Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Outre-Mer: A Pilgrimage Beyond the Sea (Travelogue) (1835)
Hyperion, a Romance (1839)
The Spanish Student. A Play in Three Acts (1843)
Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie (epic poem) (1847)
"Kavanagh: A Tale"  (1849)
"The Golden Legend" (poem) (1851)
The Song of Hiawatha (epic poem) (1855)
The Children's Hour (1860)
Household Poems (1865)
The New England Tragedies (1868)
The Divine Tragedy (1871)
Christus: A Mystery (1872)
"Aftermath" (poem) (1873)
The Reaper and the Flowers (1839)
The Bell of Atri (from The Sicilian's Tale) (1863–72)
Poetry collections
A Psalm of Life (1838)
Voices of the Night (1839)
Ballads and Other Poems (1841)
Poems on Slavery (1842)
The Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems (1845)
Birds of Passage (1845)
The Seaside and the Fireside (1850)
The Courtship of Miles Standish and Other Poems (1858)
Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863)
Flower-de-Luce (1867)
Three Books of Song (1872)
The Masque of Pandora and Other Poems (1875)
Kéramos and Other Poems (1878)
Ultima Thule (1880)
In the Harbor (1882)
Michel Angelo: A Fragment (incomplete; published posthumously)
Translations
Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique  (Translation from Spanish) (1833)
Dante's Divine Comedy (Translation) (1867)
Anthologies
Poets and Poetry of Europe (Translations) (1844)
The Waif (1845)
Poems of Places (1874)
Notes

References
 Calhoun, Charles C. Longfellow: A Rediscovered Life. Boston: Beacon Press, 2004. .
 Williams, Cecil B. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1964.

Other websites

Sources
 Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and biography at PoetryFoundation.org
  - Plain text and HTML
Works by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow at Internet Archive - Scanned books, many illustrated and original editions.
 Audio - Hear the Village Blacksmith
 Maine Historical Society Searchable poem text database, biographical data, lesson plans.
Other
Longfellow National Historic Site in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Wadsworth-Longfellow House in Portland, Maine
Longfellow's Translation of Dante rendered side by side with that of Cary and Norton
Famous Quotations by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Audiobooks--Layne Longfellow Reads H.W. Longfellow 

1807 births
1882 deaths
19th-century American poets
Writers from Portland, Maine
Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts
was a  after Kōchō and before Kenji.  This period started in February 1264 and ended in April 1275. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Bun'ei era 

 17 March 1272 (Bun'ei 9, 17th day of the 2nd month): Former Emperor Go-Saga died.

 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 1st month): In the 15th year of Kameyama's reign, the emperor resigned.  

 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 3rd month):  Emperor Go-Uda became the monarch of Japan.  The retired Emperor Kameyama continued to be important and powerful.

 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 10th month): Former Emperor Go-Fukakusa's son Hirohito-shinnō was named Crown Prince and heir to Emperor Go-Uda.  Hirohito and Go-Uda were first cousins.
19 November 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Kublai Khan sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan. Some military forces are landed near Fukuoka in Kyūshū.  However, a storm sank many of the ships.  The major part of the invading army was drowned. The invaders retreated to Korea.  During the brief fighting, the Hakozaki Shrine was burned to the ground.  This 1274 event was called Bun'ei no eki.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Bun'ei
1260s in Japan
1270s in Japan
The Boston Police Strike happened in Massachusetts during 1919. Over a thousand police officers went on strike. They wanted to  be paid more money. The Governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge, said it was wrong to "strike against the public safety". Coolidge fired the police officers who went on strike.  He hired veterans from World War I to replace them and gave them same bonuses that the striking policemen asked for to the veterans. This was the event which made Coolidge popular enough to become Vice President of the United States and then President of the United States of America after the death of Harding.

1919 in the United States
20th century in Boston
Law enforcement in the United States
1910s protests
Panama City is the capital of Panama.  813,097 people live there.  It is now a popular place for older people or senior citizens to retire.

National capitals in North America
Cities in Central America
Settlements in Panama
Nobuyuki Uenoyama (born 26 May 1957) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yanmar Diesel.

References

1957 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka
Josep María Comadevall (born 24 November 1983) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Badalona.

References

1983 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Henk ten Cate (born 9 December 1954) is a former Dutch football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1979/80||Go Ahead Eagles||Eredivisie||27||4

|-
|1980||Edmonton Drillers||NASL||21||5

|-
|1980/81||rowspan="2"|Go Ahead Eagles||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||19||3
|-
|1981/82||1||0
|-
|1981/82||Telstar||Eerste Divisie||30||7
|-
|1982/83||rowspan="3"|Go Ahead Eagles||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||31||10
|-
|1983/84||24||2
|-
|1984/85||30||2
|-
|1985/86||Heracles||Eredivisie||19||1
181||29
21||5
202||34
|}

References

1954 births
Living people
Dutch football managers
Footballers from Amsterdam
Eredivisie managers
KFC Uerdingen 05 managers
AFC Ajax managers
Edson Aparecido de Souza (born November 29, 1962) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="4"|Yomiuri||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||18||0||||||2||1||20||1
|-
|1990/91||rowspan="4"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||30||5||||||1||0||31||5
|-
|1991/92||30||10||||||3||0||33||10
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Football League||18||4||||||colspan="2"|-||18||4
|-
|1993||18||4||1||0||4||0||23||4
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||36||5||5||1||1||0||42||6
|-
|1995||37||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||39||4
|-
|1997||rowspan="4"|Yokogawa Electric||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||||||||||||||||
|-
|1998||||||||||||||||
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Football League||23||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||3
|-
|2000||10||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||11||3
220||38||9||1||11||1||240||40
220||38||9||1||11||1||240||40
|}

References

1962 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Edson Rodrigues (born March 13, 1967) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||9||0||9||0
|-
|1993||29||3||3||0||4||0||36||3
|-
|1994||23||1||2||0||0||0||25||1
52||4||5||0||13||0||70||0
52||4||5||0||13||0||70||0
|}

1967 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Dan Ito (born 3 November 1975) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Churchill Brothers.

References
Official blog

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Hokkaidō Prefecture
Noriyuki Kawamata (born 9 May 1967) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Hitachi.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||Hitachi||JSL Division 2||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

References

1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Takeshi Satouchi (born 11 January 1957) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Sumitomo Metals.

References
Kawasaki Frontale

1957 births
Living people
Footballers from Shiga Prefecture
Billy Budd is an opera by Benjamin Britten.  It was first performed at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London on 1 December 1951. It is based on the short novel Billy Budd by Herman Melville.  The libretto for the opera was written by E.M.Forster and Eric Crozier.

Britten originally wanted the part of Billy Budd to be sung by Geraint Evans, but Evans found that the notes were too high for his voice, so he sang a different role, and the role of Billy Budd was sung by Theodor Uppman.  The first performance was a great success.

In the original version the opera had four acts, but in 1960 Britten made some changes to the opera, making the story fit into two acts.  Not everybody agrees about which version is the better one.

Famous baritones who have sung the role of Billy Budd include Thomas Allen, Simon Keenlyside, Richard Stilwell, and  Thomas Hampson.  There are no women in the opera at all.

Roles
Roles

The story of the opera
The story takes place on board the battleship HMS Indomitable in 1797 during the French Revolutionary Wars.  There is a short prologue at the beginning, and an epilogue at the end, during which the old captain is thinking back about the story which happened many years earlier.  The rest of the opera tells that story.

Prologue
Captain Vere, an old man, is thinking back on his life and his time in the navy.   He thinks about what happened to Billy Budd some years earlier, and he feels sad because he was not able to save him.

Act 1
The crew of the Indomitable are working on deck.  There is a new man working there (the Novice).  He slips and bumps into an officer.  The novice is cruelly flogged (beaten) for this.  At the same another crew member comes with three new young men who have been pressed (forced) into coming to work on the ship.  One of these three men is Billy Budd.
Billy Budd is very happy at his new job.  He does realize how cruelly he is going to be treated.  The man in charge of the crew is Claggart.  He is the Master-at-Arms, and he is very cruel.  He says he thinks Billy Budd is a fine young man, although he has a stammer. Billy happily says goodbye to the ship he used to work on, called  Rights of Man.  He does not see the irony in that ship’s name (there he did at least have some rights, but now he is to be treated badly.  The word “indomitable” means: “something that cannot be defeated”.)   Claggart does not like Billy’s attitude, and tells Squeak to watch him carefully.

The Novice comes back from his flogging.  He is in such pain that he cannot walk.  Billy is shocked, but thinks he himself will not be treated like that so long as he obeys the ship’s rules.
Dansker tells the new men that Captain Vere's nickname is "Starry Vere,".  Billy thinks that he must be a good man and swears loyalty to him, although he has not seen him yet.  In the four-act version Captain Vere comes on deck and encourages the men to do well in battle.

Act 2

In his cabin, Captain Vere talks with his officers about the French revolution.  They talk about the mutinees that have happened in the British Navy.  The officers say that Billy might cause trouble, but Vere thinks his men are all good.
When Billy finds Squeak looking through his belongings he becomes angry and his stammer gets worse.  He knocks Squeak to the ground.  Claggart seems to be on Billy’s side, so he is not punished.  However, Claggart wants to be evil to Billy.  He gives some money to the Novice and tells him he should persuade Billy to start a mutiny, and that he should give Billy the money as a bribe.  The Novice does not dare to refuse.   Billy refuses the bribe and thinks he will be rewarded, but Dansker warns him that Claggart is dangerous.  Billy is too naïve to understand what Dansker is saying.   They sing a duet in which Billy sings how wonderful life is on the ship, and Dansker is trying to warn Billy about Claggart: “Jemmy-legs is down on you”.
Act 3
Claggart begins to tell Vere that Billy could cause trouble, but is interrupted when a French ship is seen. The Indomitable attacks, but loses sight of the enemy in the mist. Claggart returns, and tells Vere that Billy poses a threat of mutiny. Vere does not believe him and sends for Billy so that Claggart may talk to him.

Later, in Vere's cabin, Claggart repeats the false charge in Billy’s presence. Once again, Billy begins to stammer because he is so angry. Unable to speak, he hits Claggart and kills him. The Captain has to get the officers together.  They decide Billy is guilty and sentence him to be hanged. Billy begs Vere to save him, and the officers ask him what they should do, but Vere stays silent. He goes into the cabin where Billy is being held.  The music suggests that the captain is telling Billy about his death sentence.

Act 4
Act 4

Dansker brings Billy a drink.  He tells him that the crew are willing to mutiny for his sake, but Billy accepts his fate.  In the early morning the crew gather on deck and Billy is executed.  Just before he dies he praises Vere, singing: "Starry Vere, God Bless you!", and the rest of the crew echo his words.

Epilogue
Vere, as an old man, remembers Billy's burial at sea.  He thinks about how the young man had blessed him as he died, and he realizes that this was real goodness.  Vere is now at peace with himself.  The orchestra stops playing and Vere’s voice is heard as the lights fade.

References

The New Kobbe’s Opera Book, ed. The Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie;  pp. 111ff

Other websites
Current performances of Billy Budd  from Operabase

Compositions by Benjamin Britten
1950s operas
1951 works
is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1984||rowspan="8"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||22||0||||||2||0||24||0
|-
|1990/91||12||0||||||5||0||17||0
|-
|1991/92||3||0||||||1||0||4||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||7||0||7||0
|-
|1993||26||0||2||0||5||0||33||0
|-
|1994||17||0||0||0||2||0||19||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Brummell Sendai||rowspan="3"|Football League||12||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|1996||25||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||27||2
|-
|1997||9||0||0||0||6||0||15||0
126||1||6||1||28||0||160||2
126||1||6||1||28||0||160||2
|}

References

1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Iwate Prefecture
Matsuichi Yamada (born 21 February 1961) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Honda.

References

1961 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Motoaki Inukai (born 5 July 1942) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Mitsubishi Motors. He is currently the President of Japan Football Association.

References
Japan Football Association

1942 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Enbun and before Jōji. The period started in March 1361 and ended in September  1362.  During this time, the pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Kōan era 
 1361 (Kōan 1, 6th month): Snowfall was unusually heavy; and there was also a disastrous fire in Kyoto as well as a violent earthquake.
 1361 (Kōan 1): Eigen-ji was founded. It is a Zen Buddhist temple in what is now Shiga Prefecture.
 1362 (Kōan 2): Hosokawa Kiyouji and Kusunoki Masanori attack Kyoto. Ashikaga Yoshiakira fled.

Southern Court nengō
 Shōhei, 1346–1370

Related pages
 Muromachi period
 Kōan (Kamakura period)

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Japanese eras
1361 establishments
1360s establishments in Japan
1362 disestablishments
1360s disestablishments in Japan
Samarkand  It is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province.

The city is on the old Silk Road between China and the West, and is an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century, it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane), and is the site of his mausoleum, the Gur-e Amir. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most famous landmarks. The Registan was the ancient centre of the city.

Most of the inhabitants of this city are Persian-speaking and speak the Tajik Persian dialect. This city is one of the historical centers of the Tajik people in Central Asia, which in the past was one of the important cities of the great empires of Iran.

In 2001, UNESCO added the 2,750-year-old city to its World Heritage Site list as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.
History 
Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the trade route between China and the Mediterranean (Silk Road). At times Samarkand has been one of the greatest cities of Central Asia.

Started about 700 BC by the Persians, Samarkand has been one of the main centres of Persian civilization from its early days. Maracanda was the ancient Greek name for it Alexander the Great conquered the city in 329 BC.

Medieval history 
At the start of the 8th century, Samarkand came under Arab control. Under Abbasid rule, the legend goes, the secret of papermaking was learned from two Chinese prisoners in 751. This led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world being founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe.
Samarkand was sacked by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1220. Some of the people survived, but later, Samarkand suffered at least one other Mongol attack. The town took many decades to recover from these disasters. In The Travels of Marco Polo, where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road, Samarkand is described as "a very large and splendid city..." He also writes about a Christian church in Samarkand, which miraculously remained standing after a portion of its central supporting column was removed.

In 1370, Timur the Lame, or Tamerlane, decided to make Samarkand the capital of his empire, stretching from India to Turkey. During the next 35 years, he built a new city and populated it with artisans and craftsmen from all of the places he had conquered. Timur gained a reputation as a patron of the arts, and Samarkand grew to have a population of about 150,000.
Modern history
In 1499, the Uzbek Turks took control of Samarkand. They moved the capital to Bukhara and Samarkand went into decline. The city came under Russian rule in 1868. The Russian section of the city was built after this point, largely to the west of the old city.

The city later became the capital of the Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan and grew in importance still further when the Trans-Caspian railway reached the city in 1888. It became the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1925 before being replaced by Tashkent in 1930.

References 

World Heritage Sites in Asia
Cities in Uzbekistan
was a  after Bun'ō and before Bun'ei.  This  period started in February 1261 and ended in February 1264. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the  Kōchō era
 1261 (Kōchō 1, 12th day of the 5th month): Nichiren was exiled to Izu Province.
1262 (Kōchō 2, 28th day of the 11th month): Shinran Shonin died at age 90.
 1263 (Kōchō 3, 22nd day of the 2nd month): Nichiren was pardoned.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" 

Japanese eras
1261
1262
1263
1264
1260s in Japan
Arovell Verlag is an Austrian publishing house for modern literature. It was founded in 1991 by the Austrian writer, artist and musician, Paul Jaeg. Today, Jaeg is still the director.

Each year, Arovell prints between ten and twenty new books. Some authors, such as Peter Paul Wiplinger, have already published several books with Arovell, but others use Arovell to publish their first book(s).

Arovell publishes modern literature in the German language. They include short prose, stories and poetry. The covers of all books show a painting by Paul Jaeg.

Arovell also publishes a magazine about literature, music and art, which gives information about new books and public events. The magazine prints sometimes short texts from the books by Arovell.

The publisher organizes literary, musical and artistic events, especially in Upper Austria and Salzburg, but also in Vienna.

Arovell's headquarter is in Gosau in Upper Austria and has branch offices in Vienna and Salzburg.
Published authors (examples)
Hans Dieter Aigner
Peter Assmann
Reinhold Aumaier
Klaus Ebner
Karin Gayer
Constantin Göttfert
de:Fritz Huber
Paul Jaeg
Christoph Janacs
Günther Kaip
Wolfgang Kauer
de:Hermann Knapp
Dorothea Macheiner
Dirk Ofner
Wolfgang Pollanz
Fritz Popp
Herbert Reiter
Christine Roiter
Leopold Spoliti
Nikolai Vogel
Wolfgang Wenger
Christine Werner
Peter Paul Wiplinger

Other websites
Website of Arovell publishing house
Information at the center for German Philology Germanistik im Netz 

Book publishing companies
1991 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Austria
Companies of Austria‎
Powder monkeys were boys or young teenagers who used to work on board the old sailing ships when they went to war.  When there was a battle it was the powder monkeys'  job to carry bags of gunpowder from the place where it was stored to the people who were operating the guns.  This had to be done quickly, so young boys were ideal because they could run fast and they were small.  It was not unknown for girls to disguise themselves as boys and get a job as a powder monkey.

Other websites
 HMS Victory: The Crew 

Childhood
Sailing

Military occupations
Seismic performance analysis or seismic analysis is an intellectual tool of earthquake engineering which breaks the complex topic into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of seismic performance of building and non-building structures or their models.

In general, seismic analysis is based on the methods of structural dynamics. For decades, the most prominent instrument of seismic analysis has been the earthquake response spectrum method  which, also, contributed to the proposed building code's concept of today.

However, those response spectra are good, mostly, for single-degree-of-freedom systems. Numerical step-by-step integration, applied with the charts of seismic performance, seems to be a more effective method of analysis for multi-degree-of-freedom structural systems at severe process of earthquake excitation.
The design of structures rests on authorized engineering procedures, principles and criteria meant to design or retrofit structures subject to earthquake exposure. Those criteria are consistent just with the contemporary state of the knowledge about building structures. Therefore, the building design which blindly follows some seismic code regulations does not guarantee safety against collapse or serious damage.

The price of poor seismic analysis may be enormous. Nevertheless, seismic analysis has always been a trial and error process no matter it was based upon physical laws or empirical knowledge.

References

Earthquake engineering
Modeling
The international Wiener Werkstattpreis is a literary prize in Austria and has been founded in 1992. Since the year 2000, the prize is given every year. The organizers want to promote writers who are not well-known yet.

The prize is 1,100 EUR. In 2007, the authors could send in their texts in three categories: short story, poetry and essay.

Supported and partly paid by the Austrian government and the city administration of Vienna, the prize is organized by the publishing house FZA.

Winners 
2009 Wolfgang Ellmauer and Markus Thiele
2008 Axel Görlach
2007 Klaus Ebner (main price and winner in the categories short story and essay)Winner in the category poetry: Norbert Sternmut
2006 Constantin Göttfert
2005 Felician Siebrecht
2004 Ingeborg Woitsch and Daniel Mylow
2003 Uljana Wolf
2002 Susanne Wagner
2001 Olaf Kurtz
2000 Christine Thiemt
1994 Franzobel

Other websites 
Information Wiener Werkstattpreis 

Literary awards
Petting is a village near Traunstein, in Bavaria. It is next to the Waginger See, Lake Waging. The village was built on what was once an island, during the last Ice Age. The island was known as safe, and secure, and was inhabited even at that time. According to the records, the place name means place where there is water, at times. There used to be a church in the village, around 800 AD. Unfortunately, this church was destroyed by the Hungarians around the year 900. There had been a castle in what was then the churchyard; the owners of the castle can be traced back to the 6th century. It is believed that Petting had already existed during the time of the Romans, with the same name. 

The part of the village called Ringham can be traced to 788 AD, when it's mentioned by a chronicle of the bishop of Salzburg. In 1970, about 1,700 people lived in Petting; in 2000 they were about 2,200.

References

Other websites

Villages in Bavaria
Japanese American internment happened during World War II when the United States government forced about 110,000 Japanese Americans to leave their homes and live in internment camps. Many of the people who were sent to internment camps had been born in the United States.

On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii and declared war on the United States. Many Americans were furious, and some blamed all Japanese people for what had happened at Pearl Harbor. They spread rumors that some Japanese people knew about the attack ahead of time and had helped the Japanese military. The FBI and other parts of the United States government knew that these rumors were not true, but did not say anything.
Japanese Americans began to feel that other Americans were becoming upset with them. For example, John Hughes, a man who read the news and listened to the radio in Los Angeles, California, spoke about Japanese Americans. There were reports of businesses that had anti-Japanese signs. For example, a barber shop put up a sign saying "Free shaves for Japs" and "not responsible for accidents."  A funeral home hung a sign saying "I'd rather do business with a Jap than an American."

Internment starts
Internment starts 

In February 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. This order said that people who lived in some parts of the country could be taken out of those areas for any reason. While the order did not use the exact words "Japanese Americans", people knew that those were the people who would be taken out of those areas.  The areas included all of California and the western parts of Oregon, Washington, and Arizona.  (See the area marked "exclusion zone" on the map on this page.)  This was where most Japanese Americans lived at that time.

To keep Japanese Americans from leaving these areas on their own, the government stopped many of them from taking money out of their bank accounts. This made it harder for them to move. 

Japanese Americans were given only 48 hours to leave for internment camps in other states. They were only allowed to carry one bag with them, and could not bring radios or cameras.
Who was interned
In total, the United States forced over 110,000 Japanese Americans into internment camps.

About 80% of the Japanese-American people who lived in the continental United States were forced to leave their homes and live in internment camps.  More than three out of every five of these people were born in the United States, and were United States citizens.  About half of the people sent to the camps were children.

Most of the Japanese Americans who were interned lived in the continental United States.  About 160,000 Japanese Americans lived in Hawaii, but only a little over 1,000 of them were interned. Because there were so many Japanese American people living in such a small territory, interning them would have been almost impossible.

Inside the camps 

There were three government agencies that ran camps. Ninety percent of the Japanese Americans were in camps run by the War Relocation Authority (WRA).  Only Japanese Americans lived in the WRA camps.
Ten percent of the Japanese Americans were in mixed-race camps.  These were either run by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) or the United States Army. Many different people were interned in INS and Army camps.  These people were included:
 German and Italian immigrants 
 German Americans and Italian Americans 
 Some refugees 
 Commercial seamen from Germany and Italy whose ships were taken by the United States Navy, and passengers on those ships
WRA camps were surrounded by barbed wire.  They were also guarded by soldiers who waited in watchtowers holding guns.
Some people were shot. For example, James Wakasa, who stepped outside the barbed wire fence, was shot and killed. The guard who shot him said that Wakasa was trying to escape, but the Japanese Americans in the camp did not believe the guard.  Most of the camps were many miles away from the coast, and often in rural areas. Many of the camps were in the desert, which was uncomfortable for many of the Japanese Americans who were not used to that type of climate. This also meant that even if somebody escaped, there would be nowhere for them to go. 

In the camps, people had to stand in line to eat or to go to the bathroom.
One famous camp was Manzanar, which was in California.  Many Japanese from Los Angeles and San Francisco were sent there.  Other camps included Poston in Arizona and Minidoka in Idaho. There were a few camps outside of the western U.S., such as Jerome in Arkansas.  Japanese Americans were often crowded into small spaces, such as race tracks, before being sent to the camps.
The camps tried to provide medical care.  Many of the people who worked in the camp hospitals were Japanese American doctors and nurses who lived in the internment camps.  However, there were not enough doctors and nurses, and not enough medical supplies.  Also, conditions at the camps helped cause some diseases.  For example:
 Because the camps were so crowded, infectious diseases spread easily.  These diseases included typhoid fever, smallpox, whooping cough, flu, diphtheria, and tuberculosis.  The camps could give vaccines to prevent some of these illnesses, like typhoid fever and smallpox, but not others.
 Bad sanitation caused outbreaks of food poisoning at many camps.
 At camps in the desert, there was so much dust that people with asthma and breathing problems got worse.
 At camps in Arkansas, people got malaria from mosquitoes.
A total of 1,862 people died from medical problems while in the internment camps.  About one out of every 10 of these people died from tuberculosis.
The end of internment  
By 1943, the government allowed some Japanese Americans to leave the camps to work or go to school.  However, the government would not let them return to the West Coast.  Some Japanese Americans were even allowed to serve as soldiers in the U.S. Army, and many served with honor in Europe.  

In 1944, the United States government said that it would stop putting Japanese Americans in internment camps. The people who were placed in the camps were given $25 and a bus ticket home. However, it would take more than 40 years for the government to apologize to Japanese Americans for what had happened. In 1988, the government apologized and paid a check $20,000 to people who had been sent to internment camps. However, some people had problems getting their checks.

Photo gallery

References

Other websites
Other websites

Colors of Confinement, photographs by Bill Manbo
National Japanese American Memorial Foundation 
Photograph collection from the University of Utah's Marriott Library 
Smithsonian Education – Japanese American internment

1940s in the United States
Human rights abuses
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Imprisonment and detention
World War II
Prisons in the United States
Concentration camps
The Feldkirch Poetry Prize, in German Feldkircher Lyrikpreis, started by Erika Kronabitter, an Austrian artist and writer, is given every year by the theater Theater am Saumarkt in Feldkirch, Vorarlberg/Austria. Among the sponsors, there are the Austrian government, the local administration of Vorarlberg and private banks. In 2003, the poetry prize was organized for the first time.

Poets from all countries may send in their poems. German philologists and poets are the jury. The winners are presented to the public during Fall. The winning poems are archived in the Library of Vorarlberg.

Winners

2012 
 Elisabeth Steinkellner
 Sascha Kokot und Andra Schwarz

2011 
 Tobias Falberg
 C. H. Huber
 Claudia Scherer

2010 
 Kenah Cusanit
 Regina Hilber
 Udo Kawasser

2009 
 Marcus Pöttler
 Silke Peters and Thilo Krause (ex aequo)

2008 
 Andreas Neeser
 Martin Strauß
 Lina Hofstädter

2007
 Klaus Händl
 Bernhard Saupe
 Alexandra Lavizzari
 Thomas Steiner
2006
 Adelheid Dahimène
 Christine Haidegger
 Ludwig Laher
 Hans Eichhorn

2005
 Knut Schaflinger
 Julia Rhomberg
 Udo Kawasser
 Klaus Ebner

2004
 Elsbeth Maag
 Knut Schaflinger
 Lisa Mayer
 Gertrude Pieber-Prem
 Sabine Eschgfäller
 Udo Kawasser und Walter Pucher

2003
 Elfriede Kehrer
 Norbert Mayer
 Walter Pucher
 Mechthild Podzeit-Lütjen
 Ulrike Ulrich

Other websites
Theater am Saumarkt
Article of the Austrian television on the 5th Poetry Prize

Sources
Austrian newspaper Vorarlberger Nachrichten

Literary awards
Austrian literature
Vorarlberg
Inferno Metal Festival is an annual extreme metal festival in Oslo, Norway. The festival take place at Rockefeller Music Hall.

Other websites
 Official site

Oslo
Music festivals
Festivals in Europe
A sailing ship is a big boat with sails attached to the mast, to catch the wind.  The wind pushes the boat along.  A sailing ship had a rig of at least three masts, square rigged.  

Sailing ships have been used since prehistoric times. They were greatly improved around the 15th century, and were the main kind of ship until the middle 19th century. They were very important for trade and war. All large boats became known as "ships", so when steam power was invented people talked about "steam ships" to distinguish them from "sailing ships".

Small boats with sails are called "yachts" or sailboats.  They are used today for leisure activities.

Sailing ships
A weather radar is a type of radar used to show where precipitation is. Weather radar can tell the movement of precipitation, what type it is (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and forecast its future.

Modern weather radars are mostly Doppler radars, which can find the direction and speed of rain drops and the intensity of the precipitation. Both types of information can be used to find the structure of storms and tell if they signify any severe weather (tornadoes, flash floods, etc.).

References

Other websites

 Radar tutorial
 Weather Underground
 Canadian weather radar FAQ 

Meteorology
Radar
The story 
Hominid takes place several million years ago in the Central African region between rainforest and savanna. The main characters are australopithecus afarenses, a hominid mostly living on trees that existed before the use of tools and fire. The story is told in the first person by the main character, Pitar. In thinking about his social and natural environment, Pitar decides to lead his family to civilization: "Hence I decided to shed some light on the darkness, to light a candle following the motto Let there be light and so on". His linguistic knowledge, thoughts and sayings are those of modern man, including a big knowledge about history, politics, philosophy and literature. Several comments made by Pitar about a particular object that has not been invented or developed yet, add to the funniness of the scenario. Pitar's close friends are Carpediem, who says Latin phrases and quotes the writers of Classical Antiquity, and Lao, who often refers to Chinese philosophy.
The novel has seven chapters, "Day 1" to "Day 7", with the action of each chapter taking place on consecutive days. The chapter titles refer to the seven days of the biblical Creation. Only odd-numbered chapters tell the love story. Writer Karin Gayer mentions in her review that the love story of Pitar and Maluma, and its positioning within the text, offers "a second interpretation of the beginning and the end".

Characters 

In conversation with the Viennese regional leader of publisher Arovell, Ebner talked about the hidden meanings of his characters' names.
Akshaya: The name stems from Hindi (specifically Sanskrit) and signifies "the indomitable". Akshaya is a female character with a firm personality. She belongs to the group although she often acts against Costello. In a certain sense she represents the matriarchal form of governance.
Bongo: African people and language, place names in several African countries; Remembers Adriano Celentanos movie “Bingo Bongo”; forest antelope. The novel presents Bongo as a clownish, male young man.
Carpediem: Latin for "seize the day", or literally "pluck the day"; this phrase stems from a poem by Horace. Carpediem is Pitar's closest friend. He uses Latin quotations and other sayings.
Costello: English-Italian family name. Costello is the patriarch of the clan. Interested in remaining in power, he understands that Pitar's ideas might help him. For this reason he helps Pitar.
Djamila: A female character who belongs to Costello's harem. Her name stems from the Arabic language meaning "the pretty one".
Ischa: A female character who belongs to Costello's harem. Together with Djamila she woos the clan leader. Her name stems from the Semitic languages meaning "woman".
Konrad: Old High German for "bold or good adviser". He is a follower of Re.
Lao: Depending on the intonation, the word is Chinese for "firm, solid" or "old". This also remembers the Lao people who live in Southeast Asia. The character Lao quotes Chinese philosophers and is a friend of Pitar.
Lucy: Remembers Lucy, the skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis found in 1974 in Ethiopia. Lucy is the mother of most children of the family. At the end of the book she leaves for East Africa with Lao.
Maluma: Maluma is an artificial word from synesthesia, representing round and smooth shapes.
Manisha: This name stems from the Hindi and Sanskrit language, signifying "the wise"; Hinduism knows her as the goddess of the mind. Among the clan's women, Manisha has a similar role as Lao among the men.
Pitar His name stems from Sanskrit and means "father"; its word accent lies on the second syllable: Pitár.
Re: Italian for "king"; remembers the ancient Egyptian sun god Re or Ra. Re is Costello's rival and enemy. An aggressive character, he understands Pitar as an enemy because of Pitar's support for the clan leader. The attack of the sabre-toothed cat, which kills Costello, allows Re to become the new leader at the end of the novel.
Rhododendron: Greek for "rose tree"; a flowering plant. The character Rhododendron is a male member of the group with a sense for nature.
Ruth: Hebrew for "companion". Ruth is a female clan member with a strong character.
Thorn: The name stems from the Germanic languages and is the denomination of the rune Thurisaz “Þ”, pronounced as “θ”. Thorn is the eldest of the clan and considered a wise man. He appears only in the first two chapters and dies at their end. He was the leader of the clan before Costello.
History of the book 

The idea to give prehistoric characters present-day knowledge and a modern language already arose in 2006. Since the author believed that this topic would not be enough for a longer novel, he did not continue working on it at first. The final impulse came with the literature prize Wiener Werkstattpreis in February 2008. The publication of a book offered by publisher FZA was an integral part of the award, and the publisher limited this book to 100 pages. For this purpose Ebner wrote and finalized his story and published the book in October of the same year. Publisher FZA introduced the work to the public in Vienna.

Criticism and interpretation
Heinz Gerstinger means the book would be a “history of the awakening of the spirit of mankind”. The author has the events glided “into the playful by his gently irony”. Several reviewers underline the novel's ironic and satirical aspect. The names of the characters, Latin quotations and idioms add to this as much as the parallelism between the seven days of Creation and scientific hominization. Ingrid Reichel points out the perfect publication date, just in time for the 150th anniversary of Charles Darwin's evolution theory. Like other reviewers, who had written about Ebner's earlier books she underlines the complex use of a detail rich language which is “steeped in subtle insensitive humor”.

The many expressions in foreign languages, mostly in Latin, are untranslated in the first edition. In her review, Ingrid Reichel invites the publisher to add a glossary to a new edition. The author published such a glossary on his own website.
Despite many clear allusions to several world religions, Ingrid Reichel says that the novel is a book for “readers with humor, for reasoners (…), for darwinists, on no account for creationists, to a lesser extent for people of faith, but rather for atheists, … and fundamentalists drop out entirely”. Another aspect is identified by Karin Gayer when mentioning the parallel evolution of the patriarchal hierarchy in the story's society and the social matriarchy, the first resembling Chimpanzee communities and the second those of Bonobos. In addition, she points out the strength of the women characters. With regard to these underlying comparisons she says: “On another level we are struck by the permanent verbal mix of the ape-like and the human, a combination which leaves us pensive and asks the legitimate question where we, who consider ourselves sapiens in a double sense, should finally classify man.”.

Books and articles

Novel

 Ebner, Klaus. Hominide. Vienna: FZA Verlag, 2008.

Other books and articles
Carbonell, Eudald; Moyà, Salvador; Sala, Robert; Corbella, Josep. Sapiens. el llarg camí dels homínids cap a la intel·ligència. Edicions 62, Barcelona 2000.
 Gamsjäger, Sonja. "Gespräch mit Autoren. Dr. Sonja Gamsjäger im Gespräch mit den Autoren Martin Dragosits und Klaus Ebner". Arovell-Kulturzeitschrift. Musik&Literatur&Kunst. Nr. 72. Gosau-Salzburg-Wien, 2009. p. 16-18
 Gerstinger, Heinz. "Review on Hominide". Literarisches Österreich. Nr. 01/09. Vienna, 2009. p. 21-22
 Reichel, Ingrid. "Es lebe die Satire!". etcetera. Nr. 36. St. Pölten, 2009. p. 76. ISSN 1682-9115

Notes

Other websites 
FZA-Verlag (publishing house)
Literra book presentation 
k360 Culture Service's book presentation 
Reading in Second Life 

2008 books
Novels
Austrian literature
Impressment  (the Press) was the act of forcing men to serve in the navy.  The people who were "pressed" to join the navy were usually young men.  A naval officer would lead a press gang and force men onto warships where they were made to serve as sailors.  Their families (if they had families) seldom knew where they had been taken.

This was a normal practice in the Royal Navy during the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries.  Many people said that it should be stopped, but the Navy said it was a good way to get sailors who were needed to defend their country.  After the Napoleonic Wars the need for sailors was less and the Navy stopped impressing them.

Other websites
 The Impress Service, basic article on "press gangs" in British ports, charged with impressing sailors into the Navy.

Navy
Naïve (pronounce: "na-EEV") is a French word which is used in English to mean that someone is very simple and does not understand about the dangers around them.  Someone who is naïve does not have enough experience of life to know about things he or she ought to know; for example, they may be very trusting, not realizing that some people in the world are evil and that some situations are perilous.

The word is sometimes spelt in English without the French double dot on the letter i, "naive", due to the default settings for typing in English lacking it.   It is an adjective.  The noun is naïveté, but is sometimes spelt naïvety in English.  It is similar in meaning to the word "innocent" and is not always a negative quality in that being naïve implies a lack of acquired prejudice.

The word naïve is used in other special ways in the arts and sciences.  It often means "lack of experience", but it does not necessarily mean it in a critical way.
Naïve art is art which is created by people who have not been trained as artists.
 Naïve realism is the way that most people see and understand the world.
 In ecology it can mean animals that have not learned to be afraid of other animals that might attack and eat them.

Related pages
Innocent

Human behavior
was a  after Shōgen and before Kōchō.  This  period started in April 1260 and ended in February 1261. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Bun'ō era
 1260 (Bun'o 1): Nichiren wrote Rissho Ankoku Ron ("On Securing the Peace of the Land through the Propagation of True Buddhism").

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, The Japanese Calendar"

Bun'ō
1260
1261
1260s in Japan
Miodrag Božović (born 22 July 1968) is a former Montenegrin football player.

References

1968 births
Living people
Montenegrin footballers
Kenichi Sugano (born 8 August 1971) is a former Japanese football player.

References

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Lawar is a traditional food in Bali, Thailand. It contains young jackfruit, pork and pig's blood.

References

Thai food
Strength training is the use of resistance to muscular contraction to build the physical strength and endurance. There are many different methods of strength training, the most common being the weight/gravity training and the training with the help of resistive equipment.

When properly performed, strength training can provide significant functional benefits and improvement in overall health and well-being, including increased bone, muscle, tendon and ligament strength, improved joint function, reduced potential for injury, increased bone density, a temporary increase in metabolism, improved cardiac function.

Training commonly uses the technique of progressively increasing the force output of the muscle through incremental increases of weight, elastic tension or other resistance, and uses a variety of exercises and types of training equipment to target specific muscle groups. Strength training is primarily an anaerobic activity.
Strength training differs from bodybuilding, weightlifting, powerlifting, and strongman, which are sports rather than forms of exercise, although training for them totally depends on strength training. Many other sports use strength training as a part of their training regimen, notably football, lacrosse, basketball, hockey and track and field.

Some samples
Some samples of strength training exercises in a gym are presented in the picture gallery below.

Basic principles 
The basic principles of strength training involve a number of repetitions (reps), sets, tempo, exercises and force to cause desired changes in strength, endurance, size or shape by overloading of a group of muscles. Specific combination of reps, sets, exercises, resistance and force depend on the purpose of the individual performing the exercise: sets with fewer reps can be performed using more force, but have a reduced impact on endurance.
Related pages
 Calisthenics
 Exercise
 Flexibility training
 Healthy lifestyle
 Jogging
 Mixed martial arts
 Physical fitness
 Training
 Weight training

References

Fitness
is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1984||rowspan="8"|Matsushita Electric||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||7||0||||||0||0||7||0
|-
|1990/91||21||1||||||0||0||21||1
|-
|1991/92||18||1||||||3||0||21||1
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||2||1||2||1
|-
|1993||13||2||0||0||4||0||17||2
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|Football League||29||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||32||0
|-
|1995||13||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
101||4||3||0||9||1||113||5
101||4||3||0||9||1||113||5
|}

Other websites
 Naohiko Minobe official site 

1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Shiga Prefecture
Hitoshi Nakata (born 17 January 1962) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Fujita and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals.

References
Tokushima Vortis

1962 births
Living people
Japanese football managers
Footballers from Osaka