Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The 'somatosensory system' is a sensory system that detects experiences labelled as touch or pressure, temperature (warm or cold), pain (including itch and tickle) and those that belong to proprioception. These are the sensations of muscle movement and joint position including posture, movement, visceral (internal) senses and facial expression. Visceral senses have to do with sensory information from within the body, such as stomach aches.

Touch may be considered one of five human senses; however, when a person touches something or somebody this gives rise to various feelings: the perception of pressure (shape, softness, texture, vibration, etc.), relative temperature and sometimes pain. Thus the term "touch" is actually the combined term for several senses. In medicine, the colloquial term "touch" is usually replaced with somatic senses, to better reflect the variety of mechanisms involved.

Related pages
 Proprioception
References
Flanagan, J.R., Lederman, S.J. Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes, News and Views, Nature, 2001 Jul. 26;412(6845):389-91.
Hayward V, Astley OR, Cruz-Hernandez M, Grant D, Robles-De-La-Torre G.  Haptic interfaces and devices . Sensor Review 24(1), pp. 16-29 (2004).
Robles-De-La-Torre G., Hayward V. Force Can OvercomFLARGUSe Object Geometry In the perception of Shape Through Active Touch . Nature 412 (6845):445-8 (2001).
Robles-De-La-Torre G. The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments . IEEE Multimedia 13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24-30 (2006).

Other websites
 'Somatosensory & Motor research' (Informa Healthcare)
 Overview 
 Somatic vs. Special senses 

Somatosensory system
Schandmaul is a medieval folk rock band from Munich, Germany. They formed in 1998. The members right now are: Thomas Lindner, Birgit Muggenthaler, Anna Kränzlein, Martin Duckstein, Stefan Brunner, Matthias Richter. 
The first song (Teufelsweib) was recorded in 1998. In the following year they released their very first Album "Wahre Helden". In 2000 the Album "Von Spitzbuben und anderen Halunken" has been redorded and released. In 2001 the band was discorvered by a record label, which led to the rerelease of "Von Spitzbuben und Halunken".

Discography
Albums
 Wahre Helden (1999)
 Von Spitzbuben und anderen Halunken (2000)
 Narrenkönig (lit. Jester's King) (2002)
 Wie Pech & Schwefel (2004)
 Mit Leib und Seele (2006)
 Anderswelt (2008)
 Traumtänzer (2011)
 Unendlich (2014)
 Leuchtfeuer (2016)
 Artus (2019)

Live albums
 Hexenkessel (2003)
 Kunststück (2005)
 Sinnfonie (2009)

EPs
 Bin Unterwegs (June 2005)
 Kein Weg zu weit (February 24 2006)
DVDs
 Hexenkessel (2003)
 Kunststück (2005)
 Sinnbilder (2008)
 Sinnfonie (2009)
 Schandfilm (2011)

References

German rock bands
Folk metal bands
A flash (also known as a tattoo flash) is a design or picture that is used in order to create a tattoo. They often come in sets like a poster (called flash sheets), and can be seen in most tattoo shops.

Tattoo flashes are often drawn for general use, rather than being a custom made piece like some personal tattoos. However, some flashes have space for personalisation, for example space for the person to include a name in their tattoo.

Tattoo flashes come in a variety of different designs, and are divided into categories such as celtic, heart, arm band tattoos e.t.c. A person wanting a tattoo made from a flash chooses which design they like best. Then the tattooist uses a stencil to draw the basic design onto the skin of the person being tattooed, and afterwards starts to make the tattoo.

Related pages
Tattoo

Body art
Itch (Latin: pruritus) is an unpleasant sensation that leads to the desire or reflex to scratch. Itch has many similarities to pain and both are unpleasant sensory experiences but their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a reflex withdrawal while itch leads to a scratch reflex. Nerve fibers for itch and pain both are in the skin, but information for them is sent centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same nerve bundle.

Historically, the sensations of itch and pain have not been considered to be independent of each other until recently where it was found that itch has several features in common with pain but has important differences.

Causes

The feeling of itchiness can be caused by a movement of hair or the release of a chemical (histamine) from cells under the skin. Itchiness is regarded as protective, as it helps creatures remove parasites that land on their skin.
Itching can be caused by:
Food poisoning
Xerosis. This is the most common cause, frequently seen in winters.   Associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high temperature and low humidity environments.
 Skin conditions (such as psoriasis, eczema, sunburn, athlete's foot, hidradenitis suppurativa and many others). Most are of an inflammatory nature.
 Insect bites, such as those from mosquitos or chiggers.
 Allergic reactions to contact with specific chemicals, such as Urushiol from Poison Ivy or Poison Oak.
 Hodgkin's disease
 Jaundice (bilirubin is a skin irritant at high concentrations)
 Polycythemia, which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamine
 Scabies or infection with lice or worms
 Thyroid illness
 Shaving, which may irritate the skin
 Diabetes Mellitus
 Dandruff (an unusually large amount of flaking is associated with this sensation)
 Iron deficiency anemia
 Parasitic infections
 Psychiatric
 Medication:
Medication:
 Allergy - (due to reaction of an individual's immune system to certain chemical compounds)
 Photodermatitis – (sun)light reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites
 Directly (e.g. morphine and other opiates)
Cholestasis
 Related to pregnancy:
 Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPPP)
 Gestational pemphigoid
Treatment

A variety of over-the-counter and prescription anti-itch drugs are available.  Some plant products have been found to be effective anti-pruritics, others not.  Non-chemical remedies include cooling, warming, soft stimulation.

