Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The exoskeleton ( exoskeleton suit) is a device intended to restore the lost motion functions of a person or other living being. The exoskeleton also serves to increase human muscle strength and range of motion by means of an external skeleton and drive elements.

Other websites

Biology
Geometry and Pattern in Nature 3: The holes in radiolarian and diatom tests

Modern technology
 Bionic Boots 
 PowerSkip 
 Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX) 
 University of Washington Exo Arm Project 

Animal anatomy
High Force is one of Britain's great waterfalls. It is in Teesdale, County Durham. It was created by erosion when a river went through the rock and did not erode the hard upper layer of igneous rock, but eroded the bottom layer of soft limestone, a sedimentary rock. It is one of the biggest waterfalls in the UK. 

Waterfalls
Bodies of water of Europe
County Durham
Omoba Sir Adetokunbo Adegboyega Ademola, KBE, GCON, PC, SAN (1 February 1906 – 29 January 1993) was a Nigerian judge and former Chief Justice of Nigeria (1958-1972). Before becoming the Chief Justice, he was Chief Justice of the Western Region of Nigeria. 

Although, Justice Ademola is known for his judicial duties, he was an important person in the Nigerian crisis of 1966. Then, a counter coup had challenged the unity of Nigeria. A few Northern Military officers had successfully executed a coup with a plan to secede from Nigeria. But the British High Commission, which gets intelligence briefings on Nigeria and Chief Justice Ademola persuaded the Northern leaders not to quit but to take power.

Life
Adetokunbo Ademola was born on February 1, 1906 to the family of a titled traditional ruler of Abeokuta, Oba Ladapo Ademola. He later married the daughter of a prominent Lagos lawyer, Kofo Moore.
He attended St Gregory's Grammar School and King's College, Lagos before proceeding to Selwyn College, Cambridge. He was then called to the bar in 1934 and started work as a crown counsel. In 1939, he was appointed a magistrate before becoming a junior high court judge in 1949. In 1955, he was made the Chief Judge of Western Nigeria and later became the Chief Justice of the country.

Chief Justice
As the Chief Justice, he was instrumental to the establishment of the Nigerian Law School, the first in the country. He was also involved in a case: Lakanmi vs the Attorney General of Nigeria, where he ruled that a Nigerian court could review military decrees.

References

Nigerian lawyers
Chief justices
1906 births
1993 deaths
An endoskeleton is a structure that holds an animal from inside. 

One can find endoskeletons in three phyla and one subclass of animals: in Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton allows the body to move and gives the body structure and shape. 

A true endoskeleton develops from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusc exoskeleton developed into several sorts of internal structure, the "cuttlebone" of cuttlefish being the best-known version. An important advantage of an endoskeleton over an exoskeleton is that the endoskeleton provides more structural support.
Endoskeletons hold inner organs, tissues, and systems together easily.

Zoology
Animal anatomy
Skeletal system
In professional wrestling, something that is "kayfabe" is not real, something that is "acted out" and not happening in real life. Many things in wrestling are kayfabe, that is, they appear to be real (such as the storylines), but are, in actuality, fake.

People who believe that kayfabe acts are real are called marks, as opposed to smarks. Those who know wrestling is scripted but still enjoy the storylines are known as smart-marks, or smarks.

It is unknown where the term came from; it is sometimes believed that the term "kayfabe" is a modification of the Pig latin word for "fake", "akefay".

Professional wrestling
Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an American retired actor and film producer. His mother was German; his father was American. He became famous in the late 1980s. He has remained one of Hollywood's biggest stars, mostly for his role as Lt. John McClane in the Die Hard series. 

Willis was married to actress Demi Moore and they had three daughters before their divorce in 2001. They were married for thirteen years. He has received many awards and honors in his career. Willis supports the United States armed forces and has been a spokesman several times.

Some of his best-known movies are Die Hard, The Player, Pulp Fiction and Sin City.

In March 2022, he announced his retirement from acting after he was diagnosed with aphasia. In February 2023, it was announced that Willis was diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 Bruce Willis interview  on The Tavis Smiley Show
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Independent (United States)
Musicians from New Jersey
1955 births
Living people
Movie producers from New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
A zoospore is an asexual spore that uses a flagellum for moving around. It is also called a swarm spore. These spores are created by some algae and fungi to multiply themselves.

Flagella
There are two types of flagellated zoospores, whiplash and tinsel or "decorated".
 Whiplash flagella are straight, to power the zoospore through its medium. There is also the 'default' zoospore, which only has the propelling, 'whiplash' flagellum.
 Tinsellated flagella have lateral filaments perpendicular to the main axis, which allow for more surface area, and disturbance of the medium, giving it the property of a rudder, which it uses for steering.

Both tinsel and whiplash flagella beat in a sinusoidal wave pattern, but when both are present, the tinsel will beat in the opposite direction of the whiplash, to give 2 axes of control of motility.
 There can be many combinations for location of the flagella, such as posterior whiplash; posterior whiplash, anterior tinsel; and anterior whiplash.
Zoosporangium
A zoosporangium is the sexual structure in which the zoospores develop in a plant, fungi, or protists.

