Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Divine Comedy is an epic poem written by Dante Alighieri. It is about a trip through the afterlife. The poem has three parts: Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise, or Heaven). The Divine Comedy is a piece of world literature.

Inferno is the most famous section of the poem. The poem is about the travels of a man through Christian hell, purgatory, and heaven. Note that "comedy" does not mean funny here, but rather that it has a positive ending.

Inferno
The narrator, Dante Alighieri, is lost in a forest in front of a giant mountain which symbolizes sin, and is harassed by a lion, leopard and she-wolf. He finds the Roman poet Virgil, who has to lead him through the nine circles of hell so Dante can be saved.

First circle (Limbo)
Souls that did not accept Christ are here. This includes atheists, pagans, and the unbaptized. They did not actively sin, but they could not enter Heaven because of their lack of faith and even Hell would not allow them to enter very far.
The punishment for the souls is not physical, but that they have no hope of seeing Christ, so they are mentally punished.

Beyond the first circle, souls are assigned their place by Minos, who wraps his tail around his body a corresponding number of times, and forces them to descend to their appropriate circle.

Second circle (Lust)
In this circle souls who succumb to lust. They are the first ones to be truly punished in Hell. These souls are blown around in a giant storm which will last forever. This symbolizes the power of lust to blow one about aimlessly.

Third circle (Gluttony)
This circle is guarded by Cerberus. The gluttons are punished here, lying in cold mud. While in life they were provided with warmth and comfort from their food, in Hell the souls are punished with cold and heavy rain. Cerberus claws at the spirits, rips at their skin, and bites holes.
Fourth circle (Greed)
In life the sinners miserly hoarded their money greedily, while the prodigal spent their money foolishly. Both groups are pushing and pulling great bags of gold as they did in life. The greedy are guarded by Plutus, god of riches and wealth.

Fifth circle (Wrath)
In the river Styx the wrathful fight each other on the surface. The river surrounds the city of Dis, where active sinners are located. When Virgil tries to enter, the angels of Hell slam the door in his face. He and Dante proceed to the gate where Christ entered Hell during his three-day trip to release a select few people. During Christ's Harrowing of Hell he broke the door so it could never close again.

Sixth circle (Heresy)
The heretics are trapped in red-hot iron tombs.
Seventh circle (Violence)
This circle holds those who were violent in their lives. The people who were violent to people and property are in a river of fire. The depth of their placement in the river corresponds to how much you damaged in life. For example, Alexander the Great is immersed up to his eyebrows. The violent against self are turned into plants and are pecked at and ripped apart by birds. The violent to God and the violent to nature are also here. They have to walk on flaming sand for eternity.

Eighth circle (Fraud)
Pimps, seducers, flatterers, simonists, sorcerers, fortune-tellers, false prophets, corrupt politicians, hypocrites, thieves, schismatics, alchemists, and counterfeiters are in this circle. Each punishment is the opposite of what they did in life. Fortune-tellers, who tried to see things ahead of time, are forced to walk backwards.
Ninth circle (Treachery)
The traitors to family are immersed in ice up to their faces. Traitors to political entities are also here. Traitors to guests lie in the ice, which covers them completely except for their faces. Traitors to their lords and benefactors are completely buried in ice in various positions.

In the very center of Hell, because he sinned the ultimate sin (treachery against God), lies Satan. Satan is described as a beast with three faces, six wings, and is eternally weeping from his six eyes. Each of Satan's mouths chews on a famous traitor from history. Brutus and Cassius are being chewed feet-first. The center mouth is chewing on Judas Iscariot. His head is being chewed on by Satan, and his back is being skinned by Satan's claws. 

Dante and Virgil escape by climbing down Satan's fur through the center of the earth and out the other hemisphere, where they will climb Mount Purgatory.

References 

Epic poems
14th-century books
Afterlife
Italian literature
An artist is a person who creates art. This word is used most often for person and activities of 'high culture'. That is for example drawing, painting, sculpture, acting, dancing, writing, filmmaking, photography, and music. Sometimes a person who is very good at their job is called an artist, even if it is not considered as art. A scientist or mathematician can be called an artist.

Dictionary definitions 
Wiktionary defines the noun 'artist' (one artist, two artists) as follows:
 A person who creates (makes) art.
 A person who creates art as an occupation, that means the person earn their money with art.
 A person who is skilled at some activity, that means a person who is very good in something.

History of the term
In ancient Greece there was the word "Techne" which is often translated as art. From this word comes "technical" and America is now the root of words such as technical, technology, etc. The seven muses were the gods of artists in the seven fields of human excellence: • Epic and lyric • History • Choral singing and poetry of love • Music • Tragedy • Religious Hymns • Gay poetry, poetry and rustic comedy • Dance • Astronomy and Geometry.

The word comes from Latin art "ars", that literally means skill method or technique, combined with the beauty of the objects produced. In the Middle Ages already existed the word artist, although its meaning is closer to what we now call the craftsman.

The present day concept of an artist

Concept art expresses a series of creations, called classical arts (painting, sculpture, literature, dance, music, architecture and cinema). However, considering someone as an artist is not limited to a series of works or concrete creations.
An artist is a person exercising the arts and produce artistic works. The artist is someone who has a special sensitivity to create a work or activity. There is no specific classification of what are an artist's own activities .In any case, the concept artist implies knowledge of art and at the same time, is a craft that can be professional but not necessarily. The artist seeks to create an object or activity that has a component of beauty. Very beautiful is one aspect cherished by the creators, but not only that. It also seeks to communicate feelings and ideas and form their own world.

