Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Equations that describe waves as they occur in nature are called wave equations. Waves as they occur in rivers, lakes, and oceans are similar to those of sound and light. The problem of having to describe waves arises in fields like acoustics, electromagnetics, and fluid dynamics.

Historically, the problem of a vibrating string such as that of a musical instrument was studied by Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Leonhard Euler, Daniel Bernoulli, and  Joseph-Louis Lagrange.  In 1746, d’Alambert discovered the one-dimensional wave equation, and within ten years Euler discovered the three-dimensional wave equation.

References

Partial differential equations
Wave physics
Theodore Peter James Kinnaird Taptiklis (born 16 December 1984), simply known as Theo James, is an English actor. He is known for portraying Jed Harper in Bedlam, Walter William Clark, Jr. in the crime drama Golden Boy and as "Four", a military instructor, in the film adaptation of Veronica Roth's dystopian sci-fi novel, Divergent.

References

Other websites

1984 births
Living people
Actors from Oxfordshire
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Oxford
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Clara's Heart is a 1988 drama movie. This movie is about a family in crisis. Whoopi Goldberg plays the title character. 

The movie got bad reviews from critics. Roger Ebert gave the movie one and a half stars.

1988 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Robert Mulligan
Miss Beazley (October 28, 2004 – May 17, 2014) was an American Scottish Terrier. She belonged to former U.S. President George W. Bush and former U.S. First Lady Laura Bush. She was best known for starring in BarneyCam videos with her half-brother Barney, who died in February 2013.

Miss Beazley died from lymphoma on May 17, 2014 in Dallas, Texas. She was 9. Barney also died from lymphoma.

References

Other websites

 Miss Beazley's official site — archived copy of George W. Bush White House site

2004 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
United States presidential dogs
Dumb and Dumber is a 1994 American comedy road movie. This movie is about two men who are roommates and best friends. They live in Providence, Rhode Island and drive to Aspen, Colorado. Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels play the roommates. Lauren Holly plays Mary. Teri Garr plays Helen.

The movie was released on December 16, 1994 by Warner Bros. The reviews it received were very good. The movie was a box office success.

A prequel, Dumb and Dumberer, was released in 2003. A sequel, Dumb and Dumber To, was released in 2014, In 2023, Dumb and Dumber 3 was reportedly in the works.

Other websites 

1994 comedy movies
1990s buddy movies
1990s road movies
American buddy movies
American comedy movies
American road movies
Buddy comedy movies
Comedy road movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Colorado
Movies set in Rhode Island
New Line Cinema movies
Providence, Rhode Island
Rhode Island in fiction
Everybody's Fine is a 2009 comedy-drama movie. It is about secrets and dysfunctional family. Robert De Niro plays Frank Goode. Drew Barrymore plays Rosie. Kate Beckinsale plays Amy.

The movie got mixed reviews from the critics. It was released in December 2009.

2009 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
Movies directed by Kirk Jones
The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a 2012 American drama movie. This movie is about issues of LGBT, partner dances and child abuse. Logan Lerman plays Charlie Kelmeckis. Emma Watson plays Sam. Ezra Miller plays Patrick.

The movie was released in September 2012. Reviews were mostly positive. The box office was also positive. The movie is based on the book with the same title by Stephen Chbosky.

2010s coming-of-age movies
2010s LGBT movies
2012 romantic drama movies
2010s teen drama movies
2010s teen romance movies
American coming-of-age movies
American LGBT movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
Coming-of-age drama movies
Coming-of-age romance movies
2010s English-language movies
LGBT drama movies
LGBT romance movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Pennsylvania
Movies set in the 1990s
American independent movies
Riding in Cars with Boys is a 2001 American biographical drama movie based on Beverly Donofrio's autobiography. It is set in the years from 1961 to 1985, and starring Drew Barrymore, Brittany Murphy and Maggie Gyllenhaal.

The movie received mixed reviews. It was released in October 2001.

Other websites  

2000s biographical movies
2001 drama movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Connecticut 
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in the 1980s
Teenage pregnancy in movies
Movies directed by Penny Marshall
William Thad Cochran (December 7, 1937 – May 30, 2019) was an American politician. He was a United States senator of Mississippi. He became senator in 1978 until 2018. Cochran is a member of the United States Republican Party.

On March 5, 2018, he announced his intention to resign from the Senate on April 1 for health reasons.

Almost a year later from his retirement, Cochran died on May 30, 2019 at a nursing home in Oxford, Mississippi at the age of 81. The cause of death was renal failure.

References

Other websites

1937 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in Mississippi
American Baptists
Lawyers from Mississippi
United States representatives from Mississippi
United States senators from Mississippi
People from Pontotoc, Mississippi
Republican Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Danville is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. The population was 2,196 at the 2010 census.

References

Towns in Vermont
Blended is a 2014 American romantic comedy movie. This movie is about two people who meet who each have children. Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore play the couple. Bella Thorne plays Hillary. It was released on May 23, 2014.

Release Dates

Other websites 

2014 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
2010s English-language movies
Whip It is a 2009 American comedy-drama movie. It is about a girl in Texas who joins a roller derby team. Elliot Page plays her. Drew Barrymore directed and acts in this movie.

The movie received positive reviews. It did poorly at the box office.

2009 comedy-drama movies
2000s coming-of-age movies
2000s sports comedy movies
2000s sports drama movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s teen drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American coming-of-age movies
American sports comedy movies
American sports drama movies
Coming-of-age comedy movies
Coming-of-age drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in Texas
Teen sports movies
Conviction is a 2010 American legal drama movie. It is based on the story of Betty Anne Waters, a single mother trying to get her brother out of prison. Hilary Swank plays Betty Anne. Juliette Lewis plays Roseanna. Melissa Leo plays Nancy.

This movie got positive reviews from movie critics.

American drama movies
2010s biographical movies
2010 drama movies
Movies set in prison
Ain't Them Bodies Saints is a 2013 American romantic and crime drama movie. This is about an outlaw who escapes prison to be with his wife. Casey Affleck plays Bob. Rooney Mara plays Ruth.

The reviews of it were mostly positive.

References 

2013 romantic drama movies
2013 crime drama movies
American romantic drama movies
2010s American crime drama movies
American independent movies
2013 independent movies
Platonic love or platonic relationship means a close relationship between two people that is not sexual. It means a non-romantic relationship, usually between heterosexual (opposite-sex) friends. 

The term is named after the philosopher Plato. He never used the term himself but was the first to describe this kind of love. Plato called this his theory of erôs (meaning "love") and described his philosophy in his dialogues the Phaedrus and the Symposium. Like many others in his society, Plato was most interested in the same-sex relationships between older and younger men. However, his theory can apply also to other kinds of erotic relationships. Platonic love includes a sexual desire that is overcome by a stronger desire and appreciation for friendship.
A platonic relationship is a type of relationship between two people in which the primary focus is emotional or spiritual, rather than physical and sexual, and is often described as "friendship with benefits". That type of relationship generally lacks any kind of romantic, emotional, or physical commitment.

References 

Emotions
Relationships
Empire State is a 2013 crime thriller movie in Queens, New York City in the 1980s. The movie is about two longtime friends who try to do a robbery. Nikki Reed plays Lizzette. Shenae Grimes plays Eleni. Emma Roberts plays Nancy.

The movie was released in September 2013.

2013 crime thriller movies
2010s American crime thriller movies
American heist movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1980s
Queens (New York City)
Lionsgate movies
In mathematics (particularly in differential calculus), a differential operator is an operator that takes a function as input, and returns a function as a result. Differential operators will differentiate the function in one or more variables. Probably the best known differential operator is differentiation itself, which is commonly written using  (in Leibniz's notation) and  (in Euler's notation).

Related pages 
 Divergence
 Laplace operator

References 

Mathematics
In mathematics, divergence is a differential operator that associates a vector field with a scalar field. In a vector field, each point of the field is associated with a vector; in a scalar field, each point of the field is associated with a scalar.   

Given a vector field , the divergence of  can be written as  or , where  is the gradient and  is the dot product operation.  

Divergence is used to formulate Maxwell's equations and the continuity equation.

Related pages 

 Curl
 Vector calculus

References 

Mathematical analysis
Calculus
Dementia praecox is a term which Bénédict Augustin Morel first used in 1860, to describe the condition of a teenager who retreated from society, and started to show symptoms similar to those of dementia. Dementia is a mental illness which mostly occurs in old people. 

Emil Kraepelin used the term to describe, and contrasted it with the mental illness called Bipolar disorder. People with bipolar disorder often have episodes in which they seem normal, which people with dementia praecox do not.

This theory could not be proved. In 1911, Eugen Bleuler said that dementia praecox was actually schizophrenia. The word Schizophrenia was not used widely before 1925.

Mental illnesses
Dementia
Alex Chilton (December 28, 1950 – March 17, 2010) was an American songwriter, producer, singer and guitarist. He was lead singer of the Box Tops and Big Star. He was most successful with the Box Tops.

Chilton was born in Memphis, Tennessee. He died from a heart attack in New Orleans.

American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
1950 births
2010 deaths
"Champagne Supernova" is the sixth and final single off English rock band Oasis' second studio album (What's the Story) Morning Glory?. The song was released on 13 May 1996.
"Some of the lyrics were written when I was out of it. There's the words: 'Someday you will find me/ Caught beneath a landslide/ In a Champagne Supernova in the sky'. That's probably as psychedelic as I'll ever get. It means different things when I'm in different moods. When I'm in a bad mood being caught beneath a landslide is like being suffocated. The song is a bit of an epic. It's about when you're young and you see people in groups and you think about what they did for you and they did nothing. As a kid, you always believed the Sex Pistols were going to conquer the world and kill everybody in the process. Bands like The Clash just petered out. Punk rock was supposed to be the revolution but what did it do? Fuck all. The Manchester thing was going to be the greatest movement on earth but it was fuck all. When we started we decided we weren't going to do anything for anybody, we just thought we'd leave a bunch of great songs. But some of the words are about nothing
. One is about Bracket The Butler who used to be on Camberwick Green, or Chipley or Trumpton or something. He used to take about 20 minutes to go down the hall. And then I couldn't think of anything that rhymed with 'hall' apart from 'cannonball'. so I wrote 'Slowly walking down the hall/ Faster than a cannonball' and people were like, 'Wow, fuck , man'. There's also the line 'Where were you while we were getting high?' because that's what we always say to each other. But the number of people who've started clubs called Champagne Supernova is fucking unbelievable. And the album isn't even released yet."
Track listing
 1996 single (US: Epic ESK 7719, SME 11-003393-17, France: Helter Skelter SAMP 3393)
"Champagne Supernova" (radio edit) – 5:08
"Champagne Supernova" (album version) – 7:28

 1996 CD maxi (Australia: SME 663344 1)
"Champagne Supernova" (radio edit) – 5:08
"Champagne Supernova" (album version) – 7:31
"Slide Away" – 6:29

References

Other websites
"Champagne Supernova" on YouTube

1996 songs
1990s ballads
Rock ballads
Oasis (band) songs
Songs about drugs
Psychedelic rock songs
Prince Philip of Naples and Sicily, Duke of Calabria, Infante of Spain (13 June 1747 – 19 September 1777) was, at his birth, the eldest son of King Carlo of Naples and Sicily. He was the heir to the throne but never succeeded. His younger brothers, Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, replaced him in the succession. When his father became King of Spain in 1759, Philip remained in Naples where he lived until his death from smallpox at the age of thirty. He was given the title of Duke of Calabria as heir to the throne.

Life
Life

Named after his grandfather Philip V of Spain, he was expected to succeed to the Spanish throne at his fathers death. By birth he was an infante of Spain as well as a prince of the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples. He was the heir to one of the largest collection of former Italian states. Because of his disability he was mostly kept out of public view and forced to live quietly at the Palace's of Capodimonte and the Palace of Caserta. He died of smallpox in 1777, unmarried and childless.

Titles and styles

 13 June 1747 – 19 September 1777 His Royal Highness The Infante Don Felipe of Spain, Duke of Calabria, [Hereditary Prince of Naples] Prince of Naples and of Sicily.

Other websites

Heirs apparent who never acceded
1747 births
1777 deaths
Deaths from smallpox
Bourbons of Naples and Sicily
Arctic char or Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, is a cold water fish in the family Salmonidae. It is native to Arctic, sub-Arctic and alpine lakes. It breeds in fresh water. Char may either be landlocked or anadromous, migrating to the sea. No other freshwater fish is found as far north. It is the only fish species in Lake Hazenon Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic. It is one of the rarest fish species in Britain.Found only in deep, cold, glacial lakes, and is at risk from acidification. In other parts of its range, such as Scandinavia, it is much more common, and is fished extensively. It is also common in the Alps, (particularly in Trentino and in the mountain part of Lombardy). Char are also found in Iceland. In Siberia, it is known as golets. The Arctic char is a relative of both salmon and lake trout. It shares traits with both. The char's color depends on the time of year and where it lives. The back is usually dark brown or olive green
. It has dark spots on a light background on its sides, and the color can be gold, brown, red, or orange. At spawning, the fins and belly become bright red or orange.
References 

Freshwater fish
Salmoniformes
Ri Kun-mo (5 April 1926 – 2001) was a North Korean politician (CND). He was Prime Minister from 29 December 1986 to 12 December 1988. He resigned in 1988 due to poor health. He succeeded Kang Song-san. His successor was Yon Hyong Muk.

References

1926 births
2001 deaths
Prime ministers
North Korean politicians
Danny Edward Lloyd (born January 1, 1973) is an American teacher and former child actor. He is known for his role as Danny Torrance in Stanley Kubrick's The Shining. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

References

Other websites

1973 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Chicago
The Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) is a species of salmonid. It is native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. In the past it has been mistaken for a species of trout. Dolly Varden are in the genus Salvelinus of true chars. They are covered with light spots on a dark background (trout have dark spots on a light background). They may either be landlocked or anadromous (meaning they migrate to the sea). The coloring depends on their environment. Those that travel to the sea (anadromous) are dark blue on the head, back and upper sides. Freshwater (or landlocked) Dolly Varden are brown to olive green on the head, back and upper sides. The belly is light colored. They feed on aquatic insects, other fish and their eggs.

Origin of the name
Dolly Varden was the name of a fictional character in an 1841 Charles Dickens novel. She was known for liking brightly colored dresses. At that time very colorful women's dresses were called "Dolly Vardens". Livingston Stone noted that in 1872 fishermen on the McCloud River in California were calling the brightly colored fish they caught "Dolly Varden" after the dresses. But there were no Dolly Varden in the McCloud river. They may have been catching its near relative the Bull Trout. In spite of the mistake the name stuck for 'Salvelinus malma'.

References 

Edible fish
Salmoniformes
"Cristovomer" redirects here. For other uses, see Cristovomer (disambiguation).  
The lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) is a species of ray-finned fish. It not a trout but a member of the freshwater char family. It lives mainly in lakes in northern North America. 

It is dark gray to olive green in color. It has light spots on their sides. Lake trout have a deeply forked tail. It is a species that has adapted well to the arctic and boreal regions of North America. It will eat nearly anything but can go long periods without food. It can eat other fish that are half it's own length.Lake trout can live from 25 to 40 years. Lake trout spawn eight to ten years in a row. The female produces 1,000 eggs for every kilogram she weighs. The largest lake trout ever caught was in Canada and weighed 121 pounds.
Nicknames 
Other names for it include mackinaw, lake char (or charr), touladi, togue, and grey trout. In Lake Superior, it can also be variously known as siscowet, paperbelly and lean. The lake trout is prized both as a game fish and as a food fish.

References

Other websites 

 Lake trout on English Wikipedia
Freshwater fish
Salmoniformes
The porcupine caribou or Grant's caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) is a subspecies of the caribou. They are found in Alaska and parts of Canada. It resembles the subspecies, barren-ground caribou (R. t. groenlandicus), and is sometimes included in it.
Migratory caribou herds are named after their birthing grounds. In this case it is the Porcupine River, which runs through a large part of the range of the Porcupine herd. The herd has been losing numbers in recent years. In 1989 they numbered about 178,000. The estimates for 2010 numbered them at about 169,000. They migrate over  a year between their winter range and calving grounds on the Beaufort Sea. It is the longest land migration route of any land mammal on earth. Their range spans across the Alaska/Yukon border. They are jointly managed by Alaska, Canada and local Native American peoples. They are important food for the Gwichʼin. They are a First Nations/Alaska Native people, who traditionally follow the caribou. The herd is also routinely hunted by other peoples, including the Inupiat, Inuvialuit, Hän, and Northern Tutchone.

References 

Mammals of North America
Deer
The Iowa Energy are an American professional basketball team based in Des Moines, Iowa. They play in the Eastern Conference in the NBA Development League (NBA D-League). This is a minor league basketball organization owned and run by the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Energy play their home games at the Wells Fargo Arena. They broke the D-league attendance record on their first ever home game with 8,842 fans. They won their first D-league championship in 2011. In 2009 and 2014, the team won Division Titles. In 2010 and 2011 they won Conference Titles. Their NBA team sponsor is the Memphis Grizzlies.

References 

2007 establishments in the United States
Basketball teams in the United States
Des Moines, Iowa
21st-century establishments in Iowa
Jerry Vale (born Gennaro Luigi Vitaliano; July 8, 1930 – May 18, 2014) was an American singer. He was known for his soft Italian voice. He made many albums some of them included Innamorata, You Don't Know Me, Old Cape Cod, and Have You Looked into Your Heart. Vale appeared as himself in many movies such as in Goodfellas and ''Casino.

Vale died in Palm Desert, California from natural causes, aged 83.

References

Other websites
 

1930 births
2014 deaths
Singers from New York City
Dr. Wubbo Johannes Ockels (28 March 1946 – 18 May 2014) was a Dutch physicist, mathematician and astronaut. He worked for the European Space Agency (ESA). In 1985, he was in a flight on a Space Shuttle (STS-61-A). This made him the first Dutch citizen in space. Ockels was born in Almelo, Netherlands.

Ockels died from complications of kidney cancer on 18 May 2014 in Amsterdam, Netherlands, aged 68.

References

Other websites

1946 births
2014 deaths
Astronauts
Cancer deaths in the Netherlands
Deaths from kidney cancer
Dutch physicists
People from Overijssel
The Boston Mountains area is a high and deeply dissected plateau. They are located in northern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. The Oklahoma portion of the range is locally called the Cookson Hills. The rocks of the region are sedimentary layers of the Paleozoic age. The highest ridges and peaks are capped by Pennsylvanian sandstone and shale. The deeply eroded valleys are cut into Mississippian limestones and below that layer Ordovician dolomites.

The Boston Mountains form the southwestern part of the Ozark plateau. They are the highest and most rugged part of the Ozarks. This is because of their young age relative to the other sections. The highest point is 2,578 feet. It has valleys 500 to 1,550 feet deep. Turner Ward Knob (TWK) is the highest named peak. It is in western Newton County, Arkansas and rises to .
The Boston Mountains are the source of several rivers and streams. They flow out from the mountains in all directions. The Boston mountains are the sources of the White River, the Buffalo River, the Kings River and War Eagle Creek. Other rivers and streams having their headwaters in the Boston Mountains include the Illinois River, the Mulberry River, Lee Creek, Frog Bayou, Big Piney Creek, Illinois Bayou, and the Little Red River.  To the south, the Arkansas River valley separates the Boston Mountains from the Ouachita Mountains.

References 

Mountains of Oklahoma
Geography of Arkansas
Ozarks
Muppet Treasure Island is a 1996 musical adventure comedy movie. It is based upon Robert Louie Stevenson's novel Treasure Island, and is about The Muppets going on a sea voyage and meeting pirates. It is the fifth feature movie to star The Muppets. Brian Henson (son of Jim Henson) directed. Long John Silver was played by Tim Curry.

The reviews of Muppet Treasure Island were mostly positive. The movie was a strong success at the box office.

1990s family movies
Muppets

Disney movies
1996 movies
"Human" is a single by The Human League. It is about two people who were unfaithful to each other. The song got mixed reviews. It hit #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

This song was released in August 1986.

1986 songs
1980s ballads
Soul ballads
Pop ballads
The Human League songs
The Autism Society of America is a national organization that was founded in 1965. Its original name was National Society for Autistic Children. Their goal is increasing awareness of autism and problems related to it.

Since 1970, ASA has held conferences on autism spectrum conditions.

1965 establishments in the United States
Autism
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Medical and health organizations in the United States
Gryphaea (the Devil's toenail) is a genus of extinct oysters which were once very common. Their fossils are common on the Jurassic Coast in southern England, and in the margins of the old Sundance Sea in the United States. It is a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Gryphaeidae. 

These bivalves were at their peak in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, when they sat in huge muddy oyster beds in shallow tropical seas. The genus survived a long time, but went extinct about 34 million years ago (mya). 

The oyster shell has two 'valves': a larger gnarly-shaped shell (the 'toenail') and a smaller, flattened shell, the 'lid'. The soft parts of the animal lived in the gap between the two shells, just like modern oysters. The shells have prominent growth bands. The large curved shell sat in the mud on the sea floor.
Where to find it 
In England at the coasts of Redcar and Weymouth in the Kimmeridgian clay; in the U.S.A in riverbanks and cliffs of Texas and Kansas. They are often washed out of the clay onto the beach or river banksides.

References 

Bivalves
Beaver Lake is a man-made reservoir in the Ozark Mountains of Northwest Arkansas. It is formed by a dam across the White River. Beaver Lake has some  of natural shoreline. It has towering limestone bluffs, natural caves, and a wide variety of trees and flowering shrubs. The thick forests come right to the water's edge. It is a popular tourist destination. Beaver Lake is the source of drinking water in Northwest Arkansas. It is managed, treated and sold by Beaver Water District. The Beaver Lake dam was completed in 1966 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers who continue to manage it. Beaver lake is the first of four reservoirs that control the White river between its headwaters in the Boston Mountains and where it enters the Mississippi River. The other three are Table Rock Lake, Lake Taneycomo and Bull Shoals Lake.

References 

Geography of Arkansas
Ozarks
1966 establishments in the United States
Lakes of the United States
20th-century establishments in Arkansas
Zong (  ) is a Pakistani mobile network operator. It is based in the capital city of Pakistan, Islamabad. It is owned by China Mobile Pakistan, a sister company of China Mobile.

It is the first international project by China Mobile. It has more than 25 million users, which makes it third biggest mobile company in Pakistan.

References

Mobile phone companies
he Ozark – St. Francis National Forest is a U.S. National Forest in the state of Arkansas. It is two separate forests, the Ozark National Forest and the St. Francis National Forest. Each has their own biology, topography, and geology. Together, the two forests have 25 developed campgrounds. They also include swimming areas, hiking trails, and streams for fishing. Most of the trails in both were built under the Works Progress Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps.

The Forest has  of old-growth forests. These are mainly in the southern portion of the Forest on ridges and steep south-facing slopes. They are mostly Shortleaf Pine and various oaks. The oaks include Post Oak, Blackjack Oak, Eastern Black Oak, White Oak, and Northern Red Oak.  The Forest is also home to five different endangered species of wildlife. It also has an additional three threatened species.

References 

Ozarks
Forests of the United States
Geography of Arkansas
Zong was a mobile payment company that allowed users to make payments of small amounts of money on the internet through postpaid mobile phones. These payments were charged in mobile phone bills by the mobile operator. The company was bought by eBay in 2011 and disappeared in 2015. 

Zong was based on PayPal based service. Many online games and social networks supported its mobile payment system. It can also be used to buy non-physical things.

Zong was the global division of the mobile payment company Echovox. It was started in 2008 and eBay bought it in 2011. It is connected with 67 mobile operators in 13 countries.

Marketing
Zong focused on social networks and online games.  They were useful to people who did not have a credit card and those who wanted to make small purchases online. Zong allowed them to pay with their mobile terminal and the amount was then debited by the mobile operator.
The partnership of Zong with mobile operators allowed them to charge customers using short numbers.  On March 12, 2009, Zong announced to stop short messaging services and target its mobile payment system.  Zong published an application programming interface to allow developers to sell and publish content to mobile customers worldwide.

References

Finance
An old-growth forest (also called primary forest, virgin forest, primeval forest, late seral forest, or in Britain, ancient woodland) is a forest that has reached a great age without much disturbance.

It has unique ecological features, and might be classified as a climax community. Old-growth features include various tree-related structures. These provide wildlife habitats which increase the bio-diversity of the forested ecosystem.

Usually old-growth forests have multi-layered, open canopies. The interwoven canopy often blocks sunlight from reaching lower trees or the forest floor. The old forests also include varied tree heights and diameters, with large fallen logs (or tree trunks) across the forest floor. In Europe, less than 7% of forests are old-growth, as mainly due to industrial logging in the 20th century. In the United States, estimates are that only 10% of old-growth forests remain. In Asia old-growth forests are sometimes lost in regional conflicts.

References 

Forests
Zong may refer to:

 Zong Pakistan, a Pakistani mobile network operator.
 Zong mobile payments, a PayPal based microfinance service.
 Zonguldak, a city in northern Turkey.
A synthetic fuel (or synfuel) is a fuel in liquid or gas form that can be manufactured. Synfuels have long been made from coal. Oil extracted from shale or tar sands is also sometimes called synfuel. Fuels can also be made from non-food crops. 

Tar sands are a combination of sand and a thick oil called bitumen. This, along with oil shale, which is a layer of rock riddled with hydrocarbons in the form of kerogen, can be heated with steam to remove the crude oil in the two substances. Like oil, it must be refined before being put to use.

Related pages 
 Biofuel
                            
Fuel
Geology
Lahore Garrison University (Urdu:) is a university in Lahore, Punjab. The university is run by the Pakistan army.  It has two campus in the townships of Defence Housing Authority, Lahore and Lahore Cantonment.

References

Colleges and universities in Lahore
Figueres is a municipality in Catalonia, Spain. Salvador Dali was born there.

Municipalities in Catalonia
Cities in Catalonia
Walt Disney Television is the  name of the television production division of Walt Disney Productions (now known as Walt Disney Pictures since 1985).

History
It was started in 1983, as the Walt Disney Pictures Television Division, the name was later shortened to Walt Disney Pictures Television and in 1986 was later shortened to Walt Disney Television in 1988. Until 1983, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named Walt Disney Productions.

References

Other websites

Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv 

Disney companies
The Quapaw people are a tribe of Native Americans. From the 17th century they resided on the west side of the Mississippi River in what is now the state of Arkansas. The territory and state was named for them, as Europeans first learned their name as the Arkansea. This was the term used by the Algonquian-speaking Illini people. They are among the Siouan-speaking peoples west of the Mississippi.

The Quapaw are federally recognized as the "Quapaw Tribe of Indians". Since removal in 1834, their tribal base has been in present-day Oklahoma. The number of members enrolled in the tribe is 3,240.

References 

Native Americans
Zbigniew Jan Pietrzykowski (4 October 1934 – 19 May 2014) was a Polish boxer. He participated in three Olympic Games. He won a medal in every game. He fought 44 times, winning 42 times and losing twice. In his career, he fought 350 fights; he won 334, drew 2 and lost 14.

References

1934 births
2014 deaths
Polish boxers
Kaiketsu Masateru (Japanese: 魁傑 將晃, born Teriyuki Nishimori; February 16, 1948 – May 18, 2014) was a Japanese sumo wrestler.  He also won two top division tournament championships. After his retirement in 1979 he became a coach. He was also chairman of the Japan Sumo Association from 2010 to 2012.

He died on May 18, 2014 while practicing golf from heart disease in Tokyo. He was 66.

References

1948 births
2014 deaths
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Sportspeople  from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Gerald Maurice Edelman (July 1, 1929 – May 17, 2014) was an American biologist. He shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Rodney Robert Porter. They won the award for their work on the immune system. Edelman's Nobel Prize-winning research concerned discovery of the structure of antibody molecules.

Edelman died from Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer in La Jolla, California, aged 84.

References

Other websites
 Gerald Edelman telling his life story at Web Of Stories
 The Scripps Research Institute - Faculty: Gerald Edelman 
 Nobel Prize biography
 "Evolution in Your Brain: Gerald Edelman says only the fittest neurons survive"  Interview in Discover Magazine, July 2007

1929 births
2014 deaths
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Deaths from prostate cancer
Scientists from Queens
Hans-Peter Dürr (October 7, 1929 – May 18, 2014) was a German physicist. He worked on nuclear and quantum physics, elementary particles and gravitation, epistemology, and philosophy. He was born in Stuttgart and died in Munich.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
German physicists
Scientists from Stuttgart
Gordon Hugh Willis, Jr. (May 28, 1931 – May 18, 2014) was an American cinematographer. He worked with Francis Ford Coppola. He is known for his works such as The Godfather, Manhattan, and Annie Hall.

Willis died in North Falmouth, Massachusetts from metastatic cancer, aged 82.

References

Other websites

1931 births
2014 deaths
American cinematographers
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
People from New York City
WildBrain (formerly known as DHX Media) is a Canadian production company and animation studio. WildBrain produces children's television programming. The company is best known for producing My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Franny's Feet, Strawberry Shortcake, Sonic Prime, Ella the Elephant and Johnny Test.

References
Sexsmith is a small town in Alberta, Canada. It is near Grande Prairie, Alberta. As of 2010, 2,418 people lived there. The mayor of Sexsmith is Claude Lagace.

References

Other websites

Towns in Alberta
Edward John "Ed" Markey (born July 11, 1946) is an American politician. He is the United States senator of Massachusetts serving since July 2013. Before being senator, Markey was a member of the United States House of Representatives for Massachusetts. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Markey is a progressive. He has focused on climate change and energy policy. He is the Senate author of the Green New Deal. Markey's progressive policies have made him popular with younger voters. The Hill called him "a Gen-Z Icon".

In 2020, then-U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III ran against Markey for the Democratic nomination in that Senate race. Markey beat Kennedy III with 55% of the vote. Markey became the first person to beat a member of the Kennedy family in an election.

Since 1988, Markey has been married to Susan Blumenthal, who works for the Health and Human Services for Women's Health. From 2005 to 2017, he was a writer for The Huffington Post.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1946 births
Living people
United States senators from Massachusetts
United States representatives from Massachusetts
People from Malden, Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Panguitch is a city in Garfield County, Utah. As of 2020, 1,725 people lived in Panguitch. The city has cold winters and warm summers.

References

Cities in Utah
County seats in Utah
UAAP Season 77 will be the 2014–2015 season of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines. It will start on May 22,2014 at the Mall of Asia Arena. It will be hosted by University of the East. Ms. Carmelita Mateo will be the league President for this season. Eight universities will be competing in fifteen sports to earn points for the general championship. Some of these sports are aired live or on a delayed telecast by ABS-CBN Sports+Action and ABS-CBN Channel 2. All the men's basketball games and the women's volleyball games are aired live by ABS-CBN Sports.

References 

2014 in Asia
2015 in Asia
2010s in the Philippines
Sports competitions
Sport in the Philippines
Halifax, legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, in Canada. The population of the Halifax region was 359,111 in the year 2001.

On 6 December 1917, about 2,000 people were killed in the Halifax Explosion.

Media 
CBHT CBC
CJCH CTV Television Network
CIHF Global Television Network
CTV Two Atlantic

References

 
Regional municipalities in Nova Scotia
Harry Gordon Selfridge, Sr. (11 January 1858 – 8 May 1947) was an American-British business owner. He founded the London-based department store Selfridges. He was one of the most respected and wealthy retail businessmen in the United Kingdom.

Early life 

Selfridge was born in Ripon, Wisconsin. Selfridge was raised in Jackson, Michigan. Selfridge's parents were Robert Oliver Selfridge and his wife Lois. They had three sons. His father fought in the American Civil War. He was a major in the Union Army. After he was discharged, he did not come back to the family.

Both of Selfridge's brothers died young. His mother taught school. From the age of 10, Harry began working. He sold newspapers to help his mother. Later he stocked shelves at a dry goods store.
Career 
When he was 21, Selfridge went to Chicago. He worked for Field, Leiter and Company. This later became Marshall Field's & Co. He worked there for 25 years. Selfridge started the idea of a bargain basement in a department store. Selfridge's ideas added to the success of Marshall Field & Company. When he asked Marshall Field to let him become a partner, Field was surprised, but he agreed. Field even lent him the money needed to become a partner.

After visiting England, Selfridge decided to open his own department store in London. In 1909, his store opened on Oxford Street. It brought about many changes in shopping. It is still a big store today. In fact, Selfridges & Co. was named the Best Department Store in the World in 2010 and 2012. and 2014.

Personal life 
In 1890, Selfridge married Rose Buckingham. Her family was wealthy and influential. Rose was a property developer when she married. She died of the Spanish flu in 1918. Harry never married again, even though he had several girlfriends.
Death 
Selfridge died of pneumonia in Putney, London, aged 89.

Writings 
Selfridge wrote the book The Romance of Commerce. He used a ghostwriter to help him write it. The book was published in 1918.

References

Other websites
Selfridges
Gordon Selfridge: The Gambler 
Biography from the DNB

1858 births
1947 deaths
British businesspeople
Businesspeople from Michigan
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in England
Warid Telecom International () is an Arabic mobile telecommunication company. The company provides telephone services in the Congo, Pakistan, and Uganda.

Pakistan
In 2004, Warid Telecom International bought a license for starting a national mobile network and long distance international network for $291 million US dollars. It was the first project of Warid Telecom International.

The license was bid by a team headed by Bashir Tahir, the then CEO of the Abu Dhabi Group, which is the parent company of Warid Telecom International.

Bangladesh
In December 2005, Warid Telecom International got a 15-year GSM license to operate as the sixth mobile network in Bangladesh at the cost of USD 50 million.

Congo
Warid Telecom International bought a GSM based mobile license on January 2008. It is a joint project with the government of the Congo.

References

Telephone companies
Companies of the United Arab Emirates
Joan Ramón García Castejón, Elche, (December 17, 1945), known as Joan Castejón is a Spanish draftsman, painter and sculptor, considered one of the leading representatives of social realism in the Spanish postwar plastic renewal of the 70s and 80s. Member of the Grup d'Elx.

His work has been exhibited in some of the most important museums in Spain, among others, the Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (IVAM), the Museum of the University of Alicante, Guerricabeitia Martinez Collection at the University of Valencia, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, the Bancaja Foundation Center, Centre of the Carmen Valencia,  and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Elche.

Biography
Biography

Early life 
At sixteen he moved to Valencia, where he received training in the fine arts at the Academy of San Carlos. His first solo exhibition is held in the Valencian art gallery Mateu in 1966. This first moment of his career (1964-1967) can be described as neofigurative. The human figure (sometimes grouped) appears in the middle of undefined spaces. Works from this stage, including anthropomorphic themed drawings, announce the peculiar features that characterize his later works.
Political imprisonment 
That momentum of his career was cut short, however, by the traumatic time in prison tafter taking part in the demonstrations of May 1967 in Valencia against Francoist regimen. After standing up for a friend who was being brutally beat, a plainclothes agent arrested Castejón. He received several beatings that night and short after that was sentenced to six years in prison. Until mid 1969 remains in prisons of Valencia and Teruel. That year became part of the Grup d'Elx in its second stage, participating in their exhibitions until 1971. On these facts, re-enters the prison in the Canary Islands during seven months of 1971. While in prison he draw around two thousand drawings with wax or pencil, and define another specific stage of production.

Dénia
Dénia 

Castejón marries Paca Galván and in 1973 returned to Valencia where he briefly rejoins the local art scene, but a year later he settled permanently in Dénia. Takes up painting. Explicit and shocking expressionism during this decade of the seventies. Later in the 80s explores a brighter abstraction inspired by the landscape. Theatrical virtuoso drawing dominates the 90s. Human being has become the central poetics reference of his work.

In 1999 he was appointed Adopted Son of Dénia, the city where he lives since 1974.

Works 

If there is one aspect that stands out in the work of Joan Castejón is his exceptional drawing skills, a palpable mastery also in his painting and leading to write to José Manuel Caballero Bonald "the artist draws a classic and meditate as a prophet". The author and official historian of Alicante Enrique Cerdan Tato wrote in El Pais on the work of Castejón: " ... he wanted to express the universe of man revealed by violence".
Artur Balder writes, in relation to the work of Castejón, that "an indispensable condition of the Gesamtkunstwerk, with a base of either visual, literary, or musical representation, is its timeless condition, its ability to withstand the test of time itself by rising instead of sinking into the spasm of momentary fashion, and perish with it a few years, and only to be seen in that context, as in a narrow place of history. However, Castejón, next to the absolute hero in its representation of humanism, can be attributed, as an artist, as Juan Gil-Albert described, "in whose light the depths of so looming giant men, that I was forced to retain breath and meditate." 

Martí Dominguez published in the pages of El País around drawing skills in the art of Castejón: "Any exaggeration is objectionable, and to say that Joan Castejón is possibly the best Spanish artist who by now dominates human anatomy may seem a excess, but it is not."
His exhibition "Per a Paca" visited many cities in Alicante between 2009 and 2010 as a tribute to his wife. According to the newspaper La Verdad it was "a retrospective of historical memories of the couple."

List of selected works 
 Maternidad gris (1969)
 The’y were more than three thousand (1973)
 Characters reduced by their own deeds (1974)
 La digestió (1978)
 Mutant d'águila irreal (1980)
 The day (1984)
 A Salvador Espriu (1989)
 Paisatge daurat 1993 (1993)
 El Salt (2002)
 Cavall nocturn (2004)
 The War (2009)

Museology
Museology 

The largest public collection of works by Castejón is gathered at the Museum of Contemporary Art in his hometown Elche. The largest private collection was the collection Lecasse Foundation in Alcoy, containing about two hundred works acquired by businessman Lionel Grau Mullor during the eighties and nineties. Currently this collection was divided among his heirs. The collection of drawings dedicated to Don Quixote belong to the IVAM. Another good part of Parts is in the collection of Foundation Bancaja, Valencia.

List of awards 
 Premio Ocell, by the Mancomunitat de la Marina Alta. 2005.
 Honour member of the Institut d'Estudis Comarcals del Baix Vinalopó. 2001.
 Honour member of the Institut d'Estudis Comarcals de la Marina Alta. 1999.
 Adoptive Son of the city of Dénia. Ajuntament de Dénia. 1999.
 Premi la Tardor, by the Universitat Politècnica de València. 1994.
 Homage to Joan Castejón. Key of the City of Mont De Marsan. France. 1993.

Related pages
 Social realism

References
References

Bibliography 
 DE LA CALLE, Román. Castejón: La realidad de lo imaginario, València: CIMAL, 1981–82, p. 16
 SEBASTIÁ, Jordi. La meua vocació de pintar es absoluta, entrevista an El Temps 899, 4-10 Septembre, 2001, pp. 35–37.

Other websites 

 Official website of Joan Castejón 
 Official website of the Cityhall of Elche, hometown of the artist, that explains the importance of Castejón and the Grup d'Elx artistic activity.

Reports 
 El País: "El Grup d'Elx regresa tras 27 años"
 El País: "Condenado a tres años de dibujos forzados"

Interviews 
 Mar Menéndez interviews Joan Castejón  for the IVAM

1945 births
People from Alicante
Living people
Katherine Mansfield Beauchamp Murry (14 October 1888 – 9 January 1923) was a writer. She was born in New Zealand. She moved to the United Kingdom when she was 19. She died when she was 34.

Early life
Mansfield was born into a middle-class family in Wellington. She was a cousin of Elizabeth von Arnim. She went to Queen's College with her sisters.

1888 births
1923 deaths
New Zealand writers
Prudhoe Bay Oil Field is a large oil field on Alaska's North Slope. It is the largest oil field in both the United States and in North America. It coverers  and originally contained about  of oil. It has twice as much recoverable oil as the next largest field in the United States, the East Texas oil field. The field is operated by British Petroleum. Its partners are ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips Alaska.

Location 

The field is located  north of Fairbanks. It is on the North Slope and lies between the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska to the west and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to the east.

References 

Geography of Alaska