Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Romana II enjoys a more intimate relationship with the Doctor than her first incarnation, some fans have assumed that she had a romantic relationship with the Doctor. Although a relationship was never shown or intended by the writers. In many ways, she is the companion most like her Doctor - besides being of the same race and close to the same intelligence, she occasionally mimics his sense of style, wields her own sonic screwdriver and can occasionally get the better of him in moments of banter and more practical situations. As her practical experience develops, she also becomes more assured and capable in the situations she finds herself in.

Her final television appearance was in Warriors' Gate, where, along with  the robot dog K-9, she leaves to forge her own path in the parallel universe of E-space. She also appears briefly in the 20th Anniversary special The Five Doctors through the reuse of footage from the uncompleted story Shada because Tom Baker refused to come back.
After the departure of both Romana I and II, both versions of the character also appeared very briefly in flashback sequences during the Fourth Doctor's regeneration in Logopolis as well as the Fifth Doctor's mind-copy in Resurrection of the Daleks.

She would also be mentioned in Castrovalva during the Fifth Doctor's post-regenerative confusion, as well as Arc of Infinity, where the Fifth Doctor, in response to a reprimand from the High Council of Time Lords for "leaving her behind", retorts that she "chose to remain in E-Space".

In the new series the doctor says that all of the Time Lords apart from him were killed in the time war. Whether Romana was killed with the others, or is still alive in E-Space or elsewhere, has not been specifically established on screen.

Appearances in other media
An article by Russell T Davies in the Doctor Who Annual 2006 states that Romana was President of the Time Lords during the Time War against the Daleks (see below), which ended with Gallifrey being destroyed. As with all spin-off media and the new series, it is unknown if it is canon.

Novels
In the licensed Virgin New Adventures novel Blood Harvest by Terrance Dicks, Romana II leaves E-Space and returns to Gallifrey with the help of the Seventh Doctor.  In Goth Opera by Paul Cornell, from the complementary Missing Adventures series, she is given a seat on the High Council of Time Lords. In New Adventures' Happy Endings, also by Cornell, it is revealed that Romana has become Lady President of Gallifrey. Romana's presidency is reflected in the later novels and in her appearances (voiced by Ward) in audio dramas from Big Finish Productions.  Romana appears in independent charity novel Time's Champion, in the role of President of the Time Lords.
In the BBC Books Eighth Doctor Adventures novels, Romana undergoes a second regeneration, and her new incarnation (Romana III, whose appearance was modelled on silent movie actress Louise Brooks) is far less sympathetic and far more ruthless than the other two.

Audio plays

Romana II appeared pseudonymously in a series of audio plays produced in the early 2000s by BBV. In this series, Lalla Ward played a character who appeared with K-9 in an unnamed parallel universe.  This character is called the Mistress (which was what K-9 called Romana in the television series).  Because of an unusual copyright situation in which BBV was able to license K-9 but not Romana or other Doctor Who elements, the Mistress is not explicitly called Romana.  For similar reasons, the parallel universe (obviously intended to reflect Romana's exile in E-Space) is called a "pocket universe" in the series' packaging.
In Big Finish's regular line of Doctor Who audio stories, Ward joined the Sixth Doctor in The Apocalypse Element, in which Romana is Lady President of Gallifrey. In Zagreus, Romana II is forced to banish the Eighth Doctor from the universe as he has become a danger to it following his infection by the forces of "anti-time".  Following on from this, she is featured in a number of audio plays with former Doctor companion Leela (played by Louise Jameson) under the umbrella title of Gallifrey.

The series ends on a cliffhanger, with Gallifrey on the brink of economic and social collapse as well as in danger of being overrun by a Free Time virus, while most of the characters are trapped with no apparent means of escape.

