Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
.  He was also first horn in the New Symphony and soon he joined the orchestra of Covent Garden as principal horn.  In 1923 he joined the London Symphony Orchestra.
In 1923 Borsdorf retired as professor of horn at the Royal Academy of Music, and Aubrey took his place. One of his first pupils was his younger brother Arthur.  Although very talented Arthur decided not to take up horn playing professionally and joined the police.  Later, Aubrey’s son Dennis was one of his students.

Mid career
Mid career

Aubrey had a very successful career, not only as principal horn player in several orchestras, but also as a soloist.  He played Mozart’s Second Horn Concerto in 1923 at The Proms.  His playing can be heard on several of the very early recordings when the LSO recorded for HMV.  Several works were written for him, including the Concerto for French horn, Violin and orchestra by Dame Ethel Smythe.  He played it very well, including the chords in the last movement (it is possible to play chords on the horn by humming one note and playing another note of the harmonic series).  He played it at the Proms.  The conductor Bruno Walter invited him to play it in Berlin.  This made Aubrey the first British horn player to play a solo concerto abroad.
When the BBC Symphony Orchestra was started in 1930 Aubrey was their principal horn player.  He was still principal horn player with the other big London orchestras (this would be impossible nowadays), but gradually his gave up these positions as the BBC Symphony Orchestra got more and more work and needed their players to be full time.
Aubrey played a French-type horn (a “Raoux horn”) which had a narrow-bore (the tube was very narrow).  The German-type horn had a wider bode and made a slightly different sound.  Playing on a Raoux horn there was more risk of a note cracking (not speaking properly).  The German-type horn was becoming very popular in England, but Aubrey insisted that all the horn players in the BBC Symphony Orchestra continued to play on  Raoux horns.   Aubrey was a very skilled musician in chamber music and made a recording with the violinist Adolf Busch and the pianist Rudolf Serkin of the Brahms Horn Trio.  It sold many copies and continued to sell for many years until the 78rpm records were replaced by long-playing records.

Later life and retirement
During the war Aubrey started to have health problems.  He had a bad fall on Christmas Day 1940.  Towards the end of the war he started to get blurred vision, his speech became slurred and he had strange feelings in his fingers and toes.  He retired in 1945 after the first rehearsal for the Prom season.  He still performed occasionally, usually together with his son Dennis.  He died on 20 September 1955, three days after a bad fall which gave him a heart attack.

Reputation
Aubrey Brain may be remembered less today because of the exceptional fame of his son Dennis.  However, he was a very great horn player who helped to improve the standard of horn playing in Britain, both by his teaching and by the example of his performances.  The recordings on which he can be heard were all made before the days of the LP.  His older son Leonard became a well-known oboist.

Sources
Oxford Music Online, retrieved 21.11.2010
 Pettitt, Stephen. Dennis Brain: A Biography. London: Robert Hale, 1976.
British classical horn players
1893 births
1955 deaths
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music‎
Tweed New Haven Regional Airport , formerly known as Tweed-New Haven Airport, is a public airport  southeast of the central business district of New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Tweed New Haven Regional Airport is currently owned by the City of New Haven. The airport property is in New Haven and the town of East Haven.

American Eagle provides daily non-stop service to Philadelphia, PA and weekly non-stop service to Charlotte, NC.

References

Transport in Connecticut
Airports in the United States
Bangor International Airport  is a public use passenger airport. It is 3 miles (5 km) west of the city of Bangor, Maine, United States. It is owned and operated by the City of Bangor. It used to be a military base called Dow Air Force Base. The airport has a single runway that is 11,439 ft (3486 m) long and 200 ft (60 m) wide. 

The airport is used a lot because it's near the Great Circle Route, a major air route between Europe and the East Coast of the United States.  The 'international' in the airport's name doesn't refer to it being close to Canada (to which it has no regular flights), but its role in travel across the Atlantic Ocean.

Bangor International Airport has passenger service on three airlines, Delta Airlines, Allegiant Air, and US Airways.

References

Airports in the United States
Bangor, Maine
Buildings and structures in Maine
Transport in Maine
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. In vertebrates (and most other animals) the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main senses of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. As an animal moves forward, its senses collect data about the surroundings, and that data goes directly to the brain.

Brains are extremely complex. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters. Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment; hormones and the autonomic nervous system make slower changes in the body.
It is also a part of human and animal body. The brain of  an adult human weights about  13001400 grams

In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
Three principles 
 The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
 The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
 Much of what the body does is not conscious. A person breathes, heart beats, intestines digest, hair grows, thoughts pop into their mind... Some of this can be noticed by a person, and some (like breathing) can be influenced to some extent. But, basically, much of the body runs on automatic, adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are seldom noticed.

