 1051–91 (to Almoravids)
 Málaga: 1026–57/58 (to Granada); 1073–90 (to Almoravids)
 Majorca: 1076–1116 (to Almoravids)
 Mértola: 1033–91 (to Almoravids)
 Molina: ?–1100 (to Aragon)
 Morón: 1013–66 (to Seville)
 Murcia: 1011/12–65 (to Valencia)
 Murviedro and Sagunto: 1086–92 (to Almoravids)
 Niebla: 1023/24–91 (to Seville)
 Ronda: 1039/40–65 (to Seville)
 Rueda: 1118–30 (to Aragon)
 Saltés and Huelva: 1012/13–51/53 (to Seville)
 Santa María de Algarve: 1018–51 (to Seville)
 Seville: 1023–91 (to Almoravids)
 Silves: 1040–63 (to Seville)
 Toledo: 1010/31–85 (to Castile)
Tortosa: 1039–60 (to Zaragoza); 1081/82–92 (to Denia)
 Valencia: 1010/11–94 (to El Cid, nominally vassal of Castile)
 Zaragoza: 1018–46 (to Banu Tujib; then to Banu Hud); 1046–1110 (to Almoravids; in 1118 to Aragon)