Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A word processor is a computer program (often a text editor) or a special computer intended to edit texts with colours and different font sizes and styles, or texts which will be printed.

Most such programs now have helpful instruments (tools) to make good texts. Important instruments include spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines). Moreover, with such programs one can make attractive documents, add pictures into documents, make webpages, graphs etc. Also, they show synonyms (similar words) of words and some can read the text aloud. Many word processors, similar to many new programs, have configurable printing facilities. Some of the more versatile ones are called Desktop publishing programs.

Examples include:
 Microsoft Word, one of the few commonly sold in shops
 LibreOffice Writer
 iWork Pages for macOS
 TextEdit for macOS
 WordPad is among the simplest and most widespread
 OpenOffice Writer, usually downloaded with OpenOffice
The Atari Jaguar was a video game machine released by Atari in 1993. It was not a successful product and was Atari's last console. It also had a CD-based accessory called the Atari Jaguar CD.

The Atari Jaguar was sold at about the same time as the PlayStation, Sega Saturn and Nintendo 64, but it was not very popular as it did not have as many popular games as these other consoles. The graphics of Atari Jaguar games look a lot like the Sega Genesis, Sega Mega Drive or SNES games as it did not run 3D games as well as the Sega Saturn or PlayStation.

References 

Video game consoles
Atari hardware
Picasa 
Picasa is a software application for organizing and editing photos. It was first created by Idealab. The name "Picasa" is a blend of the last name of Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, the phrase mi casa for "my house" and "pic" for pictures. In July 2004, Google purchased Picasa and began offering it as a free download.

There was a version for Windows XP and Windows Vista, as well as a version for Linux. For Windows 98 and Windows Me, only an older version was available. There was also an iPhoto plugin or program for uploading photos available for Mac OS X 10.4 and later.

On February 12, 2016, Google announced it was "Moving on from Picasa" and the Picasa desktop application would be discontinued on March 15, 2016. Google stated that the primary reason for retiring Picasa was that it wanted to focus its efforts "entirely on a single photos service" the cross-platform, web-based Google Photos.

Other Picasa applications
Picasa Web Albums 
Picasa Web Albums (PWA) was a photo-sharing web application created by Google and was similar to websites such as Flickr and Zooomr. Picasa Web Albums was first announced on June 6, 2006. When introduced, it came with 250 MB free space. On March 7, 2007, it was upgraded to 1GB.

Users with accounts at Google could store and share 1GB of photos for free. Users were able to purchase more storage space with these plans:

Users could upload pictures and videos by using either a web interface, through Picasa 2.5.0 or later on Microsoft Windows, using the Exporter for iPhoto, the Aperture to Picasa Web Albums plug-in, or Uploader on Mac OS X, or F-Spot on Linux.

No ads were shown on Picasa Web Albums in either the free or paid accounts. The Terms of Service allowed Google to use the uploaded photos and videos to display on the website or via RSS feeds, and also for promoting Google services without needing to pay the users.
On February 12, 2016, Google announced they would retire Picasa Web Albums (also called Picasaweb) so they could focus entirely on a single photo service called Google Photos. The retirement of Picasa Web Albums was effective on August 1, 2016. All photos and videos formerly in Picasa Web Albums were moved by Google to an archived platform called Album Archive.

