Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, politician and political activist. He is best known for working for the rights of consumers, for his third party runs for President of the United States, and for helping George Bush get elected in the 2000 presidential election. He ran for president in 1996, 2000 and 2004, but failed to win. In the 2008 election, Nader placed third overall, with 660,094 votes, or about .38%. Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose Nader, were Lebanese immigrants. He is a fluent and native speaker of the Arabic language.

Other websites 
The Nader Page (not campaign-related)
 Nader/Camejo 2004
 Nader's Glitter Opposing view by Thomas Sowell.

References 

1934 births
Living people
Politicians from Connecticut
American political activists
Jamie Farr (born July 1, 1934) is an American actor of Lebanese descent. He is best known for his role as Corp./later Sgt. Maxwell Q. Klinger on the 1970s TV show, M*A*S*H. His real name is Jameel Joseph Farha and he was born in Toledo, Ohio.

Farr also appeared in movies like The Blackboard Jungle (1955) and The Cannonball Run (1980), was a regular "celebrity judge" on The Gong Show and has a golf tournament named after him.

References

1934 births
Living people
Actors from Toledo, Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
Free software is software (computer program) that anyone may run, share and change, at any time, for any reason. In this case, "free" means "freedom-respecting" (we say "free as in freedom"). The opposite of free software is proprietary software.

In 1984, Richard Stallman started the free software movement when he began the GNU project. Examples of free software are Linux (the kernel), Blender, OpenBSD, Inkscape and others. Wikipedia also uses free software.

Free software and open source 

Free software is very similar, but different from open source software.
People who use the name “free software” think that computers should be more ethical and should try to help people who use computers. They think every human should have four basic rights for their programs. These are the rights to:
 Use: Use programs on their computer how they want.
 Study: Learn how the programs on their computer work.
 Change: Change programs they have on their computer to make them better.
 Share: Give programs they have on their computer to other people.

The Free software movement also says that all software should be free (as in freedom). It is because even a very small program that is proprietary can be very dangerous (it can for example spy on the user).

People who use the name “open source” refer to the same software following the same rules, but the community isn't as  strict and doesn't say that everything should be open source. They avoid the ethics and instead say the rules are good because they help companies make business.
How free software works 
An author who wants to make his computer program free must allow other people to use it for anything (which doesn't break the law), study it, change it and share it without limits. The author does this by using a free license.

The author must not prohibit even selling his program by others or using his program for dangerous things or using it by people he doesn't like. This is not because the author supports bad things, but because he thinks that limiting user's rights is dangerous for them.

Free software and freeware 

The word “free” in “free software” means freedom, not price. People are allowed to sell Free software, but the person who buys the software can change it, give it away or sell it too.  Free/Libre and Open-Source Software is sometimes abbreviated as FOSS or FLOSS to emphasize that it is about "free software", and not merely "freeware".
The words “free software” are sometimes used in English to just mean software that can be downloaded without paying money, which is confusing. Sometimes this software lets people make their own copies for other people, however it may not let people do all the things that they can do with real Free software, such as change it or sell it. In this case “free” means “free of charge”. To make the difference more clear, software that does not cost money should be called freeware; it is almost always proprietary software.

References

Related pages
GNU
Free and open-source software
Free Software Foundation
Open source

Other websites 
 Free Software Foundation
 The definition of free software
 Richard Stallman's talk about free software at TEDx
1804 was a leap year.

Births 
 July 4 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, etc.)

Deaths 
 February 12 – Immanuel Kant
 July 12 – Alexander Hamilton
1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
 March 5 – Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris
 March 26 – The 1812 Caracas earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela.
 April 30 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state.
 June 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom begins.
 December 30 – Convention of Tauroggen is signed.
 The capital of Finland is moved from Turku to Helsinki.

 February 12 – Charles Dickens
A zookeeper is a worker in a zoo, responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. As part of this, they clean the exhibits and report signs of bad health. They may also be involved in scientific research, and in public education, conducting tours or simply answering questions put by members of the public.

Qualifications and pay of zookeepers both vary widely. A junior keeper in a small zoo may have no qualifications other than an affinity for the job, while a senior keeper in a large zoo would most probably have both a relevant college degree and extensive experience.

Generally, a liking for animals and outside work and willingness to undertake moderate and sometimes dirty physical work are required. Many animals are themselves heavy and strong-smelling, as is the food some of them eat. Handling such is part of the job at times.

Other websites

Career information (USA) 

Occupations
Zoos
A cage is a box which is made to keep something inside of, without it being able to get out (such as an animal).  Cages are usually made of many metal bars.

A cage which has birds in it is called a "birdcage".

Related pages

 A jail cell is like a cage for humans.

Containers
Traps
A toddler is a very young child who is learning how to use their hands, stand and walk, and also how to communicate with others. 

Most children are toilet trained while they are toddlers.
Even when toddlers can walk, they are often transported in a stroller, buggy, or pushchair when the walk is a long distance or when they're tired. Toddlerhood typically begins after age one and is over by the time the child is 4, but this can differ depending on the child.

Other websites  
 Toddler Weight/Height Calculator 

Childhood
Ronald McDonald is an American clown character who is a mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant. 
He wears yellow and red stripes and has wacky hair. He lives in McDonaldland, with lots of his friends. The first actor to play Ronald McDonald was famous weatherman and Bozo the Clown actor Willard Scott. Later the actor for Coco the Clown, Michael Polakovs, redesigned Ronald McDonald's outfit and make-up, which is the version still used by today's Ronald McDonald actors. The fictional character is a heroic magical adventurer that stands up good and freedom, such as saving the rain forest and supporting Ronald McDonald House Charities.

Actors 
McDonald's has many actors employed to portray Ronald McDonald in restaurants and events. It is assumed, however, that the company uses only one actor at a time to play the character in television commercials.

This is a list of these main actors:
Willard Scott (Washington, D.C. 1963–1965)
Bev Bergeron (Southern California, 1966–1968)
George Voorhis (Southern California, 1968–1988)
Ray Rayner (1968–1969)
Bob Brandon (1970–1975)
King Moody (1969–1985)
Squire Fridell (1985–1991)
Jack Doepke (1990–1999)
David Hussey (2000–2014)
Brad Lennon (2014–present)

An actor by the name of Joe Maggard stated in an interview of The Guardian in 2014 that he portrayed the Ronald McDonald character from 1995 to 2007. However, It was stated in a 2003 article by The Baltimore Sun that Maggard was only a stand-in actor for one commercial shoot in the mid 90s and stated that "he is definitely not Ronald McDonald", as Jack Doepke and David Hussey were the real current portrayers as Ronald throughout the time period Joe claimed he did. In 1998, he was charged of carrying a weapon in the New Hanover County, N.C., McDonalds and the next year he was convicted in making harassing telephone calls posing as Ronald. The judge ordered him to take anger management classes.
References 

Clowns
Mascots
McDonald's
Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (February 6, 1945  May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like Get Up Stand Up.

Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. When he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "Tuff Gong".  He started his music career in the 1960s with his group the Wailing Wailers (or simply the Wailers), that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. In 1962, Bob Marley and the Wailing Wailers recorded their first two songs called "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee".
Bob married Rita Anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. They had five children together. One is Ziggy Marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer.

In 1974, the Wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. Marley continued calling his band Bob Marley and the Wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. In 1975, Bob Marley had his first international hit called "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. Some other hits of his include "Three Little Birds", "Africa Unite", "Buffalo Soldier", and "One Love". His most popular studio album was called Legend, which includes his greatest hits.

Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida, of melanoma. He was one of the followers of Rastafarianism

Discography
Discography

Studio albums 
 The Wailing Wailers (1965)
 Soul Rebels (1970)
 Soul Revolution (1971)
 The Best of The Wailers (1971)
 Catch a Fire (1973)
 Burnin' (1973)
 Natty Dread (1974)
 Rastaman Vibration (1976)
 Exodus (1977)
 Kaya (1978)
 Survival (1979)
 Uprising (1980)
 Confrontation (1983)

Live albums 
 Live! (1975)
 Babylon by Bus (1978)

References 

Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from melanoma
Jamaican singer-songwriters
Rastafari
Jamaican reggae musicians
1945 births
1981 deaths
Former Roman Catholics
Jamaican activists
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (; ; born November 11, 1974) is an American celebrity, actor, movie director, producer and writer. He starred in almost every popular movie, including What's Eating Gilbert Grape, Romeo + Juliet, Titanic, The Man in the Iron Mask, The Beach, Catch Me if You Can, Gangs of New York, The Aviator, The Revenant and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. His first movie was Critters 3.

In 2016, DiCaprio won his first Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Hugh Glass in The Revenant.

Personal life
DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles. His father, George, is of Italian and German descent, and his mother, Irmelin, is of German and Russian descent.

Legacy
Leonardo's name short form Leo was used in Thalapathy Vijay's Leo film official trailer and the film is set to release in North America theatres on 18 October 2023.

Filmography

Awards and nominations
Academy Award
 Nominated: Best Supporting Actor, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1994)
 Nominated: Best Actor,   The Aviator (2004)
 Nominated: Best Actor, Blood Diamond (2006)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Revenant (2016) (Pending)

BAFTA Award
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Aviator (2005)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Departed (2007)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Revenant (2016) (Pending)
Golden Globe Award
 Nominated: Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1994)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Titanic (1998)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Catch Me If You Can (2003)
 Won: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, The Aviator (2005)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, The Departed (2007)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Blood Diamond (2007)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, Revolutionary Road (2008)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, J. Edgar (2011)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture, Django Unchained (2012)
 Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama, The Revenant (2016)

|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | National Board of Review Award
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | Golden Globe Award
|-

References

Other websites

 Leonardo DiCaprio Official Website 
 Leonardo DiCaprio Official Eco-site 
 Leonardo DiCaprio Official MySpace
 Official DiCaprio Environmental Eleventh Hour film site
 
 
 
 leonardo dicaprio biography

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television actors
American voice actors
Movie producers from California
Movie directors from California
Satellite Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
John Franklin Candy (October 31, 1950 – March 4, 1994) was a Canadian actor. He is known for his comic roles in many movies and television series.
Filmography
Class of '44 (1973)
It Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time (1975)
Tunnel Vision (1976)
The Clown Murders (1976)
Find the Lady (1976)
The Silent Partner (1978)
Lost and Found (1979)
1941 (1979)
Double Negative (1980)
The Blues Brothers (1980)
Stripes (1981)
Heavy Metal (1981) (voice)
It Came From Hollywood (1982) (documentary)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Going Berserk (1983)
Splash (1984)
The Last Polka (1984)
Brewster's Millions (1985)
Sesame Street presents Follow That Bird (1985)
Summer Rental (1985)
Volunteers (1985)
Tears Are Not Enough (1985) (documentary)
Armed and Dangerous (1986)
Little Shop of Horrors (1986)
Spaceballs (1987)
Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987)
She's Having a Baby (1988) (Cameo)
The Great Outdoors (1988)
Hot to Trot (1988) (voice only)
Who's Harry Crumb? (1989) (also executive producer)
Speed Zone! (1989)
Uncle Buck (1989)
Masters of Menace (1990) (Cameo)
Home Alone (1990)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990) (voice)
Nothing But Trouble (1991)
Career Opportunities (1991)
Only the Lonely (1991)
Delirious (1991)
JFK (1991)
Once Upon A Crime (1992)
Boris and Natasha: The Movie (1992)
Rookie of the Year (uncredited) (1993)
Cool Runnings (1993)
Hostage For A Day (1994)
Wagons East! (1994)
Canadian Bacon (1995)
The Magic 7 (archive footage) (2008)
Other websites
JohnCandy.com - The home of everything John Candy

All Movie Guide entry for John Candy 
Find-A-Grave profile for John Candy

1950 births
1994 deaths
Actors from Toronto
People from Newmarket, Ontario
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Comedians from Ontario
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Emmy Award winners
Desert fox can also refer to the Fennec fox
Field Marshal Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel, The "Desert Fox" (born : 15 November 1891 in Heidenheim Württemberg/died : 14 October 1944 in Herrlingen,Free People’s State of Wurttemberg) was an officer of the German Army in World War I and World War II. He died in 1944 at the age of 52 .

In WWII, he commanded the German Army in North Africa during the North African Campaign (1940-1943) in a long struggle against the British 8th Army. He was finally defeated at El Alamein. Later in the war, he commanded the German forces defending the French coast against the Allied Normandy invasion (1944).

Rommel was well liked by the German public and respected by the Allies. He was thought to be chivalrous and humane, when other German leaders were not. His famous Afrikakorps was not accused of any war crimes. Soldiers captured by his army were treated well and orders to kill captured Jewish soldiers and civilians were ignored.
Rommel knew of the plan by senior officers to assassinate Hitler in 1944. When it failed, all concerned were tortured and executed. Hitler offered him the choice of suicide or court-martial, and he committed suicide. His death was announced as the death of a hero in battle.

Early life and career 
Rommel was born in Heidenheim, Germany, 45 kilometers (28 mi) from Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg which was then part of the German Empire, on November 15, 1891. He was baptised on 17 November 1891. His father, Erwin Rommel (18601913) was a math teacher, and later a secondary school headmaster at Aalen. His mother was Helene von Lutz, the daughter of a local government official. Rommel was the second of four children; Karl, Gerhard, and Helene. Rommel wrote that his "early years passed very happily."
At the age of 14, Rommel and a friend built a full-scale glider that was able to fly short distances. Young Erwin thought about being an engineer, and he showed a talent with technical work; however, because of his father, young Rommel joined the local 124th Württemberg Infantry Regiment as an officer cadet in 1910 and, shortly after, was sent to the Officer Cadet School in Danzig. He graduated on 15 November 1911, and was a lieutenant in January 1912.

