Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
People who know Hannah's secret
It has been shown that Miley's friends and most members of the Stewart family know that Miley is Hannah Montana. Below is the list of people mentioned in the series that know Miley's secret.
 Robby Stewart (Billy Ray Cyrus), father
 Susan Stewart (Brooke Shields), deceased mother
 Jackson Stewart (Jason Earles), brother
 Lilly Truscott (Emily Osment), best friend
 Oliver Oken (Mitchel Musso), best friend
 Roxy (Frances Callier), bodyguard
 Jake Ryan (Cody Linley), boyfriend/close friend
 Uncle Earl (David Koechner), frequently mentioned uncle
 Luann Stewart (Miley Cyrus), twin mean cousin
 Aunt Dolly (Dolly Parton), Godmother.
 Mammaw Ruthie (Vicki Lawrence), grandmother
 Bobby Ray Stewart (Billy Ray Cyrus), uncle
 Fermaine (Matt Winston), Hannah's costume designer
 Heather Truscott (Heather Locklear), Lilly's Mom
 Jesse (Miley's boyfriend in season 4)
 Siena (Jackson's girlfriend)
 President Obama (Appeared in season four no showing his face)
References

Disney characters
Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in the 2000s
Nazareth () (  or ;    or ) is the capital city of the north district of Israel. Most of the people in this city are Arabs (who are either Muslim or Christian). There are also some Jewish people. The city is very old and is also famous for being the city where it is believed Jesus grew up in the care of Mary and Joseph.
Scanlation (sometimes scanslation) is a word for manga comics which have been scanned and translated by fans from the language they were in before (usually Japanese or Korean) to a different language, usually English, French or Spanish.

Manga
KolibriOS is a free and open source operating system written all in assembly. This makes it very fast and small. KolibriOS can fit on a floppy disk and run on a Pentium (and possibly on late 486) with 8 MB of RAM.

Operating systems
Obergösgen is a municipality in the Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Gösgen District
Oekingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Wasseramt District
Oensingen is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Gäu District
Olten is a city in the district  Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official town website

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Olten District
Orenthal James "O. J." Simpson (born July 9, 1947), also known by his nickname, The Juice, is a retired American football player and movie actor. He originally attained stardom as a running back at the collegiate and professional levels, and was the first NFL player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season. He later worked as an actor, spokesman, and broadcaster.  O. J. Simpson is famous for being accused of murdering his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman in 1994.

Murder of Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman
O. J. Simpson was put on trial for the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman in 1994. The court case took many months, and the newspapers and television news followed it closely.  The criminal court in Los Angeles, California found that Simpson was not guilty of those murders in 1995.  However, Goldman's family sued Simpson for wrongful death in civil court.  In 1997, the civil court said Simpson was liable for their wrongful deaths, but to date he has paid little of the $33.5 million he was ordered to pay. In late 2006, Simpson wrote a book titled If I Did It. The book is a first-person fictional story of the murder of Brown and Goldman if Simpson had done it. It was withdrawn by the publisher just before its release. The book was later released by the Goldman family and the title of the book was expanded to If I Did It: Confessions of the Killer ()
. As of March 2016, interest has grown in his murder case after a former police officer came forward with a knife that may have been used as the murder weapon.
Conviction
In September 2007, Simpson faced more lawsuits, as he was arrested and subsequently charged with numerous felonies, including but not limited to robbery, burglary, assault, first-degree kidnapping with use of a deadly weapon (which carries a possible life sentence), coercion with use of a deadly weapon, conspiracy to commit robbery, conspiracy to commit kidnapping, and conspiracy to commit a crime. Simpson was convicted on all counts. He was imprisoned at the Lovelock Correctional Center in Lovelock, Nevada.

Parole and release
On July 20, 2017, Simpson was granted parole. He was released from prison on October 1, 2017.

Career
Simpson played T.D. Parker in the TV series 1st & Ten: The Championship from 1986 to 1991. In 1995 he won the Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor.

References
References 

Actors from San Francisco
African American actors
African American players of American football
American burglars
American kidnappers
American movie actors
American people convicted of assault
American prisoners
American robbers
American television producers
Buffalo Bills players
People acquitted of murder
San Francisco 49ers players
Sportspeople from San Francisco
1947 births
Living people
Heisman Trophy winners
Woodrow Wilson Guthrie, better known as Woody Guthrie (July 14, 1912 – October 3, 1967), was an American folk musician and songwriter, of the 20th century.

Early life
Guthrie was born Woodrow Wilson Guthrie in Okemah, Oklahoma. He was named after President Woodrow Wilson.

Career
Guthrie wrote over a thousand songs during his career. His more famous songs include "This Land Is Your Land", "Mail Myself To You", "This Train", "Bound For Glory", and "Hobo's Lullaby". One of his most famous albums was titled Dust Bowl Ballads. He sang about the Great Depression, and the problems faced by farmers at the time of the Dust Bowl, when erosion and drought ruined millions of acres of farmland.
Guthrie recorded a series of songs for the United States government, about sexually transmitted diseases, that served as warnings to the public. Much of the time he appeared opposed to governments as he saw them, and also politics. Guthrie identified strongly with the Industrial Workers of the World, called the "Wobblies", and also the Communist Party, but he never joined either one. His songs, and his interpretations of older songs, spoke to people of many different beliefs. Many of his songs used old tunes, that he gave new words.

The composer names of most folk songs are lost to history, or their songs have been adapted so many times that they completely change form. Even though Guthrie and his songs were well-known, they came to be accepted as genuine folk songs. They appeared in songbooks, and were performed and recorded by many different artists, and also sung by amateurs and families at home. Guthrie worked with or influenced many later musicians.
Illness from Huntington's disease 
Guthrie's career was cut short by the illness Huntington's disease. By the late 1940s, Guthrie's health was getting poor, and his behavior was getting very erratic. He had gotten various diagnoses (including alcoholism and schizophrenia), but in 1952, it was determined that he was dying from Huntington's disease, He inherited it from his mother. Worrying that he was a danger to their children, his wife, Marjorie, said he needed to go back to California without her. They finally divorced.  Over a long period of time, the illness left him in a wheelchair, then finally unable to get out of bed, or even hold a guitar.
He spent many years in a hospital, visited by his family and friends. Folk musician Pete Seeger was a regular visitor. One day, the young Bob Dylan came to visit Guthrie. He had hitchhiked from Minnesota to New York, to meet Guthrie. He played Guthrie "A Song to Woody", which he had written as a tribute. Guthrie liked Dylan, and invited him back. Dylan stayed with the Guthrie family, and became friends with thirteen-year-old Arlo Guthrie, who also became a musician.

Death and legacy 
Guthrie died in 1967, from the effects of Huntington's disease in New York City, aged 55. There have been many tributes made to Guthrie and his music through the years. Actor David Carradine played him in the movie Bound for Glory. Guthrie's songs are still sung today, and are a symbol of American life.

Related pages
List of country musicians from Oklahoma

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 The Woody Guthrie Center
 The Woody Guthrie Foundation and Archives
 Woody Guthrie and the Archive of American Folk Song: Correspondence, 1940–1950, Library of Congress, American Folklife Center. "American Memory" presentation of archival correspondence written by Woody Guthrie to the staff of the Archive of American Folk Song. Retrieved 14 June 2015
 Songfacts interview with Anna Canoni (Guthrie's granddaughter) 
 Woody Guthrie at Find a Grave
 
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Mary Jo Guthrie. First person interview conducted on May 9, 2013 with Mary Jo Guthrie talking about her brother Woody Guthrie. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.

Deaths from Huntington's disease
American folk musicians
American singer-songwriters
American guitarists
Industrial Workers of the World
Musicians from Oklahoma
1912 births
1967 deaths
Seer Sharqi Bhattian is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in the southeastern part of the province, bordering the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province.

Meaning
Seer Sharqi Bhattian is named after the two main towns "Seer Sharqi" and "Bhattian", Seer Sharqi means eastern Seer, this is because there are two towns called Seer near to each other. The other Seer is known as Seer Gharbi (meaning western Seer)

Subdivisions
The Union Council is subdivided into the following areas: Bhatian, Seer Sharqi and Taror.

References

Other websites
District Government of Abbottabad 

Union councils of Abbottabad District
Bagnotar is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.  
Bagnator is on Abbottabad-Nathia Gali Road, 16 Kilometres away from Abbottabad city.

Location 

The Union Council Bagnotar is in central part of Abbottabad District in south-east of Abbottabad city - capital city of the district. Bagnotar is next to following union councils, to the north by Sarbhana, to the east and to the south by Namli Maira, and to the west by Bagh.

Subdivisions

Union Council Bagnotar is divided into three subdivisions:

Village Council Bagnotar
Chairman Sardar Muhammad Dilnawaz. 
Village Council Bandi Maira
Chairman Muhammad Jamil Abbasi.
Village Council Chahan
Chairman Malik Iqbal Awan.

District Council Member: Sardar Saeed Anwar.

Tehsil Council Member: Sardar Shuja Ahmed.

updated by Muhammad Sajjad Jadoon Bagnotar.

Schools in Bagnotar
Village Council Bagnotar 
 Government Boys Higher Secondary School Bagnotar
 Government Girls High School Bagnotar
Government Primary School Bagnotar
Government Primary School Khurri Banda Bagnotar
Government Primary School Gulaga Bagnotar
Government Primary School Seri, Bagnotar
Government Primary School Gaiya Bagnotar

Village Council Bandi Maira 
Government Primary School Riyan Tareeda

Village Council Chahan 
 Government Primary School Chahan, Bandi Maira

Vegetation 
The vegetation in Bagnotar is naturally grown. Both coniferous and deciduous species are present on a large area of the whole union council. The notable species are Pinus wallichiana, Pinus roxburghii, Cedrus deodara, Taxus baccata, Diospyrus lotus, Salix tetrasperma, Quercus dilatata, Morus elba, Aesculus indica.

References 

Union councils of Abbottabad District
Clinton is a village in Oneida County, New York, United States. There were 1,952 people living in Clinton as of the 2000 census. It was named after George Clinton, the first governor of New York.

Important people that lived in Clinton  
Richard Nelson Bach Jr., captain and leading scorer of the EHL's Clinton Comets 1956 EHL hockey championship. Two time MVP and three time scoring champion. Voted into Hall of Fame on first vote in 1961.
Clara Barton, founder of American Red Cross
Grover Cleveland, lived in Clinton for a short time as a child
Harriet McDoul Daniels
Ulysses S. Grant III.
Mark Hopkins
Samuel Kirkland, a missionary among the Oneida, obtained a charter for Hamilton College in 1812.
Mary Lyon
Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters, Danish-born astronomer; working at Litchfield Observatory, Hamilton College, he discovered 48 asteroids.
Elihu Root, born in Clinton and attended Hamilton College.
Leland Stanford, student in Clinton.
Geography
The village has an area of 0.6 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.  The village is east of the Oriskany Creek.

Other websites 
Village of Clinton. NY 

Villages in New York (state)
The following is a list of  82  counties in the U.S. state of Mississippi:

Mississippi
Charleston is a city in Charleston County in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It is the county seat and largest city of Charleston County. As of 2021, the city's population is about 151,612

Charleston was the capital of South Carolina until 1786 when Columbia became capital.

Surrounding cities and towns 
There are many suburbs in the metropolitan area:
 Town of Awendaw
 City of Folly Beach
 City of Hanahan
 City of Isle of Palms
 Town of James Island
 Town of Mount Pleasant
 City of North Charleston
 Town of St. George
 Town of Rockville
 Town of Meggett
 Town of Sullivan's Island
 Town of Summerville
 City of Goose Creek
 Town of Moncks Corner
 Town of Hollywood
 Town of Jamestown
 Town of Ridgeville
 Town of McClellanville
 Town of St. Stephen
 Town of Bonneau

Other unincorporated areas 
 Johns Island
 Wadmalaw Island
 Morris Island
 St. Stephen
 Dewee's Island
 Yonges Island

Neighborhoods in the City 
There are many neighborhoods in the city of Charleston:
Peninsula / Downtown neighborhoods & districts 

 Ansonborough
 Central Business District
 Cannonborough
 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial District
 Eastside
 Elliotborough
 French Quarter

 Four Mile-Hibernian
 Harleston Village
 Hampton Park Terrace
 Mazyck-Wraggsborough
 Medical District
 North Central

 Radcliffeborough
 Rosemont
 Silver Hill-Magnolia
 South of Broad
 Westside
 Wagener Terrace

West Ashley neighborhoods 

 Air Harbor
 Albemarle Point
 Ardmore
 Ashley Hall Manor
 Ashley Hall Plantation
 Ashley Harbor
 Ashleyville
 Avondale
 Byrnes Downs
 Canterbury Woods
 Capri Isle
 Carolina Bay
 Charlestowne Estates
 Castlewood Townhouses
 Drayton on the Ashley
 Forest Park
 Grand Oaks Plantation

 Harrison Acres
 Heathwood
 Hickory Farms
 Hickory Hill
 Hunt Club
 Indigo Point
 Lenevar
 MacLaura Hall 
 Oak Forest
 Old Towne Acres
 Orleans Woods
 Maryville
 Melrose
 Moreland
 Northbridge Terrace
 Orange Grove Estates
 Orange Grove Shores
Parkshore
 Ponderosa
 Providence Commons
 Saint Andrews
 Shadowmoss Plantation
 Schieveling Plantation
 Sherwood Forest
 South Windermere
 Springfield
 Stono Park
 Sylvan Shores
 The Crescent
 Village Green
 Wappoo Heights
 Wespanee Plantation
 Windermere

James Island neighborhoods 

 Bayview Farms
 Charleston Country Club
 Clearview
 Harbor Point
 Harbor Woods
 Landsdowne
 Lawton Bluff
 Parrot Creek
 Riverland Terrace

 Stiles Point Plantation
 Terrabrook
 White House Plantation
 Riverfront
 Secessionville
 Sol Legare
 Westchester
 Woodward Pointe

Johns Island neighborhoods 
 Gift Plantation
 Grimball Gates
 Headquarters Island
 Headquarters Plantation
 The Gardens at Whitney Lake
 Twelve Oaks at Fenwick Hall Plantation
 The Villages in St. Johns Woods
 The Cottages at Johns Island
 Winnsboro Lakes

Cainhoy Peninsula / Daniel Island neighborhoods
Barfield Park
 Beresford Creek Landing
 Beresford Hall
 Cainhoy Historic District
 Cainhoy Industrial District
 Center Park
 Cochran Park
 Codner's Ferry Park

 Downtown Daniel Island
 Etiwan Park
 Pierce Park
 River Reach Pointe
 Smythe Park
 The Peninsula

References 

 
South Carolina
County seats in South Carolina
Hangu can be any of the following:

Hangu, Romania, a village in Neamţ county, Romania
Hangu (Pakistan), town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Hangu District (Pakistan), district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Miranzai Valley, also Hangu, in Pakistan
Hangu Pass, pass in China
Hangu District, Tianjin, district in Tianjin, China

Hangu Korean writing system
The term Karak can mean any of the following:

 Karak (Pakistan) is a city in Pakistan.
 Karak District is in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
 Karak (mascot), a mascot in form of Red-tailed Black Cockatoo at the 18th Commonwealth Games at Melbourne in 2006.
 Karak Expressway, a highway in Malaysia.
 Karak, Pahang, a town in Malaysia.
Taunton is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts,  United States. It is the  seat of Bristol County and the hub of the Greater Taunton Area. As of the 2000 census, Taunton had 55,976 people living in it.  The United States Census Bureau says that the city has an area of 48.0 square miles.

