Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Geneva Conference
After the war, the Geneva Conference on July 21, 1954 made a provisional division of Vietnam at the 17th parallel. The Việt Minh received control over the north in a territory called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh. The area south of the 17th parallel was turned into State of Vietnam under Emperor Bảo Đại to prevent Ho from gaining control of the entire country. A year later, Bảo Đại would be deposed by Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm, who created the Republic of Vietnam. Diem's refusal to enter into negotiations with North Vietnam on holding nationwide elections in 1956, as had been suggested by the Geneva Conference, would lead to another war breaking out again in South Vietnam in 1959, the Second Indochina War.

References
References

Wars of independence
Insurgencies
20th-century rebellions
Wars involving France
20th century in Cambodia
20th century in Vietnam
History of Laos
Rebellions in Asia
1940s in Asia
1950 in Asia
1951 in Asia
1952 in Asia
1953 in Asia
1954 in Asia
1940s conflicts
1950s conflicts
Nelson Ângelo Tamsma Piquet Souto Maior (born 25 July 1985 in Heidelberg, West Germany), also known as Nelson Piquet Junior or Nelsinho Piquet, is a racing driver. He is the son of three-time Formula One world champion Nelson Piquet, one of Brazil's most successful F1 drivers. Piquet Junior currently drives part-time in the Camping World Truck Series for Red Horse Racing.

Piquet Jr. raced in the GP2 Series in 2005 and 2006. He drove for the Renault Formula One team for the , before being dropped midway through the  season. After losing his ride, it was revealed that he had crashed on purpose at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix. The crash helped his team-mate, Fernando Alonso, win the race.
Personal Details 
Piquet's parents separated soon after he was born. He lived in Monaco with his Dutch mother, Sylvia Tamsma, until he was eight years old. He then moved to Brazil with his father. "They kind of swapped me. My mother wanted me to get to know my father, she wanted me to know Brazil and the language, and she realised life in Brazil would be better for a child." Piquet has two sisters, Kelly and Julia, and four brothers, Geraldo, Laszlo, Pedro and Marco. He lived in Brasília and attended the American School of Brasília. When he was 16 years old, he decided to pursue his racing career full-time.

Before F1 
Piquet's racing career started in 1993 in Brazilian karting. In 2001 when he moved to Formula Three Sudamericana. He raced in part of the 2001 season, and won the 2002 championship. In 2002 he also entered one race of the Brazilian Formula Renault series.
In 2003, Piquet moved to the UK and joined the British Formula Three Championship. He went on to finish the championship in third place with six wins,  five podiums and eight pole positions. A test with the Williams Formula One team followed.

In 2004, Piquet won the British Formula Three Championship. He became the youngest driver to win the championship, at 19 years and 2 months.

In 2005, Piquet took part in the A1 Grand Prix for A1 Team Brazil. He won both the Sprint and Main races at the 2005-06 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Great Britain, the first ever A1 race. He also set the fastest lap. He drove in the GP2 Series, winning his first race at Spa Francorchamps in Belgium, and tested for the BAR-Honda Formula 1 team.

In 2006, Piquet was second in the GP2 championship to Lewis Hamilton.

Throughout hes eary careet, Piquet was able to race for his own team. His father purchased the teams he raced for.

Formula One
Formula One 

During the 2007 season he was the official test and reserve driver for the Renault Formula One team. For 2008 season Piquet was promoted to the Renault race team. He drove alongside returning double World Champion Fernando Alonso.

The first race of the 2008 season in Australia saw Piquet start 21st and damage his car in a collision on the opening lap. He finally retired on lap 31. This was exactly the same result as his father achieved in his first race at the  German Grand Prix. Piquet qualified in 10th for the Spanish Grand Prix his first top 10 qualifying position of his career. Piquet scored his first points in F1 with a 7th-place finish at the French Grand Prix. He passed his team mate Alonso in the last few laps. At the German Grand Prix, finished in second place and his first podium finish.
Renault singed Piquet to a one-year contract for the  season. His first race, in 2009 at Australia ended on lap 24 with brake failure. China was another disappointment. He spun several times, requiring two new nose cones for his car. He finished 16th and last, two laps down, in what team manager Flavio Briatore described as a "very, very bad race". His best race of the year was a tenth-place finish at Bahrain.

On 3 August 2009 Piquet confirmed that he had been dropped by Renault. He hit out hard at his former manager and team boss Briatore. He called him his 'executioner' and questioned Briatore's Formula One knowledge. Piquet also said the Renault boss favored teammate Fernando Alonso.  Renault's test and reserve driver Romain Grosjean replaced Piquet for the rest of the season.

2009 FIA investigation
After Piquet left the Renault F1 team, the media started making claims about Piquet. They said that had crashed his car on purpose at the  Singapore Grand Prix. They said he did this to benefit team-mate Fernando Alonso. Alonso had made an early pit stop, and was far behind the leaders. Alonso went on to win the race. At the time, Piquet had said the crash as a simple mistake.

Piquet told the FIA that it had been on purpose. He said had been asked by Renault team principal Flavio Briatore and engineer Pat Symonds to stage the crash. In return for his statement, Piquet was given immunity by the FIA. On 4 September 2009 Renault F1 was charged with conspiracy and race fixing. On 16 September, Renault announced they would not contest the charges, and that Briatore and team engineer Symonds had left the team.
Piquet has received criticism from many in the F1 community.  BBC F1 commentator Martin Brundle suggested that Piquet Jr. was now unemployable in Formula One, saying that no team or sponsor would want to be associated with the Piquet family. Piquet decided to move to NASCAR for 2010.

NASCAR 

Piquet made his stock car debut in the ARCA RE/MAX Series at Daytona International Speedway. He has made several races in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series. He drove one race for Red Horse Racing. In his first truck race, Piquet was managed to score a sixth-place effort, the first Brazilian driver to finish in the top ten in the series history. Piquet announced that he would be competing in three races for Billy Ballew Motorsports. In August, he competed in the NASCAR Nationwide Series race at the Watkins Glen International road course. He finished seventh in his first start in the series.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Includes points scored by other Team Brazil drivers.
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

Other websites 

 Nelson Piquet Jr. official website
 Career statistics

1985 births
Living people
Brazilian Formula One drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
GP2 Series drivers
NASCAR drivers
Hoy is one of the Orkney Islands.

Islands of Scotland
The Battle of Pharsalus was the decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. On 9 August 48 BCE at Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the republic under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"). Pompey had the backing of a majority of senators, and his army significantly outnumbered the experienced Caesarean legions.

The build-up of tension 
Although Pompey had a larger army, he knew that Caesar's troops were more experienced, and might win in a pitched battle. Instead, Pompey waited Caesar's troops out, attempting to starve them by cutting off Caesar's supply lines. Caesar made a near disastrous attack on Pompey's camp, and was forced to pull away to regroup.
Pompey did not immediately follow up on his success. An indecisive winter (49–48 BCE) of blockade and siege followed. Pompey eventually pushed Caesar into Thessaly and, urged on by his senatorial allies, he confronted Caesar near Pharsalus. Pompey's allies disagreed with Pompey over whether to fight at Pharsalus. Pompey, who wanted to starve Caesar's soldiers, had his hand forced by his allies.

Conflict 
There was significant distance between the two armies, according to Caesar. Pompey ordered his men not to charge, but to wait until Caesar's legions came into close quarters. The idea was to tire Caesar's men before the battle started.

Seeing that Pompey's army was not advancing, Caesar's men, without orders, stopped to rest and regroup before continuing the charge. Caesar, in his history of the war, would praise his own men's discipline and experience, and questioned Pompey's decision not to charge.
Pompey retreated to his camp and ordered the garrison to defend it. Caesar urged his men to capture the enemy camp. They furiously attacked the walls. The Thracians and the other auxiliaries who were left in the camp defended bravely, but they were not able to fend off the enemy assault. Pompey fled with a group, claiming that he had been betrayed. Caesar had won his greatest victory, having lost only about 200 soldiers and 30 centurions.

Aftermath
Pompey fled from Pharsalus to Egypt, where he was assassinated on the order of Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII. Ptolemy XIII sent Pompey's head to Caesar in an effort to win his favor, but Caesar was not pleased with the gift. Pompey was the widower of Caesar's only daughter. Nor did Ptolemy take into account that Caesar was granting amnesty to many of the senators and their men, men who once considered him an enemy.
The Battle of Pharsalus ended the wars of the First Triumvirate. The Roman Civil War, however, was not ended. Pompey's two sons and the Pompeian faction led now by Labienus, survived and fought their cause in the name of Pompey the Great.  Caesar spent the next few years 'mopping up' remnants of the senatorial faction. After finally completing this task, he was assassinated in a conspiracy arranged by Brutus and Cassius.

References 

Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
48 BC
August events
The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Triumvirate) against the forces of Julius Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC, at Philippi in the Roman province of Macedonia. The Second Triumvirate declared this civil war to avenge Julius Caesar's murder.

The battle consisted of two engagements in the plain west of the ancient city of Philippi. The first occurred on the first week of October; Brutus faced Octavian, while Antony's forces were up against those of Cassius.

At first, Brutus pushed back Octavian and entered his army's camp. But to the south, Cassius was defeated by Antony, and committed suicide after hearing a false report that Brutus had also failed. Brutus rallied Cassius' remaining troops and both sides ordered their army to retreat to their camps with their spoils. The battle was essentially a draw, but for Cassius' suicide. This deprived the Liberatores of their best commander.
A second encounter, on 23 October, finished off Brutus's forces, and he committed suicide in turn, leaving the triumvirate in control of the Roman Republic. The Battle of Philippi marked the highest point of Antony's career: at that time he was the most famous Roman general and the senior partner of the Second Triumvirate. Antony's life was defined in this moment.

Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
42 BC
October events
A healthy lifestyle is one which helps to keep and improve people's health and well-being and can also help overcome lots of stress. Many governments and non-governmental organizations work in promoting healthy lifestyles.  Healthy living is a lifelong effect. Being healthy includes healthy eating, physical activities, weight management, and stress management. 

A healthy lifestyle includes a balanced diet. This does not mean cutting out important food groups from your diet or limiting yourself on the amount of calories per day. A well-rounded diet involves eating most food groups in every meal. Meats, dairy, fruits, and vegetables are all important components of a meal that will ensure your body is healthy.

Doing a healthy diet brings a lifestyle that can change your life into being healthier and physically fit. According to Jim Rohn, "Take care of your body. It's the only place you have to live."
Components of a healthy lifestyle 
A healthy lifestyle is mostly associated with:
 Good diet
 Physical exercise
 Good sleeping pattern
 Personal hygiene
 No bad habits or addiction
 Health education
 Safe environment
 Physical fitness
 Love through social support and healthy relationships
Emotions
 Active social life

References

Other websites 
 Healthy Cities – WHO EURO Office
 Health-EU Portal  Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU
A Galileo thermometer or Galilean thermometer is a thermometer that uses the density of liquids to measure temperature. The thermometer was invented by Galileo Galilei, who had noticed that the density of a liquid changes with temperature. The thermometer is made of a glass container, filled with a liquid. Inside, there are other containers, usually with other liquids. When the temperature changes, so does the density of the "container" liquid. As a consequence, the smaller containers may fall to the floor, or rise to the surface.

Usually, such thermometers are calibrated, to either 2° or 1°. The temperature is then that of the bulb with the lowest temperature, floating above.

Now, Galileo thermometers are used mainly for decoration rather than for measuring temperature, although you can still read the temperature off them.

Weather instruments
Thermometers
Aristotle Socrates Onassis (20 January 1906 – 15 March 1975) was a prominent Greek shipping magnate and founder of Olympic Airways.

Life and career

Onassis was born in Smyrna (now Izmir), Ottoman Empire, into a prosperous Greek family. He received a good education and became fluent in several languages. In 1922, when Turkey took possession of Smyrna, the Onassis family lost most of their fortune and had to flee to Greece. The following year, Onassis left for Argentina where he quickly established himself as a prominent businessman.

He later began to invest in shipping and eventually acquired a large fleet of freighters which made him one of the richest men in the world. In 1957, he founded Olympic Airways. He converted one of his ships into a luxury yacht called Christina, which he used to  entertain famous people (artists, politicians, royalty, etc.).
He married Athina Livanos (1926-1974) in 1946, with whom he had two children; Alexander (1948-1973) and Christina (1950-1988). In the late 1950s, he met diva Maria Callas and began a liaison with her that led to his divorce. In 1968, he startled the world by marrying Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of slain President John F. Kennedy.

He died at American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, from complications of myasthenia gravis and pneumonia, aged 69.

1906 births
1975 deaths
Greek businesspeople
Private equity is investment in shares outside a stock exchange. 

Investors, often from institutions like funds, give a company money, and in turn buy part of that company. The most common types of private equity are: leveraged buyouts, venture capital, growth capital, distressed investments and mezzanine capital. 

In leveraged buyouts, investors buy the majority control of a mature company. In venture capital or growth capital investment, investors give money to start-up companies.

Finance
Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers, also known as The Heartbreakers, were an American rock band. They formed in New York in May 1975. They were one of the first punk rock bands. One of their most popular songs was called Chinese Rocks. Dee Dee Ramone and Richard Hell wrote this song about heroin in 1976.

Early History and the UK
Johnny Thunders (vocals/guitar) and Jerry Nolan (drums) had quit the New York Dolls. That same week Richard Hell (vocals/bass) was kicked out of Television. The three musicians joined to make the new band. After a few shows, Walter Lure (vocals/guitar) from a group called The Demons joined the band also. In 1976, Hell left group. He was replaced by Billy Rath. Hell went on to form his own band, The Voidoids.

The Heartbreakers came to Europe to tour just as the UK punk scene was growing. The Heartbreakers got many fans by playing in and around London. The Sex Pistols invited them to play first on the Anarchy Tour. Many things went wrong on this tour.
Recording
They soon signed a contract with Track Records. Their debut—and only—studio album,  L.A.M.F., had all the Heartbreakers' popular live songs. Making and selling this album caused problems for the band. Some band members were angry about the poor quality of the sound. Several members of the band left at this point. The Heartbreakers reformed in 1979 for a few goodbye shows at Max's Kansas City with drummer Ty Stix replacing Nolan. These shows were recorded and became the album Live at Max's Kansas City '79. The Heartbreakers' song, "London Boys", insulted the Sex Pistols. This was to answer the Sex Pistols' song "New York", that insulted the New York Dolls.
After breaking up and reunions
The band got back together sometimes to play at New York clubs until Johnny Thunders died in 1991. Jerry Nolan died in 1992. These live shows often had songs from the New York Dolls or from Thunders' solo career. Hell rarely plays music live, concentrating instead on writing and spoken-word performances. Lure became a stockbroker on Wall St. but still performs once in a while when he is not working at his regular job. In 2007 Lure went on a short European tour.
Discography
 L.A.M.F. (1977, Track)
 L.A.M.F. Revisited (1984, Jungle)
 L.A.M.F. The Lost '77 Mixes (1994, Jungle)
 Live at Max's Kansas City (1979, Max's Kansas City Records)
 D.T.K. Live At The Speakeasy (1982, Jungle)
 Live At The Lyceum Ballroom 1984 (1985, Jungle)
 Live At Mothers (1991, Fanclub)
 What Goes Around (1991, Bomp!)
 Vive La Révolution (Live In Paris - Le Bataclan - December 8, 1977) (1992, Skydog)
 Thunderstorm In Detroit (Live At The Silverbird 21/12/80) (2002, Captain Trip Records)
 Down To Kill (2005, Jungle)

