Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
References

Other websites
 Leo Esaki – Biography.  Retrieved Aug. 5, 2003 from http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1973/esaki-bio.html 
 IBM record
 IEEE History Center – Leo Esaki. Retrieved Jul. 19, 2011 from http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Leo_Esaki
 Sony History – The Esaki Diode.  Retrieved Aug. 5, 2003 from http://www.sony.net/Fun/SH/1-7/h5.html 
 Freeview video 'An Interview with Leo Esaki' by the Vega Science Trust

1925 births
Living people
Japanese physicists
People from Osaka
Japanese Nobel Prize winners
University of Tokyo alumni
American physicists
Japanese inventors
Kyoto University alumni
Kyoto University faculty
Nobel Prize in Physics winners
Theoretical physicists
HMS Beagle was a Cherokee-class ship of the Royal Navy. It was launched on 11 May 1820 from the Woolwich Dockyard on the River Thames. It is best known for a voyage that carried Charles Darwin.

First voyage (1826–1830)
On 22 May 1826, Beagle left to survey bodies of water in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. One of the bodies of water found was named the Beagle Channel after the ship. During the voyage, Captain Pringle Stokes became depressed and shot himself. He died ten days later. Robert FitzRoy became the new captain. Beagle returned to England on 14 October 1830.

Second voyage (1831–1836)

On 27 December 1831, the Beagle began her second voyage.

Captain FitzRoy did not want to have the stress and loneliness that led to the suicide of the first captain. He looked for someone to go on the voyage to keep him company. The person found was Charles Darwin.

On this voyage, the crew did surveys in South America. Beagle returned to Falmouth, Cornwall, England on 2 October 1836.
Darwin kept a diary of the things he saw and did on this voyage. He rewrote it as the book called Journal and Remarks. The book was published in 1839 as the third volume of the official account of the expedition. It was very popular. It was reprinted many times with different titles. It eventually became known as The Voyage of the Beagle.

Third voyage (1837–1843)

In 1837, Beagle went to survey the coast of Australia. Commander John Clements Wickham was in charge. They started with the western coast between the Swan River (modern Perth, Australia) and the Fitzroy River. They then surveyed both shores of the Bass Strait. In May 1839 they sailed north to survey the shores of the Arafura Sea opposite Timor. This voyage ended in 1843.

Many places around the coast were named on this voyage. Many of the places were named for important people or members of the crew. Wickham named Port Darwin in honour of Charles Darwin. A settlement there became the town of Palmerston in 1869, and was renamed Darwin in 1911.
During this survey, the Beagle Gulf was named after the ship.

References

Sources and references
 
 

Sailing ships
Royal Navy
Footscray is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is 5 kilometres from Melbourne's centre. About 13,000 people live in Footscray.

Footscray is built largely on the traditional lands of the Kulin nation. Footscray has been home to the Aboriginal Woiwurrung and Boonwurrung tribes of the Kulin nation for over 40,000 years.

The suburbs around Footscray are Seddon, West Footscray, Braybrook, Flemington, Maidstone,Yarraville, Kingsville and West Melbourne.
Footscray is home to two fresh food markets. There is the Footscray Market that is opposite the Footscray Train
Station. This market is open from Tuesdays to Saturdays. Footscray Market has
many butchers and fishmongers as well as some fresh fruit and vegetables. Go to
Footscray Market near closing time for bargains! There is also the Little
Saigon Market on Byron Street which is open everyday. Little Saigon is a wet
market where you can get fruits and vegetables at the cheapest prices in
Melbourne. Its noisy, busy and you can always try everything before you buy.

References

Other websites 
 Footscray Historical Society

Suburbs of Melbourne
The Goebel Brewing Company was a brewing company in Detroit, Michigan. It was started by August Goebel. It later expanded to produce Goebel Private Stock 22 in Muskegon, Michigan and Oakland, California. From 1950 to 1959, it outsold all other beers in Michigan.

The company sponsored the Detroit Lions football team, the Detroit Tigers baseball team, and the Detroit Red Wings hockey team.

In 1961, their head brewmaster died. They hired a new brewmaster from Germany and sales fell. In 1964, they sold out to another Detroit brewery, The Stroh Brewing Company. After 150 years, the Goebel Brewing Company was out of business.

Stroh produced a cheap beer under the Goebel Beer name for a few years before selling out themselves.

Companies based in Detroit
American food companies
1964 disestablishments
1960s disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Michigan
Defunct companies of the United States
The Persian Empire, or Iranian Empire (Persian: شاهنشاهی ایران,  Šâhanšâhi-ye Irân), refers to the dynastic-states of Persian origin that ruled Iran from the Medes to the Pahlavi period. "Perisia" was the term used by outsiders; its people called the country "Iran".

