Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Heinrich Rudolf Schinz (March 30, 1777 - March 8, 1861) was a Swiss physician and naturalist.

Schinz was born at Zurich and studied medicine at Würzburg and Jena. In 1798 he returning to Zurich to work as a doctor. In 1804 he became a teacher at the medical school. In 1833 he became professor of natural history at the University of Zurich.

Schinz was also curator of the Natural History Society of Zurich. He also wrote a lot of important zoological books between 1824 and 1852. These included Das Thierreich (1821-4), Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Reptilien (1833-4), and
Europäsche Fauna (1840). Karl Joseph Brodtmann made the pictures for these books.

References
Mearns and Mearns - Biographies for Birdwatchers 
Biography 

1777 births
1861 deaths
Swiss physicians
Naturalists
Swiss biologists
Scientists from Zürich‎
This is a list of colonial administrators in The Gambia from when Fort James was created by the United Kingdom in 1815 until The Gambia's independence in 1965.

Commandants of Fort James (1815–1829)
 Alexander Grant, 1815–1821

Lieutenant Governors of The Gambia (1829–1843)
In 1821, The Gambia became a British colony.  A lieutenant governor was appointed in 1829. They reported to the Governor of Sierra Leone.
 Alexander Findlay, 1829–1830
 George Rendall, 1830–1837
 Thomas Lewis Ingram, 1837–1838, first time
 William Mackie, 1838–1839
 Thomas Lewis Ingram, 1839–1840, second time
 Sir Henry Vere Huntley, 1840–1841
 Thomas Lewis Ingram, 1841–1843, third time
Governors of The Gambia (1843–1866)
Between 1843 and 1866, a governor was appointed who was independent of the Governor of Sierra Leone.
 Henry Froude Seagram, 1843
 Edmund Norcott, 1843–1844
 Charles Fitzgerald, 1844–1847
 Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, 1847–1851
 Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy, 1851–1852
 Luke Smythe O'Connor, 1852–1859
 George Abbas Kooli D'Arcy, 1859–1866

Administrators of The Gambia (1866–1901)
In 1866 the job of governor was replaced with that of an administrator who reported to the Governor of Sierra Leone.
 Charles George Edward Patey, 1866–1869
 Alexander Bravo, 1869–1871
 Jeremiah Thomas Fitzgerald Callaghan, 1871–1873
 Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright, 1873–1875
 Sir Samuel Rowe, 1875–1877
 Valerius Skipton Gouldsbury, 1877–1884
 Sir Cornelius Alfred Moloney, 1884–1886
 Sir James Shaw Hay, 1886–1888
 Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter, 1888–1891
 Sir Robert Baxter Llewelyn, 1891–1900
 Sir George Chardin Denton, 1900–11 January 1901
Governors of The Gambia (1901–1965)
In 1901, an independent governor was again created.
 Sir George Chardin Denton, 11 January 1901–21 December 1911, continued
 Henry Lionel Galway, 21 December 1911–11 April 1914
 Edward John Cameron, 11 April 1914–1918
 Herbert Henniker, 1918–1919, acting, first time
 Sir Edward John Cameron, 1919–1920, continued
 Herbert Henniker, 1920–3 January 1921, acting, second time
 Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage, 3 January 1921–10 March 1927
 Sir John Middleton, 10 March 1927–29 November 1928
 Sir Edward Brandis Denham, 29 November 1928–11 September 1930
 Sir Herbert Richmond Palmer, 11 September 1930–12 April 1934
 Sir Arthur Frederick Richards, 12 April 1934–22 October 1936
 Sir Thomas Southorn, 22 October 1936–23 March 1942
 Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood, 23 March 1942–29 March 1947
 Andrew Barkworth Wright, 29 March 1947–December 1949
 Percy Wyn-Harris, December 1949–19 June 1958
 Sir Edward Henry Windley, 19 June 1958–29 March 1962
In 1965, The Gambia achieved independence from the United Kingdom.  After independence, the viceroy in The Gambia was the Governor-General of the Gambia.

References
 Rulers: The Gambia
 Guinness Book of Kings, Rulers & Statesmen, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd
 African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland

Gambia Colony and Protectorate
colonial heads
British colonial officials
This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor in 1787 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

Administrator (1787) 
On 14 May 1787, the Province of Freedom was founded by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor for freed slaves.
B. Thompson (14 May - September 1787)

Governor (1787-1789) 
On 22 August 1788, the Province of Freedom and the land along the Freetown peninsula was given to Captain John Taylor of the HMS Miro. In 1789, it was abandoned.

John Taylor (August 1788 - 1789)

Agent (1791-1792) 
In January 1791, Granville Town was taken back by the St. George Bay Company.
Alexander Falconbridge (January 1791 - March 1792)

Superintendent (1792) 
In 1792, Freetown was founded as the main town of the newly established Colony of Sierra Leone

John Clarkson (March - July 1792)
Governors (1792-1827) 
John Clarkson (July - 31 December 1792)
William Dawes (31 December 1792 - March 1794) (1st time)
Zachary Macaulay (March 1794 - 6 May 1795) (1st time)
William Dawes (6 May 1795 - March 1796) (2nd time)
Zachary Macaulay (March 1796 - April 1799) (2nd time)
John Gray (April - May 1799) (1st time)

