Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
1953 (MCMLIII) was .

Events 
January 20 - Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes the 34th President of the United States.
January 31 - In the night to February 1, a storm severely floods parts of the Netherlands, Belgium and the United Kingdom.
May 29 – Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay become the first humans to reach the top of Mount Everest.
June 2 - Elizabeth II is crowned Queen of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms.
July 27 – The Korean War ends.
August 12 - The 1953 Ionian earthquake struck the southern Ionian Islands in Greece.
November 17 - The Minquiers and Ecrehos case ends with the International Court of Justice giving Minquiers and Écréhous to Jersey.
Unknown - The Taito Corporation is founded in Japan.
Births 
January 9 – Morris Gleitzman, English writer
January 10 - Pat Benatar, American singer
January 13 - Joseph Augustus Zarelli, American murder victim (d. 1957).
January 18  - László Simion, Romanian politician Hungarian nationalities UDMR.
January 21 – Paul Allen, American entrepreneur
January 23 - Robin Zander, American singer (Cheap Trick)
January 24 - Matthew Wilder, American singer-songwriter
January 26 - Anders Fogh Rasmussen, former Prime Minister of Denmark and current NATO Secretary-General
February 8 - Mary Steenburgen, American actress	
February 11 – Jeb Bush, American politician	
February 11 - William Aviv, Jewish actor and politician
February 16 - Loran Bini, Kosovo Christian politician of Bosnian ethnicity
February 19 – Cristina Fernández, President of Argentina
February 25 – Levon Mkrtchyan, Armenian movie director
February 25 - Jose Maria Aznar, former Prime Minister of Spain
February 26 - Michael Bolton, American singer
February 27 - Ian Khama, President of Botswana
February 28 - Paul Krugman, American economist
March 3 - Zico, Brazilian footballer
March 16 – Richard Stallman, Computer programmer and political activist
March 26 – Lincoln Chafee, American politician
April 11 - Guy Verhofstadt, former Prime Minister of Belgium
April 11 - Andrew Wiles, British mathematician
April 20 - Sebastian Faulks, British writer
May 2 - Valery Gergiev, Russian conductor
May 6 – Tony Blair, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
May 6 - Graeme Souness, Scottish footballer and manager
May 8 - Alex Van Halen, musician (Van Halen)
May 8 - Billy Burnette, American singer and guitarist (Fleetwood Mac)
May 14 - Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia
May 16 - Pierce Brosnan, Irish actor
May 19 - Victoria Wood, British actress and comedienne
May 24 - Alfred Molina, British actor
May 25 – Eve Ensler, American playwright
May 29 – Danny Elfman, American musician (Oingo Boingo)
June 1 - David Berkowitz, American serial killer
June 2 - Keith Allen, English actor and comedian
June 2 - Cornel West, American theologian and activist
June 4 – Linda Lingle, American politician
June 8 - Ivo Sanader, former Prime Minister of Croatia
June 15 - Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party and President of China
June 21 – Benazir Bhutto, Pakistani politician (d. 2007)
June 22 - Cyndi Lauper, American singer
July 1 - Jadranka Kosor, former Prime Minister of Croatia
July 11 - Leon Spinks, American boxer
July 21 - Jeff Fatt, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
July 29 – Geddy Lee, Canadian musician and singer (Rush)
July 31 – James Read, American actor
August 17 - Herta Mueller, German writer
August 27 – Alex Lifeson, Canadian musician (Rush)
September 2 – John Zorn, American musician
September 3 – Jean-Pierre Jeunet, French director
September 4 - Fatih Terim, Turkish football manager
September 11 - Tommy Shaw, American guitarist (Styx)
September 20 - Mihaly Kincses, Hungarian politician and doctor
September 22 – Ségolène Royal, French politician
October 1 – Klaus Wowereit, German politician
November 14 – Dominique de Villepin, Premier of France
November 14 – Jos Oehlen, Dutch sculptor
November 16 - Griff Rhys-Jones, British actor, comedian and writer
November 26 - Hilary Benn, British politician
November 28 - Alistair Darling, British politician
December 6 - Geoff Hoon, British politician
December 8 - Kim Basinger, American actress
December 9 – John Malkovich, American actor and director
December 13 - Ben Bernanke, American chairman of the Federal Reserve
December 26 - Toomas Hendrik Ilves, President of Estonia
December 28 - Martha Wash, American singer (The Weather Girls)
Deaths 
January 1 – Hank Williams, American musician
January 28 – James Scullin, Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1876)
March 5 – Joseph Stalin, Soviet leader assassinated (b.1878)
March 5 – Sergei Prokofiev, Russian composer (b. 1891)
March 24 - Mary of Teck, Consort of George V of the United Kingdom (b. 1866)
September 28 - Edwin Hubble, American astronomer (b. 1891)
September 29 – Ernst Reuter, German politician (b. 1889)
October 9 – Jimmy Finlayson, Scottish-American actor (b. 1887)
November 9 – Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet (b. 1914)
Events 
 Venus de Milo discovered.
 Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Births 
 March 22 – John Brown, English cricketer (died 1893)
 May 12 – Florence Nightingale, Italian-born English nurse (died 1910)
 date unknown
 Anne Bronte, English novelist (died 1849)
 King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (died 1873)
 Joseph Whitaker, English publisher (died 1896)

Deaths 
George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1738)
Daniel Boone (b. 1734)

Books 
 The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. by Washington Irving
Cannibalism is where a member of a species eats the flesh of another member of that species. It is also called anthropophagy when humans do it. Anthropologists are not sure how widespread it was, but it did happen in some societies.

The word 'cannibalism' comes from the Island Carib people of the Lesser Antilles. They got a long-standing reputation as cannibals when their legends were recorded in the 17th century. Some controversy exists over the accuracy of these legends.

Cannibalism was widespread in the past among humans in many parts of the world, continuing into the 19th century in some isolated South Pacific cultures, and to the present day in parts of tropical Africa. Cannibalism was certainly practiced in New Guinea and in parts of the Solomon Islands, and flesh markets existed in some parts of Melanesia. Fiji was once known as the 'Cannibal Isles'. Cannibalism has been well documented around the world, from Fiji to the Amazon Basin to the Congo Basin to the Māori in New Zealand.

References
References

Other websites 
 The cannibalism paradigm: assessing contact period ethnohistorical discourse, by James Q. Jacobs.  A critical, academic review of Mesoamerican cannibalism claims.
 BBC article about German cannibalism case
 Harry J. Brown, 'Hans Staden among the Tupinambas.'
 Lyrics and English translation of Mein Teil, the Rammstein song about the Meiwes incident
Up to 1900 
 1176 - Battle of Legnano: The Lombard League defeats Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor.
 1328 – Philip VI of France is crowned King.
 1453 - Fall of Constantinople: Ottoman armies under Sultan Mehmed II Fatih captures Constantinople after a 53-day siege, ending the Byzantine Empire.
 1613 - Heavy flooding in Thuringia kills 2,261 people.
 1660 – Charles II becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland as the monarchy is restored.
 1677 - The Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Native Americans.
 1717 - The Spanish colonists create the Viceroyalty of New Granada, consisting of present-day Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, as well as areas that are now part of Peru and Guyana.
 1727 – Peter II becomes Tsar of Russia.
 1780 - American Revolutionary War: At the Battle of the Waxhaws, the British continue attacking after the Continentals lay down their arms, killing 113.
 1790 – Rhode Island becomes the 13th State of the US.
1798 - United Irishmen Rebellion: Between 300 and 500 United Irishmen are massacred by the British Army in County Kildare, Ireland.
 1825 - King Charles X of France crowns himself in Reims.
 1848 – Wisconsin becomes the 30th State of the US.
 1852 - Operatic singer Jenny Lind leaves New York City after a two-year tour of the United States.
 1867 – The Austro-Hungarian compromise establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria becomes King of Hungary on June 8.
 1886 – Chemist John Pemberton advertises Coca-Cola in the Atlanta Journal.
 1900 - N'Djamena is founded as Fort Lamy by French commander Emile Gentil.
1901  2000 
 1913 - Igor Stravinsky's ballet score The Rite of Spring receives its first performance in Paris, with a riot later occurring.
 1914 – The Ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland sinks in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, killing 1,024 people.
 1917 – John F. Kennedy is born in Brookline, Massachusetts.
 1918 - The current Flag of Finland is introduced.
 1918 - Armenia defeats the Ottoman Army in the Battle of Sardarabad.
 1919 - Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity is tested by Arthur Eddington and Andrew Claude de la Cherois.
 1931 - Michele Schirru, a US citizen, is executed by an Italian military firing squad for intent to kill Benito Mussolini.
 1935 - The Messerschmidt Bf 109 fighter aircraft has its first flight.
 1939 - Albanian Fascist leader Tefik Mborja is appointed as member of the Italian Chamber of Fasces and Corporations.
1942 - Bing Crosby, the Ken Darby singers and the John Scott Trotter Orchestra record Irving Berlin's song White Christmas, which later becomes the best-selling Christmas single ever.
 1948 - Creation of the UN peacekeeping force, the UN Truce Supervision Organization.
 1953 – Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary become the first humans to reach the top of Mount Everest.
 1954 - The first of the yearly Bilderberg conferences takes place.
 1964 - The Arab League meets in East Jerusalem to discuss the Palestinian question, leading to the formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization.
 1966 - The Azteca Stadium opens in Mexico City and has a capacity of 105,000. It goes on to host the final of the FIFA World Cup on two occasions, in 1970 and 1986.
 1973 – Tom Bradley is elected the first African American Mayor of Los Angeles.
 1974 - Yitzhak Rabin replaces Golda Meir as Prime Minister of Israel.
 1982 - Falklands War: British forces defeat the Argentines at the Battle of Goose Green.
1982 – Pope John Paul II visits Canterbury cathedral.
 1985 – One of Europe's worst ever stadium disasters occurs after a riot at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium, in which 39 people are killed. As a result, English football teams are banned from European Competition - the ban is removed a few years later.
 1985 - Amputee Steve Fonyo completes a cross-Canada marathon in Victoria, British Columbia, after 14 months.
 1986 - The current 12-star Flag of the European Union is first raised in Brussels.
 1988 - US President Ronald Reagan begins his first official visit to the Soviet Union, to meet with Mikhail Gorbachev.
 1990 - The Russian parliament elects Boris Yeltsin as President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
 1994 – East Germany's former leader Erich Honecker dies in Santiago, Chile, at the age of 81.
 1999 – Olusegun Obasanjo becomes President of Nigeria.
 1999 – The Space Shuttle Discovery completes its first docking with the International Space Station.
From 2001 
 2004 - The US National World War II Memorial is unveiled in Washington, DC.
 2005 – In a referendum, 54.8% of voters in France reject the proposed new European Constitution. Voters in the Netherlands also reject the Constitution by a majority a few days later.
 2008 - 30 people are injured by a magnitude 6.1 earthquake in Selfoss, Iceland.
 2010 – Tropical storm Agatha kills 180 people in Guatemala. During the storm, a large sinkhole opens up in the middle of Guatemala City.
 2010 – Lena Meyer-Landrut of Germany wins the 55th Eurovision Song Contest in Oslo, Norway, with the song "Satellite".
 2012 - A magnitude 5.8 earthquake hits Northern Italy near Bologna, killing at least 24 people.
