Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The shield consists of many parts. In the center is an image of Mount Ararat with Noah's Ark sitting on top of it. According to tradition, the ark is said to have finally rested on the mountain after the great flood. Ararat is considered the national symbol of Armenia and so is of significant importance to the coat of arms. Surrounding Mount Ararat are symbols of old Armenian dynasties. In the lower left portion of the shield, there are two eagles looking at each other, symbolizing the length of the Armenian territory during the reign of the Artaxiad Dynasty that ruled in the 1st century BC. In the upper left portion, there is a lion with a cross, the emblem for the Bagratuni dynasty that ruled during the Middle Ages, between 7th and 11th centuries. Under this dynasty, Armenia blossomed culturally, making its capital, Ani, one of the most important cultural, social and commercial centers of its time. Bagratuni was destroyed by the Byzantine Empire's encroachment and by Seljuk invasions in the 11th century AD
. In the upper right portion, there is a two-headed eagle, the emblem of the first dynasty to reign over a Christian Armenia, the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia. Tiridates III of Arsacid Dynasty made Armenia the first Christian nation in 301 AD. This dynasty ruled from the 1st century AD to 428 AD. In the lower right portion, there is a lion with a cross, the emblem of the Rubenid dynasty. This dynasty reigned in Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, a state that expanded and prospered during the 12th and 13th centuries, until the Mamelukes and Turks eventually conquered it.
Eagle and Lion 
The eagle supports the shield on the left side of the coat of arms, while the lion on the right side. The eagle was the symbol of the Artaxiad Dynasty and later on the symbol of the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia. It holds the Artaxiad Dynasty's branch of the shield. Whereas, the lion was the symbol of the Bagratuni Dynasty and later on the symbol of the Rubenid Dynasty. It holds the Rubenid Dynasty's branch of the shield.

Both of these animals were chosen because of their power, courage, patience, wisdom, and nobility in animal kingdom.

Five vital elements 
 The sword represents the power and strength of the nation, breaking the chains of oppression.
 The broken chain represents effort shown by the nation to gain freedom and independence.
 The wheat ears represent the hard working nature of the Armenian people.
 The feather represents the intellectual and cultural heritage of the Armenian people.
 The ribbon represents the colors of the flag of Armenia.

History
History

Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of Armenia 
The present-day Armenian coat of arms has its origins with the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) in 1918. In that year, an early variation of the coat of arms was adopted by the DRA. The symbols on this earlier version were placed in a slightly different order and the eagle and lion have their tongues out, giving them a more menacing look. It's also worthy to note that only Mount Ararat (along with Little Ararat) are depicted while Noah's Ark is absent. The coat of arms was designed by architect and member of the Russian Academy of Fine Arts Alexander Tamanian (best known for his work on Yerevan's city plan) and artist Hakob Kojoyan.

Transcaucasian SFSR
In 1922 Armenia was incorporated into Transcaucasian SFSR with Georgia and Azerbaijan. The coat of arms of the Transcaucasian SFSR was adopted by the government of the Transcaucasian SFSR. It is uncertain when exactly it was adopted. It incorporates designs from each of the three major groups that combined in the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Armenians, Azeri and Georgians, and unusually features Islamic art and communist elements side by side. The latticework in the star itself bespeaks the former coat of arms of Georgia from 1918 to 1921 and adopted again from 1991 to 2004; the crescent moon represents the Muslim Azeris, on a background depicting the national symbol of the Armenians, Mount Ararat.

Soviet coat of arms
In 1937, a new coat of arms was adopted. Like the DRA coat of arms, this coat showed Mount Ararat along with the Soviet hammer and sickle and red star behind it. The inclusion of Ararat brought objections from Turkey because the mountain is part of its territory. The Kremlin retorted that although the Turkish symbol was the crescent, it did not mean that they laid claim to the moon. The Soviet Union broke apart in 1991 and Armenia thus became an independent republic.

Bald eagles, like other eagles worldwide, had been seen by many as symbols of strength, courage, freedom and immortality for generations.

Related pages
 Flag of Armenia

References

Other websites 
 Coat of arms of Armenia
 The Evolution of the Armenian Flag and Coat of Arms
 Armenica.org - Symbolic values and information about the Armenian flag and coat of arms
 National Coat of Arms of the Republic of Armenia - Official website
 Atlas of Conflicts: Examples of Old Armenian Heraldy

Armenia
National symbols of Armenia
The Arsacid Dynasty or (sometimes called the Arshakuni Dynasty) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 54 to 428. They started as a branch of the Parthian Arsacids but became a distinctly Armenian dynasty later on. Armenia was between the Parthian and Roman Empires and both were trying to control it. Arsacid Kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years after the fall of the Artaxiad Dynasty until 62 when Tiridates I of Armenia secured Arsacid rule in Armenia.

An independent line of Kings was established by Vologases II of Armenia (Valarses/Vagharshak) in 180. Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by St. Gregory the Illuminator in 301 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in 405.

References

History of Education in Armenia - by Kevork A. Sarafian, G A Sarafean
The heritage of Armenian literature Vol.1 - by A. J. (Agop Jack) Hacikyan, Nourhan Ouzounian, Edward S. Franchuk, Gabriel Basmajian
Other websites
Armenian History; Armenian Highland
Armenian History: Arshakuni Dynasty by Levon Zekiyan 
The Arshakuni Dynasty of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian 

Ancient Armenia
Royal dynasties
1st-century establishments
5th-century disestablishments
Hakob Karapetovich Kojoyan (1883 - 1959) was an Armenian artist. He worked in genres of painting, landscapes, and applied art. Hakob Kojoyan was awarded the designation of "People's Artist of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic." He helped Armenian architect Alexander Tamanian to create the coat of arms for the Democratic Republic of Armenia.

Biography 
Hakob Kojoyan was born in Akhaltsikhe (now in Georgia) to a family of Armenian jewelers. As a boy he apprenticed to the goldsmith's craft and learned engraving. At age 20 he went to study art in Munich, Germany, and in 1905 went to the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in Russia, where he studied for two years. He later spent time in Paris and Moscow, then in 1918 returned to Armenia.

References

1883 births
1959 deaths
Armenian artists
Alexander Tamanian (, March 4, 1878, Yekaterinodar - February 20, 1936, Yerevan) was an Armenian neoclassical architect, who is remembered today for his work in the city of Yerevan.

Other websites 
Alexander Tamanian at Armeniapedia.org
Alexander Tamanian at TACentral.com

Armenian people
1878 births
1936 deaths
Ani () is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site in Turkey. It is in the province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia. It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey.

At the height of its great times, Ani had a population of 100,000 - 200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople, Baghdad and Cairo. Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani has been abandoned and largely forgotten for centuries.

History 
Armenian chroniclers first mention Ani in the 5th century AD. They describe it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian Kamsarakan dynasty.
 
By the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in Arsharunik and Shirak (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty. Their leader, Ashot Msaker (Ashot the Meateater) (806-827) was given the title of ishkhan (prince) of Armenia by the Caliphate in 804.
Other monuments 
There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by Chalcedonian Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc.

Other websites 
 Virtual Ani - has clickable maps, extensive history and photos

History of Armenia
Ruins
Buildings and structures in Armenia
5th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in Armenia
The Armenian SSR  or Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia, came into being on 29 November 1920. On 1 December 1920, the Prime Minister Simon Vratsian handed over control of the country to the Communist Party of Armenia. The name was later changed to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Notes 

20th-century establishments in Armenia
Republics of the Soviet Union
1920 establishments in the Soviet Union
1920 disestablishments
Disestablishments in the Soviet Union
An extinct language is a language that no longer is the first language or the second language of anyone.  The opposite of a modern language, an extinct language is not spoken anymore and so no longer develops or changes. The first recorded example in human history is Sumerian.

It is not to be confused with a dead language, such as Latin, which is still spoken as a second language.

