Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Statistics

Approximate size of the Encyclopédie'':

 17 volumes of articles, issued from 1751 to 1765
 11 volumes of illustrations, issued from 1762 to 1772
 18,000 pages of text
 75,000 entries
44,000 main articles
28,000 secondary articles
2,500 illustration indices
 20,000,000 words in total

Print run: 4,250 copies (note: even single-volume works in the 18th Century seldom had a print run of more than 1,500 copies)

Quotes
 "If exclusive privileges were not granted, and if the financial system would not tend to concentrate wealth, there would be few great fortunes and no quick wealth.  When the means of growing rich is divided between a greater number of citizens, wealth will also be more evenly distributed; extreme poverty and extreme wealth would be also rare." (Wealth article, Diderot)

References

Other websites

Encyclopedie (Diderot and d'Alembert)
1750s books
1760s books
1770s books
French literature
Denis Diderot (; 5 October 1713 – 31 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic and writer. He was a known figure during the Enlightenment. He is best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. 

Diderot died from pulmonary thrombosis in Paris, aged 70.

References

Other websites

1713 births
1784 deaths
People from Haute-Marne
French art critics
French atheists
French critics
French philosophers
Writers from Grand Est
2 Baruch is a text that was written in the late first century, or the early second century CE. It was  probably written after the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, in 70 CE, and before the second Roman-Jewish War, 132-135 CE. It is attributed to Baruch ben Neriah and is included in some editions of the Old Testament and the Peshitta, but neither Jews nor Christians regard it as scripture. The Syrian Orthodox Church includes it in the Bible. The text has 87 sections and is also known as Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch and Letter of Baruch to the Nine and a Half Tribes.

Old Testament books
1st-century books
The Rhysling Awards are a prize given each year for the best poem from science fiction, fantasy, or horror.  Most awards for writing are named for the creator of the award, the subject of the award, or an important person. The Rhyslings are named for a character in a science fiction story: the blind poet Rhysling, in Robert A. Heinlein's short story The Green Hills of Earth. Two awards are given: "Best Long Poem", for poetry of 50 or more lines, and "Best Short Poem", for works of 49 or fewer lines.
The members of the Science Fiction Poetry Association (SFPA) choose several possible winners (nominees) for each year's Rhysling Awards.  Each member may name one work that should win in each category.  All of the nominees are published in a book called The Rhysling Anthology. Members of the Association then vote on the final winners. Since 2005, the Awards have been presented in July at a ceremony at Readercon. The "Best Short Poem" category allows very short poems to be entered. However, the SFPA also has the Dwarf Stars Award for poems from one to ten lines.
Best Long Poem winners
 1978 Gene Wolfe The Computer Iterates the Greater Trumps
 1979 Michael Bishop For the Lady of a Physicist
 1980 Andrew Joron The Sonic Flowerfall of Primes
 1981 Thomas M. Disch On Science Fiction
 1982 Ursula K. Le Guin The Well of Baln
 1983 Adam Cornford Your Time and You: A Neoprole's Dating Guide
 1984 Joe Haldeman Saul's Death: Two Sestinas
 1985 Siv Cedering A Letter from Caroline Herschel (1750-1848)
 1986 Andrew Joron Shipwrecked on Destiny Five
 1987 W. Gregory Stewart Daedalus
 1988 Lucius Shepard White Trains
 1989 (tie): Bruce Boston In the Darkened Hours ; John M. Ford Winter Solstice, Camelot Station
 1990 Patrick McKinnon dear spacemen
 1991 David Memmott The Aging Cryonicist in the Arms of His Mistress Contemplates the Survival of the Species While the Phoenix Is Consumed by Fire
 1992 W. Gregory Stewart the button and what you know
 1993 William J. Daciuk To Be from Earth
 1994 W. Gregory Stewart and Robert Frazier Basement Flats: Redefining the Burgess Shale
1995 David Lunde Pilot, Pilot
 1996 Margaret B. Simon Variants of the Obsolete
 1997 Terry A. Garey Spotting UFOs While Canning Tomatoes
 1998 Laurel Winter why goldfish shouldn't use power tools
 1999 Bruce Boston Confessions of a Body Thief
 2000 Geoffrey A. Landis Christmas (after we all get time machines)
 2001 Joe Haldeman January Fires
 2002 Lawrence Schimel How to Make a Human
 2003 (tie): Charles Saplak and Mike Allen Epochs in Exile: A Fantasy Trilogy ; Sonya Taaffe Matlacihuatl's Gift
 2004 Theodora Goss Octavia Is Lost in the Hall of Masks
 2005 Tim Pratt Soul Searching
 2006 Kendall Evans and David C. Kopaska-Merkel The Tin Men
 2007 Mike Allen The Journey to Kailash
 2008 Catherynne M. Valente The Seven Devils of Central California
 2009 Geoffrey A. Landis Search
 2010 Kendall Evans and Samantha Henderson In the Astronaut Asylum
 2011 C.S.E. Cooney The Sea King's Second Bride
 2012 Megan Arkenberg The Curator Speaks in the Department of Dead Languages
 2013 Andrew Robert Sutton Into Flight
2014 Mary Soon Lee Interregnum
 2015 F.J. Bergmann 100 Reasons to Have Sex with an Alien
 2016 (tie): Krysada Panusith Phounsiri It Begins With A Haunting; Ann K. Schwader Keziah
 2017 Theodora Goss Rose Child
Best Short Poem winners
 1978 (tie): Duane Ackerson The Starman ; Andrew Joron Asleep in the Arms of Mother Night ; Sonya Dorman Corruption of Metals
 1979 (tie): Duane Ackerson Fatalities ; Steve Eng Storybooks and Treasure Maps
 1980 (tie): Robert Frazier Encased in the Amber of Eternity ; Peter Payack The Migration of Darkness
 1981 Ken Duffin Meeting Place
 1982 Raymond DiZazzo On the Speed of Sight
 1983 Alan P. Lightman In Computers
 1984 Helen Ehrlich Two Sonnets
 1985 Bruce Boston For Spacers Snarled in the Hair of Comets
 1986 Susan Palwick The Neighbor's Wife
 1987 (tie): Jonathan V. Post Before the Big Bang: News from the Hubble Large Space Telescope ; John Calvin Rezmerski A Dream of Heredity
 1988 (tie): Bruce Boston The Nightmare Collector ; Suzette Haden Elgin Rocky Road to Hoe
 1989 Robert Frazier Salinity
 1990 G. Sutton Breiding Epitaph for Dreams
 1991 Joe Haldeman Eighteen Years Old, October Eleventh
 1992 David Lunde Song of the Martian Cricket
 1993 Jane Yolen Will
1994 (tie): Bruce Boston Spacer's Compass ; Jeff VanderMeer Flight Is for Those Who Have Not Yet Crossed Over
 1995 Dan Raphael Skin of Glass
 1996 Bruce Boston Future Present: A Lesson in Expectation
 1997 W. Gregory Stewart Day Omega
 1998 John Grey Explaining Frankenstein to His Mother
 1999 Laurel Winter egg horror poem
 2000 Rebecca Marjesdatter Grimoire
 2001 Bruce Boston My Wife Returns as She Would Have It
 2002 William John Watkins We Die as Angels
 2003 Ruth Berman Potherb Gardening
 2004 Roger Dutcher Just Distance
 2005 Greg Beatty No Ruined Lunar City
 2006 Mike Allen The Strip Search
 2007 Rich Ristow The Graven Idol's Godheart
 2008 F.J. Bergmann Eating Light
 2009 Amal El-Mohtar Song for an Ancient City
 2010 Ann K. Schwader To Theia
 2011 Amal El-Mohtar Peach-Creamed Honey
 2012  Shira Lipkin The Library, After
 2013 Terry A. Garey The Cat Star
 2014 Amal El-Mohtar Turning the Leaves
 2015 Marge Simon Shutdown
 2016 Ruth Berman Time Travel Vocabulary Problems
Other websites
SFPA Rhysling Anthology

References

Science fiction awards
Fantasy
Poetry
Literary awards
Horror
Northbourne is a village and civil parish near Deal in Kent, England. In 2001 there were 793 people living in Northbourne.

References 

Civil parishes in Kent
Villages in Kent
Huntshaw is a village and civil parish in Torridge, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 120 people living in Huntshaw.

References 

Civil parishes in Devon
Villages in Devon
Torridge
East Bergholt is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 2,689 people living in East Bergholt.

References 

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
West Bergholt is a village and civil parish in Colchester district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 3,294 people living in West Bergholt.

References 

Civil parishes in Essex
Villages in Essex
Wormingford is a village and civil parish in Colchester district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 459 people living in Wormingford.

References 

Civil parishes in Essex
Villages in Essex
A civil parish is a type of local government. It is a territorial designation and lowest tier of local government in England.

Other websites
 National Association of Local Councils (UK)
Stanstead is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 316 people living in Stanstead.

References 

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
In England, a civil parish is a unit of local government.  Civil parishes are the lowest tier of local government, below districts and counties. It is an administrative parish, in comparison to an ecclesiastical (church) parish.

The parish council can decide to call itself a town, village, neighbourhood or community; and in a limited number of cases has city status granted by the monarch. Civil parishes only cover part of England; about 35% of the population.

There are currently no civil parishes in Greater London, and before 2008 their creation was not permitted within a London Borough.

History
History

Ancient origins
The creation of ancient parishes was linked to the manorial system.  The parishes often shared the same boundaries as the manor of the local lord. At first the manor was the main unit of local administration and justice in the early rural economy. Eventually the church replaced the manor court as the rural administrative centre and levied a local tax on produce known as a tithe. Responsibility for things such as relief of the poor passed from the Lord of the Manor to the church, but in practice it was administered by monasteries. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the power to charge (levy) a rate to fund relief of the poor was given to the parish authorities by the 1601 Act for the Relief of the Poor.
The parish authorities were known as vestries and were made up of all the inhabitants of the parish. As the population was growing it became increasingly difficult to hold meetings as an open vestry. In some, mostly built up, areas the select vestry took over responsibility from the community at large. This innovation improved efficiency, but allowed governance by a self-perpetuating elite. The administration of the parish system relied on the monopoly of the Church of England. As religious membership became more fractured, such as through the revival of Methodism, the legitimacy of the parish vestry came into question and the perceived inefficiency and corruption inherent in the system became a source for concern. Because of this scepticism, during early the 19th century the parish progressively lost its powers to ad-hoc boards and other organisations, such as the loss of responsibility for poor relief through the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
. The replacement boards were each able to levy their own rate in the parish. The church rate ceased to be levied in many areas and was abolished altogether in 1868.
Civil and ecclesiastical split
The ancient parishes split into two distinct units during the 19th century. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 declared that all areas that levied a separate rate —extra-parochial areas, townships, and chapelries— become civil parishes as well. The parishes for church use continued unchanged as ecclesiastical parishes. The latter part of the 19th century saw most of the ancient irregularities inherited by the civil system cleaned up, with the majority of exclaves abolished.
Reform
Civil parishes in their modern sense were established afresh in 1894, by the Local Government Act 1894. The Act abolished vestries, and established elected parish councils in all rural civil parishes with more than 300 electors. These were grouped into rural districts. Boundaries were altered to avoid parishes being split between counties. Urban parishes continued to exist, and boundaries were usually changed to be the same as the urban district or municipal borough in which they were situated. Large towns originally split between multiple parishes were, for the most part, eventually joined into one parish. No parish councils were formed for urban parishes, and their only function was as areas electing guardians to Poor Law Unions. With the abolition of the poor law system in 1930 the parishes had only a nominal existence.
In 1965 civil parishes in London were formally abolished when Greater London was created, as the legislative framework for Greater London did not make provision for any local government body below a London Borough (since all of London was previously part of a metropolitan borough, municipal borough or urban district, no actual parish councils were abolished). In 1974 the Local Government Act 1972 retained civil parishes in rural areas and small urban areas, but abolished them in larger urban areas. Many former urban districts and municipal boroughs that were being abolished rather than succeeded were continued as new parishes.  Urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes were refused this permission and became unparished areas. The Act also led to the possibility of sub-division of all districts (apart from London boroughs, reformed in 1965), into multiple civil parishes. For example, Oxford, whilst entirely unparished in 1974, now has four civil parishes, covering part of its area.
Revival
The creation of town and parish councils is encouraged in unparished areas. The Local Government and Rating Act 1997 gave local residents the right to demand that a new parish and council be created in unparished areas. This was extended to London boroughs by the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 - with this, the City of London is at present the only part of England where civil parishes cannot be created.
If enough electors in an area of a proposed new parish (ranging from 50% in an area with less than 500 electors to 10% in one with more than 2,500) sign a petition demanding its creation, then the local district council or unitary authority must consider the proposal. Recently established parish councils include Daventry (2003), Folkestone (2004), and Brixham (2007). In 2003 seven new parish councils were set up for Burton upon Trent, and in 2001 the Milton Keynes urban area became entirely parished, with ten new parishes being created. In 2003, the village of Great Coates (Grimsby) regained parish status. Parishes can also be abolished where there is evidence that this in response to "justified, clear and sustained local support" from the area's inhabitants. Examples include Birtley, which was abolished in 2006 and Southsea abolished in 2010.

Governance
Governance

Every civil parish has a parish meeting, consisting of all the electors of the parish.  Generally a meeting is held once a year.  A civil parish may have a parish council which exercises various local responsibilities given by statute. If a parish has fewer than 200 electors it is usually deemed too small to have a parish council, and instead will only have a parish meeting; an example of direct democracy. Alternatively several small parishes can be grouped together and share a common parish council, or even a common parish meeting. In places where there is no civil parish (unparished areas), the administration of the activities normally undertaken by the parish becomes the responsibility of the district or borough council. There are about 8,700 parish and town councils in England, and about 1,500 parishes with only parish meetings. Since 1997 around 100 new civil parishes have been created, in some cases splitting existing civil parishes, but mostly by creating new ones from unparished areas.
Powers and functions
Typical activities undertaken by parish or town councils include:

 The provision and upkeep of certain local facilities such as allotments, bus shelters, parks, playgrounds, public seats, public toilets, public clocks, street lights, village or town halls, and various leisure and recreation facilities.
 Maintenance of footpaths, cemeteries and village greens
 Since 1997 parish councils have had new powers to provide community transport (such as a minibus), crime prevention measures (such as CCTV) and to contribute money towards traffic calming schemes.
 Parish councils are supposed to act as a channel of local opinion to larger local government bodies, and as such have the right to be consulted on any planning decisions affecting the parish.
 Giving of grants to local voluntary organisations, and sponsoring public events, including entering Britain in Bloom.
Parish councils are run by volunteer councillors who are elected to serve for four years and are not paid. Some councils have chosen to pay their elected members a small allowance as permitted under Part 5 of the Local Government Act 2000 The Local Authorities (Members’ Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003. The number of councillors varies roughly in proportion to the population of the parish. Most parish councillors are elected to represent the entire parish, though in parishes with larger populations or those that cover large areas, the parish can be divided into wards. These wards then return a certain number of councillors each to the parish council (depending on their population). Only if there are more candidates standing for election than there are seats on the council will an election be held. However, sometimes there are fewer candidates than seats.  When this happens, the vacant seats have to be filled by co-option by the council
. When a vacancy arises for a seat mid-term, an election is only held if a certain number (usually 10) of parish residents request an election. Otherwise the council will co-opt someone to be the replacement councillor. Every Parish Council in England must adopt a code of conduct, and parish councillors must comply with its standards, enforced by the Standards Board for England.
Status and styles
A parish can have city status but only if that is granted by the Crown. In England, there are currently eight parishes with city status, all places with long-established Anglican cathedrals: Chichester, Ely, Hereford, Lichfield, Ripon, Salisbury, Truro and Wells.

The council of an ungrouped parish may unilaterally pass a resolution giving the parish the status of a town. The parish council becomes a "town council". Around 400 parish councils are called town councils.

Under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007, a civil parish may now be given an "alternative style" meaning one of the following:

community
neighbourhood
village
Charter trustees
When a city or town has been abolished as a borough, and it is considered desirable to maintain continuity of the charter, the charter may be transferred to a parish council for its area.  Where there is no such parish council, the district council may appoint charter trustees to whom the charter and the arms of the former borough will belong.  The charter trustees (who consist of the councillor or councillors for the area of the former borough) maintain traditions such as mayoralty. An example of such a city was Hereford, whose city council was merged in 1998 to form a unitary Herefordshire.  The area of the city of Hereford remained unparished until 2000 when a parish council was created for the city.  The charter trustees for the City of Bath make up the majority of the councillors on Bath and North East Somerset Council.
Geography
Civil parishes do not cover the whole of England.  There are none in Greater London and very few in the other conurbations. Civil parishes vary greatly in size: many cover tiny hamlets with populations of less than 100, whereas some large parishes cover towns with populations of tens of thousands. Weston-super-Mare, with a population of 71,758, is the most populous civil parish. In many cases, several small villages are in a single parish. Large urban areas are mostly unparished, as the government at the time of the Local Government Act 1972 discouraged their creation for large towns or their suburbs, but there is generally nothing to stop their establishment. For example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley, whilst Oxford has four, and Northampton has seven. Parishes could not however be established in London until the changing of the law in 2007 and as yet none have been established there.
Deserted parishes
The 2001 census recorded several parishes with no inhabitants.  These were Chester Castle (in the middle of Chester city centre), Newland with Woodhouse Moor, Beaumont Chase, Martinsthorpe, Meering, Stanground North (subsequently abolished), Sturston, Tottington, and Tyneham.  The last three had been taken over by the British Armed Forces during World War II and remain deserted.

Detached parts and divided parishes 
Ancient parishes often had detached parts, exclaves and enclaves which were not joined to the rest of the parish.  In some cases the detached part was in a different county.  In other cases, an entire parish was in a detached part of the county to which it belonged.  There were also many examples of parishes divided between two or more counties.
These anomalies were mostly fixed in the 19th century.  Before civil parishes were introduced, the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 transferred many (but not all) parishes which were detached parts of a county to the county in which they were geographically located.  The remaining detached parishes were transferred in the 1890s and in 1931.  The detached part of the parish of Tetworth, Huntingdonshire, surrounded by Cambridgeshire, remained until the boundaries were changed in 1965.

Other laws, including the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882, eliminated most instances of civil parishes belonging to two (or more) counties, and by 1901 Stanground in Huntingdonshire and the Isle of Ely was the sole remaining example.  Stanground was split into two parishes, one in each county, in 1905.

Related pages
List of civil parishes in England

References
Cavendish is a village and civil parish in St Edmundsbury, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 922 people living in Cavendish.

References 

Civil parishes in Suffolk
Villages in Suffolk
Belstead is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 189 people living in Belstead.

References 

Civil parishes in Suffolk
Villages in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
Rose Green is a hamlet in Lindsey, Babergh, Suffolk, England.

Rose Green has five listed buildings.
A barn owned by Mr D Nesbitt
Chapel Farmhouse
Chapel of St James
A cottage
White Rose Inn

References 

Hamlets in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
The Flinders Ranges are a group of mountains in South Australia. They have been listed as one of Australia's outstanding national landscapes. The were named "Flinders Range" in 1839 by explorer Edward John Eyre who was searching for an overland route from Adelaide to Port Lincoln. The ranges were home to the Adnyamathanha, an indigenous Australian people, for thousands of years. Their paintings and rock carvings can be found throughout the area. A large area is protected by the Flinders Ranges National Park. Important towns in the Flinders Ranges include Hawker, Quorn, Wilpena Pound and Leigh Creek.

References

Mountains of South Australia
Mountain ranges of Australia
Glaucoma is a disease that causes damage to the eye. If a person who has glaucoma does not get help from a doctor, they will not be able to see.

This disease happens because of increased pressure in the eye. The pressure causes damage to the optic nerve. This can cause loss of vision, and may also be painful.

Sometimes, it is hard for a person to know that they have glaucoma. The vision can be lost very slowly. When sight is lost from glaucoma, it cannot be recovered.

There are two kinds of glaucoma, the kind that happens very fast, and the kind that happens slowly, over a long time.

Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the world.
Genetic component 
There is often a hereditary tendency to glaucoma. A family history of glaucoma is a risk factor. The relative risk of having what is called "primary open-angle glaucoma" (POAG) is increased about two- to four-fold for people who have a sibling with glaucoma.  Glaucoma, particularly primary open-angle glaucoma, is associated with mutations in several different genes

Also, the likelihood of it happening is different in different populations. Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans, who have higher rates of primary open angle glaucoma.

References 

Ophthalmology
Diseases and disorders of the eye
Tax resistance is when people do not pay a tax because they are angry at how the government uses the money.

Some people are tax resisters because they feel bad about helping the government do bad things (like war). Some people are tax resisters to protest. Some people are tax resisters to try to cause a government to fall (like Mohandas Gandhi did in India).

Taxation
Civil disobedience
An observation deck is a place up high where people can see things. They are usually on buildings or mountains.

Architectural elements
ɫṲ

This is a list of the highest mountains in the world. There are at least 109 mountains on Earth that are higher than  above sea level. Most of these are in central or southern Asia. It is hard to measure how tall a mountain is, so these measurements may not be exact. It is also hard to figure out if two peaks close to each other are part of the same mountain or are two different mountains.

List

Gallery

Footnotes

Related pages
 Mountain
 List of mountain peaks by prominence

Other websites
 Summitpost (Has details on 30 of the top 100 peaks)
 Prominence lists (lists all mountains in the world with more than 1,450m of prominence)
 Alpine Club Himalayan index (Gives history of ascents and location of not well known peaks)
 Discussion of often misquoted heights
 Mountains of Northern Kashmir
 Digital elevation data, including all the above peaks and many more worldwide
 Hispar area: expedition reports and maps
 List of highest mountains down to 6750 metres

MOUNTAINS
The aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is a lemur which lives  in rain forests of Madagascar, a large island off the southeast coast of Africa.(madagascar) 

This solitary animal is nocturnal (most active at night). The aye-aye spends most of its time in trees. During the day, it sleeps in a nest  in the fork of a tree. It builds the nest out of leaves and twigs. 

The aye-aye has rodent-like teeth and a special thin middle finger to get at the insect grubs under tree bark. It fills the same ecological niche as  woodpeckers do elsewhere. It taps on trees to find grubs, then gnaws holes in the wood using its forward slanting incisors. Then it sticks in its middle finger to pull the grubs out. 

Lemurs are primates, and so are related to monkeys, apes, and me

References 

Lemuriformes
Mammals of Africa
Merlin is a legendary character. He is best known as the wizard in the Arthurian legends. He was King Arthur's guide. Merlin is always a mysterious figure. He rarely gives his reasons for the things he does.  Merlin was probably first written about in Welsh legend. His story is based on parts of several different real and fictional characters. Merlin is usually said to be one with nature, being the source of his enormous power. The Lady of the Lake enchanted him.

Other websites 
 

Arthurian legend
Characters in written fiction
Peter Schöttel (born 26 March 1967 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian footballer, who played for SK Rapid Wien and the Austrian football team as defender.

Career
The only club he played for was SK Rapid Wien. From 1997 till 2001 he was captain of the team. During his time with Rapid, he played in a total of 436 matches and scored four goals. For this reason he is a hero for all Rapid supporters. He was voted for the Rapid team of the century. He played for Rapid in the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost.

He played 63 matches for the Austrian football team from 1988 to 2002. He played for them in the FIFA World Cup 1990 and 1998.
After his player career he started as coach of the amateur squad of Rapid. In 2003 he became sports manager of the club, but in 2007 he quit due to continuing criticism. He became coach of the Wiener Sportklub for one year, then manager of the First Vienna FC. Since 2009 he has been coach of SC Magna Wiener Neustadt in the Austrian Bundesliga. In 2011 he went as a new coach to his former club SK Rapid Wien.

Honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):
 1987, 1988, 1996
Austrian Cup (2):
 1987, 1995

Other websites
Career stats – National Football Teams

Austrian footballers
1967 births
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Living people
SV Grödig managers
SK Rapid Wien managers
SC Wiener Neustadt managers
Austrian football defenders
Austrian football champions
Vim is a text editor made by Bram Moolenaar. Moolenaar publicly released Vim on November 2, 1991.

Vim stands for Vi IMproved. Vim is an improved version of the vi text editor, an editor created by Bill Joy in 1976. Vim is free, and the source code is publicly available on GitHub. It is available in multiple languages, and it works on multiple operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS. Vim can be used from either a command-line interface or a graphical user interface.

While Vim can be hard to use, there are built-in commands new users can learn from reading the Vim user manual, running the :help command in Vim, or using the vimtutor command in a terminal.

Vim is widely popular because it allows users to perform many functions on a document (save, search, scroll, etc.) by pressing as few keys as possible. However, many critics argue that these keystrokes are confusing.
One can customize Vim using a .vimrc file. To add new features like keyboard shortcuts, one can use Vim script, Vim’s built-in programming language. Many Vim plugins and extensions are also available online for free.

There is an Internet turf war between programmers that prefer Vim and programmers that prefer Emacs, another common text editor.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 

Free software
Computer programming
Linux software
The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores")  was the call issued by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, on 16 September, 1810  in the small town of Dolores (Therefore the Grito "de Dolores").  It is also called the Grito de la Independencia or the Cry of  Independence against the traditional Spanish Government, which had become catastrophically distorted by the Napoleonic invasion of the Peninsula in the preceding two years.

The history 
Hidalgo and a number of criollos were planning to fight the Spanish colonial government, but they were betrayed.

Because he was afraid to get arrested, Hidalgo made his brother Mauricio and a number of other men with guns go to the sheriff. On the night of 15 September, they made the sheriff set free the pro-independence (people wanting to rule their own land) prisoners. They set eighty free.
The next morning, at around 6:00 am, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung. He made his congregation (people who attended his church) come together. With Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama by his side, he spoke to the people in front of his church. He encouraged them to go against José de Iturrigaray the Spanish Viceroy. Researchers do not agree as to what exactly Hidalgo said at the time.

The Battle of Guanajuato, the first important fight in the war, happened 4 days later. Mexico's independence from Spain wouldn't be declared until September 27, 1821, after ten years of war. This happened with the declaration of the first Mexican Empire.

Remembrance
Remembrance

Every year on the night of September 15 the President of Mexico rings the bell of the National Palace in Mexico City at around eleven in the evening. After the ringing of the bell, he repeats a cry of patriotism (a Grito Mexicano) based upon the "Grito de Dolores". He calls out the names of the important heroes of the Mexican War of Independence and ends with the shout of Viva Mexico! (three times) from the balcony of the palace. After the shouting, he rings the bell again and waves the Flag of Mexico to the applause of the crowd in the Plaza de la Constitución. This is followed by the playing and mass singing of the Himno Nacional Mexicano, the national anthem. On the morning of September 16, or Independence Day, the national military parade starts in the Zócalo (another name for the Plaza de la Constitución). It goes past the Hidalgo Memorial and ends on the Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City’s main boulevard.
A similar celebration happens in cities and towns all over Mexico, and in Mexican embassies and consulates worldwide, on the 15th or the 16th. The mayor or governor, ambassadors or consuls will take on the role of the president, and ring the bells, give a speech and so on.

In the 19th century, Mexican presidents in their last year in office started to come to Dolores Hidalgo for the Grito de Dolores. President Calderón went to Dolores Hidalgo as part of the bicentennial celebrations in 2010 on the 16th of September.

September 16 is Independence Day in Mexico and is considered a patriotic holiday, or fiesta patria (literally, holiday of the Fatherland). This day is celebrated with parades, patriotic programs, drum and bugle and marching band competitions, and other special events.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Mexico connect "El Grito" (The Cry) 
Bibliography and Hemerography: Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla. 
Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla - Documents of 1810 and 1811. 
Chronology of Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla 
 Mexico Celebrates Its Bicentennial  - slideshow by Life magazine

National days
1810
Mexican War of Independence
The Criollos (singular: Criollo) were a social class in the caste system of the overseas colonies established by Spain in the 16th century, especially in Latin America. The name was used for people of pure or mostly Spanish blood, but who were born in the colony.

The Criollo class was seen as lower than the Peninsulares. Peninsulares were the people who lived in the colony, but were born in Spain. Criollos were higher status/rank than all other castes. Examples of other castes are people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and enslaved Africans.

The term Criollo is often translated into English as Creole.  However, the word "creole" is also used for many ethnic groups around the world who have no historic connection to Spain or to any colonial system.

Criollos and the wars of independence
Until 1760, the Spanish colonies were ruled under laws designed by the Spanish Habsburgs. They gave the American provinces great independence. The situation changed with the Bourbon Reforms during the reign of Charles III.
Spain needed to get more money from its colonies for the European and global wars it was fighting so it could maintain the Spanish Empire. The Crown made the Penisulares more important, and they took over many administrative offices which had been filled by Criollos. At the same time, reforms by the Catholic Church reduced the roles and privileges of the lower ranks of the clergy, who were mostly Criollos.

By the 19th century, this unfair policy of giving people born in Spain more rights led the Criollos to rebel against Spanish rule.   The revolution was also inspired by the examples of the American and French revolutions against their kings. With increasing support of the other castes, they started to fight Spain in for independence (1809–1826).

References

Ethnic groups in South America
History of South America
16th-century establishments
The Grumman G-21 Goose is an amphibious aircraft, which means it can land and take off on water. It was designed as an eight-seat "commuter" plane for businessmen in the Long Island area. The Goose was Grumman’s first monoplane to fly. It was also Grumman's first twin-engined aircraft as well as their first aircraft to provide commercial service. During World War II, the Goose was used to transport the US military (including the Coast Guard). It served with many other air forces. During battles, the Goose took on an increasing number of combat and training roles. It was also used after the war.

Design and development
In 1936, some rich residents of Long Island, such as E. Roland Harriman, asked Grumman to build them an aircraft. They would use this aircraft to fly to New York City. The G-21 was designed after this. It was an all-metal, high-winged monoplane powered by two  Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Jr. nine-cylinder, air-cooled radial engines mounted on the leading edge of high-set wings. The deep fuselage served also as a hull and had hand-cranked retractable landing gear. First flight of the prototype took place on May 29, 1937.

The fuselage was very versatile. It had a lot of interior space. So it could be used as luxury or transport airliner. There were plans to market the G-21 as an amphibian airliner.

References
Notes

Bibliography
Bibliography

 Donald, David, ed. American Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. .
 Francillon, René J. and Gary L. Killion. "Sauce for the Goose - turbine style". Air International, July 1993, Vol. 45, No 1, pp. 53–57. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing.  ISSN 0306-5634.
 Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Five Flying Boats. London:Macdonald, 1968. .
 March, Daniel J., ed. British Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1998. .
 Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, Second edition, 1976. .
 Thruelsen, Richard. The Grumman Story. New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1976. .
 Winchester, Jim, ed. "Grumman Goose/Mallard." Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes (The Aviation Factfile). Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2004. .

Other websites
 Grumman Goose at the Smithsonian 
 Goose Central/ Biggest database on the Grumman Goose in the world
 Antilles Seaplanes - Home of the G-21G Super Goose
There are currently 211 FIFA members, each one with a different country code.

Non-FIFA member codes

The following codes refer to countries or dependent areas that are currently not affiliated with FIFA, but whose codes either appear in the FIFA results database, or are used regularly by confederation websites.

Abnormal codes
The following codes mean countries that do not have anything to do with FIFA.  Even though they are members of their local groups, these codes are not usually used by FIFA.

Obsolete country codes
The following codes are obsolete because a country has ceased to exist, changed its name, changed its code, or has become part of another country.

FIFA, IOC and ISO differences

Although most FIFA codes are the same as the International Olympic Committee country codes at the Olympic Games, there are still some changes between them:

References 

country codes
Football-related lists
Lists of countries
Country codes
The Lady Killer is the third studio album by American singer Cee Lo Green. It was released November 5, 2010, on Elektra Records. Salaam Remi, ELEMENT, The Smeezingtons, Fraser T. Smith, Paul Epworth, and Jack Splash produced the album. This was during 2009 to 2010.

The album was listed at number nine on the US Billboard 200 chart in its first week. It sold 41,000 copies in the week after its debut. Its first single, "Fuck You" did well internationally. The album has sold 337,700 copies in the United States. It has been certified platinum in the United Kingdom. Upon its release, The Lady Killer received positive reviews from most music critics. They praised it for its production, classicist soul music approach, and Green's singing.

References 

2010 albums
CeeLo Green albums
This table compares IOC, FIFA, and ISO 3166 country codes.

Former countries and former country names 
Codes are shown with their last year of use.

References

Other websites
  "Official abbreviations" at The Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo, 1964, [p. 9 of 409 PDF]

 

 
Country codes
ISO 3166 is a standard made by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and it uses short codes to name all countries and some other places. People from all over the world can use the same codes; this is helpful because different languages have different names for many countries. For example, the country English-speakers call Spain is called España by Spanish-speakers. The ISO 3166 has three codes for Spain: ES, ESP, and 724. No other country has any of these codes.

Related pages 
Country code
ISO 3166-1
Dolores Hidalgo is the name of a city and the municipality around it in the north-central part of the Mexican state of Guanajuato. The full name is Dolores Hidalgo Cuna de la Independencia Nacional, which is Spanish for "Dolores Hidalgo Cradle of National Independence".

It is at , at about 1,980 meters (6,480 feet) above sea level. In the census of 2005 the city had a population of 54,843 people. The larger area of the municipality had 134,641 inhabitants. The city is directly in the middle of the municipality, which is 1,590 km² (613.9 sq mi) in size. It also includes many small communities, the largest of which is Río Laja.
History 
Before Mexico became independent, the city was a small town known simply as Dolores. It was here that Father Miguel Hidalgo spoke his famous cry for the independence of Mexico (the Grito de Dolores). This was in the early hours of September 16, 1810, in front of his parish church. After Mexico achieved independence, the town was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor. The central square of the town, in front of Father Hidalgo's historic church, is a popular tourist spot.

Dolores Hidalgo today
Today Dolores Hidalgo is known primarily for its ceramics industry. It givese work to well over half the city's population. The inexpensive and mass-produced ceramic products are sold throughout Latin America and the United States. 

Fans of ranchera and popular music visit Dolores Hidalgo for the tomb of José Alfredo Jiménez. He was one of the country's most beloved singers and songwriters. He is buried in the town cemetery.

Footballer Adolfo "El Bofo" Bautista was born here.
Twinned Cities
  Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America.
  Mexico City, Mexico.
  Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.

References

Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Guanajuato  Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México

Other websites 
Dolores Hidalgo Cuna de la Independencia Nacional Official website
San Luis De La Paz, Guanajuato  Nearby colonial town.
Dolores Hidalgo eGuide to Dolores Hidalgo
Bibliography and Hemerography: Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla. 
Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla - Documents of 1810 and 1811. 
Chronology of Miguel Hidalgo and Costilla. 

Cities in Mexico
Municipalities of Mexico
Guanajuato (state)
Cavendish may refer to:

People 
 The House of Cavendish, a British noble family
Mark Cavendish (born 1985), professional Manx cyclist
 Ada Cavendish (1839–1895), British actress
 George Cavendish (writer) (c. 1494–1562) English writer and biographer of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
 Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), British physicist, discoverer of hydrogen
 Lord Ian Charles Cavendish (born 1973)
 Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle upon Tyne (born 1623), English aristocrat, writer, and philosopher
 Michael Cavendish (born c. 1565), English composer
 Michael Robert Cavendish (born c. 1972), legal ethics writer and theorist
 Peregrine Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire (born 1944), British Peer
 Lord Richard Cavendish (1752–1781), British MP
 Lord Richard Cavendish (1871–1946), British MP, aristocrat, author, magistrate
 Richard Cavendish (occult writer) (born 1930), British writer on topics dealing with the occult 
 Sid Cavendish (1876–1954), English footballer with Southampton and Clapton Orient
 Thomas Cavendish (1564–1593), English admiral
Places
Australia
 Cavendish, Queensland
 Cavendish, Victoria

Bermuda
 Cavendish, Bermuda

Canada
 Cavendish, Alberta
 Cavendish, Newfoundland
 Cavendish, Ontario
 Cavendish, Prince Edward Island
 Cavendish Beach, Prince Edward Island
 Cavendish Bay, Newfoundland
 Cavendish Lake, Ontario
 Lac Cavendish, Quebec

England
 Cavendish, Suffolk
 Cavendish Square, London
 Cavendish Bridge

New Zealand
 Mount Cavendish, Christchurch

United States
 Cavendish, Idaho
 Cavendish, Missouri
 Cavendish, Vermont
 Fort Cavendish, Illinois

Other
 Cavendish (crater), a crater on the moon

Academic facilities
 Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge
 Cavendish School (disambiguation), various schools
 Cavendish Hall, one of the University of Nottingham Halls of Residence
Other uses
 Cavendish banana, the dominant commercial variety of banana
 Cavendish tobacco, a process of cutting and curing tobacco
 Cavendish Invitational, high stakes bridge tournament in Las Vegas
 Cavendish experiment weighing the Earth
 Cavendish Motor Services, a bus company part-owned by Renown Travel, operating several routes in East Sussex, England
 "Cavendish Foods", a fictional supermarket chain appearing on the British sitcom To the Manor Born

Related pages
 
 All pages with titles containing "Cavendish"
Edmund Kirby Smith (May 16, 1824 – March 28, 1893) was a United States Army officer and academic. He was a general for the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.  Near the end of the war, he commanded all the Confederate soldiers west of the Mississippi River.  He surrendered his army (gave up the fight) on May 26, 1865 at New Orleans.  This was weeks after Robert E. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox.  Kirby Smith was from Saint Augustine, Florida.   

1824 births
1893 deaths
Academics from Tennessee
Confederate Army generals
Educators from Florida
Military people from Florida
A general officer is an officer who is at a high military rank, usually in the army, and in some places, the air force. "General" is used in many countries around the world, and when a country uses a different word, there is another title that is of equal rank. Admiral is the corresponding rank in a navy.

Usually an army has more than one "general officer" rank, and usually "general" is the highest of the general officer ranks.

Military ranks
 1
There is more than one place called Wilby in England:

 Wilby, Norfolk
 Wilby, Northamptonshire
 Wilby, Suffolk

Surname
 James Wilby, actor
 Jennifer Wilby, management scientist
 Peter Wilby (UK journalist)
 Philip Wilby, composer

Fictional places
 Wilby, a small Maritimes island town where the film Wilby Wonderful takes place
The King of Rome was a racing pigeon. It won a race from Rome, in Italy, to England. The race was in 1913. It was  long. Dave Sudbury wrote a song about the pigeon. The song was recorded by June Tabor.

The bird
The bird was a type of pigeon called a blue cock. It had a ring on its leg. Written on the ring was a reference number. The number was NU1907DY168,. The pigeon was owned by Charlie Hudson. He also bred the pigeon. Hudson as born in the early 1870s. He died on 13 March 1958. When he died he was 84 years old. He lived at 56 Brook Street, Derby. The house has been demolished. It was at . Hudson started pigeon racing in 1904. When the race happened, he was president and treasurer of Derby Town Flying Club. He also wrote about pigeon-racing for the Derby Evening Telegraph.
When the bird died, Hudson gave its body to Derby Museum and Art Gallery. The museum stuffed its skin. The museum exhibit is known as "accession number DBYMU.1946/48". It has been on show at Derby and elsewhere. It has been on show at Walsall Museum. It has also been on show at Wollaton Hall. Wollaton Hall is in Nottingham,.  As of August 2011, the bird is back on display in Derby Museum.

The song 

Dave Sudbury wrote a song about The King of Rome. The song is also about Charlie Hudson. It says that "On the day of the big race a storm blew in. A thousand birds were swept away and never seen again",. That shows how dangerous birds races can be.

The song was recorded by June Tabor.  She heard Sudbury sing the song at a competition. The competition was in the late 1980s. She was a judge at the competition. Sudbury came fourth. Tabor also recorded the song. She recorded it for an album called Aqaba. Aqaba was released in 1988.

Brian McNeill was another finalist at the competition. He said: