Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Writing 
Producer and screenwriter David L. Paterson is the novel's author's son. His name was featured on its dedication page. The story was based on his real life best friend, Lisa Hill. Hill had been struck by lightning. She was killed when they were both eight years old. Paterson had asked his mother, Katherine Paterson, if he could write a screenplay of the novel. She agreed "not only because he's [her] son, but also because he's a very good playwright". Paterson found it difficult to market his screenplay. It was mainly because of Leslie's death. "[I]f you can believe this, I did meet with some companies that asked if I could just 'hurt' Leslie a little bit—put her in a light coma and then bring her out".
Paterson said it was very important for him to keep the spirit of the book alive. At the same time, he had to change it from "a novel that takes place mostly in the characters' heads to a dynamic visual medium". Paterson knew that the movie had to be about friendship and imagination. He focused "bringing out the emotions of the story." He said he found it difficult to write about Terabithia. This was "because it was too close". He credited fellow screenwriter Jeff Stockwell for recreating Terabithia for the movie. "What Jeff was able to do as an outsider who wasn’t so attached to the story was to really let his imagination go free and make up this world in a wonderful way", David said. Csupó said that the two main characters are a little bit older in the movie. Csupó claims the movie "deals with so many issues including friendship, and maybe first innocent love, things like that", so it "made more sense" to make the characters older.

Music
Music 

The film's musical score was composed by Aaron Zigman. He was hired after Alison Krauss did not compose the music. Zigman said there are similarities between the music he made fro Bridge to Terabithia and the movie Flicka. He said: "[...]at times there's a bit of a Celtic influence but not much", but he also went on to say that there was a more modern feel to the music he composed for Bridge to Terabithia. The score he composed for the movie is described as "very large" compared to his other work, and Zigman commented that "Aside from the minimalist stuff and coloring that I love to do, I also like big orchestral stuff, and want to do more of that, and this movie enabled me to spread my wings out a bit." The official soundtrack for the movie was released by Hollywood Records on February 13, 2007.

Release

Promotion
Promotion 

Reviewers criticized the film's advertisement campaign. One critic said the movie was actually "grounded in reality far more than in fantasy." Another thought, "far from a computer generated [created] escapist fantasy, this movie is an unpretentious [not pretending] and touching tale of preteen companionship and loss".

Distribution 
The movie premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on February 16, 2007. Paterson, who studied in The Catholic University of America, held a special advance screening of the movie for them. This was shown at the AFI Silver Theatre in Silver Spring, Maryland on February 1, 2007. The movie opened in the UK on May 4, 2007, and in New Zealand June 7, 2007. The movie grossed "a higher-than-expected" $28,536,717 from 2,284 screens. It earned an average of $9,885 per screen. The opening day had collections of $6.3 million. The movie has a worldwide gross of US$120 million. It grossed $80 million in the US and Canada.
The DVD and Blu-ray Disc were released on June 19, 2007 in the US. The DVD and Blu-ray version had "Digital Imagination: Bringing Terabithia to Life", "Behind the Book: The Themes of Bridge to Terabithia" It also had "Keep Your Mind Wide Open" music video by Robb, and two audio commentaries. The first was with director Csupó, writer Jeff Stockwell, and producer Hal Lieberman. The second was with producer Lauren Levine and actors Hutcherson and Robb.

Reception

Critical reception 

Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes said 85% of 137 collected reviews for Bridge to Terabithia were positive. The average score was 7.1/10. Critics said the movie was "a faithful adaptation of a beloved children's novel and a powerful portrayal of love, loss, and imagination through children's eyes. Dynamic visuals and natural performances further enhance the imaginative film". At Metacritic, the movie got 74 out of 100 from 25 reviews. This meant it received "generally favorable reviews".
James Berardinelli of ReelViews called Bridge to Terabithia "easily the best family feature of the early year". Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised the script. She said it was "utterly recognizable and authentic", and thought Robb and Hutcherson were "perfectly cast". Hornaday said the final five minutes showed "oversweet sentiment." Viewers would remember the film's "warmth and respect with which it pays homage [respect] to first love," she added. Jessica Grose of The Village Voice praised director Csupó for not showing "cutesy tween [neither a child, nor a teenager] stereotypes." She felt Jess' relationship with his father made Bridge to Terabithia from "a good kids movie to a classic contender". The New York Times Jeannette Catsoulis believed that the fantasy was kept in the background "to find magic in the everyday", and thought Csupó directed "like someone intimate with the pain of being different, allowing each personality more than a single characteristic"
. She particularly praised Deschanel and Madison. Catsoulis said the movie handled adult topics with "with nuance [cleverly] and sensitivity". Since it was smart and "delicate as a spider web", it was the kind of children's movie "rarely seen nowadays". Miriam di Nunzio of the Chicago Sun-Times praised Hutcherson and Robb's performances. "[T]he film's heart and soul rests on the abilities of its young lead characters to make us really see the world through children's eyes. The dynamic duo of Hutcherson and Robb do not disappoint," she noted.
Not all reviews were positive. Claudia Puig of USA Today said "for a movie about the power of imagination, Bridge to Terabithia is not as clever as you would hope". Puig said it was an average translation of the novel. But the adult characters were too caricatured or exaggerated in the movie. The real-life portions of the movie were "derivative and simplistic", but Jess' emotional feelings seemed "powerfully authentic, and this is where the movie finds its truth and soul". The Wall Street Journal critic Joe Morgenstern felt the movie overused fantasy. The critic added that the "agreeable simplicity in between computer-generated monsters". The young members of the cast were "appealing but unpolished". Morgenstern thought Csupó lacked experience in direction. Although Deschanel was the best among the adults, she seemed self-directed.
Awards and nominations 
Bridge to Terabithia was nominated for seven awards. It won five of these. Josh Hutcherson was nominated at the 2008 Saturn Awards for "Best Performance by a Younger Actor". AnnaSophia Robb was nominated for a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for "Best Young Actress". The film won five awards at the Young Artist Awards. This included "Best Family Feature Film (Fantasy or Musical)" and "Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor" for Hutcherson. Robb won "Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress", and Bailee Madison won "Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actress Age Ten or Younger". The cast also won the award for "Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast". The cast included Hutcherson, Robb, Madison, Wakefield, Clinton, Lawless, Isabelle Rose Kircher, Carly Owen, Devon Wood, Emma Fenton and Grace Brannigan.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 
 