Version history
Windows 
There are no versions of Picasa for Windows 95 or NT.  The latest version offered for Windows 98/ME is 2.0.0 Build 18.84. The latest version for Windows 2000/XP/Vista/Windows 7 is 3.9 Build 141.259.
 1.618 Build 5.35 July 2004 – free download version offered since Google's acquisition of Picasa.
 2.0.0 Build 18.77 January 18, 2005 – many features including improved search functions, an automated photo collage maker, massively enhanced photo editing functions and further integration with Picasa's Hello and Google's Blogger services.
 2.0.0 Build 18.84 June 8, 2005 – bug fix release, latest release for Windows 98/ME. This version does not suffer from the "picasa2\runtime\hlpsys.dll is not a valid windows image. Check installation disk." error, which some users have experienced.
 2.1.0 Build 27.60 September 19, 2005 – new features including international language support, one-click photo blogging, CD cover printing, improved RAW handling and improved support for external drives.
2.2.0 Build 28.20 January 30, 2006 – 25 additional languages are supported, new network drive support, and bug fixes for IE7 support and CD Burning.
 2.5.0 Build 32.01 June 12 2006 – Beta versions including Picasa Web Albums support – last version (build 32.97) started rollout on November 14 2006.
 2.6 Build 35.94.0 December 7, 2006 – new autoupdate behavior for Windows Vista support, new CD/DVD-burning engine, improved upload reliability to Picasa Web Albums, and added support for 18 new languages.
 2.7 Build 36.37.0 April 24, 2007 – new RAW processing engine, new color engine for "tuning" fixes, added support for Google Photos Screensaver, and improved BlogThis! reliability.
 2.7 Build 36.40 May 3, 2007 – support for more cameras, updated version number for international installs.
 2.7 Build 36.60 26 June 2007 – added support for geotag, supposedly fixed problems with showing up some video files.
 2.7 Build 37.23 21 August 2007 – support for more languages, fixes several bugs.
2.7 Build 37.29 13 September 2007 – Added support for RAW pictures from the Canon 40D, fixes several bugs.
 2.7 Build 37.32 2 October 2007 – Fixed a case where corrupted AVI files could cause a crash. Fixed a case that would result in a "This account is not enabled for Picasa Web Albums" error.
 2.7 Build 37.36 30 October 2007 – Added support for 11 additional languages: Bulgarian, Catalan, Filipino, Indonesian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Thai, Vietnamese.
 2.7 Build 37.49 7 March 2008 - Improved performance for new Intel chips. Translation fixes for Hungarian and Chinese. Fixed a case that would result in an error when capturing images from webcams.
 2.7 Build 37.64 21 August 2008 -
3.9.137 Build114; Mac: 3.9.137.163 March 7, 2014 - Changed Picasa from Maps v2 API to v3 API (this affected the Geo Panel in one-up mode). Bug fixes. Google+ auto backup (on Windows: 1.0.23.114, on Mac: 1.0.23.53) improvements
3.9.137 Build 118; Mac: 3.9.137? March 10, 2014 - Bug fixes
Google+ auto backup for desktop March 31, 2014 - Improvements in preserving RAW files in Auto Backup from Picasa
3.9 Build 137.141; Mac: 3.9.137.192 June 9, 2014 - Allowed upload of full size non-JPEG images without converting to JPEG. Bug fix in album sync. Google+ auto backup for desktop (on Windows: 1.0.25.141, on Mac: 1.0.25.184) improvements and bug fixes
3.9 Build 138.150; Mac: 3.9.138.201 August 12, 2014 - Numerous bug fixes. Google+ auto backup for desktop (on Windows: 1.0.26.150, on Mac: 1.0.26.201), improvements and bug fixes
3.9 Build 138.151; Mac 3.9.138.202 August 13, 2014 - When a video was uploaded to G+ Photos, the video file extension in G+ Photos became .JPG instead of the original extension
3.9 Build 139.161; Mac: 3.9.139.218 February 17, 2015 - Bug fixes of several potential security flaws in handling TIFF files
3.9 Build 140.239; Mac: 3.9.140.287 July 17, 2015 - Picasaweb.google.com no longer redirects to G+ Photos, text changes in popup for uploading and/or sharing, upload and sync of face tags from Picasa was disabled
3.9 Build 140.248; Mac: 3.9.140? September 3, 2015 - Security patches, Network fixes for OS X that affected Google Photos Backup and Picasa, Shop button and order prints function not functional
3.9 Build 141.255; Mac: 3.9.141? October 9, 2015 - Google Photos Backup v.1.1.1. Added patches for image handling, fixed various reported crashes, support for new Apple Photos library
3.9 Build 141.259 February 9, 2016 - Final version of Picasa for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7. Google ended support on March 15, 2016. The Picasa program continued to work on later versions of Windows but all online functions were disabled.
See also version 2 release notes and version 3 release notes
Linux 
 Around June 2006, Linux versions (2.2.2820-5) became available as free downloads for most distributions of the Linux operating system. It was not a native Linux program but an adapted Windows version that used the Wine libraries.
 A Release Candidate of Picasa for Linux 2.7 (Build 37.3607,0) was released on 21 November 2007.
 Google added Picasa for Linux 2.7 (Build 37.3615, 0) to its Linux repository on 16 April 2008.

Mac OS X 
Picasa for Mac was launched in 2008. A plugin was available for iPhoto to upload to the Picasa Web Albums hosting service. There was also a standalone Picasa Web Albums uploading tools for OS X 10.4 or later. Using Darwine or similar compatibility layers, however, Picasa can run on Mac OS X.

Notes and references 

P
A failure (fail,  or flop) is where a goal or mission is not completed. It can mean the opposite of success.

Commercial failure
A commercial failure is a product that does not complete a goal.

Most of the items listed below had high expectations, but failed to be successful.

For flops in computer and video games, see List of commercial failures in computer and video gaming
For company failures of the 1997–2001 Dot-com bubble, see Dot-com company
See also Vaporware
Box-office bomb

Product failure
Product failure can be the failure to sell the product, or a problem with the product that may stop it from working after a while, or lead to the person using the product hurting themselves. The Edsel, a brand from Ford that was marketed in the late 50’s is one of the best known product failures and became closely associated with them.

Examinations
People who take tests or examinations will pass the test if they are successful.  If they are unsuccessful they "fail" the test.

Basic English 850 words
Telecommunication (from two words, tele meaning 'from far distances' and communication meaning to share information) is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags, or a mirror to flash sunlight. Starting with the telegraph, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic transmitters such as the telephone, television, radio, optical fiber and computer.
Jim Keltner is an American musician (drummer). His career began in the early 1960s, playing at recording sessions for other musicians, and even for bands, including Gary Lewis and the Playboys.

Keltner played on recordings by members of The Beatles, after they disbanded. He and Ringo Starr played drums as a team during George Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh in 1971, and got along well. Keltner even played drums on some of Starr's solo records, and Starr was thought of as one of the best drummers in rock and roll music.

John Lennon counted on Keltner to play drums on his solo records, when Starr was not available. In 1973, he helped Lennon's wife Yoko Ono put a band together to record and tour with her.

Keltner toured the United States with George Harrison during 1974. He told Harrison he did not want to be paid to play on the tour. Harrison wanted to give him something for his work. Keltner was tired of driving his old car, so Harrison bought him a new Mercedes-Benz, as payment.
While Keltner had played for many artists and bands, he had never been a member of a band, until Little Village formed in the late 1980s.

1942 births
Living people

American drummers
Musicians from Oklahoma
American R&B musicians
American rock musicians
American jazz musicians
Autopackage is a free computer programme aimed at making it simple to create other programs that can be installed on all Linux distributions.
Right now, the only operating system to include Autopackage is Super Ubuntu

Related pages
Zero Install
RUNZ
Super Ubuntu

Software
Marcella "Marcy" Levy (born June 21, 1952 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American musician and singer (soprano). She is well-known both under her real name, and as Marcella Detroit.

As Marcy Levy, she was a member of Eric Clapton's band in the 1970s, and wrote the song "Lay Down Sally", which was a hit for Clapton. She also sang with Randy Meisner and the Silverados in the early 1980s. She later moved to England, and renamed herself after her hometown.

As Marcella Detroit, she was a member of Shakespear's Sister, a duo with former Bananarama member Siobhan Fahey. They recorded two albums together, and several of the songs from the albums became hits. The two split during the recording of the third Shakespear's Sister album, in the mid-1990s.

She began a solo career as Marcella Detroit, but later went back to her original name. She appeared as an angel in Absolutely Fabulous: The Last Shout.

1959 births
Living people
Singers from Detroit
American rock guitarists
Musicians from Detroit
American pop musicians
Mastering is the process of moving audio from recording device to the storage device. All copies after that are made from the master copy. Master recordings (usually called just "masters") can be made on discs, tapes, and computer data storage formats.

A multitrack master is an original multitrack recording, which may be worked on over time. This may have four, eight, sixteen or more tracks. This kind of recording cannot be played on an ordinary machine, and needs a special machine to be played or recorded.

Multitrack recordings are mixed when they are finished, into a mono (monaural), stereo, or Surround Sound recording. This is called a mixed master. Copies of the mixed master can be played on an ordinary machine.

Master recordings are often valuable, especially if the recording artist is popular. Most masters are owned by record companies, but many artists and bands own their own master recordings, or are able to buy them later.
Recordings are sometimes remastered, to copy them to another format, or to make them sound better. Digital recording allows for older analog recordings to be "cleaned up", and preserved.

Musical terminology
Audio technology
The National League East is a division in the MLB. All of the teams are on the east coast of the U.S. In 2007, 2008, and 2009, the Phillies won the division; they also won the 2008 World Series. The NL East is known as one of the toughest divisions in the MLB.

Teams in the National League East Division
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Mets
Miami Marlins
Atlanta Braves
Washington Nationals

National League
In Major League Baseball, the All-Star Game is the game between the best players from the American League (AL) and the National League (NL). The game is held in July of each season.  From 2003 to 2016, The winner of the game got home field advantage in the World Series.  Prior to that, home field advantage alternated every year between the two leagues.  Starting in 2017, the pennant winner with the better regular season record now gets home field advantage in the World Series. As of 2023, the American League has won 47 times, and the National League has won 44 times. There have been two ties.

List of games and results

Major League Baseball
All-star games
A cognate is a word derived from the same root as another word. Cognates are words that have a common origin (source). They may happen in a language or in a group of languages.

Example One:
'composite', 'composition' and 'compost' are cognates in the English language, derived from the same root in Latin 'componere' meaning 'to put together'.

Example Two:
the word 'composition' in English and the word 'composición' in Spanish and similar words in French, Italian and Portuguese are cognates because they all come from the same root.

The general rule is that cognates have similar meanings and are derived from the same root (origin). A fine example is the word for night in almost all Indo-European languages:
nuit (French), noche (Spanish), Nacht (German), nacht (Dutch), nag (Afrikaans), nicht (Scots), natt (Swedish, Norwegian), nat (Danish), nátt (Faroese), nótt (Icelandic), noc (Czech, Slovak, Polish), ночь, noch (Russian), ноќ, noć (Macedonian), нощ, nosht (Bulgarian), ніч, nich (Ukrainian), ноч, noch/noč (Belarusian), noč (Slovene), noć (Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian), νύξ, nyx (Ancient Greek, νύχτα/nychta in Modern Greek), nox/nocte (Latin), nakt- (Sanskrit), natë (Albanian), nos (Welsh), nueche (Asturian), noite (Portuguese and Galician), notte (Italian), nit (Catalan), nuèch/nuèit (Occitan), noapte (Romanian), nakts (Latvian), naktis (Lithuanian) and Naach (Colognian), all meaning "night" and being derived from the Proto-Indo-European nókʷts ("night").

