Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
At that time, it was not as big as it is now. The dome in the center of the building was smaller and made of wood. In 1814, the capitol was set on fire by the British Army during the War of 1812. In the 1850s and 1860s, the capitol was fully repaired, and the wooden dome was replaced with a larger iron dome. The walls of the Senate wing were painted with many murals  about events in American History. Inside the rotunda, a large fresco was also painted on the ceiling during the repair.

The Supreme Court also met in the Capitol until its own building was completed in 1935.

The Capitol Dome is 8,909,200 pounds (4,009 tonnes) of cast-iron with 108 windows, and was constructed between 1855 and 1866.

On January 6, 2021, supporters of US President Donald Trump stormed into the capitol. This caused a lockdown in the building.

References

Citations

Books

Other websites 
 United States Capitol Historical Society
 United States Capitol Visitor Center
Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Buildings on the National Mall
Historic district contributing properties
A car's strut bar or strut brace is to prevent body roll by bracing the top of the strut towers together.

Auto parts
Front-wheel drive, or FWD, is a car setup, where the car's power is at the front wheels. This makes the car safe in wet and snowy conditions, because it has better traction, or grip, to the road. But, FWD can cause uneven weight, which may cause brakes to fail if used for large periods of time.

Automotive technologies
Rear-wheel drive, or RWD, is when a car uses its rear wheels to move. This is good for dry roads, and for acceleration, or how fast you move forward, as the weight is pushed backwards on the back wheels. But, RWD cars can spin out, also called oversteer or fishtail. This can cause crashes if the driver is new and not familiar with RWD cars.

Automotive technologies
The word wireless is used to refer to any type of electrical or electronic operation which is done without a "hard wired" connection. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of wires. The distances involved may be short (when using a television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications).

Uses
One of the most popular wireless technology is the mobile phone, with more than 6.8 billion subscriptions worldwide as of 2013. The term wireless technology is generally used for mobile information technology (IT) equipment. Examples include mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), Global Positioning System (GPS) units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice and keyboards, satellite television and cordless telephones.
History
The world's first wireless telephone conversation happened in 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented photophone, a telephone that made conversations wirelessly using light beams.    In 1946, a driver in Saint Louis, Mo. placed the first cell phone call in history. The cell phone was invented by Bell Labs and future AT&T CEO, H.I Romnes.

References

Related pages
Computer network
Radio wave
Telecommunication

Technology
Radio
A centrifuge is a device with a motor in it, which is used to spin an object with high speed. This high speed spinning forces the object outwards. This force is used for several purposes:

 a uranium centrifuge is used to separate two isotopes of uranium (named U-235 and U-238) from each other;
 in medical laboratories, serum is separated from the blood samples using a centrifuge;
 in chemical laboratories, centrifuges are used to subtract solid parts of an emulsion from its liquid parts.
 large centrifuges are used by NASA to expose astronauts to high forces for their training.

References 

Laboratory equipment
Shah () is a Persian word which means the king or ruler of a country. This word is used in different countries in the world, including Iran, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Presently the term "Shah" is used as a surname commonly by many people in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan who  are Hindu, Muslim and Jain. Many Indian names which have Shah in them; the most famous of them is Shah Jahan, who as the Emperor of India ordered the creation of Taj Mahal. One possible etymology of the chess term checkmate is the Persian shah mat, meaning "the king cannot escape"

The term "Shah" often means Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran from 1949 to 1979.

References 

Heads of state
Approval voting is a voting system used for elections. In approval voting, each person can vote for any number of candidates they like. The votes for each of the candidates are counted, and summed up. The candidate or candidates with most votes are chosen as the winners of the election.

Supporters argue it to be better than plurality voting because voters can vote for the lessor of evils advertised by the media but also for their favorite candidates. If their goal is just to vote against a candidate, they can do so more forcefully by approving all other candidates. Ballots can easily be hand counted if voters do not trust computers, which might be needed for Instant Runoff Voting. Vote spoiling is not an issue with approval voting, so many candidates may run for office.
Opponents argue that voters still have some of the problems of plurality voting, which is that they do not know if they will need to compromise their vote or not(tactical voting). Giving approval to a compromise candidate could result in that compromise candidate winning, when their favorite would have won had they not given approval to the compromise candidate. It is possible for 51% of voters (a majority) to view a candidate as their first choice but for that candidate to lose to a compromise candidate because many of those voters approved the compromise candidate as well. Not knowing whether or not to compromise is a problem with all voting systems when at least three strong candidates run.

Voting systems
An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains agar and some nutrients (food for the microorganisms). It is used to grow microorganisms. For example, a blood sample of a patient may be put on agar plate, to let the bacteria that made the patient sick grow. These bacteria can then be identified using a microscope to let the doctor choose the appropriate treatment of the patient.

When microorganisms grow on the agar plate, they form colonies. Each colony has similar genetic characteristics. 

There are many types of agar plates that are used, but the two main types are defined and undefined. An undefined plate's nutrients aren't exactly known, but everything in a defined plate is accounted for.

