Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Mayhem is a Norwegian black metal band. It was founded in 1984 by guitarist Øystein Aarseth (aka Euronymous), bass guitarist Jørn Stubberud (aka Necrobutcher), and drummer Kjetil Manheim (aka Manheim). The band name is taken from the Venom song, "Mayhem with Mercy."
 
During the early years, the band used either session vocalists Messiah or Maniac for live/studio performances. During rehearsals, they played either without a singer, or either Necrobutcher or Euronymous would sing.

By late 1987, both Manheim and Maniac had left the band. Members of the band Vomit sang for the band for a short time. In 1988, singer Dead, and drummer Hellhammer joined the band.
Dead Suicide and euronymous murder
Dead killed himself in 1991. He shot himself in the mouth with a shotgun after cutting his wrists with a knife. The shell he used, was not given to him by Varg Vikernes (Count Grishnackh). His body was found in his room. A suicide note was also found. It said "Excuse all the blood". Euronymous took pictures of the body and room. One of these pictures was used as the cover of their Dawn of the Black Hearts album. This started people saying many things about the band. It was said that Euronymous had cooked and eaten pieces of Dead's brain. It was also said that parts of Dead's skull had been used to make necklaces that both Euronymous and Hellhammer wore. It is not likely that his brains were eaten,  but it is known that necklaces were made, and that pictures were taken.
On August 10th, 1993, Varg Vikernes murdered Euronymous in his apartment. Their relationship before the murder had gotten bad. It is thought that there were many reasons why Vikernes killed him. These include that it was over a girl, jealousy of Euronymous's position in the band, Euronymous owing him money and Euronymous not releasing Burzum's albums on time. Euronymous was found in his underwear with knife wound. Varg was rumoured to try and outdo the murder Faust of the band Emperor did. At his trial, Vikernes came into court with his long hair made into pigtails. He said he had nothing to do with Euronymous's death. He laughed throughout the trial. Vikernes was found guilty the murder. He was sent to prison for 21 years. This is the most time a person can be sent to prison in Norway. When police arrested Vikernes, he was found with over  of dynamite and plans to destroy Nidarosdomen on a religious holiday. Nodarosdomen is a large Christian church in Trondheim
. Varg Vikernes has a different story to the reasons for killing Euronymous. He created many articles to tell the reasons.
After the trial, Euronymous's parents asked Hellhammer to remove the parts of the bands music that Varg had recorded. He told them he would do this. Since he could not play the bass guitar, the changes were not made. The album remained the same, with Varg playing on it.

Performances
Their performances used heavy atmospheric effects. These included things such as pig heads put on wooden poles. Dead's clothes were buried days or weeks before the show. They were dug up before the performances and would be covered in decay, dirt and insects. Pieces of rotting meat were thrown into the audience and given to people to eat or rip on the spot. Dead ravens were placed in a bag so Dead could smell decay and death. Members would also cut themselves onstage.

Albums

Studio albums 
De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas (1994)
Wolf's Lair Abyss (1997)
Grand Declaration Of War (2000)
Chimera (2004)
Ordo Ad Chao (2007)
Esoteric Warfare (2014)
Daemon (2019)
Live albums 
Live In Leipzig (1993)
Dawn of the Black Hearts(1995)
Mediolanum Capta Est (1999)
Live In Marseille 2000 (2001)
Live in Zeitz (2016)
De Mysteriis Dom Sathanas Alive (2016)
Live in Jessheim (2017)
Live in Sarpsborg (2019)

Members

Current
 Necrobutcher - bass guitar  (1984-1991, 1995-present) 
 Hellhammer - drums, percussion  (1988-1993, 1995-present) 
 Attila Csihar - vocals  (1992-1993, 2004-present)  
 Teloch - guitars  (2011-present) 
 Ghul - guitars  (2012-present)

Former
 Euronymous - guitars  (1984-1993; died 1993) 
 Manheim - drums, percussion  (1984-1988) 
 Dead - vocals  (1988-1991; died 1991) 
 Maniac - vocals  (1987-1988, 1995-2004) 
 Blasphemer - guitars, backing vocals  (1995-2008) 
 Torben Grue  - drums, percussion  (1988) 
 Kittil Kittilsen  - vocals  (1988) 
 Varg Vikernes - bass guitar  (1992-1993)

References

Black metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Mom at Sixteen is a 2005 American made-for-TV movie. It is about a sixteen year old mother, Jacey Jeffries (Danielle Panabaker) in high school.

The story 

Jeffries is hiding the fact that she is the mother of Charley, the baby. Charley is the teen's mother's responsibility. When Jeffries goes to swimming practice and takes her migrane medicine, she faints because of the side affects of the medicine. While thinking she is being taken to the delivery room, she asks if her baby is okay while other students are around. Her classmates and teacher soon find out about Charley. Jeffries is teased by the other students. She decides give up the baby to the foster home at the end, and Charley finds a new home.

Cast

Other websites 
 

2005 movies
2000s teen drama movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Danielle Nicole Panabaker (born September 19, 1987) is an American actress. She is known for acting in many movies. These include Sky High and Mom at Sixteen. She has also acted on the television series including Shark. Panabaker is the older sister of child actress Kay. Both girls act in Disney Channel programs.

Other websites 
Official site of Danielle Panabaker

1987 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Disney actors
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Renaissance music is European music written from about the year 1400 to 1600. This section of time is called the Renaissance, a word which means “rebirth”. The Renaissance comes between the Middle Ages and the Baroque times.

Putting music into time sections does not mean that there were quick changes of type. Music changed slowly, and early Renaissance music was similar to Medieval music. Slowly music-writers started to try new ideas. A lot of medieval church music had become very hard with lots of rules about rhythms and clashes of notes to make dissonances. A lot of Renaissance composers wrote music which was smoother and more gentle. The music was still polyphonic with each voice having a share of melody. Music was starting to become less modal and more tonal. By the time the Baroque period started composers were using a system of major and minor keys like we do today.

Vocal music
Music notation 
An important development during the Renaissance was music notation. Many musicians wrote books about music theory. They are useful for us because they tell us how music sounded in those days and what people thought about it. Music started to be written on a music staff with five lines. There were still no barlines in early Renaissance music. Notes were written with white note heads, e.g. the minim (half note) was at one time the shortest note that could be written (the “minimum” length). Only later did crochets (quarter notes) and quavers (eighth notes) come in. This does not mean that music was slow in those days, it was just the way it was written.

Key signatures had not yet been invented. Sharps and flats were sometimes shown by accidentals (written in front of the notes). Very often, however, the performers were expected to know or even decide for themselves the sharps and flats (see musica ficta).
Music printing 
Another very important discovery at this time was music printing. Music printing started in Italy in the mid 16th century.

Composers of the Renaissance 

In the early 15th century there was a group of composers known now as the Burgundian School (from Burgundy). Guillaume Dufay was the most famous. Their music sounded a little bit like medieval music. 

Towards the end of the 15th century a style of polyphonic sacred music had been developed that can be heard in the masses of Johannes Ockeghem and Jacob Obrecht. Ockeghem even composed one piece in which all the parts develop from one idea which was used as a canon.
In Venice, from about 1534 until around 1600, a polychoral style developed. Choirs were separated, singing from different parts of the church, often from galleries. This grand music sounded beautiful in big churches such as the Basilica San Marco di Venezia. These composers are often called the “Venetian School”. Andrea Gabrieli and later his nephew Giovanni Gabrieli wrote this kind of music, and later Claudio Monteverdi who started in the Renaissance and lived into the Baroque period.

The end of the Renaissance period 

The change to the Baroque musical style happened around 1600. This was the time when opera was invented. This needed a new style of composing. The composer Monteverdi wrote in the Renaissance style until about 1600-1650, when he changed to the Baroque style. 

Renaissance
Periods in music history
Stephanie Kay Panabaker (born May 2, 1990) is an American actress from Orange, Texas. Some of her best known roles are Emily on Life is Ruff and Debbie on Phil of the Future. Panabaker is the younger sister of actress Danielle. The two sisters starred together in the movie Read it and Weep for the Disney Channel. She has had recurring roles on the television series CSI:Crime Scene Investigations and Angel.

Other websites 

Official site of Kay Panabaker

1990 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American child actors
Disney actors
Actors from Texas
Haley Hudson (born June 14, 1986) is an American actress. Her best known roles were in Freaky Friday and Lizzie McGuire. Her image is a punky Gothic type person.

American movie actors
Actors from Chicago
1986 births
Living people
Enslaved is an extreme metal band from Haugesund, Norway. their music has been called black metal and viking metal. The band was formed in 1991. It was made by Ivar Bjørnson and Grutle Kjellson.

Studio albums 
 Vikingligr Veldi (1994)
 Frost (1994)
 Eld (1997)
 Blodhemn (1998)
 Mardraum – Beyond the Within (2000)
 Monumension (2001)
 Below the Lights (2003)
 Isa (2004)
 Ruun (2006)
 Vertebrae (2008)
 Axioma Ethica Odini (2010)
 RIITIIR (2012)
 In Times (2015)
 E (2017)
 Utgard (2020)
 Heimdal  (2023)

References

Other websites 
Enslaved's website

Black metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Viking metal is a heavy metal music subgenre inspired by Norse mythology. Swedish metal band Bathory's fourth album, released in 1988 and called Blood Fire Death, was the first Viking metal album.

Viking metal bands 
Bathory
Enslaved
Amon Amarth
Graveland
Darkthrone

References 

Heavy metal subgenres
Musica ficta is a term used in medieval and Renaissance music. It means that when musicians play or sing music they put in accidentals (sharps and flats) which are not written in the music.

In those days (near the end of the 16th century) music used modes instead of the modern system of major and minor keys. Sometimes the music would not sound right unless a note was sharpened or flattened (raised or lowered a semitone). For example, to go down from the note B to an F would have sounded bad, so the F would need to be an F sharp. The composer who wrote the music down might not bother to put the sign for F sharp. He would expect the performer to know that it should be an F sharp and not an F. This is what is called musica ficta.
Gradually it became more and more necessary for composers to write exactly what notes they wanted. The modern system of keys was developing. They developed the system of key signatures and accidentals (sharps and flats which are not in the key signature, but written as and when they are needed). The practice of musica ficta gradually ended.

Musical notation
Medieval music
Universal Studios Japan is one of four Universal Studios theme parks. It is in Osaka, Japan. The park opened on March 31, 2001.

Attractions
Ride attractions
Space Fantasy
Hollywood Dream
New The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man
Jurassic Park
Jaws
Back to the Future
Lego Ninjago

Show attractions
Magical Starlight Parade
WaterWorld
Terminater 2: 3D
Backdraft
Universal Monsters Live Rock and Roll Show
Animation Celebration
Shrek's 4D Adventure
Sesame Street 4D Movie Magic

Other websites 

 Official site

2001 establishments in Japan
Japanese entertainment companies
Organizations based in Osaka
Theme parks in Japan
A gap year is time taken between completing secondary school and going to a university or college or also between college and graduate school or a profession. It is generally a practice of young people from Australia, Poland, Scandinavia, United Kingdom and United States. The time between the two events is often, but not always, a year. It is often used to travel or to gain experience with an internship at the lowest cost possible.

References 

Colleges and universities
Travel
Leisure
A beam bridge is a strong, horizontal structure that rests on two end supports, and carries traffic by acting as a beam. 

Beam bridges are often used for heavy cars and trains to pass, and some are also built for people to walk on. Beam bridges used to be made from wood and were called log bridges. Modern ones are mostly made of steel. Beam bridges are usually placed over highways, rivers or gaps in the earth so people or cars can cross over them.  Beam bridges are simple but they cannot be as long as more complex and expensive kinds.  Beam bridges can be connected to make one longer bridge.  

Bridge types
Gene Simmons (born August 25, 1949 in Haifa, Israel) is an American musician, who is the bassist and a singer for the hard rock band Kiss.

Early life 
Born with the name of Chaim Witz in Haifa, Israel, Gene emigrated at age 8 with his family to Queens, New York. His mother, Flora Klein, was born in Jand, Hungary. His father, Feri Witz, was also born in Hungary. He adopted the stage name of Gene Simmons in the late 1960s. He lives with his longtime partner Shannon Tweed and has two children, Nick and Sophie.
in 1972 Gene Simmons together with guitarist Paul Stanley are the band Kiss, Gene and Paul join the band the musicians Ace Frehley on guitar and Peter Criss on drums and vocals. One of the characteristics of the band were his outlandish makeup and costumes. In 1973 Kiss; Paul Stanley guitar and voice, Gene Simmons bass and voice, Ace Frehley in lead guitar released their first album Kiss", Gene composed the hit "Strutter" with Stanley, and "Deuce" two of the biggest hits of the band. Kiss recorded their second album Hotter Than Hell, released on October 22, 1974. In 1975 the band released the third album Dressed to Kill, with the theme Rock and Roll All Nite, the most successful of the band, written by Simmons and Stanley. Gene with Kiss, recorded with two of the best live albums "Alive!" (1975) and "Alive II" (1977). In 1976 and 1977 he edited two of the best albums of the band "Destroyer" released on March 15, 1976, and "Love Gun" released on June 30, 1977
. Gene Simmons as the other members of Kiss released the solo album "Gene Simmons" released for sale in 1978. In 1979 he recorded with Kiss "Dynasty" a disc-themed disco. After the album Unmasked (1980), Peter Criss left the band, Gene and Paul chose Eric Carr replaced Criss, in the drummer. In 1982 he joined the band the guitarist Vinnie Vincent in substitution for Ace Frehley. With the newly formed launch the album "Creatures of the Night", Gene Simmons composed the theme "I Love It Loud" one of the most powerful of Kiss. In 1983 Kiss appears without makeup on the cover of the album Lick It Up, the band had changed their style of Hard Rock for the Heavy Metal style. For 1984 released the album Animalize, another powerful album of Heavy Metal. Mark St. John as lead guitarist, was incorporated in replacing Vinnie Vincent. Mark left the band in 1985 and was replaced by Bruce Kulick, who would maintain the lead guitar until 1997
.  In 1989 Gene recorded with Kiss one of their best album Hot in the Shade, with two of the best tracks from the band "Hide Your Heart" and Forever. In 1991 the premature death of Eric Carr forced to Gene and Paul to seek replacements, They chose a young drummer Eric Singer, who had worked with Alice Cooper. With Singer on drums the band released the album "Revenge" released on May 19, 1992, an album that recalled the band's early records. They also recorded the third live album Alive III (1993).
After inviting former members of Kiss Criss and Frehley to record the acoustic album. Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley decided, to Frehley and Criss will incorporate the band. Kiss original training again with face painting, leave and turn around the United States and the world. With the original Kiss recorded "Psycho Circus" (1998) a studio album after 18 years.
Gene Simmons currently continue performing with Stanley at the head of Kiss. The current formation Kiss is Simmons in Bass and vocals, Paul Stanley in guitar and vocals, Tommy Thayer in lead guitar, and Eric Singer in drums.
Other works 
Gene Simmons also turned to acting film credits include Runaway (1984), with Tom Selleck and directed by Michael Crichton, Wanted: Dead or Alive (1986), with Rutger Hauer, Red Surf (1990), with George Clooney, Wish You Were Dead (2002), with Christopher Lloyd. And appearances on television series as Miami Vice (1985), The Hitchhiker (1986), Millennium (1998), Third Watch (2004) and more. Simmons and his family starred in the reality show Gene Simmons: Family Jewels (2006-2010).

References

Other websites 
 
 

1949 births
Living people
Simmons, Gene
Singers from New York City
American rock guitarists
American heavy metal musicians
American heavy metal singers
American Jews
American bloggers
Beam could mean:
Beam theory, a way to find the load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams
Beam (nautical), the most extreme width (or breadth) of a nautical vessel, or a point alongside the ship at the midpoint of its length
Beam (structure), a construction element
Beam bridge, a bridge that uses beams
A narrow stream of particles or energy:
Charged particle beam
Cathode ray, or "electron beam"
Light or other Electromagnetic radiation
The output of a raygun in science fiction
Beam weapons from the Metroid series
Beaming means a way of traveling on the Star Trek television series
Tractor beam, a hypothetical beam that pulls or pushes
"On the beam", following a radio navigation beacon
Beam (music), a connection line in musical notation
Balance beam (gymnastics), a piece of gymnastics equipment
BEAM robotics, an automatically moving machine based on analog electronics
Beam Software, a computer game developer
BEAM.TV, a global distribution network
The Fox News Channel (commonly known as Fox News) is an American 24-hour cable and satellite television news network. It was made by Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes. It is owned by Fox Corporation. the channel was officially launched in 1996.

Shows
The channel plays up to 15 hours of live shows every day. 6 hours of these are opinion shows. The hosts of its opinion shows are  Sean Hannity, Neil Cavuto, Greta Van Susteren, and Tucker Carlson introduced to the network by Group CEO Gerard Bevan along with Geraldo Rivera. Fox News Network leans right-wing, but has some liberals (such as Greta van Susteren).
Criticisms
There was a documentary called Outfoxed that criticized the channel because they say it is biased towards conservatives and the US Republican Party in its reporting. Fox says its opinion shows are conservative but its regular news programs are not. President Barack Obama, through a spokesperson, accused Fox News of working for the Republican Party. Fox has also been accused of having a right-wing bias, racism, discrimination, race baiting and gender inequality. Roger Ailes has called Fox News "the balance" against the liberal networks news groups such as ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, Cable News Network, and MSNBC.

References

Other websites
 Official site

Cable television
Fox Broadcasting Company
Omsk is a city in Russia in the Siberia region, capital of Omsk Oblast. As of the census in 2010, Omsk had been declared one of the cities in Russia with over 1 million people. Omsk is close to the border of Kazakhstan.
Omsk is the only city in the world which has Metro with only one station.

History

Demographics

Economy 
There is Omsk engine building constructor bureau.

Related pages 
List of cities and towns in Russia

Other websites 

 Official site of Omsk city administration
 Open Omsk -- an independent news source
 Current events in Omsk (Russian) 
 Omsk in Livejournal.com 
 Photoblog about Omsk
 Omsk-On-Line 

Capitals of oblasts of Russia
Omsk Oblast
Mayhem could mean:
Mayhem, a type of crime
Mayhem, an influential black metal band
Mayhem, an album by English rock group Toyah
Mayhem, a Marvel Comics character
Mayhem, a professional wrestler
Mayhem in Monsterland, a Commodore 64 video game
TV Mayhem, a television show that aired for six weeks beginning in September 1991
WCW Mayhem, a World Championship Wrestling event, which has a video game based on it:
WCW Mayhem
Mayhem Attack Squad, a team of Decepticons

Related pages 
Methods of Mayhem, an American rap metal band formed by ex-Mötley Crüe drummer, Tommy Lee
Minstrels of Mayhem, an American Renaissance Festival music group
Michigan Mayhem, a minor league basketball team in the Continental Basketball Association
Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem, a Muppet rock band that appeared on The Muppet Show
Ani-Mayhem, an anime-based collectible card game
Jason "Mayhem" Miller, a Mixed Martial Arts fighter
Monica Mayhem, an Australian pornographic actress
The question mark (?)  is a punctuation mark that is used at the end of a sentence when asking a question.

The symbol is thought to come from the Latin quæstio, meaning "question", which was shortened to Qo. The uppercase Q was written above the lowercase o, and this mark was turned into the symbol that we use today.

Another guess about where question mark comes from says that it comes from the 9th century, when it was a point followed by the curved part written slanted.

Some writers put a space between the end of their sentence and the question mark. This is thought to come from a French practice and is called French spacing. In French a space is always put before question marks, exclamation marks, colons, and semicolons. In English, however, using this space is thought of as bad form. Some English books do have these spaces, but are often a very thin space, which are not full spaces but an attempt to make the words easier to read.
Computing 
In computing, the question mark character is represented by ASCII code 63, and is located at Unicode code-point U+003F. The full-width (double-byte) equivalent, ？, is located at Unicode code point U+FF1F.

Examples of the question mark being used 
"What time is it?"
"How are you doing?"
"Why did that happen?"

Sources
Lupton, Ellen and Miller, J. Abbott, "Period styles: a punctuated history", in The Norton Reader 11th edition, ed. Linda H. Peterson, Norton, 2003 Online excerpt (at least) 
 Parkes, M.B., Pause and Effect: an Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West, University of California Press, 1993
Truss, Lynne, Eats, Shoots & Leaves Gotham Books, NY, p. 139

References 

Punctuation
Typography
Kevin Earl Federline (born March 21, 1978) is an American entertainer, who dances, raps and models as his job. He is famous for being the former husband of pop singer Britney Spears. Federline has 4 kids, 2 with actress Shar Jackson and 2 with Spears.

1978 births
Living people
American dancers
Rappers from California
Britney Spears
Musicians from Fresno, California
Mercyful Fate are a heavy metal band from Denmark. The band was formed in Copenhagen in 1980.

Members

Current members
 King Diamond - vocals, keyboard (1981–1985, 1992–present)
 Hank Shermann - guitar (1981–1985, 1992–present)
 Mike Wead - guitar (1996–present)
 Bjarne T. Holm - drums (1994–present)
 Sharlee D'Angelo - bass (1993–present)

Former members
 Michael Denner - guitar (1981, 1982–1985, 1992–1996)
 Timi Hansen - bass (1981–1985, 1992–1993)
 Kim Ruzz - drums (1981–1985)
 Tommie "Snowy Shaw" Helgesson - drums (1993–1994)

Session members
 Lars Ulrich - drums (1993)
 Old Nick - drums (1981)
 Morten Nielson - drums (1993)

Discography

Studio albums
 Melissa (1983)
 Don't Break the Oath (1984)
 In the Shadows (1993)
 Time (1994)
 Into the Unknown (1996)
 Dead Again (1998)
 9 (1999)

Compilation albums
 The Beginning (1987)
 Return of the Vampire (1992)
 A Dangerous Meeting (1992)
 The Best of Mercyful Fate (2003)

Extended plays
 The Mercyful Fate EP (1982)
 The Bell Witch (1994)

References
References

Other websites 
Official Website

Black metal bands
Danish heavy metal bands
People from Copenhagen
Musical groups established in 1980
Basic may be:
 BASIC (programming language)
 Basic (chemistry), the opposite to acidic, reacting with acids to form salts
 Basic access authentication in HTTP
 Basic (cigarette), owned by the Altria Group (Philip Morris Company)
 Basic (dance move), the name of the basic dance step in many dances
 Lindy Basic (dance move), in Lindy Hop
 Basic English
 Basic (geology), of rock: containing between 45 and 52% of silica
 Basic (movie), 2003 movie starring John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson
 Basic (Star Wars), the common interstellar language in the Star Wars universe
 Basic Training or Recruit training is training received by military personnel when first entering service
 Basic is also used as the name for whatever common tongue is usually used between species in many science fiction works
 Basic is a name used to describe the level of certification for an EMT (Emergency Medical Technician)
 Basic Replay, a record label
 Basic (album), a 1984 album by Robert Quine and Fred Maher (1996 on CD)
A circuit is a closed path that consists of circuit components in which electrons from a voltage or current source can flow.  If the circuit consists of electric components like a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor etc. then it will be called an Electrical circuit and if the circuit consists of any of the electronic circuit components like a diode, a Transistor etc. then it will be called an Electronic circuit. So, the electronic circuits may consist both of the electrical and electronic circuit components, but an electrical circuit will have only the electrical components.

The point where electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the "source" of electrons. The point where the electrons leave an electrical circuit is called the "return" or "earth ground". The exit point is called the "return" because electrons always end up at the source when they complete the path of an electrical circuit.
The part of an electrical circuit that is between the electrons' starting point and the point where they return to the source is called an electrical circuit's "load". The load of an electrical circuit may be as simple as those that power home appliances like refrigerators, televisions, or lamps or more complicated, such as the load on the output of a hydroelectric power generating station.

Circuits use two forms of electrical power: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). AC often powers large appliances and motors and is generated by power stations. DC powers battery-operated vehicles and other machines and electronics. Converters can change AC to DC and vice versa. High-voltage direct current transmission uses big converters.

Electronic circuit
Electronic circuits usually use direct current sources. The load of an electronic circuit may be as simple as a few resistors, capacitors, and a lamp, all connected together to create the flash in a camera. Or an electronic circuit can be complicated, connecting thousands of resistors, capacitors, and transistors. It may be an integrated circuit such as the microprocessor in a computer.

Resistors and other circuit elements can be connected in series or in parallel. Resistance in series circuits is the sum of the resistance.
Circuit and wiring diagram 
A circuit or wiring diagram is a visual display of an electrical circuit. Electrical and electronic circuits can be complicated. Making a drawing of the connections to all the component parts in the circuit's load makes it easier to understand how circuit components are connected. Drawings for electronic circuits are called "circuit diagrams". Drawings for electrical circuits are called "wiring diagrams". Like other diagrams, these diagrams are usually drawn by draftsmen, and then printed. Diagrams may also be created digitally using specialised software.
A schematic is a diagram of an electrical circuit. Schematics are graphical representations of the essential connections in a circuit, but they are not lifelike depictions of a circuit. Schematics use symbols to represent components in the circuit. Conventions are used in a schematic to represent the way electricity flows. The common convention we use is from the positive to the negative terminal. The realistic way electricity flows is from the negative to the positive terminal.

Circuit diagrams use special symbols. The symbols on the drawings show how components like resistors, capacitors, insulators, motors, outlet boxes, lights, switches, and other electrical and electronic components are connected together. The diagrams are a big help when workers try to find out why a circuit does not work correctly.
Circuit breakers 
The current flowing in an electrical or electronic circuit can suddenly increase when a component part fails. This can cause serious damage to other components in the circuit, or create a fire hazard. To protect against this, a fuse or a device called a "circuit breaker" can be wired into a circuit. The circuit breaker will open, or "break", the circuit when the current in that circuit becomes too high, or the fuse will "blow". This gives protection.

Ground-fault-interrupt (G.F.I.) devices 

The standard return for electrical and electronic circuits is the earth ground. When an electrical or electronic device fails, it may open the return circuit to the earth ground. The user of the device could become a part of the device's electrical circuit by providing a return path for the electrons through the user's body instead of the circuit's earth ground. When our body becomes part of an electrical circuit, the user can be seriously shocked, or even killed by electrocution.
To prevent the danger of electrical shock and the possibility of electrocution, ground fault interrupts devices detect open circuits to earth ground in attached electrical or electronic devices. When an open circuit to earth ground is detected, the G.F.I. device immediately opens the voltage source to the device. G.F.I. devices are similar to circuit breakers but are designed to protect humans rather than circuit components.

Short circuits 
Short circuits are circuits that get back to the power source unused or with the same power as put out. Using these usually blow a fuse but sometimes they don't. Doing this with a battery can cause electrical fires.

Other websites 

 Circuit components and their uses - Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Diode ,Transistor. Transformer.
Electric Circuit

Electricity
A quiz is a type of game in which players (as individuals or in teams) try to answer questions correctly. Quizzes are also  used in education and similar fields to improve the growth of someone's  knowledge, abilities, and/or skills. 

Quizzes are usually scored in points. Many quizzes are designed for people to determine the winner of a group of participants - usually the participant with the highest score.

Games
John Hancock  (January 12, 1737 – October 8, 1793) was an early American patriot, a leader in the American Revolutionary War, and an American statesman. He was the first man to sign America's Declaration of Independence. In modern America, "John Hancock" is a synonym for signature.

Hancock's ancestors arrived in the English colonies in 1652. In 1737, Hancock was born in Braintree (now Quincy, Massachusetts). When John Hancock Jr. his father died, he was adopted by his uncle, a merchant in Boston, Massachusetts. At his uncle's death in 1754, Hancock inherited the business. He became a leading merchant in Boston and one of the richest in the colonies. 

In 1768, British officials seized his ship, the Liberty. It carried a shipment of wine. The officials said he was smuggling. Boston patriots rioted and he was acquitted. This incident was one of the events that led to the American Revolutionary War.
Hancock had several important jobs in Colonial America and the early United States of America. He was president of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1774 and 1775. He used his money to support American independence. The British thought him a very dangerous man.

Hancock was president of the Continental Congress in 1774 and 1775. He wanted to lead the Continental Army. George Washington got the job instead. With 5,000 troops, he tried to free Rhode Island from the British. He was not successful.

Hancock led the convention that adopted the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. He was first Governor of the state Massachusetts. He served nine terms. Hancock suffered from gout in his later life.  He died in 1793.

References 

1737 births
1793 deaths
Hancock, John
Hancock, John
Hancock, John
People from Quincy, Massachusetts
Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli or Ulricus Zuinglius (January 1, 1484 – October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland and the founder of the Swiss Reformed churches. Separately from Martin Luther, Zwingli arrived at similar final beliefs by studying the Bible from the point of view of a humanist scholar.

Early life
His father was also called Ulrich Zwingli, and his mother was Margaret Meili. Zwingli had two sisters and seven brothers.

Zwingli was born in Toggenburg, Wildhaus, St. Gallen, Switzerland, to an important family in the middle class.

Reformation
Zwingli's Reformation was supported by the judge and the people of Zürich. That led to major changes in the lives of the people and the government in Zürich.

Zwingli was killed at Kappel am Albis in a battle against the Roman Catholic cantons of Switzerland.

Related pages
John Calvin
Erasmus

1484 births
1531 deaths
Calvinists
Swiss theologians
Protestant Reformers
People from the canton of St. Gallen
20th-century classical music is classical music written during the last century. During earlier periods of music history composers from different countries wrote in styles which were often quite similar. For example, composers in the Classical music period (about 1740-1820) had fairly similar ideas about what forms to use (e.g. sonata form), what instruments should be used in orchestras or how to write good tunes.

Classical music from the 20th century is extremely varied. There are lots of different “schools” (meaning: ways of thinking) as lots of composers had their own ideas about how to compose in ways that were different from what had been done before. A lot of these genres (types of music) had names ending in “ism”: there was serialism, Expressionism, Neoclassicism, Impressionism as well as jazz, world music (music from non-European cultures) and folksong and, later on electronic music and then Minimalism and even post-modernism.
The names of periods in history were usually given to them many years afterwards. For example, the term Middle Ages was not used until long after the Middle Ages had finished. It is difficult to know what to call the period we live in now. In music people often talk about “Modern Music” meaning any music written after 1900. We also talk about “Contemporary Music” meaning more or less the same thing (“contemporary” means “things that are happening in our time”, i.e. “living composers”). Now that the 21st century has started some musicians are starting to talk about “20th century music” (1900-2000) and a period called “Contemporary Music” (1975-today).

This article will discuss classical music written from 1900 to the year 1999.

Reaction to Romanticism
Many European composers at the beginning of the 20th century felt that the system of tonality (music in major and minor keys) had been used for so long that it was time to do create a new approach and try something different. Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky were two of the most important composers at that time, and they had very different ideas about how to compose music.

Schoenberg's music became very atonal (not in any key). Eventually he developed what he called twelve tone music. This was atonal music which was organized by putting the notes of a musical idea in a particular order which could be changed in many ways during the piece. This way of organizing music is called “serialism” (a “series” is a “row of things”). Many composers were influenced by Schoenberg, especially Alban Berg and Anton von Webern.
Stravinsky came from Russia. He was inspired by Russian culture. He wrote some music for a ballet called Rite of Spring. This music was very new. It had very irregular rhythms which the dancers found very difficult to dance to at first. It also used polytonality (being in more than one key at once). Later on Stravinsky was inspired by music from the 18th century. He used it, but made changes to it, adding dissonant notes and strange chords. This is called neoclassicism (“neo” means “new”). Stravinsky's music seemed to many people to be the opposite of serialism, but in his last years Stravinsky started to use serialism as well.

Impressionism
Impressionism

In France a movement called Impressionism was popular with painters. Composers were very interested in these paintings. Claude Debussy wrote music which is often called “Impressionistic”. The ideas of clear tonality (being clear about which key the music is in) are often deliberately blurred. He uses interesting chords just for the sound that they make. He used the whole tone scale and pentatonic scale and was inspired by Javanese music. Maurice Ravel’s music is sometimes similar, although he developed his own style.  Later French composers include Olivier Messiaen who used a system of new scales which he called Modes of limited transposition.  He was also interested in music from around the world, and he also used bird song in his music.

Late Romanticism
Late Romanticism

While all this was happening there were some composers who continued to write in a style which was basically Romantic.  Edward Elgar ‘s music is often described as “Edwardian” (from the period of King Edward VII). Other British composers of the time were also inspired by English folkmusic, i.e. Ralph Vaughan Williams, George Butterworth, Roger Quilter and Gerald Finzi. Frederick Delius wrote Romantic music which was also quite Impressionistic. The Russian Sergei Rachmaninoff and the German Richard Strauss continued to write in a Romantic style until their deaths in the 1940s. The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius and the Dane Carl Nielsen wrote great symphonies which were still in a tonal style, and in Italy Puccini was writing operas in a Romantic style, often called “verismo” (“like real life”).

Symphonic tradition
In Russia, which became the Soviet Union after the 1917 Revolution, composers were not allowed to be experimental. It was difficult for them because they had to please the politicians who told them that their music should reflect “Socialist realism” (meaning the workers’ struggle against capitalism). The great tradition of writing symphonies continued with Sergei Prokofiev (who spent some time in exile) and Shostakovich (who remained in the Soviet Union).

The Hungarian composer Béla Bartók developed a modern style influenced by folk music from his country and other East European countries. His music is often quite neoclassical, for example the famous Concerto for Orchestra.

Avant garde experiments
In the mid-20th century a group of composers known as the “Darmstadt School” (because they often met in Darmstadt) continued to write music which was based on serialism. This included Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Many of them, including both Boulez and Stockhausen, also experimented with electronic music. The term Avant Garde is often used to describe their music. It means that it expands the limits, or pushes ahead into new ground (literally the “front guard”, a military analogy). Other American composers were experimental, e.g. Charles Ives and John Cage who is famous for using a “prepared piano” (a piano which makes strange sounds because strange objects are put inside it).

Jazz influence

In America jazz was a big influence on classical composers. George Gershwin’s music is halfway between jazz and classical. Aaron Copland and Leonard Bernstein used jazz elements in their music. In Europe many composer used ideas from jazz, e.g. Maurice Ravel and Kurt Weill.

Minimalism
Minimalism

Around the 1960s some composers thought that a lot of music was getting too complicated. Music of the avant garde school such as Edgard Varèse, Elliott Carter, Milton Babbitt was becoming too difficult for people to understand. People found it too mathematical and intellectual. They wanted music with feeling and emotion. A group of composers developed a style called Minimalism which uses music based around a simple idea which repeats itself again and again but gradually changes. Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Terry Riley, John Cage and to some extent John Adams all used minimalist techniques. It was a reaction against music that had become too complicated.

Other paths based on tradition
Some contemporary composers (alive today) write music which is deeply religious. These include John Tavener and Arvo Pärt. John Rutter and Bob Chilcott, who write music for choirs which sounds fresh and attractive to new audiences. Other composers have found various ways of creating their own style, e.g. the Scottish composers James MacMillan and Judith Weir and the Master of the Queen's Music: Sir Peter Maxwell Davies. In Russia Sofia Gubaidulina and Galina Ustvolskaya are important voices in the search for new music.

Classical music
Classical music
Periods in music history
Cuxhaven ( , ; ) is an independent town and seat of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town includes the northernmost point of Lower Saxony. It is on the shore of the North Sea at the mouth of the Elbe River. Cuxhaven has a footprint of  (east–west) by  (north–south). Its town quarters Duhnen, Döse and Sahlenburg are popular vacation spots on the North Sea and home to about 52,000 residents.

Geographical and cultural background 
The town is served by Cuxhaven station.

The island of Neuwerk is  off the coast from Cuxhaven.

Twin towns – sister cities
Cuxhaven is twinned with:
 Binz, Germany (1990)
 Hafnarfjörður, Iceland (1988)
 Penzance, England, United Kingdom (1967–1974, 2009–present)
 Sassnitz, Germany (1990)
 Vannes, France (1963)

References

Other websites 

 Official site 
 Operation "Backfire" and rocket experiments at Cuxhaven {{in lang|de}
 Further Tourist Information

 
Towns in Lower Saxony
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Haifa Wehbe (, born March 10, 1972) is a female Lebanese singer, actress, model, and jewelry designer who is known in the Arab world. Wehbe was born in a rural town in South Lebanon and currently lives in Beirut. She started her music career with her debut album Huwa az-Zaman (, It is Time).

Early life and career 
Before she became a singer, she was a model. She won title "Miss South Lebanon" when she was sixteen. In 1995, she was the runner-up for Miss Lebanon before the public found out she had a daughter named Zeinab.

Her second 2005 album was Baddi 'Ayš (, I Want to Live). Her second songs was "Ana Haifa" (I am Haifa).

She also appeared in Pepsi ad with French footballer Thierry Henry.

References

Other websites
Official website
Official Facebook page

1972 births
Living people
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese singers
Models
Movie actors
People from Beirut
In music, the dynamics in the  piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. 

In written music the dynamics are shown by letters which stand for Italian words for the dynamic levels. They are listed in the table below. Notice that “piano”, as a dynamic level, is pronounced the Italian way (“pi-AH-no”).

Use more than two ps or fs to show that the music is very, very quiet, or very, very loud. Tchaikovsky sometimes used five ps or fs, though only up to three are normally found in sheet music.

Dynamic levels are not something that can be measured exactly. Exactly how loud mp should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc. The important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another.
Some composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want. Others leave a lot to the performer to decide. Historically, composers several centuries ago, such as Bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks. Even Mozart only wrote a few, mostly p and f. By the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music.

 
Sometimes accents are shown by marks similar to dynamic marks. Sforzando means a strong, sudden accent and is abbreviated as sf, sfz or fz. The notation sfzp (or sfp) means a sforzando followed immediately by piano

The terms crescendo, and diminuendo (or sometimes decrescendo), mean a gradual getting louder or quieter. They can also be shown by signs known as "hairpins". A hairpin opening out is a crescendo, one which closes is a diminuendo.

For a quick change in dynamics, molto cresc. and molto dim. are often used (molto means a lot). For slow changes poco a poco cresc. and poco a poco dim. are used (poco a poco means little by little, i.e. very gradually.)
Francesco Botticini (real name Francesco di Giovanni, 1446 – 16 January 1498) was an Italian painter. He lived in the early part of the Renaissance period. He was born in Florence about 1446 and is best known for his painting called "Assumption of the Virgin".

He died in 1497 or 1498. After he had been an assistant to the painter Neri di Bicci he started his own workshop. The shop was famous for its decorative works, a few of which can be seen in the cloistered church of Empoli. Botticini was influenced by Filippino Lippi and Botticelli who were two very famous Florentine painters.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References 

15th-century Italian painters
People from Florence
1446 births
1498 deaths
Grana Padano is a type of hard cheese. It is similar to parmesan cheese. The name comes from the noun grana (‘grain’), which refers to the distinctively grainy texture of the cheese, and the adjective Padano, which refers to the river Po.

Grana Padano was created by the Cistercian monks of Chiaravalle. They used ripened cheese as a way of preserving extra milk. By the year 1477, it was regarded as one of the most famous cheeses of Italy. Today, this product is made in the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, and in the province of Trento.
Like Parmigiano Reggiano, Grana Padano is a semi-fat hard cheese which is cooked and ripened slowly (for up to 18 months). It is produced by curdling the milk of grass-fed cows. The cows are milked twice a day, the milk is left to stand, and then partially creamed. It is produced all year round and the quality can vary seasonally as well as by year.
 
A wheel of Grana Padano is cylindrical, with slightly convex or almost straight sides and flat faces. The rind, which is thin, is white or straw yellow.

Grana Padano cheese has been produced since the 12th century, and production and quality are now overseen by the Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano.

Other websites 
Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano  
Zeppa, Giuseppe GRANA PADANO a cheese from Piedmont 
Disciplinare di produzione  

Italian cheeses