Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1375 establishments
1370s establishments in Japan
1381 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
Kōwa (弘和) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Tenju and before Genchū.  This period started in February 1381 and ended in April 1384.  The Southern Court monarchs in Yoshino during this time-frame were  and .  The Northern Court monarchs in Kyoto were  and

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1381 establishments
1380s establishments in Japan
1384 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kemmu and before Kōei. The period started in August 1338 and ended in April 1342.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Ryakuō era
 28 August 1338 (Ryakuō 1, 13th day of the 7th month): Ashikaga forces burned Daikaku-ji.<ref>Richie, Donald. (1995).  [https://books.google.com/books?id=spx_ZljTPn4C&dq=daikakuji&pg=PA62  Daikaku-ji,"] The Temples of Kyoto, p. 62.</ref>
 19 September 1339 (Ryakuō 3, 16th day of the 8th month): Emperor Go-Daigo died.
 1340 (Ryakuō 3''): Sightings of a "broom star" (comet) are recorded.

Southern Court nengō
 Engen, 1336–1340
 Kōkoku, 1340–1346

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1338 establishments
1330s establishments in Japan
1342 disestablishments
1340s disestablishments in Japan
This article is about the Japanese era name.  For the software company, see Koei.

 was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Ryakuō and before Jōwa. This period started in April 1342 and ended in October 1345.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time-frame was .

Events of the Kōei era
 1342 (Kōei 1, 2nd month):  was removed from his position as Prime Minister (daijō daijin).
 1342 (Kōei 1, 12th month): The mother of Ashikaga Takauji died.
 1343 (Kōei 2, 4th month): Nijō Yoshimoto, the author of Masukagami, was made Minister of the Right (udaijin).
 1344 (Kōei 3, 1st month): Shogun Takauji offered prayers at Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū.

Southern Court nengō 
 Kakitsu, 1441–1444
 Bun'an, 1444–1449

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1342 establishments
1340s establishments in Japan
1345 disestablishments
1340s disestablishments in Japan
Women's movies is a movie genre.  These movies are ones that moviemakers expect women to like. They are about women. They have themes that moviemakers think would interest women such as home, family life, being a mother, making sacrifices, and romance.  Women's movies are movies that were made for women by predominantly male screenwriters and directors whereas "women's cinema" is movies that have been made by women. Women's movies have been made for years and years, ever since the silent movie days. It took a while for the term "woman's movie" to be used though. These movies were called "melodramas" at first. They were very popular during World War II. Their production fell off in the 1960s. The term "woman's movie" went south in the 1960s even though such movies were still being made. George Cukor, Douglas Sirk, Max Ophüls, and Josef von Sternberg directed woman's movies.  Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, and Barbara Stanwyck made many woman's movies
.  Mildred Pierce, Jezebel and Stella Dallas are examples of woman's movies.
Handshakes and Middle Fingers is the second major release studio album by Canadian rapper, Classified. Handshakes and Middle Fingers was released on March 22, 2011. The album spawned three singles "That Ain't Classy", "The Day Doesn't Die" and "Maybe It's Just Me". "That Ain't Classy" peaked at #45 on the Canadian Hot 100 while "The Day Doesn't Die" peaked at #83 on the Canadian Hot 100. The album peaked at #7 on the Canadian Albums Chart and also hit #2 on the iTunes top seller list.

Songs

References

2011 albums
The Wedding Singer is a 1998 American romantic comedy movie starring Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore. It follows a wedding singer falling in love with a waitress in 1984.

References

1998 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies about weddings
Movies about singers
Movies set in the 1980s
New Line Cinema movies
Rafael Landry Tanubrata (born in Garut, West Java, Indonesia, November 16, 1986)  is an Indonesian pop and R&B singer-songwriter, hip hop dancer and actor. He is a member of the boy band SM*SH.

Biography 
Rafael Landry Tanubrata born in November 16, 1986 star sign in Scorpio. favorite song Daniel Bedingfield "If You're Not the One" (2002) and Mario "Let Me Love You" (2004).

TV series 
 "Cinta Cenat Cenut" (2011) as Rafael
 "Cinta Cenat Cenut 2" (2011) as Rafael
 "Cinta Cenat Cenut 3" (2012) as Rafael

Discography 
 Vokalis band (2003) (before joining SM*SH)
 SM*SH (2010) as a member SM*SH
 Step Forward (2012) as a member SM*SH

Solo singles 
 "Tiada Kata Berpisah (There is no word Split)" (2015)

Other websites 
 Sm*sh: Boyband Asli Indonesia 
 Official SM*SH Website 

1986 births
Living people
Pop musicians
R&B musicians
Indonesian singers
Synth-pop singers
In Search of the Castaways is a 1962 Walt Disney Productions movie. It stars Hayley Mills, George Sanders, and Maurice Chevalier. The movie was directed by Robert Stevenson.  It was based on Jules Verne's 1868 adventure novel Captain Grant's Children. The movie was Mills's third of six movies for the Disney Studios. The movie was a box office hit.