Related pages 
Tissue culture

Laboratory equipment
Abū al-Mughīth Hossein ibn Manūr Al Hallāj (c. 858 - March 26, 922) () or Hallaj was a Persian poet and writer. Hallaj was born in Shūshtar, Iran. Hallaj memorized the Quran when he was young. He taught Sufism in Baghdad. Muslim scholars were against his teachings. He was imprisoned in Baghdad for eleven years. In the end, he was tortured and he was beheaded by Abbasid rulers.

References 

Persian poets
858 births
922 deaths
"Again" is the name of many songs:
 "Again" (1949 song), recorded by many singers, with Doris Day, Vic Damone and Vera Lynn
 "Again" (1993 album), by Alan Stivell
 "Again" (Alice in Chains song), by Alice in Chains
 "Again" (2002 song), by Archive
 "Again" (2004 song), by Earshot
 "Again" (2005 song), from the album The First Lady by Faith Evans
 "Again" (2006 song), by Yui Sakakibara
 "Again" (Lenny Kravitz song), the 2001 song by Lenny Kravitz
 "Again" (Janet Jackson song), from the album janet. by Janet Jackson

Basic English 850 words
A conical measure is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to store and mix liquids.

Structure 
A conical measure is a conical, or in the shape of a cone. It has a wide top so that liquids can be poured in more easily and marks on the side of it to help measure the amount of liquid more easily. They can be made of plastic or glass.

Uses 
A conical measure can be used in any pouring, measuring or mixing of liquids. This means that it is useful in:
Pharmacies
Schools
Laboratories
Hospitals
They are also useful in homes as a measuring cup for cooking.

Conical measures are not very accurate, but are easy to use and to mix liquids in.

Other websites
A conical measure manufactorer  - See for picture
Experiment using conical measures 

Laboratory equipment
Abu Al Qasim Hasan ibn Ahmad Unsuri Balkhi (d. 1039/1040) () or Unsuri was a Persian poet. He was born in Balkh, in modern Afghanistan. He became the poet of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. Mahmud Ghaznavi called him "King of Poets". All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Divan.

Persian poets
1039 deaths
Ali Shariati Mazinani (1933-1977) (Persian: علی شريعتی مزینانی) or Shariati was an Iranian Muslim philosopher, sociologist, poet and writer.

Shariati's life 
Shariati was born in 1933 in Mazinan, Iran. He studied sociology in the University of Paris. He returned to Iran in 1964. When he returned to Iran, the Shah regime arrested and imprisoned him for political reasons. He was released in 1965. Shariati began teaching at the University of Mashhad. He began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad institute in 1967. The Shah regime arrested him again. When he was freed in 1975, he was not allowed to teach or publish anything. Shariati decided to leave the country for England. Three weeks later he died in Southampton under suspicious circumstances. He was buried in Damascus, Syria.
Shariati's most important books 
  Hajj (The Pilgrimage)
 Where Shall We Begin?
 Mission of a Free Thinker
 The Free Man and Freedom of the Man
 Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources
 Martyrdom (book)
 Arise and Bear Witness
 Ali
 An approach to Understanding Islam
 A Visage of Prophet Muhammad
 A Glance of Tomorrow's History
 Reflections of Humanity
 A Manifestation of Self-Reconstruction and Reformation
 Selection and/or Election
 Norouz, Declaration of Iranian's Livelihood, Eternity
 Expectations from the Muslim Woman
 Horr (Battle of Karbala)
 Abu-Dahr
 Hossein Heir of Adam
 Islamology
 Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism
 Jihad and Shahadat
 Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People
 A Message to the Enlightened Thinkers
 Art Awaiting the Saviour
 Fatemeh is Fatemeh
 The Philosophy of Supplication
 The Fall
 One, in front of it,Zeros to eternity
 Father,mother,we are culprits
 The Tale, My brother
 The Three Idols
 History of Civilization
Man and Islam - see chapter "Modern Man and His Prisons"
 Religion versus Religion
Related pages
List of sociologists from Asia

Other websites
Dr Ali Shariati 
Dr Ali Shariati PDF Books 
History of Iran & Persian

Persian poets

1933 births
1977 deaths
20th-century philosophers
Iranian philosophers
Abul Hasan Abu Ishaq Kasa'i Marvazi (or Marvzi) (953 - 10th century) 
() or Kasai is a Persian poet. He was born in Marv. He was a poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi. He converted to Shia Islam. He has praised Ali ibn Abi Talib many times in his poems. All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Diwan.

953 births
10th-century deaths
Persian poets
Abul Hasan Ali ibn Julugh Farrukhi Sistani (c. 980 - 1037 or 1038) () or Farrokhi is a Persian poet. Farrokhi was the best poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi. All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Divan.

980 births
1037 deaths
Persian poets
Amir Abdollah Muhammad Mu'izzi (1048-1125) was an 11th century and 12th century poet. He was from Persia, and was the poet laureate of Sanjar. He was from the village of Nisa. He is considered one of the great masters of the Persian panegyric qasideh.

He lived in the courts of Malik Shah I and Sultan Sanjar. His divan of 18,000 distichs remain. Anvari says Mu'izzi copied the verses of other poets (this cannot be proven for certain). Anvari himself is known to have copied Mu'izzi's verses. Mu'izzi is said to have died by an arrow shot by the King's son in 1125 for unknown reasons. He was accidentally shot by Sanjar.

Example 
Ghazel of Mu'izzi in Tajik:

Эй руйи ту рахшандатар аз киблаи Зардушт,
Бе руйи ту чун зулфи куж аст маро пушт.
Ишки ту маро кушту хавои ту маро сухт,
Чаври ту маро хасту чафои ту маро кушт.
Харчанд хама чавру чафои ту кашидам,
харгиз накунам мехру вафои ту фаромушт.
Бархезу биё то зи руху зулфи ту имшаб,
Пурлола кунам доману пурмушк кунам мушт

translation -
translation -

Hey your face is brighter than qibla of Zarostra
Without your face and ringlets crooked in my back
Your love killed me and your air burnt me
I have your oppression and your cruelty killed me
Whatever your oppression and cruelty I suffered from
Never I will forget your kindness and loyalty
Get up and come this night
I will make you full of tulips...

Notes 
  Granville, E. G. (1997) A Literary History of Persia

References 
 Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968 . 
 The Influence of India and Persia on the Poetry of Germany

1048 births
1125 deaths
Persian poets
Afzal ad- Din Badil Ibrahim ibn Ali Nadjar Khaqani Shirvani (1120-1190) () or Khaghani Shirvani was a Persian poet. His most famous poem is The Arch of Madain(). He wrote the poem book Tohfat-ul Iraqein (in Persian: تحفه العراقين meaning A Gift from the Two Iraqs) in his journey to Mesopotamia. The Shirvanshah ordered his officers to imprison him. Khaghani was in prison for nearly five years. In prison, he wrote the poems called Habsiyye (, meaning The Prison Book). After he was freed, he moved to Tabriz. Khaghani died in Tabriz.

1120 births
1190 deaths
Persian poets
The Seasons (German: Die Jahreszeiten) is an oratorio by Joseph Haydn. An oratorio is a long musical work with orchestra, choir and solo singers. It usually tells a story from the Old Testament of the Bible. The Seasons is different. It is about the four seasons of the year. It describes nature and people's relationship to nature during the year.

The Seasons was the last big work that Haydn composed. He composed it in 1801. By this time he was the most famous composer in Europe. Mozart had died ten years earlier, and Beethoven was a young man who was just starting to become famous. Haydn was nearly 80 years old and his health was not good. Although he lived another eight years The Seasons was the last big work he wrote. Soon after he had composed it he stopped composing altogether.
Haydn had only written one big oratorio before The Seasons. This was an oratorio called The Creation. It had been performed in 1798 and was very popular all over Europe. The libretto (the words) had been written by Baron Gottfried van Swieten who was an Austrian nobleman who liked music. He had helped Mozart in his career and now he was helping Haydn. He wanted Haydn to write a second oratorio, so he wrote the libretto for The Seasons. He used a long English poem with the same title by James Thomson (1700-1748). He made it much shorter and changed it so that it was suitable to be set to music, and he translated it into German.
Haydn took two years to write the music. It was first performed in Vienna on 24 April 1801. The audience liked it, although not as much as The Creation. One problem was that Haydn was not very happy about the libretto. He thought that oratorios should be about serious, dramatic stories from the Bible or from classical mythology, not about everyday life. Van Swieten was not very happy when Haydn criticized it, but he did not change it, and Haydn did his best to make the work interesting.

The music
The music 

The oratorio is divided into four parts, one for each of the seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. Each part lasts at least half an hour and consists of the usual recitatives (which tell the story), arias (songs), choruses (for the choir) and ensemble numbers (for the soloists together and often the chorus as well). There are three soloists (instead of the usual four). They represent three simple country people. There is a soprano called Hanne, a tenor called Lucas and a bass called Simon. Hanne is supposed to be Simon's daughter. There is no storyline in the normal sense: it is a series of poems and thoughts about nature during the year.

Part I: Spring
Part I: Spring 

The opening of Spring describes winter going away and spring awakening. There is a chorus which sounds very pastoral (like the countryside) with its 6/8 rhythm and drones (like country bagpipes). Simon then sings about the farmer sowing his seed. He is accompanied by a bassoon which sounds like a lively farmer tilling the earth. There is a gentle hymn of praise with a fugue which sounds like one from Mozart's Requiem. Hanne invites the girls and Simon invites the men to go to the fields and admire the earth, water and air. A chorus praises God.

Part II: Summer
Part II: Summer 

The music describes the countryside. The farmer is called to work in the morning (the oboe wakes him up). The sun rises. Again we thank God for nature. By midday it has become very hot. Later there are insects buzzing and we hear a shepherd playing on his pipe (the oboe). Everything is very dry at first, then there is a storm. The timpani make the sound of the thunder. When the storm has finished everyone is happy. We hear the birds singing, the frog croaking and the evening bell chimes eight times. The day's work is done.

Part III: Autumn
Part III: Autumn 

The words at first are about hard work and the rewards for hard work (Haydn thought these were strange words to set to music). Then there is a duet for a loving young couple (Lucas and Hanne). This is the only time that the soloists feel like real characters in a story and talk to one another. Autumn is the hunting season, so there is hunting music. It sounds quite old-fashioned (like Baroque music). The bassoon is the hound (the dog). The hounds become hungry and the music gets faster and faster until, suddenly, the dogs and the music stop. There is a gunshot (timpani) as the deer is shot. Autumn finishes with a drinking chorus.

Part IV: Winter
Part IV: Winter 

At first, there is thick winter fog. Then there is a short song (short because nothing grows in winter). Then there is a story about a traveller who is lost in the snow and comes to a cottage where he finds shelter. Hanne and the chorus sing a song about a spinning wheel. Many other composers later wrote music which describes a spinning wheel turning. There is another song which tells a story about a rich nobleman who tries to make love to a country girl but she escapes by riding off on his horse so he is left with no horse and no girl. At times this music sounds quite like the music in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute. Simon sings an aria which compares the seasons with the different stages of life (the seasons are used as a metaphor). Finally the chorus sing about the dawn of life in heaven. The oratorio and the seasons start all over again. The soloists, who have been three country people, are now three angels. There is a final hymn of praise.

Compositions by Joseph Haydn
Oratorios
Sohrab Sepehri (; October 7, 1928 - April 21, 1980) was an Iranian poet and painter. He was born in Kashan, Iran. His poems are in Persian. His most famous poetry book is Hasht Ketab (Eight Books). His poems have been translated to French, English, Arabic, Italian, Swedish, Hindi and Russian. Sohrab Sepehri died in Tehran.

Persian poets
1928 births
1980 deaths
Mahmud Shabestari (1288-1340; ) is a Persian Sufi poet. He was born in the city of Tabriz. His most famous poem is called Gulshan-i Rāz (Persian:  meaning "A Secret Rose Garden"). Gulshan-i Rāz is an important Sufi text.

Persian poets
1288 births
1340 deaths
Nur ad-Din Abd ar-Rahman Jami (,  August 18, 1414–November 19, 1492), or Jami, was a Persian Sufi poet. He was born in Jam, Persia. He studied science, Arabic literature, natural sciences, Islamic philosophy and Indian literature in Herat University. He went to Samarqand and completed his studies there. Jami wrote eighty seven books, in Persian and Arabic. Some of his books have been translated to English. His poems are collected in a Divan.

1414 births
1492 deaths
Persian poets
Sheikh Muslih-ud-Din Mushrif-ibn-Abdullah Saadi Shirazi (1184-1291) () or Saadi was a Persian poet. He was born in Shiraz, Iran. He went to Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences in Nizamiyya University of Baghdad. He travelled to Anatolia, Syria, Egypt and Iraq. His most famous poetry book is the Bostan (, meaning The Orchard). He also wrote the Golestan (, meaning The Rosery). His poems are in Persian and Arabic.

1184 births
1291 deaths
Persian poets
Saint-Paul, Réunion is the second largest city in Réunion. The largest is Saint-Denis. In 2008, a train which connects Saint-Paul to Saint-Denis and the main international airport in Réunion will be completed.

References

Other websites

  (in French)

Paul
Communes in Réunion
Subprefectures in France
Jalalolmamalek pesar-e Gholam-Hossein Mirza (October 1874 - 14 March 1926) () or Iraj Mirza () was an Iranian poet. He was born in Tabriz, Iran.

His most famous poems are Satan (in Persian: Ebleess), Mother (in Persian: Maadar), Woman's picture (in Persian Tassvir-e-Zan), Story of the Hijab (in Persian Daastaan-e Chaador) and the story of Zohreh and Manouchehr (in Persian: Daastaan e Zohreh o Manouchehr).

He died in Tehran on 14 March 1926. His tomb is in Shemiran, north of Tehran.

1874 births
1926 deaths
Persian poets
Federal could mean:
 Federalism, a political philosophy
 Federation, a union of states
 Federal republic
 Federal government of the United States
Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of people are bound together, with a governing head. In a federation, the authority is divided between the head (for example the national government of a country) and the political units governed by it (for example the states or provinces of the country).

Several countries in the world have a federal government; examples are United States of America, Canada, Nigeria, Australia, India, Brazil, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. The European Union can be called a sort of federal government as well.
In the United States Constitution for example, the federal government and state governments both have power. When states and the federal government do not agree on something, the federal government can sue the state in court using the Supremacy Clause in Article VI of the Constitution. This case can go as far as the Supreme Court to decide which side is right. The federal government does not always do this. It has taken no action when several states made marijuana legal or when prostitution was made legal in parts of Nevada. It has sued over an immigration law in Arizona.

References
A federal republic is a federation of states, with a republican form of central government. It differs from a unitary state in that in a federal republic, the authorities of the state governments cannot be taken back by the central government.

A republic is a country belonging to the people, whereas a federation is a form of government where by regional divisions are not branches of the central government. Thus, a federal republic has power divisions and regional governments fall under the power domain of the national government.
Many countries have a federal republic government; for example, the Republic of Austria, the Federal Republic of Brazil, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of India, the United Mexican States, the Swiss Confederation, the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and the United States of America.  As this list shows, some of these countries use "Federal Republic" in their name, and some do not. Federal Republics usually have presidents.

There can be more than one type of Federal republic. For example, the United States is a Constitutional Democratic Federal Republic. Ethiopia also has a Federal Republic government

History of the American Federal republic 

The American Federal republican system has grown over the past 225 years.

References

Republics
A square is a shape with four equal sides and four equal angles.

Square may also mean:

Mathematics 
To square, to multiply a number by itself
Unit square
Square wave
Square root
Square matrix
Square number

Units of Measure 
Square inch
Square foot
Square yard
Square mile
Square metre
Square kilometre
Square (building area)

Engineering and drafting 
Carpentry square
Combination square
Machinist square
Speed square
Steel square
Set square
T-square
Try square

Locations 
A town square or market square is an open area commonly found in the heart of a traditional town. Notable squares include:

 Dundas Square
 Harvard Square
 Naghsh-i Jahan Square
 Piłsudski Square, Warsaw
 Red Square, Moscow
 Tiananmen Square
 Times Square
 Trafalgar Square
 Triple Cross Square, Warsaw
 Union Square
 Victoria Square, Montreal

Other locations called "Square" include:
Square Lake, Maine
The Square Shopping Centre (Tallaght, Ireland)
Military 
Infantry square, a military tactical formation
Pike square, a military tactical formation
Square Division

Music 
Square (band)

Sport and leisure
a modifier adjective, used when describing fielding positions in cricket
an adjective or noun, used when describing two positions parallel with one another relative to the goal in football

Other 
Square (slang), a cigarette
Square (slang), an unhip person
Square (cipher), a cryptographic block cipher
Square (album) by Buck 65
Square Enix, a video game company
Square Co.
Square Electronic Arts
Square Pictures
Square dance
Square engine
Mandarin square, a Chinese insignia
Square rig, a sailing term
Reef knot, also known as a square knot
An astrological aspect of 90 degrees
"■", written character
In mathematics, a square of a number means the result of multiplying the number by itself. For example, the square of 6 is 6×6 = 36.

It is named this because squaring a number gives the area of a square.

Squaring a number can also be written as 62 = 36. Squaring is the same as raising to the power of 2.

Many of the units of area are squares. For example, a square meter means the area equal to the area of a rectangle which is one meter tall and one meter wide.

Related pages
 Square number

Algebra
Pan is a moon of Saturn. It is the closest moon to the planet, orbiting 133,600 km above Saturn's cloud tops. It was discovered in 1990 by Mark Showalter. He discovered Pan when he was analysing the photos taken by Voyager 2. It orbits inside the Encke gap which it has made Saturn's A Ring.

Pan was named after the Greek god Pan on 16 September 1991. It is also known as .

Its mass is in the range .

References 

Saturn's moons
Tropical Storm Franklin was a strong tropical storm that stayed in the western Atlantic Ocean for much of its life. Franklin was the sixth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and almost became a hurricane two times.

Tropical Storm Franklin formed north of the Bahamas on July 21 and moved steadily across the western Atlantic while coming close to Bermuda on July 26. Later, Franklin became an extratropical cyclone near Newfoundland, before being absorbed by another non-tropical system. Franklin caused no damages and killed no people while it stayed in the ocean during most of its life.

Storm history
Storm history

A tropical wave formed west from the African coast late on July 10. The wave entered the Bahamas on July 21 and strengthened into Tropical Depression Six while 70 miles (110 km) east of Eleuthera. Initially the storm was predicted to move in a clockwise loop and slowly move to the west in response to a high pressure system. Several models showed the possibility of the storm to change westward and move into central Florida. Anyhow, soon after the depression formed, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Franklin.
Tropical Storm Franklin suffered a lot of wind shear related with the development of Tropical Storm Gert, which made the forecasters at the National Hurricane Center to say that Franklin could be destroyed in the next few days. However the shear stopped as Franklin moved to the northeast, allowing the storm to strengthen. The forecasters now said that Franklin could "attain and maintain hurricane strength" and make a close approach to Bermuda.
Shortly after on July 23, Tropical Storm Franklin reached its strongest point with 70 mph (110 km/h) winds.
Impact
As Tropical Storm Franklin was forming, a tropical storm warning was issued for the northwest Bahamas, but it was cancelled as Franklin moved north and away from the islands. A tropical storm watch was given out to Bermuda on July 25 but was also cancelled a day later when Franklin moved away.

Tropical Storm Franklin developed very close to land in the Bahamas and passed close to Bermuda, but there were no reports of tropical storm force winds overland, with the strongest gust recorded on Bermuda being 37 mph (60 km/h). After Franklin became an extratropical storm, it affected parts of southeastern Newfoundland, bringing about 1 inch (25 mm) of rain to the area. There were no damages or fatalities reported from Tropical Storm Franklin.
Naming and records
When Franklin formed on July 21, it was the became earliest tropical cyclone ever in a season that the sixth tropical storm formed, breaking the previous record held by storm 6 from 1936 by 14 days. This was the first use of Franklin to name a tropical storm after the retirement of Hurricane Floyd from 1999. Because Frank filed to cause any deaths or damages, its the name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Season.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites
 NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Franklin
 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Franklin

Atlantic tropical storms
Hurricanes in Bermuda
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
2005 in Bermuda
2005 in the Bahamas
2005 in Canada
July 2005 events
Atlas is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Richard Terrile from photos taken by Voyager 1 in 1980. It was named after the Atlas in Greek mythology. It orbits just outside Saturn's A ring.

Saturn's moons
Prometheus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Stewart Collins from Voyager 1 photos in 1981. It was named after the god of the same name in Greek mythology. The moon acts as a shepherd satellite for the inner part of Saturn's F ring.

Saturn's moons
Christopher Adam "Chris" Daughtry (born December 26, 1979) is an American singer. He is best known for being the fourth-place finisher on American Idol. He is also the lead singer of Daughtry. His band released their first album in 2006.

Other websites 
 Official website
 Chris Daughtry at WikiMusicGuide
 

1979 births
Living people
American Idol contestants
Singers from North Carolina
Pandora is a moon of Saturn. The moon is named after Pandora in Greek mythology. It is the outer shepherd satellite of Saturn's F ring, the inner satellite being Prometheus. Pandora has many craters in its surface.

Saturn's moons
Daphnis is a moon of Saturn. It is a tiny moon, measuring 6 to 8 km in diameter. It is discovered by the Cassini-Huygens space probe in 2005. It orbits inside the Keeler Gap in Saturn's rings.

Saturn's moons
Melinda Marie Doolittle (born October 6, 1977) is an American singer. She was a third-place finalist on American Idol.

Discography

EPs

Other websites
Biography on American Idol 

Doolittle's credits on All Music Guide
Doolittle's MySpace site
Melinda's Backups - her support association 
Melinda's Management Company

Singers from Tennessee
American Idol contestants
1977 births
Living people
Epimetheus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Richard Walker in 1966. At first, Epimetheus was thought to be same as Janus, another moon that orbits at the same distance from Saturn. It was confirmed by Voyager 1 in 1980 that they were two separate moons.

Saturn's moons
Janus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Audouin Dollfus in 1966. Astronomers were first mistaken that another moon, Epimetheus, was the same as Janus. Voyager 1 confirmed in 1980 that there were two moons that share the same orbit.

Saturn's moons
Enceladus  is a moon of Saturn. It is the sixth largest of Saturn's moons, and it has a diameter of 500 km. Enceladus is within Saturn's E ring and likely contributes material to it. The moon is made mostly out of water ice, so it reflects light very well. It reflects almost 100% of the sunlight that strikes the moon.William Herschel discovered Enceladus on August 28, 1789. In 2014, NASA reported that its Cassini spacecraft found evidence for liquid water on Enceladus. Scientists now think that there is a large underground ocean of liquid water, around 10 km thick, near Enceladus' south pole. There are also cryovolcanoes (cold volcanoes) near the south pole. These volcanoes shoot large jets of water vapor, other volatiles, and some solid particles like sodium chloride crystals and ice particles into space. Some of these substances become part of Saturn's E ring.

References and notes

Saturn's moons
Tethys (pronounced TEE-this) is a large moon of the planet Saturn.

Discovery 
It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684. It was one of the first Saturnian moons discovered.

Physical characteristics

Mass, density and volume 
Tethys' mass is 617,551,805,221,061,000,000 kg, its density is 0.973 g/cm3 and its volume is 634,264,255 km3.

Craters and valleys 
It has a very large crater on its surface, called Odysseus. It is named after a Greek warrior king in Homer's two great works, The Iliad and The Odyssey. There is also a very long valley called Ithaca Chasma. It is 100 km wide and 2000 km long.

Orbit and rotation 
Tethys takes 45.3 hours to orbit (go around) Saturn and orbits Saturn 294,660 km away. Tethys is tidally locked in phase with its parent planet - one side always faces toward Saturn.

References 

Saturn's moons
Tropical Storm Jose was a tropical storm that lived for a very short time from August 22 to 23. Jose was the tenth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season which made landfall in eastern Mexico.

Tropical Storm Jose formed off the coast of Mexico in the western Gulf of Mexico on August 22 and made landfall on eastern Mexico the next day while at its strongest point with 60 mph (95 km/h) winds. Jose then quickly dissipated while inland and caused heavy rain. Jose killed a total of eight people (6 directly and 2 indirectly) who were all killed by landslides and caused $45 million in damage.

Storm history
Storm history

On August 17 a tropical wave, probably from the same wave from which Tropical Depression Ten had developed from earlier in the month, began to organize in the central Caribbean. Convection steadily increased as it moved to the Yucatán Peninsula. The system then weakened while overland, and by the time when it entered the southweatern Gulf of Mexico on August 21 it hardly had any convection. However early in the morning of August 22 under highly favorable upper-level conditions, convection quickly increased and the system became Tropical Depression Eleven about 110 miles (175 km) east of Veracruz, Mexico. The depression quickly strengthened as it moved to the west, becoming Tropical Storm Jose just six hours later after forming.
Preparations
Because Tropical Storm Jose formed so close to shore, there was only a lead time of less than 9 hours on the tropical storm warning given out on September 22 for the Veracruz coastline. The area covered by the warning was also enlarged southwards as Jose intensified, before being cancelled soon after landfall on September 23. The advisories that were given out by the National Hurricane Center stated that rainfall from Jose was the probably the biggest threat.

Impact
Impact

Tropical Storm Jose was responsible for damaging crops, highways and homes; flooding many areas in several cities in the state of Veracruz and 80,000 people had to be in shelters. The government of that state estimated the damages caused by the storm to be about $45 million (2005 US dollars). An estimated 120 cities were affected by the rains, but the majority of the damage was limited to eight of them: Martínez de la Torre, Misantla, Nautla, San Rafael, Vega de la Torre, Actopan, Cardel and Úrsulo Galván. Damage to the highway infrastructure was estimated at $33 million (2005 USD).
It was also reported that the storm damaged at least 16 thousand homes and about 250 square kilometres (60 thousand acres) of land used for cattle. In addition, over 420 square kilometres (103 thousand acres) of various crops, including sugar cane, corn and bananas, were flooded. Many boats were also lost as a result of Jose. 90 active medical brigades were sent to the region to reduce the risk of infections to the affected people living in the destroyed area.

In addition, Jose was responsible for killing people six directly. One of these deaths was the result of a landslide that killed a man in Xalapa, Veracruz. The other five deaths were also due to landslides in Oaxaca.
Naming and records
When Tropical Storm Jose formed on August 22, it was the earliest date for the formation of the tenth tropical storm in an Atlantic hurricane season, breaking the previous record held by Tropical Storm Jerry from 1995 by 1 day. This was also the third time the name "Jose" had been used to name a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic. As Tropical Storm Jose create any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites
 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Jose
 NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Jose

Atlantic tropical storms
Hurricanes in Mexico
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
2005 in Mexico
Thread could mean:
A kind of thin yarn, thin fibers spun together, for sewing
Screw thread, a ridge running in a spiral down the length of a screw
Threaded discussion, a group of messages to a newsgroup, mailing list or Internet forum on a single topic
Thread (computer science), a sequence of instructions which may execute in parallel with other threads
Threads, a 1984 BBC docudrama concerning the after-effects of a nuclear attack on Sheffield
Thread, a destructive mindless alien spore in the Dragonriders of Pern series of science fiction novels
"Threads", a Season 8 Stargate SG-1 episode
Thread (unit of measurement), a cotton yarn measurement, equal to 54 inches
Thread, a 1999 album by Wideawake
 Thread, a sugar stage in candy cookery
Thread (business technology), a connection made to publicly record the quality of a business transaction
 

Basic English 850 words
Hurricane Cindy was a tropical cyclone that reached minimal hurricane strength for a very short time in the Gulf of Mexico during July and made landfall in Louisiana. It was the third named storm and first hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Cindy was originally thought to have been a strong tropical storm at its strongest strength, but was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane in the post-storm analysis.

Hurricane Cindy formed on July 3 just east of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Caribbean Sea. The depression soon made landfall on the peninsula and weakened before entering in the Gulf of Mexico on July 4. The storm restrengthened as it moved north becoming a hurricane just before making landfall on southern Louisiana on July 5. The storm weakened as it moved inland and became extratropical on July 7.
Cindy was responsible for a total of 3 deaths in the United States and`for bringing heavy rains to Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Maryland. An unusually strong F2 tornado formed from Cindy's remnants and caused a lot of damage in Hampton, Georgia. Cindy also caused flooding and a very big blackout in New Orleans, Louisiana, which encouraged the people to evacuate when Hurricane Katrina destroyed the city in the next month.

Storm history
Storm history

On June 24 a strong tropical wave formed off the African coast and moved quickly west across the Atlantic Ocean without any strengthening. The wave steadily became more organized as it came to the Caribbean Sea and late on July 3 it strengthened into Tropical Depression Three about 80 miles (130 km) east of Chetumal, Mexico. The models originally had difficulty predicting the future path of the depression and the forecasts from the National Hurricane Center agreed with this, predicting that the depression would maybe hit Texas. Anyhow, the depression developed quickly before making landfall on Yucatán Peninsula early on July 4 with 35 mph (55 km/h) winds. Cindy then began to lose its most of its strength and organization as it moved inland.
A new center of organization began forming later on July 4 when Cindy entered the Gulf of Mexico. This reorganization caused a notable change in the models, which now predicted a landfall in Louisiana. The depression moved north in the Gulf of Mexico and became a Tropical Storm Cindy early on July 5. Weakened shear allowed Cindy to strengthen more as it approached Louisiana and was a minimal hurricane with 75 mph (120 km/h) winds for a very short time when it made landfall near Grand Isle late on July 5. While it was thought that Cindy did not originally reach hurricane strength, but post-season re-analysis confirmed the upgrade.
Hurricane Cindy weakened back into a tropical storm as it crossed over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound before making a second landfall near Waveland, Mississippi with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds on July 6. Cindy moved to the northeast over Mississippi and Alabama, weakening to a tropical depression that day. The depression became extratropical over South Carolina on July 7 and moved to the northeast dissipating in the Atlantic Ocean on July 9.

