Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Matthew Langford Perry (August 19, 1969 – October 28, 2023) was a Golden Globe and Emmy nominated American and Canadian movie and television actor. He was best known for his work as Chandler Bing in the sitcom Friends.

Early life and education 
Matthew Perry was born in Williamstown, Massachusetts. His mother, Suzanne Jane Louise Morrison (née Langford), is a Canadian journalist. She was a press secretary to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Perry's father, John Bennett Perry, is an American actor and model.  Perry was a citizen of both the United States and Canada. He was very good at speaking French.
His parents divorced (broke-up) before his 1st birthday. His mother is re-married to Keith Morrison, a broadcast journalist. Perry was raised by his mother in Ottawa. While growing up in Ontario, Matthew Perry was very interested in tennis. He soon became a top-ranked junior player. He had been good friends with professional tennis player Jennifer Capriati. By age 10, Perry started to steal money, smoke, and beat up fellow student and future Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau. The schools he went to were Rockcliffe Park Public School, Lisgar Collegiate Institute and Ashbury College. All of them are in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Drug problems and recovery
In the past, Perry had problems with alcohol, and addiction to drugs. He started drinking alcohol at an early age. He also was addicted to different drugs, also legal ones, such as painkillers.
He received a Champion of Recovery award in May 2013 from the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy for opening Perry House, a rehab center in his former mansion in Malibu, California. In 2015, Perry sold the mansion and relocated its services.

Death
Perry died on 28 October 2023 at the age of 54. He was found dead in his hot tub. Foul play was not suspected.

References

Other websites 
 
  Variety announces Matthew Perry in Studio 60
 Matthew Perry interview 

Mathew Perry Possible Cause Of Death

1969 births
2023 deaths
Actors from Massachusetts
Actors from Ottawa
American movie actors
American television actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Accidental deaths by drowning in the United States
Caspar David Friedrich (September 5, 1774 – May 7, 1840) was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter.

He is best known for landscapes, which typically feature lonely figures against night skies, morning mists or Gothic ruins.

Related pages
List of German painters
German art

1774 births
1840 deaths
German painters
Alexander Stepanovich Popov () ( – ) was a Russian physicist and inventor who first showed how to use electromagnetic (radio) waves, although he did not apply for a patent for his invention.

References

1859 births
1906 deaths
Popov, Alexander
Russian inventors
Dark energy is the name given to the force that is believed to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Distant galaxies appear to be moving away from us at high speed: the idea is that the universe is getting bigger and has been since the Big Bang. Measurements are now accurate enough to allow astronomers to tell that these galaxies seem to be accelerating away from us. The universe is expanding at an increasing rate.

Understanding
This faster and faster expansion is not understood by scientists. There are many ideas for what might be causing the rapid expansion. However, at the moment, cosmologists who study it do not have an answer. It is as if there was something there in empty space providing a repulsive force (Anti-gravity) that makes the universe expand. This has been named dark energy.

A 2011 research article sets out the problem for theoretical physics.

Related pages 
 Dark matter
 Hubble's law
 Metric expansion of space
 Nature timeline

References 

Astrophysics
Cosmology
The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) is in charge of the United Nations environmental activities, helping developing countries in making environmentally sound policies and encouraging sustainable development through sound environmental practices. It began as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972 and has its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP also has six regional offices and other country offices.

UNEP has helped to develop guidelines and treaties on issues such as the international trade in potentially harmful chemicals, transboundary air pollution, and contamination of international waterways.

The World Meteorological Organization and the UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988. UNEP is also one of several Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility (GEF).

Other websites
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

United Nations
International environmental organizations
Nairobi
1972 establishments
Background 
In the 20th century, big spending in modern and scientific research for agriculture led to the growth of more food in industrial countries. The Rockefeller Foundation and Ford Foundation helped to change these scientific technologies to fit the conditions in developing countries. The first research was on rice and wheat, two of the most important food crops for developing countries. Irrigation and the growth of better plant types, in addition to more use of fertilizers and pesticides, led to more food growth in Asia and Latin America, starting in the late 1960s. The term “Green Revolution” was used to mean the large growth in agriculture that happened at this time.

References 

Environment
Agriculture
The Afrikaans Wikipedia () is the Afrikaans-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in November 2001. , the site had over 103,000 articles.

References

Other websites 
 Afrikaans Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
Websites established in 2001
Afrikaans
Susan George (born 1934) is a well-known writer on Third World poverty, underdevelopment and debt. She is a fellow of the Transnational Institute and is a critic of the present policies of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.  

She has been a consultant to United Nations agencies and is a frequent public speaker. She is American but lives in France.

Books 
 How the Other Half Dies (Penguin) 1976. Reprinted 1986, 1991  (An analysis of the real reasons for world hunger.)
 A Fate Worse Than Debt (Penguin) 1988  (An analysis of the reasons for Third World debt.)
 The Debt Boomerang (Pluto Press) 1992  (Continuing the theme of Third World debt and its harmful effects.)
 The Lugano Report: On Preserving Capitalism in the 21st Century 1999 
 Another World Is Possible If (Verso Books) 2004

Other websites 
Susan George, Official page at Transnational Institute.

American political scientists
Writers from Akron, Ohio
1934 births
Living people
The Underground line has hump-backed stations which allow trains to store gravitational potential energy as they arrive and to then use this energy as they leave the stations. The stations are on top of small hills, or humps. As the train travels up the hill to the station its weight helps it to slow down. As the train leaves the station it travels down the hill, with gravity helping the train to speed up. This saves 5% energy and makes the trains run 9% faster. Each new platform built for the Victoria Line is 132.6 metres long. Around 200 million people use the Victoria line each year.

History
History

A new tube railway running from Victoria to Walthamstow was first proposed by a Working Party set up by the British Transport Commission in 1948. The main purpose of the line was to relieve congestion in the central area.  The Private Bill needed to build it was introduced into Parliament in 1955. The Bill described a line from Victoria to Walthamstow (Wood Street). There was also a proposal for an extension from Victoria to Fulham Broadway station on the District line, but this was not included in the Bill.

The construction work on the Walthamstow–Victoria section began in 1962. It continued until 1972, when Pimlico station was opened. A test tunnel from Tottenham to Manor House under Seven Sisters Road had been constructed in 1959 and this was later integrated into the running tunnels. The Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh visited the line during its construction. In July 1968, they visited the tunnels that were being built under Vauxhall Park.
Barbara Castle, the Minister of Transport gave approval on 4 August 1967 to build the Brixton extension. Preparatory work started at a site on Bessborough Gardens near to Vauxhall Bridge Road in May 1967. On 28 June 1968, Richard Marsh, then Minister of Transport approved the proposal to build a station at Pimlico.

The name "Victoria line" dates back to 1955. Other suggestions were "Walvic line" (Walthamstow Central station–Victoria station) and "Viking line" (Victoria station–King's Cross station). During the planning stages, it was known as Route C. Later, it was named the Victoria line after Victoria Station by David McKenna. This suggestion was seconded by Sir John Elliot.
The Victoria line was designed to get rid of build-ups of traffic on other lines, such as the Piccadilly line. It was also designed to have as many interchanges as possible, and all stations except Pimlico have an interchange with at least one other London Underground or National Rail line. It had been intended to build the line past Walthamstow Central to Wood Street (Walthamstow), where it would come above ground to terminate next to the British Railways station. However, a late decision in 1961 saw the line cut back to Walthamstow Central station. Until 1968 this station was called Walthamstow (Hoe Street).

Each Victoria line station apart from Pimlico was built as an interchange station and several existing stations were re–arranged to allow for cross-platform interchange with it. In some cases this was achieved by placing the Victoria line platforms on either side of the existing station. In others the Victoria line uses one of the older platforms and the existing line was moved toto a new platform.
At Euston, northbound Victoria and Northern line (Bank branch) trains run along platforms next to each other, although they are travelling in opposite directions. "Same-direction" cross-platform interchanges are available at Stockwell (with the Northern line), Oxford Circus (with the Bakerloo line), Highbury & Islington (with First Capital Connect, originally the Northern City Line) and at Finsbury Park (with the Piccadilly line).

All Victoria line stations were originally tiled in a light blue colour. Each station was decorated with tiled motifs on seating recesses to differentiate them from each other. During the construction of the Jubilee line in the late 1970s, the original motifs on Green Park station were replaced by motifs matching the new design for the Jubilee line platforms.
Platform humps were installed on all Victoria Line stations, except for Pimlico, during late 2010 and 2011. This was done to provide step-free access to trains. The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Non Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2010 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 created the need for the humps to be installed. The humps are a ramp type, similar to those being installed on some mainline stations. They are of a masonry construction.

Opening
The first section opened was between Walthamstow Central and Highbury & Islington. There was no opening ceremony for this. The normal timetable started on 1 September 1968. The first train left Walthamstow Central for Highbury & Islington at about 7:32 am. Later that year, the section between Highbury & Islington and Warren Street was opened. Again there was no ceremony.
The official opening ceremony for the line took place at Victoria station on 7 March 1969. Queen Elizabeth II unveiled a commemorative plaque on the station concourse. After a short ceremony, she bought a 5d (old pence) ticket and travelled to Green Park. In new pence this would be about 2.08p. This made her the first monarch to ride the Underground.

Princess Alexandra opened the Brixton extension on 23 July 1971. She rode the train from Brixton to Vauxhall.

Service and rolling stock

Trains run every two minutes during peak periods (when its the busiest). In normal service, all trains run from Brixton to Seven Sisters. About three out of five continue to Walthamstow Central.
When the line first opened it was served by a fleet of 8-car 1967 tube stock trains. Each is made up of two four-car units. Later on, a number of cars of 1972 Mark I tube stock were adapted to work with the 1967 stock. This meant that there were finally 43 trains, each of which was made up of two four-car units. The 1967 tube stock was replaced by 2009 tube stock between 2009 and 2011 (see below).

At first, an articulated type of rolling stock was thought about. This idea was not used because it would have been too hard to move the stock to Acton Works for heavy overhauls. This is no longer a problem since train overhauls have been moved away from Acton Works to the builders' own works. The new 2009 tube stock is wider and the carriage is slightly longer. This means it can only run on the Victoria line, as it is too wide for the tunnels of other deep level tube lines.
Future
When the Victoria line was built, there were severe budget restrictions. As a result, the station infrastructure standards were lower than on older lines and on later extension projects. Examples of these lower standards include narrower than usual platforms and undecorated ceilings at Walthamstow Central, Blackhorse Road and Tottenham Hale. This also affects lighting levels. At most stations between the up and down escalators there is a concrete staircase where an additional escalator could be installed, but has not been fitted. It can cause severe congestion at peak times. This has been remedied at Brixton in 2004 and at Vauxhall in 2006 where an additional escalator has been installed in place of the fixed stairway.
In addition, there have been station closures for safety reasons, when both escalators have been unserviceable. Over many years, heavy equipment has been installed in fenced-off sections at the ends of platforms owing to the lack of anywhere else to install them. It is not clear from Transport for London's Five-Year Investment Programme whether these shortcomings are likely to be remedied.

The 1967 stock was replaced bit by bit from July 2009 as part of Transport for London's 5-year £10 billion redevelopment project. The replacement for the line's 1967 tube stock is the 2009 tube stock built by Bombardier Transportation. The first train was built in 2006. Testing of the new trains began in 2008. The main fleet began to be introduced in 2009 and went into main service in 2010. The last of the 1967 stock trains ran on 30 June 2011, after which the whole service was provided by 2009 stock.
Supporters of Tottenham Hotspur (and the club itself) have campaigned for a surface station to be opened next to Northumberland Park Station, next to the line's depot. This would provide an improvement in transport links, seen as essential if the club's wish to redevelop their ground and increase crowd capacity is to become a reality.  The idea was looked into but Network Rail own the necessary land and need it for their own expansion plans.

When Crossrail 2 is built, it will lower the number of passengers on the Victoria line (there are too many at the moment). It will offer an alternative route across Central London between Victoria and King's Cross St. Pancras.
For many years there have been proposals to extend southwards from Brixton one stop to Herne Hill. Herne Hill is a railway station that can link passengers to Kent and other places. The tube station would be on a large reversing loop with one platform. This would remove a problem of having too many trains by getting rid if the need for trains to reverse at Brixton. However, this would cost too much money for how little it would actually help passengers.  Given that the line is very overcrowded, this is the only extension that could ever happen.

Stations

Depot

Northumberland Park Depot is the service and storage area for trains on the Victoria Line. It is the only part of the line not in tunnel. It is next to Northumberland Park railway station, on Tottenham Marshes, Tottenham in the London Borough of Haringey.

The Depot is connected to the Victoria Line by a tunnelled branch line to a junction to the north of Seven Sisters. It was opened with the first stage of the line in 1968.
There is a local campaign for platforms for the Victoria Line to be built at Northumberland Park station.  This is supported by the Haringey Council and by Tottenham Hotspur F.C. because the club thinks the new platforms are necessary for their plans to increase capacity at their White Hart Lane ground.

References

Other websites

 London Transport Museum Poster Archive – images of the station tiling motifs:

1968 establishments in England
London Underground lines
Transport in the London Borough of Lambeth
Transport in the City of Westminster
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the London Borough of Islington
Transport in the London Borough of Haringey
Transport in the London Borough of Waltham Forest
Tunnels underneath the River Thames
The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released on 30 October 2006 by economist Lord Nicholas Stern for the British government. 

It discusses the effect of climate change and global warming on the world economy. It is the largest and most widely known and discussed report of its kind.
Nicholas Stern, called the  "world’s top climate economist", endorses 350 ppm as “a very sensible long-term target.”

Lord Stern is the co-chairperson of the of Global Commission for the Economy and Climate.

Related pages
Carbon cycle
Greenhouse gas
Energy efficiency and Sustainable energy
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
An Inconvenient Truth and Al Gore
James Hansen
Tim Flannery
Carbon footprint
350.org

References

Climate change
Energy
Green politics
Sustainable development
Manuel Pino is a professor at Scottsdale Community College in Arizona. Opposition to uranium mining has played a big role in Pino's life. He has written about The Destructive Impact of Uranium Mining on Native American Culture.  He has spoken out at many international conferences about victims of uranium mining, depleted uranium, and associated cancer deaths.  In 2008, Manuel Pino received the Nuclear-Free Future Award.

Related pages
Uranium in the environment
Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
Jacqui Katona

References

Other websites
Uranium Mining and Indigenous People
Indigenous Leaders Call For End To Uranium Mining 

Environment
Energy
Jacqui Katona is an Aboriginal woman who tried to stop the Jabiluka uranium mine in the Northern Territory.  In 1998 the Mirrar Aboriginal people, together with environmental groups, created one of the largest protests in Australia's history. Katona won the 1999 U.S. Goldman Environmental Prize because she protected her country and culture against uranium mining.

Related pages
 Uranium in the environment
 Manuel Pino

References

Other websites
 Yes to land rights! No to uranium mining! 
 Anti-nuke protests 
 Indigenous Leaders Call For End To Uranium Mining 

Living people
Indigenous Australian activists
People from the Northern Territory
1966 births
Australian environmentalists
Civil disobedience
Goldman Environmental Prize awardees
Politics of Australia
A third rail is a metal railway track that is placed on either side of a train track to provide electrical power to trains traveling along the tracks. They are often used on subways and local train services.  Before third rails, electricity was carried in overhead wires.

History
In the 19th century engineers found ways to use electricity to power trains. Scottish engineer Robert Davidson designed and built an electric locomotive in 1837 using batteries. Locomotives powered by batteries could not be used on the main railways due to the frequent need to charge them.
German engineer Werner von Siemens in 1879 designed the first reliable electric locomotive to carry passengers.  Siemens' design used a 2.2kW electric motor and had a top speed of just over 13 km/h. This new locomotive hauled three passenger cars along a 300 meter circular railway track and carried about 90,000 people in four months during its trail run at the Berlin Industrial Exhibition. Siemens' electric locomotive was the first train to use a third rail and power was provided by a dynamo built for this purpose.

Early electric trains were unable to access a widely available and reliable source of electricity. A network of electricity that went wherever the rail line network went was needed. Whilst many modern long distance trains use an overhead wire system to provide power, the third rail was the first successful means of supplying power. It remains very much in use world-wide today, especially in local and rapid transit systems.
Technical aspects
The third rail is usually located outside the two running rails, but occasionally between them. The electricity is transmitted to the train by means of a sliding shoe, which is held in contact with the rail. On many systems an insulating cover is provided above the third rail to protect employees working near the track; sometimes the shoe is designed to contact the side (called side running) or bottom (called bottom running) of the third rail, allowing the protective cover to be mounted directly to its top surface. When the shoe slides on top, it is referred to as top running. When the shoe slides on the bottom it is not affected by the build-up of snow or leaves.
Danger
Third rails typically carry hundreds of volts in high amperage current. This makes them very dangerous. In 2005 American James Maki fell onto the third rail at a Boston rail station and suffered extensive and disfiguring injuries. As part of his treatment he became the second American recipient of a face transplant. Many deaths occur around the world each year due to human contact with a third rail. In New York City, there have been multiple cases of people dying because they have urinated on the third rail.

Related pages
Subway
Toronto subway and RT

References

Other websites
MSNBC - Stay alive! Tips to survive a subway emergency

Rail infrastructure
Rail technologies
Yonge Street (pronounced "young") is a main street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and its northern suburbs. It was once listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest street in the world and is listed as a national historic site. It was the site of Canada's first subway line.

Yonge Street is the home of or close to many places of interest in Toronto, including street and theatre acts, the Eaton Centre, the Hockey Hall of Fame and–at the very start of the road–'One Yonge Street', the offices of the Toronto Star newspaper. The Yonge Line of the Toronto subway under or along it from south of King Street to Finch Avenue. The Viva Blue BRT line goes along Yonge from Finch to Newmarket Bus Terminal.

Cultural significance 
Yonge Street is thought to be Toronto's main street, because of it splits the city into east and west, and the has the Yonge subway line running under it. It is also the main place people come to celebrate events.
Parts of the street are often closed for events, such as an yearly street party. Toronto's annual Gay Pride, Orange Order, and Santa Claus parades also use Yonge Street for a large part of their routes. Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot has a song about Yonge Street, titled "On Yonge Street", on his album A Painter Passing Through.

2018 van incident

On April 23, 2018 a white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing nine and injuring sixteen others at Yonge Street.

Places of interest 

 Hockey Hall of Fame
 Eaton Centre
 Toronto Star Building at One Yonge Street 
 Toronto Reference Library

Related pages
 Steeles Avenue
 2018 Toronto van incident

References 

 The Yonge Street Story (1793-1860), by F. R. Berchem, Natural Heritage Books, Toronto, 1977

Other websites
Other websites 

 Globe and Mail article on Yonge Street
 A page which argues against Yonge Street's claim as the world's longest street 
 Portrait of Sir George Yonge 
 A Yahoo! page that explains why Yonge Street is the longest street in the world 
 Yonge Street 1796 Plaque
 Blog series on the southern section of Yonge Street 
Google Maps of Yonge Street

Toronto
The dinoflagellates are a large group of flagellate protists. About half are photosynthetic, the rest are mostly heterotroph predators of other protists. The ones which are photosynthetic are sometimes loosely called 'algae'; the one which are predators are sometimes loosely called 'protozoa'. 