The Sherman brothers (Robert B. and Richard M. Sherman) wrote the songs "Castaway", "Merci Beaucoup", "Let's Climb", and "Enjoy It". Movie critic Hal Erickson wrote, "[The movie] is a roller-coaster of a Disney film, making up in excitement what it lacks in credibility or coherence...the film was ideal Saturday-matinee fodder for the kiddie trade in 1963."
Cast 
 Hayley Mills as Mary Grant, Captain Grant's daughter
 Keith Hamshere as Robert Grant, Captain Grant's son 
 Jack Gwillim as Captain Grant, a castaway
 Maurice Chevalier as Jacques Paganel, friend to Mary and Robert
 Wilfrid Hyde-White as Lord Glenarvan
 Michael Anderson, Jr. as John Glenarvan, his son
 George Sanders as Thomas Ayerton
 Wilfrid Brambell as Bill Gaye, a castaway
 Antonio Cifariello as Thalcave, Indian Chief
 Inia Te Wiata as Maori Chief

Story 
Teenager Mary Grant, her brother Robert, and their friend Professor Paganel, persuade Lord Glenarvan to rescue shipwrecked Captain Grant. They sail halfway around the world on Lord Glenarvan's yacht. The friends survive an earthquake, a flood, a fire, an attack by a giant condor, and a volcanic eruption before rescuing Captain Grant from fierce Maoris.
A subplot involves a criminal named Thomas Ayerton, a former crew-member of Captain Grant's ship. He was responsible for Captain Grant's disappearance. Another subplot involves a romance between Mary and Lord Glenarvan's son John.

References 

American adventure movies
American musical movies
Disney movies
American fantasy movies
American family movies
Movies based on books by Jules Verne
1962 adventure movies
1960s musical movies
1962 fantasy movies
1960s family movies
English-language movies
The Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is a division of UNESCO that tries to improve and encourage conservation and sustainability around the world. It was created in 1971. Its main focus is a network of biosphere reserves. The programme acts as a kind of forum for exchanging ideas and experiences on sustainable development and management of these reserves. Biosphere reserves are areas that are supposed to develop creative ideas, test them and share the results. To date, there are 621 biosphere reserves in 117 countries.

1 Includes the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean, shared between Morocco and Spain*Table not up to date

References

Other websites
 Searchable list of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves
 Frequently Asked Questions on Biosphere Reserve
 A-Z of Areas of Biodiverity Importance: Biosphere Reserves (MAB)
Around the World in 80 Days (sometimes written as Around the World in Eighty Days) is a 1956 adventure movie. It stars David Niven, Cantinflas, and Shirley MacLaine. It was produced by the Michael Todd Company and released by United Artists. The movie was directed by Michael Anderson.  The screenplay was written by James Poe, John Farrow, and S. J. Perelman. It was based on the novel of the same name by Jules Verne. The music score was composed by Victor Young. The cinematography was by Lionel Lindon. The movie won many Academy Awards, including "Best Picture". Many well known actors made small appearances in the movie. These stars include Charles Boyer, Marlene Dietrich, and Frank Sinatra.
1950s American adventure movies
Movies based on books by Jules Verne
1956 adventure movies
1950s English-language movies
Movies set in London
Movies set in England
Movies set in Paris
Movies set in France
Movies set in Spain
Movies set in India
Movies set in Japan
Movies set in Bangladesh
Movies set in the United States
Movies directed by Michael Anderson
Movies set in the 1870s
Lake retention time (also called the residence time of lake water, or the water age or flushing time) is the calculated average time that water (or a dissolved substance) spends in a lake. At its simplest this figure is the result of dividing the lake volume by the flow in or out of the lake. It describes the amount of time that is needed for a substance to flow in and out of a lake.

Lakes
Mysterious Island is a 1961 movie. It was released by Morningside Productions through Columbia Pictures. The movie was based on the book The Mysterious Island by Jules Verne. The movie was produced by Charles H. Schneer and Ray Harryhausen. It was directed by Cy Endfield. The movie was filmed at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England as a showcase for Harryhausen's stop-motion animation effects. The music was composed by Bernard Herrmann. The movie stars Michael Craig as Captain Harding; Joan Greenwood as Lady Mary Fairchild; and Herbert Lom as Captain Nemo.
Story 
Union soldiers escape in a hot air balloon from a Confederate prison camp during the American Civil War. They crash-land in the ocean. They are washed ashore on an unknown island where gigantic animals live. The animals are the result of experiments by Captain Nemo. He is an unknown benefactor to the castaways as they struggle to survive on the island. A volcano threatens to erupt. The stranded group escapes from the island on a pirate ship. The volcano destroys the island.  The animated "monsters" that the castaways encounter are a giant crab, a giant flightless bird, giant bees, and a giant cephalopod.

1961 science fiction movies
1960s adventure movies
1961 adventure movies
Movies based on books by Jules Verne
1961 movies
1960s fantasy movies
British movies
1960s English-language movies
Movies set on islands
Movies about volcanoes
In hydrology, discharge is the outflow of water from a river or lake or other body of water. The discharge describes how much water flows through, in a certain amount of time. The amount is usually expressed in  (cubic metres per second).

The discharge is the opposite of the inflow.

Discharge
Waterways
Bagnolet is a town in the east suburbs of Paris, France. It is 5.2 km (3.2 mi) from the center of Paris and is in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis. About 34,595 people lived there in 2006.

Education 
From 1989 to 1999, the aviation engineering school Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées was in the town.

Other websites

Official website (in French)

Communes in Seine-Saint-Denis
Orly is a town near Paris, France. It is in the Val-de-Marne département and the Île-de-France region. There are about 21,372 people in the town (as of 2007).

Education 
The École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) was built at Orly in 1949. It was there from 1949 to 1969. The buildings are still visible from the road going to the airport of Paris Orly.

Communes in Val-de-Marne
Georges Méliès (8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938) was a French moviemaker. He led the way in the use of special effects, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted colour in his work. His movies include Conquest of the Pole, A Trip to the Moon, and The Impossible Voyage. These movies involve strange, surreal voyages, like those in Jules Verne's books. These movies are among the most important early science fiction movies. Méliès's The Haunted Castle is an early horror movie.

Life and work 

Méliès was born in Paris, France in 1861. He liked drawing and playing with a puppet theater as a child. He went to the theater often as a young man. About 1888, Méliès bought the Théatre Robert-Houdin and worked there as a magician.  He became obsessed with moviemaking after seeing a movie by Antoine Lumière in 1895. In May 1896, he acquired his own movie camera and set up a movie studio. At the end of 1896, he formed a new company, Star Film.
Méliès began making movies that were three to nine minute long. He wrote, designed, filmed, and acted in nearly all of his movies. He liked putting magic tricks into his movies. While filming a street scene one day, the camera stopped briefly. When Méliès looked at the movie later, he noticed that at the moment of the break, the bus he had been filming suddenly disappeared and new vehicles replaced it. Making items appear and disappear by stopping and starting the camera would become one of his most commonly used movie tricks. 

In 1902, Méliès produced his first masterpiece, A Trip to the Moon.  It was inspired by several works of the time that speculated about life on the moon. H.G. Wells and Jules Verne wrote about space travel, for instance, and Offenbach composed an opera about a trip to the moon. Trip was a huge success in France. Méliès hoped to make a fortune showing it in the United States. Thomas Edison and other moviemakers made copies of Trip however, and made money on Méliès's work.

Gallery
Gallery

References 
 Musser, Charles. History of the American Cinema: Volume 1, The Emergence of Cinema. Charles Scribner's Sons, Inc. 1990.

Other websites 

 Georges Méliès: A Brief Biography 
 Encyclopedia of World Biography: Georges Méliès

1861 births
1938 deaths
Movie directors from Paris
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
The Haunted Castle  is an 1896 three-minute-long French movie written, directed, and produced by Georges Méliès. The movie contains many traditional pantomime elements. It was meant to amuse people, not frighten them. It is considered to be the first horror and vampire movie. The Haunted Castle is now in the public domain. In English, this movie has been known as The Haunted Castle, The Devil's Castle, The Devil's Manor, The Manor of the Devil, and The House of the Devil. It was released on Christmas Eve, 1896, at the Theatre Robert Houdin, 8 boulevard des Italiens, Paris.

Story 
A large bat flies into a castle. The bat circles slowly while flapping its monstrous wings. Suddenly, it changes into Mephistopheles (Georges Méliès). After preparing a cauldron, the demon produces skeletons, ghosts, and witches from the bubbling contents of a cauldron.  One of those summoned from the underworld holds up a crucifix. Satan vanishes in a blast of smoke.

References
References

Other websites
 
 Free download at https://archive.org/details/LeManoirDuDiable-GeorgesMelies1986

French horror movies
Horror movies
Movies directed by Georges Méliès
Movies set in castles

1896 movies
, also known as , is a Japanese video game publisher, developer, and distributor.

History
In 2009, Koei merged with a competitor, Tecmo.

The new company was named Tecmo Koei.

References

pt:Koei Tecmo Holdings#Koei
Video game companies of Japan
Lorine Zineb Nora Talhaoui (born 16 October 1983), better known as Loreen, is a Swedish-Moroccan pop singer, music producer, actress and model. She won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2012 and 2023. Loreen is the second person and first woman to win Eurovision twice.

Career 
In 2011, Loreen entered Melodifestivalen (the contest to select Sweden's Eurovision entry) for the first time with the song "My Heart is Refusing Me" but she failed to win the show.The next year, Loreen won Melodifestivalen and represented Sweden in Eurovision 2012 with the song "Euphoria". She won the contest

In 2017, Loreen came back to Melodifestivalen as a contestant for a third time with the song "Statements" but she did not win.

In 2020, Loreen appeared as herself in the movie Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga. The next year, she starred in the Swedish Netflix film JJ+E.
In 2023, Loreen returned to Melodifestivalen for the fourth time and won the show with the song "Tattoo". As prize for winning, she represented Sweden in Eurovision 2023 in Liverpool, United Kingdom with "Tattoo". She won the jury vote and came second in the public vote, making her the winner overall.

Family and relationships
Loreen was born in 1983 in Stockholm, Sweden to Moroccan parents. Loreen has Moroccan-Berber ancestry.

Loreen was in a relationship with Idol 2004 winner Daniel Lindström from 2004 to 2006. Lindström dedicated his first music album after winning Idol to Loreen. In early 2017, Loreen came out as bisexual. In March 2021, Loreen revealed that she had a boyfriend.

Discography 
Since her first single in 2005, Loreen had released many singles and two albums including Heal (2012) and Ride (2017).  

She has made over 22 singles including "My Heart is Refusing Me", "Euphoria", "We Got the Power", "Paper Light", "Statements", "Neon Lights", "Tattoo" and her latest "Is It Love".

