Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
1984 – Anna Anderson, claimant to the Russian throne (b. 1896)
 1984 – Julio Cortázar, writer, intellectual (b. 1914)
 1985 – Nicholas Colasanto, American actor (b. 1924)
 1985 - Leslie Sarony, English entertainer and songwriter (b. 1897)
 1992 – María Elena Moyano, Peruvian activist (b. 1960)
 1993 – James Bulger, murder victim (b. 1990)
 1995 – Robert Bolt, writer (b. 1924)
 1996 – Bob Shaw, writer (b. 1931)
 1998 - Gardner Ackley, American economist and diplomat (b. 1915)
 2000 – Screamin' Jay Hawkins, American musician (b. 1929)
 2000 – Tom Landry, American football coach (b. 1924)
 2000 – Charles Schulz, American comics writer (b. 1922)
From 2001 
 2001 – Kristina Söderbaum, German actress and photographer (b. 1912)
 2002 - John Eriksen, Danish footballer (b. 1957)
 2005 - Rafael Vidal, Venezuelan athlete (b. 1964)
 2007 – Georg Buschner, East German footballer and manager (b. 1925)
 2008 – Badri Patarkatsishvili, Georgian businessman (b. 1955)
 2009 – Giacomo Bulgarelli, Italian footballer (b. 1940)
 2010 – Nodar Kumaritashvili, Georgian luger (b. 1988)
 2010 – Leroy Nash, American death row inmate (b. 1915)
 2011 – Peter Alexander, Austrian singer and actor (b. 1926)
 2011 – Betty Garrett, American actress (b. 1919)
 2011 - Kenneth Mars, American actor (b. 1935)
 2012 - David Kelly, Irish actor (b. 1929)
 2013 - Christopher Dorner, American former police officer, and spree killer (b. 1979)
 2014 - Sid Caesar, American actor and writer (b. 1922)
 2014 - John Pickstone, English historian and writer (b. 1944)
 2015 - Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, Malaysian politician (b. 1931)
 2015 - David Carr, American journalist (b. 1956)
2015 - Tomie Ohtake, Japanese-Brazilian artist (b. 1913)
 2015 - Steve Strange, British musician (b. 1959)
 2015 - Cornelis Pieter van den Hoek, Dutch resistance fighter (b. 1921)
 2015 - Oliver Rackham, English landscape ecologist (b. 1939)
 2015 - Gary Owens, American actor and television announcer (b. 1934)
 2015 - Movita Castaneda, American actress (b. 1916)
 2015 - Richie Pratt, American jazz drummer (b. 1943)
 2015 - Ernest J. Sternglass, American physicist and professor (b. 1923)
 2016 - Dominique D'Onofrio, Italian-Belgian football coach (b. 1953)
 2016 - Eddie Barry, American ice hockey player (b. 1919)
 2016 - Robert Frederick Froehlke, American lawyer (b. 1922)
 2016 - Johnny Lattner, American football player (b. 1932)
 2017 - Sione Lauaki, Tongan-New Zealand rugby player (b. 1981)
 2017 - Dave Adolph, American football coach (b. 1937)
 2017 - Damian, British pop singer (b. 1964)
 2017 - Al Jarreau, American jazz and R&B singer (b. 1940)
2017 - Yitzhak Livni, Polish-born Israeli media executive and writer (b. 1924)
 2017 - Quentin Moses, American football player (b. 1983)
 2017 - Bobby Murdoch, English footballer (b. 1936)
 2017 - Ren Xinmin, Chinese rocket scientist and engineer (b. 1915)
 2017 - Clint Roberts, American politician (b. 1935)
 2017 - Krystyna Sienkiewicz, Polish actress and singer (b. 1935)
 2018 - Marty Allen, American actor and comedian (b. 1923)
 2018 - Martin van der Borgh, Dutch racing cyclist (b. 1934)
 2018 - Giuseppe Galasso, Italian historian and politician (b. 1929)
 2018 - Luo Haocai, Chinese politician (b. 1934)
 2018 - Grant McBride, Australian politician (b. 1949)
 2018 - Fethia Mzali, Tunisian educator and politician (b. 1927)
 2018 - Daryle Singletary, American country music singer (b. 1971)
Observances 
 Darwin Day
 Abraham Lincoln's birthday (United States)
 Union Day (Burma)
 Youth Day (Venezuela)
 Red Hand Day (UN)

Trivia 
 Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln were both born on this date in 1809, in a very rare occasion of two highly influential and famous people being born on exactly the same day as each other.

Days of the year
Up to 1900 
 1071 - Norman forces under Robert Guiscard conquer Bari, present-day Italy.
 1191 - Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned.
 1450 – Battle of Formigny; Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly destroy English forces, ending English domination in northern France.
 1632 – Battle of Rain; Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War.
 1638 - Tokugawa shogunate forces put down the Shimabara Rebellion when they retake Hara Castle from the rebels.
 1736 - Corsicans rebel against the Republic of Genoa and declare the Westphalian Theodor von Neuhoff as King.
 1738 – Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel.
 1755 – Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language published in London.
 1783 – Preliminary articles of peace ending the American Revolutionary War ratified.
1802 – William Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy come across a "long belt" of daffodils, inspiring the former to pen I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.
 1861 - Abraham Lincoln calls for a volunteer force of 25,000 to stop the insurrection that soon became the American Civil War.
 1865 – Abraham Lincoln dies after being shot the previous evening by John Wilkes Booth. Andrew Johnson becomes the 17th President of the United States.
 1892 – The General Electric Company is formed through the merger of the Edison General Electric Company and the Thomson-Houston Company.
 1896 - Closing ceremony of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.
 1900 - Philippine-American War: Filipino guerrillas launch a surprise attack on the United States infantry and begin the four-day Siege of Catubig, Philippines.
1901  2000 
 1912 – The passenger liner RMS Titanic sinks at about 2:20 am after hitting an iceberg almost three hours earlier.
 1915 – The Armenian Genocide began when the Ottoman Empire undertook the systematic destruction of Armenian intellectuals and entrepreneurs within the city of Constantinople and later the entire Armenian population of the Empire.
 1917 - Troop transporter Cameronia is sunk by a German U-boat east of Malta.
 1920 – Anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti allegedly murder two security guards while robbing a shoe store.
 1923 – Insulin first became generally available for use by diabetics.
 1924 – Rand McNally publishes its first road atlas.
 1927 – Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and Norma and Constance Talmadge become the first celebrities to leave their footprints in cement at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood.
 1935 – Roerich Pact signed in Washington D.C.
 1936 - First day of the Arab revolt in Palestine.
1936 - Aer Lingus is founded, as the national airline of the Republic of Ireland.
 1940 – The Allies start their attack on the Norwegian town of Narvik which was occupied by Nazi Germany.
 1941 - World War II: The German Luftwaffe attack Belfast in a bombing raid, killing 1,000 people.
 1942 – George Cross given to "to the island fortress of Malta - its people and defenders" by King George VI of the United Kingdom.
 1945 – The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp is liberated.
 1947 – Jackie Robinson's first time playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team, breaking that sport's color line.
 1955 – The first McDonald's restaurant opens in Des Plaines, Illinois.
 1962 - Georges Pompidou becomes Prime Minister of France.
 1969 - North Korea shoots down a United States Navy aircraft over the Sea of Japan, killing all 31 people on board.
 1970 - Cambodian Civil War: Massacres of the Vietnamese minority result in bodies flowing down the Mekong River to South Vietnam.
 1983 – Tokyo Disneyland opens.
1984 - The first World Youth Day is held in St. Peter's Square, Vatican City.
 1985 – Bernhard Langer becomes the first German to win The Masters Tournament (a golf tournament).
 1985 – Marvin Hagler defeats Thomas Hearns by a knockout in round three to retain boxing's world middleweight championship in a fight nicknamed The War.
 1986 - The United States launches Operation El Dorado Canyon, its bombing raids against Libyan targets in response to a bombing in West Germany that killed two American servicemen.
 1989 – Hillsborough disaster: A human stampede occurs at Hillsborough, a football stadium in Sheffield, England, resulting in the loss of 96 lives. All of the people killed had come to support Liverpool FC against Nottingham Forest in an FA Cup match.  
 1989 – Upon Hu Yaobang's death, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 begin in the People's Republic of China.
1994 – Representatives of 124 countries and the European Communities sign the Marrakesh Agreements revising the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and setting up the World Trade Organization (effective January 1, 1995).
 1997 – Fire sweeps through a campsite of Muslims making the Hajj pilgrimage; the official death toll is 343.
From 2001 
 2001 – Easter day (not again until 2063).
 2002 – An Air China Boeing 767-200, flight CA129 crashes into a hillside during heavy rain and fog near Pusan, South Korea, killing 128.
 2010 – Response to the eruption of the volcano Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland: Norway, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland shut all of their airspace for a week. Several European countries also have to shut their airspace in the following days and weeks, due to the volcanic ash cloud.
 2013 - 2013 Boston Marathon bombings: Two bombs explode near the finishing line of the Boston Marathon, killing 3 people and injuring over 140.
 2014 - A lunar eclipse in which the Moon turns dark red is seen throughout the Americas and parts of the South Pacific Ocean.
 2017 - A bomb attack on a bus convoy outside Aleppo, Syria, kills at least 126 people, most of them children.
 2018 - The 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, come to an end.
2019 - Notre-Dame de Paris fire: Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris is heavily damaged by fire.
 2023 - 2023 Sudan conflict happens in Khartoum.
Up to 1900 
 1282 - Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1329)
 1367 - King Henry IV of England (d. 1413)
 1452 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian polymath (d. 1519)
 1469 – Guru Nanak Dev, Sikh guru (d. 1539)
 1552 - Pietro Cataldi, Italian mathematician (d. 1626)
 1563 - Guru Arjun Dev, Sikh guru (d. 1606)
 1641 - Robert Sibbald, Scottish physician (d. 1722)
 1642 – Suleiman II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1691)
 1646 – King Christian V of Denmark (d. 1699)
 1646 - Pierre Poiret, French mystic and philosopher (d. 1719)
 1684 – Catherine I of Russia (d. 1727)
 1707 – Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician (d. 1783)
 1710 - Marie-Anne de Cupis de Camargo, French dancer (d. 1770)
 1710 - William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (d. 1790)
 1721 – Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland (d. 1765)
 1744 - Charles Wilson Peale, American painter (d. 1827)
 1783 - Maria Branwell, mother of the Bronte siblings (d. 1821)
 1793 - Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, German astronomer (d. 1864)
1797 - Adolphe Thiers, French writer and politician (d. 1877)
 1800 – James Clark Ross, English explorer (d. 1862)
 1809 - Hermann Grassmann, German polymath (d. 1877)
 1814 - John Lothrop Motley, American diplomat (d. 1877)
 1817 - Benjamin Jowett, English educator and theologian (d. 1893)
 1821 - Joseph E. Brown, American politician, Governor of Georgia (d. 1894)
 1828 - Jean Danjou, French captain (d. 1863)
 1832 – Wilhelm Busch, German poet and writer (d. 1908)
 1832 - Herbert Vaughan, English cardinal (d. 1903)
 1841 - Joseph E. Seagram, Canadian politician and philanthropist (d. 1919)
 1843 – Henry James, American writer (d. 1916)
 1851 - Ponnambalam Ramanathan, Ceylonese-Tamil statesman (d. 1930)
 1858 – Emile Durkheim, French sociologist and ethnologist (d. 1917)
 1865 - Olga Boznanska, Polish painter (d. 1940)
 1866 - Robert Livingston Beeckman, Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1935)
 1874 - George Harrison Shull, American geneticist (d. 1954)
 1874 – Johannes Stark, German physicist (d. 1957)
1877 – W. D. Ross, Scottish philosopher (d. 1971)
 1883 – Stanley Bruce, 8th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
 1886 - Nikolay Gumilyov, Russian poet (d. 1921)
 1890 - Percy Shaw, English inventor (d. 1976)
 1891 - Wallace Reid, American actor (d. 1923)
 1892 – Corrie ten Boom, Dutch writer, activist, and Holocaust survivor (d. 1983)
 1894 – Bessie Smith, American blues singer (d. 1937)
 1894 - Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union (d. 1971)
 1896 – Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov, Russian chemist (d. 1986)
 1898 - Harry Edward, English sprinter (d. 1973)
1901  1950 
 1901 - René Pleven, Prime Minister of France (d. 1993)
 1901 - Joe Davis, English snooker player (d. 1978)
 1901 - Ajoy Mukherjee, Indian politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1986)
 1904 - Arshile Gorky, Armenian-American painter (d. 1948)
 1907 – Nikolaas Tinbergen, Dutch ethologist (d. 1988)
 1908 - Lita Grey, American actress (d. 1995)
 1910 - Miguel Najdorf, Polish-Argentine chess player (d. 1997)
 1912 – Kim Il-Sung, President of North Korea (d. 1994)
 1915 - Elizabeth Catlett, American-Mexican artist and sculptor (d. 2012)
 1915 – Walter Washington, American politician, Mayor of Washington, DC (d. 2003)
 1917 - Hans Conried, American actor (d. 1982)
 1920 – Richard von Weizsaecker, former President of Germany (d. 2015)
 1920 - Thomas Szasz, Hungarian-American psychiatrist (d. 2012)
 1921 – Georgi Beregovoi, Soviet-Russian cosmonaut (d. 1995)
 1922 – Harold Washington, American politician, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1987)
 1922 - Michael Ansara, Syrian-American actor (d. 2013)
1924 - Neville Marriner, English conductor and violinist (d. 2016)
 1924 - Rikki Fulton, Scottish actor and comedian (d. 2004)
 1927 - Ernie Copland, Scottish footballer
 1927 - Robert Mills, American physicist (d. 1999)
 1929 - Adrian Cadbury, English rower and businessman (d. 2015)
 1930 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, 4th President of Iceland
 1931 - Giovanni Reale, Italian historian and philosopher (d. 2014)
 1931 – Tomas Tranströmer, Swedish poet (d. 2015)
 1932 - Eva Figes, German-born English author (d. 2012)
 1933 - Roy Clark, American singer, musician and television host
 1933 - Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (d. 1995)
 1936 - Raymond Poulidor, French cyclist
 1938 - Claudia Cardinale, Tunisian-born Italian actress
 1938 - Hso Khan Pha, Burmese-Canadian geologist and politician
 1938 - Jay Garner, American lieutenant general 
 1939 – Marty Wilder, British rock singer
 1940 – Jeffrey Archer, British politician and writer
 1940 - Yossef Romano, Israeli weightlifter (d. 1972)
1940 - Penelope Coelen, South African actress, model and beauty queen
 1941 - Howard Berman, American politician
 1942 – Walt Hazzard, American basketball coach (d. 2011)
 1943 - Robert Lefkowitz, American physician and Nobel Prize winner
 1943 - Mighty Sam McClain, American singer-songwriter (d. 2015)
 1944 - Dzhokhar Dudayev, Chechen general and politician (d. 1996)
 1944 - Dave Edmunds, Welsh singer and guitarist
 1944 - Kunishige Kamamoto, Japanese footballer
 1946 – Pete Rouse, American politician
 1946 - Michael Tucci, American actor
 1947 - Mike Chapman, Australian songwriter
 1949 - Alla Pugacheva, Russian singer and composer
 1949 - David Rendel, English politician (d. 2016)
 1949 - Craig Zadan, American director, producer and screenwriter
 1950 - Josiane Balasko, French actress, director and screenwriter
 1950 - Paul Lüönd, Swiss musician (d. 2014)
1951  1975 
 1951 - John L. Phillips, American astronaut
 1951 - Stuart Prebble, English broadcaster
 1951 - Choei Sato, Japanese footballer
 1955 - Jeff Golub, American musician (d. 2015)
 1955 – Dodi al-Fayed, Egyptian businessman (d. 1997)
 1956 - Michael Cooper, American basketball player and coach
 1957 - Evelyn Ashford, American athlete
 1957 - Hwang Kyo-ahn, South Korean politician, former Prime minister of South Korea
 1958 – Benjamin Zephaniah, British writer
 1958 – Abu Hamza al-Masri, Egyptian Islamic fundamentalist preacher
 1959 – Emma Thompson, British actress
 1960 – King Philippe of Belgium
 1960 - Pedro Delgado, Spanish cyclist
 1960 - Susanne Bier, Danish movie director
 1961 – Carol W. Greider, American molecular biologist and Nobel Prize winner
 1961 - Luca Barbarossa, Italian singer
 1962 - Tom Kane, American voice actor
 1963 - Beata Szydlo, Polish politician, Prime Minister of Poland
 1966 – Samantha Fox, British singer, actress and model
 1967 – Dara Torres, American swimmer
1967 - Frankie Poullain, British musician
 1968 – Ed O'Brien, British musician (Radiohead)
 1968 - Vano Merabishvili, Georgian politician
 1969 - Jimmy Waite, Canadian ice hockey player
 1972 - Trine Dyrholm, Danish actress and singer
 1972 – Arturo Gatti, Canadian boxer (d. 2009)
 1972 - Lou Romano, American voice actor
 1973 - Teddy Lucic, Swedish footballer
 1974 - Danny Way, American skateboarder
 1975 - Adolfo Cambiaso, Argentine polo player
From 1976 
 1976 - John Lamont, Scottish politician
 1976 - Seigo Narazaki, Japanese footballer
 1977 - Sudarshan Pattnaik, Indian sand artist
 1977 - Lilia Vaygina-Efremova, Ukrainian biathlete
 1978 – Soumaila Coulibaly, Malian footballer
 1978 – Milton Bradley, American baseball player
 1979 - Luke Evans, Welsh actor
 1982 – Albert Riera, Spanish footballer
 1982 – Seth Rogen, Canadian actor and writer
 1983 - Alice Braga, Brazilian actress
 1983 – Matt Cardle, English singer
 1983 - Dudu Cearense, Brazilian footballer
 1983 – Ilya Kovalchuk, Russian ice hockey player
 1986 - Tom Heaton, English footballer
 1986 - Quincy Owusu-Abeyje, Ghanaian footballer
 1988 - Steven Defour, Belgian footballer
 1988 – Eliza Doolittle, English singer
 1988 - Leonie Elliott, English actress
 1989 - Shawn Nicklaw, American footballer
 1989 - Brandur Enni, Faroese singer
 1990 – Emma Watson, English actress
 1990 - Lily Carter, American pornographic actress
 1991 - Daiki Arioka, Japanese actor and singer
1991 – Anastasia Vinnikova, Belarussian singer
 1992 – Amy Deasismont, Swedish singer
 1992 - Richard Sandrak, American bodybuilder, martial artist and actor
 1992 - John Guidetti, Swedish footballer
 1993 - Madeleine Martin, American actress
 1997 - Maisie Williams, British actress
 1999 - Denis Shapovalov, Israeli-born Canadian tennis player
Up to 1900 
 571 - Emperor Kimmei of Japan
 628 - Empress Suiko of Japan (b. 554)
 1053 - Godwin, Earl of Wessex
 1220 - Adolf of Altena, German archbishop (b. 1157)
 1415 - Manuel Chrysolaris, Greek humanist and grammarian (b. 1355)
 1446 – Filippo Brunelleschi, Italian architect (b. 1377)
 1558 - Roxelana, Polish wife of Suleiman the Magnificent (b. 1500)
 1621 - John Carver, English merchant and Governor of Plymouth Colony (b. 1576)
 1641 - Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (b. 1581)
 1659 – Simon Dach, German poet (b. 1605)
 1697 – King Charles XI of Sweden (b. 1665)
 1719 - Françoise d'Aubigne, marquise de Maintenon, Queen of France (b. 1635)
 1754 - Jacopo Riccati, Italian mathematician (b. 1676)
 1764 – Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV of France (b. 1721)
 1765 – Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian scientist and writer (b. 1711)
 1854 - Arthur Aikin, English chemist, mineralogist and writer (b. 1773)
 1865 – Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (b. 1809)
1889 – Father Damien, Belgian Roman Catholic priest and missionary (b. 1840)
 1894 - James M. Harvey, American politician, 5th Governor of Kansas (b. 1833)
 1898 - Kepa Te Rangihiwini, Maori military leader
1901  2000 
 1912 - People who died in the sinking of the RMS Titanic, including:
Edward Smith, captain of the RMS Titanic (b. 1850)
Thomas Andrews, Irish shipbuilder (b. 1873)
Jack Phillips, British wireless telegraphist (b. 1887)
John Jacob Astor IV, American businessman and billionaire (b. 1864)
Benjamin Guggenheim, American businessman (b. 1865)
 1913 – Gabdulla Tukay, Tatar poet (b. 1886)
 1925 – Fritz Haarmann, German serial killer (b. 1879)
 1925 – John Singer Sargent, American painter (b. 1856)
 1927 - Gaston Leroux, French writer (b. 1868)
 1935 - Anna Ancher, Danish painter (b. 1859)
 1938 - César Vallejo, Peruvian poet (b. 1892)
 1942 – Robert Musil, Austrian writer (b. 1880)
 1944 - Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin, Soviet military commander (b. 1901)
 1949 - Wallace Beery, American actor (b. 1885)
 1957 - Pedro Infante, Mexican actor and singer (b. 1917)
 1962 - Clara Blandick, American actress (b. 1880)
 1962 - Arsenio Lacson, Mayor of Manila (b. 1912)
1967 - Totò, Italian comedian, actor, writer and singer-songwriter (b. 1898)
 1969 – Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (b. 1887)
 1971 – Gurgen Boryan, Armenian poet and playwright (b. 1915)
 1972 – Frank Knight, American economist (b. 1885)
 1974 - Giovanni D'Anzi, Italian songwriter (b. 1906)
 1980 – Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher (b. 1905)
 1983 – Corrie ten Boom, Dutch writer, activist and Holocaust survivor (b. 1892)
 1984 – Tommy Cooper, Welsh comedy magician (b. 1921)
 1986 – Jean Genet, French writer (b. 1910)
 1988 – Kenneth Williams, British actor and comedian (b. 1926)
 1989 - Hu Yaobang, Chinese politician (b. 1915)
 1989 - Charles Vanel, French actor and director (b. 1892)
 1990 – Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (b. 1905)
 1994 – John Curry, British figure skater (b. 1949)
 1998 – Pol Pot, Cambodian dictator (b. 1925)
From 2001 
 2001 – Joey Ramone, American punk rocker (b. 1951)
 2002 - Byron White, American football player, lawyer and jurist (b. 1917)
 2004 – Mitsuteru Yokoyama, Japanese manga artist (b. 1934)
 2008 – Sean Costello, American blues musician (b. 1979)
 2009 – Clement Freud, British writer, broadcaster and Member of Parliament (b. 1924)
 2009 - Laszlo Tisza, Hungarian-American physicist (b. 1907)
 2011 – Vittorio Arrigoni, Italian activist (b. 1975)
 2012 – Murray Rose, British-born Australian swimmer (b. 1939)
 2013 - Richard Collins, Canadian actor (b. 1947)
 2013 - Richard LeParmentier, British-American actor (b. 1946)
 2013 - Sal Castro, American activist and teacher (b. 1933)
 2014 - Owen Woodhouse, New Zealand judge (b. 1916)
 2014 - Shane Gibson, American guitarist (b. 1979)
 2014 - John Houbolt, American aerospace engineer (b. 1919)
 2014 - Hugo Villar, Uruguayan physician and politician (b. 1925)
 2015 - Surya Bahadur Thapa, Prime Minister of Nepal (b. 1928)
2015 - Alexander Nadson, Belarussian religious leader (b. 1926)
 2015 - Jonathan Crombie, Canadian actor (b. 1966)
 2015 - Tadahiko Ueda, Japanese footballer (b. 1947)
 2016 - Anne Grommerch, French politician (b. 1970)
 2017 - David Brumbaugh, American politician (b. 1956)
 2017 - Clifton James, American actor (b. 1920)
 2017 - Emma Morano, Italian supercentenarian, last-surviving person born in the 1800s (b. 1899)
 2017 - Sylvia Moy, American songwriter and record producer (b. 1938)
 2018 - R. Lee Ermey, American actor (b. 1944)
 2018 - Michael Halliday, English-Australian linguist (b. 1925)
 2018 - Judy Kennedy, American politician (b. 1944)
 2018 - Waqar Ahmad Shah, Indian politician (b. 1943)
 2018 - Frank Skartados, Greek-American politician (b. 1956)
 2018 - Vittorio Taviani, Italian movie director (b. 1929)
 2018 - Bob Braden, American computer scientist (b. 1934)
 2018 - Frank Drowota, American judge (b. 1938)
 2019 - Owen Garriott, American astronaut (b. 1930)
2019 - Aleksandar Kostov, Bulgarian footballer (b. 1938)
 2019 - Les Reed, English songwriter (b. 1935)
 2019 - Winston L. Shelton, American inventor and entrepreneur (b. 1922)
 2019 - Joaquim Alberto Silva, Angolan footballer (b. 1974)
Observances 
 Tax Day (United States)
 Kim Il-Sung's birthday (North Korea)
 Father Damien Day (Hawaii)
 Jackie Robinson Day in Major League Baseball
 Bengali New Year
 World Art Day

Days of the year
Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th president of the United States between 1923 and 1929. He was a conservative who supported business and lower taxes.

Family life 
He was the only president of the United States to be born on July 4. He was married to Grace Coolidge and had 2 children: John Calvin Coolidge III (born September 6, 1906 - died May 31, 2000) and John Calvin Jr. (born April 13, 1908 - died July 7, 1924). His younger son John Calvin Coolidge IV died at 16 while playing tennis at the White House. His son was wearing tennis shoes without socks and died from a toe infection. He was buried at the foot of Hill Cemetery. After this, President Coolidge may have been depressed.
Political career 
Coolidge served as the Mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts. He later served as the Governor of Massachusetts. As governor, he became famous because of his response during the Boston Police Strike. Coolidge fired the police who went on strike and gave the jobs to unemployed World War 1 veterans (he gave the same bonuses that the striking policemen asked for to the veterans).

In 1920, he was nominated Vice President under Warren G. Harding. The Harding-Coolidge team won easily. Harding died in 1923 and Coolidge became the next president. He was inaugurated at his family farm in Vermont by his father John Calvin Coolidge Sr.

Coolidge finished Harding's term and was elected in 1924 to continue to be the country's president.

Coolidge was president during a prosperous economy and the country did not face many challenges. He believed that the federal government should be as small as possible. He supported tax cuts and wanted the federal government to not intervene in the economy.
Coolidge was criticized for refusing to give subsidies to farmers and when a giant flood happened in Mississippi during 1927, he did not want the federal government to be involved. This was part of his belief of federalism, that the country's problems should be solved mainly by state governments and local governments rather than the federal government. 

