Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ukrainian Ge (Ґ, ґ) is the fifth letter of the Ukrainian alphabet. It can also be used in the Belarusian language. This letter means the sound [g] in both languages, "Г" meaning the sound [h]. Firstly this letter appeared in the middle of the 19th century.
"Serious" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). The track was written by Stefani and her Doubt bandmate, Tony Kanal. Kanal also produced the song with Mark "Spike" Stent. Serious had been compared to Madonnas early music by Enrique Peña Nieto.

Music video 
A music video was made for the song, but the video was never officially released. Sophie Muller directed the music video. The music video features Stefani and the Harajuku Girls dancing on various rooftops throughout Los Angeles. A minute long clip of the music video was uploaded onto YouTube on October 13, 2006.

Credits and personnel 
Management
 Recorded at Kingsbury Studios, Los Feliz, California
 Mixed at The Mix Suite, Olympic Studios, London, England

Personnel

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Lee Groves - keyboards, programming, mixing
 Rob Haggett - assistant engineering, mixing
 Tony Kanal - keyboards, production, programming, synthesizer
Colin "Dog" Mitchell - additional recording
 Mark "Spike" Stent - production, mixing
 David Treahearn – assistant engineering, mixing

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.

References 

2004 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Dance-pop songs
New wave
R&B songs
Pasophae, also spelt Pasiphaë, is a character in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of the sun god, Helios and the wife of King Minos. She was the mother of many of Minos' children. They included Ariadne and her brother Androgeos, who was killed by the Athenians. She also had an affair with a prized bull her husband had refused to sacrifice to Poseidon. The offspring of Pasophae and the bull was the Minotaur, which was eventually killed by Theseus.

People in Greek mythology
"Long Way to Go" is a song by American singer-songwriter Gwen Stefani with American rapper André 3000. The song appears as the closing track on Stefani's debut studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). It was released on November 23, 2004 by Interscope Records. The track was written by both Stefani and 3000. The song also includes a sample from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech.

Background 

"Long Way to Go" was originally recorded in 2003 during recording sessions for both of Stefani and 3000's then upcoming studio albums. André 3000's original version of the song had Stefani as a featured artist and he originally recorded for the Outkasts The Love Below album.
Writing and production 
Lyrically, Long Way to Go is about prejudices against dating someone from a different race. The line, "When snow hits the asphalt / Cold looks and bad talk come" is used as a metaphor for the nasty comments people receive when dating someone of the opposite race. Long Way to Go also includes a sample from Martin Luther King, Jr.s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech. Long Way to Go was written by Stefani and 3000 and was also produced by 3000.

Track listings and formats 
 US Digital download
 "Long Way to Go" (with André 3000) – 

 Interscope Records Sampler
A1 "Rich Girl" (featuring Eve) – 
A2 "Hollaback Girl" – 
A3 "Bubble Pop Electric" (featuring Johnny Vulture) – 
B1 "Long Way to Go" (with André 3000) – 
B2 "Harajuku Girls" – 
B3 "Cool" –

Credits and personnel 
Management
 Recorded at Stankonia Recording, Atlanta; Larabee Sound Studio East, Los Angeles; and Soundcastle Studios, Los Angeles.

Personnel
Personnel

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 André Benjamin – keyboards, lead vocals, mixing, production, songwriting
 Warren Bletcher – assistant engineering
 Greg Collins – mixing
 CutMaster Swiff – cuts
 Nick Ferrero – assistant engineering
 John Frye – additional recording

 Kevin Kendricks – keyboards, piano
 Martin Luther King, Jr. – additional songwriting
 Kevin Mills – assistant engineering
 Pete Novak – additional recording
 Glenn Pittman – assistant engineering
 Sean Tallman – assistant engineering

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.

References

2004 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
André 3000 songs
Hip hop songs
Electro songs
R&B songs
Ferenbalm () is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Forst is a village in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. The former municipality of the district of Thun merged with Längenbühl on January 1, 2007 to form Forst-Längenbühl.

Former municipalities of Bern
Villages in Bern
Forst-Längenbühl is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2007, the former municipalities of Forst and Längenbühl merged into the new municipality of Forst-Längenbühl.

References

2000s establishments in Switzerland
2007 establishments in Europe
Municipalities in Thun
Fraubrunnen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Frauenkappelen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Plains Indians or Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are Native American tribes with similar cultures in the Interior Plains. This includes the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies. It is between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. The landscape is mostly flat grasslands and plains. The natives were often on the move (nomadic) and used horses. Natives mainly hunted bison. These people have become part of popular culture. They were one of the last Natives to be taken over. This particular Native group has become a stereotype for Natives in literature and art.

