Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Viridiplants (Viridiplantae, 'green plants') are the clade which includes the green algae and land plants.

In some classification systems they have been called Plantae, by expanding the traditional plant kingdom (Embryophytes) to include the green algae.

Adl and colleagues, who produced a classification for eukaryotes in 2005, used the name Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts with green chlorophyll. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that most of the species are not plants, as understood traditionally.

There are more than 350,000 species of Viridiplantae.

Group structure
The monophyletic Chlorophyta and Charophyta are classified under Viridiplantae. A common classification is:
Viridiplantae
Chlorophyta 
Streptophyta
Embryophyta
Charophyta
'Green algae' is not used here because they are definitely not monophyletic. It is just a convenience term for Chlorophyta and Charophyta together.
There are different opinions about the classification. Another opinion is that only the Charophyceae are closely related to land plants, and that arrangement is simplified as:
Viridiplantae
Chlorophyta 
Charophyta
Streptophyta
Embryophyta
Charophyceae

References

Plant taxonomy
Bernard Patrick Morris (August 21, 1890 - May 16, 1963) was an Canadian ice hockey player for the old Seattle Metropolitans of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association.  When the Metropolitans became the first U.S.-based team to win the Stanley Cup in 1917, Morris scored 14 of Seattle's goals (in a best-of-five series).
Playing career
Born in Brandon, Manitoba, Morris played for several senior teams in Manitoba and Saskatchewan before joining the Victoria Aristocrats of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) in 1914. He moved over to Seattle the following season, and played eight seasons for Seattle, and was a member of the Stanley Cup champion 1917 team. He played in two other Finals, the ill-fated 1919 series, and the 1923 series. He had an outstanding 1917 series, scoring 14 goals in four games. In 1923, he joined the Calgary Tigers and played a season and a half before joining the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). From 1925 unil 1930, he finished his career with various teams in the minor California Pro League, the Can-Pro and International League.

References

Other websites

1890 births
1963 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Ice hockey people from Brandon, Manitoba
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian ice hockey centres
Johan Henri Eliza Ferrier (12 May 1910  – 4 January 2010) was the last governor of Suriname, and then became its first president in 1975. Ferrier was a teacher, a trade union leader and a radio pioneer. In 1946 he helped start the National Party of Suriname.

Biography 
Suriname was a Dutch colony, and Ferrier was made an adviser to the Minister of Education. In 1968 he was made Governor of Suriname. The country became independent on November 25, 1975, and Ferrier was made the first President of Suriname. The government was overthrown by a military coup in 1980, led by Desi Bouterse.

Ferrier and his family moved to the Netherlands where he wrote a children's book called "The Anansi Book".

References

1910 births
2010 deaths
People from Paramaribo
Presidents of Suriname
Prime Ministers of Suriname
x| Oral nipple stimulation]]
Stimulation of nipples is a sexual act of humans. Stimulation of the nipples is known to cause the body to release a hormone called oxytocin. Oxytocin is known to aid in the bonding of individuals.
Sexual acts
Natural rights are rights that believe it is important for all humans and animals to have.  These rights are often called "inalienable", meaning they can never be taken away. 

The idea first came up in ancient times but was discussed most famously by English philosopher John Locke in the 1600's. Locke said that the most important natural rights are "Life, Liberty, and Property". In the United States Declaration of Independence, the natural rights mentioned are "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness".  The idea was also found in the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Locke, Jefferson, and others think that the purpose of government is to protect peoples' natural rights. A social contract is an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. There have been many times in history that natural rights have been breached by both governments and individual people.

Related pages 
Fundamental rights
Natural law
Social contract

Human rights
Patricia Lynn "Trisha" Yearwood (born September 19, 1964) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Her first charting single was in 1991. She married country singer Garth Brooks in 2005.

Singles
"She's in Love with the Boy" (1991)

Related pages
List of country musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1964 births
Living people
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
The Chimera (, Khimaira, from , khimaros, "she-goat") according to Greek mythology, was a fire-breathing monster that was composed of several different animals. The chimera is only one of several famous mythological hybrids. As with all mythical creatures, there is the question of its origin. In some traditions, the Chimera was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and sister of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra. However, the chimera does not appear to have an existence in physical reality, save for the individual animals from which it is composed.

Description 
The most common description of the chimera comes from Homer's Iliad, in which the creature is said to have the head, arms, and legs of a lion, the body of a goat, and tail of a snake. It is also believed to breathe fire and be female, despite the mane adorning the lions head. The chimera was said to be incredibly vicious and powerful, especially since as one single creature, it possessed the abilities of three separate animals.
The Chimera was eventually killed by the hero Bellerophon. 

Greek legendary creatures
Lou Bega was born as David Lubega on 13 April 1975 in Munich, Germany.

He is a Latin pop musician, famous for his song “Mambo No. 5”. This song is a remake of the Perez Prado instrumental from 1952. Bega added new lyrics to the song and sampled the original version extensively.

Bega had a multicultural upbringing as his mother is Sicilian and his father is from Uganda. Bega spent time in Miami during his teenage years.

Lou Bega has made music for Tropico video game.

References

1975 births
Living people
German pop singers
Latin music
Musicians from Munich
Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (born 8 December 1832 in Kvikne, Norway - died 26 April 1910 in Paris, France) was a Norwegian playwright, author and poet who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1903.

His father was a Lutheran minister, but Bjørnson rejected organized religion. He married Karoline Reimers, a famous stage actress, and their son Bjørn also had great success as a stage actor, and appeared in a few early silent films. Their daughter, Bergljot, married Henrik Ibsen's son Sigurd.
He attended grammar school, Heltbergs Studentfabrikk in Oslo, with Henrik Ibsen, but dropped out of a course at the University of Oslo. By his early twenties he was writing literature reviews for the Norwegian newspaper, Morgenbladet. At 25 he wrote his first produced play, Mellem Slagene (Between the Battles). His Paul Lange og Tora Parsberg was a statement for political tolerance, and På Guds veie ("In God's Way") for religious tolerance. He is best known internationally for his tales of peasant life in Norway. His novel, Synnöve Solbakken, has been filmed three times. Bjørnson also worked as a stage director, and later served as editor of another paper, Aftenbladet, where he wrote fiery liberal editorials and passionately defended Alfred Dreyfus. His poem, "Yes, We Love This Land", is the Norwegian national anthem.

The cause of his death is unknown.
Books
 Synnöve Solbakken (1857, novel)
 En glad Gut (A Happy Boy) (1860, novel)
 Sigurd Slembe (Sigurd the Bad) (1862, epic poem)
 Fiskerjenten (The Fisher Maiden) (1868, novel)
 Digte og sange (Poems and Songs) (1870, poems)
 Arnljot Gelline (1870, epic poem)
 Magnhild (1877, novel)
 The Bridal March, and Other Stories (1882, short stories)
 Captain Mansana, and Other Stories (1882, short stories)
 The Fisher Maiden (1882, novel)
 Railroad and Churchyard (1882, novel)
 Det flager i byen og på havnen (The Heritage of the Kurts) (1884, novel)
 På Guds veje (In God's Way) (1889, novel)
 Geografi og Kærlighed (Geography and Love) (1889, novel)
 Three Comedies (1925, collected plays, published posthumously)
 Three Dramas (1925, collected plays, published posthumously)
Plays
 Mellem Slagene (Between the Battles) (1857)
 Halte-Hulda (Lame Hulda) (1858)
 Kong Sverre (King Sverre) (1861)
 De Nygifte (The Newly Married) (1865)
 Arne: A Sketch of Norwegian Country Life (1866)
 The Happy Boy: A Tale of Norwegian Peasant Life (1870)
 En fallit (A Bankruptcy) (1874)
 Redaktøren (The Editor) (1874)
 Kongen (The King) (1877)
 Kaptejn Mansana (Captain Mansana) (1878)
 Det nye System (The New System) (1879)
 Leonarda (1879)
 The Wedding-March (1882)
 En Handske (A Gauntlet) (1883)
 Over Ævne (Beyond Powers) (1889)
 Over Ævne II (Beyond Powers II) (1895)
 Laboremus (1901)
 På Storhove (At Storhove) (1902)
 Daglannet (Dag's Farm) (1904)

1832 births
1910 deaths
Norwegian playwrights
Norwegian writers
Unexplained deaths
Norwegian Nobel Prize winners
Ragnar Arthur Granit  (30 October 1900 – 12 March 1991) was a Finnish-Swedish doctor and scientist. He won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the eye.

History
His father was a forester, Arthur Wilhelm Granit, and his mother was Albertina Helena Malmberg Granit. Ragnar Granit married Baroness Marguerite Emma Bruun ("Daisy") in 1929.

For his research into the internal electrical impulses that take place as the eye processes vision, Ragnar Granit was given the 1967 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.

Granit received Swedish citizenship during World War II, and once said that his Nobel Prize "belongs fifty-fifty to Finland and Sweden".
Education
 High School: Swedish Normallyceum, Helsinki (1919)
 University: Åbo Akademi University (1919)
 University: BS Medicine, University of Helsinki (1924)
 University: BS Philosophy, University of Helsinki (1924)
 Medical School: MD, University of Helsinki (1927)
 Scholar: Oxford University (1927-28)
 Scholar: Physiology, University of Helsinki (1929, 1932-33)
 Scholar: Medical Physics, University of Pennsylvania (1929-31)
 Professor: Physiology, University of Helsinki (1935-40)
 Professor: Physiology, Rockefeller University (1956-66)
 Scholar: Royal Caroline Institute, Stockholm (1940-46)
 Professor: Neurophysiology, Royal Caroline Institute, Stockholm (1946-67)

References 

1900 births
1990 deaths
Finnish scientists
Swedish neuroscientists
Swedish physicians
Finnish Nobel Prize winners
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
Rockefeller University faculty
Copper is the color of the metal copper.  It is a purplish-orange color.

The first recorded use of copper as a color name in English was in 1594.

Meaning of copper 

 Like the colors gold and  silver, copper represents wealth because the metal copper is valuable, but less valuable than gold or silver.  The metal copper is of value mainly to use as electrical wiring because copper is the best conductor of electricity after silver.

Tones of copper color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Skandar Keynes, or ‘”Alexander Amin Caspar Keynes” is a British actor, born 5 September 1991. He starred Edmund Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia. He appeared in all three movies, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, which was released on December 10, 2010.
Personal Life 
Keynes was born in London. He was the son of Zelfa Hourani and author Randal Keynes. He has an older sister, Soumaya Keynes (born 1989), who also starred in many productions of the BBC Radio 4. His grandparents by his mother’s side were Furugh Afnan and Cecil Fadlo Hourani. Cecil Fadlo Hourani used to be an author and also advisor to Habib Bourguiba, the late Tunisian president. Cecil Hourani was also the brother of Albert Hourani, a historian who studied about the Middle East. The Hourani family were immigrants to England.
On his father’s side, Keynes is the grandson of Richard Keynes, the nephew of the Cambridge professor Simon Keynes, and the great-great-nephew of John Maynard Keynes, an economist. His great-great-great-grandfather was the famous naturalist Charles Darwin, who invented the theory of evolution. Keynes' great-grandparents were Edgar Adroam. 1st  Barpm Adoroam and Hester Adrian, Baroness Adrian, both receivers of the Nobel Prize.
Keynes had stated that he is an atheist. Keynes attended the Anna Scher Theatre School from 2000 to 2005. He went to the all-boys City of London School, and took his GCSEs in May and June 2008. He studied biology, chemistry, maths, and history at A-level. In October 2010 he began his degree in Arabic and Middle Eastern History at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He is currently a movie critic, writing for The Citizen, the City of London School weekly school newspaper. He is also a fan of English football club Arsenal.
Keynes lives presently in Highbury, London.

Career
He auditioned for The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at the same time as he asked for the role of Simon Brown in Nanny McPhee, but lost the role to Thomas Sangster. His voice got deeper when he was filming The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, so his sister Soumaya had to voice some of his lines.

Recently, he starred in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, the third installment of The Chronicles of Narnia movie series. The filming began in July 2009, and finished in December of the same year. The movie was released on 10 December 2010 in Britain and the US.

Filmography

Wins

Nominations

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Interview over the movie Prince Caspian  (12 May 2008)
Prince Caspian On set interview  (July 2007)
Cinema Confidential interview (December 7, 2005)

1991 births
Living people
Actors from London
Shin-Ōsaka Station (新大阪駅,しんおおさかえき) is a railway station of JR West, JR Central and Osaka Municipal Subway in Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan.

Adjacent stations 
JR West
 Sanyō Shinkansen
Kyoto (Tōkaidō Shinkansen) - Shin-Ōsaka - Shin-Kobe
Tōkaidō Line (JR Kyoto Line)
 Special Rapid Service
 Takatsuki - Shin-Ōsaka - Ōsaka
 Rapid Service
 Ibaraki - Shin-Ōsaka - Ōsaka
 Local
 Higashi-Yodogawa - Shin-Ōsaka - Ōsaka
 Through trains to and from the Hanwa Line
 Rapid Service, B Rapid Service
 Shin-Ōsaka - Nishikujo
JR Central
 Tōkaidō Shinkansen
Kyoto - Shin-Ōsaka - Shin-Kobe (Sanyō Shinkansen)
Osaka Municipal Subway
 Midōsuji Line
Higashi-Mikuni (M12) - Shin-Ōsaka (M13) - Nishinakajima-Minamigata (M14)

Other websites

Railway stations in Osaka Prefecture
Fontainebleau () is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is  south-southeast of the centre of Paris. 

Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department. It is the seat of the Arrondissement of Fontainebleau. The commune has the largest land area in the Île-de-France region. It is the only one to cover a larger area than Paris itself.

Fontainebleau, together with the neighbouring commune of Avon, Seine-et-Marne and three other smaller communes, form an urban area of 36,713 people (according to the 1999 census). This urban area is a satellite of Paris.

Fontainebleau is known for the large and scenic Forest of Fontainebleau, a favourite weekend getaway for Parisians. It is also known for the historical Palace of Fontainebleau, which once belonged to the kings of France.
Mudrocks make up most of the sedimentary rocks on Earth. They are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks.

The types of mudrocks include: siltstone, claystone, mudstone, slate, and shale.

Most of the particles are less than 0.0625 mm (1/16th mm or 0.0025 inches) and are too small to study readily in the field. At first sight the rock types look quite similar; however, there are important differences in composition and naming.

There has been a great deal of disagreement about the classification of mudrocks. There are some reasons for this:
Mudrocks are the least understood, and one of the most understudied sedimentary rocks to date
It is difficult to study mudrock constituents, due to their tiny size
And most importantly, there is more than one classification scheme accepted by scientists
Mudrocks make up half of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth. Fine sediment is the most abundant product of erosion, which is why mudrocks are so common.

With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned, with the appearance of parallel layering (fissility). This finely bedded material which splits readily into thin layers is called shale, as distinct from mudstone.

From the beginning of civilization, when pottery and mudbricks were made by hand, to now, mudrocks have been important. The first book on mudrocks was not published until 1964. However, scientists, engineers, and oil producers have understood the significance of mudrocks since the discovery of the Burgess Shale and the relatedness of mudrocks and oil.

Related pages 
Mud
Mudstone

References 

Sedimentary rocks
A siltstone is a mudrock. For a rock to be a siltstone, it must be over fifty percent silt-sized material.

Silt is any particle smaller than sand, 1/16th of a millimeter (~0.06 mm), and larger than clay, 1/256th (~0.004 mm) of millimeter. Silt is the product of physical weathering, such as freezing and thawing. Physical weathering does not involve any chemical changes in the rock, just its physical breaking apart.

One of the highest proportions of silt found on Earth is in the Himalayas, which get rainfall of up to five to ten meters (16 to 33 feet) a year. Quartz and feldspar are the biggest contributors to silt. Silt tends to be non-cohesive, non-plastic, but can liquefy easily.

There is a simple field test to judge whether a rock is a siltstone or not, and that is to put the rock to one's teeth. If the rock feels "gritty" against one's teeth, than it is a siltstone.

References
References

Folk, R.L., 1965, Petrology of sedimentary rocks PDF version . Austin: Hemphill’s Bookstore. 2nd ed. 1981. 
Williams, Howel; Francis J. Turner and Charles M. Gilbert 1954. Petrography, W.H. Freeman

Sedimentary rocks
Maria Mitchell (1818–1889) was one of the first female astronomers. She was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts. She attended a local girls school. Later, Mitchell attended a school run by her father. Mitchell opened her own school when she was 17. Her school had many programs. These programs allowed students to birdwatch. They also allowed students to observe astronomy.

Mitchell’s love for astronomy started when her father began keeping a small observatory. She began to observe space and notice things. The accomplishment that made Mitchell famous was when she discovered a comet in October 1847. The comet was later known as Miss Mitchell's comet, and is now called C/1847 T1. She received a medal from the king of Denmark after discovering the comet.
Mitchell also helped make accurate calculations of time, latitude, and longitude. Mitchell became the first woman elected to join the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the year after. In 1850, she joined the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Afterward, she became professor of astronomy at Vassar College in 1865. She stayed there until she retired in 1888. Mitchell died one year later at age 71.

After Mitchell’s death, she was recognized as a great astronomer. In 1905, she was elected into the Hall of Fame for Great Americans.

References

American astronomers
Scientists from Massachusetts
1818 births
1889 deaths
A mudstone is a siliciclastic sedimentary rock which has a mixture of silt- and clay-sized particles (at least 1/3 of each). So, a mudstone is a type of mudrock with a more varied grain size than either siltstones or claystones.

Alternatively, some sources say it is a synonym for mudrock.

Claystone 
A claystone is a mudrock  which does not split easily.

In order for a rock to be a claystone, it must be up to half (50%) clay, whose particles measure less than 1/256th of a millimeter.

Related pages
Mud

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Lego Mindstorms NXT is a robotic kit. It is made to build and program first robot in 30 minutes. The kit replaces a system called Robotics Invention System. The available versions are: Lego Mindstorms NXT 1.0 (set #8527), Lego Mindstorm NXT 2.0 (set #8547) and Lego Mindstorms Education NXT (set #9797). It comes with the NXT-G programming software. It is possible to use unofficial programming languages, such as NXC, NBC, leJOS NXJ, and RobotC using software that is not included with the kit.
The main component in the kit is computer module that controls the robot's movements and actions called the NXT Intelligent Brick. It has 32-bit microprocessor, four inputs, three outputs, Bluetooth communications, a speaker, 1 USB 2.0 port, and a 100×64 LCD display. Also, the NXT includes three powerful servo motors with rotation sensors. Very simple programs can be created in the menu on the NXT Intelligent Brick without a computer.  More complicated programs can be downloaded via Bluetooth or USB from the computer to the robot. The graphical, drag-and-drop programming language NXT-G is simple, but complete enough to be usable.
The NXT comes with five types of sensors: Touch, Light, Sound, Ultrasonic, and Rotation. The sound sensor is not included in the Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 kit. 
 The touch sensor reacts to touch and release. It can detect single or multiple button presses, and reports back to the NXT Intelligent Brick.
 The Light Sensor enables the robot to decide what is light and what is dark and the light intensity, or hue, of different colors.
 The Sound Sensor is able to measure noise levels in both dB (decibels) and dBA (frequencies around 3–6 kHz where the human ear is most sensitive)
 The Ultrasonic Sensor is able to detect an object and measure distance in inches or centimeters.
 The Rotation Sensor is built into every motor so position and speed are always available to NXT programs.

In the Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 is new Colour sensor. It can detects different colours and measure the amount of reflected light and ambient light.

Robots
The Audi 100 is a car produced by Audi from 1968 to 1994. It was available as 4-door saloon and 5-door estate. It was replaced by the Audi A6. A 5-cylinder petrol version was sold as Audi 200.

Gallery

100
Front wheel drive vehicles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
"The Night Santa Went Crazy" is an original song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a style parody of "Black Gold" by Soul Asylum. 

"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
1996 songs
Lorne Michaels (born November 17, 1944) is the creator of Saturday Night Live. He has also produced movies. Michaels was born in Toronto. He moved to Los Angeles in 1968. He is the executive producer of The Tonight Show as well as Late Night with Seth Meyers. Michaels was given an Honorary Doctorate from Ryerson University in 1999.

References

1944 births
Canadian comedians
Living people
People from Toronto
Mark Twain Prize recipients
The Alaska Marine Highway or the Alaska Marine Highway System (AMHS) is a ferry service operated by the government of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is based in Ketchikan, Alaska. The ferries have many different ways of being used. Passengers can stay inside in lounges or individual cabins, or can stay outside on the "sun deck." You can also bring a car or other vehicle with you for more money. The ferries operate along the coast of Alaska and also out to the Aleutian Islands. They also run all the way down to Bellingham, Washington sometimes.

References

Public transport in the United States
Ferries
Transport in Alaska
Yi Jianlian (born October 27, 1984 in Heshan, Guangdong) is an Chinese basketball player who currently plays for the Guangdong Southern Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association. Yi began his professional career in China with the Tigers, and was chosen with the sixth pick in the 2007 NBA Draft by the Milwaukee Bucks. He played for the Bucks from 2007-08, the New Jersey Nets from 2008-10, and the Washington Wizards in 2010–11, after which he became a free agent. Because the NBA's owners locked out the players at the start of the 2011–12 season, Yi returned to China to play with the Tigers. Once the lockout ended, he returned to the U.S. and signed with the Dallas Mavericks. He played two games with the Texas Legends of the D-League before joining the Mavericks for the rest of that season. After the 2011–12 season, Yi once again returned to his original Chinese team.

Yi was featured on the cover of the August 24, 2003 issue of Time magazine.
Age dispute
Since he was drafted by the Bucks, his age has been the subject of controversy. There is strong evidence that he was actually born in 1984 not in 1987 as first thought. It is widely thought that Chinese officials lied about his age so that he could play for more years in tournaments for younger players (under 19, or under 21). One Chinese basketball official admitted in 2006 that past Chinese junior teams included over-age players, and an American who played with Yi in China has said that players' ages were often changed.  Yi has never commented on his age. In 2007 and 2008, Yi's date of birth was further scrutinized as being 27 October 1984, including a Chinese reporter discovering a high school enrollment form from 1997 that listed Yi as being born on 27 October 1984.

References

1987 births
Living people
Chinese basketball players
Dallas Mavericks players
Milwaukee Bucks players
New Jersey Nets players
Washington Wizards players
Mats Söderlund (better known by his stage name, Günther) is a Swedish Europop/Eurodance singer and songwriter. 

Günther is probably best known for his song, "Ding Dong Song" which featured the lyrics "Ooohh, you touch my tralala... Mmmmm, My ding ding dong.".

Albums

Websites
Günther's Official website

1969 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Eudibamus is an extinct genius of biped bolosaurid (a reptile) from the early Permian some 290 million years ago of Germany. Eudibamus is claimed to be the first bipedal vertebrate.

Fossils
Reptiles
The National Geographic Society is one of the world's largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations. Founded in January 27, 1888 to "increase and diffuse geographic knowledge," the Society works to inspire people to care about the planet. It reaches more than 350 million people worldwide each month through its official journal, National Geographic, and four other magazines; National Geographic Channel; television documentaries; radio programs; films; books; DVDs; maps; and interactive media. National Geographic has funded more than 8,000 scientific research projects and supports an education program combating geographic illiteracy.
Description 
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world. Its interests include geography, archaeology and natural science, the promotion of environmental and historical conservation, and the study of world culture and history. The National Geographic Society’s logo is a yellow rectangular border, which became famous while appearing around each front page of the society's magazine.
Non-profit organizations of Washington, D.C.
1888 establishments in the United States
Scientific organizations based in the United States
Lactose intolerance is when a person cannot digest milk or milk products (such as cheese or yogurt). All mammals start off on mother's milk, and almost all change to a non-milk diet, a process we call weaning.

Lactose is a disaccharide sugar (double sugar molecule). To be digested it must be split (digested) into two simple sugars (monosaccharides), glucose and galactose. 

An enzyme called lactase is needed to break it down. People with lactose intolerance do not have this enzyme or make only small quantities. Because of this they are unable to digest lactose.

Up to 75% of people worldwide begin to lose the ability to digest lactose as they grow into adults. This loss of ability ranges from 5% in northern Europe, to over 71% in Sicily and to over 90% in parts of Africa and Asia. There is no cure for lactose intolerance. Those people need to change their diet to eat and drink substances with very little lactose. There are many milk substitutes.
Milk is not a fermented product. If is not digested, then it may ferment in the small intestine which can cause a problem called pseudoallergy. Amino acids are changed to other substances, which may act in much the same way as histamine in a true allergy.

Lactose intolerance is not the same as milk allergy, which is an immune reaction to some of the proteins in milk.

Signs and symptoms 
Lactose intolerance can cause symptoms such as farting, diarrhea, bloating, stomach rumble and stomachache.  The undigested lactose travels through the digestive system, causing various symptoms. 

One of the most common symptoms of lactose intolerance is bloating and gas. When lactose is not properly broken down, it ferments in the large intestine, causing gas to build up, leading to abdominal bloating, discomfort, and pain.
Diarrhea is another common symptom of lactose intolerance. The unabsorbed lactose draws water into the colon, leading to loose, watery stools. While diarrhea is a common symptom of lactose intolerance, some individuals may experience constipation instead. This occurs when the undigested lactose slows down the movement of stool through the digestive tract. Nausea and vomiting may occur in individuals who are lactose intolerant. When lactose remains undigested, it can cause irritation to the lining of the stomach, leading to various symptoms of lactose intolerance. Abdominal pain and cramps are also the symptoms of lactose intolerance. These may range from mild discomfort to severe pain. In some cases, lactose intolerance can lead to headaches. The reason for this is not clear, but it may be due to the inflammation caused by undigested lactose in the gut. Fatigue is another symptom that may occur in individuals with lactose intolerance
. This is due to the inflammation caused by undigested lactose, which can lead to a general feeling of tiredness. In rare cases, lactose intolerance may cause skin problems such as eczema and acne. This is thought to be due to the inflammation caused by undigested lactose in the body. Anemia is a medical condition characterized by an insufficient number of red blood cells in the body. In some cases, lactose intolerance may lead to anemia due to the malabsorption of nutrients caused by undigested lactose. Weight loss is a rare symptom of lactose intolerance. This occurs when the individual avoids dairy products altogether, leading to a decrease in calorie intake.
The signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance may vary from person to person. However, if you experience any of the symptoms mentioned above after consuming dairy products, you may have lactose intolerance. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional to confirm the diagnosis and receive appropriate treatment.

Lactase evolution in humans 
Normally infant mammals drink their mother's milk. Then the gene which causes the body to make lactase is switched off, and the young move on to adult food. They can no longer digest milk.

Humans are somewhat different from other mammals. Some humans continue to produce lactase, and some do not. It is a type of genetic polymorphism.

The ability to digest lactose into adulthood ('lactase persistence') was useful to humans after the invention of animal husbandry. People kept animals which could provide milk.
Hunter-gatherer people before the Neolithic revolution were mostly lactose intolerant. So are modern hunter-gatherers. Many modern populations are lactose-intolerant, but European populations are tolerant. That may be because milk has long been in the European diet, and so people who can take milk products have a wider potential diet. Hence in hard times they will survive better.

Genetics 
A mutation on chromosome 2 stops the shutdown in lactase production. This makes it possible for those with the mutation to continue drinking fresh milk (and eating other dairy products) throughout their lives.

This appears to be a recent adaptation to dairy products. It occurred in both northern Europe and east Africa in people with a historically pastoral lifestyle. Lactase persistence, allowing lactose digestion to continue into adulthood, is a dominant allele, making lactose intolerance a recessive trait.
Genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations associated with lactase persistence have only become common in human populations in the last 10,000 years. Because of this, lactase persistence is often given as an example of recent human evolution. As lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.

Related pages 
Lactase
Lactic acid bacteria

References

Disorders
Biochemistry
Classical genetics
Evolutionary biology
A Unix shell, also called terminal or console, is a program that accepts Unix commands from the keyboard and executes them. These commands can be installed programs, for example:
 ls to list files
 cp to copy files
 man to get more information on commands

The commands do not need to come from the keyboard. They will, generally speaking, come from stdin. A Unix shell is a command line interface made especially for the control of a Unix system. There are different Unix shells, most notably bash, sh, C Shell and zsh. Their syntax is similar, for example the following dialog to find out your CPU type would be possible with all of them:
 # cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep --max-count=1 "model name"
 model name      : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 CPU         860  @ 2.80GHz
Unix
Joanna Clare "Jo" Yeates (19 April 1985 – 17 December 2010), was a 25 year-old English woman who disappeared on 17 December 2010 in Bristol. Yeates' boyfriend reported her missing on 19 December. An investigation into her disappearance was soon afterwards started. Yeates' dead body was found on 25 December. Police stated that she had been strangled and had been dead for several days before being found. On 30 December, Yeates' landlord, 65-year-old Christopher Jefferies, was arrested on suspicion of Yeates' murder, and was released on bail in early 2011. Avon and Somerset Police received help from a criminal profiler, clinical forensic psychologist Doctor Glenn Wilson who has worked on other high profile criminal cases.

In October 2011, Dutch engineer Vincent Tabak was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 20 years.

References
References

2010 crimes
2010 deaths
2010 in England
2010s murders in the United Kingdom
Bristol
Deaths by strangulation
December 2010 events
English murder victims
People murdered in England
Quillajaceae is a flowering plant including two species, i.e. Q.saponaria and Q.brasiliensis. Formely included in Rosaceous taxa

References

Fabales
Plant families
The City of Seinäjoki is the center of the Southern Ostrobothnia in Finland and one of the fastest growing urban city centers in Finland. Seinäjoki has a population of more than 60 000 inhabitants and in the Southern Ostrobothnia region there are about 200 000 inhabitants.

Seinäjoki is established 1868.

In 2005, the former municipality of Peräseinäjoki was merged into Seinäjoki. In 2009, the neighbouring municipalities of Nurmo and Ylistaro were merged with Seinäjoki.

Seinäjoki offers high-quality education from primary school to university level as well as good jobs and living conditions for all age groups. Seinäjoki region is Finland's sixth largest market area and offers very competitive and attractive trade services.
A pleasant urban and garden-like environment, short distances, and a wide range of housing types is typical to the city's daily life.
Seinäjoki is known for the unique administrative and cultural center designed by architect Alvar Aalto. The city hosts various summer festivals such as Provinssirock, Tango Festival and Race and Rock Festival (Vauhtiajot), which attract tens of thousands of people to enjoy the city year after year.

Seinäjoki is good living 24 hours a day.

Population grow

References

Other websites
Website

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of South Ostrobothnia
1868 establishments in Europe
1860s establishments in Finland
Neil Davidge (born 1962 in Bristol, United Kingdom) is a record producer, songwriter, movie score composer, musician and occasional backing singer. Once a helper of dance producers, DNA, he is best known as the long-term co-writer, producer and key background musician for the music production band Massive Attack. (In 1997, he also produced the Sunna album, One Minute Science.) During that time he has established a career as a movie score composer including movies such as Push, Bullet Boy, Trouble the Water and additional music for Clash of the Titans.

Artists he has worked with include UNKLE, Damon Albarn, Elizabeth Fraser, Mos Def, David Bowie and Snoop Dogg.

Most recently he recorded "The Storm That Brought Me To You" with Tina Dico for the Clash of the Titans soundtrack, the first vocal track for which he is credited as an artist separately from Massive Attack.

References

1962 births
Living people
British musical entertainers
Susan Lucci (born December 23, 1946) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Erica Kane on the award winning soap opera All My Children on ABC. Some information sources say Lucci was born during 1946, while others say that she was born in 1948.

Lucci was born in Scarsdale, New York. She has been married to Helmut Huber since 1969. She has a daughter, actress Liza Huber and a son, Andreas Huber.

References 

1946 births
Living people
Actors from New York (state)
American musical theatre actors
American television actors
Dancing with the Stars participants
Soap opera actors
Jadwiga Andegaweńska' (1374  1399) became the King of Poland on 16 October 1384 at the age of eleven. She was crowned as a king, not queen. Her royal title was:  Hedvigis Dei Gracia Rex Poloniae, necnon terrarum Cracoviae, Sandomiriae, Syradiae, Lanciciae, Cuyaviae, Pomeraniaeque domina et heres, (Jadwiga the grace of God, the Polish king, and heir to the land in Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kujawy and Pomerania). She was the daughter of Louis Hungarian, King of Poland and Hungary).

Jadwiga married a Lithuania Grand Duke, Jogaila (Władysław Jagiełło) on 18 February 1386. After her death during childbirth on 17 July 1399, her husband became the King Ladislaus II of Poland.

In 1997 she was made a saint by Pope John Paul II.

References

1374 births
1399 deaths
Kings of Poland
Cybill Lynne Shepherd (born February 18, 1950) is an American actress. She  has acted in many sitcoms, television programs and movies. She starred in Moonlighting with Bruce Willis.

Shepherd had melanoma in 2002.

Other websites 

1950 births
Living people
Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
American LGBT rights activists
American movie actors
American television actors
Jill Clayburgh (April 30, 1944 - November 5, 2010) was an American actress. She was nominated for several Academy Awards. Clayburgh was born in New York City and died from leukemia.

References

Other websites

1944 births
2010 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television actors
Deaths from leukemia
The Peugeot 207 is a car produced by Peugeot from 2006 to 2014. It is available with 4-cylinder petrol and diesel engines. It is based on the same platform as the Citroën C3. It was sold as a 3 or 5-door hatchback with a hard-top convertible and estate versions added in 2007, facelifted in 2009 and was replaced in 2012 by the 208, the estate was replaced by the 2008 crossover in 2013 but the convertible was not replaced.

Engines 
 1.4 54 kW (73 hp)
 1.4 16V 65 kW (88 hp)
 1.4 VTi 70 kW (95 hp)
 1.6 16V 80 kW (109 hp)
 1.6 VTi 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.6 THP 110 kW (150 hp)
 1.6 RC 128 kW (174 hp)
 1.4 HDi 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.6 HDi 66 kW (90 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)

207
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
207
A bacterial microcompartment is a structure inside bacteria. They are made of a protein shell which surrounds and encloses various enzymes. They are similar to eukaryotic cell organelles, but do not have plasma membranes. They do not contain lipids.

These compartments are typically about 100-200 nanometres across and made of interlocking proteins.

Protein-enclosed compartments are also found in eukaryotes, such as enzyme encapsulation.

References 

Bacteria
Organelles
In particle physics, the electroweak interaction or electroweak force is the description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature which are electromagnetism and the weak interaction. Though different, the theory models show them as two different parts of the same force. It proves that if the universe is hot enough, then the electromagnetic force and weak force merge into a combined electroweak force. 

Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg were awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for their works to the unification of the weak and electromagnetic interaction.

References

Physics
Evacuation Day for New York was the day that the last of the British authorities in the United States (its troops in New York City) left Manhattan on November 25, 1783. After this British evacuation, General George Washington triumphantly led the Continental Army through the city.

18th century in New York City
American Revolutionary War
Manhattan
1783
1780s in the United States
Sterile neutrinos, also known as neutral heavy leptons, heavy neutrinos, or right-handed neutrinos, are theoretical particles that are extremely difficult to find. This is because they are not affected by all of fundamental forces that rule normal physics, only gravity. They are detected by a theory called the seesaw mechanism which says that when sterile neutrinos are near other neutrinos (tiny particles which are not affected by much), they increase their own mass by lowering the mass of the nearby neutrinos. Detection probably comes from the fact that they are affected by gravity.

Think of it as a particle that absorbs the energy of other particles of the same family type. Once one is near another of its family, it raises its mass by lowering (absorbing) another's overall mass.

Subatomic particles
Claire Catherine Danes (born April 12, 1979) is an American actress. She was born in New York City, New York. Danes starred as Angela Chase in My So-Called Life in the 1994-1995 television season. She also acted in many movies, including the 1996 movie Romeo + Juliet and the 2010 movie Temple Grandin. She plays Carrie Mathison in Homeland.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Manhattan
American movie actors
American television actors
1979 births
Living people
A burn is an injury to a person's skin or flesh. Heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation can be the cause of a burn. Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids, solids, or fire. While rates are similar for males and females the underlying causes often differ. Among women in some areas, risk is related to use of open cooking fires or unsafe stoves. Among men, risk is related to the work environments. Alcoholism and smoking are other risk factors. Burns can also occur as a result of self harm or violence between people.

Burns can be very serious injuries, and in some cases can even cause death. Depending on how deep the burn goes and amount of skin affected, a burn can be a medical emergency. For children, at least five percent of the skin needs to be affected.  Adults can tolerate up to ten percent of affected skin.

Burns of a certain extent affect the body as a whole: Common reactions are circulatory shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis.
Causes 
In the United States, almost eight out of ten burns resulted from fire, flames, or hot liquids. Most (81%) burn injuries occur at home (73%) or at work (8%), and most are accidental, with 2% due to assault by another, and 1–2% resulting from a suicide attempt. These sources can cause inhalation injury to the airway and/or lungs, occurring in about 6%.

Characteristics 

Burns are usually minor. They are usually Degree One to a minor Degree Two. Others are more powerful, such as Degree 3. People may get more powerful burns from high heat or radioactive items.

1st Degree Burns 

Degree One burns are minor and can be cured at home. They seldom leave scars. A person can get them from hot water, a minor sunburn, or by touching hot metal. It causes pain, but only the top layer of skin is burnt and no nerves are injured.

2nd Degree  Burns 

Degree Two burns can be cured at home, but some people would prefer to take them to the hospital. This degree of burn goes into the second layer of skin.
3rd Degree  Burns 

Degree Three burns are the most severe burns that most people can survive from. Although they may be severe, the chances of death are low if treated at the hospital right away. It burns through all three layers of skin, leaving a scab.

4th Degree  Burns 

This degree of burn goes through the skin and destroys the nerves near it. There is no pain at the location of the 4th degree burn area, due to the destruction of the nerves, but there can be immense pain that occurs in the area surrounding the burn. Very few survive it. It must be treated at the hospital ASAP if it occurs and the person is still alive.

History
History 

Cave paintings from more than 3,500 years ago document burns and their management. The earliest Egyptian records on treating burns describes dressings prepared with milk from mothers of baby boys. The 1500 BC Edwin Smith Papyrus describes treatments using honey and the salve of resin (may be myrrh). Many other treatments have been used over the ages, including the use of tea leaves by the Chinese documented to 600 BC, pig fat and vinegar by Hippocrates documented to 400 BC, and wine and myrrh by Celsus documented to 100 AD. French barber-surgeon Ambroise Paré was the first to describe different degrees of burns in the 1500s. Guillaume Dupuytren expanded these degrees into six different severities in 1832.
The first hospital to treat burns opened in 1843 in London, England and the development of modern burn care began in the late 1800s and early 1900s. During World War I, Henry D. Dakin and Alexis Carrel developed standards for the cleaning and disinfecting of burns and wounds using sodium hypochlorite solutions, which significantly reduced mortality. In the 1940s, the importance of early excision and skin grafting was acknowledged, and around the same time, fluid resuscitation and formulas to guide it were developed. In the 1970s, researchers demonstrated the significance of the hypermetabolic state that follows large burns.

Notes

References

Medical emergencies
Injuries
Waterloo is a city in northeast part of the US state of Iowa. It is near Cedar Falls. These two cities make up the Waterloo-Cedar Falls area. The University of Northern Iowa is in the area. Waterloo is the county seat of Black Hawk County.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Heather Locklear (born September 25, 1961) is an American actress. She has been in many movies and television series. Her most notable performance was starring as Amanda in Melrose Place. She also played Sammy in Dynasty and Caitlin in the sitcom Spin City. Locklear was born in Los Angeles.

On June 24, 2018, after being released on bail for accounts of battery, Locklear overdosed on drugs and was hospitalized.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors