Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
, born  Wú Bǎifú (吳百福) in Taiwanese (March 5, 1910 - January 5, 2007) was the founder and chairman of Nissin Food Products Co., Ltd., and the inventor of the modern instant noodle, ramen.

Ando was born to Taiwanese parents in Kagi (currently Chiayi), Taiwan and grew up an orphan in Tainan City. In 1948, Momofuku Ando founded what was to become Nissin in Ikeda, Osaka, Japan.  It was a small family-run company at first.

On August 25, 1958, at the age of 48, and after months of trial and error experimentation, Ando announced that he had finally perfected his flash-frying method and therefore invented the instant noodle.  Called Chikin Ramen, after the original flavour, it was originally considered a luxury food item as it cost around six times that of traditional non-instant udon and soba noodles. Ando began sales of the Cup noodles on September 18, 1971. As prices dropped, ramen soon became a booming business.  An estimated 70 billion servings were sold in 2004.
In 1964, looking for a way to promote the instant noodle industry, Ando founded the Instant Food Industry Association which set guidelines for fair competition and product quality, introducing several industry standards such as the inclusion of production dates on packaging and the "fill to" line.  The Momofuku Ando Instant Ramen Museum is named after Ando.

Ando was also the chairman of the International Ramen Manufacturers’ Association. He died on January 5, 2007 of heart failure in Osaka Prefecture at the age of 96.  

1910 births
2007 deaths
Japanese inventors
Taiwanese businesspeople
Deaths from heart failure
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Disjunction can refer to several things.

In logic, it can mean:
Inclusive disjunction (also known as logical or): at least one of the arguments is true
OR gate, the logic gate
Exclusive disjunction (also known as XOR): exactly one of the arguments is true

In biology, it can mean:
Meiosis, a type of cell division
Disjunct distribution, when populations of the same taxon are widely separated between two or more areas
A demon or daemon is a supernatural bad, powerful or malevolent being in many world religions. The word 'demon' has different meanings all over the world, but often there is the idea that they are spirits that lived in a place, or went with a person. The word is also used for a type of computer program that does useful things in the background of a computer, but this use is not related to the religious meaning.

In religion, folklore, and mythology

A demon is usually thought to be a supernatural creature that is an evil spirit. Demons are often described as being summoned by someone, and then either being sent to do works of evil, or to create chaos. "To demonize" means to make someone appear evil.
In a few writings, there are also good demons, for example in stories by James Clerk Maxwell, Hesiod and Shakespeare. In Indo-European mythology and traditions of Iranian Avestan and Vedic, the idea of "demons" was there for many years. Ancient Egyptians thought of demons as "monsters" that ate souls of people when they went to the afterlife. In ancient Greek mythology, there are also daemons but they were thought to be invisible protectors that they believed protected them. In the book Northern Lights by Philip Pullman, a daemon is said to be a creature that everyone has as part of the body. So if it is far away from someone, that person would feel hurt.
"Monotheistic" religions (that say there is one God) usually teach that demons are rebels and under God at all times. The English poet John Milton describes Satan as rebelling against God but losing, and being allowed to survive only by God's grace. In some "polytheistic" religions, demons are equal to gods. In Hinduism, the demon-goddess Kali represents destruction and thus from a human standpoint is "bad".

Western belief

The grimoire (medieval book about magical beliefs) called Ars Goetia, writes about 72 demons that a king has called and put in a bronze container sealed by magical symbols. The demons had to do whatever the king said. This book is all about spirits and demons, good and evil, that were called by magic.

In Western thought, demons are spirits who do evil things. They are not similar to humans. Rather they are like angels, but doing harm. Pagan gods, like the Norse Gods are often thought to be demons in reality.
Christians believe that demons were angels that went bad. They fought against God, who won the battle with Michael (see Book of Revelation chapter 12) God sent the bad demons into a prison called Hell and they could not see God now for the punishment. Those demons are called the fallen angels.

Western beliefs about demons come from the Bible. The Bible does not mention the origin of demons. The idea that demons are fallen angels comes mostly from Augustine of Hippo.

Middle Eastern belief 

In Middle Eastern beliefs, demons are often thought to have lived before humans, and they are often similar to humans. When humans appeared, the demons vanished under the earth or hide into dark and desolate places. In Turkey, Armenia, Iran and Albania they are called div. In Syria, Arabian Peninsula, and Egypt, they are called ifrit or marid. In Islamic cultures, there are also djinn, who are similar to demons, but not necessarily evil.
The notion of demons derive from Zoroastrianism, an ancient Iranian religion. They called the demons deva. Zorastrians believed that the Hindu deities (deva) were evil and caused injustice among humans. Therefore, they believed the deva are evil. Jews back when believed these deva were real, but the demons of their own religion.

In the Greek New Testament and Hebrew Old Testament, demons are said to be bad. In Hebrew, demons are called . In other Hebrew writings, they do not come from heaven, but came from another world and made much troubles. They gave diseases too. And they have a prince who is not God, but a demon. Sometimes this prince is thought to be Samael.

