Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Several years before the Angel first showed on television, writer Joss Whedon created the idea behind Buffy the Vampire Slayer to change the Hollywood formula of "the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie." Whedon was not happy with the way that the Buffy idea was first done in the 1992 movie, Buffy the Vampire Slayer,. He was given the chance to do the story better with the television series of the same name. The early years of the series were about the life of Buffy Summers, a high-school aged vampire slayer, and her group of friends in Sunnydale (a fictional small town in California). The supernatural parts in the series took the place of the real problems that are a part of adolescence and young adulthood. The character Angel was first seen in the first episode. He became a regular cast member during the second/third seasons.  In the fictional universe created by Buffy (the Buffyverse), Angel was born in 18th century Ireland
. After being turned into a soulless immortal vampire, he became very well known for the evil things he did. Over 100 years later, Angel killed a gypsy girl. Her family punished him by returning his soul. He felt a very large amount of guilt for what he had done over all those years. Angel eventually began on a path of redemption. He hoped that he might make up for his past by doing good deeds. In the Buffy third season final episode, Angel leaves Sunnydale for Los Angeles to continue his path of redemption without Buffy. Whedon believed that "Angel was the one character who was bigger than life in the same way that Buffy was, a kind of superhero."
While the main idea behind Buffy was "High school as a horror movie" in small-town America, Greenwalt and Whedon wanted to make Angel into a different "gritty, urban show".

Joss Whedon and David Greenwalt created a short video, often called the "Unaired Angel pilot" for the WB Network. The idea for the series was a new version of the old detective genre.

 Cancellation 

On Valentine's Day, 2004, the WB Network said that Angel would not be brought back for a sixth season. Joss Whedon posted a message on a popular fan site, The Bronze: Beta, in which he showed his surprise. He said he was "heartbroken". Fans  created letter-writing campaigns and online petitions. They tried to get other networks, UPN mainly (the network that picked up Buffy), to pick up the show.Angel's final episode, "Not Fade Away", aired on the WB May 19, 2004.

 Characters 
 Main characters
Angel (David Boreanaz) – Vampire over two hundred years old. He was known as Angelus during the time he was causing evil across Europe. He was cursed with a soul which gave him a conscience and guilt for the centuries of murder and torture he had done. Angel moves to L.A. in search of redemption.
 Cordelia Chase (Charisma Carpenter) – At Sunnydale, Cordelia was a shallow cheerleader. She is changed by the loss of her parents' financial support and her not becoming a star in L.A. She joins Angel Investigations to help Angel.
 Allen Francis Doyle (Glenn Quinn) – He was born to a human mother and a demon father in Dublin, Ireland. He became a messenger for the Powers That Be.
 Wesley Wyndam-Pryce (Alexis Denisof) – His failure as a Watcher and being fired from the Watchers' Council led Wesley to hunt demons. He joined Angel and went on to lead Angel Investigations.
Charles Gunn (J. August Richards) - He grew up in a part of Los Angeles where the police were afraid to go. Gunn grew up fighting vampires. He did not trust Angel at first but eventually joins the group.
 Winifred "Fred" Burkle (Amy Acker) – A young Texan physicist, she is trapped in a world where humans are enslaved by demons for five years. Angel saved her and brought her back to L.A.
 Connor (Vincent Kartheiser) – Connor is born in Los Angeles, California. He was a "miracle", a human child born of two vampires, Angel and Darla. He was taken to a hell dimension. He spent his childhood and much of his adolescence there. He came back to L.A. as an angry young man.
 Lorne (Andy Hallett) – Lorne was a demon. Lorne lived in L.A. as the host of a Caritas, a violence-free demon-friendly karaoke bar. He can see into people's souls when they sing. His full name is Krevlorneswath of the "Deathwok Clan".
Spike (James Marsters) – A vampire who roamed Europe with Angel in the late 19th century. He joins the team after getting back his own soul.
 Illyria (Amy Acker) – One of the Old Ones. She was one of the first demons who ruled the area that now includes  California. Long ago, Illyria's corpse was placed in a stone sarcophagus. Her powers were taken away and put in jewels on her coffin. Illyria came back by infecting the body of a human (Winifred Burkle).
 Harmony Kendall (Mercedes McNab) – At high school, she was a member of Cordelia Chase's popular clique, the "Cordettes". During her graduation, she is turned into a vampire. She kept her "bubbly" personality, and many of her bad personality traits. This made her very bad as a vampire. She decided to get a job with evil law firm Wolfram and Hart as a secretary.
Footnotes and references All links retrieved and checked as of November, 2006 or after.''

Other websites 

 
 20th Century Fox—Angel section 
 All Things Philosophical on Buffy the Vampire Slayer (includes Angel content)
 Whedonesque.com 
 Stakes and Salvation: a Buffyverse Encyclopedia 
 WhedonWiki.com 

1999 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
American fantasy television series
American horror television series
American television spin-offs

Television series created by Joss Whedon
Television series set in Los Angeles
WB network shows
Whedonverse
English-language television programs
The WB original programming
Corfe Castle is a small village and ruined castle dating back to the 11th century. It is in a gap in the Purbeck Hills,  south of Wareham, in Dorset, England. 

