Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Adam Yahiye Gadahn (, Ādam Yaḥyā Ghadan; September 1, 1978 – January 19, 2015) was an American senior operative, cultural interpreter, spokesman and media advisor for the Islamist group al-Qaeda. Since 2004, he had appeared in a number of videos produced by al-Qaeda as "Azzam the American" ('Azzām al-Amrīki, عزام الأمريكي, sometimes transcribed as Ezzam Al-Amerikee). He was born in Oregon.

On April 23, 2015, President Barack Obama announced at a press conference that Gadahn had been killed in a CIA drone strike in Pakistan on January 19, 2015.

References

1978 births
2015 deaths
Al-Qaeda people
American Muslims
American terrorists
People from Oregon
The Magnificent Seven is an American western movie. It was made in 1960. The music composer was Elmer Bernstein. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Original Music Score in 1960.

The movie stars Yul Brynner, Eli Wallach and Steve McQueen. The movie is a western style version of Akira Kurosawa's Japanese-language movie Seven Samurai, made in 1954. Other actors are Charles Bronson, Robert Vaughn, James Coburn, Brad Dexter, Horst Buchholz and Bing Russell.

A Mexican village keeps on getting raided for food and supplies by a bandit (Eli Wallach) and his gang. The seven are a group of gunfighters hired to protect the village. The movie was made on location in Mexico. One of the towns used for the village is Durango.

In 2013, the movie was picked by the Library of Congress to be kept in the National Film Registry because it is "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". This means the movie will be protected from damage that happens to older film that was used to make movies.
Cast
Yul Brynner as Chris Adams
Eli Wallach as Calvera
Steve McQueen as Vin
Horst Buchholz as Chico
Charles Bronson as Bernardo O'Reilly
Robert Vaughn as Lee
James Coburn as Britt
Brad Dexter as Harry Luck
 Val Avery as Henry the Corset Salesman
Bing Russell as Robert, Henry's Traveling Companion

Reception
When it was released, the movie did not get many good reviews. Howard Thompson of The New York Times, said the movie was a "pallid, pretentious and overlong reflection of the Japanese original". He also said: "don't expect anything like the ice-cold suspense, the superb juxtaposition of revealing human vignettes and especially the pile-driver tempo of the first Seven."
Variety magazine said, "Until the women and children arrive on the scene about two-thirds of the way through, The Magnificent Seven is a rip-roaring rootin' tootin' western with lots of bite and tang and old-fashioned abandon. The last third is downhill, a long and cluttered anti-climax in which The Magnificent Seven grow slightly too magnificent for comfort."

But one reviewer, Akira Kurosawa, liked the movie so well that he gave the producer, John Sturges, a sword.

Over the years, the movie has become more liked and gets modern praise. Many of the actors became movie stars.  They have been seen in other movies and on television. The movie itself also is shown on TV and can be seen on DVD.  As of 2015, it has a freshness rating of 93 percent on Rotten Tomatoes. Of movie viewers, 88 percent said they liked it. The film is also ranked  79 on American Film Institute's:  AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills list.

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

1960 movies
1960s Western (genre) movies
English-language movies
United States National Film Registry movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies directed by John Sturges
The Thermidorian Reaction was a coup d'état inside the French Revolution. It was against the leaders of the Jacobin Club, who had dominated the Committee of Public Safety. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leading members of the revolutionary government. This ended the Reign of Terror, the most radical phase of the French Revolution.

The name Thermidorian refers to 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), the date according to the French Republican Calendar.

A Thermidorian Reaction is a phrase now used when an oppressive regime (government) is overthrown, and replaced by an even more repressive regime.
This term comes from the French Revolution, when the monarchy was overthrown. It was replaced by several forms of government, each more oppressive than the last.  One of the regimes renamed the months and renumbered the years because they were too Christian.  One of the summer months was called Thermidor.  This particular revolution happened in that month, so it was called the Thermidorian Reaction.

Politics of France
Charles Wilson Buttz (November 16, 1837 – July 20, 1913) was a U.S. Representative for South Carolina.

He was born in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. He died in Lisbon, North Dakota.

References 

1837 births
1913 deaths
Politicians from Pennsylvania
United States representatives from South Carolina
The International Scout was an off-road vehicle which was made by International Harvester from 1960 to 1980. It was one of the earlier SUVs. The Scout was created as a competitor to the Jeep. Remarkably, the Scout went from a basic idea to production in only two years. Like the Jeep it had square utilitarian styling but had cleaner lines. It initially featured a fold-down windshield. The Scout and second generation Scout II were produced in Fort Wayne, Indiana as two-door trucks. They had the options of a half cab pickup or removable hard or soft top.

Background 
International Harvester began building trucks and pickups and later in 1907. In 1953 it added a truck-based people carrier, the Travelall. In the late 1950s it began to design a competitor for the two-door Jeep CJ 4x4. The 1961 model year Scout 80 made its debut in late 1960. Scouts began selling so well against Jeep, Ford jumped in with the Bronco and Chevrolet came out with the Blazer.
Production 
A concept for its replacement was started in 1964. It was approved for production in mid 1965. The Scout II was introduced in 1971. The basic sheet metal remained the unchanged until production stopped on October 21, 1980. During the 20 year period (1960–1980) 532,674 Scouts were produced. The Scout, introduced as a commercial utility vehicle in 1960, set the stage for future 4-wheel drive recreational vehicles of the '70s, '80s, and '90s.
Scout models and variants 
Scout models include the:
Scout 80 (1960–1965): The original 
Scout 800 (1966–1971): Same overall design as original with upgrades (electric wipers, newer engines etc.)
Scout 810 (1971): Some early Scout II's contain Scout 810 badging on the glove box.
Scout II (1971–1980): The later standard production model with a removable soft or hardtop (100-inch wheelbase).
Scout II Terra (1976–1980): The light pickup truck version (118-inch wheelbase).
Scout II Traveler (1976–1980): This version had a removable fiberglass hardtop, optional third row of seats (118 in wheelbase).
Super Scout II (1977–1979): This model had removable fabric doors, a rollbar, and softtop. The soft-top model was tagged the "SSII" by IH marketing. Eventually the "SS" letters were assumed to stand for "Super Scout", the name this model is called today.

References 

Sport utility vehicles
The Ford Bronco was a utility vehicle that was produced from 1966 to 1996. It had five distinct generations. All these vehicles are currently classified as sport utility vehicles (SUV). The Broncos can be divided into two categories: early Broncos (1966–77) and full-size Broncos (1978–96). In 2021, after 25 years away, Ford revived the Bronco name on a new small, retro-styled SUV. 
 
The Bronco was introduced in 1966. It was a competitor to the small four-wheel drive compact SUVs that included the Jeep CJ-5 and International Harvester Scout. It was built on its own platform. Ford positioned the Bronco between the Jeep and Scout. But it was too small to capture the US market. A major redesign in 1978 moved the Bronco to a larger size. It used  a shortened Ford F-Series truck chassis to compete with both the similarly adapted Chevrolet K5 Blazer, as well as the Dodge Ramcharger.

The full-size Broncos and the successor Expedition were produced at Ford's Michigan Truck Plant in Wayne, Michigan.

References
References 

Ford automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
Marco Michael Andretti (born March 13, 1987) is an American race car driver. He drives car #27 for Andretti Autosport in the IndyCar Series. He is a part of the famous Andretti family of race car drivers.

Andretti began racing in the IndyCar Series in 2006. His best season was 2013 at 5th place.  he has had 2 wins.

References

Other websites
Official page 

1987 births
Living people
American racecar drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Wallace de Souza (June 26, 1987 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He plays for Sada Cruzeiro Vôlei and the Brazilian national team. Souza competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he won the silver medal with Brazil. The Russian team took home the gold medals.

References 

1987 births
Living people
Brazilian volleyball players
The FIVB Volleyball World League is an international men's volleyball competition held annually. It was created in 1990. It is the longest and richest of all the international events organized by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB). There are millions in prize money and worldwide TV coverage. The 2015 event is the 26th edition with a record 32 teams competing.

References

Other websites 
 Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB)
 FIVB World League 2015 

Sports leagues
The Asian Volleyball Championship is a sport competition for national volleyball teams. It is organized by the Asian Volleyball Confederation and  the Asian volleyball federation. It is held every two years. The first edition for both men and women was held in 1975.

References

Other websites 
Asian Volleyball Championship (AVC)

Sports competitions
1975 establishments in Asia
The Man in the iron mask was a prisoner of Louis XIV whose identity is not known. The man was imprisoned from 1669 until his death in 1703. The man was forced to wear a black cloth over his face most of the time; no one saw his face. The prisoner always had the same guardian. Most of the facts that are known are from correspondence, mostly of his guardian with his superiors. When he was first imprisoned, the identity of the man was given as Eustache Dauger. He is buried in the graveyard of the church Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis in Paris. His tombstone says his name was Marchiali. Other sources also give the names Marchioly, or Marchialy.
History 
The first time this man is mentioned is in a letter Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine wrote to Sophia of Hanover in 1711. She tells that he had to wear a mask, all the time, but knows nothing about his identity. In a letter of 1698, one of the guardians of the Bastille mentions that an elderly prisoner was being brought to the Bastille, and that this prisoner had to wear a mask. The guardian of the prisoner is Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars. This person had written many letters to François Michel Le Tellier de Louvois, the minister of war at the time. There was heavy censorship at the time; about 90% of the letters were lost.
On  24th August 1669, a man was imprisoned in Pinerolo. Pinerolo was called Pignerol and was part of France at the time. On 19th August, Louvois announced that this prisoner from Dunkerque was a very important person, but that he had not yet been arrested. The prisoner's name was given as Eustache Dauger. In Pinerolo, he met other important prisoners, such as Nicolas Fouquet or Antoine Nompar de Caumont. Dauger was allowed to talk to Fouquet. At times, Daguer acted as a servant to Fouquet, when Fouquet's servant was ill. In 1678, Fouquet asked for more freedom, and this wish was granted. At Fouquet's death in 1680, a hole was discovered between his cell and that of Caumont. From then onwards, both Fouquet's servant and Dauger were separated from Caumont. Both the man with the iron mask, and the servant of Fouquet were transferred to Exilles, which is only  away.
In 1682, the two were separated. Fouquet's servant died in 1687. As Exilles was threatened by war, the man with the iron mask was transferred to the island of Sainte-Marguerite, next to Cannes. At that time, only one other person was imprisoned in Sainte-Marguerite. In September 1698, Dauger was transferred to the Bastille in Paris, where he died in 1703. Each time, the unknown prisoner was transferred this also applied to Saint-Mars, who rose in position. The transfer also applied to the few other prisoners Saint-Mars had to guard.

When he was in public, or with strangers, Dauger had to wear a mask. He also could not contact anyone. When he was transferred, people saw that no one could see his face, hear his voice, or speak to him.
Despite this, people always looked that he felt relatively at ease. He received new washed clothes twice a week, and could ask for any book he wanted. He was allowed to play the lute, and could see a doctor when there was the need to do so. Saint-Mars was given 12 livres a day, for food and drink of this prisoner. The cell that he occupied in Sainte Marguerite cost 5.000 livres to build. In Pinerolo, a special cell was built that had to be entered through three doors. This cell was soundproof, nothing could be heard outside the cell. Saint-Mars was personally responsible for the well-being of the man in the iron mask. There are testimonials that officers had to take off their hat in his presence, and that they were only allowed to put it back on when told to do so.

There are accounts that at the time of his death, the prisoner was about 60 years old. When he was transferred to Exilles in 1687, the prisoner had gray hair.

The mask
The mask 

The man with the iron mask did not wear a mask all the time. It is likely, that he only wore it when he was transferred, so that people could not recognize him. If he had worn the mask all the time, this would have led to infections. In addition, as the prisoner was male, the hair growing in his face needed cutting from time to time. The need for wearing a mask is mentioned only twice: In the document which ordered his transfer to the Bastille, and for the transfer to the island near Cannes.

Voltaire's invention? 
Voltaire was immured in the Bastille, in 1717. According to him, this prisoner was an older brother of the King. In 1751, he published his work A century of Louis XIV, where he spends a section detailing the story of the man with the iron mask. According to Voltaire, the man was imprisoned in 1661, after the death of Cardinal Mazarin. It is possible that most of what is known today was an invention of Voltaire, who used this man to give an example of how bad an absolute ruler could be.
When he announced the arrival of the prisoner in the very first letter,  Louvois gave his name as "Eustache Dauger". Historians have found out that there was a man by that name, who was alive at that time. The full name of this man was Eustache Dauger de Cavoye. According to the records, Eustache was born on 30 August 1637 and was the son of François Dauger, a guard in the service of Cardinal Richelieu. They also found out, that Eustache seems to have been involved in what became known as Affair of the Poisons. This "affair" lasted from 1675 to about 1680. Many noblemen were poisoned, or executed for witchcraft. Eustache fell into disgrace when it became known that he had participated in lavish parties that included black masses, and possibly homosexual sex. In the 1930s, it was revealed that the real Eustache Dauger died in the Prison Saint-Lazaire in Paris. In the 17th century, the prison was an asylum for mentally ill people, run by monks
. Many noble families used it to get rid of the "black sheep" of the family. Records show that the man really named Dauger was kept in Saint-Lazaire in Paris at about the same time the false Dauger was kept in Pignerolo. According to Louis-Henri de Loménie de Brienne who was also imprisoned in Saint-Lazaire at the time, the real Eustache Dauger de Cavoye died as a result of heavy drinking in the late 1680s. Historians consider all this proof enough that he was not involved in any way with the man in the mask.
Theories about the identity

Candidates 
There are several theories, who this prisoner could have been. Some of the more likely ones are given below

Brother of Louis XIV 
Voltaire thought that this man was a twin brother of Louis XIV. According to Voltaire, this man had grown up in a different place than Louis XIV. He said that the man was imprisoned in 1661, a few months after the death of Jules Mazarin. Marcel Pagnol also has this hypothesis.

Illegitimate child of the Queen 
Another hypothesis is that the prisoner was a illegitimate child of the Queen, Anne of Austria. The father would either be Cardinal Mazarin, or George Villiers, 1. Duke of Buckingham or one of the musketeers. Cardinal Richelieu would have arranged this meeting. This theory is less likely, however, because the child would have had no right to the throne, and imprisoning him would therefore have been no use.
Father of Louis XIV 
The prisoner might have been the father of Louis XIV. Richelieu would have had a liaison with queen Anne, and both Louis XIV and Louis XIII would have been there to prevent Gaston de Bourbon, duc d’Orléans from becoming king.

Someone knowing about Louis' origins 
The autopsy of Louis XIII found that Louis XIII was unable to father children. Anyone knowing this would know about the origins of Louis XIV, and would be potentially dangerous to him. This theory is that the prisoner was in fact the doctor who had performed the autopsy.

Summary 
Today, there is no convincing theory that could explain who this man really was. The last person to have known the identity of this prisoner was probably Michel Chamillart, one of the ministers of the government of Louis XIV. Chamillart died in 1723.
Relative of the king 
Those theories that see the prisoner as part of the family of Louis XIV neglect that there was a lot of social control back then. The birth of a child in the court of the king, or even among nobles was a public event. Several hundred people were present at the birth of Louis XIV. The "secret birth" of a twin brother of Louis is highly unlikely. The amount of social control made it almost impossible that Anne of Austria had an affair. Anne was pregnant several times, which means that her husband, Louis XIII was able to father children. Another fact that speaks against the theory that the prisoner was a relative of the king is that the prisoner had the post of a servant, at times. At the times of Louis XIV, people of noble birth would not become servants.
Servant 
The theories that see the prisoner as a servant also have their weaknesses: Even though he was imprisoned, he had a comfortable life. A simple servant would have been killed, and no one would have cared about his comfort. Despite this, Louis XIV, the king himself took interest in the well-being of the prisoner.

