Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Cleveland Monsters (2016–present)
 Springfield Thunderbirds (2016–present)
 Tucson Roadrunners (2016–present)
 Belleville Senators (2017–present)
 Binghamton Devils (2017–present)
 Laval Rocket (2017–present)
 Colorado Eagles (2018–present)
Other websites 
 Official AHL website

References

 
1936 establishments in North America
Beat Crusaders were a Japanese rock band. They were known for wearing masks in public. They did not wear their masks during concerts. There were 5 members in this band. The members were Hidaka Touru (vocals and guitar), Kubota Masahiko (bass), Katou Tarou (guitar), Mashi-ta (drums), and Keitaimo (keyboards). The band started in 1997. Almost all of their songs were written in English. Their music genre is said to be melodic hard core, digital rock, and power pop.

The masks 
The members of the band wear masks because they were once working as office workers and they could not show their faces. After they became well known, they decided to keep wearing their masks. The masks became a trademark for the band.

References

Other websites
 

Japanese rock bands
Sound Horizon is a Japanese musical group. They released their first major album in 2004 with  Elysion ~Rakuen e no Zensōkyoku~. This album started as the number 14 most popular in Japan. They call themselves a "fantasy band". The band members change according to the song. The composer, Revo is the only person who always participates in the band.

Japanese rock bands
Progressive metal bands
Folk music groups
Early Life

John Vane was an Australian bushranger who became a member of Ben Hall's gang. He was one of the few members of the gang to die of old age, and not to be killed.

Vane was born at Jerry Plains near Singleton, New South Wales on 28 June 1842. His grandparents had come to Australia as convicts but his father and mother were seen as respectable and wealthy. They lived at Kelso, near Bathurst before moving to Jerry Plains in about 1841. When John was about six years old the family moved back to Kelso and then onto Teasdale Park (Carcoar), near Hobbys Yards. Teasdale Park was owned by George Chesher (Cheshire) who would become Vane's father-in-law. The Vane family moved to Kempfield, near the Abercrombie caves where they stayed for a number of years. John worked as a shepherd and the money he was paid helped his father buy land, probably their Wattle Grove home.
1850 John Vane and his brother William (Billy) went to work at James Hanrahan's Wentworth Gully Station near the Weddin Mountains. It is not known if all the family went or just the two boys. Billy taught John to ride horses while at Hanrahan's. They stayed there for about a year and returned to the Kempfield district.

John was 14 years when sent to Bathurst, apprenticed to a blacksmith and wheelwright named McDonald. He then went on to the Turon goldfields where he saved a some money before it was stolen from him. He then drove a bullock team between Orange and Lambing Flat (Young).

He was described in 1863 as being about six feet tall, with dark hair and a ruddy complexion. He worked as a stockman, looking after cattle and was said to be an excellent horse rider.
Bushranger
On Christmas Eve of 1862 John Vane, Billy Vane, George Chesher Jnr, James Burke and John McKellar were at Boyce's public house at Long Swamp near Trunkey Creek. Warrants were issued for the five youth for robbery of the publican. John Vane hid in the bush and eluded capture until his surrender later that year. The others were captured by police but were released as there was not enough evidence to take them to court [1863 New South Wales Police Gazette].
John Vane and his good mate Micky Burke had built a reputation for providing locals with stolen beef and horses. In July 1863 members of the Ben Hall gang were seeking fresh horses and new places to rob. John Gilbert and John O'Meally came to the Carcoar district and sent out word that they needed Vane's local knowledge and skills. The pair met with Vane at his camp at Millpost Creek and laid plans for an attack on the Carcoar bank.  On 30 July 1863 that plan was put into action. Vane had provided information and support for the raid, though he did not participate. Gilbert and O'Meally rode into town and performed the first daylight bank robbery in Australia. Vane joined the gang and soon after so did his mate Micky Burke.
The excitiment and adventure came to a tragic end when on the afternoon of 24 October 1863, the gang went to the home of Gold Commissioner Henry Keightley at Dunn's Plains, near Rockley. At the house were Mrs. Keightley, house staff and Dr. Pechey. During the gun battle Vane's mate Micky Burke was shot in the stomach, and through fear of being caught by police decided to shoot himself. There is still debate today around who actually shot Burke. Vane was enraged and wanted to kill Keightley in revenge. It was decided though that the ransom Keightley would receive for killing Burke (₤500)should be sought by the gang. Keightley's wife and Dr Pechey rode to Bathurst that night to get the money from Mrs Keightley's father, Henry Rotton. Pechey and Rotton returned the next morning and the money was handed to Gilbert. Keightley was immediately released.  The story of the ride was later turned into a stage play. Many people say that John Vane is a handsome, old, lad but hated him dearly.
Surrender
In November 1863 a priest, Father Tim M'Carthy met Vane by chance in the bush. He later met the bushranger's mother. They talked Vane into giving himself up. It is said that John, cried and cried. His Father and mother knew how he felt! They gave him some food and money and told him sternly that a life as a bushranger was not good. He eventually decided that there was no point continuing to hide, so he walked off with shredded pants and shirt. He went with the priest to Nathaniel Connolly's home, who supplied them with a letter to secure Vane's passage to Bathurst courthouse. Vane was sentenced to 15 years at Darlinghurst and released after six for good behavior.
Later life
He drove the mail coach between Carcoar and Mt Donald until retiring. Vane continued to be in trouble with the police. In 1880 the newspapers reported that John Vane, ex-bushranger, was in court at Bathurst, for stealing 431 sheep. A friend, Terence M'Cann who had helped steal the sheep, was the main witness. John Vane's brother-in-law, Thomas Parker, tried to stop M'Cann from giving evidence. He was put in gaol for 12 months.

