Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County, which consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park, and the Keys islands from Key Largo to the Dry Tortugas.

Upper keys 
Key Biscayne 
Key Largo 
Rattlesnake Key 

Middle keys
Islamorada 
Tavernier 
Plantation Key 
Matecumbe Key 
Craig Key 
Fiesta Key 
Long Key 
Conch Key 
Duck Key 
Grassy Key 
Deer Key 
Vaca Key 
Marathon 
Boot Key 

Lower keys
Bahia Honda 
West Summer land Key 
Ohio Key 
No Name Key 
Big Pine Key 
Torch Key 
Ramrod Key 
Summerland Key 
Cudjoe Key 
Sugarloaf Key 
Saddlebunch Keys 
Big Coppitt Key 
Boca Chica 
Key West

Other websites

A Gazetteer of the Florida Keys 
City of Key West
Historical photographs of the Florida Keys 
History of the Conch Republic 
National Park Service: Dry Tortugas
NOAA Marine Sanctuary 
Crane Point Museum & Nature Center

Media
The Reporter newspaper
The Keynoter newspaper
The Key West Citizen

Islands of Florida
Archipelagos
Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as teleconnections and climate indices.

History 
The Greeks began the study of climate.

References

Other websites 
 Climatology News Daily publication with news in all areas of climatology plus free news feeds for webmasters.
 Climate Prediction Center
 IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change.
 KNMI Climate Explorer The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute's Climate Explorer graphs climatological relationships of spatial and temporal data.
 Climatology as a Profession  Amer. Inst. of Physics account of the history of the discipline of climatology in the 20th century

Climate
"Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" is a 2001 single from the album Discovery by Daft Punk.

Kanye West's 2007 song Stronger from the album Graduation uses a sample from Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger.

2001 songs
Daft Punk songs
Fiona Apple McAfee Maggart, or Fiona Apple (born September 13, 1977) is an American musician. Her song Criminal, which was on her first album, Tidal, won a Grammy Award in 1998 for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.
Since then Apple has released three studio albums.

Early life
Apple was born in New York City to singer Diane McAfee and actor Brandon Maggart. She started psychotherapy when she was 11. When she was 12 she was raped outside the apartment she lived in. She had obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Career
In 1994 Apple gave demo tape containing the songs "Never Is a Promise", "Not One of Those Times", and "He Takes a Taxi" to her friend, who was the babysitter of music publicist Kathryn Schenker. Schenker passed the tape on to Sony Music executive Andy Slater. Slater signed Apple to the label. In 1996 Apple's first album Tidal was released. Apple won the MTV Video Music Award for "Best New Artist" for her song "Sleep to Dream" in 1997. Apple famously said that "the world is bullshit" in her acceptance speech.

In 1999 Apple's second album When the Pawn... was released.

Apple sang with Johnny Cash on a cover of Simon & Garfunkel's "Bridge over Troubled Water" on Cash's 2002 album American IV: The Man Comes Around.

Apple's third album Extraordinary Machine was released in 2005. Apple was on the cover of NYLON magazine.

In 2012 Apple's fourth album The Idler Wheel... was released.
A cover of "I'm in the Middle of a Riddle" that Apple made with her sister Maude Maggart was released on February 4 on Sweetheart, a Valentine's album only sold at Starbucks.

Personal life
Apple is vegan. In October 2013 she asked a fan to leave her concert in Portland, Oregon after they shouted "Get healthy!" at her.

Discography

Albums

Charting singles

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 MTV Fiona Apple page

1977 births
Living people
American pianists
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
American rock singers
Grammy Award winners
Singers from New York City
A pastor is what a leader is called in some Christian Churches. The word pastor is Latin for "shepherd".

Other websites 
 New Advent. The Catholic Encyclopedia's entry on the term pastor.
 Gunpoint Pentecostal Church. A Pentecostal view on the term pastor.
 Pastors' Families and Personal Lives   A collection of resources about keeping a pastor's personal life vibrant.
 Pastor's Role . A collection of articles about the role of a pastor in a church.
 Pastoral Administration . Articles about a pastor's role as administrator of a church.

Christian religious occupations
Egyptology is the study of Ancient Egypt. It falls under both history and archaeology. Someone who studies or works in this field is called an Egyptologist.
Ancient Egypt
Lichfield is a small city in Staffordshire, England.

The first part of the name comes from a nearby Roman-British village called Letocetum. It was captured by the Mercians some time before 669, when it was called Licidfelth. Between 786 and 803, the Christian archbishop in England was here, instead of Canterbury.

References

Towns in Staffordshire
Cities in England
Civil parishes in Staffordshire
New France was a colony settled by France in North America. The regions in New France included Quebec, Acadia, and the Louisiana Territory. Quebec City was its capital. The French settled there after finding Quebec and in doing so created New France. The colony was most valuable for its fur trade. France lost the colony during the French and Indian War and it became part of British North America, except the western part of the Louisiana Territory which France had ceded in 1762 to the Spanish Empire. In 1800 Spain returned that territory to Napoleon, who sold it to the United States in 1803.

