Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Aquarium (Аква́риум in Russian) is a Russian rock band. It was formed in Leningrad in 1972 by Boris Grebenshchikov and Anatoly "George" Gunitsky.

Until 1987 Aquarium recorded all of their albums in a self-assembled underground studio. Despite those hard conditions, the recording quality was rather high and Aquarium's albums between 1980 and 1987 are considered by most fans as their best.

In 1987 they recorded their first album for the state-owned Melodiya record label. With official backing and legalized distribution the album was a hit in USSR, selling well over a million copies within a few months. Aquarium today consists of Boris Grebenshchikov, Boris Rubekin (keyboards), Andrey Surotdinov (violin), Igor Timofeyev (guitars, saxophones and flutes), Andrey Svetlov (bass), Oleg "Shar" Shavkunov (drums and percussion).

Discography
Studio albums:
Sinii Albom (The Blue Album), 1981
Treugolnik (Triangle), 1981
Elektrichestvo (Electricity): History of Aquarium, Vol. 2, 1981
Akustika (Acoustics): History of Aquarium, Vol. 1, 1982
Tabu (Taboo), 1982
Radio Africa, 1983
Ikhtiologia (Ichthyology), 1984
Den’ Serebra (The Day of Silver), 1984
Deti Dekabrya (The Children of December), 1985
Desyat’ Strel (Ten Arrows), 1986
Ravnodenstvie (Equinox), 1987
Archive: History of Aquarium, Vol. 3, 1991
Russkii Albom (Russian Album), 1991 (under the name BG-Band)
Lyubimie Pesni Ramzesa IV (Favorite Songs of Rameses the IV), 1993
Library of Babylon: History of Aquarium, Vol. 4, 1993
Kostroma Mon Amour, 1994
Peski Peterburga (Sands of Petersburg), 1994
Navigator, 1995
Snezhnii Lev (Snow Lion), 1996
Hyperborea, 1997
Kunstcamera, 1998
Lilit (Lilith), 1997 (under the name BG and The Band - several members of The Band played on the album; released in the United States under the name Black Moon)
Psi, 1999
Akvarium. Territoriya (Aquarium. Territory), 2000
Sestra Haos (Sister Chaos), 2002
Pesni Ribaka (Fisherman's Songs), 2003
Zoom Zoom Zoom, 2005
Bespechny Russkiy Brodyaga (Carefree Russian Tramp), 2006
Loshad' Belaya (White Horse), 2008
Pushkinskaya, 10, 2009
Filmography

Films about "Akvarium"
Rok (Rock, 1987), dir. Alexei Uchitel, USSR
The Long Way Home (1989), dir. Michael Apted, USA

Soundtracks by "Akvarium"
Ivanov (1981), dir. A. Nekhoroshev, A. Ilkhovsky
Assa (1987), dir. Sergei Solovyov
Zolotoy Son (Golden dream, 1989), dir. Sergey Debizhev
Chernaya roza - emblema pechali, krasnaya roza - emblema lyubvi (The Black rose..., 1989), dir. Sergei Solovyov
Dva kapitana - 2 (Two captains - 2, 1992), dir. S. Debizhev

Other websites
The official multilingual site of Akvarium (in Russian, English, French, German and Esperanto)
Official Russian Akvarium web-site
Semi-official site with lots of information 

Russian musical groups
Rock bands
Reggae bands
Musical groups established in 1972
20th-century establishments in the Soviet Union
Taxonomy 
 Class Chondrichthyes
 Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays and skates)
 Superorder Batoidea (rays and skates), containing the orders:
 Rajiformes (common rays and skates)
 Pristiformes (Sawfishes)
 Torpediniformes (electric rays)
 Superorder Selachimorpha (sharks), containing the orders:
 Hexanchiformes There are two families in this order.  Species of this order are distinguished from other sharks by having additional gill slits (either six or seven).  Examples from this group include the cow sharks, frilled shark and even a shark that looks on first inspection to be a marine snake.
 Squaliformes There are three families and more than 80 species in this order.  These sharks have two dorsal fins, often with spines, and no anal fin.  They have teeth designed for cutting in both the upper and lower jaws.  Examples from this group include the bramble sharks, dogfish and roughsharks.
Pristiophoriformes There is one family in this order.  These are the sawsharks, with an elongate, toothed snout that they use for slashing the fishes that they then eat.
 Squatiniformes There is one family in this order.  These are flattened sharks that can be distinguished from the similar appearing skates and rays by the fact that they have the gill slits along the side of the head like all other sharks.  They have a caudal fin (tail) with the lower lobe being much longer in length than the upper, and are commonly referred to as angel sharks.
 Heterodontiformes There is one family in this order.  They are commonly referred to as the bullhead, or horn sharks.  They have a variety of teeth allowing them to grasp and then crush shellfish.
Orectolobiformes There are seven families in this order.  They are commonly referred to as the carpet sharks, including zebra sharks, nurse sharks, wobbegongs and the largest of all fishes, the whale sharks.  They are distinguished by having barbels at the edge of the nostrils.  Most, but not all are nocturnal.
 Carcharhiniformes There are eight families in this order.  It is the largest order, containing almost 200 species.  They are commonly referred to as the groundsharks, and some of the species include the blue, tiger, bull, reef and oceanic whitetip sharks (collectively called the requiem sharks) along with the houndsharks, catsharks and hammerhead sharks.  They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a nictitating membrane which protects the eyes during an attack.
Lamniformes There are seven families in this order.  They are commonly referred to as the mackerel sharks.  They include the goblin shark, basking shark, megamouth, the thresher, mako shark and great white shark.  They are distinguished by their large jaws and ovoviviparous reproduction. The Lamniformes contains the extinct Megalodon (Carcharodon megalodon), which like most extinct sharks is only known by the teeth (the only bone in these cartilaginous fishes, and therefore are often the only fossils produced).  A reproduction of the jaw was based on some of the largest teeth (up to almost 7 inches in length) and suggested a fish that could grow 120 feet in length.  The jaw was realized to be inaccurate, and estimates revised downwards to around 50 feet.
 Subclass Holocephali (chimaera)
Alexey Ekimyan (,  (April 10, 1927, Baku - April 24, 1982, Moscow) was a famous Armenian-Russian composer, and author of popular songs. Ekimyan was also a General of Soviet militsia (police) and was the head of Criminal Investigation Department of Moscow region. He was considered the only popular composer in the world who ruled a law-enforcement department at the same time. Ekimyan awarded by the "Renowned Master of the Arts" Armenian SSR official title.

