Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Nickel(II) chloride, also known as nickelous chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiCl2. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
It is a yellow-green solid. It dissolves in water. It normally is attached to water molecules (hydrated). It reacts with ammonia to make a purple solution. It also reacts with hydrochloric acid to make a yellow solution. It reacts with bases to make nickel(II) hydroxide. Solutions of nickel(II) chloride have a pH of 4.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving nickel metal in hydrochloric acid. It also can be made by reacting nickel(II) oxide, nickel(II) carbonate, or nickel(II) hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

Uses
It is used to electroplate nickel metal on metal objects. It is also used as a catalyst.

Safety
Nickel(II) chloride irritates skin and eyes. It can also cause cancer.

Related pages
Nickel(II) sulfate
Nickel(II) nitrate

Chlorine compounds
Nickel compounds
A facial composite is a reconstructed image of the face of a person. Such images are usually based on descriptions of eyewitnesses. They are mostly used by police, to help them find people who have committed a serious crime.

Criminal justice
Law enforcement techniques
Nickel(II) hydroxide, also known as nickelous hydroxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ni(OH)2. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains hydroxide ions.

Properties
It is a light green solid. It does not dissolve in water. It dissolves in acids to make other nickel(II) salts.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a base containing hydroxide ions with a nickel(II) salt, such as nickel(II) chloride.

Uses
Nickel(II) hydroxide is used in the nickel cadmium battery and the nickel-metal hydride battery.

Related pages
Nickel(II) nitrate
Nickel(II) sulfate

Nickel compounds
The Baitul Futuh Mosque (English: House of Victories) is claimed to be the largest mosque in Europe. According to some estimates it is the second largest after the Mosque of Rome. It has an area of , the mosque complex can hold up to 10,000 worshippers.  It was built in 2003 at a cost of about £5.5 million with money given by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. It is located in the London area of Morden, next to Morden South railway station and 150 yards from the Morden Underground.

Inauguration
Inauguration 

The foundation stone was placed by Hazrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad on the 19 October 1999, in a ceremony attended by 2000 guests, and opened by the current head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad, on the 3 October 2003. Mirza Masroor Ahmad is based at Fazl Mosque but delivers his weekly Khutbah (Friday sermon) from Baitul Futuh. The opening ceremony was attended by over 600 guests such as High Commissioners, Deputy High Commissioners, Members of European Parliament, Members of Parliament, Mayors of London boroughs, councilors, university lecturers, and representatives of 17 countries.

Services to the Community 

Several events are held at the Baitul Futuh Mosque to serve both the Muslim and greater community. In addition to regular prayers, its services include an annual Peace Symposiums, school tours, other local community events, as well as the 'Merton Youth Partnership Annual Conference', hosting the Perfect Jeevan Programme Any Questions?, and is included in Suman.
The Baitul Futuh Mosque has acted as the centre for the 'Loyalty, Freedom and Peace Campaign', which seeks to promote Islam as a peaceful religion, and to improve the integration of Muslims and non-Muslims.

The Peace Symposium 2010 chose the location to award the first Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize to Lord Eric Avebury.  The award is for lifetime contribution to the cause of Human Rights.

The Mosque receives over 10,000 visitors a year from schools, faith groups, public service organizations, charities, local and central government, and other groups.

The plan to burn the Qur'an by the Dove World Outreach Center on the 9th anniversary of 9/11 attacks was highly condemned at the Baitul Futuh mosque by several politicians and religious leaders, such as Fleur Sandringham (Judaism) and Rev. Andrew Wakefield.
Facilities 
 Prayer halls for Men and Women
 Offices
 Library
 Exhibition
 Multi-functional rooms
 MTA Television Studios
 Kitchen & Dine
 Gymnasium
 Guest rooms
 Disabled access.
 Wash-room Facilities:
 WC's
 Wash Basins
 Footbaths
 Showers
 Drinking Fountains
 Baby Changing Units
 Toilets for the Disabled
 WC's and Wash Basins for Crèche

Gallery

Related pages
 Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
 Islam in the United Kingdom
 Islamic architecture
 Islamic art
 List of mosques
 List of mosques in Great Britain
 Darul Barakaat Mosque
 Al Mahdi Mosque

References 

2003 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in London
London Borough of Merton
Mosques
Islamic architecture
Nickel(II) carbonate, also known as nickelous carbonate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiCO3. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains carbonate ions.

Properties
Nickel(II) carbonate is a pale green solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with acids to make carbon dioxide. It turns into carbon dioxide and nickel(II) oxide when heated.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium carbonate with nickel(II) chloride or nickel(II) sulfate.

Uses
It is used in pigments and catalysts that have nickel in them.

Related pages
Nickel(II) hydroxide
Nickel(II) nitrate

Nickel compounds
Carbonates
Nickel(II) sulfate, also known as nickelous sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiSO4. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains sulfate ions.

Properties
Nickel(II) sulfate is a bluish solid. It dissolves in water. It is normally attached to some water molecules (hydrated). When it is anhydrous (not attached to water molecules), it is yellow. It reacts with bases to make nickel(II) hydroxide.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving nickel(II) oxide or nickel metal in sulfuric acid.

