Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Edward Bridge "Ted" Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer. Danson was born in San Diego, California and raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. He is best known from his work on television. His roles include:

 Dr. John Becker in Becker
 Sam Malone in Cheers
 Jack Holden in Three Men and a Baby and Three Men and a Little Lady
 D.B. Russell in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 Michael in The Good Place

Ted Danson was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2018, 2019 and 2020 for playing Michael on The Good Place. The Good Place won a Peabody Award in 2019.

Other websites

References

1947 births
Living people
Actors from Arizona
Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Flagstaff, Arizona
A digital camera is a camera that stores pictures in electronic memory instead of film. Because of this, a digital camera can hold many more pictures than a traditional film camera. A digital camera can sometimes hold hundreds or thousands of pictures. Many use a memory card to store them. Most digital cameras can use a USB cable that connects into a computer to send pictures that are in the camera to the computer.

Digital photography is a kind of photography where a digital camera is used to take photos. Digital cameras use an image sensor instead of photographic film. Very often, they also use a memory card to store the photos in a digital format. Most photography is digital, though some photographers still use the old film cameras. 

The majority of cameras are part of a mobile phone, called a "camera phone". They can send their pictures to other phones and other devices. Most camera phones do not make as good pictures as larger separate cameras do, especially where light is not bright.
Most digital cameras can serve as Video cameras. Some have a direct link to another computer where the data may be stored.

Data storage 
When you take a picture or a video, it is saved on a memory device. The memory device can be internal - flash memory inside the camera, or external - memory cards, microdrives and so on. The most used method for saving pictures and videos from a camera is a SD card.

The picture can be saved in a compressed file (JPEG, TIFF) or in an uncompressed, proprietary RAW file.  The compressed picture is lower quality but the RAW picture has to be processed with a special computer program.

A video is usually saved as an AVI, MPEG or MOV file format (it depends on the producer of the camera).

Most modern cameras also put Exif information in the picture file. This metadata information usually includes the date of taking the picture, the camera type, and its settings. Some cameras include GPS coordinates.

Gallery

Other websites 

Cameras
Electronics
Data input
Cheers is a long-running American sitcom made by Charles-Burrows-Charles Productions in association with Paramount Television for NBC. The show premiered on September 30, 1982 and had its widely watched series finale on May 20, 1993, followed by a long and ongoing run in syndication. In eleven seasons, there were 270 episodes.

Format: Sitcom
Run time: approx. 0:30 (per episode)
Creators: James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles
Producers: David Angell

Characters and actors who portrayed them 

Sam Malone (Ted Danson)
Diane Chambers (Shelley Long)
Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley)
Coach Ernie Pantusso (Nicholas Colasanto)
Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman)
Cliff Calvin (John Ratzenberger)
Woody Boyd (Woody Harrelson)
Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
Lilith Sternin (Bebe Neuwirth)
Norm Peterson (George Wendt)

Setting

Cheers was set in a Boston bar.  This bar was where a group of friends would come to sit, drink alcohol, complain, and make practical jokes on a rival bar in town.
The show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) and ex-baseball pitcher and bar owner Sam Malone (Ted Danson). Long's departure from the show in 1987 shifted the emphasis to Sam's relationship with a new character, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley). Diane returned for the finale.

The show also created the character Frasier Crane. Frasier got his own show (Frasier) the season after Cheers ended.  Frasier's love interest Lilith Sternin appeared on both shows but Frasier and Lilith were no longer married in Frasier.

The producers, not wanting the show to be construed as promoting drinking, had Sam's character written as an ex-alcoholic. Most of the early episodes took place entirely within the confines of the bar. When the series became popular, some scenes were outside the bar.
The outer shots of the bar were actually the Bull and Finch pub, north of Boston Common, which has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series. It is said to be the bar that the series creators saw and wanted to model the bar in their show after. It has now been renamed Cheers on Beacon Hill, though its interior is quite different from the TV bar.

Ratings 
It was nearly cancelled during its first season (in which it ranked dead last among 63 shows).  But it eventually became one of the most popular shows on TV because it had a top-ten rating during seven of its eleven seasons. The show earned 26 Emmy Awards out of a total of 111 nominations.

Other websites 

1982 television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
1980s American sitcoms
1990s American sitcoms
Boston in fiction
NBC network shows
Television series set in Massachusetts
Emmy Award winning programs
English-language television programs
Jackie Chan Adventures is an animated television series. Episodes were first broadcast on the WB television network, and later syndicated on other networks such as the Cartoon Network.  It features fictionalized Jackie Chan and his niece Jade on their adventures trying to stop evil.

Animated television series
Kids WB series
English-language television programs
2000 television series debuts
2005 television series endings
A stapler is an office tool that is used to place thin items such as paper together. It uses a small piece of wire (a staple) to put them together. The ends of the staple are pointed and go into the paper. There is also a chain of stores called Staples, which sell office supplies.

When you press the stapler down, it will release a staple. The staple is pressed into the paper, and then bent. That way the pieces of paper get stuck together. 

Tools
Pixar Animation Studios, or simply Pixar, is an American computer animation studio. It is known for its advanced CGI productions. It has been a partner of Disney for many years. In 2006, Disney bought the company.

Pixar started as a division of George Lucas' Lucasfilm in early 1979. In 1986, Apple Inc. founder Steve Jobs bought it for $10 million. He worked as a chairman and CEO until 2011.

