Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Accelerator

The laboratory's main research facility is the CEBAF accelerator, which consists of a polarized electron source and injector and a pair of  7/8 mile (1400 m) long superconducting RF linear accelerators. The ends of the two linear accelerators are connected to each other by two arc sections with magnets that bend the electron beam in an arc. So, the beam path is a race-track shaped oval. (Most accelerators, such as CERN or Fermilab, have a circular path with many short chambers to speed up the electrons spread along the circle.) As the electron beam makes up to five successive orbits, its energy is increased up to a maximum of 6 GeV. Effectively, CEBAF is a linear accelerator (LINAC), like SLAC at Stanford, that has been folded up to a tenth of its normal length. It acts as if it were a 7.8 mile long linear accelerator.
The beam ends in three experimental halls, called Hall A, Hall B, and Hall C. Each hall contains a unique spectrometer to record the results of collisions between the electron beam and a stationary target. This allows physicists to study the structure of the atomic nucleus, specifically the interaction of the quarks that make up protons and neutrons of the nucleus.

Particle behavior
Each time around the loop, the beam passes through each of the two LINAC accelerators, but through a different set of bending magnets. (Each set is designed to handle a different beam speed.) The electrons make up to five passes through the LINAC accelerators.
Collision event
When a nucleus in the target is hit by an electron from the beam, an "interaction", or "event", occurs, scattering particles into the hall. Each hall contains an array of particle detectors that track the physical properties of the particles produced by the event. The detectors generate electrical pulses that are converted into digital values by analog to digital converters (ADCs), time to digital converters (TDCs) and pulse counters (scalers). 

This digital data must be gathered and stored so that the physicist can later analyze the data and reconstruct the physics that occurred. The system of electronics and computers that perform this task is called a data acquisition system.

12 GeV upgrade
12 GeV upgrade

As of June 2010, construction has begun an additional end station, Hall D, on the opposite end of the accelerator from the other three halls, as well as an upgrade which doubles the beam energy to 12 GeV. Concurrently, an addition to the Test Lab, (where the SRF cavities used in CEBAF and other accelerators used worldwide are manufactured) is being constructed.

Free-electron laser

JLab houses the world's most powerful tunable free-electron laser, with an output of over 14 kilowatts. The United States Navy funds this research to develop an laser that could shoot down missiles. Because the lab does classified military research, it is closed to the public except for an open house held once every two years.
The JLab free-electron laser uses an energy recovery LINAC.  Electrons are injected into a linear accelerator. The fast-moving electrons then pass through a wiggler which produces a bright laser light beam. The electrons are then captured and steered back to the injection end of the LINAC where they transfer most of their energy to a new batch of electrons to repeat the process. By reusing the electrons and most of their energy, the free-electron laser requires less electricity to operate. The JLab is the first energy recovery LINAC to produce ultravoliet light.  Cornell University is now trying to build one to produce X-rays.
CODA
Since CEBAF has three complementary experiments running simultaneously, it was decided that the three data acquisition systems should be as similar as possible, so that physicists moving from one experiment to another would find a familiar environment. To that end, a group of specialist physicists was hired to form a data acquisition development group to develop a common system for all three halls. CODA, the CEBAF Online Data Acquisition system, was the result

Description

CODA is a set of software tools and recommended hardware that helps build a data acquisition system for nuclear physics experiments. In nuclear and particle physics experiments, the particle tracks are digitized by the data acquisition system, but the detectors are capable of generating a large number of possible measurements, or "data channels".
The ADC, TDC and other digital electronics are typically large circuit boards with connectors at the front edge that provide input and output for digital signals, and a connector at the back that plugs into a backplane. A group of boards are plugged into a chassis, or "crate", that provides physical support, power and cooling for the boards and backplane. This arrangement allows electronics capable of digitizing many hundreds of channels to fit into a single chassis.

In the CODA system, each chassis contains a board that is an intelligent controller for the rest of the chassis. This board, called a ReadOut Controller (ROC), configures each of the digitizing boards upon first receiving data, reads the data from the digitizers, and formats the data for later analysis.

References
References

Other websites 
 Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, official site
 Google Hybrid Map of TJNAF
 MSN Virtual Earth Aerial Map
 Physics Division at Jefferson Lab (includes links to each of the experimental halls)
 Free-Electron Laser Program
 12 GeV Upgrade
 K-12 Science Education

Nuclear physics
United States Department of Energy
Buildings and structures in Virginia
Newport News, Virginia
1984 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Virginia
Veszprém (ˈvɛspreːm; ) is one of the oldest urban areas in Hungary, and a city with county rights. The city is not far from Lake Balaton. about 15 km  (9 mi). It is the administrative center of the county (comitatus or 'megye') of the same name.

Location
Veszprém lies on both sides of the Séd creek, approximately  from Budapest (via the M7 highway and Road 8). It can also be reached from Győr via Road 82 and from Székesfehérvár via Road 8.

