Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Radiography is the name for the use of X-rays to see what is happening to parts of the body. It is an imaging technique which uses electromagnetic radiation other than light, usually X-rays. 

To create the image, a beam of X-rays is produced by an X-ray machine and is projected toward the object. A certain amount of X-ray is absorbed by the object, which is dependent on the density and composition of that object. The X-rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a detector (either photographic film or a digital detector). The detector gives a superimposed 2D representation of the object's internal structures.

Tomography 
Tomography is a more advanced way of using X-rays. In tomography, the machine blurs out structures not in the focal plane. This gives a series of pictures, like a set of slices through the body. It is called CT scanning, or computer tomography. The computer builds a 3-D picture for the expert to look at.
Radiography has many medical and industrial uses.
Medical imaging
The Place Beyond the Pines is a 2012 American crime drama movie. It was directed by Derek Cianfrance and it was produced by Lynette Howell, Sidney Kimmel, Alex Orlovsky, and Jamie Patricof.

The movie got positive reviews from critics. It has a 80% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Kevin Jagernauth of Indiewire gave a positive review and said that it was a "ambitious epic that is cut from some of the same thematic tissue as Cianfrance's previous film, but expands the scope into a wondrously widescreen tale of fathers, sons and the legacy of sins that are passed down through the generations".

Cast 
 Ryan Gosling as Luke Glanton
 Bradley Cooper as Avery Cross
 Eva Mendes as Romina Gutierrez
 Ray Liotta as Peter Deluca
 Ben Mendelsohn as Robin Van Der Zee
 Rose Byrne as Jennifer Cross
 Mahershala Ali as Kofi
 Bruce Greenwood as Bill Killcullen
 Dane DeHaan as Jason Cankam
 Emory Cohen as A. J. Cross
 Harris Yulin as Al Cross
 Robert Clohessy as Chief Weirzbowski
 Olga Merediz as Malena

References

Other websites
Other websites 

2012 crime movies
2012 drama movies
2010s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in New York (state)
Movies set in the 1990s
Subsidiary alliance is a system developed by the East India Company by Lord Wellesley. It solved the problem of ruling a nation which is under the rule of a king. 

Some of the rules of the subsidiary alliance were:
 An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British had to accept British forces in his  territory and also agreed to pay for their maintenance.
Such a ruler would not form an alliance with any other power, nor would he declare war against any power without the permission of the British.
 The ruler would not employ any Europeans other than the British, and if he were already doing so, he would dismiss them.
 In case of a conflict with any other state, the British would decide what to do, and he would accept their solution.
 The ruler would acknowledge the East India Company as the power in India.
 In return for the ruler accepting its conditions, the Company undertook to protect the state from external dangers and internal disorders.
 If the Indian rulers failed to make the payments required by the alliance, then part of their territory was to be taken away as a penalty.
The House of La Trémoille is an old French family which takes its name from a village (now La Trimouille) in western France. They are related to the Princely Family of Ligne. The family has been known since the middle of the 11th century, and since the 14th century its members have been important in French history.

The main line were known as the Viscounts of Thouars (they were made dukes in 1563),  who also used the title Prince of Talmont as well as Prince of Tarente. Men in the family also used the title of Dukes of La Trémoille but more often than not Duke of Thouars  was used.

Dukes of Thouars

The heir to the title was usually called the Prince of Talmont.
1541-1577: Louis de la Trémoille married Jeanne de Montmorency.
 1577-1604: Claude de la Trémoille married Charlotte Brabantine of Orange.
 1604-1668: Henri de La Trémoille married Marie de La Tour d'Auvergne.
 1668-1672: Henri Charles de La Trémoille married Amélie de Hesse-Cassel.
 1674-1709: Charles Belgique Hollande de La Trémoille married Madeleine de Créquy.
 1709-1719: Charles Louis Bretagne de La Trémoille married Marie Madeleine Motier de La Fayette.
 1719-1741: Charles Armand René de La Trémoille married Marie Hortense de La Tour d'Auvergne.
 1741-1792: Jean Bretagne Charles de La Trémoille married Marie Geneviève de Durfort then Marie Maximiliane zu Salm-Kyrburg.
 1792-1839: Charles Bretagne Marie de La Trémoille married Louise Emmanuelle de Châtillon then Valentine Eugénie Joséphine Walsh de Serrant.
 1839-1911: Louis Charles de La Trémoille. married Marguerite Tanneguy de Duchâtel.
 1911-1921: Louis Charles Marie de La Trémoille  married Helene Marie Leonie Pillet-Will.
Jin Youzhi (17 August 1918 – 10 April 2015), also known as Aisin Gioro Puren, was the fourth and youngest son of Zaifeng. He was the last surviving sibling of Puyi, the final ruler of the Qing Dynasty and last Emperor of China.

Youzhi was born in the Prince Chun Mansion in Shichahai, Beijing.

References

1918 births
2015 deaths
People from Beijing
Alexander Dalgarno FRS (January 5, 1928 – April 9, 2015) was a British physicist. He was a Phillips Professor of Astronomy at Harvard University. He worked in theoretical chemistry, scattering theory, atmospheric physics & chemistry and astrophysics. He was known as the "father of molecular astrophysics".

References

Other websites

 Interview with Alexander Dalgarno 
 A volume honouring Alexander Dalgarno
 His International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science page
 Autobiographical article in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics

1928 births
2015 deaths
British physicists
Scientists from London
Harvard University faculty
Judith Malina (June 4, 1926 – April 10, 2015) was a German-born American theater and movie actress, writer, and director. 

Malina was born in Kiel and moved to New York City at age three.

She co-founded The Living Theatre. She was active during the 1960s and 1970s. She was known for her roles as Sonny's mother in Dog Day Afternoon, Rose in Awakenings and as Paulie Gualtieri's mother in The Sopranos.

Malina died of lung disease at her home in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 88.

References

Other websites

The Living Theatre official site

1926 births
2015 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American theatre directors
Deaths from lung disease
Disease-related deaths in New Jersey
German movie actors
Movie directors from New York City
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Kiel
Writers from New York City
German theatre directors
Samuel Ray Graves (December 31, 1918 – April 10, 2015) was an American college and professional football player and college football coach.  

Graves was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. He studied at the University of Tennessee, where he played college football.  Graves was best known as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team of the University of Florida. He served twenty years as the athletic director of the university.

Graves died in Clearwater, Florida, aged 96.

References

Other websites
Photos of Ray Graves from the University of Florida Digital Collections
Oral History Interview with Ray Graves by the Samuel Proctor Oral History Program

1918 births
2015 deaths
American soccer players
Sportspeople from Tennessee
Sportspeople from Florida
John Michael Papit (July 25, 1928 – April 6, 2015) was an American football halfback in the National Football League. He played for the Washington Redskins and the Green Bay Packers.  He played college football at the University of Virginia and was drafted in the seventh round of the 1951 NFL Draft.

Other websites
Just Sports Stats

1928 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Washington Redskins players
Green Bay Packers players
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
Jim 'Bucky' Mutscheller (March 31, 1930 – April 10, 2015) was an American football player. He played tight end for nine seasons for the Baltimore Colts. He was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania.

Mutscheller played football, basketball, and baseball at Beaver Falls High School, and three seasons of varsity football at Notre Dame under coach Frank Leahy from 1949 to 1951, including on the 1949 national championship team. 

Mutscheller played both defensive end and offense for the Fighting Irish, and served as team captain his senior year.

Mutscheller died of kidney failure in Towson, Maryland, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 Klingaman, Mike. "Catching Up With...Former Colt Jim Mutscheller," The Toy Department (The Baltimore Sun sports blog), Tuesday, September 15, 2009.
 Gallery of Jim Mutscheller football cards

1930 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American football tight ends
Baltimore Colts players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Anacle Michael Ghounam Kiessou, better known by his stage name Michael Kiessou is a Cameroonian singer-songwriter and entertainer. He became popular with his song Bennam. The song was on his debut EP, Partage, released on April 2, 2014.

Discography

EPs 
Partage (2014)

Singles 
Demoiselle (2012)
Abele (2013)
Bennam (2014)
Tourner les reins (2014)
Wopalilo(Sagat Sagat) feat C-Prime  (2015)

Collaborations
Zeng Zeng - Jemmy Sev (2015)
KDT - HMG feat Dynastie le tigre, Yvich (2015) (TBD)

Awards and nominations 

Canal 2'Or Act 10 ( Canal 2 International Awards )

|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2015
| rowspan="2"|Michael Kiessou
| Best music revelation
| 
|-
| Best video (tourner les reins)
| 
|-

Greenlight Awards

|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| Michael Kiessou
| Best Male artist
| 
|-

KR Awards

|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| Michael Kiessou
| Honor Jury Award
| 
|-

References

Other websites 

 
 

Living people
1986 births
Singer-songwriters
Pop singers
Prosimians are a group of proto-primates. It includes:
1. All living and extinct strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorises, and adapiforms), and 
2. haplorhine tarsiers and their extinct relatives, the omomyiforms.  

All of them have characteristics that are more "primitive" than simians (monkeys, apes, and humans). On the other hand, they have survived. Therefore we know that their life-style is not directly competitive to that of the higher primates.

First, they are primarily carnivorous. They mainly eat insects, not fruit. They lack full colour vision: they are red-green blind (cannot see the difference between red and green). This has a corresponding advantage in that they can see better in the dark. This is also true of many placental mammals, and for the same reason. Mammals spent long periods as nocturnal animals during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Prosimians are not a clade (a group of an ancestor and all its descendants), but a convenient term. It is useful to compare their behaviour with that of later primates. Prosimians are not large-brained compared to other placental mammals. They are fairly intelligent animals. However, their brains are much smaller than those of simians of similar size.

Prosimians are the only primates native to Madagascar, and are also found throughout Africa and in Asia.

References 

Notes

Primates
Adapiformes are an extinct group of early primates. Adapiformes radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass, reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They lived from the Eocene to the Miocene epochs.  Some adapiformes looked similar to living lemurs.

Adapiformes are known from the fossil record only, and it is unclear whether they form a monophyletic or paraphyletic group. When assumed to be a clade, they are usually grouped under the "wet-nosed" taxon Strepsirrhini, which would make them more closely related to the lemurs and less so to the "dry-nosed" Haplorhini taxon that includes monkeys and apes.

In 2009, Franzen and colleagues put the newly described genus Darwinius as a stem "missing link" between Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini. Later work on the Darwinius fossil by Erik Seiffert and colleagues rejected this "missing link" idea. They classify Darwinius and other adapiformes as Strepsirrhini.
Fossil record 
The fossil record of the Adapiformes is quite considerable. The fossils are first found in the earliest Eocene, 55 million years ago (mya). They lived in four continents (North America, Africa, Europe and Asia). The Eocene was when the Earth was much warmer than today, with extensive tropical forests, far more so than today. The widespread remains have a much earlier origin, and molecular clock dates suggest that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before appearing in the fossil record.

References 

Primates
Joan Carreras i Goicoechea (born in Barcelona, 1962) is a Catalan journalist, screenwriter, and writer.  He is a professor in the Faculty of Communication at Blanquerna. He teaches digital journalism. He worked for ten years at the broadcasting company Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals. He was the director of Canal 33. He was also the manager of the program Info-K. At television channel 324.cat he tried out new formats and digital narratives. He has also worked for many newspapers, such as Avui, Diari de Barcelona and El Temps. In 2014, he received the Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la for his novel L'àguila negra (The black eagle).

Works

Story collections 
 1990 — Les oques van descalces (Quaderns Crema)
 1993 — La bassa del gripau (Quaderns Crema)

Novels 
 1998 — La gran nevada (Empúries)
 2003 — Qui va matar el Floquet de Neu (Empúries)
 2009 — L'home d'origami (Amsterdam)
 2012 — Carretera secundària (Proa)
 2013 — Cafè Barcelona (Proa)
 2015 — L'àguila negra
Awards and honours  
 2012 - Premis Literaris de Cadaqués - Carles Rahola de periodisme. Postals de la nostàlgia des de Cadaqués
 2014 - Premi Ciutat de Barcelona of Catalan literature for his book Cafè Barcelona
 2014 - Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la by his book L'àguila negra

Notes

Other websites

 

Writers from Barcelona
Living people
Emili Rosales i Castellà is a Catalan writer and editor. He began in the field of poetry, but quickly changed to writing novels. After publishing three books in four years, he dedicated five years to publish the fifth. The effort was rewarded when La ciutat invisible won the Sant Jordi award. It received good reviews. The novel has been translated to Spanish.

Rosales has also worked as a translator. He has been a literature professor. Occasionally he publishes book reviews in the press. He is the editorial director of Grup 62 (a publishing house) and Destino.

His works have been translated to German, English, Spanish, French, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Romanian, Serbian and Chinese.

Work

Poetry
 1989 — Ciutats i mar
 1991 — Els dies i tu

Novels
 1995 — La casa de la platja
 1997 — Els amos del món
 1999 — Mentre Barcelona dorm
 2005 — La ciutat invisible

Awards
 2004 — Sant Jordi for La ciutat invisible

References

Spanish novelists
Spanish poets
John Sherwood de Lancie, Jr. (born March 20, 1948) is an American actor, director, producer, writer, educator, sailor, voice artist, and comedian, best known for his role of Q in Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987–present) and as the voice of Discord in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (2010–2019). He is also known for his quite deep, resonant voice. De Lancie performed in Days of Our Lives (1982–1986; 1989–1990) as Eugene Bradford.

De Lancie was featured in several roles on television series, including Frank Simmons in Stargate SG-1 (2001–2002) and Donald Margolis in Breaking Bad (2009–2010). He is noted for his public support of bronies of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom.

Early life
De Lancie was born John Sherwood de Lancie, Jr. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1948 to John and Andrea de Lancie.
Career
De Lancie attended Kent State University and the Juilliard School. He has appeared in several television series. These include L.A. Law, Days of Our Lives, Star Trek: The Next Generation, The Practice, and Picket Fences. He has also appeared in Stargate SG-1, Breaking Bad, and Torchwood: Miracle Day.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

 

1948 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
People with dyslexia
Sebastià Alzamora i Martín (born in Mallorca, 6 March 1972) is a writer and literary critic.

Biography
Alzamora studied from Balearic Islands University with a degree in Catalan philology. He gained popularity after releasing a book of poetry called Rafel (1994).  Rafel won the Premi Salvador Espriu. He is also the author of Apoteosi del Cercle (1997), Mula Morta (2001), and El Benestar (2003).

As a narrator, he has published L'extinció (1999), Sara i Jeremies (2002), La Pell i la Princesa (2005), Nit de L'ànima (2007), Miracle a Llucmajor (2010), and Dos Amics de Vint Anys (2013). He wrote an essay about Gabriel Janer Manila called L'escriptura del Foc (1998). He also helped create Imparables, Una antologia (2004), and published Dogmàtica Imparable (2005) with Héctor Bofill and Manuel Forcano. Since December 2007, he has been director of the magazine Cultura.
Awards
 1994: Premi Salvador Espriu for Rafel
 1996: Premi Bartomeu Rosselló-Pòrcel of Premis 31 de desembre of Obra Cultural Balear.
 1999: Premi Documenta de narrativa
 2002: Premi Ciutat de Palma for Sara i Jeremies
 2003: Premi Jocs Florals de Barcelona for El Benestar
 2005: Premi Josep Pla de narrativa for La pell i la princesa
 2008: Premi Carles Riba de poesia for La part visible
 2011: Premi Sant Jordi, for Crim de sang

References

Living people
A field-programmable gate array (often shortened to FPGA) is an electronic component used to build reconfigurable digital circuits. That means that an FPGA is different from a logic gate, because a logic gate has a fixed function. In contrast an FPGA has an undefined function at the time of manufacture. Before the FPGA can be used in a circuit it must be programmed, that is, reconfigured.

FPGAs are integrated circuits in the category of programmable logic devices or PLDs. FPGAs are the highest performance, most flexible and also the most expensive of the PLD types. A drawback of FPGAs compared to other PLDs is that they do not remember their design when the power is removed. An FPGA therefore needs a separate configuration memory chip that holds the FPGA design. When the power is given back to the FPGA a fixed part of the FPGA reads the configuration from the configuration memory chip. After the FPGA is configured it will be able to do the function it was given by the design.
An FPGA is different from a microprocessor or microcontroller. An FPGA in its basic form is not able to run software. Only when the FPGA is given a configuration that contains a processor-architecture it has the ability to run software.

FPGA manufacturers provide engineering software for Windows and sometimes also Linux, to develop designs for FPGAs. The design is commonly written in human readable computer files called a hardware description language (HDL). The most popular hardware description languages are VHDL and Verilog. Hardware description languages are strongly comparable to programming languages. But the intention of HDLs is to design digital logic circuits while programming languages design software.
The FPGA engineering software has to translate the abstract HDL code into the logic elements available in the selected FPGA. That is called logic synthesis. Then a process of place and route is done to position the logic elements in the FPGA. The result is a bitfile that can be programmed into the FPGA or the configuration memory. This is usually done with a USB programmer connected to the JTAG port of the FPGA.

Because the FPGA is an integrated circuit, an FPGA manufacturer can decide to add other commonly used integrated circuit components. These fixed parts are called cores. These are for example Ethernet controllers or even a complete processor-architecture. For different market segments such as defense, medical, communications and robotics the FPGA manufacturer tries to add the most valuable set of these additional cores.
Internal structure 
FPGAs are generally built upon programmable logic elements and programmable interconnects. One building block of logic elements is a programmable lookup table (LUT). A LUT can be programmed to output any value given input values. In this way, a LUT can be programmed to be any type of logic with the same number of inputs and outputs. For example, a 2-input, 1-output LUT can be programmed to emulate the logic of a 2-input AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, etc. The output of this LUT can be either saved using a register or connected to the input of other LUTs. Using a programmable mux, the FPGA can be programmed to choose the registered or non-registered output. This combination of a LUT, a register, and a mux is the general structure of a logic element.
To connect these logic elements together, pass transistors are used. The transistor can be programmed to either connect a signal or not, thereby giving the FPGA the ability to very specifically connect logic elements together. For example, if the output of one logic elements will feed the input of another, the pass transistor can be programmed to connect these two wires together and match the specified logic. Between the logic elements and the pass transistors, a compiler can take a hardware description from an HDL, create the logic for the logic elements, and connect them together using the pass transistors.

Electronic circuits
A logic block, sometimes called configurable logic block is a component of an FPGA. Each logic block can be configured to hold a number of logic gates, which are interconnected.

Electronic circuits
Hayle is a small town and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is at the mouth of Hayle River. The river flows into St. Ives Bay. Hayle is about  northeast of Penzance.

References 

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
The following is a list of episodes of the A&E reality television series Duck Dynasty.  The series is set in West Monroe, Louisiana and stars Willie Robertson, CEO of Duck Commander, a duck call company, and his family and co-workers.

Duck Dynasty premiered on March 21, 2012. Its first season, which wrapped on May 23, 2012, has a total of 15 episodes. The second season premiered on October 10, 2012, and ended on December 5, 2012 with a total of 13 episodes. The third season premiered on February 27, 2013 and ended on April 24, 2013, also with 13 episodes. The fourth season started August 14, 2013, and concluded on October 23, 2013, with a total of 11 episodes including a Christmas special that aired on December 11, 2013. 

As of , 90 episodes of Duck Dynasty have aired over eight seasons.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2012)

Season 2 (2012)

Season 3 (2013)

Season 4 (2013)

Season 5 (2014)

Season 6 (2014)

Season 7 (2014–15)

References

American reality television series
The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868. It was one of the Reconstruction Amendments. The amendment discusses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws. It was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. This amendment was bitterly contested. Southern states were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. The Fourteenth Amendment is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution. It forms the basis for landmark decisions such as Roe v. Wade (1972), and Bush v. Gore (2000). It remains the most important Constitutional amendment since the Bill of Rights was passed in 1791.
Summary 
At the end of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves. The problem was, he did not ask Congress. Congress had not passed a law to free slaves. Meanwhile, some states still had slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment freed the slaves. It became law in late 1865. Three years later the Fourteenth Amendment provided civil rights. Republicans controlled Congress during this period. They wanted to give full citizenship to freed slaves. But they also realized that giving civil rights to black people, it opened the door for women's suffrage. It would lead to giving women the right to vote, which Congress did not want to do. If only section one was included in the amendment, the wording "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" would include women.  For this reason, the word "male" was inserted in section two so the amendment would be approved by Congress.
Section one - citizenship 
The first section of the Fourteenth Amendment gave citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States”, and "subject to the jurisdiction thereof".  The second clause, commonly called the Privileges and Immunities Clause, states that "the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states." This gave all Americans the protection of civil rights under the law. It forbids states from denying citizens their life, their liberty or their property without due process. States could not deny persons "equal protection of the laws." It meant that for the first time all people would have the same protection no matter what their color. The fact that states were mentioned makes them responsible for these protections the same as the federal government. The Fourteenth Amendment is cited more often in law suits than any other amendment.
Section two - apportionment 
The second section changed a part of the original Constitution which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person. This was for the purpose of determining how many U.S. congressmen a state could have (apportionment). The second section established that every citizen would be counted as one person.

Sections three, four and five 
The third section was intended to be strict with members of the Confederacy who fought against the United States. It required a two-thirds vote of Congress to allow leaders of the Confederacy to regain their citizenship or hold office. To be allowed to hold a federal office, former confederates had to swear an oath to uphold the constitution. Section four said the federal government would not repay Confederate debts. Section five means what it says, Congress will enforce the provisions of the 14th amendment.

Text
Text

Related pages 
 Slavery
 Discrimination
 Dred Scott v. Sandford
 American Civil War
 Reconstruction of the United States
 Andrew Johnson
 Jim Crow laws
 Civil Rights Act of 1964
 Voting Rights Act of 1965

References

Other websites 
 Jim Crow Stories; The Fourteenth Amendment Ratified (1868)
 Understanding the 14th Amendment

14
American civil rights
1860s in the United States
1868
Ante Rogulic (born 11 March 1996 in Split, Croatia) is Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for FC Liefering in the Austrian Football First League.

Club career

As a youth, he played for NK Omladinac Vranjic and Adriatic Split. He went to F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in 2013. He was also player of FC Liefering, the second team of Red Bull Salzburg. His debut for Liefering was on 2 August 2013  in a 4-1 home win against ESV Parndorf For the first team he made his debut on 11 November 2014, in a 2-0 victory against Admira Wacker Mödling.

International Career
He played for Croatias U17, U18, U19 and U21 team. Roguljic is captain of the U19 team.

References

1996 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Sportspeople from Split
Borderlands 2 is a first-person shooter video game that was developed by Gearbox Software and published by 2K Games. It is the sequel to the 2009 video game Borderlands. The game follows the story of Vault Hunters on the planet Pandora, as one of four classes: Salvador The Gunzerker, Zer0 The Assassin, Maya The Siren or Axton The Commando. Downloadable content was also released for the game, later being included in a Game of the Year edition. A version for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One was released with Borderlands: The Handsome Collection. As of March 25, 2015, the game has sold 12 million copies.

Sequel
A prequel game, called Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel was released on October 14, 2014. This takes place before Borderlands 2 and Borderlands. A true sequel for the game, Borderlands 3, was released in 2019.

References

2012 video games
Windows games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Shooter video games
Ramon Solsona i Sancho (born February 7, 1950 in Barcelona) is a Catalan writer and journalist. He has a degree in Romance Philology from the University of Barcelona. He is also a high school teacher. Is known for his ironic style. He is a regular contributor to newspapers such as El Punt and La Vanguardia. He currently contributes to the radio program El Matí de Catalunya Ràdio. He also contributes to Catalunya Ràdio and RAC 1.

Career
He has also been a poet (satirist) under the pseudonym Lo Gaiter del Besòs. His novel Les hores detingudes won three literary awards in the same year. His work has been translated into Spanish and French. For television, he has worked as a writer for the series Agència de viatges, Estació d'enllaç and El cor de la ciutat. These were broadcast by TV3. He was co-author of the theme song of Futbol Club Barcelona (1998). In 2010 he received the premi Sant Jordi de novel·la for his book L'home de la maleta.

Works
Works

Short stories 
 1991: Llibreta de vacances
 2006: Cementiri de butxaca

Novels
 1989: Figures de calidoscopi
 1993: Les hores detingudes
 1998: DG
 1999: No tornarem mai més
 2001: El cor de la ciutat
 2004: Línia blava
 2011: L'home de la maleta

Poetry 
 1989: Sac de gemecs

Nonfiction 
 1995: Ull de bou
 1995 Ull de vaca
 2005: A paraules em convides

Notes

Other websites
Ramon Solsona at the website of Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana (AELC).

Writers from Barcelona
Living people
1950 births
Spanish poets
Spanish journalists
Xavier Bosch i Sancho (born July 21, 1967 in Barcelona) is a Catalan writer and journalist. Bosch and Antoni Bassas created the program Alguna pregunta més? at Catalunya Ràdio. He received an Ondas award for that program. He worked at La Vanguardia, TV3 and RAC 1 in sports. He was the director of the newspaper  Avui from 2007 to 2008. In 2010, he founded a newspaper in Catalan, Diari Ara. He wrote a trilogy whose first book (Se sabrà tot) received a Sant Jordi Award in 2009. His second and third novels were Homes d'honor (2012) and Eufòria. His last novel, Algú com tu (Someone like you, 2015), is winner of the Ramon Llull 2015 award.

Works

Short stories 
 Jo, el simolses, Barcelona: La Magrana, 1992.
 Estimat diari (with Lloll Bertran, Antoni Bassas), Barcelona: La Magrana, 1996.
 Vicis domèstics, Barcelona: La Magrana, 1998.

Novel 
 La màgia dels reis, Barcelona: Columna - La Galera, 1994. 
 Se sabrà tot, 2009.
 Homes d'honor, Barcelona: Proa, 2012.
 Eufòria, 2014.
 Algú com tu, 2014
Teatre 
 El culékulé, Barcelona: La Magrana, 1996

Prizes 
 Premi Ondas 1997 for the humour program Alguna pregunta més? 
 Premi Mundo Deportivo de periodisme 1999, for the program Aquest any, cent!. 
 Premio Premi APEI-Catalunya (in its sixth edition) for El món a RAC 1. 
 Premi Ràdio Associació de Catalunya 2007 in the category of the Best Radio Program for El món a RAC 1.
 Premi Sant Jordi for the novel Se sabrà tot.
 Premi Ramon Llull 2015 for the novel Algú com tu.

References

Other websites 
 Bosch bio at IMDB

Living people
Writers from Barcelona
1967 births
Spanish journalists
Lluís-Anton Baulenas (born in Barcelona, 1958) is a Catalan novelist, translator and playwright.

Works
 Rampoines 451 (Good-for-Nothing 451, 1990)
Noms à la sorra (Names in the Sand, 1995), a finalist for the Sant Jordi Prize
 Alfons XIV (1997), a finalist for the Sant Jordi Prize
 El fil de plata (The Silver Thread, 1998), which received the Serra d'Or Critics’ Prize
 La felicitat (Happiness, 2001), which received the Prudenci Bertrana Prize

Awards
 1989 Premi Documenta de narrativa for Càlida nit
 1998 Premi Carlemany de novel·la for El fil de plata
 1999 Premi Crítica Serra d'Or de novel·la for El fil de plata
 2000 Premi Prudenci Bertrana de novel·la for La felicitat
 2005 Premi Ramon Llull de novel·la for Per un sac d'ossos
 2008 Premi Sant Jordi de novel·la for El nas de Mussolini

Sources
Escriptors.cat
Webpage devoted to Lluís-Anton Baulenas at LletrA (UOC), Catalan Literature Online) (English)
Toronto Star

Spanish writers
Living people
1958 births
Josep Coll i Martí (born October 16, 1949 in Pessonada, Spain), also know as Pep Coll, is a Catalan writer. He has written in many different genres. He has also written for newspapers like Segre, El Periódico and the magazine Descobrir Catalunya.

Life

Early life 
Josep Coll i Martí came from a poor family. He studied the basic humanities at the seminary of La Seu d'Urgell. Martí continued his studies at the University of Barcelona where he graduated in philosophy and letters.

Professional life 
He started to work as a teacher in La Pobla de Segur (Pallars Jussà) for five years. After this five years he decided to move to Lleida. In the city of Lleida he worked as a teacher of the Catalan language and literature. He taught at the secondary school IES Màrius Torres from 1980-81 to 2009-10.
Writer 
For over three decades, he has combined teaching with a writing profession. He is the president of the Center for Studies of Pallars. He has also been awarded several prizes such as the Catalan Critics Award. This was for his novel Dos taüts negres i dos de blancs. He is known for being able to transfer his love of the mountains into his stories.

Works

Novel
1989 La mula vella, Empúries.
1995 El Pont de Mahoma, Empúries.
1997 El segle de la llum, Empúries. 
1999 L'abominable crim de l'Alsina Graells, Empúries.
2002 Per les valls on es pon el sol, Edicions 62.
2004 Els arbres amics, Empúries.
2005 El salvatge dels Pirineus, Edicions 62.
2008 Les senyoretes de Lourdes, Proa.
2010 Nius, Proa.
2013 Dos taüts negres i dos de blancs, Proa.
Short stories 
1989 Totes les dones es diuen Maria, Tres i Quatre.
1990 L'edat de les pedres, Empúries.
Collections of legends
1986 Quan Judes era fadrí i sa mare festejava, La Magrana.
1993 Muntanyes Maleïdes, Empúries.
2003 El rei de la Val d'Aran, Empúries.
2006 Mentre el món serà món, Empúries.
2012 Llegendes d'arreu de Catalunya, La Galera.

Books for children and youth
1988 El secret de la moixernera, Empúries.
1991 Què farem, què direm?, Cruïlla.
1991 La bruixa del Pla de Beret, Empúries. 
1994 Mi Long, el drac de la perla, La Galera.
1994 Muntanyes mig-maleïdes, Empúries.
1995 Les bruixes del Pla de Negua,La Galera.
1996 La fada del mirall, La Galera.
1998 El tresor de la nit de Nadal, La Magrana.
2005 La corona de Sant Nicolau, Parc Nacional d'Aigüestortes.
2008 L'habitació de la meva germana, Empúries.
2009 El setè enemic del bosc, Estrella Polar.
2010 Retorn a les muntanyes Maleïdes, Estrella Polar.
Theatre
2004 La morisca de Gerri (unpublished work, represented annually at Plaça de Gerri de la Sal the last day of the Local Festival).
1997 Miracles de Santa Maria d'Àneu (unpublished work, performed every summer in Esterri d'Àneu with actors of this town).
2004 Crònica de Mur (unpublished work, premiered on September 19, 2004 at Castell de Mur, to mark the 1st Diada of Pallars Jussà).

Essays and literary criticism 
1991 El parlar del Pallars, Empúries.
1996 Viatge al Pirineu fantàstic, Columna.
2010 Guia dels indrets mítics i llegendaris del Pallars Sobirà, París Edicions.
2012 Guia dels indrets mítics i llegendaris de la Ribagorça Romànica, Cossetània.

Translated works 
 Into Aragonese 
 Into Spanish 
 Into Basque 
 Into French 
 Into Italian 
 Into Occitan
Awards
 1991 Premi Gran Angular de literatura juvenil by Què farem, què direm?
 1993 Premi de la Crítica Serra d'Or a la millor novel·la juvenil by Què farem, què direm?
 1994 Ramon Muntaner by El Pont de Mahoma
 1996 Octavi Pellissa per El segle de la llum
 1997 Lola Anglada by El tresor de la Nit de Nadal
 2005 Sant Joan by El salvatge dels Pirineus
 2007 Sant Jordi per Les senyoretes de Lourdes
 2014 Premi Crexells, by Dos taüts negres i dos de blancs
 2014 Premi de la Crítica Catalana per Dos taüts negres i dos de blancs
 2014 Premi Setè Cel  by Dos taüts negres i dos de blancs
 2015 Premi Joaquim Amat-Piniella by Dos taüts negres i dos de blancs

References

Other websites
Pep Coll at the website of Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana (AELC)

1949 births
Living people
Spanish writers
Janusz Kurczab (6 September 1937 – 11 April 2015) was a Polish fencer, mountaineer and expedition leader. He competed in team épée events at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was born in Warsaw, Poland.

References

1937 births
2015 deaths
1960 Summer Olympics
Polish fencers
Polish Olympians
Sportspeople from Warsaw
Mountain climbers
Lars Tunbjörk (15 February 1956 – 8 April 2015) was a Swedish photographer. He was known for taking pictures of the Swedish landscape and landmarks. He was born in Borås, Sweden.

Tunbjörk died on 8 April 2015. His death was announced on 11 April. No cause of death was given. He was 59 years old.

References

Other websites

1956 births
2015 deaths
Swedish photographers
Net neutrality (also network neutrality, Internet neutrality, or net equality) is the principle that Internet service providers and governments should treat all data on the Internet equally. There should be no discriminating or charging differently by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication. The term was coined by Columbia University media law professor Tim Wu in 2003. It was an extension of the longstanding concept of a common carrier.

Examples of net neutrality violations include when the Internet service provider Comcast intentionally slowed peer-to-peer communications. In 2007, one other company was using deep packet inspection to discriminate against peer-to-peer, file transfer protocol, and online games. They started using a cell-phone-style billing system of overages, free-to-telecom value-added services, and bundling.

References 

Internet
Sheila Helena Elizabeth Kitzinger MBE (29 March 1929 - 11 April 2015) was a British natural childbirth activist and author on childbirth and pregnancy. She was known for being an expert on natural childbirth. She was born in was born in Taunton, Somerset.

Kitzinger died in Oxfordshire, England after a short illness, aged 86.

References

Other websites
 KITZINGER, Sheila Helena Elizabeth International Who's Who. accessed 4 September 2006.
 With Women - Midwives Experiences - from shift work to continuity of care, Ed David Vernon, Australian College of Midwives, 2007 pii

1929 births
2015 deaths
British activists
Writers from Somerset
Paul Almond (April 26, 1931 – April 10, 2015) was a Canadian screenwriter, director and producer. He was known for directing Isabel, Journey, and The Act of the Heart. He was born in Montreal, Quebec.

Almond died from complications of heart disease at his home in Malibu, California, aged 83.

References

Other websites
 
 Official site 

1931 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart disease
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian television directors
Canadian screenwriters
Writers from Montreal
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles County, California
André Mba Obame (15 June 1957 – 12 April 2015) was a Gabonese politician. After serving as an adviser to President Omar Bongo in the 1980s, he was a minister in the government of Gabon from 1990 to 1991 and again from 1997 to 2009.

Obame died in Yaoundé, Cameroon, on 12 April 2015 from a long-illness, aged 57.

References

1957 births
2015 deaths
Gabonese politicians
Jeron Criswell King (August 18, 1907 – October 4, 1982), born Jeron Criswell Konig, and known by his stage-name The Amazing Criswell , was an American psychic known for making wrong predictions. In person, he went by Charles Criswell King, and was sometimes credited as Jeron King Criswell. He was born in Princeton, Indiana.

Criswell was a friend of director Ed Wood and narrated in his famous movie Plan 9 from Outer Space.

Criswell died of cardiac arrest in Burbank, California, aged 75.

Other websites

"Criswell Predicts"  — The Onion A.V. Club, August 11, 1999
Photos of Criswell's grave at Findagrave
"The Amazing Criswell" Tribute page 

1907 births
1982 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
American voice actors
American television actors
Actors from Indiana
In economics a customer basket, market basket or commodity basket is a set of different amounts of different goods and possible services. The commodity basket will contain goods and services a typical consumer will likely need. Commodity baskets can be used for two things: First, the price level of two economies can be compared. Secondly,  using the same basket, it is possible to show how prices change over time.  The amount of money needed to buy everything in the basket, over time, is called consumer price index.

Commonly in the basket 
The basket will contain different goods and services, such as:
 Food and drink: milk, bread, coffee, meat, beer, wine, etc.
 Housing: monthly rent, fuel oil (used for heating), furniture
 Clothing: shirts, pants, socks, jewelry, etc.
 Transportation: Cost of season ticket of public transport, cost of car, cost of fuel for the car
 Medical care: Cost of prescription drugs, perhaps cost of medical insurance if it exists.

Microeconomics
Francesca "Frankie" Bridge (née Sandford; born 14 January 1989) is an English singer-songwriter. She was born in Upminster, London. She was a member of S Club 8 (2001-2005). Since 2007, she is a member of girl group The Saturdays, signed to the Fascination and Polydor labels. 

The group has released sixteen singles so far, of which thirteen have reached the Top 10 on the UK Singles Chart. There was one UK number-one single, "What About Us". In addition, the group has had five Top 10 albums on the UK Albums Chart, which were all certified by the British Phonographic Industry. 

Bridge has had nineteen UK Top 10 Singles and six UK Top 10 Albums. She was a contestant in the 2014 series of Strictly Come Dancing.

Sandford had a relationship with Dougie Poynter from 2008-2010. She began a relationship with Wayne Bridge in 2010. The couple's son was born in 2013. The couple married in 2014.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

British child singers
English pop singers
English television actors
Singers from London
Strictly Come Dancing participants
1989 births
Living people
Mind of Mencia is an American television series, created by Carlos Mencia. It aired from July 6, 2005 to July 23, 2008.

Cast
 Carlos Mencia
 Joseph Mencia
 Brad Williams
 Ray Payton

Guest appearances

 James Adomian
 Dave Attell
 Robin Bain
 Josh Blue
 Peter Boyle
 Sufe Bradshaw
 Frank Caliendo
 Edge
 Pablo Francisco
 Joey Greco

 Chris Hansen
 Estelle Harris
 Tony Hawk
 Gabriel Iglesias
 Courtney Jackson
 Ken Jeong
 Jamie Kennedy
 Angela Kinsey
 Phil LaMarr
 Bobby Lee

 Mario Lopez
 Method Man
 Cheech Marin
 Tracy Morgan
 Abigail Mason
 Amaury Nolasco
 Lupe Ontiveros
 P.O.D.
 Smush Parker
 Jeff Richards

 Gene Simmons
 Aries Spears
 Three 6 Mafia
 Daniel Tosh
 Tom Virtue
 Billy Dee Williams
 Robin Williams
 Debra Wilson
 John Witherspoon

Home media
Each DVD set includes uncensored versions of each season's episodes with bonus features, including commentary, a behind the scenes featurette, and deleted scenes.

Other websites
Other websites

 
 
 
 Comedy Central Corners The Laughs Business by Joe Flint, Wall Street Journal, May 8, 2006. p.B1

2005 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
John Proctor "Jack" Darragh (December 4, 1890 – June 25, 1924) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He played parts of 13 years of professional ice hockey, all with the Ottawa Senators.

Career
On December 27, 1910, Darragh signed a contract with the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey Association (NHA). Darragh played with them until the NHA folded. After the Senators joined the National Hockey League (NHL), they decided to keep him on the team. When he became a free agent, he signed another contract with the Senators on December 4, 1922.

During his time with the Senators, Darragh won four Stanley Cups with them. He won them in 1911, 1920, 1921, and 1923. After his final cup win, he decided to retire from playing professional ice hockey. On June 25, 1924, he died from peritonitis, caused by a ruptured appendix.

Darragh was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1890 births
1924 deaths
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Ottawa Senators (original) players
Sportspeople from Ottawa
Stanley Cup champions
Ottawa Senators (NHA) players
The Cheshire cat is a character from Alice in Wonderland. It is known for its special grin. It is also special because it can make itself invisible, but sometimes the grin can still be seen. The concept of the cheshire cat has been very popular, and it has also been used in other domains of science, to describe certain phenomena. It also was known well by his drawing by Tim Burton

Fictional cats
A Tiffany lamp is a type of lamp with a glass shade. They are made with glass designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany and his design studio, Tiffany & Co.. The most famous was the stained leaded glass lamp. Tiffany lamps are considered part of the Art Nouveau movement.

Due to Tiffany's dominant influence on the style, the term 'Tiffany lamp' or 'Tiffany style lamp' often refers to stained leaded glass lamps. Even those not made by Louis Comfort Tiffany's company.

Gallery

References 

Art
Orphan Black is a Canadian science fiction television series. It was created by Graeme Manson and John Fawcett. The series stars Tatiana Maslany as several clones. The rest of the starring cast includes Dylan Bruce, Jordan Gavaris, Kevin Hanchard, Michael Mando, Maria Doyle Kennedy, Évelyne Brochu, and Ari Millen. The first season of the show premiered on March 30, 2013. It was shown on Space in Canada and on BBC America in the United States.  Orphan Black'''s second season premiered April 19, 2014. On July 9, 2014, Orphan Black was renewed for a third season to premiere on April 18, 2015. Each season had 10 episodes.

All season 1 episode titles are quotes from On the Origin of Species'' by Charles Darwin. The season 2 episode titles are quotes from the works of Sir Francis Bacon.
Series overview
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"| Season
! style="padding: 0 8px;" rowspan="2"| Episodes
! colspan="2"| Originally aired
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px;"| Season premiere
! style="padding: 0 8px;"| Season finale
|-
 |style="background: #000000;"|
 |1
 |style="padding: 0 8px;"| 10
 |style="padding: 0 8px;"| 
 |style="padding: 0 8px;"| 
|-
 |style="background: #067883;"|
 |2
 |style="padding: 0 8px;"| 10
 |style="padding: 0 8px;"| 
 |style="padding: 0 8px;"| 
|-
 |style="background: #CC3535;"|
 |3
 |style="padding: 0 8px;"| 10
 |style="padding: 0 8px;"| 
 |style="padding: 0 8px;"| 
|-
|}

Episodes

Season 1 (2013)

Season 2 (2014)

Season 3

References

Other websites
 List of Orphan Black episodes at Space
 List of Orphan Black episodes  at BBC America

Orphan Black
Grant Holt (born 12 April 1981) is an English footballer. He was born in Carlisle, Cumbria. He currently plays for Wigan Athletic F.C.. Holt is a top scoring striker. Holt was voted Norwich's Player of the Year in 2010, 2011 and 2012.

References 

1981 births
Living people
Carlisle
English footballers
Sportspeople from Cumbria
Premier League players