Painter
An artist is a person able to put their point of view, their way of seeing the world and feel things on a canvas, a sheet or paper. An artist is a dreamer, is a poet, he is a speaker, is someone provided with sensibility sufficient or necessary to make us see things through their eyes.

Examples of art and artists
Abstract: Jackson Pollock
 Actress: Greta Garbo
 Animation: Walt Disney
 Architect: Antoni Gaudí
 Ballet: Margot Fonteyn
 BioArt: Hunter O'Reilly
 Calligraphy: Rudolf Koch
 Ceramics: Grayson Perry
 Choreographer: Martha Graham
 Comics: Will Eisner
 Composer: Giuseppe Verdi
 Conceptual art: Sol LeWitt
 Cubism: Pablo Picasso
 Dancer: Isadora Duncan
Designer: Arne Jacobsen
 Doll Maker: Greer Lankton
 Entertainer: PT Barnum
 Fashion designer: Alexander McQueen
 Fluxus art: Yoko Ono
 Game designer: Peter Molyneux
 Graphic Artist: Ludwig Merwart
 Graphic designer: Peter Saville
 Horticulture: André le Nôtre
 Illusionist: Houdini
 Illustrator: Quentin Blake
 Impressionism: Claude Monet
 Industrial designer: Pininfarina
 Jewelry: Fabergé
 Landscape architect: Frederick Law Olmsted
 Minimalist artist: Donald Judd
 Movie director: Sergei Eisenstein
 Muralist: Diego Rivera
 Musician:  John Lennon
 New Media:  Genco Gulan
 Novelist: Charles Dickens
 Musical instrument maker: Stradivari
 Orator: Cicero
 Outsider Art: Nek Chand
 Painter: Rembrandt van Rijn
 Painter: Mr. Glowa
 Performance Art: Carolee Schneemann
 Photographer: Bill Brandt
 Photomontage: John Heartfield
 Pianist: Glenn Gould
 Playwright: Alan Bennett
 Poet: Pablo Neruda
 Potter: Bernard Leach
 Printmaker: William Hogarth
 Sculptor: Michelangelo Buonarotti
 Singer: Maria Callas
 Street Art: Banksy
Street Art: Banksy
 Typographer: Eric Gill
Jacksonville is the largest city in the state of Florida and one of the 10 largest cities in the United States. It is home to the University of North Florida. It is the county seat of Duval County.

It is the largest city in the Continental United States in terms of area. It covers nearly all of Duval County in North Florida. The Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL play here.

References

Other websites

 
County seats in Florida
Fetishism can be one of the following:
 The belief that certain natural or man-made things/objects, have supernatural/magical powers. This thing is called a fetish.
 Sexual fetishism, sexual attraction to objects that do not move on their own.
Heine was born into an assimilated Jewish family in Düsseldorf, Germany. His father was a tradesman.
After his father's business failed, Heine was sent to Hamburg. His uncle in Hamburg was a very successful banker, so Heine started learning banking, but he soon dropped it. Then Heine started to study law at the universities of Göttingen, Bonn and Berlin but was more interested in literature than law. He nonetheless took a degree in law in 1825. At the same time he decided to convert from Judaism to Protestantism because of the severe restrictions on Jews in the German states. Only Christians were allowed to have certain businesses or to be clerks of the state. Jews were also forbidden to become university professors, a particular ambition at the time for Heine. Heine himself said, his conversion was "the ticket of admission into European culture".
Heine is best known for his lyric poetry, much of which was set to music by lieder composers, including especially Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann.
His start as poet Heine was made with Gedichte ("Poems") in 1821. Heine's infatuation with his cousins Amalie and Therese later inspired him to write some of his loveliest lyrics; Buch der Lieder ("Book of Songs", 1827) was Heine's first comprehensive collection of verse.

Heine left Germany for Paris, France in 1831. There he associated with utopian socialists. He met people who followed Count Saint-Simon, who preached an egalitarian classless society.

He remained in Paris for the rest of his life. His only visit to Germany was in 1843. German authorities banned his works and those of others who were considered to be associated with the Young Germany movement in 1835.

Heine continued to comment on German politics and society from a distance. Heine wrote Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen (Germany. A Winter's Tale). In 1844; his friend, Karl Marx, published it in his newspaper Vorwärts ("Forward") in 1844.
One of the books was burned by the Nazis. One of Heine's most famous lines is now: "Where they burn books, they will, in the end, burn human beings too" (Almansor, 1821).

In 1851 Heinrich Heine wrote the "König Richard" poem. The poem was written in tribute to King Richard I of England and it was translated into several languages.

Some works
Some works 

 Gedichte, 1821
 Tragödien, nebst einem lyrischen Intermezzo, 1823
 Reisebilder, 1826-31
 Die Harzreise, 1826
 Ideen, das Buch le Grand, 1827
 Englische Fragmente, 1827
 Buch der Lieder, 1827
 Französische Zustände, 1833
 Zur Geschichte der neueren schönen Literatur in Deutschland, 1833
 Die romantische Schule, 1836
 Der Salon, 1836-40
 Über Ludwig Börne, 1840
 Neue Gedichte, 1844 - New Poems
 Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen, 1844 - Germany
 Atta Troll. Ein Sommernachtstraum, 1847
 Romanzero, 1851
 Der Doktor Faust, 1851.
 Les Dieux en Exil, 1853
 Die Harzreise, 1853
 Lutezia, 1854
 Vermischte Schriften, 1854
 Letzte Gedichte und Gedanken, 1869
 Sämtliche Werke, 1887-90 (7 Vols.) (collected works)
 Sämtliche Werke, 1910-20 (collected works)
 Sämtliche Werke, 1925-30 (collected works)
 Werke und Briefe, 1961-64 (works and letters)
 Sämtliche Schriften, 1968 (all written works)

