Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The bushrangers then waited for Kennedy and Scanlan to return. When they rode into the camp, McIntyre warned them that the Kelly brothers were there, and to give themselves up. Scanlan went to unsling his rifle and was shot dead immediately. Kennedy jumped off his horse, and while shooting at the Kellys ran into the bush. Ned and Dan Kelly chased after him, shooting him twice as they hunted him for over 800 yards. Kennedy surrendered.  Kelly walked up to him and shot him again in the chest and killed him. During the earlier shooting at Scanlan and Kennedy, McIntrye was able to get onto Kennedy's horse and escaped. He reached Mansfield on the next day to report the deaths.

Ned Kelly, Dan Kelly, Moz Johnston, Joe Byrne and Steve Hart were made outlaws, and a large reward was offered for their capture, either dead or alive. The three murdered policemen were taken to Mansfield and buried in the cemetery. A large memorial, funded by public donations, was built in the main street of Mansfield.
In song and poem
In 1879, G. Wilson Hall printed a book in Mansfield called The Kelly Gang, Outlaws of the Wombat Ranges. It included a song called "Stringybark Creek" which is believed to have been written by Joe Byrne. It described in verse the story of what had happened. The first verse is:
A sergeant and three constables
Rode Out from Mansfield town,
Near the end of last October
For to hunt the Kellys down.
So they travelled to the Wombat
And they thought it quite a lark,
And they camped upon the borders
Of a creek called Stringbark.

The song has been recorded many times, including the Australian folk-rock band the Bushwackers on their 1979 album, Bushfire.
In 1880 a local school teacher's poem was read at the unveiling in Mansfield of the monument dedicated to the three murdered policemen. It was accepted as an honest description of the tragic events.

References
References

Other websites
 Ambush: Ned Kelly and the Stringybark Creek murders
 The Kelly Tree and camping reserve
 Photo showing the scene at Stringybark Creek

Ned Kelly
A First Minister is the leader of a government. In the United Kingdom, First Minister was once used to mean the same as Prime Minister. Winston Churchill's famous quote: "I did not become His Majesty's First Minister so that I might oversee the liquidation of the British Empire!"

First Minister is now used to describe the leaders of the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. See:

First Minister of Scotland 
First Minister of Wales 
First Minister and deputy First Minister (Northern Ireland)

 
Government occupations
North Borneo at the Olympics is a history which includes only one summer olympic game in one country and two athletes.

The British colony of North Borneo competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne in Australia.

This was the only Olympic appearance for the colony.  North Borneo sent two athletes who took part in the triple jump. They failed to win a medal.

In later years, athletes from North Borneo competed as part of the team from Malaysia.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 Malaysia at the Olympics

References

Further reading
 Organizing Committee of the XIV Olympiad. (1956).  The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956 

Former nations at the Olympics
Sport in Malaysia
1956 Summer Olympics
20th century in Malaysia
Forbes list of billionaires is based on an yearly measurement of wealth and assets which is published by Forbes magazine. The latest list was released in March 2014.



2020

2018 
On the 32nd list of world's billionaires, the gap between the top 1% of the billionaires and the rest continues to widen. A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth is $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth since Forbes started tracking in 1987.

References

Other websites 
 Forbes: Billionaires in the News 

Lists of people
Gestalt psychology  is a theory of mind and brain formed in Berlin early in the 20th century. 

The idea is that the brain sees things as a whole. The gestalt effect is most clear with sight. We recognise figures and whole forms, not just a collection of lines and curves. In psychology, gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism. The phrase "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is often used when explaining Gestalt theory. A better wording is : "The whole is different from the parts".
"We are innately driven to experience things in as good a gestalt as possible. “Good” can mean many things here, such a regular, orderly, simplicity, symmetry, and so on, which then refer to specific gestalt laws".
"The original observation was Wertheimer’s, when he noted that we perceive motion where there is nothing more than a rapid sequence of individual sensory events.  This is what he saw in the toy stroboscope he bought at the Frankfurt train station, and what he saw in his laboratory when he experimented with lights flashing in rapid succession (like the Christmas lights that appear to course around the tree, or the fancy neon signs in Las Vegas that seem to move).  The effect is called apparent motion, and it is actually the basic principle of motion pictures".
Early 20th century theorists, such as Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Köhler (students of Carl Stumpf) saw vision of objects as all elements taken together in a global construct. This 'gestalt' or 'whole form' approach sought to understand perception – seemingly innate mental laws which determined the way in which objects are perceived.
It is based on the here and now, and in the way you view things. It can be broken up into two: figure or ground, at first glance do you see the figure in front of you or the background?

These laws took several forms. An example is the way we tend to see similar objects, or close together objects, as meaningfully connected. Gestalt has been criticized for being merely descriptive, but it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects, and of research into behavior, thinking, problem solving and psychopathology.
"I stand at the window and see a house, trees, sky. Theoretically I might say there were 327 brightnesses and nuances of colour. Do I have "327"? No. I have sky, house, and trees". Max Wertheimer Laws of organization in perceptual forms. 1923

Gestalt psychology was a forerunner to modern cognitive psychology. It is distinct from gestalt psychotherapy.

Problem solving 
Gestalt psychologists were the first to study problem solving in humans and apes. Wolfgang Kohler showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by thought alone; Max Wertheimer studied how diagrams helped students solve geometry problems, and Karl Duncker studied general problem-solving. Generally, both Wertheimer and Duncker preferred the broader term 'productive thinking' to 'problem solving', but it is not used much now.

References 

Branches of psychology
Illusions
Max Wertheimer (Prague, 15 April 1880 – New Rochelle, New York, 12 October 1943) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler.

From 1929 to 1933, Wertheimer was a professor at the University of Frankfurt. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Third Reich in 1933, it became apparent to Wertheimer that he must leave Germany. In the end, he accepted an offer to teach at The New School in New York.

In New York he continued to investigate problem-solving, or what he preferred to call “productive thinking". The relationship between the book and his earlier work was this: all the problems in the book except one could be solved by considering geometric diagrams. In other words, they were partly visual in essence, and could be represented and partly solved visually. That thread ran through much of the gestalt work.
Wertheimer completed the book (his only book) in late September 1943, and died just three weeks later of a heart attack. Wertheimer was buried in Beechwood Cemetery in New Rochelle, New York.

Phi phenomenon 

The phi phenomenon is an optical illusion described by Wertheimer in 1912, in which the persistence of vision was exploited by the cinema film, applied by Hugo Münsterberg in 1916. This optical illusion is based in the principle  that the human eye is capable of perceiving movement from pieces of information, for example, a succession of images. In other words, from a slideshow of a group of frozen images at a certain speed of images per second, we observe constant movement.

References 
King, D. Brett & Wertheimer, Michael 2007. Max Wertheimer and Gestalt theory. Transaction.
1880 births
1943 deaths
American psychologists
Czech Jews
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Prague
Refugees from Nazism
Czech psychologists
An optical illusion (also called a visual illusion) is one which shows images that differ from normal reality. 

The information gathered by the eye is processed in the brain to give a perception. That is normal, but in these cases the appearance does not tally with a physical measurement of the stimulus source. 

There are three main types of visual illusion: 
literal optical illusions that create images which are different from the objects that make them
physiological illusions: they are the effects on the eyes and brain of over-stimulation of brightness, colour, size, position, tilt, movement
cognitive illusions, the result of unconscious inferences (brain makes the wrong decision).
The general explanation for most illusions is the way the brain works on sense data to produce a meaningful perception. A great 19th century psychologist Hermann von Helmholtz described perception as "unconscious inferences from sensory data and past experience". Richard Gregory discussed how the brain makes an hypothesis about what's out there, and sometimes the hypothesis does not quite work out. His model of perception is an interaction between data from sense organs and previous knowledge and experience.

Researcher Mark Changizi of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York thinks optical illusions are due to a 'neural lag'. When light hits the retina, about one-tenth of a second goes by before the brain translates the signal into a visual perception of the world. Scientists have known of the lag, and have discussed how humans compensate for it. Some suggest that our motor system somehow modifies our movements to offset the delay.
Changizi asserts that the human visual system has evolved to compensate for neural delays by generating images of what will occur one-tenth of a second into the future. This foresight enables humans to react to events in the present, enabling humans to perform reflexive acts like catching a fly ball and to maneuver smoothly through a crowd. Illusions occur when our brains attempt to perceive the future, and those perceptions do not match reality. 

Essentially, the ideas of Helmholz, Gregory and Changizi are similar. We do not mechanically turn sense data into a picture of the world, as some had thought. What we do is use our brains to work out what it is we are looking at. This involves the use of memory and logic, though at a fast rate. The process is very good, but not foolproof. When it fails we get an illusion.

References

Related pages 
Impossible object

Psychology
Illusions
Vision
A cassette single is a recording of a single song sold on a  compact audio cassette.  Record companies introduced this sales format in the 1980s. At that time, vinyl record album sales were declining in favor of cassette recordings; the cassette single was introduced to replace the vinyl 45 record in a similar way.

The sales of cassette singles did not exceed vinyl single sales to the same extent as cassette albums had.  As compact disc players became more common, cassette singles were for the most part replaced by CD singles.

Music technology
A guitar solo is a portion of a musical performance when a guitar is used without other instruments.

In addition to their roles of rhythmic and harmonic accompaniment, guitars are well-suited to performing solo lines. This can take the form of a prominent section where the guitar is heard over other instruments, or unaccompanied, the guitarist providing all the necessary melody and harmony themselves. Many times, a guitar solo is a virtuosic performance in the rock music idiom with a heavily-overdriven electric guitar. However, solo instrumentation for the guitar can be found in a wide variety of musical styles and eras.

Many famous guitarists are known for their solo work. Approaches to solo creation vary from the jagged/atonal approach of Andy Gill from Gang of Four and Andy Partridge from XTC, the studio-produced soundscapes of Jimi Hendrix or Bill Nelson, or the composed approach of Frank Zappa.
The use of the guitar solo in popular music was especially notable during the 1980s, where a flashy and attention-grabbing instrumental was virtually obligatory for a guitar-based band. In later years, guitar solos became viewed as something of an "80s cliché", and their usage declined. Guitar solos in pop music have subsequently become much rarer, and more subdued and understated when used.

