Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholine also signals the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) to kick in.  Usually, the PNS balances out with the sympathetic nervous system to maintain homeostasis.  However, when there is too much acetylcholine, the two systems cannot balance, and the sympathetic nervous system does not work correctly.

Symptoms
Nerve agent poisoning causes a very unique group of signs and symptoms.  Some medical providers use the acronym "SLUDGE" to remember them:
 Salivation: The salivary glands make a very large amount of saliva (spit); the person will drool a lot
 Lacrimation: Tears will run out of the person's eyes
 Urination: As the brain loses control over the body's muscles, the person will involuntarily urinate
 Defecation: For the same reason, the person will also involuntarily defecate
 Gastric upset: The person will have an upset stomach
 Emesis: The person will vomit
Some medical professionals use a different version of this acronym: "SLUDGE and the Killer B's."  "The Killer B's" are three life-threatening symptoms:
 Bradycardia: Slow heart rate (caused by over-actiity of the parasympathetic nervous system)
 Bronchoconstriction: The bronchi (tubes to the lungs) get narrower, as the muscles around the airways tighten up
 Bronchorrhea: Making more than 100mL of mucus per day.  This can build up in the lungs or make the lungs be unable to inflate normally

As the person gets worse, they will have muscle twitches, then start having seizures and go into status epilepticus.  People can die because their brain cannot control their breathing muscles, and they stop breathing.

Commonly known nerve agents

"G series" nerve gases 
These nerve gases are called "G series" because they were first created by German scientists.  They were all discovered and made before or during World War II.
Sarin, also called GB
Tabun, also called GA.
Soman, also called GD.
"V series" nerve gases 
Nobody agrees on why these nerve gases are called "V series."  Different people say the V stands for "Victory," "Venomous" (poisonous), or "Viscous" (thick liquid).
The most commonly known "V series" nerve gas, VX, was made in the 1950s by the United Kingdom's military researchers.
International law 
There have been two major international laws that relate to nerve agents:
Hague Convention of 1899: This was the first agreement that made it illegal to use toxic gas as a weapon (in section IV,2.)
Geneva Protocol of 1925: This agreement was signed on June 17, 1925, and took effect on February 8, 1928.  It permanently bans the use of all forms of chemical and biological warfare. The agreement was signed after World War I, where mustard gas and other chemical weapons were used.  People were afraid that chemical and biological warfare could have terrible effects in any future war. The protocol was extended by the Biological Weapons Convention (1972) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993).

Related pages
 Nerve agents
 Chemical weapon

References
A herbicide is a poison that kills plants. There are many kinds of herbicides, from weedkillers for gardens to Agent Orange which was used to destroy forests in the Vietnam War.

Herbicides
Hugh Marston Hefner (April 9, 1926 – September 27, 2017) was the founder of Playboy Magazine and its Editor-in-Chief.

Birth and education
Hefner was born into a Methodist family, to Glenn Hefner, an accountant, and Grace (Swanson) Hefner, a teacher, on April 9, 1926 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Woodlawn, Chicago. Hefner served in the US Army (1944 - 1946). He attended the Art Institute of Chicago (1946), the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, earning a BA in psychology (1949), and Northwestern University, 1949.

Marriages and children
Hefner married Mildred Williams (June 25, 1949 - 1959, divorced); Kimberley Conrad (July 1, 1989 - September 2009, divorced); and Crystal Harris (December 31, 2012 - 2017, his death).

Hefner has several children. With Mildred, he has David Paul (August 30, 1955) and Christie Ann (November 8, 1952). With Kimberley, he has Cooper Bradford (September 4, 1991) and Marston Glenn (April 9, 1990).

Hefner was a distant relative of George W. Bush and John Kerry.
Career

Hefner owned a multi-million mansion called the Playboy Mansion. He was also the executive producer of Roman Polanski's 1971 movie version of Macbeth. Hefner also appeared in cameos of himself in some movies.

When nude photographs of Jayne Mansfield on the set of Promises! Promises! were published in the June 1963 issue of Playboy, Hefner was brought into Chicago city court on obscenity charges.

In 2013, Hefner announced that his youngest son, Cooper, would succeed him and eventually help run the Playboy Empire.

Hefner supported legalizing same-sex marriage. He said that a fight for gay marriage is "a fight for all our rights. Without it, we will turn back the sexual revolution and return to an earlier, puritanical time."

Hefner owned a burial plot next to Marilyn Monroe's grave in Los Angeles.

Death
Hefner died at his home in Beverly Hills, California on September 27, 2017 after suffering from a cardiac arrest and sepsis caused by respiratory failure and an e. coli infection the age of 91.
References

Other websites

 Hugh M. Hefner Foundation
 

1926 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Chicago
American chief executives
American civil rights activists
American editors
American journalists
American LGBT rights activists
American military personnel of World War II
American movie actors
American sex industry businesspeople
American socialites
Businesspeople from Chicago
Magazine founders
Military people from Chicago
American publishers
Writers from Chicago
Urination (peeing) is how animals and humans remove urine from their bodies.  Urine is the scientific term for pee, the liquid bodily waste filtered out of the bloodstream by kidneys and from the liquids that a person drinks. The bladder temporarily holds the waste fluid.