 
 Official Bridge to Terabithia website and trailer at Disney
 
 Interview with Katherine Paterson 
 Bridge to Terabithia Blu-ray Disc Review

2007 fantasy movies
American family movies
2000s family movies
2000s American fantasy movies
Movies based on books
New Zealand fantasy movies
Movies set in forests
Movies set in museums
Movies about child death
Movies about bullying
Movies about families
The Waldviertel (Forest Quarter) is a region in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.

Other websites
 www.waldviertel.at

Regions of Austria
Lower Austria
CSIS may refer to:
Canadian Security Intelligence Service
Center for Strategic and International Studies
An eternal flame is a flame that burns for a very long time. They are used for creating a powerful symbol. There was an eternal flame in the ancient Greek temple at Delphi. Other famous eternal flames include the one at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Paris, the John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame at his grave in the Arlington National Cemetery, and the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, Australia.

Related pages
 Prytaneion

References

Monuments and memorials
Tombs of Unknown Soldiers
A terrestrial planet is mostly made of rock (silicate). Earth is the "original" terrestrial planet. When astronomers started understanding the kinds of planet they extended the term to include our nearest rocky neighbours: Mercury, Venus and Mars. 

It is often said that they are similar to Earth. This is true of most of the structure and composition, but not the surface or the atmosphere. A terrestrial planet may be much hotter or colder than Earth, and may have much more or much less atmosphere. 

With the discovery of planets orbiting other stars (exoplanets), the term terrestrial planet has been extended again to any rocky (silicate) planet orbiting any star.
Structure 
All terrestrial planets have a core, a mantle, and a crust. They are a bit like a boiled egg: the central yolk is the core; the white albumin is the mantle; and the shell is the crust. The crust of a terrestrial planet is thin, with the core and the mantle taking up the vast bulk, sometimes with a very large core, sometimes much smaller. Terrestrial planets have metallic cores of mostly iron, with rocky mantles and crusts. 

All terrestrial planets have the same type of structure: a central metallic core, mostly iron, with a surrounding silicate mantle.
The Moon is similar, but has a much smaller iron core. Io and Europa are also satellites that have internal structures similar to that of terrestrial planets. Terrestrial planets can have canyons, craters, mountains, volcanoes, and other surface structures, depending on the presence of water and tectonic activity. Terrestrial planets have secondary atmospheres, got from volcanism, meteorites, and photosynthesis. In the giant planets, their atmospheres are primary, captured directly from the original solar nebula.

References 

 
Types of planet
David "Dave" Thomas (July 2, 1932 – January 8, 2002) was the founder of Wendy's Old Fashioned Hamburgers, and was its chief executive officer (CEO).  He never graduated from high school, but did earn his GED in 1993.

Thomas is also famous as a commercial spokesman for his company. He first appeared in a Wendy's TV commercial in 1989, and by the time he died, he had appeared in over 800, including every Wendy's commercial that aired in the 1990s.

American chief executives
1932 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from neuroendocrine cancer
Cancer deaths in Florida
Businesspeople from New Jersey
Cheating happens when someone breaks rules or lies.

Exams
Cheating can be done in many ways. Some students cheat on a test by copying someone else's answers and writing secret notes. This can get them kicked out of school.

Sports
People who break the rules of a game are cheating. For example, if someone holds the ball when playing soccer, they are cheating. Another form of cheating in sport is using performance-enhancing drugs; Ben Johnson and Lance Armstrong are examples of sportspeople who used drugs to cheat.

Relationships
When someone is in a relationship with another person and they kiss, date or have sex with someone else, they are cheating on the person they are in a relationship with - unless they are in an open relationship. This is called infidelity. If the two people are married, and one has sex with somebody else, it is called adultery.
Laws
Local and national governments have laws. If someone breaks the law, they can be punished. If someone cheats in a way that is not illegal, they cannot be punished by law. Some common punishments include jail and fines.

Regulations
Organizations, such as schools, can have rules. Rules are not laws, but people can still be punished for breaking a rule.

In games

The first cheat in video games was thought to be the "Konami Code", a code Konami used to test a game that was too hard for them to do alone. See cheat code for more on cheating in video games. 

Sometimes, even if the game creators do not provide cheat codes, it is possible to cheating with some 3rd party software. Game cheats create unfairness in online games and often cheating players' accounts are banned.

References

Adultery
Sociology
Caroline Bouvier Kennedy (born November 27, 1957) is an American author, attorney, diplomat and the 27th and current United States ambassador to Australia serving under Joe Biden since 2022. Kennedy also served as the 29th United States ambassador to Japan under Barack Obama from 2013 to 2017.  

Kennedy is also the only living and surviving child of her parents, John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States and former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy.

Biography

Early life 
Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born on November 27, 1957, at Weill Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan, New York City, to then Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy and socialite Jacqueline Kennedy. Kennedy was born a year after her mother had a miscarriage in August 1956, to her older sister named Arabella Kennedy.
She spent the first few years of her life in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., while her father was still in the United States Senate. In November 1960, her father was elected 35th president of the United States, two weeks later on November 25, her mother gave birth and had a little brother named John F. Kennedy Jr.

On January 20, 1961, Kennedy's father inaugurated and became the 35th president of the United States when she was three years old. Her family became the immediate new first family and moved into the White House.

During her childhood in the White House, Kennedy was often seen playing with her father in the Oval Office with her brother underneath the presidential desk.

When Kennedy was five years old, her father was assassinated on November 22, 1963,  just days before her sixth birthday. On November 25, her father's state funeral was held in Washington, D.C., where she was accompanied by her family.
On December 6, 1963, the Kennedys officially moved out of the White House, moved back to Georgetown and later left public life.

Education 
Kennedy and her family later moved to Manhattan in New York. She graduated from Concord Academy in 1975. She then graduated from Harvard University's Radcliffe College with a bachelor's degree in Arts in 1980. Kennedy also graduated from Columbia Law School with a law degree in 1988.

Career 
After graduating, she worked as a research assistant at the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Film and Television Department in New York.

She is also the honorary president of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation and a member of the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award Committee.
Marriage and family 
Caroline Kennedy met exhibition designer Edwin Schlossberg while working at the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Film and Television Department in New York City. They married on July 19, 1986, at Our Lady of Victory Church in Centerville, Massachusetts. The couple has three children, two daughters named Rose Schlossberg and Tatiana Schlossberg and one son named Jack Schlossberg.

Political career

United States Ambassador to Japan (2013–2017) 
In July 2013, then President Barack Obama nominated Kennedy as the next United States ambassador to Japan. In October 2013, she was confirmed by the Senate as the next ambassador. On November 12, 2013, Kennedy was sworn in as the 29th United States ambassador to Japan by U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry. Kennedy was the first female ambassador from the United States to the country.

As ambassador, Kennedy had strongly advocated for literacy, women's rights, and LGBT rights in the country.
Kennedy served as the ambassador to Japan from 2013 until her resignation upon the inauguration of Donald Trump in January 2017.

2020 United States presidential election and 2020 Democratic National Convention 
During the 2020 United States presidential election, Kennedy and her son, Jack Schlossberg appeared virtually at the 2020 Democratic National Convention, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Kennedy and her son strongly endorsed then former vice president Joe Biden for president.

United States Ambassador to Australia 
In December 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Kennedy as the next United States ambassador to Australia. By May 2022, she was confirmed by the Senate as the next ambassador. Kennedy was sworn in as the 27th ambassador to Australia on June 10, 2022.

References
References

Lawyers from New York City
Writers from New York City
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
John F. Kennedy
Children of Presidents of the United States
Columbia University alumni
Kennedy family
1957 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Japan
Ambassadors of the United States to Australia
The Supercopa de España or the Spanish Super Cup is a two-legged Spanish football championship contested by the winners of La Liga and the Copa del Rey.

Lionel Messi has scored the most goals in the history of the Spanish Super Cup, with 12 goals.

The competition was formed in 1982.

Football competitions in Europe
.
Stephen Staunton (born 19 January 1969) is an Irish former professional footballer. He enjoyed a distinguished career with Liverpool and Aston Villa, and became the Republic of Ireland's most capped player. He is also the former manager of Republic of Ireland.

References

1969 births
Living people
Irish footballers
People from County Louth
The 2004 UEFA European Football Championship (or just Euro 2004) was the twelfth tournament of the UEFA European Football Championship, a football tournament held all four years for European nations. It was held in Portugal between 12 June and 4 July 2004. The UEFA Euro was given to Portugal in 1999. Winner was Greece after a 1:0 versus Portugal.The qualification was held in 10 groups of five in the years 2002 and 2003.

Countries that directly qualified for UEFA Euro 2004
The qualification was held in 10 groups of five in the years 2002 and 2003. 
Group 1:France
Group 2:Denmark
Group 3:Czech Republic
Group 4:Sweden
Group 5:Germany
Group 6:Greece
Group 7:England
Group 8:Bulgaria
Group 9:Italy
Group10:Switzerland

Play offs
The teams on the second place of the groups held a Play off round.

|}

Venues

Referees
Twelve referees were selected for the tournament:

 Kim Milton Nielsen
 Mike Riley
 Gilles Veissière
 Markus Merk

 Pierluigi Collina
 Terje Hauge
 Lucílio Batista
 Valentin Ivanov
Ľuboš Micheľ
 Manuel Mejuto González
 Anders Frisk
 Urs Meier

Results
All times are Western European Summer Time (UTC+1).

First round

Tie-breaking criteria
For teams that finish equal in points, the following rules are used:
 greater number of points in the matches between the teams in question;
 greater goal difference in matches between the teams in question;
 greater number of goals scored in matches between the teams in question;
 greater goal difference in all group games;
 greater number of goals scored in all group games;
 higher coefficient derived from Euro 2004 and 2002 World Cup qualifiers (points reached divided by number of matches played);
 fair play conduct in Euro 2004;
 drawing

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knock out stage

Statistics

Top scorers

5 goals

 Milan Baroš

4 goals
 Wayne Rooney
 Ruud van Nistelrooy

3 goals

 Jon Dahl Tomasson
 Frank Lampard

 Zinedine Zidane
 Angelos Charisteas

 Henrik Larsson

2 goals

 Marek Heinz
 Jan Koller
 Thierry Henry
Antonio Cassano
 Rui Costa
 Maniche

 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Zlatan Ibrahimović

1 goal

 Martin Petrov
 Niko Kovač
 Dado Pršo
 Milan Rapaić
 Igor Tudor
 Vladimír Šmicer
 Jesper Grønkjær
 Steven Gerrard
 Michael Owen
 Paul Scholes
 David Trezeguet

 Michael Ballack
 Torsten Frings
 Angelos Basinas
 Traianos Dellas
 Giorgos Karagounis
 Zisis Vryzas
 Simone Perrotta
 Māris Verpakovskis
 Wilfred Bouma
 Roy Makaay

 Nuno Gomes
 Hélder Postiga
 Dmitri Bulykin
 Dmitri Kirichenko
 Fernando Morientes
 Juan Carlos Valerón
 Marcus Allbäck
 Mattias Jonson
 Fredrik Ljungberg
 Johan Vonlanthen

Own goals

 Igor Tudor (playing against France)
 Jorge Andrade (playing against the Netherlands)

UEFA Team of the tournament

References

Other websites

 UEFA Euro 2004 history at UEFA.com
 UEFA Euro 2004 coverage at BBC Sport
 Official website (archived) 

2004 in Europe
UEFA Euro 2004

Football in Portugal
UEFA European Championship tournaments
2000s in Portugal
June events
July 2004 events
The BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award is an award given annually as part of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year ceremony each December. The award is given to a sportsperson "who has made a major impact on the world of sport during their lifetime". The winner is selected by BBC Sport.

References

BBC
Sports trophies and awards
Freedom of the City is an honor given by some municipalities in Australia, Canada, Ireland, France, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe to  members of its community or to organisations that have given the community heroic service.

Awards
Mania is a type of mood.  Mania is usually a symptom of a medical problem or a mental illness.  A person with mania is described as manic.

When people are manic, they usually have much more energy than usual.  They often have very strong emotions, and their moods may change very quickly.

The word "mania" comes from the Greek language (μwordsανία means mania).  That word comes from μαίνομαι (mainomai), which means "to rage" or "to be furious" (very angry).

Mania is a symptom, not an illness by itself.  Many different things can cause mania.  These things include illegal drugs and brain tumors.  However, most of the time, mania happens in people with bipolar disorder.  Bipolar disorder causes periods of mania that switch off with periods of depression.

Like with other symptoms, mania can be mild (not very bad), severe (very bad), or anywhere in between.  Mild mania is usually called "hypomania."  Very bad mania can cause psychosis, with hallucinations and delusions.
In some cases, people with mania may need to be hospitalized so they do not hurt themselves or other people.  On the other hand, many people with mania and hypomania have special creativity and artistic talents.

Symptoms
The most common symptoms of mania are:
 A mood that is either euphoric (very happy) or irritable (easily irritated or angered)
 Being very talkative.  This includes talking very quickly (pressured speech) and jumping from one idea to the next very quickly (flight of ideas).
 Having an unusual amount of energy
 Not needing sleep
 Being very hyper
Other symptoms of mania can include:
 Racing thoughts, which can sometimes make it impossible for the person to concentrate on anything other than their thoughts
 Acting impulsively (doing things without thinking them through), like spending a lot of money or having unsafe sex.  People are more likely to put themselves in danger when they are manic.
 Physical symptoms, like sweating, pacing, and losing weight
 Hypersexuality (wanting to have sex much more than usual)
 Delusions, like:
 Delusions of grandeur: The person believes he is very important - for example, that he knows everything, or is famous, all-powerful, or very wealthy
 Delusions of potential: The person believes he can do things he cannot really do (for example, believing he can build a house on his own, when he has never built anything before)
 Delusions of persecution: The person believes other people are "out to get him" and are causing his problems on purpose
Official diagnosis (DSM-5) 
In the United States, a book called The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, is used to diagnose mental illnesses.  According to the latest version of the DSM, the DSM-5, a person is having a "manic episode" if all of these things are true:
 The person's mood has been unusually euphoric or irritable for seven days or more
 The person's mood changes are not caused by illegal drugs, medicine, or a medical illness
 The person's mania is:
 Causing them obvious problems at work, with family, or friends; OR 
 Making them psychotic; OR
 Making them a danger to self or others
In addition, the person must also have three or more of these symptoms:
 Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity (the person feels like he is very important and special)
 Needs only a little sleep to feel rested
 More talkative than usual; or the person seems like they have to keep talking (pressured speech)
Jumping from one idea to another; or the person feels like their thoughts are racing
 Increase in "goal-directed activity," like taking on big new projects; or "psychomotor agitation" (moving around a lot, unable to sit still)
 Being easily distracted (the person's attention is drawn too easily to things that are not important)
 Doing a lot of activities that have a high risk of turning out badly (for example, spending a lot of money; going on sexual adventures)
Official diagnosis (ICD-10) 

The ICD-10 is the World Health Organization's system for classifying health problems.  It describes a manic episode this way:
 The person's mood is euphoric, and can change from being happy and carefree, to "almost uncontrollable excitement"
 The person has an unusual amount of energy and is always doing some kind of activity
 The person seems like they have to keep talking
 The person does not seem to need sleep
 The person cannot pay attention to anything, and gets distracted very easily
 Often, the person feels very important, is much more confident than usual, and has unreasonable ideas about what they can do (for example, they may feel like nothing can stop them from getting what they want)
 The person does not have normal social inhibitions (a sense of what is right and appropriate to do around other people).  This can lead to behavior that is inappropriate, reckless, and unusual for the person.

Causes 
Mental illness
Mania is usually a symptom of mental illness, most often bipolar disorder.  A diagnosis of type I bipolar disorder (bipolar I disorder) can be made based on a single manic episode.  This is the most common cause of mania.

However, if a person is hypomanic, they may have type II bipolar disorder or cyclothymia.

Also, if a person has psychosis that lasts longer than their mania, they may have schizoaffective disorder.

Medical causes
Mania is usually caused by a mental illness.  However, some medical illnesses can cause symptoms of mania.  Some doctors use the mnemonic E-MANIC to remember the possible medical causes of mania:
 Endocrine: Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or Cushing's syndrome can cause mania.  (These are all problems with hormones in the body)
 Medications: Many different medications can have mania as side effects.  These medications include amphetamines (often used to treat Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD); antidepressants; corticosteroids; opiate painkillers, and many others.
 Abuse of alcohol or illegal drugs: Alcohol and many other drugs can cause mania.  These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, phencyclidine (PCP), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), inhalants, opiates, anabolic steroids, and MDMA (Ecstasy).
Neurologic problems: Many different problems with the brain can cause mania.  For example, brain tumors, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease can all cause manic symptoms.
 Infection: Infections in the brain can cause mania.  Examples include meningitis, brain infections caused by HIV/AIDS, and neurosyphilis (the last stage of syphilis, when the disease reaches the brain)
 Cardiovascular causes and Cerebrovascular accidents (strokes)
Not having enough vitamin B-12 (vitamin B-12 deficiency) can also cause mania and psychosis.

Medical treatment
If mania is caused by a medical problem, the best thing to do is to treat that medical problem.

If mania is caused by a mental illness, the best treatment is a combination of medicines and psychotherapy (talking with a therapist or counselor).

Doctors usually treat mania with a combination of mood stabilizers and antipsychotic medicines.  While taking these medicines, the patient should see their doctor regularly to be checked for side effects. 
 
When the symptoms of mania have ended, long-term treatment then focuses on preventative treatment.  The goal of this kind of treatment is to prevent periods of mania or depression from happening.  Very often, this is done using a combination of drugs and psychotherapy.  Medication works best for bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses, when it is combined with other treatments like psychotherapy.
Related pages
Abnormal psychology
Bipolar disorder
Clinical depression

References

Notes
More reading
 Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001 Dec;2(12):1963–73.
 Schizoaffective Disorder. 2007 Sept. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
 Schizoaffective Disorder . 2004 May. All Psych Online: Virtual Psychology Classroom. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
 Increased Amygdala Activation During Mania: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study . 2005 June. The American Journal of Psychiatry. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
 Psychotic Disorders . 2004 May. All Psych Online: Virtual Psychology Classroom. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
 Increased concentrations and lateral asymmetry of amygdala dopamine in schizophrenia. 1983 Oct. Nature.  Retrieved October 2, 2007.
 Antidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: a controversy revisited . 1995 Aug. American Journal of Psychiatry. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
 Risperidone therapy in treatment refractory acute bipolar and schizoaffective mania. 1996 Jan. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
Behrman, Andy.  Electroboy: A Memoir of Mania, "Preface: Flying High", 2002.
Other websites 

 Bipolar Mania Symptoms 
 Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance 
 Manic Episode Symptoms

Bipolar disorder
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) is an American orchestra based in Chicago, Illinois.  It is one of the great orchestras of the world.  They play in the Orchestra Hall, part of the Symphony Center, in Chicago.  In the summer they play at the Ravinia Festival.  From 2010 the conductor will be Riccardo Muti.

History
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra was started in 1891.  It was called the "Chicago Orchestra".  In 1905 the orchestra was renamed "Theodore Thomas Orchestra" and Frederick Stock became the conductor.  He stayed with the orchestra until 1942.  The  orchestra was renamed "Chicago Symphony Orchestra" in 1913.

Other conductors have included Désiré Defauw, Artur Rodziński, Rafael Kubelík, Fritz Reiner, Jean Martinon,  Georg Solti and Daniel Barenboim.   When Barenboim left in 2006, the orchestra named Bernard Haitink  principal conductor and Pierre Boulez became conductor emeritus.  In 2010 Riccardo Muti will become the orchestra’s conductor.
The orchestra has also had many famous guest conductors, including Richard Strauss, John Williams, Arnold Schoenberg, Sergei Prokofiev, Sergei Rachmaninov, Maurice Ravel, Edward Elgar, Aaron Copland, Leonard Slatkin, André Previn, Michael Tilson Thomas, Leonard Bernstein, Leopold Stokowski,  Erich Leinsdorf,  Eugene Ormandy, George Szell and Charles Münch. Many of these guest conductors have also recorded with the orchestra. 

The three principal guest conductors of the orchestra have been Carlo Maria Giulini, Claudio Abbado, and Pierre Boulez.

Every summer the Chicago Symphony Orchestra plays in Ravinia in Highland Park, Illinois The orchestra helped in the first Ravinia Festival in August 1936 and has been to the Festival every summer since. 

Mark Anthony Turnage is the composer-in-residence.

During its history the orchestra have made more than 900 recordings.  They have received many rewards.

The orchestra was composed by John Williams for Steven Spielberg's 2012 movie Lincoln.
Main conductors 
 1891-1905 Theodore Thomas
 1905-1942 Frederick Stock
 1943-1947 Désiré Defauw
 1947-1948 Artur Rodziński
 1950-1953 Rafael Kubelík
 1953-1962 Fritz Reiner
 1962-1963 Fritz Reiner (musical advisor)
 1963-1968 Jean Martinon
 1968-1969 Irwin Hoffman (acting music director)
 1969-1991 Sir Georg Solti
 1991-2006 Daniel Barenboim
 2010- Riccardo Muti (music director designate)

Titled Conductors
 1969-1972 Carlo Maria Giulini - Principal Guest Conductor
 1982-1985 Claudio Abbado - Principal Guest Conductor
 1995-2006 Pierre Boulez - Principal Guest Conductor
 2006-present Pierre Boulez - Conductor Emeritus
 2006-present Bernard Haitink - Principal Conductor

Other websites 
 Official website
 American orchestras
Music in Chicago
1891 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Illinois
The Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO) is an American orchestra based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The orchestra's home is Heinz Hall, located in Pittsburgh's Cultural District.

History
The orchestra was started in 1895. Several of the musicians had come from the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The earliest conductors were Archer, Victor Herbert and Emil Paur. Famous guest conductors included Edward Elgar and Richard Strauss. In 1910 the orchestra had to stop playing because they had no money.

In 1926 the orchestra was started again. The musicians were not paid, and they gave money to make it possible for the orchestra to continue. It started to become a good orchestra in 1937 when Otto Klemperer was asked to take the orchestra and reorganize it. Since then the orchestra has developed and become an international orchestra.
Fritz Reiner (1938-48) conducted the orchestra for ten years. It was not easy during the war because the musicians often had to go to fight in the war and others came instead. From 1948 to 1952, several famous conductors led the orchestra, including Leonard Bernstein and Leopold Stokowski.

When William Steinberg took over from 1952 to 1976 he took them on tour to Europe and made many recordings. He was followed by André Previn who helped the orchestra to make a television series Previn and the Pittsburgh. Lorin Maazel, who came from Pittsburgh, conducted them until 1996, taking them on several international tours. Mariss Jansons followed Maazel from 1997-2004. After he left the orchestra had guest conductors but not a musical director (main conductor) for four years. In 2008 the Austrian conductor Manfred Honeck was made music director. Leonard Slatkin is the main guest conductor.
In 2004, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra with conductor Gilbert Levine became the first American orchestra to play for the Pope.

Music Directors and other artistic leaders

References

Other websites
 Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra official website

American orchestras
1895 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Pennsylvania
Andrea del Verrocchio (c. 1435 – 1488), born Andrea di Michele di Francesco de' Cioni, was an Italian sculptor, goldsmith and painter. He had an important workshop in Florence. Many other Renaissance painters were Verrocchio's apprentices or worked in his workshop. These included Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Perugino. Verrocchio's most famous apprentice was Leonardo da Vinci. 
 
Verrocchio was born in Florence in 1435. His father was Michele di Francesco Cioni who was not married to Verrocchio's mother. Michele made tiles and bricks. Later he worked as a tax collector. He worked for the Medici family of bankers, then he moved to Venice.
At this time Verrocchio met Donatello. Donatello became one of the most famous sculptors ever. He made many more statues than Verrocchio. However, Donatello and Verrocchio both made a statue of David with the head of Goliath, and both made a huge statue of a famous soldier on horseback (equestrian statue). Art historians often compare the two Davids and the two equestrian statues.

Paintings 
 
It is thought that Verrocchio began painting in the 1460s, when he worked at Prato with the painter Fra Filippo Lippi. There is only one known painting that was signed by Verrocchio. This is an altarpiece of the Madonna and Child with Saints in the Cathedral of Pistoia, painted in the late 1470s. There are several more paintings from Verrocchio's studio. They have probably been painted partly by Verrocchio and partly by his students.
The most famous of these paintings was done between 1472 and 1475. It is a Baptism of Christ. Giorgio Vasari writing in his book Lives of the Great Artists says that the angel on the left was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. Vasari says that when Verrocchio saw how beautifully the eighteen-year-old apprentice could paint, he put down his brush and never painted again. On close examination, it can be seen that most of the painting is painted in old-fashioned tempera, but the angel, parts of Jesus' body, and the background landscape have been painted in the new technique of oil painting. This makes art historians think that Leonardo worked on many parts of this picture. It has also been suggested that Botticelli painted the second angel.

Sculpture 
Verrochio made two large beautiful things out of stone, a coffin and a wash basin. He is thought to have also carved a Madonna and Child in low relief (an almost-flat stone picture).
Verrocchio's most famous sculptures are made in bronze which is a sort of metal. To make a bronze statue, Verrocchio made the statue in wax. Then plaster was put over the wax, and the wax was removed, leaving a mould. The metal was heated over a furnace until it melted and became molten (liquid). The molten metal was poured into the mould and slowly allowed to cool. When the plaster was chipped away, the bronze statue was inside. The statue then needed to be finished and polished.

Work at San Lorenzo 
The Church of San Lorenzo (St Lawrence) was a new church in Florence. It was built by the architect Brunelleschi in the new style of the Renaissance. The Medici family were the most important patrons of this church. The family chose Verrocchio as the sculptor to make three works for San Lorenzo.
Christ and St Thomas 
The most unusual church in Florence is Orsanmichele. This building is an ancient corn-market that had, painted on the wall, a precious image of the Madonna and Child. The corn-market was turned into a church, and the sides of the building, which used to be open, were given walls. The walls had niches which is a hollow that a statue can stand in. The niches were big enough for life-sized statues. Many people worked at different jobs in the city of Florence. The people of different jobs belonged to organisations called guilds. Every important guild in the city wanted to have a statue of their patron saint in a niche at Orsanmichele Church. The statues were made by some of the finest sculptors of Florence.
In 1466 the Guild of Traders gave Verrocchio the job of making a bronze statue of their saint, St Thomas. Verrocchio made a group of two figures which shows the most important moment in the story of St Thomas. At the back of the niche stands the figure of Jesus, raising one hand to Heaven. St Thomas stands at the edge of the niche, looking at Jesus in amazement and reaching out his hand to touch the spear-wound in Jesus' side. Verrocchio's statue was admired for the way in which he had fitted the two figures into the space, and the way in which he had told the story. 

At about this time Verrocchio also made a huge brass candlestick for the Palazzo Vecchio (the town hall). This candlestick is now in Amsterdam.

David
David  

In the 1470s, Lorenzo Medici and his brother Giuliano gave Verrocchio the job of making a statue of David. David, a shepherd boy in a story from the Bible, had killed the giant, Goliath. He was one of the patrons of the city. Nowadays there are at least eight statues of David in Florence, the most famous one being by Michelangelo. 

When Verrocchio made his statue, the most famous David in Florence was a life-sized bronze statue by Donatello. This statue shows David naked, except for his boots and hat. The figure stands gracefully, looking down at the giant head at his feet. It looks very much like an Ancient Greek statue. Verrochio's statue of David is very different, even though it is a similar size and is also made of bronze.
Verrocchio's statue looks like a real-live boy, dressed in modern parade clothes. He does not stand elegantly. His muscles are all drawn tight. He grips the handle of the sword so tightly that the sinews of his arm stand out. The muscles of his face are pulled into the silly grin that people sometimes get when they are very frightened. Verrocchio's David has just killed the giant, but now he is facing the whole enemy army and wondering what will happen next. The handsome boy that Verrocchio used as his model for David is believed to have been Leonardo da Vinci. 

