Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Leslie Townes Hope  (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), better known as Bob Hope, was a British-American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, and dancer. He was the only person who received five honorary Oscars.

Early life 
Bob Hope was born on May 29, 1903, in London, England to a Welsh mother and English father. In 1908, the Hopes migrated to Cleveland, Ohio. In 1920, at age 17, Hope became a U.S. citizen.

Career 
Before he was an actor, Hope became a professional boxer. In this time he was called "Packey East". Years later, he was popular because of some musicals he played in. He was also part of some television and radio shows. At the same time, Bob Hope became a comedian. Hope visited the United States armed forces between 1941 and 1991 during the conflicts in that time period. These shows made Hope a household name and well liked by most Americans. Hope also entertained eleven U.S. Presidents.
In 1939, Bob Hope married Dolores DeFina (May 27, 1909 - September 19, 2011). The couple adopted four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda, and Kelly.

Awards 
Bob Hope was honored with more than 1500 awards. Among them are five special Oscars in 1941, 1945, 1953, 1960, and 1966. Between 1940 and 1978 he hosted the Academy Awards record seventeen times.

And in 1998 he was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II. Upon accepting the appointment, Hope quipped, "I'm speechless. 70 years of ad lib material and I'm speechless."

Death 
Bob Hope died of pneumonia on July 27, 2003, 2 months after his 100th birthday. He was buried 3 days later, reburied on July 22, 2005 in custom made grave in California.

References

Other websites 
An obituary on BBC
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from California
Actors from Cleveland
American centenarians
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Comedians from London
Comedians from Cleveland
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Kennedy Center honorees
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1903 births
2003 deaths
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
{{Infobox comedian
| name          = Dawn French
| image         = Dawn French 4.jpg
| imagesize     = 200px
| caption       = French at the 2005 Make Poverty History march.
| birth_name    = Dawn Roma French
| birth_date    = 
| birth_place   = Holyhead, Wales, UK
| nationality   = British
| medium        = Actress, writer, comedienne
| genre         =
| subject       =
| notable_work  = Various in French & SaundersThe Reverend Boadicea Geraldine Granger in The Vicar of DibleyVarious in Murder Most Horrid
| influences    = John Cleese
| active        = 1981–present
| spouse        =  (divorced); One adopted daughter: Billie
| module = {{Infobox comedian awards
  |child=yes
  | baftaawards = Fellowship with Jennifer Saunders }}
}}

Dawn French (born 11 October 1957) is a British comedian and actress.
French studied acting at the London Central School of Speech and Drama, and met Jennifer Saunders there in 1977. French and Saunders became famous when they appeared on a comedy series called The Comic Strip. They wrote the famous comedy series French & Saunders which was first on BBC TV in 1987. She has been nominated for seven BAFTA Awards and also won a Fellowship BAFTA along with Saunders.

French is also well known for appearing as Geraldine Granger in British sitcom The Vicar of Dibley. In her career in movie, French played "The Fat Lady" picture in the movie Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and voiced the beaver in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.

French is known for her larger figure. She tries to promote the idea that "big" can be beautiful. As a result, she has her own line of clothes, Sixteen47.  The name is from the statistic that 47% of British females are at least a size 16. The clothes are made to look good on larger women.
Credits
TelevisionThe Comic Strip (1982)Five Go Mad in Dorset (1982)Five Go Mad on Mescaline (1983)The Young Ones (1982–1984)Girls On Top (1985–1986)Happy Families (1985)Kate Bush – Experiment IV (Video)(1986)French and Saunders (1987–2007)Murder Most Horrid (1991–1999)Absolutely Fabulous (1992)The Legends of Treasure Island (1993–1995)The Vicar of Dibley (1994–2007) Geraldine GrangerSex & Chocolate (1997)Let Them Eat Cake (1999)Ted and Alice (2002)Wild West (2002–2004)Marple: Sleeping Murder (2005)Jam and Jerusalem (2006, 2008, 2009)Dawn French's Girls Who Do Comedy (2006)Little Britain Abroad (2006)Marple (2006)High Table (2007)The Meaning of Life (2007)Dawn French's Boys Who Do Comedy (2007)Lark Rise to Candleford (2008 & 2011)Psychoville (2009–2011)The Paul O'Grady Show (2009) [Guest Host]Alan Carr: Chatty Man (2009)Roger & Val Have Just Got In (2010 – present)Paul O'Grady Live (2010)
TheatreMe and Mamie O'RourkeWhen I Was a Girl I Used to Scream and ShoutAll Souls' Night, Lyric TheatreSwan Lake (1996)Then Again (1997)Side By Side (1997)A Midsummer Night's Dream (2001)My Brilliant Divorce (2003)Smaller (2005)La fille du régiment (2007)Still Alive (2008–2009) the last comedy sketch show done by French and Saunders

MoviesEat the Rich (1987)The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996)David Copperfield (1999)Maybe Baby (2000)Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) The Fat LadyThe Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005) Mrs Beaver (Voice)Love and Other Disasters (2006)Coraline (2009) Miss Miriam Forcible/Other Forcible (Voice) Animals United (2010) Angie (Voice)

Awards and recognition
French and Saunders won the Golden Rose of Montreux award in 2002 and in 2003. She was listed in The Observer as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. In a 2006 poll French was named as the most admired female celebrity amongst women in Britain.
BAFTA Awards
1989 – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance in French and Saunders1991  – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance in French and Saunders1998 – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Performance in The Vicar of Dibley2000 – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Performance in The Vicar of Dibley2001 – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Performance in The Vicar of Dibley2007 – Nominated – BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Performance in The Vicar of Dibley2009 – Won – BAFTA Fellowship – awarded with Jennifer Saunders
2011 – Nominated – BAFTA Best Female Performance In A Comedy Role in  Roger and Val Have Just Got In British Comedy Awards
1997 – Won – British Comedy Award for Best TV Comedy Actress in The Vicar of Dibley1998 – Nominated – British Comedy Award for Best TV Comedy Actress in The Vicar of Dibley2011 - Nominated - British Comedy Awards for Best TV Comedy Actress in Psychoville
National Television Awards
1998 – Nominated – National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performer in The Vicar of Dibley2000 – Nominated – National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performer in The Vicar of Dibley2002 – Nominated – National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performance in Ted and Alice2003 – Nominated – National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performance in Wild WestOther
1991 – Won – Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award for TV- Light Entertainment in French and Saunders''
2001 – Along with Jennifer Saunders, declined an OBE.
2002 – Won – Rose d'Or Light Entertainment Festival Award shared with Jennifer Saunders

References

Other websites
 
 
 Biography at the Museum of Broadcast Communications 
 French and Saunders

English comedians
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
1957 births
Living people
Port-au-Prince (Pòtoprens in Kreyòl) is the capital city of Haiti.  Haiti is also divided into ten Départements; Port-au-Prince is the capital of the Ouest Département.

Port-au-Prince is Haiti's largest city.  According to the country's 2015 census, over 2.6 million people lived there.

History 
Port-au-Prince was built in 1749.  At that time, Haiti was a French colony called Saint-Domingue.  Before 1770, Cap-Français (now Cap-Haïtien) was the capital of Saint-Domingue.  In 1770, Port-au-Prince replaced Cap-Français as the capital of Saint-Domingue.

In 1804, the people of Haiti won the Haitian Revolution, and Haiti became an independent country.  Port-au-Prince became the capital of this new country.  During the French and Haitian Revolutions, it was called Port-Républicain, before Jean-Jacques Dessalines renamed it Port-au-Prince.
Shortly after it won its independence, Haiti's new leaders divided the country between a kingdom in the north and a republic in the south.  Port-au-Prince remained the capital of the republic.

Port-au-Prince today 
Port-au-Prince is the cultural centre of Haiti. The State University of Haiti (L'Université d'État d'Haïti, or UEH, in French); the Université Quisqueya; and the Université Caraïbe are all located in the city.

Port-au-Prince is the nation's largest centre of economy and finance. It has the most important port in the country, where coffee and sugar are exported. Port-au-Prince has soap, textile, and cement factories, and others to process foods.

There is also an international airport about  north of the city.  It is named Aéroport International Toussaint L'ouverture after national hero Toussaint L'ouverture.
The city was very badly damaged and more than 100,000 people died in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, which is one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. Due to extreme poverty, the city has still not recovered from the earthquake, and many ruins still remain.

References

1749 establishments
Port-au-Prince
Establishments in the French colonial empire
1740s establishments in North America
Hameln (English name sometimes Hamelin) is a city in Germany. In 2005, about 58,000 people lived there. A very well-known story from there is called The Pied Piper of Hamelin (Der Rattenfänger von Hameln). The story dates from the Middle Ages.

References

Other websites 

Official website 
Historic Photographer of Hameln
The MiG-25 Foxbat is a fast fighter plane made made by Russian airplane company Mikoyan. Its primary goal is to attack enemies at high speed and altitude. It first flew in 1964 and was introduced in 1970. In 1976, a Soviet MiG-25 pilot left the Soviet Union and flew his plane to Japan, where it was looked at. It is very fast, and can go Mach 3.2 (3.2 times the speed of sound). However, the engines could be destroyed if the plane is flown this fast. It can carry 4 radar guided missiles and 4 heat seeking missiles. It is now being replaced by the MiG-31 Foxhound, but is used a little in other countries.

Related pages
 F-15 Eagle

Soviet military aircraft
Indian military aircraft
In geometry, the semi-major axis is the distance from the center of an ellipse to the farthest point on the perimeter of the ellipse. The semi-major axis is half of the major axis, which goes all the way across the ellipse at the widest part. The semi-minor axis is a line segment that is at 90 degrees with the semi-major axis. For the circle, the lengths of the semi-axes are both equal to the radius.

Orbits
In astronomy, an apsis, plural apsides (IPA: //) is the point of greatest or least distance of the elliptical orbit of an astronomical object from its center of attraction, which is generally the center of mass of the system.

The point of closest approach is called the periapsis or pericentre and the point of farthest excursion is called the apoapsis (Greek από, from, which becomes απ before a vowel, and αφ before rough breathing), apocentre or apapsis (the latter term, although etymologically more correct, is much less used). A straight line drawn through the periapsis and apoapsis is the line of apsides. This is the major axis of the ellipse, the line through the longest part of the ellipse.
Similar words are used to identify the body being orbited. The most common are perigee and apogee, referring to orbits around the Earth, and perihelion and aphelion, referring to orbits around the Sun (Greek ‘ήλιος hēlios sun). During the Apollo program, the terms pericynthion and apocynthion were used when referring to the moon.

Perihelion and aphelion 

The perihelion is the point in the orbit of an object that is nearest to the Sun. The aphelion is the point in the orbit of an object where it is farthest from the Sun.
All planets, comets and asteroids in our solar system have approximately elliptical (a kind of non-circular) orbits. Thus, they all have a closest and a farthest point from the sun: a perihelion and an aphelion. Orbital eccentricity measures the flatness of the orbit. Any single revolution of a body around the sun is only approximately elliptical, because the precession of the perihelion prevents the orbit from being a simple closed curve such as an ellipse. This causes Milankovich cycles.  

Earth comes closest to the sun every year around January 3. It is farthest from the sun every year around July 4. The difference in distance between Earth's nearest point to the sun in January and farthest point from the sun in July is . Earth is about  from the Sun in early January, in contrast to about  in early July.
When Earth is closest to the Sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere. Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the Sun does not noticeably cause the seasons to change; the relatively minor effects of differences in distance is somewhat masked by the mainly oceanic southern hemisphere vs the half-continental northern hemisphere. Therefore, the Earth's seasons come and go mainly because Earth does not rotate with its axis exactly upright with respect to the plane of the Earth’s orbit around the sun. Earth's axial tilt is 23.5 degrees. This puts the Sun farther south in December and January, so the north has winter and the south has summer. Thus winter falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes least directly. Summer falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes most directly.

References

Related pages 
 Orbital inclination

Orbits
In astrodynamics, orbital eccentricity shows how much the shape of an object's orbit is different from a circle.

Eccentricity () is defined for all circular, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic orbits. It can take the following values:
for circular orbits:  is equal to zero,
for elliptical orbits:  is more than zero but less than 1,
for parabolic trajectories:  is equal to 1,
for hyperbolic trajectories:  is more than 1.

Finding eccentricity
Here is a formula to find eccentricity:

Where eobj is the eccentricity, ra is the apoapsis (far point) of the object's orbit, and rp is the periapsis (near point) of the object's orbit. The near and far points are the apsides.

Orbits
The astronomical unit (AU) is a unit of length derived from the Earth's orbit.  It is the average distance the Earth gets from the Sun on the long axis of the ellipse. Its definition is:  the length of the semi-major axis of the Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun. "Semi-major" means half the long axis.

The AU is about 150 million kilometers or 93 million miles. Astronomers usually measure distances within the Solar System in astronomical units.  Mars is about 1.4 AU from the Sun, Jupiter lies at roughly 5.2 AU, and Neptune is roughly 30 AU from the Sun.  Light travels an AU in about 8.317 minutes.

More accuracy 
From 1976 to 2012 the AU was defined as “the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.01720209895 radians per day (known as the Gaussian constant)”.  In 2012, the IAU redefined it to be simply .
In the IERS numerical standards, the speed of light in a vacuum is defined as c0 = , in accordance with the SI units. The time to cover an AU is τA = , resulting in the astronomical unit in metres as c0τA = . It is very roughly the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

References

Other websites 
 Astronomical Unit Citizendium
 Astronomical Unit Converter

Astronomical distances
Units of length
In mathematics, a degree is a common way to measure plane angle. It is written with the symbol , where  corresponds to the entire circle.

It is not an SI unit. The SI uses radian to measure plane angle. However, according to the SI brochure, it is an accepted unit by SI.

History 
The actual reason of choosing the degree as a way to measure plane angle is unknown. One theory says that it is related with the fact that a year is approximately 360 days. Some ancient calendars, for example the Persian calendar and the Babylonian calendar used 360 days for a year.

Another theory says that the Babylonians divided the circle using the angle of an equilateral triangle. The angle was then divided into 60 parts. This is because they used sexagesimal or base-60 numeral system.

Related pages 

 Degree of a polynomial

References 

Angles
In astronomy, an epoch (or sometimes epochal moment) is a moment in time for which the position or the orbital elements of a celestial body are specified.

The position at other times can be measured by taking into account proper motion or orbital motion. In the case of orbital elements for a solar system body, these change due to perturbation by other bodies in our solar system.

Celestial mechanics
The Julian day or Julian day number (JDN) is the number of days that have passed since the initial epoch defined as noon Universal Time (UT) Monday, 1 January 4713 BC in the Julian calendar. That noon-to-noon day is defined as Julian day 0. Thus all JDNs that are evenly divisible by 7 are Mondays. Negative values may also be used; although, those predate recorded history.

For example, right now at  the JDN is  (). When this JDN is divided by 7, the remainder is , which is an integer expression for the day of the week with 0 representing Monday.
The Julian date (JD) is a continuous count of days and fractions elapsed since the same initial epoch. Currently the JD is . The integral part (its floor) gives the Julian day number. The fractional part gives the time of day since noon UT as a decimal fraction of one day or fractional day, with 0.5 representing midnight UT. Typically, a 64-bit floating point (double precision) variable can represent an epoch expressed as a Julian date to about 1 millisecond precision.

A Julian date of 2454115.05486 means that the date and Universal Time is Sunday 14 January 2007 at 13:18:59.9.

