Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
1176 was a leap year.

Events 
 January — Assize of Northampton.
 May 22 — Murder tried but failed by the Hashshashin on Saladin near Aleppo.
 Raynald of Chatillon released from prison in Aleppo.
 May 29 — Frederick Barbarossa is beaten.
 September 17 — Seljuk Turks beats Manuel I Comnenus at the Battle of Myriokephalon.
 Cathedral of Sens makes the first "clock".
 Construction begins on the London Bridge.
 Aberdeen becomes a royal burgh.
 The first recorded Welsh Eisteddfod is held by Rhys ap Gruffydd at Cardigan.

Births 

 Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (d. 1220)
 Leopold VI of Austria (d. 1230)
 William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (around date; d. 1226)
 Saint Sava, Serbian prince and archbishop (d. 1235)
 Subutai, Mongol general, tried to bring together the Mongolia
Deaths 
 April 20 — Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English soldier (b. 1130)
 May 13 — Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1119)
 August 23 — Emperor Rokujo- of Japan (b. 1164)
 October 25 — William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. c. 1109)
 Rosamund Clifford, mistress of Henry II of England (b. 1150)
 Saint Galdino, Italian archdeacon
1174 was a common year.

Events 
 Vietnam is given the name of Annam by China.
 Henry II of England confesses Rosamund Clifford as his mistress.
 Revolt of 1173-1174 against Henry II of England ends when the rebels are beaten.
 William I of Scotland is captured by Ranulf de Glanvill at the Battle of Alnwick (1174).
 Richard of Dover becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
 William de Braose, Third Lord of Bramber becomes sheriff of Hereford.
 Baldwin IV becomes King of Jerusalem.
 Fire destroys most of Padua, Italy.
 City of Pombal, is started by Gualdim Pais in Portugal.
 Saladin takes Damascus.
 The last Toltec king commits suicide.

Births 
 Saint Hedwig of Andechs (d. 1243)
 King Peter II of Aragon (d. 1213)
 Emeric of Hungary (d. 1204)
Deaths 
 May 15 — Nur ad-Din, ruler of Syria (b. 1118)
 June 28 — Andrei Bogolyubsky, Prince of Vladimir (b. c. 1111)
 July 11 — King Amalric I of Jerusalem (b. 1136)
 September 22 — Uchtred, Lord of Galloway (b. c. 1120)
 October 17 — Queen Petronila of Aragon (b. 1135)
 Everard des Barres, third Grand Master of the Knights Templar
 Miles of Plancy, French crusader
Comet West was a spectacular comet, also considered to qualify for great comet status.

It was discovered through pictures by Richard M. West, of the European Southern Observatory, on August 10, 1975.  During peak brightness, observers reported that it was bright enough to study during full daylight.

Comet West was what 1973's Comet Kohoutek should have been. 

The comet has an estimated orbital period of 558,000 years.

Break up
During the comet's run into the closer part of the solar system for the first time in 500,000 years, the nucleus of Comet West was seen to split into four pieces as it passed within 30 million km. of the sun.

The first report of the split came around 7 March 1976 12:30UT, when reports were received that the comet had broken into two pieces. These two pieces remained the only pieces until Steven O'Meara, using the 9-inch Harvard Refractor, reported that two additional pieces had formed on the morning of 18 March.
The breakup was one of very few comet breakups seen from historical times by the 1970s. Recently, comets Shoemaker-Levy 9, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3 (73/P), C/1999 S4 LINEAR, and 57/P du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte, have been seen to disintegrate. When seen, many were stunned, but none more so than the discoverer, Richard Martin West. The comet broke into pieces when some distance from the sun. It exploded into four pieces, and those were scattered. Later, two pieces were spotted, and studied intently by astronomers.

Other websites
Cometography.com: Comet West

Comets
Events 
 The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people.
 Smallpox arrives in Europe for the first time.
 King Ingvar of Sweden invades Estonia but is killed by the locals.
 Juchau Anglo-Saxon tribesmen arrive in England.
 The Persians begin to use windmills for irrigation.
 Chaturanga is played in India.
 Loma Caldera in El Salvador erupts.
 The Hopewell culture of North America becomes less popular.
 The Aztec city of Teotihuacán begins to get unstable.
 The moldboard plow is invented in eastern Europe.
 Pope Gregory I writes what comes to be known as Gregorian chant.
 The building on the monastery of St. Catherine is begun on Mount Sinai.
 Irish missionaries pray in Scotland and Germany.
 Chinese-influenced sculptures of Buddha begin to be created in Japan.
 Sumatra, Java, and the surrounding islands are changed to believe inBuddhism.
 Augustine of Canterbury changes Ethelbert of Kent's religion to Christianity (approximate date).
 Nubian rulers become Christian (approximate date).
Births 
 Ali Ben Abu Talib, the fourth caliph of Islam
 Candrakirti, Indian Madhyamaka philosopher

Deaths 
 Venance Fortunat, bishop of Poitiers, one of the last representatives of Classical Latin poetry
 King Beop of Baekje, king of the Baekje Kingdom of Korea
 Yang Jun
601 was a common year.


Events 
 Peter (Byzantine General) wins the battle against the Eurasian Avars
 Liuva II replaces his brother Reccared as King of the Visigoths.
 The Qieyun, a Chinese character rhyme dictionary, is published
 The future Archbishops of Canterbury, Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius, and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to help Augustine in his missionary work.

