Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Rock music is a genre of popular music. It developed during and after the 1960s in the United States. It originally started in the 1940s and 1950s with the start of rock and roll. Rock and roll grew out of rhythm and blues and country music.  Rock music is related to a number of other genres such as blues and folk. It has influences from jazz, classical, and other music genres.

Musically, rock mostly uses the electric guitar as part of a rock band with bass guitar and drums. Rock music is song based. It has a 4/4 beat and it has verse-chorus form. However, rock has become very different and it is hard to say what its common musical instruments are. Like pop music, rock music lyrics are mostly about "romantic love". They can also have social or have political themes, however, rock focuses on musical skill, live performance, and it tries to be more real than pop music.
By the late 1960s, a number of different rock musicians genres had come out. These included hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, and jazz-rock fusion. From these forms, the counterculture developed psychedelic rock. New genres that came from this scene included progressive rock, glam rock and heavy metal. Progressive rock made the music more artistic. Glam rock focused on showmanship and what you can see. Heavy metal focused on loudness, power and speed.  Punk rock became more popular in the second half of the 1970s. It was inspired by other types of rock, as well as counterculture. Punk rock is a loud type of rock music with political and social critiques. Punk caused other below-genres to come about into the 1980s, including New Wave, post-punk and eventually the alternative rock movement. From the 1990s, alternative rock began to be the most popular type of rock music. It broke through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop, and indie rock
. More merging of below-genres have since emerged. These include pop punk, rap rock, and rap metal, as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock's history, including the garage rock/post-punk and synthpop revivals at the beginning of the new millennium.
Rock music has also helped cultural and social movements. This led to large sub-cultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the "hippie" culture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s punk culture made the goth and emo subcultures. Rock music has the same folk tradition as the protest song. Rock music has been involved with political activism. It has also made changes to social attitudes towards race, sex and drug use. It is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity.

Other websites

Sources
Cream (also called milkfat, milk fat, butterfat, and butter fat) is the fatty part of regular milk. Skimmed milk (or skim milk) is milk sold with some or nearly all of the fat removed. Cream is usually used in coffee to make it lighter in taste. Cream can also be used to make some sauces such as the Americanized Alfredo sauce.

Dairy products made from cream 
 Butter
 Cheese
 Cottage cheese
 Cream cheese
 Ice cream
 Sour cream
 Whipped cream

Things named after cream 
 Cream (color)
 Skin cream (including face cream)

Dairy products
Food ingredients
This is different from time dilation explained by special relativity, which says that fast objects move more slowly through time. Close satellites like the International Space Station move very quickly to orbit the Earth, so they are slowed down. Because the ISS is in low Earth orbit (LEO), time dilation due to gravity is not as strong as time dilation due to its speed, so a clock on it is slowed down more than it is sped up. An object in Geostationary orbit moves less quickly and is farther away from Earth, so gravitational time dilation is stronger, and clocks move more quickly than in LEO. This means that engineers need to pick different clocks for different orbits. GPS satellites work because they know about both kinds of time dilation.

Case #1: In special relativity, clocks that are moving run slower, according to a stationary observer's clock. This effect does not come from workings of the clocks, but from the nature of spacetime.
Case #2: the observers may be in positions with different gravitational masses. In general relativity, clocks that are near a strong gravitational field run slower than clocks in a weaker gravitational field.

If you were to have a rotor, or motor, moving at a very fast speed (any measurement of speed will cause time dilation just in varying amounts) and have a beam of sorts with a capsule, the faster it spins the more time changes.

This could theoretically make a time machine although it could only go forward and would be very dangerous.

Evidence 
Experiments support both aspects of time dilation.

Time dilation due to relative velocity 
The formula for determining time dilation in special relativity is:

where
 is the time interval for an observer (e.g. ticks on his clock) – this is known as the proper time,
 is the time interval for the person moving with velocity v with respect to the observer,
 is the relative velocity between the observer and the moving clock,
 is the speed of light.
It could also be written as:

where
 is the Lorentz factor.

A simple summary is that more time is measured on the clock at rest than the moving clock, therefore, the moving clock is "running slow".

When both clocks are not moving, relative to each other, the two times measured are the same. This can be proven mathematically by

For example:
In a spaceship moving at 99% of the speed of light, a year passes. How much time will pass on earth?

 year 

Substituting into :

 

years

So approximately 7.09 years will pass on earth, for each year in the spaceship.

In ordinary life today, time dilation had not been a factor, where people move at speeds much less than the speed of light, the speeds are not great enough to produce any detectable time dilation effects. Such vanishingly small effects can be safely ignored. It is only when an object approaches speeds on the order of  (10% the speed of light) that time dilation becomes important.
However, there are practical uses of time dilation. A big example is with keeping the clocks on GPS satellites accurate. Without accounting for time dilation, the GPS result would be useless, because time runs faster on satellites so far from Earth's gravity. GPS devices would calculate the wrong position due to the time difference if the space clocks were not set to run slower on Earth to offset the quicker time in high Earth orbit (geostationary orbit).

