Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, KG, GCB, PC (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century. He began his parliamentary career as a Tory and ended it as a Liberal.

He is best remembered for his leading of British foreign policy in a period of time when the United Kingdom was at its strongest. He served as both Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister. Some of his actions, now sometimes called 'liberal interventionist', were disliked by the Queen and by many of his fellow politicians.

1784 births
1865 deaths
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Irish Viscounts
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Temple, Henry John
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Liberal Party (UK) MPs
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, KG, KT, PC (28 January 1784–14 December 1860) was a Scottish Tory/Peelite politician. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1852 until 1855.

1784 births
1860 deaths
Members of the House of Lords
Politicians from Edinburgh
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Viscounts
Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, KG, PC (29 March 1799–23 October 1869) was an English statesman. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. To date, Derby was the longest serving leader of the Conservative Party. Derby is one of only four British Prime Ministers to have been in office three or more times.  However each time he was only in office for less than two years. Derby was Prime Minister for a total of just over four years, less than many other Prime Ministers.

1799 births
1869 deaths
English Earls
Politicians from Lancashire
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward
Stanley, Edward Lord
Stanley, Edward Lord
Stanley, Edward Lord
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (7 May 184721 May 1929) was a British Liberal politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, also known as Archibald Primrose (1847–1851), Lord Dalmeny (1851–1868).

After an education at Eton and Oxford, Dalmeny succeeded to his grandfather's Scottish earldom in 1868.

Political career 
Becoming involved in politics, he became a Liberal, and was involved in Gladstone's Midlothian campaign, which brought the Liberals back into power in 1880.  In the Liberal administration that followed, Rosebery served in junior offices, including that of Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, before entering the Cabinet as Lord Privy Seal in March 1885.
Rosebery became a leader of the Liberal Imperialist faction of the Liberal Party, and in Gladstone's third (1886) and fourth (1892–1894) administrations, Rosebery served as Foreign Secretary.  When Gladstone retired in 1894, Rosebery became his successor as Prime Minister, much to the disgust of the more left-wing Liberals.  Rosebery's government was largely unsuccessful—his designs in foreign policy, such as expansion of the fleet, were defeated by disagreements within the Liberal Party, while the Tory-dominated House of Lords stopped the whole of the Liberals' domestic legislation.  In 1895, Rosebery resigned, and a Conservative government under Lord Salisbury took his place.
Rosebery resigned as leader of the Liberal Party in 1896, and gradually moved further and further from the mainstream of the party, supporting the Boer War and opposing Irish Home Rule, a position which prevented him from taking part in the Liberal government that returned to power in 1905.  In his later years, Rosebery turned to writing, including biographies of Lord Chatham, Pitt the Younger, Napoleon, and Lord Randolph Churchill.  He was also famous for his champion racehorses.

Roseberry's landholdings  
Roseberry was extremely wealthy, even by the standards of the aristocracy before the First World War. He owned 12 houses, all of them grand, and some of huge size.
By marriage, he acquired:
Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire, a huge neo-Renaissance stately home, sold in the 1970s
Number 40, Piccadilly, in London.
With his fortune, he bought:
a shooting lodge at Carrington in Midlothian
a Georgian villa at Postwick in Norfolk
In 1897, he bought Villa Delahente in Posillipo, overlooking the Bay of Naples, currently an official residence of the President of the Italian Republic, still known as Villa Rosebery
38 Berkeley Square, London
The Durdans, Epsom, where he died in 1929.
As Earl of Rosebery, he was laird of:
Dalmeny House on the banks of the Firth of Forth (pictured)
Barnbougle Castle in the grounds of Dalmeny Estate, used by Rosebery (an insomniac) for privacy.
He rented:
a home in Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh, during World War I
Lansdowne House, in London, from the Marquess of Lansdowne.
Rumours 
It was rumoured that Rosebery was homosexual or bisexual. Like Oscar Wilde, he was hounded by Queensbury for his association with one of Queensberry's sons. It was Francis Douglas, who was Roseberry's private secretary. The suggestion was that Queensberry had threatened to expose the Prime Minister if his government did not vigorously prosecute Wilde for Wilde's relationship with Francis Douglas's younger brother, Lord Alfred Douglas. Queensberry believed, as he put it in a letter, that "Snob Queers like Rosebery" had corrupted his sons, and he held Rosebery indirectly responsible for Drumlanrig's death.

References

Other websites

1847 births
1929 deaths
Scottish Earls
United Kingdom Earls
United Kingdom Barons
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman GCB (7 September 1836 - 22 April 1908) was a Scottish- born British Liberal statesman. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 5 December 1905 until resigning because of bad health on 3 April 1908. 

Campbell-Bannerman was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1836 as Henry Campbell.  The surname Bannerman was added to his surname in 1871 as required by his uncle's will. It was a requirement of his inheritance of his uncle's Kent estate, Hunton Court.

Seriously ill by the time of his resignation as Prime Minister, he died just nineteen days later. He remains the most recent Prime Minister to die in 10 Downing Street.

1836 births
1908 deaths
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
Liberal Party (UK) MPs‎
Pitch can mean:

 Pitch (music), a term in music
 Pitch (card game)
 Pitch (resin), a substance from plants or from petroleum
 Pitch (baseball), a throw of a baseball from the pitcher to the catcher
 A field of play, usually outdoors. A lawn.
 Association football pitch
 Cricket pitch
 Rugby pitch
 Sales pitch
 Pitch (movie)
The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census) is a part of the United States government that is responsible for the United States Census.
The Census Bureau is a part of the United States Department of Commerce.

Legal mandate

The Constitution of the United States says that the population must be counted at least once every ten years (through the U.S. Census). This is done to calculate how many Federal Representatives in Congress each state should have. The Census Bureau is in charge of doing this. It collects statistics about the nation, its people, and its economy. The Census Bureau's legal authority is listed in Title 13 of the United States Code. The first census bureau was in 1790.

Organizational structure

Since 1903, The Bureau of the Census has been the census-taking organization of the United States government. The Bureau is led by a Director, who is helped by a deputy director and associate directors.
The Census Bureau headquarters is located at 4600 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland. There are regional offices in 12 cities: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Kansas City, Seattle, Charlotte, Atlanta, Dallas, Denver, and Los Angeles. More offices are set up and used when it comes time to do the census every 10 years.

Population estimates
The Census Bureau also use real-time extrapolation of information on population, birth, and death to give their estimates of the number of people in the United States and the world.

References
 The original version of this article was adapted from U.S. Census Bureau text.
 What the U.S. Census Bureau does and how it does it are detailed in Title 13 of the United States Code.

Other websites 
 United States Census Bureau website
 U.S. and World Population Clocks - POPClocks
 RSS Feed 

Census Bureau
Census Bureau
Statistics organizations
Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of signals.  Signals of interest include sound, images, biological signals such as ECG, radar signals, and many others.

Processing of such signals includes storage and reconstruction, separation of information from noise (e.g., aircraft identification by radar), compression (e.g., image compression), and feature extraction (e.g., converting text to speech).

Signal classification 

For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or the modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunication. For digital signals, signal processing may involve the compression, error checking and error detection of digital signals.
Analog signal processing—for signals that have not been digitized, as in classical radio, telephone, radar, and television systems
 Digital signal processing—for signals that have been digitized.  Processing is done by digital circuits such as ASICs, FPGAs, general-purpose microprocessors or computers, or specialized digital signal processor chips.
 Statistical signal processing—analyzing and extracting information from signals based on their statistical properties
 Audio signal processing—for electrical signals representing sound, such as music
 Speech signal processing—for processing and interpreting spoken words
 Image processing—in digital cameras, computers, and various imaging systems
 Video signal processing—for interpreting moving pictures
 Array processing—for processing signals from arrays of sensors

Method of Signal processing
Signal processing is the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of acquired signals.  Acquired signals must to be processed depending on the purpose of measurement, a method of measurement, and a property of acquired signals.

When signals are processed, statistics is used because it's essential to know a distribution of data and represent data by numerical formulas. In other words, to study signal processing, it's demanded to study statistics (like the theory of error, the arithmetical mean, probability, a stochastic variable, accuracy, and detailed drawing, etc.).

In most cases, signals are regular, as it is acquired from electric instruments like telemeter, or communications equipment, etc. But there are also many accidentally occurred irregular signals which make it difficult to find formulas that fit exactly. Here, the irregular means it's hard to predict the result which is not yet occurred. When irregular signals are acquired, photon is necessary, so it is measured, and calculated.
Related pages
 Signal (electrical engineering)

Communication
Henri Troyat, born Levon Aslan Torossian or Lev Aslanovich Tarasov, (November 1, 1911 – March 2, 2007) was a French author, biographer, historian and novelist. Originally, his family was from Armenia.

He was born in Moscow. His family fled Russia, because they feared the coming revolution. After a long exile, the family  settled in Paris in 1920, where young Troyat was schooled and later earned a law degree.

He won his first literary award at the age of 24, "le prix du Roman populaire". At the age of 27 he was awarded the prestigious Prix Goncourt.

He  published more than 100 books, novels and biographies, among them those of Anton Chekhov, Catherine the Great, Rasputin, Ivan the Terrible and Leo Tolstoy. He was at his death the dean of the Académie française.

His best-known work is La neige en deuil, which was adapted as an English-language movie in 1956 under the title The Mountain.

References

Writers from Paris
Biographers
1911 births
2007 deaths
Members of the Académie française
Rondônia is a state in Brazil. It is in the northwest of the country. To the west is the state of Acre. To the north is the state of Amazonas. In the east is Mato Grosso. In the south is Bolivia. Its capital is Porto Velho. The state was named after Candido Rondon.

Other cities include:
 Ji-Paraná
 Ariquemes
 Vilhena
 Cacoal

Geography 
The state is covered mostly by jungle of the Amazon Rainforest. About three-fifths of the state has had the jungle removed since the 1970s. Most of the people living in the state now live in urban areas. It is a big exporter of wood. The state also makes both coffee and cocoa. The breeding of cattle is also important here.
Flag 
The flag was made by Silvio Carvalho Feitosa. It was made the flag of the state on December 22, 1981. The flag uses the same colors of the flag of Brazil. The big star in the middle of the flag is a symbol for the new state. The star is shown rising into the blue sky that is stretching over Brazil (the yellow and green areas in the lower half of the flag).

Tribes 
The Akuntsu tribe is one of the tribes of Rondônia. They are one of the indigenous peoples of Brazil. They were first contacted in only 1995. At that time, there were only seven people in the tribe. As of 2006, there were six people. They live in the Igarape Omere region to the southwest of Rondônia. The tribe consists of chief Kunibu Baba (male, age: ~ 70), Pupak (male, age: ~ 40), Ururu (female, age:~80) and three women with ages from 23 to 35. The seventh member of the tribe died in 1995. The only child born after that died in 2000 in a storm. With his death the only hope of the tribe not becoming extinct lessened.

Notes
Notes

Other websites 
 Rondonia Web
In linguistics, noun phrases have grammatical number. Singular is one kind of grammatical number. A singular noun phrase usually refers to something that you would count as one only (e.g., one time, a glass, the sun, my mother, Jennifer). Noun phrases that cannot be counted are also singular in English (e.g., water, the meat, some space, etc.). In contrast, plural noun phrases are counted as more or less than one (e.g., no bananas, 0.5 liters, 1.2 grams, two times, three fish, 20 mothers).

Grammar
Switzerland is divided into 26 different areas called cantons. A canton is similar to a state in the United States.

In the past, each canton had its own army and money. This changed in 1848 when Switzerland finished a civil war and changed to the structure it has now.

The cantons Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden (Nidwalden and Obwalden together are called Unterwalden) are called Urkantone. An Urkanton is a canton that existed since the foundation of Switzerland in 1291. With time, other cantons joined Switzerland. Jura is the newest canton in Switzerland since 1978. In that year, it split from the canton of Berne, after some rioting.

The cantons of Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Appenzell-Innerrhoden, Appenzell-Ausserrhoden, Obwalden and Nidwalden are different from the others in one way. For historical reasons, their voting is counted differently in national elections. Other than that, they are the same as the others.
In Switzerland, the individual municipalities and cantons are very free. Usually, there is a Swiss law (at the level of the whole confederation). Very often this states general things and says that the cantons must follow this rule. The cantons then make detailed rules, each in the way it sees fit. Sometimes this leads to strange situations. There are 26 different schooling systems.

Drug abuse is a federal offense. Punishment is usually one to three years, but can also be only a fine. The problem is: Consumption itself (not trading, or giving away for free) is not punishable. Also in light cases, the police can say that there will be no fine. This has led to the fact, that in each canton, this law is applied differently. In one canton, smoking marijuana will mean a fine, in another, it can mean a prison term.

The word for that is called federalism. That means, that each canton has its own government. So all cantons have their own constitution. The constitution is the highest law in a state.
List and map 
The cantons are listed in the order given in the federal constitution.
{| class=sortable cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;"
|- bgcolor="#BEBEBE"
!Flag
!Abbr
!Canton
!Since
!Capital
!Population1
!Area2
!Density3
!Nr of Municipalities1
!Official languages
|-
|
|ZH
|Zürich (Zurich)
|1351
|Zürich
|align=right|1,228,600
|align=right|1,729
|align=right|701
|align=right|171
|German
|-
|
|BE
|Berne (Bern)
|1353
|Berne
|align=right|947,100
|align=right|5,959
|align=right|158
|align=right|399
|German, French
|-
|
|LU
|Lucerne
|1332
|Lucerne
|align=right|350,600
|align=right|1,493
|align=right|233
|align=right|107
|German
|-
|
|UR
|Uri
|1291
|Altdorf
|align=right|35,000
|align=right|1,077
|align=right|33
|align=right|20
|German
|-
|
|SZ
|Schwyz
|1291
|Schwyz
|align=right|131,400
|align=right|908
|align=right|143
|align=right|30
|German
|-
|
|OW
|Obwalden (Obwald)
|1291
|Sarnen
|align=right|32,700
|align=right|491
|align=right|66
|align=right|66
|align=right|7
|German
|-
|
|NW
|Nidwalden (Nidwald)
|1291
|Stans
|align=right|38,600
|align=right|276
|align=right|138
|align=right|11
|German
|-
|
|GL
|Glarus
|1352
|Glarus
|align=right|38,300
|align=right|685
|align=right|51
|align=right|28
|German
|-
|
|ZG
|Zug
|1352
|Zug
|align=right|100,900
|align=right|239
|align=right|416
|align=right|11
|German
|-
|
|FR
|Fribourg
|1481
|Fribourg
|align=right|239,100
|align=right|1,671
|align=right|141
|align=right|242
|French, German
|-
|
|SO
|Solothurn
|1481
|Solothurn
|align=right|245,500
|align=right|791
|align=right|308
|align=right|126
|German
|-
|
|BS
|Basel-Stadt (Basle-City)
|1501
|Basel
|align=right|186,700
|align=right|37
|align=right|5,072
|align=right|3
|German
|-
|
|BL
|Basel-Landschaft (Basle-Country)
|1501
|Liestal
|align=right|261,400
|align=right|518
|align=right|502
|align=right|86
|German
|-
|
|SH
|Schaffhausen
|1501
|Schaffhausen
|align=right|73,400
|align=right|298
|align=right|246
|align=right|34
|German
|-
|
|AR
|German
|-
|
|AR
|Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Outer Rhodes)
|1513
|Herisau4
|align=right|53,200
|align=right|243
|align=right|220
|align=right|20
|German
|-
|
|AI
|Appenzell Innerrhoden (Inner Rhodes)
|1513
|Appenzell
|align=right|15,000
|align=right|173
|align=right|87
|align=right|6
|German
|-
|
|SG
|St. Gallen (St. Gall)
|1803
|St. Gallen
|align=right|452,600
|align=right|2,026
|align=right|222
|align=right|90
|German
|-
|
|GR
|Graubünden (Grisons)
|1803
|Chur
|align=right|185,700
|align=right|7,105
|align=right|26
|align=right|211
|German, Romansh, Italian
|-
|
|AG
|Aargau (Argovia)
|1803
|Aarau
|align=right|550,900
|align=right|1,404
|align=right|388
|align=right|232
|German
|-
|
|TG
|Thurgau (Thurgovia)
|1803
|Frauenfeld
|align=right|228,200
|align=right|991
|align=right|229
|align=right|80
|German
|-
|
|TI
|Ticino
|1803
|Bellinzona
|align=right|311,900
|align=right|2,812
|align=right|110
|align=right|244
|Italian
|-
|
|VD
|Vaud
|1803
|Lausanne
|align=right|626,200
|align=right|3,212
|align=right|188
|align=right|188
|align=right|382
|French
|-
|
|VS
|Valais
|1815
|Sion
|align=right|278,200
|align=right|5,224
|align=right|53
|align=right|160
|French, German
|-
|
|NE
|Neuchâtel
|1815
|Neuchâtel
|align=right|166,500
|align=right|803
|align=right|206
|align=right|62
|French
|-
|
|GE
|Geneva
|1815
|Geneva
|align=right|414,300
|align=right|282
|align=right|1,442
|align=right|45
|French
|-
|
|JU
|Jura
|1979
|Delémont
|align=right|69,100
|align=right|838
|align=right|82
|align=right|83
|French
|- bgcolor="#DCDCDC"
|
|CH
|Switzerland
| 
|Bern
|align="right"|7,261,20041,285
|align="right"|174
|align="right"|2,890
|German, French, Italian, Romansh
|}
Notes: 1 As of 31 December 2001, National Statistics, 2 km², 3 per km², based on 2000 population 4 seat of government and parliament, the seat of the judicial authorities is Trogen.

The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on car license plates and in the ISO 3166-2 codes (with the prefix "CH-", i.e. CH-SZ for the canton of Schwyz).

References
The nervous system is a body system which sends signals around the body. It lets animals respond to what is around them. The central nervous system is the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. It is present in almost all animals. It is there to process the input from the senses, and to coordinate movement. Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.

The nervous system is made up of neurons. Other cells, such as glial cells keep the neurons safe and healthy.

The structure of the system includes the brain and spinal cord, which together are called the central nervous system.  The brain has billions of nerve cells to help think, walk, and breathe. The nervous system can react in 1/100 of a second to a stimulus, like a pain signal.

The system of nerves in your body that sends messages for controlling movement and feeling between the brain and the other parts of the body anatomy of nervous systems can be sub-divided as follows:
Central nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system

References
Alexandre Dumas, fils (fils is French for son), (27 July 1824 – 27 November 1895) was the son of Alexandre Dumas, père (père is French for father). Like his father, Alexandre Dumas, fils was a celebrated author and playwright.

Alexandre Dumas fils was born in Paris, France, the illegitimate child of Marie-Catherine Labay, a dressmaker, and novelist Alexandre Dumas. In 1831 his father legally recognized him (he adopted him) and ensured the young Dumas received the best education possible at the Institution Goubaux and the College Bourbon. At that time, the law allowed the elder Dumas to take the child away from his mother. Her agony inspired Dumas fils to write about tragic female characters. In almost all of his writings, he emphasized the moral purpose of literature and in his 1858 play, Le fils naturel (The Illegitimate Son), he wrote about the belief that if a man fathers an illegitimate child, then he has an obligation to legitimize the child and marry the woman.
Dumas' paternal great-grandparents were a white French nobleman and a young black Haitian woman. In the boarding schools, Dumas fils was constantly taunted by his classmates. These issues all profoundly influenced his thoughts, behaviour, and writing.
In 1844, Dumas fils moved to Saint-Germain-en-Laye to live with his father. There, he met Marie Duplessis, a young courtesan who would be the inspiration for his romantic novel, La dame aux camélias (The Lady of the Camellias). Adapted into a play, it was titled in English (especially in the United States) as Camille and is the basis for Verdi's 1853 opera, La Traviata. Although he admitted that he had done the adaptation because he needed the money, he had a huge success with the play. With this work began the playwriting career of Dumas fils which not only eclipsed that of his father during his lifetime but also dominated the serious French stage for most of the second half of the nineteenth century. After this, he virtually abandoned the novel (though his semi-autobiographical L'Affaire Clemenceau (1867) achieved some success).

In 1864, Dumas married Nadeja Naryschkine, with whom he had a daughter. After Naryschkine's death, he married Henriette Regnier.
In 1874, he was admitted to the Académie française and in 1894 he was awarded the Légion d'Honneur.

Alexandre Dumas the son died at Marly-le-Roi, Yvelines, on 27 November 1895 and was interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Paris. It was, perhaps coincidentally, only some 100 metres away from Marie Duplessis.

Books 

 La dame aux camélias (Camille or The Lady of the Camellias, 1848)
 L'affaire Clemenceau (The Clemenceau Case, 1867)

Opera 
 Verdi's La Traviata was based on the novel The Lady of the Camellias
Plays 
 Atala (1848)
 La Dame aux camélias (1852)
 Diane de Lys (1853)
 Le Bijou de la reine (1855)
 Le Demi-monde (1855)
 La Question d'argent (1857)
 Le Fils naturel (The Illegitimate Son or The Natural Son, 1858)
 Un Père prodigue (1859)
 Un Marriage dans un chapeau (1859) coll. Vivier
 L'Ami des femmes (1864)
 Le Supplice d'une femme (1865) coll. Emile de Girardin
 Heloise Paranquet (1866) coll. Durentin
 Les Idees de Madame Aubray (1867)
 Le Filleul de Pompignac (1869) coll. Francois
 Une Visite de noces (1871)
 La Princesse Georges (1871)
 La Femme de Claude (1873)
 Monsieur Alphonse (1873)
 L'étrangère (1876)
 Les Danicheff (1876) coll. de Corvin
 La Comtesse Romani (1876) coll. Gustave Fould
 La Princesse de Bagdad (1881)
 Denise (1885)
 Francillon (1887)

Other websites 
 

1824 births
1895 deaths
French playwrights
French novelists
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Members of the Académie française
Conjunctivitis (also known as pinkeye) is a medical condition when the Conjunctiva (a transparent membrane that lines the outer eye, and inner part of the eyelid) becomes inflamed. The cause of conjunctivitis can be either bacterial or viral infection.

Other websites 

 Mayo Clinic - Pink-eye
 All About Vision
 Kid's Health
 MedicineNet
 WebMD
 Learning the Herbs  - Natural treatment for pink-eye

Infectious diseases
Diseases and disorders of the eye
Cerulean is a range of colours from teal-blue, sky-blue, bright blue, or azure to deep cyan. The word cerulean comes from the Latin word caeruleum, which means "sky" or "heavens". This was in turn from Latin caeruleus deep blue: resembling the blue of the sky.

In classical times, this term was used to describe blue pigments, particularly mixtures of copper and cobaltous oxides, called genuine cerulean. These early attempts to create sky blue colours were often less than satisfactory due to greenish hues and lack of permanence. When the artificial pigment cerulean blue was invented people started using this instead.

The first recorded use of cerulean as a color name in English was in 1590.

Meaning of cerulean

 Cerulean represents the "sky" or "heavens", or sometimes the ocean. 

 The United States Navy Blue Angels aerobatics team wears uniforms that are a bright rich tone of cerulean.

Tones of cerulean color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

References
John Scot Barrowman MBE (born 11 March 1967) is a Scottish-American actor, author, presenter and singer.

Early life
Barrowman was born on 11 March 1967 in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, but moved to Joliet, Illinois, United States when he was 8 years old and grew up there. He is citizen of both the United Kingdom and the United States because of this. Barrowman was a contestant on the first series of Dancing on Ice in 2006.

Acting and presenting
Barrowman is most known for playing the character Captain Jack Harkness in the television series Doctor Who and Torchwood. He is also a famous musical actor and singer. He has appeared in many musicals, as well as television shows about musicals. He also has been a presenter for series such as Live & Kicking and, the Hollow Earth trilogy. He is currently staring in CW's Arrow as Malcolm Merlyn.

Personal life
Barrowman is openly gay. He has been in a relationship with Scott Gill since 1993. They have been civil partners since 2006. They married in 2013.
References

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Glasgow
Actors from Joliet, Illinois
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television presenters
British television personalities
Dancing on Ice participants
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT people from Illinois
LGBT singers
Musicians from Glasgow
Scottish LGBT people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish singers
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish television presenters
Singers from Illinois
Television personalities from Glasgow
Television personalities from Illinois
A swamp is a type of wetland ecosystem. Swamps are forested, low, spongy land generally saturated with water and covered with trees and aquatic plants. Big parts of swamps are often flooded with water. Swamps are nesting and breeding grounds for birds and other animals.

The water of a swamp may be fresh water, brackish water, or seawater. Freshwater swamps form along large rivers or lakes. Saltwater swamps are found along tropical and subtropical coastlines.  

About 6 percent of Earth's surface is covered by swamps. Swamps are also filters for groundwater, and protect against flooding. Swamps are one of the key wetland areas which are protected by the international agency Ramsar.

Some well-known swamps are: 
 The Pantanal is the world's biggest wetland. It covers an area of 140,000 square kilometers, bigger than the area covered by the country Greece. The Panatal is in South America. It is shared by Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.
 The Everglades
 The Okefenokee
 The Sundarbans
Peat accumulates in these swamps. Some of the world's largest swamps are found along major rivers such as the Amazon, the Mississippi, and the Congo.

References
Diego Rivera (December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a famous Mexican painter and muralist. He was born in Guanajuato City, Guanajuato.

Rivera is famous for his 1933 mural, "Man at the Crossroads," for the lobby of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center. Before he finished the mural, people saw that there was an image of Vladimir Lenin and other communist images in it. Rivera was fired because of this and the mural was destroyed.

Rivera's wife, Frida Kahlo, was also a famous Mexican painter. He died in Mexico City of congestive heart failure at the age of 70.

Related pages
 List of Mexican painters

1886 births
1957 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Mexican painters
Mural artists
People from Guanajuato (state)
[[category: he was a painter but one of the his painting broke and he got fired[[
David Alfaro Siqueiros (December 29, 1896 in Camargo, Chihuahua, Mexico – January 6, 1974 in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico) was a famous painter and muralist. He was famous for large public murals using the latest in equipment, materials and technique.

Other websites 
Short biography and some of his artwork 
David Alfaro Siqueiros Online - more information and art galleries

1896 births
1974 deaths
Mexican painters
Avenged Sevenfold (or A7X) is an American hard rock band. The band started in Huntington Beach, California in 1999. The band is sometimes called "A7X", which is a title started by the band's guitarist, Zacky Vengeance.

Avenged Sevenfold's first few albums were metalcore, before the band became more hard rock/heavy metal. In December 2009, the band's drummer, The Rev, died from a drug overdose. He was 28 years old.

Band members
Brooks Wackerman (Drums)
M. Shadows (Vocals)
Zacky Vengeance (Guitar)
Synyster Gates (Guitar)
Johnny Christ (Bass)

Former members
The Rev (shortened from The Reverend Tholomew Plague) (died 2009)

Mike Portnoy (Spring 2010- December 2010) 
Arin Ilejay – drums (2011–2015)
Justin Sane – bass guitar (2000–2001)
Dameon Ash – bass guitar (2001–2002)
Matt Wendt – bass guitar (1999–2000)

Music

Extended plays 
Avenged Sevenfold has released three extended plays.
 Warmness on the Soul, 2001
 Welcome To the Family, 2011
 Black Reign, 2018
Albums 
 Sounding the Seventh Trumpet, 2001
 Waking the Fallen, 2003
 City of Evil, 2005
 Avenged Sevenfold, 2007
 Live in the LBC & Diamonds in the Rough, 2008
 Nightmare, 2010
 Hail to the King, 2013
 The Stage, 2016
 Live Is but a Dream..., 2023

References

1999 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American rock bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups from Huntington Beach, California
A siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress. The purpose is to conquer by starvation, lack of water, or by a well-prepared assault. 

Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict. The defender inside has a strong, static, defensive position. Negotiation between combatants is common.

A siege happens when the attacker gets to a city or fortress which cannot be taken by storm, and which refuses to surrender. Sieges block the  supplies and reinforcements or escape of men. Siege engines, artillery bombardment, and undermining are frequent. Deception and treachery are common.

Sieges can be decided by starvation, thirst, or disease. This form of siege can take many months or even years, depending upon the size of the stores of food the fortified position holds. 

Well known sieges were:

 Siege of Petersburg
 Siege of Yorktown
 Siege of Odessa
 Siege of Orleans
 Siege of Fort Zeelandia
Siege of Leningrad
 Siege of Tobruk
 Siege of Vicksburg
A hull can be:
 Husk or hull, the outer covering of a fruit or vegetable
 Hull (watercraft), the body or frame of a ship
 The main body of an armored tank
 in economics, the Hull-White model of interest rates

In mathematics:
 the affine hull in affine geometry
 the convex hull in geometry
 Carathéodory's theorem for convex hulls
 the holomorphically convex hull in complex analysis
 the injective hull of a module
 the Skolem hull of mathematical logic
Other places:
 Kingston upon Hull (Usually abbreviated to Hull), a city in England named after the River Hull.
 Hull, a former city in Québec, Canada (now part of the city of Gatineau)
 Orona, an island in Kiribati was formerly called Hull Island.
 Hull, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, USA
 Hull, Walker County, Alabama, USA
 Hull, Florida, USA
 Hull, Georgia, USA
 Hull, Illinois, USA
 Hull, Iowa, USA
 Hull, Massachusetts, USA
 Hull, Minnesota, USA
 Hull, North Dakota, USA
 Hull, Ohio, USA
 Hull, Texas, USA
 Hull, West Virginia, USA
 Hull, Marathon County, Wisconsin, USA
 Hull, Portage County, Wisconsin, USA
There are several people named Hull:
 Hull, Blair, an American businessman and politician,
 Hull, Bobby, a former Canadian ice hockey player
 Hull, Brett, a former Canadian ice hockey player, and son of Bobby Hull
 Hull, Cordell, United States Secretary of State from 1933 to 1944 under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945
 Hull, Isaac, Early United States Naval officer, Captain of the USS Constitution during the battle with HMS Guerriere
 Hull, John, a Professor of Derivatives and Risk Management at the University of Toronto
 Hull, Merlin, Congressman
 Hull, William, an American general during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812.
There is also:
 Hull House, Settlement house in Chicago, Illinois
 River Hull, for which Kingston upon Hull is named
 Hull City A.F.C., an English football (soccer) team
 Hull RLFC, rugby league club formed in 1865, based in the West of the City
 Hull Kingston Rovers, rugby league club formed in 1882, based in the East of the City
 The University of Hull, a university in England
 USS Hull, any of four U.S. Navy ships
The River Hull is a river in Yorkshire in the north of England.

It has its source in the Yorkshire Wolds. It joins the River Humber estuary in the centre of Kingston upon Hull.

The river separates the industrial area of the city, and several opening bridges have been constructed. These continue to cause traffic delays during high tides, though river traffic is not so heavy any more in recent years.

Bridges 
These are the bridges in the Hull area:-
 Footbridge to The Deep
 Myton Bridge on Garrison Road A1033
 Drypool Bridge
 North Bridge
 Scott Street Bridge (permanently raised)
 Sculcoates Bridge (its not called Chapman Street Bridge)
 Wilmington Bridge (former railway, now footpath and cycles). Built by the North Eastern Railway in 1907.
 Hull Bridge (railway). Built by the Hull and Barnsley Railway in 1885, still used by freight trains.
 Stoneferry Bridges
 Sutton Road Bridge
 Ennerdale Link Road. The most recent bridge, replacing a failed flooded tunnel.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Driffield canal history 
 Tour of the River Hull by boat
 Google Maps Satellite View

Rivers of England
Yorkshire
A hull is the body of a ship or boat. It is a central concept in floating vessels as it provides the buoyancy that keeps the vessel from sinking.

General features
Almost all watercraft, from small boats to the largest ships, have a general form that is necessary for  stability and efficient propulsion, which includes:
 horizontal cross-sections that have narrow, usually pointed, fronts (at the bow), 
 smooth widening from the bow until roughly the middle of the length (midships), and often narrowing smoothly but usually significantly to the extreme end (the stern).

 A keel may be fitted on a hull to increase the transverse stability (if filled with a heavy weight), directional stability or to create lift as in a sail boat . 
 Control devices such as a rudder, trim tabs or stabilizing fins may be fitted.
How does it float? 
Archimedes, a Greek doctor, inventor, and mathematician, made the science of "hydrostatics", the study of liquids and pressure. The Archimedes principle says that the force holding up an object that is inside a liquid in part or totally. So, a ship actually does sink, until it moves an amount of water that is the same weight of the weight of the ship. The weight must be over a wide area to work. This explains why ships and boats (including submarines) float. An object's weight pulls down in the direction of gravity, but the water's buoyant (floating) force pushes it up. Because these forces counteract each other, the object seems to lose weight. NASA uses this principle to prepare their astronauts for the weightlessness of space, so they had the astronauts work on parts of the space ship inside water tanks 25 feet (7.6 m) deep.

Terms
Bow is the frontmost part of the hull

Stern is the rear-most part of the hull

Portside is the left side of the boat when facing the Bow
Starboard is the right side of the boat when facing the Bow

Waterline is an imaginary line circumscribing the hull that matches the surface of the water when the hull is not moving.

Midships is the midpoint of the LWL (see below).  
It is half-way from the forwardmost point on the waterline to the rear-most point on the waterline.

Baseline an imaginary reference line used to measure vertical distances from.  It is usually located at the bottom of the hull.

Metrics
Hull forms are defined as follows: 
 Block Measures that define the principle dimensions.  They are:
 Length Overall (LOA) is the extreme length from one end to the other (see also o/a)
 Length on the Waterline (LWL) is the length from the forwardmost point of the waterline measured  in profile to the stern-most point of the waterline. (see also w/l)
 Beam or breadth (B) is the width of the hull.  (ex: BWL is the maximum beam at the waterline)
 Depth (D) is the vertical distance from the top of the keel to the underside of the upper deck at the side.
 draft (d) or (T) is the vertical distance from the bottom of the hull to the waterline.
 Freeboard (FB) is depth plus the height of the keel structure minus draft.
Form Derivatives that are calculated from the shape and the Block Measures.  They are:
 Volume (V) is the volume of water displaced by the hull.
 Displacement (Δ) is the weight of water equivalent to the immersed volume of the hull.
Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy (LCB) is the longitudinal distance from a point of reference (often Midships) to the centre of the displaced volume of water when the hull is not moving.  Note that the Longitudinal Centre of Gravity or centre of the weight of the vessel must align with the LCB when the hull is in equilibrium.
 Vertical Centre of Buoyancy (VCB) is the vertical distance from a point of reference (often the Baseline) to the centre of the displaced volume of water when the hull is not moving.
 Longitudinal Centre of Floatation (LCF) is the longitudinal distance from a point of reference (often Midships) to the centre of the area of waterplane when the hull is not moving.
Related pages
ship
submarine

References

Other websites 
Nautical terms for the parts of sailing vessels
Description of hydrostatics and coefficients

Ship building
In physics, buoyancy (lit: float force) () is a force on an object making that object rise or move upward. It comes from the Spanish word for "float", boyar. Buoyancy is made by the difference in pressure put on the object by the Fluid or air that the object is in.

The net upward buoyancy force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of fluid that is displaced by the body. This force enables the object to float or at least to seem lighter. Buoyancy is important for many vehicles such as boats, ships, balloons, and blimps.

Density
If the object has exactly the same density as the liquid, then its buoyancy is the same as its weight. It will not sink or float.

If the object has a higher average density than the liquid, then its buoyancy is less than its weight. It will sink. That is why pebbles do not float.
If the object has a lower average density than the liquid, then its buoyancy is greater than its weight. That is why, although a ship may be made of steel which is more dense than water, it floats because it encloses a volume of air and the resulting shape has an average density less than that of the water.

Related pages 
 Submarine
 Thrust

Other websites  
Falling in Water (Animation 1)
Falling in Water (Animation 2)
Falling in Water 

Fluid mechanics
Force
The Asura are a group of supernatural creatures in Hinduism and Buddhism.

In today's beliefs and assumptions, the Asuras are demons. But this was not always that way. The idea of the Asuras is very, very old, from long before the time people learned how to read and write. The Asuras only became demons after much time had passed. Buddhism also has Asuras. These are from Hinduism but have also changed a lot in their own way.
Some of the Asuras are very important, and have been worshiped for thousands of years. The most important of these are Varuna and Mitra. Varuna is the god of the ocean, which in olden times was thought to be flowing under the earth. So, Varuna came to be seen as god of the underworld. In ancient times, water was thought to be where wisdom came from. So Varuna is considered very wise, and he gives his wisdom to those who honor him. Varuna's closest companion is Mitra. Mitra mostly means "friend" in Hinduism, but it originally meant "promise". And so Mitra is the god of friendships and promises. He protects people who honor the truth and punishes those who tell lies. The Mi- in "Mitra" means "to tie tightly". Friendship and promises tie people to one another.



In Hinduism 
In Hinduism, the Asura (Sanskrit: असुर) are a group of creatures looking for more power, sometimes called demons. They went against the devas. The devas and asuras are the children of Kashyapa.
Hinduism has many stories of Asuras and Devas fighting each other. Mostly they fight about who will get the best prayers from the worshipers.

In Hinduism the Asuras are said to be beings of moral and social things. Like truth and marriage. The Daevas are said to be beings of natural things. Like the sun and the rain. In Hinduism, the Asuras are said to be "older". And the daevas are said to be "younger". There are very many Asuras and Daevas. Two hundred years ago someone counted them and said there were over 2,000 Daevas and Asuras. So naturally not all Asuras are very important. But some names have been forgotten since then, and others have been added. This is why Hinduism is called a "living religion." It is changing all the time.

In Buddhism 
The Asuras are partly—but not completely -- demonic in Buddhism. Buddhism takes the basic idea from Hinduism.
Mostly the Asuras of Buddhism represent some mental state of humans that is not nice. For example, anger or pride or violence. There are many different kinds of Asuras. They are always angry with everyone and are always fighting. Their leaders are called the Asurendra, which means "Lord of Asuras".

The Asuras are almost human in their emotions. On the Buddhist scale of supernatural beings, the Asuras are almost at the bottom.

Buddhism is very popular in the far east. So, many of the Asuras also have Japanese, Chinese and Korean names.

In the Vedas 
The Vedas are the most holy books of the Indian religions, especially of Hinduism. There are four Vedas, and they are all very, very old. The oldest of the Vedas is called the RigVeda, and it is more than 3,000 years old.
In the RigVeda the Asuras are not yet demons. At that time the Asuras and the Devas were both still groups of gods. In fact, many of the figures of the RigVeda are both asuras and daevas. This is because, at that time, the two words were not yet names of groups. They were just names of characteristics. "Asura" means "life", and so the gods who were called asuras were thought to give life. And the daevas were shining. This is the original meaning of the names. In later books they became different. 

In the RigVeda many of the devas are called asuras, and many of the asuras are called devas. Sometimes they are also called both at the same time: Like "daevic asuras" or "asuric devas". The "-ic" makes those words a part of the other word.  There are some beings who are both ahuric daevas and daevic ahuras. This shows that there was no big difference between 'ahura' and 'daeva' in the RigVeda.
The forefathers of the people who wrote the Vedas spoke Sanskrit. Sanskrit is the source of many Indian languages. The stories in the Rig Veda are seen in the books of various North Indian peoples, and also in the books of some Iranian peoples like the Zoroastrians.

One of the books of the Iranian peoples is called the Avesta. It is not really one book, but a collection of many books, but together they are called the Avesta. The Avesta is the holy book of Zoroastrianism. The language of the Avesta is very similar to the language of the RigVeda. The Avesta also has asuras and devas. But in Iran they are written as "ahura" and "daeva".

The old part of the Avesta is almost as old as the RigVeda. In this old part of the Avesta the ahuras and the daevas are almost like they are in the RigVeda. In both books they are groups of supernatural beings. But they are very different in character.
Some time after the RigVeda was written, stories were told about the asuras and devas that made them not friends any more. A similar thing also happened in the Avesta. Only that the two groups had been switched: The Asuras became demons in regions where North Indian languages were spoken, and the Daevas became demons in regions where Iranian languages were spoken.

It is not known for sure why this happened. It was a very, very long time ago. 

One possible reason why the Asuras became demons in India is this: Some time after the RigVeda was written Indians started to think that asura means a-sura, which means "not a hero". So, maybe that way the asuras got a bad name.
One possible reason why the Daevas became demons in Iran is this: At about the same time as the Indians were writing the last part of the RigVeda, a very thoughtful man named Zoroaster appeared in Iran. He thought and thought a lot about why there was goodness and badness in the world. Finally, he told everyone what he had been thinking about. And one of those things was that Daevas were not to be trusted because they could not tell the difference between truth and lies. After some time Zoroaster became very popular for his ideas. And so, with time, the Daevas became demons in Iran. 

In both cases, the one side did not know what the other side was thinking. So in India only the Asuras became demons. And in Iran only the Daevas became demons.