The oldest surviving structure on the castle site dates to the 11th century, although there are good reasons to suppose that there was a stronghold there before the Norman Conquest. Edward the Martyr was killed at the site on March 18, 978.

The castle was besieged in the English Civil War. After it was captured it was partly demolished (slighted).

References

Other websites 

Corfe Castle Website
Corfe Castle information at the National Trust
Sources on Corfe Castle

Castles in England
11th-century buildings and structures
The stirrup is a ring with a flat bottom fixed on a leather strap, usually hung from each side of a saddle to create a footrest for the rider on a riding animal (usually a horse or a mule), suspended by an adjustable strap from the saddle for use as a support for the foot of a rider of a horse when seated in the saddle and as an aid in getting up.

Horse riding
Château-d'Œx is a commune in Vaud canton Switzerland. The other members of its canton have birds in their flags.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut
Sir John Major  (born 29 March 1943) is a British politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997. He served as a member of the Cabinet under Margaret Thatcher as Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1987–1989), Foreign Secretary (1989) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1989–1990).

Early life and career 
Major was born at St Helier Hospital and Queen Mary's Hospital for Children in St Helier, London, in England and left school at the age of 16. He became a Conservative councillor in 1968. At the 1979 general election, Major was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Huntingdonshire (Huntingdon after 1983).

Prime Minister
After holding several cabinet positions, Major was elected to replace Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister and party leader. On taking office, he saw British action in the Gulf War (1991) and his party's narrow re-election in the 1992 general election.
After this, the Conservatives under Major became unpopular because of the "Black Wednesday" stock market crash in late 1992 and how they became divided over the issue of European Union. Beaten at the 1997 general election, Major stood down as Prime Minister for Tony Blair of the Labour Party, and was replaced as Conservative leader by William Hague. He stood down as an MP at the 2001 general election.

Personal life
Major married Norma Johnson (now (Dame) Norma Major ) on 3 October 1970. She was a teacher, and a member of the Young Conservatives. They became engaged after only ten days. They have two children; a son, James, and a daughter, Elizabeth. They have a holiday home on the coast of north Norfolk, near Weybourne.

He is a keen follower of cricket, motor racing, and also a supporter of Chelsea Football Club.

Major has so far declined a life peerage on standing down from Parliament.

References

Other websites
1943 births
Living people
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Companions of Honour
English Anglicans
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Politicians from Surrey
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
For other meanings of the word "canon" see canon.

A canon is a piece of voices (or instrumental parts) that sing or play the same music starting at different times. A round is a type of canon, but in a round each voice, when it finishes, can start at the beginning again so that the piece can go “round and round”. Perhaps the most well-known canon is the Pachelbel Canon written by Johann Pachelbel.

Different types of canon

There are different kinds of canon.  Canons can be described according to distances between the entries of the voices.  If the second voice starts one bar (one measure) after the first voice, this is called a “canon at the bar”.  If it starts after only half a bar, it is called a “canon at the half-bar”.  It is even possible to have very close canons, e.g. “canon at the quaver (eighth note)”.  Olivier Messiaen wrote a 3 part canon at the quaver in his ''' for violin and piano.  The pianist’s right hand (playing chords), his left hand and the violinist are the three parts.
Canons can also be described according to the intervals between two voices.  If one voice starts on a C and the next voice starts the same tune on an F above this is a “canon at the fourth” (because the interval (distance) from C to F is called a “perfect fourth”).  If the second voice has the tune upside down (inversion) this is called “canon in inversion”.  If the second voice has the tune at half the speed (each note being twice as long) this is a “canon in augmentation” or an “augmented canon”.  The opposite is a “canon in diminution”.

“Strict canon” means a canon where each voice imitates the first voice exactly all the way through the piece.  If this does not happen (i.e. if it starts off as a canon but then becomes freer) it is “free canon”.   A canon may start off sounding like a fugue, but fugues have their own form and rules.

Canons in the history of music
Canons were already popular in the 14th century when composers enjoyed writing music for several voices in which each voice has a share of melody (this is called polyphonic music.)   Composers like Guillaume de Machaut wrote canonic music.  His Sanz cuer m’en vois is a three-part canon in which each part has different words.
Probably the greatest writer of canons in the eighteenth century was Johann Sebastian Bach.  Many of his organ works have canons.  He wrote a famous set of Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her" which have several canons at different intervals and inversions.  He probably  wrote this to show young composers how to write good canons.  Bach also wrote a work called the Musical Offering'' which has what he calls a “canon per augmentationem contrario motu” (canon in augmentation and contrary motion i.e. backwards) as well as a “canon per tonos”.  This last one is a modulating canon which means that the tune changes key.  This is hard to compose well so that it sounds good because when the first voice has just changed key the other one is still catching up in the other key.
Bach was a great master at writing canons and other very complicated musical forms.  After 1750 composers became less interested in writing music which was all polyphonic, although many composers still showed an interest in counterpoint.  Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote canons and even Romantic composers like Schumann and  Brahms showed an interest.  César Franck wrote a canon for the fourth movement of his Sonata for Violin and Piano.  It is quite easy to hear this canon, because the violin plays the tune an octave higher than the piano, and the piano holds on to a long note every other bar while the violin catches up.

In the 20th century composers such as  Schoenberg who wrote serial music were fond of canons.  Modern composers like Pierre Boulez have written rhythmic canons: canons in which, for example, the rhythm of one part is the retrograde (backwards) version of another.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie: 

Musical forms
Spencer Perceval (1 November 1762 – 11 May 1812) was a British statesman and Prime Minister. He is the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated.

Perceval was the seventh son of John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont by his second wife. His father, a close friend of Frederick, Prince of Wales and King George III, had served in the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty. 

Perceval was Prime Minister when William Wilberforce passed his Bill (law) ending the slave trade. 

The Orders in Council against trade which Perceval had written in 1807 became unpopular. In the winter of 1811 the Luddite riots started. They were also a cause of the War of 1812 with the United States of America. Perceval was forced to have an inquiry by the House of Commons.
On 11 May 1812, Perceval was on his way to attend the inquiry. In the lobby of the House of Commons he was shot through the heart by John Bellingham. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later. 

Bellingham had a grievance, but it was not political. Bellingham petitioned the United Kingdom government for compensation over his imprisonment in Russia. This had been caused by his employer, but Bellingham blamed the British government for not getting him compensation.

Perceval was an Anglican and considered Anglicanism to be essential to the security of the state. He opposed Catholic emancipation. He is buried at St Luke's Church in Charlton, south-east London.

References
References 

1762 births
1812 deaths
Assassinated English politicians
Attorneys general
Chancellors of the Exchequer
English Anglicans
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Murders by firearm in England
People murdered in London
Politicians from London
The word canon may mean:
About the church:
Canon law, a rule or law of the church
A Canon (church), a member of the Chapter of a cathedral or other large church
Canon, a list of all saints
Canon (music), music in which two or more parts ("voices") imitate one another
Canon (fiction), in fiction, all the plots and events that are part of the narrative
Canon (company), a Japanese camera company
Canon, Georgia, a small city in northeast Georgia (USA)
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known as Carolus Linnaeus, was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist who created the binomial nomenclature. In this system, every kind of animal and plant is given a name consisting of two Latin words, for its genus and species. This became used by biologists all over the world, so he is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". He was a good linguist, and famous in his time. He was made a noble by the Swedish king.

Biography

Early life 
Carl was born in Sweden. He was going to be a priest like his father, but did not do well enough in school for that. Instead, Carl studied at a college for botany because he liked it. He studied in Lund and tried to improve the garden there. He later went to another college.
Travels and research 
In 1735, Linnaeus moved to the Netherlands for three years. There, he earned his degree in medicine. He also published his book on plant classification. His book was called Systema Naturæ. His book explained how to classify living things by putting them into groups. Some of these groups are bigger than others.

Later he moved to Stockholm and practiced as a doctor. In 1739, Linnaeus married Sara Morea in Stockholm. Throughout the 1740s he conducted many field trips to places in Sweden to name plants and animals. When not on travels, Linnaeus worked on his classification, so it would work for plants, animals, and minerals.

The Swedish king Adolf Fredrik made Linnaeus a noble in 1757, and Linnaeus took the last name von Linné, later often signing just Carl Linné.
Last years 
After he was made a noble, he continued teaching and writing. His reputation had spread over the world, and he talked with many different people. Linnaeus was upset by weak health, and he had gout and tooth aches. A stroke in 1774 weakened him, and two years later he had another, losing the use of his right side. He died in January 1778 and was buried in Uppsala cathedral.

Mankind 

Linnaeus classified man as among the primates, which was claimed by anthropologists like Blumenbach and natural historians like Buffon. It attracted the criticism of the Swedish church. The Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala accused him of "impiety".
Linnaeus recognised four races in the human species. These were European whites, American reds (Native Americans), Asian browns, and African blacks. Blumenbach's classification was similar, with the addition of a Mongolian (= Chinese) or yellow race. Thus recognition of man's position as a primate and the existence of races was quite widespread before the theory of evolution was formulated.

Related pages 
 List of biologists

Notes and references

Sources 
 Sörlin & Fagerstedt, Linné och hans lärjungar, 2004.
 J.L.P.M.Krol, Linneaus' verblijf op de Hartekamp In: Het landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede. Heemstede, 1982.

1707 births
1778 deaths
Taxonomy
Swedish physicians
Naturalists
Swedish biologists
Botanists
Deaths from stroke
A botanist is a scientist who studies plants, including flowering plants, and plant-like things such as moss and seaweed. Botany is a scientific study of plants along with their growth, structure, evolution, and uses.  

