Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ochsenfurt  () is a town in Würzburg, in Bavaria, Germany. Ochsenfurt is on the left edge of the River Main. This makes it the largest town in the Würzburg district.

Geography

Place
The town is on the left edge of the River Main,  south of Würzburg.

Subdivision
The districts of Ochsenfurt are: Darstadt, Erlach, Goßmannsdorf, Hohestadt, Hopferstadt, Kleinochsenfurt, Tückelhausen, and Zeubelried.

Town twinning
Ochsenfurt is twinned with:

Gallery

Bibliography
 Die Kunstdenkmäler von Unterfranken, Bd. 1: Bezirksamt Ochsenfurt. 2nd edition 1983.

References

Other websites

 Official town website (German)
 Website of the Diocese of Würzburg: the Carthusian Museum  

Würzburg (district)
Kitzingen is a district in Bavaria, Germany.

History 

The district was last changed in 1973. The old district of Gerolzhofen was split up, and half of its territory was joined with the old Kitzingen district. The city of Kitzingen lost its status as an independent city and was put into the district.

Geography 

The Main River runs through the district from south to north.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites

Official website (German)

 
Districts of Bavaria
Haflinger is an all-round breed of horse. It is a mountain horse but today people use it for spare time. A Haflinger counts as a pony breed of horse. The first cloned horse, Prometea is of this breed. A Haflinger has a gallant dry head with big eyes, wide-dilating nostrils, and small, attentive ears. People who raise this breed want them to have a good muscled body and a smart neck.

References

Other websites

 Tyrolean Haflinger Breeding Association
 American Haflinger Registry
 Haflinger Society of Great Britain
 Canadian Haflinger Association 
 Australian Haflinger Horse Breeders Association
 Haflinger Horse Association New Zealand
 Collaboration of Haflinger Breeders and Holders of Germany (AGH) 

Horse breeds
Kevin Kuranyi (born 2 March 1982 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a German football player. He used to play for the German national team, but was excluded in October 2008 due to improper behaviour. His team is Dynamo Moscow. Before playing for Moscow, he played for Stuttgart and Schalke.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Stuttgart||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||5||1||1||1||0||0||6||2
|-
|2002/03||32||15||2||2||8||4||42||21
|-
|2003/04||33||11||3||1||8||3||44||15
|-
|2004/05||29||13||4||2||5||3||38||100
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Schalke||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||30||10||4||1||12||3||46||14
|-
|2006/07||34||15||2||2||2||0||38||17
|-
|2007/08||32||15||4||2||8||3||44||20
|-
|2008/09||33||13||2||1||4||1||39||15
|-
|2009/10||33||18||||||||||33||18

|-
|2010||Dynamo Moscow||Premier League||||||||||||||||
261||111||22||12||47||17||330||140
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
261||111||22||12||47||17||330||140
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2003||7||1
|-
|2004||13||10
|-
|2005||15||3
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||9||5
|-
|2008||8||0
|-
!Total||52||19
|}

References 

1982 births
Living people
German footballers
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Kickers Wurzburg is one of the most traditional football clubs in Franconia. It was founded in 1907.

Famous Footballers of FC Wurzburger Kickers:
 Bernd Hollerbach, Trainer VfB Lübeck
 Claus Reitmaier, formerly goal keeper of the VfL Wolfsburg
 Peter Sippel, FIFA-Arbitrator

Honours

League
 Bayernliga (III)
 Champions: 1977
 3. Liga (III)
 Third: 2015–16 (Promoted after play-off)
 Bayernliga-North (III)
 Runners-up (2): 1955, 1960
 Regionalliga Bayern (IV)
 Champions: 2014–15
 Landesliga Bayern-Nord (IV-V)
 Champions (3): 1990, 1997, 2012
 Runners-up: 2008
 Bezirksoberliga Unterfranken (VI)
 Champions: 2005
 Bezirksliga Unterfranken (VII)
 Champions: 2004

1907 establishments in Germany
Football clubs in Bavaria
Würzburg
Chico is a city in the Central Valley of the American state of California. It is in the northern part of the state. Chico is in the Sacramento Valley close to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. The city has a population of 101,475, as of 2020. People first started living in Chico in 1843. The city was founded in 1860 and started to govern itself in 1872.

Sister cities 
 – Tamsui, Taipei, Taiwan 1985
 – Pascagoula, Mississippi (U.S.) 2005

References

Other websites 

Downtown Chico Business Association
Chico Chamber of Commerce
City-data.com info on Chico

Cities in California
Cities in the Central Valley of California
1860 establishments in the United States
Settlements in Butte County, California
1860s establishments in California
Repperndorf is a village in Regierungsbezirk, Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. Since 1977 it is part of the town of Kitzingen.  Repperndorf has a population of 260 people. The village has a graveyard and two churches, one for Catholics and one for Protestants. It also has one restaurant and one soccer club. There was the famous "Schnitzel factory" but now it moved to Kitzingen.

Villages in Bavaria
Kitzingen Rural District
Großlangheim is a municipality in Kitzingen in Bavaria in Germany.

References

Kitzingen (district)
The police started arresting Falun Gong followers, and according to human rights organizations, over 3000 people have been jailed and tortured to death. The Chinese government claimed that Falun Gong spread superstitions, while others have suggest that Falun Gong's popularity challenges the rule of the Chinese Communist Party. Many people and organizations outside of China have called for the Chinese government to stop jailing and killing Falun Gong people.

It is not known how many people practice Falun Gong. The Chinese government suggests there were 70 million practitioners in China in 1998. A Falun Gong website claims there are 100 million practitioners in more than 80 countries.

Reporter Ethan Gutmann said about 65,000 Falun Gong people were killed for their body parts from 2000 to 2008.

References

Other websites
 Falun Dafa Website

Politics of China
Religion in China
New religious movements
Deflation means that generally the prices of products are going down. It is the opposite of inflation. It is said, that deflation happens when there is less money than there are goods. It is also said that deflation is a sign of a weak state of that country's economy, because deflation usually happens during an economic collapse. Deflation is thought to be even worse than inflation.

Deflation starts when people are waiting for prices to go down even more. They will then spend less money. Because of that, companies can not afford to keep up the amount of goods that are made, and have to lower that amount, as well as fire workers to make even a small profit.

Even if an economy is growing, there can be some amount of deflation - if the amount of money going around grows slower than the making of goods. There has not been much deflation in the world since the 1930s, except in Japan.
Deflation can be helped by the country's own government by lowering the companies' tax levels, so they can lower their prices while getting the same profit. This way normal people are more encouraged to buy the cheap goods they were waiting for, and slowly the companies can make more profit. Governments do not like deflation, because it means that they can collect less tax.

Inflation
A chemical symbol is the shortform of the name of an element. Usually, it is made up of one or two letters, but sometimes it is made up of three letters. For example, the chemical symbol for oxygen is O. The chemical symbol for calcium is Ca. Before it is discovered and scientists decided what it would be called, the chemical symbol for ununennium was Uue.

All chemical symbols start with a capital letter, and any letters after that are lowercase.

The chemical symbols are listed with the elements in the periodic table. Chemical symbols are also used when writing chemical formulas. For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O, meaning that it contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Many chemical symbols are the first one or two letters of the element. Others come from the name in another language. For example, the symbol for sodium is Na, which comes from the Latin name Natrium.

References

Chemistry
Secretary of State is a title for a government official.  The title has different meanings in different countries, and in some cases there are several Secretaries of State in the government.

In many countries, a secretary of state is a mid-level official. 

In the United Kingdom a secretary of state is a senior minister in the Cabinet.

In the Vatican City the Cardinal Secretary of State is the head of the Roman Curia which is the cabinet of the Vatican and the Roman Catholic Church.

United States

In the United States federal government, the Secretary of State is the head of the United States Department of State, and is responsible for foreign policy.  In most other countries, this official is called the Foreign Secretary or foreign minister.  The Secretary of State is the highest-ranking member of the Cabinet. The current U.S. Secretary of State is Antony Blinken.

Government occupations
An official is someone who holds an office (meaning an official position) in an organisation or government. This doesn't have to mean an office room—it can also just mean an important rank. An official in government is called a government official or public official . Officials may be appointed or elected to their position.

Related words 
The term officer is close to having the same meaning as "official" (but has more military connotations). A functionary is someone who carries out a particular role within an organisation—this is quite a close synonym for an official but with connotations closer to a bureaucrat. A civil servant can also have a similar meaning to an official.

References

Other websites 
 Origins of the word "official" in the Online Etymology Dictionary

Occupations
Function may mean:
 professional or official position: Official
 Function (mathematics), the relationship between two or more amounts using algebra
 Computable function in software programming languages
 Function (biology) explains the way a part works in an organism
 Function (philosophy), in philosophy, a relation of objects or events to their use or consequences
The Heteroptera is a group of about 40,000 species of insects in the Hemiptera. They are typical bugs. 

"Heteroptera" is Greek for "different wings": most species have front wings with both membranous and hardened portions (called hemelytra.

The name "Heteroptera" is used in two different ways in modern classifications. In Linnean nomenclature it is a suborder of the order Hemiptera.  In cladistics it is an unranked clade in the Hemiptera clade.

Selected families of Heteroptera 
 Assassin bugs 
 Broad-headed bugs
 Bedbugs and flower bugs 
 Plant bugs 
 Leaf-footed bugs, squash bugs and sweetpotato bugs 
 Seed bugs 
 Stink bugs or shield bugs and related families)

Heteropteran anatomy 

A: head; B: thorax; C: abdomen.
1: claws; 2: tarsus; 3: tibia; 4: femur; 8: compound eye; 9: antenna; 10: clypeus; 23: laterotergites; 25: pronotum; 26: scutellum; 27: clavus; 28: corium; 29: embolium; 30: membrane.

Waterbugs 
"Waterbug" is a common name for various aquatic insects.
Selected families of water bugs 
 Backswimmers (Notonectidae)
 Giant water bugs (Belostomatidae)
 Water scorpions (Nepidae)
 Water boatmen (Corixidae)
 Pond skaters (Gerridae)
 Smaller water strider (Veliidae)

References 

Hemiptera
Snuff is a kind of tobacco which is sniffed instead of smoked.  People take a bit of snuff between their fingers and put it in their nostrils to smell it.  Not many people use snuff now, but a century or more ago it was very common.  In the novels of 19th century authors like Charles Dickens we often read about people taking snuff.  They kept it in a "snuffbox".

Related pages
Tobacco

Tobacco
The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, or just Morrowind, is a video game released in 2002. In it, players take on the role of a character which they create, and use it to wander around in a big and diverse world. There is a storyline, but players do not have to follow it, instead doing the side-quests that are included with the game. Morrowind was released on the PC and the Xbox.You can also get game of the year edition and get Morrowind, Bloodmoon, and Tribunal expansion packs. You can go to the official website for help and guides.

References

The Elder Scrolls
2002 video games
Windows games
Xbox games
The Nose is an opera by Dmitri Shostakovich.  It was written in 1927.  At this time a lot of exciting new movies were being made in the Soviet Union.  There were also some very interesting new plays in the theatres.  The famous theatre director Vsevolod Meyerhold had many new ideas.   However, operas that were being written then were mostly quite uninteresting.

Shostakovich, who was only just twenty years old, started to make Soviet operas interesting again.  He took the story called The Nose which was written by Nikolai Gogol.  It is about a man who wakes up one day to find his nose has gone.

The opera was first performed in 1930.  Unfortunately by then the music critics had changed their ideas because of the political situation in the Soviet Union which was being ruled by the dictator Stalin.   They wrote bad things about the opera and the performances soon had to stop.  It was not until 1974 that it was performed again in the Soviet Union.
The opera is a satire.  It pokes fun at bureaucrats: people in official jobs who think they are more important than they really are.

The story of the opera

In the opera the barber Ivan Yakovlevich is seen shaving the Major.  In the morning Ivan wakes up and his wife gives him some fresh bread and onion.  When he cuts the bread open he finds a nose inside.  His wife screams and yells at her husband.  She chases him out of the house.  He runs along the street with the nose, feeling very embarrassed.  He throws the nose in the river, but a policeman catches him.  He tries unsuccessfully to bribe him.
In the next scene the Major wakes up and  finds he has no nose.  He goes to tell the police.  He goes to the cathedral and sees his nose who is dressed up as an important person (the nose is now a person,  sung by a singer).  The Major is not sure what to say to his nose because his nose is now more important than he is.  He can’t speak properly and the nose does not understand him.  The nose speaks very confidently, like a person of high rank.  The Major cannot find the Chief of Police so he goes to the newspaper office.  The people there laugh at him and say that they cannot put a notice in the newspaper about a lost nose because it would make their newspaper look silly.  He is told to see a doctor.  When the Major takes his handkerchief away from his face to show that he really has lost his nose the newspaper staff become interested because they think they have a good story for the newspaper.  They offer him some snuff.  Of course, he cannot sniff it, and gets very cross.
The police, who are looking for the lost nose,  are watching people who are getting into a coach.  They think the nose might be trying to leave the city.  As the coach leaves the nose runs in, tries to stop the coach, frightens thehorses,  the driver tries to shoot the nose, and everyone starts to fight the nose, beating and hitting it until it is back to its normal size.  The policeman wraps it in a piece of paper.  He returns it to the Major and asks for payment.  The Major tries to stick his nose back on his face but he can’t.  Even the doctor can’t do it.  The nose escapes into the crowd. The Major thinks that Madame Podtochina, who tried to make him marry her daughter, has used witchcraft on him.  He writes to her asking her to stop the spell but she writes back thinking that he wants to marry her daughter.  Large crowds appear on the street to try to see the nose.
In the last part of the opera the Major has got his nose back where it belongs.  He is shaved by the barber and then walks along the street proudly showing everyone his nose.

The music

The music is just right for telling a story which is a satire.  The policeman, for example, sings in a high, squeaky voice.  The music at the beginning sounds rather like circus music.  At the end of the scene when he is unable to bribe the police officer there is music just for percussion instruments.  This bit is very famous and often played as a separate piece.  One of the barber’s songs is accompanied by four balalaikas.  Madame Podtochina’s daughter sings like a romantic opera singer.  The waltz which is sung as the people get on the coach is a parody waltz.

1930s operas
Compositions by Dmitri Shostakovich
1930 works
A video game developer is a person or company who makes games on computers and other game systems. Some developers make games for only one or two types of game systems, others might even make one kind of game. Some games are only for one system. Developers might try and make a copy of such a game to another, different system. Some translate games from one language to another.

Video game developers work in development companies. There are over 1,000 development companies today. A big part of that thousand is very small companies, that usually only have one or two workers - these kind of small companies make games for the Internet or mobile phones. Some development companies are big, too. They have buildings in many places and hundreds of workers.

Types of developers
There are three types of video game developers.
Third-party developer
Third-party developers are video game developers that make deals with big publishers to make one game at a time. The developers are not part of the company: when the game is complete, the developers do not have to make another game for the publisher if they do not want to. Publishers will tell them exactly what they want third-party developers to do, and the developers do not have very much power to do something else.

