Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Plebiscite
In 1933, many anti-Nazi Germans fled to the Saar, as it was the only part of Germany left outside the Third Reich's control.  As a result, anti-Nazi groups wanted the Saarland to remain under control of League of Nations as long as Adolf Hitler ruled Germany.  However, France had a lot of power in the Saar, including control of the coal mines.  Not many Saarlanders liked France, and in the plebiscite on 13 January 1935, 90% of the voters wished to join Germany, and 8.86% wanted to stay with the League of Nations.  Only 0.40% (that is, four voters in every thousand) wanted to join France.

Nazi rule

On 17 January 1935, the territory's re-union with Germany was approved by the League Council. On 1 March, the Nazi Germany took over the region, and appointed Josef Bürckel as Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes, "Reich Commissioner for the re-union of Saarland".

Many former politicians and office holders of the Saargebiet were changed or arrested by the Nazis.
When re-incorporation was completed, the governor became Reichskommissar für das Saarland, "Reich Commissioner of Saarland" on 17 June 1936.

Related pages
 Saarland The modern Land of Germany
 Saar (protectorate), a protectorate under French control (1947-1956)
 Sarre (département), a département of France (1798-1814)
 Saar River
 Nazi Germany
 Free City of Danzig

Notes

Other websites 
 Saarland in the page about Germany on WorldStatesmen.org
 Part III - Political Clauses for Europe, Treaty of Versaille 

States and territories established in the 20th century
1920 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Germany
League of Nations mandates
Saarland
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
1930s disestablishments in Germany
1935 disestablishments in Europe
Sir William Walton OM, (born Oldham, 29 March 1902; died Ischia, Italy, 8 March 1983) was a British composer and conductor. He was one of the most important British composers of the mid-20th century, a period that included Benjamin Britten and Michael Tippett. His music has very lively rhythms which are often jazzy.

Early years 
Walton’s family were musical but they had very little money. Both his parents sang, and Walton sang in the local church choir. His father would hit him if he made a mistake. This may be why in later life he was so careful about every note he wrote.
At the age of ten he joined the choir of Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford. He learned the piano and violin. He was only 16 years when he went to Oxford University where he was at Christ Church, Oxford. Most of what he knew about composing he taught himself. He studied the scores of works by Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, Jean Sibelius and others. He had some lessons from Hugh Allen, the cathedral organist. At Oxford Walton became friends with two poets: Sacheverell Sitwell and Siegfried Sassoon. Most of the music he wrote when he was very young has been lost, but the choral anthem A Litany, written when he was just fifteen, shows his musical talent with its modern harmonies.
Walton left Oxford in 1920 without a degree having failed his exams three times. He went to live with the Sitwell family, who introduced him to many important people, including the composer Constant Lambert and song writer Noel Coward. He also travelled with the Sitwells to Italy. In 1923 he set one of Edith Sitwell’s poems to music. The piece was called Façade. The music was very jazzy and almost jokey, and it sounded very modern to many people at that time.

During the 1920s, Walton earned some money playing the piano at jazz clubs, but he spent most of his time composing in the Sitwells' attic. The orchestral overture Portsmouth Point (which he dedicated to Sassoon) was the first work which shows Walton’s real style. In 1929 the Viola Concerto started to make him really famous. This was followed by Belshazzar's Feast (1931), the Symphony No. 1 (1935), the coronation march Crown Imperial (1937), and the Violin Concerto (1939). All these works are very popular today.
After World War II 
During World War II, Walton did not have to do military service so he had time to compose music for propaganda films, such as The First of the Few (1942), and Laurence Olivier's adaptation of Shakespeare's Henry V (1944). After composing a second string quartet (1946) Walton spent most of the next seven years writing his opera, Troilus and Cressida (1947 – 1954). The opera was not very popular. This was because his music was rather Romantic, very different from a lot of modern music that was in fashion in the 1950s, especially the music of Pierre Boulez and his followers.

Walton also composed the music for two more Shakespeare-Olivier films - the Academy Award-winning Hamlet, and Richard III. Walton, however, did not win Oscars for any of his Shakespeare-based scores.
Walton then started to write more orchestral music: the Cello Concerto (1956), the Symphony No. 2 (1960), and the Variations on a Theme by Hindemith (1963). He started to have many honours: He was knighted in 1951 and received the Order of Merit in 1968. People liked his one-act comic opera The Bear, when it was performed at the Aldeburgh Festival in 1967, and he was asked by people from all over the world for new music. His song-cycles from this period were given their first performances by famous singers such as Peter Pears and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf.

Last years
In his last years, Walton found composition more and more difficult. He tried to compose a third symphony for André Previn, but later gave up. His last works were mostly church music or reworkings of older pieces.. He had settled on the island of Ischia in Italy in 1949 with his Argentine wife Susana Gil. He died there in 1983.
Since his death, Walton's music has been performed and recorded a lot. People no longer think of him as old-fashioned, but as a composer who had a very strong personality which can be heard clearly in his music.

Walton was knighted in 1951 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1967.

