Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Deaths 
 January 7 – James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk
 February 2 – Abraham Duquesne, French naval officer (born 1610)
 April 29 – Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg (born 1620)
 May 14 – Antoine Furetière, French writer (born 1619)
 June 5 – Constantine Phaulkon, Greek adventurer (born 1667)
 June 26 – Ralph Cudworth, English philosopher (born 1617)
 July 11 – Narai of Thailand (born 1639)
 July 21 – James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Irish statesman (born 1610)
 August 25 – Henry Morgan, Welsh privateer and Governor of Jamaica (born c. 1635)
 August 31 – John Bunyan, English writer (born 1628)
 September 2 – Robert Viner, Lord Mayor of London (born 1631)
 October 6 – Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, English statesman (born 1653)
 October 23 – Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange, French philologist (born 1610)
 November 26 – Philippe Quinault, French dramatist (born 1635)
 December 15 – Gaspar Fagel, Dutch statesman (born 1634)
Events 
 Astronomical aberration found by the astronomer James Bradley
 Swedish academy of sciences made at Uppsala
 The making of the University of Havana (Universidad de la Habana ), Cuba's most set university.

Births 
 January 9 – Thomas Warton, English poet (d. 1790)
 February 21 – Emperor Peter III of Russia, husband of Catherine the Great (d. 1762)
 April 16 – Joseph Black, Scottish scientist (d. 1799)
 August 26 – Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer (d. 1777) 
 August 28 – John Stark, American general (d. 1822)
 September 3 – Matthew Boulton, English metal-worker, inventor and partner of James Watt (d. 1809)
 September 14 – Mercy Otis Warren, American writer (d. 1814)
 October 7 – Caesar Rodney, American lawyer who signed the Declaration of Independence (d. 1784)
 October 27 – James Cook, British captain and explorer (d. 1779)
 November 10 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish writer (d. 1774)
Deaths
 February 12 – Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (b. 1654)
 February 13 – Cotton Mather, Puritan minister (b. 1663)
 March 4 – Anna Petrovna of Russia, oldest daughter of Peter the Great (b. 1708)
 April 3 – James Anderson, Scottish historian (b. 1662)
 August 15 – Marin Marais, French musician (b. 1656)
 September 23 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist (b. 1655)
 November 19 – Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen, German Prince (b. 1694)
 date unknown – Serfoji I, Indian Ruler (b. 1675)
1614 was a common year.

Events 
 April 5 – In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.
 October 11 – Adriaen Block and a group of Amsterdam merchants petition the States General for exclusive trading rights in the area he explored and named "New Netherland".
 The French Estates-General meets for the last time before the era of the French Revolution. In between, France will be governed as an absolute monarchy.
 John Napier publishes a paper outlining his discovery of logarithms.
 The University of Groningen is established.
 Institution of the Rosicrucian Order in Germany according to Fraternitas Rosae Crucis.
 Toyotomi Hideyori attempts to restore Osaka Castle. Tokugawa Ieyasu, father of the Shogun, is outraged at this act, and takes the castle by storm.
Births 
 January 1 – John Wilkins, English clergyman (d. 1672)
 January 5 – Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (d. 1662)
 July 10 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)
 December 16 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1674)
 Franciscus Sylvius, German scientist (d. 1672)

Deaths
Events 
 May 12 – Day of the Barricades in Paris.  Duke Henry of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee.
 May 28 – The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel (it will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port).
 July – King Henry III of France capitulates to the Duke of Guise and returns to Paris.
 July 31 – First engagement between the English and Spanish fleets off Plymouth. The English have the better of it.
 August 2 – The English and Spanish fleets meet again off Dorset. (The English fleet is led by Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake.) The English again have the better of it.
 August 6 – Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, now in France.
 August 7 – The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders. The English again are more successful.
August 8 – August 9 – The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma. Medina Sidonia decides to return to Spain.
 August 12 – The Spanish fleet sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English cease their pursuit. Much of the Spanish fleet is destroyed as it sails around Scotland and Ireland.
 October 1 - Abbas the Great of Persia takes power.
 December 23 – Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, Cardinal Louis of Guise, killed, and holding the Cardinal de Bourbon a prisoner.
 Ahmad al-Mansur, sultan of Morocco, demands that the king of Songhay give a heavy tribute in exchange of a Saharan salt, probably in an intentional provocation. When Songhay's answer is defiant, he declares war and marches his army through Sahara to Songhay
 Russia, regency of Boris Godunov
 William Morgan's Welsh translation of the Bible published.
Events 
 Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf.
 Sulayman is restored as Umayyad caliph of Cordoba, succeeding Hisham II.
 Benedict VIII becomes pope. Gregory is antipope.
 Archbishop Alphege of Canterbury is murdered by his Danish captors.
 King Aethelred of England pays Danegeld.
 Oldrich succeeds Jaromir as duke of Bohemia.

1012
1746 was a common year.

Events 
 January 8 – Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling
 April 16 – Battle of Culloden brings an end to the Jacobite Risings
 August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmeniro beheaded in the Tower (Lord Lovat executed 1747)
 October 22 – The College of New Jersey is founded (it becomes Princeton University in 1896)
 October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru
 Catharine de Ricci (born 1522) canonized.
 Town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded.

Births 
 Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles-November 12, 1746
1734 was a common year.

Events 
 January 8 – Premiere of George Frideric Handel's opera Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
 June 17 – French troops take Philippsburg, but the Duke of Berwick is killed
 June 21 – In Montreal in New France, a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique, was tortured then hanged by the French authorities in a public ceremony that involved her disgrace and the amputation of a hand.
 June 30 – Russian troops take Gdańsk (German: Danzig) which had been besieged since October 1733. Gdańsk is captured after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city
Events 
 March 11 – Chelsea hospital for soldiers is founded in England.
 April 7 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, exploring rivers in America, reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River.
 April 9 – At the mouth of the Mississippi River, near modern Venice, Louisiana, Robert de La Salle buries an engraved plate and a cross, claiming the territory as "La Louisiane" for France.
 May 6 – Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles.
 May 7 – Official beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.
 May 11 – Moscow Uprising of 1682: a mob takes over the Kremlin and lynches the leading boyars and military commanders.
 July 19 – Iyasus succeeds his father Yohannes I as Emperor of Ethiopia.
 August 12 – Vesuvius begins a period of volcanic activity lasting for ten days.
 September – Halley's comet makes an appearance, and is observed by Edmond Halley himself.
 September 14 – Bishop Gore School in Swansea, Wales is founded.
 October 27 – The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn.
October 31  – The city of Bideford, England two men and one woman were some of the last to be executed for witchcraft in England. They were accused of speaking in unknown languages as well as practicing knowledge beyond their natural abilities, and acting in peculiar manners. The woman, Guenevere Damascus, as well as her lover (name unknown) and their spiritual mentor were burned at the stake.
Undated 
 The first black slaves arrive in Germany.
 The Richard Wall House is built in Pennsylvania.

Births 

 February 25 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (died 1771)
 April 16 – John Hadley, inventor (died 1744)
 June 27 – King Charles XII of Sweden (died 1718)
 July 10 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician (died 1716)
 August 16 – Louis, duc de Bourgogne, heir to the throne of France (died 1712)
 October 29 – Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, French historian (died 1761)
Deaths 
 February 25 – Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (born 1644)
 March 14 – Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruysdael, Dutch painter (born c.1628)
 April 1 – Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, Bishop of Strassburg (born 1625)
 April 3 – Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish painter (born 1618)
 May 7 – Tsar Feodor III of Russia (born 1661)
 July 12 – Jean Picard, French astronomer (born 1620)
 September 8 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (born 1606)
 October 19 – Sir Thomas Browne English writer, physician, and philosopher (born 1605)
 November 19 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (born 1619)
 November 23 – Claude Lorrain French painter (born c.1600)
 date unknown Yohannes I, Emperor of Ethiopia
 date unknown Turhan Hatice, regent of the Ottoman Empire (born 1627)
222 was a common year.

Events 
Pope Urban I succeeds Pope Callixtus I
Roman Emperor Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus
Kingdom of Wu is established in China
Sun Quan defeats Liu Bei at the Battle of Yi Ling

References
Events 
 January 11 – In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the first American life insurance company is incorporated.
 January 13 – The Távora family is executed following the accusation of attempted regicide on Joseph I of Portugal
 January 15 – The British Museum opens
 April 13 – a French army defeats Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick at Brunswick
 June 27 – British Troops under Jeffrey Amherst take Fort Ticonderoga
 July 25 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War): In Canada, British forces capture Fort Niagara from French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.
 August 1 – Battle of Minden – Anglo-Hanoverian forces under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French army of the Duc de Broglie, but due to the disobedience of the English cavalry commander Lord George Sackville, the French are able to withdraw unmolested.
 August 10 – Ferdinand VI of Spain dies and is succeeded by his half-brother Charles III. Charles resigns the thrones of Naples and Sicily to his third son, Ferdinand IV.
August 12 – Battle of Kunersdorf – Frederick the Great is rebuffed in bloody assaults on the combined Austro-Russian army of Peter Soltikov and Gideon von Loudon. This is one of Frederick's greatest defeats.
 August 18 – Battle of Lagos – The British fleet of Edward Boscawen defeats a French force under Commodore de la Clue off the Portuguese coast.
 September 10 – Battle of Pondicherry – An inconclusive naval battle is fought off the coast of India between the French Admiral d'Aché and the British under George Pocock. The French forces are badly damaged and returned home, never to return.
 September 13 – Seven Years' War (French and Indian War): Quebec falls to British forces following General Wolfe's victory in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham just outside the city. Both the French Commander (the Marquis de Montcalm) and the British General James Wolfe are fatally wounded.
November 20 – Battle of Quiberon Bay – The English fleet of Sir Edward Hawke defeats a French fleet under Marshal de Conflans near the coast of Brittany. This is the decisive naval engagement of the Seven Years' War – after this, the French are no longer able to field a significant fleet.
 November 21 – Battle of Maxen – the Austrian army of Marshal von Daun cuts off and foces the surrender of a Prussian force under Friedrich von Finck.
 December 6 – The Germantown Union School (now called "Germantown Academy"), America's oldest nonsectarian day school, is founded.
 George Washington marries Martha Dandridge Custis
 Adam Smith publishes Theory of Moral Sentiments, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures
 Publication of Voltaire's Candide
 The town of Egedesminde (modern Aasiaat) is founded in Greenland.
 Guinness Brewery founded in Dublin.
January 25 – Robert Burns, Scottish poet (d. 1796)
 April 27 – Mary Wollstonecraft, feminist writer (d. 1797)
 May 28 – William Pitt the Younger, statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1806)
 August 24 – William Wilberforce, British abolitionist (d. 1833)
 October 25 – William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1834)
 November 10 – Friedrich Schiller, German writer (d. 1805)

 April 14 – George Frideric Handel, German composer (b. 1685)
 August 10 – King Ferdinand VI of Spain (b. 1713)

 

nv:1751 – 1800
Events 
 January 25 – Moscow University established.
 February 20 – General Braddock lands in Virginia to take command of the English forces against the French in North America
 April 15 – A Dictionary of the English Language is published by Samuel Johnson; he had begun the work in 1746
 July 9 – French and Indian War: Braddock Expedition – British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.
 November 1 – 1755 Lisbon earthquake: In Portugal, Lisbon is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing 60,000 – 90,000 people.
 November 18 – An earthquake occurs near Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage.
 December 2 – The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire.
 Great Expulsion of the Acadians.
 The sultanate of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta.
The Acadians were forced to leave their home because of the treaty of uresty between the French and the British
 Wolsey the clothes manufacturer was established in Leicester; the business celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2005.
477 was a common year.

Events 
 Huneric becomes king of Vandals
 Aelle, king of the South Saxons, arrives in England, with his three sons, near Cymenshore. (According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle)
 Song Shun Di succeeds Song Hou Fei Di as ruler of the Chinese Song Dynasty
509 was a common year.

Births
 Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (d. 571, traditional date)
 Adi Sankara

Deaths

References
571 was a common year.

Events
The Monophysites again reject the Council of Chalcedon, causing another schism.

Deaths
 Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (b. 509, traditional date)

References
609 was a common year.

Events 
 The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610).
 Edessa is taken by the Sassanids.
Lake Baikal is a huge lake in Siberia, Russia. It is the biggest fresh water reservoir in the world. The lake is near Irkutsk. 

Baikal is about  long. It is  wide. At its deepest point, it is  deep. It is the deepest lake on Earth. The lake is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It holds about 20% of the world's unfrozen surface fresh water.

The lake has unique fish. It is home to more than 1,700 species of plants and animals. Two-thirds of them can be found nowhere else.

Geology 

Lake Baikal fills an ancient rift valley, just as Lake Tanganyika does in East Africa. At the Baikal Rift Zone, the Earth's crust pulls apart.

It is the deepest lake in the world at . The bottom of the lake is  below sea level, but below this lies some  of sediment. This means the rift floor is  below the surface: it is the deepest continental rift on Earth.
In geological terms, the rift is young and active  it widens about two cm per year. The fault zone is also seismically active; there are hot springs in the area and notable earthquakes every few years. 

Baikal's age is 25–30 million years. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, because its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. U.S. and Russian studies of core sediment in the 1990s gave a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 250,000 years. Longer and deeper sediment cores are expected soon. Lake Baikal is the only confined freshwater lake in which evidence of gas hydrates exists.

The lake is completely surrounded by mountains. The Baikal Mountains on the north shore and the taiga are protected as a national park. It has 27 islands; the largest, Olkhon, is  long and is the third-largest lake-bound island in the world. The lake is fed by as many as 330 inflowing rivers. It is drained through a single outlet, the Angara River.
Despite its great depth, the lake's waters are well-mixed and well-oxygenated throughout the water column, compared to the stratification that occurs in such bodies of water as Lake Tanganyika and the Black Sea.

Wildlife 

Lake Baikal has over 1000 species of plants and 1550 species and varieties of animals. Over 60% of animals are endemic; of 52 species of fish 27 are endemic.

The omul fish (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius) is local to Lake Baikal. It is fished, smoked, and sold on all markets around the lake. For many travellers on the Trans-Siberian railway, purchasing smoked omul is one of the highlights of the long journey.

Baikal also has a species of seals, Baikal seal or nerpa. Bears and deer can be seen and hunted by the Baikal coast.

Ecosystem 
In 1986 Baikalskyi and Barguzinskyi became Biosphere Reserves. The ecosystems are part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.
Ecodangers 
The Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill was constructed in 1966 on the shoreline of Lake Baikal. The plant bleached paper using chlorine and discharged waste directly into Lake Baikal. The decision to construct the plant at Lake Baikal resulted in strong protests. The objections of Soviet scientists had opposition from the industrial lobby. Only after decades of protest was the plant closed in 2008 (and only because it was unprofitable). On 4 January 2010, production was resumed. On 13 January 2010, Russian President Vladimir Putin legalised the operation of the plant. This brought a wave of protests from ecologists and local residents. In September 2013 the mill went bankrupt.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Russia
 Marina Rikhvanova, an ecologist who works to protect Lake Baikal

References

Other websites 

  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Lakes of Russia
Biosphere reserves
Siberia
World Heritage Sites in Russia
The omul (Coregonus migratorius) is a kind of fish. It belongs to the same family as the trout and the salmon. It only lives in Lake Baikal and the rivers around it (the Angara for example. It is very typical for that region of Siberia).

Omul considered a food delicacy and can be eaten n many ways. Local people consume it boiled, fried smoked, and freshly  salted.

The Omul normally fished using seine nets and fishing nets, yet during early spring, it can be caught using a fishing road.

References

Salmoniformes
Siberia
Freshwater fish
Edible fish
Salmon is a kind of teleost fish. It is a general term for  commercially important ray-finned fish from the family Salmonidae. Salmon belong to the same family of fish as the trout. 

Most kinds of salmon live in salt water, or migrate between rivers and the sea. Many people like to eat salmon, so sometimes the fish is grown in fish farms. 

As the salmon go upstream to the spawning grounds, they may face obstruction from beaver dams. Sluice gates have to be provided so the gravid female salmon can get to the spawning grounds. This is a problem caused by the re-introduction of beavers to the U.K. Sluice gates are opened for the salmon at breeding time. Salmon farms are also possible, in which the fish are non-migratory, but then they have to be fed artificially.
Coloring 
Salmons get the pink color of their flesh from a pigment called astaxanthin. Wild salmon get it from the krill and shrimp they eat, while farmed salmon gets traces of it in kibble (compound feed). If they don't have the pigment, their flesh has a gray color.

Eating 
Usual ways to make food out of salmon are smoking, cold smoking and graving.

Main species 

Atlantic salmon
Australian salmon
Chinook salmon
Chum salmon
Coho salmon
Indian Salmon
Pink salmon
Sockeye salmon

References

Other websites

Salmon Nation A place and idea for "reliable prosperity."
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
Seafood Watch from the Monterey Bay Aquarium
Is Something Fishy Going On? (red dyes in farmed fish) 

Edible fish
Salmoniformes
The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is the name of the more common of the two species of turkey. This large bird is found across much of the United States and southern Canada.

Wild turkeys prefer hardwood and mixed conifer-hardwood forests with scattered openings such as pastures, fields, orchards and seasonal marshes. They can adapt to any dense plant community so long as there is cover and openings to fly out. Open, mature forests with a variety of tree species seem to be best.

The domesticated turkey has been tamed and bred from wild turkeys, by people, to raise on farms.

References 

Birds of North America
Turkeys
Symbols of Oklahoma
An ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) is a turkey (a large bird) that is named for the eye-like spots on the tail feathers (ocellated means having eye-like spots). It is similar to the wild turkey that is found more to the north in North America.

References

Turkeys
Birds of North America
Natalia may mean:
 Natalia Republic
 Natalia (album), a music album of Natalia Kukulska

People named Natalia
 Natalia (singer), Belgian musician
 Natalia Kukulska
 Natalia Rodriquez (singer), Spanish musician
 Natalia Podolskaya, the 2005 Eurovision Song Contestant for Russia
Drenthe (pronounce: "DREN-te") is a province in the northeast of the Netherlands. The capital city is Assen. South of it is Overijssel, west of it is Friesland and north of it is Groningen. East of it is Lower Saxony, that is a part of Germany. About 495,000 people are living in Drenthe (2021).

History 
Thousands of years ago, there were already people in Drenthe. Around 3500 BC people made dolmens (hunebedden), piles of big stones. 53 of the 54 dolmens in the Netherlands are in Drenthe. Most of them are in the northeast of the province.

The oldest paper with the name Drenthe on it is from 820. It was called Pago Treanth (district Drenthe). Papers from 1024 and 1025 show that is was a county at that time. 

From 1046 until 1528, the bishops of Utrecht ruled over Drenthe. From 1581 until 1795 it was part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, but Drenthe itself was not a province. In 1796, under the Batavian Republic, Drenthe was a province for the first time.
In the Second World War, the nazis build a concentration camp near Westerbork. From there, they put Dutch Jews on the train to other camps in Germany and Poland. In the last train from Westerbork was also Anne Frank. She was a Jewish girl and she wrote a diary. She died in the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen in Germany. After the war her diary became world famous.

Municipalities 
Location of the municipalities of Drenthe.

Geography 

The most important cities are Assen (the capital), Emmen, Meppel and Hoogeveen. In Drenthe there is many heathland.

Dialects 
In Drenthe many people speak Low Saxon dialects. The dialects in Drenthe are called Drents. These dialects are different in each town or village.

Related pages
Bartje
Ot en Sien

Other websites
D-Day is a term used in military planning to mean the actual day a major operation or event is to begin. The days leading up to a D-Day are called D-1, D-2, D-3, etc. That allows scheduling a sequence of events before the start date is chosen. The days after a D-Day are D+1, D+2, D+3, and so on.    

Several different days in military history were named D-Day. However, the most famous D-Day was the Normandy landings during Operation Overlord, on the morning of June 6, 1944, when the largest naval attack in military history took place in France during World War II. Operation Overlord was led by US General Dwight D. Eisenhower

The Allies Britain, Canada, and America breached the Normandy coastline and broke through the German fortification chain, the Atlantic Wall. That was a turning point in World War II though over 3,500 men were lost.
The invasion started with airborne landings at 3:30 a.m. and the seaborne invasion started at 6:30 a.m. and took 19 hours. Operation Overlord had been planned for months and was scheduled for June 5 but was delayed for a day by bad weather.

Over the next several months, the Allies fought in France and took various useful ports such as Caen and later took Paris. After less than a year, the Allies entered Nazi Germany, which surrendered.

An invasion of southern France was intended to start at the same time, but there were not enough landing craft for both invasions. The operation started on its D-Day, August 15.

References

Other websites  
 WW2DB: Normandy Campaign
 Omaha-Beach.Org D-Day 7.6.1944

World War II
Dwight D. Eisenhower
655 was a common year.

Events 
November 15 – Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats the pagan Mercian king Penda in the Battle of the Winwaed
Empress Saimei ascends to the throne of Japan.
Clovis II succeeded by Clotaire III.
Peada succeeds his father Penda as king of Mercia
A Byzantine fleet is defeated by the Arabs at Finike.
Ishpeming is a city in Marquette County, Michigan, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total  of 6,686 people living in it. There used to be more people in the 1950s and 1960s, when the iron ore mines were in full operation.

Geography
The city has a total area of 24.0 km² (9.2 mi²).  22.5 km² (8.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.5 km² (0.6 mi²) of it (6.16%) is water. Ishpeming is 1436 feet above sea level.

History
The movie Anatomy of a Murder was filmed in Ishpeming and areas around it in 1959.
Ishpeming was also the birthplace of aviation engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson in 1910 and Nobel prize winning chemist Glenn T. Seaborg in 1912.

Ishpeming is considered the birthplace of downhill ski jumping in the United States and is the home to the National Ski Hall of Fame.

Other websites 
City of Ishpeming 
Ishpeming Public Schools

Cities in Michigan
Humphrey DeForest Bogart (December 25, 1899 — January 14, 1957) was an American actor. He is nominated for three Academy Awards on each movies, including Casablanca, The African Queen and The Caine Mutiny.
Movies 
 Bad Sister (1931)
 The Petrified Forest (1936)
 Kid Galahad (1937)
 San Quentin (1937)
 Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)
 Swing Your Lady (1938)
 You Can't Get Away with Murder (1939)
 The Roaring Twenties (1939)
 They Drive by Night (1940)
 Brother Orchid (1940)
 High Sierra (1941)
 The Maltese Falcon (1941)
 Across the Pacific (1942)
 Casablanca (1942)
 Action in the North Atlantic (1943)
 Sahara (1943)
 To Have and Have Not (1944)
 Passage to Marseille (1944)
 Conflict (1945)
 The Big Sleep (1946)
 Dark Passage (1947)
 Dead Reckoning (1947)
 The Two Mrs. Carrolls (1947)
 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
 Key Largo (1948)
 In a Lonely Place (1950)
 The African Queen (1951)
 Beat the Devil (1953)
 The Barefoot Contessa (1954)
 The Caine Mutiny (1954)
 Sabrina (1954)
 The Desperate Hours (1955)
 We're No Angels (1955)
 The Harder They Fall (1956)

Other websites 

 
 Documentary 42': Humphrey Bogart... Behind the Legend  (Video)
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Deaths from esophageal cancer
1899 births
1957 deaths
Funk is a type of music from the United States that was developed in the 1960s by African American musicians and singers such as James Brown, Sly and the Family Stone, George Clinton and The Meters. Funk music emphasizes the rhythm of the music. Funk music is dance music that mixes rhythm and blues music with soul music.

Funk bands use many rhythm instruments, such as electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, and keyboard instruments, mainly synthesizers and electronic organs. Funk bands also have people who play horns, including saxophones, trumpets, and trombones.
Role of the electric bass 
In funk music, the electric bass has a more important role than in other styles of popular music. Many funk songs are based on a strong bass line (melody) played by the electric bass player. Well-known funk bass players include Bootsy Collins, Louis Johnson and Larry Graham of Sly & the Family Stone. Larry Graham invented a new style of electric bass playing called "slap bass technique." With this technique, the bass player slaps and plucks the strings to create a strong rhythm.

History
History

Late 1960s 
The United States singer and musician James Brown was one of the first funk musicians. James Brown recorded a song in 1965 called "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" which is considered the first funk song. Other musical groups copied the rhythms and musical style developed by James Brown and his band. A band called The Meters played funk music in New Orleans. The Meters had hit songs such as "Sophisticated Cissy" and "Cissy Strut" in 1969. Another funk group, The Isley Brothers, had a hit song in 1969 called "It's Your Thing".

1980s 
In the 1980s, funk music changed. Funk musicians began using electronic instruments such as synthesizer keyboards and electronic drum machines instead of electric bass, electric organ, trumpets, saxophones, and drums. Rick James had hits in the 1980s with funk songs such as "Give It To Me Baby" and "Super Freak." The band Queen had funk songs such as "Another One Bites The Dust." The musician and singer Prince had hit songs.
Some major names of early 80s funk include: Cameo, Zapp, The Gap Band, The Bar-Kays, and The Dazz Band.

In the later 1980s, two new styles of funk developed called "funk rock" and funk metal. These styles of music mixed funk music with rock and metal music. Funk rock and funk metal bands include Red Hot Chili Peppers, Living Colour, Jane's Addiction, Prince, Urban Dance Squad, Primus, Fishbone, Faith No More and Rage Against the Machine.

Funk music influenced 1980s hip hop music. Many hip hop musicians use funk songs by James Brown or George Clinton to compose new hip hop songs.

1990s and 2000s 
In the 1990s and 2000s, hip hop influenced funk and funk rock bands included Outkast, and Van Hunt.
In the late 1990s, the band Phish developed a live sound that would come to be characterized by some as "cow funk" and by others as "space funk", which consisted of extended danceable grooves that accented beat 1 of the 4/4 rhythm (i.e. classic funk), while often emphasizing heavy "wah" pedal and other psychedelic effects from the guitar player and layered Clavinet from the keyboard player. See the following collection for many representative examples-Phish Space Funk 3.0 Youtube

As well, 1990s and 2000s hip hop musicians continued to use funk songs by James Brown or George Clinton to compose new hip hop songs, there was also a popular West Coast hip  hop genre that mixed with funk called "G-funk".

Related pages 
 :Category:Funk bands
 R&B

Further reading 
 Vincent, Rickey (1996). Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One. St. Martin's Press. .
 Thompson, Dave (2001). Funk. Backbeat Books. .

References 

African-American history
1513 was a year of the Gregorian calendar, that started on a Wednesday.

Events 
Florida found by the Spanish (the first Europeans to do so).

Births

Deaths 
 February 21 – Pope Julius II
 September 9 – James IV of Scotland
The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), also known as the white shark, is a species of mackerel shark. It is the world's largest living predatory fish. Mature sharks may grow up to  in length and  in weight. There also have been a few reports of great white sharks measuring over .  This shark reaches its sexual maturity around 15 years of age. The lifespan of a great white shark may be as long as 70 years or more. Great white sharks can accelerate to speeds over .
Great white sharks have about 300 teeth, arranged in many rows. The first two rows of the teeth are used for grabbing and cutting the animals they eat, while the other teeth in the last rows replace the front teeth when they are broken, worn down, or when they fall out. The teeth have the shape of a triangle with jags on the edges. Great white sharks are carnivores. The great white sharks is an apex predator. It hunts fish, seals, sea lions, seagulls, penguins, squid, octopuses, dolphins, small whales, crabs, shrimps, stingrays, sea turtles and other sharks.

The great white shark has no natural predators other than the killer whale. Some orcas have discovered they can paralyse the shark by flipping it upside-down. Then they hold the shark still with their mouth, and that suffocates it (sharks get oxygen by moving through the water).
The bestselling novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the film by Steven Spielberg show the great white shark as a "ferocious human eater". In real life, humans are not the preferred food of the great white shark. However, of all shark species, the great white shark has the second largest number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans.

Description
The great white shark is a shark and a type of cartilaginous fish belonging to a biological class known as Chondrichthyes. These fish are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and a skeleton made of cartilage not bone.  These sharks are also known as Lamniformes, which is an order of sharks commonly referred to as mackerel sharks. This species of shark has two dorsal fins, an anal fin, five gill slits and a mouth extended behind the eyes.
The great white shark is one of nature’s most deadly carnivores, and is distinguishable by its jaws and many sharp teeth.  The difference is the ability for both the shark’s jaws to move when ambushing its prey.  It will first bite with the lower jaw to sink its teeth in, then closes the upper jaw and begins thrashing its head repeatedly to tear off chunks of flesh . Its mouth may contain as many as 3, 000 teeth at one time, sitting in five rows with the largest set in the front.  In the event a tooth is lost, another comes forward from a stash of backup teeth embedded in the shark’s jaws.
In addition to the teeth and jaws of great white sharks, their senses have greatly adapted to sharpen their skills as hunters.  Their sense of smell is most accurate and great whites can detect a single drop of blood in ten billion drops of water.  They possess an “ear stone” which helps the animal position itself in the water depending on the direction it is swimming.  Sharks also utilize excellent vision with retinas divided into two areas for daylight and nighttime swimming, and protect them by rolling them backwards into the skull before biting.  One of their most interesting senses relates to their touch and electro-reception.  A series of pores in the shark’s nose allow them to detect electromagnetic fields and sense animal vibrations in the water, as well as accurately navigate through the open ocean.
The great white becomes an adult about nine years after its birth. The growth of the great white shark is about 25-30 centimetres per year and they grow to an average size of 4.5 meters. The largest can be as much as 6.4 meters in length. Their liver, a delicacy to killer whales, can weigh up to about 24 percent of its own body weight.

Where they live
Great white sharks live in the sea. They live near the coast, in all warm waters. They occasionally make dives into the deep water of open oceans. They can be in water as shallow as three feet deep. The deepest scientists have seen a shark dive is about 1200 meters (4000 feet).  That is down into the bathypelagic zone, where there is no sunlight.
They may swim near:
 Western Atlantic: from Newfoundland to Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Northern Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Guadeloupe;
 East Atlantic: France, Senegal, Ghana, Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Mediterranean: North Africa, South of France, West and South coast of Italy, Croatia, Malta, Greece;
 Indian Ocean: South Africa, Seychelles, Red Sea
 Western Pacific: Japan, Korea, China, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand;
 Central Pacific: Hawaii
 Eastern Pacific: from Alaska to California, and from Panama to Chile.
Research has shown that the sharks of northern California are genetically different to other shark populations. DNA evidence shows the population separated from other great whites about 200,000 years ago (during the Pleistocene Era). By tagging the sharks they also learned that they are generally alone, but follow the same route through the ocean, and stay in the same places. From January to July they live near Hawaii, and then move to Californian waters between August and December.

Human interactions
Sharks have been on Earth much longer than humans, which is one reason why humans are not part of their diet. Most scientists think sharks do not like the way humans taste.
Usually in a shark attack, the shark bites the human once and then swims away for a while.  Sometimes the shark will bite off a leg or arm, but usually the bite is just a bite. Sometimes there is no tissue loss at all (nothing bitten off). Deaths in such cases are generally caused by loss of blood from the first wound. In cases where attacks have occurred and the victim has been unable to escape quickly, partial or whole consumption has occurred; lone divers are especially at risk of this. Scientists are not sure why this is but they have some ideas.

Sharks are very curious but they do not have whiskers or hands or tentacles like other animals. To learn more about an object, a shark has to either bump into it or bite it. Sharks' teeth and mouths are very sensitive. When sharks see a new object, for example, a surfboard, they bite it to know what kind of object it might be.
It is also possible that human behavior and shark behavior just don't match. In the 1980s, John McCasker proposed the Bite and Spit hypothesis. McCasker said that a shark will attack dangerous prey like an elephant seal by biting it once and then letting go.  The shark then swims away to wait for the prey to bleed to death before going back to eat its body. But when a shark bites a human once, the human's friends come and help them out of the water. Maybe the shark would finish eating the human, but it does not get the chance. But sharks usually attack seal-sized (or human-sized) prey in one strong bite from underneath, so people are not sure if McCasker's idea is right.

References

Other websites 

 Great White Shark pictures  - Great White pictures on Shark-Pictures.com

Sharks
Events 
July 6 – Treaty of Edinburgh

Births 
 Anton Praetorius, fighter against torture and chase of witches (d. 1613)
 August 7– Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian murderer
 November 28– Baltasar of Marradas, Spanish noblemanbleman, knight of the Knights of Malta, imperial field marshal, governor in Bohemia (d. 1638)

Deaths 
April 19– Philipp Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer
September 29– King Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1496)
Cary Grant (January 18, 1904 - November 29, 1986), born as Archibald Alexander Leach in Bristol, United Kingdom, was an English-American actor. He was known for his Mid-Atlantic accent, debonair demeanor, light-hearted approach to acting, and sense of comic timing. He was one of classic Hollywood's definitive leading men from the 1930s until the mid-1960s.  He starred in many movies, including 1959's North by Northwest.

Grant became an American citizen in 1942.  At that time, he legally changed his name to "Cary Grant." He died of a stroke on November 29, 1986. His body was cremated.

Sources

Other websites 
 

1904 births
1986 deaths
Actors from Bristol
American movie actors
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Kennedy Center honorees
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Emotions are what people feel. They are very ancient, and can be seen in all mammals.

Emotions are caused by a complex mixture of hormones and the unconscious mind. Only with great difficulty can we control our emotions by conscious effort. They cause mammals to change behaviour according to changes in their situation. In our case, they sometimes run against our attempt to live our lives in a logical way.

A scientific definition is not simple; over 90 definitions have been offered by experts. A definition of emotion needs to include three things:
conscious experience (feelings)
expressions which can be seen by others
actions of the body ('physiological arousal')

Here is one definition:
"Emotion is a complex psychological phenomenon which occurs as animals or people live their lives. Emotions involve physiological arousal, appraisal of the situation, expressive behaviours, and conscious experience. Emotion is associated with feeling, mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation".
In physical terms, emotions involve body systems which have operated for hundreds of millions of years. These are the hormone system, the autonomic nervous system and the 'lower' brain centers (hindbrain and midbrain).

Function of emotions 

The study of emotions became one of Darwin's books after The Descent of Man. He published The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in 1873. He had discovered, by sending letters and a list of questions worldwide, that in different societies emotions were expressed in almost the same way.

If so, the mechanisms which made the expressions must be inherited. They must have been developed in the same way as all other features of man, evolution by natural selection. It was already known from anatomy that the muscles and nerves of the face were the same or similar in all humans.
Darwin illustrated the expression of the emotions with a series of photographs and woodcut illustrations. Ekman did the same thing on a research visit to New Guinea, where he asked villagers to identify the emotions shown in the photographs. This was part of a long-term effort to test and extend Darwin's insights into emotions. Some of Ekman's conclusions are:
Micro expressions last only a fraction of a second. They occur when people conceal their feelings. (p15, p222)
Emotions are autoappraisers, reactions to matters which seem to be very important to our welfare. (p21)
Emotions often begin so quickly that we are not aware of the processes in our mind which set them off. (p21)
Autoappraisers scan for events which are critical to our welfare and survival. (p23)
Our evolutionary heritage makes a major contribution to the shaping of our emotional responses. (p26)
The desire to experience or not to experience an emotion motivates much of our behaviour. (p217)
An efficient signal – clear, rapid and universal – informs others of how the emotional person is feeling. (p217)
Animal emotions 
It is obvious that some animals, mostly mammals, but also some birds, have emotions which are somewhat similar to human emotions as far as one can tell. The most obvious cases are domestic pets which are clearly happy to see owners after a long separation. 

Because two large groups of vertebrates have developed emotions (mammals and birds at least), it must be that emotions are helpful in group behaviour. In a quite different group, social insects, the group behaviour is controlled by pheromones: inherited scent patterns. Scent is also important to most mammals, but birds are more sight-oriented.

Related pages 
 List of emotions

References
Dyslexia, or word blindness, is a learning disability that affects reading. Different people are affected to different degrees. The condition that makes it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do. It is a very common problem.

Dyslexia affects the way the brain understands words. The most common signs of dyslexia are reading and writing problems. 

Estimates are that in the United States between 5 and 9% of school children have dyslexia. Another source says it affects 3–7% of the population. Up to 20% of the general population may have some degree of symptoms.  While dyslexia is more often diagnosed in boys, this is partly explained by a self-fulfilling referral bias among teachers and professionals.
Characteristics
A person can have dyslexia even if they are intelligent. Their education might be affected by their dyslexia or not. Recent studies show there are some small business owners that have dyslexia. Researchers think many dyslexic entrepreneurs are successful because they can delegate responsibilities (of writing letters) and still be good at speaking.

At the end of the 19th century, scientists did a lot of research about dyslexia and found some of the reasons that people are dyslexic.

Therapy
Children with dyslexia can be helped. One way teachers help dyslexic students is to break words into different sounds. The student must learn how to write the different sounds and create words. This helps with reading and writing.

Origins 
Speech is a newcomer in evolutionary terms. Like the large heads of babies, human speech evolved very recently. 

Newer biological functions tend to be less reliable than older functions.

References

Related pages
Dysgraphia
Neurodiversity

Disability
Disorders
The AK-47 is a Russian combat rifle first used in 1949. It and an updated version called the AKM were used by the Soviet Union's military (which was called the Soviet Army). It was later replaced by the AK-74 and AK-12.

The AK-47 was designed in 1947 by Mikhail Kalashnikov.
The AK-47 quickly became famous and spread all around the world because it was simple to fire, clean and maintain, and also because of its reliability, meaning that it can be fired for a long time without jamming. The AK-47 and its successors continue to be used by many of the world's armies. Many terrorist and insurgent groups also use the AK-47. It is a cheap, reliable, and easy-to-use weapon. The AK-47 was also available with a folding stock, the AKS-47, and a shortened version with the AKS74 folding stock, the AKMSU (used by armoured vehicle crews), although this was soon replaced by the AKS74U, which fires the 5.45 cartridge of the AK-74. There was also a light machine gun variant with a longer barrel and different shaped stock called the RPK.

The Russian military liked the AK's design so much that it was even used to design other types of weapons as well, including the SKS,  Dragunov sniper rifle and the Saiga-12 semi-automatic shotgun.
The AK-47 uses gas-operated reloading.  When the bullet is moved down the barrel, a little bit of the gas behind the bullet is made to go up a small tube that pushes away the bolt.  The shooter does not have to reload by hand for every shot - the gun reloads by itself.  When you pull the trigger, the bullet in the chamber fires.  You then release and then pull the trigger again to fire another round.  When used this way, it is called a semi-automatic firearm.  A few AK-47's are made to be used only this way but most are fully automatic firearms.

Spread in third world countries 
In the pro-communist states, the AK-47 became a symbol of the Third World revolution.
The proliferation of this weapon is shown by more than just numbers. The AK-47 is included in the flag of Mozambique, an acknowledgment that the country gained its independence in large part through the effective use of their AK-47s. It is also found in the coats of arms of East Timor and the revolution era Burkina Faso, as well as in the flags of Hezbollah, FARC-EP, the New People's Army in the Phillipines, TKP/TIKKO and other "Revolutionary Peoples" groups.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 AK-47 Museum virtual tour 
 AK-47 - Encyc 

Assault rifles
Rifles of the Cold War
Military of Russia
7.62 mm rifles