Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Head Rush is a science show that shows many facts about science.

Cast
 Kari Bryon, the director
 Dr. Michio Kaku, the narrator/director of Sci Fi Science
 Adam Savage, a narrator of MythBusters
 Jamie Hyneman, the other narrator of MythBusters
 Buster, a crash test dummy of MythBusters who does not speak

Other websites
 Head Rush : Science Channel
 Mythbusters: Official Site
 Dr. Michio Kaku

American television series
Sinornithosaurus (derived from Latin and Greek, meaning 'Chinese bird-lizard') was a feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, a dromaeosaur. It was found in the Yixian Formation in what is now China.

This new fossil supports the idea that these dinosaurs did not have scaly, reptile-like skin, but had a softer, downy coat. No fossil skin impressions of these dinosaurs had been found previously.

Dromaeosauridae
Feathered dinosaurs
Sinosauropteryx
is a genus of non-avialan dinosaur (not a bird).

It is the first one found with the fossilized impressions of furry down or filamentous feathers. Overall, the filaments resemble the down-like feathers of some modern flightless birds.

Sinosauropteryx lived in China during the early Cretaceous period and was a close relative of Compsognathus. It has been dated to 124.6–122 million years ago.

The fossils were from the famous Jehol biota of Sihetun, Liaoning Province, China, and represent an ancient lake bed.

Most paleontologists do not consider Sinosauropteryx to be a bird, because phylogenetically, it lies far from the clade Aves, usually defined as Archaeopteryx plus modern birds.

Sinosauropteryx prima is among the smallest known non-avian theropods, with the type specimen (a nearly mature individual) measuring only  in length, including a very long tail.
Colour 
Paleontologist Nick Longrich suggested that these specimens preserve remnants of the original colour pattern the animal would have had in life. He argued that the dark, banded stains on the tail were too evenly spaced to have been caused by random separation of the fossil slabs, and that they represent fossilized pigments present in the feathers.

The presence of dark feathers along only the top of the body may also reflect the colour pattern in life, indicating that Sinosauropteryx prima was countershaded with dark colour on its back and lighter colour on its underside, with bands or stripes on the tail for camouflage. The main colour turned out later to be ginger.

References 

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Coelurosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs
Unenlagia was a theropod from the mid-Cretaceous, living about 90 million years ago. The first birds appeared 150 million years ago, evolving from dinosaurs long before Unenlagia lived. Therefore, it is not an ancestor of modern-day birds, but was an evolutionary dead-end. The most bird-like dinosaur ever discovered is the 90-million-year-old Unenlagia comahuensis, a flightless, 4-foot tall, 7.5-foot-long carnivore.

Dromaeosauridae
Subversion is a systematic attempt to overthrow or undermine a government or political system by persons working from within. Subversion works against structures of power, authority, exploitation, servitude, and hierarchy. A subversive is something or someone that works against an organization or system.

Subversive activity is the lending of aid, comfort, and support to individuals, groups, or organizations that work for the overthrow of governments by force and violence. Actions against the best interests of the government, and which are not treason, sedition, sabotage, or espionage are put in the category of subversive activity.

Laws
Laws

China
Subversion is a crime in China. The government of the People's Republic of China prosecutes subversives under Articles 102 through 112 of the state criminal law. These laws describe behavior that can be a threat to national security. China has prosecuted many dissidents using these laws. Articles 105 and 111 are used the most often to silence political dissent. Article 105 makes it a crime to organize, make a secret plan, work against the national order, or tell rumors to make people fight the national order or overthrow the socialist system. Article 111 prohibits stealing, secretly collecting, purchasing, or illegally providing state secrets or intelligence to an organization, institution, or personnel outside the country.

United Kingdom
There is no crime defined as "subversion" in British Constitutional law. There is a crime of treason. Legal experts have tried define subversion, but political and legal thinkers could not reach a general agreement.

References

Other websites
Other websites

"Address before the National Association of Manufacturers" on the Soviet military and political threat  by Allen Welsh Dulles (1959) - lower-middle portion of web page

Society
Dr. Michio Kaku (Japanese: ミチオ カク, 加来 道雄) (born 24 January 1947) is a Japanese-American futurist, theoretical physicist and a performer on the Science Channel, particularly for Sci-Fi Science.  He is known as a "sci-fi fan" on the SC.

Early life and Education
Kaku was born on January 24, 1947 in San Jose, California to Japanese parents. As a child, he took judo lessons. When he grew older, he graduated from college with a summa cum laude degree.

Works
Kaku is famous for his major field, theoretical physics. Sci-fi is another field Michio studied. Some episodes of Sci-Fi Science, for instance, ponder alien invasion of the planet, or a new solar system. The string theory is another topic that Kaku studied.  

He has also studied the future. Futurists like Kaku often use PPPW to evaluate the future.  The "three Ps and one W" represent, to futurists, "plausible", "possible", and "preferable".  The "W" stands for "wildcard"(random) events.
A science populariser, or a populariser of science, is one who captures the scientific method and accuracy to preserve the language in the name of science.  Michio Kaku wrote several books including Physics of the Impossible and Hyperspace, Beyond Einstein, and Parallel Worlds.