List of appearances
Television
Season 16
The Ribos Operation (Romana I)
The Pirate Planet
The Stones of Blood
The Androids of Tara
The Power of Kroll
The Armageddon Factor
Season 17
Destiny of the Daleks (Romana II)
City of Death
The Creature from the Pit
Nightmare of Eden
The Horns of Nimon
Shada (not completed or transmitted)
Season 18
The Leisure Hive
Meglos
Full Circle
State of Decay
Warriors' Gate
20th anniversary special
The Five Doctors (footage from Shada)
30th anniversary special
Dimensions in Time
Audio dramas
BBV
K-9: The Choice (pseudonymous appearance)
K-9: The Search (pseudonymous appearance)
Big Finish Productions
The Apocalypse Element
Neverland
Zagreus
Shada (webcast on BBCi, later released on CD)
Gallifrey: Weapon of Choice
Gallifrey: Square One
Gallifrey: The Inquiry
Gallifrey: A Blind Eye
Gallifrey: Lies
Gallifrey: Spirit
Gallifrey: Pandora
Gallifrey: Insurgency
Gallifrey: Imperiatrix
Gallifrey: Fractures
Gallifrey: Warfare
Gallifrey: Appropriation
Gallifrey: Mindbomb
Gallifrey: Panacea
The Beautiful People
Ferril's Folly (Romana I)
Novels
Virgin Missing Adventures
Goth Opera by Paul Cornell
The Romance of Crime by Gareth Roberts
The English Way of Death by Gareth Roberts
The Shadow of Weng-Chiang by David A. McIntee
The Well-Mannered War by Gareth Roberts
Virgin New Adventures
Blood Harvest by Terrance Dicks
Happy Endings by Paul Cornell
Lungbarrow by Marc Platt
Eighth Doctor Adventures
The Eight Doctors by Terrance Dicks
The Shadows of Avalon by Paul Cornell
The Ancestor Cell by Peter Anghelides and Stephen Cole
Past Doctor Adventures
Tomb of Valdemar by Simon Messingham
Heart of TARDIS by Dave Stone
Festival of Death by Jonathan Morris
Independent Novels
Time's Champion
Short stories
"Glass" by Tara Samms
"Return of the Spiders" by Gareth Roberts
"Special Occasions 1: The Not So Sinister Sponge" by Gareth Roberts and Clayton Hickman 
"Special Occasions 2: Do You Love Anyone Enough?" by Norman Ashby 
"Special Occasions 3: Better Take Care" by Steve Burford 
"Special Occasions 4: Playing with Toys" by David Agnew 
"I Was A Monster!!!" by Joseph Lidster
"The Lying Old Witch in the Wardrobe" by Mark Michalowski 
"Doing Time" by Lance Parkin
"O, Darkness" by John Binns 
"The Time Lord's Story" by Iain McLaughlin and Claire Bartlett
"The Little Things" by Paul Beardsley
"The Clanging Chimes of Doom" by Jonathan Morris
"Present Tense" by Ian Potter 
"Suitors, Inc." by Paul Magrs 
"Life from Lifelessness" by Keith R.A. DeCandido
"The Glarn Strategy" by Brian Dooley
"All Snug in Their Beds" by Scott Alan Woodard 
"Good Queen, Bad Queen, I Queen, You Queen" by Terri Osborne 
"Breadcrumbs" by James Moran
Comics
"Terror on Xaboi" by Paul Crompton (Doctor Who Annual 1980) - 1st incarnation
"The Weapon" by Paul Crompton (Doctor Who Annual 1980) - 1st incarnation
"Every Dog Has His Day" by Mel Powell (Doctor Who Annual 1981) - 2nd incarnation
"Victims" by Dan Abnett, Colin Andrew and Enid Orc (Doctor Who Magazine 212–214) - 2nd incarnation
"The Seventh Segment" by Gareth Roberts, Paul Peart and Elitta Fell (Doctor Who Magazine Summer Special 1995) - 1st incarnation

Other websites
 Romana I on the BBC's Doctor Who website
 Romana II on the BBC's Doctor Who website

Doctor Who characters
Tegan Jovanka is a fictional character in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. She was played by Janet Fielding. Tegan Jovanka was an Australian airline stewardess who was a companion of the Fourth and Fifth Doctors, she was a regular in the programme from 1981 to 1984. Tegan was the longest-serving companion in terms of years on the series (3 years, 1 month), although Jamie McCrimmon was in the most episodes and stories.
Character history
Tegan first appears in the Fourth Doctor's last serial, Logopolis. On her way to Heathrow Airport to start her new job with Air Australia, her car suffers a flat tyre. She enters a roadside police box to seek help, but she enters and does not realise that it is the Doctor's Tardis. She is present when the Fourth Doctor falls from the Pharos Project radio telescope and regenerates into his fifth incarnation, and continues to travel with the doctor
Eventually, the chaos during the events of Resurrection of the Daleks prove too much and she chooses to leave the Doctor and Turlough and stay in 1984 London.

Trivia
According to David Tennant's video diary of filming Doctor Who Series 3, John Barrowman (who plays Captain Jack Harkness in the 21st century series of Doctor Who and its spinoff Torchwood) has a dog named Tegan, named after the companion.

List of appearances
Television
Season 18
 Logopolis
Season 19
 Castrovalva
 Four to Doomsday
 Kinda
 The Visitation
 Black Orchid
 Earthshock
 Time-Flight
Season 20
 Arc of Infinity
 Snakedance
 Mawdryn Undead
 Terminus
 Enlightenment
 The King's Demons
20th anniversary special
 The Five Doctors
Season 21
 Warriors of the Deep
 The Awakening
 Frontios
 Resurrection of the Daleks
 The Caves of Androzani (cameo)

References

Other websites
 Tegan Jovanka at The TARDIS Index File website
 Tegan Jovanka on the BBC's Doctor Who website

Doctor Who characters
Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles is a television series that appeared on the Fox Television Network from January 13, 2008 until 2009. It is a spin-off of Terminator 2: Judgment Day. 

It is about Sarah Connor (played by Lena Headey), her teenage son John Connor (played by Thomas Dekker), and a good robot named Cameron Phillips (played by Summer Glau) trying to stop the evil computer Skynet from ever being created.

Other websites 
 
 Official site on Fox  (requires Flash)
 Official Wiki  (uses some Flash)
 

2008 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American science fiction television series
American time travel television series
Terminator (franchise)
English-language television programs
A stigma is a part of a flower that gets pollen from pollinators such as bees.  The stigma is part of the female reproductive part of a flower, the pistil. The stigma is on top of the style. The stigma can be either hairy or sticky, or both to trap pollen. When the pollen lands on the stigma, the pollen will grow a pollen tube down the style, and into the ovary of the pistil.

Flowers
Plant anatomy
Empress Dowager Cixi  (November 29 1835 – November 15 1908), often known in China as the West Dowager Empress  was from the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan.