Vertebrate brain regions
Several brain areas have kept their identities across the whole range of vertebrates, from hagfishes to humans. Here is a list of some of the most important areas, with a brief description of their functions as currently understood. These functions may still be disputed to some degree. Starting from the back (or, in humans, the underneath part) the regions are:
 The medulla (and the spinal cord) have many small nuclei, which deal with various autonomic functions. These include the heart beat and blood pressure, breathing, and vomiting.ch 44, 45
 The pons is a relay station, carrying messages between the cerebrum and the medulla and cerebellum.
The hypothalamus is a small region at the base of the forebrain. It is the central control station for sleep/wake cycles, control of eating and drinking, control of hormone release, and many other functions. It sits immediately above the pituitary gland, and secretes hormones into the gland. These hormones inhibit or stimulate the pituitary gland. The gland, in turn, makes hormones which affect the rest of the body.
 The thalamus sits above the hypothalamus, and below the cerebral cortex. It is a collection of nuclei with various functions. It acts as a relay station, gathering sense information of all kinds (except olfactory) and passes it on to the cerebral cortex. Also, it has a role in consciousness and sleep. There are action systems for several types of behaviour, including eating, drinking, defecation, and copulation.
The cerebellum adjusts the output of other brain systems to make them more precise. Removal of the cerebellum does not prevent an animal from doing anything in particular, but it makes actions hesitant and clumsy. This precision is not built-in, but learned by trial and error. Learning how to ride a bicycle is an example of a type of neural plasticity that may take place largely within the cerebellum.ch 42
 The tectum, often called 'optic tectum', directs actions to points in space.  Its best studied function is to direct eye movements.  It also directs reaching movements.  It gets strong visual inputs, and inputs from other senses which are useful in directing actions. Sound in owls, input from the thermosensitive pit organs in snakes, scent in dogs, are examples.  In some fish, such as lampreys, it is the largest part of the brain.
The hippocampus is, strictly speaking, only in mammals, but it has counterparts in all vertebrates. It is involved in spatial memory and navigation in fishes, birds, reptiles, and mammals.
 The basal ganglia are a group of structures in the forebrain, which are strongly connected to the cerebral cortex and the thalamus. The main function of the basal ganglia seems to be selecting actions. They send inhibitory signals to all parts of the brain that can generate actions. In the right circumstances they release the inhibition, so that the action-generating systems can execute their actions. Rewards and punishments exert most important neural effects on the basal ganglia.
 The cerebral cortex is a layer of grey cells that is on the surface of the forebrain. It is involved in multiple functions, including olfaction and spatial memory. In mammals, where it dominates the brain, it controls functions from many subcortical areas.
The olfactory bulb is a special structure that processes olfactory sensory signals (smells), and sends its output to the olfactory part of the cerebral cortex. It is a major brain component in many vertebrates, but much reduced in primates. Dogs are the classic example of a mammal whose scent perception is in many ways the basis of their sensory life.
Brain size 
The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied in a wide range of vertebrate species. Brain size increases with body size but not proportionally.

Mammals 
Averaging across all mammals, it follows a power law, with an exponent of about 0.75. This formula applies to the average brain of mammals but each family departs from it, reflecting their sophistication of behavior. For example, primates have brains 5 to 10 times as large as the formula predicts. Predators tend to have larger brains. When the mammalian brain increases in size, not all parts increase at the same rate. The larger the brain of a species, the greater the fraction taken up by the neocortex.

References 

Brain
Vertebrates
Cassiterite is a mineral. Its chemical formula is SnO2. It contains tin dioxide. It is black because of impurities. It is the main ore of tin. Its Mohs hardness is 6-7.

Minerals
The Group 14 elements, also known as the carbon group and the Group IV elements, is a group of elements on the periodic table. Each element has 4 valence electrons. Only carbon makes anions. Silicon and germanium are semimetals. Tin and lead are poor metals. Ununquadium, a radioactive element, is not stable enough to see its properties. All of them can form +4 oxidation state compounds. Tin and lead can form +2 compounds, too.

14
U.S. Route 2 is a highway that has two parts. The western part begins in Everett, Washington and ends in St. Ignace, Michigan.  The eastern part begins in Rouses Point, New York and ends in Houlton, Maine.  For much of its route, Route 2 runs near the U.S.-Canadian border.  Part of it follows the Theodore Roosevelt Highway.  It goes through Glacier National Park.

References

02
U.S. Route 3 is a highway that travels from Cambridge, Massachusetts to the Canadian border.

References

03
Tunak Tunak Tun is an Indian pop song released in 1998. It has become an internet meme. It was made because most of Daler Mehndi's other videos have women dancing. Some people said that was the only reason his music was popular. This one has just him but became a success anyway. It has used bluescreen technology.

References

1998 songs
Todd Bodine (February 27, 1964 in Chemung, New York) is an American racecar driver. Bodine was given the nickname The Onion because of his bald head. Bodine drives the #30 Toyota Tundra for Germain Racing in the Camping World Truck Series. Todd Bodine has two Camping World Truck Series championships.

Early career 
Bodine drove in his first NASCAR Busch Series race in 1986, for Pistone Racing at Martinsville. He started and finished the race in 27th after his car had an engine problem.