Sister city
Taunton shares a sister city status with:

 Taunton, Somerset, United Kingdom
 Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal

Other websites
City of Taunton's Home Page 
Taunton Area Chamber of Commerce's Official Home Page

Cities in Massachusetts
County seats in Massachusetts
1637 establishments
1630s establishments in Massachusetts
Gerhard Ertl (born 10 October 1936) is a German physicist in the Department of Physical Chemistry of the Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG . He was born on 10 October 1936 in Stuttgart, Germany. Professor Ertl won the Nobel prize for Chemistry in 2007.

Ertl’s research laid the foundation of modern surface chemistry, which has helped explain how fuel cells produce energy without pollution, how catalytic converters clean up car exhausts and even why iron rusts, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. 

His work has paved the way for development of cleaner energy sources and will guide the development of fuel cells, said Astrid Graslund, secretary of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.
The Nobel academy said Ertl provided a detailed description of how chemical reactions take place on surfaces. His findings applied in both academic studies and industrial development, the academy said. “Surface chemistry can even explain the destruction of the ozone layer, as vital steps in the reaction actually take place on the surfaces of small crystals of ice in the stratosphere,” the award citation reads.

Personal life
Ertl and his wife Barbara have two children and several grandchildren. His hobbies include playing the piano and also playing with his cats.

Publications
Professor Ertl is an editor of the Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis
Education
Professor Ertl studied physics at the Technical University of Stuttgart from 1955 to 1957. He studied at the University of Paris from 1957 to 1958 and then at Ludwig Maximillians University in Munich from 1958 to 1959. He returned to the Technical University of Stuttgart where he got a diplom of physics in 1961. Then he studied at the Technical University of Munich and got a PhD in 1965.

Academic work
Academic work

Work
After getting his PhD, he stayed in Munich as an assistant and a lecturer between 1965 and 1968. Then, he moved to the Technical University of Hannover where he worked as Professor and Director from 1968 to 1973. In 1973, Professor Ertl returned to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich to work as a professor at the Institute of Physical Chemistry. He worked there until 1986 and during this time was a regular visitor to the California Institute of Technology, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the University of California, in Berkeley where he worked as a visiting professor. In 1986, he became professor at the Free University of Berlin and the Technical University of Berlin. He was director at the Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG from 1986 and was also a professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin from 1996. Professor Ertl retired in 2004.
Studies
Professor Ertl studied the molecules of ammonia, iron, carbon monoxide and palladium to help make modern catalytic converters. He studied platinum to learn about its atoms.

Professor Ertl helped to develop new ways of using microscopes. One was called low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) used at the beginning of his career and later he worked on ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and scanning tunneling microscope (STM).

Awards
Professor Ertl and Gabor A. Somorjai won the Wolf Prize for Chemistry in 1998 for outstanding results in surface science and for discovering how crystals react to experiments. 
 
Professor Ertl was awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry in 2007 for more studies of surface science.

References
References

Other websites
 8 The Wolf Foundation Prize in Chemistry. Wolf Foundation. (10-10-2007)
 Associated Press. (10-10-2007) Nobel for ozone layer scientist . CNN. (10-10-2007)
 Profile: Nobel prize the perfect birthday present for Ertl . Deutsche Presse-Agentur. (10-10-2007)
 Gerhard Ertl 
 The Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1998 
 Publications by Gerhard Ertl 

1936 births
Living people
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty
German Nobel Prize winners
German physicists
Scientists from Stuttgart
Wolf Prize winners
Francesco Hayez (February 10, 1791, Venice – December 21, 1882, Milan) was the main artist of Romanticism in mid-19th-century in Milan.

Notable works include:

Petro Rosso Imprisoned by the Scaligeri (c. 1820) 
A series on the Sicilian Vespers (1821-1846)
Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem (c. 1867)
Portrait of Marin Faliero (1867)
Vase of flowers on the window of a harem (c. 1881) 
The Kiss (1859) - Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan

Gallery

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

Other websites
  Historical Romanticism in Italian Painting - Francesco Hayez  The Risorgimento in Italian Art

1791 births
1882 deaths
Italian painters
People from Venice
John William Waterhouse (6 April 1849 – 10 February 1917) was an English painter in the Pre-Raphaelite style. He worked after the breakup of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and so was called "the modern Pre-Raphaelite". He was also influenced by his contemporaries, the Impressionists. His artworks were known for their depictions of women from both ancient Greek mythology and Arthurian legend.

Born in Italy to English parents who were both painters, he later moved to London, where he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Art. He soon began exhibiting at their annual summer exhibitions, focusing on the creation of large canvas works depicting scenes from the daily life and mythology of ancient Greece. Later on in his career he came to embrace the Pre-Raphaelite style of painting despite the fact that it had gone out of fashion in the British art scene several decades before.
Although not as well known as earlier Pre-Raphaelite artists such as Dante Rossetti, John Millais and William Holman Hunt, Waterhouse's work is currently displayed at several major British art galleries, and the Royal Academy of Art organised a major retrospective of his work in 2009.

References 

1849 births
1917 deaths
English painters
Artists from London
People from Rome
Royal Academicians
Toontown is a common name for a fictional human-like city or town where cartoon characters, known as Toons, live.

Who Framed Roger Rabbit
In the 1988 movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Toontown is a cartoonish city near Los Angeles.

Related pages
Toontown Online

The Walt Disney Company
The Semantic Web is a project of the W3C that uses metadata, to write specific details related to a subject, to let computers better process the information on the internet. This plan, for saving additional semantic details, would make computers able to do more of the work involved in finding, sharing and combining information on the internet.

The Semantic Web is an idea of the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners Lee. He has wanted to make the web more intuitive about how to meet a user's needs. The semantics of information and services is defined in Web Ontology Language (OWL) and RDF Schemas. These are used to give a formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships within a given area of knowledge.

Tim Berners-Lee's idea was as follows:
Markup 
The World Wide Web is based on HTML documents. The semantic web involves using Resource description Framework (RDF) that has data that computers use. The layout used in HTML will be stored separately such as in a CSS file. RDF and OWL can either supplement or replace the content of web documents (XHTML).

In this way, a machine can use the knowledge itself. By using the information in ways similar to human reasoning, it can create more meaningful results.

References

Internet
Langlade County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  There were 20,740 people living in Langlade County as of the year 2000.  Its county seat is Antigo.  The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of 888 square miles.

Neighboring counties 
Oneida County - northwest
Forest County - northeast
Oconto County - east
Menominee County - southeast
Shawano County - south
Marathon County - southwest
Lincoln County - west

Cities and towns 
Ackley
Ainsworth
Antigo (town)
Antigo
Elcho
Evergreen
Langlade
Neva
Norwood
Parrish
Peck
Polar
Price
Rolling
Summit
Upham
Vilas
White Lake
Wolf River

Other websites
Langlade County
Notes on Langlade County history

1879 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Wisconsin
Adams County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 18,643 people living in Adams County as of the year 2000. Its county seat is Friendship. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of 689 square miles.

Other counties 
Wood County – northwest
Portage County – northeast
Waushara County – east
Marquette County – east
Columbia County – southeast
Sauk County – southwest
Juneau County – west

Cities, villages and towns

Cities 
Adams
Wisconsin Dells (partial)

Villages 
Friendship

Towns

Unincorporated places 
Arkdale

References

Other websites 
Adams County official website
Adams County Chamber of Commerce

1853 establishments in Wisconsin
Ligaria cuneifolia van Tigh, (syn. Psittacanthus cuneifolius (Ruiz et Pav.) Blume) is a shrubby, glabrous plant. It's fruit a globular berry. It is commonly known as “liga” (Argentina) or “quintral de espino” (Chile).

Sources
Baldini A, L Pancel.2002. Agentes de daño en el bosque nativo   Editorial Universitaria Santiago de Chile 
Fernández T B et al. 2000  Mistletoe from Argentine. Chap 5. pp. 61–74 in  Büssing A. (ed.) Mistletoe: The Genus Viscum. CRC Press

Other websites

 Domingezia  (PDF)

Santalales
Hypersonic speeds are speeds that are highly supersonic.

Hypersonic can be any of the following:

 HSQLDB, previously Hypersonic SQL
 Hypersonic effect, psychological effect
 Hypersonic (laptop), brand
In aerodynamics, hypersonic speeds are speeds that are significantly faster than the speed of sound. Any speed faster than Mach 5 (five times faster than the speed of sound; 1,715 m/s at sea level) is said to be hypersonic.  Hypersonic speeds are distinguished from supersonic speeds, because air and aircraft act very strangely at hypersonic speeds; even stranger than at supersonic speeds.

Characteristics of Hypersonic Flow
When an aircraft is moving at hypersonic speeds, it is subject to certain special effects due to its speed. Some of these effects are:

Thin Shock Layer
As the plane goes faster, the density behind the shock wave increases. At the same time, the volume of the air behind the shock wave decreases. Because of this, the shock layer (the space between the aircraft's body and the shock wave) becomes very thin. This is important because it changes the way the plane has to be built.
Entropy Layer
As a plane goes faster, the entropy change across the shock wave increases.  This results in a strong entropy gradient.  This causes air around the aircraft to swirl like a vortex, in what is called "vortical flow."  This is important because it mixes with what is called the "boundary layer" around the aircraft.  A boundary layer is a small area of air around the plane which is moving slower than the air farther away from the aircraft.  When the vortical flow mixes with the boundary layer, the boundary layer is disrupted, and the aircraft becomes very unstable.

Viscous Interaction
At very high speeds, objects that are inside the atmosphere become very hot. This can cause the previously mentioned boundary layer of the plane to expand. When the boundary layer expands, the aircraft gets even hotter. Put simply, planes moving extremely fast experience lots and lots of drag and get very very hot. This process is caused by the viscosity of air, which is why this is called "viscous interaction."
Fun Fact 
The adjective "sonic" was first used in the 1920s, from the Latin sonus, or "sound." Ever since, it's been used not only to describe things relating to sound, but also things that travel as fast as sound.

Other websites
Note:May not be simple 
NASA's Guide to Hypersonics 

Fluid mechanics
Great Langton is a small village in the English county of North Yorkshire. It is 1.2 square miles in area and 116 people live there.

Villages in North Yorkshire
Leonid Hurwicz (August 21, 1917 – June 24, 2008) was an American economist and mathematician. He won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics.

Hurwicz invented the economic sciences of incentive compatibility and mechanism design. International economy and trade is studied using the ideas Professor Hurwicz had.

Hurwicz worked as Regents Professor of Economics (head teacher of economics) at the University of Minnesota. Professor Hurwicz believed that game theory is very important. Hurwicz shared the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson for their work on ways mechanism design.
Personal life
Professor Hurwicz was born in Moscow, Russia to a Jewish family a few months before the October Revolution. His family is Polish and had lived in Congress Kingdom (the part of Poland then in the Russian Empire) but they moved to Russia to escape World War I. Soon after Professor Hurwicz was born, the family returned to Warsaw, in Poland. Hurwicz and his family were treated very badly by the Bolsheviks and Nazis because they were Jewish. He became a refugee again when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939. His parents and brother ran away to Russia where they were arrested by the Soviets and sent to labor camps. Hurwicz was forced to move to Switzerland, then to Portugal and finally in 1940 he moved to the United States. His family joined him there after some time.
Hurwicz hired Evelyn Jensen to help him teach during the 1940s. She grew up on a Wisconsin farm and was studying economics at the University of Chicago. Leonid and Evelyn got married in 1944 and later, lived on the Mississippi River parkway in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They have four children called Sarah, Michael, Ruth and Maxim.

He has interests in linguistics, archaeology, biochemistry and music. He has researched for meteorology and is a member of the National Science Foundation department for trying to control the weather. When Eugene McCarthy ran for president of the United States (1968), Hurwicz was a Minnesota delegate to the Democratic Party Convention and a member of the Democratic Party Platform Committee.

Hurwicz died of renal failure in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the age of 90.
Education and early work
Professor Hurwiczs father wanted him to study law and he did. In 1938 Hurwicz got a degree from Warsaw University. He enjoyed studying in economics class and went to the London School of Economics with Nicholas Kaldor and Friedrich Hayek. In 1939 he moved to Geneva where he studied at the Graduate Institute of International Studies and studied Ludwig von Mises teaching. After moving to the United States he studied more economics at Harvard University and the University of Chicago. Professor Hurwicz does not have a degree in economics but he won the Nobel prize for economics in 2007. He said, "Whatever economics I learned, I learned by listening and learning."
In 1941 Hurwicz was helping Paul Samuelson to teach at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and helping Oskar Lange to teach at the University of Chicago. At Illinois Institute of Technology during the war, Hurwicz taught electronics to the U.S. Army Signal Corps. Then from 1942 to 1944, at the University of Chicago, he was a member of the faculty of the Institute of Meteorology and taught statistics in the Department of Economics. His advisors in 1942 were Jacob Marschak and Tjalling Koopmans of the University of Chicago, who now work for the Cowles Foundation at Yale University.

Teaching and studies
Hurwicz was given a job by Walter Heller at the University of Minnesota in 1951, where he became a professor of economics and mathematics in the School of Business Administration. Most of his work for the rest of his life was in Minnesota, but he studied and was a teacher elsewhere in the United States and Asia. In 1955 and again in 1958 Hurwicz was a visiting professor, and a fellow on the second visit, at Stanford University and there in 1959 he published "Optimality and Informational Efficiency in Resource Allocation Processes" on making rules for buyers and sellers and governments share wealth. He taught at Bangalore University in 1965 and, during the 1980s, at Tokyo University, People's University (now Renmin University of China) and the University of Indonesia
. In the United States he was a visiting professor at Harvard in 1969, at the University of California, Berkeley in 1976, at Northwestern University twice in 1988 and 1989, at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1998, the California Institute of Technology in 1999 and the University of Michigan in 2002. He was a visiting Distinguished Professor at the University of Illinois in 2001.
In the University of Minnesota in 1961, Hurwicz became chairman of the Statistics Department, Regents Professor of Economics in 1969, and Curtis L. Carlson Regents Professor of Economics in 1989. He taught subjects ranging from theory to welfare economics, public economics, rules for large companies and mathematical economics. Although he retired from full-time teaching in 1988, Hurwicz taught graduate school as Professor Emeritus in the autumn of 2006. In 2007 his ongoing research was described by the University of Minnesota as "comparison and analysis of systems and techniques of economic organization, welfare economics, game-theoretic implementation of social choice goals, and modeling economic institutions." Professor Hurwiczs published works in these fields date back to 1944. Professor Hurwicz is known internationally for his good work researching economic theory, specially with rules for big businesses and governments using mathematical economics
. In the 1950s, he worked with Kenneth Arrow on non-linear programming. Kenneth Arrow became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Economics prize in 1972. Hurwicz helped Daniel McFadden, who won a Nobel prize in 2000.
Hurwicz is part of teams who edit several journals. He co-edited and contributed to two collections for Cambridge University Press: Studies in Resource Allocation Processes (1978, with Kenneth Arrow) and Social Goals and Social Organization (1987, with David Schmeidler and Hugo Sonnenschein). His recent journals include "Economic Theory" (2003, with Thomas Marschak), "Review of Economic Design" (2001, with Stanley Reiter) and "Advances in Mathematical Economics" (2003, with Marcel K. Richter). Hurwicz has taught works by Fisher-Schultz (1963), Richard T. Ely (1972), David Kinley (1989) and Colin Clark (1997).

Awards
Awards

Memberships and honorary degrees
Hurwicz was voted to be a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1947 and in 1969 was the Econometric Societys president. Hurwicz was made part of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965. In 1974 he was made a part of the National Academy of Sciences and in 1977 was made a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association. Hurwicz was given a National Medal of Science in 1990 by President of the United States George H. W. Bush, for studying Behaviorial and Social Science, given to him for his new work on the theories of how to share wealth in modern decentralization.

He served on the United Nations Economic Commission in 1948 and the United States National Research Council in 1954. In 1964 he was a member of the National Science Foundation Commission on Weather Modification. He is a member of the American Academy of Independent Scholars (1979) and a Distinguished Scholar of the California Institute of Technology (1984).
Using Hurwiczs name
Some important things have been given Professor Hurwicz's name such as the Hurwicz criterion, an idea that Professor Hurwicz had in 1950, and is thought of as very important for economics. The Hurwicz Criterion is also called "under uncertainty". Hurwicz had the idea of putting Abraham Walds work together with work done by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1812. The Hurwicz Criterion tells people to think very carefully of what is good and what is bad before making decisions. Different types of the Hurwicz Criterion have been thought of. Leonard Jimmie Savage made some changes to the first Hurwiczs criterion in 1954. The four peoples work – Laplace, Wald, Hurwicz and Savage – that the Hurwicz Criterion has been based on was studied, corrected and used for over fifty years by many different people including John Milnor, G. L. S. Shackle, Daniel Ellsberg, R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa, but some people say the work was started by Jacob Bernoulli.
Nobel Economics Prize
In October 2007, Hurwicz shared The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel with Eric Maskin of the Institute for Advanced Study and Roger Myerson of the University of Chicago "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory." During a telephone interview, a member of the Nobel Foundation told Hurwicz and his wife that Hurwicz is the oldest person ever to win the Nobel Prize. Hurwicz said, "I hope that others who deserve it also got it." When he was asked what the most important part of mechanism design is, he said welfare economics. The three Nobel prize winners used game theory work by mathematician John Forbes Nash, to discover the best way to reach a good outcome, without forgetting individual people. Mechanism design has been used as a guide for talks and taxation, voting and elections, to design auctions such as those for communications bandwidth, elections and labor talks and for pricing business stocks.
Professor Hurwicz was not able to attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm because of his age, Hurwicz received the prize in Minneapolis. Accompanied by Evelyn, his wife for sixty years, and his family, he was the most important guest at a meeting in the University of Minnesota with the university president Robert Bruininks. After watching the Nobel Prize awards ceremony on television, Jonas Hafstrom, the Swedish ambassador to the United States, awarded the Economics Prize to Professor Hurwicz.

Important work by Professor Hurwicz

Related pages
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

Notes

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 

1917 births
2008 deaths
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Holocaust survivors
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Polish Jews
Refugees from Nazism
Russian Jews
Scientists from Minneapolis
Educators from Minneapolis
A virtual private network, or VPN is a set of technologies which are used to link computers to create a private network. Another network is used to carry the data, which is encrypted. The carrier network will see the packets of data which it routes. To the users of the VPN, it will look like the computers were directly connected to each other.

The VPN model can guarantee the following:
 Confidentiality: The carrier network will route the data, but it will be unable to decrypt it.
 Sender authentication: People need to authenticate themselves, to be able to use the network.
 Message integrity: Messages transported across the network cannot be changed easily while they are in transport. When a message was changed, it is possible to detect this.
In a business context, VPNs are often used to connect different office locations, or to allow people working from outside the company network to access its resources. People can use their computer to connect to their work network and see work websites that cannot be seen on the normal internet.

Similarly, the encryption process allows VPNs to offer anonymity by hiding the user and making it very hard for anyone to track them. As a result, VPNs help make one's online activities on the web anonymous and undecipherable.

VPNs are often used to access websites that are blocked in some countries, like China. Many people also use a VPN to protect their internet activity while using public WiFi.

VPNs can also be used to connect corporate offices to the larger branch offices, also known as site-to-site VPN. This is because direct network connections are impractical between offices that are physically distant.
Common VPN protocols include OpenVPN, Cisco AnyConnect, and IPsec.
Common uses 
 Remote workers connecting to a company network (telecommuting)
 Connecting multiple company offices together over the Internet (site-to-site VPN)
 Connecting to one's own home network from a remote location
 Bypassing censorship or firewalls
 Downloading files or browsing the Web anonymously
 Securing communications on public WiFi

Related pages 
 Deep Web

References 

Internet
Dial-up internet access, usually just called Dial-up, is a slow way of connecting to the Internet by using a telephone line. A modem is connected between a computer and a telephone line and then the modem is instructed to dial the phone number of an Internet service provider (ISP) to connect to the Internet. The ISP must be a dial-up service provider with several dial-up modems waiting to accept dial-up calls. This kind of internet is slower than DSL.   

In most parts of the world, dial-up service was the most common way of connecting to the internet in the late 20th century.  Since the middle of the 2000s it has become uncommon, being largely replaced by DSL and cable modem where those are not too expensive. 

Internet
Telecommunications
iPass Inc is an American multinational company headquartered in Redwood Shores, California. iPass provides Internet access on wireless-enabled devices. iPass was first incorporated in California in July 1996 and later reincorporated in Delaware in June 2000. The company’s stock was added to the NASDAQ on July 24, 2003.

History 
iPass was founded in January 1996 by Chris Moore. Moore was replaced by Michael H. Mansouri, who took the position of Chairman, President and CEO in 1999, serving until 2001.Kenneth Denman succeeded Mansouri as President and CEO in 2001, later assuming the position of Chairman in 2003. 

In July 2003, iPass successfully issued its IPO, raising over $100 million.
In 2004, iPass launched a policy orchestration initiative to integrate patch management, assessment and remediation of remote and mobile computers into its connectivity platform. In pursuing this initiative, iPass acquired two companies in 2004: Safe3w, which developed patented dynamic device “fingerprinting” technology, and Mobile Automation, which specialized in mobile device management.

Two years later, iPass acquired GoRemote Internet Communications, a former rival in the corporate remote access market. In the midst of these acquisitions, iPass recorded year-end revenue growth, despite declining revenues from the company’s traditional dial-up business. In fact, total revenues grew to $192 million by the end of 2007.
In 2008, the company appointed Evan Kaplan as CEO and President to replace Denman. During Kaplan's tenure, iPass began to build a service delivery platform for its new enterprise mobility services. By January 2010, the company delivered the first version of its cloud-based platform, iPass Open Mobile.

2015 ushered in a change in iPass’ executive team, beginning with the appointment of Gary Griffiths to the position of CEO and President. Griffiths and his newly appointed Chief Commercial Officer, Patricia Hume, pursued a new growth strategy for mobility services, launching iPass Unlimited, a per-user, per-month, fixed fee subscription for unlimited Wi-Fi usage. iPass also prioritized strategic partner procurement in 2015, which resulted in the expansion of its network of global hotspots from 18 million to 50 million. The company also undertook enhancements to its products and applications. In November 2015, iPass announced proprietary technology, iPass SmartConnect.
Products and services 
iPass is a cloud-based service manager that connects users and devices to the company’s global Wi-Fi footprint.  In its most simple form, it is an application, downloaded by service users to laptops, tablets, or smartphones, to identify and connect to iPass hotspots. It is compatible with Automatic Credential Assignment.

Derived from the company’s connectivity intellectual property, the app is powered by iPass SmartConnect, iPass’ Wi-Fi service platform, which identifies and rates access points based on factors such as signal strength, speed, bandwidth availability, and connection success rate. iPass SmartConnect also incorporates Last Mile VPN security, profile settings, Wi-Fi connectivity, and network curation to expand the network of available hotspots.

The platform also includes a proprietary scalable reporting and transaction clearing back-end.
Technology infrastructure 
The company has a global authentication fabric of integrated servers and software, interconnected with over 160 distinct global Wi-Fi networks. This infrastructure gives the company’s aggregated hotspots the look and feel of iPass hotspots. With the addition of iPass SmartConnect, the architecture now opens avenues for improving connection success, real-time monitoring of network outages, and least-cost network routing .

Wi-Fi network 
iPass has a Wi-Fi network footprint and supply chain that consists of approximately 50 million hotspots in over 100 countries, including major airports, convention centers, planes, trains, train stations, hotels, restaurants, retail, and small business locations.[22] This network footprint includes millions of community and free hotspots.

Other websites
iPass official website

Internet
Shai Hulud is a hardcore punk band with progressive metal influences formed in Pompano Beach, Florida in 1995.

Band members

Current members
Matt Ian Mazzali - vocals (2007-present)
Matt Fox - guitar (1995-present)
Matthew Fletcher - bass (1998-present)
Andrew Gormley - drums (1999-2000, 2007-present)
Chad Kishick - guitar - (2008-present)

Past members
Damien Moyal - vocals (1995)
Chad Gilbert - vocals (1996-1998)
Geert Van Der Velde - vocals (1999-2004)
Eric Dellon - vocals (2005-2006)
Oliver Chapoy - guitar (1996-1998)
Matt Canning - guitar (2003-2004)
Ryan Burns - guitar (2005-2006)
Dave Silber - bass (1995-1999)
Jared Allen - bass (2000-2002)
Jason Lederman - drums (1995)
Steve Kleisath - drums (1996-1998)
Spikey Goldbach - drums (1999)
Chris Cardinal - drums (2000-2001)
Tony Tintari - drums (2002-2004)
Brian Go - drums (2005-2006)
Greg Thomas - guitar (2007-2008)
Albums 
1997: A Profound Hatred of Man
1997: Hearts Once Nourished with Hope and Compassion
1998: The Fall of Every Man
1999: A Whole New Level of Sickness
2000: Crush 'Em All Vol. 1
2003: That Within Blood Ill-Tempered
2005: A Comprehensive Retrospective: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Release Bad and Useless Recordings
2008: Misanthropy Pure''

References

American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
progressive metal bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Florida