Related pages 

 Urinary system

Urinary system
Nyctalopia (Greek for Night blindness) is a disease of the human eyes.The eyes of people who are night-blind cannot adapt to situations where there is relatively little light; as a result, they have trouble seeing in such situations. 

There are a number of conditions that can cause this; most commonly:
lack or deficiency of Vitamin A
Several genetic conditions, most notably retinitis pigmentosa
Wounds of the eye

Diseases and disorders of the eye
Martinique is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It has an area of 1,128 km². Nearly 400,000 people live there.

Martinique was known by indigenous peoples of the Caribbean as Madiana or Madinina. It was colonized by the French in the 17th century, and they introduced racist slavery there as they spread it all around the world. France still claims to own the island today, even though there has been an independence movement.

The capital city is Fort-de-France. Other towns include Sainte-Anne and St. Pierre (which was destroyed by a volcano named Mont Pelée in 1902 and killed 30,000 people).

Martinique is well known for its zouk music. Artists such as Kassav' have made it famous over the years. Frantz Fanon, an important anti-colonial revolutionary, was born there.

The ethnic makeup of the country is: 90% African and Mixed African with anything from Chinese, East Indian or White. and 10% White, Amerindian, Chinese and East Indian.
Related pages
 Guadeloupe, French island in the Caribbean
 Saint Barthélemy, French island in the Caribbean
 Saint Martin, French island in the Caribbean

References

Other websites

 Martinique Tourism Authority
PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a scripting language that helps people make web pages more interactive by allowing them to do more intelligent, complex things. PHP code is run on the web server. It is called a preprocessor because it builds the information before sending it to the computer that visits the web page.

A website programmed with PHP can have pages that are password protected. A website with no programming cannot do this without other complex things. Standard PHP file extensions are: .php .php3 or .phtml, but a web server can be set up to use any extension.

Its structure was influenced by many languages like C, Perl, Java, C++, and even Python. It is considered to be free software by the Free Software Foundation.

History 
PHP was first created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. It is now developed and improved by a large team of people. Its name at first stood for Personal Home Page, but it was later changed to PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor; using its old acronym in the new name.
Example 
An example Hello World program:

<?php
echo "Hello, World!";
?>

It is common to put PHP code inside a HTML document, for example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
	<head>
		<title>Hello World</title>
	</head>
	<body>
		<?= '<p>Hello World</p>'; ?>
	</body>
</html>

References

Other websites 
 Official PHP website
 PHP Tutorial  for beginners
 PHP Tutorial  for beginners
[./Https://webtopfree.blogspot.com/2021/07/php-what-is-php-in-hindi-technology.html  https://webtopfree.blogspot.com/2021/08/How-to-learn-PHP.html ] what is PHP

 PHP.orgPHP tutorials for beginners
 PHP Compiler - Compile PHP code in browser

Object-oriented programming languages
Web design
Cross-platform software
A Hello world program is usually a program made by computer programmers that are new to a programming languages, or to test if the compiler for this language is working correctly.
It will simply put the text Hello, World! on the screen.

Wikipedia articles that have Hello world programs

Sources 
<references>

</ref>
</references>

Other websites 
 helloworld.org
 The Hello World Collection
 codepad.org  - Can compile some of the programs

Programming languages
Software
Events and trends 
 The oldest pianos still in existence today are from the 1720s.

World leaders 
 Louis XV, King of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
 Shahs of the Safavid dynasty in Persia:
 Husayn, 1694–1722
 Tahmasp II, 1723–1732
 George I, King of Great Britain (king from 1714 to 1727)
 George II, King of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760)
 Philip V, King of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746)

References
The 2030s (pronounced "twenty-thirties") is the next decade in the Anno Domini and Common Era in the Gregorian calendar. It will begin on January 1, 2030 and end on December 31, 2039. It is distinct from the decade known as the 204th decade which will begin on January 1, 2031 and end on December 31, 2040.

The decade as a whole 
This decade will be called "the twenty-thirties". The Roman number will be MMXXX.

Events to happen 
 Voyager 2 will stop transmitting back to Earth.
 January 19, 2038 - 32-bit clocks will return to 1970.
 September 1, 2039 will be the 100th anniversary of Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland (the start of World War II).
DarkBASIC is a programming language that is very easy to create games in so people do not need to worry about DirectX. People now use the more powerful DarkBASIC Professional.

Hello World in DarkBASIC 

 print "Hello, World!"

Other websites 
DarkBASIC
DarkBasic - The Gaming Language 

Programming languages
The Extensible Markup Language (short XML) is a markup language like HTML but is extensible. It's created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). XML defines rules for the construction of a document. XML adds context to the information in a document. It does not say how this should be displayed.

Some programs get information out of an XML-document. To do that, they need an API.  There are many APIs for XML.

You can write a description of an XML document in a way that is useful for programmers. There are several languages for this; the best known is called DTD.

