Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Mauritius was first at the Olympic Games in 1984.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games. Mauritius also supported the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.

The National Olympic Committee for Mauritius was formed in 1971 by Ram Ruhee, who remained its Secretary General until 2008. It was officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1972.

Medalists

Summer Games

References

 

Mauritius
Nations at the Olympics
Morocco at the Olympics is a history which began in 1959.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Morocco is MRC.

History
A team from Morocco was first at the Olympic Games in 1960. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Morocco also boycotted the 1976 Games, withdrawing after having initially sent a delegation. Only one Moroccan representative had time to compete before his country's withdrawal: Abderahim Najim took part in the Men's Light Flyweight event in boxing, and lost his first and only match.

Morocco has been in the Winter Olympic Games four times since 1968, but not since 1992.

Moroccan athletes have won a total of twenty two medals, nineteen in athletics and three in boxing.

The National Olympic Committee for Morocco was formed in 1959.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 

Sport in Morocco
Nations at the Olympics
Mozambique has been in 7 Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. 

The National Olympic Committee was formed in 1979 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

List of medalists

Other websites
 IOC page

Mozambique
Nations at the Olympics
Pickford's House Museum of Georgian Life and Costume, No 41 Friar Gate Derby, is a nice Georgian house built by the great architect Joseph Pickford in 1770 for his own family. Pickford had a number of notable customers. One of them was a painter Joseph Wright, whose works can be found in local Derby Museum. The Pickford's museum that was set up in 1988 shows the housing of a late Georgian professional person. The ground floor is furnished as it might have been in Pickford's time together with displays of eighteenth and nineteenth century costume. It is owned and run by the Derby City Council.

"Pickford's House" was intended to showcase his work, with the intention of securing new contacts. It was also his residence. At the rear of the property Pickford had his builder's yard, access being by a driveway to the right of the property.

References 
Article contains a text transported from Pickford's House Museum on the English Wikipedia.
Pickford's House Museum 

Museums in Derby
Namibia at the Olympics is a history of which includes six games in six countries and 34 athletes.  Since 1991, sportsmen of  Namibia have taken part the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Namibia is NAM.

History
The Namibian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1990 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1991.

Teams from Namibia have competed in every Summer Olympic Games since the 1990s.

Namibia has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 Namibia profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
National sports teams of Namibia
Niger at the Olympics is a history which began in 1964. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Niger was NGR.  It is now NIG.

History
Teams from Niger have been to all Summer Olympic Games held since 1964 except for 1976 and 1980.  No athletes from Niger have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 Niger at Olympic.org

Niger
Nations at the Olympics
Nigeria was first at the Olympic Games in 1952.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the boycotted 1976 Summer Olympics.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Nigeria was formed in 1951.

Medalists

References
 

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Rwanda has been in seven Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Olympic Winter Games. 

Rwanda has never won an Olympic medal.  Jean de Dieu Nkundabera won a Paralympic bronze medal for Rwanda in wheelchair racing at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens.

References

Other websites
 Rwanda 
 IOC page
  Rwanda profile at London2012.com 

Rwanda
Nations at the Olympics
Dinosaur is a 2000 prehistoric fantasy-adventure movie produced by Pam Marsden, and was directed by Ralph Zondag and Eric Leighton. It was created by Walt Disney Feature Animation. The movie was released on May 19, 2000 and received positive reviews with 65% ratings on Rotten Tomatoes and a 56 out of 100 on Metacritic. A video game adaptation was released in the same year.

Voice cast 
 D. B. Sweeney as Aladar
 Alfre Woodard as Plio
 Ossie Davis as Yar
 Max Casella as Zini
 Hayden Panettiere as Suri
 Samuel E. Wright as Kron
 Peter Siragusa as Bruton AKA Burton
 Julianna Margulies as Neera
 Joan Plowright as Baylene

References

Other websites 
Dinosaur at the Internet Movie Database

2000 movies
2000 animated movies
2000s computer-animated movies
American fantasy movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Movies about dinosaurs
Movies set in Africa
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
São Tomé and Príncipe has been in four Summer Games. The first appearance was at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. They have never been in the Winter Games. The country has never won a medal. 

The National Olympic Committee for São Tomé and Príncipe was formed in 1979.  The International Olympic Committee recognized them in 1993.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  São Tomé and Príncipe profile at London2012.com 
 IOC page

São Tomé and Príncipe
Nations at the Olympics
Senegal at the Olympics is a history which began in 1954.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Senegal was SGL.  It is now SEN.

History
Senegal has been to all Summer Olympic Games held since 1964.  Unlike most surrounding nations, Senegal has never missed any Summer Olympics since its independence.

Senegal is among the small group of tropical countries that have been in the Winter Olympic Games.  Its winter athletes have been in four Winter Olympics since 1984

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 Senegal at Olympic.org
  Senegal profile at London2012.com 

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Seychelles was first at the Olympic Games in 1980.  They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then, missing only the 1988 Games in support of North Korea.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, no Seychellois athlete has won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Seychelles was created in 1979.  They were recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Seychelles profile at London2012.com  
 Seychelles Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association

Seychelles
Nations at the Olympics
Sierra Leone at the Olympics is a history which began in 1968. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Sierra Leone is SLE.

