Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On 4 July 2002, Hesham Mohamed Hadayet shot six Israeli passengers at El Al's ticket counter at Los Angeles International Airport before he was shot and killed by an El Al security guard. Two of the victims died. Although not linked to any terrorist group, Hadayet, an Egyptian, espoused anti-Israeli views and was opposed to US policy in the Middle East. The US Federal Bureau of Investigation classified the shooting as a terrorist act, one of the few on US soil since the September 11, 2001 attacks.
On 17 November 2002, El Al Flight 581, a flight operated by a Boeing 767-258(ER) from Tel Aviv to Istanbul,  registered 4X-EBS, was the scene of an attempted hijacking by Tawfiq Fukra, a twenty-three-year-old Israeli Arab reportedly armed with a pocket knife. Fukra attempted to break into the cockpit in order to fly the aircraft back to Israel and crash it into a building. He was apprehended by on-board security personnel.
References 

Airlines of the Middle East
Transport in Israel
1948 establishments in Israel

Companies of Israel
Middle East Airlines () is an airline based in Lebanon. It flies between the Middle East, Europe and Africa.

History

Middle East Airlines opened for business on May 31, 1945. It was opened by Saeb Salam, with support from BOAC. MEA's work started on January 1, 1946 with flights between Beirut and Nicosia. Then its airplanes started to fly to Iraq, Egypt, Syria, and Cyprus. The company bought two Douglas DC-3 planes in mid-1946.

On September 7, 2006, Israel ended its 8-week long air blockade on Lebanon. A Middle East Airlines plane from Paris flew to the Rafik Hariri International Airport at 6:06 p.m. Lebanese time (3:03 p.m. GMT). MEA resumed its normal flight timetable on September 11, 2006.

Destinations

Middle East Airlines flies its planes to these countries and their cities (since June 2006):

Africa 
 Côte d'Ivoire
 Abidjan
 Egypt
 Cairo
 Sharm el Sheikh (sometimes)
 Ghana
 Accra
 Nigeria
 Kano
 Lagos
 Niger
Asia 
 Jordan
 Amman
 Kuwait
 Kuwait City
 Qatar
 Doha
 Saudi Arabia
 Dammam
 Jeddah
 Riyadh
 United Arab Emirates
 Abu Dhabi
 Dubai

Europe 
 Cyprus
 Larnaca
 Denmark
 Copenhagen (sometimes)
 France
 Nice (sometimes)
 Paris
 Germany
 Düsseldorf (sometimes)
 Frankfurt am Main
 Greece
 Athens
 Italy
 Milan
 Rome
 Switzerland
 Geneva
 Turkey
 Istanbul
 United Kingdom
 London

Airlines of the Middle East
Organizations based in Lebanon
1945 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Lebanon
Blackmail means threatening to say something bad about someone unless that person pays some money.

If someone has committed a crime, another person might blackmail them. The blackmailer might, for example, say that if the criminal does not give them a large amount of money, they will tell the police.

A blackmailer may threaten to say something embarrassing that someone unless they hand over a sum of money. For example, it maybe something about an intimacy that they are having that they do not want everyone to know about.

Sometimes, a business may blackmail another business. They might threaten to harm that business in some way unless money is paid.

Blackmail is against the law. People who are caught blackmailing may be sent to jail.

History 
Blackmail started on the borders of England and Scotland. Blackmail was the money left out by landowners in England so that raiders from Scotland did not steal their animals or damage the property.

Related pages
Bribery
Financial crimes
Bribery means offering something (such as money) to a person in return for some favour which is bad in some way.

The money that is offered is called a bribe, and the verb is to bribe. Active bribery is offering payment and asking for favour, and passive bribery is asking for payment and offering favour. It is still called bribery if the trade is never done.

It is sometimes difficult to decide whether something is a bribe or just a reward. If a father pays his son for washing the car, that is just a reward or payment. However, if a parent pays a child for eating up its dinner, that might be thought of as a bribe because most people would think that is not right.
Bribery can be a crime in more serious cases, such as when a person offers money to hide their own wrongdoing. If a motorist is caught speeding by a policeman and offers the policeman money or a bottle of vodka to persuade him not to report him, that is bribery. If someone wants to take something into a country that is forbidden (or that they would have to pay tax on), they might offer the customs officer a bribe to persuade him to let them through. Some corrupt people will not do their jobs at all (like delivering some package) unless they get a bribe on top of their normal pay.

Those examples are clearly illegal (against the law) and are rare in many countries, but bribery is quite common in business in many parts of the world. It is difficult to do anything without offering bribes in these places. Giving business people presents in the hope that they will want to do business with you may just seem like good manners at times, but in some cases, it may seem more like bribery.
People who are found to be taking bribes can sometimes lose their jobs. In some cases (like the case of the motorist), bribery is against the law.

Related pages
 Transparency International
 Blackmail

References 

Financial crimes
Rubella (also known as German measles) is a disease caused by the Rubella virus.

It is often mild and an attack can pass unnoticed. However, this can make the virus very difficult to diagnose.

The disease can last 1–5 days. Children recover more quickly than adults.

The virus usually enters the body through the nose or throat. Like most viruses living along the respiratory tract, it is passed from person to person by tiny droplets in the air that are breathed out.

Rubella can also be transmitted from a mother to her developing baby (fetus) through the placenta.  This can be very dangerous to the fetus, especially if the mother gets rubella early on in her pregnancy.  Rubella can cause deafness, heart problems, intellectual disability, and many other problems in developing fetuses.

The virus has an incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks during which it becomes established. Common symptoms are a red/pink rash, swollen lymph nodes, and a high fever.
The disease is named German measles because it has a similar red rash to measles and was first described in detail by German doctors.

Eliminated in North and South America 
On April 29, 2015, it was announced that rubella has been eliminated in North American and South America. A scientific group of experts said it took 15 years of work for this to happen. Among the groups are: Pan American Health Organization, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, and the United Nations Foundation.

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
Psychiatry is a part of medicine that studies, diagnoses and treats mental illnesses and abnormal behaviours and conditions that cause problems and make life difficult for people. The people who practice psychiatry and treat others who have psychiatric problems are called psychiatrists.

Prescribing psychiatric medication 
Psychiatrists are medically qualified doctors. They can legally prescribe medications to their patients to help emotional and behavioral problems. This does not apply to psychologists, who are not qualified to prescribe medicines.

Psychiatrists learn about how the body and the brain work. Psychiatrists must learn about all kinds of illnesses. Sometimes a disease in the body causes the brain to work poorly. Cancer in the pancreas causes depression. Blood sugar problems in diabetes mellitus can cause a bad temper. These are only two examples.
As doctors, psychiatrists learn about how medications can help the brain work better. They also learn how medications sometimes cause problems to the brain. Sometimes psychologists send their patients to a psychiatrist if the patient seems to have a problem that medicine might help. The patient should continue to see the psychologist.

In the 1950s, the first medicine to help patients with bipolar disorder (formally known as manic-depressive illness) was discovered. This was lithium, a type of metal in a powder form. A bit later, the first medicine for psychosis was discovered. Later, medicines to calm people (tranquilizers), to end depression (anti-depressants), to help feelings remain the same each day (mood stabilizers) were discovered.
Medicine for mental illness does not cure. Some of the medicines try to get brain chemicals to be the amounts they are in normal people. Other medicines "slow down how fast the brain works" so people with rapid thoughts can be in control of what they think and how they behave. When the medicines are stopped, symptoms often come back.

Sigmund Freud 
The best known psychiatrist is Sigmund Freud, a medical doctor who was trained in neurology. He became certain that hidden thoughts in the brain (which he called the unconscious) could cause physical symptoms and strange behavior in some people. He believed that human behavior was not all caused by the brain, but by things that happened to people when they were babies and young children. His research of this theory – the idea he had – led him to create "talking therapy" – psychoanalysis – where he tried to figure out what could cause the mind to do things like this.
He thought that his figuring things out and telling the patients what had caused the behavior would cure the patient. Unfortunately, it usually made no lasting changes. This is why psychiatrists (and psychologists) have gradually figured out many other ways of helping their patients.

Neuropsychiatry 
Since the medications for mental illness were first discovered, there have been tools to understand why the mentally ill behave and think in ways that make it not easy for them to live. Doctors do this by studying the brain as directly as they can.

This field of medicine is called neuropsychiatry. The medical doctors who work in the field are called neuropsychiatrists. They hope someday to really permanently cure or fix mental illness by finding ways to change the brain forever. In the meantime, they try to find ways to help by finding better medications.
Criticism 
Controversy has often surrounded psychiatry, and the term anti-psychiatry was coined by psychiatrist David Cooper in 1967. The anti-psychiatry message is that psychiatric treatments may be more damaging than helpful to patients. Psychiatry's history involves what may now be seen as dangerous treatments (e.g., electroconvulsive therapy, lobotomy). Two charismatic psychiatrists who came to personify the movement against psychiatry were R.D. Laing and Thomas Szasz. Some ex-patient groups have become very anti-psychiatric, often referring to themselves as "survivors".
Bessel van der Kolk is also a noted psychiatrist, author, researcher and educator based in Boston, USA.  He states that there is a much higher incidence of psychiatrists administering prescribed medications among patients who have government insurance. Since most mental illnesses are trauma-induced, medication has little to no effect. Psychiatrists are supposed to rule out trauma before diagnosing but its more rare than not. Therefore, its often easier to be screened by a psychologist or therapist first. Van Der Kolk often suggests EMDR, meditation, neurofeedback, yoga, mindfulness, sensory integration, and the arts for treatment of trauma or PTSD. Symptoms of trauma are often manifested by anxiety, hypervigilance, depression and behavioral problems that medication really doesn't help on a long-term basis.
Fields of psychiatry 
 Forensic psychiatry – the study of criminals and criminal behavior.
 Addiction psychiatry – study and treatment of chemical addictions.
 Child and adolescent psychiatry – study and treatment of children and teens
 Geriatric psychiatry – study and treatment of the aged
 Psychopharmacology

Common psychiatric conditions 
 Anxiety
 Attention-deficit disorder
 Autism disorders
 Bipolar disorder
 Depression
 Personality disorders
 Psychopathy
 Psychotherapy
 Schizophrenia

References
Stephen Tyrone Colbert (pronounced col-BEAR) (born May 13, 1964) is an American actor, comedian, and author. He is the current host of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. He was the host of The Colbert Report on Comedy Central from 2005 through 2014. Colbert has used a special form of comedy called satire to make fun of politicians and the news media.

Early life
Colbert was born in Washington, D.C.. He grew up in Charleston, South Carolina. He was the youngest of eleven children in a Catholic family, and went to Northwestern University.

Career

The Colbert Report
The Colbert Report

On The Colbert Report (which he pronounces "col-BEAR re-POAR" to make the words sound the same), he pretends to be a right-wing talk show host. He likes to ask his guests very embarrassing questions that make it seem that he is a serious far right-wing conservative who is also not very smart.  His TV personality centers on the idea that if enough people believe something, it will be true.  This is largely based on conservative host Bill O'Reilly. He was granted a Super PAC for the South Carolina Republican Party primaries in the 2012 U.S. presidential election.

Many famous American politicians and people in the news media agree to appear on his show because it is very popular. Colbert started as a comedy writer and performer for many other programs, such as The Daily Show and the Strangers with Candy movie, both also on Comedy Central.

The Late Show
The Late Show

On April 10, 2014, CBS announced in a press release that Colbert will succeed David Letterman as the host of The Late Show, effective when Mr. Letterman retires from the broadcast." On January 12, 2015, CBS announced that Colbert would premiere as the Late Show host on Tuesday, September 8, 2015.

Other works
He has also voiced Phil Ken Sebben and Reducto in Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law. Colbert has written three books. I Am America (And So Can You!) was No. 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list.

Personal life
Colbert married his wife in 1993. He lives in Montclair, New Jersey with his wife and three children.

Legacy
He has made a word, 'truthiness'. At least four species have been given scientific names honoring Colbert.

References

Further reading

Other websites
Audio/Video
 
 
 
 Colbert interview transcript , 60 Minutes. (April 30, 2006)
 Colbert in an open, hour-long interview and Q & A session arranged by Harvard's Institute of Politics. He speaks about the nature of his TV-show character and the interplay between wearing the mask and using it to make political points.
 Colbert Roasts President Bush – 2006 White House Correspondents Dinner
 Stephen Colbert 2006 Knox College Commencement Address

1964 births
Living people
Actors from South Carolina
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American television actors
American television talk show hosts
Comedians from South Carolina
Comedians from Washington, D.C.
Comedy Central personalities
Webby Award winners
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Hobsonville is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is on the Western shores of the Waitemata Harbour in Waitakere City.

Auckland
Upper Harbour Local Board Area‏‎
Papatoetoe is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is in South Auckland, in the Manukau District.

Other websites
http://www.papatoetoe.org.nz 

Auckland
Ōtara-Papatoetoe Local Board Area
Bognor Regis Town F.C. is a football club in England. They started in 1883 and have managed to enter the 2nd Round of the FA Cup 4 times in their history. At the moment they are playing in the Conference South, which is the 6th level of English Football. Their ground is called Nyewood Lane and their pitch is thought to be one of the best in non-league football.

In the 2005/2006 season they finished 12th in the Conference South division, with an average match attendance of 338 people.

English football clubs
1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
Humour or humor  () is the way that some experiences can make people laugh or feel happy. Most people are able to be amused (laugh or smile at something funny) and have a sense of humor. You can use puns with words that sound similar but have different meanings, or a word that has two meanings. Other examples of humor are satire, saying yes or no when it is not expected, and using different kinds of logic. People of different ages and cultures can find different things humorous. For example, adults may like satire, which children could find hard to understand. A comedian is someone who is paid to make people laugh.r is describing things in a funny way, having the ability to make the jokes.

Related pages
Comedy
Joke

References 

Humor
Virtues
Anthony Kiedis (born November 1, 1962 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) is an American singer. He is the lead singer of the rock band the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was put in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012.

He has been in the band since it started in 1983. He is known for his fast rapping, but in more recent albums he has also started singing. Kiedis is a popular rock singer, but he had many problems singing until the band made Californication (1999). This is when he felt that he could control his voice well. His singing ability has greatly improved over the years. He is known for his on stage charisma. He released a memoir book called Scar Tissue in 2004. It sold many copies around the world. Kiedis has had many drug problems. He has been clean since December 24, 2000. Kiedis was with Heather Christie who is also the mother to his son Everly Bear Kiedis. He lives with his son in Malibu, California.

References
References 

1962 births
Living people
American rock singers
Singers from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Treviso is a comune and city in the Veneto region, in Northeast Italy. Treviso is the capital of the province of the same name. The city is about  north of Venice, the capital of the region.

Geography
Treviso is at the confluence of the Botteniga and Sile rivers,  north of Venice,  east of Vicenza,  north-east of Padua, and  south of Cortina d'Ampezzo.

The city is at about  southwest the right bank of the Piave river, on the plain between the Gulf of Venice (Adriatic Sea) and the Alps.

The comune of Treviso has an area of  and its altitude is .

Treviso borders with the following comuniː Carbonera, Casier, Paese, Ponzano Veneto, Preganziol, Quinto di Treviso, Silea, Villorba, Zero Branco.

Climate 
The climate of Treviso is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.
The average temperature for the year in Treviso is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Treviso is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

Population
, there are 83,731 persons living in the comune, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population in Treviso

Twinned towns
Treviso is twinned with:
  Orléans, France
  Timișoara, Romania
  Sarasota, Florida, United States
  Caen, France
  Curitiba, Brazil
  Neuquén, Argentina

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Treviso official website 

Cities in Treviso
Capital cities in Italy
Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare (Tony Hoare or C. A. R. Hoare, born 11 January 1934) is an English computer scientist. He is probably best known for the development of Quicksort. Quicksort is the world's most widely used sorting algorithm. He also developed Hoare logic. Hoare received the Turing Award in 1980 "for his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages".

Life
Hoare was born in Colombo, in Sri Lanka. He got his Bachelor's degree in Classics from the University of Oxford in 1956. He stayed in Oxford for one more year to study graduate-level statistics.

From 1956 to 1958, he served in the Royal Navy. He then studied computer translation of human languages at Moscow State University in the Soviet Union in the school of Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov.

References
References

1934 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English computer scientists
People from Colombo
Turing Award winners
Sri Lankan academics
Sri Lankan scientists
Academics of the University of Oxford
John Anthony Frusciante is an American musician. He was born on March 5, 1970 in Queens, New York. He was the guitarist of the funk rock band, Red Hot Chili Peppers. He has also made a number of solo records. Some of these albums have been made with other artists, for example Josh Klinghoffer. In December 2009 Frusciante claimed on his website that he had left the band over a year ago.

He was number 18 on Rolling Stones list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" in 2003. In 2011, he was at number 72.
Early RHCP era (1988-92) 
John Frusciante joined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1988 after the previous guitarist, Hillel Slovak, died of a drug overdose. The band went on to record and release their fourth album, Mother's Milk in 1989. Following an international tour, Frusciante co-recorded the band's fifth album, Blood Sugar Sex Magik. In 1992, he left the band because he was overwhelmed by the international success of Blood Sugar Sex Magik. Frusciante abruptly announced his departure from the band just a few moments before a performance in Tokyo. He ended up playing the show and left quickly for a plane back to the USA.
1992 to 1997 
From 1992 to 1997, he recorded a couple of solo albums, which received various criticism due to Frusciante's use of lo-fi and strange synthesizer effects. Frusciante released Niandra LaDes & Usually Just A T-Shirt in 1994 as a cure for there being "no good music around any more". From the time of being out of the band, Frusciante had started to experiment with drugs such as cocaine and heroin. In 1997, he released Smile From The Streets You Hold because he needed money for drugs at the time. He later took the album off the shelves as he did not feel comfortable with it being sold.
Return and success 
Bandmate and long-time friend Flea asked John if he would like to rejoin the band in 1998. Frusciante was so overjoyed by the question that the band regrouped and started the recording process. In 1999, the band released Californication. During the Californication tour, Frusciante recorded some more songs in what would eventually become To Record Only Water For Ten Days, which was released in 2001. Frusciante returned to the recording studio in early 2002 in which they would later release the band's eighth album, By the Way. Four Years later the Peppers released their ninth studio album, Stadium Arcadium. In December 2009 he announced that he would leave the Red Hot Chili Peppers and focus more on his solo albums.
Solo records and side projects 
After yet another world tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante decided to release some more of his own material between 2004 and 2005. During this time, John released six of his own solo records, some of which were co-written by Josh Klinghoffer.

Music

As a solo artist 
 Niandra LaDes & Usually Just A T-shirt (1994)
 Estrus EP (1997)
 Smile From The Streets You Hold (1997)
 Going Inside EP (2001)
 To Record Only Water For Ten Days (2001)
 From The Sounds Inside (2001)
 Shadows Collide With People (2004)
 The Will To Death (2004)
 DC EP (2004)
 Inside Of Emptiness (2004)
 A Sphere In The Heart Of Silence (2004)
 Curtains (2005)
 The Empyrean (2009)
 Letur- Lefr EP (2012)
 PBX Funicular Intaglio Zone (2012)
 Outsides (2013)

Red Hot Chili Peppers 
 Mother's Milk (1989)
 Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991)
 Californication (1999)
 By the Way (2002)
 Stadium Arcadium (2006)

Ataxia 

 Automatic Writing (2004)
 AW II (2007)

References
References

Other websites 
 John Frusciante's official website
 Red Hot Chili Peppers official website

American rock guitarists
Musicians from New York City
American electronic musicians
1970 births
Living people
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Flea (Michael Peter Balzary) is an Australian-American bassist. He was born on October 16, 1962, in the city of Melbourne, Australia. He plays in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He has been with the band since its beginning in 1983 along with vocalist Anthony Kiedis. He is also known onstage for wearing weird costumes that largely appeal to the audience.

Flea is known for his unique bass style. He uses a wide range of bass guitar techniques, mainly popping and slapping and changing the speed of his tempo during songs and his quick improvisation. Flea is also a skilled trumpet player. Flea was responsible for getting John Frusciante back into Red Hot Chili Peppers.

In September 2009, it was announced that Flea would be playing with Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke, to perform some of Yorke's material.

Flea is generally regarded by the public as the greatest rock bassist of all time, among similar artists such as Les Claypool and Victor Wooten.

References
References 

1962 births
Living people
American punk musicians
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from New York (state)
Bassists
American rock guitarists
Australian guitarists
Musicians from Melbourne
Australian rock musicians
Warner Bros. Records artists
Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (, 25 April 1903 – 20 October 1987) was a Soviet mathematician and computer scientist. He made major advances in the fields of probability theory and topology. Born in a Russian family in Tambov, he worked early in his career on intuitionistic logic, and Fourier series. He also worked on turbulence, classical mechanics, and information theory; and was a founder of algorithmic complexity theory which is often referred to as simply Kolmogorov complexity theory.

Kolmogorov worked at Moscow State University. He studied under Nikolai Luzin, earning his Ph.D. in 1929. In 1931 he became professor at this university. In 1939 he received the title of academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He died in Moscow.

References

1903 births
1987 deaths
Kolmogorov, Andrey
Kolmogorov, Andrey
Topologists
Moscow State University faculty
Chadwick Smith (born October 25, 1961 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States) is a drummer in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He joined the band in 1988 with John Frusciante when guitarist Hillel Slovak died of a heroin drug overdose, and Jack Irons left because of his friend dying. Chad has stayed in the band since then, playing the drums for every single album up to today.

Discography
Red Hot Chili Peppers
 Mother's Milk (1989)
 Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991)
 One Hot Minute (1995)
 Californication (1999)
 By the Way (2002)
 Stadium Acradium (2006)
 I'm With You (2011)

References

American drummers
American rock musicians
Musicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Red Hot Chili Peppers
1961 births
Living people
Hillel Slovak (April 13, 1962 – June 25, 1988) was an Israeli musician. Slovak was the guitarist for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was born in Haifa, Israel. His family moved to California in 1967. He was a close friend of singer Anthony Kiedis during high school, and in 1983, they decided to make a band. The band was called "Tony Flow and the Majestic Masters of Mayhem". They played a show, but never took the band seriously. In 1984 he left the Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band "What Is This". He rejoined in 1985 to record "Freaky Styley" and "The Uplift Mofo Party Plan" in 1987. He died in 1988 from a fatal drug overdose.

1962 births
1988 deaths
Drug-related deaths
Jewish Israeli musicians
People from Haifa
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Rock musicians
Jack Irons (born 18 July 1962 in Los Angeles, California) was the drummer for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was in the original band when they formed in 1983. He left Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band What Is This? with his friend Hillel Slovak. He came back to the band in 1986 to record The Uplift Mofo Party Plan. In 1987, Hillel Slovak, the guitarist, died of a drug overdose. He quit the band because of this. Jack Irons has also played in many other bands, most notably Pearl Jam.

1962 births
Living people
American drummers
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Musicians from Los Angeles
American rock musicians
David Michael Navarro  (born June 7, 1967 in Santa Monica, California), better known as Dave Navarro) is an American guitarist. He played in many different bands, most notably Jane's Addiction and Red Hot Chili Peppers. With the Red Hot Chili Peppers, they recorded One Hot Minute in 1995. Also, he was married to Carmen Electra from 2003 to 2006 . he was in the red hot chilli Peppers form 1993 until 1998  

American guitarists
Red Hot Chili Peppers
1967 births
Living people
Musicians from Santa Monica, California
American bloggers
Sir Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and computer scientist. He was the first person to invent the idea of a computer that could be programmed. Unfinished parts of his mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. 

Charles Babbage was born in England, at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banker in London who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth.

His Brain is also on display in the Science Museum in London.

Works 
Babbage worked and wrote on many ideas of science, engineering and mathematics, but he is most famous for two machines he started and never finished. His Difference Engine would have been a much better calculator than any made before then. His Analytical Engine would have been the first real computer.
Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers. His engines were not actually completed because he did not have enough money. Babbage realized that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being. Babbage controlled building of some steam-powered machines that more or less did their job; calculations could be mechanized to an extent. Although Babbage's machines were large machines they were organized in a way similar to modern computer architecture. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit. Ada Lovelace studied how to program them.

Related pages 
Analogue computer

Other websites 
 Charles Babbage -Citizendium

1791 births
1871 deaths
Babbage, Charles
Babbage, Charles
Scientists from London
A ticket is a piece of printed paper that gives you the right to enter somewhere or do something. Tickets are often used as proof that you have paid for public transport, theaters, cinemas or sporting events. Tickets often display printed information like serial number, barcode, price, expiry date, seat number and class of ticket.

Sometimes, you have to take a ticket, such as at the start of a toll road, to help calculate how much you should pay the at end of your journey. Some tickets are becoming electronic barcodes, and are displayed on a screen instead of paper.

Basic English 850 words
Everyday life
Bergamo is a city in northern Italy. Bergamo is in the Lombardy Region, with a population of 117,887 inhabitants. Here the Better Italy team (called by the supporters) plays, Atalanta BC, cubichillo

 
Capital cities in Italy
Brescia is a city in northern Italy. Brescia is in the Lombardy Region. It has 192,165 people.

References

 
Capital cities in Italy
Como is a city in northern Italy. Como is in the Lombardy Region. 83,016 people live there.

 
Capital cities in Italy
Cremona is a city in northern Italy. Cremona is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 71,533 inhabitants. It is in the Po Valley on the North side of the Po River.

History 
In the year 218 BCE, Romans founded the city. Before that, it was a village of the Gauls.

References

 
3rd-century BC establishments
Capital cities in Italy
Lecco is a city in northern Italy. Lecco is in the Lombardy Region with 46,477 inhabitants.

History
If the Como side of Lake Como has become known to tourists due to the presence of large hotels, the Lecco branch is historically the most important and exclusive and with the most beautiful lake and the mountain setting, studied for a long time by Léonard De Vinci, here the confidential and hidden villas of the great Italian industrialists and nobles, as well as the nobles of ancient Rome, including the Villa Comedia De Plinio the young man in the secret village of Liena, the foundation of the order of the knights of the Italian royal family from Savoy.
The painting by Leonardo da Vinci, "The Virgin of the Rocks", kept in the Louvre, is located in the cave of Lecco in Laorca. In the painting you can see the spikes of the Val Calolden, the Sasso Cavallo and the Sasso Carbonari. It is not a question of random elements, but of sought-after references, to trace a historical map of the Sforza of Milan. Leonardo also made the map of Lecco, A plan of the city before the construction of the sixteenth-century walls designed by Leonardo da Vinci, in which you can clearly see the fourteenth-century fortifications, the arc of the lakefront, the course of one of the streams that crosses the city with four mills and a tower, now incorporated in the walls. In the Windsor codes, we can trace drawings of snowy crests that belong to the Lecco landscape. We list, among all, the central massif of the Grigne, seen from the Brianza mountains that he traveled. The jagged profile of Due Mani and Resegone portrayed from Lake Oggiono and from Garlate
. The hurricane in a valley between the mountains that among the low clouds, gathered between Moregallo and S. Martino, shakes the Lecco basin with winds.
References

Related pages 
Salvator Mundi of Lecco (Lake Como)
Leonardo da Vinci
Lake Como
Lodi (; Lombard: Lòd) is a city in northern Italy. Lodi is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 43,488 people (as of 2008). The people who live in Lodi are called Lodigiani. Lodi is famous for a cake called Tortionata.

Lodi was built after the destruction of the ancient roman city of Laus Pompeia during the war with Milan.

The construction of the new city was aided by the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.

Sister Cities
  Constance, Germany
  Lodi, California, United States
  Omegna, Italy.
 Fontainebleau, France.

References

 
 
 Mario-Giuseppe Genesi, Gli Organi Storici del Lodigiano, Piacenza, L.I.R. Editrice, 2017, pp. 720.

 
Capital cities in Italy
Mantova (or Mantua) is a city in northern Italy. Mantova is in the Lombardy Region. It has a population of 48,103 people. The Etruscans founded the city, Today, Mantua is one of the biggest markets for agricultural products in northern Italy. Vergil was born in a small village near Mantua. 

Mantua was named "Capital of the Italian culture 2016".

Twin cities 

  Azuchi, Japan, 2005
  Madison, United States, 2001
  Weingarten, Germany, 1998
  Pushkin, Russia, 1993
  Charleville-Mézières, France, 1963

  Nevers, France, 1963
  Hyderabad, India
  Oradea, Romania
  Vitória, Brazil
Pavia (; Lombard: Pavia;  ) is a city in northern Italy. Pavia is in the Lombardy Region with 71.486 people living in it. It is a very old, historical city. It is 30 km south of Milan.

History of Pavia 

The town of Pavia (then known as Ticinum) was a big city and a special military area for the Romans.

Here, in 476, Odoacer won against Flavius Orestes after a long war. To make the city pay for helping his enemy, Odoacer completely ruined Pavia, but Orestes was able to escape to a city called Piacenza, where Odoacer followed and killed him, and removed from the throne his son Romulus Augustus. This is often thought of as the end of the Western Roman Empire.

A late name of the city in Latin was Papia (probably related to the Pope), which developed to the Italian name Pavia. Sometimes it's called Ticinum Papia, using both Latin names.
After the Lombards conquest, Pavia became the capital of their kingdom. During the Rule of the Dukes, it was ruled by Zaban. It continued to act as the administrative centre of the kingdom, but by the reign of Desiderius, it had fallen to a first-rate defensive work and Charlemagne took it in the Siege of Pavia (June, 774) assuming the kingship of the Lombards. Pavia remained the capital of the Italian Kingdom and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the twelfth century.

In the 12th century Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing commune. In the political division between Guelphs and Ghibellines that characterizes the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with Milan as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the Lombard League against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was attempting to reassert long-dormant Imperial influence over Italy.
The Battle of Pavia (1525) marks a watershed in the city's fortunes, since by that time, the former cleavage between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party (allied with the Pope) and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain Charles V. Thus during the Valois-Habsburg Italian Wars, Pavia was naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side. The defeat and capture of king Francis I of France during the battle ushered in a period of Spanish occupation which lasted until 1713. Pavia was then ruled by the Austrians until 1796, when it was occupied by the French army under Napoleon.

In 1815, it again passed under Austrian administration until the Second War of Italian Independence (1859) and the unification of Italy one year later.

References 

 
Capital cities in Italy
Sondrio is a city in northern Italy. Sondrio is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 21,790 inhabitants. 

Cities in Lombardy
Capital cities in Italy
Settlements in Sondrio
Varese is a city in northern Italy.  Varese is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 96,917 inhabitants.

References

Cities in Varese
Capital cities in Italy
Perugia (said "Pah-ru-zha" ) is the capital city of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber River, and the capital of the province of Perugia. The city is about 100 miles (160 kilometres) north of Rome. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area.

The history of Perugia goes back to the Roman Empire. However, major parts of the city have been destroyed, and rebuilt, because of many wars, and of earthquakes in the mid-19th century. In recent decades, the city has been known as a university town, with the University of Perugia (about 34,000 students), the University for Foreigners (5,000 students), and some smaller colleges, also. There are annual festivals and events: the Eurochocolate Festival (October), the Umbria Jazz Festival, and the International Journalism Festival (in April).
Perugia is a well-known artistic center of Italy. The famous painter Pietro Vannucci, nicknamed Perugino, came from Città della Pieve near Perugia. He decorated the local Sala del Cambio with a beautiful series of frescoes; eight of his pictures can also be seen in the National Gallery of Umbria. Perugino was the teacher of Raphael, the great Renaissance artist who produced five paintings in Perugia (today no longer in the city) and one fresco. Another famous painter, Pinturicchio, lived in Perugia. Galeazzo Alessi is the most famous architect from Perugia. The city symbol is the griffin, which can be seen in the form of plaques and statues on buildings around the city.
History 
Perugia was an Umbrian settlement but first appears in written history as Perusia, one of the twelve confederate cities of Etruria. It was first mentioned in Q. Fabius Pictor's account, used by Livy, of the expedition carried out against the Etruscans by Fabius Maximus Rullianus in 310 or 309 BC. At that time, a thirty-year indutiae (truce) was agreed upon; however, in 295 BC, Perusia took part in the Third Samnite War and was reduced, with Volsinii and Arretium (Arezzo), to seek for peace in the following year.
In 216 and 205 BC, Perugia assisted Rome in the Second Punic War. Little else is known until 41-40 BC, when Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony) took refuge there, in the Roman civil war between Mark Antony and Octavian. Much of ancient Perugia was destroyed by Octavian (later became Emperor Augustus) after a long siege, and its senators were sent to their death. A number of lead bullets used by slingers have been found in and around the city. The city was burnt, we are told, with the exception of the temples of Vulcan and Juno. The huge Etruscan terrace-walls, naturally, can hardly have suffered at all. Afterward, the town, with the territory for a mile round, was allowed to be occupied by whoever came. It must have been rebuilt almost at once, for several bases of statues exist, inscribed with the words "Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta". However, the town did not become a colonia, until 251-253 AD, when it was resettled as Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia, under the emperor C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus
In the Lombard period, Perugia is spoken of as one of the principal cities of Tuscia. In the 9th century, with the consent of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, it passed under the popes; but by the 11th century its commune was asserting itself, and for many centuries the city continued to maintain an independent life, warring against many of the neighbouring lands and cities: Foligno, Assisi, Spoleto, Todi, Siena, Arezzo, etc. In 1186, Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, rex romanorum and future emperor, granted diplomatic recognition to the consular government of the city; afterward Pope Innocent III, whose major aim was to give state dignity to the dominions having been constituting the patrimony of St. Peter, acknowledged the validity of the imperial statement and recognized the established civic practices having the force of law.
On various occasions, the popes found asylum, from the conflicts in Rome, within its walls, and it was the meeting-place of five conclaves (Perugia Papacy), including those which elected Honorius III (1216), Clement IV (1285), Celestine V (1294), and Clement V (1305); the papal presence was characterized by a peace-time rule between the internal rivalries. But Perugia had no mind simply to serve the papal interests and never accepted papal sovereignty: the city used to exercise a jurisdiction over the members of the clergy. Also, in 1282, Perugia was excommunicated due to a new military conflict against the Ghibellines regardless of a papal prohibition. In the other hand, side by side with the 13th-century bronze griffin of Perugia, above the door of the Palazzo dei Priori stands, as a Guelphic emblem, the lion: Perugia remained loyal for the most part to the Guelph party in the struggles of Guelphs and Ghibellines. However this dominant tendency was rather an anti-Germanic and Italian political strategy
. The Angevin presence in Italy appeared offer a counterpoise to papal powers: in 1319 Perugia declared the Angevin Saint Louis of Toulouse "Protector of the city's sovereignty and of the Palazzo of its Priors" and set his figure among the other patron saints above the rich doorway of the Palazzo dei Priori. At the half of the 14th century, Bartholus of Sassoferrato, who was a renowned jurist, asserted that Perugia was dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support
. In 1347, at the time of Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise in reviving the Roman Republic, Perugia sent ten ambassadors to pay him honour; and, when papal messengers sought to force it by foreign soldiers, or to exact contributions, they met with vigorous resistance, which broke into open warfare with Pope Urban V in 1369; in 1370 the noble party reached an agreement signing the treaty of Bologna and Perugia was forced to accept a papal legate; however the vicar-general of the Papal States, Gérard du Puy, Abbot of Marmoutier and nephew of Pope Gregory IX, was expelled by a popular uprising in 1375, and his fortification of Porta Sole was razed to the ground.
Civic peace was constantly disturbed in the 14th century by struggles between the party representing the people (Raspanti) and the nobles (Beccherini). After the assassination in 1398 of Biordo Michelotti, who had made himself lord of Perugia, the city became a pawn in the Italian Wars, passing to Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1400), to Pope Boniface IX (1403), and to Ladislas of Naples (1408–14) before it settled into a period of sound governance under the Signoria of the condottiero Braccio da Montone (1416–24), who reached a concordance with the Papacy. Following mutual atrocities of the Oddi and the Baglioni families, power was at last concentrated in the Baglioni, who, though they had no legal position, defied all other authority, though their bloody internal squabbles culminated in a massacre, 14 July 1500
. Gian Paolo Baglioni was lured to Rome in 1520 and beheaded by Leo X; and in 1540 Rodolfo, who had slain a papal legate, was defeated by Pier Luigi Farnese, and the city, captured and plundered by his soldiery, was deprived of its privileges. A citadel known as the Rocca Paolina, after the name of Pope Paul III (Italian: Paolo), was built, to the designs of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger "ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam."
In 1797, the city was conquered by French troops. On 4 February 1798, the Tiberina Republic was formed, with Perugia as the capital, and the French tricolour as flag. In 1799, the Tiberina Republic merged to the Roman Republic.

In 1832, 1838 and 1854, Perugia was hit by earthquakes. Following the collapse of the Roman republic of 1848-49, when the Rocca was in part demolished, it was seized in May 1849 by the Austrians. In June 1859, the people rebelled against the temporal authority of the Pope and established a provisional government, but the insurrection was quashed bloodily by Pius IX's troops. In September 1860 the city was united finally, along with the rest of Umbria, as part of the Kingdom of Italy.

Economy 
Perugia has become famous for chocolate, mostly because of a single firm, Perugina, whose Baci (kisses) are widely exported. Perugian chocolate is very popular in Italy, and the city hosts a chocolate festival every October.
Geography 
Perugia is the capital city of the region of Umbria.
Cities' distances from Perugia: Assisi , Siena , Florence 145 km, Rome .

Climate 
Even though Perugia is in the Central part of Italy, the city has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), similar to much of Northern Italy.

Demographics 

In 2007, there were 163,287 people living in Perugia, in the Province of Perugia, Umbria, of whom 47.7% were male and 52.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.4 percent of the people, compared to pensioners, who number 21.5%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.1 percent (minors) and 19.9% (pensioners). The average age of Perugia residents is 44, compared to the Italian nationwide average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the number of people grew by 7.86%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 percent.
As of 2006, 90.84% of the people were Italian. The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (particularly from Albania and Romania): 3.93%, the Americas: 2.01%, and North Africa: 1.3%. Most people are Roman Catholic.

Education 
Perugia today hosts two main universities, the ancient University of Perugia (Italian: Università degli Studi) and the University for Foreigners Perugia (Università per Stranieri). Stranieri serves as an Italian language and culture school for students from all over the world. Other educational institutions are the Perugia Fine Arts Academy "Pietro Vannucci" (founded in 1573), the Perugia Music Conservatory for the study of classical music, and the RAI Public Broadcasting School of Radio-Television Journalism. The city is also host to the Umbra Institute, an accredited university program for American students studying abroad. The Università dei Sapori (University of Tastes), a National centre for Vocational Education and Training in Food, is in the city as well.