Tribes 
There are two main groups of Plain Indians. One moved a lot (nomadic) and the other did not travel that much (sedentary):
Nomadic tribes: Arapaho, Assiniboine, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Lipan, Plains Apache (or Kiowa Apache), Plains Cree, Plains Ojibwe (or Saulteaux), Sarsi (or Sarcee, Tsuutʼina Nation), Nakoda (Stoney), Sioux (Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota) and Tonkawa.
 Sedentary tribes: Arikara, Hidatsa, Iowa, Kaw (or Kansa), Kitsai, Mandan, Missouria, Omaha, Osage, Otoe, Pawnee, Ponca, Quapaw (or Arkansas and Ugahxpa), Wichita, and the Santee Dakota, Yanktonai and Yankton Dakota.

History 
In the early Prehistoric periods, Native peoples hunted and collected plants. They later developed agriculture and grew corn. Plains people lived there for thousands of years and adapted to changes in climate and landscape. Early Natives mostly did not move and were sedentary. Groups developed Plains Village Cultures. There was not that much war and conflict before horses came.
The next European advance came from the British and French. They brought guns to North America. Native interacted in these exchanges that were part of the Fur Trade. The British also pushed many of the Eastern Woodlands tribes onto the Great Plains. Guns weakened the Native Americans and caused greater conflict among tribes. Guns increased the intensity of conflicts between tribes. This indirectly led to forced migration.  

In the 19th century, US people started to slaughter and hunt bison. The US government wanted to get rid of bison to starve out the Native peoples. Many times, Americans just hunted for the skin and left the meat behind. The bison almost became extinct.
The American government pushed west and this led to conflict, including the Indians Wars. The Plains Wars were from the 1850s to 1870s. Notable examples of wars include the Dakota War, Great Sioux War, Snake War and Colorado War. Natives resisted US American populations. In 1890, many Natives were killed in the Wounded Knee Massacre. After the 1850s, the horse culture of the Plains Indians ended as tribes were moved to Indian reservations.

Culture

Housing 
Plains people lived in teepees. These were cone-shaped homes for single families. Natives used buffalo skin as the walls and poles for the structure of the teepees. There was a hole at the top to allow light and smoke through. Villages lived in earth lodges. These were round-shaped, and the walls were made of earth. Usually, there were several families living in these homes. Other types of homes were the Wichita and Osage. They were shaped like wigwams, which had dome or cone shapes. Native often used grass for the walls.

Food and Clothing
Food and Clothing 

The most common crops in the Plains regions were corn, squash and beans (the Three Sisters). There was also tobacco, plums and sunflower. Corn culture developed in 900 AD. Natives often collected rainwater. Plains people also hunted buffalo, deer, and elk. With horses, several tribes focused only on hunting buffalo and moved around more. Up to the 1500s, tribes lived on the edges of the Great Plains. They were farmers and hunter-gatherers. From autumn to spring they raised crops. During the summers they went out onto the Great Plains to hunt bison on foot.
At the height of their cultures, their main source of food was the large herds of American bison. Hunting was not only the main activity of Plains Indians but was a central part of their religion. Their culture was formed from the natural environment they lived in. Before horses, it was more difficult for natives to hunt bison. They often had to create traps for the bison. Early on, they used bows and arrows, spears, and clubs. Later the Europeans introduced firearms. 

Native peoples mostly used the skins of bison and deer for their clothing. War heroes could wear war bonnets. Natives wore mocassins as shoes. The horses allowed Natives to become wealthier. As a result, clothing began to include more luxury items.
Family, Gender and Society 
In Plains culture, inheritance and lineage could be through the mother, father, or both. There were some rules for marriage, like against incest. Arranged marriages were common, and there was sometimes polygamy. The least strict relationship rules were between grandchildren and grandparents. There were particular gender roles in communities. Women did things related to food, clothing, raising children, and teepee building. Women, however, owned the home. Women could get a divorce. Men did more hunting and defending. Natives raised Children more through rewards and praise. Several family members could serve as mentors.
Warfare 
Warfare was very individualistic. Often, only a few warriors went on a raid. Individual warriors could get plunder and trophies from an attack. Warrior status was important. Raiding became more common with horses. The Comanche were notable warriors. Fighting was both defensive and offensive. Natives attacked other Natives, but also European colonists. Usually, war was about revenge for a person's death or to get praise. Horses were very valuable and, if stolen, could lead to war.  

Wealth, success, and status were based more on merit and achievement. This system applied to the ranking of warriors. There were many honors for warriors. Bravery was very important. The tradition of "counting coup" was a very high honor. One showed bravery by defeating another warrior without killing the warrior. The number of horses won in a raid decided how successful the raid was.
The Plain Natives won several battles against the Americans. Natives won at the Battle of Little Bighorn. War with the Americans lasted up to the 19th century. The Natives were fast, knew the lands, and knew how to control the horses. The Natives could not enter longer wars. This was because of the hunting season. They also did not want to take big risks that would cause more deaths. Natives still used bows and arrows after they got firearms.

Religion 
Plains Indians believed in forms of animism. Animism meant animals and certain objects had spirits. Spirits were often the ones that brought about success. Natives could get help from a spirit by doing a vision quest. A spirit could give a vision or dream. These visions would contain knowledge like how to win a fight or to heal sicknesses. Some tribes believed that there was one spirit greater than all the others. Other tribes believed that all spirits were equal.
There were certain religious leaders. Shamans had spiritual powers and could heal the sick. They had direct contact with the supernatural. Shamans were different than priests. Priests had a lot of knowledge about the spiritual world. Sometimes one person could be both a shaman and a priest. Some people in tribes were wakan (Lakota: "holy"). There was often training to get this status. One could become a spiritual leader or a medicine person. 

Natives had many rituals and ceremonies. The Sun Dance was an important ritual. Different tribes came together to affirm their beliefs. The Sun Dance was usually every year. The ceremony also included sacrifices. People would make personal sacrifices to heal the larger community. There were dances and songs. Fasting was also common. There was much preparation for these ceremonies. The dance sometimes included piercing individuals.
Plain Indians in Popular Culture 
Popular culture in United States included stereotypes of Plains Indians. Buffalo Bill Cody featured plains Indians in his Wild West shows beginning in the 1880s.  When Hollywood began making movies, the western was a favorite topic. They introduced the plains Indians as the stereotypical Native American Indian to the entire world.  When fiction about the American Old West shows Indians, they are usually plains Indians.

The Plains Indians have been popular in European countries like Germany. Such views of Natives were often idealized and filled with stereotypes. The richness of Native American culture was not considered. The Plain Indians became a stereotype for all Native Americans. The German writer Karl May wrote many books about the Wild West and Plains Indians. 

The American artist George Catlin made many drawings and paintings of Plains Indians.

Related pages 
 Great Plains
 Native Americans in the United States 
 Northeastern Woodlands 
 Southeastern Woodlands
References 

History of North America
Native Americans
"Wind It Up" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It was released on August 5, 2006 as the lead single from Stefani's second studio album The Sweet Escape. The song contains a sample from "The Lonely Goatherd" which was originally from The Sound of Music.

Background and writing
In July 2005, Stefani began writing and recording material with Pharrell Williams in Miami, Florida for her album.

Reviews
Many music critics did not like the yodeling that was featured in the song.

Stefani later said about the song:
Track listings
 UK, German, and Australian CD single
 "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
 "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
 German CD maxi single
 "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
 "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
 "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Mix) – 3:02
 "Wind It Up" (video) – 3:11
 UK 12" single
A1. "Wind It Up" (Main Mix) – 3:11
A2. "Wind It Up" (Original Neptunes Mix) – 3:08
B1. "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Main Mix) – 3:11
B2. "Wind It Up" (Instrumental Neptunes Mix) – 3:10

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Pete Davis – additional keyboards, additional mix programming
 Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
 David Emery – assistant engineering
 Ron Fair – orchestra production
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
Brian Garten – recording
 Hart Gunther – assistant engineering
 The Neptunes – production
 Mark "Spike" Stent – additional production, mixing
 Talent Bootcamp Kids – additional vocals
 Pharrell Williams – songwriting

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2006 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
The Osage are a Midwestern Native American tribe of Plains Indians who historically ruled much of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. The tribe formerly lived in the areas in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys around 1,200 BC. They then began migrating west due to wars with the invading Iroquois. The term "Osage" is considered a French name for the tribe which roughly translates into "Mid-Waters". The Osage people refer to themselves in their own language as Wazhazhe.

At the height of their power in the early 18th century, the Osage had become the dominant power in the region. They were feared by neighboring tribes as ruthless and "savage" fighters. The Osage would often practice ritual scalping and beheading as military trophies. The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and Red River to the South and were greatly dependent on nomadic buffalo hunting and farming.

The 19th-century painter George Catlin described the Osage as:
The missionary Isaac McCoy described the Osage as an "uncommonly fierce, courageous, warlike nation", and Washington Irving said they were the "finest looking Indians I have ever seen in the West."

The Osage originally lived among the Kansa, Ponca, Omaha, and Quapaw in the Ohio Valley.  Researchers believed that the tribes likely developed differences in their languages and cultures after leaving the lower Ohio country. The Omaha and Ponca settled in the present-day area of Nebraska, the Kansa in Kansas, and the Quapaw in Arkansas.

The Osage are a federally recognized tribe. They were forced to move to Indian Territory in the 19th century, and have been based in Oklahoma. There are 9,400 descendants, 5,620 of which reside in area surrounding Osage county. Members live both on the nations tribal land in Oklahoma and in other states around the country such as Kansas.

References 

History of Native Americans
Native Americans
Isenthal is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official Homepage of Isenthal 

Municipalities of Uri
Shielding is when an electron becomes less attracted to other atoms the further it is away from the nucleus. This is because the forces holding atoms together become weaker as distance increases.

In group 1 elements 
In a reactive metal like sodium, the single electron on an electron shell furthest from the nucleus is more likely to be lost in a reaction with another element. This is because less energy is needed to pull them away. Other elements with similar properties like potassium that are lower down on the periodic table than sodium will be even more likely to lose their furthest electron in a reaction. This is because of the addition of more electron shells between the nucleus and the furthest electron, increasing distance.

In group 17 elements
The shielding effect also happens with elements that have many electrons on their furthest electron shell, for example chlorine. In this case however, more energy is needed to give the atom an electron. The amount of energy needed is increased with the number electron shells around the nucleus of the atom, for example in elements further down the periodic table like bromine.

Physical chemistry
Ádám Csaba Szalai (born 9 December 1987 in Budapest, Hungary) is a Hungarian association football forward who currently plays for Hannover 96 on loan from TSG 1899 Hoffenheim and the Hungarian national football team. He has also played for VfB Stuttgart, Real Madrid Castilla, 1. FSV Mainz 05, Schalke 04, Budapest Honvéd and Újpest.

References

Other websites 
National team data 
Ádám Szalai  – FIFA competition record

1987 births
Living people
Hungarian footballers
Sportspeople from Budapest
Hungary at UEFA Euro 2016
Hungary at UEFA Euro 2020
The ackee, (Blighia sapida) is a fruit. It is related to the lychee and the longan. It is native to tropical West Africa. The scientific name honours Captain William Bligh who took the fruit from Jamaica to Kew Gardens, England in 1793.

The fruit was imported to Jamaica from West Africa before 1778.  Since then it has become a feature of various Caribbean cuisines, and is cultivated elsewhere in the world.

References

Fruits
Sapindaceae
National symbols of Jamaica
Atchison is a city and county seat of Atchison County, Kansas, United States, and is along the Missouri River. As of the 2010 census, its population was 11,021. The city is named for David Rice Atchison, a United States senator from Missouri. It was the original eastern starting point of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Aviator Amelia Earhart was born there. The Amelia Earhart Festival is held every year in July. Atchison is also home of Benedictine College, a Catholic liberal-arts college.

History
History

Founding
Atchison was founded in 1854. It was named for Senator David Rice Atchison, who, when Kansas was opened for settlement, interested some of his friends in the scheme of forming a city in the new territory. Senator Atchison was interested in making sure that the population of the new Kansas Territory would be mainly pro-slavery. He had been a prominent promoter of both slavery and the idea of popular sovereignty over the issue in the new lands. However, it seems that all were not agreed upon the location he had selected. On July 20, 1854, Dr. John H. Stringfellow, Ira Norris, Leonidas Oldham, James B. Martin and Neal Owens left Platte City, Missouri, to decide definitely upon a site. They found a site that was the natural outlet of a remarkably rich agricultural region just open to settlement. Eighteen persons were present when the town company was formally organized by electing Peter T. Abell, president. James Burns was elected treasurer. Dr. Stringfellow was elected the town secretary.
Civil War
At the outbreak of the American Civil War there were three militia companies organized in Atchison. They joined other Kansas regiments.  They were known as Companies A, C and “At All Hazards”.  Early in September 1861, a home guard was organized in the town to protect it in case of invasion from Missouri.  On the 15th of the month another company was raised, which later became a state regiment.  In 1863 the city of Atchison raised $4,000 to assist the soldiers from the county. After the Lawrence Massacre a like sum was raised to assist the stricken people of that city.  Citizens of the town also joined the vigilance committees that aided the civil authorities in protection against raiding and the lawless bands of thieves that infested the border counties.
During the war, Atchison was also the headquarters of numerous bands of jayhawkers. This included the notorious Charles Metz, who was known as "Cleveland".  Metz, a former prisoner at the Missouri State Penitentiary, selected Atchison as his headquarters for raids into Missouri. He was accepted with open arms by the people of the town.  During his period of operations, he stole hundreds of horses from Missouri farmers and sold them in Kansas.  He robbed any suspected southern sympathizer and threatened several leading citizens with murder and robbery if they remained in town.  He even ran off the first president of Atchison, P.T. Abell, who was forced into exile until after the Civil War ended.  He defied all authorities but was finally shot and killed at some point in 1862.  He is buried in St. Joseph, Missouri.

References 

Cities in Atchison County, Kansas
County seats in Kansas
1854 establishments in Kansas Territory
History of Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
Gadmen was a municipality in the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Gadmen merged into the municipality of Innertkirchen.

Other websites

 Official Website 

Former municipalities of Bern
Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
The New-York Tribune was an American newspaper. It was founded by Horace Greeley as a Whig Party newspaper in April 1841. Between 1842 and 1866, the newspaper was called the New-York Daily Tribune. The tribune not only reported the news, it covered subjects such as politics, literary works, social reform and intellectual achievements. Greeley, through the Tribune, supported the beginnings of Republican Party. In 1860 the Tribune supported Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States and during the Civil War. However, the paper opposed his reelection in 1864. For some time the paper had the largest circulation in the United States. The Tribune's editorials were widely read and helped shape national opinion. In 1924 it was merged with the New York Herald to form the New York Herald Tribune. It remained a major US daily newspaper until it ended publication in 1966.

References

Other websites 
 New York NY Tribune. Pdf copies of all issues 1841–1924

Newspapers in New York City
Gals () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Seeland
The Pawnee are a Native American Plains Indians tribe. They lived mainly in what is now Nebraska and Kansas. Unlike other tribes of the Great Plains, they were semi-nomadic people. They were hunters and farmers. The Pawnee farmed for most of the year and lived in earth lodges. During the buffalo hunting season, they lived in tepees so they could follow the herds. In the early 1800s their main village was on the south side of the Platte River (Nebraska). They raised crops including beans, corn, pumpkins, squashes and sunflowers. The powerful Pawnee tribe had four individual bands. These were the Chaui (Grand), the Kitkehaki (Republican Pawnees), Pitahauerat (Tapage Pawnees) and the Skidi (Loup or Wolf Pawnees). They were a fierce people who used war paint and tattoos to intimidate their enemies. The Pawnee took scalps in battle. Pawnee war parties often rode out on scalping missions against other tribes. The Pawnee also practiced human sacrifice
. Most often this took the form of ritually killing a young captive girl in a five-day ceremony. She was sacrificed to the Morning Star. The last known ritual killing was of a girl in the mid-18th century. The Pawnee were the largest tribe to have lived in Nebraska. They were one of the earliest tribes to come to the area. Estimates are that there were between 10,000 and 12,000 Pawnee in Nebraska by 1800. They had little to fear from their enemies because they were a large tribe. But smallpox and other diseases aswell as warfare with the Sioux reduced their numbers significantly in the early 1800s. They were finally removed to Oklahoma in the 1870s.
References

Other websites 
 The Pawnee Morning Star Ceremony
 The Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma

History of Nebraska
Native Americans
History of Kansas
The Eagle nebula is a young open cluster of stars in the constellation Serpens.  

The nebula is catalogued as Messier 16 (M16), and as NGC 6611. It is also called the Star Queen nebula and The Spire. These last names refer to visual impressions of the dark patch near the center of the nebula. This is called the "Pillars of Creation". It was photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope. The nebula contains several active star-forming gas and dust regions, including the Pillars of Creation.

References 

Nebulae
William Adams (24 September 1564 – 16 May 1620), was an English navigator. He was the first Englishman to visit Japan.

He was born in Gillingham, Kent, England. William's father died when his at age 12. He apprenticed to a shipwright, and studied shipbuilding, astronomy, and navigation. He joined the Royal Navy during Anglo-Spanish War. He served in the Royal Navy under Sir Francis Drake. He became a pilot for the Barbary Company, a trading company established by Queen Elizabeth I of England.

In 1598, Adams shipped as pilot major with a five-ship fleet. The fleet was owned by a company of Rotterdam merchants (Dutch East India Company). The fleet went from the isle of Texel, North Holland to the Eastern world.

References

1564 births
1620 deaths
Gillingham, Kent
People from Kent
The company was chartered in Massachusetts and started with a capital of $5 million. Thayer's plan was to play on antislavery sentiment in the Northern United States. At the time there was a very delicate balance between slave states and free states. The Company send settlers to Kansas to buy land and build houses, shops and mills. The settlers could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the money back to Thayer and his investors. Because several investors found the idea of profiting from the antislavery cause unpleasant, the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society. The name was changed to the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855. The Company never made a profit or made a significant impact on the population of Kansas. But, it caused Border Ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas in order to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state. This in turn further galvanized Free-Staters and abolitionists to act
. To protect the settlers they sent, the Company secretly sent armed men and Sharps rifles to Kansas. The rifles were sent in crates marked "books" and "Bibles". This played a part in what would become Bleeding Kansas.
References 

History of Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
1854 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Massachusetts
Gampelen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is not be confused with the municipality Gampel in the canton of Valais.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Seeland
The 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (known as the Brasileirão Petrobras 2012 for sponsorship reasons) was the 56th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. Corinthians come in as the defending champions having won the title in the 2011 season. On 11 November 2012, Fluminense won the title for the fourth time.

Teams

Stadiums and locations

Statistics

Top goalscorers 

Source: globoesporte.com

Hat-tricks 

Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
2012 in association football
The Territory of Kansas was a territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861. This was when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Kansas.

The territory extended from the Missouri border west to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. North-south it ran from the 37th parallel north to the 40th parallel north. Much of the eastern region of what is now the State of Colorado was part of Kansas Territory. The western region of the former Kansas Territory, the Territory of Colorado, was created on February 28, 1861.

Kansas–Nebraska Act
Section 19
Defines the boundaries of the Territory, gives it the name of Kansas, and states that "when admitted as a State or States, the said Territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission." It further provides for its future division into two or more Territories, and the attaching of any portion thereof to any other State or Territory; and for the holding inviolable the rights of all Indian tribes until such time as they shall be extinguished (replaced) by treaty.

Section 28
Declares the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 to be in full force in the Territory.

Section 31
Locates the seat of government of the Territory, temporarily at Fort Leavenworth, and authorizes the use for public purposes of the governmentbuildings.
Section 37
Declares all treaties, laws and other engagements made by the United States Government, with the Indian tribes inhabiting the Territory, to remain inviolate, notwithstanding anything contained in the provisions of this act.

Eastern emigration

Pro-slavery settlers 
Within a few days after the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, hundreds of Missourians (also called Border Ruffians) crossed into Kansas territory. Many selected a section of land and voted in a meeting or meetings. This was intending to appear there was a pro-slavery majority in this region. In fact, each side became a majority back and forth.
As early as June 10, 1854, the Missourians held a meeting at Salt Creek Valley, a trading post  west from Fort Leavenworth, at which a "Squatter's Claim Association" was organized. In newspaper articles they said they were in favor of making Kansas a slave state "if it should require half the citizens of Missouri, musket in hand, to emigrate there, and even sacrifice their lives in accomplishing so desirable an end." In another paper they warned: "The abolitionists will probably not be interrupted if they settle north of the fortieth parallel of north latitude, but south of that line, and within Kansas Territory they need not set foot. It is decreed by the people who live adjacent that their institutions are to be established, and candor compels us to advise accordingly."

Free-Staters
Free-Staters 

During the long debate before the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, planning had already started for emigrants from the free states to settle in the territory. The largest organization created for this purpose was the New England Emigrant Aid Company, organized by Eli Thayer. Emigration from the free states, including New England, Iowa, Ohio, and other Midwestern states, flowed into the territory beginning in 1854. These emigrants were known as Free-Staters. Because Missourians had claimed much of the land closest to the border, the Free-Staters were forced to establish settlements further into Kansas Territory. Among these were Lawrence, Topeka, and Manhattan.

Abolitionists
Abolitionists 

Abolitionists, like Free-Staters, did not want Kansas to become a slave state. They wanted to get rid of slavery permanently in the United States. Abolitionists also believed “all men are created equal.” Unlike Free-Staters, they wanted equal rights for blacks. The official Free-State line supported the idea of excluding all Black people from the state of Kansas. While they didn't have slaves themselves most were prejudiced against black people believing the popular idea they were inferior. Most of the settlers seemed to want free soil for white people only. Eventually they compromised with Free-Staters to prevent slavery in Kansas.
First Territorial Appointments
The first territorial appointments were made in June and July 1854. The officers appointed by President Franklin Pierce. They were confirmed by the United States Senate. The first governor was Democrat Andrew Horatio Reeder. Reeder was completely in sympathy with the pro-slavery southerners. He took the oath of office in Washington, DC on July 7, 1854. He arrived in Kansas on October 7, the same year. Reeder became one of the most active land speculators in the territory. In 1855, this conflict of interest finally got him fired as governor by President Pierce.

Election of Territorial Legislature
On March 30, 1855 "Border Ruffians" from Missouri entered Kansas during the territory's first legislative election and voted in a pro-slavery Territorial Legislature. This was called the "Bogus Legislature" because of the widespread claims of election fraud. Antislavery candidates prevailed in one election district, the future Riley County.
The first session of the legislature was held in Pawnee, Kansas (within the boundary of modern-day Fort Riley) at the request of Governor Reeder. He chose it for several reasons, not the least of which was he was an investor in the city. The two-story stone building still stands and is open to the public as the first Territorial Capitol of Kansas. The building remained as the seat of the legislature for five days from July 2–6, 1855, then moved nearer Missouri to the Shawnee Methodist Mission.

The last legislative act of the Territorial Legislature was the approval of the charter for the College of the Sisters of Bethany. This was February 2, 1861—four days after James Buchanan signed the act of Congress that officially brought Kansas into the Union.
James H. Lane joined the Free-State movement in 1855 and became president the Topeka Constitutional Convention from October 23 to November 11, 1855. He was later a leader of "Jayhawkers". The first Free-state mass-meeting was in Lawrence on the evening of June 8, 1855. Missourians were charged with voter fraud, ballot-box stuffing, and the "Bogus Legislature" which does not represent the legal voters of this Territory.

