Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
BMW returned to Formula One in . They made a deal to supply engines to only the Williams team. The engine was a new V10 engine. The engine deal with Williams ended after the  season. BMW then bought the rival Sauber team. The BMW Sauber project lasted from  until . Sauber, a former privateer team, became more competitive. In , Robert Kubica won the team's only race, the Canadian Grand Prix, with Nick Heidfeld finishing second. After the 2009 season, BMW withdrew from F1. They sold the team back to its founder, Peter Sauber.

Entries in the 1950s and 1960s 

The early years of the World Drivers' Championship saw private BMW racing cars, based on the pre-war BMW 328 chassis. They were entered in the German Grands Prix in  and . A modified 328 with a rear engine became standard in Formula One in the early 1960s. It was known as the "Heck", the German automotive term for "back" or "rear". This design later found success with the Cooper team.
In  German Grand Prix, BMW entered Hubert Hahne in a Lola chassis powered by an larger BMW engine, and David Hobbs in the Lola with the standard smaller BMW engine. For the  German Grand Prix, Hahne returned and finished tenth, BMW's best result in Formula One to that date. BMW then entered three of its own 269 F2 chassis for the  German Grand Prix for Hahne, Gerhard Mitter and Dieter Quester. Mitter was killed in a practice accident. The remaining BMW team withdrew from the race. BMW left F1 for a number of years.

Engine supplier

Brabham, ATS, Arrows, Benetton and Ligier (1982–1988)
In , Renault entered Formula One with a turbocharged engine. After the success Renault had, BMW decided to develop its own turbo engine. BMW announced the new program in April 1980. The engine was based on the BMW M10, a four-cylinder, 1.5 litre, normally aspirated (non-turbocharged) engine designed in the late 1950s. The racing version, the M12, had been successful in Formula Two and other series. The prototype 1.4 litre turbo engine soon developed 600 bhp. It used a single Kühnle, Kopp & Kausch (KKK) turbocharger,  Bosch electronics, and fuel injection. This engine was developed into the M12/13, the race engine BMW supplied to five teams from 1982 to 1988.
BMW first made a deal to supply the M12/13 engine only to the Brabham. Testing of the M12/13 started in late 1980. A new car, Brabham BT50 was design for the engine. The new car was not finished until will into the  season. The team's lead driver, Nelson Piquet, tested the BT50 throughout 1981. The car was unreliable until Bosch improved the electronics.

Brabham began the 1982 season with two BMW-powered BT50 chassis. Because of reliability problems, the BT50 was not used at all the races that year. BMW saw their first win in  Canadian Grand Prix, where the cool conditions helped the turbocharged engine. The BT50 was used for the rest of the season. The car was still unreliable, and the drivers only made four finishes the rest of the season.
In , the reliability of the BMW engine was improved. The new Brabham BT52 allowed Nelson Piquet to win the Drivers' Championship. Brabham finished third in the Constructors' Championship. BMW also began supplying its engines to the German ATS team this season. Manfred Winkelhock, the only driver for the team, was unable to score any points.

For , BMW expanded to three teams, supplying the M12/13 to Arrows. In , BMW was back to two teams. ATS had left Formula One. Piquet won one race, the  French Grand Prix. It was the only win for BMW that year.
For the 1986 season, BMW was back to three teams with the addition of Benetton. Benetton had the most success, scoring 19 points, and winning the Mexican Grand Prix. In , BMW only supplied Brabham with works engines. Arrows and Ligier used the "Megatron", a rebadged BMW engine. At the end of the year, Benetton team owner Bernie Ecclestone decided not to compete the following year. This ended the BMW turbo engine. The Arrows team still used the "Megatrons" engine for . They finished fifth in the Constructors' Championship, their best finish in the team's 25-year history.

For , the technical regulations were changed to ban turbocharged engines. During the M12/13 engine's time in F1, the engine had won the 1983 Drivers' Championship and nine Grands Prix. It also took 14 pole positions and set 13 fastest laps.

Williams (2000–2005)
Williams had been very successful using Renault engines. They won the , ,  and  Drivers' Championships. They also won the , , ,  and  Constructors' Championships. When Renault left F1 at the end of 1997, Williams needed a new engine. In , the BMW signed a contract to supply the Williams team with engines.

BMW spent 18 months building and testing a normally aspirated, 3.0 litre V10 engine. The E41 engine was ready to race in the 2000 season. The Williams FW22 with the BMW E41 engine was driven by Ralf Schumacher and Jenson Button. Schumacher scored a podium finish in the engine's first race. The team finished the year with two more podium finishes, and third in the Constructors' Championship.

For , BMW designed a more aggressive P80 engine. The engine had a big power improvement. Schumacher and new team-mate Juan Pablo Montoya scored four race wins. For , the team won only one race with Schumacher at the Malaysian Grand Prix. Montoya took seven pole positions, but was not able to win a single race.
The Williams team was more competitive in . Both drivers won on two time. For , Williams produced the FW26 chassis with a radical nose section. This design did not work very well. Williams slipped to fourth in the Constructors' Championship. Montoya's victory in the Brazilian Grand Prix the team's only win (and the team's final win to date). Both Schumacher and Montoya left the team at the end of the season.

 was the final year of Williams using the BMW engine. The team continued to be less competitive. None of the team's drivers were able to win a race. By this time, BMW was upset with Williams. BMW thought the engine was able to win, and the Williams chassis was the problem. BMW offered to buy Williams outright. They wanted to gain overall control of its Formula One efforts. Frank Williams would not sell the team. BMW chose to buy the rival Sauber team instead for  and end its deal with Williams.

BMW Sauber
BMW Sauber

BMW bought Swiss team Sauber in June 2005 to form the BMW Sauber F1 Team. The takeover came after BMW's relationship with Williams had deteriorated in the previous months, the partnership ending at the end of the  season. The team was based at Sauber's headquarters in Hinwil, Switzerland and BMW's headquarters in Munich, Germany.

The team scored two podium finishes and came fifth in 2006, its first season in Formula One. This was followed by a second place in 2007 after the McLaren team had been excluded from the championship. Polish driver Robert Kubica took the team's only Grand Prix victory at the 2008 Canadian Grand Prix. Following a poor  season, BMW withdrew from Formula One and sold the team back to founder Peter Sauber.
2006
For the 2006 season, BMW Sauber signed Nick Heidfeld from Williams to be the lead driver, while  World Champion Jacques Villeneuve had his existing two-year contract with Sauber honoured. Robert Kubica was signed as the team's third driver. The team continued to use Sauber's facilities, mostly for chassis construction and wind tunnel testing, while BMW's headquarters in Munich were responsible for building the new 2.4 litre P86 V8 engine, revised technical regulations forcing a change from the 3 litre V10 formula. This replaced the Petronas-badged Ferrari engines which the team had used since 1997. The Sauber team's existing major sponsors, Petronas and Credit Suisse, renewed their contracts with BMW. The team also announced a technical partnership with technology company Intel. The team's new livery, which was maintained throughout its tenure in Formula One, consisted of the traditional BMW blue and white with a hint of red.
Heidfeld scored the team's first podium finish at the Hungarian Grand Prix from tenth on the grid. This race also saw the début of Robert Kubica, who replaced Villeneuve after the latter had crashed heavily at the preceding German Grand Prix. Kubica finished seventh, although he was later disqualified after his car was found to be underweight. The official reason for Villeneuve's absence was that he was recovering from his previous accident, but the team later announced that the driver change was permanent. Kubica scored BMW Sauber's second podium finish of the season at the Italian Grand Prix, after running in third place for most of the race and leading briefly during the first round of pit stops. Heidfeld finished in eighth, but set the team's first fastest lap. The team scored a total of 36 points to finish fifth in the Constructors' Championship, an improvement on Sauber's eighth position with 20 points in .

2007
2007

On 19 October 2006, BMW announced that Robert Kubica would partner Nick Heidfeld for the 2007 Formula One season with Sebastian Vettel taking the test and reserve driver role. Timo Glock was later signed as the team's second test driver. The team launched its 2007 car, the F1.07, on January 16, 2007.

The new car showed promising form throughout winter testing, topping the times sheets on occasions. However, team principal Mario Theissen declared some reliability concerns before the season's opening race in Australia. Kubica retired from fourth place with a gearbox problem, but Heidfeld took over the position and held it to the end of the race. In the early races of the season, Heidfeld and Kubica scored a series of points finishes and established BMW Sauber as the third-fastest team, behind Ferrari and McLaren. Theissen also made the point that the performance gap between BMW Sauber and the two top teams was less than the gap between BMW Sauber and the teams behind it.
Kubica returned to racing action at the French Grand Prix and proved his recovery by finishing in fourth position. Over the remainder of the season, he and Heidfeld continued their form to score a total of 101 points, which secured the team second in the Constructors' Championship after McLaren's disqualification. Heidfeld scored another podium finish at the Hungarian Grand Prix and scored 61 points to Kubica's 39, while Vettel's sole appearance produced an additional point.

2008

On August 21, 2007, BMW confirmed its driver line-up of Heidfeld and Kubica for the  season.
Their 2008 car, the F1.08 was officially launched in Munich at BMW Welt on January 14, 2008. It made its track debut at Valencia the next day, with Robert Kubica driving. Team principal Mario Theissen set the target of the team's first win.
BMW Sauber started the season well with Kubica narrowly missing out on pole after a mistake in his main qualifying lap in Melbourne. He later retired after being hit by Kazuki Nakajima but Heidfeld finished second. Kubica took second in Malaysia, with Heidfeld in 6th setting the fastest lap of the race. The team's points total of 11 was their largest score up to that time. In Bahrain, Kubica scored his and the team's first ever pole position, beating Felipe Massa by just under three hundredths of a second. The team went on to finish 3rd and 4th in the race, equalling their highest round points total and promoting them to first place in the constructors' championship for the first time.

