Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) is a charity based in London that works to alleviate poverty and social exclusion.  It was set up in 1965.  Its first campaigns were around what were then called Family Allowances.   It produces reports about poverty and children. 

Frank Field was Director of the Group from 1969–1979. Ruth Lister was director from 1979-1987.

It every year it produces books about the British social security system. They used to be called the  National Welfare Benefits Handbook and now the  Welfare Benefits and Tax Credits Handbook.  2022 was the 24th with that name.

It takes test cases to court, trying to change the law. 

There is a group in New Zealand with the same name.

Other websites 
Child Poverty Action Group

References

Social security in the United Kingdom
Charities of the United Kingdom
Tavullia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pesaro and Urbino in the Italian region Marche.

Settlements in Pesaro and Urbino
To Be One with You is the first studio album by Josh Klinghoffer. He used the name Pluralone when he released it. The album was released on November 22, 2019. Many other musicians are on the album. People from Red Hot Chili Peppers, such as Flea and Jack Irons, helped with the music on it. Other musicians on the album are Eric Avery, Eric Gardner and Clint Walsh.

The album had two singles. Three weeks after the album was released, Klinghoffer said he was leaving Red Hot Chili Peppers. This was because John Frusciante was joining the band again.

Track listing

References 

2019 albums
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Sivananda is a yoga teacher from Bangladesh who claims to be born on 8 August 1896. On March 21 2022, he was awarded the Padma Shri.

Bio
Sivananda is alleged to have been born on August 8, 1896, although this has not been independently verified. Indian media have taken his claimed date of birth at face value but credible sources supporting/contravening the same are lacking. He was born in Sylhet District of Bengal Presidency of British India (present-day Sylhet Division of Bangladesh).

His parents lived in extreme poverty and even had to beg for their living. His sister, mother, and father all died within a month of each other when he was just six years old. Then he travelled to Kashi from Bengal and began serving there. Swami Sivananda mastered yoga and meditation after receiving his education from Guru Omkarananda.

For over three decades, he taught yoga on the banks of river Ganga in Varanasi.

Longevity claims
People from Sylhet Division
Yoga
"Particle Man" is a song by alternative rock band They Might Be Giants. It was released in 1990. The song is the seventh track on the band's third album, Flood. It has become one of the band's most popular songs. The song was made by John Linnell and John Flansburgh.

They Might Be Giants' YouTube account has the user name "ParticleMen", which is from the song title.

Lyrics 
The song describes four different "men": Particle Man, who is "not important"; Triangle Man, who fights Particle Man and wins; Universe Man, the size of the universe, and has a watch with hands for different times ("He’s got a watch with a minute hand, a millennium hand, and an eon hand"); and Person Man, who lives in a garbage can, and who is also defeated by Triangle Man.

The song's author, John Linnell, said that there was not a meaning to "Particle Man".
Video 
"Particle Man" was made into an animated music video on the Warner Bros. animated series Tiny Toon Adventures. In the music video, a duck is both Particle Man and Person Man (Person Man being Particle Man’s secret identity). The other characters are featured as big wrestlers. This music video for "Particle Man" showed young fans the band.

References

External links 

 "Particle Man" on This Might Be A Wiki
1990 songs
"It's Raining Again" is a 1982 song by English rock band Supertramp and taken from their 7th studio album ...Famous Last Words.... It went to number 1 in France, number 2 in Switzerland, number 3 in Germany, number 4 in Canada, number 6 in the Netherlands, Norway and South Africa, number 7 in Austria and number 11 in Australia and the United States.

Track listings

7-inch vinyl

References 

1982 songs
Supertramp songs
Pop rock songs
Big Rapids is the county seat of Mecosta County, Michigan, United States.

Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
"Hi Ho Silver Lining" is a 1967 song by band The Attack and failed to chart.

Jeff Beck version

A few days later it was covered by English singer Jeff Beck as his debut single and number 4 in New Zealand, number 12 in the Netherlands, number 14 in the United States, number 17 in Ireland and number 25 in Australia.

Formats and track listings
1967 7" single (UK/Holland: Columbia DB 8151, New Zealand: Columbia DNZ 10497, Portugal: Columbia 8E 006-93925)
A.  "Hi Ho Silver Lining" (English, Weiss) 2:53
B.  "Beck's Bolero" (Page) 2:52

1967 songs
Debut singles
Jeff Beck songs
Psychedelic pop songs
The Greatest Generation is an American term for a generation of people. They were born from about 1901 to 1927. They are also called the G.I. Generation and the World War II generation. Members of this generation were born after the Lost Generation and before the Silent Generation. They were affected by the Great Depression. Most of the enlisted military members in World War II were part of the Greatest Generation.

Date and age ranges
Pew Research Center defines this generation as people who were born from 1901 to 1927. Strauss and Howe use the birth years 1901 to 1924. The first half of the generation, born between 1901 and 1913, are sometimes called the Interbellum Generation.