 2012 - Mitt Romney secures the Republican Party nomination for the US presidential election, in which he is defeated by incumbent Barack Obama on November 6.
 2013 - The first same-sex marriage in France takes place.
 2015 - Muhammadu Buhari takes office as President of Nigeria.
2015 - Sepp Blatter is controversially re-elected President of FIFA in a week of scandal at football's world governing body. He announces his resignation four days later.
 2018 - 2018 Liège attack: A gunman kills 3 people (including two female police officers) in the Belgian city of Liège before being killed by police.
 2018 - Russian journalist Arkady Babchenko is initially reported to have been shot dead, but appears alive at a press conference the following day; the Ukrainian secret services say they had faked his murder to prevent an attempt on his life.
 2018 - US TV network ABC cancels the recently returned show Roseanne after a row erupts over its main star Roseanne Barr's Twitter comments.
Up to 1900 
 1265 – Dante Alighieri, Italian poet (d. 1321)
 1439 - Pope Pius III (d. 1503)
 1594 - Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Bavarian field marshal (d. 1632)
 1627 - Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, French aristocrat (d. 1693)
 1630 – Charles II, King of England, Ireland and Scotland (d. 1685)
 1675 - Humphry Ditton, English mathematician (d. 1715)
 1716 - Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, French botanist (d. 1800)
 1736 – Patrick Henry, 1st Governor of Virginia (d. 1799)
 1773 – Princess Sophia of Gloucester (d. 1844)
 1780 - Henri Braconnot, French chemist and pharmacist (d. 1855)
 1794 - Johann Heinrich von Madler, German astronomer (d. 1874)
 1823 - John H. Balsley, American carpenter and inventor (d. 1895)
 1830 - Louise Michel, French writer and anarchist (d. 1905)
 1860 – Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (d. 1909)
 1868 - Abdülmecid II, last Caliph of the Ottoman Dynasty (d. 1944)
 1871 - Clark Greenwood Voorhees, American painter (d. 1933)
1873 - Rudolf Tobias, Estonian composer (d. 1918)
 1874 – G. K. Chesterton, English novelist (d. 1936)
 1880 – Oswald Spengler, German philosopher (d. 1936)
 1892 - Alfonsina Storni, Swiss-Argentine poet (d. 1938)
 1893 - Max Brand, American writer (d. 1944)
 1894 - Beatrice Lillie, Canadian actress (d. 1989)
 1894 - Josef von Sternberg, Austrian-American director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1969)
 1897 - Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Austrian composer (d. 1957)
 1899 - Douglas Abbott, Canadian politician (d. 1987)
1901  1950 
 1903 – Bob Hope, British-born American comedian and actor (d. 2003)
 1904 – Gregg Toland, American cameraman (d. 1948)
 1905 – Sebastian Shaw, English actor, director and playwright (d. 1994)
 1906 – T. H. White, English writer (d. 1964)
 1911 – Armida, Mexican-American actress, singer and dancer (d. 1989)
 1914 – Stacy Keach, Sr., American actor (d. 2003)
 1914 – Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, Nepalese mountain guide, reached the top of Mount Everest with Edmund Hillary (d. 1986)
 1917 – John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (d. 1963)
 1919 – Jacques Genest, Canadian physician
 1920 – John Harsanyi, Hungarian-born economist (d. 2000)
 1923 – Bernard Clavel, French writer (d. 2010)
 1924 – Lars Bo, Danish writer and artist (d. 1999)
 1924 – Behjat Sadr, Iranian painter (d. 2009)
 1926 – Katie Boyle, British actress and television presenter (d. 2018)
 1926 – Charles Denner, French actor (d. 1995)
 1926 – Abdoulaye Wade, former President of Senegal
1928 – Jacques Taminiaux, Belgian philosopher
 1929 – Peter Higgs, British physicist (Higgs boson) and Nobel Prize in Physics winner
 1929 – Harry Frankfurt, American philosopher
 1932 – Richie Guerin, American basketball player
 1932 – Paul R. Ehrlich, American biologist and writer
 1933 – Helmuth Rilling, German choral conductor and teacher
 1934 – Bill Vander Zalm, Dutch-Canadian politician, 28th Premier of British Columbia
 1935 – André Brink, South African writer (d. 2015)
 1937 – Jasper Griffin, English classical philologist
 1937 – Hibari Misora, Japanese actress (d. 1989)
 1937 – Alwin Schockemöhle, German showjumper
 1938 – Christopher Bland, British businessman and politician (d. 2017)
 1939 – Al Unser, American racing driver
 1940 – Farooq Leghari, President of Pakistan (d. 2010)
 1940 – Taiho Koki, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2013)
 1941 – Doug Scott, English mountaineer
 1941 – Bob Simon, American television correspondent (d. 2015)
1942 – Pierre Bourque, Canadian politician, 40th Mayor of Montreal
 1942 – Kevin Conway, American actor
 1944 – Bob Benmosche, American businessman (d. 2015)
 1944 – Maurice Bishop, Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 1983)
 1944 – Quentin Davies, Baron Davies of Stamford, English politician
 1945 – Gary Brooker, English singer-songwriter and pianist
 1945 – Peter Fraser, Baron Fraser of Carmyllie, Scottish politician (d. 2013)
 1945 – Catherine Lara, French singer-songwriter and violinist
 1947 – Anthony Geary, American actor
 1947 – Joey Levine, American singer-songwriter and producer
 1947 – Gene Robinson, American bishop
 1947 – Constantino Romero, Spanish radio host and actor (d. 2013)
 1948 – Nick Mancuso, Italian-Canadian actor
 1949 – Robert Axelrod, American actor
 1949 – Francis Rossi, English musician (Status Quo)
 1950 – Rebbie Jackson, American singer
1951  1975 
 1951 - Peter Chernin, President of News Corporation
 1952 - Zeituni Onyango, Kenyan-American computer programmer (d. 2014)
 1953 - Aleksandr Abdulov, Russian actor and director (d. 2008)
 1953 – Danny Elfman, American singer, composer, musician ("Oingo Boingo")
 1955 - Carme Forcadell, Catalan politician
 1955 - Gordon Rintoul, Director of the National Museums of Scotland
 1955 - Mike Porcaro, American musician (Toto) (d. 2015)
 1955 – John Hinckley, Jr., American attempted assassin
 1956 – La Toya Jackson, American singer
 1956 - Mark Lyall Grant, English diplomat, UK Ambassador to the United Nations
 1956 - Bjarni Fridriksson, Icelandic judoka
 1957 - Ted Levine, American actor
 1958 - Karen Maruyama, Japanese-American actress