Botanists may specialize in certain areas of botany. Some important areas of study include: 
 Plant taxonomy
 Plant ecology
 Chemical biology 
 Photosynthesis, the process that turns carbon dioxide from the air into food using sunlight
 Apoptosis, what makes a cell "decide" to die. This study area has been important for cancer research.

Notable botanists 
 Julien Reverchon

 
Science occupations
Modulation, in music, means that the music changes key.   A piece of music might, for example, be "in the key of C major" (meaning that it uses the notes of a C major scale, and the C sounds like the "home key" or "tonic" as it is called in music theory).  Then it could modulate to G major so that the G now feels like the home key and the notes of a G major scale are used (the Fs will be F sharps).

Modulations like the one above are very common, because G is closely related to C (it is the 5th note in a C major scale: the "dominant").  A modulation to the subdominant (4th note of the scale) is also common (e.g. from C major to Fmajor).  Music often modulates to the relative minor (e.g. C major to A minor).

A modulation that goes to a key whose tonic is not part of the original key is called a "chromatic modulation".  Modulating from C major to A flat major would be a chromatic modulation because A flat is not a note in the C major scale.
Most pieces of music will modulate, especially if they are long pieces.  It gives the music variety and helps to give it shape:  the farther away from the tonic it goes the more tension there is.  When the music eventually returns to the original key it feels like a homecoming.

Related pages
Tonality

Music theory
A member of parliament (usually shortened to MP) is a person in the United Kingdom or in Canada who represents the people of an area (called a "constituency") in the House of Commons. They are voted for by the people in a general election. The Prime Minister chooses when to hold a general election, but must have an election at least once every five years. MPs are usually members of a group called a political party. 

In the UK, the main political parties are:
 Conservative party
 Labour Party
 Liberal Democrats
 Scottish National Party
 Green Party

In Canada, the main political parties are:
 Liberal Party
 Conservative Party
 New Democratic Party (NDP)
 Bloc Québécois (BQ)
 Green Party

Members of provincial legislatures in Canada are sometimes referred to as member of provincial parliament (MPP) and other times member of legislative assembly (MLA).

Members of the British House of Commons
Members of the House of Commons of Canada
When a piece of music is in a major key, the relative minor means the minor key which has the same key signature. It can be found by taking the sixth note of the first scale and playing a minor scale starting on that note. For example: in C major the sixth note is an A. Therefore, A minor is the relative minor of C major (C major and A minor share the same key signature: no sharps or flats).
C major is called the relative major of A minor.

A complete list of relative minor/major pairs in order of the circle of fifths is:

Related pages
 Modulation (music)
 scale (music)
 Circle of fifths

Music theory
Electrolysis is a scientific way of 'splitting'  substances. Electrolysis means 'electric-splitting'  and involves the separation of substances through an electric current. 

Metals above carbon in the reactivity series (potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium) are extracted by electrolysis.

Uses 
Electrolysis is used in the mining industry to split reactive metals from their ores after they are taken from the ground. Electroplating is also used to plate (cover) things with metal because it costs less than using, for example, solid gold to make jewellery.

Many beauty shops use electrolysis or electrology to remove hair. This is done by "electrocuting" the hair so it splits along its root.

Electrolysis makes the anions (negative ions) go to the anode (positive electrode) and the cations (positive ions) go to the cathode (negative electrode). So, for example, oxygen would go to the anode and iron would go to the cathode. 

Chemistry
Electricity
The Jurassic is the second and middle geological period in the Mesozoic era and the eighth period in the Phanerozoic eon. 

It began 201.3 million years ago, and ended 145 million years ago. The Jurassic period happened between the Triassic and Cretaceous periods.

Climate 
During the Jurassic period, the climate was hotter and wetter than it is today. Carbon dioxide levels and sea levels were also higher than today.  

The Kimmeridge Clay of the Upper Jurassic was laid down in an environment which does not exist on the earth today. Much of Western Europe was covered by a high sea level. The supercontinent Pangaea was beginning to break up, causing a narrow Atlantic Ocean. Because of this, the United Kingdom was covered by a shallow and largely anoxic sea, perhaps less than 100 metres deep, with occasional landmasses.
This was shallower water than the Blue Lias of the Lower Jurassic. It was often low in oxygen, which caused its organic material to decompose, but only partially. The Jurassic's mudstones are organic-rich, and gave rise to most of the North Sea oil.

The world of the Jurassic

Plate tectonics 

The Jurassic started with all the continents together, 201.3 million years ago (mya). This was the global supercontinent Pangaea. It ended about 145 mya. The boundary with the following Cretaceous period is not marked by any clear signs.
This is the only boundary between geological periods which has no clear markers.
The Jurassic happened in two parts. The first was marked by widespread oceanic anoxia, ocean acidification, and relatively high temperatures. This was likely caused by the eruptions in what we now call South Africa. Already, Pangaea was beginning to break up. From now on it was Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The break-up of Pangaea took a long time to complete. The process of pulling apart in geology is called  rifting. Floods of lava flowed from fissures (splits) and volcanos. 

