Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Basarab I (c. 1310/1319–1352) was an early ruler of the principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352.  He is sometimes referred to as Întemeietorul ("The Founder"), given his role in the creation of the state, together with his position as common ancestor of rulers in the Basarab dynasty.

Romanian leaders
1310s births
1352 deaths
Dragoş (Drágfi of Béltek) was a Maramureş Voivode ruling over the lands of what was to become Moldavia (between 1351 and 1353). He left Maramureş by orders from the Hungarian King Louis I, in order to establish a defense line against the Golden Horde. He was succeeded by his son, Sas (Szász or Sas of Béltek) (ruled 1354-1358).

Moldova
Romanian leaders
The High Middle Ages was the part of European history in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (AD 1000–1299). Before the High Middle Ages came the Early Middle Ages (from the 5th century to approximately AD 1000). After the High Middle Ages came the Late Middle Ages (about AD 1300–1500).

References 

Middle Ages
The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság), sometimes just Hungary, was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a thousand years between 1000 and 1918. It came back during the Interwar period from 1920 to 1944 as a regency. It was created when Stephen I of Hungary was crowned in Esztergom in the year 1000. The first monarchy collapsed in 1918 because of the First World War, and the regency was liberated by the Soviet Union in 1944 during the end of the Second World War.

In the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Hungary was one of the most powerful monarchies to exist, and had many wars with the Ottoman Empire, usually because of the Balkans. It had an important role in both World Wars. 

History of Hungary
1918 disestablishments in Europe
10th-century establishments in Europe
1919 establishments in Europe
1946 disestablishments in Europe
1000 establishments
Former monarchies of Europe

Notes

References
The Principality of Transylvania was a semi-independent state. It was ruled by mostly Calvinist Hungarian princes. The Principality existed as a semi-independent state from 1571 to 1711. It was a part of the Habsburg Monarchy / Austrian Empire from 1711 to 1867.

References

Former countries in Europe
Transylvania
The British Rail Class 485 (or 4Vec) and British Rail Class 486 (or 3Tis) electrical multiple units were originally built for the London Electric Railway from 1923-31 as their 'Standard' tube stock. They were purchased by British Rail in 1967 and transported to the Isle of Wight to work 'mainline' services on the newly electrified Ryde to Shanklin line. At the time the units had already worked for over forty years on the London Underground, but their introduction allowed the final steam locomotives on the line to be withdrawn.

486
Suzerainty (American accent: soo-zer-en-tee) happens when a country X has its own government but cannot act independently because of a more powerful country Y. This more powerful country Y is called the suzerain and can usually control the foreign relations of X (how X interacts with other countries).

It differs from sovereignty in that the tributary still has limited control of its own stuff and internal country affairs.

A suzerain can also mean a feudal lord. Vassals must pay tribute to the feudal lord.

Some examples 
The term suzerainty originally described the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its surrounding regions including:

 Moldova
 Principality of Serbia
 Wallachia

China historically had suzerainty over Mongolia, Korea.

Related pages 
 tributary state

Citations 

International politics
The British Rail Class 487 electric multiple units were built by English Electric in 1940, for use on the Waterloo & City Line.

WC
487
The British Rail Class 488 are unpowered trailer sets, converted from Mark 2F coaches for the Gatwick Express service from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.

488
The British Rail Class 489 (or GLV) is a type of electrical multiple unit, specially converted for use on Gatwick Express trains, from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.

489
Non-passenger multiple units
A second-class citizen is a person who is discriminated by their country, even though they are a citizen or legal resident.

Second-class citizenry is usually seen as a violation of human rights. African-Americans who lived in the United States during segregation, Indian natives during British rule in India, and black Africans who lived in South Africa under apartheid, were often described in this way. Other groups of people that have been or still are being treated as second class citizens are the Dalit of India, and Arab Christians.

Related pages
 Constitution
 Constitutional economics
 Makoto Sakurai

Social groups
Human rights abuses
Discrimination
Rights
British Rail allocated Class 499 to a fleet of six luggage vans used in electric multiple unit formations on boat train services between London and Dover. They were allocated Southern Region class TLV (meaning Trailer Luggage Van).

499
The British Rail Class 501 electric multiple units were built in 1957/58 for use on the former LNWR/LMS suburban electric network of the London Midland Region. A total of 57 three-car units were built.

501
The British Rail Class 502 was a type of electric multiple unit originally built by the London Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works workshop. Introduced in 1940 and withdrawn by 1980, they spent the whole of their working lives on the electrified railway lines of north Liverpool.

502
British Rail Class 503 trains were 70mph (110km/h) electric multiple units. They were introduced in two batches — in 1938 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) with a further batch (built to a similar design) in 1956 by the then nationalised British Railways (BR).

503
The British Rail Class 504 was a unique type of electric multiple unit that ran on 1200 V DC third rail with side-contact current collection. The type was used only between Manchester and Bury.  

504
Alexander Joan Cuza (a common English rendition of Alexandru Ioan Cuza; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian-born Romanian politician who ruled as the first Domnitor of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1866.

References

1820 births
1873 deaths
Kings of Romania
British Railways Class 505 were 1,500 V DC electric multiple units (EMUs) introduced in 1931 by the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJAR).  Although assigned to TOPS Class 505 by British Railways, these units were withdrawn before the TOPS numbering system came into common use for multiple units, and the Class 505 designation is very rarely used.

505
The House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is the cadet branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, less known than the Franconian branch which became Burgraves of Nuremberg and later ruled Brandenburg-Prussia and the German Empire. The state which the cadet branch ruled was the County of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (), which later became a principality (Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen).

States of the German Confederation
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the Holy Roman Empire
House of Hohenzollern
Former states in Germany
1576 establishments
16th-century establishments in Germany
1570s establishments in Europe
1850 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Germany
1850s disestablishments in Europe
The British Rail Class 506 was a 3 carriage electric multiple unit (EMU) built for local services between Manchester, Glossop and Hadfield on the Woodhead Line. The 8 units were introduced in 1954. They had air-operated sliding doors. The EMUs had a single diamond-shaped pantograph, mounted over the driver's cab and adjacent guard's compartment at the outer end of one of the driving carriages (unlike other British EMUs, where the pantograph is mounted over one of the middle carriages).

506
British Rail Class 507 electric multiple units were built by BREL at York works from 1978 to 1979. They were the third variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). The 507s were the first variant to be 750V DC third rail only. They have worked on the Merseyrail network from new, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.

Related pages

Class 508
Merseyrail

507
507
The British Rail Class 508 electric multiple units ("EMUs") were built by BREL at York works in 1979-80. They were the fourth variety of BR's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, eventually encompassing 755 vehicles and five classes (313/314/315/507/508). They have mostly worked on the Merseyrail network since 1983, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.

Related pages

British Rail Class 507
Merseyrail

508
508
Iaşi is a city in the northeastern part of Romania.  It is the second largest city in Romania as of the year 2007. Iaşi used to be the capital of Moldavia.

History 

Alexandru Lăpuşneanu changed the capital of Moldavia from Suceava to Iaşi in 1564.  One of the first churches to be built in Moldavia was built by the Greek adventurer Prince Ioan Iacob Heraclid.

The Tatars burned the city down in 1513.  The Ottoman Empire also burned the city down in 1538 and people from the Imperial Russian army did so again in 1686. The plague spread throughout the city in 1734.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1787 was stopped when the Peace of Iaşi happened.  Alexander Ypsilanti and the Filiki Eteria came into the city and took it in 1822.

Iaşi was the capital of Moldavia from 1568 to 1859.  When World War I happened, Iaşi became the capital of Romania.  This happened when the Central Powers took Bucharest on 6 December 1916.  Bucharest became the capital again when Imperial Germany was defeated.
Geography 
Iaşi can be found on the Bahlui River, which is a tributary of the Jijia.  Forests and uplands are very common.  These woods and hills include the monasteries of Cetăţuia, Frumoasa, and Galata.  People have thought that Iaşi was built on seven hills (Cetăţuia, Galata, Copou-Aurora, Bucium-Păun, Şorogari, Repedea and Breazu in Romanian).

Population 
The population of Iaşi has changed a bit over the years:

 1859:  50,000
 1900:  78,000 
 1930: 102,872
 1948:  96,075
 1966: 161,023
 1977: 265,002
 1992: 344,425 
 2002: 320,888 
 2004: 317,812 (Since July 4, 2004, the second-biggest city)
 2006: 306,000 (the third-biggest city)
 2007 (July 1st): 315,214 (second biggest city)

Sister cities 
The following are the sister cities of Iaşi:
Chişinău, Moldova.
  Assiut, Egypt.
  Atlanta, United States.
  Filacciano, Italy.
  Forano, Italy.
  Ilioupoli, Greece.
   Isfahan, Iran.
  Jericho, Palestine.
  Ramleh, Israel.
  Kozani, Greece.
  Monterrey, Mexico.
  Morlupo, Italy.
  Nazzano, Italy.
  Padua, Italy.
  Peristeri, Greece.
  Poitiers, France.
  Rhodes, Greece.
  Quebec City, Canada.
  Sant'Oreste, Italy.
  Torrita Tiberina, Italy.
  Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
  Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
  Xi'an, China.

References

Other websites 

 Iasi City Hall website
  Official site of the Iaşi police inspectorate 
 Events in Iaşi 
 Iasi Map 

Cities in Romania
Municipalities of Romania
County capitals of Romania
Class AM1 was allocated to the prototype AC electric multiple units, converted from fourth-rail DC electric stock in 1952 and used on the Lancaster/Morecambe/Heysham route. This route had been electrified by the Midland Railway at 6.6 kV, 25 Hz AC, but the frequency was changed to 50 Hz in 1953 to test the prototype AM1 stock.

AM1
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian Empire's goal of recovering territorial losses that it had suffered because of the Crimean War. Tsar Alexander II was fighting against the Ottoman Empire led by Abdul Hamid II .

Related pages
 Constantinople Conference

History of Bulgaria
History of Romania
Wars involving Russia
1877
1878
1870s in Europe
19th century in the Ottoman Empire
19th-century conflicts
From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) to a full-fledged independent kingdom. During 1918-20, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina were united with the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja were ceded to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria. In 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate from throne. Socialist republic ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy after Joseph Stalin occupied Romania in 1945 .

References

History of Romania
House of Hohenzollern
1881 establishments in Europe
1947 disestablishments
1940s disestablishments in Europe
Former dictatorships
Former monarchies of Europe
The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty signed in 1920 between the Allies and Hungary.  

Hungary lost World War I and so the treaty gave about two thirds of its land and one third of its population to neighboring countries, like Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Under the principle of self-determination the majority of the people in the lost territories were something other than Hungarian. The partition brought irredentism, since many people in the lost lands were Hungarian and wanted to continue being part of Hungary.  Hundreds of thousands of people from the lost territories sought refuge in Hungary. 

Also, the treaty forced Hungary to pay reparations and to limit the size of its army.  Meanwhile, France helped its allies the Romanians to strengthen their army and defend their new territory of Transylvania.

References

Other websites 

 Treaty of Trianon -Citizendium

1920 in Europe
1920s in Austria
1920s in Ukraine
Trianon
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 10 September 1919 by the winning Allies and the new Republic of Austria on the other. Austria lost large amounts of territory to the Allies after it lost World War I.

Like the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the treaty contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and so the United States did not ratify either of them.

1919 in Europe
1910s in Austria
1919 in France
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
September events
The 1920 Treaty of Paris was an act signed by Romania and the Principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia. The treaty however never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.

References

1920 in Europe
20th century in Romania
Paris 1920
Bessarabia is the word for the area in Eastern Europe between Romania and Ukraine. It shares borders with Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west. 

During the 19th century it was sometimes part of Romania and sometimes in the Russian Empire. It was again part of Romania most of the first half of the 20th century. The Soviet Union occupied the region after 1944. Today, most areas of Bessarabia belong to the Republic of Moldova.

Other websites 

Divided regions
Moldova
Regions of Romania
Geography of Ukraine
Bukovina is a historical region in both Romania and Ukraine.  It can be found by the northeastern Carpathian Mountains.

Regions of Romania
Geography of Ukraine
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation CP to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway lines in the Crystal Palace area.

SR CP
Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ;  ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family.

References

 
Ethnic groups in Europe
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation CW to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the lines to Coulsdon and Wallington.  They were planned by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway but were delayed by the Grouping and were introduced by the Southern Railway.

SR CW
The Midland Railway (MR) experimented with electrification on its Heysham-Morecambe-Lancaster line. Electric trains started to run over this route in 1908. The system used was 6,600 Volt, 25 Hz alternating current from overhead lines.  Power was generated at the MR's own power station in Heysham.

MR
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation SL to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway South London Line.

SR SL
Total Operations Processing System, or TOPS, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock (railroad cars) owned by a rail system.  It was originally developed by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in the United Kingdom for its use by British Rail.

British Rail
Rail technologies
The Battery Electric Multiple Unit was an experimental two-car Multiple unit, built at the same time and in the same style as the prototype Derby Lightweight Diesel multiple units.

BEMU
Dobruja or Dobrudja (;  or Dobrudža; ,  or ; ) is a region between Bulgaria and Romania. It is be found between the Danube and the Black Sea. It is divided between Northern Dobruja in Romania and Southern Dobruja in Bulgaria.  

The Romanian part of Dobruja, Dobrogea, is made up of the counties of Constanţa and Tulcea. The Bulgarian part of Dobruja, Dobrudzha, is made up of the provinces of Dobrich and Silistra.

Major cities in Dobruja include Constanța, Tulcea, Medgidia and Mangalia in the Romanian part and Dobrich and Silistra in the Bulgarian part.

Geography 
Dobruja is a mainly hilly area except for the marshy Danube Delta. It has an average altitude of about 200–300  metres. Its highest point is the Țuțuiatu (Greci) Peak in the Măcin Mountains, with a height of 467 m. The Romanian part of Dobruja is covered mostly by the Dobruja Plateau. The Bulgarian part has the Ludogorie Plateau. Lake Razelm is one of the most important lakes in Northern Dobruja. Dobruja has a continental climate.
Dobruja is a windy region known for its windmills. There is wind during about 85–90% of all days. It usually comes from the north or northeast. The average wind speed is about twice higher than the average in Bulgaria.

References 

Regions of Romania
Geography of Bulgaria
In 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) ordered a fleet of articulated electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger trains for use on the Tyneside Electric lines, which linked the English city of Newcastle upon Tyne with the coast at North Shields and South Shields.  The order also included some single-unit motor parcel vans and motor luggage vans. 

LNER
România Mare, translated from Romanian can mean:
Kingdom of Romania under the King Ferdinand I
Greater Romania
During 1909-1922, the London and North Western Railway embarked on a large-scale project to electrify their whole London inner-suburban network, encompassing the lines from London Euston to Watford and the North London Railway from London Broad Street to Richmond. This also included branch lines such as Watford to Croxley Green (where a depot was built to house the electric units), and links to what was to become the London Underground network. For this reason, the lines were electrified using the fourth rail 630V DC system, the electricity being generated at the LNWR's own power station in Stonebridge Park. The first electric passenger trains ran in 1914, limited to the West London line route (Willesden to Earls Court), and full services over the whole network did not begin until 1922, work having been delayed by the First World War. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway extended the network in 1927 by electrifying the branch to Rickmansworth.

LNWR
Golaniad was a protest in Bucharest, Romania. It started in April 1990.

1990 in Europe
1990s in Romania
Bucharest
20th-century protests
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) electrified urban railway lines in Liverpool and Manchester in order to improve the service offered against the competition being put up by new electric trams.

Liverpool

Liverpool to Southport
The line between Liverpool and Southport began using electric multiple units (EMUs) on 22 March 1904. Power was supplied from a third rail at 625 Volts direct current.

Liverpool Overhead Railway
Connections were built with the Liverpool Overhead Railway (LOR) at Seaforth & Litherland railway station to a new station beside LOR's Seaforth Sands station. Also from the North Mersey Branch route to Aintree. From 2 July 1905 LOR trains began to run through to Seaforth and Litherland. In 1906 the L&YR electrified the line to Aintree.

Liverpool to Ormskirk
Electrification to Ormskirk was completed in 1913.

Manchester
Manchester

Bury to Holcombe Brook
From 1913 an experimental electric service operated between Bury and Holcombe Brook. The equipment was provided by Dick, Kerr & Co. of Preston, which was developing its products for export.
The system used was 3,500 Volts DC from overhead lines. In 1918 the line was converted to the 1,200 V DC system chosen for the Manchester to Bury line.

Manchester to Bury
After the Holcombe Brook service, the L&YR decided to electrify the Manchester to Bury line. The system used was 1,200 V DC from a side-contact third rail. The purpose of this unusual arrangement was to prevent the service being affected by ice forming on the live rail.  Sixty-six cars were built at Newton Heath works. The electrical equipment was supplied by Dick, Kerr & Co. The first public services ran on 17 April 1916,

LYR
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region. It existed from 1562 through 1795. It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania. It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland.

It had its own empire. One of its colonies was modern day Trinidad and Tobago.

Predecessor 
  Livonian Confederation

Successor 
  Courland Governorate

Courland
1560s establishments in Europe
1795 disestablishments
1562 establishments
1790s disestablishments in Europe
There are 706 communes in the Calvados département in France.

 
Calvados
Carol II of Romania (15 October/16 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) was the king of Romania from June 8, 1930 until September 6, 1940.

1893 births
1953 deaths
Kings of Romania
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2Nol to the electric multiple units built during the 1930s from old London and South Western Railway carriage bodies on new underframes. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.

References

SR 2Nol
Ion Victor Antonescu (15 June 1882 in Piteşti – 1 June 1946) was the  fascist prime minister of Romania from 4 September 1940 to 23 August 23 1944. After the war he was tried and executed by firing squad for war crimes with the Axis .

1882 births
1946 deaths
Anti-communists
Eastern Orthodox Christians
Former dictators
Romanian generals
Holocaust perpetrators
Military personnel of World War I
People executed by firearm
Prime Ministers of Romania
Recipients of the Knight's Cross
Ablon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2SL to the small fleet of electric multiple units dedicated for use on the South London lines. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.

SR 2SL
Acqueville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Agy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Aignerville is a former commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Formigny La Bataille.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Airan is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Valambray.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Amayé-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Amayé-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Other websites

Communes in Calvados
Amblie is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Amfreville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Other websites

Communes in Calvados
Anctoville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Aurseulles.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Angerville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Angoville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Anguerny is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Colomby-Anguerny.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Anisy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Annebault is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Arganchy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Argences is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Arromanches-les-Bains is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Asnelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Asnières-en-Bessin is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Other websites

Communes in Calvados
Auberville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Aubigny, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Audrieu is a commune. It is found in the region Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Aunay-sur-Odon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Auquainville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Authie, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Auvillars is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Avenay is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Balleroy is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Balleroy-sur-Drôme.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Banneville-la-Campagne is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Other websites

Communes in Calvados
Banneville-sur-Ajon is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Malherbe-sur-Ajon.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Banville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Barbery, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Barbeville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Barneville-la-Bertran is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Baron-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Barou-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Basly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Basseneville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bauquay is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Bavent is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bayeux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the Northwest of France.

The town is famous for its  tapestry. It is one of the oldest complete tapestries in the world.

The inhabitants are called Bajocasses ou Bayeusains. Bayeux is a sous-préfecture of the Calvados  department.

History

Heraldry

Origin
Bayeux is the capital of the Bessin which was called Bajocasses before. Bessin was a province of France before the French Revolution. The name of the city comes from the Celtic tribe which lived in the Bajocasses region.
Middle Ages
The Vikings distroyed the town in 890, but it was rebuilt by Bothon at the beginning of the 10th century. The bishop Hugues II, and his successor, Odon de Conteville (Guillaume le Conquérant's half brother) insisted the town needed a new cathedral. In 1077, a new one was built. However it is around that time that the town lost a lot of influence. Guillaume le Conquérant decided to make Caen his capital, in 1050. The Bayeux Tapestry was made around that time

The Renaissance didn't really mark the town. The most notable building from that period is the Saint-Patrice Church. It was built between 1544 and 1548.

Second World War
Bayeux was the first city in France to be liberated after the Battle of Normandy. On 16 June 1944, General Charles de Gaulle made his first major speech in Bayeux. The buildings were not damaged much during the Battle of Normandy as the German forces were defending Caen at the same time.
The Bayeux War Cemetery is the largest British cemetery dating from the Second World War in France. There are 4648 graves: 3935 are British and 466 are German.

Geography

Location
Bayeux is seven kilometres from the English Channel and the D-Day Landing Beaches. It is about 30 kilometres northwest of Caen. The town's elevation varies from 32 to 67 metres (with an average of 46 metres). The river Aure passes through it.

Climate

The table below gives the temperatures and precipitation for 2007 (Recorded at the station Caen-Carpiquet) :

The table below gives the minimum and maximum temperatures for each month :

Transport
La Bayeux Train station is on the Paris-Saint-Lazare>Cherbourg line. The TER line is from Caen to Rennes.
The Bybus goes around the town and to the communes of Saint-Martin-des-Entrées and Saint-Vigor-le-Grand. There is one main line (Chojnice / St-Martin-des-Entrées) and three minor one's toward the different districts. The Bus verts invented by the Conseil général is a way to get to the surrounding communes (lines 30, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74). 3000 parking spaces in the town center make it an easy place to park. Furthermore, most car parks are free. The By-pass is Bayeux's ring road. The first part was built after the Battle of Normandy by British soldiers. The roads in the town center were too narrow for the Tanks to get through. The By-pass used to be the Route nationale 13 until a motorway was built (A13 autoroute).

The closest airport is in Caen (21 km away) and the closest ferry to England (32 km away) leaves in Ouistreham.

Twin and sister towns

Demographics

Bayeux is the fourth biggest town in Calvados by population. The three biggest are Caen, Hérouville-Saint-Clair and Lisieux.

References
References

Communes in Calvados
Subprefectures in France
Bazenville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Beaufour-Druval is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Beaulieu, Calvados is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Beaumais is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Beaumesnil, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.

Communes in Calvados
Beaumont-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References

Communes in Calvados
Bellengreville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bellou is a former  commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Benerville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bernesq is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bernières-d'Ailly is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bernières-le-Patry is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Bernières-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Beuvillers, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Beuvron-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Billy, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Valambray.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Bissières is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Méry-Bissières-en-Auge.

Population

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Biéville-Beuville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Biéville-Quétiéville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Belle Vie en Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Blainville-sur-Orne is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Blangy-le-Château is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Blay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Blonville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Boissey, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Bonnebosq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bonnemaison is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bonneville-la-Louvet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bonneville-sur-Touques is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bonnœil is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Calvados department

Communes in Calvados
Bons-Tassilly is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bougy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Boulon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bourgeauville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bourguébus is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.

Communes in Calvados
Branville is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Thue et Mue.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Bretteville-le-Rabet is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Bretteville-sur-Dives is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Bretteville-sur-Laize is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Other websites

Communes in Calvados
2Wim was the designation given, by Southern Railway (SR), to a small fleet of electric multiple units, dedicated for use on the West Croydon to Wimbledon Line. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.

SR 2Wim
Conceived by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway's Dartford commuter route, the two 4DD electric multiple units were the only double-deck trains to run on the main line railway network in Britain. The upper-level seats were squeezed in between the lower-level seats to ensure that the overall height of the unit was within the clearances necessary to pass through tunnels and under bridges. The 4DD was somewhat unsuccessful because the upper level compartments were cramped and poorly ventilated (the upper level windows could not be opened due to tight clearance). The compartments were pressure-ventilated but the equipment proved to be troublesome. Also dwell times at stations were increased because of the increased number of passengers per door. To obtain the extra seating capacity that was being sought, it was instead decided to lengthen trains from eight cars to ten.

SR 4DD
Network SouthEast (NSE) was one of three passenger sectors of British Rail created in 1982. NSE principally operated commuter trains in the London area and inter-urban services in densely populated South East England. Before 1986, the sector was known as London & South Eastern.

Privatisation
After privatisation, NSE was divided up into several franchises:

British Rail
Thameslink
1982 establishments in England
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 4Lav to the electric multiple units built to work the semi-fast services on the route between London and Brighton. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.

SR 4Lav
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designations 6Pul, 6Cit and 6Pan to electric multiple units built to work the routes between London and Brighton, West Worthing and Eastbourne. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class number. The 6Pul units were designated 6Cor until 1935 (the Cor designation was later used for 4Cor units).

SR 6Pul
British Rail's third fundamental design of carriage was designated Mark 3, and was introduced in 1976 primarily for use on the High Speed Train (HST).  The coaches were also used as conventional loco-hauled stock as part of the West Coast Main Line (WCML) northern electrification scheme in the mid 1970s, designated Mark 3A and 3B.  The final batch was built in 1988, but Mark 3-based multiple units continued to be built until the early 1990s.

Related pages

 InterCity 125
 Class 43 power cars

High-speed trains
 Mark 3
Desiro is the brand name for a design of modular train manufactured by Siemens of Germany.

The Desiro can be made as a diesel or electric multiple unit (DMU or EMU). It is normally made as two and three-car trainsets. Although there are many differences between single trains, the basic body design is the same. These trains are mostly used for regional services, and belong to a new generation of light, modular trains which have become common in many European countries. They are sometimes thought as light regional railcars. They are mostly cheap to make and work. Their fast acceleration makes them good for services with short intervals between stations. However, they are sometimes complained by people for their poor passenger comfort.

Austria 
In Austria, the ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways) is right now using about 60 diesel-powered Desiro trains called ÖBB 5022. These are based on the Class 642 used by Deutsche Bahn, but have added more safety stuff.

Bulgaria
Bulgaria 

In 2005 and 2006, in Bulgaria, the Bulgarian State Railways begin working Desiro trains as part of a €67-million deal with Siemens AG for a total of 25 Diesel multiple units. As of 22 March 2006, 16 trains had been delivered, with many of them working on the Sofia-Kyustendil-Sofia line. Another €117-million deal for 25 EMUs has also been signed with Siemens AG. The EMUs were fitted out in Varna, where BDŽ and Siemens AG are thinking about making a joint venture company. The EMUs are classes 30 and 31 and are servicing traffic in the Sofia and Plovdiv areas.

Denmark 
In Denmark, DSB rented 12 Desiro trains since 2002. The train is mostly used between Odense and Svendborg and between Odense and Fredericia. On July 2, 2009 DSB signed a contract of eight trains from Siemens for Grenaabanen for delivery late 2010. Nordjyske Jernbaner used Desiro trains since 2004 on all its working rails. Today the company owns eight Desiro trains.
Germany 
 Germany's Deutsche Bahn first showed two-car Desiro DMUs for local services in 2000. With a top speed of 120 km/h, these Class 642 units are mostly used on branch lines and regional lines. Besides the 234 units bought by DB until 2007, many private German rail companies are also using Desiro DMUs.

The Class 642 has two MAN diesel engines with an output of 275 or 315 kW each and hydro-mechanical transmission with retarders. It normally has 100 seats. When linked together with Scharfenberg couplers, up to three trainsets can be worked together. The Desiros are quite popular with most passengers, thanks to their good acceleration. Because they have often replaced push/pull trains, their shorter journey times, such as on the Müglitzbahn, have made greater passenger numbers.
At first, DB was going to work together modern DMUs bought from different makers, but because of software trouble, this proved to be impossible. Therefore the Class 642 can only be mechanically coupled with other DMUs like the Class 643.

Hungary 
Right now in Hungary, 31 diesel Desiros are in service with MÁV (counting 8 units from Greece), mostly as suburban trains on the secondary line between Budapest-Esztergom and Budapest - Lajosmizse and as an InterCity between Budapest and Baja. On weekends, the units also used as top inter-city trains from Budapest to Baja and Sátoraljaújhely and as fast trains from Budapest to Tapolca. During the summer months (when fewer units are used on the Budapest suburban routes) Desiros appear on some local train diagrams on the norther shore of the Lake Balaton.

Malaysia 

The 57km KLIA Ekspres and KLIA Transit airport rail link uses the Desiro ET 425 M four-car Electric Multiple Units. There are 12 trainsets right now working in Malaysia.
Eight trains are used for the non-stop Express Rail Link service between Kuala Lumpur's central station and Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
 Four trains serve five stations on the Commuter Rail Service.

These EMUs have a maximum commercial speed of 160 km/h.

Romania 
Căile Ferate Române (CFR), Romania's national railway worker, is one of the largest users of the Siemens Desiro trainsets. CFR, which is right now undergoing modernisation, has bought many Desiro trainsets and uses them for all types of train: "Regio", "InterRegio" and "InterCity" inter-city services, but mostly on its "InterRegio" express trains. There was some criticism of the use of Desiros for CFR's long-distance services because they were thought to be uncomfortable. CFR has recently refitted them, and is now using Desiros mostly on its medium and short-distance routes.