Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Blenio is a municipality in the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

It was created on 22 October 2006 when the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged to form the new municipality of Blenio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Blenio
2006 establishments in Switzerland
Dan Bus Garage in Tel Aviv was a garage building designed by the Bauhaus in 1933-1934. It was in Arlozorov Street in Tel Aviv. The garage was one of the first garages in the land of Israel. It was located on the White City of Tel Aviv. The garage was destroyed in 2008. In the center of the garage was a water tower that was also destroyed.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
The Tel Aviv Dolphinarium was a sea mammals aquarium and visitors' attraction in Tel Aviv, Israel, next to the beach. The Dolphinarium opened on 21 June 1980. It was closed in 1985. 

In 2001, 21 people were killed next to the Dolphinarium in a terror attack. In the following years, the building was abandoned. Its demolition began on 16 May 2018.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv Cinerama was a cinema and theatre building in Tel Aviv, Israel. The building was opened in 1966. It was the only Cinerama building in Israel until 1986. It became a theatre and television studio. In 2016, the cinerama was closed and destroyed.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
The Tel Aviv Drive-in was a restaurant and movie theater in Tel Aviv, Israel. The cinema was opened on 11 March 1973. It closed in 2000. The cinema was the only drive-in in Israel.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
Mersch () is a commune and town in central Luxembourg, capital of the canton of Mersch.

Geography
Mersch is in the centre of the country, at the confluence of the Alzette, Mamer and Eisch rivers.

The commune has an area of . The altitude is  high. The altitude at the railway station is  high.

Mersch is surrounded by ten communes of Luxembourg; nine of them are part of the Mersch canton. Only the Kehlen commune is not part of the Mersch canton; it is part of the Capellen canton.

Population
There were 9,195 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Other towns within the communes are Beringen, Berschbach, Moesdorf, Pettingen, Reckange, Rollingen and Schoenfels.

Evolution of the population in Mersch

Places of interest
The Mersch castle is one of the castles that are in the Valley of the Seven Castles. It is in the centre of the town and its history goes back to the 13th century. Today the castle houses the administrative offices of the commune.
Some  north of Mersch is the Pettingen Castle, in the village of Pettingen; it is one of the best preserved fortified castles in the country.

Gallery

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

Notes

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Communes of Mersch
Redange or Redange-sur-Attert (, German: Redingen) is a commune and town in western Luxembourg, near the border with Belgium. It is the capital of the canton of Redange.

Geography
Redange is in the valley on the Attert river, a tributary of the Alzette. It is on the border of the two natural regions of Luxembourgː the Oesling to the north and the Gutland.

The area of the commune is . The altitude is  high. The altitude at the church is  high.

Redange is surrounded by five communes of Luxembourg, all of them part of the Redange cantonː Rambrouch, Préizerdaul, Useldange, Beckerich and Ell.

Population
There were 2,795 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Other towns within the commune are Lannen, Nagem, Niederpallen, Ospern and Reichlange.

Evolution of the population in Redange

Gallery

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Communes of Redange
Wiksott-Aldrich syndrome is an inherited immune disease that happens in males. It causes eczema (a type of skin inflammation), a smaller number of platelets (blood cells that help prevent bleeding), and frequent bacterial infections. People with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome have a higher risk of developing leukemia and lymphoma.

References 

Genetic disorders
Aliya Market was the first wholesale market building in Israel. It was located in southern Tel Aviv, in the White City of Tel Aviv. The building was designed by the Bauhaus in 1938 in Aliya Street and was one of the first markets in Tel Aviv. The market had two buildings: a western building and an eastern building. The western building was renovated while the eastern building was destroyed. In 1952, wholesale moved to the Central Wholesale Market

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
The Wholesale market in Tel Aviv was a wholesale market that opened in 1952. It was the central wholesale market of Israel after the market moved from the Aliya Market in the south of the city to the city center. It closed in 2006, and was  demolished in 2010.

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
Courtelary is the capital of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Jura bernois
Crémines is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Jura bernois
Därligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Därstetten is a municipality of the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Frutigen-Niedersimmental
Deisswil bei Münchenbuchsee is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Sunga Empire was founded by Pushyamitra Sunga who betrayed his master Brihadratha Maurya and defeated him in a war. He killed the Mauryan emperor and destroyed the Mauryan empire completely. Its capital was Pataliputra. Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. There were ten Shunga rulers. But after Agnimitra's death, the empire begun to broke up. 

The dynasty is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and native powers (empires).They fought against the Kalinga, the Satavahana dynasty, the Indo-Greek Kingdom and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras.

Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flourished (developed) during this period.Patanjali's Mahābhāṣya was composed in this period.The Kanva dynasty succeeded the Shungas around 73 BCE.

List of Shunga Emperors

Reference 

Dynasties in India
Shunga Empire
2nd century BC
Korkai is a small town in Thoothukudi district. In ancient times this was the capital of the Pandya dynasty. The Thamirabarani River flows through it. The town was famous for fisheries. Ptolemy refers Korkai as Kolkhai and it is an emporium. The Periplus refers the town as the place of pearl fisheries.