By the end of the Jurassic, South America had begun to part from Africa. In the western part of North America, mountain ranges began to form. This continued as the American tectonic plates gradually moved west. The westward-moving North American plates gradually rode over the Pacific Ocean plates to form the Rocky Mountains.
Palaeontology 
On sea and land, evolutionary trends which started in the Upper Triassic continued through the Jurassic. Archosaurian reptiles dominated the land biota. Reptile groups radiated and filled many niches. Dinosaurs, pterosaurs, marine reptiles (ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, turtles) all flourished. A recent discovery has shown that pliosaurs (a clade of large plesiosaurs) may have been top predators in the Upper Jurassic.

Amongst invertebrates, there was much change. Modern predators like starfish, crabs, and hole-boring gastropods took over the sea floor, eating the benthic fauna in huge numbers. Brachiopods gradually lost their grip on the in-shore habitats; molluscan bivalves took their place.
Early mammals existed, but mostly as small nocturnal creatures on the margins of the reptilian world. The first fossils of small dinosaurs with feathers, such as Anchiornis, come from the Jurassic period. The famous fossil bird, Archaeopteryx, lived in the Upper Jurassic, though we now know it was not the ancestor of modern birds.

In the last 20 million years of the Cretaceous period (Turonian–Maastrichtian ages), with the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs, mosasaurs became the dominant marine predators.

Land plants 
The dominant land plants were the ferns (especially tree ferns), gymnosperms (conifers), large horsetails, 'monkey puzzle' trees, ginkgos and cycads. The coalfields laid down in the first part of the Jurassic were formed mainly from tree ferns, which grew thickly. They were for a time the most common plant type.
Ginkgoales, of which the only living species is Ginkgo biloba, were more diverse during the Jurassic. These plants were not easy to digest, compared to modern flowering plants (Angiosperms). They must have spent longer in the gut than the food of modern herbivores. That would make increased size an advantage for ankylosaurs and sauropods. Sauropods did indeed become much larger in the Jurassic than any animal land life had before.

Coal measures 
The Jurassic is the second period notable for large coal seams (the first being the Upper Carboniferous). Once again, plants which grew and died in stagnant water did not decompose well, and formed coal as a result. The coalfields laid down in the first part of the Jurassic were formed mainly from tree ferns, which grew thickly. They were for a time the most common plant type.

Related pages 
Blue Lias
Lower Jurassic
Middle Jurassic
Upper Jurassic

References
The Triassic is the first geological period in the Mesozoic era and the seventh period of the Phanerozoic eon. It lasted 50.6 million years. The period began 251.9 million years ago, and ended 201.3 million years ago. Its start and finish were both notable extinction events.

The period before the Triassic was the Permian period, the last period in the Palaeozoic era. The Jurassic period came after the Triassic.

Many new groups arose during the Triassic period, including the first dinosaurs, the first mammals, the first pterodactyls, the first ichthyosaurs and the first plesiosaurs.

Extinction events

Great extinction events happened at the beginning and end of the Triassic period. The Triassic began after the great extinction at the end of the Palaeozoic era, the Permian/Triassic extinction event. 

Nobody really knows the exact cause of the Permian/Triassic extinction, and experts have different theories.
The Triassic had several more extinction events, whose causes are also unknown. The most significant of these took place at the end of the Triassic, which was one of the 'big five' Phanerozoic marine extinctions.

Geology

Name 
The name 'Triassic' comes from the three rock strata that formed during the Triassic period ("tri" means "three"). Three layers of rock strata formed during this period:
Red beds, laid down in desert conditions;
Limestone, laid down in seas, mostly over continental shelves; and
Black slate, laid down in rich organic conditions such as river deltas.

Overall climate 
On average, the Triassic's climate was very different from today's:
It had about 80% of today's oxygen levels
There was about six times as much carbon dioxide in the air as there was before the Industrial Revolution
The Earth's average surface temperature was about 3o C hotter than it is now

Paleogeography
Paleogeography 

During the Triassic period, there were no separate continents as there are today. Almost all the Earth's land mass was together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea ("all the land"). Pangaea was centred more or less on the equator. and surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa. Later the Tethys Ocean developed.

The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic – especially late in the period – but had not yet separated again into different continents. In contrast to the present Earth with its distribution of continents, Pangaea was centred on the Equator. Probably, apart from some volcanic island chains, there was an unbroken sea stretching round the world: the Panthalassa.
Being a super-continental land mass, Pangaea had a limited shoreline. Because of this, Triassic marine deposits  fossils from Triassic ocean life  are rare in most of the world. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. However, they are common in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied.

Major adaptive radiations 

The first part of the Triassic had much less variety than the Permian, and showed signs of a deteriorated environment. This situation lasted for about five million years, then steadily improved. Into the vacant ecological niches, new forms evolved, replacing old with new. This rapid adaptive radiation happened to the reptiles on land, the fish in the seas, and a number of other groups, like the insects. Communities with complex ecology took 30 million years to re-establish.

