Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
is a Japanese company that makes video games and video game consoles. At first, it began by creating playing cards and other toys and games. Their main office is in Kyoto, Japan. They also have offices in other continents.

Nintendo made many of the most popular and best-selling consoles of all time, like the Game Boy, Nintendo DS, Wii and Nintendo Switch. Altogether, Nintendo has sold over 700 million consoles (2018) and over 5 billion games (2022).

History 

Nintendo was formed on September 23, 1889. Originally, they were a company that made playing cards. Then it went on to making toys. In the 1960s, they started doing other things, such as owning hotels. They began making video games only in the 1970s. In 1980, they came out with a hand-held game device called Game and Watch. Nintendo's first video game console was the Color TV Game.
Famicom, Nintendo's second console, was first only released in Japan. It was later released in some other areas, such as North America and Europe. When they released it in there, its name was changed to "Nintendo Entertainment System", or NES for short. They also released some popular stand-alone video games, with names like the arcade game Donkey Kong, and NES games Super Mario Bros., Duck Hunt, and The Legend of Zelda. Later, the company made hand-held game consoles such as the Game Boy, DS, and 3DS and home consoles such as Nintendo 64, GameCube, Wii, Wii U, and Switch. Nintendo later sold newer consoles, and a changing point happened with the Nintendo 64, or N64, which made the first Nintendo 3D games. One of its biggest games is Super Mario 64.

List of Nintendo video game consoles
Nintendo Entertainment System (1985, NES) – known as the Famicom in Japan [or the "Family Computer"]
 Game Boy (1989)
 Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990, SNES) – known as the Super Famicom in Japan [or the "Super Family Computer"]
 Virtual Boy (1995)
Nintendo 64 (1996, N64)
Game Boy Color (1998, GBC)
 Game Boy Advance (2001, GBA)
Nintendo GameCube (2001, GCN)
Game Boy Advance SP (2002)
Nintendo DS (2004, NDS)
Game Boy Micro (2005)
Nintendo DS Lite (2006)
 Wii (2006)
 Nintendo DSi (2008)
 Nintendo DSi XL (2009)
 Nintendo 3DS (2011, N3DS)
 Nintendo 3DS XL (2012)
Wii U (2012)
Nintendo 2DS (2013)
 New Nintendo 3DS (2014)
 New Nintendo 3DS XL (2014)
Nintendo Switch (2017)
 New Nintendo 2DS XL (2017)
Nintendo Switch Lite (2019)
Nintendo Switch OLED model (2021)

Today (current history) 
Today, Nintendo has many popular characters and series. Super Mario and The Legend of Zelda are examples of these.
Related pages
Other video game companies:
 Sony
 Sega
 Microsoft

References

Notes

Other websites 

 Nintendo's American website (note: needs Adobe Flash)
 Nintendo's Japanese website
 Nintendo's European website

1889 establishments
 
1880s establishments in Japan
São Paulo (Portuguese for Saint Paul) is the capital of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the biggest city in South America and the Southern Hemisphere and the second biggest city in the Western Hemisphere (after Mexico City).

The city has an area of 1,523 km² and more than 11 million people live there. It is the 11th most populous city on Earth.

History 
In January 25, 1554, two priests, Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, built a school - Colégio de São Paulo de Piratininga - to convert natives to Catholic religion. Today, this building is the Padre Anchieta Museum.

The first people moved to the region in 1560, when São Paulo became a village.

Because São Paulo was a poor village and was far away from the colony centre, the bandeirantes (explorers) chose it to start expeditions to enslave natives, recapture runaway slaves, and to find precious metals and stones (gold, diamonds, etc.).
In 1711, São Paulo became a city. In the end of the 18th century, people started growing sugarcane in the rural area of the province, and São Paulo was the way to the port of Santos.
 
In the 19th century, after the construction of São Paulo's Law School, São Paulo became the capital of the province, politicians and philosophers went there, and the first newspapers and books were printed. At this time, many European immigrants, especially Italians, moved to São Paulo to work at the big coffee plantations.

At the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the city grew quickly. Some people who study Brazilian History says "the city was rebuilt".

In the 20th century, many factories were built, and more immigrants moved to work there.

Today, São Paulo is a centre of commerce, services and technology, and some people consider it the most important Latin American city.

Politics
The current mayor of São Paulo is Bruno Covas, and his party is "Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira", PSDB.
Geography 

São Paulo is crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn. It is in a plateau (a high flat area), 760 metres above the sea level.

Because of its altitude, its climate (subtropical) is not so warm as it is near the coast. São Paulo is 70 km far from the coast, 420 km far from Rio de Janeiro, and 1,020 km far from Brasília, the Brazilian capital city.

The metropolitan area formed by São Paulo and 39 surroundings cities is the biggest in the Latin America. More than 19 million people live in this metropolitan area, which is also called Greater São Paulo and is the fifth biggest of the world.

Subdivisons 
The city is divided into 31 boroughs, and each borough is divided into neighbourhoods. The boroughs form nine regions (or "zones"), with similar geographic location and history, but most people and companies prefer to use another division, with only five regions.
Ethnic diversity 
Descendants of many peoples live in São Paulo: Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, African, German, Lebanese, Japanese. There are also descendant of peoples from other South American countries, for example Argentina and Bolivia, and other places, for example Chinese people, Jews, and South Koreans.

Every day, people from other cities or states move to São Paulo. Many are people from the Northeast region of Brazil that try to find a job in the city.

Economics 
São Paulo is the commercial and industrial center of Brazil. There are factories and shops of all sizes and kinds. For example, in São Paulo there are some of the more expensive shops of Brazil, but also there are commercial districts formed only by cheap shops, and people from many places (also from other cities) buy clothing, electronics and other products at these districts.

Sports
Sports 

Football is the sport with the biggest number of fans in the city. The most important clubs from the city are Corinthians, Palmeiras, and São Paulo. They are all playing in the Brazilian Série A, the major football championship in Brazil. Except Palmeiras.

There are also other big and medium teams from São Paulo, for example Portuguesa and Juventus, and many small teams. However, Santos FC, that is a club from Santos, a city in the coast, is the fourth team in number of supporters.

São Paulo also hosts the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix, in Autódromo José Carlos Pace (known as Autódromo de Interlagos).

Other major sports are basketball and volleyball. Some people also play handball, tennis, and other sports.
Transportation 
Some people do not like São Paulo because of the big number of cars, trucks and motorcycles on streets and avenues. The public transport is also very important for the people who live there. There are many bus lanes in the city, and a big Metro (underground railway) and railway system.

São Paulo has three airports and is the second city in number of helicopters of the world (New York City is the first).

Born in São Paulo 
Below is a list of famous people born in São Paulo.
 Ayrton Senna
 Rubens Barrichello
 Leandro Barbosa
 Gustavo Borges
 Luciano Burti
 Cafu
 Hélio Castroneves
 Mário de Andrade
 Oswald de Andrade
 Emerson Fittipaldi
 Eder Jofre
 Amyr Klink
 Anita Malfatti
 Felipe Massa
 Fernando Meirelles
 Nenê
 José Carlos Pace
 Rivelino
 Robert Scheidt
 Ricardo Semler
 Fernando Meligeni
 Johan Pineda

Other websites
Other websites 

 São Paulo State Official Home Page  (in English)
 São Paulo City Official Home Page (in Portuguese)
 São Paulo Tourism Site  (in Portuguese)
 VisitSP São Paulo travel guide  (in English)

References 

 
Capitals of Brazilian states
1550s establishments in South America
16th-century establishments in Brazil
1554 establishments
Timothy Walter Burton (born August 25, 1958) is an American artist, director, producer and screenwriter.

Early life 
Burton was born in Burbank, California on August 25, 1958. His father is of Dutch, English, French, German, and Scottish descent and His mother is of Croatian, German, Norwegian, and Swedish descent. He began as an animator for Walt Disney Pictures, but soon moved on making his own kinds of movies and projects.

Career
He has an individual style; the movies that he makes are creative and often based on events that would not happen in real life. For example, the main character in "Edward Scissorhands" is a young man who has scissors instead of hands. His movies attract an audience usually that fits his unique tastes.

Personal life 
Burton has bipolar disorder. He lives in Belsize Park, London, next door to his former partner Helena Bonham Carter. Burton and Carter split in December 2014. The houses have a door connecting them. The couple have a son and daughter together.
Selected Filmography
 Pee-Wee's Big Adventure
 Beetlejuice
 Batman
 Batman Returns
 Edward Scissorhands
 Mars Attacks!
 The Nightmare Before Christmas
 Planet of the Apes
 Big Fish
 Sleepy Hollow
 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
 Corpse Bride
 Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
 Alice in Wonderland
 Dark Shadows
 Frankenweenie
 Big Eyes
 Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children
 Dumbo

References

Other websites 
 

1958 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television directors
American television producers
Movie directors from Los Angeles County, California
Movie producers from Los Angeles County, California
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People with bipolar disorder
Screenwriters from California
Writers from Burbank, California
A DVD (which means Digital Versatile Disc or a Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc capable of storing up to 4.7 GB of data, more than six times what a CD can hold. DVDs are often used to store movies at better quality than a VHS. DVDs can also have interactive menus and bonus features such as alternative or deleted scenes and commentaries. Like CDs, DVDs are read with a laser.

The DVD can have one or two sides, and one or two layers of data per side; the number of sides and layers determines how much it can hold. A 12 cm diameter disc may have one of the following storage capacities:

 DVD-5: single sided, single layer, 4.7 gigabytes (GB), or 4.38 gibibytes (GiB)
 DVD-9: single sided, double layer, 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB)
 DVD-10: double sided, single layer on both sides, 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB)
 DVD-14: double sided, double layer on one side, single layer on other, 13.3 GB (12.3 GiB)
 DVD-18: double sided, double layer on both sides, 17.1 GB (15.9 GiB)

There are also 8 cm DVDs with a storage capacity of 1.5 GB.
Etymology 
The Oxford English Dictionary comments that, "In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc." The OED also states that in 1995, "The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications."

"Digital versatile disc" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forum's mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries.
Because DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term DVD became popularly used in English as a noun to describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the sentence to "watch a DVD" describes watching a movie on DVD.

DVD data storing 

Both CD and DVD discs have equal sizes (diameter, thickness etc.). However, the amount of information they can store is different. These discs are made of the same materials and have the same methods of production.

CDs and DVDs use the same way of keeping information. Both CDs and DVDs have pits and bumps on the data track (the data track represents a path which has certain information). The information is read by a laser.
A DVD disk has several layers, which are made of plastic. All layers have a thickness of 1.2 millimeters. An injection used on a polycarbonate plastic leads to the creation of microscopic bumps. Today's production uses this type of plastic to create different things because it can resist very high and low temperatures.

When layers are made, the bumps appear. Many bumps form one continuous spiral that can include information. After that a spray of a special reflective layer covers the bumps.

Aluminum is applied behind inner layers and semi-reflective gold covers the outer layers. This helps the laser to concentrate through the outer layers onto the inner ones. Then, after applying a protective liquid (lacquer) and pressing the layers, they are treated with infrared light.
Tracks on a DVD 
Every track on a DVD disk circles from its center to the edge. The distance between the tracks on a DVD disk is 740 nanometers. Only a very precise mechanism can read the bumps on the disk, because they are very small (320×400×120 nanometers).
The aluminum side of the disk has pits, but the side which is read by the laser has bumps. Because the size of the bumps are very small, a DVD track is very long. A data track of a DVD layer is about 7.5 miles long. This is the length of an ordinary DVD disk. The track of a disc with two sides would be about 30 miles long.

References

Optical discs
A submarine (or sub) is a vessel that goes underwater. Most large submarines are war vessels. Some small ones are used for scientific or business purposes. These are often called "submersibles" and cannot go far or stay long away from base. Some people buy their own to explore under the sea. A submarine is a boat, not a ship.

History 
Early submarines were often powered by hand. This is because boat engines had not been invented yet. They were almost always made for war. Submarines would try to sink enemy ships by crude methods. These included drilling screws into their wooden hulls. Some tried to blow up a ship. This often destroyed the submarine, too.  At the end of the 19th century, the Whitehead torpedo and electrical systems allowed much better submarines.
These better submarines were much used during the First and Second World Wars. Many of these better submarines were created by Germany, called U-boats. The submarines were powered by a diesel-electric system. A diesel motor would be used to turn a generator. The generator would charge a large battery while the submarine was on the surface. The power in the battery was then used by the submarine when it went underwater. These submarines were dangerous to enemies. They were difficult to see while underwater but it was easy to attack them when they surfaced to recharge.  Many modern boats still use this diesel-electric propulsion system.
The First Battle of the Atlantic was the first major battle that was mainly fought between submarines and their enemies. As in later wars, the main jobs of submarines were to enforce a blockade and to sink enemy warships. They usually attacked freighters at night, shooting with their deck guns and then hiding under the water. Sometimes they used their torpedoes, which they could fire while underwater, especially against larger ships and warships. During World War II The US Navy lost around 52 submarines due to combat and non-combat causes. 

After World War II better sonar helped the enemies of submarines to find and destroy them. New subs were more streamlined and had no deck guns because water dragging against the guns made noise underwater and slowed the subs.
Modern submarines 
Most large modern military submarines are powered by nuclear reactors. These submarines often have a system which can get air from the seawater. These two things allow them to stay underwater for long periods of time. Their most important uses are attacking ships or launching missiles. These include cruise missiles and nuclear missiles. There are two main kinds of subs. Attack submarines are small and fast. They attack other subs and surface ships with torpedos. Missile subs are larger and slower. They are built to shoot missiles at far-away targets on land.

Other websites 

 Submarine -Citizendium

Warships
Lebanon is a country in the Middle East, in Western Asia, next to the Mediterranean Sea. It has borders with Israel to the south, and Syria to the east and north.

History & Data
Lebanon was named Phoenicia under the Roman Empire. Some of the biggest temples in Antiquity were there at Heliopolis. In the eighth century Arabs conquered Phoenicia and imposed their religion Islam. But many areas in the mountains remained Christian as the "Maronites". However, the Christians who remained in the mountains became Arabized and started identifying themselves as "Arab Christians".

Lebanon has been independent since 1943. Its capital city is Beirut.

Lebanon has two chains of mountains. It has a long coastline. The area of Lebanon is 10,452 square kilometers.

The Cedar tree is the national symbol of Lebanon because many of them grow in the Lebanon Mountains.

Population of Lebanon 
Around 5.2 million people live in Lebanon. 

Around 14 million Lebanese people live outside Lebanon.
The people of Lebanon 
About 68% of Lebanese people are Muslim and 32% are Christian.

The official language of Lebanon is Arabic and it is the most common language. French, English, and Armenian are also common languages.

Governorates and districts
Lebanon is divided into six governorates.  These are divided into 25 districts. The districts are also divided into several municipalities. The governorates and their districts are listed below:

 Beirut Governorate
 The Beirut Governorate is not divided into districts and is limited to the city of Beirut
 Nabatieh Governorate (Jabal Amel)
 Bint Jbeil
 Hasbaya
 Marjeyoun
 Nabatieh
 Beqaa Governorate
 Baalbek
 Hermel
 Rashaya
 Western Beqaa (al-Beqaa al-Gharbi)
 Zahle
 North Governorate (al-Shamal)
 Akkar
 Batroun
 Bsharri
 Koura
 Miniyeh-Danniyeh
 Tripoli
 Zgharta
 Mount Lebanon Governorate (Jabal Lubnan)
 Aley
 Baabda
 Byblos (Jbeil)
 Chouf
 Keserwan
 Matn
 South Governorate (al-Janoub)
 Jezzine
 Sidon (Saida)
 Tyre (Sur)
Related pages
Lebanese Civil War
2020 Beirut explosion
List of rivers of Lebanon
Lebanon at the Olympics
Lebanon national football team
Heliopolis (Roman Phoenicia)

Notes

References 

 
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1943 establishments
Alan Alda (real name: Alfonso Joseph D'Abruzzo) (born January 28, 1936) is an American actor. His mother was of Irish ancestry; his father was of Italian ancestry.

He directed, wrote and starred in many movies. He is probably most famous for his role as "Hawkeye" Pierce, the central character on the comedy/drama TV series M*A*S*H, as well as writing and directing several episodes of the show, and later becoming one of its producers. Alan also hosted Scientific American Frontiers on PBS from 1993 to 2005.

His father, Robert Alda, was an actor, and his mother, Joan, was once crowned Miss New York. Alan has been married to Arlene Weiss since 1957 and they have three daughters and a son.

In 2015, Alda was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. That same year, he starred in Steven Spielberg's Bridge of Spies. In 2019, he starred as lawyer Bert Spitz in Marriage Story.

References
References

Other websites 
 
 
 Bio on Scientific American Frontiers
 Comprehensive bio 
 InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: Alan Alda  (TV Interview)
 Military Service
 Interview with Alda  on NPR's Fresh Air (September 21, 2005)
 Alan Alda's Charity Work
 Performance  Working in the Theatre seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
 Never Have Your Dog Stuffed: And Other Things I've Learned (Chapter 1) 

1936 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning directors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Sally Clare Kellerman (June 2, 1937 – February 24, 2022) was an American movie actress. She was born in Long Beach, California. Her acting performances include the pilot for the original Star Trek television series, and the movies MASH (1970) and Back to School (1986). For her role in MASH, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Kellerman, who had dementia, died on February 24, 2022 in Los Angeles, California from heart failure at the age of 84.

References

Other websites 

1936 births
2022 deaths
Actors from Long Beach, California
American movie actors
American television actors
Deaths from heart failure
Hägar the Horrible is the title of a comic strip and the name of the main character. The comic strip is about a Viking and his life of plundering and his family life. It was started in 1973 by Dik Browne. Since Dik's retirement (he stopped working) in 1988, his son Chris has continued the comic.

Comic strips
Comics characters
Baghdad (, transliterated Baghdād) is the capital city and largest city in Iraq. It is the second-largest city in Southwest Asia after Tehran. It is the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. 5,772,000 people lived there in 2003. Baghdad is on the Tigris River at 33°20′N 44°26′E. The city was once the center of Dar al-Islam, Muslim civilization. Baghdad used to be one of the largest learning centers in the world, during the post classical era. It was one of the greatest cities of Islamic civilization. It was one of the most important cities in the Muslim world and reached its extent of art and poetry. Baghdad was founded by the Abbasid Caliphate under the Caliph Abu Jafar al-Mansur better known as simply al-Mansur. The city was captured in 1055 by the Seljuk Turks. It was largely sacked and destroyed in 1258 by the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. It then later came under the rule of the Safavid Iran and then the Ottoman Empire in 1537.

References
References

 
762 establishments
8th-century establishments in Iraq
760s establishments in Asia
The Mediterranean Sea is the body of water that separates Europe, Africa, and Asia.

The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by a narrow passage called the Strait of Gibraltar.  The sea is almost completely surrounded by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Middle East. It covers around . Its name was invented in the early Middle Ages from Latin words for "in the middle of land".
To the east it connects to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, by the Dardanelles and the Bosporus. The Sea of Marmara, which is an inner sea like the Black Sea, is rarely considered as a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The much bigger Black Sea is generally not considered a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Ancient Greeks called the Mediterranean simply ἡ θάλασσα (hē thálassa; "the Sea") or sometimes ἡ μεγάλη θάλασσα (hē megálē thálassa; "the Great Sea"), ἡ ἡμετέρα θάλασσα (hē hēmetérā thálassa; "Our Sea"), or ἡ θάλασσα ἡ καθ'ἡμᾶς (hē thálassa hē kath’hēmâs; "the sea around us").

The 163 km (101 mi) long man-made Suez Canal in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. The canal is between Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula, and was built by the French Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez from 1859 to 1869.
History 
Some of the most ancient human civilizations were made around the Mediterranean Sea, so it has had a large influence on the history and ways of life of these cultures. It provided a way of trade, colonization and war, and was the basis of life (like fishing and catching other seafood) for many communities throughout the ages. The combination of similarly shared climate, geology and access to a common sea has led to lots of historical and cultural connections between the ancient and modern societies around the Mediterranean.

Above all, it was the superhighway of transport in ancient times. It allowed for trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region – Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Hebrews, Minoans and Hittites on the eastern side of the mediterranean and the Carthaginians, Romans, Etruscans, Celtiberians, Gauls and Berbers on the western side.

The history of the Mediterranean is important in understanding the origin and development of Western civilization.
The ancient Punic Wars and the Battle of the Mediterranean during World War II gave the winners control over it so they could destroy the losers.  Today the Mediterranean Sea still connects the economies of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East as it did in ancient times.  The European migrant crisis resulted in many refugees drowning in the Mediterranean Sea.

Oceanography 
Almost 6 million years ago, continental drift closed the Strait of Gibraltar. With no water coming in from the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean partly dried up. The remaining part became extremely salty. After half a million years the straits opened again, making the Mediterranean as it is now.

Being nearly landlocked affects the Mediterranean Sea's properties. Tides are limited by the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean. The water is saltier, partly because of evaporation. The Mediterranean has a deep blue color.
Evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation and surface runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin. Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward. This pressure gradient pushes relatively cool, low-salinity water from the Atlantic across the basin; it warms and becomes saltier as it travels east, then sinks in the region of the Levant and circulates westward, to spill over the Strait of Gibraltar.  Thus, seawater flow is eastward at the Strait's surface, and westward near the bottom.  In the Atlantic, this chemically distinct deep "Mediterranean Intermediate Water" can persist thousands of kilometers away from its source.

Related pages 
 Mediterranean climate

References 

 
Bodies of water of Africa
Bodies of water of Asia
Bodies of water of Europe
Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, DBE (born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer, born in Cardiff to an English mother and Nigerian father. She is best known for singing the theme songs for the James Bond films, Goldfinger, Diamonds are Forever, and Moonraker. She was "one of the most popular female vocalists in Britain during the last half of the 20th century".

Other websites 
Songs of Shirley Bassey website

References 

1937 births
Living people
Black British musicians
Musicians from Cardiff
Welsh pop singers
Don Van Vliet  (born Don Glen Vliet January 15, 1941– December 17, 2010) was an American singer. He is better known by his stage name Captain Beefheart.  He was best known for his collaborations and (sometimes) rivalry, with long time friend, Frank Zappa. He is an inspiration to many "alternative" singers. He retired from music due to illness and spent his time painting. He was born in Glendale, California. His stage name came from a movie project Zappa was writing, but soon abandoned, "Captain Beefheart battles the Grunt People". His best known album was recorded in 1969. It was titled "Trout Mask Replica".

He and his group Magic Band also made albums in the early 1980s that received positive critical attention.

Van Vliet was also a well known painter of abstract primitive art. His work has been shown in gallery presentations in New York City and Europe.

He died on December 17, 2010 at the age of 69 from complications from multiple sclerosis, twenty-nine days before his 70th birthday.

References
References

Singers from Los Angeles
American rock musicians
People with multiple sclerosis
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
1941 births
2010 deaths
Multi-instrumentalists
Up to 1900 
 1066 – In the Granada Massacre, a Muslim mob storms the royal palace, killing most of the city's Jewish population.
 1460 – During The Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Wakefield takes place.
 1661 - In Sweden, Drottningholm Castle is destroyed by fire.
 1702 - Queen Anne's War: James Moore, Governor of the Province of Carolina, abandons the Siege of St. Augustine.
 1813 - War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.
 1816 - The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa and Pitawatomi Native American tribes is proclaimed.
 1825 - The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and Shawnee Nation is proclaimed.
 1853 – Gadsden Purchase: The US buys land from Mexico for railroad building in the Southwestern United States.
 1862 – The ship USS Monitor sinks off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
 1880 – Tahiti becomes a French colony as part of French Oceania.
 1896 – Filipino National hero Jose Rizal is executed by a firing squad.
1901  2000 
 1901 - Antarctica exploration: Robert Falcon Scott, Ernest Shackleton and Edward Adrian Wilson reach a South latitude of 82 degrees, 11 minutes, which was the farthest south anyone had been up until then.
 1903 – Around 600 people are killed in a fire at the Iroquois Theatre in Chicago.
 1905 – Governor of Idaho Frank Steunenberg is assassinated by a bomb attack on his home in Caldwell, Idaho.
 1906 - The All-India Muslim League is founded in Dhaka. It later plays an important role in the creation of the new state of Pakistan.
 1915 - Armored ship Natal sinks in the Cromarty Firth off the coast of Scotland, killing 405 out of the 705 people on board.
 1916 - The last coronation in Hungary is performed for King Charles VI and Zita.
 1916 - Grigori Rasputin is killed.
 1919 - Lincoln's Inn in London admits its first female bar student.
 1922 – The USSR is founded.
 1924 – Edwin Hubble announces the existence of other galaxies.
 1927 – The Ginza Line, the first subway in East Asia, opens in Tokyo.
1936 - The United Auto Workers union stakes its first sitdown strike.
 1940 – California opens first freeway.
 1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose raises the flag of Indian independence at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 1944 - King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving the throne vacant.
 1947 – King Michael of Romania is forced to abdicate the throne.
 1948 - The Cole Porter Broadway musical Kiss Me, Kate opens at the New Century Theatre.
 1953 – The first color TV sets go on sale.
 1958 - The Guatemalan Air Force sinks several Mexican fishing boats alleged to have breached maritime borders, killing 3 people and sparking international tension.
 1965 – Ferdinand Marcos becomes President of Philippines.
 1972 – The US halts the heavy bombing of North Vietnam.
 1975 - Didier Ratsiraka declares the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.
 1977 – Ted Bundy escapes from jail.
1981 - In the 39th game of his third NHL season, Wayne Gretzky scores five goals to take his total for the season to 50, tying records held by Maurice Richard and Mike Bossy.
 1993 – Israel and the Vatican establish diplomatic relations.
 1996 - In Assam, Bodo separatists bomb a passenger train, killing 26 people.
 1996 - Proposed budget cuts by Benjamin Netanyahu spark protests from 250,000 workers across Israel.
 1997 - In Algeria, The Wilaya of Relizane massacre kills 400 people from four villages.
 2000 – A series of bombs explode on Manila's Metro, killing 22 people.
From 2001 
 2004 – A nightclub fire in Buenos Aires kills 194 people.
 2005 – Tropical Storm Zeta forms in the North Atlantic Ocean, tying for the latest-ever hurricane in one season.
 2006 – Madrid's Barajas Airport is bombed.
 2006 – Saddam Hussein is executed in Iraq.
 2006 – A shipping disaster in the Java Sea kills over 400 people.
 2008 – Herman Van Rompuy becomes Prime Minister of Belgium.
 2011 – This day is skipped in Samoa and Tokelau, as the International Date Line is shifted, intended to improve trade relations with Australia and New Zealand.
 2013 - A suicide bomb attack on a bus in Volgograd, southern Russia, kills 14 people, just a day after a train station in the same city was also targeted by a bomb attack.
 2013 - Over 100 people are killed when government forces attack key buildings in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Births
Up to 1900 
 39 – Titus, Roman Emperor (d. 81)
 1371 - Vasily I of Moscow (d. 1425)
 1591 - Joseph Furttenbach, German architect, mathematician, engineer and diarist (d. 1667)
 1642 - Vincenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (d. 1707)
 1673 – Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1736)
 1722 - Charles Yorke, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1770)
 1741 - Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain (d. 1759)
 1760 - Charles Sapinaud de La Rairie, French general (d. 1829)
 1786 - Bjarni Thorarensen, Icelandic poet (d. 1841)
 1787 - Otto von Kotzebue, Baltic German naval officer and explorer (d. 1846)
 1819 – Theodor Fontane, German writer (d. 1898)
 1819 – John W. Geary, 1st Mayor of San Francisco (d. 1873)
 1825 - Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California (d. 1902)
 1838 – Emile Loubet, President of France (d. 1929)
 1842 - Osman Hamdi Bey, Ottoman archaeologist, painter and museum founder (d. 1910)
 1847 - John Peter Altgeld, Governor of Illinois (d. 1902)
 1850 - John Milne, English seismologist and geologist (d. 1913)
1851 – Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman and politician (d. 1929)
 1853 - André Messager, French pianist, composer and conductor (d. 1929)
 1865 – Rudyard Kipling, British writer (d. 1936)
 1867 - Henry S. Johnston, American politician, 7th Governor of Oklahoma (d. 1965)
 1869 - Stephen Leacock, English-Canadian political scientist and author (d. 1944)
 1869 - Ozutsu Man'emon, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1918)
 1873 – Al Smith, American politician, Governor of New York and Presidential candidate (d. 1944)
 1875 - Jean-Guy Gautier, French rugby player (d. 1938)
 1878 - William Aberhart, 7th Premier of Alberta (d. 1943)
 1879 - Sri Ramana Maharshi, Indian philosopher (d. 1950)
 1879 - Mary Forbes, American actress (d. 1974)
 1883 - Lester Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1960)
 1884 – Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948)
 1890 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, President of Mexico (d. 1973)
 1897 - Alfredo Bracchi, Italian writer (d. 1976)
1897 - Stanislaw Saks, Polish mathematician (d. 1942)
 1899 – Helge Ingstad, Norwegian explorer (d. 2001)
1901  1950 
 1904 - Dmitri Kabalevsky, Russian composer (d. 1987)
 1905 - Daniil Kharms, Russian surrealist poet, writer and dramatist (d. 1942)
 1906 - Carol Reed, English movie director (d. 1976)
 1910 – Paul Bowles, American composer and writer (d. 1999)
 1910 - Howard W. Jones, American physician (d. 2015)
 1911 - Jeanette Nolan, American actress (d. 1998)
 1913 - Lucio Agostini, Italian-Canadian conductor and composer (d. 1996)
 1914 - Jo Van Fleet, American actress (d. 1996)
 1917 - David Willcocks, English organist, composer and conductor (d. 2015)
 1920 - Jack Lord, American actor (d. 1998)
 1921 - Rashid Karami, Lebanese statesman (d. 1987)
 1923 – Sara Lidman, Swedish writer (d. 2004)
 1926 - Stan Tracey, British jazz musician and composer (d. 2013)
 1927 - Robert Hossein, French actor and director
 1928 – Bo Diddley, American rock and roll musician (d. 2008)
 1930 - Tu Youyou, Chinese chemist and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner
1931 - Frank Torre, American baseball player (d. 2014)
 1931 – Skeeter Davis, American singer (d. 2004)
 1932 – Paolo Villaggio, Italian actor, director and writer (d. 2017)
 1934 – Del Shannon, American singer (d. 1990)
 1934 - John H. Bahcall, American astrophysicist (d. 2005)
 1934 - Russ Tamblyn, American actor
 1934 - Joseph Bologna, American actor
 1935 – Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (d. 2009)
 1935 – Sandy Koufax, American baseball player
 1935 - Jack Riley, American actor
 1937 – Gordon Banks, English footballer
 1937 - Paul Stookey, American singer
 1938 - Mike Auldridge, American guitarist (d. 2012)
 1940 - James Burrows, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter
 1942 - Vladimir Bukovsky, Russian writer and dissident
 1942 – Michael Nesmith, American musician and member of The Monkees
 1942 – Janko Prunk, Slovenian historian
 1945 – Davy Jones, English singer, actor and member of The Monkees (d. 2012)
 1945 - Lloyd Kaufman, American movie director
 1945 - Paola Cacchi, Italian athlete
1946 – Patti Smith, American singer and poet
 1946 – Berti Vogts, German footballer
 1946 - Marc Forné Molné, former Prime Minister of Andorra
 1947 - Fatima Jibrell, Somali environmental activist
 1947 - Jeff Lynne, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
 1947 - Teresa Parodi, Argentine singer and composer
 1948 - Randy Schekman, American cell biologist and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner
 1949 - David Bedford, English long-distance athlete
 1949 - Jim Flaherty, Canadian politician (d. 2014)
 1950 - Bjarne Stroustrup, Danish computer scientist
 1950 - Kazuhisa Kono, Japanese footballer
1951  1975 
 1953 - Meredith Vieira, American television journalist and game show host
 1954 - Corrado Passera, Italian banker
 1957 - Nick Skelton, British equestrian
 1957 - Matt Lauer, American newscaster
 1959 – Tracey Ullman, British actress and singer
 1960 - Heather Wilson, American politician
 1961 - Bill English, 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand
 1961 – Ben Johnson, Jamaican-Canadian athlete
 1961 - Seda Sayan, Turkish singer, actress and presenter
 1962 - Alessandra Mussolini, Italian politician
 1963 - Mike Pompeo, 70th United States Secretary of State
 1964 - Sophie Ward, English actress
 1965 – Essam Abd El Fatah, Egyptian football referee and pilot
 1965 – Heidi Fleiss, American madam
 1967 - Carl Ouellet, Canadian wrestler
 1968 - Sabir Bhatia, Indian computer scientist
 1968 – Meredith Monroe, American actress
 1969 – Jay Kay, British musician (Jamiroquai)
 1969 - David England, American snowboarder and stuntman
 1969 - Kersti Kaljulaid, President of Estonia
1969 - Shane McConkey, American skier and basejumper
 1971 - Chris Vance, English actor
 1973 – Ato Boldon, Trinidadian athlete
 1974 – Johanna Sallstrom, Swedish actress (d. 2007)
 1975 – Scott Chipperfield, Australian footballer
 1975 – Tiger Woods, American golfer
From 1976 
 1977 – Kazuyuki Toda, Japanese footballer
 1977 - Kenyon Martin, American basketball player
 1978 - Phillips Idowu, British long jumper
 1978 - Tyrese, American singer and actor
 1978 - Rob Scuderi, American ice hockey player
 1979 - Flavio, Angolan footballer
 1979 - Timothy Clufetos, American drummer
 1980 - Cédric Carrasso, French footballer
 1980 – Eliza Dushku, American actress
 1981 – Ali Al-Habsi, Omani footballer
 1981 - K.Will, South Korean singer-songwriter and actor
 1982 - Kristin Kreuk, Canadian actress
 1983 - Kevin Systrom, American businessman, co-founder of Instagram
 1984 – LeBron James, American basketball player
 1986 - Gianni Zuiverloon, Dutch footballer
 1986 – Ellie Goulding, English singer-songwriter
 1986 - Domenico Criscito, Italian footballer
 1987 - Jake Cuenca, American-Filipino actor and footballer
 1987 - Jeanette Ottesen, Danish swimmer
 1988 – Leon Jackson, Scottish singer
 1989 – Ryan Sheckler, American skateboarder
 1990 - Joe Root, English cricketer

Deaths
Deaths

Up to 1900 
 274 - Pope Felix I
 1066 – Joseph ibn Naghrela, Jewish vizier (b. 1035)
 1460 - Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (b. 1411)
 1460 - Edmund, Earl of Rutland, second son of Richard of York (b. 1443)
 1525 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (b. 1459)
 1572 - Galeazzo Alessi, Italian architect (b. 1512)
 1573 - Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian writer (b. 1504)
 1591 – Pope Innocent IX (b. 1519)
 1662 - Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (b. 1628)
 1691 - Robert Boyle, Irish scientist (b. 1627)
 1777 - Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1727)
 1803 - Francis Lewis, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1713)
 1867 - Sarah Booth, English actress (b. 1793)
 1870 - Juan Prim, Spanish general and statesman (b. 1814)
 1896 – Jose Rizal, Filipino national hero (b. 1861)
1901  2000 
 1905 – Frank Steunenberg, 4th Governor of Idaho (b. 1861)
 1916 - Grigori Rasputin, Russian monk and mystic (b. 1869)
 1928 - Jean Collas, French rugby player and tug of war competitor (b. 1874)
 1938 - Aleksander Kakowski, Archbishop of Warsaw (b. 1862)
 1941 – El Lissitzky, Russian architect and artist (b. 1890)
 1944 – Romain Rolland, French writer (b. 1866)
 1945 – Song Jin-woo, Korean politician, educator and journalist (b. 1889)
 1947 – Alfred North Whitehead, English mathematician and philosopher (b. 1861)
 1950 – Arthur Davidson, American businessman (b. 1881)
 1954 - Archduke Eugen of Austria (b. 1863)
 1964 - Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt, German neurologist (b. 1885)
 1966 - Pietro Ciriaci, Italian cardinal (b. 1885)
 1967 – Vincent Massey, Governor-General of Canada (b. 1887)
 1968 – Trygve Lie, Norwegian diplomat, UN Secretary-General (b. 1896)
 1970 – Sonny Liston, American boxer (b. 1932)
 1971 – Jo Cals, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1914)
1971 - Melba Rae, American actress (b. 1922)
 1979 – Richard Rodgers, American composer (b. 1902)
 1982 - Alberto Vargas, Peruvian painter (b. 1896)
 1988 - Yuli Daniel, Russian poet (b. 1925)
 1993 - Giuseppe Occhialini, Italian physicist (b. 1907)
 1995 - Doris Grau, American actress (b. 1924)
 1996 – Lew Ayres, American actor (b. 1908)
 1996 - Jack Nance, American actor (b. 1943)
 1998 - Johnny Moore, American singer (b. 1934)
 1998 - George Webb, British actor (b. 1911)
 1999 – Sarah Knauss, American supercentenarian, second-oldest woman on record (b. 1880)
From 2001 
 2002 – Mary Wesley, English novelist (b. 1912)
 2004 – Artie Shaw, American jazz musician (b. 1910)
 2006 – Saddam Hussein, Iraqi dictator (b. 1937)
 2009 – Abdurrahman Wahid, President of Indonesia, from 1999  2001 (b. 1940)
 2010 – Bobby Farrell, Aruban dancer, DJ and performer (b. 1949)
 2010 – Ellis Clarke, 1st President of Trinidad and Tobago (b. 1917)
 2011 – Ronald Searle, British cartoonist (b. 1920)
 2012 - Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian Nobel Prize-winning neurologist (b. 1909)
 2012 - Carl Woese, American microbiologist and biophysicist (b. 1928)
 2013 - Eero Mantyranta, Finnish skier (b. 1937)
 2014 - Luise Rainer, German-born actress (b. 1910)
 2014 - Antonio Brack Egg, Peruvian ecologist and politician (b. 1940)
 2014 - Marian Jurczyk, Polish politician (b. 1935)
 2014 - Walter Roque, Uruguayan-Venezuelan footballer (b. 1937)
 2015 - Mangesh Padgaonkar, Indian poet (b. 1929)
 2015 - Howard Pawley, Canadian politician, 18th Premier of Manitoba (b. 1934)
2015 - Doug Atkins, American football player (b. 1930)
 2015 - Howard Davis, Jr., American boxer (b. 1956)
 2016 - Tyrus Wong, Chinese-American artist (b. 1910)
 2017 - Erica Garner, American civil rights activist (b. 1990)
 2017 - Khalid Shameem Wynne, Pakistani military officer (b. 1953)
 2017 - Cheryll Sotheran, New Zealand museum executive (b. 1945)
Observances 
 Rizal Day (Philippines)

Days of the year
The C programming language is a computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs.   They used it to improve the UNIX operating system.  It is still much used today.  C is a procedural language, which means that people write their programs as a series of step-by-step instructions.  C is a compiled language, which means that the computer source code, written in C, is converted to make some machine code that a computer chip can actually execute.

Because the ideas behind C are like the ideas used in the design of the computer, the compiler (program builder) can generate fast machine code for the computer. The language itself has very few keywords, and most things are done using libraries, which are collections of code made to be reused. C has a big standard library called stdio, which stands for standard input/output.
C has a variety of uses: 
 writing embedded systems like the code that runs inside a computer mouse, or a car headlight.
 writing device drivers like the code inside a laptop computer that interacts with the touchpad or the microphone
 writing protocol stacks like the code that allows one computer to talk to other computers on the internet.
 writing operating systems, such as Linux, MacOS and UNIX, and the utilities that come with those operating systems.
 writing application software, such as web browsers, word processors, etc.
 writing video games. Many of the most well-reviewed video games, including Doom, Quake, and Super Mario 64 are written in C.
 The compilers and interpreters of many other programming languages, such as Python and Perl, are written in C.

C standards
There are three successive standards for the C programming language ANSI C, ISO C and Standard C which are published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
C is available for many different types of computers. This is why C is called a "portable" language. A program that is written in C and that respects certain limitations can be compiled for most platforms, and all in mainstream use.

The syntax of C has also influenced many other programming languages, such as C++, C#, and Java, and many more programming languages we use nowadays.

Example code
Here is an example of a program written in C. When built and run it will show "Hello world!", followed by a new line on the computer screen.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() 
{
    printf("Hello world!\n");
    return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h> gets the standard input/output tools ready for the program to use. This allows text to be displayed (output). 
 int main() is called the main function, and it is where the first code starts being run in a C program.
 printf("Hello world!\n"); is what displays text, in this case, "Hello world!" with a new line (\n) at the end.
 return 0; tells the computer that the program finished and did not run into problems.

Related pages
 C dynamic memory allocation
 C++
 C#
 Objective-C

Other websites
 Introduction to C programming
 Coding Programmer Page / C Library Reference and Examples (English)
 C (programming language) -Citizendium

Programming languages
Drake & Josh was a Nickelodeon television series. It started in January 2004 and ended in September 2007. The stars of the series are Drake Bell and Josh Peck. The two appeared as best friends on The Amanda Show. In Drake & Josh, they play step-brothers of separate parents. The overall story of the show was to show how Drake & Josh, two people with completely different ways of life, come together through their parents' marriage, and trying to avoid getting pranked by their little sister Megan Parker (Miranda Cosgrove).

Other stars of the show include Nancy Sullivan, who also starred on The Amanda Show.

Characters

Main cast

Recurring Characters
Theme Song
The start of each episode uses a song called "I Found A Way". The song is written by Drake Bell and Michael Corcoran and performed by Bell. Bell can also be seen playing the song in a quick scene from an episode in the first season. The song can also be found on the series' official soundtrack, Drake & Josh: Songs from and inspired by the hit TV show, and on Drake Bell's albums, Telegraph and It's Only Time.

2000s American sitcoms
Nickelodeon television series
2004 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
English-language television programs