Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Works
Boutros-Ghali published two memoirs:
 Egypt's road to Jerusalem (1997), about the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.
 Unvanquished: A U.S.-U.N. Saga (1999), about his time as Secretary-General at the UN.

Quotes
 "It would be some time before I fully realised that the United States sees little need for diplomacy. Power is enough. Only the weak rely on diplomacy… The Roman Empire had no need for diplomacy. Nor does the United States."
 "The best way to deal with bureaucrats is with stealth and sudden violence."

References

1922 births
2016 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Copts
African diplomats
Order of Canada
Politicians from Cairo
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
José de Sousa Saramago, (pronounced|ʒuˈzɛ sɐɾɐˈmagu; born November 16, 1922; died June 18, 2010) was a Portuguese writer, playwright and journalist.

Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998. He lived on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, Spain.

Biography 
Saramago was born into a family of landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in the province of Ribatejo some hundred kilometers north-east of Lisbon.

Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only child, Violante, was born in 1947. Since 1988, Saramago has been married to the Spanish journalist Pilar del Río, who is the official translator of his books into Spanish.

José Saramago was in his mid-fifties before he had international success; his novel Baltasar and Blimunda brought him an international readership. This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award.
Saramago was a member of the Portuguese Communist Party from 1969, until his death  as well as an atheist and self-described pessimist. His views have aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ.

Themes 

Saramago uses for his works fantastic scenarios. In his 1986 novel, The Stone Raft, the Iberian Peninsula breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails about the Atlantic Ocean. In his 1995 novel, Blindness, an entire country is stricken with a mysterious plague called “white blindness”.

Bibliography

References
References

Bibliography 
 Baptista Bastos, José Saramago : Aproximação a um retrato, Dom Quixote, 1996
 T.C. Cerdeira da Silva, Entre a história e aficção : Uma saga de portugueses, Dom Quixote, 1989
 Maria da Conceição Madruga, A paixão segundo José Saramago : a paixão do verbo e o verbo da paixão, Campos das Letras, Porto, 1998
 Horácio Costa, José Saramago : O Período Formativo, Ed. Caminho, 1998
 Helena I. Kaufman, Ficção histórica portuguesa da pós-revolução, Madison, 1991
 O. Lopes, Os sinais e os sentidos : Literatura portuguesa do século XX, Lisboa, 1986
 Carlos Reis, Diálogos com José Saramago, Ed. Caminho, Lisboa, 1998
 M. Maria Seixo, O essencial sobre José Saramago, Imprensa Nacional, 1987
 "Saramago, José (1922-)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Tracie Ratiner. Vol. 25. 2nd ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. Discovering Collection. Thomson Gale. University of Guelph. 25 Sep. 2007
Other websites 
 The Unexpected Fantasist, a portrait of José Saramago, written by Fernanda Eberstadt and published August 26, 2007 in The New York Times Magazine
 Introduction and video of Saramago from "Heroes de los dos bandos" -spanish civil war-
 Interviews with Saramago in video
 José Saramago from Pegasos 
 Translation of interview with Saramago in El País - 12-Nov-2005

1922 births
2010 deaths
Portuguese writers
Upasni Maharaj (May 15, 1870 – December 24, 1941) was a Hindu guru who lived in a small village called Sakori in Maharashtra, India. Upasni had been a yogi and after coming to the famous Indian saint Sai Baba of Shirdi, and staying in his care for three years, he is said to have become a sadguru. Upasni is most famous as the guru of Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba. There are still disciples of Upasni Maharaj today who live in Sakori and take care of his temple there. 

The principal teachings of Upasni Maharaj were:
Don't trouble others
Become useful to others, even if it costs you suffering.
Always remain content and in the state of Be as it may.

References 

Hindu gurus
1870 births
1941 deaths
Finntroll is a folk metal band from Finland. They mix elements of extreme metal with Finnish polka, called humppa. Finntroll's lyrics are in Swedish, one of Finland's two national languages, because they say "Swedish just sounds damn trollish". Finntroll means "Troll from Finland" or "a spotty troll".

History
Finntroll was founded in 1997, by Teemus Raimoranta. One year later they recorded their first demo, Rivfader. After the demo Samu Ruotsalainen (drums),Samuli Ponsimaa (guitar), Henri Sorvali (keyboard) and Sami Uusitalo joined the band. The record company Spinefarm got interested in the band and then their first album Midnattens Widunder was recorded.
In 2001 the album Jaktens Tid (English: The time of the Hunt) was released. As they became more and more popular, Century Media started to promote Finntroll. That summer Finntroll played their first open air festivals in Finland. The year after the release of the album Jaktens Tid the band could not go on tour, because their singer had a tumor in his vocal cords. That is why he stopped singing in the band after the album Visor om Slutet (English: Songs about the End). This album was recorded in January 2003, in a forest cabin near Helsinki. Shortly before the release of Visor om Slutet Raimoranta died, because he fell off a bridge in Helsinki. He had drunk too much alcohol. Finntroll went on tour to Europe anyway, together with the band Katatonia. The guitarist Mikael Karlbom replaced Raimoranta. In 2004, the band released an EP, Trollhammaren (English: The Troll Hammer), and an album called Nattfödd (English: Nightborn).

On January 29th, 2006, Tapio Wilska, vocalist of the band since 2003, left the band.
A new album, called Ur Jordens Djup (English: From the Depths of the Earth), was released March, 2007. This album had more epic keyboard riffs to make it sound more like polka.