Other websites
Other websites 

 "Ihr Lieder! Ihr meine guten Lieder!"  A guide to musical settings for one or two voices of the poetry of Heinrich Heine (1797-1856) by Peter W. Shea.
 Heinrich-Heine-Gesellschaft e.V.
 Heinrich-Heine-Institut
 Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
 Complete works of Heine online (in German)
 Selected English translations online 
 Art of the States: The Resounding Lyre  Musical setting of Heine's poem "Halleluja"

References

1797 births
1856 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
German poets
Jewish German writers
Jews who converted to Christianity
Writers from Düsseldorf
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Capitata Group) is an edible plant. It is a lot like broccoli, cauliflower or Brussels sprouts. Cabbage is eaten in many ways around the world. Coleslaw and sauerkraut are popular foods that use cabbage. It is also used to make kimchi and borscht, and can also be used in salads. Red cabbage juice can be used as a pH indicator. Cabbages are usually green, but they can also be red.

Types of cabbage

Cabbages can come in many different types, such as the previously mentioned red and green cabbages, but they can also be in other types. These include white cabbage, also known as Dutch cabbage, and Savoy cabbage.

References

Brassica oleracea
Leaf vegetables
The word pool refers to many different things:

A pool is a body of water. It is also called a pond. It can also mean a body of water that people have made. This is called a swimming pool.
Pool is also a game. It is a form of billiards. The object is to use a cue ball to knock other balls into pockets around the edge of the table.
People also use the word "pool" to mean something many people have contributed to. People can pool their money to buy something, or to make a bet. Sometimes it can mean cooperation, people working together to get something done.
The rupee is the name of a currency amount ("denomination" of money) in various countries.

It is used in the Republic of India and Pakistan. It was also used in British India, the former East Pakistan until 1971, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, and the Seychelles. In past times, rupees were also the name of the money used in Burma and in the German and British colonies in East Africa. The name comes from a Sanskrit word meaning silver. The rupiah of Indonesia and the rufiyah of the Maldives are kinds of money that also got their name from this word. All of these were previously Spanish dollars.

Related pages
Indian rupee
Pakistani rupee

Currency of Africa
Currency of Asia
Mauritius
Nepal
Seychelles
Sri Lanka
500 (Roman numerals: D) was a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday. The Julian calendar had it as a leap year starting on Saturday, which was used before the Gregorian calendar. The exceptional common year starting on Friday was called 500 when the Gregorian calendar was not in use, of course.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).
Events 
Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex (approximate date; suggested dates range from 490 to 510) Note: This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur
Possible date at which Fergus I of Dalriada begins his reign
Approximate beginning of the Heptarchy period in the history of England
Approximate year of the founding of the Kingdom of Essex
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei China becomes sovereign of the Northern Wei Dynasty
Uxmal founded (approximate date)
Traders from southern Arabia settle in northern Ethiopia
Events 
 Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland
 February 2 – Diet of Augsburg begins
 February 4 – John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England
 February 9 – Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake
 May 23 – Paul IV becomes Pope.
 September 25 – Peace of Augsburg is signed.

Births

Deaths
Diesel oil or diesel fuel is a type of fuel for cars. It is also an oil used for an energy source.  It is made from petroleum and from various other sources.

It is named after Rudolf Diesel who in 1892 invented the diesel engine.

Related pages
 Biodiesel

References

Fuel
Düsseldorf International Airport (;  is an airport in Germany. It is eight kilometres from Düsseldorf. The airport has the IATA Airport Code DUS. There is one other airport named "Düsseldorf Express Airport, Mönchengladbach", but that is only a continental airport and has only a few lines, mostly private jets.

The international airport supports flights to 180 destinations on four continents and hosts 70 airlines. The airport has 800 takeoffs and landings per day.

The airport was opened on April 19, 1927, after two years of construction. However, the first aircraft to land in northern Düsseldorf was the Zeppelin LZ-III in 1909.

