Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Finally, the French Civil Aviation University provides nine Mastères Spécialisés courses in the fields : airport management, air transport management (in partnership with Toulouse Business School), communication - navigation - surveillance and satellite applications for aviation, aviation safety aircraft airworthiness (in partnership with other grandes écoles), air-ground collaborative systems engineering, aviation and air traffic management and aerospace project management (APM) (in partnership with other grandes écoles).

The former students of the three Master programs, the Ingénieur ENAC course, as well as those of the Corps of Bridges and Roads and those of the Mastères Spécialisés courses was represented by an association, INGENAC, created in 1988, member of the CNISF (French scientific and engineer council) and in Toulouse. The 16th of March 2012, INGENAC decided to represent all the former students of the university and changes its name to « ENAC Alumni ».
Each course of the university has its own recruitment process.

Continuing education 

By hosting each year more than 7,500 students who participate to more than 600 courses annually organized by the university, with a turnover of 15 million of euros, ENAC is now the largest organization in Europe for aeronautical continuing education. The continuing education of ENAC has been developed in areas which ENAC is well recognized : air traffic, electronics, computer science, aeronautical engineering, aircraft control, ...

International partners 

Students of the aerospace engineer course can study at the two other grandes écoles members of the groupement des écoles d'aéronautique, and also at the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse and at Nantes business school. Moreover, as part of France AEROTECH, an exchange of third year engineering students is under elaboration with the grandes écoles of this network.
In another country, students have access to the Erasmus programme and to Pegasus. In the aerospace engineer course, the university welcomes 8% of foreign students in 2011. Considering all the courses, this number is 46% in 2010.

The university has also agreements with  : Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida Institute of Technology, University of California, University of Washington, École africaine de la météorologie et de l'aviation civile. It also educates people of the Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar.

Also, ENAC is a founder of the Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation of Tianjin. On this city, the university has four Mastères Spécialisés courses at the Civil Aviation University of China only for Chinese students : airport management, aviation safety management - airworthiness, aviation safety management - flight operations and aviation safety management - aeronautical maintenance.
Finally, in December 2011, the university has signed a partnership with the École des Ponts ParisTech and the Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile to start an Executive MBA in aviation management for aerospace people in March 2012 at Casablanca.

Research activities
Research is a growing business at ENAC. Industry oriented university, it appears in 1984, following the law on higher education which provides that  « engineer training...contains a research activity, pure or applied ». It was originally organized around four areas : electronics, automation, computer and air transport economy. Mid-2009, the research teams was in the following laboratories : automation - operational research (LARA), economy - air econometrics (LEEA), study - optimization of telecommunications networks architectures (LEOPART), electromagnetism for aeronautical telecommunications (LETA), interactive computer (LII), applied mathematics (LMA), air traffic optimization (LOTA) and signal processing for the aeronautical telecommunications (LTST).
ENAC also has, since 2005, a team specializing in UAVs that maintains and develops Paparazzi, a free system for automatic control of UAVs, unmanned aerial vehicle laboratory. The infrastructure includes also a planetarium and an air traffic control simulator. ENAC is a founding member of the European academy for aviation safety (EAFAS), network of the key training organizations in the field of air safety.
During the Paris Air Show of 2005, the university announces a partnership with Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales in the fields of air traffic management, air safety, satellite navigation, sustainable development and air transport economy.
End of 2011, the university has established a new research organization that are six transverse programs : UAVs and air traffic management, airports, aircraft and air operations, human-computer interaction, air/ground communications and sustainable development, everything is now based on four laboratories : applied mathematics - optimization - optimal control - control engineering operations research (MAIAA), signal processing - satellite positioning system - electromagnetism - networks (TELECOM), architecture - modeling - engineering of interactive systems (LII) and economics - air transport econometrics (LEEA).

Famous people

Alumni
Alumni 

Several famous pilots have studied at the French Civil Aviation University like Émile Allegret, soldier and member of the French Resistance during the World War II, Xavier Barral (Promotion 1966), former President of the association des professionnels navigants de l'aviation (Professional aircrew association), Noël Chevrier (Promotion 1970), antistress center manager at Air France, Gérard Feldzer (Promotion 1971), former President of the Aéro-Club de France, Bernard Pestel (Promotion 1972), vice president of the société française de droit aérien (French Air Law company), Béatrice Vialle (Promotion 1981), one of the two female Concorde pilot and the first French female pilot on a supersonic airliner.
Some alumni of the university became managers like Yves Lambert (Promotion 1959), former head of Eurocontrol, Gérard Mestrallet (Promotion 1971), CEO of GDF Suez., Jean-Michel Vernhes (Promotion 1971), head of the Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, Jean-Charles Corbet (Promotion 1974), former head of Air Lib, Olivier Colaïtis (Promotion 1977), President of Galileo, Lionel Guérin, founding President of Airlinair, Philippe Crébassa, head of Toulouse-Blagnac airport, Franck Goldnadel (Promotion 1990), former head of the Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, Régis Lacote (Promotion 1997), head of the Orly Airport, Méziane Idjerouidène (Promotion 2003), general manager of Aigle Azur.
Few intellectuals graduate from the university like Jacques Villiers (Promotion 1948), founder of the Centre d'études de la navigation aérienne (French air navigation center), Jean Peyrelevade (Promotion 1961), politician and business leader, Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani (Promotion 1963), Moroccan economist and writer, Alain Lefebvre (Promotion 1970), Journalist,  Solenn Colléter (Promotion 1993), novelist., Nicolas Tenoux (Promotion 2007), Philanthropist.

