Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
While the Medal of Honor is now the highest military decoration attainable by a member of the United States armed forces, during the Civil War, it was the only one. This means it was often earned for reasons that would not meet modern criteria. For example, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton promised a Medal of Honor to every man in the 27th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment who extended his enlistment. 311 men in the unit accepted. Because there was no official list of their names, the War Department issued 864. One for each man in the unit. In 1916, a group of five retired generals reviewed Army awards and recommended that these 864 and others be revoked.
Since then 3,464 Medals of Honor have been presented. 1522 were for actions during the American Civil War. The first Medals of Honor were given to many of the participants of the Andrews' Raid. Some of the people from the raid received them after they died (posthumously). Andrews himself was a civilian and thus ineligible at the time. Mary Edwards Walker was a surgeon and became the only woman (and one of only eight civilians) who received a Medal of Honor. It was later taken away but after many years it was given back. Twenty-five were presented to African Americans. These included seven sailors of the Union Navy. Fifteen soldiers of the United States Colored Troops received it for their actions. Three soldiers of other Army units also received it. It was common for Civil War Medals of Honor to be granted decades after the conflict ended. In the case of Andrew Jackson Smith the Medal was not authorized until 2001. That is 137 years after the action in which he earned it
. Smith's wait was caused by a missing battle report. It is the longest delay of the medal for any recipient.
Recipients
This is an overview list of Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War.

List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z

related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients

References
Specific

General

Civil War
Medal
This is a complete alphabetical list (G to L) of Medal of Honor recipients during the American Civil War. Many of the medals presented during the Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags. At that time regimental flags served as the rallying point for the unit. They guided the unit's movements and loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit. Getting the flag could have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.

Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government. It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…". Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the individual dies (posthumously).

Recipients

Notes

References

Civil War G-L
G-L
Medal of Honor recipients
This is a complete alphabetical list (M to P) of Medal of Honor recipients during the Civil War. Many of the medals presented during the Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags. During this time regimental flags served as the rallying point for the unit. They also guided the unit's movements. Loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit. It could have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.

Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…". Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed. This is sometimes referred to as posthumously.

Recipients

References

Civil War M-P
M-P
Medal of Honor recipients
This is a list of Australian political parties. There are also other parties which are only active at a state level. This list includes all parties registered with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC).

Registered for elections with the AEC
Animal Justice Party
 Australia First Party (NSW) Incorporated
Australian Affordable Housing Party
 Australian Christians
 Australian Democrats
 Australian First Nations Political Party
 Australian Fishing and Lifestyle Party
 Australian Greens
 Australian Labor Party (ALP)
Australian Progressives
 Australian Protectionist Party
 Australian Stable Population Party
 Building Australia Party
 Christian Democratic Party (Fred Nile Group)
 Citizens Electoral Council of Australia
 Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist)
 Australian Country Alliance
 Country Liberals (Northern Territory)
 Democratic Labor Party (DLP) of Australia
 Family First Party
 Help End Marijuana Prohibition (HEMP) Party
 Katter's Australian Party
 Liberal Democratic Party
 Liberal Party of Australia
 Liberal National Party of Queensland
 National Party of Australia
 No Carbon Tax Climate Sceptics
 Non-Custodial Parents Party (Equal Parenting)
 One Nation
 Reason Party
 Rise Up Australia Party
Science Party
Science Party
 Secular Party of Australia
 Senator Online (Internet Voting Bills/Issues)
 Shooters and Fishers Party
 Socialist Alliance
 Socialist Equality Party
 The Wikileaks Party
For latest details see: http://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registered_parties/index.htm

Parties with seats in the Federal ParliamentAs of the last election in 2022, the following parties held at least one seat in the Australian Federal Parliament. 
Note: The Liberal Party of Australia and the National Party of Australia are in a centre-right coalition called the "Liberal–National Coalition", also commonly known simply as "the Coalition". The Coalition held a majority in the Australian House of Representatives and were in government from 2013 to 2022.

Additionally, independent politicians (mostly teal independents) hold 14 seats in the House of Representatives and one seat in the Senate.

 Liberal Party figures include Liberal National Party of Queensland and Country Liberal Party of the Northern Territory.

Former political parties
4Change (formerly the Climate Change Coalition)
 Abolish Self Government Coalition
 Advance Australia Party (formerly the Rex Connor Labor Party)
 All for Australia League
 Australia Party
 Australian Bill of Rights Group
 Australian Commonwealth Party
 Australian Conservative Party
 Australian Family Movement
 Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist)
 Australian Labor Party (Non-Communist)
 Australian Labor Party (NSW)
 Australian Marijuana Party
 Australian Nationalist Party
 Australian Party
 Australian Progressive Alliance
 Australian Reform Party
 Australian Women's Party (1995)
 Australians Against Further Immigration (AAFI)
 Australia's Indigenous Peoples Party
 Carers Alliance
 Centre-Line Party
 City Country Alliance
 Combined New Australia Party
 Commonwealth Centre Party
 Commonwealth Liberal Party
 Commonwealth Party
 Communist Party of Australia (1920–1991)
 Communist Party of Australia (revived)
 Confederate Action Party of Australia
 Conservative Party of Australia
Country and Progressive National Party
 Country Progressive Party
 Curtin Labor Alliance
 Deadly Serious Party
 Defence and Ex-Services Party
 Defence of Government Schools
 Democratic Labor Party (1955-78)
 Democratic Party (1920)
 Democratic Party (1943)
 Democratic Socialist Electoral League
 Earthsave (politics)
 Engineered Australia Plan Party
 Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy Australia
 Ex-Service, Service and Veterans Party
 Family Law Reform Party
 Free Trade Party
 Great Australians Party
 Grey Power
 Hear Our Voice
 Hope Party Australia
 Human Rights Party
 Illawarra Workers Party
 Independent EFF
 Independent Labor Group
 Industrial Labor Party
 Industrial Socialist Labor Party
 Lang Labor
 Liberal and Country League
 Liberal Country Party
 Liberal Democratic Party
 Liberal Movement
 Liberal Reform Group
 Liberal Reform Party
 Liberal Party (1922)
 liberals for forests
 Libertarian Party of Australia
 Lower Excise Fuel and Beer Party
 Majority Labor Party
 National Alliance (WA)
National Liberal Party
 Natural Law Party
 No Aircraft Noise
 National Action
 National Humanitarian Party
 National Socialist Party of Australia
 Nationalist Party of Australia
 New Country Party
 New England New State Movement
 New LM
 No GST Party
 Nuclear Disarmament Party
 One Australia Movement
 One Australia Party
 One Nation NSW
 One Parliament for Australia
 Party! Party! Party!
 Pauline's United Australia Party
 Pensioner and Citizen Initiated Referendum Alliance (formerly Pensioner Party of Australia)
 People Power Party
 Progress Party
 Progressive Conservative Party
 Progressive Labour Party
 Progressive Party
 Progressive Party (1920)
 Protectionist Party
 Protestant Labor Party
 Protestant People's Party
 Queensland Farmers' Union
 Queensland Labor Party
 Reclaim Australia: Reduce Immigration
 Referendum First Group
 Reform the Legal System
 Republican Party of Australia
 Restore the Workers' Rights Party
 Revenue Tariff Party
 SA First
 Single Tax League
 Social Democratic Party
State Labor Party
 Sun Ripened Warm Tomato Party
 Surprise Party
 Tasmania First Party
 Tasmania Senate Team
 Taxi Operators Political Service
 The Communists
 Unite Australia Party
 United Australia Party
 United Christian Party
 United Country Party
 United Tasmania Group
 Victorian Liberal Party (formerly the Electoral Reform League)
 Western Australian Party
 What Women Want
Lev Vygotsky  ( – 11 June 1934) was a Russian psychologist. He worked on child development, play and language. He also developed a holistic theory of human cultural and biosocial development.

Vygotsky's early death to tuberculosis left many manuscripts. Sorting them out has taken many years.

Thought and Language
Perhaps Vygotsky's most important work was the inter-relationship of language development and thought. This establishes the connection between speech and the development of mental concepts and cognitive awareness. Vygotsky described inner speech as being qualitatively different from normal (external) speech. Although Vygotsky believed inner speech developed from external speech by a gradual process, with younger children only really able to "think out loud".

"Vygotsky's view is that language has two functions: external communication with one's fellow human beings and, equally important, the internal manipulation of one's inner thoughts".
Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self-talk or "thinking out loud". Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone. Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior. Because it gets internalized, self-talk is no longer present when the child starts school. Self-talk "develops along a rising not a declining, curve; it goes through an evolution, not an involution. In the end, it becomes inner speech".p57
Speaking
Speaking has thus developed along two lines, the line of social communication and the line of inner speech, by which the child mediates and regulates their activity through their thoughts. This is not to say that thinking cannot take place without language, but rather it is mediated by language, and so develops to a much higher level of sophistication. Just as the birthday cake as a sign provides much deeper meaning than its physical properties allow, inner speech as a sign provides much deeper meaning than the lower psychological functions would otherwise allow.

Inner speach
Inner speech is not comparable in form to external speech. External speech is the process of turning thought into words. Inner speech is the opposite; it is the conversion of speech into inward thought. Inner speech, for example, contains predicates only. Subjects are superfluous. Words are also used much more economically. One word in inner speech would take many words to express it in external speech.
Works 
Vygotsky L. 1962. Thought and language. MIT Press. ISBN  0-262-72001-9. Revised and expanded edition 2012. ISBN  978-0-262-51771-3
Vygotsky L. 1962. Psychology of art. MIT Press. 
Vygotsky L. 1978. Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN  0-674-57629-2

Related pages
List of scientists from Europe

References 

Russian psychologists
1896 births
1934 deaths
Moscow State University alumni
The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. It is based on the British Westminster model. The term Opposition has a specific meaning in the parliamentary system. Its formal title is Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition. This is an important part of the Westminster system. The Opposition directs its criticism at the Government and attempts to defeat and replace the Government. The Opposition is therefore the 'Government in waiting' and it is a formal part of the parliamentary system, just as is the Government. It is in opposition to the Government, but not to the Crown, hence the term 'Loyal Opposition'.

The current Leader of the Opposition is Peter Dutton since 30 May 2022, following the Liberal Party's defeat in the 2022 federal election.

Leaders of the Opposition

Related pages
 Leader of the Opposition
 Prime Minister of Australia

Notes

Shows an Opposition Leader who had previously been Prime Minister.

Shows an Opposition Leader who later became Prime Minister.
Gough Whitlam refused to use the title Leader of the Opposition between the dismissal of his government in November 1975 and the first meeting of the new parliament in February 1976. During the election campaign in December 1975 he styled himself as the Leader of the Majority in the House of Representatives.

Notes

References

Lists of Australian politicians
The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government. It is bestowed on members of the United States armed forces. To receive it they must distinguish themselves "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…". Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the person was killed (posthumously).

Many of the medals presented during the American Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags. During the Civil War these flags served as the rallying point for the unit. They also guided the unit's movements. Loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit. It could have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.

Recipients

References

Civil War Q-S
Military personnel of the American Civil War
Medal of Honor recipients
This is a complete alphabetical list (T to Z) of Medal of Honor recipients during the American Civil War. Many of the medals presented during the Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags. At this time regimental flags served as the rallying point for the unit. It guided the unit's movements and loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit. It could have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.

Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government. It is presented to members of the United States armed forces who distinguish thesmelves "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while that could engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…". Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

Recipients

References
References

 Porter, David D. The Naval History of the Civil War Castle, Secaucus, NJ, 1984, .

Civil War T-Z
Military personnel of the American Civil War
Medal of Honor recipients
The Second Battle of Fort Fisher was a joint assault by Union Army and naval forces. It was against the Confederate Fort Fisher. The fort was located outside Wilmington, North Carolina. The battle was near the end of the American Civil War. The battle was sometimes referred to as the "Gibraltar of the South". The fort was the last major coastal stronghold of the Confederacy. Fort Fisher had tremendous strategic value during the war.

Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

Recipients

Notes

References
 
 
 

Second Battle of Fort Fisher
Lists of the American Civil War
The Battle of Opequon was more commonly known as the Third Battle of Winchester. It was fought in Winchester, Virginia on September 19, 1864. It happened during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War. Fourteen Union Army enlisted men and one officer were presented the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the battle.

Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.

Recipients

Notes

References
 
 
 

Lists of Medal of Honor recipients
Lists of the American Civil War
The Battle of Cedar Creek was fought near Middletown, Virginia on October 19, 1864. The battle was the decisive engagement of Major General Philip Sheridan’s Valley Campaigns of 1864. It was the largest battle fought in the Shenandoah Valley. Twelve Union Army enlisted men and nine officers were presented the Medal of Honor for their actions during the battle.

Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

Recipients

Notes

References
 
 
 

Lists of Medal of Honor recipients
Lists of the American Civil War
World War I (also known as the First World War and the Great War) was a global military conflict that involved most of the world's great powers. The war was assembled in two opposing groups: the Entente and the Central Powers.  The immediate cause of the war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. He was heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. He was killed by Gavrilo Princip who was a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria–Hungary. He was also a member of the Black Hand.  The retaliation by Austria–Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations. Within a month, much of Europe was in a state of open warfare. This resulted in the mobilization of more than 65 million European soldiers, and more than 40 million casualties—including approximately 20 million deaths by the end of the war.
When World War I broke out, the United States maintained a policy of isolationism, avoiding conflict while trying to negotiate peace between the warring nations. However, when a German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania in 1915, with 128 Americans aboard, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied and Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. He repeatedly warned that the U.S. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law.

By the time the United States of America entered the war in 1917—three years after the first shots were fired—several Americans had already gone to fight as pilots by joining the Royal Flying Corps. These pilots reported to Canada, and after flight training were sent to fight as officers in the British military.
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.

By the end of the war, 119 men received the Medal for their actions (33 of them posthumously): 90 from the Army, 21 from the Navy, and 8 from the Marine Corps. Among the recipients were Alvin York, who later became the basis for the movie Sergeant York, and Edward Rickenbacker, who became a flying ace. Ralph Talbot of the Marine Corps also became a flying ace and was the first Marine aviator to receive the Medal of Honor.
Since the Medal of Honor was established, 19 recipients have received it twice, of whom 5 received both awards during World War I. These 5 men were all Marines who received both the Army and Navy versions of the Medal of Honor for the same action. This was made possible by the practice of attaching some units of the U.S. Marine Corps, a part of the Department of the Navy, to larger U.S. Army commands, making Marines in such units eligible for both Army and Navy decorations. Of the other three Marines who earned the Medal of Honor during World War I, two were awarded only the Navy version and one, Fred W. Stockham, received only the Army version. In February 1919, the criteria for the award were amended to state that no person could receive more than one Medal of Honor, thus precluding any future double recipients.

Recipients

Footnotes

References

General
 
 
 
 

Inline

World War I
Karl Duncker (Leipzig, 2 February 1903  23 February 1940) was a German psychologist.
 
Until 1935 he was a student and assistant of the founders of Gestalt psychology in Berlin: Max Wertheimer,  Wolfgang Köhler and  Kurt Koffka.
In 1935, exiled by the Nazis, he got an assistantship at Cambridge University with Frederic Bartlett. Later he emigrated to the USA where he was again an assistant of Köhler’s at Swarthmore College. He committed suicide in 1940 at 37 years of age. He had been suffering from depression for some time and had received professional treatment.

Achievements 

Duncker coined the term functional fixedness in visual perception and problem solving. This describes the difficulties arising from a part of a problem which normally has a fixed function. In the problem, the fixed function must be changed to reach the perception or solution.
In his "candle problem" the situation was defined by the objects: a box of candles, a box of thumb-tacks and a book of matches. The task was to fix the candles on the wall without any additional elements. The difficulty of this problem arises from the functional fixedness of the candle box. It is a container in the problem but must be used as a shelf in the solution.

Other examples of this type of problem are:

 an electromagnet must be used as part of a pendulum
 a branch of a tree must be used as a tool
 a brick must be used a paper weight
 another meaning of a word must be found that is different from the meaning within the context of the sentence

References 

Duncker, Karl 1945. On problem solving. APA Psychological Monographs 58 

1903 births
1940 deaths
German psychologists
People who committed suicide
Dianthus armeria is an annual or biennial flowering plant commonly known as Deptford pink or grass pink. It is in the family Caryophyllaceae.

It has small pink flowers that bloom from spring to summer followed by an explosive, inedible fruit. The blooms close up in the afternoon. The seeds are small and blackish or brownish. 

It is a native plant in Europe, and widely grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. It has been introduced to New Zealand and much of North America.

Caryophyllaceae
Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) is a political party in the Darjeeling District of West Bengal, Republic of India. It was formed in 1980 by Subhash Ghisingh with the objective of demanding a Gorkhaland state within India.

References

1980 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in India
Political parties in India
Edward Kern "Ted" Demme (October 26, 1963 - January 14, 2002) was an American movie director and producer. His career began in 1988. His movies included The Ref (1994), Beautiful Girls (1996), Life and Blow.  He died during a celebrity basketball game in Santa Monica, California due to a heart attack. The heart attack may have been caused by cocaine. He was 38 years old when he died.

He was married to Amanda Demme from 1994 until his death. The couple had two sons. He was the nephew of Jonathan Demme.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Reference

Other websites 

 

1963 births
2002 deaths
Accidental deaths in California
American television directors
American television producers
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Tie-dye is a colorful pattern used on clothing. It is made by tying a piece of clothing into a tight bundle, and then dyeing it with various colors. This became very popular in the 1960s and '70s. It was often made to represent signs like 'peace' and 'flower power'.

Tie dye is an expression of emotion and is a very colourful and expressive type of art.

Cloth
Textile arts
The dhol is a drum used during Punjabi wedding processions and parties.
In Western Punjab, the beats of dhol have been an element in the ceremonies of the great Sufi mystics and their followers. The patterns of dhol have been developed to catalyze the mind of the devotee as is seeking spiritual trance. Someone who plays the Dhol is known as Dholi (). 
Traditionally the Punjabi dhol has been the domain of men.

Pakistani music
Drums
This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances. On one side was the Allies. On the other was the Axis powers. It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel. This made it the most widespread war in history. It placed the participants in a state of "total war". The distinction between civil and military resources were eliminated. This resulted in the complete activation of a nation's economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort. Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. The financial cost of the war is estimated at about a trillion 1944 U.S. dollars worldwide, making it the most costly war in capital as well as lives.

The Allies won. The result was the United States and Soviet Union emerged as the world's two leading superpowers.
During this conflict 464 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor, 266 of them posthumously. Seventeen of these were Japanese-Americans fighting in both Europe and the Pacific. Additionally, the only recipient for the United States Coast Guard received the Medal for his actions during this war.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.

A

 N.B. A  in the citation indicates that the award was given posthumously.

Notes

References
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

World War II
Hairspray is a 1988 American musical teen comedy movie. It was produced by John Waters, Robert Shaye and Rachel Talalay and was directed by Waters. In 2002 a Broadway musical of the same name was made. In 2007, the Broadway musical was turned into a movie. Set in 1962 in Baltimore, Maryland, it is about teenager Tracy Turnblad who pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television show and rallies against racial segregation.

