Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A rule of inference, inference rule, or  transformation rule is a tool used in logic. A rule of inference can take one or more statements, called premises, and return some other statement, called a conclusion. For example, the rule of inference called modus ponens takes two premises, one in the form "If p then q" and another in the form "p", and returns the conclusion "q". The rule is valid with respect to the semantics of classical logic, in the sense that if the premises are true, then so is the conclusion.
Typically, a rule of inference preserves truth, a semantic property. In many-valued logic, it preserves a general designation. But a rule of inference's action is purely syntactic, and does not need to preserve any semantic property: any function from sets of formulae to formulae counts as a rule of inference. Usually only rules that are recursive are important; i.e. rules such that there is an effective procedure for determining whether any given formula is the conclusion of a given set of formulae according to the rule.

Popular rules of inference in propositional logic include modus ponens, modus tollens, and contraposition. First-order predicate logic uses rules of inference to deal with logical quantifiers.
In logic, a quantifier is a way to state that a certain number of elements fulfill some criteria.  For example, every natural number has another natural number larger than it. In this example, the word "every" is a quantifier. Therefore, the sentence "every natural number has another natural number larger than it" is a quantified expression. 

Quantifiers and quantified expressions are a useful part of formal languages. They are useful because they let rigorous statements claim how widespread a criteria is. Two basic kinds of quantifiers used in predicate logic are universal and existential quantifiers. A universal quantifier states that all the elements considered fulfill the criteria. The universal quantifier is symbolized with "∀", an upside down "A", to stand for "all". An existence quantifier (symbolized with "∃") states that at least one element considered fits the criteria. The existential quantifier is symbolized with "∃", a backwards "E", to stand for "exists".
Quantifiers are also used in natural languages. Examples of quantifiers in English include for all, for some, many, few, a lot, and no.

Mathematics
This statement is infinitely long:
 1 · 2 = 1 + 1, and 2 · 2 = 2 + 2, and 3 · 2 = 3 + 3, ..., and 100 · 2 = 100 + 100, and ..., etc.

This is a problem for formal languages, since a formal statement needs to be finite in length. These problems can be avoided by using universal quantification. This results in the following compact statement:
 For each natural number n, n · 2 = n + n.
In the same way, we can shorten an infinite sequence of statements joined by or such as:
 1 is equal to 5 + 5, or 2 is equal to 5 + 5, or 3 is equal to 5 + 5, ... , or 100 is equal to 5 + 5, or ..., etc.
by rewriting it using existential quantification:
 For at least one natural number n, n is equal to 5+5.

Notation

The two quantifiers most widely used are the universal quantifier and the existence quantifier.
The universal quantifier is used to claim that for elements in a set, the elements all match some criteria. Usually, this statement "for all elements" is shortened to an "A" flipped upside down, which is "∀".

The existential quantifier is used to claim that for elements in a set, there exists at least one element that matches some criteria. Usually, this statement "there exists an element" is shortened to an "E" flipped upside down, which is "∃".

English statements can be often rewritten using symbols, predicates representing criteria, and quantifiers. One example is "Each of Peter's friends either likes to dance or likes to go to the beach". Let X be the set of all Peter's friends. Let P(x) be the predicate "x likes to dance". Let Q(x) be the predicate "x likes to go to the beach". We can rewrite the example using formal notation as . The statement can be read as "For every x that is a member of X, P applies to x or Q applies to x."
There are other ways to use quantifiers in formal language. Each of the following statements below says the same thing as :
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
There are a few more ways to represent the universal quantifier:
 
 

Several statements above explicitly include X, the set of elements that the quantifier applies to. This set of elements is also known as the range of quantification, or the universe of discourse. Some of the statements above do not include such a set. In this case, the set will have to be specified before the statement. For example, "x is an apple" must be stated before . In this case, we are making a statement that at least one apple fits the predicate P.

Using quantifiers formally does not require using the symbol x. In fact, other symbols, such as y and z, can also be used. However, one must be careful not to use the same symbol to refer to two different things.
Nesting
It is important to put quantifiers in the right order. Below is an example of an English sentence showing how meaning changes with order:
For every natural number n, there exists a natural number s such that s = n2.
This statement is true. It states that every natural number has a square. However, if we turn the order of the quantifiers around:
There exists a natural number s, such that for every natural number n, s = n2.
then the statement is false. It claims that there is one natural number s that is the square of every natural number.

In certain circumstances, changing the order of quantifiers does not change the meaning of the statement. For instance:
There exists a natural number x, and there exists a natural number y such that x = y2.

Other quantifiers
There are also less common quantifiers used by mathematicians.
An example is the solution quantifier. It is used to state which elements solve a particular equation. The solution quantifier is represented by a § (section sign). For example, the following statement claims the squares of 0, 1 and 2 are smaller than 4.  :

Other quantifiers include:
There are many elements such that...
There are few elements such that...
There are infinitely many elements such that...
For all but finitely many elements... (sometimes expressed as "for almost all elements...").
There are uncountable many elements such that...
For all but countably many elements...