The company has made a total of 28 movies and short films based on the characters, starting with Toy Story which was released on November 22, 1995, Toy Story 2 was premiered in 1999 and Toy Story 3 was made in 2010. The fourth film of the franchise is Toy Story 4 which released in 2019. The Toy Story franchise has globally become the highest-grossing animated films of all time and has also released several short films and several television series.

Movies

Released

Upcoming

Short movies
Short movies 

 Adventures of André & Wally B.
 Luxo Jr.
 Red's Dream
 Tin Toy
 Knick-Knack
 Geri's Game
 For the Birds
 Mike's New Car
 Boundin'''
 Jack-Jack Attack One Man Band Lifted Mater and the Ghostlight Your Friend, the Rat Presto BURN-E Partly Cloudy Dug's Special Mission George & A.J. Day & Night La Luna The Legend of Mor'du The Blue Umbrella Party Central Lava Sanjay's Super Team Riley's First Date? PiperLou Bao 22 vs Earth Ciao AlbertoCars Toons

 Rescue Squad Mater Mater The Greater El Materdor Tokyo Mater
 Unidentified Flying Mater Monsters Truck Mater
 Heavy Metal Mater
 Moon Mater
 Mater Private Eye
 Air Mater
 Time Travel Mater

Toy Story Toons

 Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex''

References

Other websites 
 The Official Site
Finding Nemo is a 2003 American computer-animated comedy adventure film written and directed by Andrew Stanton, released by Walt Disney Pictures, and the fifth film produced by Pixar Animation Studios. It tells the story of the over-protective clownfish named Marlin (Albert Brooks) who searches for his captured son Nemo (Alexander Gould), along with a regal blue tang named Dory (Ellen DeGeneres) in Sydney Harbour. Along the way, Marlin learns to take risks and let Nemo take care of himself. It is Pixar's first film to be released in cinemas in the northern hemisphere summer. The film was re-released for the first time in 3D on September 14, 2012, and it was released on Blu-ray on December 4, 2012. A sequel, Finding Dory, was released on January 12, 2016.
The film received extremely positive reviews and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. It was the second highest-grossing film of the year, earning a total of $921 million worldwide. Finding Nemo is also the best-selling DVD of all time, with over 40 million copies sold as of 2011, and was the highest money making G-rated film of all time before The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run overtook it. It is also the 22nd highest money making film of all time, as well as the 3rd highest money making animated film. In 2008, the American Film Institute named it the tenth greatest animated film ever made during their Top 10.

Plot
Two clownfish, Marlin and his wife Coral are admiring their new home in the Great Barrier Reef and their clutch of eggs that are due to hatch in a few days. Suddenly, a barracuda attacks them, and Marlin tries to defend and save his eggs, leaving Marlin unconscious. Coral and all but one of their eggs are also eaten. Marlin names this egg Nemo, a name that Coral liked.
While trying to save Nemo, Marlin meets Dory, a good-hearted and optimistic Regal blue tang with short-term memory loss. While meeting three sharks on a fish-free diet, Bruce, a great white shark; Anchor, a hammerhead shark; and Chum, a mako shark, Marlin discovers the diver's mask that was dropped from the boat and notices an address written on it. However, when he angrily argues with Dory and accidentally gives her a nosebleed, the scent of blood causes Bruce to lose control of himself and attempt to eat Marlin and Dory. The two escape from Bruce but the mask falls into a trench in the deep sea. During a hazardous struggle with an anglerfish in the trench, Dory realizes she is able to read the address written on the mask, which leads to Sydney, Australia, and manages to remember it.  She repeats " P. Sherman 42 Wallaby Way Sydney" to keep it in her memory
. After receiving directions to Sydney from a large school of Silver moony, Marlin and Dory accidentally run into a bloom of jellyfish that nearly sting them to death; Marlin falls exhausted after the risky escape and wakes up to see a surf-cultured Green sea turtle named Crush, who takes Dory and him on the East Australian Current, referred to as the EAC by the animals. In the current, Marlin shares the story of his journey with a group of young sea turtles who spread the story around the ocean.
Meanwhile, Nemo's captor - P. Sherman, a dentist - places him into a fish tank in his office on Sydney Harbour. There, Nemo meets a group of aquarium fish called the "Tank Gang", led by a crafty and ambitious moorish idol named Gill. The "Tank Gang" includes Peach, a starfish;  Bloat, a puffer fish; Bubbles, a Yellow tang; Deb, a Blacktailed humbug Gurgle, a Royal gramma; and Jacques, a pacific cleaner shrimp;. The fish are frightened to learn that the dentist plans to give Nemo to his niece, Darla. She is infamous for killing a goldfish given to her previously by constantly shaking the bag. In order to avoid this fate, Gill gives Nemo a role in an escape plan, which involves jamming the tank's filter and forcing the dentist to remove the fish from the tank to clean it manually. The fish could be placed in plastic bags, at which point they could only roll out the window and into the harbor
. After a friendly pelican named Nigel visits with news of Marlin's adventure, Nemo succeeds in jamming the filter, but the plan backfires when the dentist installs a new high-tech filter.
Sad, Marlin leaves Dory and begins to swim back home. Poor Dory then loses her memory and becomes a little worried, but meets Nemo, who has reached the ocean, has no memory of him. As you know, Dory's memory is restored again after she reads the word "Sydney" on a nearby drainpipe and, remembering her journey, she guides Nemo to Marlin. After the two joyfully reunite, Dory is caught in a fishing net with a school of grouper. Nemo bravely enters the net and directs the group to swim downward to break the net, reminiscent of a similar scenario that occurred in the fish tank earlier. The fish, including Dory, succeed in breaking the net and escape. After some days, Nemo leaves for school once more and Marlin who is no longer overprotective after all.