Filmography
Filmography

Films

Television (as herself)

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Singers from Stockholm
Swedish pop singers
Bisexual people
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Computer speakers are speakers external (meaning that they are on the outside) to a computer. Speakers contain amplifiers which vibrate to produce the sound. They come in many different forms. Some speakers are already attached to a computer. Some speakers are wireless. They work by Bluetooth. 

Computer hardware
Audio technology
This is a list of bridges in the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. They are listed from west to east for the Ottawa River or North to South for the Rideau River and Canal.

Spanning the Ottawa River

Bridges spanning the Ottawa River from west to east:
OCRR railway bridge
Connects Vydon Acres to Pontiac-Station, Quebec near Chats Falls.

Champlain Bridge
Connects Island Park Drive in Westboro to Place Samuel-de-Champlain in the Aylmer sector of Gatineau, Quebec. Owned by the National Capital Commission.

Prince of Wales Bridge
Railway bridge connecting Mechanicsville to the Hull sector of Gatineau, Quebec via Lemieux Island

Chaudière Bridge
Connects Booth Street in Lebreton Flats to Rue Eddy in Hull; Ottawa's oldest bridge.

Portage Bridge
Connects Wellington Street in Lebreton Flats to Boulevard Maisonneuve in Hull.

Interprovincial (Alexandra) Bridge
Connects St. Patrick Street and Murray Street in Lower Town to Boulevard des Allumettières in Hull.
Macdonald-Cartier Bridge
Connects King Edward Avenue in Lower Town to Autoroute de la Gatineau (Autoroute 5) in Hull.

Spanning the Rideau River

Bridges spanning the Rideau River from north to south:

Sussex Drive
Connects Lower Town and New Edinburgh via Sussex Drive

Minto Bridges
Connects King Edward Avenue in Lower Town to Union Street in New Edinburgh

St. Patrick Bridge
Connects St. Patrick Street in Lower Town to Beechwood Avenue in Vanier.

Cummings Bridge
Connects Rideau Street in Sandy Hill to Montreal Road in Vanier.

Hurdman Bridge
Connects Sandy Hill and Eastway Gardens via the Queensway, Highway 417.

Pedestrian bridge
Connects the University of Ottawa's Lees Avenue campus (formerly Algonquin College's Rideau Campus) in Ottawa East to Hurdman Park.

Transitway
Connects the Lees Transitway Station and Hurdman Transitway Station.

George McIlraith Bridge
Connects Main Street in Old Ottawa South to Smyth Road in Alta Vista.
Billings Bridge
Connects Old Ottawa South and Alta Vista via Bank Street.

G. Dunbar Bridge
Connects Carleton University and Riverside Park via Bronson Avenue.

O-Train bridge
Connects Carleton and Confederation stops

Heron Road Bridge
Connects Baseline Road in Courtland Park to Heron Road in Alta Vista. Also crosses the Rideau Canal.

Hog's Back Road
Connects Rideau View and Riverside Park via Hog's Back Road. Owned by the National Capital Commission. Also crosses over the Rideau Canal.

Canadian Northern Ontario Railway Federal Bridge
Connects the Merivale area to the Mooney's Bay neighbourhood.

 Michael J. E. Sheflin Bridge
Connects Clearview to Airport-Uplands via Hunt Club Road.

 Strandherd-Armstrong Bridge (under construction)
Planned completion date for 2012 and will connect Barrhaven and Riverside South via Strandherd Drive and Earl Armstrong Road.

Nicolls Island Road
Connects Nicolls Island to the mainland in Gloucester.
Bridge Street
Connects Bridge Street in Manotick to Mitch Owens Road in Osgoode.

Regional Road 6
Connects Roger Stevens Drive in Kars to Snake Island Road in Osgoode.

Highway 416
Connects Reevecraig to Sabourins Crossing

West Branch of the Rideau River
Barnsdale Road
Connects Nepean to Manotick

Bridge Street
Connects downtown Manotick to Long Island.

Spanning the Rideau Canal

Bridges spanning the Rideau Canal from north to south:

Plaza Bridge
Connects Wellington Street in Centretown to Rideau Street in the By Ward Market.

Mackenzie King Bridge
Connects Albert and Slater Streets in Centretown to Waller Street in Sandy Hill. The Transitway also uses this bridge.

Laurier Bridge
Connects Centretown and the University of Ottawa via Laurier Avenue.

Corktown Footbridge
Connects Centretown to Campus Transitway Station

Queensway
Connects The Glebe and Centretown with Old Ottawa East via Highway 417.
Pretoria Bridge
Connects Elgin Street in The Glebe with Hawthorne Avenue in Old Ottawa East. This is a Lift bridge.

Bank Street Bridge
Connects The Glebe and Old Ottawa South

Bronson Bridge
Connects The Glebe and Carleton University via Bronson Avenue

Rail tunnel (just west of Dows Lake)
Used by O-Train; connects Carleton and Carling stations

Heron Road Bridge
see above

Hog's Back Bridge
A swing bridge. Connects Riverside Drive and Prince of Wales Drive

Other bridges
Bridges not spanning the above water courses:

Pooley's Bridge
The oldest bridge entirely within Ottawa , spanning the tailrace in Lebreton Flats

Somerset Street bridge   or (a.k.a. "O-Train Bridge" )
Connects Somerset Street West over the O-Train tracks

Bridges carrying roads or pedestrian ways over or under Highways 417, Highway 416 and Ottawa Highway 174 ar not listed.