Members
 Mathias "Vreth" Lillmåns–Vocals (2006-)
 Samuli "Skrymer" Ponsimaa–Guitar (1998-)
 Mikael "Routa" Karlbom–Guitar (2003-)
 Sami "Tundra" Uusitalo–Bass guitar (1998-)
 Samu "Beast Dominator" Ruotsalainen–drums (1998-)
 Henri "Trollhorn" Sorvali–Keyboards (1998-)

Old members
 Tapio Wilska–Vocals (2002–2006)
 Jan "Katla" Jämsen–Vocals (1997–2001, stopped to sing because of a throat tumor)
 Teemu "Somnium" Raimoranta–Guitar (1997–2003, died 2003 because he fell off a bridge)
 Tomi Ullgren–Guitar (1997–1998)

Discography

Albums
 Midnattens Widunder (1999) (The Monster of Midnight)
 Jaktens Tid (2001) (Time of the Hunt)
 Visor om Slutet (2003) (Songs about the End)
 Nattfödd (2004) (Nightborn)
 Ur Jordens Djup (2007) (From the Depths of the Earth)
 Nifelvind  (2010)
 Blodsvept  (2013)
 Vredesvävd (2020)
EPs
 Visor om Slutet (2003)
 Trollhammaren (2004) (The Troll Hammer)

Demos
 Rivfader (1998) (Rivfader)

Videos
 "Bastuvisan" (1998)
 "Jaktens Tid" (live, 2001)
 "Skogens Hämnd" (2001)
 "Födosagan" (live, 2002)
 "Trollhammaren" (2004)
 "Nedgång" (2007)
 "Solsagan"  (2010)
 "Under Bergets Rot"  (2010)

Other websites
 Finntroll Official Website 

Black metal bands
Finnish heavy metal bands
Folk metal bands
Musical groups from Helsinki
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Finland
Crucified Barbara are a Swedish all-female band, formed in Stockholm in 1998.

The currents members on the band are:
 Mia Coldheart – Vocals, Guitar
 Klara Force – Guitar
 Ida Evileye – Bass
 Nicki Wicked – Drums

Their music can be described as a mix between heavy metal and rock music.

History 
Crucified Barbara started out in 1998 as a punk rock band, but they speedily changed their style to heavy metal. They signed  in 2003 with GMR music group of Stockholm. Recordings took place in Kristianopel, Sweden at Pama Studios/Blakk Records with producer-engineer Mankan Sedenberg during the spring of 2004. The single, for the debut album In Distortion We Trust, was 'Losing The Game'.  It was released on December 8, 2005 and went straight to no. 8 on the Swedish Hitlist.  The video was recorded and produced by M Industries. The debut album was released in Sweden on January 19th and is sold with a big interest in United States, United Kingdom and in half Europe.

Old members 
 Joey Nine - vocals (1998 - 2003)
Discography

Albums 
 2005 - In Distortion We Trust

Singles 
 2005 - Losing The Game
 2005 - Rock'n'Roll Bachelor
 2006 - Play Me Hard

In 2006 the band worked too in part of the Motörhead tribute album, called "St Valentine's Day Massacre".

Tours 
In November 2006, they supported Motörhead along with Clutch.

Other websites
 CrucifiedBarbara.Com 
 Crucified Barbara on MySpace

Swedish heavy metal bands
Glam metal bands
Hard rock bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups established in 1998
John Clayton Mayer (surname pronunciation: ) (born October 16, 1977) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. From Connecticut, he went to the Berklee College of Music, before moving to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1998. His first two albums, Room for Squares and Heavier Things, were successful and were made multi-platinum by the RIAA. In 2003, he won a Grammy Award for his song "Your Body Is a Wonderland". In 2005 he started a band called The John Mayer Trio with bassist Pino Palladino and drummer Steve Jordan. In 2006, he released his most successful album, Continuum. In 2008 a live cover he did of Michael Jackson's "Beat It" with Fall Out Boy was released.
He released Battle Studies in 2009 and Born and Raised in 2012. After Born and Raised, he had to have throat surgery to fix a growth that forced him to stop singing for a few months. When his throat healed, he recorded and released Paradise Valley. A few years later, he joined a few surviving members of the Grateful Dead to form Dead and Company. Since 2013, he has released two albums, The Search for Everything and Sob Rock.
References

Other websites 

 Official John Mayer site
 Official John Mayer Trio site 
 Mayer's MySpace page
 Mayer's blog at Honeyee.com 
 Mayer's photoblog at StunningNikon.com 

1977 births
Living people
American blues musicians
American rock guitarists
American singer-songwriters
American soul musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Connecticut
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Singers from Connecticut
American bloggers
Burg Fürsteneck is a castle in the middle of Germany between the towns of Fulda and Bad Hersfeld. It belongs to the commune of Eiterfeld. The castle at an altitude of 406 meters on a small plateau.

History
Burg Fürsteneck belonged to the monastery of Fulda. It was first mentioned in 1309, but it might have been built one or two hundred years before. Since 1802 it became the property of the German state of Hesse. The castle Burg Fürsteneck is preserved completely in a good condition.

Akademie Burg Fürsteneck
Since 1952 Burg Fürsteneck has been an academy for vocational and cultural education. It was rebuilt by the architect Otto Bartning. Each year about 4,000 participants take part in one of more than 175 courses, with 15.000 overnight stays.

Literature
 August Straub: Burgen und Schlösser im Hessenland., Melsungen
 August Weber: Die Geschichte des Kreises Hünfeld. Fulda 1960
 Rudolf Christl et al.: 1150-Jahre Dorf und Markt Eiterfeld. Amt und Gericht Fürsteneck. 845 – 1995. Eiterfeld 1995
Other websites
 Homepage of Burg Fürsteneck 
 European Nyckelharpa training in castle Burg Fürsteneck
 International Days of the Nyckelharpa 
 Vocational course for medieval music  

Burg Fursteneck
Castles in Germany
Pronunciation is a way a word is usually spoken. It can be affected by many different factors:

 Geographical location or dialect
 Presence of speech defect
 Ethnic group
 Education level
 Social class

Mispronunciation is an actual mistake in speaking. It is not used for how a speaker of a dialect pronounces a word. Examples occur in many place names and personal names. For instance, Leicester Square is actually pronounced like "Lester Square".

Related pages
Phonetics
Accent
 Dialect
 Dialects of English
 Register of a language
Margate is a town in Thanet, Kent, Southeast England.

Port cities and towns of England
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Thanet
Towns in Kent
Births 
 February 8 – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, leader of Egypt, started the Ikhshidid dynasty (d. 946)

Deaths 
 January 20 – King Louis the Younger of Saxony
 August 5 – King Louis III of France of Western Francia.
 December 16 – Pope John VIII
Many different people were named Henry I, including

Henry I of England, (1068 - 1135) King of England 
Henry I the Fowler, (876 - 935), King of the Germans (Holy Roman Emperor)
Henry I of France
Events 
Charles the Fat (Holy Roman Emperor), becomes Duke of Swabia

Births 
Henry I the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler) first King of the Germans
936 was a leap year.

Events 

 The Kings of Wessex take control of Devon.
 Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Aachen.
 King Taejo of Goryeo defeats Hubaekje.
 Prince Bei, elder brother of the Liao Dynasty emperor, is murdered by the Later Tang Dynasty.
 Ibn Muqlah, Islamic calligrapher, is disgraced and imprisoned in Baghdad.
 Pope Leo VII succeeds Pope John XI as the 126th pope.

Births 

 Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Moorish scholar
 Li Houzhu, last Chinese emperor of the Southern Tang

Deaths 

 Henry I the Fowler, King of the Germans
 Gyeonhwon, King of Hubaekje
930s
Events 
Henry I the Fowler (Heinrich der Vogler) (876 – 936) becomes King of the Germans.
Robert I (15 August 860 – 15 June 923) was the King of West Francia from 922 until his death in 923. He was the younger son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and the brother of Odo of France.  Robert I was at the Siege of Paris in 885.  Robert had the title of Dux Francorum.  He did not call himself king of West Francia when his brother died in 898.  Instead he served the Carolingian king, Charles the Simple and defended northern Francia from the attacks of the Norsemen.

866 births
923 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Rudolph (also Radulf, Ralph, or Raoul) (c. 890 – 15 January 936) was the Duke of Burgundy between 921 and 923.  He was King of France from July 13, 923 until his death. He married Emma of France, daughter of Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois. The nobles elected him King of France after his father-in-law died.

890 births
936 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Louis IV (920 – September 10, 954), was king of France from 936 to 954. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty and was son of Charles III and Eadgifu of England.

920 births
954 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Ratchet & Clank is a platforming and shooting game for the PlayStation 2. It was made by Insomniac Games and published by Sony. It was released on November 7, 2002 in North America, November 8, 2002 in Europe, and December 3, 2002 in Japan. It is the first game in the Ratchet & Clank series.

The game is about the character Ratchet, a made-up animal called a Lombax, and his robot friend Clank. Ratchet and Clank travel around the galaxy to defeat an evil alien named Chairman Drek, who is trying to destroy planets. The player is able to use many weapons and machines to attack enemies and solve puzzles.

Gameplay
In this game, the player plays as Ratchet most of the time, but can play as Clank sometimes. Ratchet can use lots of weapons and gadgets to attack enemies, solve puzzles, and jump over gaps. Clank can control smaller robots called "Gadgebots" who do things for him that Clank can not do on his own. There are lots of different places the player can go to.

Story
Story

A factory making lots of big robots is seen. One day a small robot is made by accident. He sees a video of an alien leader called Drek. Drek wants to break up lots of planets, and then use the pieces to make a new planet for his people, because his people'sold planet has become too polluted to live in. The video scares the robot, and he gets away in a spaceship, but crashes on a made-up planet called Veldin.

Ratchet is a made-up animal called a Lombax, who lives on Veldin. He wants to leave Veldin in his spaceship, and have adventures. Ratchet finds the small robot and calls him "Clank". Clank wants to stop Drek, and wants Ratchet to help him find a superhero called Captain Qwark, who he thinks will stop Drek. Clank fixes Ratchet's ship, so that Ratchet will help him.
Later on, Ratchet and Clank find Qwark. But Qwark is working for Drek, and he tries to kill Ratchet and Clank. They both get away from Qwark, but Ratchet is angry at Clank. Clank wants to stop Drek, but Ratchet only wants to find Qwark and kill him.

Soon, Ratchet shoots down Qwark's spaceship. After this happens, he sees a video with Drek's army destroying a city. The video makes Ratchet feel bad, and he says sorry to Clank for not helping him to find Drek.
They soon find out that Drek has a weapon called the "Deplanetizer". He is going to destroy Veldin, Ratchet's home, and this makes Ratchet angry. They find Drek, but he tells them he only did he whole thing to get money. People bought parts of his new planet, and Drek has made lots of money. But after the whole planet has been bought, he is going to pollute it. Then he will have to make another new planet, and get lots more money. But Ratchet and Clank kill Drek after a long fight, and use the Deplanetizer to destroy Drek's new planet. This makes lots of rocks fall down to Veldin. Clank gets his arm hurt, and Ratchet asks if he wants it fixed, and they both walk away together.