In science, personalities like Gabriel Weishaupt (Promotion 1948), founding member of the Académie de l'air et de l'espace, Jean Robieux, Physicist, Georges Maignan (Promotion 1955), former director of the experimental center of Eurocontrol, Gérard Desbois (Promotion 1979), younger flight engineer graduate and crew member during the first flight of the Airbus A380, have studied at the university.

Teachers and former teachers
Some aerospace personalities teach at the university such as Hervé Hallot, meteorology teacher and co-author of Météorologie aéronautique, Joel Laitselart (TAE 87), air operations teacher and former operations manager of Aeris airline, Patrick Lepourry, head of the engine department and co-author of Propulseurs aéronautiques, Instruments de bord and Initiation à l'aéronautique, Félix Mora-Camino, head of the control engineering department and co-author of Avionique - Tome 2, Système de conduite automatique et gestion du vol, Yves Plays (IENAC S71), head of the specialized master in air transport and co-author of Initiation à l'aéronautique., or Frantz Yvelin, founder of two French airlines.

Related pages 
 Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique
 Civil Aviation University of China

References
References

Bibliography 
 Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
 Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, June 2005, 782 p. (), p. 626, « Les écoles d'ingénieurs aéronautiques »
 Sandrine Banessy, Le rêve d'Icare - Histoire de l'aviation à Toulouse, Labége, éditions TME, 2006, 95 p. (), p. 80 et 81 « Du rêve à la réalité »
 [PDF] Agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur, « Rapport d'évaluation de l'École nationale de l'aviation civile », September 2010
 GIFAS, Ouvrez grand vos ailes : une formation pour un métier dans l'industrie aéronautique et spatiale, Paris, GIFAS, 2011, 62 p., p. 41
Nicolas Tenoux (MS EAGTA ENAC 2007), 6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..., 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 10
 Nicolas Tenoux (MS EAGTA ENAC 2007), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 77p., (), p. 10

Other websites 
 Official website
 Online Executive Advanced Master Airline Management  
 ENAC Alumni

1949 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in France
The Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées, often called IPSA, is a private aeronautical university localized next to Paris, Lyon, Marseille and Toulouse in France, in the Île-de-France and Midi-Pyrénées,
The university is part of IONIS Education Group and has been created in 1961.

History

1965 - 1999
1965 - 1999 

IPSA was founded in 1961 in Paris by Michel Cazin (private secretary to Louis de Broglie and teacher at the mechanical department of Conservatoire national des arts et métiers), Maurice Pradier (aerospace engineer) and Paul Lefort (engineer and professor of helicopter). Twenty students started the training. At that time, the course was in four years and the first promotion is graduated in 1965. The same year, the Alumni association is created in Paris by Maurice Ribonnet. In 1982, the first trip for students is organized in Guyana at the European Space Agency center. The year 1987 saw the university bought by Henri Hertert (IPSA 1976 and pilot at Air France). The institute moved in 1989 into the towers Les Mercuriales at Bagnolet, in which it stayed for ten years. Then, beset by financial difficulties, the university is bought by IONIS Education Group in 1999 and moved at Le Kremlin-Bicêtre close to the university EPITA.

1999 - today
1999 - today 

In 2005, the Master issued by IPSA is recognized by French State at the higher level, after accreditation by the Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle. The year 2006 sees the institute hosting the 6th European Congress of the Mars Society to promote the exploration of Mars. In 2007, IPSA opens a second campus in Toulouse, joins the Erasmus programme and concludes double degree agreements with foreign universities. Following its establishment in Toulouse, the university joins the Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies during the year 2008. The next year, IPSA joins Aerospace Valley and moved in Ivry-sur-Seine close to the university ESME-Sudria, before being recognized by the French State in 2010.

In 2011, the university is accredited by the Commission des titres d'ingénieur. In January 2013, IPSA became member of the Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs.

History of directors
The current director is Anne-Ségolène Abscheidt, who is also vice-president of Ingénieurs et scientifiques de France. This is the tenth person to hold that function since 1961. She was appointed director of IPSA in June 2023.

Governance 

Member of IONIS Education Group, the group President, assisted by a general manager, is the President of the university. He is a member of the four directorates of the university:
 Development and international relations directorate which also managed the communication and admissions ;
 Training directorate with a manager for the Bachelor cycle and another one for the Master cycle ; 
 Corporate relations directorate ;
 Research and quality directorate.

Training and research

Curriculum
Curriculum 

IPSA wants to be close to other universities with a strong theoretical training for research and development jobs in order to graduate engineer in aeronautical and space engineering with a good general knowledge in aerospace.
The course is in five years with five possibilities in the fourth year: "energy, spacecraft propulsion and engine", "mechanics and aircraft structure", "telecommunications, radar and radio navigation", "embedded system", "mechatronics". The students choose also one minor from ten: "Entrepreneurship", "business marketing", "association management", "Research Management", "Conduct of an international project", "project personnel development", "Board and consulting", " human resource management", "cultural management", "financial management".

In the fifth year, four options are available independently of the choice made in the fourth year: "Avionics", "Aeronautical Systems Design", " Space Systems Design" and "Management and Industrial Logistics".
The particularity of the university is to offer from the first year lessons relating to aeronautics in addition to basic scientific education and to provide a large part in project-based teaching throughout the curriculum.
Students also have the opportunity to attend a technical and managerial course sanctioned by a Master of Business Administration in "business and international negotiation" of the Institut supérieur de gestion in addition to the diploma of the university, or to make the last year of studies in a foreign university in partnership with IPSA. Eleven months of internship are planned in the curriculum.

After graduation, graduates are represented by the association AAEIPSA (IPSA Alumni association). They work, for 70% of them, in the aerospace industry, mainly in research and development (46%) and in the Île-de-France region (57%).
Admission to the university is possible after a Baccalauréat by succeeding to the competition "Advance" organized in partnership with EPITA and ESME-Sudria. In total, the three universities offer approximately 900 places. It is also possible to integrate the university in the second, third or fourth year studies for students coming from a two-years degree after the Baccalauréat, Bachelor or Master.

Since 2017, IPSA has also some Bachelor's degree program in aerospace.

International relations 

Partnerships allowing students to obtain a Master of Science with the degree of IPSA exist with Shenyang University in China, Cranfield University in UK, Moscow State University in Russia, the Université Laval in Canada and the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan.

Students can also use the Erasmus programme.

The university has also other partnerships with Arizona State University, San Diego State University, University of California at Davis and Monash University.

Research activities
Research at IPSA is realized in 2011 by three laboratories : 3D computer graphics - calculation, mechatronics and fluid mechanics applied to aerodynamics.

The laboratory of 3D computer graphics and calculation creating new algorithms to solve problems of processing and analysis of signals and images. It works in partnership with the laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S) (signals and systems laboratory) (agreement signed in 2010), a laboratory of the French National Centre for Scientific Research based at Supélec.

IPS'action association has launched in 2006 the « UNIV'air » challenge in order to present to people research projects in partnership with the Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France and other universities such as the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace or EPF.
In 2008, an aircraft without pilot project named « Hélitronix » and realized by students and researchers of the mechatronics laboratory was selected during the « Minidrone » challenge funded by the General Directorate for Armament and organized by the Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales. The same laboratory works on the « Perseus project » which consists of the development of rockets from the Centre national d'études spatiales, in partnership with « AéroIPSA » student association.

Moreover, IPSA participates to « ASTech Paris Région ». It contributes at its development in many sectors : aircraft engine, onboard energy, aircraft design, material, training and research, and maintenance.

In November 2011, the  fluid mechanics applied to aerodynamics laboratory created in 2009 has adopted a new calculation tool allowing for the end of 2011 the commissioning of a digital wind tunnel.

Notable people

Alumni
Alumni 

Several managers have studied at the university, like Cyril Bourlon de Rouvre (1965), French businessman and politician, Philippe Harache (1976), former Executive Vice-President "customers" Eurocopter, Christian Gras (1983), Executive Vice-President "customers" Eurocopter or  Éric Boullier (1999), Team principal McLaren.
Stéphane Gaillard (1997), Technical Assistant to Vice President development flight test Airbus, Gilles de Richemond (1997), head of IT of AccorHotels, Julien Simon-Chautemps (2002), race Engineer Marcus Ericsson Sauber, Nicolas Tenoux (2007), airline pilot and manager, and Maxime Cadé (2018), Fencer, are also alumni of IPSA.

Teachers and former teachers 
 Denis Maricourt, general knowledge teacher and author of Figures de l'éclectisme dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle (Figures of eclecticism in the second half of the eighteenth century).