Related pages

Ottawa
Canada-related lists
Ottawa
Triodia is a large genus of grass endemic to Australia. They are often called spinifex, but they are not a part of the genus Spinifex, which is only found near the coast. There are 64 known species. Triodia is a perennial grass that grows in dry areas. They have spikey, pointed leaves, about 30-40 centimetres long.

The leaf tips can break off in people's skin, causing infections. Spinifex has been used by Australian Aborigines in many things. The seeds are collected for food. Spinifex resin is used as a glue in spear-making. The grasses were also burned to make smoke signals, to communicate with groups a long way away. Some species are used for building shelters. Others are used to make traps for catching fish.

Notes
Notes

References
Lazarides, M. (1997). "A revision of Triodia including Plectrachne (Poaceae, Eragrostideae, Triodiinae)." Australian Systematic Botany 10: 381-489.
Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references. Version: 28 November 2005

Other websites

Macquarie University's "Hummock Grasslands in Australia"

Poaceae
Plants of Australia
The 38th G8 summit was held at Camp David, Maryland in the United States on May 18-19, 2012.  The summit venue was moved from Chicago to rural Maryland in March 2012.

History
The Camp David summit of the Group of Eight (G8) was the 38th meeting in a series which began in 1976. 

Previous G8 summits have been hosted by the United States at San Juan, Puerto Rico (1976); Williamsburg, Virginia (1983); Houston, Texas, Denver, Colorado (1997) and Sea Island, Georgia.

The G8 and the summit are part of a consultation process.  The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.

Participants
The participants were the "core members" of the group:

Invited leaders

A number of national leaders are traditionally invited to attend the summit.  They are asked to participate in some, but not all, G8 summit activities. The leaders of four African nations were invited by the US president:

  Yayi Boni, President 

  Meles Zenawi Prime Minister

  John Atta-Mills, President 

  Jakaya Kikwete, President
The G8 leaders talked about making progress towards food security in Africa. 

Others were invited, including:

 African Development Bank, Donald Kaberuka, President 

 African Union  Yayi Boni, Chairperson

 Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), Strive Masiyiwa, Chairman

Schedule and Agenda

The summit is intended as a venue for resolving differences among the G8 members.

Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda.

Discussions at the 38th G8 summit included some issues from previous summits.

The G8 discussions included a range of topics, including 
 Energy
 Afghanistan 
 Changes taking place across the Middle East and North Africa
 Climate change
 Food security
 Greece in the euro zone 
 Iran’s nuclear energy plans
 Nutrition

Protesters  and demonstrations

Planners anticipated protest groups and other activists.
When the venue for the summit was changed from Chicago, a White House spokesman said security and the possibility of protests were not factors in the decision.  Some protest groups took credit for the change of venue.

Business opportunity
For some, the G8 summit was a profit-generating event; as for example, the G8 Summit magazines which have been published since 1998.  

Local businesses near Camp David are expecting more people in the area and profits because of the summit.

Related pages
 List of G8 summits

References

Other websites

 University of Toronto: G8 Information Centre
 US Dept. of State,  G8 Summit 2012;  Media Resources
 Tourism Council of Frederick County Maryland, Camp David summit 
 Parliament.uk, Graphic shows G8 in context 

38
2012 in the United States
2010s in Maryland
The Alpine marmot is a species of marmot. It can be found in mountain regions of central and southern Europe. It is the third-largest rodent on the European continent. The Eurasian beaver and the Crested porcupine are both larger than it.  Alpine marmots mature in their third year. For this reason, marmots live in family groups of up to twenty animals. Alpine marmots have been around since the ice age. Today, their range is limited to the higher mountain regions.

References

Squirrels
Mammals of Europe
Western Christianity is a part of the Christian religion. Western Christianity talks about the religious traditions of Christians whose ancestors were from Western Europe.

Western Christianity includes people who are members of the Catholic Church, as well as people who are members of Protestant churches.  The Protestant churches were formed by people who were former members of the Catholic Church.  Many Protestant churches started during the Protestant Reformation in about 1600.  

As the Protestant leaders were former members of the Catholic Church, Protestants share many, but not all, religious beliefs and religious traditions with Catholics.  However, Western Christianity is different from Eastern Christianity, which has a different set of religious traditions, but many of the same religious beliefs.

Western denominations
Western Christianity makes up about 90% of Christians worldwide. The Roman Catholic Church has over half of all Christians. The many Protestant and related denominations make up another 40%. Baptists, Lutherans, and Anglicans are some of the larger and older Western denominations which are not the Roman Catholic Church.

Related pages 

 Holy Roman Empire
 Lutheranism
 Protestant Reformation
 Western churches

Other websites 

Church organization
Paul Signac (11 November 1863 – 15 August 1935) was a French neo-impressionist painter. His work with Georges Seurat helped create the pointillist style of painting. 

French painters
1863 births
1935 deaths
FIFA, also known as FIFA Football or FIFA Soccer, is a series of association football video games, released yearly by Electronic Arts. The most recent FIFA game released was FIFA 23 released September 30th, 2022.

The FIFA video games franchise has versions in 10+ languages.  It is available in 50+ countries. The series has sold more than 100 million copies.

