Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
China has one time zone.
It is officially called China Standard Time (CST).
It is 8 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+08:00).
There is no daylight saving time.

Use 
The capital of China is Beijing.
It is at about 116° east.
The visual sun time for Beijing is UTC+7:45:32.
The time zone UTC+08:00 matches the visual sun time for 120° east.
The complete hour UTC+08:00 is a compromise to be compatible to other time zones on earth.

Because Beijing is the capital, and the UTC+08:00 time zone is about right for the capital’s location, people usually call China Standard Time, , in English Beijing Standard Time (BJT).

Xinjiang (East Turkestan) unofficially uses UTC+06:00.
Many locations north and south of Xinjiang use this time zone.
However, the main population, the Uyghur people, also use the time zone as a political statement, to express disagreement with the central government in Beijing.
The UTC+08:00 time zone is also used in Taiwan.
However, because of political reasons it is usually called Taipei Time or Taiwan Time.
Similarly, in Hong Kong the time zone is called Hong Kong Time.

Changes 

 China was founded in 1949. Before 1949 there were 5 time zones. Geographically, China is in almost 5 time zones.
 Daylight saving time was removed in 1992.

Criticism 
Some people say that (except for 112 – 128° E) the usage of UTC+08:00 was harmful.
China should have five time zones.
The country’s west, especially in Xinjiang, see sunrise as late as 10 a.m. CST, making children go to school in the dark, and sunsets in the summer as late as midnight.

Sources 

China
China
The arrondissement of Confolens is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Confolens.

History
When the Charente department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Confolens was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Confolens is the largest arrondissement of the department with an area of . It has 64,252 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Confolens is in northern Charente and is bordered to the northwest by the Deux-Sèvres department, to the north by the Vienne department, to the east and southeast by the Haute-Vienne department, to the south by the arrondissement of Angoulême, to the southwest by the arrondissement of Cognac, to the west by the Charente-Maritime department.

It has a small border with the Dordogne department to the southeast.

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Confolens, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement: Boixe-et-Manslois and Val de Tardoire. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Confolens has 150 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Abzac (16001)
 Les Adjots (16002)
 Aigre (16005)
 Alloue (16007)
 Ambérac (16008)
 Ambernac (16009)
 Anais (16011)
 Ansac-sur-Vienne (16016)
 Aunac-sur-Charente (16023)
 Aussac-Vadalle (16024)
 Barbezières (16027)
 Barro (16031)
 Beaulieu-sur-Sonnette (16035)
 Benest (16038)
 Bernac (16039)
 Bessé (16042)
 Bioussac (16044)
 Le Bouchage (16054)
 Brettes (16059)
 Brigueuil (16064)
 Brillac (16065)
 Cellefrouin (16068)
 Cellettes (16069)
 Chabanais (16070)
 Chabrac (16071)
 Champagne-Mouton (16076)
 La Chapelle (16081)
 Charmé (16083)
 Chasseneuil-sur-Bonnieure (16085)
 Chassenon (16086)
 Chassiecq (16087)
 Chenon (16095)
 Cherves-Châtelars (16096)
 La Chèvrerie (16098)
 Chirac (16100)
 Condac (16104)
 Confolens (16106)
 Coulonges (16108)
 Courcôme (16110)
 Couture (16114)
 Ébréon (16122)
 Empuré (16127)
 Épenède (16128)
 Esse (16131)
 Étagnac (16132)
 Exideuil (16134)
 La Faye (16136)
 Fontclaireau (16140)
 Fontenille (16141)
 La Forêt-de-Tessé (16142)
 Fouqueure (16144)
 Genouillac (16149)
Genouillac (16149)
 Les Gours (16155)
 Le Grand-Madieu (16157)
 Hiesse (16164)
 Juillé (16173)
 Lessac (16181)
 Lesterps (16182)
 Lésignac-Durand (16183)
 Lichères (16184)
 Ligné (16185)
 Le Lindois (16188)
 Londigny (16189)
 Longré (16190)
 Lonnes (16191)
 Roumazières-Loubert (16192)
 Lupsault (16194)
 Lussac (16195)
 Luxé (16196)
 La Magdeleine (16197)
 Maine-de-Boixe (16200)
 Manot (16205)
 Mansle (16206)
 Massignac (16212)
 Mazerolles (16213)
 Mazières (16214)
 Montembœuf (16225)
 Montignac-Charente (16226)
 Montjean (16229)
 Montrollet (16231)
 Mouton (16237)
 Moutonneau (16238)
 Mouzon (16239)
 Nanclars (16241)
 Nanteuil-en-Vallée (16242)
 Nieuil (16245)
 Oradour (16248)
 Oradour-Fanais (16249)
 Paizay-Naudouin-Embourie (16253)
 Parzac (16255)
 La Péruse (16259)
 Les Pins (16261)
 Pleuville (16264)
 Poursac (16268)
 Pressignac (16270)
 Puyréaux (16272)
 Raix (16273)
 Ranville-Breuillaud (16275)
 Roussines (16289)
 Ruffec (16292)
 Saint-Amant-de-Boixe (16295)
 Saint-Amant-de-Bonnieure (16296)
Saint-Angeau (16300)
 Saint-Christophe (16306)
 Saint-Ciers-sur-Bonnieure (16307)
 Saint-Claud (16308)
 Sainte-Colombe (16309)
 Saint-Coutant (16310)
 Saint-Fraigne (16317)
 Saint-Front (16318)
 Saint-Georges (16321)
 Saint-Gourson (16325)
 Saint-Groux (16326)
 Saint-Laurent-de-Céris (16329)
 Saint-Martin-du-Clocher (16335)
 Saint-Mary (16336)
 Saint-Maurice-des-Lions (16337)
 Saint-Quentin-sur-Charente (16345)
 Saint-Sulpice-de-Ruffec (16356)
 Salles-de-Villefagnan (16361)
 Saulgond (16363)
 Sauvagnac (16364)
 Souvigné (16373)
 Suaux (16375)
 Suris (16376)
 La Tâche (16377)
 Taizé-Aizie (16378)
 Theil-Rabier (16381)
 Tourriers (16383)
 Turgon (16389)
 Tusson (16390)
 Tuzie (16391)
 Valence (16392)
 Vars (16393)
 Ventouse (16396)
 Verdille (16397)
 Verneuil (16398)
 Verteuil-sur-Charente (16400)
 Vervant (16401)
 Le Vieux-Cérier (16403)
 Vieux-Ruffec (16404)
 Villefagnan (16409)
 Villegats (16410)
 Villejésus (16411)
 Villejoubert (16412)
 Villiers-le-Roux (16413)
 Villognon (16414)
Villognon (16414)
 Vitrac-Saint-Vincent (16416)
 Vouharte (16419)
 Xambes (16423)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Charente department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Confolens
Jammu and Kashmir consists of two divisions: Jammu and Kashmir Valley. Earlier a state, now Union territory of India.

Districts

Jammu division

Kashmir valley division

Ladakh Region

References 

Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir
districts in Jammu and Kashmir
A coup d'état attempt took place in Turkey on 15 July 2016, when a group of people tried to take over the government because they disagreed with the way the president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, was running the country. It is believed that most of these people were from the Turkish Army. Over 100 people were killed and over 1,000 injured. Thousands of soldiers were arrested because they joined the rebellion or for other reasons. Hundreds fled to Greece or other foreign countries. Thousands of teachers, judges and other government employees were fired in the 2016 Turkish purges.

References 

2016 crimes
2016 coup d'état attempt
2010s in Ankara
21st century in Istanbul
Coups d'état
2016 coup d'état attempt
July 2016 events
2016 coup d'état attempt
Rapperswil is a municipality in the Seeland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is  north of the capital Bern.  On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Ruppoldsried merged into Rapperswil.  On 1 January 2016, the former municipality of Bangerten merged into Rapperswil.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Seeland
The Army of Mississippi (also called the Confederate Army of the Mississippi) was a Confederate army during the American Civil War. It should not be confused with the Union Army of the Mississippi. It was formed on March 29, 1862. The commander was Full General Albert Sidney Johnston with Full General P. G. T. Beauregard as second-in-command. After Johnston's death at the Battle of Shiloh, Beauregard took over. After that there were a series of commanders. In November 1862, the Army of Mississippi was renamed the Army of Tennessee. The second army called the Army of Mississippi was created in December 1862, under Lieutenant general John C. Pemberton. This army had a confusing number of additional names. The II corps, under Major general Sterling Price was called the "Army of West Tennessee". It was also called the Army of the West. When both corps (I corps and II corps) were changed into divisions in January 1863, they dropped the name Army of Mississippi. Leonidas Polk had commanded I corps
. In May 1864, Polk's troops joined with Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee to form the third Army of Mississippi. Polk was killed in June 1862 after which the army was simply called Alexander P. Stewart's corps.
Notes

References 

Confederate States of America
1862 establishments in the United States
A Holding company is a company, which has the purpose of owning stock  (or shares) of other companies. In most cases, such companies do not sell products or services, they manage the companies they (partly) own. Probably one of the best known holding companies was the "Standard Oil of New Jersey", founded in 1889, which is called ExxonMobil today.
In general, there are three forms:
 the holding company owns stock/shares of other companies; activities are limited to managing the companies.
 in addition to the above, the companies have a common management, which take the strategic decisions.
in addition to item 1, the management influences the distribution of capital to its daughter companies. The holding is mainly used for managing financial resources.

References 

Companies
Confolens () is a commune in southwestern France. Confolens is the administrative centre of a largely rural area, which has had an important growth of tourism in recent years.

It is one of the two subprefectures of the Charente department and the capital of the  canton of  Charente-Vienne.

History
On 1 January 2016, the former commune Saint-Germain-de-Confolens was merged with the commune of Confolens.

Geography
Confolens is at the confluence of the Vienne and Goire rivers. The name of this place comes from the Latin word confluens that means "confluence".

The city is at  from Angoulême,  from Limoges and  from Poitiers, the three largest cities that are closest to Confolens.

It has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The communes that are around Confolens are Brillac, Esse, Saint-Maurice-des-Lions, Ansac-sur-Vienne, Hiesse and Lessac.

Climate
The climate of Confolens, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.
Population
With a population of 2,721, Confolens has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The inhabitants of Confolens are known, in French, as Confolentais (women: Confolentaises).

Administration
Confolens is a subprefecture of the Charente department since 1800. It is also the capital of the canton of Charente-Vienne.

Gallery

People from Confolens
 Émile Roux (1853-1933), a medical doctor and bacteriologist who was a close collaborator of Louis Pasteur.

Twin cities
Confolens is a twin town of:
  Pitlochry, Scotland, since 2007
  Georgenthal, Germany, since 2007

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Confolens
 Communes of the Charente department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Confolens - official website 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Charente
The bluebirds are a group of medium-sized, mostly insectivorous or omnivorous Passerine birds. They are in the genus Sialia of the thrush family (Turdidae). 

Bluebirds are one of the few thrush genera in the Americas. They have blue, or blue and rose beige, plumage. Female birds are less brightly colored than males, although color patterns are similar and there is no noticeable difference in size between the two sexes.

Bluebirds are territorial and prefer open grassland with scattered trees. Predators of young bluebirds in the nests may include snakes, cats, and raccoons. Bird species competing with bluebirds for nesting locations include the common starling, American crow, and house sparrows. House sparrows take over the nesting sites of bluebirds, killing young, smashing eggs, and probably killing adult bluebirds.

Bluebirds species include:

 Eastern bluebird, Sialia sialis
 Western bluebird, Sialia mexicana
 Mountain bluebird, Sialia currucoides

References 

Thrushes
"Lemon Tree" is a 1995 song by indie rock band Fools Garden. It became a major hit in Europe and Asia. The song is about a person's depressions and his miserable mind.

1995 songs
Pop songs
A corps is a military unit usually made up of two or more divisions. In the United States Army, a corps is the largest tactical unit that can plan and carry out its own missions. The term can also be applied to a military unit with a specific function such as a Quartermaster Corps or an Intelligence Corps. It can be applied to a branch of a military such as the United States Marine Corps. It can also mean a body of officers such as a Cadet Corps. The word has other uses. A group of people engaged in the same work can be called a corps. An example is the Peace Corps. The word comes from the Old French cors meaning "body, person, corpse, life". That word, in turn, is based on the Latin word corpus meaning "body".

References 

Military terminology
Carnivourous fungi are fungi that get some of their nutrients from trapping animals. These animals are microscopic, or very small. Over two hundred species are known.

Two basic trapping mechanisms have been observed in carnivorous fungi that are predatory on nematodes:
constricting rings (active traps)
adhesive structures (passive traps)

References

 Hauser, J.T. 1985.   Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(1): 8-11. [reprinted from Carolina Tips, Carolina Biological Supply Company]

Other websites
 Nematode Destroying Fungi

Fungi
First use 
The first army was created on February 23, 1862. It was commanded by Major general John Pope. Pope's orders were to clear Confederate troops along the Mississippi River so the Union army could move through the area. On February 28, 1862, General Pope began to move against New Madrid, Missouri. The Army then fought at the Battle of Island Number Ten. The army next fought at the Siege of Corinth. After the capture of Corinth Pope was sent east to command the Army of Virginia. Major general William S. Rosecrans assumed command of the Army of the Mississippi. The army fought at the Battle of Iuka followed by the Second Battle of Corinth. His commanding officer, Ulysses S. Grant, was unhappy with his failure to go after the retreating Confederates after the Battle of Corinth. In October, 1862, Rosecrans was transferred to command the Army of the Ohio and the Army of the Mississippi was disbanded.
Second use 
In 1863 Major general John Alexander McClernand was put in command of the expedition against the Confederates down the Mississippi.  He was given command of two corps from the Army of the Tennessee. McClernand named his force the "Army of the Mississippi". McClernand was successful in capturing Arkansas Post but he acted without orders. On January 30, 1863, Grant personally took command of the army. The old XIII Corps and XV Corps were returned to the Army of the Tennessee on January 12, 1863.

References 

Union Army
The Battle of Chancellorsville  (April 30 to May 6, 1863) was a major battle in the American Civil War. It is generally considered to be Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s greatest victory over the Union Army. But the Confederate victory was lessened by the loss of Lieutenant general Stonewall Jackson. Jackson was shot and mortally wounded by his own men who mistook the general and his staff for Union cavalry. For this reason Lee's win at Chancellorsville was considered a pyrrhic victory.
Background 
After the Battle of Fredericksburg the Union army was in a state of confusion. The Army of the Potomac was commanded by Major general Ambrose Burnside. But his generals were in near open revolt against Burnside feeling he was unfit to command. Burnside even seemed to agree with them. He had refused command of the Army of the Potomac twice saying he was not up to the job. Finally, President Abraham Lincoln agreed and replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker. Hooker managed to restore the health and morale of his army within a few weeks. He proudly called them "the finest army on the planet."
Hooker devised a plan for a spring campaign that would cause Lee's Army of Northern Virginia to fall back from Fredericksburg, Virginia. He hoped it would also destroy Lee's army. His plan was to send his 10,000-man cavalry on a raid against Richmond, Virginia to cut Lee's lines of communication with the Confederate capital. He would send most of his infantry to cross the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers 40 miles north of the Confederates. The rest of his army would cross the river at Fredericksburg to attack Lee from the front. It was devised as a pincer movement that if successful would surround the enemy.

Battle

Opening
Battle

Opening 

Hooker's army crossed the Rappahannock on April 30, 1863. This placed his army on Lee's flank. Hooker's Federal army numbered 97,382 men. This was twice the size of Lee's army at 57,352 men. But rather than retreat, Lee split his forces. He decided to attack Hooker while his army was still in the thick wilderness. Lee sent Jackson with 30,000 Confederate soldiers to attack the Union right flank. He assigned 
Major general Jubal A. Early with 10,000 soldiers to defend Fredericksburg. By the afternoon of April 30, 50,000 Union troops with 108 artillery pieces found themselves at an important road junction. There was a tavern at the crossroad named Chancellorsville. Rather than keep going and get clear of the wilderness, Hooker decided to stop and wait for more Union troops to arrive. There had been no Confederate opposition at this point. Even so, Hooker's officers wanted to keep going.
On May 1, Stonewall Jackson found two divisions of Confederates at Zoan Church, fortifying a ridge. He ordered them to drop their shovels and pick up their rifles and move toward the Union soldiers to attack. The Union army had just decided to move forward again and had not expected any Confederate resistance. Hooker ordered his soldiers back and had them form defensive positions in the wilderness. On the morning of May 2, Jackson moved his corps against the Union left flank. There was fighting on and off all day. At 5:20 p.m., Jackson attacked the Union's XI Corps. The Federals counterattacked until darkness ended the fighting. That night, Jackson was making a night reconnaissance with one of his staff officers when he was mistakenly shot by his own soldiers. He died 8 days later from pneumonia after losing his left arm. General J.E.B. Stuart took over temporary command of Jackson's Corps.

Heaviest fighting
On May 3, The Confederates resumed their attacks forcing Hooker's army to defend the river fords. This was the heaviest day of the fighting. Both wings of the Confederates attacked while their artillery concentrated on the Union line at Hazel Grove. The larger Union army held nearly all of the most strategic spots on the battlefield. Of these the key to the battle was Hazel Grove, a high open plateau that overlooked all the Union positions. Stuart realized this and early in the morning Confederates attacked up the slopes of Hazel Grove and captured about 100 men and four artillery pieces. For unknown reasons Hooker had ordered the artillery back from Hazel Grove. At the time of the attack, most of the artillery had already been removed. This was a costly mistake since the Confederate artillery could now fire down on the union positions with great ease. This finally forced the Union line back to a defensive position with his back to the river
. Meanwhile, the other Union forces were advancing on Lee from the east. Lee split his army again and met and defeated the Federals near Salem Church (Fredericksburg). This was by far the bloodiest day of fighting. The fighting at Salem Church resulted in more casualties than the entire First Battle of Bull Run.
Aftermath 
On May 6, Hooker recrossed the Rappahannock. He lost a total of 17,278 casualties while Lee lost 12,826. It was a tremendous win for Lee. But Lee could not replace Jackson. Hooker was the second general of the Army of the Potomac to be replaced after a single battle. Hooker argued that the cavalry raid failed to cut Lee's supply lines. He complained that the XI Corps, composed mostly of German-Americans and other recent immigrants, ran instead of staying to fight. Oliver O. Howard's XI corps were labeled the "flying Dutchmen" over this incident. But they redeemed themselves at the Battle of Missionary Ridge. Howard would later be promoted over Hooker. But despite laying the blame elsewhere Hooker was replaced by General George G. Meade. In a few weeks, Lee would move north to engage the Union forces again at the Battle of Gettysburg.

References

Other websites 
 Annimation of the Battle of Chanellorsville 
 
 

American Civil War battles
1863 in the United States
1860s in Virginia
Hugo Niebeling (2 February 1931 – 9 July 2016) was a German movie director and producer.

He was known for his work on industrial and music movies. He is thought to be one of the most important figures of these genres in Germany. His work has been said helped create the modern music video. His feature-movie documentary Alvorada was nominated for an Academy Award in 1963.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
German movie directors
German movie producers
Erny Brenner (13 September 1931 – 9 July 2016) was a Luxembourgian association football player. He was a member of the Luxembourg national football team from 1955 to 1965. He was born in Dudelange, Luxembourg.

Brenner died on 9 July 2016 in Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, aged 84.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
Luxembourgian footballers
Robert Burren Morgan (October 5, 1925 – July 16, 2016) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the United States Senator from the state of North Carolina. He served as senator for a single term from 1975 until 1981.

Morgan died of heart failure on July 16, 2016 at his home in Buies Creek, North Carolina, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 Civil Rights Greensboro: Robert Morgan 
 Robert Morgan Papers (#268), East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University

1925 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
United States senators from North Carolina
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Kazimieras Uoka (4 March 1951 – 16 July 2016) was a Lithuanian politician. He signed the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.

He was born in Kaunas. Uoka graduated from Vilnius University in 1976. He was a leader of the labor movement in the early years of the independence movement.

Uoka died on 16 July 2016 in Vilnius, aged 65.

References

1951 births
2016 deaths
Lithuanian politicians
Torpor is a physiological state of the body. It occurs in some small warm-blooded animals when food is scarce.

Some animals have periods of torpor every day, including hummingbirds.
So do some small mammals, for example, rodent species (such as mice), and bats. Many small marsupials also have daily periods of torpor.

Torpor is a well controlled thermoregulatory process. It is not the result of switching off thermoregulation.

Related pages 
 Hibernation
 Dormancy

References 

Physiology
Moju Chowdhury Hat or Rahmat Khali is a town and tourism in Lakshmipur Sadar Upazila of Lakshmipur District, in south-eastern Bangladesh. It is commonly known as Moju Chowdhury Hat but it used to be called Rahmat Khali. It was renamed Moju Chowdhury in 1965. It is spelled as M.C.H. for short  (). This town is 12 km² south of Lakshmipur City. It is across the Meghna River from Bhola 38 km² to the southwest. Moju Chowdhury Hat is 76 km² east of Barisal. Moju Chowdhury Hat is itself municipality and a tourist destination. It is also a ransport hub for passengers from the Bhola Barisal Division and Chittagong Division, serving about four thousand people per day.

History 
Moju Chowdhury is named after a person.  Moju Chowdhury came to Rahmat Khali when it was still part of the Mughal Empire. Moju Chowdhury was the second of Pana Mia Hazi's four sons. He went to Lakshmipur Government Collage, where he studied landscapes.
Geography 
Moju Chowdhury Hat is located at  It has 145.56 households and a total area of 56.05 km².

Gallery

Related pages
 List of cities and towns in Bangladesh
 Divisions of Bangladesh
 Districts of Bangladesh
 Lakshmipur District

References

Other websites

 Tourist Destination
Travel guide & blogspot

Settlements in Bangladesh
Lakshmipur District
The Da Vinci Code is a religious 2006 American drama movie. Ron Howard directed the movie.

Plot
Robert Langdon is a professor of religious iconography and symbology from Harvard University. While in Paris, he is the prime suspect in the unusual murder of a Louvre curator. Langdon realized the curator was part of a secret society. Members of the society included Leonardo da Vinci, Victor Hugo, Botticelli, and others

Cast
Cast

 Tom Hanks as Robert Langdon
 Audrey Tautou as Sophie Neveu
 Ian McKellen as Sir Leigh Teabing
 Alfred Molina as Bishop Aringarosa
 Jürgen Prochnow as André Vernet
 Jean Reno as Police Captain Bezu Fache
 Paul Bettany as Silas
 Étienne Chicot as Lieutenant Jérôme Collet
 Jean-Yves Berteloot as Remy Jean
 Jean-Pierre Marielle as Jacques Saunière
 Charlotte Graham as Mary Magdalene
 Hugh Mitchell as young Silas
 Seth Gabel as Michael the Cleric
 Marie-Françoise Audollent as Sister Sandrine
 Rita Davies as Elegant Woman at Rosslyn
 Francesco Carnelutti as Prefect
 Author Dan Brown and his wife make cameos (forefront) in the first scene of the book signing scene.
 The Templar Revelation authors Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince, make a brief appearance as passengers on a bus.
Controversy
The Da Vinci Code (like the book) was controversial. It received very harsh criticism from the Roman Catholic Church. They didn't like the idea that they were behind a 2,000-year-old cover-up about what the Holy Grail really was. The movie also said that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were married and had a daughter.

Censorship
The movie was banned in Egypt because of controversial elements. It was also banned in Lebanon and Jordan

Critical reception
The movie got mixed to negative reviews from the critics. Rotten Tomatoes rated the movie 25%, meaning "Rotten". It also got poor reviews at the Cannes Film Festival Movie critic Leonard Maltin called the movie "a letdown in every respect."

However, reviews were not all bad. Roger Ebert gave the movie three out of four stars. Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper both liked the movie.

The box office
Despite mixed to negative reviews, the movie took in more than $758 million in the box office.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 Official "secret" site
Controversies
2006 drama movies
American drama movies
British drama movies
French drama movies
Maltese movies
Buena Vista International movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies directed by Ron Howard
Screenplays by Akiva Goldsman
Movies about religion
"Blessed Be This Noble Land" is called "Fatshe leno la rona" () in the Tswana language. It is the national anthem of Botswana. Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete wrote the lyrics (words) and composed the music of this song in 1962. Four years later when the country got its independence from the United Kingdom, this anthem was adopted.

Lyrics

Tswana version

English version
Blessed be this noble land,
Gift to us from God's strong hand,
Heritage our fathers left to us;
May it always be at peace.

Chorus:
Awake, awake, O men, awake!
And women close beside them stand,
Together we'll work and serve
This land, this happy land!

Work of beauty and of fame,
The name Botswana to us came
Through our unity and harmony,
We'll remain at peace as one.

Chorus

References

1962 works
Botswana
African anthems
"God Bless America" is an American patriotic song. It was written by Irving Berlin in 1918. The song was revised in 1938. The latter was recorded by Kate Smith; it became her signature song. 

In 1938, with the rise of Adolf Hitler, Berlin felt it was time to revive the song. On Armistice Day, 1938, Kate Smith performed the song on the radio.

The song is played at Major League Baseball games. 

Céline Dion and LeAnn Rimes did cover versions of the song.

References

1910s songs
Celine Dion songs
LeAnn Rimes songs
Connie Francis songs
The cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) is a scale insect in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, from which the natural dye carmine is made. 

The insect lives in tropical and subtropical South America, Mexico and Arizona. Its larvae eat cacti in the genus Opuntia, feeding on plant moisture and nutrients. These insects are found on the pads of prickly pear cacti, then are brushed off and dried.

The insect produces carminic acid, which deters predation by other insects. Carminic acid is extracted from the body and eggs, then mixed with aluminium or calcium salts to make carmine dye, also known as cochineal. Today, carmine is primarily used as a colorant in food and in lipstick.

Hemiptera
After the Maryland Campaign and the bloody Battle of Antietam, the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee retreated south into Virginia. Lee's rearguard action at the Battle of Shepherdstown convinced Union General George B. McClellan not to follow him too closely. McClellan, after asking twice for more reinforcements, decided it was safer to stay put and defend Maryland. On October 6, President Abraham Lincoln instructed McClellan to go after the Confederates in Virginia. Although he had 100,000 men he complained he did not have enough troops and supplies to cross into Virginia. Finally, at the end of October, by which time Lee's army was rested and resupplied, McClellan slowly moved his army south. But he did not engage them. Lincoln waited until after the elections of 1862 before replacing McClellan.  The President had already planned to replace McClellan for some time. Before the autumn of 1862 he had offered command of the Army of the Potomac to Ambrose Burnside twice
. Burnside turned Lincoln down both times. Finally, on November 7, Lincoln replaced McClellan as Burnside reluctantly accepted the job.
Now in command, on November 14, Burnside sent a corps to the area of Falmouth across from Fredericksburg. This was in preparation for a move against Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. Reports placed Lee's army scattered between Culpepper, Virginia and Winchester, Virginia blocking any Union advances south.

The Battle
Burnside's plan, approved by Lincoln, was to move the army south to attack Richmond. He decided to move via Fredericksburg. That way he could depend on the Union Navy to keep him supplied instead of overland supply which could be attacked by Confederate cavalry. He would also sidestep the Confederate army and get between them and Richmond. His main base was the landing at Aquia Creek. His plan was to use pontoon bridges to cross the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg. But the pontoon bridges were two weeks late in arriving. So the Army of the Potomac sat across the river and waited. This delay gave Lee ample time to gather his forces to oppose Burnside, who had now lost the advantage of surprise. During the early morning hours on December 11, soldiers assembled the pontoon bridges so the army could cross. The confederates fired on them causing delays in completing the bridges. Burnside's 150 artillery pieces opened fire from Stafford Heights
. The shells did extensive damage to the town but did not drive off the Confederates. Finally the bridges were completed late that evening. More than 120,000 Union troops poured across the bridges into Fredericksburg. Lee continued to give token resistance to allow General Stonewall Jackson's corps time to get in place and complete a Confederate line some three miles long.
Burnside waited until the morning of December 13 to issue his orders. He directed General William B. Franklin's division to attack Jackson's Corps. Then General Edwin Vose Sumner's division was to attack Marye's Heights. But Burnside's orders were unclear on several points. In his orders to Franklin, he ordered the attack with "a division at least". Without taking time to clarify, Franklin sent just one—General George G. Meade's division of 4.500 men. They were to attack Jackson's line about a mile away. Two small Confederate cannon were on the road perpendicular to Mead's advancing troops. Even though he had orders to disengage, Major John Pelham kept up the shelling for over an hour. Finally, when Pelham ran out of ammunition he withdrew the cannons. Meade continued his march on Jackson's position. When Meade's division came to within , Jackson's hidden 14 artillery pieces opened fire cutting down many of Meade's soldiers
. Union artillery opened fire on the Confederate guns and an artillery duel started that lasted for an hour. Meade's troops found a  gap in Jackson's line in the woods and exploited it. A South Carolina brigade at first mistook Meade's troops for retreating Confederates and did not fire on them. This allowed the Union troops to get deep within Jackson's line. When Jackson learned of this he ordered a counterattack and drove the Union troops back to their own lines.
Aftermath 
Despite winning what seemed like a lopsided battle, Lee lost men and equipment he could not afford to lose. Burnside's losses, although great, were soon replaced. Lee suffered 5,300 casualties defending Fredericksburg. Union losses were more than double. Burnside lost about 12,600 Union soldiers; killed, wounded, or missing. The Battle of Fredericksburg was depressing news to the North. But it had no lasting impact on the war. It was a boost to Confederate morale however. The spring would see a new campaign against Richmond. In January 1863, Burnside was replaced as commander of the Army of the Potomac by General Joseph Hooker. But Like Burnside, Hooker would be replaced after a single disastrous battle—the Battle of Chancellorsville. But following the Battle of Fredericksburg, the Army of the Potomac engaged in what came to be called the Mud March, an aborted attempt at a winter campaign.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 
 

American Civil War battles
1862 in Virginia
December events
The Charente (Saintongeais: Chérente, ) is a river in southwestern France that flows through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Two departments, Charente and Charente-Maritime, are named after the river.

It rises in the Massif Central and flows into the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay) near Rochefort.

Geography
The Charente river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course
The Charente river starts in western Massif Central, in the commune of Chéronnac, Haute-Vienne department,  at an elevation of about . It flows to the northwest for about  and then flows through the north of the Charente department.

The river keeps flowing to the northwest and gets into the Vienne department. After the commune of Civray, the river turns to the southwest and gets back into the Charente department. After Angoulême, the river turns west and, after  Cognac, to the northwest.

Finally, the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Rochefort.
The river is navigable (it is deep, wide and slow enough for a ship to pass), mainly with  recreational boats from Angoulême to its mouth.

The Charente flows through 4 departments and 120 communes, all in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region:
 Haute-Vienne: three communes.
 Vienne: ten communes and the cities Charroux and Civray.
 Charente: 78 communes  and the cities Gond-Pontouvre, Angoulême, Châteauneuf-sur-Charente, Jarnac and Cognac.
 Charente-Maritime: 35 communes and the cities Saintes, Tonnay-Charente et Rochefort.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Charente river are:

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station R5200010 - La Charente à Chaniers  
 Dictionnaire des canaux et rivières de France - Rivière Charente 
 Site web officiel du Site Natura 2000 FR5400-472 "Moyenne vallée de la Charente, Seugne et Coran" 

Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Nathaniel "Nate" Thurmond (July 25, 1941 – July 16, 2016) was an American basketball player. He spent the majority of his 14-year career in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the Golden State Warriors. He played the center and power forward positions.

Thurmond was a seven-time All-Star and the first player in NBA history to record an official quadruple-double. Thurmond was named both a member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History.

He was known to fans as "Nate the Great", Thurmond has had his No. 42 jersey retired by both the Golden State Warriors and the Cleveland Cavaliers.

Thurmond died at the age of 74 on July 16, 2016 after a short battle with leukemia in San Francisco.

References

1941 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Golden State Warriors players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Chicago Bulls players
Sportspeople from Akron, Ohio
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
Bloeme Evers-Emden (; 26 July 1927 – 18 July 2016) was a Jewish-Dutch academic and child psychologist. She researched the phenomenon of "hidden children" during World War II and wrote four books on the subject in the 1990s.

Her interest in the topic grew out of her own experiences during World War II, when she was forced to go into hiding from the Nazis and was arrested and deported to Auschwitz on the last transport leaving the Westerbork transit camp on 3 September 1944. Together with her on the train were Anne Frank and her family, whom she had known in Amsterdam. She was freed on 8 May 1945.

She wrote columns for the Jewish weekly Nieuw Israëlietisch Weekblad.

References 
Portrait of Bloeme Emden with a Jewish star, circa 1942
Oral history interview with Bloeme Evers-Emden (1999) at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1927 births
2016 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch columnists
Dutch Jews
Holocaust survivors
Jewish academics
Jewish scientists
Jewish writers
Dutch psychologists
Writers from Amsterdam
Fouzia Azeem (; March 1, 1990 – July 15, 2016), better known by the name Qandeel Baloch (), was a Pakistani model, actress, feminist activist and social media celebrity. Baloch became famous due to her videos discussing her daily routine and many controversial issues.

Career 
Baloch first received recognition from the media in 2013, when she auditioned for Pakistan Idol; her audition went viral and she became an Internet celebrity. She was one of the top 10 most searched for persons on the internet in Pakistan and both celebrated and criticized for her videos and posts.

Death 
On July 15, 2016, Baloch was strangled while she was asleep in her parents' house in Multan. Her brother Waseem confessed to the murder saying she was "bringing disrepute" to the "family's honour".

References 

1990 births
2016 deaths
Pakistani activists
Pakistani actors
Deaths from asphyxiation
Models
People murdered in Pakistan
Assassinated Pakistani people
Murdered musicians
Pakistani singers
Janez Bernik (6 September 1933 – 15 July 2016) was a Slovenian painter and academic. He was born in Gunclje, now part of Ljubljana. His works include painting, sculpture, graphic design, illustration, tapestry, book design, and poetry. He won the Prešeren Fund Award in 1963.

Bernik died on 15 July 2016 in the Municipality of Prebold, Slovenia, aged 82.

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Slovenian poets
Painters from Europe
Slovenian academics
Billy Name (William Linich, Jr., February 22, 1940 – July 18, 2016) was an American photographer, filmmaker and lighting designer. He was the archivist of the Warhol Factory, from 1964 to 1970. His brief romance and friendship with Andy Warhol led to collaboration on Warhol's work, including his movies, paintings and sculpture.

References

Other websites

 
Warholstars.com profile of Billy Name

1940 births
2016 deaths
American photographers
LGBT people from New York (state)
People from Poughkeepsie, New York
Duncan Montgomery Gray, Jr. (September 21, 1926 – July 15, 2016) was an American bishop and activist. He was the 7th Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Mississippi (a middle judicatory of the Episcopal Church, USA). He was a priest in the southern United States. Gray was best known for his work as a civil rights activist, and his story was included in the University of Southern Mississippi's Civil Rights Digital Archive.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
American civil rights activists
Episcopalian bishops
People from Jackson, Mississippi
Sharon Runner (May 17, 1954 – July 14, 2016) was an American politician. She was a Republican California State Senator. She represented the 21st Senate District at the time of her death, and lastly represented the 17th Senate District from 2011 to 2012.

She was also a member of the California State Assembly from 2002 to 2008, representing the 36th district.   She was the wife of California State Board of Equalization Member George Runner. From 2004 to 2008, then-Senator George Runner and then-Assemblywoman Sharon Runner were the first husband and wife in California history to serve at the same time in the California State Legislature.

Runner died at her home in Lancaster, California on July 14, 2016 from complications of respiratory failure, aged 62.

References

1954 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Politicians from California
Businesspeople from California
Republican Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
Helena Zoila Tirona Benitez (June 27, 1914 – July 14, 2016) was a Filipino academic and administrator of the Philippine Women's University. She served in the Senate of the Philippines from 1967 until Congress was closed when martial law was declared in 1972, and at the Batasang Pambansa from 1978 until it was abolished in 1986.

Benitez also founded the Bayanihan Dance Company.

Benitez died on July 14, 2016 in Manila, aged 102.

References

1914 births
2016 deaths
Centenarians
Politicians from Manila
Filipino academics
Péter Esterházy (14 April 1950 – 14 July 2016) was a Hungarian writer. He was born in Budapest. He was one of the most widely known contemporary Hungarian and Central European writers.  He has been called a "leading figure of 20th century Hungarian literature" and his books are thought to be significant contributions to postwar literature.

Esterházy died of pancreatic cancer in Budapest on 14 July 2016, aged 66.

References

1950 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Hungary
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Writers from Budapest
The Rappahannock River is a river in eastern Virginia, in the United States. It is about  in length. It crosses the entire northern part of the state, from the Blue Ridge Mountains in the west, across the Piedmont, to the Chesapeake Bay, south of the Potomac River. The river drains an area of  which is about 6% of Virginia. Much of the watershed is rural and forested. But it has experienced increased development in recent decades because it is so close to the Washington, D.C. suburbs. 

It was an important river in American history. The Rappahannock was the site of early settlements in the Virginia Colony. Later, it was at the center of Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was a significant obstacle to north-south movements via land. As a result it functioned as the war's eastern-theatre boundary, between the "North" (the Union) and the "South" (the Confederate States of America).

History
History

The name of the river comes from an Algonquian word, lappihanne (also recorded as toppehannock), meaning "river of quick, rising water" or "where the tide ebbs and flows," the name used by the local native population, the Rappahannock tribe.
Although there had been a few small hamlets along the lower Rappahannock during early colonial times, the settlement of the Rappahannock River valley began in earnest during the first years of the 18th century, at the urging of Governor Alexander Spotswood. The James River had been surveyed up to its fall line, the point where, geologically, continental bedrock of the Piedmont meets the sedimentary rocks and alluvial soils of the coastal plain.  Spotswood encouraged settlement in a river valley other than that of the James.  In 1714, he began seeking immigrants from the Rhineland-Palatinate and Switzerland to homestead on lands he controlled near where the Rappahannock and the Rapidan came together.  Known as the Germanna settlement(s), these villages were founded in order to exploit the iron ore deposits of the region.
The Battle of Rappahannock River was fought on the river during the War of 1812. Seventeen British boats filled with hundreds of marines and sailors captured four American privateers.
 
During the American Civil War, the river, with few convenient fords and fewer bridges, provided a barrier and defensive line. Behind this line troops had little fear of attack from the river-side. It was an especially difficult barrier for Union troops to overcome in their attempts to thrust into southern Virginia. Control of the river changed hands many times during the course of the war. Significant battles fought along the river include the Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle of Rappahannock Station.  The defensive line at the river was finally bypassed by Ulysses S. Grant in the Wilderness (or Overland) Campaign of 1864, ending in the ultimate Union victory.
The Rappahannock River rises at Chester Gap, a wind gap in the Blue Ridge Mountains a few miles southeast of Front Royal, Virginia.  It flows southeastward before it is joined by the Rapidan River, its largest tributary, from the right.  Then the Rappahannock passes through the city of Fredericksburg. Southeast of Fredericksburg, it begins to slow and widen into a brackish tidal estuary approximately  long. It passes two small, but historic, river towns, Port Royal and Port Conway, which sit opposite each other. The former is on the south bank, the latter on the north. Then it flows past Tappahannock on its southern bank, a point where the river is well over a mile wide.  The last settlements of any size before reaching the Chesapeake Bay are Irvington, Urbanna, Stingray Point, and White Stone Beach. The broad river enters the Chesapeake Bay approximately  south of the mouth of the Potomac River and approximately  east of the state capital, Richmond
.  At the point where the river enters the bay, between Windmill Point, on the north, and Stingray Point, on the south, it is more than  wide.  This area, the estuary south of the Northern Neck peninsula, is a productive oyster and crab fishery.
Above Fredericksburg, the Rappahannock provides fine opportunities for recreational canoeing and kayaking. Most of the rapids are Class I and Class II in difficulty, but, near Remington, there are some rapids that are considered to be Class III. The rivers watershed is protected in various places by parcels of the Rappahannock River Valley National Wildlife Refuge.

References

Other websites 
Friends of the Rappahannock
Rappahannock River Valley National Wildlife Refuge 

Rivers of Virginia
The Dronne () is a river in southwestern France, right tributary of the Isle river. It flows through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

Its name appears, in an old form, in two communes of the Dordogne departmentː Saint-Méard-de-Drône and Saint-Pardoux-de-Drône. Its modern name appears in three communesː Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Saint-Méard-de-Drône, Saint-Pardoux-de-Drône.

Geography
The Dronne river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course
The Dronne starts in the Massif Central, in the commune of Bussière-Galant, Creuse department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It starts in the Parc naturel régional Périgord Limousin at an altitude of about .

It flows to the southwest and, finally, the river flows into at Coutras, in the Gironde department, at an altitude of about .