Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
James Hadley "Jay" Snyder (born February 7, 1970) also known by his stage name as Dan Green, is an American voice actor, voice director and script adapter who is known for his work with 4Kids Entertainment, DuArt Film and Video, NYAV Post and Central Park Media. He is best known for his voice work as Yugi Mutou in the Yu–Gi–Oh! franchise and as Knuckles the Echidna in Sonic X and in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game franchise from 2005 to 2010.

Personal life
He married his wife Michal Lura Friedman, a singer and fellow voice actress in 2008. they were married for four years until her death in 2011, from complications during childbirth. They have two children, Jackson James Snyder and Reverie Vivian Snyder.

References

1975 births
Living people
Actors from Marin County, California
American voice actors
The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit is one of the 13 appeals courts in the United States's federal court system.  In case citations, the Court's name is abbreviated "1st Cir."

The 1st Circuit
The Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit is the appeals court that has jurisdiction, or legal power, to review cases decided by less powerful courts in the 1st Circuit.  These less powerful courts are called United States district courts.  They are federal trial courts.  If someone wants to appeal a decision that one of these courts made, they would have to appeal to the Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit.

These are the United States District Courts that are in the 1st Circuit:
  District of Maine
  District of Massachusetts
  District of New Hampshire
  District of Puerto Rico
  District of Rhode Island

About the Court

The Court is based at the John Joseph Moakley Federal Courthouse in Boston, Massachusetts.
The First Circuit is the smallest of the thirteen United States courts of appeals.  As of 2016, the Court has six full-time judges and six judges on senior status.  Senior status is like being partly retired.  Three of the Senior Judges do not hear any cases.  The others may hear cases if they choose to.

Since he retired from the United States Supreme Court, Justice David Souter regularly sits on the First Circuit "by designation."  This means he is a visiting judge who comes to hear cases at the First Circuit, to add his knowledge and experience.

Schedule
The Court usually "sits" (meets at the Courthouse and hears cases) for one week a month, eleven months per year.  Court sittings are held in the mornings, usually between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM (EST).  For one month out of the year  either July or August  the Court takes a summer break and does not meet.
This is the Court's normal schedule:
 In every month except September and the Court's summer break month: The Court sits for one week each month, starting on the first Monday of the month
 In both March and November: The Court sits for an extra week at the Jose V. Toledo Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico
 In September: The Court starts on the Wednesday after Labor Day, sits for the three days in that week, and sits for all five days the next week

History

On March 3, 1891, the United States Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.  Congress approved two judgeships for the Court (it allowed two judges to sit on the Court).

On January 28, 1915, Congress passed a law that added the District of Puerto Rico to the First Circuit.  The law said that the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit would hear appeals from Puerto Rico's district court.

Over time, Congress approved more full-time judgeships for the Court:
Related pages
 Federal judiciary of the United States (the entire federal court system)
 United States Supreme Court
 United States courts of appeals
 United States district courts

References

United States courts of appeals
1891 establishments in the United States
The Zomi Baptist Church is a christian believer church. In India the  Zomi Baptist Church (ZBC) was established in 1982. 

The ZBC headquarters is at Champhai, India. In  Myanmar the ZBC is known as ZBCM (Zomi Baptist Church in Myanmar). Nowadays the ZBC is also present in the United States (Tulsa) and other countries in the world.

References

Baptist churches
Religion in India
Christianity in the United States
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in India
Organizations based in India
Organizations based in Myanmar
Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The District Court ruled 2-1, with one dissenting, on June 5, 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment.

The state and city appealed, and the decision was upheld by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956.  A motion for clarification and for rehearing was denied on December 17, 1956.
Background
About two months after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Black leaders had been looking for a test case to test the constitutionality of the segregation laws of the state of Alabama and the city of Montgomery. One of the attorneys, Clifford Durr, was concerned that an appeal of Mrs. Rosa Parks' case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts. They needed a way to get directly to the federal courts. Colvin and several others who were discriminated against on Montgomery busses, agreed to become plaintiffs in a federal civil action lawsuit, thus bypassing the Alabama court system. The bus company said segregation was valid on "privately owned busses" which operated according to the laws of the city and state.
Ruling
On February 1, 1956, the case of Browder v. Gayle was filed in U.S. District Court. Browder was a Montgomery housewife; W. A. Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery.

On June 13, 1956, the District Court ruled that "the enforced segregation of black and white passengers on motor buses operating in the City of Montgomery violates the Constitution and laws of the United States," because the conditions deprived people of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The court further enjoined the state of Alabama and city of Montgomery from continuing to operate segregated buses.

The case was not completed until it was heard later that year by the US Supreme Court, as the state and city appealed the decision. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the District Court's ruling and ordered the state of Alabama (and Montgomery) to desegregate its buses. One month later on December 20, after Mayor Gayle was handed official written notice by federal marshals, the Montgomery buses were desegregated.
Notes

References 

1956 in the United States
United States law
United States Supreme Court cases
1950s in law
Grace Poe (born September 3, 1968) is the adopted daughter of Filipino actors Susan Roces and Fernando Poe, Jr. She served as chairperson of the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) from 2010 to 2012 and in the Philippine Senate since 2013.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

1968 births
Living people
Adoptees
Filipino politicians
Miriam Defensor Santiago (June 15, 1945 – September 29, 2016) is a Filipino politician, known for having served in all three branches of the Philippines government – judicial, executive, and legislative. Defensor Santiago was named one of The 100 Most Powerful Women in the World in 1997 by The Australian.

References 

1945 births
2016 deaths

Filipino politicians
Maria Leonor Gerona Robredo (born April 23, 1965) is a Filipina lawyer and politician. She was the 14th Vice President of the Philippines from June 30, 2016 tó June 30, 2022. She served under Rodrigo Duterte.

Robredo is the widow of the Philippines Interior Secretary Jesse Robredo. She served as Member of the House of Representatives from Camarines Sur's Third District. She is a member of the Liberal Party. 

In October 2021, Robredo announced her candidacy for president of the Philippines in the 2022 election. She came in second place in the general election in May 2022.

Sources

1965 births
Vice presidents of the Philippines
Living people
Filipino lawyers
Risa Hontiveros (born February 24, 1966) is a Filipino socialist activist and journalist, who was the representative of Akbayan in the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 2004 to 2010. She is the older sister of journalists and television hosts Gringgay and Pia Hontiveros.

Sources

1966 births
Filipino politicians
Living people
People from Manila
Leila de Lima (born August 27, 1959) is a Filipino lawyer. She was appointed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as Chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights on May 2008 and served until June 30, 2010 when she resigned and appointed by President Benigno Aquino III as Secretary of the Philippine Department of Justice. She resigned October 12, 2015 to focus on her candidacy for the Senate in the 2016 election.

Sources

1959 births
Living people
Filipino politicians
Filipino lawyers
The Thirteenth Amendment (proposed and ratified in 1865) abolished slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment (proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868) created the privileges and immunities clause, applicable to all citizens; and made the due process and equal protection clauses applicable to all persons. The Fifteenth Amendment, (proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870) prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the U.S. Senate on April 8, 1864. The U.S. House of Representatives passed it on January 31, 1865. The measure was swiftly ratified by all but three Union states (the exceptions were Delaware, New Jersey, and Kentucky), and by a sufficient number of border and "reconstructed" Southern states. It was ratified by December 6, 1865. On December 18, 1865, Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed it to have been incorporated into the federal Constitution. It became part of the Constitution 61 years after the Twelfth Amendment. This is the longest interval between constitutional amendments to date.

Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was proposed by Congress on June 13, 1866. By July 9, 1868, it had received ratifications by the legislatures of the required number of states in order to officially become the Fourteenth Amendment. On July 20, 1868, Secretary of State William Seward certified that it had been ratified and added to the federal Constitution. The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws. It was proposed in response to issues related to treatment of freedmen following the war. The amendment was bitterly opposed, particularly by Southern states, which were forced to ratify it in order for their delegations to be able to return to Congress. The Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution. It formed the basis for landmark decisions such as Roe v. Wade (1973), regarding abortion, and Bush v. Gore (2000), regarding the 2000 presidential election.

Fifteenth Amendment
By 1869, amendments had been passed to abolish slavery and provide citizenship and equal protection under the laws. But the narrow election of Ulysses S. Grant to the presidency in 1868 convinced a majority of Republicans that black voters would be important for the party's future. After rejecting more sweeping versions of a suffrage amendment, Congress proposed a compromise amendment banning restrictions on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude on February 26, 1869. The amendment survived a difficult ratification fight and was adopted on March 30, 1870. After blacks gained the vote, the Ku Klux Klan directed some of their attacks to disrupt their political meetings and intimidate them at the polls, to suppress black participation. In the mid-1870s, there was a rise in new insurgent groups, such as the Red Shirts and White League, who acted on behalf of the Democratic Party to violently suppress black voting
. While white Democrats regained power in southern state legislatures, through the 1880s and early 1890s, numerous blacks continued to be elected to local offices in many states, as well as to Congress as late as 1894.
Effects 
From 1890 to 1910, all the states of the former Confederacy passed new constitutions and other laws that found new methods to get around the Fifteenth Amendment, such as poll taxes, residency rules, and literacy tests administered by white staff, sometimes with exemptions for whites via grandfather clauses. When challenges reached the Supreme Court, it interpreted the amendment narrowly, ruling based on the stated intent of the laws rather than their practical effect. The results in voter suppression were dramatic, as voter rolls fell: nearly all blacks, as well as tens of thousands of poor whites in Alabama and other states, were forced off the voter registration rolls and out of the political system, effectively excluding millions of people from representation. Democratic state legislatures passed racial segregation laws for public facilities and other types of Jim Crow restrictions. During this period of political struggle, the rate of lynchings in the South reached an all-time high.
In the twentieth century, the Court interpreted the amendment more broadly, striking down grandfather clauses in Guinn v. United States (1915). It took a quarter century to finally dismantle the white primary system in the "Texas primary cases" (1927–1953). With the South having become a one-party region after the disfranchisement of blacks, Democratic Party primaries were the only competitive contests in the states. But Southern states reacted rapidly to Supreme Court decisions, often devising new ways to continue to exclude blacks from voter rolls and voting; most blacks in the South did not gain the ability to vote until after passage of the mid-1960s federal civil rights legislation and beginning of federal oversight of voter registration and district boundaries. The Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) forbade the requirement for poll taxes in federal elections; by this time five of the eleven southern states continued to require such taxes. Together with the US Supreme Court ruling in Harper v
. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966), which forbade requiring poll taxes in state elections, blacks regained the opportunity to participate in the American political system.
These amendments were intended to guarantee freedom to former slaves and to prevent discrimination in civil rights to former slaves and all citizens of the United States. The promise of these amendments was lessened by state laws and federal court decisions over the course of the 19th century. In 1876 and later, some states passed Jim Crow laws that limited the rights of African-Americans. Important Supreme Court decisions that undermined these amendments were the Slaughter-House Cases in 1873, which prevented rights guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment's privileges or immunities clause from being extended to rights under state law; and Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 which originated the phrase "separate but equal" and gave federal approval to Jim Crow laws. The full benefits of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments were not realized until the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
References