Notable rock-guitar soloists
 Eric Clapton
 Jimi Hendrix
 Eddie Van Halen
 Frank Zappa
 Steve Vai
 Joe Satriani
 Yngwie Malmsteen
 Jimmy Page
 Kerry King
 Dimebag Darrell
 Kirk Hammett
 Randy Rhoads
 Zakk Wylde
 John Petrucci
 The Edge (David Howell Evans) 
 Carlos Santana

Related pages
 Riff

Guitars
The music of Colombia is an expression of the Colombian culture and has many music types. Modern Colombian culture is a mixture of African, native and European (especially Spanish) music, as well as more modern American and Caribbean musical forms, such as Trinidadian, Cuban and Jamaican.

In the late 1950s, Mexican rock artists like Enrique Guzmán and Cesar Costa became very popular in Colombia.  Soon, native rock bands like Los Speakers earned popularity too.  Starting in 1967, native bands like Genesis combined native music types (like cumbia) with rock.

Cumbia is a mixture of Spanish and African music (which slaves brought to Colombia).  In the 19th century, Colombia got rid of slavery. Since that time, Africans, Indians and other ethnic groups mixed more fully in Colombian music.  Styles like bambuco, vallenato and porro was very important.  When the waltz became popular in the 19th century, Colombian musicians invented a version called pasillo.

Columbian
Music
The Band Perry is an American musical group. The members are Kimberly, Reed and Neil Perry (the first was born in 1981, the second in 1988 and the latter was born in 1990). Their self titled first record was released on October 12, 2010.

Discography

Studio albums
The Band Perry (2010)
Pioneer (2013)

Extended plays
The Band Perry EP (2010)

Other websites
Official website 

Musical groups established in 2005
Country bands
Musical groups from Alabama
Musical groups from Mississippi
Musical groups from Tennessee
2005 establishments in the United States
Tri-Cities, Tennessee
"Criminal" is the fourth single released under Britney Spears' seventh studio album Femme Fatale. This song was released on September 30, 2011 and has gotten positive critical acclaim.

2011 songs
Britney Spears songs
A soundcheck, simplified as sound check is an activity that takes place a couple of hours before a concert. The performer(s) and the sound crew run through a short song to make sure that the sound in the venue is clear and at the right volume and tonal frequencies. Soundchecks are especially important for popular and other musical genres that use heavily-amplified PA systems; having correct sound is very important to the success of such events.  A soundcheck remains part art and not all science, however, because the acoustics of a venue often change somewhat once it is filled with an audience.

Artists who change their set list during the course of a concert tour often use soundchecks as a rehearsal opportunity to try out new material or revive old material, before possibly introducing such material into the concert properly.

References 

Concerts
Audio technology
Ricky Martin is the eponymous debut solo studio album recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin, It was released  by Sony Discos and Sony Music Mexico November 26, 1991 (see 1991 in music).

Track listing

© MCMXCI. Sony Music Entertainment (México). S.A. de C.V.

Chart performance

References

1991 albums
Spanish-language albums
Debut albums
Latin music albums
Latin pop albums
Ricky Martin
Latin Pop Albums is a record chart that is published weekly on Billboard magazine. The chart ranks Latin pop albums by the number of recorded sales an album made that week.

Chart achievements 
Shakira's album Fijación Oral Vol. 1 became the best-selling album of the 2000s decade.

References 

Latin pop albums
Peter Carey (born 1943) is an Australian novelist who has won many awards including two Booker Prizes. He first won the Booker Prize in 1988 for his book, Oscar and Lucinda. He won again in 2001 for his book The True History of the Kelly Gang. Only one other author has won this award twice.

Oscar and Lucinda was made into a movie starring Ralph Fiennes. The True History of the Kelly Gang is the story of Australian bushranger, Ned Kelly, written in the style of Ned's famous Jerilderie Letter.

Novels
Carey his written nine novels:
 Bliss (1981)
 Illywhacker (1985)
 Oscar and Lucinda (1988)
 The Tax Inspector (1991)
 The Unusual Life of Tristan Smith (1994)
 Jack Maggs (1997)
 The True History of the Kelly Gang (2000)
 My Life as a Fake (2003)
 Theft: A Love Story (2006)

References

1943 births
Living people
Writers from Victoria (Australia)
Booker Prize winners
, also written as Kammu, was the 50th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 781 and ended in 806.

Kanmu was the first monarch of the Heian period of the history of Japan.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .

Prince Yamabe was the eldest son of Prince Shirakabe (later known as Emperor Kōnin). According to the , Yamabe's mother was a descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje.

Kanmu had 16 empresses and consorts, and 32 imperial sons and daughters. Among his sons were Emperor Heizei, Emperor Saga and Emperor Junna.

Events of Kanmu's life
Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for eight years.

During his reign, Kanmu tried to simplify the hierarchy and the functions of his government.

The capital of Japan was moved from Nara (Heijō-kyō) to Nagaoka (Nagaoka-kyō) in 784.  The capital would be moved again in 794 to Kyoto (Heian-kyō).
Kanmu named Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758-811) to lead a military expedition against the Emishi.

Timeline
 737 (Tenpyō 9): Prince Yamabe was born.
 773 (Hōki 4): Yamabe received the title of Crown Prince.
 30 April 781 (Ten'ō 1, 3rd day of the 4th month): In the 11th year of Emperor Kōnin's reign, he abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by his son.  Soon after, Emperor Kanmu accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 794 (Enryaku 13): When the capital was moved to Kyoto, the emperor's new home was named .
 17 November 794 (Enryaku 13, 21st day of the 10th month): The emperor traveled by carriage to the new capital.  He moved in a grand parade.  This marks the beginning of the Heian period in Japanese history.
 806 (Enryaku 25): Kammu died at the age of 70.

After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Kammu is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.
Eras of reign
The years of Kammu's reign are identified by more than one era name (nengō).
 Ten'ō (781–82)
 Enryaku (782–806)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kammu Seamount

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
737 births
806 deaths
National Cleavage Day, also known as NCD, is a annual celebration that is held in South Africa. It is held in March or April each year. Many countries celebrating on 19th of May (Proverbs 5:19) The event is sponsored by the brassière marketer wonderbra. National Cleavage Day was started in 2002 and held at the beginning of April every year. The NCD was started in April 2002 in South Africa.
Along with the Wonderbra, Cosmopolitan and 5fm, a SABC radio station have sponsored this event. According to Samantha Paterson, the manager for Wonderbra, the National Cleavage Day had become a great start for women's independence and power in all forms of life, from their careers to their relationships and to their own destiny. Anita Meiring, public relations consultant for Wonderbra, explained The event was created to help build women empowerment about their breast being very unique and that they should be very proud of it. She also stated that "It gives men a legitimate (real) reason to stare (look) at boobs (women's breast)."
National Cleavage Day is celebrated in offices, restaurants and bars throughout the nation.
 
This event was given negative feedback from Dr. Siqwana-Ndulo. She had said that "This is a pure marketing tool using people's bodies." She then stated that, "The commission is against any person or advertising company which uses people's bodies for marketing purposes be it advertising a car or anything of that sort."

References

Other websites
 Wonderbra and their support for NCD 

Sex industry
South Africa
Breasts
Chauchilla Cemetery is a cemetery that has prehistoric remains of prehispanics. Their bodies, which are mummified, contain artifacts. The cemetery is  south of the city of Nazca in Peru.

History 

The cemetery was discovered in the 1920s. However, it was last used in the 9th century. The cemetery has a lot of very important burials that happened over a period of 600 to 700 years. The cemetery was first used around the year 200. This cemetery is a very important source of archaeology to Nazca culture. Because the cemetery was damaged a long time ago, it was protected by Peruvian law in 1997. Tourists pay around seven U.S. dollars for a two-hour tour of the cemetery.
Preservation of the bodies 
The bodies inside the cemetery have been preserved which is probably because of the dry climate in the Peruvian Desert. However, the funeral rites were also an important factor. The bodies had clothes on them which were made of cotton and were painted with a resin. They were bought in the cemetery, which was built from mud bricks. The resin was thought to have kept out insects and slowed bacteria from feeding on the bodies.

Estaquería, a nearby cemetery, may have given clues to show how the bodies were preserved. At Estaquería, archaeologists have found wooden pillars which was first thought to have been used for astronomical sightings. However, it is not thought that those posts were used to dry the bodies. This was a mummification process. This clue helped archaeologists to understand why these thousand-year-old bodies still had their hair and some soft tissue, like skin, still attached to them.

References

History of Peru
Cemeteries
1st millennium buildings and structures
The  is a time in the Japanese history from 794 to 1185. This grouping of years is named after city of Heian-kyō, which is the early name of present day Kyoto.

History
The Heian period began in 794 when the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō. It lasted until 1185, which is the beginning of the Kamakura period.

In this period Kyoto was the center of Japanese culture. It was also in this period that the first known novel was published. The author was a woman. Poetry was very popular in Heian-kyo at the time.

Timeline
 794: Emperor Kammu moves the capital to Heian-kyō.
 804: Saichō (also known as Dengyo Daishi) establishes the Tendai Buddhist sect in Japan.
 806: Kūkai (also known as Kōbō-Daishi) establishes the Shingon Bhuddist sect in Japan

 858: Reign of Emperor Seiwa begins; the power of the Fujiwara clan expands
 895: Sugawara Michizane persuades Emperor Uda to suspend Imperial embassies to China.
1053: Byōdō-in temple near Kyōto is completed
 1087: Emperor Shirakawa abdicates and becomes a Buddhist monk, the beginning of the Insei system of Imperial government

 1185: Death of Emperor Antoku; Taira clan is defeated in the Gempei War

Gallery

Related pages
 List of Japanese eras

References

Other websites

 Metropolitan Museum of Art,  Heian Period (794–1185)
 British Museum, Heian period (AD 794-1185)
 Japan-guide.com,  Nara and Heian Periods (710-1185)

Periods in Japanese history
A garnishment is the means for collecting monetary judgments against a defendant by ordering third parties to pay money directly toward the plaintiff. Wage garnishments are a process of deducting money off employees' monetary compensation (including their salary); these types of garnishments continue until entire debts are paid and can be taken for any debt, however usual examples are:

 child support
 defaulted student loans
 tax

Wage garnishments can adversely affect credit reputation or one's ability to open bank accounts.

