Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
England 
 Personal union with Ireland from 1541 (when Ireland was raised to the level of a kingdom) to 1707
 Personal union with Scotland from 1603 to 1707 (when they were joined together in the Kingdom of Great Britain)
 Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the Dutch Stadtholder also serving as the King of England, Scotland and Ireland.
The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen.
France 
 Personal union with the Duchy of Brittany from 1491, when Duchess Anne of Brittany married King  Charles VIII of France under duress, to 1532 when the Duchy of Brittany was formally annexed to the Kingdom of France.
 Personal union with Navarre from 1589 to 1620, when Navarre was formally integrated into France. 
 Partial personal union with Andorra since 1607 (the French president is one of the Heads of State in Andorra)

Great Britain 
 Personal union with Ireland from creation in 1707 to abolition in 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
 Personal union with Hanover from the accession of George I in 1714 to abolition in 1801

Hanover 
 Personal union with Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1801
 Personal union with the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1837, when differing succession laws resulted in Queen Victoria ascending the British throne and her uncle Ernest Augustus that of Hanover.
Holy Roman Empire 
 Personal union with Spain from 1519 to 1556 under Charles V.
Hungary 
 Personal union with Croatia from 1102 to 1918.
 Personal union with Poland from 1370 to 1382 under the reign of Louis the Great. This period in Polish history is sometimes known as the Andegawen Poland. Louis inherited the Polish throne from his maternal uncle Casimir III. After Louis' death the Polish nobles (the szlachta) decided to end the personal union, since they did not want to be governed from Hungary, and chose Louis' younger daughter Jadwiga as their new ruler, while Hungary was inherited by his elder daughter Mary. Personal union with Poland in the second time from 1440 to 1444.
 Personal union with Bohemia from 1419 to 1439 and from 1490 to 1918
 Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire from 1410 to 1439 and from 1526 to 1806 (except 1608-1612)
 Personal union with Austria from 1867 to 1918 (the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary) under the reigns of Franz Joseph and Charles IV (in fact it was rather a dynastic union, not a personal union.)
Iceland 
 Personal union with Denmark from 1918 to 1944 when the country became republic.
Ireland 
 Personal union with England from 1541 (when the Irish Parliament proclaimed King Henry VIII of England, King of Ireland) to 1707 (upon the formation of Great Britain). 
 Personal union with Scotland (and England) from 1603 to 1707 (when England and Scotland were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain)
 Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the King of Ireland, Scotland and England also serving as Stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands. The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen.
 Personal union with Great Britain from 1707 to 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland).
 Personal union with Hanover from 1714 to 1801.
Lithuania 
 Personal union with Poland from 1386 to 1569 - the Polish-Lithuanian Union. In 1569 transformed into a federation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Luxembourg 
 Personal union with the Netherlands from 1815 to 1890

Navarre
 Personal union with France from 1589 to 1620, when Navarre was formally integrated into France.

The Netherlands 
 Personal union with England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689 to 1702, with the Stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands also serving as King of England, Scotland and Ireland. The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen. 
 Personal union with Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890.
Norway 
 Personal union with Sweden from 1319 to 1343
 Personal union with Denmark from 1380 to 1814 (the Norwegian Riksråd was abolished in 1536)
 The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
 Personal union with Sweden from 1814 (when Norway declared independence from Denmark and was forced into a union with Sweden) to 1905

Poland 
 Personal union with Hungary from 1370 to 1382 and 1440 to 1444(see Hungary section above)
 Personal union with Lithuania from 1386 to 1569 known as the Polish-Lithuanian Union. In 1569 the union was transformed into a federation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
 Eastern part: Personal union with Russia from 1814 to 1832, known as Congress Poland; following the suppression of an army revolt, the territory was annexed outright by Russia.

Poland-Lithuania 
 Personal union with Sweden from 1592 to 1599
 Personal union with Saxony from 1697 to 1705, 1709 to 1733 and 1733 to 1763
Portugal 
 Iberian Union with Spain from 1580 to 1640 (under Philip II of Spain, his son and grandson)

Romania 
 Personal union between Wallachia and Transylvania from 1599 to 1600 under the rule of Michael the Brave
 Personal union between Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania from 1600 to 1601 under the rule of Michael the Brave
 Personal union between Wallachia and Moldavia from 1859 to 1862 under the rule of Alexander John Cuza
Scotland 
 Personal union with England and Ireland from 1603 to 1707 (when England and Scotland were joined together in the Kingdom of Great Britain)
 Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the King of Scotland, England and Ireland also serving as Stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands. The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen.

Spain 
 Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 to 1556 under Charles I (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)
 Iberian Union with Portugal from 1580 to 1640 (under Philip II of Spain, his son and grandson)

Sweden
Sweden 

 Personal union with Norway from 1319 to 1343
 The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Norway from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
 Personal union with Poland-Lithuania from 1592 to 1599
 Personal union with Norway from 1814 to 1905 (sometimes called Sweden-Norway)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 
 Personal union with Hanover from 1801 to 1837, when differing succession laws resulted in Queen Victoria ascending the British throne and her uncle Ernest Augustus that of Hanover.