Amendments to the United States Constitution
American Civil War
Adrienne Corri (13 November 1930 – 13 March 2016) was a British actress. She was known for her role as Mrs. Alexander in Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange.

Corri died at her home in London on 13 March 2016 from coronary artery disease at the age of 84.

References

Other websites

Adrienne Corri  at HorrorStars

1930 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from coronary artery disease
British movie actors
British television actors
British stage actors
Actors from Glasgow
Shozo Awazu (18 April 1923 – 17 March 2016) was a Japanese master of judo. He won the rank of Kōdōkan 9th Dan. He led the development of judo in France. He was born in Kyoto, Japan. Awazu was considered to be one of the top experts in ne waza (grappling techniques), kata and tandoku-renshu.

Awazu died in Paris, France on 17 March 2016 at the age of 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Japanese judoka
Sportspeople from Kyoto Prefecture
Miguel Hernández Agosto (April 5, 1927 – March 18, 2016) was a Puerto Rican politician. He worked with the Popular Democratic Party (PPD). He started his political career as a Cabinet member, but eventually became a Senator at-large. Hernández Agosto served as President of the Senate of Puerto Rico for 12 years (1981-1993).

Agosto died in San Juan, Puerto Rico on March 18, 2016 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 Official Biography  from the Senate of Puerto Rico

1927 births
2016 deaths
Puerto Rican politicians
Richard Bradford (October 31, 1934 – March 22, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his lead role as former CIA agent turned private eye McGill in the British TV adventure series Man in a Suitcase, made by ITC in 1967. He was born in Tyler, Texas.

Bradford died on March 22, 2016 at the age of 81.

References

Other websites

Richard Bradford (as Dick Bradford) at the Internet Broadway Database

1934 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Texas
Maggie Blye (October 24, 1942 – March 24, 2016) was an American actress. She was born in Houston, Texas. She was in the 1967 Paul Newman movie Hombre and the 1969 version of The Italian Job. Her later television roles included The Rockford Files, Hart to Hart and Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.

Blye died on March 24, 2016 from cancer at her home in West Hollywood, California, aged 73.

Other websites

 Obituary -Variety

1942 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Houston
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Roger Marcel Cicero Ciceu (6 July 1970 – 24 March 2016) was a German jazz and pop musician. He was born in Berlin, Germany. Cicero represented Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki his song Frauen regier'n die Welt (Women rule the world). He finished 19th. Cicero made his movie debut in Hilde (2009) as musician Ricci Blum.

Cicero died of a stroke in Hamburg, Germany on 24 March 2016, aged 45.

References

1970 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Berlin
Deaths from stroke
German singers
German movie actors
Esther Herlitz (, 9 October 1921 – 24 March 2016) was an Israeli diplomat and politician. She served as a member of the Knesset for the Alignment between 1973 and 1977 and again from 1979 until 1981. She was also Israel's first female ambassador, having been appointed as the country's ambassador to Denmark in 1966.

Herlitz died on 24 March 2016 in Tel Aviv at the age of 94.

References

1921 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors of Israel
Members of the Knesset
German Jews
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Berlin
Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain (September 8, 1924 – March 24, 2016) was a Canadian lawyer, judge and politician. She was the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. She was the first woman appointed a Cabinet minister in Quebec, the first woman appointed acting premier, and the first woman judge to serve in the Quebec Provincial Court.

On March 24, 2016, she died at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2016 deaths
Canadian judges
Canadian lawyers
Politicians from Quebec
Politicians from Massachusetts
Judges
Tibor Richard Machan (; 18 March 1939 – 24 March 2016) was a Hungarian-born American philosopher.  He was the professor emeritus in the department of philosophy at Auburn University. Machan held the R. C. Hoiles Chair of Business Ethics and Free Enterprise at the Argyros School of Business & Economics at Chapman University in Orange, California until December 31, 2014.

On 24 March 2015, he died at the age of 77.

References

1939 births
2016 deaths
American philosophers
People from Budapest
Academics from Alabama
In re Gault, , was a landmark case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1967.  The Court ruled that juveniles (children and teenagers) have the same rights as adults when they are accused of a crime.  For example, they have due process rights, like the right to have a lawyer, when they are being questioned by the police, and when they are on trial.

The Court's ruling in this case was so important for children's rights that Justice Earl Warren said it would become "the Magna Carta for juveniles."

History
In the four years before the Supreme Court decided In re: Gault, the Court also decided some other very important cases about due process rights  the rights people have when they are accused of a crime.  However, these rulings did not apply to children who were being tried in juvenile courts. The case was argued by Norman Dorsen in favor of the juveniles.

Rights for adults
Rights for adults

Constitutional rights
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to ... the Assistance of Counsel for his defence."  ("Counsel" is a legal word for "lawyer.")

Also, the Fourteenth Amendment says that no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws."

Supreme Court cases

Based on these two amendments, the Supreme Court decided these landmark cases:
Gideon v. Wainwright, : The Court ruled that having a lawyer is necessary for a fair trial.  It ruled that any defendant charged with any crime had the right to a lawyer.  If the defendant cannot pay for a lawyer, the state must assign them a free lawyer.
 Miranda v. Arizona, : When a person is being asked whether they committed a crime, they do not have to answer.  They cannot get in trouble for not answering.  This is called the right against "self-incrimination" (the right not to say anything that proves you committed a crime).  Before being questioned, a suspect must be told that they do not have to answer any questions.

These decisions, however, only applied to adult courts.  While the Constitution never says that its rights are only for adults, American courts had never given juveniles the same due process rights as adults.

Juvenile courts
Juvenile courts

In the United States' court system, there are separate courts for children who are accused of committing crimes or having behavior problems.  These are called "juvenile courts."

Every state has its own laws about their juvenile courts.  However, usually, if the judge rules that the child is "delinquent," the judge can make that child a "ward of the court."  This means the judge is putting the court in charge of the child, and taking that power away from the child's parents.  For the worst crimes, the court can decide to put the child in a special school, juvenile prison, or other program away from home, and keep them there until they turn 21.

At the time that Gerald Gault was arrested, juveniles had very few rights in the juvenile justice system.  For example, they could be put in jail without a trial, or without even knowing what crime they were being charged with.

Background of the case
On June 8, 1964, a police officer arrested Gerald Gault, a fifteen-year-old.  The sheriff did not tell Gault's parents that he had been arrested.  He was arrested after a neighbor named Ora Cook who complained that she received an obscene, vulgar phone call.  At the time, Gault was on probation.  He had been put on probation for six months, starting February 25, 1964, for being with another boy who stole a woman's wallet.

Meanwhile, Gault's mother came home and realized he was missing.  She eventually found him at the county Children's Detention Home, but was she not allowed to take him home.  Without being charged with a crime, Gault had been put in a juvenile jail.

Gault has always said that his friend Ronald Lewis made the call to Cook from the Gault family's trailer.  In 2007, Gault said that once he heard what Lewis said, he kicked Lewis out.

Juvenile court hearings
First hearing
The next morning, Gault had his first court hearing, in front of Judge McGhee.  Judge McGhee usually worked in the Gila County Superior Court (an adult court), but was working in the juvenile court that day.

At the end of the hearing, Judge McGhee said he would think about what to do, and sent Gault back to jail.  Gault was kept in jail for a few more days, then was sent home.  Nobody ever explained why he was kept in jail or why he was let go.  The day he came home, his mother got a note saying that Judge McGhee had ordered another hearing.

Second hearing
Second hearing

At the second hearing, McGhee ruled that Gault was "a delinquent child."  This meant Gault had broken a state law.  McGhee ordered Gault to be sent to the State Industrial School until he turned 21, unless the court decided to let him out before then.  This punishment was based on a charge of "Lewd Phone Calls."  If Gault had been convicted of the same crime as an adult, the Arizona laws would have allowed a maximum punishment of two months in prison and a fine of $5 to $50.

Problems with the hearings

Gault's accuser, Mrs. Cook, was not at either hearing, even though Mrs. Gault had asked for her to come so she could identify whether Gerald or his friend had made the phone calls.  Judge McGhee had said "she didn't have to be present."  Judge McGhee had never told Gault's parents that they could bring a lawyer to the hearings or call witnesses to defend Gerald.
Also, nobody wrote a transcript (a record of exactly what was said) during either hearing.  Because of this, there was no proof of what Gault or Judge McGhee said during these hearings.   Later, Judge McGhee said Gault admitted to saying something "lewd" to Mrs. Cook.  Both of Gault's parents insisted that Gerald never admitted to doing anything wrong.

Habeas corpus appeal

At the time, Arizona law did not allow juvenile cases to be appealed.  Gault's parents hired a lawyer named Amelia Lewis, who petitioned the Arizona Supreme Court for a writ of habeas corpus.  This means they asked the Supreme Court to let Gerald go because his imprisonment was unfair.  The Supreme Court sent the case to the Arizona Superior Court, a regular trial court, for a habeas corpus hearing.  This hearing would decide whether Gault was sent to juvenile prison unfairly.

McGhee's arguments
McGhee's arguments

The hearing was held on August 17, 1964.  The Gaults' lawyer questioned Judge McGhee about the legal reasons for his actions.  She asked McGhee to explain what laws he had used to find Gerald "delinquent."

McGhee gave several answers:
 Gerald used lewd language while another person could hear (this was a misdemeanor under the Arizona Revised Statutes § 13-377) 
 Gerald was delinquent under ARS § 8-201(6)(d).  This part of the law said that a delinquent child "habitually" (regularly) behaves in ways that "injure or endanger the morals or health of himself or others."  As evidence that Gerald was "habitually" dangerous, McGhee gave two reasons:
 He said Gault admitted making "silly calls, or funny calls, or something like that" in the past
 Two years earlier, the juvenile court got a report saying Gault had stolen a baseball glove and lied to the police about it.  However, the court never did anything about this because there was no proof
Judge McGhee also said that Gerald was already on probation.  This played a part in his decision, he said.

The court dismissed the habeas corpus petition.  It ruled that Judge McGhee had enough evidence and legal reasons to send Gault to jail.

Appeal to the Arizona Supreme Court

Next, Amelia Lewis and the Gaults appealed to the Arizona Supreme Court (99 Ariz. 181 (1965)). They had two main arguments.  They argued that Gerald's conviction was not legal because he was not given the due process rights in the Constitution.  They also argued that the state's set of juvenile laws, the Arizona Juvenile Code, was unconstitutional because it did not include these due process rights.

The Arizona Supreme Court ruled against the Gaults.  They said that neither the Juvenile Code or Gerald's conviction violated due process.

Appeal to the United States Supreme Court
Under United States law, the Gaults had only one legal option left.  This option was to appeal to the United States Supreme Court, but to do this, they would need more lawyers, and that would be expensive.  However, lawyers from the Arizona chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) got involved and worked with Amelia Lewis on the Supreme Court appeal.  On December 16, 1966, they went before the Supreme Court.
Legal questions
The Supreme Court had to answer three important legal questions in this case: a specific question, a general question, and a question that would affect every juvenile and court in the country.:
 The specific question: Were Gerald Gault's due process rights violated when he was convicted and sent to juvenile prison?  If they were, what should happen to him?
 The general question: Was the Arizona Juvenile Code unconstitutional because it did not give juveniles the due process rights in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution?
 The biggest question: Did juveniles even have the same due process rights as adults?  Did the Fourteenth Amendment even apply to juvenile court processes?

Decision
On May 15, 1967, the Supreme Court voted 81 in favor of the Gaults.  They ruled that Gerald's due process rights were violated.

Justice Abe Fortas wrote the Court's majority opinion.  He wrote:
Justice Fortas pointed out that if Gerald were over 18, and were tried in adult court, he would have had many different rights, including the ones in this table.

However, because he was 15 and in juvenile court, Gerald got none of these rights.

In the Court's opinion, Justice Fortas wrote that without these due process rights, a person cannot get a fair trial, no matter what age they are.  The Fourteenth Amendment says that "no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws."  Since juvenile courts could take away children's freedom by sending them to juvenile prisons, they needed to give juvenile defendants full due process rights.  They also needed to give them "equal protection of the laws"  the same protections an adult at risk of going to jail would get.
The Court threw out Gerald's conviction and ordered him to be set free.  He had spent three years in the Industrial School: two years and ten months longer than he could have possibly spent in prison if he was convicted as an adult.

The Court also ruled Arizona's Juvenile Code unconstitutional.  They ruled that Juvenile Codes had to include due process rights.

Importance
Importance

Before In re Gault, juveniles accused of crimes had very few rights.  In re Gault gave due process rights, which juveniles had never had, to children and teenagers being accused of crimes.  These protections apply to all juveniles in the United States, not just Arizona.  After this decision, by law, all juveniles being accused of crimes must be given the rights in the Fourteenth Amendment.  For example:
 They must be told what crime they are being accused of and when they have to go to court, far enough ahead of time that they can prepare (for example, by working on a defense or getting a lawyer)
 The juvenile, and their parents, must be told about their right to a lawyer
 The juvenile (or usually their lawyer) has the right to question the witnesses that say they are guilty, and call their own witnesses to say they are not guilty
 They must be warned that they do not have to answer questions about whether they are guilty, even in court
In other words, In re Gault ruled that every juvenile court in the country had to follow the Fourteenth Amendment.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Download a video about The Gault case  or a video of Gerald Gault talking about his case  (from The National Juvenile Defender Center's Gault page )

United States Supreme Court cases
1967 in the United States
The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

 Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, nationality, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and most importantly a source.


April

1
Pratyusha Banerjee, 24, Indian actress (Balika Vadhu, Bigg Boss 7, Hum Hain Na), suicide by hanging.
Artur Górski, 46, Polish politician, member of Sejm (since 2005), leukemia.
Emil Keres, 90, Hungarian actor (Twenty Hours) and theatre director.
2
Gato Barbieri, 83, Argentine jazz saxophonist, pneumonia.
Gallieno Ferri, 87, Italian comic book artist (Zagor, Mister No).
Boris Hybner, 74, Czech actor (I'm All Good, Toys in the Attic, Marguerite) and mime artist.
László Sárosi, 84, Hungarian football player (national team) and coach.
3
Erik Bauersfeld, 93, American radio dramatist (KPFA) and voice actor (Star Wars, A.I. Artificial Intelligence, Crimson Peak).
Don Francks, 84, Canadian jazz vocalist and actor (La Femme Nikita, Inspector Gadget, I'm Not There), lung cancer.
Lars Gustafsson, 79, Swedish writer and scholar.
Rowley Habib, 83, New Zealand writer.
Martin Lampkin, 65, English motorcycle trials rider, cancer.
Cesare Maldini, 84, Italian football player (national team) and manager (Foggia, Milan, national team).
Joe Medicine Crow, 102, American Crow historian.
Lola Novaković, 80, Serbian singer.
Amber Rayne, 31, American pornographic actress.
Jules Schelvis, 95, Dutch historian and Holocaust survivor.
Clarence Clifton Young, 93, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1953–1957), Nevada Senate (1966–1980) and Nevada Supreme Court (1985–2002).
4
Getatchew Mekurya, 81, Ethiopian jazz saxophonist, complications from diabetes.
Royston Nash, 82, English conductor (D'Oyly Carte Opera Company).
George Radosevich, 88, American football player (Baltimore Colts), congestive heart failure.
Mike Sandlock, 100, American baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers).
Abe Segal, 85, South African tennis player, cancer.

5
Zyta Gilowska, 66, Polish politician, Minister of Finance (2006, 2007), Deputy Prime Minister (2006, 2007).
Roman Gribbs, 90, American politician, Mayor of Detroit (1970–1974), cancer.
Zena Latto, 90, American jazz saxophonist.
E. M. Nathanson, 88, American author (The Dirty Dozen), heart failure.

6
Merle Haggard, 79, American country music singer-songwriter ("Okie from Muskogee", "The Fightin' Side of Me", "Carolyn"), complications from pneumonia.
Darrell Hogan, 89, American football player (Pittsburgh Steelers), heart failure.
7
László Bárczay, 80, Hungarian chess Grandmaster.
Frank E. Denholm, 92, American politician, member of the House of Representatives  from South Dakota (1971–1975).
Carlo Monti, 96, Italian athlete, Olympic bronze medalist (1948).

8
Dick Alban, 87, American football player (Washington Redskins, Pittsburgh Steelers).
Mircea Albulescu, 81, Romanian actor (Michael the Brave, Capcana mercenarilor, Semne în pustiu) and writer, member of the Writers' Union of Romania, heart failure.
Wei Chueh, 88, Taiwanese Buddhist monk, founder of the Chung Tai Shan.
9
Arthur Anderson, 93, American voice actor (Courage the Cowardly Dog), congestive heart failure.
Duane Clarridge, 83, American spy (CIA, Eclipse Group), complications from esophageal cancer.
Tony Conrad, 76, American avant-garde musician, composer, video artist and professor (University at Buffalo), prostate cancer.
 Juris Ekmanis, 74, Latvian academic, President of Latvian Academy of Sciences (2004–2012), complications from a stroke.
Will Smith, 34, American football player (New Orleans Saints), Super Bowl champion (2010), shot.

10
Louis Gladstone, 88, American politician.
Howard Marks, 70, Welsh cannabis smuggler, writer and legalisation campaigner, colorectal cancer.
Henryk Średnicki, 61, Polish boxer, amateur World Champion (1978).
11
Emile Ford, 78, Saint Lucian singer ("What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For?") and sound engineer.
Anne Gould Hauberg, 98, American arts patroness, founder of the Pilchuck Glass School.
Ed Snider, 83, American sports executive (Comcast Spectacor, Philadelphia Flyers, Philadelphia 76ers), bladder cancer.

12
Hector A. Cafferata, Jr., 86, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient.
Paul Carey, 88, American radio broadcaster (Detroit Tigers), complications from COPD.
Gianroberto Casaleggio, 61, Italian entrepreneur, co-founder of Five Star Movement.
Pedro de Felipe, 71, Spanish footballer (Real Madrid, Espanyol).
David Gest, 62, American producer and reality TV contestant (I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!).
Anne Jackson, 90, American actress (Middle of the Night, The Shining, Blinded by the Light).
Balls Mahoney, 44, American professional wrestler (ECW), cardiac arrest.
Arnold Wesker, 83, British playwright, complications from Parkinson's disease.
13
Mariano Mores, 98, Argentine tango composer and pianist.
Manouchehr Sotodeh, 102, Iranian geographer, respiratory failure.
Gareth Thomas, 71, Welsh actor (Blake's 7), heart failure.
Ray Thornton, 87, American attorney and politician, member of the United States House of Representatives  from Arkansas (1973–1979, 1991–1997).
Nera White, 80, American Hall of Fame basketball player, complications from pneumonia.

14
Nguyen Anh 9, 76, Vietnamese songwriter and pianist, pneumonia and heart failure.
Ahmed Brahim, 69, Tunisian politician.
Ilija Ivezić, 89, Croatian movie actor (Last of the Renegades, The Golden Years, Marshal Tito's Spirit).
Malick Sidibé, 80, Malian photographer, complications of diabetes. 
Liang Sili, 91, Chinese missile control scientist and academician (Chinese Academy of Sciences), vice-president of the International Astronautical Federation.
Sir David MacKay, 48, British author, physicist and professor (University of Cambridge), stomach cancer.
15
Anne Grommerch, 45, French politician, member of the National Assembly (since 2008), Mayor of Thionville (since 2014), breast cancer.
16
Rubén Mendoza Ayala, 55, Mexican politician, cardiac arrest. 
Jeanette Bonnier, 82, Swedish media proprietor (Bonnier Group), journalist (Expressen) and author, heart failure.
Rod Daniel, 73, American movie director (Teen Wolf), Parkinson's disease.
William M. Gray, 86, American meteorologist.
Charlie Hodge, 82, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens, Oakland Seals, Vancouver Canucks) and scout, NHL champion (1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1966), complications from a stroke.
Louis Pilot, 75, Luxembourgian football player (Fola Esch, Standard Liège, Royal Antwerp) and manager (national team).
Helmut Rohde, 90, German politician, Federal Minister of Education and Science (1974–1978).
Peter Rock, 70, Chilean rock musician and actor (Blood Sugar Baby), complications from ALS.
Kit West, 79, British special effects artist (Raiders of the Lost Ark, Dragonheart, Enemy at the Gates), Oscar winner (1982).
17
Cyril Leonoff, 91, Canadian civil engineer and historian.
Doris Roberts, 90, American actress (Everybody Loves Raymond, Remington Steele, Christmas Vacation).

18
Yuri Bychkov, 84, Russian art historian.
Cox Habbema, 72, Dutch actress (To Grab A Ring, The Incorrigible Barbara, A Question of Silence), cancer.
Eva Henning, 95, Swedish actress (Elvira Madigan, Flickan från tredje raden, The Firebird).
Sir John Leslie, 4th Baronet, 99, Irish aristocrat and media personality.
Johan van Minnen, 83, Dutch journalist and politician, member of the European Parliament (1979–1984).
19
Patricio Aylwin, 97, Chilean politician, President (1990–1994), respiratory failure complicated from a fall.
Estelle Balet, 21, Swiss snowboarder, world champion (2015, 2016), avalanche.
Ronit Elkabetz, 51, Israeli actress and movie director (Gett: The Trial of Viviane Amsalem), cancer.
Walter Kohn, 93, American theoretical physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate (1998), jaw cancer.
Mehrdad Oladi, 30, Iranian footballer (Malavan), heart attack.
Milt Pappas, 76, American baseball player (Baltimore Orioles, Cincinnati Reds, Atlanta Braves, Chicago Cubs).
Billy Redmayne, 25, Manx motorcycle racer, race collision.
20
Chyna, 45, American professional wrestler (WWF, NJPW, TNA) and actress (1 Night in China, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Illegal Aliens). 
Guy Hamilton, 93, British movie director (James Bond, Battle of Britain, Evil Under the Sun).
Avril Henry, 81, British academic, suicide by euthanasia. 
Dame Leonie Kramer, 91, Australian academic, author and university administrator, complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Harry Perkowski, 93, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds).
Victoria Wood, 62, British comedienne and actress (New Faces, Victoria Wood As Seen on TV, Dinnerladies), cancer.
21
Hans Koschnick, 87, German politician and diplomat, Bremen Senate president and mayor (1967–1985), President of the Bundesrat (1970–1971, 1981–1982), MP (1987–1998), complications from pneumonia.
Marco Leto, 85, Italian movie and television director (Black Holiday, Al piacere di rivederla) and screenwriter.
Lonnie Mack, 74, American singer-guitarist (The Wham of that Memphis Man).
Michelle McNamara, 46, American writer.
Prince, 57, American musician ("Purple Rain", "Little Red Corvette", "When Doves Cry") and actor (Purple Rain, Under the Cherry Moon, Sign o' the Times), Oscar (1984) and Grammy winner (1984, 1986, 2004, 2007).
Dene Smuts, 66, South African politician, MP (1989–2014).

22
Jory Prum, 41, American audio engineer and video game developer (The Walking Dead, The Wolf Among Us, Brütal Legend), traffic collision.
Peter Sellers, 94, New Zealand sports broadcaster.
23
Ron Brace, 29, American football player (Boston College, New England Patriots), heart attack.
Miguel Picazo, 89, Spanish movie director (La Tía Tula), screenwriter and actor (The Spirit of the Beehive, Tesis).
Madeleine Sherwood, 93, Canadian actress (Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Flying Nun).
Banharn Silpa-archa, 83, Thai politician, Prime Minister (1995–1996), asthma attack.
24
Nina Arkhipova, 94, Russian actress (Bountiful Summer, Prosnis i poy, Burnt by the Summer), complications from pneumonia.
Robert Dolan, 87, American marine geologist.
Manuel de la Torre, 94, American golf instructor, complications from a stroke.
Walter Jackson Freeman III, 89, American biologist, neuroscientist and philosopher, pulmonary fibrosis.
Perry O. Hooper, Sr., 91, American jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama (1995–2001).
Inge King, 100, Australian sculptor.
Tommy Kono, 85, American weightlifter, Olympic champion (1952, 1956), complications from liver disease.
Thinle Lhondup, 72, Nepalese actor (Himalaya), stomach cancer.
Benjamin Manglona, 78, Northern Mariana Islands politician, Lieutenant Governor (1990–1994), stroke.
Billy Paul, 81, American R&B singer ("Me and Mrs. Jones"), pancreatic cancer.
Klaus Siebert, 60, German biathlon athlete and coach, world champion (1978, 1979), Olympic silver medalist (1980), lymphoma.
Papa Wemba, 66, Congolese singer and musician, seizure.
25
Martin Gray, 93, Polish Holocaust survivor and writer, heart attack.
Michal Hornstein, 95, Canadian businessman and philanthropist.
Tom Lewis, 94, Australian politician, Premier of New South Wales (1975–1976).
Mei Baojiu, 82, Chinese Peking opera artist, bronchospasm.

26
Vincent Darius, 60, Grenadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Saint George’s in Grenada (since 2002), cancer.
Amanullah Khan, 82, Pakistani Kashmir separatism activist (JKLF) and writer, COPD.
Lucy Kibaki, 75, Kenyan teacher and socialite, First Lady (2002–2013), heart attack.
Martin Szipál, 91, Hungarian photographer, prostate cancer.
Harry Wu, 79, American human rights activist, founded the Laogai Research Foundation, heart attack.

27
Toms, 87, Indian cartoonist (Boban and Molly).
28
Óscar Marcelino Álvarez, 67, Argentine footballer (Panathinaikos).
Sir Edward Ashmore, 96, British officer in the Royal Navy, First Sea Lord (1974–1977).
Conrad Burns, 81, American politician, Senator from Montana (1989–2007), complications from a stroke.
Jenny Diski, 68, English writer (Nothing Natural, Rainforest), lung cancer.
Igor Fesunenko, 83, Russian journalist, foreign affairs writer and teacher (MGIMO).
René Hausman, 80, Belgian author and artist, heart failure.
Barry Howard, 78, English actor (Hi-de-Hi!), blood cancer.
Ingram Olkin, 91, American professor of statistics (Stanford University), complications from colon cancer.
29
Alyson Bailes, 67, British diplomat, Ambassador to Finland (2000–2002), pancreatic cancer. 
Renato Corona, 67, Filipino jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (2010–2012), complications from a heart attack.
Jok Church, 66, American cartoonist (You Can with Beakman and Jax), heart attack.
Dmytro Hnatyuk, 91, Ukrainian baritone opera singer.
Chen Zhongshi, 73, Chinese writer (White Deer Plain), oral cancer.
30
Daniel Aaron, 103, American writer and academic (Harvard University), co-founder of the Library of America, complications from pneumonia.
Daniel Berrigan, 94, American Roman Catholic priest, poet, peace activist, and ex-convict (Catonsville Nine).
Marisol Escobar, 85, American sculptor, pneumonia.
Uwe Friedrichsen, 81, German actor (Faust, Schwarz Rot Gold, Sesamstraße), complications from pneumonia.
Sir Harry Kroto, 76, British chemist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1996), complications from ALS.
Peter Thomas, 91, American narrator (Nova, Forensic Files).
Vasily Zvyagintsev, 71, Russian science fiction author, heart attack.

Months
 January
 February
 March
 April
 May
 June
 July
 August
 September
 October
 November
 December

Related pages
 Deaths in 2014
 Deaths in 2015

References
References

Other websites
 The Guardian, UK obituaries
 Obituaries, Los Angeles Times
 Obituaries, Chicago Tribune
 The New York Times, US obituaries
 The Sydney Morning Herald, Australian obituaries
 The Telegraph obituaries

04
April 2016 events
Leonard "Lynn" L. Northrup Jr. (March 18, 1918 – March 24, 2016) was an American engineer. He created the commercialization of solar thermal energy. He was inspired by John Yellott, Dr. Maria Telkes, and Harry Tabor.

Northrup's company designed, patented, developed and manufactured some of the first commercial solar water heaters, solar concentrators, solar-powered air conditioning systems, solar power towers and photovoltaic thermal hybrid systems in the United States.

he company he founded became part of ARCO Solar, which in turn became BP Solar, which became the largest solar energy company in the world.

References

1918 births
2016 deaths
American inventors
Engineers from Texas
Scientists from Houston
Paolo Poli (May 23, 1929 – March 25, 2016) was an Italian theatre actor. He has also acted in movies and on television. He starred in many famous operas such as Aldino mi cali un filino, Rita of Cascia, Caterina de Medici, L'asino d'oro, Gulliver's Travels, La leggenda di San Gregorio, Il coturno della ciabatta, and ''La nemica'

References

Other websites
 
  Poliscena Association: Paolo Poli's Theatre 
  Il mare of Paolo Poli 

1929 births
2016 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Actors from Florence
Imre András Pozsgay (26 November 1933 – 25 March 2016) was a Hungarian Communist politician.

He played a key role in Hungary's fight for democracy after 1988. He served as Minister of Culture (1976–1980), Minister of Education (1980–1982) and Minister of State (1988–1990). He was also a Member of Parliament from 1983 to 1994.

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Hungarian politicians
Hungarian educators
Hungarian communists