Thoothukudi district
The Porsche 918 Spyder is a mid-engined plug-in hybrid sports car. It made by Porsche.  The Spyder is powered by a naturally-aspirated 4.6 litre V8 engine, developing . With two electric motors delivering an additional  it has a combined output of . The 918 Spyder's 6.8 kWh lithium-ion battery pack delivers an all-electric range of  under EPA's five-cycle tests. The car has a top speed of around .

References 

Porsche automobiles
In legal use, an "issue" means a point disputed by parties to a lawsuit. Legal issue may also refer to either a person's lineal descendants or a group of securities offered for sale. An issue of law is a question of how a law is applied rather than a question of fact.

Disputed Point
evidence as well as civil and criminal procedure, there are issues of fact. Issues of fact are presented by statements of fact which are each put to a test: Is the statement true or false?

Often, different parties have conflicting statements of fact. These statements are then presented as alternative questions. The justifications are presented by proposing evidence in favor or in opposition. Formally the issues follow the form of "this statement is true and it is true because... (or it is false because) ... ".
The list of issues is the list of the questions the parties request the court to answer.  The court's answers usually must be provided before a legally acceptable date and the court should give reason when it decides not to answer any of them. Plaintiffs as well as defendants sometimes do not present their issues according to these due process premises. It is then the court that must decide the probable statements of fact and assume what is in need of legal answers.

References 

Legal terms
The Supreme Court of Missouri, is the state supreme court and the highest court in the state of Missouri. It was established in 1820 and is located in Jefferson City, Missouri.  Missouri voters have approved changes in the state's constitution to give the Supreme Court the sole legal power to hear five types of cases on appeal. Per Article V, Section 3 of the Constitution of Missouri, these cases involve:

The validity of a United States statute or treaty.
The validity of a Missouri statute or constitutional provision.
The state's revenue laws.
Challenges to a statewide elected official's right to hold office.
Anytime the death penalty is imposed.

Unless their case involves one of those five issues, people who want a trial court's decision reviewed must appeal to the Missouri Court of Appeals. Most of these cases involve routine legal questions and end there.  The Court of Appeals is divided geographically into the "Eastern District", "Western District" and "Southern District".
Certain cases may be transferred to the Supreme Court at the Court's own discretion. These include cases of general interest or importance. They look at cases where the laws should be re-examined. They also review cases that the lower court's decision conflicts with an earlier appellate decision. This is similar to the process the United States Supreme Court uses in accepting cases. In addition, the Court of Appeals may transfer a case to the Supreme Court after an opinion is issued. This can be either upon request of one of the parties or at the request of one of the judges on the appellate court.

History 
In 1820, when it was first established, there were three judges on the Supreme Court. In 1872 the number was increased to five judges. In 1890, the court was increased again to its present size of seven judges.
In 1890, the court was divided into two divisions. This allowed it to handle more cases and make quicker decisions. In 1976, the two divisions were eliminated by a constitutional amendment. The court now rules on cases En banc (all judges together) so decisions are made by the entire court.

Judicial selection
Judges of the court are selected through the nonpartisan plan, nationally known as the Missouri Plan. Under the plan, the Appellate Judicial Commission submits the names of three nominees to the Governor. If the Governor fails to make an appointment with 60 days of the nominees being named, the Commission shall make the appointment. Once the judge has served for at least a year, he or she is placed on the general election ballot for vote of the people to keep their seat. If retained, judges serve a term of 12 years. The constitution requires that all judges retire by age 70.

References 

American courts
Organizations based in Missouri
Brihadratha Maurya was the last ruler of the Maurya Empire. He was the ruler from 187 BC-180 BC. He was killed by his general Pushyamitra Sunga in 180 BC.

During his rule, the Mauryan Empire got smaller. Using this, his general Pushyamitra Sunga defeated Brihadratha with a huge army. Brihadratha Maurya died in the war. After his death, Pushyamitra Sunga founded the Sunga dynasty controlling the Mauryan territories.
Indian monarchs
180s BC deaths
Pushyamitra Sunga was the co-founder and ruler of the Sunga dynasty in 180 BC. Before that, he was the general of Mauryan emperor Brihadratha Maurya. He has survived by his wife Devamala and daughter Agnimitra. He ruled until his death in 149 BCE.

149 BC deaths
Indian monarchs
Shunga Empire
"Luxurious" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). Written by Stefani and Tony Kanal, Luxurious contains a sample of The Isley Brothers' 1983 song "Between the Sheets". The remix features rapper Slim Thug.

Track listings
European and Canadian CD single
"Luxurious" (Album Version) – 4:24
"Luxurious" (Remix featuring Slim Thug) [Radio Edit] – 4:04

European CD maxi single and Australian CD single
"Luxurious" (Album Version) – 4:24
"Luxurious" (Remix featuring Slim Thug) [Radio Edit] – 4:04
"Cool" (Richard X Remix) – 6:37
"Luxurious" (Video) – 4:06

US 12" single
A1. "Luxurious" (Remix featuring Slim Thug) – 4:22
A2. "Luxurious" (Album Version) – 4:24
B1. "Luxurious" (A Cappella) – 3:42
B2. "Luxurious" (Instrumental) – 4:24

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.
Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Chipz – programming
 Greg Collins – recording
 Sheldon Conrich – keyboards
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
 GMR – French spoken word
 Simon Gogerly – programming, recording
 Lee Groves – mix programming
 Rob Haggett – second assistant engineer
 Nellee Hooper – production

 Tony Kanal – keyboards, production, programming, songwriting, synthesizers
 Jason Lader – additional engineering, programming
 Aidan Love – programming
 Kevin Mills – assistant engineering
 Colin "Dog" Mitchell – recording
 Ian Rossiter – assistant engineering
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 David Treahearn – assistant engineering

Charts

References

2004 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Hip hop songs
Hip hop soul songs
R&B songs
Jocelyn Bjorn Lovell (19 July 1950 – 3 June 2016) was a Canadian cyclist. He was known in the track and road cycling field. He was active in the 1970s and early 1980s. He won many of national titles as well as gold medals at the Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games. He competed at three Olympic Games.

His greatest success came at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton where he won three gold medals in Games record times. Later that year he won a silver medal at the world championships.

He continued to race as an amateur into the early 1980s. However, on 4 August 1983 when he was involved in a collision with a dump truck while training. The truck hit him from behind and broke his neck and pelvis. He permanently became a quadriplegic. In 1985, he was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
PDF of a St. Michael's College article, Fall 2008 article discussing Flying Fathers hockey team also mentions Jocelyn Lovell's crash.
1950 births
2016 deaths
1968 Summer Olympics
1972 Summer Olympics
1976 Summer Olympics
Canadian Olympians
Canadian cyclists
People from Norwich
Sportspeople from Norfolk
David Cyril Eric Swarbrick (5 April 1941 – 3 June 2016) was an English folk musician and singer-songwriter. He was one of the most highly known musicians produced by the second British folk revival.

His work for the group Fairport Convention from 1969 along with their album album Liege & Lief (1969) was thought to create the electric folk movement.

Swarbrick died on 3 June 2016 from emphysema, aged 75.

References

Other websites

 Dave Swarbrick Official Website

1941 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from emphysema
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Surrey
Singers from Surrey
Writers from Surrey
Sten Lundin (20 November 1931 – 3 June 2016) was a Swedish professional motocross racer. He won the F.I.M. 500cc Motocross World Championship in 1959 riding a Monark. In the 1960 world championship, he finished in second place, two points behind Bill Nilsson. Lundin was also a member of the victorious Swedish team at the 1955 Motocross des Nations.

References

Other websites
 Sten Lundin and his championship winning motorcycle 
 1963 Monark 500 at the Motorcycle Hall of Fame
 British Pathé Newsreel film Lundin victory at 1961 International Motocross race in Oberstorf, Germany

1931 births
2016 deaths
Swedish sportspeople
Motorcycle racers
Vitaliy Andriiovych Masol (; November 14, 1928 – September 21, 2018) was a Ukrainian politician. He was Prime Minister of Ukraine from 1994 to 1995. He was confirmed as Prime Minister on June 16, 1994 and resigned from that post on March 1, 1995.

Masol died on September 21, 2018 in Kyiv, aged 89.

References

1928 births
2018 deaths
Communist politicians
Prime Ministers of Ukraine
People from Chernihiv Oblast
History 
In 1854, the Republican party was formed as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. The act split the Whig Party in two. The Northern Whigs united with the members of the Free Soil Party. Together with the Know-Nothing Party they formed the Republican Party. 
Between its formation in 1854 and 1861, the Republican Party had many different factions or groups. It attracted been Whigs, Anti-Slavery Democrats, Know-Nothings, and Abolitionists, but by the start of the Civil War it had been reduced to just three factions: conservatives, moderates and radicals.
The Republicans generally opposed slavery. At first, many opposed giving African Americans equal rights when and if slavery ended. Radical Republicans believed they should be given equal rights and have the same opportunities as white people. They also wanted the leaders of the Confederate States of America to be punished for any part they played in the Civil War. Many Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War.

Notes

References 

Political movements
1850s in the United States
1860s in the United States
1870s in the United States
Robert George "Bob" Uecker ( ; born January 26, 1934) is a retired American Major League Baseball player, later a sportscaster, comedian and actor. Uecker is also known as "Mr. Baseball". Since 1971, Uecker has served as a play-by-play announcer for Milwaukee Brewers radio broadcasts. 

Uecker is a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a 2003 recipient of the Ford C. Frick Award for his broadcasting career.

References

Other websites
 
 WWE Hall of Fame profile
 Baseball Hall of Fame - Frick Award recipient 
 
 Bob Uecker Quotes
 Bob Uecker interview on OnMilwaukee.com

1934 births
Living people
Milwaukee Braves players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Atlanta Braves players
Comedians from Milwaukee
Sportspeople from Milwaukee
Actors from Milwaukee
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
WWE Hall of Fame
Capellen (, ) is a town in the commune of Mamer, in south-western Luxembourg,  west of Luxembourg City.

Despite not having a commune named after it, Capellen gives its name to the canton of Capellen.

History
Capellen lies on the old Roman road, today's Kiemwee, from Trier in Germany to Reims and Paris.

When Luxembourg was divided into cantons in 1840, as a result of disputes between Mamer and Koerich, it was decided that the canton should be named Capellen and that Capellen should become the capital of the canton.

Geography
Capellen has an area of . The altitude at the church is  high.