The Medici also gave Verrocchio the job of making a bronze statue of a Cherub with a Dolphin to go in the fountain of their home in the countryside. The statue now stands in the small courtyard of the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence.
Bartolomeo Colleoni 
In 1478 Verrocchio began work on his most famous statue. It is a "equestrian statue", a statue of a man on horseback. The statue was made for the Republic of Venice in memory of a famous soldier who had lead military troops many times when Venice was at war. His name was Bartolomeo Colleoni, and he had died in 1475. Colleoni was admired by many people who thought he was a good man, as well as a brave soldier and great military leader. Colleoni left a message to say that he wanted a statue of himself in the main square of Venice, right opposite St Mark's Basilica. The town council would not allow this. The statue was put in another important square, near the Hospital of St Mark and the Church of two Roman soldier-saints, St Giovanni and St Paolo.
Verrocchio's horse looks as if it is moving forward quite fast. It is full of action. The figure of Colleoni is not sitting down in the saddle, he is standing in the stirups, as if he is looking out to spot the enemy. The horse's head turns one way, and the body and face of Colleoni turns the other way. Colleoni looks fierce, as if he is leading his troops into battle. The statue is very lively and very lifelike. 

Verrocchio moved from Florence to Venice in 1488, to help with the casting of the bronze statue. But he died that year, and never saw his most famous work finished.

Related pages
 Italian Renaissance art
 List of Italian painters

Other websites 
 Andrea del Verrocchio in the "History of Art" 
 Andrea Verrocchio biography
 List of sites displaying Verrocchio's work
 Andrea del Verrocchio biography

1430s births
1488 deaths
People from Florence
15th-century Italian painters
Italian sculptors
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans.<ref name=Dubey>Dubey J.P. 2010. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. 2nd ed, CRC Press. </ref>

In humans, it is one of the most common parasites. Blood test show that up to a third of the world population has been or is infected with T. gondii. Infection rates differ greatly from country to country.

Although mild, flu-like symptoms occasionally occur during the first few weeks, infection with T. gondii generally produces no symptoms in healthy human adults. But in infants, HIV/AIDS patients, and others with weakened immunity, infection can cause serious and occasionally fatal illness (toxoplasmosis).p77
Infection in humans and other warm-blooded animals can occur
 by eating raw or undercooked meat containing T. gondii tissue cysts. 
 by drinking water or eating anything contaminated with oocysts. in the faeces of an infected animal.
 from a blood transfusion or organ transplant
 or by transmission from mother to foetus across the placenta.

The parasite can only sexually reproduce in the intestines of members of the cat family (felids). Felids are therefore the definitive hosts of T. gondii'', with all other hosts defined as 'intermediate hosts'.

References 

Apicomplexa
Parasites
Thai Airways International (การบินไทย) is the national airline of Thailand. Thai Airways International began in 1960. In 1988, it was combine with Thai Airways Company. This created the current Thai Airways.  It joined Star Alliance in 1997.  Its headquarters are at 89 Vibhavadi Rangsit Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900. As of December 2020, it has 61 aircraft. It goes to 78 cities all over the world, except Africa and America.

Gallery

References

Airlines of Asia
Bangkok
Star Alliance
Transport in Thailand
1960 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Thailand
IATA members
The Falklands War was a war between the United Kingdom and Argentina over the Falkland Islands in 1982. The Falkland Islands are 480 kilometres from Argentina in the southern Atlantic Ocean.

Argentina and the United Kingdom have argued over which country the Falklands Islands belongs to since the 1800s. In the 1760s and 1770s, the British set up a town at Port Egmont, which nearly led to a war with Spain who had a town at Port Louis. Then Argentina became a separate country from Spain in 1817 and set up a colony on the islands (which they call "Malvinas") in 1820. An American warship later destroyed this town, and the British took the islands again in 1833.

1982 
The British kept the islands until Argentinian Special Forces invaded on 2 April 1982 and took control of the island.
The United Nations Security Council asked Argentina to withdraw, and tried to end the crisis with diplomacy. After seven weeks, Argentina did not withdraw, so the British Armed Forces traveled  more than 12,000 km to attack. After a short battle in the air and at sea, the British landed on 21 May and fought on land until Argentina's army surrendered on 14 June.

The British captured 11,313 soldiers, and killed about 650. Almost half of these Argentinian deaths were when the warship ARA General Belgrano was sunk by the British submarine HMS Conqueror. In total there were 258 British deaths.

Relations after the war 
The diplomatic relations between the two countries were broken because of the war. Relations between the two countries came back in 1990.

References 

1982
1982 in the United Kingdom
20th century in Argentina
Falkland Islands

Wars involving the United Kingdom
1980s in South America
History of British Overseas Territories
1980s conflicts
The red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) is the largest kangaroo. The word macropus means "big foot" and rufus means red. It is the largest mammal in Australia, and the largest marsupial in the world. It lives in the arid open areas of Australia which covers much of the country. It is not found in the south, on the east coast, or in the northern rainforests.

Description 
The red kangaroo is a very large kangaroo. The fur is short, red to brown in colour, fading to a pale colour below and on the legs. Females are smaller than males and are a blue-grey colour with a small amount of brown, pale grey below, although arid area females are coloured like males. The kangaroo has long, pointed ears and a squared-off nose.  The kangaroo has two front legs with small claws. It has two strong back legs, which are used for jumping, and a strong tail which is often used for balance when standing upright. The tail is also used as a fifth leg when walking slowly.

The males can jump a distance of  in one leap.