Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Gregory Jennings, Jr. (born September 21, 1983 in Kalamazoo, Michigan) is a wide receiver. He plays for the Green Bay Packers of the NFL. He played college football at Western Michigan University. He was drafted in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft.

High School Career
Jennings played three sports in high school, football, basketball, and track. He played many football positions, including wide receiver, running back, linebacker and defensive back.

College career
Greg Jennings decided to go to Western Michigan University. He finished his career there with 238 receptions for 3539 yards and 39 touchdowns. In his second year, he broke an ankle bone, and had to miss eight games.  He graduated from the college in 2010.
NFL career
Jennings declared for the NFL Draft in 2006. He was chosen by the Packers with the 52nd pick in the 2006 NFL Draft. In his fourth game, Jennings caught Brett Favre's 400th touchdown pass. He was voted Rookie of the Week that week. Jennings finished the season with 45 catches for 632 yards and 3 touchdowns. His next season was better, with twelve touchdowns and 932 yards. After his first thousand yard season in 2009, Jennings got a 26.35 million dollar contract. In 2010 and 2011, Jennings made the Pro Bowl. He also played in the Super Bowl in 2010, where he had two touchdowns in a Packers victory. He had to miss most of the 2011 and 2012 seasons with injuries.

Career statistics

References

Green Bay Packers players
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Michigan
People from Kalamazoo, Michigan
Donald Earl "Don" Messick (September 7, 1926 – October 24, 1997) was an American actor. He was the voice of Scooby-Doo in Scooby-Doo, Bam Bam Rubble in The Flintstones, Astro the Dog in The Jetsons, Muttley the Dog in Wacky Races, Papa Smurf in The Smurfs, and as Dr. Quest in Johnny Quest.

Messick was born on September 7, 1926 in Buffalo, New York. He was married to Helen Marie McHugh from 1949 until his death in 1997. Messick died on October 24, 1997 from a stroke in Salinas, California, aged 71.

References

Other websites
 Don Messick Tribute  Short biography of Don Messick
 
 

1926 births
1997 deaths
Actors from Buffalo, New York
American movie actors
American radio actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Deaths from stroke
Donald Shepard "Don" Hewitt (December 14, 1922 – August 19, 2009) was an American television producer. He was known for creating 60 Minutes. He also produced the first televised presidential debate in 1960.

Hewitt was born on December 14, 1922 in New York City, New York. He was raised in New York, New York. He studied at Rochelle High School and New York University.

He was married to Mary Weaver from 1945 until they divorced in 1963. Then he was married to Frankie Hewitt from 1963 until they divorced in 1974. Then he was married to Mariyln Berger from 1979 until his death in 2009. They have three children and one is adopted.

Hewitt died on August 19, 2009 from pancreatic cancer in his home in Bridgehampton, New York, aged 86.

References

Other websites

Don Hewitt - Daily Telegraph obituary

1922 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
American television producers
People from New York City
Emmy Award winners
Robert Wuhl (born October 9, 1951) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actor, comedian, and writer who is known for his roles in Arliss, Batman, Mistress, and in Police Squad!. He has won an Emmy Award in 1991.

Wuhl was born on October 9, 1951 in Union Township, New Jersey. He studied at Union High School and in the University of Houston. He married Barbara Koldys Capelli in 1983.

References

Other websites

1951 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
Emmy Award winning actors
Henry Ross Perot (June 27, 1930 – July 9, 2019) was an American businessman. He founded Electronic Data Systems in 1962. He ran for president in 1992 and in 1996. Both times he lost to Bill Clinton. Perot had about 3.5 billion dollars. In 2012, he was ranked by Forbes as the 101st-richest person in the United States.

Perot was born on June 27, 1930 in Texarkana, Texas. He studied at Texas High School, at Texarkana Junior College and at the United States Naval Academy. Perot married Margot Birmingham in 1956. They had five children and 16 grandchildren.

In 2012, Perot endorsed Mitt Romney for President.

Perot died on July 9, 2019 at his home in Dallas from leukemia at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 United We Stand, H. Ross Perot; text of the book published by Perot in 1992 to mark the launch of his Presidential campaign, complete with charts. The text is hosted by the site of the organization he created that year United We Stand America, as saved by The Internet Archive.
Booknotes interview with Carolyn Barta on Perot and His People: Disrupting the Balance of Political Power, January 16, 1994. 
"Ross Perot, Presidential Contender"  from C-SPAN's The Contenders

1930 births
2019 deaths
American billionaires
American chief executives
1992 United States presidential candidates
1996 United States presidential candidates
Businesspeople from Texas
Politicians from Texas
Independent politicians in the United States
Cover Drive were a four-piece band from Barbados consisting of Amanda Reifer, T-Ray Armstrong, Barry "Bar-Man" Hill and Jamar Harding.

The band began by performing covers of popular songs and posting them on Youtube. The band was signed by record label Global Talent, part of Polydor Records. They were an opening act for Rihanna on her Loud Tour.

Career 
Amanda met T-Ray when she became his babysitter. T-Ray was in the same year at school as Jamar although not in the same school. Amanda met Bar-Man at college because they were in the same year.

They were signed to Polydor Records in April 2011. Their album Bajan Style contained four singles. "Lick Ya Down", "Twilight" and "Sparks" all entered the top ten in the United Kingdom whilst "Explode" peaked at number 29. The album itself peaked at number 14 on release on 7 May 2012.

They also appeared on Far East Movement's single "Turn Up The Love" which peaked at number 13 in the UK and in the top twenty in six other countries.
Barbadian R&B singers
Barbadian pop singers
Barbadian reggae singers
Barbadian hip hop singers
Barbadian dance singers
The draft started with the San Diego Chargers picking Eli Manning. He was traded to the New York Giants a short time later.  There were 32 picks given to 16 teams because they lost free agents that offseason. The teams with the most compensatory picks were the Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Rams, and New York Jets, each with four. There were several records during the draft: the most wide receivers selected in the first round (7), and the most trades in the first round (28). The University of Miami had six players chosen in the first round. Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 players picked in all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has another records: it is the first draft which has had two quarterbacks who each won more than one Super Bowl (with Ben Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli Manning winning his second in 2011). The positions of the players in the draft were:



Player selections

References
References

National Football League Draft
2004 in sports
21st century in Manhattan
2004 in New York City
Qazigund () is a notified town of the Anantnag District, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
Abbaspur () is a town of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It is in Poonch district.

Tehsils of Poonch District
King Peak (or Mount King) is the fourth highest mountain in Canada. It is also the ninth highest peak in North America. It is located just west of Mount Logan, and is considered a one of the outlying peaks of that massive mountain.

The first people to climb King Peak were some students from the University of Alaska, in 1952. They climbed from the foot of Quartz Ridge, where most of their supplies had been dropped in by a plane. They reached Camp 2, on the west ridge, on 3 June. They waited two days for a storm to pass, and then two of them set out for the summit, while a third had to stay in camp because of a knee injury. They reached the top on 6 June.

References

Mountains of Canada
Yukon
A lovebird (Agapornis) is a type of parrot. There are nine species. They are a social and affectionate small parrot. Seven species are native to Africa, and the Grey-headed lovebird is native to Madagascar. 

Their common name comes from the parrots' strong, monogamous pair bonding and the long time the pairs spend sitting together. Lovebirds live in small flocks and eat fruit, vegetables, grass and seeds. Black-winged lovebirds also eat insects and figs. Black-collared lovebirds have a special dietary requirement for native figs: this makes them more difficult to keep in captivity.

True parrots
Birds of Africa
Patrick Joseph "Pat" Leahy (born March 31, 1940) is an American politician and part-time actor. He became a United States Senator from Vermont in 1975. He retired in 2023.

Leahy has appeared in three Batman movies Batman & Robin, The Dark Knight, and in The Dark Knight Rises. He was also the voice of a Senator in Batman: The Animated Series. He supports gay marriage and LGBT rights.
On December 17, 2012 after the death of Daniel Inouye, Leahy became the new President pro tempore of the United States Senate. After Inouye's death, Leahy is now the most senior Democrat in the United States. Leahy is currently the longest serving senator in the United States. He took office at a younger age than any other current senator. On January 3, 2015, Orrin Hatch succeeded Leahy as President pro tempore of the United States Senate. He was honored with the title President pro tempore emeritus soon afterwards. In 2021 after Democrats gained control of the U.S. Senate, Leahy became President pro tempore of the United States Senate again.

On January 25, 2021, it was announced that Leahy would be the presiding officer of Donald Trump's second impeachment trial. In November 2021, he announced that he would not run for re-election and his retirement from the Senate, officially on January 3, 2023.

Early life
Early life

Leahy was born in Montpelier, Vermont, the son of Alba (née Zambon) and Howard Francis Leahy, a printer. His grandparents came to Vermont from Ireland and Italy during the 19th century to work at quarries.

Education
Leahy graduated from Saint Michael's College in 1961 and received his J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center in 1964. He practiced as a lawyer until he was elected as State's Attorney of Chittenden County in 1966 and re-elected in 1970.
Career
Leahy was elected to the United States Senate for the first time in 1974, succeeding retiring 34-year incumbent George Aiken.  At 34 years old, he was the youngest Senator in Vermont history. Leahy was nearly defeated in 1980 by Republican Stewart Ledbetter, winning by only 2,700 votes amid Ronald Reagan's landslide victory.  In 1986, he faced what was on paper an even stronger challenger in former governor Richard Snelling, but Leahy turned back this challenge, taking 63 percent of the vote.  In 1992, he faced another opponent in Secretary of State of Vermont Jim Douglas, winning by 11 points.

Leahy was the first non-Republican Senator from Vermont since 1856. To this day, he is the only Democrat ever elected to the Senate from Vermont.  He is technically one of only three Democrats to represent Vermont in either house of Congress since the end of the Civil War.

Later career
Later career

March 2004, Leahy and Orrin Hatch introduced the Pirate Act backed by the RIAA. In July 2004, Leahy and Hatch introduced the INDUCE Act. Both were aimed at combating copyright infringement.

On November 2, 2004, Leahy easily defeated his opponent, businessman Jack McMullen, with 70.6 percent of the vote. On January 5, 2005, Leahy was sworn in for his sixth term in the Senate by Cheney.

