Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The white-eared hummingbird, (Basilinna leucotis), is a species hummingbird. It is 9-10 cm long, and weighs about 3-4 grams. Adults are colored green on their upperparts and breast. The undertail is white. The tail is darkly colored and straight. The most non-normal thing is the white eyestripe found in both males and females. It is more boldly colored in the male. The bill of the male is straight and very thin. It is red in coloration, and shows a black tip. His throat is a "metallic torquoise green." His crown and face is violet and black.

References 
  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

Other websites 
 White-eared Hummingbird photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res
 White-eared Hummingbird photo-High Res ; Article  at tpwd.state.tx.us

Birds of North America
Hummingbirds
Usher Raymond IV (born October 14, 1978) is an American singer, songwriter and dancer. He became well known in the late 1990s with the release of his second album My Way (1997). The album's single "Nice & Slow" reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 2000, My Way was given a 6x platinum certification by the RIAA for sales of 6 million copies in the United States alone.  His next album, 8701, released two number one singles. These include "U Remind Me" and "U Got It Bad". 8701 was given a 4x platinum certification by the RIAA in July 2002.
Confessions (2004) sold over 10 million copies in the United States. It was given a diamond award by the RIAA in 2008. At 1.1 million, Confessions has the highest first week sales for an R&B singer in history. The album had four number one Billboard singles. These include "Yeah!", "Burn", "Confessions Part II", and "My Boo". Usher's next album, Here I Stand (2008), sold over 5 million copies worldwide. The lead single, "Love in This Club" reached number one on the Hot 100 chart.
Two years later, Usher released his sixth album Raymond v. Raymond (2010). It became his third album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It was then certified platinum by the RIAA. Its single "OMG" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Usher's ninth number one single in the United States. Because of this, he became the first 2010s artist to have number one singles in three consecutive decades (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). Versus (2010) was released as an extended play and a deluxe edition of Raymond v. Raymond. It debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 chart. "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love", a single from the album, reached number four on the Hot 100 chart.
According to RIAA, Usher is one of the best-selling artists in American music history. He has sold over 23 million albums in the United States alone and over 65 million albums worldwide. This makes him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Usher has won a lot of awards. These include eight Grammy Awards. According to Billboard in 2009, Usher was named the number one Hot 100 artist of the 2000s. While they ranked him second for the most successful artist of the 2000s. His 2004 album Confessions was ranked at the top solo album of the 2000s. Billboard also placed Usher at number six on their list of Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artist of the Past 25 Years. Usher has nine Hot 100 number one songs (as lead artist). He also has eighteen Hot 100 top-ten songs.

Discography
 Usher (1994)
 My Way (1997)
 8701 (2001)
 Confessions (2004)
 Here I Stand (2008)
 Raymond v. Raymond (2010)
 Looking 4 Myself (2012)
 Hard II Love (2016)

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 [ Usher] at Billboard.com
1978 births
Living people
Usher
Singers from Dallas
Grammy Award winners
Actors from Dallas
The Oriental magpie (Pica sericea) is a species of magpie found in East Asia. It is a common symbol of Korea, and has been adopted as the "official bird" of many South Korean cities and counties.

It is similar to the Eurasian magpie, with a shorter tail and longer wings. It has black and purple colors, but very little green. The Oriental magpie has the same chattering call as Eurasian magpies, though it is much softer.

Magpie myths 
Koreans believed that magpies delivered good news, and when they saw a magpie chattering, they believed that visitors were coming.The most famous painting related to a magpie is the one with striped tiger (ggach'i wha horangi minhwa, ): the magpie is chirping to a tiger. The magpie represented good news and the tiger symbolized good luck, since its pronunciation in Chinese sounds similar to good luck (bok). There are many folktales about magpies.
The Chinese called magpies "Birds of Joy" or "Happy Magpies". Under the Manchu dynasty it also represented imperial rule: a few Manchu people in Northeast China even thought they were gods. In the west, though, magpies were often a symbol of pride.

References 

Corvids
Birds of Asia
Left-handedness is a  preference to use the left hand more than the right hand for daily activities such as writing or using tools. Most people can use either hand for many things. However, people very often have a definite preference for using the left or right hand for things such as: using a pen, using a knife, using scissors, brushing teeth, blowing their nose, and so on.  People who do not have a preference are called ambidextrous.

People do not just have preferences with things they do with their hands: they may, for example, be left-footed if they prefer to kick a ball with the left foot, or push harder with the left foot on a bicycle pedal.

Far more people are right handed than left handed. It is difficult to measure exactly how many, because each person has a different mixture of preferences, but about 510% are left-handed.

Bad Things about Left-Handedness
The way people see left-handedness:
Because left-handed people are different from most others, being left-handed has often been thought of as bad. For many years, right-handedness was seen as "normal" and left-handedness as "not normal". In Hebrew, as well as in other ancient Semitic and Mesopotamian languages, the word "left" was a symbol of power. In many European languages, "right" means “correct” (the opposite of “wrong”). In law the word “right” means authority and justice: in a democracy, everyone has certain “rights". In Russian and other Slavic languages prav is used in words meaning “correct” or “truth”. Someone who is skilled with their hands is called “dexterous”. But "left" often means “awkward” in many languages. In French “gauche” also means “clumsy”. In English, the word “sinister” (which comes from the Latin word for “left”, sinistra) means “evil”. We also say that someone has “two left feet” meaning that they are clumsy with their feet (for example they may step on their partner’s toes when dancing).
Sometimes people who are left-handed are called many different things, “Southpaws”, "Lefties", and other simply mean names, like "Weird" or "Strange".

Things designed for right-handed people:
Things that are designed by right-handed people can cause problems for left-handed ones. These include guns, cameras, screws and in recent years the computer mouse and the iPhone. Many objects are sold in left-handed versions, which are often more expensive than the right-handed versions. Some items such as a computer mouse can be designed for right handed people but still be used by left handed people and in some cases may even be an improvement for right handed users.
Scissors, especially, cause left-handed people some trouble. Most scissors are made for right-handed people. Because they are designed this way, if a person tries to cut something while holding the scissors in their left hand, they cannot see the edge they are cutting. The way the cutting action works is also designed for right-handers, and left-handed people tend to force the blades open instead of cutting cleanly. Even though some scissors say that they can be used by both left and right-handed people, these scissors only have their handles changed. They are still right-handed scissors and still cause the same issues.

Handwriting: 

It can be difficult for left-handed children to learn to write if the teacher does not give them special help. The reason for this is that most writing moves from left to right across the page. This means that left-handed writers may hold their hand over what has just been written.
In many countries, children are allowed to write with whichever hand is easier, although there are some countries where children may be made to write with the right hand. Many things can be difficult for left-handed writers. Chairs with writing boards may all be made for right-handed people. This makes left-handed people sit uncomfortably and hold their pens in an different way.

It may be curious that Arabic is written from right to left, but we have to remember that ancient writing was not done on paper. Paleo-Hebrew was right to left as a written language. Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Pashto, Urdu and Sindhi are the most widespread RTL writing systems today. Perhaps the writing tool originally used made this easier than modern pens. Some scripts (Chinese, Japanese) can be written vertically, although usually they are written horizontally.

Good Things about Left-Handedness
Recent research has shown that it can be an advantage for animals, and for humans to be left-handed. Being able to do things differently from most people can be a great help in many sports, such as tennis or fighting with swords. Left-handed people from Norse settlements in Ireland in the 10th Century were more favoured than right-handed people as they had the advantage of swinging with their left hand as they were on a horse or running down the stairs of a castle in attack or defence.  
In tennis, left-handed players hold the racket in their left hand. Because of this, their grip of the handle is supposedly adjusted in a slightly different style from right-handed players. Some world champion tennis players that have played with their left hand include Rod Laver, Jimmy Connors, Guillermo Vilas, John McEnroe, Martina Navratilova, and Rafael Nadal.

Related Pages:
 Right-handedness
 Handedness
 International Lefthanders Day

References: 

Motor skills
Discrimination
Cumulus clouds are white clouds that are dense and large. They are known to look like cauliflower. Mostly, you can see easily that cumulus clouds have flat bottoms but the tops are always changing shape. 

Seeing a cumulus cloud means that the air is well mixed by up and down vertical drafts. When a cumulus cloud grows into a thunderstorm, the cloud is called a cumulonimbus cloud. This is a sign that the air is rising to the stratosphere.

References

Other websites

AMS Glossary of Meteorology
Cumulus cloud at BBC Weather 
Cumulus cloud page at University of Richmond internal site 
Time-lapse of the formation of Cumulus clouds

Clouds
Alexei Fyodorovich Karamazov is the "hero" of Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel, The Brothers Karamazov. He is also called Alyosha, Alyoshka, Alyoshenka, Alyoshechka, Alexeichik, Lyosha, and Lyoshenka. He is the youngest of the Karamazov brothers, being "then only twenty (his brother Ivan was twenty-three and their older brother, Dmitry, twenty-seven)". The author's preface and first chapters declare that he is the novel's hero.

Description 

Alyosha is physically described as:
His personality is remarkably unselfish, extremely mature in his religious faith, sensitive to other people's feelings, and loving - "he certainly loved people: throughout his life he seemed to believe in people and to trust them, and yet no one ever thought him simple-minded or naive. There was something in him (and it stayed with him all his life) that made people realize that he refused to sit in judgment on others, that he felt he had no right to, and that, whatever happened, he would never condemn anyone." He passes on the influence of Zosima to the "younger generation" (the schoolboys) of the town. Even with all his kind goodness, he has a gentle personality that makes almost everybody love him and feel comfortable around him. Proud young Kolya Krasotkin says that the best thing about Alyosha is that he treats him like "an equal".

Criticism
Criticism 

Anna-Theresa Tymieniecka says that Alyosha, like Prince Myshkin, the protagonist in another Dostoevsky novel, The Idiot, are almost Jesus-like characters, who are, however, unable to stop the greatest suffering of those around them. She suggests that Alyosha is too calm, and does not do much action in the events of the novel.

Rufus W. Mathewson, however, argues that Alyosha Karamazov is a more successful positive hero than Prince Myshkin. He argues that Alyosha's most impressive success as helping Dmitri. He describes Alyosha as using forgiveness, kindness and natural justice, rather than trying to change people.

Inspiration 

It is probable that Dostoevsky used his friend Vladimir Solovyov's character for Alyosha. Vladimir Solovyov was a Russian poet and philosopher who was very generous, even giving away his clothes to people in the street.

References 

Characters in written fiction
Books by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Stratus clouds are low altitude gray clouds that make a flat base. The name comes from the Latin word stratus, which means to "stretch" or "extend." You can see stratus clouds as thick cloud blankets near the sea. They are sometimes called "high fogs".  Light rain and drizzle often fall from stratus clouds. When rain falls from stratus clouds they are mostly called nimbostratus  The name derives from the Latin word nimbus = rain, and stratus = spread out.

References

Clouds
The pliosaurs were a group of large marine plesiosaur reptiles. They lived in the Mesozoic era (later Jurassic period). They had short necks and large heads, with large hind flippers. Their sizes ranged from two to 15 metres. They were predators of large fish and other marine reptiles. 

The first specimen was found by Mary Anning, on the Jurassic Coast of Lyme Regis, England, in the 1820s. Many of her finds are on display in the Natural History Museum, London.

Their body shape suggests they swam and ate under water.p29 It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that plesiosaurs fell into two groups. The pliosaurs were large predators which ate large prey in deep water. The other plesiosaurs were long-necked with smaller heads. Their method was as surface swimmers, mostly eating with their head above water, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton.

Rhomaleosaurus
Pliosaurus
Liopleurodon
Kronosaurus

References  

Plesiosaurs
Marine reptiles
Ball lightning is a glowing ball of lightning that sometimes appears in a thunderstorm, but usually lasts much longer than lightning. Scientists do not understand ball lightning very well, and some even do not think ball lightning is real, because it is so strange. However, it has been widely reported in weather journals by many trustworthy people. So, it is very possible that it is real.

Description
Description 

Those who have seen it say it's the size of a grapefruit or basketball; it has even been said to be as big as a car. The glowing ball is either red, orange, or yellow. A few people have seen it falling from clouds. Sometimes, ball lightning floats or glides just above the ground for a few seconds, or it can roll on the surface of an object. Hissing noises come from the fiery orb. Some have even thought it was a UFO. Ball lightning sometimes explodes loudly, while other times it just quietly disappears. It has been known to smash or simply go through windows, hopping and sizzling across the floor, and then disappear into things like TVs or up the chimney. Some say that ball lightning can kill humans, while others say that its effect on humans are harmless.

Sightings
Sightings 

Many people are said to have seen ball lightning. Ebenezer Cobham Brewer wrote about "globular lightning", saying they may fall to the ground or explode like a cannon. Laura Ingalls Wilder writes in her book about ball lightning, saying that when she was little, she saw balls of light, which her mother chased away with a broom. 

Czar Nicholas II, Russia's last emperor, said he had seen ball lightning:

References

Other websites 
 A video of a microwave plasma ball experiment
 CityTV report on lightning striking a car

Weather
The Sauropterygia was a superorder of successful aquatic reptiles that flourished during the Mesozoic era. They are united by an adaptation of their shoulder, designed to support powerful paddle strokes. Some later sauropterygians like the pliosaurs developed a similar mechanism in their pelvis.

Origins and evolution
The earliest sauropterygians appeared about 245 million years ago, at the start of the Triassic period. At first they were small, less than a metre. They were semi-aquatic lizard-like animals with long limbs (called pachypleurosaurs). They developed into a group called the nothosaurs, several meters long. The sauropterygians included another very distinctive group: the placodonts. They were bottom-feeders on shellfish, and possessed flat, crushing teeth to handle their prey.p148–151
The end-Triassic extinction event wiped them all out except for the plesiosaurs. During the earliest Jurassic these diversified quickly into the long-necked small-headed plesiosaurs proper, and short-necked large-headed pliosaurs.

Orders 
Nothosaurs
Pachypleurosaurs
Placodonts
Plesiosaurs

Position uncertain 
Pistosaurus

References

Other websites 
 A review of the Sauropterygia . Adam Stuart Smith. The Plesiosaur Directory. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
 Paleofile taxalist - lists every species and synonyms. Retrieved February 26, 2006
Ocean trenches have relatively steep sides falling to the ocean floor.

Ocean trenches are typically caused when an oceanic crustal plate slides under a lighter continental plate or another oceanic plate. It is believed to work by density.  Where one plate slides under another, this is called subduction. As the heavier plate descends, the long, narrow feature caused is called the "subduction zone." It is here that oceanic trenches form. They can be 1,500 miles (2,400 km) long, several miles deep, and as much as 70 miles (112 km) wide.
 
At least five trenches are over 6 miles (10 km) deep. The greatest ocean depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 
 below sea level.  Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about 3 km2/yr.
Trenches are active with earthquakes and resulting tsunamis. Most volcanism associated with trenches occurs on the continent and not on the sea floor. However, many of the ocean's volcanic islands and seamounts are found in what are called island arcs, bending chains of islands rising from the sea floor, usually paralleling the concave edges of an oceanic trench. The western Pacific has island arcism as do the Aleutian Islands.

Near the island of Guam is the famous Mariana Trench where the Pacific Plate descends under the leading edge of the Eurasian Plate. Measured at 36,201 feet - over 6.8 miles (11 km) deep, this trench is the deepest known spot in any ocean. In 1960, two men in the bathyscaph Trieste reached bottom of the Mariana Trench.  

Other extensive trench regions around the world include the South Sandwich Trench between South America and Antarctica, the Peru-Chile Trench, and the Aleutian Trench.

References 

Shukman, David 2013. Deep ocean undersea vents. BBC News Science & Technology .
Landforms
Oceanography
North  Kosovo is a Serbian enclave  in Kosovo.  It has  over  80,000 residents, at least 98% of them are Christian Serbs. There are about 3,000 Albanians, and about 2000 Turks, Greeks, Gorans, Romas and others.

Unlike the Strpce municipality which is autonomous, North Kosovo is directly run by the Government of Belgrade.

In North Kosovo, Serbian car plates are still used and the Serbian dinar is used as the official currency.

The  enclave consists of the 3 municipalities of Zvecan, Leposavic, Zubin Potok (as well as part of Mitrovica. The enclave's area is  (11% of the country's total area). Lake Gorazdevac is also in the enclave.

The United Nations does not recognize Kosovo as a country because of the 1999 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. Other world governing bodies do not recognise it as a country, either.

References

Kosovo
The violet-fronted brilliant (Heliodoxa leadbeateri) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

References 
 BirdLife International 2004.  Heliodoxa leadbeateri .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
SS Yongala was a passenger ship that was launched in 1903. It sank off Cape Bowling Green on 23 March 1911 on its way to from Melbourne, Australia to Cairns she entered into a cyclone and sank without a trace south of Townsville. All passengers onboard drowned and the shipwreck was found in 1958 off the coast of Townsville.

Related pages
Death of Tina Watson  - A drowning in 2003 at the shipwreck that became world news.

References

Other websites 
 Townsville Maritime Museum
 Dive spot description plus underwater pictures and videos of the Yongala wreck

1903 establishments in Australia
1911
Disasters in the 1910s
20th century in Australia
Shipwrecks
Queensland
The Green-celled Cattleheart (Parides childrenae) is a species of butterfly. It belongs in the family Papilionidae. It is found in southern North America and northern South America.

Description
The upper side of the wings is black. The male has a bright green patch on the fore wing (top wing). There is a small pale yellow spot near the tip of the fore wing. There is a red patch on the hind wing (bottom wing). The female has a small white patch on the fore wing. There are a few pale spots on the fore wing. There is a band of red spots on the hind wing. The underside of the wings is also black. The male has small pale spots near the tip of the fore wing and a few red spots on the hind wing. The female's underside is the same as the upper side.

References

Other websites

 Parides childrenae at funet.fi

c
Los Angeles is a city in California and the second-largest city in the United States.  Los Angeles may also mean:
Sports teams in the California city:
Los Angeles Clippers (a National Basketball Association team)
Los Angeles Dodgers (a Major League Baseball team)
Los Angeles Galaxy (a Major League Soccer team)
Los Angeles Kings (a National Hockey League team)
Los Angeles Lakers (a National Basketball Association team)
Los Angeles County, a county in California that includes the city
Los Angeles International Airport, an airport serving Los Angeles
Los Angeles River, a river that flows through Los Angeles County
Los Angeles riots of 1992 
Los Ángeles, Chile
Oviparous animals are animals that reproduce by laying eggs. This is how most fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and arachnids reproduce. All birds and monotremes also reproduce like this.

The eggs that of most animals that live on land are protected by hard shells. They fertilize their eggs internally. Water-dwelling animals like fish and amphibians lay eggs that have not been fertilized yet. Then the males lay sperm on top of the eggs, which is called external fertilization.

Related pages 
Viviparity
Ovoviviparity

Zoology
The Aplacophora is a class of small, deep-water, exclusively benthic, shell-less marine molluscs. They are found in all oceans of the world. They are a small group of molluscs which have deviated from the normal molluscan form. There are approximately 320 known species living today. They are rather worm-like and average about an inch (2.5 cms.) in length.

Description 
Most live in deep water, except a few more northern species.  One group bury themselves into the sand and mud of the ocean bottom where they feed on annelids and other small invertebrates. The rest of the known aplacophorans parasitize hydroids and other corals.

This class used to be classified as sea cucumbers in the echinoderms. In 1987, they were officially recognized as molluscs and given their own class. The class is polyphyletic, and consists of two clades.

References 

Molluscs
Monoplacophora  is a class of molluscs. They have a cap-like shell and live on the bottom of the sea. 

They were well-known as a fossil group from the Cambrian to the Devonian. One species was dredged up from the Pacific Ocean off Mexico in 1952. It was found to be a Monoplacophoran, and given the genus of Neopilina.  This was one of the most remarkable modern discoveries of a 'living fossil', and a Lazarus taxon. 