Related pages 
 IONIS Education Group

References
References

Further reading 
 Lucien Robineau (dir.), Les Français du ciel : Dictionnaire historique, Paris, le cherche midi, 2005, 782 p. (), p. 628
 André Turcat, Pilote d'essais : Mémoires II, Paris, le cherche midi, 2009, 199 p. (), p. 197
  Ginibrière Gaëlle, IPSA : 50 ans avec l'aéronautique, L'Express Emploi, 15th of June 2009  
 GIFAS, Une formation pour un métier dans l'industrie aéronautique et spatiale, Paris, 2011, 62 p., p. 46
 AAEIPSA, Annuaire 2011 - 50 ans d'histoire, Paris, 2011, 412 p.
  Mariama Diallo, L'IPSA, école d'ingénieurs aéronautique depuis 1961, Le Journal de l'aviation, 24th of April 2012
  Nicolas Tenoux (IPSA 2007), 6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..., 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 10
 Nicolas Tenoux (IPSA 2007), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 77p., (), p. 10
  Le futur de l'avion : Les prochains défis de l’industrie aéronautique, Ivry-sur-Seine, FYP Éditions, 2020, 160 p. ()
Other websites 

 Official website
 IPSA Alumni 

Engineering schools
Aerospace engineering
Aviation in France
Technical colleges and universities in France
1961 establishments in Europe
Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
Toulouse
1960s establishments in France
Lyon
Marseille
Büsingen am Hochrhein often just known as Busingen, is a German village. It is part of the German state (Bundesland) of Baden-Württemberg. The village belongs to the district (Kreis) of Konstanz. Büsingen has an area of about . About 1,350 people live there. The village is the only exclave of Germany. It is surrounded by territory that belongs to Switzerland.

A 680-metre wide strip of Swiss land separates the village from the rest of Germany. The village next to Büsingen is the Swiss village Dörflingen.

There are no border controls between Büsingen and Switzerland because Büsingen is in a customs union with this country. The two countries agreed this in 1964 and the treaty became law in 1967. At the same time another even small part of West Germany separated from the rest of the country by land belonging to Switzerland, called Verenahof became part of the Swiss village of Büttenhardt.
Because the village is completely surrounded by Swiss territory, but is politically German, many things exist twice there. Büsingen has for example two postal codes and residents may have phone numbers from two countries. The official currency is the Euro. However, most things like electricity and cable television come from Switzerland and have to be paid in Swiss francs. Büsingen depends heavily on Switzerland in economics.

Büsingen only has one elementary school. Pupils can attend the school there up to the fourth grade. After this, the parents have to decide whether the children should attend a German or a Swiss school.

A Swiss Postbus connects the village to the Swiss city Schaffhausen the Swiss villages Dörflingen, Buch and Ramsen and the German village Randegg.

Most people who live in Büsingen, work in Switzerland and earn their salary in Swiss francs. 

Büsingen has a large proportion of residents who are retired people, many are Swiss, because they pay little or no tax on their pensions.
About 30% of the resident population of Büsingen hold a Swiss passport.

History 
The oldest finds in the area of Büsingen date back to the Bronze Age. The village was first mentioned in historical documents in 1090. The area belonging to the village contains the sites of two abandoned villages.

References

Other websites 

Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Konstanz (district)
CAE Global Academy Phoenix (formerly Sabena Airline Training Center) is a private flight school (airline pilot training) in Mesa, Arizona, USA. The school is located at Falcon Field airport and has 49 aircraft including 15 Diamond DA20-C1, 10 Diamond DA40, 4 Diamond DA42-L360, 11 Piper Archer, 8 Piper Arrow and one Beechcraft 90. The school has also three flight simulators.

History
History 

In 1991, Belgian government gives the École d’aviation civile created in 1953 to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center. The same year, it was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Following that decisions, the school is created as a subsidiary of Sabena Flight Academy and under the name of Sabena Airline Training Center.
In 2008, following the absorption of the Belgian school by CAE, the US subsidiary is also purchased. The school becomes part of the CAE Global Academy network and is renamed CAE Global Academy Phoenix.

References

Bibliography 
 Nicolas Tenoux (CAE Phoenix 2011), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 13
Aviation in the United States
Mesa, Arizona
1995 establishments in the United States
Aviation organizations
Organizations based in the United States
A Mastère Spécialisé (MS), also called Specialized Master or Advanced Master, is a French degree (created in 1986) that a person gets after completing a Master's degree and then continuing to study in a Grande École in some specific field. These students are considered to possess more advanced knowledge of the field that they study, as compared to those who only get a Master's degree.

The course takes one year to complete, including at least four months of practical internship.

History 

The history of the Mastère Spécialisé starts in 1986. During the end of the 1980s, the Commission des titres d'ingénieur required that a student spend two years in a school to graduate with the French Master's degree. But a lot of foreign students sometimes came one entirely year in the French schools and came back to their own country without a degree. Also, the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System was not yet adopted by all the schools.
Otherwise, companies in France was looking for graduated students with specialized skills, for jobs in key sectors.