In-house developers
In-house developers work directly with the publisher. They have more freedom in the making of the game than third-party developers have. Sometimes publishers buy third-party developers, and so they become in-house developers: workers for the publisher. This is an easy way for the publisher because the developers are workers for the publisher and so the publisher has more control.
Independent developers
Independent developers are usually small groups of people that are not owned by any publisher or another company. Because of that, most independent developers publish their games themselves. If they do that, the games usually will not get much attention or money. Still, independent developers can make exactly the game they want, when there is no publisher to tell them what to do. These are also sometimes called indie developers.

 
Occupations
Cork is a city in County Cork in Ireland. It is the country's second largest city, only Dublin is larger. It is the third largest city on the island of Ireland, as Belfast is also larger. People from Cork are called Corkonians. It was founded by Saint Finbarr in the sixth century. 274,000 people live in Cork city and the surrounding urban areas. The River Lee runs through Cork city.

Famous things in Cork City include Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral, Shandon cathedral, Blackrock castle, Fota wildlife park, Fota house and gardens, and University College Cork. Many famous sports people come from Cork including Roy Keane, Dennis Irwin and Christy Ring. Olympic medal winner Sonia O'Sullivan comes from the town of Cobh just outside Cork city in County Cork.

Twin cities
, Shanghai
, Coventry
, Rennes
, Cologne
, San Francisco
, Swansea

Europe
 Capital of Culture in 2005.

References

Other websites 
 Cork City Council site
 The Peoples Republic Of Cork
 Architecture of Cork
6th-century establishments in Europe
County towns in Ireland
County Cork is the largest county in Ireland in terms of size. Almost half a million people live there. The leader of the Irish War of Independence, Michael Collins, was born in the town of Clonakilty in County Cork. He was killed in Béal na mBláth in west Cork.  West Cork is known for its beautiful scenery.

The main towns in County Cork are Cork City, Youghal, Mallow, Bandon, Clonakilty, Kinsale, Blarney and Cobh. It is nicknamed "The Rebel County".

Parts of the Gaeltacht are in the county.

Other websites 
 Cork County Council
 Guide to County Cork for Tourism & Business

Gaeltacht
Genies or jinns or djinns are supposed to be creatures resembling humans, but are invisible. Like humans, they would live in tribes, eat, drink and have emotions. But they are usually believed to be stronger than humans. While some people fear Jinn, others pray to them for protection. They are originally found in ancient myths and legends of the Middle East, especially Arabia. In Islam, it is forbidden to pray to them, and Islam thinks they have no true power, because they are, like humans, only created beings.

Nowadays, people in many Muslim countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, Syria,United Arab Emirates, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran, parts of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan believe in these Jinns or Djinns. Jinn are also common in legends and stories from the Middle East, for example in the One Thousand and One Nights.
Pre-Islamic Arabia 
Before Islam, Jinn have been feared or venerated by people. Some prayed to them, so they would protect the caravans. Others feared, the Jinn might cause sickness and storms. Especially when Jinn battle each other, storms would be caused. Jinn could become visible and invisible and turn into snakes. But despite their agile nature, they were similar to humans and a human could even be able to kill a Jinni in fight.

Islam 
The holy book of Muslims, the Quran, mentions Jinns, and says that they are made from fire or smoke. Like human beings, the jinn can be good or bad. The Quran did not introduce the Jinn, rather, the Quran accepts their existence, and tells how to deal with them. For example, the Quran rejects that Jinn are divine. The Jinn could not truly help humans, because they too will die. Like humans, they are only creatures made by God, and not gods themselves.
Many Muslims believe that Jinn have lived on earth long before humans. Some even think that humans were made to replace them. The Jinn would have been the first who lived on earth, but God was unsatisfied with them, so God decided to create a new creature (humans). Before creating humans, God would have sent an army of angels to kill most Jinn. Some Jinn survived, and sometimes people might meet them. Jinn, however, can turn invisible and suddenly disappear or shift their shape for a while, so they are not recognized as Jinn.

Magic 
Jinn are often summoned in magical rituals. Because of their subtle nature, they are often believed to know secrets beyond human's perception or that they can be ordered to harm other people. Some people prefer to summon Jinn over satans, because Jinn are not necessarily evil. Still, Jinn aren't good either. Jinn, like humans, demand something in return for a favor.
In movies and on television 
Western world mainly knows Jinn as wish-granting spirits with magical powers. However, this is not that Jinn are in the Middle East or Central Asia. This god magical depiction seems to go back to a mistranslation of any invisible creature in the Middle East to Jinn. Thus, in Western movies, Jinn are magical creatures from a bottle, while in Middle Eastern movies, Jinn are usually creepy entities, comparable to demons.
Western Movies:
 A genie who lives in an lamp can be seen in the famous story Aladdin. When the lamp is rubbed, the genie appears from the lamp with a cloud of dust. He has the power to grant wishes.
 I Dream of Jeannie was a popular television series in the 1960s about a female genie, named Jeannie.
 In the famous 1924 film The Thief of Bagdad, there are many Jinnns/Djinns, who are shown with magical powers. This film was remade in 1940 and 1942, also.
Middle Eastern Movies:
 Şeytan-ı Racim:a Turkish Horror Movie about a student whose friend summons Jinn to help him to achieve his goals. Later, they try to get rid of the Jinn with help of a Muslim preacher.
 Dabbe 5 Zehr-i Cin: A Turkish Horror Movie about a girl who is haunted by Jinn. She tries to find help. A witch claims to be willing to help here. When they have to deal with several Jinn to solve this case.

