Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Soldiers' graves

During World War II, German soldiers who died when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union were buried in mass graves in Eastern Europe.  In 2013, the German War Graves Commission moved 70,000 soldiers from mass graves to a cemetery in Russia.  This was the 82nd cemetery the Commission had built to re-bury soldiers buried in mass graves.  All together, the 82 cemeteries hold more than 800,000 German soldiers.  The Commission says there are at least 250,000 more German soldiers buried in mass graves throughout Eastern Europe.

The Soviet Union also used mass graves during World War II.  For example, in the Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery, they buried almost 500,000 civilians and soldiers in 186 mass graves.  These people had died or been killed during the Siege of Leningrad.

The Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, as many as 20 million people may have died or been murdered while Joseph Stalin ruled the government.  Most of them were Soviet civilians.  Many were buried in mass graves.
The biggest include:
Bykivnia (between 100,000 and 225,000 people are buried here) 
Kurapaty (between 30,000 and 250,000 people)
Butovo (over 20,000 people)
Communarka (about 10,000 people)
Sandarmokh (over 9,000 people)

The Korean War

Early on in the Korean War, South Korea killed at least 100,000 people who had been put in prison for their political beliefs.  They buried many of these people in mass graves.  In 2007, the South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Committee found four mass graves, with more than 400 people in them.  The Committee estimates that there are about 150 mass graves in South Korea.

The Vietnam War

During the Vietnam War, in the Huế Massacre, the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army murdered between 2,800 and 6,000 civilians and prisoners of war.  They buried the bodies in dozens of mass graves.

Genocide in Cambodia
From 1975 to 1979, the Khmer Rouge, ruled by Pol Pot, controlled Cambodia.  The Khmer Rouge committed a genocide against the Cambodian people.  Historians and scientists say that there are at least 20,000 mass grave sites in the country, holding at least 1,386,734 victims of execution.

Other wars

During the Bosnian War (1992-1995), the Bosnian Serb Army killed more than 8,000 Bosnian Muslims in the Srebrenica genocide.  They buried them in mass graves.  In 2003, mass grave specialists found a mass grave that was "as big as a tennis court."  It included victims of the Srebrenica genocide.  By 2006, 42 mass graves had been found around Srebrenica, and specialists think there are at least 22 more.  Another 2,070 victims have been found in the graves.

During the Kosovo War (1998-1999), Serbian soldiers committed many war crimes against the Albanian people.  As of 2010, six mass graves had been found in Serbia with Albanian victims inside.  The largest had between 705 and 1,000 bodies in it.
The Colombian government says that in its civil war, which is still going on today, its enemies have buried at least 6,000 people in mass graves.

CNN recently wrote that the terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) killed more than 130 men, women, and children who refused to join ISIS.  They buried their bodies in mass graves.

Photo gallery

Related pages
 War crimes
 Crimes against humanity

References

Nazi Germany
Massacres
World War I
World War II
1990s crimes
War crimes
Frederick Walter Stephen "Fred" West (29 September 1941 – 1 January 1995) was an English serial killer. West was born in Much Marcle, Herefordshire. His convictions included sexual assault and theft.

Between 1967 and 1987, West – alone and later with his second wife, serial killer Rosemary West – tortured and raped young women and girls, murdering at least 12, including their own family members. Fred killed at least two people before collaborating with Rose, while Rose murdered Fred's stepdaughter (his first wife's biological daughter) when he was in prison for theft. Most of the murders occurred between May 1973 and August 1979, in their homes at 25 Midland Road and 25 Cromwell Street in Gloucester. Many bodies were buried at or near these homes and sometimes even in the walls of their home.
The couple were apprehended and charged in 1994. Fred West hanged himself in his prison cell before going to trial. Rose West was imprisoned for life, in November 1995, found guilty on 10+ counts of murder. Their house at Cromwell Street was demolished in 1996 and the space converted into a landscaped footpath.

1941 births
1995 deaths
British rapists
English prisoners
English serial killers
Incest
People from Herefordshire
People who committed suicide in prison custody
Serial killers who committed suicide
Suicide in the 1990s
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
Thieves
Twenty One Pilots (often written as twenty one pilots or TØP) is an American band from Columbus, Ohio. The band was formed in 2009. Its members are Tyler Joseph and Josh Dun. They put out two albums that they released themselves, Twenty One Pilots in 2009 and Regional at Best in 2011, before being signed by Fueled by Ramen in 2012. Their first album through a record label, Vessel, was released with Fueled by Ramen in 2013. Their next album, Blurryface, was released on May 15, 2015 through the same label. There was also rumors of a new album release with an email to their fans that had a GIF of a horse galloping through an eye that had the caption, "ARE YOU STILL SLEEPING?" Leading to many theories that their year-long hiatus had ended. The theories were right, and the band released two songs not too long after, coming from the studio album going by the name Trench, which has a yellow theme, and was released on the 5th of October, 2018. They released a single named "Level of Concern" on April 9, 2020
. They released four singles which are named "Shy Away", "Choker", "Saturday" and "The Outside" in 2021, and also an album, named Scaled and Icy on May 21 in that same year.
References