They have been classified as an order, a class and a phylum by different authors. Research is being done on their relationships.

Most are marine plankton, but they are common in fresh water habitats as well. Their populations vary with sea surface temperature, salinity, and depth. The group includes many symbionts and bioluminescent species.

About 1,555 species of free-living marine dinoflagellates are  described at present. The latest estimates suggest a total of 2,294 living dinoflagellate species, which includes marine, freshwater and parasitic dinoflagellates.

Biology
Biology

Zooxanthellae 
Some dinoflagellates are zooxanthellae: endosymbionts of marine eukaryotes, and animals such as anthozoan corals. These reef-building corals largely depend on them. Other organisms which can host zooxanthellae include jellyfish, clams, foraminifera, sea slugs i.e. nudibranchs, and also ciliates and radiolaria.

Red tides 
Dinoflagellates are responsible for the 'red tides' which may poison fish. They sometimes bloom in concentrations of more than a million cells per millilitre. Some species produce neurotoxins, which in such quantities kill fish and accumulate in filter feeders such as shellfish, which in turn may pass them on to people who eat them. This phenomenon is called a red tide, from the color the bloom imparts to the water. Not all dinoflagellate blooms are dangerous. Bluish flickers visible in ocean water at night often come from blooms of bioluminescent dinoflagellates, which emit short flashes of light when disturbed.
Classification 
Although classified as eukaryotes, the dinoflagellate nuclei lack some key features of eukaryotic nuclei. In fact, Dodge called the dinoflagellate nucleus mesokaryotic, because it had intermediate characteristics between the coiled DNA areas of prokaryotic bacteria and the well-defined eukaryotic nucleus.  This group, however, does have typically eukaryotic organelles, such as Golgi complexes, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

The group contains many complex organelles and life styles. Some have structures rather like vertebrates eyes; some have nematocysts; some live as plasmodia (multinucleate forms); some have two flagella; photosynthetic dinoflagellates contain a "bewildering array" of plastid types; and the whole of their genetics and cell biology is eccentric.
Fossils 
Fossil dinoflagellates are important in stratigraphy, the dating and correlation of strata. During their life, dinoflagellates have a mobile planktonic form and a resistant cyst phase which enables them to survive over winter in sediment. Only the cyst gets fossilised. Their first certain appearance is in the Silurian period, with a big radiation in the Mesozoic era.p440 They are classified as Phylum Dinomastigota by Margulis and colleagues.

Dinoflagellates leave fossil dinocysts. These have a long geological record: the earliest (lowest) occurrence is from the mid-Triassic. Geochemical markers suggest a presence in the early Cambrian.

Related pages 
Noctiluca scintillans

References 

Alveolata
Algae
Fossils
An epiphyte is a plant which grows on another plant, without being a parasite. The term is also be used for bacteria, fungi, lichens and mosses which grow on plants. However, most epiphytes (89%) are flowering plants; and about a third of all ferns are epiphytes.  

An epiphyte gets its moisture and nutrients from the air and rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it. The ones in the temperate zone are often mosses, liverworts, lichens and algae, and in the tropics ferns, cacti, orchids, and bromeliads.

Sometimes such plants are called air plants, because they do not root in soil. This is misleading though, as there are many aquatic epiphytes as well. Epiphytic organisms only take support from the host; they are usually not parasites. Parasitic and semi-parasitic plants, like the mistletoe are not true epiphytes.

Epiphytes usually use photosynthesis to get energy; often they have adapted their leaves to be able to capture rainwater (and moisture from the air) if they are not aquatic.
Epiphytes are important for other species too, certain frogs live in the water reservoir of epiphytes.

References
A miniature sheet or souvenir sheet is a small group of postage stamps still attached to the sheet on which they were printed. They may be either regular issues that just happen to be printed in small groups, or special issues often commemorating some event, such as a national anniversary, philatelic exhibition, or government program. The number of stamps ranges from one to about 25; larger sheets of stamps are simply called "sheets" with no qualifier.

The stamps on the sheet may be perforated in the usual way, or imperforate. The margins or selvage of the sheet may have additional printing, ranging from a simple statement of the occasion being commemorated, up to a full picture of which the stamp(s) are just a small part.

Related pages 
 Postage stamp

Other websites 
 

Postage stamps
Sheet might mean:
 Bed sheet, a cloth used to cover a mattress.
 Ice sheet.
 Sheet of stamps (or press sheet), a unit of stamps printed on sheets of paper and sold at post offices.
 Miniature sheet, a small group of postage stamps still attached to the sheet on which they were printed.
The Vietnamese Wikipedia () is the Vietnamese-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in November 2002.

It is the 11th largest edition by article count.

As of  , it has about  articles.

References

Other websites 
 Vietnamese Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
Mohammed Rafi (, , December 24, 1924 – July 31, 1980) was an Indian playback singer who primarily sang in Hindi for the Bollywood industry. In a career of over 40 years, Rafi sang more than 26,000 songs in the national languages of India and sometimes in other languages.

Career
In 1944, Rafi moved to Mumbai. Rafi appeared in two movies. In 1945, he appeared on the screen for the song "Tera Jalwa Jis Ne Dekha" in the film Laila Majnu. He sang a number of songs as part of the chorus, including with K. L. Saigal from the movie Shahjahan (1946). Rafi sang in Mehboob Khan's Anmol Ghadi (1946). He had a duet with Noor Jehan in the 1947 film Jugnu, "Yahan Badla Wafa Ka". After partition, Rafi decided to stay in India. Noor Jehan migrated to Pakistan and made a pair with playback singer Ahmed Rushdi.

In 1949, Rafi was given solo songs by music directors such as Naushad, Shyam Sunder, and Husnalal Bhagatram.
In his early career, Rafi associated with many contemporary music directors, most notably Naushad Ali. In the late 1950s and 1960s, he worked with other composers of the era such as O. P. Nayyar, Shankar Jaikishan, S.D. Burman and Roshan.

In the early 1970s, Rafi recorded fewer songs. He made a comeback as a leading singer in 1974.

Death
On Thursday, July 31, 1980, Rafi died at 10:50 p.m., following a massive heart attack. He had  four sons (Saeed Rafi, Khalid Rafi, Hamid Rafi, Shahid Rafi), three daughters (Parveen, Nasreen, Yasmin) and 18 grandchildren.

Other websites
 

Indian singers
1921 births
The Curtis R. Priem Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center (EMPAC) is a big concert hall and place for arts at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. It opened on October 3, 2008. It has a lot of high tech things in it.

Other websites
EMPAC Main Page

Concert halls in the United States
Buildings and structures in New York (state)
Kingston, Ontario is a Canadian city at the eastern end of Lake Ontario. Here the lake runs into the St. Lawrence River and the Thousand Islands begin.

Kingston is the county seat of Frontenac County. According to the
2006 Canadian Census, there were 117,207 people living in Kingston.

Kingston is nicknamed the "Limestone City" because of the many old and important buildings built from the local limestone.

The city sits besides Fort Henry and the Rideau Canal which was registered in 2007 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Kingston is a very old and historic city. It has been the site of battles between Canada and the United States. It was also the Capital of Canada at one time.

Media
CFMK 96.3

CFLY 98.3

References
References

Other websites 
 Official City of Kingston Website
 Kingston Economic Development Corporation
 The Community Foundation of Greater Kingston
 Kingston Frontenac Public Library
 Community Information Centre database 
 Kingston Transit routes
 The International Hockey Hall of Fame
 Kingston Genealogy, Heritage, & History links
 Kingston Electors  (local government issues)
 Kingston Taxpayer's Association 

Cities in Ontario
A loon is a bird that lives on water. It is  in the order Gaviiformes. This is an order of aquatic birds, the loons or divers and their closest extinct relatives.

Loons are the size of a large duck or a small goose.  Loons can be hard to find because they are shy around people.  The name "loon" is from the Scandinavian word for "clumsy". Loons are the state bird of Minnesota. Loons are found in most parts of North America (there are five North American  species) and northern Eurasia.  They enjoy cool climates in the summer and migrate to ocean coasts in the winter.

Loons can dive up to 200 feet underwater for food.  Their bodies are shaped for diving.  To dive better, they have solid bones (most birds' bones are hollow) and feet placed far back for swimming under the water. They have black (or grey)-and-white heads, pale breasts, and striped back feathers.
Loons can lay up to two eggs. The females are brownish in color which helps them blend into their surroundings.  Both the male and female parent take turns sitting on the eggs.  After hatching, they fly south when the weather gets cool.  The young loons spend three years in the south before returning to the north.

They are best known for their loud, trumpeting call. They also make melodic, wailing or laughing sounds.  Loons communicate to each other through their sounds.  They also communicate with humans and other animals through dance.  Loons warn others to stay away from their nests by dancing on the water.  Loons are protective parents and will dance to exhaustion and death to protect their eggs.  Raccoons, gulls, and skunks have been known to devour loon eggs.
Loons eat fish like sunfish, perch, and bullheads.  Loons do not chew their food.  They have elastic throats that allow the loon to swallow their food whole.  When they swallow fish, their throat expands to the size of the fish they eat so they do not choke.    

Scientists band, or tag loons to try to understand more about them. Their life style is similar to the grebes, but they are a different group of birds.

Birds
Beamish, The North of England Open Air Museum is an open air museum. It is at Beamish, near the town of Stanley, County Durham England.

References

Open air museums
Tram transport in the United Kingdom
1970 establishments in England
The crossbow, or arbalest, is a bow which consists of a bow-like arc called prod and cross-wise body called stock and trigger mechanism. The crossbow is an invention in which the stock, a piece of wood is mounted on two other crossing pieces. Crossbows shoot short arrows called bolts which are similar to arrows. The crossbow was first created by the Chinese people in circa 6 B.C. The crossbow was introduced to China during the Warring States period. This period lasted over three centuries where neighbouring Chinese states fought mercilessly for dominance and territory. Throughout this span of time the crossbow evolved which made it easier to carry and improved firing accuracy. This highly sought after weapon led to the success of the Han and Song empires.
The Greeks invented crossbow separately in 4th century B.C. The Romans called the weapon arcuballista. Crossbow was a very popular weapon in the Middle Ages as it was strong and accurate and could be used as a sharpshooter weapon. The Arabs call crossbow qaws Ferengi, "Frankish bow", as the Crusaders used crossbow a lot. A good crossbow can shoot the bolt with such immense power that it may pierce armour. Against unarmoured light opponents, even a single bolt may be lethal.
Compared to the ordinary bow, the crossbows have good and bad sides to them. They fire much stronger and much more accurately than ordinary bows, and shooting accurately with a crossbow is easier to learn than shooting with an ordinary bow. On the other hand, because the prod is short and therefore very stiff, a crossbow will take much longer time to load, and a crossbow does not have as good accurate range than a longbow.  Many crossbows have crank or windlass mechanisms to pull the string in drawn position. Also many crossbows do have safety mechanisms to prevent an accidental shot.

Crossbow shooting is today a popular sport.

References 

Archery
Weapons
Sonic Battle is a fighting video game for the Game Boy Advance that came out on January 5, 2004. The game is made by THQ, Sonic Team and Sega. People can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Tails the Fox, Knuckles the Echidna, Shadow the Hedgehog, Rouge the Bat, Amy Rose, Cream the Rabbit, E-102 Gamma, Chaos 0, or a new character called Emerl.

2004 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Sonic the Hedgehog games
THQ games
Fighting games
The ICD-9 gives a special, unique code to:
Every medical condition (including mental health problems)
Specific symptoms, if it is not clear what condition is causing the symptom. (For example, if a person has a cough, but his doctor does not know why, he would just use the ICD code for "Cough".)
Changes in the body, or test results that are not normal (if it is not clear what condition is causing these changes).
Injuries or illnesses that are caused by things outside of the body (for example, broken bones, burns, and poisonings)
Social issues that may cause health problems (for example, if a person's job causes health risks, or if the person's health is at risk because of poverty).
001-139: Infectious and parasitic diseases
 140-239: Neoplasms
 240-279: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders
 280-289: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
 290-319: Mental disorders
 320-359: Diseases of the nervous system
 360-389: Diseases of the sense organs
 390-459: Diseases of the circulatory system
 460-519: Diseases of the respiratory system
 520-579: Diseases of the digestive system
 580-629: Diseases of the genitourinary system
 630-676: Complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
 680-709: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
 710-739: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
 740-759: Congenital anomalies
 760-779: Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
 780-799: Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions
 800-999: Injury and poisoning
 E and V codes: External causes of injury and supplemental classification

Related pages
 ICD-10

References
References

Medical manuals
ICD-9 codes
Diseases and disorders
Pathos () () is a form of rhetorics. Qualities of a fictional or nonfiction work that cause feelings of sorrow or pity. Over emotionalism can be the result of too much pathos.

Linguistics
Philosophy
Coeliac disease (Celiac disease in American English) is an autoimmune disorder in people when the indigestion of gluten leads to problems in the body. If someone with coeliac disease eats something with gluten (for example, wheat, rye, barley), cells inside the body attack the lining of the intestine. This means that they cannot digest food properly, making them unable to have enough energy, vitamins, or minerals. Children may be unable to grow taller or gain weight properly. People with coeliac disease often lose weight. They are also often tired.

Overview 
People with coeliac disease often have bloating and pain in their stomach area, diarrhoea or steatorrhea. These symptoms can lead to flatulence. Their stomachs also start to hurt and they might suffer from joint pains, seizures, rashes, fatigue, slowness in growth and puberty, loss in weight, loss of bone density and fertility issues.
To relieve the effects of coeliac disease, one must stop eating gluten. There are no medicines or cure that can stop coeliac disease. To get fully better, it usually takes about two years of not eating gluten, during which time the previously damaged intestine might recover. They must remain on a gluten-free diet for the rest of their life in order to treat this condition.

Coeliac disease is genetic and relatives (such as children, siblings, parents) with this disease have a 1 in 10 chance of developing coeliac disease. This means that the person affected by it is born with genes that cause the immune system to react poorly to gluten. However, Coeliac disease is not always present during childhood. It can be triggered as an adult by an event such as hormone shifts or illness.
To find out if a person has coeliac disease, doctors look in the blood to see if they have the cells that attack the intestine when gluten is eaten. The protein that attacks the intestine is called an antibody. Antibodies are produced by white blood cells, and they normally stop illnesses from growing in the body, but in the case of coeliac disease, one of the antibodies thinks that gluten is something that will cause illness. Doctors can also look into the patient's intestines with a camera on a tube called an endoscope. This can show if the intestines are being or have been damaged because of coeliac disease.

References

Other websites 
 Celiac Disease Foundation
 What is Celiac Disease? 

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
George Smith Patton, Jr. (also George Smith Patton III) (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a U.S. Army officer.  He was in the army from 1909 until he died in 1945.  He was in charge of many soldiers and he worked to defeat Nazi Germany during World War 2 in Europe. He was sent to the North African Campaign in 1942 after the United States led by Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war on Nazi Germany after the Japanese Empire attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 because Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party supported Japanese Emperor Hirohito after  Hermann Göring the Luftwaffe Commander and Erich Raeder the Admiral of the Kriegsmarine urged Hitler to declare war on America . George Smith Patton was also involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily,Allied invasion of Italy and D Day in 1944 one of the biggest Battles fighting against the Nazis during World War 2 .
Patton was born on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. Patton was married to Beatrice Banning Ayer from 1910 until his death in 1945. They had a son. Patton died on December 21, 1945 after a car crash in Heidelberg, Germany, aged 60. He was later buried at American Cemetery and Memorial in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. In the movie  Patton (1970 Film) was portrayed by George S Scot .

References

1885 births
1945 deaths
Military people from California
Road accident deaths
Purple Heart recipients
Companions of the Bath

Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
American generals
Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in terms of population (behind Indonesia). Pakistan is the only Muslim country known to have nuclear weapons. Pakistan is also an important member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC).

Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations. Pakistan had some problems with its Foreign relations. Pakistan's relations with its neighbor, India is ok, but mostly not good. Both countries have been fighting over the disputed territory of Kashmir,over which they have fought two to three wars. Pakistan has also had difficult relations with neighbors Afghanistan and Iran. Pakistan has had a long and good relationship with the China. Pakistan has interest over the Persian Gulf and has wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries.

Pakistan distrusted the Soviet Union during much of the Cold War. Because of this Pakistan had strong relations with both the United States of America and the People's Republic of China.
Pakistan was a member of the American-sponsored CENTO and SEATO military alliances. Pakistans' alliance with the United States was especially close after the Soviets invaded the neighboring country of Afghanistan. In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbors of the Soviet Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has had a close relationship with Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985. For several years, Pakistan's relations with the Republic of India had been gradually improving, which opened up Pakistan's foreign policy to issues beyond security. 

Foreign relations of Pakistan
The white rhinoceros or square-lipped rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) is one of the five species of rhinoceros that still exist and is one of the few megafauna species left. It has a wide mouth used for grazing and is the most social of all rhino species. 

The northern subspecies has all but died out; the southern is rare.

Mammals of Africa
Rhinoceroses
A picture frame is usually a rectangular or oval shaped object designed to hold, protect and display a painting, drawing, or photograph. Most picture frames are made of wood or metal, and may have a glass cover. Some can be attached to walls, while others can stand up on a flat surface. The frames can be works of art themselves.

Art
The color Persian blue is named from the blue color of some Persian pottery and the color of tiles used in and on mosques and palaces in Iran and in other places in the Middle East.  Persian blue is a representation of the color of the mineral lapis lazuli which comes from Persia and Afghanistan. (The color azure is also named after the mineral lapis lazuli.)

The first recorded use of Persian blue as a color name in English was in 1669.

The interior of the Shah Mosque in the city of Isfahan in Iran is lavishly decorated with Persian blue colored tiles.
Meaning of Persian blue
 Many beautiful mosques in Iran, such as the enormous Shah Mosque in Isfahan, have interiors that are faced with tiles that are Persian blue or close variations of it.  
 The Persian blue color of Persian blue tiles is a representation of the color of lapis lazuli which has been mined in Iran and Afghanistan since ancient times.  
 The color Persian blue, like azure, is suggestive of the sky or the celestial sphere.
 When the color Persian blue is used in a religious context as to surface the interior of a mosque, it represents heaven.

Tones of Persian blue color comparison chart

References
Professor Tim Flannery (born 28 January 1956) is an Australian mammalogist, palaeontologist and global warming activist. Flannery was Australian of the Year in 2007 and previously was a professor at Macquarie University. He left Macquarie University in mid-2013. Flannery is also the chairman of the Copenhagen Climate Council, an international climate change awareness group.He also has a wife/spouse named Alexandra Szalay who is also a scientist and Italian

Related pages
The Weather Makers

References

1956 births
Living people
Australian biologists
Australian activists
Australian educators
Paleontologists
Scientists from South Australia
Scientists from Victoria (Australia)
People from Adelaide
People from Melbourne
Australian of the Year Award winners