Uses
Nickel(II) sulfate is used to make other nickel compounds. It is also used in the electroplating of nickel on metal objects. It is used in the lab.

Related pages
Nickel(II) chloride
Nickel(II) nitrate

Sulfur compounds
Nickel compounds
Frogger is an arcade video game made in 1981 by Konami. The player must play as Frogger to get to home. The player must cross a road and a river. If the player is hit by a car or falls into the water, the player must start over. Frogger is very popular and there are many newer Frogger games.

Gameplay 

The player guides a frog using a joystick (a game controller). The frog starts at the bottom of the screen. The frog must first cross a busy road. There are cars that go left and right on the road. If a car hits the frog, it dies and the player must start again. Once the frog crosses the road, the frog must cross a river. There are logs and turtles that move left and right in the river. The player must jump on top of the logs and turtles to reach the other side. If the player reaches the other side, he gets extra points and can try again.
There are many ways that the frog can die:
 If a car hits the frog, the frog dies.
 If the frog falls in the water, the frog dies.
 Sometimes, there are snakes, otters, and alligators in the water. If an animal hits the frog, the frog dies.
 Sometimes, the turtles go under the water. If the frog is riding on a turtle when it goes under the water, the frog dies.
 If the frog goes off the edge of the screen, the frog dies.
 The frog can not land in the same spot twice at the top of the screen. If it does, the frog dies.
 There is a timer. If the time runs out, the frog dies.

If the frog dies, the player can try again. Once the frog dies too many times, the game is over.

1981 video games
Sega arcade games
São Carlos F.C. is a football club which plays in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.

Football clubs in São Paulo (state)
2004 establishments
2000s establishments in Brazil
G.D. Sãocarlense  is a football club which plays in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.

References

Football clubs in São Paulo (state)
1976 establishments in Brazil
Johann Strauss III (February 16, 1866 - January 9, 1939) was an Austrian composer and conductor. He was the son of Eduard Strauss, the nephew of Johann Strauss II, and grandson of Johann Strauss I. He wrote several waltzes, as well as an operetta, Katze und Maus (Cat and Mouse).

1866 births
1939 deaths
Austrian composers
Carlos Slim Helú (born January 28, 1940 in Mexico City) is a Mexican businessman. He was the richest person in the world from 2010 to 2013. He owns the Mexican phone company Telmex, which provides a telephone service to most Mexicans. After graduating, Slim expanded on his father's ownings of real estate in Mexico City. By age 26, he was worth $40 million. During the 1980s and 1990s, Slim bought several companies that were bankrupt or being privatized. Slim owns about 7% of the New York Times. He is now worth $60 billion. Slim's maternal grandparents and his father were from Lebanon. In 2017, According to Forbes Carlos Slim is the world’s fifth richest person.

In late January 2021, Slim was diagnosed with COVID-19 during the pandemic in Mexico.

References

Billionaires
Mexican businesspeople
Christians
People from Mexico City
1940 births
Living people
Pandanales is an order of flowering plants, that grow around the tropical areas of important continents. The order includes palm-like trees, shrubs, lianas, and herbs.

Monocots
Nymphaeales is an order of plants, which consists of water lilies and other aquatic plants.

This order is considered to be a basal, or early diverging, group of angiosperms. The families of this order are united by being families of aquatic herbs and are known from the fossil record as early as the Lower Cretaceous.
E

References

Language-related lists
Ie, ie or IE  may refer to:
i.e., abbreviation for Latin id est, meaning "that is; in other words"

Computing
Internet Explorer, the web browser by Microsoft
IntelliMouse Explorer, a line of computer mice designed by Microsoft
Infinity Engine, the game engine behind Baldur's Gate among others
Information engineering, an approach to designing and developing information systems
.ie, Irish Internet country code top-level domain

Education 
Institut Eksekutif, an educational institution in Sarawak, Malaysia
IE Business School, formerly known as Instituto de Empresa, a global leading Business School in Madrid, Spain

Transport
Iarnród Éireann, or Irish Rail
Solomon Airlines, as IATA airline designator "IE"

Arts/entertainment
Improv Everywhere, a comedy group
Into Eternity, a progressive death metal band from Canada

Places
Inland Empire (California), in the United States
Ie, Okinawa, in Japan
Science and engineering
Industrial ecology, the study of sustainable industrial systems
Industrial engineering, the engineering discipline that concerns the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, knowledge, equipment, energy, material and process
Infective endocarditis, a form of endocarditis caused by infectious agents
Information Element, a component of information systems
Information extraction, a type of information retrieval whose goal is to automatically extract structured or semistructured information from unstructured machine-readable documents
Institute for Energy of the European Union
Ionization energy, the energy required to strip an atom or molecule of an electron; see Ionization potential
Language and culture
The ie (digraph)
International English, the concept of the English language as a global means of communication
Indo-European (disambiguation), as in:
Indo-European languages
Indo-European people
Indo-European studies
Ie (Japanese family system), the classical Japanese family system
Ie (trading houses), Japanese cottage industry
-ie, an English diminutive suffix
Interlingue, originally the Occidental language (ISO 639-1 code ie)
Republic of Ireland (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code IE)
A spelling guideline of the English language: "i before e except after c"
Crossroads is a movie from 2002 with starring Britney Spears in her first major movie role.

Cast
 Britney Spears as Lucy Wagner
 Dan Aykroyd as Pete Wagner
 Kim Cattrall as Caroline Wagner
 Anson Mount as Ben
 Zoë Saldana as Kit
 Taryn Manning as Mimi
 Justin Long as Henry

Other websites

Related pages 
Crossroads (Roblox game)

2002 movies
American drama movies
Britney Spears
English-language movies
John Severn Bednarski (born July 4, 1952 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) was an ice hockey defenceman in the National Hockey League. Over the course of his career, he played the New York Rangers and the Edmonton Oilers.

As a junior player he played in the Manitoba Junior Hockey League, he signed with the Rangers as a free agent in 1972 and began play in the American Hockey League with the Rochester Americans. He made his NHL start in 1974 with the Rangers playing 99 games and scoring 2 goals and 18 assists. In 1977, he returned to the minor leagues before signing with the Oilers for their first year in the NHL, playing only one game before being sent back down to the minors.

He later signed a contract with the Buffalo Sabres but never played another NHL game. He would eventually become the radio and TV analyst for the Americans for many years before resigning prior to the 2005–06 season.

References
References

1952 births
Adirondack Red Wings players
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New Haven Nighthawks players
New York Rangers players
Providence Reds players
Rochester Americans players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Lidio John Fogolin, Sr. (born February 27, 1926 in Fort William, Ontario - d. November 29, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL.

Playing career
Lee Fogolin started his professional career with the Omaha Knights of the USHL in 1946. The next year he played for the Indianapolis Capitals of the AHL. He saw his first NHL action for the Detroit Red Wings in the 1948 playoffs. He began the 1949 season with Indianapolis before being called up to the NHL full-time.
He played the next 3 seasons with Detroit winning the Stanley Cup with them in 1950. In 1951 he was traded to the Chicago Black Hawks along with Steve Black for Bert Olmstead and Vic Stasiuk. He played the final 6 years of his career on less than impressive Chicago Black Hawks teams. In 1957 he signed on as a player-coach of the Calgary Stampeders of the WHL. He broke his elbow that season and decided to retire at its conclusion to concentrate on coaching full-time.
Coaching career
Lee Fogolin coached 1 season in the WHL in 1957. He did not return to coaching until 1971 with the Thunder Bay Twins of the USHL where he stayed for 2 seasons.

Trivia
Lee Fogolin Sr. played in 2 NHL All Star Games in 1950 and 1951.
His son Lee Fogolin Jr. won 2 Stanley Cups with the Edmonton Oilers in 1984 and 1985.
His grandson Michael Fogolin played for the Prince George Cougars in the WHL and died in his sleep on May 26, 2004 of a possible heart condition.

Other websites

Picture of Lee Fogolin's Name on the 1950 Stanley Cup Plaque 

1926 births
2000 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
David Robert Gatherum (born March 28, 1932) is a former professional ice hockey goaltender.

On October 11, 1953 Gatherum replaced injured Terry Sawchuk to record a shutout in his National Hockey League (NHL) debut for Detroit 4-0 win over Toronto.  He then played on October 16 and 17 for Detroit. Terry returned from injury and Gatherum returned to minors having 2 wins, and 1 tie.  He also set an NHL for the longest shutout sequence by a goaltender to start a career 100.21 min Oct 11-16, 1953. The record stood until 2011. He was recalled for playoffs as a spare goaltender and got his name on the Stanley Cup with Detroit in 1954.  Gatherum would never play in the NHL again.  He spent the rest of his career playing in the minors or senior hockey until retiring after 1959 season.

References

Other websites

Picture of Dave Gatherum's Name on the 1954 Stanley Cup Plaque
1932 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
St. Louis Flyers players
Peter John Goegan (March 6, 1934 in Fort William, Ontario - October 8, 2008) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 383 games in the National Hockey League who played for the Detroit Red Wings, New York Rangers, and Minnesota North Stars.

Goegan started playing hockey on some Fort William teams and then moved for two seasons to the Northern Ontario Hockey Association until joining professional hockey in 1956.

He played for two years in the American Hockey League (AHL) with the Cleveland Barons, winning a Calder Cup, but in the 1957-58 season he debuted in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings. In the following seasons he became a defender for the Red Wings team, except for a loan in the Western Hockey League during the 1959-60 championship.
In 1962 he played for a few months in the New York Rangers organization, winning another Calder Cup with the Springfield Indians farm team, but in October he returned to the Red Wings. He split five seasons between the NHL team and their AHL affiliate the Pittsburgh Hornets, with whom he won the third Calder Cup in his career.

In the summer of 1967 in the NHL Expansion Draft Goegan was selected by the Minnesota North Stars, with which he played a season for a total of 46 games in addition to a Western Hockey League loan. He retired a year later in 1969 after playing in other North American leagues.