For these two reasons, the French Conférence des Grandes Écoles has created the Mastère Spécialisé.

References 

Academic degrees
1986 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in France
Beaumaris Castle (, Literal translation: beautiful marsh) was a castle built in Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales by King Edward I of England. King Edward built the castle to help him take over North Wales. It was one of several castles built along the North Wales coast.

History 

The castle was started in 1295 and work stopped in 1330. The castle was left unfinished. Small amounts of money were spent in the 1330s and 1400s to maintain (keep up) the castle. However, these payments were stopped. By 1609, the castle was a ruin. In 1642, money was spent on repairs. No more work was done and it became a ruin again. In 1925, Richard Williams-Bulkeley placed Beaumaris Castle in state care. Since then, it has been fixed and maintained. In 1986, the castle was placed on the World Heritage List. Today, Beaumaris is cared for by Cadw, an environmental service run by the Welsh Government. It is open to visitors.

More reading

Other websites
Other websites 

 

Castles in Wales
1330 establishments
14th-century establishments in Europe
Grade I listed buildings in Wales
14th-century buildings and structures
Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines is a French public university. It was created in 1991 in the department of Yvelines. Since 2002, it has been in Hauts-de-Seine. It is mainly in the cities of Versailles, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Mantes-en-Yvelines and Vélizy-Villacoublay and Rambouillet. It has eight campuses.

The school has 19,000 students, 752 staff people and 1389 teachers and researchers. 285 teachers outside of the university come each year to give courses.

The subjects taught are the sciences, the social sciences, the political sciences, engineering, technology and medicine. It also has courses about the relationship between economy, ethics, natural environment and sustainable development.

The university has a logo showing a white sunrise on a green earth referring to the sustainable development, major theme of the university.
Administration 
Like all the other French universities, UVSQ is managed by a President elected by the Board of directors. He is member of the three councils of the university. 
 The board of directors, which decides the strategy of the institution.
 The academic and university life council, which is responsible for training.  
 The scientific council, which is responsible for research activities.

Presidents

Faculties 
UVSQ has seven faculties: science, social science, law and political science, Île-de-France West medical training and research faculty, institute of languages ​​and international studies, institute of cultural studies, and the higher institute of management.

Graduate schools and institutes 
UVSQ as a postgraduate school in engineering, called ISTY, and two University Institutes of Technology. There is also a training center for apprentices (called CFA d'Alembert). The university also has PhD graduate schools.
Library and electronic documentation network 
Its main library, opened in June 2002. Its area is ​​ and it has 100,000 books. In total, the university has six academic libraries with about 200,000 books, 5,000 digital books and 26,000 magazines and newspapers.

Student life 
In September 2011, 31 associations are approved by UVSQ. They are in science, social sciences and humanities, law, medicine, humanitarian-social-environment, communication, entertainment, thought and politics.  14,226 students were at the university in 2004.

Demographic changes

Related pages
 UniverSud Paris
 Université du grand ouest parisien

Notes and references

References
References

Bibliography 
  Agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur, Rapport d'évaluation de l'université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines , January 2010
  Comité national d'évaluation des établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel, L'université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Rapport d'évaluation, December 2006

Other websites

 Official website
 Official website

 
1991 establishments in France
Saint Cuthbert (c. 634 – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and hermit associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria, at that time including, in modern terms, northern England as well as south-eastern Scotland as far north as the Firth of Forth. Afterwards he became one of the most important medieval saints of England, his cult being centred at Durham Cathedral. Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of northern England. His feast day is 20 March.

Biography
In 676 he began the life of a hermit and retired to a cave on Lindisfarne. After a time he settled on one of the Farne Islands, south of Lindisfarne, and made his life more simple.
In 684, Cuthbert was chosen to be bishop of Lindisfarne, at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth), but was unwilling to leave his retirement and take up his charge. It was only after a visit from a large group, including King Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop. He was consecrated at York on 26 March 685. After Christmas, 686, however, he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island, which was where he eventually died on 20 March 687 AD. He was buried at Lindisfarne, and his remains later moved to Durham Cathedral.

References

Christian monks
Christian saints
630s births
680s deaths
People from Northumberland
Lindisfarne
The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham (usually known as Durham Cathedral) is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England, the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham. The Bishopric dates from 995, with the present cathedral being founded in AD 1093. The cathedral is known as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The present cathedral replaces the 10th century "White Church" built as part of a monastic foundation to house the shrine of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne. The treasures of Durham Cathedral include relics of St Cuthbert, the head of St Oswald of Northumbria and the remains of the Venerable Bede. 