References

Other websites
 Official Site.
 Kaku on Discovery.

1947 births
Living people
Academics from New York City
Futurists
People from San Jose, California
American science writers
Scientists from California
American theoretical physicists
Writers from California
|The Severan Tondo, showing Septimius Severus and his sons

The Severan dynasty was a Berbers imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. The dynasty was founded by the Roman general Septimius Severus, who rose to power during the civil war of 193, known as the Year of the Five Emperors.

Although Septimius Severus successfully restored peace following the upheaval of the late 2nd century, the dynasty was disturbed by unstable family relationships, and constant political turmoil. It foreshadowed the coming Crisis of the Third Century. It was the last lineage of the Principate founded by Augustus.
Sequence 
Dates represent status of Augustus.
Septimius Severus (193–211)
Caracalla (198–217): eldest son. Cruel and treacherous; murdered his brother. It is said that 20,000 people were killed or proscribed (declared 'enemies of the state') by him.
Geta (209–211) younger son; junior co-emperor on his father's death. He was murdered by Caracalla.
Macrinus (217–218): Not a relative; he was the Praetorian Prefect who assassinated Caracalla.
Elagabalus (Varius Avitus Bassianus, 218–222): a relative, and a teenager (b. ~203/205), rumoured to be transgender and bisexual. Murdered by the Praetorian Guard.
Alexander Severus (222–235): cousin of Elagabalus; also a teenager. The best of the later Severids, ruled well with the help of his able mother. Mismanaged a war against Germans invading Gaul, and was overthrown by the soldiers.

The end of the Severids marked the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.

References

2nd-century Roman emperors
3rd-century Roman emperors
The Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 AD) was a period in which the Roman Empire almost collapsed. There were invasions, civil war, plague, and the economy collapsed. The crisis is sometimes called the "Military Anarchy" or "Imperial Crisis". 

The crisis began with the assassination of Emperor Alexander Severus at the hands of his own troops in 235 AD. This started a fifty-year period in which 20–25 rivals struggled for the throne. Most were important Roman Army generals who took control over all or part of the Empire. 

By 258–260, the Empire had split into three competing states. There was the Gallic Empire, which included the Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and Hispania, and the Palmyrene Empire, with the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus. These became independent of the Italian Roman Empire proper, which stood between them. The crisis ended with the ascension of Diocletian in 284.
The crisis resulted in many changes to the Empire's institutions, society, economic life and, eventually, religion. It was a transition period between  classical antiquity and late antiquity.

References 

Roman Empire
Civil wars
3rd century
Sci-Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible is a science show hosted by Michio Kaku. As Kaku explains the principles of science, he suggests methods and shows various diagrams of the concept.

He starts by explaining a science topic, and shows diagrams to demonstrate the principles. He also interviews scientists who are studying that topic.

Sci-fi

The Sci-Fi in the show are such things as alien invasion and another Earth.

References

American television series
Ecumenism (or Oecumenism) is the idea that the different Christian denominations should work together more than they currently do. This idea is different from religious toleration. Over the years, Christianity has been split into many different movements. These separations are based on doctrine, on history, and what people do in everyday life. 

The term ecumenical comes from the Latin oecumenicus, a phrase referring to "the whole world", meaning literally "inhabited" (lived in). In Christianity the qualification ecumenical is originally (and still) used in terms such as Ecumenical council and Ecumenical patriarch. The meaning pertains to the totality of the larger Church (such as the Catholic Church or the Orthodox Church). It is not restricted to one of its local churches or dioceses.

References 

Church organization
Christian movements and denominational families
The Douglas DC-8  is an aircraft with four engines. It was the first jet plane made by the Douglas Aircraft Company. It was made from 1958 to 1972. There were 556 DC-8 planes built. Major users were Air Transport International, Astar Air Cargo and Johnsons Air. It was launched later than the Boeing 707.

Civil aircraft
Douglas aircraft
Sir John Elliot (6 May 1898 – 18 September 1988) was a British transport and railway manager. Born John Elliot Blumenfeld, he was the son of the  Daily Mail news editor R. D. Blumenfeld (who later became managing editor of the Daily Express.) He changed his name to John Elliot in March 1923.

References

1898 births
1988 deaths
British Rail
Knights Bachelor
Transport in London
Sayeeda Hussain Warsi, Baroness Warsi (surname pronounced VAR-SEY; born 28 March 1971 in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, England) is a British politician and lawyer. She was born to Pakistani immigrants and is a member of the House of Lords. She has been the Chairman of the Conservative Party and Minister Without Portfolio in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. She was the first Muslim woman to be a member of the British cabinet. She lives in Wakefield, West Yorkshire.

Personal life
In 1990 Warsi married her cousin Naeem in an arranged marriage. She and her first husband divorced in December 2007. On 20 August 2009, she married Iftikhar Azam.

References 

1971 births
Living people
British lawyers
British Muslims
Politicians from Yorkshire
Members of the House of Lords
The Ulster Unionist Party or UUP for short is a centre-right political party in Northern Ireland. It wants Northern Ireland to stay in the United Kingdom and is also moderately against the European Union. It has 10 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 of 3 Northern Ireland seats in the European Parliament but has no seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Its current leader is Robin Swann.

During the 2010 general election and the 2009 European Parliament Election, the party allied itself to the UK Conservative Party and called itself Ulster Conservatives and Unionists - New Force.

Ulster Unionist Party
Conservative Party (UK)
New South Greenland, which is also known as Morrell's Land, was an appearance of land recorded by the American captain Benjamin Morrell.  Morrel reported the sighting on the schooner Wasp in , during a seal hunting and exploration voyage in the Weddell Sea area of Antarctica. He provided precise coordinates and a description of a coastline. Morrell claimed to have sailed along the coastline for more than . The Weddell Sea is in the Antarctic. Because of icebergs, it was difficult to navigate, and few people did. The sighting was never investigated properly, at the time. Expeditions to Antarctica in the early 20th century proved that there was no land at the positions recorded by Morrell.
At the time of Morrell's voyage the Weddell Sea had not been named and its geography and coastline was almost entirely unknown. This made the sighting plausible at the start. Morrell made obvious errors when he told about the new sighting. He also had the reputation of liking to invent new stories. These two aspects made many people sceptical about the sighting. In  the German explorer Wilhelm Filchner's ship Deutschland was blocked by ice in the Weddel Sea and drifted into the area, where Morrell had reported the new land. Filchcher searched for the land, but found no trace of it. A sounding of the sea bottom revealed more than  of water, indicating no land nearby. Three years later, trapped in the same waters with his ship Endurance, Ernest Shackleton was able by similar means to confirm the land's non-existence.
Different explanations for Morell's error have been suggested. One of them is that Morrell wanted to deceive with this claimed finding. Morrell describes his sighting briefly, and seeks no personal credit or glory from the discovery. In his narrative, he gives all credit to his fellow sealing captain, Robert Johnson, for finding and naming the land two years earlier. Morrell may have been honestly mistaken, through miscalculation of his ship's position or by misremembering detail when writing the account after nine years. Alternatively, he may have made the common error of confusing distant icebergs with land, or been misled by the distorting effects of Antarctic mirage.  In 1843 the distinguished British naval explorer James Clark Ross reported possible land in a position close to Morrell's; this land, too, would eventually be proven not to exist.

Voyage of the Wasp, 1822–23
First phase, June 1822 to March 1823 
In the early 19th century the geography of Antarctica was almost completely unknown, but occasional sightings of land had been recorded. Benjamin Morrell sailed to the South Sandwich Islands. Morrel was appointed commander of the schooner Wasp for a two-year voyage of sealing, trading and exploration in the Antarctic seas and the southern Pacific Ocean in 1822.  In addition to his sealing duties Morrell had, as he put it, "discretionary powers to prosecute new discoveries." He proposed to use this discretion to investigate the Antarctic seas "and to ascertain the practicality ... of penetrating to the South Pole." This would be the first of four long voyages that would keep Morrell at sea for most of the following eight years, although he would not revisit the Antarctic after the initial voyage.
Wasp sailed south from New York on  1822.  She reached the Falkland Islands late in October, after which Morrell spent 16 days in fruitless searches for the nonexistent Aurora Islands, before heading for South Georgia, where the ship anchored on . In his account Morrell wrongly records the position of this anchorage, placing it in open sea about  south-west of the island's coastline. Wasp then headed eastwards to hunt for seals. According to Morrell, the ship reached the remote Bouvet Island on . He found this elusive island without apparent difficulty. Historian H.R. Mill notes that Morrell's description of the island's physical features  fails to mention the island's most singular characteristic—it is covered by a permanent ice sheet. Morrell then attempted to take the ship southwards. He reached think ice around  60°S and decided to turn northeast towards the Kerguelen Islands where he anchored on .
After several days of exploration and evidently profitable sealing, Wasp left the Kerguelens on  1823, sailing south and east to record her furthest eastern position at 64°52'S, 118°27'E on . From this point, according to his own account, Morrell decided to take advantage of strong easterly winds, and made a rapid passage westward back to the Greenwich meridian, 0°. His account is light on details, but indicates that a distance of more than  was covered in 23 days. The credibility of this claim of such fast, direct travel in ice-infested waters has been widely disputed, particularly as Morrell quotes southerly latitudes during the voyage  which later proved to be at least 100 miles inside the then undiscovered Antarctic continental mainland. On  Wasp reached Candlemas Island in the South Sandwich Islands. After a few days spent in a search for fuel to feed the ship's stoves Wasp sailed southwards on , into the area later known as the Weddell Sea
. Finding the sea remarkably free of ice, Morrell advanced to 70°14'S before turning north-westward on . This retreat, Morrell says, was due to the ship's lack of fuel; otherwise, he claims, in these open waters he could have taken the ship to 85°, or perhaps to the Pole itself. These words are very similar to those used by the British explorer James Weddell to describe his own experiences in the same area, a month earlier. This has led historians to believe that Morrel may have copied the section from Weddel's.
At 2 pm next day, 15 March, as Wasp cruised north-east in the sea that would later bear Weddell's name, Morrell records: "land was seen from the masthead, bearing west, distance 3 leagues" (about nine miles, 14 km). His account continues: "At half past  we were close on with the body of land to which Captain Johnson had given the name of New South Greenland". Robert Johnson, a former captain of the Wasp, had made an exploratory voyage along the western coast of the Antarctic peninsula in 1821. Johnson had called it "New South Greenland". Morrell casually referred to Johnston's description. This indicates that Morrell assumed that the land he was seeing was in fact the east coast of the pensinsula. At the time he wrote this, his position was about 14 degrees east of that pensinsula. The geographical features of the pensinsula were not known at the time of Morrell's voyage.  Morrell describes seal hunting activities continuing along this coast during the remainder of the day
. On the following morning  sealing resumed as the ship moved slowly southward, and continued until Morrell called a halt "because of shortage of water and season far advanced". Mountains of snow, he observed, could be seen about  further south.
Morrell turned north from a position he calculated as 67°52'S, 48°11W. Three days later, on , the ship passed what he took to be the northern cape of the land, at 62°41'S, 47°21'W. "This land abounds with oceanic birds of every description", wrote Morrell.  He also records seeing 3,000 sea elephants. At 10 o'clock Wasp "bade farewell to the cheerless shores of New South Greenland"; there is no further mention of it in the long voyage account. Wasp sailed for Tierra del Fuego, then through the Magellan Strait into the Pacific Ocean, reaching  Valparaiso, Chile, on  1823.
From the first navigations of the Southern Ocean in the 16th century, lands which subsequently proved to be nonexistent had  from time to time been reported in these waters. Polar historian Robert Headland of the Scott Polar Research Institute has suggested various reasons for these false sightings, ranging from "too much rum" to deliberate hoaxes designed to lure rival ships away from good sealing grounds. Some  may have been of large ice masses that were carrying rocks and other glacial debris—dirty ice can appear convincingly similar to land. It is also possible that some of these lands existed, but later became submerged after volcanic eruptions. Other sightings may have been of actual land, wrongly located through observational errors due to chronometer failure, bad weather or simple incompetence.