Extent
Extent 

 Medes* (c. 727 BC–c. 549 BC) – Of Median origin.
 Achaemenid Empire (550 BC–330 BC) – Of Persian origin.
 Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) – Of Parthian origin.
 Sasanian Empire (224–651) – Of Persian origin.
 Tahirids* (821–873) – The dynasty was of Persian origin, but they are culturally Arabized and nominally part of Abbasids.
 Saffarids (861–1003) – Of Persian origin.
 Samanids* (819–999) – Of Iranian origin.
 Buyids (934–1062) – Of Daylamite origin. 
 Safavids* (1501–1722/1736) – The dynasty was partly or wholly of Kurdish origin.
 Zands (1751–1794) – The dynasty was founded by Karim Khan Zand, member of the Zand tribe, a branch of Lurs.
 Pahlavis (1925–1979) – Reza Shah, the founder of the dynasty, was of Mazanderani and Georgian descent.

References

Sources

Notes 

Former empires
History of Persia
1970s in Iran
Former countries in Asia
Former countries in the Middle East
In gardening and farming, companion planting is the planting of different crops next to each other. It is done to help the crops grow and to use the space available as much as possible.

Depending on the crops chosen, companion planting may encourage processes that help the plants, such as pollination. Some companion plants may help stop pests, such as caterpillars or fungi, from damaging the crop. Some of these, called trap crops attract pests away from the crop. Other plants may serve as shelter for the crops.

Many of the basic principles of companion planting were used thousands of years ago in Mesoamerica. From about 8,000 years ago, Native American peoples grew squash, maize and common beans together. The stalk of the corn were there for the beans to climb, and the beans fixed nitrogen, helping the maize.

Related pages 
 Intercropping
 Square foot gardening

References 

Gardening
Agriculture
Sustainability
The Indo-Greeks was the Inhabitants of the former Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and Indo-Greek Kingdom.
This are the descendant of Ionia Greek people who married Indian people. Its believed that some remnants of the Indo-Greeks went from India at the time of the Migration period, to the Byzantine Empire and settled in Phrygia in Asia Minor, and called there Atsingani (Untochables), and became the Ancestors of the Roma people. The reason was the beginning of the caste system at 400 AD. At the time of the East-West Schism at 1054, they settled in Constantinople and married later Byzantine Greeks.

References

Ethnic groups
Russo-Turkish War refers to one of these wars between the Russian and Ottoman Empires:

Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
Pruth River Campaign
Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1735–1739)
Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
Crimean War
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Russo-Turkish War (1914–1918), commonly called World War I
The 2nd century BC was a century that started on the first day of 200 BC and ended on the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical period of history.

After having won the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic continued expanding by conquering neighbouring territories. It eventually made Greece part of its empire. It also took the coast of North Africa after destroying the city of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War. In the east, the Seleucid Empire was forced to make concessions to Rome in order to avoid war. Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean Sea during this period. By the end of the century, its army changed from conscription to a voluntary professional force. These changes were known as the Marian Reforms.
In East Asia, China became very successful under the Han Dynasty. Its empire extended from Korea in the east to Vietnam in the South and, to the borders of what is today Kazakhstan in the west. The Han also try to get help in fighting the Xiongnu from the Yuezhi people in the west. It is also during this century that the first paper was made in China.

In 101 BC, the Cimbri create a taste for Italian extra fancy things. Signs, counting the unconstrained development of the sacrosanct shields. Marius joins up with the armed force of Catulus. Marius and Catulus destroy the Cimbri at Campi Raudii, close Vercellae. News of the fight of Vercellae marvelously comes to Rome on the same day. Marius awards Roman citizenship to officers from Camerinum. Aquillius routs the remaining revolt slaves and closes their revolt.
The triumph of Marius and Catullus. The passing of Ruler Cleopatra, supposedly killed by her child, Ptolemaeus Alexander.Elections for unused tribunes: A.Nunnius, one of the candidates, is killed by supporters of Saturninus. The aediles L.Crassus and Q.Scaevola hold wonderful games.  Publicius Malleolus is indicted of matricide. Glaucia passes a law on extortion. Catullus devotes a sanctuary to Fortuna Huiusce Diei, and employments the booty from the war against the Cimbri to construct a colonnade.

References
John Newman (born 16 June 1990) is an English singer. He was the youngest English singer to enter world top charts in first position with "Love Me Again" and in the Top 40 awards with "Love Me Again" and  "Cheating" in 2013. His first single, "Feel The Love", was released in 2012. He lives in London but he is from Settle (Yorkshire). He worked with Rudimental two times. In 2013 he presented his album "Tribute". The songs in this album are "Tribute", "Love Me Again", "Losing Sleep", "Easy", "Try", "Out Of My Head", "Cheating", "Running", "Gold Dust", "Goodnight Goodbye", and "All I Need Is You". The genres he sings are soul, pop and breakbeat. He has been nominated for two Brit Awards in 2013 and 2014.

English singers
1990 births
Living people
A nuclease is an enzyme which cuts the bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. These enzymes act like molecular scissors, cutting the phosphodiester bonds that hold nucleotides together in these genetic molecules. Nucleases are essential in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, replication, and gene regulation. Well known nucleases are deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease.

Kinds of nuclease 
Nucleases may have the prefix "endo" or "exo" added to the name.  Endonucleases break nucleic acid chains somewhere in the middle of the molecule. Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of DNA molecules.

A restriction endonuclease does a specific job. It scans the length of a DNA molecule. Once it finds a particular sequence, it binds to the DNA molecule and makes a cut in each of the two sugar-phosphate backbones.
Different endonucleases cut in different places, but one endonuclease will always cut a particular base sequence the same way, no matter what DNA molecule it is acting on. Once the cuts have been made, the DNA molecule breaks into fragments. In fact, more than 900 restriction enzymes, some sequence specific and some not, have been isolated from over 230 strains of bacteria since their discovery.

These enzymatic tools were important to scientists who were gathering the tools needed to "cut and paste" DNA molecules. They needed a tool to cut DNA at specific sites, rather than at random sites along the length of the molecule. This way they could cut DNA molecules in a predictable way.

This whole field of research started many years ago with the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.

References 

Enzymes
Genetic engineering
Aretino was an American record label. It was in business from about 1907 to 1914. Aretino was started by Arthur J. O’Neill. He started many record and phonograph businesses in the Chicago area. O’Neill named this company in honor of Guido Aretino, an 11th-century Italian monk.

Aretino is an odd type of record because the hole in the center is very large compared to the normal size.  It is the largest ever for a record that was made for people to use in their houses. Like many of O'Neill's other companies, Aretino was run as a premium scheme. A phonograph (record player) was offered for not much money. However, this record player could only play Aretino records because it came with a 3-inch spindle.  O’Neill also offered adapters for Aretino discs. These allowed the discs to be played on record players that had normal spindles, or even on a Busy Bee machine (another O’Neill brand) which had two spindles instead of one.
Aretino did not make any of its own recordings: it borrowed masters from other companies. The first series of Aretino records had music on only one side of the disc. They were each given a catalog number beginning with the letter A. The music was recorded on them by Leeds & Catlin. Leeds and Catlin also made a group of records for Aretino with catalog numbers starting with the letter D.  These records have a recording on both sides.  They are very hard to find now.  Leeds & Catlin was later shut down by court order for patent infringement. After that, Aretino records were made for a short time by two record companies named Hawthorne & Sheble and Zonophone.  These companies kept making records which only had music on one side of the record. They also kept using catalog numbers beginning with "A".
It was not long after this that Columbia became the maker of these records.  No other companies made records for Aretino after Columbia began to make them.  These records have a catalog number that begins with the letter "D" and then numbers that are larger than 500.  They have music on both sides.  Of all Aretino records, these are the most common.  Most records from this time period have a diameter of 10 inches.  Columbia also made a group of records for Aretino that are 12 inches in diameter.  These are very hard to find.  They have catalog numbers with the letter "A" at the beginning. Aretino stopped making anything after the year 1914.
 
The music on the Aretino label was like most music from those years.  Some artists on Aretino are Henry Burr, William F. Denny, Byron G. Harlan, Ada Jones, Billy Murray, Vess Ossman, Steve Porter, Cal Stewart, and Bert Williams.

References
References

1907 establishments in the United States
1914 disestablishments
American record labels
1900s establishments in Illinois
1910s disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Illinois
Shotgun Sports is a competitive shooting sport involving shotguns.  Shotgun Sports include several different events, each with different rules.  The general goal of a shotgun event is to break a clay target, but the targets are thrown in different manners depending on the game.

Sporting Clays 
In sporting clays, a shooter will walk through a course generally consisting of ten stations.  Each station will have two targets that are thrown as a true pair or as a report pair(one thrown on pull command and one thrown on gun fire).  Sporting clay courses are generally scored out of a 100.

Trap
Trap is another clay target event.  A game of trap is scored out of 25, and a full trap event generally consists of 4 trap games, or 100 targets.  In this event, a team of 5 shooters lines up behind a trap house.  Inside the trap house is a pivoting arm that throws a clay out at a random direction when 'pull' is called.  To vary the difficulty of this game, shooters can stand farther back from the house.

Skeet
In the skeet shooting event, a shooter moves around a field in a semi circle.  Skeet, like Trap, is also a 25 target game, with skeet events generally consisting of four games.  There are 8 stations on the field.  On one end of a field is a high house, and on the other end of the field, there is a low house.  On station 1, 2, 6, and 7 a high single, low single, and double are shot.  On stations 3, 4, and 5 a high single and low single are shot.  Station 8 is in between the high and low house.  At this station, the shooter faces the high house, shoots a high single, then turns and faces the low house to shoot a low single.  This totals 24 targets.  The last target, to make 25, comes from what is referred to as the option.  The option is a target that is shot after the first target that is missed.  If the shooter misses the high bird on station 1, the high bird is shot again
.  If the shooter makes it all the way around the field without missing a bird, a second low single is shot on station 8, totaling a perfect 25.
Related pages 
Gun

Other websites 

Summer Olympic sports
Vincent Lamar Carter (born January 26, 1977) is an American professional basketball player. He plays as a shooting guard or small forward for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the Toronto Raptors, New Jersey Nets, Orlando Magic, Memphis Grizzlies, Phoenix Suns, and Dallas Mavericks.

