Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
SCT has been used to many areas of human life. These include career choice, learning and achievement.

References

Further reading
Bandura, Albert (1976). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 
Bandura, Albert (1985). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 
Berg, Insoo Kim; Miller, Scott D. (1992). Working with the Problem Drinker: A Solution-focused Approach (pp. 733–735). New York: Norton. 
Pajares, Frank; Prestin, Abby; Chen, Jason; Nabi, L. Robin. "Social Cognitive Theory and Media Effects". In Nabi, Robin L.; Oliver, Mary Beth, The SAGE Handbook of Media Processes and Effects. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2009. 283-297. 
Bandura, Albert (2001). Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology.

Other websites
 "Albert Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment: Modelling of Aggression." YouTube
 "Albert Bandura speaking at Everett M. Rogers Award Colloquium 2007" YouTube, (1h33)

Psychology
The absolute threshold of hearing (ATH) is the minimum loudness of a pure tone that an average ear with normal hearing can hear with no other sound present.  The absolute threshold relates to the sound that can just be heard by the organism.  This is also known as the auditory threshold.

The threshold of hearing in humans is 20 µPa (micropascals) = 2×10−5  pascal (Pa).  The tympanic membrane of the ear operates as a sound pressure sensor, as does a microphone

Psychophysical methods for measuring thresholds 

Measurement of the absolute hearing threshold provides some basic information about our auditory system. The tools used to collect such information are called psychophysical methods.

Role of frequency 

Because human hearing is more sensitive to some frequency bands than others,  thresholds vary depending on the frequency of the stimulus tone.

References 

Hearing
The International Bank Account Number is an internationally-recognised way of identifying bank account numbers. Its abbreviation is "IBAN".  The IBAN was developed to enable people in the European Union  to send money to a bank account in another country. When a person uses a computer to make a money transfer, the IBAN has features that allow the person’s computer to check for typing errors.
The IBAN is now used in all European countries and also in many developing countries.  Developed countries outside Europe such as the United States, Australia and Canada do not use the IBAN.

Layout

IBANs are usually written in groups of four characters. This makes it easy for people to copy the numbers.
The first four characters in an IBAN have the same meaning throughout the world. Each country has its own layout for the rest of the IBAN.  For example "" is a British IBAN for a bank account at the National Westminster Bank.  The parts of this IBAN are described below:
GB29 NWBK 6016 1331 9268 19
ccxx bbbb ssss ssaa aaaa aa
The letters in the second row have the following meanings: 
"cc" shows the country where the bank account is kept. For example, all British IBANs start with "GB", all French IBANs with "FR" and so on. Developed countries outside Europe such as the United States, Australia and Canada do not use the IBAN.
"xx" are a number between "00" and "99". These characters are called a checksum.  A computer can calculate the checksum for the IBAN and compare it to the checksum that the user typed in. If the user made a typing mistake, the two checksums will not be the same and the computer will give an error message.
Each country has its own layout for the rest of the IBAN. This example shows the British layout.
"bbbb" is a bank code. In the example above, "NWBK" is the code for National Westminster Bank.
"ssss ss" is the bank sort code. In the example above, "" comes from the sort code "".
"xx xxxx xx" are the bank account number. In the example above, "" come from bank account number "31926819".
Checking an IBAN 
A computer can check an IBAN by changing it into an integer and dividing the number by 97.  If the IBAN is valid, the remainder equals 1. The rules for changing the IBAN to an integer are:
{|
|Step 1:
|Move the first four characters of the IBAN to the end of the IBAN.
|-
|Step 2: 
|Replace the letter "A" with the number "10", replace the letter "B" into the number "11" and so on. Remove all blank spaces.
|-
|Step 3: 
|Divide the number by 97 and save the remainder.
|-
|Step 4:
|If the remainder is 1, the check has worked.
|}

For Example check that "GB29 NWBK 6016 1331 9268 19" is a valid IBAN. 

{|
|
|IBAN: 
|GB29 NWBK 6016 1331 9268 19.||
|-
|Step 1: 
|Rearrange: 
| N W B K60161331926819  G B29.
|-
|Step 2: 
|Convert to integer:
|2332112060161331926819161129.
|-
|Step 3: 
|Compute remainder: 
|2332112060161331926819161129 mod 97 = 1.
|-
|Step 4:
|Check result 
|The answer is 1, so the code has passed the check.
|}
Many computer programs have been written to check whether or not an IBAN is valid. These programs do not check whether or not an IBAN is genuine.  They do check that a genuine IBAN has been copied correctly. UNESCO maintains one such program and have made the source code public. It will detect a large number of mistakes that users might make when they are copying a genuine IBAN by hand. These mistakes include: 
Missing a character.
Adding an extra character.
Entering a number when a letter is expected.
Entering a letter when a number is expected.
Swapping two characters round.

Administration
The IBAN was developed to make it easier to transfer money from a bank in one EU country to a bank in another EU country. This was important when people bought goods from other countries.  
The rules for the IBAN were drawn up by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)  in 1997. They were revised in 2003 and again in 2007.  The rules that were written in 2007 consist of two rule books:
ISO 13616-1:2007 lists the rules for creating IBANs. 
ISO 13616-2:2007 list the rules for an organisation called a Registration Authority (RA). The Regulation Authority is responsible for keeping a list which countries used IBANs.  Since 2003 the Regulation Authority has been SWIFT.
All bank accounts within the European Union must have an IBAN. Bank accounts can also have a domestic bank account identifier.  The domestic bank account identifier in the United Kingdom is the sort code and bank account number.  During 2014 all banks in Europe that use the euro must start using the IBAN for customer account numbers. They will no longer be allowed to use older national systems.
The IBAN is also used in many developing countries including Brazil, Pakistan. Turkey and many counties in the Middle East.

References

Finance
ISO standards
"Yonkers" is a song by Odd Future's frontman Tyler, The Creator. It is from his first studio album Goblin. It features hardcore lyrics and also contains insults directed at singers Hayley Williams of the band Paramore, Bruno Mars and rapper B.o.B. This song is the one that Odd Future gained mainstream success with. It was high on the Billboard charts, but lost to Katy Perry's Firework. In response to the insults, B.o.B. made a song entitled "No Future".

Other websites 
 

2011 songs
Hip hop songs
Channel Orange (written as channel, ORANGE) is the first studio album by Frank Ocean. It was released in July 2012 through Def Jam. The cover shows an orange box that is almost full, which is a reference to the summer that Ocean had first fallen in love. It featured the song "Thinkin Bout You" as well as the other successful songs "Lost", "Pyramids", "Sweet Life" and "Super Rich Kids". The lyrics are dealing with Oceans experience with unrequited love, sex, drugs and nostalgia. It won a Grammy Award.

Track listing
1."Start-0:46
2."Thinkin Bout You"-3:18
3."Fertilizer-0:40

2012 albums
R&B albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Odd Future Records is a record label founded by Tyler The Creator in 2011. It is based on the group Odd Future. It has signed acts such as Odd Future as well as its subgroups. It also has signed other acts such as The Jet Of Tommorow and Internet.

American record labels
2011 establishments in California
Companies based in Los Angeles
Hip hop
"HiiiPoWeR" is the debut single by Kendrick Lamar. It is a conscious hip hop song. It was released in April 2011 through Top Dawg Entertainment. It was a promotional single that was produced by J.Cole. Its lyrics make references to African-American activists such as Martin Luther King and are about racism and the media. "HiiiPoWeR" was the only single released out of the album Section.80. The reason why the title has 3 ‘i’s is because it stands for Honor, Respect and Heart according to Lamar. Lamar was influenced by Thug Life, a hip hop group led by Tupac Shakur.

2011 songs
Hip hop songs
Kendrick Lamar songs
The 
Syrian civil war, also known as the Syrian Uprising (), or Syrian Crisis (), is an ongoing armed conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic. The conflict started in 2011 after the Syrian government, led by Bashar al-Assad, violently stopped pro-democracy demonstrations in the city of Daraa, resulting in a deathly struggle between the Syrian regime and multiple opposition groups. Since then, it has developed to be one of the deadliest conflicts in the 21st century. More than 614,000 people have been killed, and more than 5 million have been displaced, forming the largest refugee crisis in the world.

Background and Causes of the Civil War  
Minority Rule
Syria has a diverse population regarding faith, ethnic and language minorities creates more tension in the country. The country is a Sunni Muslim majority, with Shia sects forming different branches, such as the Alawi. Around 10% of the Syrian population is estimated to belong to the Alawi community. Even though they belong to the broader Shia, they have a secretive and exclusive community. Druze, Kurdish, Christian groups, and other minorities are also found in the country. The fact that a minority group rules a majority also contributed to the growing tension.

Political Instability

In 1943 the newly independent Syria did not have a central figure to lead the country. Provisional governments followed each other while contesting groups tried to rule the country. The Ba'ath Party was constructed around the Nahda a and started a political union with Egypt under the United Arab Republic. In the 1963 coup d'état, the Ba'ath Party targeted the UAR and appointed a new president.
In 1970, Alawi general Hafez al-Assad took control of the country that year with a coup and became president. Hafez al-Assad's regime was supposedly secular, although coming from an Alawi family himself. The growing income gap in society and the stagnant economy fuelled opposition against the regime, particularly among the Sunni groups. He ruled the country for the next 30 years until his passing. In 2000, his son Bashar al-Assad followed him as Syria's president. He promised political and economic reforms that never happened, which only increased the dissatisfaction of the Syrian nation. He strengthened his hold on the government through coercion and symbolism, which resulted in a massive personality cult around him. The government held parades to glorify the leader, which required a need for obedience and affection to the ruler from society regardless of the true feelings and disagreement of the people.