History

Term logic was developed by Aristotle. It was an early form of logic, and included quantification. The use of quantification was closer to that of natural language. This meant that statements in term logic with quantifiers were less suited for formal analysis. Term logic included quantifiers for All, Some  and No (none) in 4th century BC.
In 1879, Gottlob Frege created a notation for universal quantification. Unlike the modern notation, he would represent a universal quantification by writing a variable over a dimple in an otherwise straight line. Frege did not create a notation for existential quantification. Instead, he combined universal quantification and a number of negations to make an equivalent statement. Frege's use of quantification was not widely known until Bertrand Russell's 1903 Principles of Mathematics.

In 1885, Charles Sanders Peirce and his student Oscar Howard Mitchell also created a notation for universal and existential quantifiers. They wrote Πx and Σx where we now write ∀x and ∃x. Pierce's notation was used by many mathematicians into the 1950s.
In 1897, William Ernest Johnson and Giuseppe Peano created another notation for universal and existential quantification. They were influenced by Pierce's previous quantification notation. Johnson and Peano used the simple (x) for universal quantification, and ∃x for existential quantification. Peano's influence on math spread this notation across Europe.

In 1935, Gerhard Gentzen created the ∀ symbol for universal quantification. It was not widely used until the 1960s.

Related pages
Determiner
First order logic
Rule of inference

References

Logic
In mathematics and logic, the universal quantifier is a quantifier used to state that a proposition applies to all elements in the universe of discourse. An example that uses this quantifier would be the proposition "All men are mortal".  Usually, a turned A (∀) is used to denote the universal quantifier, "for all x" is written as either "∀x", "∀(x)".

Predicate logic and syllogisms look at the properties of universal quantification.

Propositions can be falsified. To falsify a proposition which contains a universal quantifier, it is sufficient to find one element of the universe of discourse where the proposition is false. This element is known as a counterexample.

Related pages 

 Existence quantifier

References 

Logic
In mathematics and logic, the existence quantifier is a quantifier used to state that a proposition is true for at least one element in the universe of discourse. The existence quantifier is commonly written as  (a mirrored E), and is read as "there exists". An example involving an existence quantifier is the statement "some natural number is equal to 3+5", which can be written as . 

In general, a statement of the form  is true if there is an x in the universe of discourse satisfying the predicate , and is false otherwise. An existence quantifier is different from a universal quantifier, which is used to state that a proposition is true for all elements in the universe of discourse.

Related pages 

 Predicate logic

References 

Logic
"In every discourse, whether of the mind conversing with its own thoughts, or of the individual in his intercourse with others, there is an assumed or expressed limit within which the subjects of its operation are confined. The most unfettered discourse is that in which the words we use are understood in the widest possible application, and for them the limits of discourse are co-extensive with those of the universe itself. But more usually we confine ourselves to a less spacious field. Sometimes, in discoursing of men we imply (without expressing the limitation) that it is of men only under certain circumstances and conditions that we speak, as of civilized men, or of men in the vigour of life, or of men under some other condition or relation. Now, whatever may be the extent of the field within which all the objects of our discourse are found, that field may properly be termed the universe of discourse. Furthermore, this universe of discourse is in the strictest sense the ultimate subject of the discourse".
References 

Mathematics
Communication
The Banger Sisters is a 2002 American comedy drama movie. The movie is about two middle-aged women who were groupies when they were young. Goldie Hawn plays Suzette. Susan Sarandon plays Vinnie.

This movie was released in September of 2002. It made quite a bit of money at the box office.

2002 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies
Female buddy movies

Movies set in Arizona
Movies set in Los Angeles
Phoenix, Arizona in fiction
Maid in Manhattan is a 2002 romantic comedy-drama movie. It is about a hotel maid and a politician who fall in love with each other. Jennifer Lopez plays Marisa. Ralph Fiennes plays Christopher. Natasha Richardson plays Caroline.

This movie got negative reviews from critics. It made lots of money anyway. This movie was released in December 2002.

2002 comedy-drama movies
2002 romantic comedy movies
2000s romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
2000s English-language movies
Manhattan in fiction
Movies set in New York City
Bryan McCabe (born June 8, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a career total of 1135 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Chicago Blackhawks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Florida Panthers, and the New York Rangers.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, McCabe played 2 seasons with the Medicine Hat Tigers, 3 seasons with the Spokane Chiefs and 1 season with the Brandon Wheat Kings of the Western Hockey League (WHL).

He was drafted with the 40th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. Halfway through his third season with the Islanders, McCabe was traded along with Todd Bertuzzi and a third round draft pick in 1998 (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks for Trevor Linden on February 6, 1998.
During his time with the Canucks, he played one and a half seasons with them before he was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with their first round draft pick in 2000 for the Blackhawks' first round draft pick in 1999.

