Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Venus and Adonis is a long poem by William Shakespeare. It was published in 1593. It tells of Venus' love for Adonis, a mortal man.

Poems by William Shakespeare

16th-century English poems
1590s books
Aubrey Plaza (born June 26, 1984, Wilmington, Delaware) is an American actress and comedian. She performs in movies and television. She starred as April Ludgate in the NBC television show Parks and Recreation. She acted as Claire in Monsters University and as Darius in Safety not Guaranteed.

Plaza played Karen Barclay in the 2019 horror movie Child's Play.

Plaza acts the speaking voice of Grumpy Cat in the Lifetime TV network movie Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever. It was first shown on November 29, 2014.

References 

American movie actors
American television actors
comedians from Delaware
1984 births
Living people
Actors from Wilmington, Delaware
American voice actors
Writers from Wilmington, Delaware
The Rape of Lucrece is a long poem by William Shakespeare. It was first published in 1594. It tells of the rape of Lucretia by Tarquin and her suicide.

16th-century English poems
Poems by William Shakespeare
1590s books
Big Brother is a reality television game show. It is based on an originally Dutch language TV series of the same name which was created by John de Mol in 1997. The show follows a group of House Guests living together 24 hours a day in the "Big Brother" house. They are isolated from everyone outside of the house. They are videotaped with no privacy for three months. Since its US television start in 2000, Big Brother has continue airing with at least one season of the show on CBS each year. It is currently the second longest version of the show to have done so, after the Spanish version. On September 25, 2022, CBS announced that Big Brother was renewed for its 25th season in summer 2023. The 25th season began on August 2, 2023.
The HouseGuests compete for the chance to win $750,000. They must try to avoid weekly eviction, until the last HouseGuest remains. The American series is hosted by television personality Julie Chen. It is produced by Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan for Fly On The Wall Entertainment. It currently airs in the United States on CBS and in Canada on Global.

Main series 

Eviction night are hosted by television personality and news anchor, Julie Chen. She is the wife of CBS President Les Moonves and co-host of the network's The Talk. Chen was a former co-host of CBS's The Early Show. Television critics gave Chen negative reviews during her first season (2000). Many critics did not like that she was very stale when presenting. They also did not like her "weak" interviews with evictees during the live program. They also did not like Chen's phrase "But first...", they believed she used it too much. Many fans of the show began calling her "the Chenbot". Chen later stated that she knows about this and accepts it.
There was an announcer during the first season. The announcer introduced every scene. As the show progressed, the announcer only came on during the opening and closing of each episode. There have been several different announcers throughout the years. Past announcers include Dave Walsh (season and episode 2 of season two), Chuck Riley (season two), and Phil Proctor (seasons 3-6). The current announcer is Clayton Halsey and has been the announcer since season seven.

Format
Format 

The format for the first season is very different than the following seasons. The first season was very similar to international versions of Big Brother. Each HouseGuest would individually go to the Diary Room and nominate two fellow HouseGuests for banishment. The term "eviction" was not used until the second season. The two or more HouseGuests with the most nominations are then revealed to the House and were "Marked for Banishment". The public were invited to vote for who they wish to evict by calling a premium rate telephone number. The HouseGuest who received the most public vote was evicted. When there were three HouseGuests left, the public would vote for the winner.
In Big Brother 3 (2002), a new power was introduced called the Power of Veto (PoV). The Power of Veto winner can choose to veto one of the Head of Household's nominations. When this happens, the HoH chooses someone else to replace that nominee. The winner is also protected from becoming a replacement nominee for the week. At first, the Power of Veto was silver and if a nominee won the Power of Veto the nominee could not save themselves. The "Golden" Power of Veto was introduced in the last veto competition in season three. If a nominee won it, they could save themselves.
The "Crystal" Power of Veto was introduced in the final veto competition of Big Brother 4 (2003). It could only be used by a nominee. If anyone else won it, it could not be used. The Golden Power of Veto is now the standard veto since season four. The fourth season also started the Big Brother Jury or sometimes called the "Jury of Seven". The Jury is made up of the final seven evicted HouseGuests. Each member of the Jury are isolated in a different house. The Jury members are not allowed to watch the show except for small parts such as the nominations and the Power of Veto ceremonies. They are not allowed to see any Diary Room interviews or any footage involving strategy or twists to the game. The Big Brother Jury votes to determine the winner of Big Brother each season.
Ten years later, Big Brother 15 (2013) raised the number of nominees from two to three a week. This is similar to the French Canadian version of the show. In addition, a new weekly power called the Most Valuable Player (MVP) will give this HouseGuest a special power. The MVP will have the ability to nominate the 3rd nominee, without anyone knowing who the MVP was.

Live show 
Live shows have been broadcast on Thursday nights in every season. However, the first, fourth, ninth and the fifteenth seasons were not broadcast on Thursday nights. The fourth, ninth and fifteenth seasons were instead on Wednesday nights. Later in the season, there would be live shows on other days. These examples were for double evictions. From the second season through the ninth season, Chen presented the live show in an empty studio next to the house. Starting with the tenth season, the live shows once again had an audience.

Season details

Viewership

References

Other websites
2000 American television series debuts
2000s American reality television series
2010s American reality television series
Big Brother
CBS network shows
"To Helen" is a poem written by Edgar Allan Poe. The poem was first published in 1831 in Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. It was republished in 1836 in the Southern Literary Messenger. Poe's inspiration was Jane Stith Stanard, the mother of his childhood friend Robert Stanard.

The poem consists of three stanzas of five lines each. The rhyme scheme is irregular: the first stanza is ABABB, the second is ABABA, and the third is ABBAB. The poem includes the well known lines, "... the glory that was Greece / And the grandeur that was Rome".

More reading
 Analysis: "To Helen"

Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

1830s poems
A surcoat, or surcote, was an outer garment commonly worn in the Middle Ages by men. About 100 years later, women started to wear surcoats. It can either mean a coat worn over other garments or the outer garment commonly worn over armour. The name comes from the French meaning "over the cotta", a long, wide coat reaching down to the feet without sleeves.

Starting about the 12th century, knights wore long and flowing surcoats over their armour. They would often show the coat of arms of the wearer. A knight's surcoat reached almost to the ankles. It had slits (cuts) in the bottom front and back so a wearer could sit. It also had no sleeves. One purpose for the surcoat was to protect armour from the rain. Another use was during the Crusades to keep the armour cooler in the sun.
By the middle of the 14th century the long surcoat was replaced with the "Jupon" (or "Gipon"). This was a much shorter garment, which was often padded for extra protection. Once suits of plate (solid) armour became common, the surcoat was no longer used.

Related pages
Tabard

References 

Middle Ages
Outerwear
"The Gold-Bug" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper in June 1843.

Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
19th-century American short stories
Alexéy Leonídovich Pájitnov (born April 16, 1955) is a Russian computer engineer who lives in the United States. He is best known for creating the popular video game Tetris. He was born in Moscow, USSR.

Pajitnov created Tetris in 1985. The game was first sold in the Soviet Union. In 1986, the game began being sold in the West. Since then, it has become a very successful series. In 1996, he started The Tetris Company, which owns the trademark to Tetris.

In 1996, GameSpot named him the fourth most influential computer game developer of all time.

References

Other websites

Alexey Pajitnov  profile at MobyGames
Tetris - From Russia with Love , BBC documentary

Video game designers
People from Moscow
1956 births
Living people
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicitas Freifrau von Suttner (; ; 9 June 184321 June 1914) was an Austrian novelist.  She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.  Suttner wrote a novel called Die Waffen nieder!.  This means "Lay Down Your Arms!" in English.

References

Citations and notes

1843 births
1914 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Austrian writers
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
European novelists
Austrian activists
"The Gift of the Magi" is a short story by O. Henry. It was published in The New York Sunday World on December 10, 1905. 

20th-century American short stories
Pole Position is an arcade racing video game released by Namco in 1982 and designed by Toru Iwatani. In this game, the player controls a Formula One race car. The player completes a time trial lap to be able to compete in an F1 race at the Fuji Racetrack. After completing the time trial race, the player races against other cars in a championship race. The player has to complete the race in the time allowed. They have to avoid crashing into the other cars and objects along the side of the track.

The game was the highest selling arcade game of 1983 in North America. It sold over 21,000 machines for $61 million. It has been released for many video game consoles as part of Namco game collections, including the PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox.

In 1983, a sequel called Pole Position II was released. It features three new tracks in addition to the one from the first game.

References

Other websites
Pole Position at the Killer List of Videogames
Pole Position at the Arcade History database
1982 video games
Namco video games
Arcade games
Racing video games
"The Open Boat" is a short story by Stephen Crane. It was first published in the June 1897 issue of Scribner's Magazine.

19th-century American short stories
Works by Stephen Crane
"Young Goodman Brown" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in the April 1835 issue of New England Magazine.

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne
"Rappaccini's Daughter" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in United States Democratic Review in December 1844. It was reprinted in Hawthorne's collection of short stories and sketches, Mosses From an Old Manse in 1846. The story has been adapted to many media including opera and movies.

Short stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne
19th-century American short stories
Jean Henri Dunant was a Swiss businessman and social activist.  A book he wrote influenced the International Committee of the Red Cross to be formed in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy.

References 

1828 births
1910 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
People from Geneva
Swiss businesspeople
Swiss Nobel Prize winners
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is a novella (short novel) by Stephen Crane. It was published in 1893. The story is about a young  prostitute in New York City.

Works by Stephen Crane
1893 books
American novellas
Frédéric Passy (May 20, 1822 – June 12, 1912) was a French economist. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Henry Dunant.

Passy wrote and talked to others about free trade.  He followed the ideas of Richard Cobden.

1822 births
1912 deaths
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Scientists from Paris
French economists
French Nobel Prize winners
Saint Irenaeus (130 AD - 202) was a Roman Catholic Bishop of Lyon, France. He is a Church Father. He is known for his Christian writings. He is remembered on the 28 June.