It was claimed that some Missourians had used violence toward the persons and property of the inhabitants of the Kansas Territory. It was agreed that Kansas should be a free State. Also that Missourians in the late Kansas election were a gross outrage on the elective franchise and rights of freemen. They were also charged with violating popular sovereignty. Those attending did not feel bound to obey any laws made by the illegitimate legislature.

Bleeding Kansas
The violent period following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act is called Bleeding Kansas. Pro-slavery Missourians rushed in to claim land and push for the state to become a slave state. Free-Staters and abolitionists poured into Kansas from New England, Ohio, Iowa, and other midwestern states. In a short time they outnumbered the pro-slavery faction. However, when elections were held in Kansas Territory, bands of armed Ruffians seized polling places. They prevented Free-State men from voting, and they cast illegal votes. There was violence on both sides.   Border Ruffians also engaged in general violence against Free-State settlements. They burned farms and sometimes murdered Free-State men. Ruffians twice attacked Lawrence, Kansas, the Free-State capital. On 1 December 1855, a small army of mainly Border Ruffians laid siege to Lawrence, but were driven off. (This was the nearly bloodless climax to the "Wakarusa War"
.) On 21 May 1856, an even larger force of Border Ruffians and pro-slavery Kansans captured Lawrence, which they sacked. In retaliation, John Brown and 7 followers committed the Pottawatomie massacre. In this incident, Brown and his followers dragged five unarmedmen and boys from their houses and murdered with swords, guns and knives. This only increased the violence leading to the Battle of Osawatomie where the abolitionists of Osawatomie were attacked and the town burned.
Notes

References 

19th century in the United States
History of Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
1854 establishments in the United States
1861 disestablishments
Former territories of the United States
Gelterfingen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Gelterfingen, Mühledorf and Noflen merged into the municipality of Kirchdorf.

References

Former municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Gerzensee is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The town is named after its lake: Gerzensee.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Gerzensee 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Realp is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official Webpage 

Municipalities of Uri
Golaten was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipality of Golaten merged into the municipality of Kallnach.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Gondiswil (Dialect: Gumiswil) is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website of Gondiswil 

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Schattdorf is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 5,000 people live in Schattdorf. It has an area of .

References

Other websites
 

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Uri
Seedorf is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 1,500 people live in Seedorf, Uri. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official website of Seedorf 

Municipalities of Uri
Seelisberg is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Uri
Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama  also known as Vasco da Gama or simply Vasco, is a Brazilian professional sports club based in Rio de Janeiro, in the neighborhood of São Cristovão. Although it competes in a number of different sports, Vasco is mostly known for its football team.

League title
Série B : 1
2009

References

Football clubs in Rio de Janeiro
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Brazil
Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito (also called Liga de Quito or just Liga) is an Ecuadorian association football club based in Quito, Ecuador. The team currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A and was founded on 11 January 1930. LDU Quito is one of the most successful Ecuadorian teams, winning 9 regional titles, 10 national titles, and 4 international titles. They were runners-up in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup as well.

Honours 

Regional
 Campeonato Amateur del Fútbol de Pichincha (3): 1932, 1952, 1953
 Campeonato Professional Interandino (6): 1954, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1966, 1967
National
 Serie A (10): 1969, 1974, 1975, 1990, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005 Apertura, 2007, 2010
 Serie B (2): 1974 E1, 2001
International
 Copa Libertadores (1): 2008
 Copa Sudamericana (1): 2009
 Recopa Sudamericana (2): 2009, 2010

References 

1930 establishments in South America
South American football clubs
Central Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.

Geography
Central Italy borders to the northwest with Liguria (Northwest Italy); to the northeast with San Marino and Emilia-Romagna (Northeast Italy); to the south with Abruzzo, Molise and Campania (South Italy).

The Adriatic Sea is to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west.

The Apennines are mountain ranges that go across Central Italy. The highest point, in the region, is Monte Vettore () that is  high. The main rivers are the Arno and Tiber rivers. The largest lakes are Trasimeno,  Bolsena and Bracciano.

Regions
Central Italy encompasses four of the 20 regions of Italy, including 41 provinces and 985  comuniː
As geographical region, however, Central Italy also includes the regions of Abruzzo and Molise, which are usually part of Southern Italy for historical reasonsː both were part of the southern Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The comuni with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː

Related pages
 NUTS level 1:
 Northwest Italy
 Northeast Italy
 Central Italy
 South Italy
 Insular Italy
 Northern Italy
 Southern Italy

References

Geography of Italy
The Chinese Football Association Super League (Chinese: 中国足球协会超级联赛; Pinyin: Zhōngguó Zúqiú Xiéhuì Chāojí Liánsài; usually called Chinese Super League (中超联赛) or CSL; and known as Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League for sponsorship reasons) is the highest tier of professional association football in China. It is controlled by the Chinese Football Association.

