Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Non-volcanic rocks are exposed on Santorini at the Profitis Ilias Mountain, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pirgos, Monolithos and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.

The Kameni islands at the center of the caldera are made of lava rocks.

Volcanology 

The caldera is composed of overlapping shield volcanoes, cut by at least four partially overlapping calderas, of which the oldest southern caldera was formed about 180,000 years ago. The subsequent Skaros caldera was created about 70,000 years ago, and the Cape Riva caldera about 21,000 years ago. The current caldera was formed about 3600 years ago during the Minoan eruption.

Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni were formed as a result of multiple, initially submarine eruptions at the center of the caldera.

Although dormant, Santorini is an active volcano. Numerous minor and medium-sized, mainly effusive eruptions have built the dark-colored lava shields of Nea and Palea Kameni inside the caldera.
Their last eruption was in 1950, and now only smoke and gases come out. GPS instruments have registered renewed deformation around the caldera in 2011 and 2012. 

The huge Minoan eruption of Santorini in the 17th century BC may have inspired the legend of Atlantis. It was rated 7, the highest score for a historical eruption, in the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program's Volcanic Explosivity Index.

References 

Mountains of Greece
Volcanoes of Europe
Calderas
VEI-7 volcanoes
Coptic or Coptic Egyptian is an Egyptian language. It was spoken by many people in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Now, only a few people speak the language.

Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the 1st century. The new writing system became the Coptic script, an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from the demotic script to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have. The two most common dialects are Sahidic and Bohairic.

Coptic and demotic Egyptian are very similar to the earlier Egyptian language written in the hieroglyphic script. Coptic flourished as a literary language from the 2nd to 13th centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was supplanted by Egyptian Arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period. The Copts have tried to revive the language since the 19th century.

References
References 

Afroasiatic languages
Egypt
17th-century disestablishments
Languages of Africa
Richard Warren (ca. 1580 - ca.1628) was a passenger on the Mayflower on its 1620 voyage from the Old World to the New. He was one of the 41 signers of the Mayflower Compact.

Descendants

His descendants in the United States are legion and include many notable Americans: 
American Civil War general and United States President Ulysses S. Grant, 
United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 
astronaut Alan Shepard, 
children's author Laura Ingalls Wilder, 
actors Richard Gere, Orson Welles, and Joanne Woodward,
writers Henry David Thoreau and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 
Lavinia Warren (the wife of General Tom Thumb), 
aviator Amelia Earhart, 
United States Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, 
Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright, 
Tonight Show host Johnny Carson, 
chef Julia Child, and many more.

References
Rootsweb

Mayflower passengers
1580 births
1628 deaths
Brian Kendall Sims (born September 16, 1978) is an American Democratic politician and football captain. He was the first college American football captain to come out as gay. He is also the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly. He was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania in the 2022 election.

Life
Sims's parents were both colonels in the U.S. Army. He has a twin brother, an older brother, and a younger sister. He went to high school in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

Sims has a bachelor of science degree from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. He also has a juris doctor degree from the Michigan State University College of Law.

At Bloomsburg, Sims was the captain of the 2000 National Championship Division II football team. He was a first-string defensive tackle. He became the only openly gay college football captain in NCAA history.
Sims was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 182nd District. Sims was the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

In June 2013, the Defense of Marriage Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Sims was not allowed to make a speech supporting the decision in the Pennsylvania House. House Speaker Daryl Metcalfe, a Republican, said that allowing him to speak would be a violation of God's law.
In May 2019, Sims posted an eight minute video of himself confronting a woman who was protesting outside a Planned Parenthood facility in Philadelphia by praying with a rosary.  On May 15, 2019 he was served a summons for federal case 5:19-cv-00834 at his office on Chestnut Street.  On July 15, 2019 at 3:00 PM the Default judgement entered on June 18, 2019 was used as collateral for trying to help Hahnemann Hospital stay open case # 19-11466 Delaware Bankruptcy Court.
On February 15, 2021 Sims announced on Twitter that he was running for lieutenant governor in the 2022 election. He lost the Democratic nomination in May 2022 to Austin Davis.

References

1978 births
Living people
American football players
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Gay men
American LGBT politicians
LGBT sportspeople
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
American LGBT rights activists
Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania alumni
Psychopathology is the study of mental illnesses. It was started by Karl Jaspers in 1913.

Other websites
Science daily 
Psychiatry
Sid Bernstein (August 12, 1918 – August 21, 2013) was an American music producer and promoter. Bernstein changed the American music scene in the 1960s by bringing The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Herman's Hermits, The Moody Blues, and The Kinks to America. He was the first impresario to organize rock concerts at sports stadiums.

Bernstein was born in New York City, New York on August 12, 1918. He was married to Geraldine Gale until his death in 2013. They had six children. Bernstein died on August 21, 2013 from natural causes in his home in Manhattan, New York, aged 95.

References

Other websites

1918 births
2013 deaths
People from New York City
Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984 – August 19, 2013) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Jett Jackson in The Famous Jett Jackson and as Chris Comer in the movie Friday Night Lights. His last starring role was portraying Boston police detective Barry Frost in Rizzoli & Isles.

Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina on February 1, 1984. He studied at the University of Southern California. Thompson committed suicide by shooting himself in his Los Angeles, California apartment on August 19, 2013. He was 29 years old.