Historical territories of Canada
1534 establishments
1760s disestablishments
1530s establishments in North America
Establishments in Canada
16th-century establishments in France
French colonial empire
Former colonies in North America
El Llano (The Plain) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña province.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,193: 2,161 men and 2,032 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
El Llano became a municipality by the law 687 of 2 July 1974. Before that date, it was part of Comendador.

Geography
El Llano has an area of . It is to the east of Comendador, next to the San Juan province.

Administrative division
The municipality of El Llano has only one municipal district; this is:

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crop is rice.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1974 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Hondo Valle (in English, Deep Valley) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña Province. It is in the northern Sierra de Neiba mountain range.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 7,194: 3,782 men and 3,412 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Hondo Valle was elevated to the category of municipality by the law 916 of 12 August 1978. Before that date, it was a municipal district of Comendador.

Geography
Hondo Valle is in a small valley on the Sierra de Neiba mountain range, at an elevation of 890 m. It is at  to the south of Comendador.

The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the municipality of Juan Santiago to the east, the Independencia province to the south and Haiti to the west.

Climate
Hondo Valle has a tropical wet and dry/savanna (Köppen climate classification : Aw).
The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by September with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is December with .

Hondo Valle is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administrative division
The municipality of Hondo Valle has only one municipal district; this is:

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1978 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Juan Santiago is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña province.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,360: 2,394 men and 1,966 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Juan Santiago became a municipal district of Comendador by the law 916 of 12 August 1978. Then, in 2005, it became a municipality of the Elías Piña province.

Geography
Juan Santiago has an area of . The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the San Juan province to the east, the Independencia province to the south and the municipality of Hondo Valle to the west.

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
2005 establishments in North America
2000s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Río Limpio (in English, Clean River) is a Dominican municipal district of Pedro Santana in the Elías Piña Province.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 3,364: 1,913 men and 1,451 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Río Limpio became a municipal district of Pedro Santana by the law 36 of 15 November 1992.

Geography
Río Limpio has an area of . It is on the right side of the Vallecito river, a left tributary of the Artibonite river.

The town is to the west of the Loma Nalga de Maco mountain,  high (), the highest mountain in the western Cordillera Central mountain range.

The limits of the municipality are the Dajabón province to the northwest, the Santiago Rodríguez province to the northeast, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Pedro Santana to the south and Haiti to the west.

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crops are coffee and rice.

References
References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1992 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Sabana Cruz (in English, "Savanna [of the] Cross") is a Dominican municipal district of Bánica in the Elías Piña Province. It has a total area of 66.0 km².

Sabana Cruz is on the southwest of the municipality of Bánica, on the border with Haiti.

Population 
In the last national census (2002), the population of Sabana Cruz was of 2,081 persons. The population density was 31.5 persons/km².

Economy 
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
Sabana Larga (in English, "Long Savanna") is a Dominican municipal district of Comendador in the Elías Piña Province near the border with Haiti.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 2,056: 1,127 men and 929 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
Sabana Larga was made a municipal district of Comendador by the law 18 of 20 January 2004; a municipal district is a part of a municipality that has its own government.

Geography
Sabana Larga is to the northeast of the city of Comendador, on the northern side of the Macasías river, the main left tributary of the Artibonite river.

Economy
The main economic activity of Sabana Larga is farming.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
2004 establishments
2000s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Destiny Fulfilled debuted too early at number-nineteen on the Billboard 200 selling 61,000 copies a week before its official release. During its first official week of sales the album sold over 497,000 (558,000) copies and went to number two on the pop charts behind Eminem's Encore and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart (for two weeks). The album sold over 337,000 copies in its second week (number four), 164,000 in its third (number nine) and 214,000 in its fourth (number seven). Destiny Fulfilled was made Triple platinum by the RIAA after only eight weeks on the chart in January, 2005. It spent nine weeks in the top ten and fifty weeks on the Billboard 200 and has sold 2.7 million copies in the US says Nielsen SoundScan. The album has sold 6 million copies worldwide, to date.

Track listing 
Lose My Breath
Soldier (featuring T.I. & Lil Wayne)
Cater 2 U
T-shirt
Is She The Reason
Girl
Bad Habit
If
Free
Through With Love
Love
Game Over
Why You Actin

Bonus tracks
Bonus tracks

Wal-Mart/Sam's Club limited edition 2CD Tracks 
"My Man" (featuring Beyoncé) – 3:36
"2 Step" – 3:25
"What's It Gonna Be" (featuring Beyoncé) – 3:36
"Survivor" (Extended Remix featuring Da Brat) – 4:24
"Independent Women Part 2" – 3:45

Other 
"Game Over" (Int.) – 4:03
"Why You Acting" (Int.) – 4:28
"Got's My Own" (Japan) – 3:58

Destiny's Child albums
Kanal 5 is a Swedish television channel.

Source 
Kanal 5 homepage 

Television channels in Europe
Decadence (pronounced: DEK-a-dence) means a state in which people are behaving in a way that is regarded by some people as being morally bad.  The adjective is 'decadent'.  It has nothing to do with the word decade (10 years).

Where the word came from
“Decadence” comes from the Latin words “de” (from) and “cadere” (to fall).  Thus it means to fall from a higher state of being.

Decadence and society
Decadence is usually a state in a society which used to be good but has become bad. Many people have started to behave in a way that others think is shocking and society does not function as well as it did before.  Of course, not everyone will agree what is “good” or “bad”, but some societies, such as Sodom and Gomorrah, are thought to have been decadent.

Decadence and the arts

The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century is often called the fin de siècle (end of century). It is an example of a supposed decadent society in literature and art.
In France there were several writers who were happy to be called “decadent”.  They included Paul Verlaine, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. In France, the symbolist artists such as Gustave Moreau regarded themselves as "decadent". In England decadent artists included the author Oscar Wilde and visual artists such as Aubrey Beardsley. The "decadents" advocated living a "decadent lifestyle", which means a lifestyle based on seeking  the maximum possible amount of aesthetic pleasure. 

In the early 1970s, glam rock musicians such as David Bowie called themselves "decadent". David Bowie's 1973 album Diamond Dogs is about the theme of decadence.  Glam rock musicians and fans of glam rock music signaled that they were decadent by wearing platform shoes. The popular 1976 film Rocky Horror Picture Show was a humorous depiction of "decadence".
People of the goth subculture, which began in the early 1980s among fans of the band Bauhaus, generally regard themselves as being "decadent".  One way they may symbolize themselves as being decadent is by wearing fishnet stockings.

Colors that symbolize decadence
The color lavender is usually used to symbolize decadence.  Both of the books in the "further reading" list below are colored different tones of lavender.  In the 1890s, the color mauve was used to symbolize decadence--the 1890s were called the mauve decade.

Further reading
 Decadence: the strange life of an epithet By Richard Gilman--New York: 1979--Farrar, Straus and Giroux
 Dreamers of decadence: the symbolist painters of the 1890s By Philippe Julian 1971

Culture
Ethics
Literature
Painting
Pop music
Ye (; born Kanye Omari West ; June 8, 1977), better known by his former legal name Kanye West, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and fashion designer from Chicago, Illinois. In 2020, West ran for President of the United States, under his own political party, the Birthday Party.
He rose to fame in the mid 2000s. His first three albums, The College Dropout, Late Registration, and Graduation received many awards, critical acclaim, and commercial success. In 2008, he released his fourth album, 808s & Heartbreak. In 2010, he released his fifth album, titled My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy. In 2013, he released his sixth album, Yeezus. Yeezus obtained great reviews from many music critics. In 2016, he released his seventh album, The Life of Pablo. In 2018, he released his eighth album, Ye. West explored Christian and gospel music on his 2019 album Jesus Is King. His tenth album Donda was released in 2021. West's discography also includes the two full-length collaborative albums Watch the Throne (2011) (with Jay-Z) and Kids See Ghosts (2018) (with Kid Cudi).
Early life
Kanye Omari West was born at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. He was from a middle-class African-American family. He moved with his mother to Chicago, Illinois when he was three years old. During the same time, his mother and father divorced. He started writing poetry at the age of five. Kanye moved with his mother to Nanjing, China when he was 10. In 1997 West started taking painting classes at Chicago's American Academy of Art. After a short time he changed to Chicago State University to major in English. When he was 20 he left college to focus on music.
Career
West started his music career as a producer creating beats for local Chicago artists. He was well known in these beats to take samples of old and popular soul songs, speed them up, raise the pitch and put these samples in his beats to enhance the sound. This is called Chipmunk Soul. In the late 1990s, West became a member of the amateur rap group called Go-Getters with GLC, Timmy G, and Really Doe. In 1999 they released their only album, World Record Holders.

In 2003 West released his first mixtape, Get Well Soon.... In Get Well Soon.... He rapped on an instrumental from Twista's single "Slow Jamz". In 2004. West's first album The College Dropout was released by Roc-A-Fella. It entered the Billboard 200 at number two. Five singles were released from the album. That year West started a record label called GOOD Music. John Legend is signed to the label.  West was nominated for three American Music Awards.
In 2005 West's second album Late Registration was released. Five singles were released from the album. The second single "Gold Digger" was nominated for Record of the Year at the 2006 Grammy Awards. West was also nominated for Best New Artists. Other rappers on the album included Jay-Z, Ludacris, and Mos Def. In 2005 West released his first fashion line. West's third album Graduation was released in 2007. The album was nominated for eight Grammy Awards. Five singles were released from the album. The album's first single "Stronger" won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance.
In 2008, West's fourth studio album 808s & Heartbreak was released. The album was sung instead of rapped by West. It sold 450,145 copies in its first week. West acted in the 2008 movie The Love Guru.
 
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy was released on Roc-A-Fella Records in 2010. Music critics gave it great reviews. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 10/10. Pitchfork rarely gives a 10/10 rating, so this was a big achievement. Rolling Stone gave it five out of five stars. Four singles were released from the album.

In 2011 West released an album with Jay-Z called Watch the Throne. In 2011 "All of the Lights" was released as the fourth single from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy. Rihanna sang in it.

On May 23, 2012 a short movie made by West called Cruel Summer was shown for the first time at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. The movie was given good reviews. The movie's name came from an album West released called Cruel Summer on his record label GOOD Music.
On June 18, 2013 West's sixth studio album Yeezus was released. The album got very good reviews from music critics. In November 2013 West gave a lecture at Harvard University. On November 15, 2013 Busta Rhymes' single "Thank You" was released. West rapped on it with Lil Wayne and Q-Tip. On November 24, 2013, West said in an interview that he is making his seventh album. "New Slaves" was nominated for Best Rap Song at the 2014 Grammy Awards. On June 27, 2015, West headlined Glastonbury Festival 2015 to much controversy.

On February 14, 2016, West released The Life of Pablo on Tidal, Jay-Z's online music service. On April 1, 2016, West released The Life Of Pablo on other music services, including Spotify, Apple Music, and Google Play.

On June 1, 2018, West released Ye.

In 2018 West released a collaboration album with Kid Cudi called Kids See Ghosts.
On October 25, 2019, West released Jesus is King, a religious hip-hop album. It became the first to top the Billboard 200, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, Top Rap Albums, Top Christian Albums and Top Gospel Albums charts at the same time. 

West released a single called "Wash Us in the Blood" on June 30, 2020, featuring rapper and singer Travis Scott. "Wash Us in the Blood" serves as the first single from West's tenth studio album Donda.

On August 29, 2021, after a long roll out, West released Donda.

In 2022, West released Donda 2 only on a music listening device known as the Stem Player.
Personal life
West married Kim Kardashian in 2014. They have a daughter, North "Nori" West, who was born on June 15, 2013. They also have a son, Saint West, who was born on December 5, 2015. Their third child, daughter Chicago West, was born on January 15, 2018. They had their fourth child on May 9, 2019, a son named Psalm West. In January 2021, CNN reported that the couple were discussing divorce. On February 19, 2021, the couple officially filed for divorce. The divorce became official in 2022.

2020 presidential campaign

In August 2015 during MTV Video Music Award, West announced his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2020 election.
In September 2015, West announced that he intends to run for President of the United States in 2020. He later implied on Twitter that he intends to run for President in 2024 due to Donald Trump's win in the 2016 election. On December 13, 2016, West met with President-elect Trump to discuss (according to West) "bullying, supporting teachers, modernizing curriculums, and violence in Chicago."

On July 4, 2020, West announced on Twitter that he would be running in the 2020 presidential election, although it's unclear if he has filed official paperwork to appear on ballots.

Discography

Studio albums
Kanye West has released 10 studio albums:

Collaborative albums

Demo album

Controversies
On October 9, 2022, West said on Twitter that he would be “going death con 3  On JEWISH PEOPLE", seemingly a misspelling of DEFCON 3. This suggested he was anti-semitic. He also said he supported Adolf Hitler and denied the existence of the Holocaust.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 KanyeWest.com 
 Kanye Talk 
 Kanye West at Rocafella Records
 Kanye West's iTunes Celebrity Playlist
 
 Allmusic.com artist page
 
 Kanye West Tabs at Homemusician.net 
 Tiny Mix Tapes on Kanye 
 Kanye's new album, Graduation, at Power 105.1 - NYC 
 30 Days Fasting

1977 births
Living people
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American singers
American billionaires
American Christians
American fashion designers
African American movie directors
African-American rappers
American record producers
Singer-songwriters from Chicago
American activists
American hip hop singers
Christian music singers
Restaurateurs
Antisemitism
American R&B singers
Brit Award winners
Businesspeople from Atlanta
Businesspeople from Chicago
Converts to Christianity
Movie directors from Illinois
Grammy Award winners
Obscenity controversies
Participants in American reality television series
People with bipolar disorder
Philanthropists from Illinois
Rappers from Atlanta
Singers from Illinois
Giro (Kiro) Manoyan () is an Armenian politician, one of the leaders of ARF Dashnaktsutiun and the head of Armenian Cause Office.

Manoyan attended and finished Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. In the 1980s he was the Executive Director of the Armenian National Committee of Canada. From 1989 to 1999, he edited the Horizon Weekly Armenian newspaper. Since 2000, he is the Director of the International Secretariat of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Bureau in Yerevan.

References

Other websites
 An interview with Kiro Manoyan

Armenian politicians
Living people
1962 births
People from Beirut
Castleton is a small village in the Derbyshire Peak District national park, in England. It is built on a limestone part of the national park and nearly all the buildings are built of limestone. It has extremely good access as it is near some main cities.

The main attractions in Castleton include Mam Tor, a tall mountain made out of shale. Burbage Moor is a lovely walking spot. It has some climbing spots and has a valley in a valley. Winnats Pass is a path way in between two cliffs. It is very spectacular walking through it. There are big limestone caves near Castleton. They have stalagmites stalactites. 

Blue John is a type of rock which is found near Castleton. Water can be seen flowing out of the ground. This is water which has soaked into the limestone.

Castleton has the nickname "Gem of the Pee*”

Other websites 
Derbyshire Guide
Pigot's 1835 Directory 
Minerals, Mines and Quarries 

Villages in Derbyshire
Many famous players played on the Los Angeles Lakers' team, including:
Kobe Bryant
Magic Johnson
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Shaquille O'Neal
Wilt Chamberlain
George Mikan
Jerry West
James Worthy
Pau Gasol
Jamaal Wilkes
LeBron James
Anthony Davis
Michael Cooper
Elgin Baylor
Gail Goodrich
Byron Scott
Bob McAdoo
A.C. Green
Ron Harper
Dwight Howard
Rajon Rondo
Steve Nash
Kyle Kuzma
Alex Caruso
Brandon Ingram
Kentavious Caldwell-Pope
Russell Westbrook
Carmelo Anthony
Derek Fisher
Lamar Odom
Andrew Bynum
Luke Walton
Trevor Ariza
Metta Sandiford-Artest

The Lakers have won 17 NBA championships, including 5 in Minneapolis (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954) and 12 in Los Angeles (1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2009, 2010, 2020).

Three of the Lakers' rivals are the Boston Celtics, Portland Trail Blazers, and the Sacramento Kings.

References

Other websites

National Basketball Association teams
Sports in Los Angeles
1947 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in Minnesota
Asterix () is a French comic book. It was created by René Goscinny (words) and Albert Uderzo (pictures). Goscinny died in 1977 and Uderzo continued to draw and write the series by himself until his death in 2020. The title character Asterix is a Gaul, a member of a Celtic tribe that lived in France, in the year of 50 B.C.E. Asterix lives in a small village in northwest Gaul (Ancient France) during the time of Julius Caesar in 50 BC. Unlike the rest of Gaul, this village has not been taken over by the Romans, because the people in the village drink a magic potion brewed by their druid Getafix. Asterix has many adventures with his friend, Obelix, a Menhir delivery man. The stories have been adapted into movies and video games; there is even an amusement park. There is also a couple of cartoons made after this popular comic, and both the comic and the cartoon can be made into so that the characters speak French.

Comic books
Gaul
A hurdy gurdy is a stringed musical instrument played by a rosin-covered wheel. It dates back to the Middle Ages. 
The hurdy gurdy can create three types of sounds. The melody is played on melody strings by pressing keys on the side of the instrument. These press tangents against the strings. Hurdy gurdies can also have drone strings, which play one note continuously. Many hurdy gurdies also have a buzzing bridge. Turning the wheel faster causes this to make a rhythmic buzzing sound.

Bands that feature hurdy gurdies 
 Omnia
 Valravn
 Faun
 Kelten Zonder Grenzen
 The Mediaeval Baebes

String instruments
An airplane, also known as an aeroplane or just plane, is a fixed-wing aircraft. It moves by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in many shapes and sizes. Airplanes could be used for recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. They can move much faster than road, rail or sea transport, and so they are often the choice for long distances. The use of aircraft is called aviation. Many people can fit in one plane and it is used more effectively than using cars, buses, trains, boats and other transports.

Commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200 billion kilometres of cargo every year, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are airplanes made to be remotely or computer-controlled such as drones.
Airplanes fly between many cities all over the world, carrying people and cargo. Big cities usually have an international airport, where large airplanes can land and take off safely. Some large cities like New York City and London have more than one airport. Two major makers of airplanes are Airbus and Boeing.

Statistics show that riding in a plane is safer than driving in a car.

Food 
People make jokes about airline food, because they say it tastes bad. While travelling on an airliner at a high altitude, it can cause dryness. Because of the low pressure, a person's taste buds are around 30% less sensitive to sweet and salty foods.

Wings 

The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an airfoil and is shaped like a bird's wing.

Uses
Uses

Transport 
Fixed-wing aircraft have long been used as airliners for moving passengers from place to place.  Cargo aircraft carry cargo across seas and long distances, and passenger aircraft also carry some cargo.

War 

The first aircraft for war bombing was used in Libya in 1911 by Italy against the Ottoman Empire (ItaloTurkish War).  Some fixed-wing aircraft are used by air forces to defend countries.  These may be fighter aircraft, using guns or missiles for combat with other aircraft.  They may be bombers, dropping bombs on ground targets.

Fixed-wing aircraft allow people to travel longer distances, and faster than ships or trains. Aircraft can fly from New York to London in about 7 hours. It would take one week or more on a ship. Militaries use airplanes to carry their soldiers quickly from place to place.
Airplanes are also used by the military to see many things on the ground easily. This is called surveillance or reconnaissance.  Often, fixed-wing aircraft will take photographs as well, which can be used for military planning later. This role is now being taken over by drones, which are automatic planes.

Impact 
Fossil fuel-powered aircraft release soot and other pollutants into the atmosphere. They burn fossil fuel which releases CO2 emissions, and has warming non-CO2 effects due to nitrogen oxides (NOx), vapor trails and cloud formation.

Gallery

References

Aircraft
This is a list of magicians, illusionists, escape artists, and other practitioners of stage magic.

Magicians are listed by the most common name used in performance. Magicians' real names, if different, follow in parentheses.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

V

W

Z

References 
 Randi, James. Conjuring. (1992) 

Lists of entertainers
A magician is an entertainer who does illusions and magic tricks by learning about the tricks of the mind and using them to his/her advantage; magicians will occasionally use props, such as a pack of cards. 

The most famous magicians are:
 Harry Houdini
 David Copperfield
 Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin
 David Blaine
 P.C. Sorcar
 Doug Henning

Related pages
 List of magicians

 
Entertainment occupations
The P-47 Thunderbolt (also called The Jug ) was a fighter aircraft made by Republic Aviation. It first flew in 1941, and was introduced in 1942. It had a very big Pratt and Whitney R-2800-59 engine, which had more than 2,000 horsepower. Because of this, the P-47 could go more than 430 miles per hour. In fact, it was the biggest engine ever at the time.  It had 8 machine guns, 2 more than most fighters. It's shape and speed made it similar to the Fw 190.

During 1944, the P-51 Mustang was lighter, faster, and could turn better. Because of this, it started replacing the P-47 as a fighter. The P-47 was then used for bombing in late World War II. It was retired from the American Air National Guard in 1955.

Now, there is a jet called the A-10 Thunderbolt II, and it is named after the P-47.

Related pages
P-40 Warhawk

References 

United States Army aircraft
World War II American aircraft
is a modern Japanese martial art and Olympic sport.  It was developed in 1882 by Jigorō Kanō. Judo is the most internationally competed form of jacket wrestling in the world today.

Judo is very scientific in its training methods and fighting techniques.

History
Judo grew out of an older martial art, Jujutsu or Jū-jutsu.
Jujutsu was an ancient and deadly martial art which used chokes, throws, joint locks, and strikes. Kanō created judo by using techniques which were common in jujutsu. He eliminated techniques that he thought were dangerous in training, so that students could train with resistance. Some basic throws are Tai-otoshi and De-ashi-barai (these are in Japanese). There are two types: groundwork and feet work. Ground work is when both players are on the ground. Usually the attacker would be on top and the uke (defender) would be on the bottom. In feet work both players would move along the mat in a variety of moves.  Every once in a while a player will throw their opponent on the floor. In competitions the players will go full on for each other. Once someone has thrown their opponent down, they need to hold them down for 20 seconds or the point will not count. The person who has the most points at the end wins a gold, silver or bronze.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Boxing
 Fencing
 Sport
 Wrestling

References
References

Other websites

 
Sport in Japan
Michelle Williams may refer to different people:

 Michelle Williams (actress) - American Academy Award-nominated actress. She is best known for her parts in the movie Brokeback Mountain and the television series Dawson's Creek.
 Michelle Williams (singer) - American singer. She was a member of the group Destiny's Child.
Humus (or humous) is the organic matter in the soil. It is made of dead parts of plants and animals. Humus takes in water and has plenty of nutrients. Nitrogen is the most important. Plants put roots into the soil to get the water and nutrients. Humus is good for plants because it is like a sponge.

The dark colour of humus (usually black or dark brown) helps to warm up cold soils in the spring.

How this happens 
When plants and insects die they are first raw organic matter. Bacteria and fungi eat the raw material, but they do not eat all of it. They leave a small amount behind. The part they leave behind is named "humus". This activity is dynamic and keeps happening. There is always more dead material arriving on top. So the soil always has organic material in it, along with small pieces of rock.

In agriculture, "humus" usually means mature compost, or some taken naturally from a forest, where it may have lived for many years.

Related pages
Biomass
Organic matter

Agriculture
Soil
Soil science deals with soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth.

It includes soil formation, classification and mapping.

But many more sciences deal with knowledge of soils and the advancement of the soil sciences: engineering, agronomists, chemistry, geology, geography, biology, microbiology, sylviculture, public health, archaeology, and regional planning.

"Soil" refers to anything between the top of the dirt and the top of the underlying rock (called "bedrock"). Soil is often broken into layers. The top layer is high in organic matter (roting plants and such). Then there is a layer of layer of soil where rain water has removed some metals (called "leaching"). Those metals get collected in another, lower layer. Finally, there is a layer made up mostly of broken bits of bedrock. A soil can have all of these layers, or only a few.

Soils are important because most groundwater, which is used in everything from city water supplies to farming, is found in soil, not bedrock.
Fields of application in soil science
 Soil survey
 Soil management
 Standard methods of analysis
 Soil fertility / Nutrient management
 Ecosystem studies
 Climate change
 Watershed and wetland studies
 Pedotransfer function

References

Related disciplines 
 Agricultural sciences
 Irrigation management
 Anthropology
 archaeological stratigraphy
 Environmental science
 Landscape ecology
 Geography
 Physical geography
 Geology
 Hydrology
 Hydrogeology
 Waste management
 Wetland science

Other websites
 Certified Professional Soil Scientist 
 Registered Professional Soil Scientist  (PDF)
SoilScience.info
SoilScience.info's Daily Dirt - Soil Science in Mainstream Media and Popular Press 
SoilScience.info's Job Listings  

Earth sciences
Soil
King's Counsel (postnominal KC), during the reign of a female sovereign known as Queen's Counsel (QC), are senior lawyers in various Commonwealth countries.

They are appointed by letters patent to be one of "His Majesty's Counsel learned in the law".  They are not a separate type of lawyer. They are more than long serving lawyers,  because their status is given by the Crown and recognised by the courts. 

King's Counsel have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court, and wear silk gowns of a special design (hence the informal title Silks).   The special robes are the reason why becoming a
KC is often called "taking silk".

In order to "take silk" a lawyer usually has to serve as a barrister or a Scottish advocate for at least 10 years. Recently solicitors have also been appointed King's Counsel.
A KC's status means they generally charge higher fees than ordinary barristers, and always have another barrister as an assistant.  This assistant is called a "junior" even if the junior has been a lawyer longer than the "silk".
Pedogenesis or soil evolution (formation) is how soil is created.

Climate regulates soil formation. Soils develop more in areas with more rainfall and more warmth. The rate of chemical weathering increases by 2-3 times when the temperature increases by 10 degrees Celsius (50°F). Climate also affects which organisms are present, affecting the soil chemically and physically (movement of roots, burrowing by animals).

The organisms living in and on the soil form distinct soil types. Coniferous forests have acidic leaf litter. Mixed or deciduous forests leave a larger layer of humus. Prairies have very high humus accumulation, creating a dark, thick soil.

The rock from which soil is formed is called 'parent material' (bedrock). The main types are: eolian (wind), glacial material, alluvium, lake material other parent materials.

Pedogenesis is the major topic of the science of pedology. Its other aspects include the soil morphology, classification (taxonomy) of soils,  and their distribution in nature.
Related pages
Topography

References 
 Buol, Stanley W; F.D. Hole & R.W. McCracken. 1997. Soil genesis and classification. 4th ed, Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames. 
 Hole Francis D. & J.B. Campbell. 1985. Soil landscape analysis. Totowa Rowman & Allanheld. 

Geology
11 (eleven  or  or ten-one) is a number. It comes between ten and twelve, is an odd number, and is a prime number, after 2, 3, 5, and 7.

Integers
Prime numbers
12 (also written as twelve) is a number. It comes between eleven and thirteen, and it is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12. Its ordinal is 12th (twelfth). In Roman numerals, it is written as XII. It is the base of duodecimal numbers. It is often called dozen.

12 is also referred to as, The Twelve Imams or the Twelve Apostles of Christ

Mathematics
 Twelve is the first abundant number.

References

Integers
Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed from sediment. They are deposited over time, and often show layers which can be seen in cliffs. Other types of rock are igneous rock and metamorphic rock.

Sediments are usually formed from matter which falls to the bottom of oceans and lakes. The matter includes tiny pieces of other rocks, and dead animals, plants and microorganisms. Also, inorganic chemicals may be precipitated from solution in the water. The three most common sedimentary rocks are limestone, sandstone and shale.

Sedimentary rocks cover 7580% of the Earth's land area, but they make up only 5% of the Earth's crust. The relative abundances of the different types of sedimentary rocks are:
Shale - 60%
Sandstone - 20%
Carbonate - 15%
All others - 5%

Consolidation 
Squeezed and compressed over time, the sediments become 'consolidated' (made solid) into layers of rock. Stratigraphy is the study of those layers
Cementation occurs when dissolved mineral components deposit in the interstices of sediments. It is the sticking together of sediment that forms a rock.

Otherwise, rocks may have the water squeezed out, yet remain for long periods with their character unchanged. There are many quarries of unconsolidated deposits where sand and gravel are removed for the construction industry. Such quarries may be taking out sand which has lasted as sand since the Jurassic period. But consolidated sand, sandstone, can be a very hard rock.

Consolidated rocks may be changed some more, by water seeping through, or by heat and extreme pressure.

Types of sedimentary rock 
Sediments are formed by three processes:
Solids swept down from the land.
Bits & pieces laid down in water, e.g. shells.
Chemicals in solution, which may be precipitated.
These sedimentary processes – weathering, transportation, and deposition – reach three final end products: quartz sand, shale (from clay), and limestone (CaCO3). Most sedimentary rocks are variations on this general pattern.