References

Time
Relativity
Astrophysics
Cosmology
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States of America. Because of this, the Court leads the Judicial Branch of the United States Federal Government. It is the only U.S. court established by the United States Constitution. Its decisions are supposed to be followed by all other courts in the United States. Since 1935, the Court has met in its own building in Washington, D.C.; before that, it met in the United States Capitol.

Background
There are 9 justices on the court now: one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. Courts (a set of all justices of the court while one Chief Justice is serving) are unofficially named for the Chief Justice; the current Court is called the "Roberts Court" after Chief Justice John Roberts.
The Supreme Court chooses which cases it will decide on, by choosing to give a writ of certiorari or not. Almost 7,000 people, known as petitioners, ask the Supreme Court to decide their cases every year, but the court only gives a writ to about 100 or less. For the Supreme Court to decide a case, the case must be about: federal law, the Constitution of the United States, disagreements between states or their residents, or another court's decision that differs from what the Supreme Court has decided on a similar case. Cases must first be decided by a federal district court and a federal court of appeals or by a state supreme court. Even after that, the Supreme Court can choose not to decide a case for any reason. Cases about disagreements between states or their residents sometimes can only be decided by the Supreme Court, but those are rare.
The justices serve for life unless they want to retire earlier or are impeached. If a justice retires, he or she can still be asked to serve as a judge on a federal Court of Appeals. New justices are nominated (picked) by the President of the United States, and then must be approved by the United States Senate. 

The most recent justice to be chosen is Ketanji Brown Jackson, who was nominated by President Joe Biden in February 2022, to replace retiring Justice Stephen Breyer. After the Senate approved her, Jackson became the first female African American justice.

The current Court

Living former justices

References

Supreme Court of the United States
A fall is, in everyday language and thought, a movement down that happens due to gravity.  An example is when something rolls off a table and falls down to the floor.

Scientific and universal definition 
Falling is a motion towards a place where an object will have a lower total potential energy or lower potential.  Total potential energy being the sum of all potential energies -- those from gravitational fields, electric fields, and magnetic fields.
Falling using common everyday language is also true only due to gravity. A balloon rubbed on your hair and held close to the ceiling will fall up towards the ceiling. Electrically charged objects do not always fall due to the force of gravity, but due to electric forces. As masses fall in gravitational fields, charges or charged objects will fall to a place where they have less total potential energy. Magnetic objects will fall in a magnetic field to a place where they have less total potential energy.

Falling people
Falling is a very common cause of people's injuries, possibly the most common cause. This is especially the case for elderly people, people with various conditions causing a loss of balance, and for people who do sports and other leisure activities requiring significant motion.

In many cases, elderly people become less steady on their feet and if they fall they are at a greater risk of having serious injuries, such as breaking their hip, because of the more brittle condition of their bones.
During sports and other recreational activities such as bicycling or skateboarding, people are more likely to fall.  Some bicyclists and skateboarders wear protective clothing to protect their body in the event of a fall, such as a helmet, elbow pads, and knee pads.

Force
Safety
Fall
Autumn is the season after summer and before winter. In the United States and Canada, this season is also called fall. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is often said to begin with the autumnal equinox in September and end with the winter solstice in December. In the Southern Hemisphere, it runs from the autumnal equinox in March to the winter solstice in June.

In many places in the temperate zone, autumn is a time for harvesting most crops. Deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves every year) lose their leaves, usually after turning yellow, red, or brown. In many countries, autumn is the time a new school year starts. The period of school between the start of September and the end of December is often referred to as the “Fall Semester”, “Fall Quarter”, or “Fall Term”.
When it is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Southern Hemisphere. When it is autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere. On the Equator, autumn is very much like spring, with little difference in temperature or in weather. Autumn is a time when most animals are looking for food so they can store up for winter, because they soon will be going into hibernation. The weather gets colder and more windy.  In Autumn the hours of daylight and the hours of night are the same. In autumn the weather changes all the time. The weather turns cooler and often windy and rainy.

Environment
Meteorology
Seasons
Fall has several meanings:
Autumn, one of the four seasons of the year
Falling or other downward movement
A waterfall is sometimes called a fall or falls for short

Basic English 850 words
Holocaust denial is the claim that the Holocaust did not happen, or was think it was.  Historians agree that during World War II, the Nazis did kill millions of people during the Holocaust, including many people in concentration camps.  They agree that there is more proof in writing, pictures, and places about the Holocaust than any other great killing of people.  Holocaust deniers usually call themselves Holocaust revisionists. They say that the Holocaust is a hoax made up by Jewish people working together.

It is against the criminal law to deny the Holocaust in Israel and in many European countries, especially in Germany.  Some Holocaust deniers, like Ernst Zündel, have been charged with crimes.
What do Holocaust deniers say? 
These are Holocaust deniers' most common arguments:
 They say the Nazi government was only trying to deport Jews, not to kill them all. They say there was no official Nazi policy to kill Jews, and that no Nazi leader ever gave an order to kill all of the Jews.
 They say the Nazis did not use death camps or gas chambers to kill Jews.
 History experts agree that the Nazis killed about 5 million to 6 million Jews during the Holocaust.  Holocaust deniers say that far fewer Jews actually died.  They also claim that many of these victims died of diseases, like typhus, instead of being murdered by the Nazis.
Holocaust denial also includes these claims:
 They say that during World War II, the Allies made up fake stories about the Holocaust to make Germans look evil.  Then Jews, working together, spread these fake stories as part of a bigger plan to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine.  Now Jews continue to spread these stories to get sympathy and to get support for the state of Israel.
 They say evidence about the Holocaust is fake.
 They say there are errors and differences in stories told by Holocaust survivors, and that because of this, these stories cannot be believed.
 After being taken prisoner, many Nazis gave confessions about having committed war crimes.  Holocaust deniers say these people said things that were not true because they were tortured.
 They say the Allies treated enemy prisoners of war just as badly as the Nazis treated the Jews.

Is Holocaust denial true?
Historians agree that the Holocaust happened.  They also agree that Holocaust deniers use bad research, get things wrong, and sometimes make facts up to support their claims.
Many things together prove that the Holocaust did happen:
 Written documents, like laws, newspaper articles, speeches made by Nazi leaders, and confessions from Nazi prisoners of war. The Nazis kept careful records, and many of these records still exist. Even in World War 2 many Germans knew about the holocaust, and some tried to help save holocaust victims.
 Eyewitness testimony from people who saw what the Nazis did. This includes Holocaust survivors, like people who survived the Nazi concentration camps, and the word of Jewish Sonderkommandos (concentration camp inmates who helped load bodies from the gas chambers to the crematoria because this gave them a chance to survive). It also includes the word of Nazi leaders, Nazi concentration camp guards, and Allied soldiers who discovered the camps.
 The camps. Pieces of Nazi concentration camps, death camps, and work camps still exist.
 Other evidence, like population statistics.

References
References

Related pages 
Nazi concentration camps and death camps
Sonderkommando
Anti-Semitism
Denial of the Armenian Genocide
Willis Carto (American Holocaust denier)

Other websites 
 Holocaust Denial on Trial: Using History to Confront Distortions Emory University
 Holocaust Denial and Distortion United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

The Holocaust
John Locke (; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704), known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician. His writings on the theory of social contract influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, and the American revolutionaries. His ideas are mentioned in the American Declaration of Independence.

Locke's theories were usually about identity and the self. Locke thought that we are born without thoughts, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience.

Biography   
Locke's father, who was also named John Locke, was a country lawyer. He had served as a captain in the early part of the English Civil War. His mother, Agnes Keene, was a tanner's daughter and was thought to be very beautiful. Both mother and father were Puritans. 
Locke was born on 29 August 1632, in a cottage by the church in Wrington, Somerset, about twelve miles from Bristol. He was baptized when he was born. After that, his family soon moved to Pensford.
Education
In 1647, Locke was sent to Westminster School in London. During this time he was being sponsored by Alexander Popham, a member of the Parliament. After finishing his studies there, he went into the Christ Church. Although Locke was a good student, he did not like the schedule of the time spent there. He did not like the classical subjects taught at the university, and wanted to learn more about modern philosophy. Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he had met at the school, Locke learned about medicine, because his friend Richard Lower taught it to him.

Locke was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1656 and a master's degree in 1658. In 1666, he met Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, who had come to Oxford seeking treatment for his liver disease. Cooper was impressed with Locke and asked him to come.

Works
Locke had been looking for a job and in 1667 moved into Shaftesbury's home at Exeter House in London, to serve as Lord Ashley's personal physician. In London, Locke continued his studies on medicine.
Locke's medical knowledge was put to the test when Shaftesbury's liver disease became worse until Shaftesbury was about to die. Locke used the advice of several physicians and persuaded Shaftesbury to go to an operation. Shaftesbury lived through the operation and thanked Locke for saving his life.

Shaftesbury, as a member of the Whig movement, was a big influence on Locke's political ideas. However, after Shaftesbury began to fall from favor in 1675, Locke decided to travel across France. He came back to England in 1679. At this time, due to Shaftesbury's insists, Locke wrote the Two Treatises of Government. While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed before this even started.
Move to the Netherlands
However, Locke ran away to the Netherlands in 1683. This is because people became suspicious of him being involved in the Rye House Plot to assassinate King Charles II of England.  In the Netherlands, Locke had time to return to his writing, spending a great deal of time re-working the essay. Locke did not return home until after the Glorious Revolution. Locke came with William of Orange's wife back to England in 1688.

Return to England
Locke's close friend Lady Masham invited him to join her at the Mashams' country house in Essex. Although his time there was marked by variable health from asthma attacks, he nevertheless became an intellectual hero of the Whigs. During this period he discussed matters with such figures as John Dryden and Isaac Newton.

Death
He died on 28 October 1704, and is buried in the churchyard of the village of High Laver, east of Harlow in Essex, where he had lived in the household of Sir Francis Masham since 1691. Locke never married nor had children.
Events during lifetime
Events that happened during Locke's lifetime include the English Restoration, the Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of London.  He did not quite see the Acts of Union 1707 though the thrones of England and Scotland were held in personal union throughout his lifetime.  Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy were in their infancy during Locke's time.

Related pages
 Glorious Revolution
 Political economy

References

Further reading

Other websites

Works 
 
 Links to online books by John Locke
 The Works of John Locke
 1823 Edition, 10 Volumes on PDF files, and additional resources 
 1824 Edition, 9 volumes in multiple formats
 John Locke Manuscripts 
 Updated versions of Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Second Treatise of Government, edited by Jonathan Bennett
 Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Thomas Hollis (A. Millar et al., 1764) See original text in The Online Library of Liberty
Resources 
 Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Locke 
 John Locke Bibliography 
 John Locke’s Theory of Knowledge by Caspar Hewett
 The Digital Locke Project 
 Portraits of Locke 
 Locke links 
 A complex and positive answer to question Was Locke a Liberal?  – by Jerome Huyler
 Timeline of the Life and Work of John Locke at The Online Library of Liberty
 Locke on Property: A Bibliographical Essay by Karen Vaughn The Online Library of Liberty.

1632 births
1704 deaths
17th-century English philosophers
English Anglicans
"Marcha Real" (, which means "Royal March") is the national anthem of Spain. The music was composed by Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros in 1761 also in this year the anthem was first published. When Francisco Franco ruled Spain, new lyrics were written for it. Since 1978, those words are no longer official. In 2007, a contest for new lyrics did not result in new lyrics being made official. It is one of only four national anthems in the world with no official words, only music.

Former lyrics 
The lyrics used when Alfonso XIII was king were written by Eduardo Marquina (1879–1946):La bandera de España (Coro)
Gloria, gloria, corona de la Patria,
soberana luz
que es oro en tu Pendón.
Vida, vida, futuro de la Patria,
que en tus ojos es
abierto corazón...!
Púrpura y oro: bandera inmortal;
en tus colores, juntas, carne y alma están.
Púrpura y oro: querer y lograr;
Tú eres, bandera, el signo del humano afán.
España guiadora (Solo)
¡Pide, España! ¡Tu nombre llevaremos
donde quieras tú;
que honrarlo es nuestra ley!
¡Manda, España, y unidos lucharemos,
porque vivas tú,
sin tregua pueblo y rey!
Una bandera gloriosa nos das;
¡nadie, viviendo, España, nos la arrancará!
Para que, un día, nos pueda cubrir,
¡danos, España, el gozo de morir por ti!

¡Viva España!... (Coro)
¡Viva España! Del grito de la Patria,
la explosión triunfal
abrió camino al sol;
¡Viva España! repiten veinte pueblos
y al hablar dan fe
del ánimo español...
¡Marquen arado martillo y clarín
su noble ritmo al grito de la Patria fe!
¡Guíe la mente a la mano hasta el fin,
al "Viva España" asista toda España en pie!
Flag of Spain (Chorus)
Glory, glory, crown of the Fatherland
sovereign light
which in your standard is gold.
Life, life, future of the Fatherland,
in your eyes it is
an open heart
Purple and gold: immortal flag;
in your colors, together, flesh and soul are.
Purple and gold: to want and to achieve;
You are, flag, the sign of human effort.
Guiding Spain (Solo)
Ask of us, Spain! Your name we will take
anywhere you want;
because honoring it is our law!
Command us, Spain, and united we will fight,
so that you may live,
relentless people and king!
You give us a glorious flag;
Nobody, who is alive, Spain, will take it from us!
So that, one day, we can be covered by it,
Give us, Spain, the joy of dying for you!

Long live Spain! ... (Chorus)
Long live Spain! The cry of the Fatherland,
the triumphant explosion
Has opened the way to the sun;
Long live Spain! repeated twenty peoples
and when they speak they have faith
in the Spanish will ...
Mark plow hammer and bugle
your noble rhythm at the cry of the Fatherland faith!
Guide the mind and the hand until the end,
the "Long Live Spain" Spain attends all standing!

References

National anthems
 
National symbols of Spain
A satellite is an object that orbits another object. In space, satellites may be natural, or artificial. The moon is a natural satellite that orbits the Earth. Most artificial satellites also orbit the Earth, but some orbit other planets, or the Sun or Moon. Satellites are used for many purposes. There are weather satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, reconnaissance satellites, astronomy satellites.
 
