Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Going over obstacles
Wheels are bad at dealing with vertical (upright) obstacles, especially obstacles about the same size as the wheel itself. If a vehicle or animal can move its center of mass, then the largest vertical obstacles that can be climbed are half as high as the wheel. If the center of mass cannot be moved, the highest obstacle that can be climbed is one eighth to one quarter the height of the wheel.

Also, without joints, a wheeled vehicle can become stuck (unable to move) on top of an obstacle, with the obstacle between the wheels so they don't touch the ground. Limbs, unlike wheels, are useful for climbing, and can deal with difficult terrain.
For wheels without joints, climbing obstacles will cause the body of the vehicle to tilt. If the weight of the vehicle moves outside of the wheels, the vehicle can tip over because of static instability. At high speed, a vehicle's inertia can cause it to become dynamically unstable. This means it can be tipped over by a smaller obstacle, or simply by turning or changing speed too quickly. Without jointed limbs, it can be impossible to recover from being tipped over.

Use of limbs for different jobs 
Limbs used by animals to move over terrain are often also used for other purposes, such as holding and manipulating things, climbing, swinging from branches, swimming, digging, jumping, throwing, kicking, and grooming. Without joints, wheels are not as useful as limbs for these jobs.

Rolling and wheeled creatures in fiction and legend
Rolling creatures
The hoop snake is an animal described in legend in the United States and Australia. The snake is said to hold its tail in its mouth and roll like a wheel towards its victims. The Japanese Tsuchinoko is a similar legendary animal.

The 1944 science fiction short story "Arena", by Fredric Brown, includes a telepathic (mind-reading) alien called an "Outsider". The Outsider is shaped like a ball and moves by rolling. A 1967 Star Trek episode with the same name was based on the story. A 1964 episode of The Outer Limits called "Fun and Games" may have been based on the same story. Neither television episode included a rolling animal.

The Dutch artist M. C. Escher invented an animal that he named Pedalternorotandomovens centroculatus articulosus. This animal was able to roll itself forward like a wheel. Escher drew the animal in his 1951 picture  (also known by the English title Curl-up).
A 1956 Scrooge McDuck comic by Carl Barks, Land Beneath the Ground!, included "Terries" and "Fermies", characters who move from place to place by rolling like a bowling ball. The Terries and Fermies have turned their rolling into a sport, causing earthquakes in the process.

Tuf Voyaging, a 1986 science fiction novel by George R. R. Martin, includes a type of alien called a "Rolleram", which kills its victim by rolling over it.

In the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series, the main character Sonic and his sidekick Tails move by rolling. The Sonic the Hedgehog series first appeared in 1991.

The 1995 short story "Microbe", by Kenyon College biologist and feminist science fiction writer Joan Slonczewski, is about a trip to explore an alien world, where the plant and animal life is entirely made  of doughnut-shaped organisms.

Wheeled creatures

L. Frank Baum's 1907 children's book Ozma of Oz includes human-like creatures with wheels instead of hands and feet, called "Wheelers".
The 1968 novel The Goblin Reservation by Clifford D. Simak includes an intelligent kind of alien that uses natural wheels.

Piers Anthony's 1977 book Cluster and its sequels (the later books in the same series) include a type of aliens called Polarians. The Polarians move around by holding and balancing on a large ball. The ball is a living part of the Polarian's body that can be removed temporarily.

David Brin's Uplift Universe includes a kind of wheeled alien called the G'Kek. The G'Kek are described in the 1995 novel Brightness Reef. In the 1996 novel Infinity's Shore, the G'Kek are said to look like "a squid in a wheelchair." They suffer from arthritis in their axles as they become old, especially when living in an environment with high gravity.
A 1997 novel in the Animorphs series, The Andalite Chronicles, includes a kind of aliens called Mortrons. The Mortrons are made of two separate living parts: a yellow and black bottom half with four wheels, and a long, red head with sharp teeth and hidden wings.

The 2000 novel The Amber Spyglass, by English author Philip Pullman, includes a type of alien known as the Mulefa. The Mulefa have diamond-shaped (◊-shaped) bodies with one leg at the front and back and one leg on each side. The Mulefa use large, disc-shaped seed pods as wheels. They hold the pods on axles made of bone on their front and back legs, while pushing themselves with their side legs. The Mulefa and the seed pod trees have a symbiotic relationship, or a relationship that helps both sides: the Mulefa use the seed pods as wheels, and the seed pod trees depend on the rolling to crack open the pods and allow the seeds to spread.
In the 2000 novel Wheelers, by English mathematician Ian Stewart and biologist Jack Cohen, a kind of alien called "blimps" can grow machines called "wheelers", which use wheels to move.

The 2009 Disney children's television series Jungle Junction includes jungle animals with wheels instead of legs. One of these animals, "Ellyvan", is a hybrid (a combination) of an elephant and a van. These animals move around their home on highways.

Notes
1.Even though evolution and biology get in the way of animals growing wheels, animals can still use other objects as wheels. This can be done by instinct (knowledge that an animal is born with, like dung beetles), or by intelligent animals like humans using tools.
2.There are two kinds of wheels: passive and driven. A passive wheel simply rolls freely over a surface, lowering friction when compared with dragging. A driven wheel is powered, and sends energy to the surface to generate a pushing force.

References

Evolutionary biology
Idris Sardi (June 7, 1938 – April 28, 2014) was an Indonesian violinist. His career lasted for nearly 50 years until retiring in 2013 because of ill health. Sardi was born to Mas Sardi, an Indonesian composer, and Hadidjah, an Indonesian actress.

Sardi died at Meilia Hospital in Cibubur, Indonesia from an illness. He was 75 years old.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2014 deaths
Indonesian people
Violinists
A cordial is a kind of candy in which a fruit filling is placed within a chocolate shell. A common candy of this kind is the cherry cordial.

Candy
June Angela (born June Angela Profanato, August 1959) is an American actress, tap dancer and singer. She was 10 years old in season 1 (1969-1970) of Sesame Street (where she cameo appeared) and 12-17 and 49 years old in seasons 1-7 (1971-1977, 2006 and 2009) of The Electric Company.

Filmography

Other websites
 

1959 births
Living people
American dancers
Singers from New York City
Actors from New York City
American television actors
The 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado involved several strong tornadoes in Alabama. It took place on April 27, 2011. The tornado was a violent EF4 multiple vortex event which caused over $2 billion in damage.

Early reports indicated 65 people were killed, with over 1,000 injured. However, this was revised to 64 deaths and more than 1,500 injuries.

References

Other websites
 Interview with Storm Chaser of April 27 Tuscaloosa Tornado

2011 disasters
2011 in the United States
2011 in weather
2010s disasters in the United States
21st century in Alabama
April 2011 events
Tornadoes in the United States
Donald Tokowitz Sterling (born April 26, 1934) is an American business magnate and former attorney.

Early life
Sterling was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Sterling studied at the University of California, Los Angeles and at Southwestern Law School. He was raised as Jewish.

Career
He was the owner of the Los Angeles Clippers in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Sterling bought the Clippers in 1981 for $12.5 million, and as of 2014, the team is valued at $575 million by Forbes magazine, ranking them 18th out of 30 teams. At 33 seasons of ownership (1981 to present), Sterling was the longest-tenured owner in the NBA since the death of Los Angeles Lakers majority owner Jerry Buss on February 18, 2013 up until his suspension on April 29, 2014.

Personal life
Sterling was married to Rochelle Stern. They had six children. He lives in Los Angeles, California.
Racist remarks
On April 25, 2014, TMZ Sports released what it said is an April 9, 2014 audio recording of a conversation between Sterling and V. Stiviano. According to TMZ, Sterling and Stiviano argued in regards to a photo Stiviano posted on Instagram in which she posed with Magic Johnson. In the audio recording, Sterling allegedly tells Stiviano: "It bothers me a lot that you want to broadcast that you’re associating with black people." On April 29, 2014, the University of California, Los Angeles announced that it was rejecting a $3 million gift from Sterling. On April 29, 2014, Sterling was banned from the NBA for life and fined $2.5 million  by the NBA after recordings of him making racist comments were made public.

Health
In 2012, Sterling began treatment for prostate cancer. In May 2014, it was announced that Sterling was in the early developing stages of Alzheimer's disease.

References
References

Other websites
 Peter Keating: Uncontested: The life of Donald Sterling, ESPN The Magazine and ESPN.com, June 1, 2009

1934 births
Living people
American billionaires
American chief executives
Lawyers from Chicago
Businesspeople from Chicago
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish billionaires
Jewish businesspeople
People with Alzheimer's disease
Real estate developers
Lawyers from Los Angeles
Dean Gooderham Acheson (pronounced ; April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Early life
Acheson was born in Middletown, Connecticut. He studied at Yale College and at Harvard Law School. He married Alice Stanley in 1917.

Secretary of State
Acheson served as the 51st United States Secretary of State under President Harry S. Truman. He served as Secretary of State from January 1949 to January 1953. He helped defend America's foreign policy during the break of the Cold War.

Acheson's most famous decision was convincing President Truman to intervene in the Korean War in June 1950. He also persuaded Truman to dispatch aid and advisors to French forces in Indochina, though in 1968 he finally counseled President Lyndon B. Johnson to negotiate for peace with North Vietnam.

Kennedy Administration
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy called upon Acheson for advice, bringing him into the executive committee (ExComm), a strategic advisory group.

Personal life
Acheson and his wife Alice had three children; David, Jane, and Mary. He remained married to Alice until his death in 1971. He retired shortly after 1955.

Awards
Acheson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. He also won a Pulitzer Prize for History in 1970.

Death
Acheson died in Sandy Spring, Maryland from a massive stroke. He was 78 years old. He was survived by his two surviving children, David and Mary. He was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C..

References

Other websites

 Work on Acheson's Role in Designing the Foreign Policy Stance of the Democratic Party after the 1952 election.
 Annotated bibliography for Dean Acheson from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
1893 births
1971 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Lawyers from Connecticut
United States Secretaries of State
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Connecticut
20th-century American politicians
American diplomats
American people of World War II
American political writers
Deaths from cerebral infarction
Episcopalians
Harvard University alumni
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
People from Maryland
People of the Korean War
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Pulitzer Prize winners
Writers from Connecticut
Yale University alumni
Sandy Spring, Maryland is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Maryland.

Unincorporated communities in Montgomery County, Maryland
Overbrook is a city in Osage County, Kansas.

Cities in Osage County, Kansas
"Little Talks" is a 2011 debut single by Of Monsters and Men. The song came from the album My Head is an Animal.

In August 2012, the song hit #1 in Ireland on the Irish Singles Chart. It also hit #20 on the Billboard Hot 100.

"Little Talks" was later certified platinum in the United States.

2011 songs
Pop songs
Minnesota City is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is in the southeast part of the state. It is near Winona.

People 
The population was 204 at the 2010 U.S. Census.

Cities in Minnesota
Ridgway is a city in Ouray County, Colorado.

Cities in Colorado
Lynwood is a city in Los Angeles County, California.

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Lynwood is a village in Cook County, Illinois.

Villages in Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Cedarville is a village in Stephenson County, Illinois.

Cedarville has a population of 663 people, as of 2020.

References

Villages in Illinois
Bernard "Buddy" Rich (September 30, 1917 – April 2, 1987) was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. Rich was known as "the world's greatest drummer" and for his virtuoso technique, power, groove, and speed. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Rich died in Los Angeles, California from heart failure, aged 69.

References

Other websites

1917 births
1987 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American jazz musicians
American drummers
Musicians from New York City
Charles Elson "Buddy" Roemer III (October 4, 1943 – May 17, 2021) was an American politician and banker. He served as the 52nd Governor of Louisiana from 1988 to 1992. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 1988.

Roemer was a candidate for the presidential nominations of the Republican Party and the Reform Party  in 2012.

In March 1991, while serving as governor, Roemer switched his party from the Democratic to the Republican Party. In 2012, he became a member of the Reform Party. A year later, Roemer switched parties to become a Republican again.

Early life
Roemer was born in Shreveport, Louisiana. His parents were Charles Elson "Budgie" Roemer, II and Adeline McDade. He was raised in Bossier City.
In 1964, he graduated from Harvard College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. In 1967, he received an MBA in finance from Harvard Business School. After college, Roemer returned to Louisiana to work in his father’s computer business and later founded two banks. He was elected in 1972 as a delegate to the Louisiana Constitutional Convention held in 1973.

U.S. House of Representatives (1981-1988)
As a member of Congress, Roemer Louisiana's 1st congressional district in the northwestern section of the state, anchored about Shreveport and Bossier City. After his 1980 election victory, Roemer won congressional re-election without opposition in 1982, 1984, and 1986.

In Congress, Roemer frequently supported Reagan policy initiatives and fought with the Democratic congressional leadership, though he remained in the party. He also criticized then Democratic House leader Tip O'Neill of Massachusetts for being "too liberal".
After Roemer left the House to become governor, he was succeeded by his administrative assistant, Republican Jim McCrery.

Governor of Louisiana (1988-1992)

Roemer was one of a large number of Democratic candidates to challenge three-term incumbent governor Edwin Edwards. Roemer won the election by winning 33% of the vote compared to Edwards' 28%.

Roemer entered the governor's office on March 14, 1988. In October 1989, voters rejected a number of Roemer tax initiatives but approved a constitutional amendment for transportation improvements. Facing a $1.3 billion deficit in the state budget, his first job was eliminating the deficit. Roemer called a special session of the legislature to push an ambitious tax and fiscal reform program for state and local governments. He vowed to slash spending, abolish programs, and close state-run institutions. Voters rejected his proposals in a statewide constitutional referendum.
In March 1991, Roemer switched to the Republican Party just months before the state elections, apparently at the urging of Bush White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu. Roemer lost his re-election after loosing the Republican primary to David Duke. Duke would soon loose to Edwin Edwards.

Roemer left office on January 13, 1992. He would run again for the Republican nomination for governor, but lost to Mike Foster.

2004 U.S. Senate election
In the summer of 2004, Roemer briefly considered entering the race to succeed retiring U.S. Senator John Breaux. Roemer shortly after decided not to run for the senate.

2012 presidential campaign
In January 2011, Roemer told Baton Rouge television station WAFB that he was considering a bid for the U.S. presidency in 2012. On July 21, 2011 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, Roemer announced his entry as a candidate for the Republican nomination for President. On November 30, 2011, Roemer officially announced that he would seek the Americans Elect nomination. On February 23, 2012, Roemer dropped out of the GOP nomination to seek the Reform Party's nomination. On May 17, 2012, Americans Elect announced that it would not run a candidate in the 2012 presidential elections.

On May 31, 2012, he announced that he was ending his 2012 presidential campaign altogether, citing the lack of ballot access to be the reason

Personal life
Roemer was married to Cookie Delmer until they divorced. Then he married Patti Crocker until they divorced. He was married Scarlett Roemer. Roemer had three children with Delmer.
Roemer died at his home in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from problems caused by diabetes, aged 77.

References

More reading
Bridges, Tyler. The Rise of David Duke. University of Mississippi: Jackson, 1994. 
Bridges, Tyler. Bad Bet on the Bayou: The Rise of Gambling in Louisiana, and the Fall of Governor Edwin Edwards. Farrar, Straus & Giroux: New York, 2001. 
DuBos, Clancy. “Roemer’s Redemption: The Former Governor Takes Another Shot at the Mansion.” Gambit Weekly. September 19, 1995.
Gardner, James C., Jim Gardner and Shreveport, Vol. II. Shreveport: Ritz Publications, 2006, 285–288.
Gomez, Ron (2000), My Name Is Ron And I'm a Recovering Legislator: Memoirs of a Louisiana State Representative, Lafayette, Louisiana: Zemog Publishing, 
Maginnis, John. Cross to Bear. Darkhorse Press, Baton Rouge, 1992. 
 Reeves, Miriam G. The Governors of Louisiana. Gretna: Pelican Press, 1991.

Other websites
Other websites

Buddy Roemer 2012 official campaign site
Former Governor profile  from the Louisiana Secretary of State
Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
Buddy Roemer (1987–1994), collected coverage at The New York Times
Buddy Roemer: 9 Questions with the GOP Presidential Candidate about Campaign Finance, the 99% and a Possible Split Ticket , Dan O'Mahony, Point Nine Nine, November 28, 2011
Buddy Roemer's Overshadowed New Hampshire Retail Experiment, Tyler Bridges, The Atlantic, December 20, 2011

1943 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
American Methodists
Governors of Louisiana
Harvard University alumni
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
2012 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Louisiana
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Peg Phillips (September 20, 1918 – November 7, 2002) was an American actress. She is best known for playing storekeeper Ruth-Anne Miller on the television series Northern Exposure. Phillips was born in Everett, Washington.

Phillips died from lung disease in Seattle, Washington, aged 84.

Other websites

1918 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from lung disease
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Washington (state)
People from Everett, Washington
Carl William Demarest (February 27, 1892 – December 28, 1983) was an American character actor. He is best known for playing Uncle Charley in My Three Sons. He was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Demarest died from prostate cancer and pneumonia in Palm Springs, California, aged 91.

References

1892 births
1983 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from pneumonia
Cancer deaths in California
Infectious disease deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Minnesota
The Swedish Chef is a Muppet character that appeared on The Muppet Show. He was voiced by Jim Henson and performed by Jim Henson and Frank Oz. Since Jim Henson's death, he has been played by Bill Barretta. He is known for not speaking English, but instead a fake version of the Swedish language, mostly just saying "Børk".

Other websites

Muppets
Fictional European people
Wapakoneta is a city in Ohio. It is the county seat of Auglaize County.

Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
Edcouch is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas.

Cities in Texas
Charleston is a city in Tallahatchie County, Mississippi.

Cities in Mississippi
County seats in Mississippi
Pine nuts are the edible seeds of pines (family Pinaceae, genus Pinus). About 20 species of pine produce seeds large enough to be worth harvesting. Other pines have edible seeds too small to be useful as a human food.

Pine nuts have been eaten in Europe and Asia since the Paleolithic period. They are often added to meat, fish, salads and vegetable dishes or baked into bread. In Italian they are called pinoli. They are an essential part of Italian pesto sauce.

Pine nuts can be pressed to extract pine nut oil, which is valued for its mild, nutty flavour. The large edible seeds of the Southern Hemisphere conifer genus Araucaria produce nuts rather like pine nuts.

References

Other websites

Edible nuts and seeds
Fernando Gómez may refer to:
Fernando Gómez Colomer (1965-), Spanish former footballer.
Fernando Gómez Doblas (1965-), Spanish track and field athlete.
The International Geographical Union (IGU; , UGI) is an international association of geographical organizations around the world. The organization was established in 1922 in Belgium after the first geographical congress, which was in 1871.

The Union has 34 Commissions and four task forces. One of these commissions is the Urban Geography Commission. This compares cities in the capitalist economy world and cities in the socialist economy world. It was created at the UGI conference in Moscow in 1976. It was proposed by Prof. Kasimierz Dziewonski from Poland.

Other websites 
 International Geographical Union / Union Géographique Internationale
 Urban Geography Commission 

International organizations
1922 establishments
Geography
The International Geography Festival is an event held every year by the Association for the Development of FIG (ADFIG). It is related to geography. It is held in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in France. It was first held in 1990. The festival is under the patronage of the International Geographical Union.

Other websites 

  the Official website of the festival 

Festivals
Geography
Argument from authority or appeal to authority is a form of argument or reasoning that argues if a person with authority in a field makes a statement about it, it is probably true. It could become a fallacy if it is misused.

In informal reasoning, the appeal to authority is an argument of the form:
 A is an authority on a particular topic
 A says something about that topic
 A is probably correct

The argument is good in some conditions. For example, a person says, "I need to take my medication because my doctor told me to." Doctors are trained, know much about medication, and probably have experience giving medication before. The person is appealing to a real authority with supported data that makes the authority probably right.
The argument is bad when there is a false authority or unclear authority. For example, "I know X is true because it said so on the internet." The complete internet has no authority because any person on the internet can say anything they want. A part of the internet may have authority, but it is unclear because the argument was not specific.

References 

Logical fallacies
Vernell Eufaye "Bimbo" Coles (born 1968) is a retired American basketball player. He played for 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA).  He was also nicknamed "Colsie".

Basketball career 
Vernell Coles was born Apr 22, 1968 in Covington, Virginia. Coles was a standout at Greenbrier East High School in Lewisburg, West Virginia. He played his college basketball for the Virginia Tech Hokies for four seasons (1986–87 to 1989–90). He was a member of the United States 1988 Olympic basketball team which won a bronze medal. His NBA career started when he was selected by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 NBA Draft. He was immediately traded to the Miami Heat in exchange for veteran guard Rory Sparrow. After Coles' first of the two times he played with the Miami Heat, he was traded to the Golden State Warriors. He also played for the Atlanta Hawks, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Boston Celtics. He was utilized primarily as a backup point guard.
Later career 
Coles is now the fitness director of CountryRoads Crossfit. It is a physical fitness center in Lewisburg, West Virgina. In February of 2011, Coles was inducted into the West Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites 
 Bimbo Coles, Basketball Reference.com 

1968 births
African-American basketball players
American Olympic bronze medalists
Atlanta Hawks players
Boston Celtics players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Golden State Warriors players
Living people
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Miami Heat players
Sportspeople from Virginia
American basketball players
The March 2–3, 2012 tornado outbreak was several tornadoes that hit the Southern United States and Ohio Valley. Two of them were EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. This included Ohio and Kentucky.

The storms killed 43 people.

Tornado outbreaks
2012 in weather
2012
March events
2012 in the United States
2010s in Ohio
2010s in Kentucky
Brampton Bryan Castle is a castle in the small village of Brampton Bryan in north-western Herefordshire, England, 50m south of the River Teme.  The castle guarded an important road from Ludlow along the Teme Valley to Knighton and on into Central Wales.

The castle is listed in the Domesday Book (1086). In 1295 it was described as a "tower with curtilage". The castle was almost entirely destroyed during the Civil War. The ruins that are still standing include an outer gate house, parts of the inner gatehouse, part of the south wall of the kitchen, and the great hall.

When Bryan de Brampton died in 1294, his son-in-law, Robert Harley, inherited the castle. For almost 700 years since the castle has remained in the Harley family. During the Civil War, the castle was defended by Lady Brilliana Harley, the wife of Robert Harley. Harley was a puritan and a Member of Parliament.

Castles in England
The University of Lausanne is a university in Lausanne, Switzerland. It was founded in 1537 as a school of theology, before being made a university in 1890. Today about 12,000 students and 2200 researchers study and work at the university. Approximately 1500 international students attend the university.

Other websites 

  the University of Lausanne website

Lausanne
Organizations based in Lausanne
St. Johns Co-Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Valletta, Malta. It was built by the Knights of Malta between 1573 and 1578. It was commissioned (ordered to be built) in 1572 by Grand Master Jean de la Cassière. He made it the main church of the Order of the Knights Hospitaller of St John, also known as the Knights of Malta. The Church was designed by the Maltese architect Glormu Cassar (Girolamo Cassar). The church is considered to be one of the finest examples of high Baroque architecture in Europe.

References 

Organizations based in Malta
Roman Catholic cathedrals
1570s establishments in Europe
The Silkworm missile was the NATO reporting name for these kinds of Chinese anti-ship missiles:

Shang You or SY-series
Hai Ying or HY-series
Fei Long or FL-series

These missiles were the Chinese version of the Soviet P-15 Termit missile. They used hot launch mechanism for launching the missile from ships.

Other websites
Federation of American Scientists page on HY-1
HY-2

Missiles
A transglutaminase is an enzyme that forms a chemical bond between two protein molecules. The reaction also produces a molecule of ammonia. Transglutaminases were first described in 1959. In 1968 it was discovered they form a role in blood coagulation.

Transglutaminase have many uses. They can be used as a binding agent to improve the texture of protein-rich foods such as surimi or ham. Other examples of foods made using transglutaminase include imitation crabmeat, and fish balls.

References 

Enzymes
Muppets Most Wanted is a 2014 American-German-Spanish-Irish-British musical comedy caper film produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the eighth movie featuring the Muppets. It was directed by James Bobin and written by Bobin and Nicholas Stoller. Muppets Most Wanted is a sequel to 2011's The Muppets and stars Ricky Gervais, Ty Burrell, and Tina Fey. In Muppets Most Wanted, the Muppets find themselves unwittingly involved in an international crime caper while on tour in Europe.

The majority of the production team behind The Muppets returned for Muppets Most Wanted. This was including Bobin, Stoller, producers David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman of Mandeville Films. Music supervisor Bret McKenzie also returned. The movie started filming in January 2013 at Pinewood Studios in London. Muppets Most Wanted premiered March 11, 2014 in Los Angeles, California and was released in North America on March 21, 2014.

References
Ricardo Mórtola Di Puglia (c. 1950 – 22 April 2014) was an Ecuadorian architect and businessman. He was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was known for constructing Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo in Barcelona. He won many awards during his twenty-year career.