United States

Youth
Youth

In the United States, members of this generation were born and became adults during the Progressive Era, World War I, and the Roaring Twenties. This was a time of economic prosperity with distinctive cultural changes. People who lived between 1918 and 1920 also experienced the deadly Spanish Flu pandemic. During their youth, they saw the invention of many new technologies. These included radio, telephone, and automobiles. Income inequality was growing around the world. The economy was also growing quickly. After the stock market crashed in 1929, this generation had deep economic and social problems.
Despite the hard times, literature, arts, music and movies of the time period flourished. This generation had the "Golden Age of Hollywood." It began in the 1930s. Many popular types of movies, including gangster movies, musical movies, comedy movies and monster movies, attracted large audiences. The Great Depression also affected literature. During the Depression, the first modern comic books were published. Comic books were popular with members of this generation with characters such as Doc Savage, The Shadow, Superman and Batman. The Greatest Generation often listened to jazz, blues, gospel and folk music. Swing jazz became very popular with them. This has caused them to be described as the "Swing Generation". The popularity of the radio also had a large effect in their lives. Millions of people listened to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "fireside chats" (or radio programs). They absorbed news in a way like never before.

World War II
World War II

Over 16 million Americans served in World War II. Most of them were members of this generation. 38.8% were volunteers, and 61.2% were drafted into the military. The average length of their service was 33 months. 671,278 Americans were killed and wounded during the war.

After the war
After the war, this generation produced many more children than earlier generations. Over 76 million babies were born between 1946 and 1964. The G.I. Bill helped the many veterans in this generation. The government paid for their education in colleges, universities, and trade schools. It gave them loans for many purposes, and helped them buy houses. Because they were richer, many people in this generation moved their families into the suburbs. They largely promoted more conservative ideas as the country faced the threat of the Cold War and a Second Red Scare. Some were again called to serve in the Korean War together with the Silent Generation. The first member of their generation to be elected president, John F. Kennedy, began a Space Race against the Soviet Union. His successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, promoted a controversial "Great Society" policy. Research professor of sociology Glen Holl Elder, Jr
., an important figure in the development of life course theory, wrote Children of the Great Depression (1974), "the first longitudinal study of a Great Depression cohort." Elder followed 167 people born in California between 1920 and 1921 and "traced the impact of Depression and wartime experiences from the early years to middle age. Most of these 'children of the Great Depression' fared unusually well in their adult years". They came out of the hard times of the Great Depression "with an ability to know how to survive and make do and solve problems.”
Relationship to later generations
This generation faced chaos in the form of the Vietnam War, civil rights movement, Watergate scandal, and the counterculture of the 1960s. Attitudes shaped during World War II clashed with those of the Vietnam era. Many struggled to understand the general distrust of the government by the younger generations, while some supported anti-war protests.

Later years and legacy
According to a 2004 study done by AARP, "There are 26 million people aged 77 or older in the United States. These people are largely conservative on economic (59%) and social (49%) issues, and about one-third of
them say they have become more conservative on economic, social, foreign policy, moral, and legal issues as they have aged. Over 9 in 10 (91%) of this age group are registered to vote and 90% voted in the 2000 presidential election. The last member of this generation to be elected president was George H. W. Bush (1989–1993), and as of 2023 the last surviving president from this generation is Jimmy Carter (1977–1981). In its later years, this generation was introduced to continued technological advancements such as mobile phones and the Internet.