Law
Gigantoraptor is a genus of giant oviraptorosaur theropod dinosaur that lived 70 million years ago in the later Cretaceous. It was discovered in 2005 in Inner Mongolia.

Discovery and naming 
Since 2001, in a quarry, remains of the sauropod Sonidosaurus had been uncovered. In April 2005 Chinese paleontologist Xu Xing was asked to reenact the discovery of Sonidosaurus for a Japanese documentary. Xu obliged them by digging out a thighbone. As he wiped the bone clean, he suddenly realized it was not from a sauropod, but from an unidentifiable theropod about the size of Albertosaurus. He stopped the filming to secure the serendipitous find. This way, the discovery of the Gigantoraptor fossil was captured on videotape.
In 2007 the Gigantoraptor erlianensis was named and described by Xu and colleagues. The type specimen was found in strata dating to about 70 million years ago. It is the remains of a single subadult individual.The partial skeleton lacks the skull but includes the lower jaws, a single neck vertebra, most of the back, tail and leg elements.

Description

 

Gigantoraptor belonged to the Oviraptorosauria, a group named after Oviraptor. Compared to other known members, Gigantoraptor was much larger, about three times as long and 35 times more massive than the earlier discovered oviraptorosaurid Citipati. Xu et al. estimated the length at  and the weight at 1400 kilogrammes. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul even gave an estimate of two tonnes (2.2 tons).
The toothless lower jaws of Gigantoraptor are fused into a broad shovel-like mandibula. The skull would have been over half a metre long and toothless, probably with a horny beak. The back tail vertebrae are lightened by spongeous bone. The front limb is rather long because of an elongated slender hand. The humerus is  bowed outwards to an exceptionally large extent and has a very rounded head. The first metacarpal is very short and carries a strongly diverging thumb. The hindlimb is also long because of an elongated lower leg. The thighbone is relatively slender and short with a distinct head and neck. The foot is robust with large and strongly curved toe claws.
No direct evidence of feathers was preserved with the skeleton. It might have been "naked" because it is three hundred times more massive than the smaller feathered species. Very large animals rely more on mass for temperature regulation, losing the insulating coverings found on their smaller relatives. Arm feathers were probably still present on Gigantoraptor, since their main functions, such as display and covering the eggs while brooding, are not related to the regulation of body heat.

Phylogeny
In 2007 Xu et al. put Gigantoraptor into the Oviraptoridae family. But in 2010 a second analysis of Gigantoraptor found it was in the  sister group, the Caenagnathidae. This was later confirmed by other studies.
Paleobiology
The diet of Gigantoraptor is uncertain. Although some oviraptorosaurs such as Caudipteryx and Incisivosaurus are thought to have been mostly herbivorous, Gigantoraptor had long hind legs with proportions that allowed for fast movement, and large claws, a combination that is not usually found in herbivores of this size. Paul suggested that Gigantoraptor also was a herbivore and used its speed to escape predators.

The specimen has advanced ossification and growth rings in the fibula that indicate it was likely eleven years of age when it died. It appears to have reached an early young adult stage at age seven, and probably would have grown much larger when it reached the adult stage. This indicates a growth rate that is faster than in most large non-avian theropods.
The existence of giant oviraptorosaurians as Gigantoraptor explains several earlier Asian finds of very large, up to 53 centimetres long, oviraptorosaurian eggs. These fossil eggs were laid in enormous rings with a diameter of three metres.

References

Other websites 
 news@nature.com: "Giant bird-like dinosaur found".
 Wired Science Scientists Discover 3,000-Pound Gigantoraptor Dinosaur in Mongolia
 Fleshed-out restoration of a Gigantoraptor erlianensis.  Credit: Julius T. Csotonyi

Oviraptorosauria
The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (; ), is a public university in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

History
The University of Tübingen was founded in 1477.  In Germany, Tübingen became known as one of the "five classical university towns".

In 2010, Tübingen joined the Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) together with Dartmouth College (USA), Durham University (UK), Queen’s University (Canada), University of Otago (New Zealand), University of Western Australia (Australia) and Uppsala University (Sweden).

In 2012, the university established the Tübingen Center for Korean Studies at Korea University (TUCKU).  This is Tübingen’s third branch in Asia after the Center for Japanese Language in Kyôto and the European Center for Chinese Studies (ECCS) at Peking University.

Notable alumni 

Alumni include former German President Horst Köhler and Nobel laureates Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Hartmut Michel and Günter Blobel.
In the late 16th century, Johannes Kepler studied at Tübingen.

In the 18th century, Friedrich Hölderlin, Friedrich Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel shared student rooms.

Faculty
Notable professors include Joseph Ratzinger and Hans Kung.

References

Other websites

 Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen website 
 German version website

1477 establishments
Tubingen
Tübingen
Establishments in Germany
1470s establishments in Europe
15th century in Germany
Pylorus is a part of digestive system that separates stomach and duodenum. The pylorus controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenum. It stops large pieces of food from leaving the stomach. It also stops digested food from returning to the stomach from the duodenum. It is made of a muscle which stops food when contracted. When the pylorus is relaxed, it allows a small amount of food to pass as its passage is narrow.

References 

Anatomy of the digestive system
The Huxley family is an English family. Members of the family had top careers in science, medicine, art, and literature. Some family members were also high level public servants in the United Kingdom. 

Thomas Henry Huxley (THH) was the oldest male in the family. He was a zoologist and comparative anatomist. He was one of Charles Darwin's main supporters.

Thomas had several grandsons including Aldous, Julian, and Andrew. Aldous Huxley wrote the books Brave New World and Doors of Perception. Julian Huxley studied evolution, wrote Evolution: the New Synthesis, and was the first director of UNESCO. Andrew Huxley was a Nobel prize winning physiologist and was appointed to the Order of Merit. Thomas and Andrew both served as President of the Royal Society, a century apart.

Many of their relatives succeeded in other walks of life.

Family tree

Related pages 
 Darwin–Wedgwood family
In the fictional world of the Star Trek television series, books, and video games, Starfleet is the group that manages space exploration.  From the second half of the 22nd Century through at least the 25th Century, Starfleet is a part of the United Federation of Planets, a political group of planets with intelligent life, including Earth and Vulcan.  Members of Starfleet come from many different planets and are from many different species.  Though the mission of Starfleet is peaceful exploration of space, the group is also responsible for defense of Federation planets.

Mission

In the television series Star Trek: Enterprise, set in the 22nd Century, Starfleet is an Earth space exploration program whose mission is "to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldy go where no man has gone before".  Captain Jonathan Archer and the crew of the starship "Enterprise" travel into deep space to meet alien species and do scientific research.
In the year 2161, Earth joins the United Federation of Planets, which adopts Starfleet as its space exploration service.

Starfleet officers have ranks similar to Earth's Naval forces, and follow the Chain of Command, but they are not a military group.  There is one law all Starfleet officers are required to follow called the Prime Directive. It says that members of Starfleet are not allowed to interfere (become involved in) the way a primitive society develops.  Starfleet officers are trained at Starfleet Academy, located in San Francisco.  Starfleet officers are given orders by Starfleet Command, located on Earth.

Starships
Starships

Starfleet explores space using space vessels called starships.  The USS Enterprise is the most well known starship, and there have been several of them in Starfleet from the 22nd Century through at least the 24th Century.  One of the most famous Starfleet captains is James T. Kirk (from the television series Star Trek).  Another famous Starfleet captain is Jean-Luc Picard, the captain of the USS Enterprise-D.   

Starships are large and can carry from hundreds to over a thousand crew members.  They are capable of scientific research, as well as carrying weapons called phasers and photon torpedoes for defending the Federation.  They travel much faster than the speed of light using an engine called warp drive.

Star Trek
San Francisco in fiction
Betty Garrett (May 23, 1919 - February 12, 2011) was an American actress, comedian, singer and dancer. She was best known for her work in movie musicals in the 1940s and 1950s. Her acting career was affected when her husband, Larry Parks, was called to the House Un-American Activities Committee. There he admitted having been in the Communist Party, and he gave names of other entertainment people who were in the Party.

Garrett has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She died of an aortic aneurysm.

Selected performances

Movies
On the Town, with Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra
Neptune's Daughter, with Red Skelton

Plays
Meet Me in St. Louis
Follies

Television series
All in the Family
Laverne & Shirley
The Golden Girls, episode "Old Boyfriends"
Grey's Anatomy, episode "Break On Through"

References
References

American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American dancers
Actors from Missouri
Singers from Missouri
People from St. Joseph, Missouri 
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
1919 births
2011 deaths
This is a Dutch name. The family name is van der Meer, not Meer.

Simon van der Meer (24 November 1925 – 4 March 2011) was a Dutch particle accelerator physicist. He won the Nobel prize in physics. Another physicist, Carlo Rubbia, also won this prize. He won the prize because of his work for the CERN project. This led to the discovery of W and Z particles, which are the two most important things in matter.

Biography 
Simon van der Meer was one of four children. He was raised in The Hague, Netherlands. His father was a school teacher, and his mother came from a family of teachers. He went to school at the city's gymnasium. He graduated in 1943 when the German army had control of the Netherlands. In 1945, van der Meer went to the Delft University of Technology. He earned an engineer's degree there in 1952. He joined CERN in 1956, and he stayed there until he retired in 1990.
In 1966, when van der Meer was skiing with his friends in the Swiss mountains, he met Catharina M. Koopman, who became his wife. They had two children – Esther (born 1968) and Mathijs (born 1970).