John Vane died of Ileocolitis in the hospital at Cowra, New South Wales on January 30, 1906.

John was a known bushranger in the 1800's because of all the big and small things he stole. He was also a help to the police in controlling, pubs, roads and the like. Although it wasn't his intention he inadvertently made these places better today! 
He made gold diggers and people around the gold fields more aware of robbers and bushranger.
Popular culture
 A book by Charles White, (1908) — John Vane, bushranger: Being a true narrative of his career faithfully depicted This book is part of the National Library of Australia's Digital Collection and can be viewed as a PDF.

References

1842 births
1906 deaths
Australian criminals
Bushrangers
People from New South Wales
Guns and Roses - Ik Junoon () is a Pakistani movie which was released in 1999, and it starred Shaan, Resham, Meera and Faisal Rehman. Faisal Rehman made a comeback with this movie, after taking a sabbatical from the movie industry which spanned over a decade. The music was composed by M Arshad.

The movie is mainly known for its soundtrack which included hits like Jeena Hai Jeena Tau Hai, Khat, and Qeher. Tanvir Fatima Rehman produced the movie.

Pakistani movies
1999 movies
Urdu-language movies
Inteha () is a Pakistani Urdu movie. It was released in 1999 across theaters in Pakistan. The movie was Samina Peerzada's debut directorial attempt, and established the careers of its two leading men Humayun Saeed and Zeeshan Sikander. Incidentally, both the actors also made their debut with Inteha.

1990s Pakistani movies
1999 movies
Mujhe Jeene Do is a 1999 Urdu movie. It is directed by Javed Sheikh. The movie stars Meera, Babar Ali, Sana and Javed Sheikh. The music is by Amjad Bobby.

1990s Pakistani movies
1999 movies
Urdu-language movies
The cloud is a metaphor for the Internet based on how it is described in computer network diagrams. Just as how in the real world, clouds hide parts of the sky from sight, the cloud in computing hides the complex infrastructure that makes the Internet work. It is a type of computing in which IT-related actions are provided “as a service”, allowing users to access these services through the Internet ("in the cloud"). They do not have to know or control the technologies behind them, preventing them from running into ethical and legal problems.
According to the IEEE, cloud computing is a concept where information is placed on servers and sent over the Internet to other devices, such as computers, laptops, handhelds, and sensors. It includes the idea of having software as a service (SaaS), such as Web 2.0, that depend on the Internet to meet the needs of their users. For example, Google has made several office suite apps which are accessed from a web browser. Unlike other software that does the same tasks, including Microsoft Office, the software and data are stored on Google's servers, not on the machine in which they are used.

Brief
Brief

Comparisons 
Cloud computing is often confused with other ideas:
 grid computing: a form of distributed computing whereby a "super and virtual computer" is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely-coupled computers, working together to perform very large tasks
 utility computing: the packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage are provided as a measured service that have to be paid similar to a traditional public utility such as electricity
 autonomic computing: computer systems capable of self-management.

Cloud computing often uses grid computing, has autonomic characteristics and is billed like utilities, but cloud computing can be seen as a natural next step from the grid-utility model.  Some successful cloud architectures have little or no centralised infrastructure or billing systems including peer-to-peer networks like BitTorrent and Skype.
Architecture 
The majority of cloud computing infrastructure currently consists of reliable services delivered through data centers that are built on computer and storage virtualization technologies. The services are accessible anywhere in the world, with The Cloud appearing as a single point of access for all the computing needs of consumers. Commercial offerings need to meet the quality of service requirements of customers and typically offer service level agreements. Open standards and open source software are also critical to the growth of cloud computing.
Characteristics 
As customers generally do not own the infrastructure or know all details about it, mainly they are accessing or renting, so they can consume resources as a service, and may be paying for what they do not need, instead of what they actually do need to use. Many cloud computing providers use the utility computing model which is analogous to how traditional public utilities like electricity are consumed, while others are billed on a subscription basis. By sharing consumable and "intangible" computing power between multiple "tenants", utilization rates can be improved (as servers are not left idle) which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development.

A side effect of this approach is that "computer capacity rises dramatically" as customers do not have to engineer for peak loads. Adoption has been enabled by "increased high-speed bandwidth" which makes it possible to receive the same response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.
Providers 
Cloud computing is being driven by providers including Google, Amazon.com, and Yahoo! as well as traditional vendors including IBM, Intel, Microsoft, HP and SAP. It can adopted by all kinds of users, be they individuals or large enterprises. Most internet users are currently using cloud services, even if they do not realize it. Webmail for example is a cloud service, as are Facebook and Wikipedia and contact list synchronization and online data backups.

History 
The Cloud is a metaphor for the Internet, or more generally components and services which are managed by others.

The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy expressed his opinion that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility"  and the term Cloud was already in commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, cloud computing solutions had started to appear on the market, though most of the focus at this time was on Software as a service.
Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing when upgrading their data centers after the dot-com bubble and providing access to their systems by way of Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis. They found the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements

2007 observed increased activity, including Google, IBM and a number of universities starting large scale cloud computing research project, around the time the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press. It was a hot topic by mid-2008 and numerous cloud computing events had been scheduled.

In August 2008 Gartner observed that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" and that the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions in other areas".
Political issues 
Clouds cross many country borders and "may be the ultimate form of globalisation". As such it is the subject of complex geopolitical issues, whereby providers must satisfy  many legal restrictions in order to deliver service to a global market. This dates back to the early days of the Internet, where libertarian thinkers felt that "cyberspace was a distinct place calling for laws and legal institutions of its own"; author Neal Stephenson envisaged this as a tiny island data haven in his science-fiction classic novel Cryptonomicon.
Although there have been efforts to match the legal environment (such as US-EU Safe Harbor), providers like Amazon Web Services usually deal with international markets (typically the United States and European Union) by deploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select their countries. However, there are still concerns about security and privacy for individual through various governmental levels, (for example the USA PATRIOT Act and use of national security letters and title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Stored Communications Act).

Legal issues 
In March 2007, Dell applied to trademark the term '"cloud computing" in the United States. It received a "Notice of Allowance" in July 2008 which was subsequently canceled on August 6, resulting in a formal rejection of the trademark application in less than a week later.
In November 2007, the Free Software Foundation released the Affero General Public License (abbreviated as Affero GPL and AGPL), a version of GPLv3 designed to close a perceived legal loophole associated with Free software designed to be run over a network, particularly software as a service.  According to the AGPL license application service providers are required to release any changes they make to an AGPL open source code.

Architecture 

Cloud architecture is the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing (e.g. hardware, software) as designed by a cloud architect who typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces (usually web services).
This is very similar to the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts.

Cloud architecture extends to the client where web browsers and/or software applications are used to access cloud applications.

Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled where metadata operations are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each independently delivering data to applications or users.
Key characteristics 
 Capital expenditure minimized, therefore low barrier to entry as infrastructure is owned by the provider and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Services are typically being available to or specifically targeting retail consumers and small businesses.
 Device and location independence which enables users to access systems regardless of location or what device they are using (for example PC, mobile,... etc.).
 Multitenancy enabling sharing of resources (and costs) among a large pool of users, allowing for:
 Centralization of infrastructure in areas with lower costs (e.g. real estate, electricity)
 Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load levels)
 Utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often used only 10-20%.
 Performance is monitored and consistent but can be affected by insufficient bandwidth or high network load.
Reliability by way of multiple redundant sites, which makes it suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery, however IT and business managers are able to do little when an outage hits them. Historical data on cloud outages is tracked in the Cloud Computing Incidents Database .
 Scalability which meets changing user demands quickly, without having to engineer for peak loads. Massive scalability and large user bases are common but not an absolute requirement.
 Security which typically improves due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc. but which raises concerns about loss of control over certain sensitive data. Accesses are typically logged but accessing the audit logs themselves can be difficult or impossible.
 Sustainability through improved use of resources, more efficient systems and carbon neutrality.
Security and privacy
Cloud computing poses privacy concerns because the service provider can access the data that is in the cloud at any time.  It could accidentally or deliberately alter or delete information. Many cloud providers can share information with third parties if necessary for purposes of law and order without a warrant. That is permitted in their privacy policies, which users must agree to before they start using cloud services. Solutions to privacy include policy and legislation as well as end-users' choices for how data is stored.

Components

Application 
A cloud application influences The Cloud model of software architecture, often eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, thus reducing software maintenance, ongoing operations, and support. For example:
 Peer-to-peer/volunteer computing (Bittorrent, SETI@home, Skype)
 Web application (Facebook)
 Software as a service (Google Apps, Salesforce)
 Software plus services (Microsoft Online Services)
Client 
A cloud client is computer hardware and/or computer software which relies on The Cloud for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services, and which is in either case essentially useless without a Cloud. For example:
 Mobile (Android, iPhone, Windows Mobile)
 Thin client (CherryPal, Zonbu gOS based systems)
 Thick client/Web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox)

Infrastructure 
Cloud infrastructure (e.g. Infrastructure as a service) is the delivery of computer infrastructure (typically a platform virtualization environment) as a service. For example:
 Full virtualization (GoGrid, Skytap)
 Grid computing (Sun Grid)
 Management (RightScale)
 Paravirtualization (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud)
Platform 
A cloud platform (e.g. Platform as a service) (the delivery of a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service) facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. For example:
 Web application frameworks
 Python Django (Google App Engine)
 Ruby on Rails (Heroku)
 Web hosting (Mosso)
 Proprietary (Azure, Force.com)

Service 
A cloud service (e.g. Web Service) is "software system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network" which may be accessed by other cloud computing components, software (e.g. Software plus services) or end users directly. For example:
 Identity (OAuth, OpenID)
 Integration (Amazon Simple Queue Service)
 Mapping (Google Maps, Yahoo! Maps)
 Payments (Amazon Flexible Payments Service, Google Checkout, PayPal)
 Search (Alexa, Google Custom Search, Yahoo! BOSS)
 Others (Amazon Mechanical Turk)
Storage 
Cloud storage is the delivery of data storage as a service (including database-like services), often billed on a utility computing basis (e.g. per gigabyte per month). For example:

 Database (Amazon SimpleDB, Google App Engine's BigTable datastore)
 Network attached storage (MobileMe iDisk component, Nirvanix CloudNAS)
 Synchronisation (Live Mesh Live Desktop component, MobileMe push functions)
 Web service (Amazon Simple Storage Service, Nirvanix SDN)

Traditional storage vendors have recently begun to offer their own flavor of cloud storage, sometimes in conjunction with their existing software products (e.g. Symantec's Online Storage for Backup Exec ). Others focus on providing a new kind of back-end storage optimally designed for delivering cloud storage (EMC's Atmos), categorically known as Cloud Optimized Storage.