Recently-extinct languages
With last known speaker and/or date of death.
 Adai: (late 19th century)
 Akkala Sami: Marja Sergina (2003)
 entire Alsean family
 Alsea: John Albert (1942)
 Yaquina: (1884)
 Apalachee: (early 18th century)
 Atakapa: (early 20th century)
 Atsugewi: (1988)
 Beothuk: Shanawdithit (a.k.a. "Nancy April") (1829)
 entire Catawban family:
 Catawba: before 1960
 Woccon 
 Cayuse: (ca. 1930s)
 Chemakum: (ca. 1940s)
 Chicomuceltec: (late 20th century)
 Chimariko: (ca. 1930s)
 Chitimacha: Benjamin Paul (1934) & Delphine Ducloux (1940)
 entire Chumashan family: Barbareño language was last to become extinct. 
Barbareño: Mary Yee (1965)
Ineseño
Island Chumash
Obispeño
 Purisimeño
 Ventureño
 Coahuilteco: (18th century)
 Cochimí (a Yuman-Cochimí language): (early 19th century)
 entire Comecrudan family
 Comecrudo: recorded from children (Andrade, Emiterio, Joaquin, & others) of last speakers in 1886
 Garza: last recorded in 1828
 Mamulique: last recorded in 1828
 entire Coosan family
 Hanis: Martha Johnson (1972)
Miluk: Annie Miner Peterson (1939)
 Cornish: (Dolly Pentreath, last fluent speaker, died 1777) (undergoing attempts at revival)
 all Costanoan languages (which make up a subfamily of the Utian language family): (ca. 1940s)
 Karkin
 Mutsun
 Northern Costanoan: 
Ramaytush
Chochenyo
Tamyen
Awaswas
 Rumsen: last recorded speaker died 1939 in Monterey, California.
 Chalon
 Cotoname: last recorded from Santos Cavázos and Emiterio in 1886
 Esselen: report of few speakers left in 1833, extinct before end 19th century
 Gabrielino (an Uto-Aztecan language): elderly speakers last recorded in 1933
 Galice-Applegate (an Athabaskan language):
 Galice dialect: Hoxie Simmons (1963)
 Juaneño (an Uto-Aztecan language): last recorded in 1934
 Kakadu (Gagadju): Big Bill Neidjie (July 2002)
 entire Kalapuyan family:
 Central Kalapuya:
 Ahantchuyuk, Luckimute, Mary's River, and Lower McKenzie River dialects: last speakers were about 6 persons who were all over 60 in 1937
 Santiam dialect: (ca. 1950s)
 Northern Kalapuya:
Northern Kalapuya:
 Tualatin dialect: Louis Kenoyer (1937)
 Yamhill dialect: Louisa Selky (1915)
 Yonkalla: last recorded in 1937 from Laura Blackery Albertson who only partly remembered it.
 Kamassian: (1989)
 Karankawa: (1858)
 Kathlamet (a Chinookan language): (ca. 1930s)
 Kitanemuk (an Uto-Aztecan language): Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, Refugia Duran (last recorded 1937)
 Kitsai (a Caddoan language): (ca. 1940)
 Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (an Athabaskan language): children of the last speakers remembered a few words, recorded in 1935 & 1942
 Clatskanie dialect: father of Willie Andrew (ca. 1870)
 Kwalhioqua dialect: mother of Lizzie Johnson (1910)
 Lower Chinook (a Chinookan language): (ca. 1930s)
 Mahican: last spoken in Wisconsin (ca. 1930s)
 Manx: Ned Maddrell (December 1974) (but is being revived as a second language)
 Mattole-Bear River (an Athabaskan language):
 Bear River dialect: material from last elderly speaker recorded (ca. 1929)
 Mattole dialect: material recorded (ca. 1930)
Mbabaram: Albert Bennett (1972)
 Miami-Illinois: (1989)
 Mochica: ca. 1950s
 Mohegan: Fidelia Fielding (1908)
 Molala: Fred Yelkes (1958)
 Munichi: Victoria Huancho Icahuate (late 1990s)
 Natchez: Watt Sam & Nancy Raven (early 1930s)
 Negerhollands: Alice Stevenson (1987)
 Nooksack: Sindick Jimmy (1977)
 Northern Pomo: (1994)
 Nottoway (an Iroquoian language): last recorded before 1836
 Pentlatch (a Salishan language): Joe Nimnim (1940)
 Pánobo (a Pano-Tacanan language): 1991
 Polabian (a Slavic language): (late 18th century)
 Salinan: (ca. 1960)
 entire Shastan family
 Konomihu
 New River Shasta
 Okwanuchu
 Shasta: 3 elderly speakers in 1980, extinct by 1990
 Siuslaw: (ca. 1970s)
 Slovincian  (a Slavic language): (20th century)
 Susquehannock: all last speakers murdered in 1763
 Takelma: Molly Orton (or Molly Orcutt) & Willie Simmons (both not fully fluent) last recorded in 1934
 Tasmanian: (late 19th century)
Tataviam (an Uto-Aztecan language): Juan José Fustero who remembered only a few words of his grandparents' language (recorded 1913)
 Teteté (an Tucanoan language)
 Tillamook (a Salishan language): (1970)
 Tonkawa: 6 elderly people in 1931
 Tsetsaut (an Athabaskan language): last fluent speaker was elderly man recorded in 1894
 Tunica: Sesostrie Youchigant (ca. mid 20th century)
 Ubykh: Tevfik Esenç (October 1992)
 all dialects of Upper Chinook (a Chinookan language) are extinct, except for the Wasco-Wishram dialect. The Clackamas dialect began extinct in the 1930s, other dialects have little documentation. (The Wasco-Wishram dialect is still spoken by 6 elders.)
 Upper Umpqua: Wolverton Orton, last recorded in 1942
 Vegliot Dalmatian: Tuone Udaina (Italian: Antonio Udina) (10 June 1898)
 Wappo
 Wiyot: Della Prince (1962)
 Yana: Ishi (1916)
 Yola related to English (mid 19th c.)
Related pages
Endangered language
Language death
Language attrition

Other websites
 The Dodo's Fate: How languages become extinct (via Internet Archive)
 Linguist List - List of Ancient and Extinct Languages &A list of ancient and extinct languages with temporary codes
An Armenian-American or American Armenian is an American citizen who is Armenian, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion. During the 2009 Census in the United States, 1,270,000 Americans indicated either full or partial Armenian ancestry.

History 
The first Armenian known to have moved to America is nicknamed "Martin the Armenian". He was one of the settlers in the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. He arrived in Jamestown in 1618, when the colony was only 11 years old. Martin was invited to the colony to raise silk worms. Other Armenians were also brought to the colony but they went back to Europe.

Armenians began to arrive in the United States in high numbers in the late 19th century. However, the influx was intensified when over 100,000 Armenian refugees came after World War I to flee the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.

References

Other websites
 Information about Armenian-Americans in the United States
 More Information about Armenian-Americans
Ethnic groups in the United States
Armenian diaspora
Sir Thomas Cavendish (or Candish) (1560-1592) was an English sea explorer. He was known as "the Navigator" because he led the third expedition to travel around (circumnavigate) the globe. Cavendish was the first who set sail to do this. Magellan and Francis Drake were the first two to circumnavigate the globe, but they did not intend to do so. Cavendish died at sea on his second voyage around the world.

1560 births
1592 deaths
English explorers
William Saroyan () (August 31, 1908 - May 18, 1981) was an American author who wrote many plays and short stories about growing up impoverished as the son of Armenian immigrants. These stories were popular during the Great Depression. Saroyan grew up in Fresno, the center of Armenian-Americans in California, where many of his works are set (although he sometimes gave the city a fictional name).

Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "In Armenian it is sor-row'yan, accent on row.  In America it is mispronounced with... 'roy.'"
Life 
Saroyan was born in Fresno, California, the son of an Armenian immigrant. His father moved to New Jersey in 1905 - he was a small vineyard owner, who had been educated as a Presbyterian minister. At a certain point his father was forced to take farm-laboring work, and he died in 1911. At the age of four, William Saroyan was placed in the Fred Finch Orphanage in Oakland, California, together with his brother and sister - an experience he later described in his writing. Five years later the family reunited in Fresno, where his mother, Takoohi, had obtained work in a cannery.

Quotations 
 "The writer is a spiritual anarchist, as in the depth of his soul every man is. He is discontented with everything and everybody. The writer is everybody's best friend and only true enemy - the good and great enemy. He neither walks with the multitude nor cheers with them. The writer who is a writer is a rebel who never stops." (from The William Saroyan Reader, 1958)
"I should like to see any power of the world destroy this race, this small tribe of unimportant people, whose wars have all been fought and lost, whose structures have crumbled, literature is unread, music is unheard, and prayers are no more answered. Go ahead, destroy Armenia. See if you can do it. Send them into the desert without bread or water. Burn their homes and churches. Then see if they will not laugh, sing and pray again. For when two of them meet anywhere in the world, see if they will not create a New Armenia."

References

Other websites 
 The William Saroyan Society 
 William Saroyan article on Armeniapedia.org
 The William Saroyan Literary Foundation Intl.  on WilliamSaroyan.org

Writers from Fresno, California
1908 births
1981 deaths
Raphael Lemkin (; 24 June 1900 – 28 August 1959) was a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent. Before World War II, Lemkin was interested in the Armenian Genocide and campaigned in the League of Nations to ban what he called "barbarity" and "vandalism". He is best known for his work against genocide, a word he coined in 1943 from the root words genos (Greek for family, tribe or race) and -cide (Latin for killing).

Death
Lemkin died of a heart attack at the public relations office of Milton H. Blow in New York City in 1959, at the age of 59.

Other websites
Biographical sketch of Raphael Lemkin
Key writings of Raphael Lemkin on Genocide, 1933–1947
Raphael Lemkin at ArmeniaPedia

1900 births
1959 deaths
Belarusian Jews
Genocides in Europe
Polish lawyers
Polish Jews
Refugees from Nazism
Jewish lawyers
Vakıflı Köyü ( — Vakif) is the only ethnic Armenian village in Turkey. It is on the slopes of Musa Dagh in the Samandağ district of Hatay Province. It has a view of the Mediterranean Sea. From the village, people can see the Syrian border. It has a population of about 130 people. The village was destroyed in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.

Cities in Turkey
Hatay Province
The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in America of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492. This was the first part of the European colonization of the Americas.

The Spanish grew their control of land in America over the years until they owned Central America, most of South America, Mexico, the South of what today is Southern United States, the Western part of what today is the United States, the Southwestern part of what today is British Columbia in Canada, and even reaching Alaska. A lot of the colonisation involved genocide .

Spain went for one more push in 1920 but failed.
 Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America
 Robert Jackson's Missions of South America
 Spanish Colonial Missions Initiative NPS/INAH

References 
 

History of Native Americans
History of Spain
Spanish Empire
A Conquistador (English: Conqueror; : Conquistadores, or Conquistadors) was a Spanish and Portuguese soldier, explorer and adventurer. The Conquistadors invaded and conquered much of the Americas and the Philippines Islands and other islands in Asia Pacific. Many of them were hidalgos (noblemen of low category).

Their conquests brought these lands under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas. They created what is now called Latin America.

The first successful conquistador was Hernán Cortés. Between 1520 and 1521, Cortés and the native enemies of the Aztecs, conquered the mighty Aztec Empire. Present day Mexico came under the dominion of the Spanish Empire, as New Spain. Francisco Pizarro later found and conquered the similarly large Inca Empire.
List of Conquistadors 
 Alonso Dávila (México, 1520-1533)
 Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
 Alonso de Ojeda (Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Aruba)
 Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (United States, 1527-1536, 1540-1542)
 Antonio de Aragón, Tucumán (Argentina)
 Cristóbal de Olid (Honduras, 1523-1524)
 Diego de Almagro (Perú, 1524-1535, Chile, 1535-1537)
 Diego de Nicuesa (Panamá, 1506-1511)
 Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (Cuba, 1511-1519)
 Domingo Martínez de Irala
 Francisco de Montejo (Yucatán, México, 1527-1546)
 Francisco de Orellana (Amazon River, 1541-1543)
 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán, México, 1517)
 Francisco Pizarro (Perú, 1509-1535)
 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (United States, 1540-1542)
 Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (Colombia, 1536-1537, Venezuela, 1569-1572)
 Gonzalo Pizarro (Perú, 1532-1542)
 Hernán Cortés (México, 1518-1522, Honduras, 1524, Baja California, 1532-1536)
 Hernando de Soto (United States, 1539-1542)
 Hernando Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1560)
 Inés Suárez, (Chile, 1541)
Juan de Esquivel, (Jamaica, 1509-1512)
 Juan de Salcedo, (North of Philippines, 1570-1576)
 Juan de Grijalva (Yucatán, México, 1518)
 Juan Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1536)
 Juan Ponce de León (Puerto Rico, 1508, Florida, 1513 and 1521)
 Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
 Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (United States, 1524-1527)
 Martín de Goiti, (Manila, Philippines, 1570-1571)
 Martín de Ursúa, (Petén, Guatemala, 1696-1697)
 Miguel López de Legazpi, (Philippines, 1565-1571)
 Nicolás de Federmann (Venezuela and Colombia, 1537-1539)
 Pánfilo de Narváez (Florida, 1527-1528)
 Pedro de Alvarado (México, 1519-1521, Guatemala, 1523-1527, Perú, 1533-1535, México, 1540-1541)
 Pedro de Valdivia (Chile, 1540-1552)
 Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (Florida, 1565-1567)
 Sebastián de Belalcázar (Ecuador and Colombia, 1533-1536)
 Sebastián Vizcaíno
 Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Panamá, 1510-1519)
References

Other websites 
 The Conquistadors - Start the Adventure (PBS): https://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/home.htm

History of Spain
Spanish Empire
Portuguese Empire
Shushanik Kurghinian (Popoljian) (1876-1927) was an Armenian poet. Kurghinian received little or no recognition for her outstanding poems. Although a socialist with some stirring poems of labour's rebellion to her name, she remained a dim star even in the Soviet era. Today she is almost unknown, away from the literary canon in Armenia and the Diaspora.

Background 
Shushanik Kurghinian was born on August 18, 1876, in Alexandrapol, in the Yerevan province of Eastern Armenia, into a poor family of Popolji Harout. In her autobiography Shushanik writes of her childhood: “Sometimes father would bring his [shoe-repair] ‘workstation’ home, in order to save money, and I would work for him – demanding my wages, every single kopek (Coin). My mother, having been raised in a traditional household, would reprove my ‘ill behavior toward my parent,’and blamed those harmful books for corrupting me.”
Works 
`Whoever is without hope, dulled, without spirit,
alone and lacking faith...
bring them to me
my spirit is free
I will give them of my soul...'
(Selected Works, 1982 Yerevan p260)

Other websites 
`I Want to Live: Poems of Shushanik Kurghinian' or at ArmeniaPedia.org

Armenian poets
Autobiographers
1876 births
1927 deaths
Gyumri (Armenian:Գյումրի) is the capital and largest city of the Shirak province in northwest Armenia. It is located about 75 miles from the capital Yerevan, and, with a population of 150,917 (2001 census), is the second-largest city in Armenia.

Other websites 
 City website 
 Surp Amenaprkich cathedral in Gyumri

Cities in Armenia
Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought in Protestant Christian theology founded by the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius.

Other websites
 The Works of Jacob Arminius 
 What is an Arminian?  by John Wesley

Protestant theology
Christian movements and denominational families
Protestant Reformation
Sevak Ruben or Ruben Sevak (February 15, 1885 – August 26, 1915) was an Armenian poet a prose-writer, and a doctor.

Among many others, he was arrested on April 24, 1915 and killed on August 26, 1915 during the Armenian Genocide.

Armenian poets
1885 births
1915 deaths
National Gallery of Armenia at Yerevan, Armenia.

The old Armenian subdivision owns works of famous Armenian artists of early medieval and succeeding periods.

Today its collection is over 19,000 specimens shown in the Russian, Armenian and West-European divisions of paintings, sculptures, graphic and applied arts.

The National Art Gallery of Armenia has a lot of branches in Yerevan and other towns of the republic. The memorial-houses of the artist Hakop Kojoyan and the sculptor Ara Sarkissian are in the capital. They exhibit the best works of the two far-famed men of arts.
National Gallery of Armenia is one of the biggest museums of the Republic. NGA was founded in 1921 as an art section of the State museum. The foundation of the section has been consisted of dozens of works purchased from Armenian painters’ exhibition organized in August 1921. A decisive factor in the formation of the art section was the assignation of the rich collection of The Armenian Palace of Culture / The former  Lazarian Gymnasium/ and the donations of Armenian artists to it. Already in 1925 there were exposed about 400 works of Armenian, Russian and European masters in the six halls of the art section.
In 1935 the art section was changed into Art Museum, in 1947 it was called State Museum of Armenia and from 1991 it was renamed as National Gallery of Armenia. In 1978 a new 8 storey building was put into exploitation. Now the collection of the NGA includes about 26.000 museum exhibits and the building has 56 exposition halls in which there are presented the museums treasures by temporary and permanent exhibitions.
Armenian art presents the considerable part of the exposition. It begins with ancient and Medieval Art: Urartu frescoes, with valuable documental copies of Garni temple’s mosaics and Medieval wall-paintings and miniatures, also Clerical paintings of XVII-XIX centuries, silver book-covers of manuscripts, crosses, etc.
The exposition is continued by the works of Armenian classics /H.Hovnatanian, H.Ayvazovski, G.Bashinjaghian, P.Terlemezian, V.Sureniants, V.Mahokian / by works of XX century artists /M.Saryan, H.Kojoyan, H.Gurdjian, E.Chahin, G.Khanjian, M.Avetisian and by works of other remarkable artists /.
Russian art is representative in the collection of NGA. Here you can see sacred images of XVI-XVII centuries and works of XVIII-XX centuries well known artists F. Rokotov, I.Argunov, F.Shubin, I.Repin,V.Serov,M.Goncharova,I.Mashkov,S.Konenkov,W.Kandinski,M.Chagal, etc.
In the halls of foreign art the exposition begins with the culture of Ancient World Egypt and Greece. Here there are presented works by well-known artists of Italian, Holland, Flemish and French art schools /F. Guerchino, Jan Van Goyen, P. Claesz, E. M. Falconet, J. B.Greuze, T.Rousseau, A. Monticelli/.
In 2008 there was opened pavilion of Hakob Gurjian’s works, also reopened and enlarged the permanent exposition of XVII-XIX centuries Armenian Clerical art.
The restoration and conservation studios operate in the gallery. There is a library, an archive, cafeteria, souvenir and book store, also operates film and lecturing hall.
The National Gallery of Armenia participates to international exhibitions with separate art works from his collection, organizes exhibitions of Armenian art in different countries greatly facilitating the recognition of national art.
The National Gallery has branch museums in Yerevan/ H.Kojoyan and A.Sargsian home-museum, Jotto /G. Grigorian studio/,in Echmiadzin/The Echmiadzin gallery,Mher Abeghian museum/in Hrazdan/Hrazdan gallery/,in Jermuk/The Jermuk gallery/,in Sisian/The Sisian gallery/, in Alaverdi/The Alaverdi gallery/in Eghegnadzor /The Eghjegnadzor gallery/, in Gavar/the Academician H.Buniatian Gavar gallery/, in Martuni/the Martuni gallery/and in Jajur the M. Avetissian museum/.
In different years the gallery directed R. Drambian /1925-1951/, R.Parsamian /1952-1962/, A.Chilingarian/1962-1967/, E.Isabekian/ 1967-1986/, A.TerGabrielian/ 1986-1990/, Sh.Khatchatrian/ 1991-2002/ and P.Mirzoyan/2002/ noted artists who has great contribution to the enlargement of the collection in the field of popularization and scientific research.
Armenian culture
Yerevan
Organizations based in Armenia
The Armenian Evangelical Church (Armenian: Հայաստանեայց Աւետարանական Եկեղեցի) was established on July 1, 1846 by thirty-seven men and three women in Constantinople.