As of 2019, approximately 389,000 of the 16 million Americans who served in World War II remain alive. Living members of this generation are either in their 90s or are centenarians (over 100 years old).
The lives of this generation are a common element of popular culture in the Western world. Media related to this generation's experiences continues to be produced. Some people have criticized the romanticizing of this generation. However, some also praise the traits and actions of this generation, and say that their sacrifices should be a lesson for current generations.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, living members of this generation have been impacted by the pandemic, such as Lee Wooten, who was treated in the hospital for coronavirus and recovered just before his 104th birthday in 2020.
Britain
In Britain, this generation became adults, like most of the western world, during a period of economic difficulty as a result of the Great Depression. When the war in Europe started, millions of British citizens joined the war effort at home and abroad. 2.9 million members of this generation served in the war, and 384,000 were killed or wounded. At home, The Blitz killed thousands of people and destroyed entire British cities. The men and women of this generation continue to be honored in the U.K., particularly on V-E Day. In 2020, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson compared this generation to current generations, and indicated his desire for current generations to show the “same spirit of national endeavour”, in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Queen Elizabeth II, a member of this generation who lived through World War II, said many of the same things.
Members of the World War II generation in Germany became adults after World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. They faced economic difficulties related to the Great Depression and Treaty of Versailles, as unemployment rose to nearly 40%. Adolf Hitler then rose to power, and many of this generation joined groups such as the Hitler Youth. In 1935, Hitler started military conscription. During the war, nearly 12.5 million members of this generation served in the war and 4.3 million were killed or wounded. By the end of the war, 5 million Germans were dead, including civilians. German cities and towns were ruined or destroyed by Allied bombing attacks. 12 million Germans were refugees and many were forced to live in the Soviet Union. In addition, the Holocaust killed millions of German Jews and others. After the war, the Allies began the denazification and demilitarization of Germany
. Returning German veterans found their country divided into four zones of occupation; later becoming West Germany and East Germany. In the west, the Marshall Plan resulted in the "Wirtschaftswunder", an economic boom that caused 185% growth between 1950 and 1963. Surviving members of the German World War II generation would go on to experience the Fall of the Berlin Wall and the creation of the European Union. Unlike the Western allies and the Soviet Union, Germany did not honor its veterans, as the association with Nazism continues in Germany today.
Soviet Union
Members of this generation became adults during Stalin's rise to power. They lived through the Holodomor famine, which killed millions. The World War II generation of the Soviet Union was further decimated by the war. Stalin's scorched earth policy left its western regions to be destroyed by the advancing German army. The USSR lost 14% of its pre-war population during WWII. This decrease in population had huge long-term consequences. Huge numbers of people were used as forced labor. Between 10 and 11 million Soviet men returned to help rebuild, along with 2 million Soviet dissidents held prisoner in Stalin's Gulags. Then came the Cold War and the Space race. Even in the mid-1980s, around 70% of Soviet industrial output was directed towards the military. This was one of the factors in its eventual economic collapse. Members of this generation are known as "Great Patriotic War" veterans. Today, former Soviet countries celebrate an annual Victory Day in honor of these veterans.
The World War II generation of Japan became adults during a time of growing imperialism. One member of this generation, Hirohito, became Emperor in 1926, when Japan was already one of the great powers. Nearly 18 million members of this generation fought in World War II. Approximately 3 million, including civilians, were killed or wounded. Japanese cities, towns, and villages were ruined or destroyed by Allied bombing campaigns. In an effort to prepare for the assumed Allied invasion, the Japanese government planned to use this generation for "Operation Ketsugo", in which the Japanese population would fight a war of attrition. This generation is one of the only generations thus far that have been killed by an atomic bomb; as hundreds of thousands lost their lives when the United States dropped the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Returning veterans found their country occupied and received little support or respect
. Surviving members of this generation saw Japan become the world's second-largest economy by 1989. Surviving veterans visit the Yasukuni Shrine to show respect for their fallen comrades.
Even after defeat Japan's economy became more successful than ever before, through businesses, such as Sony Corporation, and cultural influence, as in movies by Akira Kurosawa.

References 

Cultural anthropology
Demography
North Manchester General Hospital (NMGH) is a large NHS hospital in Crumpsall, North Manchester. 

The buildings are not in good condition.  There is a plan to rebuild the hospital.  It was one of the 40 new hospitals Boris Johnson promised in the 2019 Conservative election manifesto. In January 2023 the managers complained that building had not started. Delay was putting the cost up.  The cost had gone up  30% to £976 million. The ceiling had fallen down so the operating theatres had to be closed for 6 weeks. 

In November 2022  a new garden for patients and staff was opened at the Intensive Care Unit.

History 
Springfield Hospital was a workhouse. It opened in 1853. It was called the Crumpsall Institution. It was for people who were mentally ill.  Later it was called  Park House.   

Delaunays Hospital was also  built as a workhouse. It opened in 1869.  

Crumpsall Hospital was built for the Manchester Union Workhouse. It opened in 1876. It had 1,440 beds in 1928 with 600 more in the  mental department.
All three were taken over by the National Health Service in 1947.  They were joined together to make  North Manchester General Hospital in 1977.   Since 2020 it is managed by Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust.

References 

Hospitals in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Manchester
"People Get Ready" is a 1965 song by The Impressions. It is the title track from their fourth studio album of the same name. It went to number 14 in the United States. It was covered by Jeff Beck and Rod Stewart in 1985. It went to number 23 in Australia and number 48 in the United States.

References

1965 songs
The Impressions songs
Jeff Beck songs
Rod Stewart songs
Bob Dylan songs
Al Green songs
Aretha Franklin songs
Alicia Keys songs
Eva Cassidy songs
Michelle Wright songs
Billy Joel songs
U2 songs
An operating theater is a place within a hospital where surgeons do operations in a germ-free environment. It is referred as "theater" because earlier there would be seats for medical students and spectators to watch the activity of the surgeons.

Hospitals
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust is an NHS trust which operates 10 hospitals in Greater Manchester. It is the largest NHS trust in the United Kingdom. It was formed on 1 October 2017.  It had an income of £1.6 billion and 21,945 employees in 2018/9.  Mark Cubbon is the head from 2023.  He used to work for NHS England but started his career as a nurse in Greater Manchester.  Sir Mike Deegan retired after doing the job for more than 20 years, 

The 10 hospitals are:

 Manchester Royal Infirmary
 Manchester Royal Eye Hospital
 Royal Manchester Children's Hospital
 Saint Mary's Hospital
 University Dental Hospital of Manchester
 Wythenshawe Hospital
 North Manchester General Hospital
 Trafford General Hospital
 Withington Community Hospital
 Altrincham Hospital

References 

NHS trusts
Organisations based in Manchester
University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust is an NHS trust based in London.  It runs University College Hospital,  Eastman Dental Hospital, the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine and the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital.

References 

NHS trusts
Organisations based in London
NHS trusts were started in 1990 by Margaret Thatcher's government. The idea was to bring a market into the National Health Service in England and Wales.  They took the place of District health authorities which had managed the services before. 

Each trust has a board with managers. After 2002 many of them became foundation trusts.  They had more freedom.  The plan was that they would all become foundation trusts, but that hasnt happened.  

In 2015 there were 470 trusts.  They have been joined to make bigger organizations. In April 2020 there were 217 trusts, with about 800,000 employees.   There are only 3 trusts in NHS Wales.  In Northern Ireland there are 5 health and social care trusts. 

After 2017 there was less talk about markets in the NHS. Integrated care systems were started. 

About 65% of a trust's money goes on paying the workers.

References
Christian Mate Pulisic (; , ; born September 18, 1998) is an American soccer player. He plays for Serie A club A.C. Milan and the United States national team. Pulisic is known for his dribbling abilities and explosive speed. Because of this, he has been given the nickname "Captain America" by fans and other players.

Pulisic began his career at German club Borussia Dortmund, where he quickly progressed through the team's youth academy, being in only 15 youth games. He was then promoted to the senior team in 2016, at the age of 17. He did not play a lot in his first season at the club, but then he started to play more games in the next season. He became a mainstay in Dortmund and won the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal. He finished second in the first Kopa Trophy which is given to the best player under age 21 in 2018.
In January 2019, Pulisic was transferred to Chelsea that costed $73 million (£57.6 million) making him the most expensive North American player of all time. He began playing for the club in the 2019–20 season. He became the youngest Chelsea player to score a hat-trick, at 21 years old.With Chelsea, he won the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League, 2021 UEFA Super Cup and 2021 FIFA Club World Cup, becoming the youngest Chelsea player and first American to score in the Champions League semi-finals and the first American to play in the Champions League final.
Pulisic played for the United States at the under-15 and under-17 levels, before making his senior national team debut in March 2016 at age 17. He is the youngest player ever to captain the United States national team in the modern era. He helped the U.S. get to the final of the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup and won the first 2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League. Individually, he has won a U.S. Soccer Young Male Athlete of the Year award and three U.S. Soccer Male Athlete of the Year awards.

References 

Living people
1998 births
American soccer players
Chelsea F.C. players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Navarre Scott Momaday (born February 27, 1934) is a Kiowa novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet.

Momaday was born in Lawton, Oklahoma. He is a Native American of the Kiowa people. His early life and education happened on Navajo, Apache, and Jemez Pueblo reservations. He went to college at the University of New Mexico. He got his masters and doctoral degrees at Stanford University.

In 1969 his first novel, House Made of Dawn, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. He receved the National Medal of Arts in November 2007. In 2019 he was given the Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award from the Dayton Literary Peace Prize. That award said, "Momaday speaks for the Earth, [seeing] the natural world as a sacred space and [telling] us that humans are a part of, not apart from that world."

Momaday's writing often mixes up fiction, poetry, and non-fiction. In The Way to Rainy Mountain, he uses "Kiowa tribal and private stories, history and descriptions of the land, and drawings."
His books have been translated into French, German, Italian, Russian, Swedish, Japanese, and Spanish.

Books
The Journey of Tai-me (1967), folklore
House Made of Dawn (1968), novel
The Way to Rainy Mountain (1969), folklore
The Gourd Dancer (1976), poetry
The Names: A Memoir (1976), memoir
The Ancient Child (1989), novel
In the Presence of the Sun (1992), stories and poetry
The Native Americans: Indian County (1993)
Circle of Wonder: A Native American Christmas Story (1994), children's book
The Man Made of Words: Essays, Stories, Passages (1997), stories and essays
In the Bear's House (1999), mixed media
Four Arrows & Magpie: A Kiowa Story (2006), children's book
Three Plays: The Indolent Boys, Children of the Sun, and The Moon in Two Windows (2007), plays
Again the Far Morning: New and Selected Poems (2011), poetry
The Death of Sitting Bear (2020), poetry
Earth Keeper: Reflections on the American Land (2020), poetry

References
References

1934 births
American essayists
American novelists
American poets
Writers from Oklahoma
Living people
American short story writers
John Crowe Ransom (April 30, 1888 – July 3, 1974) was an American poet, teacher, literary critic, and essayist.

Ransom was born in Pulaski, Tennessee. He graduated from Vanderbilt University in 1909. Then he went to Oxford University. He was teaching at Vanderbilt around 1915 when a group of students began talking about Ameican life and the writing of that time. This group of young poets, like Robert Penn Warren, Allen Tate, and others, started a magazine called The Fugitive. This began a new movement in Southern writing.
Ransom wrote poetry before 1927. After that, he wrote essays and books about the art of literature. His ideas were about the value of tradition. In 1937 he started teaching at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. He started a literary magazine, The Kenyon Review. In 1941 he published essays about literature in his book The New Criticism. Many important poets were printed in The Kenyon Review. Some of the first ones were John Berryman, Dylan Thomas, Muriel Rukeyser, and Allen Tate. In time it printed poems by John Ashbery, James Dickey, Anthony Hecht, James Merrill, Theodore Roethke, Wallace Stevens, and William Carlos Williams.

Books
Poems About God (1919)
Chills and Fever (1924)
Grace after Meat (1924)
Two Gentlemen in Bonds (1927)
The World's Body (1938)
The New Criticism (1941).
God Without Thunder: An Unorthodox Defense of Orthodoxy (1965)

References

1888 births
1974 deaths
American essayists
American poets
American literary critics
American teachers
The T-bone and porterhouse are cuts of beef. They are steaks that are cut from the short loin. The smaller part of a T-bone is called a filet mignon. They contain meat from two of the most expensive cuts of beef, and are said to be one of the highest quality steaks.

Cuts of beef
Lake City is a county seat of Missaukee County, Michigan, United States.

Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Stanton is a county seat of Montcalm County, Michigan, United States.

Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Atlanta is the county seat of Montmorency County, Michigan, United States.

Census-designated places in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Clint is a town in El Paso County, Texas, United States.

Settlements in El Paso County, Texas
Towns in Texas
Agua Dulce is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in El Paso County, Texas, United States.

Census-designated places in El Paso County, Texas
Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland) is the healthcare system in Northern Ireland, It was set up in 1948 at the same time as the  National Health Service in Great Britain, It is different because it  covers social care as well as health care.  There are no prescription charges as there are in England.  

There are five health and social care trusts.  They run the hospitals, dentistry,  pharmacies and social care.   They started on 1 April 2007.

The six trusts are:

 Belfast Health and Social Care Trust
 Northern Health and Social Care Trust
 Northern Ireland Ambulance Service Health and Social Care Trust
 South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust
 Southern Health and Social Care Trust
 Western Health and Social Care Trust

There are about 350 GP practices in Northern Ireland.

The service in Northern Ireland is much worse than in the rest of the UK because of the political problems in the Northern Ireland Assembly.

References 

National Health Service
Organisations based in Northern Ireland
Bernard Longley  (born 5 April 1955) is an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was named the Archbishop of Birmingham on 1 October 2009, and installed on 8 December 2009. Bishop Bernard Longley was born in Manchester, and went to New College, Oxford. He was ordained Bishop and appointed as an Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Westminster on 24 January 2003.

References

1955 births
English Roman Catholic archbishops
Ta-Nehisi Paul Coates (born September 30, 1975) is an American writer, journalist and graphic novelist.

Coates was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He went to Howard University in Washington, D. C.. After college he wrote for many different publications, including the Village Voice, Time, and Entertainment Weekly. He was a regular writer for The Atlantic from 2008 until 2018.

In 2014 Coates wrote an essay that was read and talked about by many people, “The Case for Reparations.” In it he gave reasons for why African Americans should be paid back in some way for their economic difficulties caused by slavery in the United States. 

In 2015 Coates' non-fiction book Between The World And Me won the National Book Award. He received a MacArthur Fellowship in 2019.

He wrote the 25 issues of the graphic novel Black Panther (2016-2018).
Books
Asphalt Sketches (1990)
The Beautiful Struggle: A Father, Two Sons, and an Unlikely Road to Manhood (2008)
Between the World and Me: Notes on the First 150 Years in America (2015)
Black Panther (2016-2018) 
We Were Eight Years in Power: An American Tragedy (2017)
The Water Dancer (2019)

Reference

1975 births
Living people
American essayists
African American writers

American comics writers
In the English National Health Service people between age 16 and 60 may have to pay a charge for prescribed medicine. The charge is  £9.35 for each one. People can get a certificate which lasts for 3 months for £30.25, or one which lasts a year for £108.10. 

In April 2023 a new charge was started for Hormone Replacement Therapy. The new HRT prepayment certificate costs £19.30 a year.  

People dont have to pay if they are:

 under 16,
 16–18 and in full-time education,
 getting some means tested benefits
 over 60,
 women who are expecting or have had a baby in the previous 12 months.  They need a maternity exemption certificate.
 People who have a certificate (HC2) from the NHS Low Income Scheme. An HC3 certificate gives some help but not exemption from charges.

People who do not pay when they should can be punished.  They may have to pay more than £100.

Medical exemption 
People with these conditions are given a medical exemption certificate.  They dont have to pay for any prescriptions,
epilepsy needing continuous therapy
 a permanent fistula
 diabetes mellitus
 hyperthyroidism (also referred to as Graves' Disease, an autoimmune disorder)
 myxoedema which occurs in hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism
 hypoparathyroidism
 diabetes insipidus or hypopituitarism
 Addison's disease and other forms of hypoadrenalism
 myasthenia gravis
 any continuing physical disability which stops them going out alone
 undergoing treatment for cancer, including the effects of cancer, or the effects of current or previous cancer treatment.
In 2008 only 12% of patients in England had to pay.  The Prescription Charges Coalition campaigns for free prescriptions for everyone with a long term condition. The conditions which get free prescriptions had long-term life-saving medicine  in 1968, and it has not been changed since then. The prescription charges rules were called a "dog's dinner" by the Social Market Foundation. The National Pharmacy Association says the charges mean some people dont take their medicine.  They end up in hospital which costs more than the cost of a prescription.   Healthwatch England asked 2000 people about costs in December 2022. 10% said the increased cost of living meant they did not get their prescription.

History 
When the NHS started in 1947 all prescriptions were free. Charges were started in 1952. They stopped in 1965 and were started again in 1968. They were stopped in Wales in 2007, in Northern Ireland in 2010 and in Scotland in 2011.

References 

National Health Service
Pharmacy
"Ray of Light" is a 1998 song by American singer Madonna. It is the second single from her 7th studio album of the same name. It went to number 1 in Croatia, Greece and Spain, number 2 in the United Kingdom and Finland, number 3 in Canada, number 5 in Italy and the United States, number 6 in Australia and Hungary, number 9 in Iceland and New Zealand and number 16 in Ireland. It won 2 Grammy Awards in 1999 and was nominated for Song of the Year.

Track listings and formats 

 US 12-inch vinyl
A. "Ray of Light" (Sasha's Strip Down Mix)  – 5:00
B. "Ray of Light" (Orbit's Ultra Violet Mix)  – 6:59
US 2× 12-inch vinyl
A1. "Ray of Light" (Sasha's Ultraviolet Mix)  – 10:43
A2. "Ray of Light" (Sasha's Strip Down Mix)  – 5:00
B1. "Ray of Light" (Victor Calderone Club Mix)  – 9:29
B2. "Ray of Light" (William Orbit Liquid Mix)  – 8:06
C1. "Ray of Light" (Sasha Twilo Mix)  – 10:58
C2. "Ray of Light" (Victor Calderone Drum Mix)  – 5:26
D1. "Ray of Light" (Orbit's Ultra Violet Mix)  – 6:59
D2. "Ray of Light" (Album Version)  – 5:19

 European 12-inch vinyl
A1. "Ray of Light" (Sasha's Ultraviolet Mix)  – 10:43
A2. "Ray of Light" (William Orbit Liquid Mix)  – 8:06
B1. "Ray of Light" (Victor Calderone Club Mix)  – 9:29
B2. "Ray of Light" (Album Version)  – 5:19

 European CD single
 "Ray of Light" (Album Version)  – 5:19
 "Has to Be" (Non-Album Track)  – 5:15
 "Ray of Light" (Sasha's Ultraviolet Mix)  – 10:43

 US 7-inch vinyl; US, Australian, and Japanese CD single; UK cassette
 "Ray of Light" (Album Version)  – 5:19
 "Has to Be" (Non-Album Track)  – 5:15
US, Australian, European, and Japanese maxi-CD; UK CD single 1
 "Ray of Light" (Album Version)  – 5:19
 "Ray of Light" (Sasha's Ultra Violet Mix)  – 10:43
 "Ray of Light" (William Orbit Liquid Mix)  – 8:06
 "Ray of Light" (Victor Calderone Club Mix)  – 9:29

 UK CD single 2
 "Ray of Light" (Sasha's Twilo Mix)  – 10:58
 "Ray of Light" (Sasha's Strip Down Mix)  – 5:00
 "Ray of Light" (Victor Calderone Drum Mix)  – 5:26
 "Ray of Light" (Orbit's Ultra Violet Mix)  – 6:59

References

1998 songs
Pop songs
Madonna (entertainer) songs
Psychedelic pop songs
Electronic rock songs
Krøyer's deep sea angler fish (Ceratias holboelli) is a species of fish in the family Ceratiidae, the sea devils. This deep-sea anglerfish is found in all oceans, at depths of 0 to 4,400 m (0 to 14,436 ft), but mainly between 400 and 2,000 m (1,300 and 6,600 ft). 

Females typically are 77 cm (2.53 ft) long, but can reach 120 cm (3.9 ft). The much smaller males only reach 16 cm (6.3 in) and they are symbiotic, as they attach themselves to a female.

Further reading 

 Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982) ISBN 0-00-216987-8

References 

Munroe, T.; Costa, M.; Kobyliansky, S.; Arnold, R. (2015). "Ceratias holboelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18127741A21910125. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18127741A21910125.en. Retrieved 19 November2021.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Ceratias holboelli" in FishBase. January 2014 version.

Teleosts
IUCN Red List least concern species
Narendra Singh Negi is a singer from Uttarakhand.

Awards 
Narendra Singh Negi has been awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in Delhi on 9 April 2022.

References 

Living people
1949 births
Indian singers
A medical exemption means that a person with a health problem does not have to do what other people have to do.  Joining the army is a common example.

Disability
Mommy's Little Monster may mean:
Mommy's Little Monster (album)
"Mommy's Little Monster" (Gotham)
Medical treatment is free in the National Health Service but there are some charges and costs.  The Low Income Scheme is to help with these costs. 

There are charges for prescriptions, wigs and fabric supports (only in England),  dentistry, sight tests, glasses and contact lenses.  It often costs money to  travel to a hospital.  

People who get means tested benefits mostly are exempt from these charges.  People who have to pay can get a certificate.  An HC2 means they dont have to pay anything.  An HC3 means they get some help.   

