Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. It is in the methylxanthine class. It is found in many plants, and is used in drinks like coffee, some teas, some soft drinks, and energy drinks. It can be harmful for both humans and animals if a large amount is consumed. If a person ate 10-13 grams of caffeine quickly, between 80 and 100 cups of coffee, they would overdose and may die. It is the world's most popular psychoactive drug, and is legal in nearly all of the world.

Sources 
Caffeine is the main drug that is in coffee. Coffee comes from a tree. The seeds of the tree are roasted to make coffee.

Caffeine comes from other plants as well. It is in guarana, yerba maté, cacao, and some plants used to make tea. The plants use caffeine as a pesticide. This is a chemical that kills insects if they eat the plant. It is the way the plant protects itself.
Caffeine was first extracted from cocoa beans into its purest form which is a white powder and the word originated from the German word “kaffee” and the French word “café” which both mean caffeine.

It is called guaranine when it comes from the guarana plant and theine when it comes from a tea plant. It is called mateine in the mate drink. This drink is an infusion made with Yerba mate.

What caffeine is 

Caffeine is a stimulant drug. A stimulant is a drug that increases body actions like heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. It makes a person more awake and alert.

Caffeine also is a diuretic. This means it makes a person make more urine (the waste liquid a person makes).

The caffeine chemical is called a xanthine alkaloid. This is a group of chemicals that are stimulants. Some xanthine alkaloids (like theophylline) are used to help asthma.

What caffeine is used for 
The biggest use of caffeine is as a stimulant. People drink coffee and other drinks with caffeine to stay awake.
Doctors sometimes use caffeine as a medicine. It is used for headaches (head pain). It is sometimes used to help premature (born very early) babies to breathe. The short-term risk of this treatment seems to be that the babies treated gain less weight than usual.

Caffeine is sometimes given to people after a lumbar puncture. This is a test to see if someone has meningitis.

In the beginning caffeine was found to relieve hunger, so it was used for weight loss. That did not last because people were using too much. Caffeine can be a very dangerous drug when not used in the right way.

Caffeine also has medicinal properties. It is used in many over the counter medicines, such as Excedrin, Midol and Anacin. When combined with other analgesics, caffeine can help to alleviate headaches and cramps.

Problems with caffeine
The largest problem with caffeine is addiction. This is when people get bad symptoms when they do not have the drug. When people have withdrawal (feel bad because they do not have the drug) they drink more. This makes them feel better. But if they cannot get more, they are likely to feel some of the symptoms listed below:
 Headaches
 Being tired or need to sleep
 Caffeine inhibits sleep and in the long-term alters brain functions
 Sleep deprivation leads to a weakened connectivity between the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex which regulate mood and emotion.
 This causes the consumer to feel irritable, tired, restlessness, and anxious.
 Nausea (feeling like vomiting)
Caffeine can also hurt people if they drink a lot at once. If someone takes too much of a drug at once it is called an overdose. Caffeine overdose is a medical diagnosis. It is called: Caffeine-Induced Organic Mental Disorder or Caffeine Intoxication. People with this can have these symptoms:
 Very bad feelings like:
 Paranoia (feeling as if people are about to hurt the person)
 Restlessness or nervousness (with the person feeling like he cannot sit down or rest)
 Anxiety (very bad worry)
 Muscle movements that cannot be stopped
 Very fast heart rate
 Abnormal heart rhythms (even heart stopping)
 Very high blood pressure
 Vomiting
 Confusion (not knowing who the person is or where he/she is)

Caffeine helps for 
Caffeine also has some strong advantages:
 Lower risk of coronary disease
 Cut stroke risk
 Speed up metabolism
 Increases memory
 Helps ward off Alzheimer’s
 Reduces kidney stone risk
How much caffeine is safe 
250–300 mg of caffeine a day is a moderate amount. That is as much caffeine that is in three cups of coffee (8oz each cup). More than 750–1000 mg a day is a significant amount, but is very unlikely to kill someone. The Lethal Dose 50 of caffeine is 192 mg per kilogram, in rats. In humans, it is between 150 and 200 mg per kilogram (70-90 per pound.)

Caffeine is in many drinks and foods. This is approximate amounts of caffeine in some food and drink:

 Brewed coffee – 40 to 220 mg in a cup
 Instant coffee – 30 to 120 mg in a cup
 Decaffeinated coffee (with most caffeine taken out) – 3 to 5 mg in a cup
 Tea – 20 to 110 mg in a cup
 Soda drinks with caffeine – 36 to 90 mg in 12 ounces. Some people think that soft drinks which are light in color do not contain caffeine. This is not always true.
 Milk chocolate – 3 to 6 mg in an ounce
 Bittersweet chocolate – 25 mg in an ounce

One ounce – abbreviated oz – is 30 ml.

A 'cup' is 8 oz (240 ml.)

Different ways to get 200mg of caffeine
References

Other websites

Scientific information 
 eMedicine Caffeine-Related Psychiatric Disorders
 The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs, Caffeine-Part 1 Part 2
 The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Caffeine: A User's Guide 
 Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use & Abuse 
 Caffeine Withdrawal Recognized as a Disorder
 Is Caffeine a Health Hazard?

Others 
 Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms
 Caffeine: How Stuff Works
 Caffeine: The most popular psychoactive drug, Broke but Shredded, January 2022 
 Erowid Caffeine Vaults
 #caffeine! - The Caffeine Information Archive 
 Naked Scientists Online: Why do plants make caffeine?
 Alcohol and Drugs History Society: Caffeine news page
 Coffee: A Little Really Does Go a Long Way, NPR, September 28, 2006
 Does coffee really give you a buzz? by John Triggs in the Daily Express April 17 2007
 Burgower, Rachael. “The Effects of Energy Drinks on Sleep and Daily Functioning.” , 2014, pp. 1–59.

News 
 National Post: Caffeine linked to psychiatric disorders
Organonitrogen compounds
Psychoactive drugs
Former good articles
Chicago is a center for finance, culture, trade, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. It is one of the largest markets of the world.  The  O'Hare International Airport is the fifth or sixth busiest airport in the world and first or second in the United States. The region has the largest number of federal highways. It has many railroads too. Globalization and World Cities Research Network lists Chicago as an alpha global city. The Global Cities Index ranked Chicago seventh in the world in 2017. The Chicago area generated $689 billion in 2018. It has a very diverse and balanced economy. Chicago is home to several Fortune 500 companies, including Allstate, Boeing, Exelon, Kraft Heinz, McDonald's, Mondelez International, Sears, United Airlines Holdings, and Walgreens.
58 million people visited Chicago in 2018. It was the second most visited city in the United States. New York City had 65 million visitors in 2018. Chicago had first place in the 2018 Time Out City Life Index. This index was a survey about the quality of life in different areas. 15,000 people in 32 cities did the survey.

Some landmarks in the city are Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, the Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis (Sears) Tower, Grant Park, Chicago Riverwalk, the Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. There are many universities and colleges, for example University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. Chicago has professional sports teams in the major professional leagues, and two are Major League Baseball teams.

History
History 

Jean Baptiste Point du Sable founded Chicago in the early 1700s. It was founded to create a canal to let boats on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. Later, the city became a trading center for food, crops, and fur. The city grew very fast because of how the river back then was clean and healthy to drink. In 1837, Chicago became a city. The city grew until the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. The fire lasted for almost a week. Almost half the city and its population were lost in the fire. After the fire, Chicago grew faster than ever.

Then, city's economy grew and more people migrated there from other parts of the world. many of the immigrants were Germans, Jews, Irish, Swedes, Poles, and Czechs. The immigrants were almost two-thirds of the city's population. In 1889, Jane Addams built Hull house in Chicago for children and the poor. In 1893, the city hosted the World's Columbian Exposition. In 1892, they created the University of Chicago.
In 1919, the city became known for its gangsters, for example Al Capone, Dean O’Banion, Bugs Moran, and Tony Accardo. In the 1929 Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, Al Capone ordered gangsters to be shot on St. Valentine's Day. Then, the city became known for John Dillinger, a bank robber. He could rob a bank in under two minutes. Dillinger was shot and killed at the Biograph Theatre in 1934.

Anton Cermak was the 44th mayor of Chicago. He was shot and killed during the Democratic party convention in 1933. A man tried to shoot Franklin D. Roosevelt and Cermak blocked the bullet to save the President. Cermak died hours later. In 1955, Mayor Richard J. Daley was a powerful and well known Democrat. He helped Martin Luther King and other activists share their thoughts without being arrested in Chicago.
The 1968 Democratic National Convention had large protests and riots outside the convention. Richard J. Daley helped create the construction sites for the Willis Tower, O'Hare International Airport, the McCormick Place, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. Jane Byrne helped Chicago to become one of the most popular tourist attractions in the United States. She was the first female mayor of Chicago.

In 1982, seven people were poisoned with cyanide in Tylenol pills across the city. This led to changes in the packaging of over-the-counter drugs and to federal anti-tampering laws.

In 1983, Harold Washington became the first African American mayor of Chicago. He helped clean all dangerous and poor neighborhoods in the city. He was later re-elected, but died of a heart attack. He would become the second mayor of Chicago to die from a heart attack while in office. The first was Richard J. Daley. Eugene Sawyer finished Washington's second full term. Sawyer was the second African American Mayor of Chicago.
In 1989, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley, became the mayor of Chicago.  Daley was the longest serving Mayor of Chicago.

In 2011, Rahm Emanuel became the first Jewish Mayor of Chicago.

In 2012, the NATO Summit was held in Chicago and lasted for three days. The city would also host the 38th G8 summit. The G8 summit was moved to Camp David because Chicago already hosted the NATO summit.

Chicago has the fourth-largest gross domestic product (GDP) of any city in the world. It is behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles, and ahead of London and Paris.

In 2019, Lori Lightfoot was elected mayor, making Chicago the largest city in the country to have a female, African-American, and LGBT+ mayor.

Culture
Culture 

Chicago has a very well-known culture. Some of the many things Chicago is famous for are: Chicago-style hot dogs, Chicago-style (deep dish) pizza, Maxwell Street Polish Sausage, jazz music, and 1920s gangsters, for example Al Capone. Chicago is also known for architecture, for example the Sears Tower and museums. It is also known for its loyal sports fans.

Chicago was home to the Bijou Theater, the longest-running gay adult theater and sex club in the United States. It opened in 1970, and it permanently closed its doors in September 2015.

For many years, the Sears Tower was the tallest building in the world. It is the second tallest building in the United States.

Chicago has the most Polish people inside its city limits outside of Warsaw. Historic U.S. Route 66 starts in Chicago by Grant Park in front of the Art Institute of Chicago.
People 
Chicago is a multicultural city with many Italians, Greeks, Gypsies, Serbians and Eastern Europeans living in the city. Chicago has a large Hispanic population with many Puerto Ricans and Mexicans. Other ethnic groups in Chicago are African American, Irish, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Russians, Bulgarians, Romanians, Armenians, and Japanese.

Economy
Chicago is a major world financial center. It has the second largest central business district in the United States. The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to major financial and futures exchanges, for example the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned by Chicago's CME Group. The CME Group also owns the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes.
The city also has markets with unusual trade contracts, for example emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange), and equity style indexes (on the U.S. Futures Exchange). Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower.

Media 

 Chicago Stations
 WMAQ
 NBC
 WBBM
 WTTW
 CBS
 Fox 32

Museums 

There are many museums in Chicago.
The Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum  was built in 1930. It is the oldest 4planetarium in the world.
 The Art Institute of Chicago  has a large collection of American and Impressionist art.
 The Field Museum of Natural History  has Sue, the largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus fossil.
 The Museum of Science and Industry has many exhibits, for example a real Boeing 727 jet plane. United Airlines gave it to the museum.
 The Polish Museum of America is said to ne haunted by famous piano player Ignacy Jan Paderewski. It has large collection of Polish art.
 The Shedd Aquarium was, at one time, the world's largest aquarium. It has 19 million liters (5 million gallons) of water and 22,000 fish.

Sports 
Sports are a big part of the cultural life in Chicago. Chicago is home to 15 sports teams. Most of the city's major sports teams play within the city limits.
Chicago has two Major League Baseball teams: the Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs. The White Sox play at the Guaranteed Rate Field and the Cubs play at Wrigley Field. The Chicago Cubs are one of the oldest teams in baseball. Chicago Cubs fans are dedicated and loyal to their team. The White Sox won the World Series in 2005. The Cubs won the World Series in 2016.

Chicago's National Basketball Association (NBA) team is the Chicago Bulls. For many years, Michael Jordan played for the Bulls. He helped them win six Championships in the 1990s. In 1999/2000 season Jordan was to return with the Bulls, he would have faced Lakers for the seventh championship and he would have won 11th scoring title.

In American football, Chicago is the home of the Chicago Bears  of the NFL and the Chicago Rush of the AFL.

Chicago has two ice hockey teams, the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL and the Chicago Wolves  of the AHL.
Chicago also has a Major League Soccer team, the Chicago Fire. It plays outside of the city in Bridgeview.

Travel 

Many people and things travel through Chicago to get to other places. Chicago has a complex network of trains and buses that help people who live in Chicago travel across the city. Chicago's commuter train system is called the Metra. It runs within the city and into the suburbs around Chicago. The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) is a system of buses and elevated trains (called the 'L') that run inside the city and towards the outer suburbs.

O'Hare International Airport is a major center for air travel. It is the second-busiest airport in the United States after the Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Chicago has another airport called the Midway Airport. Many trains use Chicago as a place to change loads and to change directions. The Chicago River is a canal between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. It is the only river to travel backwards.
The CTA has eight train lines. They are:

  Red Line running from Rogers Park near the Chicago suburb of Evanston towards Roseland.
  Blue Line running from the O'Hare International Airport towards Forest Park.
  Brown Line running in a loop from Albany Park towards the Loop and back.
  Green Line has two different service trains running from Forest Park or Oak Park towards the South Side running until West Englewood (Ashland/63rd) or Woodlawn (Cottage Grove/63rd).
  Orange Line running in a loop from the Midway International Airport towards the Loop and back.
  Purple Line running from the Chicago suburb of Wilmette towards Evanston. During rush hour, it runs from Wilmette to the Loop and back.
  Pink Line running from the Chicago suburb of Cicero all the way to the Loop and back.
  Yellow Line running only in the Chicago suburbs of Evanston towards Skokie. It is the shortest train line of the CTA only having three stops.

Weather
Weather 

Chicago has four seasons. Summers are hot and humid. The July average is . In a normal summer, temperatures are above  for 21 days. Winters are cold and snowy. There are often sunny days. The January daytime average is . Spring and autumn are mild with low humidity. Chicago is in the humid continental climate zone.

Chicago's highest official temperature is . It was recorded on July 24, 1934, There was a reading of  recorded at Midway Airport during that month. The lowest temperature of  was recorded on January 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport. Bad winter cold waves and summer heat waves can last for many days. There are also many mild winter and summer days. Thunderstorms are common in spring and summer. Sometimes they make tornadoes. They are more common in the suburban areas and not in the city. The heaviest snowfall record was in January 1999. It snowed 18.6 inches (47.2 centimeters).

Winds
Winds 

Chicago is known as the Windy City, but it is less windy than many other big American cities. Wind speeds range from 8 miles per hour (13 km/h) in late summer to 12 miles per hour (19 km/h) in spring months. The "Windy City" nickname could be connected to Chicago politicians from the 1800s. When Chicago hosted the World's Fair, citizens of Chicago started to brag about it. They bragged so much that the city of Chicago became known as "The Windy City. The phrase may have also been created by Chicago tourism boosters promoting the city. They suggested that the cool breezes from Lake Michigan make Chicago a good summer destination.

Community areas

The community areas in Chicago, are defined by the Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago.The City of Chicago recognizes 77 divisions in the city. These areas are well-defined and stable. Census data helps make urban planning initiatives in the city.

Central

North Side

West Side

South Side

Law and government
Law and government

Chicago is the county seat of Cook County. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the former, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney, in the latter, the United States Attorney.

Mayors of Chicago
Mayors of Chicago

The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions.

The current mayor is Brandon Johnson since 2023.
Crimes
Chicago had a murder rate of 14.5 per 100,000 residents in 2012. Some smaller cities have higher rates, for example New Orleans, Newark, and Detroit had 53 murders per 100,000 residents in 2012. The total number of murders in the city was highest in 1974, with 970 murders (murder rate of 29 per 100,000). It was close  in 1992 with 943 murders (murder rate of 34 per 100,000). Chicago had less violent crime rates in the 1990s. It had 448 homicides in 2004, the lowest total since 1965 (15.65 per 100,000). Chicago's murder rate was about the same in 2005, 2006, and 2007 with 449, 452, and 435.

Transportation

Chicago is a major transportation spot in the United States. It is an important part of distribution in the world because it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.

Expressways
The Kennedy Expressway and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained roads in Illinois.

Transit systems
The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) controls how the board of directors work at CTA, Metra, and Pace.
 The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) controls public transportation in the city of Chicago. The CTA controls a large group of buses and a fast transit elevated and subway system known as the 'L' (for "elevated"), with lines shown by colors. Rapid transit lines go to Midway and O'Hare Airports. The CTA's rail lines have the Red Line, Blue Line, Green Line, Orange Line, Brown Line, Purple Line, Pink Line, and Yellow Line. The Red and Blue lines have 24‑hour service.
 Metra, the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line commuter rail service in Chicago and throughout the Chicago suburbs. The Metra Electric Line shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's South Shore Line, which provides commuter service between South Bend and Chicago.
Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.
Greyhound Lines gives inter-city bus service to and from the city. Chicago is also the spot for the Midwest network of Megabus.

Amtrak long-distance services come from Union Station. Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.

Famous people from Chicago 

Born in Chicago
Edgar Rice Burroughs (died in 1950), writer
 Walt Disney († 1966), cartoonist, businessman
 Jack Benny (d. 1974), actor, comedian.
 Vincent du Vigneaud († 1978), biochemist, got a Nobel Prize
 John Belushi († 1982), actor
 Philip K. Dick († 1982), author
 Benny Goodman († 1986), musician
 Bob Fosse († 1987), choreographer
 Gene Siskel (d. 1999), movie critic.
 Mike Douglas († 2006), entertainer
 Bobby Fischer († 2008), chess player
 Tom Bosley (d. 2010), actor who played Mr. C on Happy Days.
 Betty Ford († 2011), First Lady
 Kenneth Mars (d. 2011), actor and comedian.
 Robin Williams († 2014), actor who grew up in Michigan and California
 James Cronin (d. 2016), physicist, got a Nobel Prize
 Hugh Hefner (d. 2017), founder of Playboy Magazines.
 Donald Rumsfeld, politician, Secretary of Defense (d. 2021)
 James Watson (1928-), got a Nobel Prize
 Bob Newhart (1929-), actor, comedian.
 Quincy Jones (1933-), musician
 Mavis Staples (1939-), singer, member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Herbie Hancock (1940-), musician, pianist
 John Ashcroft (1942-), politician, former head of Justice Department
 Harrison Ford (1942-), actor
 James Heckman (1944-), economist, got a Nobel Prize
 Adrian Smith (1944-), architect 
 Bob Balaban (1945-), actor, writer, director, and producer.
 Pat Sajak (1946-), host on television
 Hillary Clinton (1947-), politician
 Tom Berenger (1949-), actor
 Francis Fukuyama (1952-), political scientist
 Merrick Garland (1952-), politician, head of Justice Department (2021-)
 James Belushi (1954-), actor
 Rahm Emanuel (1959-), was White House Chief of Staff, mayor
 Daryl Hannah (1960-), actress
 Bonnie Hunt (1961-), actress, comedian.
 Richard Marx (1963-), singer
 Michelle Obama (1964-), was First Lady of the United States
 Anastacia (1968-), singer
 Bob Bryar (1979-), musician, was member of My Chemical Romance.
 Emilie Autumn (1979-), singer and musician.
 Jennifer Hudson (1981-), singer, actress.
 Dwyane Wade (1982-), basketball player.
Derrick Rose (1988-), basketball player.
 Chance the Rapper (1993-), rap artist
George Pullman (d. 1897), engineer.
 Potter Palmer (d. 1902), architect, businessman.
 Daniel Burnham (d. 1912), architect.
 Jane Addams (d. 1935), founder of the Hull House.
 Frank Lloyd Wright (d. 1959), architect (Robie House), and writer.
 Nat «King» Cole (d. 1965), singer, grew up in Chicago
 Carl Sandburg (d. 1967), poet.
 Fazlur Khan (d. 1982), architect (Willis Tower, John Hancock Center)
 Chris Farley (d. 1997), actor, comedian
 Ronald Reagan (d. 2004), was president of the United States
 Bruce Graham (d. 2010), architect (Willis Tower, John Hancock Center)
 Alex Karras (d. 2012), actor, wrestler, and football player
 Roger Ebert (d. 2013), movie critic.
 James M. Buchanan (d. 2013), Nobel Prize-winning economist.
 Mike Gray (d. 2013), screenwriter, activist, cinematographer
 Ernie Banks (d. 2015), baseball player.
 Nancy Reagan (d. 2016), First Lady of the United States.
 Richard Peck (died in 2018), novelist, grew up in Chicago
Bernie Sanders (1941-), United States senator of Vermont and activist.
 Bill Murray (1950-), actor, comedian.
 Oprah Winfrey (1954-), actress, host on television
 Wendy Schaal (1954-), actor and comedian.
 Kathy Griffin (1960-), actress and comedian.
 Barack Obama (1961-), former President of the United Sates
 Christopher Nolan (1970-), director
 Kanye West (1977-), rapper, musician, actor; grew up in Chicago
Movies
Chicago is in many movies. for example The Blues Brothers; Ferris Bueller's Day Off; Child's Play, Home Alone; The Fugitive; The Untouchables, I, Robot; Wanted; Batman Begins; The Dark Knight; Transformers: Dark of the Moon; Man of Steel; Widows and Rampage.

Sister cities
Sister cities

  Warsaw (Poland) 1960
  Milan (Italy) 1973
  Osaka (Japan) 1973
  Casablanca (Morocco) 1982
  Shanghai (China) 1985
  Shenyang (China) 1985
  Gothenburg (Sweden) 1987
  Accra (Ghana) 1989
  Prague (Czech Republic) 1990
  Kyiv (Ukraine) 1991
  Mexico City (Mexico) 1991
  Toronto (Canada) 1991
  Birmingham (United Kingdom) 1993
  Vilnius (Lithuania) 1993
  Hamburg (Germany) 1994
  Petah Tikva (Israel) 1994
  Athens (Greece) 1997
  Durban (South Africa) 1997
  Galway (Ireland) 1997
  Moscow (Russia) 1997
  Lucerne (Switzerland) 1998
  Delhi (India) 2001
  Amman (Jordan) 2004
  São Paulo (Brazil) 2004
  Belgrade (Serbia) 2005
  Lahore (Pakistan) 2007
  Busan (South Korea) 2007
  Bogotá (Colombia) 2009
Partner city
  Paris (France) 1996

Notes

References

Other websites 

 City of Chicago Homepage 
 Chicago Hotels 

 
1830s establishments in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States between 1913 and 1921. He was born in Virginia and grew up in Georgia. In 1917, after the U.S. had been neutral, it got involved with the First World War. Because of Wilson, the League of Nations was founded. Therefore, he received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1919. Between 1890 and 1902, Wilson worked as professor for law at Princeton University.

He was one of the initiators of the League of Nations, the creation of which he strongly supported. He died of a stroke in Washington DC at age 67
Life 
Woodrow Wilson, son of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Janet "Jessie" Woodrow Wilson, was born in Staunton, Virginia, United States. Wilson's father was a Presbyterian minister. Wilson had one brother and two sisters. He studied from 1875 to 1879 at the University of Princeton in New Jersey. Between 1879 and 1883, Wilson studied law at the University of Virginia. In 1885, he did a doctorate at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. His dissertation was about the "Congressional Government". In the same year, Wilson was married to Ellen Louise Axson.

Wilson started to teach political science at Princeton University in 1886. He became the director of Princeton University in 1902. Wilson kept in this position until 1910. Wilson's goal was to change the pedagogical system, the social system and the style of the campus.
Political career 
He was elected to be the Governor of New Jersey for the Democratic Party in 1911. On November 4, 1912, Wilson was elected the 28th President of the United States. He won with 42% against the incumbent president William Howard Taft. His time being president started in March 1913.

Wilson mostly handled domestic matters during his first term. He passed laws to prevent monopolies from forming, started a few business regulations, passed laws protecting workers, and created the Federal Reserve. During his second term, he also helped women gain the right to vote.

In 1914, his wife Ellen died of Bright's Disease. His doctor, Cary Grayson, introduced him to a girl named Edith Galt, whose husband was also dead. After two months they fell in love and got married. For a long time he focused on her instead of his job as president. But soon, he got back to work.
In 1917, Wilson entered the country in World War One. America was previously neutral, but German submarines kept sinking American ships sailing in British waters and even tried to encourage Mexico to invade the United States, which was the final straw for Wilson. World War One was a war between the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) and the Allied Powers (England, France, and Italy). America was on the Allies' side. The Allies won the war a year later.

Wilson took a ship to Europe to talk with the leaders of the other Allies about what to do with Germany. They came up with the Treaty of Versailles. A part of the Treaty of Versailles said that there will be a group of countries called the League of Nations. A lot of people in America did not like the League of Nations because they thought that it was none of America's business to mess with other countries' problems.
Wilson's political enemy, Senator Henry Lodge from Massachusetts, made a different version of the Treaty of Versailles. Even though Wilson was very sick, he traveled around the country asking people to like the Treaty and the League. Wilson ended up having a stroke. It was the first time he had one. It was very bad and Wilson was not able to run the country as best he could. His thinking also was not great because of the stroke. But, he stayed President and told Congress not to vote for Henry Lodge's new treaty. Congress listened but also said no to Wilson's treaty.

Wilson received criticism for many of his decisions.  Theodore Roosevelt criticized him for entering the war too late.
Wilson nationalized private industries such as the telegraph, telephone, railroad, and prices rose exponentially. As prices began to rise, a recession set in and racial riots began leading to 150 deaths. His inability to subside racial struggles and the creation of the federal reserve make him one of the most consequential presidents of all time.

References

Other websites

1856 births
1924 deaths
 
20th-century American politicians
American Nobel Prize winners
American people of World War I
American Presbyterians
Governors of New Jersey
Johns Hopkins University alumni
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Politicians from New Jersey
Politicians from Virginia
Princeton University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Brown is a color. There are many ways to make the color brown - it can be a mixture of orange and black, of red, blue and yellow, of red and green, of blue and orange, of yellow and purple or of red, yellow and black paint.

Brown is the color of:
 Some chocolate
 Wood
 Toast
 Some hair
 Coffee
 Tree bark

Tones of brown color comparison chart

Related pages 

 List of colors

Basic English 850 words
Yoda is a fictional character from the Star Wars universe. He is a Grand Jedi Master who plays an important part in the films. Frank Oz voices Yoda. Originally he was a puppet, played by Oz. But in the last two movies, Episodes II and III, Yoda is made with CGI.

History 

Yoda has lived for over 900 years and not much of his history before Episode I: The Phantom Menace is known. He is an alien, but his race and where he is from are never said. He speaks the same language as everyone else but says his sentences sort of backwards. For example, "Teach you, I will" instead of "I will teach you".

Yoda is the oldest and wisest member of the Jedi Council. Even though he is very small, he is very good with a lightsaber and uses the 4th jedi style known as Ataru.

Other websites 
 Article by Urrutia: "Interview with Master Yoda."
 Yoda on Wookiepedia

Fictional characters introduced in 1980
Soulcalibur series guest characters
Star Wars characters
Magenta is a color that is usually pinkish-purplish-red. The technical answer is that magenta is the concentrated form of pink or purple. Sometimes it is confused with  pink. magenta is a form of purple. In terms of the HSV (RGB) color wheel, the hue is the same for both pink and magenta; only the saturation and value differ. Another name for magenta is fuchsia, named after the fuchsia flower.

This color is one of the three colors of ink used by an inkjet printer, along with cyan and yellow. The tone of magenta used in printing is called "printer's magenta" (Magenta (CMYK)) and it is shown in the color chart below.

The first written use of magenta as a color name in English was in 1860.
Meaning of magenta
 Like the colors red, pink, and rose, one might use this color to express love because along with those other three colors, it is used to represent Valentine's Day.
 Many women like to wear clothing in shades of magenta because it is an attractive and vibrant color.
 The color magenta is used to symbolize anti-racism by the Amsterdam-based anti-racism Magenta Foundation.

Comparison of purple, magenta, rose and red

Tones of magenta color comparison chart

Tones of fuchsia color comparison chart
Although magenta and fuchsia are the same color, the chart below (the colors displayed on which are also shown in the magenta color chart above) shows those tones of magenta which are specifically named fuchsia.

Wrapping the spectrum into a color wheel
If the visible spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, magenta (additive secondary) appears midway between red and violet:

Related pages
 List of colors
 Cerise
 Fuchsia
 Pink
 Raspberry
 Rose

References
References

Shades of magenta
Shades of pink
Shades of red
Shades of violet
The members
Four actors with musical skills were chosen, out of 437 hopefuls who auditioned for the series. Britisher Davy Jones was under contract to Columbia Pictures, had issued records, and performed on British and American television. Columbia was looking for a project for Jones, and Screen Gems, who would produce the show, was their TV division. Nesmith was from Texas, played in country and rock bands, and had published his own songs. Dolenz was a grown-up  from Los Angeles, California, who sang and played in cover bands. Tork had been a working folk musician in New York's Greenwich Village. Each had their own wit and personality, could entertain an audience, and could also sing.
Other young men who auditioned for the show included Stephen Stills (who showed great talent, but looked too old for a role; he referred Tork, an old friend who looked a little like him), Danny Hutton (who later found fame with Three Dog Night), Harry Nilsson (who later met the Monkees, wrote for them, and recorded with them), and Paul Williams (who had lost a role in Circus Boy to Dolenz ten years earlier; the Monkees later recorded his song "Someday Man"). Charles Manson was later rumored to have auditioned, but he was imprisoned at the time.

The concept
Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider wanted to make movies, but had little experience in that. Schneider's father was president of Columbia Pictures, and offered them the chance to make a  for a television series. If the series was sold to a network, they could produce and direct , and gain experience.
Rafelson had already wanted to produce something involving musicians, and their life. When the Beatles appeared in the movies A Hard Day's Night and Help!, people enjoyed watching them onscreen, both playing out their lives and performing  comedy, along with playing music. Rafelson and Schneider adapted what they saw in the Beatles movies, and also in American movies and television. While the Beatles were always shown as a popular, well-known band, their show would be about an unknown band, looking for the chance to become famous.

The pilot episode was filmed in the fall of 1965. A first playing for a test audience did not score well, but a re-edited version scored very well, and the series was sold to NBC. To make sure there was enough music for the series,  Don Kirshner was hired. His Brill Building songwriters were among the best young talent.
Actor James Frawley, the son of William Frawley (from I Love Lucy fame), wanted to become a movie director. He worked with Rafelson and Schneider, then with the Monkees as they were selected. Before the series began filming, Frawley spent six weeks working with the members, teaching them about  in acting and comedy, and helping them learn to play characters.
The series
The Monkees appeared for two seasons on NBC television, with 58 episodes made in all. The show won two Emmy Awards in 1967, for Outstanding Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy. The series gave promotion to the Monkees's records, while their music made people interested in watching the show. While the show's natural audience was children and teenagers, there were also jokes and other things that older viewers could enjoy. The band sometimes talked directly to the audience, and made fun of the fact that they were on a television show. Many episodes ended with short interviews with the Monkees, where they talked about their careers and things that were important to them. This made their fans feel like they knew the members of the band.
Each episode featured two songs. One was normally a single side, and the other was a new song. The band lip-synched to recordings on camera, and also filmed unrelated scenes, in random places with whatever objects were there. These were edited together and called "romps". The romps looked much like music videos.

The music
A large problem the Monkees faced was  that none of them could play a musical instrument, because the music on their first records was mostly made by studio musicians. Nesmith and Dolenz played guitar (although Dolenz was primarily a vocalist), and Dolenz took drum lessons, so he could play drums on camera. Tork played guitar, keyboards and banjo. Jones learned to play drums and guitar, and a custom bass guitar was made specially for him. He also played percussion instruments, like tambourine.
The band had little experience playing together though, and were not able to make the music needed to begin the show. The producers planned at first to use prerecorded music, and went ahead with that plan. Don Kirshner had good  for knowing what would sell well, and took charge of the recordings, limiting the input the Monkees themselves had in making the music. For most of the first season's songs, the members only sang, and did not play on the records. Boyce and Hart also noticed that when all four Monkees were together in the studio, they would try to make each other laugh during takes, and things did not get done. They began bringing the band to record in ones and twos. Kirshner also okayed Nesmith to produce two of his own songs, for each Monkees album. Nesmith could choose musicians and sing, but could not play on the records himself.
Kirshner issued the single "A Little Bit Me, A Little Bit You" (written by Neil Diamond), without getting an OK first. This was reason enough to fire him from the Monkees production team. Kirshner's career was not harmed, and he went on to produce other music his way, including songs for The Archies. He later hosted a show, Don Kirshner's Rock Concert, which featured bands in a live setting.

End of the series
The Monkees became tired of the same "formula" used in episode after episode of the series (Davy Jones would fall in love with a girl, and the rest of the band would help him get together with her), and wanted to try doing a variety show instead. NBC and the show's producers did not want to change the way the show was done. The two sides could not agree, and the show was cancelled, even though it was still popular.
After the television series ended, the Monkees starred in a movie, Head, and a TV special, 33 1/3 Revolutions per Monkee. Neither was successful, and the band's later records were not hits. The Monkees kept performing for audiences, but fewer and fewer people went to their shows. The band members each quit one by one. Tork left at the end of 1968, saying he was . Nesmith left in 1970, to start his own band. Jones left during 1970, and went back to performing solo.

The Monkees appeared in reruns on CBS from 1969 to 1972, first during lunchtimes and later alongside Saturday morning cartoons. ABC later aired the series, from 1972 to 1973.

The 1970s
Each former Monkee tried different things during the next decade. Tork worked as a musician, teacher and singing waiter. Nesmith pursued a country music career, then began to make videos. Jones and Dolenz both sang on records. Jones did more theater work, while Dolenz made cartoon .
Dolenz and Jones teamed up with Boyce and Hart in 1976, to tour and perform the Monkees' old hits. They also made a new album together. Later Jones and Dolenz went to England, to appear in a production of Harry Nilsson's The Point! Both stayed in England. Jones appeared in Godspell and other musical plays, and retrained as a jockey. Dolenz became a television director and producer. During these same years, Nesmith started his own company, to produce music and videos. Tork went back to performing and sometimes making records.

The Monkees appeared in  from 1975 on, usually playing on local television stations during afternoons. A compilation album, The Monkees Greatest Hits, was issued, and their old hits still played on radio stations. A second Greatest Hits album appeared later.
The 1980s and later
In 1986, Tork, Jones and Dolenz reunited, as part of an "oldies show" tour. MTV aired nearly every episode of their old series one Sunday, to promote the tour, and it became a surprise hit. Twenty years after they started, a new generation of young people were interested in the Monkees. The tour went from a small one to a major one, and the Monkees were back. MTV and the Monkees worked well together. Nickelodeon, a sister network to MTV, aired their series, and the band appeared on Nickelodeon and MTV during the late 1980s. Nesmith mostly did not join the reunion, because of his production career, but he did make a few rare appearances with them. The other members also kept their solo careers, between tours.
During the 1990s, the reunited Monkees continued to tour, and appear as guests on television. Nesmith rejoined them for a new album, Justus, a TV special, and he appeared with them onstage in England. He left when they began to tour the United States, though, and did not return. After 2000, they toured less often. Tork left again in 2001, and Jones and Dolenz last worked together in 2002.

Every episode of the TV series is for sale on DVD (as is their movie Head), and all their record releases are for sale on compact disc. Rhino Records bought the rights to all their works, and still oversees Monkees releases.

Dolenz, Tork and Jones toured the UK and USA throughout 2011. Davy Jones died on February 29, 2012 in Stuart, Florida. The Monkees then continued to tour with Nesmith, Dolenz, and Tork.

Peter Tork died on February 21, 2019, at a family home in Connecticut.   Peter succumbed to a 10-year bout with adenoid cystic carcinoma, a rare cancer of the salivary glands.
Michael Nesmith died from heart failure at his home in Carmel Valley, California on December 10, 2021, at the age of 78.

Discography 
 The Monkees (1966)
 More of The Monkees (1967)
 Headquarters (1967)
 Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. (1967)
 The Birds, The Bees & the Monkees (1968)
 Head (1968)
 Instant Replay (1969)
 The Monkees Present (1969)
 Changes (1970)
 Pool It! (1987)
 Justus (1996)
 Good Times! (2016)
 Christmas Party (2018)
 The monkees live: the Mike and Micky show (2020)

Related pages
 The Monkees Tale, Eric Lefcowitz, Last Gasp Press, San Francisco, California
 Monkeemania, Glenn A. Baker, Plexus Publishing, Medford, New Jersey
 I'm A Believer, Micky Dolenz with Mark Bego, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland

References
References

1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American boy bands
American pop rock bands
Musical groups established in 1966
Musical groups from Los Angeles
1966 establishments in California
Abu Dhabi (, ʼAbū Ẓaby) is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. It is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates which form the United Arab Emirates(UAE). The city is on a T-shaped island going into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast.  The city is 972 km2 in size.  The city had a population of 1.45 million people in 2022. Abu Dhabi is also the capital of UAE and is the largest emirates in UAE.

History 
People started to live in the area and call it Abu Dhabi about 300 years ago.  In the 1970s, the Bani Yas tribe made Abu Dhabi their capital city.  Shakhbut bin-Dhiyab Al Nahyan became the leader of the city in 1818.  People found oil in 1958 in Abu Dhabi.  They started to sell the oil in the 1960s.  In 1971 December the 2nd, Abu Dhabi joined the United Arab Emirates and became the capital city.
Weather 
Abu Dhabi is in a desert and has a desert climate.  There is not a lot of rain but it does rain a little in the winter months.  The average rainfall per year is 51 cm.  It can also be very hot.  In the daytime, the average summer temperature is 42 °C. The average daytime temperature in the winter is more comfortable at 23 °C.

Tourism 
Abu Dhabi has many tourist attractions such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Abu Dhabi Louvre Museum, Mangrove Kayaking Tours, Ferrari World, the Emirates Palace, Qasr Al-Hosn, bout towers, Abu Dhabi According to the Department of Culture and Tourism. The usual amount of people that come in Abu Dhabi is 10 million per year. Abu Dhabi also has Jabal Hafeet, which is the tallest mountain in the UAE.

References

Cities in the United Arab Emirates
National capitals in Asia
Abu Dhabi (emirate)
Events 
 The Hardy Boys mystery series for children is launched.
 January 1 – Cristero War erupts in Mexico when pro-Church rebels attack secular-minded government
 January 7 – First transatlantic telephone call – New York City to London
 January 9 – Military rebellion crushed in Lisbon
 January 14 – Paul Doumer elected president of France
 January 19 – Britain sends troops to China
 January 30 – Right-wing veterans and the Republican Schutzbund clash in Schattendorf, Burgenland, Austria. One man and a child are killed by gunshots. See July 15.
 February 12 – First British troops land in Shanghai
 February 14 – Earthquake in Yugoslavia – 700 dead
 February 19 – General strike in Shanghai in protest of the presence of the British troops
 February 23 – The Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.
 March 4 – A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major companies to stake claims
March 6 – In Britain, a 1000 people a week die from influenza epidemic
 March 10 – Albania mobilizes in case of an attack of Yugoslavia
 March 11 – In New York City, the Roxy Theatre is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel.
 March 11 – First armoured car robbery, committed by the Flatheads gang.