Cixi was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and ruled over China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908. She was one of the wives of Emperor Xianfeng and also the mother of Emperor Tongzhi. She quickly took over the power after the death of Emperor Xianfeng. Though her exact origins are unclear it is very likely that she came from an ordinary Manchu family. She was chosen by the Xianfeng Emperor as a concubine. She gained almost total control over the court when the rule of her son the Tongzhi Emperor started. He and her nephew the Guangxu Emperor attempted unsuccessfully to rule in their own right.

As the source tells it, Cixi had a partnership with the #1 concubine Zhin, who had been raised to Empress. The two women ruled together, with Cixi as the more dominant personality.
She was in charge during the Opium Wars, First Sino-Japanese War, and the Boxer Rebellion. She was largely conservative during her rule, and some historians consider her reign despotism, and think that she might be responsible for the fall of the Qing Dynasty, and therefore Imperial China, as a result of Cixi's rule.

References 

 Chung, Sue Fawn. 1979. The much maligned Empress Dowager: a revisionist study of the Empress Dowager Tz'u-Hsi (1835-1908). Modern Asian Studies 13, 2, 177-96.
 Hummel, Arthur William, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912). 2 vols. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943.
 Warner, Marina. 1972. The Dragon Empress: life and times of Tz'u-his 1835-1908. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972.

Other websites
Other websites 

 https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/favourites/b03bdpl9
 http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_cixi.htm?terms=cixi
 http://www.royalty.nu/Asia/China/TzuHsi.html
 http://www.kings.edu/womens_history/tzuhsi.html 
 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/headland-courtlife.html
 Cixi: The Woman Behind the Throne -- Smithsonian.com

1835 births
1908 deaths
Emperors and Empresses of China
19th century in China
Human trafficking (or Trafficking in human beings) is a way to exploit people. People are sold, bought, traded much like slaves , and are even sold to couples who don't have children. It is estimated to be a $5 to $9 billion-a-year industry.  Trafficking victims typically are recruited by using force or because they are deceived, or fraud is used, power is abused, or they are simply abducted.  Threats, violence, and economic problems can often make a victim consent to exploitation.

Human trafficking should not be confused with human smuggling.

General 

Exploitation includes forcing people into prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. For children exploitation may also include forced prostitution, illegal international adoption, trafficking for early marriage, or recruitment as child soldiers,  beggars, for sports (such as child camel jockeys or football players), or for religious cults.
The norms based on international human rights law, such as Vienna Declaration and the Yogyakarta Principles prohibit human trafficking and Council of Europe and Charter of Fundamental Rights of European Union also prohibit them and do effort to save the victims.

Sex trafficking 
Sex trafficking is human trafficking, where the main idea is to trick or force people so they can be used for sexual needs. This is fundamentally different from sex work or prostitution. Prostitution and sex work is legal in many countries. Human trafficking is almost always illegal.

Who are the victims? 

Many are women, but it is not rare for men to also be trafficked. Their ages, ethnic and their socioeconomic background all vary. Still there are groups of people that are more high-risk.

 Homeless and runaway young people
 People that move from other countries and have low resources
 People who have gone through physical, emotional, or sexual abuse 
 People who have been mistreated in their life and have low social skills
Who does it? 
In 2017 they analyzed 1,416 child sex traffickers that were arrested in the United States in the past 10 years and it was found that 75.4% of traffickers are male and 24.4% are female. In average they were younger than 30 years.

Ways of trafficking
Trafficking controlled by pimps: A person is controlled by one trafficker called a pimp. They sometimes use promises of marriage or possible modeling chances to attract victims.  Other times they simply use intimidation, brainwashing and kidnapping. 
 Trafficking done by gangs: It is a lot like pimp-controlled trafficking, but a person is controlled by a large group of people.  They can also attract people by making them trust them. Gangs now have been using sex trafficking because it is safer and leaves more money than drug trafficking. 
 Trafficking done by a person's family: The person is controlled by members of their own families. They let them be exploited and ask for something in return, usually drugs or money. 
 Trafficking done by cybersex: Cybersex trafficking means the live streaming of forced sexual acts and/or rape on camera of trafficked victims.
Child trafficking 

Child trafficking is defined as the "recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, and/or receipt" of a child for the purpose of exploitation. The commercial sexual exploitation of children can take many forms. This includes forcing a child into Child prostitution or it can be other forms of sexual activity like child pornography. Exploitation may also involve forced labour or services like slavery. It can mean practices similar to slavery such as servitude or the removal of organs, illegal adoption, or recruitment as child soldiers.

Related pages 
Hague Adoption Convention
Gaslighting - A form of psychological abuse that can make human trafficking easier
Forced marriage 
Child marriage 
Political corruption

References 

Organized crime
Modern-day slavery
A controversy is a  prolonged public dispute or debate, with people having different opinions. There may be several groups of people who have different opinions and who cannot agree. Examples for controversial topics are the question of whether abortion should be legal, or whether research on embryonic stem cells should be permitted. Controversies can happen when there is not a lot of understanding about a topic. A controversy may also happen when different people interpret the same information differently based on their own biases. 

Any opinion that has opposing sides or points of view can become a controversy. In the winter of 2015, consumers argued over the color and design of Starbucks Christmas cup. Some suggested a boycott of the coffee brand to protest.

References

Related pages
Dispute
Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund is a confederation of German trade unions. It was a national trade union center of Germany.

The DGB hat 8 German trade unions with more than 7 million people (31.12.2004). It was founded in Munich in 12 October 1949.

Trade unions 
 IG BAU - IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt (Construction, Agriculture, Environment) 424,808 members = 6.06%
 IG BCE - IG Bergbau, Chemie, Energie (Mining, Chemicals, Energy) 770,582 members = 10.99%
 GEW - Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft (Education and Science) 254,673 members = 3.63%
 IGM - IG Metall (Metalworkers) 2,425,005 members = 34.58%
 NGG - Gewerkschaft Nahrung-Genuss-Gaststätten (Food, Beverages and Catering) 225,328 members = 3.21%
 GdP - Gewerkschaft der Polizei (Police) 177,910 members = 2.54%
 TRANSNET Gewerkschaft (Railway Workers) 270,221 members = 3.85%
 ver.di - Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft (United Services Union) 2,464,510 members = 35.14%

( DGB in total: 7,013,037 members = 100% // all values: 31 December 2004 )
Presidents 
 1949–1951: Hans Böckler
 1951–1952: Christian Fette
 1952–1956: Walter Freitag
 1956–1962: Willi Richter
 1962–1969: Ludwig Rosenberg
 1969–1982: Heinz-Oskar Vetter
 1982–1990: Ernst Breit
 1990–1994: Heinz-Werner Meyer
 1994–2002: Dieter Schulte
 2002–today: Michael Sommer

Other websites 
 DGB homepage

Trade unions in Germany
"The Best Damn Thing" is the fourth single off the album The Best Damn Thing  by Avril Lavigne. The song was released June 13, 2008.

References

2007 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
ver.di is a large German trade union. It is the largest trade union in the world, with 2.6 million members. "ver.di" is an abbreviation for Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft, which means "United Services Union."

In 2001 ver.di was formed when the Deutsche Angestellten Gewerkschaft (DAG) (German Salaried Employees) merged with four unions of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) (DPG, HBV, ÖTV, IG Medien).

Other websites 
 ver.di homepage
 Introduction in English on the ver.di homepage

Trade unions in Germany
Deutscher Beamtenbund (dbb) (Civil Service Federation) is a national trade union center of Germany. 

The DBB was started in 1918 and organizes workers of public administration. 

DBB has a membership of 1,250,000 members. President is Peter Heesen

Other websites 
dbb homepage

Trade unions in Germany
Gewerkschaft Deutscher Lokomotivführer (GDL) () is a trade union of Germany. Its president is Claus Weselsky , who took over from Manfred Schell in 2008.

The GDL has a membership of 34,000.  Most members live in the old East Germany.
GDL is a member of the Deutscher Beamtenbund (dbb).

Other websites 
GDL homepage

Trade unions in Germany
TRANSNET, which stands for Transport, Service, and Networks, is a trade union in Germany. It represents 283,000 workers, and is one of eight industrial affiliations of the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB). Its president is Norbert Hansen.

Other websites 
TRANSNET homepage 

Trade unions in Germany
The can-can (also spelled cancan) is a music hall dance, performed by a chorus line of female dancers who wear costumes with long skirts, petticoats, and black stockings, like the fashions of the 1890s. The can-can was first danced in low class ballrooms of Montparnasse in Paris about 1830. The dancers of the 1890s, such as La Goulue and Jane Avril, were highly paid for their appearances at the Moulin Rouge and elsewhere. The female dancers of the French Second Empire and the fin de siècle developed the various cancan moves.

The Galop from Jacques Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld is the tune most often played with the can-can (a somewhat simplified form and a more evolved one Can-Can (Orpheus in the Underworld). Performed on the accordion ).

The can-can was adapted as an American movie titled "Can Can"(1960), acted by Frank Sinatra and Shirley MacLaine  with music by Cole Porter.

Dances
French culture
American movies
Offenbach's many operettas, such as Orpheus in the Underworld, and La belle Hélène, were extremely popular both in France and elsewhere in the 1850s and 1860s.  They combined political and cultural satire with witty grand opera parodies.  His popularity in France declined in the 1870s after the fall of the Second Empire. He fled France, but during the last years of his life, his popularity came back. Several of his operettas are still performed.  While his name remains most closely associated with the French operetta and the Second Empire, it is Offenbach's one fully operatic masterpiece, Les contes d'Hoffmann (The Tales of Hoffmann), composed at the end of his career, that has become the most familiar of Offenbach's works in major opera houses.

1819 births
1880 deaths
19th-century French composers
Cellists
Shane MacDougall is a Canadian stand-up comedian, former columnist, television writer, and documentarian. Best known for his 1999 challenge to Queen Elizabeth II to a kickboxing match or math test for the monarchy of Canada, the challenge resulted in him receiving death threats but also brought much media attention to the burgeoning Canadian republican movement.

He is also known for The Dark Show, which in the late 1990s was Canada's longest running independent comedy show. Held at Toronto's famous Rivoli club, The Dark Show featured some of Canada's top comedians doing material on topics from school shootings to date rape, and also generated protests from some citizens.

For two years Shane was a comedy reporter and humorist for eye Weekly in Toronto, then in 2000 moved to New York City where he worked as a writer for various MTV shows.
In 2005, MacDougall completed filming on a documentary entitled "Wiener Takes All", which followed the competitive dachshund racing circuit. The documentary screened such venues as the San Francisco Documentary Film Festival, the 27th Atlantic Film Festival, BendFilm, the Laguna Beach Film Society/Museum of Art, and the Oklahoma City Museum of Art.

References and Reviews
Variety Review of Wiener Takes All
SFist coverage of the US Premiere 
Frank Decaro (Sirius Radio) interview with director Shane MacDougall
Chronicle Herald front page coverage (Canada) 
Cinematical report on BendFilm 
CBC Radio Interview

Other websites

Canadian comedians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian columnists
Comte Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901) was a French painter of the Post-Impressionist period. He was born into a noble family, but lived for most of his life among the actors, dancers and prostitutes of Paris. He is famous for painting the lives of these people, the entertainment of Paris, and many portraits. 

He was expert at drawing and also made many printed posters to advertise entertainments.

In a 2005 auction at Christie's auction house a new record was set when La blanchisseuse, an early painting of a young laundress, sold for $22.4 million U.S.

Biography

Youth 
Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa was born in Albi in the Midi-Pyrénées region of France. He was the oldest child of Count Alphonse and Countess Adèle de Toulouse-Lautrec. His mother and father were cousins. This is thought to have been a reason for his weakness and bad health. His younger brother was born on 28 August 1867, but died the following year.
Henri had two accidents when he was 13 and 14. He fractured (broke) the thigh bones of both his legs. They took a long time to heal, and never grew again. No-one knows exactly what caused this problem. As an adult he had a man-sized body but child-sized legs and was 1.54 m (5 ft 1 in) tall,

Paris 
 
As a young man, Toulouse-Lautrec was not able to do many of the things that other men of his age liked doing. He had been good at drawing from the time he was a child. He spent his time drawing and painting instead of joining in sports and hunting. He travelled to Paris where he met other artists as well as writers, actors and dancers. The "night life" (entertainment) of Paris had so many colourful scenes and people to paint. His paintings are famous for showing the scenes of modern life in a way they had never been shown before.
Toulouse-Lautrec lived in Montmartre, a part of Paris that was famous for its "bohemian" people: artists, poets, philosophers and poor students. He was called "the soul of Montmartre".  He often visited the nightclubs such as the Moulin Rouge. He also spent a lot of time at the brothels in that area, and lived for a time at the brothel at des Moulins where he was a good friend to many of the women there. 

Toulouse-Lautrec painted scenes of the lives of these people, which were very shocking to some people in the polite society of Paris. As well as showing the dancing, singing, acting and circus performances that many people enjoyed, he also showed people in bed together, the sad faces of people who were addicts and the half-naked prostitutes lined up for STD medical examination. Many of his pictures were of women in lesbian relationships.
He painted the singer Yvette Guilbert, the dancer Jane Avril and the dancer Louise Weber, who was known as "La Goulue" ("Greedy-Guts"), famous for the leg-kicking dance called the "Can-Can", which is still danced at the "Moulin Rouge" to this day. Toulouse-Lautrec gave painting lessons to Suzanne Valadon, who was one of his models and may have also been his girlfriend.

Death 
Henri Toulouse-Lautrec was an alcoholic for most of his adult life. He was put into a psychiatric hospital shortly before his death. He died from syphilis and problems caused by his alcoholism at his family's home in Malromé. He was nearly 37 years old. He is buried in Verdelais, Gironde, a few kilometres from his birthplace.
Throughout his working life of less than 20 years, Toulouse-Lautrec created 737 canvases, 275 watercolors, 363 prints and posters and 5,084 drawings. He also made some ceramics and stained glass After Toulouse-Lautrec's death, his mother, the Countess Adèle Toulouse-Lautrec, and his art dealer Maurice Joyant made his art famous. His mother gave money for a museum of his works to be built in Albi, his birthplace.

Movies 
Several films have been made about Toulouse-Lautrec:

 Moulin Rouge (1952), directed by John Huston, with Jose Ferrer as Toulouse-Lautrec
 Lautrec (1998), directed by Roger Planchon
 Moulin Rouge! (2001), directed by Baz Lurhmann, with John Leguizamo as Toulouse-Lautrec.

Selected works

Related pages
 Bohemianism
 Moulin Rouge! 
 Vincent van Gogh

References

Other websites 

Toulouse-Lautrec and Montmartre at the National Gallery of Art 
Website dedicated to Lautrec.
Website about Lautrec with virtual tours.
Factmonster page about Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de
1864 births
1901 deaths
French painters
French printmakers
Infectious disease deaths in France
People from Tarn
Albi
Feeling can mean:

The sense of touch
Emotion
A sensation
Alleghany County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2000, 10,677 people lived there. Its county seat is Sparta.

History 
The county was made in 1859 from the eastern part of Ashe County, North Carolina.

Government 
Alleghany County is part of the High Country Council of Governments.

Weather 
Since it is in the mountains, Alleghany County has cooler summers than most other places in North Carolina. The temperature usually does not go above 85 °F in the summer. But in the winter the temperature is colder than most places in North Carolina.

Adjacent Counties 
These counties are connected to Alleghany County:
 Grayson County, Virginia - north
 Surry County, North Carolina - east
 Wilkes County, North Carolina - south
 Ashe County, North Carolina - west

Important Roads 
These are the biggest roads in Alleghany County:

Cities and Towns 
These cities and towns are in Alleghany County:
 Sparta

 
1859 establishments in North Carolina
Sparta is a town in Alleghany County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 1,817 people as of the year 2000. It is the county seat of Alleghany County.

Teapot Museum 
The Sparta Teapot Museum is being built right now and should be finished by the summer of 2008.

References

Towns in North Carolina
Alleghany County, North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina
Anson County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 25,275 people lived there.  Its county seat is Wadesboro.

History 
The county was made in 1750 from Bladen County.

In 1753, the northern part of Anson County became Rowan County.  In 1762 the western part of the county became Mecklenburg County.  In 1779 the northern part of the county became Montgomery County, and the part east of the Pee Dee River became Richmond County.  And in 1842 the western part of Anson County was combined with the southeastern part of Mecklenburg County to make Union County.

In 1985 most of the movie The Color Purple (film), starring Oprah Winfrey and Whoopi Goldberg along with Danny Glover, was filmed in Anson county.

Government 
Anson County is part of the Centralina Council of Governments.
Connected Counties 
These counties are connected to Anson County:
Stanly County, North Carolina - north
Richmond County, North Carolina - east
Marlboro County, South Carolina - south east
Chesterfield County, South Carolina -south
Union County, North Carolina -west

Cities and Towns 
These cities and towns are in Anson County
Ansonville
Lilesville
McFarlan
Morven
Peachland
Polkton
Wadesboro

Other websites 
Anson County government official website

 
1750 establishments
1750s establishments in North Carolina
Wadesboro is a town in Anson County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,552 people as of the year 2000. It is the county seat of Anson County.

Other websites 
 Official website of Wadesboro, NC 

Anson County, North Carolina
Towns in North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina
Alexander County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 33,603 people lived there.  Its county seat is Taylorsville.

Government 
Alexander County is part of the Western Piedmont Council of Governments.

Connected Counties 
These counties are connected to Alexander County:
Wilkes County, North Carolina - north
Iredell County, North Carolina - east
Catawba County, North Carolina - south
Caldwell County, North Carolina - west

Cities and Towns 
These cities and towns are in Alexander County:
Taylorsville

Other websites 
Alexander County government official website 

North Carolina counties
1847 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in North Carolina
Ashe County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 24,384 people lived there.  Its county seat is Jefferson.

History 
Native Americans used to live in Ashe County.  Pieces of broken pottery, arrowheads, and other Native American things have been found in the county.

In 1849, the southwestern part of Ashe County was combined with parts of Caldwell County, Wilkes County, and Yancey County to make Watauga County.  In 1859, the eastern part of Ashe County became Alleghany County.

Cities and towns  
These cities and towns are in Ashe County:
Jefferson
Lansing
West Jefferson.

Connected counties 
These counties are connected to Ashe County:
Grayson County, Virginia - north
Alleghany County, North Carolina - east
Wilkes County, North Carolina - southeast
Watauga County, North Carolina - southwest
Johnson County, Tennessee - west

Other websites 
Ashe County government official website

North Carolina counties
1799 establishments in the United States
1790s establishments in North Carolina
The Long March is the  retreat of Mao Zedong and the Communists in 1934-35. The communists went to their stronghold away from Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists. Here they were able to join together and start fighting again to beat the Nationalists. They trekked 6,000 miles over 370 days, and only 8,000 survived out of 100,000 people. However, because they had survived such a difficult trial together the survivors were very dedicated and created a more cohesive group. Mao Zedong rose up as a leader during this time. 

The long march was over 12400 km, in one year.  About 300,000 people started, and fewer than 10% finished.  They climbed some mountains more than 4000 meters high,
Background 
Before the Long March, China had two sides: the nationalists and the communists. Both sides wanted to rule the country. This brought the Chinese Civil War. Chinese nationalists used 500,000 soldiers to remove the communists from Jiang Xi. They failed four times before. Now the nationalists changed the way to attack the communists, using encirclement (make a circle around the enemy army) to stop them from running away. The Communists leader Borgu tried to fight 500,000 soldiers face to face. But the problem is that the Jianxi communists just had 86,000 soldiers and more than half of them just had a broadsword and no guns. They failed to push the nationalist army back, so they tried to go to meet another communist army in Shaanxi.
How it changed China’s history 
The Long March was an important event in Chinese history. It made the China communists army survival and change the way they fight the capitalism. The communists also choose Mao Zedong to became the leader of the communists and all the red armies in china (china communists army), They should listen Mao Zedong to fight. It was a point for the communists decide fight and live in the countryside and use guerrilla to fight with the nationalists.

The Long March also made the nationalists follow the communists and kill some local warlord leaders so they controlled more parts of China. They followed the communists all the way to ShaanXi and killed a lot of red army soldiers so that after World War II, the communists had very few soldiers. They took four years to get more soldiers so they could win the civil war.
Different opinions about the march's result 
The communists' believed they won by making a lot of soldiers survive and successfully meet the Communists party in Shaanxi. They also said it is so successful to run away from 100,000 soldiers encirclement and about 200,000 soldiers  hunt between the long march.

The Nationalists' thought they were successful because the communists were running away from the battle and were forced to move to the other side of China. They killed at least half of the Red Army soldiers in China.

The reason they have different opinions is because their goals were very different: the Communists just wanted to survive the Nationalist army's attack. The Nationalists' goal was to destroy the Red Army in Jian Xi, making the communists weaker than before. It took the communists four years to rebuild their army and win the civil war.

References

1934
1935
1930s in China
Avery County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 17,167 people lived there.  Its county seat is Newland. It is known for growing Fraser Fir Christmas trees. Avery County is part of the High Council of Governments.

History 
The county was made in 1911 from parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, and Watauga County.  Avery County was the last county made in North Carolina.

Bordering counties 
These counties border, or connect to, Avery County:
Johnson County, Tennessee – north
Carter County, Tennessee – west
Caldwell County, North Carolina – southeast
Burke County, North Carolina – south
McDowell County, North Carolina – south
Mitchell County, North Carolina – west
Watauga County, North Carolina – north

Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Avery County:
Banner Elk
Beech Mountain
Crossnore
Elk Park
Grandfather
Linville
Minneapolis
Newland
Seven Devils
Sugar Mountain

Other websites 
Avery County government official website
North Carolina counties
1911 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in North Carolina
Hersfeld-Rotenburg is a Kreis (district) in the east of Hesse, Germany.

History 
In 1821 districts were created in Hesse, including the districts Hersfeld and Rotenburg, which stayed nearly unchanged after Hesse-Kassel was taken over by Prussia. In 1972 both districts were joined into one.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
Official website 
Touristic website 

Districts of Hesse
The Saturnian moon Rhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles. These would be the first rings seen around a moon. The discovery was announced in the journal Science on March 6 2008.

In November of 2005 the Cassini orbiter found that Saturn's magnetosphere near Rhea did not have energetic electrons. According to the discovery team, this is best explained by assuming they were absorbed by solid material in the form of an equatorial disk having denser rings or arcs, with particles perhaps many decimeters to about a meter in diameter.

Detection
 

Voyager 1 saw an area without as many energetic electrons trapped in Saturn's magnetic field downstream from Rhea in 1980. These measurements, which were never explained, were made at a farther distance than the Cassini data.
On November 26, 2005, Cassini made the one targeted Rhea flyby of its primary mission. It passed within 500 km of Rhea's surface, downstream of Saturn's magnetic field, and saw the resulting plasma wake as it had with other moons, such as Dione and Tethys. In those cases, there was a cutoff of energetic electrons as Cassini crossed into the moons' plasma shadows (the regions where the moons themselves blocked the magnetospheric plasma from reaching Cassini). However, in the case of Rhea, the electron plasma started to drop off at eight times that distance, and decreased gradually until the expected sharp drop off as Cassini entered Rhea's plasma shadow. The extended distance corresponds to Rhea's Hill sphere, the distance of 7.7 times Rhea's radius inside of which orbits are dominated by Rhea's rather than Saturn's gravity. When Cassini emerged from Rhea's plasma shadow, the reverse pattern occurred: A sharp surge in energetic electrons, then a gradual increase out to Rhea's Hill-sphere radius.
These readings are similar to those of Enceladus, where water coming out from its south pole absorbs the electron plasma. However, in the case of Rhea, the absorption pattern is symmetrical.

In addition, the Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) saw that this gentle gradient was punctuated by three sharp drops in plasma flow on each side of the moon, a pattern that was also nearly symmetric.

In August 2007, Cassini passed through Rhea's plasma shadow again, but farther downstream. Its readings were similar to those of Voyager 1.

There are no images or direct sightings of the material thought to be absorbing the plasma, but the likely candidates would be difficult to detect directly. Further sightings are planned for Cassinis first mission extension, with a targeted flyby scheduled for March 2, 2010.

Interpretation
Cassini'''s flyby path makes interpretation of the magnetic readings difficult.
The obvious candidates for magnetospheric plasma-absorbing matter are neutral gas and dust, but the quantities required to explain the seen decrease in electrons are far higher than Cassinis measurements allow. Therefore the finders, led by Geraint Jones of the Cassini'' MIMI team, argue that the decrease of electrons must be caused by solid particles orbiting Rhea: 
An analysis of the electron data indicates that this obstacle is most likely in the form of a low optical depth disk of material near Rhea’s equatorial plane and that the disk contains solid bodies up to ~1 m in size.
The simplest explanation for the symmetrical punctuations in plasma flow are "extended arcs or rings of material" orbiting Rhea in its equatorial plane. These symmetric dips bear some similarity to the way by which the Rings of Uranus were found in 1977.
However, not all scientists are convinced that the seen signatures are caused by a ring system.  No rings have been seen in images, which puts a very low limit at least on tiny dust-sized particles.  Furthermore, a ring made of boulders would be expected to generate dust that would likely have been seen in the images.

History
Simulations suggest that solid bodies can stably orbit Rhea near its equatorial plane over astronomical timescales. They may not be stable around Dione and Tethys because those moons are so much closer to Saturn, and therefore have much smaller Hill spheres, or around Titan because of drag from its dense atmosphere.
Many suggestions have been made for the possible origin of rings. An impact could have brought material into orbit; this could have happened as recently as 70 million years ago. A small body could have been disrupted when caught in orbit about Rhea. In either case, the debris would eventually have settled into circular equatorial orbits. Given their long-term orbital stability, however, it is possible that they survive from the formation of Rhea itself.

For different rings to exist, something must separate them. Suggestions include moonlets or clumps of material within the disk, similar to those seen within Saturn's A ring.

References

Other websites
 NASA podcast 

Saturn's moons
Werra-Meißner is a Kreis (district) in the north of Hesse, Germany.

History 
The district was created in 1974 by merging the two district Eschwege and Witzenhausen, which both existed with only slight modifications since 1821.

Geography 
The main river in the district is the Werra. The Hohe Meißner with  is the highest of the Meißner mountains. The river and the mountain gave the district its name.

The Hohe Meißner was also home to USA military forces up to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Soldiers of the Special Forces guarded the eavesdropping listening post situated on the hilltop.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Districts of Hesse
Waldeck-Frankenberg is a Kreis (district) in the north of Hesse, Germany.

History 
The district was created in 1972 by merging the two districts Frankenberg and Waldeck. Most of the area of the district was previously part of the old principality of Waldeck.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
Official website 

Districts of Hesse
Schwalm-Eder is a Kreis (district) in the north of Hesse, Germany.

Partnerships 
The district has partnerships with
 , Kajaani City,
 , district of Sedgemoor
 , district of Piła and
 , the Rayon ov (Yaroslavl Oblast).

Geography 
The two rivers Schwalm and Eder gave the district its name.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Districts of Hesse
Velvet Revolver (VR), was a Grammy Award-winning rock supergroup that started in 2002. The members of the band were three Guns N' Roses band members Slash (lead guitar), Duff McKagan (bass, backing vocals) and Matt Sorum (drums, backing vocals) and Wasted Youth bassist Dave Kushner (rhythm guitar). Stone Temple Pilots' Scott Weiland was previously the lead singer. He joined the band after Stone Temple Pilots broke up in 2003. The band got success with their first album Contraband in 2004 and released their second album Libertad in 2007. Scott left the band in 2008, though he did one more one-off show with the band in 2012. Velvet Revolver had had several searches for a new singer since then, but had yet to announce a replacement.
Band members
Slash – lead guitar, talkbox, occasional backing vocals (2002–2012)
Duff McKagan – bass, backing vocals (2002–2012)
Matt Sorum – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2002–2012)
Dave Kushner – rhythm guitar (2002–2012)
Scott Weiland – lead vocals, occasional keyboards (2003–2008, 2012; died 2015)

Discography
Studio albums
Contraband (2004)
Libertad (2007)

Other websites
Velvet Revolver Official Site (dot com) / Velvet Revolver Official Site (dot net) 
Velvet Revolver @ RCA Records 
RCA Records
Velvet Revolver VH1 Artist Page  
Velvet Revolver MTV Artist Page 
Velvet Revolver AOL Artist Page  
Velvet Revolver Billboard Artist Page  
Velvet Revolver All Music Guide Artist Page 
Velvet Revolver Rolling Stone Artist Page  
Scott Weiland talks about "Libertad" 
 Officiële Velvet Revolver Benelux Website 
Online wiki for Velvet Revolver concerts and setlists
2002 establishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
2000s establishments in California
American hard rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from California
Orange County, California
The Manchu people are a Tungusic people who came from Manchuria (today's Northeastern China). In ancient times they were called "Juchen". During their rise in the seventeenth century they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until  the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, which established a republican government in its place.

The Qing Dynasty required by law that all males must wear a hairstyle called the Manchu queue, in which men had to shave the front of their heads and wear a long braid on the back of their heads.

the Jurchens (Manchus) were former Ming subjects but were rejecting their previous status and revolting when Nurhaci declared the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 and his Seven Grievances in 1618 calling for revenge against the Ming killing his father and grandfather.

Local Han civilian militias were used by the Qing government during the White Lotus rebellion instead of using extra Manchu bannermen.
Manchu bannermen and Mongol Bannermen in the banner garrison of Zhenjiang, including the Manchu banner commander Hailong, committed suicide after slaughtering their own wives and children after the British defeated them in the Battle of Chinkiang in 1842. The Manchu bannermen of the banner garrison in Zhapu killed their own wives and children before committing suicide after the British defeated them in the Battle of Chapu in 1842 while the non-banner Han Chinese soldiers did not commit suicide and stayed alive. Han Green Standard Army soldiers abandoned the Manchu bannermen to die. British witnesses said that the Manchu population of the Zhenjiang garrison was effectively extinct as the corpses of Manchu men, women and children littered the garrison. "Dead bodies of Tartars in every house we entered, principally women and children thrown into wells or otherwise murdered by their own people
. A great number of those who escaped our fire committed suicide after destroying their families; the loss of life has been appalling, and it may be said that the Manchu race in this city is extinct."
In Zhenjiang, As the Manchu garrison had been in the habit of calling the Chinese .6 disloyalists , ” the Fu Kien braves sided with the enemy and set fire to the town . The foreigners then got over the wall and burnt the Manchu quarter, the Assistant Tartar-General and the Acting Sub-Prefect losing their lives, and the taotai escaping to Kashing, which place, as also Hangchow, was now threatened too. Han Chinese civilians gathered to watch the British kill the Manchus in the battle of Zhenjiang, even brining bowls of rice while spectating : "... and their fellow - countrymen , and in danger themselves , from their position , of being shot , were coolly employed eating their bowls of rice