The league was created in 2004 and replaced the Chinese Football Association Jia-A League.

Currently, 16 teams play in the league. The Chinese Super League has been won by 7 teams: Shanghai Shenhua, Shenzhen Jianlibao, Dalian Shide, Shandong Luneng, Changchun Yatai, Beijing Guoan, and Guangzhou Evergrande.

2016 clubs

History 

In 1994, the Chinese Jia-A League became the country's first professional football league. People in the Chinese Football Association began to talk about creating a new league in late-2000. In 2002, the CFA made a decision to establish the Chinese Super League, which started in 2004.

Results and statistics
Champions 

The following table shows who won the league and when.

Top scorers

Other websites 

 Official site of the Chinese Super League  
 Official site of the Chinese Football Association 
 RSSSF.com - China - List of Champions
 English site about the CSL

References 

Football leagues in Asia
Football in China
2004 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in China
Ratna Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah (born 19 August 1928) was Queen consort of Nepal from 1955 to 1972 and Queen Mother from 1972 to 2008 when the royal family were removed of all titles and privileges.

She is the second wife of King Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Queen Ratna belongs to the aristocratic Rana family. She is the daughter of late Honorary General Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and his wife, Megha Kumari Rajya Lakshmi.

References

Other websites

Royal Court of Nepal 

1928 births
Living people
Nepalese Hindus
Kings and Queens consort
Helen Joanne "Jo" Cox (née Leadbeater; 22 June 1974 – 16 June 2016) was an English UK Labour Party politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Batley and Spen from her election in May 2015 until her assassination in June 2016. She won the seat with an increased majority for Labour in the 2015 general election. She also worked at humanitarian organisation Oxfam.

Assassination

On 16 June 2016, Cox was shot and stabbed many times in Birstall, where she had been holding a small meeting with her constituents. Cox was left in critical condition and she died from her injuries about an hour later at the age of 41. A 52-year-old man was arrested after the attack.

References

1974 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Assassinated English politicians
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Murders by firearm in England
People from West Yorkshire
UK MPs 2015–2017
Adolph Cornelis 'Dolf' van Bruggen (9 July 1929 – 3 June 2016) was a Dutch malacologist, entomologist and botanist. His works were about the tropics and tropical Africa. His career lasted over 50 years. He was an expert especially in the land snail families Streptaxidae, Achatinidae and Maizaniidae. As of 2008, he had written some 655 scientific publications.

References

Other websites
 Articles by A. C. van Bruggen  at Naturalis Digital Repository

1929 births
2016 deaths
Botanists
Dutch biologists
Writers from The Hague
Entomologists
Gilbert C. Bartosh, Sr. (May 21, 1930 – June 4, 2016) was an American football player and coach.  He served as the head football coach at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) from 1974 to 1975, with a record of 6–28.

He was born in Granger, Texas. He died in Liberty Hill, Texas, aged 86.

References

1930 births
2016 deaths
American football players
Sportspeople from Texas
Villefranche-d'Albigeois is a commune in the Tarn department of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Tarn department

References
INSEE

Other websites
 

Communes in Tarn
Sulabha (or Sulbha) Deshpande (; 1937 – 4 June 2016) was an Indian movie, theatre and television actress and theatre director. She was known for her roles in Bhumika (1977),  Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan (1978) and Gaman (1978).

Deshpande died on 4 June 2016 from a long-illness in Mumbai at the age of 78 or 79.

References

Other websites
 Awishkar website 
 
 Sulabha Deshpande at Bollywood Hungama

1937 births
2016 deaths
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Actors from Mumbai
Villefranche may refer to:

Places in France
 Villefranche, Gers, Gers department
 Villefranche, Yonne, Yonne department
 Villefranche-d'Albigeois, Tarn department
 Villefranche-d'Allier, Allier department
 Villefranche-de-Conflent, Pyrénées-Orientales department
 Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Haute-Garonne department
 Villefranche-de-Lonchat, Dordogne department
 Villefranche-de-Panat, Aveyron department
 Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Aveyron department
 Villefranche-du-Périgord, Dordogne department
 Villefranche-du-Queyran, Lot-et-Garonne department
 Villefranche-le-Château, Drôme department
 Villefranche-sur-Cher, Loir-et-Cher department
 Villefranche-sur-Mer, Alpes-Maritimes department
 Villefranche-sur-Saône, Rhône department
 Villefranche, former municipality, now part of Saulmory-Villefranche, Meuse department