History
Teams from Sierra Leone have been to every Summer Olympic Games held since 1968,  with the exception of 1972 and 1976.  They have never won an Olympic medal.  No athletes from Sierra Leone have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Sierra Leone profile at London2012.com 
 IOC page

Sport in Sierra Leone
Nations at the Olympics
Somalia was first at the Olympic Games in 1972.  They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then. Somalia has never been in any Winter Olympic Games. The nation boycotted the 1976 Games along with most other African nations, and also joined the boycott in 1980.  Despite the ongoing Somali Civil War, the nation has been able to send small contingents to each Games since 1996.

The National Olympic Committee for Somalia was formed in 1959 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1972.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Somalia profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Somalia
Nations at the Olympics
John Surtees CBE (11 February 1934 – 10 March 2017) was a British racing driver on both motorcycles and in Formula One. He was the only person to win the Drivers' Championship in both Formula One and in the 500cc Motorcycle Championship, which is the top level in motorcycling racing.

Surtees was born in Tatsfield, Surrey.
He started racing in motorcycling in 1952, won his first race in 1956, as well as winning the 500cc Motorcycle Championship in 1956, as well as 1958, 1959 and 1960. Surtees moved on to Formula One in 1960, earning his first podium position by placing second in the British Grand Prix, and earning pole position in the Portuguese Grand Prix. He joined Ferrari in 1963, placing fourth in the championship. Surtees won the Drivers' Championship in 1964 by one point. He stayed with Ferrari in 1965 but left midway through 1966, joining Cooper and eventually placing second in the Drivers' Championship. After that, Surtees joined Honda Racing (not to be confused with the Honda Racing team that ran from 2006-2008). 

Surtees eventually made his own team, simply named Surtees. He raced with the team until his retirement in 1972. After that, he simply ran the team, until the team left Formula One in 1978. His team also ran in the Formula 2 Championship, which in 1972, Mike Hailwood won the Formula Two Championship.
Surtees died on 10 March 2017 in a hospital in London from respiratory failure, aged 83.

References

English Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Surrey
Disease-related deaths in London
Deaths from respiratory failure
1934 births
2017 deaths
South Africa was first at the Olympic Games in 1904, and sent athletes toevery Summer Olympic Games until 1960.  After the passage of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761 in 1962 in response to South Africa's policy of apartheid, the nation was barred from the Games.

After the negotiations to end apartheid in 1990, the nation re-joined the Olympic movement.  The South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee was formed in 1991, and South Africa returned to the Games at the 1992 Summer Olympics (and the 1992 Summer Paralympics).  South Africa was also in the Winter Olympic Games in 1960, and since 1994.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee
 South Africa profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in South Africa
National sports teams of South Africa
The Portland Timbers are a soccer team in Portland, Oregon, United States. In 1975, the team took the name "Timbers" because Oregon is known for logging and forestry. The team colors are green and gold (yellow). At every Timbers game in Portland, the Timbers Army are a large group of the loudest and proudest Timbers fans.

Today, the team plays in Major League Soccer. The team played in the USL First Division before they joined Major League Soccer in 2011.

The team's name may also be inspired by a club of the same name based in the same city that competed in the original  NASL  in the 70's and early 80's.

References

Notes

1970s establishments in Oregon
1975 establishments in the United States
Major League Soccer teams
Portland, Oregon
Soccer in the United States
Crash is a Canadian-British drama movie set in Toronto, Ontario. It was written and directed by David Cronenberg. The movie is based on the 1973 novel of the same name. The movie is about people taking sexual pleasures from vehicle accidents. The movie stars James Spader, Deborah Kara Unger, Elias Koteas, Holly Hunter and Rosanna Arquette. It is rated NC-17 as a result of graphic language and explicit sexual content. Crash was released in 1997 in the U.S. It created strong controversy when it was released.

Other websites 

1996 drama movies
1990s LGBT movies
1996 thriller movies
1990s British drama movies
British LGBT movies
British thriller movies
Canadian drama movies
Canadian thriller movies
Obscenity controversies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
NC-17 rated movies
Toronto
Canadian LGBT movies
Movies directed by David Cronenberg
1996 independent movies
Diet sodas (or diet pop, diet, sugar-free, or light soft drinks, refreshments, or carbonated beverages) are usually sugar-free, artificially sweetened, non-alcoholic carbonated beverages targeted towards health-conscious people, diabetics, athletes, and other people who want to lose weight, improve physical fitness, or reduce how much sugar they eat.

Sweetening
Different artificial sweeteners are used instead of sugar to give diet soda a sweet taste and some are often used combined with one another.