Other websites 

 
 

2010s American music groups
Musical groups from Ohio
Musicians from Columbus, Ohio
2009 establishments in the United States
Hip hop bands
2000s establishments in Ohio
Ratified on January 17, 1919 and went into effect a year later, the Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution banned the making, transporting, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The Volstead Act was passed by Congress to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment. It did not prohibit the drinking of alcohol however. It started the period in American history called the Prohibition Era. This was a period of mass civil disobedience to the law. Those who could afford the higher prices of smuggled liquor went to illegal bars called speakeasies. Working class people tended to drink moonshine and so-called bathtub gin at home. The Eighteenth Amendment proved to be a major failure. Americans started drinking more than before and it caused crime to rise significantly. The Eighteenth Amendment was later repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment. It remains the only amendment to be repealed by another amendment to the Constitution.

Text
Text

Clauses 
The first clause, section one, says the law was to go into effect one year from its ratification. It was passed by Congress on December 18, 1917. The thirty-sixth state (required number for passage) to ratify the amendment did so 394 days later on January 16, 1919. The forty-seventh state to ratify the amendment was New Jersey on March 9, 1922. Rhode Island was the only state to reject ratification of the 18th Amendment.

The second clause gave the federal and state governments concurrent powers to enforce the amendment. Congress passed the national Prohibition Enforcement Act, also known as the Volstead Act. The act defined any beverage containing more than one-half of one percent an intoxicating beverage. It gave the Internal Revenue Service the power to enforce the law.
The third clause gave seven years as the time period for the states to ratify the amendment. This is the first amendment to have a limit on the time in which it was to be ratified. If it was not ratified by the required number of states in that time period, the amendment would not go into effect. Article Five of the United States Constitution requires an amendment be passed by three-quarters of the states. (36 out of the 48 states at that time.)

Background 
During the 1820s intense religious and social movements spread across the country calling alcohol and drunkenness a "national curse." They were called temperance movements. The first state to have a temperance law was Massachusetts who in 1838 enacted a law prohibiting the sale of liquor in less than  quantities. In 1846, Maine passed the first state prohibition law. It was repealed two years later, still, other states also passed similar laws.
After the American Civil War, immigrants, mainly from Ireland, Germany, Italy and other parts of Europe, crowded major cities by the millions. Many of these men worked hard and drank just as hard. Beer became a favorite drink and many German-Americans who knew how to brew beer began producing it in large quantities. By the 1870s, many wives and mothers who were completely dependant on their men, began to protest having their lives ruined by alcohol. They were joined by a number of clergymen. They organized as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and became a powerful force for change. They were joined by women such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. prominent in the suffrage movement (women's right to vote). The temperance movement was able to put political pressure on politicians that many were afraid of. The WCTU began calling for a nation-wide ban on alcoholic drink. At first, most Senators were against the idea. But they also did not want to be seen as voting against it
. For this reason they imposed a deadline for ratification of seven years. Many hoped it would not be ratified. But the plan did not work since it was ratified just over a year after its passage.
Results of prohibition 
Gustav Boess, Mayor of Berlin visited New York City in late 1929. He asked the Mayor of New York City, Jimmy Walker, when prohibition was supposed to go into effect. At that time, prohibition had already been the law of the land for over nine years. That the German mayor even had to ask shows how well the Eighteenth Amendment had been working. In fact, it was not working very well at all.
Those who supported prohibition expected the sales of household goods and clothing to go up dramatically. Many expected real estate and rents to rise as bars closed and neighborhoods were cleaned up. Many producers of soft drinks, juices and chewing gum expected sales to go up as Americans had to find new ways of entertaining themselves. None of this happened. Instead, the unintended consequences proved to be a decline in amusement and entertainment industries across the country. Restaurants failed, as they could no longer make a profit without legal liquor sales. Theater revenues declined rather than increase, and few of the other economic benefits that had been predicted came to pass. Prohibition proved to be largely negative for the economy. Jobs in breweries, distilleries and bars were lost by the thousands. Truckers, waiters, barrel makers and many other related workers had large numbers of jobs lost. Perhaps the largest unintended consequence was the loss to the government in tax revenues
. The state of New York lost almost 75 percent of its revenue. The federal government lost over $11 million in tax revenues while the cost to enforce it was over $300 million.
Loopholes 
The prohibition laws had many loopholes (ways to get around the law) that were quickly taken advantage of. The biggest loophole was that neither the Eighteenth Amendment nor the Volstead Act made it illegal to drink or be drunk in public. Farmers who grew fruit quickly learned to sell their harvests in dehydrated bricks. The warning label included instructions on how to easily turn the bricks into alcoholic drinks. Pharmacists were allowed to prescribe whiskey for any number of ailments from anxiety to the flu. As bootleggers learned of this, the number of pharmacies tripled in places like New York state. Tools and ingredients to make alcohol at home were sold in hardware and grocery stores. Books on how to make liquor were also legal.
Crime 
Drinking under prohibition did not stop, it simply went underground. In New York City alone there were thousands of speakeasy clubs. The mob made millions in illegal sales of alcohol on the black market. Most Americans simply ignored the law. The agents who enforced prohibition laws were poorly paid and were easily bribed. Gangsters made money and became powerful under prohibition. They even cooperated with one another in setting prices. Organized crime gained a national foothold due to prohibition.  One of the better known gangsters was Al Capone. When Capone arrived in Chicago in 1920 he immediately saw the opportunities that prohibition offered. He organized illegal bootlegging on an international scale. He even controlled the distribution of his alcohol. He hired his own delivery trucks, salespeople, and his own heavily armed guards to protect his investments. Capone was making over $100 million a year. He had no trouble bribing all the politicians and law enforcement members in his district.
Notes

