Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The United States Senate is the upper house of the United States Congress, which is a small group of elected people who decide the laws of the country. Every U.S. state elects two people to represent them in the US Senate. These people are called senators. Since there are 50 US states, there are 100 senators. Senators serve six years at a time, and one-third of them are picked every two years. Originally the legislature of each state decided who their senators would be. After 1913, all the people of the state chose their senators by vote. The Vice President of the United States is in charge of the Senate, but only does anything when there is a tie vote or a special event.

In order to be a senator, a person has to be 30 years old or older, and has to be a citizen of the United States for 9 years or more. They must also live in the state they represent at election time.
Functions 
The Senate, along with the United States House of Representatives, votes on which laws the United States should have. In most cases, both of these groups have to agree on the suggested law and the President has to sign it before it becomes a law.

The Senate is the side of Congress where every state has the same number of votes (two). This is different from the House of Representatives, where states with more people have more votes than states with fewer people. This was decided at the Constitutional Convention, because small states like Delaware did not want the larger states to be able to decide everything. Also, only part of the Senate runs for election during elections. Every two years, 33 (two elections) or 34 (one election) senators are elected. For each state, this means that after two elections to the Senate, during one election no one will be elected to the Senate.
Also, like the House, the Senate can override the president's veto with a  (67 votes) vote. But unlike the house, some bills require a  (60 votes) vote (it used to be  of the vote) to overcome the filibuster. A filibuster is when senators band together, they can stop bills from going through the senate.
The United States Senate was formerly the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which, along with the United States House of Representatives ― the lower chamber ― comprised the legislature of the United States.

Confirmation powers 
The Senate is also in charge of agreeing to treaties with other countries. The Senate has the sole responsibility for confirming presidential appointments. These include federal judges, foreign ambassadors and Cabinet members. If the Senate and President do not agree, the President has to pick someone else the Senate will agree to.
Political parties 
Committees of the United States Senate and other important jobs in the Senate are assigned by the majority political party. As of 2023, the Senate is made up of 48 Democrats with 3 Independents who side with the Democrats which make them the Senate Majority. The minority of the Senate is made up of 49 Republicans.

Notes

References

Other websites
Other websites

 The United States Senate Official Website
 Sortable contact data
 Senate Chamber Map
 [ Standing Rules of the Senate]
 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present
 List of Senators who died in office, via PoliticalGraveyard.com
 Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present, via Texas Tech University
 A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 , via Tufts University
 Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide – Members of Congress by Committee and State with Partisan Voting Index 
 
 First U.S. Senate session aired by C-SPAN via C-SPAN
 Senate Manual via govinfo.gov (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
 United States Senate Calendars and Schedules
 Information about U.S. Bills and Resolutions
Fair use is the idea that it should be okay for a person to reuse something that another person has created, in certain amounts and for certain purposes, without breaking the law.

Usage
In most countries, art and other made-up things, like stories, books, TV shows, and pictures, are owned by the person that first made them. This person can let someone else own the things they make, sometimes for money. The person that owns these things has a copyright for them, which means that person can decide who can copy their work. If someone else copies that work without asking the owner first, that person is breaking the law. The owner can take the person to court and try to get money from them because of what they did.
Since a lot of creative work is popular, people want to talk about them, and they may want to talk about them on TV or in a book. This might mean that they want to use a little bit of it when they talk about it. The idea of "fair use" was added to most copyright laws to make sure that it would be OK to do this, as long as only a little bit of someone's work is used.

Software programs
Since a lot of creative work is now on computers and on the Internet, it is very easy to copy things and send them to lots of people. To make sure that people cannot always do this, there are computer programs that try to stop people from copying other people's work (known as digital rights management). One problem with these programs is that they also mean that you cannot copy even a small part of someone's work, so you cannot do "fair use" without cheating the program. In some countries, cheating those software programs is also breaking the law.

References 

Copyright
Intellectual property law
The duodenum is a short section of the small intestine, and is where most digestion in the small intestine takes place. It receives secretions, including bile and juice, from the pancreas and the liver through the pancreatic and common bile ducts. These secretions limit, or neutralise, the stomach acidity. Also, enzymes help to digest the food.

Anatomy of the digestive system
Soil erosion is the washing or blowing away (by water or wind) of the top layer of soil (dirt). This is a serious problem for farmers.  If the soil has eroded, the crops that make food will not grow very well. 

Soil erosion was a big problem in the Midwestern United States in the 1930s dust bowl.

Erosion also leaves large sinkholes in the ground, which can weaken buildings and even cause them to collapse.   Urban areas are usually protected from soil erosion, so not many buildings collapse from erosion.

Steps for conserving soil from eroding 
Soil erosion can be conserved in several ways:
A wind break is a line of plants that are planted to stop or slow the wind.  A thick row of bushes or shrubs planted next to a field of crops can stop the wind from blowing the soil away.  This method also helps against water erosion, as the soil gets caught up against the roots of the bushes, rather than washing away.
 Terraces are level places that have been made on hill sides. They are used for Terrace farming.
 If the crops are growing on a slope, then one should plant them in contour lines that run across the slope, rather than up and down. So, if the slope goes downhill to the south, then the plants should be in rows that run from east to west.
 Groynes (wooden planks) along the beaches can resist erosion, or sea walls against cliffs can protect the cliffs.

Agriculture 
Soil
Compost is a type of fertilizer that is made from rotting plants. It is easy and cheap to make, as all it really requires is vegetable waste. The vegetable waste is broken down by bacteria (germs), and made into compost.

Making a compost heap 
To make a compost heap, you need some space fairly far from anyone who might have a problem with the smell. The bottom corner of a garden, or some other place a distance from the house is a good place. Compost heaps should also be placed on soil, or grass: a paved yard or concrete are bad places.
The compost heap should not be in a dark or closed corner.

The best base for a compost heap is a layer of sand, bricks or gravel about 1m long by 1m wide. This is not needed, but it can be a good idea. If using bricks, leave spaces to allow the air to move through. It also allows for the water to run away. The best compost heaps have lots of little spaces inside, to allow air to move around.

Once the first layer is down, one can begin adding the waste.
Some good types of waste are:

Vegetable/fruit peels and scraps
Spoiled, rotten or moldy fruit
Cut grass
Leaves
Straw
Sawdust
Eggshells

Adding meat scraps is a bad idea, as they rot slowly, smell bad and attract rats and other vermin. Human or pet feces is also a very bad idea, as this can transmit disease. Waste from plants that have died of disease is also bad. The disease can spread to the plants that the compost is used with.

When making a compost heap, different types of waste should be layered. A layer of cut grass can be followed by a layer of vegetable waste and table scraps.

Watering the compost heap is a good idea, especially in dry areas. The water helps encourage the waste to rot and turn into compost.

In anywhere from 3 to 6 months, the compost will be ready. The compost is ready when it smells like thick earth, with no smell of decay or rot. Of course, if you have been adding waste all this time, the compost will all be at the bottom of the heap, and will have to be dug out.
The stuff that has not rotted can be used as part of a new compost heap.

Other websites 
The Look of Compost 
Cré, the Irish Composting Association Contains information on composting in Ireland.
Composting Basics  Canadian Gardening Magazine
An automatic composter

Fertilizers
Haiti (Haitian Creole: Ayiti; French: Haïti), officially the Republic of Haiti (Haitian Creole: Repiblik d Ayiti; French: République d'Haïti) is a country on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. The other country on the island is the Dominican Republic. Haiti has two official languages: French and Haitian Creole, or "Kreyol", which is a simple version of French mixed with African languages. Its capital city is Port-au-Prince.

Haiti has a tropical climate. In French, the country is called "La Perle des Antilles" (The pearl of the Antilles), because of its natural beauty. There are many mountains in Haiti. The country used to be covered with forests. However, it no longer is, because of deforestation. It is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere.
Haiti is divided into ten departements. The main religion is Roman Catholicism. However, many Haitians also practice Voodoo. This is a religion which came from African folk beliefs in Benin. Haiti has many holidays; the largest and most important is the Mardi Gras.

Geography 

Haiti has a total area of 27,750 km². Most of it is in the western third of the Hispaniola island. There are also smaller islands near the Haitian coast, like Gonâve, Île de la Tortue, Les Cayemites, Île-à-Vache and La Navase.

Haiti has many mountains. There are only some coastal plains and few valleys. The largest valley is the Cul-de-Sac. Port-au-Prince is in the western end of this valley. The country's main river is the Artibonite, which is also the longest in Hispaniola. Haiti's biggest city is Port-au-Prince, with more than 3 million people in its metropolitan area. The second largest city is Cap-Haïtien.
Haiti has a tropical climate. The rainy season lasts from April to June, and from October to November. Hurricanes are common during summer. In the past, hurricanes have caused a lot of damage and killed many people.

History 
The Taino people were a tribe of Arawak Amerindians. They lived on the island of Hispaniola before Christopher Columbus found the island and started a European colony there. Columbus found the island of Hispaniola on his first trip to the Americas. Within twenty-five years after Columbus arrived, all of the Arawaks had been killed by Spanish conquistadors.

In the early 17th century, the French set up a colony on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain sold the western third of the island - Haiti - to the French. The French colony was based on forestry and making sugar. It became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean. However, to do this, the colony brought many slaves over from Africa and destroyed much of the environment.
By the late 18th century, there were nearly half a million slaves in Haiti. They revolted, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. After a hard and bloody struggle, they won their independence. In 1804, Haiti became the first independent black republic in the world. Today there are many monuments in Haiti remembering the Haitian Revolution. One of the largest is La Citadelle Laferriere.

On January 12, 2010, in the afternoon of a Tuesday, Haiti was struck by a magnitude-7.0 earthquake. This was the worst earthquake to hit the country in the past 200 years. The quake's epicenter was just outside the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince. The quake caused major damage to Port-au-Prince and nearby areas. Over 200,000 people were thought to have been killed, but it was hard to be sure because many people were buried in mass graves before they could be identified.

Departments
Departments 

Haiti is made of ten regions known as departments (, singular départment). These departments are further divided into 41 arrondissements, and 133 communes. These are the second and third level units of administration.

The 10 departments, with their capital cities in parentheses, are:

.
 Artibonite (Gonaïves)
 Centre (Hinche)
 Grand'Anse (Jérémie)
 Nippes (Miragoâne)
 Nord (Cap-Haïtien)
 Nord-Est (Fort-Liberté)
 Nord-Ouest (Port-de-Paix)
 Ouest (Port-au-Prince) *national capital*
 Sud-Est (Jacmel)
 Sud (Les Cayes)
Politics 
The Republic of Haiti is divided into 10 departments, but the central government has control over most political affairs. The president is head of state and is normally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The president cannot serve consecutive terms. However, because of inconclusive election results in 2015, Haiti's current interim president was elected by the legislature. The prime minister is head of government and is appointed by the president and confirmed by the bicameral National Assembly. The National Assembly's upper house is the 30-seat Senate, and the lower house is the 118-seat Chamber of Deputies. Members of both houses are elected through a majoritarian system. Senators serve six-year terms and deputies serve four-year terms. There have been efforts toward constitutional reform to ensure that more women are represented in politics on the national level, but these reforms have not yet resulted in concrete changes.
Holidays 
Official holidays (on the same day every year)
 1 January: Jour de l'Indépendance ("Independence Day")
 2 January: Jour des Aïeux ("Ancestors' Day")
 1 May: Fête de l'Agriculture et du Travail ("Agriculture and Labor Day")
 18 May: Fête du Drapeau et de l'Université ("Flag and University Day")
 17 October: Anniversary of the Death of Jean-Jacques Dessalines
 1 November: All Saint's Day
 2 November: All Soul's Day
 18 November: Battle of Vertières' Day and Armed Forces Day
 25 December: Christmas Day
Traditional and religious holidays (dates vary according to the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church)
 Carnival (Only Mardi Gras is an official holiday)
 Good Friday
 Corpus Christi

Economy 

Haiti is the least developed country in the Americas. It is also one of the least developed and poorest countries in the world.
There are indicators that can be used to compare social and economic situations between countries. Some indicators show that Haiti has fallen behind other poor developing countries since the 1980s. In 2006, Haiti ranked 146th of 177 countries in the United Nations Human Development Index (2006). About 90% of the Haitian people were living in poverty in 2003. Haiti is the only country in the Americas on the United Nations list of Least Developed Countries and it is the poorest country in the Americas. The economy was staying even or falling behind even before their big earthquake.

About 66% of all Haitians work in agriculture. Most of them do small-scale subsistence farming (meaning that they are able to grow just enough to survive). This does not bring in much money.
Very few jobs were created in the last ten years. However, the informal economy is growing. Mangoes and coffee are two of Haiti's most important exports. Haiti has consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world on the Corruption Perceptions Index.

About one third of the national government's budget is money given to them by other countries. The United States gives the most money. Canada gives the second largest amount of money. The European Union, Venezuela and Cuba also give and help Haiti's economy in different ways. Haiti has renewed its alliances with Venezuela and Cuba in 2006 and 2007.
From 2001 to 2004, the United States stopped giving aid to Haiti completely. The aid was cut off after Haiti's 2000 election. The election's results were questioned, and President Aristide was accused of cheating to win the election. Aristide was overthrown in 2004. After that, the United States started giving aid to Haiti again. The United Nations led a peacekeeping operation called the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti. (The Mission is called called MINUSTAH in Haiti; this is an acronym for the Mission's name in French). The Brazilian army led the peacekeeping operation.

Even after President Aristide was overthrown, corruption continued to be very common in Haiti.

Haiti has a large amount of foreign debt (money owed to other countries and international institutions to repay loans). The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program planned to forgive about $525 million of Haiti's debt by mid-2009.
Demographics 
In 2009, the population of Haiti (the number of people living in the country) was about 10,090,190. Figures from the DNA Nationwide Studies Institute say that the racial makeup of the population is:
 94.2%: Black (Descendants mainly from the Fon, Ewe, Yoruba, and Bantu tribes of West/Central Africa)
 5.4%: Mulatto (European and African descent).
 0.4%: White (mainly of French, Polish, and Arab origin)

Some East Asians also live in the country.

Related pages
 Haiti at the Olympics
 Haiti national football team
 List of rivers of Haiti

References 

 
French-speaking countries
Caribbean Community
Least developed countries
The 1500s was a decade that started on 1 January 1500 and ended on 31 December 1509.

Events 
 People begin to make cutlery in Sheffield, England.
 Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa
 Spanish arrive in present-day Gulf of Mexico
 Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for Portugal.
Big Events of 1901 
 On January 1, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, and Tasmania form the Commonwealth of Australia. John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow becomes the first Governor-General and Edmund Barton becomes the 1st Prime Minister of Australia. The first Australian parliament meets in Melbourne on May 9.
 In the United Kingdom, on January 22, Queen Victoria dies at the age of 81, having reigned for 63 years, 7 months and 2 days, longer than any British monarch before her. In the United Kingdom and the British Empire, her death marks the end of the Victorian era. Her 59-year-old son succeeds her as King Edward VII of the United Kingdom.
 In China, the Boxer Rebellion is crushed and China is forced to accept Peace terms decided by Western Powers, Japan and Russia.
25th President of the United States, William McKinley, is shot by Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American exposition in Buffalo, New York and dies 8 days later. Theodore Roosevelt succeeds him as president.
 The first Nobel Prizes are given in Stockholm on December 10, the 5th anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen wins the Prize in Physics for the discovery of X-rays, and the Nobel Peace Prize is shared between Frederic Passy and Jean-Henri Dunant, founder of the International Red Cross.
Events