The deva were called div by Muslims. Unlike the djinns, div were not created to choose and have no free-will. Muslim scholars could only speculate about their origin. Some think they have been created by God, even before the djinns, others thought they are created a company for Satan.
In Islam, djinns are creatures that cannot be seen by people most of the time, made of fire by God (Allah), with special powers to help and harm people. Djinns, like humans, have free will and must choose to serve and obey God (Allah). Like demons, djinns can possess people, but they are not only evil.

Eastern Belief
In Hinduism, demons are called asuras. Patala is thought to be an underground place below the Earth, where humans live. Asura means supernatural beings that were good or bad. People who do evil and horrible things in their lives, by reincarnation, will turn into evil, ghost spirits called Vetalas, Pisand hachas, Bhūtas. The most evil people reincarnate in hell as demons. In Japanese folklore, there are malevolent spirits called oni (鬼), a Japanese word translatable as "demon" in English.
Native American Belief
In the traditional religion and folklore from the Native Americans in the United States and the Canada's First Nations, the Wendigo, a mythological monster believed to have a grotesque appearance and only eat human flesh, is widely considered to be a demon.

Age and InuYasha

In InuYasha, a fictional manga, yokai (Japanese for supernatural creatures and translated demon in English) cannot die easily and they age more slowly than humans.

Computers 

A daemon is a type of program found in computers running operating systems based on Unix like Linux, BSD, and Mac OS X. (In Windows these programs are usually called "services" instead.) It usually starts when the computer starts, and does useful things. Some daemons start other programs after waiting until a certain time of day, or wait for you to ask for a file from another computer. The term is a reference to Maxwell's Demon, not religion.

References
References

Other websites 
 Demons in the Catechism of the Catholic Church: Hyperlinked references to demons in the online Catechism of the Catholic Church
 Dictionary of the History of Ideas:  Demonology
 A to Z list of Demons
 Demonic Possession

Demons
Theology
Mythology
The Central Bank bombing was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks of the civil war in Sri Lanka between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.

The attack happened on January 31, 1996, in Colombo, the capital city of Sri Lanka. A truck with about 440 pounds (200 kg) of high explosives crashed through the main gate of the Central Bank, a seaside building which managed most of the financial business of the country. As gunmen and security guards were shooting, the suicide bomber in the truck detonated the massive bomb, which badly damaged the bank and damaged eight other buildings nearby.

The explosion killed 90 people and injured 1,400 others. Most of these were ordinary citizens or civilians working in the small shops set up near the bank. This bombing was followed by the 1996 Dehiwala train bombing in July that killed 64 people.

Until 2006, the Central Bank bombing was the deadliest LTTE terrorist bombing.
1990s building bombings
1996 disasters in Asia
Building bombings in Asia
Car and truck bombings in Asia

January events
Mass murder in 1996
Massacres in Asia
Sri Lankan Civil War
Suicide car and truck bombings
Suicide in the 1990s
Terrorist incidents in Asia in the 1990s
A ledger line is a short line used in musical notation to write notes which would otherwise be too high or too low to put on any of the five lines on the staff. A short line (slightly longer than the note) is drawn parallel to the lines on the staff, and the note head is placed on that line or in the space below or above it.

Notes with at least three or four ledger lines are rarely used for composing and arranging. It is easier to change the clef or use the “8va” sign (called "ottava" sign), which means the notes should be played an octave higher or lower than it is written, depending on whether the sign is above or below the staff.

Related pages 

 Transposition (music)
References
Anon. 2001. "Leger [Ledger] Line". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Godwin, Joscelyn. 1974. "Playing from Original Notation". Early Music 2, no. 1 (January): 15–19.
Read, Gardner. 1969. Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice, second edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Reprinted, New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1979.

Musical notation
A clef is a sign at the beginning of a staff of music which makes it possible for the player to work out what the notes are.  The word “clef” is a French word meaning “key”.  The original Latin word is “clavis”. It is the “key” to understanding which notes should be played.

The staff (or “stave”) consists of five lines across the page.  The notes are placed on these lines and in these spaces.  The staff is only large enough to cover one and a half octaves of music (a bit more with ledger lines).  Therefore, different clefs are used for high music and for low music.

Treble clef
Treble clef 

The treble clef is drawn by starting with a circle in the middle, then going up, round and straight down with a hook at the end.  The second line of the staff (counting from the bottom) goes through the middle of the treble clef’s circle.  A note on this line is a G.  This is why the treble clef is called a “G clef”.
The treble clef is used for high notes.  The notes higher than Middle C can be written in the treble clef.  In piano music the right hand is usually written in the treble clef.  Music for instruments such as the violin, flute, oboe, recorder, trumpet and high singing voice are always written in the treble clef.

Alto clef (Viola clef) 

The alto clef is an example of a “C clef”.  The middle of a C clef points to Middle C.  In the alto clef Middle C is on the third line of the staff.   Viola music is written in this clef, which is why it is also called the “viola clef”.  Alto trombone players also need to be able to read the alto clef.