Environmental Issues
Between 2006 and 2010, Syria experienced the worst drought in its history. The drought intensified the already existing water and agricultural problems. It caused huge agricultural failures and livestock mortality. The government's policies contributed to the severity of the drought by exploiting the already limited land and water resources.  Approximately 1.5 million people have migrated from rural farming areas to the peripheries of urban centres. Those areas were already burdened by the huge population growth caused by the Iraqi refugees arriving between 2003 and 2007. The drought contributed to the rising food prices and the decline of the country's GDP.  Adequate water supply is still a concern in the country.

Socioeconomic issues
In the 1990s and 2000s, Syria's economy was in crisis because, among other economic failures, oil revenue and support from other Arab countries shrunk over the years. As a result, the working classes were impoverished throughout the years, and inequality rates increased. Unemployment rates were high, especially among the youth. The drought took away the source of income for many agrarian Syrians. When villagers relocated to the big cities, they struggled to find employment, which fueled growing resentment. The nation struggled with high inequality and a corrupt governemnt since only the privileged families who were tied to the government profited from privatization. 1.5 million Syrians became internally displaced by drought on top of the 1.5 million Iraqi refugees. By 2010 20% of Syria's population was constituted by IDPs. The country experienced a 50% population increase from 2002 to 2010, which further increased the strain on its resources
. This led to illegal settlements, overcrowding, and increase in crime. The government neglected these problems, which grew the people's frustration. Most importantly, Syrian citizens were fed up with the political oppression by Assad's regime.
Arab Spring

The Syrian uprising that followed was part of the Arab spring. In other Arab countries before 2011, discontent was also rising about the current political and economic environment. In December 2010, a Tunisian man named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire after being repeatedly mistreated by government officials. This led to considerable civil unrest in the country and eventually to mass demonstrations. The Tunisian president, Ben Ali, eventually resigned and fled. Surrounding Arab countries followed and in many countries, the people started demonstrating, demanding political change. It did not take long for the Syrian people to follow these examples.
Beginning
The Syrian civil war started on 15 March 2011 with demonstrations in Daraa, demanding the Ba'ath government to resign and stop Assad's authoritarian rule. These demonstrations resulted from rising discontent among Syrian citizens regarding what Syria had become under the regime of President Assad. In March 2011, children between 10 and 15 wrote antiregime graffiti on a wall saying, "It's your turn, Doctor". The regime quickly arrested these children and tortured them in prison. Consequently, demonstrations started to erupt in Daraa, demanding the immediate release of these children. The regime tortured to death one of the 13-year-old boys they captured. His name was Hamza al-Khatib, and he became one of the early symbols of the brutal oppression the nation is fighting against. The demonstrations in Daraa escalated after Syrian security forces reacted extremely violently, using water cannons, tear gas, and live bullets. The Syrian regime responded with increasingly more violence.
Bashar Al-Asad spoke in front of the Parliament, which was broadcasted on television after the first demonstrations and claimed that the protesters were trying to destroy Syria and "enforce an Israeli agenda."  Consequently, demonstrations spread across the country, reaching Aleppo, the second-largest city in Syria, resulting in the killing and detention of hundreds of protestors. This resulted in the beginning of an armed insurgency, starting with forming of the Free Syrian Army in July 2011, consisting of defected army soldiers and civilian volunteers. Battles took place in many towns and cities across the country. The United States imposed economic sanctions on Syria two months after the demonstrations started. As the military opposition became stronger and more organized, the United Nations declared the Syrian uprising a civil war in December 2011.

Actors

Syrian Actors
Syrian Actors

Syrian Armed Forces 
Firstly, the most important actor in the Syrian civil war is the Syrian Armed Forces, under the control of the Syrian government and Bashar al-Assad. They are fighting in support of Assad's regime and against the armed opposition forces. Both the United Nations Human Rights Council and the Syrian Network for Human Rights have concluded that the Syrian Armed Forces are guilty of the most and worst human rights abuses. Following huge amounts of defections, the Syrian Armed Forces have since late 2015 depended largely on hired militias and volunteers from outside of Syria.
Syrian Factions 
Secondly, the opposition forces consist of a big number of factions, with the Free Syrian Army as an important coalition of several of these militias. The Free Syrian Army was founded by defecting Syrian Army officers with the goal to protect civilians and bring down the Syrian government. It claimed to be "the military wing of the Syrian opposition". Between 2011 and 2015, the Free Syrian Army lost most of its influence because of a lack of funding, fighting and rival Islamist groups. After an intervention by the Turkish military in 2016, most of the Free Syrian Army became the Syrian National Army, also known as the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army. The Syrian National Army became a coalition of opposition forces, coordinated and funded by Turkey. The goals of the Syrian National Army are to counter Syrian government forces, the Syrian Democratic Forces and Islamist extremist forces, including the Islamic State and Hay'at-Tahrir al-Sham.
Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) 
Thirdly, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) is a military alliance governing the self-declared Autonomous Administration in North and East Syria. The main goal is to establish a democratic and non-religious system in Syria. Therefore, they have mostly been fighting ISIL together with Western countries. Furthermore, they are opposed to the Syrian National Army, as the Turkish forces consider the Kurdish leadership of the SDF a terrorist organization and actively fight them.
Islamist Groups
Fourthly, numerous Islamist groups have been active in the Syrian Civil War. For example, in late 2011 the Islamist group al-Nusra Front began to have a bigger role in the forces. However, the most influential and effective Islamist group has been the Islamic State (ISIL), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). They emerged in April of 2013 and as of 2014, they effectively were in control of 30% of Syria and 40% of Iraq. In July of 2014 they changed their name to simply Islamic State. ISIL has been fought by the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army, the Syrian Democratic Forces, the Syrian government forces and a US-led coalition of Western states. Consequently, by 2017 it had lost 95% of its territory and in 2018 it was declared officially defeated by the United States. This seems not to be entirely true, as more recent news has shown that IS is making a comeback. In 2022, already several attacks claimed by the Islamic State have been documented
. ISIL has been widely known for its terroristic regime, including many human rights abuses, such as mass public executions and torture. The group attracted many young Islamists from all over the world due to their anti-western and extremist Islamic attitude. Consequently, they have also done terrorist attacks in the West, which is why the West has been so focused on actively fighting IS.
Territorial Control 
By July 2013, the Syrian government controlled approximately 30–40 percent of the country's territory and 60 percent of the Syrian population. In the beginning of 2022, the Assad regime is back to controlling more than 63% of Syrian territory, while the opposition forces control about 11% and the Syrian Democratic forces around 26%.
Foreign Involvement and Proxy Wars 
Critics argue that Western intervention at the time had used too much of an optimistic approach. Most Western politicians thought President Assad and his regime would fall within a year. They completely underestimated the strength of his regime. This is why the West did not intervene early on in the conflict. Only when the Islamic State gained territory did the West become more actively engaged in the conflict because this threatened their national security. However, there was never a defined plan, only the wish to remove the president and his current regime at the time from power. Russia and China, on the other hand, were always more actively engaged in the conflict, supporting the Syrian regime.
USA and Russia 
Currently, the war cannot simply be described as a domestic two-sided war but must be described as several overlapping proxy wars. The first one of these is between the United States and Russia. Since 2015, Russia has been backing the Syrian government. The main reason for this is that stability in the region will make it easier for Russia to exert its influence. Furthermore, it is a perfect opportunity to display Russia's military capabilities. On the other hand, the United States and NATO are partly involved in the war to counter this Russian influence in the MENA region.
Iran and Saudi Arabia 
The second proxy war is between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Iran has supported the Syrian government since the start of the conflict. The reasons for this are that Iran and Syria have long been allies, and the survival of the Syrian regime is essential for Iran's geopolitical interests.  Iran has supported the Syrian regime by providing military supplies, helping pro-Assad militias and sending Hezbollah troops. Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, has since 2012 been funding and arming the rebels, together with Qatar.  The main reason for this is to counter Iranian power and achieve regional dominance.
Turkey 
Moreover, Turkey is an essential foreign actor in the war. Turkey aims to prevent the Syrian Democratic Forces from successfully creating an independent state. As the leadership of the SDF, the Peoples Defense Unit (YPG), is largely Kurdish, creating an independent state would set an example for Kurds in Turkey. This would threaten Turkey's territorial integrity.  Furthermore, Turkey considers the YPG to be a terrorist organization. Turkey has been a dominant force in Northern Syria throughout the war, providing the opposition with military aid, building governance institutions and funding infrastructure projects.
Aid 
Several cease-fire attempts were made during the civil war. The first one was by Kofi Annan, who worked as the representative of the United Arab League. He set out a peace plan, but even after he met with Bashar al-Assad, the fighting continued. The plan for a cease-fire was disregarded. At the time, the casualties already included 17,000 deaths. Eleven thousand nine hundred were civilians, 900 military defectors and 4,350 government soldiers. Shortly after the failure of the peace plan, Annan urged Iran to take a greater role in helping to stop the war. The United Kingdom and France have also been significant actors in the conflict, as they have been providing aid to several moderate opposition forces. Turkey and Iran also claimed to have recruited Pakistani mercenaries to fight for opposing sides, which could have also resulted in them fighting each other.
Human Rights
Several institutions have documented many grave human rights violations throughout the conflict, including Human Rights Watch, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Syrian Network for Human Rights. International organizations accused both government and opposition forces of violating human rights. According to the UN, the Syrian government carried out most of the abuses.
Humanitarian Crisis 
According to the United Nations, as of 2022, more than 12 million Syrians will be living in food insecurity, and more than 14.6 million Syrians will be in need of humanitarian assistance. Millions of citizens are still short of electricity, food and drinking water. This is worsened by Russia's invasion of Ukraine in March of 2022, which hinders essential food imports. Of the 14.6 million Syrians that are in need of humanitarian assistance, 1.48 million people are in catastrophic need, claims the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.  Above all that, the economic toll of the war has resulted in 90% of Syrians living under the poverty line as of 2022. The United Nations say the humanitarian crisis is worsening in 2022, and a peace agreement is far from reaching. However, at the Brussels Conference in 2022, international donors have agreed to provide Syria with 6.7 billion USD for support and reconstruction.
War Crimes 
Furthermore, the opposition and the government forces are guilty of committing acts that amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity. The Syrian-Russian alliance is guilty of most human rights violations, primarily through indiscriminate attacks on civilian infrastructure. However, the US-led coalition is also guilty of using indiscriminate weapons in much smaller numbers. Also, Syrian government forces and militias continue to arbitrarily detain, torture, execute and make Syrian civilians disappear. Since the beginning of the war, almost 15 000 Syrians have died of torture, and 100 000 Syrians are still missing.
Also, in 2013 the Syrian regime allegedly used chemical weapons, a nerve agent called sarin. This drew attention from the international community.  The US and Russia made Syria sign the Chemical Weapons Convention, which forbids the use of chemical weapons. The government reportedly surrendered their chemical weapons in 2014. In 2017, the town of Khan Shaykhun was hit by another sarin attack, which killed 90 people, and 30 of them were children.
Death Toll 
According to the latest data from the Syrian Network for Human Rights (2022), well over 225,000 civilians have been killed since the start of the conflict, among which around 30,000 are children. For around 200 000 of these civilian deaths are Syrian regime forces to blame. According to the UN Human Rights Council, the total death toll of the Syrian civil war is around 350 000, although this is almost certainly an undercount of the actual death toll. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights has claimed to have documented a much higher death toll, arguing that 610 000 people died since the start of the conflict, of which they have already identified and documented 500 000.
Refugee Crisis 
According to the UN Refugee Agency, 6.6 million Syrians have fled the country since 2011, and 6.7 million people are internally displaced. Most went to neighbouring countries, such as Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey and Iraq, which were the most affected; however, millions of Syrians also seeked refuge in Europe. Two significant migration flows were through Turkey and the Balkans, until the EU border in Hungary, and from the coast of Africa into southern Europe. Many people went through dangerous boat trips in the Mediterranean, leading to many drownings. This became an important point of discussion for the European Union, with some countries more and others less welcoming to receiving these refugees.

Related pages 
List of ongoing armed conflicts

References 

2020 in Asia
2021 in Asia
2022 in Syria
2023 in Syria
2010s conflicts
Civil war
Civil wars involving Asia
Conflicts in 2020
Conflicts in 2021
Conflicts in 2022
Conflicts in 2023
Civil
Art music is a term which includes classical music, and various kinds of serious modern music. Other terms for it are serious music, and legitimate music.

The need for such terms came with the modern movement in the arts. Clearly the music of, say, Schonberg was serious, bur not classical in the sense of Bach and Beethoven. Stravinsky's music was a bridge between the two genres. It was classical music in part, and touched with African-influenced syncopations and dischords. So terms like "art music" and "modern music" were used by art critics and academics in their writing.
Art music can be defined as serious music with a written musical tradition. The term art music is used often and has a clear meaning. Musicologist Philip Tagg calls it one part of an clear and unquestioned "triangle consisting of 'folk', 'art' and 'popular' musics". He explains that each of these three is distinguishable from the others according to certain criteria. The main tradition in the Western world is usually called classical music. In this regard, it is frequently used as a contrasting term to popular music and traditional or folk music.

References 

Music genres
Soap&Skin (born 5 April 1990) is an Austrian singer. Her real name is Anja Franziska Plaschg. She plays piano and sings in English and sometimes German. She has released two albums.

Early life
Plaschg grew up in a village called Gnas. She started playing piano when she was six. When she was fourteen she started playing violin.

Career
In 2008 she released an EP called Untitled.

In 2009 she released her first album, Lovetune for Vacuum. Pitchfork gave it a good rating, 7.3. It was No.5 in the Austrian chart.

In 2010, "Brother of Sleep" and "Marche Funèbre", songs from Lovetune for Vacuum, were used in the soundtrack for the movie War Games: At the End of the Day.

In 2011 she sung on the song "Goodbye" on Apparat's album The Devil's Walk. The song was played in the last episode of Season 4 of Breaking Bad.

In February 2012 she made a chocolate for Zotter. It has cumin, red wine, and pig's blood.
She released her second album Narrow in March 2012. It reached No.1 in the Austrian chart. A BBC music critic compared its sound to that of Bjork. NME gave it 7/10.

In 2012 she acted in a film for the first time. The film is called Stilleben. She plays a prostitute called Carmen.

On March 11 2013 Sugarbread, Soap&Skin's second EP, was released. It has three songs. The second song, "Me and the Devil", is a Robert Johnson cover. Drowned in Sound gave Sugarbread 7/10.

References

Other websites
Official website

1990 births
Living people
Austrian musicians
Singers
The Dutch resistance was a movement of Dutch people who fought against the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II.  They fought the Nazis in many different ways, mostly without using violence. The resistance helped to hide 300,000 people in the autumn of 1944.

Dutch resistance developed slowly.  In 1941, Dutch people organized a strike, called the February strike, to protest against the Nazis deporting over 400 Jews.  This encouraged the resistance. The Dutch communists set up a system of cells (small groups of resistance members). Some other very amateur groups also formed, like De Geuzen, set up by Bernard IJzerdraat. Some military groups started, such as the Ordedienst ('order service'). Most groups were discovered by the Nazis during the first two years of the war.
Dutch resistance groups gathered counterintelligence (information about the Nazis), committed sabotage, and formed communications networks.  This helped the Allied forces, beginning in 1944 and continuing until the Netherlands was liberated. About 75% (105,000 out of 140,000) of Dutch Jews were killed in the Holocaust, most of them murdered in Nazi death camps. A number of resistance groups specialized in saving Jewish children. Somewhere between 215 and 500 Dutch Romanis were also killed by the Nazis.
Definition
Besides armed resistance, other forms of resistance to the Nazi German occupation were carried out by the Dutch. These were important options for those who opposed the Nazis but chose not to use weapons. Nonviolent resistance included spying, going into hiding and aiding fugitives, not following Nazi rules, attending public protests, publishing illegal papers, and sabotage (destroying) companies aiding the war effort. Thousands were arrested by the Nazis and jailed for months, tortured, sent to concentration camps, or killed.

The Dutch February Strike of 1941, protesting the deportation of Jews from the Netherlands, was the only such strike in Nazi-occupied Europe.  

After the war, the Netherlands created and awarded a medal for bravery called the Resistance Cross. Of the 95 people who received it, 93 had been killed.
Prelude
Before the Germans invaded, the Netherlands were neutral.  The Dutch had not fought in a war with any European nation since 1830.  During World War I, the Netherlands were not invaded by Germany. The German ex-Kaiser even fled to the Netherlands in 1918.  Because of this, the German invasion in World War II was a great shock. The Netherlands ordered its army to get ready in September 1939.

Even though Netherlands was still neutral, and had not gotten involved with any side during World War II, the country's large merchant fleet was attacked by the Germans after the beginning of World War II.  The Nazis sank the Dutch passenger ship SS Simon Bolivar in November 1939, killing 84 people.  This shocked the Netherlands. This was not the only Dutch ship that was destroyed.

German invasion
German invasion

On 10 May 1940, German troops started to attack the Netherlands.  The Germans invaded with about 750,000 men.  This was three times the size of the Dutch army. The Germans invaded with 1,100 planes (the Dutch army had 125) and six armoured trains. They destroyed 80% of the Dutch military aircraft by bombing, although the Germans did lose over 500 planes in the attack.

The Nazis tried the first large-scale paratroop attack in history, which failed. The Dutch retook control of the three airfields the Germans had captured. The Dutch army owned only one tank(a Renault ft-17 but we didn’t use it because it was trash and it sunk away literally every were it came with it’s top speed of 8 km/h ) (we had 145 other tanks coming but those didn’t came in time(service was 1 out of 10(would not recommend)).

Major areas of military resistance were in: 
 The Grebbelinie near Amsterdam
 Kornwerderzand, which had fortified bunkers
 Rotterdam, the bridges defended by Dutch Marines
After four days, the Germans had invaded 70% of the country.  Adolf Hitler ordered Rotterdam to be destroyed.  Nazi bombing left about 85,000 Dutch civilians homeless. The Dutch surrendered.

About 2,000 Dutch soldiers died fighting the Nazi invasion.  So did at least 800 civilians, who died in Rotterdam.

Initial German policy
The Nazis' goal was to make the Dutch into Nazis.  The country's wide-open areas made it difficult to hide illegal activities - unlike, for example, the Maquis in France, who had many hiding places.
 
The first German round-up of Jews in February 1941 led to the first general strike against the Germans.
Dutch social democrats, Catholics, and communists started the resistance movement.  At first, if the Germans discovered people were involved in the resistance, they put them in jail.  However, if a person was a member of an armed or military group, the Nazis could send them to concentration camps. After mid-1944, Hitler ordered his soldiers to shoot all resistance members. The Nazis also did revenge attacks against civilians, where they killed innocent civilians after resistance activities happened.
 
The Nazis deported the Dutch Jews to concentration and extermination camps.  They started building fortifications along the coast and constructed 30 airfields.  They forced adult males between 18 and 45 to work in German factories or on public work projects.  In 1944, most trains were sent to Germany and 550,000 Dutch people were sent to Germany as laborers.  Resistance became better organized and more forceful.  The resistance killed high-ranking Dutch officials, such as General Seyffardt.
In the Netherlands, the Germans managed to kill many Jews.

Activities

On 25 February 1941, the Communist Party of the Netherlands called for a general strike, the 'February Strike'. German troops reacted by firing on unarmed crowds, and taking many prisoners.  However, the strike was important because resistance against the Nazi occupation got stronger afterward.

Dutch resistance was usually secret. Resistance in the Netherlands included sabotage (like cutting phone lines, distributing anti-German leaflets, or tearing down posters). Some small groups collected intelligence and published underground papers such as De Waarheid, Trouw, Vrij Nederland, and Het Parool.  They also sabotaged phone lines.

Another important resistance activity was hiding Jewish families like Anne Frank's, resistance fighters, men and Allied aircrew.  The resistance hid over 300,000 people from the Nazis.

Related pages
Corrie ten Boom, Christian resistance organiser
Anti-fascism

References
References

More reading
 Bentley, Stewart. The Dutch Resistance and the OSS (2012)
 Bentley, Stewart.   Orange Blood, Silver Wings: The Untold Story of the Dutch Resistance During Market-Garden (2007)
 Fiske, Mel, and Christina Radich. Our Mother's War: A Biography of a Child of the Dutch Resistance (2007)
 van der Horst, Liesbeth. The Dutch Resistance Museum  (2000)
 Schaepman, Antoinette. Clouds: Episode of Dutch Wartime Resistance, 1940-45 (1982)
 Sellin,  Thorsten, ed. "The Netherlands during German Occupation," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 245, May, 1946 pp i to 180 in JSTOR
 Warmbrunn, Werner. The Dutch under German occupation, 1940–1945 (Stanford University Press, 1963)
 Dewulf, Jeroen. Spirit of Resistance: Dutch Clandestine Literature under the Nazi Occuaption (Rocher NY: Camden House, 2010)

Other websites
Other websites

CIA paper on the Dutch resistance and the OSS 
Homepage of the Dutch Resistance Museum in Amsterdam 
Dutch Resistance Museum – history and practical information.
Discussion of the Netherlands under Nazi occupation 
On war atrocities in Holland, some in revenge for resistance activities
"A true story of a Scout in times of War, by Piet J Kroonenberg"
Jan de Hartog's speech given at Weber State College  – his personal account of his participation in non-violent Dutch Resistance as an author.

20th-century rebellions
National liberation movements
Resistance movements of World War II
Rebellions in Europe
1940s in the Netherlands
Tyler Gregory Okonma, better known by his stage name Tyler, the Creator, is an American rapper and record producer. He is best known for creating the hip-hop collective Odd Future, in addition to a successful solo career.

References

1991 births
Living people
African American musicians
Rappers from California
Musicians from Los Angeles
Kika is a 1993 comedy movie. The title character gets involved in relationships with different men and is assaulted several times. One of these assaults is by a pornographic movie actor with a very low IQ. He assaults Kika with serious force and is then pulled from her by two unknown people.

The movie originally received an NC-17 just before its release in the United States half a year after completion. The rating, though, was surrendered, and Kika was then released unrated.

Sources

1993 romantic comedy movies
Spanish comedy movies
Spanish romance movies
French comedy movies
French romance movies
Movies directed by Pedro Almodóvar
Movies set in Madrid
Maurice Vachon (September 14, 1929 – November 21, 2013) was a Canadian professional wrestler. He is best known under his ring name, "Mad Dog" Vachon

He was known for competing in American Wrestling Association (AWA) where he played one of the all-time great heels. He spent four decades wrestling and retired in 1986. He is a member of the Vachon wrestling family with his brother Paul and sister Vivian Vachon, and the uncle of wrestler Luna Vachon. He died on November 21, 2013.

He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Pat Patterson in 2010.
Championships
 American Wrestling Association
 AWA Midwest Tag Team Championship (three times) (with Bob Orton (two) and Paul Vachon (one))
 AWA World Heavyweight Championship (five times)
 AWA World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Paul Vachon (one) and Verne Gagne (one))
 Cauliflower Alley Club
 Iron Mike Mazurki Award (2003)
 Central States Wrestling
 NWA World Tag Team Championship (Central States Version) (one time) (with Baron Von Raschke)
 Lutte Internationale
 Canadian International Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Edouard Carpentier)
 International Wrestling Enterprise
 IWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
 IWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ivan Koloff)
 Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (one time) (with Paul Vachon)
 Mid-South Sports
 NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Georgia version) (one time)
 NWA World Tag Team Championship (Georgia Version) (one time) (with Paul Vachon)
Pacific Northwest Wrestling
 NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (six times)
 NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Fritz Von Goering)
 Pro Wrestling America
 PWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 He was ranked #166 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.
 Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
 Hall of Fame (Class of 2004) (with Paul Vachon)
 Quebec Sports Hall of Fame
 Hall of Fame (Class of 2009)
 Southwest Sports, Inc.
 NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Texas version) (one time)
 NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (three times) (with Pierre LaSalle (one), Paul Vachon (one), and Duke Keomuka (one))
 Stampede Wrestling
 NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (two times) (with Paul Vachon (one), Time The Tyger (one))
 NWA International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (three times) (with Paul Vachon)
 World Wrestling Entertainment
 WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2010)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
References

Other websites
 WWE profile

1934 births
2013 deaths
Canadian professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Quebec
People from Montreal
WWE Hall of Fame
Kearney is a city in Nebraska, United States. It is in the south-central part of Nebraska. The city began in the late 19th century. The previous name of the city was Dobytown, but the area was later renamed Kearney. 

The 2020 Census recorded the population of Kearney at 33,790. The city has grown in recent years.

References

Cities in Nebraska
County seats in Nebraska
19th-century establishments in Nebraska
Pavel Bobek (16 September 1937 − 20 November 2013) was a Czech singer. He worked with many musical artists such as Lou Reed, Johnny Cash, Frank Zappa, Kenny Rogers, and John Denver.

Bobek was born on 16 September 1937 in Prague, Czechoslovakia. He studied to become an architect. Bobek died on 20 November 2013 from a long illness in Prague, Czech Republic, aged 76.

References

Other websites

1937 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in the Czech Republic
Musicians from Prague
Czech singers
Hell houses are attractions normally run by Christian churches. They show sin, the torture of the damned in hell, and usually end with a depiction of heaven. They are normally run on Halloween.

A hell house is like a haunted house attraction. It is a building used for actors attempting to frighten people with gruesome exhibits and scenes. They are presented as a series of short vignettes with a guide. Unlike haunted houses, hell houses focus on the effects of sin or the fate of unrepentant sinners in the afterlife. They occur during the month of October to take advantage of the similarities between hell houses and haunted houses.

References

Halloween
Christian eschatology
Field Mob is an American hip hop duo from Albany, Georgia. The members of the group are Shawn Timothy "Shawn Jay" Johnson and Darion "Smoke" Crawford. Field Mob is currently signed to T-Pain's label Nappy Boy Entertainment.

People from Albany, Georgia
Musical duos
Hip hop bands
Musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
2000s American music groups
Crooks is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Minnehaha County, and 1,269 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
City of Crooks website

Cities in South Dakota
Survivor Series (2002) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 17, 2002 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. It was the sixteenth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2002 website

2002 in American television
2002 in professional wrestling
2000s in New York City
Sports in New York City
Survivor Series
2002 in New York (state)
Cura Mori District is one of nine districts of the province Piura in Peru.

References

Districts
Geography of Peru
International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) is an international organization dedicated to the firefighters. It was established in 1918 in the United States. The IAFF is a part of the AFL-CIO in the United States and the Canadian Labour Congress in Canada. They are based in Washington, DC.

Other websites 

Official website
Updated listing of IAFF Locals Online

International organizations
1918 establishments in the United States
Firefighting
Organizations in Washington, D.C.
Afternoon may mean:
Afternoon, the time period from noon to evening.
Afternoon (magazine) (アフタヌーン) is a Japanese manga magazine published by Kodansha.
Afternoon (newspaper), a newspaper published in Mumbai, India
Afternoon (play), an 1883 play by Ouida
Afternoon, a story, is a hypertext novel by Michael Joyce
Afternoon Records, a music record label
The Society for American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) is an American non-profit organization for the history of urban planning. It was established in 1986 in Ohio, United States. The organization's members includes urban planners, architects, historians, environmentalists, landscape designers, preservationists, students and scholars from across the country and around the world. The organization also publishes books and the Journal of Planning History. It has award ceremonies and gives advice to governments about architecture and urban conservation.

Related pages 
 International Planning History Society

Other websites 
  Society for American City and Regional Planning History

History of urban planning
Non-profit organizations of the United States
1986 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Ohio
Winx Club: The Secret of the Lost Kingdom is an animated movie based on the television series Winx Club. The story poola continues from after the events of the first three seasons. It is an Italian movie. It was first shown on November 30, 2007 in Italian cinemas.

2007 movies
Movies based on TV series
Italian movies
Animated movies
The Indian gooseberry is a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae. It is known for its edible fruit of the same name.

Sources

Berries
Plants of Asia
Malpighiales
Survivor Series (2001) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on November 18, 2001 at Greensboro Coliseum in Greensboro, North Carolina. It was the fifteenth Survivor Series event held by the WWF.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2001 website

2001 in professional wrestling
2001 in American television
Sports in North Carolina
Survivor Series
Greensboro, North Carolina
2000s in North Carolina
November events
Survivor Series (2000) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on November 19, 2000 at Ice Palace in Tampa, Florida. It was the fourteenth Survivor Series event held by the WWF.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series 2000 website

2000 in American television
2000 in professional wrestling
Sports in Tampa, Florida
Survivor Series
2000s in Tampa, Florida
November events
Whitehorse is the capital of Yukon, Canada. It is the also largest city in northern Canada. It is on the Alaska Highway and the Yukon River.

History
The city was inhabited by First Nations for thousands of years.

Related pages 
 Dawson City, Yukon

Cities in Canada
Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada
Settlements in Yukon
"The End of the World" is a song about feeling sad and breakups. The song was released in late 1962, though it did not become a hit until spring of the following year. The song was first performed by Skeeter Davis. It was later recorded by other artists including Nancy Sinatra, Brenda Lee, Johnny Mathis, Loretta Lynn and Anne Murray. In several cases the song had a strong chart play and performance in the United States, United Kingdom and several other areas.

1962 songs
Pop songs
Torch songs
Nancy Sinatra songs
Brenda Lee songs
Johnny Mathis songs
Anne Murray songs
Loretta Lynn songs
Skeeter Davis songs
Baltic is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Minnehaha County, and 1,089 people lived there at the 2010 census. Baltic became a city in 1907.

References

Other websites

Cities in South Dakota
1907 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in South Dakota