Searches for Morrell's land
Doubt was cast over the existence of New South Greenland when, in 1838, the French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville sailed over the position of Morrell's "north cape", but saw no indication of land. This evidence, and the general nature of Morrell's account—its obvious errors, and his reputation as a braggart "as great ... as any hero of autobiographical romance" in the words of British geographer Hugh Robert Mill, led many geographers thereafter to ignore his claims. This scepticism remained even after Sir James Clark Ross reported an appearance of land in 1843, not far from Morrell's alleged observation: Ross's sighting was occasionally proffered as supportive of Morrell's claim. There was no further penetration of the Weddell Sea until 1903, when William Speirs Bruce took Scotia to 74°1'S, but in a sector of the sea which did not bring him close to Morrell's or Ross's sightings
.  Bruce was, however, generally well-disposed towards Morrell, writing that his claims should not be rejected until absolutely disproved.
The first determined search for New South Greenland came during the Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–13, under Wilhelm Filchner. The expedition's ship, Deutschland, had become trapped in heavy sea ice while attempting to establish a shore base at Vahsel Bay. Her subsequent north-westerly drift had, by mid-, brought her to a position  east of Morrell's recorded sighting. Filchner left the ship on  and, with two companions and sufficient provisions for three weeks, sledged westward across the sea ice in search of Morrell's land. Daylight was limited to two or three hours a day, and temperatures fell to −31 °F (−35 °C),  making travel difficult. In these conditions the group covered , taking frequent sightings. They found no signs of land; a lead weight dropped through the ice reached a depth of  before the line snapped, a depth which confirmed there was no land in the vicinity. Filchner concluded that what Morrell had seen had been a mirage.
On  17 August 1915 Sir Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance, trapped in the ice like Deutschland three years earlier, drifted to a point 10 miles west of Morrell's charted position. Here, a depth sounding recorded 1,676 fathoms (10,060 feet, 3,065 m), leading Shackleton to write: "I decided that Morrell Land must be added to the long list of Antarctic islands and continental coasts that have resolved themselves into icebergs". On  a further sounding of 1,900 fathoms (11,400 feet, 3,500 m) gave Shackleton additional evidence of the non-existence of New South Greenland.
Although Filchner's and Shackleton's investigations and observations were accepted as conclusive proof that New South Greenland was a myth, there remained the question of Sir James Ross's reported appearance of land in a position around 65°S, 47°W. Ross's reputation was sufficient for this possibility to be taken seriously, and for his alleged sighting to be recorded on maps and Admiralty charts. In 1922 Frank Wild, leading the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition aboard Quest after Shackleton's death early in the expedition, investigated the location of Ross's sighting. Nothing was seen; prevented by ice conditions from reaching the exact spot, Wild took a sounding at 64°11'S, 46°4'W, which revealed  of water. This showed that no land was near.