The team also attained a second-place finish in the Monaco Grand Prix with Robert Kubica, beating both Ferraris and only trailing the McLaren of Lewis Hamilton by three seconds.
After the team's breakthrough win, development was switched to the 2009 season where new regulations come into play. This greatly annoyed Kubica, (who was leading the championship after the Canadian Grand Prix), as he felt they could have had a realistic chance of taking at least one title. The lack of development was reflected with a drop of form throughout the second half of the season, causing BMW to be outpaced by Renault, Toyota and even Toro Rosso (who started the season as one of the slowest teams) by the end of the season. Despite this, Kubica remained with an outside chance of taking the drivers championship until the Chinese Grand Prix, the 17th round out of 18.

In October the team confirmed that they would stick with Robert Kubica and Nick Heidfeld as their drivers for the  Season.

2009
Although BMW Sauber targeted the  season as the year they would challenge for the title, their start to the season was a disappointment. Kubica was running in 3rd place in the opening round when he collided with Vettel while battling for 2nd place and was forced to retire. Heidfeld then secured the team's first podium of the year in Malaysia, but after 6 races BMW Sauber had collected a mere 6 points, and occupied 8th place in the Constructors' Championship out of 10 teams. A raft of upgrades were set for Turkey, including an improved regenerative braking system (KERS) and a double deck diffuser. While the new diffuser was implemented, the KERS could not be made to fit the new car and both drivers raced without the device. After the qualifying session for the British Grand Prix Mario Theissen announced that the team had decided to halt further development KERS; of which BMW had been one of the strongest proponents, and focus instead on improving the car's aerodynamics
. This left Ferrari and McLaren as the only remaining users of the KERS system. In the European Grand Prix at Valencia Robert Kubica scored the team's first points since the race in Turkey.
Following a meeting of the BMW board on July 28, the company held at press conference the following morning in which it confirmed the team's withdrawal from Formula One at the end of 2009. Chairman Dr Norbert Reithofer described the decision as a strategic one. The Formula One Teams Association released a statement in response pledging its support to help the team remain in F1.

On 15 September 2009 it was announced that BMW Sauber had secured a buyer, Qadbak Investments Limited which said to represent European and Middle Eastern interests. However Lotus had been given the 13th and final slot in the 2010 Championship.  The team were awarded what was termed a 14th entry, which hinges either on another team dropping out or all the other teams agreeing to allow 28 cars to enter the 2010 Championship.
On November 22, Swiss newspaper SonntagsZeitung revealed that Qadbak's attempt to purchase the team had failed as it did not have the necessary funds. Qadbak turned out to be a shell company with no assets and no investors behind it. On November 27, 2009 it was announced that Peter Sauber would repurchase the team conditional upon the team receiving a FIA entry for the 2010 season.  The FIA subsequently granted Sauber an entry on December 3. The team used Ferrari engines in .

The team retained the BMW Sauber name for the  season, despite using Ferrari engines.

References

Books

Journals

Footnotes

Other websites 

 BMW Sauber F1
 BMW Motorsport 

Formula One constructors
Formula One engine manufacturers
Primary Interstate Highways are the major interstate highways of the United States and have a one or two-digit route number.  Even (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8) route numbers are given to east/west routes, with the smaller numbered routes in the  south (I-10) and bigger numbered routes in the north (I-90).  Similarly, odd (1, 3, 5, 7, or 9) route numbers are given to north/south routes, with the smaller numbered routes in the west (I-5) and the bigger numbered routes in the east (I-95). Routes that end in a 0 or a 5 are major routes in the system. These Interstates generally go from coast to coast or from the bottom to the top of the U.S. For example, Interstate 5 goes from the Mexican Border at San Diego, California to the Canadian Border at Blaine, Washington. Likewise, Interstate 10, the southernmost cross-country Interstate Highway, goes from Santa Monica, California on the west coast to Jacksonville, Florida on the east coast. The longest Interstate Highway in the United States is Interstate 90.
There are five sets of numbers that are used more than once throughout the system; the highways whose numbers are used more than once are separated by big distances to avoid confusion. Below, these are made separate from each other by West and East.

Three-digit Interstates are spur or loop Interstates that usually are in big cities and areas outside of cities.  The last two digits of a three-digit Interstate are always the number of the route it is related to.  If the first digit is odd (1, 3, 5, 7, or 9), the Interstate is usually a spur route while if the first digit is even (2, 4, 6, 8, or 0), the Interstate is usually a loop route.

Primary Interstates
A total of 69 primary Interstates are in the table below, with 43 of them having three-digit routes. The lengths in the table are as of December 31, 2013.

Routes ending in 0 or 5 are marked in  green, denoting an interstate major.
Interstates outside of the mainland
Interstate Highways are not only in the 48 states of the United States that border, but there are also Interstates in Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico.

Hawaiian Interstates
The Interstate Highways in the island of Oahu, Hawaii are signed with the normal Interstate shield, with the letter "H-" added before the number. They are fully controlled-access routes built to the same standards as the Interstate routes in the main part of the United States. These are marked and considered interstates.

Alaska and Puerto Rico
The Federal Highway Administration gives money to four routes in Alaska and three routes in Puerto Rico under the same program as the rest of the Interstate Highway System.  However, these routes do not have to meet the same standards as the Interstate routes in the main part of the United States. Note that these are not marked and considered as interstates, but state and territory highways.

Alaska
Alaska

Alaska's Interstates do not have signs to mark them, although they all have state highway numbers that are not the same as the Interstate numbers.

 Interstate A-1
 Interstate A-2
 Interstate A-3
 Interstate A-4

Puerto Rico

Like Alaska, Puerto Rico signs its Interstates as territorial routes, and the numbers are not the same as their official Interstate designations.  Many of the territory's routes are freeway-standard toll roads.

 Interstate PR-1
 Interstate PR-2
 Interstate PR-3

Related pages
List of auxiliary Interstate Highways
List of business routes of the Interstate Highway System

References

Other websites
Alaska Roads - Interstate ends photos
Puerto Rico road photos
The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways Route Log and Finder List
3-digit Interstate Highways

Lists of roads in the United States
United States-related lists
Andrew Barry Casson Gaze (born 24 July 1965) is a famous Australian basketball player. He has been very successful in his career.

Andrew is the son of Lindsay Gaze, who coached and played basketball himself. Andrew started playing in the NBL when he was 18 years old. He won the 'rookie of the year' prize in 1984. He scored the most points out of everyone in a season 14 times. This was because he was very good at shooting, including 'three-point' shots. Gaze played with Lanard Copeland at the Melbourne Tigers for most of his career. He often through 'alley oop' passes to Copeland. Gaze helped the Tigers reach the finals almost every year. He also helped them win two championships.
Gaze played in the Olympic Games for Australia in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996 and 2000. In 2000 he became only the third basketball player to play in 5 Olympic Games. He led the team to 4th place at the 1988, 1996 and 2000 Olympics.) He was chosen to be the flag-bearer for the Australian team at the opening ceremony at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. He has scored more points at the Olympics than any other player. He is the second-highest scorer of all-time in World Championship play.

In 1988–99, Gaze played for a season college basketball at Seton Hall. His team reached the 1989 NCAA finals. They lost in overtime to Michigan. He tried out with the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics, but did not make the team. In 1993–94 he played seven games for the Washington Bullets. He also played with the San Antonio Spurs in 1998, but became hurt at the end of the season. The Spurs won the title and Gaze was given a championship ring.
After the Sydney Olympics, Gaze retired from playing overseas. He retired from the NBL on May 12th 2005. He had played for more than 20 years. Soon after, he wrote his autobiography, A Kid, a Ball, a Dream, with help from Grantley Bernard.

Nowadays, Gaze often takes part in TV advertisements. He also commentates for channel 7, SEN 1116 and (occasionally) Fox Sports.  Gaze now coaches for the Melbourne Tigers' junior basketball club. Gaze took part in series five of Dancing with the Stars He is now also working as a presenter on Channel Seven's Guide to the Good Life.
Records and awards
Record for most Olympic Games for an Australian basketballer (5)
Scored 18,908 points in the NBL over 612 games in a 22-season span at an average of 30.9 points per game
Received Most Valuable Player (MVP) award a record 7 times
Australian International Player of the Year (1990, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000)
won the NBL Most Efficient Player award every year from 1990 to 1997. The award was then stopped, making Gaze the only ever person to win the award.
Crowned Moomba Monarch (usually called King of Moomba) by the Melbourne festival committee in 1994.
Former Consultation Committee Member of the Human Rights Consultation Committee of Vicotria which formulated the Draft Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities, a precursor to the Victorian Charter of Rights.

Sources
Sources

Web links
http://www.interbasket.net/players/gaze.htm
 Sports-Reference Profile 
 Andrew Gaze's Full Biography 
 Gaze.com.au – Official Homepage
 Follow the Bouncing Ball – interview with Andrew Gaze Radio Interview
 Gaze's NBA Statistics 

1965 births
Living people
Australian basketball players
Australian autobiographers
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955 ) was an American Major League Baseball shortstop. He was nicknamed "The Flying Dutchman" because he was German and very fast. He played in the National League from 1897 to 1917. He played for the Louisville Colonels for two years, and then for the Pittsburgh Pirates for 17 years. Wagner won eight batting titles, the most in National League history. He held the league record for slugging percentage six times, and the record for stolen bases five times.

He was inducted (added to) the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936. He was one of the first five members of the hall of fame. He received the second-highest vote total to be added. Ty Cobb is the only person to get more votes. Babe Ruth tied with Wagner for second-highest.
Most historians think that Ty Cobb is the greatest player of the dead-ball era. But some think that Wagner was a better all-around player. Most baseball historians think that Wagner was the greatest shortstop ever. Cobb said that Wagner was "maybe the greatest star ever to take the diamond."

Early life 
Johannes Wagner was born on February 24, 1874 in the Chartiers neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Chartiers is now part of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.) His parents were Peter and Katheryn Wagner. His father was a coal miner and his mother was a housewife. Both of his parents were German immigrants.

Wagner was one of five children. His mother called him Hans as a child. This name evolved (change into over time) into Honus. When he was 12, Wagner dropped out of school to work in the coal mines with his father. In their free time, Honus and his brothers played sandlot baseball. They became so good that three of Honus's brothers also became professional baseball players.
Honus's older brother, Albert "Butts" Wagner, was a professional baseball player. In 1895, he was playing for the Inter-State League. He got Honus a tryout with the league.

In 1894, Honus married Bessie Baine Smith. They had three daughters: Elva Katrina (b. 1918), Betty Baine (b. 1919), and Virginia Mae (b. 1922).

Minor league career 
Honus started playing for the Inter-State League in 1895. He played for five different teams in his first year. The towns he played for were Steubenville, Akron, Mansfield, Adrian, and Warren.

Ed Barrow, a manager from the Atlantic League, saw Honus play. He convinced Honus to come play for the Paterson Silk Weavers of Paterson, New Jersey. In 1896, Wagner had a batting average of .313. In 1897, Wagner played 74 games and hit .375.

References

Other websites

1874 births
1955 deaths
19th-century American baseball players
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
Major League Baseball players
Pittsburgh Pirates managers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Klaipėda is a city in Lithuania. It is where the Nemunas River  flows into the Baltic Sea. Klaipėda is the third largest city in Lithuania and the capital of Klaipėda County. The German name of the city is Memel. Until 1920, this city was the northernmost city of the German Empire. 

The city's history is complicated. The Port of Klaipėda is important in the area. It is a usually ice-free port on the Baltic Sea. It has been controlled by the Teutonic Knights, the Duchy of Prussia, the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Entente States, Lithuania, and the Third Reich. The city became part of Lithuania while it was a Soviet Socialist Republic. Klaipėda remained part of Lithuania after it again became independent state.

The population shrank from 207,100 in 1992 to 177,823 in 2011. Popular seaside resorts found close to Klaipėda are Nida to the south on the Curonian Spit, and Palanga to the north.

Sister cities and areas

Cities in Lithuania
Klaipėda County
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
JIT, Just-In-Time compilation is a way to translate bytecode instructions to instructions the processor understands. Bytecode is a set of computer instructions for a processor that only exists on paper. 

The alternative to a JIT is an interpreter that looks at each bytecode instruction individually and then decides what to with it. When you run over the same part of the program again, an interpreter has to make the decisions again. While a JIT makes the decisions on how to handle the bytecode once, and then stores it as native processor instructions (this takes memory). Properly deciding how to translate bytecode take some time, so you have some minor slowdown in startup speed. A proper modern JIT first runs a regular interpreter, and then does the JIT step once it knows something is used frequently.

Related pages
Java Virtual Machine

Computer programming
Hınıs is a town in Erzurum district in east of Turkey. Over 30,000 people live there, mainly Kurdish.

Settlements in Turkey
Eastern Anatolia Region
Avro 683 Lancaster was developed out of Avro 679 Manchester. It was the most used RAF bomber in the Second World War. The changes made on Avro 679, like four Rolls-Royce Merlin X instead of two powerplants and longer wings, have led to the new name Avro 683. Royal Air Force ordered 1070 pieces of this airplane.  After the success on the war places, Avro sold the production licence to other companies. One of those was Packard, who bought the licence for powerplant production and improved them. The variant with the most produced pieces was Avro 683 B I, a plane which was the base of RAF Bomber Command at that time.

Technical data (Lancaster B I)

References

Notes

Other websites
 20./21. February 1945 - The last flight of RAF PD421 IQ-F. Historical research of an Avro 683 lost near Hagen, Germany German

Royal Air Force aircraft
Indre is a department in the centre of France in the Centre-Val de Loire region. It is named after the Indre river, the most important river in the department.

Its prefecture is Châteauroux.

History
The department is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790. The department was created from part of the former province of Berry.

The new department had six  districts: Issoudun, Châteauroux, Argenton, Le Blanc, La Châtre and Marennes. The capital (now prefecture) was Châteauroux.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into four arrondissements: Saintes, Châteauroux, Le Blanc, La Châtre and Issoudun.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Issoudun was eliminated but in 1942 it was made again an arrondissement.

Geography
Indre is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. It has an area of .
The highest point of the department is Terrior Randoin (), in the commune of Pouligny-Notre-Dame, and that is   above sea level.

The department is bordered by the 6 departments in 2 regions:
 Centre-Val de Loire region
 Loir-et-Cher
 Cher
 Indre-et-Loire
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Creuse
 Vienne
 Haute-Vienne

The main rivers are:
 Creuse, a tributary of the Vienne, is  long.
 Claise,  long and a tributary of the Creuse.
 Indre, that flows centrally through the department from south to north, through the major towns of La Châtre, Châteauroux and Loches. It is a tributary of the Loire, joining it at Chinon in the neighbouring department of Loir-et-Cher.

Climate 
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Châteauroux is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype Cfb.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Châteauroux is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Châteauroux is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administration
The department is managed by the Departmental Council of the Indre in Châteauroux. Indre is part of the region of Centre-Val de Loire.

Administrative divisions
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 13 cantons and 243 communes (municipalities) in Indre.

The following is a list of the 13 cantons of the Indre department, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Ardentes (3601)
 Argenton-sur-Creuse (3602)
 Le Blanc (3603)
 Buzançais (3604)
 Châteauroux-1 (3605)
 Châteauroux-2 (3606)
 Châteauroux-3 (3607)
 La Châtre (3608)
 Issoudun (3609)
 Levroux (3610)
 Neuvy-Saint-Sépulchre (3611)
 Saint-Gaultier (3612)
 Valençay (3613)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Indre are known, in French, as Indriens (women: Indriennes).

Indre has a population, in 2014, of 226,175, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Châteauroux, with 126,428 inhabitants, is by far the largest.

Evolution of the population in Indre

The main cities in the department are:

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Indre department
 Communes of the Indre department

Other websites

 Departmental Council website 
 Prefecture website 
 Indre Nature 

Indre
1790 establishments
Blackburn B-103 Buccaneer was made for the Royal Navy, the naval part of the United Kingdom´s armed forces. It was also by the Royal Air Force starting in 1968. That was the first airplane with some technical innovations like a system for increased buoyancy, a split rudder (which widens to be an air brake), and rotating magazine for nuclear or conventional weapons. After tests, this plane was selected and put in use by Royal Navy in 1962. This aircraft was retired in 1994. It was used in the 1991 Gulf War.

Technical data (Buccaneer S 2B)

British military aircraft
Southern is a train operating company in the south of England. They operate routes around the southeast such as London, Kent, West Sussex, East Sussex and more. It is a division of Govia.

References 

British train operating companies
Ann Lennox OBE (born 25 December 1954) is an Academy Award-winning Scottish pop-rock singer. She is best known for being the lead singer of the Eurythmics. Lennox has also released five albums on her own.

1954 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
British feminists
People from Aberdeen
Scottish pop singers
Scottish rock singers
New wave singers
Scottish singer-songwriters
Michael Sheard (18 June 1938 – 31 August 2005) was a Scottish character actor who featured in many movies and television programmes, and was known for playing villains. His most prominent television role was as strict deputy headmaster Maurice Bronson in the children's series Grange Hill, which he played between 1985 and 1989. He appeared as Admiral Ozzel in The Empire Strikes Back (1980).

Early life
Sheard was born Michael Lawson Perkins in Aberdeen, Scotland, the son of Donald Marriot Perkins, a church minister. He trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, and took his mother's maiden name as his stage name. During his national service Sheard was a Royal Air Force aircraftman.

Personal life
Sheard died of cancer on 31 August 2005, aged 67, at his home on the Isle of Wight, leaving his wife, Rosalind Moir, whom he married in 1961, and three children; two sons: Simon and Rupert and a daughter Susannah

Filmography
The McKenzie Break (1970) as Ingenieur-Offizier Unger
Universal Soldier (1971) as Man (uncredited)
Frenzy (1972) as Jim (uncredited)
The Darwin Adventure (1972) as Man #1
Super Bitch (1973) as Williamson (uncredited)
England Made Me (1973) as Fromm
Holiday on the Buses (1973) as Depot Manager
Soft Beds, Hard Battles (1974) as New Military Governor (uncredited)
The Hiding Place (1975) as Kapteyn
 The Sweeney - Hit and Run  (1975) as Mr Penketh (headmaster)
Erotic Inferno (1975) as Eric Gold
Rogue Male (BBC movie) (1976) as Adolf Hitler
Force 10 from Navarone (1978) as Sgt. Bauer
Escape to Athena (1979) as Sergeant Mann
Riddle of the Sands (1979) as Böehme
All Quiet on the Western Front (1979) as Paul's father
The Empire Strikes Back (1980) as Admiral Ozzel
Rough Cut (1980) as Man at Airport (uncredited)
Green Ice (1981) as Jaap
The Bunker (1981) as Himmler
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) as U-Boat Captain (uncredited)
High Road to China (1983) as Charlie
The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission (1985, TV movie) as Adolf Hitler
Murder Rap (1988) as Defense Counsel (uncredited)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) as Adolf Hitler (uncredited)
Doombeach (1989) as Headmaster
The Darling Buds of May as Building Inspector (1992)
Another Life (2001) as Mr. Justice Shearman
References

Bibliography
 Yes, Mr Bronson: Memoirs of a Bum Actor () published in 1997
 Yes, Admiral () published in 1999
 Yes, School's Out! () published in 2001
 Yes, It's Photographic! published in 2004

Other websites
 
 Bio at Ancestry.com - shows birth year as 1938
 Obit from The Independent also shows birth year as 1938
 Obituary: The Guardian shows incorrect birth year

Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
Actors from Aberdeen
1940 births
Living people
Sir John Steell (1804 - 1891) was a Scottish sculptor born in Aberdeen, but moved to Edinburgh at an early age. A number of the public statues there are by him including the one of the Duke of Wellington outside Register House and that of Sir Walter Scott at the Scott Monument.

1804 births
1891 deaths
British sculptors
People from Aberdeen
Knights Bachelor
Alexander Auldjo (October 21, 1758 – May 21, 1821) was a businessman and political figure in Lower Canada.

Auldjo was born in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1758. He came to Montreal around 1778. He became a fur trader. Later he exported wheat and imported goods from England. In 1796, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal West. He also became a Justice of the Peace. Auldjo was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel during the War of 1812. In 1817, he became a shareholder in the Bank of Montreal. His brother George was Lord Provost of Aberdeen.

1758 births
1821 deaths
People from Aberdeen
Fur traders
People from Montreal‎
Neuromancer is a science fiction novel by William Gibson. It was published in 1984. It is an important book that started the cyberpunk genre. It was Gibson's first novel and the first book of the Sprawl trilogy. Neuromancer was the first novel to win all three of the important awards in science fiction — the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award.

Publication
Terry Carr asked Gibson to write the book for the third series of Ace Science Fiction Specials. This was a series for authors' first novels.

Other websites
 Neuromancer at the William Gibson Aleph, featuring cover art and adaptations
 Neuromancer at Worlds Without End
 
 Study Guide for William Gibson: Neuromancer (1984)  by Paul Brians of Washington State University
 Gibson on the influence of Blade Runner
 Neuromancer , reviewed by Ted Gioia (Conceptual Fiction )

1984 books
American science fiction books
Hugo Award winning books
Nebula Awards
The Giver is a novel by Lois Lowry. It is science fiction. Bantam Books published the book in 1993. It won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American literature for children in 1994. The Giver has sold more than 5 million copies.

People have been complaining that the novel "The Giver" is unsuitable for children, simply because it is too dark. This is why the book has been often challenged.

The Giver is the first book in a quartet. Gathering Blue, Messenger, and Son are the books. 

1993 books
American children's books
Science fiction books
Newbery Medal winning books
Alex Rafael da Silva Antônio (born  1 January 1988 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as striker.

Career
He started playing football in the youth teams of Corinthians São Paulo. In 2007, he went on to the local rival  Palmeiras. After the foundation of Red Bull Brasil, he played with this team and was promoted two times till they played in the Série A2, the second league in the province of São Paulo. In 2010, he played in the final of the Copa Paulista.

In 2011, he and his team mate Jefferson were invited to practice with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austria. He played in test matches versus Bayer Leverkusen and Olympique Lyonnais. He could convince the coaches and so he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austrias Bundesliga.

Honours
 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série B (4th league): 2009
 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (3rd  league): 2010
 1x final Copa Paulista: 2010
Brazilian footballers
1988 births
Living people
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
There are two species of corroboree frog:
 Southern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne corroboree
 Northern corroboree frog, Pseudophryne pengilleyi

en:Corroboree frog
The northern corroboree frog is one of two species of corroboree frog (Pseudophryne pengilleyi). The other is the southern corroboree frog.

The two frogs were believed to be the same. But in 1996 they were recognised as two different species. The northern corroboree frog is a very small black frog with either light green or yellow stripes. Unlike the southern species, these stripes are sometimes broken.

It lives in the subalpine areas of south eastern Australia, an area of about  including the Kosciusko National Park, Namadgi National Park, the Brindabella Mountains and the Fiery Ranges. 

The northern corroboree frog has not suffered as badly as the southern as it has a much larger habitat. It lives above above sea level and with higher population numbers at the lower level. It has recently been downgraded from critical to an endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

References

Frogs of Australia
Galaxy Science Fiction was an American science fiction magazine. It was published from 1950 to 1980.

Editors and authors
H. L. Gold was the first editor. He made Galaxy the leading science fiction magazine of its time. He published stories about social issues, not just technology. Gold published many well-known and important stories, including: Robert A. Heinlein's The Puppet Masters and Alfred Bester's The Demolished Man. He also published Ray Bradbury's "The Fireman", which later became the novel Fahrenheit 451.
By the late 1950s, Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with the magazine. When Gold became ill, Pohl became editor. He started officially at the end of 1961, but had been doing most of the editing for a while. Galaxy continued to be successful. Pohl often published fiction by important writers such as Cordwainer Smith, Jack Vance, Harlan Ellison, and Robert Silverberg. However, Pohl never won the annual Hugo Award for his work at Galaxy. He did win three Hugos for another magazine, If.  In 1969, Galaxy was sold to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD) and Pohl quit. Later editors included  Ejler Jakobsson and James Baen.

American magazines
Science fiction
The George Medal (GM) is the second highest civil award of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth. It ranks below the George Cross. It is only awarded for non-combat acts of bravery.

The GM was created on 24 September 1940 by King George VI.  At this time, during the height of The Blitz, there was a desire to reward acts of civilian courage. It was decided that the George Cross and the GM would recognise civilian bravery in the face of enemy action and brave deeds more widely.

Announcing the new award, the King said: 
"In order that they should be worthily and promptly recognised, I have decided to create, at once, a new mark of honour for men and women in all walks of civilian life. I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, and the George Medal for wider distribution".
The Warrant for the GM was published in the London Gazette on 31 January 1941. The medal is granted in recognition of "acts of great bravery". The GM was originally not issued posthumously, but the warrant was amended in 1977 to allow posthumous awards, several of which have been subsequently made.

The medal is primarily a civilian award, but it may be awarded to military personnel for gallant conduct that is not in the face of the enemy. As the Warrant states:

"The Medal is intended primarily for civilians and award in Our military services is to be confined to actions for which purely military Honours are not normally granted".

Bars are awarded to the GM in recognition of the performance of further acts of bravery meriting the award. In undress uniform or on occasions when the medal ribbon alone is worn, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon to indicate each bar.  Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters GM.
The details of all awards to British and Commonwealth recipients are published in the London Gazette.

Related pages 
 Victoria Cross
 George Cross
 Elizabeth Cross

References 

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
The George Cross (GC) is the highest civil decoration of the United Kingdom, and many other countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. The GC is the civilian counterpart of the Victoria Cross (VC). It is the highest gallantry award for civilians. Also, it may be awarded to military personnel in actions not in the face of the enemy or for which purely military honours would not normally be granted.

Living holders of the George Cross
The list of living holders of the George Cross is small.
 This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 John Bamford, GC
 James Beaton, GC, CVO
 Arthur Butson, GC
 Matt Croucher, GC
 Christopher Finney, GC
 Henry Flintoff, GC
 Anthony Gledhill, GC
 John Gregson, GC
 Kim Hughes, GC
 Barry Johnson, GC
 Derek Kinne, GC
 Alfred Lowe, GC
 Peter Norton, GC
 Michael Pratt, GC
 Margaret Purves, GC
 Awang Anak Raweng, GC
 Samuel Shephard, GC
 Henry Stevens, GC
 Carl Walker, GC
 Ernie Wooding, GC
Related pages 
 Victoria Cross
 George Medal
 Elizabeth Cross
Flag of Malta

References 
4. George Cross Encyclopaedia, by Marion Hebblethwaite, comprehensive illustrated bibliographies of all recipients, 2021
Land Rover is a brand of the British Jaguar Land Rover company. The brand is used on cars (SUV's). Land Rover vehicles are supplied to the British Army. The original Land Rover car dates back to 1949, and was designed by Maurice Wilks.

As of 2021, the Land Rover brand is used on seven ranges of vehicle: the Defender, Discovery, Discovery Sport, Range Rover Evoque, Range Rover Sport, Range Rover, and Range Rover Velar.

Other websites

British automobile companies
The Croix de guerre (English translation: Cross of War) is a military medal of both France and Belgium.

It was first created in 1915 in both countries. It consists of a square-cross medal on two crossed swords, hanging from a ribbon with various degree pins. The decoration was awarded during World War I, again in World War II, and in other conflicts. The Croix de guerre was also often awarded to foreign military forces allied to France and Belgium.

The Croix de guerre may be given to a unit or to individuals who for acts of heroism involving combat with enemy forces. The medal is also awarded to those who have been "mentioned in despatches". This means a heroic deed was performed meriting a citation from an individual's headquarters unit. The unit award of the Croix de guerre was issued to military commanders who performed heroic deeds in combat and were subsequently recognized by headquarters.

Orders, decorations, and medals of France
A scallop is a marine bivalve mollusc of the family Pectinidae. Scallops live in all the world's oceans.

This is one of the largest families of living bivalves. There are over 300 living species of scallop. Their main adaptation is the ability to swim by clapping their valves together. In this way they escape from most of their predators.

They have a good reputation as a food source. As bivalves they have one hinged shell; each half is known as a valve. The lower valve is usually white (about 95%). It can also be orange (4%) or Lemon Yellow (1%).

The name "scallop" comes from the Old French escalope, which means "shell". Their shells can be up to 15 centimetres (6 inches) across.

Main features 
1. Their ability to swim. However, a few species attach to rocks as adults by a filament. Most species lie on sandy beds, and swim off when touched by a starfish or other predator.
2. They have eyes round the edges of their mantle. Their eyes cannot see shapes, but they can detect  changing patterns of light and motion.
  The scallop eyes fringing the edge of its shell detect moving objects as they pass successive eyes.

3. Semi-circular ridged shape to the shell. The valves are similar, and fit closely together to make a tight-fitting shell.

4. At some stage in their lives, all scallops all have a ridge of tiny teeth near the notch where the byssus comes out in other bivalves. This is called the ctenolium. Its importance is that only scallops have it, and it can be seen in fossils. So that tells palaeontologists when they have a fossil scallop.

Muscles 
Scallops have a central adductor muscle. This is the same as true oysters (family Ostreidae). The inside of their shell has a scar in the middle. This shows where this muscle attaches to the shell. The adductor muscle of scallops is larger and more developed than the adductor muscle of oysters. This is because they swim.
Food and digestion 
Most scallops are filter feeders. They eat plankton. The plankton sometimes has scallop larvae in it. Siphons bring water over a filtering structure. Mucus then traps the food. Next, the cilia on the structure moves the food to the mouth. Then, the scallop digests the food in the stomach and digestive gland. Waste goes through the intestine and exits through the anus.

Life cycle 
Some scallops, such as the Atlantic bay scallop Argopecten irradians do not live for a long time. Others can live 20 years or more.
One can estimate their age from the annuli, the concentric rings on their shells.

The scallop family is unusual because of the variety in arrangements for sexual reproduction. In some species, a scallop has only one sex. They are either male or female. Other species are hermaphrodites so a single scallop has both male and female reproductive organs at the same time. A few scallops are male when they are young and they become female when they grow older.