References

Other websites 

 Etymology of "genie"
 Sura Al-Jinn from the Qur'an 
 Visions of the Jinn - a Muslim scholar's experience with Jinn
Islam
Middle East
Legendary creatures
Folklore
Cork could mean:

Places 
 Cork (city), a city in the Republic of Ireland
 County Cork, the largest and southernmost county in Ireland
 Cork Harbour, a natural harbour and estuary
 Cork International Airport, just outside the Irish city
 Metropolitan Cork

Objects and materials 
 Cork (material), a material used for bottle stoppers and noteboards
 Cork is often used to refer to a stopper (plug)

In botany 
 Cork oak (Quercus suber), a species of tree
 Chinese Cork Oak (Quercus variabilis), a species of tree
 Cork-tree, Phellodendron, a genus of plants native to east and northeast Asia
 Cork cambium, a tissue found in woody plants

In sports 
 Cork City F.C., a football club
 Cork GAA Gaelic athletic association

People 
 Bruce Cork (died 1994), American physicist
 Dominic Cork (born 1971), English cricketer

Other 
 Corky is a female orca living in captivity
 Cork taint, a condition when wine is spoilt by a chemical reaction
 Diocese of Cork and Ross (Roman Catholic) formed in the 1950s from two older diocese
is a series of role playing video games made by Japanese company Konami. There have been five main Suikoden games made. Suikoden and Suikoden 2 were released on the first PlayStation. Suikoden 3, Suikoden 4, and Suikoden 5 were released on the PlayStation 2. In each game the player would play the role of a hero who must free his country from either from a foreign invader or an evil government within his own country. To do this he would recruit the 108 "stars of destiny" to help him and raise an army. Unlike Final Fantasy games, every Suikoden game is set in the same world but in different countries.

Role-playing video games
Elasticity could mean:

Elasticity (economics), a general term for a ratio of change. For more specific economic forms of elasticity, see:
Price elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of supply
Income elasticity of demand
Cross elasticity of demand
Output elasticity
Elasticity of substitution
Arc elasticity
Beta coefficient
Yield elasticity of bond value
Elasticity (mathematics), a mathematical definition of point elasticity
Elasticity (physics), continuum mechanics of bodies which deform reversibly under stress
 Elasticity, a comic book super power
is a Japanese martial art.

History
Kendo means the "way of the sword". The rules and gear of kendo were first created in the 18th century, and its modern rules and styles date to the 19th century.

Rules
An opponent may be struck at seven places: both sides and top of helmet (men), on either hand (gloves, kote) or either side of the body breastplate (do). There is also one legal thrust (tsuki) on throat.

The "men" can only be struck from face, not from back. However, only one of the two hands can be struck, it depends on which kind of posture("kamae") your opponent are using. A struck to the right side of body(one kind of "do") will often be ignored by referee because in the old days samurai will have a smaller sword in this position, which gives this position a good protection. Very important, because "tsuki" is somehow dangerous, junior practicer perform "tsuki" is forbidden both in match and daily training.
In a match, the attacker must name the location of each strike. Often, name these locations by Japanese list before("men","kote","do","tsuki"), but some people will name it by Korean or Chinese or other language, or even a meaningless shout. All these kinds of shout name "kiai". An effective attack must contains "kiai" besides other essential factors.

Equipment
The weapon used in kendo is a bamboo sword, called shinai. The kendo armour, which the players must wear, is called bogu and is made of a helmet (men), breastplate (do), waist protector (tare), and special gloves (kote).

Lesson contents
Lesson is called keiko in kendo. keiko means that We think about past. kendo's keiko is distinguished between shinai keiko and kata keiko. the building which we do kendo is called dojyo. In particular keiko done in summer is shochugeiko and one done in winter is kangeiko.
shinaikeiko
keiko which use shinai and bogu
 suburi (waiving sword many times to improve your muscle)
 kirikaeshi (Striking partner's men consecutively and confirming sword handling)
 uchikomi keiko (Training basic strike like men, kote, doetc.)
 oikomi keiko
 kakari geiko (Striking where partner show a plow as many as possible in time)
 ji geiko
 shiai geiko

Related pages 
 Fencing
 Sports in Japan

References

Japanese martial arts
Palaeontology or paleontology is the study of fossils of living things, and their phylogeny (evolutionary relationships). It depends on basic sciences such as zoology, botany and historical geology. The term palaeobiology implies that the study will include the palaeoecology of the groups in question.

In palaeozoology, the evolution of those  animal phyla with fossil records are studied. In palaeobotany, fossil plants are studied. In historical geology the formation, sequence and dating of rock strata give information about past environments.

A fossil is any kind of life that is more than ten thousand years old and preserved in any form that we can study today. The fossil record is always incomplete, and later discoveries may extend the known survival of a group. See Lazarus taxon.