After being drafted in 1998 as the fifth overall pick, Carter quickly emerged as a league star.

Carter is an eight-time NBA all-star. In 1999, he won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. In 2000, he won the famous Slam Dunk Contest at the NBA All-star Weekend.

His talent for slam-dunks earned him nicknames such as "Vinsanity," "Air Canada," and "Half-Man, Half-Amazing.". Vince led his first team, the Toronto Raptors to their first three playoff appearances. Despite his notability as an exceptional basketball player, he has yet to win a championship.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1977 births
African-American basketball players
Dallas Mavericks players
Living people
Memphis Grizzlies players
New Jersey Nets players
Orlando Magic players
Phoenix Suns players
Sportspeople from Florida
Toronto Raptors players
American basketball players
In computing, chr is a type of file format commonly used for graphics (i.e. 3D Max Characters and Homebrew NES Dev Graphics) and character sets.

chr Files In NES Dev

Usage
chr files are used to draw 8x8 tiles for homebrew NES development. To draw graphics for the NES such as backgrounds or sprites, they must be pieced together using 8x8 pixel tiles constrained to 4 colors.

Contents
The contents of a chr file can be summed up as multiple lines of bit strings. For example, take the first line of the chr file for the game Super Mario Bros.

000000000011000011110001111100010000000011110001110000100100001000000110011001100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000111110000001111110011111101111111

When reading the file, it is interpreted as 2 equal length bit strings, such as

String 1 = 0000000000110000111100011111000100000000111100011100001001000010011001100110
String 2 = 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011111001111110011111101111111
The position of these 2 bit strings represent a pixel in an 8x8 tile, going in row-column order. The color of the pixel can be found out using a simple formula:

The color is irrelevant because it is chosen through the code by the programmer with the attribute table, so it is the bit combination that is significant and there is no storage of color values

Computer file formats
An organotroph is an organism that lives off organic compounds. It is a word used in microbiology to describe organisms based on how they get electrons for respiration (breathing). Some organotrophs are also heterotrophs. Organotrophs may or may not need oxygen in order to grow.

Biology
Ecology
Lars Andreas Larssen (27 March 1935 – 29 January 2014) was a Norwegian stage, movie and television actor. His career began in 1957 when he starred in the movie Nine Lives. In 1959, Larssen starred in a bigger role in the movie The Master and His Servants.

Larssen was born on 27 March 1935 in Hadsel, Norway. He studied acting at the Folketeatret. Larssen was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2003 and was forced to retire due to his illness. He lived in Oslo during his last years with his wife Monna Tandberg. Larssen died on 29 January 2014 in Oslo from the disease, aged 78.

References

Other websites
 
 Lars Andreas Larssen på sokkel . Larssen's bust unveiled in Melbu (2008).

1935 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Norwegian movie actors
Norwegian television actors
Norwegian stage actors
Bohuslav Sobotka (born October 23, 1971 in Telnice) is a Czech politician. He served as chairman of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) since 2011. He was nominated to be the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic on 17 January 2014 by President Miloš Zeman. He was soon chosen as Prime Minister on 29 January 2014. His term ended on 6 December 2017

References

Other websites

1971 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic
Juan Orlando Hernández Alvarado, often written as JOH, (born October 28, 1968) is a Honduran politician and businessman and drug trafficker. He became the President of Honduras following his victory in the 2013 Honduran presidential election. He was inaugurated on January 27, 2014.

On 7 February 2022, Hernández was being investigated for corruption and drug trafficking. The U.S. government requested an extradition against him for his involvement with narcotics on 14 February. After issuing an extradition warrant, Hernández decided to surrender to US authorities on February 15, 2022.  A day later, Hernández was arrested at his home in Tegucigalpa.

References

Other websites
Biography by CIDOB  

1968 births
Living people
Business people
Presidents of Honduras
Ryan Timothy Malgarini (born June 12, 1992) is an American actor, and comedian. He is known for his role as Harry Coleman in Freaky Friday.

Movies
 Freaky Friday (2003)
 The United States of Leland (2004)
 The Polar Express (2004)
 Go Figure (2005)
 How to Eat Fried Worms (2006)
 The Young Kieslowski (2014), winner of an audience award at the 2014 Los Angeles Film Festival

References

Other websites
 

1992 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Washington (state)
Monte Halparin, OC, OM (August 25, 1921 – September 30, 2017), known as Monty Hall, was a Canadian television producer, actor, singer, comedian, and sportscaster. He was best known as host of the television game show Let's Make a Deal.

Early life
Hall was born Monte Halparin in Winnipeg, Manitoba on August 25, 1921. He studied at St. John's High School.

The Monty Hall problem

Since Hall was on Let's Make a Deal, Hall's name is used in a probability puzzle known as the "Monty Hall problem", which examines the counter-intuitive effect of switching one's choice of doors, one of which hides a prize, if "Monty" reveals an unwanted item behind a door the player did not choose.

Personal life
Monty married Marilyn Plottel in 1947. They had three children. Plottel died on June 5, 2017.

Death
On September 30, 2017, Hall died from heart failure at his home in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 96.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
 Monty's Bio  at letsmakeadeal.com
 CBC Digital Archives profile of Monty Hall (1970)

1921 births
2017 deaths
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian singers
Canadian television producers
Canadian comedians
Entertainers from Winnipeg
The Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi), or Imperial mammoth, was a species of mammoth which lived late in the Pleistocene period. Its remains have been found in Canada, the United States, Nicaragua and Mexico.

The Columbian mammoth went extinct at the end of the ice ages about 11,000 years ago. It shared the fate of many other large mammals, whose extinction is attributed to hunting and climate change.

DNA studies show that the Columbian mammoth was a hybrid between woolly mammoths and another lineage descended from steppe mammoths. This hybridization happened more than 420,000 years ago.

These mammoths did not live in the Arctic regions of Canada, where the woolly mammoth lived. The ranges of the two species may have overlapped, and genetic evidence suggests that they interbred. Several sites have the skeletons of more than one Columbian mammoths. Maybe they died in incidents such as a drought, or perhaps these places were natural traps where individuals tended to die.

References
References 

Extinct elephants
Megafauna
Philip Miller "Phil" Crane (November 3, 1930 – November 8, 2014) was a former American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 2005. He was representing the 8th District of Illinois in the northwestern suburbs of Chicago. At the time of his defeat in the 2004 election, Crane was the longest-serving Republican member of the House.

Crane was born in Chicago, Illinois on November 3, 1930. Crane died of lung cancer at the home of his daughter, Rebekah, in Jefferson, Maryland on November 8, 2014, aged 84.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Republican Party (United States) politicians
1980 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (; born November 2, 1938) is an American conservative political commentator, author, columnist, politician, and broadcaster.

Buchanan was a senior advisor to three Presidents of the United States. They were Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan. Buchanan was an original host on CNN's Crossfire. He ran for president for the Republican presidential nomination in 1992 and 1996. He ran on the Reform Party ticket in the 2000 presidential election.

Buchanan was born in Washington, D.C. on November 2, 1938.

References

Books
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Other websites

 .
 .
 
 
 
 .
 In Depth interview with Buchanan, May 2, 2010

1938 births
Living people
1992 United States presidential candidates
1996 United States presidential candidates
2000 United States presidential candidates
American journalists
White House Communications Directors
American political commentators
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C.
The Perelman School of Medicine (Penn Med), is the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania. It is an Ivy League school located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Opened in 1765, Penn Med is the first and oldest medical school in the United States. Today, the Perelman School of Medicine is a chief place of biological and medical research and education. It is one of the country's top medical schools. The school ranks among the highest recipients of the National Institutes of Health research awards.

History
History 

John Morgan earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the College of Philadelphia (now called the University of Pennsylvania. He then earned Doctor of Medicine (MD) from the University of Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland. In 1765, after five years training in Edinburgh and touring Europe, Dr. Morgan returned to Philadelphia. There he opened the United States' first medical school at the University of Pennsylvania. He planned for the school to be one of the best medical schools in the country and the world. Dr. Morgan copied many teaching methods from his medical school.

The School of Medicine's professors were known internationally. Some of these were: Benjamin Rush, Philip Syng Physick, Robert Hare, William pepper, and Joseph Leidy. In 1847, a convention of medical doctors started the American Medical Association. The first President was Nathaniel Chapman, a professor at the School.

References
References 

Medical education in the United States
Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
1765 establishments
18th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
1760s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
In mathematics, a constant function is a function whose output value is the same for every input value. For example, the function  is a constant function because the value of    is 4 regardless of the input value  (see image).

Basic properties
Formally, a constant function f(x):R→R has the form  . Usually we write   or just  . 
The function y=c has 2 variables x and у and 1 constant c. (In this form of the function, we do not see x, but it is there.)
The constant c is a real number. Before working with a linear function, we replace c with an actual number.
The domain or input of y=c is R. So any real number x can  be input. However, the output is always the value c.  
The range of y=c is also R. However, because the output is always the value of c, the codomain is just c.
Example: The function    or just    is the specific constant function where the output value is  . The domain is all real numbers ℝ. The codomain is just {4}.  Namely, y(0)=4, y(−2.7)=4, y(π)=4,.... No matter what value of x is input, the output is "4".

The graph of the constant function  is a horizontal line in the plane that passes through the point .
If c≠0, the constant function y=c is a polynomial in one variable x of degree zero.
The y-intercept of this function is the point (0,c).
This function has no x-intercept. That is, it has no root or zero. It never crosses the x-axis.
If c=0, then we have y=0. This is the zero polynomial or the identically zero function. Every real number x is a root. The graph of y=0 is the x-axis in the plane.
A constant function is an even function so the y-axis is an axis of symmetry for every constant function.
Derivative of a constant function
In the context where it is defined, the derivative of a function measures the rate of change of function (output) values with respect to change in input values. A constant function does not change, so its derivative is 0. This is often written:   .