Roles
A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and operates cloud computing systems serve someone else. Usually this needs building and managing new data centers. Some organisations get some of the benefits of cloud computing by becoming "internal" cloud providers and servicing themselves, though they do not benefit from the same economies of scale and still have to engineer for peak loads. The barrier to entry is also significantly higher with capital expenditure required and billing and management creates some overhead. However, significant operational efficiency and quickness advantages can be achieved even by small organizations, and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are already in progress.  Amazon.com was the first such provider, modernising its data centers which, like most computer networks were using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes
.  They opened it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis.
A user is a consumer of cloud computing.  The privacy of users in cloud computing has become of increasing concern.  The rights of users is also an issue, which is being addressed via a community effort to create a bill of rights (currently in draft ).

Vendor 
A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and use of cloud computing. For example:
 Computer hardware (Dell, HP, IBM, Sun Microsystems)
 Storage (3PAR, EMC, MogileFS)
 Infrastructure (Solace Systems, Layer 7 Technologies, F5 Networks)
 Computer software (3tera, GigaSpaces, Hadoop)
 Operating systems (Windows Azure, Linux and Solaris)
 Platform virtualisation (Citrix, Microsoft, VMware, Sun xVM)
Standards 
A cloud standard is one of a number of existing (typically lightweight) open standards that have facilitated the growth of cloud computing, including:
 Application
 Communications (HTTP, XMPP)
 Security (OAuth, OpenID, SSL/TLS)
 Syndication (Atom)
 Client
 Browsers (AJAX)
 Offline (HTML 5)
 Infrastructure
 Virtualization (OVF)
 Platform
 Solution stacks (LAMP, Space-based architecture)
 Service
 Data (XML, JSON)
 Web Services (REST)
 Storage

References

Other websites 
 
 Jones, M. Tim, Cloud Computing with Linux from IBM DeveloperWorks (2008-09-10).
 Kaye, Russell, Cloud Computing (QuickStudy) from ComputerWorld (2008-05-08).
 Martin & Hoover, Guide to Cloud Computing  from InformationWeek (2008-07-21).
 Cloud Computing Community Wiki is a "new resource put together by several industry executives and bloggers".
 Cloud Computing Incidents Database (CCID)  tracks and "provides historical data on cloud outages".

Computer science
Internet
Metaphors
Cloud computing
Databases
Servers
Software
Avant-garde music, or experimental music, is a type of music that is meant to push the boundaries of "what music is." It started in the 1940s and 1950s after World War II. Some famous avant-garde composers were John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Henry Cowell.

Examples of avant-garde songs

4'33"
This was a song written by John Cage that is 4 minutes and 33 seconds of complete silence. It is meant to make the audience listen to the sounds around them.

Revolution 9
This is a song by the popular English rock band The Beatles. It appeared on their album The Beatles, also known as The White Album (released in 1968.) "Revolution 9" is over 8 minutes of random sounds, and someone repeatedly saying "number 9...number 9...number 9...number 9..." It was mostly the work of John Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono.
Hey Foxymophandlemama, That's Me
This is a song by the American grunge band Pearl Jam. It is the last song on their third album Vitalogy, released in 1994. It is over seven minutes long. It is made up of conversations between mental patients in asylums, and psychiatrists, with distorted bass guitar and drums laid over them.

Music genres
The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest deer species. The red deer lives in most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Asia Minor and parts of western and central Asia, in Kashmir as the state animal. They can also be found in the Atlas Mountains region between Algeria and Tunisia in northwestern Africa. They are the only species of deer in Africa. Red deer have been introduced to other areas including Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. In many parts of the world the meat (venison) from red deer is widely used as a food source.

Deer
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Lisa Gerrard (born 12 April 1961)  is an Australian musician, singer and composer who rose to fame as part of the group Dead Can Dance with former music partner Brendan Perry. 

Gerrard received a Golden Globe award and an Academy Award nomination for the score for the 2000 film Gladiator on which she teamed up with Hans Zimmer.

Vocal ability
Gerrard possesses the vocal range of a contralto, spanning from E3-F5. Her voice has been described as rich, deep, dark, mournful and unique.   

She also has the ability to extend upwards into the dramatic mezzo-soprano range, examples of such would be on the songs The Host of Seraphim, Elegy,  Space Weaver, Come This Way and One Perfect Sunrise.   Gerrard however performs more predominantly in the dramatic contralto range in her other songs, Sanvean, Sacrifice, Largo and Not Yet.
Gerrard sings many of her songs, such as Now We Are Free, Come Tenderness, Serenity, The Valley of the Moon, Tempest, Pilgrimage of Lost Children, Coming Home and Sanvean in an idioglossia (an idiosyncratic language) that she has developed since the age of twelve.

References 

1961 births
Living people
Contraltos
The stop sign is a sign that is often placed at crossroads, when a road does not have traffic lights. This sign instructs the drivers to stop when they reach the crossroad and wait for other vehicles to pass. They can only proceed when the road is clear. This sign is one of the most significant and well-known signs of road traffic.

Variants for the stop sign 
The stop sign is very common in every country. In some countries the stop sign is also written in the local language. For example in Japan, the stop sign is written in Japanese and English. Some decades ago a different symbol was used to indicate the stop sign.

Stop signs around the world

Traffic signs
Salwar kameez (also spelled shalwar kameez or shalwar qameez) is a traditional dress worn by both women and men in Southern Asia. Salvars or shalvars are loose pajama-like trousers. The legs are wide at the top, and narrow at the bottom. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic. The side seams (known as the chaak) are left open below the waist-line, which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. It is the most common dress for men in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Gallery

References

Pakistani clothing
National symbols of Pakistan
Zayin is the seventh letter of the Hebrew alphabet. It is also spelled zain or zayn or simply zay.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek zeta (Ζ), Etruscan z , Latin Z, and  Cyrillic Ze З.

Hebrew alphabet
Resh is the twentieth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Hebrew alphabet
Ocimum tenuiflorum (also known as Ocimum sanctum, Tulsi,  Tulasī) is an plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is also called Holy Basil.

Holy Basil, as the name suggest has a holy meaning for people of India, especially towards North and South India. It is usually placed or grown in every household in India and carries religious meanings. In bigger households, the holy basil or tulsi plant is placed in the centre of the house and prayers are offered in the morning time. People usually light an incense stick or agarbatti and pour water on the plant during the prayer.

Lamiaceae
Herbs
Allspice (also called Jamaica pepper, Kurundu, Myrtle pepper, pimento, allspice berries, or newspice) is a spice which is the dried unripe fruit of the Pimenta dioica plant, a tree native to the West Indies, southern Mexico and Central America. The tree Pimenta dioica is from the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), and it is very valued for its berries. The allspice was named because the flavor of the berry is like a mixture of cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg. It is used very much in baking, mostly for making mincemeat and mixed pickling spice. It was discovered first by the early Spanish explorers, who mistook it for a type of pepper.

Allspice is the only spice grown in the Western Hemisphere. But after that, the wild trees were cut down to get the berries and only a few allspice are left. There are many plantations in Mexico and Central America, too. However, the best allspice comes from Jamaica where the weather and soil are best for the berries.
History 
Allspice was used by the Mayans and by other South American Indians when making chocolate. The name Jamaica comes from Xamayca. This means ‘land of wood and water’ in the language of the Arawaks. The Arawaks used allspice to help keep the meat from rotting, or sometimes against their enemies.
The spice was imported to Europe after it was discovered. There were many tries to plant it in the East, but it did not work because the trees could not give a lot of fruit. Even though it had a rich smell and a tasty flavor, allspice never had the same caché in Europe as cinnamon or pepper. The English started taking the spice by ship to England in 1737, but by that time the want for spices had been taken over by other kinds of products such as sugar and coffee. It was still a little popular in England though, where it came to be known as the English Spice.
In the Napoleonic war of 1812, Russian soldiers put the spice in their boots to keep their feet warm. Because of this, today the pimento oil from the allspice is usually used for the men’s dress.

Description
Description 

Dried allspice berries look like large brown peppercorns and their colors are cocoa brown. When the berries are not yet ripe, they are harvested and dried by the sun. They are different in size from between 4 and 7 mm (1/8 - 1/4 in) in diameter and are dark brown. Their skin is very wrinkled, and  the outer case has two seeds. Allspice can be eaten ground or whole.

Storage 

Whole dried allspice can keep without a time limit if they are properly kept in airtight jars. They also must not face the light. It can be ground in a mill or an electric coffee grinder. After it is ground, the spice loses its flavor in a few days.

References 

Spices
Myrtaceae
The peony or paeony (Paeonia) is the only genus in the flowering plant family Paeoniaceae. They are native to Asia, southern Europe and western North America. It is the national flower of China.

Other websites

Flowers
Saxifragales
National symbols of the People's Republic of China
Plant families
American tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), also called tulip poplar or yellow poplar is a type of tree. It is one of the two species in the genus Liriodendron. L. tulipifera can be found in Eastern North America. The tree can grow to over . It often has no limbs until it reaches 25-30 m (80-100 feet) in height. This makes it a good tree for timber. 

Magnoliaceae
Plants of North America
ActionScript is a scripting language similar to JavaScript. It is used for Adobe Flash and Adobe Flex.

Example
An example Hello World program in ActionScript 3.0:
package com.example
{
    import flash.text.TextField;
    import flash.display.Sprite;

    public class Greeter extends Sprite
    {
        public function Greeter()
        {
            var txtHello:TextField = new TextField();
            txtHello.text = "Hello World";
            addChild(txtHello);
        }
    }
}

Other websites 
ActionScript Technology Center
Adobe - Flash Developer Center

Programming languages
Kisean Paul Anderson
(born February 3, 1990) better known by his stage name Sean Kingston, is an American-Jamaican singer, songwriter, and rapper. He is best known for his number 1 single "Beautiful Girls", as well as "Fire Burning", "Take You There", and his collaboration with Justin Bieber: "Eenie Meenie". 

On May 29, 2011, Kingston was seriously injured along with a female passenger in a jet ski accident in Miami, Florida.

Discography

Studio albums 
 Sean Kingston
 Released: July 31, 2007
 Label: Epic/Beluga Heights
 Chart positions: 6 U.S.
 RIAA certification: Platinum

 Tomorrow
 Released: 2009

Solo singles

Featured singles

Guest appearances

Awards/nominations 
 Image Awards
 2008, Outstanding New Artist (Nominated)
 MOBO Awards
 2007: Best Reggae Acts
 Teen Choice Awards
 2007: Choice R&B Track "Beautiful Girls"
 2007: Choice Summer Track "Beautiful Girls" (nominated)

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Official UK website 
 DJBooth.net Interview 
 Exclusive Music Interview
Rappers from Florida
Jamaican singers
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Singers from Miami
1990 births
Living people
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American singers
Galaga is a sci-fi arcade game released by Namco in 1981. It is the sequel to Galaxian. In this game, the player controls a spaceship and shoots enemies coming down in different directions.

The game was published by Chunsoft and developed by Namco.

More Reading
Sellers, John (2001). Arcade Fever: The Fan's Guide to the Golden Age of Video Games. Running Press, 160 pages. .

Other websites
Galaga at the Killer List of Videogames
Galaga at the Arcade History database

1981 video games
Arcade games
Game Boy Color games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Virtual Console games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Namco video games
Funker Vogt is a German aggrotech band, formed by Gerrit Thomas and Jens Kästel in 1995.

Discography

Studio Albums

Thanks for Nothing (1996)
We Came to Kill (1997)
Killing Time Again (1998) (part new material, part remixes)
Execution Tracks (1998)
Maschine Zeit (2000)
T (2000/2001) (contains 4 new tracks and 10 remixes)
Survivor (2002)
Revivor (2003) (remix album)
Navigator (2005)
Aviator (2007)
Blutzoll (2010)

Singles
Words of Power (1997)
Take Care (1997)
Tragic Hero (1998)
Gunman (2000)
Subspace (2001)
Date of Expiration (2002)
Red Queen (2003)
Fallen Hero (2005)

Other websites
Official English site 
Official German site 
Funker Vogt dot com (English Fansite) 
Funker Vogt - "We love provocation !" - Interview

German musical groups
Metropolis Records is a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania based record label, distributor, and mail-order store specializing in the electro-industrial, synthpop, futurepop, darkwave, and gothic musical genres.

Artists signed
Many of the bands on Metropolis are signed to European labels for their European releases while releasing albums in North America through Metropolis.
Among the artists signed are:
 16 Volt
 Accessory
 The A.K.A.s (Are Everywhere!)
 Alphaville
 Amduscia
 And One
 Angels and Agony
 Apoptygma Berzerk
 À Rebours
 Assemblage 23
 backandtotheleft
 Battery Cage
 Bauhaus
 Bella Morte
 Blutengel
 The Birthday Massacre
 Cesium_137
 Claire Voyant
 Cleaner
 Client
 Combichrist
 Covenant
 Das Ich
 Decoded Feedback
 Delaware
 Diary of Dreams
 Dismantled
 Electric Six
 Epoxies
 Excessive Force
 Fictional
 Flesh Field
 Front 242
 Front Line Assembly
 Funker Vogt
 Gary Numan
 Grendel (band)
 Hanzel und Gretyl
 IAMX
 Icon of Coil
 Informatik
 In Strict Confidence
 Imperative Reaction
 Juno Reactor
 KEN
 Kevorkian Death Cycle
 KMFDM
 Lights of Euphoria
 London After Midnight
 Mesh
 Mindless Faith
 Mindless Self Indulgence
 mind.in.a.box
 Moving Units
 PIG
 Psyclon Nine
 Specimen
 Suicide Commando
 System Syn
 Terrorfakt
 TheStart
 VNV Nation
 Velvet Acid Christ
 Wolfsheim
 :Wumpscut:

Other websites
 Official site
American record labels
Electronic music record labels
Independent record labels
1995 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Pennsylvania
Apoptygma Berzerk is a Norwegian musical group. They have achieved success with a brand of upbeat and danceable synthpop, winning awards and top-10 spots in Germany and Scandinavia. Apoptygma Berzerk (abbreviated to APB or APOP) has toured Europe, North America, South America and Israel with bands such as VNV Nation, Beborn Beton and Unheilig.

Members

 Stephan Groth (Grothesk) - front-man and original member, largely responsible for the "APB sound"
 Geir Bratland - Keyboard
 Fredrik Brarud - Drums
 Audun Stengel (Angel) - Guitar
 Anders Odden - Guitar (rejoined the band late 2003 after having left it some years before to pursue his own musical projects)
 Jon Erik Martensen - former member 1989-90s & co-writer of some of Harmonizer
 Per Aksel Lundgreen - former member and live keyboardist 1991-1994 & co-writer of "Wrack'em To Pieces" and "Electronic Warfare". Also responsible for the bands booking and promotion from 1991-1994.

Discography
Discography

Full-length studio albums and EPs
 The 2nd Manifesto [EP] (1992)
 Soli Deo Gloria (1993)
 7 (1996)
 Mourn [EP] (1997)
 The Apopcalyptic Manifesto (1998)
 Welcome to Earth (2000)
 Harmonizer (2002)
 7 (Remastered) (2002)
 Soli Deo Gloria (Remastered) (2002)
 The Singles Collection (2003)
 Unicorn [EP] (2004)
 You and Me Against the World (2005)
 Black EP (2006)
 Sonic Diary (2006)
 Soli Deo Gloria (Deluxe Edition) (2007)
 7 (Deluxe Edition) (2007)
 The Singles Collection (Deluxe Edition) (2007)
 Welcome to Earth (Deluxe Edition) (2007)
 Harmonizer (Deluxe Edition) (2007)
 Unicorn & The Harmonizer DVD (Deluxe Edition) (2007)
 Rocket Science (2009)
 Black EP Vol. 2 (2011)
 Stop Feeding the Beast (2014)
 Videodrome (2015)
 Xenogenesis (2016)
 Exit Popularity Contest (2016)
 SDGXXV (2019)
 Faceless Fear (B-Sides & Rarities) (2020)
 Disarm (B-Sides & Rarities) (2020)
 Nein Danke! (2020)
Live albums
 APBL98 (1999)
 APBL2000 (2001)
 APBL2000 (Deluxe Edition) (2007)
 APBL2009 Imagine There’s No Lennon (Live-CD and DVD) (2010)

