Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Hellenistic Period saw the canonization of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), according to one theory, and the emergence of extra-Biblical sacred traditions.  The earliest evidence of a Jewish mysticism tradition surrounds the book of Ezekiel, written during the Babylonian Exile.  Virtually all known mystical texts, however, were written at the end of the Second Temple period.  Some scholars think the esoteric traditions of the Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism), were influenced by  Persian beliefs, Platonic philosophy and Gnosticism.
2 Esdras 14:45-46, which was written in the second century CE, declares: "Make public the twenty-four books that you wrote first, and let the worthy and the unworthy read them; but keep the seventy that were written last, in order to give them to the wise among your people."  This is the first known reference to the canonized Hebrew Bible, and the seventy non-canonical texts may have been mystical; the Talmud suggests other mystical traditions which may have their roots in Second Temple Judaism.
The Near East was cosmopolitan, especially during the Hellenistic period.  Several languages were used, and the matter of the lingua franca is still subject of some debate. The Jews almost certainly spoke Aramaic among themselves. Greek was often used throughout the entire eastern portion of the Mediterranean.  Judaism was rapidly changing, reacting and adapting to a larger political, cultural, and intellectual world, and in turn drawing the interests of non-Jews.
Historian Shaye Cohen observed:
All the Judaisms of the Hellenistic period, of both the diaspora and the land of Israel, were Hellenized, that is, were integral parts of the culture of the ancient world. Some varieties of Judaism were more hellenized than others, but none was an island unto itself. It is a mistake to imagine that the land of Palestine preserved a "pure" form of Judaism and that the diaspora was the home of adulterated or diluted forms of Judaism. The term "Hellenistic Judaism" makes sense, then, only as a chronological indicator for the period from Alexander the Great to the Macabees or perhaps to the Roman conquests of the first century BCE. As a descriptive term for a certain type of Judaism, however, it is meaningless because all the Judaisms of the Hellenistic period were "Hellenistic." (Cohen 1987: 37)
Cultural Struggles with Hellenism
Many Jews lived in the Diaspora, and the Judean provinces of Judea, Samaria, and the Galilee were populated by many Gentiles (who often showed an interest in Judaism).  Jews had to live with the values of Hellenism and Hellenistic philosophy, which were often directly at odds with their own values and traditions.  Broadly, Hellenistic culture saw itself as a civilizor, bringing civilized values and ways to peoples they thought of as insular or either backwards or degenerate.
For example, Greek-style bath houses were built in sight of the Temple in Jerusalem, for instance, and even in that city the gymnasium became a center of social, athletic, and intellectual life. Many Jews, including some of the more aristocratic priests, embraced these institutions, although Jews who did so were often looked down upon due to their circumcision, which Jews saw as the mark of their covenant with God, but which Hellenistic culture viewed as an aesthetic defacement of the body.  Consequently, some Jews began to abandon the practice of circumcision (and thus their covenant with God), while others bridled at Greek domination.
At the same time that Jews were confronting the cultural differences at their door, they had to confront a paradox in their own tradition: their Torah laws applied only to them, and to proselytes, but their God, they believed, was the one and only God of all.  This situation led to new interpretations of the Torah, some of which were influenced by Hellenic thought and in response to Gentile interest in Judaism. It was in this period that many concepts from early Greek philosophy entered or influenced Judaism, as well as debates and sects within the religion and culture of the time.
Generally, the Jews accepted foreign rule when they were only required to pay tribute, and otherwise allowed to govern themselves internally. Nevertheless, Jews were divided between those favoring hellenization and those opposing it, and were divided over allegiance to the Ptolemies or Seleucids.  When the High Priest Simon II died in 175 BCE, conflict broke out between supporters of his son Onias III (who opposed hellenization, and favored the Ptolemies) and his son Jason (who favored hellenization, and favored the Seleucids).  A period of political intrigue followed, with priests such as Menelaus bribing the king to win the High Priesthood, and accusations of murder of competing contenders for the title. The result was a brief civil war.
Huge numbers of Jews flocked to Jason's side, and in 167 BCE the Seleucid king Antiochus IV invaded Judea, entered the Temple, and stripped it of money and ceremonial objects.  Jason fled to Egypt, and Antiochus imposed a program of forced hellenization, requiring Jews to abandon their own laws and customs under threat of slaughter.  At this point Mattathias and his five sons, John, Eleazar, Simon, Jonathan, and Judah Maccabee, priests of the Hasmon family living in the rural village of Modein (pronounced "Mo-Ah-Dein"), assumed leadership of a bloody and ultimately successful revolt against the Seleucids.

Judah liberated Jerusalem in 165 BCE and restored the Temple.  Fighting continued, and Judah and his brother Jonathan were killed. In 141 BCE an assembly of priests and others affirmed Simon as high priest and leader, in effect establishing the Hasmonean dynasty.  When Simon was killed in 135 BCE, his son (and Judah's nephew) John Hyrcanus took his place as high priest and king.
The Hasmonean kingdom
After defeating the Seleucid forces, John Hyrcanus established a new monarchy in the form of the priestly Hasmonean dynasty in 152 BCE — thus making priests as political as well as religious authorities.  Although the Hasmoneans were popularly seen as heroes and leaders for resisting the Seleucids, some regarded their reign as lacking the religious legitimacy conferred by descent from the Davidic dynasty of the First Temple Era.

Sadducees, Essenes, and Pharisees
The rift between the priests and the sages grew during the Hellenistic period, when the Jews faced new political and cultural struggles.  Around this time the Sadducee party emerged as the party of the priests and allied elites (the name Sadducee comes from Zadok, the high priest of the first Temple).
The Essenes were another early mystical-religious movement, who are believed to have rejected either the Seleucid appointed high priests, or the Hasmonean high priests, as wrong.  But they soon rejected the Second Temple, arguing that the Essene community was itself the new Temple, and that obedience to the law represented a new form of sacrifice.

Although their lack of concern for the Second Temple alienated the Essenes from the great mass of Jews, their notion that the sacred could exist outside of the Temple was shared by another group, the Pharisees ("separatists"), based within the community of scribes and sages. The meaning of the name is unclear, though.
During the Hasmonean period, the Sadducees and Pharisees functioned primarily as political parties (the Essenes not being as politically oriented). The political differences between the Sadducees and Pharisees became evident when Pharisees demanded that the Hasmonean king Alexander Jannai choose between being king and being High Priest in the traditional manner.  This demand led to a brief civil war that ended with a bloody repression of the Pharisees, although at his deathbed the king called for a reconciliation between the two parties.  Alexander was succeeded by his widow, whose brother was a leading Pharisee.  Upon her death her elder son, Hyrcanus II, sought Pharisee support, and her younger son, Aristobulus, sought the support of the Sadducees.
In 64 BCE the Roman general Pompey took over Jerusalem and made the Jewish kingdom a client of Rome. In 57-55 BCE Aulus Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, split it into Galilee, Samaria & Judea, with 5 district Sanhedrin/Synedrion (councils of law). In 40-39 BCE Herod the Great was appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate, but in 6 CE his successor, Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea, was deposed by the emperor Augustus and his territories annexed as Iudaea Province under direct Roman administration: this marked the end of Judah as an even theoretically independent kingdom.

Religion 
Israel and Judah inherited the religion of late first-millennium Canaan, and Canaanite religion in turn had its roots in the religion of second-millennium Ugarit. In the 2nd millennium, polytheism was expressed through the concepts of the divine council and the divine family.

Related pages

References
"Golden Slumbers" is a song by The Beatles, part of the climactic medley on their 1969 album Abbey Road. The song begins the progression that leads to the end of the album and is followed by "Carry That Weight." The two songs were recorded together as a single piece, and both were written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon/McCartney).

Recording
McCartney was the lead vocalist. He begins the song in a soft tone, with piano, bass guitar, and string section accompaniment. Starting with the line "Golden slumbers fill your eyes", the drums come in and McCartney switches to a stronger tone. McCartney said, "I remember trying to get a very strong vocal on it, because it was such a gentle theme, so I worked on the strength of the vocal on it, and ended up quite pleased with it."

The main recording session for "Golden Slumbers"/"Carry That Weight" was on July 2, 1969.
John Lennon was not present. He was injured in a motor vehicle accident in Scotland on July 1, 1969, and was hospitalized there until July 6.
Additional vocals were added in an overdub session on 30 July 1969, the same day the first trial edit of the side two medley was created. Lennon did participate in this session. On 15 August, orchestral overdubs were made to "Golden Slumbers" and five other songs on Abbey Road.

Personnel
 Paul McCartney – vocal, piano
 George Harrison – bass
 Ringo Starr – drums
 George Martin – producer, arranger
 Uncredited – twelve violins, four violas, four cellos, double bass, four horns, three trumpets, trombone, bass trombone
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

References 

 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"Carry That Weight" is a song by The Beatles. Released on Abbey Road and part of the long, climactic medley that closes the album, it has vocals from all four of the Beatles (a rarity in their songs). It is after "Golden Slumbers", and transitions into "The End".

The middle bridge, featuring brass instruments, electric guitar and vocals, repeats the beginning of "You Never Give Me Your Money", but with different lyrics. The ending also repeats the arpeggiated guitar motif from the end of that song, similar to the figure featured in the George Harrison written songs "Here Comes the Sun" and "Badge" (co-written by Harrison and Eric Clapton).
Meaning
Music critic Ian MacDonald said that the lyrics were an acknowledgment by the group that nothing they would do as solo artists would equal what they had achieved together, and they would always carry the weight of their Beatle past. McCartney said the song was about the Beatles' business difficulties and the atmosphere at Apple at the time. In the film Imagine: John Lennon, Lennon says that McCartney was "singing about all of us."

Recording

The Beatles began recording "Golden Slumbers"/"Carry That Weight" as one piece on July 2, 1969. McCartney, Harrison and Starr recorded 15 takes of the two songs while Lennon was in the hospital recovering from a car accident in Scotland.

The rhythm tracks featured McCartney on piano, Harrison on bass guitar and Starr on drums. The best were takes 13 and 15, which were edited together on July 3rd. That day and the next, McCartney overdubbed his lead vocals and rhythm guitar, Harrison added lead guitar, and all three sang the chorus.
On July 30, they added more vocals, including Lennon, who had rejoined the sessions on July 9. More vocals, timpani and drums were overdubbed on 31 July. The orchestra was recorded on August 15.

Personnel
Paul McCartney – vocal, chorus vocal, piano, rhythm guitar
George Harrison – chorus vocal, lead guitar, six- string bass
Ringo Starr – chorus vocal, drums
John Lennon – chorus vocal
George Martin – producer, arranger
Uncredited – twelve violins, four violas, four cellos, one double bass, four horns, three trumpets, one trombone, one bass trombone
Personnel per MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn
Cover versions
 In 1976, The Bee Gees covered the song for the musical documentary All This and World War II. Two years later, they did the same for the movie version of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.
 Les Fradkin has an instrumental version included in his 2005 release "While My Guitar Only Plays".
 In 2009, Cheap Trick released Sgt. Pepper Live, which includes the song.
 Orange Bicycle covered this song interloping it with You Never Give Me Your Money.

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 

1969 songs
The Beatles songs
Cheap Trick songs
Bee Gees songs
Colleen Hewett songs
"Her Majesty" is a song written by Paul McCartney (although credited to Lennon/McCartney) that appears on The Beatles' album Abbey Road. "Her Majesty" is the final track of the album and appears fourteen seconds after the song "The End", but was not listed on the original sleeve. As such, it is considered one of the first examples of a hidden track in rock music.

Recording
The song was recorded in three takes on July 2, 1969, before the Beatles started work on "Golden Slumbers"/"Carry That Weight". McCartney sang and played an acoustic guitar. The decision take it from the Abbey Road medley was made on July 30.

Notes

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" is a song credited to Lennon/McCartney, and released in 1967, on The Beatles' album of the same name. The song appears twice on the album: as the first song (transitioning into "With a Little Help from My Friends"), and as "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)", (which transitions into "A Day in the Life"). As the title track, the lyrics introduce the fictional band that performs in the album.

Since its original album release, the song has also been released on singles, on compilation albums, and has been performed by several other artists including Jimi Hendrix (such as at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970), U2, and a comic interpretation by Bill Cosby.
Song structure
On the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album, the song opens to the sound of a loud audience, and an orchestra tuning up, which was taken from the February 10 orchestra session for "A Day in the Life". The crowd sounds edited into the song were recorded in the early '60s by Martin, during a live recording of the stage show Beyond the Fringe. When the song itself begins, the band introduces its members. The song is in G major, with a 4/4 meter. A horn quartet was used to fill out the instrumental sections.

Reprise
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)" is a repeat of the song at a faster tempo with heavier instruments. While the first track stays largely in the key of G major (except for transient modulation to F and perhaps C in the bridges), the reprise starts in F and modulates back to G. The track opens with a distorted guitar strumming a "Hendrix chord" (dominant 7th sharp 9). McCartney counts 1-2-3-4, and between 2 and 3, Lennon says "bye!".
The idea for a reprise was Aspinall's, who thought that as there was a "welcome song", there should be a "goodbye song". The song contains the same melody as the opening version, but with different lyrics. At 1:18, it is one of the Beatles' shorter songs (the shortest is "Her Majesty" at 0:23). The reprise was recorded on 1 April 1967, two months after the version that opens the album. At the end of the track, Martin's pre-recorded applause sample segues into the real final track of the album, "A Day in the Life".

Personnel
Full version:
Paul McCartney – vocal, bass, lead guitar
John Lennon – harmony vocal, rhythm guitar
George Harrison – harmony vocal, guitar
Ringo Starr – drums
Session musicians – French horns

Reprise:
Paul McCartney – vocal, organ, bass
John Lennon – vocal, rhythm guitar
George Harrison – vocal, lead guitar
Ringo Starr – vocal, drums, tambourine, maracas
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

Other websites
The Beatles songs
1967 songs
Psychedelic rock songs
Hard rock songs
Paul McCartney songs
U2 songs
"With a Little Help from My Friends" (originally titled "A Little Help from My Friends") is a song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. It was on the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967. The song was written for and sung by Beatles drummer Ringo Starr as the character "Billy Shears"; it is ranked #304 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr performed this song for the first time together at the David Lynch Foundation Benefit Concert in the Radio City Music Hall, New York on 4 April 2009.
Origins
Lennon and McCartney finished writing this song in mid-March 1967, written as Starr's song for the album. It was briefly called Bad Finger Boogie (later the inspiration for the band name Badfinger), because Lennon composed the melody on a piano using his middle finger after having hurt his forefinger; but in his 1980 Playboy interview Lennon said: "This is Paul, with a little help from me. 'What do you see when you turn out the light/ I can't tell you, but I know it's mine...' is mine."
Lennon and McCartney wrote a tune with a limited range - except for the last note, which McCartney worked closely with Starr to achieve. 
Speaking in the Anthology, Starr insisted on changing the first line which originally was "What would you do if I sang out of tune? Would you stand up and throw tomatoes at me?" He changed the lyric so that fans would not throw tomatoes at him should he perform it live. (In the early days, after George Harrison made a comment that he liked jelly babies, fans would throw them at the Beatles at all of their live shows.)