Syntax 
XML uses less than (<) and greater than (>) to show tags. For example, a paragraph in HTML would be <p>.

A closing tag is a tag used to enclose the value of the tag. The tag has a slash (/) before its name. For example, </p>

A tag which is empty can be represented as an opening tag but with a slash before the >. For example, <p />
The XML specification defines a valid XML document as a well-formed XML document which also conforms to the rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD).

Languages 
The following languages are based on XML.

Text 
 XSL-FO
 DocBook
 DITA
 XHTML (HTML based on ALL)
 TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)
 NITF (News Industry Text Format)

Images 
 SVG (vector graphics)
 X3D (3D modelling language)
 Collada (Language to change informations between different 3D programs)

Earth 
 Geography Markup Language (GML)
 GPS Exchange Format (GPX): XML for GPS informatons
 Keyhole Markup Language (KML): coordinates for Google Earth
 OpenImmo : XML for Houses with position informations

Multimedia 
 SMIL (Informations with times from multimedia)
 MPEG-7 (for MPEG-7)
 Laszlo (LZX)

Safety 
 SAML (describe and send informations about safety)
 XML Signature
 XML Encryption

Other 
There are a lot more languages that use XML. A couple of them are:
 RSS
 WAP/WML

Sources

Other websites 
 XeML.net 
 W3C XML Page

Markup languages
JavaScript is a high-level programming language that follows the ECMAScript standard. It was originally designed as a scripting language for websites but became widely adopted as a general-purpose programming language, and is currently the most popular programming language in use. JavaScript is usually found running in a web browser as interactive or automated content, ranging from popup messages and live clocks to large web applications. JavaScript is also commonly used in server-side programming through platforms like Node.js, or "embedded" in non-JavaScript applications where the base programming language lacks the high-level functionality that JavaScript offers.

Despite the similarities in name and syntax, JavaScript is not related to the programming language Java. Though the names of both languages are trademarks of Oracle Corporation, the two languages follow different design principles, and are actively developed by unrelated organizations.

Use
Use

JavaScript is typically inserted into HTML when used on the web, either directly in the file in an HTML tag, or linked to a separate file containing the script.

JavaScript, as a full featured scripting language, can be used to provide functionality to a website. Examples include:

 Using AJAX in order to load content without refreshing the website.
 Changing HTML through the Document Object Model
 Changing CSS
 Validating inputs of forms and sending them.
 Tracking users as they move throughout the website.

Frameworks

A majority of websites use what is known as a framework. Frameworks may allow programming to be easier as more predefined procedures are defined within it. Such a library is jQuery.
Video Games 
JavaScript can be used to create and run video games in the browser. The modern web has quickly become a viable platform for creating and distributing high-quality games. With modern web technologies and a recent browser, it’s entirely possible to make stunning, top-notch games for the web. JavaScript is blazing fast in modern browsers and getting faster all the time. You can use its power to write the code for your game or look at using technologies like Emscripten or Asm.js to easily port your existing games.

There are also many widely adopted game engines that you can use to develop games with JavaScript and HTML5. Some popular ones include Three.js, Pixi.js, Phaser, Babylon.js, Matter.js, and PlayCanvas. These game engines provide a range of features and tools to help you create sophisticated 2D and 3D graphics without relying on third-party plugins.

Beyond web browsers
JavaScript is also used outside of web browsers. As a scripting language, JavaScript can be used to define the behaviour of applications such as extensions in GNOME Shell.

In addition, there are runtime environments for running JavaScript as a server side programming language. Such an environment is Node.js.

Electron is a framework which allows graphical applications to be made with web technologies, by running on the Chromium browser and Node.js.

Syntax
A JavaScript program is made of a collection of instructions called "statements". A semicolon marks the end of a statement, and allows multiple statements to be placed on the same line. However, it is typical to write each statement on its own line to keep a program file readable.
Variables can be defined in several ways. In an older version named "ES5", variables are defined using the var keyword. In the newer versions after ES5, variables can be defined using const for constant variables and let for local variables. The value of constant variables cannot be re-declared or reassigned. Variables assigned using const or let are contained within blocks, while variables assigned using var are contained within functions.// ES5
var x = 1;

// ES6+
const y = 10; // Cannot be reassigned
let t = 5; // Can be reassigned

Examples 
The script below prints "Example" on the screen. The lines that start with // are comments, which are used to describe the actions of the program.

function sayHi() {
    let name = prompt("What's your name?"); 
    // This name is saved to a variable
    
    alert("Hello " + name);
    // Whatever the name is, the browser alerts "Hello (name)"
}

sayHi(); // Runs the function sayHi

/*  This is also a comment,
    but it can span multiple lines.
*/
The code above alerts "Hello " + name.