Births 
 Sigebert II of Austrasia and Burgundy
 Hongren, a Zen Buddhist patriarch of the Chinese Tang Dynasty (d. 674)
 Ma Zhou, Chinese chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 648)
 Empress Zhangsun

Deaths 
 Saint David, Patron Saint of Wales
 Reccared, King of the Visigoths
601 can mean:

 601 AD, (The year)
 PowerPC 601, a microprocessor shipped by the AIM alliance in 1993
 The number 601
The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion is a role-playing video game. It was made by the American game maker Bethesda in May 2006. The game is for the Xbox 360 video game console and the PC (computer). It was also made for the Sony PlayStation 3 in May 2007.

Awards 
This game got the "Game of the Year" award at the Golden Joystick Awards. Many gaming magazines such as the official Xbox magazine for the United Kingdom rated it a 10 out of 10. The game is only offline. It can not play against people on Xbox Live  although people can download extra content for the game. The extra content can also be bought on a DVD or Blu-ray. Some of the downloadable content comes with the Knights of the Nine retail disc.
Events
Events from The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion happened after the game The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind. The Emperor Uriel Septim VII gets killed by assassins while trying to escape the Imperial City, which means that Nirn (the world) has lost its shield against the Daedra from the plane of Oblivion, which comes through the opened gates of Oblivion. The goal of the game is to find the Emperor's son, defeat the attacking Daedra, and end the invasion by shutting the gates.

The player may also join a few guilds, groups that let the player do tasks for them, and once the player has completed all of their tasks, the player is in charge of the guild. Unlike Morrowind, the player can join every guild they can get into.
Expansion
There are two Expansion Packs for Oblivion: The Elder Scrolls IV: Shivering Isles. This expansion adds a new land: The Shivering Isles ruled by crazy god Sheogorath. Here you must defend the land from invading Knights of Order, and stop their attacks. There is also The Knights of the Nine which adds yet another quest.

References

2006 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
The Elder Scrolls
602 was a common year.

Events 
 A series of wars begin between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire.

Births 
 Li Chunfeng
 Liu Rengui
 Mu'awiyah, who started the Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs (approximate date)
 Xuanzang, famous Chinese Buddhist monk
 Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 690)
 Taejong muyeol of Silla, 29th King of Silla(Korean of ancient kingdom, B.C 57 – A.D 935)
 Zhiyan

Deaths 
 Empress Dugu Qieluo
Shri Neem Karoli Baba or Shri Neeb Karori Baba (नीब
करोरी बाबा) (? - September 11, 1973, in Vrindavan, India), also known to followers as Maharaj-ji, was a Hindu guru and who loved the Hindu deity Hanuman. He is known in the West for having been the guru of a number of Americans who traveled to India in the 1960s and 1970s. These students were returned to the West and told other people about Neem Karoli Baba. The most well known of these students are the spiritual teachers Ram Dass and Bhagavan Das, and the musicians Krishna Das and Jai Uttal.

Sadhu and guru
Sadhu and guru

Not much is known about Neem Karoli Baba's birth and early years. According to one story, he was born Lakshmi Narayan Sharma (in Akbarpur, Faizabad currently Ambedkar Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. After an arranged marriage at the age of 11, he left his home and traveled a lot in northern India as a holy man (sadhu). During this time he was known by many names including Lakshman Das, Handi Wallah Baba, and Tikonia Walla Baba. When he did spiritual practice at Vavania near Navlakhi Port in Gujarat, he was known as Tallaiya Baba. In Vrindavan, the local people called him Chamatkari Baba which means "Miracle Baba". Many people thought him to be a saint.

Neem Karoli was a master of bhakti yoga, and said that service to others (seva) is the best way to show love for God. In a book of stories put together by Ram Dass called Miracle of Love, a student named Anjani shares the following story:
Notable Disciples
Among the most well known of Maharaj-ji's disciples were Ram Dass, the author of Be Here Now, teacher and performer Bhagavan Das, and the musicians Jai Uttal and Krishna Das. Other notable devotees include humanitarian Larry Brilliant and his wife Girija, as well as Dada Mukerjee (former professor at Allahabad University, Uttar Pradesh, India).

After returning to the United States, Ram Dass and Larry Brilliant founded the Seva Foundation, a worldwide development organization which tries to end world poverty by following the teachings of Neem Karoli Baba. Seva is based in Berkeley, California, and Ram Dass served on the board until his death in 2019.

References
References

Further reading
Das, Bhagavan (1997). It's Here Now (Are You?) Broadway. 
Dass, Ram (1971). Be Here Now. Three Rivers Press. 
Dass, Ram (1979). Miracle of Love: Stories about Neem Karoli Baba. Hanuman Foundation. 
Mukerjee, Dada (2001). By His Grace: A Devotee's Story. Hanuman Foundation. 
Mukerjee, Dada (2001). The Near and the Dear: Stories of Neem Karoli Baba and His Devotees. Hanuman Foundation. 
Pande, Ravi Prakash (2003). Divine Reality: Shri Baba Neeb Karori Ji Maharaj. Shri Kainchi Hanuman Mandir Ashram.
 Sculpture - The sculpture of Neem Karoli Baba shown above was created by Natalia Rosenfeld, whose work can be seen at www.nataliasculpture.com

Other websites
Website on Neem Karoli Baba
Indian Website on Neem Karoli Baba
Janma Sthal of Maharaj-ji 
Samadhi Sthal of Maharaj-ji 
Temples and Ashrams related to Neem Karoli Baba 
Neem Karoli Baba photos
Seva Foundation
Divine Reality by Ravi Prakash Pande, "Rajida" 

Year of birth missing
1973 deaths
Hindu gurus
People from Uttar Pradesh
Be Here Now is a 1971 book on spirituality by the spiritual teacher Ram Dass. The title comes from what his guide in India, Bhagavan Das, used to tell him.