On April 11, 1996 there was a fire in the airport, probably caused by welding work on the roof. 17 people were killed, mostly due to smoke inhalation. The terminal building was badly damaged, and was closed for five years. By July 1, 2001 it had been nearly completely re-built and was re-opened.
A suspended monorail connects the terminal building with the InterCity and ICE train station (High speed and extremely high speed trains). The so-called SkyTrain travels the 2.5 kilometers between the terminal and station at a maximum speed of 50 km/h. It started operation in 2002, replacing a shuttle bus service, and is not free of charge to use.
Airlines serving Düsseldorf International Airport 
Currently, the following airlines operate routes to and from Düsseldorf International Airport:
 Aegean Airlines
 Aer Lingus (Dublin)
 Aero Lloyd
 Aeroflight (Catania, Nador, Tivat)
 Aeroflot (Moscow Domodedovo)
 Air Adriatic
 Air Botnia
 Air Europa
 Air France (Lyon, Nice, Paris)
 Air Malta
 Air Via Bulgarian Airways
 Alitalia (Milan-Malpensa, Rome)
 AMC Aviation
 Atlasjet International (Ankara)
 Austrian Airlines (Vienna)
 Balkan Air
 BH Airlines
 Bluewings (Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir)
 British Airways (London-Heathrow)
 British Airways Citiexpress (Birmingham, Manchester)
 Bulgarian Air Charter (Burgas, Varna)
 Cimber Air
 Cirrus Airlines
 Condor Flugdienst (Arrecife, Heraklion, Las Palmas, Palma)
 Croatia Airlines (Split)
 Czech Airlines
 dba (Berlin-Tegel, Lamezia, Munich, Nürnberg)
 Delta Air Lines (Atlanta, beginning March 2006)
 Denim Airlines
 Deutsche BA
 Egyptair (Cairo)
 El Al
El Al
 Emirates (Bombay, Delhi, Dubai, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Osaka, Perth, Singapore)
 Eurocypria Airlines
 Eurowings
 Finnair (Helsinki)
 Fly Air
 Freebird Airlines
 Germania Airlines (Lamezia, Zadar)
 Germania Express (Sarajevo, Zadar)
 German Wings (Berlin-Schonefeld)
 Hapag-Lloyd (Bodrum, Catania, Fuerteventura, Heraklion, Palma)
 Hola Airlines
 Iberia Airlines (Madrid)
 Islandsflug-Icebird
 Karthago Airlines
 Kibris Turkish
 KLM Cityhopper (Amsterdam)
 LOT Polish (Warsaw)
 LTE International
 Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter (Erfert)
 Lufthansa (Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin-Tegel, Birmingham, Boston, Bucharest, Budapest, Chicago, Denver, Dresdon, Frankfurt, Geneva, Hamburg, Houston, Jersey, Leipzig-Halle, London-City, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Lyon, Manchester, Milan-Malpensa, Montreal, Munich, Newark, Nurnberg, Paris, Portland, Prague, Rome, San Francisco, Seattle, Stockholm, Stuttgart, Toronto, Turin, Zürich)
 Macedonian Airlines (Ohrid)
 Mahan Air (Bangkok, Delhi)
 Middle East Airlines Liban
MNG Airlines (Bodrum)
 Montenegro Airlines
 Nouvelair Tunisie (Monastir)
 Onur Air (Ankara)
 Pegasus Airlines (Bodrum)
 Privatair
 Rossiya
 Royal Air Maroc (Nador)
 Scandinavian Airlines System (Copenhagen)
 Shorouk Air
 Sky Airlines
 Styrian Spirit
 SunExpress (Antalya, Bodrum)
 Swiss International Airlines (Geneva, Zürich)
 S7
 TAROM (Bucharest)
 Thomas Cook Airlines
 Tunisair
 Turkish Airlines (Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir)
 Viking Airlines
 Vueling Airlines (Barcelona)
 White Eagle Airlines
 World Focus Airlines (Ankara)
Before September 11 Düsseldorf International Airport had many flights from the United States. Now the only direct flight to the United States is from Privatair. Privatair has a flight going to New York Newark airport, which is codeshared with Lufthansa.
Sources

Other websites 
 Düsseldorf International Airport Homepage
 Sky-Train Düsseldorf 

Airports in Germany
Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Düsseldorf
1927 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Germany
A sauna is a small room or building that is made hot. The heat of a sauna is calming and makes the person using it sweat. This is believed to help people be more healthy though it causes stress on the body by overheating. Today many countries and groups of people have different ways of heating and using a sauna. The temperature is often 80°C in Finnish saunas. The heat can be more than 100°C. Finnish and Swedish saunas have lower humidity (the air is less wet) to make this high heat comfortable.

The Turkish hammam has a high humidity (the air is more wet) and a lower temperature.

Today saunas can often be found at hotels and places for sports and exercise. In Finland, they are more common and are also often in private apartments and office 
buildings.

In almost every house in Finland they have a sauna.
Common rules for public saunas
In some cultures, swimsuits must be worn in a sauna. In other cultures swimsuits are not be worn. Swimsuits are more often worn when men and women use a sauna together. Some saunas are only for men, or only for women. Some places have fixed times when each gender can use a sauna. Private saunas may have their own rules.

Areas where the sauna is used while nude
Germany
Austria
North-eastern Italy
Finland
Russia
Slovenia
Sweden
Croatia
Japan
Netherlands
Flanders
Estonia
Lithuania
Latvia

Areas where the sauna is used in a swimsuit or covered by a towel
France
United Kingdom
United States
Hungary
South America
Africa
Wallonia

Area where men and women do not sauna together
Russia
Japan

Areas where sitting on a towel is required
Germany
Austria
North-eastern Italy
Netherlands
Flanders

Related pages
Onsen
Sentō
 Jjimjilbang
Banya
Finnish culture
Hygiene
Early life 
Beuys was born in Krefeld on 12 May 1921, and grew up in the nearby city of Kleve. His family was strong catholic. As a young child he began his interest in art by often engaging in making watercolours. He first saw modern art when visiting the studio of Achilles Moortgat. At the age of seventeen in 1938, he joined Hitler Youth, like many young German men at that time. He studied many disciplines before engaging in his art practice, and was particularly interested in natural sciences and history, including alchemy, and focussed on medicine with the intention of becoming a doctor. During his studies, however, World War II began, and he became a soldier in the German air force. There, he was a rear gunner (gunner in the back) in a military airplane. In 1943 one of his close friends died in a concentration camp.
Many people believe that this use of felt and fat recalled a plane crash experienced while flying for the  Luftwaffe in the Crimea in the winter of 1942-43. Beuys claimed that he had been saved by a nomadic tribe of Tartars who, sympathetic to the Germans after persecution by the Soviets, ‘covered my body in fat to help it regenerate warmth, and wrapped it in felt as an insulator to keep warmth in’. In fact this episode was fabricated, partly on the basis of a dream, but he consistently referred to this episode and it can be seen as a private mythology of his.

Development as artist 
After the war Beuys studied at the academy in Düsseldorf from 1946 to 1951. For most of the 1950s he was mostly drawing.
In 1961 he became professor of sculpture there, but was fired in 1972 because he said that his classes must be open to anybody who wanted to take them. He thought that classes should be free and he worked in his classes with everybody who wanted. His students protested when he was fired, so he was allowed to hold his studio there, but he still lost his job.

In 1962 Beuys was member of the "Fluxus movement". They made art together by drawing, sculpting, making music, and literature.

Politics 
Beuys believed that arts has an important role in society. His first problems with politicians were when he lost his job as professor.
In the 1980s he was part of the Peace Movement and protested against nuclear missiles in Germany. He was one of the first members of the Green Party in the 1980s.
Works 
Famous works are for example:
 Felt Suit (1970), a felt suit exhibited on a coat hanger;
 the performance piece Coyote, "I Like America and America Likes Me" (1974), Beuys wore felt and carried a shepherd's staff and stayed in a room with a coyote for five days;
 sculpture Fat Corner, fat piled into the corner of a space, left to melt and turn rancid over many days. However the fat was accidentally destroyed by the cleaning crew.
 How To Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare (1965), he walked around with his face covered in honey and gold leaf, carrying a dead hare which he talked with, explaining the pictures before them.

In 1979, a large retrospective of Beuys' work at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City confirmed his reputation as one of the most important artists of his time. He died in 1986 in Düsseldorf.

Pop cultural references 
The web comic Cat And Girl makes frequent reference to Joseph Beuys, including his art (reference 1 reference 2) and cultural references.

Related pages

German art
German art

Other websites 
 actual exhibitions with Joseph Beuys on Artfacts.Net 
 Details of the 7000 oaks project 
 Joseph Beuys Music on Ubuweb
 Athena—The Joseph Beuys Online Guide 
 Beuys' writings and works influenced by Beuys (In German)
 Articles about Beuys

1921 births
1986 deaths
German sculptors
People from Düsseldorf
German politicians of Alliance '90/The Greens
The Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf is the Arts Academy of the city of Düsseldorf. It is well-known all over the world by its most famous members like Joseph Beuys.

History
The arts school started 1762 as school of drawing by Lambert Krahe (1710 - 1790), in 1773 it became Academy of drawing, painting and sculpturing of the Earls of Palatine.

In time of the Napoleonic Wars it moved to Munich. So the government of Prussia, who annexed the region of Düsseldorf after Napoleon surrendered, to open a new Royal Arts Academy in Düsseldorf. It started in 1822.

In the 1850s the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf became an international well-known arts school. The "Düsseldorfer Malerschule" was internationally known as a special kind of drawing countryside. Many students came from Scandinavia, Russia, and the United States of America to Düsseldorf.
Directors
 1819 - 1824 Peter von Cornelius
 1826 - 1859 Wilhelm von Schadow
 1924 - 1933 Walter Kaesbach
 1945 - 1946 Ewald Mataré
 1959 - 1965 Hans Schwippert
 1972 - 1981 Norbert Kricke
 since 1988 Markus Lüpertz
Well-known professors and students
 Andreas Achenbach (1827 - 1834 Student)
 Adolf Seel
 Oswald Achenbach (1835 - 1841 Student; 1863 - 1872 Professor)
 Peter Angermann (1968-1973)
 Joseph Beuys (1947 - 1952 Student, 1961 - 1972 Professor)
 Arnold Böcklin (1845 - 1847 Student)
 Michael Buthe (1944 - 1994 Professor)
 Max Clarenbach (1894 - 1901 Student, 1917 - 1945 Professor)
 Tony Cragg (1979 - 1988 Assistant Professor, 1988 - 2001 Professor)
 Siegfried Cremer (1977 - 1994 Professor for drawing technics)
 Rolf Krummenauer (1953 - 1969 Teacher for Arts Forming)
 Felix Droese (1970 - 1976 Student)
 Helmut Federle (1999 - Professor)
 Anselm Feuerbach (1845 - 1848 Student)
 Rupprecht Geiger (1965 - 1976 Professor)
 Eugen Gomringer (1977 - 1990 Professor)
 Günter Grass (1948 - 1952 Student)
 Gotthard Graubner (1954 - 1959 Student, 1976 - 1992 Professor)
 Erwin Heerich (1958 - 1965 )
 Hans Schwippert (1959 - 1965 Professor and Director)
 Hans Hollein (1967 - 1965 Professor)
 Ottmar Hörl (1979 - 1981 Student)
Candida Höfer (1973-x Student)
 Oliver Jordan (1980 - 1985 Student)
 Johannes Hüppi (1984 bis 1990 master-student of Dieter Krieg)
 Jörg Immendorff (1963 - 1964 Student, since 1996 Professor)
 Karin Kneffel (1981 - 1987 master-student of Gerhard Richter)
 Paul Klee (1931 - 1933 Professor)
 Walter Köngeter (1952 - 1967 Professor for constructing arts)
 Rita McBride (Professor for sculpturing)
 Yoshitomo Nara (1988 - 1993 Student)
 Heinrich Nauen (1921 - 1937 Professor)
 Albert Oehlen (seit 2000 Professor)
 Markus Oehlen (1976 - 1982 Student)
 Nam June Paik (1979 - 1996 Professor for Video Arts)
 Sigmar Polke (1961 - 1967 Student)
 Lois Renner (1985 - 1988 Student)
 Gerhard Richter (1961 - 1963 Student, 1971 - 1993 Professor)
 Klaus Rinke (1974 - 2004 Professor)
 Reiner Ruthenbeck (1962 - 1968 Student)
 Thomas Ruff (Student, Professor)
 Kaspar Scheuren (1829-1835 Student)
 Rudolf Schwarz (1953 - 1961 Professor)
 Thomas Schütte (1973 - 1981 Student)
 Norbert Tadeusz (1961 - 1966 Student)
Rosemarie Trockel (Professor)
 Günther Uecker (1953 - 1957 Student, 1976 - 1995 Professor)
 Georg Wilhelm Volkhart (1831 - 1840 Student)
 Max Volkhart (1848 - 1924 Student)
Related pages