Aspartame
Aspartame, commonly known by the brand name NutraSweet, is one of the most commonly used artificial sweeteners. When aspartame-sweetened Diet Coke was released in 1982 it make aspartame more popular.  Today, at least in the United States, when the word "diet" is seen or heard it is assumed to be aspartame.
Cyclamates
The first artificial sweeteners used in diet soda were cyclamates (often synergistically with saccharin).  While many say these cyclamate-sweetened soda had a better taste than the diet soda that came after them, in 1970 the Food and Drug Administration banned cyclamates in the United States because there was proof that they caused cancer in lab rats.  Cyclamates are still used in many countries around the world, including for diet soda.
Saccharin
Once cyclamates were banned, American producers turned to saccharin.  Saccharin alone was often criticized for having a bitter taste and "chemical" aftertaste.  Some manufacturers, such as Coca-Cola with Tab, attempted to rectify this by adding a small amount of sugar.  In 1977, the FDA was petitioned to ban saccharin, too, as a carcinogen, but a moratorium was placed on the ban until studies were conducted.  The ban was lifted in 1991, but by that time, virtually all diet soda production had shifted to using aspartame. Perhaps the most notable holdout is Tab, which nevertheless also uses some aspartame in its formula.
Sucralose and acesulfame potassium; "sugar-free" sodas
Recently two other sweeteners, sucralose (marketed as Splenda) and acesulfame potassium ("Sunett" or "Ace K" (the K is the chemical symbol for potassium) which is usually used in conjunction with aspartame, sucralose, or saccharin rather than alone) have come into growing use, particularly by smaller beverage producers (e.g. Big Red).  Diet Rite is the non-aspartame diet soda brand with the highest sales today; it uses a combination of sucralose and acesulfame potassium.

Advocates say drinks employing these sweeteners have a more natural sugar-like taste than those made just with aspartame, and do not have a strong aftertaste.  The newer aspartame-free drinks can also be safely consumed by phenylketonurics, because they do not contain phenylalanine.  Critics say the taste is not better, merely different, or note that the long-term health risks of all or certain artificial sweeteners is unclear.
The widespread, though not universal, agreement that the newest formulations taste much more "normal" (sugar-like) than the older diet sodas have prompted some producers, such as Jones Soda, to abandon the "diet" label entirely in favor of "sugar-free soda," implying that the taste is good enough to drink the soda even when not trying to lose weight. (This idea was first floated by Diet Coke in 1984, with the tagline, "Just For the Taste of It.")

In 2005, the Coca-Cola Company announced it would produce a new formulation of Diet Coke sweetened with sucralose, to be called Diet Coke with Splenda, but it would continue to produce the aspartame version as well.  There were also rumors that a sugar-free version of Coca-Cola Classic, also sweetened with sucralose, was being formulated as well. This formulation was eventually called Coca-Cola Zero, though it is sweetened with aspartame in conjunction with acesulfame potassium.
History
The beginning of the diet soda or refreshment era was in 1952, when Kirsch Bottling in Brooklyn, New York launched a sugar free ginger ale called No-Cal. It was designed for diabetics, not dieters, and distribution remained local. Royal Crown Cola placed an announcement in an Atlanta newspaper in 1958 announcing a diet soda product, Diet Rite. In 1962, Dr Pepper released a diet(etic) version of its soda, although it sold slowly due to the misconception that it was meant solely for diabetic consumption. In 1963, the Coca-Cola Company joined the diet soda market with Tab, which proved to be a huge success. Tab was originally sweetened with cyclamates and saccharin.
Tab, Diet Rite, and Fresca (a grapefruit-flavored soda introduced by Coca-Cola) were the only brand-name diet refreshments on the market until Pepsi released Diet Pepsi in the 1960s (initially as  Patio Diet Cola).  Diet 7 Up was also released in 1963 under the name Like.  It was discontinued in 1969 due to the US government ban of cyclamate sweetener. After reformulation, it was reintroduced as Diet 7 Up in 1970. It was renamed Sugar Free 7 Up in 1973 then back to Diet 7 Up in 1979.  Coca-Cola countered by releasing Diet Coke in 1982. After the release of Diet Coke, Tab took a backseat on the Coca-Cola production lines; Diet Coke could be more easily identified by consumers as associated with Coca-Cola than Tab. Additionally, a study was released claiming that saccharin was a possible carcinogen, leading to Coca-Cola's decision to decrease production of Tab
. Prompted by the rising popularity of soft drinks, in the mid-1980s some of those in the alcohol industry began to follow their lead with some beer companies putting sugar-free beer on the market.
By the early 1990s, a wide array of different companies had their own diet refreshments on supermarket shelves. Tab made a comeback during the late 1990s, after new studies demonstrated that saccharin is not an important factor in the risk of cancer. Nevertheless, the Coca-Cola Company has maintained its 1984 reformulation, replacing some of the saccharin in Tab with NutraSweet.

By 2002, some soda companies had diversified to include such flavors as vanilla and lemon among their products, and diet sodas were soon being produced with those flavors as well (see Diet Vanilla Coke, Diet Pepsi Vanilla). By 2004, several alcohol companies had released sugar-free or "diet" alcoholic products too.

Health concerns

There are possible health concerns of sugar substitutes and caffeine overuse.   Also, the effectiveness of diet soda as a weight loss tool should also be considered.
A preliminary abstract presented by the University of Miami's Hannah Gardener linked daily consumption of diet soda to a 61% higher incidence of "vascular events" such as strokes and heart attacks, although Gardener acknowledged that these results could not be conclusively linked to harmful effects of diet soda itself, and may be the result of other behaviors. The author stated confirmation was required prior to drawing conclusions.  These studies were published as abstracts and presented at a conference. These data and conclusions should be considered to be preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal

Among individuals who drink several regular sodas per day, diet soda may be a better choice, according to a website on dieting. Studies have also indicated that body mass gain is an unlikely consequence of artificial sweetener consumption.
Animal studies suggest that artificial sweeteners cause body weight gain, theoretically because of a faulty insulin response, at least in cattle and rats. Rats given sweeteners have steadily increased caloric intake, increased body weight, and increased adiposity (fatness). Adding saccharin to the food of calves increases their body weight as well.

Nomenclature
In some countries outside the United States and Canada, the term "light" is often used instead of "diet".
Reduced-calorie soda
In an effort to cash in on the surging popularity of low-carbohydrate diets, in 2004 both Coca-Cola and Pepsico released reduced-calorie versions of their flagship sodas that contain approximately half the sugar of the regular version.  The Pepsi variant, Pepsi Edge, is sweetened with sucralose and corn syrup.  The sweetening of the Coca-Cola variant, Coca-Cola C2, is a combination of corn syrup, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, and sucralose.  Pepsi discontinued Edge in 2005, citing lackluster sales.  Coca-Cola soon followed suit.

Half the sugar of a can of regular cola is still more sugar than many people on popular low-carbohydrate diets are permitted to have in a day. It is possible that these sodas are targeted, instead, at so-called "carb-conscious consumers" who are paying attention to, but not trying to drastically reduce, their carbohydrate intake.

References

Soft drinks
Zulu or isiZulu ( isiZulu) is the language of the Zulu people. 10 million people speak Zulu, and most of them (95%) live in South Africa. It is the most common home language in South Africa, where 24% of people speak it at home. Over 50% of the population also speak and understand the language.

In 1994, it became one of South Africa's 11 official languages. Like other Bantu languages, Zulu is written using the Latin alphabet.

Where it is spoken 

Zulu belongs to the Nguni group of Bantu languages. Zulu migrants (people who move from place to place) have taken the language to other regions. There are now Zulu speakers in Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, Malawi, and Swaziland. 

Zulu speakers in Zimbabwe speak a dialect called "Northern Ndebele language."

People who speak Xhosa can understand most Zulu. The opposite is also true: Zulu speakers can understand Xhosa. Xhosa language is the most common language spoken in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.

History
History 

The Zulu, Xhosa, and other Nguni people have lived in South Africa for a long time. The Zulu language has a lot of click sounds common in Southern African languages. These click sounds are not found in the rest of Africa. The Nguni people have lived together with other Southern tribes like the San and Khoi. 

Zulu and all other native Southern African languages was at first an oral language. It was not written down until missionaries came from Europe. These missionaries used the Latin alphabet to write the Zulu language. The first Zulu grammar book was published in Norway in 1850 by Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder.

The oldest document written in Zulu is a Bible from 1883. John Dube, a Zulu from Natal, wrote the first Zulu novel, Insila kaShaka, in 1933. Another important Zulu author was Reginald Dhlomo. Dhlomo wrote U-Dingane (1936), U-Shaka (1937), U-Mpande (1938), U-Cetshwayo (1952) and U-Dinizulu (1968). Other important Zulu writers are Benedict Wallet Vilakazi and Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali.
Before 1994, the Zulu language was controlled by the Zulu Language Board in KwaZulu-Natal. Today, the Pan South African Language Board supports the use of all 11 official languages of South Africa.

Use today 
Before 1994, the official languages of South Africa were English, Dutch, and Afrikaans. During Apartheid, Zulu was spoken commonly in the Kwazulu bantustan. All education, however, at the high school level was in English or Afrikaans.

After Apartheid ended in 1994, Zulu became one of the official languages in South Africa. The SABC first started showing Zulu-language television and news programs in the 1980s. There are many Zulu radio stations and newspapers available, mostly in the Kwazulu-Natal province and Johannesburg. The first full-length feature film in Zulu was Yesterday. It was made in 2004 and nominated for an Academy Award (Oscar).
In The Lion King movie, the "Circle of Life" song has many Zulu phrases in it. Some of these phrases are:
 Ingonyama nengw' enamabala ()
 Nants ingonyama bakithi Baba ()
 Siyo nqoba ()
Other Lion King songs also had Zulu phrases in them.

 Standard and urban Zulu 
There are two main types of Zulu. One type is called standard Zulu, and it is taught in schools. Standard Zulu is also called "deep Zulu" (). Standard Zulu is a purist language. This means that new ideas are described using words that are derived from other Zulu words.

The other type of Zulu is called urban Zulu (). Urban Zulu is the kind of Zulu spoken by people who live in cities. Urban Zulu uses loan words borrowed from other languages to describe new ideas. Most of these loan words come from English.

Some of these different words for new ideas in Standard and Urban Zulu are listed here:

These two different types of Zulu language make problems in learning and education. Young people speak urban Zulu and do not often understand standard Zulu.
Phrases 
This is a list of phrases in Zulu.

Common place names in Zulu
Zulu place names occur in the locative form most of the time. A place name is both a preposition and a name. Changing the prefix of the place name changes the preposition.

For example, the Zulu name for Johannesburg is iGoli. The word eGoli means to/at/in/from Johannesburg. The root word Goli means "Johannesburg," but doesn't mean anything by itself in Zulu.

Most of the time, changing the i- or u- prefix to the e- prefix changes the meaning like this. In some cases, like with Durban, the name changes too.

 'Zulu' or 'isiZulu'? 
The Zulu name for the language is isiZulu. The isi- prefix means "language." (It also means other things, but here it means language.) For example, isiNgisi means English, isiXhosa means Xhosa, isiBhunu means Afrikaans, and isiJalimane means German.

When the word Zulu has a prefix that is not "isi-", it means a lot of different things. This is a table that shows how the meanings of the word changes:
Zulu words in South African English
Many Zulu words are used in South African English. Some words, like the names of local animals, are used in standard English. Impala and mamba, for example, are zulu words. Some Zulu words used in South African English are:

 Muti (from umuthi) - medicine
 Donga (from udonga) - ditch (udonga actually means 'wall' in Zulu)
 Indaba - conference (it means 'an item of news' in Zulu)
 inDuna - chief or leader
 Shongololo''' (from ishongololo'') - millipede
 Ubuntu - compassion/humanity.

Sources 
 UCLA Language Materials Project  - Zulu

References

Other websites

Ethnologue report on Zulu
Zulu phrasebook on Wikivoyage
Zulu Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix)

Bantu languages
Languages of South Africa
Antichrist is a 2009 supernatural horror movie. It was directed by Lars von Trier. The movie stars Willem Dafoe and Charlotte Gainsbourg. This movie caused serious controversy upon its release in multiple countries during 2009. The movie was not submitted to the MPAA because of fear that it would be rated NC-17 for graphic violence.

Accolades

References

Other websites 
 

2009 movies
English-language movies
2009 horror movies
Danish horror movies
German horror movies
French horror movies
Italian horror movies
Polish movies
Swedish movies
Swedish horror movies
Movies directed by Lars von Trier
Obscenity controversies
The Zulu  are the largest ethnic group in South Africa. There are 10-12 million Zulu living in South Africa, mostly in KwaZulu-Natal province. However, a small number of Zulu also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Mozambique. The Zulu language, called , is a Bantu language of the Nguni subgroup.

The Zulu Kingdom was very important in South African history during the 1800s and 1900s. During Apartheid, the Zulu people were third-class citizens and suffered from official discrimination. Today the Zulu people are the largest ethnic group in South Africa and have equal rights.

Beginning 
The Zulu were originally a major clan in the area that is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal. The Zulu clan was started around the year 1709 by Zulu kaNtombhela. In the Nguni languages, the words iZulu, iliZulu, and liTulu mean heaven, or sky.
In the early 1700s, many large Nguni communities and clans lived in the area. These groups were called isizwe (nations) and isibongo (clans). These Nguni communities had migrated down the East coast of Africa over thousands of years. These movements of people were called the Bantu migrations. They probably arrived in what is today South Africa in the 800s.

Related pages
 Shaka Zulu
 Zulu language

References

Other websites 
 History section of the official page for the Zululand region , Zululand.kzn.org
 People of Africa, Zulu marriage explained, africanholocaust.net
 Izithakazelo, wakahina.co.za

Ethnic groups in South Africa
The National Trust, more fully the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, is a conservation organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Trust does not work in Scotland, as they have a different National Trust.

The trust owns many historic houses and gardens, as land such as beauty spots. To visit the place the National Trust owns, there is often a entry charge, but most beauty spots are free. The National Trust is one of the largest charities  in the United Kingdom, and also one of the largest UK land owners.

References

Conservation organisations of the United Kingdom
Swindon
Linkinhorne is a parish and village in southeast Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village itself is at  and is approximately four miles (6.5 km) northwest of Callington and seven miles (11 km) south of Launceston.

As well as Linkinhorne itself, other settlements in the parish include Bray Shop, Caradon Town, Downgate, Henwood, Ley Mill, Minions, and Upton Cross.

The area is bordered by the River Inny in the north-east and Bodmin Moor to the west. The valley of the River Lynher runs through the parish. The parish is largely rural but west of the B3254 road from Launceston to Liskeard it includes part of Caradon Hill, once an industrialised mining area.

The parish church of St Melor is built of granite and dates from the 15th century.

References

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
The Gordon Bennett Cup for auto racing was set up by James Gordon Bennett, Jr.. He was the millionaire owner of the New York Herald. The award was first given in 1900 in France. It was a car-racing event between teams from different countries.

History
In 1900, the Automobile Club de France (ACF) was given the trophy (prize). The trophy could be won in a race between automobile clubs from different countries. The trophy was given out every year until 1905. After that, the ACF held the first Grand Prix motor racing event at the Circuit de la Sarthe, in Le Mans.

The British Racing Green was first used in the 1903 Gordon Bennet Cup in Ireland.

The Gordon Bennett Cup auto races included racing drivers from across Europe. There were also drivers from the United States like Alexander Winton, who drove his Winton automobile.
The rules were that the races were held in the country of the winner of the year before. The races were between national teams. Because of this, the national racing colours had to be set for each country. Great Britain had to choose a different colour to red, white or blue (the colours of the flag) because they had been taken by Italy, Germany and France. They choose shamrock green because the race that year was run in Ireland. This became known as  British racing green.

Gordon Bennett Cup winners

References

1900 establishments in France
Auto racing
The Great Ireland Run is an 10-kilometre road running competition which is held in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland in mid-April. It is held every year since 2003.

It is part of the Great Run series of athletics competitions. It has IAAF Bronze Label Road Race status. It is sponsored by SPAR and features both an elite race (for sportspeople) and a popular race (for the general public). There is also a 2.5 km fun run for 8–15-year-old runners.

The 10 km race course begins at Chesterfield Avenue. It goes around in a clock-wise route to finish on Furze Road. Over 10,000 people took part in the day's events in 2011.

People who have run the race include former marathon world record holder Paul Tergat, and World Championship medallist Meselech Melkamu, as well as some of Ireland's foremost athletes such as 1995 World Champion Sonia O'Sullivan and cross country specialist Catherina McKiernan.

Past winners
Key:

Statistics

Winners by country

People who won it more than once

References
References

List of winners
Race History . Great Ireland Run. Retrieved on 2010-04-25.

Sport in Dublin
2003 in sports
Sports events
Prêt-à-Porter (United States title Ready to Wear) is a 1994 movie. It stars Julia Roberts, Sophia Loren and Lauren Bacall. The movie is about fashion modeling. There are many cameo appearances by other celebrities. The movie was released in December 1994.

1994 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Robert Altman
American independent movies
The Office of Public Works (OPW) () is a public service of the Republic of Ireland. It is part of the government's Department of Finance. The job of the office is mainly to look after historical buildings in Ireland. The buildings they look after are owned by the government.

Role 
They also assist in during elections, help with buying supplies and offer printing services for the government. The office is in charge of the Government Supplies Agency. They print the Irish Statute Book and the Iris Oifigiúil magazine.

History 
The office was created on 15 October 1831. It was then known as the Board of Works. It put together the Office of the Surveyor-General for Ireland, the Barracks Board, and Navigation Board.

Before 1996, the OPW was also responsible for a lot of heritage sites in Ireland. In 1996, the management of the sites were taken over by a separate agency, Dúchas - The Heritage Service.
Organisation 
The Minister for Finance has overall responsibility for the organisation. The people working for the office are civil servants.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Government of the Republic of Ireland
1831 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in the Republic of Ireland
Jhulelal may refer to:

Jhulelal (Hinduism), a Hindu water idol
Jhulelal (Sufism), a title of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (1177–1275), Muslim mystic of the Suhrawardy Sufi order
The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper. It is published in both compact and broadsheet sizes. It is the main publication of Independent News and Media. It is also called The Independent or Indo for short.

History
The Irish Independent was formed in 1905. Before then, there was a paper called Daily Irish Independent. This was an 1890s pro-Parnellite newspaper.

The Irish Independent was launched by William Martin Murphy. He was a controversial Irish nationalist businessman. He was against Charles Stewart Parnell.

During the 1913 Lockout of workers, Murphy was the leader among the employers. His paper, Irish Independent, published news reports and opinion pieces that were against the workers who were on strike. It wrote that the union's would lose that fight.

The Irish Independent said about the 1916 Easter Rising that it was "insane and criminal". It famously called for the shooting of its leaders.
In December 1919, during the Irish War of Independence, a group of twenty IRA men destroyed the printing works of the paper. They did this because the paper was not writing good things about the Irish Republican Army. They said the paper was pro-British and had a Unionist stance.

In 1924, the traditional nationalist newspaper, the Freeman's Journal, merged with the Irish Independent.

In the 1970s, it was taken over by former Heinz chairman Tony O'Reilly.

References

Other websites
 

Newspapers in Europe
Ireland
Santa Clara is a city in California. It is very close to the San Jose International Airport. It also has a light rail station, called the Lick Mill. It is also the home of Levi's Stadium, where the San Francisco 49ers play their home games.

Santa Clara is part of Santa Clara County and Silicon Valley. Several large technology companies are based in Santa Clara, such as Intel, Nvidia, and Advanced Micro Devices. The city is also home to Santa Clara University, which is the oldest university in California, founded by Jesuits.

Other websites 
Santa Clara from Google Maps

References
Montclair is a township in New Jersey. It is known for its parks. Montclair about 6 sq mi and is located 12 miles outside of NYC. It is known for its diversity and liberal values. 

Townships in New Jersey
Essex County, New Jersey
Cheyney is an unincorporated community in Pennsylvania. Cheyney University of Pennsylvania is nearby.

Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania
The PlayStation Network is where you can sign up for free to play games. At one time hackers shut down the network, but later PlayStation Network returned online.

References

Sony
PlayStation
Dietmar "Didi" Constantini (born 30 May, 1955 in Innsbruck, Austria) is a former Austrian football player and coach.

Career
Constantini started playing with FC Wacker Innsbruck. With the team he won the Austrian Championship two times. After one year with LASK Linz, he went to Greece. This was the only time he spent with a squad from abroad. In 1982, he came back to Austria and played with different clubs from the first and second league. After his time with the Wiener Sportclub, he ended his career as player.

He played 198 league matches (5 goals, 2*Austrian football champion, 1 Austrian Cup). He played matches for the Austrian Under 18 team and the amateur national team.
Coaching career
His first experiences as coach was in Saudi-Arabia and for SK Rapid Wien as assistant coach. Then he went to the ÖFB where he became coach of the Under 21 national team and at the same time assistant coach with the national team. After the demotion of head coach Alfred Riedl he did not become coach of the team, so he went on to different clubs in Austria and Germany. (FSV Mainz 05, LASK, Admira Wackerand FC Tirol Innsbruck.)

In 1998, he started football camps for children so he could not became coach of a team. He was only caretaker for FK Austria Wien, FC Kärnten and manager of SV Austria Salzburg. He worked in the meantime as expert for the football broadcast of ATV and organized his camps. In 2006/07, he was coach of FC Superfund Pasching.
Team coach
On 4 March 2009, Constantini became coach of the Austrian national football team. In the six last qualification matches the team made 10 points but could not qualify for the 2010 World Cup. In September the contract was prolonged till 2012. Constantini had troubles with some players but he also gave young players a chance to play in the team (Aleksandar Dragović, Yasin Pehlivan, Julian Baumgartlinger or Jakob Jantscher).

After the first matches in the qualification for the EURO 2012 Austria did not qualify so the contract was dissolved.

1955 births
Living people
Austria national football team managers
Austrian football managers
Austrian footballers
Sportspeople from Innsbruck
LASK managers
FK Austria Wien managers
Players of LASK
Austrian football champions
Charles Felix (Carlo Felice Giuseppe Maria; 6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) was born a Prince of Savoy and was later the last mainline Savoyard monarch of Sardinia. He was a nephew of Charles III of Spain and cousin of Maria I of Portugal as well as son in law of Maria Carolina of Austria. He was King of Sardinia from 1821 to 1831.

Biography

Early life

Carlo Felice was born in Turin as the eleventh child and fifth son born to Victor Amadeus III and Maria Antonia of Spain. From birth he was titled as the Duke of Genoa and the Marquis of Susa from 1796. He was a younger brother of Charles Emmanuel IV and Victor Emmanuel I. He spent his childhood with his sister Maria Carolina, the Count of Moriana, living at the Castle of Moncalieri. He had a very closed character.

Marriage

He was married by proxy to Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily on 7 March 1807. She was a daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Carolina of Austria, sister of Marie Antoinette.

Succession
Succession 

He was not expected to ever succeed to the throne. However Charles Emmanuel never had any children and abdicated the throne on June 4, 1802. Victor Emmanuel I had four living daughters when he abdicated the throne in 1821. As the succession was regulated by the Salic Law, Charles Felix succeeded his brother on the throne. He and his wife died without issue after a reign of ten years. He was succeeded by the senior male of his House as Charles Albert of Savoy after he died in Turin at the Palazzo Chablais which had been given to him by his sister Princess Maria Anna.

Legacy
The Teatro Carlo Felice in Genoa was named after him as well as the main road of the island of Sardinia, the Strada statale 131 Charles Felix, that connects the towns of Cagliari and Sassari-Porto Torres, realised in 19th century, is entitled to him.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
Titles and styles

6 April 1765 – 12 March 1821 His Royal Highness the Duke of Genoa
12 March 1821 – 27 April 1831 His Majesty the King of Sardinia

1765 births
1831 deaths
People from Turin
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Dukes and duchesses
Madison Avenue was not part of the original New York City street grid established in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, and was carved between Park Avenue (formerly Fourth) and Fifth Avenue in 1836, due to the effort of lawyer and real estate developer Samuel B. Ruggles. Ruggles was a graduate of Yale University who had previously purchased and developed New York's Gramercy Park in 1831, who was in part responsible for the development of Union Square and who also named Lexington Avenue.

Traffic
Madison Avenue carries one-way traffic uptown (northbound) from 23rd Street to 135th Street, with the change from two-way traffic having taken place on January 14, 1966, at which time Fifth Avenue was changed to one way downtown (southbound).
One lane of Madison Avenue in Midtown is limited to turns made by city buses or taxicabs, at some hours of the day. Based on Section 4-12(m) of the New York City Traffic Rules, driving a vehicle, other than a bus, is prohibited in the bus lane on Madison Avenue to turn right during the restricted hours specified by sign between 42nd Street and 59th Street. All vehicles are allowed at 60th Street, but a taxicab carrying a passenger may use the bus lane to turn right at 46th Street.

Advertising industry
The term "Madison Avenue" is often used to mean "advertising". Madison Avenue became identified with the advertising industry after the quick growth along the avenue during the 1920s.

According to The Emergence of Advertising in America, by the year 1861 there were twenty advertising agencies in New York City. In 1911, the New York City Association of Advertising Agencies was founded, as years ahead of the establishment of the American Association of Advertising Agencies.
Among various depictions in popular culture, the portion of the advertising industry which centers on Madison Avenue serves as a backdrop for the AMC television drama Mad Men, which focuses on industry activities during the 1960s.

Late in the 20th century, many agencies left Madison Avenue. Some moved further downtown and others moved west. Today, only a few agencies are still located in the old business cluster on Madison Avenue, including Young & Rubicam, StrawberryFrog, TBWA Worldwide and Doyle Dane Bernbach. However, the term is still used to describe the agency business as a whole and the large, New York–based agencies in particular.

References

Roads in New York City
Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 - 2 January 1819) was Queen consort of Spain from 1788 to 1808 as the wife of King Charles IV of Spain. She was the youngest daughter of Duke Philip of Parma and his wife, Louise Élisabeth of France, the eldest daughter of King Louis XV.

Biography

Christened Luisa Maria Teresa Anna, but known as María Luisa was born at the Ducal Palace of Colorno in the Duchy of Parma. She was the favourite child of her mother, who tried to engage her to the heir to the French throne, however the prince died in 1761. In 1762 Maria Luisa became engaged to the Prince of Asturias (heir to the throne), Charles, later King Charles IV of Spain. She married the future Charles IV on 4 September 1765. From her marriage she was the most senior female at the Spanish court, Queen Maria Amalia having died in 1761.
Maria Luisa was regularly painted by the famous Spanish artist Goya. She was often described by contemporaries as an ugly, vicious, and coarse woman who greatly dominated the king. Maria Luisa dominated her husband and was believed to have had many love affairs, but there is no evidence that Maria Luisa had any lovers. Gossip pointed out Manuel de Godoy, her husband's Prime Minister, was her long-time lover. She was unpopular during her reign and has also long had a bad reputation in history, mainly because of her alleged love affairs and her support of pro-French policies that eventually were not good for Spain. In 1792, the Order of Queen Maria Luisa was founded on her suggestion, an order which was given only to women.
Her husband abdicated the throne of Spain in 1808, and together with Maria Luisa and Godoy spent the rest of his life in exile. When Napoleon's army invaded the country, several pamphlets blamed her for that. Maria Luisa spent some years in France and then in Rome, Italy. Both Maria Luisa and her husband died in Italy in early 1819.

Children
Infante Carlos Clemente of Spain (19 September 1771 – 7 March 1774) died in infancy.
Infanta Carlota of Spain (25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830) married John VI of Portugal and had issue.
Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (11 September 1777 – 2 July 1782) died in infancy.
Infanta Maria Amalia of Spain (9 January 1779 – 22 July 1798) married Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain, no issue.
Infante Carlos Domingo of Spain (5 March 1780 – 11 June 1783) died in infancy.
Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (6 July 1782 – 13 March 1824) married Louis of Etruria and had issue.
Infante Carlos  Francisco of Spain (5 September 1783 – 11 November 1784) died in infancy.
Infante Felipe Francisco of Spain (5 September 1783 – 18 October 1784) died in infancy.
Ferdinand VII of Spain (14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833).
Infante Carlos, Count of Molina (29 March 1788 – 10 March 1855).
Infanta Maria Isabel of Spain (6 June 1789 – 13 September 1848) married Francis I of the Two Sicilies and had issue.
Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (16 February 1791 – 2 November 1794) died in infancy.
Infante Felipe Maria of Spain (28 March 1792 – 1 March 1794) died in infancy.
Infante Francisco Antonio de Paula of Spain, Duke of Cadiz (10 March 1794 – 13 August 1865) married Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily and had issue.
Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

9 December 1751 - 4 September 1765 Her Royal Highness Princess Maria Luisa of Parma
4 September 1765 - 14 December 1788 Her Royal Highness The Princess of Asturias
14 December 1788 - 19 March 1808 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
19 March 1808 - 2 January 1819 Her Majesty Queen Maria Luisa

Related pages

|- ! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF" | Spanish royalty

Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Bourbons of Parma
1751 births
People from Parma
1819 deaths
Icknield Street or Ryknild Street is a Roman road in Britain that runs from the Fosse Way at Bourton on the Water in Gloucestershire to Templeborough in South Yorkshire. It passes through Alcester, Birmingham, Lichfield and Derby.

Four Roman roads are named in the Laws of Edward the Confessor; Watling Street, Ermine Street, the Fosse Way and Hikenild (or Icknield) Street. Hikenild Street, is generally supposed to be connected with the Iceni. Various forms of the name, the earliest, in Anglo-Saxon, are Icenhilde Weg or Icenilde We. These roads are from the borders of Norfolk through Cambridgeshire, Bucks, Berks, Hants, and Wilts into Dorset. These locations however would identify the path as Icknield Way, an Iron Age trackway running from Norfolk to Dorset.