Summary of the book
The book has four sections: 
"Journey: The Transformation: Dr. Richard Alpert, PhD. into Baba Ram Dass"
"From Bindu to Ojas: The Core Book" (Bindu is a Sanskrit word meaning "small dot". Ojas means "strength", or "life".)
"Cookbook for a Sacred Life: A Manual for Conscious Being"
"Painted Cakes: Books"

The first section is about his life, his work as a psychologist, his research with Timothy Leary into Psychedelics at Harvard, and his anxiety when this research does not help him with his spiritual questions. He then writes about his first journey to India and his meeting with his Guru, or spiritual teacher, Neem Karoli Baba, and spiritual renaming as Baba Ram Dass, or "servant of god".

The second section, the largest, is a collection of metaphysical, spiritual and religious sayings, with pictures.
The third section is a guide for starting on a yogic or spiritual path, and tells how to practice yoga and meditation. It has a lot of quotes from teachers of many different religions.

The last section, also titled "Painted Cakes Do Not Satisfy Hunger" contains a list of books on religion and spirituality. The book lists are divided into "Books to hang out with", "Books to visit with now & then", and "Books it's useful to have met".

Publishing history
The book has been in print since it was first published, and has sold over one million copies. The work was published as a pamphlet by  the Lama Foundation. In 1977, the Lama Foundation decided that the Hanuman Foundation would get half of the money made by the book, so it could do more work to help people.
Cultural influence
Be Here Now is one of the first guides, for those not born as Hindus, to becoming a yogi. For its influence on the Hippie movement and other movements, it has been described as a "countercultural bible". The book was the first place the phrase "be here now" was used. Other people have said they like the book, including Wayne Dyer. Musician George Harrison used the book's title as the title of one of his songs from his 1973 album Living In The Material World. He wrote about this in his book I Me Mine.

Excerpt
Ram Dass wrote this in the book:
Now, though I am a beginner on the path, I have returned to the West for a time to work out karma or unfulfilled commitment. Part of this commitment is to share what I have learned with those of you who are on a similar journey. One can share a message through telling 'our-story' as I have just done, or through the teaching methods of yoga, or singing, or making love. Each of us finds his unique vehicle for sharing with others his bit of wisdom. For me, this story is but a vehicle for sharing with you the true message... the living faith in what is possible. --OM--

Related pages
Neem Karoli Baba

References 

1971 books
Spiritual books
American literature
The word Yogi can mean either:
 an advanced practitioner of Yoga (Yogi) in Eastern religions
 a person who got Yogam, i.e. a blessed or gifted person, a person with knowledge, talent, ability or luck. 
 Yogi Berra, a baseball player, named after a yogi.
 Yogi Bear, a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character.
 Yogi Rock, a rock on the planet Mars, named after Yogi Bear. See .
 Yogi (dog), police dog with the longest successive tracking search on record. 
Yogi (movie), a Telugu language movie starring Prabhas and Nayanthara directed by V.V. Vinayak.
Yogi (producer), an African-American music producer, member of rap group CRU and associate of P. Diddy's [[The 
Hitmen (production team)|Hitmen]] production group.
A yogi (Sanskrit, feminine root: yogini) is a term for a male who practices various forms of the path of Yoga, maintaining a steadfast mind, the process of transcending the lower self. These designations are mostly reserved for advanced or daily practitioners. In contemporary English yogin is an alternative rendering for the word yogi.  This word is often used to describe Buddhist monks or any lay person or householder who is devoted to meditation.  

The Shiva-Samhita text defines the yogi as someone who knows that the entire cosmos is situated within his own body, and the Yoga-Shikha-Upanishad distinguishes two kinds of yogins:  those who pierce through the "sun" (surya) by means of the various yogic techniques and those who access the door of the central conduit (sushumna-nadi) and drink the nectar.

Related pages
Yogini

References

Sources 
1-2. Feuerstein, Georg.  The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, Shambhala Publications, Boston, 2000 p. 321, 350.

Hinduism
1172 was a leap year.

Events 
 Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers. He later becomes King Richard I of England.
 Pope Gregory VIII starts the Council of Avranches.
 The Synod of Cashel ended the Celtic Christian system and converted them to Rome.

Births 
 Baldwin I of Constantinople (d. 1205)
 Fujiwara Moroie, last of the Japanese Fujiwara Regents (d. 1238)
 Takash, the shah of Persia (d. 1200)
 Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford (d. 1214)
 Louis I, Count of Blois (d. 1205)
 Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester (d. 1232)
 Isabella of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem 1190/1192–1205 (d. 1205)

Deaths 
 Agnes, daughter of Italian Count Amadeus III of Savoy (b. 1125)
 Hemachandra, Indian mathematician, philosopher and historian (b. 1089)

References
Events 
 Saladin bans the Fatimid Caliphate, bringing back Sunni rule in Egypt.
 Manuel I Comnenus orders all the Venetians in the Byzantine Empire to be arrested.
 Rhys ap Gruffydd agrees to talk to Henry II of England.
 Building of the Cathedral of Saint Sabino in Bari is finished.
 Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja begins to rule alone.
 Alfonso II of Aragon beats Caspe and Teruel.
 Henry II of England starts eight centuries of conflict and war between Ireland and England.
 Pisa and Florence make an alliance against Lucca and Genoa.
 The Heirs of Robert Burdet leave Catalonia.

Births 
 August 15 — King Alfonso IX of León (d. 1230)
 Agnes of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (d. after 1207)

Deaths 
 January 1 — Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster (b. 1110)
 February 20 — Conan IV, Duke of Brittany (b. 1138)
 November 8 — Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut (b. 1108)
 Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (b. 1111)
 Gleb of Kiev
85 Io is a big, dark Main belt asteroid of the C spectral class. It is probably a primitive body made of carbonates. Like 70 Panopaea it orbits within the Eunomia asteroid family but it is not related to the shattered parent body.

Io is a retrograde rotator, with its pole pointing towards one of ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-45°, 105°) or (-15°, 295°) with a 10° uncertainty[1]. This gives an axial tilt of about 125° or 115°, respectively. Its shape is quite spherical.

It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 19, 1865 and named after Io, a lover of Zeus in Greek mythology.

A diameter of 178 kilometres was measured from an occultation of a star on December 10, 1995 [4].

Io is also the name of the volcanic moon of Jupiter. With a two-digit number and a two-letter name, 85 Io has the shortest designation of all minor planets.

Other websites 
 shape model deduced from lightcurve
References 
 J. Torppa et al. Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data, Icarus, Vol. 164, p. 346 (2003).
 PDS lightcurve data 
 Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey 
 A. Erikson Photometric observations and modelling of the asteroid 85 Io in conjunction with data from an occultation event during the 1995-96 apparition, Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 47, p. 327 (1999).
 G. A. Krasinsky et al. Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt, Icarus, Vol. 158, p. 98 (2002).

Asteroids
The coat of arms of Iraqi Kurdistan is an eagle holding a sun on its wings. The sun is formed of three colours, red, yellow and green, which represent the Kurdish flag. This coat of arms was first used in 1992.

Kurdistan
Iraqi Kurdistan
87 Sylvia is one of the biggest main-belt asteroids. It is a member of the Cybele group. It is beyond the middle of the belt. Sylvia is famous for being the first asteroid known to have more than one moon.

Discovery and naming 
Sylvia was found by N. R. Pogson on May 16, 1866 from Madras (Chennai), India. In the article announcing the discovery of this asteroid (MNRAS, 1866), Pogson said he selected the name in reference to Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus and Remus.
Physical characteristics 
Sylvia is very dark in color and probably has a primitive composition. The discovery of its moons made possible an accurate measurement of the asteroid's mass and density. Its density is very low (around 1.2 times the density of water), indicating that the asteroid has a lot of empty spaces; From 25% to as much as 60% of it may be empty space. The mineralogy of X-type asteroids is not well known. Sylvia is a fairly fast rotator, turning about its axis every 5.18 hours (giving an equatorial rotation speed of about 230 km/h or 145 mph).

Moons 
Sylvia is orbited by two small moons. They have been named Romulus and Remus (the formal names are (87) Sylvia I Romulus and (87) Sylvia II Remus, respectively), after the children of the mythological Rhea Silvia.

It is thought likely that both Sylvia and its moons are rubble piles from a past asteroid collision Other, smaller moons formed in a similar way may also be found.

References
References

Other websites 
 Pogson, N. R. (1866), Minor Planet (87) Sylvia, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 26, p. 311 (June 1866)
 Data on (87) Sylvia from Johnston's archive (maintained by W. R. Johnston)
 Rubble-Pile Minor Planet Sylvia and Her Twins  (ESO news release, August 2005) Includes images and artists impressions
 Adaptive Optics System Reveals New Asteroidal Satellite (SpaceDaily.com, March 2001) Includes a discovery image.
 Space.com: First asteroid trio discovered
 IAUC 7588, reporting discovery of S/2001 (87) 1
 IAUC 7590, confirming the discovery
 IAUC 8582, reporting discovery of S/2004 (87) 1 and naming Romulus and Remus
 An animation of (87) Sylvia and its moons (23 MB, DivX) 
 Shape model derived from lightcurve (on page 19)

Asteroids
Java Embedding Plugin (JEP) allows Java on Mac OS X with browsers that are not Safari.

Other websites
 http://javaplugin.sourceforge.net

Web browsers
Arena is a web browser made by the W3C for testing support for HTML 3 and Cascading Style Sheets.

Other websites

web browsers
Flock is a web browser based on Mozilla Firefox. Flock is also the name of the company making the browser.

Awards
Upon leaving beta, Flock has won a number of awards:

Webby Award in social networking, 2008
SXSW community Award, 2008 
Open Web Award for Applications and Widgets, 2007 

| publisher = PC World | accessdate = 2008-06-17 | archive-date = 2008-06-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080611111731/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,146161-page,12-c,electronics/article.html

References

Other websites
 
 Flock developer portal

Web browsers
Mozilla
HTTrack is a free and open source website copier and offline browser by Xavier Roche, licensed under the GNU General Public License. It allows you to download World Wide Web sites from the Internet to a computer.

Other websites 
 Official site
 Demonstration of WinHTTrack in use
 SpiderZilla Add-on for Mozilla FireFox

Web browsers
Free software
K-Meleon began as a competitor to Mozilla's original internet suite. It had the goal of being faster and lighter. Until 2011, K-Meleon embedded Gecko in a stripped-down interface. Throughout its lifespan, K-Meleon has required small amounts of memory. K-Meleon 76 uses the Goanna fork. It supports platforms no longer supported by Mozilla after their Gecko rewrite. K-Meleon supports older computers and older computer software. It maintains active support for Windows XP and Windows Vista.

Customization is another primary design goal of K-Meleon. Users can change the toolbars, menus, and keyboard shortcuts from text-based configuration files. Besides conventional extensions, K-Meleon also supports macros. Macros are small, human-readable extensions. Users can examine, write, or edit them in a text editor. K-Meleon's custom configuration files can trigger macros. Because it is adaptable, experts recommended K-Meleon for internet cafes and libraries in the early 2000s.