Singles
 Ashes to Ashes 12" (1991)
 Bitch (1993)
 Deep Red (1994)
 Non Stop Violence (1995)
 Paranoia (1998)
 Eclipse (1999)
 Kathy's Song (2000)
 Kathy's Song 12" I. (2000)
 Kathy's Song 12" II. (2000)
 Until the End of the World I. (2002)
 Until the End of the World II. (2002)
 Until the End of the World Vinyl (2002)
 Suffer in Silence (2002)
 Suffer in Silence Trance Remixes (2002)
 Suffer in Silence 12" (2002)
 In This Together (2005)
 Shine On (2006)
 Love to Blame (2006)
 Cambodia (2006)
 Green Queen (2008)
 Apollo (Live on Your TV) (2009)
 Major Tom (2013)
 Deep Red 7" (2019)

DVDs and VHS
 APBL2000 (2001)
 The Harmonizer DVD (2004)
 Imagine There`s no Lennon DVD (2010)

Other websites
 Apoptygma Berzerk Facebook
 Apoptygma Berzerk Twitter
 Apoptygma Berzerk Myspace
 Apoptygma Berzerk YouTube
 Apoptygma Berzerk  Apoptygma Berzerk Web

References
References

Futurepop
Electronic music bands
Musical groups established in 1989
Norwegian musical groups
Rock bands
VNV Nation are an electronic music band originally from Wexford and London, now based in Hamburg, that combines elements of trance, synthpop and electronic body music (EBM), into what they call futurepop. Earlier works also include some electro-industrial influences. The members are Ronan Harris and Mark Jackson.

History

Origin of their name
The "VNV" in the name stands for Victory, not Vengeance, in keeping with the group's motto, "One should strive to achieve; not sit in bitter regret."

Discography
Discography

Studio Albums
Advance and Follow – (CD Album) 1995 - Energy Rekords
Praise the Fallen – (CD Album) 1998 - Energy Rekords, Off Beat • (CD Album) 1999 - Wax Trax!, TVT Records • (CD Album) 2000 - Metropolis
Empires – (CD Album) 1999 - Metropolis, Energy Rekords, Dependent Records • (CD Album) 2000 - Metropolis
Futureperfect – (CD Album) 2002 - Dependent Records, Metropolis, Energy Rekords
Matter + Form – (CD Album) 2005 - Anachron Sounds, Metropolis, SubSpace Communications
Judgement – (CD Album) 2007 - Anachron Sounds, Metropolis, SubSpace Communications • (CD, Promo, Enhanced) 2007 - Anachron Sounds • (CD, Promo) 2007 - Anachron Sounds, SubSpace Communications
Singles and EPs
Body Pulse – (12") 1990 - no label
Strength of Youth – (12") 1990 - no label
Solitary EP – (CD EP) 1998 - Energy Rekord, Off Beat • (CD EP) 1999 - Dependent Records
Darkangel – (CD Maxi) 1999 - Dependent Records • (AAC File) 1999 - Metropolis
Burning Empires/Standing – (2xCD, Ltd Edition [4700 copies]) 2000 - Dependent Records • (AAC File) 2006 - Metropolis
Advance and Follow (v2) – (CD Album, Remastered, Reissue) 2001 - Dependent Records • (AAC File) 2006 - Metropolis
Cold – (Rated 'R' Mix by Mig-29) – (MP3 File) 2001 - no label
Standing – (CD Maxi) 2000 - Metropolis, Dependent Records
Genesis (Radio Edition) (CD Maxi, Ltd. Edition, Promo) 2001 - Dependent Records
Genesis.0 – (CD Maxi, Promo) 2001 - Dependent Records
Genesis.1 – (CD Maxi) 2001 - Dependent Records, Metropolis
Genesis.2 – (CD Maxi) 2001 - Dependent Records, Metropolis
Beloved – (CD Maxi, Promo) 2002 - Dependent Records
Beloved (Hiver and Hammer Mixes) – (12") 2002 - 3 Lanka
Beloved.1 – (CD Maxi) 2002 - Dependent Records • (AAC File) 2006 - Metropolis
Beloved.2 – (CD Maxi) 2002 - Dependent Records • (AAC File) 2006 - Metropolis
Honour 2003 – (CD Maxi, Enhanced) 2003 - Anachron Sounds • (AAC File) 2003 - Metropolis
Pastperfect – (2xDVD + CD-ROM Special Edition) 2004 - Anachron Sounds, Metropolis • (2xDVD) 2004 - Anachron Sounds
Chrome/Matter + Form – (CD, Promo) 2005 - Anachron Sounds
Chrome – (MP3 File) 2005 - Anachron Sounds, Metropolis, SubSpace Communications • (CDr, Promo) 2005 - SubSpace Communications
References

Futurepop
Synth-pop is a subgenre of pop music in which the synthesizer is the main musical instrument. An electronic music genre, synthpop is additionally influenced by rock genres such as New Wave music and punk rock, as well as disco  music. It is most closely associated with the era between the late 1970s and early to middle 1980s, although it has continued to exist and develop ever since.

