Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Some pieces of music may be written by Bach, but we are not sure. Those doubtful pieces of music are listed separately as BWV Anhang (BWV appendix). Some of what Schmieder wrote in 1950 has been updated because some new music by Bach has been discovered.  Other pieces of music have now been proved not to be by Bach.

Bach, like many composers from long ago, did not use opus numbers, because very few of his works were published during his lifetime.

Some older books write "S" instead of "BWV" (S for Schmieder), but Schmieder did not want this.  He wanted Bach's name to be used, not his own.

Other websites
BWV catalogue (downloadable PDF)
Han Fei Zi (281 BC – 233 BC) was an early Chinese philosopher.  He is part of a group said to have created of doctrine of the School of Law or Legalism.

280s BC births
233 BC deaths
Eastern philosophers
Chinese philosophers
Legalism
Do not confuse with Thomas Andrews, an Irish businessman.

Thomas Anders (born Bernd Weidung, 1 March 1963, Koblenz, West Germany) is a German singer, composer and record producer. Anders was the lead singer of Modern Talking, a famous German pop duo, between 1984–1987 and 1998–2003.

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums
Singles
1980 "Judy" (CBS)
1980 "Du weinst um ihn" (CBS)
1981 "Es war die Nacht der ersten Liebe" (CBS)
1982 "Ich will nicht dein Leben" (Hansa)
1983 "Was macht das schon" (Hansa)
1983 "Wovon träumst du denn" (Hansa)
1983 "Heißkalter Engel" (Hansa)
1984 "Endstation Sehnsucht" (Hansa)
1984 "Es geht mir gut heut' Nacht" (Hansa)
1989 "Love of My Own" (Teldec) (#24 Germany)
1989 "One Thing" (Teldec)
1989 "Soldier" (Teldec)
1991 "The Sweet Hello, The Sad Goodbye" (East West)
1991 "Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)" (East West) (#73 Germany)
1991 "Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)" (Remix) (East West)
1991 "True Love" (East West)
1992 "How Deep Is Your Love" (Polydor) (#71 Germany)
1992 "Standing Alone" (Duet With Glenn Medeiros) (Polydor) (#72 Germany)
1993 "When Will I See You Again" (Duet With The Three Degrees) (Polydor) (#37 Germany)
1993 "I'll Love You Forever" (Polydor) (#79 Germany)
1993 "I'll Love You Forever" (Remix) (Polydor)
1994 "The Love in Me" (Polydor)
1994 "The Love in Me" (The Remixes) (Polydor)
1994 "Road to Higher Love" (Polydor)
1995 "Never Knew Love Like This Before" (Polydor)
1995 "A Little Bit of Lovin'" (Polydor)
1995 "Never Knew Love Like This Before" (Remixes) (Polydor)
2003 "Independent Girl" (BMG) (#17 Germany, #57 Austria, #6 Russia)
2004 "King of Love" (BMG) (#37 Germany, #16 Spain, #1 Turkey, #3 Perú)
2004 "Tonight Is the Night" (BMG) (#60 Germany, #66 Russia)
2004 "Just Dream" (BMG) (#64 Germany)
2006 "A Very Special Feeling" (Charity Release)
2006 "Songs That Live Forever" (Edel Records) (Promo Single)
2006 "All Around the World" (Edel Records) (Promo Single) (#6 Turkey)
2008 "Ziele" (Sistanova featuring Thomas Anders) (Zweihorn)
2008 "Ibiza Baba Baya" (Sound-Chateau featuring Thomas Anders) (White Shell Music)
2008 "For You" (Sound-Chateau featuring Thomas Anders) (White Shell Music)
2008 "Kisses for Christmas" (White Shell Music)
2009 "The Night Is Still Young" (Sandra featuring Thomas Anders) (Virgin)
2010 "Why Do You Cry" (#27 Russia)
DVDs
2006 Thomas Anders - The DVD-Collection (#15 Germany)

Despite the title, this DVD misses some videos by Thomas Anders: "Heißkalter Engel", "Es geht mir gut heut' Nacht", "Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)" and "Soldier".
Collaborations
1988 "I Can Never Let You Go" (Co-wrote for Engelbert Humperdinck)
1989 "Soldier" (Written and produced by Alan Tarney)
1991 "The Sweet Hello, The Sad Goodbye" (Written by Per Gessle)
1992 "Standing Alone" (Duet with Glenn Medeiros)
1993 "When Will I See You Again" (Duet with The Three Degrees)
1993 "Emotional Thing" (Co-wrote for The Three Degrees)
1993 "Question of Love" (Co-wrote for The Three Degrees)
1993 "Ain't No Woman" (Co-wrote for The Three Degrees)
1994 "Tal Vez" (Co-wrote for Marta Sánchez) (#1 Mexico)
1995 "Feel for the Physical" (Duet with The Pointer Sisters)
2001 "Hey Mr. President" (Produced T-Seven)
2001 "Cry for You" (Co-wrote for No Angels)
2002 "Stay" (Co-wrote for No Angels)
2002 "Funky Dance" (Co-wrote for No Angels)
2009 "The Night Is Still Young" (Sandra featuring Thomas Anders)

References 

1963 births
Living people
German pop musicians
Modern Talking
People from Koblenz
20th-century German composers
21st-century German composers
Domingo Jonhy Vega Urzúa (December 24, 1977, Arica, Chile), commonly known as  Américo, is a Chilean singer. He became known when he started leading the band Américo y la Nueva Alegría. He is the son of the boleros singer Melvin "Corazón" Américo, who sings duets with his wife, Marcela Toledo.

Discography

Studio albums 
 With La Nueva Alegria
 Así Es (released May 15, 2008; peaked #2 Chile)
 A Morir (released October 25, 2008; peaked #1 Chile)

Singles 
 With La Nueva Alegria
 El Embrujo (#1 Chile)
 Traicionera (#9 Chile)
 Te Vas (#2 Chile)
 Que Levante La Mano (#3 Chile)

Other websites 
 Official Americo's website  

1977 births
Living people
Chilean singers
People from Arica
The Holodomor (, which means "murder by hunger") was a man-made famine that happened in Ukraine in 1932 and in 1933. It is also known as the Terror-Famine or Great Famine. At that time, Ukraine was a part of the Soviet Union. About seven million people starved to death in the Holodomor.

Joseph Stalin was the leader and dictator of the Soviet Union, which was a communist country. He made farmers in the Soviet Union change the way they farmed, then he tried to make the farmers work harder for the government-owned farms, for less money. Many people in the Ukraine did not want to go along with this. When the Ukraine had a famine, Stalin refused to help the people in the Ukraine. Instead, the government took food away from people. It became illegal (against the law) to pick up food from the ground of fields. The government also tried to stop people from moving around the country to look for food.
Scholars and politicians using the word Holodomor say the man-made aspects of the famine, was  a genocide; some consider the huge loss of life comparable to the Holocaust. They argue that the Soviet policies were an attack on the rise of Ukrainian nationalism and therefore is a genocide.

Other scholars say that the Holodomor was an unexpected consequence of the rapid and massive industrialization started by Stalin, that brought radical economic changes to the farmers and the country, and which was not done on purpose.

Images of Holodomor victims

Images of Holodomor memorials

Other websites
Other websites 

 Ukrainian Genocide Famine Foundation USA  
 Famine Genocide Commemorative Committee Ukrainian Canadian Congress  
 Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine , U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress. Adopted by the Commission, 19 April 1988 
 Joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 
 Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933

References 

1932
1933
1930s in Europe
1930s in the Soviet Union
20th century in Ukraine
Genocides in Europe
Hunger
Castling is a special move in chess that uses both a rook and the king. In castling, the king is moved two squares toward the rook, and the rook moves past the king to the square right next to the king. 

Castling takes one move, and is the only way for a player to move two of his own pieces on the same move. Castling can be done on either side of the board.

Rules for castling
Castling is only possible if each of the following things are true:

Neither the king nor the rook being used to castle have moved in the game.
The king is not in check, and is not moving into check or through check. (It is okay if the rook is being attacked, though).
There are no pieces between the king and the rook.
Benefits of castling 
Good players castle in most of their games. It is normally a good idea because it often moves the king into a safer place. The middle of the board is normally not a safe place for the king to be in the game. Castling also makes it easier to get the rook into the game. Castling king-side is generally viewed as being safer, and is more common than castling on the Q-side. 

Castling was part of the changes made to the original version of chess. As the power of the pieces were increased, the kings had to be given a means of escape. Instead of being in the heat of battle, they needed to be tucked safely away. These changes were made in the 15th century (see history of chess).

Chess
False consensus or the effect of the false consensus is the tendency for people to assume that everyone else thinks the same way they do.

It is a cognitive bias in which a person overestimates the "agreement grade" that the other people have with them. In other words, people tend to think that others agree with them. Most of the time, a person thinks that their own attitudes, beliefs, values and habits are the most common ones. In reality, the person's thoughts may not be shared by others.

Another effect which can occur with false consensus is called pluralistic ignorance. In pluralistic ignorance, people support a norm or a belief in public, even though they really think it is wrong.

Related pages
 Intensity of preference

References

Other websites
 Changing minds: the false consensus effect
 False Consensus Effect - Not Everyone Thinks the Same Way As You

Psychology
A cherry cake is a soft, creamy cake with firm bread and ripe cherries inside it. It is served with cherry icing, made of icing sugar, butter, and water. Sometimes, pink food coloring is added to the icing, to make it look like it is made of cherries.

Variation 
Cherry cakes may also be presented with sprinkled icing, and desiccated coconut.

References

Cakes
Walnut cake is a cake made of walnuts. It is a lightly golden, thick, creamy cake made of coffee cream and chocolate hazelnut spread. Unfilled Walnut cakes can be preserved and for one month.

Walnut cakes may also be served with a punnet of strawberries, reserving four berries for decoration. Also, strawberry cream can be spread over the top and sides of the cake.

References

Cakes
Eudimorphodon is a recently discovered pterosaur, and comes from shale laid down Upper Triassic rocks in Italy.

A nearly complete skeleton was found in 1973. This showed it was a member of the long-tailed sub-order of pterosaurs, the Rhamphorhynchoidea. Eudimorphodon was small in size, with 110 teeth packed into a jaw only 6 cms long. Teeth at the front are fangs, further back the teeth are small and multipointed, many with five cusps. This is unique among pterosaurs, whose teeth are usually of a simple conical form.

Stomach contents showed it had eaten a small fish, Parapholidophorus. The top and bottom teeth of Eudimorphodon came into direct contact with each other when the jaws were closed, especially at the back of the jaw. The teeth were multi-cusped, and tooth wear shows that Eudimorphodon was able to crush or chew its food to some degree. Wear along the sides of these teeth suggests that Eudimorphodon also fed on hard-shelled invertebrates.
Juvenile Eudimorphodon had somewhat different and fewer teeth, and may have eaten insects.

An unsolved puzzle is the flexibility of the tail, which lacks the very long stiffening vertebral extensions other long-tailed pterosaurs have. This flexibility is a basal trait; its functional significance in this genus is unknown. However, it is known that the stiffened tail of Rhamphorhynchus-like pterosaurs is a device which adds stability to their flight. Without this stability, the animal would be more manoeuvrable, but their flight would need more control by the brain.

References 

Pterosaurs
The Myall Creek Massacre  was an incident which involved the murders of approximately 30 Wirrayaraay indigenous people by European settlers.  It happened on 10 June 1838 at the Myall Creek near Bingara in northern New South Wales.

References 

1838
History of New South Wales
19th century in Australia
Massacres
Nuclear chemistry is the part of chemistry dealing with radioactivity and other parts of atoms.

Branches of chemistry
Nuclear physics
Rise Against is an American melodic hardcore  band  from Chicago, Illinois. Rise Against formed in 1999. Their current members are Tim McIlrath (vocals, guitar), Joe Principe (bass guitar), Brandon Barnes (drums), and Zach Blair (guitar). All of the members are straight edge (except Barnes), and the band supports PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). They are also vegans. The band is currently signed to Geffen. Geffen is a record label owned by Universal Music Group. As of 2009, Rise Against has had six studio albums, two EPs, and one DVD.
Rise Against spent its first five years signed to the record label "Fat Wreck Chords," on which it released two studio albums. The band got reviewer popularity with its first two releases on Geffen, Siren Song of the Counter Culture (2004) and The Sufferer & the Witness (2006). These two albums made many high-charting singles, like "Swing Life Away", "Prayer of the Refugee", and "The Good Left Undone". Their newest studio album, Appeal to Reason (2008), was released in North America on 7 October. It got to number three on the U.S Billboard 200 and made the three singles, "Re-Education (Through Labor)", "Audience of One", and "Savior".

History
History

Early years (1999–2003)
Rise Against was first made with the name "Transistor Revolt" in 1999 by former members of the bands 88 Fingers Louie and Baxter. The first group was Tim McIlrath (vocals), Joe Principe (bass and vocals), Toni Tintari (drums), and Mr. Precision (guitar and vocals). The band never performed live with this group. Instead, it released a self-made demo or EP. It was called Transistor Revolt. They made it in the year 2000, a year before signing with Fat Wreck Chords. Tintari left shortly after making Transistor Revolt, and was replaced by Brandon Barnes. Barnes was first from Screeching Weasel and Squirtgun's drummer. The band changed its name to Rise Against in 2001 and made its first album, The Unraveling (made by veteran punk maker Mass Giorgini) on Fat Wreck Chords that same year. Mr. Precision then left the band in 2001. He was replaced by Todd Mohney. Mohney joined before the band began writing their second full-length album, Revolutions per Minute.
After touring in support of The Unraveling, the band came back to the studio in December 2002 to work on their second full-length album. The album would be called Revolutions per Minute (made by Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore at The Blasting Room). It was released in 2003. The band toured a lot in support of its first two albums. They also performed in helping roles for "Sick of It All," "NOFX," "Agnostic Front," "No Use for a Name," "AFI," and "Strung Out." Rise Against also helped out in the 2003 "Warped Tour."
Rise Against signed onto DreamWorks Records in December 2003 and made their third album, Siren Song of the Counter Culture in 2004. DreamWorks was soon absorbed by the Universal Music Group, and Rise Against found itself with Geffen Records instead. Shortly after the band signed with Geffen, Mohney left and was replaced by guitarist Chris Chasse. Rise Against released Siren Song of the Counter Culture in August 2004. The album was their first to be the band's album on a famous record label, and was their first to reach the Billboard 200 chart. It also was awarded gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The album got mostly good reviews from reviewers. In giving the album three out of five stars, Johnny Loftus from Allmusic said that Siren Song of the Counter Culture sometimes "gets carried away with its own music
." However, he goes on to say that because of the album being the band's first famous-label release, "maybe the fuller sound and sometimes forays into acoustic guitars and cello overdubs...are OK."
Rise Against toured North America, Europe, Australia, and Japan in support of Siren Song of the Counter Culture. Some of the best performances are those on the first worldwide "Taste of Chaos" tour in 2005 (with Funeral for a Friend, Story of the Year, The Used, and Killswitch Engage), a worldwide tour to the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Japan, the Give It a Name tour in the United Kingdom, the Reading Festival and Leeds Festival in the United Kingdom a United States tour with Alkaline Trio, and the Warped Tour in North America.
In January 2006, after touring in support of Siren Song of the Counter Culture, Rise Against started to work on their fourth studio album at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado. With makers Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore. The Sufferer & the Witness was released on 4 July 2006. The album got to number 10 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling 48,397 copies in its first week of release. It was then awarded gold by the RIAA in 2008. The Age newspaper said that with The Sufferer & the Witness, the band "returns to their punk roots." Plus, the album got mostly good reviews by reviewers. Corey Apar of Allmusic, in giving the album four out of five stars, said of it, "the band's inner grit is aptly drawn out amid all the pit-ready choruses and fist-in-the-air, stirring lyrics." She goes on to say, "Rise Against continue to muscularly confront political and personal grievances to the tune of swirling guitars, assertive rhythms, and Tim McIlrath's sandpapered vocals
." Then Christine Leonard of Fast Forward Weekly says of the band, "Returning to their old school form with the ballistic intensity of "Bricks," they just as quickly lose focus with questionable efforts such as 'Worth Dying For' and the oh-so-weary 'Prayer of the Refugee'."
A DVD called Generation Lost was released on 5 December 2006 to help the band and their new album. It is a movie of the careers of the band members, as well as live performance videos and making-of shorts. Rise Against toured in support of The Sufferer & the Witness through the second half of 2006 and all of 2007. The band was a big band in the 2006 Warped Tour. In late 2006, the band said that they would tour with Thursday. The bands Circa Survive and Billy Talent would also come too. In early 2007, the band had My Chemical Romance open for them on the first half of their big tour. On 23 February 2007, Rise Against said guitarist Chris Chasse, would leave. Chasse was then replaced by longtime friend Zach Blair from Only Crime. On 15 June 2007, the band started their first big tour in support of The Sufferer & the Witness. It was a North American tour that lasted throughout the summer months
. During this tour, on 3 July 2007, Rise Against recorded an EP in Canada titled This Is Noise, which was then released in the United States on 15 January 2008.
Appeal to Reason (2008-present)

Before the album was released, Rise Against supported it by performing at the sixteenth yearly KROQ Weenie Roast on 17 May in Irvine, California. They also performed at the sixth yearly Download Festival on 13 June at Donington Park, England. They played at Switzerland's Greenfield Festival as well as Germany's Hurricane Festival and Southside Festival. Like many past years, the band participated in the Vans Warped Tour, although they only performed on the tour's west coast swing from 6 August to
17 August.
Rise Against's fifth studio album Appeal to Reason was released on 4 October in Australia. It was then released 6 October across Europe. Then 7 October in the United States. The album sold 64,700 copies in its first week. It also got to number three on the U.S. Billboard 200. This made it Rise Against's highest scoring album. Appeal to Reason also got mostly good reviews. However, reviewers did not rate it as good as The Sufferer & the Witness. Most people thought this because Rise Against is moving toward slower music and away from faster hardcore punk. Giving the album a C+ review, Marc Weingarten of Entertainment Weekly says the album is filled with "protest anthems that lean closer to the  angst of such bands as New Found Glory and Fall Out Boy than the genuine outrage of brainy Green Day" and songs that are "peppy but pretty empty, power-chord downers with little bark or bite." Kyle Anderson from Rolling Stone says that the songs on Appeal to Reason "are driven by an ever-sharpening pop
." He finishes by saying, "Rise Against may be  about leaving the underground behind, but with sharp songs like these, they're ready for the rest of the world."
Music style and inspiration
Rise Against's musical style throughout the band's history has been thought by most reviewers as hardcore punk, melodic hardcore, or punk rock. The band has cited many punk and hardcore bands as inspiration to its music. In 2004, drummer Brandon Barnes said: "I think we have a lot of different influences from hardcore like old Cave In, to a lot of punk like Face to Face, Screeching Weasel, and Down By Law."

The band's songs focus on melody, catchy hooks, aggressive movements, and fast-paced tempo. Guitarists McIlrath and Blair focus on speed riffing and multi-layered choruses. Bassist Principe uses aggressive picking to lock in with the snare and kick of the drums. Frummer Barnes follows the guitars. He says: "Sometimes I'll do it naturally, or we'll talk about different ways to accent things - fills from the snare or toms, or some big crashes."
In 2006, Tim McIlrath described the band's style: "We’re  Minor Threat and Black Flag. Who knows, maybe if Ian MacKaye was wearing eyeliner then I would be." Other bands that have inspired Rise Against are Descendents, Dead Kennedys, Refused, and Bad Religion.

During the early part of their career, Rise Against's music had a gritty combination of hardcore punk and melodic hardcore. The Unraveling had a raw punk sound, while Revolutions per Minute had an overall darker tone.
Politics and ethics
All of the group's members are vegetarians. All of them are also supporters of PETA, an animal rights organization. Their video for the song "Ready to Fall" has video of factory farming, rodeos, and sport hunting. It also has videos of deforestation, melting ice caps, and forest fires. The group said that that video was the most important video they have ever made. In February 2012, the band released a cover of the Bob Dylan song "Ballad of Hollis Brown". This was part of a benefit for Amnesty International. The Director's Cut of the video was first shown on a PETA website. In 2009, the band was voted Best Animal-Friendly Band by PETA. All the members of Rise Against (except Brandon Barnes) are straight edge; that is, they do not drink alcohol, and they do not use drugs.
the band has voiced their support for Democratic and libertarian causes. During the 2004 United States presidential election, the band was part of Punkvoter, a political activist group. They appeared on the Rock Against Bush, Vol. 1 compilation. The Rock Against Bush project raised over $1 million for John Kerry. John Kerry was the Democratic presidential candidate at that time. During the 2008 presidential election, the band members supported Barack Obama. In a news bulletin in early 2009, the band said: "Few things are more exciting than watching Bush finally release America as his eight year hostage."

Vans shoes
On 23 May 2007 Rise Against said they have an endorsement of a new line of Vans shoes. They said that the shoes would be "completely vegan in consideration to [their] animal rights efforts". Because people criticized them due to rumors that Vans' use sweatshops, Rise Against said on their MySpace profile and website,

Albums
Albums

 The Unraveling (2001)
 Revolutions per Minute (2003)
 Siren Song of the Counter Culture (2004)
 The Sufferer & the Witness (2006)
 Appeal to Reason (2008)
 End Game (2011)
 The Black Market (2014)
 Wolves (2017)

Awards given

References

Other websites

 

 
American punk bands
Musical groups from Chicago
1999 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Illinois
Track listing
 "State of the Union" – 2:19
 "The First Drop" – 2:39
 "Life Less Frightening" – 3:44
 "Paper Wings" – 3:43
 "Blood to Bleed" – 3:48
 "To Them These Streets Belong" – 2:49
 "Tip the Scales" – 3:49
 "Anywhere But Here" – 3:38
 "Give It All" – 2:50
 "Dancing for Rain" – 4:01
 "Swing Life Away" – 3:20
 "Rumors of My Demise Have Been Greatly Exaggerated" – 4:14

Bonus tracks 
13. "Obstructed View" - 2:01 
14. "Fix Me (Black Flag cover)" - 0:54

Rise Against albums
2004 albums
A Redbone Hound is a breed of dog. The breed is used for hunting bear, raccoon, and other wild game.

Dog breeds originating in the United States
Roger Goodell (born February 19, 1959) is the current commissioner of the National Football League (NFL).  He has held this position since August 8, 2006 when he took over duties for the retiring Paul Tagliabue.

As the commissioner, he has focused on how players behave off of the field, making more rules that can lead to players who get into trouble off of the field or with the law being fined or suspended.

References

1952 births
National Football League
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Living people
Pepper jack cheese is a type of Monterey Jack cheese that is made with spicy hot peppers for flavour. Pepperjack is a spicy, buttery cheese that is soft and has a tart flavour.

Cheeses
Nick Jr. is a block of TV shows on Nickelodeon every weekday morning. It started on January 4, 1988. The shows in this block are specially for preschoolers. Most of the shows are educational. Shows like Blue's Clues, Dora the Explorer, The Backyardigans and Ni Hao, Kai-Lan were made for the Nick Jr. block.

A separate Nick Jr. Channel started on September 28, 2009. It plays many of the same shows as the block. Both the block and the channel are still airing.

International versions

United States 
The block started playing on Nickelodeon on January 4, 1988. In 2009, a separate channel was started (the Nick Jr. Channel), and it was named after the block. The US version did not had the similar graphs, promos or design as the UK, Italy or Australia except the logo. Currently it airs some early and late Nick Jr. shows. The new logo is a lot different then the block's logo.
United Kingdom 
Launched on September 1, 1993 as the first Nick Jr. channel. Until 1999 But it was in widescreen it aired from 6:00a.m. to 8:00p.m. Then in February 2002 a classic children's programming block called Nick Jr. Classics was launched, airing was also increased to 10:00p.m. After Nick Jr. Classics was Closed in 2019, it began airing for 24 hours.

There is a similar service titled Nick Jr. Too. It launched in April 2002 as Nick Jr. 2, but the name was changed in November 2014.

Australia 
Launched on March 2004. The Australian version includes some PBS Kids series like WordWorld and Sid the Science Kid.

France 
Similar to the US version. Launched on January 26, 2010. Name stylized as Nickelodeon Junior so it doesn't sound like a French swear word.

Latin America 
Launched on July 1, 2018, like US version it have the late Nick JR shows, name stylized as Nick JR.

Notes

References

Other websites
Joey Tempest (born Rolf Magnus Joakim Larsson; August 19, 1963) is the singer and main songwriter of the Swedish rock band Europe.

Solo albums
A Place to Call Home (1995)
Azalea Place (1997)
Joey Tempest (2002)

Living people
1963 births
Swedish singers
Commune is a word that can have different meanings:

 In many languages, especially those coming from Latin, it can stand for an administrative division, see municipality. 
 In Mass of many Christian groups, it stands for a number of texts that are common among different forms of mass, see Common (liturgy)
 A larger number of people who have similar ideas or values, sometimes form what is called an intentional community. 
 A medieval commune
Computus (Latin for "computation") is the method for calculating the date of Easter. In the early 4th century there was confusion about when Christian Easter or the Resurrection should be celebrated.

History

Background 
At the Arles Council, in 314, was obliged to all the Christianity to celebrate Easter the same day, and that this date was going to be assigned by the Pope, that was going to send epistles to all the churches in the world with the necessary instructions. However, not all the congregations followed those precepts.

Nicaea Council 
In the First Council of Nicaea, in 325, this subject was solved.
Was established that the Resurrection Easter had to be celebrated fulfilling some norms:
 Easter had to be celebrated on Sunday.
 It can not coincide with the Jewish festival of Passover, celebrated independently which day of the week it was.
 Christians cannot celebrate Easter twice the same year. This is explained because the new year started in the spring equinox, so the celebration of Easter before the real equinox was prohibited.

However, there still were discussions between the Roman Church and the Alexandrian Church, while the Nicaea Council said that the Alexandria Church was right, they had to calculate the date (in Alexandria), then communicate it to Rome. The Roman Church had to spread the computus to the rest of the Christianity.

Calculation 

Let's define 5 variables, a, b, c, d, and e. In addition to two constants, M and N, so the years between 1900 and 2100 take the values 24 and 5, respectively. We'll call A the year that we want to calculate the Easter date.
a is the remainder of the division , or technically according to the modular arithmetic we should say ,

b is the remainder of the division ,

c is the remainder of the division ,

d is the remainder of the division ,

e is the remainder of the division .

If d + e < 10, the Easter date will be in March (d + e + 22). If opposed (d + e > 9), will be in April (d + e − 9).

There are 2 exceptions:

 If the obtained date is April 26, the Easter date will be April 19, not April 26.
 If the obtained date is April 25, with d = 28, e = 6 and a > 10, then the Easter date will be April 18.

The values for M and N for years before 1900 or after 2100 can be obtained from the following table:

Further reading 
 Mosshammer, Alden A. The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. .

Easter
4th-century works
Cardenal Caro is a Chilean province. Is the only province in the Region of O'Higgins that has instant access to the sea. It has a population of 41,160 inhabitants. It has a surface of 3.295,07 km². Its capital is Pichilemu, main turistic place of the region during the summer months. In the past, it was part of the Province of Colchagua. The province is named after José Maria Caro, the first Chilean Catholic cardinal.

Communes of the province 

The province has 6 communes:
 Pichilemu (capital)
 La Estrella
 Litueche
 Marchigüe
 Navidad
 Paredones

Related pages
 José María Caro

Cardenal Caro
O'Higgins Region‎
Punta de Lobos () is a Chilean beach 6 km south of Pichilemu and 177 km southwest of Rancagua, in the Province of Cardenal Caro, Region of O'Higgins.

It has a fine and gray sand. The beach is surrounded by In addition to its fine gray sand, its principal characteristic is that its surrounded by cliffs that are 50 metres high. The famous rocks of the beach are frequently visited by sea-lions. The beach is perfect for bathing and shore fishing. It is also a good place for surfing and kiteboarding practice, especially in winter. The sea waves at the beach oscillate between the two and three height meters, and allows the surfers to select their perfect waves.

References 

O'Higgins Region
Henry Fielding wrote the play The Author's Farce and the Pleasures of the Town. It was first acted on 30 March 1730 in the Haymarket Theatre. The play responds to the rejection of Fielding's early plays and was his first success.

Harry Luckless is the main character of the play. He tries to write a play in the first act and completes the play in the second act. It is a puppet play called "The Pleasures of the Town". Many theatres do not accept the play but it is later shown within the third act. The play is about the puppet character Goddess Nonsense who wants a husband. The end of The Author's Farce combines the characters of the puppet play and the main play for humour.
Fielding became a popular writer in London after The Author's Farce. The Haymarket Theatre let him experiment with his plays and Fielding changed the comedy genre. The puppet play within the main play made fun of other London plays. The Author's Farce was first a success. Then, it was ignored by critics until the 20th century. Critics focused on the play's effects on Fielding's work.
Plot
The Author's Farce has three acts. The play begins with Harry Luckless wanting a relationship with his landlady's daughter Harriot. Also, he is a writer and he is writing a play. The start of the play is like Fielding's other plays but the rest of the play is different. Luckless wants to be a good writer but he cannot make money. Other people want to give Luckless money but he does not want it. When Luckless's friend Witmore pays Luckless's rent, Luckless steals the money back. In the second act, Luckless asks for help to finish his puppet play "The Pleasures of the Town". However, people give him bad advice and theatres reject the play. Later, a theatre shows the play. The third act is the puppet play. The puppets are acted by real people and not puppets.
The third act is the puppet play and is a play within a play. It takes place along the River Styx and starts with the Goddess of Nonsense wanting a husband. There are many possible husbands there and they are stupid. They are Dr Orator, Sir Farcical Comic, Mrs Novel, Bookseller, Poet, Monsieur Pantomime, Don Tragedio, and Signior Opera. She selects Signior Opera after he sings for her. He is an opera signior and a castrato. Mrs Novel claims that she and Signior Opera had a child. This makes the Goddess of Nonsense angry but she forgives Signior Opera. The puppet play is stopped by the characters Constable and Murdertext. They want to arrest Luckless for hurting the Goddess of Nonsense. Mrs Novel asks for the play to be completed and they agree. However, a person from the land of Bantam stops the play and says that Luckless is the prince of Bantam. Another messenger comes and says that the King of Bantam died and Luckless is the new king
. Luckless is told that his landlady is the Queen of Old Brentford and her daughter Harriot is a princess. The play ends with four poets saying how they would end the play. They are stopped by a cat that looks like a person. The cat person ends the play.
Meaning
The Author's Farce show parts of Fielding's life and experience with the London theatre community. Some of his other plays were rejected from the Theatre Royal. The Author's Farce was put on at a small theatre. This allowed Fielding to experiment. He could not experiment at larger theatres. The play was the first to have things found in his later plays. However, he did not come up with them all. He got many of his ideas from the Scriblerus Club. Their members were Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, John Gay, and John Arbuthnot. One idea is his character Nonsense. She is similar to Pope's character Dulness in the Dunciad. Both characters promote bad writing. Fielding gave Nonsense a sexual aspect. It is funny when she chooses as a lover a man who is sexless. Other parts of the play are similar to Gay's Beggar's Opera.
The play is a farce. Farces use slapstick and physical humour to be funny. They also use absurd plots. A farce also makes serious situations funny. Fielding thought that theatre was becoming bad. He mocked theatre and theatre audiences in his play. His character Luckless states that for someone to become successful they must write nonsense. His only desire is to make money. Other characters feel that money is all that matters. They do not care about good writing. Even Harriot believes that a good lover is one who is rich. Fielding made the same claims about people when he attacked Samuel Richardson's novel, Pamela.
The ending of the play merges real and fake. Fielding defends an old view of writing. He also attacks new types of writing. He uses puppets to represent various genres. He made fun of people liking Italian opera. The puppet character Signior Opera is a castrato. Castratos are men without testicles. The character Nonsense wants him as a lover. Mrs Novel says that Signior Opera had a baby with her. However, Signior Opera can't have sex or have babies. Fielding is mocking how women like Italian opera singers. Other writers mocked Italian opera singers. William Hogarth says the castratos are related to politics. Many other writers make fun of women who favour castratos.

Sources
Sources

The play uses characters and ideas from Fielding's life. The characters Marplay and Sparkish manage the theatre. They offer Luckless poor advice on how to write a play. Then also reject Luckless's play. This is what Colley Cibber and Robert Wilks did to Fielding. They rejected his play The Temple Beau. When Wilks died Fielding changed the play. He removed Sparkish. He added a character like Theophilus Cibber, the son of Colley. The character was like Theopilus during the Actor Rebellion of 1733.
Fielding also used literary sources. His plot is like George Farquhar's Love and a Bottle (1698). Both talk about a writing and a landlady. They have many differences. Fielding took from the writing of the Scriblerus Club and other plays. Luckless's life is similar to characters in John Dryden's The Rehearsal (1672), Farquhar's Love and a Bottle (1698), James Ralph's The Touch-Stone (1728), and Richard Savage's An Author to be Lett (1729). The play has similar ideas to Dunciad Variorum. He also borrowed from Gay's Three Hours after Marriage (1717) and The Beggar's Opera (1728). Fielding's play also influenced other works. They included the revised Dunciad and Gay's The Rehearsal at Goatham.
Response
The play was successful. Fielding became a popular writer. It was shown with Tom Thumb. That helped it be liked. The Pleasures of the Town was the most liked part. The Daily Post newspaper said it was approved by all. A newspaper that didn't like Fielding also said that the play was liked. Many well-known people and royalty in Britain saw the show. John Perceval, 1st Earl of Egmont said that the play was "full of humour, with some wit." The play was rarely mentioned later in the 18th century. This was true in the 19th century. The play was printed again a few times. Leslie Stephen and Austin Dobson studied the play. They looked at what the play said about Fielding's life.
20th-century critics agreed with Dobson. Many of the critics like Charles Woods talked about the play as part of Fielding's writing career. He also said the work was not political. Later critics agreed with Woods. Many modern critics approved of the play. They are Wilbur Cross, Frederick Homes Dudden, Ian Donaldson, Pat Rogers, Robert Hume, Martin and Ruthe Battestin, Harold Pagliaro, and Thomas Lockwood. Some critics liked the play but not all of it. They are J. Paul Hunter, Matthew Kinservik,

Stage history
Stage history

Henry Fielding wrote The Author's Farce in 1729. It was made after the Theatre Royal rejected his plays. Advertisements were put in the 18 March 1730 Daily Post and in the 21 March 1730 Weekly Medley and Literary Journal. They said that actors were practicing the play. An advertisement in the 23 and 26 Daily Post said the play would have a puppet play. The advertisement also said prices will be high. That suggests that the play would be popular. The first show was on 30 March 1730, Easter Monday. It took place at the Little Theatre and was shown 41 times. On 6 April 1730, the play The Cheats of Scapin was shown with it.
Fielding changed The Author's Farce. The new play was shown on 21 April 1730 with Fielding's play Tom Thumb. They were shown together in May and June 32 times. They were shown again on 3 July 1730. On 1 August 1730, the last act of the play was shown for the Tottenham Court fair. An advertisement in the Daily Post on 17 October 1730 said the play had a new prologue. The changed play was shown on 21 October. It was changed again then it was replaced by the play The Beggar's Wedding by Charles Coffey. The play came back on 18 November 1730. Only the first and second act were shown between November and January. During this time, it was shown with the play Damon and Phillida. Damon and Phillida was stopped and the play The Jealous Taylor was added on 13 January 1731. The Author's Farce was shown from January to March 1731. It was shown again with a new prologue on 10 May 1731. The new prologue is now gone.
The Author's Farce was shown with The Tragedy of Tragedies on 31 March 1731. They were shown 6 times. The last regular show at the Little Theatre was 18 June 1731. It was shown one time on 12 May 1732. The last show of The Author's Farce as a regular play was on 28 March 1748. Theophilus Cibber ran the show. The last act "Pleasures of the Town" was shown on its own. It was shown 16 times at Norwich after 1749. Also, it was shown at York in 1751 to 1752. The whole play was acted by puppets many times. Thomas Yeates had puppet shows called Punch's Oratory, or The Pleasures of the Town after 1734.
Fielding changed The Author's Farce at the end of 1733. He added a new prologue and epilogue. Fielding changed it after the Actor Rebellion of 1733. The 8 January 1734 Daily Journal had an advertisement. It said The Author's Farce would be shown at the Theatre Royal. It was shown six times. The cast was not as good as the first cast. It was shown 4 times with the play The Intriguing Chambermade and 2 times with the play The Harlot's Progress. The changed The Author's Farce was printed with The Intriguing Chambermade and a letter written by an unknown author. The changed The Author's Farce was printed again in 1750 until 1966. Arthur Murphy printed the play in 1762 in Works of Henry Fielding. George Saintsbury printed the play in 1893 in Works of Henry Fielding. G. H. Maynadier printed act one and two in 1903 in Works of Henry Fielding.

Cast

1730 cast
Play:
1730 cast
Play:

 Harry Luckless – playwright, played by Mr. Mullart (William Mullart)
 Harriot Moneywood – daughter of Mrs. Moneywood, played by Miss Palms
 Mrs Moneywood – Luckless's landlady, played by Mrs. Mullart (Elizabeth Mullart)
 Witmore – played by Mr. Lacy (James Lacy)
 Marplay – played by Mr. Reynolds
 Sparkish – played by Mr. Stopler
 Bookweight – played by Mr. Jones
 Scarecrow – played by Mr. Marshal
 Dash – played by Mr. Hallam
 Quibble – played by Mr. Dove
 Blotpage – played by Mr. Wells junior
 Jack – Luckless's servant, played by Mr. Achurch
 Jack-Pudding – played by Mr. Reynolds
 Bantomite – played by Mr. Marshal

Internal puppet show:
Player – by Mr. Dove
 Constable – by Mr. Wells
 Murder-text – by Mr. Hallam
 Goddess of Nonsense – by Mrs. Mullart
 Charon – by Mr. Ayres
 Curry – by Mr. Dove
 A Poet – by Mr. W. Hallam
 Signior Opera – by Mr. Stopler
 Don Tragedio – by Mr. Marshal
 Sir Farcical Comick – by Mr. Davenport
 Dr. Orator – by Mr. Jones
 Monsieur Pantomime – by Mr. Knott
 Mrs. Novel – by Mrs. Martin
 Robgrave – by Mr. Harris
 Saylor – by Mr. Achurch
 Somebody – by Mr. Harris junior
 Nobody – by Mr. Wells junior
 Punch – by Mr. Hicks
 Lady Kingcall – by Miss Clarke
 Mrs. Cheat'em – by Mrs. Wind
 Mrs. Glass-rin – by Mrs. Blunt
 Prologue spoken by Mr. Jones
 Epilogue spoken by four poets, a player and a cat
 1st Poet – played by Mr. Jones
 2nd Poet – played by Mr. Dove
 3rd Poet – played by Mr. Marshall
 4th Poet – played by Mr. Wells junior
 Player – played by Miss Palms
 Cat – played by Mrs. Martin

1734 changed cast
Play:

 Index – unlisted actor

Internal puppet show:
Count Ugly – unlisted actor
 Prologue spoken by Mrs. Clive
 Epilogue spoken by Mrs. Clive

Notes
References
 Bateson, Frederick. English Comic Drama 1700–1750. New York: Russell & Russell, 1963. .
 Battestin, Martin, and Battestin, Ruthe. Henry Fielding: A Life. London: Routledge, 1993. 
 Campbell, Jill. Natural Masques: Gender and Identity in Fielding's Plays and Novels. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995. 
 Cross, Wilbur. The History of Henry Fielding. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1918. .
 Donaldson, Ian. The World Upside Down: Comedy from Jonson to Fielding. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970. 
 Dudden, F. Homes. Henry Fielding: His Life, Works and Times. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1966. .
 Fielding, Henry. The Author's Farce. London: Edward Arnold, 1967. .
 Fielding, Henry. Plays Vol. 1 (1728–1731). Ed. Thomas Lockwood. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004. 
 Freeman, Lisa. Character's Theatre. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. 
 Hume, Robert. Fielding and the London Theater. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988.
Hunter, J. Paul. Occasional Form. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975. ISBN  	0801816726
 Ingrassia, Catherine. Anti-Pamela and Shamela. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2004. 
 Ingrassia, Catherine. Authorship, Commerce, and Gender in Early Eighteenth-Century England. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 
 Kinservik, Matthew. Disciplining Satire. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2002. 
 Koon, Helene. Colley Cibber: A Biography. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986. .
 Pagliaro, Harold. Henry Fielding: A Literary Life. New York: St Martin's Press, 1998. 
 Rawson, Claude. Henry Fielding (1707–1754). Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2008. 
 Rivero, Albert. The Plays of Henry Fielding: A Critical Study of His Dramatic Career. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989. 
 Rogers, Pat. Henry Fielding, A Biography. New York: Scribner, 1979. 
 Roose-Evans, James. London Theatre: From the Globe to the National. Oxford: Phaidon, 1977.
Speaight, George. The History of the English Puppet Theatre. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1990. 
 Warner, William. Licensing Entertainment: the Elevation of the Novel Reading in Britain, 1684–1750. 
 Woods, Charles. "Introduction" in The Author's Farce. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966. .
18th-century plays
1730
1730s works
English plays
The World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Cruiserweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. It is competed for by cruiserweights at no more than a weight of 220 lbs. and was originally a World Championship Wrestling title. During its time in WWE, it was only competed for on the SmackDown brand.

History 
Following the title's introduction in 1991, a tournament was held to determine the first champion. On October 27, Brian Pillman beat Richard Morton in the tournament final to win the title. However, it was vacated on September 2, 1992, due to Brad Armstrong's knee injury during his reign. Then, on March 20, 1996, Shinjiro Ohtani beat Chris Benoit in another tournament final to win the WCW Cruiserweight Championship.
In March 2001, World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. purchased World Championship Wrestling. Following this, the "Invasion" storyline happened, in which WCW was "destroyed". During the "Invasion", only four WCW championship titles remained active, including the WCW Cruiserweight title. On July 30, the WCW Cruiserweight Championship and the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship were up for grabs in what was billed as a unification match when the WWF Light Heavyweight Champion, X-Pac, beat the WCW Cruiserweight Champion, Billy Kidman.  However, the titles were still defended separately after that. After the end of the "Invasion" at Survivor Series 2001, the WCW Cruiserweight Championship remained active and was renamed the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Cruiserweight Championship, while the Light Heavyweight Title was retired.
After six months without a champion, on March 3, 2008, WWE removed the championship from the active championship web page, where originally the title was listed as "vacant." Afterward, the title was removed from the active titles list on WWE's title histories web page to the defunct (or retired) championship list. In this way, the title was quietly retired. As a result, Hornswoggle is the last WWE Cruiserweight Champion.

Notes

References

Other websites
WCW/WWE Cruiserweight Title History

World Wrestling Entertainment championships