1902 births
1983 deaths
20th-century English composers
Order of Merit
People from Oldham
Knights Bachelor
This is a list of Romanian composers.
 Anton Pann (1790s–1854), wrote Romania's national anthem
 Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883), 19th century composer
 George Enescu (1881–1955), 20th century composer, violinist, pianist; spent much of his career in France
 Grigoraş Dinicu (1889–1949), 20th century composer best known for his violin showpiece Hora staccato
 Martian Negrea (1893–1975), composer, teacher and conductor. His creation involves all musical formes and genres and is distinguished by a personal melodic inspiration.
 Sabin Dragoi (1894–1968), composer and folklorist, is one of pioneers of scientific gathering of Romanian folklore.
 Theodor Rogalski (1901–1954), composer, conductor and pianist, he had composed chamber and symphonic music. He is one of the biggest Romanian masters of orchestration.
 Paul Constantinescu (1909–1963), 20th century composer, best known for religious and vocal music, also wrote music for Romanian films
 Tiberiu Brediceanu (1877-1968)-was a Romanian composer and folklorist;
Anatol Vieru (1926–1998), winner of the Herder Prize in 1986, his creation includes symphonic, chamber and choral music.
 Ion Ivanovici (1845-1902),was the composer of The Waves of Danube waltz;
 Gheorghe Cucu (1882-1932), was a Romanian folklorist and composer;
 Filaret Barbu (1903-1984), was a Romanian composer, well known for the operetta Ana Lugojana;
 Constantin Dimitrescu (1847-1928), was the composer of Peasant Dance.
 Ion Voicu (1923-1997), was a Romanian violinist;
 Sergiu Celibidache ( 1912-1996 )-was a Romanian composer and conductor;
 Constantin Silvestri (1913-1969),was a composer, who lived in England;
 Alexander Flechtenmacher (1823-1829),was not a Romanian composer, but lived in Romania; he composed the operetta Baba Harca
 Eduard Caudella (1841-1924)-wrote the first Romanian opera, Petru Rares
 Teodor Teodorescu -was the composer of the a cappella work Cucul
 Mihail Jora (1891-1971)-was the Parent of Romanian ballet;important works:Intoarcerea din adancuri, La piata etc.
Dinu Lipatti (1917-1950) was a great Romanian pianist;
 Nicolae Kirculescu (1903-1985) was a Romanian musician. He composed theatre and film music, amongst which "Plutasul pe *Bistriţa", the theme of Teleenciclopedia.
 George Grigoriu (1927-1999) was the composer of The Waves of the Danube operetta;
 Nicolae Bretan (1887–1968) was an Romanian opera composer, also baritone, conductor and critic.
 Paraschiv Oprea (1937-2004) was a Romanian conductor, musician and composer;
 Cornel Trăilescu (1926-)is an Romanian opera composer and conductor.
 Doina Rotaru (1951-) is a Romanian composer of mostly orchestral and chamber works that have been performed throughout the world.
 Cristian Matei (1977-) is a Romanian composer. Matei studied at the National University of Music in Bucharest, film music composition.
 George Balint (1961-) is a Romanian composer.
 Vladimir Cosma (1940-) is a composer and violinist, born in Bucharest, Romania.
 Liviu Dănceanu (1954-)is a Romanian composer;
Dimitrie Cuclin (1885-1978) was a Romanian classical music composer, musicologist, philosopher, translator, and writer.
 Valentin Gheorghiu (1928-) is a Romanian pianist and composer;
 Ludovic Bacs (1930-) is a Romanian composer, conductor and instrumentalist;
 Johnny Răducanu (1931-) is a Romanian jazz composer and conductor;
 Matei Socor (1908-1980) was a composer and musician;
 Mircea Hoinic (1910-1986) was a composer and conductor;
 Ionel Perlea (1900-1970)-was a Romanian composer and conductor;
 Cornel Ţăranu (1934-) is a Romanian composer from Cluj-Napoca;
 Bogdan Bradu (1968-) is a Romanian composer, singer and violinist;
 Octavian Nemescu (1940-) is a Romanian composer of orchestral, chamber, choral, electroacoustic, multimedia, metamusic, imaginary, and ritual works that have been heard throughout Europe and elsewhere.
 Pascal Bentoiu (1927-) is a Romanian Modernist composer.
The Free City of Danzig (; ) was a self-governing port on the Baltic Sea port and a city-state. It was set up on January 10, 1920, by Part III Section XI of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, and put under League of Nations protection, with special rights reserved to Poland, because it was the only port in the Polish Corridor.

The Free City ceased to exist after 1939 when it was occupied and annexed by Nazi Germany. After Germany's defeat in 1945 Danzig was occupied and annexed by Poland under the Polish name Gdańsk.

Establishment

Territory 
The Free City of Danzig included the major city of Danzig (Gdańsk) as well as Zoppot (Sopot), Tiegenhof (Nowy Dwór Gdański), Neuteich (Nowy Staw) and some 252 villages and 63 hamlets. Its area was .
Polish rights 
The Free City was represented abroad by Poland's ambassadors. The railway line that connected the Free City with Poland was administered by Poland. Similarly, the separated military post within the city's harbour, the Westerplatte (formerly a city beach), was also given to Poland. There were also two post-offices, one for the Danzig Postal Service, the other was Polish-run.

League of Nations High Commissioners 
League of Nations mandated territories, were run by member countries on behalf of the League. But Danzig and the Saargebiet were run by the League of Nations itself, with representatives of various countries taking on the role of High Commissioner:

Population 
The Free City's population was 357,000 in (1919). 98% were German-speakers, with the rest mainly speaking either Kashubian or Polish.
The Treaty of Versailles, split Danzig from Germany. The treaty made the people living in the city citizens of the Free City. German inhabitants lost their German nationality, if they wanted to stay German they had to go and live outside the Free City's territory.

Politics 
Heads of State of the Free City of Danzig

In May 1933, the Nazi Party won the local elections in the city. But they had less than the two-thirds majority that would let them change the Constitution of the Free City of Danzig. The government introduced anti-Semitic and also anti-Catholic laws against the Poles and Kashubian inhabitants.

Poland always refused to allow the status of Danzig to change. In April 1939 the Polish Commissioner-General said that Poland was willing to fight if there was a change..

Second World War and aftermath 
The Nazi government voted for re-unification with Germany on September 2, 1939, the day after the German invasion of Poland began.
Around 90% of the city was reduced to ruins towards the end of the Second World War. On March 30, 1945 the city was taken by the USSR. It is thought that more than 90% of the pre-war population were either dead or had fled by 1945.

The Allied Powers were told at the Potsdam conference that the former Free State was now part of Poland. (The Yalta conference was unclear whether the Free City would be recreated or not).

Related pages
 Gdańsk
 Danzig Corridor

References

Other websites 

 Jewish community history
 History of Gdansk/Danzig
 Gdańsk history 
 In 1997 Gdansk celebrated his thousand anniversary
 history & hallucination 
 The power of Gdansk 

1930s disestablishments in Germany
1920 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Germany
Former city-states
Gdańsk
League of Nations mandates
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
States and territories established in the 20th century
Surf's Up is a 2007 American computer-animated movie made by Sony Pictures Animation. It stars Shia LaBeouf, Jeff Bridges, Zooey Deschanel, Jon Heder, Mario Cantone, James Woods, Rebecca Honig, Diedrich Bader, Rob Machado, Kelly Slater and Sal Masekela. The movie is a cartoon of surfing documentaries, like The Endless Summer and Riding Giants. Composed by Randy Newman.

References

2007 animated movies
American animated movies
Movies about animals
English-language movies
Movies directed by Chris Buck
"Baby Boy" is a Middle Eastern-influenced R&B and dancehall song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Sean Paul, Robert Waller, and Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter for Knowles' first solo album, Dangerously in Love (2003).

It was produced by Knowles and Storch and was released to positive reception as the album's second single in July 2003. The song (which features dancehall singer Sean Paul) reached number one in the U.S., becoming Beyoncé's second solo number-one single and Sean Paul's second; it also reached number two in the UK. It was also recognized at the ASCAP awards by the label companies receiving the Publisher of the Year from EMI and Most Performed Songs award in 2003.  It was certified Platinum in the US for sales and shipments of over one million copies there. "Baby Boy" finished at number 12 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 of 2003.
Official remixes/versions 
 Baby Boy Part 2 (feat. Sean Paul)
 Baby Boy (Acapella) (feat. Sean Paul)
 Baby Boy (Instrumental) (feat. Sean Paul)
 Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Anthem Remix)
 Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Remix - Edit)
 Baby Boy (Junior's Padapella Remix)
 Baby Boy (Junior's Tribapella Remix)
 Baby Boy (Junior's World Mixshow)
 Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Dub Baby!)
 Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix)
 Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - No Rap)
 Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - Video Edit)
 Baby Boy (Jones & Conlin Vibelicious Club Mix)
 Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix - Edit)
 Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix)
 Baby Boy (DJ Whoo Kid Steppin In Hotta Remix) (feat. Lloyd Banks)
 Baby Boy (Sandeep Chatterjee & DJ Wildbill DMC Remix)
 Baby Boy (Jimbeamjr's Taj Mahal Mix)

References

2003 songs
Beyoncé songs
Sean Paul songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
The Free City of Danzig (German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) existed between 1920 and 1939.

The City had its own post office, currency and citizenship, but it was not independent: it was administered directly by the League of Nations, represented by a High Commissioner. The city was governed by the Senate.  The head of state was the President of the Senate.  The Free City was represented abroad by Poland's ambassadors.

League of Nations High Commissioners 

League of Nations mandated territories, were run by member countries on behalf of the League.  But Danzig and the Saargebiet were run by the League of Nations itself, with representatives of various countries being the High Commissioner:

Politics 
Heads of State of the Free City of Danzig

Related pages
Free City of Danzig

References 

Free City of Danzig
Danzig
Main-Franconian is group of German dialects that are spoken in the centre of Germany, in the area known as Franconia near the river Main.

In Germany most people call these dialects simply “Fränkisch”.  Although they have a lot in common there are many variations from one small region to another.

Historically Franconia (German: “Franken”) was a very large area covering a lot of Germany including parts of the Rhine as far as the Netherlands.  Today Franconia is the north part of Bavaria (German: “Bayern”) including what is known as Lower Franconia, Upper Franconia, Mid-Franconia and  parts of Upper Bavaria.

Examples of Franconian dialect

Typical for Franconian dialects is the voiceless consonants becoming voiced, i.e. “k” pronounced like “g”, “t” like “d”, “p” like “b” and “s” like English “z”.  In pubs one often hears on the public address system a request for a member of staff 
”bidde dzur dege gommen”
 
English: Please come to the bar.

Vo da Dande a Bageed griing means:
English: “To receive a parcel from one’s auntie“

The pronunciation of vowels may be different from normal German, e.g.
Franconia is often described as the place where:
”die Hasen ‘Hoosn’ und die Hosen ‘Huusn’ haasn.”
i.e. ‘Hasen‘ (‘hares‘) are called ‘Hoosn‘ (‘Hosen’=’trousers’) and ‘Hoosn’ are called ‘Husen’. (German “Hasen” has an “a” as in British “car”; “Hosen” has an “o” similar to “oa” in “boat”; “Husen”, which does not mean anything, has a “u” like British “oo” in “moon”).

An angry Franconian might say:
”Der Hamml, der gscheerde, der ko wos erlehm, wenna haam kummd!”

English: “The rotten fellow will be in trouble when he gets home!“

References
“Fränkisch” by Jens Sobisch; Kauderwelsch 186, ASMB 3-89416-474-3

German dialects
Languages of Germany
Port Arthur is a Texan city that was hit by Hurricane Alicia on August 18, 1983. There was 57,755 people at the 2000 census.

Other websites 
City of Port Arthur, Texas
Historic Article on Port Arthur (WWII) 
Lots of historical Port Arthur photos 

Cities in Texas
Moisture mostly means the presence of water, often in trace amounts (small quantities).
Moisture exists in the atmosphere in all three forms solid, liquid and gas. 

Water
Marta Colvin Andrade (born 22 June 1907 in Chillán, Chile, died 27 October 1995 in Santiago, Chile) was a sculptor.

Colvin began sculpting in Chillán years after marrying and forming a family. After the 1939 earthquake, Marta Colvin lived in Santiago. While there, she went to the Belle Arts School of the University of Chile. Her teachers were Julio Antonio Vásquez and Lorenzo Domínguez. In 1943, she worked as an instructor at the Vasquez Factory. She became a professor there in 1950. In 1948, she traveled to France to study at the Academy Grand Chaumiere with the sculptors Ossip Zadkine and Henri Laurens. In 1951, she was invited by the British Council to study in the Slade School of the University of London, England. Colvin spent the next thirty years working and studying in France. Her talent was known world-wide. In 1970, she was awarded the National Prize of Art.
Other websites
  http://www.portaldearte.cl/autores/colvin.htm 
  http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0015818.pdf "Premio Nacional de Arte"

Chilean sculptors
People from Bío Bío Region
1907 births
1995 deaths
Bárbara of Portugal (Pronunciation , December 4, 1711 – August 27, 1758) was a Portuguese princess, daughter of King John V of Portugal, of the House of Braganza, and his wife, Maria Anna of Austria.

She was born on 4 December 1711 in Lisbon, Portugal and given the name Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa de Bragança but she was usually called just Bárbara or Maria Bárbara, in honour of Saint Barbara, the saint of her birthday.

She had a fine education and loved music. She could speak six languages and studied music for several years with Domenico Scarlatti, the famous Italian harpsichordist and composer.

In 1729, when she was 18 years old, she married the future King Ferdinand VI of Spain, in Badajoz, Spain. They had no children. She died on 27 August 1758 in Aranjuez, Spain.

The city of Santa Bárbara de Samaná in the Dominican Republic was named after her when it was founded in 1756.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
4 December 1711 – 19 October 1712 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Brazil
19 October 1712 – 20 January 1729 Her Highness the Infanta Barbara of Portugal
20 January 1729 – 9 July 1746 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Asturias
9 July 1746 – 27 August 1758 Her Majesty the Queen of Spain

House of Braganza
1711 births
1758 deaths
People from Lisbon
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
An Arizona hurricane is a tropical cyclone forming in the eastern Pacific Ocean that affects the state of Arizona in the United States. Usually, the storm makes landfall in the Mexican states of Baja California or Sonora, with the remaining moisture normally having mild rainfall effects on the state. However, a few storms have crossed into Arizona while they still had tropical storm strength.

It is extremely difficult for a hurricane to form in Arizona because the normal storms that form in the eastern Pacific Ocean move either parallel or away from the Pacific coast of Northwestern Mexico. As a result, most storms that could affect Arizona, are carried away from the United States, and only 6% of all Pacific hurricanes enter US territory. In average, Arizona experiences the effects of tropical cyclones once every five years. Many, but not all, of these systems also affected California.
Tropical storms are one of Arizona's main sources of rainfall, and they infuse the monsoon over the southwestern United States. However, all of the storms that have impacted Arizona have formed in the latter parts of the Pacific hurricane season, and no storm has affected the state before August.

Deadly storms

Some of these tropical cyclones have caused deaths or a lot of property damage, usually because of flooding created by rain.

In August of 1935, the remnants of an unnamed tropical storm that landed on southern California causing heavy rains and flooding across Arizona, especially along the Santa Cruz River and Rillito Creek on Southern Arizona. The rainfall due to the storm still holds the record rainfall at the National Weather Service office in Tucson.
In September of 1970, the remnants of Tropical Storm Norma became Arizona's deadliest storm when they contributed to the disaster known as the "Labor Day storm of 1970". As Norma dissipated, moisture from the cyclone was captured in a large extratropical low. The resulting rainfall created deadly floods that killed 23 people and caused huge damages. Two years later, the remnants of Hurricane Joanne caused flooding that created damages up to $10 million (1972 USD) and eight deaths.

On September 11, 1976, Hurricane Kathleen killed a man when a gust of wind blew a palm tree down onto his mobile home. Strong flooding and hailstorms also resulted.

A weather system, including moisture from Tropical Storm Octave, caused heavy rains over a ten-day period. Fourteen people drowned, 975 were injured, and roughly 10,000 people were left homeless when the flooding ended. The amount of damage from the disaster was put at 370 million (year unknown) USD.

References

hurricanes
Weather lists
Arizona hurricanes, List of
The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the best-known and most recognizable of all ducks. It can be found throughout most of North America, Europe, Asia, New Zealand and Australia. It is the most common and widespread duck. It can be found in almost any area with a wetland habitat, even in urban areas.

Description 
The mallard is a large and heavy looking duck. It has a body and a long and a broad bill. The male has a dark green head, a yellow bill, is mainly purple-brown on the breast and grey on the body. The female is mainly brown with an orange bill.

Habitat 
It breeds in all parts of the Europe in summer and winter, wherever there are suitable wetland habitats. It is scarcer in upland areas.

Ducks
Naughty Girl is an R&B/disco song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller, and Angela Beyincé for Knowles' debut solo album, Dangerously in Love (2003). It was released as the fourth single. It was also recognized at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers 2005 Pop Music Awards by receiving the "Songwriter of the Year" —sharing with Scott Storch, Robert Walker, Angela Beyincé, and Donna Summer—and "Most Performed Songs" awards. The remixes feature Lil' Flip, Lil' Kim, Grafh, and Redman.
Music video 
The video for this song was directed by Jake Nava, who had risen to popularity after directing Beyoncé's first two videos, "Crazy In Love" and "Baby Boy." The video pays tribute to Hollywood's Golden Era, as Beyoncé and the cast of the video are dressed in old fashioned, glamorous clothing and hairstyles. As the title of the song suggest, Beyoncé plays the role of the naughty girl in several sexy sequences, as she can be seen dancing seductively with Usher emulating Cyd Charisse and Fred Astaire in The Band Wagon.
Official versions 
 Naughty Girl Part 2 (feat. Jae R)
 Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Club Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Naughty Dub)
 Naughty Girl (Calderone Fierce Ruling Diva's Whore Dipped In Honey Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat Lil' Flip)
 Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Graph)
 Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Flip & Stack Bundles)
 Naughty Girl (Remix) (feat. Lil' Kim)
 Naughty Girl (Jones & Impure Vibelicious Remix)
 Naughty Girl (Junior's World Re-edit Mix)
 Naughty Girl/Living For The City (The Beyonce Experience Version)
 Naughty Girl (Junior's Feeling Like An Orchid)
 Naughty Girl (Junior's World Mixshow)
 Naughty Girl (Junior's Naughty Marathon Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Love To Infinity DMC Mix)
 Naughty Girl (The Popstar Club Anthem)
 Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Kobra Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Magic Lamp Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Crew Pharaoh Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Dr. Octavo Desert Mix)
 Naughty Girl (Eric Sermon Remix) (feat. Redman)
Cover versions 
 Roesy on Even Better than the Real Thing Vol. 2
 Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine covered the song on their 2006 album Silent Nightclub.

Beyoncé songs
2004 songs
The original Yankee Stadium was a baseball stadium in New York City, New York in the United States. It was opened in 1923. The MLB team New York Yankees played there until 2008. The Yankees moved to the new Yankee Stadium starting with the 2009 season. The stadium was also the home field of the New York Giants football team from the mid-1950s into the early 1970s. It was also used for college football, soccer, boxing matches, musical events, and even a mass conducted by the Pope. The stadium was also called the "House that Ruth Built" by many to honor Babe Ruth, a Yankee who hit many home runs during the stadium's first years. The stadium was torn down in early 2009.

Former Major League Baseball venues
Former National Football League venues
Sports buildings in New York City
New York Yankees
The Bronx
1923 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
2009 disestablishments in New York (state)
1923 in sports
The Allied powers who defeated Nazi Germany in World War II divided the country into four occupation zones  from 1945 to 1949.

The British zone consisted of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg,  Lower Saxony and the present-day state of North Rhine-Westphalia.  The British military government was based in Bad Oeynhausen.

Bremen and Bremerhaven were surrounded by the British Zone, but were given to the United States, so that the Americans had a port. What is now Rhineland-Palatinate was to be a part of the British Zone.  It was given up to form part of the French occupation zone.
In May 1949 the British, French, and American zones were joined to form the Federal Republic of Germany.  The military governors were replaced by civilian high commissioners.  The high commissioners were part-governor and part-ambassador.  The occupation officially continued until 1955.  This is when the Federal Republic became a fully sovereign state, the western occupation zones ceased to exist, and the high commissioners were replaced by normal ambassadors. But the four allied powers still had special rights and responsibilities in Germany until the Final Settlement of 1990.

The city of Berlin, however, was not part of either state and continued to be under Allied occupation until 1990.

The military governors and commissioners

Military governors 

 22 May 1945 - 30 April 1946 Sir Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
 1 May 1946 - 31 October 1947 William Sholto Douglas
 1 November 1947 - 21 September 1949 Gen. Sir Brian Robertson, Bt.

High commissioners
21 September 1949 - 24 June 1950  Gen. Sir Brian Robertson, Bt.

 24 June 1950 - 29 September 1953  Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick

 29 September 1953 - 5 May 1955  Sir Frederick Hoyer-Millar

Related pages 

Allied occupation zone
American occupation zone
Soviet occupation zone

References 
 Post-WWII commanders/governors of Germany

West Germany
1945 establishments in Germany
1940s establishments in the United Kingdom
1949 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in Germany
1940s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Greater Hesse () was a part of the American Occupation Zone  of Germany after World War II

The German Empire broke up after World War I.  The Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt () became the People's State of Hesse () on 2 March 1919.

After World War II, on 19 September 1945, the American Military Government joined Hesse-Darmstadt (except for Rheinhessen) with parts of  the Prussian provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau to form Greater-Hesse.

On 18 December 1946 the state was renamed Hesse, and in 1949 became a part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Hesse
1945 establishments in Germany
1946 disestablishments in Europe
World War II
Former states in Germany
1940s disestablishments in Germany
Mioriţa (The Little Ewe) is a Romanian traditional ballad.

Other websites 
 Mioriţa in Romanian
 Mioriţa in English  (translation by W. D. Snodgrass)

Romanian culture
Ballads
1790s songs
Muzio Clementi was an Italian composer in classical period who lived from 1752 to 1832. He was born in Rome, Italy. He was the first composer to write music for the pianoforte which made use of the instrument's special features.  He was also the first virtuoso performer on the instrument. As a composer, performer, and maker of pianos, he is known as the "father of the pianoforte.

Early life
Clementi was born in Rome on January 23, 1752. He was the eldest child of Nicolo Clementi, a silversmith, and Magdalena Kaiser. Clementi began to learn music from Antonio Baroni (1738-1792), who was a relative. Baroni was in charge of the choir at St. Peter's Basilica. He also had lessons from the organist, Cordicelli, Giuseppe Santarelli (1710-1790) and Gaetano Carpani.
When he was 13, he became the church organist at San Lorenzo in Damaso (Saint Lawrence in the House of Damascus), a parish church in Rome. He had also started writing music including an oratorio, Martirio de' gloriosi Santi Giuliano and a mass. In 1766, Sir Peter Beckford, heard him playing the harpsichord. He took Clementi back to England with him, so that he could provide the musical entertainment at Beckford's house in Dorset. He died in Evesham, Worcestershire, after a short illness.

References

1752 births
1832 deaths
18th-century Italian composers
Musicians from Rome
19th-century Italian composers
Chromatography is a method for separating the parts of a mixture for chemical analysis and identification.  It works by using differences in the speed at which the mixed substances move through special media, or chemical substances.  It uses a stationary phase (a solid) and a mobile phase (a liquid or a gas).  The fluid mobile phase flows through the stationary phase.  Chromatography is much used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry.

Flat-plane chromatography 
The stationary phase is a flat plane, such as paper, or a substance on glass.

Paper chromatography
Paper chromatography is an old technique for separating and identifying mixtures that are (or can be) coloured.  It has been largely replaced by thin layer chromatography, but is still a powerful teaching tool. Double-way paper chromatography, also called 'two-dimensional chromatography', uses two solvents and rotates the paper 90° in between.  It is useful for separating complex mixtures of compounds having similar polarity, for example, amino acids.  The compounds used initially ensures you to know whether the colour is pure, (one substance only) or mixtures (multiple substances.)

Thin layer chromatography
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a common laboratory technique similar to paper chromatography. Instead of a stationary phase of paper, it uses a  thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel, alumina, or cellulose on a flat substrate. Compared to paper, it has the advantage of faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different adsorbents. For even better resolution and to allow for quantification, high-performance TLC can be used.

Column chromatography 
Column chromatography separates compounds using many chemical actions between the chemical being tested and the chromatography column (a rod with a blending of special chemicals). The column is run using either gravity or a pump.
The mixed substance to be tested is added in a small amount and is slowed by certain chemical or physical activity with the chemicals in the chromatography column. The amount of slowing depends on the type of chemicals in the substance being tested and the different phases. The time at which a certain chemical elutes (comes out of the end of the column) is called the "retention time" and there is thought to be only one for one chemical. 

The most common stationary phase for column chromatography is silica gel, followed by alumina. Cellulose powder has been used in the past. The mobile phase is either a pure solvent or a mixture of solvents. It is chosen to 
make the time and amount of solvent used as little as possible, while still clearly separating the chemicals being tested.

HPLC 
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is also sometimes referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography. It is column chromatography run under pressure to raise the speed of the process.
Common solvents used in HPLC are mixes of water or various organic liquids (the most common are methanol, ethanol or acetonitrile).

Laboratory techniques
Analytical chemistry
The iPhone is a series of smartphones made by Apple Inc since 2007. It is a mobile phone, meaning that it makes calls and sends text messages without wires. There are many types of iPhones, such as the main models and others, such as the mini or pro editions.

The iPhone can access the Internet as well, either using a cellular network or over Wi-Fi. Like an iPod, it can play music and videos that have been downloaded from the Internet directly, or which have been put on it by connecting it to a personal computer. 

The iPhone doesn't have as many buttons as other phones, such as those made by companies like Motorola and Nokia. Instead, it had a touch screen that covers much of the front of the phone. People control the phone by touching the screen.
All iPhones run on a mobile operating system which Apple calls "iOS". A new version of iOS comes out every year, each having more features than the one before. Each new iPhone comes with the latest version of iOS, and older iPhones usually also get a software update to the latest version.

Models 

There have been ten types of iPhone models. 

The first iPhone, iPhone 2G was released on June 29, 2007. In the first month on sale (Jul 2007), it sold 2.315 million units. On July 11, 2008, the iPhone 3G was released which, hence the name, got upgraded with 3G wireless internet. On June 17, 2009, Apple released the iPhone 3GS which featured a compass and a 3.2-megapixel video camera.
A minor upgrade to the iPhone 4 was the iPhone 4S. It came on October 14, 2011, and had a new feature called Siri, which is a voice activation system. Additionally, it is able to record videos in 1080p resolution, which is 2.25× times higher than 720p, so that each still frame from the video contains more details. This makes it possible to see smaller items on the footage in a sharper, clearer way. Additionally, it allows zooming into the video to see more details.

The iPhone 5 was released on September 21, 2012. On September 10, 2013, two new iPhones called the 5C and 5S were announced. They were released on September 20, 2013. The iPhone 5S has a new unlocking system called Touch ID which reads your fingerprint. The iPhone 5C is a cheaper model of the iPhone 5S which is also the first iPhone available in different colors that aren't black and white.
The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were released on September 19, 2014. They both have bigger screens than the iPhone 5, measuring at 4.7 inches and 5.5 inches, respectively. 

A new iPhone has come out each year since 2016.

The Apple iPhone 15 Series Launching on September 15, 2023. Apple is planning to introduce updated AirPods at the event that include a USB-C charging port in order to match the new iPhones.

Jailbreaking 

Some people "jailbreak" their iPhones to allow them to do more things. Apple does not allow many of these changes. In hopes of discouraging this, Apple voids the warranty when an iPhone is "unlocked" or "jailbroken." Though in August 2011 jailbreaking was declared legal.

Apps 

Apple made a Software Development Kit for the iPhone, which lets people make their own software for it. However, the software cannot be sold without Apple's permission. The software that is made is sold at the App Store. More than a million apps are available to buy.
Emergency alerts 
Another feature that is being added to almost every iPhone in the world is an Emergency Alert notification system. For most countries, the standard Emergency warning signal will sound in an event of a worldwide disaster. It consists of  of 853hz and 960hz sine waves which will signal in a pattern.

References

Other websites 
 Apple iPhone - Official website

Messaging
A concert hall is a place where concerts of classical music take place.  “Concert hall” can either mean the actual room where the concerts takes place, or the whole building.  The hall where the concerts are held may have a “stage” (where the performers are) and there will be an “auditorium” where the audience sits.

Some concert halls are purpose-built.  That means they were built to be concert halls.  Other concert halls may have been something else many years ago, e.g. a Corn Exchange (a place where farmers used to sell their corn) and the building has later been changed into a concert hall.  Purpose-built concert halls started about the beginning of the 20th century.  At that time scientists began to understand the importance of good acoustics (somewhere where the sound was good).
Concert halls that are purpose-built usually have fixed seating (seats that cannot be moved).  Some halls may have seats that can be moved, either by stacking them in small piles, or tiered seating that can fold up.  This allows the hall to be used for other things, e.g. dancing.

A concert hall is usually a big hall: big enough for an orchestra to be on the stage.  A small concert hall, designed for just a few performers (as in chamber music) may be called a “recital hall”.
Some concert halls are especially famous.  In London there is the Royal Festival Hall on the banks of the river Thames, the Barbican Centre in the City (near St Paul’s Cathedral) and the Royal Albert Hall in Kensington which is used for other events as well.  There is also a famous recital hall called the Wigmore Hall.  New York has the Carnegie Hall, Vienna has the Vienna Musikverein with a beautiful hall called the Golden Hall where the famous New Year’s Day concerts are given.  In Germany there is the Berliner Philharmonie in Berlin and the Gewandhaus in Leipzig.  In Amsterdam there is the Concertgebouw (which means: "concert hall").

Concert halls
A madrigal is a special kind of song for a small group of people to sing. Madrigals were popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. This was the end of the Renaissance music and beginning of the Baroque periods. They started in Italy and became very popular for a short time in England as well as in France. The words of madrigals are always about secular (non-religious) things, e.g. about love.

When Italian composers started writing madrigals the kinds of songs they knew were the frottola, the motet and the French chanson (song). The first madrigals were for 2 or 3 voices, but later many madrigals were written for 4 or 5 voices. These voices might be single voices (one person to each part) or several people. Sometimes the lines would also be played by an instrument, but the madrigal is usually sung unaccompanied.

The madrigal was the most important secular form of music of its time. In Italy it was very popular between about 1550 and 1630. In England the madrigal period was about 1588 to 1620.
In 1533 a book called Primo libro di Madrigali (First Book of Madrigals) was collected and published by Philippe Verdelot in Venice. It made madrigals very popular. Jacob Arcadelt published several volumes of madrigals which were very important for their development. In 1588 in England Nicholas Yonge published a collected called Musica Transalpina (Music from over the Alps). These were Italian madrigals with translated texts. The madrigal suddenly became extremely popular in England and remained so until after 1620 when it gradually became less important.
The  most important composers of madrigals in Italy were Giovanni da Palestrina, Luca Marenzio, Jacques Arcadelt, Adrian Willaert, Cipriano de Rore, Carlo Gesualdo, Giaches de Wert and Claudio Monteverdi. In England they were William Byrd, Thomas Morley, John Wilbye, Thomas Weelkes, John Dowland, Orlando Gibbons and Thomas Tomkins. About the franco-flemish , Orlando di Lasso, Josquin des Prez . About the spanish, Tomás Luis de Victoria, Mateo Flecha.

Performance of madrigals 

In the Renaissance, madrigals were performed either as entertainment at important feasts, or for relaxed enjoyment by groups of amateurs in their homes, as madrigals were a secular style of song.

Nowadays, madrigals are often sung by high school or college madrigal choirs often as an after-dinner entertainment. Sometimes the singers wear Renaissance costumes.

Musical forms
The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was one of the Ernestine duchies. Ernest, who became elector of Saxony in 1464, divided his territory between his sons, andover the years more and more small duchies existed.

Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was reformed on 29 July 1735, although Coburg and Saalfeld had had the same ruler since 1699. As only men could be the rulers of the duchies, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ceased to exist in 1825, when the last male descendant of the dukes of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died. The various dukes reorganised their territories. Saalfeld went the dukes of Saxe-Meiningen, Altenburg went to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburgausen, who gave Hildburghausen to the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. Gotha and Coburg were combined into the new duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Dukes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 

House of Wettin
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the Holy Roman Empire
Thuringia
Halo: Combat Evolved is a first-person shooter video game. It starts the game series called Halo. It came out in 2001 for Xbox and was released on the personal computer later. It became very popular and has made a lot of money. Many people say it is the Xbox's "killer app", which means the best program for a system. Because it was liked by so many people, there have even been 6 books and a Graphic Novel written about it. Halo is rated M for mature.

Story
Story

Setting
The game setting is on or around a giant ring-shaped structure in space.  The ring has plants and animals that live on it.  It is very old and was made long ago by a civilization called the "Forerunners." In the game, the year is 2552. In the storyline, humans have created faster than light travel, and now live on many planets  and moons in and out of the Solar System, both fictional and real. In the year 2525, humans living on a planet around another star met several alien species. They are grouped together and known as the Covenant. The Covenant declared religious war on the humans.

The game starts with a ship, The Pillar of Autumn. It arrives at Halo, surrounded by many Covenant Ships.

Plot
Warning: Spoilers*
Master Chief is the last super soldier who is able to fight on the Pillar of Autumn.  The Pillar of Autumn jumped (teleported) from the planet Reach. Reach was being destroyed, so they escaped. The ship is piloted by Captain Keyes. The ship arrives in front of Halo. Halo is surrounded by many Covenant ships. The Covenant board the Pillar of Autumn to kill the humans. Keyes orders the Master Chief (who is sleeping while frozen) to be awakened. After putting Cortana (an Artificial Intelligence) in his head, the Master Chief escapes in a lifepod with other Marines. He did this on order by Captain Keyes, who knew they could not win. Captain Keyes decides to crash his ship onto Halo, before it is completely destroyed by the Covenant. The Master Chief rescues as many Marines as he can. Cortana discovers Captain Keyes is still alive. Master Chief goes to rescue him from a Covenant Ship. They escape with the Captain and more Marines. They find a map-room to find the control room for Halo
. They want to stop the Covenant from using Halo, because it is a weapon. The Master Chief fights through many aliens to the Control Room. He puts Cortana into the data. She discovers something terrible and tells the Master Chief to find Captain Keyes. Captain Keyes went with several Marines to destroy a take or destroy a supply of Covenant Weapons. The Master Chief discovers the Captain was attacked by a different enemy. They are called the Flood. The Flood are a species of parasite, which can infect bodies and turn them into Combat Forms (which are fast zombies that can use weapons). He finds a flying machine that protects Halo. It is named 343 Guilty Spark. It explains that he should turn on Halo's weapons to destroy the Flood. The Flood want to escape Halo and infect other species. The Master Chief must get an Index to do activate Halo. The Master Chief gets the Index (which can activate Halo's weapons).
They both go to the ring's control room to activate its weapons. Surprisingly, they find Cortana that tells to the Chief that the ring can not destroy the Flood. It destroys the food of the Flood. This means humans, Covenant and all other suitable living species. Following Cortana's suggestions, Master Chief goes to the Pillar of Autumn. As he destroys the core of the ship, he escapes. He uses a human spaceship to get into space while the explosion destroys Halo.

Characters
The main character in the game is Master Chief. It is the character the player controls in the game. Other main characters are Cortana and 343 Guilty Spark, the two machines. Apart from them, other human characters appear who fight in the side of the player against the aliens and the flood. The most notable are Sergeant Johnson and Captain Keyes.

In the first Halo game, there are no alien characters who play an important role in the game. However, in the next two halo games, Halo 2 and Halo 3, many important alien characters appear.
References

Other websites
Bungie - The official website of the game
bungie.org

Xbox games
2001 video games
Halo video games
Shooter video games