Mórtola died in Guayaquil, Ecuador from respiratory arrest caused by testicular cancer, aged 63.

References

1950 births
2014 deaths
Ecuadorian architects
Deaths from testicular cancer
Deaths from respiratory arrest
Disease-related deaths in Ecuador
Businesspeople from Guayaquil
Windows 2.x is a graphical personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It was said to look almost the same to the first Mac OS and more closely matched Microsoft's pre-release publicity for Windows 1.0.

Windows 2.1x 
Five months after the release of Windows 2.03, Microsoft released Windows 2.10, and after 10 months, Windows 2.11. They were the first versions that required an Intel 80286 or 80386 processor to run.

Other websites 
GUIdebook: Windows 2.0 Gallery  – A website dedicated to preserving and showcasing Graphical User Interfaces
ComputerHope.com: Microsoft Windows history
Microsoft article with details about the different versions of Windows

Microsoft operating systems
Iveta Bartošová (8 April 1966 – 29 April 2014) was a Czech singer and actress. She played in the music poll Zlatý slavík (1986, 1990 and 1991). She was also known for her life style attracting the attention of the Czech tabloid media. She was born in Čeladná, Czech Republic.

On 29 April 2014, she committed suicide by throwing herself under a train in Uhříněves, Prague. Many people think that the reason why she committed suicide was because of the media harassing her.

References

Other websites

1966 births
2014 deaths
Actors who committed suicide 
Czech movie actors
Czech singers
Czech television actors
Musicians who committed suicide
Suicides by jumping
Tahar Chaïbi (17 February 1946 – 29 April 2014) was a Tunisian footballer. He played as a midfielder for Club Africain and the national team. He was born in Tunis, Tunisia.

Chaïbi died from complications from a stroke, aged 68.

References

1946 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Tunisian footballers
Sportspeople from Tunis
Michael "Lufa" Kadosh (April 23, 1940 in Alexandria - April 29, 2014) was a former Israeli footballer. He worked as the manager of Hapoel Jerusalem. He won many awards during his 50 year career.

Kadosh died on 29 April 2014 from cancer at the age of 74.

References

1940 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Israel
Egyptian Jews
Israeli football managers
Israeli footballers
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
Naturalized citizens of Israel
The Rev. Dennis David Kahekilimamaoikalanikeha Kamakahi (March 31, 1953 – April 28, 2014) was an American slack key guitarist, recording artist, music composer, and Christian minister. He has won multiple Grammy Awards. In 2009 was inducted into the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame. Kamakahi was born in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Kamakahi died in Honolulu, Hawaii from lung cancer, aged 61.

References

Other websites

Grammy Award winners
1953 births
2014 deaths
American guitarists
American composers
Musicians from Hawaii
People from Honolulu
West Covina is a city in Los Angeles County, California.

The city has a large Mexican, Asian, Latino and Filipino population.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Wall clouds (or pedestal clouds) are localized, large and persistent lowering cloud formations that develop below the rain-free region of thunderstorms. Rotating wall clouds are indicative of mesocyclones in thunderstorms. Wall clouds do not always rotate, though.

Wall clouds are formed by a process known as entrainment, when an inflow of warm, moist air rises and overpowers rain-cooled air during a downwind downdraft.

References 

Severe weather
Clouds
A technical support scam is a form of telephone fraud that tricks people by pretending that they are a service which helps people fix their computers. In most cases they convince the victim they have a computer problem that does not actually exist. A common type is when someone gets a call from someone (usually from places like India) pretending to be from a company that sounds real such as "Microsoft" or "Windows" support. Often the caller tries to gain the victim's trust. They may use confusing and very technical language to sound authentic. They may ask the victim to perform several tasks on their computer. Often they target legitimate files on the victim's computer saying these are viruses. These tactics are designed to scare people into letting the scammer fix the problem (that does not really exist). The caller may have the victim install malicious software that could capture sensitive data, such as online banking passwords or credit card information.

References 

Types of crime
"Santeria" is the second single off American ska punk band Sublime's third and final studio album Sublime. The song was released on January 7, 1997. 

The title of the song refers to Santería, a religion practiced in the Caribbean. The song tells a story about a jealous ex-boyfriend that plans to take revenge out on the man that stole his girlfriend. He mentions using violent force when he talks about "popping a cap in Sancho" and "putting that barrel straight down Sancho's throat". Lead singer Bradley Nowell refers to the man as "sancho" and his ex-girlfriend as "heina". In Mexico, "sancho" is often used to describe a man who steals another man's girlfriend. "heina" is used to describe a man's woman or girlfriend.

The song was featured in the 2008 video game Guitar Hero World Tour and as a downloadable song in the 2010 video game Rock Band 3. The song was also featured in the 2012 movie This Is 40.

References

1997 songs
Rock songs
"What I Got" is the first single off American ska punk band Sublime's third and final studio album Sublime. The song was released on August 27, 1996.

It is the band's biggest radio hit and was one of the most popular singles of 1997 in the United States. When the song was released, it was able to reach #1 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart and was also a mainstream Top 40 hit, reaching #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay. The song was ranked #83 in Rolling Stone'''s "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time".

The song was featured in the 2010 video game Rock Band 3, the 2011 video game Saints Row: The Third, the 2000 video game Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX, and the 2009 video game Guitar Hero 5''.

References

1996 songs
Rock songs
Deep Green Resistance (DGR) is an environmental movement. It was started by Derrick Jensen, Lierre Keith, and Aric McBay in 2011. DGR is radical feminist.

Other websites
Facebook page

2011 establishments
Environmental organizations based in the United States
Feminism
This is the list of motorways in the United Kingdom. Great Britain has a road numbering system, and Northern Ireland has its own road numbering system.

Great Britain

M-designated motorways

Northern Ireland

M-designated motorways

Related pages
Great Britain road numbering scheme

References 

United Kingdom-related lists
 
Lists of roads
Sidewinding is a type of locomotion unique to some snakes. They use it to move across loose or slippery ground like sand or mud.  It is often used by the Saharan horned viper, Cerastes cerastes, and the sidewinder rattlesnake, Crotalus cerastes, to move across loose desert sands. It is also used by some snakes in Southeast Asia to move across tidal mud flats.  Other snakes can be induced to sidewind on artificial smooth surfaces, with various degrees of success. Sidewinding is not the only way snakes can move on sand.
Sidewinding is done by simply lifting all the segments with the same slope off the ground. In the movement, the snake's body is always in static (as opposed to sliding) contact with the ground.  The head seems to be "thrown" forward, and the body follows, being lifted from the prior position and moved forward to lie on the ground ahead of where it was originally.  Meanwhile, the head is being thrown forward again.  In this way, the snake slowly progresses at an angle, leaving a series of mostly straight, J-shaped tracks.  Because the  snake's body is in static contact with the ground, imprints of the belly scales can be seen in the tracks, and each track is almost exactly as long as the snake.

Below is a crude animated line-drawing showing sidewinding in action.  The light brown areas are the tracks left behind, and show where the body of the snake touched the ground.
This mode of locomotion overcomes the slippery nature of sand or mud by pushing off with only static portions on the body. The static nature of the contact points can be shown from the tracks of a sidewinding snake, which show each belly scale imprint, without any smearing. This mode of locomotion has very low caloric cost, less than ⅓ of the cost for a lizard or snake to move the same distance. Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence that sidewinding is associated with the sand being hot.

References 

Snakes
Richard Winston "Dickie" Moore (January 6, 1931 – December 19, 2015) was a Canadian former professional hockey player, and successful businessman. He twice won the Art Ross Trophy as the National Hockey League's leading scorer and was added into that Hockey Hall of Fame.

Career
Moore played with the Montreal Canadiens from 1951 to 1963. He started playing with the Montreal Jr. Royals for three seasons from 1947 to 1950, and made his debut with the Montreal Canadiens in the middle of the 1951–52 season. Moore had played on two Memorial Cup winners, one with the Montreal Royals in 1949 and Montreal Junior Canadiens the following year. He was known for his hard accurate shot and his ability to stickhandle the puck. He twice won the Art Ross Memorial Trophy as the league's leading scorer. Moore broke Gordie Howe's record of 95 total points in a regular season play with 41 goals and 55 assists.
Moore won the Stanley Cup for the first time in 1953 and was a member of the Montreal Canadiens team that won five cups in a row from 1956–60. He retired following the 1962–63 season, but came back after a year's break to play for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Another three-year break saw Moore return to play 27 games for the St. Louis Blues.

In 1974, Moore was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.  In 1998, he was ranked number 31 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.

Later life
Following his retirement from hockey, Moore became a successful businessman, operating a tool rental business in Montreal.

On November 12, 2005, the Canadiens retired the uniform number 12 in honor of both Moore and Yvan Cournoyer.

On August 27, 2006, Moore suffered neck, spine and rib injuries when his car was hit by a truck in Montreal. He was trapped in the car for 45 minutes before rescue.

Moore died on December 19, 2015 in Montreal, Quebec from prostate cancer at the age of 84.
Awards and records
NHL First Team All-Star — 1958, 1959
NHL Second Team All-Star — 1961
Played in NHL All-Star Game 6 times
Art Ross Trophy — 1958, 1959
Stanley Cup Champions — 1953, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960 (6) 
Inducted into Hockey Hall of Fame in 1974
Most regular season points in one NHL season - 96 (1959, surpassed by Bobby Hull in 1966 (97 points), current record held by Wayne Gretzky who scored 215 points in 1986)

Career statistics

References

Other websites
 
 

1931 births
2015 deaths
Art Ross Trophy winners
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Deaths from prostate cancer
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Montreal
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
American Hockey League players
Memorial Cup winners
Dickie Moore can mean:

Dickie Moore (actor)
Dickie Moore (ice hockey), ice hockey player in the National Hockey League
Aubrey Victor "Dit" Clapper (February 9, 1907 – January 20, 1978) was a Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player, playing his entire professional career for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League.  

