Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The North East MRT Line (NEL) is the third Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore. The line is 20 km long with 16 stations and operated by SBS Transit. Travelling from one end of this line to the other end takes about half an hour. This line is coloured purple in the rail map.

The line joins central Singapore to the north-eastern part of the island. Transfer to the North South Line is done at Dhoby Ghaut station, East West Line at Outram Park station, Circle Line at Serangoon and Dhoby Ghaut and Downtown MRT Line at Chinatown and Little India stations.

This line is the first MRT line in Singapore to be completely underground (running in a tunnel all the way between HarbourFront and Punggol). It is also the first (and so far, the only) line where trains get their power from overhead wires above the track, instead of a third rail beside the track.
All the trains on the North East Line are automated (computer-controlled) and do not have an operator driving the train at the front. It is one of the world's first rapid transit lines that does not need drivers and is one of three such lines in the MRT network today. The others are the Circle Line and the Downtown Line.

Stations

The Land Transport Authority has announced that it will extend the North East Line from its current northern terminal at Punggol to a new station called Punggol Coast. Construction will begin in 2018, and it is expected to open in 2023.

References

Other websites
North East Line (SBS Transit)
North East Line (Land Transport Authority) 
Railway Technology on the NEL

2003 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Singapore
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
The following lists all rail stations of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system in Singapore, with underground stations listed in italics. There are 151 stations in operation. Many more are in various stages of planning and construction (as shown in the latest system map).

MRT stations

Related pages
 List of Singapore LRT stations

Notes
 A  Opening date of interchange platform adjacent to, within, or below the existing station.
 B  Station will be built when the area undergoes development.
 C  Original location of station and lines leading to station were shifted due to the Nicoll Highway collapse.
 D  Station completed, but opening delayed until the area populates.

References

Other websites
 Train System Map

Rail transport lists
MRT
In baseball, an at bat (AB) or time at bat is used for certain statistics.  These statistics include batting average, on base percentage, and slugging percentage. It is a more narrow definition of a plate appearance. A batter starts with an at bat every time he faces a pitcher; however, the batter gets "no time at bat" in the following cases:
 He receives a base on balls (BB).
 He is hit by a pitch (HBP).
 He hits a sacrifice fly or a sacrifice hit (also known as sacrifice bunt).
 He is awarded first base due to interference or obstruction, usually by the catcher.
 The inning ends while he is still at bat (due to the third out being made by a runner caught stealing, for example). In this case, the batter will come to bat again in the next inning, though he now has no balls or strikes on him.
 He is replaced by another hitter before his at bat is completed (unless he is replaced with two strikes and his replacement strikes out).
Section 10.02.a.1 of the official rules of Major League Baseball defines an at bat as:
"Number of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be charged when a player: (1) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; (2) is awarded first base on four called balls; (3) is hit by a pitched ball; or (4) is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction..."

Examples
An at bat is counted when:
The batter reaches first base on a hit
The batter reaches first base on an error
The batter is called out for any reason other than as part of a sacrifice
There is a fielder's choice

References

Baseball statistics
Ripken is perhaps best known for breaking New York Yankees first baseman Lou Gehrig's record for consecutive games played.  The record had been called too hard to break. He beat the 56-year-old record when he played in his 2,131st straight game on September 6, 1995 between the Orioles and the California Angels in front of a sold-out crowd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. Ripken hit a home run in the game the night before that tied Gehrig's record and another home run in his 2,131st game. Fans later voted this game as Major League Baseball's "Most Memorable Moment" in MLB history. Ripken played in an 501 more straight games over the next three years.  His streak ended at 2,632 games when he removed his name from the lineup for the final Orioles home game of the 1998 season.  His record 2,632 straight games lasted over seventeen seasons, from May 30, 1982 to September 20, 1998.
A 19-time All-Star and member of the 3000 hit club, Ripken is considered one of the best shortstops and third basemen to ever play the game. At 6' 4" (1.93 m), 225 lbs. (102.27 kg), he led the way for taller, larger shortstops to be successful in that position.  When voted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007, he was a first ballot inductee with the third highest voting percentage (98.53%) in Hall of Fame history, behind Tom Seaver (98.84%) and Nolan Ryan (98.79%).
He is a best-selling author and the President and CEO of Ripken Baseball, Inc. The company's goal is to grow the love of baseball from a more grassroots level.  Established in 2001, Ripken Baseball represents Cal and his brother Bill's business and philanthropy dealings and focuses on several subsidiaries: Ripken Management and Design, Youth Camps and Clinics, Cal Ripken, Sr. foundation, Ripken Professional Baseball, with three minor-league teams—the Aberdeen IronBirds (affiliated with the Orioles); the Augusta GreenJackets (affiliated with the San Francisco Giants); and the Charlotte Stone Crabs (affiliated with the Tampa Bay Rays)—and Ironclad Authentics.

References

American baseball players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Baltimore Orioles players
Sportspeople from Maryland
1960 births
Living people
The Battle of Finnburg was a battle between the Frisians and the Danes.  It was mentioned in two early medieval writings, the Finnesburg Fragment and Beowulf. These may describe a real or a completelymythical event.

Story
According to the Finnesburg Fragment, the Danish prince Hnaef came with sixty followers to visit and spent the winter at the Finnburg.  Finnburg was the fort of his brother-in-law Finn, king of the Frisians. There a fight started between the Frisians and the Danes.  A battle took place that lasted for three days. The verses of the story that were found (which is thought to be a small part of the original work) do not explain why the fight started, nor do they give the outcome of the battle.
In a passage of Beowulf, a bard sings a song about the ending of the battle, here named Freswael. This is the same story as in the Finnesburg Fragment.  While in less detail, the Beowulf episode is complete. Here it is seen that the Frisians won the battle. The Danish prince Hnaef and Finn's son died in the battle. After the fighting, the parties make peace, and the new Danish leader Hingest (who some have identified as Hengest) is allowed to leave with the surviving Danes.

References

Sources
Finnesburg Fragment
Beowulf

Finnburg
5th century
The Moose River Plains Wild Forest is a  forest in Adirondack Park, which is in the Hamilton and Herkimer counties in the U.S. state of New York. It is designated a Wild Forest by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

Rivers and lakes

Geography of New York (state)
Forests of the United States
Caspar Wessel (June 8, 1745 – March 25, 1818) was a Danish-Norwegian mathematician.

He was born in Jonsrud, Vestby, Akershus, Norway. In 1763, having completed secondary school, he went to Denmark for further studies (since Norway didn't have any university in 1763). In 1778 he got the degree of candidatus juris, which is one law degree. In 1794 he was hired as a surveyor; in 1798, a Royal inspector of Surveying.

As surveying is related to mathematics, he later studied the geometrical importance of complex numbers. His most important paper, Om directionens analytiske betegning, (On the Analytical Representation of Direction) was published in 1799 by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Since it was in Danish, it was not noticed by many people. Later, Jean-Robert Argand and Carl Friedrich Gauss's paper showed the same results.
One of the more important, but missed ideas shown in Wessel's Om directionens analytiske betegning was vectors. Wessel's main thing he wanted to show in the paper was not this, but he felt that the concept of numbers, with length and direction would be needed. Wessel's thoughts on addition was: "Two straight lines are added if we unite them in such a way that the second line begins where the first one ends and then pass a straight line from the first to the last point of the united lines. This line is the sum of the united lines". Today, the same idea is used when adding vectors.

His paper was printed in a French translation in 1899. It was released in English in 1999 as "On the analytic representation of direction" (ed. J. Lützen et al.).

Johan Herman Wessel, Wessel's brother was a famous person in Denmark-Norway.

References

Danish scientists
Norwegian mathematicians
1745 births
1818 deaths
Global Handwashing Day is a campaign to encourage people around the world to wash their hands with soap.  It takes place on October 15 of each year.  The campaign's goal is to raise awareness of handwashing with soap as a key way to prevent diseases with hygiene. 

The holiday was made at the annual World Water Week 2008, which was held in Stockholm from August 17 to 23.  Out of this week came the Public Private Partnership for Handwashing (PPPHW). The Global Handwashing Day took place for the first time on October 15, 2008, the date appointed by United Nations General Assembly to go along with the year 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation.

The theme for Global Handwashing Day’s inaugural year was Focus on School Children. The members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than seventy countries.

References

Other websites
 Official site for Global Handwashing Day
 World Bank Sanitation Program
 UNICEF

Hygiene
In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 500 home run club is a term given to the group of batters who have hit 500 or more regular-season home runs in their careers. On August 11, 1929, Babe Ruth became the first member of the club. Ruth ended his career with 714 home runs.  This record stood from 1935 until Hank Aaron broke it in 1974. Aaron's ending career total, 755, stayed the record until Barry Bonds set the current mark of 762 during the 2007 season. Albert Pujols is the most recent to reach 500 home runs; he hit his 500th home run on April 22, 2014. Twenty-six players are members of the 500 home run club.
Of these 26 players, 14 were right-handed batters, 10 were left-handed, and 2 were switch hitters (meaning they could bat from either side of the plate). The San Francisco Giants are the only franchise to have four players reach 500 home runs while on their roster: Mel Ott while the team was in New York, Willie Mays, Willie McCovey, and most recently Bonds. Four 500 home run club members—Aaron, Mays, Eddie Murray, and Rafael Palmeiro—are also members of the 3,000 hit club. Sheffield's 500th home run was his first career home run with the New York Mets, the first time that a player's 500th home run was also his first with his franchise. Alex Rodriguez, at 32 years and 8 days, was the youngest player to hit 500.  Ted Williams, at 41 years and 291 days, was the oldest.
Being a member of the 500 home run club is sometimes described as a guarantee of entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame.  Some believe the milestone has become less meaningful in recent years. Four club members who are now eligible for election to the Hall of Fame—Bonds, Sammy Sosa, Mark McGwire and Palmeiro—have not been elected. Eligibility requires that a player has "been retired five seasons" or be dead for at least six months. Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members; 10 players joined the club from 1999 to 2009. Also, several of these recent members have had ties to performance-enhancing drugs. Some believe that by not electing McGwire to the Hall, the voters were starting a "guideline" on how they would treat players from the "Steroid Era". Since then, Bonds and Sosa have also failed to earn election
. Most recently, Palmeiro became the first club member to be dropped from the Hall of Fame ballot, failing to earn enough votes (5% of votes cast) in the 2014 election to stay on the ballot.
Key

Members
Statistics up to date as of June 8, 2014

Footnotes
Although MLB.com's 500 Home Run Club page lists Mathews at 511 home runs, his listings on both MLB.com and Baseball-Reference show 512.

References
General

Specific

Baseball statistics
The Whittier Daily News is the local daily newspaper for Whittier, California. The Daily News is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, a division of MediaNews Group. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the San Gabriel Valley Tribune and the Pasadena Star-News. 

Thomson Newspapers purchased the newspaper in 1982. Thomson sold the Daily News to William Dean Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

Other websites
Official website
Mobile website 

Newspapers in California
Whittier, California
The San Gabriel Valley Tribune is the daily newspaper in West Covina, California.  It serves the San Gabriel Valley. The Tribune is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, a division of MediaNews Group. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the Pasadena Star-News and the Whittier Daily News. 

The newspaper chain Brush-Moore bought the Tribune in 1960.  Thomson Newspapers purchased Brush-Moore in 1967. Thomson sold the Tribune to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

References

Other websites
Official website

Newspapers in California
Companies based in Los Angeles
Barrow A.F.C. are an English football team.  The club was founded in 1901.  It is based in the town of Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria, England.  After they were promoted at the end of the 2007–08 season, they began playing in the Conference National. The club spent over fifty years in the Football League between 1921 and 1972, and have since spent their time in the top two levels of non-league football. Barrow have twice won non-league football's highest cup competition, the FA Trophy - in 1990 and 2010, becoming the only non-league club to have won the trophy at both old and new Wembley stadia.

The club colours are blue and white.  The combination of these has varied over time.  It has led to their nickname "The Bluebirds". Attendances at the club's Holker Street field vary - the home record of 16,874 was set against Swansea City in the FA Cup Third Round in 1954.  But during the 1990s and 2000s, the average remained between 800 and 1,500. Average attendance stood at 1,590 during the 2008-09 season.
The club won their second FA Trophy title on the 8th May 2010 after beating Stevenage Borough 2-1 in the final at Wembley Stadium.

Honours

Victories
 FA Trophy - Winners (2) 1989/90, 2009/10
 Lancashire Combination Division One - Champions (1) 1920/21;
 Lancashire Senior Cup - 1954-55
 Northern Premier League - Champions (3) 1983/84, 1988/89, 1997/98
 Northern Premier League Shield - Winners (1) 1984/85
 Northern Premier League President's Cup - Winners (2) 2001/02, 2003/04
 Northern Premier League Chairman's Cup - Winners (1) 2000/01
 Lancashire Junior Cup - Winners (1) 1980/81
 Chas Kendall Trophy

Promotions/Runners-Up
 Division Four - Promotion (3) 1966/67
 Conference North Play-off Winners 2008
 Lancashire Combination Division Two - Runners up (2) 1904/05, 1910/11
 Lancashire Combination Division One - Runners up (1) 1913/14
 Northern Premier League - Runners up (1) 2002/03
 Northern Premier League Challenge Cup - Runners up (1) 1987/88

Others
Others

 Best league performance (football league) - 8th in Division Three 1967/68
 Best league performance  (non-league) - 8th in Alliance Premier League 1981/82
 FA Cup - Third Round eleven times (three times as a non-league club, last in 2009/10)
 League Cup - Third Round Twice

Other websites
 Official website 

English football clubs
1901 establishments in England
The plot is based on a 2005 short movie, Alive in Joburg, also directed by Blomkamp and produced by Sharlto Copley and Simon Hansen, pivots on the themes of xenophobia and social segregation. The title and plot of District 9 were based on real-life events that took happened in District Six, Cape Town during the apartheid era. The movie was produced for $30 million and shot on location in Chiawelo, Soweto, showing fictional interviews, new stories, and videos from surveillance cameras in a part-mock documentary style format. A viral marketing campaign began in 2008, at the San Diego Comic-Con, while the theatrical trailer appeared in July 2009. Released by TriStar Pictures, the movie opened to critical acclaim on August 14, 2009, in North America and made $37 million in its first weekend. Lots of people thought that the movie was a sleeper hit for its not very famous cast and modest-budget production, while having success and being popular while it was in theaters.

References

Notes
References

Notes

2009 science fiction movies
2009 thriller movies
American science fiction movies
American thriller movies
Multilingual movies
New Zealand science fiction movies
New Zealand thriller movies
South African movies
American independent movies
Movies set in South Africa
Eyre Coote (20 May 1762 – 10 December 1823) was a British soldier and politician who was born in Ireland.

He was known as General Sir Eyre Coote until 1816; GCB 1815 - 1816.

Background
He was the second son of the Very Rev. Charles Coote (1713 - 12 February 1776), DD, Dean of Kilfenora.  After studying at Eton and Trinity College Dublin, Coote bought a commission in the 34th Regiment of Foot - of which his uncle was colonel - in 1774.

He was soon sent to  North America to fight in the Revolutionary War.  He fought in the Brooklyn in August 1776, as well as at Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth Court House before finally being taken prisoner at the final Battle of Yorktown in 1781. Between 1790 and 1798, he represented Ballynakill in the Irish House of Commons. Then he sat for Maryborough until 1800.
He served in England and Ireland when they were threatened by French invasion and against the French on the Continent. He went on to serve in Holland, Egypt and eventually became Governor-General of Jamaica (1806–1808) where he possibly sired an ancestor of Colin Powell.

Scandal and death
Sir Eyre was removed from the service on the 21 May 1816 because of the scandal he caused in the Christ's Hospital school for boys. On 25 November 1815 he entered the school and offered some boys money for an opportunity to flog them. After that he asked them to flog him and gave them money. He was caught by the school nurse, and charged with indecent conduct before the Lord Mayor of London.  He was acquitted after giving £1000 to the school:  after that there was a military inquiry in April 1816 which stripped him of his rank and honours. He was appointed GCB 1815 and stripped of it 1816.

References

Other websites
@ Stephen Wood Research
1762 births
1823 deaths
Irish politicians
British Army generals
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Knights of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Former members of the Order of the Bath
Governors-General of Jamaica
A pilum was a type of spear. It was used by the Roman army. Pila were generally 2 metres long. They were made up of a wooden shaft and an soft iron point.

References

Blades
Military of ancient Rome
Tree frogs are frogs that spend most of their life in trees. 

There are several lines of Neobatrachia which have evolved into tree frogs. These groups are only distantly related, but they have evolved for a long time in similar conditions. The result is that now there are species from different groups which look very much like each other. This is convergent evolution. It goes so far that in almost all cases, where one group occurs, another does not. Their current distribution shows that the last common ancestor of the groups lived before the dinosaurs disappeared. 

The frogs do not normally come down to the ground, except to mate and spawn. Some build foam nests on leaves and rarely leave the trees as adults. In some species the eggs develop directly into adults; in others the tadpole stage is spent in the water pool of a large tropical tree leaf.

Many tree frogs can change their colour for better camouflage. Others are poisonous (poison dart frog), and display warning colouration.
Tree frogs are usually tiny, as their weight has to be carried by the branches and twigs of their habitat. While some reach 10 cm (4 in) or more, they are typically smaller and more slender than terrestrial frogs.  

Typical for "tree frogs" are well-developed discs on the finger and toe tips. The fingers and toes and the limbs tend to be rather long. This gives better grasping ability. The genus Chiromantis is most extreme in this respect: it can oppose two fingers to the other two, resulting in a vice-like grip.

Family
Tree frogs are members of these families or genera:
Hylidae, or "true" tree frogs, are in the temperate to tropical parts of Eurasia north of the Himalayas, Australia and the Americas.
Rhacophoridae, or shrub frogs, are the tree frogs of tropical regions around the Indian Ocean: Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia east to Lydekker's line. A few are in East Asia.
Centrolenidae, or glass frogs, are potentially closely related to hylids; these translucent frogs are native to Central and South America.
Hyperoliidae, or reed frogs, are closely related to the burrowing Microhylidae; these small frogs are native to sub-Saharan Africa.
Boophis is a genus of highly arboreal frogs which evolved from the toxic terrestrial Mantellidae of Madagascar.
Pedostibes, or tree toad, is a genus of highly arboreal members of the typically terrestrial Bufonidae.

References 

Frogs
Madagascar is the soundtrack to the 2005 Dreamworks film of the same name. It was released on May 24, 2005 by Geffen Records. It contains Hans Zimmer score, and songs from the movie.

Track listing
This is a list of Tracks from the soundtrack.

Song Listing
 Best Friends 2:24
 I like to Move it 3:51
 Hawaii Five-O 1:48
 Boogie Wonderland 4:48
 Whacked Out Conspiracy 2:12
 Chariots Of Fire 3:28
 Stayin' Alive 4:43
 What A Wonderful World 2:16

Score Listing
 Born Free 1:26
 Whacked Out Conspiracy 2:12
 Zooster's Breakout 1:41
 Best Friends 2:26
 The Foosa Attack 38 sec.
 Beacon Of Liberty 2:10
 End Credit 4 min.
 He Looks So Bad 43 sec.
 Where's The Private? 32 sec.
 Analysis! 42 sec.
 I am Walking Here 48 sec.
 Good Boy 1:26
 Help Me Guys! 27 sec.
 Storking Stuffer Operation 1:37
 Bad Dog 47 sec.
 Jingle End 12 sec.
 Jingle, Jingle, Jingle - Brian Setzer 1:48

2005 albums
Asociación Deportivo Cali is a Colombian sports club in Cali, Colombia. It is famous for its football (soccer) team. Basketball, volleyball and swimming clubs are also sponsored by Deportivo Cali. Deportivo Cali is one of the best association football teams in Colombia and South America, having won nine national championships in 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1996, 1998, 2005-II and 2015-I.

Estadio Deportivo Cali is the new stadium for Deportivo Cali can fit 55,000 people. It is the biggest football stadium in Colombia. Estadio Deportivo Cali was officially inaugurated on November 19, 2008. The old stadium, Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero could fit capacity for 50,000 people.

Adidas, Honda, Aguardiente Blanco del Valle, and Tigo are the four largest sponsors of Asociación Deportivo Cali.

Colombian football clubs
Cali
Jeff Bezos (born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen; January 12, 1964) is the American  founder of Amazon.com, Inc. He was also the chairman, president, and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Amazon.com. However, Bezos said in a blog post he would soon step down from this position and become Executive Chair of the Amazon Board.

Early life, Education, and Career 
Jeff Bezos was born on January 12, 1964, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He showed an early interest in technology and graduated from Princeton with degrees in electrical engineering and computer science. Before founding Amazon in 1994, he worked on Wall Street and later started an online bookstore, laying the foundation for his remarkable entrepreneurial journey.

On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as the CEO of Amazon, to be replaced by Andy Jassy. Bezos became executive chairman on July 5, 2021.

On July 19, 2021 Blue Origin successfully conducts its first human test flight with Bezos going to space.
Net worth 
When markets opened on July 27, 2017, Bezos briefly became the world's richest person, surpassing Bill Gates with a net worth of just over $90 billion. He lost the title later in the day when Amazon's stock dropped, returning him to second place with a net worth just below $90 billion. On October 27, 2017, Bezos again surpassed Gates on the Forbes list as the richest person in the world.

In August 2020, Bezos became the first person in history to have a net worth of $200 billion, according to Forbes.

In January 2021, Elon Musk became the world's richest person. Since then, Bezos is now the world's second-richest person

Hacking claim 
In February 2019, Bezos published a blog post alleging that National Enquirer publisher American Media, Inc. had attempted blackmail and extortion in connection with Bezos' alleged affair with Lauren Sánchez.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Businesspeople from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Businesspeople from Seattle
1964 births
Living people
American inventors
American company founders
Amazon (company)
Space tourists
American billionaires
Final Cut Pro X (Final Cut Pro 10) is a video editing software developed by Apple Inc. that was Announced on April 12, 2011. It is an updated version of the non-liner editing software Final cut Pro 7. 

It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac App Store and is the controversial successor to Final Cut Pro

Features
Final Cut Pro X shares some of both its code and interface design philosophy with Apple’s consumer video editing software, iMovie.

Improvements and New Features
 No need for Video Rendering
 Color Balancing 
 Better Organization 
 Improved Image Quality
 Support for 64-bit

References

Software
Laurussia was a minor supercontinent which formed in the Devonian period. It is often called the Old Red Sandstone Continent or Euramerica.

Laurussia included much of what is now northern Europe, Greenland and North America.

Lifespan

Laurussia formed when 3 continents Baltica, North America, and Avalonia collided with each other during the Silurian. Baltica and Avalonia collided with each other first in the Shelveian Phase of the Caledonian orogeny. Then Avalonia and Baltica collided with North America in the Acadian Phase of the Caledonian orogeny. This drift of Avalonia closed the Iapetus Ocean and opened the Rheic Ocean behind it.

Laurussia became part of Pangaea in the Permian. In the Jurassic, when Pangaea rifted into two supercontinents, Gondwana and Laurasia, Laurussia became part of Laurasia. The Atlantic ocean opened up in the middle of Laurussia, causing it to split into North America and Europe.

Supercontinents
The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was a Nazi puppet-state  during World War II. It was established in April 1941, after the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was split up by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Geographically it encompassed most of modern-day Croatia as well as all of Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Slovenia and Serbia.

The NDH was ruled by Ante Pavelić and his Ustaše — a racist, terrorist and saboteur organization  — which were followers of the Pure Party of Rights founded by Ante Starčević at the end of 19th century. The NDH had a program, formulated by Mile Budak, to purge Croatia of Serbs, by “killing one third, expelling the other third and assimilating the remaining third”. The first part of this programme was begun during WWII by a planned genocide in Jasenovac concentration camp and other places all over NDH.
Establishment of NDH
Following the attack of the Axis powers on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941, and the quick defeat of the Yugoslav army (Jugoslovenska vojska), the whole country was occupied by Axis forces. Hitler and Mussolini installed the Croatian Ustaše, who had long sought Croatian independence, forming the Independent State of Croatia (NDH - Nezavisna Država Hrvatska).
The establishment of NDH was proclaimed on April 10, 1941 by Slavko Kvaternik, deputy leader of the Ustaše. Ante Pavelić came to power as leader (Poglavnik) of the Croatian puppet state. Pavelić took power with Mussolini and Hitler's blessing. On paper, it was a kingdom under King Tomislav II of the House of Savoy (the Duke of Split). But Tomislav II was only a figurehead with no real power.
From a strategic perspective, the establishment of the new puppet state was an obvious attempt by Hitler to pacify the now conquered Yugoslav peoples for the purpose of reducing the necessary occupation force to a minimum (in light of his plans for the upcoming Operation Barbarossa). Vladko Maček the head of the Croatian Peasant Party, the strongest elected party in Croatia at the time, refused an offer from Germans to head the government but called on people to obey to and cooperate with the new government the same day Kvaternik made the proclamation. Ante Pavelić arrived on April 20th to become the poglavnik (Leader, correlated with führer- better to translate as a "Head-man"). The Roman Catholic Church's official stance was also openly positive in this period.
State of terror and mass killing
Much of the population of the Independent State of Croatia was not Croat, mostly because of the inclusion of Bosnia. It had significant populations of Serbs (about 19% of the population of Croatia at the time, over 30% of the population of NDH), Bosnian Muslims (the largest population group of Bosnia at the time, and over 10% of the population of NDH), Germans, Hungarians and others. The Catholics (mainly Croats, Germans and Magyars) constituted just over 50% of the 6.3 million population. Mile Budak, politician and minister of the NDH - also a Croatian writer- immediately took the opportunity to proclaim the Muslims as "Brothers" and wanted to force them to convert to Christianity. Many Croatians agree with the idea that the majority of Bosnian Muslims are actually Croatians who were converted to Islam during the invasion of the Turks in the 15th Century.
Many Bosnian Muslims were accepted the NDH (in many cases were forced to accept it under the penalty of converting to Christianity or being executed) and immediately became involved. 
The most infamous of Islamic Ustase divisions was the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar. In respect to the soldiers of Muslim faith, a mosque was built in Zagreb - Croatia's capital city- known as "Poglavnikova dzamija" or Poglavnik's Mosque. Despite Pavelić's assurances of equality with the Croats, many Muslims quickly became dissatisfied with Croatian rule. A Muslim leader reported that not one Muslim occupied an influential post in the administration. Fierce fighting broke out between the Ustaše, Chetniks and Yugoslav Partisans in NDH territory. Some Ustaše militia units became convinced that the Muslims were communist sympathizers, and burned their villages and murdered many civilians.
The Ustase almost immediately enacted racial laws that reflected the acceptance of the ideology of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, with an emphasis placed on Croatian national issues.