Screenshots

References
References 

 
 
  (Version 1.0–75.1)
 
 
  (Version 0.7)

Other websites
 K-Meleon Homepage.
 Roytam's repositories on GitHub

Web browsers
Mozilla
CNT may be:

 Croatian National Theatre (Hrvatsko narodno kazalište)
 Central Nacional de Trabajadores, the National Workers' Central (Paraguay)
Central Nacional de Televisão - television network established in Curitiba, Brazil, named today TVJB
 Confederación Nacional del Trabajo - National Confederation of Labor in Spain
 Confédération nationale du travail (CNT-F)
 Confédération Nigérienne du Travail, the Nigerien Confederation of Labour
 Carbon nanotube
 Computer Network Technology Corporation, an enterprise acquired by McData in January 2005
 The Columbia Non-neutral Torus experiment at Columbia University.
 The Center for Neighborhood Technology
Gentoo Linux is a version of the Linux operating system. It was created by Daniel Robbins. The project and its products are named after the Gentoo penguin.

Development
Gentoo Linux uses a package management system called Portage. Portage is like the BSD ports collection. Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, easy to maintain, flexible, and optimized for the user's machine. Packages are normally built from source code, continuing the tradition of the ports collection, although for convenience, some large software packages are also available as precompiled binaries for various architectures.

Although originally designed for the x86 architecture, it has been ported to many others and currently runs on the x86, x86-64, IA-64, PA-RISC; PowerPC, PowerPC 970, SPARC64, MIPS, DEC Alpha, System Z/s390, PS3 Cell Processor  and SuperH architectures. Official support for 32-bit Sparc hardware has been dropped.
Package 
Gentoo's official software package repository includes, for example, UNetbootin.

Related pages
List of Linux distributions

References

Other websites 

 The official website of the Gentoo Project
 gentoo-wiki.com  - An unofficial yet heavily used wiki about Gentoo
 

Linux distributions
X86-64 Linux distributions
1151 was a common year.

Events 
 September 7 — Geoffrey of Anjou dies, and is replaced by his son Henry who is 18 years old. 
 The first plague and fire insurance policy is issued in Iceland

Births 
 April 3 — Igor Svyatoslavich, Russian prince (d. 1202)
 Unkei, Japanese sculptor (d. 1223)

Deaths 
 January 13 — Abbot Suger, French statesman and historian (b. c. 1081)
 April 23 — Adeliza of Leuven, queen of Henry I of England (b. 1103)
 September 7 — Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (b. 1113)
1148 was a leap year.

Events 
 Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona fought and beat Tortosa for the Moors.
 King Afonso I of Portugal takes Abrantes from the Moors.
 Anna Comnena writes the Alexiad, which is a biography of her father, Emperor Alexius I.

Births 
 John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem and Latin Emperor of Constantinople (d. 1237)
 Qiu Chuji, Chinese Taoist (d. 1227)
 Pope Honorius III (d. 1227)

Deaths 
 April — Amadeus III of Savoy (b. 1095)
 Conan III, Duke of Brittany (b. 1070)
 Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (b. 1100)
 William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey
 Alphonse I of Toulouse (b. 1103)
1146 was a common year.

Events 
 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux prays for the Second Crusade at Vezelay, Burgundy.
 First information about Bryansk found.

Births 
 Giraldus Cambrensis, Welsh clergyman and chronicler (d. around 1223)
 William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (d. 1219)

Deaths 
 August 1 — Vsevolod II of Kiev
 August 8 — Eric III of Denmark
 September 14 — Zengi, ruler of Syria (murdered) (b. 1087)
Events 
 February 15 — Pietro Bernardo Paganelli of Montemagno, Calci is elected as Pope Eugene III, and succeeds Pope Lucius II as the 167th pope.
 Pope Eugene III issues Quantum praedecessores, calling for the Second Crusade
 Construction begins on Notre-Dame d'Chartres in Chartres, France
 Kim Pusik and his team of historians finishes the making of the Korean historical text Samguk Sagi.
 Woburn Abbey founded.
 Arnold of Brescia joins the revolutionary Commune of Rome, where he becomes its leader for the next 10 years.

Births 
 Maria of Antioch, Byzantine Empress (d. 1182)
 Marie de Champagne, Countess of Champagne (d. 1198)
 Theodora Comnena, Queen of Jerusalem 
 Pope Gregory IX (d. 1241) 
 Al-Adil I, Ayyubid-Egyptian general and ruler (d. 1218)
 Amalric II of Jerusalem (d. 1205)

Deaths 
 February 15 — Pope Lucius II
 Zhang Zeduan, Chinese painter (b. 1085)
Federico Fellini (born 20 January 1920 in Rimini, died 31 October 1993 in Rome) was an Italian movie-maker and director. Fellini's movies combine memory, dream, and fantasy.

The first movie Fellini directed was Lo Sceicco Bianco (1951), with Alberto Sordi, written by Michelangelo Antonioni and Ennio Flaiano. In making this movie Fellini met Nino Rota, the musician that would follow him for the successful rest of his career.

Fellini was married to actress Giulietta Masina (1921-1994) from 1943 until his death. In 1945, he had a son who survived for only 2 weeks; it was the only child of Fellini and Giulietta Masina. Masina acted in many of his movies. Other actors Fellini often worked with include Marcello Mastroianni, Alberto Sordi, and Anita Ekberg.
Apart from making movies he also wrote scripts for radio shows, for movies (mainly for Roberto Rossellini) and wrote comic gags for well known actors like Aldo Fabrizi. Fellini also produced several drawings (mostly pencil on paper), often humoristic portraits. His first success was in drawing advertising pictures for movies.

During Fascism an Avanguardista, his first writings were for Alleanza Cinematografica Italiana (ACI), a production company of Vittorio Mussolini, son of Benito, who introduced him to Rossellini.
In 1944, when Fascism was over, he opened a shop in Rome in which he sold these drawings. The shop was named (in English) "The Funny Face Shop", and contained works from Fellini and De Seta, Verdini, Camerini, Scarpelli, Majorana, Guasta, Giobbe, Attalo, Migneco (all writers, directors or otherwise intellectuals working for Italian cinema). In the same year started his contribution to Rossellini's Roma Città Aperta, with Aldo Fabrizi. Fellini took also part in writing another of Rossellini's movies: Paisà. He wrote also for other directors as Alberto Lattuada, Pietro Germi and Luigi Comencini.

In 1987 he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. In 1993, he received an Academy Award (Oscar) for his lifetime achievement.
Movies 
 Luci del varietà (1950)
 Lo Sceicco Bianco (1951)
 I Vitelloni (1953)
 La Strada (1954) Oscar (best foreign movie)
 Le Notti di Cabiria (1957) Oscar (best foreign movie)
 La Dolce Vita (1960) Oscar (best costumes)
 8 1/2 (1963) 2 Oscars (best foreign movie, best costumes)
 Giulietta degli Spiriti (1965)
 Satyricon (1969)
 I Clowns (1970)
 Roma (1972)
 Amarcord (1973) Oscar (best foreign movie)
 Casanova (1976)
 Prova d'Orchestra (1979)
 La Citta' delle Donne (1980)
 E la nave va (1983)
 Ginger and Fred (1986)
 Intervista'' (1987)

Other websites
 

Academy Award winning directors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Italian movie directors
Italian screenwriters
People from Rimini
1923 births
1993 deaths
Events 
 Louis VII surrenders to Pope Celestine II and so received a blessing from the pope
 March 12 — Pope Lucius II becomes Pope over Pope Celestine II as the 166th pope.
 December 24 — County of Edessa is beaten by Zengi (see Siege of Edessa).
 Montauban, France, is started.
 Normandy comes under Angevin control through Geoffrey of Anjou.
 Giordano Pierleoni starts the revolutionary Commune of Rome.
 Manuel I Comnenus brings Raymond, Prince of Antioch, under Byzantine influence.
 The Priory in Lesmahagow is started by Benedictine monks.

Births 
 Bohemund III of Antioch (d. 1201)

Deaths 
 March 8 — Pope Celestine II
 September — Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex
John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, religious thinker, and civil servant for the English Commonwealth Government. He is one of the most important figures in Western literature. He is most famous for his Christian epic poem Paradise Lost. His writing influenced both later poets and religious thinkers.

Life 
John Milton was born on 9 December 1608, the son of John Milton (senior) and Sarah Jerry. His family lived in Bread Street, London. His father was a musician and composer. His main work was as a scrivener, a secretary who reads and writes letters for people who cannot read and write for themselves. Milton's father was well paid at this work, and was able to hire a private tutor to teach his clever eldest son. Milton's brother Christopher said he studied very long into each night. Milton then went to St. Paul's School where he studied Latin, Greek, and Hebrew.
Publications 
In 1645, during the English Civil War, he published Poems of Mr. John Milton, in which there were his famous poems "L'Allegro" and "Il'Penseroso", which was mostly ignored. In 1649, during the trial of Charles I, Milton wrote Of the Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, arguing that kings can rule only when the people allow them to. He then became secretary to the Council of State and wrote in Latin Eikonoklastes in 1649. That was the last big writing project he did before he began to become blind. In 1652, he became completely blind and was very unhappy. However, in 1667, he published the famous Paradise Lost, one of the greatest English-language epics. Four years later, he wrote Paradise Regained, a story about how men became sinful and how Jesus Christ won the battle with the devil. The last work that was published while he was alive was Samson Agonistes. He died, probably because of gout, on 8 November 1674.

Other websites
Other websites 

 
 Milton Reading Room  – online, almost fully annotated, collection of all of Milton's poetry and selections of his prose
 Milton 400th Anniversary  – lots of Milton material and details of the Milton 400th Anniversary Celebrations, from Christ's College, Cambridge, where Milton studied
 "Milton and De Doctrina Christiana"  by Gordon Campbell et al., 1996
 "The masque in Milton's Arcades and Comus" by Gilbert McInnis
 History of the John Milton Society for the Blind in Canada 
 How Milton Works by Stanley Fish
 Milton's cottage
 Paradise Lost by John Milton, Introduction and Notes by David Hawkes
 A common-place book of John Milton, and a Latin essay and Latin verses presumed to be by Milton Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection. 

1608 births
1674 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Civil servants
English poets
English Protestants
Writers from London
A wedge is a simple machine used mainly to put in between two stones. A wedge as a tool is used to push two things apart such as the blade of a sword and knife  does when it cuts wood. A wedge can also be used to lift an object or hold an object in place. The mechanical advantage of a wedge depends on the ratio of its length to its thickest part.

History 
The origin of the wedge is unknown, because it has been in use as early as the Stone Age. Circa 3000 BC, in Ancient Egypt quarries, bronze wedges were used to break away blocks of rock used for construction. Wood wedges, that swelled after being wet, were also used. Some Native American tribes used antler wedges as a means of splitting and working wood to make canoes, houses, and other wood objects.
Examples for separating and lifting 
Examples include axes, splitting mauls, and splitting wedges. Wedges can also be used to lift heavy objects, or finely adjust the height of objects, essentially separating them from the surface they rest on. These may also be referred to as shims. Knives, scissors, chisels, and even teeth can sometimes be used as wedges, however, they are more fundamentally cutting implements.

Examples for holding fast 
Wedges can also be used to hold objects in place, such as engine parts (poppet valves), bicycle parts (stems and eccentric bottom brackets), and doors.

A door stop (door wedge) is a wedge, and its main function is to generate friction between the bottom of the door and the ground.

A fork or nails can also be considered a type of wedge. While a nail will slice into wood when hammered, a bolt will not be pushed in. This is because a nail is a wedge and a bolt is not. A nail is tapered to a point at its end, then gets thicker farther up towards the head of the nail.
Mechanical advantage 

The mechanical advantage of a wedge is the length of the sloping side of the wedge and divide it by the length of the thick end of the wedge.  Therefore the formula for a wedge is:

 

The more acute the angle of the wedge, the more mechanical advantage it will have.

Despite this, one reason that many splitting wedges have a wide angle is that an elastic material, such as wood, will bind a narrow wedge more readily than a wide wedge. This is why splitting mauls have a much larger angle than an axe.

Related pages 
 Axe
 Inclined plane
 Screw
 Shim
 Splitting maul
 Simple machines

References

Other websites 
 Wedges

Mechanics
Tools
The Bundesregierung, sometimes called the Bundeskabinett or Federal Cabinet, is the government of the Federal Republic of Germany and it consists of the Chancellor and the Federal Ministers.

The job of the cabinet is listed in the articles 62 to 69 of the constitution. This also has the oath of office that the minister must take.

The Chancellor is responsible for the administrative work of the Federal Government, but the work is delegated to the Head of the Federal Chancellery.

The Chancellor sets the general policy of the Federal Government, and what each ministry should do. The Federal Ministers are responsible for what happens in their own departments, and for making sure that the ministry keeps to the general ideas of the Chancellor. This is known as the departmental principle ().

If two Federal Ministers disagree about what should be done or about who is to do it or how it is to be done, the Federal Government decides with a majority decision. The is called the cooperative principle ().
The Federal Minister Law () says that a retired member of the Federal Government can have a retirement pension, if they have been a minister for at least two years. Time as a junior minister (US "Undersecretary"), who in Germany are called parliamentary permanent secretaries, is counted, and so is previous membership in a Land (state) government.

Parliamentary permanent secretaries and state ministers are not members of the Federal Government, but do help them in their job.

As a rule, the Federal Cabinet meets in the Federal Chancellery every Wednesday at 9:30 a.m.

Third Merkel Cabinet 
Only members of CDU-CSU and SPD are in the Third Merkel Cabinet (2013-2018).

Lawyers in the Federal Government 
This table lists the number and percentage of members of the federal government who were lawyers. In Germany the time between elections is called a "legislative period". In the United Kingdom this would be called a Parliament or in the United States a Congress.

Government of Germany
Brave New World is a dystopia novel by Aldous Huxley. It was first published in 1932. The novel is set in London of "AF 632", which is about 2540 AD, and speaks of developments in reproductive technology, operant conditioning, and sleep-learning that change society.

The general idea is a World Government manipulates people so as to make them easier to govern. They are split into five castes, hatched by the state to fill preset positions in society. The lower castes, which are clones, are treated with chemicals to arrest their mental and physical development. Children are treated by a process which gives them only information appropriate to their caste. They are moulded for their positions in life. Psychological needs are met by compulsory dosing of the drug soma, a hallucinogen which takes the user on an enjoyable trip. In the novel various characters experience life in this planned society and struggle with the problems it causes them.
Related pages
[[Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century|Le Monde'''s 100 Books of the Century]]

References

http://www.huxley.net/

Other websites

1957 video interview with Huxley as he reflects on his life work and especially Brave New World''
 Scholarly essay/article on Brave New World 
Aldous Huxley: Bioethics and Reproductive Issues
A Defense of Paradise-Engineering. A critical review of Huxley's novel by David Pearce.

1932 books
English novels
London in fiction
Manuel José Quintana y Lorenzo (April 11, 1772 - March 11, 1857), poet, was born at Madrid, Spain.

Writings 
In 1801 Quintana wrote a tragedy, El Duque de Viseo, written about a patriotic theme. which was successful.

Life 
The first book of his Vidas de Españoles célebres, about the lives of Spanish heroes, helped to promote Quintana the post of secretary to the Cortes during the French invasion. But on the return of Ferdinand VII he was put in prison at Pamplona from 1814 to 1820. He was finally given a small post in the civil service, became tutor to Queen Isabella II, and was nominated senator.

Death 
Quintana died at the age of 84. Philanthropy and patriotism helped him write. The thought he put into his poems is not deep, but his faith to Spain attracted people to read them.
References
 Albert Dérozier: "Les étapes de la vie officielle de Manuel Josef Quintana". Bulletin Hispanique 66 (1964): 363-383
 Albert Dérozier: Manuel Josef Quintana et la naissance du libéralisme en Espagne. 2 vols. Paris: Les belles Lettres, 1968-70. Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 95, 105.
 Albert Dérozier: Manuel José Quintana y el nacimiento del liberalismo en España / Albert Dérozier. Trad.: Manuel Moya. Madrid: Turner, 1978.
 Diego Martínez Torrón: Manuel José Quintana y el espíritu de la España liberal (con textos desconocidos). Sevilla: Ed. Alfar, 1995. .
 E. Mérimée: "Les poésies liriques de Quintana." Bulletin Hispanique 4 (1902): 119-153.
 José A. Valero: "Manuel José Quintana y el sublime moral." Hispanic Review 71 (2003): 585-611

Quintana, Manuel José
Quintana, Manuel José
Quintana, Manuel José
Fortran is a programming language first created in the 1950s. It is still in use today. It is a procedural language mainly used for scientific computing and numerical analysis.

History
The first FORTRAN compiler was created in 1954-57 by a team at IBM led by John W. Backus. This compiler was the first compiler for any High level language. The authors were worried that no one would use the language if programs written in it did not run nearly as fast as programs written in assembly language. So they made it an optimizing compiler.

Because of the heavy use by scientists doing numerical work the language grew in ways that encouraged compiler writers to produce compilers that generated high quality (fast) code. There are many high performance compiler vendors. Much work and research in compiler theory and design was caused by the need to generate good code for Fortran programs.
Several revisions of the language have appeared, including the very well known FORTRAN IV (the same as FORTRAN 66), FORTRAN 77 and Fortran 90. The most recent formal standard for the language was published in 1997 and is known as Fortran 95.

Initially, the language relied on precise formatting of the source code and heavy use of statement numbers and 'go to' statements, written as goto in Fortran.

Every version introduced 'modern' programming concepts, such as source code comments and output of text, IF-THEN-ELSE (in FORTRAN 77), recursion (in Fortran 90) and parallel constructs, while trying to maintain Fortran's 'lean' profile and high performance.

Meaning and spelling of the name 

The name "Fortran" is short for "Formula Translation". The language was formerly known as FORTRAN (and older variants of it still are). Since Fortran 90, the capitalization has been abandoned. The published formal standards use "Fortran".
Standards 
The two standards below are for current Fortran implementations. 
 ANSI X3.198-1992 (R1997). Title: Programming Language "Fortran" Extended. Informally known as Fortran 90. This standard was published by ANSI and never became an International Standard (ISO).
 ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997. Title: Information technology - Programming languages - Fortran - Part 1: Base language. Informally known as Fortran 95. There are a further 2 parts to this standard. Part 1 has been formally adopted by ANSI.

Other websites and references

 Brian Meek: The Fortran (not the foresight) saga: the light and the dark, Fortran Forum, Vol 9 No 2, October 1990, pp 23-32. Online at http://www.fortranplus.co.uk/resources/brian_meeks_fortran_saga.pdf . A good overview over the long and intricate Fortran history.
 Lucy Joan Slater, More Fortran programs for economists, Cambridge University Press, 1972.

Programming languages
Computer science
William Butler Yeats (1865–1939) was an Irish poet, dramatist and mystic. He was born in Dublin, Ireland on 13 June 1865. He spent most of his time in Sligo and some time in London.

Yeats' early poetry drew heavily on myth and legend. His later work had more to do with contemporary issues. One of his famous poems is called "Leda and the Swan".

With Lady Gregory and others, he was one of the people who founded the Irish Literary Theatre and the Abbey Theatre.

He was also interested in Hermeticism and Theosophy. He was a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

Yeats won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1923. He died in Menton, France.

References 

1865 births
1939 deaths
Irish poets
Royal Society of Literature
Writers from Dublin
Irish Nobel Prize winners
90 Antiope is an asteroid found on October 1, 1866 by Robert Luther. The 90th asteroid to be found, it is named after Antiope from Greek mythology, though it is disputed as to whether the namesake is Antiope the Amazon or Antiope the mother of Amphion and Zethus.

Antiope orbits in the farther third of the core region of the main belt, and is a member of the Themis family of asteroids. Like most bodies in this region, it is of the dark C spectral type, indicating that it is made of carbonaceous chondrite.

There have been 9 occultations observed since 1988, many of which are multichord occultations.

Double asteroid      

The most remarkable feature of Antiope is that it has two asteroids of almost equal size (the difference in mass is less than 2.5%), making it a truly "double" asteroid. Its binary nature was found on 10 August, 2000 by a group of astronomers using adaptive optics at the Keck Telescope on Mauna Kea. The "secondary" is designated S/2000 (90) 1.
Each asteroid is about 86±1 km across, with their centers separated by only about 170 kilometers. This means that the space separating the two halves is only 60 km, or so. The two bodies orbit around the same center of mass which lies in the space between them. The orbital period is about 16.50 hours, the eccentricity below 0.03 (best estimate 0.01 ± 0.02). Every several years, a period of mutual occultations occurs when the asteroid is viewed from Earth. Using Kepler's third law, the mass and density of the asteroids can be derived from the orbital period and asteroid sizes.

The axis of the mutual orbit of the two asteroids points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (200°, 38°) with 2 degrees uncertainty. This is tilted about 63° to the circumsolar orbit of the system.
Other websites 
 Discovery of Companions to Asteroids 762 Pulcova and 90 Antiope SWrI Press Release.
 Data on (90) Antiope from Johnston's archive (maintained by W. R. Johnston)
 online data on the Antiope system maintained by F. Marchis; includes images and simulated occultation movies.
 ESO Press-Release published on May 29, 2007  The Impossible Siblings
 UC-Berkeley Press-Release published on May 29, 2007 Binary asteroid revealed as twin rubble piles
 Antiope, a true binary asteroid , The Planetary Society weblog, E. Lakdawalla, 11 Apr, 2007.

References 

Asteroids
The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (or Golden Dawn for short) was a magical order of secret society for the study of the occult and metaphysics. It was founded in London in 1888 by Dr. William Wynn Westcott and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers. It ceased to exist under that name in 1903. However, two spin-off groups were created at that time, the Stella Matutina and the Alpha et Omega.

While it was popular, many well-known people joined the Golden Dawn. Some of its members included:
 Algernon Blackwood
 Aleister Crowley
 Florence Farr
 Dion Fortune
 Arthur Machen
 Pamela Colman Smith
 Arthur Edward Waite
 William Butler Yeats

Related pages
 Hermeticism

Other websites 
 Golden Dawn FAQ 
 The Golden Dawn Library Project
 Golden Dawn Tradition, by co-founder Dr. W. Wynn Westcott 
 Lots of GD material on display in Yeats exhibition including Ritual Notebooks.
1888 establishments in the United Kingdom
1903 disestablishments
Religious organizations
Occult
1900s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in London