Chalk, limestone, and dolomite are all basically made from calcium carbonate. This comes from a mixture of minerals and pieces of animals (especially animal shells). They are mostly formed in oceans.
Shales, sandstones, and conglomerates are all clastic rocks. They are made from pieces of other rocks. The pieces may have come from erosion by water, ice or wind.
Coal is made from ancient plants; oil and natural gas is also organic in origin.

Some sedimentary rocks are made of just one type of sediment, all about the same size, such as sand.  Other sedimentary rocks will have large and small lumps, and pieces of different types of rock.  Well-known sedimentary rocks are sandstone and limestone.
Sedimentary rocks may be found anywhere on Earth. When sedimentary rocks are heated and squeezed, they become metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks have a volcanic origin. Over a very long time, rocks get recycled, in two ways. When marine sediments are raised above sea level, they get weathered, and the pieces carried down to the sea. On a much longer time-scale continental plates may collide. Then one plate goes under the other (is subducted), and all its material is recycled, emerging much later.

Related pages 
List of rocks
Igneous rock
Metamorphic rock
List of minerals
Unconformity

References 

Blatt, Harvey and Tracy, Robert J. 1996. Petrology: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic, Freeman, 2nd Ed. 
Folk R.L. 1965. Petrology of sedimentary rocks PDF version . Austin: Hemphill’s Bookstore. 2nd ed. 1981, 
Basic sedimentary rock classification 

 
Sedimentology
Stratigraphy
14 (also written as fourteen or ten-four) is a number. It is between 13 and 15. It is an even number.  It is divisible by 1, 2, 7, and 14.

In Roman numerals, 14 is written as XIV.

Integers
A rock is a naturally occurring solid. Rocks are made of collections of mineral grains that are held together in a firm, solid mass. They are made of minerals (which are crystalline), or other mineral-like substances. 

The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. That means the Earth's crust is made of rock. The different minerals in the rocks make different kinds of rock. 

Rock is often covered by soil or water. It is beneath the oceans, lakes, and rivers of the earth, and under the polar icecaps. Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.

Rock classification 
Rocks are classified by their minerals and chemical make-up. The processes that formed them are also noted. Rocks may be igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Rock types may change in a so-called 'rock cycle'.

Igneous rocks 
For the main article, see Igneous rock
Igneous rocks are formed when molten magma cools, either above or below the surface. They are divided into two main categories: plutonic rock and volcanic rock. Plutonic or intrusive rocks are made when magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the Earth's crust (example granite). Volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface either as lava or ejecta (examples pumice and basalt). There are over 700 hundred types of igneous rocks, and they are generally the hardest and heaviest of all rocks.

Sedimentary rock 
For the main article, see Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are the most common rocks on Earth. They form at or near the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rock is formed in layers which were laid down one by one on top of another. Some of the layers are thin, some are thick. Layers are made by deposition of sediment, organic matter, and chemical precipitates. Of the rocks exposed on the Earth's surface, 66 percent of it are sedimentary rocks. 
Deposition is followed by squeezing of sediment under its own weight, and cementation. This process is called 'consolidation': it turns the sediment into a more or less hard substance.

The approximate amounts of different kinds of sedimentary rock are:
Shale (including mudstone, and siltstone): 60%
Sandstones 20%.
Carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite): 15%.
All others: 5%.

Only sedimentary rocks have fossils.

Metamorphic rock 
For the main article, see Metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks are formed by rocks coming under great pressure and high temperatures. These temperatures and pressures are found under mountains and volcanoes, especially when continental plates move together. These conditions change the make-up of the original minerals.

Impact on human life 
Rocks have had an impact on human life. They have been used by humans for over two million years. The mining of rocks for their metals has been one of the most important things in human advancement. Rocks are mined for building materials of all kinds.

Related pages
 Geology
 Quarrying
Bedrock

References
15 (also written as fifteen or ten-five) is a number. It is between fourteen and sixteen, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 3, 5, and 15.

In Roman numerals, 15 is written as XV. 

Integers
16 (also written as sixteen or six-ten) is a number. It comes between fifteen and seventeen, and is an even number.  It is also the 4th square number, after 1, 4, and 9. It is the base of hexadecimal numbers.

In Roman numerals, 16 is written as XVI. 

Integers
Square numbers
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soil and their minerals through direct contact with the Earth's atmosphere, waters, or living things. It is a natural process. 

Weathering occurs in one place with little or no movement, and should not be confused with erosion which is when rocks and minerals are moved to another place by ice, water, wind or gravity.

Mechanical weathering 
Mechanical or physical weathering is when the rocks and minerals are broken down but the Chemical composition remains the same. Mechanical weathering physically breaks up rock.

Wind 
Wind can blow water or small particles such as sand against the rock thus breaking it down.
The wind blowing over your skin removes body heat.local winds are the winds that blow over short distances.