Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
An explosion is a fast increase in volume and increase in energy made available.  It normally makes high temperatures and makes gases. Many natural events can make explosions, such as lightning, volcanic eruptions, meteors, and supernovae. People make explosions mostly by using chemical explosive materials. 

A chemical explosion starts pressure waves in the medium where it happens.  Explosions are categorized as deflagrations if the pressure waves are subsonic and detonations if they are supersonic.  When a detonation happens, the resulting pressure waves are named shock waves.

Unintentional explosions 
Unintentional explosions can be caused when chemicals are mixed together, or when pressurized containers or flammable materials are heated or exposed to flames. To cause an explosion, pressure does not have to be present but is always a result of an explosion.
Several safety measures are used to prevent unintentional explosions.  Many countries require that chemicals, fuels, and pressurized containers that may explode be labelled with warning labels.  As well, many countries have regulations restricting the possession and use of potentially explosive materials so they will only go to appropriate industrial and research uses.  Transportation regulations require potentially explosive chemicals, fuels, and pressurized containers to be transported safely.
Intentional explosions 
Intentional explosions are caused when armies fire artillery or when air forces drop bombs on enemies.  Military engineers handle explosives and arrange intentional explosions during wartime.  Intentional explosions are also used by civilians in demolition.  They break up old and obsolete buildings and bridges, and break rock and stone for construction.  Explosions are made for activities such as mining, construction, and large-scale civil engineering projects such as building tunnels, roads, railways, and dams.

Related pages
Explosion protection

 
Safety
Military
Rhodium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Rh. It has the atomic number 45. It is a rare metal. It is silver white and hard. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. It is also part of the platinum group. Rhodium is found in platinum ores.

Rhodium is used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. It is the most expensive precious metal.

References 

Transition metals
Catalysts
Tellurium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Te and the atomic number 52. It has 52 protons and 52 electrons. Its mass number is 127.6. It has 8 natural isotopes. 4 are stable and 4 are radioactive. One of the radioactive ones lasts longer than any other isotope. It has a half life of 2.2 x 1024 years (2.2 septillion years).

Properties

Physical properties

It is a brittle silver-white semimetal. When it is pure it has a metallic shine. It is ground easily. It can be made in an amorphous form. It is a semiconductor. It changes conductivity a little when light shines on it, similar to selenium. It is corrosive to many metals when molten.
Chemical properties
Tellurium is an unreactive element. It can react with reactive metals to make tellurides. It can burn in air to make tellurium dioxide. It can be oxidized even more to tellurium trioxide. It does not corrode. The chemistry of tellurium is similar to some chemistry of selenium and sulfur, although its compounds are more reactive and the element is less reactive. It does not dissolve in most acids, although it dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to make a special red tellurium cation.

Chemical compounds
Chemical compounds

Tellurium makes chemical compounds in several oxidation states: -2, +2, +4, and +6. -2 compounds are normally found in tellurides. They are strong reducing agents. Tellurides are normally the main ore of tellurium. Most natural tellurides are not pure, so they are much less reactive. +2 compounds are found in some tellurium halides, like tellurium(II) chloride and tellurium(II) bromide. They are the rarest oxidation state. +4 compounds are found in tellurites and tellurous acid. They are weak oxidizing agents, that can be reduced to tellurium. Tellurites are made by reacting tellurium dioxide with a metal oxide. +6 compounds are found in tellurates and telluric acid. They are powerful oxidizing agents. Tellurates are made by reacting telluric acid with metal oxides.

Occurrence
Occurrence

Tellurium is a very rare mineral. There is 14 times more silver in the earth than there is tellurium. Tellurium is sometimes found as an element, but most of the times is found as tellurides. Gold tellurides (Calaverite) are found in the earth. They are valuable ores of both tellurium and gold. This gold ore was not recognized as gold during one gold rush and was used as a filler. It was then discovered that it was gold telluride, making another gold rush. Telluride cannot replace sulfide in elements like selenide does.

Preparation
Tellurium can be taken from gold telluride by dissolving the gold telluride in concentrated sulfuric acid. The tellurium dissolves to make a red solution, while the gold sinks to the bottom.
A more common way of extracting tellurium from tellurides is to heat the tellurides. The tellurides are heated with sodium carbonate and air. This makes sodium tellurite. Selenites are normally found as an impurity. They are separated by reacting them with sulfuric acid. The selenites stay in solution. The tellurites turn into tellurium dioxide. Then the tellurium dioxide is reacted with sulfur dioxide dissolved in sulfuric acid to make tellurium metal. The tellurium can be melted and reformed to make bars of tellurium metal.

Uses

The main use of tellurium is in alloys. It is used in iron, copper, and lead alloys. It makes the metals more easily machinable (able to be shaped by a machine). It improves strength and durability of lead and makes it more resistant to corrosion by sulfuric acid.
Tellurium is also used in cadmium telluride solar cells. These are very efficient. It can be alloyed with both cadmium and mercury to make mercury cadmium telluride, an infrared sensitive semiconductor. It is used in some rewritable (able to be erased and written again) optical discs. Lead telluride is used in another type of infrared sensor.

