Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Great Britain Olympic football team (also known as Team GB) represents the United Kingdom in international football competitions at the Olympic Games. The selection is currently limited to players under the age of 23.

In 1974 the difference between amateur and professional players was found therefore the Team GB Football team was disbanded.

The Olympic football team has been reformed, again run by the FA, for the 2012 Olympic Games, which are to be hosted in London. The team's coach is Stuart Pearce who will be allowed to select players from across the UK.The SFA are worried that if Team GB field a team in the Olympics Great Britain will field a team in other international competitions.
GB have won the Olympic Football competition s times in 1900 1908 and 1912

Sports teams in the United Kingdom
European national football teams
The Olympic rings are the official symbol of the Olympic Games. The design was created by Baron Pierre de Coubertin in 1913. The rings on the right represent the union of the five inhabited continents and the meeting of athletes from around the world at the Olympic Games. The rings were first used at the Olympic Games Belgium in 1920.

The 5 colours of the rings are blue, black, red, yellow and green. It's a common misconception that the colours represent specific continents. For example, that blue represents Oceania,  black Africa, red The Americas, yellow Asia and green Europe. In fact, the five colours were chosen so that in combination with the white background, they could produce the colours of all national flags worldwide.

References

Other websites

Olympic symbols
Litoria is a genus of Hylidae tree frogs. They are native to Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Moluccan Islands, and Timor.

Species 

The following species are or were once recognised within the genus Litoria (many others have been moved to Nyctimystes and Ranoidea):

References 

Cogger, H.G. 1979. Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia. A. H. & A. W. REED PTY LTD 
Tyler, Michael J. 1992. Encyclopedia of Australian Animals: Frogs. Angus & Robertson.

Other websites 
Frogs of Australia. Litoria genus . Amphibian Research Centre.
 Frogs Australia Network search: Litoria 
Frost, Darrel R. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.3 Indexed database. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA

Frogs of Oceania
Pelodryadidae
Frogs of Asia
The magnificent tree frog or splendid tree frog (Litoria splendida) is a species of tree frogs. They are native to Australia in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. They were first found in 1977. They are related to the White's tree frog.

References

 Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern

Article Road: List of All Frog Breeds: Things you can do to ensure your frog has a long, happy and healthy life: Magnificent tree frog 
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales: Amphibian Keeper's Licence: species Lists

Other websites

Pelodryadidae
For another species called giant tree frog, see rusty tree frog or barking tree frog.
For another species called white-lipped tree frog, see Ayarzaguena's tree frog.
For another species called white-lipped tree frog, see Zhangixalus pachyproctus.

The white-lipped tree frog (Litoria infrafrenata) or the giant tree frog is a species of tree frogs. They are the largest tree frog in the world. They are native to Northern Queensland, New Guinea, the Bismarck Islands and the Admiralty Islands. They are related to the White's Tree Frog. The Giant Tree Frogs eats insects and other arthropods. They can live up to 10 years in the wild. In Australia, they can be kept as pets. Australians must have a license to have them.

References

  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern

 Cronin, L., (2001). Australian Reptiles and Amphibians, Envirobook, 
 Cogger, H.G. (2000). Reptiles and amphibians of Australia. Reed Books: Sydney.

Other websites
Other websites

Department of Environment and Resource Managmenent: White-lipped tree frog -Conservation status and audio of frog call
Frog Australia Network -frog call available here.

Article Road: List of All Frog Breeds: Things You Can Do to Ensure Your Frog Has a Long, Happy and Healthy Life: White Lipped Tree Frog
Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales: Amphibian Keeper's Licence: Species Lists 

Pelodryadidae
Frogs of Oceania
Medium is an American television crime drama series. It was created by Glenn Gordon Caron and ran from January 3, 2005 until January 21, 2011. It stars Patricia Arquette as Allison DuBois, a medium for the Phoenix, Arizona district attorney's office. She is a married mother of three daughters and uses her psychic abilities to help the police to solve crimes.

Other websites 

2005 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2000s American drama television series
2000s crime television series
2000s mystery television series
2010s American crime television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s mystery television series
American crime drama television series
American mystery television series
Phoenix, Arizona in fiction
English-language television programs
Jamestown is the ninth biggest city in North Dakota. It is the eighth largest city by area in North Dakota. It had a population of 15,427 at the 2010 census.

Cities in North Dakota
County seats in North Dakota
Hartford might mean:

Places
Hartford, Alabama
Hartford, Connecticut
Hartford, Iowa
Hartford, Kentucky
Hartford City, Indiana

Other
Hartford Whalers, a former ice hockey team from Hartford, Connecticut
21 is the second studio album by English singer Adele. It was released on January 19, 2011. It sold 208,000 copies in the first week it was released. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. In the fourth week that 21 had been number one Adele sang "Someone Like You" at the 2011 BRIT Awards. Amazon.co.uk reported that the album increased in sales by 890% an hour after Adele's performance.

It has sold over 20,000,000 copies worldwide as of May 2012.  The singles "Rolling in the Deep", "Someone Like You", and "Set Fire to the Rain" have all reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. 21 has won many Grammy Awards including Album of the Year.

21 has sold over 11.648 million copies in the United States alone and is the best-performing album in Billboard history.

Track listing 

Tracks taken from US iTunes Store.

Credits and personnel
Vocals - Adele

References

2011 albums
Adele albums
Pop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Columbia Records albums
The Buggles were an English musical duo. It had Trevor Horn on vocals, bass guitar and guitar and Geoff Downes on keyboards. They have been most known for their 1979 debut single Video Killed the Radio Star that was #1 on the singles charts of sixteen countries. The music video was the first to be shown on MTV in the United States of America at 12:01 on 1 August 1981.

Following the poor success of their second album, Adventures in Modern Recording, the group broke up in 1981.

Biography
Horn and Downes first met in the mid 1970s, at auditions for Tina Charles' backing band, and worked with her producer, Biddu, whose backing tracks had inspired their early work. Trevor Horn said that the group was originally planned to be named "The Bugs": "The Bugs were studio insects—imaginary creatures who lived in recording studios creating havoc. Then somebody said as a joke that The Bugs would never be as big as The Beatles. So we changed it to The Buggles."
The Buggles' first hit, "Video Killed the Radio Star", was released in September 1979 and was the 444th number one in the UK charts, spending one week at the top, as well as reaching number one on the singles charts of fifteen other countries Hans Zimmer worked for "Video Killed the Radio Star, and makes a brief appearance in the video.

Downes and Horn worked on their second album, Adventures in Modern Recording. As originally intended, I Am a Camera was brought to completion as a Buggles song under its original title. However, Downes left the group during the recording of the album to form the band Asia with former Yes bandmate Steve Howe. Horn completed the album with a lot of new songwriting partners and musicians. Adventures in Modern Recording was released in late 1981, but five singles released from the album (I Am a Camera, Adventures in Modern Recording, On TV, Lenny and Beatnik) were not as successful as "Video Killed the Radio Star", resulting in the end of The Buggles.

Discography
Discography

Studio albums

Singles

Music videos
"Video Killed the Radio Star"
"Living in the Plastic Age"
"Clean Clean"
"Elstree"
"I Am a Camera"
"Adventures in Modern Recording"
"On TV"

References

Other websites
Buggles discography on The Art Of Noise Online

1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1981 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English pop music groups
Musical duos
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups disestablished in 1981
Musical groups from London
Crossover thrash, also known as punk metal or simply crossover, is a form of thrash metal. It is a mixture of punk and metal.

Bands
Bands associated with the crossover genre include:
Acid Reign
Agnostic Front
Anti Feminism
Attitude Adjustment
Aversion
Bad Acid Trip
Beowülf
Birth A.D.
Biohazard
Blast!
Blunt Force Trauma
Body Count
Bones Brigade
The Brood
Carnivore
Cerebral Fix
Charged GBH
Circle Jerks
Clown Alley
Concrete Sox
The Cooters
Corrosion of Conformity
Cro-Mags
Cross Examination
The Crucified
Crumbsuckers
Cryptic Slaughter
Cynic
Degenerates
Dead Horse
Dead Serious
Discharge
Dr. Know
Dr. Living Dead
Dresden 45
Electro Hippies
English Dogs
Excel
Eyesburn
The Exploited
Final Conflict
Gadnium
Gang Green
Gama Bomb
Generation Kill
Ghoul
Green Jellÿ
Gwar
Hogan's Heroes
Hellbastard
Hirax
Holier Than Thou
Impulse Manslaughter
Lawnmower Deth
Leeway
Lifeless
Lobotomia
Lost Generation
Ludichrist
M.O.D.
Matanza
Madball
The Mentors
Mindsnare
Mucky Pup
Mortal Sin
Municipal Waste
Neurosis
Nuclear Assault
No Mercy
No Warning
Oi Polloi
Poison Idea
Post Mortem
Probot
Prong
Ratos de Porão
Rigor Mortis
Ritam Nereda
S.O.B.
Sacrilege
Send More Paramedics
Septic Death
Shell Shock
Sick Mother Fakers
Sick Mother Fakers
Sick of It All
Snake Nation
The Prophecy 23
The Stupids
Suicidal Tendencies
Swashbuckle
Sworn Enemy
This Is Hell
Toxic Holocaust
Verbal Abuse
Vitamin X
Void
Wasted Youth
Wehrmacht
What Happens Next?
U.T.I.
X-Cops
References

Heavy metal subgenres
Punk rock
Hardcore punk
Excel is a crossover thrash band from Venice, California. The band was formed in 1983 by singer Dan Clements and guitarist Adam Siegel. Excel was influenced by street art and known for painting graffiti on the streets of the cities where they played their shows.

Excel was also known for jumping on stage with other bands from Venice such as No Mercy, Beowülf, Suicidal Tendencies (with whom Excel are very close friends) and Cryptic Slaughter, and sometimes with other thrash metal bands like Testament and Overkill.

Excel has released three studio albums, three split albums, five demos, three singles and two live albums. They broke up in 1995. Their first two albums, Split Image and The Joke's on You, were reissued in 2001 with bonus tracks, and in August 2009, they released a special collection of eight DVDs of their tours in Europe and Los Angeles and published them on their MySpace page. Excel announced a reunion in January 2012.
Discography
Their full-length studio albums include:
Split Image (1987)
The Joke's on You (1989)
Seeking Refuge (1995)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Suicidal Tendencies is a hardcore punk band, which started in 1981 in Venice, California. Since their start, they had a lot of members come and go. Their lead singer Mike Muir is their only permanent member. They are credited by many as one of "the fathers of crossover thrash". Today, Suicidal Tendencies have released nine studio albums, one EP, four split albums, five compilation albums, and two long-form videos. They have not released an album of original material since 2000's Free Your Soul and Save My Mind. But they released a small number of new songs that had not been released before on the split/compilation albums Friends & Family, Vol. 2 (2001), Year of the Cycos (2008), No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family (2010) and The Mad Mad Muir Musical Tour (2011).
Suicidal Tendencies became well known when they released their self-titled debut album in 1983. It spawned the single "Institutionalized", which was one of the first hardcore punk videos to get substantial airplay on MTV. Suicidal Tendencies had not released their second album until 1987, with Join the Army. It was the album that got the attention of Epic Records, who signed Suicidal Tendencies in 1988, the same year they released their third album How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today. People began to recognize Suicidal Tendencies more when they released the albums Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu and Lights...Camera...Revolution!, which were both certified Gold by the RIAA. The band made two more albums, The Art of Rebellion and Suicidal for Life, and then broke up in 1995 while serving ties with from Sony and Epic. However, Suicidal Tendencies reformed in 1997 and have continued recording and performing ever since
. After over a decade of work and many lineup changes, the band is planning to release first album with all-new material in 12 years in 2012.
Discography
They made ten studio albums, one EP, four split albums, five compilation albums, and two long-form videos.

Studio albums
 Suicidal Tendencies (1983)
 Join the Army (1987)
 How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today (1988)
 Lights...Camera...Revolution! (1990)
 The Art of Rebellion (1992)
 Suicidal for Life (1994)
 Freedumb (1999)
 Free Your Soul and Save My Mind (2000)
 13 (2013)
 World Gone Mad (2016)

EPs
 Six the Hard Way (1998)

Split albums
 Welcome to Venice (1985)
 Friends & Family, Vol. 1 (1997)
 Friends & Family, Vol. 2 (2001)
 Year of the Cycos (2008)

Compilation albums
 Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu (1989)
 Still Cyco After All These Years (1993)
 Prime Cuts (1997)
 Playlist: The Very Best of Suicidal Tendencies (2010)
 No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family (2010)

Videos and DVDs
 Lights...Camera...Suicidal (1990)
 Live at the Olympic Auditorium (2010)

References
References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
The ash-throated antwren (Herpsilochmus parkeri) is a bird in the antbird family. The first species was found in northern Peru in 1983.

Antbirds do anting. The bird rubs ants (or other arthropods) on the feathers before discarded or eating them. While this has conventionally been considered a way to remove and control feather parasites

References 

Tyranni
Birds of South America
was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōan and before Ōan. This period started in September 1362 and ended in February 1368.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in  Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Jōji era 
 1365 (Jōji 4): Prince Kaneyoshi gained control of Kyūshū.
 1367 (Jōji 6): Ashikaga Motouji died; and Yoshiakira gave his position to his son.
 1368 (Jōji 7): Ashikaga Yoshimitsu became the third shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate.

Southern Court  nengō
 Shōhei, 1346–1370

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1362 establishments
1360s establishments in Japan
1368 disestablishments
1360s disestablishments in Japan
The Yapacana antbird (Myrmeciza disjuncta) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The species was named by Friedmann, in 1945.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References

 BirdLife International 2004.  Myrmeciza disjuncta.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 26 July 2007.

Tyranni
Birds of South America
, also romanized as Ō-an, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Jōji and before Eiwa. This period started in February 1368 and ended in February 1375.  The pretenders in Kyoto were  and   The Southern Court rivals in Yoshino during this time were  and .

Events of the Ōan era 
 29 March 1368 (Ōan 1, 21st day of the 2nd month): Emperor Go-Murakami died; and his oldest son received the succession.
 1370 (Ōan 3): Imagawa Sadayo sent to subdue Kyūshū.
 1373-1406 (Ōan 6 – Ōei 13): Embassies between China and Japan.
 1374 (Ōan 7): En'yū became the head of the Northern Court.

Southern Court nengō
 Shōhei, 1346–1370
 Kentoku, 1370–1372 
 Bunchū, 1372–1375

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1368 establishments
1360s establishments in Japan
1375 disestablishments
1370s disestablishments in Japan
Gérard Rozenknop (born 23 January 1950 in Paris 19e), is a French aerospace engineer.
He was head of the French Civil Aviation University from the 6th of January 1999 to the 28th of November 2008.

Graduate from the École Polytechnique (1969) and the French Civil Aviation University (1972), he has done a career at the French civil aviation authorities and at the International Civil Aviation Organization before becoming head of the French Civil Aviation University.

Further reading 

 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

References 

1950 births
Living people
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
French aviators
Heads of the French Civil Aviation University
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
Falęcin may be one of the following places:
Falęcin, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Falęcin, Grójec County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Falęcin, Płock County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Falęcin, Pruszków County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Ōan and before Kōryaku. This period started in February 1375 and ended in March 1379.   The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-En'yū's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Eiwa era
 1375 (Eiwa 1, 3rd month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu visits the Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū where he offers a sword for the shrine's treasury, gold foil for the shrine's decoration, and a racehorse for the shrine's stable.
 1375 (Eiwa 2, 4th month): For the first time, Shogun Yoshimitsu is permitted to enter the Imperial quarters at the Imperial palace.
 1377 -- Goryeo diplomatic envoy Jeong Mongju met with the  in Kyūshū, Imagawa Ryōshun. The diplomats discussed steps to control pirates (wakō).
 1378 (Eiwa 4, 3rd month): Yoshimitsu moved into his new home in Muromachi; and the luxurious house and grounds are called Hana-no-Gosho

Southern Court  nengō
 Tenju, 1375–1381

Related pages
 Muromachi period
References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1375 establishments
1370s establishments in Japan
1379 disestablishments
1370s disestablishments in Japan
Matthew might mean:

Matthew (given name), a male given name
Matthew the Evangelist, one of the disciples of Jesus
Gospel of Matthew, a book in the New Testament of the Bible written by the disciple
Matthew (ship), a 15th-century ship
Hurricane Matthew, a category 5 hurricane in 2016
The Night Before Christmas might mean:

A Visit from St. Nicholas, a poem by Clement Clarke Moore, often called The Night Before Christmas because that phrase is in the first line of the poem
"The Night Before Christmas" (Tom and Jerry), the third episode of Tom and Jerry
The Crotalinae, also known as the "pit vipers" or "crotaline snakes", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in Asia and the Americas. There are 23 genera and 155 species which are known. 

They are the only vipers found in the Americas. Some of the snakes which belong in this group are the rattlesnakes, lanceheads and Asian pit vipers.

Pit vipers are unique because all share a common characteristic, This is a deep pit, or fossa, between the eye and the nostril on either side of the head. These pits are  extremely sensitive infrared-detecting organs. They give the snakes a sixth sense to help them find and perhaps even judge the size of the small, warm-blooded prey on which they feed.
Pit vipers range in size from the hump-nosed viper, Hypnale hypnale, which grows to around 30–45 centimetres (12–18 in), to the South American bushmaster, Lachesis muta, which grows to 3.65 metres (12.0 ft). This is the longest venomous snake in the New World. Some pit vipers are arboreal (they live in trees), some are terrestrial, and one species is semi-aquatic: the cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus.

Where they live
This subfamily of snakes is found from eastern Europe, eastward through Asia to Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. In the Americas, they are found from southern Canada, southward to Central America to southern South America. Members of this group are found in deserts and rainforests.

Reproduction
Pit vipers are mainly viviparous, meaning the females give live birth. It is believed that all oviparous Pit vipers guard their eggs. Many young pit vipers have brightly coloured tails which is different to the rest of their body.
Genera
Moccasins, (Agkistrodon) 	
Jumping pitvipers, (Atropoides) 		
Palm-pitvipers, (Bothriechis) 
Forest-pitvipers, (Bothriopsis) 
Lanceheads, (Bothrops) 	
Malayan pitviper, (Calloselasma)
Montane pitvipers, (Cerrophidion)  	
Rattlesnakes, (Crotalus) 
Hundred-pace pitviper, (Deinagkistrodon) 
Asian moccasins, (Gloydius) 
Hump-nosed pit vipers, (Hypnale) 	
Bushmasters, (Lachesis)    
Mexican horned pitvipers, (Ophryacus) 	  
Mountain pit vipers, (Ovophis) 		
Hognose pit vipers, (Porthidium)  	
Ground rattlesnakes, (Sistrurus) 
Asian lanceheads, (Trimeresurus)   
Temple vipers, (Tropidolaemus)

References

Other websites

Vipers
Zephir may refer to:

 a fictional character associated with Babar the Elephant
 rail-road shunting vehicles manufacturer, see Rail car mover 
 A Laser Doppler anemometer called ZephIR developed by QinetiQ and licensed to a Renewable Energy consultancy called Natural Power
 "Zefir (confectionery)", a Russian type of confectionery, made in a similar way to marshmallows with addition of more sugar and egg whites

Related pages
 Zephyr (disambiguation)
Excel may refer to:

 Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet application by Microsoft Corporation
 Excel (gum), a brand of chewing gum produced by Wrigley's
 Excel (band), a crossover thrash-punk band from Venice, California
 Excel (Excel Saga), the protagonist in the manga and anime series Excel Saga
 Excel (festival), a national technical festival conducted by Model Engineering College, Kochi, India
The Guaviare is a river in Colombia. It flows into the Orinoco River.

Other websites
 Territorial-Environmental Information System of Colombian Amazon SIAT-AC website 

Rivers of Colombia
Litovel (; ) is a town in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. There are some historical monuments like the Town hall or the Bridge of Saint John. In the town is brewery which makes beer with the same name as the name of the town.

Main sights 
 Town Hall is in Přemysl Otakar II Square. The town bought it in 1557. In 1572 it was rebuilded and they builded there the tower, which is directly over the Morava river.
 Plague column was builded by Václav Render in 1724 in memory of plague epidemy in 1714 and it is near the Town Hall in Přemysl Otakar II Square.
 Bridge of Saint John is stone bridge over the Morava river. They builded it in 1592 and it is the third oldest bridge in the Czech republic and the oldest in Moravia now.

Administrative parts 
 Březové
 Chořelice
 Chudobín
 Litovel
 Myslechovice
 Nasobůrky
 Nová Ves
 Rozvadovice
 Savín
 Tři Dvory
 Unčovice
 Víska

Twin towns 
  Revúca, Slovakia
  Littau, Switzerland
  Wieliczka, Poland

Towns in the Czech Republic
Olomouc Region
Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) is an American developmental professional wrestling promotion. It is  based in Louisville, Kentucky. OVW was a part of the National Wrestling Alliance from its inception in 1997 until 2000. It then became the main company for World Wrestling Entertainment to train new talent. OVW remained in this role from 2000 until 2008.  In November 2011, it became the official and current developmental territory for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. As of December 2011, over 100 people trained at OVW had appeared in WWE. OVW is now run by owner Danny Davis.

Other websites
Official website

American professional wrestling promotions
Impact Wrestling
WWE
Companies based in Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
1997 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Kentucky
was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Eiwa and before Eitoku. This period started in March 1379 and ended in February 1381.  The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-En'yū's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Kōryaku era
 1379 (Kōryaku 2): Shiba Yoshimasa became Kanrei.
 1380 (Kōryaku 3): Kusunoki Masanori rejoined Emperor Go-Kameyama.
 26 July 1380 (Kōryaku 2, 24th day of the 6th month): Former pretender Emperor Kōmyō died at age 60.

Southern Court nengō 
 Tenju, 1375–1381

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1379 establishments
1370s establishments in Japan
1381 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōryaku and before Shitoku.  This period started in February 1381 and ended in February 1384.  The pretenders in Kyoto were  and    Their Southern Court rivals in Yoshino during this time were  and {{nihongo|Emperor Go-Kameyama|後亀山天皇|Go-Kameyama-tennō}}.

Events of the Eitoku era
 1381 (Eitoku 1, 3rd month): The emperor traveled in procession to visit Ashikaga Yoshimitsu at his home.
 1381 (Eitoku 1, 7th month): Nijō Yoshimoto was given the position of Prime Minister (daijō daijin).
 1382 (Eitoku 2, 1st month): Yoshimitsu is raised to the court position of Minister of the Left (sadaijin), and several days later, he was named General of the Left (sadaisho).
 1383 (Eitoku 3''): Emperor Go-Kameyama received the succession in the Southern Court.

Southern Court nengō.
 Kōwa (Muromachi period), 1381–1384

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References
References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1381 establishments
1380s establishments in Japan
1384 disestablishments
1380s disestablishments in Japan
The , also known by the acronym NAJ, is a Japanese public institution which preserves government documents and historical records.

History
The National Archives Law No. 79 (1999) established NAJ's core function of preserving government documents and records. 
 
Before the creation of the National Archives, there is almost no tradition of preserving "grey-area" records, such as records which show the process which led to the formation of a specific policy.

Independent Administrative Institution
The National Archives became an Independent Administrative Institution on April 1, 2001.

Since 2005, the NAJ website has offered high-resolution images of some of its holdings, including those named as Important Cultural Properties of Japan.

Related pages
 List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
 National Diet Library

References

Other websites
 National Archives of Japan ;  
 Japan Center for Asian Historical Records
National archives in Asia
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Independent Administrative Institutions of Japan
Four temperaments is a theory of psychology about personality. It suggests that there are four bodily fluids that affect human personality traits and behaviour. The temperaments are sanguine, choleric, melancholy, and phlegmatic.

Humours
 
Galen, a doctor from the Roman empire added characteristics to bodily fluids:
Mucus - Cold and damp
Black bile - Cold and dry
Yellow bile - Warm and Dry
Blood - Warm and damp

Galen thought that to cure illness you need to rebalance the fluids. If you, for example, have too much blood, you will need a remedy which is the opposite of warm and damp; something cold and dry.

Personalities

Sanguine
A sanguine person is an energetic person. They are friendly, talkative, encouraging and creative. They like to be noticed by others and to have fun.
But they tend to forget things they are supposed to do and to be late for dates or appointments. If they feel that they are not appreciated, they can become depressed (sad). They tend to lose interest in new hobbies as soon as it is no longer a fun thing to do.

Choleric
A choleric is a bossy, ambitious and critical person. They tend to be good leaders, but when they don't have power over everyone, they can get into a bad mood.

They can be bossy to people of the other temperaments. They are able to make good plans and do things well by not losing interest.
Melancholy
A melancholic or melancholy person is a thinker and perfectionist. They tend to prefer to spend time alone instead of being in social situations. They go by a schedule and are truthful (say what they mean). They can become depressed because of their perfectionist traits. They might suffer in silence and not complain. They are independent and able to do things for themselves.  Melancholics can be creative in artistic areas such as poetry and music.

People tend to say "Melancholic" instead of "Melancholy". The term "Melancholic" in the incorrect way of saying one of these four traits.

Phlegmatic
A phlegmatic is a quiet, kind and peaceful person. They like giving and receiving affection, although they might be shy. They can be content to go along with situations as they are, instead of trying to change them.  They may tend to be relaxed, lazy and not have a lot of energy.

References

Psychology
Human behavior
Ida Lvovna Rubinstein  5 October 1885 – 20 September 1960) was a Russian ballerina, actress, personality and patron.

Early life and training 
Rubinstein was born in Kharkov, or possibly St. Petersburg,p408 into a wealthy Jewish family. She was orphaned at an early age. She had, by the standard of Russian ballet, little formal training. Tutored by Mikhail Fokine, she made her debut in 1908. This was a single private performance of Oscar Wilde's Salomé, in which she stripped nude in the course of the Dance of the Seven Veils.
Career 
Sergei Diaghilev took her with the Ballets Russes and she danced the title role of Cléopâtre in the Paris season of 1909, and Zobéide in Scheherazade in 1910. Both ballets were choreographed by Fokine, and designed by Leon Bakst. Her partner in Scherazade was Nijinsky. Scherezade was admired at the time for its racy sensuality, costumes and design. Its music is by Rimsky-Korsakov. For a long time the ballet was rarely performed. It is in the repertoire of the Mariinsky Ballet at present, and was performed by them in London 2011. Rubinstein left the Ballets Russes in 1911.

Bisexual, in 1911 Rubinstein began a three-year affair with the painter Romaine Brooks, who created a striking portrait. She used the dancer as a nude model for Venus.
Rubinstein companies 
After leaving the Ballets Russes, Rubinstein formed her own dance company. She had inherited money, and she used it to commission several lavish productions. In 1911 she performed in Le Martyre de Saint Sebastien. The creative team was Fokine (choreography); Bakst (design); and score by Debussy. This was a triumph for its stylized modernism, and a scandal. The Archbishop of Paris prohibited Catholics from attending because St. Sebastian was being played by a woman and a Jew.
In the 1920s and 30s, Rubinstein appeared in a number of plays, and in Staat's Istar at the Paris Opera in 1924. Between 1928 and 1929, she directed her own company in Paris with Nijinska as choreographer. She commissioned and performed in Maurice Ravel's Boléro in 1928. Other works developed in 1928 were Massine's David, with music by Sauguet; and Le Baiser de la fée, with music by Stravinsky, and choreography by Nijinska. The repertoire also included The Firebird (L'Oiseau de Feu) with music by Stravinsky, and choreography by Fokine; this had been one of the most sensational creations for the Ballets Russes. Her company was revived in 1931 and 1934, with new works. She closed the company in 1935, and gave her last performance in the play Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher in Paris, 1939.

Rubinstein often staged free ballet events and continued to dance until the start of the Second World War.
Later life
Rubinstein was not a front-rank ballerina; she began her training too late for that. She did have tremendous 'stage presence' and was able to act. She was also a significant patron, and commissioned works that suited her, works that mixed dance with drama and stagecraft. In 1934 the French government awarded her the Légion d'honneur, and then in 1939 the Grand Cross of the order, their highest honour. In 1935 she was awarded honorary French citizenship, and in 1936 she converted to Roman Catholicism.

In 1940 she left France and made her way to England via Algeria and Morocco. There she helped wounded Free French soldiers until 1944. She returned to France after the war. She lived finally at Les Olivades at Vence, where she died in 1960. She is buried nearby.

References
References 

1885 births
1960 deaths
Bisexual Jews
French ballet dancers
French Jews
French LGBT people
French Roman Catholics
Jewish entertainers
LGBT dancers
Refugees from Nazism
Russian ballerinas
Russian Jews
Russian LGBT people
Ukrainian Jews
Richard Winyu Tsien (born 3 March 1945) is a noted American neurobiologist (or neuroscientist). Tsien has received many honours and awards.

Biography

Richard Tsien was born in Tating, Kweichow, China. He is the eldest of three brothers. Tsien's youngest brother Roger Y. Tsien, a cell biologist, won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is a descendant of the King Wuyue Tsien Liu. He is the son of Hsue-Chu Tsien, a famous aeronautical mechanic who became the chief engineer for Boeing.

Soon after his birth, Tsien's family moved to the United States. Tsien received BS in 1965 and MS in 1966 both in electrical engineering and both from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Tsien then won the Rhodes Scholarship and studied in the United Kingdom at Wadham College, Oxford from 1966 to 1969.  Tsien obtained PhD in biophysics from Oxford in 1970.
From 1968 to 1970, Tsien was a Weir Junior Research Fellow at University College, Oxford. From 1969 to 1970, Tsien was a teaching fellow at Balliol College, Oxford.

In 1970, Tsien went back to the United States, became an assistant professor in the Department of Physiology at Yale University School of Medicine from 1970 to 1974. From 1974 to 1979, Tsien was an associate professor in the same department, and promoted to full professor in 1979 until 1988.

In 1988, Tsien went to Stanford and founded the Stanford University Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, where he also served the first chairman. From 1991 to 2001, Tsien was the Director Silvio Conte - National Institutes of Mental Health Center for Neuroscience Research. Since 1988, Tsien has been the George D. Smith Professor of Stanford Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology. And since 2000, Tsien has been the Co-Director for the Stanford Brain Research Centre.
Tsien did important work on calcium channels, their mechanisms and roles in cell signaling pathways. Tsien's research also helps us understand the long-term plasticity of synapses.

From 1987 to 1988, Tsien was the President of the Society of General Physiologists. In August 2000, Tsien also served the Section Chair of Neurobiology of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Awards
1985 - Kenneth S. Cole Award (for contributions to membrane biophysics)
1991 - 1995, 1999, Kaiser Award for Outstanding and Innovative Teaching, from Stanford University
1993 - Magnes Prize, from Hebrew University, Jerusalem
1994 - elected to the United States Institute of Medicine
1996 - Walter B. Cannon Memorial Award, from the American Physiological Society
1996 - elected to the Academia Sinica
1997 - elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
1998 - elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1999 - elected Charter to the Biophysical Society

References
References

Chinese biologists
1945 births
Living people
American biologists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Great Famine may refer to:

China
 Great Chinese Famine (1958–1961)

Ireland
 Great Famine (Ireland) (1845–1852)

Ukraine
 Holodomor or the Great Famine of 1932–1933
Contemporary R&B is a music genre of R&B. It mixes rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, electronic and dance. Contemporary R&B is currently a dominant music genre for the Top 40 radios. Artists of this type of music includes, Whitney Houston, Beyoncé, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, and Stevie Wonder. Contemporary R&B became a popular music genre after the disco era in the 1980s. Contemporary R&B is an African American type of music, however, there has been other artists who are not African American that record contemporary R&B. Such as Justin Timberlake, Ariana Grande, Christina Aguilera, Justin Beiber, and Bruno Mars

References

R&B music
Guy du Merle (1 January 1908 – 6 June 1993) was a French aerospace engineer, pilot and writer. He was the first head of the French Civil Aviation University.

Du Merle graduated from the École Polytechnique (1927) and the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (1932). He began his career as a military pilot, from 1933 to 1935, on more than hundred types of aircraft. From 1940 to 1950, he taught aerospace engineering at the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace. In 1948, he became the first director of the French Civil Aviation University, until 1951.

A roundabout of the city of Toulouse bears his name.

References
References

Further reading
 Guy du Merle, Construction des avions, Souchier, 1942, 283 p.
 Guy du Merle, Construction des avions, Dunod, 1947, 857 p.
 Guy du Merle, Aviation quand tu nous tiens, 23 p., École nationale de l'aviation civile, 1986 (English version )
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

1908 births
1993 deaths
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
French aviators
Heads of the French Civil Aviation University
Writers from Toulon
Trey Lorenz (born Lloyd Lorenz Smith; January 19, 1969) is an American singer and songwriter. He has been a backing vocalist for Mariah Carey and Selena. His 1992 single "Someone to Hold", reached number 19 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number five on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs and number 65 on the UK Singles Chart.

Discography 
Trey Lorenz (1992)
Mr. Mista (2006)

References

1969 births
Living people
Singers from South Carolina
American R&B singers
African American musicians
The Gordian Knot is a  legend of associated with Alexander the Great.  It is often used as a metaphor for a problem which has no easy or obvious solution.

Myth story
In Phrygia (modern Turkey), there was a legendary prophesy about a unique knot which could only be loosened by the man who would rule all of Asia.  It was called the "Gordian" knot because it was preserved in Gordium.  It supposed to have been created by a man named Gordius.

The knot was complex and tangled.  This mythical knot was tied around the part of a wooden cart or wagon.

According to traditional version of the story, Alexander the Great cut the knot with his sword.

In another version of the story, Alexander took away the wooden part which was at the center of the knot; and in this way, the knot was undone.

Alexander solved the problem in a way no one had expected. Then he went on to lead Greek armies which conquered much of the known world.

Meaning 
Today the phrase implies "make it happen" or "get things done".
"Cutting the Gordian knot" has come to mean resolving a difficult problem with one forceful action.

It may mean a problem that has no solution.

Related pages
 Excalibur

References

Other websites

Greek mythology
Metaphors
Puzzles
The Top 40 is a radio format that measures the top forty songs in any music genre. The Top 40 became a dominant radio format in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

Music charts 
Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
Pop Songs (Billboard)
UK Singles Chart
Dutch Top 40 (is a Dutch music chart)
Los 40 Principales (in Spain)
Ö3 Austria Top 40 (the official Austrian music chart)

Books 
 Pete Battistini, "American Top 40 with Casey Kasem The 1970s", Authorhouse.com, January 31, 2005.  
 Susan Douglas, Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination (New York: Times Books, 1999)
 
 
 Ben Fong-Torres, The Hits Just Keep On Coming: The History of Top 40 Radio (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 1998)
 Elwood F. 'Woody' Goulart, The Mystique and Mass Persuasion: Bill Drake & Gene Chenault’s Rock and Roll Radio Programming  (2006)
 David MacFarland, The Development of the Top 40 Radio Format (New York: Arno Press, 1979)

Other websites 
Billboard Top 40 Mainstream 
Public Radio documentary featuring a history of Top 40
Pop music
Record charts
The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) is a not-for-profit performance rights organisation. The ASCAP protects its members' musical copyrights. They do this by monitoring public performances of their music. In 2012, ASCAP collected over US$941 million in licensing fees, and gave out $829 million in royalties to its members. In the United States, ASCAP competes with two other PROs — Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC).

Books 
Blume, Jason (2006).  This Business of Songwriting.  Billboard Books (New York City).  .
 Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", Music Business Journal, Berklee College of Music, May 2011
Passman, Donald S. (2003).  All You Need to Know about the Music Business.   Free Press (New York City).  .
Shemel, Sidney; Krasilovsky, M. William (1990).  This Business of Music.  Billboard Books (New York City). .
Related pages 
Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC)
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)

Other websites 
ascap.com, official website
ascap.com/about/history, history module of ASCAP at its official website
ascap.com/playback, Playback magazine module at ASCAP's official website

American music
Organizations in New York City
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexpected death of a human baby which is unexplained even after an autopsy and investigation. SIDS is sometimes referred to as cot death or crib death.

The name is only applied to cases where the baby is less than one year old. By definition, SIDS deaths occur under the age of one year. Most happen when the infant is 2 to 4 months of age. This is a critical period because the infant's ability to arouse from sleep is not yet mature. SIDS is defined as a syndrome.

Babies are at the highest risk for SIDS during their sleep. Male infants die more often than female infants; about 60% of the cases are male infants. Infants also die more often during winter months.
The reason for SIDS are unknown, but there are different theories:
Problems with blood flow to the brain
Problems with levels of serotonin
Effects of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (which causes botulism)
Toxic gases
Vaccinations do not increase the risk of SIDS, and may reduce the risk slightly.

Infanticide and child abuse cases may be misdiagnosed as SIDS due to lack of evidence. and caretakers of infants with SIDS are sometimes falsely accused. Accidental suffocations are also sometimes  misdiagnosed as SIDS and vice versa.  Grief support for families affected by SIDS is particularly important. The death of the infant is typically sudden, without witnesses, and requires an investigation.
A broader term, “sudden and unexpected infant death” (SUID) is used to describe all such deaths, regardless of cause. Cases of SUID that remain unexplained after a complete autopsy and review of the circumstances of death and clinical history are classified as SIDS. Thus, SIDS is one of the causes of SUID and accounts for 80% of such deaths.

Risk factors
Nobody knows what causes SIDS.  However, there are some known risk factors for SIDS.

Not every infant who has one of these risk factors dies from SIDS.  Risk factors just make it more likely for a baby to have SIDS.

Tobacco smoke
SIDS happens more in infants of mothers who smoke while they are pregnant. The higher the levels of nicotine in the infant's blood, the higher the risk of SIDS.  Nicotine causes important changes in the way a fetus develops during pregnancy, which have been linked to SIDS as well as miscarriages.
Sleeping
Infants who are put to sleep on their stomachs or sides are more likely to die of SIDS.  This risk is highest in infants who are two to three months old.  The "Back to Sleep" movement has encouraged parents to put their infants to sleep on their backs to prevent SIDS.

Other things that increase the risk for SIDS while an infant is sleeping include: 
 A hot or cold bedroom
 Having many blankets in the infant's crib, or a lot of clothing on the infant
 Soft sleeping surfaces
 Having stuffed animals in the crib

Some researchers think these things can make it difficult for infants to control their body temperature, making them unable to control their breathing.

Infants are more likely to die of SIDS if they share a bed with parents or older children.  This risk is highest:
 When the infant is less than three months old;
 When the mattress is soft;
 When one or more people share the infant's bed; and
 When people in the bed are using drugs or alcohol, or are smoking.
The American Academy of Pediatrics says that if parents share a room with an infant without sharing a bed, they can cut their infant's risk of SIDS in half.

Breastfeeding
Infants who are breastfed are less likely to die of SIDS.  The more an infant has been breastfed, the less likely they are to die of SIDS.

Pregnancy and infant factors
SIDS is less likely to happen in infants of older mothers.  Infants of teenage mothers are at the highest risk.

An infant is also at a higher risk of SIDS if:
 Their mother did not get good prenatal care while she was pregnant 
 The infant weighs less than normal when they are born (this is called low birth weight) 
 The infant is born too soon (prematurely).  Premature infants are four times more likely to die of SIDS.
 The infant has anemia

Age
SIDS only happens at certain ages.  The risk of SIDS is highest in infants from two to four months old.  After the infant reaches one year old, the risk decreases and eventually reaches zero.