References

Other websites

1984 births
2013 deaths
Actors who committed suicide
Actors from South Carolina
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Suicides in California
Nickelodeon' is an Italian television channel. It launched on 1 November 2004 on Sky Italia.
From 1997 until 2000, Rai Sat 2 broadcast Nickelodeon cartoons for three hours a day.

History
The channel was launched on 1 November 2004. At first, it shared its frequency with Comedy Central. Nickelodeon broadcast during the day and Commedy Central broadcast at night. On 31 July 2009 a +1 timeshift version was launched. The same day Nick Jr. was launched. It replaced RaiSat YOYO. RaiSat YOYO became free and is now named Rai Yoyo. On 9 September 2013, Nickelodean and the +1 version of the network changed to a 16:9 widescreen wikt:aspect:aspect ratio.

Nickelodeon
Television channels in Italy
2004 establishments in Italy
A gyrocompass is a type of compass that does not use magnetism to point north. Normal compasses do not work around magnets, or big pieces of ferrous metal. Gyrocompasses do. This makes them very useful.

A gyrocompass is a non-magnetic compass based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth  It automatically finds geographical direction. 

Although one part of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices. A crucial ingredient is needed to turn a gyroscope into a gyrocompass, so it would automatically position to true north. This is some mechanism that applies torque whenever the compass's axis is not pointing north. Successful methods have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses:
 they find true north as determined by Earth's rotation, which is different from, and more useful than,  magnetic north, and
 they are unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as ship's steel hull, which change the magnetic field

Note 

Navigation
Tools
The Division of McMillan was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covered the western part of the Gippsland region. It included Drouin, Erica, Foster, Inverloch, Korumburra, Leongatha, Mirboo North, Moe, Neerim South, Newborough, Nyora, Pakenham, Trafalgar, Walhalla, Warragul, Wonthaggi, Yallourn North and Yarragon. It was the southernmost electoral division in continental Australia. It was replaced by the Division of Monash in 2019.

The Division was set up in 1949, and named after Angus McMillan, one of the first Europeans to explore the Gippsland region. 

In 1972 Country Party candidate Arthur Hewson won the seat with a primary vote of 16.6%. This is the lowest primary vote for a winning candidate in any federal election.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results
 2016 election results

References

Other websites
 Division of McMillan - Australian Electoral Commission
 Russell Broadbent's website
Former electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1949 establishments in Australia
Michael Mifsud (born 17 April 1981) is a Maltese football player. He plays for Malta national team.

Honours
 Maltese Premier League: 2003–04, 2011–12
 Maltese Cup: 2000

Other websites
 

1981 births
Living people
Maltese footballers
The Division of Melbourne Ports was an Australian federal electoral division in the inner south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was set up for the first election in 1901. At the time it was named Melbourne Ports as it covered both Port Melbourne and Williamstown. Later it included the suburbs of Albert Park, Balaclava, Caulfield, Caulfield East, Caulfield North, part of Elsternwick, Elwood, Middle Park, Port Melbourne, Ripponlea, St Kilda, St Kilda East, St Kilda West, Southbank, South Melbourne and parts of South Yarra and Docklands. It was abolished in 2019, and renamed as Macnamara.

Members
Members

Samuel Mauger was later elected to the Division of Maribyrnong. Jack Holloway  became Minister for Social Services  and Minister for Health in 1941. From 1943–1949 he was Minister for Labour and National Service. Frank Crean was Treasurer and Minister for Trade in the Whitlam Government. In 1975 he was Deputy Prime Minister of Australia. Clyde Holding had been the Leader of the Opposition in the Victorian Parliament. He held several positions in the Hawke Government including  Aboriginal Affairs, Employment Services and Youth Affairs, Transport and Communications Support, Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs.

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
 2010 election results
 2013 election results

References

Other websites
Division of Melbourne Ports – Australian Electoral Commission
Michael Danby's website 

Former electoral divisions of Australia
Victoria, Australia
1901 establishments in Australia
The Coburger Hütte is a mountain refuge in Tyrol, Austria. It is in the Mieminger Chain in Tyrol. It is a few meters above the Drachensee and 200 meters from Seebensee. Tourist accommodation is usually open from June to early October. A winter room is available. Its altitude is 1917 meters. From there, mountain climbers can make a few other climbs (including Sonnenspizte, Taja-Kopf, Hinterer).

Tyrol (state)
The Seebensee is a lake in Austria. It is at  above the Ehrwalder Alm in Mieminger. It is in the east of Middle Tajakopf. The Seebensee has a drain on the Seebenbachfall and Geißbach in the Loisach. From Seebensee, people can climb up to Coburger Hütte. There is also a place for cows there.

Other websites

Lakes of Austria
Tyrol (state)
Lady with an Ermine (Portrait of Cecilia Gallerani)  ( ; ) is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. It was painted between 1489 and 1490. The subject of the portrait is Cecilia Gallerani, the mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. Cecilia was pregnant at the time of the portrait. Leonardo was in the service of the Duke, who's nickname was 'white ermine'. The ermine was a symbol of purity for Leonardo. The painting was done in three stages and we know this because it went under reflective light technology and a multi lens camera was used. The first was a portrait just of Cecillia, the second he added a thin, small ermine and in the final stage, Leonardo made the ermine look more powerful and muscular. Lady with an Ermine is displayed in the Czartoryski Museum, Kraków, Poland.

References

Other websites

 Czartoryski Museum 
 BBC article on Lady with an Ermine
 BBC News Lady w Ermine - Bing video

Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci
15th-century paintings
Mixed forests  are a temperate and humid biome. The forests have four layers. The uppermost layer is the forest canopy of tall, mature trees from 33 to 66 m (100 to 200 feet) high. 

Below the canopy is the three-layered understory, about 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 feet) shorter than the canopy. The top layer of the understory has smaller mature trees, saplings. There are also suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees waiting for an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer of low-growing woody plants. Most of the time, the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.

Forests
Biomes
Ancient woodland is the name used in the United Kingdom for woodland which has existed continuously since 1600 or before in England and Wales (or 1750 in Scotland). Before those dates, planting of new woodland was uncommon, so a wood present in 1600 was likely to have developed naturally. The American name for these forests is "old growth forest".

For many species of animal and plant, ancient woodland sites provide the only habitat. For many others, conditions on these sites are much more suitable than those on other sites. Ancient woodland in the UK, like rainforest in the tropics, is home to rare and threatened species, more than any other UK habitat. For these reasons ancient woodland is often described as an irreplaceable resource, or 'critical natural capital'.

Ancient woodland is formally defined on maps by Natural England and equivalent bodies. Many ancient woodlands have legal protection, but an ancient woodland is not automatically protected.

Examples
Examples 

Cannock Chase, Staffs
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire
Cherry Tree Wood, London
Edford Woods and Meadows, Somerset
Epping Forest, Essex
Forest of Dean West Gloucestershire
Foxley Wood, Norfolk
Hatfield Forest, Essex
Highgate Wood, London
Holt Heath, Dorset
New Forest, Hampshire
Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight
Queen's Wood, London
Savernake forest, Wiltshire
Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire
Wentwood, Monmouthshire
Windsor Great Park, Berkshire
Wyre Forest bordering Shropshire and Worcestershire
Yardley Chase, Northants

References

Other websites
Ancient Tree Guides by the Woodland Trust 

Forests of the United Kingdom
History of England
A bluebell wood is a woodland that in springtime has a carpet of flowering bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) underneath a newly forming leaf canopy. The thicker the summer canopy, the more the ground-cover is suppressed. This encourages a dense carpet of bluebells, whose leaves mature and die down by early summer.

Bluebell woods may be found in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as elsewhere in Europe. Bluebells are a common indicator species for ancient woodlands, so bluebell woods are likely to date back to at least 1600.

Gerard Manley Hopkins, one of the romantic poets, was very keen on bluebells, as his poem "May Magnificat" shows.
And azuring-over greybell makes
Wood banks and brakes wash wet like lakes

In his journal entry for 9 May 1871 Hopkins says:
In the little wood opposite the light they stood in blackish spreads or sheddings like spots on a snake.  The heads are then like thongs and solemn in grain and grape-colour.  But in the clough through the light they come in falls of sky-colour washing the brows and slacks of the ground with vein-blue, thickening at the double, vertical themselves and the young grass and brake-fern combed vertical, but the brake struck the upright of all this with winged transomes.  It was a lovely sight. - The bluebells in your hand baffle you with their inscape, made to every sense.  If you draw your fingers through them they are lodged and struggle with a shock of wet heads; the long stalks rub and click and flatten to a fan on one another like your fingers themselves would when you passed the palms hard across one another, making a brittle rub and jostle like the noise of a hurdle strained by leaning against; then there is the faint honey smell and in the mouth the sweet gum when you bite them.

References
References

Forests of Europe
Flowers
Ardennes might mean:

 Ardennes (forest), a mountain range in Belgium, Luxembourg and France
 Ardennes (department), a department in France
The Ardennes (also known as Ardennes Forest) is a mountain range in eastern Belgium (eastern Wallonia), northern Luxembourg (the Oesling) and bordering France (Ardennes (department)).

It consist of hills of an altitude up to nearly 700 meters. It has many forests and few people.

The Ardennes are primarily made of slate, and borders in the east at the German Eifel. Important river is the Meuse.

Forests of Belgium
Forests of France
Geography of Belgium
Geography of Luxembourg
Ardennes (department)
Hainaut (province)
Liège (province)
Luxembourg (Belgium)
Mountain ranges of Europe
Mountains of Europe
Mountains of France
Namur (province)
Wallonia
Ginevra de' Benci is an oil on wood painting by Leonardo da Vinci. The painting was made by Leonardo between 1479 and 1480. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. It is the only Leonardo painting on view in the United States.

Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci
15th-century paintings
Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier was a French botanist, and explorer of tropical Africa, especially of French Africa and Côte d'Ivoire.

Biography
Chevalier was born on 23 June 1873 in Domfront, a town in Orne, Lower Normandy, France. His family had a small farm in Normandy and he studied first in Domfront and then in Caen.

He finished high school in 1891 and began to study at Caen University and, in 1893, Élie Antoine Octave Lignier, botanist at the university, put him in charge of making the catalog of the university herbarium.