Political systems
Scordatura in music is a technique in which players of string instruments tune their strings to different notes from a normal tuning. The word “scordatura” is an Italian word which means “mistuning”. It was used for lutes, guitars, viols and instruments of the violin family.

Using a scordatura tuning made the instrument sound different. For example: a string tuned to a slightly higher note will sound louder and brighter because it is tighter. Care has to be taken not to tune it too high otherwise it will break. Scordatura also made it possible to play unusual chords or combinations of notes in string-crossing (when the bow moves quickly from one string to another).
When a composer writes for an instrument using scordatura tuning he shows at the beginning of the music what notes the strings must be tuned to. The music is then written, not as it sounds, but so that the player can read it as if the instrument were being played normally, e.g. if a G string is tuned up to G# and the composer wants a G# he simply writes a G, but it will sound G#.

Scordatura in the Baroque period 
Scordatura tuning was mainly popular in the Baroque period from 1600-1750. Composers such as Heinrich Biber often used it. He composed a group of sonatas for violin and accompaniment called the "Rosary Sonatas". In each sonata the violin is tuned in a different way. In Sonata XI (called Resurrection) he even asks the violinist to make the two middle strings cross over between the bridge and the tailpiece so that the violin is tuned to two Gs and two Ds.

Scordatura in the Classical Period
In the classical period a famous example of scordatura is Mozart’s, "Sinfonia Concertante" for Violin, Viola and Orchestra in which he asks the viola to tune all four strings a semitone higher than usual. This makes it sound louder and brighter so that it matches the brightness of the violin, especially as the violin is playing with normal tuning in the key of E flat, which sounds a soft key (because the key of Eflat hardly uses any “open” strings).

Later examples 

In the late 19th century and 20th century there are examples of composers using scordatura. In his Fourth Symphony Mahler asks the violin soloist (the leader of the orchestra) to play on a violin tuned to Gsharp-D-A-Eflat. The music is describing a poor beggar playing a violin. The violin soloist needs a second instrument for this, so that he can swap quickly back to a normal violin.
 
Saint-Saëns asks the solo violin in Danse Macabre to tune the E string to Eflat to make it sound like the devil.
Zoltán Kodály wrote a sonata in B minor for solo cello, for which the cellist has to tune down the two lower strings to F# and B instead of G and C. This helps to make a very dark, rich sound when playing B minor chords.

Musical performance techniques
The 2028 Summer Olympics, which will be officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, is a sporting event that will happen from July 21 to August 6 in Los Angeles, California, United States.

Applying to host the games was supposed to begin in 2019. The host city was supposed to be announced in 2021. In July 2017, The International Olympic Committee decided to award 2024 and 2028 Games at the same time. On July 31, 2017, an agreement was announced that Los Angeles would apply to host the 2028 Summer Olympics. The agreement made Paris, France host the 2024 Summer Olympics. On September 13, 2017, the hosts for both Olympic games was announced at the 131st IOC Session in Lima, Peru.

Candidate City
 Los Angeles, California, United States (chosen)

References

2028
Olympics
Summer Olympics in the United States
2020s in California
There are three main hypotheses as to the origins of the Etruscan civilization. Autochthonous development in situ out of the Villanovan culture, as claimed by the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus who described the Etruscans as indigenous people who had always lived in Etruria. A migration from the Aegean sea, as claimed by a couple of Greek historians: Herodotus, who described them as a group of immigrants from Lydia in Anatolia, and Hellanicus of Lesbos who claimed that the Tyrrhenians were the Pelasgians originally from Thessaly, Greece The third hypotheses is reported by Livy and Pliny the Elder, the  Etruscans as related to Rhaetian people to the north and other populations living in the Alps.
German linguist Helmut Rix proposed the Tyrsenian language family, with Etruscan related to the Rhaetic language spoken in the Alps north of Etruria, and to the Lemnian language spoken in Lemons. In particular the Lemnian language could have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula.

The latest mtDNA study (2013) suggests that the Etruscans appear to fall very close to a Neolithic population from Central Europe and to other Tuscan populations.

References 

Etruscan civilization
Etruscan can mean:

Etruscans
 Etruscan alphabet
 Etruscan architecture
 Etruscan chariot
 Etruscan cities
 Etruscan civilization
 Etruscan history
 Etruscan jewelry
 Etruscan language
 Etruscan mythology
 Etruscan numerals
 Etruscan Sibyl
 Etruscan society
 Etruscan terracotta warriors

Species
 Etruscan honeysuckle
 Etruscan Pygmy Shrew

Other
Etruscan Resources, a company based in Nova Scotia that operates gold and diamond mines in Africa.
The Etruscan Mask, a film.
The Etruscan language was spoken and written by the Etruscans in the ancient area of Etruria (what is now Tuscany, western Umbria and northern Latium) and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna (where the Gauls took the place of the Etruscans), in Italy.