Clapper was the first NHL player to play twenty seasons, and one of only two to be an All-Star at both forward and defence.  The right wing on the powerful "Dynamite Line"—one of the first forward lines to receive a nickname in hockey history—along with linemates Cooney Weiland and Dutch Gainor, he contributed to the breaking of several scoring records in the 1930s. Towards the end of his career, he was named player-coach of the Bruins, and held the coaching position after his retirement as a player.

Early years
Aubrey Clapper, son of Bill Clapper, was raised in Hastings, Ontario. Clapper was given his nickname at an early age when he would lisp his name, the result coming out "Dit."
Clapper started his hockey career at age 13, playing minor hockey in Oshawa, and going on to play with the junior league Toronto Parkdale club of the Ontario Hockey Association in 1925, scoring a goal in the team's Memorial Cup run that season. The following season he turned professional, playing for the Boston Tigers of the Canadian-American Hockey League.

NHL career
The Boston Bruins bought Clapper's contract from the Tigers in 1927. Hitherto a defenceman, Bruins' coach Art Ross decided to try Clapper at right wing, and the experiment stuck. He scored his first NHL goal - ten seconds into his first shift—in the season opener against the Chicago Black Hawks.
The following season, Ross teamed Clapper up with Cooney Weiland and Dutch Gainor to form the Dynamite Line, one of the first named forward lines in history.  The Bruins won the American Division that season and went on to their first Stanley Cup championship, with Clapper scoring the winning goal in the first game of their best-of-three series with the New York Rangers.
In the 1930 season, the league changed the passing rules, effectively eliminating offsides. The Stanley Cup champion Bruins took especial advantage, breaking many scoring records and recording the highest winning percentage the league would ever see, unsurpassed as of 2012. Leading the charge was the Dynamite Line, as Weiland led the league in scoring, Clapper finishing third and Gainor finishing ninth; Clapper's goal total of 41 was the third most in league history at that time. The Dynamite Line scored 102 of the Bruins' league record 179 goals, as many as last-place Pittsburgh managed.  While Clapper scored four goals in six playoff games, the Bruins were shocked in the Stanley Cup finals by the Montreal Canadiens in their best-of-three series.
While Clapper kept his production high in the 1931 season, Gainor's scoring fell off badly, and the Dynamite Line was broken up at season's end.  Clapper's 22 goals were good for eighth in the league, and he was named Second Team All-Star at right wing at year's end, the first season such All-Stars were named.  The following year Clapper—with Bud Cook replacing the traded Gainor on his line with Weiland—was named team captain and again finished eighth in league scoring, but an injury-riddled Bruins' team fell into last place and out of the playoffs. While Weiland was dealt to Ottawa for the 1933 season, the Bruins purchased Montreal Maroons star Nels Stewart and paired him with Clapper to form a powerful offensive unit that led the Bruins back to a division championship.
The largest forward of his era at 6'2" and 200 lbs, Clapper was a notably peaceful player who nonetheless was involved in an unusual incident in the 1937 Stanley Cup playoffs against the Montreal Maroons. Highsticking Maroon Dave Trottier twice in the head, referee Clarence Campbell (the future NHL president) called Clapper a profane name, and Clapper knocked the referee to the ice with a single punch. Speculation was heavy that Clapper's punishment would be severe, but Campbell himself pleaded Clapper's case, stating that he felt he had provoked the Bruin into the blow; Clapper received only a $100 fine for the incident.

By 1938, Ross believed the Bruins needed an overhaul, and as part of it asked Clapper to move back to defence. Paired with perennial superstar Eddie Shore on the backline, the move proved highly successful, and Clapper was named a First Team NHL All-Star on defence in 1939, 1940 and 1941, leading the Bruins to Stanley Cup victories in 1939 and 1941.
In February 1942, Clapper suffered a severed tendon in a collision with Toronto player Bingo Kampman and was done for the season. It was feared he would be forced into retirement, but he came back next year and returned to form. During the 1944 season, Clapper broke Hooley Smith's career record for games played, holding the record until Maurice Richard surpassed him in 1957.

Player-coach
During the 1944 season, Clapper filled in as interim coach when Art Ross took ill.  In 1945 Ross retired as Bruins' coach, retaining his general manager's position, and named Clapper as player-coach, the only one in team history.  Clapper retained his team captaincy until his retirement as a player in 1947, ultimately serving as team captain for longer than any NHL player until Ray Bourque surpassed his total in the 1990s.

Retirement and legacy
Due to injuries and with his skills not what they used to be, Clapper originally retired before the start of the 1946–47 season, but returned to play in November 1946 to replace the injured Jack Crawford in the Bruins' lineup.  He played only once in awhile thereafter, and retired for good on February 12, 1947. Leading the Bruins to a 10-1 victory over the New York Rangers in his final game (in which Bill Cowley broke the league career scoring record, the Bruins further announced that day that his number #5 sweater would be retired, and the Hockey Hall of Fame immediately inducted him as an Honoured Member; he was the only active player ever to be inducted into the Hall, and at the time the only living Member inducted. 

Of his prowess, Bruins goaltending legend Tiny Thompson said: "Clapper diagnosed the plays like a great infielder in baseball," said. "He put himself where the puck had to come."