The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4,1957. This surprised the world, and the United States quickly worked to launch their own satellite, starting the space race. Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika.  The United States launched their first satellite, called Explorer 1 on January 31, 1958.  The UK launched its first satellite in 1962.
Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit.

Satellites orbiting now 

Artificial satellites come from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. A few hundred satellites are currently working, but thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris. The largest satellite is the International Space Station, which was put together by several different countries (including the organizations of NASA, ESA, JAXA and RKA).  It usually has a crew of six astronauts or cosmonauts living on board. It is permanently occupied, but the crew changes.  The Hubble Space Telescope has been repaired and updated by astronauts in space several times.
There are also artificial satellites orbiting something other than the Earth. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is one of those orbiting Mars. Cassini-Huygens orbited Saturn.  Venus Express, run by the ESA, orbited Venus.   Two GRAIL satellites orbited the moon until December 2012.  Several satellites have orbited the Sun for years. 

Artificial satellites have several main uses:
Scientific Investigation
Earth observation - including weather forecasting and tracking storms and pollution
Communications - including satellite television and telephone calls
Navigation - including the Global Positioning System (GPS)
Military - including reconnaissance photography and communications (nuclear weapons are not allowed in space)

Orbits
Orbits

Most of the artificial satellites are in a low Earth orbit (LEO) or a geostationary orbit. To stay in orbit, the satellite's sideways speed must balance the force of gravity. Satellites in low orbit are often less than one thousand kilometers above the ground. Close to the Earth, in LEO, the satellites must move faster to stay in orbit.  Low orbits work well for satellites that take pictures of the Earth. Many do jobs that call for high orbital inclination (they swing above and below the equator), so they can communicate, or look at other areas.  It is easier to put a satellite in low Earth orbit, but the satellite appears to move when viewed from Earth.  This means a satellite dish (a type of antenna) must be always moving in order to send or receive communications with that satellite.
Medium orbit works well for GPS satellites - receivers on Earth use the satellite's changing position and precise time (and a type of antenna that does not have to be pointed) to find where on Earth the receiver is.  But constantly changing positions does not work for satellite TV and other types of satellites that send and receive a lot of information.  Those need to be in geostationary orbit.  

A satellite in a geostationary orbit moves around the Earth as fast as the Earth spins, so from the ground it looks like it is stationary (not moving). To move this way, the satellite must be straight above the equator, and 35,786 kilometers (22,236 miles) above the ground.

Related pages 
Natural satellite

References

Other websites
 Satellite Tracker  - Find out what satellites can be seen going by in the sky in your area (including the ISS).
 NASA's main space missions
Césarville-Dossainville is a French village in the département of Loiret and the région of  Centre.

Geography
 Old maps of Cesarville-Dossainville

History
 Local History of Cesarville-Dossainville

Demography

Administration

People of Cesarville-Dossainville
+ Jean GUILBERT  Mayor and "Conseiller Général"

Other websites 
Cesarville-Dossainville on the website of the "Institut Géographique National" (in French) 
Cesarville-Dossainville on the website of the "Insee" (in French)
Cesarville-Dossainville on the website of the "Quid" (in French)
Village near Cesarville-Dossainville (in French)
Localisation of Cesarville-Dossainville in France (in French)
 Map of Cesarville-Dossainville on Mapquest
Website on Cesarville-Dossainville 

Communes in Loiret
"The Marseillaise" () is the national anthem of France. The song was made by Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg on 26 April 1792, after France declared war against Austria. It was first called "Chant de guerre pour l'armée du Rhin" (meaning "Marching Song of the Rhine Army").

It was first adopted in 1795 as the national anthem of the French First Republic by the French National Convention.

History
History

As the French Revolution roared on, monarchies from countries next to France grew worried that the ruckus would come into their territories. To stop the French Revolution from spreading, the War of the First Coalition began, in which Coalition armies invaded France. On 25 April 1792, Strasbourg mayor Baron Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich asked his freemason guest Rouget de Lisle to compose a song "that will rally our soldiers from all over to defend their homeland that is under threat." That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin," which he dedicated to Baravian Marshal Nicolas Luckner. De Dietrich was executed, however, the next year during the Reign of Terror.
"La Marseillaise" is France's first ever anthem and was accepted as the French national anthem by the National Convention on 14 July 1795. It later lost its status under Napoleon I, and the song was banned by Louis XVIII and Charles X. It regained its status as national anthem right after the July Revolution of 1830. During Napoleon I's reign, "Veillons au salut de l'Empire" (meaning "Let's Ensure the Salvation of the Empire") was the unofficial anthem of his reign, and under Napoleon III's control, it was "Partant pour la Syrie" (meaning "Leaving for Syria"). Eventually, the French government brought back "La Marseillaise" to try to spread patriotism to the French people during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. A year later, after that war ended, "La Marseillaise" was adopted by the Paris Commune, although it had new lyrics under the title "La marseillaise de la Commune" (meaning "The Marseillaise of the Commune")
. Eight years later, in 1879, it was one again the national anthem of France, and has remained so ever since.
Lyrics
The lyrics mention about the time when France was being invaded by Prussia and Austria, while it was written. The city of Strasbourg in eastern France was attacked a few days later. The invading forces were kicked out of France following their defeat in the Battle of Valmy. As the majority of Alsatians did not speak French, a German version titled "Auf, Brüder, auf dem Tag entgegen" was published in October 1792 in Colmar.

Only the first stanza (and sometimes the fourth and sixth) and the first chorus are sung today in France. There are some slight historical variations in the words of the song; the following is the version listed at the official website of the French presidency.

Original lyrics

Children's verse (1792)

Additional verses
These verses were removed from the national anthem.
Adaptations into regional languages
France is a country made up of various ethnicities on which they have historically settled. As such, many regional languages are spoken to this day. These languages include Alsatian (a German dialect spoken in the east of France), Basque (a language isolate spoken in the southwest of France), Breton (a Celtic language spoken in the northwest of France), Catalan (a language intelligible between French and Spanish, spoken in the south of France), Corsican (a language similar to Italian, spoken in the Mediterranean), Occitan (a language similar to Catalan, also spoken in the south of France), and Walloon (a language similar to French, spoken in the Wallonia region in Belgium).

The popularity of this anthem has spread across the globe. It has been translated into several languages by known poets over the course of its existence.

Basque variant
The Basque poet Joan Batista Arxu published a version in his 1848 collection Kantu patriotak (meaning "Patriotic songs").
Wallon variant
The French national anthem has been the basis of a couple patriogic songs written in the Walloon language as part of the Walloon Movement.

Other variants based on "La Marseillaise"
There have been many different variants of the song, including:
 "Belarusian Marseillaise", a Belarusian patriotic socialist song
 "Deutsche Arbeiter-Marseillaise", a song created for the General German Worker's Association
 "La Marseillaise de la Commune", the anthem of the Paris Commune in 1871
 "La Marseillaise des Blancs", the royalist and Catholic variation
 "Onamo", a Montenegrin patriotic song also known as the "Serbian Marseillaise"
 "The Pride of Brisbane Town", the official team song of the Brisbane Lions
 "The Internationale", a communist and socialist anthem
 "The Women's Marseillaise", a women's suffrage song
 "Worker's Marseillaise", a socialist song of the Russian Revolution
Russian variant
In Russia, "La Marseillaise" was used as a republican revolutionary anthem by Russian French speakers in the 18th century. In 1875 Peter Lavrov wrote the original Russian text (not translated from the French lyrics) to the same tune, known as the "Worker's Marseillaise", which became very popular in Russia and was used in the Russian Revolution of 1905. After the February Revolution, it was used as the semi-official national anthem of the Russian republic, and after the October Revolution, it was official along with The Internationale.

Quotation in music
Composers have often quoted "La Marseillaise" in their music; for example, Tchaikovsky uses it in the 1812 overture.

References

Notes

Symbols of France
French anthems
Nashville is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is on the Cumberland River in Davidson County. Nashville is the home of the Grand Ole Opry, the Country Music Hall of Fame, and many major record labels.

Nashville has 569,891 people in it (according to the 2000 census). A resident of Nashville is called a Nashvillian.

Government and politics
The City of Nashville and Davidson County joined in 1963 as a way for Nashville to fight the problems of urban sprawl. The joint metropolitan government offers services such as police, firefighting, electricity, running water, and waste water disposal.

History
On March 3, 2020, a tornado tracked west to east, just north of the downtown Nashville area, killing at least 25 people and leaving tens of thousands without electricity.

On December 25, 2020, a suicide bombing happened in the city.

Sports teams
Nashville sports teams include:
Tennessee Titans - football
 Nashville Predators - ice hockey
 Nashville Sounds - baseball
 Nashville SC - soccer

References

Notes

Other websites

 Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County website

 
County seats in Tennessee
State capitals in the United States
1779 establishments in North America
1806 establishments
19th-century establishments in Tennessee
1770s establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Tennessee
1800s establishments in the United States
Salem (IPA: [ˈseɪ lm̩]) is the capital city of the state of Oregon in the United States of America, and county seat of Marion County. In 2003 it had 142,940 people living in it. It is in the Willamette Valley.

Other websites 

 City of Salem official website

State capitals in the United States
County seats in Oregon
Cities in Oregon
1842 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Oregon
Harrisburg is the capital city of Pennsylvania, one of the four U.S. states called a Commonwealth of the United States.  As of the 2020 United States Census, the city has 50,099 people living in it.

Harrisburg is the county seat of Dauphin County and is on the Susquehanna River, 105 miles (169 km) northwest  of Philadelphia.

Originally the home to Native Americans, Captain John Smith first made contact with them in 1608. In 1719, English trader John Harris, Sr. built a home on the bank of the river, and by 1785 obtained the land from William Penn, creating the settlement of "Harrisburg" named after Harris.

Related pages
Three Mile Island accident

Notes and References

Other websites 

City of Harrisburg official website

County seats in Pennsylvania
 
State capitals in the United States
1791 establishments in the United States
1790s establishments in Pennsylvania
Olympia is the capital city of the state of Washington, in the United States of America. It became a city on January 28, 1859. As of the 2010 census, it has 46,478 people living in it. The people of Olympia are called Olympians. Olympia is the county seat of Thurston County.

Geography 
Olympia is located at 47°2'33" North, 122°53'35" West (47.042418, -122.893077).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total size of 48.0 km² (18.5 mi²). 43.3 km² (16.7 mi²) of it is land and 4.7 km² (1.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.77% water.

Olympia is on the water (Puget Sound) and close to dark green forests and high mountains (the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier). On most days of the year the sky is full of clouds and it rains, but sunny weather is more common in July, August, and September.
Economy 
Many people in Olympia work for the government of the State of Washington. Every year, state representatives and state senators come to Olympia to make laws and to pass a budget for the state government.

Olympia is the home of the Olympia Farmers Market and The Evergreen State College.

Culture 
Every April, the people of Olympia celebrate the "Procession of the Species,". It is a parade. Many Olympians, of all ages, dress up to look like animals, birds, fish, plants, and even insects, and walk in the parade. Some also play drums or dance the samba.

References

Other websites 
 City of Olympia
 State of Washington 
 The Evergreen State College
 Procession of the Species
 Photography of Olympia 

County seats in Washington (state)
 
State capitals in the United States
1859 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
An invertebrate is an animal that does not have a spinal column or backbone. This contrasts with vertebrate: if an animal is not a vertebrate (fish, reptile, amphibian, bird, or mammal), it is an invertebrate.

The main phyla (groups) of invertebrate animals are:
 Annelida: segmented worms 
 Arthropods: (arachnids, crustaceans, insects, and others); the largest groups of invertebrates.
 Brachiopods: the lamp-shells.
 Bryozoa: sea mats or moss animals (sometimes they look like corals)
 Cnidarians: jellyfish, sea anemones, hydroids.
 Echinoderms: starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
 Molluscs: (gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves and others); a large group of invertebrates.
 Nematoda: roundworms
 Porifera: sponges
 Platyhelminthes: flatworms
 Rotifers: tiny "wheel animals", which live in habitats such as pond water.

Insects and other arthropods have no bones, but they have a skeleton on the outside of their bodies, called an exoskeleton.
"Sugar, We’re Goin' Down" is the first single from the From Under the Cork Tree album, by Fall Out Boy and it was the song that made them famous. It was released in 2005.

References

2005 songs
Fall Out Boy songs
Lawrence of Arabia is a British epic movie from 1962, based on the life of T. E. Lawrence. It stars Peter O'Toole as the title character, along with Omar Sharif and Alec Guinness. The opening scene of the movie shows Lawrence dying in a motorcycle accident. The movie then goes into a series of flashbacks (past events) from his life.

The 1982 movie Gandhi follows the story pattern of Lawrence of Arabia's: after the main character dies at the start, it moves into a series of flashbacks from Gandhi's life.

Lawrence of Arabia won seven Academy Awards, one of them for Best Picture.

Considered one of the greatest movies ever made, it has appeared on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list (as the number five selecion).

A director's cut of the movie, running at 216 minutes, has no women talking in it.

Other websites 
 
 Greatest Films
 RaveCentral
1962 drama movies
1962 adventure movies
1962 war movies
British adventure movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
British war movies
Movies directed by David Lean
United States National Film Registry movies
Multilingual movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in deserts
Movies composed by Maurice Jarre
Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used in agriculture for the control of weeds, shrubs, and grasses. One brand name it is sold as is Monsanto's Roundup. It is also used in genetically modified crops.

There are many studies indicating glyphosate is dangerous for animals, including humans.

References

Other websites 
 Fact sheet
 glyphosate resistance 

Herbicides
Pudding is a popular dessert and snack. It tastes sweet, and comes in many flavors. The most common kind of pudding is chocolate. Some other kinds are vanilla, butterscotch, banana, and pistachio. Most pudding today is made out of milk, sugar, flavoring, and flour. Eggs can be used, too. If you do not want to make the pudding, you do not have to. The grocery store sells pudding that is already made. One of the most popular makers of pudding in the United States is Jell-O.

In Britain, the word "pudding" is often used for any dessert, especially a dessert made with flour and eggs and cooked by steaming, boiling or baking, e.g. treacle pudding, chocolate pudding or Spotted Dick (pudding with raisins or currants).  There are also milk puddings such as rice pudding or semolina.

Confusingly, "steak and kidney pudding" is a savoury dish, similar to "steak and kidney pie" but with a softer pastry.

Desserts
Sigmund Freud (Moravia, 6 May 1856 – London, 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist (a person who treats the nervous system). He invented the treatment of mental illness and neurosis by means of psychoanalysis.

Freud is important in psychology because he studied the unconscious mind. The unconscious part of the mind cannot be easily controlled or noticed by a person.

In 1860, he and his family to Vienna. He did well in school and became a doctor. Freud married Martha Bernays in 1886. They had six children.

Freud lived in Austria in the 1930s. After the Anschluss, Germany and Austria were combined. Because he was Jewish, he received a visit from the Gestapo. Freud and his family did not feel safe anymore. Freud left Vienna and went to England in June 1938.

Freud's ideas
Freud developed a theory of the human mind (its organisation and operations). He also had a theory that human behaviour both conditions and results from how the mind is organised.
This led him to favor certain clinical techniques for trying to help cure mental illness. He theorised that personality is developed by a person's childhood experiences.

Early work

Freud began his study of medicine at the University of Vienna at the age of 17. He got his M.D. degree in 1881 at the age of 25 and entered private practice in neurology for financial reasons.

Freud hoped that his research would provide a solid scientific basis for his therapeutic technique. The goal of Freudian therapy, or psychoanalysis, was to bring repressed thoughts and feelings into consciousness in order to free the patient from suffering distorted emotions.
Classically, the bringing of unconscious thoughts and feelings to consciousness is brought about by encouraging a patient to talk in free association and to talk about dreams.
In November 1880 Breuer was called in to treat a highly intelligent 21-year-old woman (Bertha Pappenheim) for a persistent cough which he diagnosed as hysterical. He found that while nursing her dying father she had developed a number of transitory symptoms, including visual disorders and paralysis and contractures of limbs, which he also diagnosed as hysterical.
Breuer began to see his patient almost every day as the symptoms increased and became more persistent. He found that when, with his encouragement, she told fantasy stories her condition improved, and most of her symptoms had disappeared by April 1881. However, following the death of her father in that month her condition deteriorated again. Breuer recorded that some of the symptoms eventually remitted spontaneously, and that full recovery was achieved by inducing her to recall events that had precipitated the occurrence of a specific symptom. This recovery is disputed.

Freud famously proposed that unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse were at the root of the psychoneuroses. However, patients were generally unconvinced that Freud's clinical procedure indicated actual sexual abuse. He reported that even after a supposed "reproduction" of sexual scenes the patients assured him emphatically of their disbelief.
Cocaine 
As a medical researcher, Freud was an early user and proponent of cocaine as a stimulant as well as analgesic. He wrote several articles on the antidepressant qualities of the drug and he was influenced by friend and confidant Wilhelm Fliess, who recommended cocaine for the treatment of "nasal reflex neurosis".

Freud felt that cocaine would work as a cure for many conditions and wrote a well-received paper, "On Coca", explaining its virtues. He prescribed it to his friend Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow to help him overcome a morphine addiction acquired while treating a disease of the nervous system. Freud also recommended cocaine to many of his close family and friends.
Reports of addiction and overdose began to come from many parts of the world. Freud's medical reputation became somewhat tarnished because of this early ambition. Furthermore, Freud's friend Fleischl-Marxow developed an acute case of 'cocaine psychosis' as a result of Freud's prescriptions, and died a few years later. Freud felt great regret over these events.

The Unconscious 
Freud made arguments about the importance of the unconscious mind in understanding conscious thought and behavior.

However the unconscious was not discovered by Freud. Historian of psychology Mark Altschule concluded, "It is difficult—or perhaps impossible—to find a nineteenth-century psychologist or psychiatrist who did not recognize unconscious thought as not only real but of the highest importance". Freud's advance was not to uncover the unconscious but to devise a method for systematically studying it.
Freud called dreams the "royal road to the knowledge of the unconscious in mental life". This meant that dreams illustrate the "logic" of the unconscious mind. Freud developed his first topology of the psyche in The Interpretation of Dreams (1899) in which he proposed that the unconscious exists and described a method for gaining access to it. The preconscious was described as a layer between conscious and unconscious thought; its contents could be accessed with a little effort.

One key factor in the operation of the unconscious is 'repression'. Freud believed that many people repress painful memories deep into their unconscious mind.
Psychosexual development 
Freud hoped his model was universally valid and so turned to ancient mythology and ethnography for comparative material. Freud named his new theory the Oedipus complex after the famous Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. "I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. I now consider this to be a universal event in childhood." Freud said. Freud sought to anchor this pattern of development in the dynamics of the mind. Each stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity, characterized by a strong ego and the ability to delay gratification (cf. Three essays on the theory of Sexuality).

He used the Oedipus conflict to point out how much he believed that people desire incest and must repress that desire. The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness.