Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Richard Royce Schrock (born on January 4, 1945) is an American Professor of Chemistry. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2005 for his work on the metathesis reaction used in organic chemistry.

Professor Schrock was born in Berne, Indiana, and went to Mission Bay High School in San Diego, California. He was given a B.A. degree in 1967 from the University of California, Riverside and a Ph.D., in 1971, from Harvard University.  At Harvard he was a student of J. A. Osborn.  Between 1971 and 1972, he studied at the University of Cambridge with Lord Jack Lewis. In 1972, he began working for George Parshall in the Experimental Station of the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company in Wilmington, Delaware. He joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975 and became a professor in 1980.
Schrock now works as the Frederick G. Keyes Professor of Chemistry, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He has worked there since 1989. Schrock is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Academy of Sciences and was elected to the Board of Overseers of Harvard University in 2007.  

He married Nancy Carlson in 1971 and has two children, Andrew and Eric. Nancy Schrock is the Thomas F. Peterson, Jr. Conservator of Special Collections for the MIT Libraries. The family live in Winchester, Massachusetts.

Nobel prize 
In 2005 Professor Schrock received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Robert H. Grubbs and Yves Chauvin, for his work on olefin metathesis, which is a method of organic synthesis. Schrock was the first scientist to make sense of 'black box' olefin metathesis. Olefin Metathesis is used when making petroleum and reduces the amount of dirty waste.
Professor Schrock's work is continuing with metathesis as well as projects such as dinitrogen fixation and single molecule catalysts which make ammonia from dinitrogen, similar to nitrogenase enzymes in biology.

Schrock carbenes are named after Schrock.
Publications 
 Schrock, R. R. "Reduction of Carbon Monoxide. Past Research Summary", Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (1982).
 Schrock, R. R. "Chemistry of Bimetallic Linked Cyclopentadienyl Complexes: Progress Report, 1 December 1986 --30 November 1989", Department of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (1989).
 Schrock, R. R. "Controlled Synthesis of Polyenes by Catalytic Methods. Progress Report, December 1, 1989 -- November 30, 1992", Department of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (1992).
 Schrock, R. R. "Controlled Synthesis of Polyenes by Catalytic Methods. Progress Report, December 1, 1992 -- November 30, 1993", Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States Department of Energy, (December 1993).

References
References

Other websites 
 Photograph and life story, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
 Schrock Research Group
 Research Summary
 Schrock wins Nobel Prize
 http://www.chemistry.msu.edu/Lectureships/lectures.asp?series=DK&Year=2001 
 Richard R. Schrock Patents 
 UC Newswire story on Nobel Prize

American chemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Indiana
Scientists from San Diego, California
1945 births
Living people
"All your base are belong to us" (often shortened to "All Your Base", "AYBABTU", or simply "AYB") is a broken English phrase that began an internet phenomenon in 2001 and 2002, with the use of a Flash animation. The phrase is taken from the first part of a European Sega Mega Drive version of the video game Zero Wing, made in Japan by Toaplan. The words in the game were translated into English so quickly that they did not make very much sense. The words "All your base are belong to us" were at first popular on the Something Awful message forums.

Words of the game

Notable media references 

The phrase and similar phrases from the game has been shown in articles, books, comics, clothing, movies, radio shows, songs, television shows, video games, webcomics, and websites.
In the year 2000, Jeffery Ray Roberts, a Kansas City computer programmer and part-time deejay aged 23, and his musical band called The Laziest Men on Mars made a techno dance tune called "Invasion of the Gabber Robots", which used some of the Zero Wing video game music by Tatsuya Uemura with a voice saying "All your base are belong to us."
 On February 23, 2001, Wired magazine wrote an article about the phrase being in the Flash animation, in many e-mails, Internet forums and T-shirts showing the phrase.
On April 1, 2003, in Sturgis, Michigan, seven people aged between 17 and 20 placed signs all over their town that said, "All your base are belong to us. You have no chance to survive make your time." They said it was an April Fools' Day joke, but not many people who saw the signs had seen the phrase before. Many people who lived in the town were angry because the United States was at war in Iraq, and police chief Eugene Alli said the signs could be "a terrorist threat depending on what someone interprets it to mean."
 In February 2004, businesses and schools in Raleigh, North Carolina were closed because of bad weather and they used an internet service to report it. Some North Carolina State University students and members of The Wolf Web in Raleigh, North Carolina took control of the internet service and showed the phrase in a news ticker on the television channel, News 14 Carolinas live news broadcast.
On June 1, 2006, the video website YouTube was closed to fix some problems. The phrase "ALL YOUR VIDEO ARE BELONG TO US" was shown until their problems were fixed. Some users believed the site had been taken control of by students but YouTube said "No, we haven't! Get a sense of humor!"
 On September 22, 2008, on the MSNBC show Countdown with Keith Olbermann, a Princeton University Professor called Paul Krugman said that  what the United States Congress said about giving the banks money from the government was similar to the leader of the United States Treasury Secretary, Henry Paulson saying, "All your decisions are belong to me."
Related pages
 Internet meme
 Engrish

References 

Notes

Other websites 

 Website with animation
Video game memes
A gall is a growth on the surface of plants and other lifeforms. They are caused by various parasites, such as fungi, bacteria, insects and mites.   

Plant galls are abnormal growths of plant tissues similar to benign tumors or warts in animals.   

What causes a plant gall can often be known without the actual agent being there. Many types of gall have typical structures. This is true of many galls produced by insects and mites. 

Insect galls on plants give some herbivorous insects their own microhabitat. They are plant tissue which is controlled by the insect.  Galls are the habitat and food source for the maker of the gall. The gall may contain nutritious starch and other tissues.  Galls often give the insect physical protection from predators.
Insect galls are usually induced by chemicals injected by the larvae or the adults of the insects into the plants. After the galls are formed, the larvae develop inside until fully grown, when they leave. In order to form galls, the insects must seize the time when plant cell division occurs quickly. The growing season, spring in temperate climates, is longer in the tropics.

Human use 
Galls can be used by humans, and have been since ancient times. One use is to collect the pigment which many galls make. The galls are rich in resins and tannins, from which dyes and inks can be made. Galls can be used to make a mordant for dyeing: mordants make the dye on the cloth permanent. Also, permanent black ink can be made from galls, and that has been done for a long time. 

The larvae inside the galls may be used as food or as fishing bait, and some galls have medicinal uses.

References

Gallery

Plant tissues
Parasitism
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics says that if a change to the temperature(T) from one object (for example 'A') changes the temperature of another object ('B'), and a change to the temperature of 'B' changes the temperature of 'C' (a third object), then a change to the temperature of 'A' will mean a change to the temperature of 'C'. Heat naturally flows from areas that are hot to areas that are cold. 

More simply: 

 
 

It is called the zeroth (0th) law of thermodynamics because it was discovered after the others, but scholars thought it was more important so they wanted to give it a number before the other laws.

Related pages
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics
Third law of thermodynamics
Thermodynamic equilibrium

Thermodynamics
Laws of physics
Peach is a color that represents the color of the peach fruit.  

Peach paint can be made by mixing orange paint and white paint.  

The first written use of peach as a color name in English was in 1588.

Where the word peach came from
The word peach comes from the Middle English peche, from Middle French, in turn from Latin persica, i.e., the fruit from Persia. In fact, the origin of the peach fruit was from China.

Meaning of peach
 The color peach represents immortality in Chinese civilization because the peach tree of immortality, long thought to be on a mountainside somewhere in the Tian Shan mountains in western China, is a key concept in the mythology of the Taoist religion.  (The color amaranth represents immortality in Western civilization.)

 In Art Deco design of the 1920s and 1930s, peach-colored mirrors (as well as blue mirrors) were often seen installed in exclusive luxury homes, and upper-class nightclubs and hotels.
Tones of peach color comparison chart
 Pale Peach (Peach Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF9F0) (RGB: 255, 249, 240)
 Marshmallow Snow (Marshmallow Snow (encycolorpedia.com)) (Hex: #FFF8ED) (RGB: 255, 248, 237)
 Light Watusi (Watusi Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF1EB) (RGB: 255, 241, 235)
 Light Peach Schnapps (Peach Shnapps Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF0EE) (RGB: 255, 240, 238)
 Light Peach Puff (Peach Puff Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF0E0) (RGB: 255, 240, 224)
 Light Peach (Peach (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FFF0DB) (RGB: 255, 240, 219)
 Papaya Whip (web color) (Hex: #FFEFD5) (RGB: 255, 239, 213)
 Watusi (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FFDDCF) (RGB: 255, 221, 207)
 Peach Schnapps (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #FFDCD6) (RGB: 255, 220, 214)
 Peach-Yellow (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #FADFAD) (RGB: 250, 223, 173)
 PEACH (PerBang.dk) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #FFE5B4) (RGB: 255, 229, 180)
 Peach Puff (web color) (Hex: #FFDAB9) (RGB: 255, 218, 185)
Peach Cream (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #FAD6A5) (RGB: 250, 214, 165)
 Deep Peach (Peach (Crayola)) (Hex: #FFCBA4) (RGB: 255, 203, 164)
 Peach-Orange (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #FFCC99) (RGB: 255, 204, 153)
 French Peach (Peach) (Hex: #FDBFB7) (RGB: 253, 191, 183)
 Chinese Peach (Peaches of Immortality) (Hex: #FEB4B1) (RGB: 254, 180, 177)
 Goddess (Resene color list) (Hex: #FFAA8D) (RGB: 255, 170, 141)
 Pink-Orange (PerBang.dk) (Hex: #FF9966) (RGB: 255, 153, 102)
 Peach Red (ISCC-NBS #26) (Hex: #F99379) (RGB: 248, 131, 121)
 Deep Pink-Orange (Hex: #FF7077) (RGB: 255, 112, 119)
 Froly (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #F57584) (RGB: 245, 117, 132)
 Peach Blossom Pink (ISCC-NBS  #2) (Hex: #EA9399) (RGB: 234, 147, 153)
 Rich Pink-Orange (Hex: #ED999C) (RGB: 237, 153, 156)
 Light Froly (Froly Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #FBBBC4) (RGB: 251, 197, 196)
 Peach Bud (Plochere) (Hex: #F4C2C2) (RGB: 222, 194, 194)
 Peach Gray (ISCC-NBS #31) (Hex: #ECD5C5) (RGB: 236, 213, 197)
Peach Sand (ISCC-NBS #10) (Hex: #C1B6B3) (RGB: 193, 182, 179)
 Peach Beige (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C09396) (RGB: 217, 166, 169)
 Peach Rust (Plochere) (Hex: #C86D51) (RGB: 203, 109, 81)
 Peach Tan (ISCC-NBS #39) (Hex: #B4745E) (RGB: 180, 116, 194)
 Peach Bisque (Plochere) (Hex: #A87C6D) (RGB: 168, 124, 109)
 Peachwood (ISCC-NBS #19) (Hex: #905D5D) (RGB: 144, 93, 93)
Related pages
 List of colors
 Apricot (color)
 Orange (color)

References
The third law of thermodynamics says:
If an object reaches the absolute zero of temperature (0 K = −273.15C = −459.67 °F), its atoms will stop moving.
The definition is: at absolute zero , the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is zero.

Experimentally, it is not possible to obtain −273.15°C, as of now. It is found that most of the gases either liquify or solidify before reaching such a temperature, gaseous molecules no longer remaining. So far, scientists have been able to get close to, but not exactly, absolute zero. This may change in the future.

Related pages
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
Laws of physics
Dion Dublin is an English former footballer. He has played for England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1987–88||Norwich City||First Division||0||0
|-
|1988–89||rowspan="4"|Cambridge United||rowspan="2"|Fourth Division||21||6
|-
|1989–90||46||15
|-
|1990–91||Third Division||46||16
|-
|1991–92||Second Division||43||15
|-
|1992–93||rowspan="2"|Manchester United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||7||1
|-
|1993–94||5||1
|-
|1994–95||rowspan="5"|Coventry City||rowspan="5"|Premier League||31||13
|-
|1995–96||34||14
|-
|1996–97||34||13
|-
|1997–98||36||18
|-
|1998–99||10||3
|-
|1998–99||rowspan="4"|Aston Villa||rowspan="4"|Premier League||24||11
|-
|1999–00||26||12
|-
|2000–01||33||8
|-
|2001–02||21||4
|-
|2001–02||Millwall||First Division||5||2
|-
|2002–03||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|Premier League||28||10
|-
|2003–04||23||3
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="2"|Leicester City||rowspan="2"|Championship||37||5
|-
|2005–06||21||0

|-
|2005–06||Celtic||Premier League||11||1
|-
|2006–07||rowspan="2"|Norwich City||rowspan="2"|Championship||33||5
|-
|2007–08||37||7
601||182
11||1
612||183
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1998||4||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References

1969 births
Living people
English footballers
Sportspeople from Leicester
Premier League players
Danny Murphy (born 18 March 1977) is an English footballer. He plays for Fulham.

Club career statistics
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="4"|Crewe Alexandra||Third Division||12||2||||||||||||||12||2
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Second Division||32||5||||||||||||||32||5
|-
|1995/96||42||10||||||||||||||42||10
|-
|1996/97||45||10||4||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||51||13
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Liverpool||rowspan="2"|Premier League||16||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|-
|1998/99||1||0||0||0||2||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|1998/99||Crewe Alexandra||First Division||16||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Liverpool||rowspan="5"|Premier League||20||3||2||0||2||3||colspan="2"|-||24||6
|-
|2000/01||27||4||5||1||5||4||10||1||47||10
|-
|2001/02||36||6||2||0||1||0||15||2||54||8
|-
|2002/03||36||7||3||1||4||2||12||2||55||12
|-
|2003/04||31||5||2||1||2||2||7||0||42||8
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Charlton Athletic||rowspan="2"|Premier League||38||3||3||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||43||5
|-
|2005/06||18||4||0||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||21||5
|-
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||10||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2006/07||12||2||1||0||3||0||3||0||19||2
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Fulham||rowspan="3"|Premier League||33||5||1||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||6
|-
|2008/09||37||5||5||1||1||1||colspan="2"|-||43||7
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
462||72||29||9||28||14||48||5||567||100
462||72||29||9||28||14||48||5||567||100
|}
International career statistics

|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||4||1
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
!Total||9||1
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Chester
Sportspeople from Cheshire
Stéphane Henchoz (born 7 September 1974) is a former Swiss football player. He has played for Switzerland national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Neuchâtel Xamax||rowspan="3"|Nationalliga A||35||0
|-
|1993/94||21||1
|-
|1994/95||35||0

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Hamburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||31||2
|-
|1996/97||18||0

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="2"|Premier League||36||0
|-
|1998/99||34||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="6"|Liverpool||rowspan="6"|Premier League||29||0
|-
|2000/01||32||0
|-
|2001/02||37||0
|-
|2002/03||19||0
|-
|2003/04||18||0
|-
|2004/05||0||0

|-
|2004/05||Celtic||Premier League||6||0

|-
|2005/06||Wigan Athletic||Premier League||26||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="2"|Premier League||12||0
|-
|2007/08||0||0
91||1
49||2
243||0
6||0
389||3
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1993||2||0
|-
|1994||3||0
|-
|1995||8||0
|-
|1996||9||0
|-
|1997||5||0
|-
|1998||7||0
|-
|1999||5||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||5||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
!Total||72||0
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
Switzerland at UEFA Euro 1996
Switzerland at UEFA Euro 2004
People from the canton of Fribourg
Milan Baroš (born 28 October 1981) is a Czech football player. He plays for Galatasaray and Czech Republic national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Baník Ostrava||rowspan="4"|Gambrinus liga||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1999/00||29||6||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||6
|-
|2000/01||26||6||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||6
|-
|2001/02||15||11||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||11

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Liverpool||rowspan="5"|Premier League||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2002/03||27||9||1||0||4||2||8||1||40||12
|-
|2003/04||13||1||1||0||0||0||4||1||18||2
|-
|2004/05||26||9||1||0||4||2||14||2||45||13
|-
|2005/06||2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|Premier League||25||8||3||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||30||12
|-
|2006/07||17||1||1||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||21||2
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||12||4||0||0||0||0||1||0||13||4
|-
|2007/08||12||3||0||0||0||0||3||0||15||3

|-
|2007/08||Portsmouth||Premier League||12||0||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Galatasaray||rowspan="2"|Süper Lig||31||20||3||1||colspan="2"|-||9||5||43||26
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
76||23||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||76||23
122||28||11||4||13||5||27||4||173||41
24||7||0||0||0||0||4||0||28||7
31||20||3||1||colspan="2"|-||9||5||43||26
254||78||14||5||13||5||40||9||321||97
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||8||4
|-
|2002||6||4
|-
|2003||7||4
|-
|2004||13||9
|-
|2005||11||5
|-
|2006||8||4
|-
|2007||8||1
|-
|2008||9||1
|-
|2009||8||6
|-
!Total||78||38
|}

References 

1981 births
Living people
Czech footballers
Gabriel Batistuta (born 1 February 1969) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||Newell's Old Boys||Primera División||24||7
|-
|1989/90||River Plate||Primera División||21||4
|-
|1990/91||Boca Juniors||Primera División||30||13

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="9"|Fiorentina||rowspan="2"|Serie A||27||13
|-
|1992/93||32||16
|-
|1993/94||Serie B||26||16
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="6"|Serie A||32||26
|-
|1995/96||31||19
|-
|1996/97||32||13
|-
|1997/98||31||21
|-
|1998/99||28||21
|-
|1999/00||30||23
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Roma||rowspan="3"|Serie A||28||20
|-
|2001/02||23||6
|-
|2002/03||12||4
|-
|2002/03||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||12||2

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Al-Arabi Doha||rowspan="2"|Stars League||18||25
|-
|2004/05||3||0
75||24
344||200
21||25
440||249
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1991||7||6
|-
|1992||5||6
|-
|1993||15||6
|-
|1994||10||6
|-
|1995||11||9
|-
|1996||5||3
|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||12||12
|-
|1999||2||2
|-
|2000||5||4
|-
|2001||1||1
|-
|2002||3||1
|-
!Total||78||56
|}

References

1969 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Bentley is a British automobile maker. It is based in Crewe, Cheshire, England.

Bentley is famous for their fast, luxury vehicles. In 1998, the German Volkswagen Group bought Bentley for £430 million. 

British automobile companies
Chloe O'Brian is a character in the television series 24. She works at the Counter Terrorist Unit as an analyst. O'Brian is a close friend of Jack Bauer.

Television characters
There are 119 communes in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in France, all included in the following list:

Bouches-du-Rhone
Allauch is a commune of 19,400 people (2005). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Related pages
 Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
 Arrondissements of the Bouches-du-Rhône department

Other websites

Allauch official website 
Allauch official tourism website 

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Alleins is a commune of 2,368 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Aubagne is a commune of 42,900 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Aureille is a commune of 1,463 people (2007). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Auriol is a commune of 11,057 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Aurons is a commune of 515 people (1999). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
La Barben is a commune of 649 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Barbentane is a commune of 3,660 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Festung Ehrenbreitstein is a fortress. It was built on a mountain called Ehrenbreitstein on the right side of the Rhine opposite to the town of Koblenz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

It was built as part of the "Festung Koblenz" (Fortress Koblenz), by Prussia between 1817 and 1832 and guarded the middle Rhine region. This area had often been invaded by the French. The fortress was never attacked.

Other websites 
 Ehrenbreitstein pictures and information

Buildings and structures in Rhineland-Palatinate
Castles in Germany
Koblenz
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century‎
Les Baux-de-Provence is a commune of 381 people (2006). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Beaurecueil is a commune of 568 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Belcodène is a commune of 1,731 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Berre-l'Étang is a commune of 14,300 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Bouc-Bel-Air is a commune of 13,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
The original Jeep was the prototype Bantam BRC. Willys MB Jeeps went into production in 1941 specifically for the military. Arguably that makes them the oldest four-wheel drive mass-production vehicles now known as SUVs. The Jeep became the primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Army and the Allies during World War II. It remained so in the postwar period. The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war. Doug Stewart notes:
The spartan, cramped, and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four-wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky, can-do determination."  

The first civilian models were produced in 1945. It inspired a number of other light utility vehicles, such as the Land Rover. Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations. In 2007 Jeep began manufacturing crossover SUVs with its Compass and Patriot models. This led to the 2013 Jeep Cherokee midsize crossover.

References
References 

American automobile companies
Sport utility vehicles
1941 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
La Bouilladisse is a commune of 4,904 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Boulbon is a commune of 1,510 people (1999). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Cabannes is a commune of 4,119 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Cabriès is a commune of 8,073 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Cadolive is a commune of 2,087 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Carnoux-en-Provence is a commune of 7,042 people (1999). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Carry-le-Rouet is a commune of 6,355 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Cassis is a commune of 7,766 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Ceyreste is a commune of 4,034 people (2004). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Charleval is a commune of 2,080 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Filipino is a form of the Tagalog language. It is the national language of the Philippines. About one third of the people in the Philippines speak Tagalog as a first language.

Filipino is used as the formal name of Tagalog. Sometimes it even means the same thing. It is usually called Tagalog in the Philippines and among Filipinos to show that it is different from other Philippine languages.

References
Châteauneuf-le-Rouge is a commune of 2,070 people (as of 2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Châteauneuf-les-Martigues is a commune of 11,900 people (). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

History 
During the feudal period, Châteauneuf was known for its castle, the Castrum Novum, mentioned as early as the 11th century. The village developed at the foot of the castle. Its Occitan name, Castèunòu dau Martegue, recalls its belonging to the category of medieval Castelnau (village or town founded in the Middle Ages near a castle).

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Châteaurenard is a commune of 14,817 people (2008). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
La Ciotat is a commune of 32,126 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Cornillon-Confoux is a commune of 1,327 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Population

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Coudoux is a commune of 3,352 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Cuges-les-Pins is a commune of 4,708 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
La Destrousse is a commune of 2,736 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Éguilles is a commune of 7,544 people (2007). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Ensuès-la-Redonne is a commune of 5,096 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Eygalières is a commune of 1,900 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

References

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Eyguières is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France. 6,312 people lived there in 2007.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Eyragues is a commune of 4,179 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
La Fare-les-Oliviers is a commune of 6,334 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Fontvieille is a commune of 3,362 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Fos-sur-Mer is a commune of 15,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Fuveau is a commune of 8,558 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Gardanne is a commune of 20,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Gémenos is a commune in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France. As of 1999, 5,481 people lived there.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Gignac-la-Nerthe is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France. 9,140 people lived there in 2004.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Grans is a commune of 4,078 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Graveson is a commune of 3,836 people (2008). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

The village is very attractive for holidaymakers, because it is located between Arles and Avignon. Neighbour villages are Châteaurenard, Maillane and Rognonas.

Graveson is birthplace of the painter Auguste Chabaud.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Gréasque is a commune of 3,705 people (2004). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Istres is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the south of France. About 45,000 people live there.

La fête des bergers (The shepherds' festival) is held at the end of November and beginning of December.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Subprefectures in France
Jouques is a commune of 3,321 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Lamanon is a commune of 1,713 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France. It's known because of the archaeological site of Grottes de Calès, a cave dwelling from prehistoric to medieval times.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Lambesc is a commune of 7,934 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Lançon-Provence is a commune of 7,674 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Maillane is a commune of 2,013 people (2004). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Mallemort is a commune of 5,501 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Marignane is a commune of 33,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

Communes in Bouches-du-Rhône
Mandaeism or Mandaeanism (Mandaic: Mandaiuta,  Mandā'iyya) is a monotheistic religion. The religion has a  strong dualistic world view.  Its followers, the Mandaeans,  think highly of Adam, Abel, Seth, Enosh, Noah, Shem, Aram and especially John the Baptist.

Originally, Mandaeism was practiced mainly in the countries around the lower Euphrates and Tigris and the rivers that surround the Shatt-al-Arab waterway. Today, this area belongs to Iraq and Khuzestan Province in Iran. Because they were persecuted in that area, many Mandaeans have left that area and now live abroad. This is commonly called diaspora. Most left for Europe, Australia and North America.

There are thought to be between 60,000 and 70,000 Mandaeans worldwide, and until the 2003 Iraq war, almost all of them lived in Iraq. The 2003 Iraq War reduced the population of Iraqi Mandaeans to approximately 5,000 by 2007.  Most Iraqi Mandaeans fled to Syria and Jordan under the threat of violence by Islamic extremists and the turmoil of the war.
The Mandaeans have remained separate and intensely private—what has been reported of them and their religion has come primarily from outsiders, particularly from the Orientalists J. Heinrich Petermann, Nicholas Siouffi, and Lady Ethel Drower.

Mandaean beliefs
Mandeism is the religion of the Mandaean people. It is based on a common history and heritage. There is no fixed set of religious creeds and doctrines. A basic guide to Mandaean theology does not exist. The corpus of Mandaean literature is quite large. It also covers topics such as eschatology, the knowledge of God, and the afterlife. It only does this in an unsystematic manner. Apart from the priests, very few people know it.
Basic beliefs
According to E.S. Drower, the Mandaean Gnosis is characterized by nine features, which also appear in various forms in other gnostic sects:
 There is a supreme entity without form. It expressed itself by creating a number of spiritual, etheric, and material worlds and beings. There is a Creator which came from it, and produced all these worlds and beings. The cosmos is created by Archetypal Man, who produces it resembling to his own shape.
 Dualism: a cosmic Father and Mother, Light and Darkness, Right and Left, syzygy in cosmic and microcosmic form.
 As a feature of this dualism, counter-types, a world of ideas.
 The soul is portrayed as an exile, a captive: her home and origin is the supreme Entity to which she eventually returns.
 Planets and stars influence fate and human beings, and are also places of detention after death.
 A saviour spirit or saviour spirits which assist the soul on her journey through life and after it to 'worlds of light'.
A cult-language of symbol and metaphor. Ideas and qualities are personified.
 'Mysteries', i.e. sacraments to help and purify the soul, to ensure her rebirth into a spiritual body, and her ascent from the world of matter.  These are often adaptations of existing seasonal and traditional rites to which an esoteric interpretation is attached.  In the case of the Naoreans this interpretation is based on the Creation story (see 1 and 2), especially on the Divine Man, Adam, as crowned and anointed King-priest.
 Great secrecy is enjoined upon initiates; full explanation of 1, 2, and 8 is reserved for those considered able to understand and preserve the gnosis.
Mandaeans believe in marriage and procreation, and in the importance of leading an ethical and moral lifestyle in this world. They put a high priority on family life. Consequently, Mandaeans do not practice celibacy or asceticism. Mandaeans will, however, abstain from strong drink and red meat. They look forward to a future liberated from the influence of the Torah, which they consider to be evil in origin. While they agree with other gnostic sects that the world is a prison governed by the planetary archons, they do not view it as a cruel and inhospitable one.

Mandaean religious texts
The Mandaeans have many religious texts. The most important of them is the Genzā Rabbā or Ginza. The Ginza is a collection of history, theology, and prayers.  The Genzā Rabbā is divided into two halves — the Genzā Smālā or "Left Ginza" and the Genzā Yeminā or "Right Ginza".
Before the printing press was invented, people copied texts by hand. The people doing this were called scribes. Each person's handwriting is special in certain ways. This was the same with scribes. A scribe might join two letters in a certain way, or he might do the dots on those letters that have them in a special way. Jorunn J. Buckley looked at these special marks the copyists left in the Left Ginza. That way he was able to show that the copying of that text goes back to the to the late 2nd or early 3rd century AD. These special marks show that the Mandaeans existed during the late Arsacid period at the very latest. A legend called  Harrān Gāwetā also strengthens this. According to this legend, the Mandaeans left Palestine after the destruction of Jerusalem in the 1st century AD and settled inside the Arsacid empire.  Although the Ginza continued to evolve under the rule of the Sassanians and the Islamic empires, few textual traditions can lay claim to such extensive continuity.
Other important books include the Qolastā, the "Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans," which was translated by E.S. Drower.  One of the most important works of Mandaean scripture is the Draša d-Iahia "the Book of John the Baptist". This book is accessible to both laymen and initiates.  There are also many other religious texts such as ritual commentaries, which are generally only consulted by the members of the priesthood.

The language in which the Mandaean religious literature was originally written is known as Mandaic, and is a member of the Aramaic family of dialects. It is written in a cursive variant of the Parthian chancellory script. The majority of Mandaean lay people do not speak this language. Some members of the Mandaean community in Iran ( about 300-500 out of a total of ca. 5000 Iranian Mandaeans) continue to speak Neo-Mandaic, a modern version of this language.

Chief prophets
Chief prophets

Mandaeans have several prophets. Iahia or Iuhana "John the Baptist" has a special status, higher than his role in Christianity and Islam. Mandaeans do not consider John to be the founder of their religion. They only worship him as one of their greatest teachers. They trace their beliefs back to Adam.

Mandaeans maintain that Jesus was a mšiha kdaba "false messiah" who changed the teachings given to him by John. The Mandaic word k(a)daba, however, comes  from two roots: the first root, meaning "to lie," is the one traditionally given to Jesus; the second, meaning "to write," might provide a second meaning, that of "book". Some Mandaeans, who are motivated perhaps by an ecumenical spirit, maintain that Jesus was not a "lying Messiah" but a "book Messiah". The "book" in question presumably being the Christian Gospels. This seems to be a folk etymology without support in the Mandaean texts.
Priests and laymen
There is a strict division between Mandaean laity and the priests.  According to E.S. Drower (The Secret Adam, p. ix):
[T]hose amongst the community who possess secret knowledge are called Nauraiia - Naoreans (or, if the heavy '' is written as 'z', Nazorenes).  At the same time the ignorant or semi-ignorant laity are called 'Mandaeans', Mandaiia - 'gnostics'.  When a man becomes a priest he leaves 'Mandaeanism' and enters tarmiduta, 'priesthood'.  Even then he has not attained to true enlightenment, for this, called 'Nairuta', is reserved for a very few.  Those possessed of its secrets may call themselves Naoreans, and 'Naorean' today indicates not only one who observes strictly all rules of ritual purity, but one who understands the secret doctrine.
There are three grades of priesthood in Mandaeism: the tarmidia "disciples" (Neo-Mandaic tarmidānā), the ganzibria "treasurers" (from Old Persian ganza-bara "id.", Neo-Mandaic ) and the rišamma "leader of the people."  This last office, the highest level of the Mandaean priesthood, has lain vacant for many years.  At the moment, the highest office currently occupied is that of the , a title which appears first in a religious context in the Aramaic ritual texts from Persepolis (ca. 3rd c. BCE) and which may be related to the kamnaskires (Elamite <qa-ap-nu-iš-ki-ra> kapnuskir "treasurer"), title of the rulers of Elymais (modern Khuzestan) during the Hellenistic age. Traditionally, any  who baptizes seven or more  may qualify for the office of rišamma, though the Mandaean community has yet to rally as a whole behind any single candidate.
The contemporary priesthood can trace its immediate origins to the first half of the 19th century.  In 1831, an outbreak of cholera devastated the region and eliminated most if not all of the Mandaean religious authorities. Two of the surviving acolytes (šgandia), Yahia Bihram and Ram Zihrun, reestablished the priesthood on the basis of their own training and the texts that were available to them.
Related groups
According to the Fihrist of ibn al-Nadim, Mani, the founder of Manichaeism, was brought up within the Elkasaites (Elcesaites or Elchasaite) sect. The Elkasaites were a Christian baptismal sect which may have been related to the Mandaeans. The members of this sect wore white and performed baptisms like the Mandaeans. They lived in east Judea and northern Mesopotamia. According to the Harran Gawaitā legend, the Mandaeans migrated to southern Mesopotamia from there. Mani later left the Elkasaites to start his own religion. Mandaean scholar Säve-Söderberg showed that Mani's Psalms of Thomas were closely related to Mandaean texts. This would imply that Mani had access to Mandaean religious literature.
Other groups which have been identified with the Mandaeans include the "Nasoraeans", described by Epiphanius, and the Dositheans, mentioned by Theodore Bar Kōnī in his Scholion.  Ibn al-Nadim also mentions a group called the Mughtasila, "the self-ablutionists," who may be identified with one or the other of these groups.  The members of this sect, like the Mandaeans, wore white and performed baptisms.

It is difficult to say if groups such as the Elkasaites, the Mughtasila, the Nasoraeans, and the Dositheans are related to the Mandaeans or to one another.
The names say that there are a number of different groups. Much of the teaching of these groups is secret. This makes it difficult to see the nature of these groups or the relationships between them.

Mandaeans today
Mandaeans today

Persecution
Under Saddam Hussein, the Mandeans were recognised as a religious minority. Many of them are craftspeople, like smiths or traders of gold and silver. These people belonged to the middle classes. Since the change of government in Iraq, islamic extremists have harassed them. There are also reports of attacks on women who refuse to veil themselves.  Most Iraqi Mandaeans have fled as a result, and the Mandaean community in Iraq faces extinction.

In Iran, Mandeans do not have a problem with violence, but they are prohibited from fully participating in civil life because of  Gozinesh Law.  This law and other gozinesh provisions require a religious screening for people who want to  access employment, education, and a range of other areas. A very important part of this screening procedure is devotion to the tenets of Islam.  These laws are regularly applied to discriminate against religious and ethnic groups that are not officially recognized, such as the Mandaeans.
Many left because of the Iraq War
There were over  60,000 Mandaeans in Iraq in the early 1990s. In 2007,  only about 5,000 to 7,000 remain there; over 80% of Iraqi Mandaeans were refugees in Syria and Jordan. This is a result of the Iraq War.  There are small Mandaean populations in Australia (c. 3,500 as of 2006), Canada, the USA (c. 1,500), the UK (c. 1,000) and Sweden (c. 5,000).

The current status of the Mandaeans has prompted a number of American intellectuals and civil rights activists to call for their government to extend refugee status to the community.  In 2007, the New York Times ran an op-ed in which Swarthmore professor Nathaniel Deutsch called for the Bush administration to take immediate action to preserve the community:

References
Other websites
The first Iranian website about Mandaeism.
Mandaean Association Union - The Mandaean Association Union is an international federation which strives for unification of Mandaeans around the globe.  Information in English and Arabic.
Mandaean World- Information on the Mandaeans including history, the Mandaic language and Literature.
Mandaean scriptures: Ginza Rba and Haran Gawaitha texts and fragments—Take note the book titled Ginza Rba is not the Ginza Rba but is instead "The Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans" as translated by E.S Drower.
Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandæan John-Book: This is the complete 1924 edition of G.R.S. Mead's classic study of the Mandæan John-Book (in The Gnosis Archive collection - www.gnosis.org).
Fragments of a Faith Forgotten by G.R.S. Mead a complete version (with old and new errors), contains information on Mani, Manichaeism, Elkasaites, Nasoraeans, Sabians and other gnostic groups. Published in 1901, still considered authoritative.
Extracts from E. S. Drower, Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, Leiden, 1962 
An Ancient Religion Endangered by Iraq War - A video by News21.
BBC: Iraq chaos threatens ancient faith
BBC: Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'
BBC: Mandaeans - a threatened religion
In cryptography, a S-Box (Substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric-key algorithms. In block ciphers, the S-Boxes are used to make the relation between the key and the ciphertext (coded text) difficult to understand–Shannon's property of confusion. The S-Boxes are carefully chosen to resist cryptanalysis (decoding).

In general, an S-Box takes some number of input bits, m, and transforms them into some number of output bits, n: an m×n S-Box can be implemented as a lookup table with 2m words of n bits each. Fixed tables are normally used, as in the Data Encryption Standard (DES), but in some ciphers the tables are generated dynamically from the key; e.g. the Blowfish and the Twofish encryption algorithms. Bruce Schneier describes IDEA's modular multiplication step as a key-dependent S-Box.

One good example is this 6×4-bit S-Box from DES (S5):