Back at the dentist's office, the high-tech filter breaks down and The Tank Gang escape into the harbor. But, they realize that they are trapped in the bags of water that the dentist put them into when cleaning the tank.

Cast
Cast

Soundtrack 
Father and Son by Cat Stevens
Just Keep Swimming by Ellen DeGeneres
Slicin' Sand by Authority Zero
Surfin' Safari by Reel Big Fish
Perfect by Simple Plan
Learn to Fly by Foo Fighters
Become What You Hate by Midtown
Fandango by Bob Bain
Psycho by Bernard Herrmann
Down Under by Men at Work

Reception
Finding Nemo currently holds a 99% fresh rating at Rotten Tomatoes with 100% by top critics, and an average of 89% on Metacritic. Roger Ebert gave the film four stars, calling it "one of those rare movies where I always wanted to sit in the front row and let the images wash out to the edges of my field of vision." The late broadway stars Paul Winchell, John Fiedler, and Ken Sansom who were the voices of three of Pooh's friends, Tigger, Piglet, & Rabbit in the Winnie the Pooh franchise, said Finding Nemo was their favorite animated film.
At the same time, the film had a quote that "all drains lead back to the ocean" (Nemo escapes from the aquarium by going down a sink drain, ending up in the sea). Since water typically undergoes treatment before leading to the ocean, the JWC Environmental company quipped that a more realistic title for the movie might be Grinding Nemo. However, in Sydney, much of the sewer system does really pass directly to outfall pipes deep offshore, without a high level of treatment (although pumping and some filtering occur). Additionally, according to the DVD, there was a cut sequence with Nemo going through a treatment plant's mechanisms before ending up in the ocean pipes. However, in the final product, logos for "Sydney Water Treatment" are featured prominently along the path to the ocean, implying that Nemo really did pass through some water treatment.
The Australian Tourism Commission (ATC) launched several marketing campaigns in China and the USA in order to improve tourism in Australia, many of them using Finding Nemo clips. Queensland also used Finding Nemo to draw tourists to promote its state for vacationers.

On the 3-D re-release, Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote that its emotional power was deepened by "the dimensionality of the oceanic deep" where "the spatial mysteries of watery currents and floating worlds are exactly where 3-D explorers were born to boldly go."

The 3-D re-release also prompted a retrospective on the film then nine years after its initial release. Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger described it as "A genuinely funny and touching film that, in less than a decade, has established itself as a timeless classic,"  with Roger Moore of the McClatchy-Tribune News Service calling the movie "the gold standard against which all other modern animated films are measured."
Home media
Finding Nemo was released on DVD and VHS on November 4, 2003. The film was also released on DVD in a "Gold Edition", which came with a Finding Nemo stuffed toy character. The film had a home video release on both Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on December 4, 2012, with both a 3-disc and a 5-disc set and was released on 4K Ultra-HD on September 10, 2019.
The inspiration for Nemo was made up of multiple experiences. The idea goes back to when director Andrew Stanton was a child, when he loved going to the dentist to see the fish tank, assuming that the fish were from the ocean and wanted to go home. In 1992 shortly after his son was born, he and his family took a trip to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (which was called Marine World at the time). There he saw the shark tube and various exhibits he felt that the underwater world had bene done beautifully in computer animation. Later, in 1997 he took his son for a walk in the park, but found that he was over protecting him constantly and lost an opportunity to have any "father-son experiences" on that day. In an interview with National Geographic magazine, he stated that the idea for the characters of Marlin and Nemo came from a photograph of two clownfish peeking out of an anemone:"It was so arresting. I had no idea what kind of fish they were, but I wasn't taking my eyes off them
. And as an entertainer, the fact that they were called clownfish—it was perfect. There's almost nothing more appealing than these little fish that want to play peekaboo with you." Also, clownfish are very colourful, but don't seem to tend to come out of an anemone very often, and for a character who has to go on a dangerous journey, Stanton felt a clownfish was the perfect kind of fish for the character.
Pre-production of the film took place in early 1997. Stanton began writing the screenplay during the post-production of A Bug's Life. As such, it began production with a complete screenplay, something that co-director Lee Unkrich called "very unusual for an animated film." The artists took scuba diving lessons so they could go and study the coral reef. The idea for the initiation sequence came from a story conference between Andrew Stanton and Bob Peterson while driving to record the actors. Ellen DeGeneres was cast after Stanton was watching Ellen with his wife and seeing Ellen "change the subject five times before finishing one sentence" as Stanton recalled. There was a pelican character known as Gerald (who in the final film ends up swallowing and choking on Marlin and Dory) who was originally a friend of Nigel. They were going to play against each other as Nigel being neat fastidious while Gerald being scruffy and sloppy
. However the filmmakers had not found an appropriate scene for them that didn't slow the pace of the picture down, so Gerald's character was minimized.
Stanton himself provided the voice of Crush the sea turtle. Stanton originally did the voice for the film's story reel, and assumed they would find an actor later. When Stanton's performance was popular in test screenings, Stanton decided to keep his performance in the film. Stanton recorded all his dialogue while lying on a sofa in co-director Lee Unkrich's office.

Crush's son Squirt was voiced by Nicholas Bird, the young son of fellow Pixar director Brad Bird. According to Stanton, the elder Bird was playing a tape recording of his young son around the Pixar studios one day. Stanton felt the voice was "this generation's Thumper" and immediately cast Nicholas.
Megan Mullally revealed that she was originally doing a voice in the film. According to Mullally, the producers were dissatisfied to learn that the voice of her character Karen Walker on the television show Will & Grace was not her natural speaking voice. The producers hired her anyway, and then strongly encouraged her to use her Karen Walker voice for the role. When Mullally refused, she was dismissed.

The film was dedicated to Glenn McQueen, a Pixar animator who died of melanoma in October 2002.

Finding Nemo shares many plot elements with Pierrot the Clownfish, a children's book published in 2002, but allegedly conceived in 1995. The author, Franck Le Calvez, sued Disney for infringement of his intellectual rights. The judge ruled against him, citing the color differences between Pierrot and Nemo.
To ensure that the movements of the fish in the film were believable the animators essentially took a crash course in fish biology and oceanography. They visited aquariums, went diving in Hawaii and received in-house lectures from an ichthyologist.

Box office
Finding Nemo earned $380,673,009 in North America, and $540,900,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $921,573,009. It is the second highest-grossing film of 2003, behind The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. In North America, outside North America, and worldwide, it was the highest-grossing film, up until 2020 when The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run surpassed it.
Finding Nemo set an opening-weekend record for an animated feature, making $70,251,710 (first surpassed by Sausage Party). It became the highest-grossing animated film in North America ($339.7 million), outside North America ($528.2 million) and worldwide ($867.9 million), in all three occasions outgrossing The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. In North America, it was surpassed by both Sausage Party in 2016, and The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run in 2020. After the re-release of The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh in 2016, it stands as the fourth highest-grossing animated film in these regions. Outside North America, it was surpassed by Sausage Party, The Tigger Movie, and The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run. Worldwide, it now ranks third among animated films.
The film had impressive box office runs in many international markets. In Japan, its highest-grossing market after North America, it grossed $102.4 million becoming the highest-grossing Western animated film until it was out-grossed by The Tigger Movie ($126.7 million). Following in biggest grosses are the UK, Ireland and Malta, where it grossed £37.2 million ($67.1 million), France and the Maghreb region ($64.8 million), Germany ($53.9 million), and Spain ($29.5 million).

3D re-release
After the success of the 3D re-release of The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, Disney and Pixar re-released Finding Nemo in 3D on September 14, 2012, with a conversion cost estimated below $5 million. For the opening weekend of its 3D re-release in North America, Finding Nemo grossed $16.7 million, debuting at the No. 2 spot behind Resident Evil: Retribution. From seven foreign markets, it earned a total of $5.1 million.

Accolades
Accolades

Finding Nemo won the Academy Award and Saturn Award for Best Animated Film. It also won the award for best Animated Film at the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards, the Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards, the National Board of Review Awards, the Online Film Critics Society Awards, and the Toronto Film Critics Association Awards.

The film received many awards, including:
Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie and Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie, Ellen DeGeneres.
Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress, Ellen DeGeneres

Finding Nemo was also nominated for:
 Two Chicago Film Critics Association Awards for Best Picture and Best Supporting Actress, Ellen DeGeneres
 A Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
 Two MTV Movie Awards for Best Movie and Best Comedic Performance, Ellen DeGeneres
In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its "Ten top Ten", the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. Finding Nemo was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the animation genre. It was the most recently released film among all ten lists, and one of only three movies made after the year 2000, the others being The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and Shrek.

Video game

A video game based on the film was released in 2003, for PC, Xbox, PS2, GameCube and GBA.

Sequel
Sequel 

In 2005, after disagreements between Disney's Michael Eisner and Pixar's Steve Jobs over the distribution of Pixar's films, Disney announced that they would be creating a new animation studio, Circle 7 Animation, to make sequels to the seven Disney-owned Pixar films (which consisted of the films released between 1995 and 2011). The studio had put Toy Story 4 and Monsters at Work in development, and had also hired screenwriter Laurie Craig to write a draft for Finding Nemo 2. Circle 7 was subsequently shut down after Robert Iger replaced Eisner as CEO of Disney and arranged the acquisition of Pixar.
In July 2012, it was reported that Andrew Stanton is developing a sequel to Finding Nemo, with Victoria Strouse writing the script and a schedule to be released in 2016. However, the same day the news of a potential sequel broke, director Andrew Stanton posted a message on his personal Twitter calling into question the accuracy of these reports. The message said, "Didn't you all really learn from Toy Story 4? Everyone calm down. Don't believe everything you read. Nothing to see here now. #skyisnotfalling" According to the report by Hollywood Reporter published in August 2012, Ellen DeGeneres is in negotiations to reprise her role of Dory. In September 2012, it was confirmed by Stanton saying: "What was immediately on the list was writing a second Carter movie. When that went away, everything slid up. I know I'll be accused by more sarcastic people that it's a reaction to Carter not doing well, but only in its timing, but not in its conceit."

References
References

2003 comedy movies
2003 animated movies
2000s computer-animated movies
2000s buddy movies
2012 3D movies
American animated movies
American buddy movies
American comedy movies
American family movies
Buddy comedy movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
 
Movies about fish
Movies set in Australia
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
3D re-releases
Movies directed by Andrew Stanton
Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo Fibonacci and Leonardo of Pisa, lived c. 11701250. He was an Italian mathematician. He was thought "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages".

Fibonacci popularized the Hindu–Arabic numeral system to the Western World. He did this in his composition in 1202 of Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation). He also introduced to Europe the sequence of Fibonacci numbers which he used as an example in Liber Abaci.

Fibonacci number sequence 

Fibonacci is best known for the list of numbers called the Fibonacci Sequence. The list never stops, but it starts this way:
 1,  1,  2,  3,  5,  8,  13,  21,  34,  55,  89, 144,  233,  
 377,  610,  987,  1597,  2584...
In this list, a person can find the next number by adding the last two numbers together.
 1 + 1 = 2
     1 + 2 = 3
         2 + 3 = 5
             3 + 5 = 8
                 5 + 8 = 13
                     8 + 13 = 21
                         13 + 21 = 34
                              21 + 34 = 55
                                   34 + 55 = 89
                                        55 + 89 = 144
                                             89 + 144 = 233
                                                  144 + 233 = 377
                                                        233 + 377 = 610
                                                              377 + 610 = 987
                                                                    610 + 987 = 1597
                                                                          987 + 1597 = 2584
                                                                          etc...
This series is also interesting because the ratio of two adjacent numbers in the series approaches the golden ratio.

References 

1170s births
1250 deaths
Italian mathematicians
People from Pisa
Richard Stallman (born March 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU project, and the Free Software Foundation. He is also a famous hacker. He created GNU Emacs, the GNU C Compiler, and the GNU Debugger. He is one of the main authors of the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL), the most used free software license, which pioneered the concept of the copyleft.

Since the mid-1990s, he has spent most of his time as a political campaigner, talking about free software and campaigning against proprietary software, software idea patents and expansions of copyright law. The time that he still spends on programming is spent on GNU Emacs. He is currently supported by various fellowships and maintains a modest standard of living.

Other websites 
 Stallman.org – Richard Stallman's personal homepage
 Richard Stallman's blog
 

1953 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Scientists from New York City
American bloggers
The National Hockey League or NHL, is the highest-level ice hockey league in the world. It has 32 teams - seven are from Canada and the other 25 are from the United States. The winner of the playoffs each year wins the Stanley Cup.

The NHL began in 1917. Some of the owners in the National Hockey Association had problems with owner Edward Livingstone, so they got rid of him by creating a new league. There were five teams in 1917:

 Montreal Canadiens
 Montreal Wanderers
 Ottawa Senators (later St. Louis Eagles; not related to the current Ottawa Senators)
 Quebec Bulldogs (later Hamilton Tigers)
 Toronto Arenas (later St. Patricks, then Maple Leafs)
They played 22 games a year. The Wanderers had to stop playing in the first year because their arena burned down. Over the years some teams died out, and others were created: the Boston Bruins, New York Americans, Montreal Maroons, Pittsburgh Pirates (later Philadelphia Quakers), New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars (later Falcons, then Red Wings).

Some teams folded during the Great Depression, so by 1942 there were only six teams:

 Boston Bruins
 Chicago Blackhawks
 Detroit Red Wings
 Montreal Canadiens
 New York Rangers
 Toronto Maple Leafs

There were only these six teams for 25 years, so they became known as the "Original Six".
By the 1940s, they were playing 50 games a year, but this increased slowly to 80 games by the 1970s. In 1967, the league increased to 12 teams. By 1979 it had 21 teams, and today it has 32. Some of the teams that no longer exist are the Oakland Seals, Minnesota North Stars (now the Dallas Stars), Winnipeg Jets (now the Arizona Coyotes), Kansas City Scouts (which became the Colorado Rockies and are now the New Jersey Devils), Hartford Whalers (now the Carolina Hurricanes), Quebec Nordiques (now the Colorado Avalanche) and Atlanta Thrashers (now the current Winnipeg Jets).

Today they play 82 games a year, plus four rounds of playoffs. The players make a lot of money (many make over a million dollars a year). Because they could make so much money, many Europeans came over to North America to play in the NHL. Today almost all the world's best hockey players are in the NHL.

List of teams

Notes
Notes

 An asterisk (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.
 The Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers (now Carolina Hurricanes), Quebec Nordiques (now Colorado Avalanche), and original Winnipeg Jets (now Arizona Coyotes) all joined the NHL in 1979 as part of the NHL–WHA merger.

Related pages
 History of the National Hockey League

References

Notes

Other websites 
 Official NHL website

National Hockey League
1917 establishments in North America
Isaac Asimov ( – April 6, 1992) was a  writer of science fiction. He was also a biochemist with a PhD from Columbia University.

Life 
Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Smolensk Oblast, Russian SFSR to a Jewish family, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919 and January 2, 1920. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. He was taken to the United States when he was three, and learned English and Yiddish as his native languages. He wrote many books. People know about Isaac Asimov because of his science fiction books and his science books for non-scientists.

Writing 
Asimov's most famous books were the Foundation series. He also wrote the Galactic Empire, the Robot Series, mystery, fantasy, and non-fiction books. He wrote the Norby series with his wife, Janet Asimov. He wrote or edited over 500 books and about 90,000 letters. Other subjects he wrote about were history, the Bible, literature, and sexuality.
Many of Asimov's early writings were short stories published in cheap science fiction and fantasy magazines. Years later, most of them were collected and republished as collections. Well-known collections include I, Robot, The Rest of the Robots, Earth is Room Enough and The Early Asimov.

Asimov's reading list 
Asimov made a list of 15 of his science fiction books, which he advised should be read in this order:
 I, Robot (1950). Alternatively, The Complete Robot (1982).
 Caves of Steel (1954).
 The Naked Sun (1957).
 The Robots of Dawn (1983).
 Robots and Empire (1985).
 The Currents of Space (1952).
 The Stars, Like Dust (1951).
 Pebble in the Sky (1950).
 Prelude to Foundation (1988).
 Forward the Foundation (1993).
 Foundation (1951).
 Foundation and Empire (1952).
 Second Foundation (1953).
 Foundation's Edge (1982).
 Foundation and Earth (1986).

Numbers 1–5 are 'Robot' books; 6–8 are 'Galacticos Empire' books; 9–15 are Foundation series books.
Asimov's novels have influenced science fiction on television and movie. Especially his 'Three Laws of Robotics' is a lasting contribution to our thinking.

 A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
 A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
 A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

Beliefs 
Although ethnically a Jew, Asimov was an atheist:
"I am an atheist, out and out. It took me quite a long time to say it. I've been an atheist for years and years, but somehow ... it was better to say one was a humanist or an agnostic".

Death 
When he had heart surgery in 1983, he received blood infected with HIV. He developed AIDS, and died of the effects of the medical condition in 1992. His widow did not speak of this until years later.

Related pages 
 Arthur C. Clarke

Notes

References
Notes

References 

1919 births
1920 births
1992 deaths
American atheists
American biochemists
Columbia University alumni
Deaths from AIDS
Jewish American writers
Writers from New York City
Scientists from New York (state)
Up to 1950 
 1002 – Ethelred the Unready orders the killing of Danes of England.
 1160 – Louis VII of France marries Adele of Champagne.
 1553 - Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer and Lady Jane Grey are accused of high treason and sentenced to death.
 1642 - English Civil War: Battle of Turnham Green - The Royalist forces withdraw against the Parliamentary army and fail to take London.
 1775 - American Revolutionary War: Patriot revolutionary forces under General Richard Montgomery.
 1792 – Trenton, New Jersey becomes an incorporated city.
 1841 - James Braid first sees a demonstration of "animal magnetism", which leads to his study of the subject he eventually calls Hypnotism.
 1851 – The first settlers arrive in what will become Seattle, Washington.
 1864 – The Constitution of Greece is adopted.
 1872 - A flood on Baltic Sea coastlines kills 271 people.
 1908 – Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia.
1916 – Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party of Australia.
 1918 – British and French troops occupy Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
 1927 - The Hotland Tunnel opens to traffic as the first Hudson River vehicle tunnel to link New Jersey and New York City.
 1941 - World War II: British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal is torpedoed.
 1942 - World War II: US and Japanese forces clash in an intense battle on Guadalcanal.
 1945 – Sukarno becomes President of Indonesia.
 1947 – The Soviet Union completes the development of the AK-47.
 1950 – In Venezuela, General Carlos Delgado Chalbaud is assassinated in Caracas.
1951  2000 
 1954 - Great Britain defeats France in Paris to win the first Rugby League World Cup.
 1956 – The United States Supreme Court declares Alabama's bus segregation laws illegal, ending the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
 1957 – Flooding in the Po River valley of Italy leads to the flooding in Venice.
 1960 - In the city of Amude in Syrian Kurdistan, a cinema fire kills 152 people.
 1965 - The ship SS Yarmouth Castle burns and sinks 60 miles off Nassau, Bahamas, killing 90 people.
 1969 – Up to 500,000 anti-war protesters march and protest in Washington, DC.
 1970 – The Bhola Cyclone strikes East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh), killing approximately 500,000 people.
 1971 – The Mariner 9 spacecraft enters into orbit around Mars.
 1972 - "Cyclone" Quimburga strikes the UK, Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, killing 73 people.
 1977 – Shirley Jones and Marty Ingels marry.
 1979 – The Times publishes for the first time in almost a year, following a strike.
1982 - Duk Doo Kim suffers fatal injuries, from which he dies on November 17, in a boxing match against Ray Mancini.
 1982 – Vietnam Veterans Memorial dedicated.
 1985 – The Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupts, causing a mudslide that buries the town of Armero, killing around 23,000.
 1985 - Xavier Suarez is sworn in as the first Cuban-born Mayor of Miami, Florida.
 1986 - The Compact of Free Association takes effect, allowing the Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia to become independent.
 1990 – The first-ever website is released, after Tim Berners-Lee proposed the creation of the World Wide Web.
 1992 - Riddick Bowe becomes heavyweight boxing world champion, defeating Evander Holyfield.
 1994 - Michael Schumacher wins the first of his Formula One world titles.
 1994 – Voters in Sweden approve entry to the EU.
 1995 - A truck bomb explodes outside the US-operated Saudi Arabian National Guard training center in Riyadh, killing 5 Americans and 2 Indians.
1999 - Lennox Lewis becomes heavyweight boxing world champion, defeating Evander Holyfield.
 2000 – Philippines: Articles of impeachment are passed against President Joseph Estrada.
From 2001 
 2001 – War on Terrorism: For the first time since World War II, US President George W. Bush signs an executive order that allows military tribunals against any foreigners believed of having connections to terrorist acts or planned acts on the United States.
 2001 – War in Afghanistan: Northern Alliance forces take Kabul.
 2002 – The oil tanker Prestige sinks off Galicia, causing a large oil spill.
 2002 - Iraq agrees to let in UN Weapons Inspectors as part of the terms of UN Security Council Resolution 1441.
 2005 – A chemical disaster occurs in Jilin, China, leading to the nearby river to be contaminated.
 2010 – Following years of House Arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi is released in Burma.
 2011 – Mario Monti is chosen to lead the Italian government following the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi.
 2015 - Russia is provisionally suspended from international athletics competitions following a major doping scandal.
2015 - The November 2015 Paris attacks occur. At least 129 people are killed as attackers strike several sites across Paris late in the evening - at least 80 are killed at the Bataclan concert hall alone.
 2017 - As four-time champion, the Italy national football team fails to qualify for the FIFA World Cup for the first time in 60 years; The Sweden national football team qualifies in its place, making sure of its first appearance in the competition since 2006.
 2019 - An emergency is declared in the city of Venice, Italy, because of record flooding.
Births

Up to 1800 
 354 – Augustine of Hippo, Algerian philosopher (d. 430)
 532 - Augustine of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 604)
 1312 – Edward III, King of England (d. 1377)
 1486 - Johann Eck, German theologian (d. 1543)
 1493 - William IV, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1550)
 1504 - Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1567)
 1559 - Albert VII, Archduke of Austria (d. 1621)
 1567 - Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (d. 1625)
 1595 - George William, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1640)
 1663 – Arni Magnusson, Icelandic scholar (d. 1730)
 1699 - Jan Zach, Czech composer and musician (d. 1773)
 1715 – Dorothea Christiane Erxleben, German doctor (d. 1762)
 1732 - John Dickerson, American lawyer and Governor of Delaware and Pennsylvania (d. 1808)
 1760 – Jiaqing Emperor of China (d. 1820)
 1761 - John Moore, Scottish soldier and general (d. 1809)
 1780 - Ranjit Singh, Indian founder of the Sikh Empire (d. 1839)
 1782 – Esaias Tegnér, Swedish writer (d. 1846)
 1792 - Edward Trelawny, English writer (d. 1881)
1801  1900 
 1801 – Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria, Queen of Prussia (d. 1873)
 1801 - Amalie Auguste of Bavaria, Queen of Saxony (d. 1877)
 1806 – Emilia Plater, Polish-Lithuanian princess (d. 1831)
 1809 - John A. Dahlgren, American navy admiral (d. 1870)
 1813 - Peter II Petrovic-Njegos, Montenegrin statesman, religious leader and poet (d. 1851)
 1814 – Joseph Hooker, American general (d. 1879)
 1817 - Louis James Alfred Lefébure-Wély, French organist and composer (d. 1869)
 1826 - Charles Worth, English fashion designer (d. 1895)
 1833 - Edwin Booth, American actor (d. 1893)
 1838 - Joseph Fielding Smith, American Mormon leader (d. 1918)
 1841 - Lucius F. C. Garvin, Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1922)
 1848 – Albert I, Prince of Monaco (d. 1922)
 1850 – Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish writer (d. 1894)
 1854 - George Whitefield Chadwick, American composer and educator (d. 1931)
 1856 - Louis Brandeis, American jurist (d. 1941)
 1869 - Helene Stöcker, German feminist, pacifist and publicist (d. 1943)
1869 - Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams, Russian-American activist, journalist and politician (d. 1962)
 1872 - John MacIntosh Lyle, Canadian architect, designer, urban planner and teacher (d. 1945)
 1878 – Max Dehn, German mathematician (d. 1952)
 1879 - John Grieb, American gymnast (d. 1939)
 1883 - Oscar Brockmmeyer, American soccer player (d. 1954)
 1883 - Leo Goodwin, American swimmer, diver and water polo player (d. 1957)
 1886 - Mary Wigman, German dancer and choreographer (d. 1973)
 1893 – Edward Adelbert Doisy, American biochemist, won the 1843 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1986)
 1897 – Gertrude Olmstead, American actress (d. 1975)
 1899 – Iskander Mirza, President of Pakistan (d. 1969)
 1899 – Huang Xianfan, Chinese historian and educator (d. 1982)
1901  1950 
 1904 - H. C. Potter, American movie director and theatre director (d. 1977)
 1904 - Peter Yorck von Wartenburg, German lawyer and resistance activist (d. 1944)
 1906 - Hermione Baddeley, English-American actress and singer (d. 1986)
 1907 – Giovanna of Italy, Tsaritsa of Bulgaria (d. 2000)
 1911 - Buck O'Neil, American baseball player and manager (d. 2006)
 1912 - Claude Pompidou, wife of Georges Pompidou and First Lady of France (d. 2007)
 1913 – Lon Nol, Cambodian politician (d. 1985)
 1914 - Amelia Bence, Argentine actress (d. 2016)
 1914 – Alberto Lattuada, Italian movie director (d. 2005)
 1915 - Maurice M. Shapiro, American physicist (d. 2008)
 1915 - Howard Cooke, former Governor-General of Jamaica (d. 2014)
 1917 - Vasantdada Patil, Indian politician, 5th Chief Minister of Maharashtra (d. 1989)
 1917 - Robert Sterling, American actor (d. 2006)
 1919 - Mary Beth Hughes, American actress (d. 1995)
 1922 – Oskar Werner, Austrian actor (d. 1984)
1923 – Linda Christian, American actress (d. 2011)
 1924 – Motoo Kimura, Japanese geneticist and biologist (d. 1994)
 1926 - Don Gordon, American actor (d. 2017)
 1926 - Harry Hughes, 57th Governor of Maryland (d. 2019)
 1929 - Asashio Taro III, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1988)
 1929 – Fred Phelps, American pastor (d. 2014)
 1930 - Adrienne Corri, Scottish actress (d. 2016)
 1931 - Andrée Lachapelle, Canadian actress (d. 2019)
 1932 – Richard Mulligan, American actor (d. 2000)
 1934 - Peter Arnett, American journalist
 1934 – Garry Marshall, American screenwriter, movie producer, and actor (d. 2016)
 1935 – George Carey, former Archbishop of Canterbury
 1935 - Tom Atkins, American actor
 1936 - Salim Kallas, Syrian actor and politician (d. 2013)
 1938 – Jean Seberg, American actress (d. 1979)
 1939 – Karel Brückner, Czech football manager
 1939 - Idris Muhammad, American jazz drummer (d. 2014)
 1939 – Will Ryan, American actor
 1940 – Saul Kripke, American philosopher and logician
1941 – Eberhard Diepgen, German politician, former Governing Mayor of Berlin
 1941 - Dack Rambo, American actor (d. 1994)
 1943 – Roberto Boninsegna, Italian footballer
 1943 - Howard Wilkinson, English footballer
 1944 - Timmy Thomas, American singer-songwriter, keyboardist and producer
 1946 - Stanislaw Baranczak, Polish poet and translator (d. 2014)
 1947 – Joe Mantegna, American actor and director
 1948 - Humayun Ahmed, Bangladeshi novelist and movie maker
 1948 - Adelle Lutz, American costume designer, model and actress
 1950 - Gilbert Perreault, Canadian ice hockey player
1951  1975 
 1951 - Pini Gershon, Israeli basketball player and coach
 1952 - Art Malik, Pakistani-born British actor
 1953 - Frances Conroy, American actress
 1953 - Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Mexican politician, President of Mexico from 2018
 1953 - Andrew Ranken, British musician
 1953 - Tracy Scoggins, American actress
 1954 - Scott McNealy, American businessman, co-founder of Sun Microsystems
 1954 – Chris Noth, American actor
 1955 – Whoopi Goldberg, American actress and comedienne
 1956 – Rex Linn, American actor
 1956 - Charlie Baker, American politician, 72nd Governor of Massachusetts
 1957 - Greg Abbott, American politician, 48th Governor of Texas 
 1957 – Stephen Baxter, English science fiction writer
 1957 - Scott Thompson, American businessman
 1957 - Roger Ingram, American trumpeter, educator and writer
 1959 - Hari Kostov, former Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia
 1959 - Caroline Goodall, British-Australian actress
 1960 – Neil Flynn, American actor
1963 - Venny Testaverde, American football player
 1965 - Zeljko Petrovic, Montenegrin footballer
 1967 - Juhi Chawla, Indian actress, singer and producer
 1967 – Jimmy Kimmel, American comedian and talk show host
 1968 - Shinichiro Tani, Japanese footballer
 1969 – Gerard Butler, Scottish actor
 1969 – Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Somali-born Dutch writer and activist
 1969 - Lori Berenson, American political activist
 1971 - Noah Hathaway, American actor
 1974 - Graeme Murty, Scottish footballer and coach
 1975 – Ivica Dragutinovic, Serbian footballer
 1975 – Quim, Portuguese footballer
 1975 - Tom Compernolle, Belgian runner (d. 2008)
From 1976 
 1976 – Kelly Sotherton, English athlete
 1976 - Albina Akhatova, Russian biathlete
 1977 - Huang Xiaoming, Chinese actor and singer
 1978 – Nikolai Fraiture, American musician (The Strokes)
 1979 - Metta World Peace, American basketball player and rapper
 1980 - Monique Coleman, American actress and singer
 1982 - Daniela Klemenschits, Austrian tennis player (d. 2008)
 1982 - Sandra Klemenschits, Austrian tennis player 
 1982 – Kumi Koda, Japanese singer
 1982 - Michael Kopon, American actor and singer
 1983 - Claudio Balderrama, Bolivian race walker
 1984 - Kurt Morath, Tongan rugby player
 1984 – Lucas Barrios, Argentine-Paraguayan footballer
 1986 - Moon Chae-won, South Korean actress
 1986 - Kevin Bridges, Scottish comedian
 1987 - Dana Vollmer, American swimmer
 1990 – Jeffrey Bruma, Dutch footballer
 1990 - Jerzy Janowicz, Polish tennis player
 1991 - Matt Bennett, American actor, singer and screenwriter
 1991 - Devon Bostick, Canadian actor