Opinions and theories
According to W.J. Mills, Morrell had the reputation among his contemporaries as "the biggest liar in the Southern Ocean". Mills calls the westward journey from Morrell's  claimed farthest east position "impossible ... unbelievably fast, quite apart from lying south of the coastline for much of the way". In search of an explanation Mills suggests that since Morrell's account was written nine years after the voyage he may not have had access to the ship's log, and hence may "have felt constrained to invent details that appeared plausible" in order to sustain his narrative.  This would explain the profusion of positional and date errors.
Hugh Robert Mill, writing in 1905 before the non-existence of New South Greenland had been proved conclusively, refers to the sheer absurdity of some of the incidents described in Morrell's account, and concludes that because of Morrell's blunders, and his habit of incorporating the experiences of others into his story, all his claims must be treated as not proven. Nevertheless he concedes that "a man may be ignorant, boastful and obscure, and yet have done a solid piece of work". Canadian geographer Paul Simpson-Housley adopts a more sympathetic approach. Although dubious about much of Morrell's account, Simpson-Housley suggests that the speeds claimed for the western journey, though fast, are not impossible.  He believes that the claimed farthest south in the Weddell Sea, queried by Mill,   is entirely plausible, given that James Weddell had sailed four degrees further south just a month earlier.
Another inclined to defend Morrell's integrity is the writer Rupert Gould, who included a lengthy essay on New South Greenland in his collection Enigmas, published in 1929. The assumption that the New South Greenland sighting was simply invented by Morrell is dismissed, primarily on the grounds of the very little weight given to the discovery in Morrell's 500-page account. Gould writes: "If Morrell wished to gain an undeserved reputation as an Antarctic explorer, one would think he could have gone a better way about it than to bury his pièces justificatives, after he had forged them, in an undistinguished  corner of so bulky a book." In the relatively few pages devoted to the Antarctic, Morrell's account of his discovery is brief and entirely matter-of-fact, crediting it to Captain Johnson two years earlier rather than to himself.
Gould also discusses the possibility that what Morrell sighted was indeed the eastern coast of Graham Land, the so-called "Foyn Coast", despite its being 14° further west from position of the New South Greenland sighting. In support, Gould asserts that the peninsula's eastern coast corresponds very closely with the stretch of coastline described by Morrell. This theory supposes that Morrell miscalculated the ship's position, perhaps because he lacked the chronometer necessary for proper navigational observation. In his account Morrell writes that he was "destitute of the various nautical and mathematical instruments", but other parts of his narrative make it clear that the occasional dead reckoning calculation was the exception to the norm. In any circumstances a longitudinal error of 14° is very large, and the additional distance of about  to the Foyn coast seems too great to have been covered within the ten-day voyage from the South Sandwich Islands, where the ship's position is recorded accurately
. Even so, Gould maintains that a "balance of evidence" shows that what Morrell saw was the Foyn coast.
Filchner's view that the supposed sighting of New South Greenland could be explained by a mirage is echoed by Simpson-Housley. He suggests that Morrell and his crew saw a superior mirage. One form of superior mirage, sometimes described as a Fata Morgana, distorts distant flat coastlines or ice edges both vertically and horizontally, so they can appear to have tall cliffs and other features such as high mountain peaks and valleys. In his expedition account South, Shackleton gives a description of a Fata Morgana observed on  1915, coincidentally as his ship Endurance drifted close to the recorded position of New South Greenland: "The distant pack is thrown up into towering barrier-like cliffs, which are reflected in blue lakes and lanes of water at their base. Great white and golden cities of Oriental appearance at close intervals along these cliff-tops indicate distant bergs ... The lines rise and fall, tremble, dissipate, and reappear in an endless transformation scene".

Afterwards
Afterwards 

Morrell's four voyages finally ended on  1831, with his return to New York. He then wrote his Narrative of Four Voyages, which was published the following year. He attempted to resume his seafaring career, seeking employment with the London-based shipping firm of Enderby Brothers, but his reputation had preceded him and he was rejected. Charles Enderby stated publicly that "he had heard so much of him that he did not think fit to enter into any engagement with him." Morrell also sought to join Dumont D'Urville's expedition to the Weddell Sea in 1837, but his services were again declined. He reportedly died in 1839, and is commemorated by Morrell Island, 59°27'S, 27°19'W,  an alternative name for Thule Island in the Southern Thule sub-group of the South Sandwich Islands. Robert Johnson, who coined the name New South Greenland, disappeared with his ship in 1826, while investigating the Antarctic waters in the vicinity  of what would later be known as the Ross Sea.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Further reading 
 

Exploration
History of Antarctica
Phantom islands
1823
The London Underground 1972 stock is a fleet of trains used on the London Underground. The 1972 Stock was ordered to make up the shortfall in trains on the Northern line's 1959 Tube Stock fleet. It is, however, currently used on the Bakerloo line.

Gallery

Other websites
 Transport for London - Rolling Stock - 1972 
 Tubeprune - 1972 Tube Stock

1972
Metropolitan Cammell multiple units
An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

Transport
Construction
Infrastructure
Central London is the innermost part of London, England.

The inner London boroughs were defined by the London Government Act 1963, and the definition is used for purposes such as the local government finance system. They correspond to the former area of the County of London. These inner London boroughs are:
 Camden
 Greenwich
 Hackney
 Hammersmith and Fulham
 Islington
 Kensington and Chelsea
 Lambeth
 Lewisham
 Southwark
 Tower Hamlets
 Wandsworth
 Westminster

The City of London was not part of the County of London and is not a London Borough but can be included. North Woolwich is an anomaly as it was part of the County of London but was transferred to Newham, an outer London borough, in 1965.

References 

Geography of London
1963 establishments in England
California's Proposition 19, (often shortened to Prop 19), also known as the Regulate, Control & Tax Cannabis Act, was a ballot initiative on the November 2, 2010 California statewide ballot. The proposition would have decriminalized/legalized various marijuana-related activities, allow local governments to regulate these activities, collect marijuana-related fees and taxes, and authorized various criminal and civil penalties. It did not pass with 54% of California voters voting 'No', and 46% voting 'Yes'.

Results

Related pages
 Adult Use of Marijuana Act (2016)

Other websites 
 The Full Text of the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act of 2010
 State of California Legislative Analysts Analysis of the Initiative
 Ballotpedia page on California Proposition 19
 YES on Proposition 19 - the sponsors of the proposal
 Marijuana Policy Project, California branch  - a lobbying group in support
 Public Safety First  - a lobbying group in opposition

Cannabis
2010 in the United States
2010s California elections
A square foot is a way to measure area. It is the area made by a square that has 1 foot sides. It is used mainly in the United States and partially in Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Liberia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, and the United Kingdom.

Units of area

ja:フィート#平方フィート
James Martin Pacelli McGuinness (23 May 1950 – 21 March 2017)  was a Northern Irish politician who was the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland until his resignation on 9 January 2017. He was born in Derry, Northern Ireland. He was a member of Sinn Fein, which is a political party that wants Northern Ireland to join with the Republic of Ireland and leave the United Kingdom. He was the Member of Parliament and Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the constituency of Mid Ulster.

Martin McGuiness joined the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1970 and was put in prison for six months in 1973. He was elected the Member of Parliament for Mid-Ulster at the 1997 General Election but never took his seat in the House of Commons. This is because Sinn Fein members do not want to swear any oath to the Queen.
McGuiness was one of Sinn Fein's top debaters at the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 and was elected as a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 for the constituency of Mid Ulster. He was the Minister of Education in the Northern Ireland executive from 1999 to 2002. On 8 May 2007, following the St. Andrew's Agreement Martin McGuiness was made the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland. Ian Paisley of the Democratic Unionist Party was the First Minister until June 5, 2008 when he was replaced by Peter Robinson.

In January 2017, it was revealed that McGuinness was suffering from amyloidosis, a rare genetic disease that affects the vital organs. He died in a hospital in Londonderry  on 21 March 2017 from the disease, aged 66.

References
References

1950 births
2017 deaths
Democratic socialists
Sinn Féin MPs
Sinn Féin members of the Northern Ireland Assembly
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
People from County Londonderry
Deaths from amyloidosis
Disease-related deaths in Northern Ireland
Peter David Robinson (born 29 December, 1948 in Belfast) is a politician of Northern Ireland, who was the First Minister of Northern Ireland and leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).

Career 
He was elected the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Belfast East during the 1979 General Election and was elected to the Northern Ireland assembly in 1998. He was the Minister for Regional Development from November 1999 to July 2000 and again from October 2001 to October 2002. Robinson was Minister of Finance and Personnel from May 2007 to June 2008.
On 31 May 2008 the leader of the DUP Ian Paisley resigned and Peter Robinson was chose to replace him as First Minister and DUP leader. In January 2010, it was revealed that Peter Robinson's wife Iris Robinson, who was also an MP, had had an affair and attempted suicide in 2008 whilst she was a member of the British and Northern Irish parliaments. This scandal may have caused Peter Robinson to lose his Belfast East parliamentary seat at the 2010 General Election.

References 

1948 births
Living people
Democratic Unionist Party MPs
Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom
Democratic Unionist Party members of the Northern Ireland Assembly
Pentecostals
Politicians from Belfast
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
First Ministers of Northern Ireland
Jacob August Riis (; May 3, 1849 – May 26, 1914) was a Danish-American photographer and journalist. Riis came to the United States in 1861 and worked in various odd jobs before going into journalism.  Riis is most known for his photographs and writings on slums in New York City.  Riis is usually thought of as one of the Muckrakers, a group of people who wanted to improve conditions in cities.

1849 births
1914 deaths
American journalists
Danish writers
American photographers
Writers from New York City
Latin honours are Latin phrases that are used to show how advanced the level at which someone earned an academic degree. The common ranks are: cum laude (meaning "with honor"), magna cum laude ("with great honor"), or summa cum laude ("with highest honor"). This system is mostly used in Canada, the United States, and in many European countries. Some universities in other countries also use the English translation of these phrases rather than the Latin ones.

Another example is egregia cum laude, which means "with outstanding honor" in English. The egregia rank was created to recognize students who earned the same grade point average as the summa honor, but who did so while in a more rigorous honors curriculum (used by the College of St. Benedict and St. John's University).

Other websites
Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, concerning Latin honors §15, in German 

Qualifications
Education
Latin phrases
Bugzilla is an internet software for recording bug reports. It is coded in CGI and is used by many programmers. It is free for everyone to use without having to pay any money.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Bugzilla on Wikimedia

Internet
Mozilla
How It's Made is a half-hour documentary-style science show. It shows 3-4 everyday items being made. It is shown on the Discovery Channel.

Other websites 
Official site 

Canadian television series
English-language television programs
Discovery Channel
Mount Tongariro is an active volcano in the centre of North Island in New Zealand. It has 12 volcanic cones on top of its mountain. It has erupted over 70 times in the last few years. Mount Tongariro is  tall.

Volcanoes of New Zealand
Mountains of New Zealand
Ruapehu District
FreeRice is a non-profit organization that donates rice to the hungry people around the world. Players choose an answer from a multiple-choice question. As the player gets more right answers, they advance in level. The highest level depends on the subject.

Donation

In 2008, FreeRice became economically sufficient to donate 20 grains of rice per answer instead of 10. Unfortunately, the economic landslide of 2009 reduced the grains per answer back down to 10.

Other websites
Official Site
Non-profit organizations of Europe
Bobby's World is an American animated television series. It ran from 1990 to 1998 on FOX Kids. It was set in 1979 in California. It was about the life of Bobby Generic ( ) and his imagination on how he sees the world. The show was made by Canadian actor-comedian Howie Mandel. Mandel also provided the voice of both Bobby and his father Howard Generic, who looks like a cartoon version of Mandel. It was made by Film Roman for Alevy Productions and Fox Kids, and later NBC Universal. The theme song for Bobby's World was made by John Tesh and Michael Hanna.

History
The character of "Bobby" can be traced back to Mandel's stand-up comedy performances; Mandel would commonly have the same voice as Bobby, often talking with an unseen "parent".
The voices of Kelly Generic (Bobby's sister) and Martha Generic (Bobby's mom) are based on two characters Gail Matthius played when she was a member on Saturday Night Live in 1980. Martha is based on the character Roweena, a chain smoking hair stylist with a Upper Midwestern accent who gets into arguments with her best customer Nadine (Denny Dillon), while Kelly Generic is based on the character Vicky, a valley girl who annoys others with her shallow questions and rambling stories and often is seen with her friend Debbie (also Dillon).

In the US, during the show's final season on-air, the show was open-captioned; this was intended as an aid to help younger children learn to read.

In an April 2006 online interview, Mandel expressed his desire for a possible re-launch of the series. Episodes can be seen in syndication, or on some websites.

According to a video posted on YouTube.com, Mandel mentions that they are working on new episodes.
On February 12, 2007, the character Bobby made a surprise appearance on an episode of Deal or No Deal.

Show format
Episodes often consist of a short live-action segment either before or after the main story (and sometimes both before and after). The segment would include Mandel describing some aspect of the story and often relating it back to his personal childhood.

Sometimes during these segments, the character of Bobby would appear in animated form and converse with Mandel. Other times, a live action child would appear and exchange words with Mandel. Endings of the show also featured Mandel breaking the proverbial "fourth wall" by talking to viewers about the preceding episode. In some part of the episode, Bobby will break the fourth wall by telling the audience his perspective on life.
Characters
Bobby Generic - 4-year-old boy (voiced by Mandel)
Howard Generic - Bobby's father (voiced by Mandel using his regular voice)
Martha Generic - Bobby's mother, who speaks with a heavy North Central American English accent and often says things like "Fer cryin' in the mud", "gee golly", "gosh darn" and "don't 'cha know". (voiced by Gail Matthius)
Kelly Generic - Bobby's 14-year-old sister, has a shag haircut, purple eye shadow and a valley girl accent (voiced by Charity James)
Derek Generic - Bobby's 10-year-old brother, with a rat-tail hairdo and a sarcastic manner. (voiced by Kevin Smets seasons 1-5 and Pamela Segall season 6-7)
The Generic Twins - Introduced in Season 4 but mentioned in Seasons 2 and 3 as Martha was pregnant with them, Bobby's infant brothers
Aunt Ruth - Bobby's aunt and Martha's sister (voice of Edie McClurg)
Uncle Ted - Bobby's uncle and Martha's brother. He loves to give noogies to Bobby and collects things, one of which is a novelty item called Socks In A Can. (voice of Tino Insana)
Roger - the Generic family dog (voiced by Frank Welker)
Jackie - Bobby's cute and kind girlfriend next door neighbor/classmate with the floor-length pigtails who has a crush on Bobby and always kisses him. She also had the ability to fly with her pigtails. (voiced by Debi Derryberry)
Charlotte - Charlotte was the fun-loving adventurous girl who was famous for her dislike of chocolate and her ability to tease Bobby incessantly over small things he does.
Seasons

DVD releases 
 Classic Scratch 'n' Sniff Episodes and The Signature Episodes were both issued on DVD in North America by Anchor Bay Entertainment.

Video game
The Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Game Gear made a video game from Bobby's World, which was built by RSP and published by Hi Tech Entertainment. In the game, Bobby's mother tells him to clean his room. As he is cleaning his room Bobby starts daydreaming about a toy. After you beat a level, Bobby has another daydream about another toy that he puts away.

References

Other websites 
 BobbysWorld.net
 
 
 Bobby's World at TV.com
 Toon Tracker Audio File - The Bobby's World Theme 
 Bobby's World at Don Markstein's Toonopedia
 Bobby's World on Kabillion.com 

Children's television series
English-language television programs
Caesalpinioideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae. Members of this family usually have zygomorphic flowers.

Some classification systems, for example the Cronquist system, treat Fabaceae in a narrow sense, raising Mimosoideae to the rank of family as Caesalpiniaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group treats Fabaceae in the broad sense.

Fabaceae
Haptic technology or haptics is a tactile feedback technology. It makes vibrations and movements which can make people think that there is a real object when there is not. They are used to look into the sense of touch. Some video games use this to make it seem more real.

Origin of haptic 
The word Haptic comes from the Greek Haphe, meaning "pertaining to the sense of touch", and comes from the Greek word haptesthai meaning "to contact” or “to touch”.

Definition of haptic 

Existing computer technology to the human and computer information exchange has been used mainly audio-visual information. However, the user through the virtual reality want to be more specific and realistic information, and is designed to feel the passing touch and force haptic technology.

Field of haptic 
Haptis are divided into the 'force feedback' and 'tactile feedback'
Force feedback 
'Force feedback' is the technology that user to feel the power and movements.
For example, the park that are dynamic in the movie in the film as a moving screen, move the chair forward speed and sense of the conflict that their audience will feel like scenes. This is an example haeptikseuui using force feedback.

Tactile feedback 
'Tactile feedback' place in the field of medicine that is used a lot. On a computer screen and watch the virtual 3-dimensional anatomical structure of the patient directly to the affected part of the 3-D video in real-time sisulhal a notice on your computer screen. And the compressed air and electrical machinery, such as moving suyonggi using a small pin and, in fact, feels like touching the skin and is passed to implement the reality of the situation is almost similar to the environment.
Future of haptic 
In the future, the output of the computer device used to monitor, speakers, as well as standard haptic devices is expected to go. In addition, the leisure industry, with the 21st century haptic technology has many economical potential, haptic technology for the study will be very active.

Computing
John Simon Bercow (surname pronounce BER-COE; born 19 January 1963) is a British politician who was the Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 2009 through 2019. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Buckingham.

Biography 
John Bercow was active in the Conservative Party from a young age and was a Conservative councillor, for Lambeth, from 1986 to 1990. He stood as a candidate to become an MP at the 1987 and 1992 General Elections but was not successful. At the 1997 General Election, Bercow was elected the Conservative MP for Buckingham. He served in the shadow cabinets of Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard. After the Speaker Michael Martin resigned on 22 June 2009, Bercow was elected as the Speaker.

Bercow is the first Jewish Speaker. He is the first Speaker not to wear traditional court robes while presiding over the House of Commons.
But, along with tradition, Bercow does now display his coat of arms at Speaker's House.
On 9 September 2019, Bercow told the House of Commons that he would stand down on 31 October, or at the next general election, whichever occurs first. He officially left the office on 4 November 2019.

In 2021, Bercow became a member of the Labour Party, saying that Boris Johnson's leadership was making his old party "reactionary, populist, nationalistic and sometimes even xenophobic".

References

1963 births
Living people
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Speakers of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Jewish British politicians
People from Middlesex
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
Michael Denzil Xavier Portillo (born 26 May 1953) is a British television presenter and former Conservative Party politician. 

Michael Portillo was born in Bushey, Hertfordshire, to a Scottish mother and Spanish father.

Portillo first became a Member of Parliament (MP) in a by-election in 1984, representing the constituency of Enfield Southgate. He very much liked Margaret Thatchers policies and was quite Eurosceptic, meaning that he was against the European Union. He became a cabinet member in 1992, holding the following positions: Chief Secretary to the Treasury (April 1992 - July 1994), Secretary of State for Employment (July 1994 - July 1995) and Defence Secretary (July 1995 - May 1997). Many people thought he would try to become the leader of the Conservative Party in 1995 but he chose to stay loyal to John Major. At the 1997 General Election, Portillo lost his seat in the House of Commons to the Labour Party.