Inscriptions have been found in northwestern and west-central Italy in the region that still has a name that came from the Etruscans, Tuscany (from Latin tusc "Etruscans") and in Latium, north of Rome, in Umbria west of the Tiber, around Capua in Campania and in the Po Valley to the north of Etruria. That is probably the area in Italy in which the language was once spoken.
Other websites 
 Etruscan News Online, the Newsletter of the American Section of the Institute for Etruscan and Italic Studies.
Etruscan News back issues , Center for Ancient Studies at New York University.
Etruscology at Its Best, the website of Dr. Dieter H. Steinbauer, in English. Covers origins, vocabulary, grammar and place names.
 Viteliu: The Languages of Ancient Italy at web.archive.org.
 The Etruscan Language , the linguistlist.org site. Links to many other Etruscan language sites.

References

Language isolates
Etruscan civilization
The Albanian language () is an Indo-European language. It is spoken mostly in Albania (3,500,000), Kosovo and (500,000) Republic of North Macedonia.

Dialects
Ghegs, Tosks, Arbëresh, Arvanites, Arbanasi

References

Other websites 

 An overview of the Albanian language and culture 
 Albanian language family tree
 List of free online resources for learners 

Indo-European languages
Languages of Europe
The Trialeti culture was seen around the 2nd millennium B.C. In the late 3rd millennium B.C. settlements of the Kura-Araxes culture began to be replaced by early Trialeti culture sites. The Trialeti culture was the second culture to appear in the Caucasus, after the Kura-Araxes culture. The Trialeti culture shows close ties with the highly-developed cultures of the ancient world, particularly with the Aegean.

Related pages
Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia
Kura-Araxes culture
Shulaveri-Shomu culture

References 

Ancient Armenia
History of Georgia (country)
The Kura-Araxes culture or the Early trans-Caucasian culture, a people that lived from 3400 BC until about 2000 BC.  The earliest evidence for this culture is found on the Ararat plain; thence it spread to Georgia by 3000 B.C.

The land they lived in are now Armenia, Georgia , Azerbaijan and the Caucasus.

References

Other websites 
The Chronology of the Caucasus During the Early Metal Age: Observations from Central Transcaucasus  - Giorgi L. Kavtaradze
The Beginnings of Metallurgy  - includes extensive discussion of Kura-Araxes metalworking

History of Georgia (country)
Ancient Armenia
History of Azerbaijan
Biodiesel is a type of fuel prepared by changing vegetable oil, animal fat, special types of algae and possibly even sewage.  It is considered a type of renewable energy, since it all comes from living plants and animals.  It can be used to power an engine, usually for vehicles, including airplanes.  It replaces diesel that comes from petroleum, a type of fossil fuel.   

Biofuel prepared from biomass is different since it does not start from oil and uses a different chemical process to make the fuel.

Advantages and disadvantages
Biodiesel is much cleaner and has less pollution than diesel fuel made from fossil fuels.  It also acts as a solvent (like soap). In fact, it cleans the engine so much that it might pull out old dirt in the engine and clog up the filters.  After the filters are replaced then it is fine.
In the United States and several other places, new laws say that regular diesel fuel must be low in sulfur.  This gets rid of pollution, especially acid rain, but it also makes the fuel less slippery.  Adding in biodiesel helps keep the fuel slippery and the engine running smoothly. 

Most biodiesel comes from plants.  This means a lot of farmland is used to grow plants for fuel instead of for feeding animals and people.  There are scientists, chemical engineers and agricultural engineers who are studying ways to use algae and saltwater plants to make oil.  This would not take away farmland that is used to grow food.  Also, some biodiesel comes from waste oil and waste animal fat, that would otherwise be thrown away.  NASA is testing biodiesel made from chicken fat to fuel their airplanes.
All diesel fuel has a problem starting an engine in cold weather, but biodiesel has more of a problem.  This can be solved by mixing biodiesel and regular diesel at the right mixture.  Or by heating the fuel before it is used by the engine.  There might be a heater built into the vehicle for this.

Biodiesel from plants
Most biodiesel is made from oilseed.  Oilseed is any type of seed that has enough oil in it to be useful in making vegetable oil.  

In Brazil, castor beans are the best plants to make biodiesel.
In Germany biodiesel is usually made from rapeseeds.
Soybeans and sunflower seeds are commonly used in the United States.
In Thailand, the raw material will most likely come from palm oil, coconut oil, Jatropha oil, and animal fat.
Jatropha trees also grow in India and Africa.

Some people make their own biodiesel by converting old oil that is used in restaurants to fry foods.  The exhaust smells a bit like french fries.
Biodiesel from algae
Someday algae might be used to make more biodiesel than is made today with vegetable oil.  Algae can be grown in places that food cannot be grown in, so it would not take food away from people.   But right now it is still too expensive, but scientists are looking at ways to make the process better.

References

Biofuels
Nimrod (; ,  an-Namrūd) according to the Bible was the son of Kush, grandson of Ham and a "mighty hunter before the Lord" who built cities at Akkad, Erech (Uruk), and Babel. According to many legends, and as told by the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, he became an evil tyrant who forced all his subjects to bake bricks for the Tower of Babel.

References

Old Testament people
Julie Deborah Kavner (born September 7, 1950) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress and comedienne, best known for playing Brenda Morgenstern on Rhoda in the 1970s, as an actress in several Woody Allen-directed films and playing the voice of Marge Simpson on the animated television show The Simpsons. She also voices Marge's sisters Patty and Selma.

Filmography

Film

Television
Film

Television

Video games
The Simpsons (1991) – Marge Simpson
Storybook Weaver (1994) - Mayzie Bird
The Simpsons Cartoon Studio (1996) – Marge Simpson
Virtual Springfield (1997) – Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier
Simpsons Bowling (1999) – Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier
The Simpsons Wrestling (2001) – Marge Simpson
The Simpsons: Road Rage (2001) – Marge Simpson
The Simpsons Skateboarding (2002) – Marge Simpson
The Simpsons: Hit & Run (2003) – Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier
Storybook Weaver Deluxe (2004) - Mayzie Bird
The Simpsons Game (2007) –– Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier
The Simpsons: Tapped Out (2012) – Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier

Music video
"Do the Bartman" (1990) – Marge Simpson

Theme park
The Simpsons Ride (2008) – Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier

Other websites 
 

1950 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Emmy Award winning actors
Age of Empires is a series of real-time strategy computer games made by Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios.

History 
Four games in the main series are: Age of Empires, Age of Empires II , Age of Empires III and Age of Empires IV. There is also a spinoff game called Age of Mythology. It is similar to Age of Empires, but players can also control monsters like the cyclops. After Ensemble Studios had closed down, another game called Age of Empires Online was made. It is "free to play", which means that you do not have to pay money to play the game, but you can buy things in the game if you want to.

Age of Empires I (2018), Age of Empires II (2019) and Age of Empires III (2020) come in Definitive Editions with better graphics et cetera.
Gameplay 
In Age of Empires, the player usually guides a small tribe of people to build a city. The people, called villagers, can hunt deer, collect berries, and farm for food. They can chop trees for wood. They can collect gold and stone at mines in the ground. The villagers build buildings to make a large city.

There are enemy cities that the player must destroy. When the player has enough food, wood, gold, and stone, the player can train soldiers to fight the enemy. At the beginning of the game, the player only gets weak soldiers, but the player can get better and better units as time goes on.
Each game takes place over four or five time periods called ages. Each players starts in the first age and wants to get to the last age. Each game has a different set of ages:
 Age of Empires starts in the Stone Age, and then you can advance to the Tool Age for 500 food, and then you can advance to the Bronze Age for 800 food, and then you can advance to the Iron Age for 1000 food and 800 gold.
 Age of Empires II (Age of Kings) starts in the Dark Age, and then you can advance to the Feudal Age for 500 food, and then you can advance to the Castle Age for 800 food and 200 gold, and then you can advance to the Imperial Age for 1000 food and 800 gold.
 Age of Empires III starts in the Discovery Age, then you can advance to the Colonial Age for 800 food, then you can advance to the Fortress Age for 1200 food and 1000 gold, then you can advance to the Industrial Age for 2000 food and 1200 gold, and then you can advance to the Imperial Age for 4000 food and 4000 gold.
When a player has enough food and gold to advance to the next age, the player must wait. After about a minute, the city reaches the next age. The player's buildings look different and the player can do new things to improve his town and soldiers. New, powerful soldiers such as archers (people that shoot with a bow and arrow), cavalry (warriors that ride horses), catapults (machines that throw stones), artillery (big guns that shoot cannon balls) can be used. The player can build walls and towers to defend the city. The player can even build many different Wonders that give different effects.

All of the Age of Empires games are usually good because the game makes sure no type of soldier is too powerful. There is always a way to kill a large group of enemy units. For example, if a group of twenty archers is attacking, the player should fight back with cavalry or artillery. Many people call this balance, because it is impossible for one unit to get too powerful.
The Age of Empires games have many different groups of people to choose from. Each group has a different set of soldiers and abilities. 

There are four common ways to play Age of Empires:
 Random Map: Players start with a small town. They build up and fight each other.
 Deathmatch: Players start with a small town, but with lots of food, wood, gold, and stone. Because the players start with so much, they can build a huge army very fast, and there are big fights.
 Treaty: Players start with a small town. They build up their economy and cannot attack for a period of time. Because the players have time to build huge economy, there are big and long fights.
 Regicide (Age of Empires II): Players start with a small town, and a king. The player must protect his own king and kill the enemy kings. Once a player's king dies, he loses and can no longer play.
Age of Empires can be played alone (against computer players) or online against human players. Age of Empires can be played online using official multiplayer platforms or programs like GameRanger and Voobly.

Other websites 
 Official Website

Real-time strategy video games
Video game series
Windows games
A bridge on a string instrument is something that stands on the body of the instrument and supports the strings.  It sends the vibrations of the strings to the main part of the instrument so that the sound can be heard.
The bridge of an instrument in the violin family (violin, viola, cello and double bass) can be seen very clearly.  It is a piece of hardwood which is shaped like a bridge.  The top is like an arch in shape because the player needs to be able to play on one string at a time.  The feet of the bridge have to be shaped to fit on the front of the instrument (the “belly”) which is curved.  The bridge is not fixed to the instrument: it is only held up because of the tension (tightness) of the strings.  The soundpost, a small wooden column inside the body, is also held up by tension of the strings and the bridge.
The part of the string which vibrates and gives the note is the part between the bridge and the top of the fingerboard (or the part between the bridge and where the player puts his finger).  The other end of the string is fixed to a tailpiece.

On a banjo the bridge works in the same way, but on a guitar the bridge is fixed to the instrument and the strings are fixed to the bridge.
There are even instruments with moveable bridges such as the Japanese koto which has a separate bridge for each string.

String instrument construction
Bridge may mean:
 Bridge (structure), a structure built so that a transportation route can cross above an obstacle.
 The Bridge (documentary movie), a movie about suicides on the Golden Gate Bridge.
 Bridge (dentistry), a fixed prosthesis used to replace missing teeth.
 Bridge (exercise), most commonly the balancing of the body on the head and feet.
 Bridge (graph theory), an edge whose removal disconnects a graph.
 Bridge (grappling), a move intended to dislodge an opponent in top control.
 Bridge (prosody), a point in a line of poetry where a break in a word-unit cannot occur.
 Bridge (ship), the area from which a ship is commanded.
 Main Bridge (Star Trek), the control center of Starfleet vessels in the Star Trek universe.
 Contract bridge, a card game.
 Bridge loan, a short-term loan to cover a gap in time until a new long-term financing is realised.
 Adobe Bridge, a program included with the Adobe Creative Suite to link the other programs together
Hashiwokakero, meaning "build bridges", a Japanese puzzle.
 "bridge the gap": a phrase meaning to connect different things or ideas
 Bridge cameras combine some of the advantages of large and small cameras 
 Bridge Records, Inc., a record label
In chemistry:
 Bridge (chemical), an unbranched chain of atoms or an atom or a covalent bond connecting two bridgeheads in a polycyclic compound.
 A Salt bridge, in chemistry, is a laboratory device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (electrochemical cell)
 Salt bridge (protein) (or salt bond), in protein chemistry, is the term used to denote chemical bonds between positively and negatively charged side-chains of proteins.
In electronics:
 Bridge rectifier, an electronic circuit for converting alternating current to direct current.
 Wheatstone bridge, an electronic circuit for comparing resistors, capacitors or inductors to high standards of accuracy. 
In music:
In music:
 Bridge (instrument), the device that anchors the strings to or holds the strings above the body of a string instrument, such as a violin or guitar.
 Bridge (music), an interlude that connects two parts of song.
In computers:
 Bridge pattern, a computer science design used to separate an abstraction and its actual implementation.
 Network bridge, an electronic device used to connect two computer or telephone network segments.
People 
 Frank Bridge, composer

Places with the name Bridge 
 Bridge, Kent, a place in Kent, England.
 Scotland has many place names in the style of Bridge of Allan.

Related pages
 Bridge the gap
Brazilwood or Pau-Brasil, sometimes known as Pernambuco wood (Caesalpina echinata) is a Brazilian tree. It has a dense, orange-red wood (which takes a high shine), and it is the most frequently used wood for making bows for string instruments from the violin family.  The wood also gives a red dye called brazilin.

There are several trees in this family which have very similar properties, including the development of red dye. The term "brazilwood" is sometimes used for these other species as well. The tree was exploited for their dye in the 18th century, and is now lost over much of its original range.

When Pedro Álvares Cabral explored Brazil, he named it after the brazilwood that he found there.

References 

Trees
Fabaceae
Chav (male) and chavette (female) are mainly negative, unkind slang words used in the United Kingdom for a subcultural stereotype of young underclass white people. Chav: "a young working class person who dresses in casual sports clothing or a baseball cap".

They may wear fashion based on American hip-hop such as fake gold jewellery and designer clothing, combined with elements of working class British street fashion. Many are either school age or late teens/early twenties and may come from a family culture of social security claimants ("SS claimants"). The term first appeared in dictionaries in 2005.  They tend to listen to R&B, hip hop, UK garage, grime and reggae and drum & bass music.

Chavs are stereotypically narrow-minded and more often than not, below average intelligence. Chavs also tend to use slang language to appear "cooler" and more "edgy".
Chavs may be associated with criminality, including: assault, mugging, robbery, burglary and car crime. Anti-social behaviour orders (Asbos) were introduced to tackle such persistent offending.

“Chavette” is a term used to describe female chavs.

"Chav" has started to mean a variety of things. Due to increasing awareness of classism, the term seemed to be destined to fade away in the second decade of the twenty-first century. It has recently re-emerged on global social media and international catwalks in ways that appear to question previous notions.

Pop culture 
In 2011, Owen Jones published his first book, Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class. Jones says in it that 'chav' is a word used to make working-class people seem less human. In 2014, The Guardian Suzanne Moore wrote an article calling R&B singer and songwriter Tulisa a chav.

References

British culture
Pejoratives
Slang
The council house is a form of public housing found in Ireland and the United Kingdom, sometimes called social housing in modern times. Council houses were built and operated by local councils to help the local population. Council houses were built and operated by local councils. The aim was to supply uncrowded, well-built homes with lower rents to working-class people. Council house building began in the late in the 1860s in London and Liverpool.  The Housing of The Working Classes Act, 1890 gave local councils powers to buy land and build houses. The Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 gave them money to pay for the building and powers to build outside their own areas..    Between 1919 and 1939, local councils built a total of 1.1 million homes.
It peaked in the mid-20th century.  The Housing Act 1980 gave tenants the Right to Buy their home at a large discount.  Gerald Kaufman, then in the Labour Party Shadow Cabinet and a former Environment Minister himself, said the Act would "not provide a single new home and [would] deprive many homeless people or families living in tower blocks from getting suitable accommodation".

As of 2005, approximately 20% of the country's housing was owned by local councils or by housing associations.  The largest council estate in the country (and one of the largest in the world) is Becontree, Dagenham, with a population of over 100,000. Building started in the 1920s and took nearly 20 years to finish.

The Republic of Ireland has a similar public housing system, Local Authority Accommodation.

References 

Public services in the United Kingdom
Housing in the United Kingdom
Midnight Madness is a 1980 comedy movie from Walt Disney Productions, starring David Naughton. The movie is about a group of college students who participate in an all night puzzle solving race. It is Michael J. Fox's first film role.

The movie did not do well in theaters and many critics did not like it. However, the movie has gained a cult following, and has been the inspiration for many real-life puzzle and alternate reality games.

Related pages
It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World
The Last of Sheila
Scavenger Hunt
Million Dollar Mystery
Rat Race

Other websites

 
 
 
 
Fagabeefe: An unofficial fan page devoted to the film 
  Another website about the movie
Roger Ebert's 1980 review 
Comprehensive Synopsis/Review at 3B Theater
DVD review at Digitally Obsessed
Hot Springs, Arkansas's 2006 Midnight Madness 
Midnight Madness Brevard County, Florida

1980 movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Barvas or Barabhas is a village on the Isle of Lewis. It is said to have the biggest percentage of Gaelic speakers in Scotland, (74.7% here speak Gaelic.)

Villages in Scotland
Outer Hebrides
Lewis is the northern part of Lewis and Harris, the largest island in the Western Isles (or Outer Hebrides) of Scotland. 

Its biggest town is called Stornoway, which has a population of over 5000. Most people on the island speak Gaelic. On the island, there is a town called Barvas, which is the place which has the biggest percentage of Gaelic speakers (74.7% of the people speak Gaelic).

Related pages 
Callanish stones

Outer Hebrides
Stornoway is the biggest town in the Outer Hebrides. It is on the Isle of Lewis, and over 5,000 people live there. It has nearby the Stornoway Airport, an old RAF airbase which now acts a link between the island and the Scottish mainland.

Towns in Scotland
Outer Hebrides
Skye is the largest and most northerly island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. More than 9000 people live there, and half of the people speak Gaelic. The main settlement is Portree, known for its picturesque harbour.

The island has been occupied since the mesolithic period and has a colourful history. It was rule by the Norse for 400 years, then dominated by Clan MacLeod and Clan Donald. The Highland Clearances of the 19th century caused a decline in the population from over 20,000 to around 9,200 in the early 21st century. The population has risen 4% from the census of 1991. The main industries are tourism, agriculture, fishing and whisky-distilling.

Skye is part of the Highland Council local government area and is now linked to the mainland by a road bridge. The island is renowned for its spectacular scenery, vibrant culture and heritage, and its abundant wildlife, including the Golden Eagle, Red Deer and Atlantic Salmon.
The Clans 
Skye has a rich heritage of ancient monuments from the clans, especially castles. Dunvegan Castle has been the seat of Clan MacLeod since the 13th century. It may have been inhabited by a single family for longer than any other house in Scotland.

The 18th century Armadale Castle, once home of Clan Donald was abandoned as a residence in 1925 but now hosts the Clan Donald Centre. Nearby are the ruins of two more MacDonald strongholds, Knock Castle, and Dunscaith Castle, the legendary home of Queen Scáthach.

Geography 
At 1,656 square kilometres (639 sq mi), Skye is the second-largest island in Scotland after Lewis and Harris.

The Black Cuilin
The Black Cuilin 

The Black Cuillin, low mountains mainly composed of basalt and gabbro, include 12 peaks the Scots call 'Munros'. This is some of the most dramatic and challenging mountain terrain in Scotland. The ascent of Sgùrr a' Ghreadaidh is one of the longest rock climbs in Britain and the Inaccessible Pinnacle is the only peak in Scotland that requires technical climbing skills to reach the summit. A full crossing of the Cuillin ridge may take 15–20 hours to complete.

References 

Inner and Outer Hebrides
The 2024 Summer Olympics, which will be officially known as the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad, is a sporting event that will happen from July 26 to August 11 in Paris, France.

On July 11, 2017, a proposal to choose the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland. On July 31, 2017, the International Olympic Committee made a deal with Los Angeles to host the 2028 Summer Olympics. It made Paris host the 2024 Summer Olympics. On September 13, 2017, the hosts for both Olympic games was announced at the 131st IOC Session in Lima, Peru.

Candidate Cities 
 Paris, France (2024 Host City)
 Los Angeles, California, United States (2028 Host City)

Cancelled Potential Bids

Europe 
  Germany, Hamburg
Thomas Bach stated that Hamburg would apply for 2024 Olympic Games. Hamburg would have hosted the games the first time in history and would therefore have received the virtue over Berlin as Berlin's inhabitant had a negative atmosphere towards the Olympic Games application.
  Copenhagen, Denmark

The organization of the Games in Copenhagen was investigated by the Danish government 

  Kyiv, Ukraine

  Budapest, Hungary

North America
  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Larry Needle, executive director of the Philadelphia Sports Congress, said that if Philadelphia, the largest city in Pennsylvania, wanted to host the Olympics, its earliest realistic chance would have been the 2024 Summer Games
A study by eleven graduate students from the University of Pennsylvania showed that Philadelphia should have considered bidding for the 2024 Olympics. The study said that one of the city's biggest challenges would be convincing the voters who select the host city that Philadelphia is a "world-class city", something that "will require strategic changes in the city’s landscape in conjunction with a persuasive marketing strategy". The study mentions that when arriving in the city from Philadelphia International Airport, it is difficult to find a route that does not have abandoned oil tanks, old structures and thousands of tons of waste. One good thing about having the Games in Philadelphia is that it is near many large cities.

  Toronto, Ontario, Canada
On July 10, 2007 it was revealed that the Canadian Olympic Committee had worked on a potential bid for the 2020 or 2024 games for Toronto, the capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada.  This would have been Toronto's third bid for the summer Olympic games, after unsuccessful bids for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Games.

Oceania 
  Brisbane, Australia

The subtropical city of Brisbane would seriously consider bidding for the Olympic Games in 2020 or 2024, former Queensland Premier Peter Beattie has said. His announcement came after IOC President Jacques Rogge said the IOC would love to see a bid from Brisbane in the future.

Australia hosted the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne. In 1986, Brisbane lost the bid for the 1992 Summer Olympics, which were held in Barcelona. However, Brisbane has experience in hosting major international sporting events; the city hosted the 1982 Commonwealth Games and the 2001 Goodwill Games.

Australia also hosted the Olympic games in Sydney, 2000.

References
References 

2020s in France
August events
21st century in Paris
July events
Summer Olympics in France
Summer Olympics
Scheduled sports events
The 2022 Winter Olympics, formally called the  XXIV Olympic Winter Games, is the 24th Games of the Winter Olympics. It is an international winter sports event that was held from February 4 to February 20, 2022. The winning bid was announced in the summer of 2015 and Beijing was chosen. Because Beijing hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics, it became the first city ever to host both the Summer and the Winter Olympics.

Candidate Cities
 Beijing, China (chosen)
 Almaty, Kazakhstan 
 Oslo, Norway

Bids
Bids

Asia
  Harbin, China: Li Zhanshu, governor of Heilongjiang, has said that "If we fail again for the 2018 Games, we are determined to win the 2022 Winter Games." Harbin bid for the 2010 Winter Olympics, but did not make the short list. 
 Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan considers to bid for the 2022 games, either in Almaty, the former capital, largest city, and financial centre, or divided between Almaty and Nur-Sultan, the capital.  The Almaty alternative gives higher chance of winning, but the divided alternative is preferred by the government because of lower cost, since more arenas and hotels exist already. Kazakhstan hosted the 2011 Asian Winter Games, which can be seen as preparation for hosting the Winter Olympic Games in 2022. The Asian Winter Games were divided between Astana and Almaty. On November 29, 2011, Almaty was chosen to host the 2017 Winter Universiade.
Europe
  Lviv, Ukraine
  Prahova Valley, Romania -  Romanian Prime Minister Călin Popescu Tăriceanu said on June 14 2007 that the country is thinking about a bid for the Games to be held there.
  Zurich, Switzerland

North America
  Quebec City, Canada
  Salt Lake City, Utah, United States: Salt Lake City considered a bid for either the 2018 Games or the 2022 Games. The city hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics.
  Montreal, Quebec, Canada – Lake Placid, New York, USA: Officials from Quebec and the state of New York have met to talk about the possibility of a bid together. With Vancouver hosting the 2010 Winter Olympics, the earliest that Canada hoped to host the Olympics was 2022. Montreal, Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Games and Lake Placid hosted the 1932 and 1980 Winter Games.

South America
  Santiago, Chile

References

Olympics
Winter Olympics in Asia
2022 in China
February 2022 events
Sport in Beijing
Guarneri is the name of a family of famous violin makers from Cremona in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries.  Together with the families Amati and Stradivari they made some of the best violins the world has known.  

Andrea Guarneri ( - 7 December 1698) was a pupil in the workshop of Nicolo Amati from 1641 to 1646 and returned to make violins for Amati from 1650 to 1654.  He married a rich lady and they were able to buy a large house which became known as the “Casa Guarneri”.  They had seven children.  Two of his sons: Pietro Giovanni and Giuseppe Giovanni, became violin makers. Andrea Guarneri produced some fine violas, one of which was played by William Primrose in the early 20th century.
Pietro Giovanni Guarneri (18 February 1655 - 26 March 1720), known as Peter of Mantua (Pietro da Mantova) to distinguish him from his nephew Pietro Guarneri. He worked in his father's workshop from around 1670 until his marriage in 1677. He had settled in Mantua by 1683, where he worked both as a musician and a violin maker. His instruments are generally better than his father's. However, he did not make so many instruments because he spent a lot of his time playing them.  None of his children became violin makers. Joseph Szigeti played one of his instruments.

Andrea's younger son, Giuseppe Giovanni Battista Guarneri (25 November 1666 - 1739 or 1740), known as filius Andreae, joined his father's business in Cremona.  He inherited it in 1698. He is one of the great violin makers.

Giuseppe Giovanni Battista was father to two other instrument makers:  Pietro Guerneri who settled in Venice and Bartolomeo.
Pietro Guarneri (Peter of Venice or Pietro da Venezia) (14 April 1695 - 7 April 1762) made some instruments that are as great as those of his father.  One of his cellos was played by Beatrice Harrison. 

Bartolomeo Giuseppe Guarneri (del Gesù), also known as Joseph (21 August 1698 - 17 October  1744), has been called the finest violin maker of the Amati line (Amati and his pupils). Giuseppe is known as del Gesù because his labels always have the characters I.H.S. (iota-eta-sigma) and a Roman cross. His instruments are different from the others made by his family.  They are thought of as the greatest violins with the exception of those by Stradivari. The famous violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini’s favorite instrument was a Guarneri del Gesù violin of 1743. The "Lord Wilton" Guarneri del Gesù violin made in 1742 was owned by Yehudi Menuhin and other Twentieth-century 'del Gesù' players have included, Arthur Grumiaux, Jascha Heifetz, Isaac Stern and Henryk Szeryng.

References
Grove Music Online
Other websites
Guarneri family web page, violins, violin labels
Guarneri web site
The Violin Site - Violin Making 
Casa Guarneri Auctioneers of fine musical instruments 

Luthiers
People from Cremona
Italian families
Amati is the name of a family of Italian violin makers. They made violins between about 1549 and 1740. They worked in Cremona in Italy, the town which is famous for violin making.

Andrea Amati: the founder of the family 

The most famous member of the family was Andrea Amati who was born some time before 1511 and died in Cremona on 24 December 1577. He can be thought of as the inventor of the modern violin. He made violins, violas and cellos. A small number of his instruments are still in existence. They are dated between 1564 and 1574 and they have the coat of arms of Charles IX of France on the back.

His sons Antonio and Girolamo Amati
Nicolò Amati 
Nicolò Amati was the son of Girolamo Amati. He is now the most famous member of the family. He was born on 3 December 1596 and died on 12 April 1684. He was the most eminent of the family. He had become a very skilled violin maker by 1630 when his father died. During the next few years there was a lot of suffering because of the plague and not many people could afford to buy instruments. Then, after 1640, there was more demand again and Nicolò made many great instruments. Those that have survived are among the most sought-after and expensive violins today. He made instruments that were slightly wider and were known as the “Grand Pattern”. Many other violin makers learned from him. These pupils include Andrea Guarneri and possibly also Antonio Stradivari.
Girolamo Amati 
The last maker of the family was Nicolo's son, Girolamo Amati, known as Hieronymus II. He was born on 26 February and died on 21 February, 1740. Although he made some improvements to his father's instruments, they are not as good. Antonio Stradivari became the greatest violin maker at this time.

Related pages
Antonio Stradivari
Guarneri

References 
Grove Music Online

Other websites 
The Violin Site - Violin Making 

Luthiers
Italian families
The Guardians of Scotland were appointed to act as King during the two interregnums of 1290-1292 and 1296-1302.

An interregum is a time when a monarchy has no king.  It is from the Latin for "between reigns".

13th century in Scotland

1292 establishments
Establishments in Scotland
14th-century disestablishments in Europe
1292 disestablishments
1295 establishments
1302 disestablishments
1290s establishments in Europe
Alvin Burke, Jr. (born October 28, 1973) is an American professional wrestler and rapper. He is better known by the ring name Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP). He is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He has also worked with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW). He is a former one time WWE Tag Team Champion with Matt Hardy and a former two time WWE United States Champion.

He spent six months in a juvenile detention center after a robbery and later completed 9½ years of an 18½ year prison sentence for armed robbery and kidnapping which at the time he started it he was sixteen. He has a rare heart condition called Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. He converted to Islam while in prison but has since described himself as a nonbeliever.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 TNA profile 
 WWE profile
1973 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
African-American wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Rappers from Florida
American burglars
American robbers
American kidnappers
American agnostics
Converts to Islam
Sportspeople from Miami