Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
| signature = 1855 signature of Napoléon III of France.jpg
|religion = Roman Catholicism
}}
Napoléon III (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873), also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, was the first President of the French Republic and the last monarch of France. Made president by popular vote in 1848, Napoleon III ascended to the throne on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of his uncle, Napoleon I's, coronation. He ruled as Emperor of the French until September 1870, when he was captured in the Franco-Prussian War.
Early life 
Napoleon III, generally known as "Louis Napoléon" before he became emperor, was the son of Louis Bonaparte, brother of Napoléon. His mother was Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter by the first marriage of Napoleon's wife Josephine de Beauharnais. Louis-Napoléon was a second son and a replacement child. His older brother, Napoléon Charles Bonaparte, died at age four. During Napoleon I's reign, Louis-Napoléon's parents had been made king and queen of a French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland.
After Napoleon I's military defeats and deposition in 1815 and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France, all members of the Bonaparte dynasty were forced into exile. Louis Napoleon was quietly exiled to the United States of America, and spent four years in New York City. He also visited Central America. He secretly returned to France and attempted yet another coup in August 1840, sailing with some hired soldiers into Boulogne. In 1844, his uncle Joseph died, making him the direct heir apparent to the Bonaparte claim. Two years later, his father Louis died, making Louis-Napoléon the clear Bonapartist candidate to rule France. 

Louis-Napoléon lived within the borders of the United Kingdom until the revolution of February 1848 in France deposed Louis-Philippe I and established a Republic. He was now free to return to France, which he immediately did.
Ruler of France 
In 1848, he was elected President of France in a land slide victory. He won the election because of his popular name and French people hoped that he would return his uncle's glory. He used his rank as stepping stone to greater power. Finally in 1852, he crowned himself as Emperor Napoleon III and the Second French Empire was born. In 1856, Eugenie gave birth to a legitimate son and heir, Louis Napoléon, the Prince Impérial. 

On 28 April 1855 Napoleon survived an attempted assassination. On 14 January 1858 Napoleon and his wife escaped another assassination attempt, plotted by Felice Orsini.
Until about 1861, Napoleon's regime exhibited decidedly authoritarian characteristics, using press censorship to prevent the spread of opposition, manipulating elections, and depriving the Parliament of the right to free debate or any real power. His foreign policy included support for Maximilian I of Mexico.
A far more dangerous threat to Napoleon, however, was looming. France saw its dominance on the continent of Europe eroded by Prussia's crushing victory over Austria in the Austro-Prussian War in June–August 1866. To prevent Prussia under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck becoming even more powerful, Napoleon began the Franco-Prussian War. This war proved disastrous, and was instrumental in giving birth to the German Empire, which would take France's place as the major land power on the continent of Europe. In the 1870 Battle of Sedan Prussian forces captured the Emperor. The forces of the Third Republic deposed his government in Paris two days later.

 Death 
Napoleon spent the last few years of his life in exile in England, with Eugenie and their only son. The family lived at Camden Place Chislehurst (then in Kent), where he died on 9 January 1873. He was haunted to the end by bitter regrets and by painful memories of the battle at which he lost everything.
Napoleon was originally buried at St. Mary's, the Catholic Church in Chislehurst. However, after his son died in 1879 fighting in the British Army against the Zulus in South Africa, the bereaved Eugenie decided to build a monastery. The building would house monks driven out of France by the anti-religious laws of the Third Republic, and would provide a suitable resting place for her husband and son. 

 Legacy 
An important legacy of Napoleon III's reign was the rebuilding of Paris under the supervision of Georges-Eugène Haussmann. One purpose was reduce the ability of future revolutionaries to challenge the government by blocking the small, medieval streets of Paris with barricades. However, the main reason for the complete transformation of Paris was Napoleon III's desire to modernize Paris based on what he had seen of the modernizations of London during his exile there in the 1840s.
Titles and styles
 20 April 1808 – 9 July 1810: His Imperial and Royal Highness Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, Prince of Holland
 20 April 1808 – 25 July 1846: His Imperial Highness Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, Prince Imperial of France
 20 December 1848 – 2 December 1852: His Excellency Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, President of the French Republic ("fr: Le Prince-President")
 2 December 1852 – 4 September 1870: His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of the French
 4 September 1870 – 9 January 1873: His Imperial Majesty'' the former Emperor of the French

References 

1808 births
1873 deaths
Emperors and empresses
House of Bonaparte
Politicians from Paris
Presidents of France
Former dictators
19th-century French people
Charles Perrault (12 January 1628 – 16 May 1703) was a French author who started the literary genre of fairy tales. His best known tales include the following:
 Le Petit Chaperon rouge (Little Red Riding Hood)
 La Belle au bois dormant (Sleeping Beauty)
 Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté (Puss in Boots)
 Cendrillon ou la petite pantoufle de verre (Cinderella)
 La Barbe bleue (Bluebeard)
 Le Petit Poucet (Hop o' My Thumb)
 Les Fées (Diamonds and Toads)
 La Marquise de Salusses ou la Patience de Griselidis (Patient Griselda)
 Les Souhaits ridicules (The Ridiculous Wishes)
 Peau d'Âne (Donkeyskin)
 Riquet à la houppe (Ricky of the Tuft).

Related pages
 Brothers Grimm, wrote their own versions of some of Perrault's stories

Other websites 

 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: Fairy Tales of Charles Perrault 
 
 Great resource to introduce young children to Perrault Fairy Tales.
  Charles Perrault, his work in audio version  

1628 births
1703 deaths
Writers from Paris
Joseph (; ) is a figure in the Gospels, the husband of Mary, the mother of Jesus and the step father of Jesus. In Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Anglican Christian traditions, he is regarded as Saint Joseph.

In the Bible
The Gospel of Luke says that the angel Gabriel came to Mary to tell her that she would give birth to a Son and she should call him Jesus and that he would save people from their sins.

When Joseph found out that Mary was pregnant, he decided to privately break the engagement. But then he had a dream. An angel told him that the baby was the Son of God.

At this time, the Roman Emperor, Caesar Augustus, made a law that everyone in the Roman Empire must pay tax. Everyone had to go back to the town that their family came from, to have their name put on the tax lists. Joseph came from Bethlehem, which was called "The City of David". Joseph took Mary to Bethlehem and she gave birth to the baby, Jesus, in a stable, because there was no room for them in the inn.
90s BC births
10s deaths
Ancient Israeli people
Early Christian saints
New Testament people
People from Bethlehem
People from Nazareth
Carpenters
West Flanders  (; ; , ) is one of the five provinces of the Flemish Region, also named Flanders, and also is one of the ten provinces of Belgium. It is the westernmost province in Flanders.

Its capital is Bruges (, , ).

The whole Belgian North Sea coast, an important tourism destination, lies in West Flanders. A tram line runs the length of the coast, from De Panne on the French border, via the port of Ostend (), to Knokke-Heist on the Dutch frontier.

Geography

The province of West Flanders lies in the most densely populated area of Western Europe. It has a population of about 1,209,000 in 2022

It borders the North Sea, northern France, Zeeland in the Netherlands, the Flemish province of East Flanders () and the Walloon province of Hainaut () in Belgium. West Flanders is the only Belgian province that borders both France and The Netherlands.

The province has an area of . In terms of area, it is the largest province in the Flemish Region and the fifth largest in Belgium.
West Flanders has a very flat landscape with polders, except for a row of dunes along the coast and an area with small hills known as the 'Westvlaamse Bergen', with the Kemmelberg (159 m) being the highest point in the province.

The main rivers in the province are the Leie () and Yser (). The Yser flows into the North Sea at the town of Nieuwpoort and the Leie flows into the Scheldt river.

Industry
In the north of the province, most industry is concentrated in and around the cities of Bruges and Ostend. Both cities also have important seaports: the port of Bruges-Zeebrugge and the port of Ostend. The south is known for its textile industry.

Tourism is also an important industry in West Flanders. Major touristic attractions include the Belgian coast, the historic centre of Bruges, and places where there were battles around Ypres during World War I.

Administrative division
The province of West Flanders is divided into 8 arrondissements and a total of 64 municipalities.
Population by arrondissement
Population x 1,000 (on 1 January since 1980).

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Eurostat - Portrait of the Regions
Oneness Pentecostalism, also known as Apostolic Pentecostalism, is a movement of Christianity that split from the Pentecostal movement, at around 1914. Followers believe that the Bible was inspired by God. 

"Oneness" means that they believe that God is one being, not three persons (like in the Trinity doctrine), and that Jesus is God in human flesh – fully god and fully human. This makes them different from most Unitarians who say that the son of god was only man. "Apostolic" means that they follow the Apostolic doctrine (by the 12 Apostles in the early Church). "Pentecostal" means that they put an emphasis on the moving of the Holy Spirit (like speaking in tongues) as was done on the Day of Pentecost.

References

Pentecostalism
Nontrinitarianism
The Roşoşa River is a tributary of the Argel River in Romania. That means it flows into the Argel River.

Rivers of Romania
Linux is an operating system kernel used by a group of Unix-like operating systems.  These are known as Linux operating systems.

The Linux kernel is released with the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2) and developed by programmers worldwide.

History 
In April 1991, Linus Torvalds, then 21 years old, started working on some simple ideas for an operating system. Then, on 25 August 1991, Torvalds posted to comp.os.minix:

After the post, many people made code for the project. By September 1991, Linux version 0.01 was released. It had 10,239 lines of code. In October 1991, Linux version 0.02 was released.

The newsgroup alt.os.linux was started, and on January 19, 1992, the first post to alt.os.linux was made. On March 31, 1992, alt.os.linux became comp.os.linux.
The X Window System was soon moved to Linux.  In March 1992, Linux version 0.95 was the first to be capable of running X. This large version number jump (from 0.1x to 0.9x) was because of a feeling that a version 1.0 with no major missing parts would be released soon.

On March 14, 1994, Linux 1.0.0 was released, with 176,250 lines of code. In March 1995, Linux 1.2.0 was released (310,950 lines of code).

Linus decided, on May 9, 1996, to adopt Tux the penguin as the mascot for Linux.
Version 2 of Linux, released on June 9, 1996, was a landmark.  Strong development continued:
 January 25, 1999 - Linux 2.2.0 was released (1,800,847 lines of code).
 December 18, 1999 - IBM mainframe patches for 2.2.13 were published, allowing Linux to be used on enterprise-class machines.
 January 4, 2001 - Linux 2.4.0 was released (3,377,902 lines of code).
 December 17, 2003 - Linux 2.6.0 was released (5,929,913 lines of code).
 April 16, 2008 - Linux 2.6.25 was released (9,232,484 lines of code).
 May 31, 2019 - Linux 5.1.6 was released.

Currently a new kernel version is released in every 2 3/4 months.

Legal aspects
Legal aspects

Licensing terms 
In the start, Torvalds released Linux under a license which did not allow anyone to sell it. This was soon changed to the GNU General Public License (GPL), during version 0.12. This license allows distribution and sale of modified and unmodified versions of Linux, but requires that all those copies be released under the same license, and be accompanied by the complete corresponding source code.

Torvalds has said licensing Linux under the GPL as the "best thing I ever did".

Related pages
 menuconfig
 Git (software)
 Modprobe
 System.map
 User space
 Userspace header

References 

Sources:
Sources:

  (audio tape, abridged ed., read by David Diamond) - on the beginnings of the Linux kernel
 Nikolai Bezroukov, Portraits of Open Source Pioneers. Ch 4: A benevolent dictator (Softpanorama e-book).
 
 FreeBSD/Linux kernel source code cross-reference.  Browsable Linux (and other operating system) kernel source cross-reference.
 LXR: The Linux Cross-Reference project .  Browsable Linux kernel source.
 KernelHQ - a browsable kernel source tree - with all versions present, and with browsable diffs
 
 The LWN 2001 Linux Timeline
 Everyone's Favorite Linux Mascot
 Linux Timeline
 History of Linux 
 Upgrade to 2.6 kernel 
 The Wonderful World of Linux 2.6 ; Joseph Pranevich; December 2003
 ; Josh Aas, 17 February 2005
 LinuxChanges
  Seminar Paper on Linux Kernel 2.6 
 Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition
 Understanding the Linux Kernel, 3rd Edition (Book)
 Linux: The GPL And Binary Modules 
 Anatomy of the Linux kernel

Other websites
Other websites 

 kernel.org - The Linux Kernel Archives, the official kernel repository
 Email lists for linux kernel developers
 kernelnewbies.org - information for (beginning) Linux kernel developers
 Interactive Linux Kernel Map and poster  gives you a graphical view of the kernel source
 Linux Kernel in a Nutshell - a book about kernel configuration and building

 KernelTrap 
 LWN.net kernel page
 Linux Kernel Janitor
  Anatomy of the Linux kernel
 http://LinuxDriverProject.org/ 
 Linux Kernel Development (April 2008) 

Linux
Sebastian Vettel (born 3 July 1987 in Heppenheim) is a German race car driver.  He is a four-time Formula One world champion.  He drives for the Aston Martin team in Formula One and is contracted by the team until the end of 2022. He is a former driver of Red Bull Racing's sister team, Scuderia Toro Rosso, in 2008. Before that he was a reserve driver of BMW Sauber.

He currently holds numerous records in Formula One, most of them from his first win in the  Italian Grand Prix and his debut drive in the  United States Grand Prix.

Racing record

Career summary

* Season still in progress.

Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
* Season still in progress.

Formula One records
Vettel holds the following Formula One records:

Footnotes

References

Other websites 

 Sebastian Vettel Fansite  

1987 births
Formula One current
German Formula One drivers
Living people
Sportspeople from Hesse
Sara Evans (born February 5, 1971) is a traditional country singer born in Boonville, Missouri.  She has had several #1 hits, gold albums and platinum albums.

Early life
Music was a big part of her life when she was young. At age 8, she was hit by a car in front of her house and broke both of her legs.  She spent months in a wheelchair and kept singing to pay her hospital bills.

At age 16, she began performing in a nightclub in Columbia, Missouri.  She did this for two years. At age 20, she moved to Nashville, Tennessee because she wanted to be a country music singer.  She met musician Craig Schelske there.  A year later, they moved to Oregon, but when they married, they moved back to Nashville.

In 1995, Sara began recording demos. Harland Howard was impressed by them so much he decided to help her get a contract.  This paid off when she signed with RCA Records.
Her first album under RCA was called Three Chords and the Truth, released in 1997.  People liked it for being traditional, and it was in many Top 10 lists for that year.

However, country music radio didn't like it that much.  None of the singles made the Top 40.

In 1998, Sara released her next album, No Place That Far.  People didn't like it because it was more of a pop-country sound.  The first single (Cryin' Game) didn't do anything, but the next single (No Place That Far, a duet with Vince Gill) became a #1 hit.  Because of that the album was certified gold.

Singles
"I Keep Looking" (2002)

Studio albums
Three Chords and the Truth (1997)
No Place That Far (1998)
 2000: Born to Fly
 2003: Restless
 2005: Real Fine Place
 2011: Stronger
 2014: Slow Me Down
 2014: At Christmas
 2017: Words
 2020: Copy That

1971 births
Living people
Country musicians from Alabama
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Missouri
Felipe Massa (born April 25 1981 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian Formula One racing driver. In the 2008 racing season he was working for the Ferrari team. His contract allows him to continue driving for that racing team until 2010. In 2008 he is a co-driver of Kimi Räikkönen. Massa was hurt in the 2009 Grand Prix of Hungary qualifying session. He missed the remainder of the 2009 season, but was back for the  season.

Racing record

Career summary 

† As Massa was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.
* Season still in progress.

Complete Euro Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Complete Formula One results 

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Driver failed to finish the race, but was classified as they had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites 

 The official website for Felipe Massa

1981 births
Living people
Formula One current
Brazilian Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from São Paulo
Linux may refer to:

 Linux kernel, an operating system kernel developed by Linus Torvalds and many others
 Linux operating system, a collection of libraries and tools and a Linux kernel, or the family of Linux operating systems, i.e. those operating systems which contain the Linux kernel
 Most such operating systems include the GNU libraries and tools and are also referred to as GNU/Linux systems
 Linux distribution, a Linux operating system and a collection of applications
 9885 Linux, an asteroid

Other uses

 Linux, a washing powder from Rösch
Tarsals are bones found in the feet. They are also known as ankle bones. There are seven of them in each foot. The seven tarsals are:
 Medial cuneiform
 Intermediate cuneiform
 Lateral cuneiform
 Navicular
 Talus
 Calcaneus
 Cuboid

Related pages
 Metatarsals
 Phalanges
 Bones of the foot
 Ankle
 Foot

Bones
Feet
Georg Cantor (3 March 1845 - 6 January 1918) was an important German mathematician.  He founded set theory and worked on transfinite numbers.
Life
Cantor was born in St Petersburg, Russia. His father had a Jewish-Danish, his mother an Austrian background. His father was a Protestant. He was a rich merchant. His mother was a Roman Catholic. She was very artistic. When his father became ill in 1856 the family moved to Frankfurt. Georg went to private schools and then to gymnasien in Darmstadt and Wiesbaden.  He soon showed that he was brilliant at maths.  His father wanted him to be an engineer but Georg persuaded him to let him study mathematics.  He spent a short time studying at the University of Zürich, but soon went to Berlin where he studied physics, philosophy and mathematics.  He was very influenced by the teaching of Weierstrass, Kummer and Kronecker, who were later to become his enemies.  He wrote a doctoral thesis in which he said that asking questions was more important than finding the answers.  He was talking about a problem that Carl Friedrich Gauss had left unanswered.
Cantor taught for a time at a girls’ school in Berlin,  then he became a lecturer in Halle where he remained for the rest of his life.  He became full professor there in 1879.  Cantor worked on the theory of numbers, continuum hypothesis and then on trigonometric series, starting with ideas that had been developed by Bernhard Riemann on complex variables.  He sent a paper on algebraic numbers to be published in Crelle's Journal, but Kronecker was against it.  However, Dedekind supported Cantor, and eventually the article was published.  This article showed that Cantor was a great mathematician.

When his father died in 1863 he had enough money to build a house for his wife and five children.
Cantor thought that infinite numbers really existed, and used ideas from ancient and medieval philosophy to prove his point.  Kronecker disagreed with him.  He thought that only integers existed.  Kronecker said that “God made integers and all the rest is the work of man”.  Kronecker stopped Cantor from being offered a professorship in Berlin, a position he ought to have had since he was one of the greatest mathematicians in the world.  Cantor stayed at Halle and continued to work into his old age, although he often suffered from fits of depression.  He often lost his temper, but he was also a very kind man.  He always gave encouragement to young mathematicians with new ideas.  He did not want them to suffer like he had because of older mathematicians who felt threatened by new ideas.  A lot of Cantor’s work led eventually to what is called “new mathematics” in schools today.

Cantor died in a mental hospital in Halle on 6 January 1918.

References
References

Related pages
Cantor set
Cantor's diagonal argument
Cantor's theorem

1845 births
1918 deaths
German academics
German mathematicians
Scientists from Saint Petersburg
Set theorists
Pay-per-view (often abbreviated PPV) is a way that people can pay to watch events on television in their homes. The event is shown at the same time to everyone ordering it. This is different than video on demand systems which lets people see the event at any time. Common events include movies, sporting events, and pornographic movies.

The first major pay-per-view event was on September 16, 1981. This event was Sugar Ray Leonard and Thomas Hearns for the Welterweight Championship. Viacom Cablevision in Nashville, Tennessee, was the first system to offer the event. Over fifty percent of its customers paid to see the fight.  Oak  Industries Entertainment VP of Programming, Nyhl Henson, put together the fight. He later put together other PPV fights, wrestling matches, and even a Broadway play.
After leaving Viacom, Thompson became head of Sports View. He produced the first pay-per-view football game on October 16, 1983. Sports View was important in creating pay-per-view networks. It was a part of creating TigerVision for LSU, TideVision for Alabama, and UT Vol Seat for Tennessee. Sports View also produced the Ohio State-Michigan Football game on PPV in November of 1983.

In 1985, the first U.S. cable channels to show only pay-per-view, Viewers Choice, Cable Video Store, and Request TV began operation within days of each other. Viewers Choice was available to both home satellite dish and cable customers. Request TV was available to only cable viewers at first. Dish owners could not use it until the 1990s.
The term "pay-per-view" became more well known in the 1990s when companies like iN DEMAND, HBO, and Showtime started using it to show movies and other things. In Demand would show movies, concerts, and other events at prices between $3.99 to $49.99. HBO and Showtime would offer championship boxing, with prices between $14.99 to $54.99.

Pay-per-view is also a very important way for professional wrestling companies like World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) , Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) ,  Ring of Honor (ROH) and Asistencia Asesoría y Administración to earn money.
Early History (Americas) 
The first pay-per-view system tested in the United states was the Zenith Phonevision system.  In 1949, it used telephone lines to take and receive orders. The telephone lines were also used to descramble the signal on the television.  Tests were run for 90 days in Chicago.  In 1950, Skiatron tested its system on WOR in New York City.  The system used IBM punch cards to descramble the signal.  Both systems showed that they could be used but were not allowed to be used by the FCC.

One of the first pay-per-view systems on cable was the Optical Systems. It was first used in 1972 in San Diego. These early systems quickly went out of business, as the cable industry started using satellite technology. This caused systems, for example Home Box Office, to became popular.

History (Europe) 
Pay-per-view was first used in the United Kingdom with the use of satellite television and cable systems.
History (Australia, NZ & Pacific Islands) 
Pay-per-view was first used by Foxtel to home television in Australia and New Zealand in the early 2000s. Sky Pacific in Fiji and other Pacific Island Nations started using it in 2006.

References

Other websites 
Capsule history at Museum of Broadcast Communications 

Television technology
The talus is the second largest of the seven tarsal (ankle) bones. It is next to the calcaneus and navicular bones.

Related pages
 Tarsals
 Ankle
 Foot
 Bones of the foot

Bones
Dacca District () is a district in the centre of Bangladesh. The district is part of the Dhaka Division, more than half of the district is made up of Dacca - the capital of the district and of Bangladesh too.

History

Dhaka has a very old history, the city area of Dhaka was ruled by the Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms century.

After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was ruled first by the Turkish and the Afghan governors from the Delhi Sultanate before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608.

During the rule of the Mughal the district was famous for its textile products - especially the Muslin. The Mughal governor Islam Khan was the first administrator of the city. Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" (City of Jahangir) in honour of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death.
The city grew in size quite a lot under Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (12 by 8 mi), with almost a million people. The city then passed to the control of the British East India Company in 1765 after the Battle of Plassey. The number of people in the city fell very much as the prominence of Kolkata rose, but development eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878. The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Indian soldiers.

References

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts in Dhaka Division
Proprietary software (or closed source software) does not let people see or change source code of the computer software. It is the opposite of free software. Proprietary software is usually created by businesses who want to sell their software, but some programs that are free to use are still proprietary because the user is not allowed to change them. With proprietary software, only the people that make the software can see and change the code.

Even if the people who make the program give the source code to other people, the program will be proprietary if they do not allow to do important things like these: 
 Change the code;
 Give the code to other people;
 Give the changed code to other people;
 Use the code on a different computer;
Most companies who sell their software for money (and even some who do not charge money for it) make it proprietary source. This makes it harder for people to copy and change the software, or to use the source code to make similar software. It helps prevent a user from pretending to be the author of someone else's work (a way of plagiarism).

Related pages 
Freeware, software that is free to use but is not allowed to change.

Software
Dhaka Division is an administrative division of Bangladesh. The capital and largest city is Dhaka. The division has an area of . It has a population of 38,678,000.

The division of Dhaka is next to the Indian state of Meghalaya to the north, Barisal and Chittagong Divisions on the south, Sylhet Division to the east, Rajshahi and Khulna Divisions to the west.

Divisions of British India
Land
Kala Dhaka lies next to the Agror valley of Oghi area to the east and by Tanawal to the south. The range has a length of 25 to 30 miles from north to south and a height of 8,000 feet above sea-level. The river Indus goes through the most northern but and then moves to the south. Between the river and the top of the range the western areas are occupied by some sections of the Yusufzai tribe. The rest of the range is held by another indigenous aboriginal tribe, the Swatis. The Black Mountain has long narrow ridges with higher peaks every now and again. It also has valleys in which there are villages where the tribes live. The upper parts of the ridge are covered with thick forests of pine, oak, sycamore, horse-chestnut, and wild cherry; but the slopes are stony and barren.

History
The British sent armies more than four times to try and control the Black Mountain Tribes from 1852 to 1892, because some leaders of the tribes opposed the British Government.
In 1851 two officers of the British Customs department in a place called Tanawal were killed. The British believed they were killed by the Hasanzai sept of the Yusufzai tribe, so the British then sent an army led by Colonel Mackeson, which destroyed a number of tribal strongholds. In 1868 the Yusufzai helped by the Khan of Agror, who was upset that the British had set up a police post at Oghi in the Agror valley, attacked that post with many men. But he was forced to move back.

The Khan of Tanawal (who later became the Nawab of Amb (princely state)) who remained loyal to the British, faced attacks by tribes who didn't like the British. Then a large number of the tribes began marching against the British, the British managed to stop them and force them back - however during the fighting twenty-one British villages had been burnt. The British then organised an army under General Wilde  - he and his men managed to take over all of the Black Mountain and forced the tribes to accept British rule.
Hashim Khan, who was the chief of the Hasanzai and Akazai, was blamed for starting the attack. The British then sent an armies against the tribes in the same year (1881), the tribes had to pay a lot money to the British and also had to agree that Hashim Ali was not allowed to live there any more. The British then made Ibrahim Khan, a relative and enemy of Hashim Khan, ruler. Investigations also revealed that the Khan of Agror had been behind Hashim, and the tribes, inciting them to rebellion to fulfil his own designs. As a result, the Agror Khan was arrested and imprisoned in Hasan Abdal, Punjab and his estates permanently forfeited in 1889, a limited jagir allowance given in lieu, since.
In 1890 the tribe stopped the march of British troops along the crest of the Black Mountain, and so an army was sent against them in the spring of 1891. As soon as the troops left, some local Hindustanis and Madda Khel broke their agreement with the British Government by letting Hashim Khan return. In 1892 the British sent their armies again to fight the tribes - this ultimately ended with the tribes being defeated by British.

Earthquake 2005

Kala Dhaka was badly affected by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, according to a report in Time magazine:

Refer

Himalayas
Mountain ranges of Pakistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Dhaka may refer to:

 Dhaka - the capital of Bangladesh.
 Dhaka District - a district of Bangladesh.
 Dhaka Division - a division of Bangladesh.
 Kala Dhaka - a mountain range and tribal area of Mansehra District, Pakistan.
Muridke Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Sheikhupura District, Punjab, Pakistan. The tehsil was formerly part of Ferozewala Tehsil until 2005, when it was separated from Ferozewal and became another of Sheikhupura's tehsils. It is headquartered at the city of Muridke. Besides various villages it includes the town of Narang Mandi.
The 'Ravi Rayon' factory  complex is very famous industry in Muridke.
Rice Reasurch Institute is popular place in Kala Shah Kaku.

Tehsils of Punjab (Pakistan)
Ratodero is a taluka of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Ratodero, founded by Rato Khan Jalbani in the days of Talpur dynasty, is the capital.

Tehsils of Larkana District
Swabi is a tehsil of Swabi District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is administratively divided into twenty Union Councils.

Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Swabi District
Mehrgarh, () one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC) sites in archaeology, lies on the Kachhi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in South Asia.

It was rediscovered about 1974.

Archaeological sites in Pakistan
World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
With an area of , Romania is the second biggest country in southeastern Europe. It is the twelfth-largest in Europe.  A large part of Romania's border with Serbia and Bulgaria is made by the Danube.  The Danube is joined by the Prut River. The Prut River makes the border with the Republic of Moldova.  The Danube then flows into the area of the Black Sea inside of Romania, which forms the Danube Delta.  The Danube Delta is the second biggest one of the best kept deltas in Europe. It is also a biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site.  Some of the other major rivers in Romania are the Siret, which runs from the north to the south of Moldavia; the Olt, which runs from the Carpathian Mountains to Oltenia; and the Mureş, which runs through Transylvania from the east to the west.
Topography 
The land in Romania is equally divided among mountainous, hilly and lowland areas.  The Carpathian Mountains make up a big part of the center of Romania.  14 of its mountain ranges are taller than 2,000 meters.  The tallest mountain in Romania is Moldoveanu Peak ().

Hydrography

Rivers 

The Danube is the longest river in Romania.  It travels about 1,075 kilometers, almost 40% of its length, through Romania.  Almost all of Romania's rivers are either direct or indirect tributaries of the Danube.  The most important of these rivers are the Mureş River, the Olt River, the Prut, the Siret River, the Ialomiţa River, the Someş River, and the Argeş River.
The rivers of Romania flow either north, south, east, or west away from the Carpathians.  Rain and other precipitation help add to the flow of water in each of the rivers and occasionally cause flooding.  In the east, the water from the rivers are obtained by the Siret and Prut rivers. In the south, the rivers flow directly into the Danube. In the west, the rivers flow into the Tisza, which is in Hungary.

The Danube is the most important river in Romania.  People use it for transportation and to make hydroelectric power from the rivers' flow of water.  Boats and other watercraft are able to travel on nearly all of the places that the Danube flows in Romania.  A problem that has occurred with using it for transportation is the fact that it is not very close by any of Romania's big industries.

Lakes

Location 
Romania is in the southeastern part of Europe, where it borders the Black Sea and the Danube. The Carpathian mountains lie in the center.

Geographic coordinates:
Extreme points of Romania:
Northernmost point: Horodiştea, a village in Botoşani County, on the border with Ukraine, 
Southernmost point: Zimnicea, a town in Teleorman County, on the border with Bulgaria, 
Westernmost point: Beba Veche, a village in Timiş County, on the border with Hungary and Serbia, 
Easternmost point: Sulina, a town in Tulcea County, on the Danube Delta,

Land boundaries 
total: 3,149.9 km
 border countries: Bulgaria 631 km, Hungary 448 km, Moldova 681 km, Serbia 546 km, Ukraine (north and east) 649 km.

Climate 

Because of how far it is from the open sea and where it is in the southwestern part of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is changes between temperate and continental climates with four different seasons. The average yearly temperature is 11 °C in the south and 8 °C in the north. The extreme recorded temperatures are 44.5 °C in Ion Sion 1951 and -38.5 °C in Bod 1942.
Rain, snow, and other precipitation is decent with over  per year on the highest western mountains.  Most of this falls as snow, which gives Romania good skiing. In the south-centern parts of the country, the amount of rain and snow falls to around ,.  In the Danube Delta, not much rain falls.  The lowest temperature ever recorded in Romania was -38.5 °C, near Braşov in the year 1944.  The highest temperature ever recorded in Romania was 44.5 °C, in Braila in August 1951.

Related pages
List of mountain peaks in Romania
List of lakes of Romania
List of rivers of Romania

References
Mohenjo-daro  was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization of south Asia. 

It is in province of Sindh, Pakistan. The city was built around 2600 BC. It was one of the early urban settlements in the world. Mohenjo-daro existed at the same time as the civilization of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece. The archaeological ruins of the city are designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In Pakistan, it is one of the national icons of the distant past.

Historical context
Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BC. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, which developed around 3000 BC from the prehistoric Indus culture. At its height, the Indus Civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and North India, extending westwards to the Iranian border, south to Gujarat in India and northwards to an outpost in Bactria. There were major urban centers at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira and Rakhigarhi.
Mohenjo-daro was the most advanced city of its time, with remarkably sophisticated civil engineering and urban planning. When the Indus civilization went into sudden decline around 1900 BC, Mohenjo-daro was abandoned.

Artifacts 
The Dancing girl found in Mohenjo-daro is an artifact that is some 4500 years old. The 10.8 cm long bronze statue of the dancing girl was found in 1926 from a house in Mohenjo-daro. She was British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler's favorite statuette, as he said in this quote from a 1973 television program:

"There is her... pouting lips and insolent look in the eyes. She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with bangles all the way up her arm and nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for the moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I think, in the world".
John Marshall, one of the excavators at Mohenjo-daro, described her as a vivid impression of the young ... girl, her hand on her hip in a half-impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time to the music with her legs and feet.

A seated male sculpture is the so-called "Priest King" (even though there is no evidence that either priests or kings ruled the city). Archaeologists discovered the sculpture in Lower town at Mohenjo-daro in 1927. It was found in an unusual house with ornamental brickwork and a wall niche and was lying between brick foundation walls which once held up a floor.

This bearded sculpture wears a fillet around the head, an armband, and a cloak decorated with trefoil patterns that were originally filled with red pigment.

Notes 

Archaeological sites in Pakistan
World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
Ancient settlements
3rd millennium BC
The ancient site at Kot Diji () was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The people of this site lived about 3000 BC. The remains consist of two parts; the citadel area on high ground, and the outer area.

Kot Diji is located about 22 kilometres south of Khairpur in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The site is at the foot of the hills.  There a fort (Kot Diji Fort) was built around 1790 by the Talpur ruler of Upper Sindh, Mir Suhrab, who ruled from 1783 to 1830. This fort built on the ridge of a steep narrow hill is well preserved.

Recent developments 
Today, Kot Diji is on the way to becoming a more developed area. It has broadband and Wi-Fi internet connections, and all the cellular network service providers are active in the area. Many private and government schools, teaching in English, Urdu, and Hindi, are in Kot Diji.  A new shopping centre called "Khazana" has also been built in the city.

Other websites
Kot Diji Fort Latest Pictures *

Archaeological sites in Pakistan
Chanhudaro (also Chanhu Daro) is an archaeological site. It was a part of the Jhukar phase of Indus valley civilization. The site is located  south of Mohenjo-daro, in Sindh, Pakistan. People lived in the settlement between 4000-1700 BC. Chanhudaro is believed to have been a centre for manufacturing carnelian beads.

Digging first started in Chanhudaro in the middle of the 1930s by the American School of Indic and Iranian Studies and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. After the independence of Pakistan, Mohammed Rafique Mughal also did work in the area.

Archaeological sites in Pakistan
The following is a list of lakes in Romania, by type of lake:

Major natural lakes

Glacial lakes

In volcanic craters

Karstic lakes

Behind natural dams

In sagging depressions

On river banks

On river-maritime banks

Lagoons

In river meadow

In Danube Delta

Major anthropic lakes

Other (minor) mountain lakes

Other lakes
 Lake Sărat: "Sărat" = "Salty"; at its bottom is still a crust of salt. Near Brăila. A small beach.
 Lake Someşu Rece: it is located in Cluj County

 
Lakes
Romania
Harappa () is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan. It is about 35 km (22 miles) southwest of Sahiwal. A village with the same name is located about 6 kilometres from the site. About 15,000 people live there.  

The site got little attention until the 1920s. In 2005, an amusement park scheme was abandoned during the early stages of building work. Harrapa is a beautiful place 

The site contains the ruins of a city from the Bronze Age. The people living in Harappa were part of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Archaeological sites in Pakistan
Villages in Punjab (Pakistan)
World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
Ancient settlements
4th millennium BC buildings and structures
While the National Hockey League (NHL) follows the general rules of ice hockey, it is slightly different from those used in international games organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation such as the Olympics.

References

Other websites
 Official NHL Rulebook

National Hockey League
Gilgit Agency () was the name of most of the area of northern Kashmir which formed a de facto dependency of Pakistan from 1947 to 1970, which was then merged into Northern Areas. The Agency was administered directly from Islamabad separately from the neighbouring state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the princely states of Hunza-Nagar District. The area of the Agency comprised the traditional region of Gilgit. The Agency also bordered the Sinkiang region of China to the northeast, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir to the south, Baltistan to east, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west. Both India and Pakistan recognise the regions of Gilgit and Baltistan as disputed and technically part of the divided State of Jammu & Kashmir.

The chief towns of the Agency were Gilgit and Skardu with the small town of Ghyari also holding significance for Shia Muslims as the site of a mosque built by Sayyid Ali Hamadani, a fourteenth century Persian who brought Islam to the region

Gilgit-Baltistan
Latifabad Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Latifabad is the headquarters of the subdivision

Tehsils of Hyderabad District
The Aar (German: Aare) is a tributary of the Rhine and is the longest river that both comes up from and ends completely inside of Switzerland.

References 

Rivers of Switzerland
Mehar Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Dadu District in the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Tehsils of Sindh
Dadu District
Qasimabad Taluka is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan

Tehsils of Hyderabad District
Mary [ mer-ee, mair-ee ] is a female given name. It can refer to:

Mary (mother of Jesus)
Mary Magdalene
Mary of Bethany
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary I of England
The name Mary has been a popular name for centuries and continues to be commonly used today. Its rich history and association with various meanings and interpretations make it a name of great significance. The name Mary has been used across different cultures and languages, and it has been given to numerous women throughout history. The name Mary is derived from the Hebrew name Miriam, which translates to "bitterness" or "rebellion." In the Bible, Mary is revered as the mother of Jesus Christ, and she symbolizes purity, grace, and devotion. She is also referred to as the "Queen of Heaven" and is recognized as one of the most significant figures in Christianity. This name was ranked #133 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People 

 Mary Shelley, British writer (1797–1851)
 Mary Morrissey, American writer

References

Given names
ABB Group is a power and automation company based in Zürich, Switzerland. It is one of the world's largest engineering multinationals with operations in around 100 countries. The company has five divisions: Power Products, Power Systems, Discrete Automation & Motion, Low Voltage Products and Process Automation.

1988 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Switzerland
Companies based in Zürich
Samaro is a town in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is at 25°16'60N 69°23'45E and has an altitude of 11 metres (39 feet), the town is the headquarters of a taluka (an administrative subdivision) of Umerkot District.

Towns in Sindh
Umerkot District
Fatehpur Thakiala is one of the three tehsils, (administrative subdivisions), of Kotli District, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It is also called Nakyal.

Tehsils of Kotli District
The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were a group of west Germanic peoples. They lived around the upper Main, which is the longest tributary of the Rhine. They expanded their territory around parts of Germania and present-day Alsace. The land they lived on was called Alemannia.

Other use 
 Alemannic German

References

Germanic tribes

Alsace
Baden-Württemberg
Liechtenstein
Vorarlberg
Swabia (Bavaria)
Sibi Tehsil () is a subdivision (tehsil) of Sibi District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

Tehsils of Balochistan
Sibi District
Schloss Lenzburg (also known as Lenzburg Castle) is a castle that was started above the older part of the town of Lenzburg in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is one of the oldest castles in Switzerland.

Castles in Europe
11th-century buildings and structures
Buildings and structures in Switzerland
Lenzburg District
The A1 is a major highway in Switzerland. It stretches across the majority of Northern Switzerland, starting relatively close to Geneva and ends at St. Margrethen. It has roughly 86 exits and buildings (these are listed on the table above).

Roads in Europe
Transport in Switzerland
Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Dera Ismail Khan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Administration
The tehsil is administratively divided into 21 Union Councils, four of which form the headquarters - Dera Ismail Khan.

Tehsils of Dera Ismail Khan District