Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
São José dos Pinhais is a Brazilian city, the second largest in the Greater Curitiba, in southern state of Paraná. In 2008 the population was more than 280.000 inhabitants.

The city is on a plateau 906 meters above sea level, and an area of 945,717 km². Is just 7 km away from the capital, Curitiba.

It is the third largest automotive pole of Brazil, housing assembly of Volkswagen, Audi, Nissan and Renault. The city is also home of the Afonso Pena International Airport, the main airport in southern Brazil.

Cities in Paraná State
Yone Minagawa (January 4, 1893 – August 13, 2007) was a Japanese supercentenarian and the world's oldest living person between January 29, 2007, and Minagawa's death at age 114 years 221 days. 

Minagawa became Japan's oldest person in April 2005, following the death of 114-year-old Ura Koyama. With the death of 114-year-old Emma Tillman on January 29, 2007, Minagawa became the world's oldest living person. She was 114 years 25 days old at the time. Minagawa died of natural causes on 13 August 2007 at the age of 114 years, 221 days. Following her death, then 114-year-old Edna Parker became the new world's oldest living person.

References 

Japanese supercentenarians
1893 births
2007 deaths
People from Fukuoka Prefecture
Richard Gable Hovannisian (; November 9, 1932 – July 10, 2023) was an American historian. He was born in Tulare, California.

He received his M.A.(1958) degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and his Ph.D.(1966) from University of California, Los Angeles. He was also Associate Professor of History at Mount St. Mary's College, Los Angeles, from 1966 to 1969. In 1987, Professor Hovannisian was appointed as the first holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Endowed Chair in Modern Armenian History at the UCLA. His biographical entries are included in Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World among other scholarly and literary reference works.

Hovannisian died in Los Angeles, California on July 10, 2023 at the age of 90.
Books 
The Republic of Armenia, Volume 1 (1971) and Volume II (1982), Vols. III & IV (1996) U.C. Press
The Armenian Holocaust, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Armenian Heritage Press (1980)
The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, 2 vols. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997
Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998
Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia (Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2004)

References

Other websites 
Full bibliography 

American historians
2023 deaths
1932 births
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire were people of Armenian origin who lived under Ottoman rule from the empire's original creation to its eventual collapse. 

Armenians in the Ottoman Empire lived under the millet system as a Christian minority up until the Tanzimat reforms which concluded in the construction of the first Ottoman constitution. When the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) became the ruling party of the Ottoman Empire, they vigorously enforced Ottomanism and saw the Turks as the dominant group. These developments caused more oppression and eventually led to the Armenian Genocide.

Initial years under Ottoman rule
The Millet System
The Ottoman Empire's system regarding the governance of their non-Muslim communities within the empire was known as the millet system. The word ‘millet,’ which when translated means ‘nation’ or ‘people,’ was used by the Ottomans to describe these non-Muslim groups as corporate religious groups within the empire. Ultimately, the millet system entailed having non-Muslim religious communities such as the Armenian community guaranteed the right to life, property, and the freedom to practice their religious faith so long as they remained loyal to the Sultan and the state. Armenians were afforded this basic limited amount of autonomy provided they paid double the amount of taxes compared to a regular Ottoman citizen at the time. Influential leaders collected these taxes within the Armenian community and were also expected to deal with whatever additional issues that were occurring within the community at the time (social and legal)
. The millet system also determined that Armenians would be forbidden from participation within the military. Other limitations were also in place, which mandated Armenians and other millets to wear certain clothing and identifiers such as a crucifix around their neck.
Armenian millets were operating just eight years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 when Sultan Mehmed II appointed Hovakim, an Armenian bishop, to act as a ruling figurehead for the Armenian community. Hovakim known as Hovakim I was the first Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople within the Ottoman Empire. Hovakim I was based in the Ottoman Capital in Istanbul where he was entrusted with commanding over the Armenian people and ensuring the prevention of anti-Ottoman movements within his community. While a variation of the millet system may have been in place since the 1460’s, it is widely argued that the appearance of the term ‘millet’ gained prominence after the Ottoman Empire began to face serious multifaceted challenges to its empire vis-a-vis its military defeats to the Holy League in 1697 and the emergence of a new foe in the Russian Empire. Each millet system enjoyed increasing influence and power at this time, particularly the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople and the Greek Phanariots
. The Phanariots were elite Greek merchants that had a critical influence over internal political issues within the Ottoman Empire. Their influence within the Ottoman Empire was drastically reduced however after the Greek Revolution, with the other religious millets particularly the Armenian millets greatly benefiting from this shift of influence.
By the 19th Century, the Armenian community was divided into Christian Apostolic, Catholic, and Protestant millets, meaning that there was no centralized, hierarchical leadership structure. The Ottomans dealt with this Armenian division by having Armenian patriarchs for each millet in Istanbul and Jerusalem. The ottomans had from an early stage of their reign, identified the crucial role that religious clergymen had in not only the collection of taxation within its community but also of influencing the communities feelings and sentiments. The relationship between the Armenian clergy and the Ottoman Empire that existed up until the middle of the 19th century is one that indeed can be described as cordial and one of mutual benefit. The Armenian clergy and a small merchant faction within its elite enjoyed influence and power. At the same time, the Ottoman empire was intrinsically pleased with maintaining their ability while also benefiting from the use of the Armenian merchants
. While the vast majority of Armenians were poor peasants, a small minority of Armenians would establish themselves as the financial backbone of the Ottoman Empire itself. The Armenian Amira group bankers would establish themselves as the most influential merchant group of the Ottoman Empire, serving as bankers to the Ottoman central government while also controlling key positions within crucial sectors of industry. Jobs such as the director of Imperial Currency Mint, chief imperial architect, and the superintendent of large Gun-powder factories were filled by the Amira group. When one realizes the extent to which both the Armenian clergy and the Armenian elite were benefiting from the implementation of this millet system (particularly during the 18th/19th Century), it is easy to theorize why Armenia seemingly had made no precise demands for liberation until the Tanzimat reformation.
The Tanzimat Reforms
On 3 November 1839, the process that became known as the Tanzimat reforms began when Sultan Abdulmecid's marked the opening of his reign with the issuance of the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane. The Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane was the brainchild of statesmen, Mustafa Reşid Pasha, the Ottoman minister of foreign affairs. The Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane outlined three central notions in which: (i) The life, property, and honor of all subjects under the Ottoman Empire must be guaranteed, (ii) A new fixed tax system would replace the outdated tax farming system and finally, (iii) Lifetime military conscription would be replaced to conscription of four to five years. Perhaps the most notable and groundbreaking element of the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane was its assertion that all Ottoman subjects regardless of religion would be equal before the law
. This was the first time during the Ottoman Empire in which non-Muslims would be deemed equal to their Muslim counterparts, something that would become a more regular occurrence among the Sultan and Ottoman government during this period.
On 18 February 1856, thousands of citizens gathered in Istanbul to hear Sultan Abdulmecid’s Hatt-i Humayun, the second proclamation of the Tanzimat reforms. While specific points were reiterated from the 1839 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane proclamation, the 1856 Hatt-i Humayun was far more in-depth and specific. For instance, this time, there was a particular reference to the need for adherence to annual national budgets, the creation of more banks, and the adaptation of a more Europeanized economic model in hopes of building a more substantial empire financially. Similarly, steps would be taken that would lead to the introduction of commercial law and the codifying of penal law within the empire while at the same time making penal reforms that would, for example, look to no longer punish apostates by death. The proclamation greatly emphasized that all citizens were now to be considered equal under Ottoman law regardless of religion
. This intrinsically meant that the millet systems would have to be abandoned, and all non-Muslim communities could naturally become citizens of the Ottoman Empire. Additionally, the sultan vowed that these historic minorities would be safeguarded and offered legal protection from discrimination, with the final goal ultimately being to break down the barriers erected by the discriminatory millet system and create a brotherhood of Ottoman citizens that is both multi-ethnic and multi-national.
The Land Code of 1858 was another feature of the Tanzimat reforms which revolutionized property and land ownership within the Ottoman Empire. This Land Code entitled farmers, merchants, and peasants who were living on land and farming on land to own properties which were previously under state ownership. The sultan agreed to sign away these properties he owned to these citizens of all classes, wh,o in turn, would have to pay the sultan via newly established property taxation. Ultimately, while the Tanzimat reforms were slow to be enacted, their seeming strides toward progression raised expectations particularly among those within the Armenian community. More and more of the common Armenian population were educating themselves about reforms and laws within the community in which they previously had little to no say in
. Similarly, the elites within the Armenian population felt they had a part to play in helping to build a new reformed Ottoman Empire and generally were rather receptive of the Tanzimat reforms initially. The construction of the first Constitution in 1876, during the First Constitutional Era was another seminal moment of reformation during the Tanzimat period, which would ultimately mark the end of this era. While the Tanzimat reforms seemed a success for the Ottoman Empire, the unchecked centralized nature of the sultan's power ultimately would lead to problems of drought and debt for the Ottoman Empire immediately following the end of the Tanzimat reforms.
The First Ottoman Constitution 

Several young Armenians who had traveled back to the Ottoman Empire after receiving higher education in Western Europe saw several problems with the millet system when they returned home. The leaders of the Armenian millet were corrupt and wanted to cooperate with Ottoman powers and keep the people in their millet in ignorance. This group of intellectuals wanted written regulations defining the duties of the people at the top of the Armenian millet, such as the patriach.Reorganizingg the millet would help separate state and religion. After several rejections a Code of Regulations was accepted by the National Assembly in 1860. This code was 150 articles long and, among other things, reduced the power of the Armenian patriarch, but he was still the representative of the Armenian millet. The document was called the Armenian National Constitution. Still, it was only valid for inside the Armenian millet, so according to scholars, the Code of Regulations is a more fitting term.
The Armenian National Constitution did not change much for the people in the millet, but it is one of the factors which led to the making of the First Ottoman Constitution in 1876.  The first Ottoman Constitution was created by Midhat Pasha in order to calm the chaos in the Ottoman Empire and decrease the power of seperatist movements. This new Ottoman Constitution set the path for the Ottoman Empire for modernization and becoming more like the West. The period in which this constitution was implemented is called the First Constitutional Period and took from 1876-1878.

The Armenian National Constitution is still used in the Armenian Church in the diaspora. 

The First Ottoman Constitution was implemented again in 1908 after the Young Turk Revolution.
The Armenian Genocide 
The Armenians in the Ottoman Empire have been subject to several massacres before 1915, such as the Hamidian massacres in 1894-1896 and the Adana massacres in 1909. While the former massacres were often to scare and intimidate the Armenians, the genocide in 1915 had as goal to completely eliminate the Armenians from the Ottoman Empire. The Armenian Genocide is the name for the deportation and killing of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, which ended in the death of 80,000 to 1,5 million Armenian people.
In 1913, the year before the genocide, around 2 million Armenians were living in the Ottoman Empire. At the start of World War I the Ottoman Empire was fighting with the Russians, as well as the British and French at the same time. The losses of the Balkan War included more than half of the European territory that used to be part of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman government decided that it was not possible for the Muslim Ottomans to live alongside the Christian population of the Ottoman Empire and wanted to homogenize the population.  The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) was the governing party of the Ottoman Empire from 1908 to 1918. The CUP was a nationalist party that believed in Ottomanism and saw the need for the Turks as a dominant group. This included relocating the non-Turk Muslim population and the non-Muslim population of the Ottoman Empire.
Not everybody has agreed on the reason or a name for the events that happened to the Armenians in 1915 and during World War I. The Turkish government calls these deportations a defensive action against rebellion started by Kurds and local Muslim rebels, while the Armenian people call it a genocide. It is genocide according to the definition of genocide by the United Nations.

References 

History of Armenia
The term "Armenian Question" refers to powers of Europe's involvement to the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire beginning with the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. However, in specific terms, the Armenian question refers to the protection and the freedoms of Armenians from their neighboring communities.

The "Armenian Question", like the "Eastern Question", remained a factor (issue) in international politics, first with Great Britain and Germany; then Russia taking on the role of Ottoman Armenians protector.

References 

Armenian Genocide
Annihilation is the name given to the process that occurs when a particle and its antiparticle equivalent collide. The collision between these two particles makes energy release. Two types of this include the annihilation of electrons and positrons (the antiparticle for electrons), and the annihilation of protons and antiprotons.

Nuclear physics
Antimatter
The South Asian river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is a freshwater or river dolphin found in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan.

It is split into two subspecies, the Ganges river dolphin (P. g. gangetica) and Indus river dolphin (P. g. minor). 

From the 1970s until 1998, they were regarded as separate species; however, in 1998, their classification was changed from two separate species to subspecies of a single species. The idea was to wait until genetic analysis had decided how best to classify them.

References

River dolphins
Phone Booth is a 2003 American movie about a man trapped in a telephone booth by a sniper. It stars Colin Farrell and Kiefer Sutherland and was directed by Joel Schumacher. It is set in New York City. It was originally to be released in 2002 but was delayed because of the Beltway sniper attacks.

Other websites 

2003 crime movies
2003 thriller movies
2000s crime thriller movies
20th Century Fox movies
American crime thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Joel Schumacher
Movies set in New York City
The Beltway Sniper attacks were a series of sniper attacks on civilians over three weeks in October 2002 in the Mid-Atlantic United States. The shootings all took place in the Maryland and Virginia area, mainly in and around Washington, D.C. The shootings were carried out by American John Allen Muhammad (1960-2009) and Jamaican Lee Boyd Malvo (born 1985).

2002 in the United States
2000s in Maryland
2000s in Virginia
2000s in Washington, D.C.

Crime in Virginia
Crime in Washington, D.C.
Murder in 2002
2000s murders in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
October events

Terrorist attacks in the United States
Terrorist incidents in the 2000s
The Himalayan Elm (Ulmus wallichiana) Planch., also known as the Kashmir Elm, found in Kashmir.

Plants and animals of Kashmir
Ulmaceae
Central Karakoram National Park or Karakoram National Park is a National Park in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

National parks in Pakistan
Chitral National Park is one of the national parks of Pakistan. It is located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan at the side of Chitral River, just at a distance of two hours drive from the Chitral city.  The word, Gol in local language means ' the valley'. This park has many valleys thereby the name, Chitral Gol National Park.

Wildlife 
This park has three valleys. There are several galciers in the park . The park has cedar trees and endangered wild goat species Markhor. The snow leopard is sometimes seen there. The Tibetan wold, red fox, are also found in the park. Common birds are the bearded vulture, golden eagle, demoiselle crane, peregrine falcon,  snow partridge and rock partridge.

Related pages 
 Chitral District

National parks in Pakistan
Chitral District
Richard Fairfax Court (born 27 September 1947) was the 26th Premier of Western Australia from 16 February 1993 to 16 February 2001. He was from the Liberal Party. His father, Charles Court, was also a Premier of Western Australia.

References
 

1947 births
Living people
Court, Richard
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Hazarganji Chiltan National Park is a park in the Quetta District on the west side of Balochistan Province. It is in western Pakistan.

National parks in Pakistan
Quetta District
Hingol National Park or Hungol National Park () covers about . and is the largest of the National Parks of Pakistan and lies on the Makran coast in Balochistan approximately  from Karachi.
 
The area was declared a reserve in 1988.  

The Hingol River runs though the park.

References 

National parks in Pakistan
Khunjerab National Park is a National park in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is one of the highest altitude parks in the world.

National parks in Pakistan
Kirthar National Park is in Kirthar Mountains range. It is second biggest National Parks of Pakistan, the Hingol National Park being the biggest. It is also the first National Park from Pakistan to be included in the 1975 United Nation's list of National Parks around the world.

National parks in Pakistan
Lehri Nature Park is in Jhelum District, northern Punjab, Pakistan.

National parks in Pakistan
Dr Carmen Mary Lawrence (born 2 March 1948) was the 25th Premier of Western Australia from 12 February 1990 to 16 February 1993. She was from the Labor Party. She became Premier after Peter Dowding resigned. She was the first woman to become Premier of an Australian state and she is Western Australia's only woman Premier. After she was Premier she became of member of the Australian parliament. She served as federal Health Minister from 1994 to 1996, under Paul Keating.

References
 

1948 births
Living people
Lawrence, Carmen
Australian Labor Party politicians
Government ministers of Australia
Machiara National Park is a national park in Pakistan. It is one of three globally important national parks chosen for a Global Environment Facility sponsored project. The goal of the project is to create management models showing good natural resource conservation.

National parks in Pakistan
The Margalla Hills National Park is in Northern Pakistan. It is at the foothills of the Himalayas, north of Islamabad.

National parks in Pakistan
Cholistan Desert (, also locally known as Rohi) sprawls thirty kilometers from Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan and covers an area of . It is next to the Thar Desert extending over to Sindh and into the Republic of India.

Deserts of Pakistan
Peter M'Callum Dowding SC (born 6 October 1943) was the 24th Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1988 to 12 February 1990. He was from the Labor Party. He became Premier when Brian Burke resigned. He had a difficult time as Premier because some people in his government broke the law. He is now a lawyer. He got a Centenary Medal in 2001.

References
 

1943 births
Living people
Dowding, Peter
Politicians from Melbourne
Australian lawyers
Australian Labor Party politicians
The Indus Valley Desert is a desert ecoregion of northern Pakistan. The Indus Valley desert covers an area of 19,500 square kilometers (7,500 square miles) in northwestern Punjab Province, lying between the Chenab River and Indus rivers. The Indus Valley Desert is drier and less hospitable than the Northwestern thorn scrub forests that surround it.

Deserts of Pakistan
Ecoregions
Kharan Desert () is a desert in Kharan District, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Deserts of Pakistan
Kharan District
The Thal desert is in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a large area mainly between the Jhelum River and Sindh rivers near the Pothohar Plateau. It has little vegetation — mostly thorny bushes — over a breadth of 70 miles. In Thal the people are very poor because the whole land is arid and depends upon the weather conditions. They cultivate grains only. It is the most illiterate area in Punjab Province. 

Noor Pur Thal has ten Union councils.

Deserts of Pakistan
The Texas flag is known as the "Lone Star Flag". This flag was introduced to the Republic of Texas on December 28, 1838, by Senator William H. Wharton. It became its national flag on January 24, 1839.

When Texas became the 28th state of the United States of America on December 29, 1845, its national flag became the state flag. Each color means a special symbol on the flag: blue stands for loyalty, white for purity, and red for bravery.

Texas 

Texas
John Ben "Benny" Benson Jr. (October 12, 1913 – July 2, 1972) was born in Chignik, Alaska. When he was three years old, his mother died. His father sent him and his brother Carl to boarding school because Benny's father could not take care of them. Benny grew up in Unalaska and later in Seward.

Alaska Flag 

Fame came to him from designing the Alaska flag. Benny was the winner of the contest run for Alaska students in grades seven to twelve in 1926. The Alaska Legislature adopted the design as the official flag for the Territory of Alaska on May 2, 1927. Later, the drafters of the Alaska constitution stipulated that the territorial flag would become the official flag of the State of Alaska.

References

People from Alaska
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Alaska
1913 births
1972 deaths
Bowling for Soup is an American pop punk band from Wichita Falls, Texas.  

The band was formed in 1994 by Jaret Reddick, Chris Burney, Erik Chandler and Lance Morrill. The name of the band is from one of Steve Martin's comedy acts. They released their self-title debut album, Bowling for Soup, in September 1994.

Band members 
Current
Jaret Reddick – lead vocals, guitars (1994–present)
Chris Burney – guitars, backing vocals (1994–present)
Rob Felicetti – bass guitar, backing vocals (2010–present)
Gary Wiseman – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1998–present)

Former
Lance Morrill – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1994–1998)

Discography

Albums
Bowling for Soup (1994)
Rock on Honorable Ones!! (1997)
Let's Do It for Johnny! (2000)
Drunk Enough to Dance (2002)
A Hangover You Don't Deserve (2004)
The Great Burrito Extortion Case (2006)
Sorry for Partyin' (2009)
Fishin' for Woos (2011)
Lunch. Drunk. Love (2013)
Drunk Dynasty (2016)

Other websites
Official website
1994 establishments in Texas
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
American punk bands
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from Texas
Pop punk bands
The Flag of Alaska has eight gold stars on dark blue. These stars form the Big Dipper and the North Star.

Creation 
The flag was created in 1927 by Benny Benson, a 13-year-old Alaska native. Up to that time, Alaskans had flown only the U.S. flag. Benson's design was chosen over 700 other submissions from school-children in grades 7–12. Most other entries showed the seal, the midnight sun, the northern lights, polar bears, and gold pans. To celebrate his achievement, Benson was awarded $1,000 and an engraved watch. The Alaska Legislature adopted the flag on May 2, 1927. It was kept as the state flag upon statehood in 1959.

Alaska's Flag Song Lyrics 
This song was made for the flag.

Related pages
Alaska

Other websites
Catalog of the "Eight Stars" exhibit  at the Alaska State Museum, in PDF format; requires Adobe Reader

Alaska
Alaska
The event starting the riots
The New York Times said the event started at 17:20 on 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois. They said they know this from a police report. The police were called to a construction site, because of a burglary. Three teenagers thought they were being chased by the police, so they climed a fence of a power substation. This was because the feared long questioning by the police. Another 6 teenagers were caught by the police for questioning by 17:50. At 18:12 at the local police station in Livry-Gargan the lights went out because of a blackout. This black-out was caused by the death of Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré in the power station and the injury of the third boy.

There is a controversy, if the boys were chased by police. The local prosecutor and Nicholas Sarkozy, who was minister of interior at that time said no. But the newspaper The Australian, who asked some of his friends, said yes.
Before this event there had been in issues with unemployment and police brutality in this town. But after this event mobs of protesters gathered. The Associated Press quoted a protester with "People are joining together to say we've had enough. We live in ghettos. Everyone lives in fear."

Statistics

 Started: 17:20 on Thursday, 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois.
 Towns with riots: 274 (on November 7)
 Property damage: 8,973 vehicles (Not including buildings).
 Costs: Estimated at €200 million.

 Arrests: 2,888
 Deaths: 1 (Jean-Jacques Le Chenadec)
 Police and firefighters injured: 126

Statistics by night

References

2005 crimes
2005 in Europe
2000s crimes in Europe
2000s in France
2000s riots
Crime in France
November events
October 2005 events
Riots in Europe
21st century in Paris
Politics of France
ASCII (pronounced "az-kee", "ass-key" if American), is a table of characters for computers. It is binary code used by electronic equipment to handle text using the English alphabet, numbers, and other common symbols. ASCII is an abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
ASCII was developed in the 1960s and was based on earlier codes used by telegraph systems.

The code includes definitions for 128 characters, which are assigned numbers from 0 to 127. Numbers 32 to 126 stand for letters, numbers and symbols such as abc, ABC, 123, and ?&!. Numbers 0 to 31 and the number 127 stand for characters that control how text is processed and are not printed.
ASCII uses 7 binary digits (bits) to represent characters. The bits 1000001 (65 in normal base-10 numbers) represent the upper-case letter A, 1000010 represents B, 1000011 represents C, and so on. Using the table below, you can look up a number in the Decimal column and see the character it represents in the Char column. Programmers often use hexadecimal (base-16 numbers), and you can look that up in the Hex column.

An ASCII computer file uses one byte for each character. A byte has 8 bits, so can hold an ASCII character with one bit spare. In the past, the spare bit was sometimes used as a parity bit to help check if the data had been corrupted.

ASCII has no formatting control (for bold or Italics, etc.)  Sometimes someone talks about a file or document in ASCII, meaning it is in plain text.
Standard ASCII is still commonly used, particularly in computer software and HTML files. Until 2010 it was the standard for URLs. Often a web site that has fields for entering text will only take ASCII text. Any special markups for bold or centered text, etc. will show up incorrectly.

Extended ASCII

ASCII does not have diacritics (marks that are added to a letter, like the dots (umlauts) above vowels in German, or the tilde (~) above the 'n' for the 'ñ' used in Spanish). It was only meant for English and doesn't work well for most other languages. Some English words borrowed from other languages use these marks as well, like resumé (see Appendix:English words with diacritics).
This led to some systems using 8 bits (a full byte) instead of 7 bits. The proper name for systems that use 8 bits is called extended ASCII. Eight bits allows for 256 characters. The first 128 characters must be the same as for ASCII and the rest are usually used for alphabetic letters with accents, for example like É, È, Î and Ü. This solves the problem for a few languages that are based on the Latin alphabet, although not all extended ASCII systems are the same. Other alphabets, like the Greek alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet need a different set of characters. And some systems like those using Chinese characters still do not work, as they use thousands of characters. So Unicode was created to have one common system for all languages.

References

Other websites
 Make ASCII art Convert a graphic into ASCII
 ASCII Table with explanations

Data input
Encodings
Vantage Point is a 2008 mystery thriller movie from Columbia Pictures, written by Barry Levy and directed by Pete Travis. It stars Dennis Quaid, Matthew Fox, Forest Whitaker with Sigourney Weaver, Édgar Ramírez and William Hurt. It was released on February 22, 2008.

Plot 

United States President Henry Ashton (William Hurt) is participating in an anti-terrorism summit in Salamanca. Over a twenty-three-minute period, an assassination attempt on the President unfolds. The movie loops through this period over and over, each time from the perspective of a different participant, adding a new piece to the larger puzzle with each loop.
Cast 
 Dennis Quaid as Thomas Barnes
 Matthew Fox as Kent Taylor
 Forest Whitaker as Howard Lewis
 Bruce McGill as Phil McCullough
 Edgar Ramirez as Javier
 Said Taghmaoui as Suarez
 Ayelet Zurer as Veronica
 Zoe Saldana as Angie Jones
 Sigourney Weaver as Rex Brooks
 William Hurt as President Ashton
 James LeGros as Ted Heinkin
 Eduardo Noriega as Enrique
 Richard T. Jones as Holden
 Holt McCallanyas Ron Matthews
 Leonardo Nam as Kevin Cross
 Dolores Heredia as Marie

References

Other websites 
 
 
 Vantage Point at The Numbers
 Mosaic  at SonyPictures.com
 Official world wide release dates  with links to different national sites.
 Vantage Point  Full Production Notes

2008 thriller movies
American thriller movies
Multilingual movies
Columbia Pictures movies
The flag of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Ka Hae Hawaiʻi) is the official flag of Hawaii as a U.S. state, as it was kingdom, protector government, republic, and territory. It is the only state flag of the United States to have the Union Flag of the United Kingdom on it.

Design
The field of the flag is composed of eight horizontal stripes symbolizing the eight major islands. A ninth stripe was once shown, meaning the island of Nihoa. The color of the stripes, from the top down, has this pattern: white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, red. The colors were standardized in 1843, although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used.
Origins
There are a lot of reasons for the earliest history of the flag of Hawaii. One said how King Kamehameha I flew a British flag, given to him by British explorer Captain George Vancouver as a token of friendship with King George III. Other visits reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor. An adviser to Kamehameha noted that the Union Flag could draw Hawaii into international problems as his kingdom could be seen as an ally of the United Kingdom, and he quickly lowered the Union Flag over his home. While argued as historically correct, one report of events that followed stated that in order to please American interests during the War of 1812, a flag of the United States was raised over Kamehameha's home only to be removed when British officers in the court of Kamehameha powerfully objected to it. This account then explains why the resulting flag of Hawaii was a deliberate combination of the two nations' flags.
In 1816, Kamehameha appointed his own flag to avoid problems. As a result, the current flag of Hawaii was born.  There is debate as to the name of the officer: some traditions credit Alexander Adams, others George Beckley. The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order: red-white-blue. However, some have argued that the stripes were influenced by the flag of the United States. The flag used at the first official flying of the flag of Hawaii erroneously placed the stripes in the order: white-red-blue. The number of stripes also changed. Originally, the flag was designed with seven horizontal stripes. In 1845 it changed to have eight stripes (at one point, there were nine but later the number changed back to eight). The arrangement was adopted and is used today.

Hawaii
Hawaii
The 2010 World Cup was the 19th FIFA World Cup, the world championship between 32 men's national football teams. It was held in South Africa from 11 June to 10 July 2010. In the host selection, only African countries may be selected as host of this tournament. In 2004 FIFA selected South Africa to become it the first African country hosted FIFA World Cup.

The matches were played in 10 stadiums in 9 cities around the country. The final was played at the Soccer City, Johannesburg
All countries (except South Africa that qualified as host nation) took part in qualification tournament to qualify to the World Cup. In the first round all teams were divided to eight groups of four teams where team played with other three teams in group. Two best teams from each group qualify to knockout stage where teams need to win 3 matches to reach the final.
In the final Spain, the European champions, won the tournament. They defeated Netherlands 1-0 in extra time with Andrés Iniesta's goal in the 116th minute. Spain got their first World Cup title and they also became the first European team won the World Cup outside Europe. They also became the first team to win the World Cup after losing their first match. Host nation of this tournament South Africa, winner (Italy) and finalist (France) of previous World Cup were all failed the group stage. It was the first time when host nation was not qualified to knockout stage. New Zealand was only team that did not lose any matches but it also did not advance to knockout stage

Participants

Africa 
        (ALG) • Squad
       (CMR) • Squad
  (CIV) • Squad
          (GHA) • Squad
        (NGA) • Squad
   (RSA) • Squad

Asia 
    (AUS) • Squad
        (JPN) • Squad
  (PRK) • Squad
  (KOR) • Squad
Europe 
      (DEN) • Squad
      (ENG) • Squad
       (FRA) • Squad
      (GER) • Squad
       (GRE) • Squad
        (ITA) • Squad
  (NED) • Squad
     (POR) • Squad
       (SRB) • Squad
     (SVK) • Squad
     (SVN) • Squad 
        (ESP) • Squad
  (SUI) • Squad

North and Central America 
       (HON) • Squad
         (MEX) • Squad
  (USA) • Squad

Oceania 
  (NZL) • Squad

South America 
  (ARG) • Squad
     (BRA) • Squad
      (CHI) • Squad
   (PAR) • Squad
    (URU) • Squad

Stadiums 
In 2005, the organizers released a list of thirteen venues to be used for the World Cup. They were officially announced by FIFA on 17 March 2006:

Man of the match 
New for 2010 is the Budweiser Man of the Match award. Fans vote for the top player for each match in the World Cup tournament.
Group Stage 
The first round was also called the Group stage. There were 32 teams in the first round of the World Cup. The teams were divided into eight groups with four teams in each group. The groups were named Group A through Group H.

Each team in a group played all the other teams in their group one time. That means there were six games in each group and 48 games in the first round. The top two teams from each group in this round advanced (were allowed to play) in the next round, named the Round of 16.
The FIFA uses the following method to rank teams in the first round.
 The highest number of points in the group matches.
 The goal difference in the group matches.
 The goal difference is found by subtracting the number of goals against (GA) from the number of goals for (GF).
 The highest number of goals scored in the group matches.
 The highest number of points in the matches between the tied teams.
 The goal difference in the matches between the tied teams.
 The highest number of goals scored in matches between the tied teams.
 By the drawing of lots (a random selection) by the FIFA Organizing Committee.

Legend:
 P = total games played
 W = total games won
 D = total games drawn (tied)
 L = total games lost
 GF = total goals scored (goals for)
 GA = total goals conceded (goals against)
 GD = goal difference (GF−GA)
 Pts = total points accumulated 
 teams receive three points for a win, one point for a draw and no points for a loss

All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).

Group A
Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F 

Schedule

Group G 

Schedule

Group H 

Schedule

Knockout stage 
The games starting with the second round are known as the knockout stage. These games can not end in a draw (tie). If a match (game) is tied at the end of 90 minutes (the regular game time limit), extra periods are added to the game. Two periods, each 15 minutes long, will be played. If the score is still tied after the two extra periods, the game will be decided by a penalty kick shootout.

Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third-place match

Final

Statistics

Goalscorers

5 goals 
 David Villa
 Wesley Sneijder
 Thomas Müller
 Diego Forlán

4 goals 
 Gonzalo Higuaín
 Róbert Vittek
 Mirtoslav Klose

3 goals 
 Luis Suárez
 Landon Donovan
 Asamoah Gyan
 Luís Fabiano

2 goals 
 Elano
 Robinho
 Tiago
 Kalu Uche
 Lee Jung-Soo
 Lee Chung-Yong
 Brett Holman
 Keisuke Honda
 Samuel Eto'o
 Lukas Podolski
 Carlos Tévez
 Javier Hernández
 Arjen Robben
 Andrés Iniesta
1 goal 
 Siphiwe Tshabalala
 Bongani Khumalo
 Katlego Mphela
 Rafael Márquez
 Cuauhtémoc Blanco
 Park Ji-Sung
 Park Chu-Young
 Gabriel Heinze
 Martín Demichelis
 Martín Palermo
 Steven Gerrard
 Jermain Defoe
 Matthew Upson
 Clint Dempsey
 Michael Bradley
 Robert Koren
 Valter Birsa
 Zlatan Ljubijankič
 Cacau
 Mesut Özil
 Arne Friedrich
 Marcell Jansen
 Sami Khedira
 Dirk Kuyt
 Robin van Persie
 Klaas-Jan Huntelaar
 Giovanni van Bronckhorst
 Antolín Alcaraz
 Enrique Vera
 Cristian Riveros
 Daniele De Rossi
 Vincenzo Iaquinta
 Antonio Di Natale
 Fabio Quagliarella
 Winston Reid
 Shane Smeltz
 Maicon
 Juan
 Ji Yun-Nam
 Jean Beauséjour
 Mark González
 Rodrigo Millar
 Gelson Fernandes
 Álvaro Pereira
 Maxi Pereira
 Edinson Cavani
 Dimitris Salpingidis
 Vasilis Torosidis
 Milan Jovanović
 Marko Pantelić
 Tim Cahill
 Nicklas Bendtner
 Dennis Rommedahl
 John Dahl Tomasson
 Didier Drogba
 Yaya Touré
 Romaric
 Salomon Kalou
 Raúl Meireles
 Simão
 Hugo Almeida
 Liédson
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Florent Malouda
Florent Malouda
 Yakubu Aiyegbeni
 Kamil Kopúnek
 Yasuhito Endō
 Shinji Okazaki
 Carles Puyol
 Kevin-Prince Boateng
 Sulley Muntari
Own goals 
 Daniel Agger (against  Netherlands)
 Park Chu-Young (against  Argentina)

Discipline 
28 players were suspended after being shown two consecutive yellow cards (13 players), a single red card (8 players), or a yellow card followed by a red card (7 players).

Awards 
 Golden Ball:  Diego Forlán (Uruguay)
 Golden Boot:  Thomas Müller (Germany)
 Golden Glove:  Iker Casillas (Spain)
 Best Young Player:  Thomas Müller (Germany)
 FIFA Fair Play Trophy:

All-Star Team
The Best 11 was decided by an online public vote, where people were invited to select a team (in a 4–4–2 formation) and best coach. Voting was open until 23:59 on 11 July 2010, with submissions going into a draw to win a prize.

Six of the eleven players came from the Spanish team, as did the coach. The remainder of the team comprised two Germans, one Brazilian, one Dutchman and a Uruguayan.
Goalkeeper:  Iker Casillas (Spain)
 Defenders:  Sergio Ramos and Carles Puyol (Spain),  Maicon (Brazil),  Philipp Lahm (Germany)
 Midfielders:  Andrés Iniesta and Xavi (Spain),  Bastian Schweinsteiger (Germany),  Wesley Sneijder (Netherlands)
 Forwards:  Diego Forlán (Uruguay),  David Villa (Spain)
 Coach:  Vicente del Bosque (Spain)

References

Other websites 

Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

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FIFA World Cup tournaments
FIFA World Cup
Football in South Africa
2010s in South Africa
June 2010 events
Cody Garrett Runnels (born June 30, 1985), better known by his ring names Cody Rhodes, is an American professional wrestler currently signed by WWE. He has twice been a WWE Tag Team Champion, once with Drew McIntyre and once with his half-brother Goldust. He is also a former three-time World Tag Team Champion, once with Hardcore Holly and twice with Ted DiBiase, Jr. His father is Dusty Rhodes.

Championships and accomplishments

Amateur wrestling 
 Georgia State Tournament
 Sixth at  weight class (2002)
 Champion at  weight class (2003)
 Champion at  weight class (2004)
Professional wrestling 
 All Elite Wrestling 
 AEW TNT Championship (3 times, first)
 AEW TNT Championship Tournament (2020)
 AEW Dynamite Award for Best Moment on the Mic (2021) (accepting Dog Collar match on AEW Dynamite (September 30)
 Ohio Valley Wrestling
 OVW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 OVW Television Championship (1 time)
 OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (2 times) (with Shawn Spears)
 Fourth OVW Triple Crown Champion
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Most Improved Wrestler of the Year (2008)
He was ranked #23 of the 500 top singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012.
 World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
 World Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Hardcore Holly (1) and Ted DiBiase (2))
 WWE Intercontinental Championship (2 times)
 WWE Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Drew McIntyre (1) and Goldust (2))
 Slammy Award for Tag Team of the Year (2013) (with Goldust)

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Marietta, Georgia
American professional wrestlers
All Elite Wrestling alumni
WWE wrestlers
James William Reiher, Jr., (born September 1, 1971) better known as Jimmy Snuka, Jr., is an American professional wrestler and the son of professional wrestler "Superfly" Jimmy Snuka. He is probably best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Entertainment where he worked on its Raw brand under the ring name Deuce. He is a former WWE Tag Team Champion with his former partner Domino.

References 

1971 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Fijian sportspeople
James Edward Duggan (born January 14, 1954 in Glens Falls, New York), better known by his ring name "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan, is an American professional wrestler, who is best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E). Duggan will also be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011 by Ted DiBiase Sr.. Duggan was the winner of the first ever Royal Rumble in 1988. He is known for entering the arena with a 2x4 piece of lumber and yelling "Hooo!" while the fans chant "U-S-A!".

In November 2018, Duggan was hospitalized in the intensive care unit for an unknown reason.

References 

1954 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
People from Glens Falls, New York
Sportspeople from New York (state)
WWE Hall of Fame
Jayson Anthony Paul (born December 10, 1984) is an American professional wrestler  better known by the ring name JTG. He is best known for his time working with the WWE. During his time there, he was a member of the tag team Cryme Tyme along with Shad Gaspard.

His last match was on the September 20, 2013 episode of Superstars where he lost against Santino Marella. On June 12, 2014, JTG was released from his WWE contract.

Championships
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (2 times) (with Shad Gaspard)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #84 of the top 500 singles wrestlers by PWI in the PWI 500 in 2010.

References

Other websites

1984 births
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from New York City

pl:Cryme Tyme#Jayson Paul
Lance Kurtis McNaught (March 2, 1981 – August 13, 2010) was an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he wrestled under the ring names Garrison Cade and Lance Cade. Cade was trained by Shawn Michaels and made his professional wrestling debut along with Bryan Danielson in 1999 for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) in Japan.
Cade signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001 and began working for their developmental territory Memphis Championship Wrestling (MCW). In the summer, he was sent to Heartland Wrestling Association (HWA). When the WWF dropped HWA as their developmental territory, Cade moved the then-renamed WWE's main developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). In 2003, he debuted on an episode of Sunday Night Heat in a match against Lance Storm who forced him to submit to the sharpshooter. During his WWE career, he was known to team with Mark Jindrak and then later Trevor Murdoch. Cade was released from the company on October 14, 2008. Jim Ross stated on his blog that Cade "made a major league mistake while utilizing bad judgment" and that it was a factor in his departure. Ross also mentioned Cade having a seizure on a plane and him needing emergency medical care as a part of this.

He was a three-time World Tag Team Champion with Trevor Murdoch.
On August 13, 2010, Cade died at the age of 29 of apparent heart failure in San Antonio, Texas. On October 13, the medical examiner in San Antonio ruled that his death was "accidental," and stated that intoxication from mixed drugs complicated a cardiomyopathy and caused his death.

Championships
Heartland Wrestling Association
HWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
HWA Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Steve Bradley (2) and Mike Sanders (1))

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #80 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" in 2008.

Texas Wrestling Alliance
TWA Television Championship (1 time)

World Wrestling Entertainment
World Tag Team Championship (3 times) (with Trevor Murdoch)

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1981 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from cardiomyopathy
American professional wrestlers
Deaths from heart failure
Drug-related deaths in the United States
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska