Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Fictional characters 
Alex, a character in the 2009 American romantic comedy-drama movie He's Just Not That Into You
Alex (A Clockwork Orange)
Alex (Power Rangers)
Alex (Street Fighter)
Alex (Totally Spies)
Alex Browning, a character from Final Destination
Alex Cross, from the Alex Cross novel and film series
Alex Fierro, from the Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard novels by Rick Riordan
Alex P. Keaton, a character on the United States TV sitcom Family Ties 
Alex the Lion, from the Madagascar animated films and franchise
Alex Louis Armstrong, the state alchemist from Fullmetal Alchemist
Alex Masterley, the title character in Alex (comic strip)
Alex Millar (Being Human)
Alex O'Donnell, a character in the 2009 American fantasy comedy movie 17 Again
Alex, one of the marriageable male characters in the video game Stardew Valley
Alex Rider (character), from the Alex Rider novels by Anthony Horowitz
Alex Shamir, a character in the 1994 American comedy film Robot in the Family
Alex Standall, a character in the novel and Netflix series 13 Reasons Why
Alex Taylor, the main character in the video game The Crew
Alex, the default female avatar in the video game Minecraft
Alex Vause, a character in the television series Orange Is the New Black
Alex, supporting character in the anime series Futari wa Pretty Cure (originally named Akane Fujita)
Related pages 

Alexander
La Tomatina is a festival held on the last Wednesday of August each year in the town of Buñol in the Valencia region of Spain. Many people come from all over the world to throw one hundred tons of over-ripe tomatoes in the streets.

 Oficiales tickets Tomatina

Tomatoes
Province of Valencia
Festivals in Spain
August events
A wallaroo is an Australian macropod with its size between the big kangaroos and the small wallabies. The name "wallaroo" is a mix of wallaby and kangaroo. Most wallaroos are smaller than a kangaroo, and live in open, rocky country. Wallaroo means "rock kangaroo". There are three types of wallaroo. They all stand the same way: wrists raised, elbows close into the body, and shoulders back, and all have a large, black nose.

Wallaroo species

Macropus robustus 
The eastern wallaroo, Macropus robustus, sometimes called the, common wallaroo or just wallaroo lives on the sides of the Great Dividing Range (which runs for more than 3,000 km along the eastern and south-eastern coast of Australia). There are four subspecies of Eastern Wallaroo: 
 the Eastern Wallaroo, which lives across Australia
 the Euro, also widespread
 one that lives only on Barrow Island
 one that lives only in the Kimberley area of Western Australia
Macropus bernardus 
Woodward's wallaroo or black wallaroo, Macropus bernardus, lives in steep, rocky ground in Arnhem Land. Between 60 to 70 cm in length (without tail) it is the smallest wallaroo and the most heavily built. Males weigh 19 to 22 kg, females about 13 kg.

Macropus antilopinus 
The antilopine wallaroo, Macropus antilopinus, also called the antilopine kangaroo, is different to other wallaroos. It is, more like the eastern and western grey kangaroos. It lives in groups on the grassy plains and woodlands, where the other wallaroos live by themselves.

References

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
Zoe could mean:
Zoé (band), a rock en español band from Mexico
Zoe (name), people and fictional characters with the name 
Zoë (robot), a four wheeled robot used to map life in the Atacama Desert
Zoe (tribe), an indigenous tribe of the Brazilian Amazon
Zoey 101, an American television show of Nickelodeon
Zoé's Ark, a French charity organization
Zoe Motors, a manufacturer of three-wheeled cars
Zoë Records, an independent record label
Cyclone Zoe, a tropical cyclone
(58534) Logos I Zoe, a satellite of an object orbiting beyond the dwarf planet Pluto
An æon of Gnostic belief systems

ZOE may stand for:
Zone of the Enders (series), a video game and anime series 
Zinc oxide eugenol, a material used in dentistry

Related pages
Zoea, a free-swimming larval stage of crustaceans
Zoetrope, an animation device
Zoë (and other such names) is a gender-neutral name which came from ancient Greece and means "life" in Greek. The pronunciation of the name is [ zoh-ee, zoh ]. This name was ranked #42 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

Some uses of the name are:

Real people
 Zoe Ball, British television presenter
 Zooey Deschanel, American actress/musician
 Zoe Karbonopsina (died c. 920), Byzantine empress
 Zoe (empress), Byzantine empress (c. 978–1050)
 Zoe Palaiologina, (c. 1455–April 7, 1503), wife of Tsar Ivan III of Russia
 Zoë (singer), English pop star who had a 1991 hit with "Sunshine On A Rainy Day"
 Zoey (singer), a J-Pop singer
 Zoe Cramond, New Zealand actress
 Zoe Saldaña, American actress
Fictional characters
 Zoë (Sluggy Freelance), a character from the Sluggy Freelance comic strip
 Zoë Castillo, a character from the computer game Dreamfall: The Longest Journey
 Zoé (Little Big Adventure), a character from Little Big Adventure video games
 Zoë, a character in the series Monarch of the Glen
 Zoë (All My Children), a character on the All My Children soap opera
 Zoe Reynolds a character played by Keeley Hawes in the BBC television series Spooks, (MI-5 in the United States)
 Zoe Orimoto, a character from Digimon Frontier
 Zoe Washburne, from the television series Firefly
 Zoe Trent, a character from Littlest Pet Shop
 Zoe, a character from Bluey
 Zoe Heriot, a character in the television series Doctor Who
 Zoë (Sesame Street), a Muppet
 Zoe MacPherson, a character from the Baby Blues comic strip
 Zoey (Pokémon)
 Zoey Brooks, main character on Zoey 101
 Zoey Hanson, Ichigo Momomiya's English dub name in Tokyo Mew Mew (Mew Mew Power)
References

Given names
Richard Duane "Rick" Warren (born January 28, 1954) is both founder and pastor of the evangelical Baptist Saddleback Church in Southern California. It is the largest church in California. He is also the best-selling author of many Christian books, such as The Purpose Driven Life. He is also an influential evangelical leader.

Warren was born in San Jose, California.

Other websites 

1954 births
Living people
American Baptist ministers
American Evangelicals
American Christian writers
People from San Jose, California
Writers from California
The antilopine kangaroo (Macropus antilopinus), also called the antilopine wallaroo or the antilopine wallaby, is a large macropod that lives only in the tropical areas of northern Australia. They live in Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland, the "Top End" of the Northern Territory, and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. They live in groups feeding on the open grass lands. Antilopine kangaroos are often in groups of all males, or all females.

The male is a red colour and females are grey. The males can get as big as 70 kg, but the females are usually around 30 kg. It is slightly smaller than the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). Babies are born in the summer (February-March), and leave the mother's pouch in Novemember, at the start of the wet season

Climate change could mean that this kangaroo could become extinct in the future.

References

Other websites
Photo of Macropus antilopinus 

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
Synchronization is the co-ordination of a set of events into a system that works according to time. For example, a conductor of an orchestra serves to keep the orchestra in time, or synchronized. Systems that operate with all their parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync.

In synchronization, time and order are important. It is used in many everyday systems, including those in transport, computer science, music, multimedia and telecommunication.

Today, synchronization can be done across the world due to digital signals and GPS-enabled time-keeping systems.

Related pages 

 Atomic clock
 Flywheel
 Time
 Tuning fork
 Race condition
 Synchronization (computer science)

Other websites 
 Dictionary Definitions

Time
Peptides are organic chemical molecules. They are polymers made from linking amino acids together in a certain order. The link between one amino acid residue and the next is known as an amide bond or a peptide bond.

Linking peptides together gives proteins, which are polypeptides.

Related pages
Dipeptide

Molecular biology
Polymers
A cubic foot is a measure of volume. It is the amount of liquid that can be fit into a box 1 foot deep, one foot wide, and one foot in length. A cubic foot can be written ft3. It is used in the United States, and partially in Canada, and the United Kingdom.

Units of volume
Webmin is a web-based system configuration tool for OpenSolaris, Linux and other Unix-like systems. It can configure many operating system internals, such as users, disk quotas, services, configuration files, as well as modify and control many opensource applications, such as the Apache HTTP Server, PHP and MySQL.

Webmin is largely based on Perl, running as its own process and web server. It defaults to TCP port 10000 for communicating, and can be configured to use SSL if OpenSSL is installed with extra required Perl Modules.

References

Unix
Web server software
A family tree is a chart showing family relationships in a  tree structure form. The more detailed family trees used in medicine, genealogy, and social work are known as genograms.

As normally showed, a family tree "grows" down from the top, from the oldest generations at the top to the newer generations at the bottom. A tree showing the descendants of an individual (illustration right) will more closely look like a tree in shape; one showing the ancestors of an individual (illustration below in "The Family Tree of Sigmund") will be wider at the top than the bottom. When looking at the closer to the bottom of the tree, it will show more recent generations, and when looking farther up, there will be older generations.
the oldest family members go on the right maybe the  left.

Related pages 

Ancestor table
Genogram

Genealogy
Survival of the fittest is a famous phrase of Herbert Spencer which describes the idea that, in nature, there is competition to survive and reproduce. It is a metaphor, as are the phrases struggle for existence, and natural selection, both of which were used by Charles Darwin. Scientists often use such metaphors as shorthand for key ideas. These metaphors stick in the mind, but they need to be properly understood, or they may be used wrongly.

Spencer invented the phrase 
Herbert Spencer was a British social philosopher who applied his personal conception of evolution to many other fields, from the origin of the solar system to economics. He first used the term in his book Principles of Biology, published in 1864. In that book (vol 1 p444) he wrote: "This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called ‘natural selection’, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life".
Spencer later published a book called The Man versus the State. There, he used the phrase to explain why societies of a militant type would not adopt his theories. The way he uses the term suggests he is talking about a general principle.

Thus by survival of the fittest, the militant type of society becomes characterized by profound confidence in the governing power, joined with a loyalty causing submission to it in all matters whatever.

Darwin using the phrase
In the first four editions of On the Origin of Species, Darwin used only the phrase natural selection. It was his way of making an analogy with artificial selection (selective breeding), a practice which was well understood in England at that time.
Spencer's Principles of Biology was the first to use the phrase survival of the fittest in print. Darwin agreed that the phrase survival of the fittest was better than natural selection. Natural selection personified nature, but was really about survival. Survival of the fittest would avoid this problem, but it "lost the analogy between nature's selection and the fanciers" (breeders). The phrase was first used by Darwin in the 5th edition of The Origin published in 1869, in which Chapter 4 describes "Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest".

In the introduction to the 5th edition Darwin gave full credit to Spencer, writing "I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection, in order to mark its relation to man's power of selection. But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient".
So did Wallace 
The co-discoverer of natural selection, Alfred Russel Wallace, also used the terms survival of the fittest and struggle for existence. He rather preferred the last two terms to natural selection. Since both these evolutionists used them, the three metaphors were obviously useful in getting over what were, at the time, unfamiliar ideas.

Current use of the phrase
The phrase survival of the fittest is shorthand for the fact that not all members of a species will contribute equally to the next generation. It is not a value judgement, but a concept of evolution equivalent to natural selection. Fitness is now used in a highly technical sense in population genetics, which should not be confused with its use in everyday language.
Today, the phrase survival of the fittest is widely used in popular literature for many topics, not just those related to biology. It has widely been used both by people who are in favour of Social Darwinism and those who are against it. It has also been used to talk about competition of all kinds. Popular literature often uses the phrase as a catchphrase. All such extensions of a metaphor need to be watched carefully. They may preserve the original meaning, or they may not.

References

Evolutionary biology
Metaphors referring to nature

ta:தக்கன பிழைக்கும்
Evolution was an idea debated before Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. In very broad terms, this idea says that species change over time. Even today, some people still talk about the concept of evolution and what it means to them, to their philosophy and  their religion. Sometimes these people also talk about the social implications of evolution. This debate is mostly about the meaning of evolution to human life, or about human nature, not about how evolution works.

Debates about the fact of evolution 
Some people believe in guided evolution or theistic evolution. They say that evolution is real, but it is being guided it some way.

There are many different concepts of theistic evolution. Many creationists believe that the creation myth found in their religion goes against the idea of evolution. As Darwin found out early on, the most controversial part of the evolutionary thought is its implications for human origins.
In some countries, especially in the United States, there is tension between people who accept the idea of evolution and those who reject it. The debate is mostly about if the ideas in evolution should be taught in schools, and in what way.

Other fields, like cosmology and earth science also do not match with the original writings of many religious texts. These ideas were once also fiercely opposed. Death for heresy was threatened to those who wrote against the idea that the Earth was the centre of the universe. Giordano Bruno was burnt at the stake by the Holy Inquisition for teaching that the Earth moved around the Sun (and other ideas).

Evolutionary biology is opposed much more from religious believers than other groups or organizations.

The Roman Catholic Church now has a neutral position with regards to evolution. Pope Pius XII stated in his encyclical Humani Generis published in the 1950s:

Pope John Paul II updated this position in 1996. He said that Evolution was "more than a hypothesis":
The Anglican Communion also does not oppose the scientific account of evolution.

Using evolution for other purposes 
Many of those who accepted evolution were not much interested in biology. They were interested in using the theory to support their own ideas on society.

Racism 
In the Bible, for instance, after Noah's Ark landed, there is a passage that describes how Noah got drunk while naked and Ham laughed at him. Noah cursed Ham, which somehow became part of a justification for racism and slavery.

Later, people also tried to use evolution to support racism. Evolution itself is not about racism. However, people wanting to justify racism claimed that black people were inferior. They said that because evolution shows that, in nature, "better" animals tend to survive, leading to evolution of improved animals, they had the right to oppress the "weaker". They believed they were clearly "better", but that would need evidence. There is no agreed evidence that any race of humans is better than any other race.
Eugenics 
The idea of eugenics was rather different. Two things had been noticed as far back as the 18th century. One was the great success of farmers in breeding cattle and crop plants. They did this by selecting which animals or plants would produce the next generation (artificial selection). The other observation was that lower class people had more children than upper-class people. If (and it's a big if) the higher classes were there on merit, then their lack of children was the exact reverse of what should be happening. Faster breeding in the lower classes would lead to the society getting worse.
The idea to improve the human species by selective breeding is called eugenics. The name was proposed by Francis Galton, a bright scientist who meant to do good. Today, Galton is remembered for many things he did in statistics and psychology. He was the first to use regression analysis to see how different things that depend on one another influence one another. He used fingerprints in forensic science. He is seen as the father of experimental psychology, together with Wilhelm Wundt. He developed the bean machine to show probability distributions, among other things.

Galton's ideas were meant to do good. He said that the human gene pool should be improved by selective breeding policies. This would mean that those who were considered "good stock" would receive a reward if they reproduced.  However, other people added to this, and said those considered "bad stock" would need to undergo compulsory sterilization, prenatal testing and  birth control; and they might even have to be killed.
The problem with Galton's idea is how to decide which features to select. There's so many different skills people could have, you could not agree who was "good stock" and who was "bad stock". There was rather more agreement on who should not be breeding. Several countries passed laws for the compulsory sterilisation of unwelcome groups. Most of these laws were passed during between 1900 and 1940. After World War II, disgust at what the Nazis had done lowered public support for forced eugenics.

Social Darwinism 
Another example of using wrong ideas about evolution to support bad things is "Social Darwinism". Social Darwinism is a term given to the ideas of the 19th century British social philosopher Herbert Spencer. Spencer had ideas about "survival of the fittest", which he applied to commerce and human societies as a whole.
Other people used these ideas to claim that social differences, racism, and imperialism were justified. Today, most scientists and philosophers say that the theory of evolution should not be used to support such ideas. They also say that it is difficult to find data that can support them.

Controversy 
Certain people oppose the idea of evolution. They disagree with it for a number of reasons. Most often these reasons are influenced by their religious beliefs. Their beliefs are usually called creationism or intelligent design.

Despite this, evolution is one of the most successful theories in science. People have found it to be useful for different kinds of research. None of the other proposals explain things, such as fossil records, as well. So, for almost all scientists, evolution is not in doubt.

Related pages
Evolution
Social darwinism - the idea that what works for evolution also applies to societies. Related to this is the term  Survival of the fittest
Creationism

References

Evolution
Palembang is a city in Indonesia. It is in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. As of mid-2019, 1,662,893 people live there. It is the capital of the province of South Sumatra.

History 
The city was the capital of the old, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya that included a large part of Malaysia and Indonesia. After a 1025 raid by the Chola Empire of southern India it became less imortant. Srivijaya's capital moved north to Jambi. Palembang is also the home of Parameswara, the ruler of Malacca (a state in Malaysia) who started the most important empire in Malaysian history. 

The Battle of Palembang was fought near the city during the Second World War between February 13-February 15 1942. Japanese forces captured the airport and nearby oil refinery after a short but bloody battle.

Economy 
Palembang's economy has grown after it became a venue for National Sporting Event in 2004. . Palembang was also one of hosts of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup.
The city is served by Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport which has many flights to many cities in Indonesia and also to Singapore and Malaysia.

This city is famous in Indonesia for its "Pempek" fish cakes.

References

Other websites 
 City of Palembang government - in Indonesian
 Heraldry of Palembang
 Visit Musi 2008 

Cities in Indonesia
South Sumatra
Social darwinism is a term used for different movements. Charles Darwin was the main proposer of evolution. Evolution is a concept from biology that explains how different life-forms change over time. Most offspring are not exactly like their parents. Some of the children will have different features (or traits). These features may mean that some children are better adapted to the place where they live. If so, the children will have a better chance to survive and reproduce.

Social darwinism theories try to use these ideas from biology for human society. They talk about a Struggle for survival of human societies. During the era of Nazi ideologies, the idea of Survival of the fittest combined with racism. They claimed the Aryan race was better than all the other races and therefore needed more space to live. This space was to be provided in the east (where mostly Slavs lived). 
Today, this is seen as wrong. There was no evidence that Slavs were, as individuals, any better or worse than Germans.
Although Darwin's idea was revered in most of the western societies, some Russian intellectuals did not accept his ideas. They feared that accepting Darwin's ideas would cause harm. One of Darwin's biggest critic was Leo Tolstoy, who felt strongly against what he thought was Darwin's idea. In a letter from his death bed, he warned his children not to take Darwin's struggle for existence as a moral guide. Darwin never suggested his ideas were a basis for human life, just a description of what had happened in evolution.

Social darwinism takes the ideas from Darwin’s theory of evolution and uses it on society. Darwin believed that people who were more able to survive were able to have kids with similar abilities. Social Darwinism says that people who have more skills will become more successful. These people can spread their influence and change the politics and society around them to make it better for themselves.

Proponents

Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer 

Herbert Spencer's ideas of evolutionary progressivism, stemmed from his reading of Thomas Malthus. His later theories were influenced by those of Darwin. However, Spencer's major work, Progress: its law and cause (1857), was released two years before the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species, and Spencer's First Principles was printed in 1860.

In The Social Organism (1860), Spencer compares society to a living organism and argues that, just as biological organisms evolve through natural selection, society evolves and increases in complexity through analogous processes.

In many ways, Spencer's theory of cosmic evolution has much more in common with the works of Lamarck and Auguste Comte's positivism than with Darwin's.
Bad use  
Social darwinism may be used as a drive for political parties. For example, the Nazis during World War 2. They preferred some people over others based on ideas like race, and the amount of political control they had. They did not like the Jewish people because they thought they were less than human and were not as important as the rest of the people of Germany. 

To justify war on the basis of race is common throughout history. It was very often used in the ancient world when nothing was known about heredity. Nothing that Darwin wrote ever came close to justifying warfare. Warfare has a much longer history than Darwinism. Its roots lie in the struggle for survival of groups of early humans, not in any modern science. Darwin, on the other hand, was basically a pacifist:

... Social instincts lead an animal to take pleasure in the society of its fellows, to feel a certain amount of sympathy with them, and to perform various services for them.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Beccles is a small market town in Suffolk, England, around the area of The Broads. The town had a population of about 9, 850 people around 2005. Beccles has a suburb called Worlingham which has a combined population of about 13,580.  Beccles is twinned with Petit-Couronne in France.

History

Beccles was once a flourishing Saxon riverport, but today it is in the Waveney valley. There is a popular boating centre. The town was granted its Charter in 1584 by Queen Elizabeth I.
The Peck family was associated with Beccles for a long time. The Puritan Peck was eventually forced to leave, and went to Hingham, Massachusetts, founded by many members of his parish, where he lived for several years, until King Charles I had been executed and Oliver Cromwell was in charge of government. At that time, Robert Peck decided to return to Hingham, Norfolk, and continued his pastorship of St. Andrews Church. He died in Hingham but he left descendants in America, as well as his brother Joseph Peck, who settled in Rehoboth, Massachusetts.

References 

Market towns in England
Towns in Suffolk
Lamarckism (also called Lamarckian evolution) is a wrong hypothesis regarding evolution. Evolution tries to explain how species change over time. Today, the only widely accepted theory of evolution is that developed from the ideas of Charles Darwin.

Lamarckism is named after Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. He based his ideas, to some extent, on those of Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles Darwin. Lamarckism says that individuals do not only pass on the things they received from their parents, but also some things they experienced during their lifetime. As an example, he cited giraffes. Giraffes, which have long necks, must have evolved from ancestors with much shorter necks. His idea was that adults needed to stretch their neck to reach leaves from high branches. Therefore, he thought, the children inherited longer necks. This idea is called the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Although Darwin did not entirely break with these ideas, his characteristic idea of natural selection relates to the individuals's relative survival and success in reproduction. Better adapted forms leave, on average, more offspring. This changes the proportion of alleles in the population.

Gregor Mendel discovered some basic rules of heredity. These rules of Mendelian inheritance contradict Lamarck's hypotheses entirely, but are consistent with natural selection. This explains why Lamarck's ideas are no longer regarded as a sound explanation of evolution. Where Lamarck and Darwin do agree is that evolution did take place.

Lamarck's theory
Lamarck's theory

The identification of "Lamarckism" with the inheritance of acquired characteristics alone is regarded by some as an over-simplification, rehashed in textbooks repeatedly. Stephen Jay Gould wrote that late 19th century evolutionists "re-read Lamarck, cast aside the guts of it... and elevated one aspect of the mechanics – inheritance of acquired characters – to a central focus it never had for Lamarck himself". He argued that "the restriction of Lamarckism to this relatively small and non-distinctive corner of Lamarck's thought must be labelled as more than a misnomer, and truly a discredit to the memory of a man and his much more comprehensive system". Gould advocated defining "Lamarckism" more broadly, in line with Lamarck's overall evolutionary theory.
However, as scientist historians such as Michael Ghiselin and Stephen Jay Gould have pointed out, none of these views were original to Lamarck. On the contrary, Lamarck's contribution was a systematic theoretical framework for understanding evolution. He saw evolution as comprising two processes;

 Le pouvoir de la vie (a complexifying force) – in which the natural, alchemical movements of fluids would etch out organs from tissues, leading to ever more complex construction regardless of the organ's use or disuse. This would drive organisms from simple to complex forms.
 L'influence des circonstances (an adaptive force) – in which the use and disuse of characters led organisms to become more adapted to their environment. This would take organisms sideways off the path from simple to complex, specialising them for their environment.
In essence, a change in the environment brings about a change in needs (besoins), resulting in a change in behavior, bringing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form over time — and thus the gradual transmutation (change) of the species.

The modern point of view is that neither of his two 'forces' exists; Lamarck can be credited with the first fully worked-out account of evolution. However, his ideas of how it came about are entirely mistaken.

References

Evolution
Darwinism is a term used to talk about ideas connected to those Charles Darwin had about evolution. The meaning of 'Darwinism' has changed over time, and depends on who uses the term.

Summary 
 Within any population, there is natural variation. Some individuals have more favourable variations than others.
 Even though all species produce a large number of offspring, populations remain fairly constant in nature.
 This is due to the struggle between members of the same species and different species for food, space, and mating.
 The struggle for survival within populations eliminates the unfit individuals. The fit individuals with favourable variations survive and reproduce. This is called natural selection (or survival of the fittest).
 The individuals having favourable variations pass on these variations to their progeny from generation to generation.
 These variations when accumulated over a long period of time, lead to the origin of new species.
History 
The term was coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in April 1860. He used it to describe evolutionary concepts, including similar ideas such as Malthusianism and Spencerism. In the late 19th century, it came to mean the concept that natural selection was the only mechanism of evolution, in contrast to Lamarckism. Around 1900, Gregor Mendel's work was rediscovered. Today, Darwin and Mendel's ideas have been brought together. The term 'Darwinism' has become associated with the modern evolutionary synthesis.

References

Evolution
Charles Darwin
Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra, Italian: Istria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the biggest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea.

Census data 

Source: Croatian Census - 2001. Slovenian Census - 2002. Italian Census - 1970/2001

Related pages
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus

References 

History of Europe
Geography of Croatia
Geography of Slovenia
Geography of Italy
Italian-speaking countries
Istria County
Prenatal testing or Prenatal diagnosis are tests done on pregnant women. They are used to test fetuses for birth defects and some genetic disorders. 

Prenatal tests can be non-invasive or invasive.  Non-invasive tests include things like utrasounds. In invasive tests, a needle is inserted - for example, to get a sample of fluid from the placenta). 

Prenatal tests can check for many conditions, like:
 Down syndrome
 Spina bifida 
 Cleft palate
 Tay-Sachs disease
 Sickle-cell disease
 Thalassaemia
 Cystic fibrosis
 Fragile X syndrome

In some cases, the tests are administered to determine if the parents want to abort the fetus.

In some cases, fetal screening has been done to identify things that are not birth defects. For example, in some parts of the world, if an ultrasound shows that a fetus is female, it is sometimes aborted.  The rise of designer babies raises a number of ethical and legal issues.

Obstetrics and gynecology
Compulsory sterilization is a term used for laws that force certain groups of people to be sterilized so that they can no longer make babies. International Criminal Court considers compulsory sterilization for a "crime against humanity". Transgender persons are often obliged to undergo sterilization for legal rocognition of legal status depite the Principle 3 of the Yogyakarta Principles. 

Such laws were mainly introduced because of Eugenic views of the start of the 20th century. Today, most compulsory sterilizations are done to mentally ill people who are not able to handle a pregnancy on their own. In China, compulsory sterilization is part of family planning.

Note 

Contraception
Human rights abuses
This is a list of Italian language place names on the Dalmatian coast, including the islands up to Rijeka/Fiume.

Larger towns

 Dubrovnik Ragusa
 Herceg-Novi Castelnuovo di Cattaro
 Knin Tenin
 Kotor Cattaro
 Makarska Macarsca
 Šibenik Sebenico
 Split Spalato
 Trogir Traù
 Zadar Zara

Split and surroundings
Split Spalato
 Bačvice Le Botticelle
 Blatine Serobigla, Lo Stagno
 Blatine (2) Santa Caterina
 Blato Pozzo Malòn, Pagano, Salona Scalo
 Brda I Colli
 Dobri Borgo Pozzobòn
 Dragovode Le Fonti
 Dujlovo Arena, San Doimo Minore
 Dujmobaca Contrada Filippi
 Dražanac San Pietro
 Dragovode Fontibelle, Fontanelle
 Dujmovača San Doimo
 Grad Cittavecchia
 Firule Forule, Firola
 Gripe I Grippi
 Jame Calcara
 Kalafatići I Calafatti
 Kaštilac Castellazzo
 Kman Cabàn, Caprario
 Kocunar Cazzana, Cassonaro
 Križine Croce, Santa Croce
 Lokve Laccoli, San Pietro degli Stagni
 Lora Lora
 Lovret Loreto, Laureto
 Lučac Borgo Luciaz
 Mali Rat San Giorgio in Puntallo
 Manuš Borgo Manus
 Marjan Mariano, Marian
 Mejasi Confìn, Contrada Cavosoli
 Meje San Martino e Cosimo, I Murazzi
 Mertojak Mirculano, Martoiago
 Meterize Pacchiana
 Mostine Pontesecco
 Neslanovac Vallisella, Valsella
 Pazdigrad Castelmonache, Santa Maria di Mesabra, Torricella
 Piljat Pilato
 Plokite Plasca, Panchetta, Spille
Pojsan Madonna del Carmine, Poisan, Pansano
 Poljud Paludi
 Pujanka Puianica, Contrada Cila, Puianca
 Radoševac Asca, Porto di Gignano
 Ravne Njive Campanana, Spiani
 Šegravica Calbarola, Scacoglia
 Skalice Pietra Maestra
 Škrape La Scrappa
 Smjovača Vipera, Ortali
 Smokovik Figarola
 Smrdečac Pozzo Fetido, San Giorgio
 Spinut-Tolovica Spinotta-Panolo, San Michele
 Srioci Mucchia
 Stinice/(Petrele) Le Pietrelle
 Sucidar Sant’Isidoro, Seldirini, Sant’Isidro
 Sukojšan San Cassiano
 Sustipan Santo Stefano
 Tabla Taurello, Santa Maria di Tavello
 Trstenik Canneto
 Veli Varoš Borgo Grande
 Visoka Monticello, Santa Maria dei Pellegrini
 Vrbobran San Pietro in Buttas
 Zenta La Zenta, La Marina
 Žnjan Giugnano, Giuniano, Zunano
 Zvončac Cerenaso, San Nicola
Zadar and surroundings

 Zadar Zara
 Bili Brig Belvedere
 Brodarica Valdimaistro
 Dražanica Caserotte
 Jazine Val dei Ghisi
 Maslina Oliveto
 Petrići La Valletta, Terra Petri
 Puntamika Puntamica
 Plovanija Pievania
 Ričina Fiume del Cimitero
 Skročini Capruli
 Sokin Brijeg Casa Bassa
 Špada Spada
 Stanovi Casali Maggiori
 Vidikovac Due Torrette
 Višnjik San Giovanni
 Voštarnica Ceraria-Barcagno

Islands
Biševo Busi
 Brač Brazza
 Čiovo Bua
 Cres Cherso
 Dugi Otok Isola Lunga
 Goli Otok Isola Calva, Isola Nuda
 Grgrur San Gregorio
 Ilovik Asinello
 Ist Isto
 Iž Isola Esa, Eso, Decio
 Kaprije Capri
 Koločep Calamotta
 Korčula Curzola
 Kornati Isola Incoronata
 Krk Veglia
 Kurba Vela Curbabella
 Lastovo Làgosta
 Lavdara Laudara
 Lavsa Laussa
 Levrnaka Lovernata
 Lopud Isola di Mezzo
 Lošinj Lussino
 Male Srakane Canidole Piccola
 Mali Drvenik Zirona Piccola
 Marinkovac Forca
 Maun Maon
 Mljet Mèleda
 Molat Melada
 Murter Mortér
 Obonjan Abagnano
 Pag Pago
 Pašman Pasmano
 Piškera Peschiera
 Plavnik Plauno
 Premuda Premuda
 Prvić Provicchio
 Rab Arbe
 Rava Rava
 Rivanj Rivano
 Šćedro Torcola
 Sestrunj Sestrugni
 Silba Selve
 Šipan Giuppana
 Sit Sit
 Škarda Scarda
 Škrda Scherda
 Šolta Solta
 Susak Sànsego
 Sveti Klement Spalmadora
 Ugljan Ugliano
 Unije Unie
 Vela Smokvica Fighér Grande
 Vele Srakane Canidole Grande
 Veli Drvenik Zirona Grande
 Vir Puntadura
 Vis Lissa
 Vrgada Vergada
 Vrnik Vérnigo
Vrnik Vérnigo
 Žirje Zuri
 Žižanj Sissagno, Zizzano, Zizano
 Zlarin Slarino, Zlarin, Ziarin
 Žut Zut
 Zverinac Suiràn, Sferenzi, Sfirtegòn
Island of Biševo 

 Biševo Busi
 Mezuporat Mezzoporto
 Polje Busi
 Porat Martinis, Porto Busi
 Salbunara Sabbionara

Island of Brač
Brač Brazza
 Blaca Blazza, Piaggia
 Bobovišća Bobovischie
 Bol Boli, Bol, Vallo della Brazza
 Dol Dol
 Donji Humac Sant’Elia, Umazzo Inferiore, Umaz
 Dračeva luka Portospino
 Dračevica Valdispina, Dracevizza, Drachievizza
 Dragovoda Dragovoda
 Fantovi Dolci Dolzi dei Fanti
 Gornji Humac Umazzo
 Kruška Crusca, Croscia
 Lovrećina San Lorenzo della Brazza, Benedia
 Ložišća San Giorgio della Brazza, Losischie
 Lučice Magazzini della Brazza, Lucizze
 Milna Milnà, Milona
 Mirca Mirza
 Murvica Murvizza
 Nagorinac Nagòrinaz
 Nakal Nacàl
 Nasela San Tommaso della Brazza
 Nerežišća Néresi
 Novo Selo Villanova della Brazza
 Obrsje Obersia
 Oklade Oclade
 Osrike Osrica
 Farska Porto Faro
 Planica Planizza
 Pod Gažul Gazùl, Gaggiuol, Gazzuol
 Podborje Castillo
 Podhume Poglianizza, Potumizza
 Podsmrčevik San Cosimo
 Postira Pòstira, Pòstire
 Povlja Povia, Poria
 Pražnice Prasnizza
 Pučišća Pucischie
 Radovanj Radovigna
 Rasotica Porto Longo
 Selca Selze
 Škrip Scripea
 Smrka Porto Rosso
Smrka Porto Rosso
 Splitska Porta di Spalato, Splisca, Splizza
 Stipančići Santo Stefano, Stipancici
 Sumartin San Martino
 Supetar San Pietro della Brazza
 Sutivan San Giovanni della Brazza
 Zagvozd Sagosti
 Želenik Vingozza
Island of Čiovo 

 Čiovo Bua
 Arbanija Arbania, Albania
 Bilin Dolac Borgo di Mare
 Bušinci Romitorio
 Donji Okrug Cerchio Basso
 Gornji Okrug Cerchio Alto
 Liveli Livelli
 Mastrinka Maestrale del Pantano
 Miličevo Porto Saldòn
 Miševac Arona
 Pivete Pivetta
 Slatine Bagno di Bua
 Žedno Nògaro, Nògara

Island of Cres
Cres Cherso
 Arci Arzi
 Banići Banici
 Bašov Stan Case Bassovi, Bassò Stani, Sant'Agostino
 Baneštrovica Banestrovizza
 Batajina Battaina
 Belej Bellei, Biancavilla
 Beli Caisole
 Bertulčići Bertolcici, Bertolcich
 Bokinić Bocchinici, Bocchinich
 Dol Dolli, Dol
 Draga Draga
 Dragarski Stanzia Dragarschi, Stanzia Dragaschi
 Dragozetići Dragossetti di Cherso, Dragossetici, Dragossici
 Drakovac Monspinoso, Dracovaz, Dragovaz
 Filozići Filossici, Santa Maddalena, Filosizzi
 Frantin Fronti
 Gavza Gàussa
 Grabar Il Gràbaro, Grabar
 Grabrovica Carpineto, Grabrovizza
 Gradiška Gradisca
 Grmov Ghermonici, Ghermovi, Ghermov
 Grmožaj Garmossai, Ghermossai
 Hrasta Crastova, Crasta
 Ivanj San Giovanni di Caisole, Ivagne
 Jelovica Gellovizza
 Kačica Cacizza
 Kačićevi Cacicevi
 Kalk Caldonta
 Kamenjak Sasso, Camegnacco di Gellovizza
 Končići Concici
 Konec Conaz
 Koromačna Coromacina, Coromazina, Coromasna
 Krčina Chersina
 Lovreški Laureschi
 Loze Lose
 Loznati San Giovanni della Vigna, Losnati
 Lubenice Lubenizze
Lubenice Lubenizze
 Luzare Lòsari, Lussari
 Mala Črnika Cernica Piccola
 Mali Podol Podoli Piccolo, Pédol, Mallipodol, Podolli
 Marinska Santa Maria di Lose
 Martinšćica San Martino in Valle, San Martino di Cherso
 Matalda Matalda
 Melin Il Melin
 Merag Smergo, Smargòn
 Miholašćica San Michele di Cherso
 Mikložan Miclossani
 Murtovnik Murtonicco, Murtonig
 Niska San Niccolò di Filossici, Nisca
 Ograde Ograde
 Orlec Aquilonia, Orlez, Orlezzi
 Osor Ossero
 Padova Villa Padova
 Parhavac Parcavaz
 Peknji Pecgni
 Perhovac Percovaz
 Pernat Pernata, Pernatto
 Peski Peschi
 Petar San Pietro
 Petričevi Petrizzi, Petriccevi
 Pizin Pisini
 Plat Plat
 Podolci Podolzi
 Pogana Punta Pagana, Porto Andrea
 Poljana Pogliana
 Porozina Faresina
 Predošćica Predoschizza
 Punta Križa Punta Croce
 Reski Reschi
 Ridulja Rivaglia
 Rosulja Rosuglia
 Selce Selza
 Selo La Sella
 Smrečje Smrecce
 Srem Sremi
 Stanić Stanici
 Starganac Starganaz
 Stepići Stepici
 Štivan San Giovanni, Stivano
 Sveti Andrija Sant’Andrea
Sveti Blaž San Biagio
 Sveti Nikola San Niccolò di Calludér
 Sveti Petar San Pietro
 Sveti Petar pri Loznati San Pietro di Mezzavia
 Sveti Spas Madonna di San Salvatore
 Trebojčica Trebiana, Treboicizza
 Ustrine Ustrine
 Valun Vallòn di Cherso
 Važminec Vasminezzo, Vasmineci
 Vela Črnika Cernica Grande
 Verin Verìn di Plat
 Vidović Vidovici, Vidovisi
 Vodice Acquette, Vodizze
 Vrana Passo, Villa Vrana, Vrana
 Vrsić Versici
 Zaglav Zaglavo
 Zagnjevići Zognevi, Zagnevici
 Zbičina Sbicina, Sbiccina, Sbicinaz
 Zbišina Sbissina
Island of Dugi Otok 

 Beli Rat Punte Bianche
 Božava Bosavia
 Brbinj Berbigno, Brebigno, Birbino, Barbigno, Barbegno
 Dragove San Leonardo, Villa Dragova, Porto Dragòn
 Luka Valle, Valle Santo Stefano, Luca
 Luka Porto Pace
 Polje Poglie, Porto Zuna
 Sali Sale
 Savar Sauro
 Soline Saline
 Šub Porto di Lunga
 Telašćica Porto Taiér
 Verunić Verona
 Zaglav Zaglava
 Žman Gimano, Giso, Sman

Island of Goli Otok 

 Maslinje La Calva
 Šparožinje Porto della Calva
 Domalovica Punta Saiala

Island of Grgur 

 Grgrur San Gregorio
 Zadublje Porto San Gregorio

Island of Hvar
Hvar Lèsina
 Bad Melasca
 Basina Bassiana, Bàssina
 Bogomolje Bomoglie, Bogomoglie
 Bojani Dolac Case del Convento
 Bojanića Bad La Ferma
 Bonkovići Bossiglina di Lésina
 Borovik Pinér
 Bristova Bristova
 Brusje Bruse
 Črvanj Cervagno
 Dol Svete Ane Val Sant’Anna
 Dol Svete Marine Val Santa Maria
 Dubovica Vescovà, Il Vescovo, Dobovaz
 Dugi Dolac Digno Minore
 Gdinj Digno
 Glavica Glavizza
 Glavica (Hvar) Andreazzi
 Grablje, Malo Grablje Grabia
 Grabovac Porto Mamano
 Gračišće Gracischie, Castellieri
 Grad Castello
 Grahovišće Gracovischie
 Gromin Dolac Spiaggia Pitti
 Grudac Banda Grande
 Humac Colgrande
 Ivan Dolac San Giovanni
 Jagodna Porto Greco
 Jagodnja Giacogna
 Jelsa Gelsa
 Jerkov Dvor Corte Gerco, Gercoduor
 Jerkovići Iercovici
 Kaštilac Castellazzo
 Lozna Lesina Vecchia
 Lučica Lucizza
 Lučišće Porto Palermo, Lucischie
 Luka Porto, Luca
 Mala Banda Banda Piccola
 Mala Papratna Filigara Minore
 Mala Stiniva Stinuova Piccola, Stinova
 Marina Glavica Santa Maria
 Maslinica Porto Oliveto
Maslinovik Oliveto
 Milna Valdimaistro
 Nova Crkva Chiesanuova
 Pitve Pitue, Pitne, San Giacomo, Pitti
 Podstrana La Banda
 Pokrivenik Porto Coperto
 Poljica San Niccolò
 Poljica (2) San Vito
 Pribinja Porto Falconèro, Soccolizza
 Prisnjak Cusca
 Radišnja Contrada di mezzavia
 Radočin Dol La Sarca
 Rašnik Piana
 Rudine (Vela Rudina + Mala Rudina) Castelbianchini
 Selca (1,2) Selza
 Slano Slana, Slano
 Smarska Santa Maria
 Smokvina Fighér, Smoquizza
 Stara Crkva Chiesa San Giorgio
 Stari Požar Posaro Vecchio
 Starigrad Cittavecchia (Ivanje Gomile San Giovanni - Jurjevac Campo San Giorgio)
 Stiniva Portòn, Il Portòn, Stinuova, Stinava
 Sućuraj San Giorgio della Lésina
 Sveta Nedjelja Santa Domenica
 Sveti Ante Sant’Antonio
 Svirče Sfirza
 Tadić Villa Cavallo, Cavallìn
 Torac Il Torrazzo
 Vela Papratna La Filigara
 Vela Stiniva Stinuova Grande, Stinava
 Velo Grablje Madonna dei Turchi, Grabia Granda
 Veprinova Apriana
 Vira Porto Paladini, Virra
 Virak Viracco
 Visoka Visecchia
 Viternja Viderna, Vitergna
Vrančići Vrancici
 Vrbanj Verbagno
 Vrbanske Rudine Parcagno
 Vrboska Verbosca
 Vrh Verco
 Vrisnik Frìsnigo
 Zaglav Porto Cassa
 Zagradača Convento
 Zaninović Villa Zanìn
 Zaraće Madonna di Lésina, Porto Santa Maria, Zarraz
 Zastražišće La Varda, Zastrasischie
 Zavala Settevalli
 Zavalatica Valdisòl
Hvar and surroundings

 Hvar Lesina
 Bukainka San Niccolò dei Noccioli
 Galisnik Galla
 Križna luka Valle Crosera
 Križna rat Punta Croce
 Majerovica Palermo Grande
 Marinac Dolac Campo di Mare, Vallari
 Punta Kovač Porto Palermo, La Punta
 Šamoretov Dolac Contrada Orti, Orti Civici
 Vrisak Maccasìn
 Zakaštil Castello
 Zastup Colonna

Island of Korčula

 Korčula Curzola
 Blato Blatta
 Čara Kzarra
 Kneže Knezze
 Lumbarda Lombarda
 Pupnat Pupnatta
 Smokvica Smoquizza
 Vela Luka Valle Grande
 Žrnovo Zernova

Island of Krk

 Krk Veglia
 Baška Bescanuova
 Dobrinj Dobrigno
 Malinska Malinsca
 Njivice Gnivizze
 Omišalj Castelmuschio
 Punat Ponte
 Vrbnik Verbenico

Island of Lošinj
Island of Lošinj

 Lošinj Lussino
 Artatore Artatore di Lussinpiccolo
 Bonić Bòni, Bonich
 Bučanje Buzzagna
 Čikat Cigale
 Ćunski Chiusi Lussignano
 Halmac Calmazzi, Calmaz
 Humac Mulattiera, Cumaz
 Krivica Crivizza
 Liska Lische
 Liski (Lošinj) Porto Lova, Lovo, Licche
 Lučica Lucizza
 Mali Lošinj Lussinpiccolo
 Mali Tržić Tersici Piccolo, Tersich, Tersico
 Nerezine Nerèsine
 Nova (Lošinj) Villanova di Lussignano, Nova
 Podgora Podgora
 Poljana Pogliana
 Rovenska Rovensca
 Studenčić Studencici, Studencich
 Sveti Jakov San Giacomo Lussignano
 Veli Lošinj Lussingrande
 Veliki Tržić Tersici Grande, Tersich, Tèrsico
 Vinikova Vinicovo

Island of Rab

 Rab Arbe
 Lopar Loparo
 Prvić Pervecchio
 Supetarska Draga Valle San Pietro

Island of Vis

 Vis Lissa
 Komiza Comisa

Island of Šipan

 Luka Šipanska Valle Giuppana
 Suđurađ San Giorgio

Other Names
Other Names

 Arbanasi Borgo Erizzo
 Benkovac Bencovaz, Bencovazzo
 Biograd na Moru Zaravecchia
 Bukarica Bucarizza
 Cavtat Ragusavecchia
 Crno Cerno
 Imotski Imoschi
 Kaštel Gomilica Castell’Abbadessa
 Kaštel Kambelovac Castel Cambio
 Kaštel Lukšić Castel Vitturi
 Kaštel Novi Castel Nuovo
 Kaštel Štafilić Castel Stafileo
 Kaštel Stari Castel Vecchio
 Kaštel Sučurac Castel San Giorgio
 Kistanje Chistagne
 Klis Clissa
 Lapad Lapiduzzo
 Lastovo Làgosta
 Metković Metcovich, Porto Narenta
 Mlini Molini di Ragusa, Molini di Breno
 Nin Nona
 Obrovac Obrovazzo
 Omiš Almissa
 Opuzen Forte Opus, Fort'Opus
 Orebič Sabbioncello, Orebich
 Pelješac Sabbioncello
 Perković Percovich
 Poljica Poglizza
 Posedarje Possedaria
 Skradin Scardona
 Ston Stagno
 Trpanj Trappano
 Vrana Laurana, La Vrana

Rivers

 Neretva Narenta
 Krka Cherca
 Zrmanja Zermagna

Uninhabited islands
Aba Mala Aba Piccola
 Aba Velika Aba Grande
 Ada, Croatia Petrignana
 Arapovac Marrapona
 Arkanđel Arcangelo
 Artina Artina
 Arženjak Mali Arzegnago Piccolo
 Arženjak Veli Arzegnago Grande
 Babac Scoglio Labòr
 Babaljuš Babalusso
 Babina Guzica Babina
 Babuljak (1,2,3) Babolago
 Babuljaš (1,2) Babolasso
 Badanj Badagno
 Badija Badia
 Bakul Bàcoli
 Balkun (1,2) Balcone
 Balun, Croatia Ballòn
 Banja, Croatia La Bagna
 Barbarinac Scoglio Barbarinazzo
 Baričevac Pantera
 Barilac Barilozzi, Barillazzi
 Bavljenac Baugliano, Bavigliano
 Beli, Croatia Scoglio Albio
 Benušić Scoglio Banùs, Banusso, Banussi
 Bikarijica Bicara Piccola
 Bikurša Bicorsa, Vigorsa
 Bisače Bisacchio
 Bisaci Bisazzi
 Bisaga (1,2) Bisaga
 Bisage (1,2) Bisaga
 Bisagica Bisaghetta
 Bivošćak Bivo, Bivosciago
 Blitvenica Blitveniza
 Blitvica (1,2) L'Ancora
 Bobara Bobara, Bubari
 Bogutovac La Formosa
 Borovac (1,2,3) Scoglio dei Ginepri
 Borovnik Santo Stefano
 Borovnik (Murter) Pinér
 Borovnjak Mali Pinér Grande
 Borovnjak Veli Pinér Piccolo
Božikovac Tuttisanti
 Bratin Il Fratellino
 Brguljski Scoglio di Berguglie
 Brnjestrovac Scàndola
 Bršćak Lega
 Brskvenjak Bresco, Brisquo, Briscognago
 Brusnik, Croatia Cotara
 Brušnjak La Fina
 Buč Mali Bucchio Minore
 Buč Veli Bucchio Maggiore
Related pages
 Dalmatia
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia

Dalmatia
Europe-geography related lists
Malthusianism is a set of ideas developed by Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. Malthus was an economist who lived during the industrial revolution.

In 1798, Mathus published a book, called An Essay on the Principle of Population. In it, he describes his Malthusian growth model. He wrote that the growth of the population is exponential, but the growth of the food supply is only arithmetical. This means if there are no limits to the growth of the population, it will not be possible to produce food for all of them. Malthus was read by Charles Darwin. It showed Darwin that the survival of a species was something which needed explaining.