It is also used to color ceramics. It is used to make fiberglass that is used in telecommunications (telephones, internet, etc.). It helps increase the refraction. It is also used in delay blasting caps. Rubber can be hardened.

In biology
Tellurium is not really used in any living things. Some fungi, though, can use tellurium instead of selenium or sulfur. Most organisms can metabolize tellurium to make dimethyl telluride, which is a garlic-smelling chemical. If someone eats a tellurium compound, it gives them garlic breath.

Safety
Tellurium is very toxic.

Related pages
Tellurium compounds

References

Semimetals
Indium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol In. It has the atomic number 49. It is a rare metal which is soft, malleable, and poor (post-transition). Indium looks like zinc. Pieces of indium can easily be joined by pushing one piece into another. The chemistry of indium is quite like aluminium or gallium. Zinc ores are the main source of indium.

The main use of indium is in the chemical compound indium tin oxide in liquid crystal displays. It is also used in very thin layers as a lubricant. In World War II it was used to coat bearings in aircraft.

Post-transition metals
Francium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Fr and an atomic number of 87.  It is a metal.  In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the alkali metals.  Francium is very radioactive.  It is in very small amounts in uranium and thorium ores.  It has the lowest electronegativity and electron affinity of all the chemical elements.

Francium reacts violently with water, as do all of the elements in group 1 on the periodic table.

Francium is one of the hardest to find elements on the planet Earth.  It is estimated that there are only about 15 grams or half an ounce in the Earth's crust at a single time.
Although chemists knew the element number 87 in the periodic table should exist, it was a long time before it was discovered.  In the early 1900s, nearly all boxes on the periodic table had been filled. Chemists knew that one element had been found to fit into each box. Francium was discovered in 1939 by a French chemist called Marguerite Perey. She named it after her home country, France.

Isotopes
There are 34 known isotopes of francium ranging in atomic mass from 199 to 232. Francium-223 and francium-221 are the only isotopes that occur in nature.

Francium-223 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 21.8 minutes. Francium-223 is the fifth product of the actinium decay series as the daughter isotope of actinium-227. Francium-223 then decays into radium-223 by beta decay (1.149 MeV decay energy), with a minor (0.006%) alpha decay path to astatine-219 (5.4 MeV decay energy).
Francium-221 has a half-life of 4.8 minutes. It is the ninth product of the neptunium decay series as a daughter isotope of actinium-225. Francium-221 then decays into astatine-217 by alpha decay (6.457 MeV decay energy).

References 

Alkali metals
Rhenium is a chemical element.  It has the chemical symbol Re.  It has the atomic number 75.  It is a rare noble metal.  It is silver white.  In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements called the transition metals.  The chemistry of rhenium is similar to manganese. Discovered in 1908, rhenium was the second-last stable element to be discovered ('stable' meaning not radioactive). It was named after the river Rhine in Europe.

Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. These alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element. The second-most important use is as a catalyst: rhenium is an excellent catalyst for hydrogenation and isomerization. 

Rhenium found as a by-product of molybdenum refinement. 

Rhenium is used in some manganese alloys.  Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductors.
History 
Rhenium was discovered by Walter Noddack, Ida Noddack, and Otto Berg in Germany. In 1925, they reported that they detected the element in a platinum ore and in the mineral columbite. They also found rhenium in gadolinite and molybdenite. In 1928, they were able to remove 1 g of the element from 660 kg of molybdenite.

Characteristics 
Rhenium is a silvery-white metal. It has the third highest melting points of all elements. It is also the third densest element.

Isotopes 
Rhenium has one stable isotope which is rhenium-185. Rhenium that is found in nature is made up of 37.4% rhenium-185 and 62.6% rhenium-187. Rhenium has 33 known radioisotopes. They range from rhenium-160 to rhenium-194. The longest-lived radioisotope of rhenium is rhenium-183 which have a half-life of 70 days.

Occurence 
Rhenium is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust. It the 77th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Rhenium may not be found free in nature. It is found in small amounts in the mineral molybdenite.
Production 
Commercial rhenium is gotten from molybdenum roaster-flue gas. Some molybdenum ores contain 0.001% to 0.2% rhenium. Rhenium metal is made by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at high temperatures.

Uses 

Nickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. Rhenium is used in superalloys, such as CMSX-4 (2nd generation) and CMSX-10 (3rd generation). These superalloys are used in industrial gas turbine engines like the GE 7FA. Rhenium filaments are used in mass spectrometers, ion gauges and photoflash lamps in photography. Rhenium-platinum alloys are used as a catalyst for catalytic reforming. Rhenium-188 and Rhenium-186 are used to treat of liver cancer.

References

Transition metals
Thallium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Tl. It has the atomic number 81. Its standard atomic weight is 204.4. It is found in Group 15 of the periodic table. Thallium is a gray metal that is very toxic.

Properties

Physical properties
Thallium is a soft, malleable, grayish post-transition metal. It can be cut with a knife at room temperature. It melts at a low temperature, 304 °C. This is typical of a post-transition metal. Thallium has 25 isotopes and two stable (nonradioactive) ones. It is extremely toxic.

Chemical properties

Thallium is a moderately reactive metal. It corrodes easily in air with a blue-gray color that is similar to lead. If it is kept in air for a long time, a large amount of thallium(I) oxide will build up. It corrodes in the presence of water to make the hydroxide. It burns with a greenish flame. It reacts with most acids.
+1 compounds
+1 compounds are quite unreactive. It is the more common oxidation state. They are made when thallium dissolves in acids or corrodes in air.
 Thallium(I) bromide, yellowish solid, turns black when in light
 Thallium(I) carbonate, colorless solid, dissolves in water
 Thallium(I) chloride, colorless solid, does not dissolve in water
 Thallium(I) fluoride, colorless solid, dissolves in water
 Thallium(I) hydroxide, yellow solid, strong base, dissolves in water
 Thallium(I) iodide, yellow or red solid, does not dissolve in water
 Thallium(I) oxide, black solid, dissolves in water
 Thallium(I) sulfate, colorless solid, dissolves in water
 Thallium(I) sulfide, black solid, does not dissolve in water

+3 compounds
+3 compounds are oxidizing agents. They are quite rare.
 Thallium(III) halide, the thallium(III) fluoride, chloride, and bromide
 Thallium(III) hydroxide, white solid
 Thallium(III) oxide, white solid, semiconductor
History
Thallium was found by spectroscopy in 1861 by a bright green line in its spectrum. The main use for thallium, rat poison, was banned in many countries in the 1970s. Thallium was used to poison people, similar to the more popular arsenic.

Occurrence

Thallium is found most in certain clays and granites. It cannot be gotten easily from these, though. Thallium is normally gotten from the waste after other ores like galena are processed. Hutchinsonite is another mineral that has thallium in it.

Preparation
When lead and zinc are taken from their ores, many impurities are left behind. Sulfuric acid is used to dissolve the thallium from it as thallium(I) sulfate. Then the thallium(I) sulfate is electrolyzed to make thallium metal.
Uses
It is used in rat poisons and insecticides. The use of thallium as a poison has been reduced or banned in many countries because these countries think that thallium might cause cancers. It is also used in infrared detectors. It has been used in some murders. Like arsenic, the use of thallium in murders has given it the name "inheritance powder". Thallium compounds are used in glass for infrared light. Thallium was also used to kill skin infections, but it is too toxic to be used for that now. A superconductor that can work at higher temperatures than normal ones do uses thallium. A radioactive thallium isotope was used for nuclear scans. An alloy of thallium and mercury has a low freezing temperature and is a liquid. A very dense solution of a thallium compound was used to test minerals for specific gravity, but it is too toxic for use.
Safety
Thallium is very toxic. It can be absorbed through skin. Many of its salts easily dissolve. Some are colorless, tasteless, and odorless, but are very toxic. Some think that it is a carcinogen. Thallium can be a pollutant if the thallium waste from metal processing is washed away.

References

Post-transition metals
Néstor Kirchner (February 25, 1950 – October 27, 2010) was President of Argentina between 2003 and 2007. He was born in Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, where he was governor. On May 4, 2010 he became the first Secretary General of UNASUR. He died in Calafate on October 27, 2010 from heart failure which was caused by an earlier case of a heart attack. He was elected president in 2003, preceded by Eduardo Duhalde. Kirchner's widow, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, is the current president of Argentina.

Related pages
 Death and state funeral of Néstor Kirchner

References

Other websites 
 Office of the President  

1950 births
2010 deaths
Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
 
Presidents of Argentina
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Argentina
The Cunning Little Vixen (original title: Příhody lišky bystroušky, literally translates to The Adventures of Vixen Sharp-Ears) is an opera by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček.  Janáček loved animals, and in this opera some of the characters are humans but some are animals.  Some of the little animals, (like the grasshopper, frog and cricket) are usually sung by children.

Janáček got the idea of this opera from a cartoon strip called “Sharp-ears” (in Czech: "Bystrouška").  The cartoon was published in a popular daily newspaper Lidové noviny.  It was about a vixen (a female fox) and her adventures in the forest.  He thought that the story would make a good opera.  He made a few changes to the story: he left out a some characters, changed the order of the story a little, and made the humans and the animals behave in a similar way.  It was first performed in Brno on 6 November 1924.

When Janáček died in 1928 the last part of the opera was played at his funeral.

The Story of the opera
A forester is sleeping under a tree.  Nearby a young vixen (here, vixen means baby fox) is playing.  She nearly catches a frog, but the frog jumps away and lands on the forester’s nose.  He wakes up and sees the little vixen playing. He catches the vixen and take her home with him.  He gave her a name: “Sharp-ears”.

Sharp-ears is unhappy at the forester’s cottage.  She is tied up with a rope in the yard. The hens keep teasing her and the dog is boring.  One day she tells the hens that they are silly to stay in the farmyard being bossed about by the rooster.  She tells them they ought to fly away to freedom.  She pretends to die, then jumps up and starts to catch them.  When the forester’s wife comes out Sharp-ears bites through the rope and disappears into the forest.
She finds a nice sett (badger's hole) where a badger lives.  She wants to live there herself so she chases the badger out of his home.  One winter’s night the forester is drinking in the inn.  He teases the priest and the schoolmaster for not having found someone to love.  They in turn tease the forester for having let the vixen go.  The schoolmaster starts to go home.  He is drunk.  He sees the vixen who reminds him of his former lover, but he is too drunk to catch hold of her.

Sharp-ears meets a handsome young male fox called Goldskin.  The two fall in love.  When she realizes she is pregnant the fox and vixen get married.  The woodpecker is the priest who marries them.  The cubs (baby foxes) are born in the spring.
The forester is still searching the forest for Sharp-ears.  One day he finds a dead hare.  The poacher persuades the forester to make a trap, because he thinks that Sharp-ears will come back to eat the hare.  The cubs arrive and play near the trap.  Sharp-ears realizes the poacher is trying to catch her.  She teases him cruelly and dares him to kill her.  He shoots her with his rifle, then he is very sad.

Some time later the forester is sleeping under a tree.  He wakes up when a frog lands on his hand.  He sees a young vixen playing in front of him.  He tells the young cub that she looks just like her mother.  He reaches out for her but catches a frog instead.  He lets it go.  He realizes that life must go on.

Meaning of the story
Janáček made some changes to the story in the cartoon.  This made it more suitable for an opera.  He did not have all the characters that are in the cartoon, and he changed the order of the story to make it more dramatic.  He compares the human beings with the animals.  For example: we see vixen Sharp-ears falling in love and having a family.  But the forester’s friends: the school master and the priest, have not been so lucky with their love-life.  The priest looks like the badger, the woodpecker is like the priest.  When the opera is performed the same singer sometimes sings both parts.  The end of the opera is like the beginning.  This shows that life carries on and one generation follows another.

The Music

The music matches the story beautifully.  There are a lot of tunes with very exciting harmonies.  Sometimes he uses modes and whole-tone scales.  Janáček often makes his music sound like folk music of his country.

1920s operas
Brno
Compositions by Leoš Janáček
1924 works
The Guaraní alphabet is a system used to write the Guaraní language. The Guaraní language is used in Paraguay and some countries near it. The alphabet has 35 letters. These are:
A, Ã, CH, E, Ẽ, F, G, G̃, H, I, Ĩ, J, K, L, M, MB, N, ND, NG, NJ, NT, Ñ, O, Õ, P, R, RR, S, T, U, Ũ, V, Y, Ỹ, ʼ.

"A", "E", "I", "O", "U", "Y" are vowels, just like English. Those letters with tildes on top make the same sound, except more nasal sounding. The apostrophe sounds like a glottal stop. The other letters are consonants.

Alphabets
Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza (also known as Ukerewe and Nnalubaale) is a lake in Africa. It is bordered and governed by the countries of Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. The lake is in the western part of Africa's Great Rift Valley. 

Lake Victoria is 68,800 square kilometres (26,560 mi²) in size. It is Africa's largest lake, and the second largest fresh water lake in the world. It was named for Queen Victoria. The White Nile flows out of the lake.

Other websites 
 Lake Victoria Citizendium

Lakes of Africa
Lakes of Tanzania
Geography of Uganda
Geography of Kenya
Tonsillitis is a disease. It is also known as pharyngitis, laryngitis and Tonsillar infection. Tonsillitis is caused by either a virus or bacteria. It is the inflammation and infection of the tonsils. The tonsils are in the back of the throat. The tonsils get inflamed and red. Other symptoms include headaches, fevers, back and neck aches, chills, bad breath, weak voice, fatigue, having trouble swallowing, and more. There are treatments for tonsillitis. One treatment is antibiotics. Medicines to relieve pain like Tylenol and Advil are also suggested. The tonsils may be removed surgically if it is medically necessary. This operation is called a tonsillectomy. It is the most effective way to get rid of the infection. All kinds of tonsillitis are contagious. Tonsillitis is spread by human contact.

References

Infectious diseases
Encephalitis is sudden inflammation (swelling) in the brain.  It is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens.  As the brain swells, it can get damaged when it gets crushed against the skull.  Encephalitis can cause serious symptoms, like seizures and strokes, and can be fatal.  In 2013, encephalitis killed about 77,000 people in the world.

Signs and symptoms
Usually, adults with encephalitis have a fever that starts suddenly, a headache, confusion, and sometimes seizures.  Younger children or infants may be irritable (easily upset), not want to eat, and have a fever.  Usually, patients are either very tired or confused.

A stiff neck is a sign that the person has either meningitis (inflammation of the meninges, which cover the brain) or meningoencephalitis (swelling of both the meninges and the brain).

Causes
Causes

Viruses
Viral encephalitis can happen when a virus infects the brain.  The most common causes are the rabies virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), the polio virus, and the measles virus.  Viral encephalitis can also be caused by a latent virus - a virus that hides from the body's immune system the brain's nerve cells.  Two examples of viruses that cause latent infection are the varicella-zoster viruses, which can hide in the brain after causing chicken pox, and the herpes simplex virus.

About 100 different viruses can infect the brain.  Other examples include West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus.

Bacteria
Encephalitis can happen when a person gets a bacterial infection, like bacterial meningitis.  It can also be a complication of an infectious disease that a person already has, like syphilis.  This is called "secondary encephalitis."
Examples of other bacteria which can cause encephalitis are Staphylococcus aureus, which causes toxic shock syndrome; Bordetella pertussis, which causes pertussis (whooping cough); and types of Borellia bacteria, which cause Lyme disease.

Parasites
Some parasites can infect the brain, especially in people who have weak immune systems.  Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis; two parasites from the species Trypanosoma brucei, which cause African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness); and Plasmodium parasites, which cause malaria.

Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune diseases can cause encephalitis if the body's immune system attacks the brain, the spinal cord, and their nerves.  Two examples are autoimmune encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalitis.

Diagnosis
Encephalitis can be diagnosed in a few different ways:
An MRI (brain scan) can show brain swelling, and also show whether there are other brain problems causing a patient's symptoms
 An EEG (a picture of the brain's electrical activity) will show signals that are not normal
 A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) will show whether there is an infection in the cerebrospinal fluid (which bathes the brain and spinal cord)
 Blood tests or urine tests may show whether a person has encephalitis, or if they have another illness instead

Treatment
Some treatments for encephalitis depend on the cause:
 Viral encephalitis is treated with anti-viral medications
 Bacterial encephalitis is treated with antibiotic medications
Other treatments are "supportive" - they treat the symptoms of encephalitis.  For example:
 Steroid medications are used to decrease swelling in the brain
 Anticonvulsant medications can stop seizures
 Sedative medications can help with restlessness and irritability
 Acetaminophen can decrease fever and headache
 Physical therapy and speech therapy can help if the person has trouble moving or speaking after their infection is gone

Prevention
Vaccines have made encephalitis from some diseases much less common.  These diseases include measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), polio, varicella (chicken pox), and pertussis (whooping cough).  There are also vaccines for rabies, bacterial meningitis, Japanese encephalitis, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and some other diseases that can cause encephalitis.
People can protect themselves from diseases that are spread by insects, like Lyme disease and malaria, by avoiding insect bites.  For example, they can use bug spray; wear long sleeves and long pants; sleep under a mosquito net; and make sure they have good window and door screens.

References

Diseases and disorders of the brain
Mitosis is part of the cycle of cell division. The chromosomes of a cell are copied to make two identical sets of chromosomes, and the cell nucleus divides into two identical nuclei.

Before mitosis, the cell creates an identical set of its own genetic information – this is called replication. The genetic information is in the DNA of the chromosomes. At the beginning of mitosis the chromosomes wind up and become visible with a light microscope. The chromosomes are now two chromatids joined at the centromere. Since the two chromatids are identical to each other, they are called sister chromatids.

Mitosis happens in all types of dividing cells in the human body except with sperm and ova. The sperm and ova are gametes or sex cells. The gametes are produced by a different division method called meiosis.

Phases of mitosis 

There are five phases of mitosis. Each phase is used to describe what kind of change the cell is going through. The phases are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Prophase 

During prophase, chromatin (tangled-up DNA) in the nucleus condense into chromosomes (bunched-up DNA). Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. Spindle fibers begin to form a bridge between the ends of the cell.

Prometaphase 
During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope around the chromosomes breaks down. Now there is no nucleus and the sister chromatids are free. A protein called a kinetochore forms at each centromere. Long thin proteins reach across from opposite poles of the cell and attach to each kinetochore.

Metaphase  
During metaphase, the pair of chromatids are aligned by the pushing and pulling of the attached kinetochore microtubules, similar to a game of "tug of war". Both sister chromatids stay attached to each other at the centromere. The chromosomes line up on the cell's equator, or center line, and are prepared for division. This is the longest phase of mitosis.
Anaphase 
During anaphase, the sister chromatids split apart and move from the cell's equator (metaphase plate) to the poles of the cell. The kinetochore is attached to the centromere. The microtubules hold on to kinetochore and shorten in length. Another group of microtubules, the non-kinetochore microtubules, do the opposite. They become longer. The cell begins to stretch out as the opposite ends are pushed apart.

Telophase 
Telophase is the final stage in mitosis: the cell itself is ready to divide. One set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell. Each set is identical. The spindle fibers begin to disappear, and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. Also, a nucleolus appears within each new nucleus and single stranded chromosomes uncoil into invisible strands of chromatin.

Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis 

Cytokinesis, even though it is very important to cell division, is not considered a stage of mitosis. During cytokinesis, the cell physically splits. This occurs just after anaphase and during telophase. The cleavage furrow, which is the pinch caused by the ring of proteins, pinches off completely, closing off the cell. 

The cell now has reproduced itself successfully. After cytokinesis, the cell goes back into interphase, where the cycle is repeated. If cytokinesis were to occur to a cell that had not gone through mitosis, then the daughter cells would be different or not function properly. One would still have the nucleus and the other would lack a nucleus. Cytokinesis is different in both animals and plant cells. In plant cells, instead of splitting into two halves, it forms a cell plate. This is a cell wall that forms between the two nuclei after they have split apart. This must happen because the cells have a rigid shape, and must be completely covered in the cell wall to function.
References 

Cell biology
Plant anatomy
Inflammation is the first reaction of the immune system to an infection or irritation. It is an attempt of the immune system to dispel invaders and repair the body. It can happen in many parts of the body and often involves the following five steps:

 The inflamed spot becomes red.
 The inflamed spot becomes hot.
 The inflamed spot begins to swell.
 The inflamed spot begins to feel uncomfortable.
 The inflamed spot might cause surrounding organs to dysfunction.

The first four of these reactions have been known for a long time, since antiquity. Finding them is attributed to Celsus. The last one was added by Rudolf Virchow in 1858.
There are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute inflammations are more intense but short-lived, while chronic inflammations are less intense but long-lived. Examples of acute inflammation include skin disorders (e.g., psoriasis, dandruff) and arthritis, while chronic inflammation can be responsible for diseases such as cancer, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Adoption of healthy diet, physical exercise and rest are some of the ways to reduce Inflammations.

Related pages 

 Infection
 Injury

References

Other websites
Car rental is when you rent a car. The company providing you the car becomes the car rental service provider, whereas you become the car hirer, as you hire the car for a fee.

A car rental agency or a rent-a-car (car hire in British English) is a company that rents automobiles for short periods of time (ranging from a few hours to a few weeks) for a fee.

Location 
They can be found primarily located near airports or busy city areas. The internet is changing the car rental industry with companies that are now called online car rental companies. Travelers can pre-book their rental car online anywhere across the globe directly from the service providers like Hertz, Budget, Alamo, Sixt Rent a Car, Thrifty, Travelauto.com, Dollar, Enterprise Rent-A-Car and Europcar.

Purpose 
Car rental agencies are mainly for people who need a car for a short period of time, for example travellers who are out of town, people whose cars were damaged or destroyed. Car rental agencies may also rent trucks for self-moving industry
Conditions 
Car rentals are subject to many conditions which vary from one brand to another. The vehicle must be returned in a good condition and must not exceed a maximum driven distance, otherwise extra fees may be incurred. Additionally, some companies set up a minimum age for the vehicle driver, which in some cases is as high as 25, even in countries where the minimum legal age to hold a driver's license is much lower. Recent conditions have used GPS technology to limit maximum speeds or driving to specific regions.

Global market 
North America and Europe are leading the car rental market, followed by Asia-Pacific. North America is dominating the car rental market, owing to the high usage rate of car rental services by daily commuters, office-goers, and tourists in the country. Also, the growing trend of car sharing also boosts the usage of car rental in this region.

References

Automobiles
Mechanical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies the principles of Mechanics and Materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools. They can range from building a rocket ship down to things as small as an integrated circuit. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines.

Notes

Mechanical engineering
Paul Leonard Newman (January 26, 1925 – September 26, 2008) was an American actor, film director, race car driver, philanthropist, and entrepreneur. He was born in Shaker Heights, Ohio. His mother was a Slovak; his father was a Jew who had one parent from Hungary and the other from Poland. He considered himself Jewish and would have been accepted as one by other Jewish movements.

He was known especially for the 1969 movie Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. He played Butch Cassidy in the movie. He was married to actress Joanne Woodward. He died of lung cancer in 2008.

Retirement 
Newman retired from acting in May 2007. He said "You start to lose your memory, you start to lose your confidence, you start to lose your invention. So I think that's pretty much a closed book for me."
He came out of retirement to narrate the 2007 documentary movie Dale, about the life of NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt. He also narrated the 2008 BBC documentary Meerkats: The Movie. It was recorded at a studio near his home shortly before his death. The Meerkats was the last movie credit of Newman's long career.

References

Other websites 
 
 Newman/Haas Racing
 Newman's Own
 The Hole in the Wall Gang Camp

1925 births
2008 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American movie directors
Philanthropists from Ohio
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Connecticut
Deaths from lung cancer
Jewish American actors
Jewish philanthropists
Kennedy Center honorees
Actors from Shaker Heights, Ohio
Yale University alumni
IRA may mean:

Individual retirement account
Irish Republican Army
The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground. It is coloured dark blue on the Tube map. It is the fifth busiest line on the Underground network judged by the number of passengers transported per year. It is mainly a deep-level line, running from the north to the west of London via Zone 1. However, there are a number of surface sections mostly in its westernmost parts. Out of the 53 stations served, 25 are underground. It is the second longest line on the system, after the Central Line.

Infrastructure

Rolling stock
Rolling stock

Like most Underground lines, the Piccadilly line is operated by a single type of rolling stock. In this case it is the 1973 tube stock. The trains are painted in the standard London Underground livery of blue, white and red. Seventy-six trains out of a fleet of 88 are needed to run the line's peak service. One unit (166-566-366) was severely damaged by the terrorist attack of 7 July 2005. The stock was recently refurbished, and was due for replacement by 2014, but the order for new trains was cancelled in July 2010.

The line was previously worked by 1959 stock, 1956 stock, 1938 stock, standard tube stock and 1906 gate stock.

The line has two depots, at Northfields and Cockfosters. There are sidings at Oakwood, South Harrow, Arnos Grove, Rayners Lane, Down Street, Wood Green, Acton Town, Ruislip and Uxbridge.
Signalling
The line is controlled from the control centre at Earl's Court, which it used to share with the District line. It is in need of resignalling, and this work is planned to be carried out by 2014.