References

Electronic music
Futurepop is a type of electronic dance music which uses influences from the genre synthpop (like song structure and vocal style), uplifting trance (grandiose and arpeggiated synthesizer melodies), and EBM. The name was created by Ronan Harris (of VNV Nation) and Stephan Groth (of Apoptygma Berzerk) while trying to describe the style of music their bands produced.

References 

Futurepop
Synth-pop
Electronic dance music
Electropop
Blutengel () are a German futurepop musical group with a gothic appearance. Blutengel was formed in 1998 by singer Chris Pohl (also of the groups Terminal Choice, Tumor, and Miss Construction and the owner of the Fear Section label) after he had decided to give up the preceding project, Seelenkrank (which had released two albums), due to contractual problems. The lyrics are written primarily in German and English and are presented with male and female vocals.

Discography

Albums 
 1999: Child of Glass(Album)|Child of Glass
 2001: Seelenschmerz
 2002: Angel Dust
 2004: Demon Kiss
 2007: Labyrinth
 2009: Schwarzes Eis
 2011: Tränenherz
 2013: Monument

Seelenschmerz, Angel Dust, Demon Kiss and Labyrinth come with a hard-box limited edition including a bonus CD and exclusive booklet, sticker and post cards.
Tränenherz also came as a limited edition boxset which included, "Tränenherz" Deluxe Edition Digi 2CD, "Signs of the zodiac" Bonus CD and a 100 pages photo book,
EPS 
 2005: The Oxidising Angel EP
 2009: Soultaker
 2011: Nachtbringer

DVDs 
 2005: Live Lines
 2008: Moments Of Our Lives
 2012: Tränenherz Live

Singles 
 2001: Bloody Pleasures
 2001: Black Roses
 2002: Vampire Romance
 2003: Forever
 2004: Mein Babylon (Stendal Blast & Blutengel)
 2004: No Eternity
 2006: My Saviour
 2007: Lucifer (Purgatory)
 2007: Lucifer (Blaze)
 2008: Winter Of My Life (Download Single)
 2008: Dancing In The Light (Forsaken)
 2008: Dancing In The Light (Solitary)
 2010: Promised Land
 2010: Reich mir die Hand
 2011: Über Den Horizont
 2012: Save Our Souls
 2013: You Walk Away
 2013: Kinder dieser Stadt

Other websites
 Official Website
 Official Facebook
 Official YouTube

1990s music groups
2000s music groups
Futurepop
The Host is a 2008 science-fiction/romance book by Stephenie Meyer. A movie based on the book is currently in development.

Story 
Melanie Stryder refuses to fade away. The earth has been invaded by a species that takes over the minds of their human hosts while leaving their bodies intact, and most of humanity has succumbed.

Wanderer, the invading ‘soul’ who has been given Melanie’s body, knew about the challenges of living inside a human: the overwhelming emotions, the too-vivid memories. But there was one difficulty Wanderer didn’t expect: the former tenant of her body refusing to relinquish possession of her mind.

Melanie fills Wanderer’s thoughts with visions of the man Melanie loves – Jared, a human who still lives in hiding. Unable to separate herself from her body’s desires, Wanderer yearns for a man she’s never met. As outside forces make Wanderer and Melanie unwilling allies, they set off to search for the man they both love.
Characters 
The characters in the book include:
 Wanderer (Wanda) - An alien "soul" who is placed in the body of Melanie Stryder.
 Melanie Stryder - Wanderer's strong-minded host.
 Jared Howe - Melanie's true love.
 Ian O'Shea - A surviving human who falls in love with Wanderer.
 Jeb - Melanie's uncle, who owns the caverns that hide the human rebels. He is generally good-natured and relaxed, but is really a very perceptive man.
 Jamie - Melanie's younger brother who also develops a friendly relationship with Wanda.
 Kyle O'Shea - Ian O'Shea's brother who tries to murder Wanda several times during the novel
 Doc - the doctor who is among the rebel humans who is very compassionate and caring. His real name is Eustace

References 

2008 books
American science fiction books
Books by Stephenie Meyer
Pearl "Polly" Adler (April 16, 1900  July 11, 1962) was a Russian-born madam (owner-manager of a brothel) of Jewish descent. Adler was born in Ivanava (nowadays Belarus).

Biography 
She opened her first bordello in 1920, under the protection of mobster Dutch Schultz and a friend of mobster Charles "Lucky" Luciano. One building she used was The Majestic at 215 West 75th Street, designed by architects Schwartz and Gross and completed in 1924 with hidden stairways and secret doorways. Her brothel there boasted such patrons as Robert Benchley, New York City mayor Jimmy Walker, and Dutch Schultz. 

A House is Not a Home was a 1953 book of Polly Adler's life that was ghosted (written anonymously) by Virginia Faulkner.  The 1989 Perry Mason TV-movie Musical Murder revolved around a faux-musical based on Adler.

References
References 

1900 births
1962 deaths
American sex industry businesspeople
Belarusian Jews
Brothel owners and madams
Jewish American criminals
Jewish American writers
Jewish sex industry people
Naturalized citizens of the United States