References

Other websites
Chinese Rocks: YouTube Video

American punk bands
Musical groups from New York (state)
Musical groups established in 1975
1975 establishments in New York (state)
1990 disestablishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 1990
The Battle of Actium decided the final war of the Roman Republic. It was fought between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

The battle took place on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the Roman colony of Actium in Greece. Octavian's fleet was commanded by Agrippa, while Antony's fleet was supported by the ships of his lover, Queen Cleopatra of Egypt.

Octavian's victory enabled him to consolidate his power over Rome and its dominions. To that end, he adopted the title of Princeps ("first citizen"). As a result of the victory he was awarded the title of Augustus by the Roman Senate.

As Augustus, he would keep the trappings of a restored Republican leader. However, historians view this as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.

References 

Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
September events
31 BC
Rebecca St. James (born Rebecca Jean Smallbone; 26 July 1977) is a Christian rock singer. She is signed to Forefront Records.

St. James has sold a total of two million albums.

Personal life
St. James is originally from Australia.  She now lives in Nashville, Tennessee. Her brothers are Joel and Luke Smallbone from the band for King & Country.

On 3 January 2011 she announced her engagement to Jacob Fink.  He is the bassist of the band Foster the People.  The couple were married on 23 April 2011 at the Junípero Serra Museum in San Diego, California.

Awards
2000: Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album – Pray
2002: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – Prayer of Jabez
2004: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – !Hero
2006: GMA Dove Award for Special Event Album of the Year – Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Discography
1991: Refresh My Heart
1994: Rebecca St. James
1996: God
1997: Christmas
1998: Pray2000: Transform2002: Worship God2005: If I Had One Chance to Tell You Something2011: I Will Praise You''

Bibliography

Filmography

References

Christian music singers
1977 births
Living people
Musicians from Sydney
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian pop musicians
Australian rock musicians
A metalloid or semimetal is a chemical element. Metalloids are elements that have the properties of both metal and non-metal elements. It might be shiny, but brittle. It might be dull, but conduct electricity.

The most common semimetal is silicon. Silicon has electrical conductivity between metals and nonmetals. It is a semiconductor.

An approximate way to classify metalloids is to look at the Periodic Table of elements. See the double diagonal line: top left Boron and Aluminium, bottom right Polonium and Astatine. Those diagonals are the metalloids. Some metalloids are not semimetals, and some semimetals are not metalloids.

Gallery 

Semimetals
A photocell, also known as a photoresistor, is an electronic component, device that changes its electrical conductivity when light shines on it. In the picture, the electricity flows through the reddish part. Normally, when light shines on it, then more electricity flows through. When it is dark, almost no electricity flows through. Selenium can be used to make photocells, although some other chemicals can be used. 

Semiconductors are used to make photocells. When the light shines into the photocell, it "loosen"s the electrons, allowing them to flow and make an electrical current.

Related pages
Resistor
Capacitor

Electronic components
Selenium dioxide, also known as selenious oxide, selenous oxide, or selenium(IV) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeO2. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions. It is toxic.

Properties
Selenium dioxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make selenous acid. It easily evaporates. The vapor smells like horseradish sauce. It can burn the nose. It reacts with bases to make selenites.

Preparation
Selenium dioxide can be made by burning selenium in air. It can also be made by reacting selenium with nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide. Another way to make it is to heat selenous acid.

Occurrence
Selenium dioxide is very rare as a mineral. It only is in places where coal caught on fire and the selenides were oxidized to selenium dioxide.
Uses
Selenium dioxide is used in making organic compounds. Selenium dioxide is used as a coloring in glass. Cobalt in glass makes a blue color. When a little selenium dioxide is added, the glass becomes colorless. When more selenium dioxide is added, the glass becomes ruby red.

Safety
Selenium dioxide can dissolve in water to make toxic selenium compounds. Swallowing any more than a very tiny amount can cause selenium poisoning. Selenium dioxide is a weak oxidizing agent and does not catch things on fire.

Related pages
Selenium trioxide
Selenic acid

Selenium compounds
Oxides
Selenium oxide may refer to either of these chemical compounds:

Selenium dioxide, weak oxidizing agent, stable, +4 oxidation state
Selenium trioxide, strong oxidizing agent, unstable, +6 oxidation state
Selenium trioxide, also known as selenium(VI) oxide and selenic oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeO3. It contains selenium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

Properties
Selenium trioxide is a white solid. It evaporates easily. It dissolves easily in water. It is not stable and breaks down to make selenium dioxide and oxygen when it is heated. It is a powerful oxidizing agent like all selenates. It dissolves in water to make selenic acid.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting potassium selenate with sulfur dioxide. It can also be made by dehydrating (removing the water from) selenic acid with a strong dessicant, like phosphorus(V) oxide.

Related pages
Selenium(I) chloride

Selenium compounds
Oxides
Selenide is an ion. Its chemical formula is Se2–. Selenides are similar to sulfides. Selenides are reducing agents when pure. They are stronger reducing agents than sulfides. Selenide ores are the source of selenium. Selenides are normally mixed with sulfides. The selenide ion is unstable except in very basic conditions. Normally hydroselenide is made, which is HSe-. In acidic conditions, hydrogen selenide gas is made.

Related pages
Selenite
Selenate

Selenium compounds
Ions
Hydroselenide is an ion. Its chemical formula is HSe-. Hydroselenides are normally made in neutral or slightly basic conditions. If it is very basic, selenides are made. If it is acidic, hydrogen selenide is made.

Related pages
Selenate
Selenite

Selenium compounds
Ions
Hydrogen selenide, also known as hydroselenic acid, selenium hydride, or selane, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is H2Se. It is an acid. It contains hydrogen and selenide ions.

Properties
Hydrogen selenide is a colorless gas that dissolves in water to make an acidic solution. It smells like rotten horseradish. It is very toxic. It burns easily, making selenium dioxide. It is similar to hydrogen sulfide, a gas that smells like rotten eggs. It is a strong reducing agent.

Preparation
Hydrogen selenide can be made by hydrolysis of aluminium selenide. This reaction also makes aluminium hydroxide. It can be made by reacting hydrogen with powdered selenium at a high temperature.

Uses
It can be used to add selenide ion to organic compounds. It can also be used to make selenium by reacting it with sulfur dioxide. This makes selenium, sulfur, and water.

References

Related pages
Selenous acid
Selenic acid

Acids
Selenium compounds
Aluminium selenide, also known as aluminum selenide or aluminium(III) selenide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Al2Se3. It contains aluminium in its +3 oxidation state. It contains aluminium and selenide ions.

Properties
It reacts with water to make hydrogen selenide. It is a reducing agent and can burn to make aluminium oxide and selenium dioxide.

Preparation
It is made by reacting selenium with aluminium powder at a high temperature.

Uses
It is used to make hydrogen selenide.

Related pages
Sodium selenide

References

Selenium compounds
Aluminium compounds
Sodium selenide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Se. It contains sodium and selenide ions.

Properties
Sodium selenide is a solid. It reacts with water to make a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroselenide. It is a reducing agent. It is oxidized to a mixture of selenide and selenium, making an offwhite color. It is eventually oxidized to selenium dioxide. it reacts with acids to make hydrogen selenide gas.

Preparation
It is made by reacting selenium with a solution of sodium in liquid ammonia.

Uses
Sodium selenide is used to react with some organic compounds.

Related pages
Sodium selenate
Sodium selenite

Selenium compounds
Sodium compounds
Selenium monochloride, also known as selenium(I) chloride or diselenium dichloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Se2Cl2. It contains selenium in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
It is a reddish brown oily liquid.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting selenium, selenium dioxide, and hydrochloric acid. It can be made though by just reacting chlorine with selenium. Another way to make it is reacting oleum and hydrochloric acid with selenium.

Uses
It can be used to add selenium to other chemical compounds.

Related pages
Selenium(IV) chloride

Selenium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Selenite is an ion. Its chemical formula is SeO32-. It makes the hydrogen selenite ion, HSeO3- in neutral conditions. When in acidic conditions it makes selenous acid. They are normally made by heating metal oxides with selenium dioxide. An example would be sodium selenite. Selenites are weak oxidizing agents.

Related pages
Selenate
Selenide

Selenium compounds
Ions
Selenate is an ion. Its chemical formula is SeO42-. They dissolve easily in water. They are strong oxidizing agents. In very acidic conditions, it makes selenic acid. Sodium selenate is an example.

Related pages
Selenite
Selenide

Selenium compounds
Ions
Selenic acid is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formul is H2SeO4.

Properties
It is normally a colorless solution in water. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It can turn into selenium trioxide when dehydrated carefully. It is a very strong acid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine and selenous acid. It can dissolve gold to make gold selenate. When heated above 200°C, it releases oxygen and turns into selenous acid. It reacts with bases to make selenates.

Preparation
Selenic acid is made by oxidation of selenium dioxide with hydrogen peroxide. It is hard to evaporate it, but when it is evaporated, it makes colorless crystals. It can be made by oxidation of selenous acid with a strong oxidizing agent, such as potassium permanganate, chlorine, or bromine. The HCl and HBr made as a byproduct can reduce the selenic acic to selenous acid again, though, so it has to be taken out. 

It can also be made by reacting selenium with chlorine in water.

Related pages
Hydrogen selenide
Acids
Selenium compounds
Selenous acid, also known as selenious acid, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is H2SeO3. It is an acid. It contains hydrogen and selenite ions.

Properties
Selenous acid is a weak acid. It can be heated to make selenium dioxide. It is more stable than sulfurous acid. It can be crystallized as a white solid. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with bases to make selenites.

Preparation 
It is made by dissolving selenium dioxide in water.

Uses
It is used to dye steel a blue-grey color. It is used in the making of organic compounds.

Safety
Selenous acid is very toxic. Just ingesting a small amount can kill you.

Related pages
Selenic acid
Hydroselenic acid

Sources

Acids
Selenium compounds
Sodium selenate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2SeO4. It contains sodium and selenate ions.

Properties
Sodium selenate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water easily.

Preparation
Sodium selenate is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with selenic acid.

Uses
Sodium selenate is used as a mineral supplement.

Safety
Sodium selenate is very toxic in amounts any more than a very tiny amount.

Related pages
Sodium selenite

Selenium compounds
Sodium compounds
Sodium selenite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2SeO3. It contains sodium and selenite ions.

Properties
Sodium selenite is a white solid. It dissolves in water. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It reacts with acids to make selenous acid. It can be oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents to make sodium selenate.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with selenium dioxide

2 NaOH + SeO2 → Na2SeO3 + H2O

Uses
Sodium selenite is used to add a pink color to glass. It is also used in some vitamin supplements.

Safety
Eating of any more than a very tiny amount would give selenium poisoning.

Related pages
Sodium selenide

Selenium compounds
Sodium compounds
Selenium acid can refer to three selenium acids:

Hydroselenic acid, H2Se
Selenous acid, H2SeO3
Selenic acid, H2SeO4
Selenium chloride can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

Selenium monochloride
Selenium tetrachloride
Selenium fluoride can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

Selenium tetrafluoride
Selenium hexafluoride
Selenium hexafluoride, also known as selenium(VI) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeF6. It contains selenium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
Selenium hexafluoride is a colorless gas. It is much more reactive and toxic than sulfur hexafluoride. It has a bad odor.

Preparation
Selenium hexafluoride is made by heating selenium and fluorine together.

Uses
This chemical compound has no uses.

Related pages
Selenium tetrafluoride
Selenium tetrachloride

Selenium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Selenium tetrafluoride, also known as selenous fluoride and selenium(IV) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeF4. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It hydrolyses in water giving hydrofluoric acid and selenous acid. It is used to add fluoride to other chemical compounds.

Preparation
It is made by reacting selenium with a little fluorine. A lot of fluorine makes selenium hexafluoride. It can also be made by reacting sulfur tetrafluoride with selenium dioxide.

Uses
It is used to make adducts and some other chemical reactions like that.

Related pages
Selenium tetrachloride

Selenium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Art Deco is a style of decorative art, design and architecture of the 1920s and 1930s in Europe, the United States and other countries. It was named after an international exhibition held in Paris in 1925, but there are some examples dating back to before the First World War. Art Deco followed another design style, Art Nouveau, which was influenced by organic plant-like forms.

Art Deco was one of the first styles of modern architecture. It was influenced by different styles and movements of the early 20th century, Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, and Futurism. Later Art Deco of the mid to late 1930s is also sometimes called Streamline Moderne.
One idea behind art deco architecture was to apparently streamline buildings the same way you would streamline a car for aerodynamics. The style was much more common in commercial buildings than in houses; many banks, schools, and libraries were built in this style.  Most of the public buildings built by the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression are in the Art Deco style.

Examples 
Famous Art Deco buildings include the Chrysler Building in New York City and the Chicago Board of Trade Building in Chicago.  Another is Bullock's Wilshire in Los Angeles. Many art deco buildings have elaborate terra cotta or murals inside them. The towers of the Golden Gate Bridge have an art deco design.

Gallery

References
Eydie Gormé (born Edith Gormezano; August 16, 1928 – August 10, 2013) was an American singer. Her husband, Steve Lawrence, sang with her. They were known as the duo "Steve and Eydie". Gormé herself has had some hit songs. One was "Blame it on the Bossa Nova".

Gormé was born on August 16, 1928 in The Bronx, New York City to Sephardi Jewish parents. Her father was from Sicily; her mother was from Turkey. She studied at William Howard Taft High School in New York. Gormé was married to Steve Lawrence from 1957 until her death in 2013. They had two sons. 

Gormé died on August 10, 2013, six days before her 85th birthday, following a brief illness, in Las Vegas, Nevada.

References

1928 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Nevada
American musicians
Singers from New York City
The Andrews Sisters were an American singing group in the 1930s, the 1940s and the 1950s. They were from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Their names were LaVerne (July 6, 1911 – May 8, 1967), Maxene (January 3, 1916 – October 21, 1995) and Patty Andrews (February 16, 1918 – January 30, 2013). They broke up in 1967 after the death of LaVerne, but their music is still played over certain radio stations in the United States. The Andrews Sisters were notable for their song "The Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy". That song was covered and recorded by multiple singers over the years.

Personal lives 
The Andrews sisters were born in Minnesota, to a Greek father and Norwegian mother. They grew up in Minneapolis.

Maxene 
Maxene was married to Jack Kapp from 1941 until his death in 1949. They had two adopted children. Andrews died on October 21, 1995 in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, from a heart attack, aged 79.
LaVerne 
LaVerne was married to Louis A. Roger from 1948 until her death in 1967. Andrews died on May 8, 1967 in Brentwood, California from cancer, aged 56.

Patty 
Patty was married to Martin Melcher from 1947 until they divorced in 1950. Then she was married to Melvin W. Weschler from 1951 until his death in 2010. Patty was the last survivor of the group. She died on January 30, 2013 in her home in Northridge, California from natural causes, aged 94.

References

Other websites
 Andrews Sisters official website
 Andrews Sisters on BigBands.net 
 Vocal Group Hall of Fame page on the Andrews Sisters
1950s American music groups
1960s American music groups
1967 disestablishments
American girl groups
American movie actors
American radio actors
Musical trios
Musicians from Minneapolis
Actors from Minneapolis
1925 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Minnesota 
Musical groups established in the 1950s
1951 disestablishments
1950s disestablishments in the United States
1956 establishments in the United States
1960s disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Minnesota
Intellectual disability is a condition of the brain. People suffering from it are not as smart as the average person of their age group; because of this, they often have trouble with getting through daily life, without the help of others. The condition is also known as intellectual developmental disability, or general learning disability. It used to be called mental retardation but that term is not used very much any more. It is classified as a learning disability. Intellectual disability becomes apparent in childhood. There are a number of conditions that show as intelectual disability. 

There are two main forms: In one form, the disability occurs together with other healh issues (or syndromes), in the other it occurs on its own.

What is an intellectual disability? 

To have an intellectual disability, a person must: 
 Have an intelligence quotient (IQ) score of less than 70 (this is just over two people in a hundred) and 
 Have trouble with parts of daily life.
Types of intellectual disabilities 
There are two major types of intellectual disability.

The first is syndromic intellectual disability. This means that the person has a syndrome that causes intellectual disability, as well as medical issues and other problems.  Down syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome are two examples of syndromic intellectual disabilities.

The second is non-syndromic intellectual disability. This means that the intellectual disability is not a part of a syndrome.
Levels of intellectual disability 
There are three levels of intellectual disability, based on how severe a person's disability is:
 The first and most common is mild intellectual disability. A person with mild intellectual disability can usually act without help from other people, but may need help with things like paying taxes. 
 The second level is moderate intellectual disability. Someone with moderate intellectual disability has an IQ between 40 and 55. They cannot live by themselves, but can learn to perform basic tasks. 
 The third level is severe intellectual disability. Someone with severe intellectual disability needs a lot of help and can only do simple things.
Mild intellectual disability may not be noticed until a child starts school. Moderate and severe intellectual disability can be seen before a child starts school.
How common are intellectual disabilities? 
Intellectual disability affects about 2 to 3% of the general population. Seventy-five to ninety percent of the affected people have mild intellectual disability. Non-syndromic, or idiopathic cases account for 30 to 50% of these cases. About a quarter of cases are caused by a genetic disorder, and about 5% of cases are inherited. Cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people .
The top three most common causes of intellectual disability are Down syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, and Fetal alcohol syndrome.

Genetic disorders 
Genetic disorders are caused by problems with a child's genes.  Children are born with these disorders.
 For example, Down syndrome happens when a child has an extra copy of chromosome 21.  Another example is  DiGeorge syndrome. This is caused by the deletion of a small segment of chromosome 22.
Problems during pregnancy 
Substances called teratogens can prevent a fetus from developing normally.  If a teratogen enters a woman's body while she is pregnant, it can cause developmental problems, like intellectual disabilities.

Examples of teratogens that can cause intellectual disabilities include:
 Alcohol
 Alcohol is the most common cause of intellectual disability which can be prevented.  Alcohol is poisonous to a fetus and can cause fetal alcohol syndrome if a mother drinks while pregnant
 Illegal drugs
 Certain medications, like warfarin (a blood-thinning medicine) and thalidomide
 Certain toxic chemicals, like lead and mercury, if a woman is exposed to enough of them during her pregnancy
 Certain diseases, like rubella and syphilis, if the mother has them during pregnancy

Problems during birth 
For example, if a child does not get enough oxygen during birth, it can hurt the brain and lead to intellectual disability later.
Diseases and trauma 
Some childhood illnesses, like measles and whooping cough, can cause intellectual disability if not treated properly.  So can infections that affect the brain, like meningitis and viral encephalitis.

Brain injuries can cause intellectual disability at any age.

Malnutrition 
Lack of proper nutrition can lead to intellectual disability over time.

Not having enough iodine in the body 
Iodine deficiency (not having enough iodine in the body) can lead to several medical issues, including intellectual disability.  The most common way to prevent this is by adding iodine to salt.  This is a much more common problem in developing countries.

Diagnosis 

In the DSM, there are three requirements a person has to meet in order to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability.

Low intelligence quotient (IQ) 
First, the person must have a low intelligence quotient (IQ). IQ is measured with an IQ test.
If the person has an IQ of below 70, they may have an intellectual disability. However, they must still meet the other two requirements to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability.

Trouble with daily activities 
Second, to qualify for an intellectual disability, a person must have trouble in more than one area of normal daily activities. These activities are often called "adaptive behaviors" or "activities of daily living (ADLs)."   Some examples of adaptive behavior are:
 Getting dressed
 Using the bathroom
 Eating and drinking
 Being able to have a conversation
 Acting properly in different situations
To see if a child is having trouble with these, a doctor will talk to people who know the child, and will watch the child's behavior.

Beginning in childhood 
The final requirement is that the symptoms of intellectual disability have to begin in childhood or adolescence. If the issues do not start at a young age, they are probably caused by a different illness of the brain.
Management 
There is currently no cure for intellectual disability. Those affected can learn to cope and do many things, if they get enough support and are taught well. There are many places around the world for someone with intellectual disability to get help. These places, such as group homes, can take care of people with intellectual disabilities, as well as help them find jobs, find a house of their own, or help them take care of their children.
Many people with an intellectual disability have other health problems, for which they will be given specific drugs. As an example, autistic children with developmental delay may use anti-psychotics or mood stabilizers to help with behavior. Giving drugs to intellectually disabled people needs to be monitored; side-effects often occur, and are wrongly diagnosed as problems with behavior or as psychiatric problems.

History
People have had intellectual disability throughout history. People with intellectual disability have had a lot of trouble in the past. The oldest idea of where intellectual disability came from was in ancient Greece. Hippocrates thought that intellectual disability was caused by an issue with the four humors. For several hundred years in Europe, churches took care of people with intellectual disabilities. In the 17th century, Thomas Willis suggested that intellectual disability was a disease caused by issues with the structure of the brain. In the 18th and 19th centuries, people with intellectual disabilities were put in asylums. The asylums would give them basics like food and shelter, but were not always good to the people in them. In the early 20th century, people with intellectual disability were made to not be able to have children and could not marry. It was thought that this would reduce the amount of intellectual disabilities in the future
. This is not done anymore because it does not follow the idea of human rights.
In the 1950s, a group called the Civitans started to help people with intellectual disability. In the '70s, many people wanted to remove the stigma around people with intellectual disability. Now, people with intellectual disability are treated as people with something to be fixed instead of less than “normal” people. There are also fewer people with intellectual disability being sent to asylums.

Words that were used to describe people with an intellectual disability have changed a lot.  The most common words used today are “special”, “challenged”, "learning disabled" and “developmentally delayed”. Some previous words to describe people with intellectual disability are “cretin”, “idiot”, “imbecile”, “moron”, and “retarded”, all of which are now regarded as insulting.
Society 
People with intellectual disability are often treated badly by people without disabilities. They are often not allowed to make choices about their own lives and are not considered a full part of society. Their abusers are often people who are supposed to care for them. 39-83% of women with intellectual disability will be sexually abused before they are 18 years old.

The dignity and human rights of people with intellectual disability are protected by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as well as other disabilities and equally like other persons without disabilities.

References

 
Intelligence
Selenium tetrachloride, also selenious chloride, selenous chloride, or selenium(IV) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SeCl4. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
Selenium tetrachloride is a yellow or white solid. It evaporates easily. It reacts with water to make hydrochloric acid and selenous acid. It reacts with selenium dioxide to make selenium oxychloride, a mixture of selenium dioxide and selenium tetrachloride bonded together.

Preparation
It is made by heating a mixture of selenium and chlorine. The selenium tetrachloride escapes as a gas. This can be used to purify selenium. Impure selenium can be placed in the flask, reacted with chlorine. Only selenium tetrachloride escapes. This is reduced to selenium again, making pure selenium.

Uses
It is used to purify selenium. It is used to make other selenium compounds.

Related pages
Selenium monochloride
Selenium tetrafluoride

References

Selenium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Selenium disulfide, also known as selenious disulfide, selenous disulfide, or selenium(IV) disulfide is a chemical compound. Its formula should be SeS2. It contains selenium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains sulfide ions.

Properties
Selenium disulfide is an orange solid.

Preparation
Selenium sulfide can be made by heating selenium and sulfur.

Uses
It is used to kill fungi that make dandruff in hair. It can also be used to treat fungal (from fungi) skin infections.

Related pages
Selenium tetrachloride
Selenium monochloride

Selenium compounds
Sulfur compounds