Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
People may use birth control for several reasons. Perhaps a man and woman wish to have only a few children so they will have enough money to give those children good food, clothes, and education. More children might mean less for each child, so the parents use birth control to limit the number of children they have. Or maybe a man and woman do not want any children at all in order to focus on their own lives, jobs, or each other. Other couples may use birth control to make sure that they do not have too many children in too short a time, an idea that is called "spacing" their children. This may help them take better care of their children. Still another reason is that a young couple may not be able to afford having a baby until they are older and have more money or better jobs. This may be especially true of younger people who are still in school and probably not married
. By using birth control, the couple can grow closer and strengthen their relationship by having sexual intercourse frequently so that when they are ready to have a baby their relationship is strong and stable. In most of these cases the man and woman want to have sex to be close, to feel good with each other, and to make their relationship stronger. Contraception lets them have intercourse while greatly reducing the chances of a pregnancy.
Birth control may be used by married couples, or by couples who live together but are not married, or by a man and woman who are engaged, or by a couple who are merely boyfriend and girlfriend, or even by single people who are not in a relationship at all but who may have casual sex with others.

Types of birth control 
There are many types of birth control. Some of these have been done for a long time, but many of them were only discovered in the last eighty years. Each type of birth control has advantages and disadvantages. Another word for a type of contraception is a method.

Barrier methods 
A barrier is something that stands between two things. So barrier methods stand between the sperm and the ovum (egg). Some barrier methods help prevent many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs):
Condom – this is the oldest barrier method. A condom is a thin tube (often made of latex) that the man puts over his penis. This keeps the sperm from getting to the egg. Condoms are also called rubbers.
 Female condom – this is like a condom, but it goes in the woman's vagina. 

Some barrier methods only protect a small amount against STDs:
 Diaphragm and cervical cap – these are objects that a woman puts in her vagina to cover the cervix (the opening at the bottom of the uterus where sperm get in).
 Contraceptive sponge – this is a sponge that is filled with spermicide (a substance that kills sperm) and is put in the woman's vagina over the cervix.
Barrier methods can be easy to use and have few side effects (bad things that happen if you take a medicine). Some of them can be bought without a doctor's prescription. Since they are easy to get and can help stop disease from spreading from one partner to the other, they are popular with younger couples or those who are early in a relationship. But sometimes they can be messy or interfere with the pleasure and sensation of sex.

Hormonal methods 
These can only be used by women. Doctors are trying to find a way to use hormonal methods for men. Hormonal methods change the woman's reproductive cycle in different ways so that it is safe for her man to ejaculate inside her.
Birth Control Pills – these are pills that a woman takes every day that make her stop ovulating (making eggs). They usually have both female hormones estrogen and progesterone in them. Some have only progesterone. Birth control pills are a very popular type of birth control because of how effective and easy to use they are. A woman who uses birth control pills is often said to be "on the Pill."
 Birth Control Patch – this is a small and thin object that is put on the woman's skin and stays there. Hormones in the patch go into the skin and into the woman's body. This makes her not ovulate.
 Emergency contraception pill – also called the morning-after pill. This is a medicine that is taken after sex that makes the woman less likely to get pregnant. It is best if used very soon after sex. The longer after sex it is taken, the less effective it is. It is recommended to be taken no more than 48 hours after the event. After this time, the pill no longer works well.
Implants – these are objects that are put under the woman's skin and stay there for years. They slowly put hormones into her body and make her not ovulate. These only have progesterone in them (not estrogen).
 Injections (shots) – this is where a doctor or nurse gives the woman a shot with a needle every three to six months depending on the type of injection. They inject a progesterone hormone that makes the woman not ovulate.
 Rings - a soft plastic ring that is placed inside the vagina. The hormones in the ring go into the woman's vagina and into her body to prevent her from ovulating. The ring cannot be felt during sex and one ring lasts for up to three months.
Hormonal birth control is extremely effective if it is used in the right way. Many hormonal birth control methods also make women's menses shorter and with less bleeding, which most women like. And unlike barrier methods, hormonal methods do not interfere with sex. When a woman is using hormonal birth control, she and her man are usually not even aware of it during intercourse, which seems and feels very natural. The couple can have sex at any time they wish; they don’t need to interrupt foreplay to put birth control in place, and they can feel the physical sensations and emotional closeness of intercourse without interference from a make or female condom. Unlike coitus interruptus (see below), when a woman is on the Pill or using some other form of hormonal birth control, intercourse usually ends with her man reaching orgasm while inside the vagina, which both the man and woman usually find very pleasurable
. For all of these reasons, hormonal methods are very popular, especially with women who are married or in steady relationships who are having sex often.
Hormonal birth control methods have some slight risks for side effects. They may make a very small increase in the risk of blood clots in the lungs, strokes, heart attacks, and breast cancer. Most of these risk are small. Some women may experience mood swings, weight gain, or loss of sex drive. Sometimes, but rarely, these side effects are serious enough to make a woman decide to stop using hormonal birth control.

Intrauterine methods 
This is where an object is put in the woman's uterus (womb, where the fetus grows when she is pregnant). This object is called an intrauterine device or IUD (acronym).

There are two types of IUD: the copper IUD or an IUD with hormones implanted on it. The hormonal IUD has better protection against pregnancy but costs more.

There are many good things about them:
 Do not need the woman to do anything after they are put in
 Last a long time (up to 10 years)
 Work very well at stopping pregnancy (98-99% of pregnancies are stopped)
The worst part about IUDs is that they have to be put in by a doctor. There is some risk of infection of the uterus after the IUD is put in, but this is only for 1-2 months after.

Copper IUDs can also be used as a day-after method to prevent pregnancy after the woman and man already had sex.

IUDs do not prevent STDs.

Sterilization 
This is when a man or woman has surgery to make them not able to make babies.

Men can get a vasectomy. This is a small surgery where the tube that carries sperm from the testicles is cut.

Women can get tubal surgeries. These are ways that the fallopian tubes are cut or clipped so that eggs cannot go down them to the uterus. (The fallopian tube is the tube that carries the egg from the woman's ovary).
Sterilization is extremely effective, and they allow a man and woman to have intercourse that seems and feels very natural. But sterilization does involve surgery, which can cost more than other types of contraception and can be unpleasant, and unlike other methods it is very hard to reverse if a couple changes their minds and want to have children later.

Other surgeries will make a woman sterile (not able to get pregnant). These are not done only for contraception, but they are done for other reasons. 
 Hysterectomy surgery to remove the uterus
 Oophorectomy surgery to remove the ovaries (both must be removed to make a woman sterile).

Traditional contraception
These have been used for a very long time. They were used before modern medicine. Some of them were used before scientists even discovered how reproduction (making babies) happens.
 Coitus interruptus (sometimes called "withdrawal" or "pulling out"– when the man takes his penis out of the woman's vagina before semen (liquid that has sperm in it) comes out. This is not a good method of birth control because the fluid that comes out before semen comes out also has sperm in it, and because if the man's semen is close to the woman's vagina, she can still get pregnant. Also, because the man's instinct is to stay inside the woman's vagina when he ejaculates, there is always a danger that he may not withdraw his penis in time. Even when it works, this can be a very frustrating method for both the man and woman because it interrupts their closeness and good feelings at the climax of intercourse.
Non-penetrative sex, non-vaginal sex – sex without putting the man's penis in the woman's vagina. This is more effective than coitus interruptus, but it can still be risky if the man ejaculates on or near the woman, and it can also be frustrating for the couple not to be able to have intercourse.
 Abstinence – not having sex. If a couple can practice this correctly, it is completely effective at preventing pregnancy. It is free and does not require the help of a doctor. But it can be very frustrating for a man and woman to not be able to have intercourse.
Periodic abstinence 
This means a man and a woman practice abstinence (not having sex) when the woman is fertile. When the woman is not fertile, she will not get pregnant when she has sex.
 Natural family planning: this is also called 'fertility awareness'. For this method, a woman reads her temperature (how warm her body is) in the morning, or she reads her cervical mucus (liquid that comes out of her vagina). Using the temperature or the cervical mucus, there are rules that say when the woman is fertile and not fertile.
 Billings ovulation method; Creighton model fertility care; two-day method; mucus-only method; basal body temperature method; sympto-thermo method: these are different names for natural family planning (see above).
Rhythm method: this is where a woman records the number of days between her menses (the time when she bleeds). The woman is most likely to be fertile in the days right between her menses. For some women, the math does not work. They get pregnant when the math says they are less fertile.
Lactational Amenorrhea Method 
This is when a woman is breastfeeding (using her breasts to make milk for her baby). There are certain rules the woman can use to know if she is not fertile. Chances that this method will fail are about 10% (which means 10% chance she can get pregnant)

Induced abortion 
Induced abortion (sometimes called just abortion) is when a doctor gives a pregnant woman a medicine or does a surgery to stop the pregnancy. Some people do not call abortion a kind of contraception. This is because contraception means preventing pregnancy, but abortion is stopping a pregnancy that has already started.

Abortion is not a good birth control method. If a woman does not want to get pregnant, other methods are more safe and inexpensive (cost less money). So many doctors who do abortions for women help women find a better way to not get pregnant the next time.

Religion and contraception 
Some religions do not like contraception. Some of them teach that contraception is a sin.
Religions ideas about contraception:
 Catholicism – almost all types of birth control are a sin (except Natural Family Planning or abstinence). The Catholic Church had no official policy over Contraception until 1930 when Pope Paul VI officially banned Catholics from using birth control pills, most forms of contraceptions, and even condoms. The Church believes sex is for a husband and wife to make a baby, and sex must always be open to life (possibility of making a new human) and contraceptions would be sinful as it blocks pregnancy even though the Bible does not ban contraceptions.    
 Protestantism – most Protestant churches believe birth control is not a sin and allow couples to use it if they do not wish to make a baby. 
 Islam – most schools of thought believe that some methods of birth control are not a sin. This is not applicable to sterilization, birth control due to financial hardship, or methods that deprive a woman of her right to sexual satisfaction.
Religious beliefs that contraception is a sin also keep people from doing safe sex. Some groups who are opposed to this belief say it is dangerous in places where there is a lot of HIV and AIDS, because condoms make people much less likely to get HIV, but at the same times many feel that they can practice extra marital sex since they are "safe" from HIV/AIDS.

Related pages 
Marie Stopes
Margaret Sanger
Overpopulation
Reproductive rights

Other websites 
These may be unsimple:

 Wedding Website: A simple introduction to cpntraception - in simple English
 University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo: Methods of Contraception For Men and Women
 World Health Organization information on family planning
 Planned Parenthood
 Medline Plus on birth control
 USFDA page "what kind of birth control is best for you?" in simpler English

Contraception
Feminism
Antinatalism
A role-playing game (also called an RPG) is a game in which one plays the role of one or several characters (people), either verbally (traditional RPGS), in a computer or video game, or alone (gamebooks). Often the characters gain experience (EXP) during the game, which makes them stronger.

Traditional RPGs 

A traditional role-playing game, or tabletop role-playing game, is a form of role-playing game (RPG) in which each person playing the game will make-believe that he or she is a character in the game. A person playing the game will tell the action of his or her character, and a system of rules will tell whether the action can be done or not.  The game will happen in a made-up world that is controlled by another person playing the game, called a gamemaster (GM). The gamemaster tells the game's story to the players, tells them where they are in the game world, and plays the part of all the Non-Player Characters (NPCs) and monsters that the players meet.
The gamemaster will also give quests or tasks for the characters to complete. Characters usually have things about them that limit their actions, such as strength or speed, and as the character completes the quests, he or she is awarded experience points which can be used to make the character better.

Most tabletop RPGs use dice rolls when a player tries to do something hard in the game (Like attacking a monster, or jumping over a gap). This means that there is luck in the game, as well as skill. Most games have a system of bonuses so that they can succeed more often.

A short example:

GM: "You enter a small room. It is wet and smells bad. You hear water dripping from somewhere. You see a small, shaking pile of gray jelly in the middle of the room."
Player: "I touch the pile with the tip of my sword."
GM: "The jelly starts to move up your sword."
Player: "I drop my sword."
GM: "The jelly starts to eat your sword, but you are safe."
Good GMs balance challenges and rewards, giving the players the chance to recover from mistakes, but at the same time providing consequences for the player's actions. One example of this type of RPG is Dungeons & Dragons

Computer and video game RPGs

Graphical
There are also computer and videogame RPGs, where the player controls one or more characters. A good example is the Final Fantasy series of games. Just like the pre-computer RPGs, the characters in the games level up when they get EXP. They also usually contain a main quest which cannot be completed without completing smaller side quests. These computer RPGs are easier to play because they only need one person, but they also lack the freedom of the older games, where new quests can be made up whenever you want. MMORPGs (Massively-Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game), are computer games where many players meet online in one large game world, and go on quests together. Some examples of these games are World of Warcraft, Everquest, or Runescape.
Text-Based 

Text Based RPGs are not too different from Traditional RPGs, generally based on the Dungeons and Dragons game. However some Text Based RPGs are not for combat, but are for socializing and meeting others.
With many Text Based RPGs you need a client, a program to send what you say to the server, which can be located in another country. Many clients are basic and display text in one colour, but there are others that use colours, enhancing the readability of the contents.

Live action role-playing game (LARP) 
In LARP, the people play their characters themselves, much like a play. They act out the things their character does, dress like their character, and often talk in the way their character would.
Arabic (العربية, al-ʿarabiyyah) is a Semitic language, like Hebrew and Aramaic that first appeared in the mid-ninth century BCE in Northern Arabia and Sahara southern Levant. Unlike the latter two, where the former derives from the other, however, Arabic is itself a root language, like Latin. Unlike Latin, it is still widely used and spoken today. Around 292 million people speak it as their first language. Many more people can also understand it as a second language in the Maghreb. The Arabic language is written from right to left in a consonant alphabet, which is also called an abjad. Since it is so widely spoken throughout the world, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. The other official languages of the UN are: English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese.
Many countries speak Arabic as an official language, but not all of them speak it the same way. The language has many dialects, or varieties, such as Modern Standard Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Gulf Arabic, Maghrebi Arabic , Levantine Arabic and many others. Some of the dialects are spoken so differently from one another that some speakers have a hard time understanding the other. Many dialectic words however are nonetheless still rooted in the original, or classical language. 

Most of the countries that use Arabic as their official language are in the Middle East. They are part of the Arab World, the largest religion in the region is Islam.

Arabic is very important in Islam because Muslims believe that Allah (God) used it to talk to Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel (Jibril), giving him the Quran in the language. Many but not all Arabic-speakers are Muslims. The miracle of the Quran is believed to be in its language.
Arabic is also becoming a popular language to learn in the Western world even though its grammar is sometimes very hard to learn for native speakers of Indo-European languages. Many other languages have borrowed words from Arabic because of its importance in history. Some English words that can be traced to Arabic are sugar, cotton, magazine, algebra, alcohol and emir.

Arabic is an official language of these countries:

 Algeria
 Bahrain
 Comoros
 Chad
 Djibouti
 Egypt
 Eritrea
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Kuwait
 Lebanon
 Libya
 Mauritania
 Morocco
 Oman
 Palestine
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 Somaliland
 Sudan
 Syria
 Pakistan 
 Tunisia
 United Arab Emirates
 Yemen

It is also a national language of:
 Mali
 Somalia
 Senegal

Alphabet 
The Arabic alphabet is a consonant alphabet with 28 letters, as listed below:
ا (alif, pronounced a)
 ب (ba, pronounced like the English letter ‘b’)
 ت (ta, pronounced similar to the English letter ‘t’)
 ث (tha, pronounced like the ‘th’ in ‘bath’)
 ج (jeem, pronounced like ‘j’)
 ح (haa, pronounced like a heavy ‘h’ from the neck)
 خ (khaa, pronounced like a retch or a snort from the throat)
 د (dal, pronounced like ‘d’)
 ذ (thal, pronounced like the ‘th’ in ‘the’)
 ر (ra’, pronounced like ‘r’ in Italian)
 ز (zay, pronounced like ‘z’ in zebra)
 س (seen, pronounced like a hiss)
 ش (sheen, pronounced like ‘shh’)
 ص (saud, pronounced like the seen but slightly heavier)
 ض (dah, pronounced like dal but heavier)
 ط (tah, pronounced like a pressured ‘t’)
 ظ (tha, pronounced by pulling the midsection of your tongue down while trying to say a heavy ‘th’)
 ع (‘ain, pronounced similar to a gagging sound)
 غ (gha, pronounced like gargling water)
 ف (fa, pronounced like ‘f’)
 ق (qaf, like the sound made in comical cartoons when the characters gulp down a drink)
 ك (kaf, pronounced like ‘k’)
ل (lam, pronounced like ‘L’)
 م (meem, pronounced like ‘m’)
 ن (noon, pronounced like ‘n’)
 ه (ha, soft ‘h’ sound)
 و (waw, pronounced like ‘w’ or ‘ooh’)
 ي (ya, pronounced like ‘y’)
Dresden () is the capital of the Free State of Saxony. It is in the southeast of Germany, on the River Elbe near the border with the Czech Republic. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

History 
Dresden was already settled in the Neolithic part of the Stone Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1206, when Dresden began to develop as a royal residence.

Dresden was bombed a lot at the end of World War II. It was bombed by American and British bombers between 13 February and 15 February 1945. Most of the city's buildings were damaged beyond repair after the bombings. The city had to rebuild most of its buildings after the war.

In 2002 Dresden was flooded in Germany's so-called "century flooding".

Politics and cultural 
Dresden is the political and cultural centre of Saxony. It is the seat of the governmental district of Dresden and of many universities. The city had a popiulation that exceeded 100,000 around 1852.
Dresden has about 488,000 inhabitants (2005). Dresden forms the core of the densely-populated area of the same name in Central Europe and is a traffic junction and an economic centre. Together with the population centres of Chemnitz, Zwickau and Leipzig, it forms the population centre known as the Metropolregion Saxonia Triangle .
Traffic 
Dresden has got an international airport (Flughafen Dresden-Klotzsche) which has about 2 million passengers/year. This Airport has got daily flight connections to Frankfurt and Munich (Lufthansa), Moscow (Aeroflot), Cologne and Stuttgart (germanwings), Düsseldorf (germanwings)  as well as to Zurich (InterSky), Hamburg (eurowings on behalf of germanwings) and London-City (CityJet). The biggest station is Dresden Hauptbahnhof (Dresden Main station) with an ICE (InterCityExpress) connection to Leipzig, Erfurt, Frankfurt and Wiesbaden. There's an EuroCity connection to Prague, Graz and Vienna just as an InterCity connection to Berlin and Hamburg. The metropolitan of Dresden has got four highwas:
 A4:   Frankfurt - Dresden - Goerlitz - Wrocław - Kraków

 A13: Dresden - Berlin
 A14: Nossen (near Dresden) - Leipzig - Magdeburg (- Schwerin)
 A17: Dresden - Prague
Dresden has 3 S-Bahn (Metropolitan overground railway) lines and a big tram network.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
1206 establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in Germany
Free will is being able to choose between different actions. If we judge an action (for example, as good or bad) it only makes sense if the action is freely chosen.

Things like advice, persuasion, and prohibition, are pointless unless people have some kind of free will. Free will means people can do different things. Different results come from different courses of action. Traditionally, only actions that are freely willed deserve credit or blame. If there is no free will, there is no sense or justice in rewarding or punishing anybody for any action.

Free will is a major problem in ethical philosophy, and is also relevant to the philosophy of science.

In ordinary life, and in law, people are generally assumed to have free will, and are responsible for what they do.

In philosophy

Determinism 
Determinism comes from the idea that our world – and the universe – is in some way rather like a machine. This idea goes back a long way in history (at least 2,500 years).
Hard determinism 
There is more than one kind of determinism, but essentially it is the idea
that events in the past fully decide (cause) events in the future. It is the same as saying "the universe is like a clockwork instrument". If you knew everything about it, you could predict exactly what will happen. To illustrate this Pierre-Simon Laplace proposed a thought experiment in 1814, which he called Laplace's demon.  If determinism is the case, then there can be no free will.

The view that a deterministic universe means people do not have free will is called "incompatibilism". It means if determinism is true, it is incompatible with free will, and so free will does not exist.

Soft determinism 
Many thinkers do not like what follows from hard determinism, and ideas have been put forwards as to why we do have free will. Here we give just one of these ideas.
Soft determinism (or "compatibilism") tries keep determinism, but still claims that free will is possible. David Hume had this position. According to Hume, free will is not the ability to make a different decision under the same circumstances. Because there may be slight differences in the circumstances, a different decision can be reached. Chrysippos. a stoic philosopher gives the example of a dog which is tied to a cart. This dog can freely decide to follow the cart. William James coined the term "soft determinism" in  The dilemma of determinism in 1884. There, James writes "A common opinion prevails that the juice has ages ago been pressed out of the free-will controversy". James went on to argue, just as did Plutarch, that events fall into two groups: the causally determined and the rest.
In law
The law assumes we have free will. The job of courts is to find out when people do things and what they were thinking when they decided to do it. For example, think of someone who kills someone else. A court tries to figure out (1) if he or she actually killed the other person, and (2) if he or she decided to do it. The courts do not ask the philosophical question above.

In science

Physics
In the past, people such as Democritus saw the universe as deterministic. Some people thought that getting enough information would allow them to predict perfectly what will happen in the future. Modern science, however, is a mixture of deterministic and stochastic theories.

References

 

Ethics
Determinism
Up to 1900 
 1284 – The Statute of Rhuddlan incorporates the Principality of Wales into England.
 1575 – Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great defeats a Bengali army at the Battle of Tukaroi.
 1585 – The Olympic Theatre, designed by Andrea Palladio, is inaugurated in Vicenza, Italy.
 1776 - American Revolutionary War: The first amphibious landing of the United States Marine Corps begins in the Battle of Nassau.
 1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Continental Army is routed (heavily beaten) at the Battle of Brier Creek.
 1788 – Europen settlement begins on Norfolk Island.
 1799 - Russo-Ottoman Siege of Corfu ends with the surrender of the French garrison.
 1820 - United States Congress passes the Missouri Compromise.
 1836 - Texas declares independence from Mexico.
 1845 – Florida becomes the 27th state of the United States.
 1849 - The Minnesota Territory is created.
 1857 – Second Opium War: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.
1861 – Tsar Alexander II of Russia signs the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing the serfs.
 1875 – Georges Bizet's opera Carmen receives its premiere at the Opéra-Comique in Paris.
 1875 – The first-ever organised indoor ice hockey game is held in Montreal.
 1878 – The Russo-Turkish War ends, as Bulgaria regains its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
 1885 - The American Telephone and Telegraph Company is incorporated in New York.
1901  2000 
 1904 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany becomes the first ruler to make a sound recording of a political document, using the phonograph cylinder.
 1905 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly, the Duma.
 1913 - Thousands of women march in a suffrage parade in Washington, DC.
 1915 – NACA, the predecessor of NASA, is founded.
 1918 – World War I: Germany, Austria and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia's involvement in the war.
 1923 – TIME magazine is first published.
 1924 – End of the Ottoman caliphate.
 1925 - The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is unveiled, having been created by Gutzon Borglum. Carved into rock are the faces of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt.
 1931 - The United States adopts "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem.
 1933 – Ching Yun University is established.
 1938 – Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
1939 – Mahatma Gandhi begins a fast (a period without eating) in protest against autocratic rule in British colonial India.
 1942 – World War II: Ten Japanese war planes raid the town of Broome in Western Australia, killing over 100 people.
 1943 – World War II: In London, 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter the air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green tube station.
 1945 – World War II: American and Filipino troops recapture Manila from Japanese forces.
 1945 – A former Armia Krajowa unit massacres at least 150 Ukrainian civilians in Pawlokoma, Poland.
 1945 – World War II: The Royal Air Force accidentally bombs the Bezuidenhout neighbourhood in The Hague, killing 511 people.
 1953 – A Canadian Pacific Airlines Comet aircraft crashes in Karachi, Pakistan, killing 11 people.
 1958 – Nuri as-Said becomes Prime Minister of Iraq for the 14th time.
 1961 – Hassan II becomes King of Morocco.
 1962 - The British Antarctic Territory is created.
1969 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 9 to test the lunar module.
 1973 - Wasington Convention is signed.
 1974 – Turkish Airlines Flight 981 crashes at Ermenonville, near Paris, killing all 346 people on board.
 1978 – The body of movie actor Charles Chaplin is stolen from his grave in Switzerland.
 1985 – Arthur Scargill announces the decision by the National Mineworkers Union to end the longest-running industrial dispute in the United Kingdom without a peace agreement over pit closures.
 1985 – A magnitude 8.3 earthquake strikes the Valparaiso region of Chile, killing 177 people.
 1991 – Referendum votes in both Estonia and Latvia show overwhelming support for independence from the Soviet Union.
 1991 – United Airlines Flight 585 crashes at Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing 25 people on board.
 1991 – Rodney King is hit and kicked by the Los Angeles police, which leads to big riots.
 1992 – Kyrgyzstan starts to use its current flag.
1992 - Alija Izetbegovic declares Bosnia and Herzegovina independent.
 1996 - The Partido Popular wins the Spanish parliamentary election, leading to Jose Maria Aznar becoming Prime Minister.
 1997 – The Sky Tower, the southern hemisphere's tallest free-standing structure at a height of 328 metres, opens in Auckland, New Zealand, following more than  years of building work.
From 2001 
 2002 – Switzerland votes to join the United Nations, breaking its long history of being neutral.
 2002 – The Hindu Kush in Afghanistan is hit by a magnitude 7.4 earthquake, killing 166 people.
 2005 – Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly an airplane non-stop around the world without refuelling.
 2009 – An armed attack targets the Sri Lanka national cricket team in Lahore, Pakistan.
 2009 – The Historical Archives building in Cologne, Germany, collapses, killing 2 people. Many documents are either completely destroyed or badly damaged.

Births
Up to 1900 
 1455 – King John II of Portugal (d. 1495)
 1500 - Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1558)
 1520 - Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (d. 1575)
 1589 - Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (d. 1676)
 1606 - Edmund Waller, English poet (d. 1687)
 1652 - Thomas Ottway, English dramatist (d. 1685)
 1678 - Madeleine de Vercheres, Canadian heroine (d. 1747)
 1756 - William Goodwin, English writer (d. 1836)
 1778 – Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Hanover (d. 1841)
 1788 - William Carroll, 6th and 9th Governor of Tennessee (d. 1844)
 1793 - Charles Sealsfield, Austrian-American journalist (d. 1864)
 1800 – Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist (d. 1862)
 1805 – Jonas Furrer, 1st President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1861)
 1816 - William James Blacklock, English painter (d. 1858)
 1819 - Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist (d. 1912)
 1823 – Gyula Andrassy, Hungarian regent (d. 1890)
 1831 - George Pullman, American inventor (d. 1897)
1838 – George William Hill, American astronomer and mathematician (d. 1914)
 1839 – Jamsetji Tata, Indian industrialist (d. 1904)
 1841 - John Murray, Scottish oceanographer (d. 1914)
 1845 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (d. 1918)
 1847 – Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish inventor (d. 1922)
 1860 - John Montgomery Ward, American baseball player (d. 1925)
 1861 - Racho Petrov, Bulgarian general and politician (d. 1942)
 1866 - Fred A. Busse, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1914)
 1869 – Henry Wood, English conductor (d. 1944)
 1869 – William M. Calder, United States Senator (d. 1945)
 1871 – Maurice Garin, French cyclist (d. 1957)
 1873 - William Green, American labor union leader (d. 1953)
 1877 – Jon Thorlaksson, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1935)
 1878 - Leopold Jessner, German producer and director (d. 1945)
 1879 - Jozsef Klekl, Slovenian writer (d. 1936)
 1880 – Yosuke Matsuoka, Japanese politician (d. 1946)
 1880 – Florence Auer, American actress (d. 1962)
1882 - Charles Ponzi, Italian criminal, origin of the term Ponzi scheme (d. 1949)
 1886 – Tore Orjasaeter, Norwegian poet (d. 1968)
 1886 - Ezequiel Fernandez, 18th President of Panama (d. 1946)
 1890 – Norman Bethune, Canadian doctor and humanitarian (d. 1939)
 1891 – Damaskinos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1949)
 1891 – Arthur Drewry, British FIFA President (d. 1961)
 1893 – Beatrice Wood, American artist and ceramicist (d. 1998)
 1895 – Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian economist (d. 1973)
1901  1950 
 1901 – Claude Choules, British World War I veteran and supercentenarian (d. 2011)
 1903 - Vasily Kozlov, Soviet politician (d. 1987)
 1905 - Marie Glory, French actress (d. 2009)
 1906 - Artur Lundqvist, Swedish writer (d. 1991)
 1911 - Jean Harlow, American actress (d. 1937)
 1912 - Klaus Gysi, German politician (d. 1999)
 1914 – Asger Jorn, Danish painter (d. 1973)
 1916 – Paul Halmos, Hungarian-American mathematician (d. 2006)
 1918 – Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist (d. 2007)
 1918 - Peter O'Sullevan, British horse racing commentator (d. 2015)
 1918 - Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (d. 2000)
 1919 – Loki Schmidt, German environmentalist and wife of Helmut Schmidt (d. 2010)
 1919 – Peter Abrahams, South African writer (d. 2017)
 1920 – Ronald Searle, British cartoonist (d. 2011)
 1920 – Julius Boros, American golfer (d. 1994)
 1920 – James Doohan, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
 1921 - Diana Barrymore, American actress (d. 1960)
1921 - Doc Paskowitz, American surfer and physician (d. 2014)
 1922 – Nandor Hidegkuti, Hungarian footballer (d. 2002)
 1923 - Doc Watson, American bluegrass musician (d. 2012)
 1924 – Tomiichi Murayama, Prime Minister of Japan
 1924 – Lys Assia, Swiss singer and actress (d. 2018)
 1928 - Howell Evans, Welsh actor, comedian and singer (d. 2014)
 1929 - Mithat Bayrak, Turkish wrestler (d. 2014)
 1930 – Heiner Geissler, German politician (d. 2017)
 1930 – Ion Iliescu, former President of Romania
 1933 – Lee Radziwill, American fashion executive (d. 2019)
 1933 - Alfredo Landa, Spanish actor (d. 2013)
 1934 - Jimmy Garrison, American jazz musician (d. 1976)
 1934 - Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville, English politician
 1934 - Yasuo Takamori, Japanese footballer
 1935 – Zhelyu Zhelev, former President of Bulgaria (d. 2015)
 1935 – Michael Walzer, American philosopher
 1935 - Malcolm Anderson, Australian tennis player
 1937 - Tsukasa Hosaka, Japanese footballer (d. 2018)
1937 - Bobby Driscoll, American actor (d. 1968)
 1938 - Bruno Bozzetti, Italian animator and movie director
 1942 - Mike Pender, English singer and guitarist
 1945 - Ronald Mallett, American theoretical physicist
 1945 - George Miller, Australian director
 1946 - John Virgo, English snooker player
 1946 - James C. Adamson, American astronaut
 1947 - Jennifer Warnes, American singer
 1947 – Oscar Tabarez, Uruguayan football manager
 1948 – Snowy White, British guitarist
 1949 - Bonnie J. Dunbar, American engineer, academic and astronaut
1951  1975 
 1951 - Tony Hall, British broadcasting executive, Director-General of the BBC
 1953 – Zico, Brazilian footballer
 1955 - Jorge Vergara, Mexican businessman
 1955 - Darnell Williams, English-American actor
 1956 - Zbigniew Boniek, Polish footballer
 1958 – Miranda Richardson, British actress
 1958 – Bob Bradley, American soccer coach
 1958 - Marc Silvestri, American comic book artist
 1960 - Neal Heaton, American baseball player and coach
 1961 – Fatima Whitbread, British javelin thrower
 1962 - Jackie Joyner-Kersee, American athlete
 1966 - Fernando Colunga, Mexican actor
 1966 - Timo Tolkki, Finnish musician
 1967 - Alexander Volkov, Russian tennis player
 1968 – Brian Cox, British physicist, television presenter and former musician
 1968 - Brian Leetch, American ice hockey player
 1970 – Inzamam ul-Haq, Pakistani cricketer
 1970 - James Purnell, British politician
 1970 - John Carter Cash, American country musician
 1971 – Charlie Brooker, British comedian, writer and broadcaster
1971 - Christian Eigner, Austrian drummer and songwriter (Depeche Mode)
 1972 – Darren Anderton, English footballer
 1973 - Xavier Bettel, Prime Minister of Luxembourg
 1973 - Olafur Darri Olafsson, Icelandic actor
 1974 - David Faustino, American actor
 1975 - Aleksandr Abdulkhalikov, Russian footballer
 1975 - Aleksei Abdulkhalikov, Russian footballer
From 1976 
 1976 - Keit Pentus-Rosimannus, Estonian politician
 1977 – Ronan Keating, Irish singer
 1978 - Seo Moon-tak, South Korean singer
 1979 - Albert Jorquera, Spanish footballer
 1979 – Alex Zane, British comedian
 1981 - Eugene, South Korean singer and actress
 1981 – Lil' Flip, American rapper
 1981 – Julius Malema, South African politician and leader of Economic Freedom Fighters
 1981 – Emmanuel Pappoe, Ghanaian footballer
 1982 – Jessica Biel, American actress
 1983 - Ashley Hansen, Australian footballer
 1984 – Alexander Semin, Russian ice hockey player
 1985 - David Davies, Welsh swimmer
 1986 - Mehmet Topal, Turkish footballer
 1986 – Stacie Orrico, American singer
 1987 - Jesus Padilla, Mexican footballer
 1988 - Riccardo Bocchino, Italian rugby player
 1988 - Bella Heathcote, Australian actress
 1988 – Michael Morrison, English footballer
 1989 - Erwin Mulder, Dutch footballer
 1989 - Hayley Marie Norman, American actress, producer and screenwriter
 1989 - Shuichi Gonda, Japanese footballer
1991 - Park Cho-rong, South Korean singer
 1992 - Jordy Lucas, Australian actress
 1994 - Umika Kawashima, Japanese actress
 1995 - Maine Mendoza, Filipina internet and television personality
 1997 - Camila Cabello, American singer
Deaths

Up to 1900 
 1033 - Cunigunde of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Empress (b. 960)
 1111 - Bohemund I, Prince of Antioch
 1239 - Vladimir III Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1187)
 1554 - John Frederick, Elector of Saxony (b. 1503)
 1605 – Pope Clement VIII (b. 1536)
 1606 – Nyaungyan Min, King of Burma (b. 1557)
 1703 – Robert Hooke, English scientist (b. 1635)
 1706 – Johann Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1653)
 1707 – Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor (b. 1618)
 1792 – Robert Adam, Scottish architect (b. 1728)
 1824 - Giovanni Battista Viotti, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1755)
 1869 – William Lanney (King Billy), the last full blood aborigine in Tasmania.
 1899 - William P. Sprague, American politician (b. 1887)
1901  2000 
 1901 - George Gilman, American businessman (b. 1826)
 1920 - Theodor Philipsen, Danish painter (b. 1840)
 1927 - Mikhail Artsybashev, Ukrainian writer and playwright (b. 1878)
 1932 – Eugen d'Albert, German composer (b. 1864)
 1932 - Joseph Mackey Brown, Governor of Georgia (b. 1851)
 1942 - Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, Italian governor and viceroy (b. 1898)
 1945 – William M. Calder, United States Senator (b. 1869)
 1953 – James J. Jeffries, American heavyweight boxer (b. 1875)
 1959 – Lou Costello, American actor and comedian (d. 1906)
 1961 – Paul Wittgenstein, Austrian-born pianist (b. 1887)
 1966 – Joseph Fields, American playwright, director and producer (b. 1895)
 1975 - Edward H. Griffith, American director (d. 1888)
 1979 - Mustafa Barzani, Kurdish politician (b. 1903)
 1983 – Hergé, Belgian comics creator (b. 1907)
 1987 – Danny Kaye, American actor, singer and comedian (b. 1911)
 1991 - William Penney, English mathematician (b. 1909)
1993 - Carlos Montoya, Spanish flamenco guitarist (b. 1903)
 1993 – Albert Sabin, Polish-born medical researcher (b. 1906)
 1995 – Howard Hunter, American religious leader (b. 1907)
 1996 – Marguerite Durand, French writer (b. 1914)
 1996 - John Krol, American cardinal (b. 1910)
 1998 - Fred Friendly, American broadcast executive (b. 1915)
 1999 – Gerhard Herzberg, German-born Canadian chemist (b. 1904)
From 2001 
 2002 - G. M. C. Balayogi, Indian lawyer and politician (b. 1951)
 2003 – Horst Buchholz, German actor (b. 1933)
 2005 – Rinus Michels, Dutch footballer and coach (b. 1928)
 2008 – Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian operatic tenor (b. 1921)
 2010 – Keith Alexander, British footballer and coach (b. 1956)
 2010 – Michael Foot, British politician (b. 1913)
 2011 – Allan Louisy, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (b. 1914)
 2012 – Ralph McQuarrie, American conceptual designer and illustrator (b. 1929)
 2013 - Luis Cubilla, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1940)
 2014 - William R. Pogue, American astronaut (b. 1930)
 2015 - M. Stanton Evans, American journalist, writer and educator (b. 1934)
 2015 - Lynn Borden, American actress (b. 1937)
 2015 - Ernest Braun, Austrian-British academic and writer (b. 1925)
 2016 - Martin Crowe, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1962)
 2016 - Ashok Ghosh, Indian politician (b. 1921)
 2016 - Thanat Khoman, Thai politician (b. 1914)
 2016 - Natalia Krachkovskaya, Russian actress (b. 1938)
2016 - Sophie Dessus, French politician (b. 1955)
 2016 - Hayabusa, Japanese professional wrestler (b. 1968)
 2017 - Raymond Kopa, French footballer (b. 1931)
 2017 - Misha Mengelberg, Dutch jazz pianist and composer (b. 1935)
 2017 - Tommy Page, American singer-songwriter (b. 1970)
 2017 - René Préval, President of Haiti (b. 1943)
 2017 - Anne Kristin Sydnes, Norwegian politician (b. 1956)
 2018 - Vanessa Goodwin, Australian politician (b. 1969)
 2018 - Roger Bannister, English athlete and neurologist (b. 1929)
 2018 - David Ogden Stiers, American actor (b. 1942)
 2018 - Lin Hu, Chinese air force general (b. 1927)
 2018 - Yvon Taillandier, French artist (b. 1926)
 2018 - Derek Saunders, English footballer (b. 1928)
 2018 - Billy Herrington, American pornographic actor (b. 1969)
 2018 - Jorge Wagensberg Lubinski, Spanish physicist, academic and writer (b. 1948)
 2018 - Franz Pacher, Austrian engineer (b. 1919)
 2019 - Peter Hurford, British organist and composer (b. 1930)
2023 - Kenzaburō Ōe, Japanese writer (b. 1935)
Observances 
 Hinamatsuri (Girls' Day) in Japan
 Liberation Day (Bulgaria)
 Mother's Day (Georgia)
 Sportsmen's Day (Egypt)
 Martyrs' Day (Malawi)
 World Wildlife Day

March 03
Up to 1900 
 301  San Marino is founded by Saint Marinus. It is the world's oldest republic, and one of the world's smallest nations.
 590  Inauguration of Pope Gregory I.
 863  Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid.
 1189  King Richard I of England is crowned.
 1260  The mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their decisive defeat at the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
 1650  Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar - English parliamentary forces led by Oliver Cromwell defeat an army loyal to the future King Charles II of England and led by David Leslie, Lord Newark.
 1651  Third English Civil War: Battle of Worcester - The future King Charles II of England is defeated in the last battle of the war.
 1658  Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England.
 1758  An assassination attempt is made on King Joseph I of Portugal.
1777  American Revolutionary War: The Flag of the United States is flown in battle for the first time, during the Battle of Cooch's Bridge.
 1783  The Treaty of Paris ends the American Revolutionary War. Great Britain recognises US independence, and also cedes both East and West Florida to Spain.
 1791  The French Constitution of 1791 is passed, changing France from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy.
 1798  Start of a week-long battle at St. George's Caye in Belize, between Spain and Great Britain.
 1803  English scientist John Dalton begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.
 1838  Future abolitionist Frederick Douglass escapes from Slavery.
 1855  American Indian Wars: In Nebraska, 700 US soldiers under General William S. Harney kill 100 men, women and children in a Sioux village.
 1861  American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.
1870  Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Metz begins, resulting in Prussian victory on October 23.
 1875  The first official polo game is played in Argentina, following introduction by British ranchers.
 1878  The pleasure boat Princess Alice collides with the Bywell Castle on the River Thames, killing around 640 people.
 1882  The Hugstetten train crash in Germany kills 64 people.
 1900  The United Kingdom annexes the Boer Republic of Transvaal.
1901  2000 
 1914  Because of opposition to his rule, William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just six months in charge.
 1914  The papacy of Pope Benedict XV begins.
 1917  World War I: German troops enter Riga on the Eastern Front.
 1919  Italy gives women the right to vote.
 1928  Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin.
 1933  Yevgeniy Abalakov becomes the first person to reach the top of what was then called Pik Stalin (later called Communism Peak and now called Ismoil Somoni Peak), which was the highest peak in the then-existing Soviet Union. It is now the highest peak in Tajikistan, at a height of 7495 metres.
 1935  Malcolm Campbell becomes the first person to drive an automobile at over 300 miles per hour, when he reaches a speed of 304.331 miles per hour at Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah.
 1939  World War II starts, as the United Kingdom and France declare war on Germany, following the Nazis' invasion of Poland on September 1.
1943  World War II: The allied invasion of Italy begins when two British Army divisions land at Calabria.
 1944  Holocaust: Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from the Westerbork transit camp to Auschwitz.
 1945  China begins to hold a three-day celebration of the Japanese surrender on September 2, which officially ended hostilities in World War II.
 1950  Giuseppe Farina becomes the first-ever Formula One world drivers' champion.
 1954  German U-boat U-505 begins its move from a specially constructed dock to Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry.
 1964  Through the US Wilderness Act, the John Muir and Ansel Adams wilderness areas are officially created for conservation purposes in California, along with the Bridger Wilderness in Wyoming.
 1967  Sweden changes from left-hand traffic to right-hand traffic on its roads.
 1971  Qatar declares independence.
 1974  PASOK, one of the leading political parties in Greece, is founded.