Basic English uses cognates, such as animal, attention, night, apparatus, experience, brother, invention, metal, etc.

History 
The word 'cognate' is derived from the Latin word 'cognatus' meaning 'to be born with'.
In reading Churchill's History of the English Speaking Peoples, it would be well to keep in mind (remember) what George Bernard Shaw says: "England and America are two countries divided by a common language."

Speakers of British English and American English face the problem of meeting false friends.

False friends 
As a rule, similar-sounding words have the same meaning but when they do not, they are called "false friends".

Example one: Spanish 'actual' and English 'actual' are cognates because they have the same root (origin) but they are "false friends" because Spanish 'actual' means "of the present moment" while English 'actual' means "real".

Example two: German 'hell', Norwegian 'hell' and English 'hell' are not cognates, but are spelled the same. In German, 'hell' means 'light' and in Norwegian it means 'luck', while in English it means hell.

False cognates 
Sometimes, two words look alike and it appears that they are cognates but they are not because they are not derived from the same root.
Example one: In the English language, the word 'light' (something that makes things visible) is not a cognate of the word 'light' (not heavy) because they are not derived from the same root.

Example two: The German word 'haben' and the English word 'have' mean the same thing and they appear to be cognates but they are not simply because they are not derived from the same root.

Example three: The Japanese word 'okiru' 起きる and the English word 'occur' have the same thing happening as example two.

Other websites 

List of words having different meanings in British and American English: on English Wikipedia
Common Spanish-English False Friends 
German-English False Friends 
French-English False Friends

References 

Linguistics
thumb | right | An example of a wireless router 
A wireless router allows the user of computers and other electronic devices to connect to a computer network using Wi-Fi.

Related pages
Wi-Fi
Wireless access point
Wireless LAN

Electronics
Glyptodon is a genus of glyptodont. It is part of the placental group of mammals known as Xenarthra. This order of mammals includes anteaters, tree sloths, extinct ground sloths, extinct pampatheres, and armadillos.

Glyptodon came from South America. A related genus, Glyptotherium,  first appeared in the south-west of the modern USA about 2.5 million years ago as a result of the Great American Interchange.

These herbivores (plant-eaters) would not have been vulnerable to the Sparassodont carnivores of the day. The native human population in their range is believed to have hunted them and used the shells for shelter in bad weather.

References 

 David Lambert and the Diagram Group. 1985. The field guide to prehistoric life. New York: Facts on File Publications.

Gallery 

Xenarthrans
Fossils
Megafauna
Mammals of South America
Stegodon is a genus of extinct elephant. They lived from the late Miocene to the late Pleistocene.

Fossils are found in Asian and African strata dating from the late Miocene. They lived in large parts of Asia, East and Central Africa and North America during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. 

Some Stegodon species were among the largest of all elephants. Some adults were 13 feet (4 m) high at the shoulder and 26 feet (8 m) long, not including 10 feet (3m) long nearly straight tusks. A few were much smaller, living on islands.

Browser rather than grazer 

The teeth of Stegodon show that it was mainly a browser. As time passed, grassland increasingly took the place of forests, and browsers were at something of a disadvantage. No doubt, they were also hunted by early man.

References 

Fossils
Extinct elephants
Miocene
Bakhshali is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°17'0N 72°9'0E and has a height of 307 metres (1010 ft).

History
The village is famous for being the place where the Bakhshali manuscript was found. This is an ancient mathematical work written on birch bark and is the oldest surviving document in South Asia of Indian mathematics. It was discovered in 1881 during British rule by a tenant of Mian An-Wan-Udin, a police inspector. The  tenant discovered it while he was digging in an abandoned building.

Bakhshali today
In March 2007 there were attacks made on music shops in Bakhshali. Two people were injured and one was killed in attacks by an unidentified extremist group who attacked the bazaar shooting and killing the watchman of the Seven Stars music centre.
In August 2007 the people of Bakhshali observed a strike against power cuts. They blocked the main Mardan to Bakshali road in protest. The protectors said that the power cuts were harming business and their children's studies. The village has also been affected by violence between the Taliban and the government; on 24 January 2008 the militants attacked the vehicle of former Health minister Syed Kamal Shah injuring his guard. The rebels have also been pressuring local people to stop listening to music as well launching bomb attacks in the area.

On 15 August a meeting of elders in Mardan decided to set up anti-Taliban group similar to one that has been stated in neighbouring Buner District. According to Shakoor Khan, an elder from Bakhshali who attended the meeting, "Before the Taliban resorts to torching more schools, we have decided to resist them".

Related pages
 Bakhshali manuscript

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Birch bark or birchbark is usually the bark of the paper birch tree or sometimes of similar trees such as gray (wire) birch.

Birch bark is useful because it is strong and water-resistant. It is similar in some ways to cardboard. And can be easily cut, bent and sewn. Because of this it has been very valuable for building, crafting, and writing material ever since ancient times.  Birch bark also contains substances that are used in medicines and chemicals.