Sometimes scratching relieves isolated itches, hence the existence of devices such as the back scratcher.  Often, however, scratching can intensify itching and even cause further damage to the skin, dubbed the "itch-scratch-itch cycle".

References
 Andrew D, Craig AD (2001). Spinothalamic lamina I neurons selectively sensitive to histamine: a central neural pathway for itch. Nature Neuroscience Jan;4(1):9-10.
 National Cancer Institute (2003) "Pruritus" Retrieved Aug. 22, 2005.

Symptoms
Tony Hibbert (born 20 February 1981 in Liverpool) is an English footballer. He plays for Everton F.C. in the FA Premier League.

He is a defender who plays on the right side. He is well known at Everton for his tackling but his passing and crossing has let him down on more than one occasion.  He made his debut for Everton against West Ham United F.C.. In this game he won a penalty for Everton.  Hibbert has been at Everton for all of his career.

English footballers
Sportspeople from Liverpool
1981 births
Living people
Premier League players
Leighton Baines (born 11 December 1984) is a retired English footballer. He was known for his time at Everton and the England national football team.
 
Baines started his career with Wigan Athletic. He was a defender who plays on the left side. He wears the number 3 on his Everton shirt. He has played for England at under-21 and senior levels. He has scored only one goal while playing for England. He scored four times while at Wigan.

References

1984 births
Living people
English footballers
Sportspeople from Merseyside
Premier League players
Joseph Yobo (born 6 September 1980) is a Nigerian football player who plays for Everton in the Premier League.

He is a defender who normally plays in the centre, but can play on the right of defence or in midfield.

He signed from French side Olympique Marseille in 2001 and has become a favourite at Everton ever since.

He is the Everton vice-captain and first captained Everton against Larissas in a 3-1 victory in the UEFA Cup, replacing the injured Phil Neville.

Yobo is also captain of the national Nigerian side.

When he first joined Everton he wore the number 20 on his shirt, but this changed to 4 when Alan Stubbs left for Sunderland

Club career statistics 

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="4"|Standard Liège||rowspan="4"|First Division||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1998/99||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1999/00||18||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2000/01||30||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||30||2
|-
|2001/02||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||23||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0

|-
|2001/02||Tenerife||Segunda División||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Everton||rowspan="8"|Premier League||24||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|-
|2003/04||28||2||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2004/05||27||0||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|2005/06||29||1||0||0||1||0||4||1||34||2
|-
|2006/07||38||2||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||40||2
|-
|2007/08||30||1||0||0||2||0||7||0||39||1
|-
|2008/09||26||1||0||0||1||0||2||0||29||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
48||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||48||2
23||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0
0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
202||7||5||0||12||0||13||1||232||8
273||9||5||0||12||0||13||1||303||10
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||12||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||10||2
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||10||2
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||62||4
|}

Related pages 
 List of Nigerians

References 

1980 births
Living people
Nigerian footballers
Joleon Patrick Lescott (born 16 August 1982) is an ex-English footballer who played for Manchester City and the England national football team. He was a defender who could play on the left or in the centre.

Lescott was born in Birmingham. At 17 he began playing for the Wolverhampton Wanderers.  In 2006 he was named in the Championship team of the season.  He also got the Wolves' Player of the Year award.

Lescott was sold to Everton at the start of the 2006–07 season. On 8 May 2008, Lescott was voted Everton's Player of the Year and Players Player of the Year.

Following the end of the 2008–09 season, Manchester City tried to sign Lescott.  Everton said no. On 11 August 2009, Lescott asked to move to Manchester City.  Again Everton said no.  The manager said Lescott had a "bad attitude" and did not have him play.  Then on 25 August 2009 he was traded to Manchester City.  Fans in Everton are now angry at Lescott for leaving.  They boo when he takes the field.
On 13 May 2012 Lescott helped Man City win their first premiership title in 44 years.

References

1982 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English footballers
Manchester City F.C. players
Sportspeople from Birmingham
Premier League players
Mikel Arteta (born 26 March 1982) is a Spanish professional football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Premier League club Arsenal.

He first signed for Everton on loan from Spanish side Real Sociedad in 2005, but after many good performances manager David Moyes made this move permanent.

Despite being rated one of the best midfielders in English football, Arteta has never played for Spain.

On 12 March 2020, it was announced that Arteta had tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in the UK.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||0||0||||||||||||||0||0
|-
|2000/01||0||0||||||||||||||0||0

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="2"|Division 1||6||1||||||||||||||6||1
|-
|2001/02||25||1||||||||||||||25||1

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Rangers||rowspan="2"|Premier League||27||4||||||||||||||27||4
|-
|2003/04||23||8||||||||||||||23||8

|-
|2004/05||Real Sociedad||La Liga||15||1||||||||||||||15||1
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Everton||rowspan="6"|Premier League||12||1||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|2005/06||29||1||4||1||1||0||3||0||37||2
|-
|2006/07||35||9||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||39||9
|-
|2007/08||28||1||0||0||2||0||7||3||37||4
|-
|2008/09||26||5||3||1||0||0||2||0||31||6
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
15||1||||||||||||||15||1
31||2||||||||||||||31||2
50||12||||||||||||||50||12
130||17||9||2||6||0||12||3||157||22
226||32||9||2||6||0||12||3||253||37
|}

References
Mikel Arteta MySpace
Profile  at evertonfc.com
Profile at Yahoo! Sports
Profile  at 4thegame.com
Photos and stats at sporting-heroes.net

1982 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
People from San Sebastian
John Winter (September 8, 1967 - April 5, 2007) was a weather man for NBC's channel WFLA-TV in Tampa, Florida.

Winter was born and grew up in Seminole, Florida. He was a graduate of Seminole High School. Winter was a Bachelor of Arts graduate in weather at the University of Kansas. He started his job as a television weather man at KGBT-TV in Harlingen, Texas. Winter worked there for two years before he moved near Tampa in 1994. It was in Tampa that he started working for WFLA-TV.  He was most often the morning meteorologist for WFLA-TV but he sometimes would make the evening reports. Winter held the "Seal of Approval" from the American Meteorological Society.
As well as being a weather man, Winter also owned the company "Big U Media" with a friend who also worked at WFLA-TV. Big U Media was an advertising company. He was also a member of a local charitable organization and Mardi Gras krewe, The Rough Riders. They helped underprivileged and sick children by giving teddy bears at homeless shelters and in hospitals.

Winter loved animals. Each hour, during his morning weather reports, he would show an animal up for adoption. He did this for the local animal shelters. The adoption rate was very good.

Death
On April 5, 2007, the police got a telephone call from an unknown person about problems at Winter's home. While the deputies pounded on his front door of his home in the Tealside section of Lithia, Winter shot himself. He died very quickly. His death was a surprise to the people who worked with him and viewers. He had left the WFLA after a newscast the night before cheerful and upbeat in mood. It was learned that he suffered from severe depression.
References
 Meteorologist Was A Ray Of Sunshine  on TBO.com, April 6, 2007
 Forecaster's suicide stuns co-workers, fans on sptimes.com, April 7, 2007

1967 births
2007 deaths
Businesspeople from Florida
American meteorologists
Scientists from Florida
People from Tampa, Florida
Saskia van Uylenburgh (August 2, 1612 - June 14, 1642) was the wife of the Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn and the model for some of the great artist's paintings and drawings.

1612 births
1642 deaths
Dutch models
The ecliptic is the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. 

The Sun appears to move against the background of stars because the Earth orbits the Sun.

The invariable plane is the average plane of the orbits of the planets. Properly, it is defined as the plane passing through its barycenter (center of mass). The present ecliptic plane is inclined to the invariable plane by about 1.5°.

References 

Celestial mechanics
The janggu (jahng goo) is a traditional Korean drum.  It has the shape of an hourglass. The drum has two ends. The person playing the drum can either hang it on their neck or put it on the floor. It is played with two sticks.

Drums
Korean music
The Kkwaenggwari (kwang gah ree) is a small gong used in Korean folk music.

Percussion instruments
Korean music
Singapore Changi Airport , or simply Changi Airport, is a commercial airport serving Singapore, and is one of the largest transportation hubs in Asia. It is located in Changi, at the eastern part of the island of Singapore, on a  site. The airport also consists of Jewel Changi Airport.

The airport is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS), and is the home base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, Jetstar Asia Airways and Scoot.

Singapore Changi Airport has been rated the best airport in the world by Skytrax for 8 years in a row. The airport has also been rated as being one of the world's cleanest airports and highly rated international transit airports.

History 
Changi Airport opened on July 1, 1981, and was the largest airport in Asia at the time of its opening. The first flight to arrive at the new airport came from Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia and the first flight to leave was for Penang, also in Malaysia.
Design
The airport currently has four terminal buildings:
 Terminal 1 is the oldest and opened with the airport in 1981.
 Terminal 2 was the next to open, doing so in 1990.
 Terminal 3 is quite new, having opened only in 2008.
 Terminal 4 is the newest terminal, having opened on 31 October 2017. There used to be a terminal just for budget airlines, but it was destroyed to make way for Terminal 4. Terminal 4 now sits on the land that the old terminal for budget airlines used to occupy.
People can go between Terminals 1, 2, and 3 (but not Terminal 4) using an automatic, driverless train called the Skytrain. The system opened in 1990 and received new trains in 2006. A new building with shops and hotels is being built that will connect to each of these three terminals directly. It is called Jewel Changi Airport and will be ready in early 2019.
A new terminal building, Terminal 5, is being built on an empty piece of land opposite the current airport terminals. It will open in the 2020s and be bigger in size than Terminals 1, 2, and 3 combined.

Ground transportation
It is very easy to get to and from Changi Airport.

One of the stations on Singapore's MRT network is called Changi Airport, and it is located at the end of a two-stop branch of the East West Line. The station, which opened in 2002, is located between Terminals 2 and 3 of the airport and can be reached from both terminals. To get into the city one has to change to another East West Line train at Tanah Merah or, since 2017, to the Downtown Line at Expo. Terminal 5 could possibly be served by an extension of the Thomson-East Coast Line when it is completed.

References

Other websites 

 Singapore Changi Airport Official Site

Transport in Singapore
Airports in Asia
Buildings and structures in Singapore
Changi
1981 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Singapore
The Middle class describes people who are not aristocrats/upper class nor working class or underclass but have a fair standard of living. Depending on class model used, the middle class may make up anywhere from 45% to 49% of households in the United States. They generally make up the largest group or the majority of the population in developed countries. In developing countries, the middle class, generally makes up a much smaller percentage of the population. There is a lower middle class and an upper middle class. In Marxism, middle class is the class below the upper class, who is the ruling class. The word bourgeoisie may also be used as a synonym of middle class.

It may be defined by the jobs people do, or by how much they earn. In the United  Kingdom median disposable household income in 2022 was just under £33,000.  Many businesses target middle class people. The top 20% of UK householders are responsible for 40% of consumer spending.
Related pages
White-collar worker
Proletariat
Petite bourgeoisie
Yuppie

References

Social classes
No Mercy 2007 was a professional wrestling event available on pay-per-view made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was the ninth yearly No Mercy event and took place on October 7, 2007 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois.

For the first time, there were three new WWE Championship reigns in one night, as Randy Orton was awarded the vacant title (previously held by John Cena) to start the event, only to lose it to Triple H less than a half-hour later, but in turn regain it at the end of the night in a Last Man Standing match.

The other championship matches on the undercard were Batista versus The Great Khali in a Punjabi Prison match for the World Heavyweight Championship, Candice Michelle versus Beth Phoenix for the WWE Women's Championship, and CM Punk versus Big Daddy V for the ECW Championship.

Report
The main feud going into the event for the RAW brand was between WWE Champion John Cena and Randy Orton. The feud began in July after Orton was named the number one contender for Cena's WWE Championship. At SummerSlam, Cena won against Orton, while at Unforgiven, Orton beat Cena by disqualification. Immediately after the match, acting RAW General Manager Jonathan Coachman, believing that Cena got himself disqualified intentionally, made a rematch between the two at No Mercy, this time in a Last Man Standing Match. On September 17, after threatening to strip Cena of his title for his actions at Unforgiven, Coachman ordered Cena's father, Mr. Cena, to face Orton in a match. The match saw Orton hit Mr. Cena with an RKO, while John was forced to watch at ringside while handcuffed to a ring rope. The next week, Coachman said that Orton had been suspended indefinitely for his actions, although he later said that Orton had simply been given the night off
. The feud resumed on October 1 when Orton, who earlier appeared "via satellite from Chicago", attacked Cena after his match with Mr. Kennedy, knocking him out with an RKO on the announce table. However, during the match, Cena was legitimately injured, suffering a complete tear of his right pectoral tendon. As a result, the match was canceled, and on the October 2 version of ECW, WWE Chairman Vince McMahon officially stripped Cena of the WWE Championship. No replacement match was ever announced, as McMahon simply stated that "a new WWE Champion will be crowned this Sunday."
The main feud for the SmackDown! brand was between Batista, and World Heavyweight Champion The Great Khali. The feud began in July when Khali laid out an open challenge to the SmackDown! roster, which was answered by Batista. Shortly after, the feud began revolving around the World Championship when Khali won a twenty-man battle royal on SmackDown!, winning the vacant title. At The Great American Bash, Khali won against Batista and Kane in a triple threat match, while at SummerSlam, Batista beat Khali by disqualification after Khali used a chair. At Unforgiven, Batista won against Khali and Rey Mysterio in a triple threat match to win the championship. Khali exercised his rematch clause for a match at No Mercy, to take place in his specialty match, the Punjabi Prison match.
The main feud for the ECW brand was between the ECW Champion, CM Punk, and Big Daddy V. The buildup began when General Manager Armando Estrada announced an "Elimination Chase to No Mercy", involving Elijah Burke, Tommy Dreamer, Kevin Thorn, and Stevie Richards. All four competitors competed in a match together, with the one losing the fall being eliminated from the chase. The rest of the wrestlers then competed again, and the process continued until one superstar was left, with the winner challenging Punk for the title at No Mercy. Over a three-week period, Richards, Thorn, and Burke were eliminated, with Dreamer winning the number one contendership, until Estrada announced that there was one more contender in the chase, Big Daddy V. V quickly won against Dreamer, winning the number one contendership.

Event 
Before the event went live on pay-per-view, a dark match between Hardcore Holly and Cody Rhodes took place, which Holly won after executing an Alabama Slam.
The event began with WWE Chairman Vince McMahon and Raw General Manager William Regal coming to the ring. McMahon reiterated that former WWE Champion John Cena would be out of action between six months and one year. He then said that the new WWE Champion was Randy Orton. After a brief celebration, Regal gave Orton the choice of facing anyone he wanted that night for the championship. Before he could name an opponent, however, Triple H came out, demanding a championship match for that moment. After suggesting that he “didn't have the guts", McMahon ordered the match to begin. Triple H won the match after a rollup, becoming an eleven-time World Champion. Orton's championship reign lasted less than thirty minutes.

The next contest was a bonus six-man tag team match, which saw Jeff Hardy, Paul London and Brian Kendrick take on Mr. Kennedy and the World Tag Team Champions Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch, which the latter won when Kennedy hit the Green Bay Plunge on London.
Backstage, McMahon informed Triple H that his previously scheduled match against Umaga was still going to take place, and that his newly-won WWE Championship would be on the line.

Next up was lone ECW match of the evening as Chicago-native CM Punk defended his ECW Championship against Big Daddy V. The meeting was short lived as V's manager, Matt Striker, attacked Punk a couple of minutes into the match, causing a disqualification. Afterward, V attacked Punk, hitting him with several elbow drops, causing Punk to bleed from the mouth.

In a continuation of their personal rivalry, WWE Tag Team Champions Matt Hardy and Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) came out to have a pizza-eating contest. The contest was moderated by ECW color commentator Tazz and also featured Maria and Melina as scorekeepers. Hardy won the contest two slices to none.
Up next was the second WWE Championship match of the evening as Triple H defended his newly-won title against Umaga. Triple H won the match and kept the championship after hitting Umaga with a pedigree.

Friday Night SmackDown! was represented in the next match as Rey Mysterio took on Finlay. The referee ended the match after Finlay snapped his head off the floor. However, while being taken away on a stretcher, Finlay jumped out and attacked Mysterio.

Backstage, Triple H was having his ribs iced down when McMahon came in to inform him that Orton was invoking his automatic rematch clause for the WWE Championship, and that the match would be taking place later that night. In addition, the match would be Last Man Standing, Orton's originally scheduled match against Cena.
The fourth championship match of the night was a rematch from Unforgiven, with Women's Champion Candice Michelle defending the title against Beth Phoenix. Phoenix pinned Michelle after a cradled suplex, winning the Women's Championship for the first time.

SmackDown!'s main event saw Batista defend the World Heavyweight Championship against The Great Khali in a Punjabi Prison match. While locked in the inner cage, neither competitor was able to escape through one of the four trap doors. Khali was able to escape the inner cage first. However, while climbing the outer cage, Batista, who had by this time reached the top of the inner cage, jumped to the outer cage to pull even with Khali. In a head-to-head race, Batista was able to reach the floor first, winning the match, and keeping his championship.
Aftermath 
The following night on RAW, Shawn Michaels returned after a five-month layoff to resume his feud with Randy Orton, who originally injured him back at Judgment Day. This feud also saw the inclusion of Mr. Kennedy and Jeff Hardy, who, along with Michaels, were named to a fan ballot to find out who was Orton's opponent for the WWE Championship at Cyber Sunday. Michaels won the ballot, but failed to win the championship.

Batista resumed his feud with The Undertaker after Taker interfered in a number one contenders match between Finlay and Rey Mysterio. He was subsequently named the top contender, which brought about a Batista vs. Taker match for Cyber Sunday, with Steve Austin winning a fan poll to become the special guest referee.
Candice Michelle used her rematch clause for the WWE Women's Championship on the October 22 version of Raw in a Two out of three falls match. Beth Phoenix got the upperhand and the first pinfall. Candice eventually got control in the match, but lost it after a botched move from the top rope, causing her to fall on her neck, shoulder and face. As a result, Candice suffered a cracked clavicle and Phoenix retained the title.
Results 
Dark match: Hardcore Holly defeated Cody Rhodes (5:00)
Holly pinned Rhodes after an Alabama Slam.
Triple H won against Randy Orton to win the WWE Championship (11:06)
Triple H pinned Orton with a school boy roll-up.
This match was at first supposed to be John Cena defending the title against Orton in a Last Man Standing match, but was changed when Cena suffered a legitimate injury and the title was vacated. Orton was awarded the title at the beginning of the show by Vince McMahon.
Mr. Kennedy, Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch won against Jeff Hardy, Paul London and Brian Kendrick (8:05)
Kennedy pinned London after a Green Bay Plunge.
CM Punk won against Big Daddy V (w/Matt Striker) by disqualification to keep the ECW Championship (1:37)
Big Daddy V was disqualified after Striker attacked Punk.
Triple H won against Umaga to keep the WWE Championship (6:33)
Triple H pinned Umaga after a Pedigree.
Finlay fought  Rey Mysterio to a no-contest (9:00)
The referee stopped the match after Finlay took a bump to the outside and feigned unconsciousness. Finlay then attacked Mysterio from behind.
Beth Phoenix won against Candice Michelle to win the WWE Women's Championship (4:32)
Phoenix pinned Michelle with a Bridging Fisherman's Suplex.
Batista won against The Great Khali (w/Ranjin Singh) in a Punjabi Prison match to retain the World Heavyweight Championship (14:47)
Batista won after escaping from the structure by climbing over the bamboo cage.
Randy Orton won against Triple H in a Last Man Standing match to win the WWE Championship (20:25)
Triple H failed to answer the ten-count after an RKO on the announce table.
Related pages
WWE No Mercy

References

Other websites 

No Mercy 2007 Official Website

2007 in American television
2007 in professional wrestling
Sports in Chicago
WWE No Mercy
2007 in Illinois
Reverse osmosis is a way of purifying water with the use of a filter (a membrane).  The particles in the water are left on the other side of the sheet, while the water travels through it.The main use is for purifying salt water, but it can also be used to purify other substances.

References 

Water
Description 
The TLS protocol allows applications to communicate across a network in a way designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery. TLS provides endpoint authentication and communications confidentiality over the Internet using cryptography. Most of the time, only the server is authenticated (i.e., its identity is ensured) while the client remains unauthenticated; this means that the end user (whether an individual or an application, such as a Web browser) can be sure with whom it is communicating. The next level of security is known as mutual authentication. Mutual authentication requires public key infrastructure (PKI) deployment to clients unless TLS-PSK or the Secure Remote Password (SRP) protocol are used, which provide strong mutual authentication without needing to deploy a PKI.
Usage 
SSL and TLS have been widely used in several open source software projects. Programmers may use the OpenSSL, NSS, or GnuTLS libraries for SSL/TLS functionality. Microsoft Windows includes a usage of SSL and TLS as part of its Secure Channel package. Delphi programmers may use a library called Indy.

Standards 
The current approved version is 1.2, which is specified in:
 RFC 5246: “The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2”.

The current standard obsoletes these former versions:
 RFC 2246: “The TLS Protocol Version 1.0”.
 RFC 4346: “The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1”.
Other RFCs subsequently extended TLS, including:
 RFC 2595: “Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP”. Specifies an extension to the IMAP, POP3 and ACAP services that allow the server and client to use transport-layer security to provide private, authenticated communication over the Internet.
 RFC 2712: “Addition of Kerberos Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)”. The 40-bit ciphersuites defined in this memo appear only for the purpose of documenting the fact that those ciphersuite codes have already been assigned.
 RFC 2817: “Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1”, explains how to use the Upgrade mechanism in HTTP/1.1 to initiate Transport Layer Security (TLS) over an existing TCP connection. This allows unsecured and secured HTTP traffic to share the same well known port (in this case, http: at 80 rather than https: at 443).
 RFC 2818: “HTTP Over TLS”, distinguishes secured traffic from insecure traffic by the use of a different 'server port'.
RFC 3207: “SMTP Service Extension for Secure SMTP over Transport Layer Security”. Specifies an extension to the SMTP service that allows an SMTP server and client to use transport-layer security to provide private, authenticated communication over the Internet.
 RFC 3268: “AES Ciphersuites for TLS”. Adds Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) ciphersuites to the previously existing symmetric ciphers.
 RFC 3546: “Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions”, adds a mechanism for negotiating protocol extensions during session initialisation and defines some extensions. Made obsolete by RFC 4366.
 RFC 3749: “Transport Layer Security Protocol Compression Methods”, specifies the framework for compression methods and the DEFLATE compression method.
 RFC 3943: “Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Compression Using Lempel-Ziv-Stac (LZS)”.
 RFC 4132: “Addition of Camellia Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)”.
 RFC 4162: “Addition of SEED Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)”.
RFC 4217: “Securing FTP with TLS”.
 RFC 4279: “Pre-Shared Key Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)”, adds three sets of new ciphersuites for the TLS protocol to support authentication based on pre-shared keys.
 RFC 4347: “Datagram Transport Layer Security” specifies a TLS variant that works over datagram protocols (such as UDP).
 RFC 4366: “Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions” describes both a set of specific extensions, and a generic extension mechanism.
 RFC 4492: “Elliptic Curve Cryptography  (ECC) Cipher Suites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)”.
 RFC 4507: “Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session Resumption without Server-Side State”.
 RFC 4680: “TLS Handshake Message for Supplemental Data”.
 RFC 4681: “TLS User Mapping Extension”.
 RFC 4785: “Pre-Shared Key (PSK) Ciphersuites with NULL Encryption for Transport Layer Security (TLS)”.
Related pages
 Certificate authority
 Public key certificate
 Extended Validation Certificate
 SSL acceleration
 Datagram Transport Layer Security
 Multiplexed Transport Layer Security
 X.509
 Virtual private network
 SEED
 Server gated cryptography

Software 
 OpenSSL: a free (and very popular) implementation (BSD license with some banter extensions)
 GnuTLS: a free LGPL licensed implementation
 JSSE: a Java implementation included in the Java Runtime Environment
 Network Security Services (NSS): FIPS 140 validated open source library

References

Further reading 
 
 
 
 
 

Cryptography
Internet standards
Internet protocols
The Democratic-Republican Party was founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1792. It became the most popular political party until the 1820s, when it split into competing factions, one of which became the modern-day Democratic Party. Its members spoke of the party as the Republicans, Jeffersonians, Democrats, or combinations of these (Jeffersonian republicans, etc.). A left-wing party, the party was based primarily on the concept of liberalism.

Jefferson and Madison created the party in order to oppose the economic and foreign policies of the Federalists, a party created a year or so earlier by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Foreign policy issues were central; the party opposed the Jay Treaty of 1794 with Britain (then at war with France) and supported good relations with France before 1801. The party was against many of Hamilton's proposals concerning the Constitution.

Note that this party is different from the modern-day Republican Party.
References 
 Henry Adams, History of the United States during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson (1889; Library of America ed. 1986)
 Henry Adams, History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison (1891; Library of America ed. 1986)

Biographies 
 Cunningham, Noble E. In Pursuit of Reason The Life of Thomas Jefferson () (1987)

State studies 

 Prince, Carl E. New Jersey’s Jeffersonian Republicans: The Genesis of an Early Party Machine, 1789-1817 (1967)

Newspapers 

 Stewart, Donald H. The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era (1968), highly detailed study of Republican newspapers
 The complete text, searchable, of all early American newspapers are online at Readex America’s Historical Newspapers, available at research libraries.
Primary sources 
 Adams, John Quincy. Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848 Volume VII (1875) edited by Charles Francis Adams; (). Adams, son of the president, switched and became a Republican in 1808
 Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., ed. The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 (1965) excerpts from primary sources
 Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., ed. Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789-1829 (1978), 3 vol; reprints the political newsletters sent out by congressmen
 Kirk, Russell ed. John Randolph of Roanoke: A study in American politics, with selected speeches and letters, 4th ed., Liberty Fund, 1997, 588 pp. ; Randolph was a leader of the "Old Republican" faction
 Smith, James Morton, ed. The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776-1826 Volume 2 (1994)

Notes

Other websites 
 A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825
Political parties in the United States
1792 establishments in the United States
1820s disestablishments in North America
19th-century disestablishments in the United States
Liberal parties
Strict construction means a restriction of judicial interpretation. In the United States the phrase is also commonly used more loosely as a term for conservativism among the judiciary.

Strict sense of the term 
In its strict sense, strict construction requires a judge to apply the text as it is written and no farther, if the meaning of the text is clear. That is, judges should avoid drawing  from a statute or constitution. 

For example, Justice Hugo Black argued that the First Amendment's  that "Congress shall make no law," should be construed strictly: the term "no law," Black thought, admitted virtually no exceptions.

References

Legal terms
Race Horses are an indie/pop band from Aberystwyth, Wales. They started in 2005 as Radio Luxembourg. Its members were Meilyr Jones, Dylan Hughes, Gwion Llewelyn and Alun Gaffey. They split in 2012.

2005 establishments in the United Kingdom
2012 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British pop music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 2005
Welsh musical groups
2000s establishments in Wales
Radio Luxembourg may mean:

Radio Luxembourg (French), a radio station that began broadcasting from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in 1933
Radio Luxembourg (English), a radio station that broadcasts in many languages between 1933 and 1992
Radio Luxembourg (German), a radio station that has broadcast in the German language from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg since the endof World War II
Radio 1212, a black propaganda radio station that worked from 1944 to 1945
Radio Luxembourg (DRM), a radio station that has broadcast in many languages since 2005
Radio Luxembourg (band), a Welsh-language psychedelic pop band.
Assisi is a town and a comune in Italy, in the region of Umbria. Assisi on the western side of the mountain called Mount Subasio. It is an important place because of its art, its architecture and its history. It is especially important to the Catholic religion. It was the birthplace of Saint Francis of Assisi, who was a Catholic saint. Saint Francis is most famous because he founded the Franciscan religious order in the year 1208. Saint Clare, a follower of Saint Francis, was also born in Assisi. She founded an order of religious women called the Poor Clares.

After Saint Francis and Saint Clare died, churches were built in their honor. The Church of Saint Francis, called the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, is famous as his burial place. It is also famous for the fresco paintings on the walls and ceilings. Many visitors go to Assisi on pilgrimage. Many people also go there to see the town's art. Assisi was made into a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the year 2000.

History
History 

Around 1000 BC, large groups of people settled in this area. These were the Umbrians. They lived in small fortified villages on high ground. From 450 BC the Umbrians villages were taken over by the Etruscans. Then the Romans took control of central Italy by the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC. They levelled out some land in terraces (wide steps) and built a large town called Asisium on the side of Mount Subasio. This town became Assisi. Some buildings still can be seen from Roman times in Assisi. They include the walls, the main piazza, and the Temple of the Goddess Minerva, which is now a church called Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

In 238 AD all the people of Assisi became Christian, because of the teaching of Bishop Rufino. He was martyred. It is believe that his body is buried under the Cathedral Church of San Rufino in Assisi.
In the 11th century (1000s), Assisi became a free town. But there was constant fighting between two groups called the Ghibellines and the Guelphs. Assisi mainly supported the Ghibellines, but the nearest big town, Perugia, supported the Guelphs. During the battle of Ponte San Giovanni (St. John's Bridge), the Guelphs from Perugia managed to capture a young man from Assisi. His name was Francesco di Bernardone. It was partly because of his experiences when he was captured that young Francesco decided that he would change from being a soldier. When he returned to his father's house, he put away all his riches and became a poor, wandering preacher, telling people to turn to God and live in peace with each other. He worked with the poor and the outcast people. They had no church except a ruin. St. Francis and his friends rebuilt the tiny ruined church for the shepherds and other poor people to worship in. It is called the "Porziuncola". Francesco (Francis) founded the Order of Franciscans
. He was "canonized" (made a saint) in 1228 and is known as St. Francis. He is one of the most popular saints.
A large basilica church was built on the side of the mountain, in honour of St Francis, and was beautifully decorated with scenes of his life. One of the most famous scenes shows the story of St. Francis preaching to the birds. In 1997 Assisi was hit by the two earthquakes. Part of the roof of the basilica fell in, killing four people who were standing below, and damaging the painted ceiling. Many people "made donations" (gave money) to repair the building which was reopened less than two years later.

Main sights
Churches 
 The Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi. The Franciscan monastery, and the basilica of St Francis were begun immediately after his canonization (being made a saint) in 1228, and completed 1253. The church is on three levels, called the Upper Church, the Lower Church and the crypt. St Francis is buried in the crypt.
In the Upper Church are frescos of scenes in the life of St. Francis. All the papers that belonged to the monastery were destroyed so no-one knows who the monks got to paint the frescoes. For many years, when the names of most other painters of that time were forgotten, people thought they must have been done by the famous artists Giotto. Very few art historians think this nowadays. Most art historians think they were done by a group of painters from Rome. Other people think that maybe Giotto planned the paintings and did perhaps one or two of them. Giotto's famous teacher, Cimabue did two enormous frescoes in the upper church, of the "Crucifixion" and "Deposition" (Jesus' body being taken down from the cross). These have been completely ruin by a fire.
The Lower Church has frescos by many late-medieval artists. One is a special and "unique" painting by Cimabue. It shows the Madonna and Child with angels and St Francis. Because Cimabue was quite old when he did this picture, people believe that he had seen St Francis and was able to paint a "real likeness" of him, not just an imaginary portrait, like many pictures of medieval saints. 
In the lower church are pictures by Giotto, Simone Martini, and Taddeo di Bartolo. One picture that is just as famous as the Cimabue Madonna is the "Madonna of the Sunset". This beautiful fresco by Pietro Lorenzetti has a gold background. When the sun is setting, at certain times of the year, it shines through a door onto the painting and makes it blaze with light.
Santa Maria Maggiore (St. Mary the Greater), is the oldest church in Assisi. 
 The Cathedral of San Rufino (St. Rufinus), with a Romanesque façade with three rose windows and a 16th‑century interior. It is partly built over a Roman well.
 The Basilica of Santa Chiara (St Clare) is a Gothis church begun in 1257. It contains the tomb of the saint and 13th‑century frescoes and paintings.
 Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli (St. Mary of the Angels). It is a large church 4 miles from Assisi. Inside is the "Porziuncola".

Other landmarks 
The town has by two ancient castles. The oldest one was built by the Romans and is partly in ruins. 
The larger castle is called Rocca Maggiore. It was built by Cardinal Albornoz in 1367 and was added to by Popes Pius II and Paul III. 
UNESCO has made all the main monuments, the churches and the town of Assisi as a World Heritage Site.

Culture 

Festival Calendimaggio is held from May 1st-5th. There are processions, theatre, flag-weavers and dance.
Assisi Embroidery is a type of counted-thread embroidery which has been practised in Assisi since the 13th century.

Today the town has many groups coming to enjoy the simple peace of St. Francis. One such group has restored an 11th-century room and added altars to the world's religions. Pilgrims come from many countries to the Assisi East West Retreat Center in Piazza San Rufino in the spirit of St. Francis to sit and be in peace.

Documentaries 
 The Holy Cities: Assisi produced by Danae Film Production, distributed by HDH Communications (2006).

Photo gallery

References

Other websites 
 360 Assisi - Map, Guide & 360° Pictures
 Assisi OnLine

Towns in Perugia
World Heritage Sites in Italy
The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American conservative political party from 1792 to 1816. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801. Alexander Hamilton formed the party during George Washington's first term.  Hamilton  built a network of supporters for his financial policies.  Many supporters came from cities. These supporters grew into the Federalist Party, which wanted a fiscally sound and strong nationalistic government.

Hamilton and others published a number of newspaper essays in 1787 and 1788, which are known as Federalist Papers today. 

In 1789 with the start of the new government under the Constitution, President George Washington appointed his former chief of staff, Alexander Hamilton, to the office of Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility.
By 1790, Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition. He and his network of treasury agents tried to link together friends of the government, especially merchants and bankers, in the new nation's dozen major cities. His attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress, then, "brought strong responses across the country. In the process, what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a national faction and then, finally, as the new Federalist party." 

The party opposed the War of 1812 and dwindled away after the war in 1816.

References

Other websites 
 A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 

Political parties in the United States
1792 establishments in the United States
1816 disestablishments
1810s disestablishments in the United States