 1958 - Mike Stenhouse, American baseball player
 1958 - Wayne Duvall, American actor
 1958 – Annette Bening, American actress
 1959 – Rupert Everett, English actor
 1959 - Steve Hanley, Irish-English bass player and songwriter
1961 - Melissa Etheridge, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and activist
 1962 - Fandi Ahmad, Singaporean footballer, coach and manager
 1962 - Carol Kirkwood, Scottish weather presenter
 1962 - Semino Rossi, Argentine-Italian singer
 1963 - Blaze Bayley, English singer-songwriter (Iron Maiden)
 1967 – Noel Gallagher, English musician (Oasis)
 1970 - Roberto Di Matteo, Italian footballer and manager
 1971 - Rob Womack, British paralympic athlete
 1972 - Stanislas, French singer-songwriter
 1972 - Bill Curley, American basketball player
 1972 - Simon Jones, British singer and bass player
 1975 – Melanie Brown, English singer (Spice Girls)
 1975 - Sarah Millican, English comedienne
From 1976 
 1976 - Yegor Titov, Russian footballer
 1977 – Massimo Ambrosini, Italian footballer
 1977 – Marco Cassetti, Italian footballer
 1977 - Antonio Lebo Lebo, Angolan footballer
 1978 - Pelle Almqvist, Swedish singer-songwriter and bass player (The Hives)
 1978 – Sébastien Grosjean, French tennis player
 1978 - Lorenzo Odone, Italian Adrenoleukodystrophy patient (d. 2008)
 1978 - Adam Rickitt, English singer and actor
 1979 – Arne Friedrich, German footballer
 1979 - Brian Kendrick, American professional wrestler
 1979 - Fonseca, Colombian singer
 1981 – Andrei Arshavin, Russian footballer
 1982 - Ana Beatriz Barros, Brazilian model
 1982 - Joanne Borgella, American singer and model (d. 2014)
 1982 – Anita Briem, Icelandic actress
 1982 - Bjarte Myrhol, Norwegian handball player
 1983 - Jean Makoun, Cameroonian footballer
 1984 – Carmelo Anthony, American NBA basketball player
 1985 - Hernanes, Brazilian footballer
 1986 - Hornswoggle, American professional wrestler
1987 - Alessandra Torresani, American actress
 1988 - Cheng Fei, Chinese gymnast
 1988 - Steve Mason, Canadian ice hockey goaltender
 1988 - Muath Al-Kasasbeh, Jordanian air force pilot (d. 2015)
 1989 - Riley Keough, American model and actress
 1989 - Brandon Mychal Smith, American actor, singer and dancer
 1992 - Gregg Sulkin, British actor
 1998 - Lucia Gil, Spanish singer and actress
Up to 1950 
 1259 – King Christopher I of Denmark (b. 1219)
 1379 - Henry II of Castile (b. 1334)
 1425 – Hongxi Emperor of China (b. 1378)
 1453 - Constantine XI Palaiologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1404)
 1500 - Bartolomeu Dias, Portuguese explorer (b. 1451)
 1546 - David Beaton, Scottish cardinal and politician (b. 1494)
 1814 – Josephine de Beauharnais, Empress of France (b. 1763)
 1829 – Humphrey Davy, British chemist (b. 1778)
 1866 – Winfield Scott, American general (b. 1786)
 1868 – Michael Obrenovich III of Serbia (b. 1823)
 1883 - Princess Marianne of the Netherlands (b. 1810)
 1892 – Baha'u'llah, founder of the Baha'i religion (b. 1817)
 1903 - Bruce Price, American architect (b. 1845)
 1910 - Mily Balakirev, Russian pianist, composer and conductor (b. 1837)
 1911 - W. S. Gilbert, English playwright and poet (b. 1836)
 1919 – Robert Bacon, 39th United States Secretary of State (b. 1860)
 1931 - Michele Schirru, US citizen executed by an Italian military firing squad
1935 - Josef Suk, Czech violinist and composer (b. 1874)
 1939 - Ursula Ledochowska, Austrian-Polish nun and saint (b. 1865)
 1942 - John Barrymore, American actor (b. 1882)
 1948 - May Whitty, English actress (b. 1865)
1951  2010 
 1951 – Fanny Brice, American singer and comedienne (b. 1891)
 1958 – Juan Ramon Jimenez, Spanish writer (b. 1881)
 1972 - Prithviraj Kapoor, Indian actor (b. 1901)
 1973 - P. Ramlee, Malaysian actor, director, producer and composer (b. 1929)
 1973 - George Harriman, English rugby player and managing director (b. 1908)
 1977 - Ba Maw, Prime Minister of Burma (b. 1893)
 1979 – Mary Pickford, Canadian-born actress (b. 1892)
 1982 – Romy Schneider, Austrian-French actress (b. 1938)
 1987 - Charan Singh, 5th Prime Minister of India (b. 1902)
 1988 - Siaka Stevens, President of Sierra Leone (b. 1905)
 1989 - John Cipollina, American guitarist (b. 1943)
 1994 – Erich Honecker, East German political leader (b. 1913)
 1996 - Tamara Toumanova, Russian-American ballerina and actress (b. 1919)
 1997 – Jeff Buckley, American musician (b. 1966)
 1998 – Barry Goldwater, United States Senator (b. 1909)
 2004 - Archibald Cox, American lawyer and politician (b. 1912)
2008 – Luc Bourdon, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1987)
 2009 – Karine Ruby, French snowboarder (b. 1978)
 2010 – Dennis Hopper, American actor (b. 1936)
From 2011 
 2011 – Sergei Bagapsh, President of Abkhazia (b. 1949)
 2011 – Ferenc Madl, President of Hungary (b. 1931)
 2011 - Bill Clements, 42nd Governor of Texas (b. 1917)
 2012 - Kaneto Shindo, Japanese director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1912)
 2012 - Doc Watson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1923)
 2013 - Mulgrew Miller, American pianist (b. 1955)
 2013 - Franca Rame, Italian actress (b. 1929)
 2014 - Karlheinz Böhm, Austrian-German actor (b. 1928)
 2014 - Walter Jakob Gehring, Swiss developmental biologist (b. 1939)
 2014 - Christine Charbonneau, Canadian singer and songwriter (b. 1943)
 2015 - Bruno Pesaola, Italian footballer (b. 1925)
 2015 - Ed Gilligan, American financial executive, President of American Express (b. 1960)
 2015 - Doris Hart, American tennis player (b. 1925)
 2015 - Betsy Palmer, American actress (b. 1926)
 2016 - Ralph Ketner, American businessman (b. 1920)
 2016 - T. Marshall Hahn, American academic administrator (b. 1926)
2016 - Don McNay, American financial writer and columnist (b. 1959)
 2017 - Konstantinos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1918)
 2017 - Manuel Noriega, Panamanian military leader (b. 1934)
 2017 - Mordechai Tzipori, Israeli general and politician (b. 1924)
 2017 - Michael A'Hearn, American astronomer (b. 1940)
 2018 - Yoseph Imry, Israeli physicist (b. 1939)
Observances 
 Democracy Day (Nigeria)
 International UN Peacekeepers Day
 Oak Apple Day (England)
 Statehood Day (Rhode Island and Wisconsin)

Days of the year
Halloween is a celebration on the night of October 31. It is most practiced in the United States, Australia and Canada.  Children wear costumes and go to people's homes saying "Trick or treat!" to ask for candy (sweets in the UK) and people give it to them. The suggestion is: "Give me a treat or I will play a trick on you."  People traditionally dress up as ghosts, witches, or other scary things for Halloween. Halloween for adults is not the same as it is for children.  It is often referred to as ‘the scariest time of the year’.

For Christians it is the eve of All Saints' Day, which begins the three-day observance of Allhallowtide.  This covers the three days – October 31 (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe'en), November 1 (All Saints) and November 2 (All Souls).  All Hallows' is a Christianized holiday and originated in Ireland. It also has pagan roots.
Origins 
Halloween originated from Ireland. The pagan holiday Samhain, which the All Saints holy day replaced, was also known as the Day of the Dead. Many wiccans and modern pagans celebrate the Day of the Dead. It is the day that some believed the souls of dead people come back to Earth. This is a happy holiday (even though it celebrates death) because some of the souls will visit the homes of their family. Pope Gregory III originally designated Halloween on November 1 as a time to honor all saints. Soon, All Saints Day incorporated some of the traditions of Samhain.

Many Lutheran churches celebrate a holiday on November 2 called the Reformation. This holiday celebrates the day that Martin Luther put The Ninety-Five Theses on a church door.

After mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century, Halloween became a major holiday in America.
The pagan rituals of earlier times evolved into fun and games.  For example, the concept of connecting to the dead was replaced with the more lighthearted idea of telling the future.  Bobbing for apples became popular as a fortune-telling game on All Hallows' Eve: Apples would be selected to represent a woman's suitors, and the apple she ended up biting into would supposedly represent her future husband.  Halloween posed a huge matchmaking opportunity for young women in the 19th century.

Symbols 

Development of symbols connected with Halloween formed with time. Jack-o'-lanterns are traditionally carried on All Hallows' Eve in order to scare evil spirits. Elements of the fall season, such as pumpkins, harvest, and scarecrows, are also common. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of horror, magic and the supernatural. Black, and orange are Halloween's traditional colors.

Costumes
Costumes

During Halloween, some people, especially children, wear costumes. People have worn costumes at Halloween for centuries. Wearing a costume may come from Celtic festivals of Samhain and Calan Gaeaf. It could also be from the Christian Allhallowtide.

Early costumes were usually scary. They were often supernatural beings or from folklore. In the 1930s costumes of characters from literature, radio, or movies became popular, and such costumes are also popular today. Scary costumes are still popular.

Games and Other Activities 
In addition to trick-or-treating, there are several traditional activities connected with Halloween.
In old times people would try to tell the future, especially to try to learn who they would marry.
 People make Jack-o-lanterns and place them in front of their houses.
 People play a game called apple bobbing. In this game apples are placed in water, and people must try to remove the apples with only their teeth.
 Telling ghost stories, listening to Halloween-themed songs and watching horror films are common activities on Halloween. TV shows (with special shows usually for children) are commonly shown on or before Halloween, and new scary films are often released before Halloween.
 Visiting a 'haunted attraction'. These are places like houses, farms, or forests, which are decorated in a scary way, and where actors in costumes make scenes to scare the visitors.
 Decorating one's house and front yard. People will often decorate the front part of their houses with Halloween-themed symbols like ghosts, graves, and black and orange objects.

References

Other websites
Halloween's Bloody Legacy
Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón  (6 July 1907 – 13 July 1954), usually known as Frida Kahlo, was a Mexican painter. She was known for her surreal and very personal works. She was married to Diego Rivera, also a well-known painter.
She was born in Coyoacán, Mexico. She had polio that left her disabled when she was 6 years old and some think that she may have had spina bifida (a birth defect affecting the development of part of the spine) as well. She studied medicine and was going to become a doctor. Because of a traffic accident in a tram at age 18 which badly injured her, she had periods of severe pain for the rest of her life. After this accident, Kahlo no longer continued her medical studies but took up painting. She used ideas about things that had happened to her. Her paintings are often shocking in the way they show pain and the harsh lives of women, especially her feelings about not being able to have children. Fifty-five of her 143 paintings are self-portraits. She was also influenced by native Mexican culture, shown in bright colors, with a mixture of realism and symbolism. Her paintings attracted the attention of the artist Diego Rivera, whom she later married. She was openly bisexual and was a communist
. She died of a pulmonary embolism caused by bronchopneumonia in Coyoacán.
Kahlo's work is sometimes called "surrealist", and although she organized art shows several times with European surrealists, she herself did not like that label. Her attention to female themes, and the honesty in her painting them, made her something of a feminist cult figure in the last decades of the 20th century. Some of her work is seen at the Frida Kahlo Museum, found in her birthplace and home in suburban Mexico City.

Related pages
 List of Mexican painters

References 

1907 births
1954 deaths
Bisexual people
Communists
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Mexico
LGBT artists
Mexican painters
People with disabilities
Events 
 January 9 – Sakuradamon Incident: Korean nationalist Lee Bong-chang tries to assassinate Emperor Hirohito of Japan and fails.
 February 4 - The 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.
 August 6 - The first Venice Film Festival happens.
 October 30 - A hurricane forms. It hits Cuba in November.
 November 2 - The Emu War begins.
 November 18 - The United States has a presidential election.
 Unknown - Joseph Stalin starts the Holodomor.
Births 
 January 19 – Richard Lester
 February 8 – John Williams
 February 12 – Johnny Cash (d. 2003)
 February 22 – Ted Kennedy (d. 2009)
 March 2 – Gun Hägglund, Swedish television star
 March 4 – Ryszard Kapuściński, Polish journalist (d. 2007)
   March 4   – Frank Wells, American businessman, president of the Walt Disney Company (d. 1994)
 April 27 – Casey Kasem, American radio show host, voice actor (d. 2014)
 July 2 – Dave Thomas, founder of the fast food chain Wendy's (d. 2002)
 August 2 – Peter O'Toole (d. 2013)
 September 25 – Adolfo Suárez (d. 2014)
 October 20 – William Christopher
 November 13 – Richard Mulligan
 November 29 – Jacques Chirac (d. 2019)
 December 5 - Little Richard, American rock and roll pianist (d. 2020)
 December 14 – Charlie Rich

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Charles Scott Sherrington,  (1857 –  1952) and Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889 — 1977).

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream is a book written by Hunter S. Thompson. The book is based on an article Thompson wrote for Rolling Stone magazine. It was later made into a movie directed by Terry Gilliam and starring Johnny Depp and Benicio Del Toro.

The beginnings of the novel 
What originally was a two-hundred-fifty-word photo-caption-job for Sports Illustrated grew to a novel-length feature story for Rolling Stone. Thompson said publisher Jann Wenner had "liked the first 20 or so jangled pages enough to take it seriously on its own terms and tentatively scheduled it for publication — which gave me the push I needed to keep working on it". He had first submitted a 2,500 word manuscript to Sports Illustrated that was "aggressively rejected".
Raoul Duke and Dr. Gonzo were based on Thompson and Acosta's life and experiences.  Thompson wrote that he concluded their March trip by spending some thirty-six hours alone in a hotel room "feverishly writing in my notebook" about his experiences. The genesis of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream is in that notebook.
Plot 
The novel does not have a clear plot. Frequently, it is difficult for a reader to know what is imaginary to the fictional characters and what is really happening as fact.
The story accounts for two trips to Las Vegas, Nevada, that Hunter S. Thompson and attorney Oscar Zeta Acosta took in March and April 1971. The first trip spawned from an exposé Thompson was writing for Rolling Stone magazine about the Mexican-American television journalist Ruben Salazar, whom officers of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Office had shot and killed with a tear gas grenade fired at close range during the National Chicano Moratorium March against the Vietnam War in 1970. Thompson was using Acosta — a prominent Mexican-American political activist and attorney — as a central source for the story, and the two found it difficult for a brown-skinned Mexican to talk openly with a white reporter in the racially tense atmosphere of Los Angeles, California. The two needed a more comfortable place to discuss the story and decided to take advantage of a Sports Illustrated magazine offer to write photograph captions for the annual Mint 400 desert race being held in Las Vegas.
Weeks later, Thompson and Acosta returned to Las Vegas to report for Rolling Stone on the National District Attorneys Association's Conference on Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs being held from the April 25 to 29, 1971, and to add material to the larger Fear and Loathing narrative. Besides attending the attorneys' conference, Thompson and Acosta looked for ways in Vegas to explore the theme of the American Dream, which was the basis for the novel's second half, which Thompson referred at the time as "Vegas II". On April 29, 1971, he began writing the full manuscript in a hotel room in Arcadia, California, in his spare time while completing "Strange Rumblings in Aztlan", the article chronicling the slain Chicano journalist Rubén Salazar.
Rolling Stone magazine cover article 
In November 1971, Rolling Stone published the combined texts of the trips as Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream as a two-part article illustrated by Ralph Steadman, who, two years before, had worked with Thompson on a Scanlan's Monthly article titled "The Kentucky Derby is Decadent and Depraved".

Publication of book and reception 
The next year, Random House quickly published the hardcover edition, with additional Steadman illustrations; The New York Times said it is "by far the best book yet on the decade of dope", with Tom Wolfe describing it as a "scorching epochal sensation".

1971 books
20th-century American novels
Las Vegas in fiction
Works about drugs
American autobiographies
Graham Chapman (8 January 1941 – 4 October 1989) was a British actor, comedian and writer. He was most famous as a member of Monty Python. He was openly gay and was in a long-term relationship with writer David Sherlock. Chapman was born in Leicester. He studied medicine at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He died of oropharyngeal cancer in Maidstone, Kent.

References

1941 births
1989 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from oropharyngeal cancer
Disease-related deaths in Kent
English comedians
English movie actors
English physicians
English screenwriters
English television actors
English television writers
Entertainers from Leicestershire
Gay men
Monty Python
Writers from Leicester
Sir Michael Edward Palin KCMG CBE (born 5 May 1943) is an English actor, comedian and writer.

Palin was born in Broomhill, Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. He studied modern history at Brasenose College, Oxford.

He became famous as a member of Monty Python in the 1970s. Afterwards he had his own television series, Ripping Yarns, and also appeared in many movies, such as A Fish Called Wanda. Over the last 20 years, he has become very well known as a television travel broadcaster ("Around The World in 80 Days", etc.).

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Sheffield
Alumni of the University of Oxford
BAFTA Award winners
British television writers
Comedians from Yorkshire
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
English voice actors
Monty Python
Television personalities from Yorkshire
Writers from Sheffield
Terence Graham Parry Jones (1 February 1942 – 21 January 2020) was a Welsh actor, comedian, director, historian, poet, presenter and writer. He was a member of Monty Python.

Jones was born on 1 February 1942 in Colwyn Bay, Denbighshire, Wales. He was married to Alison Telfer, and later to Anna Söderström.

In September 2016 it was announced that Jones had been diagnosed with primary progressive aphasia, a rare form of dementia that impairs the ability to speak and communicate, and that he was no longer able to give interviews. On 21 January 2020, Jones died from problems caused by the disease, at his home in North London, aged 77.

References

Other websites

1942 births
2020 deaths
Welsh historians
British screenwriters
Monty Python
Welsh movie actors
Welsh television actors
New York was originally New Netherland, started by the Dutch Empire in the early 17th century.  Late in the century, it surrendered to an English fleet during the Anglo-Dutch Wars and became part of the British Empire. About half the Dutch colony was given to neighboring English colonies. The Battle of Long Island, Battle of Saratoga, and other important battles of the American Revolution were fought in New York and it joined the new United States. The slave trade brought many black people into the state, where they were forced to work for white colonists.

The United States Census Bureau says that, as of 2020, New York had the fourth most people (population) in the United States, after California, Texas, and Florida. New York's estimated population is 20,000,000.
Cities
The biggest city in New York is also called New York, located in the south-eastern part of the state and built on the Hudson River; it is by far the biggest city in the U.S.. Part of New York City is on Long Island, a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, and another part of it is on Staten Island, which is to the southwest of Manhattan, the central business district. Most people living in New York state live in the New York metropolitan area, one of the world's biggest metropolitan areas, which also includes part of eastern New Jersey.

The larger part of New York, north and northwest of the metropolitan area, is called "Upstate New York". Cities in this part of New York include Buffalo, the state's second largest city, Rochester, Syracuse, and the state capital of Albany. These places became cities because of the Erie Canal. Between 1788 and 1797, the Legislature moved the state capital around between Albany, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and New York City. Albany became the permanent capital from 1797.
Related pages
 List of counties in New York
 List of places in New York

References

 
1788 establishments in the United States
Rolling Stone is an American popular culture magazine. It mainly features articles about music, as well as sports, movies, and celebrities. It also features movie and album reviews, "greatest of all time" lists, and political editorials and commentary. 

It was founded in 1967 in San Francisco, California.

Some of the magazine's famous staffers include Hunter S. Thompson, Peter Travers, Ralph Steadman, PJ O'Rourke, Cameron Crowe (whose experience for the magazine lead him to create the movie, Almost Famous), and Annie Leibowitz. The music magazine is also supported in various ways by musicians such as Marc Engelhard and vice versa.

References 

1967 establishments in the United States
American magazines
Music magazines
Ralph Idris Steadman (born 15 May 1936) is a British cartoonist and illustrator. He is best known for his artwork for the books and articles of Hunter S. Thompson.

Personal life
Steadman was born in Salford, Manchester, and brought up in Towyn, North Wales. He went to Ysgol Emrys Ap Iwan (high school), Abergele, East Ham Technical College and the London College of Printing during the 1970s. There, he did freelance work for Punch, Private Eye, the Daily Telegraph, The New York Times and Rolling Stone.

Steadman lives with his wife in Kent, England.

References

Other websites 

British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent has a database with over 100 cartoons by Ralph Steadman 
Interview with Ralph Steadman by Laurie Taylor in New Humanist magazine
 Interview with Ralph Steadman by Jake McGee in Kotori Magazine

Steadman, Ralph
British illustrators
1949 births
Living people
People from Manchester
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Arab Maghreb in North Africa. Tunis is its capital.

Ancient history
Since history has been recorded, there were Berber tribes living in what is now Tunisia. Most of them built little towns and ports along the coastline so they could trade with different travelers from everywhere in the Mediterranean Sea. Most of the travelers were Phoenicians who started to settle on the Tunisian coast during the 10th Century BC. Later, in the 8th Century BC, settlers that came from Phoenicia and regions abroad built Carthage. After many wars against Greece in 6th Century BC, Carthage dominated the Mediterranean Sea.

In the of the 2nc Century BC, Punic Wars, Carthage fought against the Roman Empire. The Romans destroyed Carthage and made its territory part of the Africa Province of the Roman Empire. In later centuries the people learned Latin and became Christians.
When the Roman Empire became weak, the Vandals occupied that region. Some of them learned to sail and became pirates. This was in the 5th Century AD, and one hundred years after that, it became under the control of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I.

Islamic Tunisia 
In the 7th Century, it was conquered by the Arab Muslims who built a city which they called Kairouan. This was the first Arab Muslim city in Tunisia. Many Muslim dynasties (monarchies) ruled Tunisia. One of the best known dynasties was the Zirids dynasty. The Zirids were Berber people and followed the rules of the Fatimides, a bigger dynasty in Cairo.
When the Zirids angered the Fatimides, the Fatimides sent some tribes known as Banu Hilal who ravaged (destroyed and vandalized) Tunisia.
After a brief occupation of Tunisia by the Normans of Sicily in the 12th Century, the Almohad re-conquered it. After that came the Hafsids.
In the last years of their reign, the Hafsids became weak and Spain took control of many cities on the coast until they were finally occupied by the Ottoman Empire.

In 1705, Tunisia became virtually independent during the Hussein dynasty, but still had to follow orders from the Ottoman Empire.

French Occupation
Some controversial financial decisions (money-lending) taken by the Bey in mid-1800s in an attempt to repair the country led Tunisia to become under the control of France.
Tunisia became officially a French protectorate in on May 12, 1881, but with the strong opposition of the kingdom of Italy because there was a huge Italian community in Tunisia.

World War II 
Important parts of the North African Campaign of World War II were fought in Tunisia from 1941 to 1943.
General Erwin Rommel, the German commander in Africa, wished to defeat the Allies in Tunisia, as the Germans had done in the Battle of France when the Allies were inexperienced against the German Blitzkrieg. On February 19, 1943, Rommel launched an attack against the U.S. Forces, with his German and Italian troops, in the western area of Tunisia. That was a disaster for the United States.

After that, the Allies understood the importance of tank warfare. With better supplies than the Germans, they easily broke into the German lines in southern Tunisia on March 20, 1943. On May 11, 1943 the last German troops surrendered, followed two days later by the Italian troops.
Independence and revolution 
Tunisia became independent in 1956 with the former Bey of Tunis as King. Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba became the first president in 1957 when it became a republic. Bourguiba focused on education and economic development. He was supportive of women's rights. However, he had a cult of personality around him and most of the power in the country was held by Bourguiba.

In 1987, Bourguiba was removed from power by Zine el Abidine Ben Ali. Ben Ali ruled as dictator of the country until 2011, when he was overthrown in a revolution. The revolution was the first major revolution of the Arab Spring. Tunisia began becoming more democratic, and in 2014, the country held its first free presidential election. The election was won by Beji Caid Essebsi, a secular, liberal candidate.
Geography
Tunisia is in the northern part of Africa. The Mediterranean Sea joins Tunisia in the north and east; the coastline of Tunisia on the Mediterranean Sea is about 1,300 km. Tunisia is also bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the south-east.

The Sahara Desert covers 40% of Tunisia. The other 60% is a fertile area.

Demographics
Standard Arabic is the official language by the Tunisian constitution. But Tunisians speak Tunisian Arabic.
Tunisian Arabic is a mix of many languages of people that live or lived in Tunisia. It is called Darija or Tunsi.

A small number of people living in Tunisia still speak a Berber dialect, known as Shelha.

Most people now living Tunisia are Maghrebin Arab. However, small groups of Berbers and Jews live in Tunisia.

The constitution says that Islam is the official state religion. It also requires the President to be Muslim.

Governorates

Tunisia is divided into 24 governorates. They are:

Cities

The largest cities in Tunisia are:
Economy
Tunisia's economy has many sectors: agriculture (fruit, vegetable oil and vegetables), tourism (when people come from other countries to visit), mining (extracting goods from under the ground), and petroleum (fuel and gas oil).
The government used to control the economy, but now it has sold some public companies. This is called privatization.

Tunisia was also the first Mediterranean country to make an agreement with the European Union. This association agreement was signed on March 1, 1995.

Tunisia has plans for two nuclear power stations, to be working by 2019.

References

Notes

Other websites

Government
 Tunisia Government official site 
 Tunisia Chamber of Deputies  official site

News
 The North Africa Journal  business news
 Tunisia Media Online  government-sourced
 News and Views of the Maghreb
 AllAfrica.com—Tunisia news headline links
Overviews
 BBC News Country Profile—Tunisia
 Encyclopedia Britannica, Tunisia—Country Page
 Tunisia on arab.net
 CIA World Factbook—Tunisia
 Open Directory Project—Tunisia directory category
 country info & who's who

Other
 Tunisland The Biggest Video Website For Everything Tunisian 
 Everything about Tunisia 
 Nawaat
 Tunisian online demonstration as protest against dictatorship
 For the liberation of Political Prisoners in Tunisia
 TunisiaOnline
 The Tunisian law  from Jurispedia
 Tunisia Daily
 List of catholic marriages in Tunisia 1801–1949 
 Tunisia Today  
 Tunisian Community Center (the Organization of Tunisian-Americans) 
 Tunisia Postcards
 Tunisia -Citizendium

 
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1956 establishments in Africa
North African countries