Uses

Birch bark was valuable throughout the world where birch trees were available:

In North America, the native people used birch bark for canoes and wigwams and more.
In Scandinavia and Finland, it had many uses, including roofs, boxes, casks and buckets.
In Russia, many birch bark documents have survived from the Middle Ages. 
In the Indian civilisation birch-bark, along with dried palm leaves,  replaced parchment for writing.
Birch bark is can also be used as a tinder. It is very good tinder as the inner layers will stay dry even through heavy rainstorms.  To make birch bark useless as tinder, it must be soaked in water for a very long time.

References
The Algonquin Birchbark Canoe by David Gidmark .

Other websites

The Birch Bark Torch, a Wilderness Way Magazine'''s article by Kevin Finney.
Birchbark articles from the NativeTech'' site.
Birch and Birch Bark, an article by John Zasada at an University of Minnesota site.
Birch Bark Canoe Building Courses at the North House Folk School, Minnesota.
Birch Bark Canoe  page on the site of the Algonquins of Pikwàganagàn.

Wood
Fagales
The Bakhshali Manuscript is a mathematical manuscript written on birch bark. It was found in 1881 near the village of Bakhshali in what was then the North-West Frontier Province of British India (now Pakistan). Most of the manuscript is missing, only seventy leaves of birch bark remain.

No-one knows how old it is and different scholars have come up with different dates. Most scholars agree that the manuscript is a copy of a more ancient text.

References

Other websites 
The Bakhshali manuscript
6 – The Bakhshali manuscript 

Manuscripts
bazaar is an Persian word which can be also seen in other languages like   and . bazaar is an area that is always used for shopping. It can be a market place or a street of shops where things are exchanged or sold. 

The word bazaar is from the Persian word bāzār, this word itself comes from the Pahlavi word baha-char (بهاچار), meaning "the place of prices". Although the meaning of the word "bazaar" started in Persia, it has spread and is now used in many countries around world. 

The world's biggest bazaar is the Grand Bazaar, Tehran, other well-known ones are the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, the Old Bazaar in Cairo, the Chandni Chowk in Delhi or the  Anarkali Bazar in Lahore. Very often, banks, or moneylenders, cafes and mosques can also be found in a bazaar.

Related pages
 Market

References

Other websites
Iran Chamber Society on Architecture of the Bazaar at Isfahan 
1911 Britannica article "Bazaar"

Economic markets
Alo is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It has a height of 406 metres (1335 feet).

References 

Union councils of Mardan District
Graham William Nash OBE (born 2 February 1942 in Blackpool, England) is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He was a founding member of The Hollies, but left that band to form Crosby, Stills & Nash with David Crosby and Stephen Stills. He moved to California to be part of the new group, which Neil Young also joined later.

While Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young broke apart and came back together many times, Nash has almost always worked with David Crosby since the 1960s.

Nash became an American citizen in 1978. Besides music, he is also a talented photographer, and collector of photographs. Nash was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).

1942 births
Living people
English singers
English songwriters
English photographers
Babini is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Babozai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°50'0N 72°8'0E and has a height of 1754 metres (5757 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Bala Garhi is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°14'0N 72°9'0E and has a height of 302 metres (994 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Chamtar is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°10'47N 71°59'2E and has a height of 286 metres (941 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Charguli is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°19'0N 72°14'0E and has a height of 342 metres (1125 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Dagai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Dheri is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Garhi Daulatzai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°12'0N 72°10'0E and has height of 294 metres (967 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Garhi Ismail Zai is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°12'0N 72°10'0E and has a height of 294 metres (967 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Garyala is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°16'0N 72°13'0E and has a height of 317 metres (1043 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Gujar Garhi is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°14'0N 72°1'0E and has a height of 298m (980 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Hathian is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°23'35N 71°55'0E and has an altitude of 372m (1223 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Lund Khwar, is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°23'22N 71°58'51E with a height of 371 metres (1220 feet). Lund Khwar means "the ever flowing stream (or brook)". The village was founded in the 12th century by Yousafzai and Khattak tribesmen.

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Muslimabad or Muslim Abad is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°23'0N 71°54'5E and has a height of 379 metres (1246 feet).

References 

Union councils of Mardan District
Rustam is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°21'0N 72°17'0E and has a height of .

References 

Union councils of Mardan District
Shamozai is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°23'0N 72°8'0E and has a height of 713m (2342 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Saro Shah or Sari is a town and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°14'9N 71°54'30E and has a height of 316 metres (1040 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Takkar is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is at 34°17'18N 71°53'50E and has a height of 338m (1112 feet).

References

Union councils of Mardan District
Toru is a village and Union Council of Mardan District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°9'0N 72°6'0E and has a height of 291m (958 feet).

References 

Union councils of Mardan District
The University of Bologna is the oldest university in continuous operation. It was founded in Bologna, Italy in about 1088.

The university received a charter from Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158. In the 19th century, a committee of historians traced the founding of the University back to 1088. If so, it is the oldest continuous university in the world. That is slightly earlier than the University of Oxford, where there is evidence of teaching in 1096.

Bologna was also the first to use the term universitas for the corporation of students and masters which make up a university.

History 
In the Middle Ages, the University of Bologna was famous in all Europe for its schools of humanities and law.
The poets Dante and Petrarca studied at this university. Called officially Alma mater studiorum, the university is an institution for students of both sexes, supported by the state. It offers courses in arts, law, medicine, pharmacy, mathematics, engineering, agronomy, veterinary medicine and pedagogy. The Italian semiologist and writer Umberto Eco was the Chair of semiotics at the university. The former prime minister of Italy, Romano Prodi, is a professor in the Department of Economics.

References

Other websites 
  Official website

Bologna
Bologna
1088 establishments
11th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Italy
The University of Warsaw (Polish Uniwersytet Warszawski) is the largest university in Poland. The chancellor (rector) of the university is Marcin Pałys.

History

1816-1831 
The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the parts of Poland were separated in Warsaw, from the academic (i.e. associated with higher education) centre of Cracow more ancient and influential. The School of Law and the School of Medicine had been established first time in the Duchy of Warsaw. In 1816, Alexander I had permitted the Polish authorities to create a university, with five faculties: Law and Administration, Medicine, Philosophy, Theology, and Arts and Humanities. Soon there were 800 students and 50 professors. 

However, after students and professors took part in the November Uprising of 1830, the university was closed by the Russians.

Other websites 

 Official Website

Colleges and universities in Poland
Warsaw
1816 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Poland
An electronic cigarette (or e-cigarette, e-cig), also known as a vape, is a cigarette substitute. It gives small amounts of the chemical nicotine without the tobacco or other chemicals from real cigarettes. 

The main substances making up in the liquid in the e-cigarettes are nicotine, propylene glycol, glycerin and some flavors or smells. Using an e-cigarette is known as "vaping".

Function 

An E-cigarette is made of 3 parts:
 a tank holding e-liquid
 an atomizer heating e-liquid
 a battery powering the atomizer

The e-liquid (propylene glycol and/or glycerin) is heated to make a vapour which looks like the smoke from real cigarettes. This caries the nicotine to the lungs where it is absorbed.
As of 2015, 3 generations of electonic cigarettes are known:
 cigalikes early e-cigarettes look like tobacco cigarettes. They're often thrown away after use.
 vapepens have replaceable cartridges or refillable tanks. The atomizer parts can be replaced.
 mods are powered by laptop cells. They feature complicated electronics or no electronics at all. Their atomizers can be rebuilt with heating wire and cotton.

History 

The modern electronic cigarette was invented by Hon Lik (regarded as the 'father of the electronic cigarette'), a Chinese pharmacist and inventor. Hon had himself quit smoking, after his father, also a heavy smoker, had died of lung cancer. Hon patented the modern e-cigarette design in 2003, and starting selling it domestically. Many versions made their way to the U.S., sold mostly over the Internet by small marketing firms.
However, many US and Chinese e-cig manufacturers copied his designs illegally, and as a result Hon Lik did not get the expected financial rewards for his invention (although some US manufacturers have recompensated him through out of court settlements).

In 2008, this attracted the attention of the World Health Organization (WHO) who said that these e-cigarettes were not proper nicotine replacement therapy and that this mis-information had to be taken away from any sites or advertisements saying that they were.

Starting 2012 Tobacco companies also want a piece of E-Cigarette-cake and work on their own products. Marlboro goes for heating tobacco, Philip Morris tests a fizz-like method while British American Tobacco tries a medical-like inhaler. Many big tobacco companies didn't do their own research or stopped at some point. Instead they bought smaller e-cig companies to enter the market.
E-Liquid 
These devices have a battery powered heating element and tank that contains a liquid solution made by combining nicotine, vegetable glycol or propylene glycol and flavorings. The gadget that can be bought in a variety of shapes and sizes usually resembles a pen or a regular cigarette, and it works like a vaporizer. The liquid used in e-cigs is commonly made of propylene glycol, glycerin, distilled water, artificial (fake) flavors and optionally nicotine. It often tastes like tobacco, fruit, mint/menthol or sweets.
In 2017, the TRPR (Tobacco and Related Products Regulations), which was a revised interpretation of the EU Commission's TPD (Tobacco Products Directive), came into effect in the UK. This piece of legislation aimed to ensure the safety of vape products include vape kits and included the limitations of nicotine-containing e-liquid bottles to 10ml, vape tank sizes to 2ml as well as nicotine strength of e-liquid to a maximum of 20mg. Current UK laws state the sale of e-cigarettes and e-liquids is legal to over 18s only, but many shops allow minors over the age of 12 to purchase nicotine-free e-liquid as all the ingredients in it are safe compared to nicotine e-liquid. Technically it is illegal for a minor to purchase any vaping products or any items associated with e-cigarettes but it is perfectly legal for a minor to use an e-cigarette, nicotine or nicotine-free. These are UK laws only.

Legal History
Legal History

Many countries are not approving electronic cigarettes as a less harmful alternative to traditional cigarettes. 
The sale of tobacco cigarettes with flavor (except menthol) has been stopped in some countries but not yet in Europe or the USA. 
The EU is testing if the product is bad to the health and safety of persons in general. They are also researching if electronic cigarettes can be called a medical product. In 2009 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was provided authority by Congress to ban all sales of cigarettes with flavors, except menthol.

Because many countries are not sure if electronic cigarettes are a medical product, each country has their own opinion and rules on e-cigarettes.

Health institutions are more and more interested in E-cigarettes because they are much cheaper than smoking regular ones, making them popular alternative. In the United States of America, individual states have different rules on use and sale of electronic cigarettes.
Apart from medical reasons e-cigarettes have also been banned in airport and other high population-density public places due to a number of incidents where they have been a cause of fire.

The United Kingdom are one of few countries to have government support for electronic cigarettes and e-liquids. Specifically, the NHS recommend e-cigarettes as a less harmful alternative to smoking

In Australia vapes are legal but is publicly recommended not to use electronic cigarettes. Such advertisements are "vape truths" also known as "puff or pass" which is displayed on advertisements on social media platforms and public broadcasting television. Western Australia has no laws limiting the sale of vapes to underage minors, and nicotine laws regarding vape pens. 

New Zealand has a Vaping Regulatory Authority to manage the  sale of electronic cigarettes.
References 
4. https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/smoking-and-tobacco/about-smoking-and-tobacco/about-e-cigarettes  updated 11 august 2021. 
Electronics
Addiction
Smoking
The Great Pyramid of Giza is a huge pyramid built by the Ancient Egyptians. It stand 18.4 km from Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain mostly intact. When it was built it was 146.5 metres (481 feet) tall. It was the tallest building in the world for over 3,800 years.  Erosion and other causes have shrunk it to 138.8 metres. The pyramid was built for Khufu, an Egyptian pharaoh. It was perhaps built by Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu. It is believed that it took about 20 years to build, and was completed around 10,000 BC.
When it was built, the Great Pyramid was covered by white stones that formed a smooth outer surface. Some of these stones  can still be seen around the base. Most of what can be seen of the pyramid now is its basic core 2,300,000 blocks of limestone and granite. There have been many different theories to explain how the pyramid was built. Most accepted building ideas are based on the idea of moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place.  Archaeologists found that the Pyramids of Giza were not built by slaves, but workers who were paid for working. Their graves were found near the pyramid in 1990.
There are three known rooms, or chambers, inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the rock on which the pyramid was built. This chamber was not finished. The other two chambers are higher up inside the pyramid. They are called the Queen's Chamber and the King's Chamber, but these are modern labels as we do not know how the Egyptians were going to use them. The Great Pyramid has two passages, one leading up, and the other down. It is the only Egyptian pyramid to have the two passages.

The Great Pyramid is part of a group of buildings, called the Giza Necropolis. This includes two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu. One is close to the pyramid and one near the Nile. There are three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives. Other buildings include an even smaller "satellite" pyramid, and a raised causeway which joins the two temples. There are other tombs, called mastaba, probably for other important people.

References

Other websites 
 Great Pyramid of Giza -Citizendium
Pyramids
Archaeological sites in Egypt
Giza
Buildings and structures in Ancient Egypt
3rd millennium BC buildings and structures
.hack (pronounced "dot-hack") is a Japanese multimedia franchise.

Other websites 
 Official website 

Companies of Japan
Radio:Active (typeset as Radio:ACTIVE) is the fourth album by British pop rock band McFly. It is the band's first album with their new label Super Records. They created this label after they left Island Records. The first single from the album is "One for the Radio".

On 24 June 2008, McFly said that they would give Radio:Active free with the newspaper The Mail on Sunday on 20 July 2008. They released a second single on 15 September 2008 called Lies which is also on the album. The deluxe edition has four extra songs, a bonus DVD and a 32-page booklet. McFly released this on 22 September 2008.
The Mail on Sunday edition tracklist 
 "Do Ya" - 2:53 (T. Fletcher, D.Poynter, J.Bourne,)
 "Falling In Love" - 4:26 (D.Jones, T.Fletcher, J.Perry)
 "Everybody Knows" - 3:15 (T.Fletcher, D.Poynter, J.Bourne)
 "Smile" - 3:18 (D.Jones, T.Fletcher, J.Perry)
 "One for the Radio" - 3:06 (T.Fletcher)
 "POV" - 3:53 (T.Fletcher)
 "Corrupted" - 3:39 (T.Fletcher, L.Christy, G.Edwards, S.Spock)
 "The Heart Never Lies" - 3:26 (T.Fletcher)
 "Going Through The Motions" - 3:25 (T.Fletcher, D.Jones, D.Poynter)
 "The Last Song" - 4:51 (T.Fletcher, D.Jones, D.Poynter)

Deluxe edition tracklist Cd + Dvd 
 "Lies" - 3:39
 "One for the Radio" - 3:06
 "Everybody Knows" - 3:15
 "Do Ya" - 2:53
 "Falling In Love" - 4:26
 "POV" - 3:53
 "Corrupted" - 3:39
 "Smile" - 3:18
 "The End"
 "Going Through The Motions" - 3:25
 "Down Goes Another One"
 "Only The Strong Survive"
 "The Last Song" - 4:52
DVD - PART 1 - Down Under with McFly - The making of radio : ACTIVE
 DVD - PART 2 - Behind the scenes with McFly - promotion radio : ACTIVE Summer 2008
Townsend Records
 Download of 'Lies' - Johnny Phonetti Remix
 Download of 'Lies' - Johnny Phonetti Dub Mix

References 

McFly albums
2008 albums
A Premier League is normally a league in sports at the top of the league system.

Premier League may refer to:

in Basketball
 Premier Basketball League

in Cricket:
 Indian Premier League

in Football:

  Armenian Premier League
  Azerbaijani Premier League
  Belarusian Premier League
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Premier League
  Canadian Premier League
  English Premier League
  Irish Premier League (Northern Ireland)
  Israeli Premier League
  Kuwaiti Premier League
  Malaysia Premier League
  Maltese Premier League
  Pakistan Premier League
  Russian Premier League
  Saudi Premier League
  Scottish Premier League
  Thailand Premier League
  Ukrainian Premier League

in Rugby league:
 the NSWRL Premier League is now the New South Wales Cup

in Speedway:
 Speedway Premier League
Surf rock is a kind of rock music. It started in the USA in the 1950s. As the name suggests surf rock had a strong relationship to the sport of surfing. 
The Beach Boys are an example of a band that play surf rock.  Much of the surf-rock that exists is instrumental and guitar-based. This instrumental music tends to include up-front echoey guitars, usually those made by Fender.  The most famous surf-rock guitarist, Dick Dale is well known for the track Misirlou.

Rock music
Surfing
Cigarettes and Valentines was going to be an album by Green Day. It was recorded in the summer of 2003, but after making 20 tracks, the master tapes were stolen from the studio. The band was upset so decided not to try to re-create the stolen album, but instead started on a new album that they vowed would be even better than before. The new album was American Idiot.

The Cigarettes and Valentines album was rumoured to have been secretly released as Money Money 2020 by The Network. The Network is a band that contains all the Green Day members under different names. Billie Joe (a member of Green Day) has gone on record admitting that The Network is Green Day's side project. However he also said that Money Money 2020 is not Cigarettes and Valentines.

References

Green Day albums
The Silmarillion is a book written by J. R. R. Tolkien. It was first published posthumously (after Tolkien was dead) in 1977, edited by his son Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion is set in Tolkien's world Middle-earth, and is about its early history before The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. 

The name "Silmarillion" can mean the published book (as in The Silmarillion), but it can also mean all the stories from the First Age of Middle-earth (the Quenta Silmarillion).
Overview 
The published The Silmarillion has five parts:
 The Ainulindalë tells how Eru Ilúvatar (God) created the Ainur and the universe (called Eä). It talks about a character named Melkor who is jealous of Eru Ilúvatar’s power and wants to sing differently from the rest of the Ainur.
 The Valaquenta tells of the Ainur who came into the world, where they were known as Valar and Maiar. Melkor starts destroying everything the other Valar make. If they make a valley, he raises it up again.
 The Quenta Silmarillion tells the stories of the First Age of Middle-earth. It is about the wars of the Elves and Men against the Dark Lord Morgoth, and the fight for the Silmaril jewels. The Quenta Silmarillion is the biggest part of the book.
 The Akallabêth tells of the Downfall of Númenor.
 The Of The Rings of Power and the Third Age tells the story leading up to The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Books by J. R. R. Tolkien
1977 books
The Shipping Forecast is a weather forecast covering the sea around the United Kingdom and Ireland. It has been broadcast four times a day on BBC Radio 4 since the 1920s.
The Met Office, the UK meteorological centre, produces it for the Maritime Coastguard Agency.  The forecast talks about lots of places, starting with  "Viking" in the northeast and going  clockwise around the British coastline until it reaches "Southeast Iceland" in the northwest. Sometimes the names are changed to keep them the same as in other countries. It is one of the first items on Radio 4 each day, and has been referenced in many poems and songs, including a poem by Seamus Heaney and a song by the British band, Blur (This is a Low).

Protocol
Protocol 

There is a strict set of rules (a protocol) on how the forecast is written, and it has a limit of 370 words. It is always said in the same way and is around 9 minutes long. The language of the forecast is hard to understand unless the listener understands how the rules work. For example:  People listening to the forecast who know the protocol can understand it as "In the English Channel, there are strong winds, followed by a stronger wind in less than twelve hours time with some light rain, but good visibility". The numbers refer to the Beaufort Scale of wind strength. Imminent means within 6 hours, soon between 6 and 12, and later meaning after 12 hours. There are lots of other jargon used in the Shipping Forecast.