Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Philip Baker Hall (September 10, 1931 – June 12, 2022) was an American actor. He starred in Paul Thomas Anderson's movies, Hard Eight, Boogie Nights and Magnolia. Other movies included Air Force One, The Truman Show, Bruce Almighty, Rush Hour and The Amityville Horror.

Hall was born in Toledo, Ohio. He studied at the University of Toledo. He was married three times, but two ended in divorce. Hall had four children. Hall died on June 12, 2022 of emphysema at his home in Glendale, California at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

 

1931 births
2022 deaths
Actors from Toledo, Ohio
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from emphysema
A dry thunderstorm is a type of thunderstorm where there is lightning and thunder, but most or all of the precipitation does not reach the ground. They usually happen in deserts or areas with low water vapor. Because dry air usually absorbs liquid water, the rain is absorbed before it reaches the ground. They happen a lot during the summer months in western North America.

Dry thunderstorms are dangerous because they can cause dust storms and wildfires. Dust storms can happen because the dry soil and sand are picked up by strong winds. Wildfires can happen because the lightning can hit trees and there is no rain to put out the fires.

References

Severe weather
César Ritz (23 February 1850 – 24 October 1918) was a Swiss hotelier and founder of several hotels. He gave his name to the Hôtel Ritz Paris and The Ritz Hotel in London. His motto was "king of hoteliers, and hotelier to kings". His name is the origin of the word ritzy.

Biography
At fifteen Ritz was apprenticed as a somelier (wine waiter) at a hotel in Brig. Dismissed after a year as an unsuitable candidate for the hotel trade, he went to Paris at the time of the 1867 Universal Exhibition.

Ritz's formative five years in Paris, including the siege of 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War, gave him sufficient polish and confidence to transform himself from a waiter and general factotum into a maître d'hôtel, manager, and eventually hotelier.
In 1888, he opened a restaurant with Auguste Escoffier in Baden-Baden, and the two were then invited to London by Richard D'Oyly Carte to become the first manager and chef of the Savoy Hotel, positions they held from 1889 until 1897. Ritz put together what he described as "a little army of hotel men for the conquest of London".  The Savoy under Ritz was an immediate success, attracting a distinguished and moneyed clientele, headed by the Prince of Wales. Aristocratic women, hitherto unaccustomed to dine in public, were now "seen in full regalia in the Savoy dining and supper rooms".
Fall from grace 
In 1898, Ritz and Escoffier were both dismissed from the Savoy. Ritz was implicated in the disappearance of over £3,400 of wine and spirits, as well as kickbacks from suppliers. The following report is from the London Daily Telegraph:
"They were accused of nicking “£3,400 of wine and spirits in the first six months of 1897” and “wine and spirits consumed in the same period by the Managers, staff and employees amounting to £3,000” – more than half-a-million pounds in today’s money.
"Escoffier, moreover, confessed to taking “commission”, gifts or kickbacks from the Savoy’s suppliers (a regular 5 per cent in the case of Messrs Hudson Brothers, grocers on the Strand) amounting to a whopping £1.4 million in today’s values. The board first became suspicious in 1895 when, although overall receipts increased greatly, the profits from the kitchens fell. In 1897, the kitchen actually showed a loss...
"The board of the Savoy, led by Richard D’Oyly Carte, decided to deal with the matter privately".
Independent entrepreneur 
Later in 1898, he opened the celebrated Hôtel Ritz in the  Place Vendôme, Paris. He went on to open The Ritz Hotel in London in 1906, which became one of the most popular meeting places of the era, for the rich and famous. The Hotel Ritz Madrid in Madrid, opened in 1910, inspired by King Alfonso XIII's desire to build a luxury hotel to rival the Ritz in Paris.  Ritz enjoyed a long partnership with Auguste Escoffier, the famous French chef and father of modern French cooking.  The partnership lasted until Ritz had to retire in 1907 because of deteriorating health.

Towards the end 
Ritz himself withdrew progressively from the affairs of his various companies, selling out his interests in hotels at Frankfurt and Salsomaggiore in 1905 and retiring from the Ritz Hotel Development Company in 1907, from the Carlton Hotel Company in 1908, and from the Paris Ritz Company in 1911.
By 1912, according to Marie-Louise Ritz, to all intents and purposes his life had finished. In 1913 he was placed in a private hospital at Lausanne, and the following year he was moved to another on Lake Küssnacht in Canton Schwyz. He died at Küssnacht on 26 October 1918. Although from a humble Swiss background, César Ritz and his luxurious hotels became legendary, and his name entered the English language as an epitome of high-class cuisine and accommodation. He is buried in the village of his birth.

References 

 Ritz, une histoire plus belle que la légende. - Claude Roulet - Editions Quai Voltaire - 1998 
 Ritz, The King of Hoteliers and Host of Kings, Film by Frank Garbely, r-film Zurich 2007, ISAN 0000-0000-62E8-0000-U-0000-0000-L

Other websites

Site dedicated to the life of César Ritz
Hotel school in Switzerland 

1850 births
1918 deaths
Swiss businesspeople
Goms District
Hotels
People from Valais
A menu is a list of dishes to be served at a meal. Menus have been around in Europe since the 18th century. There is a special need for them in Chinese cuisine because of the wide range of dishes on offer. Menus have been discovered from the Song Dynasty in China. In the larger cities of the time, the variety of cuisine from different regions led caterers to create a list for their patrons.

In restaurants, the modern menu, with dishes in a set order of courses, was invented by the great French chef Escoffier. Usually there are two types of menu at a good restaurant:

table d'hôte: a set menu at a fixed price (prix fixée).
à la carte: a wider choice of items, each with its own price.

Lesser establishments might offer a chalkboard, with the advantage that items can be rubbed out or added on at short notice. Fish restaurants in particular depend on daily catches being supplied or bought in the early morning. They usually list fish freshly bought (as opposed to frozen).
In American restaurant management, "menu engineering" has become a branch of marketing.

References 

Restaurants
Written communication
Cinderella Castle (or Cinderella Palace) is the fairy tale castle at the center of two Disney theme parks: the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort, and Tokyo Disneyland at the Tokyo Disney Resort. Both castles are recognized all over the world. They are the main attraction for each of the theme parks.

Magic Kingdom
Castles
1971 establishments in Florida
Tokyo Disneyland
Clay Aiken (born November 30, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter, author and activist. 

Aiken was born and raised in Raleigh, North Carolina. He was a contestant on the second season of American Idol in 2003. He is openly gay.

In 2014, Aiken announced his intentions to run for congress in North Carolina's 2nd congressional district against Republican incumbent Renee Ellmers. He officially filed to run on February 27, 2014.

Studio albums
 Measure of a Man (2003)
 Merry Christmas with Love (2004)
 A Thousand Different Ways (2006)
 On My Way Here  (2008)
 Tried and True (2010)
 Steadfast (2012)

Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

References
References

1978 births
Living people
American Idol contestants
American LGBT politicians
American singer-songwriters
American stage actors
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Raleigh, North Carolina
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
Actors from Raleigh, North Carolina
Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
Singers from North Carolina
is a theme park at the Tokyo Disney Resort in Urayasu, Chiba, near Tokyo. It is  large.
Tokyo Disney Resort is one of five Disney Resorts in the world. It is one of the most famous theme parks in Japan. Maihama Station is the nearest station. There are many kinds of tickets for visitors to choose from. The "After 6 passport" for admission after 6 p.m. is popular with high-school students and couples.
Tokyo DisneySea is nearby.

Parks
Tokyo Disneyland is divided into seven theme parks.
World Bazaar
Adventureland
Westernland
Critter Country
Fantasyland
Toontown
Tomorrowland

Characters
Main characters
Mickey Mouse
Minnie Mouse
Donald Duck
Goofy
Pluto
They are called the "FAB 5". They always appear on stages and parades. They are mostly found at Toontown. Other characters at Toontown are Chip 'n Dale and Daisy Duck.

At Fantasyland, there are Winnie the Pooh, Peter Pan, Snow White, Cinderella, Pinocchio, Dumbo, Alice, and Jack Skellington from The Nightmare Before Christmas.
At Tomorrowland are Buzz Lightyear and the monsters from Monsters, Inc.. There is also the Aristocats and Lilo & Stitch.

Attractions
 Star Tours
 Haunted Mansion
 Big Thunder Mountain 
 Space Mountain
 Splash Mountain

References

1983 establishments in Asia
 
1980s establishments in Japan
In meteorology, virga is precipitation that falls from a cloud but evaporates or sublimes before reaching the ground. It is seen a lot in deserts and temperate climates. These areas have low humidity and high temperatures which cause the rain to evaporate before reaching the ground. In North America, it is seen a lot in the Western United States and the Canadian Prairies. It is also seen a lot in the Middle East and North Africa.

References

Other websites

  National Science Digital Library - Virga 
  "Viewing the Vagaries and Verities of Virga" Alistair B. Fraser and Craig F. Bohren, Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 2 November 1992 and 25 January 1993.

Precipitation
A snow angel is a design made in snow that looks like an angel. It is made by lying on one's back and moving one's arms up and down, and one's legs from side to side, to make the shape of an angel. Snow angels are often made by children.

Snow
Leisure
Menrva is the Etruscan goddess of war, art, wisdom and health. She was often associated with the Greek goddess Athena. She was the precursor of the Roman Minerva.

References 

Etruscan gods and goddesses
Koreans are one of the largest ethnic minority groups in Japan. Many Koreans immigrated from the 1920s to the 1950s.

Other websites

Han

Ethnic groups in Japan‎
Korean people
Commission or commissioning may refer to:

Business and contracting
 Commission (remuneration), a form of payment to an agent for services rendered
 Commission (art), the purchase or the creation of a piece of art most often on behalf of another
 A contract for performance or creation of a specific work
 Commissioning, a process or service provided to validate the completeness and accuracy of a project or venture:
 Building commissioning, a quality assurance process during and following building construction
 Project commissioning, a process of assuring that all components of a facility are designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained according to the requirements of the owner or client

Government
Civil
 A government agency, regulatory agency or statutory authority which operates under the authority of a board of commissioners, including:
 Independent agencies of the United States government
An executive branch of government, often with characteristics of other branches of government:
 Town commissioners, elected local government bodies established in urban areas in Ireland in the 19th century
 City Commission, a form of local government (common in the United States)
 The European Commission, a body incorporating features of an executive branch of government and a civil service
 Presidential Commission (United States), a type of high level research group
 Royal Commission, a form of public inquiry
Commissioning, the process of identifying an area's need for public services and then designing and securing the services to meet the need
Clinical commissioning groups, 135 NHS organisations in England responsible for commissioning healthcare
Commissioning support units, which provide regional support for Clinical commissioning groups
Military
 Commission (document), a document given to commissioned officers
 Commissioned officer, who derives authority directly from a sovereign power; contrast with warrant officer and non-commissioned officer
 Purchase of commissions in the British Army
 Ship commissioning, placing a warship in active military duty

Other uses
 Great Commission, a tenet of Christian theology given by Jesus to spread his teachings
 The Commission (American Mafia), the governing body of the mafia in the United States
 Commissioned (gospel group)
 Commission of a crime, in law

Related pages 
 
 Commissioner
 Decommission (disambiguation)
 The Commission (disambiguation)
 Letters patent, an open letter issued by a government granting an office or other status to someone or some entity
Winnie Madikizela–Mandela (born Nomzamo Winfreda Zanyiwe Madikizela; 26 September 1936 – 2 April 2018) was a South African politician. She held several government positions and headed the African National Congress Women's League. She was a member of the ANC's National Executive Committee. Madikizela-Mandela was married to President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.

Madikizela-Mandela was born on 26 September 1936 in Bizana, Pondoland, Transkei, South Africa. She studied at the University of South Africa. She was married to Nelson Mandela from 1958 until they divorced in 1996. They had two children. Madikizela-Mandela died of complications from diabetes on 2 April 2018 in Johannesburg at the age of 81.

References

Other websites

 Winnie Mandela Trailer HD Video
 
 
"Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence" , Washington Post, 18 February 1989
1936 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Fraudsters
Kidnappers
Nelson Mandela
South African politicians
Thieves
First Ladies of South Africa
South African criminals
Harry Frederick Oppenheimer (28 October 1908 – 19 August 2000) was a famous South African businessman of Jewish descent. Oppenheimer was the chairman of Anglo American Corporation for a quarter of a century. He was also the chairman of De Beers Consolidated Mines for 27 years until he retired from those positions in 1982 and 1984. He was close friends with President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.

Oppenheimer was born in Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa. He studied at Charterhouse School and at Christ Church, Oxford University. Oppenheimer was raised in Johannesburg.

The Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award Africa's premier research prize, is awarded every year by the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust, in memory of Harry Oppenheimer's commitment to an ideal of "unambiguous excellence."

Oppenheimer was married to Bridget Oppenheimer until his death in 2000. They had two children. Bridget died in October 2013.

Oppenheimer died in Johannesburg, South Africa from cancer, aged 92.

References
References

Other websites
 Hart, R. 2010. Mr H.F. Oppenheimer receives the Freedom of the City of Kimberley. Now and Then: Newsletter of the Historical Society of Kimberley and the Northern Cape 18(3):1-2

1908 births
2000 deaths
Cancer deaths in South Africa
Jewish businesspeople
People from Johannesburg
South African Jews
White South African people
A shock site is a website that wants to be offensive and to shock people that see it. Shock sites usually show pictures that are meant to make people feel disgusted. These pictures are often violent, or pornographic. For example, in 2004 Goatse.cx showed a picture of a man stretching his anus. Often these sites are mentioned in emails, or online discussions, which tries  to trick users into following links to another website.

Common shock sites
 Goatse
 Meatspin
 Tubgirl
 Lemonparty
 2 Girls 1 Cup
 Mr. Hands
 Kids in a Sandbox
 Jar Squatter

 
Pranks
Armillaria gallica (or A. bulbosa or A. lutea) is a species of honey mushroom in the order Agaricales.

The species is common and ecologically important. It decays wood. It can live as a saprophyte, or as an opportunistic parasite. In weakened trees it causes root rot. 

It is found in temperate regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The species forms the above-ground fruiting bodies "(mushrooms") in soil or rotting wood. The fungus has been accidentally introduced to South Africa.

Armillaria gallica is a largely underground fungus. The fungus develops underground root-like structures, called rhizomorphs. These help it to decompose dead wood in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Its ability to bioluminesce and to form large and long-lived colonies are especially interesting.
Humongous fungus
Armillaria gallica was found in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the early 1990s. In one forest, Armillaria-infected oak trees were harvested, and their stumps left to rot in the field. Later, when red pines were planted in the same location, the seedlings were killed by the fungus. 

Using sequence analysis, the underground mycelia of one individual fungal colony covered , weighing over , with an estimated age of 1,500 years. 

The authors noted: "This is the first report estimating the minimum size, mass, and age of an unambiguously defined fungal individual. Although the number of observations for plants and animals is much greater, members of the fungal kingdom should now be recognized as among the oldest and largest organisms on Earth".
After the Nature paper was published, media outlets from around the world visited the site where the specimens were found. As a result of this publicity, the individual acquired the common name "humongous fungus". There was afterward some scholarly debate as to whether the fungus qualified to be considered in the same category as other large organisms such as the blue whale or the giant redwood.

Gallery

References 

Mushrooms
Affirmative action (known as positive discrimination in the United Kingdom) is a policy where members of minority groups are given preference over members of more common or bigger groups. This is usually done to try to obtain some equality or balance. Positive discrimination is illegal in many countries, and is sometimes considered racial profiling.

It is most often found in education, employment and welfare.

References 

Discrimination
Education
Robinson Crusoe is a novel written by Daniel Defoe. It was first published on 25 April 1719 by William Taylor.

The novel's full title is The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates.

The book is a fictional autobiography of the title character, Robinson Crusoe. Crusoe leaves the safety of his comfortable middle-class home in England and goes to sea. He is shipwrecked and becomes a castaway who spends years on a remote tropical island near Trinidad. He meets cannibals, captives and mutineers, and is eventually rescued.
For the first edition, Defoe pretended that the novel was a true story. He said the fictional protagonist Robinson Crusoe was the author and he pretended to be the editor of Crusoe's autobiography. This led many readers to believe that Crusoe was a real person and the book a true account of his life.

Many people think the story was influenced by the life of Alexander Selkirk. Selkirk was a Scottish castaway who lived for over four years on a Pacific island belonging to Chile called Más a Tierra. (In 1966, the island was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island.) However, there are other possible sources. For example, Ibn Tufail's earlier novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, also set on a desert island, may have inspired Defoe.

Critical response to Robinson Crusoe has been diverse and argumentative. There has been widespread disagreement about the novel's nature and origin, values, structure, and meaning. Literary historians have not agreed on Defoe's sincerity, exact intentions, and achievement in the book.
Robinson Crusoe was very popular as soon as it was published. Before the end of 1719, it had already run through four editions. The novel's popularity has continued and it has become one of the most widely published books in history. It has prompted many imitations and adaptations for stage, film, and television.

References 

English novels
18th-century books
1710s works
A cloaking device or invisibility cloak has long been featured in science fiction. Attempts have been made to devise a way to do it with objects, but results were disappointing until now. A paper in Nature Communications for September 2013 announces a new approach.

"Invisibility cloaking was almost inconceivable until the ingenious theory of macroscopic invisibility cloaking was proposed based on transformation optics principles. ... We successfully demonstrate the cloaking of living creatures, a cat and a fish, from the eye. 

From reference 1, the two "supplementary movies" show the successful cloaking of a goldfish and a cat so far as they are within the experimental space.
Overview 
A recent review said these methods were possible: 
Optical camouflage: A modified background image is projected onto a cloak of reflective material (the kind used to make projector screens). The wearer becomes invisible to anyone standing at the projection source.
The "mirage effect": Electric current is passed through submerged carbon nanotubes to create very high local temperatures. This causes light to bounce off them, hiding objects behind.
Adaptive heat cloaking: A camera records background temperatures, these are displayed by sheets of hexagonal pixels which change temperature very quickly, camouflaging even moving vehicles from heat-sensitive cameras.
Calcite crystal prism: Calcite crystals send the two polarizations of light in different directions. By fixing prism-shaped crystals together in a particular way, polarised light can be directed around small objects. This effectively cloaks them.

References 

Optics
Science fiction
Mehit is a goddess of lions and war in Egyptian mythology. She is the wife of the god Anhur, also a god of war.
She represented the full moon. Also called The Completed one (Eye of Horus).

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Mandela and de Klerk is a 1997 British television movie about the relationship between President of South Africa Nelson Mandela and former State-Governor F. W. de Klerk. Sidney Poitier played Mandela and Michael Caine played de Klerk. It was released on February 16, 1997. 

British drama movies
1990s biographical movies
Movies about Apartheid
Movies about Nelson Mandela
Dennis Dexter Haysbert (born 2 June 1954 in San Mateo, California) is an American movie and television actor. He is known for appearing in the Allstate commercials. He also starred in many movies such as Major League. He also starred in the television show 24.

References

Other websites

Dennis Haysbert's Official Website & DH6 Gear Store 

Haysbert Bio at The Unit
BostonHerald 
Race on Broadway

1954 births
Living people
African American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
People from San Mateo, California
Saturn Award winners
The Nelson Mandela Bridge is a bridge in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was completed in 2003. The bridge was built to connect two important business areas of Braamfontein and Newton. It was named after President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.

2003 establishments
Concrete bridges
Steel bridges
Nelson Mandela
Transport in South Africa
Buildings and structures in Johannesburg
2000s establishments in South Africa
Night of Champions (2013) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on September 15, 2013 at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It was the seventh yearly event with the "Night of Champions" name. Similar to the last five events, the concept of the show was that every championship in the company was defended at the event.

Results

Tag Team Turmoil match

References

Other websites
Official Night of Champions 2013 website

2013 in professional wrestling
WWE Night of Champions
Sports in Detroit
2013 in the United States
2010s in Detroit
David Harewood MBE (born 8 December 1965) is an English actor.  He is known for playing David Estes in the Showtime series Homeland.

References

Other websites
 

1965 births
Living people
Actors from Birmingham
Black British actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Idrissa Akuna Elba  (born 6 September 1972) is an English  actor, producer and writer. He is known for his roles in American Gangster, Takers, The Losers, Thor, Prometheus, Pacific Rim and Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom. He won a Golden Globe Award in 2011 and a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2016.

On 16 March 2020, Elba announced that he had been diagnosed with COVID-19 during the 2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic.

Select filmography
 One Love
 Obsessed
 Thor
 Prometheus
 Pacific Rim
 Thor: The Dark World
 Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
 Zootopia
 The Jungle Book
 The Dark Tower 
 The Mountain Between Us 
 Thor: Ragnarok
 Fast & Furious: Hobbs & Shaw
 The Suicide Squad
 Sonic the Hedgehog 2
 Beast 
 Three Thousand Years of Longing

Discography

Albums
 2015: Murdah Loves John (The John Luther Character Album)

Extended plays
 2006: Big Man
 2009: Kings Among Kings
 2010: High Class Problems Vol. 1
 2014: Idris Elba Presents Mi Mandela
 2022: Cordi Elba (with Lime Cordiale)
Remixes
"Trust in Me"
"The Bare Necessities"

Mixtapes
 2011: Merry DriisMas Holiday Mixtape

References

Other websites

 (hmu)

The Films of Idris Elba
Sometimes in April Interview

1972 births
Living people
Actors from London
English musicians
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English television producers
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Movie producers from London
Musicians from London
People from the London Borough of Newham
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Marrakesh, or Marrakech (Berber: ; ) is an important city in the African country of Morocco. It is the fourth largest city in the country. Marrakesh is the capital of the economic region of Marrakesh-Tensift-El Haouz.

History 
Marrakesh is the most important city out of all of Morocco's cities that used to be imperial cities. Berber farmers lived in Marrakesh during Neolithic times. Abu Bakr ibn Umar, the chieftain and cousin of the king of the Almoravids Yusuf ibn Tashfin, founded Marrakesh in the year 1062. The Almoravids built many schools and mosques in Marrakesh. Marrakesh has the name "Red City" because a lot of it is made out of red sandstone.

Marrakesh got bigger very quickly and became a cultural, religious, and trading center for sub-Saharan Africa.  The mayor of Marrakesh Fatima Zahra Mansouri is the second woman mayor in Morocco.

Tourism is important to Marrakesh, and the city has about 400 hotels.
One of the things that most attract travellers to Morocco and, specifically, to the city of Marrakech, is the endless activities available and especially its variety. 

The most interesting and well-known are desert excursions from Marrakech, but in reality, you have many options: we are talking about excursions to the beach. There in the city itself, you do not have them, but there are many beaches near Marrakech that you can visit without much complication.

References

1062 establishments
 
Establishments in Morocco
11th-century establishments in Africa
Goodbye Bafana is a 2007 drama movie. It is about the life of Nelson Mandela when he was in prison. It stars Dennis Haysbert and Joseph Fiennes. It was released on February 11, 2007.

Other websites 

2007 drama movies
2000s biographical movies
2000s prison movies
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies about Apartheid
Movies about Nelson Mandela
Prison drama movies
German biographical movies
German drama movies
French biographical movies
French drama movies
Belgian biographical movies
Belgian drama movies
South African movies
Italian biographical movies
Italian drama movies
Luxembourgian movies
Movies directed by Bille August
Winnie Mandela is a 2011 British-American drama-biographical movie. It is based on Anne Marie du Preez Bezrob's biography Winnie Mandela: A Life. The movie is directed by Darrell Roodt. It stars Jennifer Hudson, Terrence Howard, Wendy Crewson, and Elias Koteas. Image Entertainment released the movie in theaters on September 6, 2013.

References

2010s biographical movies
2011 drama movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
South African movies
Movies about Apartheid
Movies about Nelson Mandela
Movies directed by Darrell Roodt
Long Walk to Freedom is an autobiography written by President of South Africa Nelson Mandela. It was published in 1995.

Plot
The book is about his early life, his education and serving 27 years in prison. Under the apartheid government, Mandela was thought as a terrorist and jailed on the infamous Robben Island for his role as a leader of the then-outlawed ANC. He also say that democracy meant all men to be heard and far from majority rule, a minority was not crushed by a majority.

He has since gained international recognition for his leadership as president in rebuilding the country's once segregated society. The last chapters of the book describe his political ascension, and his belief that the struggle continues against apartheid in South Africa.

A movie based on this book was released in 2013 called Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom. Idris Elba played Mandela.
More reading
 Anthony Sampson Mandela: The Authorised Biography; HarperCollins; ISBN 0-00-638845-0(1999)
 Nelson Mandela; Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela; Little Brown & Co; ISBN 0-316-54818-9 (paperback, 1995)

References

Other websites
Excerpts from Long Walk To Freedom
Quotes from Long Walk To Freedom
poly-lingual audio excerpts from Long Walk To Freedom (abridged edition) 

1995 books
Autobiographies
Nelson Mandela
Mandela: The Authorized Biography is a biography of Nelson Mandela, first President of South Africa. It was written by journalist Anthony Sampson.  It was published in 1999, five years after Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom. Sampson's book was one of the first to talk about such issues such as Winnie Mandela's crimes, and State President Frederik Willem de Klerk's suspected attempts to use the security forces to derail peace talks.

References

1999 books
Nelson Mandela
Biographies (books)
Andrés Pastrana Arango (born 17 August 1954) was the 30th President of Colombia from 1998 to 2002, following in the footsteps of his father, Misael Pastrana Borrero, who was president from 1970 to 1974.

In 1982, he began his political career, gaining a seat on the local Bogotá council. He also specialized in press articles on the production and trafficking of cocaine, for which he gained many journalistic awards. In 1991 he was elected Senator.

Arango was born on 17 August 1954 in Bogotá, Colombia. He studied at Our Lady of the Rosary University and at Harvard University. Arango married Nohra Puyana Bickenbach in 1981. They have three children.

His father, Misael Pastrana Borrero (1923 – 1997), was the 23rd President of Colombia serving from 1970 through 1974. His mother was consort María Cristina Arango Vega (1928 – 2017).

References

Other websites
Other websites

Biography by CIDOB  
El Colombiano - President Pastrana's job performance  
El Tiempo - President Uribe and ambassador Pastrana meet 
El Tiempo - Ex president Pastrana accuses Constitutional Court 

1954 births
Living people
Presidents of Colombia
Ambassadors of Colombia
Roman Catholics
Mayors of Bogotá
Jiangsu is a province on the east coast of mainland China. Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, and Zhejiang and Shanghai to the south. The capital of the province is Nanjing. Nanjing is the old capital of China. In 2021, about 85,054,000 people live in Jiangsu.

Other websites
Hell in a Cell (2013) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on October 27, 2013 at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, Florida. It was the fifth yearly event with the "Hell in a Cell" name.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Hell in a Cell 2013 website

2013 in professional wrestling
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
Sports in Miami
2013 in the United States
2010s in Miami
Battleground was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on October 6, 2013 at the First Niagara Center in Buffalo, New York. It was announced on the July 29 episode of WWE Raw as the new October WWE pay-per-view which would replace Over the Limit.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Battleground website

2013 in professional wrestling
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
Sports in Buffalo, New York
2010s in New York (state)
2013 in the United States
21st century in Buffalo, New York
is a manga series written and illustrated by Hajime Isayama. It was adapted into an anime series and was produced by Wit Studio and Production I.G.  A 2015 film of the same name was released.
Five years after Shiganshina's fall, the Colossal Titan appears and attacks the city of Trost, located on the second innermost wall (Wall Rose). Eren helps to successfully defend the city after he discovers that he has the mysterious ability to turn himself into a sentient Titan at will. He additionally regains some memories of his father shortly after the fall of Wall Maria, telling him that the truth about their world can be found in their basement in Shiganshina. These events draw the attention of the Survey Corps and their commander, Erwin Smith, who intends to use Eren's power to reclaim Wall Maria and reach the Yeagers' basement to find the truth about the Titans. Eren, Mikasa, and Armin are transferred to the Special Operations Squad, under the care of Levi Ackerman and Hange Zoë.

Eren joins his companions to fight and protect what remains of humanity while he also looks for the answers to the mysteries surrounding the Titans, the Walls, as well as his father's mysterious disappearance.
Anime
The anime was directed by Tetsurō Araki. It started broadcasting in Japan on July 8, 2013. It aired on MBS and ran from April 6, 2013 to September 28, 2013. Funimation began releasing the series in North America on home video in 2014. 
The second season of the anime series aired between April 1, 2017 and June 17, 2017. A trailer for the third season was released on April 27, 2018. The series started broadcasting in Japan in July 23, 2018.

Reception
The series has been highly praised and has won multiple awards including the Kodansha Manga Award in the shōnen category in 2011 and best director, best script, best soundtrack, runner-up for commercial, best theme song, top female character, and title of the year in the 3rd Newtype Anime Awards.

The series was nominated for both the 4th annual Manga Taishō award and the 16th annual Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize.
The 2012 edition of Kono Manga ga Sugoi! named the series the 8th best manga series for male readers. Six of the seven English volumes that were published in North America have charted on The New York Times Manga Best Seller list for the week of October 13, 2013, with volume one having been on the list for 19 weeks. Volume one was #2 on Nielsen BookScan's list of top 20 graphic novels in American bookstores for August 2013, and for the month of September, the series had more volumes on the list than any other series. The series was also named one of the Young Adult Library Services Association's "Great Graphic Novels for Teens"

References

Other websites
 Official website (manga) 
 Official website (anime) 

2013 television series debuts
2014 anime OVAs
2015 anime movies
2018 anime television series
Anime series based on manga
Manga
Logorrhea is a disorder of  speech. It is a psychological disorder where a person speaks continuously in gibberish or makes no real sense. It is a sign of an underlying mental disorder, and needs psychiatric attention.

Logorrhea happens in many different psychiatric and neurological conditions. Some of these are glossolalia, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder.

The term is sometimes used of someone who is just very talkative. This is meant to be a humorous reference.

In popular culture 
The dramatic monologue Not I by Samuel Beckett is an example of logorrhea. So is Lucky's speech in the play Waiting for Godot.

In the 1999 E.W. Scripps National Spelling Bee, the spelling bee champion Nupur Lala won with the word logorrhea. Then a documentary, Spellbound was made about the spelling bee.

Related pages 
Word salad

Mental illnesses
Disorders
Human communication
SummerSlam (2013) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on August 18, 2013 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the twenty-sixth yearly SummerSlam event that the WWE held.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official SummerSlam 2013 website

2013 in professional wrestling
SummerSlam
Sports in Los Angeles
2013 in California
2010s in Los Angeles, California
Spiritual warfare is a Christian belief of fighting against bad supernatural forces (demons). The existence of bad spirits which can affect humans is the main idea for this belief system. Many Christian groups have used ideas of this movement to hold back these bad forces. These ideas mainly come from Christian demonology. A way to fight these forces is by using prayer. Exorcisms (removing demons), laying-on of hands, fasting, or anointing with oil are also used.

Famous believers in spiritual warfare

Billy Graham
Pope John Paul II
Gabriele Amorth
D. L. Moody
Billy Sunday
John Livingstone Nevius
Don Basham
Derek Prince
C. Peter Wagner
Merrill Unger

Criticism
Some well known people, such as Bill Ellis, Elliot Miller (Christian Research Institute),  and Gretchen Passantino have claimed that ideas in spiritual warfare are based on Christian stories that are not from the Bible. These stories are not considered true by Christians who believe that only the Bible is fact.
More reading
 James K. Beilby and Paul Rhodes Eddy, eds., Understanding Spiritual Warfare: Four Views (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2012).

Christian theology
Religious ethics
Puffinus is a genus of seabirds in the order Procellariiformes. It is made up of about 20 small to medium-sized shearwaters. Two other shearwater genera are named: Calonectris, which comprises three large shearwaters, and Procellaria with another four large species. The latter are usually called 'petrels', although they are thought to be more closely related to the shearwaters than to the other petrels. Even though their name looks like puffin, the puffins are auks, and not related to the shearwaters in the genus Puffinus; the genus name Puffinus is actually a New Latin loanword based on the English "puffin".

Taxonomy 
Genus Puffinus
(Sub)Genus Puffinus ("Puffinus" group) – smaller species, closely related to Calonectris
 Christmas Shearwater, Puffinus nativitatis 
 Galápagos Shearwater, Puffinus subalaris
 Fluttering Shearwater, Puffinus gavia 
 Hutton's Shearwater, Puffinus huttoni 
 Scarlett's Shearwater, Puffinus spelaeus (prehistoric)
 Yelkouan Shearwater, Puffinus yelkouan  
 Balearic Shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus 
 Menorcan Shearwater, Puffinus sp. (prehistoric) – possibly extirpated population of extant species; tentatively placed in this group
 Dune Shearwater or Hole's Shearwater, Puffinus holeae (prehistoric)
 Lava Shearwater or Olson's Shearwater, Puffinus olsoni (prehistoric) –  tentatively placed in this group
 Little Shearwater, Puffinus assimilis 
 Bryan's Shearwater, Puffinus bryani
 Heinroth's Shearwater, Puffinus heinrothi 
 Audubon's Shearwater, Puffinus lherminieri 
 Persian Shearwater, Puffinus (lherminieri) persicus
 Tropical Shearwater or Baillon's Shearwater, Puffinus (lherminieri) bailloni
Bannerman's Shearwater, Puffinus (lherminieri) bannermani
 Barolo Shearwater, Puffinus baroli
 Boyd's Shearwater, Puffinus boydi
 Manx Shearwater, Puffinus puffinus 
 Black-vented Shearwater, Puffinus opisthomelas 
 Townsend's Shearwater, Puffinus auricularis 
 Newell's Shearwater, Puffinus  newelli
 Rapa Shearwater, Puffinus (newelli) myrtae
 Bermuda Shearwater, Puffinus parvus (extinct) –  tentatively placed in this group
 (Sub)Genus Ardenna ("Neonectris" group) – larger species, a distinct lineage
 Pink-footed shearwater, Puffinus creatopus
 Flesh-footed Shearwater, Puffinus carneipes
 Great Shearwater, Puffinus gravis 
 Sooty Shearwater or "muttonbird" (New Zealand), Puffinus griseus 
 Short-tailed Shearwater or "muttonbird" (Southern Australia), Puffinus tenuirostris 
 Wedge-tailed Shearwater or "muttonbird" (Northern and western Australia), Puffinus pacificus 
 Buller's Shearwater, Puffinus bulleri
No Mercy (2008) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on October 5, 2008 at the Rose Garden in Portland, Oregon. It was the eleventh and final No Mercy event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official No Mercy 2008 website

2008 in American television
2008 in professional wrestling
History of Portland, Oregon
WWE No Mercy
21st century in Oregon
No Mercy (2006) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on October 8, 2006 at the RBC Center in Raleigh, North Carolina. It was the ninth No Mercy event held by the WWE and was a SmackDown! brand-exclusive event.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official No Mercy 2006 website

2006 in American television
2006 in professional wrestling
Raleigh, North Carolina
Sports in North Carolina
WWE No Mercy
2000s in North Carolina
October events
The shooting of Trayvon Martin was a killing which resulted in the death of a 17-year-old in Sanford, Florida, United States. It happened on the night of February 26, 2012. Martin was shot by George Zimmerman. The case has been given a lot of coverage by the media. Zimmerman was declared not guilty of manslaughter. However, many people believe Zimmerman racially discriminated Martin.

Shooting and trial 
Trayvon Martin was African American. He was a 17-year-old high school student at the time. Martin had been walking to his father's girlfriend's house, where he was staying. He had gone to the 7-Eleven to buy a packet of Skittles. The house was in a gated community. The shooter, George Zimmerman, was the coordinator of the neighborhood watch in this community. Zimmerman is a mixed race Hispanic man. He shot Martin in the chest, killing the teenager.
Police did not arrest Zimmerman until six weeks later. This was because of Florida's stand-your-ground law, which allows people to shoot others in order to defend themselves. Zimmerman was put on trial. On July 13, 2013, a jury decided that he was not guilty of second-degree murder and manslaughter. Protests were held in more than 100 cities in the United States by people who thought that decision was unfair. President Barack Obama made spoke in response to public anger about the trial verdict on July 19. He said, "Trayvon Martin could have been me, 35 years ago". Maddy, a juror for the trial, told ABC News that Zimmerman "got away with murder".

Later events 

The media coverage about this case has continued even after Zimmerman was declared not guilty.

Geraldo Rivera said on Fox and Friends, "I think the hoodie is as much responsible for Trayvon Martin's death as much as George Zimmerman was." This made a lot of people angry. They said it was victim blaming.
An episode of the cartoon comedy South Park, "World War Zimmerman", was shown in October 2013. It parodied Zimmerman's trial. Jack Cashill wrote a book about the case called 'If I had a Son': Race, Guns, and the Railroading of George Zimmerman. It was published in October 2013.

Zimmerman was arrested on November 18, 2013. Police said that he was going to be put in prison. TMZ said that Zimmerman attacked his pregnant girlfriend. He has been charged with aggravated assault, domestic violence battery, and criminal mischief. Zimmerman was released on bail.

Laws 
In October 2013, Martin's mother, Sybrina Fulton, demanded changes to the Stand Your Ground law. She said the law "creates many opportunities for people to commit terrible acts of violence and evade justice". She and Martin's father, Tracy Fulton, started the Trayvon Martin Foundation in 2012 to help victims of injustice.
Neighborhood watchers in Sanford are now banned from carrying guns and following people. This is to avoid another event like Martin's killing and to make the neighborhood watch's reputation better.

References

Other websites

Trayvon Martin collected news and commentary at Orlando Sentinel
Trayvon Martin collected news and commentary at The Miami Herald

2012 in Florida
Deaths by firearm in Florida
Police misconduct in the United States
No Mercy (2005) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on October 9, 2005 at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas. It was the eighth No Mercy event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official No Mercy 2005 website

2005 in American television
2005 in professional wrestling
Sports in Houston
WWE No Mercy
2005 in Texas
2000s in Houston
Jean-Bernard-Léon Foucault (born September 18, 1819, Paris, France—died February 11, 1868, Paris), was a French physicist. He introduced and helped develop a way of measuring the absolute velocity of light with extreme accuracy. He provided experimental proof that the Earth rotates on its axis.

Foucault was educated for the medical profession, but his interests turned to experimental physics. With Armand Fizeau, he began a series of investigations of light and heat.

French physicists
1819 births
1868 deaths
Scientists from Paris
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Schistosoma mansoni is a parasite found in the intestines of humans. It is a trematode that is one of the major agents of the disease intestinal schistosomiasis. 

Parasites
Flatworms
No Mercy (2004) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on October 3, 2004 at the Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey. It was the seventh No Mercy event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official No Mercy 2004 website

2004 in professional wrestling
Sports in New Jersey
WWE No Mercy
2004 in the United States
2000s in New Jersey
Pristichampsus (also known as the saw crocodile) is an extinct crocodylian that grew to 3 metres in length. There are many different species: P. rollinatii, the type species from France, P. vorax from Wyoming and Texas, and P. geiseltalensis from Germany. 

Crocodilia
Belly is a 1998 crime melodrama. It is about African American men and women who are caught up in violent drug-filled problems around New York City and Omaha. They begin off as friends who have elegant times and rob from others to make a living. Their friendship, however, goes downhill when their friends are raided by police and federal agents in Omaha and in New York. One friend is killed in the raid, and another gets arrested, after which he calls the girlfriend of his close associate while her telephone is wiretapped. That causes the close associate to turn against him. This movie has two different versions: one is longer than another. It was released November 1998. The reviews of the movie were not that positive. The movie was not a good performer at the box office.

References

Other websites

1998 crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
American gangster movies
Film noir
Movies about drugs
Movies set in Nebraska
Movies set in New York City
Omaha, Nebraska