On October 2, 2000, after he had 6-goal, 25-point season with the Blackhawks in the 1999–2000 season, McCabe was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Alexander Karpovtsev and a fourth round draft choice (Vladimir Gusev) in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. McCabe had a good 2001–02 season with Toronto, having a 17-goal, 43-point breakout season, as well as, 53 points two seasons later, ending in a fourth-place finish in Norris Trophy voting Second Team All-Star honours.
During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, McCabe played in the Swedish Elitserien with HV71. He didn't have a good time with HV71, recording one goal, 30 penalty minutes and a -12 rating over ten games. He exercised an escape clause in his contract before he went to a game against Södertälje SK where he was supposed to be a healthy scratch for them.

When the lockout ended, he returned to the Maple Leafs. He recorded a career high 19 goals, 49 assists and 68 points in 73 games with the Maple Leafs. He finished the season third overall in points among defencemen, behind Nicklas Lidström and Sergei Zubov.

On June 28, 2006, he signed a 5-year deal with the Leafs worth $28.75 million with a no-movement clause. The next seasons, he recorded 57 points in 82 games the following season. On October 15, 2007, during the dying seconds of overtime against the Buffalo Sabres, McCabe scored in his own net. The goal was credited to Paul Gaustad.
On September 2, 2008, the Maple Leafs traded McCabe along with a fourth round draft pick in 2010 to the Florida Panthers for Mike Van Ryn. On September 23, 2009, he was named as the Panthers' captain.

On February 26, 2011, the Panthers traded him to the New York Rangers for Tim Kennedy and a 3rd round draft pick.

On February 15, 2012, McCabe announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey.

References

Other websites 

1975 births
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Islanders players
New York Rangers players
Medicine Hat Tigers players
Spokane Chiefs players
Swedish Hockey League players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vancouver Canucks players
Jean-Yves Leroux (born June 24, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played a career total of 220 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career with the Chicago Blackhawks.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Leroux played 4 seasons with the Beauport Harfangs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).

He was drafted with the 40th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Before he played with the Blackhawks, he played a seasons with the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League (IHL). During his time with the Blackhawks, he recorded an overall total of 16 goals, 22 assists, 38 points, 146 penalty minutes. On October 01, 2001, the Blackhawks sent Leroux down to their AHL-affiliate Norfolk Admirals. Leroux left the NHL after the 2000–01 NHL season.

He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2010.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1976 births
Living people
Beauport Harfangs players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Norfolk Admirals players
Sportspeople from Montreal
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
The Maspalomas Dunes are sand dunes located on the south coast of the island of Gran Canaria, Province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands. A 404 hectare area of the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana, they have been protected as a nature reserve. They are one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Province of Las Palmas
Timanfaya National Park () is a Spanish national park in the southwestern part of the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. It covers parts of the municipalities Tinajo and Yaiza. The area is . The parkland is entirely made up of volcanic soil.

Timanfaya National Park is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Volcanic activity
The greatest recorded eruptions occurred between 1730 and 1736.

References

Other websites 
 Parque Nacional de Timanfaya

1974 establishments
1970s establishments in Spain
Santa María de León Cathedral, also called The House of Light or the Pulchra Leonina is in the city of León in north-western Spain. It is the third Roman Catholic cathedral to be built on the site of what was originally a Roman bath. The first cathedral was built by King Ordoño II of León. It was probably built in the Mozarabic style but was damaged in the 990s. The second cathedral was consecrated in 1073. It was built in the Romanesque style of architecture. The present Gothic style cathedral was started in 1255. It was completed about 50 years later. The cathedral has some of the finest examples of stained glass windows in all of Europe.

References

Other websites 
 InFocus: León Cathedral (León, Spain) at HitchHikers Handbook 
Official Site of León Cathedral
Webcam of León Cathedral 

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
13th-century buildings and structures
León, Spain
Las Médulas (As Médulas or As Meduas in Galician language) is a historical site  near the town of Ponferrada, Spain. It used to be the most important gold mine in the Roman Empire. In order to remove the gold, the Romans washed away an entire mountain. From the 2nd to the 4th century AD the Romans used slaves to mine about 900 tons of gold. It left a series of rock pinnacles, gullies, caves and tunnels. Las Médulas is listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites.

References

Further reading
Further reading 

Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones, Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, Journal of Roman Studies 60 (1970): 169-85
Jones, R. F. J. and Bird, D. G., Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna, Journal of Roman Studies 62 (1972): 59-74.
Domergue, C. and Hérail, G., Conditions de gisement et exploitation antique à Las Médulas (León, Espagne) in L'or dans l'antiquité: de la mine à l'objet, B. Cauuet, ed., Aquitania Supplement, 9 (Bordeaux 1999): 93-116.
Journeys Through European Landscapes/Voyages dans les Paysages Européens. COST-ESF, Ponferrada: 101-104.
Other websites 
Webpage of Fundación Las Médulas, with itineraries, virtual visit and practical information 
UNESCO official website
Photo gallery and explanation of the explotaition system  
"Las Médulas, the Roman El Dorado".   and  Article by the Leonese writer Julio Llamazares.
Spanish site dedicated to Roman technology, especially aqueducts and mines 
Social Structure and Territory-Landscape Archaeology research group 

 Action COST A27: Understanding pre-industrial rural and mining landscapes (LANDMARKS) European research project, a platform for scientific dissemination of Las Médulas 

World Heritage Sites in Spain
The Roman Walls of Lugo (Spanish, Galician: Muralla Romana de Lugo) were constructed in the 3rd century AD. The walls were created as late Roman Empire fortifications. They are still largely intact today. They stretch over  around the historic centre of Lugo in Galicia (Spain). Located on a hilltop the walls have a wide ditch directly in front of them. The walls average about  in height and are up to  thick. At the front of the wall there are a series of semicircular towers up to  in diameter. The walls are constructed of schist from the local area. The walls have been declared a World Heritage site.

Images

References 

World Heritage Sites in Spain
3rd-century works
The La Seu Vella (also called Cathedral of St. Mary of La Seu Vella; Catalan and Spanish: Catedral de Santa Maria de la Seu Vella, ) is the Roman catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Lleida. It is in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain, on top of Lleida hill.

Sources
 Consorci Del Turó De La Seu Vella De Lleida - Official website

Other websites

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Lleida
13th-century buildings and structures
The RSHA, or Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office or Reich Security Main Office or Reich Security Head Office) was an organization headed by Heinrich Himmler. This was in his dual capacities as Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of German Police) and Reichsführer-SS. The organization's stated duty was to fight all "enemies of the Reich" inside and outside the borders of Nazi Germany.

References 

 
1930s in Berlin
1940s in Berlin
Law of Germany
The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia (), commonly called the Cathedral of Murcia, is a church in Murcia, Spain. It is the only cathedral in use in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cartagena in Spain.

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Murcia
14th-century buildings and structures
The Roman Theatre is an ancient Roman theatre in Cartagena, Spain. The theatre was built between 5 BC and 1 BC.

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain
Cartagena
1st-century BC establishments
The Assumption of the Virgin Cathedral is a Spanish Renaissance cathedral located in Santa María Square in Jaén, Spain. It is across from the Town Hall and the Episcopal Palace (Archbishop's palace). The Santa María Square is one of the historical sites in Jaén. The cathedral stands on the same ground that was once occupied by an early mosque. 

Construction of the cathedral began in 1249. It was built on the ruins of an early Spanish mosque. It was damaged and rebuilt on numerous occasions during the following two centuries. In the sixteenth century Andrés de Vandelvira built the biggest part of the Cathedral. It was consecrated in 1724.

The more representative architectural element is its façade. It was designed by Eufrasio López de Rojas. It was sculpted by Pedro Roldán. It houses the Veil of Veronica. In 1545 the young Francisco Guerrero was the maestro de capilla.

Jaén Cathedral is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other books

Other websites
 JAÉN CATHEDRAL
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
16th-century buildings and structures
Jaén, Spain
Timothy James Salmon (born August 24, 1968), is a former Major League Baseball player. He played for the California Angels from 1992 to 2004 and again, with the renamed Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in 2006. He won the World Series with the Angels in 2002. He hit 299 home runs in his career.

Living people
1968 births
California Angels players
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players
Peter Alexander Rupert Carington, 6th Baron Carrington (6 June 1919 – 9 July 2018) was a British Conservative politician.

He served as British Defence Secretary between 1970 and 1974, Foreign Secretary between 1979 and 1982 and as the sixth Secretary General of NATO from 1984 to 1988. He was the last surviving member of the Cabinets of both Harold Macmillan and Sir Alec Douglas-Home.

Carington died on 9 July 2018, aged 99.

References

Other websites
Announcement of his taking the oath under his new title at the House of Lords House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 17 November 1999
 Lord Carrington's views on the EU from the Daily Telegraph 
Thatcher's First Cabinet

1919 births
2018 deaths
Members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Secretaries General of NATO
Politicians from Buckinghamshire
Sergio Silvio Balanzino (20 June 1934 – 25 February 2018) was an Italian diplomat. Balanzino was born in Bologna, Italy.

He served as the Italian ambassador to Canada from May 1990 to January 1994. He then became the Deputy Secretary General of NATO before briefly becoming acting Secretary General twice. Firstly by replacing Manfred Wörner on August 13, 1994 after the latter resigned in the last stages of cancer. He was then replaced by Willy Claes on October 17, 1994 who resigned on alleged corruption charges on October 20, 1995. 

Balanzino, who had gone back to being Deputy, again took over the reins until he was replaced on December 5, 1995 by Javier Solana. He died in Rome in February 2018.

References

1934 births
2018 deaths
Secretaries General of NATO
Italian politicians
People from Bologna
Ambassadors to Canada
Heat transfer is the way the heat moves from one physical system (or body) to another. Heat transfer requires a difference in temperature. Heat moves from the hotter body (higher temperature) to the colder one (lower temperature). The bodies in question may be in a solid state, a liquid state or a gaseous state. There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.

References 

Thermodynamics
Heat transfer
Martin Walser (24 March 1927 – 26 July 2023) was a German writer. He became famous for talking about the troubles for anti-heroes he had in his novels and stories. In 1998 he was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in Frankfurt. Walser was born in Wasserburg am Bodensee, Germany.

At the age of 17, Walser became a member of the Nazi Party on 20 April 1944, though Walser denied that he entered the party.

Walser died on 26 July 2023 in Überlingen, Germany at the age of 96.

He was among the important German authors after the Second World War.

Most of his works are about the protagonists, and the inner conflicts they have to overcome. This is similar to the world of other German-language writers of the time, such as Heinrich Böll, Peter Handke or Siegfried Lenz.

References

Other websites

 
 
Audio clip from the novel "Ein liebender Mann" (2008), read out on Literaturport.de by Martin Walser himself (in German) 
Audio clip from the novel "Angstblüte" (2006) on Literaturport.de (in German)
1927 births
2023 deaths
Writers from Bavaria
Hans Magnus Enzensberger (born 11 November 1929) is a German author, poet, translator and editor. He has also written under the pseudonym Andreas Thalmayr. He was born in Kaufbeuren, Bavaria. He moved to Nuremberg in 1931. Enzensberger has a sarcastic, ironic tone in many of his poems.

References

Other websites
 In conversation with Charles Simic  December 11, 2002
 The radical loser: English translation of an article originally appearing in Der Spiegel on November 7, 2005.
 Enzensberger at PEN American Center  Participated in the 2006 PEN World Voices Conference in NYC
 Poesieautomat  (Poetry-Machine) realized by Christian Bauer, 2006
 Griffin Poetry Prize Lifetime Recognition Award profile (including audio and video of tribute and acceptance speech) 
 Interview: A life in writing Talking with Enzensberger at The Guardian; appeared online May 15, 2010

1929 births
Living people
German poets
People from Nuremberg
Writers from Bavaria
is a city in southeastern Iwate, Japan.

The city of Ōfunato was originally part of the ancient Mutsu Province. It has been settled since the Jōmon period. The modern village of Ōfunato was made within Kesen District, Iwate on April 1, 1889. In 1896, the Meiji-Sanriku earthquake caused a 25-meter tsunami that killed 27,000 people in Sanriku. Ōfunato was promoted officially promoted to town status on April 1, 1932. In 1933, a 8.4 magnitude earthquake stuck the town and caused a 28-meter tsunami that killed 1522 people. On April 1, 1952, the town of Sakari, and villages of Akasaki, Takkon, Massaki, Ikawa and Hikoroichi all merged with Ōfunato to form the city. On November 15, 2001, the town of Sanriku (from Kesen District) also merged into Ōfunato.

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Ōfunato was very badly damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The wave that hit the city was estimated to have reached 23.6 meters in height.
It was listed that 3,498 out of 15,138 houses in the town were destroyed by the tsunami and 305 people were confirmed dead. At least six of Ōfunato's 58 designated evacuation sites were flooded by the tsunami.

References

Other websites

 Official website  

Cities in Iwate Prefecture
El Escorial is a municipality in the administrative district of Madrid. It is located  northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid. Its population in 2013 was 15,197.

References 

Municipalities in the Community of Madrid
Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija is a joint UNESCO World Heritage site in Almadén, Spain, and Idrija, Slovenia. The property includes two mercury mining sites. In Almadén mercury has been extracted since antiquity, while in Idrija it was first found in 1490 AD. The Almadén site includes buildings relating to its mining history. These include Retamar Castle, religious buildings and traditional houses. The site in Idrija notably features mercury storage and infrastructure. It also includes miners’ living quarters, and a miners’ theatre. The sites shows how trade in mercury generated important exchanges between Europe and America over the centuries. The two sites represent the two largest mercury mines in the world and were working mines until recent times.

References 

World Heritage Sites in Spain
The Bardenas Reales is a semi-desert natural region, or badlands. It is about  and is located in southeast Navarre (Spain). The soils are made up of clay, chalk and sandstone. They have been eroded by water and wind. This has created a number of shapes, canyons, plateaus, tabular structures and isolated hills, called seamounts. Bardenas lacks urban areas and vegetation is scarce.

Location
The Bardenas is in the southeast of Navarra, bordering Aragon. It is located in the middle of the depression of the Ebro valley at the foot of the mountains of the Yugo and the Zaragoza region of Cinco Villas. It is  from north to south and  east-west and at an altitude ranging between . Its area is . Limited to sixteen municipalities, of which thirteen are in Navarre and three in the province of Zaragoza.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 The landscape of Bardenas Reales
 Las Bardenas Reales 
 Las Bardenas Reales 

Navarre
Ryan VandenBussche (born February 28, 1973) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 9 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, and Pittsburgh Penguins. He was known for his pugilistic skills.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, VandenBussche played 2 seasons with the Cornwall Royals of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL).

He was drafted with the 173rd overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. He spent most of his first seasons between the OHL and the American Hockey League (AHL) with the St. John's Maple Leafs, Springfield Indians, and Binghamton Rangers.

On August 22, 1995, he signed a contract with the New York Rangers after he became an unrestricted free agent. After he spent two seasons in the AHL with the Rangers AHL-affiliate team, the Binghamton Rangers, VandenBussche made his NHL debut on December 13, 1996 in a 3-0 win against the Buffalo Sabres.
After 27 games with the Rangers over 2 seasons, the Rangers traded VandenBussche to the Chicago Blackhawks for Ryan Risidore on March 24, 1998. With the Blackhawks, VandenBussche played 263 games over 7 years with them.

On July 12, 2004, he signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins as an unrestricted free agent.
 
He only played 20 games with the Penguins before he was signed for a try-out by Jokerit of the SM-liiga on September 25, 2006.

He signed with the New Mexico Scorpions of the Central Hockey League (CHL) as a player/coach on November 5, 2006. On January 17, 2007, he announced that he was retiring from playing professional hockey because of medical reasons.

During his career, VandenBussche was mainly known as an enforcer. He is known for ending the career of Nick Kypreos during a fight in a pre-season game in September 1997.

After retiring, he decided to sell real estate with his wife Lisa, and under the direction of his father Ron, in Norfolk County.
On July 3, 2006, VandenBussche was charged with three counts of assaulting police and one count of uttering a death threat after a fight at a bar in Turkey Point. He was later cleared of the charges.

References

Other websites 

1973 births
American Hockey League players
Binghamton Rangers players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
New York Rangers players
Norfolk Admirals players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Portland Pirates players
Springfield Indians players
St. John's Maple Leafs players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players
Ontario Hockey League players
In physics, an inverse-square law is a physical law that states that the farther away an object is from an effect, or a physical quantity causing an effect, the less change can be observed in the object.

The following are examples of when this law applies:
Gravitation
Electrostatics
Light and other electromagnetic radiation
Acoustics

Laws of physics
Sant Feliu de Llobregat Cathedral or the Cathedral of Saint Lawrence (, ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain. It is the seat of the Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat.

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Buildings and structures in Catalonia
Santiago Cathedral (; ) is a Catholic cathedral in the city of Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. It was originally built as a Gothic church in the late 14th century. After a fire in the 1500s it was rebuilt. It was officially given the status of a cathedral in 1950.

References

Other websites 
 Information about Santiago cathedral
 Photography of Bilbao cathedral (facade and interior), Flickr

Bilbao
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
14th-century buildings and structures
Bubo is a genus of large owls. It includes the eagle-owls (Old World) and the horned owls (the Americas). This genus contains about one or two dozen species of typical owls (family Strigidae) and is found in many parts of the world. Some of the largest living Strigiformes are in Bubo. Traditionally, only owls with ear-tufts were included here, but that is no longer the case.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b sequence data supports the decision to put the snowy owl, an eagle-owl adapted to Arctic conditions, into Bubo.

The fish-owls in the genus Ketupa, and the Scotopelia fishing owls, are also closely related. They might be moved into Bubus, but that would make the genus rather large. As it is some of these owls, like  Verreaux's eagle-owl, are not studied enough. More research is needed.

References 

Strigiformes
Prince of Asturias (, ) is the traditional title given to the heir to the Spanish throne. John I of Castile first gave the title to his oldest son, prince Henry (Henry III of Castile) in 1388. The title lapsed in 1931 when the monarchy was overthrown. Military dictator Francisco Franco appointed Juan Carlos de Borbón as his "successor with the title of King". But he gave him the new title of "Prince of Spain" instead of Prince of Asturias. In 1977 the title was given to Felipe VI of Spain, who was the eldest son and then heir apparent of King Juan Carlos I.

Legacy 
In preservation of the legacy of the family and its heirs, they've established The Princess of Asturias Foundation. It is a non-profit organization assembled the Princess of Asturias Awards, which presents academic ceremony each year in Oviedo, the capital of the Principality of Asturias. The foundation celebrates and promotes excellence in the cultural, scientific, and humanistic values.
Examples 
List of some people who held the title:
 Henry III of Castile
 King Luis I
 King Fernando VI
 Alfonso XII of Spain
 Felipe VI of Spain

References
The Palace of Villena () is a palace in Cadalso de los Vidrios, Spain.  It was built by Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo.

The building and the gardens are listed as a Spanish Property of Cultural Interest.
The building is listed as a monument. It has been protected since 1931. The gardens are listed as a jardín histórico (historic garden). They have been protected since the 1970s.

References 

Villena
Community of Madrid
James Arnold Taylor (born July 22, 1969) is an American actor and voice actor. He has voiced Obi-Wan Kenobi, Plo Koon and other Star Wars characters. He voices Obi-Wan Kenobi in Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars: Rebels. He also voices Johnny Test and Fred Flintstone.

References

1969 births
American voice actors
Living people
Shaker Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 Census, the city population was 28,448.

References

Other websites

City website
Ludlow Community Association website

Cities in Ohio
Chardon is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Geauga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 5,148 at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites

 City of Chardon
 Chardon Local Schools
 Chardon Fire Department 

Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
On September 30, 2014, the first case of Ebola virus disease was diagnosed in the United States. It came from a 42-year-old Liberian national, Thomas Eric Duncan. Even before Duncan's diagnosis, three Americans had been medically evacuated from Africa and treated in the United States for Ebola virus disease. This was during the current Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. Two were treated at Emory University Hospital's isolation unit and one at Nebraska Medical Center.

About Thomas Eric Duncan
Duncan, who came from Liberia, had been visiting family in Dallas, Texas. He was treated at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas. By October 4, his condition had deteriorated from "serious but stable" to "critical". On October 4, Duncan started receiving the experimental drug brincidofovir, but remained in critical condition. On October 8, Duncan died of Ebola virus disease.

References
References

Other websites
What gear to wear for protection from Ebola infection
 Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever — CDC.gov
 U.C. Santa Cruz Ebola genome browser

Ebola virus
Diseases caused by viruses
Jeen van den Berg (8 January 1928 - 8 October 2014) was a Dutch speed skater. He was known as the winner of the Elfstedentocht of 1954. He rode the race a record seven times. His first time was in 1947. His final race was in 1997. van den Berg was born in De Veenhoop, Netherlands.

On 3 February 1954, van den Berg finished the race in a record 7 hours and 35 minutes, a record bettered by Evert van Benthem only 31 years later. He came third in the infamous 1963 race. In 1973 he became the first Dutch marathon skate champion.

van den Berg died in Heerenveen, Netherlands, aged 86.

References

1928 births
2014 deaths
Dutch speed skaters
Sportspeople from Friesland
Michael L. "Mike" Waugh (December 17, 1955 – October 8, 2014) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. Waugh was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 28th District from 1998 until 2014. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1993 through 1998.

Waugh left his job on January 13, 2014, after he learned he had pancreatic cancer. He died on October 8, 2014 of cancer.

References

1955 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Feridun İsmail Buğeker (5 April 1933 – 6 October 2014) was a Turkish football forward who played for Turkey in the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Fenerbahçe S.K. between 1950–55 and 1961-63. He was born in Istanbul, Turkey.

Buğeker died in Istanbul, Turkey, aged 81.

References

1933 births
2014 deaths
Turkish footballers
Sportspeople from Istanbul
Cigar (April 18, 1990 – October 7, 2014) was an American thoroughbred racehorse. In 1995 and 1996, Cigar won 16 races in a row. He was the first American racehorse racing against top-class competition to do that since Citation in 1948 and 1950. 

When Cigar retired, he had made more money than any other American Thoroughbred racehorse. He is now in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

Cigar died from spinal surgery complications in Lexington, Kentucky, aged 24.

References

Other websites

1990 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Thoroughbred racehorses
Doñana National Park is a natural reserve in southern Spain. It is in Andalusia, in the provinces of Huelva and Seville. It is in Las Marismas, where the Guadalquivir River flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The park covers . Of that area,  are protected. The park has marshes, shallow streams, and sand dunes.  It was named as a nature reserve in 1969. The World Wildlife Fund and the Spanish government bought a section of marshes to protect it. The eco-system has been in danger from draining the marshes, using river water to irrigate land along the coast, and making tourist facilities bigger. The park is named after Doña Ana de Silva y Mendoza, the wife of Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia.

Doñana National Park was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

National parks in Spain
Andalusia
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
1969 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Spain
The Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll is a Benedictine monastery in the town of Ripoll in Catalonia, Spain. It was built in the Romanesque style. Much of the church was rebuilt in the 19th century. The sculptured portico is a noted work of Romanesque art.

The monastery was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

 

Buildings and structures in Catalonia
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Monasteries
9th-century buildings and structures
The monastery of San Juan de la Peña is a religious complex in the town of Santa Cruz de la Serós. It is to the southwest of Jaca, in the province of Huesca, Spain. It was one of the most important monasteries in Aragon in the Middle Ages. Its two-level church is partly carved in the stone of the large cliff that is over the foundation. San Juan de la Peña means "Saint John of the Cliff".

The monastery was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

San Juan de la Peña  at monasteriosanjuan.com
Info sheet 

Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Province of Huesca
Prism may mean:

 Prism (album), an album by Katy Perry
 Prism (geometry), a three-dimensional shape
 Prism (optics), a piece of glass that bends light
The Cathedral of Almería (), in full the Cathedral of the Incarnation of Almería (), is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Almería, Andalusia. It is the seat of the Diocese of Almería.

The cathedral was built in Gothic and Renaissance architectural styles from 1524 to 1562. Its last bell was built in 1805.

References

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Almería
16th-century buildings and structures‎
1562 establishments
The Cathedral of Cartagena (also called Cathedral of Santa María la Vieja)  was a cathedral of the Diocese of Cartagena. It was in the old town of Cartagena.  It has been in ruins since 1939, when it was destroyed in the Spanish Civil War.

Other websites

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Cartagena
Ruins
The Alcalá de Henares Cathedral (also called as Cathedral of St Justus and St Pastor in Alcalá de Henares) () is a Catholic cathedral in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1904.

References

Other websites 

 Catedral de los Santos Niños Justo y Pastor en Alcalá de Henares 
 Fotografías 

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Community of Madrid
16th-century buildings and structures‎
The Mérida Cathedral in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, is one of the oldest cathedrals in the Americas.

History
The cathedral was built on the site of Mayan ruins Tiho.

References

Other websites 

 Descripción del monumento 
  

Roman Catholic cathedrals
Buildings and structures in Mexico
Yucatán (state)
The Cathedral of Astorga () is a Roman Catholic church in Astorga, Spain. It was declared a national monument in 1931. Bishop of this cathedral is Camilo Lorenzo Iglesias (Bishop of Astorga).

Other websites 

Official website 
The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Astorga Cathedral (no. 70)

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Province of León
1471 establishments
15th-century buildings and structures
The San Sebastián Cathedral (also known as Cathedral of the Good Shepherd)̠ (, ) is a cathedral in San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain. It is the seat of the suffragan Diocese of San Sebastián and under to the Archdiocese of Pamplona y Tudela.

Gallery

Notes

Bibliography

Other websites 

 Descriptive form on Donostiasansebastian.com

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Gipuzkoa
1897 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
The Cathedral of San Salvador is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Asidonia-Jerez  in Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia, southern Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1931. It was elevated to the rank of cathedral in 1980.

Style 
Built in the 17th century, it is a mix of Gothic, Baroque and Neoclassicist style.

References

Other websites 

 Official site

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Jerez de la Frontera
17th-century buildings and structures
Cádiz Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic church  in Cádiz, southern Spain, and the seat of the Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta. It was built between 1722 and 1838. The cathedral was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1931.

Images

References

Other websites

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Cadiz
18th-century buildings and structures
The Cathedral of St Mary of the Assumption () is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the Spanish city of Ceuta located in a small exclave on the north coast of Africa.

The cathedral is a 15th-century structure, built on the site of a sixth-century Christian church. The cathedral contains works of art dating from the 17th century to the present day.

References

Other websites

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Ceuta
15th-century buildings and structures
The Cathedral of Santa Ana (Holy Cathedral-Basilica of Canary or Cathedral of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) is a cathedral in Las Palmas, Canary Islands. It is the seat of the Diocese of the Canaries in the Roman Catholic Church. It is in the Vegueta neighborhood, next to the Plaza Mayor of Santa Ana. The feast of the cathedral's dedication is celebrated annually on November 26. It is one of two cathedrals in the Canary Islands, near the La Laguna Cathedral in Tenerife.

Other websites 

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
16th-century buildings and structures
The Cathedral of San Cristóbal de La Laguna or Catedral de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios (Santa Iglesia Catedral de San Cristóbal de La Laguna in Spanish) is a Catholic cathedral in Tenerife, Spain. It started construction in 1904 and was completed in 1915. It is dedicated to the Virgin of Los Remedios (patron of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna). This is one of the most important cathedrals in the Canary Islands.

Images

References 

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
1915 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
The Cathedral of Tarragona is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Tarragona, Spain. The site was previously occupied by a Roman temple of Jupiter. Later it was a Visigothic cathedral, then a Moorish mosque. It was declared a national monument in 1905. During the Spanish Civil War the cathedral was vandalized and in 1939 a reconciliation rite was celebrated.

References

Other websites 

Panoramic view  
Diocesan Museum  

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Buildings and structures in Catalonia
12th-century buildings and structures