Other websites
Against Heresies
St. Irenaeus at the Catholic Encyclopedia

Christian saints
130 births
202 deaths
French Roman Catholic bishops
Writers from Lyon
The Church Fathers are ancient and influential Christian theologians, some of whom were great teachers or bishops. Only early teachers of Christianity are seen as Fathers by the Western Church. However, the Orthodox Church honors many more recent saints as "Fathers".

 Western Church: Ambrose (340-397), Jerome (347-420), Augustine (354-430) and Saint Gregory the Great (540-604)
 Eastern Church: Basil (c.329-379), Athanasius (c.296-373), Gregory of Nazianzus (329-c.389) and John Chrysostom (347-407)
Brenda Holloway (born 21 June 1946, California) is an American singer-songwriter. Her genre is R&B. She covered the songs When I'm Gone, You've Made Me so Very Happy and many others. She worked for Motown Records in the 1960s.

Singer-songwriters from California
1946 births
Living people
The Cessna Citation X is a twin-turbojet business jet designed and built in the United States. It can carry between eight and twelve passengers. It is a swept-wing aircraft built entirely of metal. Its first flight was in 1996.

Civil aircraft
Cessna aircraft
The Vought F7U Cutlass is a navalized fighter aircraft that served in the U.S. Navy. It was used for the Cold War, from American aircraft carriers. None were sold to other countries. Some Vought F7U Cutlass were modified for aerial reconnaissance as F7U-3P. It was used by the Blue Angels in 1953.

United States Navy aircraft
The UTVA Model 75 is a training single-engine aircraft that was designed and built in Yugoslavia. It is also used as civilian sport light aircraft. Apart from former Yugoslavian countries, this aircraft was sold to Sudan.

Bibliography 
 

Military aircraft
Yugoslavia
Madylin Sweeten (June 27, 1991, Brownwood, Texas) is an American actress who performs on television. She played Ally Barone in the 1996-2005 television series Everybody Loves Raymond.

American television actors
Actors from Texas
1991 births
Living people
Andrea Laura Barber (born July 3, 1976) is an American former child actress who acts mainly in TV. She played Kimmy Gibbler in the sitcom Full House. Before that, she played Carrie Brady in the soap opera Days of our Lives. Barber was born in Los Angeles.

References

American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1976 births
Living people
Bridgette Andersen (July 11, 1975 - May 18, 1997) was an American actress. She acted mostly on television. She acted in Family Ties and Remington Steele. She also did Pepsi commercials.

Andersen was born in Los Angeles.

Actors from Los Angeles
1975 births
1997 deaths
Kary Banks Mullis (December 28, 1944 – August 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 1993, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith for his role in discovering the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Career
The process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana. It allows specific DNA sequences to be amplified (multiplied hugely). Mullis greatly improved the technique, and it became a standard tool in DNA research.

In 1983, Mullis was working for Cetus Corp. as a chemist. That spring, according to Mullis, he was driving his vehicle late one night, when he had the idea to use a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and to copy it using DNA polymerase. This would allow a small strand of DNA to be copied almost an infinite number of times. Cetus took Mullis off his usual projects to concentrate on PCR full-time. Mullis succeeded in demonstrating PCR on December 16, 1983.
Cetus paid him a mere $10,000 for the discovery but later sold it to Hoffmann-La Roche, owned by Roche Holding Ltd., for $300 million.

Death
Mullis died on August 7, 2019 from pneumonia in Newport Beach, California at the age of 74.

Related pages
List of biologists

References 

2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in California
American biochemists
1944 births
Scientists from North Carolina
A Sulfonamide (or sulphonamide) is a kind of drug. It is a man-made antibiotic. Their ability to kill infectious bacteria is their main function, but some types have other medical uses. For example, sulfasalazine, in addition to its use as an antibiotic, is also used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

Sulfonamides (sometimes called sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) contain the sulfonamide chemical group. The best known of the antibiotic sulfonamide drugs is called Sulfanilimide.

How they work 
In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides inhibit the enzyme DHPS. The enzyme makes folic acid, a B vitamin. The microorganism is "starved" of folate and dies.
Humans, unlike bacteria, get folate (vitamin B9) through their diet.
History
Sulfonamide drugs were the first antimicrobial drugs. They paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. Experiments with the first sulfonamide began in 1932 in the laboratories of Bayer AG, at that time a component of the huge German chemical trust IG Farben. After years of fruitless trial-and-error work on hundreds of compounds, a team led by physician/researcher Gerhard Domagk finally found one that worked: a red dye synthesized by Bayer chemist Josef Klarer which had remarkable effects on stopping some bacterial infections in mice. The first official communication about the breakthrough discovery was not published until 1935, more than two years after the drug was patented by Klarer and his research partner Fritz Mietzsch.
Prontosil, as Bayer named the new drug, was the first medicine ever discovered that could effectively treat a range of bacterial infections inside the body. It had a strong protective action against infections caused by streptococci, and a lesser effect on infections caused by other cocci. However, it had no effect at all in the test tube, exerting its antibacterial action only in live animals. Later, it was discovered that the drug was split into two pieces inside the body, releasing from the inactive dye a smaller, colourless, active compound called sulfanilamide. The discovery dashed the corporation's dreams of enormous profit. The active molecule sulfanilamide (or sulfa) had first been synthesized in 1906 and was widely used in the dye-making industry; its patent had since expired and the drug was available to anyone.
The result was a sulfa craze. As the first and only effective antibiotic available in the years before penicillin, sulfa drugs continued to thrive through the early years of World War II. They are credited with saving the lives of tens of thousands of patients, including Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. (son of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt) (in 1936) and Winston Churchill. Sulfa had a central role in preventing wound infections during the war. American soldiers were issued a first-aid kit containing sulfa pills and powder, and were told to sprinkle the powder on any open wound.

Many thousands of molecules containing the sulfanilamide structure have been created since its discovery (by one account, over 5,400 permutations by 1945). They have greater effectiveness and less toxicity. Sulfa drugs are still widely used for conditions such as acne and urinary tract infections. They are back in favour for use on infections caused by bacteria resistant to other antibiotics.
How they are made 
Sulfonamides are prepared by the reaction of a sulfonyl chloride with ammonia or an amine.

References 

Antibiotics
Organosulfur compounds
The Ricardian model is a model used in economics, named after David Ricardo. It is an easy way to explain trade between two countries, and the resulting gains. The model only uses workforce productivity to explain differences in international trade. Comparative advantages result from the difference of a single economic factor, that is labor. Workforces in different countries have different levels of productivity, and the resulting opportunity costs are different. In this regard, Ricardo used the ideas of Adam Smith regarding Absolute advantage, and developed them further. The model is described in Ricardo's main work, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, published in 1817.

Economics models
Dealey Plaza is a district in the West End of downtown Dallas, Texas. 

It is known for being the location where the assassination of John F. Kennedy took place on November 22, 1963. The plaza was named as a National Historic Landmark in 1993.

The former Texas School Book Depository building where both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed President John F. Kennedy with a rifle. The plaza also contains a grassy knoll on the northwest side where the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined that there was "...a high probability” that there was a second assassin that also fired at the President, but missed him.

References

Dallas
Parks in the United States
National Register of Historic Places
2001 is the second studio album by American rapper Dr. Dre. It was released on November 16, 1999 by Interscope Records. 2001 is the follow-up to Dr. Dre's first album The Chronic (1991). The album features several guest rappers such as Hittman, Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, and Eminem. 2001 has been certified sextuple platinum in sales by the RIAA after sales of six million copies in the United States.

Songs

References

1999 albums
Rap music
Lake Havasu City is a city in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2020 census, the population of the city was 57,144. It is served by Lake Havasu City Airport. Lake Havasu City is geographically isolated from other cities in Mohave County.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area 46.39 square miles. Of that, 46.34 square miles is land and 0.05 square miles is water.
Climate
Lake Havasu City has an arid desert climate. In the winter months daytime highs usually hit the 63°F (17.2°C) to the 82°F (27.8°C) range. Lows in the winter are usually between 42°F (5.6°C) to 60°F (15.6°C) lows do sometimes hit below 40°F and one night below 32°F. The city has extremely hot summers with the high temperature remaining between 108°F (42.2°C) to 124°F (51.1°C) with the average July high temperature of 112°F (44.4°C). Overnight lows are between 80°F (26.7°C) to 96°F (35.6°C). The highest temperature in Lake Havasu City was 128°F (53.3°C) in June 26, 1994 and the lowest temperature was 25°F (-3.9°C) in December 24, 1990.

References 

Cities in Arizona
Big Brother is a Canadian reality television show. The show follows a group of people known as "HouseGuests". They are not allowed to contact anyone from outside the Big Brother house. They are under constant surveillance of cameras and microphones. They live in the house for a chance to win $100,000. Each week the HouseGuests will vote to evict one of the two nominees from the house until two remain. The winner is decided by the last seven evicted HouseGuests, known as the Big Brother Jury.

The show is based on the original Dutch language show Big Brother, which was created in 1997 by John de Mol. The Canadian show is produced by Endemol USA and Insight Productions. Insight Productions had produced other Canadian versions of the popular television shows, Canadian Idol and Canada's Got Talent.
In January 2013, Arisa Cox was named as the show's host. The first season aired on February 27, 2013 on Slice. On June 5, 2013, the show announced that it will return for a second season. The winner of the first season was Jillian MacLaughlin. The winner of the first season was Jillian MacLaughlin.

Season details

Controversy

Big Brother 1
During the final vote Topaz Brady voted for Jillian McLaughlin instead of Gary Levy. She said that she mistakenly voted for Jillian. Topaz pleaded with show producers to allow her vote be changed. However, because of the rules she was not allowed to do so. Topaz's vote for Jillian helped her win Big Brother. Gary was runner-up and said that he is happy for Jillian.

Related pages
 Big Brother (TV series)
 Big Brother (U.S.)

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Official twitter feed

2013 Canadian television series debuts
Big Brother
Big Brother 1 was the first season of the Canadian reality television game show, Big Brother. It is based on the Dutch language show of the same name. The show is produced by Endemol USA and Insight Productions. Big Brother 1 aired on Slice on February 27, 2013. It lasted for 71 days. The first season ended on May 2, 2013. Over 10,000 people applied to be on the show. Only fourteen HouseGuests were needed. However, because a lot of people tried out for the show, producers allowed fifteen people to enter the house. In January 2013, Arisa Cox was announced to be the host of the show.

Jillian McLaughlin was the winner of the first season. Gary Levy was the runner-up in a controversial finale vote of 4-3. Juror Emerald "Topaz" Brady voted for McLaughlin by mistake. She begged for producers so she can change her vote, which they did not allowed.
Format 
Big Brother 1 was similar to that of the one featured in the US version. A group of people, known as "HouseGuests", compete to win the show. They vote each other off to be the last HouseGuest remaining. One HouseGuest, known as the Head of Household, must nominate two of their fellow HouseGuests for eviction. The winner of the Power of Veto has the ability to change the nominations. If they choose to do so, the HoH must nominate another HouseGuest. The HouseGuests then vote to evict one of the nominees. The HouseGuest with the most votes is removed from the show. There was a twist for this season. A phone was placed in the house, and the first person to answer would receive a secret task.
Controversy
During the final vote Topaz Brady voted for Jillian McLaughlin instead of Gary Levy. She said that she mistakenly voted for Jillian. Topaz pleaded with show producers to allow her vote be changed. However, because of the rules she was not allowed to do so. Topaz's vote for Jillian helped her win Big Brother. Gary was runner-up and said that he is happy for Jillian.

HouseGuests

 Age of the HouseGuest at the beginning of the Season

Voting history
Notes
 : Suzette answered the Red Phone on Day 1 and Big Brother named her the first Head of Household. She had to nominate two of her fellow HouseGuests based solely on first impressions only an hour later.
 :  Following Week 3's nominations show, a twist was announced that involved the viewing public choosing to save either Suzette or AJ from possible eviction. 55% of the voting public decided to save Suzette, with Tom nominating Aneal in her place.
 :  Tom could not have nominated Gary because the veto was used on Gary earlier in the week.
 : Emmett was initially announced as the winner of the HoH competition on Day 22, but had the title revoked after it was discovered that he, Jillian, Talla, and Alec had broken the rules of the competition. A new HoH competition then took place from which Emmett, Jillian, Talla, and Alec were prohibited from taking part in.
 : Day 29 was a double eviction in the house; a whole week of competitions took place within the span of one hour.
: Immediately after Topaz's nominations, the HouseGuests were instructed to cast their eviction votes. No Power of Veto competition was held.
 : Day 50 was another double eviction of the season; a whole week of competitions took place within the span of one hour.
 : On Day 57 it was announced that after a public vote, Gary won with 39.18% of the vote to re-enter the house. Alec received 34.96%, AJ received 21.18% and Topaz received 4.68%.
 : There were no eviction votes cast during the finale, instead the jury members decided who should win.
Ratings

References 

2013 television seasons
2010s Canadian television series
Big Brother seasons
Big Brother 2 is the upcoming second season of the Canadian reality television game show Big Brother. It will begin airing on Slice in 2014. The second season was announced on June 5, 2013.

Pre-season
Casting for Big Brother 2 will begin soon.

References

Other websites
 Slice official site

2014 television seasons
2010s Canadian television series
Big Brother seasons
The Western is a genre of fiction. Western movies often include cowboys. The ancestors of  westerns came from Texas, because then people lived in the cattle industry began to thrive on the plains of Texas. The American West, usually in the period from the 1850s to the end of the 19th century. Westerns tell stories that are set mostly in the second half of the 19th century in the American Old West, hence the name. There are also stories about Western-type characters set in other times. These include Junior Bonner (set in the 1970s) and The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (set in the 21st century).

The genre has been popular since the beginning of the movie industry. One of the very first commercial movies was the 1903 silent western, The Great Train Robbery.

Examples
There are Western movies, television programs, books, and other things. Here are some examples:

  The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, a movie 
The Searchers, a movie
Gunsmoke, a television series
Red Dead Redemption, a video game
Related pages 
 Spaghetti Western
Moratuwa is a large suburb of the city of Colombo, in Sri Lanka. It is 18 km south of the city centre. Moratuwa is surrounded on three sides by water, except in the north of the city, by the Indian Ocean on the west and the Bolgoda lake on the east. The 2001 census recorded a population of 177,190.

The University of Moratuwa is in the suburb. There is also a public library on Galle Road, which was opened in 1987. It was built using the funds raised by Moratuwa Municipal Council to the amount of Rupees 50 Lakhs and 15 laks by the Japanese Organization "World Expansion conservative". The library was built according to Japanese architecture.

References

Other websites
 Puran Appu
 Moratuwa City Details 

Cities in Sri Lanka
Western Province, Sri Lanka
Sylwia Karolina Grzeszczak (born 7 April 1989) is a singer-songwriter and pianist from Poland.

Singles

As featured artist

References

1989 births
Living people
People from Poznań
Polish singer-songwriters
The President of the Republic of South Africa is the head of state and head of government under the Constitution of South Africa. From 1961 to 1994, the head of state was called the State President. 

The role as President of South Africa was originally founded to be different from being prime minister. The two roles were merged in the 1983 constitution which calls for a four-year term of office. The 1993 and later constitutions limit the president's time in office to two five-year terms. The first President to be elected under the new constitution was Nelson Mandela. The current president is Cyril Ramaphosa.

List of presidents of South Africa (1994 – present)
Nelson Mandela (10 May 1994 - 16 June 1999)
Thabo Mbeki (16 June 1999 - 24 September 2008)
Kgalema Motlanthe (25 September 2008 - 9 May 2009)
Jacob Zuma (9 May 2009 - 14 February 2018)
Cyril Ramaphosa (since 15 February 2018)

References

Other websites

 Office of the Presidency

 
South Africa
Presidents
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki
(born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician. He served nine years as the second President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008.  

On 9 July 2002, he became the first chairperson of African Union. On 20 September 2008, with about nine months left in his second term, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee. That was after a meeting by Judge Nicholson for corruption. 

Mbeki was born on 18 June 1942 in Mbewuleni, Cape Province, Union of South Africa. He studied economics at the University of London and at the University of Sussex. Mbeki married his wife Zanele Dlamini at Farnham Castle in the United Kingdom in 1974.

References

Other websites
Other websites

South African Government profile on Thabo Mbeki 
Mbeki: ANC official page  His party's collection of Mbeki documents, biography and portrait.
"Thabo Mbeki – a man of two faces" "The Economist" magazine profiles Mbeki. pay/member link
The Guardian Profile  The Guardian (UK) profiles Mbeki.
A critical Zimbabwean view.  Editorial comment from Zimbabwean website.
AFP Profile  Thabo Mbeki as seen by Agence France-Presse.
"Today it feels good to be an African"  – Thabo Mbeki, Cape Town, 8 May 1996
  The Mbeki page

1942 births
Living people
African Union chairpersons
Presidents of South Africa
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Kgalema Petrus Motlanthe (born 19 July 1949) is a South African politician who was President of South Africa between 25 September 2008 and 9 May 2009. This happened following the resignation of Thabo Mbeki. After the end of his presidency, Motlanthe was appointed as the Deputy President of South Africa by his successor, current South African president Jacob Zuma. In March 2014, he announced his resignation to become a dean at ANC.

Motlanthe was born on 19 July 1949 in Boksburg, Transvaal Province, Union of South Africa.

References

Other websites

Official profile at the presidency site 
"ANC Policy won't change" 
Who is Kgalema Motlanthe?
Kgalema Motlanthe  at Who's Who Southern Africa
 at South African History Online

1949 births
Living people
Presidents of South Africa
This article is about the weapon. For the fish, see Pike.
A pike is a kind of polearm. It is a very long heavy thrusting spear formerly used by infantry. A pike is not intended to be thrown. Pikes were used regularly in European warfare starting in the early Middle Ages. Until around 1700 pikes were used by foot soldiers in close order formations.
 
The pike was a long weapon that got longer over time. It could be as long as 20 feet (6 m). It had a wooden shaft with an iron or steel spearhead. It had metal along the sides for three feet (1m) behind the tip so it would not be cut off by a sword or axe.
When many pikes were used together they allowed for a great concentration of spearheads an enemy would have great difficulty getting through.  The length also kept the soldier at a greater distance from the enemy.  But the length also made pikes difficult to use in close combat. Pikemen were usually arranged in a very tight formation several lines deep. The earliest of these were called a phalanx formation. It was used by the Macedonians under Philip II of Macedon. It was used by the armies of the Pharoahs in ancient Egypt. It was later used by the Swiss pike columns but this formation was probably based on the Scottish Schildrons. The armies of William Wallace and Robert the Bruce used it to great success against the heavy cavalry of kings Edward I of England and his son Edward II of England.
References

Weapons
The sixth series of the television programme Doctor Who was shown in two parts. The first seven episodes were broadcast from April to June 2011, and the final six episodes from August to October. The series began with the episode "The Impossible Astronaut" and ended with "The Wedding of River Song". The main series was preceded by "A Christmas Carol", a special episode shown at Christmas in 2010. This was the sixth season to be shown on television since the programme was revived in 2005. It is the thirty-second season overall.

The series stars Matt Smith as the eleventh Doctor. The Doctor is an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS. It also stars Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill as his companions, newlyweds Amy Pond and Rory Williams. Alex Kingston also returns as River Song, a woman from the Doctor's future who is revealed throughout the series to be Amy and Rory's daughter. The series continues some of the storylines from the fifth series.
Episodes
The Impossible Astronaut 
Day of the Moon
The Curse of the black spot
The Doctor's wife
The Rebel Flesh
The Almost People
A Good Man goes to war
Let's Kill Hitler
Night Terrors
The girl who waited
The god complex
Closing time
The Wedding of River Song

References

Doctor Who
Nelson is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Nelson is in the Selkirk Mountains in the Southern Interior of British Columbia.

The population of Nelson was 10,230 in 2011. The mayor of Nelson is once again John Dooley after a loosing election. 

In 1867, the town had a boom in population when gold and silver were found in the area. Silver was also found at nearby Toad Mountain in 1886. This helped with the population boom and incorporated the town in 1897. Nelson was named after the Lieutenant-Governor of BC, Hugh Nelson. Many American draft dodgers during the Vietnam War settled in and around Nelson.

Historic Baker Street is in Nelson. Steve Martin filmed his 1987 movie Roxanne in Nelson which helped Nelson transform from a resource-based town to an arts and tourism town. Parts of the movie Snow Falling on Cedars and The Tall Man (2012 film) were shot in Nelson.

Many claim Nelson a hometown whether they have moved away long ago or have been living in the Queen City for many years.
Isolated from through fare as highways have evolved all around to bypass Nelson, Once a very Prominent, named Stanley.

A Facebook page "People of Nelson, BC" has grown in popularity for old memories, and "Nelson, B.C." for other attributes.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in British Columbia
Timex Social Club was an American contemporary R&B group. It formed in 1982 in Berkeley, California. The group had several hit pop songs in the 1980s. The most notable one was "Rumors" in 1986. The group were forerunners of new jack swing movements that began during the mid 1980s.

American R&B bands
American pop music groups
1982 establishments in California
The term dental caries refers to tooth decay or cavities in teeth. The decay comes from normal bacteria in your mouth. When you eat sugar, these bacteria create acid which create caivities in your teeth.  Dental caries usually lead to substandard breath and bad taste. Personal hygiene caring consists of brushing,establishing good pH level by eating diary products like yogurt,cheese,etc. and flossing daily.

After the enamel, the strong outer layer of your teeth, and the dentin are destroyed, the cavity reaches the dental pulp and nerves of the tooth, the tooth becomes sensitive since the nerves are exposed. Cavity may infect the jaw and sometimes cause a tooth abscess. 

If carbohydrates (sugar) remain in your mouth for enough time, caries-causing bacteria may form a biofilm called plaque on the tooth surface and attack the tooth.

References 

Dental problems
Tichina Arnold (born June 28, 1969) is an American actress who stars primarily in television programs. She played Pamela James in the sitcom Martin and Rochelle in the television series Everybody Hates Chris. Tichina was born in Queens, New York.

American television actors
Actors from New York City
1969 births
Living people
The Times Square Ball is a time ball (a ball dropped at a certain time) at the top of the One Times Square building in Times Square in New York City. It is used as part of the New Year's Eve celebration held yearly in Times Square.
Every year at 11:59 p.m. EST, the ball is lowered 141 feet (43 m) from a flagpole, reaching the bottom at midnight to signal the start of a new year. The first ball drop took place on December 31, 1907. It has been dropped every year since then (except in 1942 and 1943 because of World War II). The ball's design has been changed many times over the years. The current design has LED lighting and triangle-shaped crystal panels. Starting in 2009, the ball is shown in One Times Square throughout the year.
The Times Square ball drop is one of the best-known New Year's Eve celebrations in the world. Over one million people come to Times Square every year to see the ball drop. The ball drop is shown on several major television networks. The best known is ABC, which broadcasts Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve, hosted by Dick Clark until his death in 2012. Ryan Seacrest has hosted the show since 2005-06. In 1904 they organized an New Years Eve party at Times Square without the ball.

References

Other websites
Official website
Times Square New Year's Eve website

Manhattan
Emily VanCamp (born May 12, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She is most known for her roles in the WB series Everwood as Amy Abbott, as Rebecca Harper in the ABC series Brothers & Sisters, and as Emily Thorne/Amanda Clarke in the ABC series Revenge.

She was born in  Port Perry, Ontario, Canada.  She began dancing at the age of 3, and she attended at the École supérieure de ballet du Québec in Montreal.

References

Other websites 

 

Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
1986 births
Living people
Buzz Lightyear is one of the main characters in the Toy Story movies. He is the second main character in Toy Story and Toy Story 3, 
the third main character in Toy Story 2, the fourth main character in Toy Story 4, and the main character in Lightyear as well as the spin-off animated movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins and the television show based on it, called Buzz Lightyear of Star Command. He is a fictional space ranger officer. The character was named after the astronaut Buzz Aldrin. 

He is voiced by actor Tim Allen in the films, Toy Story Toons, Toy Story Racer, Toy Story 2: The Video Game, commercials and in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins. Patrick Warburton voice's Buzz for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for a few video games and the attractions in Disney Parks. Mike MacRae currently voices Buzz in various Disney and Pixar video games. Buzz Lightyear is voiced by Chris Evans in Lightyear (movie).

References
References 

Fictional characters introduced in 1995
Toy Story characters
Ion Predescu (2 October 1927 – 12 October 2020) was a Romanian lawyer and politician. From 2004 to 2013, he was a judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania. Between 1982 and 1986, he studied at The Law University at Bucharest. He was also a member of the Senate between 1990 to 2004.

Predescu died on 12 October 2020 at the age of 93.

References

2020 deaths
Romanian lawyers
Romanian judges
Romanian politicians
Constitutional Court of Romania
1927 births
A Western saloon is a type of bar that was popular during the Old West.

The very first saloon was created in Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822 and served fur trappers. Some of the saloons offered dancing girls, some of them sometimes doubled as prostitutes. A lot of saloons offered poker, faro, brag, dice games, three-card monte, billiards, darts, and bowling. Some saloons included piano players, can-can girls, and theatrical skits. During his lifetime, Wyatt Earp owned and worked in many saloons.

References

American Old West
Places where alcohol is served
Kaldor–Hicks efficiency, named for Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks, also known as Kaldor–Hicks criterion, is a measure of economic efficiency. It captures some of the intuitive appeal of Pareto efficiency, but has less stringent criteria. For this reason, it is applicable more often. Under Kaldor–Hicks efficiency, an outcome is considered more efficient if a Pareto optimal outcome can be reached by arranging sufficient compensation from those that are made better off to those that are made worse off so that all would end up no worse off than before.

Welfare economics
Economic indicators
In economics, an inferior good is a good that decreases in demand when the income of the consumer rises. People with little income might buy bread in the supermarket, but when their income increases, they buy their bread in the bakery instead. They did not buy from the bakery before, because the bread in the bakery is more expensive than the bread in the supermarket. 

Goods where the demand rises with the income are called normal goods.

Goods
In economics, a normal good is a good whose consumption rises when the income increases. As an example, people who earn more money, might go to the cinema more often. Tickets for the cinema are therefore a normal good.

A good where the consumption decreases when the income increases is called inferior.

Goods
Marginal utility is a concept from economics that describes the change in utility from consuming more or less of a good or service.  Economists sometimes speak of a law of diminishing marginal utility, meaning that consuming the first unit usually has a higher utility than every other unit. When the number of units that are consumed increases, their marginal utility decreases.

The more we have a commodity or a service, the less we want to have more of it.

Economics
In economics, a Veblen good is a good whose preference and consumption increases with its price. This is against the Law of supply and demand. The goods are named after Thorstein Veblen, who first described the effect of conspicuous consumption in 1899. Veblen goods are often also positional goods.

Goods
Kragujevac (Serbian: Крагујевац, Kragujevac, ; Kragujevac was named after bird Kraguj) is a city in central Serbia. It is the fourth largest city in Serbia, main city of Šumadija and the administrative centre of Šumadija district. According to official results of 2011 census, the city is settled by 150,835 citizens, while area around the city is populated by 179,417 inhabitants.

Historically, Kragujevac was the first capital of free Serbia (from 1818 to 1839), and the first constitution ever proclaimed in Balkans was in this city on February 15, 1835 (state holiday).

In 1841, capital city of Serbia was changed from Kragujevac to Belgrade. Nowadays, Kragujevac is a big centre of automobile industry and weapons.
Geography 
City is located 220 meters (220 ft) above sea level, with coordinates +44 ° 22 '; +20 ° 56', and it is in the valley of Lepenica river. The urban area of the city covers 835 km2 (322 sq mi), partially surrounded by mountains  Rudnik, Crni Vrh and Gledić. City is characterized by hilly, mountainous surface. Kragujevac has highly developed transport infrastructure.

Demographics 
As of 2011 census, following population is there in Kragujevac:

Weather

References

Other websites
 City of Kragujevac official website
 University of Kragujevac official website

Šumadija
Cities in Serbia
Capital cities in Europe
The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money is the title of a book by John Maynard Keynes.  The book is  generally considered to be his masterpiece. It is largely credited with creating the terminology and shape of modern macroeconomics. Published in February 1936, it sought to bring about a revolution, commonly referred to as the "Keynesian Revolution", in the way economists thought – especially in relation to the proposition that a market economy tends naturally to restore itself to full employment after temporary shocks. Regarded widely as the cornerstone of Keynesian thought, the book challenged the established classical economics and introduced important concepts such as the consumption function, the multiplier, the marginal efficiency of capital, the principle of effective demand and liquidity preference.

References

Macroeconomics
Economics books
1936 books
A Christmas tree is a tree decorated for Christmas. It may also refer to:

 Christmas tree (oil well), an assembly of valves used in oil and gas extraction
 The Christmas Tree (movie), a television movie from 1996
 The Christmas Tree (novel), a book by Jennifer Johnston from 1981
  Nuytsia floribunda, a West Australian plant also known as the Christmas tree
 Lights used for starts in drag racing
 "O Christmas Tree", the English version of the song "O Tannenbaum"