References

Other websites 
 Effects of the 18th Amendment
 Significance of the 18th and 19th amendments

18
Rockingham County is a county in the U.S. state of New Hampshire.

Other websites

New Hampshire counties
Atkinson is a small town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire.

Towns in New Hampshire
Sandown is a small town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire.

Other websites

Towns in New Hampshire
{||}
The Messerschmitt Me 163 is a German military aircraft used during World War II. It was a rocket-powered aircraft.  It was designed by Lippisch.

The plane weighed 4200 pounds when it was empty and almost 10,000 pounds when it was full.  It could fly 560 miles per hour.  During the last part of World War II, Messerchmitts fought B-17 bombers over Germany.  About 18 B-17s were shot down and about 10 Messerschmitts were shot down.

The fuel the Messerschmitts used sometimes exploded.

Additional references 

 

World War II German aircraft
German military aircraft
The Mil Mi-8 is one of the most famous helicopters built in USSR during the Cold War. It is used for transport and attack by more than 50 countries in the world. It's the basis of Mil Mi-14 and Mil Mi-17 helicopters.

Bibliography 
 Jackson, Robert, Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .

Helicopters
Soviet military aircraft
The yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) is an arboreal and nocturnal gliding possum. It lives in the native eucalypt forests right down eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to Victoria.

Habitat
The yellow-bellied glider lives in forests and woodlands in eastern Australia and is found at a range of altitudes from sea level to 1400 metres.

In North Queensland, the sub-species lives at over 700 m above sea level. There are 13 different populations in three places where this glider lives in North Queensland. One population lives on Mount Windsor Tableland, another on Mount Carbine Tableland, and the third lives in a linear habitat from Atherton to Kirrama on the Atherton Tableland. These three populations together have about 6000 individual gliders. With their habitat in danger, the yellow-bellied glider is classified as uncommon to rare and is named vulnerable to the tropics. This species is more widespread in southern Queensland, NSW and Victoria.
The yellow-bellied glider is gregarious and spends the day in a leaf-lined tree hole, which is usually shared with other members of the same family.  It is also one of the most vocal possum gliders. It has a distinctive growling call that it uses as means of communication. A recording of the distinctive call can be heard at 

It eats nectar, honeydew, insects, pollen and a wide spread of tree sap.

References 

Marsupials of Australia
Diprotodonts
Ratified on August 18, 1920, Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution granted American women the right to vote. The amendment marked the end of a long struggle for women in the United States that began in the mid-nineteenth century. The movement, called women's suffrage, marked a radical change in how women were viewed in America. When the Constitution was written, it was accepted that a woman did not have a separate legal identity from her husband. Women's suffrage challenged that concept. The Nineteenth Amendment overturned an earlier decision by the United States Supreme Court in Minor v. Happersett. The Court held that the right to vote, guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to all citizens of the United States, did not apply to women. Women were citizens, but did not have the right to vote. The Nineteenth Amendment was first introduced in Congress in 1878 by Senator Aaron A. Sargent
. Sargent. The bill calling for the amendment was introduced unsuccessfully every year for the next 40 years. Finally, in 1919, Congress approved the amendment and submitted it to the states for ratification. A year later Tennessee gave the final vote needed to add the amendment to the Constitution.
Text

Background 
In Colonial America, women had fixed gender roles they learned from their mothers. Growing up, a woman was legally subordinate to her father. When she was married she became a feme covert (French: a married woman). Her property and her legal status transferred to her husband. The intent of this protected-class status was to protect women from the evils men dealt with including politics.  In addition, the custom was also used to ban women from professional jobs, higher education, voting, serving on juries and testifying in court. Single women were limited to the jobs of teaching and nursing.
Leser v. Garnett 
When the Nineteenth Amendment became law, it guaranteed the right to vote could not be denied on account of sex. However, it was not the same as women being allowed to vote. The Supreme Court case of Leser v. Garnett (1922), while not intended to do so, established this right. The plaintiffs challenged the Nineteenth Amendment as being unconstitutional. They argued first, that the amendment was invalid because it increased the electorate without the state of Maryland's consent. They argued secondly that ratification was based on several states that denied women the right to vote in their state constitutions and therefore their legislatures did not have the right to ratify the amendment. The third argument was that the last two states to ratify the amendment, Tennessee and West Virginia, violated their own rules of procedure.
In a unanimous decision, the court rejected all three arguments. The first argument is invalid because wording was almost the same as the Fifteenth Amendment. Each used the same method of adoption so one cannot be valid and the other invalid. The second argument, that certain state legislatures did not have the power to ratify based on their own constitutions, is rejected because they were ratifying an amendment to the federal Constitution, and so is a federal function. The Court ruled the third argument a moot point because two other states after Tennessee and West Virginia (Connecticut and Vermont) who followed their own procedures would have been enough to ratify the amendment. But in addressing the substance of the argument, the Court went on to point out that the Secretaries of State of Tennessee and West Virginia each accepted the ratification by the legislatures making the ratification by those two states valid
. The Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote but Lesser made it certain the right could be used even in states where the state constitution did not allow it.
Notes

References

Other websites 
 19th Amendment: How far have women in politics come since 1920?
 The Power of the 19th Amendment, Then and Now

19
Women's suffrage
Sir Kenneth Hugo Adam (born Klaus Hugo Adam; 5 February 1921 – 10 March 2016) was a German-born British movie production designer. He was born in Berlin. Adam was best known for his set designs for the James Bond movies of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as for Dr. Strangelove. He won two Academy Awards (1975, 1994) and two BAFTA Awards (1964, 1965).

Adam died in London on 10 March 2016, aged 95.

References

Other websites

Ken Adam at BFI Screenonline
Ken Adam at Web of Stories
Imperial War Museum Interview from 1997
Imperial War Museum Interview from 1997
Imperial War Museum Interview from 2009

Academy Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
1921 births
2016 deaths
People from Berlin
Set designers
Lloyd Stowell Shapley (June 2, 1923 – March 12, 2016) was an American mathematician and economist. He was known for his work on mathematical economics and especially game theory. Since the work of von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1940s, Shapley has been thought by many experts as the very creator of game theory. 

With Alvin E. Roth, Shapley won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Economics "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design". In recent years, he worked at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Shapley was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard University. Shapley died on March 12, 2016 in Tucson, Arizona from complications of a broken hip. He was aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
American economists
University of California faculty
American mathematicians
Harvard University alumni
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Princeton University alumni
Scientists from Massachusetts
Raymond "Ray" Griff (April 22, 1940 – March 9, 2016) was a Canadian country music singer-songwriter. He was from Vancouver, British Columbia. 

Griff began songwriting in the early 1960s. Griff moved to Nashville in 1964 to pursue his music career full-time. His first records as a singer were released in the late 1960s. Griff had his first hit, "Patches", a remake of the Clarence Carter soul hit in 1970 which peaked at No. 26 in Billboard. 

Griff recorded for the small country label Royal American and later moved on to Dot Records without much success.  His stint at Capitol Records from 1975-1979 was more successful, racking up eight more country top 40 hits, the most successful being 1976's "If I Let Her Come In" which peaked at No. 11.

Griff died in Canada from pneumonia after going through surgery on March 9, 2016. He was aged 75.

References

1940 births
2016 deaths
Canadian singer-songwriters
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from surgical complications
Musicians from Vancouver
Naná Vasconcelos (2 August 1944 – 9 March 2016) was a Brazilian percussionist, vocalist and berimbau player. He was known for his work as a solo artist on over two dozen albums, He worked with Pat Metheny, Don Cherry, Egberto Gismonti, Gato Barbieri and Milton Nascimento. He was born in Recife, Brazil.

Vasconcelos died in Recife, Brazil from lung cancer on 9 March 2016. He was aged 71.

References

1944 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian musicians
Brazilian singers
Cancer deaths in Brazil
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Recife
Richard Davalos (November 5, 1930 – March 8, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as Aaon Tusk in East of Eden and as Blind Dick in Cool Hand Luke. He was born in The Bronx, New York. His career began in 1953. He retired in 2008.

Davalos died on March 8, 2016 at a hospital in Burbank, California. He was aged 85.

References

Other websites

 
 

1930 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from the Bronx
Article Seven of the United States Constitution explains what needs to happen for the Constitution to be approved.  It says that nine states need to ratify the Constitution before it takes effect.  To ratify the Constitution, a special group in each state called a Convention would have to approve the Constitution.

Text

In Simple English, this means: The approval of nine states' Conventions will be enough to make this Constitution official in those states.