More than that, they are the most extreme example of the pull of the recent, which is a term in palaeontology. All fossil groups have a first and last appearance in the fossil record but, for living species, their last appearance is the present day. This may be very much later than their last appearance as a fossil. The discovery of the living monoplacs extended their time range by 400 million years.
The anatomy of Neopilina shows "serially repeated structures" such as gills. Serial repetition of anatomical structures such as gills and muscles may have evolved once in the common ancestor of chitons and monoplacophorans. It suggests the ancient ancestor of molluscs had bilateral symmetry, and segments.

Reference 

Molluscs
The Zebra Turkeyfish (Dendrochirus zebra) is a very venomous fish. It lives in the Indian and Pacific seas. The fish has 13 venomous spines along its back, used to look after itself. The fish is slow and quiet but can be a danger. The fish rests in dark places such as under a rock or a piece of coral. They aren't affected by each other's venom. They are solitary fish that are not scared of anything, as they have no predators other than groupers.

Other websites 

Scorpaeniformes
Aris Thessaloniki F.C. is a Greek football club based in Thessaloniki. Their colors are yellow and black, and the emblem is the ancient god of war, Ares. The club is the fifth most successful Greek club, as it has won three championships and one Greek cup. Aris won the first Greek championship in 1928.

Other websites
Official website of Aris 

Greek football clubs
Thessaloniki
1926 establishments in Greece
The slender loris is a nocturnal hunter. It moves slowly through trees and grips branches tightly with its opposable thumbs and toes. When it attacks prey it goes closer and then snatches it with both hands.

Description 
The slender loris is about the size of a squirrel, and has small finger nails. It has two brown eyes, and has white fur on its chest.

Habits
The slender loris usually spends its time on trees. They like to groom and wrestle with each other.

Food
These animals eat insects, lizards, birds, but will also eat things like slugs, flowers, shoots, young leaves, and sometimes even eggs. They would also like termites and roaches for a tasty treat.

History
Native people thought that the slender lorises had magical powers. It is not clear how many slender lorises survive in the wild.

References

Lorisoidea
Mammals of Asia
Panionios is a Greek football club. It was founded in 1890 in Smyrni, Turkey by Greek people who lived there. During the Greek-Turkish war in 1922 the Greek people left from there and they went to Greece. So, the club came to Greece to the Athenian suburb Nea Smyrni. The colours of the club are red and blue. Panionios has won two Greek cups.

References

Other websites
Official football club website 

Greek football clubs
1890 establishments in Europe
İzmir
Thessaloniki
Establishments in Greece
Dave Meltzer (born in 1961) is a man who writes about professional wrestling for his magazine, and also on the Internet. Meltzer's website is called the Wrestling Observer. Before Meltzer, most writers wrote that professional wrestling was real, but Meltzer writes that it is not. He has also written two books called Tributes and Tributes II.

References

1961 births
Living people
This is a list of chess grandmasters rated 2700+, plus other players of the highest status. There are at present over 1900 chess grandmasters, and the full list is on English wiki. Notice also the list in Di Felice, Gino 2017. Chess International Titleholders, 1950–2016. McFarland, ISBN 978-1-4766-7132-1.

Chess grandmasters
Living 
Michael Adams
Toby Obirs
Ben Finegold
Eric Hansen
Evgeny Alekseev
Zoltan Almasi
Viswanathan Anand 
Ulf Andersson 
Levon Aronian
Etienne Bacrot
Evgeny Bareev 
Magnus Carlsen
Fabiano Caruana
Maia Chiburdanidze
Pavel Eljanov
Jaan Ehlvest
Laurent Fressinek
Nona Gaprindashvili
Boris Gelfand 
Alexander Grischuk
Hou Yifan
Robert Huebner 
Vassily Ivanchuk
Dmitry Jakovenko
Baadur Jobova
Gata Kamsky 
Sergey Karjakin
Anatoly Karpov 
Rustam Kasimdzhanov
Garry Kasparov
Alexandra Kosteniuk
Vladimir Kramnik 
Peter Leko 
Ding Liren
Vladimir Malakhov
Shakhriyar Mamedyarov
Luke McShane
Alexander Morozevich
Alexander Motylev
Sergei Movsesian
Henrique Mecking 
Hikaru Nakamura
David Navara
Ian Nepomniachtchi
Illya Nyzhnyk
Fridrik Olafsson 
Judit Polgar 
Susan Polgar 
Ruslan Ponomariov
Lajos Portisch 
Teimour Radjabov
Yasser Seirawan
Alexei Shirov 
Nigel Short 
Sanan Sjugirov
Wesley So
Boris Spassky 
Jonathan Speelman 
Peter Svidler
Jan Timman
Evgeny Tomashevsky
Veselin Topalov 
Maxime Vachier-Lagrave
Francisco Vallejo Pons
Nikita Vitiugov
Hao Wang
Yue Wang
Radoslaw Wojtaszek
Jun Xie
Ethan Evans Damani
Vidit Gujhrati
Akiko Sato
Arnold Tadeus
Andrew Hong
Deceased 
Paul Morphy 
Adolf Anderssen 
Johannes Zukertort 
Pal Benko 
Efim Bogolyubov
Mikhail Botvinnik
David Bronstein
José Raúl Capablanca
Max Euwe
Bobby Fischer
Vugar Gashimov
Svetozar Gligoric 
Paul Keres
Viktor Korchnoi
Bent Larsen 
Tony Miles
Aaron Nimzovich
Lembit Oll
Tigran Petrosian
Samuel Reshevsky
Akiba Rubinstein
Vasily Smyslov
Howard Staunton
Mikhail Tal
Carlos Torre Repetto

Related pages
List of World Chess Champions

Other websites
 FIDE top players
Chessgraphs.com - Rating history of world chess champions and grandmasters

Grandmasters
Lists of people
Umkhonto we Sizwe (), was a South African guerilla movement created in 1961 by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and other people from the African National Congress. It was created when the government started killing and hurting people who protested against apartheid. Mandela first wanted to free South Africa without violence, but the government created laws to prevent that. Mandela then decided that if black people did not use violence, they would never regain their rights. They carried out many attacks, including bombings. The most deadly of these was the Church Street bombing in Pretoria.

Umkhonto we Sizwe stopped being active in 1990 before the end of apartheid, in 1991.

References

1961 establishments in Africa
20th century in South Africa
20th-century rebellions
Nelson Mandela
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Rebellions in Africa
Terrorism
Heikki Johannes Kovalainen (born October 19, 1981 in Suomussalmi, Finland) is a Finnish Formula One racing driver who spent the 2008 and 2009 seasons with British-based team Vodafone McLaren Mercedes. In 2010, he joined the new Lotus team.

Racing record

Career summary

 Season in progress.

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References 

1981 births
Living people
Finnish racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
Luca Badoer (born 25 January 1971) is an Italian Formula One driver. He was born in Montebelluna. He has raced for the Scuderia Italia, Minardi, Forti Corse and most recently, Ferrari teams. In addition to his racing duties, Badoer has been active as one of the test and reserve drivers for Ferrari since 1997 and in 2009 stood in for Ferrari's regular race driver Felipe Massa at the European Grand Prix and the Belgian Grand Prix, after the Brazilian was injured during qualifying for the Hungarian Grand Prix and his original replacement, Michael Schumacher, pulled out due to injury.

1971 births
Living people
Formula One current
Italian Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Veneto
Nick Lars Heidfeld (born May 10, 1977 in Mönchengladbach, West Germany) is a German racing driver In 2010 he was the test and reserve driver for the Mercedes GP Formula One team. In August, Mercedes released Heidfeld from his contract to allow him to do tyre testing. He will test the new Pirelli tyre that will be used in the  season. He previously raced in Formula One from  to . 

In September, Heidfeld was signed by Sauber to replace Pedro de la Rosa. Heidfeld drove for Sauber from  to , and  to .

In 2011, Renault selected Heidfeld to replace the injured Robert Kubica.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1977 births
Living people
Formula One current
Formula One drivers
German racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Mönchengladbach
Romain Grosjean (born April 17, 1986 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a Formula One racing driver, who holds dual nationality from France and Switzerland, but competes under a French racing licence. He was the 2007 Formula Three Euroseries drivers' champion and the inaugural GP2 Asia Series champion. He driving 2022 IndyCars Series.

References

1986 births
Living people
French racecar drivers
Swiss racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Sportspeople from Geneva
Jarno Trulli  (born 13 July 1974 in Pescara, Abruzzo) is an Italian Formula One auto racing driver. He has been a regular in Formula One since 1997, driving for Minardi, Prost, Jordan, Renault and Toyota. He won the  Monaco Grand Prix for Renault, his only Grand Prix victory to date. He is known for being a qualification expert. After Toyota pulled out of the sport, following the 2009 season, he joined the new Lotus Racing team in 2010.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.
Pre-F1 career 
1996: 1st German Formula 3 (KMS Dallara-Opel)
1995: 4th in German Formula 3 (KMS Dallara-Opel), 1st in Italian Go-kart class 100 FA, 1st in World Go-kart class 125FC, Senna Memorial World Cup winner
1994: Senna Memorial World Cup winner, 1st in North American class 100SA, 1st in European class 100SA
1993: 2nd in World Go-kart Champion class 100 SA, 1st in Grand prix of Japan Class 100 FSA
1992: 2nd in World Go-kart class 125 FC
1991: 1st in World Go-kart class 100 FK
1990: 1st in Grand Prix of Hong Kong Class 100 FA
1988–1990: Three times 1st in Italian National 100 Class
1983–1995: Karting

1974 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Abruzzo
People from Pescara
Italian Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Timo Glock (born 18 March 1982 in Nurburg) is a German motor racing driver. At the  Canadian Grand Prix, Glock replaced Giorgio Pantano at Jordan. Glock joined the small group of drivers who have scored a World Championship point in their first Formula One race. As of , he driving is for Marussia F1. He has failed to score a point with the team since its creation in 2010

Racing record

Career summary

 Season in progress.
 As Glock was a guest driver he was ineligible to score points.

Complete Formula Three Series results
(key)

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points were awarded at the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix as less than 75% of the race distance was completed.

American Open-Wheel 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Champ Car

Other websites
Other websites 

 Timo Glock Official website 

1982 births
Living people
Formula One current
German Formula One drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Sportspeople from Hesse
Kamui Kobayashi (born 13 September 1986 in Amagasaki, Hyogo Japan) is a Japanese racing driver. He has competed in the GP2 Series, won the GP2 Asia Series, and drove in the FIA Formula One World Championship with the Toyota Formula One team in 2009. He is currently driving for Sauber.

Kobayashi was born in Amagasaki, near Kobe.

Racing record

Career summary

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

References

1986 births
Living people
Japanese Formula One drivers
Formula One current
GP2 Series drivers
Sportspeople from Hyōgo Prefecture
Mark Alan Webber (born 27 August 1976 in Queanbeyan, New South Wales) is an Australian Formula One driver. At the  German Grand Prix, he became the first Australian to win a race since Alan Jones in .

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap; small number denotes finishing position)

 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed by the winner.
 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites 

1976 births
Living people
Australian Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Bartje Bartels is the main character in a series of Dutch books written by Anne de Vries at the beginning of the 20th century.  The stories are about a boy who grows up in a poor family in the countryside in Drenthe in the north-east of the Netherlands.

The author Anne de Vries is male.  The name “Anne”, although usually a girl's name, can also be used as a boy’s name in Dutch, especially in the north where Frisian is spoken.  It is pronounced “Oa-ne”.

Bartje (pronounce: “BAR-che”) is a boy whose father is a poor farmer.  His parents expect him to become a farmer like his father, but Bartje has other ideas.  Bartje starts work as an apprentice, but then his mother dies and he has to look after his younger brothers and sisters.
Famous quotation
The most famous quotation from the Bartje books come in the story in which the family are sitting down to a meal.  They are going to eat brown beans.  Bartje hates brown beans and pulls his empty plate away when his mother wants to give him some.  He refuses to say grace (to say a prayer to thank God for the food they are about to eat) and he says: Ik bid nie veur bruune boon'n  (in modern Dutch: Ik bid niet voor bruine bonen, meaning: I don’t pray for brown beans).  His parents are shocked and he gets into big trouble.

Television series

Bartje has become a much-loved symbol for the province of Drenthe.  The stories were made into a television series which was shown in 1972 and repeated in 2004.  The film had Dutch subtitles because the actors were speaking in Drenthe dialect.  

There is a statue to Bartje in the town of Assen.  Unfortunately it has been vandalized several times.
Dutch children's books
Characters in written fiction
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Dutch television programmes
Drenthe
Assen
Lancaster is the county town of Lancashire, England. It is on the River Lune. As of the 2001 census, it had 45,952 people. The larger City of Lancaster local government district is named after Lancaster.

Lancaster Castle is well known as the site of the Pendle witch trials in 1612.

Location
Lancaster is the most northerly city in Lancashire, three miles from Morecambe Bay. The city is on the River Lune, the Lancaster Canal, and the West Coast Main Line. It is close to the M6 motorway.

Education
Lancaster has two universities. These are Lancaster University and The University of Cumbria.

Towns in Lancashire
County towns in England
City of Lancaster
Decatur is a town in Green County of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  1,688 people were living in Decatur as of the 2000 census.  Decatur has an area of 34.4 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

References

Green County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin
The Strepsirrhini clade is one of the two suborders of primates, with 114 species. They are defined by their wet noses, although the Greek name means having a curved or bent nose. Madagascar's only primates (apart from humans) are strepsirrhines, although others can be found in southeast Asia.
Their eyes have a reflective layer to improve their night vision, and their eye sockets have a ring of bone around the eye. Strepsirrhine primates produce their own vitamin C, whereas haplorhine primates (and ourselves) must get it from their diets.

The suborder contains the lemurs and lorises. The modern types probably evolved from the Adapiforms, an extinct group.

The origin of the earliest primates, from which both the strepsirrhines and haplorhines (simians and tarsiers) evolved, is a mystery.  Both their place of origin and the group from which they evolved are uncertain.
Although the fossil record of their initial radiation across the Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics—where primates most likely evolved—is very poor, particularly around the time that primates and other eutherian mammals were first appearing.

So, geneticists and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lines and when they diverged. Using this molecular clock, it seems that primates evolved more than 80–90 million years ago, nearly 40 million years before the first primates appear in the fossil record.p22
Classification 
 Suborder Strepsirrhini: non-tarsier prosimians
 Infraorder Lemuriformes
 Superfamily Lemuroidea
 Family Cheirogaleidae: dwarf and mouse lemurs (32 species)
 Family Daubentoniidae: Aye-aye (1 species)
 Family Lemuridae: lemurs (22 species)
 Family Lepilemuridae: sportive lemurs (26 species)
 Family Indriidae: woolly lemurs and allies (19 species)
 Superfamily Lorisoidea
 Family Lorisidae: lorises, pottos and allies (9 species)
 Family Galagidae: galagos (19 species)

References 

Primates
The haplorhines, the "dry-nosed" primates (the Greek name means "simple-nosed"), are members of the Haplorhini clade: the prosimian tarsiers and all of the true simians. The simians are the catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans) and the platyrrhines (New World monkeys).

Classification
Suborder Haplorrhini: tarsiers, monkeys and apes
Infraorder Tarsiiformes
Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
Infraorder Simiiformes
Parvorder Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins
Family Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
Family Aotidae: night or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis and uakaris
Family Atelidae: howler, spider and woolly monkeys
Parvorder Catarrhini
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea: Old World monkeys
Family Cercopithecidae
Superfamily Hominoidea: apes
Family Hylobatidae: lesser apes (gibbons)
Family Hominidae: great (large) apes including humans

Primates
The Tisza is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It starts in Ukraine, with the White Tisza in the Chornohora and Black Tisza in the Gorgany range, and flows partially along the Romanian border.  It then enters Hungary at Tiszabecs and passes through  Hungary touching the border with Slovakia.  It then into the Danube in central Vojvodina in Serbia.  The Tisza drains an area of about 157,186 km².

Names for the river in the countries it flows through are:
;
 (Tysa);
;
 ();
 (Tisa).

Tributaries
Tributaries 

Čik (near Bačko Petrovo Selo)
Jegrička (near Žabalj)
Begej (near Titel)
Mureş (in Szeged)
Arieş (near Gura Arieşului)
Târnava (near Teiuş)
Târnava Mare (in Blaj)
Târnava Mică (in Blaj)
Körös (near Csongrád)
Crişul Repede River (near Gyoma)
Barcău (in Szeghalom)
Crişul Alb (near Gyula)
Crişul Negru (near Gyula)
Zagyva (in Szolnok)
Sajó (in Tiszaújváros)
Hornád (near Miskolc) 
Bodrog (in Tokaj)
Ondava (near Cejkov)
Latorica (near Cejkov)
Laborec (near Oborin)
Uzh (near Pavlovce nad Uhom)
Cirocha (in Humenné)
Stara
Vicha
Kerepets
Crasna (in Vásárosnamény)
Someş (near Vásárosnamény)
Someşul Mic (in Dej)
Someşul Cald (in Gilău)
Someşul Rece (in Gilău)
Someşul Mare (in Dej)
Şieu (in Beclean)
Bistriţa (near Bistriţa)
Tur
Batár
Şugătag
Baia
Şaroş
Săpânţa
Valea Hotarului
Bicu
Sarasău
Valea Iepei
Iza
Mara
Vişeu

Sources 
 Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti
 Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 About Tisza
 The Living Tisza (Hungarian)

Tributaries of the Danube
Rivers of Hungary
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Serbia
Rivers of Slovakia
Rivers of Ukraine
Free love is when people are free to have sexual relations with anyone without getting married. This has been used as early as in the 19th century. It is a social movement that rejects marriage as a form of social and financial bondage (slavery)..

References 

Free love
Breakaway is the second album by American singer Kelly Clarkson; it was released on November 30, 2004.

The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 for selling 250,000 copies. It has sold over 6 million copies in the United States and has been certified six times Platinum by the RIAA. Breakaway received two awards at the 2006 Grammy Awards including "Best Pop Vocal Album" and "Best Female Pop Vocal Performance" for the single "Since U Been Gone".

Five singles were released from the album, "Since U Been Gone", "Behind These Hazel Eyes", "Because of You", "Walk Away", and "Breakaway".

References 

2004 songs
Kelly Clarkson albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Breakaway may refer to:

 "Breakaway" (song), a song by Kelly Clarkson
 Breakaway (Kelly Clarkson album)
A Rainbow Serpent is an animal in the Dreamtime which many of the indigenous people of Australia,  the "Aborigines", believe created the mountains, rivers and lakes. The Rainbow Serpent stories are found all across Australia, and especially in Arnhem Land, in the north of Australia. The serpent is known by different names, such as Almudj and Ngalyod, in different Aboriginal languages. The Rainbow Serpent lives in waterholes and controls the supply of water.
Aboriginal artists have painted the Rainbow Serpent on cave walls or on pieces of bark. The earliest cave paintings found are about 8,000 years old. In special ceremonies, they sometimes honour the Rainbow Serpent by painting their handprints on the magic snake.  Scientists believe the Rainbow Serpent stories began at the end of the last ice age. The rising sea levels would have forced a lot of people to move inland. The Rainbow Serpent became a symbol of both creation and destruction, and of unity and peace. This makes the Rainbow Serpent a symbol of the world's oldest continuing religion.
History
In the Dreamtime, the Rainbow Serpent helped the world along with rain. At the beginning of time, the Rainbow Serpent awoke from its sleep and pushed through the Earth's crust. As it travelled over the empty land, it left behind deep tracks. The Rainbow Serpent called to the frogs to come out from beneath the earth. It tickled the frogs' bellies, and when they laughed, water poured out from their open mouths. The water filled the Rainbow Serpent's deep tracks, making rivers and lakes.
Slowly, grass began to grow. Then all kind of creatures in Australia - birds, lizards, snakes, kangaroos, koalas, and dingoes - woke up and took their places on the earth.

References

Australian mythology
Indigenous Australian culture