While at Cadet School, early in 1911, Erwin Rommel had met his future wife, 17-year-old Lucia Maria Mollin (also called Lucie) (b. 6 June 1894 in Danzig; d. 26 September 1971 in Stuttgart). They married on November 27, 1916, in Danzig, and on December 24, 1928 had a son, Manfred, who would later become the mayor of Stuttgart. Manfred died in 2013. After having met Lucie, some historians think that Rommel also had an affair with a woman called Walburga Stemmer in 1913, and they had a daughter named Gertrud.
World War I 
In World War I, Rommel fought in France, as well as in Romania and Italy, first as a member of the 6th Württemberg Infantry Regiment, and then in the Württemberg Mountain Battalion of the Alpenkorps. While serving with that unit, he gained a reputation for making quick tactical decisions and taking advantage of enemy confusion. He was wounded three times and awarded the Iron Cross; First and Second Class.
Rommel also received Prussia's highest medal, the Pour le Mérite after fighting in the mountains of west Slovenia, in Battles of the Isonzo–Soca front. The award came as a result of the Battle of Longarone, and the capture of Mount Matajur, Slovenia, and its defenders, numbering 150 Italian officers, 9,000 men, and 81 pieces of artillery. His battalion used gas during the battles of the Isonzo and also played a key role in the victory of the Central Powers over the Italian army at the Battle of Caporetto. While fighting at Isonzo, Rommel was taken prisoner by the Italians. He escaped, and because he spoke Italian, he was back to the German lines within two weeks. Later, when the German and Italian armies were allied during the Second World War, Rommel realised that their lack of success in battle was due to poor leadership and equipment, which when fixed, easily made them equal to German forces.

World War II
World War II

Poland 1939 
Rommel was a commander of the Führerbegleithauptquartier (Führer escort headquarters) during the Poland campaign, often moving up close to the front in the Führersonderzug train, seeing much of Hitler. After the Polish defeat, Rommel returned to Berlin to organize the Führer's victory parade, taking part himself as a member of Hitler's entourage. During the Polish campaign, Rommel was asked to help one of his wife's relatives, a Polish priest who had been arrested. When Rommel asked the Gestapo for information, the Gestapo found no information about the man's existence.
Rommel asked Hitler for command of a panzer division. On 6 February 1940, three months before the invasion of France, Rommel was given command of the 7th Panzer Division, for "Fall Gelb" ("Case Yellow"), the invasion of France and the Low Countries. Some other officers did not agree with his promotion. Rommel's initial request for command had been rejected by the Chief of Army Personnel, who cited his lack of previous experience with armoured units and his extensive prior experience in an Alpine unit made him a more suitable candidate to assume command of a mountain division that had recent need to fill its commanding-officer post. Rommel had, however, emphasized the use of mobile infantry and recognized the great usefulness of armoured forces in the Poland campaign. He set about learning and developing the techniques of armoured warfare with great enthusiasm. The decision to place him in command of an armoured division was borne out to be an excellent one
. In May, 1940 his 7th Panzer Division became known as the "Ghost Division" because its rapid advances and fast-paced attacks often placed them so far forward that they were frequently out of communication with the rest of the German army.
North Africa 1941–1943
Rommel's reward for his success was to be promoted and appointed commander of the 5th Light Division (later reorganised and redesignated 21.Panzer-Division) and of the 15.Panzer-Division which, as the Deutsches Afrikakorps,() were sent to Libya in early 1941 in Operation Sonnenblume to aid the Italian troops which had suffered a heavy defeat from British Commonwealth forces in Operation Compass. It was in Africa where Rommel achieved his greatest fame as a commander.

Attitude 

Rommel was well known not only by the German people but also by his enemies. Stories of his chivalry and tactical ability earned him the respect of many opponents, including Claude Auchinleck, Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, Hugh Dowding, and Bernard Montgomery (who named a dog after him). Rommel was also respectful of his enemies. Hitler considered Rommel among his favorite generals.
The Afrika Korps was never accused of any war crimes, and Rommel himself referred to the fighting in North Africa as Krieg ohne Hass — war without hate. Numerous examples exist of this such as his refusal to carry out an order from Hitler to execute Jewish prisoners. During Rommel's time in France, Hitler ordered him to deport the Jews in France; Rommel did not. Several times he wrote letters protesting the treatment of the Jews. When British Major Geoffrey Keyes was killed during a failed commando raid to kill or capture Rommel behind German lines, Rommel ordered him buried with full military honours. Also, during the construction of the Atlantic Wall, Rommel directed that French workers were not to be used as slaves but were to be paid for their labour.

Death
Death 

Rommel was not one of the group who planned the attempt on Hitler's life. Actually, he was not in favour of assassinating Hitler. Rommel believed an assassination attempt could spark civil war in Germany and Austria, and Hitler would have become a martyr for a lasting cause. Instead, Rommel insisted that Hitler be arrested and brought to trial for his crimes. Later, though, Rommel made up his mind to support the plot.

After the failed bomb attack of 20 July 1944, many conspirators were arrested. Rommel was perturbed at this development. It did not take long for his involvement to come to light.

Under Gestapo torture, one of that group revealed the names of several higher army officers who were consulted beforehand. Rommel was one of those.
Even more damningly, Carl Goerdeler, the main civilian leader of the Resistance, wrote on several letters and other documents that Rommel was a potential supporter and an acceptable military leader to be placed in a position of responsibility should their coup succeed. Nazi party officials in France reported that Rommel extensively and scornfully criticised Nazi incompetence and crimes. That sealed his fate.

The release of the movie The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951) helped his reputation as one of the most widely known and well-regarded leaders in the German Army. In the movie Patton (1970) Rommel was mentioned by General Patton in North Africa was fighting against the Nazis during the North African Campaign from 1940 to 1943 .

References

Other websites 
 Field Marshal Erwin Rommel death mask

1891 births
1944 deaths
German generals of World War II
German Lutherans
German military personnel of World War I
People from Baden-Württemberg
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Germany
Victims of Nazism
Fermentation is when a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time.  

'Fermentation' also describes growing microorganisms on a growth medium. This is done to get a chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur studied fermentation and its microbial causes. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.

Yeast is an organism that ferments.  When yeast ferments sugar, the yeast uses sugar and produces alcohol.  The process uses the coenzyme NAD: In metabolism, NAD helps redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Fermentation is a less efficient form of respiration than oxidative respiration (respiration using oxygen).

The ethyl alcohol produced by yeast is used to make beverages or biofuel. Yeast can be also used to grow bakery products like bread and cakes faster. In some cases yeast might be used to speed up the process of creation of wine.
Other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar.  In a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid.

Types of fermentation 
When yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (C6H12O6) into ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
 Ethanol fermentation always produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is important in bread-making, brewing, and wine-making.
 Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. It happens in muscles of animals when they need lots of energy fast. The pain of a cramped muscle is caused by the build-up of lactic acid. The pain eases as the product is taken away by the blood supply.

Other websites 
 Fermentation (biochemistry) -Citizendium

Fermentation
A flower is the reproductive part of flowering plants. Flowers are also called the bloom or blossom of a plant. Flowers have petals. Inside the part of the flower that has petals are the parts which produce pollen and seeds.

In all plants, a flower is usually its most colourful part. We say the plant 'flowers', 'is flowering' or 'is in flower' when this colourful part begins to grow bigger and open out. There are many different kinds of flowers in different areas in the world. Even in the coldest places, for example the Arctic, flowers can grow during a few months.

Flowers may grow separately on the plant, or they may grow together in an inflorescence.

Structure of flowers 
 

To investigate the structure of a flower, it must be dissected, and its structure summarised by a floral diagram or a floral formula. Then its family can be identified with the aid of a flora, which is a book designed to help you identify plants.
Four basic parts 
Flowers have four basic parts, from the outside in they are:
The perianth, the vegetative parts
The calyx: the outermost whorl consisting of units called sepals. These are often green and enclose the rest of the flower in the bud. They may be absent, or they may be petal-like in some species
The corolla: the petals, usually thin, soft and often colored to attract animals that help pollination
The reproductive parts
The androecium, the male part, is the stamens
The gynoecium, the female parts
Although this arrangement is typical, plant species show a wide variation in floral structure. The modifications produced in the evolution of flowering plants are used by botanists to find relationships among plant species.
Since the ovules are protected by carpels, it takes something special for fertilisation to happen. Angiosperms have pollen grains made of just three cells. One cell drills down through the integuments, to make a passage for the two sperm cells to flow down. The megagametophyte is a tiny haploid female plant which includes the egg. It has just seven cells. Of these, one is the egg cell; it fuses with a sperm cell, forming the zygote. Another cell joins with the other sperm, and forms a nutrient-rich endosperm. The other cells take auxiliary roles. This process of "double fertilisation" is unique, and is common to all angiosperms.

Evolution of flowers 

Flowers are modified leaves. They are only present in flowering plants (angiosperms), which are relatively late to appear in the fossil record.
Early fossils of flowers and flowering plants are known from 130 million years ago, in the Lower Cretaceous. However, flowers had a much longer history, the extent of which is not yet fully known. There were flowers from the early Jurassic, 50 million years earlier than was previously thought.

The flowering plants were thought to have evolved from within the gymnosperms. However, the known gymnosperms are a clade which is distinct from the angiosperms. Apparently, the two clades diverged (split) some 300 million years ago. That is about the boundary of the Carboniferous period with the Permian period.

Uses of flowers

As decoration
As decoration 

Flowers have long been admired and used by humans. Most people think that flowers are beautiful. Many people also love flowers for their fragrances (scents). People enjoy seeing flowers growing in gardens. People also enjoy growing flowers in their backyards, outside their homes. People often wear flowers on their clothes or give flowers as a gift during special occasions, holidays, or rituals, such as the birth of a new baby (or a Christening), at weddings (marriages), at funerals (when a person dies). People often buy flowers from businesses called florists.

As a name 
Some parents name their children, most often girls, after a flower. Some common flower names are: Rose, Lily, Daisy, Holly, Hyacinth, Jasmine, Blossom.
As food 
People eat some types of flowers. Flower vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower and artichoke. The most expensive spice, saffron, comes from the crocus flower. Other flower spices are cloves and capers. Hops flowers are used to flavor beer. Dandelion can be made into wine.
 

Honey is flower nectar that has been collected and processed by bees. Honey is often named by the type of flower that the bees are using (for example, clover honey). Some people put flowers from nasturtiums, chrysanthemums, or carnations in their food. Flowers can also be made into tea. Dried flowers, such as chrysanthemum, rose, and jasmine, can be used to make tea.
Special meanings 
Flowers were used to signal meanings in the time when social meetings between men and women was difficult. Lilies made people think of life. Red roses made people think of love, beauty, and passion. In Britain, Australia and Canada, poppies are worn on special holidays as a mark of respect for those who served and died in wars. Daisies made people think of children and innocence.

Common flowers 

 Daffodil
 Dahlia
 Daisy 
 Edelweiss
 Hibiscus
 Jasmine 
 Lily
 Water lily
 Lotus
 Marigold
 Morning glory
 Pansy
 Petunia
 Tulip
 Rose
 Sunflower
 Lavender

Related pages 
Inflorescence

References

Other websites 
 Flower Citizendium

Basic English 850 words
 
Plant anatomy
World War II started in this year.

Events 
 May 15 – Nazi Germany opens Ravensbruück concentration camp, the largest Nazi concentration camp for women
 September 1 – The Second World War begins when Nazi Germany invades Poland
 September 17 – The Soviet Union invades Poland
 October 6 – Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union divide and take over Poland
 November 30 – The Winter War begins

Births 
 February 6 – Mike Farrell
 February 14 – John Conn (Scottish-Australian writer)
 March 13 - Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter and musician (The Tokens)
 April 2 – Marvin Gaye
 July 1 - Karen Black (d. 2013)
 July 30 - Peter Bogdanovich
 August 3 – Wes Craven
 August 19 - Ginger Baker, English drummer (Cream) (d. 2019)
 September 5 – George Lazenby
 September 18 – Frankie Avalon
 October 27 – John Cleese
 November 13 – Will Ryan (American actor)

Deaths 
 September - Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE,  British Indian judge and legislator (b. 1877)
 November 12 -Norman Bethune
Movies released 
 Dodge City starring Errol Flynn
 Gone with the Wind starring Clark Gable
 Goodbye, Mr. Chips (Best Picture Academy Award)
 The Hunchback of Notre Dame starring Charles Laughton
 The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex
 Stagecoach starring John Wayne
 The Wizard of Oz starring Judy Garland

New books 
 Finnegans Wake by James Joyce

Hit songs 
 "Somewhere Over The Rainbow" – by E.Y. Harburg and Harold Arlen, from the movieThe Wizard of Oz; won the Academy Award for the best song.

 

nv:1901 – 1950
A square kilometer (British English spelling square kilometre, in short km²) is a unit of measurement of area.
It is based on the SI unit meter.

Equal areas 
A square that has a side length of 1 kilometer (1000 meters) has an area of one square kilometer.
 1,000 m × 1,000 m = 1 km × 1 km = 1,000,000 m² = 1 km²
There are 100 hectares in one square kilometer.
One square kilometer is just less than 0.39 square miles.

Use 
Square kilometer is often used to say how much surface something occupies on Earth.
It can, for example, be used to describe the area of a city or country.
These usually take more than 1 km² on Earth.

The number of people living in a square kilometer is known as population density.

Sources 

Units of area
A judge is a person who is in control of a court of law.

The way to become a judge depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse.  Judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially.

In many English speaking countries, judges cannot make some decisions on their own. In these countries, juries are used, but not for all cases. The modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century England during the reign of Henry II. Today, the details differ between one country and another.

If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. Some courts will have more than one judge. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a supreme court or high court with many (nine or more) judges in it. In the United States, judges on a supreme court are called justices and are led by a Chief Justice.
In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Often this is a black robe or cloak. Supreme or High Court judges often wear a red cloak. Judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. They also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Law occupations
In criminal law, a person is guilty if a court has decided they have done something illegal. If a person has broken a law by stealing, for example, they are guilty of a crime.

A person is guilty if a court says they are. The court has blamed them for doing something wrong. A guilty person is punished. The punishment is called the sentence.

Criminal justice
Length is a measurement. The length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing. Short means a small length. Long means much length. Short and long are opposites. For two dimensional things, length is usually the longer side.

A ruler is a tool used to measure length.

Measuring 
All the sides on shapes have a length. The length is between the two points of the side. You can also find the length of any two points on a shape, even if they are not on one side.
A shape can have different lengths based on how many dimensions it takes.
 A line has one size measurement. This measurement is the length. 
 A rectangle has two measurements that show its size. These two measurements are the length and the width of the rectangle. 
 The length and width of a square are the same. 
 A box has three measurements that show its size. These three measurements are the length, the width and the height of the box.
 A circle has diameter, the length across the circle. A circle also has circumference, the length around its side.

Examples 
 The distance from the front of the bus to the back of the bus is 30 meters. The bus is 30 meters in length. 
 A piece of wood is 10 meters X 10 cm X 15 cm. The piece of wood is 10 meters in length, 10 cm in breadth and 15 cm in height.

Length of time 
Length can also mean an amount of time. The length is measured by looking at the time at the start, then looking at the time at the end.
You might sit down at one o'clock. If you stand up at three o'clock, you would be sitting for two hours. The length of time is two hours.

Physical quantity
The weight of an object (or the weight of an amount of matter) is the measure of the intensity of the force imposed on this object by the local  gravitational field. Weight should not be confused with the related but quite different concept of mass. For small objects on Earth, the weight force is directed towards the center of the planet. For larger objects, such as the Moon orbiting around the Earth, the force is directed towards the center of mass of the combined system.
In common language, the weight of something is typically understood to be the value measured at or near the Earth's surface. Unfortunately the common terms used to describe the weight of an object are units of mass such as kilograms or pounds. For almost all of human history, weight has been measured on the surface of the Earth. Here, the weight is proportional to the mass. Objects which have the same mass have the same weight. An object with the twice the mass of another will also have twice the weight. As a consequence it is common practice to use the two words, mass and weight, as if they mean the same thing and to use kilograms and pounds as the units for both mass and weight. Using the same terms to describe and measure the two different properties has led to confusion between these two properties, mass and weight. Mass and weight are not the same thing.

Units of weight 
The unit of weight in the International System of Units is the newton, which is represented by the symbol 'N'.
Other units have been in use in the past but have been abandoned, such as the dyne (the unit of force in the old CGS system) or the kilogram-force, which is the force exerted on a 
kilogram of matter by a 'standard' Earth: a body with a mass of 1 kg has a weight of about 9.81 N at sea level.

Measuring weight 
The weight of an object, or of an amount of matter, is typically measured with an instrument such as a spring scale. The scale includes a spring which provides a force to oppose the gravitational force on the object which is being weighed. The gravitational force pulls down, the spring pushes or pulls upwards. Typically, the scale has a readout which gives not the weight (which is a force) but rather the mass of the object. Spring scales are made with the assumption that they are being used on the surface of the Earth. If a spring scale was taken to the Moon it would give a misleading reading.
Weight is variable 
Weight is not an intrinsic property of matter because the local gravitational field that generates the force called weight is variable in space and time:
 Since the Earth's attraction decreases as the square of the distance to its center, the weight of an object is slightly smaller at high altitude (e.g., at the top of a mountain) than at sea level, or at the equator than at the poles (because the Earth is slightly bulging).
 An arbitrary object on Earth is also attracted by all other celestial bodies, such as the Moon, for instance. Hence, its weight will be less with the Moon overhead than with the Moon on the other side of the Earth.
 Weight is not defined exclusively to Earth: An astronaut weighs 6 times less on the surface of the Moon than on the surface of the Earth.
Weightlessness is an apparent condition experienced by astronauts or satellites in orbit around a planet. In reality their weight (gravitational pull) is the force that keeps them in orbit. Objects in orbit travel with very high speed. For satellites orbiting 300 - 500 kilometres above the Earth this speed is about 27,000 kph. Without the gravitational pull of the Earth they would fly off in a straight line. The gravitational pull keeps them falling towards the planet. The combination of high sideways velocity and constant pull toward the centre of the Earth bends their path so they stay in orbit.
Related pages
 Difference between Weight and Mass
 Center of mass
 Gravity
 Density

Physical quantity
Basic English 850 words
Basic physics ideas
The truth is what is true. It may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). It may also be a statement that is true: a truth. Things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. True things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have).

Aristotle said: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." However, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. Most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true.

Truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is true. The word true also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. The English word truth is from Old English tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ, Middle English trewþe.
Most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things:
How to find out whether a statement (a proposition or claim) is true
How to find the truth when presented with a particular question or problem
Many philosophers have given opinions on these issues.

Examples 

 It is a truth (true) that a dog is an animal. It is untrue (or false) that a dog is a plant.
 It is a truth that dodos were found on Mauritius (although not throughout the past). It is not true that dodos exist.
 It has never been true that unicorns exist, so it has always been true that unicorns do not exist.

In Other words 
Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted.

If the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. Saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. A person who says something untrue is often called a "liar".
True and false in logic and philosophy 

What is truth? Pontius Pilate (John, 18.38)
True is also one of the two basic values of logic. The other such value is usually called false. In symbols, true is written as, T or 1.

Aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. His version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). Other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. Boolean algebra is about things being true and false.

The relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science.

Philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth.

Related pages
 Truth value
 Veritas (mythology)

References

Other websites
Closer to Truth

Basic English 850 words
Logic
Epistemology
Reality
The Republic of Zimbabwe is a country in the southern part of the continent of Africa. Its capital city is Harare.

Geography 
Zimbabwe is surrounded by other countries, and so it has no coast on the sea. This type of country is called landlocked. The countries that surround Zimbabwe are Zambia, Botswana, South Africa and Mozambique.

Zimbabwe is home to the famous waterfall, Victoria Falls, which are a feature of the river Zambezi and also the Great Zimbabwe, the ancient architectural monument from which the country was named after.

Vegetation (Fauna and Flora) 
The country is mostly savanna. In the east it is moist and mountainous with tropical evergreen and hardwood forests. Trees include teak and mahogany, knobthorn, msasa and baobab. Among the many flowers and shrubs are hibiscus, spider lily, leonotus, cassia, tree wisteria and dombeya.

There are around 350 species of mammals in Zimbabwe. There are also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species.
History 
The area that is now Zimbabwe was added to the British Empire around 1890. Zimbabwe is also known by its old name of Rhodesia. In 1965, it became an independent country when Prime Minister Ian Smith announced the Unilateral Declaration of Independence(U.D.I). The government was mostly controlled by the white population, similar to South Africa at the time. African citizens were given full equality in 1980, and the country's name was officially changed to Zimbabwe. Robert Mugabe led the country as the Prime Minister and President for 37 years. Though Mugabe was elected fairly at first, he became a dictator, and had put in place a number of cruel and disastrous laws. On November 21, 2017, Mugabe resigned as President of Zimbabwe.

Language 
The country Zimbabwe has a mixture of languages; Shona, Ndebele, Venda, Manyika, Nyanja, Chagani, and a unique-unified Zimbabwean English.
Economy 
Zimbabwe uses the currencies of several other countries. The government uses the United States dollar. The economy is currently in a bad situation. Foreign currency reserves are at very low levels, and the Zimbabwean Dollar has become very devalued. Just recently, three zeroes were taken off the Zimbabwean dollar (for example, $1,000,000 (one million dollars) would become $1000 (one thousand dollars)). Many observers link this to Mugabe's controversial Land Reform programme.
 Agriculture: Most people in Zimbabwe work in the field of agriculture: cattle, poultry, pigs, vegetables, millet, sorghum, maize, rice, cassava, tea, coffee, groundnuts, cotton, wheat, sugar cane, timber. 
 Mining: Copper, silver, tin, coal, nickel, cobalt, gold, iron ore, asbestos, chrome. 
 Manufacturing: Iron, steel, food processing, textiles, brewing, wood, furniture, tobacco. 
 Other: Tourism centring on the Victoria Falls and the game parks

2017 coup d'état
2017 coup d'état

On November 15, 2017, President Robert Mugabe was placed under house arrest as Zimbabwe's military took control in a coup. On November 21, 2017, Mugabe resigned the Presidency.

Provinces 

Zimbabwe is divided into 8 provinces and 2 cities that are the same as a province.

Cities
The largest cities are:

Sports
Football is the most popular sport in Zimbabwe. Rugby union and cricket are also popular. Zimbabwe has won eight Olympic medals.

Zimbabwe has also done well in the Commonwealth Games and All-Africa Games. Kirsty Coventry won 11 gold medals in swimming.
Zimbabwe has also been at Wimbledon and the Davis Cup in tennis.  Zimbabwe has also done well in golf. Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball, volleyball, netball, and water polo, as well as squash, motorsport, martial arts, chess, cycling, polocrosse, kayaking and horse racing. Most of these sports don't have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level.
Related pages
List of rivers of Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe at the Olympics
Zimbabwe national football team

References 

 
1980 establishments
1980s establishments in Africa