Durham Cathedral occupies a strategic position on a promontory high above the River Wear. The cathedral is a major tourist attraction, the central tower of 217 feet (66 m) giving views of Durham and the surrounding area.
There are many famous people who are interred (buried) in the Cathedral and in the surrounding grounds including Bishop Alfred Tucker.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

1090s establishments
Anglican cathedrals in England
Buildings and structures in Durham, England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
11th-century buildings and structures
Lofoten is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Though lying within the Arctic Circle, Lofoten has one of the world's largest higher temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude.

Lofoten is well known for its natural beauty within Norway. Lofoten includes the municipalities of . The main islands, running from north to south, are
Southern tip of Hinnøya.
Southern 60% (approx.) of Austvågøy (526.7 km² in total ),
Gimsøy (46.4 km² ),
Vestvågøy (411.1 km² ),
Flakstadøya (109.8 km² ),
Moskenesøya (185.9 km² ),
whilst further to the south are the small and isolated islands of Værøy and Røst. The total land area amounts to 1,227 km², and the population totals 24,500.

Between the mainland and the Lofoten archipelago is the vast, open Vestfjord, and to the north is Vesterålen. The main towns in Lofoten are Leknes in Vestvågøy and Svolvær in Vågan.
The islands have for more than 1,000 years been the centre of great cod fisheries, especially in winter, when the cod migrate south from the Barents Sea and gather in Lofoten to spawn. In the lowland areas, particularly Vestvågøy, agriculture is important and has been so since the Bronze Age.

Other websites 

 Lofotrådet (in Norwegian)
 Turisme- og begivenhetsinformasjon om Lofoten (in Norwegian)
 Miljøstatus i Norge: Lofoten og Barentshavet  (in Norwegian)
 Lofot-Tidende online (in Norwegian)

Islands of Norway
The black hole information paradox is a phenomenon in astrophysics. It is when quantum mechanics and general relativity are put together. In 2004, Stephen Hawking introduced the studies which supported the theory.  

This phenomenon states that the information of a physical system can be lost when it enters a black hole. The object that falls into a black hole, only keeps information about its spin, mass and charge. However, quantum mechanics suggests that information cannot be lost. This makes it a paradox and serious problem.

It is said that all objects that fall into a black hole are reset.

Quantum mechanics
Black holes
CAE Global Academy Brussels Sabena Flight Academy is a Belgian flight school created in 1953. It is in Steenokkerzeel (Brussels Airport). The school trains airline pilot and is part of CAE Global Academy.

History

Belgian national aviation school 

The origins of the school for airline pilots start in 1953. It was when the Belgian government, which owns the aircraft, contracted the operation thereof to Sabena under the name École d’aviation civile (EAC). The training parts are conducted at the airfield of Grimbergen in a building which no longer exists. Basic training is done through the De Havilland DH82A "Tiger Moth" replaced in 1968 by Siai Marchetti SF260. The advanced training is entrusted to the Saab Safir 91B, replaced in 1958 by the Cessna 310B and in 1981 by the Embraer Xingu.

Sabena airline flight school
In 1991, the government gives the École d’aviation civile  to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center, and the school moved into a new building at Brussels National Airport. It was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Despite the bankruptcy of Sabena in 2001, the activities didn't stop. In 2004, the school was sold to two former managers of Sabena and became the Sabena Flight Academy.

Acquisition by CAE 

It was finally absorbed in 2008 by CAE. This was done as part of a larger program to complete a global training network: the CAE Global Academy

Bibliography
Bibliography 

 Olivier Wilmart, De Sabena à Air France, Éditions Racine, 2002, 285 p. ()
 Olivier Wilmart, La nuque bleue, Éditions Racine, 2007, 196 p. ()
 Willy Buysse, Marguerite Coppens, Etienne Reunis, Frans Van Humbeek, Michel Wautelet, Sabena, le progrès venait du ciel, Bruxelles, Borgerhoff & Lamberigts, 2011, 224 p. ()
 Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), 6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..., 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p. 12
 Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 2020, Amazon, 77p., (), p. 12

References

Other websites 
 CAE Oxford Aviation Academy Sabena Flight Academy website
 CAE

Aviation organizations
Colleges and universities in Europe
1953 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Belgium
Organizations based in Belgium
The 1988 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1988 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1988 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1988. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Despite there being twenty-three tropical cyclones, there were very few notable storms this year. Only four storms came anywhere near to threatening land. Tropical Storm Aletta and Hurricane Kristy both caused minor flooding in Mexico. Elsewhere, Uleki was a central north Pacific hurricane that crossed the dateline and became a typhoon. In addition, Tropical Depression Seventeen-E and Tropical Storm Miriam both entered from the Atlantic Ocean, were they were called Hurricane Debby and Hurricane Joan, respectively.

Related pages
 Tropical cyclone
 List of Pacific hurricane seasons

Other websites 
 Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1988
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive
A period 5 element is an element in the fifth period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains 18 elements, beginning at Rubidium and ending at Xenon.

Period 5 elements have electrons in the first five electron shells. All period 5 elements have one or more electrons in the fifth electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 5s orbital, ten electrons join the 4d orbital, and six electrons join the 5p orbitals.

Periodic table
A period 6 element is an element in the sixth period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains 32 elements, beginning at Caesium and ending with Radon. The Lanthanides (also called the rare earth elements) are part of this period. The lanthanides stretch from lanthanum (57) to lutetium (71).

Period 6 elements have electrons in the first six electron shells. All period 6 elements have one or more electrons in the sixth electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 6s orbital, 14 electrons join the 4f orbital, ten electrons join the 5d orbital, and six electrons join the 6p orbitals.

Periodic table
A period 7 element is an element in the seventh period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains  32 elements, beginning at francium and ending with oganesson. The Actinides are part of this period. They are all really radioactive. As of 2016, period 7 elements are the last period of elements that have been made.

Period 7 elements have electrons in the first seven electron shells. All period 7 elements have one or more electrons in the seventh electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 7s orbital, 14 electrons join the 5f orbital, ten electrons join the 6d orbital, and six electrons join the 7p orbitals.

References

Periodic table
Caroline Wozniacki (born 11 July 1990) is a Danish professional tennis player. As of January 2018, she is the number 2 ranked female tennis player in the world. She used to be world number one. In her career, she has won one Grand Slam (2018 Australian Open) and 23 singles tournaments on the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. She also reached the finals of the 2009 and 2014 U.S. Open. She lost to Kim Clijsters and Serena Williams.

Wozniacki was born in Odense to Polish Catholic immigrant parents. She was engaged to golfer Rory McIlroy until 2014.

References

1990 births
Living people
Danish sportspeople
Female tennis players
Odense
World No. 1 tennis players
Algeciras is a city in the south of Spain. Is on the Mediterranean coast, in the Bay of Gibraltar. It is also the most important port in the country.

In 2009, about 116,209 people lived in the city. The municipal area is 86 km². It is approximately 20 km to the north of Africa.

The city has a long history. It was founded by phoenicians. Named Iulia Traducta by the Romans in the First Century.
In 711, Arab from the North of Africa invaded the city and renamed it Al-Yazirat al-Hadra (green island). In 1344 the city was conquered by Alfonso XI of Castile but it was reconquered by moors in 1369, ten years before Algeciras was destroyed.

In 1704 the city was refounded by Gibraltarians refugees.

Cities in Andalusia
Municipalities in Andalusia
Luke Mitchell (born 17 April 1985) is an Australian actor from Queensland. Now living in Sydney, he is known for his role as Romeo Smith on the soap opera Home and Away. He is presently dating his co-star Rebecca Breeds who plays Ruby Buckton on Home and Away.

Filmography
 Neighbour (2008)
 Performance Anxiety (2008)
 H20: Just Add Water (2009-2010)
 Home and Away (2009-2013)
 Cryptoticon (2010)
 The Tomorrow People (2013-2014)
 7 Minutes (2014)
 Members Only (2015)
 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2015-2016) 
 Mothers and Daughters (2016)
 Blindspot (2016-2020)
 The Code (2019)
 Without Romorse (2021)
 The Republic of Sarah (2021)
 Legacies (2022)
 Big Sky (2022-2023)
 Dot and the Kangaoo (2030).. the Voice of the Willie Wagtail with an CGI Moving Beak

1985 births
Living people
Actors from Queensland
Christopher Lloyd Smalling (born 22 November 1989) is an English footballer who plays for Manchester United.

1989 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
Footballers from London
People from Greenwich
Manchester United F.C. players
Premier League players
Jonathan (Jonny) Grant Evans (born 2 January 1988) is a Northern Irish footballer who plays for Leicester City and Northern Ireland.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006/07 ||rowspan="2"| Sunderland || The Football League ||18||1
|-
|2007/08|| Premier League ||15||0
|-
|2008/09 ||rowspan="3"| Manchester United ||rowspan="3"| Premier League ||17||0
|-
|2009/10||18||0
|-
|2010/11||13||0
|-
94||3
|}

1988 births
Living people
Northern Irish footballers
Sportspeople from Belfast
Daniel (Danny) Nii Tackie Mensah Welbeck (born 26 November 1990) is an English international footballer who plays for Manchester United. He is of Ghanaian descent. Welbeck debuted for Manchester United in a league match against Sunderland.

Rôle:Attaquant

1990 births
Living people
English footballers
Arsenal F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Premier League players
Rafael Pereira da Silva (born 9 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Manchester United.

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Fábio Pereira da Silva (born 9 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Manchester United.
He's the twin brother of Rafael Pereira da Saliva

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) is an area of countryside considered to have significant landscape value in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Natural England designates them on behalf of the United Kingdom government. Natural Resources Wales designates them on behalf of the Welsh Government. The Northern Ireland Environment Agency designates them on behalf of the Northern Ireland Executive.

The chief purpose of the AONB designation is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape, with two secondary aims: meeting the need for quiet enjoyment of the countryside and having regard for the interests of those who live and work there. To achieve these aims, AONBs rely on planning controls and practical countryside management.
As they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. AONBs are created under the same legislation as the national parks, the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. Unlike AONBs, national parks have their own authorities, have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development, and are well known to many inhabitants of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. 

There are 35 AONBs in England, four in Wales, one (Wye Valley) that is in both England and Wales and nine in Northern Ireland. The first AONB was awarded in 1956 to the Gower Peninsula, south Wales. The most recently confirmed is the Tamar Valley AONB in 1994. The smallest AONB is the Isles of Scilly (1976), , and the largest AONB is the Cotswolds (1966), . The AONBs of England and Wales together cover around 18% of the countryside in the two countries.

Other websites
 National Association for AONBs
 Interactive map of AONBs
Chaturanga is the earliest known form of chess, 6th century AD.

This precursor of modern chess originated in the northern Indian subcontinent during the Gupta empire. 'Chaturanga' translates as 'the four divisions', meaning infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry. They were the four divisions of an Indian army at the time, and no doubt the game was thought of as a war-game. At that time the game had no female piece: what we now call the queen was called Mantri, meaning a minister or advisor.

The game eventually spread to the rest of the world after the Muslim conquest of Persia. It was then called Shatranj.

From the beginning until the end of the 15th century the pieces we call bishops and queens had limited movement, and it took longer to get the pieces into action. In modern chess, the original pieces evolved into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.p173; p74

References 

Chess variants
6th-century works‎
Chatrang, or Shatranj, was the name given to the early game of chess when it travelled to Persia and then to the Arab world.

In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became Chatrang and the rules were developed further, and players started calling Shāh! (Persian for 'King') when threatening the opponent's king, and Shāh māt! (Persian for 'the king is finished') when the king could not escape from attack. These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands.

The game was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names; in Arabic "māt" or "māta" مَاتَ means "died", "is dead". In Arabic, the game became Shatranj. In all other languages, the name of the game is derived either from shatranj or from shah.

One interesting fact is that the Arabs divided their game into the same three stages which we do today: opening, middlegame and endgame.p234
Tabiyat 
At the start of a game, the Arabic masters took a number of moves before the pieces were in contact with the other side.
"The result of this was that... the final position of the opening was the important one to memorise. Hence in almost all older Muslim chess-works we find... a collection of type-positions, each with its own distinctive name. [These] are recommended to the player as models for his imitation. Diagrams of these type-positions were a regular feature of Arabic chess-works down to the 17th century. These positions were called ta'biya (plural: ta'biyat or ta'abi)... which may be translated as battle-array".p234-5

The following table provides a glimpse of the changes in the names and character of chess pieces, as they passed from one culture to another, from India through Persia to Europe:p221

References 

Chess variants
An  ice cap is a large mass of ice. 

Ice caps cover less than 50 000 km² of land area. Sheets of ice covering more than 50 000 km² are called ice sheets. 

Ice caps are usually in high areas, but they are not limited to them.

References

Landforms
Carbon–hydrogen bond activation or C-H activation is a reaction that breaks a carbon–hydrogen bond.  Most times, the reaction involves organometallic complexes. The reaction path has coordination of a hydrocarbon to the inner-sphere of the metal atom (“M”). The reaction path includes either an intermediate “alkane or arene complex” or as a transition state leading to a "M-C" intermediate. The reaction path makes C-H activation different from other reactions. During the C-H breaking event the hydrocarbyl group remains linked in the inner-sphere and under the influence of the metal atom.
Chemists study C-H activation because for many years chemists believed that C-H bonds were unreactive.  Both theoretical studies as well as experiments now show that C-H bonds can be broken. This is done by a nearby metal atom changing the electron distribution of the C-H bond (coordination).  Much chemical research looks at the design and synthesis of new reagents and catalysts that can affect C-H activation.  The goal of this research is the conversion of cheap and abundant alkanes into valuable functionalized organic compounds.
Historians say that Otto Dimroth discovered the first C-H activation reaction. In 1902, he reported that benzene reacted with mercury(II) acetate (See: organomercury), but some scholars do not view this reaction as being a C-H activation.  Goldman & Goldberg later wrote, C-H activation looks like H-H activation: both can be achieved by electrophilic or oxidative addition. The first true C-H activation reaction was reported by Joseph Chatt in 1965 with insertion of a ruthenium atom ligated to dmpe in the C-H bond of naphthalene.

References