Other websites 

1934 births
2008 deaths
Baltimore Clippers players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Minnesota North Stars players
New York Rangers players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Springfield Indians players
American Hockey League players
is a Railway station of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Seibu Railway that is in the city of Akishima, Tokyo, Japan.

Adjacent stations

Platforms

Other websites

Railway stations in Tokyo
1894 establishments
1890s establishments in Asia
19th-century establishments in Japan
Nagareyama-ōtakanomori Station (流山おおたかの森駅,ながれやまおおたかのもりえき) is a Railway station of Tōbu Railway and Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company in Nagareyama, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

Adjacent stations
 Tōbu Railway
 Tōbu Noda Line
 Hatsuishi - Nagareyama-ōtakanomori - Toyoshiki
 Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company
  Tsukuba Express
 Rapid
 Minami-Nagareyama (10) - Nagareyama-ōtakanomori (12) - Moriya (15)
 Seni-Rapid
 Minami-Nagareyama (10) - Nagareyama-ōtakanomori (12) - Kashiwanoha-campus (13)
 Local
 Nagareyama-centralpark (11) - Nagareyama-ōtakanomori (12) - Kashiwanoha-campus (13)

Railway stations in Chiba Prefecture
The European Coal and Steel Company was a union started in 1951. Its purpose was to bring the western countries of Europe together during the Cold War so they would be harder to attack. It was the forerunner of the European Union. Its original purpose was to prevent war between France and Germany. It created a market for coal and steel between all of the countries that signed it. It was dissolved in 2002 and put into the European Community. 

20th century in Europe
1957 establishments in Europe
2002 disestablishments in Europe
Toner is a powder commonly used in photocopiers and Laser printers to draw images and text onto paper. The early forms of toner were just carbon powder. Modern toners mix carbon with a thermoplastic and other materials.

In early machines, the user had to pour the toner into a reservoir on the machine itself. Current machines feed from a sealed cartridge which is normally a proprietary design. Although manufacturers try to make the process complicated, empty cartridges are sometimes refilled by third-party vendors.
Toner particles are melted by the heat of the fuser, and bind to the paper.

Health Risks 
Since toner is a fine dust, it can remain in the air for a long time, and is considered to have health effects similar to inert dust.
It can be very painful to people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or bronchitis.
Impact on the environment 
Many companies selling laser printers will also provide a way to return empty toner cartridges. These are commonly re-used, with new toner. Today, many toners have chips which tell the printer how much toner is left. These chips also need to be re-programmed, when the toner is re-filled.

Other websites

 Material Safety Data Sheets: HP LaserJet Print Cartridges from Hewlett-Packard
 Toner Particles – Monitoring Particle Size Distribution and Particle Shape  from Malvern Instruments

Printers
The Three Choirs Festival is a festival of classical music which is held every year in August.  The choirs from three cathedrals take part in many of the concerts.  The three cathedrals are: Hereford Cathedral, Gloucester Cathedral and Worcester Cathedral.  Each year the festival is held in one of those three cathedrals in turn.
The Three Choirs Festival is one of the oldest festivals of classical music.  It has its roots in the 18th century.  Many famous musicians have performed in the festival.  Concerts have been conducted by Samuel Sebastian Wesley, Edward Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams and many others.  Music has been composed for the festival by Frederick Delius, Zoltan Kodaly Holst, Arthur Sullivan, Herbert Howells, Gerald Finzi, William Walton, Arthur Bliss and Benjamin Britten, Lennox Berkeley, John McCabe, William Mathias, Paul Patterson and James MacMillan. As well as the cathedral choirs there is also a choir called the Festival Chorus which takes part, usually singing large-scale works with orchestra.  Many ensembles and international soloists perform at the festival.

Other websites
Three Choirs Festival website 
Hereford Cathedral
Gloucester Cathedral
Worcester Cathedral 

Music festivals in England
18th-century establishments in England
August events
Worcester Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Worcester, England. It stands on a bank overlooking the River Severn. It is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Worcester. Its official name is The Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Mary the Virgin of Worcester.  It was built between 1084 and 1504, so therefore there are many different kinds of architecture, from Norman to Perpendicular Gothic. It is famous for its Norman crypt and the unusual chapter house.

History
The Cathedral was founded in 680 with Bishop Bosel as its head.  Most of the cathedral we see today dates from the 12th and 13th centuries.

Monks and nuns had been at the Cathedral since the seventh century.  The monastery became Benedictine in the second half of the tenth century.  The Benedictine monks were driven out in 1540 and replaced by secular (non-religious) canons.
After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the building became a cathedral of secular clergy again. The cathedral often had restoration work done, especially by Sir George Gilbert Scott and A. E. Perkins in the 1860s. Both men are buried at the cathedral.

In the chancel of the cathedral is the tomb of King John.  The cathedral has a memorial, Prince Arthur's Chantry, to the young prince Arthur Tudor, who is buried here.  Arthur's younger brother and next in line for the throne was Henry VIII. Worcester Cathedral was not destroyed  by Henry VIII during the English Reformation because of his brother's chantry in the cathedral.

Other famous burials include Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (1867–1947), Bishop of Worcester John Gauden (1605–1662) and Richard Edes (d.1604), a chaplain to Elizabeth I and James I.
Bells
The tower has a ring of twelve bells plus three semitone bells and a non-swinging bourdon.  They are some of the most beautiful church bells ever made.  There is a teaching centre  with eight special training bells, linked to computers.

Music

Worcester Cathedral has three choirs: the Worcester Cathedral Choir (the main choir which has both a boys' and a girls' treble line, which normally work separately), Worcester Cathedral Chamber Choir, and the Worcester Cathedral Voluntary Choir. Since the 18th century, Worcester Cathedral Choir has taken part in the Three Choirs Festival, the oldest music festival in the world.

The composer Edward Elgar spent most of his life in Worcestershire. The first performance of his Enigma Variations took place at the cathedral during the 1899 festival.  There is a stained glass window which contains his portrait.
Worcester Cathedral has a long history of organs dating back to at least 1417. Until recently there was a large four-manual organ, originally built by Hope Jones.  Most of this organ was removed in 2006 in order to make way for a new instrument by Kenneth Tickell, which was completed in the summer of 2008.

Famous organists at Worcester have included Thomas Tomkins (from 1596), Hugh Blair (from 1895), Ivor Atkins (from 1897) and David Willcocks (from 1950). Today the organist (from 1996) is Adrian Lucas.

Related pages
English Gothic architecture
Romanesque architecture
Church of England
Three Choirs Festival

Other websites

Worcester Cathedral official web site

Anglican cathedrals in England
Worcester
Benedictine abbeys
Buildings and structures in Worcestershire
12th-century buildings and structures‎
A Formula One Grand Prix is an automobile event using open wheel cars. The Grand Prix takes place over an entire weekend. There are two practice sessions on Friday. On Saturday, there is one more practice session and then the qualifying session. The race takes place on Sunday. 

Formula One Grand Prix are run under the rules and control of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Typically, a FIA support series, such as the Formula Two, also runs during the weekend.

Practice 
All days of the week and times given are local. 

The event usually begins on Friday with two practice sessions. The first session, called Practice 1, runs from 10:00 to 11:30. The second session, called Practice 2, runs from 14:00 to 15:30 (or 2:00 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. in the 12-hour clock).
The practice sessions allow the drivers to learn the circuit and the teams to test their cars. Teams may test new parts on their cars. The car's wings and suspension settings may be changed to make the car faster. The teams may also allow one of their test drivers to drive the practice session.

The practice sessions have become more important starting in . With the FIA ban on testing during the season, the Friday sessions are the only time a team has to test new car parts.

The last practice session, called Practice 3, takes place on Saturday from 11:00 to 12:00. This allows the teams a final tune-up before qualifying starts.

Special races 
The Monaco Grand Prix used to have a special schedule. The practice sessions that normally took place on Friday were moved to Thursday because of the Ascension Day holiday that occurred on the Friday of the Grand Prix. However, from 2022, free practice one and free practice two now take place on a Friday like all other Grand Prix.
The Singapore Grand Prix, Bahrain Grand Prix and Abu Dhabi Grand Prix are the only night races in the Formula One calendar. Because of this, the session times are changed. Practice 1 runs from 18:00 to 19:30, and practice 2 runs from 21:30 to 23:00. The practice 3 session runs from 19:00 to 20:00.

Qualifying 
On Saturday at 14:00 the qualifying session takes place. This session will determine the running order at the beginning of the race. This is often called setting the grid. The qualifying session is split into three parts, called Q1, Q2, and Q3. Q1 is 18 minutes long, followed by a seven minute break. Q2 is 15 minutes long, followed by an eight minute break. Q3 is 12 minutes long. During each part of qualifying, the fastest lap time set by a car is recorded. Drivers may run as many or as few laps as they wish.
After Q1 is complete, the five slowest cars are eliminated (removed) from the qualifying session. This would include any cars that did not set a qualifying time. The remaining 15 cars advance (move on) to Q2. The five cars eliminated are placed in the last five start positions, based on their fastest time from Q1. The procedure is repeated for Q2. The five slowest cars from Q2 are placed in the 11 through 15 starting positions on the grid.

The top ten cars remain for Q3. After this final part of qualifying, the top ten starting positions on the grid are set. The fastest qualifier is placed in the first position, which is known as the pole position. This car will have an advantage at the start, because they do not need to follow any other cars.
Driving a qualifying lap 
Generally, a driver will leave the pits and drive around the track back to the start/finish line. This is called the out-lap, and is not a timed lap. This lap often starts out at a slower pace to warm up the tyres. They will be up to full speed by the time they reach the start line. When they cross the line, they will try to drive the quickest time they can around the circuit. This is called a flying lap or a hot lap. A driver may run several hot laps in a row. The fastest of these hot laps is used in setting the grid position. Finally, the driver will slow down and drive around the track. They re-enter the pit-lane on this in-lap. If there is still time left, they may put on fresh tyres and try to set a faster hot lap.

DNQ 
In the past, there were more cars entered for each race than the track had available space. When this would happen, not all cars would qualify. The slowest cars would not be able to race and would be listed as Did not Qualify (DNQ) in race results.
Pre-qualifying
In the late 1980s and early 1990s the number of cars attempting to enter each race was as high as 39. It was too dangerous to have that many cars on the track at the same time. A pre-qualifying session was used. The teams with the worst record over the last six months would need to pre-qualify. This including all new teams. Only the four fastest cars from this session were then allowed to the main qualifying session. The slowest cars from the pre-qualifying session were listed in race results as Did Not Pre-Qualify (DNPQ). Pre-qualifying was ended after  when many of the small teams left the sport.
107% rule
As the number of cars entered fell below 26, a new problem started. All cars entered would automatically qualify for the race. Some cars were much slower than most of the other cars. The 107% rule was introduced in . If the qualifying time of a car was not within 107% of the pole time, the car would not qualify for the race. For example, if the pole time was 1m 30s, the slowest a car could go to qualify would be 1m 36s. The race stewards could allow a slow car to race if they thought there was a good reason for it being slow. For example, rain may have slowed down the qualifying session.
This rule returned for the  F1 season.
Race 
The race itself is held on Sunday afternoon (Sunday night in Singapore, Bahrain and Abu Dhabi). Thirty minutes before race time, the cars take to the track. They may run several warm-up laps if they wish. When they are ready, they line up on the starting grid in the order they qualified. At race time, a green turns on to start the formation lap. The formation lap is a slow lap around the circuit. The cars warm up the engines and tyres, and all systems are checked. The cars return to their assigned grid spot and stop. The start is called a standing start. 

The starting light system is a set of five red lights mounted above the start/finish line. The red lights turn on one at a time, until all five red lights are on. Then there is a short delay of several seconds. Then the red lights turn off the race starts. The delay is different each time to keep the drivers from guessing when the race will start.
The length of the race is at least 305 kilometers. The fewest laps needed to race at least 305 km is determined for each circuit. The race in Monaco is different from all the rest as the race is set at 78 laps for 206.5 km.

The time of the race can not exceed two hours. After two hours, the race is ended the next time the lead car passes the finish line. The race can also be stopped short of the full distance for safety reasons if conditions are bad.
Pit stops 
Any time the car needs to be serviced, the driver must make a pit stop. The pit lane is next to the main straight with the start/finish line. The driver must enter the pit lane using the marked entrance road and select the pit limiter button, speeds vary from race to race.  If they do flaunt the limit, they will receive a penalty. The driver stops the car in the team's pit box. Each team has one pit box to service both of their cars. After the work is done, the driver reenters the pit lane. At the end of the pit lane, they enter the pit exit road. Here they speed up the car to race speed. The driver may not cross the white line, until the end of the pit exit lane, otherwise they will receive a penalty. 
Pit stops are usually completed in a few seconds.
Dry weather tyres 
Teams are supplied with tyres from Pirelli. They receive two different types of slick (tyres that have no tread) dry weather tyre compounds. The prime tyres and the option tyre. The prime tyre is made from harder rubber and will last longer. The option tyre is made from softer rubber. It will provide more traction in the corners, but will not last as long as the prime tyre. Each car is required to use at least one set of prime and one set of option tyres during the race.

The drivers who qualify in the first ten positions must start the race with the same tyres they qualified on. The remaining drivers may start the race on the tyre of their choice.

Wet weather tyres 
Teams are supplied with two different types of wet weather tyres. The intermediate and wet tyre. Intermediate tyres are used when the track surface is damp or during a light rain. Wet tyres (sometimes called full wets tyres) are used when the track surface is very wet.
Whenever wet weather tyres are used, the requirement to use both types of dry tyres is dropped.

Fuel 
Teams are no longer allowed to refuel their cars during the race. The cars must start the race with enough fuel to complete the full race distance. 

In the past, refueling was allowed. The amount of fuel a team would add to the car was part of the race strategy. Less fuel would make the car lighter so it would go faster. But more pit stops would be required to add fuel.

Race end 
When the leader completes the last lap of the race, and crosses the finish line, the race ends. Any remaining cars on the circuit race to the finish line and complete the lap they are on. If they are also on the lead lap, they are scored as being so many seconds behind the leader. If they are not on the lead lap, they are scored as being so many laps behind the leader. Any cars not still running are normally scored as retired (Ret). If they have completed 90% of the race distance, they scored with a finishing position.
The first three finishing positions are called a podium finish. The three drivers take their places on a podium. They stand as the national anthem of the race winner's home country and that of his team are played. Dignitaries from the country hosting the race then present trophies to the drivers. A constructor's trophy is presented to a representative from the winner's team.

Points system
Points system 

Points are awarded to drivers and teams based on their finishing order. The winner receives 25 points, the second place finisher 18 points, with 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 points for positions 3 through 10 and a bonus point for setting the fastest lap for any driver who finishes in a points scoring position. If a race is stopped before 75% of the scheduled race distance has been completed, the points awarded are cut in half. If two or more drivers tie for a position, prizes and points are added together and shared equally for all those drivers who tie. Constructors receive points as well as drivers. Each constructor receives the same amount of points that their two drivers earned.
The winner of the annual Driver's Championship is the driver with the most points. The same hold true for the Constructors' Championship. If two or more drivers (or constructors) have the same number of points, a tie breaker system is used. The one with the most wins is ranked higher. If the number of wins are the same, it goes to the one with the most second places and so on.

In the past, other point systems were used. Also, there were not as many races during the season as today. In the early years, there were seasons with as few as seven races. When F1 started in , only eight points were awarded to the winner. For the first decade of F1, an additional point was awarded for the fastest lap. For many years, only the best number of results would count toward the championship.
In  Alain Prost and Ayrton Senna were the drivers for McLaren. They were the best two drivers of that year. There were 16 races that year, but only the best 11 results counted towards the championship. Prost won seven races and finished seven races in second place. He scored a total of 105 points, but only 87 of them counted for the championship. Senna won eight races and finished second in three, giving him 90 points for the championship and 94 for the season. This resulted in the strange event where Prost took a record number of points, yet Senna won the championship.

Other websites 
Understanding the sport
F1 Sporting Regulations

References
The harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) is one of the largest eagles and most powerful birds of prey in the world. It is a magnificent meat-eater that lives in Central and South American rainforests. It is colored black and white.

This large eagle makes whistling and clicking calls. It is an endangered species because of the fragmentation and destruction of its habitat through logging, and also because of hunting.

The harpy eagle mostly eats large mammals, including monkeys and sloths. It eats howler monkeys, pygmy sloths, capybaras (the largest rodent in the world), foxes, capuchin monkeys, and some birds. Its talons reach to 5 inches, more than 2 times the length of a grizzly bear's claw.

References 
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/jungle-eagle-harpy-eagle-fact-sheet/7263/

Accipitriformes
Birds of Central America
Birds of South America
National symbols of Panama
The Quadrivium is the medieval education which led to the Master of Arts (MA) degree. The Quadrivium follows the Trivium in a liberal arts education.

The quadrivium consisted of four disciplines which were related to mathematics:
Arithmetic (numbers)
Geometry (space)
Music (time: harmonics)
Astronomy (time and space)

These four studies compose the secondary part of the curriculum outlined by Plato in The Republic. 

All the education was done in Latin, which educated pupils learnt at school, or from a private tutor. Latin was the lingua franca (universal language) of mediaeval Europe: even the Bible could only be read in Latin. Since the quadrivium was taught in universities, only boys could take it (because only males took part in universities). The teaching was done by priests. If girls wanted education, it had to be done in their homes. In the modern form of liberal arts in the United States, both sexes are taught, although there are still a few single-sex institutions.

References
References 

Liberal arts
Cultural history
History
The area was used since 1870 as a sports ground. It was called Jones's Road Sportsground. Since the foundation of the Gaelic Athletic Association it was used for major events in Gaelic sports. In 1913 the ground was bought by them. At this time the ground had one stand and earth walls around the field. In the 1920s the capacity raised by building new stands. In the 1980s the GAA decided to build a high capacity stadium. The final constructions were in 2003.

Bloody Sunday
During the Irish War of Independence on November 21, 1920 Croke Park was the scene of a massacre by the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). The police shot into a crowd which was visiting a Dublin-Tipperary Gaelic football match. The dead included 13 spectators and Tipperary's captain, Michael Hogan. To his memory the new stand of 1924 was named "Hogan Stand".
Stadiums in Europe
Buildings and structures in Dublin
Irish War of Independence
Sport in Dublin
1870 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in the Republic of Ireland
Iron(III) nitrate, also known as ferric nitrate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Fe(NO3)3. It contains iron in its +3 oxidation state. It also contains nitrate ions.

Properties
Iron(III) nitrate is a light purple solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is an oxidizing agent. It is acidic. It absorbs water easily to make a hydrate (chemical with water molecules attached to it).

Preparation
It is made by reacting iron or iron(III) oxide with nitric acid. The reaction of iron with nitric acid makes nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide is a brown and toxic gas.

Uses
It is used to etch silver alloys. It is also used to make sodium amide. It acts as a catalyst in this reaction.

It can be mixed with clay to make an oxidant clay. This oxidant clay can be used to make organic molecules.

Safety
Iron(III) nitrate is oxidizing, so it can catch things on fire. It is also corrosive to metal and can burn skin.

Related pages
Iron(III) chloride
Iron(III) sulfate

Nitrogen compounds
Iron compounds
The Ain-Diab Circuit was a Formula One road circuit built in 1957, southwest of Ain-Diab in Morocco, using the existing coast road and the main road from Casablanca to Azemmour.

The 7.618 km (4.734 mi) course was designed by the Royal Automobile Club of Morocco. It was given a full blessing from Sultan Mohammed V. It was built in only six weeks. The site hosted an non-championship F1 race in 1957. On 19 October 1958 the course was the venue for the Moroccan Grand Prix, the final round in the  Formula One season. It was won by Stirling Moss driving a Vanwall, completing the 53 laps in 2h 09m 15.1s.

There was a terrible accident during the race. The engine on the Vanwall of Stuart Lewis-Evans seized up. The car spun and crashed. He was severely burned, and died in a hospital in England six days later.

Related pages
 Moroccan Grand Prix

Other websites 
 Satellite picture by Google Maps

Formula One circuits
1957 establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Morocco
Beau Brummell, (born George Bryan Brummell, London 7 June 1778 – died Caen, France 30 March 1840), was the leader of men's fashion in Regency England. He was a friend of the Prince Regent, the future King George IV, and started the fashion for men to wear tailored clothes that were tasteful and fitted well.

The style 
Brummell once said: "If John Bull turns around to look at you, you are not well dressed; but either too stiff, too tight, or too fashionable". This hardly suggests a dandy whose cravats alone were a peacock display.

No doubt Brummell wore various styles, but one in particular seems to have been his favourite. The style included dark coats and full-length trousers, with an elaborately-knotted cravat. 

The coat was cut away at the front, and double-breasted. If worn open, it had a double-breasted waistcoat underneath. The tails of the coat were not long, ending above the back of the knees. They were cut square. The collar of the coat was a 'stand-up': it stood higher at the back of the neck.
Beau Brummell is credited with introducing and establishing as fashion the modern man's suit, worn with a tie. The modern tie is a descendant of the cravat. 

It is said that Brummell believed in cut rather than colour. In the illustration his clothes are well-fitted, but also quite colourful by our standards. 
"In the absence of colour and dazzle, tailoring would be noticed as never before. The humble tape-measure, for example, is one small example of his effect on clothing. Measuring came to be standardised as a result of the dandy craze and Brummell". 

He claimed to take five hours to dress. He recommended using champagne to clean boots and make them shine. His style of dress is often referred to as dandyism, Brummell would not have agreed with that description.
Personal grooming 
Brummell's personal grooming was very modern. He kept himself clean, which most people did not in his day. 
"Every day, his toilette would take more than two hours and would involve brushing his teeth, shaving, a thorough wash and scrub; followed by brushing his body all over with a stiff brush and finally pursuing any errant remaining hairs with a pair of tweezers. He prided himself on never needing scent because he was so clean".

This kind of care is quite modern, and a part of celebrity culture today. He was a perfectionist in his choice of clothes. There's a story of someone who visited him, and met his valet coming out of the room carrying a tray full of cravats. "These, Sir, are our failures"! said the valet. Brummell said of himself "I have no talents other than to dress; my genius is in the wearing of clothes".

Life
Life 

His father died in 1794, leaving him an inheritance of more than £20,000 pounds. He was educated at Eton and at Oriel College, Oxford University. He later joined the 10th Hussars, where he came to the attention of George, Prince of Wales. Through the influence of the Prince, Brummell was promoted to captain by 1796. When his regiment was sent from London to Manchester he resigned his commission.

For a time, Brummell avoided extravagance and gambling. For example, he kept horses but no carriages.  He was included in Prince George's circle. Here, he made an impression with his elegant manner of dress, and his clever remarks. His attention to cleaning his teeth, shaving and bathing daily became popular. 

However he did spend money on his appearance. When asked how much it would cost to keep a single man in clothes, he was alleged to have replied: "Why, with tolerable economy, I think it might be done with £800".
Brummell was influenced by his wealthy friends. He began spending and gambling as though his fortune were as great as theirs. This was not a problem while he could still get credit, but that did not last. Brummel could borrow money based on his closeness to the Prince. But in 1811, the Prince became Regent and began abandoning all his old Whig friends.

Downfall 
Brummell, Lord Alvanley, Henry Mildmay and Henry Pierrepoint were the prime movers of Watier's, called "the Dandy Club" by Byron. They were also the four hosts of the masquerade ball in July 1813. There an event occurred which ruined Brummel. The Prince Regent greeted Alvanley and Pierrepoint, but then "cut" Brummell and Mildmay by snubbing them, staring them in the face but not speaking to them. This provoked Brummell's remark, which became famous: "Alvanley, who's your fat friend?". This widened the rift between them.
Normally, the loss of royal favour to a favourite was doom, but Brummell had the approval and friendship of other leading people. He became a favourite without a patron, still in charge of fashion and courted by large segments of society.

However, his debts spun out of control and, when he tried to recover by various schemes, that only dug the hole deeper. In 1816, he fled to France to escape debtor's prison. Payment was demanded of thousands of pounds sterling owed by him. Usually, Brummell's gambling debts, as "debts of honour", were always paid immediately. The one exception to this was the final wager recorded for him in White's betting book.  Recorded March, 1815, the debt was marked "not paid, 20th January, 1816".
He lived the remainder of his life in France. In the reign of William IV he got an appointment at Caen by the influence of Lord Alvanley and the Marquess of Worcester. This gave him a small annuity. His final comment to a visiting friend was "My wallpaper and I are fighting a battle to the death. One of us has to go!" He died penniless and insane from strokes in Caen in 1840.

A statue of Brummell by Irena Sedlecka was erected on London's Jermyn Street in 2002.

References

Other websites 
A Greater London Council commemorative blue plaque for Beau Brummell is at 4 Chesterfield Street, London W1 

1778 births
1840 deaths
People from London
Fashion