After his military service in 1894, he got his degree in natural sciences in 1896 and he began to work with the botanist Charles Eugene Bertrand at the University of Lille. In 1897, he got a scholarship, allowing him to enter the botanical laboratory of Philippe Van Tieghem at the National Museum of Natural History. From 1899 to 1900, he was part of a scientific travel to Sudan.
Chevalier got a doctorate in 1901 and then made many scientific travels, mainly to Africa but also to tropical Asia and to South America. He became an assistant in the Colonial Agriculture Laboratory of the École pratique des hautes études (an establishment of research and higher education); in 1907 he became the deputy director of the institution and then in 1912 was made director of it.

In 1921, he began publishing the journal Revue de Botanique Appliquée, in French, where he wrote many articles.

In 1929 he was made professor of crop production at the National Museum of Natural History of France; he remained here until his retirement in 146. He became a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1937.

After his death in 1956, the Domfront municipality gave his name to the high school of the city in 1959.

Publications
Partial list of articles and books of Auguste Chevalier:
1901 : Monographie des Myricacées : anatomie et histologie, organographie, classification et description des espèces, distribution géographique, in Mémoires de Société des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg 22:85-340. ( in Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved on 20 August 2013.)
 1907 : Mission Chari-Lac Tchad 1902-1904 : L'Afrique centrale française : Récit du voyage de la mission, Paris, éditions Challamel. (Télécharger sur Internet Archives. Retrieved on 21 August 2013.)
 1908 : La forêt vierge de la Côte d'Ivoire, Masson, Paris
 1935 : Les Îles du Cap-Vert : Géographie, biogéographie, agriculture :  Flore de l'archipel, Paris, laboratoire d'agronomie coloniale du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. (Télécharger sur Tela Botanica : Le Réseau de la botanique francophone. Retrieved on 18 August 2013.)
1935 : « Les Dépôts quaternaires de l'ancien cratère de Pedra de Lume (île de Sal, archipel du Cap-Vert) », avec Léonce Joleaud et Georges Petit, dans Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des sciences, vol.200, pp. 1334-1336.
 1942 : L'Agriculture coloniale : Origines et évolution, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « Que sais-je? ».
 1944 : Le Café, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « Que sais-je? ».
References

Other websites

 Auguste Chevalier, un éminent botaniste français. Lycée Auguste-Chevalier
 Bonneuil, C. Auguste Chevalier Savant colonial
 Short biography with Photo of Chevalier 

French botanists
French explorers
1873 births
1956 deaths
People from Orne
Fatin Shidqia Lubis (born in Jakarta, 30 July 1996) is an Indonesia singer. She won the talent show X Factor Indonesia.

References

Other websites
 Fatin Shidqia official website 

Indonesian singers
1996 births
Living people
The X Factor contestants
"Oh! Susanna" is a song by Stephen Foster. It was Foster's first hit song. The song debuted in the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on September 11, 1847 and was published by W. C. Peters of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1848.  It became the unofficial anthem of the California Gold Rush in 1849.

Foster had little appreciation of the worth of his songs. His brother Morrison wrote: "While in Cincinnati [Stephen] wrote "Oh, Susanna", a song which soon became famous ... There was then in Cincinnati in the music business, W. C. Peters, whom Stephen had known in Pittsburgh, and who had taught music in our family ... [Stephen] made a present of "Old Uncle Ned" and "Oh, Susanna" to Mr. Peters. The latter made ten thousand dollars out of them, and established a music publishing house which became the largest in the West. The fame of these two songs went around the world, and thousands sang and played them who never heard the name of the author or whence they came."

Notes

References
References
 
 

19th-century American songs
Compositions by Stephen Foster
The State Forests of The Pilliga, also called the Pilliga Scrub, covers an area of 3000 km2 in north-central New South Wales, Australia.  It is the largest area of semi-arid woodland in the state.  The forest is near the towns of Baradine and Narrabri  and the villages of Pilliga and Gwabegar.

History
Author Eric Rolls wrote a book about the Pilliga called A Million Wild Acres.  He argued that the forest used to be an open woodland forest and that European influence has let the cypress pines take over. However, many scientific authors now disagree, using historical records from as early as the 1870s which say that the types of plants in the forest have not changed as much as Rolls suggests.  However most of his history of the region is an important document for understanding the area.

Environment
Environment

Geology
The geology of the area is mainly Pilliga sandstone. This is a coarse red to yellow Jurassic sandstone containing about 75% quartz, 15% plagioclase and 10% iron oxide.In the south are sandstone outcrops with basalt-capped ridges. In the north there are plains of alluvium from flooding creeks.  There are small, shallow, usually dry lakes, called gilgais, in some areas.  In the west there are dry sandy creeks, called "sand monkeys".  In the east is a heavily eroded sandstone mountain range, which can be seen as sandstone outcrops such as those around Gin's Leap between Baan Baa and Boggabri.

Flora and fauna
The forest contains at least 900 plant species. Some areas of the forest, particularly in the western Pilliga, are dominated by cypress-pine (Callitris spp.).  However there are a variety of other plant communities in the forest, some of which do not include Callitris.  These include smaller she-oaks, while eucalypts are the taller trees throughout the forest.
Animals found in the Pilliga Nature Reserve include at least 36 native and nine introduced mammals, 50 reptiles and at least 15 frogs.  Squirrel Gliders, Koalas, Rufous Bettongs and Pilliga Mice are present.

Birds
A 4909 km2 area of land, including the forest and the nearby Warrumbungle National Park, has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA). It supports groups of Painted Honeyeaters and Diamond Firetails.  Endangered Swift Parrots and Regent Honeyeaters, and near threatened Bush Stone-curlews, are sometimes seen in the forest.  Other woodland birds present in good numbers include Barking Owls, Glossy Black-Cockatoos, Grey-crowned Babblers, Speckled Warblers, Brown Treecreepers, Hooded Robins and Turquoise Parrots.
Fires
Fire plays a major role in the ecology of the forest with many plant species needing fire to regenerate. Sometimes the fires can be extremely hot, spread very quickly and threaten nearby properties as well as laying waste to entire ecosystems. If these fires occur less than 15 years apart there can be a loss of plant and animal biodiversity.  The size of the Pilliga bushfires is linked to the El Nino Southern Oscillation phenomena, with El Nino (dry) years having the most severe fires.

In 1997 a major fire burned about 1,435 km² of the forest. An extremely dry winter and spring in 2006 saw a number of large fires develop, including the Pilliga 4 Fire in November/December which burned out 740 km² on its first day.

Access and attractions
There many roads in the forest, many of which are former forestry roads. There used to be a large forestry industry, cutting cypress pine and ironbarks. In 2005 the NSW government protected much of the forest for environmental conservation.
There are many attractions in the forest, including:
 Sculptures in the Scrub: A series of cculptures along the beautiful Dandry Gorge
 Salt caves: shallow sandstone caves in the middle of the Pilliga
 Dandry Creek Gorge: sandstone cliff toward the south of the Pilliga
 Pilliga Pottery: off the highway north of Coonabarabran
 Bird-watching: many species of birds occur in the forest; the Baradine Visitor's Centre has information leaflets

References

Geography of New South Wales
Forests of Australia
Protected areas of New South Wales
"Beautiful Dreamer" is a song by Stephen Foster written about 1862. It was first published (posthumously) in 1864 by William A. Pond & Co. It has been promoted as Foster's last song, but that distinction cannot be confirmed. It is similar in some respects to his first published song, "Open They Lattice, Love". Both have a triple rhythm and share imagery of the sea and marine life. 

The arpeggiated accompaniment recalls bel canto opera. The dreamer in this song is either asleep or dead. The song does not distinguish. It is a song though about dissolution  of melting, of dissolving, of vanishing into mists, and, finally into death. The song is not held in the highest esteem by some musicologists and has been described by one as "saccharine" and "[smacking] somewhat of the idiom of Irving Berlin."
Lyrics
1.
Beautiful dreamer, wake unto me,
Starlight and dewdrops are waiting for thee;
Sounds of the rude world, heard in the day,
Lull'd by the moonlight have all pass'd away!
Beautiful dreamer, queen of my song,
List while I woo thee with soft melody;
Gone are the cares of life's busy throng,
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!

2.
Beautiful dreamer, out on the sea,
Mermaids are chanting the wild lorelei;
Over the streamlet vapors are borne,
Waiting to fade at the bright coming morn.
Beautiful dreamer, beam on my heart,
E'en as the morn on the streamlet and sea;
Then will all clouds of sorrow depart,
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!

Notes

References
 
 

19th-century American songs
Compositions by Stephen Foster
Box-Ironbark forest is a forest or woodland ecosystem found in central Victoria in south-eastern Australia. It is named after the Box and Ironbark trees which grow in the forest. These tree species produce a lot of nectar and pollen throughout the year. This is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals.

History
Box-Ironbark forest lies mainly within the Goldfields region of Victoria. During the main years of the gold rush (1851-1870) it underwent intensive digging and clearing in the goldfields. Large areas of forest were cut down for use in the gold mines and for firewood in surrounding areas.  After the gold rush, the forests were still heavily cut for firewood and cleared for farming.
Description
Box-Ironbark forest is found on rocky, often auriferous (gold-bearing), soils, in flat and undulating landscapes at altitudes of 150–600 m above sea level. The average annual rainfall of is 500–800 mm.  About 40% of the original forest ecosystem in Victoria is public land, with about 20% protected in conservation reserves.  About 55% has been permanently cleared for agriculture, mining and urban development.  Remaining forest is in small scattered areas.
Vegetation
Box-Ironbark forest has a canopy of box, ironbark and gum-barked eucalypts, growing to 25 m in height. Below them is an understorey of wattles, small-leaved and prostrate shrubs, herbs and grasses.  The main trees are White Box, Red Box, Red Ironbark, Mugga Ironbark, Yellow Gum and Red Stringybark.  In some areas they may grow with, or be replaced by, Yellow Box, Long-leaf Box or Silver Bundy.  The mix of plants in the groundcover includes the largest concentrations of orchids of any Victorian ecosystem. Small herbs and shrubs found in Box-Ironbark forests include Cheiranthera cyanaea, Philotheca verrucosa, Xerochrysum viscosum, Pultenaea largiflorens, Acacia williamsonii and Stuartina muelleri.
Animals
The trees of the Box-Ironbark forest produce a lot of flowers and nectar. They are a major source of nectar and pollen for honeyeaters, lorikeets and many kinds of invertebrates. Flowering of the different species of eucalypts takes place at different times of year so there is always a nectar or pollen source available for migratory, nomadic and resident birds. This means there are both more species, and greater numbers of individuals, of honeyeaters and lorikeets than in any other ecosystem. These birds include Black-chinned, Regent, Fuscous and Brown-headed Honeyeaters, Swift Parrots and Musk Lorikeets.  The forest supports the largest numbers of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Victoria and is a stronghold for Brush-tailed Phascogales, Yellow-footed Antechinuses and Squirrel Gliders.

Further reading
 Tzaros, Chris. (2005). Wildlife of the Box-Ironbark Country. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

References

Ecosystems
Geography of Victoria, Australia
Forests of Australia
Ironbark is a common name of a number of species within the genus Eucalyptus that have dark, deeply furrowed bark.

Many eucalypts shed their bark very year, but on an Ironbark the dead bark stays on the trees, forming the furrows. It becomes rough after drying out and becomes full of kino, a dark red tree sap exuded by the tree. The bark is resistant to fire and heat and protects the living tissue within the trunk and branches from fire. In cases of extreme fire, where leaves and shoots are removed, the bark protects the epicormic buds which allow the tree to reshoot.

Examples of Ironbark species 
 Eucalyptus crebra, narrow-leaved ironbark or  narrow-leaved red ironbark
 Eucalyptus fibrosa, broad-leaved red ironbark
 Eucalyptus melanophloia, silver-leaved ironbark
 Eucalyptus paniculata, grey ironbark
 Eucalyptus siderophloia, Northern Grey Ironbark
 Eucalyptus sideroxylon, red ironbark or Mugga
 Eucalyptus placita, Grey Ironbark
 Eucalyptus staigeriana, lemon ironbark
 Eucalyptus tricarpa, red ironbark.
References

Trees of Australia
Eucalyptus
Belanglo State Forest is a planted forest in the Australian state of New South Wales covering an area of about 3,500 hectares. It is south of Berrima in the Southern Highlands, five kilometres west of the Hume Highway between Sydney and Canberra. The forest is owned by the New South Wales Government and has some of the earliest pine plantings in the state. The public has free access to the forest; it is popular with recreational trail bike riders.

History

Backpacker Murders
In 1992 and 1993, seven skeletons were found in the forest. These became known as The Backpacker Murders and was thought to be the work of a serial killer.  Eventually, Ivan Milat was convicted of the murders in 1996 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Other murders
On the 29 August 2010 trail bike riders discovered another human skeleton in the forest. At first this was thought to be another victim of Ivan Milat, but later forensic evidence suggests that the remains were left there at a later date.
On 22 November 2010, three teenagers (including one related to Ivan Milat) were arrested over the murder of David Auchterlonie, in the Belanglo State Forest. He had been murdered by friends on his birthday, and left in a shallow grave. 
One of the teenagers reported the murder to the police.

References

Protected areas of New South Wales
Forests of Australia
The Wombat State Forest, also called the Bullarook Forest, is  west of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, between Woodend and Daylesford, at the Great Dividing Range. The forest covers an area of about . The Bullarook Wombat State Forest was set up in 1871.

The forest is managed by the Department of Sustainability and Environment. The management plan covers firewood and other products; protection of water supplies, conservation  of biodiversity, and conservation of landscape.  Other areas of importance include cultural heritage, research, education, tourism, recreation, mineral exploration, mining, and grazing.

History

The Dja Dja Wurrung peoples lived the area that is now state forest land. Before European settlement, the forest covered a larger area than it does today.
19th century
The forest was logged heavily during the gold rush era of the mid-1800s. The wood was used for tunnel supports, sleepers for tramways, lining of mining shafts, firewood for mine boilers, piles for piers and docks, electric poles, and heavy construction timbers. In 1860 the 1860 Land Act (Section 80) was created, which placed some restrictions on logging trees. In 1871, the Wombat State Forest was set up.

By 1884, there were 36 saw mills in the Wombat and Bullarook Forests. The wood was sent to Melbourne, Sandhurst, and Ballarat. There was little replanting and the young trees were burned. Eventually the forest was ruined, and timber harvesting was stopped.

20th century
After the gold rush, the forest slowly began to regrow. By the 1960s selected logging was begun to try to improve the quality of the forest. In the 1970s and 80s, the area was called the "Midlands Forest Management Area". This included the planting of pine trees for commercial logging.
In 2001, the local community published its own findings about the forest's sustainable management. This was one of the first examples of community involvement in a state-run management plan. In 2010, community worried that logging could begin in the forest because the State Government gave out logging licenses in western Victoria.

Geography
The Wombat Forest is divided by the Great Dividing Range. The forest grows along both sides of the Dividing Range, from Creswick to Mount Macedon. There are about 400 extinct volcanoes in a stretch that extends from Kilmore in the north to Mt Gambier in South Australia. Some of these volcanoes, including Mount Babbington, Mount Wilson and Blue Mount are in the Wombat Forest.
The geology make up is of Ordovician or Tertiary sediments. The rock types are of volcanic origin, dated to the Palaeozoic era. Quaternary basalts, all of volcanic origin, were in the west of the Wombat State Forest. These lands have been cleared for farming. However, Ordovician or sedimentary soils, with poor soil conditions for farming, have remained undisturbed. Since the Pliocene the forest has changed from ash rainforest to a dry sclerophyll forest.

The Wombat State Forest is the headwaters of the Lerderderg, Campaspe and Loddon rivers. An interesting part of the forest is a large number of  mineral springs. These are about 80% of Australia’s mineral springs. The mineral waters are rich in calcium, silica, magnesium, iron and sulphur. The volcanic activity of the region has added carbon dioxide to the water that is seen in the form of bubbles emerging from the springs.

Fauna and flora
Fauna and flora

Fauna
The native fauna are marsupials, monotremes, reptiles, amphibians, bats and birds. The Greater Glider (Petauroides volans) is the largest  possum found in this forest. It lives in the western part of the Wombat State Forest. Several threatened bird species live in the forest including the Great Egret, Intermediate Egret, Grey Goshawk, Australian Masked Owl, Powerful Owl and Square-tailed Kite. The forest is also home to the Red-browed Treecreeper and Olive Whistler.

Plants

The native plants are small medium and tall trees; shrubs of varying sizes; climbers; native herbs/forbs, grasses; rushes, sedges and aquatics; lilies, ferns and orchids. The open forest is dominated by a number of eucalypt species including Messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua), Broad-leaf Peppermint (E. dives), Narrow-leaf Peppermint (E. radiata), Manna Gum (E. viminalis) and Candlebark (E. rubida). Swamp Gum (Eucalyptus ovata) and Yarra Gum (E. yarraensis) can also be found in the forest.
Armillaria luteobubalina, a fungus that causes forest dieback, has been found. The forest has 111 fungal species spread over its wide and varying habitats. These include “native and introduced species as well as a selection of lichenised fungi and myxomycetes (slime moulds).”

Rare or threatened plant species include Wiry Bossiaea (Bossiaea cordigera), Matted Flax-lily (Dianella amoena), Brooker’s Gum (Eucalyptus brookeriana), Fryerstown Grevillea  (Grevillea obtecta), Creeping Grevillea (G. repens), Hairy Beard-heath (Leucopogon microphyllus var. pilibundus), Satinwood  (Nematolepis squamea subsp. squamea), Small Sickle Greenhood (Pterostylis lustra), Scented Bush-pea (Pultenaea graveolens) as well as two endemic species Wombat Leafless Bossiaea (Bossiaea vombata) and Wombat Bush-pea (Pultenaea reflexifolia).
Tourism
Lyonville Mineral Springs, Garden of St Erth, the Lerderderg Heritage River Walk, and Nolans Creek Picnic Area are some of the tourist attractions in the forest. Other historic places include the Andersons Mill, Balt Camp, Pioneer Sawmill, and Yankee Mine. There is also a heritage diesel railway in the forest.

References

Other websites
 Wombat Forestcare Official Site
 wombatforest.org

Protected areas of Victoria (Australia)
Forests of Australia
A forest is an area of land with a lot of trees.

Forest might also mean:
Forest, Belgium, a municipality in Belgium
Forest, Ontario, a town in Ontario, Canada
Forest Whitaker, American actor
Foreste, a commune in Aisne, France
Woodland: in British English, "forest" and "woodland" can be interchangeable.
Kaiju is a Japanese word meaning "strange creature". In English, it has come to mean "monster" or "giant monster", referring to creatures of a large size seen in movies from Asia. Many kaiju movies are made in Japan. It is a type of tokusatsu entertainment. Kaiju movies usually show a monster attacking a major Japanese city or battling other monsters.

The most famous kaiju character is Godzilla. Other well-known kaiju include King Kong, Gamera, Mothra, King Ghidorah, Mechagodzilla, and Rodan.

Terms that are related to kaiju include kaijū eiga, movies with several large monsters or a single monster, kaijin, movies with a human-like monster, and daikaiju, movies with very large monsters. other films like Yongary, Monster from the deep, Goliathon, Pulgasari, Yonggary, Thunder of Gigantic Serpent, etc.

Kaiju is recognised a lot in the blockbuster film Pacific Rim.

Filmography 

 Godzilla

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Liz Smith MBE (11 December 1921 – 24 December 2016) was an  English actress. She is best known for her roles as Annie Brandon in I Didn't Know You Cared, Bette and Aunt Belle in 2point4 children, as Norma Speakman in the BBC comedy The Royle Family, and as her role as Letitia Cropley in The Vicar of Dibley (1994–96).

Smith was born Betty Gleadle in the Crosby area of Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire on 11 December 1921. She was married to Jack Thomas from 1945 until they divorced in 1959. They had two children. She died on Christmas Eve 2016 in Worthing, West Sussex, aged 95.

References

Other websites

1921 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Lincolnshire
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Eileen Essell (8 October 1922 - 15 February 2015) was an English actress. She was known for her roles in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and in Duplex.

She also starred in The Bill, Doc Martin, Holby City, Hustle, Casualty, Ideal and Sensitive Skin. 

She guest starred as Christine in the episode "Out of the Rain" in season 2 of the BBC spin-off show Torchwood.

Essell was born on 8 October 1922 in London, England and died on 15 February 2015 in London, England.

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Jetty Paerl (Henriette Nanette Paerl; 27 May 1921 – 22 August 2013) was a Dutch singer. She was most famous in the 1950s and 1960s. 

Paerl was born on 27 May 1921 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. She was married to Dutch artist Cees Bantzinger. Paerl died in Amstelveen on 22 August 2013 from natural causes, aged 92.

References

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2013 deaths
Dutch singers
Musicians from Amsterdam
Gilbert Taylor (12 April 1914 – 23 August 2013) was a British cinematographer. He worked on several movies such as Dr. Strangelove, A Hard Day's Night, The Omen and Star Wars.

Taylor was born on 12 April 1914 in Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, England.

After six years service in World War II as an officer in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, he became an operational cameraman flying in Avro Lancaster bombers, documenting the damage after British bombing raids.

Taylor died on 23 August 2013 in Newport, Isle of Wight from natural causes, aged 99.

References

Other websites

 Profile and interview by the American Society of Cinematographers, on the occasion of his International Achievement Award

1914 births
2013 deaths
British cinematographers
People from Hertfordshire
Orville Clarence Redenbacher (July 16, 1907 – September 19, 1995) was an American businessman. He was most often associated with the brand of popcorn called Orville Redenbacher's.

Redenbacher was born on July 16, 1907 in Brazil, Indiana. He studied at Purdue University.

Redenbacher was married to Corinne Strate from 1928 until her death in 1971. He was married to Nina Redenbacher from 1971 until her death in 1991.

Redenbacher died on September 19, 1995. He drowned after having a heart attack in the Jacuzzi in his Coronado, California home, aged 88.

References

Other websites
 Orville Redenbacher Popcorn 
 

1907 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Brazil, Indiana
Accidental deaths by drowning
American botanists
Businesspeople from Indiana
Thomas B. Kin "Tommy" Chong (born May 24, 1938) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, director, musician, and writer.

He is well known for his marijuana-themed Cheech & Chong comedy movies with Cheech Marin, as well as playing the character Leo on Fox's That '70s Show.

Chong was born on May 24, 1938 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. He was raised in Calgary, Alberta. Chong studied at Crescent Heights High School.

Chong first married Maxine Sneed, from 1960 until their divorce in 1970. They had two daughters, Robbi and Rae Dawn. His second marriage was to Shelby Fiddis in 1975. They had three children.

He announced on June 9, 2012, that he has prostate cancer. He described the cancer "as a slow stage one [that I've] had for a long time." He said that he was drug-free for about three years, during which time he began having prostate-related problems.
On July 15, 2012 Chong tweeted that the hemp oil he has been using to treat his cancer is working and that "he is 99% cancer free". However, on June 16, 2015, Chong stated he has rectal cancer and was "using cannabis like crazy" in order to endure the treatment. In 2019, Chong announced that he is "cancer-free".

References

Other websites
 
 Chong's Bongs Gone Wrong A Newsweek article by Brian Braiker about Tommy Chong's various legal problems
 HoboTrashcan's One on One with Tommy Chong An in-depth interview about politics, Cheech and Chong and Tommy's wife and kids
 An Interview With Tommy Chong A Stumped? magazine article by Zach Freeman
 Video interview with Tommy Chong on 'Connected Life' 
Donald E. Wilkes, Jr. , "Pot Pope Imprisoned."  Published in Flagpole Magazine, p. 31 (December 20, 2006).
1938 births
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Plot
Neutrinos from a very large solar flare from the sun cause the temperature of Earth to increase at a very fast rate, eventually causing  a very large geological and meterological disaster. The plot follows Jackson Curtis (John Cusack) as he tries to bring his children, Noah (Liam James) and Lilly (Morgan Lily), ex-wife Kate Curtis (Amanda Peet), and her boyfriend, Gordon Silberman (Thomas McCarthy) to safety from the destructive events that occur. Among these events, a very large earthquake causes California to fall into the Pacific Ocean, the Yellowstone supervolcano erupts, and a very large tsunami hits the United States.
Cast 
 John Cusack as Jackson Curtis
 Chiwetel Ejiofor as Dr. Adrian Helmsley
 Amanda Peet as Kate Curtis
 Thandie Newton as Laura Wilson
 Oliver Platt as Carl Anheuser
 Thomas McCarthy as Gordon Silberman
 Danny Glover as the President Thomas Wilson
 Woody Harrelson as Charlie Frost
 Liam James as Noah Curtis
 Morgan Lily as Lily Curtis
 Zlatko Buric as Yuri Karpov
 Beatrice Rosen as Tamara
 Jimi Mistry as Dr. Satnam Tsurutani
 John Billingsley as Professor West
 Blu Mankuma as Harry Helmsley
 George Segal as Tony Delgatto
 Johann Urb as Sasha
 Stephen McHattie as Captain Michaels

References

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2009 movies
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2000s American adventure movies
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Columbia Pictures movies
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Movies directed by Roland Emmerich
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The Băneasa Forest is a forest in the north of Bucharest, Romania. It is close to Băneasa neighborhood and Băneasa Airport. On its southern edge, it has a zoological garden, known as Zoo Băneasa.

Forests of Europe
Bucharest
Geography of Romania