Related pages
 Flagellum
 Fern
 Angiosperm
 Chytridiomycota

References
 C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) 

Fungi
A gamete is a specialized sex cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are haploid—they have only one copy of each chromosome. All other cells in an animal are diploid—they have two copies of each chromosome. Gametes are produced by germ cells.

In species which produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a female is any individual which produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum (or egg)—and a male produces the smaller type—called a spermatozoon (or sperm cell).

The name gamete was introduced by the Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel.
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the development of diploid germ cells into haploid eggs or sperm, (respectively oogenesis and spermatogenesis). It is different for each species but the general stages are similar. The development of eggs (oogenesis) and sperm (spermatogenesis) have many features in common. They both involve:
 Meiosis
 Extensive morphological cell differentiation
 Unable to survive for very long if fertilization does not occur

They also have major differences, especially
 Different timing of maturation: oogenic meiosis is interrupted at one or more stages (for a long time) while spermatogenic meiosis is rapid and uninterrupted.

References 

Reproductive system
Morphology may mean:
Morphology (general), the study of the shape and form of things in general.
Morphology (linguistics), the study of the structure of word forms.
Morphology (biology) is the structure of a life-form.
Morphology (astronomy) is the shape of an astronomical object.
Morphology (folklore), the structure of narratives.
Morphology (architecture), the study of the shape and form of buildings.
Morphology (metallurgy), the study of the microstructure of metals.

Geomorphology, the study of landforms.
River morphology, the study of river shape.

Mathematical morphology, theoretical model based on Lattice theory, used for digital image processing.
Morphological analysis, a general method for non-quantified modelling.
For other uses, see Morphology (disambiguation).

Morphology is the study of animal or human form or body shape. It is the branch of biology dealing with the study of the form of organisms and their specific structural features. 

The concept of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Friedrich Burdach (1800).

In general use, the word morphology refers to the form and structure of an organism as a whole, including all internal and external structures. This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs. Morphology is contrasted to physiology, which deals primarily with function.
Branches of morphology 
 Comparative morphology compares the structures of organisms.
 Functional morphology is the study of the structure and function of bodily features.
 Anatomy is the study of the form and structure of the features of an organism.

In English-speaking countries, the term "molecular morphology" is used to describe the structure of compound molecules, such as polymers. and RNA. The term "gross morphology" is a general description of the form and structure of an organism.

References 

Anatomy
Branches of zoology
A taxon (plural taxa) is a taxonomic group or taxonomic unit. It is a group of organisms which a taxonomist decides belong together.

Taxa can be big or small. A fairly small taxon is the giraffes, and a very big one is the beetles.

A taxonomist can assign a scientific name and rank to a taxon; this places it at a particular level in a hierarchy. It is not strictly necessary to assign either a name or a rank to a taxon, but doing so makes it much easier to refer to the taxon. However, many taxa have to wait for years before getting a name.

Ranks
There is no limit to the number of ranks that may exist, but the most important ranks are, in hierarchical order:
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum or Division 
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Subspecies

Note: "Phylum" applies formally to any biologial domain but traditionally it was always used of animals whereas "Division" was traditionally often used of plants, fungi etc.
A simple phrase to remember the order is
"Dignified Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk" (there are many other such phrases).

Taxonomy

A distinction is made between taxonomy and systematics. Systematics deals with how groups relate to each other. Taxonomy deals with making groups (taxa), deciding what belongs together. Taxonomy is also known as classification.
A taxonomist can decide for himself what scientific reasons he adopts for making a group (a taxon). If he is not convincing in his choice, other taxonomists will not agree with him, and they will then make other arrangements. These days biological classification is mostly supposed be done according to evolutionary (phylogenetic) relationships, so far as these are known.

Taxonomy
Domain (or its synonyms) is the most inclusive of these biological groupings. The arrangement of taxa reflects the fundamental evolutionary differences in the genomes. There are several modern alternative domain classifications of life. Among them are:
 The 'two-empire' system, with top-level groupings of Prokaryota (or Monera) and Eukaryota empires.
 The six-kingdom system with top-level groupings of Protista, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
 The three-domain system of Carl Woese, introduced in 1990, with top-level groupings of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota domains.
After defining Archaea as a new domain, Woese redrew the taxonomic tree. His three-domain system is based upon genetic relationships. It divides life into 23 main divisions in three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Archaea are neither bacteria nor eukaryotes. Looked at another way, they are prokaryotes that are not bacteria.

Related pages
 Phylogenetics
 Taxonomy

Taxonomy
Keratin is one of a family of fibrous proteins. Keratin is what makes up hair in animals, as well as horns, nails, hooves, shells, beaks, and feathers. The name comes from Greek word keras meaning "horn".

Keratins are tough and insoluble. They form the hard but non-mineral structures in reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals. A similar biological toughness is found in chitin.

Variety of animal uses 
Keratins are the main constituent of structures that grow from the skin: 

 the α-keratins in the hair (including wool), horns, nails, claws and hooves of mammals 
 the harder β-keratins in the scales and claws of reptiles, their shells (chelonia, such as tortoise, turtle, terrapin), and in the feathers, beaks, and claws of birds. These keratins are formed mainly in beta sheets. However, beta sheets are also found in α-keratins.

Arthropods such as crustaceans often have parts of their exoskeleton made of keratin, sometimes in combination with chitin.
Keratins are also found in the gastrointestinal tracts of many animals, including roundworms (who also have an outer layer made of keratin). 

Although it is now difficult to be certain, the scales, claws, some protective armour and the beaks of dinosaurs would, almost certainly, have been composed of a type of keratin.

Silk 
The silk fibroins produced by insects and spiders are often classified as keratins, though it is unclear whether they are phylogenetically related to vertebrate keratins.

Silk found in insect pupae, and in spider webs and egg casings, also has twisted β-pleated sheets incorporated into fibers wound into larger supermolecular aggregates.

References

Other websites
Composition and β-sheet structure of silk 
Spider silk fiber structure
Hair-Science.com's entry on the miroscopic elements of hair 
keratin antibody review 

Proteins
A fibrous protein or scleroprotein  is one of the three main types of proteins. The others are globular and membrane proteins). 

There are many types of scleroprotein, such as  keratin, collagen, elastin, and fibroin. Such proteins protect and support. They form connective tissue, tendons, bone matrices, and muscle fibre.

References 

Proteins
Filament could mean:

In physics and electrical engineering:
 Electrical filament
 Current filament
 Filament propagation, diffractionless propagation of a light beam

In astronomy:
 Galaxy filament
 Solar filament, a structure in a solar corona
 Birkeland current

In biology:
 Protein filament
 Filamentation, a long chain of cells
 Part of a stamen, the male part of a flower
 Hypha, in fungi and Actinobacteria

Other uses:
 Fiber or yarn
 2002 movie by Jinsei Tsuji
In biology, a filament is a long chain of proteins, such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella.

Other websites
 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss4cell.html

Molecular biology
Proteins
Hanami () means "flower viewing" in Japanese. Enjoying beautiful flowers is an old Japanese custom. Cherry blossoms are the most popular. The custom of hanami is more than a thousand years old. It is still very popular in Japan. Hanami takes place in the spring. Cherry blossoms are there for only a week or two. The cherry trees flower in late March and early April. The blossoms do not stay fresh very long. After a little time, the blooming is over. Then the blossoms fall from the trees.

An older form of hanami also exists in Japan. It celebrates the plum blossoms, instead of the cherry blossoms.

History
History 

The practice of hanami is many centuries old. It started during the Nara Period (710–784) when the Chinese Tang Dynasty influenced Japan in many ways; one of which was the custom of enjoying flowers. Though it was ume blossoms that people admired in the beginning, by the Heian Period (794–1185), sakura began to attract more attention. The sakura were considered sacred by the Japanese, and they were so important that they still are a cultural symbol of Japan. People believed in gods' existence inside the trees, and the hanami party was used in the beginning to divine that year's harvest and to announce the season of planting rice. Those who went to the hanami made offerings at the root of sakura trees, and after the ceremony, they took part in the offering drinking sake.
Hanami was used as a term that meant "cherry blossom viewing" for the first time in the Heian era novel Tale of Genji (chapter 8, 花宴 Hana no En, "Under the Cherry Blossoms"). From then on, in tanka and in haiku poetry, "flowers" meant "sakura", and the terms "hanami" and "flower party" were only used to mean sakura blossom viewing.
Today 

Japanese people continue the tradition of hanami. People fill parks to eat and drink under the flowering trees. In more than half of Japan, the cherry blossoming days come at the same time of the beginning of school and work after vacation, and so welcoming parties are often opened with hanami. Usually, people go to the parks to keep the best places to celebrate hanami with friends, family, and company co-workers many hours before. In many places such as Ueno Park, temporary paper lanterns are hung for night viewing of the flowers.
The blossom forecast or cherry blossom front is announced each year by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The first cherry blossoms happen in the subtropical southern islands of Okinawa, while on the northern island of Hokkaido, they bloom much later. In most large cities like Tokyo, Kyoto and Osaka, the cherry blossom season normally takes place around the end of March and the beginning of April. The television and newspapers closely follow this "cherry blossom front", as it slowly moves from south to north.

Outside Japan 

Hanami is also popular outside of Japan. There are hanami celebrations in Korea, Philippines, China, and elsewhere (many other places).

In 1912, Japan gave 3,000 sakura trees to the United States to celebrate the nations' friendship. These trees were planted in Washington, D.C.. 3,800 more trees were added 1956. These sakura trees are a popular tourist attraction. Each year, the National Cherry Blossom Festival happens when they bloom in early Spring.
In Macon, Georgia, another cherry blossom festival called the International Cherry Blossom Festival is celebrated every spring. Macon is known as the "Cherry Blossom Capital of the World" because 300,000 sakura trees grow there.

In Brooklyn, New York, the Annual Sakura Matsuri Cherry Blossom Festival takes place in May at Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This festival started in 1981 and is very popular.

Picture gallery

Related pages
 Sakura
 Momijigari

References

Other websites 

 Hanami Fun Facts —Japanzine: Field Guide to Japan by Zack Davisson
 Hanami Manners 101 —Japanzine by Emily Millar
 Cherry Blossom Viewing: Japan Mint 
 Hanami - Cherry Blossom Viewing in Japan
 Seasons In Japan - Cherry Blossoms (sakura)—Japan Visitor

Japanese customs
4 famous landmarks from World Famous paint the night parade

 
Originally, a landmark literally meant a prominent, easily identified geographic point, (like a mountain, a cliff, or a river) used by explorers and others to find their way back or through an area.

In modern use, it includes anything that can be recognized easily, such as a monument, building, or other structure. In American English it is the main word used to call places that are tourist attractions because they are beautiful, or big, or they have historical importance. Some, such as National Landmarks, are on official lists of landmarks. Landmarks in the British English are normally used for casual navigation, such as giving directions to someone to get somewhere. This is done in American English as well.
List of important landmarks
Landmarks also can be of two different categories: natural (e.g., physical features such as waterfalls and mountains), and structures constructed by humans. Many of them are World Heritage Sites.
 
Some important landmarks across the world today include:
Natural phenomena
 Amazon Rainforest, Brazil/Peru / 
Angel Falls, Canaima National Park, Gran Sabana, Bolivar State, Venezuela 
Cotton Tree, Freetown, Sierra Leone 
The Cliffs of Moher, Co. Clare, Ireland 
Galápagos Islands, Galápagos Province, Ecuador 
Giants Causeway, Northern Ireland,  United Kingdom 
Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA 
Great Barrier Reef, Coral Sea, Queensland, Australia 
The Great Blue Hole, Belize 
Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee/North Carolina, USA 
Iguazu Falls, Paraná/Misiones, Brazil/Argentina /
Matterhorn, Alps, Switzerland/Italy /
Milford Sound, South Island, New Zealand 
Mont Saint Michel, France 
Monument Valley, Arizona, USA 
Mount Cook, South Island, New Zealand 
Mount Everest, Himalayas, Nepal/China /
Mount Fuji, Chūbu region, Honshū, Japan 
Mount Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 
Niagara Falls, Ontario/New York, Canada/USA /
Old Faithful Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA 
Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil 
Stone Mountain, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia 
Southern Patagonian Ice Field, Southern Patagonic Andes, Argentina/Chile, /
Table Mountain, Cape Town, South Africa 
The Twelve Apostles (Victoria), Victoria, Australia 
The Three Sisters,, Australia 
Torres del Paine, Magallanes, Chile 
Uluru, Northern Territory, Australia 
Victoria Falls, Zambia/Zimbabwe /
Constructed features

Africa
Great Pyramid of Giza, Sphinx, Egypt 
Abu Simbel, Aswan, Egypt 
Nubian Monuments Philae, Aswan, Egypt 
Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco 
Great Mosque of Djenné, Djenné, Mali 
Tomb of Askia, Gao, Mali
Asia
Baalbek, Baalbeck, Lebanon 
Persepolis, Fars, Iran 
Azadi Tower, Tehran, Iran 
Taj Mahal, Agra, India 
Gateway of India, Mumbai, India 
Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar, India 
Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban, Dhaka, Bangladesh 
The Great Wall of China, Beijing, China 
Tiananmen Square/Forbidden City, Beijing, China 
Temple of Heaven, Beijing, China 
Beijing National Stadium, Beijing, China 
Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China 
The Terracotta Army,  Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 
Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China 
Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China 
Oriental Pearl Tower, Shanghai, China 
Leshan Giant Buddha, Sichuan, China 
Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong 
Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong 
Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong 
International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong 
Langham Place ,  Hong Kong 
63 Building/N Seoul Tower, Seoul, South Korea 
Gyeongbokgung Palace, Seoul, South Korea 
Golden Pavilion, Kyoto, Japan 
Tokyo Tower, Tokyo, Japan 
Tokyo Skytree, Tokyo, Japan
Grand Palace, Bangkok, Thailand 
Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 
Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 
Sigiriya Fortress, Sigiriya, Sri Lanka 
Angkor Wat, Angkor, Cambodia 
Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia 
Burj Al Arab, Dubai, UAE 
Emirates Office Tower, Dubai, UAE 
Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE 
The Palm, Dubai, UAE 
The World (archipelago), Dubai, UAE 
Petra, Arabah,  Aqaba Governorate, Jordan
Western Wall, Jerusalem, Israel 
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, Israel 
Azrieli Center, Tel Aviv, Israel 
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey 
Masjid al-Haram, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Europe
Irish Government Buildings, Dublin, Ireland 
Newgrange, Co. Meath, Ireland 
The Customs House, Dublin, Ireland 
The Spire of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland 
Hungarian Parliament Building, Budapest, Hungary 
The Parthenon, Athens, Greece 
The White Tower of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 
Eiffel Tower, Paris, France  
Louvre, Paris, France 
Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France 
Sacré-Cœur Basilica, Paris, France 
The Colosseum, Rome, Italy 
Leaning Tower of Pisa, Pisa, Italy 
St Mark's Square, Venice, Italy 
Pompeii, Campania, Italy 
Big Ben, London, United Kingdom 
Stonehenge, Wiltshire, United Kingdom 
Spinnaker Tower, Portsmouth, United Kingdom 
Eden Project, Cornwall, United Kingdom 
Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, United Kingdom 
Angel Of The North, Bristol, United Kingdom 
Roman Baths, Bath, United Kingdom 
London Eye, London, United Kingdom 
Millenium Dome, The 02, London, United Kingdom 
Tower Bridge, London, United Kingdom 
St Paul's Cathedral, London, United Kingdom
Trafalgar Square, London, England, United Kingdom 
The Shard, London, United Kingdom 
Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania 
Red Square/Saint Basil's Cathedral, Moscow, Russia 
Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia 
Saint Isaac's Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Russia 
Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia 
Peter and Paul Fortress, Saint Petersburg, Russia 
Grand Place, Brussels, Belgium 
Atomium, Brussels, Belgium 
Kölner Dom, Cologne, Germany 
Frauenkirche, Munich, Germany 
Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany 
Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany 
Reichstag Building, Berlin, Germany 
Fernsehturm, Berlin, Germany 
Torre de Belém, Lisboa, Portugal 
Sagrada Família, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 
Mezquita de Córdoba, Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain 
Alhambra, Granada, Andalusia, Spain 
City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia, Spain 
St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City 
Pobednik, Belgrade, Serbia 
Palace on Dam square, Amsterdam, Netherlands 
Amsterdam Central Station, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Market Hall, Rotterdam, Netherlands 
Delta Works, Zeeland, Netherlands
North America 
CN Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California, USA 
Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New York City, New York, USA 
Mount Rushmore, South Dakota, USA 
Hollywood Sign, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA 
Gateway Arch, St. Louis, Missouri, USA 
Hoover Dam, Colorado River, Arizona\Nevada, USA 
One World Trade Center, New York City, New York, USA 
432 Park Avenue, New York City, New York, USA 
30 Hudson Yards, New York City, New York, USA 
Empire State Building, New York City, New York, USA 
Sears Tower, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Faneuil Hall, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 
White House, Washington, D.C., USA 
Capitol, Washington, D.C., USA 
Renaissance Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Chichen Itza, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico
Central and South America
Statue of Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 
Macchu Picchu,  Urubamba Valley, Peru 
Moais, Eastern Island, Chile 
Historic Town of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais State, Brazil  
Panama Canal, Panama 
Tikal, Department of El Petén, Guatemala

Australia
 Sydney Opera House, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 
 Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 
 Sydney Tower, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 
 Eureka Tower, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 
 Flinders Street Station, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 
 Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 
 Federation Square, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 
 Q1, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia 
 Bell Tower, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 

Geography
A neighbourhood or neighborhood is a geographic community in a larger city, town or suburb. Neighbourhoods are often social communities because the people that live in them commonly talk with each other. Researchers have not agreed on an exact definition.

Preindustrial cities
According to urban scholar Lewis Mumford, Neighbourhoods have always exist where humans live. Many of the functions of the city are usually distributed into neighbourhoods. Archaeologists have found evidence of neighbourhoods in the ruins of most of the earliest cities around the world. Historical documents give information about neighbourhood life in many historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities.
Neighbourhoods are usually created by social interaction between people living near each another. They are local social groups larger than households that are not under the control of city or state officials. In some early urban traditions, basic municipal functions such as protection, marriages, cleaning and repairs are done by neighbourhoods. This is shown to have happened in historical Islamic cities.

Most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts. These were used by the government for taxation and social control. Administrative districts are usually larger than neighbourhoods. They often cover areas that are larger than just one neighbourhood. Sometimes, administrative districts are just one neighbourhood. This leads to a lot of control of social life by officials. For example, in the T’ang period Chinese capital city Chang’an, neighbourhoods were districts. There were state officials who controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level.
Neighbourhoods in very old cities often grouped certain people together. Ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many old cities. They are still common in cities today. Economic specialists, including craft makers, merchants, and others, could be grouped together in neighbourhoods. There were also neighbourhoods based around certain religions. One important part to neighbourhood being different from each other and their people getting along well was how people moved from rural areas to the cities. This was always happening in old cities. The people moving to the cities often moved in with relatives and people they knew from before moving to the city.

Regions

Asia
Regions

Asia

China
In the mainland of the People's Republic of China, the term is usually used for the urban administrative division. These divisions are found below the district level. A subdistrict level may exists in some cities. They are also called streets. The naming may be different from one city to another. Neighbourhoods usually have 2,000 to 10,000 families. Within neighbourhoods, families are grouped into smaller groups of 100 to 600 families. These smaller groups are supervised by a residents' committee. These groups are often broken down into even smaller groups of fifteen to forty families. In most urban areas of China, neighbourhood, community, residential community, residential unit, residential quarter have the same meaning.
Turkey
Neighbourhood () in Turkey is an administrative unit within municipalities. It has an official status but no governmental powers. Neighbourhoods are administered by the Mukhtar and the "Neighbourhood Seniors Council". This is a group of 4 people. The mukhtar is elected by the people living in the neighbourhood. He is an administrator of the district governor. Mukhtar also has a seat at the City Assembly. This is an organization for the coordination of the public institutions in the city. Neighbourhood administrators get a salary from the Central Government. They also get money from the fees paid for dealing with certain documents.

Europe
Europe

United Kingdom
The term has no official use in the United Kingdom. It is often used by local boroughs for sub-divisions of their area for the delivery of certain services and functions. It is also used as a term to refer to a small area within a town or city. The term is commonly used to refer to organisations which deal with such a very local issues, such as neighbourhood policing or Neighbourhood watches. Government statistics for local areas are often called neighbourhood statistics even though the data is usually broken down into districts and wards.
North America
In Canada and the United States, neighborhoods often have official or semi-official status. This is commonly done using neighbourhood associations, neighbourhood watches, or block watches. These may deal with such things as lawn care and fence height. They may provide such things as block parties, neighbourhood parks, and community security. In some other places the organisation is the parish. A parish may have several neighbourhoods in it depending on the area.

Related pages
 Barrio (Spanish)
 Burough
 Community
 Frazione (Italian)
 Unincorporated community

References
Notes

Other websites
A lantern is a device that can be moved from one place to another, used to create light and to light up open areas. Lanterns may be used for giving signals, or as general light sources for camping. They can have candles inside, or use other things as fuel, like alcohol or kerosene. Lanterns that give dim light are generally used as decoration. Lanterns are also used in festivals like the Obon festival in Japan.

Related pages

 Lamp
 Candle

Lamps
Japanese cherry blossom or sakura (Japanese kanji and Chinese character: 桜 or 櫻; katakana: サクラ) are cherry trees, Prunus serrulata, and their blossoms. The cherry fruit is from a different species of tree. 

Cherry trees are a symbol of spring for Japanese people. The word Sakura can also be used as a name for women.
The traditional custom of Hanami or Flower viewing involves visiting places where sakura are blooming. Japanese people love cherry blossoms, but they are not the national flower in Japan. Someiyoshino is the most famous type of sakura.

There are about 400 different types of cherry trees. They mutate easily.

Most of the flowers are white or pink with five petals.

A cherry blossom, also known as a Japanese cherry or sakura, is a flower of many trees of genus Prunus or Prunus subgenus.
What do cherry blossoms smell like? Cherry blossoms have a smell, but it's very faint and subtle. The scent features light notes of lilac, rose, and magnolia with a powdery vanilla note and almond-like aromas. The aroma isn't overly sweet, fruity, or floral.

Related terms 
 Hanafubuki means a scene when the cherry petals are scattered like snow.
 Cosmos flowers are called Akizakura (autumn cherry blossoms) because the flower's shape is similar to a cherry blossom.

Related pages
 Hanami
 Ume

References
References

Other websites 
 Vancouver Sakura Diary, photos of different Sakura varieties.
 Yeuoido Spring Flower Festival in Seoul 
 Sakura in Kyoto 
 Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia  Information about cherry trees and Philadelphia's Cherry Blossom Festival.
 Sakura Gallery From Tokyo & Kyoto.
 Photo Gallery of Cherry Blossoms  Sakura from Kyoto, Tokyo, Miyajima and other places around Japan.
 Photo Gallery of Cherry Blossoms in Washington DC
 Cherry Blossom Spots in Japan 
 Cherry Blossom in Toronto, Canada, High Park 

Japan
Trees
Prunus
For other uses see "Filament".

Filamentation is the anomalous (not normal) growth of certain bacteria, such as E. coli, in which cells continue to elongate but do not divide (no septa formation). Bacterial filamentation is a defect in completing replication and is observed in bacteria responding to a various stresses. This may happen, for example, when there is extensive DNA damage through the SOS response system. Nutritional change may also cause bacterial filamentation.

Microbiology
A septum (Latin: something that encloses; plural Septa) is a partition separating two cavities or spaces. Examples include:
Nasal Septum: the cartilage wall separating the nostrils of the human nose.Often deviated or perforated through physical injury or cocaine abuse.
Cephalopod Septa: walls between each chamber, or siphuncle, in shells of nautiloids, ammonites, and belemnites; i.e. cephalopods that retain an external shell.
The wall dividing the right side of the heart from the left side.
Fungi produce septa to partition filamentous hyphae into discrete cells.

Anatomy
The National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain (NYO) is an orchestra for young musicians in the United Kingdom.  The members of the orchestra are all aged between 13 and 19 years.  It is a very large orchestra with about 150 players. Children who want to play in the National Youth Orchestra have to be able to play their instrument very well.  They need to be at least Grade 8 Distinction standard and they need to be very good at sightreading so that they can learn very quickly.  They have to pass an audition to get a place in the orchestra.  These auditions take place in the autumn in several towns in Britain.

The National Youth Orchestra was started in 1947 by Ruth Railton (later Dame Ruth King).  The current director is Sarah Alexander.
The orchestra meet three times a year during the school holidays at New Year, Easter and Summer for about two weeks.  They rehearse very hard together and then give one or two concerts in famous concert halls in Britain such as Barbican Hall in London, Symphony Hall in Birmingham, Bridgewater Hall in Manchester, St David's Hall in Cardiff and Glasgow Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow.  Every year they play in a Promenade Concert in the Royal Albert Hall.  In 2007 they played the Leningrad Symphony by Shostakovich at the Proms.  In June that year they played at the Glastonbury Festival.  The trumpeters and drummers  woke people up with Aaron Copland’s Fanfare for the Common Man  In April 2008 the NYO played Stravinsky's Rite of Spring in Birmingham Symphony Hall, and in August they will play at the Snape Maltings and at the BBC Proms conducted by Antonio Pappano with the pianist Boris Berezovsky as soloist.
The concerts are always conducted by famous conductors.  Usually the famous conductor will come to rehearse the orchestra for the last few days of the course.  

During their courses they also have time to play chamber music together.  They are taught by teachers who are famous musicians.  Some of them are young composers who are learning to compose music.  They are taught by the composer Paul Patterson. The musicians also have time to explore music from other cultures.

The NYO also has Open Days for slightly younger children to explore music.

Other websites
 National Youth Orchestra Official website

Youth orchestras
The Maple Leaf flag became Canada's flag on 15 February 1965.

Before this, Canada used the British Red Ensign with Canada's coat of arms on it. Flag experts say that the Red Ensign was defaced by the coat of arms.

Flag and heraldry experts also call the design of the flag a Canadian Pale. This is because the white stripe in the middle (called a pale in heraldry) was not the usual narrow stripe but was half the width of the flag. This was the first time a design like this was used.

On some days the Canadian government flies the Royal Union Flag next to the Maple Leaf Flag. The Royal Union Flag is the British Union Jack, and is a symbol that Canada is a member of the Commonwealth, and that Canada and Britain share a history and a monarch.

The Queen of Great Britain, had some say in what the flag was to be. She thought that the maple leaf greatly represents the country of Canada.

Other websites
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTMdH9-kmDk The real story behind the Canadian flag CBC
National symbols of Canada
Canada
OBE can mean:

Order of the British Empire (an award)
Out of body experience (a strange feeling)
The Wee Free Men is the 30th in the Discworld book series by Terry Pratchett. It was published in 2003. It is the second Discworld book written for children, but it's still liked by many adults.

Plot 

The Queen of the Elves tries to invade the Discworld again by stealing children and invading dreams.
Tiffany Aching, a 9-year-old girl discovers that her grandmother used to be a witch. Tiffany also discovered that she has a talent for magic, too.
When Tiffany's baby brother is stolen by the evil queen, Tiffany enters the elves' world to save him with the help of "The Wee Free Men" and Miss Tick. "The Wee Free Men" are small blue fairies and they speak with a Scottish accent.

2003 books
Books by Terry Pratchett
English children's books
The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe located in now southern poland. They entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. The Vandals may have given their name to the region of Andalusia, which according to one of several theories of its etymology was originally called Vandalusia or land of the Vandals. This would be the source of Al-Andalus — the Arabic name of Iberian Peninsula, in the south of present-day Spain, where they settled before pushing on to create a Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. 

The Goth Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths and regent of the Visigoths, was allied by marriage with the Vandals, as well as with the Burgundians and the Franks under Clovis I. 

Byzantine Empire forces under Justinian I conquered the Vandalic African kingdom in 534.

References

Germanic tribes
The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is an order of chivalry, associated with Scotland. Its original date of founding is unknown. James VII (also King of England as James II) created the modern Order in 1687. The Order is the Sovereign and sixteen Knights and Ladies, as well as certain "extra" knights (members of the British and foreign royal families). The Sovereign decides who is to be a member. He or she is not advised by the Government, as occurs with most other Orders. The sixteen members are required to be Scottish-born, but  the "extra" knights and ladies are not.

The Order's main emblems are the thistle, the national flower of Scotland, and Saint Andrew holding a saltire (X shaped cross).  The motto is Nemo me impune lacessit (Latin for "No one provokes me with impunity"); the same motto is also on the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland and on some pound coins. St Andrew is also the patron saint of the Order.
Most British orders of chivalry cover all of the United Kingdom, but the three most most senior ones each cover only one constituent country . The Order of the Thistle, which covers to Scotland, is the second-most senior in precedence. Its equivalent in England, The Most Noble Order of the Garter, is the oldest order of chivalry in the United Kingdom, dating to the middle fourteenth century. In 1783 an Irish order, The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, was founded; but since the independence of the Republic of Ireland the Order has fallen dormant. The last new knight was made in 1927, and the last surviving Knight of St Patrick died in 1974.

History
History

The first date of the Order's creation is not known. One story says that Achaius, King of Scots,  was fighting King Aethelstan of East Anglia and he saw cross of St Andrew in the sky.  After he won the battle, Achaius established the Order of the Thistle. Even though Achaius and Aethelstan never fought, this story of the foundation, is given in the Royal Warrant 'reviving' the Order in 1687.  Another story says that the Order was instituted, or re-instituted by Robert I at the Battle of Bannockburn.

King James II and VII issued letters patent "reviving and restoring the Order of the Thistle to its full glory, lustre and magnificency" in 1687.  Only 12 knights were allowed, and he appointed eight before the King was deposed in 1688.  His successors, the  William and Mary, did not make any more appointments to the Order. In 1703 however, Anne once again revived the Order of the Thistle.

Composition
Composition

The Kings of Scotland–later the Kings of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom–have served as Sovereigns of the Order.

When James VII revived the Order, the statutes said that the Order would continue the ancient number of Knights, which was described in the preceding warrant as "the Sovereign and twelve Knights-Brethren in allusion to the Blessed Saviour and his Twelve Apostles.

In 1827, George IV increased the Order to sixteen members. Women were excluded from the Order.  George VI created his wife Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon a Lady of the Thistle in 1937, and in 1987 Elizabeth II allowed the regular admission of women to both the Order of the Thistle and the Order of the Garter.
From time to time, individuals joined the Order by special permission. These members are known as "Extra Knights" and do not count towards the sixteen-member limit. Members of the British Royal Family are normally admitted by special permission; the first was Prince Albert.  King Olav V of Norway, was the first foreigner to be admitted to the Order, was also admitted by special permission in 1962.

The Sovereign has historically had the power to choose Knights of the Order. From the eighteenth century onwards, the Sovereign made his or her choices upon the advice of the Government. George VI felt that the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle had been used only for political patronage, rather than to reward actual merit. Therefore in 1946, with the agreement of the Prime Minister (Clement Attlee) and the Leader of the Opposition (Winston Churchill), both Orders returned to the personal gift of the Sovereign.

Knights and Ladies of the Thistle may also be admitted to the Order of the Garter.
Knights and Ladies of the Thistle may also have their knighthoods taken away. But this has happened only once, to John Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar who was deprived of  both the knighthood and the earldom after taking part in the Jacobite rising of 1715.

The Order has five officers: 
 the Dean - a minister of the Church of Scotland
 the Chancellor - who keeps the seal of the order
 the Usher of the Green Rod
 the Secretary
 the King of Arms

Uniform

For the Order's great occasions, such as its annual service each June or July, as well for coronations, the Knights and Ladies wear an elaborate costume:
The mantle is a green robe worn over their suits or military uniforms. The mantle is lined with white taffeta; it is tied with green and gold tassels. On the left shoulder of the mantle is the star of the Order
The hat is made of black velvet and has white feathers with black egret or heron's feathers in the middle.
The collar is made of gold and depicts thistles and sprigs of rue. It is worn over the mantle.
The St Andrew, also called the badge-appendant, is worn hanging from the collar. It comprises a gold enamelled picture of St Andrew, wearing a green gown and purple coat, holding a white saltire.

Aside from these special occasions, however, much simpler badges are used whenever a member of the Order attends an event at which decorations are worn.
The star of the Order is a silver St Andrew's saltire, with clusters of rays between the arms. In the centre is depicted a green circle bearing the motto of the Order in gold letters; in the circle is a thistle on a gold field.
The broad ribbon is a dark green sash worn across the body, from the left shoulder to the right hip.
At the right hip of the sash, the badge of the Order is attached. The badge depicts St Andrew in the same form as the star surrounded by the Order's motto.

Chapel

When James VII revived the Order in 1687, he wanted the Abbey Church at the Palace of Holyroodhouse to be the Chapel for the Order of the Thistle, perhaps copying the idea from the Order of the Garter (whose chapel is located in Windsor Castle).
James VII was deposed by 1688 and the Order did not have a Chapel until 1911, when one was added onto St Giles High Kirk in Edinburgh. Each year, the Sovereign stays at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in June or July; during the visit, a service for the Order is held. Any new Knights or Ladies are installed at annual services. 

Each member of the Order, including the Sovereign, is allotted a seat in the Chapel.  Their coat of arms is above their seat.
Current Members and Officers 
 Sovereign: Charles III
 Knights and Ladies Companion:
  The Earl of Elgin and Kincardine  (1981)
  The Lord Mackay of Clashfern  (1997)
  The Lord Wilson of Tillyorn  (2000)
  The Lord Steel of Aikwood  (2004)
  The Lord Robertson of Port Ellen  (2004)
  The Lord Cullen of Whitekirk  (2007)
  The Lord Hope of Craighead  (2009)
  The Lord Patel  (2009)
  The Lord Smith of Kelvin  (2014)
  The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry  (2017)
  Sir Ian Wood  (2018)
  Lady Elish Angiolini LT DBE KC (2022)
  Sir George Reid KT (2022)
 Extra Knights and Ladies Companion:
  Anne, Princess Royal  (2000)
  Prince William, Duke of Rothesay  (2012)
  The Queen LG LT GCVO PC (2023)
 Officers:
 Chancellor: Vacant
 Dean: The Reverend Professor David Fergusson,  
 Secretary: Elizabeth Roads  
 Lyon King of Arms: Joseph Morrow,  (Lord Lyon King of Arms)
 Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod: Rear Admiral Christopher Hope Layman

References
References 

 
British monarchy
1687 establishments
17th-century establishments in Scotland
1680s establishments in Europe