He did not run for re-election in 1928 and published his autobiography the following year. he died of a heart attack in Massachusetts at age 60

The legacy of Calvin Coolidge is mixed. People who support more federal government involvement in the economy do not like him. People who support less federal government involvement in the economy like him.

Silent Cal 
Calvin Coolidge was nicknamed "Silent Cal" because he did not talk much. There is a story that at a dinner party, a woman once told Coolidge that she could get more than two words out of him, to which he replied "You lose."

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Coolidge's White House biography
1872 births
1933 deaths
 
Deaths from coronary thrombosis
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Governors of Massachusetts
Politicians from Vermont
20th-century American politicians
Massachusetts Republicans
Capitalism
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, from 1945 to 1953. He became president when President Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office. Truman served as the 34th vice president of the United States for a short time, from January to April 1945.

As president, Truman made important foreign policy decisions, such as using atomic weapons on Japan to end World War II; repairing Europe (which was destroyed during the war); beginning the Cold War, and getting the U.S. involved in the Korean War.

Early years

Harry S. Truman was born on May 8, 1884, in Lamar, Missouri. The initial, "S", in Truman's name has no meaning.

Truman was raised in Independence, Missouri. He lived for 12 years as a Missouri farmer.

The presidential election of 1892 happened when Truman was eight years old. He wanted Grover Cleveland, a Democrat like Truman's family, to win. Grover Cleveland did win.
Truman joined the United States Military in 1917. He went to France in World War I and became a captain in the Field Artillery.

Truman left the military in 1919. That same year, he married Elizabeth Virginia Wallace. He opened a clothing store in Kansas City.

On February 17, 1924, Bess had a baby girl and named her Mary Margaret Truman.

Political life
Truman was active in the Democratic Party. In 1922, he was elected judge of Jackson County Court.

Two years later, Truman lost the next county judge election. However, he was elected county judge again in  1926.

In 1934, Truman was elected Senator of Missouri. He became a member of the Interstate Commerce Committee. He was also the vice-chairman of a subcommittee on railroad safety.

In 1940, Truman ran for re-election to the Senate. First he would have to beat another Democrat, Governor Lloyd Stark, in a primary election. The primary election would decide which Democrat would go on to face a Republican candidate in the final elections in November.
President Franklin Roosevelt and St. Louis Mayor Bernard Dickmann both wanted Stark to win. Truman had a hard time getting money. Most people thought he would lose. However, about a month before the primary election, the railroad unions said that they wanted Truman to win. Then, two days before primary election day, Bernard Dickmann also said that he wanted Truman to win.

Truman won by about 8,000 votes. He also won the election in November.

Truman became the head of a committee that looked at how much money the United States was spending on defense during World War II. He found billions of dollars of spending that he thought was a waste, and could be cut out of what the U.S. was spending. Truman supported Roosevelt's leadership of the country in the war, but wanted to make the government less wasteful and more effective. He became well known for leading that committee.
Vice Presidency, 1945 
In 1944, President Roosevelt ran for reelection again. Roosevelt was in bad health and he did not have much longer to live. The Democratic Party realized that whoever they selected as Vice President could be the next president of the United States. (In the U.S. government, if the President dies, the Vice President automatically becomes the new president.)

Henry A. Wallace, Roosevelt's former vice president, was not chosen because he had a friendly attitude toward the Soviet Union, which many people saw as a dictatorship. Roosevelt wanted Truman as his vice president, and Truman was chosen.

They won the election, and Roosevelt began his fourth term as president. On April 12, 1945, shortly after his fourth inauguration, Franklin Delano Roosevelt died. Truman became president.

Presidency, 1945–53
About becoming president, Truman said: "it felt like the moon, the stars, and all of the planets had fallen upon me."
Truman had become president during the last few months of World War II. While Truman was vice president, Roosevelt never told him much about World War II. At that time, people did not think of the Vice Presidency as an important job in politics. Because of this, Truman entered the presidency knowing not much more than the average person about what the U.S. military was doing in World War II.

Nazi Germany surrendered less than a month after Truman became president. This ended the war in Europe. However, the Japanese kept fighting. The Allies of World War II made the Potsdam Declaration, telling Japan to surrender or it would face "prompt and utter destruction." Japan did not surrender, so Truman ordered the first atomic bomb to be dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6th, 1945. Three days later, Truman ordered the second atomic bomb to be dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Japan surrendered and the war ended.
The huge destructive power of the atomic bombs razed both cities, and killed over one hundred thousand people, with many more dying of radiation induced illnesses over subsequent years. People who disagreed with the decision, like General and future president Dwight Eisenhower, believe it was a cruel and inhumane attack on innocent people, when Japan was already close to being beaten. Other people thought it was a good decision because it ended the war early. Truman thought that if the U.S. had invaded Japan instead of using the bombs to end the war quickly, many more Americans would have died.

After the war
After the war 

After the war, Truman ordered Europe (which was destroyed during the war) to be repaired with the Marshall Plan. Germany was divided into two parts after the war. The Soviet Union controlled East Germany. The United States, Britain, and France controlled West Germany. During the Soviet blockade of West Berlin, Truman ordered the Berlin Airlift, which flew in tons of food to West Germany to feed the starving people.

Truman also helped create the United Nations, an organization which was based on the League of Nations. The United Nations still exists today. Its goal is for different countries to work together to help humanity and to promote peace.
Truman sent Congress his "Fair Deal." It was based on Roosevelt's New Deal. It gave more money to education, more money to farmers, and a higher minimum wage for workers. Labor union leaders asked him for higher wages and more benefits.

After coal miners went on strike, Truman had the Department of the Interior take over the mines. While Truman sympathized with the working class, when there was a huge railroad strike, Truman believed it was illegal. He also thought it was unfair to people who could not get to work because the railroads were not running. He reacted by threatening to force the strikers to go into the army if they did not return to work.

Truman de-segregated the military, allowing blacks and whites to fight together.

1948 election 
Further information: 1948 United States presidential election
In 1948, Truman ran for a second term as president against Thomas Dewey. He was the underdog and everyone thought he was going to lose. The Chicago Tribune published a newspaper on the night of the election with the title "Dewey Defeats Truman". To everyone's surprise, Harry Truman won the election.

The Korean War 
On June 25, 1950, North Korea attacked South Korea. China supported North Korea. North Korea wanted to bring Communism into South Korea.

The U.S. fought the Korean War to defend South Korea and keep communism from spreading there. General Douglas MacArthur wanted to bomb China. Truman thought it was too dangerous to do that, so he fired MacArthur. Many people respected MacArthur, so they were angry at Truman. He made Mathew B. Ridgeway general.
During the end of his term, Harry Truman's approval rating was at an all-time low. He was very unpopular because thousands of Americans died in the Korean War; there was a medium amount of corruption in his government; and people were accusing many of Truman's employees of being communists. He left office on January 20, 1953. The Korean War ended about six months later.

As time passed, Truman's reputation got a lot better. Many historians now believe that Harry Truman was one of the greatest presidents.

Later life
Truman moved back to Missouri. He died on December 26, 1972 in Kansas City, Missouri of multiple organ failure caused by pneumonia at the age of 88.

Related pages 
 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 Marshall Plan
 Cold War
 Truman Doctrine
 Korean War

References

Other websites 
 WW2DB: Harry Truman
 White House biography on Truman
1884 births
1972 deaths
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John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was the second president of the United States (1797–1801), and father of the sixth president, John Quincy Adams. He was also the first vice president of the United States (1789–1797).

Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts. He was the son of Lt. Col. John Adams, Sr. (1691-1761) and Susanna Boylston (1708-1797), and he was the cousin of the philosopher and fellow Founding Father Samuel Adams. He went to Harvard College. He married Abigail Adams in 1764.

American Revolutionary War years 
Adams wanted the Thirteen Colonies to be free from Great Britain.  However, Adams was fair and thought every person should be treated fairly.  Even though he did not want British soldiers in Boston, he was the lawyer who defended the British soldiers who were involved in the Boston Massacre.
Adams was a representative from Massachusetts during the Second Continental Congress.  He helped Thomas Jefferson write the United States Declaration of Independence.  During the American Revolutionary War,  Adams helped make peace with Great Britain.  He served in France, the Netherlands and England as an ambassador in the 1780s.

Vice President 
Adams was the first vice president under George Washington.  After Washington chose not to run again, Adams won the 1796 election.  Adams is thought to have been the first president to belong to a political party, but like George Washington, he thought himself above any particular party.  He ran for president on the Federalist ticket.  He beat Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party.  President candidates and vice president candidates did not run together like they do today.  Since Jefferson got the second-highest number of votes, he became vice president.

President
President 

During his term, he resolved a conflict against France peacefully.  He also passed the Alien and Sedition Acts which made it illegal to say bad things about the government.  Many people did not like those acts because they felt it took away their freedom of speech.  Adams was not re-elected president and lost to Thomas Jefferson.  The Federalist Party was not as popular as it was when Adams was elected.  One of his last acts as president was to make John Marshall the Chief Justice of the United States.  This made sure that the Federalist Party would still be important.

Of the first five U.S. presidents, Adams was the only one who did not own slaves.  He was also the only one to be from New England.
Death
Adams died on July 4, 1826 of Heart Failure. This was the same day that Thomas Jefferson died, and was also exactly 50 years after the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. At 90, John Adams was the longest lived president of the United States until Ronald Reagan surpassed him in October 2001. John Adams was also a longest lived Vice President of the United States until Levi P. Morton surpassed him in 1915 and later by John Nance Garner in 1959.

References

Other websites 

 John Adams' White House biography 
 John Adams -Citizendium
1735 births
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William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician and humanitarian activist. He was the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Before he was president, Clinton was the governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992, as well as the attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. 

He took office at the end of the Cold War. Clinton was the first president from the baby boomer generation. He was 46 years old when he was elected, making him the third-youngest president. He was impeached in 1998 for lying about a sexual relationship with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Clinton was the second president to be impeached.
Clinton left office in 2001 with the joint-highest approval rating of any U.S. president in the modern era, alongside Franklin D. Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan. His presidency is generally ranked among the upper tier in historical rankings of U.S. presidents. However, his personal life and allegations of sexual assault made against him lead to Clinton being the subject of criticism.

He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U.S. senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and the Democratic nominee for president in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

Early years
Early years

Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas. His biological father, William Jefferson Blythe. Jr, died in a car accident, three months before Clinton was born. His mother, Virginia Clinton Kelley was a Nurse anesthetist. He took the last name Clinton because it was his stepfather, Roger Clinton, Sr.'s name. Clinton grew up in Hot Springs, Arkansas. In high school, Clinton played the saxophone. Clinton went to college at Georgetown University. During his college years, Clinton worked under several politicians. He later went to Oxford University and Yale Law School. Clinton did not fight in the Vietnam War because he was in the ROTC for a short time.

Before being President
Clinton married Hillary Rodham in 1975. In 1980, their daughter, Chelsea Clinton, was born.
After law school, Clinton was elected Attorney General of Arkansas in 1976 and governor of Arkansas in 1978. At 32, he was the youngest governor in the country at that time. Clinton was governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1993. Clinton was known for being a "New Democrat" while governor. During his time as governor, Clinton changed the state's school system. There was also a scandal called Whitewater during Clinton's term.

Presidency
In the 1992 presidential election, he beat Republican George H. W. Bush. During the early part of Clinton's first term, he put in place a tax code which would increase taxes on the rich.

In 1994, during Clinton's first term in office, the Congress switched to a Republican majority. However, Clinton still beat Republican Bob Dole in the 1996 election.
The Republicans defeated Clinton's proposal for the U.S. government to adopt universal health care. The Republicans proposed many new ideas to Congress to limit the size of government such as requiring the budget to be balanced and to stop people from abusing the welfare system.

Clinton was sued by Paula Jones for sexual harassment, but the lawsuit was officially dismissed after Jones failed to prove damages. This made him the first sitting United States president to be sued.

President Clinton was accused of wrongdoing by the U.S. House of Representatives in December 1998 during the Monica Lewinsky scandal and was impeached. Although he lied that they did not engage in sexual activity, he was found to have done nothing wrong by the U.S. Senate in February 1999.
The country faced very few challenges during his term. The Cold War was over and there was very little need for the U.S. military to get involved in the world's affairs, so defense spending was significantly lowered. The economy was doing very well during his term, though there is a debate about whether the economy was well because of Clinton's policies or because of the Republicans' policies.

The decade ended with it being the first time the United States did not have to borrow money to pay for its budget. Clinton left office in 2001 with high approval ratings and was succeeded by George W. Bush.

Post-presidency
After his presidency, he wrote some books and traveled around the world helping out the United States. He is married to former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and now lives in New York. He has written My Life, a book about his life, and several other books. Clinton has received two Grammy Awards, both for books he read on tape. He is now the U.N.'s envoy to Haiti. He also became a vegan.
On November 20, 2013, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor of the United States, by President Barack Obama.

On October 12, 2021, Clinton was hospitalized with sepsis in Irvine, California.

References

Other websites

 Photos of Bill Clinton's actions to bring peace to the Middle East
 Bill Clinton's White House biography
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In economics, the yield is how much money somebody is paid each year for leaving his or her money invested somewhere.  Unlike a corporate dividend, a yield is fairly certain, unless there is a bankruptcy. This means that somebody usually knows how much money they are going to make from their yield ahead of time.

Yields can be different because of inflation. However, there is usually an order for which are most risky and which are the least: the least risky instruments, such as treasury bonds, yield the least, then safe and "guaranteed" instruments like long-term deposits, then overnight deposits, and so on to the various municipal bond and corporate bonds. Extremely risky instruments with high yield are usually called junk bonds.

Related pages
Returns (economics)

Finance
Moral purchasing is when a person uses moral reasoning to decide what to buy. For example, when a person chooses to buy local goods instead of those from other countries, helps neighbours and processes that one can point to quickly.

Other page 
Fair trade

Ethics
A social network is a set of people who interact. This includes group organizations. The social relationships may include friendship/affect, communication, economic transactions, interactions, kinship, authority/hierarchy, trust, social support, diffusion, contagion, and so on. 

Calling social relationships a network calls attention to the pattern or structure of the set of relationships.

A community social network is the pattern of relationships among a set of people and/or organizations in a community. Each of these networks can involve social support, give people a sense of community, and 
lead them to help and protect each other.
How big a personal network becomes depends on the individual and the type of relationships considered. The set of people that a person knows well or with whom a person frequently interacts seldom exceeds several hundred. As the size of a network grows, keeping relationships is strained by the size. There is a so-called "Law of 150" which suggests that about 150 people is the best size for a village or large clan though most people live in much bigger towns. Some experts think that a corporation has an ideal size of about 70 people: these people and their spouses would also make a large social network.
The free rider problem is that someone uses the social network but does not give help when needed. Social networks are vulnerable to them, since the circumstances where help is required, like disasters, occur by surprise. It might happen that someone cannot help at that one time - it might also happen that they are not there the next time. Only slowly does it become obvious who is and is not contributing to the safety of the group, or who is avoiding this duty.

Social networks are held together by common interest. This may be employment, common interest in a sport or pastime, a religion (a mosque, church or temple is almost always a center of a social network). Often the network has an identity of its own which is quite real, even though it may have no official recognition. Networks may be centered on places, or on families, or on worldwide communities with common interests.
Sources 
The Law of 150 is documented in R.I.M. Dunbar 1992. Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. Journal of Human Evolution. 20, pp. 469–493.

The field of study which investigates human social life is social psychology.

Related pages 
Social network service

Relationships
Social groups
A cabal is a group of people who try to control things in a secret way. Cabals are often an important part of a conspiracy theory.

Sometimes people say "There Is No Cabal", or use the abbreviation TINC to mean "There Is No Cabal". The joke is that since a cabal is necessarily secret, only those who are in the cabal can know.

Politics 

The former chief of staff, Lawrence Wilkerson, of the Secretary of State Colin Powell said that the foreign policy of George W. Bush's administration were run by a "Cheney-Rumsfeld cabal". With this word he meant that the President had not really the power that he is given by the constitution and that the Vice President and the Secretary of Defense had more influence than they should have.

References 

Forms of government