Plants 
New groups of ferns and seed plants were a feature of the Triassic.
Fish 
The group of bony fish known as the teleosts first appeared during the Triassic period. The group now includes over 80% of all fish and 95% of all bony fish. The only other common group of fish are the Chondrichthyes (the sharks and rays). The rays also first appeared during the Triassic.

Reptiles 
Many reptile groups first appeared during the Triassic period, possibly because so many niches were vacant at the time. Some of these new groups died out in the End–Triassic extinction event, but those that survived ruled the Earth for the rest of the Mesozoic. Examples include:
The Archosaurs, including dinosaurs and crocodiles
Pterosaurs
Ichthyosaurs
Turtles
Plesiosaurs

This was a major change, because in the middle Triassic period, the Synapsids (mammals' ancestors) were still dominant.

The end-Triassic extinction
Many reptile groups became extinct during the Triassic, including:p. 41
Crocodilian Archosaurs:
 Ornithosuchia
 Aetosaurs
 Pseudosuchia
Other Archosaurs:
 Euparkeria
 Erythrosuchus
 Proterosuchus
Proto-Archosaurs
 Rhynchosaurs
 Trilophosaurs

Also, amongst the Synapsids (which used to be called mammal-like reptiles), the Dicynodonts died out during the end-Triassic extinction.p. 41

The Triassic was a period of great change in tetrapods: many new and important groups appeared, but many others became extinct. Of all the periods in the Mesozoic era, there are the least number of fossils from the Triassic period. This makes it difficult for scientists to explain these events.

Related pages
 Mesozoic era
 Pangaea
 Extinction events
 Permian/Triassic extinction event
 End-Triassic extinction event

References
A chromatic scale, also known as a dodecatonic scale, is a musical scale which uses every note as it goes up or down i.e. it goes up and down in semitones (half tones). To play a chromatic scale on the piano every note is played: both white and black notes (e.g. C, C sharp, D, D sharp, E, F etc.). A chromatic scale can start on any note.

Meaning of the word “chromatic”

The word “chromatic” comes from the Greek word “chromos” meaning “color”. Organists in the 16th and 17th centuries such as Sweelinck liked to write “Chromatic Fantasias”. These were pieces based on tunes which were chromatic. In those days, because of the tuning systems used, not all the semitones were exactly the same size. Going up a chromatic scale would have been like walking up a staircase with steps which were slightly larger or smaller in depth. This made chromatic scales very interesting and “colourful” which is why they were called “chromatic”.

Chromatic harmony
Chromatic harmony

Chromatic harmony means harmony (chords) that use notes which do not belong to the key the music is in (they are not in the key signature). Although Bach in the 18th century used chromatic harmony, it was 19th century composers who used it more and more. Wagner wrote music which was very chromatic: there were lots of sharps and flats and it kept modulating to different key areas. The chord at the beginning of his opera Tristan and Isolde is so famous that it is known as the Tristan chord. It is very chromatic. The music is full of tension because it leaves us wondering which key the music is in.

Related pages
Scale (music)
Tonality
Serialism

Music theory
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American politician and businessman. A liberal Republican, he was the 41st vice president of the United States from December 1974 to January 1977. Before becoming Vice President, he was the 49th governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, and served as assistant secretary of State for American Republic Affairs, as well as under secretary of Health, Education and Welfare.

Before entering politics, he was a businessman. As a businessman, Rockefeller was president and later chair of Rockefeller Center, Inc., and he formed the International Basic Economy Corporation in 1947. He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art, and founded the Museum of Primitive Art in 1954.
A grandson of billionaire John D. Rockefeller and a member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was an art collector and served as administrator of the Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, New York City. He was from one of the richest and most powerful families in the United States.

Political career
He tried three times to gain his party's nomination for the United States presidency but lost to the slightly more conservative Vice President and future President Richard Nixon in 1960 and 1968 and conservative Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona in 1964. He refused to support Goldwater in the general election after losing to him, which Nixon condemned him for and used to argue that Rockefeller was not a loyal Republican. He was Vice-President from 1974-1977 under Gerald Ford. He waged a campaign against future President George Bush to be appointed to that office. He won. He was a member of the Republican Party. He was in the Knights of Pythias.
Vice President, 1974–1977 
When Richard Nixon resigned (quit) as president on August 9, 1974, Vice President Gerald Ford became the president. On August 20, Ford chose Rockefeller to be the next vice president of the United States. He was chosen out of three other people; the other two were Donald Rumsfeld, the then-United States Ambassador to NATO, and George H.W. Bush, the then-chairman of the Republican National Convention (RNC). Bush would later become vice president from 1981 to 1989, and president from 1989 to 1993.

The United States Congress voted to approve Rockefeller to become vice president. On December 10, 1974, the Senate voted 90-7, and on December 19, the House voted 287-128. He became vice president on December 19, 1974. This made him the second person to become vice president under the 25th Amendment—the first being Ford himself.
1976 election 
Gerald Ford faced strong opposition when running for the Republican presidential nomination in 1976. He had a hard time getting support from more conservative Republicans. He also was expecting a challenge from a conservative opponent, Ronald Reagan. As a result, Ford decided to choose a different running mate for the election. In November 1975, Rockefeller decided not to run as Ford's running mate for 1976.

Ford was nominated at the 1976 Republican National Convention. Reagan, Barry Goldwater, and other notable conservatives said they would support Ford if he chose a suitable vice presidential nominee. Ford considered several candidates, William Ruckelshaus and Bob Dole. He eventually chose Dole as his running mate.

Rockefeller campaigned actively for the Republican ticket, but Ford lost narrowly to Jimmy Carter. Rockefeller's term as vice president ended on January 20, 1977, and he was replaced by Walter Mondale.
As of 2020, Ford is the last incumbent president to not have his incumbent vice president as his running mate. Ford later said not choosing Rockefeller was one of his biggest mistakes, and "one of the few cowardly things I did in my life."

Personal life
His paternal grandfather was John D. Rockefeller Sr. His maternal grandfather was United States Senator Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island. He was the son of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and Abby Aldrich. He was Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973. He was the brother of David Rockefeller, chairman of Chase Bank, Winthrop, later Governor of Arkansas, John III, and Laurance. He is the uncle of former Senator John D. Rockefeller IV.

Marriages
He was married twice. His first was to Mary Todhunter Clark until they divorced. His second was to Margaretta Fitler Murphy until his death from a heart attack.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Rockefeller Archive Center: Nelson Rockefeller  Contains details on the collection of public and private papers available to researchers at the Center.
 The Rocky Roll  An extended portrait by Time Magazine of Nelson campaigning for New York Governor in 1958.
 Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress biography

1908 births
1979 deaths
Businesspeople from Maine
Businesspeople from New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction
United States Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare
Recipients of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
Governors of New York (state)
Rockefeller family
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Maine
1960 United States presidential candidates
1964 United States presidential candidates
1968 United States presidential candidates
Republican Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
Preservation may mean:
The common meaning is: keeping and maintaining to make sure that the object is protected against decay and will be (nearly) the same in future.

Special meanings are:
Art conservation and restoration, the retention of antiquities for museums or exhibition, also called "Art preservation"
Case preservation, in computer storage
Environmental preservation, the active maintenance and advocacy of the protection of the natural environment
Digital preservation, the management of digital information over time
Film preservation, rescuing aging film stock and preserving recorded images
National Film Preservation Board
Food preservation
Historic preservation, the theory and practice of creatively maintaining the historic built environment

Self preservation, part of an animal's fundamental instinct which demands that the organism survive
A pillar is another word for a column, which is a vertical support structure in architecture.

Pillar may also mean:
 Pillar (band), a rock band
 Pillar (Lake District), a fell in the English Lake District
 A door pillar on a car
 Paul Pillar, retired CIA National Intelligence Officer (publicly criticized Bush administration)
City Pillars, South African football (soccer) club

Related pages
 Wikipedia:Five pillars
A bier is a flat frame, traditionally wooden but sometimes made of other materials, used to carry a corpse for burial in a funeral procession.  In antiquity it was often simply a wooden board on which the dead was placed covered with a shroud (cloth used for burial).  In modern times, however, the corpse is almost never carried on the bier without being first placed in a coffin, though the coffin is sometimes kept open.

Related pages
Catafalque

Death customs
Tools
A coffin (also known as a casket) is a box used to store dead bodies, either for burial or after cremation. Coffins used after cremation are what is known as an urn, where the ashes of the person are stored. 

The word comes ultimately from Greek kophinos, a basket. In English, the word was not used in a funeral sense until the 1500s. 

Any box used to bury the dead in is a coffin. 

The main distinction between a coffin and a casket is the shape. A casket regularly has 6 – 8 sides while coffins have a rectangular shape.

Material and design 
Many coffins are made out of materials such as wood, steel (which would have been used in Ancient Egyptian sarcophaguses), and many others. These types of coffins, for example wooden ones can have a rectangular or any other design, whereas a steel or any other metal used in making coffins (or sarcophaguses) could have the exact same but include religious marking added to make it look more appealing.
Other websites 
 Museum of Funeral Customs
 BBC Business News 2001-12-28: Bamboo Coffins "Coffin-maker resurrects tradition"
 Plans For Building A Halloween Coffin
 Difference between a casket and a coffin 

Death customs
Agent Orange is a very powerful herbicide that was used in the Vietnam War. It is a defoliant that destroys forests. It was used by the United States military so their enemies had no place to hide.

Problems
The problem with Agent Orange is that when it is released, some dioxins are also generated. Dioxins stay a long time in the environment. They are very toxic, and cause genetic modifications and cancer.

Other websites 
Operation Ranch Hand: Herbicides In Southeast Asia  History of Operation Ranch Hand
 Air Force Health Study  Study of Operation Ranch Hand veterans
 Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 Institute of Medicine analysis of research on dioxin
 Vietnam war orange agent  Collection photos of victim caused by orange agent in Vietnam war and information about the orange agent, disease, effect and symptom

Carcinogens
Poisons
Herbicides
is a Japanese manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto. It follows an orphaned ninja who dreams to become "Hokage". The Hokage is the strongest ninja and the leader for the village, called Konoha (meaning "leaf" in Japanese). As the series progresses, Naruto and his friends begin to solve the ancient history of the ninja world. His friends including Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno. Their teacher is Kakashi Hatake. The manga was first published in 1999 in a Japanese magazine called Shonen Jump. It was also translated into English. The anime series premiered in Japan in October 2002. In the United States, it started in September 2005.
Twelve years ago, a spiritual Nine-Tail fox attacked the Hidden Leaf Village, Minato Namikaze and Kushina Uzumaki sacrificed themselves to seal the monster within a boy named Naruto.  Nobody told Naruto that the fox was sealed inside him. The villagers treated him badly because of the monster. When Naruto found out the truth, it made him want to become the next Hokage and earn everyone's respect. After graduating from being a genin, Naruto joined Team 7.  The members of Team 7 were Naruto, Sasuke Uchiha, Sakura Haruno and their teacher Kakashi Hatake. They defeated Zabuza and Haku in the Land of Waves. Orochimaru interrupted the Chunin Exam, killing the Third Hokage and Fourth Kazekage. Orochimaru tricked the army of the Hidden Sand into opposing the Leaf. Jiraiya trained Naruto, while Tsunade became the Fifth Hokage. Sasuke left the village and looked for revenge against Itachi
. Naruto defeated five enemies from the Land of Sound through the forest, but he failed to stop Sasuke from joining up with Orochimaru.
Two and a half years later, Naruto recruited Sai and Yamato. The Akatsuki organization started kidnapping ninja hosts. Sasuke formed a tracking party and defeated Itachi. Then he became stronger and joined Akatsuki.  Naruto learned Sage Mode. He defeated Nagato for killing Jiraiya and devastating the village, even though he became good. Tobi interrupted the meeting and declared the Fourth Great Ninja War. He had a plan to reform the legendary Ten Tails from the nine tailed beasts. That would control humanity and achieve world peace. After learning Chakra Mode with the fox spirit, Naruto helped the Allied Shinobi Forces defeat the army of White Zetsu.  Tobi was revealed to be Obito, who kept the power of the eyes containing the Rinnegan and Sharingan.
When Madara came back to life and stole Obito's half of the power, he turned into the Sage of Six Paths. He used the power of the forbidden art to trap everyone in the Ninja World (except Naruto, Sasuke, Sakura, Kakashi, Obito and other dead ninjas). Black Zetsu fused with Madara to complete the reincarnation. That freed Kaguya Otsutsuki to take his place. In the past, Kaguya's son, Hagoromo, had trained Ashura and Indra. Ashura and Indra were the first incarnations who came before Naruto and Sasuke. After Kaguya killed Obito, Kakashi sacrificed his power.  Naruto and Sasuke worked together to seal Kaguya and Zetsu, and Madara died again. When Sasuke used the forbidden genjutsu, Naruto defeated and spared him. The world was peaceful and all the spiritual beasts were freed from Kaguya.  Kakashi became Sixth Hokage. Sasuke realized his mistake, disabled the genjutsu, and forgave everyone.
Years later, Naruto became the Seventh Hokage. He married Hinata Hyuga. They had two children. Their daughter was named Himawari, and their son was named Boruto. Boruto has a special eye and body mark. Boruto makes a new Team 7 with Konohamaru Sarutobi, Sasuke and Sakura's daughter Sarada, and Orochimaru's artificial son Mitsuki. Boruto helped Naruto and Sasuke defeat the two clansmen.  Boruto learned that the new enemy group called "Kara" are using their own marks. Kawaki was taken to the Leaf Village and adopted by Naruto's family. Soon after, Isshiki Otsutsuki attacked the hidden leaf village to take Kawaki back but Naruto and Sasuke stopped with the sacrifice of Kurama ( Nine Tails.)

Ninja Ranks

Ninja Student
This is where a beginner learns to be a ninja.

Genin
Basically meaning lower ninja. Rank of missions they are sent to: D and C.

Chunin
Basically meaning middle ninja. Rank of missions they were sent to: C and B.
Jonin
Basically meaning high ninja. Rank of missions they were sent to: B, A, and S rank.

Sannin
Sannin is the highest ninja Rank there are only three Sannins in Naruto Manga.

ANBU
They are like ninja black ops and are assassins. They serve the village's Kage.

Characters

Naruto Uzumaki

The main character of the series. He is a member of Team 7 and the Jinchuriki of Kurama the Nine Tails. He wants to become Hokage to gain the villagers' respect and protect everyone. Over the course of the series, readers find out he is descended from Asura Otsutsuki. He got his chakra and stamina from Asura Otsutsuki. Naruto befriends many foreign and Konoha people and helps them so much that he becomes famous. Naruto eventually completes his dream of becoming Hokage. He starts a family with Hinata Hyuga and has two children, Boruto and Himawari.

Sasuke Uchiha