On September 21, 2005, Leahy announced his support for John Roberts to be Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. On January 19, 2006, Leahy announced that he would vote against Judge Samuel Alito to be a justice on the Supreme Court.

On January 18, 2007, Leahy received widespread coverage for his cross-examination of Attorney General Alberto Gonzales about the Maher Arar affair and the extraordinary rendition of Arar to Syria.
President pro tempore
Upon the death of Senate President pro tempore Daniel Inouye on December 17, 2012, Leahy became the most senior senator in the majority party, and was elected as the new President pro tempore by unanimous consent.

On January 3, 2015, Orrin Hatch succeeded Leahy as President pro tempore of the United States Senate. He was honored with the title President pro tempore emeritus soon afterwards.

On January 20, 2021, Leahy became President pro tempore again since Democrats won control of the U.S. Senate.

On January 25, 2021, it was announced that Leahy would be the presiding officer at Donald Trump's second impeachment trial, becoming the first senator to preside over a president's impeachment trial.

On November 15, 2021, Leahy announced that he would not seek re-election in 2022. He officially retired when his term ended on January 3, 2023.
Personal life
Leahy married Marcelle Pomerleau in 1962. They live in a farmhouse in Middlesex, Vermont that they moved to from Burlington, and have three children. Leahy celebrated his fifty year anniversary with his wife, saying ‘‘We hate it when we’re apart from one another.’’ Leahy is legally blind in one eye. Leahy was targeted in an anthrax attack November 16, 2001.

On January 26, 2021, Leahy was hospitalized after feeling ill. He returned home later the same day.

In April 2023, Mayor Miro Weinberger announced that Burlington International Airport would be renamed Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport.

Movies

References

Other websites

United States Senator Patrick Leahy  official U.S. Senate site
Leahy for Vermont  official campaign site
1940 births
Living people
United States senators from Vermont
American movie actors
American voice actors
Writers from Vermont
Deans of the United States Senate
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Actors from Vermont
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
People from Montpelier, Vermont
Michael Benjamin Bay (born February 17, 1965) is an American movie director, producer and actor. He is known for his high-budget action movies which often use a lot of special effects, especially explosions. These include Transformers, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, Transformers: Dark of the Moon, Transformers: Age of Extinction, Nightmare on Elm Street, Friday the 13th, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, Bad Boys, Pearl Harbor, and Armageddon.

Early life
Bay was born on February 17, 1965 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at Wesleyan University. His cousin-in-law was actor Leonard Nimoy.

Career
Career

Bay got his start in the film industry interning with George Lucas when he was fifteen, filing the storyboards for Raiders of the Lost Ark, which he thought was going to be terrible. His opinion changed after seeing it in the theater and he was so impressed by the experience that he decided to become a film director. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 1986, majoring in both English and Film. He was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and a favorite student of film historian Jeanine Basinger. For his graduate work, he attended Art Center College of Design in Pasadena where he also studied film.

Michael Bay began working at Propaganda Films, directing commercials and music videos, two weeks after finishing his post-graduate degree. His 90-second World War II-inspired Coca-Cola advertisement was picked up by Capitol Records. His first national commercial for the Red Cross won a Clio Award in 1992.
Bay's success in music videos gained the attention of producers Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson, who selected him to direct his first feature-length film, Bad Boys. The film was shot in Miami in 1994 and starred Will Smith and Martin Lawrence. The action film proved to be a break-out role for Smith, who was segueing from television to films at that time. Shooting in Miami was a good experience for Bay who would later own a home in the city and spend a great deal of time there. The film was completed for $19 million and grossed a remarkable $141 million at the box office in the summer of 1995. Bay's success led to a strong partnership and friendship with Jerry Bruckheimer.
His follow-up film, The Rock (1996), was an action movie set on Alcatraz Island, and in the San Francisco Bay area. It starred Sean Connery, Nicolas Cage and Ed Harris. It was also produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson, the latter of whom died five months before the film's release. The film is dedicated to him. Connery and Cage won 'Best On-Screen Duo' at the MTV Movie Awards in 1997 and the film was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Achievement in Sound category for the work of Greg P. Russell, Kevin O'Connell, and Keith A. Wester.
In 1998, Bay collaborated with Jerry Bruckheimer again, this time as a co-producer, as well as directing the action-adventure film Armageddon. The film, about a group of tough oil drillers who are sent by NASA to deflect an asteroid away from a collision course with Earth, starred Bruce Willis, Billy Bob Thornton, Ben Affleck and Liv Tyler. It was nominated for 4 Oscars at the 71st Academy Awards including Best Sound, Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing, and Best Original Song. The film earned 9.6 million dollars on its opening day and a total of 36.5 million through the first weekend. The production budget, $140 million, was one of the highest of the summer of 1998. Armageddon went on to gross over $553 million worldwide.

Later career
Later career

In 2001, Bay directed Pearl Harbor. It starred Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett, Kate Beckinsale and Cuba Gooding, Jr. The film was released on Memorial Day weekend in 2001. Again, Bay produced the film with Jerry Bruckheimer. The film received four Academy Award nominations, including Best Sound, Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing and Best Song. Again, Kevin O'Connell received another nomination for Best Sound, but he did not win. Pearl Harbor won in the category for Sound Editing. Michael Bay also directed the music video for nominated track "There You'll Be" by vocal artist Faith Hill.  Despite all the criticisms that Michael Bay had received through the film, Pearl Harbor remained to be stagnant in the major blockbuster list, as it featured a plot which the viewers, especially young audiences, can relate with, and special effects which made the movie very realistic.
Bay reteamed with Will Smith and Martin Lawrence for Bad Boys II, an event which also marked Bay's fifth collaboration with Jerry Bruckheimer. The film grossed $138 million domestically, enough to cover the production budget, and $273 million worldwide, almost twice as much as the first movie.

In 2005, Bay directed The Island, a science-fiction film starring Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson. It was the first film Michael Bay made without Jerry Bruckheimer. The Island cost $126 million to produce. It earned $46 million domestically and $172 million worldwide. Bay stated that he was not comfortable with the domestic marketing campaign as it confused the audience as to the true subject of the film.
In 2007, he directed and teamed up with Steven Spielberg to produce Transformers, a live action film based on the Transformers franchise. The film was released in the U.S. and Canada on July 3, 2007, with 8 p.m. preview screenings on July 2. The previews earned $8.8 million, and in its first day of general release it grossed $27.8 million, a record for Tuesday box office attendance. It broke the record held by Spider-Man 2 for the biggest July 4 gross, making $29 million. On its opening weekend, Transformers grossed $70.5 million, amounting to a $155.4 million opening week, giving it the record for the biggest opening week for a non-sequel. As of November 2007, the film has made over $319 million domestically and over $708 million worldwide.
Bay returned as director and executive producer for Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, which was released on June 24, 2009 and went on to gross over $832 million worldwide. Although it received mostly negative reviews by critics, including aggressively critical reviews by American film critics such as Roger Ebert, Michael Phillips and David Denby (who referred to Bay as "stunningly, almost viciously, untalented"), the film was well received by its intended audience and was one of the highest-grossing films of 2009. In 2010, it earned seven Golden Raspberry Award nominations and winning three: Worst Picture, Worst Director and Worst Screenplay.
Bay directed Transformers: Dark of the Moon, released on June 28, 2011. He may direct a sequel to the Bad Boys franchise or a "small" film he's been developing for years, tentatively called Pain & Gain. The true crime story, based on events described in a Miami Herald article written by Pete Collins, concerns a group of bumbling bodybuilders working together to commit a robbery.

Bay produced DreamWorks' I Am Number Four, based on a series of novels by Pittacus Lore published by HarperCollins Children's Books. D. J. Caruso (Eagle Eye, Disturbia) directed.

Filmography

Movies

Criticism
Even though most his movies have made a lot of money, many movie critics do not like his work. He has often been made fun of and/or named as the worst working director. He has consistently topped or appeared in Worst Directors lists by users on Internet Movie Database (IMDB). In response to the criticism, Bay has said: "I make movies for teenage boys. Oh, dear, what a crime."

References

Other websites
1965 births
Living people
American movie actors
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Actors from Los Angeles
Saturn Award winners
Clio Award winners
A persimmon is a fruit that people can eat.  The ripe fruit ranges from light yellow-orange to dark red-orange depending on the species and variety.  Persimmons come from a species of tree in the genus Diospyros. A ripe persimmon tends to have an orange jelly-like inside that is usually very sweet, or a more mild taste and mango like texture depending on variety or species.  

Fruits
Ebenaceae
Mount Shimla or Shimla Hill (or Shimla Pahari in the local Hindko dialect) is a mountain or hill to the west of Abbottabad, Pakistan. It is not to be confused with Simla in Himachal Pradesh, India. 

Abbottabad District
Mountain ranges of Pakistan
Shimla, also known as Simla, is the capital city of the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The city is up in the mountains at around 2,200 metres (approximately 7,234 feet). Shimla is a popular tourist destination in India.

In 1864, Shimla was made the summer capital of British India. After Indian independence, the city became the capital of Punjab and was later named the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It is the main commercial, cultural and educational centre of Himachal Pradesh.

References 

Capital cities in India
Shimla district
The Pakistan Military Academy (also known as PMA or PMA Kakul) is a military training academy. It is located at Kakul near Abbottabad, Pakistan. It provides training to the officers of the Pakistan Army.

History
The Pakistan Military Academy was established in the year 1948. Before Partition of British India and the Independence of Pakistan in 1947, the location had been used as the PT and Mountaineering School of the British Indian Army, on the site of an old POW Camp for prisoners from the Boer War. Later it became the premises of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps (RIASC).

Buildings and structures in Abbottabad
Military of Pakistan
1948 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Pakistan
The brush-tailed rock-wallaby or small-eared rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) is a kind of wallaby. It is one of several rock-wallabies in the genus Petrogale.  It lives in the rocks and cliffs of the Australia's Great Dividing Range from about  north-west of Brisbane to the Grampians in south west Victoria. Its habitats include rainforest and dry sclerophyl forests. Numbers of brush-tailed rock-wallabies have gone down in the south and west of its range. It remains locally common in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. In Victoria the species is nearly extinct with only four in the Grampians National Park, and 20 in East Gippsland. In 1988 at Jenolan caves in New South Wales, about 80 wallabies were released into the forest, but by 1992 there were only seven left.
Introductions
In the late 1800s, Governor Grey introduced this and four other species of wallabies (including the rare parma wallaby) to islands in Hauraki Gulf, near Auckland, New Zealand, where they became well-established.  In modern times, the wallabies have come to be viewed as exotic pests. They have caused problems for the native plants and animals and are being removed from the islands.   Between 1967 and 1975, 210 rock-wallabies were captured on Kawau Island and returned to Australia, along with thousands of other wallabies. Rock-wallabies were removed from Rangitoto and Motutapu Islands during the 1990s. Another 33 rock-wallabies were captured on Kawau during the 2000s, and returned to Australia.

In 2003 some Kawau brush-tails were relocated to the Waterfall Springs Conservation Park north of Sydney, New South Wales, for captive breeding purposes.

Two wallabies escaped in 1916 on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. There is now a small breeding population.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Brush-tailed rock-wallaby recovery in NSW (Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife) 
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby population in Green Gully - a conservation case study 
Brush-tailed rock-wallaby habitat modelling 
BBC video of brush-tailed rock-wallabies in action 
The Aussie Brush-Tailed Rock-Wallaby Ark Conservation Project 

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
Courtship in animals is the behaviour by which different species select their partners for reproduction. Usually, the male starts the courtship, and the female chooses to either mate or reject the male based on his "performance".

Many animals have mate-selection courtship rituals. Animal courtship may involve complicated dances or touching, vocalizations, or displays of beauty or fighting prowess. One animal whose courtship rituals are well studied is the bowerbird, whose male builds a "bower" of collected objects. Another is the Great Crested Grebe, whose courtship dances were first described by Julian Huxley.
It might be thought that courtship only occurs in the kind of animals which have fairly complex brains, such as mammals and birds. This is not the case. Male Drosophila flies have to do a mating dance in front of the female before she will allow them to mate. If the dance is not "correct" for that species, she refuses the male. It was discovered over fifty years ago that, if the male carries a mutation which disrupts the dance, he cannot achieve mating: the females reject him. This behaviour is clearly advantageous to the female, whose genes have a better chance of contributing to the next generation if her partner is biologically fit. Drosophila are by no means the only insects which have mating rituals.
Sexual conflict 
Sexual conflict is when the interests of males and females in reproduction are not the same: 
Males: their interest is to mate with a large number of completely faithful females, thus spreading their genes widely in the population.
Females: their interest is to mate with a large number of fit males, thus producing a large number of fit and varied offspring.
After mating has taken place, males do various things to stop the female mating again. What the male does depends on the species. In some species, the male plugs the female opening after insemination. In some hymenoptera, the male provides a huge quantity of sperms, enough for the female's long life. In birds and mammals, the male may fight off other candidate males.

Thus, courtship is the visible part of a complex series of events whereby the  males and females come together for mating. The continuation of pair-bonding after mating is common in birds and mammals because the survival of their genes depends on the fertilized eggs reaching maturity. If that requires support from both parents, the rituals are the way the pair keep connected. Established pairs, even in the Great Crested Grebe, will live as singles (often in a large group) outside the mating season.
Outcrossing is the mating of individuals that are not genetically closely related.  Courtship during outcrossing faciltitates selection of a beneficial partner.  The alternative mating process is inbreeding, the mating of genetically related individuals.  Inbreeding leads to increased expression of deleterious traits, a phenomenon referred to as inbreeding depression.  Inbreeding often occurs when outcrossing opportunities are limited.  Courtship based selection of a partner is an important feature of outcrossing, but is likely less significant for inbreeding.

Related pages 
Sexual selection
Display (zoology)

References 

Zoology
Ethology
Sexuality
Roanoke Colony was a British colony in North America that disappeared mysteriously. It is called the "Lost Colony." It was on Roanoke Island in what is today Dare County, North Carolina, in the United States. It was started in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh. It disappeared sometime between 1587 and 1590. Today, nobody knows what happened to the people who were living there.

The Charter 
On 25 March 1584, Queen Elizabeth gave Sir Walter Raleigh a charter to start a colony in North America. A charter is a document which gives permission from a monarch to the holder. Raleigh's charter said he could start a colony in a part of North America called Virginia. It also said that if he did not start the colony, Raleigh would not be able to start any other colonies ever again.
Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth hoped that the colony would be rich. They wanted it to be a base for privateering. Privateers are pirates who work for the government to attack ships from other countries. The English privateers from the colony would attack the Spanish ships that were carrying treasure across the Atlantic Ocean to Spain.

First trips to Roanoke Island 
Raleigh sent some ships to explore North America in 1584. On 27 April 1584, Phillip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe sailed to the Eastern coast of North America. They landed on Roanoke Island on 4 July 1584. On the island they met some of the Native American people living there. The tribes they met were the Secotans and the Croatans. Barlowe took two Croatans back to England with him. They were Manteo and the chief, Wanchese. Manteo and Wanchese told Raleigh about Roanoke Island and the politics of the local tribes. Raleigh decided to send more ships back to the Island to learn more. This new expedition (trip) was led by Sir Richard Grenville.
Grenville took five ships to Roanoke: the Tiger, Roebuck, Red Lion, Elizabeth, and Dorothy. They left from Plymouth on 9 April 1585. There was a big storm that made the Tiger get separated from the other ships. The captains of the ships had a plan that if the ships got separated, they would all go to Puerto Rico to meet up again. The Tiger arrived at the "Baye of Muskito" (Guayanilla Bay) on 11 May 1585.

Grenville and the Tiger waited in Puerto Rico for the other ships. While they were waiting, Grenville built a fort called Fort Elizabeth. He also did some privateering from there against the Spanish. One of the other ships, the Elizbeth, arrived in Puerto Rico right after Fort Elizabeth was built. Grenville soon got tired of waiting for the other ships. On 7 June 1585 he left Puerto Rico and abandoned the fort. Nobody knows what happened to the fort, or where exactly it was.
The Tiger arrived at the Outer Banks on 26 June 1585. (The Outer Banks are islands on the coast of the Carolinas in North America. Roanoke Island is part of the Outer Banks.) The Tiger hit a shoal in Ocracoke Inlet. This damaged the ship and most of their food was ruined. They fixed the ship and met up with the Roebuck and the Dorothy. The other ships had arrived at the islands a few weeks before. The Red Lion also arrived at the Outer Banks, but it dropped off its passengers and went to Newfoundland for privateering. 

The English explored some of the coast and the Native American settlements there. One of the villages they visited was called Aquascogoc. The English blamed the natives of Aquascogoc for stealing a silver cup. They destroyed the village and burned it to the ground as punishment.  Aquascogoc was a village of the Croatan tribe.
Grenville did not return in April 1586. The Croatans were angry because the English had destroyed Aquascogoc, so they attacked the fort. The colonists were able to repel the attackers. (This means that the Croatan warriors didn't win the fight.) Soon after this attack, Sir Francis Drake stopped by the fort on his way back to England. The colonists agreed to go back to England with Drake. They brought with them tobacco, maize, and potatoes to Europe for the first time.

A little while after Drake left with the colonists, Grenville's ships arrived at the fort. When they got there, the fort was abandoned. Grenville decided to take his men back to England. A small number of men stayed behind to run the fort.

Starting the colony
Sir Walter Raleigh sent 150 people to start a colony in 1587. A man named John White was in charge of the colony. John White was an artist and a friend of Raleigh. He had gone to Roanoke with Barlowe and Grenville. Raleigh told them to start a colony on the Chesapeake Bay. On the way, they were going to stop at the Roanoke fort to pick up Grenville's men and take them to the new colony. 

White's ships landed at Roanoke on 22 July 1587. They did not find any of Grenville's men at the base of the old fort. All they found was one skeleton that might have been the body of one of the Englishmen. The commander of the fleet (group of ships), Simon Fernandez, would not let the colonists get back on the ships. He said they had to start the new colony on Roanoke Island. Nobody knows exactly why he did this.
White tried to talk to the Croatans and make peace with them. The Croatans were the same tribes that Ralph Lane and his men had fought against the year before. The Croatans would not talk to White. They killed a colonist named George Howe. Howe was looking for crabs in the Albemarle Sound when he was killed.

The colonists were scared. They asked Governor White to go back to England and get help. White agreed to go. He left behind 115 colonists at Roanoke. 114 colonists had come from England with White. The last colonist was Virginia Dare. Virginia was the first English child ever born in the Americas. She was also John White's granddaughter.
White found two small ships that were not being used to defend England against the Spanish Armada. He hired the ships to sail to Roanoke. They set sail in the spring of 1588. The captains of the ships were greedy. They tried to attack some Spanish ships to steal their cargo. (Cargo is things being carried by a ship. Cargo can be food, supplies, money, or treasure.) The Spanish ships fought White's ships and won. The Spanish took all of White's cargo. White's ships turned around and sailed back to England because they had nothing to take to the colony.

The Lost Colony 

England was at war with Spain. White could not find any ships to take to Roanoke because of the fighting. After three years, White found a group of privateers who said they would take him to Roanoke. He landed on Roanoke Island on 15 August 1590. The colony was empty. All 90 men, 17 women, and 11 children were gone. There were no signs of fighting. The people had just disappeared.
The only thing White found was the word "CROATOAN" carved on a tree. The word "CRO" was carved on another tree. All of the houses and buildings had been taken apart. This means that the colonists did not leave in a hurry. 

White had told the colonists what to do if something bad happened to them. He told them to carve a Maltese Cross on a tree if someone made them leave the colony. The colonists didn't carve the cross on any of the trees. White thought that the colonists had gone to an island called Croatoan Island. (Today, Croatoan Island is called Hatteras Island.)

The men who brought White to Roanoke did not let him search Croatoan Island. They wanted to leave because there was a big storm coming. They left on 16 August 1590 and went back to England.
In 1602, Raleigh decided to find out what happened to his colony. He sent several ships to the colony. A man named Samuel Mace was in charge. Raleigh bought all of the ships and promised that the sailors would be paid. He did this so they would not go privateering on the way to Roanoke.

The ships stopped at the Outer Banks to pick up some sassafras and other aromatic woods. These plants were used to make perfume in Europe. They could be sold in England for a lot of money. By the time they finished getting the sassafras, the weather had gotten bad. The ships turned around and went back to England. They never got to Roanoke Island. Raleigh could not send any more ships to Roanoke because King James I arrested him for treason.
The Spanish also tried to go to Roanoke. They knew that Raleigh wanted to use the colony for privateering. They wanted to destroy the colony so he could not do that. The Spanish thought that the colony was a lot more successful than it really was. In 1590, the Spanish found the remains of Roanoke by accident. They didn't think it was the Roanoke Colony. They thought it was a small settlement outside of the main colony. They thought that Roanoke Colony was by the Chesapeake Bay. (That was where John White was supposed to set up the colony.) The Spanish could not get enough ships and people to look for the Roanoke colony because of the Anglo-Spanish War.

What might have happened 

The colony was called the "Lost Colony" because no one knows what happened after 1587. There are many ideas about what might have happened. There is no proof that any of these ideas are right. It is still a mystery today.
Joining the Native Americans 
One idea is that the colonists went to live with the Native American tribes. They may have joined the Chowanoke tribe. The Choanoke were attacked by another tribe. The Jamestown Colony's records say that a tribe called "Mandoag" attacked the Choanoke. (Jamestown was a colony in Virginia started 20 years after Roanoke.) The word "Mandoag" is from the Algonquian language. It means 'enemy nation.' The "Mandoag" might have been the Tuscarora people or the Eno people. The historian Lee Miller wrote about this idea in the book Roanoke: solving the mystery of the lost colony (2000).
Two days after the bill, there was an article written about the tribe. It was printed in the Fayetteville Observer on 12 February 1885. It said that "Croatoa" was just a village and the tribe called themselves the Tuscaroras. The article also said that the tribe was always friendly to the white people of Roanoke. When they saw that there was no help coming from England, the tribe let the colonists live in their villages. Over time, the tribe left their old villages and moved to live in the center of Robeson County.
Historians are not sure that this is really what happened. There are many different Native American tribes that have legends and stories about the Roanoke Colony. There is a legend that is a lot like the Robeson County tribe about the Saponi people of Person County, North Carolina. The Saponi are now extinct (today there are no living Saponi people). The legend says that the Saponi were descended from the English colonists. When settlers met the Saponi, they were surprised to find that they already spoke English and knew about Christianity. The Saponi also had European features. (Their faces were shaped like Europeans' faces.) 

Some of the other tribes that say they are descended from the Roanoke colonists are:
 the Catawba people (including the Shakaori people and Eno people)
 the Coree tribe
 the Lumbee tribe
The Lost Colony DNA Project was set up to test if this is true.
The Chesepians 
A historian named David Beers Quinn thinks that the Roanoke colony moved to a new place and then was destroyed. In 1607, Captain John Smith started the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. One of his jobs was to find out what happened to the Roanoke Colony. Chief Powhatan told Smith that he had killed all of the Roanoke colonists. He said that they were living with the Chesepian tribe. The Chesepians would not join Chief Powhatan's Powhatan Confederacy. Also there was a prophecy that said the Chespians would destroy Powhatan's empire.

Because of this, the Powhatan Confederacy killed all the Chesepians. Chief Powhatan showed Captain Smith proof of this. He showed Smith some iron tools made in England. The bodies of the colonists were never found. Archaeologists do not have any evidence either.
Drought 
In 1998, there was a team of scientists studying the climate (weather) of the Roanoke area. The team took cores of some 800-year-old trees on Roanoke Island. They wanted to look at the tree rings to see the history of rain and temperature over the years.

They found that the colonists had started Roanoke Colony in the middle of the worst drought in 800 years. (A drought is a period of time when there is very little rain.) "This drought persisted for 3 years, from 1587 to 1589, and is the driest 3-year episode in the entire 800-year reconstruction," the team wrote in the journal Science. The drought happened in all of the southeastern United States. It was worst in the area near Roanoke Island.

The people in charge of the team were David W. Stahle and Dennis B. Blaton. Stahle was a climatologist from the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Blaton was an archaeologist from The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia.
Other ideas 
Governor White left some ships at the colony when he left in 1587. They had a full-rigged pinnace and some small ships. One idea is that the colonists tried to sail back to England in these ships. It could be that the ships sank and the colonists died.

Another idea is that the Spanish destroyed the colony. Earlier in the 1500s, the Spanish destroyed a French colony in South Carolina called Fort Charles. They also killed all of the people in a French colony in Florida. This is probably not what happened in Roanoke, because the Spanish were still looking for the colony in 1600.

Sources

Other websites 
 The Lost Colony Center for Science and Research
 The finding of Raleigh's lost colony (1907)
 Finding the lost colony of Roanoke by Brian Dunning

Missing people
History of North Carolina
British North America
1585 establishments
16th-century disestablishments
A provisional government is a government set up in an emergency when a political void has been created by the collapse of a government. They are usually unelected and tend to arise after civil or foreign wars. Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord used the term in the early 19th century. The first known establishment of a provisional government was in 1869 by the Métis leader Louis Riel at the Red River Colony.

Forms of government
The Battle of Little Round Top was part of the Battle of Gettysburg. It occurred on July 2, 1863. The troops under Joshua Chamberlain, the 20th Maine, formed the left flank for the Confederate troops. They repelled several charges by the Confederates. However, eventually Chamberlain's troops ran low on ammunition. Chamberlain ordered that the soldiers mount bayonets to their rifles and he ordered a charge down the hill against the Confederates. This charge surprised the Confederates and was successful.

The success in the Battle of Little Round Top is considered a turning-point in the Battle of Gettysburg and in the Civil War.

Little Round Top
1863 in Pennsylvania
July 1863 events
Jean-Charles Darmon is a French literary critic born in 1961.

Biography 

Graduate in 1982 from the École Normale Supérieure, he first teaches at Amherst College (USA).

Teacher of French literature at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Honorary Member of the Institut Universitaire de France (2001-2006), he was head of the École Normale Supérieure from 2005 to 2009.

Specialized in connections between literature, philosophy and ethics in the classical age, he is the author of books on libertarianism scholar and Epicureanism, the forms of the fable or satire, from an interdisciplinary perspective.

Further reading
(Epicurean philosophy and literature in seventeenth-century France. Studies on Gassendi, Cyrano, La Fontaine, Saint-Evremond), Paris, PUF, « Perspectives littéraires », 1998.
 Cyrano de Bergerac, Lettres satiriques et amoureuses, précédées de Lettres diverses (édition) (Cyrano de Bergerac, satirical and love letters, preceded by various letters (edit)), Paris, Desjonquères, « Dix-septième siècle », 1999.
 La Fontaine, Fables (édition) (La Fontaine, Fables (edit)), Paris, LGF, 2002.
 Philosophies de la Fable. La Fontaine et la crise du lyrisme (Philosophies of Fable. La Fountaine and the crisis of lyricism), Paris, PUF, « Écritures », 2003.
 Le Songe libertin. Cyrano de Bergerac d’un monde à l’autre (The Dream libertine. Cyrano de Bergerac from one world to another), Paris, Klincksieck, « Bibliothèque française et romane », 2004.
L’athée, la politique et la mort. Essai suivi d’une édition critique de La Mort d’Agrippine de Cyrano de Bergerac (The atheist, politics and death. Test followed by a critical edition of The Death of Agrippina from Cyrano de Bergerac), Fougères, Encre Marine, « La Bibliothèque hédoniste », 2005.
 Histoire de la France littéraire, tome 2. Classicismes xviie – xviiie siècle (Literary history of France, Volume 2. Classicisms seventeenth - eighteenth century), Paris, PUF, « Quadrige », 2006.
 Le moraliste, la politique et l’histoire. De La Rochefoucauld à Derrida (The moralist, politics and history. From De La Rochefoucauld to Derrida), Desjonquères, « L’Esprit des lettres », 2007.
Variations épicuriennes : une philosophie et ses marges, entre science, morale et politique. Études sur Montaigne, Gassendi, Cyrano de Bergerac, Bernier, Saint-Evremond (Epicurean variations: a philosophy and margins between science, ethics and politics. Studies of Montaigne, Gassendi, Cyrano de Bergerac, Bernier, Saint-Evremond), Paris, Honoré Champion, « Lumière classique », 2008.
 Pensée morale et genres littéraires (Moral thought and literary genres), with Philippe Desan, Paris, PUF, 2009.
 Philosophie du divertissement. Le jardin imparfait des Modernes (Philosophy entertainment. Modern garden imperfect), Paris, Desjonquères, « Le bon sens », 2009.
 « Philosophies de la Fable. Poésie et pensée dans l’œuvre de La Fontaine » ("Philosophies of Fable. Poetry and thought in the work of La Fontaine "), Paris, Éditions Hermann, coll. « Savoir Lettres », 2011.
References

1961 births
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
French literary critics
Living people
The Magomayev Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall (Azeri: Maqomayev adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Filarmoniyası) is the main concert hall for classical music and folk music in the capital of Azerbaijan, Baku.

History
The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall was built between the years 1910–1912 at the request of the city elite and is designed in the Italian Renaissance (outside) and German Rococo (inside) architectural styles. Its design was influenced by the architectural style of the buildings of the Monte-Carlo Casino, particularly the Opéra de Monte-Carlo. The building was originally organized as a club for the wealthy of Baku, who attended it for banquets and entertainment. During the Russian Civil War it was a place for public rallies. In 1936, the club was officially reorganized into a residence for the philharmonic society aimed at promoting Azerbaijani classical and folk music. On 11 August 1937 after the building was renovated, it was named after the Azerbaijani composer Muslim Magomayev. In 1995, the hall was closed down for more than 8 years for another renovation. It was not until November 2002 that the restoration works finally started due to President Heydar Aliyev's special decree
. The opening of the fully renovated building happened on 27 January 2004.