Background
Before the United States Constitution was passed, the United States had another constitution called the Articles of Confederation.  These Articles made the United States into a confederation.  The legislature of the confederation government was called the Congress of the Confederation.
After a few years, the Founding Fathers decided the United States needed a new constitution and a new form of government.  They formed a group called the Constitutional Convention to write a new constitution.  The group finished its final version of the Constitution on September 17, 1787.  Three days later, the Convention gave its suggested Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation to get its support.

The Congress debated a lot about the Constitution.  Members of Congress did not agree on whether Congress should support the new Constitution or not.  On September 28, the Congress came to a compromise.  They decided just to give the states the Constitution and let them vote on it.  Congress would not suggest that the states pass the Constitution, or that they not pass it.  This way, the decision would truly be up to the states; no state would be affected by Congress's opinion.
Approval
In 1787 and 1788, there were debates across the United States about the suggested new Constitution.  Each state's Convention would have to vote on the Constitution.  For a state to ratify the Constitution, more than half of the members of its Convention would have to vote for the Constitution.

On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the suggested Constitution.  All 30 of the members of its Convention voted for the Constitution.

On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to approve the Constitution.  Now that nine states had ratified the Constitution, it became the highest and most important law of the United States.  The United States would have a new form of government, based on the ideas set out in the Constitution.

Four states are still left
However, four states still had not approved the Constitution.  These states were Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island.  If they did not approve the Constitution, they would not be a part of the new government of the United States.

The Congress of the Confederation decided that the United States would start using the new Constitution on March 4, 1789.  Before that day, Virginia and New York ratified the Constitution.  However, when the first United States Congress gathered on March 4 to form the new government, North Carolina and Rhode Island still had not approved the Constitution.  After the new Congress added the Bill of Rights to the Constitution, though, North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the Constitution.

Order of approval

The Constitution was ratified by the states in this order:

References

Other websites
 Interactive website about the ratification of the Constitution (from TeachingAmericanHistory.org)

United States Constitution
Roberto Alfredo Perfumo (3 October 1942 – 10 March 2016) was an Argentine footballer and sports commentator. He was nicknamed El Mariscal. He was thought as one of the best Argentine defenders ever. Perfumo played for Racing, River Plate and Brazilian team Cruzeiro. With the national team, he played the 1966 and 1974 World Cups.

Perfumo died at 73 from a skull injury after falling from a stairway in Buenos Aires on 10 March 2016.

References

1942 births
2016 deaths
1966 FIFA World Cup players
1974 FIFA World Cup players
Accidental deaths from falls

Argentine footballers
Sports commentators
Aldo Ferrer (April 15, 1927 – March 8, 2016) was an Argentine economist and policy maker. Ferrer was one of the leading figures of economic nationalism in Argentina. He served as Minister of Economy from 1970 through 1971. He later served as an ambassador to France from Argentine. He served as ambassador from 2011 through 2013. He was born in Buenos Aires.

Ferrer died in Buenos Aires on March 8, 2016. He was aged 88.

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Politicians from Buenos Aires
Argentine economists
Scientists from Buenos Aires
Article Six of the United States Constitution says that the Constitution, and any laws or treaties the United States might make, will be the most important laws in the United States.  It also says that the United States will pay debts from before the Constitution was written.  Finally, it says that members of the United States government have to swear that they will obey the Constitution.  However, they will never have to swear that they follow a certain religion.

Text

Debts
Before the United States Constitution was written, the United States had another constitution called the Articles of Confederation.  The Articles made the states into a Confederation.

The first part of Article Six says that the United States will still honor and pay all of its debts from before the Constitution was written.  The Article says that "these debts are as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as [they were] under the Confederation [governed by the Articles of Confederation]."
Supremacy
The second clause of Article Six is often called the "Supremacy Clause."  It says that these things are the "supreme" laws in the United States  the most powerful and most important laws in the country:
 The Constitution
 Laws made by the United States government
 Treaties made by the United States government

Because these laws are supreme:
 State courts have to follow them
 States' constitutions are not as powerful as the United States Constitution
 If there is a disagreement between a federal law and a state law, the federal law is more important.  The federal law must be used.
 Even the President of the United States has to obey the Constitution.
For example, part of the Constitution called the Bill of Rights gives people the right to freedom of religion.  Because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land:
 No state court could rule that a person could not practice their religion
 No state constitution could say that certain religions are illegal in that state
 No state could make a law that said people could only practice certain religions
 Even the President could not refuse to hire people for his government because they don't practice his religion

Later in history
A few Supreme Court decisions helped make the Supremacy Clause clearer.

The first important case was Marbury v. Madison (1803).  In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to review state courts' decisions, if those decisions seemed like they did not follow the supreme law.  This power is called judicial review.
In Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816), the United States Supreme Court ruled that it was more powerful than the state Supreme Courts.  In the case, the Virginia Supreme Court said that a United States Supreme Court decision was unconstitutional, and told all of the Virginia state courts not to obey it.  The United States Supreme Court ruled that it had the final say in legal issues that had to do with federal laws  not the state courts.  If a state court and the United States Supreme Court disagree, the Supreme Court is the supreme law of the land.

Three years later, in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states cannot control federal institutions.  The state of Maryland had tried to tax a federal bank.  The Supreme Court ruled that states cannot tax government property.  This was another example of a case where the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the "supreme laws of the land" were more powerful than state laws or court decisions.
In 1824, the Supreme Court ruled on Gibbons v. Ogden (1824).  The state of New York had given Aaron Ogden a monopoly over the steamboat business in the Hudson River.  However, Thomas Gibbons got the same power from a federal government permit.  The Supreme Court decided that the federal permit was more powerful than the state monopoly.  Supreme Court Justice John Marshall wrote: 

Finally, in Reid v. Covert (1957), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that no branch of the United States government can be given extra powers by a treaty, if those powers were not given to it by the Constitution.  This case showed that the Constitution could even limit the power of treaties, and was truly the supreme law of the land.

Oaths
The last part of Article Six is sometimes called the "No Religious Test Clause."
This clause says that people have to swear to support the Constitution if they are:
 Members of the United States Congress
 Members of state legislatures
 The President, Vice President, and the people who work for them
 Judges

Congress gets to decide the exact words in this oath to support the Constitution.  However, in this oath, they cannot require a "religious test."  This means they cannot make a person swear that they follow a certain religion.

Under this clause, Congress may include the words "so help me God" in the oath.  However, a person cannot be required to say those words.  A person cannot be required to swear or say anything about religion in order to work for the United States government.

Later in history
Later in history

During the 1960 presidential campaign, John F. Kennedy was running for President.  If he were elected, he would be the first Catholic president ever.  Many people were unsure that Americans should elect a Catholic as president.  This raised the question of whether Americans  not their government  were requiring a "religious test" for their President.  Would they require that a President be a Protestant in order to get elected? 

On September 12, 1960, Kennedy talked about this issue directly in his Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association:

Kennedy won the election.

Related pages
 Separation of church and state
 Judicial review

References 

United States Constitution
David Stifler Johnson (December 9, 1945 – March 8, 2016) was an American computer scientist. He was known for his works in algorithms and optimization. He was the head of the Algorithms and Optimization Department of AT&T Labs Research from 1988 to 2013. He was a visiting professor at Columbia University from 2014 to 2016. He was awarded the 2010 Knuth Prize.

Johnson died on March 8, 2016 at the age of 70.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
American computer scientists
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Engineers from Washington, D.C.
Alfred Erich Senn (April 12, 1932 – March 8, 2016) was an American professor of history. He worked at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Senn was born in Madison, Wisconsin. Senn was the author of eight books. He taught about the history of Lithuania.

Senn died in Madison, Wisconsin at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
Alfred Erich Senn  – short bio

1932 births
2016 deaths
American historians
Academics from Wisconsin
Writers from Madison, Wisconsin
William James "Bill" Wade (October 4, 1930 – March 9, 2016) was an American football quarterback. He played professionally in the National Football League (NFL). He was thought as one of the greatest athletes in Nashville and Vanderbilt University history.

Wade was a member of the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame. He was best known for being the starting quarterback on the Chicago Bears' 1963 NFL championship team. He also played for the Los Angeles Rams.

Wade died in Nashville, Tennessee on March 9, 2016. He was aged 85.

References

1930 births
2016 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Chicago Bears players
Los Angeles Rams players
Sportspeople from Nashville, Tennessee
Rafiq Azad (born Rafiqul Islam Khan; February 14, 1942 – March 12, 2016) was a Bangladeshi poet, editor and writer. He was born in Tangail. He wrote over 45 collections of poetry including Prakriti O Premer Kabita, Asambhaber Paye, Sahasra Sundar, Haturir Nichae Jiban, Khub Beshi Durea Noy, Khamakaro Bahaman Hey Udar Amiyo Batas and others. He was a freedom fighter during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971. Azad was called as one of the most important young poets in the post-Liberation War period.

Azad died in Dhaka, Bangladesh from a stroke on March 12, 2016. He was aged 74.

References

1942 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Bangladeshi poets
Bangla Academy Literary Award winners
Recipients of the Ekushey Padak
Bangladeshi Muslims
József Verebes (23 March 1941 – 13 March 2016) was a Hungarian football manager and player. He was born in Budapest. Verebes played for Ferencvárosi TC from 1961 through 1962. He managed the Hungary national football team in 1987.

On 15 October 2010, Verebes became the coach of Nagytétény SE, competing in the Budapest championship. Verebes became the advisor of his former club Rába ETO in 2011.

Verebes died in Budapest from complications of a stroke at the age of 74.

References

1941 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Hungarian footballers
Hungarian football managers
Sportspeople from Budapest
Martin Olav Sabo (February 28, 1938 – March 13, 2016) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). He served as a United States Representative for , which includes Minneapolis. He served as a representative from 1979 through 2007. 

Sabo was born in Crosby, North Dakota. He studied at Augsburg College. Sabo died in Minneapolis, Minnesota from respiratory failure, aged 78.

References

Other websites

Minnesota Legislators Past and Present

Martin Sabo legislative and congressional papers are available for research at the Minnesota Historical Society

1938 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Minnesota
Politicians from North Dakota
United States representatives from Minnesota
Iolanda Balaș (, , later Balázs-Sőtér Jolán; 12 December 1936 – 11 March 2016) was a Romanian Olympic athlete. She was a champion and former world record holder in the women's high jump. She was the first Romanian woman to win an Olympic gold medal and is considered to have been one of the greatest high jumpers of the twentieth century.

Balaș was diagnosed several years ago with type II diabetes. She died in Bucharest, Romania from complications from a gastric disorder, at the age of 79.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
Romanian sportspeople
High jumpers
William Alexander Gadsby (August 8, 1927 – March 10, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Chicago Black Hawks, New York Rangers, and Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League. He was born in Calgary, Alberta.

Gadsby died in Farmington Hills, Michigan on March 10, 2016. He was aged 88.

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Chicago Blackhawks players
New York Rangers players
Detroit Red Wings players
Sportspeople from Calgary
Ice hockey defencemen
Ernestine Anderson (November 11, 1928 – March 10, 2016) was an American jazz and blues singer. She recorded over 30 albums. She was nominated four times for a Grammy Award. 

She sung at Carnegie Hall, the Kennedy Center, the Monterey Jazz Festival (six times over a 33-year span), as well as at jazz festivals all over the world. In the early 1990s she joined Qwest Records, the label of fellow Garfield High School grad Quincy Jones. Her career lasted for 60 years. Anderson was born in Houston, Texas.

Anderson died in her sleep in Seattle, Washington on March 10, 2016. She was aged 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Musicians from Houston
Claude Estier (8 June 1925 – 10 March 2016), born Claude Hasday Ezratty, was a French politician and journalist. He was deputy of Paris in 1967-1968 and again in 1981-1986. He was then Senator from 1986 to 2004 and was President of the Socialist group in the Senate from 1988 to 2004. In 1955 he joined the political redaction of Le Monde. He quit in 1958.

Note

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
Writers from Paris
French journalists
Socialists
Politicians from Paris
Louis Jay Meyers (June 21, 1955 – March 11, 2016) was an American festival organizer and co-founder of South By Southwest. He was born in Austin, Texas. Meyers was the event’s primary music booker until he sold his share in the event after the 1994 conference. Meyers was also an multi-instrumentalist and producer. From 2005 to 2013, Meyers was executive director of Folk Alliance International.

Meyers was admitted to a hospital in Austin on March 10, 2016 and initially was diagnosed with blood clots. He then died of a suspected heart attack the next day at his home. He was aged 60.

References

1950s births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Musicians from Austin, Texas
Myrtle Audrey Arinsberg (September 20, 1924 – March 10, 2016), known as Gogi Grant, was an American popular singer. She was best known for her No. 1 hit in 1956, "The Wayward Wind". She was voted the most popular female vocalist by Billboard magazine. This single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Grant died on March 10, 2016 in Philadelphia, aged 91. Her death was announced by her son, Joshua Beckett. She also had a daughter, Jeri Brown.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Country musicians from Pennsylvania
Singers from Philadelphia
Jovito "Jovy" Reyes Salonga (June 22, 1920 – March 10, 2016) was a Filipino statesman and lawyer. He was known as a leading opposition leader during the regime of Ferdinand Marcos. He served as the opposition leader from 1972 until the People Power Revolution in 1986, which removed Marcos from power. Salonga was the 14th President of the Senate of the Philippines serving from 1987 to 1992.

Salonga died in March 10, 2016 from cardiac arrest in Quezon City. He was aged 95.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines
Dragoslav "Dragan" Nikolić (; 20 August 1943 – 11 March 2016) was a Serbian actor. He was born in Belgrade. In 1967 he starred in the movie Kad budem mrtav i beo. Nikolić has since appeared in many movies of different genres. He was one of the most well-known actors in Serbian cinema. 

In 2000, he received the "Pavle Vuisić" Award for his lifework. From 2011 to 2013, he was the television host on the Serbian edition of quiz Millionaire.

Nikolić died in Belgrade from cancer at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
 

1943 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Movie actors
Serbian actors
Television presenters
Romulo Macció (1931 – 11 March 2016) was an Argentine painter. He worked with the local avant-garde art movement which took shape during the 1960s. He was born in Buenos Aires. 

Macció described much of the genteel portrait and landscape art available at that time as "pink chocolate." He was awarded the De Ridder Prize in 1959 and the Torcuato di Tella Institute International Prize in 1962. He helped create the Neo-figurative movement that swept Latin American art during the 1960s. 

Macció died in Buenos Aires on 11 March 2016. He was aged 84.

References

Other websites
Artnet
The Legacy Project 

1931 births
2016 deaths
Argentine painters
People from Buenos Aires
Lawrence Van Gelder (February 17, 1933 – March 11, 2016) was an American journalist and instructor. He has worked at several different New York City-based newspapers in his long career. He was born in New York City.

Until 2010, he was senior editor of the Arts and Leisure weekly section of The New York Times as well as a movie critic.  Among the newspapers for which Van Gelder has worked are the New York Daily Mirror, the New York Journal-American and the World-Journal-Tribune.

Gelder died of leiomyosarcoma (soft muscle cancer) on March 11, 2016, aged 83.

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from leiomyosarcoma
Cancer deaths in New York City
American movie critics
Journalists from New York City
South Gyeongsang is a province in South Korea. It has cities including its capital Changwon, Gimhae, and Sangju. South Gyeongsang's governor is Park Wan-su.

History

In 1895, Gyeongsang-do divided. In the south, the west was called Jinju, and the east Dongnae. In 1896, Jinju and Dongnae joined, making Gyeongsangnam-do. In 1896 the provincial capital was Jinju, but it changed to Busan in 1925. In 1963, Busan separated, so in 1983 the provincial capital moved to Changwon. Ulsan separated in 1997.

Geography
South Gyeongsang's area is 10531.1km². It occupies 10.6% of South Korea's whole area. South Gyeongsang's area is the fourth largest of the 16 cities and provinces.

Population
South Gyeongsang's population is 3,364,695 and the population density is 307/km².

District
There are 8 cities and 10 counties in South Gyeongsang.

Other websites
http://www.gyeongnam.go.kr/jsp/main/main.jsp 

Provinces of South Korea
Aphelion might mean:

 Aphelion, is the farthest point from the sun in an heliocentric orbit of a celestial body
 Aphelion (software) (or Aphelion Imaging Sofware Suite), software for image processing and analysis
The Sikorsky S-76 is an American helicopter. It is used both by civil and military aviation.

Helicopters
Sikorsky aircraft & helicopter
The Fairey Hendon is the first British bomber built in metal. It was designed for night flight. It was used only by the RAF.

Variants 
 Hendon Mk-I, prototype, only one built.
 Hendon Mk-II, serie variant, 14 built.

Royal Air Force aircraft
The Saxony-Anhalt state election was held on 13 March 2016 in the German State of Saxony-Anhalt for the next composition of the Parliament of Saxony-Anhalt. The incumbent Governor is Reiner Haseloff of the CDU, governing with the SPD.

Issues and campaign

Results
30 CDU MPs were elected (down 12) - 29.8%
24 AfD MPs were elected (up 24) - 24.2%
17 The Left MPs were elected (down 9) - 16.3%
11 SPD MPs were elected (down 17) - 10.6%
5 Green MPs were elected (down 4) - 5.2%

Post-election
The only realistic possibility would be a coalition government of the CDU, SPD and the Greens. Together, they would have a 2-seat majority . Other combinations (such as the CDU and The Left or CDU and AfD) are highly unlikely. The stark differences among the parties will make it harder for negotiations to create a coalition.

Polls before the election
The reference for the polls is wahlrecht.de.

References

Other websites
Saxony-Anhalt Electoral Office
2016 in Germany
Elections in Germany
2016 elections in Europe
March 2016 events
Saxony-Anhalt
The North American Aviation A3J Vigilante is an American reconnaissance and attack aircraft. It served with US Navy onto aircraft carrier. After September 1962 A3J Vigilante began A-5 Vigilante.

United States Navy aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
Ratified on January 23, 1933, the Twentieth Amendment (Amendment XX) to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20. It moved the start and end dates for members of Congress from March 1 to January 21. In both cases the start and end time is at noon. It also gives the procedure to follow if for some reason there is no president-elect.

Text

Background 
In the later part of the eighteenth century, when the Constitution was written, travel and communications were both very slow by modern standards. To cross the Atlantic Ocean could take several weeks. Traveling by horseback or by carriage on crude roads in the US could take even longer. Communications were mainly by letter or messenger. For these reasons the framers of the Constitution allowed for the longer periods of time it took to send and receive messages. Four months, the time from the election in November to the swearing-in in March, was necessary at the time.
Effects of the Twentieth Amendment 
The sessions of Congress between the election and the beginning of a new term are called "lame duck" sessions because members of Congress who were voted out of office still attend and can still vote. Originally the term "lame duck" was a financial term meaning those who could not repay a loan. As used in politics, a representative who lost an election was no longer accountable to the voters. As the framers of the Twentieth Amendment saw it, lame duck representatives should not be able to vote since voters had already rejected their views. The Twentieth Amendment only shortened the lame duck period by six weeks. Between 1933 and 2012, 18 lame-duck sessions of Congress have passed laws.

Notes

References 

  
 The Constitution and the Inauguration of the President
 Twentieth Amendment: Limiting Lame Duck Mischief

20