On 5 July 1799, the Province of Freedom was renamed Sierra Leone.
Thomas Ludlum (May 1799 - 1800) (1st time)
John Gray (1800 - January 1801) (2nd time)
William Dawes (January 1801 - February 1803) (3rd time) 
William Day (February 1803 - 1803) (1st time)
Thomas Ludlum (1803 - 1805) (2nd time)
William Day (1805 - 4 November 1805) (2nd time)
On 1 January 1808, Sierra Leone (including the coastal area) becomes a Crown colony of the United Kingdom, and the Sierra Leone Company stopped being in charge.
Thomas Ludlum (1806 - 21 July 1808) (3rd time, acting to 1 January 1808)
Thomas Perronet Thompson (21 July 1808 - 12 February 1810)
Edward H. Columbine (12 February 1810 - May 1811)
Robert Bones (May - 1 July 1811) (acting)
Charles William Maxwell (1 July 1811 - July 1815)
Charles MacCarthy (July - December 1814) (1st time, acting for Maxwell)
J. Mailing (December 1814 - January 1815) (acting for Maxwell)
R. Purdie (January - March 1815) (acting for Maxwell)
William Appleton (March - June 1815) (acting for Maxwell)
H.B. Hyde (June - July 1815) (acting for Maxwell)
Charles MacCarthy (from 1820, Sir Charles Macarthy) (July 1815 - July 1820) (2nd time, acting to 1 January 1816)
Sir Alexander Grant (July 1820 - 1821) (1st time, acting)
Burke (1821) (acting)
On 17 October 1821, Sierra Leone territory became part of British West African Territories. Its Governorship was held by the Governor (from 1827 until 1837 Lieutenant governor) of Sierra Leone.

Sir Alexander Grant (1821 - November 1821) (2nd time, acting)
Sir Charles MacCarthy (November 1821 - 21 January 1824) (3rd time)
Daniel Molloy Hamilton (21 January - 5 February 1824) (acting)
Charles Turner (5 February 1824 - 7 March 1826)
Kenneth Macaulay and Samuel Smart (1st time) (8 March - August 1826) (acting)
Sir Neil Campbell (August 1826 - December 1827)
Lieutenant governors (1827-1837) 
Hugh Lumley (December 1827 - 1828) (1st time)
Dixon Denham (1828 - 8 May 1828)
Hugh Lumley (9 June - July 1828) (2nd time)
Samuel Smart (July - November 1828) (2nd time, acting)
Henry John Ricketts (November 1828 - 1829) (acting)
Augustine Fitzgerald Evans (1829 - 1830) (acting)
Alexander Maclean Fraser (1830) (acting)
Alexander Findlay (1830 - July 1833) 
Michael Linning Melville (July - December 1833) (acting)
Octavius Temple (December 1833 - 1834)
Thomas Cole (1834 - February 1835) (1st time, acting)
Henry Dundas Campbell (February 1835 - 1837)
Thomas Cole (1837) (2nd time, acting)

Governors (1837-1961) 
Richard Doherty (1837 - 1840)
John Jeremie (1840 - April 1841)
J. Carr (April - September 1841) (acting)
William Fergusson (September 1841 - January 1842) (1st time, acting) 
George Macdonald (January 1842 - July 1844)
William Fergusson (July 1844 - 1845) (2nd time)
On 13 January 1850, Sierra Leone becomes a separate crown colony again.
Norman William MacDonald (1845 - 1852)
Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy (1852 - 1854) (1st time) 
Robert Dougan (1854) (1st time, acting)
Sir Stephan John Hill (1854 - 1855) (1st time)
Robert Dougan (1855) (2nd time)
Sir Stephan John Hill (1855 - 1859) (2nd time)
Alexander Fitzjames (1859 - 1860)
Sir Stephan John Hill (1860 - 1861) (3rd time)
William Hill and Smith (1861 - 1862) (acting)
Samuel Wensley Blackall (1862 - 1865) (1st time)
Chamberlayne (1865 - 19 February 1866) (acting)
On 19 February 1866, Sierra Leone territory becomes part of the British West African Settlements. Its Governorship was held by the Governor of Sierra Leone.
Samuel Wensley Blackall (19 February 1866 - 1867) (2nd time)
Gustavus N.K. Yonge (1867) (acting)
Samuel Wensley Blackall (1867 - 1868) (3rd time)
John Jennings Kendall (1868 - 1869) (1st time, acting) 
Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy (1869 - 1871) (2nd time)
John Jennings Kendall (1871) (2nd time, acting)
Sheppard (1871) (acting)
Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy (1871 - January 1872) (3rd time) 
John Jennings Kendall (January - February 1872) (3rd time, acting)
John Pope Hennessey (February 1872 - 7 March 1873) 
Robert William Keate (7 March - 17 March 1873)
Alexander Bravo and Robert William Harley (17 March - 2 October 1873) (acting)
Sir Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (2 October 1873 - 4 March 1874) 
George Berkeley (4 March - 17 December 1874)
On 17 December 1874, British West African Settlements became known as British West Africa Settlements.
George French (17 December 1874 - 1875) (acting) 
Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright (1875) (1st time)
Sir Samuel Rowe (1875 - 1876) (1st time)
Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright (1876 - 1877) (2nd time)
Horatio James Huggins (1877) (acting)
Sir Samuel Rowe (September 1877 - 1880) (2nd time)
William Streeten (1880 - 1881) (acting)
Sir Samuel Rowe (1881) (3rd time)
Franas Frederick Pinkett (1881) (1st time, acting)
Arthur Elibank Havelock (1881 - 1883) (1st time)
Franas Frederick Pinkett (1883) (2nd time, acting)
Arthur Elibank Havelock (1883 - 1884) (2nd time)
Arthur M. Tarleton (1884) (acting)
Franas Frederick Pinkett (1884 - 1885) (3rd time, acting)
Sir Samuel Rowe (1885 - 1886) (4th time)
James Shaw Hay (1886 - 1887) (1st time, acting)
Sir Samuel Rowe (1887 - 1888) (5th time)
J.M. Maltby (1888) (1st time, acting)
On 28 November 1888, the Sierra Leone became a separate crown colony again.
Sir James Shaw Hay (1888 - 1889) (2nd time, acting to 24 November 1888) 
Patchett and Foster (1889) (acting)
J.M. Maltby (1889 - 1890) (2nd time)
Sir James Shaw Hay (1890 - 1891) (3rd time)
J.J. Crooks (1891 - 1892) (acting)
W.H.Q. Jones (1892) (1st time, acting)
Francis Fleming (1892 - 1893) (1st time)
W.H.Q. Jones (1893) (2nd time, acting)
Francis Fleming (1893 - 1894) (2nd time)
W.H.Q. Jones (1894) (3rd time, acting)
Frederic Cardew (1894 - 1895) (1st time)
Caulfield (1895 - 24 August 1895) (1st time, acting)
On 24 August 1895, the land by the coast of Sierra Leone became a British protectorate, and the crown colony was renamed as the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate.
Frederic Cardew (from 22 June 1897, Sir Frederic Cardew) (24 August 1895 - 1897) (2nd time)
J.C. Gore (1897) (acting)
Caulfield (1897) (2nd time, acting)
Sir Frederic Cardew (1897 - 1899) (3rd time)
Matthew Nathan (1899) (acting)
Sir Frederic Cardew (1899 - 1900) (4th time)
Caulfield (1900 - 11 December 1900) (3rd time, acting)
Sir Charles Anthony King-Harman (11 December 1900 - 3 October 1904)
Sir Leslie Probyn (3 October 1904 - 1910)
Sir Edward Marsh Merewether (1910 - 1913) (1st time) 
Claude Hollis (1913) (acting)
Sir Edward Marsh Merewether (1913 - 1916) (2nd time) 
Sir Richard James Wilkinson (9 March 1916 - 1921) (1st time) 
John C. Maxwell (1921) (acting)
Sir Richard James Wilkinson (1921 - 4 May 1922) (2nd time)
Alexander Ransford Slater (from 1924, Sir Alexander Ransford Slater) (4 May 1922 - 24 September 1927)
Sir Joseph Aloysius Byrne (24 September 1927 - 1929) (1st time)
Mark Aitchison Young (1929 - 1930) (acting)
Sir Joseph Aloysius Byrne (1930 - 23 May 1931) (2nd time)
Sir Arnold Wienholt Hodson (23 May 1931 - 17 July 1934)
Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore (17 July 1934 - 21 May 1937)
Sir Douglas James Jardine (21 May 1937 - 5 July 1941)
Sir Hubert Craddock Stevenson (5 July 1941 - September 1947)
Sir George Beresford-Stooke (September 1947 - December 1952)
Sir Robert de Zouche Hall (December 1952 - 1 September 1956)
Maurice Henry Dorman (from 2 January 1957, Sir Maurice Henry Dorman) (1 September 1956 - 27 April 1961)
In 1961, Sierra Leone achieved independence from the United Kingdom. After independence, the viceroy in Sierra Leone was the Governor-General of Sierra Leone.

References 
Guinness Book of Kings, Rulers & Statesmen, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd
African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland

Other websites 
Worldstatesmen.org

History of Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone-related lists
British colonial officials
This is a list of colonial heads of the Bahamas.  The first English settlement in the Bahamas was on Eleuthera.  In 1670, the king gave the Bahamas to the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, but the islands were left alone.  The local pirates proclaimed a 'Privateers' Republic' with Edward Teach (Blackbeard) as chief magistrate in 1703.  In 1717, the Bahamas became a British crown colony, and the pirates were moved out.

During the American War of Independence, the Bahamas were occupied by both the American and Spanish armies.  In 1964, the Bahamas achieved self-governance. In 1973 the Bahamas were given full independence. Hugh Wentworth was the 1st  governor of the Bahamas .

Governors on Eleuthera (1648–1657) 
 William Sayle, 1648–1657
Proprietary Governors of the Bahamas (1670–1706) 
On November 1 1670, the Bahamas were granted to the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina:
 Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, 1670–November 1688
 William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608-1697), 1670–9 April 1697
 Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, 1670–1717 
 Sir Peter Colleton, 1670–1717
 Sir George Carteret, 1670–1680
 Lord Berkeley

The islands were mainly left alone, but the Lords Proprietors appointed Proprietary Governors to administer them:
 Hugh Wentworth, 1671
 John Wentworth, December 1671–1676
 Charles Chillingworth, 1676–1677
 Robert Clarke, 1677–1682
 Robert Lilburne, 1684

In 1684, a joint French and Spanish fleet destroyed Charles Town (now called Nassau).
 Thomas Bridges, 1687–1690
 Cadwallader Jones, 1690–1693
 Nicholas Trott, 1694–1696
 Nicholas Webb, 1697–1699
 Read Elding, 1699–1700, acting
 Elias Haskett, 1700–1701
 Ellis Lightfoot, 1701–1705
 Edward Birch, 1706
 Thomas Walker, 1706

Pirate Rule (1706–1718)
From 1706 until July 26 1718, the Bahamas were ruled by the anarchic Privateer's Republic, including:
 Edward Teach (Blackbeard), Chief Magistrate
 Thomas Barrow
 Benjamin Hornigold

Governors of the Bahamas (1717–1969)
In 1717 the Bahamas became a British crown colony.  The pirates were driven out in 1718 by Woodes Rogers, the colony's first governor.
 Woodes Rogers, 26 July 1718–1721, first time
 George Phenney, 1721–1728
 Woodes Rogers, August 1729–16 July 1732, second time
 Richard Thompson, 1732–1733, acting
 Richard Fitzwilliams, November 1733–1740
 John Tinker, 1740–1758
 John Gambier, 1758–1760, acting, first time
 William Shirley, 1760–1768
 Thomas Shirley, 28 November 1768–1774
 Montfort Browne, 1774–3 March 1776
 Samuel Nicholas, March 3 1776–17 March 1776, Commandant (American occupation)
 John Gambier, March 17 1776–1778, acting, second time
 Montfort Browne, 1778–1779, restored
 John Robert Maxwell, 1780–8 May 1782
 Bernardo de Gálvez, May 8 1782–19 April 1783, Governor of Louisiana (Spanish occupation)
 Andrew de Vau, 1783 acting
 John Robert Maxwell, 1783–1784, restored
 James Edward Powell, 1784–1786
 John Brown, 1786–1787, acting
 Lord Dunmore, 1787–1796
 Robert Hunt, 1796–14 February 1797, acting
John Forbes, February 14 1797–June 1797
 William Dowdeswell, November 20 1797–1801
 John Halkett, 1801–1804
 Charles Cameron, May 8 1804–1820
 Lewis Grant, 1821–1829
 James Carmichael Smyth, 1829–1833
 Blayney Townley Balfour, 1833–1835
 William Macbean George Colebrooke, 1835–1837
 Francis Cockburne, 1837–1844
 George Benvenuto Matthew, 1844–1849
 John Gregory, 1849–1854
 Sir Alexander Bannerman, 1854–1857
 Charles John Bayley, 1857–1864
 Rawson William Rawson, 1864–1869
 Sir James Walker, 1869–1871
 George Cumine Strahan, 1871–1873
 Sir John Pope Hennessy, 1873–1874
 Sir William Robinson, 1874–1880
 Jeremiah Thomas Fitzgerald Callaghan, 1880–1881
 Sir Charles Cameron Lees, 1882–January 1884
 Sir Henry Arthur Blake, January 4 1884–1887
 Sir Ambrose Shea, 1887–1895
 Sir William Frederick Haynes Smith, 1895–1898
 Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter, 1898–1904
 Sir William Grey-Wilson, November 29 1904–1912
 Sir George Basil Haddon-Smith, October 29 1912–1914
 Sir William Lamond Allardyce, June 15 1914–1920
Sir Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux, December 8 1920–1926
 Sir Charles William James Orr, March 15 1927–January 1932
 Sir Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford, 10 January 1932–1934
 Sir Charles Cecil Farquharson Dundas, 1934–1940, acting to 1937
 HRH The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, 18 August 1940–1945
 Sir William Lindsay Murphy, 28 July 1945–1950
 Sir George Ritchie Sandford, 5 January 1950–December 1950
 Sir Robert Arthur Ross Neville, 7 December 1950–1953
 Thomas Daniel Knox, 6th Earl of Ranfurly, 21 December 1953–1956
 Sir Oswald Raynor Arthur, 1 April 1957–1960
 Sir Robert Stapeldon, 18 July 1960–1964
 Ralph Francis Alnwick Grey, 3 June 1964–1968
 Sir Francis Edward Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 1 November 1968–1969
Governors of the Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands (1969–1973) 
In 1969, the crown colony became the Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands.
 Sir Francis Edward Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 1969–1972, continued.
 Sir John Warburton Paul, 14 May 1972–10 July 1973

On July 10 1973, the Bahamas achieved independence from Britain.  Following independence, the viceroy in the Bahamas was the Governor-General of the Bahamas.

Other websites
 Rulers.org

bah
Bahamian people
Bahamas
This page contains a list of viceroys in Barbados from when Great Britain started a colony in 1627 by England until Barbados received independence in 1966.  From 1833 to 1885, Barbados was part of the colony of the Windward Islands, and the Governor of Barbados represented the monarch in all the Windward Islands.  In 1885 Barbados became an independent colony again.
Governors of Barbados (1627–1833)
 Henry Powell, 17 February 1627–1628
 William Deane, 1628–June 1628
 Charles Wolferston, June 1628–26 February 1629
 John Powell, 26 February 1629–29 August 1629
 Robert Wheatley, 29 August 1629–September 1629, acting
 Sir William Tufton, 21 December 1629–16 July 1630
 Henry Hawley, 1630–June 1640
 Richard Peers, 1633–1634, acting for Hawley
 William Hawley, 1638–1639, acting for Henry Hawley
 Sir Henry Huncks, June 1640–1641
 Philip Bell, 1641–1650
 Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham, May 1650–1651, in dissidence to January 1652
 Sir George Ayscue, October 1651–1652
 Daniel Searle, 1652–July 1660, acting
 Thomas Modyford, July 1660–1660, acting
 Humphrey Walrond, 1660–August 1663, acting
 Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham, August 1663–23 July 1666, restored
 Henry Willoughby, 1664, acting for the Lord Willoughby of Parham
 Henry Willoughby, July 1666–1667, acting, second time
 William Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby of Parham, 1667, acting
Samuel Barwick, 1667, acting
 Henry Hawley, 1667–April 1667, acting, second time
 William Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby of Parham, April 1667–1673
 Christopher Codrington, 1668–1669, acting for the Lord Willoughby of Parham
 Sir Peter Colleton, 1673–1674, acting
 Sir Jonathan Atkins, 1674–1679
 Sir John Witham, 1680–1683, acting
 Sir Richard Dutton, 1683–1685
 Edwyn Stede, 1685–1690, acting
 James Kendall, 1690–1694
 Francis Russell, 1694–1696
 Francis Bond, 1696–December 1697, acting
 Ralph Grey, December 1697–1701
 John Farmer, 1701–1703, acting
 Sir Bevil Granville, 1703–1706
 Mitford Crow, 1707–1710
 George Lillington, 1710–1711, acting
 Robert Lowther, 1711–1720
 William Sharpe, January 1714–1715, acting for Lowther
 John Frere, 1720–1721, acting
 Samuel Cox, 1721–1722, acting
 Henry Worsley, 1722–1727
 Thomas Catesby Paget, 1727–1731
 James Dotin, 1731, acting, first time
 Walter Chetwynd, 1731–1732
 Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe, 1733–29 March 1735
 James Dotin, 1735–1737, acting, second time
Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 2nd Baronet, 1737–1738
 Humphrey Howarth, 1738
 Thomas Gage, 1st Viscount Gage, 1738–1739
 Robert Byng, May 1739–1740
 James Dotin, 1740, acting, third time
 Sir Thomas Robinson, 1st Baronet Rokeby, 1742–1747
 Henry Grenville, 1747–1756
 Charles Pinfold, 1756–1766
 Samuel Rous, 1766–1768, acting, first time
 William Spry, 1768–1772
 Samuel Rous, 1772, acting, second time
 Edward Hay, 1772–1779
 John Dotin, 1779–1780, acting, first time
 James Cunninghame, 1780–1782
 John Dotin, 1783–1784, acting, second time
 David Parry, 1784–1793
 William Bishop, 1793–1794, acting, first time
 George Poyntz Ricketts, 1794–1800
 William Bishop, 1800–1801, acting, second time
 Francis Humberstone Mackenzie, 1802–1806
 John Spooner, 1806–1810, acting
 Sir George Beckwith, 1810–1815
 Sir James Leith, 10 May 1815–16 October 1816
 John Foster Alleyne, 1817, acting
 Stapleton Stapleton-Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere, 1817–1820
 John Brathwaite Skeete, 1820, acting
 Samuel Hinds, 1821, acting
Sir Henry Warde, 1821–1829
 Sir James F. Lyon, 1829–1833
Governors of Barbados and the Windward Islands (1833–1885)
In 1833, Barbados became part of the new colony of the Windward Islands and the Governor of Barbados became viceroy over the new colony as well.

 Sir Lionel Smith, 1833–1836
 Sir Evan John Murray MacGregor, 1836–1841
 Charles Henry Darling, 1841
 Sir Charles Edward Grey, 1841–1846
 William Reid, 1846–1848
 William MacBean George Colebrooke, 1848–1856
 Francis Hincks, 1856–4 January 1862
 James Walker, 4 January 1862–1868
 Rawson William Rawson, 1868–1875
 Sanford Freeling, 1875, acting
 Sir John Pope Hennessy, 1875–1876
 George Cumine Strahan, 1876–1880
 D. J. Gamble, 1880, acting
 William Robinson, 1880–1885

Governors of Barbados (1885–1966)
In 1885, Grenada took over responsibility for the Windward Islands instead of Barbados.
Sir Charles Cameron Lees, 1885–1889
 Sir Walter Joseph Sendall, 1889–1891
 Sir James Shaw Hay, 1891–1900
 Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson, 18 February 1900–1904
 Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter, 14 October 1904–1911
 Sir Leslie Probyn, 13 February 1911–1918
 Sir Charles Richard Mackey O'Brien, 27 September 1918–1925
 Sir William Charles Fleming Robertson, 31 December 1925–January 1933
 Harry Scott Newlands, January 1933–12 March 1933
 Sir Mark Aitchison Young, 5 August 1933–March 1938
 Sir Eubule John Waddington, 6 August 1938–1941
 Sir Henry Grattan Bushe, 23 October 1941–1947
 Sir Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood, 5 February 1947–1949
 Sir Alfred William Lungley Savage, 1 November 1949–1953
 Brigadier Robert Arundell, 14 May 1953–1959
 Sir John Montague Stow, 8 October 1959–29 November 1966

On 29 November 1966, Barbados achieved independence from the United Kingdom.  For a list of viceroys in Barbados after independence, see Governor-General of Barbados.

Other websites 
Rulers.org
World statesment.org
Barb
Barbados-related lists
Barbadian politicians
Lists of governors
The centromere is a special region of a chromosome, usually near the middle. It is where the two identical sister chromatids stay in contact as the chromosome attaches to the spindle in mitosis. The region contains specific types of DNA, which are tandem repetitive sequences (satellite DNA). These sequences bind specific proteins called "cen"-proteins.

During mitosis the centromeres can be seen during the metaphase stage as a constriction at the chromosome. At this centromeric constriction the two halves of the chromosome, the sister chromatids, are held together until late metaphase.

References 
Cell biology
The phrase Grand Cross is used to describe the highest grade in many types of knighthood. Sometimes the person with the highest grade are called "knights grand cross" or just "grand crosses". Sometimes the actual medallion or ribbon is called "the grand cross" and not the person.

In some orders, the highest grade may be called the "grand cordon", "grand collar" or something like this. In those cases the rank of grand cross may come after another rank, but before the highest grade.

As an example:
 for the Portuguese Order of Saint James of the Sword, the Grand Cross is the 5th highest award, with the Grand Collar being a higher award above the Grand Cross.

Knights
Rhizobia are Gram-negative soil bacteria which grow inside the root nodules of legumes (the pea family: Fabaceae). 

The growth of this bacteria is beneficial to their plant host. They fix (absorb and chemically change) nitrogen from the air and convert it into the chemical ammonia (through the help of enzymes). The host plant breaks down this ammonia and uses it for growth.  

In return, the plants provide the bacteria with nutrients for growth from products of plant  photosynthesis. 

Rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. As this relationship is  beneficial for both plant and bacteria involved, it is a classic example of symbiosis and mutualism which are found in all Rhizobia.

Rhizobia is very important in aiding plant growth in soils with low Nitrogen concentrations and is classed as a fertiliser for soil.

History 
Rhizobia was discovered by Martinus Willem Beijerinck in 1888.
The word rhizobia comes from the Ancient Greek "ῥίζα" (rhiza) for root and "βίος" (bios) for life.

References 

Plant physiology
Gram-negative bacteria
Life 
Paul Steinitz was born in Chichester, West Sussex, in the south of England in 1909. His father was an Anglican clergyman. He became a student at the Royal Academy of Music, studying under George Oldroyd. He was a very good organist and got his FRCO diploma in 1930. In the 1930s he was Director of Music at the church of St. Mary's Ashford, Kent. There he became very interested in the music of Bach while studying for his Doctorate 

In 1946 he started the London Bach Society. Then he became Director of Music and organist at the Priory Church of St. Bartholomew-the-Great in London, which was a very old church, a lecturer at University of London and a Professor at the Royal Academy of Music.

London Bach Society
In 1958 he started to perform all the 208 Bach cantatas that are known (it is thought 100 have been lost). He finished this project in 1987, shortly before he died. He got together a group of players which he called the Steinitz Bach Players. They were professional musicians who agreed with what Steinitz was trying to do. Every Lent they performed one of the two great Bach passions: the St Matthew Passion, or sometimes the St John Passion. He took the choir and his orchestra on tour to the USA, Israel, German Democratic Republic (twice, including performances at Bach’s own church, the St. Thomas' Church Leipzig) and Bulgaria.

Steinitz did not just perform Bach’s music. He conducted music by many Baroque composers as well as modern composers such as Igor Stravinsky, Peter Maxwell Davies, John Tavener, Stanley Glasser (sung in Zulu) and his own pupil Nicholas Maw.
Steinitz wrote a lot about music. He wrote a chapter on 18th century German church music in The New Oxford History of Music, he wrote several books to show students how to write harmony, and books on how to perform Bach’s music called Bach’s Passions, Bach for Choirs, and Performing Bach’s Vocal Music.

Paul Steinitz had many honours. He was a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Organists. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1985, the year in which Bach’s 300th birthday was celebrated.

At the end of his concerts, when the audience applauded, he would often hold up a picture of Bach, so that the audience was thanking Bach for his music.

Dr. Steinitz died in April 1988 at home in his lovely 18th century cottage in Old Oxted, just south of London. He was a Quaker who believed strongly that music could help to bring peace in the world.

There is a public memorial to him in the Cloister of St Bartholomew-the-Great, West Smithfield, London.
Today Steinitz’ wife Margaret continues her husband's work with the London Bach Society, of which Steinitz Bach Players is an integral part. To reflect modern Bach scholarship and continue Dr. Steinitz's work along the lines he had planned, the original choir was disbanded to make way for smaller professional choirs - more Bach in its original form. She also founded an annual Bachfest in 1990, which is presented each autumn.

Other websites 

 http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Steinitz-Paul.htm

1909 births
1988 deaths
British conductors
English organists
The London Bach Society is a society devoted to performing the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.

The London Bach Society was started in 1946 by Paul Steinitz because he wanted to perform Bach in a style which was like the way it sounded in Bach's time. Bach lived from 1685 to 1750. By the 20th century a lot of things had changed in music. Choirs and orchestras were much bigger and instruments were made differently. Steinitz wanted to get back to the sort of sound that Bach would have known. He started a choir called the London Bach Society so that they could give concerts of Bach's music, making it sound much clearer than it did with huge, romantic choirs.
The choir was formed in 1947. The singers were good amateur singers. Steinitz rehearsed them a lot until they were very good. The London Bach Society (LBS) gave many concerts of Bach's music, as well as singing music by other Baroque composers such as Handel, Telemann and Heinrich Schütz. They also sang works by modern composers such as Stravinsky, John Tavener and Nicholas Maw. Between 1958 and 1987 the LBS choir performed all the cantatas by Bach which survive. 208 of them are known. Many others have been lost. The choir performed one of Bach's passions every Lent, usually the St Matthew Passion. They also went on tour, travelling to the USA, Israel, Bulgaria and twice to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) where they sang at St Thomas Church, Leipzig, where Bach had been Director of Music.
After Steinitz's death in 1989 there was no more choir, but the society still continues. Today they organize a festival of Bach's music every year, called "Bachfest" (German for "Bach Festival").

Other websites 
http://www.bachlive.co.uk/
http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/LBS.htm

Choirs
British orchestras
Rodgau is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany. It is the largest city of the district by area and by population as well.

Geography 

Rodgau is in the Rhine Main area  southeast of Frankfurt am Main. The whole area of the town is  large and it is  above sea level. It is a plain area with no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The town consists out of 5 former independent villages. On 1 January 1977 they were united and became the municipality of Rodgau. On 15 September 1979 city rights were given to the municipality.
The former villages, now urban districts, are from north to south: Weiskirchen, Hainhausen, Jügesheim, Dudenhofen and Nieder-Roden. They all lie by a small creek, the Rodau, flowing through the city from south to north. Rodgau got its name from this creek. The ending -gau means area or district. Rod- is a hint to the former landscape. The German verb roden means cutting down trees to cultivate land. Rod- is also part of the name of Nieder-Roden.

The neighbours of Rodgau are: 
 Obertshausen (North)
 Hainburg and Seligenstadt (East)
 Babenhausen, Eppertshausen and Rödermark (South)
 Heusenstamm and Dietzenbach (West)

Rodgau has 43,047 inhabitants (2008). Nearly 10% of the people living here are from foreign countries. They come from 52 different nations. 39% of the people are of catholic religion, 25.5% are of protestant religion and 35.5% have another or no religion.

The climate of the town is mild with an average temperature of 10.5 °C. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.
Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch). This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every village had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History
History 

The first settlements were build in the 8th century. Later in the 12th and 13th century the names of the settlements were written down in documents. During the times the villages belonged to different owners. Because of the reformation the people of the village of Dudenhofen became protestant, but all the others remained catholic. This led to the situation, that the Dudenhofen people married partners from nearby Babenhausen, Dietzenbach and other protestant places but did not have relatives in the catholic Rodgau villages. Around 1830 the settlements had a total population of about 4,000 people. In 1939 the amount of inhabitants was about 11,500. It increased to about 34,000 in 1970 and to about 45,000 at the end of the 2000s.
The growing villages formed an urban areal and in the late 1970s the municipality of Rodgau was shaped. Since then the former villagers and the new residents slowly began to develop a Rodgau identity. Most of the foreign people at first came from Italy, Spain and Portugal, later from Yugoslavia and Greece, then from Turkey. Often the male members came to earn money and send it to their family abroad. In many cases the families moved to Germany later, settled down and got German citizens, bought houses or built one. Only few went back to their home countries. The children went to German schools and are nowadays regular members of the community.

Politics 

The administration of the formerly independent villages was centralized and the new city hall is in the central part of Rodgau, Jügesheim. There are citizen offices in every former village, called Anlaufstelle to deal with minor affairs.

Head of the city is a mayor (CDU). The parliament has 45 seats. Last elections in 2006 had the following results:
1 Bürger/FWG = Bürger/Freie Wählergemeinschaft. This is an independent party of citizens, which has a focus on single local matters.
 2 Dt. Liste = Deutsche Liste. This is a conservative party. Most people and most other parties say, that this party stands for positions of Neo-Nazism.

Rodgau is ruled by a center-right alliance of CDU and FDP. 

The city government and the mayor got problems because after the parliament elections three members of the CDU delegates left the CDU parliamentary group. The following political trouble influenced the later mayor elections (2009) and led to a new mayor, now from the SPD. He will start in April 2010.

Coat of Arms 

The coat of arms was given to the city in 1978. It stands for the former villages and their religion. From bottom left to top right runs a silvery band. It is the picture of the creek Rodau. The fife stars on the band are the picture of the fife villages lying by the creek.
Top left is the picture of a luther rose. It is a religious symbol and it stands for the protestant religion of Dudenhofen. Bottom right is a picture of a wheel. This is not a religious symbol.  But it stands for the catholic religion of Weiskirchen, Hainhausen, Jügesheim and Nieder-Roden.

Both pictures are standing for the former owners of the villages. The rose stands for the Count of Hanau and later the Count of Darmstadt. The wheel comes from the archbishop of Mainz. The rose is on one side of the creek and the wheel is opposite to it on the other side of the creek. This means that the villages had trouble and fights because of their different religion.

Twinned cities 

  Puisseau, France
  Hainburg, Austria
  Nieuwpoort, Belgium
  Donja Stubica, Croatia

Culture and Sights 

The two main fields of Rodgau culture are the surrounding nature and the peoples clubs. It is typically German, that most of the people of Rodgau are a member of one or more of the clubs.
These associations have a focus on singing, sports, orchestra music, socker, breeding pet animals, dancing and many other. There are about 50 clubs in Rodgau, where people come together and spend their free time. The associations are an important part of the social life of the city, especially for the people of the former villages partly to keep their villager identity. The clubs are open to new members, who like to share the focus and to develope social contacts.

Rodgau is surrounded by large forests. On weekend many people go there for a walk or make trips by bicycle on the narrow lanes which are leading all through the woods. Often there are places for doing sports or having a barbecue. The facilities are kept kleen and in order by work departments of the city administration.
Because of the village history there are no theaters or museums in the city, but there are well known ones in the cities nearby, mostly in Frankfurt (Senckenbergmuseum; on natural history), Offenbach (Ledermuseum; on leather handycraft and artswork) and Darmstadt (Theater). There are no famous buildings in Rodgau but some architecture (stile of buildings) typical for the region. The old churches of the villages and the framework houses are worth to look at.

There are five protestant and six catholic churches in the city. For the Muslim there are two mosques, one in Nieder-Roden and one in Jügesheim.

Rodgau has two cinemas, many restaurants of different style, bars and some dancefloors.
Once in the year in January and February the whole region is celebrating carnival, the local name is Fasenacht or Fastnacht. It is mostly a tradition of catholic areas. The local names come from a period named Fastenzeit (a time of fasting) some weeks before Easter, when one should do fasting. The celebrations are always ending on Tuesday midnight and the fasting period starts on the following Wednesday, named Aschermittwoch.

In autumn every village has an extra weekend to celebrate. It is the memorial to the opening of their church. The feasts are named Kirchweih or - in the local dialect - Kerb. In former times great autumn fairs were held on that weekend and the people, especially the young ones of the nearby places, went to the feasts to meet each other in the village, to have pleasure, to dance together and make friends.
During late spring and summer many small feasts are celebrated on weekend, mostly in the forests at the barbecue places. They are arranged by the local clubs and associations, even by the local political parties. They are open to the public and people go there to socialize, having a meal and drinking some beer.

The most special and expensive vegetable of the region is asparagus, which loves the poor sandy soil. It is gathered in May and June. Because of the same reason the region has a lot of potato dishes. Some of them are very special and only available on special occasions like the Bauernkeeskuche (farmers cheese pie). It is a sort of salty potato pie, that is made with a bread dough.

Economics und Infrastructure

Traffic 

The traffic in Rodgau runs mostly individual by car. A lot of people are working in nearby cities. They have to drive to their jobs in Frankfurt, Offenbach or other big places. They use the motorway A3 running through the north of Rodgau.
East along the city runs the B45 from north to south, a motorway-like street connecting all the urban districts with the motorway A3 and the cities of Offenbach, Frankfurt and Hanau to the north and Darmstadt to the south. The suburban railway no. 1 (German: S-Bahn-Linie 1) runs to Offenbach and, since 2003 directly to Frankfurt. A poor bus system (a single line) connects the urban districts frequently. Rodgau can be easyly reached by street from most other parts of Germany. This was one reason for its fast development in the past.

Information
Information 

The city has no own daily newspaper. There are the Offenbach-Post and the Frankfurter Rundschau, both with additional pages (supplement) about Rodgau. The Offenbach-Post supplement is named Rodgau-Post. It comes weekly on Thursday. There are two weekly papers for free which are brought to every house: The Rodgau-Zeitung and the Bürgerblatt. The Dreieich-Spiegel also comes to the houses for free and has a part with Rodgau things. There is a quarterly city magazine mein rodgau, with articles about people, sports, culture and life style.

Radio information comes by the radio station Hessischer Rundfunk (HR) on channel 1 to 4, You FM and hr-info. Other radio stations are Hit Radio FFH, also Radio Primavera in the nearby bavarian city of Aschaffenburg.

Medicine
Medicine 

Rodgau does not have a hospital. The next clinic is about  away in Seligenstadt. The town is short with specialist doctors. Patients often have to go to nearby cities, if they want to see a doctor on special diseases, for example a heart disease. There is a medical emergency center in Dudenhofen to give fast help in case of a heart attack.

Education 

The city has many kindergartens and primary schools in each urban district. There is a secondary school (highschool) in Dudenhofen. For colleges and universities the students have to go to the nearby cities.

References

Other websites 

 Site of the ADFC bicycle club Rodgau, looked up on 14 January 2010, German.
 Site about the Rodgau lake public bath, looked up on 14 January 2010, German.

Offenbach (district)
The North Pacific giant octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) is a big cephalopod in the coastal North Pacific. 

It usually lives at depths around lseters  hey have also besSeven-arm octopus (Haliphron atlanticus). Adults usually weigh around 15 kg (33 lb), with an arm span of  

They mostly eat crabs, shrimp, abalone, fish, and shellfish like scallops, clams, and mussels. In aquariums, they have been seen eating spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), a type of shark 3-4 feet long. Food is grabbed with its sucy rs and then crushed using its tough beak of chitin. North Pacific giant octopus are eaten by harbor seals, sea otters, and sperm whales. They usually live about 3-5 years in the wild. 

Cephalopods
Charles Michael "Chuck" Palahniuk (born February 21, 1962) is an American satire author. He is well known for writing the award-winning book Fight Club. It was later made into a movie directed by David Fincher. He lives in the state of Washington.

Biography 
Palahniuk was born in Pasco, Washington and raised in Burbank, Washington and Eastern Washington. started writing books when he was in his mid-thirties. His first book, Insomnia: If You Lived Here, You'd Be Home Already, was never made into a book because he didn't think the story was very good. When he tried to write his next novel, Invisible Monsters, publishers did not like it because they thought it was too scary. This made him work on his best known book, Fight Club. He wrote it to try to scare the publisher even more for not publishing his book. Palahniuk wrote this story in his spare time. After first writing it as a short story, Palahniuk made it longer into a full book, which, surprising to him, was published.
In 1999, a changed version of Invisible Monsters, and his fourth novel, Survivor, were published. This made Palahniuk a cult figure. A few years later Palahniuk wrote his first New York Times bestseller, Choke. After that, Palahniuk's later books would mostly have the same success. This success allowed him to travel and promote his books, where he reads from new and upcoming books.

Palahniuk is openly gay and a lapsed Catholic.

Bibliography

Fiction 
 Fight Club (1996)
 Survivor (1999)
 Invisible Monsters (1999)
 Choke (2001)
 Lullaby (2002)
 Diary (2003)
 Haunted (2005)
 Rant (2007)
 Snuff (2008)
 Pygmy (2009)
 Tell All (2010)

Non-fiction 
 Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon (2003)
 Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories (2004)
 You Do Not Talk About Fight Club: I Am Jack's Completely Unauthorized Essay Collection (2008) (introduction)
Movies 
 Fight Club (1999)
 Choke (2008)
 Invisible Monsters (2010)
 Haunted (TBA) - optioned property
 Survivor (TBA) - script stage
 Rant (TBA) - optioned property
 Diary (TBA) - optioned property
 Lullaby (TBA) - optioned property

References

20th-century American novelists
American LGBT writers
Gay men
Writers from Washington (state)
1962 births
Living people
The most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is an order of chivalry. It was started on 28 April 1818 by George, Prince Regent, who became King George IV of the United Kingdom. It started when he was Prince Regent for his father, King George III.

It is named in honour of two military saints, Saint Michael and Saint George.

Description 

The Order has three classes, listed below from highest to lowest:

 Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross (GCMG)
 Knight Commander (KCMG) or Dame Commander (DCMG)
 Companion (CMG)

It is used to honour people who have done important things for the Commonwealth or foreign nations.

People are appointed to the Order rather than given it. British Ambassadors to foreign nations are often appointed as KCMGs or CMGs. For example, the British Ambassador to the United States, Sir David Manning, was appointed a CMG when he worked for the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO).
After his appointment as British Ambassador to the United States, he was promoted to a Knight Commander (KCMG). Often, when the Queen visits a nation, the British ambassador to that nation automatically becomes a Knight Commander of the Order, and afterwards they may use the title "Sir", before their name.

It is the normal award for members of the FCDO.

The Order's motto is Auspicium melioris ævi (Latin for "Token of a better age"). Its patron saints are Saint Michael the Archangel and Saint George. One of its primary symbols is that of St Michael standing over Satan.

The Order is the sixth-most important in the British honours system, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter (the highest British honour), The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, and The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India.
The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick (for Ireland) has not been appointed since 1934 as the Republic of Ireland is no longer part of the United Kingdom. The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India has not been used since India's independence in 1947.

History 

The Order was started to remember the British protectorate over the Ionian Islands. The Islands had come under British control in 1814. It was given its own constitution as the United States of the Ionian Islands, in 1817.

The order was to reward people, who lived on their Ionian Islands and on Malta, who worked for the King.

The protectorate ended in 1864, and the Ionian Islands became a part of Greece.

The reasons for being appointed to the Order were changed in 1868. Anyone who did important work in Queen Victoria's government (especially overseas) could be appointed. After this change, many Governors-General and Governors were appointed to the Order.
Members of the Order 
The British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order. The sovereign follow the advice of the Government.

After the sovereign, the next-most senior member is the Grand Master. The office used to be held by the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, but now they are chosen by the Sovereign.

Grand Masters include:
 1818–1825: Sir Thomas Maitland
 1825–1850: Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
 1850–1904: Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
 1904–1910: George V, then Prince of Wakes
 1910–1917: None
 1917–1936: The Prince of Wales
 1936–1957: Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone
 1957–1959: E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax
 1959–1967: Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis
 1967–present: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent