Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Characteristics 

Vinicius is the Olympic mascot, and he is named after Brazilian musician Vinicius de Moraes. Vinicius's design represents Brazilian wildlife. The design combines "the agility of cats, sway of monkeys and grace of birds." Vinicius can stretch his arms and legs as long as he wants. His mission is "to spread joy throughout the world and celebrate the friendship that flourishes between people from all over the world" at the Olympic Games.

Tom is the Paralympic mascot, and is he named after Brazilian musician Tom Jobim. Tom's design represents the plants of Brazilian forests. Tom can pull any object out of his head. His mission is "to inspire everybody to use creativity and determination to always reach further and have fun."
Vinicius and Tom "were both born from the joy of Brazilians" after the International Olympic Committee chose Rio de Janeiro to host the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The mascots are named after Vinicius de Moraes and Tom Jobim, who co-wrote the 1962 bossa nova song "The Girl from Ipanema".

Media

Animated shorts 
On 5 August 2015, Cartoon Network Brazil started to broadcast animated short films with the mascots. The series is named Vinicius e Tom – Divertidos por Natureza ("Vinicius and Tom – Fun by Nature" or "Vinicius and Tom – Natural Entertainers"). The series has 32 episodes. Each episode is two minutes long. Divertidos por Natureza is the third television cartoon series based on Olympic mascots. It is also the first cartoon created in the Americas based on Olympic mascots. The show follows Vinicius and Tom as they live in Brazilian forests and cities. The mascots are also sometimes joined by the "Carioca Sisters" (). The sisters are named Bela, Sol, and Vida.
The series is designed to promote the mascots. Turner Broadcasting System, the owner of Cartoon Network, spent US$750,000 to develop the series. Cartoon Network helped to coproduce the series because it won a competition held by the Rio 2016 organizers to select a collaborator for the series. Brand director Beth Lula said that the mascots "are one of the principal methods of engaging the public with the Games. The cartoon will give them life, reinforcing the emotional link of the public with the event." The series is targeted towards children, but the show's staff said that adults will like it too too.

Merchandise
Merchandise

The mascots were included among the merchandise of the Rio 2016 Games. Merchandise items ranged in size from a Lego kit to life-size dolls. The organizers gave Paralympic medalists stuffed toys of Tom. They colored the leaves on the dolls' heads in gold, silver, or bronze in order to match with their medals. The Vinicius and Tom Lego kit is the first time that Lego made a commercial version of Olympic mascots. An employee at a Rio 2016 merchandise store said that the mascots were "the most popular thing by far. ... Kids and adults all love them, especially Vinicius, he is the favourite."

The Rio 2016 Organizing Committee thought that the mascots could make up a quarter of merchandise sales in Rio. Overall, merchandise sales were 11 percent higher than what they thought, according to Rio 2016 spokesperson Mario Andrada. The best-selling item was a hat in the shape of Vinicius's head. The second-best-selling item was a pair of Havaianas with a drawing of Vinicius on it.

Reception
Julia Glum wrote about Vinicius and Tom in an article in the International Business Times. She said that the "mascot for the Olympic Games is almost always strange-looking, and Rio de Janeiro is no exception. ... though they're by far not the craziest Olympic animals to ever exist ..." In an article published by Mic, Brianna Provenzano called the mascots "lovable". She described their appearance as "sweet and simple", and she highlighted their symbolisms for the animals and plants of Brazil. On the other hand, Charlotte Wilder wrote an article in USA Todays sports column For The Win. She said that she was unimpressed by Vinicius's design: "Whoever was in charge of coming up with this creature of the huge hands and feet did exactly what it looks like, which is mash up a bunch of animals, video game characters, and cartoons, stuff it with some synthetic filling, and call it day
." Robert John Young, Professor of Wildlife Conservation at the University of Salford, thought that Rio 2016 should have given more attention to environmental protection by using actual animal species instead of inventing their own animal. Young also thought that the organizers should have included a female name in the public vote.
Carlos Merigo wrote on Brazilian website B9 that the mascots bring back "the colorful, loving and fun atmosphere that marked the Olympic mascots over the decades". Merigo called them a "return to origins" following the "shapelessness" of Wenlock and Mandeville, the mascots of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Neha Prakash wrote an article on digital media website Mashable. Prakash said that Vinicius and Tom "are more nostalgia-inducing than nightmarish" compared to the "terror" of the mascots of the 2014 Winter Olympics. Many people compared the art style of the mascots to that of the Pokémon franchise. Stephen Wood wrote an article on the history of Olympic mascots in Paste, and he compared them to the style of Adventure Time, an American animated television series
. In an article published on Slate's culture blog Brow Beat, Matthew Dessem wrote that there were no big problems with the mascots when compared to previous Olympic mascots: "Like the best Olympic mascots of yore, Vinicius and Tom are well-suited to plush toys and licensing deals and will be completely forgotten within a year." Leila Cobo wrote an article published by Billboard, and she praised the organizers of Rio 2016 for "celebrating music in a most joyful and profound way" by naming the Olympic mascot after Vinicius de Moraes.
References

Other websites

 Official website (archived)
  – the animated shorts, published on the official YouTube channel of Rio 2016
 Birdo Studio – official website of the studio that created the mascots

2016 Summer Olympics
Serayu River is a river in Central Java, Indonesia.

Rivers of Asia
Geography of Indonesia
Arsène Tchakarian (December 21, 1916 – August 4, 2018) was a French-Armenian historian, former tailor and member of the French Resistance. He was a member of the Manouchian Group of the FTP-MOI. Tchakarian was the last surviving member of the Manouchian Group (Groupe Manouchian), a Paris-based resistance group led by Missak Manouchian. He was born in Sapanca, Ottoman Empire.

Tchakarian died of a heart attack in Villejuif, France on August 4, 2018, aged 101.

References

1916 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
French historians
French military people
Armenian historians
Armenian military people
The National Museum of Brazil () is the oldest museum and scientific institution of Brazil, located in Rio de Janeiro. It was established on 6 June 1818. Until 2018, it had one of the largest collections of natural history and anthropology in the Americas. Despite this, the 200 year old museum was already in bad condition when it burned on 2 September 2018.

Finance 
From 2014 the museum had budget cuts that dropped its maintenance to less than R$520,000 annually. The budget was so low, there was $0.01 to spend on each of the artifacts.

The building fell into disrepair, with peeling wall material, exposed electrical wiring, and a termite problem. Some of the artifacts lost in the fire included Egyptian mummies, remains from the oldest human skeleton found in the Americas, frescoes from Pompeii, and dinosaur skeletons.

By June 2018, the museum's 200th anniversary, it had reached a state of near-complete abandonment.
There was an offer from The World Bank to buy the museum for $80m. It was turned down because the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro would have to give up ownership.

The great fire 
On 2 September 2018, at around 19:30 local time, a large fire broke out at the Paço de São Cristóvão. The museum was almost completely destroyed. The museum's holdings included over 20 million items. About 90% were destroyed.

Brazil's President Michel Temer called the loss of the historical and cultural heritage "incalculable". The cause of the fire is not known, but many connected it to the museum's lack of funding.

No injuries were reported.

References

Other websites

Natural history museums
National museums
Buildings and structures in Rio de Janeiro
1818 establishments
1810s establishments in South America
19th-century establishments in Brazil
September 2018 events
2018 fires
2010s in Brazil
Samuel Conti (July 16, 1922 – August 29, 2018) was an American jurist. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California from 1970 until his retirement in 1987. In 1987, he became senior judge of the court. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Conti died on August 29, 2018 in Oakland, California at the age of 96.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2018 deaths
American judges
Politicians from Los Angeles
Sir James Alexander Mirrlees  (5 July 1936 – 29 August 2018) was a Scottish economist. He was the winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. He was knighted in the 1997 Birthday Honours.

Mirrlees died on 29 August 2018 in Cambridge, England at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 Biographic speech from The Chinese University of Hong Kong
 James Mirrlees interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 21 July 2009 (film)

1936 births
2018 deaths
British economists
Scottish academics
Carilda Oliver Labra  (6 July 1922 – 29 August 2018) was a Cuban poet.  She was born in Matanzas.

Oliver Labra studied law at the University of Havana. She was known as one of the most influential Cuban poets.

Oliver Labra won many national and international prizes including the National Poetry Prize (1950), National Literature Award (1997) and the José de Vasconcelos International Prize (2002). Me desordeno, amor, me desordeno might be her most famous poem.

Oliver Labra died of pneumonia in Matanzas on 29 August 2018, aged 96.

References

1922 births
2018 deaths
Cuban poets
Paul Belville Taylor, Jr. (July 29, 1930 – August 29, 2018) was an American choreographer. He was among the last living members of the third generation of America's modern dance artists. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Taylor works include Big Bertha (1970),, Airs (1978), Arden Court (1981), Sunset (1983), Last Look (1985), Speaking in Tongues (1988), Brandenburgs (1988), Company B (1991), Piazolla Caldera (1996), Black Tuesday (2001), Promethean Fire (2002), and Beloved Renegade (2008). 

In 1992, he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography and was awarded the Kennedy Center Honorees.

Taylor died of renal failure on August 29, 2018, at a Manhattan hospital at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 Paul Taylor Dance Company
PBS:American Masters biography
Kennedy Center biography
American Ballet Theater biography
Kennedy Center honorees
Emmy Award winners
1930 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American choreographers
American dancers
People from Pittsburgh
Iosif (Joseph) Davydovich Kobzon (; 11 September 1937 — 30 August 2018) was a Soviet-Russian singer. He was born in Chasiv Yar, Donetsk Oblast. He performed concerts for Joseph Stalin when he was younger. His best-known song is  Instants  from the Soviet TV series Seventeen Moments of Spring (1973).

He went to Donetsk People's Re­public and said words in support of its separatists. He got Honorary Consul of ‘Donetsk People's Republic’ in the Russian Federation. He voted "yes" to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation on March 20, 2014. He was put in the EU blacklist for that on February 16, 2015.

Kobzon died on 30 August 2018 in Moscow from prostate cancer at the age of 80.

References

Other websites

 Official site of Iosif Kobzon
  
 Joseph Kobzon at iTunes

1937 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Russian singers
Ray (February 14, 1982 – August 30, 2018) was a Hong Kong professional wrestler. Ray made her professional wrestling debut in September 2003 and would for the next several years wrestle under different masks, before she began working for Smash in March 2010. She remained with Smash until the promotion folded in March 2012.

During her career, Ray held the CMLL-Reina International Junior, International Ribbon Tag Team and WNC Women's Championships, among other titles.

After being diagnosed with brain cancer in December 2015, she died on August 30, 2018 at the age of 36.

References

Other websites
Chō Sentō Puroresu FMW profile 
Fukumen Mania profile  
Puroresu Central profile
 
Ray's official blog 

1982 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Hong Kong sportspeople
Wrestlers
Marie Severin (; August 21, 1929 – August 29, 2018) was an American comics artist and colorist. She was best known for her work for Marvel Comics such as on Spider-Man, Thor, and Iron Man and the 1950s' EC Comics. Severin was born in East Rockaway, New York.

Severin was added into the Will Eisner Comics Hall of Fame in 2001.

Severin died in Massapequa, New York on August 29, 2018 from a stroke at the age of 89.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American comics artists
People from New York City
East Rockaway is a village in Nassau County, New York, in the United States. The population was 9,818 at the 2010 census.

References

Villages in New York (state)
Massapequa (, ) is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Nassau County, New York, on Long Island, east of New York City. It is near to Amityville. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a total population of 21,685.

References

Census-designated places in New York (state)
Hamlets in New York (state)
Amityville is a village in Suffolk County, New York, in the United States. The population was 9,523 at the 2010 census.

References

Villages in New York (state)
Susan Brown (May 4, 1932 – August 31, 2018) was an American television and movie actress and interior designer. She was born in San Francisco, California. She was best known for her roles on daytime soap operas such as in General Hospital. In 1979, she was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for her role on the show. Brown starred as Adelaide in As the World Turns.

Brown died in Los Angeles, California on August 31, 2018 from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 86.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from San Francisco
Eileen Fulton (born September 13, 1933), is an American actress. She is known for her television role as Lisa Grimaldi on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns, which she would star from May 18, 1960 until the show's ending on September 17, 2010.

References

Other websites

 Interview with Eileen Fulton for the Archive of American Television

1933 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from North Carolina
People from Asheville, North Carolina
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza  25 January 1922 – 31 August 2018) was an Italian population geneticist. He lectured at Stanford University. Cavalli-Sforza won the Weldon Memorial Prize in 1978. He was born in Genoa, Italy.

Cavalli-Sforza's The History and Geography of Human Genes (1994 with Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza) is a standard reference on human genetic variation. Cavalli-Sforza also wrote The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution (together with his son Francesco).

Earlier, in the 1970s, he and Walter Bodmer wrote what was the standard textbook on modern human genetics,  The Genetics of Human Populations. WHFreeman, 1971.  The two, with Bodmer as first author, later wrote another more basic text, Genetics, Evolution, and Man  WHFreeman, 1976. Together  with his 1994 book they show human genetics before the genomics era began giving much more detailed data.

Cavalli-Sforza died on 31 August 2018 in Belluno, Italy at the age of 96.

References
References

1922 births
2018 deaths
Italian scientists
Geneticists
People from Genoa
Muni Tarun Sagar (26 June 1967 – 1 September 2018) was an Indian Digambara monk and political advisor.

His lectures are known as Kadve Pravachan (bitter discourses) because they can be critical of common practices and views. His lectures have been published in book series also titled Kadve Pravachan. His audience often includes a majority of non-Jains.

Early life
Tarun Sagar was born as Pawan Kumar Jain on 26 June 1967 in Madhya Pradesh, India. He became Kshullak at the age of 13 and Muni as a pupil of Acharya Pushpdant Sagar at the age of 20.

Works
Tarun Sagar was known for supporting the ban on liquor, leather and meat in India. He began to publish speeches under the title Kadve Pravachan (Bitter Discourse) starting in 2003 in Ahmedabad.

Tarun Sagar delivered his sermons Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2010 and in Haryana Legislative Assembly on 26 August 2016.
He was known as a "progressive Jain monk" for his criticism of violence, corruption and conservatism, and his speeches came to be called "Katu Pravachan".

Famous quotes
Jealousy fetches you nothing.
Don't be egoistic because of your money!
Dharma seems necessary?
Where there is bickering, there is hell

Politics
While Jain monks often did not want to be related with politicians,  Sagar often met politicians and government officials as a guest. He has delivered his sermons Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2010 and in Haryana Legislative Assembly on 26 August 2016.

Sagar was respected by Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and Modi would award him Tarun Kranti Puraskar in 2012.
Criticisms
In August 2016, Tarun Sagar was invited to address the Haryana Assembly by both the ruling BJP and the opposition Congress party members. He talked about social and political issues and evoked applause and laughter from lawmakers. The event caused a number of tweets critical of Muni Tarun Sagar because of his nudity.

He once said that Jihad is a conspiracy to convert Hindu girls into Muslims. He was also against Muslim practice in India.

Death
Tarun Sagar died on 1 September 2018 from complications of jaundice in New Delhi, India at the age of 51.

References

Works

Other websites
Official Website 
Most People Dressed up as Mahatma Gandhi World Record

1967 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from jaundice
Jainism
Indian writers
Monks
Randy Weston (April 6, 1926 – September 1, 2018) was an American jazz pianist and composer.

Weston's works were influenced by Duke Ellington and Thelonious Monk. Weston worked often with trombonist and arranger Melba Liston.

Weston died on September 1, 2018 in New York City of heart disease at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
 Randy Weston official site
 "Randy Weston: Hi-Fly, Little Niles and Africa (From The Archives)", JazzProfiles, October 7, 2013
 "Profile: Randy Weston" by Arnold Jay Smith
 Randy Weston video interview at underyourskin 
 Black History Special: Jazz Legend Randy Weston on His Life and Celebration of "African Rhythms", Democracy Now!, February 20, 2012
 Transcript of conversation with Randy Weston, National Endowment for the Arts.
 "Randy Weston: A Giant of Jazz, a Giant of a Man", Huffington Post, December 2, 2015.

1926 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from heart disease
American jazz musicians
American composers
American pianists
Musicians from New York City
Ehsan Yarshater (, April 3, 1920 – September 1, 2018) was an Iranian historian and linguist. He worked in iranology. He was the founder and director of The Center for Iranian Studies, and Hagop Kevorkian Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Columbia University.

References

1920 births
2018 deaths
Iranian historians
Linguists
Conway Victor Savage (27 July 1960 – 2 September 2018) was an Australian rock pianist and singer-songwriter. He was a member of Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds from 1990 until his retirement in 2017. 

Savage had a solo career and released albums, Nothing Broken (2000), Wrong Man's Hands (2004) and Rare Songs & Performances 1989–2004. He also collaborated with other artists for their albums, such as Soon Will Be Tomorrow (with Suzie Higgie, 1998) and Quickie for Ducky (with Amanda Fox and Robert Tickner, 2007).

In October 2017, Savage was diagnosed with brain cancer. He died, aged 58, in Melbourne on 2 September 2018.

References

1960 births
2018 deaths
Cancer deaths in Victoria (Australia)
Deaths from brain cancer
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian pianists
Australian rock singers
Australian rock musicians
Musicians from Victoria (Australia)
Carole Shelley (16 August 1939 – 31 August 2018) was an English actress. She was born in London. Her many stage roles included the character of Madame Morrible in the original Broadway cast of the musical Wicked. She won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in The Elephant Man in 1979. She also starred in Wicked and in Robin Hood.

Shelley died of pancreatic cancer in Manhattan on 31 August 2018, aged 79.

References

Other websites
 

1939 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
Babylon is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is located on Long Island, the town population was 214,191 as of the 2014 census.

Other websites

 Town of Babylon
 Babylon Beacon (local newspaper)

Towns in New York (state)
Barry Du Bois (born 4 August 1960) is an Australian designer, building expert and TV personality on Network Ten. Du Bois first appeared on reality renovation show The Renovators. Du Bois is co-host and design/building expert on lifestyle program The Living Room.

In 2017, Du Bois was diagnosed with terminal multiple myeloma.

References

1960 births
Living people
Australian television presenters
Australian designers
People from Sydney
Gareth O'Callaghan (born 24 March 1961) is an Irish author and retired radio and television presenter. He was most recently to be heard on 4fm, having presented shows on RTÉ 2fm for much of his career until 2005 and then a show on Galway Bay FM until his retirement in 2018. He is known for talking about depression and suicide awareness on his shows.

In August 2018, O'Callaghan was diagnosed with a terminal form of neurodegenerative disease.

References

1961 births
Living people
Irish writers
Irish television personalities
Irish radio personalities
Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. 

Many neurodegenerative diseases – including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease.

Such diseases are incurable, resulting in progressive degeneration and/or death of neuron cells. 

There are many parallels between different neurodegenerative disorders including atypical protein assemblies as well as induced cell death. Neurodegeneration can be found in many different levels of neuronal circuitry ranging from molecular to systemic.

References

Neuroscience
St John Ambulance is a group of organizations which provide first aid and emergency medicine. They work in over 40 countries, mostly in the Commonwealth of Nations.

The role of St John Ambulance varies. For example, in some parts of Australia, St John Ambulance are the main ambulance service. In most places, St John Ambulance are mostly volunteers and their role is to provide first aid at local events (e.g. sports matches, local fairs, races, etc.) and first aid training to the public.

St John Ambulance is run by its founders, the Venerable Order of Saint John. The Order is a descendant of the Knights Hospitaller of the Middle Ages. They founded the first branch of St John Ambulance in the United Kingdom in the 19th century. In 1877, the St John Ambulance Association was set up to teach first aid skills. In 1887, the St John Ambulance Brigade was founded to provide first aid at local events. These two have since been merged into the English branch of St John Ambulance.
First aiders for St John Ambulance are often seen wearing uniform. They originally had army ranks, though many now use non-military ranks instead. Some branches have cadets, for teenagers and older children.

All branches of St John Ambulance use the eight-point Maltese Cross as their logo. This symbol appears on a number of organizations descended from the Knights Hospitaller. The Order of Malta Ambulance Corps in Ireland is an example. Other similar organizations include Red Cross and Red Crescent (a worldwide movement) and St Andrew's First Aid in Scotland.

International medical and health organizations
Charities of the United Kingdom
Medical and health organisations in the United Kingdom
Roger Caesar Marius Bernard de Delgado Torres Castillo Roberto (1 March 1918 – 18 June 1973), better known as Roger Delgado, was a British actor. He began his acting career in 1939. He is best known as the first actor to play the Master in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who. He appeared as the Master in 37 episodes from 1971 until his death in 1973. 

Delgado was born in Whitechapel, London. He was the son of a Belgian mother and a Spanish father. He served as a major during the Second World War. He was married to Kismet Shahani.

On 18 June 1973, Delgado was killed in a car accident in Nevşehir, Turkey. He was 55. He died while filming the French-German TV miniseries La Cloche tibétaine (English: Tibetan Bell).

References

Other websites
 

1918 births
1973 deaths
Actors from London
British military personnel of World War II
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Road accident deaths
The Gambia River (formerly known as the River Gambra) is a major river in West Africa. It is about   long. It runs from the Fouta Djallon plateau in north Guinea westward through Senegal and the Gambia to the Atlantic Ocean at the city of Banjul.  It is navigable for about half that length.

Geography 
The river is strongly associated with The Gambia, the smallest country in mainland Africa, which consists of little more than the downstream half of the river and its two banks.

From the Fouta Djallon, the river runs northwest into the Tambacounda Region of Senegal, where it flows through the Parc National du Niokolo Koba, then is joined by the Nieri Ko and Koulountou before entering the Gambia at Fatoto. At this point the river runs generally west, but in a meandering course with a number of oxbows, and about 100km from its mouth it gradually widens, to over 10km wide where it meets the sea.
Near the mouth of the river, near Juffure, is Kunta Kinteh Island, a place used in the slave trade which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The aquatic fauna in the Gambia River basin is closely associated with that of the Senegal River basin, and the two are usually combined under a single ecoregion known as the Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Although the species richness is moderately high, only three species of frogs and one fish are endemic to this ecoregion.

Oysters are harvested from the River Gambia and used to make oyster stew, a traditional dish in the cuisine of Gambia.

The river is an important trade route. Ocean-going vessels can use it for , to the settlement of Kuntaur. Smaller ships can reach the settlement Fatoto, which is  from its mouth.

References 

Geography of the Gambia
Geography of Guinea
Rivers of Senegal
Tongyong Pinyin vs. Hanyu Pinyin 
Most Tongyong spellings of Chinese syllables are the same as Hanyu spellings. However, one major difference is that Tongyong does not use letters 'x' and 'q', which are both used in Hanyu. Below is a chart that compares syllables in Hanyu to those in Tongyong. Below is not an exhaustive list, but a list that show major differences between the two systems.

Below are examples of sentences written in Chinese characters, Hanyu Pinyin, and Tongyong Pinyin with English translations.

Pictures

References

Romanization of Chinese
Turgor means the state of turgidity and resulting rigidity of cells or tissues, typically due to the absorption of fluid.

Hence, used in biology.

Cell biology
"Starships" is a song by American rapper Nicki Minaj.  It is from her second studio album, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded. It is the tenth track on the album.  It was released on February 14, 2012.  The song has a pop rap sound similar to her previous single "Super Bass" and has elements of dance-pop and Eurodance.  Minaj co-wrote the song with Wayne Hector, Carl Falk, Rami Yacoub, and its producer, RedOne, who is known for his work with Lady Gaga and Jennifer Lopez.

The song has been very successful worldwide, reaching the top ten in countries like the US, UK, Canada, and Australia.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Notes

References 

2012 songs
Nicki Minaj songs
Dance-pop songs
Hip hop songs
Gordon David Phillips (17 November 1946 – 3 September 2018) was an English professional football goalkeeper and coach. He made over 200 appearances in the Football League for Brentford.

Phillips also played for Hayes from 1961 to 1963 and for Hillingdon Borough from 1973 to 1978. He was born in Uxbridge, London.

Phillips died on 3 September 2018 from cancer, aged 71.

References

1946 births
2018 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Footballers from London
English football managers
Renée Lynn Fleming (born February 14, 1959) is an American opera singer and soprano.  

Fleming is known for having a full lyric soprano voice. She has sung chansons, jazz and indie rock.  

Her best known roles include Countess Almaviva in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro, Desdemona in Verdi's Otello, Violetta in Verdi's La traviata, the title role in Dvořák's Rusalka, the title role in Massenet's Manon, the title role in Massenet's Thaïs, the title role in Richard Strauss's Arabella, the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier, and the Countess in Capriccio.

References

1959 births
Living people
American opera singers
American jazz singers
Sopranos
Singers from Pennsylvania
Sanford is a town of Alabama in the United States.

Towns in Alabama
Horn Hill is a town in Covington County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 207.

References

Towns in Alabama
Hurtsboro is a town of Russell County in the state of Alabama, in the United States. At the 2020 census the population was 349. It was founded in 1857.

References

1850s establishments in Alabama
1857 establishments in the United States
Towns in Alabama
Hytop is a town of Alabama in the United States.

Towns in Alabama
Indian Springs Village (often simply called Indian Springs) is a town of Alabama in the United States.

An F2 tornado damaged business buildings in the town on March 27, 1994 along with Pelham, Helena, and Inverness.

Towns in Alabama
Inverness is an unincorporated community in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. It is a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama.

Inverness comes from a Scottish city of the same name.

An F2 tornado damaged business buildings here along with Pelham, Helena, and Indian Springs on March 27, 1994.

Unincorporated communities in Alabama
Westover is a city in Alabama in the United States.

Cities in Alabama
Wilton is a town of Shelby County in the state of Alabama, in the United States. It is also known by the previous names of Birmingham Junction, Bismark, and Catoosa.

Towns in Alabama
Vincent is a city of Shelby, St. Clair, and Talladega counties in the state of Alabama, in the United States. It was known as Propel.

Cities in Alabama
Springville is a city in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 4,786. The city started on December 1880.

References 

Cities in Alabama
Moody is a city in Alabama in the United States. At the 2020 census, it had about 13,170 people living there.

References

Cities in Alabama
Buckhurst Hill is a town and civil parish in Essex, England.

Towns in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Mooresville is a town of Limestone County in the state of Alabama, in the United States. It is located southeast of the intersection of Interstate 565 and Interstate 65, and north of Wheeler Lake.

The town is between Huntsville and Decatur, and is part of the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area; its population as of the 2020 census is 47.

References

Other websites 

Town website
Mooresville: A Town of Charm & History 

Towns in Alabama
Lester is a town of Alabama in the United States.

Towns in Alabama
Jemison is a city in Chilton County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 2,642.

References

Other websites 
 City of Jemison official website
 History of the City of Jemison 

Cities in Alabama
Pommiers is the name of several communes in France:

 Pommiers, Aisne, in the Aisne department
 Pommiers, Gard, in the Gard department
 Pommiers, Indre, in the Indre department
 Pommiers, Loire, in the Loire department
 Pommiers, Rhône, in the Rhône department
 Pommiers-la-Placette, in the Isère department
 Pommiers-Moulons, in the Charente-Maritime department
 Pommier, in the Pas-de-Calais department
 Pommier-de-Beaurepaire, in the Isère department
Jacqueline Pearce (20 December 1943 – 3 September 2018) was a British movie and television actress. She was best known as the villain Servalan in the British science fiction TV series Blake's 7. She also starred in Doctor Who as Chessene, a bloodthirsty alien.

Pearce was diagnosed with lung cancer in May 2018 and died shortly after at her home in Lancashire on 3 September 2018, aged 74.

References

1943 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
British movie actors
British television actors
British voice actors
Actors from Surrey
People from Woking
Caterina Ranieri (31 August 1925 – 3 September 2018), known professionally as Katyna Ranieri, was an Italian actress and singer. She was born in Follonica, Italy. She had her first hit in 1954 at the Sanremo Music Festival with the song "Una canzone da due soldi". 

She was the widow of the Italian film composer Riz Ortolani. She starred in Goodbye Uncle Tom.

Ranieri died on 3 September 2018 in Pesaro, Italy from heart failure at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

 Katyna Ranieri Official website
 

1925 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Italian singers
Italian movie actors
Thomas Sowell (; born June 30, 1930) is an American economist and social theorist. He is a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

Sowell worked at Cornell University and University of California, Los Angeles. He has also worked for think tanks such as the Urban Institute. 

Since 1980, he has worked at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He writes from a libertarian conservative perspective. He is a National Humanities Medal recipient for innovative scholarship which incorporated history, economics and political science.

References

Other websites
 Thomas Sowell's home page
 Thomas Sowell Features at Creators Syndicate
 Column archive at Townhall.com 
 Archive of Articles  by Thomas Sowell at JewishWorldReview.com
 

1930 births
Living people
American economists
Cornell University faculty
American political scientists
American political writers
Writers from South Carolina
University of California faculty
Richard Art Viguerie (born September 23, 1933) is an American conservative figure, pioneer of political direct mail and writer on politics. He is the current chairman of ConservativeHQ.com.

References

Other websites
 ConservativeHQ.com Web Site
 
 
 Booknotes interview with Viguerie on America's Right Turn: How Conservatives Used New and Alternative Media to Take Power, September 5, 2004. 

1933 births
Living people
American political writers
Writers from Texas
Pasadena  is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the city's population is 149,043, making it the seventeenth most populous city in the state of Texas.

The area was founded in 1893 by John H. Burnett of Galveston, who named the area after Pasadena, California.

References

Cities in Harris County, Texas
1893 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Texas
Claire Wineland (April 10, 1997 – September 2, 2018) was an American health activist, entrepreneur and author. She was known for her non-profit organization "Claire’s Place Foundation". She worked to support and organize people with terminal and chronic illness and their families.

She was also the author of the book Every Breath I Take, Surviving and Thriving with Cystic Fibrosis and a TEDx speaker.

Wineland supported Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in the 2016 election.

Wineland died, aged 21, on September 2, 2018 from a stroke at a San Diego, California hospital, one week after having a lung transplant.

References

1997 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from surgical complications
American activists
Businesspeople from Texas
Writers from Austin, Texas
Annette Jones (born September 7, 1967), better known as Leslie Jones, is an American comedian and actress. She is a cast member and writer on Saturday Night Live. 

Jones starred in the movie Ghostbusters (2016) as Patty Tolan. In 2017 and 2018, Jones was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her work on Saturday Night Live.

References

1967 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Tennessee
Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
Daniel Sallis Huston (born May 14, 1962) is an American actor, writer, and director. 

He starred in Birth, Martin Scorsese’s The Aviator, The Constant Gardener, Sofia Coppola’s Marie Antoinette, Peter Berg’s The Kingdom, Ridley Scott’s Robin Hood and Sacha Gervasi’s Hitchcock.  

Huston starred in the thriller series American Horror Story, portraying The Axeman in American Horror Story: Coven and Massimo Dolcefino in American Horror Story: Freak Show. He also starred as General Erich Ludendorff in the 2017 movie Wonder Woman.

References

1962 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
Actors from Rome
Writers from Rome
Nevada ( nə--də; pronounced differently than the state) is a city and a county seat of Vernon County, Missouri, United States.  The population was 8,386 at the 2010 census, and 8,171 in the 2012 estimate.

References

Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
Dumbo is an American fantasy adventure movie. It was directed by Tim Burton. It was inspired by Walt Disney's 1941 animated movie also called Dumbo. It stars Colin Farrell, Michael Keaton, Danny DeVito, Eva Green, Alan Arkin and Roshan Seth.

The movie was released in the United States and United Kingdom on March 11, 2019. It was released in Real D 3D and IMAX 3D.

References

2019 movies
2010s American adventure movies
2010s American fantasy movies
Disney movie remakes
Movies about elephants
Movies about mice
Movies about birds
Movies about animals
Movies about animal cruelty
Movies about bullying
Movies with circus settings
Movies based on books
Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer Loftus,  (4 October 1817 – 7 March 1904) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator. He was Ambassador to Prussia from 1865 to 1868, to the North German Confederation from 1868 to 1871 and to the Russian Empire from 1871 to 1879 and Governor of New South Wales from 1879 to 1885.

References 

1817 births
1904 deaths
Governors of New South Wales
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom
Jon Raymond Polito (December 29, 1950 – September 1, 2016) was an American actor. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His best known works were as Detective Steve Crosetti in the first two seasons of Homicide: Life on the Street and as Phil Bartoli on the first season of Crime Story. 

Polito starred as The Rocketeer, The Crow and Gangster Squad, as well as his work with the Coen brothers. He appeared in five of their movies, including Miller's Crossing, Barton Fink and The Big Lebowski. 

Polito last appeared as Enrico Banducci in a large supporting role in Tim Burton's 2014 movie Big Eyes.

Polito died from multiple myeloma on September 1, 2016 in Duarte, California, aged 65.

References

1950 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Cancer deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Philadelphia
Duarte () is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 21,727.

Duarte is located at .

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Tropical Storm Gordon was a tropical cyclone in early September 2018. The storm developed on September 1, 2018. 

Gordon crossed over southern Florida near Key Largo and Miami on September 3, 2018. The storm went into the Gulf of Mexico later that day.

Tropical storm and hurricane warnings were put in effect from southeast Louisiana to the Florida Panhandle.

Gordon was expected to become a hurricane before moving onto the United States Gulf Coast.

References

Hurricanes in the United States
2018 in the United States
2018 Atlantic hurricane season
Atlantic tropical storms
Kenneth Smith Harrelson (born September 4, 1941), nicknamed "The Hawk", is an American All-Star first baseman and outfielder in Major League Baseball. He serves as a television broadcast announcer for the Chicago White Sox. He played for the Kansas City Athletics, Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox and the Cleveland Indians.

Harrelson was born in Woodruff, South Carolina, but raised in Savannah, Georgia. He studied at the University of Kentucky.

References

Other websites

profile and chronology Baseball Library 
Full list of catch phrases
Retrosheet
SABR BioProject 
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League

1941 births
Living people
Kansas City Athletics players
Minnesota Twins players
Boston Red Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Chicago White Sox
Sportspeople from South Carolina
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Sportspeople from Indiana
People from Savannah, Georgia
Woodruff is a city in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 4,101 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in South Carolina
Hinterkaifeck was a small farmstead near the Bavarian towns of Ingolstadt and Schrobenhausen. It was about  north of Munich. On the evening of 31 March 1922, the six people who lived in the farm were killed. The murders remain unsolved.

The six victims were parents Andreas Gruber (63) and Cäzilia (72); their widowed daughter Viktoria Gabriel (35); Viktoria's children, Cäzilia (7) and Josef (2); and the maid, Maria Baumgartner (44).

Hinterkaifeck was never an official place name. The name was used for the remote farmstead of the hamlet of Kaifeck, located nearly  north of the main part of Kaifeck and hidden in the woods (the prefix Hinter, part of many German place names, means behind), part of the town of Wangen, which was incorporated into Waidhofen in 1971.

Other websites
Interviews, pictures, maps and theories  (German)
Two new films about Hinterkaifeck (English)

1922 in Europe
1920s in Germany

History of Bavaria
March events
Mass murder in Germany
Murders by blade weapons
The Tamam Shud case, also known as the Mystery of the Somerton Man, is an unsolved case of an unidentified man found dead at 6:30 am, 1 December 1948, on Somerton beach, Glenelg, just south of Adelaide, South Australia.

It is named after the Persian phrase tamám shud, meaning "ended" or "finished", printed on a scrap of paper found months later in the fob pocket of the man's trousers. 

The scrap had been torn from the final page of a copy of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, authored by 12th-century poet Omar Khayyám. Tamam was misspelt as Taman in many early reports and this error.

Jessica Thomson living in nearby Glenelg was questioned in connection with the case, her phone number was found in the book. Shortly afterwards, she gave birth to a boy with the same rare ear trait as the unidentified man.
On 26 July 2022, a professor Derek Abbott with genealogist Colleen M. Fitzpatrick, claimed to have identified the man as Carl "Charles" Webb, born in 1905, based on  DNA of the man's hair. South Australia Police and Forensic Science South Australia have not verified the result, but said they were "cautiously optimistic" about it.

Notes

References

1948
1940s in Australia
Unexplained deaths
On March 18, 1990, 13 paintings worth for a total of $500 million were stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston. In the early hours, guards admitted two men posing as police officers responding to a disturbance call.

Once inside, the thieves tied up the guards and over the next hour committed the largest-value recorded theft of private property in history. Despite efforts by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and multiple probes around the world, no arrests have been made and no works have been recovered.

The museum initially offered a reward of $5 million for information leading to the art's recovery, but in 2017 this was temporarily doubled to $10 million, with an expiration date set to the end of the year. This was extended into 2018 following helpful tips from the public.

References

1990 in the United States
1990s crimes in the United States
1990s in Massachusetts
20th century in Boston

Robberies
The Isdal Woman () is the name given to an unknown woman who was found dead at Isdalen Valley in Bergen, Norway, on 29 November 1970. It is thought to be one of Norway's most profound mysteries. The case has been the subject of intense speculation for many years.

The official cause of death was a combination of carbon monoxide poisoning and barbiturate overdose.

There are many theories as to who the Isdal Woman was ranging from secret spy to a suicidal woman.

References

1930s births
1970 deaths
Drug-related deaths
Unexplained deaths
1970s in Norway
Osama bin Laden, the founder and first leader of the Islamist group Al-Qaeda, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011 shortly after 1:00 am PKT (20:00 UTC, May 1) by United States Navy SEALs of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six).

The raid
The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was carried out in a CIA-led operation with Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). The operation ended a nearly 10-year search for bin Laden, following his role in the September 11 attacks on the United States.

The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan was launched from Afghanistan. U.S. military officials said that after the raid U.S. forces took bin Laden's body to Afghanistan for identification, then buried him at sea within 24 hours of his death in accordance with Islamic tradition.
The SEALs encountered the residents in the compound's guest house, in its main building on the first floor where two adult males lived, and on the second and third floors where bin Laden lived with his family.

The second and third floors were the last section of the compound to be cleared. There were reportedly "small knots of children ... on every level, including the balcony of bin Laden's room".

bin Laden was killed in the raid and initial versions said three other men and a woman were killed as well: bin Laden's adult son Khalid, bin Laden's courier Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti, al-Kuwaiti's brother Abrar, and Abrar's wife Bushra.

Al-Qaeda confirmed the death on May 6 with posts made on militant websites, vowing to avenge the killing.

Approval
The raid was supported by over 90% of the American public, United Nations, NATO, the European Union, along with a large number of governments, but was criticized by two-thirds of the Pakistani public.
Also controversial was the decision not to release any photographic or DNA evidence of bin Laden's death to the public.

Aftermath
In the aftermath of the killing, Pakistani Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani created a commission under Senior Justice Javed Iqbal. The resulting Abbottabad Commission Report, which revealed Pakistani state military and intelligence authorities’ “collective failure” that enabled bin Laden to hide in Pakistan for nine years.

References

Other websites