Düsseldorf school of painting

References

Other websites 
 www.kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de

Schools in Germany
Education in Düsseldorf
1762 establishments
18th-century establishments in Germany
A poet is someone who writes poetry. Poetry can be written in any language by a poet.  

Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet. She lived in Lesbos, Greece. She was famous for writing lyric love poems to women. She wrote in the Ancient Greek language.  

Famous English poets are William Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, William Wordsworth, William Blake, John Keats, and Percy Shelley. They wrote in the English language. Their poetry comes in different styles and forms. Often their poetry is lyrical and rhymes. 

The most famous American poets include Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman. They wrote in English. Often their poetry did not rhyme. They lived in the 19th century in the United States. Some 20th century American poets include Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and John Ashbery.
Modern French poets are Arthur Rimbaud and  Charles Baudelaire. Rimbaud was famous for his poetry collection called “Illuminations.” Baudelaire wrote of beauty, decay, and spirituality in his famous work “Flowers of Evil.” 

Great Spanish poets are Garcilaso de la Vega, Frederico García Lorca, Antonio Machado, and Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer. Vicente Aleixandre won the Nobel Prize. 

Three Latin American poets won the Nobel prize in the 20th century. They include Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda, and Octavio Paz. They wrote in Spanish. 

Caribbean poets Derek Walcott and Giannina Braschi wrote epic poetry.  Winner of the Nobel Prize, Walcott wrote Omeros and In a Green Night in English. Giannina Braschi writes epic poetry in English, Spanglish, and Spanish, including Empire of Dreams 

Ancient Chinese poets are Wang Wei, Du Fu, and Qu Yuan. They wrote in Chinese about nature and people.

Related pages 
poetry 
sonnet

References 

 
Writing occupations
The  is one of the biggest universities in Germany. It is in the Ruhr-Area, in the city of Bochum.

History 
The Ruhr-Universität was the first public university that was founded in West Germany after World War II (in 1962). Later in the 1960s, education expanded in West Germany and more universities were founded, but Bochum has a bright selection of subjects because it was the beginning of education expanding.
The Ruhr-University was one of the fourth largest university in Germany in the late 1980s and early 1990s with more than 40,000 students. But after the state of North Rhine-Westfalia decided to earn study fees, many students left the university and school examiners do not start studying anymore. Actually the fees are 1,000 Euro in the year (about 1,100 US $), but the Ruhr-Area is traditionally a working class region. Sommer Semester 2011 was the last semester with tuition fees http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/studienbeitrag/ . The number or students now is more than 34 000 http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/universitaet/fakten/menschlich/index.html

The university of Bochum was one of the first to have Bachelor and master's degrees instead of the traditional German Diplom and Magister degree.
Present situation 
The Ruhr-University has about 34,000 students.http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/universitaet/fakten/menschlich/index.html Academically it is an upper middle-class university with a lot of international affairs, especially with Eastern Europe and Asia. The Ruhr-University Bochum lost some subjects by when the state reduced its budget.
The main focuses in research are neurosciences, engineering, European law, plasma physics, solidstate physics, biochemistry, economics, Middle Ages and modern history, philosophy and languages.
Subjects 
 Mathematics
 Applied Computational Science
 Physics and Astronomy
 Chemistry and Biochemistry
 Biology and Neuro Sciences
 Geosciences (Geology, Geophysics, Mineralogy, Palentology)
 Geography
 Civil Engineering
 Electro Engineering
 Nanotechnology
 Psychology
 Medicine
 Philosophy
 History (Old, Middle Ages and New History, History of Arts)
 Archeological Sciences
 Chinese(language and literature, there are regional studies for eastern Asia, too)
 Eastern Asian Studies (China, Korea and Japan)
 English Language and Literature American and Canadian Literature
 Romanic Languages and Literature (Italian, French, Spain, Portuguese)
 Slavic Languages and Literature (Russian, Polish)
 German Languages and Literature
 Comparative Literature
 Latin and Old Greek
 Near and Middle Eastern Studies (Arabian Stuies, Indian)
 Roman Catholic Theology
 Protestant (Lutheran) Religious Studies
 Economy
 Laws
 Social Sciences (Sociology, Social Psychology, Politics, Socail-Economical studies)
Environmental Studies
 Development policy
 Working Sciences
 Sports
 Music Sciences
 Educational Sciences
Other websites 
 English website

Bochum
Colleges and universities in North Rhine-Westphalia
Aachen ( ; Aachen dialect: Oche [ˈɔːxə]; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle ; Latin: Aquae Granni or Aquisgranum; ) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 260,000 inhabitants and a well-known university, the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH). It is also the location of the 1944 Battle of Aachen during World War II where the United States fought Nazi Germany .

History 
The Romans built a spa over hot water springs here in ancient times.

In the Middle Ages, it was the capital city of the Frankish emperor, Charlemagne. The city was called Aix-la-Chapelle by the French.

Charlemagne ordered the building of a cathedral in 786 AD. He was buried in a tomb in this cathedral. German emperors were crowned in the cathedral in Aachen until 1531.
European countries made two important peace agreements in Aachen. In 1668, the first treaty (agreement) ended the War of Devolution between France and the alliance of England, Holland and Sweden. The treaty allowed France to keep most of the towns it had captured in Flanders the year before. In 1748, the second treaty ended the War of the Austrian Succession. In this war, France, Prussia, and other nations tried to take territory from the Austrian Empire. The treaty said that Maria Theresa of Austria was the ruler of these territories. It also gave Prussia the territory of Silesia.

Since 1972, Aachen has been part of the Cologne Government Region.

Notes

References

Other websites

Spa towns in Germany
Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
 
1306 establishments
14th-century establishments in Germany
1801 disestablishments
1800s disestablishments in Germany
Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the Lahn river. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf Rural District. It has about 80,000 inhabitants and a small, but well-known university, the Philipps-University.

The upper part of Old town, near the castle and above the former village 'Weidenhausen' at river Lahn and a bridge is called 'Oberstadt' (upper town).

There are timber framing houses, similar to some houses in Alsfeld (Vogelsbergkreis).

Cycling trail Lahntalradweg along the river connects Marburg with Gießen in the South.

Geography 
The Lahn valley is surrounded by hill chains called Lahnberge and Marburger Rücken in the Central Uplands (Mittelgebirge), part of West Hesse Highlands. The city districts Cyriaxweimar, Elnhausen, Michelbach and Schröck are on the other side of these two hill chains.

References

Other websites

Marburg-Biedenkopf
Akron is a large city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is found near the Ohio & Lake Erie canal. It is home to the U.S. rubber industry, including Goodyear tires.

References

Other websites 

 City of Akron 
 Akron Wiki

 
County seats in Ohio
1825 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Ohio
The Philipps University of Marburg is the oldest Protestant university of the world. It was founded by Martin Luther's friend Philipp of Hesse in 1527, during the reformation.

Major areas of research at the university are medicine, nano-science, materials science and near eastern studies.

List of subjects 
 Mathematics
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology
 Medicine
 Dental Medicine
 Pharmacology
 Geography
 Philosophy
 History
 Protestant (Lutheran) Religious Studies
 Roman Catholic Religious Studies
 Latin and Ancient Greek
 English
 German
 Romance Languages and Literature (French, Italian, Spanish)
 Near Eastern Studies
 Social Science and Political Science
 Economics (strong point is microeconomics)
 Slavic Languages and Literature (Polish, Russian) (well-known, but may be closed soon)
 Far Eastern Studies (China, Japan) (will be closed soon)

Other websites 
 http://www.uni-marburg.de

Colleges and universities in Germany
Education in Hesse
Youngstown is a city in Ohio, United States.  It is the county seat of Mahoning County. Part of Youngstown is also in Trumbull County.  The town is on the Mahoning River.  It is about  southeast of Cleveland and  northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  Youngstown has its own metropolitan area; it is often thought of as part of the Pittsburgh Tri-State area and Greater Cleveland. Youngstown is  west of the Pennsylvania state line.  It is midway between New York City and Chicago via Interstate 80.
The city was named for John Young.  He was an early settler from Whitestown, New York, who started the town's first sawmill and gristmill. Youngstown is in an area of the United States that is often called the Rust Belt. The town was known as a center of steel making. Youngstown was forced to change itself when the U.S. steel industry fell into decline in the 1970s. Towns in the area did not have a lot of business after that. Youngstown also falls within the Appalachian Ohio region, among the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The 2010 census showed that Youngstown had a total population of 66,982, making it Ohio's ninth largest city. The city has had a decline of over 60% of its population since 1960.

According to the 2010 Census, the Youngstown-Warren-Boardman Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) contains 565,773 people and includes Mahoning and Trumbull counties in Ohio, and Mercer County in Pennsylvania. The Steel Valley area as a whole has 763,207 residents.

History
History

Youngstown was named for New York native John Young. He surveyed the area in 1796. He moved there soon after. On February 9, 1797, Young bought the town of  from the Western Reserve Land Company for $16,085. The 1797 start of Youngstown was officially recorded on August 19, 1802.
The area of today's Youngstown was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve.  This was a part of the Northwest Territory for settlers from the state of Connecticut. While many of the area's early settlers came from Connecticut, Youngstown also had a large number of Scots-Irish settlers from neighboring Pennsylvania. The first European Americans to settle in the area were Pittsburgh native James Hillman and his wife, Catherine Dougherty. By 1798, Youngstown was the home of several families who were lived near the point where Mill Creek meets the Mahoning River. Boardman Township was started in 1798 by Elijah Boardman. He was a member of the Connecticut Land Company. Also started in 1798 was Austintown by John McCollum. He was a settler from New Jersey.
In 1800, governor Arthur St. Clair made Trumbull County (named for Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull). He named the smaller town of Warren as its "county seat". In 1813, Trumbull County was divided into townships, with Youngstown Township being a big part of what became Mahoning County. The village of Youngstown was incorporated in 1848, and in 1867 Youngstown was chartered as a city. It became the county seat in 1876.

The discovery of coal by the community in the early 19th century helped Youngstown become part of the Erie Canal. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company was organized in 1835. The canal was completed in 1840. David Tod, who was later Ohio governor during the Civil War, persuaded Lake Erie steamboat owners that coal from the Mahoning Valley could fuel their vessels if canal transportation were available between Youngstown and Cleveland. The arrival of the railroad in 1856 made it easier for more economic growth.
The city's population became more diverse since the end of World War II, when a seemingly robust steel industry attracted thousands of workers. In the 1950s, the Latino population grew significantly; and by the 1970s, St. Rose of Lima Roman Catholic Church and the First Spanish Baptist Church of Ohio were among the largest religious institutions for Spanish-speaking residents in the Youngstown metropolitan area. While diversity is among the community's enduring characteristics, the industrial economy that drew various groups to the area collapsed in the late 1970s. In response to subsequent challenges, the city has taken well-publicized steps to diversify economically, while building on some traditional strengths.

Geography and climate 
The United States Census Bureau says the city has a total area of .  Land is  of that area, and water is .
Youngstown is in the Mahoning Valley on the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau. The glaciers left behind a plain with valleys at the end of the last Ice Age.  The valleys were caused by the Mahoning River crossing the plain. Lakes made by glaciers that dammed small streams were eventually drained.  This left behind fertile land.

References 

Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
1796 establishments in the United States
1790s establishments in the Northwest Territory
Dortmund (; Westphalian  [ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩]; ) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region

Dortmund has about 590,000 inhabitants and is in the Ruhr Area. There is a university in Dortmund. The biggest soccer club is Borussia Dortmund.

References 

 
Imperial free cities
The Netherlands Antilles was a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country was originally a group of six islands in the Caribbean Sea. Some were discovered in 1493 by Christopher Columbus, and some were discovered in 1499 by Alonso de Ojeda.

Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao are part of the Leeward Islands. They are near Venezuela. Saint Martin, Sint Eustatius, and Saba are part of the Windward Islands. They are near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Of these, the island Sint Maarten is in fact part of two countries: the northern part belongs to France (as Saint Martin), but the southern part is Dutch (as Sint Maarten).

Aruba left the Netherlands Antilles in 1986. When Curaçao and Sint Maarten did the same thing on 10 October 2010, the country no longer existed. The remaining BES Islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba now belong to the Netherlands and are called the Dutch Caribbean islands.
Because the Netherlands Antilles was a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands proper was also the Queen of the Netherlands Antilles, but the islands' residents had a government of their own. Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are now separate countries within the Kingdom. All of these places still have King Willem-Alexander as their monarch today.

The last Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles was Emily de Jongh-Elhage. The last Governor was Frits Goedgedrag, who is since the 10 October 2010 the first Governor of Curaçao.

Other websites

Method of Securing the Ports and Populations of All the Coasts of the Indies is an old document from 1694 that talks about the Netherlands Antilles

Dutch-speaking countries
Alfred Nobel () (October 21, 1833 – December 10, 1896) was a Swedish scientist, engineer, and weapons manufacturer. He is well known for the invention of dynamite and for creating the Nobel Prize. 

He left instructions in his will that his money should create the Nobel Prize after reading an article in a French newspaper that called him the "merchant of death" and said that he would be remembered for his invention of dynamite and its ability to kill more people than ever before. Nobel left 31 million kronor (the Swedish currency) to the awards after his death on December 10, 1896. The artificial element Nobelium is named for him.

Early life
Nobel was born on October 21, 1833. His father, Immanuel Nobel, was an engineer and inventor. His mother was Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. In 1833, Immanuel Nobel was forced into bankruptcy due to losses in his construction company.

References

Other websites 
 Alfred Nobel - Citizendium 

1833 births
1896 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Swedish scientists
Nobel Prize
A pharmacy is a shop where therapeutic drugs are sold. Sometimes a pharmacy is also called a  drug store or chemist and druggist store. The people working in a pharmacy are called pharmacists, druggist or chemists (British English). These people can recognise simple diseases and dispense drugs for some of them.

Certain drugs are special, because they can be addictive, or they change the way other drugs act, or they need to be taken in a special way. These drugs cannot simply be bought at a pharmacy. A prescription is necessary to get them. Medical doctors give out prescriptions, which can then be used to get the drug.

Many pharmacies do not sell drugs only. They also sell beauty products and hygiene-related products, like tampons for women and contraceptives.  

The number of pharmacies in England has been falling. There were 11,500 active pharmacies in 2022— the lowest total since 2015/2016. The number of prescription items given out in 2021/2022 was 1.1 billion, 2.7% more than 2020/2021.
Pharmacology is a branch of chemistry that studies the molecular structure of drugs to find better drugs.

Related pages

 Pharmacist
 Pharmaconomist
 Online pharmacy

References 

Pharmacy
People kiss each other, usually by using their lips and mouth to touch each other. However, there are many different types of kiss, with different meanings. Also, the meaning of kissing may be different in different cultures. Most often, people kiss to show love or affection for each other. Sometimes, people kiss as a sign of friendship, sometimes it is a ritual performed to greet someone.

Types of kisses

Greeting kisses 
Greeting kisses are not given for sexual passion, but simply a sign of friendship. In many parts of the world, women often kiss on meeting female friends, but men do not. And the female greeting kiss may not actually touch the friend's face. In the past of many western countries men used to kiss the back of a woman's hand when being introduced. This suggests that a direct kiss from a man to a woman was too intimate to be just a greeting.