List
 FIFA International Soccer
 FIFA Soccer 95
 FIFA Soccer 96
 FIFA 97
 FIFA: Road to World Cup 98
 FIFA 99
 FIFA 2000 (PS2)
 FIFA 2001 PS2
 FIFA Football 2002 (PS2)
 FIFA Football 2003 (PS2)
 FIFA Football 2004 (PS2)
 FIFA Football 2005 (PS2)
 FIFA 06 (PS2)
 FIFA 07 (PS3)
 FIFA 08 (PS3)
 FIFA 09 (PS3)
 FIFA 10 (PS3)
 FIFA 11 (PS3)
 FIFA 12 (PS3)
 FIFA 13 (PS3)
 FIFA 14 (PS4) 
 FIFA 15 (Xbox One) (Feel the Game)
 FIFA 16 (Xbox One) (PS4)
 FIFA 17 (Xbox One) (PS4)
 FIFA Mobile 17 (Android) (iOS)
 FIFA 18 (Xbox One) (PS4) (Nintendo Switch)
 FIFA Mobile 18 (Android) (iOS)
 FIFA 19
 FIFA 20
 FIFA 21
 FIFA 22
 FIFA 23

References
References

Other websites 
Official website
EA Sports Football 

FIFA
Sports video games
ABC Kids may refer to:
 ABC Kids (Australia), a part-time digital TV channel for preschoolers from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
 The brand name for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's children's programming on ABC Television prior to 2009
 ABC Kids (TV programming block), a defunct youth's programming block on American Broadcasting Company in the United States, 1997 to 2011

Related pages
 ABC Kids World, a themed land at the Dreamworld amusement park on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
FIFA 14 is a 2013 association football simulation video game created by EA Canada and published by Electronic Arts. It was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo 3DS, and Microsoft Windows. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were released on the consoles' respective launch dates. It is the only game to be released on three different PlayStation consoles (PS2, PS3, and PS4). Lionel Messi is the cover athlete of the game. Since it was released on September 23, 2013, it has gotten good reviews.

Teams 

Leagues/International teams in bold are licensed.

Leagues

International

References 

2013 video games
FIFA
Sports video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Vita games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Wii games
Nintendo 3DS games
Windows games
A biosphere reserve is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a label given by the UNESCO to help protect the sites. The plan is to promote management, research and education in ecosystem conservation. This includes the 'sustainable use of natural resources'. If, for example, fish or trees are taken for human use, this is done in ways which least damage the ecosystem.

A biosphere reserve consists of three zones: 
i) Core zone: No human activity is permitted in this zone.
ii) Buffer zone: It surrounds the core area, where a limited access permits to local people for the gathering of resources.
iii) Free zones: It is the outermost zone, which is open to human settlements and resource gathering.
The program is run by UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program. It has started a World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The MAB program has built up the World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 1971. Biosphere reserves, exchange knowledge and experiences on new ideas for sustainable development. They are areas used to develop new ways of doing things, test these ways and share the results. The objective is to get a balanced relationship between mankind and nature. The biosphere is very important to humans.

References
Lake Amadeus () is a huge salt lake in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, in Australia. It is about  north of Uluṟu. The lake is 180 km long and 10 km wide. It is the largest salt lake in the Northern Territory. Because of the dryness of the area, the lake is usually a dry salt crust. When it rains enough, water flows through it towards the east. It eventually connects to the Finke River. Lake Amadeus holds up to 600 million tonnes of salt. The groundwater soaks into the ground, and the lake supports several reliable springs.
The first European to find the lake was the explorer Ernest Giles in 1872. He had seen Kata Tjuta from far away and was making his way there. The lake blocked his path. He could not go over it because the dry lake bed was not able to hold the weight of his horses. He described the lake as "an infernal lake of mud and brine". Giles was going to name it "Lake Ferdinand" after Baron Ferdinand von Mueller. But Mueller asked Giles to instead name it after King Amadeus I of Spain. Amadeus had honoured Mueller a few years before.

Lake Amadeus is on Aboriginal land, and is covered by the Katiti and Petermann Aboriginal Land Trusts.

References

Lakes of the Northern Territory
Many of the characters from Elder Futhark resemble Latin or etruscan ones. For this reason, Elder Futhark had probably modelled form Southern Europe. The ordering of the Futhark letters is completely different from other known alphabets. In contrast, the ordering of the Latin alphabet is the same as the Greek one, which preceded it.

Runes
Germanic languages

de:Futhark#Das ältere Futhark
sv:Futhark#Den äldre futharken
Adam Faith (real name Terence Nelhams-Wright, 23 June 1940 – 8 March 2003) was a British singer, actor and journalist.

Faith was born in Acton, London. He died of a heart attack in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.

Other websites 

 This is It! The Adam Faith website

Actors from London
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English television actors
Journalists from London
Singers from London
1940 births
2003 deaths
A Trip to the Moon is a 1902 French silent movie. It is based loosely on Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon and H. G. Wells' The First Men in the Moon. In French, the title of the movie is Le Voyage dans la lune. The movie was written and directed by Georges Méliès. He had some some help from his brother Gaston. The movie runs about 14 minutes. It was very popular when it was shown for the first time. It is the best-known of the many movies made by Méliès. A Trip to the Moon is the first science fiction movie. The movie has many new twists on animation and special effects. One of the most well known images is the one showing a spaceship landing in the Moon's eye. A Trip to the Moon was named one of the 100 greatest movies of the 20th century by The Village Voice. It was ranked at #84.
Story 
Six astronomers agree to take a trip to the moon. They build a space capsule in the shape of a bullet. A huge cannon shoots it into space with the help of "marines". These marine are mostly pretty girls in sailor outfits. Some of the marines are men though. The Man in the Moon watches the capsule as it moves toward the moon. He gets hit in the eye. 