If you want to put JavaScript in your HTML, you put it between an opening <script> and closing </script> tag. These tags mean that whatever is between them is a script and not text to be put onto the web page. The script below inserts the numbers 1 through 10 at the bottom of a webpage:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
    <title>Example page</title>
    <script> // This is the script tag

    for (let counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++) {
        document.body.innerHTML = document.body.innerHTML + counter + "<br>";
        
        /*
            This puts the number, then a new line element (<br>),
            at the end of the web page.
        */
        
    }

    // End javascript:
    </script>
</head>
<body></body>
The for() loop makes whatever code is between the { and the } happen more than one time. In this case, it keeps looping until numOfTimesAround is equal to 10, then it stops. This means it equals ten. It's a bit confusing at first, but it works.
Differences between Java and Javascript 
 In Java, to define a variable, you have to say what type of variable it is: a number, a word, a letter, or more. In JavaScript, this is not necessary.
 In JavaScript, functions are stored as variables (unlike Java). This makes the following code okay in JavaScript:
function sayHi() {
    alert("Hi!");
}

sayBye = function() {
    alert("Bye!");
}

sayHi();
sayBye();
 JavaScript is interpreted, but Java, in most cases, must be compiled. This means that JavaScript needs to be run by another computer program (an interpreter), but finished Java can be run as its own program.

Related pages
 HTML
 Ajax (programming)
 Java (programming language)
 TypeScript

References
References

Other websites 
 Learn JavaScript  on the Mozilla Developer Center
 Mozilla's Official Documentation on JavaScript
 https://mazharulislam.xyz/what-
 Video - Firefox 2 and Javascript with Mozilla Corp and JavaScript creator Brendan Eich 
 References for Core JavaScript versions: 1.5
 New in JavaScript: 1.7 , 1.6 
 List of JavaScript releases: versions 1.0 - 1.7 
 Brendan's Roadmap Updates: JavaScript 1, 2, and in between  - the author's blog entry
 comp.lang.javascript FAQ Official FAQ for the comp.lang.javascript Usenet group
 RFC 4329, a document for the registration of media types related to ECMAScript and JavaScript. The current recommendations are "application/javascript" and "application/ecmascript", although neither is recognized by Internet Explorer.

 
High-level programming languages
Internet
Web design
The World Money Fair is an international bourse of coins. A bourse is where dealers, collectors and the public to buy, sell and trade coins. 

In 1970 A. M Beck founded in Muinch the "Organisation of European Coins-Bourses", "Organisation Europäischer Münzen-Börsen" (OEMB) in German. He had the idea to build up a stronger market for the collecting of coins.

Two years later the organisation organized in Basel the 1st international bourse of coins. During the time it was developed to the "World Money Fair". Today more than 40 nations are members of this organisation. In 2006, the bourse is at the 1st time in Berlin. At the start the German Secretary of State Karl Diller presented the new German 2 Euro Coin. It shows the Holstentor of Lübeck.

Money
Autocracy is a form of government.  In an autocracy, a single person has all legal and political power, and makes all decisions by himself or herself. The person who holds the power is called an autocrat.

When there is a monarch ruling a country as an absolute monarchy, this is also called an autocracy. Having an autocratic government does not mean the country is governed well or governed poorly. It is just a description on how it is set up.The two types of Autocracy are Absolute monarchy and Dictatorship 

In modern times, most autocrats gain power as part of a larger nationalist, communist, or fascist movement. Once in power, they eliminate all other kinds of authority in the country, such as judges, the legislature, and political parties.

Historical examples of autocracies include:
The Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica, in it, the Aztec Emperor functioned as both the sole ruler of the Empire himself, as well as of its military, he also was the religious figurehead behind the empire's aggressive foreign policy (In this time, the priesthood supported a pantheon that demanded human sacrifice, and the nobility consisted mainly of warriors who had captured many prisoners for these sacrificial rites)
 Eastern Han Dynasty under Dong Zhuo
 the Empire of Japan under Hirohito
 the Roman Empire, in 27 B.C., Augustus founded the Roman Empire following the end of the Roman Republic.  Augustus officially kept the Roman Senate while effectively consolidating all of the real power and influence in himself.  In recent years dictators have been called autocratic.

Related pages
 De facto rule, government
 Absolute monarchy
 Byzantine Empire
 Political polarization
 Theocracy
 Totalitarianism

References

Forms of government
Oligarchy is a form of government. In an oligarchic system, all the power is held by a small group of people. It is usually the most powerful people who govern the state. It was used in Sparta, where the kingship alternated between three leading families. Oligarchy can be a form of dictatorship.

Rule by the best 
An oligarchy where the best rule is called Aristocracy.

Rule by the rich 
If the richest people rule the country, this is called Plutocracy.

Other websites 
 Online Text: Leonard Whibley, Greek Oligarchies: Their Character and Organisation  (1896), still the only full-scale treatment of oligarchy in Classical Greece.

Forms of government
Punctuation is the name for marks used for writing text. They are used to separate ideas in sentences. Punctuation makes text easier to read and understand. These are the most common punctuation marks used in English:

 . is a period or full stop
 , is a comma
 ? is a question mark
 ! is an exclamation mark
 ' is an apostrophe or single quote mark
 " is a quotation mark
 : is a colon
 ; is a semicolon
 ... is an ellipsis mark
 - is a hyphen
  is an en dash
  is an em dash
 ( ) are parentheses or curved brackets
 [ ] are brackets or square brackets.
There are other punctuation marks but used less often. Other languages have other marks, such as French using guillemets, « » as quotation marks.
Rules of punctuation 
The use of punctuation in English changes depending on the sentence. Many punctuation marks have more than one use. Modern typography says that punctuation should only be used when there is a need for it. Because of this, people use less punctuation in their writing today than in the early 20th century.

When punctuation marks should be used is often decided by a group or organization. Then, it is written down into a style guide of format rules. Newspapers have a style guide so that every newspaper is consistent with its writing.
Reasons for punctuation 
One reason is obedience. If we work for an organization with a style guide, then we use that guide. 
Punctuation helps the reader understand what is meant. Consider these examples:
He did not go to town because his father was absent. This means he did go to town, and the reason was not his father's absence.
He did not go to town, because his father was absent. This means he did not go to town, and the reason for not going was that his father was absent.
In the second example, no style guide will help. The writer just has to make sure that the sentence is understood as it is written. Punctuation is there to help the reader make sense of what is written. Often it is best to change the sentence so that the meaning does not rest on a comma.
He went to town, but not because his father was away. 
Because his father was away, he did not go to town.
That seems to make the meanings clear.

Period or full stop
A period (U.S.A.), full stop (U.K. and Commonwealth) or full point (typography and printing), looks like this: .

A period or stop is used to end a sentence. The period plus a space separates sentences in prose, and makes it easier to read. If they are not needed, they should not be used. So, for example, in a list format it is obvious when a section ends, therefore it does not need a full stop.

A period can show numbers that are smaller than one. With money, a period is used to show the amount of money less than one dollar.

For example: "Elizabeth bought a soda for $1.25." means that Elizabeth paid one dollar and twenty-five cents for her drink.

A period is sometimes used to show that a word has been made shorter. A word that is made shorter with a period is called an abbreviation.
For example: The words doctor or mister are often made shorter when used with a name. "Dr. Smith" is the name of a doctor whose last name is Smith, and "Mr. Banerjee" and "Mrs. Yang" are common ways of writing. However, in modern typography, plain "Mr, Mrs/Ms" or "Dr" are more common. "Mrs" is never written in full: to write  "mistress" is to mean something quite different. See also capitalization.

Comma

A comma looks like this: ,

A comma has many uses. Some of these are shown below:
To separate things in a list: "cows, horses, pigs, and sheep". A comma that is used before the word and in a list is called an Oxford comma. Some people do not use Oxford commas: "cows, horses, pigs and sheep".
To separate two sentences with a conjunction: "Most birds have separate toes, but ducks' feet are webbed."
To separate parts of a sentence: "Mimi, hungry as she was, was shy to come forward and have a slice of cake."
To indicate a pause in a sentence or question: "Hallie, did you remember to feed the cat?"
In some European countries, commas are used as the -Insert number base here- point, instead of a full stop. Instead of €3.57 it would be €3,57. In an inverse to that, €17,693 (Seventeen thousand, etc.) would be €17.693.

Question mark

A question mark looks like this: ?

Question marks are used when writing a question, to make an inquiry, or to ask something.

For example:
"Hallie, have you done your homework?"
"Elizabeth said 'How are you?' to Hallie."
"Why is the sky blue?"
"Do you like apples?"
Exclamation mark

An exclamation mark looks like this: !

An exclamation mark is used to write about a surprise or emotion, or to write the words a person shouts. It can be used to make a statement stronger or more forceful.

For example:
"What a bad cat she has!"
"Jane, come here!"
"You did a good job!"
How wonderful this city is!
Don't talk, get out!
And also an exclamation mark can be used with a question mark, to make a question more forceful.
For example:
"What did you do that for?!" she said angrily.

Apostrophe

An apostrophe looks like this: '

An apostrophe has two main uses:

Ownership
An apostrophe can be used to show that something belongs to someone else.

If there is only one thing, the letter s is used after an apostrophe to show ownership.

For example:
"It was the boy's dog."
"We will go in Mimi's car."

Sometimes the letter s is not used after an apostrophe to show ownership. A word will end with just an apostrophe if there is more than one thing and the word already ends with an s.
For example:
"Father put away the girls' clothes" means that Father had to tidy up for several girls.
"Father put away the girl's clothes" means that Father tidied up for only one girl.

Contractions
An apostrophe can be used to put two small words together. Two small words that are put together with an apostrophe to make one word are called contractions. This is normal in writing about a person speaking. Spoken English often uses contractions because these words are easier to say.

For example:
Cannot can be made into the word can't.
It is can be made into the word it's, for example, "It's a nice day today."

Common mistakes when using apostrophes
Pronouns do not use an apostrophe to show that something belongs to something else. Among these are its, his, hers, theirs.

For example:
"The bird flapped its wings," not "The bird flapped it's wings."
"It is his bike," not "It is his's bike."

Plurals (words referring to more than one thing) do not need an apostrophe.
For example:
"Apples for sale," not "Apple's for sale."

Quotation marks

Quotation marks (also called quote marks or quotes for short) are used around the words that people have said, or direct speech. They are used in pairs.

For example:
Hallie said, "Mimi, please wash the dishes."
"Today," said our teacher, "is the first day of the rest of your lives."

Example:
"After recording 'Beat It', Michael Jackson went on to record several more hits".

Order of punctuation 
When quotation marks sit next to periods and commas, there are two styles of punctuation. These two styles are most commonly referred to as "American" and "British"; the British one is also called "logical quotation".

Both systems have the same rules regarding question marks, exclamation points, colons, and semicolons. But they differ in how they treat full stops and commas.
In all major forms of English, question marks, exclamation marks, semicolons, and any other punctuation are placed inside or outside the closing quotation mark depending on whether they are part of the quoted material.

Did he say, "Good morning, Dave"?
No, he said, "Where are you, Dave?"
There are three major definitions of the word "gender": vernacular, sociological, and linguistic.
British practice 
The style in the United Kingdom and other non-American places is called British style, 
logical quotation, 
or logical punctuation. it includes inside quotation marks only those punctuation marks which appeared in the original quoted material. Otherwise it places punctuation outside the closing quotation marks. Fowler's A Dictionary of Modern English Usage provides an early example of the rule: "All signs of punctuation used with words in quotation marks must be placed according to the sense."
When dealing with words-as-words, short-form works and sentence fragments, this style places periods and commas outside the quotation marks:
"Carefree", in general, means "free from care or anxiety".
The name of the song was "Gloria", which many already knew.
She said she felt "free from care and anxiety".
With direct speech, British placing depends on whether or not the quoted statement is complete or a fragment. According to the British style guide Butcher's Copy-editing, American style should be used when writing fiction. In non-fiction, some British publishers may permit placing punctuation that is not part of the person's speech inside the quotation marks but prefer that it be placed outside. Periods and commas that are part of the person's speech are permitted inside the quotation marks regardless of whether the material is fiction.
"Today," said Cinderella, "I feel free from care and anxiety." (fiction)
"Today", said the Prime Minister, "I feel free from care and anxiety." (preferred in non-fiction)
"Today I feel happy," said the woman, "carefree, and well." (regardless)
U.S. practice 
In the United States, the common style is called American style, whereby commas and periods are almost always placed inside closing quotation marks. This style of punctuation is common in the U.S. and to a lesser extent, Canada as well., and is the style usually recommended by The Chicago Manual of Style  and most other American style guides.

When dealing with words-as-words, short-form works and sentence fragments, standard American style places periods and commas inside the quotation marks:
"Carefree," in general, means "free from care or anxiety."
The name of the song was "Gloria," which many already knew.
She said she felt "free from care and anxiety."

This style also places periods and commas inside the quotation marks when dealing with direct speech, regardless of whether the work is fiction or non-fiction:
"Today," said Cinderella, "I feel free from care and anxiety." (fiction)
"Today," said the Prime Minister, "I feel free from care and anxiety." (non-fiction)
Ending the sentence 
In both major styles, regardless of placement, only one end mark (?, !, or .) can end a sentence. Only the period, however, may not end a quoted sentence when it does not also end the enclosing sentence, except for literal text:
"Hello, world," she said. (American style)
"Hello, world", she said. (British non-fiction)
She said, "Hello, world." (both styles)
"Hello, world!" she exclaimed. (both styles)
"Is anybody out there?" she asked into the void. (both styles)

Colon

This is a colon: :

Colons can be used at the beginning of a list. "This is a list of animals: birds, cats, insects, pigs, and sheep.".

Colons can be used to replace a semicolon in between two parts of a sentence, but this is not common today.

Standard English usage is to have no spaces before, and one space after a colon.

Semicolon

A semicolon looks like this: ;
A semicolon has only two uses.  First, to connect two independent clauses into a single sentence.  For example:
"I could tell that it was getting late; it was growing darker by the second."
The second use of a semicolon is to separate items in a series when the items contain parenthetical elements within themselves.  For example:
"The following crewmembers were on the bridge: James T. Kirk, captain of the
Enterprise; Mr. Spock, first science officer; Mr. Sulu, helmsman; Mr. Scott,
engineer; and Dr. McCoy, chief medical officer."

A semicolon is also used with a conjunctive adverb when joining two clauses.  In reality, this is the same as the first rule, but it looks different enough to sometimes cause concern.
For example:
"huzaifa, context in which all life exists; consequently, it is more than a political issue."

Ellipsis

An ellipsis is a mark that looks like this: ...
It is used to show where words have been omitted when quoting what a person said. Ellipses are used in dialogue very often. They can be used to show that a sentence is incomplete, to add suspense in dialogue or text, or to show mumbling while speaking.
For example:
... one day all Americans will live peacefully throughout the world ... they will be at peace with all other world inhabitants ...
So much more could be said ...

Hyphen

A hyphen looks like this: -. Hyphens have many uses in writing:
Some words can have a hyphen added to change the meaning. For example, re-form means "start again" but reform means "change". A re-formed group is different from a reformed group.
 A hyphen is used to spell out some numbers (thirty-two, forty-nine, eighty-six).
 When a name for a material such as "stainless steel" is used with a word for a thing made of that material, a hyphen is used, as in "stainless-steel knife".
 Some words have letters at the beginning, or prefixes, these can sometimes use hyphens: un-American, anti-pollution, non-proliferation
 When spelling out a word: H-Y-P-H-E-N
 In some cases, when putting two words together would be hard to understand. For example, if something is like a shell, writing it as "shelllike" is hard to read with so many uses of the letter 'l'. It is better to use "shell-like."
 When writing words that someone has spoken when that person has difficulty speaking, as in: "I reached for the w-w-w-watering can." This is called a stammer.
When adding words that already have a hyphen. For example: two to year-old as in: "He was a two- or three-year-old dog."
 If a word for a person (a name or proper noun) is used with another name, a hyphen is used such as "the Merriam-Webster dictionary" or "the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact."
 Some people take a name from the family names of both parents, or from the last name of their father and spouse. For example: "John Rees-Williams". This is not always the case, for example: "Hillary Rodham Clinton".
 A hyphen is also used when a word is too long to fit in one row of writing. This is often done in books, magazines and newspapers to save space and paper. A long word is broken into two parts, of nearly the same length, with a hyphen at the end of the first part. The normal way is to make the first part of the word as much like a complete word as possible. For example:
References

Bibliography
Trusse, Lynne 2003. Eats, shoots, and leaves. Profile Books.
Carey G.V. 1946. Mind the stop: a brief guide to punctuation with a note on proof-correction. Cambridge University Press,
Land can mean some territory, forming part of a country. Dry land is the parts of Earth's surface not covered by the ocean or other permanent body of water. About 29% of the surface of Earth is dry land, while the rest is covered with liquid water. Land can have different types of soil; it may be covered with stones, sand, dirt, etc. Sometimes it is not clear where land ends and a body of water begins.

Amount and types of land 
The total area of Earth is about 510 million km2. About 149 million km2, which is 29% of the surface, is land. Large masses of ice called glaciers cover 15 million km2, or 10% of the land area. The biggest continuous landmasses are called continents, and smaller landmasses, surrounded by water, are called islands.
19% of land on Earth (28 million km2), is barren: without plants. This includes deserts, beaches, and rocky areas with no soil. 26% of land (39 million km2) is forests. 8% of land (12 million km2) is shrubland or grassland. 1% of land (1.5 million km2) is cities, towns, and land used for infrastructure. The remaining 34% of land (51 million km2) is used for farming: 7% (11 million km2) for crops (plants) 27% (40 million km2) for livestock (animals).

Formation of land 
Even today, some land is being formed and some land is sinking into the ocean. The surface of the earth, which includes both the land and the ocean floor, is made of large pieces of rock called tectonic plates. Continental plates are thicker and lighter, so they stay at the top and make up the land surface. Oceanic plates are thinner and heavier, so they sink down and make up the ocean surface.
Tectonic plates move over time, which is called continental drift. When two continental plates push into each other, they fold upwards to make mountains. When they move apart, they form a rift valley: the East African rift valley is forming now. Islands can be formed by volcanoes: the Hawaiian islands are a good example. Over time, land can wear away through erosion and sink below sea level. This can be seen with the Hawaiian islands, because the newer islands are taller than the older islands.

Related pages
 Geology
 Landscape
 Land (economics)

Other websites
 Conserving Land for People

References 

Basic English 850 words
Earth
Geology
Geography
Navigation
A surface is the outer part of something. Most surfaces have a width and a length, but no depth. 

Surfaces are studied in geometry.

Examples of Surfaces 
 An apple has a skin on its surface. 
 People live on the Earth's surface. 
 A piece of metal is put in red paint. The metal is taken out of the paint. After, the outside of the piece of metal is red. The parts of the metal that are now red are called the surface of the object.
 Boats move on the surface of the sea.
 Small insects can walk on the surface of the water, because of surface tension.

Notes 

Geography
Sexual slavery is a special case of slavery or forced labour. Sexual slaves are like normal slaves, except for the following:
They may have been forced into prostitution;
The people are slaves, forced to do non-sexual labour. However, sexual relations with the slaves may be permitted, or even common;
They may be forced into sexual slavery with only one master. Often the fact that they really are slaves is hidden through marriages.

This term is also used by the Vienna Declaration for the women's rights and by the name of humanitarian international law.

Sex industry
Modern-day slavery
Here is a list of currently existing top-level domains (TLDs).

References

Other websites 
 IANA's information on TLDs
 The Internet Domain Survey 

Computer-related lists
Country codes
1784 was a common year.

Events 
The Congress of the United States signs a treaty to end the American Revolutionary War.
The Methodist Church is started by John Wesley.

Births 
October 13 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain
November 24 – Zachary Taylor, 12th President of the United States

Deaths 
August 28 – Junípero Serra, Spanish missionary
December 26 – Seth Warner, American Revolutionary War leader
The following is a list of Atlantic hurricane seasons. All began on June 1 in their respective years. They ended on November 30. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the Atlantic Ocean.

The Atlantic hurricane season is the time of year that hurricanes form in the northern Atlantic Ocean. The season starts on June 1 and ends November 30. There is an average of ten tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two or three major hurricanes in the Atlantic.

The National Hurricane Center helps watch for hurricanes in the northern Atlantic and makes forecasts about were the storms will go.

Before 1800s 
 Before 1600
 17th century
 18th century

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1830–1839 
1840–1849 

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Related pages 
 List of Pacific hurricane seasons
 List of Pacific typhoon seasons

Weather lists
The following is a list of Pacific hurricane seasons. They all began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific and June 1 in the central Pacific in their respective years. There, they end on November 30. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Before the satellite age started in the 1960s, data on east Pacific hurricanes is extremely unreliable. Most east Pacific storms are of no threat to land.

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Related articles
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
List of Pacific typhoon seasons

Weather lists
The 1963 Atlantic hurricane season started on June 1, 1963, and ended in November 30, 1963.

The most famous hurricane of the season was Hurricane Flora. It was one of the most deadly. It killed 7,200 people in Haiti and Cuba.

Storms

Hurricane Arlene

A group of clouds in the central Atlantic became a tropical storm on July 31. It went to the west and it became a hurricane on August 2. The hurricane quickly became a category 2 hurricane with 100 mph (160 km/h) winds. Arlene got to Bermuda on August 9. Afterwards it got wind speeds of 100 mph (160 km/h) again that night. It got weaker until it left the tropics on August 11. No one died from it.

Hurricane Beulah
Hurricane Beulah

Before Hurricane Beulah there was a tropical wave moving in the tropical Atlantic. It was put together enough to be called a tropical depression on August 20, and it became strong enough to be called a tropical storm the next day. Beulah moved to the northwest, becoming a hurricane on the 22nd and a big hurricane on the 24th. The hurricane moved to the north.

Tropical Storm Three

A weak storm north of Puerto Rico moved northeast. It became a tropical depression on September 10. It became a tropical storm on the 11th. This small storm had 60 mph (100 km/h) winds on the 12th. That was the fastest the winds would become.

Hurricane Cindy
Hurricane Cindy

Over the Gulf of Mexico Cindy turned into a tropical storm on September 16. Cindy turned into a hurricane the next day. It did not become any stronger before it got to High Island, Texas. Cindy brought a lot of rain to southeast Texas as it moved to the southwest over the state. The hurricane weakened on the 20th, after causing $12.5 million (1963 dollars) in damage. It killed three people.

Hurricane Debra

On September 19, a tropical wave became a tropical depression in the Atlantic Ocean. It turned into a tropical storm on the 21st. It did not hit the islands as it moved north. Debra became a hurricane later on the 21st.

Hurricane Edith
Hurricane Edith

The Intertropical Convergence Zone developed a tropical depression on September 23, east of the Lesser Antilles. It moved west and it became a hurricane on the 24th. It went through the Windward Islands on the 25th as a hurricane with 95 mph (140 km/h) winds. Upper-level winds made it stay as a minimal hurricane before it got to Dominican Republic on the 27th. The island killed the hurricane. Edith was gone by the 29th. Edith killed ten people in Martinique, injured 50 people across the Caribbean, and caused $47 million in damage. It was unlucky that Hurricane Flora came just days later.

Hurricane Flora

Hurricane Flora was the deadliest hurricane of the season. It killed over 7,000 people and created hundreds of millions of dollars in damage.

Hurricane Ginny

Ginny was strange. It is one of the most recent hurricanes to make landfall near New England. It made 18 inches (50 cm) of snow over Maine. The hurricane killed 7 people and created $300,000 in damage (1963 dollars).
Tropical Storm Helena

Tropical Storm Helena formed on October 25. It reached its maximum of 50 mph (80 km/h) before it hit the Lesser Antilles. Helena's strength changed a lot for the next 3 days. Though it was weak, Helena was able to kill 5 people and create $500,000 in damage.

1963 storm names
The following names were used for tropical storms and hurricanes that formed in Atlantic in 1963. Names that were not used are marked in gray.

Retirement
The name Flora was never used again.

Related pages
 List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
1960s in weather
Sildenafil is an aphrodisiac. It is a medication that is also called Viagra, Revatio and (in the Indian subcontinent) Caverta. 

Sildenafil makes the blood vessels become wider. This lowers the blood pressure. Sildenafil mostly works in the penis and in the lungs. This medicine increases blood flow to the penis. This helps the penis become erect during sexual intercourse. Sildenafil also helps pulmonary hypertension. Because this medicine makes the blood vessels wider, it makes it easier for blood to flow. Sildenafil was patented in 1996 and first made to sell in 1998.

Related pages
 Adverse effect

References 

Human sexuality
Drugs