Example:    is a constant function. The derivative of y is the identically zero function     .

The converse (opposite) is also true. That is, if the derivative of a function is zero everywhere, then the function is a constant function.

Mathematically we write these two statements:

Generalization
A function f : A → B is a constant function if f(a) = f(b) for every a and b in A.

Examples
Real-world example: A store where every item is sold for 1 euro. The domain of this function is items in the store. The codomain is 1 euro.

Example: Let f : A → B where A={X,Y,Z,W} and B={1,2,3} and f(a)=3 for every a∈A. Then f is a constant function.
Example: z(x,y)=2 is the constant function from A=ℝ² to B=ℝ where every point (x,y)∈ℝ² is mapped to the value z=2. The graph of this constant function is the horizontal plane (parallel to the x0y plane) in 3-dimensional space that passes through the point (0,0,2).

Example: The polar function ρ(φ)=2.5 is the constant function that maps every angle φ to the radius ρ=2.5. The graph of this function is the circle of radius 2.5 in the plane.

Other properties
There are other properties of constant functions. See Constant function on English Wikipedia

Related pages
Function
Polynomial

References

Other websites

Functions and mappings
Algebra
A mixed-breed dog is a dog that is of more than one breed. For example, a Labradoodle is a dog with genes of both Labrador Retriever and poodle.

Other words for a mixed-breed dog are mongrel or mutt.

Dogs
Inline skating is a kind of skating. It involves a person moving across land using shoes that have wheels on the bottom. It is similar to roller skating, except that the wheels are smaller and are in a single line. Inline skating is also called rollerblading, after the Rollerblade brand of skates. .

Inline skates usually have between 2 and 5 polyurethane wheels. These wheels are arranged in a single line. This allows for faster speeds than roller skates.

Skating
The Voyage of the Beagle is the usual title of the book written by Charles Darwin. He first published it in 1839 as his Journal and Remarks.

The title refers to the second survey expedition of the ship HMS Beagle. The ship set sail from Plymouth Sound on 27 December 1831 under the command of Captain Robert FitzRoy R.N.

The expedition was originally planned to last two years, but it lasted almost five. The Beagle did not return until 2 October 1836. Darwin spent most of this time exploring on land (three years and three months on land; 18 months at sea). The ship dropped him off at various places and picked him up later.
The book is a vivid and exciting travel memoir as well as a detailed scientific field journal. It includes biology, geology, and anthropology. Darwin's observations were written at a time when Western Europeans were exploring and charting the whole world. Although Darwin revisited some areas during the expedition, for clarity the chapters of the book are ordered by places and locations rather than by date.

Darwin's notes made during the voyage include comments illustrating his thinking. Looking at the plants, animals, rocks and fossils, he ran across questions which he could not answer at the time. On his way back, ideas began in his mind which he developed later as his theory of evolution by natural selection. The second edition of 1845 includes some suggestion of this.
Later, he realised he had made a big mistake in not noting which islands some specimens from the Galapagos Islands were found on. He knew this was a mistake because he had sensed how islands were rather like the higher parts of mountains, which also have many unique species. The idea we now know as geographical speciation was beginning to form in his mind. Darwin opened his secret 'transmutation' notebook (Notebook 'B') in July 1837, less than a year after the Beagle returned to England.

Bibliography 
Darwin, Charles 1839. Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, volume III – Journal and remarks, 1832–1836. London: Henry Colburn. This is the first edition.
Darwin, Charles 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. London: John Murray. This is the second edition.

References

Other websites 
Darwin Online: R.B. Freeman's bibliographical introduction to the book:
Books by Charles Darwin
1830s books
Science books
Palm oil is a vegetable oil. Natural palm oil is red, but the red part is usually removed before the oil is used. It is made from the fruit of the African Oil Palm tree. Some comes from the American Oil Palm. Palm oil is used in many different products, like ice cream, toothpaste, chocolate, and candy. Most palm oil is made in West Africa and Southeast Asia on plantations.palm oil is a leading cause to deforestation, as trees in tropical rainforests have to be chopped down to plant the palm trees to make the famous oil.

References 

Cooking oils
Candy floss is sugar that is spun with air. It is also called cotton candy or fairy floss. It is spun in machines. When spun, a small amount of sugar creates a much larger serving of candy floss. This is because it is mostly air. It is usually served on a stick or in a bag. Food colouring is sometimes used to change the natural white colour. Flavour is also sometimes added. Candy floss is often sold at fairs or circuses.

Candy floss was first made in Europe in the 18th century. At that time, spun sugar was expensive. The average person could not afford it. Machines to spin the sugar were invented in 1897 by William Morrison and John C. Wharton. They introduced it at the World's Fair in 1904, under the name Fairy Floss. It was very successful. They sold 68,655 boxes at 25 cents each box (equivalent to US$6 per box today). In UAE it sold in 5 AED.

References

Other websites 
 
 Cotton Candy Machines and Marketing Today at Howstuffworks.com

Candy
Desserts
Movement is the action of changing something's position.

Movement can also mean:

 Social movement, a co-ordinated group focused on a social issue
 Political movement, a co-ordinated group focused on a political issue
 Art movement, a style in art followed by a group of artists
 Movement (music), a large division of a musical composition
 Bowel movement
In geology a bed is the smallest division of rock or deposit. It is a geologic formation or stratigraphic rock series marked by well-defined divisional planes (bedding planes) separating it from layers above and below. 

A bed is the smallest lithostratigraphic unit. It ranges in thickness from a centimetre to several metres. It can be distinguished from beds above and below it by rock or mineral type and particle size. The term is usually applied to sedimentary strata, but may also be used for volcanic flows or ash layers.

In a quarry, bedding is a term used for a structure occurring in granite and similar rocks which allows them to split in well-defined planes horizontally or parallel to the land surface.

Engineering 
In geotechnical engineering a bedding plane often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behaviour (strength, deformation) of soil and rock masses. This is important in, for example, tunnel, foundation, or slope construction.

Related pages 
 Strata
Geology
Stratigraphy
Poi is a skill toy. Also poi refers to both a style of performing art and the equipment used for engaging in poi performance. As a skill toy poi is an object or theatrical prop used for dexterity play or an object manipulation.
Poi spinning is a type of object manipulation or performance art. It involves using a set of weights on strings. Many people use beanbags in long socks. These are called a set of poi. People spin the poi around their body drawing shapes in the air.

LED lights or fire is sometimes used to make the poi easier to see and more exciting to watch.

Useful moves with poi spinning 
Walk or jump while spin poi. Do dance moves. Stay in same place but move spin image everywhere and in all directions. Move body with poi or arms. If hands go right, move body to right. Spin slow or fast. Straighten your arms. Add difficulty like for example stay in 1 leg. Lie down on the ground and spin.
If spinner will make all this moves while he is training some trick he will feel more confident with the trick. Also spinner will learn trick faster, will be able to change this trick to other tricks more easily.

What can help to spin poi 
This can help to make many poi tricks.

 Visualize move that you need to make.

 Drawing simple geometric shapes in air with 2 arms everywhere including behind back and behind head. This will also help to make trick that require spinning behind back.

 Film yourself on camera and watch this video or use mirror. 
Divide trick into steps. 
This can help to make poi tricks.

 Close eyes. Pay attention on how you feel.

 If you try to spin trick in 1 hand, you can make your left hand spin what you need. Right hand do random actions. This will be especially useful in hybrid tricks. Because in this way you detach left hand from right hand. After that left and right hand can do really different moves.
To make hybrid tricks you can pay 90% attention to what left arm spin and 10% attention to what right arm spin.

What abilities increases with poi spinning 
Poi can develop rhythm, balance, concentration, coordination, grace, body stretches, grip strength, attention  . Some poi tricks like complex atomic tricks can develop skill of solving geometric puzzles.

Where poi spinning is useful 
Besides increasing abilities, poi can be useful like a physical activity. Physical activity increases when spinner spin much more heavy poi, spin fast, add body moves.

Poi can be used as art of drawing shapes in the air. This can be done by taking photos on exposure when spinner spin LED or fire poi.

Spinning more than 2 poi 
When spinner grab 2 or more poi in 1 hand he can have 3 poi or more poi in 2 hands. 

This can be useful in these cases :
When spinner spin 3 poi this can be useful in 3d tricks when each poi spin in different plane. For example 3 poi spin in 3 planes when each of 3 planes are parallel to different face of cube. These 3 planes are called face plane, wheel plane, helicopter plane.

 When spinner spin 4 poi and he grab 2 poi in each hand. Each hand can make tricks similar to butterfly trick.
How to divide trick into steps 
To divide trick into steps will help you to make it. You need to select and remember all positions of each poi when some of 2 poi is at most bottom position. Let's say trick is repeated per N bit cycle. Between beats of left poi there is time T. Lets say left poi head is at most bottom position at moment M1. So you can select dots of both poi heads at moment M1. Next moment M2 be after time T/2 because poi move in split time. You can in same way select dots of poi at moment M2. Each new moment will be after time T/2 relative to previous moment. In all trick cycle there will be 2N moments. at moment Mx poi head is at position Px and have diction Dx. x is some number. At moment M3 position is P3 and diction is D3. At any moment Mx there will be direction of movement of poi. This direction is like arrow in 3d space or vector. 

For example, for 3 bit wave there will be 6 moments. For 3b wave you will have 6 position and 6 directions for each poi head.
When you spin trick, you should pay attention to each moment and at each moment pay attention that poi heads moves in correct direction.