The song is in the form of a conversation. The other three Beatles sing a question and Starr answers, for example: "Would you believe in a love at first sight? / Yes, I'm certain that it happens all the time."

The band started recording the song the day before they posed for the Sgt. Pepper album cover (29 March 1967), ending the session at 5:45 in the morning.
Personnel
Ringo Starr – vocal, drums, tambourine
Paul McCartney – backing vocal, piano, bass
John Lennon – backing vocal, cowbell
George Harrison – lead guitar
George Martin – producer, Hammond organ
Geoff Emerick – engineer
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Cultural references
"With a Little Help from My Friends" was played as wake-up music on Space Shuttle Mission STS-61.

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1967 songs
The Beatles songs
Joe Cocker songs
The Beach Boys songs
Ike & Tina Turner songs
Barbra Streisand songs
Bon Jovi songs
Works about friendship
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" is a song written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney  for The Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Lennon's son, Julian, inspired the song with a nursery school drawing he called "Lucy — in the sky with diamonds". Shortly after the song's release, people realized that the first letter of each of the title's nouns spelled  LSD. Though Lennon denied and mocked the idea of a hidden LSD reference, the BBC banned the song. 

Later, other artists made a cover version of the song. One of them was Elton John, whose 1974 recording was at the top of the Billboards chart for two weeks.

Title and lyrics
Title and lyrics

Julian's drawing 
According to the Beatles, Lennon's son, Julian Lennon showed his father a nursery school drawing he called Lucy - in the sky with diamonds, depicting his classmate, Lucy O'Donnell. 
Julian said, "I don't know why I called it that or why it stood out from all my other drawings, but I obviously had an affection for Lucy at that age. I used to show dad everything I'd built or painted at school, and this one sparked off the idea..."   Lucy Vodden née O'Donnell died of an immune system disease in 2009.

Lennon was surprised at the idea that the song title was a hidden reference to LSD.
Reviews and legacy 
Rolling Stone magazine described the song as "Lennon's lavish daydream" and music critic Richie Unterberger said "'Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds' was one of the best songs on the Beatles' famous Sgt. Pepper album, and one of the classic songs of psychedelia as a whole. There are few other songs that so successfully evoke a dream world, in both the sonic textures and words." In a review for the BBC, Chris Jones described the song as "nursery rhyme surrealism" that contributed to Sgt. Pepper's "revolutionary ... sonic carpet that enveloped the ears and sent the listener spinning into other realms."

In later interviews, Lennon expressed disappointment with the Beatles' arrangement of the recording, complaining that inadequate time was taken to fully develop his initial idea for the song. He also said that he felt he didn't think that he sang it very well. "I was so nervous I couldn't sing," he told the journalist Ray Connolly, "but I like the lyrics."
A 3.2 million year-old, 40% complete fossil skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis specimen discovered in 1974 was named "Lucy" because the Beatles song was being played loudly and repeatedly on a tape recorder in the camp.

The White dwarf star BPM 37093, which contains a core of crystallized carbon roughly 4000 km in diameter, is informally named "Lucy" as a tribute to the Beatles song.

Personnel 
 John Lennon – double-tracked vocal, lead guitar
 Paul McCartney – harmony vocal, Lowrey organ, bass
 George Harrison – harmony vocal, lead guitar, acoustic guitar, tambura
 Ringo Starr – drums, maracas
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1967 songs
Elton John songs
Miley Cyrus songs
The Flaming Lips songs
Moby songs
"Getting Better" is a song written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, based on an original idea by McCartney. It was recorded by The Beatles for the 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Lennon on the roof 
One of the recording sessions for "Getting Better" is famous for an incident involving Lennon. During the 21 March 1967 session in which producer George Martin added a piano solo, Lennon complained that he did not feel well and could not focus. He had accidentally taken LSD when he meant to take an upper. Unaware of the mistake, Martin took him up to the roof of Abbey Road Studio for some fresh air, and returned to Studio Two where McCartney and Harrison were waiting. They knew why Lennon was not well, and upon hearing where Lennon was, rushed to the roof to retrieve him and prevent a possible accident.
Personnel
 Paul McCartney – double-tracked vocal, bass
 John Lennon – backing vocal, lead guitar
 George Harrison – backing vocals, lead guitar, tambura
 Ringo Starr – drums, congas
 George Martin – piano, pianette
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1967 songs
"Fixing a Hole" is a song mainly written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon/McCartney) and performed by The Beatles on the 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Recording
The first of two recording sessions for the song was at Regent Sound Studio in London on 9 February 1967 in three takes.

The lead vocal was recorded at the same time as the rhythm track, a change from their post-1963 approach of overdubbing the vocal.

According to McCartney, on the night of the session an unusual man appeared at the gate of McCartney's home and said he was Jesus Christ. After a cup of tea, and after getting him to promise to be quiet and sit in a corner, McCartney brought the man to the recording session. After the session the man left and was never heard from again.

In another version of the story, John Lennon arrived at the studio, found the man hanging around the front door, and it was Lennon who invited him in.
The song is referenced to by Lennon in the last stanza of the song "Glass Onion" ("Fixing a Hole in the ocean"), from The Beatles, released a year later.

In the live-action scene at the end of the 1968 movie Yellow Submarine, Ringo mentions that he gave the other half of the "hole in me pocket" to Jeremy, so that he could "stop his mind from wandering", a direct reference to "Fixing a Hole".

Personnel
Paul McCartney – double-tracked vocal, bass
John Lennon – backing vocal, guitar
George Harrison – backing vocal, double-tracked lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, maracas
George Martin – harpsichord
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1967 songs
Ian MacCormick (known by the pseudonym Ian MacDonald; 3 October 1948 – 20 August 2003) was a British music critic and author, best known for both Revolution in the Head, his critical history of The Beatles.

1948 births
2003 deaths
Writers from London
Music critics
"She's Leaving Home" is a song, written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and released in 1967 on The Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. McCartney wrote and sang the verse and Lennon the chorus. This was one of a handful of songs of the Beatles in which the members did not play any instruments.

Background
Paul McCartney:

The newspaper story McCartney mentioned was from the front page of the Daily Mirror, about a girl named Melanie Coe. Although McCartney made up most of the content, Coe, who was 17 at the time said that he got most of it right. Her parents wondered why she had left... "She has everything here." In real life, Melanie did not "meet a man from the motor trade", but instead a croupier, and left in the afternoon while her parents were at work. She was found ten days later because she had said where her boyfriend worked.
Coincidentally, Coe had met McCartney three years earlier when she was a contestant and prize winner on ITV's Ready Steady Go!. An update on Melanie appeared in the Daily Mail in May 2008.

Recording

The day before McCartney wanted to work on the string arrangement, he learned that George Martin was not available to do the score. He contacted Mike Leander, who did it in Martin's place. It was the first time a Beatle song was not arranged by Martin (and the only time it was done with the Beatles' consent: Phil Spector's orchestration of Let It Be was done without McCartney's knowledge). Martin was hurt by McCartney's actions, but he produced the song and conducted the string section. The harp was played by Sheila Bromberg, the first female musician to appear on a Beatles record.
The stereo version of the song runs at a slower speed than the mono mix, and consequently is a semitone lower in pitch. This is mentioned in the booklet accompanying The Beatles in Mono CD box set, but no reason is given. A 2007 Mojo magazine article revealed the mono mix was sped up to make Paul sound younger and tighten the track.

Critical reception

When discussing Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, composer Ned Rorem described "She's Leaving Home" as "equal to any song that Schubert ever wrote."

Personnel

Paul McCartney – double-tracked lead vocals
John Lennon – double-tracked backing vocals
Mike Leander – string arrangement
George Martin – conductor, producer
Erich Gruenberg – violin
Derek Jacobs – violin
Trevor Williams – violin
Jose Luis García – violin
John Underwood – viola
Stephen Shingles – viola
Dennis Vigay – cello
Alan Dalziel – cello
Gordon Pearce – double bass
Sheila Bromberg – harp
Personnel per Ian MacDonald

Notes

Other websites
The Beatles songs
1967 songs
Baroque pop songs
Harry Nilsson songs
Bryan Ferry songs
"Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" is a song from the 1967 album by The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was composed mainly by John Lennon with input from Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon/McCartney.

Inspiration

 
Lennon wrote the song taking inspiration from a nineteenth century circus poster for Pablo Fanque's circus which he purchased in an antique shop on 31 January 1967 while filming the promotional video for the song "Strawberry Fields Forever" in Kent. Lennon said that "Everything from the song is from that poster, except the horse wasn't called Henry." (The poster idenitifies the horse as "Zanthus".) Mr. Kite is believed to be William Kite, who worked for Pablo Fanque from 1843 to 1845.

Personnel
Personnel

John Lennon: double-tracked lead vocals and harmony vocals; Hammond organ; tape loops and harmonica.
Paul McCartney: lead guitar and bass.
George Harrison: piano and tambourine.
Ringo Starr: drums; tambourine; and harmonica.
George Martin: harmonium, Lowrey organ, glockenspiel and tape loops.
Mal Evans: harmonica.
Neil Aspinall: harmonica.
Geoff Emerick: tape loops.

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1967 songs
"Within You Without You" is a song written by George Harrison and released on The Beatles' 1967 album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Composition
"Within You Without You" features only Harrison and a group of uncredited Indian musicians, although producer George Martin arranged the string section, and Harrison and assistant Neil Aspinall played the tambura. According to Prema Music, dilrubha player Amrit Gajjar played on the track. It is the second of Harrison's songs to be explicitly influenced by Indian classical music, after "Love You To", and Harrison's only composition on Sgt. Pepper. "Within You Without You" was written on a harmonium at the house of long-time Beatles friend Klaus Voormann, while "there were lots of joints being smoked".

Stephen Stills was so impressed by the lyrics that he had them carved on a stone monument in his yard. John Lennon said it was"one of George's best songs."
Personnel
 George Harrison – lead vocal, tambura, sitar
 Session musicians – swarmandal, dilruba, tabla
 Erich Gruenberg, Alan Loveday, Julien Gaillard, Paul Scherman, Ralph Elman, David Wolfsthal, Jack Rothstein Jack Greene – violin
 Reginald Kilbey, Allen Ford, Peter Beavan – cello

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1967 songs
Rocks is the fourth album by American rock band Aerosmith. It was released on May 3, 1976. Allmusic described Rocks as having "captured Aerosmith at their most raw and rocking". Rocks also ranked #176 on Rolling Stone'''s list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and is also noted in musician Kurt Cobain's top 50 favorite albums in his journals.  Also, it has greatly influenced several people in the hard rock and heavy metal community, including members of Guns N' Roses and Metallica.

Songs from the album
Side one

Side two

Influence in music
 Slash says that "Rocks" was the album that changed his life.
 Rocks was one of Kurt Cobain's favorite albums, as he listed in his Journals.
 In 2003, the album was ranked number 176 on Rolling Stone'' magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.
 Mötley Crüe songwriter and bassist Nikki Sixx refers to it frequently in his book The Heroin Diaries.

References

1976 albums
Rock albums
Aerosmith
"Walk This Way" is a song by American hard rock group Aerosmith. It is a very popular song, and it was made even more popular when it was covered by Run–D.M.C.

Notes

1975 songs
Rock songs
Aerosmith songs
Sugababes songs
Girls Aloud songs
Macy Gray songs
Run-D.M.C. songs
Sauber Petronas Engineering AG was a company owned jointly by the Swiss racing car manufactor Sauber (60%) and the Malaysian oil company Petronas (40%). The company was founded for the sole purpose of building engines to the Sauber Formula One team.

The engines were for many years nearly identical to the ones used by Ferrari but were branded (named) Petronas. Sauber licensed nearly every part from Ferrari and even had several Ferrari engineers on staff. 

The company also helped developing motorcycles like Petronas FP1.

Formula One engine manufacturers
Companies of Switzerland

Companies of Malaysia
Hinwil District
Anglo-Saxon charters are documents from the early medieval period in Britain which usually make a grant of land or record a privilege. They are usually written on parchment in Latin.

Other websites 
 Anglo-Saxons.net Charters Searchable database of Anglo-Saxon Charters

Anglo-Saxons
The Book of Wisdom (also called Wisdom of Solomon or just Wisdom) is one of the books of the Old Testament. It has been grouped among the Septuagint, or the seven wisdom books of the Bible. It is part of the Catholic and Orthodox Biblical canon, put forward by the Council of Carthage in 397 and confirmed by Catholic leaders at the Council of Trent in 1546. It was written by a Jew in Ancient Egypt in the 1st century BC and talks about wisdom among other themes.

Who wrote the book and when
The book was initially written in the Greek language, but has the style of Hebrew poetry. Tradition says that King Solomon wrote the book, but scholars reject this tradition. The Catholic Encyclopedia says: "It is freely admitted that Solomon is not the writer of the Book of Wisdom, which has been ascribed to him because its author, through a literary fiction, speaks as if he were the Son of David.".
The book has the most classical Greek language of all the books in the Septuagint. It also had much of the Hebrew style that had existed when the book was written. The writer also must have been deeply involved in the philosophical, religious, and ethical writings in Hellenistic Alexandria.

References

Other websites
Wisdom of Solomon - King James version from University of Virginia 
The Book of Wisdom - Full text (Douay-Rheims version) from http://St-Takla.org (also available in Arabic)
The Book of Wisdom - Latin Vulgate with Douay-Rheims version side-by-side
The Book of Wisdom  - Latin Vulgate
The Book of Wisdom - Septuagint Greek text
Catholic Encyclopedia: Book of Wisdom
Jewish Encyclopedia: WISDOM OF SOLOMON, BOOK OF THE
NT Allusions to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha 
St. Bonaventure's Commentary on the Book of Wisdom 
Naphtali Herz Wessely's commentary on the Wisdom of Solomon 
archive.org - mp3-version of 'The Book of Wisdom', chapters 1-10 and chapters 11-19
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="3""| Followed bySirach
|-

|-
| style="padding:0; text-align:center;"| see Deuterocanon

Old Testament books
1st-century BC books
Glendale () is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA. It is about nine miles (14 km) northwest from Downtown Phoenix. According to the 2020 census, the population of the city is 248,325.

The NHL's Phoenix Coyotes and NLL's Arizona Sting started to play in Glendale when Jobing.com Arena opened in December 2003. Also in Glendale is University of Phoenix Stadium. It is the home of the NFL's Arizona Cardinals and the Fiesta Bowl, and opened in August 2006. In 2008, Super Bowl XLII was played there when the New York Giants beat the New England Patriots. The Chicago White Sox and Los Angeles Dodgers moved to Glendale for a shared spring training 2009.

Glendale calls itself “Arizona’s Antique Capital”. It is supported for its claim from Sunset Magazine. Glendale is home to the Arrowhead Towne Center mall in the northwest part of the city. Glendale also is home to Midwestern University, metro Phoenix's first medical school, as well as a major post-graduate international business school.
An extension of METRO light rail service is planned to serve the city.

Geography 
Glendale is at  (33.538654, -112.186261).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 55.8 square miles (144.4 km²), of which, 55.7 square miles (144.2 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km²) of it (0.13%) is water.

Demographics 

As of 2000, there were 218,812 people, 75,700 households and 54,352 families in the city. The population density was 3,929.5 people per square mile (1,517.3/km²). The population consists of 75.54% white, 4.70% black or African American, 1.45% Native American, 2.74% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 11.97% from other races, and 3.47% from two or more races. 24.84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 75,700 households out of which 39.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 53.5% were married couples living together. 12.8% had a female householder with no husband living there. 28.2% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85. The average family size was 3.33 people.

The meddle age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,015. The median income for a family was $51,162. Males had a median income of $35,901 versus $27,736 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,124. About 8.8% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.

Sports
Sports 

Glendale is the home to the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). The team formerly played at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University in Tempe. The History Channel featured the stadium because of its roll-out natural grass field. The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLII in 2008. Almost one year later on January 18, 2009, it hosted the NFC Championship Game as the Arizona Cardinals defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 32-25 for the franchise's first ever Super Bowl berth.

Gila River Arena (formerly Glendale Arena and Jobing.com Arena) is next to University of Phoenix Stadium. It is the home of the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). It is also the home of the Arizona Sting of the National Lacrosse League (NLL).

In 2009, the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Chicago White Sox shared a spring training in Glendale.

The 26th annual WrestleMania event was held at University of Phoenix Stadium on March 28, 2010.
The BCS National Championship game also came to the stadium in 2006 and 2010. The Bowl Championship Series was replaced by the College Football Playoff (CFP) in 2014, and the final of the CFP, the College Football Championship Game, will come there in 2016.

Education 
There are a number of higher education campuses in Glendale. Glendale Community College and Glendale Community College North are members of the Maricopa County Community College District. Arizona State University has its West campus just across the border from Glendale in west Phoenix. Midwestern University is a graduate college of medicine in Glendale.  Thunderbird School of Global Management is also a graduate school. It is specialized in international management.

Many school districts serve the city of Glendale.

Notable Attractions 
Glendale is the place where many events throughout the year are held. That attracts thousands, including, but not limited to:
Glendale Chocolate Festival (February every year)
 Glendale Glitters (December every year)
 Annual Glendale Jazz and Blues Festival

Notable residents 

 Jordan Capri, model, actress, social media pioneer
 Danny Cruz - professional soccer player
 Trent Franks - United States congressman
 Jennie Garth - actress
 Job for a Cowboy -  An American death metal band formed in Glendale in 2003.
 Paul LoDuca - professional baseball player
 Stephenie Meyer - author of the Twilight saga
 Marty Robbins - Country musician
 Jordin Sparks - Winner of American Idol (Season 6)
 Jamie Varner - He is the former WEC Lightweight champion. He is an alumnus of Deer Valley High School in Glendale, Arizona.

References

Other websites 
 Official City Website
 Glendale news, sports and things to do from The Glendale Republic newspaper
Cooktown is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia. In 2006, there were 2093 people living in the town. It is at the mouth of the Endeavour River, on Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland. Cooktown is named after the English explorer, Captain James Cook, and the Endeavour River is named after his ship, the Endeavour.

Its population of 2000 doubles each June as the community re-enact Cook’s historic landing, complete with replica ship, cannon fire and period costume.

References

Other websites

Towns in Queensland
The Endeavour River on Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland, Australia, was named in 1770 by the English explorer, Captain James Cook. He had been forced to put his ship, HM Bark Endeavour, onto the beach at the river mouth so that it could be repaired. The ship had been damaged by coral on the Great Barrier Reef. The Aboriginal Australians, the Guugu Yimithirr people, called the river Wabalumbaal. 

Cook and his crew stayed for seven weeks and met with the Guugu Yimithirr. The word "kangaroo" was a Guugu Yimithirr word for the animal which Cook wrote down in his diary. The naturalists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander made big collections of native plants and flowers, while Sydney Parkinson made pictures of the flora and fauna of the region.
The Endeavour River is very wide at its mouth where it meets the sea. Upstream it quickly branches into many small creeks. There are 25 species of mangrove grwoing along the river. Saltwater crocodiles live in the river, and can often be seen on the banks during the winter in June and July. In October 2008, a man fishing for crabs on the river bank was taken by a crocodile. At first people thought it was a big crocodile, more than six metres in length. But his remains were later found inside a  crocodile. The river is also a good place to go fishing for barramundi. 

In recent years, tilapia fish, which are a "noxious  species" in Australia, have moved into the river in large numbers. Scientists are worried that this will harm the numbers of native fish. These fish, which are often farmed for food in other countries, are listed in the worst 100 introduced species. A person in Australia owning or selling a tilapia could be fined up to AU$11,000.
There is now a town, Cooktown, at the mouth of the Endeavour River. About 2000 people live in the town. Cooktown is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia. It was first settled in 1873, at the site of Cook's landing. It was a port for the newly discovered Palmer River Goldfields. Some of the relatively undisturbed natural features near the mouth of the river have been protected as a Queensland National Park, the Endeavour River National Park.

References

Sources:
 

Rivers of Queensland
Jonathan Smith , better known as Lil Jon (born January 17 1971) is an American rapper and record producer. He is a former member of the group Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz. He formed the group in 1997. Lil Jon is known for shouting the words: "OK!", "What?!", and "Yeah!". His main hit was "Turn Down for What" featuring on the track by DJ Snake. He writes a blog on NHL.com about the Atlanta Thrashers. He is a fan of the team.

Albums

With The East Side Boyz

As a Solo artist

Other websites

 Official website

1971 births
Living people
African-American rappers
Rappers from Atlanta
Actors from Atlanta
American movie actors
Grammy Award winners
Jonathan Clay "J.J." Redick (born June 24, 1984 in Cookeville, Tennessee) is an American professional basketball player. He is currently a shooting guard for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the Orlando Magic from 2006 until 2013 and for the Milwaukee Bucks in 2013. Redick was born in Cookeville, Tenneesee, and played college basketball for four years at Duke University.

On July 10, 2013, the Clippers picked up Redick in a sign-and-trade, three-team deal which also involved the Milwaukee Bucks and Phoenix Suns. Redick was reported to have signed a four-year, $27 million contract.

References

Other websites 

 

1984 births
American basketball players
Living people
Los Angeles Clippers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Orlando Magic players
Sportspeople from Tennessee
American Christians
Philadelphia 76ers players
Reginald Noble better known by his stage name Redman (born April 17, 1970) is an American rapper and actor. He rose to fame in the early 1990s as an artist on the Def Jam label. He is known for his work with Method Man as one-half of the rap duo Method Man & Redman. Method Man & Redman both had starring roles in movies and sitcoms.

Discography 
 Whut? Thee Album (1992)
 Dare Iz a Darkside (1994)
 Muddy Waters (1996)
 Doc's da Name 2000 (1998)
 Malpractice (2001)
 Red Gone Wild (2007)

Other websites 
 His Official Website 

Rappers from New Jersey
1970 births
Living people
Singers from New Jersey
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
Liv Johanne Ullmann (born 16 December 1938) is a Norwegian actress particularly associated with movies by Swedish director Ingmar Bergman.

Life and career
Ullmann was born in Tokyo, Japan, to Norwegian parents. The family moved to Toronto when she was two. Her father was an engineer and after his death in 1946, Ullmann returned to Norway with her mother and older sister, where they settled in Trondheim. 

After high school, she decided on an acting career. She applied and was turned down twice at the National Theater School in Oslo. She nonetheless persevered and after some studies at the Webber School of Acting in London, she eventually found work with a repertory theatre company in Stavenger. She also began appearing in bit parts in movies and on television.
She got her first major break when she met Swedish director Ingmar Bergman who offered her a role in his movie Persona (1966), opposite Bibi Anderson. She became his muse and lover and went on starring in several of his movies to considerable acclaim; Hour of the Wolf (1968), Shame (1968), The Passion of Anna (1969), Cries and Whispers (1972), Scenes of a Marriage (1973), Face to Face (1975), The Serpent's Egg (1977), Autumn Sonata (1978) and Saraband (2003).

She also appeared in Jan Troell's epic movie The Emigrants (1971) and its sequel The New Land (1972), which earned her an Academy Award nomination as best actress. 

After her break up with Bergman in the early 1970s, she went to Hollywood and appeared in movies such as Pope Joan (1972), New Horizons (1973), Forty Carats (1973), The Abdication (1974), Zandy's Bride (1974), but failed to establish herself as the new Nordic star like Greta Garbo and Ingrid Bergman before her.
She published two autobiographies Changing (1977) and Choices (1984), in which she candidly discussed her life and career. 

In the 1990s, she turned to directing with movies including Sofie (1992) and Kristin Lavransdotter (1995). She also worked as a goodwill ambassador for UNICEF. 

Miss Ullmann has a daughter Linn Ullmann (born in 1966) with Ingmar Bergman, and two grandchildren.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1938 births
Living people
Actors from Tokyo
Actors from Toronto
Autobiographers
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Norwegian movie directors
Norwegian entertainers
Norwegian movie actors
Norwegian television actors
Norwegian voice actors
Dinner for Schmucks is a 2010 American comedy movie that is produced by Walter F. Parkes, Laurie MacDonald and Jay Roach and directed by Jay Roach. It is a remake of the 1998 French black comedy movie, The Dinner Game.

Cast 
 Steve Carell as Barry Speck
 Paul Rudd as Tim Conrad
 Zach Galifianakis as Therman Murch
 Jemaine Clement as Kieran Vollard
 Jeff Dunham as Lewis / Debbie
 Bruce Greenwood as Lance Fender
 Ron Livingston as Caldwell
 Chris O'Dowd as Marco
 Lucy Punch as Darla
 Stéphanie Szostak as Julie
 David Walliams as Martin Mueller
 Lucy Davenport as Birgit Mueller
 Kristen Schaal as Susana
 Andrea Savage as Robin
 Larry Wilmore as Williams
 Nick Kroll as Josh
 Patrick Fischler as Vincenzo
 Octavia Spencer as Madame Nora
 P. J. Byrne as Davenport

Rating
Dinner for Schmucks received mixed reviews:

Rotten Tomatoes - 5.9/10 (50%)
Metacritic - 56/100
Roger Ebert - 3/5

References

Other websites
Dinner for Schmucks' Official website
2010 comedy movies
2010s movie remakes
American comedy movies
American movie remakes
English-language movies