Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Location
Located along the Douro river estuary in Northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centres, and its historical core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its settlement dates back many centuries, when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire. Its combined Celtic-Latin name, Portus Cale, has been referred to as the origin of the name "Portugal", based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin. In Portuguese, the name of the city is spelled with a definite article ("o Porto"; English: the port). Consequently, its English name evolved from a misinterpretation of the oral pronunciation and referred to as Oporto in modern literature and by many speakers.
Attractions
One of Portugal's internationally famous exports, port wine, is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transport and export of the fortified wine. In 2014 and 2017, Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency.

Gallery

References

Port cities and towns of the Atlantic Ocean
 
Ports and harbours of Europe
Fürth (; East Franconian:  []; ) is a city in the German state Bavaria, next to Nuremberg (Nürnberg).
It has about 118,000 inhabitants. The first German railway connection was between Nürnberg and Fürth.

References

Other websites
Reutlingen is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
About 110,000 people live there.

References

Other websites
Salzgitter is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony, founded in 1942.

It has about 108,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites
Witten is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area and has about 100,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
Moers (, formerly Mörs) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Moers is near to Duisburg and belongs to the Ruhr area.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Wesel (district)
Castrop-Rauxel is a town in the Ruhr area in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 78,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Recklinghausen (district)
Ratingen (Low Franconian: Rotinge) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It is near Düsseldorf. It has about 90,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Mettmann Rural District
Gland is a city in Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud. In the year 2005, about 10,000 people live there. The city is halfway between Geneva and Lausanne, near Nyon.

Other websites 
 Official website of the Town of Gland

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Nyon
All Quiet on the Western Front (original German title: Im Westen nichts Neues, literally: "Nothing New on the Western Front") is a famous book by the German author Erich Maria Remarque. It was first published in 1929.

Plot 
It is about a German soldier named Paul Bäumer as he fights together with his classmates in World War I. Troops are changed every couple of weeks; they are either sent to the front line or a few miles back. At the beginning, Baumer and his fellow soldiers are very full and satisfied because a very heavy bombardment killed off half of the company.

A number of soldiers and Baumer are injured one night, and all are taken to the local hospital. In there, when a nurse gives Baumer a temperature gauge, he uses a light and makes his temperature seem much higher than it really is. This is so he can go into critical care with his friends. While there, the nurses sing a hymn, which annoys the men. Baumer throws and breaks a bottle to make them shut the door.
One night, Baumer and his friends find two live pigs. They put together a feast. Baumer cooks some kind of cakes. They smoke cigarettes and drink coffee from the officer's dump and then roast the pigs. The meal is very good, but the pig meat sticks to their bowels and makes them go to the bathroom all night.

As the war draws to its end in 1918, the Germans are suffering. The food is bad and the men must keep going to the bathroom. The Americans have joined the war and are pushing back all of the ground that the Germans gained. During this time, many of Baumer's classmates die.

At the end of the novel, Baumer dies. The day was so quiet that the field commander described the day as "all quiet on the Western Front."

Response 
The book sold 2.9 million copies in 50 languages in eighteen months. It is published by Ballantine Books in 1929. This book and its sequel, The Road Back, were banned and burned in Nazi Germany. The film version won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1930.

1929 books
Can Tho is a city in the south of Vietnam.

Can Tho had a population of about 1.57 million in 2019. It is the biggest city in the Mekong delta. It is about 160 km away from Ho Chi Minh City and the capitol of the district of Can Tho, until 1975 named Hau Giang.
There is a university in Can Tho.

Other websites
Can Tho online community 
Can Tho travel information at Wikivoyage

Cities in Vietnam
Vinh is a city in north-central Vietnam. About 230,000 people live there. Its name in the Vietnamese language does not have any diacritics. It is also the kingdom of the Albino Gorillas, one of the rarest mammals in the world. They can only can be found in and around the city of Vinh. The most recent sighting of an Albino Gorilla was in 2004 by a college professor that was in Vinh studying many human cultures. Many important people of the Vietnamese revolution were born in or nearby Vinh, including Ho Chi Minh.

Cities in Vietnam
Dalat (Vietnamese: Đà Lạt) is a city in southern Vietnam. It was built in the early 1900s to be a resort city for the French. Much of the buildings are European style. This is why it has the nickname "Little Paris".

The city is known for its much cooler climate than most of the rest of Vietnam. It is known for having high altitude, many pine trees, and being an excellent place to grow many different kinds of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

It has about 120,000 inhabitants.

References

Cities in Vietnam
Pleiku (also Plei Cu or Plây Cu) is a city in Central Việt Nam.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants and was a strategic airport in the Second Indochinese War in the 1960s and 1970s.  Its name is from the Việtnamese language (Vietnam).

Cities in Vietnam
Quảng Ngãi (Vietnamese: Thành phố Quảng Ngãi) is a city in Central Việt Nam. It has about 135,000 inhabitants.

Cities in Vietnam

es:Quảng Ngãi
Bordeaux is a city in the Gironde department of France. It is on the Garonne River near the Atlantic Ocean. About 1,150,000 people live in the area around the city. Bordeaux has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). It is famous for wines made in the region near the city. Bordeaux is also famous for its art.

Bordeaux is classified as a "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 monuments historiques. Some buildings date back to Roman times. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History 

In about 300 BC Bordeaux was the settlement of a Celtic tribe.  They named the town Burdigala. 
The Romans began rule of the city around 60 BC. Later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine. In the 400s the city was looted by the Vandals, Visigoths, and Franks.

After the Battle of Poitiers, Duke Eudes was able to hold only a small part of Aquitaine where Bordeaux was located. It became one of the last cities to fall under King Pepin the Short.
Bordeaux once again became an important city after the marriage of Duchess Eléonore of Aquitaine with Count Henri Plantagenet. He became King Henry II of England only months after their marriage. 

In 1653 Bordeaux was added to the Kingdom of France, when the army of Louis XIV entered the city.

In 1870 the French government moved to Bordeaux for a time. This was at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war against Prussia. The temporary move happened again during World War I and again very briefly during the World War II.

Education 
 École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 E-Artsup
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 University of Bordeaux 1
 Kedge Business School

Sister cities
Bordeaux is twinned with:

Partnerships

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
Capital of France
Former national capitals
World Heritage Sites in France
Nantes is a city in France, the prefecture of the Pays de la Loire region and the Loire-Atlantique department, on the Atlantic Ocean. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, it was the busiest slave trading port in France. Before 1941, Nantes was part of Brittany. The Gallo and Breton languages are spoken in the city. Jules Verne was a famous writer from Nantes.

Nantes has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 Audencia Nantes School of Management
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 E-Artsup
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action

Twin towns
Nantes has town twinning and cooperation agreements with:

Friendship relations
The city has friendship relations with:
  Guinea, since 1992.
  St. Martinville, Louisiana, U.S., since 1993.
  Jericho, West Bank, since 2001.
  Desdunes and Petionville, Haiti, since 2005.
  Nantes, Quebec, Canada, since 2009.

Gallery
Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Nantes Tourist Office Official Website

1st-century BC establishments
Toulouse () is a commune in southwestern France. It is the capital of the department of Haute-Garonne, as well as of the Occitanie region. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Toulouse. In 2014, 1.312.304 people live in the urban area, and 466.297 in the city itself. Toulouse is the 4th largest city of France.

The city has a unique architecture made of pinkish terracotta bricks, which earned it the nickname la Ville Rose ("the Pink City"). Toulouse counts two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Canal du Midi (designated in 1996 and shared with other cities) and the St. Sernin Basilica, the largest remaining Romanesque building in Europe, designated in 1998.
History
The city was the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom in the 5th century. It was the capital of the old French province of Languedoc before provinces were abolished during the French Revolution. "Languedoc" is a contraction of Linguae Occitanae (Latin). Then it included Roussillon, and was the unofficial capital of the cultural region of Occitania (Southern France). It is now the capital of the Occitanie region, the second largest region in metropolitan France.

Geography
The city of Toulouse is along the Garonne river,  from the Mediterranean Sea,  from the Atlantic Ocean, and  from Paris.

The commune has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Climate
The climate of Toulouse, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with temperate summers.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Toulouse is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of . There are an average of 74.0 days of precipitation, with the most rain occurring in May with 7.0 days and the least rain occurring in July with 4.4 days.

The average temperature for the year in Toulouse is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Population
The inhabitants of Toulouse are known, in French, as Toulousains (women: Toulousaines).

Toulouse has a population, in 2014, of 466,297, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Toulouse

Administration
Administration 

Toulouse is the prefecture of the Haute-Garonne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Toulouse and the administrative centre () of 11 cantons: 
 Toulouse-1 : part of Toulouse with 54,307 inhabitants  (2014)
 Toulouse-2 : part of Toulouse with 55,397 inhabitants (2014)
 Toulouse-3 : part of Toulouse with 52,536 inhabitants (2014)
 Toulouse-4 : part of Toulouse with 52,753 inhabitants  (2014)
 Toulouse-5 : part of Toulouse with 45,521 inhabitants (2014)
 Toulouse-6 : part of Toulouse with 55,866 inhabitants (2014)
 Toulouse-7 : 3 communes + part of Toulouse with 57,622 inhabitants  (2014)
 Toulouse-8 : 1 commune + part of Toulouse with 60,233 inhabitants (2014)
 Toulouse-9 : 2 communes + part of Toulouse with 54,205 inhabitants (2014)
 Toulouse-10 : 9 communes + part of Toulouse with 56,446 inhabitants  (2014)
 Toulouse-11 : 1 commune + part of Toulouse with 48,078 inhabitants (2014)

It is part of the intercommunality Metropolitan Toulouse ().
Sister cities 
Saint-Gaudens is twinned with:

  Atlanta, United States
  Bologna, Italy
  Bristol, England, United Kingdom
  Chongqing, China

  Elx/Elche, Spain
  Kiev, Ukraine
  Tel Aviv, Israel
  Rosario, Argentina

Toulouse also has accords of cooperation with the following towns:

  Bydgoszcz, Poland
  Düsseldorf, Germany
  Hanoi, Vietnam
  N'Djamena, Chad

  Saint-Louis, Senegal
  São José dos Campos, Brazil
  Zaragoza, Spain

In addition, Toulouse has an adoption city:
 Câmpia Turzii, Romania

Museum 
Toulouse welcomes the Cité de l'espace dedicated to space exploration and Aeroscopia dedicated to aviation.
Education 
 Airbus Training Centre Europe
 E-Artsup
 École nationale de l'aviation civile
 École nationale de la météorologie
 École nationale supérieure d'électrotechnique, d'électronique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique et des télécommunications
 École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques
 Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 Institut national polytechnique de Toulouse
 Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
 Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 Toulouse Business School
 Toulouse School of Economics

Notable births and deaths in Toulouse
Louis Aliot (1969-), French politician
 Bernard Werber, writer
 Louis-Georges-Gustave de Caunes, journalist
 Jean de Coras (1515–1572), judge and humanist
 Lucas Puig, professional skateboarder
 Antony Rea, mixed martial artist
 Pierre de Fermat, lawyer and mathematician
 Carlos Gardel, singer, composer
 Christine Albanel, politician
 Philippe Mexès, footballer
 David Skrela, French rugby union player.
 Fabien Pelous, rugby player
 Frédéric Michalak, rugby player
 Patrice Carmouze, journalist
 Anne Munaretto, lacrosse player
 Jean-Louis Debré, politician
 Laetitia Barlerin, veterinarian
 Claude Nougaro, parolier, writer and singer, passionate about jazz and language
 Solène Jambaqué, alpine skier with hemiplegia, multi-medal winner at the Winter Paralympic Games
 Pierre Seel, persecuted homosexual during the Holocaust
 Marine Delterme, actress
 Laurent Wolf, DJ
 Gael Clichy, footballer

Events
 Salon du livre aéronautique
Related pages
 Toulouse F.C.
 Arrondissement of Saint-Gaudens
 Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Other websites

 City Council website
Nice (pronounced "neece") is a city in southern France on the Mediterranean coast. It is a commune in the French department of Alpes-Maritimes. It has over 345,000 people living in the city as of 2012 (1,000,000 in its metropolitan area). It has many beaches. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot, dry, and sunny; winters are mild with moderate rainfall.

From the late 18th century, wealthy British visitors came to Nice, with its beauty and its warm climate. Queen Victoria was amongst them: she made several visits. The city's main seaside promenade, the Promenade des Anglais owes its name to these visitors. The clear air and soft light appeals to painters. Marc Chagall and Henri Matisse spent years here and are well represented in  the city's museums, the Musée Marc Chagall, Musée Matisse and Musée des Beaux-Arts.
Nice has the second largest hotel capacity in the country and is one of its most visited cities. It gets 5 million tourists every year. It also has the third busiest airport in France after the two main Parisian ones.

The cuisine is excellent. It benefits from the Mediterranean in the form of bouillabaisse (a shellfish dish). From the end of empire, immigration from Algeria has led to excellent North African dishes such as cous-cous. Ratatouille and (obviously) salade niçoise are more local dishes.

There is a local dialect, le nissard, nissart, or niçard. It is a variety of the regional language, Occitan. It is Italian in style, reminding that the area has been under different sovereignty in the past.

Over 70 people were killed in an attack on 14 July 2016.

Parade

Sister city
Nice is twinned with:
 Edinburgh, Scotland

Education 
 EDHEC Business School
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 Université Côte-d'Azur

References
References

Other websites 

 Dances and traditional musics from Nice
 Information on Nice Airport
Strasbourg is a city in eastern France, the prefecture of Grand Est. Today, about 275,000 people live there (with around 780,000 in the metropolitan area). It lies on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite the German city of Kehl.

Strasbourg is the seat Council of Europe, of the European Court of Human Rights and of the European Parliament. A lot of people also consider Strasbourg to be the capital of the European Union.

History 
Its old town, la Grande Île ("Grand Island") has been classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The city was founded in 12 BC by Drusus, the brother of Tiberius. Its Celtic name was Argentorate (which the Romans called Argentoratum). People think this name is linked to the river Ill (that flows into the Rhine near Strasbourg).
At that time, it was on the Limes, a fortification the Romans built across Europe (to keep out the Germanic tribes). There was a fortification (named castella drusi, drusus fort) at that spot. Soldiers need to live from something, so a local civilian settlement developed there. Later, the Limes was pushed farther east.

Climate 
Strasbourg has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Education 
 École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées
 EM Strasbourg Business School
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 ISG Programme Business & Management
 Web@cademie

References

Imperial free cities
 
World Heritage Sites in France
Montpellier is a city in south of France. About 280,000 people live there. It is the 8th largest city in France. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Montpellier. The computer science school École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies and E-Artsup are also in the city.

The University of Montpellier is one of the oldest in the world, as well as the Montpellier Business School.

Transport 
 Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport

Sister cities
Montpellier is twinned with:

 
Former regional capitals in France
Lille is a city in the northern part of France with a population of about 226,800 inhabitants. It is the capital of the region Hauts-de-France and the Nord

department., and is not far from the border with Belgium, where in Dutch it is called . About two million people live in the urban area (conurbation) shared with Kortrijk and Tournai, which is the fifth largest in France behind Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Toulouse.

Climate 
Lille has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
 EDHEC Business School
 E-Artsup
 IÉSEG School of Management
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
Transport 
There are two big railway stations in Lille with many trains to and from different places around France and Belgium. Most of these serve  station and are operated by SNCF, including the TGV high-speed service. The other big station, , has Eurostar trains to and from Brussels, Paris, and St Pancras station in London via the Channel Tunnel to the United Kingdom.

Public transport in Lille is made up of buses, two metro lines, and two tram lines to the nearby towns of Tourcoing and Roubaix. The metro system is one of the first in the world that does not have drivers.

Sister cities
Lille is twinned with:

References
Rennes is a city in France, the prefecture of Brittany and the Ille-et-Vilaine department. Its name is «  » in the Breton language.

Education
The Rennes agglomeration has a large student population (around 63,000) and 2 universities :
 University of Rennes 1 (26 000 students)
 University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany (22 000 students)

A campus of the computer science schools École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées and École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies , the university in electric energy and information sciences Supélec, the engineering school CentraleSupélec.
The business schools Rennes School of Business and Paris School of Business are also in Rennes.

Twin towns – sister cities

Within France

Pacts of cooperation

Sponsorship

Gallery
Reims is a commune in France, in the Marne department in the Grand Est region. NEOMA Business School is in the city.

Reims Cathedral 
Reims Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims) is famous for coronation of almost every king of France. The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1914 (after an attack by the German army).
Orléans is a city in France, the prefecture of the Centre-Val de Loire region and the Loiret department. It is on the Loire River and was formerly a busy port.

Sister cities

Orléans is twinned with:
  Dundee, United Kingdom
  Treviso, Italy
  Münster, Germany
  Kristiansand, Norway
  Wichita, United States
  Tarragona, Spain
  Saint-Flour, France
  Utsunomiya, Japan
  Lugoj, Romania
  Parakou, Benin
  Tyre, Lebanon
  Perm, Russia

It has a partnership with:
  Kraków, Poland

Related pages 
 Capital of France
 Siege of Orleans

Capital of France
Former national capitals
Le Havre is a city in Normandy. It is one of the most important ports in France. It is located on the right bank of the Seine river along the English Channel.

The city and port were founded by the King Francis I of France in 1517.

The city was bombed during World War II. The damaged area was rebuilt by Auguste Perret from 1945 to 1964. This section was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The École de management de Normandie is in the city.

References

 
World Heritage Sites in France
1517 establishments
1510s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in France
A mountain range (mountain chain, mountain belt) is a geographic area with many mountains.  A 'mountain system' or 'system of mountain ranges' includes geological features that are in the same region as a mountain range.

Mountain ranges usually include highlands or mountain passes and valleys. Individual mountains in the same range do not always have the same geology or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terrains, for example thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, and volcanic landforms. This results in a variety of rock types.
Major ranges 
Most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earth's land surface are associated with either in the Pacific Ring of Fire or the Alpide Belt. The Pacific Ring of Fire includes the Andes of South America, extends through the North American Cordillera along the Pacific Coast, the Aleutian Range, on through Kamchatka, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, to New Zealand. The Andes is  long and is often described as the world's longest mountain system.

The Alpide belt includes Indonesia and southeast Asia, through the Himalayas, and ends in the Alps. The belt also includes other European and Asian mountain ranges. The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including Mount Everest, at  of elevation.
Mountain ranges outside of these two systems include the Arctic Cordillera, the world's northernmost mountain system. If the definition of a mountain range includes underwater mountains, then the ocean ridges form the longest continuous mountain system on Earth, with a length of .

Divisions and categories 
Many mountain ranges have sub-ranges within them. It can be thought of as a parent-child relationship. For example, the Appalachian Mountains range is the parent of its own ranges, two of which are the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains. The White Mountains are a child of the Appalachians, and there are also children of the Whites, like the Sandwich Range and the Presidential Range.

Climate
Climate 

The position of mountains influences climate, such as rain or snow. When air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools producing  precipitation (rain or snow). As the air descends on the leeward side, it warms again and is drier, having been stripped of much of its moisture. Often, a rain shadow will occur on the leeward side of a range.

Erosion 
Mountain ranges are always being eroded. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted and long after until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains. The basins next to an eroding mountain range are filled with sediments which are buried and turned into sedimentary rock.

The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are an example. As the uplift was occurring some  of mostly Mesozoic sedimentary strata were removed by erosion and spread as sand and clays across the Great Plains to the east. This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Peakbagger Ranges Home Page
 Bivouac.com
Straight edge (Often called sXe) is a lifestyle without drugs, tobacco, or alcohol. Some followers of straight edge also abstain from illegal or casual sex.

For some, no drug use includes caffeine which is a stimulant drug. Some will accept drugs such as codeine or morphine for medical reasons.
Some followers of straight edge will not use Ny-Quil or Day-Quil because they contain alcohol.
Those straight edgers who quit casual or illegal sex would not have one-night stands and will wait until they are in a committed relationship to have sex.

Some cities have associated straight edge as gang affiliation, but advocates call it a way of life such as being a vegetarian.

References

Subculture
Lifestyles
Rouen is a commune. It is the prefecture of Upper Normandy and the Seine-Maritime department.

First settlements in that region were from the 6th century before Christ.
The Romans founded Rotomagus about 100 A.D..
Since 384 Rouen is the seat of a bishop.
In 841 the Vikings conquered Rouen. It became the capitol of the Duchy of Normandy.
In 1204 the Frensh king reconquered Rouen. 
In 1419 the English crown (Henry IV. of England) conquered the city in the 100-year War between France and England. On May, 30th of 1431 Jeanne D'Arc (the Virgin of Orleans) was burned in Rouen.
In 1494 the French got the city back.
In 1834 the railway connection Paris-Rouen was opened.
Rouen was occupied by the Germans in the Franco-German War of 1870 to 1873 and in both World Wars. In the World War II many buildings were destroyed.
Rouen has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). It has a great marine harbor 60 km from the city. Tourism, transportation, the colleges and the university are most important economic factors.

The university of Rouen has about 40,000 students.

Museums 
 The Musée des beaux-arts is the museum of art of the city
 The Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire is a museum about the history of the port of the city and the navigation

Education 
 NEOMA Business School
Microcode is the name for a number of instructions or data structures which are involved in implementing higher-level machine language in many processors, especially microprogrammed ones. Microcode is on memory that is very fast to access. When a machine level instruction needs to be executed, microcode tells the processor what electronic circuits should be used. When a new processor is designed, an engineer also writes the microcode for the instructions of machine language. This is called Microprogramming, the resulting code is called a microprogram. 

In early processors, each instruction was hard-wired. This has several drawbacks, the most obvious is that correcting an error in processor design means that the processor needs to be replaced.

Example
A processor should add two values, which are in registers A and B.
Configure the ALU for addition
 Put the value of register A on one input of the ALU
 Put the value of register B on one input of the ALU
 After waiting a short time, to allow for the addition, the result needs to be copied into a register, which has not been used yet
 The value of that register needs to be copied to register A
 The next instruction needs to be fetched from memory

Items 1-3, as well as  5-6, can be coded as one instruction. It is also possible to hard-wire the logic needed for this operation. This has the benefit of being faster, but the drawback that it no longer allows changes that might be needed later on.  

The concept of microprogramming was developed by Maurice Wilkes in 1951, using diode matrices for the memory element.

References

Microprocessor design
Computational complexity theory is a part of computer science. It looks at algorithms, and tries to say how many steps or how much memory a certain algorithm takes for a computer to do. Very often, algorithms that use fewer steps use more memory (or the other way round: if there is less memory available, it takes more steps to do). Many interesting algorithms take a number of steps that is dependent on the size of the problem.

Different classes of complexity

Constant Complexity 
Complexity theory also looks at how a problem changes if it is done for more elements. A problem of constant complexity class is the only class in which this is not true. A problem with constant complexity takes the same number of steps to complete no matter the size of the input or the number of elements it is computed on. Broadcasting a message can be thought of as a problem of constant complexity. No matter how many people need to receive a message, all can listen on to one single broadcast with no extra broadcasts needed.
Linear complexity 
Mowing the lawn can be thought of as a problem with linear complexity. Mowing an area that is double the size of the original takes twice as long.

Quadratic complexity 
Suppose you want to know which of your friends know each other. You have to ask each pair of friends whether they know each other. If you have twice as many friends as someone else, you have to ask four times as many questions to figure out who everyone knows. Problems that take four times as long when the size of the problem doubles are said to have quadratic complexity.
Logarithmic complexity 
This is often the complexity for problems that involve looking things up, like finding a word in a dictionary. If the dictionary is twice as big, it contains twice as many words as the original to compare to. Looking something up will take only one step more. The algorithm to do lookups is simple. The word in the middle of the dictionary will be either before or after the term that needs to be looked up, if the words do not match. If it is before, the term needs to be in the second half of the dictionary. If it is after the word, it needs to be in the first half. That way, the problem space is halved with every step, until the word or definition is found. This is generally known as logarithmic complexity
Exponential complexity 
There are problems that grow very fast. One such problem is known as the Travelling salesman problem. A salesman needs to take a tour of a certain number of cities. Each city should only be visited once, the distance (or cost) of the travelling should be minimal, and the salesman should end up where he started. This problem has exponential complexity. There are n factorial possibilities to consider. Adding one city (from n to n+1) will multiply the number of possibilities by (n+1). Most of the interesting problems have this complexity.

Theoretical computer science
An average is the "normal" number of a group of numbers made by mixing the group of numbers.

In math, an average is called a mean. It can be found by adding the numbers, then dividing the answer by the number of numbers there were. There are other kinds of mean, and other things that are sometimes thought of as "average" such as median or mode (statistics).

Sport 

In some sports, such as cricket and baseball, averages are used to tell how good a player is (such as batting average). Sporting averages have special rules for how to find them.

Statistics
Fluminense Football Club () or Fluminense, is a football club in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, based in the neighbourhood of Laranjeiras since its foundation, in 1902, making it the oldest football club of Rio de Janeiro.

Current Squad

Notable Players 

  Ademir Menezes
  Assis
  Branco
  Carlos Alberto Torres
  Castilho
  Conca
  Delei
  Denílson
  Didi
  Edinho
  Félix
  Flávio
  Gérson
  Henry Welfare
  Lula
  Manfrini
  Marco Antônio
  Marcos Carneiro de Mendonça

  Orlando
  Oswaldo Gomes
  Paulo César Caju
  Pintinho
  Preguinho
  Renato Gaúcho
  Ricardo Gomes
  Rivelino
  Romerito
  Romeu
  Samarone
  Telê
  Thiago Silva
  Tim
  Valdo
  Washington

Trophies

International
 Copa Rio Internacional: 1
 1952
 Olympic Cup: 1
 1949

National
 Série A: 4
 1970, 1984, 2010,2012
 Brazil Cup: 1
 2007
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 1
 1999

Regional
 Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 2
 1957, 1960
 Taça Ioduran: 1
 1919
 Zona Sul da Taça Brasil: 1
 1960
State
 Campeonato Carioca: 31
 1906/1907/1908/1909, 1911, 1917/1918/1919, 1924, 1936/1937/1938, 1940/1941, 1946, 1951, 1959, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975/1976, 1980, 1983/1984/1985, 1995, 2002, 2005, 2012
 Taça Guanabara: 8
 1966, 1969, 1971, 1975, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1993, 2012
 Taça Rio: 2
 1990, 2005
 Torneio Início: 9
 1916, 1924, 1925, 1940/1941, 1943, 1954, 1956, 1965

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Best Attendances 
 Ranking Carioca League 
 Matches 1902/2005 
 Canal Fluminense - Fluminense´s Daily News 
 Torcida Tricolor

References

Football clubs in Rio de Janeiro
1902 establishments
1900s establishments in Brazil
Romanization, or Latinization, is how words from languages that normally do not use the Latin alphabet are converted into Latin letters. That allows people who do not know the original writing system to read the sounds of the language. Romanization is one way to show the pronunciation of the language's words.

There are often several ways to romanize a language. For the Russian language, the Soviet Union invented several systems, and the United Nations and the International Organization for Standardization invented two of the others. There are also several methods for Arabic, Japanese, and Chinese. Some romanization systems are based on the writing system of the original language, some are based on speech in the original language, and some are based on both. In other words, some romanization systems are based on transliteration, and others are based on transcription.

Related pages 
 Romanization of Bulgarian
 Romanization of Japanese
Other websites 
 UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems
 U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables in PDF format
 Java romanization app
 One of the few books with lists of romanizations is ALA-LC Romanization Tables, Randall Barry (ed.), U.S. Library of Congress, 1997, .
 Microsoft Transliteration Utility – A free tool for making and using transliteration systems from any alphabet to any other alphabet.
 G. Gerych. Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets. Ottawa University, April 1965. 126 pp.
Diaspora (, literally, "a scattering or sowing of seeds") is used (without capitals) to refer to any people or racial group living outside their traditional homelands, emigrating and being scattered in distant places and making a new community. It was first used in the Septuagint to mean the scattering of Jews after the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BC.

Related pages 
Jewish diaspora

Migration
Angers is a city in the west of France. Around 160,000 inhabitants live inside the city and 300,000 live in the metropolitan area.

It is the capital of the historical province called Anjou. Today, the name of Anjou is Maine-et-Loire. The inhabitants of Angers and of Anjou are called 'angevins'.

The city existed before the Roman Empire. After the Roman conquest, the city was called Juliomagus. Angers was an important French city during the Middle-Ages. There is one of the bigger castles of Europe in the city.

It is now the 16th city of France (for its population). It is an economic center, a touristic and cultural town. Many festivals happen every year in the city (film festival 'Premiers plans', street festivals 'Tours de scène' and the famous 'Accroches-coeurs'). It has many museums. The museum of Beaux-Arts (a famous Art museum) and "Apocalypse Tapestry" (the oldest and largest collection of medieval tapestries in the world) are very famous.
There are two universities. More than 17,000 students go to the 'Université d'Angers' (a state university) and 12,000 go to the 'Université Catholique de l'Ouest' (a private catholic university). The 'École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers' is one of the most prestigious business school in France.

Transport
 Road: Motorway A11 to Paris ~295 km and to Nantes ~90 km
 Railway: TGV (very quick train) from Angers-St Laud station to Paris in 92 minutes only
 International Airports: Angers-Marcé, Nantes-Atlantique

Sister cities
Angers is twinned with:
  Haarlem, Netherlands, since 1964
  Osnabrück, Germany, since 1964
  Bamako, Mali, since 1974
  Pisa, Italy, since 1982
  Wigan, United Kingdom, since 1988
  Södertälje, Sweden, since 1998
  Seville, Spain, since 2000
  Yantai, China, since 2006
Toulon is a city in the south of France. It has about 170,000 people. Toulon is the prefecture of Var. Toulon is the third biggest city of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur after Marseille and Nice. It is the main base of the Mediterranean Sea fleet of the French Navy. It is  from the Italian border.

Education 
 Kedge Business School

More reading 
 Le Chevallier à découvert, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Laurens Ed., 1998.

Other websites
Grenoble is a French commune in the Alpine foothills. It is the prefecture of the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

It has an oceanic climate  (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

It is an important centre for scientific research in France.

Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Grenoble. Grenoble School of Management is also in the city, as well as the Université Grenoble-Alpes.

Transport 
 Grenoble-Isère Airport

Twin towns — Sister cities
Grenoble is twinned with:

Other websites

Grenoble
Olympic cities
A sequence is a word meaning "a set of related events, movements or items that follow each other in a particular order".

It is used in mathematics and other disciplines. In ordinary use, it means a series of events, one following another. In maths, a sequence is made up of several things put together, one after the other. The order that the things are in matters. For example, both (Blue, Red, Yellow) and (Yellow, Blue, Red) are sequences, but they are not the same. Sequences made up of numbers are also called progressions.

There are two kinds of sequences. One kind is finite sequences, which have an end. For example, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) is a finite sequence. The other kind is infinite sequences, which means that they keep going and never end. An example of a sequence that is infinite is the sequence of all even numbers, bigger than 0. This sequence never ends: it starts with 2, 4, 6, and so on, and one can always keep on naming even numbers.
If a sequence is finite, it is easy to say what it is: one can simply write down all the things in the sequence. This does not work for an infinite sequence. So another way to write down a sequence is to write a rule for finding the thing in any place one wants. The rule should tell us how to get the thing in the n-th place, where n can be any natural number. This means that a sequence is really a special kind of function with natural numbers as its domain. We sometimes write a sequence as , where  stands for the n-th term of the sequence.

For example, the rule could be that the thing in the n-th place is the number 2×n (2 times n). This tells us what the whole sequence is, even though it never ends. The first number is 2×1, which is 2. The second number is 2×2, or 4. If we want to know what the 100-th number is, we can simply calculate 2×100 and get 200. No matter which thing in the sequence we want, the rule can tell us what it is.

Types of sequences
Types of sequences

Arithmetic progressions (AP) 
In an arithmetic progression, the difference between a term and the term before it is always a constant.

Example: 

9 - 4 = 5, 14 - 9 = 5, 19 - 14 = 5, 24 - 19 = 5, and so on.  

So if one takes the first term as a and the constant difference as D, then the general formula for arithmetic sequence is , where n is the number of term.

Geometric progressions (GP) 
In a geometric progression, the ratio between a term and the term before it is always constant. 

Example: 

6/3 = 2, 12/6 = 2, 24/12 = 2, 48/24 = 2, and so on. 

So if one takes a to be the first term and r to be the ratio, then the general formula for geometric progression is , where n is the number of term.

Harmonic Progressions (HP) 
In a harmonic progression, the difference between the reciprocal of a term and the reciprocal of the term before it is a constant.

Example:   

, and so on.

Series 
A series is the sum of all the terms of a sequence.
The general formula for calculating the sum of arithmetic sequence is 

That of a geometric sequence is , if the sequence is infinite, and, if it is finite. 

Here, a is the first term, d is the common difference in arithmetic sequence, r is the ratio in geometric sequence and n is the number of term.

Related pages 

 Cauchy sequence
 Limit of a sequence
 Series

Notes and References 

Sequences and series
Aix-en-Provence is a city in the south of France. About 150,000 people live there.

Famous people from Aix-en-Provence

Paul Cézanne (d. 1906), painter

References

Attribution

Other websites

Aix en Provence Tourist office website 
Official site of the town Aix-en-Provence
Amiens is a city in Somme in the former province of Picardy in northern France. About 145,000 people live there. The Treaty of Amiens was signed there.

Other websites 
 This town at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies

 
Former regional capitals in France
Le Mans is a commune. It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Le Mans is a city in France. It has about 143,000 inhabitants. It takes about one hour to go to Paris by TGV.

Sport
 Le Mans is the start of the seventh stage of the 2011 Tour de France.
 The city is well known for the 24-hour car race of Le Mans.

Sister cities
Le Mans is twinned with:
  Bolton, England, United Kingdom
  Haouza, Western Sahara
  Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
  Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast, Russia
  Suzuka, Japan
  Volos, Greece
  Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
  Alexandria, Egypt

References
Tours is a city on the Loire River in the centre of France. It has about 143,000 inhabitants. It is the prefecture (administrative headquarters) of the department of Indre-et-Loire and is one of the 22 French metropolis.

Notable natives and residents 
 Honoré de Balzac 1799-1850, novelist
 René Descartes 1596-1650, scientist, mathematician and philosopher

Sister cities
  Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, since 1962
  Segovia, Spain, since 1972
  Parma, Italy, since 1976
  Luoyang, People's Republic of China, since 1982
  Springfield, USA, since 1984
  Trois-Rivières, Canada, since 1987
  Takamatsu, Japan, since 1988
  Braşov, Romania, since 1990
  Minneapolis, USA, since 1991

Related pages 
 Capital of France

Capital of France
 
Former national capitals
Nancy is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in the Grand Est region. It was formerly the capital of the old Duchy of Lorraine. 

Nancy has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 ICN Business School

Sister cities
Nancy is twinned with:

Departmental capitals in France
Limoges ( or Limòtges) is a city and commune, the capital (prefecture) of the Haute-Vienne department and the historical capital of the old Limousin region in west-central France. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of the same name.

Limoges is known for its medieval and Renaissance enamels on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain and for its oak barrels which are used for Cognac and Bordeaux production.

Geography
The city of Limoges is near the western limits of the Massif Central, in the centre of the Haute-Vienne department. The Vienne river flows through the city.

Limoges is at about  from Paris,  from Toulouse,  from Bordeaux and  from Marseille.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Limoges is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Limoges, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Limoges is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Limoges is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Population
The inhabitants of Limoges are known, in French, as  Limougeauds (women: Limougeaudes).

With a population of 134,577, Limoges has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Limoges

Limoges forms, together with other 8 communes, the urban area of Limoges with a population of 183,860 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Limoges, formed by 96 communes, with a population of 283,050 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Administration 
Limoges is the prefecture of the Haute-Vienne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Limoges and the administrative centre () of 9 cantons

 Limoges-1, with 18,316 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-2, with 15,794 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-3, with 16,872 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-4, with 17,434 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-5, with 18,550 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-6, with 18,413 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-7, with 14,833 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-8, with 16,149 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-9, with 16,316 inhabitants (2014)

It is part of the intercommunality Limoges Métropole ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Limoges is twinned with:

 Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
 Fürth, Germany
 Grodno, Belarus
 Seto, Japan
 Icheon, South Korea
 Plzeň, Czech Republic

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Limoges
 Communes of the Haute-Vienne department

References

Other websites

 City Council website 
 Limoges Métropole 

 
Former regional capitals in France