Tenor clef
Tenor clef 

The tenor clef is another C clef.  Middle C is on the fourth line up.  Tenor trombone players need to be able to read the tenor clef.  Cellists,  Double bass players and bassoonists also need to read tenor clef when their music goes high.

Bass clef 

The bass clef is normally used for the left hand in piano music.  Low instruments like the cello, double bass, and bassoon mostly read from the bass clef.  It is an F clef because the two dots are on either side of the fourth line up which is an F below Middle C.

Choice of clef 
The choice of clef used depends on the music.  The music for a pianist’s left hand may be written in the bass clef, and the right hand notes may be in the treble clef.

In choral music the sopranos and altos sing from the treble clef, the tenors usually sing from the treble clef but sounding an octave lower than written (shown by a small 8 below the clef), and the basses sing from the bass clef.
for low bass intoments.

How to learn three important clefs
At the center of the image shown is middle C, at a frequency of 261.63 Hz.  Other names for it are C4 or c'.  It is located at the center line of the alto clef.  But on the bass or alto clefs it resides one ledger below or above the staff, respectively.  The two C notes that are above c' are shown to the left and right, on the bass and treble staffs.  The three clefs are staggered so that all three middle Cs are aligned on a single horizontal line.  To facilitate the teaching of these clefs, the lines of the bass and treble clef are marked. A mnemonic for remembering GBDFA on the bass clef is "good bikes don't fall apart".  For the treble clef, one can learn "every good bird does fly" for the lines marked EFBDF.

Related pages
Staff (music)
Ledger line
Octave

Musical notation
A Tobin tax is a tax on all trade of currency across borders. 

The first idea that it could be useful came from the economist James Tobin. The tax is meant to put a penalty on short-term speculation in currencies. The proposed tax rate would be low, between 0.1% to 0.25%. 

On August 15, 1971, Richard Nixon told that it would no longer be possible to change the US dollar to gold, so ended the Bretton Woods system. Tobin suggested a new system for international currency stability, and proposed that such a system include a charge on foreign-exchange transactions. Professor Tobin later received a Nobel Prize in Economics in 1981.
The idea was nearly forgotten for more than 20 years.  In 1997 Ignacio Ramonet, editor of Le Monde Diplomatique, started the debate around the Tobin tax again with an editorial titled "Disarming the markets". Ramonet proposed to create an association for the introduction of this tax, which was named ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens). The tax has then become an issue of the antiglobalization movement and a matter of discussion not only behind academic institutions but even in the streets and in parliaments around the world, such as the UK and France.
Tobin tax projects in the world
Since one country acting alone would find it very difficult to introduce this tax, many argue it would be best done by an international institution.  It has been proposed that having the United Nations manage a Tobin tax would solve this problem and would give the U.N. a large source of funding independent from donations by participating states. However, there have been initiatives of national dimension about the tax.

The Tobin tax idea was the subject of much discussion in Europe in the summer of 2001. On June 15, 2004, the Commission of Finance and Budget in the Belgian Federal Parliament approved a bill implementing the Spahn tax (a version of the Tobin tax proposed by Paul-Bernd Spahn). According to the legislation, Belgium will introduce the Tobin tax once all countries of the eurozone introduce a similar law.
Other websites 
 ATTAC 
 Disarming the markets, editorial by Ignacio Ramonet, Le Monde Diplomatique 1997
 Tobin Tax Initiative 
 War on Want 
  coverage of the issue in HedgeWorld 
  The Guardian editorializes against the Tobin tax
 Currency Transaction Taxes - analysis from Global Policy Forum
 English version of James Tobin interview on Der Spiegel on Jubilee 2000 web site 
 ATTAC France's view on Tobin's interview (English version) 
 Website offering coverage of Tobin tax initiatives, as well as supportive and critical papers 
 JEEA article by Prof. Hau  

Taxation
A penalty is most often a punishment, and may also mean:
in law:
Sentence (law), for example the death penalty
Sanctions (law), a punishment for violating rules of procedure, or for abusing the judicial process.
in sports:
getting a Penalty (American football) gets a punishment for your team's rule infraction
getting a Penalty kick (football)/(soccer) gets a "reward" for the other team's rule infraction, or refers to the tiebreak procedure where there has been no rule infraction, and there is neither a punishment nor a reward. See also Penalty area.
in Contract Bridge and other card games a penalty can be both an "intra-game" scoring bonus which is not associated with any rule infraction, or an "extra-game" punishment for a rule infraction such as a "revoke".
Penalty (ice hockey). See also Penalty box.
Penalty (rugby)
Penalty (Brazilian sports manufacturer)
in other sports or games, penalties may be referred to as fouls or faults
in finance and banking:
a payment forfeited for an early withdrawal from an account or an investment
 Tax penalty, a fee required for missing a deadline or some other violation.
In entertainment:
The Penalty, a film.
Visoko  is historic town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has 17000 residents. Visoko is on the rivers Bosna and Fojnica. 