The decimal parts of a Julian date:
0.1 = 2.4 hours or 144 minutes or 8640 seconds
0.01 = 0.24 hours or 14.4 minutes or 864 seconds
0.001 = 0.024 hours or 1.44 minutes or 86.4 seconds
0.0001 = 0.0024 hours or 0.144 minutes or 8.64 seconds
0.00001 = 0.00024 hours or 0.0144 minutes or 0.864 seconds.
Almost 2.5 million Julian days have elapsed since the initial epoch. JDN 2,400,000 was November 16, 1858. JD 2,500,000.0 will occur on August 31, 2132 at noon UT.

The Julian day number can be considered a very simple calendar, where its calendar date is just an integer. This is useful for reference, computations, and conversions. It allows the time between any two dates in history to be computed by simple subtraction.

The Julian day system was introduced by astronomers to provide a single system of dates that could be used when working with different calendars and to unify different historical chronologies. Apart from the choice of the zero point and name, this Julian day and Julian date are not directly related to the Julian calendar, although it is possible to convert any date from one calendar to the other.

References 

Days
A meatball is meat that is ground up (finely cut), mixed with other ingredients, then shaped like a ball. Most meatballs are made out of beef. Meatballs can also be made out of chicken, fish, or other kinds of meat. The other ingredients (parts) are usually bread, onion, and eggs. Meatballs can be cooked by frying, baking, or steaming them. Meatballs are sometimes served with pasta or in a sauce. Meatballs originated from Turkey. There are many types of meatball like foggots, polpette, albondigas etc.

References

Meat dishes
Mandé or Manding is a region between southern Mali and eastern Guinea. The Hunters from Wagadou (or Ouagadou) founded Mandé, the Mandingo country, notably the mythical ancestors Kontron and Sanin, at the origin of the Malinké and Bambaras hunter brotherhood. This country was famous for the large number of animals and game that it sheltered, as well as its dense vegetation. A very popular hunting ground. The Camara (or Kamara) are considered to be the oldest family to have lived in Mandé, after having left, due to the drought, Ouallata, a region of Wagadou, in the south-east of present-day Mauritania. They founded the first village of Mandé, Kirikoroni, then Kirina, Siby, Kita. Many of the families that make up the Mandingo community were born in Mande. Mandé is the province from which the Mali Empire started, under the leadership of Soundiata Keïta.

Ethnic groups in Africa
History of Mali
General (ret) Amadou Toumani Touré (November 4, 1948 – November 10, 2020) was the president of Mali.  He took power from a military ruler, Moussa Traoré in 1991, then he gave power to civilian (non-military) authorities in 1992.  He won the presidential election in 2002. He won the next election easily in 2007. He was born in Mopti, Mali.

Touré died on November 10, 2020 in Istanbul, Turkey just one week after his 72nd birthday.

References

Presidents of Mali
1948 births
2020 deaths
Do not confuse this with the modern country Ghana.

The Ghana Empire was in what is now southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali, and Eastern Senegal.  It is also sometimes called the Wagadu Empire.  It started in around 300 CE and ended in 1100 CE. 
They had two sides; Muslim and Non-muslim what divided them was a 6 mile boulevard (street).
Ghana sat on top of a gold mine and was a very wealthy empire. Its capital was Koumbi Saleh. Surrounded Modern Northern Senegal and Southern Mauritania. Traded with Saharans in gold and salt.

Ghana empire included 4 main rulers, one of which, Lord Terrier Michesale (his fake lord name) married into marriage at the age of 16 and started ruling at 17.

History of Mali
750 establishments
1076 disestablishments
8th-century establishments in Africa
Disestablishments in Africa
Former empires
Former monarchies of Africa
The Mali Empire had one of the richest leaders in history. The richest and most famous of all the leaders of the Mali Empire was Mansa Musa. It is thought by some that Mansa Musa could have been the wealthiest person in history. According to stories, he took 60,000 people on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 along with camels loaded down with gold. 
Islam was very important to the Mali Empire. Most of the kings of the Mali Empire eventually converted to Islam, with their people subsequently practicing as well. However, unlike many empires, they didn’t make their subjects convert, and the version of Islam that they practiced was combined with the local traditions of the villages. You can still see many relics in cities like Bamako, Djenné and Timbuktu.
The Mali Empire's most important industry was gold. People in the ancient world were drawn to it. The Mali Empire (Timbuktu in particular) was a huge trading center for the gold industry. Camel caravans would come to the area before leaving across the trans-Saharan trade routes. The empire had so much gold that it caused the market to crash for a period of time when Mansa Musa brought almost a ton of gold to Cairo. The army of the Mali Empire was massive.
During the height of the Mali Empire, the army numbered around 100,000 men and 10,000 cavalry, making it one of the largest in the world at the time. The empire used this army to gain new lands. Mansa Musa was the richest person in the world.
History of Mali
Former countries in Africa
1235 establishments
1645 disestablishments
1230s establishments in Africa
Disestablishments in Africa
Former monarchies of Africa
Timbuktu is a city in Tombouctou Region, Mali. Sankore University and other madrasas are in the city. The city was important for thinking and for religion in the 15th and 16th centuries.  It was important in spreading Islam through Africa at that time. There are three great mosques: Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahya. They are reminders of Timbuktu's golden age. They are always being fixed, but are threatened because the desert is spreading.

Songhay, Tuareg, Fulani, and Mandé people live in Timbuktu. It is about 15 km north of the Niger River. There is a route across the Sahara Desert from east to west and this is used for trade. There is another from north to south. These two routes meet in Timbuktu. It is an entrepôt for rock salt from Taoudenni. This means that the salt is brought here and sold to other people to take it somewhere else, but no tax is charged.
Its location helped different people meet, so local people, Berbers and Arabs met here. It has a long history of mixed African trade, so it became famous in Europe for this reason. Therefore, western people often thought of Timbuktu as being exotic. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification).

Timbuktu has given a lot of research and study to Islam and to the world. Important books were written and copied in Timbuktu in the 14th century. This made the city become the center of writing in Africa.

References 

Cities in Mali
Jeanne Demessieux (born Montpellier, France, 13 February 1921; died Paris, 11 November 1968), was a French organist and composer.

Early years
She started to learn the piano when she was very young, before taking up the organ.  Her family moved to Paris so that she could continue to have music lessons there.  She became an organ student at the Conservatoire in 1933.  In the same year she got a job as organist of the St. Esprit church in Paris.  She had this job for 29 years.

Between 1936 and 1939, she studied organ privately with the great Marcel Dupré, and in 1939 she joined his organ class at the Conservatoire. After receiving a first prize in organ performance and improvisation in 1941, she studied five more years with Dupré in Meudon, before she played her first recital at Salle Pleyel in Paris in 1946. This was the beginning of her career as an international recitalist. She played more than 700 concerts in Europe and the United States.
Works
Gifted with an amazing musical memory, she could play more than 2,500 pieces from memory, including all the organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach, César Franck, Franz Liszt, Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy and Dupré.

She was also a remarkable improviser.  When she gave her first solo concert in Paris at Salle Pleyel in 1946, she was given four musical themes and improvised a symphony in four movements.

A teacher of the organ at Nancy and Brussels, she made several LP recordings, of which those of music by Franck are probably the best known. She had plans to record all the organ works of Olivier Messiaen. However, she died relatively young, at age 47, of cancer, before she was able to finish this task.

She wrote many compositions, especially for the organ.  These include: Nativité, Six Études, Sept Méditations sur le Saint-Esprit, Triptyque, Twelve Choral-Preludes on Gregorian Chant Themes, Te Deum, Répons pour les Temps Liturgiques, and Prélude et fugue en UT.
1921 births
1968 deaths
Disease-related deaths in France
20th-century French composers
French organists
Musicians from Montpellier
House mouse (Mus musculus) the common mouse is one of the species of the genus Mus. Often, it is just called a  mouse. It is a small rodent. In most parts of the world, they live close to humans. Laboratory mice are types of house mice and are some of the most important organisms used for research in biology and medicine. They are the most commonly used laboratory mammal for experiments.

Description 
They are quite small, but are not the smallest mammals. House mice have an adult body length (nose to base of tail) of 7.5–10 cm (3.0–3.9 in) and a tail length of 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in). The weight is typically 10–25 g (0.4–0.9 oz). In the wild they vary in color from light to dark agouti (light to dark brown). Selected strains of mice can be got in various other colours.

It is a small, scaly-tailed mouse with a distinct notch in the cutting surface of upper incisors (seen best in side view). Its hair short; ears moderately large and naked.
Physiology 
The main problem of small mammals is their high surface to weight ratio: they have a big surface area for such a small mass. Since heat is radiated from the surface, they have adaptations to help them keep their temperature up to normal. They need to eat frequently, and live in areas where they are protected from the coldest weather. Easy access to high-quality vegetable food (such as grains) and a protected habitat helps them survive and multiply. That is why they are found in numbers living in human settlements.

Life cycle 
Their life-span in the wild averages about a year. They are eaten by a variety of small carnivores, but they reproduce rapidly, so that keeps the numbers up.  Females have 314 babies in a litter, and can have 5 to 10 litters a year. In good conditions, the mouse population rises quickly.

Habitat
Habitat 

Although not native to North America, the house mouse was introduced accidentally to seaport towns. It is now widespread throughout the United States. It occurs either as a commensal or feral animal in practically all parts of the U.S. 

As commensal animals, house mice live in close association with man – in houses, outbuildings, stores, and other structures. Where conditions permit, feral mice may be found in fields, along watercourses, and in other places where vegetation is dense enough to hide them.

Old World rats and mice
Model organisms
Scientology is a movement based on a system of beliefs. These beliefs are based on written words by author L. Ron Hubbard. A few other people have added, but almost all of it is his. He started it in 1954. Hubbard contributed until his death in 1986.  

Different people understand the words Hubbard wrote differently.  In some countries, there are Churches of Scientology. Some people are suspicious of the Church. They feel that it is a cult, and a business to make money. Scientology has been controversial since it began.

Scientology teaches that people are immortal spirits who have forgotten their true nature. Scientologists say that, through a system called auditing, they help people remember their true nature by re-experiencing painful events in their past and understanding them better. 

There are many organizations that are linked to Scientology. For example, some help people stop using harmful drugs or to get back into society after they served a prison term.
Scientology says that psychiatry is bad, and should   not be allowed to exist.

Number of followers
The Church of Scientology says that 13–15 million people are a part of the Church. Critics disagree with that figure, however. They say the organization probably does not have more than 100,000 followers, mostly in the United States.  They say that in 1960, there were probably 50,000 to 100,000 followers in the U.S. In the 1990s, a representative survey claimed there were only about 45,000 followers left. These figures seemed to have increased a bit, by 2004, where there were an estimated 55,000 followers.

The Church of Scientology 
The Church of Scientology was started by the American writer and philosopher L. Ron Hubbard in the year 1954. It is not as well known as Christianity or Islam, but it is newer. Scientologists believe their movement is growing. They claim it has thousands of churches, some of which are very small. The largest is in Clearwater, Florida.
Basic beliefs of Scientologists 
 The word "Scientology" means "the study of knowledge."
 Man is made of a body, a mind, and a spirit. The spirit is the person himself. He uses his mind and body.
 The purpose of life is to survive.
 Harmful drugs should not be taken.
 Affinity, reality, and communication help us get along with others.
 The better you feel about yourself and life, the freer you are.  This scale of emotion is called the Tone Scale.
 Auditing helps people look at thoughts and understand them better.  This in turn helps them feel better.
Auditing is very painful.

Aims of Scientology 
L. Ron Hubbard wrote about the goals of Scientology, saying:
"A civilization without insanity, without criminals and without war, where the able can prosper and honest beings can have rights, and where man is free to rise to greater heights, are the aims of Scientology."
This means the goals of Scientology are to create a civilization where:
 There is no mental illness, crime, or war
 People can be successful
 "Honest" people have rights
In 1972, Hubbard told a group of Scientologists: "You are the people the planet obeys. You are the people who own the planet."

Dianetics 
Scientologists say that the book Dianetics was the first self-help book ever written. It was written by L Ron Hubbard in the year 1950. Some key concepts in the book are:
 A person's mind remembers painful times.  This helps a person to do bad things, and even get sick.  Dianetics calls these kinds of memories "engrams".
 A person's mind also remembers everything else.
 Auditing is meant to help a person understand his engrams.  Its goal is to become clear of them.
ARC triangle 
Another basic teaching of Scientology is that understanding comes from three things together:
 Affinity (being willing to be close to other people);
 Reality (an agreement on what is real); and
 Communication (the exchange of ideas). 
Hubbard called this the "ARC Triangle." Scientologists use this in their everyday lives.  It is based upon the idea that making one of these three things better makes the other two better.
Tone scale 
The tone scale is a way to rate an emotion as bad, better, or good. The scale goes from -40 ("Total Failure") to +40 ("Serenity of Being"). Positions on the tone scale started from the idea that one way of feeling is better than a worse way of feeling. But Hubbard described many other things that go along with emotion, such as health, mating behavior, survival potential, and ability to deal with truth. The tone scale is frequently used by Scientologists to understand people. According to Scientology, the lower the individual is on the tone scale, the more complex his problems are.

Well-known members 
Many well-known people are followers of Scientology. They include:
 Tom Cruise, actor
 John Travolta, actor
 Kirstie Alley, actress
 Anne Archer, actress
 Isaac Hayes, singer and actor
 Danny Masterson, actor and disc jockey
 Laura Prepon, actress
 Priscilla Presley, actress 
 Kelly Preston, actress

Related pages 
 Xenu

References
References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Operation Clambake - The Inner Secrets of Scientology, a website critical of Scientology

 
Religious organizations based in the United States
Maurice Robert "Mike" Gravel (May 13, 1930 – June 26, 2021) was an American Democratic politician. He was member of the Libertarian Party from 2008 to 2010 when he re-joined the Democratic Party. He served as a United States Senator from Alaska (1969-1981) and, previously, as member of the Alaska House of Representatives (1953-1966, speaker from 1965-1966). Gravel was a two-time presidential candidate in 2008 and in 2020.

Early years
Gravel was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. He studied at Assumption College, American International College and at Columbia University. He moved to Alaska in 1956.

Senate years
From 1953 to 1966, Gravel was a member of the Alaska House of Representatives. From 1965 to 1966, Gravel was Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives. In 1969, he was elected United States Senator from Alaska.
Gravel is best known for his successful effort to end military draft during the Vietnam War and put the Pentagon Papers into the public record in 1971. He was seen as a possible running mate for George McGovern's 1972 presidential campaign.

Gravel lost to Clark Gruening in the Democratic Party for re-election in the 1980 Senate election.

Presidential campaigns

2008
As a candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination in 2008 he wanted withdrawal of US Armed Forces from Iraq, more health care and social security, and  preventing global warming. He is also one of the earliest and the most famous supporters of direct democracy in the United States.

2020
2020

On March 19, 2019, Gravel created an exploratory committee to run for President once again in the 2020 election. He said he would run not to win the nomination, but to raise awareness of bigger issues. On April 2, 2019, Gravel filed to officially run for office. He dropped out of the race on July 31, 2019 after failing to qualify for the debates. He endorsed Bernie Sanders and Tulsi Gabbard for President on August 5. His campaign manager was a 17 year old high school student.

Death
Gravel died on June 26, 2021 at his home in Seaside, California from multiple myeloma at the age of 91.

References

Other websites 
 Official campaign site
 Official youtube channel
 Congressional biography
1930 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from multiple myeloma
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
2020 United States presidential candidates
2008 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from Alaska
Politicians from Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Legislative speakers
Libertarian Party (United States) politicians
Cancer deaths in California
American political activists
American political commentators
American political writers
Writers from Massachusetts
Writers from Anchorage, Alaska
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Businesspeople from Anchorage, Alaska
Politicians from Anchorage, Alaska
People with dyslexia
Iva Zanicchi (born 18 January 1940) is an Italian singer and politician. She was a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 - 2014.

Discography
Discography

Albums
 1965 Iva Zanicchi
 1967 Fra noi
 1968 Unchained Melody
 1970 Iva senza tempo
 1970 Caro Theodorakis... Iva
 1971 Caro Aznavour
 1971 Shalom
 1972 Fantasia
 1972 Dall'amore in poi
 1973 Le giornate dell'amore
 1973 Dolce notte santa notte (album natalizio)
 1974 Io ti propongo
 1974 ¿Chao Iva còmo estas? (1° album in spagnolo, per il mercato Latino)
 1975 Io sarò la tua idea
 1976 Confessioni
 1976 The Golden Orpheus '76 (live in Bulgaria)
 1977 Cara Napoli
 1978 Con la voglia di te
 1978 Playboy
 1980 D'Iva
 1980 D'Iva (in spagnolo) (2° album in spagnolo, per il mercato Latino)
 1981 Iva Zanicchi
 1981 Nostalgias (3° album in spagnolo, per il mercato Latino)
 1982 Yo, por amarte (4° album in spagnolo, per il mercato Latino)
 1984 Quando arriverà
 1984 Iva 85
 1987 Care colleghe
 1988 Nefertari
 1991 Come mi vorrei
 2003 Fossi un tango
 2009 Colori d'amore
 2013 In cerca di te
Singles (Italy)
 1963 Zero in amore / Come un tramonto
 1963 Tu dirai/Sei ore
 1964 Come ti vorrei/La nostra spiaggia
 1964 Credi/Resta sola come sei
 1964 Come ti vorrei / Chi potrà amarti
 1965 I tuoi anni più belli / Un altro giorno verrà 
 1965 Accarezzami amore / Mi cercherai
 1965 Caro mio / Non tornar mai
 1966 La notte dell'addio / Caldo è l'amore
 1966 Fra noi / Gold Snake
 1966 Ma pecché / Tu saje a verità
 1966 Monete d’oro / Ci amiamo troppo
 1967 Non pensare a me / Vita
 1967 Quel memento / Dove è lui
 1967 Le montagne (ci amiamo troppo) / Vivere non vivere
 1967 Dolcemente / Come stai bene e tu?
 1968 Per vivere / Non accetterò
 1968 Amore amor / Sleeping
 1968 La felicità / Anche così
 1968 La felicità / Ci vuole così poco
 1968 Senza catene / Diverso dagli altri
 1969 Zingara / Io sogno
 1969 Due grosse lacrime bianche / Tienimi con te
 1969 Un bacio sulla fronte / Accanto a te
 1969 Che vuoi che sia / Perché mai
 1969 Vivrò / Estasi d'amore
 1970 L'arca di Noé / Aria di settembre
1970 Un uomo senza tempo / Un attimo
 1970 Un fiume amaro / Il sogno é fumo
 1970 Un fiume amaro / Tienimi con te
 1970 Una storia di mezzanotte / Il bimbo e la gazzella
 1971 La riva bianca,la riva nera / Tu non sei più innamorato di me
 1971 Coraggio e paura / Sciogli i cavalli al vento
 1972 Ma che amore / Il mio bambino
 1972 Nonostante lei / Non scordarti di me
 1972 Alla mia gente / Dall'amore in poi
 1972 La mia sera / Il sole splende ancora
 1972 Mi ha stregato il viso tuo / A te
 1973 I mulini della mente / Basterà
 1973 Le giornate dell'amore / Chi mi manca é lui
 1973 Fred Bongusto:White Crhistmas/ Natale dura un giorno
 1974 L'indifferenza / Sarà domani
 1974 Ciao cara come stai? / Vendetta
 1974 Testarda io / Sei tornato a casa tua
 1975 Testarda io / E la notte é qui
 1975 Io sarò la tua idea / Jesus
 1976 Mamma tutto / Dormi, amore dormi
 1976 I discorsi tuoi / Confessioni
 1977 Arrivederci padre / Che uomo sei
 1977 Munasterio 'e Santa Chiara / 'O destino
 1977 Mal d'amore / Selvaggio
1978 Con la voglia di te / Sei contento
 1979 Per te / Pronto 113
 1979 La valigia / Ditemi
 1979 A parte il fatto / Capirai
 1981 Ardente / E tu mai
 1983 Aria di luna / Amico
 1984 Chi (mi darà) / Comandante
 1984 Quando arriverà / Sera di vento
 1985 Da domani senza te / Aria di luna
 1987 Volo / Uomini e no
 2001 Ho bisogno di te 
 2009 Ti voglio senza amore
Other websites
 Official website

1940 births
Living people
MEPs for Italy
Musicians from Emilia-Romagna
Politicians from Emilia-Romagna
Italian pop singers
The North German Confederation (), was first a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany, and later a federal state. It was preceded by a Zollverein, a customs union that allowed free trade among most German states. The Confederation started in August 1866, and the Kingdom of Prussia was the leading state. On July 1st 1867, the North German Constitution made the alliance a federal state.

An Austrian-Prussian rivalry, starting in the 1700s, had led to the Austro-Prussian War of July/August 1866. Immediate causes for the war had been the unsettled question of Slesvig-Holstein (which Prussia intended to annex) and a reform of the German Confederation. After a victory in summer 1866, agreements with Austria and France allowed Prussia to reshape the political landscape in Northern Germany (north of the river Main). The leading politician of Prussia was minister president Otto von Bismarck, serving under king William I.
On 18 August 1866, Prussia and most of the north German states signed the August Treaty. They agreed on a military alliance and declared their intention to create a federal state. (Some other states joined soon.) A federal state is different from an alliance as it has a federal government and legislation, and it is different from a unitary state as there are still rather powerful states below the federal level. Plans for a federal state in Germany had existed since the year 1848.

Union 
The allied governments led by Bismarck made a proposal for a North German constitution. An organ was elected to represent the people of Northern Germany, the konstituierender Reichstag. The election took place in February 1867. After some modifications of the proposal, the states' governments and parliaments accepted the final draft. On July 1st, the constitution came into force.
According to the constitution, legislation was the matter of two organs. The Reichstag was the parliament, elected by all men above the age of 25. The Federal Council was an organ representing the governments of the states. The holder of the Bundespräsidium was the king of Prussia (the 'republican' term 'president' had been avoided intentionally). The holder of the Bundespräsidium installed the Federal Chancellor. Not by name, but factually this was the (only) federal minister, the head of the executive.
In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, the South German states joined the North German Confederation. The new constitution of January 1st, 1871, renamed the country from 'North German Confederation' to 'German Empire'. The holder of the Bundespräsidium received the additional title of an Emperor. The political system as described in the constitution, and the flag, remained the same. (The final constitution of the Empire stems from April/May 1871; as a result, nearly all terms that included 'federal' were changed to 'imperial'.)
The modern national state of Germany is, as an international subject and as a legal entity, identical to the North German Confederation. Law and international treaties of the era 1867-1870 are in principle still valid. In a conservative-liberal cooperation lasting from 1867 to 1878, Germany saw a remarkable modernisation and unification. The North German Confederation introduced the metric system, a modern penal code (Strafgesetzbuch), same rights for all denominations, a postal union etc.

Postage stamps 
The federation handled the mail and issued postage stamps, after 1 January 1868. But the federation did not issue its own money, so different stamps had to be issued. Stamps valued in groschen were used in the north, stamps in kreuzer in the Southern District. All of these stamps were marked NORDDEUTSCHER POSTBEZIRK (North German Postal Area).

A third set of stamps were printed for Hamburg. These were also marked STADTPOSTBRIEF HAMBURG.

List of member states

References
References

19th century in Germany
Former states in Germany
Postage stamps
1866 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in Germany
1870 disestablishments
1870s disestablishments in Europe
19th-century disestablishments in Germany
Former federations
MiG Alley was a place during the Korean War that had a lot of North Korean MiG-15 Fagots in the area. It was over north west North Korea, near China. F-86 Sabres mainly fought the MiGs. Some of the pilots were Russian fighter pilots from World War II and were very well trained. They were called "honchos" (Japanese for "big shot"). The top kills were scored by Soviet aces, so it was said that the Soviets won.

Related pages
Mikoyan

Korean War
United States Air Force
Military aviation
Veritas' NetBackup is a data backup software for Windows and Linux.

Software
In astronomy, the argument of periapsis (ω) is a way of talking about the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet. It is also known as the argument of perihelion or the argument of perifocus. It is the angle (starting from the center of the orbit) between an orbiting body's periapsis and its ascending node. Periapsis is the point when the orbiting object comes the closest to the thing it is orbiting around; for example, the moon is at periapsis when it is closest to the Earth. The ascending node is one of two places where an orbiting object passes through the reference plane, an imaginary flat surface which runs through the object being orbited around. The size of the angle depends on which way the object is orbiting.

The angle is measured in the orbital plane and in the direction of motion. For specific types of orbits, words such as "perihelion" (for Sun-centered orbits), "perigee" (for Earth-centered orbits), "pericenter" (general), etc. may replace the word "periapsis".
An argument of periapsis of 0° means that the orbiting body will be at its closest approach to the central body at the same moment that it crosses the plane of reference from south to north. An argument of periapsis of 90° means that the orbiting body will reach periapsis at its northmost distance from the plane of reference.

Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Various Planet Classes

Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Planets

Argument of Periapsis and Longitude of Ascending Node of Dwarf Planets

References 

 Willman, Alexander J. “Sol Planetary System Data.” Princeton University, The Trustees of Princeton University, 1996, https://www.princeton.edu/~willman/planetary_systems/Sol/.

Orbits
The longitude of the ascending node (☊ or Ω) is one of the orbital elements used to specify the orbit of an object in space.  It is the angle from a reference direction, called the origin of longitude, to the direction of the ascending node, measured in a reference plane.

References

Orbits