Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Though Qutb-ud-din Aibak started the construction of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque  which was among the earliest Muslim monuments in Delhi, he could not complete them. These architectures were later completed by his successor Shamsuddin iltumishs. He started building the "Adhai Din Ka Jhopra" (meaning "Shed of 2 and half days"), a mosque in the Ajmer city of Rajasthan, India. It was commissioned by Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak, on orders of Muhammad Ghori, in 1192 CE. It was completed in 1199 CE, and further beautified by Iltutmish of Delhi in 1213 CE.
He constructed many other architecture.

Death and succession
In 1210, Qutb-ud-din Aibak died in an unexpected manner, while playing polo.

He was buried in Lahore near the Anarkali Bazaar. He was succeeded by Shamsuddin Iltutmish, another slave who rose to the level of a Sultan, thus extending the Slave/Mamluk Dynasty. He wasn't interested in expanding his territory instead wanted to settle problems in his present empire.

Related pages
 List of notable Lahoris
References

1150s births
1210 deaths
Indian Muslims
Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
Indian monarchs
Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori () (1149 – March 15, 1206) was sultan of the Ghurid Empire. He ruled from 1173 to 1202 along with his brother Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad. He also ruled from 1202 to 1206. He was known as Muhammad of Ghor. His birth name was Shihab ad-Din.

Mu'izz ad-Din was one of greatest ruler of the Ghurid dynasty. He is also known as founder of Muslim rule in Indian subcontinent. He ruled over a large part of subcontinent, which is now part of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, north India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan.
Early life 
Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad was born in 1149 in the Ghor region, which is now Afghanistan. The exact date of his birth is unknown. His father, Baha al-Din Sam I, was the local ruler of the Ghor region at that time. Mu'izz also had an elder brother named Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad. During their early life, Mu'izz and Ghiyath were imprisoned by their uncle Ala al-Din Husayn, but were later released by their uncle's son Sayf al-Din Muhammad. When Sayf died in 1163, the Ghurid nobles supported Ghiyath as their leader, and helped him to took over the throne. Ghiyath shortly gave Mu'izz control over Istiyan and Kajuran. However, the throne was challenged by many Ghurid chiefs during which Mu'izz helped his brother Ghiyath in defeating and killing a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas.

References 

1206 deaths
1149 births
Ghurid dynasty
Vincent Anthony "Vince" Vaughn (born March 28, 1970) is an American movie actor.

Movies

References 

1970 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Minneapolis
Actors from Chicago
Comedians from Minneapolis
Comedians from Chicago
Owen Cunningham Wilson (born November 18, 1968) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor, comedian, producer and screenwriter.

Early life
Wilson was born in Dallas, to photographer Laura (Cunningham) Wilson and Robert Andrew Wilson. He has an older brother, Andrew, and a younger brother, Luke. Both brothers are also involved in movie making.

Wilson went to the University of Texas at Austin. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English.

Personal life
The Sheryl Crow album C'mon C'mon has the song "Safe and Sound". The liner notes say it is about Wilson and Crow's relationship.

On August 26, 2007, Wilson was taken to St. John's Health Center. It was reported as a suicide attempt. He was later moved to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. His lawyer later said that Wilson had depression. A few days later, Wilson withdrew from starring in Tropic Thunder.
He dated Kate Hudson in 2006. The pair broke up. It was widely reported that he tried to commit suicide in 2007 after the relationship with Hudson ended. In 2008, it was reported the pair were to marry. However the two would again break up and make up a number of times over 2008 and 2009.

On January 10, 2011, Wilson's representative said that Wilson and his girlfriend, Jade Duell, were expecting a baby. Just four days later, on January 14, it was Duell gave birth in Hawaii to a baby boy, Robert Ford Wilson.

Wilson is a fan of several Dallas-area professional sports teams. He has been spotted at Dallas Cowboys, Dallas Mavericks and Texas Rangers games. He is also a supporter of the English football team Chelsea F.C..

Wilson's bumped nose is because he broke it twice. Once was during a high school fight, and once playing football with friends.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Music videos

References
References

Actors from Dallas
American movie actors
Screenwriters from Texas
Writers from Dallas
1968 births
Living people
People's Choice Award winners
Luke Cunningham Wilson (born September 21, 1971) is an American movie actor.

Movies 

1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Dallas
Seth Aaron Rogen (born April 15, 1982) is a Canadian actor, comedian, director, producer, and writer.

Early life
Rogen was born on April 15, 1982, in Vancouver, British Columbia. His parents are Sandy Belogus and Mark Rogen.

Influences
Rogen stated comedians like Kevin Smith, Judd Apatow, John Belushi and Adam Sandler as influences.

Filmography

References 

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Vancouver
Canadian comedians
Canadian Jews
Canadian movie actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television actors
Canadian television directors
Canadian television producers
Canadian television writers
Canadian voice actors
Jewish actors
Writers from British Columbia
John Christopher Reilly (born May 24, 1965) is an Academy Award- and two-time Golden Globe-nominated American actor, comedian, singer and writer.

Other websites 

1965 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
DePaul University alumni
Actors from Chicago
Comedians from Chicago
Rainn Dietrich Wilson (born January 20, 1966) is an Emmy-nominated and Screen Actors Guild Award-winning American actor. He is known for his roles as the egomaniacal Dwight Schrute on the American television sitcom The Office.

Wilson follows the Bahá'í Faith, and has spoken publicly about other Bahá'ís who have been punished in Iran for being Bahá'ís.

References

Other websites

Actors from Seattle
American television actors
American television directors
1966 births
Living people
Bahá'ís
American bloggers
Characters
Michael Scott is played by Steve Carell
Dwight Schrute is played by Rainn Wilson
Andy Bernard is played by Ed Helms
Pam Halpert is played by Jenna Fischer
Jim Halpert is played by John Krasinski
Stanley Hudson is played by Leslie David Baker
Phyllis Lapin-Vance is played by Phyllis Smith
Angela Martin is played by Angela Kinsey
Kevin Malone is played by Brian Baumgartner
Oscar Martinez is played by Oscar Nunez
Erin Hannon is played by Ellie Kemper
Ryan Howard is played by B. J. Novak
Meredith Palmer is played by Kate Flannery 
Creed Bratton is played by Creed Bratton 
Toby Flenderson is played by Paul Lieberstein
Kelly Kapoor is played by Mindy Kaling 
Darryl Philbin is played by Craig Robinson
Nellie Bertram is played by Catherine Tate
Karen Filippelli is played by Rashida Jones
Holly Flax is played by Amy Ryan
Robert California is played by James Spader
Jo Bennett is played by Kathy Bates
Gabe Lewis is played by Zach Woods
Hank the security guard is played by Hugh Dane
Jan Levinson is played by Melora Hardin
David Wallace is played by Andy Buckley
2005 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
2000s American workplace television series
2000s satirical television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s American workplace television series
2010s satirical television series
American satirical television series
American television series based on British television series
American workplace comedy television series
Emmy Award winning programs
NBC network shows
Office comedy television series
Peabody Award winners
Pennsylvania in fiction
Scranton, Pennsylvania
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
English-language television programs
Kevin George Knipfing (born April 26, 1965), known professionally as Kevin James, is an American comedian and Emmy Award-nominated actor. He is known for his portrayal of lead character Doug Heffernan on the television sitcom The King Of Queens, and Eric Lamonsoff in Grown Ups and Grown Ups 2.

1965 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York (state)
Comedians from New York (state)
Mark Richard Hamill (born September 25, 1951) is an American actor and writer. He is known for his portrayal of Luke Skywalker in the original Star Wars trilogy (1977–1983), the Star Wars sequel trilogy (2015–2019), and for voicing The Joker in almost all animated Batman television series or animated movies.

Career

Voice acting 
Hamill has gained a reputation as a voice actor. He first did voice acting work in the early 1970s voicing the character Corey Anders on the Saturday morning cartoon Jeannie by Hanna-Barbera Productions. He later played Sean in the Ralph Bakshi film Wizards, which was released just three months before Star Wars in 1977. In addition Hamill has also provided the voice for Fire Lord Ozai in Avatar: The Last Airbender, and Chanukah Zombie on Futurama. He also provided the voice of Chucky in the 2019 reboot of the franchise.
Writing 
Hamill is the co-writer of The Black Pearl, a comic book miniseries published by Dark Horse Comics. He wrote an introduction to the Trade Paperback Batman: Riddler Two-Face which reprints various stories involving The Riddler and Two-Face to tie in with Batman Forever. He has also written several stories for Simpsons Comics, including "Catastrophe in Substitute Springfields!", which parodies DC's Crisis on Infinite Earths and also references several other classic comics.

Other work 
Hamill directed and starred in the 2004 direct-to-DVD Comic Book: The Movie. A comic book fan who attended science fiction and comic conventions before he became famous, Hamill stated that his character was based on an exaggerated version of himself. He and his crew shot most of the mockumentary film during the 2002 San Diego Comic-Con, and enlisted Stan Lee, Kevin Smith, Bruce Campbell and Hugh Hefner in small roles. The movie won an award for Best Live-Action DVD Premiere Movie at the 2005 DVD Exclusive Awards.
Personal life 
Hamill married dentist Marilou York in a private civil ceremony on December 17, 1978. They have three children together: Nathan (born September 25, 1979), Griffin (born March 4, 1983), and Chelsea Elizabeth (born July 27, 1988) On January 11, 1977, Hamill was in a car accident in which he fractured his nose and left cheekbone, requiring seven hours of surgery. According to Hamill in a recorded interview, he was driving his BMW on a freeway and became distracted, and seeing that he was missing his offramp, tried to negotiate four lanes of traffic (some real scars from the crash made an appearance in The Empire Strikes Back).

References

Other websites 
 Mark Hamill at the Internet Movie Database

1951 births
Living people
Actors from Oakland, California
Actors who played the Joker
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
Listed are all the major cities in France (population 20,000+)

France
France
Francis Michael "Whitey" Wistert (born February 20, 1912 in Chicago,  Illinois, died April 23, 1985 in Painesville, Ohio) was an American football and baseball player. He played college football for the University of Michigan Wolverines. He was added into the College Football Hall of Fame after he was elected to it in 1967. He and his two brothers are three of the seven players who have had their uniform numbers retired by Michigan Wolverines football. While at college, Wistert helped Michigan win the Big Ten Conference football championship in 1931, 1932, and 1933. He was also Big Ten Most Valuable Player in college baseball. He later played for the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball.

