Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Europe 
 Thousands of Huns invade Europe. They spread terror as they take over territories held for generations by Alans, Heruls, Ostrogoths and Visigoths.

 Asia 
 Japan begins a 30-year period of great influence in Korea.

 By topic 

 Agriculture 
 Roman authorities in Britain export wheat to supply the legions on the Rhine. They have encouraged production of wheat for that purpose.

 Religion 
 First Council of Constantinople: Emperor Constantius II requested a church council, at Constantinople, and both the eastern and western bishops attend the meeting. Wulfila also attends the council and endorses the resulting creed. After the council, several homoiousian bishops are deposed or banished, including Macedonius I of Constantinople and Cyril of Jerusalem.
Births 
 John Cassian, Desert Father and Christian saint (approximate date)
 Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk and theologian (approximate date)
 Saint Ninian, missionary to Scotland (approximate date)
 Tao Sheng, Chinese Buddhist scholar (approximate date)
 Wang Fahui, empress during the Jin Dynasty (d. 380)

Deaths 
 Eustathius of Antioch, Patriarch of Antioch (approximate date)
 Murong Jun, emperor of the Former Yan (b. 319)
Misery is a 1990 American psychological horror thriller movie set in Colorado. It is based on Stephen King's 1987 novel of the same name. The movie stars James Caan, Kathy Bates, Lauren Bacall, Frances Sternhagen, and Richard Farnsworth. It was directed by Rob Reiner.

Bates plays an abusive woman psychopath who imprisons and tortures a novelist (Caan) in her rural home. She does this after he accidentally crashes his car and she pretends that she is going to look after him until he recovers from his injuries.

Bates won the Academy Award for Best Actress. The movie was well received by critics and audiences. King has stated that Misery is one of his top ten favorite movie adaptations.

References

1990 crime thriller movies
Academy Award winning movies
American crime thriller movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
Movies based on books by Stephen King
Movies directed by Rob Reiner
Movies set in Colorado
Edward "Tug" Wilson (1921-2009) was a British colonel. He started the Abu Dhabi Defense Force. He was also really good friends with Sheikh Zayed.

Early life

He was born on January 18, 1921 in West Hartlepool, Yorkshire in England. His birth name was Edward Bearby Wilson. Tug was a nickname. He attended Constantine College. In 1945 he was a wireless operator at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He liked to play rugby and cricket.

Military work

He started working in the Worcestershire Regiment. He then worked for the 1st Battalion of the British Army of the Rhine. Then he worked for the 2nd Division Signal Regiment. He was a part of the Berlin airlift and the Malayan Emergency. He went to Korea and in 1952 moved to Hara Mura, Japan to teach British soldiers at the Battle School. A grenade blew up while he was teaching soldiers and he hurt his shoulder.
He became a Major. In 1961 he started looking over a squadron of the Trucial Oman Scouts. He was working at the Buraimi Oasis, Al Ain. He became good friends with Sheikh Zayed after the Sheikh became ruler of the United Arab Emirates. During this time Wilson founded the Abu Dhabi Defense Force. He was leader of that force until 1968.

Retirement and death

He left Abu Dhabi in 1969. He started teaching at the Old Royal Naval College. Then he taught at the Staff College, Camberley. He retired from the Army in 1971. He started a trout fish farm. Wilson then moved back to Abu Dhabi, at the invitation of Sheikh Zayed, to run the royal stables. He ran the stables until the Sheikh died. He participated in the London To Peking Motor Challenge in 1990. He was awarded the Abu Dhabi Award. He died on January 2, 2009.

References

1921 births
2009 deaths
British Army people
People from County Durham
Abu Dhabi (emirate)
The term Black hair refers to the darkest of all human hair colors. It is a dominant and genetic trait, and found in people of all ethnic groups. Caucasian people with black hair are usually referred to as brunettes. Black hair carries extreme amounts of eumelanin and is less dense than the other hair colors.

Hair
Mekelle (, ) or Mekele a city in Ethiopia. It is the capital city of the Tigray Region. It is in the north of the region. It had 219,818 people as of 2012. 

The city was founded in the 13th century according to historians. It was one of the major cities of Enderta province. It was chosen as the capital of Yohannes IV's realm. There was a riot that broke out between Ethiopian Orthodox and Adventist worshipers on 29 December 2002. The riot resulted in five deaths and three others were seriously injured. The city is one of the country's principal economic and educational centers.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Cities in Ethiopia
Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Gazi (; about 1437 – 1513) was a mathematician from the Maghreb. He wrote poems about the work of other mathematicians, including Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi. He used lattice multiplication in his math writing.

Related pages
 List of scientists

References

Mathematicians
African scientists
1437 births
1513 deaths
Arab people
Moroccan scientists
Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka is a Buddhist canon from the Jin Dynasty. It is written in the Chinese language.

It was first called the Jin Triptaka. It was written at the Tianning Temple around the year 1149. A woman named Cui Fazhen and some of her friends gave the money to make the book. Kublai Khan brought it to the Guangsheng Temple. It was found there in 1933. The canon was renamed Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka because the Guangsheng Temple is located in Zhaocheng.

The canon has about 7,000 chapters. It's the biggest book published in the Jin Dynasty. It has some canons and sections that are not found in later copies of the book.

References

Buddhist texts
1149
Chinese culture
12th-century books
Massasoit  (c. 15811661),
was the Native American leader of the Wampanoag and "Massasoit" tribes.  His name means Great Leader.

Early years
Massasoit was born in a Pokanoket village at the site of today's Rhode Island. His village was near a spring of water which is named after him.  He was liked by seven leaders.  In March 1621, a Native American named Samoset entered Plymouth Colony and said to the Pilgrims in English, "Welcome Englishmen".  He had learned some words from the English fishermen and traders that had visited his tribe. He said he was sent by Massasoit, “the greatest leader of the country.” After a few days, Massasoit came in person and was received with great friendship.
Massasoit made a treaty with the Pilgrims.  They promised to protect each other against unfriendly Native Americans. They  promised not to hurt each other.  They also promised to help each other as friends. Massasoit told the pilgrims that there was much sickness where the colonist were now living and that many had died. The treaty was kept as long as Massasoit lived.

Peace treaty 

Massasoit helped the people of Plymouth Colony in many ways, including how to plant corn.  He became friends with the all of the colonial leaders.

Children
During this time, Massasoit had five children.  His oldest son, "Moanam" or Wamsutta, died within a year after his father, and his brother Metacom (Philip) became chief in 1662.
Alliance
There was some bad feeling for a time when the Plymouth leaders refused to give up Squanto to Massasoit.  He believe that Squanto had betrayed him.  This was settled when Edward Winslow visited him in March 1623. Massasoit was ill and Winslow took care of him.  After he got better, Massasoit said the English are my friends and love me. He also said that while he lives he would never forget the kindness they have showed me."

The Wampanoag and the English maintained a friendship until Massasoit's death. During this time, Massasoit sold lands to the English that they needed. When Roger Williams, was sent away from the Massachusetts colony, he spent many weeks with Massasoit. Massasoit was friendly and honest and always kept his word. He warned the pilgrims of any Native Americans who were not their friends.
Massasoit died as early as 1660.  When he died, his son Wamsutta became chief. When Wamsutta died Metacom (Philip) took his place. Of Massasoit's five children, the only child to survive King Philip's War in 1676 was his daughter, Amie, wife of Tispaquin.

References
"Native People" (page), "Massasoit (Ousamequin) Sachem" (section), MayflowerFamilies.com, webpage: MFcom-Native .

Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War, New York 2006.

In fiction
Massasoit was a character in "The Mayflower Voyagers", a 1988 episode of the Peanuts television series, This is America, Charlie Brown. 

At the beginning of the 1995 movie adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Massasoit dies and his tribe cremates him.

Notes

1581 births
1661 deaths
Native American people
People from Rhode Island
Plymouth Colony
Albrecht Altodorfer was a German painter, engraver and builder of the Renaissance. He was probably born around the year 1480, in Altdorf, Lower Bavaria, or Regensburg. He died on 12 February 1538 in Regensburg. Together with Wolf Huber, he is seen as one of the main people in the Danube school. The danube school was an art movement that spread along the Danube, in Germany and Austria. With Albrecht Dürer he founded the Little Masters (original: Kleinmeister) of Nuremberg.

Related pages

German art

1480s births
1538 deaths
German painters
Benjamin Ray "Ben" Bailey (born October 30, 1970) is an American comedian, taxicab driver, and game show host. He is best known as the host of the Discovery Channel game show Cash Cab. He was born in Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States.

Bailey was the host of Cash Cab, a television game show played in a taxi that Bailey drives around New York City, from 2005 until the show's end in 2012. He was nominated for an "Outstanding Game Show Host" award at the Daytime Emmy Awards in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011. He won in 2010 and 2011. He was also the host of the 2011 NBC game show Who's Still Standing?.

References

Other websites
 Ben Bailey's official website
 

Comedians from Kentucky
American game show hosts
1970 births
Living people
Emmy Award winners
Elmer Gantry is a 1960 drama movie about a con man and a female evangelist selling religion to small town America. Directed by Richard Brooks, the movie is based on the 1927 novel of the same name by Sinclair Lewis and stars Burt Lancaster and Jean Simmons.

Actor Pat Hingle was originally cast as Elmer Gantry. After he was injured from a 54-foot fall down an elevator shaft, the part was given to Lancaster. Lancaster won an Academy Award for his role.

1960s action movies
1960 drama movies
American drama movies
American action movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Movies directed by Richard Brooks
Hang 'Em High is a 1968 American Western movie directed by Ted Post and produced and co-written by Leonard Freeman. It stars Clint Eastwood as Jed Cooper, an innocent man who survives being hanged, Inger Stevens as a widow who helps him, Ed Begley as the leader of the gang that tried to hang him, and Pat Hingle as the judge who hires Jed as a US Marshal.

1968 movies
1960s Western (genre) movies
American Western (genre) movies
American crime movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Ted Post
Body Language is the ninth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It was recorded during the summer of 2003 in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain, and released on 20 November 2003 by Parlophone. The album contains three official singles, "Slow", "Red Blooded Woman" and "Chocolate".

Track listing

Other websites 
Body Language on Kylie Minogue's official website 

2003 albums
Kylie Minogue albums
Pop albums
Dance-pop albums
R&B albums
Fabián Ernesto Alarcón Rivera (born April 14, 1947) was President of Ecuador from 6 February 1997 to 9 February 1997 and from February 11, 1997 to August 10, 1998.

Alarcón was born in Quito. He was head of the Congress from 1991 to 1992 and then again from August 1995 to February 1997, when he was made acting president due to the impeachment of President Abdalá Bucaram.

Other websites
 Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History

1947 births
Living people
Presidents of Ecuador
Politicians from Quito
Gustavo José Joaquín Noboa Bejarano (21 August 1937 – 16 February 2021) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was the 42nd President of Ecuador from 22 January 2000 to 15 January 2003. Before, he was the Vice President during Jamil Mahuad's government from 1998 to 2000.

Noboa was born on 21 August 1937 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was married to María Isabel Baquerizo. In March 2006, Noboa was put under house arrest for mishandling Ecuador's foreign debt.

Noboa died at a hospital in Miami, Florida from a heart attack while having brain cancer surgery on 16 February 2021, aged 83.

References

1937 births
2021 deaths
Presidents of Ecuador
Politicians from Guayaquil
Vice presidents of Ecuador
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from surgical complications
James Whale (22 July 1889 – 29 May 1957) was an English movie director, theatre director, and actor. He is best remembered for his horror movies. These include Frankenstein (1931), The Old Dark House (1932), The Invisible Man (1933) and Bride of Frankenstein (1935). He also directed the movie musical Show Boat (1936). 

Whale was born into a large family.  Early on, he discovered his artistic talent and studied art. With the outbreak of World War I, Whale joined the British Army. He became an officer. He was captured by the Germans. During his time as a prisoner of war, he became interested in theatre. After the war, he became an actor, set designer, and director. He moved to the United States to direct a Broadway play, and then moved to Hollywood to direct movies. 

Whale lived in Hollywood for the rest of his life with his longtime companion, producer David Lewis. Whale directed a dozen movies for Universal Studios between 1930 and 1936, developing a style influenced by German Expressionism.
After string of movies failures, Whale's directing career was over by 1941. He continued to direct for the stage, painted, and travelled. His retirement years were comfortable until strokes in 1956 left him in pain. Whale committed suicide on 29 May 1957 by drowning himself in his backyard swimming pool.

Other websites 

1889 births
1957 deaths
Actors from Worcestershire
Deaths by drowning
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English movie directors
English stage actors
Gay men
Suicides by drowning
Suicides in the United States
Set designers
Cash Cab is an American television game show. It aired on the Discovery Channel. The program started on December 5, 2005 and ended 2012. It was hosted by Ben Bailey. It took place in New York City. The series was also broadcast on Discovery from 2017 until 2018. A version was broadcast on Bravo from 2019 to 2020.

Gameplay
Potential contestants entered a taxi driven by Bailey. When they got in and said where they wanted to go, they were made aware that they were in the Cash Cab. This included flashing ceiling lights and music, along with Bailey's greeting. They were then asked if they wanted to play. If they said that they wanted to play, they have to stay in the taxi until they reached where they wanted to go or until they got three questions wrong ("three strikes").
Contestants who played were asked a series of questions by Bailey. For the first four questions, $50 was added to their prize pool for each correct answer. The next four questions were worth $100 each. Questions after that were worth $200. In the first two seasons, the questions were worth $25, $50, and $100. If a contestant answered a question wrong, they added  no money and got a strike. If the contestant got three strikes, they had to leave the taxi no matter where they are and got no prize. Contestants had two chances to ask for help. These chances were called "Shout-Outs." The first Shout-Out was the "Mobile Shout-Out." It let the contestant make a phone call to someone they knew to ask them for help in answering the question. The call could take up to 15 seconds. The other Shout-Out was the "Street Shout-Out." With this Shout out, Bailey would pull the taxi over and the contestant would ask someone on the street for help.
If the contestant got to where they wanted to go without getting three strikes, they had a choice: they could leave the taxi and keep the money in their prize pool  or they could risk it on a "Video Bonus" question. If they decided to play the Video Bonus question, a video clip was played and they were asked a question based on the clip. If the contestant answered correctly, their prize pool was doubled. If they gave a wrong answer, they lost all of their prize.

Starting in the fourth season, some games were "Double Ride" games. In these games, the value for a correct answer was doubled. The first four questions were worth $100, the next four were worth $200 and questions after were worth $400. The Red Light Challenge was worth $500.

Other versions
In 2007, a spin-off, Cash Cab: After Dark, started. Contestants were picked up near or after sunset. The questions were worth double the amount of Cash Cab. The question were also harder.
Another spin-off, Cash Cab: Chicago, started during the sixth season of Cash Cab. It was hosted by Beth Melewski. This series used the same rules as the New York Cash Cab. It ended after one season.

The series was also broadcast on the Discovery Channel from 2017 until 2018. A version of the program was broadcast from 2019 until 2020 on Bravo.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 
Discovery Channel
American television game shows
2005 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
2017 American television series debuts
2018 American television series endings
2019 American television series debuts
2020 American television series endings
Ayelet Zurer (born 28 June 1969) is an Israeli actress. She is known for her roles in Angels & Demons, Fugitive Pieces, and in Man of Steel. She was bron in Tel Aviv.

Zurer was born to a Jewish family. She has been married to Gilad Londovski since 2003. They had one child.

References

Other websites 
 
 
Ayelet Zurer at Theiapolis.com 
 Ayelet Zurer at E-Online 

1969 births
Living people
Israeli movie actors
Israeli stage actors
Israeli television actors
Israeli voice actors
Jewish Israeli actors
People from Tel Aviv
Antje Traue (born January 18, 1981) is a German actress. She is known for her roles in Pandorum, Kleinruppin Forever, 5 Days of War, and in Man of Steel.

Traue was born on January 18, 1981, in Mittweida, Saxony, Germany.

References

Other websites
 

1981 births
Living people
German movie actors
German television actors
German voice actors
German stage actors
People from Saxony
Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu (22 January 1971 – 25 July 2017), often known simply as Gurrumul, was an indigenous Australian musician. He was best known as a singer. Most of his songs are sung in Galpu, Gumatj or Djambarrpuyngu, which are all languages of the Yolngu people of northeastern Arnhem Land. He plays the guitar, drums, keyboards and yidaki (didgeridoo).

Gurrumul was born at Galiwin'ku, on Elcho Island, off the coast of Arnhem Land. He belongs to the Gumatj clan of the Yolngu, and his mother is from the Galpu clan. He was born blind. Although a few of his songs are written and sung in English, he does not speak the language. He is also said to be very shy, and does not normally speak during performances.
Gurrumul was a founding member of the band Yothu Yindi. He played in this band for almost ten years, until 1995. He formed Saltwater Band a few years later and remains their lead singer. He released his first solo album, Gurrumul, in 2008. It was highly successful, and won several awards. It peaked at #3 on the ARIA Charts and #1 on the independent chart. Gurrumul was nominated for four ARIA awards, and won two of them (Best World Music Album and Best Independent Release). He also won three Deadly Awards: Artist of the Year, Album of the Year for Gurrumul and Single of the Year for "Gurrumul History (I Was Born Blind)". At the Independent Music Awards, he won Best New Independent Artist, as well as Best Independent Release and Best Independent Blues/Roots Release for Gurrumul. He won the award for Best Independent Blues and Roots Album again in 2011, for Rrakala.

Yunupingu died at Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory on 25 July 2017 of kidney and liver failure. He was aged 46.
Discography
Studio albums
 Gurrumul (2008)
 Rrakala (2011)

References

Other websites

Official website

Video of Gurrumul performing at YouTube
Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu  at Skinny Fish Music
Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu  at the Black Arm Band Company

1970 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Deaths from liver failure
Disease-related deaths in Australia
Indigenous Australian musicians
Musicians from the Northern Territory
Australian singers
Didgeridoo players
Australian guitarists
Looptroop Rockers is a reggae, hiphop and electro band from Västerås, Sweden, they sing in both English and Swedish but mostly English. The band's former name was just Looptroop.

The band has 9 albums and some EPs. The members of the group are Promoe, Supreme. Embee and CosM.I.C, the producers is DvsG (David vs. Goliath) and Burning Heart Records. The band were created in 1991 by Promoe and Embee, the band was complete in 1996. Now it’s the biggest Swedish export in Hiphop.

The name Looptroop comes from loops (the beat is repeating over and over till the end of the song) and ‘troop’ stands for Freedom Writers because they sing about the government.
Albums
 2000 – Modern Day City Symphony (2LP/CD)
 2000 – Modern Day City Symphony Instrumentals (LP)
 2002 – The Struggle Continues (2LP/CD)
 2002 – The Struggle Continues Instrumentals (LP)
 2005 – Fort Europa (2LP/CD)
 2005 – Fort Europa Instrumentals (LP)
 2008 – Good Things (2LP/CD)
 2011 – Professional Dreamers (2LP/CD)
 2013 – Mitt Hjärta Är En Bomb (2LP/CD)

Singles
 Don't Hate the Player (2002)
 Fly Away (2002)
 Looptroopland (2002)
 Long Arm of the Law (2000)
 Ambush in the Night (1999)
 Schlook from Birth (1998)
 Heads or Tails (1998)
 From Beyond K-Line (1998)
 The Way Beyond (1998, mixtape)
 From the Waxcabinet (1996)
 Unsigned Hype (1997)
 Punx Not Dead (1999, MC)
 From the Waxcabinet (1996, MC)
 Threesicksteez (1995, MC)
 Superstars (1993, MC)

Swedish musical groups
Reggae bands
Hip hop bands
Electronic music bands
1990s music groups
1991 establishments in Sweden
An eyespot is a simple organ in biology used to detect light. It may be called an ocellus, or pigment pit. They are quite common in small, simple invertebrates, such as Planaria. They do not have lenses or any means of focussing. Therefore, they can sense light from dark, but do not give the animal a visual scene as our eyes do.

In many simple animals the eyespot senses light with a pigment molecule called an opsin. Then a nerve fibre goes from the eyespot to the simple nervous system. This allows the animal to move in response to (for example) a shadow passing over it.

Eyespots also occur in single-celled protists like Euglena and Chlamydomonas, where it is connected to the flagellum. This allows the information from the light patch to influence the cells's movement.
The first fossils of eyes that have been found to date are from the early Cambrian period (about 540 million years ago). This period saw a burst of apparently rapid evolution, called the "Cambrian explosion". One idea is that the evolution of eyes started an arms race which led to a rapid spate of evolution. Much earlier than this organisms would have used light spots for light sensitivity, but did not have a visual scene for rapid navigation.

References 

Vision
Koenigsegg Automotive AB is a Swedish company that makes cars. They make "super cars", a mixture of sports cars and a fast cars. The main office is in Ängelholm, Sweden.

History
The creator and manager of Koenigsegg is Christian E. H. von Koenigsegg. In 1994 he created Koenigsegg as a small company, after years of planning. The designer David Crafoord designed the concept car for Koenigsegg's original drawings. Then, they built a prototype that could be driven. They tested the car for several years and developed it further. In 2002, the company started the series production of the model CC 8S. Koenigsegg CC 8S was named by the Guinness Book of Records for the world's most powerful car with its 1,050 horsepower.

Cars
Koenigsegg's fastest car is Koenigsegg 2013 Agera R. It can go up to 440 km/h (273 mph). In 14,5 seconds the car can go up to 300 km/h (186 mph).

Other websites

References
 Koenigsegg website

Automobile companies of Sweden
Managed motorways in the United Kingdom are motorways which use active traffic management. Their aim is to increase traffic capacity at times of peak traffic flow. They use variable speed limits and hard shoulder running at busy times. A "hard shoulder" is an inner lane which in normal times is only used for emergencies.

Active traffic management was first used in 2005. The system is now in operation on sections of the M1, M4, M6, and M42, and there are proposals for its use on sections of the M5, M25, M60 and M62. 

Benefits include smoother traffic flows, more reliable journey times, fewer road traffic collisions, and reduced noise and harmful vehicle emissions. Where only variable speed limits are used, it is called a controlled motorway.

References
M1 motorway - a UK motorway
 Apple M1 - a octa-core system-on-a-chip designed by Apple
Mooreana trichoneura is commonly known as the 'yellow flat'. It is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae. It has a wingspan of 32-36mm. Butterflies like this are called 'flats' because they fly quickly and usually rest on the underside of a leaf with their wings open flat.

Its host plant is Mallotus paniculatus, in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae. The yellow flat is usually found in lowland forests up to 833m (2500ft).

The yellow flat has a wide distribution. It ranges from India to Thailand to Malaysia and can even be found in the Philippines. In the 4th quarter of 2012, it was discovered in Singapore.

References 

Hesperiidae
Kiddush () is a blessing said by Jews at the start of Shabbat and holiday meals.  The term is also used to refer to a light meal served in the synagogue after the long Shabbat and holiday morning prayers.  The word comes from a Hebrew root meaning "holy".

Kiddush at the evening Shabbat meal
There are two versions of the Ten Commandments in the Bible. These versions use different words.  The version in Exodus says "Remember Shabbat to keep it holy."  The version in Deuteronomy says "Guard Shabbat to keep it holy."  Jewish custom says that "remember" means to celebrate Shabbat.  "Guard" means resting—not working or doing business.
There are many things Jews do to celebrate Shabbat [see Shabbat (Celebrating Shabbat)].  The minimum way to celebrate is to say the blessing "Blessed are You, God, Who makes Shabbat holy."  The Talmud adds that the blessing should be said with a cup of wine. This is because wine makes people feel happy.  Because of this, the Friday evening meal in a Jewish home starts with a ceremony to say this blessing over a cup of wine.

Text
In traditional homes, the blessing is said in the Hebrew language.  This is a Simple English translation of the blessing. Words in italics like this are added to explain the Hebrew.

Kiddush at the morning (or noon) Shabbat meal
There is a different version of Kiddush for the Shabbat morning (or noon) meal.  This ceremony makes the meal feel more special.  

For the morning Kiddush, a person says verses from the Torah about Shabbat. These verses are usually from  and .  The person ends with the same blessing over the wine:
Kiddush at the third Shabbat meal
Most Jews do not say Kiddush at the third Shabbat meal.   However, Maimonides ruled that they should do so. The text for this Kiddush includes .  That verse is the source of the law to have three meals on Shabbat.
Kiddush in the synagogue
Kiddush is also said in the synagogue.  This does not replace saying Kiddush at home before the meal.
Evening Kiddush. In many synagogues, Kiddush is said at the end of Friday evening prayers.  This has been done since the Middle Ages.  At that time, people who were traveling often ate and slept at the synagogue on Shabbat.  Kiddush was said in the synagogue before they ate their Friday night Shabbat meal.  In modern times, Kiddush is still said in the synagogue Friday night.  This is done even if a meal is not served in the synagogue that night.  
Morning Kiddush. In almost all synagogues, a snack or light meal is served after Saturday morning prayers.  This meal is called "Kiddush", because it starts with the morning Kiddush.  There are two reasons for this snack or meal:
It is not allowed to eat before morning prayers,  but Shabbat morning prayers are long. People are hungry by the end of them.
People are not allowed to fast on Shabbat, even for a half-day.  This snack or meal helps people have some food before noon if prayers are long.
Kiddush on important Jewish holidays
Kiddush is said on these Jewish holidays:  
Passover (first and last days)
Shavuot
Sukkot (first day[s])
Shemini Atzeret/Simchat Torah
Rosh Hashanah
The holiday texts are different from the Shabbat texts. The blessings are said in the same way and at the same time of day as on Shabbat, but there are two differences:
On the first night(s) of Passover, Kiddush is not said in the synagogue.  Kiddush is said at home those nights over the first of four cups of wine at the Seder.
On the fast of Yom Kippur, Kiddush is not said, even on Shabbat. This is because eating and drinking are not allowed.  The law about "celebrating" Shabbat is satisfied by the evening prayers that night.

The Kiddush cup
Jews usually use a fancy cup for Kiddush.  The most common material for this cup is silver. Other materials are also used. These include ceramic, glass and wood.  The most important part of the custom is for the cup to be special and unusual in honor of the blessing.

References
References

Jewish culture
Predator is a 1987 American science fiction horror/action movie. It was directed by John McTiernan. The movie stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Carl Weathers, Jesse Ventura, and Kevin Peter Hall. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. The story follows a special forces team, led by 'Dutch' (Arnold Schwarzenegger).

They are on a mission to rescue hostages in Central America. The group does not know that they are being hunted by a technologically advanced alien, the Predator. Predator was written by Jim and John Thomas in 1985. Filming began in April 1986.

Production 
The movie cost about $15 million to make. It was released in the United States on June 12, 1987. Predator made $98,267,558 at the box office. At first, the reviews to Predator were negative. Much of this was because of a weak plot.  Two sequels, Predator 2 (1990) and Predators (2010) were made. There have also been two movies with the Alien franchise. These are Alien vs. Predator (2004) and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007).

Release Dates
Release Dates

Cast
 Arnold Schwarzenegger as Major Alan "Dutch" Schaefer.
 Carl Weathers as George Dillon, a former teammate of Dutch and a CIA agent.
 Elpidia Carrillo as Anna, a guerrilla, captured by Dutch's troops.
 Richard Chaves as Jorge "Poncho" Ramirez.
 Jesse Ventura as Blain Cooper, who fought with Mac in the Vietnam War.
 Bill Duke as Mac Eliot, a close friend of Blain's.
 Sonny Landham as Billy Sole, a Native American tracker.
 Shane Black as Rick Hawkins, the team's radio operator.
 R. G. Armstrong as Major General Homer Phillips, the coordinator of the mission.
 Kevin Peter Hall as The Predator. Hall also plays the end scene helicopter pilot. Peter Cullen did the voice of the Predator.

Box office 
Predator was #1 at the US box office in its opening weekend with a gross of $12 million. Only Beverly Hills Cop II made more money in 1987. The movie earned a total of $98,267,558. Of this, $59,735,548 was from the US & Canadian box office. $38,532,010 was made overseas.

References
References

Other websites 

 
 

1987 horror movies
1987 action movies
1987 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
American action movies
20th Century Fox movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by John McTiernan
Movies composed by Alan Silvestri
Predator movies
Movies set in Central America
Jungle movies
Guerrilla warfare movies
Tor Johnson (born Tor Johansson, 19 October 1903 – 12 May 1971) was a Swedish professional wrestler and movie and television actor. During his wrestling career, he was billed as the Super-Swedish Angel.  

Johnson was born in Sweden, the son of Karl J. Johansson and Lovisa Petersson. He began appearing in movies in 1934, usually as boxers or wrestlers. In the 1940s, he played lumbering thugs and scowling plug-uglies. He appeared with Bob Hope and Bing Crosby in Road to Rio (1947), in Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion (1950), and with Shirley Jones in the movie version of Carousel (1956). 

He is best known though for his appearances in the low budget movies directed by Ed Wood. He played Lobo in Bride of the Monster and Night of the Ghouls, and the zombified Inspector Clay in Plan 9 from Outer Space.
In the early 1960s, he had guest appearances as wrestlers, thugs, and circus strongmen in various television series including Peter Gunn, Bonanza, and The Shirley Temple Show. Johnson died in San Fernando, California, from heart failure in 1971. He was buried at the Eternal Valley Memorial Park in Newhall, California.

References

Other websites

Tor Johnson bio on (re)Search my Trash

Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors 
Swedish wrestlers
Deaths from heart failure
1903 births
1971 deaths
The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. After the English Civil War in the mid 17th century, the Virginia Colony was nicknamed "The Old Dominion" by King Charles II. He gave Virginia colony the name for its loyalty to the crown during the era of the Commonwealth of England. When Virginia colony was first settled it was a huge geographic area that was England's claim on all of North America. After the United States was formed, the entire states of West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois, and portions of Ohio were all later created from the territory that was once known in the Colony of Virginia.

References 

18th century in Virginia
Vir
1707 establishments
1700s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
The cricket teams of Bangladesh and West Indies have played against each other in ODIs since 2003. They have met on 14 occasions. West Indies is most successful with 13 victories, Bangladesh have won in only 1 game.

Summary of results

Related pages 
Bangladesh national cricket team
West Indies national cricket team

References

Other websites 
ESPNcricinfo

Cricket lists
Bangladeshi cricket lists
Night of the Ghouls is a 1959 horror movie written, directed, and produced by Ed Wood. It is a sequel of sorts to Wood's 1955 horror movie, Bride of the Monster.

The story is about a crook, Dr. Acula, who pretends to be able to contact the dead. He charges people large amounts of money to speak to their dead relatives. He summons a group of real ghosts who bury him alive.

The movie stars Kenne Duncan as Dr. Karl Acula, Duke Moore as Lt. Dan Bradford, Tor Johnson as Lobo, Valda Hansen as Sheila, Paul Marco as Patrolman Kelton, and Criswell as himself.

1959 horror movies
B-movies
American horror movies
Movies directed by Ed Wood
American independent movies
Movies set in California
Paul Marco (June 10, 1927 – May 14, 2006) was an American actor. He often appeared in movies made by Ed Wood, including the "Kelton Trilogy": Bride of the Monster, Night of the Ghouls and Plan 9 from Outer Space. In this trilogy, he played a bumbling, fearful policeman named Kelton.

Biography
Marco was born in Los Angeles. He took lessons in drama, singing, and dancing at an early age. After graduating from Hollywood High School, he served in the United States Navy during World War II. 

His first known movie role was a small part in the 1944 movie Sweet and Low-Down with Benny Goodman. In the early 1950s, The Amazing Criswell predicted on national television that Paul Marco would go far in the movie business. Criswell introduced Marco to Ed Wood. In turn, Marco introduced Ed Wood to Bunny Breckinridge, a gay Shakespearean actor. Breckinridge lived with Marco for a time and co-starred in Wood's Plan 9 from Outer Space.
Marco depended on Wood for parts. He more or less retired as an actor as Ed Wood's movies shifted more and more towards pornography. In 1995, Marco recorded "Home on the Strange", in which he reprised his Kelton character for Dionysus Records. He revived Kelton once more in the 2005 science fiction satire/tribute film The Naked Monster. On May 14, 2006, Paul Marco died after a battle with hip problems and chronic illness. He was 78.

Movie list

References
Sloan, Will. (April 2005). "Can Your Heart Stand the Shocking Facts About Kelton the Cop A/K/A Paul Marco?" Filmfax, pp. 88-89

Notes

Other websites
Paul Marco's official website 

Keltonsdarkcorner.com 

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1927 births
2006 deaths
Duke Moore, (July 15, 1913 as James Moore – November 16, 1976), was an American actor. He appeared only in movies made by Ed Wood. Between 1953 and 1970, Moore appeared in the following Wood movies: Crossroads of Laredo; Final Curtain; Night of the Ghouls; Plan 9 from Outer Space; The Sinister Urge, and Take it Out in Trade. Moore died in Hollywood of a heart attack.

Other websites

Deaths from heart failure
American movie actors
1913 births
1976 deaths
Struga is a small city in the southwest of North Macedonia at the Lake Ohrid. The Black Drin river runs through the town, dividing it into a western and an eastern part. About 15,000 people live in Struga. They are a mix of Albanians, (Slavic) Macedonians, Turks and Romani.

Struga is known for its tourism, mostly in the summer, when people come to take a bath at the shores of the Lake Ohrid and of the river Black Drin.

Struga is also the capital of the municipality with the same name including the town itself as well as nearby villages.

Cities in North Macedonia
Valley Springs is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Minnehaha County along the Minnesota state line. Valley Springs became a city in 1879, and 759 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
City of Valley Springs website

Cities in South Dakota
1879 establishments in Dakota Territory
The Catalan independence or separatism is a political movement that supports the independence of Catalonia or the Catalan countries from Spain and France. The Catalan independence movement began in the 19th century. The separatists believe that Catalonia is a nation. Catalonia has its own language (Catalan language) and culture (Catalan culture).

During the Francisco Franco dictatorship, Catalans and the Catalan language were oppressed. Recently, the number of people who support Catalan independence has increased. In 2012 there was a demonstration in Barcelona with 1.500.000 people. The majority of the parliament in Catalunya wants to have a referendum on independence, and 55% identify as separatists.

The Estelada flag is the symbol of the Catalan independence movement.

References 

Catalonia
Nationalist organizations in Europe
Politics of France
Politics of Spain
Jalil Zandi (2 May 1951 – 1 April 2001) was an Iranian flying ace in the Iran-Iraq War. He was an F-14 Tomcat pilot. He had the most victories in the air combat in the Iran-Iraq War: 11 victories ( 8 confirmed victories and 3 probable victories). His victories include 4 MiG-23s, 2 Su-22s, 2 MiG 21s and 3 Mirage F1s). He was also the most successful F-14 pilot ever.

He had the rank of brigadier general.

He died with his wife Zahra Mohebshahedin in 2001 in a car accident near Tehran. He is buried in Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in the south of Tehran.

References 

1951 births
2001 deaths
Aviators
Iranian generals
Road accident deaths
John Le Mesurier (born John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley; 5 April 1912 – 15 November 1983) was an English actor and comedian. He is best remembered for his comedic role as Sergeant Arthur Wilson in the BBC television situation comedy Dad's Army (1968–77). 

Le Mesurier was born on 5 April 1912 in Bedford, Bedfordshire, England. He studied at the Sherborne School. 

Le Mesurier was married to June Melville from 1940 until they divorced in 1949. Then he was married to Hattie Jacques from 1949 until they divorced in 1965. Then he was married to Joan Malin from 1966 until his death in 1983. He had two sons. 

Le Mesurier died from a stomach hemorrhage caused by cirrhosis of the liver in Ramsgate, Kent, England, aged 71.

Other websites
 
 

1912 births
1983 deaths
Deaths from cirrhosis
Disease-related deaths in England
English comedians
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Bedford
Free Realms is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game. It is set in a fantasy-themed world, named "Sacred Grove". It was made by Sony Online Entertainment for PC, Mac and PlayStation 3. The game was released on 29 April 2009. On March 31, 2014, the game was officially shut down.

References

2009 video games
2014 disestablishments
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
A cellular automaton is a model used in computer science and mathematics. The idea is to model a dynamic system by using a number of cells. Each cell has one of many possible states. With each "turn" or iteration the state of the current cell is determined by two things: its current state, and the states of the neighbouring cells. 

A very famous example of a cellular automaton is Conway's Game of Life. Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann first described cellular automata in the 1940s. Conway's Game of Life was first shown in the 1970s.

Biology

Some things in nature happen because of cellular automata.
The patterns of certain seashells are made by natural cellular automata. Examples can be seen in the genera Conus and Cymbiola. The pigment cells are in a narrow band on the shell's lip. Each cell secretes pigments based on what pigment cells around it are doing. The cell band leaves the colored pattern on the shell as it slowly grows. For example, the species Conus textile has a pattern that looks similar to Wolfram's rule 30 cellular automaton.

Plants control how much gas they have with a cellular automaton. Each stoma on the leaf acts as a cell.

Moving wave patterns on the skin of cephalopods can be simulated with a two-state, two-dimensional cellular automata, each state corresponding to either an expanded or retracted chromatophore.

Threshold automata have been made to act similar to neurons. These can do complex things, such as recognition and learning.

Fibroblasts are similar to cellular automata. This is because each fibroblast only interacts with others next to it.

References
References

Related pages 
 Automaton

Computer science
Mathematics
Heniek "Henry" Morgentaler, CM (March 19, 1923 – May 29, 2013), was a Polish-born Canadian physician and pro-choice activist who fought many legal battles about expanding abortion rights in Canada. When he was young during World War II, Morgentaler was imprisoned at the Łódź Ghetto and later at the Dachau concentration camp. He survived the Holocaust.

He was a humanist and received the Order of Canada in 2008.

Morgentaler was born on March 19, 1923 in Łódź, Poland. He was married to Chava Rosenfarb from 1945 until they divorced in 1975. Morgentaler died on May 29, 2013 in Toronto, Canada from a heart attack, aged 90.

References

Other websites
Other websites

The Morgentaler Clinic
The Morgentaler Decision turns 20, National Review of Medicine, 2008-01-15 (accessed 2011-08-30)
Abortion crusader deeply divides Canadian society (2009-01-14) CBC
Abortion rights: significant moments in Canada's history (2009-05-21) CBC
CBC Digital Archives – Dr. Henry Morgentaler: Fighting Canada's Abortion Laws
Supreme Court of Canada, R v. Morgentaler (1988) (1 S.C.R. 30) 
CBC: Abortion law ruled unconstitutional (January 28, 1988)

1923 births
2013 deaths
Abortion-rights activists
Canadian activists
Canadian Jews
Canadian physicians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Holocaust survivors
Humanists
Jewish activists
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Order of Canada
People from Łódź
Polish Jews
Andrew M. Greeley (February 5, 1928 – May 29, 2013) was an American Roman Catholic priest, educator, sociologist, journalist, philanthropist, and popular author.

Greeley was born on February 5, 1928 in Oak Park, Illinois to an Irish family. He was raised a Catholic. Greeley studied at Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary and at St. Mary of the Lake Seminary. He retired in 2009 after an injury.

Greeley suffered skull fractures in a fall in 2008 when his clothing got caught on the door of a taxi as it pulled away; he was hospitalized in critical condition. He remained in poor health. Greeley died on May 29, 2013 at his Chicago home. He was 85.

References

Other websites
Official website
Andrew M. Greeley's page at Macmillan.com
Greeley/Bernardin/Kennedy controversy: a description of the conflict between Greeley, Joseph Bernardin and the writer Eugene Kennedy, by a Greeley partisan
1928 births
2013 deaths
Educators from Illinois
American sociologists
Philanthropists from Illinois
American Roman Catholic priests
Journalists from Illinois
Writers from Oak Park, Illinois
Coriaria ruscifolia are shrubs or small trees with bright red fruits like berries. The fruits and the leaves are very poisonous.

Common names
This species has many names in Latin America. Some of them are:
 Chile: deu, dehue-lahuen, deó, hiuque, matarratones ("kill mice"), veu.
 Peru: mio-mio, saca-saca, mio venenosa, raqui-raqui
 Ecuador: piñán, shanshi, shanchi or zhanzhi, tinta.
 Colombia: reventadera; barbasco, chanchi, mortiño borrachero.
 Venezuela: tisís, helecho de playa, helecho uvite.
 Guatemala: moco tinto, moco de chompipe.
 Mexico: helecho de tierra, tlalocopetate, tlalocopatlat.

Systematics
Coriaria ruscifolia was described for the first time by Linnaeus in 1753 in Species Plantarum (Vol. 2, page 1037), from a plant from Peru.

The species is divided in two subspecies:
 C. ruscifolia subsp. ruscifolia
 C. ruscifolia subsp. microphylla (Poir.) L. E. Skog, with two synonyms:
C. microphylla Poir. 
C. thymifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Description
Shrub up to 4 metres high. Dark green leaves on the top and pale gray on the underside. Flowers grouped in terminal inflorescences on lateral branches, sepals are green to red, small petals, yellow or red anthers. Fruits look like berries but they are small nuts (achenes). The fruits are covered by the petals.

The number of chromosomes is 40.

The plants of C. ruscifolia subsp. microphylla can fix nitrogen from the air because they have bacteria in their roots.

Where it grows
C. ruscifolia grows in the Americas and some Pacific Islands:
 C. ruscifolia subsp. ruscifolia: Western slopes of Andes (and other mountain ranges) from Mexico to Peru, western Venezuela, and cool mountains of New Guinea and New Zealand and other Pacific islands.
 C. ruscifolia subsp. microphylla: Central and southern Chile, New Zealand and other Pacific islands.
Uses
It is a very toxic plant. Fruits are hallucinogens exciting the nervous system. The leaves have tannin and serve for tanning (making leather out of skins). It is recommended as an ornamental.

In Chile, the fruits are used mixed with bread to kill mice and rats.

References

Other websites

 Coriaria ruscifolia L. in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
 Coriaria ruscifolia in Encyclopedia of Life - EOL

Cucurbitales
Shrubs