Different types of poi 
 Fabric poi . For example, striped sock poi can stretch more when speed of spin increase. Striped sock poi prevent tangling of 2 poi. When 2 poi accidentally tangling spinner may not spin his trick anymore and all trick fail.
 LED poi. Can have different mode. Each mode have unique drawing from different colors. podpoi 2 is a type of LED poi where many different poi head are synchronized via wireless connection so that all they will change mode synchronously and in smart way that will look interesting. When many people spin podpoi 2 together mode of each spinner will change in 1 moment.
 Pixel poi. They draw image in air. For example image can be some photo of human face.
 Fire poi. They are usually set on fire after soaking in kerosene. Different types of fire poi are monkey fist, twister, cathedral, block, mura, weka.

Other websites
Other websites 

Performing arts
The savannah monitor (or Bosc's monitor) is a medium-sized monitor lizard from Africa. Its scientific name is Varanus exanthematicus.

Its range extends throughout sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal east to Sudan and south almost to the Congo River and Great Rift Valley. It is a ground-dwelling species which shelters in burrows, although it is sometimes found in bushes or low trees. 

Information about the diet of Savannah monitors in the wild has been recorded in Senegal  and Ghana. It feeds almost exclusively on arthropods and molluscs.

References 

Monitor lizards
Reptiles of Africa
Primark is an Irish clothing retailer founded by Arthur Ryan. The company operates in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland (38 stores branded as Penneys), Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Italy, and the United States. The company's headquarters are in Dublin. Primark is a subsidiary of British food processing company ABF. Primark first opened in June 1969 in Mary Street (Dublin). All of the company's merchandise is made specifically for the company. Primark has its own brand names. It sells clothing at the budget end of the market.

References 

Clothing companies
Companies of Ireland
Toots and the Maytals, originally called The Maytals, are a Jamaican musical group. They are one of the best known ska and rock steady vocal groups. They were formed in the early 1960s when ska was popular. They had a reputation for having strong, well-blended voices. Front man Hibbert's soulful style led him to be compared to Otis Redding.

Studio albums

Musical groups
Jamaican musicians
Maher El-Beheiry () (born March 17, 1943) is an Egyptian judge, and the former Chairman of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt (SCC). He became Chairman on 1 July 2012.

References

1943 births
Living people
Egyptian Muslims
Judges
Desiré Delano "Dési" Bouterse (born 13 October 1945) is a Surinamese politician. He was the President of Suriname from 2010 to 2020. From 1980 to 1987 he was Suriname's de facto leader when the country was under military rule.

On February 25, 1980, the government of Suriname underwent a military coup led by Bouterse. Though the Suriname Presidency was retained, Bouterse was the nation's ruler until his resignation in 1988.

Bouterse is held responsible for the numerous human rights violations committed under his dictatorship, such as the murder of 15 people known as the December murders, and the massacre in the village Moiwana.

On July 19, 2010, he was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of 50 parliament votes.

References

1945 births
Living people
Presidents of Suriname
Mog, is the main character in a series of books for children. The author is Judith Kerr. In the series Mog was well loved by Mr and Mrs Thomas (Mog's owners) and their two children Nicky and Debbie. In the books Mog, a cat, would often get into a difficult situation with a new character or event.

Mog died of old age in the final book, Goodbye, Mog and goes to heaven. It was published in 2002.  It is not usual for a pet to die in stories for young children just learning to read. Kerr said ""I don't think it was so much about killing off Mog, as rather doing something about dying...and being remembered."
New book for charity 
In November 2015, Mog came back as a CGI character for the 2015 Christmas video advert for the supermarket, Sainsbury's. In Mog's Christmas Calamity Mog accidentally starts a fire in her house after having a bad dream. She saves her family by calling firefighters by running across the telephone and dialing the emergency number. She is a hero for saving her owners, and is later given an egg as a treat. A special plush Mog and book version of the story were sold at Sainsbury's, with all profits being donated to Save the Children's child literacy work.

References 

English children's books
Fictional cats
Chesterton Community Sports College is a school in Newcastle-under-Lyme. It has received very good GCSE results. There are 5 periods in a day, all one hour each way. Break time is fifteen minutes. Lunch is fifty-five minutes.

Other websites 
 

Colleges and universities in England
Organisations based in Staffordshire
Bettringen is a village in southwest Germany. About 9,000 people live there. It is part of the town of Schwäbisch Gmünd. It is near Stuttgart.

History 
The village is about 800 years old. It was founded in 1218. In the 15th century, the names Oberbettringen (upper Bettringen) and Unterbettringen (lower Bettringen) are found in documents. In 1464, it first became part of Schwäbisch Gmünd. Later it became independent again.

In 1870, more than 500 people lived in Bettringen. Some other villages were part of it.

In 1959, it became part of Schwäbisch Gmünd. That was before the area reforms of Baden-Württemberg.

Politics 
The city council has eight members of the CDU, four members of the SPD, three members of the Green Party and one seat for the FDP.

Religion 
Bettringen is mainly Catholic.

Transport
Transport

Road 
The L1160 and L1161 roads pass through the village. The B29 road bypasses the village.
1218 establishments
Villages in Baden-Württemberg
13th-century establishments in Germany
1210s establishments in Europe