Impact

About 300,000 homes and businesses in southeast Louisiana and the Mississippi coastline lost electrical power while a storm surge of 4–6 feet (1.2-1.8 meters) affected the same area, causing some beach erosion in southern Louisiana.
Even though Cindy had weakened to a depression and was deep inland, Cindy's effects were still felt; some parts of Atlanta Motor Speedway and Tara Field Airport in Hampton, Georgia suffered heavy damage from an F2 tornado created by the storm. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta had over 5 inches (130 mm) of rain on July 6, its sixth-highest one-day rainfall since 1878; most rain fell during just two hours (8 to 10  p.m. EDT). This is more rain than the area normally gets in all of July. Many other places, such as Slidell, Louisiana, Gulfport, Mississippi, Mobile, Alabama, and Salisbury, Maryland, also saw over 5 inches (125 mm) of rain.

Cindy was also reported to have caused three deaths – two in Georgia (one direct) and another in Alabama.
Many people in the New Orleans metropolitan area thought Cindy would only create minimal effects from the storm, but found themselves cleaning up the mess and were without power for days after Cindy's strike. The experience encouraged many people to evacuate when the much more powerful Hurricane Katrina was heading towards the city less than two months later.

Naming
When Tropical Storm Cindy formed on July 5, it was the seventh time that the name had been used to name a storm in the Atlantic. Because Cindy did not cause any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
 List of hurricanes in Florida

References

Other websites
Other websites

 The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Cindy.
 The NHC's archive on Hurricane Cindy.
 The HPC's archive on Hurricane Cindy .
 USA Today: Tropical Storm Cindy floods streets along Gulf Coast 
 Photos of Cindy on al.com 
 Times-Picayune article the following day via ohsep.louisiana.gov 
 NASA article on Cindy's rainfall

Cindy
Cindy
Single  means the following:

Single means you and me together as ONE a single pair

Basic English 850 words
A cartridge means an object that adds different functions or content to an electronic device (like a video game cartridge), or that refills something the device needs (like an ink cartridge for a printer).

A cartridge is easy to use. For example, an ink cartridge is easier to use than a bottle of ink. This is because all the ink is inside the cartridge.

A cassette is a small cartridge. The words have similar meanings.

Electronics
Storage devices
Hurricane Epsilon was a Category 1 hurricane that lasted a long time in the central Atlantic Ocean during late November and early December. Epsilon was one of the strongest and longest living hurricanes recorded so late during the year. It was also the twenty-seventh tropical or subtropical storm and fifteenth hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.

Epsilon formed from a non-tropical low that steadily became a tropical storm on November 29. The storm became a hurricane on December 2, in a highly unfavorable climate for a regular tropical cyclone. Anyhow, Epsilon managed to stay as a hurricane for a few more days while confusing and frustrating forecasters at the National Hurricane Center before dissipating on December 8.

Storm history
Tropical Storm Epsilon developed out from an extratropical storm in the central Atlantic Ocean on November 29 that had slowly gained tropical characteristics similar to Tropical Storm Delta. It was far east from Bermuda at the time and never would get close to land. Epsilon steadily strengthened into a strong tropical storm before it weakened a little bit on December 1. The official forecasts from the National Hurricane Center predicted Epsilon would weaken further in the highly unfavoritable environment before becoming an extratropical system again. Unexpectedly, Tropical Storm Epsilon strengthened again on December 2 and became a hurricane over cooler waters about 21–24 °C (70–75 °F) with continuing wind shear; which are the conditions that are highly unfavorable for a regular tropical cyclone. The official forecasts continued to predict weakening and dissipation but Epsilon did not follow the forecaster's predictions, and remained at hurricane strength for several more days
. At one point on December 4 it was thought that Epsilon had weakened into a tropical storm for a short time, but later post-analysis showed that Epsilon had never weakened at all. Hurricane Epsilon then strengthened further to its peak intensity of 85 mph (135 km/h) just several hours later.
Hurricane Epsilon frustrated many forecasters back in NHC, and the because Epsilon continued to deny any weakening made NOAA hurricane forecaster Dr. Lixion Avila to say "There are no clear reasons — and I am not going to make one up — to explain the recent strengthening of Epsilon…". This means "I don't know why the storm has gained strength, and I am not going to make up a reason". The storm kept its hurricane strength for five days while most of the six-hourly forecasts during that period called for it to weaken below that hurricane strength. Dr. Avila also claimed that Epsilon had developed a structure similar to one of an annular hurricane, which somehow helped it to keep its strength even though poor conditions still existed.

On December 7, wind shear began to cause Hurricane Epsilon to weaken. The storm lost strength, and it became a tropical storm on the next day. It continued weakening into a tropical depression on December 8, and it dissipated soon after that.
Impact and records 
Because Hurricane Epsilon stayed far out at sea and never came near land, no warnings or watches were sent out by the National Hurricane Center. No ships in the ocean reported high winds from Epsilon. Also, the storm caused no damage or deaths.

When Tropical Storm Epsilon formed on November 29, it was the first known time that the 27th tropical or subtropical storm had formed in the Atlantic Ocean during one hurricane season. Hurricane Epsilon was only the 6th ever Atlantic hurricane in December. Epsilon spent more time as a hurricane during December than any other Atlantic storm. This broke the old record held by Hurricane Lili in 1984.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites 
 NHC's archive on Hurricane Epsilon
 NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Epsilon

2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Category 1 Atlantic hurricanes