Cast
 Ricki Lake as Tracy Turnblad
 Divine as Edna Turnblad / Arvin Hodgepile
 Debbie Harry as Velma Von Tussle
 Sonny Bono as Franklin Von Tussle
 Jerry Stiller as Wilbur Turnblad
 Leslie Ann Powers as Penny Pingleton
 Colleen Fitzpatrick as Amber Von Tussle
 Michael St. Gerard as Link Larkin
 Clayton Prince as Seaweed J. Stubbs
 Ruth Brown as Motormouth Maybelle
 Shawn Thompson as Corny Collins
 Mink Stole as Tammy
 Joann Havrilla as Prudence Pingleton
 Alan J. Wendl as Mr. Pinky

References

Other websites
1988 comedy movies
1980s musical movies
1980s teen comedy movies
American musical movies
American teen comedy movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies set in Baltimore
Movies set in the 1960s
American independent movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by John Waters
1988 independent movies
Movies adapted into plays
Movies about race and ethnicity
Movies about television
Movies about interracial romance
Linderte is a small village in the city of Ronnenberg in Lower Saxony, in Germany. It has about 500 inhabitants, as of 2008.

References

Villages in Lower Saxony
Ronnenberg is a town in the region Hanover in Lower Saxony, Germany. It has about 23,300 inhabitants.
The town Ronnenberg is divided into the districts Benthe, Empelde, Ronnenberg, Ihme-Roloven, Weetzen, Vörie and Linderte.

Towns in Lower Saxony
Alicia Roanne Witt (born August 21 1975) is an American singer, model and actor. She was in the movie Citizen Ruth (1996). She was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. She acted on television shows Ally McBeal and The Sopranos.

References 

Actors from Massachusetts
American television actors
1975 births
Living people
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
The Battle of Iwo Jima took place in February and March 1945 during World War II. Some of the fiercest fighting of the war happened during this battle. The American invasion was called Operation Detachment. It was charged with capturing the airfields on the Japanese island of Iwo Jima.

The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified. There were vast bunkers with hidden artillery. It had 18 kilometers (11 mi) of tunnels. The battle was the first American attack on the Japanese Home Islands. The Imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously. Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle, over 20,000 were killed. Only 216 were taken prisoner.
The battle lasted 2 months. After the battle 27 U.S. military personnel received the Medal of Honor for their actions. Of the 27 medals presented, 22 were presented to Marines. Five were presented to United States Navy sailors. A full 30% of the 82 Medals of Honor presented to Marines in World War II were from this battle.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the recipient is killed (posthumously).

Recipients

References
General
 
 
 
 
 
 

Inline

Iwo Jima
Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the colonial or federal government and the native people of North America.

These wars which ranged from the 17th-century (King Philip's War, King William's War, and Queen Anne's War at the opening of the 18th century) to the Leech Lake uprising in 1898. They generally resulted in the opening of Native American lands to further colonization. They also represent the conquest of American Indians and their assimilation or forced relocation to Indian reservations.
The Indian Wars comprised a series of smaller wars. American Indians who were diverse peoples with their own distinct tribal histories, were no more a single people than the Europeans. They lived in societies organized in a variety of ways. American Indians usually made decisions about war and peace at the local level. They sometimes fought as part of formal alliances. One example is the Iroquois Confederation. They also sometimes used temporary confederacies inspired by leaders such as Tecumseh.

Medal of Honor

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

A

Notes

References

 

 

Indian Wars
The Spanish-American War (, desastre del 98, Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Norteamericana or Guerra de Cuba ) was a military conflict between Spain and the United States. It began in April 1898.  Hostilities halted in August of that year. The Treaty of Paris was signed in December.

The war began after America demanded Spain peacefully end the Cuban fight for independence. The demand was rejected. Strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories. These territories included Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.
Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States a reason to send in the warship . It was sent to indicate high American interest. Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the . "Yellow journalism" added to it accusing Spain of doing a lot of bad things. This made the American public opinion show increased support of the conflict. The war ended after decisive naval victories for the United States in the Philippines and Cuba.

The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict 109 days after the outbreak of war. That gave the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented to the recipient after they are killed (posthumously).

Recipients

Notes

References

Spanish-American War
The Philippine-American War was an armed military conflict between the United States and the First Philippine Republic. It was fought from 1899 to at least 1902. The conflict arose from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines. While the conflict was officially declared over on July 4, 1902, American troops continued hostilities against remnants of the Philippine Army and other resistance groups until 1913. Some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).
Eighty-six men received the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Philippine–American War. 70 from the Army. 10 from the Navy. 6 from the Marine Corps. Four of the medals were posthumous. Among the recipients were Webb Hayes who was the son of former U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes. Two well known Marine Corps officers, Hiram I. Bearss and David Dixon Porter. Bearss became known for leading long-range reconnaissance patrols behind enemy lines. He was later wounded as a colonel in World War I. Porter was from a distinguished military family and rose to become a major general. José B. Nísperos was a member of the Philippine Scouts. He was honored for continuing to fight after being wounded and was the first Asian recipient of the Medal of Honor.

Recipients

Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied in their entirety from the actual Medal of Honor citation

References

General
 
 
 
 

Inline

Philippine
The List of national parks in Albania includes the following:

National 
 Butrint
 Dajti Mountain
 Divjaka-Karavasta
 Lura
 Llogara
 Prespa
 Thethi
 Tomorri Mountain
 Valbona Valley
 Fir of Hotova-Dangëlli
 Fir of Drenova
 Shtam Pass
 Zall-Gjoçaj
 Shebenik-Jabllanica
 Korab-Koritnik

Archaeological 
 Amantia
 Antigonea
 Apollonia
 Byllis
 Hadrianopolis
 Lissus
 Oricum
 Phoenice
 Shkodra

Marine 
 Karaburun-Sazan is sea water forming a 1 nautical mile radius from the shores of the Karaburun Peninsula, and Sazan Island. 

Albania

parks
The national parks of Argentina, South America.

North-East
 Chaco National Park
 El Impenetrable National Park
 Iguazú National Park - home of the Iguazu Falls, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
 Mburucuyá National Park
 Río Pilcomayo National Park

North-West
 Baritú National Park
 Calilegua National Park
 Campo de los Alisos National Park
 Copo National Park
 El Rey National Park
 Los Cardones National Park

Central
 Campos del Tuyu National Park
 El Palmar National Park
 Islas de Santa Fé National Park
 Predelta National Park
 Quebrada del Condorito National Park

Cuyo
 El Leoncito National Park
 Los Venados National Park (projected, in San Luis)
 San Guillermo National Park
 Sierra de las Quijadas National Park
 Talampaya National Park - a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000

Patagonia
Patagonia

 Lago Puelo National Park
 Laguna Blanca National Park
 Lanín National Park
 Lihué Calel National Park
 Los Alerces National Park
 Los Arrayanes National Park
 Los Glaciares National Park - also a UNESCO heritage site
 Nahuel Huapi National Park
 Francisco P. Moreno National Park
 Monte León National Park
 Tierra del Fuego National Park

Other websites 

Argentina
national parks
Argentina
There are seven national parks in Austria, all of them internationally accepted according to the IUCN standard. 

Austria's national parks are:
 Donau-Auen National Park
 Gesäuse National Park
 Hohe Tauern National Park
 Kalkalpen National Park
 Neusiedler See – Seewinkel National Park
 Nockberge National Park
 Thayatal National Park 

Austria
Austria
This is a list of national parks in the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Other websites
 National Parks - Ministry of Ecology and Natural Recources of Azerbaijan  

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan geography-related lists
A mid-range speaker is a type of loudspeaker. These are designed to reproduce sounds which are not very low, but mid-range speaker can also play hi frequency sounds, example frequency going up to 20kHz. Depending on the speakers structure there can be a tweeter that plays hi-frequencies. Typically it is then a 3-way speaker. If there is only a woofer and mid-range speaker, it would be 2-way speaker.

Audio technology
Margaret Julia "Marlo" Thomas (born November 21, 1937, Detroit, Michigan) is an American television and movie actress. She is best known for her role in the television series That Girl (1966-1971). She also represents the Marlo Thomas Foundation and is the elder daughter of the late comedian Danny Thomas.

Actors from Detroit
1937 births
Living people
Yellow Mama is the nickname given to Alabama's electric chair, which was used for executions from 1927–2002.

It was used at Kilby State Prison in Montgomery, Alabama. Yellow Mama was painted with highway-line paint from the State Highway Department lab. The chair was built by a British inmate in 1927 and was first used the same year.

References 

Capital punishment in the United States
History of Alabama
1927 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Alabama
2002 disestablishments in the United States
The United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz lasted for six months. It occurred in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States. It also related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution.

In response to the Tampico Affair President Woodrow Wilson ordered the U.S. Navy to prepare for the occupation of the port of Veracruz. While waiting for authorization of Congress to carry out such action, Wilson was alerted to a German delivery of weapons. They were for Victoriano Huerta due to arrive to the port on April 21. Because of this Wilson issued an immediate order to seize the port's customs office. They were also ordered to confiscate the weaponry.
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels ordered that 56 Medals of Honor be presented to participants in the occupation of Veracruz. This was the most for any single action before or since. In total 63 Medals of Honor were received for actions during the occupation. One went to the Army. Nine webt to members of the United States Marine Corps. Fifty three went to Navy personnel.

Recipients
Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation

Notes

References

Veracruz
People from Veracruz
Yukio Okutsu (November 3, 1921 – August 24, 2003) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life 
Okutsu was born in Koloa, Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Okutsu joined the US Army in March 1943.
Okutsu volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.For his actions in April 1945, Okutsu  was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Okutsu's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Okutsu's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1945. Without the help of others, he silenced three machine gun nests.
Technical Sergeant Yukio Okutsu distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7 April 1945, on Mount Belvedere, Italy. While his platoon was halted by the crossfire of three machine guns, Technical Sergeant Okutsu boldly crawled to within 30 yards of the nearest enemy emplacement through heavy fire. He destroyed the position with two accurately placed hand grenades, killing three machine gunners. Crawling and dashing from cover to cover, he threw another grenade, silencing a second machine gun, wounding two enemy soldiers, and forcing two others to surrender. Seeing a third machine gun, which blocked his platoon's advance, he moved forward through heavy small arms fire and was stunned momentarily by rifle fire, which glanced off his helmet. Recovering, he bravely charged several enemy riflemen with his submachine gun, forcing them to withdraw from their positions. Then, rushing the machine gun nest, he captured the weapon and its entire crew of four
. By these single-handed actions he enabled his platoon to resume its assault on a vital objective. The courageous performance of Technical Sergeant Okutsu against formidable odds was an inspiration to all. Technical Sergeant Okutsu's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Namesake
Okutsu is the namesake of the Yukio Okutsu Veterans Home at Hilo.  It is the first veterans home operated by the state government in Hawaii.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  
 

1921 births
2003 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
George McCall Courts (February 16, 1888 – August 1, 1932) was born in the District of Columbia. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1907. He received the Medal of Honor for actions at the United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Lieutenant, Junior Grade Organization: U.S. Navy Born:16 February 1888, Washington, D.C. Accredited to: District of Columbia Date of issue: 12/04/1915

Citation:

For distinguished conduct in battle, engagements of Vera Cruz, 21 and 22 April 1914. Under fire, Lt.(j.g.) Courts was eminent and conspicuous in the performance of his duties. He had well qualified himself by thorough study during his years of duty in Mexico to deal with the conditions of this engagement, and his services were of great value. He twice volunteered and passed in an open boat through the zone of fire to convey important orders to the Chester, then under a severe fire.
Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)
List of United States Naval Academy alumni (Medal of Honor)

References

Other websites

1888 births
1932 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Washington, D.C.
The Boxer Movement or Boxer Rebellion was a Chinese uprising from November 1899 to September 7, 1901. It was against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty).

The members of the Chinese Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists were simply called boxers by the Westerners. This was due to the martial arts and calisthenics they practiced. It began as an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, peasant-based movement that attacked foreigners who were building railroads and violating Feng shui. Christians who they felt were responsible for foreign domination of China were also targeted. In June 1900, the Boxers invaded Beijing and killed 230 non-Chinese. Before it ended, tens of thousands of Chinese Christians, Catholic and Protestants were killed. Most of them in the Shandong and Shanxi provinces.