Service pattern
The current off-peak service pattern is:

 6 trains per hour  –  (via Terminals 1, 2, 3)
 6 trains per hour Cockfosters –  (returning around the loop and serving Terminals 1, 2, 3)
 3 trains per hour Cockfosters – 
 3 trains per hour Cockfosters – 
 6 trains per hour Arnos Grove – 

Often late evening services terminate at  instead of Cockfosters.

Trains will also make an additional stop at  during early mornings and late evenings but will not stop at the station during the main part of the day.

Other services operate at times, especially at the start and towards the end of the traffic day.

Map

Easier Versions can be found http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/standard-tube-map.gif

Stations

(In order from east to west.)

Cockfosters branch

Extension to Hounslow and Uxbridge
Heathrow branch

Uxbridge branch

Closed stations
opened on 30 November 1907 as the Strand tube station. It was at the end of a branch line from the main line at . An evening through-northbound 'Theatre' train ran until 1910. From 1917 onwards, it was served only by a shuttle from Holborn. In the same year it was renamed Aldwych when Charing Cross on the Northern line was renamed Strand. It was temporarily closed in 1940 during World War II to be used as an air-raid shelter. It re-opened in 1946. The possibility of extending the branch to Waterloo was discussed, but the scheme never proceeded. Aldwych was finally closed on 30 September 1994; the level of use was said to be too low to justify the £1 million in estimated costs of a complete replacement of the lifts. The station is regularly used by film makers.
  opened 15 December 1906; closed 30 July 1934, between  and .
  opened 15 December 1906; closed 21 May 1932, between  and .
 Osterley & Spring Grove first served 13 March 1933; closed 24 March 1934 between  and . It was replaced by Osterley.
opened 23 June 1903; closed 5 July 1931. Although on the route of the current Piccadilly line, a short distance north of the present  station, it was never served by Piccadilly line trains. It was opened by the District line, the original operator of the line between  and , and was closed and replaced by the present Park Royal station before the Piccadilly line started running trains to South Harrow in 1932.
  opened 15 December 1906; closed 19 September 1932, between  and . It has been suggested that this station may be reopened to serve new developments on the nearby Kings Cross railway lands, but this idea is not being progressed at present. The road the station served, 'York Road', has since been renamed 'York Way'.
Future
The Piccadilly line was to be upgraded in 2014–15 and would have had new trains as well as new signalling. This would have increased the line's capacity by some 24%. Bids for the rolling-stock order were submitted in 2008. However, after the acquisition of Tube Lines by Transport for London in June 2010, this order was cancelled.

Maps
 Cockfosters – 
 Oakwood – 
 Southgate – 
 Arnos Grove – 
 Bounds Green – 
 Wood Green – 
 Turnpike Lane – 
 Manor House – 
 Finsbury Park – 
 Arsenal – 
 Holloway Road – 
 Caledonian Road – 
 King's Cross St. Pancras – 
 Russell Square – 
 Holborn – 
 Covent Garden – 
 Leicester Square – 
 Piccadilly Circus – 
 Green Park – 
 Hyde Park Corner – 
 Knightsbridge – 
 South Kensington – 
 Gloucester Road – 
 Earl's Court – 
 Barons Court – 
 Hammersmith – 
 Turnham Green – 
 Acton Town –
South Ealing – 
 Northfields – 
 Boston Manor – 
 Osterley – 
 Hounslow East – 
 Hounslow Central – 
 Hounslow West – 
 Hatton Cross – 
 Heathrow Terminal 4 – 
 Heathrow Terminals 1, 2, 3 – 
 Heathrow Terminal 5 – 
 Ealing Common – 
 North Ealing – 
 Park Royal – 
 Alperton – 
 Sudbury Town – 
 Sudbury Hill – 
 South Harrow – 
 Rayners Lane – 
 Eastcote – 
 Ruislip Manor – 
 Ruislip – 
 Ickenham – 
 Hillingdon – 
 Uxbridge – 
 Cockfosters Depot – 
 Northfields Depot –

Related pages
 Leslie Green – architect of the Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway's early stations
 Vauxhall Cross tube station – fictional Piccadilly line tube station

References
Notes

Bibliography

Other websites
Airport rail links in London
London Underground lines
Transport in the London Borough of Brent
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the London Borough of Ealing
Transport in the London Borough of Enfield
Transport in the London Borough of Hackney
Transport in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Transport in the London Borough of Haringey
Transport in the London Borough of Harrow
Transport in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Transport in the London Borough of Hounslow
Transport in the London Borough of Islington
Transport in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Transport in the City of Westminster
1906 establishments in England
The Olympiastadion is a sports stadium in Berlin, Germany. It was built for the 1936 Olympic Games.

Events 
 1936 Summer Olympics
 1974 FIFA World Cup
 2006 FIFA World Cup
 2009 World Championships in Athletics
 Hertha BSC Berlin(Bundesliga home Stadium)

Other websites 

 Official Olympiastadion Site 

Football stadiums in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Sport in Berlin
1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic venues
The Athens Olympic Stadium () is a sports stadium in Athens, Greece.

Events 
1997 World Championships in Athletics
2004 Summer Olympics
2006 Eurovision Song Contest(at Olympic Hall)
2007 UEFA Champions League Final

Other websites 
Official site 

Sports buildings in Greece
Buildings and structures in Athens
Olympic venues
The 2000 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, took place in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia from September 15, 2000 until October 1, 2000.

199 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) were in the Sydney Games. Four were in the Olympics for the first time. These were Timor-Leste, Eritrea, Micronesia and Palau.

Returned medals
Marion Jones, winner of three gold and two bronze medals for the United States, gave back her medals in October 2007.  She said she took tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), a drug that could make her run faster, from September 2000 through July 2001.

On 2 August 2008, the International Olympic Committee took the gold medal from the U.S. men's 4x400-meter relay team. Antonio Pettigrew said he used a banned substance. Besides Pettigrew other athletes used performance-enhancing drugs.  These are twins Alvin and Calvin Harrison, and Jerome Young.

On 28 April 2010, the IOC took China's bronze medal from Gymnastics.  This was for using an underage gymnast.

Venues
Venues

Sydney Olympic Park

Olympic Stadium: Ceremonies (opening/closing), Athletics, Football (final)
Sydney International Aquatic Centre: Diving, Modern Pentathlon (swimming) Swimming, Synchronised Swimming, Water Polo (medal events)
State Sports Centre: Table Tennis, Taekwondo
NSW Tennis Centre: Tennis
State Hockey Centre: Field Hockey
The Dome and Exhibition Complex: Badminton, Basketball, Gymnastics (rhythmic), Handball (final), Modern Pentathlon (fencing, shooting), Volleyball (indoor)
Sydney SuperDome: Gymnastics (artistic, trampoline), Basketball (final)
Sydney Baseball Stadium: Baseball, Modern Pentathlon (riding, running)
Sydney International Archery Park: Archery

Sydney
Sydney

Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre: Boxing, Fencing, Judo, Weightlifting, Wrestling
Sydney Entertainment Centre: Volleyball (indoor final)
Dunc Gray Velodrome: Cycling (track)
Sydney International Shooting Centre: Shooting
Sydney International Equestrian Centre: Equestrian
Sydney International Regatta Centre: Rowing, Canoeing (sprint)
Blacktown Olympic Centre: Baseball, Softball
Fairfield City Farm: Cycling (mountain biking)
Ryde Aquatic Leisure Centre: Water Polo
Penrith Whitewater Stadium: Canoeing (slalom)
Bondi Beach: Volleyball (beach)
Sydney Football Stadium: Football
Olympic Sailing Shore Base: Sailing
Centennial Parklands: Cycling (road)
Marathon course: Athletics (marathon)
North Sydney: Athletics (marathon start)
Sydney Opera House: Triathlon

Outside Sydney
Bruce Stadium, Canberra: Football
Hindmarsh Stadium, Adelaide: Football
Melbourne Cricket Ground: Football
Brisbane Cricket Ground: Football

References
The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States from February 8 2002 to February 24 2002. There were about 2,400 athletes from 77 nations. They were in 78 events. Utah was the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games.

78 National Olympic Committees sent athletes to the Salt Lake City games. Cameroon, Hong Kong (China), Nepal, Tajikistan, and Thailand were in their first Winter Olympic games.

Highlights
The Olympic Flame was lit by the members of the gold medal-winning US Hockey Team of the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, NY.
These Olympics were the first time a United States president opened an Olympic Winter Games.
These were the first Games to be held under IOC president Jacques Rogge.
Janica Kostelić won three golds and a silver which were the first Winter Olympic medals ever for Croatia It was the first three-gold performance by a female.
Skeleton returned as a medal sport in the 2002 Games for the first time since 1948.
2002 was the first time with the Women's Bobsled Event.
China won its first and second Winter Olympic gold medals, both by women's short-track speed skater Yang Yang (A).
One of the most memorable stories of the event was at the men's short track. Australian skater Steven Bradbury was behind in the semi-final. The winning skaters crashed into each other, letting him finish second and go through to the final. Bradbury was again behind in the final. Again all four other skaters crashed out in the final turn. He won the gold medal.This was the first gold for Australia—or any other country of the Southern Hemisphere—in the Olympic Winter Games.
Australia won their second gold medal when Alisa Camplin won in Women's Aerials. This was the first ever Winter Games gold won by a woman from the Southern Hemisphere.
The Canadian men's ice hockey team defeated the American team 5–2 to claim the gold medal. This ended 50 years without the hockey gold. The Canadian women's team also defeated the American team 3–2.
2002 in the United States
21st century in Utah
Salt Lake City
A Stradivarius is a string instrument (such as a violin) built by the 17th century  Italian luthier Stradivari family (especially by Antonio Stradivari) that was famous for making them. Stradivarii are known for their high quality sound and ability to last a long time without tuning. Most of these instruments survive to this day, though few have been stolen. They are some of the best and most expensive instruments, and even each string instrument created has a name. So many people have wanted Stradivarii, and some have sold for more than a million dollars. Famous violinists, such as Midori Goto or Joshua Bell have Stradivarii.

String instruments

de:Antonio Stradivari#Stradivaris Instrumente
Gadolinium is a chemical element.  It has the chemical symbol Gd.  It has the atomic number 64.  It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides.  It is a rare earth element.  It is silvery white, malleable and ductile.