Visoko was the capital of medieval Bosnia in early years of the country. From this time, the most important places are old town Visoki on Visočica hill, the trade center Podvisoki, Mile - the place where the kings were crowned and Moštre where the Bosnian church university was. 

In 1463, the Ottomans conquered Bosnia. Ajas-beg is founder of modern Visoko. He built mosques, trade shops and other things.

Other websites 

News from Visoko
VISOKOIN - Nezavisni News Magazin
City of Visoko
Turistic presentation of Visoko 
Neolithic findings in Okolište, Visoko 
Short history of Visoko
Visoko in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition 
Tragovima bosanskog kraljevstva  - Tourist route for medieval Bosnia (English)
Trail of the Bosnian Kingdom  - Cultural Tourism in Visoko

Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Speculation has a special meaning when talking about money. The person who speculates is called a speculator. A speculator does not buy goods to own them, but to sell them later. The reason is that he wants to make a profit from the change in price. 

One tries to buy the goods when they are cheap and to sell them when they are expensive. There is a good chance to profit as long as the market price of a good changes often in different directions.

Speculation includes the buying, holding, selling, and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument. It is the opposite of buying because one wants to use them for daily life or to get income from them (as dividends or interest). 

Speculation is one of the biggest market roles in western financial markets. The others are hedging, long term investing and arbitrage.  Speculators do not plan to keep an asset for a long time.

References 

Finance
A quarterback (QB) is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the offense, or attacking team. They line up directly behind the center, in the middle of the offensive team's line. A quarterback is usually the leader, and starts most plays. In addition, the quarterback gives commands to the other players before the start of a play. A quarterback will in most attacking plays throw the ball to a member of their team, ready to run to the end of the pitch. Quarterbacks may also run the ball themselves, as well as hand the ball to a runningback. These players are usually the faces of their respective teams. Some very notable players at this position in history are Tom Brady, Jim Kelly, and Peyton Manning.

Special tactics
Special tactics

If quarterbacks don't like the formation the defense is using, they may use an audible. An audible is a way for the quarterback to change the play at the line of scrimmage (where players line up to start a play). He changes what the play will be by shouting out things that his teammates will understand. An audible may be called if the quarterback sees how the defensive players are lined up and does not think that the play that has been called would be good against how the defense is lined up.

References

Canadian football
American football positions
An arrest is when a person's liberty is removed by taking them into jail (custody). This is usually done after an investigation of a crime or in stopping a crime from taking place. The term comes from Anglo-Norman. It is related to the French word arrêt, which means "stop".

Police and some other organisations are allowed to arrest people. In some places, normal people can arrest others (a "citizen's arrest"). For example, in England and Wales, a citizen's arrest can be made on someone who has committed a serious crime, though there are rules as to when and how this can be done.

Where the word comes from
The word "arrest" comes from Anglo-Norman. It is taken from the French word arrêt. Arrêt means 'to stop or stay'. There are many slang terms for being arrested in different countries. In British slang, the term "nicked" is often used to mean "arrested", and "nick" can also mean a police station. In the United States and France, "collared" is sometimes used. The term "lifted" is also used.
The way arrest is done

United States
When there is a good reason to think someone has committed a serious crime, the police usually handcuff an arrested person. The person will be taken to a police station or jail. There, they are subject to a booking process and they can be bailed or have their charge read out to them and asked how they plead. This is called an arraignment.

India
Indian law says that arrests do not need to be formal. The arrest can be made by a normal citizen, a police officer or a Magistrate. The police officer needs to tell the person who is being arrested what they did wrong and that they can be let go on bail if the crime allows people to be bailed.

Warnings
Warnings

United States
A Miranda warning is only needed when a person has already been arrested is being questioned. This warning tells the person who has been arrested that they can be silent, can have a counsel with them, and warns them that whatever they say can be used against them. Police also must tell the person who has been arrested about their Miranda Rights.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom a person must be told that they are under arrest. They must also be told, in simple language that they can understand, the reasons for their arrest. A person must be 'cautioned' when they are arrested unless this can not be done, for example if the person being arrested is being violent or is drunk. The caution given in England and Wales is: You do not have to say anything, but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence.

This exact wording is not needed as long as the same information is given.
Related pages 
 House arrest

References

Other websites 

 Being stopped, questioned or arrested by the police (Directgov, England and Wales)

Criminal justice
Punishments
Imprisonment and detention
People with the name Oehlen:
Jos Oehlen, sculptor 
Albert Oehlen, painting artist
Markus Oehlen, German artist
Mischa Oehlen, movie director
Jos Oehlen (born March 12, 1953 in Tegelen) is a Dutch sculptor.

Jos Oehlen studied at the Academy of Tilburg and the "Rijksakademie voor Beeldende Kunsten te Amsterdam." Most of his sculptures are done in bronze but he has also created some sculptures in granite and marble. His most recent large sculpture is "The Pelican" in Uny, Hungary.

Other websites 
Official site 
Article on Receiving and Giving Hands  (in Dutch)
Images of Sculptures
Dancer 
Double Figure 
The Pelican 
Ontvangende En Gevende Handen  (Receiving and Giving Hands)

1953 births
Living people
Oehlen, Jos
James Tobin (March 5, 1918 – March 11, 2002) was an American economist. Outside academia, Tobin became widely known for his suggestion of a tax on foreign exchange transactions, now known as the "Tobin tax". This was designed to reduce speculation on currency markets, which he saw as unproductive. He also suggested that the money gained from the tax could be used to fund projects for the benefit of Third World countries, or to support the United Nations.

Tobin's academic work included pioneering contributions to the study of investment, monetary and fiscal policy and financial markets. He promoted and developed the ideas of Keynesian economics. He believed that governments should intervene in the economy in order to stabilise output and avoid recessions.

Other websites 
 James Tobin at the Nobel Foundation e-Museum
 James Tobin at the Cowles Foundation site
 James Tobin  at the HET site
 Short biography at nobel-winners.com

1918 births
2002 deaths
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
The Bretton Woods system was the first system used to control the value of money between different countries. It meant that each country had to have a monetary policy that kept the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value—plus or minus one percent—in terms of gold.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created to fight against temporary imbalances of payments. The Bretton Woods system was the first monetary order that organized monetary relations among independent nation-states.

It set out the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states.

Plans to rebuild the international economic system after the end of World War II started before the war ended. 730 delegates from all 44 Allies of World War II came to Bretton Woods, New Hampshire for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The delegates discussed and then signed the Bretton Woods Agreements during the first three weeks of July 1944.
The planners at Bretton Woods set up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system. They started the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (now one of five institutions in the World Bank Group) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These organizations became active in 1946 after enough countries had ratified the agreement.

Until the early 1970s, the Bretton Woods system worked. It controlled conflict and achieved the common goals of the leading states that had created it, especially the United States. But in 1971, In the face of increasing strain, the United States decided not to allow the conversion of dollars to gold and the system collapsed.
Other websites 
 The Gold Battles Within the Cold War (PDF)  by Francis J. Gavin (2002)
 International Financial Stability (PDF)  by Michael Dooley, PhD, David Folkerts-Landau and Peter Garber, Deutsche Bank (October 2005)
 "Bretton Woods System", prepared for the Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy by Dr.B.Cohen
 Bretton Woods Agreement  by Addison Wiggin Author of Empire of Debt

Economic systems
Economic history
Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software is a German company that develops and publishes video games. It is in Heusenstamm, Germany. It was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko and Wilhelm Hamrozi. Boiko is now president of the company and Hamrozi is chief executive officer (CEO). The company is known for the Anno series (also by Max Design), Knights of Honor (by Black Sea Studios) and ParaWorld (by SEK).

List of games

The following is a list of games that have been created or published by Sunflowers:

Anno 1503: The New World
Anno 1503: Treasures, Monsters and Pirates
Anno 1602: By Royal Command
Anno 1602: Creation of a New World
Anno 1602: New Islands, New Adventures
Anno 1701
Knights of Honor
ParaWorld
TechnoMage: The Return of Eternity
Holiday Island

Other websites 
Official Sunflowers website

Video game companies of Germany
1993 establishments in Europe
In general, conversion is the transformation of one thing into another. Articles on particular kinds of conversion are:

 Conversion (construction)
 Conversion (law)
 Criminal conversion
 Conversion (linguistics)
 Conversion (marketing)
 Conversion syndrome (psychology)
 Conversion (options) (an option-trading strategy)
 Currency conversion (aka Exchange rate)
 Miniature conversion (miniature figures)

Religion
 Religious conversion
 Secondary conversion
 Deathbed conversion

Sport
 Two-point conversion (American football)
 Conversion (Rugby football)

Technology
 Conversion of units
 Units conversion by factor-label
 CHS conversion (computing)
 Code conversion (computing/telecommunications)
 Conversion (chemistry)
 Conversion (logic)
 Data conversion
 Electric vehicle conversion
 Energy conversion
 Type conversion (computing)
 Conversion rate (websites and Search engine optimization)
Anti-globalization is used for people and groups who oppose certain aspects of globalization in its present form.

“Anti-globalization” is considered by many to be a social movement, while others consider it to be several separate social movements. In either case, participants are united in opposition to the political power of large corporations, as exercised in trade agreements and elsewhere, which they say destroys the environment, human rights, labor rights for worker, national sovereignty, the third world, and more.  

Most people who are called "anti-globalization"  prefer instead to describe themselves as the Global Justice Movement, the Movement of Movements (a popular term in Italy), the "alter-globalization" movement (popular in France), and a number of other terms.
The groups and individuals that would come to be known as the "anti-globalization movement" developed in the late twentieth century to combat the globalization of corporate economic activity and the free trade with developing nations that might result from such activity.