The first "Legal order for the defense of the people and the state" dated April 17, 1941 ordered the death penalty for "infringement of the honour and vital interests of the Croatian people and the survival of the Independent State of Croatia". It was soon followed by the "Legal order of races" and the "Legal order of the protection of Aryan blood and the honour of the Croatian people" dated April 30, 1941, as well as the "Order of the creation and definition of the racial-political committee" dated June 4, 1941. The enforcement of these legal acts was done not only through normal courts but also new out-of-order courts as well as mobile courts-martial with extended jurisdictions.
The normal jails could no longer sustain the rate of new inmates and the Ustaša government started preparing the grounds what would become the Jasenovac concentration camp by July 1941. The regime would eventually form concentration camps in eleven different locations.

The Ustaše started conducting a deliberate campaign of mass murder, deportation and forced religious conversion in an attempt to remove the  Serbs. The Jews and Gypsies were exposed to total annihilation i.e., to the campaign of mass murder and to, lesser part, deportation.

The Jasenovac concentration camp would become the place of murder of up to a hundred thousand people (some estimate that this camp was the third largest camp of WWII). Overall Ustase death count is estimated at around 600,000 people, but all written records were destroyed to cover it up.
The state of permanent terror, mass killing, raping women and looting properties of their victims in the Independet State of Croatia forced, primarily, the Serbs to rebel. According to the Glaise von Horstenau  reports, Hitler was angry with Pavelić whose policy inflamed the rebellion in Croatia - by which Hitler lost ability to engage the Independent State of Croatia forces on the Eastern Front. Moreover, Hitler was forced to engage his forces in quelling the rebellion. For that reason, Hitler summoned Pavelić to his war headquoters in Vinica (Ukraine) on September 23, 1942. Consequently, Pavelić replaced his minister of the Armed Forces, Slavko Kvaternik, with the less zealous Jure Francetić
. Before meeting Hitler, to appease the public, Pavelić published the "Important Government's Announcement" (»Važna obavijest Vlade«) in which he threatened those who were spreading the news "about non-existent threats of disarmament of the Ustashe units by representatives of one foreign power, about the Croatian Army replacement by a foreign army, about the possibility that a foreign power would seize the power in Croatia ..." (Hrvatski narod, September 3rd, 1942.)
Hans Helm, the appointed head of Gestapo for the Independent State of Croatia, in his confidential report - (under the title "Basis of the partisan danger" - sent to General Kasche) of January 14, 1943, wrote: "Most of the partisan ranks are coming from the Serbs - due to the fact that they are the most villainous way persecuted ... the new regime in Croatia started the programs of annihilation and destruction of the Serbs, which (the programs) are publicly supported by the highest ranks of the Croatian government, and (the programs) adopted as the main government goal. The fact that a different talk was coming from the official Ustashe side - under the rebellion pressure and due to the course of events - even a reconciliation was mentioned - leaves no possibility to compensate the harm caused by, for example, Dr. Mile Budak, the actual (Croatian) minister in Berlin ..
..."  Appointed general Horstenau wrote in his report: »Ustashe movement is, due to the mistakes and atrocities they have made, and the corruption, so compromised that the government executive branch (the homeguard and the police) shall be separated from the government - even for the price of breaking any possible connection with the government ..."
End of the war
In August 1944, there was an attempt by Foreign Minister in NDH government Mladen Lorković and Minister of War Ante Vokić to execute a coup d'état against Ante Pavelić. The coup failed and its conspirators were executed.

The NDH army withdrew towards Zagreb with German and Cossak troops by early 1945, and continued fighting for a week after the German surrender on May 9th, 1945. They were soon overpowered and the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) effectively ceased to exist in May 1945, near the end of the war. The advance of Tito's partisan forces, joined by the Soviet Red Army, caused mass retreat of the Ustaše towards Austria.
In May 1945, a large column composed of Ustaša followers and NDH Army troops and civilians retreated from the partisan forces, heading northwest towards Italy and Austria. Ante Pavelić detached from the group and fled to Austria, Italy and finally Argentina. The rest of the group, consisting of over 150,000 soldiers (including Cossak troops) and civilians negotiated passage with the British forces on the Austrian side of the Austrian-Slovenian border. The British Army then turned over a number of them to the partisan forces.

The end of the war resulted in the establishment of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, with the Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia officially making Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina one of six constituent republics in the new state.
References
 Hermann Neubacher: Sonderauftrag Suedost 1940-1945, Bericht eines fliegendes Diplomaten, 2. durchgesehene Auflage, Goettingen 1956 
 Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat: Der Kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 1941-1945 Stuttgart, 1964
 Encyclopædia Britannica, 1943 - Book of the year, page 215, Entry: Croatia
 Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Europe, edition 1995, page 91, entry: Croatia 
 Encyclopædia Britannica, Edition 1991, Macropedia, Vol. 29, page 1111. 
 Helen Fein: Accounting for Genocide - Victims and Survivors of the Holocaust, The Free Press, New York, Edition 1979, pages 102, 103. 
 Alfio Russo: Revoluzione in Jugoslavia, Roma 1944.
 Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Vol. 2, Independent State of Croatia entry.

Notes
Notes

Other websites
 U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Holocaust era in Croatia (1941-1945)
 BBC News: Croatian holocaust still stirs controversy
 Biography of Pavelić 
 Another Biography of Pavelic
 Two Bullets for Pavelić
 Miroslav Filipović-Majstorović
 Pavelic's escape to Argentina 
 Ivan Goran Kovačić The Pit
 Jasenovac - a prisoner execution
 Independent State of Croatia proclamation
 genocide committed by Ustashi
 unidentified Croatian Ustasha
 Avro Manhattan: "The Vatican's Holocaust" , a book about the Ustaše and the NDH

1945 disestablishments in Europe
Croatia, Independent State
1941 establishments in Europe
Puppet states
Former dictatorships
Astro Boy (鉄腕アトム, Tetsuwan Atomu, lit. "Iron Arm Atom") is a Japanese manga series first published in 1952 and television program first broadcast in Japan in 1963. The story follows the adventures of a robot named Astro Boy and a selection of other characters along the way.

Astro Boy is the first, most popular Japanese television series that embodied the aesthetic that later became familiar worldwide as anime. It originated as a manga in 1952 by Osamu Tezuka, revered in Japan as the "God of Manga".

Worldwide date
April 3, 1952 (Japan)
November 16, 1952 (UK)
June 22, 1953 (France)
May 15, 1954 (USA)
July 26, 1955 (Australia)
December 21, 1955 (Brazil)
January 1, 1956 (Germany)
June 23, 1956 (Iceland)
November 23, 1956 (New Zealand)
March 3, 1957 (Ireland)
October 3, 1957 (Canada)

Manga
Fictional robots
RB Leipzig (RasenBallsport Leipzig e.V.) is a German football club from Leipzig.

History
The club was founded on 19 May 2009 by the Red Bull Company. It was formed out of the SSV Markranstädt. Due to the regulations of the DFB the name Red Bull Leipzig for marketing reasons  was forbidden so they were called RB (short for RasenBallsport). Also the logo was forbidden. 

The company was sure that there is a great chance to form a new club, because with the Zentralstadion (now Red Bull Arena) there was a good stadium and there is no club in professional football in the area. The club is now in the Bundesliga. Like in Salzburg many fans protested against this deal because they had the fear that the fanculture will vanish and football will be only a business. So they wanted a "normal" football club.
They started in the Oberliga Nordost-Süd(5th level) and became 1st in the 2009/10 season. But the next season they failed to gain promotion to the 3. Bundesliga. So the coach was changed, the new one is the Austrian Peter Pacult. The first match under the new coach was a 3:2 win in the German Cup (1st round) versus VfL Wolfsburg from the Bundesliga.

Players

Current squad

Players out on loan

Coach history

Notes
 Interim coach.

Honours
2010 Champion Oberliga Nordost

2017 DFB Pokal Runners up

2017 Bundesliga Runners up 

2016 Bundesliga 2 Champions 

2014 3.Liga Champions

References

2009 establishments in Germany
Football clubs owned by Red Bull
Leipzig
Football clubs in Saxony
Arboreal is an adjective in biology for an animal which lives in the trees.

All forests have had animals living in them. Those animals have adaptations which enable them to live and move about in trees. The earliest one known is Suminia, a synapsid of the late Permian, about 260 million years ago.

References

Evolutionary biology
Lamrim (Tibetan: "stages of the path") is a Tibetan Buddhist text which presents the stages in the complete path to enlightenment as taught by Buddha. In Tibetan Buddhist history there have been many different versions of lamrim, presented by different teachers of the Nyingma, Kagyu and Gelug schools. However, all versions of the lamrim are elaborations of Atiśa's 11th Century root text A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment.

There is a project to expand the Lamrim Teachings with several translated texts.

References

Tibetan Buddhism
The Norbulingka Institute was founded in 1988, by the present 14th Dalai Lama at Sidhpur, near Dharamsala, India. The institute helps to preserve the Tibetan language and culture.

The institute is named after Norbulingka, the traditional summer residence of the Dalai Lamas, in Lhasa, Tibet.  The main building is a replica of the Norbulingka palace in Lhasa

References

Tibetan Buddhism
Mobile genetic elements (MGE) are a type of DNA that can move around within the genome. They include:
Transposons (also called transposable elements)
Retrotransposons
DNA transposons
Integrons
Insertion sequences
Plasmids
Bacteriophage elements, like Mu which integrates randomly into the genome
Group II introns
The total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome may be referred to as the mobilome.

Barbara McClintock was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements".

Related pages
 Horizontal gene transfer

References

Miller W.J. and Capy P. (eds) 2004. Mobile genetic elements : protocols and genomic applications. Humana Press. 
Shapiro J.A. (ed) 1983. Mobile genetic elements. Academic Press. 

DNA
When talking in terms of evolution, a lineage describes how a species developed from the species before it. The species adapted to its environment. Lineages are parts of the tree of life. Very often, genetic information is used to determine the lineage of a species.

Evolutionary biology
Dietrich Stobbe (25 March 1938 – 19 February 2011) was a German politician from Weepers, East Prussia.

Stobbe served as Mayor of West Berlin from 2 May 1977 till 23 January 1981. From 1 November 1978 till 31 October 1979 he was also President of the Bundesrat.

Stobbe was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

He died on the 19 February 2011 at the age of 72 after long illness.

References

Other websites

 personal webpage of the late Dietrich Stobbe  

1938 births
2011 deaths
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Herald Sun is a morning tabloid newspaper based in Melbourne, Australia. It is published by The Herald and Weekly Times, a part of News Limited, which is a part of News Corporation. It can be bought in Melbourne, Regional Victoria, Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and border regions of South Australia and Southern New South Wales. The Herald Sun shares many articles with other News Corporation daily newspapers, especially those from Australia.

The Herald Sun is the biggest selling daily newspaper in Australia. It sells about 515,000 copies each day and is read by 1,500,000 people.

Origins
The Herald Sun newspaper was formed in 1990 when the morning tabloid paper The Sun News-Pictorial joined with the afternoon broadsheet paper The Herald. It was first published on 8 October 1990 as the Herald-Sun. The hyphen in its title was dropped on May 1, 1993.

History

The Herald
The Herald

The Herald was started on 3 January 1840 by George Cavanaugh as The Port Phillip Herald. In 1855, it became The Melbourne Herald, but a week later became The Herald. From 1869, it was an evening newspaper.  Colonel William Thomas Reay was sometime literary editor and later associate editor, before becoming managing editor in 1904.

The Sun News-Pictorial
The Sun News-Pictorial began on 11 September 1922, and bought by The Herald and Weekly Times in 1925.

The merger
The Herald once sold almost 600,000 copies, but by the time of its 150th anniversary in 1990 it had fallen below 200,000. This was caused by the impact of evening television news and more people using cars to get home from work.'This was much less than that of the morning Sun.
As a result, The Herald and Weekly Times decided to merge the two, and so after one hundred and fifty years, ten months and two days of publication, The Herald was published for the last time as a separate newspaper on 5 October 1990.  The next day, The Sun News-Pictorial published its last edition. The Sunday editions of the two newspapers had already been merged. The resulting newspaper had both the size and style of The Sun News-Pictorial.

With sales still falling, the afternoon edition was cancelled, the last edition being published on December 21, 2001. The News Limited now produces mX a free afternoon paper that can be picked up from stands throughout the Melbourne CBD. It is not available outside that area.

Recent editors include Peter Blunden, Simon Pristel, Phil Gardner and Bruce Guthrie.
Collectible items
Over the 600 years, the Herald Sun has had a range of magazines, pins and memorabilia (usually with an outside partner) that could be obtained by either getting it out of the newspaper, or using a token from the newspaper to collect or purchase the item. Items that have been a part of this scheme include:

The 2000 Olympic Torch Relay Pin (and album), collection includes 15 place pins and one State Pin of Victoria (2000)
Australian Football League trading cards – every year, near the start of the AFL season (2004–present)
The Simpsons pins (2006)
Socceroos medallions (2006)
Celebrate 50 Years of TV (2006) – in conjunction with Nine Network
The Ashes series pins (2006)
Family Encyclopedia CD-ROM Collection (2006) – in conjunction with publishing company Dorling Kindersley
The Greatest (2007) – a 14-part magazine series   
Amazing Pictures (2007) - a 4-part magazine series
Discovery Atlas DVD Collection (2009)
Notable journalists and columnists
Jon Anderson
Andrew Bolt
Robert Fidgeon
Terry McCrann
Neil Mitchell
Mike Sheahan
Jill Singer
Mark Knight (cartoonist)
Gary Ablett Jr.
Jimmy Bartel
Jason Akermanis
Eddie McGuire
Gerard McManus
Osmar White

Related papers
The Sunday edition is called the Sunday Herald Sun. In Sydney it is closely linked with The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Telegraph. 
In Brisbane, it is linked with The Courier-Mail and The Sunday Mail.
In Adelaide, The Advertiser and Sunday Mail.
In Perth,  The Sunday Times.
In Hobart, The Mercury and The Sunday Tasmanian.
In Darwin, The Northern Territory News and Sunday Territorian.

References

Other websites
Herald Sun
The Port Phillip Herald and The Herald archive, 1840-1902
Media Watch segment aired 1 May 2006, ABC. "Age vs. Hun: Off-field Biff". Video accessed online 6 June 2006.

Newspapers published in Australia