The astronomers get out of the capsule. They are tired. They unroll their blankets and sleep. A comet passes. The Big Dipper appears with human faces looking out of each star. Snowfall wakes the astronomers. They go into a cavern and find giant mushrooms. One astronomer opens his umbrella. It turns into a giant mushroom.
Selenites appear. They are insectoids that live on the moon. The astronomers fight them. They are captured. They are taken to the Selenite Palace. One astronomer destroys the Chief Selenite. The astronomers run to their space capsule.  They take off. They land in an ocean on Earth. A ship rescues them. A celebration is held in honor of the brave men.

Other websites 

 
 
 Le Voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon) on YouTube (hand-colored with narrated stills of missing final scene)
 Filmsquish  — Blog-A-Thon of critics celebrating the film
 Was the Nasa splash down inspired by Georges Méliès?  — A letter to NASA
 A 192 page book about the film and its color version by the Technicolor Foundation

References 

French silent movies
1902 movies
French fantasy movies
French science fiction movies
Movies based on books by Jules Verne
Movies directed by Georges Méliès
Younger Futhark is a runic script that developed from Elder Futhark, and was used mainly in Scandinavia. Younger Futhark was used form around the year 800. It uses 16 symbols instead of 24, for Elder Futhark. At the same time, the language developed from Proto-Norse to Old Norse, which used more that 16 sounds.

Runes

sv:Futhark#Den yngre futharken
Hard Candy is the 11th studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released on April 19, 2008 by Warner Bros. The first single from the album, "4 Minutes" has Justin Timberlake and Timbaland singing in it.  It went on to top charts around the world and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100.  The second single, "Give It 2 Me", has vocals from Pharrell Williams of The Neptunes.  It reached the top ten in Canada and the UK.

Hard Candy was number one in several countries. Madonna did The Sticky and Sweet Tour to promote the album. Hard Candy has sold over four million copies around the world.
It was certified Gold in the United States for shipments of over 500,000 copies.

Track listing

References

2008 albums
Madonna albums
R&B albums
Warner Records albums
Dord is a ghost word, a word that never used, but accidentally added to a dictionary. In 1934, the New International Merriam-Webster Dictionary printed the word, dord, defining it as 'density'. Philip Babcock Gove was an editor at Merriam-Webster and became editor-in-chief of Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Gove wrote a letter to the journal American Speech fifteen years after the error was caught. He explained why "dord" was printed in the second edition of the New International Dictionary. It got through when a slip was sent saying D or d. Because the letters were typed with spaces between, it looked like it said "dord".

In 1939, five years after the dictionary was published, an editor found out that dord was not a word. The word was not fully removed from the dictionary until 1947. Dord is the only known ghost word in the Merriam-Webster's Dictionary's history.

Words
etalk (formerly eTalk Daily) is a Canadian entertainment news show hosted by Ben Mulroney and Tanya Kim.

1995 television series debuts
1990s Canadian television series debuts
2000s Canadian television series
2010s Canadian television series
Edwin Stanton Porter (April 21, 1870 – April 30, 1941) was an early movie pioneer and director. His most important movies are Life of an American Fireman (1903) and The Great Train Robbery (1903).

References 

American movie directors
1870 births
1941 deaths
People from Pennsylvania
Life of an American Fireman is a silent movie. It was made by Edwin S. Porter. It was shot late in 1902. It was distributed early in 1903. It is one of the earliest American storytelling movies. It is about the rescue of a woman and child from a burning building. It has seven scenes and nine shots. Movie expert Charles Musser points out that this movie shows that  the social role of firefighters was changing at the time it was made.

References 

1903 movies
American silent movies
Movies directed by Edwin S. Porter
Pentane is an organic compound with the chemical formula of . It is an alkane with five carbon atoms. Usually, "pentane" represents all three isomers (n-pentane, isopentane and neopentane). But in the IUPAC, pentane only represents n-pentane. In the IUPAC, the other two isomers is 2-methylbutane and 2,2-dimethylpropane. Cyclopentane's chemical formula is , so it is not an isomer of pentane.

Isomers

Reaction
All isomers of pentane burn with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water:
+8->5+6.

References

5
Friedrich Gustav Max Schreck (6 September 1879 – 20 February 1936) was a German actor. He is remembered for his role in the horror movie Nosferatu (1922).

Early life 
Schreck was born in Berlin-Friedenau, on 6 September 1879. He received his training at the  (the State Theatre of Berlin). He completed his studies in 1902. He made his stage debut in Meseritz and Speyer. He then toured Germany for two years appearing at theatres in Zittau, Erfurt, Bremen, Lucerne, Gera, and Frankfurt am Main. Schreck then joined Max Reinhardt's company of performers in Berlin. Many of Reinhardt's troupe made a significant contribution to movies.
Career 
Between 1919 and 1922, Schreck appeared at the Munich Kammerspiele. He had a role in the expressionist production of Bertolt Brecht's debut,  (Drums in the Night). He played the "freakshow landlord" Glubb. During this time he also worked on his first movie Der Richter von Zalamea. In 1921, he was hired by Prana Film for their first and only movie, Nosferatu. The company declared itself bankrupt after the movie was released. They did not want to pay copyright infringement costs to Dracula author Bram Stoker's widow. Schreck portrayed Count Orlok in the movie. The character was very similar to Count Dracula.