Other page 
Anti-capitalism

Other websites 

The Scorecard on Development: 25 Years of Diminished Progress (CEPR) 
About Globalization 
Center for Economic and Policy Research
International Monetary Fund
World Bank Group
World Economic Forum
World Trade Organization
Wobblies
Economic Globalization and the Environment 
Smygo  News & views for anarchists & activists
Corporatewatch
History of the G8 - UK government site
YaleGlobal Online - An online publication of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
New World Disorder  - Feature website on the movement from RTÉ, the Irish national broadcaster. 
"The ABCs of the Global Economy" from Dollars & Sense Magazine

Economics
Protests
Simon Peyton Jones (1958-) born in South Africa and is a British computer scientist. He does research on (lazy) functional programming languages, such as Haskell. He works at Microsoft Research in Cambridge, England. He is married to Dorothy, a priest in the Church of England. They have six children.

Simon Peyton Jones, Simon Marlow and others have developed the Glasgow Haskell Compiler, a compiler for Haskell.

He has also worked on C--.

Other websites 
Simon Peyton Jones page, Microsoft Research website

British computer scientists
White South African people
1958 births
Living people
The Zambezi River is the fourth largest river in Africa. It is also the largest river that enters the Indian Ocean. It starts in Zambia, flows successively through Angola, Zambia again, borders Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, through Mozambique where it enters the ocean. Much more water flows during the rainy season, October through March.

The Victoria Falls, the most beautiful sight on the river, is listed as one of  the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Kariba Dam on the Zambezi is a major source of hydroelectricity

References

Rivers  of Angola
Rivers of Botswana
Geography of Mozambique
Rivers of Namibia
Geography of Zambia
Rivers of Zimbabwe
In logic, the truth value of a logical statement says how much it is true. Usually, the truth value can only be "true" or "false". For example, "The car is red" is true when the car is red, and false when it is not. The "true" truth value is often written as , T or 1, and the "false" truth value as , F or 0. The truth value of a complex statement can be found using a chart called truth table.

In multi-valued logics, the truth value can be other values as well. For example, one could use a value between 0 and 1 to say how much it is true. Zero would mean that it is completely false, and one would mean that it is completely true. When the car is orange (and we define orange as half red, half yellow), the truth value could be 0.5 because the statement is half true and half false. it is also used in critical thinking.

Related pages 

 Fuzzy logic, a multi-valued logic
 Tautology (logic)

References 

Logic
A charitable organization is an organization that supports a cause by fundraising or through donations and charity. The organisations arrange for all the distribution of any money to each cause.

There are many well-known charities all over the world. Two of the most well-known charities are UNICEF and the Red Cross.

Related pages

Donation
Non-profit organization 
Philanthropy
Pro bono
Southwest  is the direction halfway between south and west. It is the opposite of northeast.

Compass directions
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (; ; February 1, 1931 – April 23, 2007) was the first President of Russia and the country's first elected leader. He served from 1991 to 1999.

Early life
Yeltsin was born in a small village near the Ural Mountains on February 1, 1931. As a boy, he lost two fingers from his left hand after he and his friends played with grenades they had stolen from an army store. Yeltsin worked as a builder, then joined the Communist Party in 1961. He was the leader of the city of Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) during the 1970s. One of the things he did was demolish the building where Nicholas II and his family were shot.
Political career
In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev made Yeltsin the leader of the city of Moscow. Yeltsin became one of the more liberal members of Gorbachev's government, and he often complained that Gorbachev's reforms were not doing enough. Eventually, in 1987, he had an argument with Gorbachev and ended up being kicked out. Yeltsin then became determined to get revenge. After Russia's elections in 1989, Yeltsin became leader of the Russian Parliament. It was his idea to create the office of President of Russia in the first place.
President of Russia
Yeltsin became the first elected leader of Russia in 1991. He won 57% of the vote. Two months later, Yeltsin became a hero across Russia when he helped stop an attack on the government in Moscow. Later that year, the Soviet Union collapsed as Russia and all 14 other divisions made themselves independent. Yeltsin won support from the United States and Europe when he promised to bring capitalism and democracy to Russia, but the 1990s were difficult times for Russia and Yeltsin was an unpopular leader while President.

In 1993, the Russian Parliament tried to remove Yeltsin from power after he tried to hold early elections. The problem got so bad that Yeltsin ended up using tanks to attack the Russian Parliament building. After he stopped Parliament, Yeltsin ruled as a dictator for a few months until a new constitution was approved by voters.
Throughout the rest of his time as president, Russia would be affected by many money problems, including inflation and corruption. Yeltsin decided to sell off many things the government had owned, such as oil and natural gas, and many government businesses, but these ended up falling into the hands of a small powerful group of billionaires, who became known as the oligarchs. In 1998, Russia suffered a large financial crisis. Yeltsin also started a war to stop the Chechnya part of Russia from breaking away. However, Vladimir Putin was mainly behind the war with Chechnya.

Despite these problems, Yeltsin was re-elected in 1996. His biggest opponent was a Communist, Gennady Zyuganov. Many Russians felt that if Zyuganov was elected, it would cause a civil war. But by the time he resigned on New Year's Eve in 1999, Yeltsin was so unpopular, that his approval rating was believed to be just 2%.
Later career
Yeltsin's Prime Minister Vladimir Putin took over as president. This was only temporary, but Putin was then properly elected a few months later when an election was held to decide who should replace Yeltsin.

Personal life
Yeltsin struggled with alcoholism while President. This often resulted in some strange behaviour when he visited other countries. During a visit to Berlin, he grabbed a stick and tried to conduct a military band. During a visit to Washington, he was found drunk outside the White House by members of the Secret Service. He also suffered from heart attacks.

Death
Yeltsin died of congestive heart failure on April 23, 2007 in Moscow, Russia, aged 76. His funeral was held on April 25, 2007.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 CNN Cold War — Profile: Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin 
 Yeltsin and Post-Soviet Problems from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
 Death of a Bear – Hammernews
 The Good Czar The Strange Nobility of Boris Yeltsin
 
 
 Boris Yeltsin's finger amputation
 Photos of Yeltsin's grave at Findagrave

Deaths from congestive heart failure
Presidents of Russia
1931 births
2007 deaths
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
A treasurer is someone who looks after the money in a club, company, organization, association, or government. 

The treasurer of a government manages the Annual Budget of a state or country. The budget is used to give money to government departments and to pay for the debts or promises the government makes. This post is called Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom. There is a treasurer of the United States, but the United States Secretary of the Treasury actually controls the department.

Economics
Government occupations
SAS can be:
S.A.S., Special Air Service in the UK military
Serial Attached SCSI
Société par actions simplifiée
Scandinavian Airlines, formerly Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)
Yorkshire is a historic and cultural Nation in Northern Europe. It covers a large area of the Pennines and its east coast borders the North Sea. The River Humber separates Yorkshire from Lincolnshire & Southern England, while the Teess River & The Yorkshire Pennines mountain range seperates Yorkshire from County Durham, Lancashire and the North of England.

Main places
The main towns and cities in Yorkshire are Leeds, York, Sheffield, Bradford, Middlesbrough, and Hull. It is the largest county in the United Kingdom. It covers just under  with a population of over 5.7 million people.
History
Yorkshire was historically split up into three parts known as the East, North, and West Ridings during and after the 7th century Norse Settlment, while the county town York was in the middle. In the local government reorganization of England in 1974 the counties of West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire were established instead. Humberside included the former East Riding and Cleveland included part of the former North Riding.  

Despite this, the borders of Historic Yorkshire were never abolished.

Rivalry
The people of Yorkshire are traditional rivals of the people of Lancashire; they sometimes call Yorkshire the "County of Broad Acres" (because its land area is so large) 

Yorkshire's People (Yorkshiremen & Yorkshirewomen) call her "God's Own Country", as the 1st Christian Roman Emperor, Constantine The Great, was crowned in the city of Eboracum, modern day York.
Landscapes
It has a wide range of landscapes: the green hills and valleys of the Yorkshire dales, the rugged heather of the Yorkshire moors, the coast which includes the resorts of Whitby or Bridlington. It also has several large cities including York (county town), Leeds, Sheffield (the greenest city in Europe and built on seven hills), Hull, Bradford, Doncaster, Harrogate and Wakefield.

References
A pixel (short for picture element) is a single point in a picture. On the monitor of a computer, a pixel is usually a square. Every pixel has a color and all the pixels together are the picture. The color of a pixel can be stored by using a combination of red, green and blue (RGB) but other combinations are also possible, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK).

The word "pixel" 
The word "pixel" was first used in a paper by Frederic C. Billingsley in 1965. He did not create the word himself. He got it from Keith E. McFarland but Keith does not know where he got it from. Keith said that the word was in use in those days.

The word "pixel" uses "pix" as a shorter word (an abbreviation) for "picture". The word pix was first used in 1932 in Variety, a magazine. It was an abbreviation for "pictures" or movies. By 1938 the word "pix" was also used for pictures that did not move (still pictures).
The word "picture element" is even older. For example, the German word Bildpunkt (which means "picture point") was used in a 1888 patent of Paul Gottlieb Nipkow.

Related pages
 Display resolution
 Raster graphics

Computer graphics
Olomouc is the sixth largest city in the Czech Republic. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. In the past, Olomouc was a capital city of Moravia. The city has about 102,000 residents. Its larger urban zone has a population of about 480,000 people.

There are many churches and historical buildings. There is beautiful Holy Trinity Column in the centre. UNESCO has this column on the list of World Heritage Sites. There is a nice astronomical clock.

Its university is the oldest in Moravia and second oldest in the Czech Republic. The university was founded in 1573 as part of effort to reestablish Roman Catholicism in the country. Roughly nine out of ten people of the Czech Crown lands were Protestants at the time.

References

Cities in the Czech Republic
World Heritage Sites in Europe
Olomouc Region
An astronomical clock is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information. It shows the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets. Some examples are large public clocks, but others are instruments for use inside buildings. Astronomical watches are made by several manufacturers. They are also extremely accurate.

The clocks made in the Middle Ages used the geocentric method, showing the Earth at the centre. The Sun rotates round the Earth:  this accords with daily experience and with the world view of pre-Copernican Europe.
The idea of an astronomical clock is ancient. Although not a clock in the traditional sense, the 2nd century BCE Antikythera mechanism of ancient Greece was used to calculate the positions of the sun, moon, and stars at any given point by use of complex mechanical gears. European astronomical clocks are probably descended from the technology of the Antikythera mechanism. As Cicero later wrote in the 1st century BCE, Archimedes and Posidonius's orrery achieved virtually the same thing.

References 

Clocks
Astronomy
Theobroma is a genus. There are about 20 species in it. They are small trees, native to the forests of Central and South America. The name translates to food of the gods.

Their family is given as Sterculiaceae or sometimes as Malvaceae.

Some of these trees have edible seeds.  Best known are perhaps the Cacao tree, the source of cocoa and chocolate. Other well-known trees are Cupuaçu, and Mocambo. 

Theobroma species are used as food plants by the larvae of some moths of the genus Endoclita including E. chalybeatus, E. damor, E. hosei and E. sericeus. The larva of another moth, Hypercompe muzina, feeds exclusively on Theobroma cacao.

References 

Trees
Malvaceae
Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), also spelled Cupuassu and Copoasu, is a tropical rainforest tree related to Cacao. Common throughout the Amazon basin, it is widely cultivated in the north of Brazil. The largest production occurs in  Pará, followed by Amazonas, Rondônia and Acre.

Cupuaçu trees usually are between  5 and 15 meters (16 to 50 feet) tall. Some trees can reach 20 meters (65 feet). They have brown bark. Their leaves are 25–35 cm (10–14 in) long and 6–10 cm (2–4 in) across. These leaves have 9 or 10 pairs of veins. As they mature, their leaves change colour from pink-tinted to green. Eventually they begin bearing fruit. Cupuaçu fruits are oblong, brown, and fuzzy, 20 cm (8 in) long, 1–2 kg (2–4 lb) in weight, and covered with a thick (4–7 mm), hard exocarp.
The white pulp of the cupuaçu is uniquely fragrant. It contains theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) instead of the xanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) found in cacao. Cupuaçu can replace cocoa in many day-to-day foods, especially for children, such as chocolate milk. It is frequently used in desserts, juices and sweets. Cupuaçu seeds can be made into cupulate, which looks and tastes just like chocolate but is cheaper and more resistant to heat. Asahi Foods, a Japanese company, once tried to patent the production and use of Cupuaçu seed fat, but they failed.

The wood is also commonly used for timber.

References

Other websites 
Theobroma grandiflorum 
http://www.rain-tree.com/cupuasu.htm : More detailed information

Malvaceae
Trees
National symbols of Brazil
Linear search or sequential search is a method to find an item in a list. It is a search algorithm.

Algorithm 
Start out with a list, L which may have the item that we want to look for.
 If the list L is empty, then the list has nothing. The list does not have the item that we are looking for, so we stop here.
 If the list L is not empty, we look at all the elements in the list.
 For each element:
 If the element equals the item that we are looking for, the list has the item in question, so we will stop here and return the position in the list that has the element that we are looking for.
 If not, we will go on to the next element.
 When we reached the end of the list and still have not found the element that we are looking for, then the list does not have the item that we want.
Implementation 
In the Java programming language, linear search looks like this. This method has two parameters: an array of integers and the item we are looking for (also an integer). It says the location in the array if it finds the item. If it does not find it, it says -1.

public int linearSearch(int[] list, int item) {
    for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
        if (list[i] == item) {
            return i;
        }
    }

    return -1;
}

Related pages 
 Binary search
 Breadth-first search
 Depth-first search

Searching and sorting algorithms
Rosé wine is a kind of wine. It is made from red grapes by letting the juice have only very short skin contact. All colour and tannins come from the skin of the grape.

Wine
In programming languages, an array is a way of storing several items (such as integers).
These items must have the same type (only integers, only strings, ...) because an array can not store different kinds of items.
Every item in an array has a number so the programmer can get the item by using that number.
This number is called the index.
In most programming languages, the first item has index 0, the second item has index 1 and so on.

When the programmer creates an array, they must give the size of the array.
This is the number of items that can be stored in the array.
If the programmer wants to store more items, then they must create a new array.
This is because the size of an array can not be changed.

Arrays in C
In the programming language C, arrays can be created like this:
int array[5];

This creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.
The programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:
array[0] = 1;
array[1] = 18;
array[2] = 5;
array[3] = 33;
array[4] = 50;