People who have more than £16,000 (£23,250 for people who live in a care home) cannot get a certificate.
People who have a certificate, or are exempt from charges, can claim the cost of their travel to a hospital if they are sent there by a doctor. They normally claim at the hospital.  They can get the cost of someone to come with them if they cannot travel alone. They can claim the cost of coming by car or taxi if they need one. They can claim a refund for what they paid for up to 3 months.Healthwatch England asked 2000 people in December 2022 about health costs. 10% said the increased cost of living meant they did not get their prescription. 15%  did not go to the dentist.

References 

National Health Service
Healthwatch England was set up in 2013.  It is part of the  Care Quality Commission.  Its job is to listen to NHS patients and people who use social care in England. There more than 150 local Healthwatches in England.  They give patients advice and try to make services better.  They can go into services to see what they are like.  

Louise Ansari is the national director.

References 

National Health Service
The Care Quality Commission (CQC) is set up by the Department of Health and Social Care to check the quality of health and social care in England. It can go into hospitals, care homes, dentists, general practices and other care services, both public and private.   It was started in 2009. The organisations they check have to pay. 

Services are rated on a four point scale:  Outstanding,  Good, Requires improvement and Inadequate.  They are all listed on its website.

References

2009 establishments in the United Kingdom
Medical and health organisations in the United Kingdom
Timo Werner (; born 6 March 1996) is a German footballer. He plays as a striker for Bundesliga club RB Leipzig and the Germany national team.

Werner began his senior club career with VfB Stuttgart in 2013, becoming the club's youngest debutant and goalscorer. He signed with RB Leipzig in 2016, at 20 years old, for a used to be club record transfer of €10 million. He set the record as the youngest player to reach 150 and 200 appearances in the Bundesliga. Werner also finished as the league's second highest goalscorer in the 2019–20 season. After becoming Leipzig's all-time top goalscorer, Werner went to Chelsea in 2020 for a reported fee worth €50 million, winning the UEFA Champions League in his first season at the club. He later returned to Leipzig in August 2022 for a reported £25.3 million.
A German international, Werner was a skilled goalscorer at the youth international level for Germany, scoring 34 goals in 48 appearances across the different age group levels. Werner made his senior debut in 2017 and helped Germany win the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, winning the Golden Boot as the tournament's highest goalscorer. He also represented Germany at the 2018 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2020.

References 

German footballers
Living people
1996 births
RB Leipzig players
Sportspeople from Stuttgart
On January 3, 2023, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Rishi Sunak announced that he would propose to make mathematics compulsory in schools until the age of 18.

Background 
Mathematics is compulsory on the curriculum for all pupils in England up to age 16, like in Spain.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the teaching of mathematics had suffered the consequences of online education. General Certificate of Secondary Education poor results in mathematics over the past years was also a reason to promote this measure.

Rishi Sunak said in his speech:

Importance 
In 2021, a University of Oxford study concluded that the lack of mathematics education after the age of 16 negatively affects adolescent brain and cognitive development.

Criticism 
Mathematician and biologist Kit Yates from the University of Bath said in The Guardian an that "Sunak’s plan for compulsory maths doesn’t add up".

References 

2020s in England
Petr Pavel (; born 1 November 1961) is a Czech politician and former army general. Pavel is the President of the Czech Republic. He was Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 2015 to 2018. He also was the Chief of the General Staff of the Czech Armed Forces from 2012 to 2015.

References

1961 births
Living people
Generals

Czech politicians
Beaver Coins were gold coins made in Oregon in 1849. They were also known as Beaver Money.  Their name comes from the beaver on the front of the coins. The currency contained 8% more gold than other coins from that same period of American history in the United States of America. Today these coins are rare and valuable.

After the creation of the Territory of Oregon, the mint that made the coins became privately owmed. It still made coins until Governor Joseph Lane said they this was unconstitutional in September 1849.  Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution says that the mintage of coins is one of the powers of the Congress.)  The opening of the United States Mint branch in San Francisco, California made many gold and silver U.S. currency available. This helped end the usage of the "Beaver Coins".

References

American coins
A general practitioner (GP) also called a family doctor or a primary care physician is a medical doctor who works outside of a hospital.  They deal with all sorts of health problems. They often get to know families over a long time.  This continuity is very important.  In many countries they send people to see specialists. Away from towns they may have to deal with emergencies and deliver babies. They spend most of their time looking after illness in young children and old people.

In many countries general practitioners run their own small business.  They are very important in rural medicine.

United Kingdom 
The number of general practitioners increased from 15,000 in 1913 to 19000 in 1938.   17.6 million people were registered with a GP in 1938 - about half of the population.
In December 2022 there were 36,622 permanent qualified GPs working in England - Full-time equivalent was 27,375.  69% worked between 15 and 37.5 hours a week.  The COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom changed the way they worked.  Telephone and video was used much more.  Some people were very unhappy about this and there were a lot more complaints.  In Northumberland, Gosport, Wolverhampton and West Cheshire some of the GPs now work for the local hospital trust.

Numbers of GPs have been dropping for several years.   Demographic change has led to “demand outstripping supply” with an increasing – and increasingly elderly – population putting immense pressure on GP services which have not expanded in the last ten years.

Spain 
In November 2022 more than 4,000 GPs in Madrid went on an ‘indefinite strike’.  People had to wait a week to see a GP.  They were each seeing ‘more than 50 or 60 patients’ in their working day.

References

Medical specialties
NHS Scotland is of the four systems that make up the National Health Service in the United Kingdom.  It has been separate since the NHS was started in 1948.  Since 1999 it has become more different from England.

The budget was £15.3billion in 2020-21.

About 160,000 people work for the NHS in Scotland.  There are14 regional NHS Boards, seven Special NHS Boards and one public health body,

It is setting up four new National Treatment Centres, in Kirkaldy, Larbert, Inverness and Clydebank. They will give extra capacity for hospital care, day case treatment and diagnostic services.  The new ward at Larbert has 30 beds. It was built by Portakabin. There are  two operating theatres and an MRI scanner. It should deliver 1,500 more operations each year.

NHS Near Me is a system which lets people see doctors and nurses using video. In 2022 it was used for 20,000 consultations every week;  Connect Me lets people use their phone to manage their health needs from home.

References
References 

National Health Service
Scottish Government
The Volkswagen Arena is a sports building in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. It is an all seater stadium that can seat 30,000 people. The stadium is named for the German automobile company Volkswagen. The company is also the owner of the club VfL Wolfsburg. They play their home matches at this stadium. During UEFA competitions, a stadium cannot be named after a sponsor  Because of this, the stadium is called the VfL Wolfsburg Arena during UEFA competitions. 

The stadium was opened in 2002. It cost € 53,000,000 to build.

References

Sports buildings
Buildings and structures in Lower Saxony
Wolfsburg
2002 establishments in Germany
NHS Wales is of the four systems that make up the National Health Service in the United Kingdom.  It has been separate since 1999. It is the responsibility of the Welsh Minister for Health and Social Services. 

It has seven health boards and three NHS trusts.

It employs 81,044 staff, making it Wales's biggest employer. In April 2018 there were also 1,926 general practitioners working in Wales.

References 

National Health Service
Organisations based in Wales
NHS England manages the National Health Service in England.  It was set up in October 2011. it is part of the Department of Health and Social Care. 

Simon Stevens was the Chief Executive from 2014 to 2021. Amanda Pritchard then took over. In October 2022 she told told local NHS leaders that  “the money is a f**king nightmare”.

In 2016 it divided England into 44 areas. They have now become 42 integrated care systems.

It had a budget of £129.9 billion in 2020-21.  Most of the money was given to the local clinical commissioning groups but the 154 most specialized services were managed by them.  The start of integrated care systems  meant that some of this work could be managed in these larger areas.  In 2023 it plans to give the money, £13 billion, for 59 services to 9 committees of integrated care systems. The rest of the  £23 billion for specialised services will still be managed by NHS England.

References 

National Health Service
Cornufer adiastolus is a frog. It lives on New Britain Island in Papua New Guinea.

First paper

References

Frogs of Oceania
Shigechiyo Izumi (? - 21 February 1986) was a Japanese Centenarian. His case was initially verified by the Guinness World Records who titled him the oldest man ever, but in the 2011-2012 edition he was not mentioned and was replaced with Christian Mortensen.

After a brief hospitalization, he died of pneumonia at 9:15PM (Japanese UTC) on 21 February 1986 at age 120, although some claim his birth certificate belonged to a deceased brother. And his family might have used Shigechiyo as a necronym.

Obituaries were found of a centenarian with the exact same name but born in 1880 instead of 1865.

The oldest undisputed case of male longevity is Jiroemon Kimura, also from Japan, who died on June 12 2013 aged 116 years and 54 days.

Related pages 
 Jeanne Calment
 Oldest people

People from Kagoshima Prefecture
1986 deaths
Athelstan Suresh Canagarajah is a linguist. He is Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Applied linguistics, English, and Asian studies at Pennsylvania State University. He has been a professor there since 2007. He researches World Englishes and teaching English to speakers of other languages. He has published works on translingualism, translanguaging, linguistic imperialism, and social and political issues in language education. His book, Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations, has won three nationally recognized best book awards. 

He is a Tamil person. Canagarajah was born in Sri Lanka.

Selected publications 

 Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations. New York and Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. pp. xxii-230. 
 Canagarajah, A. (1999). Resisting linguistic imperialism in English language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Service work
Service work 

 Canagarajah was Editor of TESOL Quarterly 2005-2010.
 He was president of the American Association of Applied Linguistics, 2011-2012.

Important awards
Important awards 

 American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL) 2020 Best Book Award for Routledge Handbook for Migration and Language
 American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL) 2016 Inaugural Best Book Award for Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations 
 British Association for Applied Linguistics (BAAL) 2014 Book Prize for Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations
 Modern Language Association of America 2012-2013 Mina P. Shaughnessy Award for Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations
 Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC) 2007 Richard Braddock Award for “The Place of World Englishes in Composition: Pluralization Continued" 
 Modern Language Association of America 1999 Mina P. Shaughnessy Award for Resisting Linguistic Imperialism in English Teaching

References

Other websites 
 homepage 

Living people
Linguists