Bodine did not race in the Busch Series again until 1990, when he drove in eight races for Diamond Ridge Motorsports in the #42 and #81 Ames Pontiac. His first race of the year was again at Martinsville. In 1991, Bodine decided to drive his first full season for Frank Cicci. He won one race and had 15 top ten finishes. At the end of the year, Bodine was 7th in points.
1990s 
Bodine drove in his first Winston Cup Series race at Watkins Glen International Raceway on August 9, 1992. He drove the #34 Ford Thunderbird for Cicci-Welliver Racing, finishing 37th. He drove his first full season in the Winston Cup Series series in 1994 when he raced for Butch Mock Motorsports.  He raced the #75 Ford Thunderbird sponsored by Factory Stores. He missed one race that season and had two Top 5 and 7 Top 10 finished. He finished 20th place in the point standings. In 1995 as he finished 33rd in the points with only one Top 5 and 3 Top 10 finished. He was released from Butch Mock in 2005 and drove for Bill Elliott while he was away in 2006 for four races. He also drove three races for David Blair Motorsports and Andy Petree Racing. In 1997, he drove  for Ricky Craven while he was away for Hendrick Motorsports at Texas. He also drove for his brother Geoff Bodine at Charlotte Motor Speedway.
For the 1998 season, Bodine started racing with a new team called ISM Racing. The team was closed and Bodine went back to Cicci-Welliver in the Busch Series. He drove the #30 Slim Jim car. Bodine finished 33rd in points.

During the 1999 season Bodine drove the #66 car for the Cicci-Welliver team. Bodine got ten top-five finishes and finished fourth in the points standings.

Craftsman Truck Series 
Bodine made his first start in the Craftsman Truck Series 1995 driving for Roush Racing's #61 Ford. He ran 5 races that year.
In 2006, Bodine was driving the #30 Lumber Liquidators Toyota for Germain Racing. Bodine won at Atlanta Motor Speedway, Gateway International Raceway, and Texas Motor Speedway. Todd Bodine won the 2006 Craftsman Truck Championship on Nov 17, 2006 by 122 points over Johnny Benson. The win was Bodine's first championship in any NASCAR division. Bodine continued to drive for Germain Racing in the 2007–2010 seasons. During the 2010 season Bodine won four races, and finished first in points winning his 2nd NASCAR Camping World Truck Series championship. Aric Almirola finished in second place, 207 points behind Bodine.

References

Other websites 
Todd Bodine Official site 

1964 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
American racecar drivers
Sportspeople from New York (state)
Intercourse can mean:
Sexual intercourse
Communication between people

Places
Intercourse, Alabama, USA
Intercourse, Pennsylvania, USA

Books
Intercourse (book), a 1987 book by Andrea Dworkin
InterCourses: An Aphrodisiac Cookbook, a 1997 book by Martha Hopkins and Randall Lockridge

Music
Intercourse (The Tokens album), a 1971 album by American vocal group The Tokens
Intercourse (S'Express album), a 1991 studio album by English dance music act S'Express
Jimmie Kenneth Johnson (born September 17, 1975) is an American stock car driver from El Cajon, California. Until 2021, Johnson drove the No. 48 Chevrolet Camaro for Hendrick Motorsports in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. In 2019, Johnson said that the 2020 NASCAR season would be his final year competing in the entire schedule. In 2010 Johnson became the only driver to win five Sprint Cup Series Championships in a row. Johnson is married to Chandra Janway, and they had their first child, which was a girl named Genevieve Marie Johnson on July 7th, 2010.

Early racing career
Johnson started racing on motorcycles when he was five years old. Johnson left motorcycle racing and went on to drive in some off-road races. While he was off road racing, he met Herb Fischel. Fischel was the head of Motorsports at General Motors, who owns the Chevrolet brand Johnson drives for today.
At a driver's meeting before the Nationwide Series race at Michigan International Speedway, Johnson asked NASCAR Sprint Cup Series driver Jeff Gordon for advice. Gordon liked Johnson, and after the talk Gordon suggested Johnson to team owner Rick Hendrick. Hendrick gave Johnson an offer to drive for him. Gordon became part owner and Johnson's car, the #48.

NASCAR Sprint Cup Series career

2002–2005
In 2002, Johnson started racing full time in the Winston Cup Series. Johnson finished the season 5th in the points standings, and had won 3 races. In 2003 Johnson once again won 3 races, had 14 top-five finishes and 20 top-ten finishes. He finished the season second in the Winston Cup Series points standings to Matt Kenseth. In 2004 Johnson had 8 wins, 20 top-fives, 23 top-tens and he finished the year 2nd in the point standings. In 2005 Johnson stayed in the top five in the points standings all year, winning 4 races. He finished the 2005 season 5th in the Nextel Cup Series points.
2006–2010
In 2006 Johnson won five races and his first Nextel Cup Series championship. Johnson had 13 top-fives, 24 top-tens, 1 pole, and he led 854 laps during the 2006 season. In 2007 Johnson had 10 wins, 4 poles, 20 top-fives, and 24 top-tens. At the end of the season, he had won his second championship.

In his 2008 season Johnson got 7 wins, 6 poles, 15 top-fives, 22 top-tens, and his third Sprint Cup Series Championship. Johnson only failed to finish one race in the 2008 season. During the 2009 season Johnson had 7 wins, 4 poles, 16 top-fives, 24 top-tens, and he led a total of 2,238 laps. He finished the season 1st in points, becoming the only driver to win four championships in a row.

In 2010, Johnson won his 5th Sprint Cup Series championship. He finished the season withd 2 pole positions, 17 top-fives, 23 top-tens, 6 wins, 1326 laps led. He failed to finish four of the races in the 2010 season.  With this championship, Johnson became the only driver to have won 5 championships in a row.
References

Other websites

 Team Lowe's Racing: Jimmie Johnson's official web site
 NASCAR.com: Jimmie Johnson
  Jimmie Johnson on FoxSports
 The Jimmie Johnson Foundation

 Jimmie Johnson Video on FoxSports Video Archive 

1975 births
Living people
American racecar drivers
Daytona 500 winners
Sportspeople from California
NASCAR drivers
Mary: A Fiction is a novel written by Mary Wollstonecraft, a British feminist. It is her first and only complete novel. Wollstonecraft wrote it when she was a governess in Ireland. The novel was published in 1788 shortly after she decided to embark on a writing career, an unpopular profession for women in 18th-century Britain.

It tells the story of a heroine's "romantic friendships" with a woman and a man. 

Wollstonecraft was inspired by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea that "geniuses are self-taught", so Wollstonecraft made Mary, the main character, a self-taught heroine. Wollstonecraft describes Mary as independent and capable of defining femininity and marriage for herself. It is Mary's "strong, original opinions" and her resistance to "conventional wisdom" that makes her a genius. Mary also critiques marriage, 18th-century sensibility and its damaging effects on women.

1780s books
English novels
Dwight David Howard (born December 8, 1985 in Atlanta, Georgia) is a professional basketball player. He plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). His position is center. The Magic chose Howard with the first pick overall in the 2004 NBA Draft. Howard did not play college basketball. He entered the draft right out of high school.  Howard is one of the greatest rebounders and defensive players in the history of basketball.  He is the NBA's active leader in offensive rebounds, total rebounds and blocked shots.

Career highlights
Howard has been chosen as the NBA's Defensive Player of the Year three times, and won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 2008.  Howard was also named to the All-NBA First Team three times, was an All-Star five times, and won a gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics.
From roughly 2008 to 2012, Howard was widely considered both the best rebounder, best defensive and center basketball player in the world, as highlighted by leading the league in rebounding almost every season and winning a league record three consecutive NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011.

He showed frustration at the end of 2011-12 NBA season and demanded a trade to either the New Jersey Nets, Los Angeles Lakers or Dallas Mavericks. On August 10, 2012, he was traded from the Magic to the Los Angeles Lakers in a trade that also involved the Philadelphia 76ers and Denver Nuggets.

References

1985 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Orlando Magic players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Sportspeople from Atlanta
National Basketball Association high school draftees
American basketball players
Diagnostic ultrasonography is the use of ultrasound to visualize hidden body structures. This medical imaging technique is used to display muscles, tendons, and other internal organs. It makes it easier to assess damage done to these structures. Obstetric sonography is the name for a number of tests done during the pregnancy of a woman. Diagnostic sonography has a wide field of use, including emergency medicine, where it is regularly performed on patients which are in a state of  shock or trauma. This test is known as Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma. It can detect any fluid in the body cavities. Doctors can then decide whether life-saving surgery must be performed.

Medical imaging
Casting may mean:

 Pouring an object using a mould.
 Casting (metalworking)
Casting (performing arts), selecting a cast of actors.
Excretions from an earthworm.
Casting (fishing) putting bait into the water to catch fish.
Tin(IV) iodide, also known as stannic iodide and tin tetraiodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnI4. It contains tin and iodide ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

Properties
Tin(IV) iodide is a red-orange solid. It reacts with water to make hydriodic acid and tin(IV) oxide. It dissolves in organic solvents. It reacts with hydriodic acid to make the SnI62- ion.

Preparation
It is normally made by reacting iodine with tin. It can also be made by reacting tin(IV) oxide with hydriodic acid.

Related pages
Tin(II) iodide
Tin(IV) chloride

Tin compounds
Iodine compounds
Tin(II) iodide, also known as stannous iodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnI2. It contains tin and iodide ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Tin(II) iodide is a red-orange solid. It is a reducing agent.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving tin or its oxide in hydriodic acid.

Related pages
Tin(IV) iodide
Tin(II) chloride

Tin compounds
Iodine compounds
The medulla oblongata (or medulla) is the lower half of the brainstem.  It is just on top of the spinal cord.  It connects the higher parts of the brain to the spinal cord (see the picture at the right of this page).

The cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control centers are in the medulla.  This means that the medulla controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and the size of the body's blood vessels.  If the medulla did not work, the person would die.

Functions
The medulla does many important things.  It relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord.  Signals from the brain tell the rest of the body what to do.  Signals from the spinal cord tell the brain what is going on in the body.  Without the medulla, none of these signals would get through.

The medulla also controls autonomic functions (things the body does automatically, without a person having to think about them).

The breathing control center
The medulla controls breathing.  Groups of neurons in the medulla tell the body when to breathe in, when to breathe faster, and when to breathe slower.

The medulla measures how much carbon dioxide is in a person's blood.  When the body makes energy, carbon dioxide gets left over.  The body has to get rid of extra carbon dioxide, because it is poisonous.  The only way the body can get rid of carbon dioxide is by breathing it out.

If there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood, the medulla sends signals to the breathing muscles and tells them to work harder.  This makes the person breathe faster, so they can breathe out the extra carbon dioxide.  Once the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood is normal again, the medulla tells the body to breathe slower again.

The cardiac control center
The medulla helps control the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.  The main part of the nerves that control these two systems are in the medulla.  These nerves get signals from other parts of the brain and the body.  These signals help tell the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems what to do.
Together, these two systems control many important things, like how fast the heart beats and how hard it squeezes.  In the cardiac center, there are special nerves that will make the heart beat harder and faster, called excitatory nerves.  There are also inhibitory nerves, which will make the heart beat slower and not as hard.  If a person's blood pressure gets too low, the cardiac center will send a message to the excitatory nerves, telling them to make the heart beat faster and harder.  This raises the blood pressure.  If the blood pressure gets too high, the cardiac center sends a message to the inhibitory nerves, which slow the heart down and make it not beat so hard.  This lowers the blood pressure.  In a healthy person, the cardiac center balances out the signals it sends to these sets of nerves, to keep the blood pressure normal.
The vasomotor control center 
The vasomotor center controls the size of the body's blood vessels.  When a person is stressed or in danger, the vasomotor center makes the blood vessels get smaller.  This is part of the body's "fight or flight" reaction.  It causes more blood to go to the body's most important organs, like the brain, heart, and lungs.  This can help a person survive if they are in danger.  It also makes the blood pressure go up.

At other times, the vasomotor center makes the blood vessels get wider.  This makes the blood pressure go down, and makes it easier for blood to get to some parts of the body.

Reflex control centers 
The medulla also controls some important reflexes, like vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

Other functions 
Sets of neurons in the medulla help control other important things, like movement, digestion, and sleep.

Injuries to the medulla
Because the medulla controls so many important things, injuries to the medulla can cause some serious problems.
For example, an injury to the middle of the medulla can cause these symptoms:
 Paralysis on one side of the body
 Paralysis of part of the tongue
 The person may lose their sense of touch (not be able to feel anything)
 The person may lose their sense of position (not know where their body parts are)

An injury to one side of the medulla can cause these symptoms:
 Trouble swallowing
 Dizziness
 Vomiting
 The person may lose their ability to feel pain or temperature
 The person may lose their gag reflex

If a person's medulla is completely destroyed (for example, from a very bad injury, or because it did not get enough oxygen to survive), that person will die.

References 

Anatomy of the brain
Tin(II) bromide, also known as stannous bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnBr2. It contains tin and bromide ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Tin(II) bromide is a yellowish solid. Its color is between the bright orange tin(II) iodide and the colorless tin(II) chloride. It is a reducing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting tin or its oxide with hydrobromic acid.

Uses
Tin(II) bromide is used to make organic compounds with tin atoms attached.

Related pages
Tin(II) iodide
Tin(IV) bromide

Tin compounds
Bromine compounds
Tin(IV) bromide, also known as stannic bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnBr4. It contains tin and bromide ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

Properties
Tin(IV) bromide is a colorless solid. It melts easily. It is soluble in water.

Preparation
Tin(IV) bromide is made by reacting tin with bromine.

Related pages
Tin(II) bromide
Tin(IV) chloride
Tin(IV) iodide

Tin compounds
Bromine compounds
Tin(IV) fluoride, also known as stannic fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnF4. It contains tin and fluoride ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

Properties
Tin(IV) fluoride is a colorless solid. Its melting point is very high. It reacts with alkali metal fluorides like potassium fluoride to make hexafluorostannates, compounds that have the SnF62- ion in them.

Preparation
Tin(IV) fluoride is made by reacting tin and fluorine. It can also be made by reacting hydrogen fluoride with tin(IV) chloride.

Uses
It is sometimes used in toothpaste, although tin(II) fluoride is more common.

Related pages
Tin(IV) bromide
Tin(IV) iodide
Tin(IV) oxide

Tin compounds
Fluorine compounds
Tin(II) sulfide, also known as stannous sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnS. It contains tin and sulfide ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Tin(II) sulfide is a dark brown solid. It is rarely found as a mineral. It does not dissolve in water but dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Preparation
Tin(II) sulfide is made by reacting tin with sulfur. It can also be made by reacting tin(II) chloride with hydrogen sulfide.

Related pages
Tin(II) oxide
Tin(II) bromide

Tin compounds
Sulfur compounds
Tin(IV) sulfide, also known as stannic sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnS2. It has tin and sulfide ions in it. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

Properties
Tin(IV) sulfide is a gold-colored or brown solid. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen sulfide.

Preparation
Tin(IV) sulfide is made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with tin(IV) compounds such as tin(IV) chloride.

Uses
It is used as a decorative coating because of its color. This coating is known as mosaic gold.

Related pages
Tin(II) sulfide
Tin(IV) oxide

Tin compounds
Sulfur compounds
Tin(II) fluoride, also known as stannous fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnF2. It contains tin and fluoride ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Tin(II) fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. It is a reducing agent. It can be oxidized to solid tin(IV) fluoride, which does not work for dentistry.

Preparation
It is made by reacting tin or its oxide with hydrofluoric acid.

Uses
It is commonly used in toothpastes as a source of fluoride ions. The fluoride ions react with the enamel of the tooth, making it harder to attack by bacteria. It also stops gingivitis. Some mouthwashes have tin(II) fluoride in them.

Related pages
Tin(II) chloride
Tin(IV) chloride

Tin compounds
Fluorine compounds
A foreign reserve is the currency from another nation that is held by a nation's treasury. They are another set of assets in a country. Formerly, only gold and silver were used as reserves, but now the currency of other countries is used. There is a benefit to having a foreign reserve. When a nation has one, it can change the exchange rate to make it best for the country. But sometimes the exchange rate drops and the foreign reserve becomes worthless.

Other websites
Total reserves by each member of the International Monetary Fund

Money
The cerebral cortex is the most important part of the brain. In humans, it is by far the largest part of the brain.

Though this cannot be seen directly, different parts of the cortex have different functions (see diagram). It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. 

It is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It has up to six layers of nerve cells. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick.

In preserved brains, it is grey, so it is often called 'grey matter'. In contrast to gray matter that is formed from neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, the white matter below them is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting neurons in different regions of the cerebral cortex with each other and neurons in other parts of the central nervous system.
The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of it in the human brain is buried in the grooves.

Neocortex 
The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, has six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called 'columns'.

The neocortex is the newest part of the cerebral cortex to evolve. The six-layer neocortex is a distinguishing feature of mammals; it has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex is neocortex.
Allocortex 
Other parts of the cerebral cortex are:
Allocortex: fewer than six layers, more ancient phylogenetically than the mammals, evolved to handle olfaction and the memory of smells.
Archicortex (includes functions related to emotions and memory)
Olfactory cortex
Hippocampus
Paleocortex (3 three to five layers)
The cellular organization of the old cortex is different from the six-layer structure mentioned above.

Notes 

Anatomy of the brain
A Matter of Life and Death is an album by Iron Maiden.  It is their fourteenth album and went on sale on 5 September 2006.

The album talks a lot about war and death, as well as other parts of life.  It was produced by Kevin Shirley.

It is a popular album, and sold within the top ten most popular album in several countries when it was released. It was the first Iron Maiden album to do this in the United States.

Musicians
 Bruce Dickinson - vocals
 Janick Gers - guitar
 Steve Harris - bass guitar
 Nicko McBrain - percussion
 Dave Murray - guitar
 Adrian Smith - guitar

Track listing

Bonus track (iTunes store edition)

References

2006 albums
Iron Maiden albums
Mischievous Kiss (also known as Playful Kiss / It Started with a Kiss) is a Korean television series based on the popular anime/manga called Itazurana Kiss. It has 14 episodes with more than 8 subtitles.

It is about a clumsy student named Oh Ha Ni. She is a senior student from Section F who has a very low IQ.  Oh Ha Ni fell in love with the perfectionist Baek Seuk Jo. Baek has an IQ of 200 and is from section A. When Oh Ha Ni decided to Baek Seung Jo she loved him, he rejected her in front of the entire school. This embarrassed her. When Oh Ha Ni’s house is destroyed, they moved to her father’s long-time friend who turns out to be Baek Seung Jo’s dad. Now that they lived in the same house.

References
http://www.hancinema.net/korean_drama_Mischievous_Kiss.php
http://www.mysoju.com/mischievous-kiss/

2010 television series debuts
2010 establishments in South Korea
One World is a movie festival that takes place each year in Prague, Czech Republic. The theme of the festival is human rights documentary movies. The Czech organization People in Need organizes the festival. People can watch about 130 documentary movies from almost 40 countries during one week. Every year "One World" focuses on a different human rights issue or problem.  The festival also offers other events, such as debates with filmmakers and photography exhibitions. The festival is at the end of April each year.

Other websites
One World Film Festival Official Site

Movie festivals
Festivals in Europe
Prague
People in Need (PIN, Člověk v tísni in Czech) is a Czech organization that does relief work and creates development projects around the world. It works in regions that are in crisis. At the same time, it supports human rights and democratic freedom. PIN is a nonprofit and non-governmental organization.

PIN cooperates with many other organizations such as: Alliance 2015, the Czech Forum for Development Cooperation (FoRS), the European Union Monitoring Center (EUMC), UNHCR, UNICEF, and many others.

PIN had a budget of over 13 million of Euro in 2008 and about 500 staff all over the world.). It works or worked in more than 40 countries.

PIN organizes the One World Film Festival each year to show human rights documentaries.

The organization was founded in 1992 by Šimon Pánek and by Jaromír Štětina. Pánek had been a student activist during the Velvet Revolution. Štětina was journalist who wrote about wars.

Structure

Relief and Development Department
The Relief and Development Department of PIN  helps victims of natural disasters and wars, works against poverty worldwide, and supports universal education. In 2009, the Relief and Development Department was working in eighteen countries in Asia (for example Afghanistan , Cambodia , Sri Lanka ), Africa (e.g. Ethiopia , Angola , Namibia )  and Europe (e. g. Romania , Ukraine, Czech Republic ). Programs focus on education, health care, clean drinking water, hygiene, and support for jobs that can continue for a long time.

Human Rights Department
People in Need supports people who oppose the government and the develop civil society in countries where the government its power to control many parts of daily life. People in Need also gives the Homo Homini award to a person protected human rights and developed democracy without using violence.
Other Departments
PIN has had programs to fight against poverty and social exclusion in the Czech Republic since 1999. They helped people from poor areas with housing, unemployment, or debt problems. Social Integration Programmes (SIP) started in 2006 and now works in more than 50 cities and towns in the Czech Republic. PIN also offers informative and educational programs in schools to teach about poverty and migration.

Criticism
People in Need has been active in Chechnya and Ingushetia since 2000. In 2005, the Russian weekly Argumenty i Fakty claimed the organization supports Chechen separatist and terrorists. PIN said it did not. Then, Russia made the organization leave, but PIN was allowed back in 2007.

Other websites
 People in Need (Official site)
 People in Need (English version)
Homo Homini Award

References

Human rights organizations in Europe
1992 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in the Czech Republic
Jīn Xuěfēi (simplified Chinese: 金雪飞; traditional Chinese: 金雪飛; born February 15, 1956) is a living Chinese-American writer. He uses the pen name Ha Jin (哈金). Ha comes from his favorite city, Harbin. In 1984, he went to America and began to write about China only in English. His work increased international attention to Chinese culture and history.

Early life
Ha Jin was born in Liaoning, China. His father was a military officer. Jin joined the People's Liberation Army during the Cultural Revolution when he was 13 years old. He began to teach himself about Chinese literature and to learn the high school curriculum at sixteen. He left the army when he was nineteen, as he entered Heilongjiang University. He got his B. A. degree in English studies there. Next, he earned a M.A. degree in Anglo-American literature at Shandong University.
Jin grew up in the chaos of early communist China.  He was at Brandeis University when the 1989 Tiananmen incident happened. The way the Chinese government stopped the protest by force was important to Jin. It helped him decide to emigrate to the United States. It also made him choose to write in English "to preserve the integrity of his work." He eventually earned a Ph.D..

Career
Jin sets many of his stories and novels in China in an imaginary place called Muji City. He has won the National Book Award and the PEN/Faulkner Award for his novel, Waiting (1999). He has received three Pushcart Prizes for fiction and a Kenyon Review Prize. Many of his short stories have appeared in The Best American Short Stories anthologies.  His collection Under The Red Flag (1997) won the Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction. Ocean of Words (1996) has been awarded the PEN/Hemingway Award. The novel War Trash (2004), set during the Korean War, won the PEN/Faulkner Award and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize.
Jin teaches at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts. He used to teach at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.

Jin was at the American Academy in Berlin, Germany, in the fall of 2008. He was a Mary Ellen von der Heyden Fellow for Fiction.

Major Works

Poetry
 Between Silences (1990)
 Facing Shadows (1996)
 Wreckage (2001)

Short story collections
 Ocean of Words (1996) 
 Under the Red Flag (1997)
 The Bridegroom (2000)
 A Good Fall (2009)

Novels
 In the Pond (1998)
 Waiting (1999) 
 The Crazed (2002)
 War Trash (2004)
 A Free Life (2007)

Essays
 The Writer as Migrant (2008)

Awards and honors
Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction (1996)
Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award (1997)
Guggenheim Fellowship (1999)
National Book Award (1999)
PEN/Faulkner Award (2000)
Asian Fellowship (2000–2002)
Townsend Prize for Fiction (2002)
PEN/Faulkner Award (2005)
Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2006)

References
References

Bibliography
 John Noell Moore, “The Landscape Of Divorce When Worlds Collide,” The English Journal 92 (Nov. 2002), pp. 124–127.
 Ha Jin, Waiting (New York: Pantheon Books, 1999)
 Neil J Diamant, Revolutionizing the Family: Politics, Love and Divorce in Urban and Rural China, 1949-1968(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000), p. 59.
 Ha Jin, The bridegroom (New York: Pantheon Books, 2000)
 Yuejin Wang, Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 13 (Dec. 1991)
 Ha Jin, "Exiled to English" (New York Times, May 30, 2009)

Other websites
Listen to Ha Jin on The Forum from the BBC World Service
Boston University staff page
Author interview in Guernica Magazine (guernicamag.com)
Online interview with Ha Jin 
On Point: Ha Jin and "A Free Life" 
Ha Jin audio interview re: A Free Life, November 2007
Watch Ha Jin talk about the challenges of writing A Free Life on BUniverse .
Exiled to English
Emotions and dilemmas are universal - Ocean of Words  
Audio: Ha Jin in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum

1956 births
Living people
This prize is given in the United States. There are several other Pulitzer Prizes. The Pulitzer Prize for Fiction is for writing by an American author. Usually this writing is about American life. It started as the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel, which was awarded between 1918 and 1947.

1910s
 1918: His Family  by Ernest Poole
 1919: The Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington

1920s
 1920: no award given
 1921: The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton
 1922: Alice Adams by Booth Tarkington
 1923: One of Ours by Willa Cather
 1924: The Able McLaughlins by  Margaret Wilson
 1925: So Big by Edna Ferber
 1926: Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (declined prize)
 1927: Early Autumn by Louis Bromfield
 1928: The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder
 1929: Scarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin
1930s
 1930: Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge
 1931: Years of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes
 1932: The Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck
 1933: The Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling
 1934: Lamb in His Bosom by Caroline Miller
 1935: Now in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson
 1936: Honey in the Horn by Harold L. Davis
 1937: Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell
 1938: The Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand
 1939: The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings

1940s
 1940: The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck
 1941: no award given 
 1942: In This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow 
 1943: Dragon's Teeth by Upton Sinclair
 1944: Journey in the Dark by Martin Flavin
 1945: A Bell for Adano by John Hersey
 1946: no award given
 1947: All the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren
 1948: Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener
 1949: Guard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens
1950s
 1950: The Way West by A. B. Guthrie, Jr. 
 1951: The Town by Conrad Richter 
 1952: The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk 
 1953: The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway
 1954: No award given
 1955: A Fable by William Faulkner
 1956: Andersonville by MacKinlay Kantor 
 1957: No award given
 1958: A Death in the Family by James Agee 
 1959: The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor

1960s
 1960: Advise and Consent by Allen Drury 
 1961: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
 1962: The Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor
 1963: The Reivers by William Faulkner 
 1964: No award given
 1965: The Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau
 1966: The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter
 1967: The Fixer by Bernard Malamud
 1968: The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron
 1969: House Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday
1970s
 1970: The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford 
 1971: No award given
 1972: Angle of Repose by Wallace Stegner 
 1973: The Optimist's Daughter by Eudora Welty
 1974: No award given 
 1975: The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara
 1976: Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow
 1977: No award given 
 1978: Elbow Room by James Alan McPherson 
 1979: The Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever
1980s
Entries from this point on include the finalists listed after the winner for each year.
 1980: The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer
 Birdy by William Wharton
 The Ghost Writer by Philip Roth
 1981: A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole (posthumous win)
 Godric by Frederick Buechner
 So Long, See You Tomorrow by William Maxwell
 1982: Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike
 A Flag for Sunrise by Robert Stone
 Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson
 1983: The Color Purple by Alice Walker
 Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant by Anne Tyler
 Rabbis and Wives by Chaim Grade
 1984: Ironweed by William Kennedy
 Cathedral by Raymond Carver
 The Feud by Thomas Berger
 1985: Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie
 I Wish This War Were Over by Diana O'Hehir
 Leaving the Land by Douglas Unger
 1986: Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry 
 The Accidental Tourist by Anne Tyler
 Continental Drift by Russell Banks
 1987: A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor
 Paradise by Donald Barthelme
 Whites by Norman Rush
1988: Beloved by Toni Morrison 
 Persian Nights by Diane Johnson
 That Night by Alice McDermott
 1989: Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler
 Where I'm Calling From by Raymond Carver
1990s
 1990: The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos
 Billy Bathgate by E. L. Doctorow
 1991: Rabbit at Rest by John Updike
 Mean Spirit by Linda Hogan
 The Things They Carried by Tim O'Brien
 1992: A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley
 Jernigan by David Gates
 Lila: An Inquiry into Morals by Robert M. Pirsig
 Mao II by Don DeLillo
 1993: A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler
 At Weddings and Wakes by Alice McDermott
 Black Water by Joyce Carol Oates
 1994: The Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx
 The Collected Stories by Reynolds Price
 Operation Shylock: A Confession by Philip Roth
 1995: The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields 
 The Collected Stories by Grace Paley
 What I Lived For by Joyce Carol Oates
 1996: Independence Day by Richard Ford 
 Mr. Ives' Christmas by Oscar Hijuelos
 Sabbath's Theater by Philip Roth
 1997: Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser
 The Manikin by Joanna Scott
 Unlocking the Air and Other Stories by Ursula K. Le Guin
1998: American Pastoral by Philip Roth
 Bear and His Daughter: Stories by Robert Stone
 Underworld by Don DeLillo
 1999: The Hours by Michael Cunningham
 Cloudsplitter by Russell Banks
 The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver