Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Michelin Guide (French: Guide Michelin) is a series of annual guide books published by the French company Michelin for over a century. It lists good restaurants and hotels.

The term normally refers to the Michelin Red Guide, the oldest and best-known European hotel and restaurant reference guide. A team of experts gives Michelin stars for excellence to a select few establishments. The gain or loss of a star can have a big effect on the success of a restaurant. 

The guides cover western Europe in detail, major cities in the USA, Japan and Hong Kong Macau. Michelin was and is a tyre company, and the guides were originally meant to be packed in the car as you went touring through France. That is why they cover hotels as well as restaurants.

References 

Reference works
European literature
Drive Angry is a supernatural 2011 action movie. It stars Amber Heard and Nicolas Cage. The movie is about criminals and fast cars.

The movie got mixed reviews by critics. It made less than its budget.

2011 action movies
American action movies
Shaukat Tarin or Shaukat Tareen (born 1 January 1953) is a senior Pakistani banker. He was Pakistan's finance minister from 2009 to 2010.

References

1953 births
Living people
Pakistani businesspeople
People from Punjab (Pakistan)
Alf Ivar Samuelsen (28 February 1942 – 16 September 2014) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party. Samuelsen served as Mayor of Flakstad. He served as mayor from 1986 through 1987. Samuelsen was born in Flakstad. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Nordland in 2005. He was not re-elected in 2009.

Samuelsen died in a tractor accident on 16 September 2014 in Flakstad. He was 72.

References

1942 births
2014 deaths
Norwegian politicians
Norwegian mayors
Andriy Leonidovych Husin (; 11 December 1972 – 17 September 2014) was a professional Ukrainian football player and coach. 

He played in the Ukraine national football team. He was one of Ukraine's most capped players. He was a member of Ukraine's 2006 World Cup Squad, and played several games in the 2006 World Cup.

Husin was killed in a motorcycle crash in Kiev on 17 September 2014.

References

Other websites

1972 births
2014 deaths
Road accident deaths
Ukrainian footballers
Ukrainian football managers
Sportspeople from Kyiv
China Zorrilla (, Concepción Matilde Zorrilla de San Martín Muñoz; 14 March 1922 – 17 September 2014) was an Uruguayan theater, movie, and television actress. She was known for her roles in La maffia, Esperando la carroza, Besos en la Frente, Conversations with Mother, and in Elsa & Fred.

Zorrilla died on 17 September 2014 from pneumonia in a hospital in Montevideo, Uruguay, aged 92.

References

Other websites

 

1922 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Montevideo
Stage actors
Television actors
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Argentine movie actors
Abner Linwood Holton, Jr. (September 21, 1923 – October 28, 2021) was an American and attorney. He served as the 61st Governor of Virginia. He served as governor from 1970 to 1974. He was the first Republican governor since Reconstruction. Holton, Jr. was born in Big Stone Gap, Virginia.

His daughter, Anne Holton, is married to United States Senator of Virginia Tim Kaine.

Holton died on October 28, 2021 in Kilmarnock, Virginia at the age of 98.

References

1923 births
2021 deaths
Governors of Virginia
Republican Party (United States) politicians
The Political Chilean Constitution  () is the main source about the actual structure of the government and laws in Chile. It was approved in a plebiscite in 1980 and effective in 1981. The main editor of the constitutional text was Jaime Guzmán. The original text contains 120 articles, with 29 transitional provisions. It was reformed in 1989, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 and the last constitutional reform was made in 2008. Now the actual text contains 129 articles and 21 transitory provisions.

Related pages
Constitution
Constitutionalism

References

Other websites 

 The Chilean Constitution in Wikisource
 Official translation of the original 1980 Constitution  (PDF file)
 "Untying the knot" (The Economist)

Politics of Chile
Chile
1981 establishments in Chile
Walter Edward Washington, (April 15, 1915 – October 27, 2003) was an American politician.  He was chief executive of District of Columbia from 1967 to 1979, serving as the first and only Mayor-Commissioner from 1967 to 1974 and as the first home-rule mayor of the District of Columbia from 1974 to 1979.  He was the last presidentially-appointed mayor of the District of Columbia.

Other websites

FBI Files pertaining to Walter Washington
 Walter Washington's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project

1915 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Mayors of Washington, D.C.
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
African American politicians
Julius Francis Joseph "Pembroke Peach" Nighbor (January 26, 1893 – April 13, 1966) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. In March 2010, at a Quebec auction, an American collector paid $33,000 USD to secure Frank Nighbor's game-worn Ottawa Senators sweater from the 1926–27 season.

He played for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL) and National Hockey Association (NHA) and Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL, Toronto Blueshirts of the NHA and Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA).

Nighbor died of cancer on April 13, 1966 in Pembroke, Ontario at the age of 73.

References

Further reading

Other websites

1893 births
1966 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Cancer deaths in Ontario
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Ottawa Senators (NHA) players
Sportspeople from Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Blueshirts players
Claire Elizabeth Foy (born 16 April 1984) is an English actress. She played Anna in the 2011 movie Season of the Witch. She played Kate in the NBC series Crossbones. Foy is known for playing Elizabeth II in the Netflix series The Crown.

Foy was born in Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. She grew up in Manchester, Leeds and Buckinghamshire.

References

1984 births
Living people
Actors from Buckinghamshire
Actors from Greater Manchester
Actors from Leeds
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Stockport
Mark John Douglas Messier  (; born January 18, 1961) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre and a former special assistant to the president and general manager of the New York Rangers. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1979 until 2004. He played for the Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers, and Vancouver Canucks. He also played in the World Hockey Association (WHA). He was nicknamed "The Moose" because of his aggressiveness and strength.

Career 
He is considered to be one of the greatest NHL players of all time that was unable to win an Olympic medal. Messier is listed second on the all-time career lists for regular season points (1887), playoff points (295) and regular season games played (1756). During his career, he was able to win six Stanley Cups, winning it five times the Oilers and one time with the Rangers.
He is the only player to have captained two different professional teams to championships. During his time with New York, he was nicknamed "The Messiah" because of his playoff leadership while there, which helped end a 54-year Stanley Cup drought in 1994. He is a two-time Hart Trophy winner, winning it in 1990 and 1992. 

Messier is only one of two players (the other being Wayne Gretzky) to have won the Hart Trophy with more than one team. He was also a one-time Conn Smythe Trophy winner as the most valuable player during the playoffs in 1984. He was named as an NHL All-Star 15 times during his career and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 12, 2007. On June 30, 2017, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1961 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Edmonton Oilers players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Living people
National Hockey League broadcasters
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Stanley Cup champions
Vancouver Canucks players
World Hockey Association players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Julio Alfredo Jaramillo Laurido (October 1, 1935 – February 9, 1978) was a famous Ecuadorian singer and recording artist. He performed throughout Latin America. He received great fame for his music of boleros, valses, pasillos, tangos, and rancheras.

Having recorded more than 4,000 songs throughout his career, his most famous song was perhaps "Nuestro Juramento" written by Puerto Rican composer, Benito de Jesús.

Jaramillo died from liver sclerosis at the age of 42 in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

References

1935 births
1978 deaths
Deaths from liver disease
Deaths from sclerosis
Ecuadorian singers
Entertainers from Guayaquil
George Hege Hamilton IV (July 19, 1937 – September 17, 2014) was an American country musician. He began performing in the late 1950s as a teen idol, later switching to country music in the early 1960s. He performed for the Grand Ole Opry for nearly 50 years.

Hamilton had a heart attack on September 13, 2014. He later died at Saint Thomas Midtown Hospital in Nashville on September 17.

References

1937 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Country musicians from North Carolina
Singers from North Carolina
People from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Keith Anderson is an American country music singer. He has made two albums. His Three Chord Country and American Rock & Roll album was #1 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.

Discography
Studio albums
 Three Chord Country and American Rock & Roll (2005)
 C'mon! (2008)

References

Living people
1968 births
Country musicians
Reeva Rebecca Steenkamp (19 August 1983 – 14 February 2013) was a South African model and television personality. At the time of her death, she had been filming her part for the reality television show Tropika Island of Treasure. The series was filmed in Jamaica. As a model, she had a contract with Capacity Relations. She was also a presenter for FashionTV.

Steenkamp was born in Cape Town and raised in Port Elizabeth. Her parents are Barry Steenkamp, a horse trainer, and his second wife June. She was of Dutch and German ancestry. During her early twenties, she broke her back in a horse riding fall, and had to learn how to walk again. She was a paralegal. She dated rugby union player Francois Hougaard. At the time of her death, Steenkamp was dating Paralympic and Olympic athlete Oscar Pistorius.
Steenkamp was shot dead by her boyfriend Oscar Pistorius on 14 February 2013 in Pretoria. She was 29. Pistorius was arrested and charged with murder. He claims he thought she was an intruder. After a very public trial, Pistorius was charged with culpable homicide on 12 September 2014.

References

Other websites
 

1983 births
2013 deaths
Afrikaner people
Murders by firearm
People from Cape Town
Reality television participants
South African entertainers
South African models
Television presenters
White South African people
Cassandra Lynn Hensley (née Jensen; August 15, 1979 – January 15, 2014), better known by her stage name Cassandra Lynn, was an American model. She was best known for work with Playboy. She was the Playmate of the Month for February 2006.

Lynn was born in Price, Utah and raised in Salt Lake City. She was married Gary Hensley on February 7, 2009. She also had two children; a daughter, Alexis, from a previous relationship, and a son, Devin, with Hensley.

Lynn died on January 15, 2014 at her friend's home in Los Angeles, California, aged 34. She was found by her friend floating in a bathtub. Her death was caused by an accidental overdose of cocaine and alcohol.

References

Other websites
 

1979 births
2014 deaths
Models from Utah
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Actors from Salt Lake City, Utah
Warren County is a county located in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 35,532. The county is located on the north side of the Missouri River. Its county seat is Warrenton. The county was started on January 5, 1833. It was named for General Joseph Warren, who died in the Battle of Bunker Hill during the American Revolutionary War.

Warren County is part of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is crossed by Route 94, called the "Missouri Weinstrasse". This is because of the many vineyards from Marthasville east into St. Charles County. Warren County is also part of the Missouri Rhineland, with award-winning wineries located on both sides of the Missouri River.

References 

1833 establishments in Missouri
Missouri counties
Debra Paget (born Debralee Griffin August 19, 1933) is an American actress. She acts in both movies and television. She played Cathy Reno in Love Me Tender. She also played Lily Becker in Stars and Stripes Forever.

Paget was born in Denver, Colorado.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Denver
1933 births
Living people
Double Indemnity is a 1944 film noir movie about an insurance salesman (Fred MacMurray) and a housewife (Barbara Stanwyck). It was nominated for seven Academy Awards.

References 

1940s crime thriller movies
1944 crime movies
Film noir
American crime thriller movies
Movies directed by Billy Wilder
Paramount Pictures movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies about capital punishment
Kenneth Vincent John Wheeler, OC (14 January 1930 – 18 September 2014) was a Canadian composer and trumpet and flugelhorn player. Most of his performances were in jazz, but he was also active in free improvisation and sometimes was into rock music recordings. Wheeler wrote over one hundred compositions and was a skilled arranger for small groups and larger ensembles. Wheeler was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Wheeler died after a short period of frail health at a nursing home in London on 18 September 2014. He was 84 years old.

References

Other websites
 2003 Interview with journalist John Eyles, from AllAboutJazz.com
 2005 Review of the Kenny Wheeler Big Band by John Fordham in the 'Guardian'
 Kenny Wheeler discography at discogs

1930 births
2014 deaths
Canadian composers
Canadian jazz musicians
Musicians from Toronto
Trumpeters
David Foster Wallace (February 21, 1962 – September 12, 2008) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and professor of English and creative writing. Wallace is widely known for his 1996 novel Infinite Jest. It was called by Time magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.

Wallace committed suicide (by hanging) on September 12, 2008, at age 46.

References

Other websites

 David Foster Wallace Archive, The University of Texas at Austin
 "An Appraisal: Writer Mapped the Mythic and the Mundane", by Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times, September 14, 2008.
 "David Foster Wallace, 1962–2008", by David Gates, Newsweek, September 14, 2008.
 "The Unfinished" by D. T. Max, The New Yorker, March 9, 2009.
 "Everything & More: The Work of David Foster Wallace" by Malcolm Knox, The Monthly, November, 2008.
 "David Foster Wallace and the Velveteen Rabbit", Identity Theory, August 2011.
 "King of the Ghosts", n+1, October, 2011.
1962 births
2008 deaths
Suicides by hanging in the United States
Academics from California
Writers from New York City
Academics from Illinois
American novelists
American essayists
Sacrifice (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It was held on April 27, 2014 at the Impact Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the ninth Sacrifice event that TNA held and was also the second event in TNA's 2014 pay-per-view schedule.

There were eight matches on the card with three main events. The main events saw Eric Young defeat Magnus to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, Gunner defeat James Storm in "I Quit" match and Bobby Roode defeat Bully Ray in a Tables match.

Sacrifice gained mixed reviews with James Caldwell, from Pro Wrestling Torch, saying "there were probably three or four independent shows this weekend with more star-power in their main events". Caldwell also gave the Bobby Roode-Bully Ray match minus two stars.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official TNA Sacrifice website
2014 in American television
2014 in professional wrestling
Sports in Orlando, Florida
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view events
2010s in Orlando, Florida
2014 in Florida
Elaine Lee (23 December 1939 – 19 September 2014) was a South African-Australian actress. She was best known for her role as Vera Collins in the 1970s television soap opera Number 96. She also appeared in the drama series Heartbreak High and Home and Away.

Lee was born in Springs, Transvaal (now Gauteng). She was married to actor Garth Meade. The couple moved from South Africa to Australia so Meade could have a better career in 1970. In 1976, the couple's marriage ended in divorce.

Lee died on 19 September 2014 in Sydney, New South Wales, aged 74.

References

Other websites
 

1939 births
2014 deaths
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
South African actors
Uppalapu Shrinivas (; 28 February 1969 – 19 September 2014), better known by his stage name U. Srinivas, was an Indian mandolinist and music educator. He performed under the Carnatic musical tradition. He was given many awards including: Padma Shri (1998) and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (2010). He worked with musicians such as John McLaughlin, Michael Nyman, and Michael Brook.

Srinivas was born in Palakol, Andhra Pradesh. He was married to Sree from 1994 until their divorce in 2012. They had one son, Sai Krishna who is also known as Nani Krish.

Srinivas died from liver failure on 19 September 2014 in Chennai. He was 45.

References

Other websites

 
 

1969 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from liver failure
Disease-related deaths in India
Indian educators
Indian musicians
Mandolinists
Jürg Schubiger (14 October 1936 – 15 September 2014) was a Swiss children's writer and psychologist. In 1996, for his work on Als die Welt noch jung war, he won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (German Youth Literature Award). He was also the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 2008 for his work on children's books. He wrote around thirty books between 1956 and 2010. He also wrote prose novels.

Schubiger was born in Zürich and raised in Winterthur. He graduated from the University of Zürich. He was married to Renate Bänninger Schubiger. The couple had two sons.

Schubiger died after a long illness on 15 September 2014 in Zürich. He was 77.

References

Other websites

  

1936 births
2014 deaths
Children's writers
Scientists from Zürich‎
People from Winterthur
Swiss psychologists
Swiss writers
American imperialism is the economic, military, and cultural influence of the United States on other countries. 

At one time this influence included  expansion into the foreign territories. Expansionism was a primary objective of most empires, an example being the British Empire. 

American imperialism began in the 1890s. In 1896 the US annexed the Hawaiian Islands. 

After the Spanish-American War the US annexed Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. In 1914 the US completed the Panama Canal. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine increased US influence in Latin America. It was the basis for Roosevelt's Big Stick policy. The US evolved from expansionism towards being an influence on world affairs.

References 

Foreign relations of the United States

History of the United States
Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was an American statistician and inventor. He developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards. This tabulated (put into tables) the data from millions of people. He was the founder of the Tabulating Machine Company that later became IBM.

Hollerith is known as the father of modern machine data processing. The start of automatic data processing systems came with his invention. Programs and data were put in to computer by punched cards in the 1950s and 60s.

Hollerith began working for the United States Census Bureau in the year he filed his first patent application. Titled "Art of Compiling Statistics", it was filed on September 23, 1884; U.S. Patent 395,782 was granted on January 8, 1889.

Hollerith built machines under contract for the Census Office, which used them to tabulate the 1890 United States Census in only one year. The previous 1880 United States Census  had taken eight years.
Hollerith started his Tabulating Machine Company in 1896. Major census bureaus around the world leased his equipment and purchased his cards, as did major insurance companies. Hollerith's machines were used for censuses in England, Italy, Germany, Russia, Austria, Canada, France, Norway, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, and again in the 1900 United States Census . To make his system work, he invented the first automatic card-feed mechanism and the first keypunch (that is, a punch operated by a keyboard); a skilled operator could punch 200–300 cards per hour. He also invented a tabulator.

References 

American inventors
1860 births
1929 deaths
Businesspeople from Buffalo, New York
Computing
American statisticians
Mary I of Lusignan (c. 1223 – October 1, 1260) was a Countess of Eu in France. She was a daughter of Raoul II of Lusignan, Count of Eu. Her mother was Yolande de Dreux, daughter of Robert II, Count of Dreux and Yolande de Coucy.

Mary married Alphonso of Brienne about 1250. She became Dame d'Issoudun, Countess of Eu and of Guinness in 1250. Mary died on October 1, 1260 in Melle.

Family 
She and Alphonso had two children:

 John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
 Blanche, Abbess of Maubuisson

Marie’s possible children:
Isabella
Margaret

Notes

References 

1223 births
1260s deaths
Quartering Act is the name given to two Acts of the British Parliament in the 18th century. These acts ordered the local governments of the American colonies to give British soldiers housing and food when they needed it. 

Each of the Quartering Acts was an amendment to the Mutiny Act. The Parliament renewed them each year. The Acts were passed to solve the problems of the French and Indian War. They caused tension between the Thirteen Colonies and the government in London. These problems led, in part, to the Revolutionary War.

Notes

Other websites
 Text of the Act of 1765
 Text of the Act of 1774

18th century in the United States
History of the United Kingdom
Stardust may refer to:

 A type of cosmic dust composed of particles in space
 Cody Rhodes (born 1985), American professional wrestler who used the ring name Stardust

Science
 Stardust (spacecraft), a NASA mission to investigate the comet Wild 2
 Stardust project, EU research on space junk and asteroids

Movies 
 Stardust (2007 movie), adapted from the Neil Gaiman novel
 Stardust (1974 movie), by Michael Apted
 Star Dust (movie), a 1940 movie directed by Walter Lang

Music

Albums
 Stardust (Willie Nelson album)
 Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III (album), by Rod Stewart
 Stardust (John Coltrane album), 1963
 Stardust (Natalie Cole album), 1996
 Stardust (Lena album), 2012
Songs
 "Stardust" (song), by Hoagy Carmichael's orchestra
 "Stardust" (David Essex song)
 "Stardust" (Lena Meyer-Landrut song) 2012 
 "Stardust" (Mika song), a song by Mika 2012 
  "Stardust", a song by Amaranthe from The Nexus
 "Stardust", a song by Delain from The Human Contradiction
 "Stardust", a song by Galneryus from Reincarnation
The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was a talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under The Tonight Show franchise. It ran from October 1, 1962 through May 22, 1992. It originally aired during late-night. For its first ten years, Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show was based at Thirty Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, on May 1, 1972, the show was moved to Burbank, California. Peter Lassally served as the show's executive producer.

In 2002, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was ranked #12 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.

Carson played some skits during his show, the most popular were Carnac the Magnificent, Floyd R. Turbo, and Ronald Reagan (during his term in office, Carson would impersonate him).

In the show, Ed McMahon would be Caron's sidekick throughout the entire series and Doc Severinsen would lead the orchestra and would sometimes be Carson's sidekick.

References

Other websites

Carson's official Tonight Show website
A profile of Carson in The New Yorker from 1978
Johnny Carson, late-night TV legend, dies at 79, a January 2005 CNN article
Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress
The Tonight Show  from the Museum of Broadcast Communications website

1962 establishments in the United States
1992 television series endings
1960s American television series
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
American comedy television series
American television talk shows
NBC network shows
Emmy Award winning programs
1992 disestablishments in the United States
English-language television programs
Popigai crater is an impact crater in Siberia, Russia. It was formed when a meteor struck the Earth about 35 million years ago.

There are many diamonds under the crater. The diamonds were made when the high pressure of the meteor hitting the ground compressed the graphite. 

Even though there are many diamonds, mining is not considered to be profitable. That is partly because the mine is in a place far from people. Perhaps it is more because its diamonds are only industrial quality, and they can be made more cheaply by artificial means.

References 

Impact craters
Siberia
Hempstead is a town in the U.S. state of New York. It is Nassau County. It has a population of 759,757. The current mayor of Hempstead is Kate Murray.

References

Towns in New York (state)
Darrell Zwerling (1927/1928 – April 2014) was an American character actor. His most famous role was Hollis Mulwray, the Water Authority Commissioner (the husband of Faye Dunaway's character) in Roman Polanski's Chinatown.

He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Zwerling died in Hollywood, California in April 2014 from unknown causes but his death was not announced until September 16, 2014 by The Julliard School in New York.

References

Other websites
 
 Juilliard School  - In Memoriam
 Notice of death 

1920s births
2014 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Pittsburgh
Edward L. "Buster" Jones (December 12, 1923 – September 16, 2014) was an American voice actor. He was best known for his roles as Black Vulcan in Super Friends Blaster in The Transformers, Doc in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero and Winston Zeddemore in The Real Ghostbusters (replacing Arsenio Hall) and later Extreme Ghostbusters. He was born in Paris, Tennessee.

Jones died September 16, 2014, in his home in Hollywood, California, at age 71.

References

Other websites
 

1923 births
2014 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Tennessee
Avraham Heffner (Hebrew: אברהם הפנר‎; 7 May 1935 – 19 September 2014) was an Israeli movie and television director, screenwriter, author and Professor Emeritus at the Tel-Aviv University. He was a recipient of the Ophir Award for lifetime achievements.

Heffner was known for his works in Slow Down, Aunt Clara (1977) and Laura Adler's Last Love Affair.

Heffner died on 19 September 2014 in Tel Aviv, Israel, aged 79.

Other websites

1935 births
2014 deaths
Academics of Tel Aviv University
Israeli businesspeople
Israeli movie directors
Israeli screenwriters
Israeli movie producers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish Israeli writers
People from Haifa
Television producers
Rudi van Dantzig (4 August 1933 – 19 January 2012) was a Dutch choreographer, ballet dancer and writer. From 1965 until his death he was the artistic co-leader of the Dutch National Ballet in Amsterdam.

Life
Van Dantzig was born in Amsterdam. After Sonia Gaskell (left in 1969) and his other colleague left the Dutch National Ballet in 1971, he was the only artistic leader until 1991.

For a Lost Soldier
In 1986 he wrote an autobiographical novel, Voor een verloren soldaat, about his homosexuality and sexual relationship while a young boy with a Canadian soldier. The book became a great success and received several awards; an English translation, For a Lost Soldier, was published in 1991.

In 1992 a Dutch movie with the same title (English version: For a Lost Soldier) was based on it.  Van Dantzig also published a biography of the Dutch artist and resistance fighter Willem Arondeus in 2003.

Death
Van Dantzig died in 2012, aged 78 from lymphoma and male breast cancer.

References
References

More reading
 Utrecht, Luuk: Rudi van Dantzig: a controversial idealist in ballet. Zutphen, 1992.

Other websites
Source (in Dutch) 
DBNL

1933 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from male breast cancer
Deaths from lymphoma
Dutch LGBT writers
Gay men
LGBT choreographers
LGBT dancers
Writers from Amsterdam
Gerard Peter Kuiper (; ; born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper; December 7, 1905 – December 23, 1973) was a Dutch-born American astronomer.The Kuiper belt is named after him. He discovered two natural satellites of planets in the solar system, namely Uranus's moon Miranda and Neptune's moon Nereid.

Kuiper went to college at the University of Leiden. He graduated in 1927 and went on to earn his doctorate in 1933. That same year, he moved to the United States and began working at the Lick Observatory in California. In 1935, he was a lecturer at Harvard University. In 1936, he moved to the University of Chicago, and in 1943 he became a professor there. He was the director of their observatories from 1947 until 1960. In 1960, Kuiper began work at the University of Arizona, and he started their lunar and planetary laboratory. He was the director of the laboratory until July 1973.
Kuiper found groups of dwarf stars. He was the first person to figure out the diameter of Pluto, and where the poles and equator of Venus are. In the 1960s, he was one of the people who knew the most about the earth's moon, and he worked with NASA.

References

Other websites

Gerard Peter Kuiper: NASA KAO's Namesake 
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1905 births
1973 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Dutch astronomers
American astronomers
Scientists from Tucson, Arizona
Educators from Tucson, Arizona
Mary Wilson (March 6, 1944 – February 8, 2021) was an American singer. She was an original member of The Supremes. She remained in the group until 1977. She released three solo records. She also had five of her own singles. Wilson was born in Greenville, Mississippi.

Wilson died on February 8, 2021 at her home in Henderson, Nevada from hypertensive heart disease at the age of 76.

Reference

African-American singers
American R&B musicians
Singers from Mississippi
1944 births
2021 deaths
American R&B singers
Actors from Mississippi
Writers from Mississippi
Deaths from hypertension
Hartford Colony is a historic district in Waterford, Connecticut. It is in the area of Leonard Court, New Shore Road, and Shore Road. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

References

National Register of Historic Places
Michelle Phillips (born Holly Michelle Gilliam, June 4, 1944) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She is best known for being in the musical group The Mamas & the Papas. In the 1990s, she played Abby Malone on Beverly Hills, 90210.

Phillips was born in Long Beach, California.

References

Other websites 
 

American songwriters
American pop singers
Singers from California
Actors from Long Beach, California
1944 births
Living people
Meredith Lynn MacRae (May 30, 1944 – July 14, 2000) was an American actress and singer. She played Sally Ann on the show My Three Sons and Billie Jo in Petticoat Junction.

She was born in Houston, Texas. She died of brain cancer in Manhattan Beach, California.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Houston
1944 births
2000 deaths
The Old Borges Ranch is a historic district in Walnut Creek, California. It covers an area of . There are four contributing buildings.

In 1899, Frank Borges bought . He used it for a cattle ranch and a home for his family. The ranch has a blacksmith shop, farm equipment displays, a barn, and other buildings. One of those buildings is the Borges family home. The home has five rooms. It is made of redwood. Five generations of the Borges family lived in the house. It is now the Old Borges Ranchhouse and Visitor Center. Today, rangers live and work at the ranch.

References

Other websites 
 Old Borges Ranch 

Contra Costa County, California
Historic districts in California
National Register of Historic Places
Sparky Anderson (22 Feb 1934 - 4 Nov 2010) was a baseball manager, born as George Lee Anderson in Bridgewater, South Dakota.  He managed the Cincinnati Reds and the Detroit Tigers. He was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2000.

References

1934 births
2010 deaths
Cincinnati Reds managers
Detroit Tigers managers
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Annika Nordenskjöld Olsén (1 December 1975 – 3 September 2014), better known by her stage name Niki Nordenskjöld, was a Swedish actress and illustrator. She was best known for her role as Lina in the television comedy series Solsidan.

Nordenskjöld was born in Gothenburg. She started her career in 1990 at the age of 15.

Nordenskjöld died from cancer on 3 September 2014 in Stockholm, aged 38.

References

Other websites
 
 Niki Nordenskjöld at The Swedish Film Database

1975 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Sweden
Actors from Gothenburg
Swedish artists
Swedish movie actors
Swedish stage actors
Swedish television actors
The National Convention was an assembly, meeting in France from September 21st, 1792 until October 26, 1795. This was the third assembly of the French Revolution. It came after the Legislative Assembly and founded the First Republic.
The first act of the National Convention was to get rid of the monarchy. The Legislative Assembly had decided that after Louis XVI was no longer king, a new government would need to create a French constitution. It was decided that all French men over the age of twenty-five would be able to vote, despite class. The winners of this election formed the National Convention. Men on the National Convention would be on the National Convention for a year, followed by another election. 

The National convention became known as the most radical part of the French Revolution. It took land away from the Nobility and sold it to peasants. In the Reign of Terror it sent thousands of people to the guillotine for execution. in 1793 they voted to execute Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette.
References 

French Revolution
1790s in Europe
1792
1793
1794 in France
1795
Orphan Black is a Canadian science fiction television series. It was created by screenwriter Graeme Manson and director John Fawcett. Orphan Black stars Tatiana Maslany as several identical people who turn out to be clones. The main character in the series is Sarah Manning. Sarah Manning takes on the identity of one of her clones, Elizabeth Childs, after the clone kills themselves.

Premise
Premise

At the beginning of the series, Sarah Manning, a con artist sees a woman who looks exactly like her. The woman kills herself by jumping in front of a train. The woman is revealed to be Elizabeth Childs. Sarah steals Beth's identity, job, purse, and shoes. Sarah finds out that Beth has $ 70,000 dollars in the bank. This is enough for Sarah to disappear with her daughter, Kira, and her foster-brother, Felix. Beth turns out to be a police officer with a boyfriend, Paul. Sarah also finds out that a few months before, Beth had killed a civilian, Maggie Chen. Beth had been suspended from the force following this. When Sarah impersonates Beth, it is difficult to convince Art, Beth's police partner, that everything is fine. Art is suspicious, and believes that "Beth" is planning to escape town to avoid her hearing. He finds the money Sarah has taken from Beth and holds it until he is convinced nothing is wrong. Meanwhile, Felix arrives at the coroner's office and identifies Beth's body as Sarah.
Beth is often contacted by a mysterious women on a green phone. Sarah ignores these calls until another clone, Katja Obinger, gets into Sarah's car. Katja believes that Sarah is Beth and begs her to help her. Sarah refuses. Katja eventually realizes that Sarah is not Beth, before she is shot in the head. Sarah talks to the women on the phone. She realizes that she is a clone. She knows that she must bury Katja's body. She also realizes that she has many clones across the world that someone is trying to kill.

The clones that Sarah meets are named Alison Hendrix and Cosima Niehaus. Cosima is a student at the University of Minnesota studying evolutionary development. Alison is a suburban mom. The three become close friends and eventually discover that they were all made by a company called the DYAD. They also realize that they all have a "monitor" (a person in their lives to spy on them).
Eventually, the clones realize that it is another clone that is killing them, Helena. A religious extremist group, the Proletheans, have told Helena that she is the original clone. She believes that the others are an insult to God. Helena and Sarah are actually twins, and have a "connection". At the end of series one, Sarah shoots Helena to protect Kira.

The plot of the show is about the clones trying to protect their family and friends.

References

Other websites

Orphan Black at BBC America
Orphan Black at Space

2013 Canadian television series debuts
2010s science fiction television series
English-language television programs
Sacrifice (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It was held on May 13, 2012 at the Impact Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the eighth Sacrifice event that TNA held and was also the fifth event in TNA's 2012 pay-per-view schedule.

There were eight matches on the card. The main event saw Bobby Roode defeat Rob Van Dam in a Ladder match to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship.

Sacrifice gained mixed to positive reviews. Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter thought of the show as an, "easy thumbs up show", he would also said, "I will admit to be bored through some of the early parts of it. That wasn't necessarily due to the show not being good, but mainly because I'm rather cold on the product at the moment...Things really picked up for the last three matches. Austin Aries had his breakout match in TNA tonight. If, and that's a big IF, TNA follows up on it properly, they may have something here with Austin Aries."

Matches
Matches

References

Other websites
Official TNA Sacrifice website 

2012 in American television
2012 in professional wrestling
Sports in Orlando, Florida
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view events
2012 in Florida
2010s in Orlando, Florida
Clare Cathcart (3 October 1965 – 4 September 2014) was a Northern Irish actress. She appeared in the television series New Tricks, Call the Midwife and Doctors. She also appeared in Holby City, Father Ted and The Bill.

Cathcart was born in Bellanaleck, County Fermanagh.

Cathcart died from an asthma attack on 4 September 2014 in Brighton, East Sussex. She was 48.

References

Other websites
 

1965 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Northern Ireland
British movie actors
British stage actors
British television actors
Deaths from asthma
Disease-related deaths in England
Joseph Bryant "Joe" Raynor, Jr. (January 26, 1923 – September 4, 2014) was an American politician and businessman. He was a member of the Democratic Party. From 1965 until 1992, he served as a Member of the North Carolina Senate from the 10th district.

Raynor was born in Cumberland County, North Carolina. He opened up an automotive supply business after finishing high school. He was married to Mildred Horne from 1944 until her death.

Raynor died from a long illness on September 4, 2014 in Fayetteville, North Carolina. He was 91.

References

Other websites
 Joseph B. Raynor, Jr. at the North Carolina Manual 

1923 births
2014 deaths
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Disease-related deaths in North Carolina
Politicians from North Carolina
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe is the only studio album by English progressive rock band Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe. The album was released on June 20, 1989. It was on label Arista Records.

References

1989 albums
Timema is a genus of short-bodied, somewhat thicker stick insects. They are native to the far western United States.

Compared to other stick insects (order Phasmatodea), the genus Timema is basal. It is the earliest living branch to diverge from the phylogenetic tree of the Phasmatodea. To emphasize this, all other stick insects  are sometimes described as "Euphasmatodea."

Five of the 21 species of Timema are parthenogenetic, including two species that have done sexual reproduction for a million years. This is the longest known asexual period for any insect.

Timema sticks are night-feeders: they spend daytime resting on the leaves or bark of the plants they feed on. They are camouflaged. Timema species have colours (green, gray, or brown) and patterns (stripes or dots) which match their background.

References 

Phasmids
Sacrifice (2011) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It was held on May 15, 2011 at the TNA Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the seventh Sacrifice event that TNA held.

There were nine matches on the card. The main event saw Sting defeat Rob Van Dam to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship.

Sacrifice gained mixed reviews. James Caldwell of Pro Wrestling Torch thought that the show had an "Awful undercard and decent-to-acceptable second-half of the card". He said that "Overall, TNA was missing a match like Steiner vs. Morgan, which they began hyping at the first set of TV tapings, to better bridge the middle of the show to the main event matches. Instead, the show had too many matches the crowd had no emotional investment in."

Matches

References

Other websites
Official TNA Sacrifice website
2011 in American television
2011 in professional wrestling
Sports in Orlando, Florida
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view events
2010s in Orlando, Florida
2011 in Florida
May 2011 events
Near field communication (often shortened to NFC) is the name for a standard that uses radio communication technology to send data over short distances. Usually, the distance covered is in the order of four centimeters. The standard is mostly used for micropayment systems. Another common use is to store tickets, such as those used for trains and buses on a re-usable smartcard. Many universities equip their student ID cards so they can be used to pay small amounts, for example a cup of coffee in a cafeteria.

Each device is either active or passive; some can assume both roles.
The devices that communicate need to be very close to each other (or touch each other). This system is often used for ticketing applications
Bluetooth is sometimes used in addition, to bridge medium distances. This is often used with security tokens for access control. That way, the two devices simply need to be close to each other, in the order of 10-15 cm; touching is no longer required.
Computer networking
Gaslight is a 1944 American crime drama mystery thriller movie. It was based on the play Gas Light. The movie is about a man trying to steal jewels that belong to his wife. He tries to make his wife insane so that she will not interfere. Charles Boyer and Ingrid Bergman play the man and the wife. Angela Lansbury plays their maid, Nancy.

This movie was released on May 4, 1944. The movie won two Academy Awards and was nominated for five others.

The term gaslighting comes from the title of the movie.

References

1944 crime movies
1944 drama movies
1940s mystery movies
1940s thriller movies
1940s crime drama movies
1940s crime thriller movies
American crime drama movies
American mystery movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by George Cukor
Cooperative binding is when the number of small molecules binding to a macromolecule depends on the concentration of those small molecules around the macromolecule.

This is a type of molecular binding, which is where molecules attach to each other in a stable way without decaying or breaking that bond rapidly.

Example 
A popular example of cooperative binding is between haemoglobin and oxygen. In the lungs, there is a very high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs. So the oxygen bonds to haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. When this travels around the body in the blood and reaches areas of low oxygen concentration, the oxygen is released from the haemoglobin.

References

Other websites 
Khan Academy-Haemoglobin

Biochemistry
Laura is a 1944 American film noir. The movie is about a murder investigation in New York City. Dana Andrews plays the detective. Gene Tierney plays the title character. Judith Anderson plays Ann.

The movie was released on October 11, 1944. It got positive review from critics. The movie won an Academy Award and was nominated for four others.

References 

1940s thriller movies
1944 movies
Film noir
American thriller movies
Movies directed by Otto Preminger
Mary (White) Rowlandson, later Mary Talcott (c. 1637January 5, 1711) was a colonial American woman. She was captured by Indians during King Philip's War. She was held in captivity for three months before being ransomed. Six years after her ordeal, she wrote The Sovereignty and Goodness of God: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. It was published in 1682. This text is considered an American leader in the literary genre of captivity narratives. It went through four printings in 1682. It was widely read in colonial New England and in England. It is considered the first American "bestseller."
Early years
Mary White was born about 1637 in Somersetshire, England. The family left England sometime before 1650. They settled at Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1653, they moved to Lancaster, Massachusetts. Lancaster was on the Massachusetts frontier. She married Reverend Joseph Rowlandson there in 1656. They had four children between 1658 and 1669. Their first daughter died young.

Indian attack
Indian attack

At sunrise in February 1676 during King Philip's War, Lancaster was attacked by Narragansett, Wampanoag and Nipmuc Indians. They killed 13 people. At least 24 were taken captive. Many of the captives were injured. Rowlandson and her three children, Joseph, Mary, and Sarah, were among those taken in the raid. Rowlandson's 6-year-old daughter, Sarah, died from her wounds after a week of captivity. For nearly three months, Rowlandson and her children were forced to stay with the Indians. The Indians travelled through the wilderness to carry out other raids. They also wanted to hide from the English militia. Rowlandson suffered very much. She described her sufferings in great detail in her book.
Ransom and later life
On May 2, 1676, Rowlandson was ransomed for £20. The money was raised by the women of Boston. In 1677, Reverend Rowlandson moved his family to Wethersfield, Connecticut. He became pastor in April of that year. He died in Wethersfield in November 1678. Church officials gave his widow a pension of £30 per year. Rowlandson and her children moved to Boston. On August 6, 1679, Rowlandson married Captain Samuel Talcott and took his last name. She died on January 5, 1711. Rowlandson is thought to have written the story of her captivity in Boston. The original manuscript has not survived. It was published both in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in London in 1682.

References

Other websites 
 Mary Rowlandson - Captive in 1675/76 
 "Soveraignty and Goodness of God"

American frontiersmen and women
1630s births
1711 deaths