Population

1870: 14279
1880: 14726
1890: 14807
1900: 16223
1910: 16864
1920: 17513
1930: 19991
1941: 24025
1949: 20682
1960: 28222
1970: 40415
1980: 57249
1990: 63867
2001: 62851
2011: 64339

Ethnic groups (2001 census)
 Hungarians - 94.7%
 Germans - 1.7%
 Others - 1%
 No answer - 2.6%

Religions (2001 census)
 Roman Catholic - 57%
 Calvinist - 9.7%
 Lutheran - 3%
 Others - 1.3%
 Atheist - 19%
 No answer - 10%

Notable citizens
Marian Cozma
Tamás Kádár

Twin towns — Sister cities

Veszprém is twinned with:
Bottrop, Germany
  Gladsaxe, Denmark
  Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
  Passau, Germany
  Rovaniemi, Finland
  Sfântu Gheorghe, Romania
  Tartu, Estonia
  Tirat Carmel, Israel
  Žamberk, Czech Republic
  Kursk, Russia

Gallery

Other websites 

 Official site
 English pages  on official site
 Pannon University (formerly University of Veszprém)
 Aerial photography: Veszprém

References 

Cities in Hungary
Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo is a Chilean football club. They play in the Primera División. They are the top-flight football league in Chile. Their home ground is the Estadio Monumental David Arellano in the commune of Macul, Santiago. They are the most successful football club in their country.

Honours

Domestic
 Liga Central de Football / Asociación de Fútbol de Santiago: 4
1925, 1928, 1929, 1930

Primera División: 30
1937, 1939, 1941, 1944, 1947, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997 Clausura, 1998, 2002 Clausura, 2006 Apertura, 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura, 2007 Clausura, 2008 Clausura, 2009 Clausura, 2014 Clausura

Cups
Copa Chile: 10
1958, 1974, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1996

Continental
Copa Libertadores
Winners (1): 1991
Runner-up (1): 1973

Copa Sudamericana
Runner-up (1): 2006

Copa Interamericana
Winners (1): 1991

Recopa Sudamericana
Winners (1): 1992

International
Intercontinental Cup
Runner-up (1): 1991
Other websites 
Official website
Colo Colo in FIFA.com 
Supporters' Site

1925 establishments
Football clubs in Santiago de Chile
Club Deportivo Universidad Católica  is a football club in Santiago de Chile now playing in the Primera División.

It is one of the most successful and popular football clubs in Chile as one of the three "big teams". The most traditional rival is the Universidad de Chile, frequently called the Clásico Universitario.

Cups

Other websites 
 Official site 
 CDUCatolica.com
 Los Cruzados 
 Ceatolei 

1937 establishments
Universidad Catolica
1930s establishments in Chile
Club Universidad de Chile is a football club in Santiago de Chile playing in the Chilean Primera División.

References

Other websites 
Official website
Universidad de Chile in FIFA.com 
Supporters' Site 

1927 establishments in Chile
Football clubs in Santiago de Chile
Maria Kihl or Mia Kihl (born April 23, 1979 in Stockholm), is a Swedish voice actress.

Filmography 
Fairly Odd Parents - Vicky (Starting from Season 2).
Goof Troop - Max.
Quack Pack - Louie.
TaleSpin - Molly Cunningham (1st Voice), Additional Voices.
Total Drama Island - Sadie.
Yu-Gi-Oh! - Anzu Mazaki
Winx Club - Flora

Other websites 
 Mia Kihl at Svensk Filmdatabases

1979 births
Living people
Swedish voice actors
Sir William Golding (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was an English writer. He was a novelist, poet, playwright, and teacher. He is famous for his novel Lord of the Flies. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983. In 2008, The Times ranked Golding third on its list of "The 50 Greatest British writers since 1945".

Life

Early life 
Golding was born in Newquay, Cornwall, England on 19 September 1911. He grew up in Marlborough, Wiltshire. His father, Alec Golding, was a schoolmaster at Marlborough Grammar School. Golding and his older brother, Joseph, went to their father's school. In 1930, Golding went to Brasenose College at the University of Oxford. He studied Natural science and then English literature there. Golding graduated with an MA in 1935.
Early career 
Golding then worked as an actor, producer and a writer. Then he became a teacher at Bishop Wordsworth's School, Salisbury. Golding joined the Royal Navy in 1940. When World War II ended, Golding continued teaching and writing. He left Bishop Wordsworth's School in 1961 and began writing full-time.

Writing career 
Golding's first published novel was Lord of the Flies. Golding used his experience of the Second World War and his teaching knowledge of children to write the book. Lord of the Flies is a story about a group of school boys who are trapped on a desert island. The children quickly become savages and begin to murder each other. The novel gained widespread interest because of its political message.
Golding went on to write many more books, including The Inheritors, Rites of Passage and many others. He had a rather pessimistic view of humanity. His novels are often set in closed communities, such as islands, villages, monasteries, groups of hunter-gatherers, ships at sea or a pharaoh's court.

Later life 
Golding was knighted for his work in 1988. He died five years later, on 19 June 1993, of heart failure in Cornwall.

Novels
Lord of the Flies (1954)
The Inheritors (1955)
Pincher Martin (1956)
Free Fall (1959)
The Spire (1964)
The Pyramid (1967)
The Scorpion God   (1971)
Darkness Visible (1979)
The Paper Men (1984)
To the Ends of the Earth (trilogy)
Rites of Passage (1980)
Close Quarters (1987)
Fire Down Below (1989)
The Double Tongue (posthumous) (1995)

Notes 

Alumni of the University of Oxford
Booker Prize winners
 
Writers from Wiltshire
1911 births
1993 deaths
Verse-chorus form is a musical form that is common in popular music. Verse-chorus forms have been the basis for rock music since the 1960s.

Songs in verse-chorus form 
"Be My Baby" by The Ronettes (1963)
"Penny Lane" by The Beatles (1967)
"Smoke on the Water" by Deep Purple (1973)
"That'll Be the Day" by Buddy Holly (1957)
"California Girls" by The Beach Boys (1965)
"All You Need Is Love" by The Beatles (1967)
"Foxy Lady" by Jimi Hendrix (1967)
"Can't Get Enough" by Bad Company (1974)

References 

Musical terminology
Homesickness is a feeling of unhappiness a person may have when away from home or from familiar surroundings or people. It has a similar meaning to the word nostalgia.

Homesickness is not about how much you miss your home. It is about how much dependent you are on other people or your parents, how much pampered you are or how much difficult it is for you to be in a different place. People sometimes become homesick when they travel. They miss their own home and desperately want to go back. Children may often feel homesick, especially when they are away from their parents for the first time. Usually these feelings will go away as one gets used to the new environment, but sometimes homesickness can make a person depressed.

People may easily feel homesick if they travel to an environment in which the culture is very difficult to what they are used to, and especially if a foreign language is being spoken. Children who are sent away to boarding school will very often feel homesick.
A good way to help children overcome (or avoid) homesickness is to start with being away from home just for short periods, staying with people they know well, e.g. grandparents or good friends.

References 

Emotions
Children
Travel
George Crabbe (born Aldeburgh, Suffolk, 24 December 1754; died Trowbridge, Wiltshire, 3 February 1832) was an English poet and naturalist. His poem The Borough which describes life in a small town in Suffolk, inspired Benjamin Britten to compose his opera Peter Grimes.

Life
George Crabbe was born in Aldeburgh, Suffolk. His father was a tax collector. As a child he loved poetry. In 1768, he was apprenticed to a local doctor, but he did not learn much from him. In 1771 he changed masters and moved to Woodbridge. There he met Sarah Elmy, who was to become his wife. She had the patience to wait until he had finished his medical studies before marrying him. She encouraged him in his verse writing. In 1775 he published his first work: Inebriety. In 1780 he decided to give up being a doctor. He borrowed some money and went to London where he tried to become known as a poet. It took several years, during which time he became a clergyman. He became chaplain to the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire.
Crabbe became well-known when he wrote a poem called The Village (1783). It was a long poem which described life in the country as he had known it. In 1783, he married Sarah. In 1814, he became Rector of Trowbridge in Wiltshire, where he stayed. Now that he had a family he did not feel any more need to write poetry and so he wrote nothing for 22 years. He then wrote more poems about the village community, including The Borough (1810). By the time of his death, he was well known and a friend of William Wordsworth, Sir Walter Scott and other important literary figures of the time.

Crabbe also knew a lot about insects and made a detailed study of beetles.
Use in 20th century opera
Like George Crabbe, the composer Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) also came from Aldeburgh. When he was in America during World War II he read Crabbe's poem The Borough. It made him homesick and he decided to return to England. He wrote an opera Peter Grimes which was based on Crabbe's poem. It is one of the greatest operas of the 20th century.

References

1754 births
1832 deaths
English poets
English naturalists
Writers from Suffolk
A near-Earth object (NEO) is a Solar System object whose orbit brings it close to the Earth. 

Their least distance from the Sun, their perihelion, is less than 1.3 AU. NEOs include near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and near-Earth comets.

They include more than ten thousand near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), near-Earth comets, some solar-orbiting spacecraft, and meteoroids large enough to be tracked in space before striking the Earth. Collisions in the past have had a significant role in shaping the geological and biological history of the planet.
In some cases NEOs hit the Earth. Most of these meteors explode harmlessly in the upper atmosphere. But some NEOs are dangerous. We try to find out when one is going to hit Earth using impact prediction. On 30 June 1908, a meteorite of around 45 metres in diameter exploded over the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River. It released an energy of 10–15 megatons of TNT and destroyed roughly 2,000 square kilometres of forest. Such an explosion, similar to one of the biggest nuclear weapons, could have razed London about as far out as the M25 ring road. However, because the location was remote, no deaths were recorded. The Association of Space Explorers estimates that a Tunguksa-like event happens two or three times every thousand years on average. An asteroid roughly 10 km in diameter is thought to have hit Earth 66 million years ago and caused the K/T extinction event, including the extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs.

Related pages 
Near-Earth asteroid
Asteroid impact prediction
Late Heavy Bombardment
References 

Astronomical objects
was a  after Jingo-keiun and before Ten'ō.  This period started in October 770 and ended in January 781.   During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Hōki era
 23 October 770 (Hōki 1, 1st day of the 10th month): The era name was changed to mark the beginning of Emperor Konin's reign.

 778 (Hōki 9): The emperor granted Kashima-jinja a divine seal for use on documents.

 28 August 779 (Hōki 10, 7th month): Fujiwara no Momokawa died at age 48.

 781 (Hōki 12, 4th month ): The emperor abdicated in favor of his son, who would later come to be known as Emperor Kammu. Emperor Kōnin's reign had lasted for 11 years.

 781 (Hōki 12, 12th month): Kōnin died at the age of 73.

Related pages 
 Nara period

References

Other websites  
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
8th-century establishments in Japan
8th-century disestablishments in Japan
781 disestablishments
770 establishments
Cyclopia (also called cyclocephaly or synophthalmia) is a birth defect. Cyclopia is characterized by a failure of the prosencephalon to separate the two orbits (eyes). This leads to the formation of a central deformed eye and an absence of a nasal cavity. It causes can be either genetic, or as a result of an exposure to poisons. The term "cyclopia" comes from Cyclops, a giant one-eyed creature the Greek Greek mythology.

Babies with Cyclopia rarely live longer than one day.

References

Genetic disorders
Hoki may mean:

 Hōki Province, was an old province of Japan, today part of the Tottori Prefecture
 Hōki, Tottori, a town in Japan
 Hōki, a Japanese era name (770-781)
 Hoki (fish), another name for blue grenadier, a merluccid hake of the genus Macruronus.
was an old province of Japan in the area of Tottori Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Inaba, Mimasaka, Bitchū, Bingo, and Izumo Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Kurayoshi. A major castle town was at Yonago.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Shitori jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Hōki.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Tottori Prefecture
A free-electron laser, or FEL, is a laser that produces a very bright beam of light.  It is basically a super flashlight.  It shares the same optical properties as conventional lasers such as emitting a beam consisting of coherent electromagnetic radiation which can reach high power. The FEL used operating principles to form the beam that are very different operating principles of a conventional laser. Unlike gas, liquid, or solid-state lasers such as diode lasers, in which electrons are excited while bound to atoms, FELs use a relativistic electron beam as the lasing medium which moves freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron. The free-electron laser has the widest frequency range of any laser type, and can be widely tunable, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, to ultraviolet, to X-rays.
Free—electron lasers were invented by John Madey in 1976 at Stanford University. The work builds on research done by Hans Motz and his coworkers who made the first undulator at Stanford in 1953 using the wiggler magnetic configuration which is at the heart of a free-electron laser. Madey used a 24 MeV electron beam and 5 m long wiggler to amplify a signal. Soon afterward, other laboratories with accelerators started developing such lasers.

Free-electron lasers use a lot of electricity when they operate. To reduce the energy needed to keep them operating, scientist use an energy recovery linear accelerator to recycle the high-energy electron beam that activates the laser.

References
Further reading
 Madey, John, "Stimulated emission of bremsstrahlung in a periodic magnetic field". J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1906 (1971)
 Madey, John, Stimulated emission of radiation in periodically deflected electron beam, US Patent 38 22 410,1974
 Boscolo, et al., "Free-Electron Lasers and Masers on Curved Paths". Appl. Phys., (Germany), vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 46–51, May 1979.
 Deacon et al., "First Operation of a Free-Electron Laser". Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 38, No. 16, Apr. 1977, pp. 892–894.
 Elias, et al., "Observation of Stimulated Emission of Radiation by Relativistic Electrons in a Spatially Periodic Transverse Magnetic Field", Phys. Rev. Lett., 36 (13), 1976, p. 717.
 Gover, "Operation Regimes of Cerenkov-Smith-Purcell Free Electron Lasers and T. W. Amplifiers". Optics Communications, vol. 26, No. 3, Sep. 1978, pp. 375–379.
 Gover, "Collective and Single Electron Interactions of Electron Beams with Electromagnetic Waves and Free Electrons Lasers". App. Phys. 16 (1978), p. 121.
Other websites
 Lightsources.org
 UCSB Free-Electron Laser
 Free-Electron Laser Open Book (National Academies Press) 
 The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Free-Electron Laser research and applications
 European XFEL
 PSI SwissFEL
 SPring-8 Compact SASE Source 
 Electron beam transport system and diagnostics of the Dresden FEL 
 The Free Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments FELIX 
 W. M. Keck Free Electron Laser Center 
 Jefferson Lab's Free-Electron Laser Program
 Free-Electron Lasers: The Next Generation by Davide Castelvecchi New Scientist, January 21, 2006
 Airborne megawatt class free-electron laser for defense and security
 FERMI@Elettra Free-Electron Laser Project
 Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL)

Medical equipment
Light
Technology
Dame Janet Baker, CH, DBE, FRSA (born 21 August 1933) is an English mezzo-soprano.  From the 1950s to the 1980s she was one of the best known classical music singers in opera, concert, and lieder.  She sang a lot of Baroque music including early Italian opera as well as works by modern composers, especially those of Benjamin Britten.

Her life

Janet Baker was born in Hatfield, South Yorkshire in the north of England. Her father was an engineer who sang in a male voice choir.  She went to York College for Girls and then Wintringham Girls' Grammar School in Grimsby. In her early years she worked in a bank.  She went to London in 1953 where she had singing lessons from Meriel St Clair and Helene Isepp, whose son Martin became her regular accompanist.  She was knocked down by a bus in 1956 and had concussion and a back injury which often gave her pain. That same year, she came second in the Kathleen Ferrier Memorial Competition at the Wigmore Hall, which started to make her famous.
Debut
In 1956, Baker sang in opera for the first time with the Oxford University Opera Club as Miss Róza in Smetana's The Secret. That year, she also sing at Glyndebourne. In 1959, she sang Eduige in the Handel Opera Society's Rodelinda; other Handel roles included Ariodante (1964), of which she later made an excellent recording with Raymond Leppard, and Orlando (1966), which she sang at the Barber Institute, Birmingham.
Opera
With the English Opera Group at Aldeburgh, Baker sang Purcell's Dido and Aeneas in 1962, Polly (Benjamin Britten's version of The Beggar's Opera) and Lucretia (in Britten's The Rape of Lucretia). At Glyndebourne she appeared again as Dido (1966) and as Diana/Jupiter in Francesco Cavalli's La Calisto, and Penelope in Monteverdi's Il ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria. For Scottish Opera she sang Dorabella in Mozart's Così fan tutte, Dido, Octavian in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier, the Composer in Ariadne auf Naxos and the role of Orfeo in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice. She sang that role everywhere and she is often associated with it.
In 1966, Baker made her first appearance as Hermia at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and went on to sing Berlioz's Dido, Kate in Britten's Owen Wingrave, Mozart's Vitellia and Idamantes, Cressida in William Walton's Troilus and Cressida and the title role in Gluck's Alceste (1981) there. For the English National Opera, she sang the title role in Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea (1971), Charlotte in Massenet's Werther, and the title roles in Donizetti's Maria Stuarda and Handel's Giulio Cesare.
Oratorio and song
As well as opera, Janet Baker often sang oratorio roles and gave solo recitals. Among her best recordings are her singing of the Angel in Elgar's The Dream of Gerontius, made with Sir John Barbirolli in December 1964 and Sir Simon Rattle over twenty years later; her 1965 performances of Elgar's Sea Pictures and Mahler's Rückert-Lieder, also recorded with Barbirolli; and, also from 1965, the first commercial recording of Ralph Vaughan Williams's Christmas oratorio Hodie under Sir David Willcocks.  In 1976, she gave the first performance of Britten’s the solo cantata Phaedra which had been written for her.

Retirement
Dame Janet Baker's last operatic appearance was as Orfeo in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, on 17 July 1982, at Glyndebourne.  She published a memoir, Full Circle, in 1982. In 1991, Baker was elected Chancellor of the University of York, a position she kept until 2004.
Honours and awards
Baker received many awards, including a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1976 and a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in 1993.

She married in 1957.

References

Other websites 
 
 IMDb

1933 births
Living people
English opera singers
Mezzo-sopranos
Grammy Award winners
Companions of Honour
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English singers
was a  after Tenpyō-jingo and before Hōki.  This period started in August 767 and ended in October 770.   The reigning monarch was .  This was the same woman who had reigned as the former .

Events of the Jingo-keiun era
 28 August 770 (Jingo-keiun 4, 4th day of the 8th month): In the 5th year of Shōtoku's reign, the empress died; and she named Prince Shirakabe as her heir. The succession (senso) was received and soon after, Emperor Kōnin is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui). This was confirmed in ceremonies.  

The Jingō-kaihō' was a copper coin issued from 765 to 796.  It had a diameter of about 23 mm and a weight of between 3.4 and 4.5 grams.

Related pages 
 Nara period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
760s establishments in Japan
8th-century disestablishments in Japan
770 disestablishments
767 establishments
was an old province of Japan in the area of Tottori Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Harima, Hōki, Mimasaka, and Tajima Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was at Tottori city.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Inaba Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Ube jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Inaba.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Tottori Prefecture
was an old province of Japan in the area of Shimane Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . The province had borders with Aki, Bingo, Izumo, Nagato, and Suō provinces. In the Heian period, the capital city of the province was Hamada.

History

In the Edo period, silver was discovered and mined.  The  was added to the World Heritage List in 2007.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Iwami Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Mononobe jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Iwami.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

 
  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Shimane Prefecture
was an island province of Japan in the area of Shimane Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province was the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan.  The islands are near the provinces of Izumo and Hōki. 

The capital city of the province was near Saigō.

History

In 1221, Emperor Go-Toba was exiled to Oki.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Oki Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Mizuwakasu jinja and Yurahime jinja were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Oki.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Shimane Prefecture
Les nuits d'été (Summer Nights), Op. 7, is a song cycle by the French composer Hector Berlioz.  It is a setting of six poems by Théophile Gautier.  Berlioz finished composing the songs in 1841.   At first they were just for a singer with piano accompaniment.  The singer could be either baritone, contralto, or mezzo-soprano.  Later Berlioz changed the work, making the voice a soprano and arranging the accompaniment for orchestra.  The first song to be orchestrated was L'Absence.  He wrote this version for a singer called Marie Recio who went with him on a concert tour of Germany.   All six songs were published in their orchestral version in 1856.  That is how the work is nearly always performed nowadays.  The titles of the songs are:

 Villanelle (Villanelle)
 Le spectre de la rose (The spectre of the rose)
 Sur les lagunes (On the lagoons)
 Absence (Absence)
 Au cimetière (In the cemetery)
 L'île inconnue (The unknown island)

References
New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie (1980);
Amethyst Amelia Kelly (born 7 June 1990), known professionally as Iggy Azalea, is a Australian-American rapper. She was born in Sydney and raised in Mullumbimby, New South Wales. She moved to the United States at age 16. In September 2011, she released her first mixtape Ignorant Art. It made two promotional singles, "My World" and "Pu$$y".

Azalea's first album, The New Classic, was going to be released in September 2013. It was later released in 2014. The single "Fancy" from the album, featuring British singer-songwriter Charli XCX, reached number one in the United States and Canada, while becoming the fourth-best performing song of 2014 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The next single, "Black Widow", features British singer Rita Ora and reached the top three of the Billboard Hot 100.  The album was rereleased with the title Reclassified in late 2014 and featured the singles "Beg for It" featuring Danish singer MØ and "Trouble" featuring American R&B singer Jennifer Hudson.

Discography
Discography

Studio albums 
 The New Classic (2014)
 Reclassified (2014)
 Digital Distortion (2016)

Mixtapes 
 Ignorant Art (2011)
 "Glory" (2012)
 "Trap Gold" (2012)

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1990 births
Living people
21st-century rappers
Musicians from Sydney
Musicians from New South Wales
Pop rappers
The Nexus S is the second Google smartphone in the Google Nexus series. It is the first phone with Android 2.3.

Related pages
Google Nexus
Galaxy Nexus

References

Other websites 
Official Nexus S page 

Nexus mobile phones
Android smartphones
Mobile phones released in 2010
was an old province of Japan in the area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Harima, Inaba, Tamba, and Tango provinces.

The ancient provincial capital city was near Hidaka.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tajima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Izushi jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Tajima.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hyōgo Prefecture
, also known as Tanba, was an old province of Japan in the area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Tango Province, it was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Harima, Ōmi, Settsu, Tajima, Tango, Wakasa, and Yamashiro Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was in the area of modern Kameoka.

History

In 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month), Tamba was separated from Tango.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tamba Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Izumo daijinjū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Tamba.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
was an old province in the area of Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Tamba Province, it was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Tajima, Tamba, and Wakasa provinces.

Maizuru or Miyazu was the capital city of the province.

History

In 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month), Tango was separated from Tamba province.  

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Tango Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Geography
Tango faced the Sea of Japan.

Shrines and Temples
Kono jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Tango.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
was an old province in Japan in the area of Niigata Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  

The province had borders with Uzen, Iwashiro, Kōzuke, Shinano, and Etchū Provinces.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Echigo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Geography
Echigo faced the Sea of Japan.

Shrines and Temples
Iyahiko jinju and Koko jinja were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Echigo.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Niigata Prefecture
was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukui Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Etchū and Echigo Provinces, it was sometimes called .

The ancient capital city of the province was at Echizen.

History

The boundaries of Echizen were formally established during the reigns of Empress Genshō and Empress Kōken.

Before the boundaries were established, this area including Etchū and Echigo were called Koshi.

In the Edo period, the daimyo of Fukui Domain lived at Fukui.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Echizen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Facilities
Echizen Provincial office was established in Nyū (丹生郡, Nyū-gun).

Kehi jingū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Echizen.

Ōmushi jinja was estublished in Suishin emperor 7. It is written in “Engishiki Jinmyoutyou” and the old status of a Shinto shrine is prefectural shrine.
Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Fukui Prefecture
Kirkpatrick Sale (born in Ithaca, New York, June 27, 1937) is an independent scholar and author who has written about political decentralism, environmentalism, luddism and technology. People say he has a "philosophy unified by decentralism" and as being "a leader of the Neo-Luddites,", an "anti-globalization leftist," and "the theoretician for a new secessionist movement."

Early life and career 
Sale grew up in Cayuga Heights, Ithaca, New York, and would later say of the village that he "spent most of my first twenty years there, and that has made an imprint on me–on my philosophy, social attitudes, certainly on my politics–that has lasted powerfully for the rest of my life." He graduated from Cornell University, majoring in history, in 1958.
He served as editor of the student-owned and managed newspaper, the Cornell Daily Sun.  Sale was one of the leaders of the May 23, 1958 protest against university policies forbidding male and female students fraternizing and its in loco parentis policy. Sale and his friend and roommate Richard Farina, and three others, were charged by Cornell. The protest was described in Farina's 1966 novel, Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me.

In 1958 he collaborated with Thomas Pynchon on an unproduced futuristic musical called "Minstrel Island."

Upon graduating in 1958, Sale married Faith Apfelbaum. She later worked as an editor with Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Joseph Heller and Amy Tan. Faith died in 1999.
Sale worked initially in journalism for the leftist journal New Leader, "a magazine founded in 1924 in part by socialists Norman Thomas and Eugene Debs," and the New York Times Magazine. He then became a freelance journalist. He spent time in Ghana and wrote his first book about it. His second book, SDS, was about the radical 1960s group Students for a Democratic Society, of which he was a founder. The book "is still considered one of the best sources on the youth activist organization that helped define 1960s radicalism." In 1968, he signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.
Subsequent books explored radical decentralism, bioregionalism, environmentalism, the Luddites and similar themes. He "has been a regular contributor to progressive magazines like Mother Jones and The Nation for the better part of his writing career," and has continued to write for those publications, as well as for The American Conservative, CounterPunch, The New York Review of Books, and the Utne Reader. Sale presented public affairs programming for WBAI in the early 1980s and has made appearances on alternative radio over the years.

Views
Views

History
In his 1990 book, The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy, Sale argued that Christopher Columbus was an imperialist bent on conquest from his first voyage. In a New York Times book review, historian and member of the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Committee William H. McNeill wrote about Sale: "he has set out to destroy the heroic image that earlier writers have transmitted to us. Mr. Sale makes Columbus out to be cruel, greedy and incompetent (even as a sailor), and a man who was perversely intent on abusing the natural paradise on which he intruded." The book Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in American History presents a debate between Sale and Robert Royal, vice president for research at the Ethics and Public Policy Center, who insisted that Columbus was a courageous risk-taker who advanced knowledge about other parts of the world.
Technology
Sale "has written extensively and skeptically about technology," and has said he is "a great admirer" of anarchoprimitivist John Zerzan. He has described personal computers as "the devil's work" and in the past started public speeches by smashing one. During promotion of his 1995 book Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution, Sale debated with Newsweek Magazine senior editor and technology columnist Steven Levy "about the relative merits of the communications age".

Sale has said that he does not "care much for popular music outside some of the Tin Pan Alley era tunes of the early 20th century." For example, "he once heard a 'racket' in a nightclub during ... the 1960s from some 'young man' everyone told him was a 'big deal.' That 'young man' turned out to be Bob Dylan." Kirk recalls that "he’d never heard anything so awful in his life."
In 1995, Sale agreed to a public bet with Kevin Kelly that by the year 2020, there would be three disasters: global currency collapse, significant warfare between rich and poor, and environmental disasters of some significant size.  The bet was turned into a claim on the FX prediction market, where the probability has hovered around 25%.

Secession

Sale believes that people should be able to break apart large nation-states into small pieces (secession). Sale has been called "one of the intellectual godfathers of the secessionist movement."  He argues that the major theme of contemporary history, from the dissolution of the Soviet Union to the expansion of United Nations membership from 51 in 1945 to  nations today, is the breakup of great empires. People on both left and right call for smaller, less powerful government.
In October 2007, the New York Times interviewed Sale about the Second North American Secessionist Convention, co-hosted by the Middlebury Institute. Sale told the interviewer, "The virtue of small government is that the mistakes are small as well." He went on to say, "If you want to leave a nation you think is corrupt, inefficient, militaristic, oppressive, repressive, but you don't want to move to Canada or France, what do you do? Well, the way is through secession, where you could stay home and be where you want to be.”  The convention received worldwide media attention.
News stories about the Second North American Secessionist Convention in 2007 mentioned the controversial Southern Poverty Law Center's allegations that the other co-sponsor, The League of the South, was a "racist hate group." Sale responded, "They call everybody racists. There are, no doubt, racists in the League of the South, and there are, no doubt, racists everywhere." The Southern Poverty Law Center later criticized the New York Times' October 2007 Peter Applebombe interview of Sale for not covering its allegations.

Sale wrote the foreword to Thomas Naylor's 2008 book Secession: How Vermont and all the Other States Can Save Themselves from the Empire. Sale continues to speak on secession and other issues around the nation.
Books 
 The Land and People of Ghana, Lippincott, 1963, 1972.
 SDS, Random House, 1973. Vintage Books edition (paperback) 1974. 
 Power Shift:  The Rise of the Southern Rim and Its Challenge to the Eastern Establishment. New York:  Random House, 1975.
 Human Scale. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980. 
 Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1985. 
 The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy, Knopf, 1990.
 The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement, 1962-1992, Hill and Wang, 1993.
 Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution: Lessons for the Computer Age, Addison Wesley, 1995.
 Why the Sea Is Salt: Poems of Love and Loss, iuniverse, 2001.
 The Fire of His Genius: Robert Fulton and the American Dream, Free Press, 2001.
 After Eden: The Evolution of Human Domination, Duke University Press, 2006.
Writings on-line 
 links Sale articles as updated  at Middlebury Institute, including "Breakdown of Nations," "Small Is Powerful," "Lessons of 9/11," "Things Fall Apart," "Seeing Red - and Seeing Blue," "The Case for American Secession," as well as videos featuring Sale.
 The Sesquicentennial Is Upon Us, LewRockwell.com, April 19, 2011.
 Are Anarchists Revolting? , The American Conservative, July 1, 2010.
 An Enemy of the State , The American Conservative, November 6, 2006.
 Sale contribution in The American Conservative magazine to the topic What is Left? What is Right? Does it matter? , August 28, 2006.
 Blue State Secession, The Nation, December 13, 2005.
 Imperial Entropy: Collapse of the American Empire , CounterPunch, February 22, 2005.
 An End to the Israeli Experiment? Unmaking a Grievous Error , CounterPunch, March 3, 2003.
 the Fire of His Genius, Robert Fulton and the American Dream , summary and first chapter of Sale’s book.
Unabomber's Secret Treatise: Is There Method In His Madness? , printed at Electronic Frontier Foundation web site.
 The Imposition of Technology 
 Five Facets of a Myth
  An Overview of Decentralism , Keynote Remarks at E. F. Schumacher Society Decentralist Conference, June 28–30, 1996.
 The Columbian Legacy and the Ecosterian Response , E. F. Schumacher Society Third Annual Lecture, October 1990.
 Mother of All: An Introduction to Bioregionalism , E. F. Schumacher Society Third Annual Lecture, October 1983.
Interviews 
 Interview  at Antiwar.com
 Interview on Luddism at primitivism.com 
 Luddism in the New Millennium, David Kupfer interview 
 Kevin Kelly interview (WiReD), 2004.
 The Bioregionalist Vision, Julie A. Wortman interview 
 Apostle of Catastrophe, Derek Turner interview , Quarterly Review, 2007 (PDF).
 A Vision of a Nation No Longer in the U.S., Peter Applebaum interview, New York Times, 2007.
 Secession Is the Future , interview with Kayhan International newspaper of Tehran, Iran, July 21, 2009. (Also at PressTV.Ir .)
 Interview with Arthur Versluis, "Interview with Kirkpatrick Sale." Journal for the Study of Radicalism, 2:2 (2009), pp. 133–145

Notes

References

Other websites
 Prof. Martin Ryder's page on Luddites and neo-Luddites with information on Kirkpatrick Sale  - University of Colorado at Denver, School of Education
Booknotes interview with Sale on The Fire of His Genius: Robert Fulton and the American Dream, November 25, 2001.
People from Ithaca, New York
American historians
Writers from New York (state)
Cornell University alumni
1937 births
Living people
was an old province of Japan in the area of Toyama Prefecture on the island of Honshū. Along with Echizen and Echigo Provinces, it was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Echigo, Shinano, Hida, Kaga, and Noto provinces. 

The capital city of the province was Takaoka.

History

The Noto Peninsula and Noto Province was separated from Etchū during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Etchū Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Takase jinja, Keta jinja and Oyama jinja were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Etchū.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Toyama Prefecture
was an old province in the area of Ishikawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  It was sometimes called .

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Kaga Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Shirayamahime jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Kaga.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Ishikawa Prefecture