History
In the 19th century, there was intellectual and spiritual awakening in Constantinople. This awakening and enlightenment pushed the reformists to study the Bible. Under the patronage of the Armenian Patriarchate, a school was opened, headed by Krikor Peshdimaljian, one of the leading intellectuals of the time. The principal aim of this school was to train qualified clergy for the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Today, there are 88 Armenian Evangelical Churches in the following countries: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, England, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Uruguay, and the United States of America.

Other websites
Directory of Armenian Evangelical Churches, Institutions, Pastors and Christian Workers Worldwide 

Protestantism
The Armenian alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the 5th century.

The Armenian word for "alphabet" is այբուբեն (CA, EA: , or WA: ), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet.

Related pages
Armenian language

Other websites 
 theiling.de: Learn the Armenian alphabet online
 Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church Library Online (in English, Armenian, and Russian)
 stnersess.edu : Bedross Der Matossian on the use of Armeno-Turkish
Unicode Support for Armenian
 Unicode Character Code Chart for Armenian
 transliteration schemes for the Armenian alphabet (transliteration.eki.ee)

Armenian language
5th-century works
The Orontid dynasty, also known by their native name Eruandid or Yervanduni, was an Armenian dynasty that ruled the Satrapy of Armenia until 321 BC and the Kingdom of Armenia from 321 BC to 200 BC.

Origins 
The origins of the dynasty are a matter of debate, it has been described as an "Iranian" or "Armenian" dynasty. Some historians claim that the Orontids had a lineage relationship with the Achaemenid dynasty.

Panossian states the following about the Orontids (Yervandunis);"It is not known whether the Yervandunis were ethnically Armenian. They probably had marriage links to the rulers of Persia and other leading noble houses in Armenia."

Culture and language 
During the Orontids, despite the Hellenistic invasion; Persian and local Armenian culture remained the most powerful element in society and elites. The Orontid dynasty spoke Armenian.  Some have suggested a continuity with the Hittite name Arnuwanda.

References
References

Other websites
The Yervanduni Dynasty-A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture 
The Orontid (Ervanduni) dynasty 

Monarchs of Armenia
Royal dynasties
The Armenian Highland (also known as the Armenian Upland or Armenian Plateau) is part of the Transcaucasian Highland and constitutes the continuation of the Caucasus mountains, also referred as eastern Armenia.

The apricot is native to China and spread to Europe through the Armenia Highlands. It came to be known throughout the ancient world as the Armenian fruit. Its botanical name Prunus armeniaca, derives from the Latin vernacular for apricot, armeniacum, which some scholars have linked to its Akkadian name .

Many scholars place the Indo-European homeland in the Armenian Highlands and the plateau of Asia Minor to the southwest.
Others believe that it was in Eastern Europe or southern Russia.

Some scholars believe, for example, that the earliest mention of the Armenians is in the Akkadian inscriptions dating to the 28th-27th centuries BC, in which the Armenians are referred to as the sons of Haya, after the regional god of the Armenian Highlands.
Related pages
 Greater Armenia (political concept)
 Armenian Genocide

References

Other websites 
 The Armenian empire
 History of Armenia

Geography of Armenia
Mountains of Asia
Mountains of Europe
The Armenian Quarter is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. Although the Armenian people are Christians, the Armenian Quarter is distinct from the Christian Quarter.

Other websites 
 Jerusalem Photos Portal - Armenian Quarter
 Armenians in Israel

Armenian diaspora
Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
Paulo César Fonseca do Nascimento (born 13 January 1978) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Borussia Dortmund.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Grêmio||rowspan="3"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1997||10||1
|-
|1998||14||0

|-
|1999||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||24||8

|-
|2000||Botafogo||Série A||17||1
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Grêmio||rowspan="3"|Série A||11||2
|-
|2002||22||2
|-
|2003||32||2

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||11||0
|-
|2004/05||9||0

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||35||5
|-
|2006||7||1

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||31||4
|-
|2007/08||33||4
|-
|2008/09||27||1
|-
|2009/10||||
148||14
24||8
20||0
91||9
283||31
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Porto Alegre
Lina Hahne (born January 23, 1984) was crowned Miss Sweden on June 26. She represented the country in Miss Universe 2008.

Other websites
Miss Sweden official homepage
Interview with Lina Hahne on TV4 morning news 

1984 births
Living people
Beauty pageant winners
Swedish models
Miss Universe is an international beauty contest. It was started in 1952 and today has over 190 countries taking part. About one billion people watch it on television every year.

The competition was first shown on American national television in 1955. In 1960, the show moved from California to Florida. Until 1971, the competition was held in the United States, and since 1972 - every year in a new country. 

The pageant is owned by WME and IMG, with Fox owning the rights to broadcast the pageant on television. Until 2015, it was owned by NBC and Donald Trump. In 2015, Trump started his campaign for President of the United States and said he wanted to stop illegal immigrants from Mexico from coming into the US. NBC then stopped working with him, and so Trump bought Miss Universe out, and sold it to its current owners a few days later.
History 
After winning the 1951 Miss America competition, Yolanda Betbese refused to pose in Catalina swimwear from Pacific Mills, sponsor of the competition. Because of this, in 1952 the company left the Miss America competition and organized an alternative national Miss USA competition, as well as an international Miss Universe competition.

Sponsored by the American airline Pan Am and the Universal Film Studio The Miss Universe pageant was first held on June 28, 1952 in Long Beach, California. At the beginning of its existence, it was intended to promote beach fashion: for a month, applicants advertised beach products. 

The first winner of the Miss Universe title was 17-year-old Armi Kuusela from Finland. She was crowned with the wedding tiara of the Romanov dynasty. The competition was attended by girls from 30 countries.

Recent Winners

References

Other websites 

 Miss Universe official homepage

Universe
1952 establishments
Frank Thomas (born May 27, 1968) is a former American Major League Baseball player who spent most of his career with the Chicago White Sox. Near the end of his career, he also played with the Oakland Athletics and Toronto Blue Jays. He hit his 500th career home run on June 28, 2007. He was the 21st person to hit 500 home runs.

Thomas was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2014, and will officially enter the Hall on July 27.

1968 births
Living people
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Chicago White Sox players
Oakland Athletics players
Toronto Blue Jays players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
People from Columbus, Georgia
Northwest or north west is the direction halfway between North and West on a compass. It is the opposite of Southeast.

Compass directions
Southeast or south east is the direction halfway between south and east. It the opposite of northwest.

Compass directions
Silvia Night is a fictional (not real) character played by Eva Augusta from Iceland. Silvia Night participated in Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Greece. She is famous for her larger than life and narcissistic persona.

Other websites
Silvia Night homepage

Fictional European people
Icelandic singers
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American businessman, media personality and politician. He was the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.

Trump was the chairman and president of The Trump Organization. Much of his money was made in real estate in New York City, Las Vegas, and Atlantic City. He used to own the Miss Universe pageant. He was the star in his own reality show The Apprentice. In October 2019, Trump changed the state he officially lived in from New York to Florida.
In June 2015, Trump said that he would run for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election. Starting mid-July, polls showed that Trump was the front-runner for the Republican Party, ahead of Ted Cruz. This was true even after much criticism from his party because of what he said about illegal immigration, Muslims, and ISIS. His campaign was supported by mostly middle-class and rural working class families. It gained opposition from Democrats, some Republicans, business people, some world leaders and the pope.

On May 4, 2016, Trump became the expected Republican Party nominee for president. Trump then was in the general election against Democrat Hillary Clinton (former Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, and First Lady of the United States). He won this election on November 9, 2016, after a close race with Clinton. Each of them needed 270 electoral votes to win. Trump had 304 while Clinton had 227. He was inaugurated as the 45th president on January 20, 2017, at 70 years old.
In November 2020, Trump lost his re-election to former Vice President Joe Biden after the 2020 election. He became the first president since George H. W. Bush in 1992 to lose his re-election. However, he refused to agree with the result and said he won the election by a big amount. He also sued states where Biden won. In January 2021, Trump controversially made a telephone call with Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger. In the call, he was reported to have tried to change the election results. A few days later, his supporters rioted at the United States Capitol, which killed five people. This caused the United States House of Representatives to impeach Trump again. This made Trump the only president to be impeached twice. The United States Senate voted to acquit him of all charges. Scholars and historians have ranked Trump as one of the worst presidents in American history.
Early life
Donald John Trump was born at Jamaica Hospital Medical Center in Queens, New York City. He is the son of Fred Trump and his wife Mary Anne (née MacLeod). They married in 1936. His mother was born on the Isle of Lewis, off the west coast of Scotland. Donald was one of five children. Donald's oldest brother, Fred Jr., died in 1981 at the age of 43, due to an alcohol addiction. Trump's sister, Maryanne, is a judge in New York. Trump's father's parents were German immigrants.
His grandfather, Frederick Trump, immigrated to the United States in 1885. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1892. Frederick married Elisabeth Christ (October 10, 1880 – June 6, 1966) at Kallstadt, State of Bavaria, Germany, on August 26, 1902. They had three children. He studied at Fordham University until transferring to the University of Pennsylvania.
Trump was not drafted during the Vietnam War. This was due to four college deferments and one medical deferment. In an interview with The New York Times, he said his medical deferment was because of heel spurs.
Career

Hotel developments
Trump has developed many real estate projects. They include Trump International Hotel and Tower in Honolulu, Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago, Trump International Hotel and Tower in Toronto, and Trump Tower in Tampa. In Fort Lauderdale, Florida, one Trump construction project was put on hold in favor of another (Trump International Hotel and Tower in Fort Lauderdale). Trump Towers in Atlanta was being developed in the housing market, however the project fell after the 2008 recession and instead buildings that didn't belong to Trump were built.
In its October 7, 2007 Forbes 400 issue, "Acreage Aces", Forbes valued Trump's wealth at $3 billion. Since 2011, his net worth has been estimated from $2 billion to $7 billion. Forbes estimated his net worth at $3.1 billion in 2019.
Beauty pageants
From 1996 until 2015, Trump owned part or all of the Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA beauty pageants.

Wrestling support 

Trump is a WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment) fan, and a friend of WWE owner Vince McMahon. In 1988–89 he hosted WrestleMania IV and V at Boardwalk Hall (dubbed "Trump Plaza" for storyline purposes) and has been an active participant in several of the shows. Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013 at Madison Square Garden for his contributions to the promotion. He made his sixth WrestleMania appearance the next night.

The Apprentice 

In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host of the NBC reality show The Apprentice, in which a group of competitors battled for a high-level management job in one of Trump's commercial enterprises. In 2004, Trump filed a trademark application for the catchphrase "You're fired!"
For the first year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he was paid $1 million per episode. In a July 2015 press release, Trump's campaign manager said that NBCUniversal had paid him $213,606,575 for his 14 seasons hosting the show.

On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would be renewing The Apprentice for a 15th season. On February 27, Trump stated that he was "not ready" to sign on for another season because of the possibility of a presidential run. On June 29, after a widespread negative reaction stemming from Trump's campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement saying, "Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with Mr. Trump." Trump was replaced by former Governor of California and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger.
Political activity before 2015 
Trump switched between political parties a number of times. He registered as a Republican in 1987, a member of the Independence Party in 1999, a Democrat in 2001, a Republican in 2009, with no political party in 2011, and a Republican in 2012.

In 2011, Trump said that President Barack Obama was born in Kenya; Obama was actually born in Hawaii. If Obama had been born in Kenya, he would not have been allowed to run for president. Trump repeatedly said that Obama was lying about where he was born, an idea called "Birtherism". Even after Obama shared his birth certificate with the public, Trump suggested that it could be fake.

2016 presidential campaign
Announcement
Trump made a formal announcement of his candidacy for president of the United States for the 2016 elections on June 16, 2015. He made the announcement at 11am EST from his headquarters in Trump Tower in New York City. Trump launched his campaign saying, "We are going to make our Country Great Again" with a commitment to become the "greatest jobs president." Trump's official campaign slogan was "Make America Great Again." That was first used by Alexander Wiley, but Donald Trump trademarked it.

On May 4, 2016, Trump became the presumptive nominee after his only challengers, Texas United States senator Ted Cruz and Governor of Ohio John Kasich, dropped out.
Border security and illegal immigration remarks
During his announcement speech he stated in part, "When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best. They're sending people that have lots of problems, and they're bringing those problems with us. They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people."  On July 6, 2015, Trump issued a written statement to clarify his position on illegal immigration, which drew a reaction from critics.
Ideology
Trump has described his political leanings and positions in many ways over time.  Politico has called his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory". He has listed several different party affiliations over the years, and has also run as a Reform Party candidate. The positions that he has revised or reversed include stances on progressive taxation, abortion, and government involvement in health care.
He has supported Christian groups in the U.S., claiming that he will reverse unfavorable tax treatments preventing them from expressing themselves in the political arena and promising to revive a more widespread use of the phrase "Merry Christmas" instead of "Happy Holidays" in department stores. Other issues he highlighted include taking care of military veterans, making the military "strong", aggressive bombing of the Mideast terrorist group ISIS, surveillance of certain mosques in the U.S., and making trade agreements more favorable to American workers.

Primaries
Primaries

Trump entered a large field of candidates consisting of 16 other Republican candidates campaigning for the nomination, the largest presidential field in American history. By early 2016, the race had mostly centered on Donald Trump and U.S. Senator Ted Cruz. On Super Tuesday, Trump won the majority of the delegates and remained the front-runner throughout the primaries.

Finishing in June 2016 with nearly 14 million votes, Trump broke the all-time record for winning the most primary votes in the history of the Republican Party.

General campaign and election