January - June
January 1  First day of the 20th century.
 January 1  Australia becomes a country, as New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia and Tasmania form the Commonwealth of Australia.
 January 1  Nigeria becomes a British Protectorate.
 January 5  A typhoid outbreak occurs in a Seattle jail.
 January 10  China accepts Peace terms by Western Powers, Japan and Russia, as the Boxer Rebellion is crushed.
 January 22  Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom dies on the Isle of Wight at the age of 81. Her son, Edward VII of the United Kingdom, succeeds her.
 January 28  Baseball's American League declares itself a Major League.
 February 2  The funeral of Queen Victoria takes place.
 February 6  The first public telephones are installed at railway stations in Paris.
 February 14  Edward VII of the United Kingdom opens his first parliament.
 February 22  A Pacific Mail Steamer sinks in the Golden Gate Harbor, killing 128 people.
February 23  The United Kingdom and Germany agree on the border between German East Africa (present-day Tanzania) and the British colony of Nyasaland (present-day Malawi).
 March 4  William McKinley starts his second term as President of the United States. Theodore Roosevelt becomes Vice President of the United States.
 March 6  Wilhelm II of Germany survives an assassination attempt in Bremen.
 March 17  The showing of 71 Vincent van Gogh paintings in Paris creates a sensation.
 March 31  The United Kingdom's 1901 census is held.
 April 25  The State of New York becomes the first to require automobile license plates.
 April 29  Hirohito is born. He later becomes the longest-reigning Japanese Emperor, dying in 1989.
 May 3  Jacksonville, Florida is destroyed by fire, as 10,000 people are made homeless.
 May 9  Australia opens its first Parliament in Melbourne.
 May 17  The US Stock Market crashes.
 May 24  78 miners die in the Caerphilly pit disaster in South Wales.
May 25  River Plate football club, in Buenos Aires, is founded.
 June 2  Katsura Taro becomes Prime Minister of Japan.
 June 12  Cuba becomes a US protectorate.
July - December 
 July 4  The Covered Bridge at Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada, is opened. At 390 metres long, it is the longest covered bridge in the world.
 July 4  William Taft becomes Governor-General of the Philippines.
 August 6  Robert Falcon Scott, on board the RRS Discovery, sets sail on his expedition to the Ross Sea in Antarctica.
 August 11  Under Erich von Drygalski, Germany's first Antarctic expedition begins.
 August 30  Hubert Cecil Booth patents an electric vacuum cleaner.
 September 6  Assassination of William McKinley: US President William McKinley is shot by Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.
 September 7  The Boxer Rebellion officially ends in China.
 September 14  William McKinley, 8 days after being shot, dies of his injuries. Theodore Roosevelt becomes the 26th President of the United States.
 October 2  The first Royal Navy submarine is launched.
 October 24  Michigan school teacher Annie Taylor goes down Niagara Falls in a barrel, and survives.
October 29  Leon Czolgosz is executed at Auburn State Prison, New York, for the assassination of William McKinley.
 November 9  Future King George V of the United Kingdom is made Prince of Wales.
 November 25  Auguste Deter is first examined by Alois Alzheimer in Germany. She becomes the first-known sufferer of what is later called Alzheimer's disease.
 December 10  The first Nobel Prizes are given in Stockholm on the 5th anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
 December 12  Guglielmo Marconi receives the first Trans-Atlantic radio signal, sent from Poldhu, England to Newfoundland, Canada.
 December 13  Modern 32-bit computers will incorrectly set their clocks to this time on January 19, 2038
 December 20  The final spike is driven into the Mombasa-Victoria-Uganda railway in what is now Kisumu, Kenya.
Other Events 
 Boer War (1899 - 1902)
 Norway allows women to vote in local elections.
 Pablo Picasso creates the first paintings of his Blue Period.
 Rudyard Kipling's ''Kim (book) published.

Births

January 

 January 3  Ngo Dinh Diem, 1st President of South Vietnam (d. 1963)
 January 9  Chic Young, American cartoonist (d. 1973)
 January 9  Ishman Bracey, American blues singer and guitarist (d. 1970)
 January 10  Toshio Irie, Japanese politician and bureaucrat (d. 1972)
 January 14  Bebe Daniels, American actress (d. 1971)
 January 14  Alfred Tarski, Polish logician and mathematician (d. 1983)
 January 16  Frank Zamboni, American inventor (d. 1988)
 January 16  Fulgencio Batista, Cuban leader (d. 1973)
 January 21  Ricardo Zamora, Spanish footballer (d. 1979)
 January 24  A. M. Cassandre, Ukrainian-born artist, designer and teacher (d. 1968)
 January 29  Arcady Aris, Russian Chuvash writer and literary critic (d. 1941)
 January 30  Rudolf Caracciola, German racing driver (d. 1959)

February
February 

 February 1  Clark Gable, American actor (d. 1960)
 February 1  Frank Buckles, last-surviving American World War I veteran (d. 2011)
 February 10  Stella Adler, American actress (d. 1992)
 February 17  Philotheus Boehner, German monk and medieval scholar (d. 1955)
 February 19  Florence Green, British supercentenarian and last-surviving World War I service veteran (d. 2012)
 February 20  Mohamed Naguib, President of Egypt (d. 1984)
 February 22  Ken G. Hall, Australian movie director (d. 1994)
 February 25  Zeppo Marx, American comedian (d. 1979)
 February 28  Linus Pauling, American chemist (d. 1994)

March
March 

 March 3  Claude Choules, British-Australian supercentenarian and last-surviving World War I combat veteran (d. 2011)
 March 3  Gino Cervi, Italian movie actor (d. 1974)
 March 7  Beatrice Roberts, American actress (d. 1970)
 March 18  Helmut Fink, German World War I veteran (d. 2009)
 March 18  Manly Hall, Canadian writer (d. 1990)
 March 21  Karl Arnold, German politician (d. 1958)
 March 24  Ub Iwerks, American cartoonist (d. 1971)
 March 25  Ed Begley, American actor (d. 1970)
 March 27  Carl Barks, American cartoonist (d. 2000)
 March 27  Erich Ollenhauer, German politician (d. 1963)
 March 27  Eisaku Satō, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1975)
 March 27  Kenneth Slessor, Australian poet (d. 1971)
 March 28  Martha of Sweden, mother of King Harald V of Norway (d. 1954)

April
April 

 April 1  Francisco Ascaso, Spanish anarcho-syndicalist (d. 1936)
 April 13  Jacques Lacan, French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist (d. 1981)
 April 18  Elene Akhvlediani, Georgian painter (d. 1975)
 April 18  Al Lewis, American songwriter (d. 1967)
 April 23  E.B. Ford, British ecological geneticist (d. 1988)
 April 29  Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (d. 1989)
 April 30  Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian-born economist (d. 1985)

May 

 May 5  Blind Willie McTell, American musician (d. 1959)
 May 7  Gary Cooper, American actor (d. 1961)
 May 9  Fuzzy Knight, American actor (d. 1976)
 May 17  Werner Egk, German composer (d. 1983)
 May 18  Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist (d. 1978)
 May 20  Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (d. 1981)
 May 21  Manfred Aschner, German-born Israeli microbiologist and entomologist (d. 1989)
 May 21  Sam Jaffe, American movie producer (d. 2000)
 May 21  Suzanne Lilar, Belgian writer (d. 1992)
 May 24  Jose Nasazzi, Uruguayan footballer (d. 1968)

June
June 

 June 6  Sukarno, 1st President of Indonesia (d. 1970)
 June 8  Salustiano Sánchez, The world's oldest living man (d. 2013)
 June 10  Frederick Loewe, German-born composer (d. 1988)
 June 13  Tage Erlander, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1985)
 June 16  Henri Lefebvre, French sociologist and philosopher (d. 1991)
 June 18  Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918)
 June 19  Piero Gobetti, Italian publicist and political activist (d. 1926)
 June 24  Harry Partch, American composer (d. 1974)

July 
 July 9  Barbara Cartland, British novelist (d. 2000)
 July 28  Rudy Vallee, American singer, actor, bandleader and entertainer (d. 1986)

August
August 

 August 4  Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (d. 1971)
 August 5  Thomas Ryan, American naval officer (d. 1970)
 August 8  Ernest Lawrence, American physicist (d. 1958)
 August 10  Franco Dino Rasetti, Italian scientist (d. 2001)
 August 18  Jean Guitton, French writer and philosopher (d. 1999)
 August 20  Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian writer (d. 1968)
 August 26  Chen Yi, Chinese military commander and politician (d. 1972)

September
September 

 September 2  Adolph Rupp, college basketball coach (d. 1977)
 September 9  Agostinho Fortes Filho, Brazilian footballer (d. 1966)
 September 9  Hendrik Verwoerd, South African politician (d. 1966)
 September 17  Francis Chichester, British adventurer (d. 1979)
 September 22  Charles B. Huggins, Canadian cancer researcher and Nobel Prize winner (d. 1997)
 September 23  Jaroslav Seifert, Czech politician (d. 1986)
 September 28  Ed Sullivan, American television personality (d. 1974)
 September 28  William S. Paley, American businessman (d. 1990)
 September 29  Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist (d. 1954)

October 
 October 1  Jose Leandro Andrade, Uruguayan footballer (d. 1957)
 October 6  Aslak Brekke, Norwegian singer (d. 1978)
 October 7  Souvanna Phouma, Laotian leader (d. 1984)
 October 7  Frank Boucher, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1977)
 October 10  Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor (d. 1966)
 October 24  Gilda Gray, Polish-born dancer and actress (d. 1959)
November 
 November 3  Leopold III of Belgium (d. 1983)
 November 4  Masako Nashimoto, Crown Princess of Korea (d. 1989)
 November 4  Max Wagner, Mexican-born American actor (d. 1975)
 November 9  Marvel Rea, American actress (d. 1937)
 November 11  Magda Goebbels, wife of Joseph Goebbels (d. 1945)
 November 15  Bunny Roser, American baseball player (d. 1979)
 November 16  Ernest Nagel, Czech-born philosopher (d. 1985)
 November 17  Lee Strasberg, Austrian-American actor (d. 1982)
 November 18  George Gallup, American statistician and opinion pollster (d. 1984)
 November 22  Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (d. 1999)
 November 29  Mildred Harris, American actress (d. 1944)

December
December 

 December 2  Raimundo Orsi, Argentine-Italian footballer (d. 1986)
 December 5  Walt Disney, American animator and movie producer (d. 1966)
 December 5  Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
 December 9  Odon von Horvath, Austro-Hungarian writer (d. 1938)
 December 14  King Paul of Greece (d. 1964)
 December 16  Margaret Mead, American anthropologist (d. 1978)
 December 19  Rudolf Hell, German inventor (d. 2002)
 December 25  Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, British royal (d. 2004)
 December 27  Marlene Dietrich, German actress (d. 1992)
 December 31  Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1984)

Deaths

January - June
January 11  Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (b. 1866)
 January 14  Victor Balaguer, Spanish politician and writer (b. 1824)
 January 17  Frederic William Henry Myers, English scholar, poet, philosopher and psychologist (b. 1843)
 January 20  Zenobe Gramme, Belgian electrical engineer (b. 1826)
 January 21  Elisha Gray, American inventor (b. 1835)
 January 22  Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India (b. 1819)
 January 27  Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (b. 1813)
 February 11  Milan I of Serbia (b. 1854)
 February 17  Ethelbert Nevin, American pianist and composer (b. 1862)
 March 13  Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833)
 April 3  Richard D'Oyly Carte, English impresario (b. 1844)
 April 4  George T. Anderson, American Confederate general (b. 1824)
 May 1  Lewis Waterman, American inventor and businessman (b. 1837)
 May 5  Mariano Ignacio Prado, former President of Peru (b. 1826)
 May 13  Leopoldo Alas, Spanish writer (b. 1851)
May 22  Gaetano Bresci, Italian anarchist (b. 1869)
 May 24  Charlotte Mary Yonge, English novelist (b. 1823)
 June 15  Max Weber, German-American general (b. 1824)
July 6  Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfuerst, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1819)
 July 7  Johanna Spyri, Swiss writer (b. 1827)
 August 5  Victoria, Princess Royal (b. 1840)
 August 12  Francesco Crispi, former Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1819)
 August 12  Adolf Erik Nordenskiold, Swedish explorer (b. 1832)
 September 9  Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (b. 1864)
 September 14  William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (assassinated) (b. 1843)
 October 1  Abdor Rahman Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1844)
 October 10  Lorenzo Snow, American Mormon leader (b. 1814)
 October 29  Leon Czolgosz, Polish-American assassin (b. 1873)
 November 6  Kate Greenaway, English writer (b. 1846)
 November 30  Edward John Eyre, English explorer of Australia and colonial Governor of Jamaica (b. 1815)
 December 12  Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, British Indian administrator (b. 1833)
 December 16  William Gregory, American politician (b. 1849)
December 17  Josep Manyanet i Vives, Catalan Saint and priest (b. 1833)
 December 24  Lev Ivanov, Russian ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1834)
Nobel Prizes 

 Physics  Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
 Chemistry  Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
 Physiology or Medicine  Emil Adolf von Behring
 Literature  Sully Prudhomme
 Peace  Jean-Henri Dunant and Frederic Passy
Births 
 January 29 – W.C. Fields, American comedian

Events 
 Volapük created.

Deaths 
 Ned Kelly, Australian bushranger (b. 1854)
1864 was a leap year starting on Friday using the Gregorian calendar. It was a leap year starting on Wednesday using the Julian calendar.

Events
 May 5 - American Civil War: The Battle of the Wilderness starts in Virginia.
 August 21 - American Civil War: In the Lawrence Massacre, Confederates attack the town of Lawrence, Kansas and kill 150 people.
 September 1 - The Charlottetown Conference starts.
 November 25 - The book Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne is published.

Date unknown
 Fort Baker is built near Las Vegas, Nevada.
 Father Damien goes to Hawaii.
 The Great Central Fair is held in June in Philadelphia.
 Ponsonby's Column is destroyed by lightning.

Births
 January 16 - Frank Bacon, American actor
 May 5 - Nellie Bly, American journalist
 June 14 - Alois Alzheimer, German psychiatrist

Deaths
 May 19 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer
 December 31 - George M. Dallas, 11th Vice President of the United States
The year 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday on the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 March 4 – William McKinley becomes the 25th President of the United States, a title which he held from the retirement of Grover Cleveland until his assassination on September 14, 1901.
 March 13 – San Diego State University is founded.
 June 22 – The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria is celebrated in the United Kingdom, marking her 60th year as the Queen of the United Kingdom. She was the only British monarch to have celebrated a Diamond Jubilee until Queen Elizabeth II celebrated hers on June 2, 2012.
 July 17 – The Klondike Gold Rush begins.
 August 21 – The Oldsmobile is founded in Lansing, Michigan by Ransom E. Olds.
 September 1 – The Boston subway opens as the first rapid transit in North America.
 November 1 – The Juventus F.C. football club is founded.

Births

January

February 

 February 4 – Ludwig Erhard, German politician (d. 1977)
March 
 March 1 – Shoghi Effendi, Persian man (d. 1957)
 March 24 – Wilhelm Reich, Austrian-American psychiatrist & psychoanalyst (d. 1957)
 March 28 – Sepp Herberger, German football player (d. 1977)

April 

 April 4 – Dina Manfredini, Italian-American supercentenarian (d. 2012)
 April 19 – Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2013)
 April 23 – Lester B. Pearson Prime Minister (d. 1972)
 April 26 – Douglas Sirk, German movie director (d. 1987)
 April 30 – Walt Walsh, American baseball player (d. 1966)

May 
 May 30 – Frank Wise, 16th Premier of Western Australia (1945-1947) (d. 1986)

June 

 June 7 – George Szell, Hungarian-born conductor (d. 1970)
 June 10 – Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918)
 June 12 – Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of United Kingdom (1955-1957) (d. 1977)
 June 19 – Moe Howard, American actor & comedian (d. 1975)

July
July 

 July 4 – Jake Forbes, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1985)
 July 9 – Albert Coady Wedemeyer, American army officer (d. 1989)
 July 14 – Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 1964)
 July 20 – Tadeus Reichstein, Polish-Swiss chemist (d. 1996)
 July 24 – Amelia Earhart, American aviator (d. 1937)

August 

 August 2 – Max Weber Swiss politician (d. 1974)
 August 11 – Enid Blyton, children's writer (d. 1968)
 August 12 – Otto Struve, Russian astronomer (d. 1963)
 August 16 – Hersch Lauterpacht, Polish politician & judge (d. 1960)
 August 19 – Roman Vishniac, Russian-American photographer (d. 1990)
 August 26 – Yun Poson, President of South Korea (1960-1962) (d. 1990)
 August 31 – Fredric March, American actor (d. 1975)

September
September 

 September 12 – Irène Joliot-Curie, French scientist (d. 1956)
 September 23 – Paul Delvaux, Belgian painter (d. 1994)
 September 23 – Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (d. 1984)
 September 25 – William Faulkner, American writer (d. 1962)
 September 26 – Pope Paul VI, (d. 1978)

October 
 October 8 – Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian-American movie director (d. 1987)
 October 22 – Ettore Boiardi, Italian-American chef (d. 1985)
 October 29 – Joseph Goebbels, German politician (d. 1945)

November 
 November 16 – Chaudhry Rahmat Ali, known for coining the name "Pakistan" (d. 1951)
 November 22 – Paul Oswald Ahnert, German astronomer (d. 1989)
 November 24 – Lucky Luciano, Sicilian mobster (d. 1962)

December 
 December 7 – Lazare Ponticelli, French World War I veteran (d. 2008)
 December 14 – Kurt Schuschnigg, 15th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1977)
 December 24 – Koto Okubo, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2013)

Deaths 
 February 19 – Karl Weierstraß, German mathematician (b. 1815)
Hodgenville is a town in the American state of Kentucky. It is the county seat of Larue County. It is most famous as the birthplace of President Abraham Lincoln. A memorial featuring a replica (copy) of the cabin Lincoln was born in is near the town.

Cities in Kentucky
County seats in Kentucky
LaRue County, Kentucky
The University of Oxford is a university in Oxford, England. It is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings stated that "it is the best university in the world" in the 2000s.

The university is 39 colleges and five private halls.  All of these colleges have their own buildings and their own staff. Oxford is quite different from most modern universities where all the students live on a campus. Oxford does not have a campus, although it does have some central places where students from different colleges can come together (for example, libraries).

The Bodleian Library (founded in 1602) is the main library of the University of Oxford, and one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It is the second largest library in the United Kingdom after the British Library.

History 

Oxford is the world's third-oldest university after the University of Bologna, and the world's second-oldest surviving university.
There is no known date of foundation, but there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. English students were not allowed to continue studying in Paris after Thomas Becket was murdered.

There were fights between the students in Oxford and the people who lived there in the early 13th century. Some students and teachers left the university in 1209, and made a new university in Cambridge.  These two universities are now great rivals, and together are sometimes known as "Oxbridge".

Until 1920, women were not allowed to take degrees at Oxford, although some women studied at Oxford before that time. Nowadays, all the colleges allow both men and women as students, and the number of male and female students is roughly equal.

One of the most famous teachers at the university was Lewis Carroll, author of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, stories for children.

Colleges and halls
There are 39 colleges at Oxford and five permanent private halls.

A college will normally offer the students accommodation (a room to sleep and study in) for the first and last years of their time at University. Many also offer accommodation for other years. A college will also have space for teaching and socializing. When most of the older colleges started they were only for people of one sex, but St Hilda's College, the last college to allow only women to study there, recently allowed men as well.

A permanent private hall is slightly different to a college. They were normally started by religious groups to educate their members in philosophy and theology, but some have since grown and offer a broader range of subjects. Some halls are run by monks.
Most colleges will teach at both undergraduate (the more basic first degree that a student takes) and postgraduate (a higher level of study) level. There are also some special colleges that are more restrictive. Five colleges only offer space to postgraduate students. Harris Manchester College is only for "mature students" (those who are over 21 when they start their degree). All Souls College does not take students – all of its members teach students or do research.

Getting into Oxford 
Oxford, like Cambridge, is very popular, but there are only a limited number of spaces for students. It is therefore harder for students to get into these universities. The colleges look for the students with the best school results in the subjects for which they are applying, typically A marks on A-levels.

Related pages
The Boat Race

References

More information
Jan Morris (ed.) The Oxford Book of Oxford. Oxford University Press

Other websites
Other websites 

 University of Oxford website
 Overview of Master's programmes at the University of Oxford 
 

1096 establishments
Def Leppard are an English rock band. They formed in Sheffield, England in 1976. Its founding members include: lead singer Joe Elliot, bassist Rick Savage, guitarist Pete Willis, and drummer Tony Kenning. When Kenning left the band in 1978, Frank Noon played the drums. The same year, Def Leppard made their first extended play, named The Def Leppard E.P. Frank Noon was replaced by drummer Rick Allen, and guitarist Steve Clark joined the band shortly after. The band was a part of the new wave of British heavy metal in the 1970s and 1980s.

Their first album, On Through the Night (1980), was a hit in many parts of England. In April 1980, Def Leppard signed with Leber-Krebs management. Later in 1980, they went on their first U.S. tour with Ted Nugent, AC/DC, and Judas Priest. In 1981 the band released their second album, High ‘n’ Dry. After the album came out, MTV broadcasted Def Leppard for the first time. MTV showed their hit song “Bringin’ on the Heartbreak.”
In 1982, Pete Willis was replaced by Phil Collen. The same year, the band started recording their third album with producer Mutt Lange. In 1983, their third album, Pyromania, was released. The single “Photograph” was also released, and the album sold 100,000 copies in a week. In 1984, drummer Rick Allen lost an arm due to a car accident. He started to play with an electronic drum kit, and taught himself how to play the drums with one arm. In 1986, Rick Allen played music with the band for the first time since his accident.

In 1987, the band’s fourth album, Hysteria, was released. The album had 12 singles, and sold 16 million copies. 
In 1991, guitarist Steve Clark died. He died because of a mixture of alcohol and painkillers. In 1992, Vivian Campbell joined the band. Vivian Campbell was the guitarist for Dio and Whitesnake. That year, the band released Adrenalize. This album was number one on the Billboard 200 music chart for five weeks, and sold six million copies.
In 1993, the song “Two Steps Behind” was used for the end credits of the movie Last Action Hero. The same year, the compilation album Retro Active was released. In 1995, Vault was released. It is an album of all of Def Leppard’s best selling songs. Vault went to number two on music charts in New Zealand. In 1996, the album Slang was released. 

VH1 made a “Behind the Music” episode on Def Leppard. Other TV exposure followed, such as “Storytellers”, and “Ultimate Albums.” In 1999, the album Euphoria was released. In 2000, the band is put on the Hollywood RockWalk, a hall of fame for rock musicians in Los Angeles.
In 2001, the band released their first DVDs, “In the Round, In your Face” and “Historia”. The same year, VH1 broadcasts the movie “Hysteria: The Def Leppard Story.”
In 2002, the album X was released. In 2005, the album and DVD “Rock of Ages” is released. In 2006, Def Leppard releases their covers album named Yeah!. In 2008, the band’s twelfth album, Songs from the Sparkle Lounge, was released. The band was put into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019.

Discography
Studio albums
 On Through the Night (1980)
 High 'n' Dry (1981)
 Pyromania (1983)
 Hysteria (1987)
 Adrenalize (1992)
 Slang (1996)
 Euphoria (1999)
 X (2002)
 Yeah! (2006)
 Songs from the Sparkle Lounge (2008)
 Def Leppard (2015)
 Diamond Star Halos (2022)

References

Other websites 
 Official Def Leppard website
 The Def Leppard World - Discography 

1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups from Sheffield
A husband is the male spouse in a marriage.

Husband may also refer to:
a kind of pillow.
husbandry, the breeding of livestock, such as conservation or agriculture.
Year 46 BC was the last year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Lepidus.

Events
 Titus Labienus defeated Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
 Julius Caesar defeated the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians at Thapsus.
 Caesar leaves for Farther Hispania to deal with rebellion in Rome.
 Caesar changes the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The Julian Calendar remains the standard in the western world until the Gregorian Calendar in 1582.
 Caesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir.

Births

 Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman politician (d. 9 AD)

Deaths 

Cato the Younger (Marcus Porcius Cato) (b. 95 BC)
Metellus Scipio (b. c. 100 BC)
Vercingetorix, Gaul leader
Winter storms or snowstorms happen when warm, wet air meets with cold air. The warm, wet air mass and the cold air mass can each be  or more in diameter. Snowstorms affecting Northeastern United States often get their moisture from air moving north from the Gulf of Mexico and cold air from air masses coming down from the Arctic. In the Northwest United States warm, wet air from the Pacific Ocean cools when it is pushed upward by the mountains. Many different things can affect the direction of movement, moisture content and temperature of air masses. All of these differences affect the type and severity of the snowstorm.

Winter storms and blizzards can make several meters of snow that blow into big drifts. Sometimes the drifts can be over  tall. They could even cover a house.
History 
Lots of popular winter storms are part of North America's history. In 1846 the Donner Party traveled away by covered wagons from Illinois headed for Sutter's Fort near Sacramento, California. As an answer of bad decisions and slow going, they tried to go across the big Sierra Nevada Mountains in the late October. Usually, California is still warm at that time of the year. As the party crossed the Sierra Nevada Mountains, they did not see any snow and was not worried.
However, after they left, a huge snowstorm hit. The party was forced to camp near Truckee, California. The snow was so deep that the wagon wheels became stuck, so they could not move anyplace. They tried to wait the storm out, but when one blizzard ended, another began immediately before they had time to escape.
References 

Severe weather
Natural events