Literature 
There are several books and movies about this man. The best known of these are probably the story by Alexandre Dumas called "The Vicomte de Bragelonne" (which is the third volume of his work  The Three Musketeers), the story The Twins, by Victor Hugo and The Iron Mask by Marcel Pagnol. Dumas also gives a summary of the theories about the prisoner, which were common at his time.

References

17th century in France
Year of birth unknown
1703 deaths
18th century in France
Marcus Belgrave (June 12, 1936 – May 24, 2015) was an American jazz trumpet player. He was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, but raised in Detroit, Michigan. He recorded with a variety of famous musicians, bandleaders, and record labels since the 1950s.

Belgrave died on May 24, 2015, in Ann Arbor, Michigan of heart failure, aged 78.

References

1936 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Musicians from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Michigan
John Michael Murphy (August 3, 1926 – May 25, 2015) was an American politician. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York serving from 1963 through 1981.

Murphy died the age of 88 on May 25, 2015, at a Staten Island hospital.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
United States representatives from New York (state)
Politicians from New York (state)
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Leslie Royston "Les" Johnson AM (2 November 1924 - 26 May 2015) was a former Australian  politician and minister. He served as a member of the Australian Parliament representing Hughes serving from 1955 through 1966 and again from 1969 through 1983.

Johnson was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in June 1990.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Australian politicians
Vicente Aranda Ezquerra (; 9 November 1926 - 26 May 2015), was a Spanish movie director, screenwriter and producer. He was known for directing the 1990 movie Amantes.

Aranda died at the age of 88 in Madrid.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2015 deaths
Spanish movie directors
Spanish movie producers
Spanish screenwriters
Writers from Barcelona
Mallory Hagan (born December 23, 1988) is an American beauty queen. She was crowned Miss America 2013. Since 1989, each contestant has to choose an issue she cares deeply about to promote. Hagan chose increasing awareness and prevention of child sexual abuse. Along with the crown she won a $50,000 college scholarship.

Hagen is originally from Opelika, Alabama. She came to New York from Alabama when she was 18 years old. She had been competing in beauty contests since age 13. Hagen entered the Miss New York contest in 2010 and 2011. She won in 2012. The last Miss America from New York was Vanessa Williams in 1984. Hagen is the first Miss America from Brooklyn.

With a concern for education, in her first 24 hours as Miss America, Hagan talked with United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan.

References

People from New York City
People from Alabama
Miss America winners
1988 births
Living people
Toghrol Tower (also Toghrul, Tuğrul, or Tughrul Tower is a 12th-century tower in the city of Rey, Iran. The 20 meters tall brick tower is the tomb of Seljuk ruler Tuğrul Beg, who died in Rey in 1063. The tower is kept by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization.

Resources 
 Toqrol Tower, Ray   irantouronline.com

Towers in Asia
12th-century buildings and structures
Tehran Province
Buildings and structures in Iran
Cheshmeh-Ali (meaning:Ali's spring) is a natural and swimming spring in Rey, Iran. The spring is located south of Tehran. Cheshmeh-Ali is run from a big rock and flown to south-east. Cheshmeh-Ali dates back 8,000 years ago and is placed under Rey Castle. Inscription of Fath Ali Shah is between Rey Castle and Cheshmeh-Ali from top to down.

Resources 
 ČAŠMA(-YE) ʿALĪ iranicaonline.org

Bodies of water of Asia
Tehran Province
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight viruses in the herpes family. It is one of the most common viruses in humans.

EBV is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). It is also associated with some forms of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). EBV may be associated with a higher risk of certain autoimmune diseases.  Some 200,000 cancer cases per year may be caused by (or associated with) EBV. 

Infection with EBV occurs by the transfer by mouth (oral transfer) of saliva and genital secretions.
Most people become infected with EBV and gain adaptive immunity. In the United States, about half of all five-year-old children and about 90 percent of adults have evidence of previous infection. Infants become susceptible to EBV as soon as maternal antibody protection disappears. Many children become infected with EBV, and these infections usually cause no symptoms or are just mild, brief illnesses of childhood. In the United States and other developed countries, many people are not infected with EBV in their childhood years. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence, it causes glandular fever 35 to 50 percent of the time.

EBV infects B cells of the immune system and epithelial cells. Once EBV's initial infection is brought under control, non-active EBV stays in the person's B cells for the rest of their life.

References 

Viruses
Diseases caused by viruses
Right-wing populism 
Right-wing populists take some of the values of right-wing parties: 
 They see immigration as good for the elite and bad for the people. 
 They are against globalization and foreign ideas. 
 They are against what other parties believe: In Europe, they often think, that European values are based on Christian ones, and that Islam, or its values are bad.

Left-wing populism
Left-wing populists share some of the values of left-wing parties:
They believe in social justice
Often, they are against capitalism, globalization, and social injustice
Unlike right-wing populists who want to exclude certain foreigners, they focus on including unprivileged social groups.
Left-wing populism is common in Central and South America.

Related pages
 Appeal to popularity
 Autocracy
 Cult of personality
 Ochlocracy
 Pragmatism
 Political polarization
 Welfare state

Political movements
For the videogame, see Minesweeper (video game)

A minesweeper is a small naval warship designed to sweep the water clear of mines.  Minesweepers keep waterways clear for shipping. They are quieter and less magnetic than other ships, so the mines won't explode when being swept.

In Great Britain, naval leaders knew before World War I that sea mines were a threat to the nation's shipping. The real threat was not invasion, but blockade aided by mines. Fishing nets pulled behind boats gave an idea on how to clear mines. The Royal Navy used fishermen and their fishing trawlers to keep the English Channel clear of mines. They were supplied with mine gear, rifles, uniforms and pay as the first minesweepers. 

The dedicated, purpose-built minesweeper first appeared during World War I. By the end of the war, naval mine technology had grown beyond the ability of minesweepers to detect and remove.
Minesweeping made big advances during World War 2.  Fighting nations quickly adapted ships to the task of minesweeping.  Both Allied and Axis countries made heavy use of minesweepers throughout the war. Underwater mines remained a problem even after the war ended, and minesweepers were still in use after Japan surrendered to the United States.

After World War 2, allied countries worked on new types of minesweepers.  The United States Navy used special landing craft (shallow-water boats) to clear shallow harbors in and around North Korea. , the U.S. Navy had four minesweepers in the Persian Gulf.

References 

Warships
An Asian Championship is a top level international sports competition between Asian athletes or sports teams representing their respective countries or professional sports clubs.

Related pages 
 Asian Games, a multi-sport event between competitors from all nations in Asia
 Championship
 World championship
 European Championship

Sport in Asia
Sports competitions
Career
Before playing in the NHL, Bishop played parts of 1 season with the Texas Tornado of the North American Hockey League (NAHL) and 3 years of college hockey with the University of Maine Black Bears. With the Tornado, Bishop led them to their second National Championship and Gold Cup and he was named to the first team of the NAHL All-Rookie Team. With the Black Bears, Bishop was named the Rookie of the Month in the months of October 2005 and February 2006. He was also named the Goaltender of the Month by the NCAA's Hockey East conference. He led Maine to the Frozen Four twice. In 2006, they lost in the semi-finals to the University of Wisconsin–Madison and in 2007, they lost to Michigan State University in the semi-finals.

He was drafted 85th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. On March 11, 2008, Bishop signed a two-year entry-level contract with the Bruins. He began playing for their AHL-affiliate, the Peoria Rivermen.
The Blues called Bishop up on October 19, 2008. On October 24, 2008, Bishop played in his first NHL game, coming off the bench to replace an injured Manny Legace to start the second period. He gave up two goals in a 4–0 loss to the Los Angeles Kings. On February 25, 2011, Bishop recorded his first NHL shutout, stopping 39 shots in a 5–0 win against the Edmonton Oilers.

On February 26, 2012, the Blues traded Bishop to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for a second-round draft pick in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. On March 6, 2012, Bishop made his Senators debut in a 7–3 win over the Tampa Bay Lightning. During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Bishop played for the Senators AHL-affiliate, the Binghamton Senators. He was called back up to serve as Craig Anderson's backup after the lockout was over.

On April 3, 2013, the Senators traded Bishop to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Cory Conacher and a fourth-round draft pick. Bishop signed a two-year, $4.6 million extension with the Lightning on April 15.
On January 19, 2014, Bishop set both a career high and a Tampa Bay franchise record after he made 48 saves in a 7–3 victory over the Carolina Hurricanes.

The Lightning named Bishop the starting goaltender over Anders Lindbäck for the 2013–14 NHL season. Over the season, Bishop recorded a record of 37–14–7 over the 63 games played that season. He recorded a .924 save percentage, a 2.23 goals against average, was ranked fourth in games played, as well as seventh in save percentage and goals against. He posted five shutouts, the second-most in Lightning history, and he set single season records for wins, save percentage and GAA. He recorded the second-most saves in Lightning history, with 1,625. He was nominated for Vezina Trophy and finished third in voting. On April 4, 2015, Bishop recorded his 38th win of the season in a 4–0 shutout win against the Florida Panthers. This beat the Tampa Bay franchise record he set the previous season and was a new personal best.
On April 18, 2015, Bishop made his Stanley Cup Playoffs debut. He earned his recorded his first career playoff win with a 5–1 win over the Detroit Red Wings.

On December 14, 2021, Bishop announced his retirement after dealing with a knee injury for two years.

References

Other websites 

1986 births
American Hockey League players
Binghamton Senators players
Dallas Stars players
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Ottawa Senators players
Peoria Rivermen (AHL) players
Sportspeople from Denver
St. Louis Blues players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Texas Stars players
American ice hockey goaltenders
In modular arithmetic, a number g is a primitive root modulo n, if every number m from 1..(n-1) can be expressed in the form of . As an example, 3 is a primitive root modulo 7:

All the elements  of the group modulo 7 can be expressed that way. The number 2 is no primitive root modulo 7, because 

and

Number theory
Alice and Bob are placeholder names which are commonly used to talk about problems. It is used in cryptography, game theory and physics. Instead of “A sends B a message” people say “Alice sends Bob a message”. Ron Rivest seems to have used these names first, in publications about the RSA algorithm. This was 1977 and 1978.

Other names
The most used names are Alice and Bob. Eve, Mallory, and Trent are used often too, and they have pretty well-defined uses.

Cryptography
Game theory
Physics
Names
The Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter (Latin: Fraternitas Sacerdotalis Sancti Petri; for short: F.S.S.P.) is a group of Catholic priests and seminarians who want to say the Mass and other sacraments the way they were said before the Second Vatican Council.

Church laws 
According to the laws of the Catholic Church, the F.S.S.P. is a "Clerical Society of Apostolic Life of Pontifical Right". This means that members have to follow the same rules as diocesan clergy and also swear an oath as members of the Society. The Fraternity was established by the Pope, and local bishops are not allowed to tell the Fraternity what to do. Instead, the Pope is in charge of them, through an organization called Ecclesia Dei. A local bishop is still in charge of the Fraternity's work within his own diocese.
Purpose
The members of the F.S.S.P. are priests and seminarians who want to express their faith in a specific way. This way is to offer the Mass and other sacraments using the Roman Rite, the way it was before it was changed after the Second Vatican Council. Because of this, the Fraternity uses books of worship from the year 1964, including the Roman Missal, the Roman Breviary, the Pontifical (Pontificale Romanum), and the Roman Ritual.

The Fraternity has two purposes: make their priests become holy people, and to send these priests to parishes. They celebrate the sacraments, teach people about Catholicism, give retreats, organize pilgrimages, and provide a full sacramental and cultural life for Catholics who also want to use the liturgy of the 1962 missal. The Fraternity has built its own seminaries to train their own priests to do these things.
Founding
The F.S.S.P started with members of the traditional Catholic group, the Society of St. Pius X (S.S.P.X.). In 1988, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre wanted to make four priests from the S.S.P.X. into bishops. Pope John Paul II did not let him do it, but he did it anyway. The Pope and the Congregation of Bishops said that this was a schismatic act, which meant that the S.S.P.X. was not part of the Catholic Church any more. Twelve priests and several seminarians, led by Father Josef Bisig, did not agree with the decision of Archbishop Lefebvre, and started the F.S.S.P as their own group on July 18, 1988. Father Josef Bisig became the Fraternity's first superior general.

Organization 
In 2011, the Fraternity had 392 people in it: 228 priests, 10 deacons, and 154 seminarians in 117 dioceses around the world. There are people in the Fraternity from 35 countries. There is also a group of lay members called the Confraternity of Saint Peter with 3,487 people in it.
Superiors General 
The person in charge of the F.S.S.P. is called the superior general. The Very Reverend Andrzej Komorowski is the superior general right now. He is helped by the Vicar General and Assistant, the Very Reverend Patrick du Faÿ.
 Josef Bisig (1988–2000)
 Arnaud Devillers (2000–2006)
 John Berg (2006–2018)
 Andrzej Komorowski (2018–present)

Districts and regions 
The Fraternity has people all over the world, so people in different parts of the world are split into three districts and two regions:
 German-speaking District, Superior: Rev. Axel Maußen
 French District, Superior: Rev. Vincent Ribeton
 North American District, Superior: Rev. Eric Flood
 Belgium-Netherlands Region, Superior: Rev. Hervé Hygonnet
 Southern Cross Region, Superior: Rev. Christopher Blust
Educational institutions 
The Fraternity has two seminaries:
 The International Seminary of St. Peter is in Wigratzbad-Opfenbach, Bavaria, Germany. It was started in 1988 and teaches students who speak French and German.
 Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary is in Denton, Nebraska, USA. It was started in 1994 and teaches students who speak English.
It also runs Ezekiel House, a house for seminarians who have studied for less than one year, in Sydney, Australia.

References

Other websites 
 Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter – International website with pages in English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Polish, and Latin
 Organizational chart of F.S.S.P. leadership
 Documents relating to the foundation of the F.S.S.P.
 Confraternity of Saint Peter (Lay associate members of the F.S.S.P.)
 Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary
 The Seminary of Wigratzbad

Roman Catholicism
Twelve Penny Black is a rare Canada stamp. It was issued in 1851. The 12-pence stamp showed the portrait of Queen Victoria.

History 
In 1851, the Province of Canada issued the stamps of Queen Victoria. For the stamp image, the Queen's portrait by Alfred Edward Chalon (1780–1860) was used. This design is called the Chalon head. The stamps were printed in New York.

In fine and unused condition, these stamps are very priced. In February 2006, a Twelve Penny Black was sold £116,000.

Related pages 
 Penny Black
 Penny Lilac
 Penny Red
 Queen Victoria
 Two Penny Blue

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Canadian stamps (1851–1875) on the site of Library and Archives Canada.
 
 

Postage stamps
1851 establishments
1850s establishments in Canada
Koninklijke Atletiek Associatie Gent, also referred to as just AA Gent is a football club from Ghent, Belgium. It was founded in 1900 and is one of the top clubs in Belgium. Its home ground is the Ghelamco Arena, which has a capacity of 20,000.

Belgian football clubs
Ghent
Maurice Hayes (8 July 1927 – 23 December 2017) was an Irish politician. He was an independent member of the 21st and 22nd Seanads, nominated as a senator by the Taoiseach. 

Hayes was born in County Down in Northern Ireland. He died at a hospital in Belfast on 23 December 2017 from frontotemporal dementia at the age of 90.

References

1927 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from frontotemporal dementia
Irish politicians
Sir Kenneth Percy Bloomfield (born 15 April 1931) is an Irish politician. He was the former head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service.

He was later a member of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains and for a time Northern Ireland Victims Commissioner. In addition to this, he has held a variety of public sector posts in Northern Ireland and elsewhere.

Bloomfield was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Other websites
Independent Commission for the Location of Victims Remains Official Website

1931 births
Living people
British civil servants
People from Belfast
Mary Ellen Mark (March 20, 1940 – May 25, 2015) was an American photographer. She was known for her photojournalism, portraiture, and advertising photography. 

She photographed people who were "away from mainstream society and toward its more interesting, often troubled fringes".

Mark died of myelodysplastic syndrome in Manhattan, on May 25, 2015, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 
Scotsman newspaper interview, June 2005
Audio interview, The Digital Journalist , March 1999
Art HERStory: Mary Ellen Mark 

1940 births
2015 deaths
American artists
American photographers
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
Disease-related deaths in New York City
People from Philadelphia
Erik Carlsson, aka "Carlsson på taket" ("Carlsson on the roof"), (5 March 1929 – 27 May 2015) was a Swedish rally driver for Saab.

Carlsson was born in Trollhättan. Erik Carlsson married Pat Moss on 3 March 1963 in London. Carlsson died on 27 May 2015, aged 86.

References

1929 births
2015 deaths
Swedish racecar drivers
John Edmund Gardner (20 November 1926 – 3 August 2007) was an English spy and thriller novelist. He was best known for his James Bond novels, but also for his series of Boysie Oakes books and three continuation novels containing Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional villain, Professor Moriarty.

Gardner went on to write over fifty works of fiction, including fourteen original James Bond novels, and the novel versions of two Bond movie. He died from suspected heart failure on 3 August 2007.

Other websites
John-Gardner.com

1926 births
2007 deaths
English novelists
James Bond writers
Writers from Northumberland
John Champlin Gardner Jr. (July 21, 1933 – September 14, 1982) was an American novelist, essayist, literary critic and university professor. He was known for his novel Grendel, a retelling of the Beowulf myth from the monster's point of view.

Gardner was killed in a motorcycle accident in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, aged 49.

Works

Fiction
 The Resurrection, 1966. 
 The Wreckage of Agathon, 1970.
 Grendel, 1971.
 The Sunlight Dialogues, 1972. 
 Jason and Medeia, 1973. 
 Nickel Mountain: A Pastoral Novel, 1973. 
 The King's Indian, 1974. 
 October Light, 1976. 
 In the Suicide Mountains, 1977. 
 Freddy's Book, 1980. 
 The Art of Living and Other Stories, 1981.
 Mickelsson's Ghosts, 1982. 
 Stillness and Shadows, 1986.

Biography
 The Life and Times of Chaucer, 1977.

Children's stories
 Dragon, Dragon (and Other Tales), 1975.
 Gudgekin The Thistle Girl (and Other Tales), 1976.
 The King of the Hummingbirds (and Other Tales), 1977.
 A Child's Bestiary, 1977.
Criticism and Instruction
 The Forms of Fiction, 1962.
 The Construction of the Wakefield Cycle, 1974.
 The Poetry of Chaucer, 1977.
 On Moral Fiction, 1978.
 On Becoming a Novelist, 1983.
 The Art of Fiction, 1983.
 On Writers and Writing, 1994.

Translation
 The Complete Works of the Gawain Poet, 1965.
 The Alliterative Morte Arthure and Other Middle English Poems, 1971.
 Tengu Child (with Nobuko Tsukui), 1983.
 Gilgamesh (with John Maier, Richard A. Henshaw), 1984.

Other websites
 
 
"Audio Interview with John C. Gardner" , Wired for Books
"Thirty years Later: A Conversation on John Gardner (with Joel Gardner). March 2012.  
Audio interview of John Gardner by Stephen Banker, circa 1978

1933 births
1982 deaths
Road accident deaths in the United States
Writers from New York (state)
John Gardner may refer to:

Arts and literature
John Gardner (American writer) (1933–1982), American novelist and educator, author of Grendel
John Gardner (British writer) (1926–2007), British author of spy and mystery novels, former official James Bond author
John Gardner (composer) (1917–2011), British composer
John Lowell Gardner II (1837–1898), patron of the arts
John Gardner (boat builder) (1905–1995), American nautical historian
Law, education and government
John Gardner (Rhode Island) (1697–1764), Deputy Governor, Colony of Rhode Island
John Gardner (Australian politician), Australian Liberal Party MP for the South Australian seat of Morialta since 2010
John Gardner (Continental Congress) (1747–1808), American farmer, Rhode Island delegate to Continental Congress
John Gardner (lawyer) (born 1964), professor of jurisprudence, University of Oxford
John Dunn Gardner (1811–1903), British Member of Parliament, 1841 to 1847 
John Fentress Gardner (1912–1998), American author and educator
John J. Gardner (1845–1921), American politician representing New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives, 1885 to 1893
John W. Gardner (1912–2002), U.S. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare during the Great Society, founder of Medicare and Public Broadcasting
Others
John D. Gardner (general), lieutenant general in the U.S. Army
John L. Gardner (1793–1869), brigadier general in the US Army
John Albert Gardner (born 1979), American double murderer
John Sterling Gardner, Jr., American criminal, see List of individuals executed in North Carolina
John Gardner (Texas Ranger) (1845–1926), Texas Ranger, cowboy, Indian fighter and trail boss
John Twiname Gardner (1854–1914), English doctor and composer
John L. Gardner (boxer), British boxer
John Gardner (tennis), Australian tennis player, see 1971 US Open – Men's Singles
John Lane Gardner (1793–1869) served in the U.S. Army eventually achieving the rank of brevet Brigadier General after serving in the American Civil War having also served in the War of 1812, the Seminole War and the Mexican–American War before that.

Other websites

John L. Gardner at Find A Grave
The Mexican-American War: Gardner military reports 
Fort Polk

1793 births
1869 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Military people from Massachusetts
People from Boston
John William Gardner, (October 8, 1912 – February 16, 2002) was an American politician. He served as the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under President Lyndon Johnson. He was the founder of Common Cause.

Other websites
 "John Gardner: Uncommon American" PBS documentary

 "John W. Gardner: The Man Behind Our Mission" 

1912 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in California
Politicians from Los Angeles
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Dayton Hollis Waller, Jr. (April 2, 1925 – May 26, 2015) was an American farmer and businessman from Shreveport, Louisiana. He was a Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives. He served a single term with six other at-large members from 1968 until 1972.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
American Baptists
Businesspeople from Louisiana
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
Politicians from Louisiana
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Don Roscoe "Rocky" Joseph III (July 26, 1937 - May 26, 2015), professionally known as Rocky Frisco and Rocky Curtiss, was an American musician.  He was best known as the longtime pianist for JJ Cale, and for his role in the development of the music style known as the Tulsa Sound.

References

1937 births
2015 deaths
American pianists
Musicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Aminah Brenda Lynn Robinson (February 18, 1940 – May 22, 2015) was an American artist. Robinson received her formal art training at the Columbus Art School (now the Columbus College of Art and Design). She was known for creating sculptures in Columbus neighborhoods. 

Robinson died on May 22, 2015 from heart failure, aged 75.

References

1940 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American artists
People from Columbus, Ohio
Tanith Lee (19 September 1947 – 24 May 2015) was a British writer of science fiction, horror, and fantasy. She was the author of over 90 novels and 300 short stories, a children's picture book (Animal Castle), and many poems. 

She also wrote two episodes of the BBC science fiction series Blake's 7. She was the first woman to win the British Fantasy Award best novel award (also known as the August Derleth Award), for her book Death's Master (1980).

Lee died peacefully in her sleep after a long illness on 24 May 2015.

References

Other websites

 Daughter of the Night: The premier annotated Tanith Lee bibliography
 Tanith Lee on the Silver Metal Lover
 Biography  on the Internet Book List
 Tanith Lee Publications at *
 Tanith Lee's Official Website: 

1947 births
2015 deaths
Writers from London
Odo Marquard (26 February 1928 - 9 May 2015) was a German philosopher.

Marquard was born in Stolp, Farther Pomerania. In 1984 he was awarded the Sigmund Freud Prize by the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung. Marquard died at the age of 87.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
20th-century German philosophers
21st-century German philosophers
German academics
People from former German territories
The C/K was Chevrolet and GMC's full-size pickup truck. The series was produced from 1960 until 1999 in the United States. In Canada it was produced from 1965 to 1999. South American trucks were made from 1964 through 2001 in Brazil and from 1975 to 1982 in Chile. 

The first Chevrolet pickup truck appeared in 1918. The buyer provided the all-wood cab or got it after an aftermarket supplier added it to the chassis. The same was true for the steel cargo bed. "C" indicated two-wheel drive and "K" indicated four-wheel drive. The aging C/K light-duty pickup truck was replaced with the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra names in 1999 in the US and Canada. In 2001 in Brazil they were called the Chevrolet Silverado HD and GMC Sierra HD heavy-duty pickup trucks. Until this time the names Silverado and Sierra were used to identify the trim level of the C/K trucks.

References 

Chevrolet automobiles
Trucks
Australopithecus deyiremeda is an extinct hominin which lived about 3.4 million years ago in northern Ethiopia. This was around the same time and place as several previously discovered specimens of Australopithecus afarensis were found. They include the well known Lucy.

The discovery was in the Afar Region of Ethiopia about  (520 kilometers) northeast of the capital Addis Ababa and  north of Hadar, Ethiopia (“Lucy’s” site). 

Teeth in the fossil jaw suggest that the species had a different diet from A. afarensis.

Yohannes Haile-Selassie, the curator of physical anthropology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History has said that "The Woranso-Mille study area has thus far yielded more than 120 early hominin fossil specimens dated to between 3.4 and 3.8 million years ago".
Haile-Selassie told the BBC: "We had to look at the detailed anatomy and morphology of the teeth and the upper and lower jaws, and we found major differences. This new species has very robust jaws. In addition, we see this new species had smaller teeth. The canine is really small – smaller than all known hominins we have found in the past". 

This was perhaps one of four different species of early humans that were all alive at the same time.

References 

Australopithecines