Scientific work 
After getting his engineer's degree in 1952, Simon van der Meer worked for the Philips Research Laboratory in Eindhoven. When he was there, he was mainly working on high-voltage equipment and electronics for electron microscopes. In 1956, he moved to CERN, which was new at the time. When he first started at CERN, his work was mainly on technical design, and power supplies. While he was working at CERN, he invented the idea of stochastic cooling, which led to the discovery of W and Z bosons. In 1984, van der Meer and Carlo Rubbia won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work with the project.

Related pages 
W and Z bosons
Nobel Prize
CERN

References

Other websites 
Official website of the Nobel prize

1925 births
2011 deaths
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
Dutch physicists
People from The Hague
Gerry Rafferty (16 April 1947 – 4 January 2011) was a Scottish singer-songwriter. His 1978 album, City to City, reached number one on the music charts in the USA. "Baker Street", a song from the album reached the Top 10 in both the USA and Britain. It featured a distinctive saxophone solo played by Raphael Ravenscroft.

Rafferty was born in Paisley, Scotland and began playing in bands as a teenager. "Stuck in the Middle" was written in the early 1970's with his band "Stealers Wheel". It was a parody of Bob Dylan's style. It became a hit again after being used in the movie Reservoir Dogs directed by Quentin Tarantino in 1992. Rafferty also played in a folk group, the Humblebums, with Scottish comedian Billy Connolly.

He sold more than 10 million albums but did not enjoy working in the music industry which he said he "loathed and detested." He died in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, from liver failure caused by his alcoholism.

References
References

1947 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from liver failure
Disease-related deaths in England
Scottish rock singers
Scottish singer-songwriters
People from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Saeed Shehabi is a Bahraini thinker, political activist, commentator and journalist. He is a regular columnist in the daily Arabic Al-Quds newspaper. He gives regular interviews to the BBC's Middle East Service and AlJazeera. He is also the Director of Abrar House, an Islamic community center in Central London that promotes interfaith work. He is also the leader of the pro-democractic Bahrain Freedom Movement, that is a banned Bahraini opposition group. He was also a founding member of Al-Wefaq National Party. He was previously the editor of Alalam magazine and now hosts a weekly television programme on Alalam TV. He has been living in exile in London since 1979 and returned to Bahrain on two occasions in 2002. He has a PhD in engineering from City University. Saeed Shehabi is married and has seven children.
On August 2010, Bahrain TV  declared that Saeed Shehabi is accused of being the second leading member of a terrorist network. He is currently being tried in absentia along with Hassan Mushaimi. The Bahraini government claimed that a red notice was issued by interpol for his arrest, however this has not been verified. In 1996 he was similarly sentenced to 15 years in prison in absentia.

In the summer of 2009, Saeed Shehabi's home was attacked by arsonists.

References 

1954 births
Living people
Bahraini activists
Journalists
Steven William Prestwich (5 March 1954 – 16 January 2011) was an English born musician who became famous as the drummer in two Australian rock bands, the Little River Band and Cold Chisel Born in Liverpool, his family moved to Adelaide, Australia, in 1971. He formed a band called "Orange" with Jimmy Barnes. This band then became Cold Chisel. Prestwich wrote, and helped write several of the bands biggest hits including "Forever Now", "When The War Is Over", "Nothin’ But You", "Monica", "Best Kept Lies", and "Flame Trees".

When Cold Chisel broke up in 1983, Prestwich joined the Little River Band. He recorded two albums with them. They recorded his song "When The War Is Over" with John Farnham. He played with Cold Chisel again when they reformed for two tours in 1998 and 2003. They had planned to record a new album in 2011. Prestwich recorded two solo albums, Since You've Been Gone in 2000 and Every Highway in 2009.

Prestwich died after surgery to treat a brain tumor in 2011.

References
References

1954 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Musicians from Liverpool
Australian singers
Musicians from Adelaide
Australian drummers
Australian rock musicians
A culture hero is a person, usually a mythical or legendary person, who is believed to be the first one to do something. In Greek mythology, for example, Prometheus who stole fire from the gods and made it possible for humans to use it for cooking and other purposes. In Chinese mythology, one culture hero is Hou Ji, a person with a human mother and a divine father, who discovered how to grow many crops and taught other humans about farming.
 

Mythology
, also known as Heijō-tennō. was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's reign started in 806 and ended in 809.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .

Heizei was the eldest son of the Emperor Kammu.

He had three empresses and seven sons and daughters.
Events of Heizei's life
Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for over twenty years.
 785  (Enryaku 4, 11th month): Heizei was appointed Crown Prince at the age of 12.
 9 April 806 (Daidō 1, 17th day of the 3rd month): In the 25th year of Kammu's reign, the emperor died; and the succession (senso) was received by his son.  A short time later, Emperor Heizei is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 809 (Daidō 4, 1st month): After a reign of four years, Heizei fell ill and he feared that he would die. Heizei abdicated in favor of his younger brother  who would be known as Emperor Saga.  After abdicating, Heizei moved to Nara; and he was known as the "Emperor of Nara" (Nara no Mikado).
 18 May 809 (Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month): Emperor Saga was enthroned at age 24.
 810 (Kōnin 1): Heizei became a Buddhist monk.
 5 August 824 (Tenchō 1, 7th day of the 7th month): Heizei died at 14 years after his abdication.
After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Heizei is in Nara.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.  The site can be visited by the public.

Era of reign
The years of Heizei's reign are identified by only one era name (nengō).
 Daidō (806-810)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Emperors of Japan
773 births
824 deaths
The iPhone 4S is the fifth iPhone that was created by Apple. It is very thin, and has a touchscreen.

It was first available for pre-order on October 7, and it went on sale on October 14 in the United States, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan. It was made available in more countries over the next few months.

The iPhone 4S had the same design as the iPhone 4, but has several new features such as an upgrade to the Apple A5 processor, and an 8 MP camera with 1080p video recording. It shipped with iOS 5, which is the fifth major version of Apple's mobile operating system, iOS. It had new features such as iCloud, iMessage, Notification Center, Reminders, and integration with Twitter. It also had a voice activation system named Siri that was included in later generations of mobile Apple products.
Features
The iPhone 4S introduced a new automated voice control system called "Siri". It first operated only on the iPhone 4S. It allows the user to give commands to the iPhone, which Siri can execute and respond to. For example, iPhone commands such as "What is the weather going to be like?" will generate a response such as "The weather is to be cloudy and rainy and drop to 54 degrees today". These commands can vary greatly and control almost every section of the phone. The commands given do not have to be specific and can be used with natural language. Siri makes it is much easier and/or possible for people to use device functions while driving, exercising, or when they have their hands full. It also means people with trouble reading, seeing, or typing can access the phone more easily.

Other websites

References

Messaging
4S
Mobile phones released in 2011
was a Japanese novelist and science fiction writer.  He is best known for a 1973 book, Japan Sinks (Nihon Chinbotsu).

Early life
Komatsu was born in Osaka.  In 1954, he earned a degree in Italian literature at Kyoto University.

Career
Komatsu worked as a magazine editor, a factory foreman and a comedy scriptwriter before he began writing science fiction.  

The premise of Komatsu's best known book, Japan Sinks, was confirmed in 2011 when parts of the Sanriku coastline sank more than a meter in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.  In the massive geologic shift, the land mass of the main island of Japan sank 2.4 centemeters.  

Komatsu's most popular book was the basis of a 1973 film, a television series, a 2006 film remake, and a DVD.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Sakyo Komatsu, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 380+ works in 520+ publications in 14 languages and 1,520 library holdings.
日本沈没 (1959)
 Peace on Earth (1961)
 地球になった男 (1971)
  (1973)
 現代の神話 (1973)
 歴史と文明の旅 (1973)
  (1974)
 戦争はなかった (1974)
 果てしなき流れの果に (1976)
 日本文化の死角 (1977)
 物体O (1977 )
 アメリカの壁  (1978)
 Nihilistic Corridor (1999)
 小松左京自伝: 実存を求めて (2008)

Quotes
Shortly before his death, Komatsu wrote, "I had thought I wouldn’t mind dying any day, but now I’m feeling like living a little bit longer and seeing how Japan will go on hereafter."

References

Other websites 

1931 births
2011 deaths
Futurists
Japanese novelists
Science fiction writers
Writers from Osaka
, also spelled Oga and Ogha, was a Japanese businessman and former president and chairman of Sony Corporation.

Early life
Ohga was born in Numazu, Shizuoka.  He studied at Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music.  He graduated in 1953.

Career 
He was made the president of Sony in 1982, and the CEO of Sony in 1989.  He is credited with the development of the audio compact disc.

Honors 
 Medal of Honor, Japan, 1988.
 Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan, 2001.
 Legion d'Honeur, France.

References

Other websites

 Obituary: Martin Childs, "Norio Ohga: Executive Who introduced the compact disc and helped transform Sony into a global entertainment empire,"The Independent (UK). April 26, 2011 ( )
 Obituary: "Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies,"Los Angeles Times (US). April 24, 2011.( )
 Obituary: Lohr, Steve.  "Norio Ohga, Who Led Sony Beyond Electronics, Dies at 81," New York Times (US). April 24, 2011. (Archived by WebCite)
1930 births
2011 deaths
Japanese businesspeople
Sony
People from Shizuoka Prefecture
Farley Granger (July 1, 1925 - March 27, 2011) was an American movie, theatre, and television actor. Two of the movies he was in were directed by Alfred Hitchcock: Rope and Strangers on a Train.

Granger was bisexual, and had relationships with both women and men. Some of the people he was involved with were Shelley Winters, Ava Gardner, Leonard Bernstein, and screenwriter Arthur Laurents. His longtime romantic partner was television producer Robert Calhoun.

Granger wrote an autobiography called Include Me Out: My Life From Goldwyn to Broadway. He died of natural causes.

Selected performances

Movies
Rope
Strangers On a Train
O. Henry's Full House''Hans Christian AndersenThe Girl in the Red Velvet Swing\