College athletics 
Wistert graduated from Chicago's Schurz High School in 1929. He attended the University of Michigan where he was an athlete in both football and baseball in 1931, 1932, and 1933.
The Wistert brothers of Michigan 
Wistert played for the Michigan Wolverines before his two brothers, Al Wistert and Alvin Wistert, did. All three Wistert brothers wore the number 11 for the Wolverines football team, and all three were members of the College Football All-America team, which is the best players through all of the United States.  When interviewed by the Detroit News in 2004, brother Alvin Wistert said, "And if I'm not mistaken I think this is unprecedented in the  of college football: that three brothers all would go to the same school, all played football.  All played tackle, all wore the same number 11, all made All-American.  Two of us played on four national championship teams. They all made it into the College Football Hall of Fame."
The Wistert brothers grew up on the northwest side of Chicago and were the sons of a Lithuanian family.  Their father was a Spanish-American War veteran, who later died while working for the Chicago Police Department.  Brother Alvin Wistert said that their father, "was born Casmir Vistertus and he Anglicized it when he came to America to Wistert."

The story of the Wistert brothers at Michigan began when Whitey's Carl Schurz High School school-mate John Kowalik was invited to visit the University of Michigan. At the time, Whitey Wistert "was working in a factory building Majestic radios."  Kowalik took Whitey with him on his visit Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Alvin Wistert later said, "that's how it started: the Wisterts of Michigan."
Football 
As a football player, Wistert played for National Championship teams that never lost a game in 1932 and 1933  and was a chosen All-American in 1933. The 1934 University of Michigan yearbook, the Michiganensian, had this to say by Grantland Rice: "Wistert was unanimously selected as the best tackle in the Middle-West this year.  He was an important part of Michigan's defensive line play.  He was a very good tackler and it was nearly impossible to fool him on trick plays.  He was keen, quick, and accurate in finding out how a play would happen." Wistert and Chuck Bernard were the leaders of the 1933 offensive line when the team went 7-0-1 with a tie to the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers.
One of Wistert's teammates on the 1932 and 1933 Michigan football teams was Gerald Ford who later became the U.S. President. In an interview in the February 1974 copy of Michigan Alumnus, Wistert said about Ford: "He was a real good competitor—a real bulldog type. Even during a losing year, he was voted team Most Valuable Player by his teammates, because they believed he was someone who could stay and fight even when they lose." In 1936, he was a member Michigan football coaching staff of Coach Harry Kipke.
Baseball 
Wistert earned varsity letters in baseball three years. He was chosen as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten Conference in 1934.  The 1934 Michiganensian yearbook wrote that the final game of the baseball season was a 4–0 shutout by Wistert against the University of Chicago Maroon. It wrote, "Wistert, for the Wolves, allowed only five well- hits during the game. Although Whitey Wistert walked four men, he more than off-set this by striking out nine of the Maroons to face him."  Wistert also allowed, as the pitcher, Ohio State four hits in a game.
Professional baseball 
Wistert, still being a minor league baseball player, played for a short while in Major League Baseball, playing in three games for the Cincinnati Reds between September 11, 1934 and September 25, 1934.  In two times he pitched, Wistert let only one run in eight innings, for a career earned run average of 1.13.  Though, in the three times he batted, he went did not hit the ball, so he struck out twice.  Although he only played for a short while in Major League Baseball, Wistert played five years of professional baseball. Fellow 1933 Michigan Wolverines football All-American, Ted Petoskey also debuted for the Reds in September 1934.

Honors 
Wistert became part of the College Football Hall of Fame in 1967, one year before his brother Albert did so. In 1981, he was named to the University of Michigan Hall of Honor in the fourth class of Hall of Fame joiners with his brothers. Only five other Michigan football players earned this honor before him.
Non-athletic 
Wistert became a New York lawyer after he retired from sports. He went on to become a vice president of an industrial relations in Toledo, Ohio. He was United States Navy lieutenant in World War II.

Notes

Other websites 
Whitey Wistert at baseball-reference.com
Whitey Wistert at baseball-almanac.com
College Football Hall of Fame Bio 
Top 100 Michigan Football players

1912 births
1985 deaths
American baseball players
College Football Hall of Fame
Sportspeople from Chicago
American football defensive tackles
Cincinnati Reds players
Brest is a town in France. It is in the Finistère department and the Brittany region. Its population in 1999 was around 150,000. Even if it is by far the largest town in Finistère it is not the prefecture (Quimper is).

Twin towns 
Brest is twinned with:
  Cádiz, Spain  (1986)
  Constanţa, Romania  (1993)
  Denver, Colorado, United States  (1956)
  Dún Laoghaire, Ireland  (1984)
  Kiel, Germany  (1964)
  Plymouth, United Kingdom  (1963)
  Saponé, Burkina Faso  (1989)
  Taranto, Italy  (1964)
  Yokosuka, Japan  (1970)

Mayors 
 1959-1973 : Georges Lombard.
 1973-1977 : Eugène Berest.
 1977-1982 : Francis Le Blé.
 1982-1983 : Pierre Maille.
 1983-1985 : Jacques Berthelot.
 1985-1989 : Georges Kerbrat.
 1989-2001 : Pierre Maille again.
 2001- : François Cuillandre.

Education 
 École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne

Other websites 
 City of Brest
St John's Innovation Centre (SJIC) is a famous company which helps small companies to grow. It is in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. It was started in 1987 in St John’s College, Cambridge, near the Cambridge Science Park.

Other websites
Official website
SJIC  at Cambridge Network
News on BBC
Some info at The World Bank
SJIC’ pictures

Organisations based in Cambridge
Companies of England
1987 establishments in England
St John's College is a college of the University of Cambridge. It was started by Lady Margaret Beaufort in 1511. It is geographically one of the largest colleges of the University of Cambridge, and the third largest in terms of its membership. It is the second richest of all the Oxbridge colleges. The college is also known for its famous choir.

Other websites 

 St Johns College on Google maps
 St John's College
 Choir of St John's College webcasts
 A history of St John's choir school and choristers 
 St John's College JCR Website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
The Cambridge Science Park is a group of science and technology-related businesses started by Trinity College, Cambridge in 1970. It is the oldest science park in the United Kingdom. It has many science and technology related businesses, and has strong links with the nearby University of Cambridge.

Other websites
Cambridge Science Park

1970 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Cambridgeshire
The Lauterpacht Centre for International Law (LCIL) at the Faculty of Law, Cambridge, England, was founded in 1985 by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht under the name The Research Centre for International Law. It was renamed in 1997 “to honour the achievements of his father Sir Hersch Lauterpacht and himself”. The purpose of the centre is to "promote international law by a combination of individual and group research”. The centre is currently directed by Professor James Crawford SC, FBA.

Other websites
Lauterpacht Centre for International Law
On the Cambridge Graduate Studies Prospectus

Cambridgeshire
Sir Hersch Lauterpacht (16 August 1897 in Zółkiew, Austria-Hungary (nowadays Schowkwa in Ukraine) – 8 May 1960 in London) was an Austrian-born British jurist of Jewish descent. He was a legal scholar, specialized in international law and a philosopher of law, and also a judge and a lawyer.

Life
Lauterpacht was born in Austrian Galicia, which became Polish after World War I. He studied in Lemberg and in Vienna. During this time he was the first president of the World Federation of Jewish Students. He moved to the United Kingdom in 1923, where he studied at the London School of Economics. He became a British citizen in 1931. 

He lectured at several British universities like the London School of Economics, the University of London, and the University of Cambridge.
Lauterpacht was a member of the United Nations' International Law Commission from 1952 to 1954, and a Judge of the International Court of Justice from 1955 to 1960. The Lauterpacht Centre for International Law at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom is named after him. His son Elihu Lauterpacht started the center and was its first director.

References 
 Hersch Lauterpacht. 1897–1960. Arnold Duncan McNair. Oxford University Press, London 1962

Other websites
 Sir Hersch Lauterpacht 1897-1960 
 Judge Schwebel's Memories About Sir Hersch 
 Tributes from Hans Kelsen and Lord McNair to Sir Hersch Lauterpacht 

 

1897 births
1960 deaths
20th-century British philosophers
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Austrian Jews
British lawyers
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish judges
Jewish lawyers
Jurists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Polish Jews
Zionists
Painesville is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States, along the Grand River.

Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
The College Football Hall of Fame is a hall of fame and museum for college football. It is in downtown Atlanta, GA in the United States.

Inductees
The people in the College Football Hall of Fame (also called Inductees) include:
Whitey Wistert
Solid mechanics is the branch of mechanics, physics, and mathematics that concerns itself with how solid matter under external actions works  (such as external forces, temperature changes, applied displacements, etc.). It is part of a larger study known as continuum mechanics. One of the most common practical applications of solid mechanics is the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation.
The Chicago Police Department, also known as Chicago P.D. and the CPD, is the main law enforcement agency of the City of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States, under the jurisdiction of the city mayor. It is the largest police department in the Midwest and the second largest in the United States after the New York City Police Department with over 13,600 sworn officers and over 2,600 other employees. Dating back to 1837, the Chicago Police Department is one of the oldest modern police forces in the world.

Law enforcement agencies of the United States
Chicago
1855 establishments in Illinois
Lady Margaret Beaufort (May 31, 1443 – June 29, 1509), of the House of Lancaster, was the mother of King Henry VII of England, and grandmother of Henry VIII. She was an important figure in the Wars of the Roses. Lady Margaret Hall, a college of the University of Oxford, is named after her.

Other websites 
 A short profile of Margaret alongside other influential women of her time
 Catholic Encyclopedia article
 Margaret Beaufort's patronage of theatre and/or music 
 The school that was established in honour of Lady Margaret Beaufort's will 

1443 births
1509 deaths
People from Bedfordshire
English nobility
The Chicago Tribune Silver Football is awarded by the Chicago Tribune to the college football player chosen to be the Most Valuable Player of the Big Ten Conference.

Other websites 
Official page from the Chicago Tribune

American football awards
Big Ten Conference
A science park is a property designed and used for supporting high tech, science, or research related businesses. Science parks are found all over the world, but they mostly exist in developed countries. Over 140 are found in North America alone.

Other websites

 UK Science Park Association
 International Association of Science Parks

Buildings and structures
Science
Oxbridge is a word that is used to mean the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge in England. It used to mean a fictional mix of the two universities, but now refers to both in real life.  

The word 'Oxbridge' started because the two universities are very similar:
 They are the two oldest universities in England; both were started more than 800 years ago.
 They were the only universities in England until the 19th century.
 Between them they have produced a large number of Britain's most well known scientists, writers, and politicians, as well as famous people in many other jobs.
 Also, they both share a similar college system, as each university is made up of separate colleges.

The competition between Oxford and Cambridge also has a long history, dating back to the days when Cambridge was founded by unsatisfied scholars from Oxford.

References

Other websites
 University of Cambridge
 University of Oxford
 The Oxbridge boat race
 The Varsity Match
University of Cambridge
University of Oxford
Nîmes is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region. Nîmes dates back to Ancient Rome.

History 
Nîmes was an important Roman town. Many sites have been discovered, including:
 The temple of Diane
 The Maison Carrée
 The Nîmes amphitheatre, the best-preserved in France.

The town was supplied with water by the Pont du Gard.

Sister cities
Nîmes is twinned with:
  Preston, United Kingdom, since 1955.
  Verona, Italy, since 1960.
  Braunschweig, Germany, since 1962.
  Prague, Czech Republic, since 1967.
  Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany, since 1976.
  Salamanca, Spain, since 1979.
  Rishon LeZion, Israel, since 1986.
  Meknes, Morocco, since 2005.
A Lieutenant is an officers rank in the military, police and fire departments. It is an entry level supervisory position. The word comes from the French language. Lieu means "place" and tenant means "holding". A lieutenant is someone who takes the place of a superior when that person is not available. It can also mean a deputy position to assist someone else to carry out their job.

Military 
In many military organizations, a lieutenant is an entry level commissioned officer's rank. Generally, but not always, it is divided into two levels.
Second Lieutenant 
A second lieutanant (2LT) (2ndLt) (2d Lt) (O1) is the lower rank of lieutanant. A second lieutenant is addressed as "lieutenant" the same as a first lieutenant. In the United States Army, for example, a second lieutenant leads a platoon made up of two or more squads or about 16 to 44 soldiers. In this capacity he or she functions as a platoon leader or commander. The length of time an officer can hold the rank of second lieutenant is different in different services. For example, in the British Army it may be held for up to 2 years.

First Lieutenant 
A first lieutenant (1LT) (1stLt) (1st Lt) (O2) is the senior rank of lieutenant. A first lieutenant is also addressed as "lieutenant". In the army, a first lieutenant often functions as the executive officer of a Company (military unit). A company may have from 110 to 140 personnel. In the British Army, an officer may hold this rank for up to three years.
There is great variation in the insignia used worldwide. In most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, as well as a number of European and South American nations, full lieutenants (and equivalents) usually wear two stars (pips) and second lieutenants (and equivalents) one. An example of an exception is the United States, whose armed forces distinguish their lieutenant ranks with one silver bar for first lieutenant and one gold (brass) bar for second lieutenant.

In many Navies including the United States Navy, a lieutenant is the equivalent rank to an army captain and a lieutenant (junior grade) is the same as an army first lieutenant. The equivalent to a second lieutenant is the naval rank of ensign.

Related pages 
 Lieutenant commander
 Lieutenant colonel
 Lieutenant general
 Lieutenant governor

References

Other websites 
 British Army Officer Ranks; YouTube
 All US Military Ranks; YouTube
 On Being: A 2nd Lieutenant; YouTube 

Military ranks
Trinity College is a college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Trinity has more students than any other college in Cambridge or Oxford. It is also the wealthiest Oxbridge college. It owns the O2 Arena. It is one of the three royal colleges.

Trinity College was formed by King Henry VIII in 1564 when two colleges merged together.  These two colleges were Michaelhouse, which had been formed by Hervey de Stanton in 1324, and King's Hall, which had been formed by King Edward II in 1317 and formed again in 1337 by King Edward III.

Two members of the British royal family and six British prime ministers have studied at Trinity College.

Of the 90 people from Cambridge who have won Nobel prizes, 32 were from Trinity College.

Famous people who have studied there include Isaac Newton (who went there in 1661), Charles III and Ludwig Wittgenstein.

The first time that the rules of association football were written down was at Trinity in 1848.
Trinity College's Wren Library is the biggest library at Cambridge. It has around 300,000 books and is open to the public.

References
The story of Trinity, "The Independent" 14 July 2009 p. 10

Other websites

Trinity College, Cambridge official website
Trinity College, Cambridge students' union (TCSU) website
Trinity B.A. Society 
Trinity College May Ball website
Undergraduates' Perspective of Trinity 
Trinity College on Google maps
Trinity College Isaac Newton Trust 

1546 establishments in England
Cambridgeshire
Colleges of the University of Cambridge
Albert Alexander "Ox" Wistert (December 28, 1920 – March 5, 2016) was a former All-Pro American football player. He played college football at the University of Michigan with the Wolverines. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

He played in the National Football League for the Phil-Pitt Steagles in 1943 and the Philadelphia Eagles from 1944 to 1951. He is named on the Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll.

He has his college jersey #11 retired at the University of Michigan and his NFL jersey #70 retired by the Philadelphia Eagles. Outside of football he has become a successful life insurance salesman which he had for 40 years. He was married to his wife Ellie for 61 years before her death and he has three daughters and three grandchildren.

Wistert died on March 5, 2016 in Grants Pass, Oregon. He was aged 95.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
Sportspeople from Chicago
Philadelphia Eagles players
American football offensive tackles
Alvin "Moose" Wistert (June 26, 1916 – October 3, 2005) was an American Football player.

American football offensive tackles
Sportspeople from Chicago
1916 births
2005 deaths
The Detroit News is one of the two major newspapers in the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan.

Newspapers in the United States
Janusz “John” Kowalik (born 26 March, 1944 in Nowy Sącz) was a Polish football striker.

Polish footballers
1944 births
Living people
A veteran (from the Latin word vetus, meaning old) is a person who has a long experience in something. The term is most often used to describe people who were in the armed forces, especially those who had to fight in a war.

Veterans associations

United Kingdom
The Royal British Legion began in 1921 after the First World War.

United States
At the end of the American Revolution Army and Navy Officers formed the Society of the Cincinnati. After the US Civil War Veterans from the opposing sides formed their own associations:
Union
Military Order of the Loyal Legion 
Grand Army of the Republic 

Confederate:
United Confederate Veterans

After the Spanish-American War of 1898 Veterans formed an associations which still exists, called the Veterans of Foreign Wars. After World War I veterans formed the American Legion
There is also the:
AMVETS - American Veterans organization, also "American Veterans of WW2 and Korea", and later Vietnam
DAV - Disabled American Veterans organization-for veterans who were disabled by their military service
Marine Corps League - United States Marine veterans organization
Veterans organizations are also made up of different branches of the armed services - such as the Army; Navy, USMC or USAF or by units such as ships or divisions or regiments

References

Military terminology
Besançon is a city in France. It was the capital of the former Free County (Franche-Comté) region. It is the prefecture of the Doubs department. Its population is around 117,600 (2008).

History
Besançon is an old city. It is discovered in 58 BC and Julius Caesar writes about it in his book Commentarii de Bello Gallico where it is called Vesontio. The etymology (origin of the word) is not certain. It could have a Celtic origin. The Celtic word wes means mountain. In the 4th century, the letter B became V. The city name changed to Besontio or Bisontion. It became Besançon in 1243. In 1871 the city is going through a revolutionary period, known as Besançon Commune.

The city has a Renaissance citadel. It was later used by the Nazis during World War II.
Climate 
Besançon has an oceanic climate and a continental climate. The average temperature is 10.2 °C (50 °F). The warmest month of the year is July (18.9 °C or 66 °F) and the coldest month is January (1.6 °C or 35 °F). Besançon receives about 1108 mm (44 inches) of precipitation per year. The wettest month is May (111.4 mm or 4.4 in); the driest is July (80.5 mm or 3.2 in). The highest temperature ever, recorded on 31 July 1983, was 38.8 °C (101.8 °F), and the lowest was a −20.7 °C (−5.3 °F) reached on 1 January 1985.

Monuments
 Besançon Cathedral
 Synagogue of Besançon
 Jewish cemetery of Besançon

Éducation 
 École nationale supérieure de mécanique et des microtechniques

Sister cities
Sister cities

Besançon is twinned with:
  Tver, Russia
  Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
  Kuopio, Finland
  Huddersfield – Kirklees, United Kingdom
  Bielsko-Biała, Poland
  Neuchâtel, Switzerland
  Bistriţa, Romania
  Pavia, Italy
  Hadera, Israel
  Douroula, Burkina Faso
  Man, Côte d'Ivoire
  Charlottesville – Virginia, United States

 
Former regional capitals in France
Imperial free cities
50s BC establishments
The Hunter Valley is an area of New South Wales, Australia. The Hunter River flows through the valley. The Hunter Valley is one of the largest river valleys on the NSW coast. It is known for its wineries and coal mines. It is about  to  and less than 2 hours drive from north of Sydney, Australia. About 590,000 people live in the valley. More than half of the people live in the coastal cities of Newcastle and Lake Macquarie. There are also other towns and villages across the valley. There are 11 Local Government Areas that look after the area. These eleven LGAs are:

Cessnock City Council
Dungog Shire Council
Gloucester Shire Council
Great Lakes Council
Lake Macquarie City Council
Maitland City Council
Muswellbrook Shire Council
Newcastle City Council
Port Stephens Council
Singleton Shire Council
Upper Hunter Shire Council

References

Notes

Regions of New South Wales
Valleys
Wine regions of Australia
Mulhouse is a commune in Alsace in north-eastern France, in the Haut-Rhin department, of which it is a subprefecture. It is in the Grand Est region.

The commune is in the historical and cultural region of Alsace, close to the Swiss and German borders.

History 
Mulhouse dates back to the XIIth century.
Medieval Mulhouse consists of an upper and a lower town.
 The upper town developed from the 18th century on. 
 The lower town used to be the quarter of merchants and craftsmen. It developed around the Place de la Réunion (which commemorates its reunion with France). Nowadays this area is for pedestrians.

Geography
Mulhouse is in the southern part of the plain of Alsace in the Haut-Rhin department. Two rivers run through Mulhouse, the Doller and the Ill, both tributaries of the Rhine.

It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
The distances from Mulhouse to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital - ;
 Strasbourg, the regional capital - ;
 Marseille - ;
 Lyon - ;
 Reims - ;
 Bordeaux - ;
 Toulouse - ;
 Montpellier - ;
 Nice - .

The commune of Mulhouse is surrounded by the communes Riedisheim, Rixheim, Morschwiller-le-Bas and Pfastatt.

Climate
The area around Mulhouse, at an altitude of about , is characterized by climates with few extremes of temperature. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Strasbourg is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Mulhouse is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Mulhouse is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Population
Population

The inhabitants of Mulhouse are known, in French, as Mulhousiens (women: Mulhousiennes).

With a population of 111,167, Mulhouse has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Mulhouse

Mulhouse forms, together with 19 other communes, the urban area of Mulhouse with a population of 246,693 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Mulhouse, formed by 60 communes with a population of 285,603 inhabitants and an area of .

Administration
Mulhouse is a subprefecture of the Haut-Rhin department since 1857. It is the capital of the Mulhouse arrondissement and is also the administrative centre () of 3 cantons:
 Mulhouse-1, formed with a part of Mulhouse, with 40,752 inhabitants (2014).
 Mulhouse-2, formed with a part of Mulhouse, with 42,558 inhabitants (2014).
 Mulhouse-3, formed with a part of Mulhouse and the commune Illzach, with 42,305 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération.

Twin towns 
Mulhouse is twinned with:
 Walsall, England, since 1953
 Antwerp, Belgium, since 1956
 Kassel, Germany, since 1965
 Bergamo, Italy, since 1989
 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
 Chemnitz, Germany, since 1990
 Giv'atayim, Israel, since 1991
 Timişoara, Romania, since 1991 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Arkhangelsk, Russia, since 1992
 El Khroub, Algeria, since 1999 (Coopération décentralisée)
 Sofara, Mali, since 2003 (Coopération décentralisée)

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Mulhouse
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Mulhouse - Official site 
 Official website of the Tourist Office of Mulhouse and its region
Boulogne-Billancourt (often called Boulogne or Boulbi) is a town in the western suburbs of Paris in France. Boulogne-Billancourt is a sub-prefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine département. It is in the Île-de-France region. Its population is around 106,000. Its land area is 6.17 km². Its population density is 17,877/km².

Boulogne-Billancourt is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. Several major communication companies headquarters are in Boulbi. The hospital Ambroise-Paré Hospital is in the city and one campus of the École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers.
Perpignan () is a city in the south of France. It is also a commune and the capital of the Pyrénées-Orientales department. Perpignan was the capital of the old province and county of Roussillon (Rosselló in Catalan) and continental capital of the Kingdom of Majorca in the 13th and 14th centuries.

Perpignan was named, from 2001, as a City of Art and History () by the French Ministry of Culture and Communication.

Name of the city 
Perpignan is mentioned in a document from 927 as Villa Perpinianum. Later, there are other, but similar, names:
 Villa Perpiniano (959)
 Pirpinianum (11th century)
 Perpiniani (1176)
 Perpenyà (13th century); this form was the most common until the 15th century and was used even during the 17th century.

In Catalan, the regional language of the Pyrénées-Orientales, the name of the city is .

History
History

Middle Ages
The medieval town of Perpignan seems to have been founded around the beginning of the 10th century (first mentioned in a document as villa Perpinianum in 927). Soon Perpignan became the capital of the County of Roussillon. The last Count of Rossillon, Girard II, gave his lands in 1172 to the King of Aragón and Count of Barcelona.

Perpignan was made a partly self-governing commune in 1197. The French king Louis IX gave the Roussillon to the Kingdom of Aragón by the Treaty of Corbeil (1258).

Kingdom of Majorca
When James I the Conqueror, king of Aragon and count of Barcelona, founded in 1229 the Kingdom of Majorca, Perpignan became the capital of the territory on the mainland. This continued from 1278 to 1344. The Castle of the Kings of Majorca () was built during this period. The different parts of the kingdom were the Balearic Islands, Northern Catalonia (Roussillon and Cerdagne) and the coastal area of Montpellier.
This period is considered the golden age in the history of the city. Perpignan became an important center of cloth industry, leather and goldsmiths' and other crafts.

Principality of Catalonia
In 1344 Peter IV of Aragon took the Kingdom of Majorca and Perpignan once more became part of the County of Barcelona. A few years later Perpignan lost approximately half of its population to the Black Death.  Perpignan was attacked and occupied by Louis XI of France in 1463, but in 1493 Charles VIII of France gave it back to Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Again Perpignan was taken by the French during the Thirty Years' War in September 1642. Perpignan was finally given by Spain to France, and from then on it is part of France.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Perpignan shows, as is the case in other cities in the region, the patron saint of the city. Here St John the Baptist is represented in front of the Catalan colours (yellow and red) with a lamb and a Christian cross in his hands, and walking above water.
Geography
Perpignan is at the centre of Roussillon, an old province organized around an agricultural plain. The city is at approximately  from the Mediterranean Sea and about  from the Pyrenees mountain range.

It has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Perpignan is in the valley of the Têt river, in the Roussillon plain which is bordered to the south by the Pyrenees, to the west by the region of Corbières and to the east by the Mediterranean Sea. The old city is on the right side of the Têt river, where the small river La Basse joins the Têt.

It is the southernmost of the great cities of metropolitan France ().
The cities of Pia and Cabestany are now part of Perpignan, while Bompas, Saleilles, Canohès, Toulouges, Le Soler, Baho, Saint-Estève and Rivesaltes are all close to the city limits. Nearest cities are Narbonne to the north (65 km), Montpellier towards the northeast (150 km), Barcelona to the south (190 km) and Toulouse to the northwest (200 km). The distance to Paris is .

Climate
The climate of Perpignan is a warm Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters and dry summers and warm.

The average temperature for the year in Perpignan is 15.6 °C (60.0 °F). The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of 23.9 °C (75.0 °F). The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 8.3 °C (47.0 °F).

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Perpignan is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

Population
Population

The men of Perpignan are called perpignanais (women, perpignanaises); in Catalan, perpinyanès for a man and perpinyanesa for a woman.

In Perpignan, both French and Catalan are spoken, as can be seen in the street signs.

With a population in 2014 of 120,605, Perpignan has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Perpignan

Perpignan forms with 66 communes the urban area of Perpignan with a population of 313,861 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . The centre of this urban area is the metropolitan area of Perpignan, formed by 15 communes with a population of 197,715 inhabitants and an area of .
Administration 
Perpignan is the prefecture of the Pyrénées-Orientales department since 1790. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Perpignan and the administrative centre () of six cantons: 
 Perpignan-1 : part of Perpignan, with 28,922 inhabitants  (2014)
 Perpignan-2 : 3 communes (Bompas, Sainte-Marie, Villelongue-de-la-Salanque) + part of Perpignan, with 29,798 inhabitants (2014)
 Perpignan-3 : 1 commune (Cabestany) + part of Perpignan, with 25,633 inhabitants (2014) 
 Perpignan-4 : part of Perpignan, with 23,862 inhabitants  (2014)
 Perpignan-5 : 1 commune (Canohès) + part of Perpignan, with 25,119 inhabitants (2014)
 Perpignan-6 : 1 commune (Toulouges) + part of Perpignan, with 23,969 inhabitants (2014)

It is part of the intercommunality Perpignan Méditerranée ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Perpignan is twinned with:
Twinned towns
  Hanover, Germany, from 1960
  Lancaster, United Kingdom, from 1962
  Lake Charles, United States, from 1991
  Sarasota, United States, from 1994
  Tyre, Lebanon, from 1997
  Ma'alot-Tarshiha, Israel, from 1998
  Tavira, Portugal, from 2001

Partner towns
  Girona, Spain, from 1988
  Barcelona, Spain, from 1994
  Figueres, Spain, from 1996
  Lleida, Spain, from 2005

Economy 
Traditional commerce is in wine and olive oil, corks (the cork oak Quercus suber grows in Perpignan's mild climate), wool and leather, and iron.

Gallery

Notes

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Perpignan
 Communes of the Pyrénées-Orientales department

References

Other websites

 City council website 
 History of Perpignan 
 Perpignan Tourist Office 
 Museum guide
 Unofficial guide to Perpignan Airport 
 Companie Transports – Public Bus System
Murrurundi is a small country town in the Upper Hunter Valley of New South Wales. Murrurundi is  by road from Newcastle and  km from Sydney. In 2006 there were 2162 people (ABS 2006) living in Murrurundi. The town is circled by mountains of the Liverpool Range. It is on the Pages River, which flows into the Hunter River. The name Murrurundi is from an Aboriginal word meaning "Five fingers". This is the name given to a group of rocks at the north end of the town.
History
The first people to live in the Murrurundi area were the Australian aboriginal people, the Wanaruah and the Kamilaroi. European settlement of the area began in the 1820s. Benjamin Hall, the father of bushranger Ben Hall started a cattle farm in the area in 1839. The town was started by the New South Wales government in 1840.  In the same year, a local land owner - Thomas Haydon - started his own town called Haydonton. Benjamin Hall opened a butcher's shop in Haydonton in 1842. Ben Hall lived here until the age of 13. In 1913, the two towns were joined together to make the modern-day town of Murrurundi.

Mining
Kerosene shale was first mined at Mount Temi,  north of Murrurundi in 1886. The mine was reopened in 1910. The shale was moved  from the mine on a rope system known as an aerial ropeway. It was then loaded onto trains at a railway built at Temple Court, just west of Murrurundi. The mine closed in the First World War.
Sport
Every year there is a rodeo and the King of the Ranges stockman (cowboy) contest. Other sports played in the town include rugby, touch football, swimming, and cricket.

Railway station
Murrurundi railway station is on the Main North railway line,  from Sydney. The station opened in 1872. There is a large brick station-house, a passing loop and goods yard.
There is a train to and from Sydney and Armidale/Moree every day.

References

Towns in New South Wales