Some palaeontologists study fossils of microorganisms, living things that are too small to see without a microscope, while other palaeontologists study fossils of giant dinosaurs.
Vertebrate palaeontology: the palaeontology of vertebrate animals
Invertebrate palaeontology: the palaeontology of invertebrate animals

Related pages 
 Lagerstätte
 Paleoanthropology

References 

 
Evolutionary biology
Earth sciences
The Cotswolds is a range of hills in central-southwest England, sometimes called the "Heart of England", a hilly area reaching over 300 m. The area has been designated as Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The highest point in the Cotswolds is Cleeve Hill at 330 m (1083 ft).

The Cotswolds lie within the current ceremonial counties of  Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. The county of Gloucestershire forms the largest area of the Cotswolds.

Description
Description

The spine of the Cotswolds runs southwest to northeast through six counties, particularly Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and southern Warwickshire. The northern and western edges of the Cotswolds are marked by steep slopes down to the Severn valley and the River Avon, Avon. These are a result of the broken edge of the limestone layer. On the eastern boundary is the city of Oxford and on the west is Stroud. To the south towns as Cirencester, Lechlade, Tetbury, Beverston and Fairford mark the southern limit of this region. 

In the Middle Ages, the wool trade made the Cotswolds prosperous. Some of this money was put into the building of churches. The area has a number of large, handsome Cotswold stone "wool churches".  The area is still wealthy and has attracted people who own second homes in the area, or have chosen to retire to the Cotswolds.
Typical Cotswold towns are Bourton-on-the-Water, Broadway, Burford, Chipping Norton, Cirencester, Moreton-in-Marsh, Stow-on-the-Wold and Winchcombe. The town of Chipping Campden is famous as the home of the Arts and Crafts movement, that was founded by William Morris at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

The Cotswold Way is a long-distance footpath about 103 miles long (166 km) running the length of the AONB, mainly on the edge of the Cotswold escarpement with good views over the Severn Valley and the Vale of Evesham.
Cotswold stone 
The area has attractive small towns and villages built of  Cotswold stone (a yellow limestone). This limestone is rich in fossils. The stone  is a yellow oolitic Jurassic limestone. At the time, this was laid down in a warm tropical sea, about 177 million years ago. The latitude of Britain was about where North Africa is today. The stone is full of fossils such as stalked crinoids. A project is under way to collect examples for the Natural History Museum.

Historical structures
Sudeley Castle

References

Other websites 
Cotswold District Council — The website of Cotswold District Council
Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Website  (Countryside Agency)
Cotswold Journal Local Cotswolds news and information
Yate and Chipping Sodbury Guide  — A Guide to Yate, Chipping Sodbury on the Southern Edge of the Cotswold Escarpment
 Photos of Lower Slaughter in 3d (Anaglyphs) 
Cotswold AONB Magic interactive map (slow on first load)

Warwickshire
Geography of England
Piauí is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern part of the country. The capital of Piauí is Teresina.

Geography 
Piauí shares borders with the states of Maranhão (west), Ceará (east), Pernambuco (east) and Bahia (east and south). It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north.

Piauí has the shortest coastline of any of the Brazilian states that borders the Atlantic Ocean. Its coastline is only 66 km long. The capital, Teresina, is the only state capital in the northeast that is not on the coast. The reason for this is because, unlike the rest of the area, Piauí state was first colonised away from the coast and slowly expanded towards the ocean. The other states in the area started on the coast and grew inland.

Flag 
The flag of Piaui was created on 24 July 1922. The blue canton and a star is for the state itself. The green and yellow stripes are for Brazil.

Cities 
Cities in Piaui include:
 Teresina
 Parnaíba
 Picos
 Oeiras

Other websites 
 Piauí Official Homepage (Portuguese)
Rio Grande do Norte is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern part of the country. It is on the edge of the South American continent.

Geography 
Rio Grande do Norte has a large coastline. The state is well known for its beaches and sand dunes. The air is the cleanest in South America. 

Because of a large mountain chain called Serra da Borborema, Rio Grande do Norte has two main climates. The area along most of the coastline is very tropical. Inland, much of the state is very dry.

The dry climate is not only because by the low amount of rainfall but also because of the fact that it rarely rains at all. Often years go by with no or very little rain. Most of the interior of the state is part of the Polygon of Droughts. This is an area which gets special attention from the federal government.

Rocas Atoll belongs to the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It is in the Atlantic Ocean, 260 km Northeast of Natal.

History
History 

The first European to come to the region may have been the Spaniard Alonso de Ojeda in 1499. The northeastern tip of South America, cape São Roque, was first seen by European navigators in 1501. This was during a 1501-1502 Portuguese expedition led by Amerigo Vespucci. He named the spot after the saint of the day. The Vespucci expedition also named the Potengi river, "Rio Grande". The name is Portuguese for "Great River". The area and state were named after the river. For decades, no permanent European settlement was made in the area.

Between 1535 and 1598, the area was explored by French pirates. In 1598, the Portuguese built the Forte dos Reis Magos. The next year, they created the city of Natal. 

In 1633, the area was fought over between the Portuguese and the Dutch. In 1654, the Dutch were finally cast out.

During World War II, Rio Grande do Norte was used as an Allied airbase. The base was used to attack German-occupied North Africa.
In 1964, Latin America's first space launch site was built in Rio Grande do Norte; Barreira do Inferno (Hell's Barrier). It is often called the "Brazilian NASA".

Economy 
Historically, the economy of Rio Grande do Norte has been based on sugar and cattle. In the 1980s, the state government realised that tourism was a very good industry. Since then, more money has been used to build places for tourists and repair colonial buildings in major cities.

Fruit is also grown in Rio Grande do Norte. The state grows 70% of Brazil's melons. The state is famous for its mango and cashew fields. The world's largest cashew tree is there. It has a circumference of  and an area of . It is 70 times the size of average cashew trees.

Cities 
Natal is the capital and largest city in the state. Other cities include:
 Açu
 Angicos
 Apodi
 Ceará-Mirim
 Currais Novos
 Parnamirim
 Japi
 Mossoró
 Caicó
 São Fernando
Flag 
The flag was adopted on December 3, 1957. It is based on a design by Luis de Camara Cascudo. In the middle of the flag is the coat of arms of the state. The coat of arms was adopted on July 1, 1909. It shows a sailboat at the coast in the middle. This is for the fishing and salt industries. Above this is a bar which shows two flowers on the sides and two cotton bolls in the center. To the sides of the shield are a coconut palm to the right and a carnauba palm to the left. The two palms are connected by two branches of sugarcane. The star above represents the state as part of Brazil.

Notes

Other websites 
 Rio Grande do Norte Official Website  

 
1499 establishments
Establishments in Brazil
The Federal District ( ) is a part of Brazil, which is used to shelter Brasília, the federal capital. It is in the centre of the country.

History
The capital of Brazil was transferred from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília on 21 April 1960 and its new territory, split off from state of Goiás on the border with the state of Minas Gerais, became the current Federal District. After the transfer the old Federal District, containing the city of Rio de Janeiro, became the state of Guanabara. This state existed from 1960 until 1975, when it merged with the state of Rio de Janeiro. With the merger the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro was transferred back from Niterói to Rio de Janeiro itself (as it had been until 1834 when the empire created the Neutral Municipality).
Originally, most of the people were local workers (called "Candangos"), who built the capital, and federal government workers who were sent to the new capital, Brasília. The capital is a planned city. It had areas built for homes, business, schools and other uses. Originally built for up to one million people, the city now has many more than one million people. Because of how the city was built, it has been hard for the city to grow. This has caused many people to live in cities around Brasília. A large percentage of the people of the Federal District live outside the city now.

Flag
The white color is for peace. The green and yellow colors in the middle refer to the national colors of Brazil. The four yellow arrows are for the native people of Brazil. The arrows pointing into the four cardinal directions of the compass stands for the power moving out from the center. The yellow arrows also form a cross. This is a symbol of the Southern Cross carried by the explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral.
The flag was created by the poet Guilherme de Almeida, and was adopted by decree no. 1090 on August 25, 1969.

References

Other websites 
 Official homepage  
 Informative Federal District page, with aeroplane view  
Feature article on CityMayors.com
Distrito Federal at Google Maps
Map of the Federal District 

 
1960 establishments
1960s establishments in Brazil
Hiromu Shinozuka (, born 27 March 1979 in Fukuoka) is a Japanese manga artist. She writes in Ciao. She came out with Takkyu shoujo in 1999.

Famous works
Chenge!
Mirrumo de pon!
Koisuru purin
Chibi☆debi!!

Other websites
 Profile at Ciao Magazine site  
 Hiromu Shinozuka  at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia

Japanese manga artists
1979 births
Living people
People from Fukuoka Prefecture
Zvečan is a town in north Kosovo, Serbia, near Kosovska Mitrovica. , about 16,600 people lived there. The town was first mentioned at the time of border disputes between Serbia and the Byzantine Empire between 1091 and 1094.

References

Towns in Serbia
Rosario is a city in the center-east of Argentina, about  northwest from Buenos Aires. It is the main city of Santa Fe Province. As of 2008 Rosario metropolitan area has a population of around 1,300,000 inhabitants, making it Argentina's third-largest city (after Buenos Aires and Córdoba). The city is on the Paraná River.

It is called Rosario because of the Virgin of the Rosary, whose image remains at the cathedral, in the same place as the original chapel.

Maps

References

Other websites

 Municipality of Rosario (official website)

Rosario
Gymnastics is a sport which involves doing exercises which need strength, flexibility, balance and control. This may include running, jumping, tumbling, somersaulting, flipping and balancing. Mental skills are also involved such as confidence, diet control and focus.  

In women's gymnastics, there are four activities: floor, uneven bars, balance beam, and vault.  In men's gymnastics, there are six activities: floor exercise, parallel bars, high bar, pommel horse, vault, and rings.

Gymnastics is a Summer Olympic sport.

History 
Gymnastics began as a form of exercise in ancient Greece.  It was one of the first sports in the Olympics.
Forms of gymnastics 
There are several forms of gymnastics, including rhythmic gymnastics, artistic gymnastics, acrobatics, trampolining, and wheel gymnastics and no handed gymnastics. In artistic gymnastics, gymnasts perform short routines using different pieces of equipment.  Acrobatics involves showing balance and performing flips on the floor or in the air.  In trampolining, gymnasts do routines using only the trampoline.  Wheel gymnasts exercise in a large wheel called a German wheel. 
  

In rhythmic gymnastics, gymnasts perform with ribbons, rope, ball, hoop and clubs.  Usually, only females do rhythmic gymnastics because they are more flexible than males.

Other websites   

 FM Gymnastics - a list of Techniques and free animated comic tutorials for Floor Gymnastics.

Websites of the federations
Federation Internationale de Gymnastique
  Gimnasia Argentina
  Gymnastics Australia 
  Brazilian Gymnastics Federation
  Gymnastics Canada 
  Chinese Gymnastics Association 
  Fédération Française de Gymnastique
  Federazione Ginnastica d'Italia
  Japan Gymnastic Association 
  Mexican Gymnastics Federation 
  Romanian Gymnastics Federation 
  Russian Gymnastics Federation
  British Gymnastics
  USA Gymnastics
Civil war 
On the death of their father, the Emperor Huayna Capac, and their older brother, Ninan Cuyochi, who had been the heir, the empire was divided between the two surviving brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa. Huascar got the major part of it with the capital Cusco, and Atahualpa the northern parts, including Quito (now the capital of Ecuador). For a couple of years, the two brothers reigned without problems. But Huascar demanded that Atahuallpa swear an oath to him. Atahuallpa refused, and the civil war began.

The final battle took place at Quipaipan, where Huascar was captured. Atahuallpa was resting in the city of Cajamarca in the Andes with his army of 80,000 troops on his way to the south and Cusco to claim his throne.
By this time the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro had established the city of Piura, the first Spanish settlement in Peru on July 1532. After two months on the march, Pizarro had arrived at Cajamarca with just 168 men under his command and sent Hernando de Soto, friar Vicente de Valverde and native interpreter Felipillo to speak with Atahuallpa about the Spanish presence.

The Spanish envoys returned to Pizarro, who prepared a surprise attack against Atahuallpa's army in what became the Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532.
But then Pizarro decided to have him executed because he feared he could be freed by an Inca General. Pizarro staged a mock trial and found Atahuallpa guilty of revolting against the Spanish and murdering Huáscar, his own brother. Atahuallpa was sentenced to execution by burning. He was horrified, since the Inca believed that the soul would not be able to go on to the afterlife if the body were burned. Friar Vicente de Valverde, who had earlier offered the Bible to Atahuallpa, intervened again, telling Atahuallpa that if he agreed to convert to Christianity he would convince the rest to commute the sentence. Atahualpa agreed to be baptized into the Christian faith. He was given the name Juan Santos Atahualpa and then was strangled with a garrote instead of being burned. Atahuallpa died on August 29, 1533.
Atahuallpa was succeeded by his brother, the puppet Inca Tupac Huallpa, and later by another brother Manco Inca Yupanqui.
References 
 The Discovery and Conquest of Peru by William H. Prescott
 Conquest of the Incas, John Hemming, 1973.
 The Royal Hunt of the Sun, by Peter Shaffer, 1964.

Other websites 

 Capture of an Inca King 

1500s births
1533 deaths
South American people
Inca rulers
Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg) is an opera by Richard Wagner. It is the only comic opera that Wagner wrote. Wagner wrote the words (the libretto) in 1862 and composed the music in 1867. It was first performed in Munich in 1868.

The story is set in the town of Nuremberg (German: Nürnberg) in 16th century Germany. It is about a group of Mastersingers. The Mastersingers (German: Meistersinger) were a guild of singers in Germany many centuries ago. The most famous of them was a man called Hans Sachs, who lived in the 16th century. Although Hans Sachs was a real person, the story of the opera was made up by Wagner. It is a story about a song contest.

The story of the opera
The prelude (orchestral introduction) to the opera is very famous and is often played by itself at concerts.  It has several tunes which are sometimes cleverly played at the same time (counterpoint).  These tunes are used during the opera and are associated with particular people or ideas (such tunes are called leitmotifs).

Act One

The young knight Walther is in church and sees a beautiful young girl, Eva.  He wants to know whether she is married.  She tells him that she will be married to the person who wins the singing contest the next day.  Walther tries to learn the art of the Mastersingers from David, who works for Hans Sachs, the cobbler.  David himself is in love with Magdalene.  The apprentices start to prepare the stage for the contest.
If Walther is to win the contest he will have to compose his own mastersong and sing it.  He will have to compose it according to a lot of strict rules (the number of lines, the rhyming patterns etc.).  When he meets the other Mastersingers he introduces himself, saying that he learned the art of singing from the ancient poet Walther von der Vogelweide and from nature itself.  He sings this in a song which is very beautiful, but it does not obey the rules of the Mastersingers.  The Mastersingers are not able to understand the beauty of his song.
One of the Mastersingers is the town clerk.  His name is Beckmesser.  He is a comic figure and Wagner makes him look very silly.  Beckmesser is the “marker”.  This means something like: an “adjudicator”.  When a singer makes a “mistake” (disobeys the rules) the marker puts a chalkmark on the board.  When Walther sings his song Beckmesser makes lots of chalkmarks.  Hans Sachs is the only person who realizes the beauty of his song.  There is a lot of shouting and Walther has to stand on a chair to finish his song.

Act 2