In 1923, Schreck was still in Munich. He appeared in a 16-minute (one-reeler) slapstick, "surreal comedy" written by Bertolt Brecht entitled  (Mysteries of a Barbershop). Schreck appeared as a blind man in the film  (The Street) the same year.
Schreck's second collaboration with Nosferatu director F. W. Murnau was the 1924 comedy  (The Grand Duke's Finances). Murnau did not like the final product.

In 1926, Schreck returned to the Kammerspiele in Munich. He continued to act in movies. He made the transition to "talkies". He died in 1936 in Munich of a heart attack. On 19 February 1936, Schreck had just played The Grand Inquisitor in the play . That evening he felt unwell. The doctor sent him to the hospital where he died early the next morning His obituary praised his role as The Miser in Molière's comedy play. He was buried on 14 March 1936 at Wilmersdorfer Waldfriedhof in Berlin.
Personal life 
Schreck was married to actress Fanny Normann. She appeared in a few movies. She was often credited as Fanny Schreck. The word schreck is also the German word for fright, or terror. Because of this, many authors who were unaware of Schreck's on-stage credits (and ignorant of the rather sparse details of his personal life) speculated that there was really no such person, and that Schreck was, in fact, some well-known actor who had chosen to adopt a pseudonym for his role in Nosferatu. One of the prime "suspects" was Alfred Abel; however, a careful examination of the photographs of these two actors is sufficient to dispel such notions.

Schreck's contemporaries recalled he was a loner with an unusual sense of humor. He was skilled in playing grotesque characters. One reported he lived in "a remote and strange world". He was said to spend time walking through dark forests.
Cultural references
The person and performance of Max Schreck in Nosferatu has been fictionalized by actor Willem Dafoe in E. Elias Merhige's Shadow of the Vampire. In a sort of secret history, Shadow posits that Schreck actually was a vampire.

Scriptwriter Daniel Waters created the character Max Shreck for the film Batman Returns and compared him to the character Max Schreck played in Nosferatu. Variety claimed the name was an in-joke. Shreck was a character created exclusively for the movie, absent from the comics, and serves as one of the main antagonists.

Notes

References 

 Brill, Olaf. 2004. filmhistoriker.de. Retrieved 26 December 2008
 Graham, Dave. Book lifts lid on star of eerie first Dracula film. 9 May 2008. Reuters. Retrieved 26 December 2008
 Walk, Ines. film-zeit.de . February 2006. (German) Retrieved 14 July 2008

Further reading 
 
  (summary of Eickhoff's biography/tribute of Schreck)

Other websites 

 
 Official Max Schreck Page
1879 births
1936 deaths
Actors from Berlin
Deaths from myocardial infarction
German movie actors
The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is one of the last remaining large, nearly intact ecosystems in the northern temperate zone of the Earth. It is partly in Yellowstone National Park. 

Its management has sometimes been controversial. The area is a flagship site for conservation groups that promote ecosystem management. The Greater Yellow Ecosystem (GYE) is a kind of natural laboratory in landscape ecology and geology. It is a world-renowned recreational site, and home to the animals of Yellowstone.

History
The Yellowstone National Park boundaries were drawn in 1872 to include all the geothermal basins in the area. By the 1970s, the grizzly bear's (Ursus arctos) range in and near the park became the unofficial minimum boundary of a Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. This had at least . Since then, definitions of the greater ecosystem's size have steadily grown larger. A 1994 study listed the size as , while a 1994 speech by a Greater Yellowstone Coalition leader enlarged that to .
In 1985 the United States House of Representatives Subcommittees on Public Lands and National Parks and Recreation held a joint subcommittee hearing on Greater Yellowstone. The result was a 1986 report by the Congressional Research Service which said that different agencies were not working well together, and the area's essential values were at risk.

There are other areas within the Greater Yellowstone area which are managed by federal authorities. They include the Gallatin, Custer, Caribou-Targhee, Bridger-Teton and Shoshone National Forests, the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park. The GYE also includes some private lands around those managed by the U.S. Government. 

Outside of Yellowstone National Park, ten wilderness areas have been established in the National Forests since 1966 to get more habitat protection than usual.

References
References 

Biosphere reserves
Calderas
Ecosystems
Animals of North America
National parks in the United States
Volcanoes of the United States
Wilderness Areas of the United States
Geography of Idaho
Geography of Montana
Geography of Wyoming
Old Frisian  was a language spoken between the 13th and 16th century, in the area between the Weser and the Zuiderzee. It is the common ancestor of the Frisian languages, Today,  laws and deeds  which use Old Frisian remain.

References

Frisian languages
is a mountain in Japan. It is 50 km from the center of Tokyo.  It is in Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park.

In 1927, Mount Takao was named one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best showed Japan and its culture in the Shōwa period.

Geography
The city of Hachiōji, Tokyo is at the base of Mount Takao.

Mount Takao is  above sea level.

References

Other websites

 Mount Takao website 

Mountains of Japan
Tokyo Prefecture