Population
There were 1,677, persons living in the commune in 2015, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

References

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

Other websites

 Commune of Mamer official website 

Settlements in Luxembourg
Canton of Capellen
Charles Sturt University is a large Australian university. It has campuses around the world.  The university has campuses at Bathurst, Canberra, Albury-Wodonga, Dubbo, Goulburn, Orange, Port Macquarie, Wagga Wagga and Burlington, Ontario (Canada).

References

Colleges and universities in Australia
1989 establishments in Australia
The Red Fort (Lal Qila) is a monument built in 1648 that rises  above Old Delhi. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. The fort is located in the centre of Delhi, India. It is made of red stone and marble. It was built on the right bank of the Yamuna River. 

The Red Fort was originally referred to as "Qila-i-Mubarak" (the blessed fort), because it was the residence of the royal family. The layout of the Red Fort was organised to keep and integrate this site with the Salimgarh Fort. The planning and aesthetics of the Red Fort represent the high point in Mughal creativity which happened during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan. This Fort has had many additions after its construction by Emperor Shah Jahan. It is a World Heritage Site. it is made out of red sandstone.

References
References 
 

World Heritage Sites in India
Palaces in India
1638 establishments
17th-century buildings and structures
The Red Fort was built as the palace for of shahjahanbad it was the fifth capital of Mughal emperor of India shahjan redfort is Indias most important place
Karaikal Port Private Limited is a private port in Karaikal, Puducherry, India. It was made by the Chennai-based company MARG limited. The project began in 2005. It was first used in April 2009.

So far, the port has handled cargoes such as coal, petroleum coke, raw sugar, fertilizer, cement, project cargo and construction materials. Containers and liquid cargo are soon to follow. When it is finished, the port will be able to handle all types of cargo. Karaikal Port is also a hub for oil exploration activities. Companies such as Hindustan Oil Exploration Company (HOEC) and Reliance Petroleum regularly call at the port.

Karaikal Port is a deep draft, all weather port. The current depth of  allows for handling of Gearless Panamax size ships (up to 80000 MT).

Ports and harbours
Puducherry
Karaikal District
A naturally aspirated engine is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and which does not rely on air forced through a turbocharger or a supercharger. Many sports cars use naturally aspirated engines due to their lack of a turbo lag. The main advantage of a naturally aspirated engine is they are usually more reliable than turbocharged or supercharged engines. Most automobile gasoline engines, as well as many small engines used for non-automotive purposes, are naturally aspirated.  Most modern diesel engines powering highway vehicles are turbocharged to produce a better power-to-weight ratio. They also have better fuel efficiency and lower exhaust emissions.

References 

Automotive technologies
Umerkot is a town in Umerkot district of Sindh Province in Pakistan. The town is famous because the great Mughal emperor Akbar the Great born here in 14 October 1542 when Emperor Humayun fled to escape from Sher Shah Suri. The excellent artistic tourist spot of Umerkot Fort where Emperor Akbar born is here. The town is well connected with Karachi and Hyderabad.
Towns in Sindh
Umerkot District
A mid-engine layout describes the location of an automobile engine between the front and rear axles.  A physics term, moment of inertia, shows how hard it is to turn a moving object. In a front engine front-wheel drive car, the drive wheels also have to steer the car, causing torque steer (pull to one side during Acceleration). Front-wheel drive can cause the vehicle to oversteer (turn more sharply than the driver expects) in a corner. A front engine rear-wheel drive can have good weight distribution (balance front to rear), but has a higher moment of inertia than mid engine layout. The mid-engine layout has none of these disadvantages. It has better weight distribution and a lower moment of inertia. Its main disadvantage is that the engine, mounted in the middle, leaves much less room for passengers and cargo. However, in racing there is usually only a driver so passengers and cargo are not an issue.

References 

Automotive technologies
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of the Maratha Empire. He was born in the Shivneri Fort in Maharashtra on 19 February 1630 to1650. mother Raajmata Jijabai jadhav and father Shri.Shahajiraje Bhosale. It is said that mother Jijabai prayed to Lord Shiva in Shivneri Fort for a brave son and kept her son name as Shivaji after the Hindu god Shiva.

Chh.Shivaji Maharaj is one of the revered historical figures of Maharashtra. He created an independent and sovereign state in the Maharashtra region.
Chh. Shivaji Maharaj was born at the Shivneri fort near Junnar in Pune district on 19th February 1630. His mother, Raajmaata Jijabai was the daughter of Shri.Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindkhed. His father Shri.Shahajiraje Bhosale was a prominent sardar in the Deccan. He worked under the local Deccan sultanates. Most of the territory in Maharashtra was then under the possession of the Nizamshah of Ahmednagar and the Adilshah of Bijapur who were known as the Deccan sultanates. In the coastal belt of Konkan, there were two sea powers fighting for control, the Christian Portuguese and the Muslim Siddi. The British and the Dutch also had their factories on the coast. The Mughals, since the period of Emperor Akbar wanted to expand their power in the South. The Mughals launched a campaign to conquer the Nizamshahi Kingdom. The Adilshah of Bijapur allied with the Mughals in this campaign. Shri. Shahajiraje Bhosale tried to rebel, but he could not withstand the combined might of the Mughals and the Adilshahi
. The Nizamshahi kingdom came to an end in 1636. Thereafter Shri.Shahajiraje became a Sardar of the Adilshah of Bijapur and was posted in Karnataka. The region comprising Pune, Supe, Indapur, and Chakan Parganas located between the Bhima and Nira rivers which were vested in Shri. Shahajiraje as a jagir was continued by the Adilshah. Shri. Shahajiraje was also assigned a jagir of Bangalore. Raajmata Jijabai and Chh. Shivaji Maharaj, stayed for a few years with Shri.Shahajiraje at Bangalore until Chh. Shivaji Maharaj was twelve years old. Shri. Shahaji entrusted the administration of the Lakshmi jagir to Chh.Shivaji and Mata Jijabai. Chh. Shivaji grew up amidst the hills and valleys of the Pune region under the guidance of his mother Raajmata Jijabai. His mother  taught him the stories of the Hindu epics and scriptures such as Mahabharata and also stories of old mighty Hindu kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara. He was also trained in guerrilla warfare. He defeated the Mughal forces of Rai Bagan.
Foundation of the Maratha kingdom
Several small spurs run eastward from the sahyadri in the Pune region. The extremely rugged valleys enclosed by these are usually known as the Mavals or Khores each named after the stream running through it, or after the principal village. Collectively they are known as the Mavals. The inhabitants of this region who are called the Mavalas were extremely hardy people. Shivaji Maharaj started the work of founding the Swaraj in this region which is full of hills and valleys and is not easily accessible. He skillfully utilized the geographical features of the Maval region for the foundation of the Swaraj. He created a feeling of trust and affection in minds of the people. Many associates, companions, and Mavalas joined him in his work of founding Swaraj. The objective of Shivaji Maharaj in founding the Swaraj is clearly expressed in his official seal or Mudra which is in Sanskrit
. Through this Mudra, Shivaji Maharaj assured his people that the ‘ever-increasing like the crescent moon, the kingdom of Shivaji, son of Shahaji, will always seek the welfare of the people.
The Royal Seal of Shivaji Maharaj 

In the medieval period, forts carried much significance. With a firm hold over a fort, one could defend as well as control the surrounding area and could rule the land. In case of an enemy’s invasion, it was possible to protect the people taking shelter in the fort. The forts situated within the jagir of Shivaji Maharaj were not under his control but were under the control of Adilshah. Therefore an attempt to capture the forts meant to challenge the Adilshahi power. Shivaji Maharaj decided to acquire the forts that were within his jagir. He captured the forts of Murumbdev (Rajgad), Torna, Kondhana, Purandar and laid the foundation of the Swaraj. Shivaji Maharaj was steadily but cautiously aiming at extending and consolidating his power. Those sardars who appreciated his aim were brought to his side, but some sardars in the Adilshahi opposed him. It was necessary to bring them under control to found the Swaraj.
The region of Javali in the Satara district was important from the strategic point of view. Many routes to the Konkan were through Javali. For the expansion of the Swaraj in the Konkan, it was essential to control that region. The region of Javali was ruled by Chandrarao More, a powerful Sardar in the Adilshahi. Shivaji Maharaj attacked Javali and captured it in A.D. 1656. Then he also captured Rairi. This strong fort, later under the name of Raigad, was to become the capital of Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj built the Pratapgad fort in the Javali valley to protect the newly conquered territory and to control the Paar pass. The victory at Javali led to the expansion of the Swaraj in Konkan. Shivaji Maharaj then crossed the Ghats and descended into Konkan. He captured Kalyan and Bhivandi on the Konkan coast which were under the control of Adilshahi. Shivaji Maharaj also captured forts like Mahuli, Lohagad, Tunga, Tikona, Visapur, Songad, Karnala, Tala and Ghosala, in the Konkan
. Shivaji Maharaj was able to command the coast line because of his acquisition of this territory in the Konkan. He came in contact with the Portuguese, the British and the Siddi powers on the western coast. The Siddi controlled the fort of Janjira and the areas around, including Danda-Rajpuri. Wherever in future these powers created obstacles in the work of expanding the Swaraj, Shivaji Maharaj tried to curb their activities.
The Establishment of Maratha Navy 

When Shivaji Maharaj became master of a long coastal strip, he deemed it necessary to undertake the construction of a Navy. Shivaji Maharaj realized that the one who had a navy, controlled the sea. To protect his own territory from the Siddi's depredations, to protect the merchant ships and ports in order to secure and enhance revenue incomes derived from maritime trade and customs duty, he concentrated on building the Navy. There were four hundred ships of various kinds in the Navy. They included battleships like Gurab, Galbat and Pal.
Shivaji Maharaj had openly challenged the Adilshahi by capturing forts in his jagir and the territory in north Konkan. At that time the Badi Sahiba was looking after the administration of Adilshahi. She sent Afzal Khan, a powerful and experienced Adilshahi General to curb Shivaji Maharaj. Afzal Khan set out from Bijapur sometime in May 1659. To isolate Shivaji Maharaj, Ali Adilshah issued Farmans to the Deshmukhs in the Mavals, ordering them to join Afzal Khan. Besides this, Afzal Khan made efforts to seek the support of the Deshmukh's. A meeting between Shivaji Maharaj and Afzal Khan took place on 10th November 1659 at the foot of Pratapgad. At the meeting, Afzal Khan attempted treachery when he went to greet Shivaji Maharaj by stabbing Shivaji in the back with his dagger however Shivaji Maharaj had come prepared and he was wearing body armour so the dagger failed to pierce his skin
. In retaliation, Shivaji Maharaj ripped at Afzal Khan's stomach with his weapon which is known as tiger-claws (wagh-nakh) and killed Afzal Khan. The Marathas destroyed Afzal Khan’s army in the dense forests of Javali. Shivaji Maharaj secured a large booty from Afzal Khan's camp which enabled him to consolidate and strengthen his position.
Shivaji Maharaj intended to capture as much of Adilshahi province and forts as possible. Thereafter, he was captured from the Adilshah forts of Panhala, Vasantgad, and Khelna. He renamed Khelna as Vishalgad. In A.D. 1660, to check the rapid progress of Shivaji Maharaj, the Adilshah sent Siddi Jauhar, the Sardar of Karnul region, with a large army against Shivaji Maharaj. The Adilshah gave Siddi the title of ‘Salabatkhan’. In these circumstances, Shivaji Maharaj took shelter in the Panhala fort. Siddi’s soldiers led siege to the fort for about five months. Shivaji Maharaj found himself trapped inside the fort. Netaji Palkar made attempts to raise the siege by 4 attacking Siddi’s army from outside. But Siddi showed no signs of relenting. Shivaji Maharaj opened overtures with him. This led to slackness in the siege around Panhalgad. Taking advantage of the situation Shivaji Maharaj escaped through siege around the Panhala fort and proceeded to Vishalgad. Siddi Jauhar’s army pursued Shivaji Maharaj
. Shivaji Maharaj stationed Baji Prabhu Deshpande at the foot of Vishalgad and entrusted the responsibility of stopping the Siddi’s army. Baji Prabhu Deshpande checked Siddi’s army at the Ghod pass near Gajapur. He fought with the greatest valor. Baji Prabhu died a hero’s death in this battle. While going to Vishalgad, Shivaji Maharaj also crushed the opposition of the Adilshahi sardars- Dalvi of Palawan and Surve of Shringarpur. Maharaj reached Vishalgad safely. While Shivaji Maharaj was trapped at Panhala, the Mughal army invaded the Swaraj. Shivaji Maharaj realized that it would not be prudent to fight two enemies at the same time. Therefore Shivaji Maharaj entered into a treaty with the Adilshah. As per the treaty, he returned the fort of Panhala to the Adilshah.
For the expansion of the Swaraj, conflict with the Mughals was inevitable. Emperor Aurangzeb appointed Shaista khan, to the viceroyalty of the Deccan, ordering him to invade and annex Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions. Shaista khan left Ahmednagar in February 1660 and arrived in Pune on 10th May 1660. He decided to capture the fort of Chakan to obtain supplies. Though the killedar of the fort of Chakan- Firangoji Narsala offered strong resistance to Shaista khan’s army, the Mughals captured the fort of Chakan. Shaista khan captured Swaraj's territories -Pune, Supe. He set up his camp at Lal Mahal in Pune. The Mughal army began to ravage the regions around Pune. Shaista khan adopted the strategy to occupy as much of Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions as possible. Forces were dispatched to invade the Konkan region below the Ghats. Kalyan and Bhiwandi were captured by the Mughal army. Shaista Khan appointed Kartalabkhan on an expedition to the North Konkan. Shivaji Maharaj humbled the Khan in Umbarkhind
. Shivaji Maharaj left Netaji Palkar to defend the North Konkan and he marched southwards and captured Dabhol, Chiplun, Sangameshwar, Rajapur, Palavani, and Shringarpur. Two years had passed but Shaista khan still would not think of leaving Pune. Naturally, this harmed the population. Intending to drive Shaista khan out of Pune, Shivaji Maharaj devised a bold plan. On 5th April 1663, Shivaji Maharaj raided Lal Mahal. In this raid, Shaista khan lost his fingers. He left Pune and shifted his camp to Aurangabad. The successful attack on Shaista khan resulted in an immense increase in Shivaji Maharaj's prestige and fame. It also had an impact on the people and their faith in the capabilities of Maharaj was strengthened even further.
The Surat Campaign 
In three years, Shaista Khan had ravaged the territories of the Swaraj. It was necessary to make up for this loss. Surat was the most prosperous port of the Mughal Empire on the west coast. Europeans i.e. the British, the Dutch and the French had their factories there. Shivaji Maharaj devised a plan of attack on Surat. The Subhedar of Surat could not put up any resistance to the Marathas. Shivaji Maharaj obtained enormous wealth from Surat. Surat's campaign was a stunning blow to emperor Aurangzeb’s prestige.
Intending to crush the growing power of Shivaji Maharaj, Aurangzeb sent Jaisingh of Ambar, an experienced and powerful Mughal Sardar. He left Delhi on 30th September 1664 and reached Pune on 3rd March 1665. Jaisingh's strategy was to isolate Shivaji Maharaj from his neighboring powers so that he would get neither help nor support from them, to prevent him from breaking out into the Mughal territory, to devastate his homeland, and capture his forts. As per this strategy he was trying to provoke the Adilshahi against Shivaji Maharaj. Jaisingh was simultaneously instigating local rulers in the Karnataka against the Adilshah so that the latter would be unable to help Shivaji Maharaj. To the Portuguese of Goa and Vasai, the Dutch of Vengurla, the British of Surat, and the Siddis of Janjira, Jaisingh suggested that they should start a naval campaign against Shivaji Maharaj. He also drew up a plan of capturing the forts in possession of Maharaj. Jaisingh and Dilerkhan led siege to the fort of Purandar
. Mughal forces were sent to various parts of Swaraj to devastate the territories of the Swaraj. Maharaj endeavored to resist the Mughals. When the Mughals put the fort of Purandar under siege, Murarbaji Deshpande fought with the greatest of courage. He died a hero’s death. Realizing that in this conflict with the Mughals, Shivaji Maharaj and his subjects had to face great losses, Maharaj began talks for a treaty with Jaisingh. A treaty between Jaisingh and Maharaj was signed in June 1665 which is known as the ‘Treaty of Purandar’. Under the terms of the treaty, Maharaj ceded twenty-three forts and adjacent areas yielding a revenue of four lakh hons to the Mughals. He also assured the Mughals of help against the Adilshahi.
Jaisingh’s campaign against the Adilshahi proved unsuccessful. Jaisingh and Aurangzeb felt that if the Adilshah, the Qutubshah, and Shivaji Maharaj joined forces against the Mughals, it would be a great setback to the Mughal policies in the Deccan. Both of them felt that Shivaji Maharaj ought to be kept away at least for some time from the Deccan politics. Jaisingh proposed to Shivaji Maharaj that he should visit Agra and meet the Emperor. After making thorough arrangements to ensure effective administration of his dominions during his absence, Shivaji Maharaj proceeded to Agra with his son Sambhaji and a few of his trusted people. Shivaji Maharaj set out for Agra on 5th March 1666 and reached on 11th May 1666. Aurangzeb did not treat Shivaji Maharaj with due honor at his court. Livid with rage, Maharaj walked out of the court instantly. Aurangzeb then put him under house arrest. Shivaji Maharaj devised a plan of escaping from his house arrest
. He adroitly escaped from Agra and safely reached Rajgad on 20th November 1666. While returning from Agra, he left Sambhaji at Mathura. Later, Sambhaji was brought safely to Rajgad.
For about four years after his return from Agra, Shivaji Maharaj concentrated his attention on putting the affairs of Swaraj in order. He re-organized the army and carried repairs to forts. In 1670, Shivaji Maharaj followed an offensive policy against the Mughals. His first aim was to clear his homeland of the Mughals. He also aimed at recapturing the forts and territories ceded to the Mughals according to the treaty of Purandar. The strategy followed by Shivaji Maharaj was to capture the forts by sending a well-equipped army on one hand and on the other hand to keep the Mughals unstable by invading the Mughal territories of the Deccan. Maharaj thus attacked Ahmednagar and Junnar. Sinhgad was the first fort to be recaptured. Mavala infantry under the command of Tanaji Malusare entered the fort secretly. The fort was defended by Udai Bhan. Tanaji Malusare fought with the greatest valor. He died a hero’s death. The fort was captured on 4th February 1670
. Shivaji Maharaj also recaptured several other forts such as Purandar, Lohgad, Mahuli, Karnala, Rohida one after another. Then Shivaji Maharaj attacked Surat for the second time. On the way back he fought a battle with the Mughals at Vani- Dindori in Nashik district. He defeated Daud Khan in the battle. The Marathas under the leadership of Moropant Pingle captured Trimbakgad. The Maratha army then invaded Baglan, a hilly district that was guarded by nine hill forts, the strongest among these were of Salher and Mulher, the others being smaller hill forts. The Maratha army not only captured smaller hill forts of Baglan but also captured Mulher fort and Salher which lay on the border of Khandesh and Gujarat. The capture of Salher was an event of great strategic importance. Then Salher became a base of operations against the rich provinces of Gujarat and Khandesh. The Mughals tried to recapture Salher but failed. In 1672, Shivaji Maharaj’s army conquered the principality of Jawhar and then Ramnagar.
The offensive against the Adilshahi Sultanate 
Shivaji Maharaj decided to expand his dominions at the expense of the Adilshahi Sultanate. He captured the Panhala fort which was in the possession of Adilshah on 8th March 1673. Then he captured the fort of Parali near Satara, fort of Satara, and forts like Chandan-vandan, Pandavgad Nandagiri, Kelanja, and Tathavda.

Fort Raigad, Capital of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 
The founding of the Maratha Swaraj involved a` relentless struggle for over thirty years. Maharaj realized that now the Swaraj needed to win general recognition as a sovereign, independent state. For legal recognition to the Swaraj, a formal coronation was necessary. On 6th June 1674, Shivaji Maharaj was coroneted at Raigad by Gagabhatt, a learned pandit of Benaras. Maharaj ascended the throne of the Swaraj. He now became the Chhatrapati of the Swaraj. As a symbol of sovereignty, Shivaji Maharaj instituted a new era commencing from the date of his coronation. It is known as Rajyabhisheka shaka. Shivaji Maharaj thus became the founder of a new era. On the occasion of the coronation, special coins were minted- a gold coin called hon and a copper coin called Shivraj with the legend Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati inscribed on them. Thereafter, all royal correspondence carried the words, 'Kshatriyakulaawatansa Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati'.

Hon
Hon

Shivrai 
A dictionary called Rajya-vyavahara-kosha, showing Sanskrit alternatives for Persian words was prepared. Sabhasad, a contemporary chronicler, while pointing out the significance of the coronation, writes ‘It was no mean achievement for a Maratha king to become such a great Chhatrapati’. The coronation of Shivaji Maharaj was a revolutionary event in the history of medieval India. Shivaji Maharaj had his second coronation performed under the guidance of Nischalpuri Gosavi.
After the coronation, Shivaji Maharaj marched to the conquest of Phonda near Goa and captured it in April 1675. Then the Marathas captured Ankola and Shiveshwar which was followed by the annexation of Kolhapur. After that Shivaji Maharaj accomplished 'Dakshin Digvijay'. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj planned to carry his army to the east coast in the South and conquer the province of Adilshahi Karnataka. He undertook the Karnataka expedition in 1677. Karnataka was long famous for its riches. At the same time, it was ill-defended by the Adilshah. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj went to Golkonda to meet the Qutubshah. He entered into a treaty of friendship with him. In April 1677 he set out for the Adilshahi Karnataka. He captured Jinjee and proceeded to Vellore. The city withstood a long siege. The eastern portion of the south was mostly held by nobles of the Adil shahi 37.141.13.234 (talk) 07:44, 4 April 2023 (UTC) kingdom
. Vyankoji, Shivaji Maharaj’s stepbrother had carved out a principality for himself at Thanjavur. At Tirumalvadi, on the northern bank of the Coleroon, Vyankoji met Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji Maharaj tried to get Vyankoji to participate in the activities of the Swaraj. He did not get any response from Vyankoji. Later, Maharaj conquered Bangalore, Hoskote in Karnataka, certain other forts such as those at Vellore, and also some parts of the Adil shahi kingdom. Permanent annexation in the south increased Maharaj’s strength and most importantly he was successful in executing his plan of defense which would help him to resist the armies of Aurangzeb in the future. For the administration of the newly conquered province, Shivaji Maharaj made excellent arrangements. He appointed Raghunath Narayan Hanamante, the chief officer to look after these newly conquered territories. After accomplishing the mission of the south, Shivaji Maharaj returned to Swaraj.
Shivaji Maharaj decided to fortify the island of Khanderi, commanded a key position as it was located near Mumbai. The British then decided to lay a regular siege to the island. In this naval conflict, the English had to withdraw their fleet. This brought to an end the naval conflict between Shivaji Maharaj and the British.

Within few months Shivaji Maharaj fell ill. After a short illness, he died at the Raigad fort on 3 April 1680.

The Samadhi of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj - Raigad
His military organization consisted of infantry, cavalry, and navy. Strict discipline, rapid movements, excellent intelligence service, and continuous attention to defense marked his military organization. He used to take utmost care to protect his subjects especially at the time of enemy invasions. Shivaji Maharaj was also keen to see to it that the soldiers did not in any way cause any harm to the subjects. He followed a tolerant religious policy. The greatest achievement of Shivaji Maharaj was to inculcate the spirit of independence in his people. By his great deeds and achievements, Shivaji Maharaj created an altogether new order of things. Shivaji Maharaj’s personality and message are as relevant today as they were in the past.

References

1630 births
1680 deaths
Indian monarchs
Deaths from dysentery
Marathi people
17th century in India
Hanuman Jayanthi is a festival in India. It is the birthday of Hanuman, the Vanara god who looks like a monkey. It is celebrated on the 15th day of Chitra Pournami. It is an important festival of the Hindus. Hanuman is the symbol of strength, energy and devotion. He is worshipped as a deity with supreme powers and conquer evil spirits.

Festivals in India
Hindu festivals
At the start of the American Civil War, Kansas was a new state. Kansas did not allow slavery in the state constitution. Kansas fought on the side of the Union, although there was a big pro-slavery feeling. These divisions led to some conflicts. The conflicts included the Lawrence Massacre in August 1863. Later the state witnessed the defeat of Confederate General Sterling Price by Union General Alfred Pleasonton at Mine Creek.

Background
Kansas had been admitted as a state of the Union in January 1861. This was very shortly before the outbreak of the Civil war. There had been some guerrilla fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups. The fighting became known as Bleeding Kansas. After three constitutions, the fourth, called the Wyandotte Constitution, was approved by the voters and sent to the United States Congress for approval and statehood.
Kansas entered the Union as a free state and the 34th state on January 29, 1861. Even after it became a state, there were still hard feelings in Kansas. The Kansas-Missouri border continued to be terrorized by Guerrilla bands from both sides. 

But statehood did not settle the hard feelings in Kansas — or the violence. Pro-slavery people still fought at the Kansas-Missouri border throughout the war. Lawrence, a free-state place in the 1850s, was burned, and more than 150 men and boys were killed by a pro-Southern irregular army under William Quantrill in 1863.