Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Cactus Flower is a 1969 American comedy movie. Ingrid Bergman plays Stephanie Dickinson. Goldie Hawn plays Toni Simmons. Walter Matthau plays Julian Winston. 

The movie received an Oscar for Goldie Hawn for her performance. It also won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress. It was liked both by the general public and critics.

References

Other websites

1969 comedy movies
1969 movies
American comedy movies
1001 Nights is a Canadian animated television series developed and produced at Big Bad Boo Studios, based on stories from One Thousand and One Nights. This is the first time the books of One Thousand and One Nights were made into an animated TV series for children.

References 

Canadian animated television series
John Elders (18 December 1930 – 3 May 2015) was an English rugby union player. He played with Leicester Tigers between 1953 and 1958, scoring the third most tries in the 1950s for the club with a total of 38. He also captained the club for a number of seasons. From 1972 until 1974, he coached England national rugby union team.

Elders was born in Middlesbrough. In 1981, he moved to Australia but moved back to England in 1981.

Elders died after a long illness on 3 May 2015, aged 84.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in England
English rugby union players
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
Ramelteon is a medication that can help people sleep. It is used for patients that have trouble falling asleep.

Psychoactive drugs
Organonitrogen compounds
Sleep
Bharat Raj Upreti (; 8 July 1950 – 24 May 2015) was a Nepalese judge. He was a justice of the Supreme Court of Nepal from 22 January 2009 until his resignation in 2013.

Personal Life
Upreti was born in Sindhupalchowk to a Hindu family. He studied at universities in Nepal and India.

Death
Upreti died on 24 May 2015 in Gyaneshwor, Kathmandu, aged 64. He committed suicide by hanging.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
Nepalese Hindus
Judges
Suicides by hanging
The Vézère Valley is known for its prehistoric cave systems, containing numerous cave paintings and hominid remains. They are found in the valley of the Vézère river between the communes of Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil and Montignac in the Dordogne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

UNESCO designated the systems as a World Heritage Site in 1979. Among the archaeological sites with remarkable caves is Lascaux.

Inscription as a heritage site 
UNESCO description is:
"The Vézère valley contains 147 prehistoric sites dating from the Palaeolithic and 25 decorated caves. It is particularly interesting from an ethnological and anthropological, as well as an aesthetic point of view because of its cave paintings, especially those of the Lascaux Cave, whose discovery in 1940 was of great importance for the history of prehistoric art. The hunting scenes show some 100 animal figures, which are remarkable for their detail, rich colours and lifelike quality".

List of the main sites named by the UNESCO

Gallery
Gallery

Related pages
 Lascaux
 Vézère

References

Other websites

 Hominides.com website  
 Office de tourisme de la Vallée de la Vézère 

World Heritage Sites in France
Archaeological sites in France
Dordogne
Corrèze
Little Big Man is a 1970 Western-comedy movie. It is about Native Americans and American pioneers in the 19th century. Also in 19th century, a white male child is raised by the Cheyenne nation. Dustin Hoffman plays Jack Crabb. Faye Dunaway plays Louise Pendrake.

The movie got very positive reviews from critics. Roger Ebert gave the movie four stars. It was rated PG-13 by the MPAA.

References

Other websites
 
 

1970 comedy-drama movies
1970s Western (genre) movies
American comedy-drama movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies directed by Arthur Penn
Cat Chaser is a 1989 thriller movie. The movie is about a former American paratrooper who runs a beachfront hotel in Miami. He searches for a woman who saved his life in 1965. Kelly McGillis plays Mary. Charles Durning plays Jiggs.

Cast
 Peter Weller as George Moran
 Kelly McGillis as Mary DeBoya
 Charles Durning as Jiggs Scully
 Frederic Forrest as Nolen Tyner
 Tomás Milián as Andres DeBoya
 Maria M. Ruperto as Luci Palma
 Juan Fernández de Alarcon as Rafi

Critical reception
Cat Chaser got mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes rates the movie 40%. Variety said: "Despite a fine cast and atmospheric direction by Abel Ferrara, the pic doesn't quite make the grade, though it is certainly worth a look."

References

Other websites
 

1989 thriller movies
American thriller movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Abel Ferrara
American independent movies
1989 independent movies
Chances Are is a 1989 American romantic comedy fantasy movie. This movie is about happenings in 1964 and 1987. It is also about reincarnation. Cybill Shepherd plays Corinne Jeffries. Mary Stuart Masterson plays Miranda Jeffries.

Cast
 Cybill Shepherd as Corinne Jeffries
 Robert Downey, Jr. as Alex Finch
 Ryan O'Neal as Phillip Train
 Mary Stuart Masterson as Miranda Jeffries
 Christopher McDonald as Louie Jeffries
 Josef Sommer as Judge Fenwick
 Joe Grifasi as Omar
 Henderson Forsythe as Ben Bradlee
 Fran Ryan as Mavis Talmadge
 James Noble as Dr. Bailey

Locations
Several scenes were filmed in Georgetown, along the mall and other parts of Washington, D.C..

Reception
Chances Are received positive reviews from movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the movie a 64% rating. The movie got back over $16 million.

References

Other websites
1989 fantasy movies
1989 romantic comedy movies
American fantasy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies about reincarnation
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies directed by Emile Ardolino
Cyborg is a 1989 martial arts and science fiction movie. The movie is about post-apocalyptic times.

Cast
 Jean-Claude Van Damme as Gibson Rickenbacker
 Deborah Richter as Nady Simmons
 Vincent Klyn as Fender Tremolo
 Dayle Haddon as Pearl Prophet
 Alex Daniels as Marshall Strat
 Blaise Loong as Furman Vux / Pirate / Bandit
 Ralf Möller as Brick Bardo (as Rolf Muller)
 Haley Peterson as Haley
 Terrie Batson as Mary
 Jackson 'Rock' Pinckney as Tytus / Pirate
Production
Cannon Films had planned to make a sequel to the 1987 He-Man movie Masters of the Universe and a live action version of 'Spider Man'. Both projects were planned to shoot at the same time by Albert Pyun. Cannon, however, was in financial trouble. They had to cancel deals with both Mattel and Marvel Entertainment. Cannon had already spent $2 million on costumes and sets for both movies. They decided to write a new project to recoup the money spent on them. Then Pyun wrote the storyline for Cyborg in one weekend. The movie was shot for less than $500,000 and filmed in 23 days. It was shot entirely in Wilmington, North Carolina.

Jackson "Rock" Pinckney, who played one of Fender's pirates, lost his eye during filming when Jean-Claude Van Damme struck his eye with a prop knife. Pinckney sued Van Damme in a North Carolina court and was awarded $485,000.
Violent scenes were removed from the movie to achieve an R rating rather than an X rating. That included a throat slitting and some blood and gore in the village massacre. Also removed was the death of a man Van Damme was fighting.

Reception

The movie got negative reviews from movie critics. However, the movie was successful in the box office. It got back over $10 million total.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1989 science fiction movies
1989 action movies
1980s American action movies
American adventure movies
American science fiction horror movies
MGM movies
Martial arts movies
Post-apocalyptic movies
Sneakers is a 1992 American crime fiction comedy movie. It stars Robert Redford, Dan Aykroyd, Ben Kingsley, Mary McDonnell, River Phoenix, Sidney Poitier, and David Strathairn. This was the second time Phoenix and Poitier starred together in a movie. The first was Little Nikita in 1988.

Plot 
In 1969, students Martin Brice and Cosmo are hacking into computer networks. They are called "sneakers". They are at college. They are switching money illegally. The police burst in and arrest Cosmo while Martin is out getting pizza. Martin runs away and is a fugitive.

After a number of years, Martin, now called Martin Bishop, is heading a group of security specialists in San Francisco. They are: Donald Crease, a former CIA officer and family man; Darren "Mother" Roskow, who believes in conspiracy theory; Carl Arbogast, a young genius; and Irwin "Whistler" Emery, a blind phone expert.
The National Security Agency knows who Martin really is. They offer to clean his record, but he has to steal a "black box" from a mathematician, Dr. Gunter Janek. Janek made the box for the Russian government. Martin agrees to help. With help from his former girlfriend, Liz, Martin and his team get the box, which is disguised as an answering machine. Whistler, Mother, and Carl discover that the box can break the encryption code of nearly every computer system. Martin says no one can leave the building until they can deliver the box the next day.

Martin gives the box to the NSA officers, but quickly leaves after Crease discovers that Janek was killed the night before. He finds out from a friend named Gregor in the Russian consulate, that the officers were not real agents, and that Janek was working for the NSA.
Fake FBI agents kill Gregor and kidnap Martin. While kidnapped, he again meets Cosmo, who Martin thought had died in prison.  While in prison, Cosmo got involved with organized crime, who helped him escape and get wealthy. He wants to use Janek's box to ruin the world economy.  He asks Martin to join him. Martin says no, and so Cosmo uses the box to break into the FBI's files to add "Martin Brice" as a known alias to Martin's record. Martin is knocked out and taken back to the city.

Martin calls his team for help. NSA agent Abbott, who wants the box, says Martin has to get it before he can help. By trickery, the team breaks into the building to recover the box. But Cosmo has been tipped off about a possible break-in. Cosmo locks down the building and holds Martin at gunpoint. Again he asks Martin to join him, but Martin refuses and the team escapes.
Back at their offices, Martin's team is met by NSA agents ready to arrest the group. But Martin convinces the NSA how important the secrecy of the box is to their agency. Abbott agrees to clear Martin's record and grant the requests of the rest of his team. After Abbott and the agents leave with the box, Martin shows his team he has ruined it by taking out the main processor.

Cast 
Robert Redford as Martin Bishop/Martin Brice
Ben Kingsley as Cosmo
Sidney Poitier as Donald Crease
David Strathairn as Erwin "Whistler" Emery
Dan Aykroyd as Darryl "Mother" Roskow
River Phoenix as Carl Arbogast
Mary McDonnell as Liz
Stephen Tobolowsky as Werner Brandes
Timothy Busfield as Dick Gordon
George Hearn as Gregor
Donal Logue as Dr. Gunter Janek
Lee Garlington as Dr. Elena Rhyzkov
James Earl Jones as NSA Agent Bernard Abbott
Making the movie 
Lasker and Parkes got the idea for Sneakers in 1981, while working on WarGames.  Once Robert Redford agreed to be in the movie, people who wanted to work with him then joined the cast and crew. This included the director, Robinson, who had little interest in the movie before.

"I can't remember having so much fun on a movie," Tobolowsky said in a 2012 anniversary article for the website for Slate. He first laughed at the script just because of its title.  After his agent talked him into reading it, he changed his mind. He then said to his agent, "Now I know what a hundred million dollars at the box office reads like."  The rest of the cast and crew also liked working on the movie. Near the end of the shoot Robinson said the only way it could have been better would have been if the lab lost the film, so they would have had to do it all over again.
Reception 
The movie got mixed reviews when it was released. Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan said Sneakers is "[a] caper movie with a most pleasant sense of humor," a "twisting plot," and a "witty, hang-loose tone." He also praised the director, who is "surprisingly adept at creating tension at appropriate moments" and "makes good use of the script's air of clever cheerfulness".

Roger Ebert gave the movie two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying it is "a sometimes entertaining movie, but thin."
Vincent Canby, in a negative review for The New York Times, said the movie looked like it had "just surfaced after being buried alive for 20 years". He said that Redford and Poitier looked and acted too old. He said the plot was "feeble," and that the movie was "jokey without being funny, breathless without creating suspense". He calls the ensemble an "all star gang," but says the "performances are generally quite bad." It currently holds an 81% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 47 reviews with an average rating of 6.8/10.

The movie was a box office success, making over $105.2 million worldwide.

References

Other websites

1990s criminal comedy movies
1992 crime movies
1992 comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
Movies set in California
Universal Pictures movies
A cyborg (short for "cybernetic organism") is a theoretical or fictional being with both organic and manufactured parts. 

The term was coined in 1960.  D.S. Halacy's Cyborg: evolution of the superman in 1965 spoke of a "new frontier" that was "not merely space, but more profoundly the relationship between 'inner space' to 'outer space' – a bridge...between mind and matter".

The term cyborg is not the same thing as bionic. It is often applied to an organism that has restored or enhanced abilities, done by some artificial part, by or technology that relies on some sort of feedback. 

While cyborgs are commonly thought of as mammals, they might also conceivably be any kind of organism and the term "cybernetic organism" has been applied loosely to all sorts of things. The term can also apply to micro-organisms which are modified to perform at higher levels than their unmodified counterparts. It is thought that cyborg technology may form a part of humanity's future.

References 

Bionics
Robots
Science fiction
Consenting Adults is a 1992 American mystery crime-thriller movie. This movie is about a composer and his wife living an ordinary suburban life until some new neighbors come along.

Plot
Composer Richard Parker and his wife Priscilla live an ordinary suburban life. That is, until they meet their new neighbors, Eddy and Kay Otis. The two couples become friends. Kay's talent for blues singing gets the attention of Richard. Eddy is attracted to Priscilla. However, it becomes clear that Eddy is a scam artist who fakes a neck injury after an auto accident.
The plot takes a nasty turn when Richard sleeps with Kay. Kay turns up bludgeoned to death with a baseball bat the following morning. It is then revealed that Eddy spent the night elsewhere, to establish an airtight alibi. Richard's fingerprints are on the bat. His semen is found in her body. He is then charged with the crime. Making matters worse, Priscilla disowns and divorces Richard due to his infidelity. Eddy soon becomes Priscilla's lover and a substitute father to Richard's child.

Richard finds a ray of hope when he discovers that Kay is alive. Eddy, expecting what Richard intends to do next, murders Kay and slips away.

Priscilla discovers a forgotten plane ticket that Eddy used on the night of the second murder. She realizes Eddy's guilt and worries over what to do about it. Richard raids Eddy's house. Eddy, however, expects this move as well. Priscilla and Richard eventually kill Eddy with the baseball bat.

Cast
Cast

Critical reception
Consenting Adults received negative reviews from movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the movie 27% overall.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1992 crime thriller movies
1990s mystery movies
American crime thriller movies
American mystery movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies about suburbia
Cast
 Al Pacino as Carlito Brigante
 Sean Penn as David Kleinfeld
 Penelope Ann Miller as Gail
 John Leguizamo as Benny Blanco
 Luis Guzmán as Pachanga
 Jorge Porcel as Saso
 Ingrid Rogers as Steffie
 Ara Gelici as Delale Sirnak
 James Rebhorn as District Attorney Bill Norwalk
 Joseph Siravo as Vincent "Vinnie" Taglialucci
 Frank Minucci as Anthony "Tony T" Taglialucci
 Adrian Pasdar as Frank "Frankie" Taglialucci
 Richard Foronjy as Pete Amadesso
 Viggo Mortensen as Lalin
 John Augstin Ortiz as Guajiro
 Al Israel as Rolando
 Ángel Salazar as Walberto
 Orlando Urdaneta as a bartender
 Rick Aviles as Quisqueya
Reception
This movie was released on November 3, 1993. It got mixed to positive reviews from critics. Its box office intake was over $63 million. The movie was criticized for re-treading old ground, mainly Brian De Palma's earlier works, such as Scarface and The Untouchables. On the Siskel and Ebert show, Ebert gave the movie a thumbs up. Siskel gave the movie a thumbs down. Ebert stated in his review the movie was one of De Palma's finest. The movie has a Fresh 79% rating from Rotten Tomatoes.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1993 crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
American gangster movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies about murderers
Movies about revenge
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies directed by Brian De Palma
Tzatziki or cacık  is a yoghurt dip or meze also served widely in the Mediterranean and Middle East. It is basically made from  yogurt with chopped-up cucumber or other vegetables. It is excellent to go with the spiced meat dishes of the Mediterranean cuisine.

A common recipe is strained yogurt (usually from sheep or goat milk) mixed with cucumbers, garlic, salt, olive oil, sometimes lemon juice, and dill, mint, or parsley. Tzatziki is almost  always served cold.

References 

Appetizers
Turkish food
Greek food
Milk
The American Zone of Occupation was part of Allied Occupied Germany after the defeat of Nazi Germany.

Germany was occupied by the Soviets, the French, the Americans, and the British. This took place shortly after World War II. The American Zone of Occupation's first military governor was Dwight Eisenhower, later the President of the United States of America it remained as a Occupied territory from 1945 until 1949. During the aftermath of Germany’s defeat in 1945 there were some Sabotages by the Nazi Plan Operation Werwolf .

Related pages 
 Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
 British occupation zone
 Soviet occupation zone

1940s disestablishments in Germany
1940s disestablishments in the United States
1945 establishments in Germany
1945 establishments in the United States
West Germany
Kate Quilton is a television presenter best known for her work on food shows like Food Unwrapped.

Quilton began working in television while still a student. She had jobs with ITV and the BBC. She made programmes for Channel 4 from 2010 until 2014 including the short lived documentary series Seven Days. She resigned from Channel 4 in 2014 to work full time on Food Unwrapped. In 2014 Quilton appeared with Food Unwrapped co-presenter Jimmy Doherty in The World's Best Diet, a one-off show.

References

Other websites
 

Living people
1983 births
Channel 4 presenters
English television presenters
Grumpy Old Men is a 1993 romantic comedy movie. It is about two old men who lead boring, ordinary lives in Wabasha, Minnesota. This was the sixth movie starring both Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau. It was also their first movie together since 1981's Buddy Buddy. Lemon and Matthau are one of the screen's great comedy teams.

It was followed by a sequel, Grumpier Old Men.

Plot 
Lemon and Matthau play neighbors who have been feuding since their childhood. The rivalry started over a high school sweetheart. The two lead similar boring and lonely single lives. They both love the Minnesota winter pastime of ice fishing. They also love competing, arguing, insulting, and pulling cruel practical jokes on each other whenever possible. Then an eccentric artist moves into the neighborhood. She is played by Ann-Margaret. Both men try to capture her attention.
Cast
Jack Lemmon as John Gustafson Jr.
Walter Matthau as Max Goldman
Ann-Margret as Ariel Truax
Burgess Meredith as John Gustafson Sr.
Daryl Hannah as Melanie Gustafson
Kevin Pollak as Jacob Goldman
Ossie Davis as Chuck (Bait Shop Owner)
Buck Henry as Elliott Snyder (IRS Agent)
Christopher McDonald as Mike

Release
Grumpy Old Men was one of the biggest surprise hits of the year at the time of its release. The movie opened on December 25, 1993. It had a weekend gross of $3,874,911. However, its numbers gradually became stronger. It earned a domestic total of $70 million. It got mixed to positive reviews from critics. Roger Ebert said "Matthau and Lemmon are fun to see together." The movie is rated PG-13 for adult themes.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Grumpy Old Men at Rotten Tomatoes

1993 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American buddy comedy movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies set in Minnesota
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Donald Petrie
Grumpier Old Men is a 1995 romance-comedy movie. The movie is about a feud between two old men that has cooled. The movie is the sequel to Grumpy Old Men.

Cast
 Walter Matthau as Max Goldman
 Jack Lemmon as John Gustafson Jr.
 Ann-Margret as Ariel Truax Gustafson
 Sophia Loren as Maria Sophia Coletta Raghetti Goldman
 Ann Morgan Guilbert as Francesca "Mama" Ragetti
 Burgess Meredith as John Gustafson Sr.
 Daryl Hannah as Melanie Gustafson Goldman
 Kevin Pollak as Jacob Goldman
 Katie Sagona as Allie (Melanie's daughter)

Critical reception

This movie was released on December 22, 1995. It got negative reviews from critics. Roger Ebert gave the movie two out of four stars. Kevin Thomas from Los Angeles Times said the movie was contrived and getting by on the star power of its cast It took in $71 million at the box office, more than its predecessor, Grumpy Old Men. Grumpier Old Men won the 1996 People's Choice Award for "Favorite Comedy Motion Picture". Like the first movie, Grumpier Old Men was rated PG-13.
References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1995 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
1990s English-language movies
People's Choice Award winners
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Howard Deutch
Armagnac (; ) is a kind of brandy produced in the Armagnac region of France. The region lies between the Adour and Garonne rivers in the foothills of the Pyrenees. The area contains  of grape-producing vines. It was given an AOC in 1936.

Column stills rather than pot stills are used in the production of Armagnac. It is then aged in oak barrels. Armagnac is the oldest brandy distilled in France. In the past was consumed for its therapeutic benefits. In the 14th century, Prior Vital Du Four, a Cardinal, claimed it had 40 virtues:

References

Alcoholic spirits
Disadvantages 
Traditional two-wheel drive systems have a differential in the rear axle. This is used for turning the vehicle. If both drive wheels rotated at exactly the same rate, the vehicle would have difficulty going around a corner. In a turn, the outside wheel has to go faster to keep up with the inside wheel (which turns slower). A differential allows one wheel to turn faster under these conditions. This means only one of the two wheels actually has power at any given time. A differential also prevents excessive tire wear. 

Of the two drive types, RWD has more disadvantages. In wet or slippery conditions, having effectively only one drive wheel, the tires are going to slip and lose traction. A FWD (not to be confused with 4WD) vehicle will have better traction, but in snow and icy conditions will not equal a four-wheel drive car or truck.

References 

Engineering
Inuinnaqtun is an Inuit language spoken in northern Canada. It is one of the official languages of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. These are two of the three territories in Canada. 

Inuinnaqtun is closely related to Inuktitut, but Inuinnaqtun is only written in Latin script (unlike Inuktitut). The number of native speakers is 410.

Eskimo-Aleut languages
The cabin or cab of a truck is the inside space in a truck where the driver is seated. Modern long-haul (long distance) trucks cabs usually feature air conditioning, a good sound system, and ergonomic seats (often air-suspended). Pickup truck cabs have options that can make them as comfortable to drive as a car.

Pickup trucks 
There are usually three types of cabs in pickup trucks:
 Regular cab means a pickup truck with 2 doors. It has a single row of seating and may seat one or two passengers.
 Extended cab means a cab with rear seating. It can have two, three or four doors.
 Crew Cab means a 4-door truck cab. Is sometimes called a double cab.
Larger trucks 
There are a few possible cab configurations:
 A sleeper (or sleeper berth or bunk) is a compartment attached to the cab where the driver can rest while not driving. It is frequently on long-haul semi-trailer trucks. They can range from a simple 2 to 4 foot (0.6 to 1.2 m) bunk to a 12-foot (3.7 m) apartment-on-wheels. It allows drivers to spend weeks on the road moving cargo.
 Cab over engine (COE) or flat nose, where the driver is seated on top of the front axle and the engine like in a body style of a truck, bus or van. They came into use just before World War II. Cabovers have a shorter wheelbase and good visibility. COE's are still popular among medium and light duty trucks in the United States. To access the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, This contrasts with a conventional truck where the engine is mounted in front of the driver.
Conventional cabs are the most common in North America and Australia. The driver is seated behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Conventionals are further divided into "large car" and "aerodynamic" designs, as opposed to underneath with no nose like in a cab over. A "large car" or "long nose" is a conventional truck with a long (6 to 8 foot (1.8 to 2.4 m) or more) hood. With their very square shapes, these trucks experience a lot of wind resistance. They typically consume more fuel. They also provide somewhat poorer visibility than their aerodynamic or COE counterparts. By contrast, Aerodynamic cabs are very streamlined. They have a sloped hood and other features to lower drag. The front doors are behind (and mostly above) the front tires. Access to a conventional cabin is commonly by steps at or near the fuel tank(s) behind the front tires.
References 

Trucks
1989 is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift.  The album was released on October 27, 2014 in the United States.  The album debuted at number one in many countries around the world. 1989 was noted to be Swift's first "pop-sounding" album.  The album was named after the year Swift was born and contains elements of music from that year.

Release date 
As of January 2016, six singles have been released.  The first four were "Shake It Off", "Blank Space", "Style", and "Bad Blood".  The first, second, and fourth singles all reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, while the third single reached number six.  The fourth single, "Bad Blood", was also released as a remix featuring American rapper Kendrick Lamar.
Billboard spots 
The fifth single, "Wildest Dreams", reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and, like the previous singles from the album, topped Billboard'''s Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) airplay chart.  The music video for the sixth single, "Out of the Woods", premiered on New Year's Eve 2015 on the annual new-year countdown show, Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest, which was shown on ABC in the United States.  This song has so far reached the top twenty on the US Billboard Hot 100.  The last single is "New Romantics", a song from the deluxe edition of 1989.  The song was released on February 23, 2016.

The album generally received positive reviews from music critics, and it sold over 1.2 million copies in the United States in its first week. This is the largest first-week sales of any album since 2002.  This record was beaten by English singer-songwriter Adele with her 2015 album, 25'', which sold over 3 million copies in its first week in November 2015.

References
References

Taylor Swift albums
2014 albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
"Style" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It is the third track from her fifth studio album, 1989.  It was released as the third single from the album on February 9, 2015. It reached number six on the US Billboard Hot 100.  It topped the Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs chart in the United States.  The song contains elements of disco, funk-pop, and pop rock.

References

Taylor Swift songs
2014 songs
Pop songs
Anne Braden (July 28, 1924 – March 6, 2006) was an American civil rights activist and newspaper journalist. She worked for newspapers in Louisville, Kentucky, Anniston, Alabama and Birmingham, Alabama. She also worked for the civil rights movement.

Early activism
In 1948, she married Carl Braden. He was a journalist too. They were interested in Henry Wallace's campaign to be President of the United States. Not long after Wallace lost, they left mainstream journalism. After World War II, the labor movement grew less aggressive. It began to break apart into smaller groups. At the same time, civil rights causes heated up.
Anne Braden is probably best known for something that happened in 1954. The Wade family asked the Bradens for help. Andrew Wade was an African American who wanted to buy a house in white suburban Louisville, Kentucky. Because of Jim Crow housing practices, the Wades had been unsuccessful for months to buy a home on their own. The Bradens agreed to buy the house and resell it to the Wades. On May 15, 1954, Andrew Wade and his wife Charlotte spent their first night in their new home. When white neighbors discovered that black people had moved in, they burned a cross in front of the house. They shot out windows. A few days later, a stone was thrown through a window. The milkman would not deliver milk. Someone cancelled their newspaper subscription. White friends began staying in the house to guard against further violence. After a few weeks, the incidents quieted down. However, just after midnight on June 27, 1954 a bomb went off in the house. It was under the room the Wade's two-year-old daughter slept in
. Nobody was home at the time.
The Bradens and five other whites were charged with sedition. They were accused of trying to start a race war. They were also accused of blowing up the house themselves to try to overthrow the government of Kentucky. This happened during the time of McCarthyism. Anyone could be accused of being a communist and many were. Carl Braden was said to be a communist troublemaker. He spent eight months in prison. The Supreme Court ruled a year later in a Pennsylvania case. It said sedition was a federal crime, not a state crime. Carl Braden's state conviction was cancelled. The charges were dropped against the other defendants. The Wades moved back to Louisville.

Life
Anne Braden was born in Louisville, Kentucky. She died there at age 81.

References

Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
American civil rights activists
1924 births
2006 deaths
Burhan Muhammad (3 August 1957 – 19 May 2015) was an Indonesian diplomat. From 14 November 2012 until his death, he was the Ambassador to Pakistan. He was born in Yogyakarta.

Muhammad was badly burned and injured in a helicopter crash in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan on 8 May 2015. He later died at a hospital in Singapore, aged 57.

References

1957 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths
Ambassadors of Indonesia
Aviation deaths
Indonesian politicians
Lawrence Edward Grace "Titus" Oates or Captain Lawrence Oates (March 17, 1880 March 16, 1912) was a British cavalry officer and an Antarctic explorer. He died during the Terra Nova Expedition of 1910–13.  Oates, who had gangrene and frostbite, walked from his tent into a blizzard. His death is seen as an act of sacrifice. When he knew that his sickness risked the survival of his three crew mates, he chose certain death.

Early life
Oates was born in Putney, London, England in 1880. His parents were William and Caroline Oates. His family was rich. They had owned land at Gestingthorpe, Essex, for hundreds of years. His father moved the family there when his children were small. He had an older sister, named Lillian, who married an Irish singer and actor. His uncle was a naturalist and African explorer. Oates studied at Eton College, but he left after less than two years because of poor health. He then attended an army school in Eastbourne.

Expedition to the South Pole
In 1910, he joined Robert Falcon Scott's expedition to the South Pole. He was chosen because he had worked with horses. He took care of the nineteen ponies that pulled the sleds carrying food for the trip. Scott then picked Oates for the five-man team to travel the last distance to the Pole.

Captain Scott, Captain Oates and 14 others left base camp on November 1,1911. During the  trip, some members of the crew were sent back by Scott in teams. On January 4, 1912, only the five-man team with Scott and Oates, were left to walk the last  to the Pole.

On January 18, 1912, they reached the Pole. They found that Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen and his team, had beaten them to be first to the Pole. Inside the tent was a note from Amundsen saying that he had reached the South Pole on December 14, 1911.
The return trip 
On the way back, Scott's team had many problems: very bad weather, poor food supply, injuries from falls, scurvy and frostbite. On February 17, 1912, Edgar Evans died from a head wound after falling into a deep crack in the ice a few days earlier.

Oates' feet were badly frostbitten. He was getting weak faster than the others. In his diary, Scott wrote on March 5: "Oates' feet are in a wretched condition... The poor soldier is very nearly done." The others did not want to leave him behind. This caused the team to be late getting back. They were running out of food and fuel. On March 15, Oates told his friends that he could not go on. He asked them to just leave him in his sleeping bag, but they said no. He travelled a few more miles that day but got worse that night.
Death 
When he woke up the next morning, Oates walked out of the tent into a blizzard and  temperatures to his death. Scott wrote in his diary, "We knew that poor Oates was walking to his death, but though we tried to dissuade him, we knew it was the act of a brave man and an English gentleman."

Scott and the other two walked another . Then they were stopped by a fierce blizzard on March 20. Trapped in their tent by the weather and weak, cold and hungry, they died nine days later. Their frozen bodies were found by a search party on November 12, 1912.

Oates' body was never found. Near where they thought he died, the search party left a pile of stones and a cross. These words were left: "Hereabouts died a very gallant gentleman, Captain L. E. G. Oates... In March 1912, returning from the Pole, he walked willingly to his death in a blizzard, to try and save his comrades, beset by hardships."
Oates' reindeer-skin sleeping bag was found. It is now in the museum of the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge, with other items from the expedition.

Last words 
Scott wrote in his diary that before Oates left the tent and walked to his death, he said "I am just going outside and may be some time."

References

Other reading 
 Smith, Michael I Am Just Going Outside.

Other websites 

 Gilbert White's House and the Oates Museum
 The Life and Death of Lawrence Oates @ Ward's Book of Days
 Lawrence Oates Biography 

1880 births
1912 deaths
Explorers of Antarctica
British explorers
Missing people
People educated at Eton College
People from Putney
People who committed suicide
Pharmacokinetics is a branch of pharmacology which studies what the body does to a drug. Pharmacokinetics looks at how a substance enters, moves through and exits the body. It relates how the dose delivered affects the concentration within the body. It is closely related to another branch of pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, which describes how a drugs affects the body.

ADME 
When developing new drugs, it is important to know exactly what happens to the chemical once administered. There are four important parameters of pharmacokinetics, usually known by the acronym ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion. This model was developed in order to simplify perception of the many processes that take place once a drug enters an organism.
Absorption - How is the medication absorbed (through the skin, the intestine, the mouth)?
 Distribution - How does it spread through the organism?
 Metabolism - Is the medication converted chemically inside the body, and into what. Are these new substances active? Could they be toxic?
 Excretion - How does the organism get rid of the chemical (through the bile, urine, breath, skin)?

Absorption 

Absorption describes the movement of a drug from the dosage form to the site of action, usually the blood.
The bioavailability (F) of the drug is the fraction of the drug being administered that reaches the blood circulation.

Factors affecting the absorption 
 Route of administration
 Physicochemical properties of the drug, for example, how soluble or acidic it is.
 Patient related factors: sex, age, disease state, blood flow and supply to the site of adsorption

Route of administration

How does the route of administration affect drug absorption?
Effects of lipid solubility acidity 
Once the drug is in the body, it enters many cells. Cells are surrounded by a protective membrane made of lipid bilayer. For this reason, only lipid soluble, (lipophillic) drugs can enter cells.
Sometimes the substance gets trapped within the lipids of waste products that need excreted, and leave the body without ever being absorbed.
For this reason, there must be a balance between lipophilicity and hydrophilicity of drug molecules.
The acidity of a pharmaceutical compound can also affect absorption. It is important to know how acid or basic the substance is in order for the body to accept it, giving our bodies a biological effect. 

 If the drug is a weak acid, it absorbs better in the stomach (e.g. aspirin or penicillin).
If it is a weak base, it absorbs better in the intestine (e.g. atropine, codeine). If a weak base drug is given orally, it will get destroyed by stomach acid and bile, and not produce any beneficial effect.
Parental route of administration 
One way to overcome the need to absorb the drug in the stomach (where it can be destroyed by bile), is to inject it  in the skin (intradermal), subcutaneously, in the muscle (intramuscular) or directly into the bloodstream (intravenously). 

 Intravenous (IV) delivers the drug directly into the blood stream, taking on its full affect. There is 100% absorption, which means all of the drug enters the circulation system. This method takes around 2 minutes to start taking effect. However, there is a downside; initial local concentration is high when injected quickly, meaning there is a lot of drug in one place. To avoid this, some drugs need to be injected slowly (e.g. chemotherapy).

 Intramuscular injection is the second fastest method, taking around 30 minutes to enter the blood system. This works well because muscles have a rich blood supply. The rate of absorption can be increased when the blood flow to the muscle is increased, for example with exercise.
Subcutaneous injections are submitted between the muscle and dermis (skin). They're less painful and can be self-administered. The downside is that absorption tends to be much slower than the previous two routes.

Other routes include the topical route, where the drug is applied directly to the skin or mucosal surface on which it is intended to act. These drugs are also known as ointments and include eye drops, thrush cream and eczema lotion. Though absorption is slow, there is a high concentration of the substance in this one area, meaning a pharmacological affect at only the site of application is produced.

Nasal spray and inhalers are other routes of admission which bypass the stomach.

Distribution 
Distribution describes how a drug moves about in the body once it has entered blood circulation, and how this movement may decrease the concentration. 

The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is the apparent volume into which the drug is distributed, expressed in liters (L).
Vd = Dose/Initial plasma concentration

Vd is a hypothetical volume of fluid that will contain the total amount of drug administered to the body. One inside thebody, the drug can move around either by diffusion (soaking through a membrane due to a lower concentration), or by transport in the blood. The body should be considered as being multicompartmental, where drugs can be distributed into plasma (blood) - 8% , interstitial fluid (a liquid that surrounds tissues) - 24%,  intracelullar fluid (which surrounds cells) - 65% and also fat.

A lower Vd value infers that the drug is retained within the plasma.

A higher Vd value suggests that the drug is retained in volumes outside of the plasma (i.e. in peripheral tissues).
Factors affecting drug distribution 
There are many factors which affect drug distribution, the most important ones are the following:
 Physiochemical properties (molecular weight, lipophilicity...): smaller compounds cross the capillary membrane more easily and therefore are quicker in producing a biological affect. Highly lipid soluble drugs are likely to accumulate in the brain and fat deposits. 
 Blood flow to the tissues: drugs accumulate faster in tissues with a good blood supply, like the heart, lungs and liver, as opposed to adipose tissue and bone.
 Plasma protein binding: many drugs bind strongly to blood proteins, and because these stay inside the blood vessels, such drugs remain within without being redistributed. For this reason, only free (unbound) drug is pharmacologically active and available for metabolism and excretion.
Diseases: Some diseases reduce plasma protein binding, increasing the concentration of free drug. In meningitis and encephalitis, the blood vessels become more permeable and polar antibiotics like penicillin can cross through. In contrast, shock and heart failure can cause capillaries to become less permeable, decreasing drug distribution.
 Special compartments and barriers: These prevent movement of the drug into areas where their effects may be dangerous, such as the brain, which has a highly selective barrier.
Metabolism 
Metabolism describes how a drug is altered chemically in the body into its metabolite, which may be more or less active. This process usually occurs in the liver, but can also take place in the plasma, lungs, stomach, small intestine, kidney and skin. It contains two phases: phase 1 and phase 2.
 Phase 1 reaction: oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis - mediated by the Cytochrome P450 enzyme. This process makes the drug chemical more reactive, often makes it more toxic, or even more pharmacologically active.
 Phase 2 reaction: Glucuronidation, sulfation, glutathione conjugation, N-acetylation, methylation. The 'activated' drug molecule is combined with another molecule to produce an inactive compound which is usually more water soluble (polar) than the original chemical. It is also easier for excretion.

Put simply, this process converts lipid soluble drugs to water soluble metabolites.
First pass metabolism 
All drugs that are absorbed from the small intestine are first transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein, in many cases a large proportion of the drug is then metabolized immediately before the drug enters the systemic circulation. This process is called first pass metabolism.
Some drugs undergo extensive first pass metabolism such that only about 10% of the administered dose enters the circulation: "10% bioavailability".
In the case of some drugs, the metabolism occurs within the gut before even reaching the liver.

Kinetics of drug elimination 
Can be zero order or first order:

Excretion 
This is how a drug or its metabolite is removed from the body. Usually this occurs in the kidneys (urine), but can also take place in the biliary system (faeces), gastrointestinal tract (GIT), skin (sweat) and lungs (expired air).
Factos effecting drug excretion 
Many of the products of hepatic metabolism are water soluble metabolites of lipid soluble drugs, these enter the systemic circulation and are transported to the kidney where they are eventually excreted in the urine.

Drugs and metabolites that are in free aqueous solution may also be excreted in sweat or expired air. Where the drug or metabolite is not freely water soluble, it is normally excreted into the gut via the bile duct from when it is excreted in the faeces. 

One complication of this route of excretion is the enterohepatic shunt. In this process the drug is excreted into the guy from the bile duct, but is then reabsorbed and transported back to the liver. The consequence of this is that the presence of the drug or metabolite within the body is extended, which, if the metabolite is pharmacologically active, may extend the duration of action of the drug.

Some chemicals, for example lead, accumulate within the tissues.
Factors effecting plasma drug concentration 
The actual concentration of drug present within the plasma (bloodstream) following administration is dependent on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Plasma concentrations of a drug after administration of identical doses either by intravenous injection or orally. Only about half of the dose administered orally actually enters circulation, however the plasma half-life of the drug is approximately 3 hours both orally and via IV.

In most therapeutic circumstances, drugs are not given as a single dose but as multiple doses. This has profound effects on the plasma concentrations achieved. The state of constant maxima and minima is called "steady state". This is the point where rate of drug availability equals rate of elimination, and the optimum therapeutic effect is reached.

Pharmacology
The British Mount Everest expedition of 1953 was the first expedition that made it to the summit of Mt. Everest. Edmund Hillary, an explorer, and Tenzing Norgay, a Nepalese mountain climber, were the pair who got to the top. It was the ninth attempt to reach the summit. 

The expedition was lead by Colonel John Hunt, who was hired by the Everest organizing committee. The military-style expedition was "bottom heavy" by today's standards. There were tons of equipment hauled by 350 porters to support only ten climbers.  Other teams would also try. Finally, on May 29, Hillary and Tenzing made it to the top. They could only stay on the summit for 15 minutes or risk running out of oxygen. They began the long climb back down to the base camp. They arrived exhausted and unable to speak. When Hunt saw them he thought they failed and began arranging for another team to try. But the two gestured that the climb had been a success. Hillary and Norgay became instant heroes.

References
References 

1953 in Asia
1950s in the United Kingdom
Himalayas
Mountain climbing
20th century in Nepal
Reynaldo Rey (born Harry Reynolds; January 27, 1940 – May 28, 2015) was an American actor, comedian, and television personality. He started his career in 1973. He was best known for roles in the movies Harlem Nights (1989), White Men Can't Jump (1992), and Friday (1995). He also appeared in the television series 227.

Rey was born in Sequoyah County, Oklahoma. He was of African American and Native American ancestry.

Rey died from problems caused by a stroke on May 28, 2015 in Los Angeles, California. He was 75.

References

Other websites
 
 

1940 deaths
2015 deaths
Actors from Oklahoma
American movie actors
American television actors
Deaths from stroke
Anna-Rose Levinson (8 January 1939 – 13 May 2015) was a German zoologist and entomologist. She worked at the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology from 1971 and the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology from 2004.

Levinson was born in Tel Aviv, Israel and graduated from the University of Jerusalem in 1966. She later moved to Germany, living in Starnberg, Bavaria. She was married to Hermann Levinson until his death in November 2013.

Levinson died on 13 May 2015, aged 76.

References

1939 births
2015 deaths
German biologists
Israeli biologists
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
People from Bavaria
Scientists from Tel Aviv
German zoologists
Entomologists