Ekimyan's first song for the Moscow International Festival (1957) was approved by Vano Muradeli ("I don't know if you would become a general, but you would become a composer!"). His songs were performed and recorded by prominent Soviet singers that include Lyudmila Zykina, Iosif Kobzon, Lusine Zakaryan. Some hits by Ekimyan were chosen for the "Song of the Year" all-Soviet festivals during the 1970s-'80s.

The documentary film-concert "Paths of My Memory" (1979, 27 min.) by Yerevan Studio is dedicated to the Alexey Ekimyan.
Ekimyan died on April 24, 1982. He is buried in Yerevan, Armenia.

Discography
Artashes Avetyan sings: songs by Alexey Ekimyan, U.S.S.R.: Melodiya, 1978 (LP). C60-10619-20
Alexey Ekimyan. Beregite druzey..., Russia: Melodia, 2006 (CD)
Alexey Ekimyan. Vot i vstretilis, Russia: Melodia, 2007 (CD)

Other websites
Alexey Ekimyan's biography (in Russian)

References

1927 births
1982 deaths
Armenian composers
Soviet musicians
Musicians from Baku
Mikael Tariverdiev (15 August 1931, Tbilisi, Georgia – 24 June 1996, Sochi, Russia) was a prominent Soviet composer. He was born of Armenian parents in Georgia but lived in Russia. 

He is an author of over 100 romances and 2 operas. But most of all he is known for his music in many popular Soviet movies.

Mikael Tariverdiev was a recipient of multiple awards, including the USSR State Prize (1977) and the prize of the American Academy of Music (1975). He was made People's Artist of Russia in 1986.

The Best Music prize at the largest Russian national film festival Kinotaur is named after Tariverdiev.

Other websites 
 Tariverdiev.Ru

20th-century Russian composers
1931 births
1996 deaths
Musicians from Tbilisi
Bergen is the second largest city and municipality in Norway. The city has a population of 275,000 in the municipality, and 238,098 in the urban area. Bergen was a county until 1972, when it was merged with Hordaland. The old wharf Bryggen is a World Heritage Site.

Bergen is on the west coast of Norway, and it exports a lot of fish. It has a temperate oceanic climate, with high rainfall every month.

Related pages
List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

 
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
The year 1456 (MCDLVI) was a leap year. The year started on Thursday for people using the Julian calendar.

Births 
 June 11 – Anne Neville, wife of King Richard III of England
 June 23 - Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland, wife of James III of Scotland (d. 1486)

References
Winchester is a city in the county of Hampshire, England. It was the capital of Saxon England. It is the home of Winchester College, the oldest continually living public school in England. Winchester was made the capital city of Wessex by King Egbert in 827, and later made the capital of England. It is around 10 miles from neighbouring city, Southampton.

County towns in England
In astronomy, axial tilt is the angle between a planet's rotational axis at its north pole and a line perpendicular to the orbital plane of the planet. It is also called axial inclination or obliquity. The axial tilt of Earth is the cause of seasons like summer and winter on Earth.

Axial tilt of bodies in the Solar System 

Sun 7.25 (to the Ecliptic)
Mercury ~0.01
Venus 177.4
Earth 23.439281
Moon 1.5424
Mars 25.19
Ceres ~4
Jupiter 3.13
Saturn 26.73
Uranus 97.77
Neptune 28.32
Pluto 119.61

Axial tilt of Venus, Uranus, Pluto
The axial tilts of Venus, Uranus and Pluto are greater than 90 degrees for the following reasons:
Venus: Venus is rotating very slowly in a retrograde direction, opposite to the direction of planets like Earth. The north pole of Venus is pointed 'down' (southward); hence the angle between the rotational axis of Venus passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 177.4 degrees. There are various theories as to why this is. Its rotation and lack of a moon may be explained by gigantic impacts early in its life.
Uranus: Uranus, the blue planet, rotates on its side. One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the polar regions get more energy from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is colder at its poles than at its equator. What causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known for sure, but the usual idea is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.
 Pluto: Like Uranus, Pluto's rotational axis and north pole are pointed slightly downward (southward). Hence the angle between Pluto's rotational axis passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 119.61 degrees.

Related pages
Stellar precession

References 

Celestial mechanics
Dollhouse was an hour-long American television series. The series is written by producer Joss Whedon and stars Eliza Dushku. Whedon and Dushku both worked together on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and its darker spin-off  Angel. Tim Minear, who also worked with Buffy and Angel is also involved. The series is made by 20th Century Fox Television. Twelve episodes of Dollhouse aired on FOX. Two more episodes that were not shown on television will be on the DVD collection of episodes.
The Story 
In Dollhouse, Eliza Dushku plays a young woman named Echo. She is one of a group of men and women who can have "personality packages" put into their minds. These packages can include many things, for example, memory, skills, language and muscle memory. These people live in a futuristic dormitory/laboratory named the "Dollhouse". They are given special personas as part of the personality packages. These are used to do many different types of assignments. For example, the jobs could be romantic, adventurous, strange, or illegal. After the assignment, the information is removed from their minds and they are left in a child-like state with no memories. The series follows Echo as she begins to remember things even though her mind is constantly being erased and new memories implanted into it.

References
References

Other websites 
 Hollywood Reporter article 
 Dollhouse TV Forum!  - For Fans
 The Dollverse  - fan site
 Dollverse.net  - an English/German fan site
 Joss Whedon's Dollhouse - an American fan/news site about "The Dollhouse" and the wider Whedonverse.

American drama television series
American science fiction television series
Whedonverse
Fox television series
Television series created by Joss Whedon
English-language television programs
Hydrostatic equilibrium happens when the pull of gravity is balanced by a pressure gradient which creates a pressure-gradient force in the other direction. The balance of these two forces is known as the hydrostatic balance. It flattens the surface of undisturbed liquids.

Astrophysics
Right ascension (abbreviated RA; symbol α) is the astronomical word for one of the two coordinates of a point on the celestial sphere when using the equatorial coordinate system. It is the celestial counterpart to longitude. The other coordinate is the declination.

The moon, planets and stars all have their own right ascension. Many of them are listed in an almanac. Using arithmetic, the object’s right ascension and declination indicate where to look in the sky to see the object.

Related pages 
 Sidereal time

Astronomy
Declination (abbrev. dec or δ) is a word used in astronomy to describe one of the two coordinates of the equatorial coordinate system, the other being either right ascension or hour angle. Dec is comparable to latitude, projected onto the celestial sphere, and is measured in degrees north and south of the celestial equator.

Astronomy
Direct motion is the motion of a planetary body in a direction similar to that of other bodies within its system, and is sometimes called prograde motion.

Retrograde motion is motion in the opposite direction. In the case of celestial bodies such as the retrograde Carme group of moons, such motion may be real, defined by the natural rotation or orbit of the body. 

Every so often a planet seems to change direction and go the other way for a short period of time (in relation to the fixed stars). It makes a "retrograde loop" or squiggle in its track before carrying on as normal. This apparent retrograde motion, however, is only seen because the Earth is moving. It is only seen when outer planets are near opposition.
Prograde motion in planetary systems 
Prograde or direct motion is usually the case. That is because both the star and its planets formed out of the same disk of gas. By definition the disk rotates all in the sane direction because gravity links all the objects which are formed by the shrinking of the primordial disk of gas.

All eight planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in the direction of the Sun's rotation, which is counterclockwise when viewed from above the Sun's north pole. Six of the planets also rotate about their axis in this same direction. 

The exceptions – the planets with retrograde rotation – are Venus and Uranus. Venus's axial tilt is 177°, which means it is rotating almost exactly in the opposite direction to its orbit.
Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77°, so its axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is not known with certainty. During the formation of the Solar System, it is thought an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation. But see also Grand tack hypothesis.

References 

Orbits
Planets
Planetesimals are small, solid objects thought to exist in protoplanetary disks around a young or forming star. Planetesimals are created when dust particles collide. 

Minor planets
Planets
An achondrite is a stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks. Compared to the chondrites, they have all been differentiated and reprocessed to a lesser or greater degree from the effects to melting and recrystallization on or within meteorite parent bodies.

Meteorites
Basalt  is a common grey to black rock. It is pushed out (extruded) by volcanos. The lava is rich in magnesium and iron. It has olivine and pyroxene minerals which make it dark in colour. Basalt is usually fine-grained because the lava cools rapidly on the Earth's surface. Flood basalts are commonplace, formed by lava pouring out and solidifying.

On Earth, most basalt magmas have formed by the hot molten mantle. Basalt is a type of intrusive rock meaning it forms inside of the volcano. Basalt has also formed on Earth's Moon, Mars, Venus, and even on the asteroid Vesta. 

The crustal portions of oceanic tectonic plates are made mostly of basalt, produced from upwelling mantle below mid-ocean ridges. 

Unweathered basalt is black or grey. Basalt blocks are often used for roads and pavements (sidewalks), and for houses and other buildings. It is hard-wearing and heat resistant.
Basalt can be made into fibre. Basalt fibre is often used as a safe replacement for asbestos. Intense heat and pressure can change basalt into its metamorphic rock equivalent. The rocks known as greenstone are basalt which has been metamorphised. See metamorphic rock for more details. 

Minerals
Igneous rocks
Aswan (, population 200,000) is a city in the south of Egypt and the capital of the Aswan Governorate. It is on the east bank of the Nile and is a busy market and tourist center.

Aswan is one of the driest places in the world where people live; as of early 2001, the last rain there was 6 years earlier. As of October 13, 2007, the last rainfall was a thunderstorm on May 13, 2006. In Nubian settlements, the people often do not put a roof over all of the rooms in their houses.

Related pages 
 Aswan Dam

Cities in Egypt
Aswan Governorate
Carl Barks (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was a famous cartoonist. He was the inventor of Scrooge McDuck, the Beagle Boys, Gyro Gearloose and many other Walt Disney characters. He was often called the most important artist in Disney comics.

Carl Barks was born on March 27, 1901, near Merrill, Oregon, as part of a farming family. At the age of 10, he became interested in art for the first time. When he was 15, his mother died, and he began to help his father on the family's farm. In 1935, he took a contract with Disney and started as one of the studio's artists. Some months later, he become a part of Ted Sears "Story Department" at the Disney studios, where he wrote more than two dozen stories for short films with Donald Duck and other characters until 1942.

In 1942 he went to "Western Publishing". There he started drawing comics with Donald Duck and later with other characters - most of them he created by himself. He held this job until 1966, when he retired.
By the early 1990s, Carl Barks had become a comic legend. In 1994, at the age of 93, for the first time in his long life, he traveled to Europe and visited around a dozen countries. Some months earlier, his third wife, Margaret, called Garé, had died at the age of 75.

In 1999, leukemia began to destroy Barks' body. The Duck Man died, aged 99, on August 25, 2000, at his home in Grants Pass, Oregon.

1901 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
People from Grants Pass, Oregon
American animators
Disney animators
Writers from Oregon
American comics artists
Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4, 1969), known professionally as Jay-Z (stylized as JAY-Z), is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, record executive, entrepreneur, businessman, investor and actor. He is the former CEO of Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Records. Jay-Z co-owns The 40/40 Club and the Brooklyn Nets NBA team. He is one of the most financially successful hip-hop artists and businessmen in America. Jay-Z has several nicknames, "Jigga", "Hova", "Young Hov", and "The Greatest Rapper Alive".

In June 2019, it was reported that Jay-Z had become the first billionaire rapper.
Early life
Jay-Z was born as Shawn Corey Carter in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. He was raised in Marcy Houses, a housing project in Brooklyn's Bedford–Stuyvesant. After their father Adnis Reeves abandoned the family, Jay-Z and his three siblings were raised by their mother, Gloria Carter. Reeves would later meet and reconcile with Jay-Z shortly before dying in 2003. Jay-Z claims in his lyrics that in 1982, at age 12, he shot his older brother in the shoulder for stealing his jewelry. Along with rapper AZ he attended Eli Whitney High School in Brooklyn until it was closed. He then attended nearby George Westinghouse Career and Technical Education High School with rappers The Notorious B.I.G. and Busta Rhymes, followed by a stint at Trenton Central High School in Trenton, New Jersey, though he did not graduate. According to his interviews and lyrics, he sold crack cocaine and was shot at three times during this period.
According to his mother, Jay-Z used to wake up his siblings at night banging out drum patterns on the kitchen table. She bought him a boombox for his birthday, sparking his interest in music, and he began freestyling and writing lyrics. Known as "Jazzy" around the neighborhood, he later adopted the stage name "Jay-Z" in homage to his mentor Jaz-O. Jay-Z can be briefly heard on several of Jaz-O's early recordings in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including "H. P. Gets Busy", "The Originators" and "Hawaiian Sophie". Jay-Z became embroiled in several battles with rapper LL Cool J in the early 1990s. He first became known to a wide audience on the posse cut "Show and Prove" on the 1994 Big Daddy Kane album Daddy's Home. Jay-Z has been referred to as Big Daddy Kane's hype man during this period, although Kane explains that he did not fill the traditional hype man role, and was instead basically making cameo appearances on stage
. "When I would leave the stage to go change outfits, I would bring out Jay-Z and Positive K and let them freestyle until I came back to the stage." The young Jay-Z appeared on a popular song by Big L, "Da Graveyard", and on Mic Geronimo's "Time to Build", which also featured early appearances by DMX and Ja Rule in 1995. His first official rap single was called "In My Lifetime", for which he released a music video in 1995. An unreleased music video was also produced for the B-side "I Can't Get with That."
The extension of the Empire
In 2003, Jay-Z stopped rapping, because he found that there were not enough good rappers to compete with him. He said that the game was too easy for him. He decided to concentrate more on his producer career than his rap career. He became the president of Def Jam Recordings. He signed a lot of great artists such as Rihanna, Ne-Yo and Kanye West. He also became a businessman by creating his own clothing company, Rocawear, and owning a part of the Brooklyn Nets, an NBA basketball team.
After a step back in his career, he made a decision in 2006 to come back into the game. He created the albums "Kingdom Came" and the year after "American Gangster". In 2009, he released Blue print 3, but in 2011 he teamed up with Kanye West to do an LP called Watch the Throne. This album went triple hit, made the top rap charts for August and also nominated for the Grammy for the best rap Album. Now, he is known to be one of the best rappers of all time. In April 2011 Jay-Z started a website called Life+ Times. He also took part in Barack Obama’s last elections. Jay-Z's twelfth album, Magna Carta Holy Grail, was released in July 2013. The album topped the chart to number one. It was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards. The first single on the album, "Holy Grail", features Justin Timberlake singing in it. It reached number four on the US Billboard 100. In South Korea it reached number one. Jay-Z's wife Beyoncé sings on "Part II (On the Run)"
.  In December 2013 Jay-Z was nominated for nine Grammy Awards. This was more than anyone else that year. He rapped on his wife Beyoncé Knowles' fifth album Beyoncé.
Together with Beyoncé, Jay-Z has three children: daughter Blue Ivy (born 2012) and twins Rumi and Sir Carter, who were born in June 2017.

Albums 
JAY-Z has released the following albums during his career:

 Reasonable Doubt
 The Life & Times of S. Carter, Vol. 1
 The Life & Times of S. Carter, Vol. 2
 The Life & Times of S. Carter, Vol. 3
 The Dynasty: Roc La Familia
 The Blueprint
 MTV Unplugged
 The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse
 The Blueprint 2.1
 The Black Album
 Kingdom Come
 American Gangster
 The Blueprint 3
 Magna Carta Holy Grail
 4:44
 Everything Is Love (as The Carters, with Beyoncé)

References 

Notes

1969 births
Living people
African-American rappers
Grammy Award winners
Businesspeople from New York City
Rappers from New York (state)
Ripon is a small cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England. In the 2001 census Ripon had a population of 15,922. In England only Wells, Ely and the City of London are smaller.

Ripon was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. It stayed a borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a parish in the borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire. Because it is an urban (town) parish Ripon can call its parish council Ripon City Council, the chairman of its parish council is called the City Mayor.

Other websites
 Photos of Ripon and surrounding area 
 Ripon Tourist, Community and Business Information
 Ripon Tourist Information and Business Directory
 Ripon & District Amateur Radio Society 
 Ripon Cathedral 
 The Ripon Gazette 
 A history of the choristers of Ripon Cathedral 
 Newby Hall Cricket Club - Nurturing the future of cricket

References

Settlements in North Yorkshire
Cities in England
Ripon is a city in North Yorkshire, England.

Ripon or Rippon may also refer to:

Places
Canada
Ripon, Quebec

United States
Ripon, California
Ripon, Wisconsin
Ripon (town), Wisconsin
Rippon Lodge, a historic building in Woodbridge, Virginia

Australia
Rippon Lea Estate, a historic property in Elsternwick, Victoria
Ripponlea, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne

Other uses
Ripon College, several
Blackburn Ripon, an aircraft
George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (Lord Ripon), Viceroy of India
What's It Gonna Be is a single by Beyoncé from the Japanese edition of her debut album Dangerously in Love (2003), the bonus CD of her first DVD Live at Wembley (2004), and the Wal-Mart edition of Destiny's Child's fourth studio album Destiny Fulfilled (2004). A 7" promo single containing three different versions of the song plus three different versions of Faith Evans' cover of Donna Summer's 1978 "Heaven Knows" (which was part of the official soundtrack to The Fighting Temptations) was released. The song was used in Knowles' adds for L'Oréal.

Track listing
7" promo single
Side A:
"Heaven Knows" (Main Edit) – Faith Evans
"Heaven Knows" (Instrumental) – Faith Evans
"Heaven Knows" (A Cappella) – Faith Evans

Side B:
"What's It Gonna Be" (Main Edit)
"What's It Gonna Be" (Instrumental)
"What's It Gonna Be" (A Cappella)

Beyoncé songs
2003 songs
The Senegal River is a river in West Africa. It is 1,800 km long and is the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Pliny the Elder called it Bambotus (from a word meaning "hippopotamus") and Claudius Ptolemy called it Nias. Hanno the Carthaginian went to the river in about 450 BC when he was going from Carthage to Mount Cameroon in the Gulf of Guinea. Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC, but before that time there was probably trade from here to the Mediterranean Sea.

The Semefé River and Bafing River meet in Bafoulabé and this forms the Senegal River. The Semefé and Bafing rivers' sources are in Guinea. The Bafing River flows through Mali and the Semefé is the Mali-Senegal border.
Near the river's mouth, the Senegal goes through Biffeche and there is an island in the river. The city of Saint-Louis is on this island. The river then turns south. There is a thin line of sand and this separates the river from the Atlantic Ocean. The line of sand is called the Langue de Barbarie. After this, the river enters the Atlantic Ocean. The river has two large dams: the Manantali Dam in Mali, and the Maka-Diama Dam on the Mauritania-Senegal border, near the sea. The Manantali Dam makes a reservoir. The Maka-Diama Dam stops salt water going deep into the countryside.

The Senegal River takes its water from 483,181 km² of land. About 8 000 000 km³ of water goes along the river every year. The Faleme River, Karakoro River, and Gorgol River join the Senegal River.

In 1972, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal made the Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS). This organisation manages the land around the river. Guinea joined this organisation in 2005.

References
References

Other websites 
 Map of the Senegal River basin 
 Hydrology of Senegal (Powerpoint presentation) 

Geography of Mauritania
Rivers of Senegal
The Diprotodontia is a large order of about 120 Australasian marsupial mammals. It includes the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others. 

Extinct members include the giant Diprotodon family, and Thylacoleo, the so-called "marsupial lion".

Classification 
Order DIPROTODONTIA

Family †Thylacoleonidae (marsupial lions)
Suborder Vombatiformes
 Family Phascolarctidae: Koala (1 species)
 Family Vombatidae: wombats (3 species)
 Family †Diprotodontidae
 Suborder Phalangeriformes
 Superfamily Phalangeroidea
 Family Phalangeridae: brushtail possums and cuscuses
 Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums
 Superfamily Petauroida
 Family Tarsipedidae:  Honey possum
 Family Petauridae (Striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, Yellow-bellied Glider, Sugar glider, Mahogany glider, Squirrel glider)
 Family Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums and allies
 Family Acrobatidae: (Feathertail glider and Feather-tailed possum)
 Suborder Macropodiformes
 Family Macropodidae: kangaroos, wallabies and allies
 Family Potoroidae: bettongs, potaroos and rat-kangaroos
 Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: Musky rat-kangaroo

† means extinct family, genus or species.

 
Marsupials of Australia
Destiny's Child: Live in Atlanta features Destiny's Child performing live in Atlanta, Georgia at Philips Arena on July 15, 2005 during their Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin' It tour which sponsored by McDonald's, it was also known as the last tour of Destiny's Child. It was released on March 28, 2006 in the United States. The DVD debuted at #1 on the Billboard Music DVD charts breaking record sales about 500,000 copies at first week, instead of those numbers Nielsen SoundScan tracked sales of 50,000 because the restrictions about retail, international deliveries and e-packages, RIAA already certified the DVD as Platinum.

This was also released as a two-disc CD but only in Japan.

Track listing 

Destiny's Child albums
Atlanta
Bambara is a language from Mali.  More than 6 000 000 people (including second language users) speak it.  It is called Bamanankan in Bambara.  Bambara is very similar to Dioula.  Dioula is not spoken by as many people, but it is used in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Gambia.  The Bambara language is spoken mainly by people in the Bambara racial group.  About 2,700,000 people are in this group, but Bambara is also used by other racial groups in Mali.

Bambara is in the Manding language family.  These languages are similar to each other.  This family of languages is in a larger language group.  This group is called the Mandé group.  It is an SOV language (Subject-Object-Verb) and it has two tones (pitches).

There are seven vowels: a, e, , i, o,  and u.
Writing started during the period of French rule.  There is not much written work, but there is a lot of oral literature, which is often stories about kings and heroes.  The people who tell these stories are called Griot.  They also sing religious songs.  Many of their songs are very old and some people think the songs are as old as the old Mali Empire.

Bambara is a national language of Mali, and it is also the most widely understood language in Mali.

Bambara has many local dialects.  Somono, Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu and Wasulu and Sikasso are some dialects.

References

Mande languages
Mali
Proboscidea (meaning "trunked beast") is an order containing only one familiy of living animals, Elephantidae, the elephants, with three living species (African forest elephant, African bush elephant, and Asian elephant).

During the period of the last ice age there were more species. They included a number of species of the elephant-like mammoths and mastodons.

The oldest proboscidean dates from the early Palaeogene period, over 50 million years ago. The evolution of the elephant-like animals mainly concerned the proportions of the cranium and jaw and the shape of the tusks and molar teeth. These were adaptations to various kinds of vegetable. food

Families 
Present-day elephants are the survivors of a once larger and more varied family.
Elephantidae
†Gomphotheriidae
†Mammutidae
†Stegodontidae
†Barytheriidae
†Deinotheriidae
†Moeritheriidae
†Numidotheriidae
†Palaeomastodontidae
†Phiomiidae

References
The Adrar des Ifoghas is a sandstone high area in the Kidal Region of Mali.  Is has an area of about 250,000 km².

There are wide, shallow valleys, and many granite rocks.  The Tamesna Plain is to the east.  The Telemsi Fosse is to the west  The low, western part of the Azaouak Valley is to the south.  Tanezrouft is to the north.  Kidal, Aguel'hoc, Boughessa, Essouk and Tessalit are cities in this area.

The Adrar des Ifoghas is called "Adagh" in the local language.  "" is the Berber word for mountain, and "Ifogha" is the short name of a rich Tuareg family.  This family (the "Kel Ifoghas") has been very powerful in this area for a long time.  They are nomads and they eat and sell camels, goats and sheep.

The area has many old archaeological places.  The rock drawings showing men hunting, farming, and looking after cows are very important.  Asselar Man's bones were also found here by Théodore Monod.  Recently, the Adrar des Ifoghas has become popular for hiking.

References

Geography of Mali
Kokoreç is a Turkish meal. It is made of lamb intestines. Intestines of suckling lambs (süt kuzusu) is most favored for this dish. It is not a standard menu item in restaurants. It can be found in any street.

Kokoreç can be cooked in many ways. One way is to cook it similar to Döner; with a horizontal skewer (see also Rotisserie). The intestine parts are stacked together. This sort can be found in street vendors mostly. The most popular heating method is charcoal fire which gives it an extra rich flavour. After it is cooked, it is cut and put in a half or quarter portion of Turkish bread (somun). Tomatoes or spices can be added to it.

Another way to cook is to cut it after cleaning, mixing it with cut tomatoes and green peppers. After that, it is cooked on a big griddle in large quantities, and then it is added hot red pepper and oregano. It is constantly mixed and cut by the cooker using two spatulas in his hands during cooking. When done, the dish is kept warm.
Kokoreç can be served in many ways. It is usually served as a sandwich in form of Yarım Ekmek Kokoreç (Half-Bread) or Çeyrek Ekmek Kokoreç (Quarter-Bread). At the same time, it could be served without bread, on a plate, as a normal meal. Kokoreç is usually served with Ayran, Beer or Cola. 

Meat dishes
Ubbe Ert Iwwerks (March 24, 1901 - July 7, 1971), better known as Ub Iwerks, was an American animator. He is best known for creating Mickey Mouse, together with Walt Disney.

Ub Iwerks was born in 1901 in Kansas City. His father Eert Ubbe was an immigrant from Germany. In 1919 he met Walt Disney the first time. Some months later, Disney founded his first studio. Ub Iwerks was his first artist, and at this time the only one. Iwerks was called "the fastest animator" of Hollywood, because he could drew more than 700 pictures a day. In fact, he finished the first Mickey Mouse cartoon which was produced in just two weeks.
Disney and Iwerks often had differences. As a result of this differences, Iwerks left Disney in 1930 and founded his own studio. It closed in 1936, after that, Iwerks worked some months for Columbia Pictures, in 1940 he went back to Walt Disney. He did not draw anymore, but became the head of the "Special Processes Department". There he invented the Multiplane camera. For this camera he was awarded in 1960 with a special Oscar.

At the end of his life, Ub Iwerks worked for popular directors, like Alfred Hitchcock, too. In 1963 he was nominated for his work on "The Birds" for a second Oscar.

Ub Iwerks died at age 70 in Burbank, California. His sons Don Iwerks and David Iwerks worked for Disney, too. Ub's great grandson, Michael Iwerks, also works at Disney.

1901 births
1971 deaths
Disney animators
Endocrine glands are glands that secrete their product (hormones) directly into the blood. This group contains the glands of the endocrine system.  

The main endocrine glands are the pituitary gland, the pancreas, the gonads, the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands.  Other organs which are not so well known for their endocrine activity include the stomach, which produces such hormones as ghrelin.

Reference 
 Medical definition of Endocrine gland from the medicineneet website 

Endocrine system
Glands
The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands in the body. This gland is found in the throat. The thyroid controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.

The principal hormones it makes are thyroxine (T4) an triiodothyronine (T3), which is more active. These hormones regulate the growth of many systems in the body. T3 and T4 are synthesised from iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also makes calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.

Diseases

Hyper- and hypofunction (affects about 2% of the population)
 Hypothyroidism (underactivity) - Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis / thyroiditis
 Ord's thyroiditis
 Postoperative hypothyroidism
 Postpartum thyroiditis
 Silent thyroiditis
 Acute thyroiditis
 Iatrogenic hypothyroidism
 Hyperthyroidism (overactivity)
 Thyroid storm
 Graves-Basedow disease
 Toxic thyroid nodule
 Toxic nodular struma (Plummer's disease)
 Hashitoxicosis
 Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism
 De Quervain thyroiditis (inflammation starting as hyperthyroidism, can end as hypothyroidism)

Anatomical problems
 Goitre
 Endemic goitre
 Diffuse goitre
 Multinodular goitre
 Lingual thyroid
 Thyroglossal duct cyst

Tumors
 Thyroid adenoma
 Thyroid cancer
 Papillary
 Follicular
 Medullary
 Anaplastic
 Lymphomas and metastasis from elsewhere (rare)

Deficiencies
Cretinism

Additional images

Related pages
 Thymus
Other websites
 American Thyroid Association (Thyroid Information and professional organization)
 ''New Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer from the American Thyroid Association Taskforce.
 Thyroid Disease Manager (free online textbook)
 Thyroid Disease (Nuclear Medicine Information)
 The Thyroid Foundation of America (Education about Thyroid Disease)

Glands
Endocrine system
Never Mind the Bollocks: Here's the Sex Pistols is the only studio album by English punk band the Sex Pistols. It was released on 28 October 1977 in the UK and 11 November 1977 in the USA.

Track listing
Holidays in the Sun
Bodies
No Feelings
Liar
Problems
God Save the Queen
Seventeen
Anarchy in the UK
Submission
Pretty Vacant
New York
E.M.I.

1977 albums
Sex Pistols
Punk albums
Virgin Records albums
Johann Christian Bach (born Leipzig, 5 September 1735; died London, 1 January 1782) was a composer of the Classical period. He was the eleventh and youngest son of the composer Johann Sebastian Bach. He is often called the "London Bach" or the "English Bach", because he spent many years living in London. He became internationally famous, both as a composer and as a performer. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart liked his music, and learned a lot about how to write good concertos by looking at the concertos of J. C. Bach.

Life
Life

Childhood
Johann Christian Bach’s parents were Johann Sebastian Bach and Anna Magdalena Bach. He was born in Leipzig, Germany. His father was one of the last composers of the Baroque period. His father was already 50 when J. C. Bach was born, so it is not surprising that by the time Johann Christian had grown up the style of music had changed a lot since Johann Sebastian had been writing his works. Johann Christian belonged to the Classical period. He was 15 when his father died. He moved to Berlin and his half-brother Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, who was already a famous composer, gave him more music lessons.

Italy
Johann Christian lived in Italy for many years from 1756, first studying counterpoint with Padre Martini in Bologna and later with Giovanni Battista Sammartini. He became an organist at the cathedral in Milan in 1760. However, he soon started to become successful as an opera composer and he left his cathedral job so that he could work in the theatre and travel more in Italy.
Johann Christian had been brought up in the Lutheran church, but in Italy he became a Catholic. He married the Italian soprano Cecilia Grassi. She was about eight years older than Johann Christian and, perhaps because of this, they never had children.

London years
In 1762 he moved to London. He was very successful there, and earned plenty of money to live comfortably. He knew the royal family and many important aristocratic people as well as famous people such as the painter Gainsborough and the musician and writer Charles Burney. King George III and Queen Charlotte went to hear his first London opera Orione in 1763. He gave the Queen music lessons.
He lived at a time when the piano was becoming a popular instrument and the harpsichord was becoming old-fashioned. J. C. Bach wrote a lot of music for the piano and gave the very first concert of piano music in London in 1768. He wrote 6 keyboard concertos and dedicated them to the Queen. The last movement of Concerto no 6 was a set of variations on God Save the King. This became a very popular piece of music at the time. He wrote many songs that became popular in his time. They were often performed in Vauxhall Gardens, a park where many people went to be entertained.

He gave many concerts together with Carl Friedrich Abel, a well-known player of the viola da gamba. Abel and Bach may have known one another as children because both their fathers had worked together in Cöthen in Germany. In April 1764 J. C. Bach met the 8-year-old Mozart who visited London with his father Leopold. They played duets on the harpsichord together.
He composed cantatas, chamber music, keyboard and orchestral works, operas, symphonies and songs. He had many works published in London and Paris.

During his last years he lost a lot of money. The Bach-Abel concert series lost money, and one of Bach’s servants stole £1000 from him which was a very large sum on those days. His health started to become bad and, when he died, he left his wife with a lot of debt. Queen Charlotte helped to pay a lot of the debt, and his widow went back to Italy.

He was buried in St Pancras churchyard, London.

1735 births
1782 deaths
Johann Christian
Classical era composers
18th-century German composers
Musicians from Leipzig
Pelycosaurs (meaning "basin lizards") were the earliest synapsids. They were not dinosaurs or reptiles. They are an informal group which were once called the "mammal-like reptiles". 
The term is only used informally, if at all, in the modern scientific literature.

These tetrapods appeared during the Pennsylvanian and went extinct at the end of the Permian period. They were the dominant land animals for some 40 million years, and were almost wiped out by the P/Tr extinction event. A few survived until the lower Triassic to form the therapsids. The therapsids led to the mammals. 

Because the term "Pelycosaur" does not include their descendants, it is not used much now.

The most notable of these land animals was Dimetrodon, the top predator of its time.

Characteristics 
Pelycosaur fossils have been found mainly in Europe and North America, although some small, late-surviving forms are known from Russia and South Africa.
At least two pelycosaur clades independently evolved a tall sail of elongated vertebral spines. In life, this would have been covered by skin, and possibly was a thermoregulatory device and/or a mating display. 
Unlike lepidosaurian reptiles, pelycosaurs lacked epidermal scales. 

In 1940 the group was reviewed in detail and every species known at the time described (and many illustrated) in an important monograph. Well-known pelycosaurs include the genera Dimetrodon, Sphenacodon, Edaphosaurus, and Ophiacodon.

Classification

References

Synapsids
Therapsids, previously known as the mammal-like reptiles, are a group of synapsids. 

The clade includes the mammals, which are descended from the cynodont therapsids.

Characteristics 
The jaws of therapsids had frontal incisors for nipping, large lateral canines for puncturing and tearing, and molars for shearing and tearing, and molars for shearing and chopping food. 

Therapsid legs were positioned more vertically beneath their bodies than were the sprawling legs of Sauropsids and Pelycosaurs.

Evolution 
The therapsids were seriously affected by the P/Tr extinction event. The successful gorgonopsians died out, and the remaining groups were much reduced.
The dicynodonts were now a single family of large stocky herbivores, the Kannemeyeridae. The medium-sized cynodonts (including carnivorous and herbivorous forms), flourished worldwide in the early to middle Triassic. They died out across much of Pangea before the end of the Upper Triassic. Some survived for a while in the wet equatorial band and in the South.

At least three groups of eucynodonts survived. They appeared in the Upper Triassic. The extremely mammal-like family, the Tritylodonts, survived into the Lower Cretaceous. Another group, Morganucodon and its relatives, were mammaliaformes. That is, their descendants became the mammals.

Taxonomy 
 Class Synapsida
 ORDER THERAPSIDA *
 Suborder Biarmosuchia *
 Suborder Dinocephalia
 Suborder Anomodontia *
 Superfamily Venyukoviamorpha
 Infraorder Dicynodonta
 (unranked) Theriodontia *
 Suborder Gorgonopsia
 Suborder Therocephalia
 Suborder Cynodontia *
 (unranked) Mammaliaformes *
 Class Mammalia

References
References

 Kemp T.S. 2005. The origin and evolution of mammals. Oxford University Press
 Benton M.J. 2004. Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd ed. Blackwell, Oxford.
 Carroll R.L. 1988 Vertebrate Paleontology & Evolution. Freeman N.Y.
 Romer A.S. 1966. Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd ed, University of Chicago Press.

Synapsids
Toccata is the title that was often given to pieces of music for solo instruments from the Renaissance onwards.  The word comes from the Italian for to touch, also meaning to play a musical instrument.  These pieces were often quite difficult, with a lot of fast notes which showed off how well the person could play.

The first toccatas were written in northern Italy by composers such as Claudio Monteverdi and Giovanni Gabrieli.  They are pieces for the keyboard (harpsichord or organ) with lots of running scales in the right hand and accompanying chords in the left hand.  

Toccatas became popular in Germany with composers such as Hans Leo Hassler who had studied in Venice with Gabrieli.  Many German Baroque organ composers wrote toccatas: Sweelinck (who was Dutch), Pachelbel, Buxtehude and Johann Sebastian Bach.  Bach wrote a Toccata and Fugue in D minor, which is one of the most famous pieces of Baroque organ music, and perhaps the most famous toccata ever written.