References

3D platform games
PlayStation 2 games
2002 video games
Ratchet & Clank
Windows games
MacOS games
Snow Patrol is an alternative rock band from Scotland and Northern Ireland. They are based in Glasgow and are signed to Polydor Records. Snow Patrol was started as an indie rock band, but began to play more alternative rock and pop songs. The band has released seven albums, Songs for Polarbears, Final Straw, When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up, Eyes Open, A Hundred Million Suns, Fallen Empires and Wildness. Eyes Open won the award for Best Irish Album at the National Irish Music Awards.

References 

1994 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Alternative rock bands
Scottish rock bands
1990s establishments in Scotland
Pollyanna is a book for children written by Eleanor Hodgman Porter. It was published in 1913.

Pollyanna-The game Story
A girl called Pollyanna is an orphan (her parents are dead). She goes to live with her Aunt Polly (who did not marry) in Beldingsville, Vermont. Pollyanna is happy all the time, and makes other people happy. She plays a game called the "glad game", where you find something to be happy about even when you are sad. Soon, everyone in the town is happy. An accident occurs and Pollyanna is left unable to move her legs.  She has to learn to be happy again, and then she gets better because a doctor makes her well again. Aunt Polly and the doctor marry.

Summary of the story
Miss Polly Harrington is known around town for being a stern, hard woman who is set in her ways. So it is only a sense of duty that causes her to open her home to Pollyanna, her newly orphaned niece. But Pollyanna is a very special little girl, with a very special game that she teaches to the townspeople. Soon, everyone in town is happier, and glad that Pollyanna came into their lives - everyone, that is, but Aunt Polly. But then a terrible accident threatens to ruin Pollyanna's game forever, and everyone wonders who can teach this little girl to be happy again.

Notes
If someone is called "Pollyanna", it means they are always happy like Pollyanna is. The "Pollyanna principle" means people say yes to positive statements (For example, instead of "What do you think of green?", you can say "Don't you agree that green is a nice colour?").

Pollyanna was an irrepressibly, cheerful child. So cheerful that her name survives in any standard American Dictionary. - 'an excessively or blindly optimistic person.'
Other websites 
Text of the book

1910s books
20th-century American novels
American children's books
Middle Chinese (), or Ancient Chinese as used by linguist Bernhard Karlgren is a name given to an older version of the Chinese language.  People spoke it during Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century - 10th century). The term "Middle Chinese", in contrast to Old Chinese and Modern Chinese, is usually used for historical Chinese phonology, which wants to reconstruct the pronunciation of Chinese used during these times.

Middle Chinese can be divided further. There was an early period and a later period. These can be told apart by the pronunciation of certain sounds that changed. 

Chinese language
The Uyghurs (wee-ger; 维吾尔人) are a Turkic people living mainly in Xinjiang, a province located in the far northwest of China.  Over 11 million Uyghurs live there, far more than any other part of the world.  

Many Uyghurs also live in Beijing, Shanghai and Taoyuan County (Hunan, South-Central China).  There are Uyghur diasporic communities in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Mongolia.  However, the vast majority of Uyghurs live in their native homeland Xinjiang.  

Some Uyghurs seek independence from China.

Uyghurs are mainly Muslim and speak Uyghur, a Turkic language. The Uyghur alphabet is based on the Arabic alphabet.

Most Uyghurs were originally from the ancient Karluk tribes of the Kara-Khanid Khanate and immigrated to what is now Xinjiang during the 8th or 9th centuries AD. Modern Uyghurs identify with the Karakhanids even though the name Uyghur was taken from the Manichaean Uyghur Khaganate and the Buddhist state of Qocho.
At a conference in Tashkent in 1921, representatives of the New Uyghur-speaking population of West Turkestan, whose language does not go back directly to the Old Uyghur of Mongolia, or only to a small extent, adopted the name "Uyghurs" for themselves.

References

Related pages 

Turkic peoples
Chinese people
Xinjiang
Xinjiang internment camps

Turkic peoples
Xinjiang

Ethnic groups in China
A  is a piece of tableware. It is used to keep chopsticks away from the table and also to prevent used chopsticks from coming in contact with or rolling off tables. Chopstick rests are made in various shapes from clay, wood, glass, or precious stone such as jade. Some people prepare them from bags of half-split disposable chopsticks in origami manner. 

In Japan, chopstick rests are usually used at formal dinners and placed on the front-left side of the dishes. The chopsticks are placed parallel to the table edge with the points toward the left.

Related pages
Chopsticks
Spoon rest
Knife rest

References

Other websites

Chopstick rest Collection, A collection of hashioki
Chopstick rest stock photos and images, Fotosearch
Erick's Chopstick Rests (Hashi Oki) Page 
Jen's Chopstick Rests Gallery 
Jurek Zarzycki's Chopstick Rests collection 
Chopstick rests , Asian Art Mall
Chopstick Rest , Mrs. Lin's Kitchen

Food utensils
Grindelwald is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli  in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is at the base of the railway to the Jungfraujoch.

References

Other websites 

 Grindelwald official website

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Solvation, commonly called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute. If the molecules or ions of the solute are more strongly attracted to the molecules of the solvent than to each other, solvation can occur. 

The solvation is the action of dissolving the mix to form the solution.

Related pages
 Solubility
 Solution

More reading
  (part A),  (part B),  (part C)

Chemical processes
The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a duchy in northern Germany,  it was about the same as the modern rural district of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  The duchy also had three exclaves near the town of Fürstenberg and the area around Ratzeburg in modern Schleswig-Holstein.

History
The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was set up in 1701. The capital was Neustrelitz. In 1808, the duchy joined the Confederation of the Rhine.  The Congress of Vienna made it a grand duchy and member of the German Confederation.  Mecklenburg-Strelitz joined the North German Confederation in 1867, and became a part of the German Empire in 1871.  On January 1, 1934 it was joined with the neighbouring state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin to form the State of Mecklenburg (today part of the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania).
The US county Mecklenburg (Charlotte, North Carolina) is named after Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Strelitz-born Princess Charlotte (queen consort of King George III of the United Kingdom). The flower Strelitzia ("Bird of Paradise") also is in honor of her home country. Queen Luise of Prussia also was a born princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1701–1815
 Adolf Friedrich II 1701–1708
 Adolf Friedrich III 1708–1752
 Adolf Friedrich IV 1752–1794
 Karl II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1794–1815

Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 1815–1918
 Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1815–1816
 Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1816–1860
 Friedrich Wilhelm 1860–1904
 Adolf Friedrich V 1904–1914
 Adolf Friedrich VI 1914–1918
 Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1918 (Regent)

Other websites
 House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
 Map of Mecklenburg in 1789
Mecklenburg-Strelitz
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the North German Confederation
States of the German Empire
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1701 establishments
1918 disestablishments in Germany
18th-century establishments in Germany
1700s establishments in Europe
1815 establishments in Europe
1933 disestablishments
States of the Weimar Republic
771 was a common year.

Events 
 Charlemagne becomes King of all the Franks after the death of his brother Carloman

Deaths 
 4 December: Carloman, brother of Charlemagne
The British Household Cavalry, is an army corps (pronounced "core") of two regiments of soldiers. Cavalry regiments, until the end of World War I, were always "mounted" on horses. Nowadays cavalry regiments are mounted on tanks. The British Household Cavalry is unusual because half of them are also still mounted on horses. The two Regiments of Household Cavalry, the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, which parades with horses and the Household Cavalry Regiment, which has light armoured vehicles, are manned by equal numbers of soldiers from The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals both of which are part of the "Household Division". In Britain the "Household Division" has the special privilege of guarding the Sovereign and the Royal Household. The term "Household Division" is used in all Commonwealth countries.
In many other countries there are similar highly trained army corps which guard the head of state and have ceremonial duties as well as operational military roles. Regiments of this sort can be found in Australia, Brunei, Belgium, Canada, Denmark and many other countries. But when speaking in English of the "Household Cavalry", the term generally refers to the "British Household Cavalry".

The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals

In Britain there are seven regiments in the Household Division. They are generally referred to as "The Guards". Five of the Guards regiments are "infantry", which means that they are "foot soldiers" and are Foot Guards, and the senior two regiments are "cavalry" meaning they are first and foremost armoured soldiers who also have a ceremonial role "mounted" on horses for ceremonial duty.
The British Household Cavalry is made of two regiments: The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals. They are the senior regular regiments in the British Army, with traditions dating from 1660. The Horse Guards, (as they are known, for short), have their barracks in Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge in London and perform their principal duty of forming daily The Queen's Life Guard at a building in London which was formerly the headquarters of the British Army. There are always mounted guards on duty ouside the "Horse Guards" building in front of which lies the famous Horse Guards Parade where The Queen's Birthday Parade takes place. There, the daily ceremony of the Changing of The Queen's Life Guard takes place. (This is a different Changing of the Guard to the one at Buckingham Palace.)
The Colonel-in-Chief of both Regiments of Household Cavalry is Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. The Colonel of The Life Guards is General Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank GCB, LVO, OBE. The Colonel of The Blues and Royals is Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal KG, KT, GCVO, QSO. (See below)
The motto of both regiments is Honi Soit Qui Mal Y Pense (Shame on him who thinks evil of it).

As military regiments, The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals have served in these places:
1660 - 1914: Dettingen, the Peninsula, Waterloo, Balaclava, Sevastopol, Tel el Kebir, Eqypt and South Africa
1914-1918: France and Flanders
1939-1945: Iraq, Syria, North Africa, Sicily, Italy, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany and Denmark
since 1945: Cyprus, Northern Ireland, Falkland Islands, Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan.
Uniform
The ceremonial uniform of the Household Cavalry has two features that are not often seen on other soldiers. They wear a shiny Silver helmet With Brass and Silver fittings, with a long "plume" of horse hair hanging from the top. When on mounted guard duty they also wear a "cuirasse" (metal chest armour). The two regiments can be told apart by the colour of their jacket (which is called a "tunic") and by the "plumes" on their helmets. The Life Guards wear red tunics with white plumes while The Blues and Royals wear blue tunics and have red plumes to their helmets. While on guard, the soldiers carry swords. When mounted on horses, the soldiers wear white riding-breeches, known as buckskins, and tall black winged leather boots, which are called jack boots, having been "jacked" or reinforced against sword blows (Fr. Jaque: chainmail).
The trumpeter, whose job is to relay messages by trumpet, can be told apart because he does not wear a cuirrass, and has a grey (white) horse. On "State occasions" when The Queen or another member of the Royal Family is present, the bands of The Household Cavalry wear gold coats designed at the time of King Charles II made of gold braid and dark blue velvet jockey hats. Each regiment has its own Quick March and Slow March. They both use a Scottish tune the Keel Row for a ceremonial "trot past".
The Household Cavalry Regiment is an armoured reconnaissance regiment based in Windsor. Most Household Cavalry soldiers begin their careers on mounted duty before being posted, normally after about two years at ceremonial duty, to the reconnaissance regiment, which has Scimitar light tanks, where they are trained in driving, gunnery ands signals. This regiment has deployed more than almost any other in the British Army to operations in Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan
. Gallantry medals awarded to soldiers of the Household Cavalry since 2003 include: a George Cross (GC) to Trooper Christopher Finney of The Blues and Royals, a Conspicuous Gallantry Cross (CGC) and a Military Cross (MC) to Staff Corporal Michael Flynn of The Blues and Royals (making him the most decorated serviceman in the British Army), a CGC to Lance Corporal of Horse Andrew Radford, a Distinguished Service Order to Major Richard Taylor of The Life Guards, and MCs to Captain Paddy Williams of The Blues and Royals and to Staff Corporal Shaun Fry of The Life Guards. All these were awarded on operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Famous members
 Her Royal Highness Princess Anne, The Princess Royal, is the Colonel of The Blues and Royals. She can be seen in uniform to the right of the picture.
 Prince William of Wales and his brother Prince Harry of Wales have both served as "cornets" in The Blues and Royals. Prince William can be seen in uniform in the photo to the left. (His grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, wears the uniform of the Grenadier Guards.)
 Michael Flynn (Blues and Royals) currently the most highly decorated soldier in the British Army.
 Michael Flynn  "Supersquaddie"

Gallery

The British Household Cavalry

"Horse Guards" from other countries

Related pages
 Queen Elizabeth II
 Military
 Army
 Horse

British Army
Pica ( ) is an eating disorder where a person wants to eat things that are not normal to eat, for example nails, rocks or feces. A person with pica may also have a strong want to eat unusual things that are normally considered food but not in the normal way, for example, uncooked potatoes, flour or starch. It is common in small children.

Eating disorders
Camillo Berneri (also known as Camillo da Lodi; 1877, Lodi–May 5 1937, Barcelona) was an Italian professor of philosophy, anarchist militant, propagandist and theorist.

Berneri, a World War I veteran, University of Florence professor of humanities, and a member of the Unione Anarchica Italiana, fought always Fascists, and he started to fight fascism until 1926, when he was forced to escape from Italy and he went in France, then Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and finally the Netherlands. In all these countries, Berneri was frequently placed under arrest, and then often expelled, because he was an anarchist. When he was in these countries he wrote lot of anti-clerical and anti-fascist articles.
With Carlo Rosselli, Berneri organized the first troop (column) of Italian volunteers to fight in the Spanish Civil War against Francisco Franco. After months he became highly critical of the involvement of Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) members in the Popular Front government, and he sent a letter to Federica Montseny (Anarchist minister for Health in the government against fascism).

During the Barcelona May Days, as troop of Communist Party of Spain members (apparently under orders from Joseph Stalin) searched  and then murdered him. His body, riddled with bullets, was found during the night, near the headquarters of the Generalitat de Catalunya.

He was married to Giovanna Berneri and was father of Marie-Louise Berneri and Giliane Berneri. The children were anarchists as the father Camillo.

Related pages
Anarchism in Italy

Other websites
 Camillo Berneri Page  on the Anarchist Encyclopedia site
 The Writings of Camillo Berneri
1877 births
1937 deaths
Italian people
Anarchist communists
Spanish Civil War
In context with theatre and movies a scenario (from Italian, that which is pinned to the scenery) is a description of an event or series of actions and events. In the Commedia dell'arte it was an outline of entrances, exits, and action describing the story of a play that was literally pinned to the back of the scenery. 

Surviving scenari from the Renaissance contain little other than character names, brief descriptions of action, and references to specific lazzi with no further explanation. It is believed that a scenario forms the basis of a fully improvisational performance though it is also likely that they were simple reminders of the plot for those members of the cast who were literate. 

In the creation of an opera or ballet, a scenario is often developed initially to indicate how the original source, if any, is to be adapted.  This sketch can be helpful in "pitching" the idea to a prospective producer, director, or composer.
Scenarios are also used in policy planning, and when trying out strategies against uncertain future developments. Here the key idea is for the scenario to be an overview, a summary, of a projected course of action, events or situations. Scenarios are widely used by organizations of all types to understand different ways that future events might unfold.

Theater
Planning
Scenario may refer to:
 Scenario, a brief description of an event.
 Screenplay, in movies.
 Scenario (computing), a typical interaction between the user and the system or between two software components.
 Scenario analysis, a process of analysing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes. 
 Scenario paintball, a variant of the game of paintball.
 Scenario planning, a strategic planning method that some organisations use to make flexible long-term plans.
 Scenario test, a test based on a hypothetical story used to help a person think through a complex problem or system.
 Kingmaker scenario, in a game of three or more players, is an endgame situation where a losing player, him- or herself unable to win, has the capacity to determine which player among others is the winner.
 User scenario, used to communicate an idea for a product or experience involving interactivity.
Scenario (song), a 1992 song by hip-hop group, A Tribe Called Quest.
Wu Cheng'en (, ca. 1500–1582), courtesy name Ruzhong (汝忠), was a Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming Dynasty. He was born in Huainan, Jiangsu. He studied in ancient Nanjing University for more than 10 years. 

His most famous novel is Journey to the West in which a monk encounters the Flaming Mountains.  The novel has been enjoyed by many generations of Chinese and is the most popular Chinese classic folk novel. The most famous English translation of the novel is by Arthur Waley and entitled Monkey.

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

Footnotes

References 
Zhou, Xianshen, Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.

1500 births
1582 deaths
16th-century books
Chinese novelists
Chinese poets
People from Jiangsu
Nanjing is a city in eastern China.

Name

The Mandarin Chinese name of the city is , which means "The Southern Capital". It got this name when the Yongle Emperor of the Ming family of rulers moved most of his government to Beijing ("The Northern Capital") in the early 1400s. In Chinese, Nanjing's name is written . Today, people spell it "Nanjing" because they use the pinyin way of spelling. Pinyin tries to show how the word should sound in Mandarin. People also used to write it , using Mr.Wade and Mr.Giles's way of spelling, and "Nanking", using the Chinese Postal Map's way.

History
 Nanjing Massacre

Political divisions 
Nanjing Municipality is divided into 11 districts.
 Xuanwu District
 Qinhuai District
 Yuhuatai District
 Gulou District
 Pukou District
 Liuhe District
 Qixia District
 Jianye District
 Jiangning District
 Lishui District
 Gaochun District
Attractions
 City Wall and the Gate of China
 Greenland Financial Center
 Jiming Temple
 Hongshan Zoo
 Nanjing Massacre Museum
 Nanjing Museum
 Presidential Palace
 Purple Mountain
 Purple Mountain Observatory
 Sun Yat-sen's Tomb
 Temple of Confucius
 Xuanwu Lake
 Yangtze River Bridge
 Yuhuatai Park

Education 
 Nanjing University
 Nanjing Foreign Language School
 Hehai University
 Southeast University

Travelling 

 Nanjing Bus
 Nanjing Metro
 Nanjing Tram
Sister cities 
Nanjing currently has 18 sister cities (areas), namely: 
  Alsace, France
  Barranquilla, fockme
  Bloemfontein, South Africa
  Eindhoven, Netherlands
  Florence, Italy
  Hauts-de-Seine, France
  Houston, Texas, U.S.
  Leipzig, Germany
   Limassol, Cyprus
  London, Ontario, Canada
  Malacca Town, Malaysia (2001)
  Mexicali, Mexico
  Nagoya, Japan
  Perth, Australia
  St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. (Nov 02, 1978, The 1st pair of Twin Cities between America and People's Republic of China)
   Daejeon, South Korea
  Birmingham, United Kingdom
  Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Notes

Sources

Pages

Books

Other websites 

 
 Nanjing Government website
 Jiangsu Network  Nanjing city guide with open directory
 Nanjing travel guide from the website Synotrip
 Nanking Illustrated is an old book from 1624

|-
Arthur David Waley (August 19, 1889 – June 27, 1966) was a famous English Orientalist and Sinologist.

Life
Waley was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent England, as Arthur David Schloss. He changed his surname to the maiden name of his grandmother, Waley, in 1914, because he was a Jew. He was appointed Assistant Keeper of Oriental Prints and Manuscripts at the British Museum in 1913. During this time he taught himself Chinese and Japanese. In 1929 he left to concentrate himself fully to his literary and cultural interests.
Selected works
 A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems, 1918
 More Translations from the Chinese (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1919).
 Japanese Poetry: The Uta, 1919
 The Nō Plays of Japan, 1921
 The Tale of Genji, by Lady Murasaki, 1921-1933
 The Temple and Other Poems, 1923
 Introduction to the Study of Chinese Painting, 1923
 The Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon, 1928
 The Way and its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and its Place in Chinese Thought, 1934
 The Book of Songs (Shih Ching), 1937
 The Analects of Confucius, 1938
 Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China, 1939
 Translations from the Chinese, a compilation, 1941
 Monkey, 1942
 Chinese Poems, 1946
 The Life and Times of Po Chü-I, 1949
 The Real Tripitaka and Other Pieces, 1952
 The Nine Songs: A Study of Shamanism in Ancient China, 1955
 Yuan Mei: Eighteenth Century Chinese Poet, 1956
 The Opium War through Chinese Eyes, 1958
 The Poetry and Career of Li Po, 1959
 Ballads and Stories from Tun-Huang, 1960
 The Secret History of the Mongols, 1963
References
 Alison Waley, A Half of Two Lives (London, 1982)
 Ivan I. Morris, Madly Singing in the Mountains: An Appreciation and Anthology of Arthur Waley (London,: Allen & Unwin, 1970).
 John Walter de Gruchy, Orienting Arthur Waley: Japonism, Orientalism, and the Creation of Japanese Literature in English Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003. .

Other websites
 Warring States Project, University of Massachusetts Biography  
Waley's translation of The Way and its Power 
 

1889 births
1966 deaths
English poets
English scientists
Jewish British scientists
Jewish British writers
British linguists
Oriental studies include Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, and peoples and their histories; in recent years the term Asian studies has mostly replaced the older term. European study of the region had primarily religious origins, which has remained an important motivation until recent times.

Related pages
Indology
Islamic studies
Japan studies
Orientalism
Sinology
Lev Chernyi (18??-1921) was a Russian anarchist poet who was imprisoned in Siberia under the Russian Czarist regime for his revolutionary activities.

Articles 

In 1907, he published a book entitled Associational Anarchism, in which he speak about the "free association of independent individuals.". Chernyi was greatly influenced by individualist-anarchist Max Stirner.

On his return from Siberia in 1917 he enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers. He was also Secretary of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups, which was formed in March, 1917. 

In the spring of 1918, in reaction to the growing repression of all opposition and free expression, the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed gangs, the Black Guards, and Lev Chernyi played an active part in these.
On the night of April 11, 1918 the Cheka, the secret police, attacked the building of the Moscow Federation, and the Black Guards offered armed resistance. About forty anarchists were killed or striked and about five hundred were imprisoned. 

In 1919 Chernyi joined a group called the Underground Anarchists, who published two numbers of a broadsheet which denounced the Communist dictatorship as the biggest tyranny in human history. On September 25, 1919, a little group of social revolutionaries and anarchists bombed the headquarters of the "Moscow Committee" of the Communist Party in protest at the growing repression. Twelve Communists were killed and forty-five others were mutilated.
Death 
August, 1921, the Moscow Izvestia published an official report announcing that ten "anarchist bandits" had been shot without hearing or trial. Among the dead was Lev Chernyi although Paul Avrich indicates in two of his books on the Russian anarchists that Chernyi was executed in September of that year, not August. Although he was not involved in the bombing of the Moscow Communist headquarters, he was, because of his association with the Underground Anarchists, a likely candidate for a frame-up. The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial, and there were persistent rumors that he had in fact died of torture.

19th-century births
1921 deaths
Russian poets
Anarchists
Luigi Fabbri (23 December 1877 – 24 June 1935) was an Italian anarchist, writer, agitator and propagandist who was charged with defeatism during the World War I. He was the father of Luce Fabbri.

Life and death
Born in Fabriano (Ancona), Italy in 1877, Fabbri was first sentenced for anarchist activities at the age of 16 in Ancona, and spent many years in and out of Italian prisons. Fabbri was a long time supporter of  to the anarchist press in Europe and later South America, including co-editing, with Errico Malatesta, the paper L'Agitazione.  He helped edit the paper "Università popolare" in Milan.Fabbri was a delegate to the International Anarchist Congress held in Amsterdam in 1907. He died in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1935.
Works
Life of Malatesta , translated by Adam Wight (originally published 1936).
Malatesta: L'Uomo e il Pensiero
Bourgeoise Influences on Anarchism
Letters to a Woman on Anarchy, 1905
Workers' Organisation and Anarchy, 1906 pamphlet
The School and the Revolution, 1912
Letters to a Socialist, 1913
The Aware Generation, 1913
Dictatorship and Revolution, 1921
Preventive Counter-revolution, 1922
Editor of L'Agitazione
Founded Il Pensiero ("The Think"), Lotta Umana (Uman Fight), Studi Sociale (Social Study)
Contributed to La Question Sociale (Social Question), Pensiero e Volonta, Fede Libero Accordo, L'Avvenire Sociale

Other websites
"Libcom" page on Fabbri

1877 births
1935 deaths
Italian writers
Anarchist communists
People from Marche
Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia (; 14 January 1859 – 13 October 1909) commonly known as Francisco Ferrer, was a Spanish Catalan "free-thinker" and anarchist.

Early life 
He was born in Alella (a small town near Barcelona). A supporter of Spanish republican leader Ruiz Zorilla, Ferrer was exiled to Paris with his wife and children in 1885. Divorcing his first wife in 1899, he remarried a rich Parisian teacher some time after.

In 1901 he returned to Spain and opened la Escuela Moderna (The Modern School) to teach middle-class children (then) radical social values, the school was free.  In 1906 he was arrested and accused of helping with Mateu Morral's attack on King Alphonso XIII and released a year later.  His school failed and closed while he was incarcerated.
Works 
Early in the summer of 1908, after his release from jail, he wrote the story of the Modern School. The book was called The Origins and Ideals of the Modern School and was translated into English by Joseph McCabe and published by the Knickerbocker Press in 1913.

When the martial law was reused in 1909 during the Tragic Week, he was arrested, convicted without any proof and executed by firing squad at Montjuich Fortress in Barcelona on 13 October.

After his execution, numerous supporters of Ferrer's ideas in the United States formed what were called Modern Schools, or Ferrer Schools. The first and most important Modern School was formed in New York City in 1911, and then later a community was founded around a school, known as Ferrer Colony and Modern School.

References

Other websites

Francisco Ferrer Collection MSS 248. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
Francisco Ferrer Page at the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia
Francisco Ferrer Page at the Anarchy Archives
People executed by firearm
Spanish anarchists
1859 births
1909 deaths
Gaetano Bresci (November 10, 1869 - May 22, 1901) was an Italian American anarchist who killed Italian King Umberto I. He is still considered a hero by many anarchists and republicans.

Life
Bresci was born in Tuscany, and he went from Italy to the United States, he lived for many time Paterson, New Jersey, where there was a large Italian-American community. He was one of the founders of La Questione Sociale, the Italian language anarchist paper published in Paterson. 

In 1898, the high bread prices led to demonstrations all over Italy. In Milan, an unarmed group of workers, women and children marched together for protesting, near the palace, which was surrounded by a strong military force under command of General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris. The people ignored the order to stop, so the General gave the signal of fire with rifles and cannons, resulting in a massacre of innocent people. Ninety people died, one of whom was Bresci's sister.