Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
March 7 – France declares war on Spain
 April 1 – Unsen volcano erupts in Japan and causes an earthquake. About 53.000 dead
 April 6 – Committee of Public Safety established in France with Georges Danton as its head.
 April 22 – George Washington signs the Neutrality Proclamation.
 May 31 – Regular troops under Francois Hanriet demand that the Girondins must be expelled from the national convention
 June 2 – Girondins overthrown
 June 10 – The Jardin des Plantes museum opened in Paris (a year later it would become the first public zoo).
 July 9 – Act Against Slavery passed in Upper Canada
 July 13 – Charlotte Corday kills Jean-Paul Marat in his bath
 July 22 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean becoming the first Euro-American to complete a transcontinental crossing north of Mexico
 July 29 – John Graves Simcoe decides to build a fort and settlement at Toronto, having sailed into the bay there
 August 10 – Feast of Unity – Crowds in Paris burn monarchist emblems
August 23 – Universal conscription in France
 September 5 – In France, the French National Convention votes to implement terror measures to repress French Revolutionary activities. The ensuing "Reign of Terror" will last until the spring of 1794 and causes death of 35,000-40,000 people.
 October 12 – The cornerstone of Old East, the oldest state university building in the United States, is laid in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, on the campus of the University of North Carolina. The 12th of October is now celebrated at the university as University Day.
 November 8 – In Paris, the French Revolutionary government opens the Louvre to the public as a museum
 October 16 – Execution of Marie Antoinette
 October 28 – Eli Whitney applied for a patent for his cotton gin, (the patent was granted the following March).
 October 31 – Execution of arrested Girondist leaders in France in a guillotine
 November 24 – French Revolutionary Calendar begins
 December 8 – Execution of Madame du Barry
December 9– New York City's first daily newspaper, the American Minerva, is established by Noah Webster.
 December 17 – French forces under Napoleon capture Toulon from royalists and British troops
 The city of Butler, Pennsylvania founded
1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.  As of the start of 1800, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

As of March 1 (O.S. February 18), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 12 days until February 28 (O.S. February 16), 1900.
Events 
 World population hits 1 billion.
 March 14 – Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti is elected pope as Pius VII.
 March 21 – Pius VII is ordained.
 April 24 – U.S. Library of Congress founded.
 May 5 – Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to take effect on 1 January 1801. The act is signed by King George III in August.
 May 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.
 June 14 – Battle of Marengo, Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.
 June 2 – First smallpox vaccination in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
 June 27 – Pascha Jussuf Karamanli of Tripoli declares war on Sweden by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.
 September 5 – The island of Malta, that was occupied by the French, is conquered by British troops.
 November 1 – U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
November 17 – The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, DC session.
 December 3 – Battle of Hohenlinden, the French army defeats the Austrian troops.
 December 24 – An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.
 December 24 – Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.
 Invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta: the first chemical battery
 The infrared radiation is discovered by Wilhelm Herschel.
 The Althing of Iceland, the world's oldest parliament, is abolished.
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir  (born April 15, 1930) was the 4th president of Iceland.  She was president from 1980 to 1996.  She was the world's first elected female head of state. With a presidency of exactly sixteen years, she also remains the longest-serving, elected female head of state of any country to date. Currently, she is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, and a Member of the Club of Madrid. At her election in 1980 she was the first woman to be elected the head of state in a democratic election. She was re-elected unopposed in 1984 and 1992, and beat her opponent in the election of 1988. She studied literature and drama at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne in Paris, and also at the University of Iceland. She graduated in English and French literature, and has a degree in education.

References

Other websites 
official cv 
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Institute of Foreign Languages

1930 births
Living people
People from Reykjavík
Presidents of Iceland
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (born May 14, 1943) is an Icelanic politician. He served as the fifth President of Iceland, from 1996 to 2016, re-elected without opposition in 2000, and was re-elected in 2004, 2008, and 2012. 

He was born in Ísafjörður, Iceland.

From 1962 to 1970, he studied economics and political science at the University of Manchester. He was a professor at the University of Iceland for political science, served as a Member of the Althing, and was the Minister of Finance (1988–1991).

He married Guðrún Katrín Þorbergsdóttir in 1974, who gave birth to twin daughters the following year. Guðrún Katrín was very popular in Iceland, and her charm is without a doubt one of the main reasons her husband was elected; she charmed the nation from the start of his campaign. Her death from cancer in 1998 was a shock to the nation and her family. 

Ólafur's second marriage was to Dorrit Moussaieff to whom he had been engaged since May 2000. This took place on his 60th birthday May 14, 2003.
He announced in his new year's message on 1 January 2016, that he would be stepping down from the presidency at the end of his fifth term, namely on 1 August 2016. He left office on 1 August 2016. He was succeeded by Guðni Th. Jóhannesson.

References

1943 births
Living people
Presidents of Iceland
1811 was a common year.

Births 
March 4 - Sir John Lawrence, British Indian administrator
October 22 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer

Events 
May 14 – Paraguay declares independence from Spain.
Bolivia declares indepencence.
Uruguay fights against Spain.
Coral Springs is a planned city in Florida, United States. It was founded on July 10, 1963.

Cities in Florida
1963 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
Events 
 In 1565 St. Augustine is founded by the Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés on August 28 in modern-day Florida. The city is the oldest continually occupied European settlement in the continental United States.
 In 1569, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is founded.
 Start of Eighty Years' War.

World leaders 
 Queen Elizabeth I in England
 Philip II, King of Spain

Births 
 William Shakespeare, British writer
 Karl I of Liechtenstein, first Prince of Liechtenstein
 Jahangir, Mughal Emperor of India

Deaths 
 Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Flemish painter
 Vladimir of Staritsa, Russian prince
The Affenpinscher is a small breed of dog in the toy group. These dogs originally came from Germany. They are known to have existed since the 1600s. Their name comes from the German word "Affe," which means "monkey," because their faces remind people of monkeys. Originally, the dog was bred to be a "ratter," a type of dog that kills rats and mice in homes, farms, and stables. Now that mice are not so commonly found in the home, Affenpinschers are usually just kept as pets.

Appearance 
The Affenpinscher is a very small kind of dog. It weighs between . Its height is between  at the shoulder. Their face is flat and "monkey-like." The most common and preferred colour of fur for this breed is black, but they can also come in grey, beige, and other colours. In the American Kennel Club, a good example of these dogs could be any colour. In the French and British Kennel Clubs they must only be black.
Temperament 
Even though Affenpinschers were bred to hunt mice, they do not like to chase other animals, so they can happily live with other pets. They are playful but very stubborn. These dogs can be difficult to train, because they do not like to listen to instructions and often become bored. Affenpinschers are somewhat territorial (protective) when it comes to their toys and food, so they are not recommended for homes with very small children.

This dog is mostly quiet, and does not bark much. It can become very excited if attacked, and shows no fear. toward any aggressor.
Health 
A small study showed that these dogs live an average of 11.4 years, which is not very long for a small dog (small dogs usually live 14–15 years). One of their most common health problems is bladder disease, which happens most often when the dogs are older (8 years and up.) Their short faces can make it difficult for them to breathe and exercise in hot weather. Like many kinds of dogs, Affenpinschers often get a disease called hip dysplasia which makes it difficult for them to run or walk.

Extinct variant 
The Seidenpinscher (Silky coated Pinscher),  was bred from the Affenpinscher and the Maltese (dog) around 1800.
The dog had long, tousled, silky hair, a curly tail like the Maltese dog, a face like the Affenpinscher, and a size like an Affenpinscher or Maltese dog. All colors was allowed.

The Seidenpinscher is believed to have died out between the two world wars. A well-known painting is that of the Seidenpinscher Puss from 1863.

References
References

Dog breeds originating in Germany
Rare dog breeds
FCI breeds
The Yorkshire Terrier or Yorkie is a small breed of terrier dog. It originated in the United Kingdom in the town of Yorkshire, from where it gets its name.

They were first bred to catch mice and rats, so they are often fast and energetic. Yorkies usually weigh about 7 pounds (3.18 kg) and have a dark gray or black coat with a brown face. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), Yorkies are the second most popular dog breed in America, behind only the Labrador Retriever. They are really playful, they will always want to play.

Terriers
FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in England
The Chiffons was an all-woman singing group. They started in New York City in 1960.

1960 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1960s establishments in New York (state)
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American girl groups
Musical groups established in 1960
Musical groups from New York City
The Bronx
Mott the Hoople was a English hard rock/glam rock band. They formed in 1969 and broke up in 1976.

English rock bands
English hard rock bands
Musical groups established in 1969
Turner & Hooch is a 1989 American criminal comedy-drama movie. It stars Tom Hanks as Detective Turner and Beasley the Dog as Hooch. It was a very successful movie from A Dog’s Life.

1989 comedy-drama movies
1980s buddy movies
1989 crime drama movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
American comedy-drama movies
1980s American crime drama movies
American criminal comedy movies
American buddy comedy movies
Buddy cop movies
Buddy drama movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies about dogs
Movies set in California
Movies directed by Roger Spottiswoode
The Temptations are a successful R&B singing group. They formed in Detroit, USA in 1960.  The Temptations have four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and 14 Billboard R&B number-one singles. They have three Grammy Awards.  The Temptations were the first Motown act to earn a Grammy Award.

Other websites
 

Musical groups from Detroit
1960 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Michigan
Brenda Mae Tarpley or Brenda Lee (born December 11, 1944 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American pop singer. She was popular in the 1960s. She stood  tall and was called “Little Miss Dynamite” because of her strong voice. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.

References

Notes

Other websites

Brenda Lee's official site

1944 births
Living people
Singers from Atlanta
People from Springfield, Missouri
Buddy Clark (born Samuel Goldberg, July 26, 1912 – October 1, 1949) was an American popular singer of the Big Band era. He had success in the 1930s and 1940s, returning to the United States after World War II. He died in a plane crash in 1949.

Singers from Massachusetts
American Jews
1912 births
1949 deaths
Air Supply is a pop music singing group. They formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1976.

The current members are Russell Hitchcock (born June 15, 1949 in Melbourne) and Graham Russell (born June 11, 1950 in Nottingham, England). In 1981 they got with their song "The One That You Love" a number one hit in the United States. They had their most popular times during the early 1980s.

Australian rock bands
Australian pop music groups
Musical duos
Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 1975
1975 establishments
1970s establishments in Australia
The band members were Johnny Rotten (vocals), Paul Cook (drums), Steve Jones (guitar) and Glen Matlock (bass). Sid Vicious later replaced Matlock on bass in February 1977 but died 2 years later. They recorded only one studio album, called Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols during the summer of 1977. One of their most famous songs is "Anarchy In The UK". Another one of their most famous songs is "God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)", which was banned by the BBC for it's contents. They split up after a show at Winterland on January 14th, 1978, with Rotten saying "You ever get the feelin' you're bein' cheated?"

Albums 
 Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols (1977)
The Great Rock n' Roll Swindle (1979) (Soundtrack to a film of the same name)
Flogging A Dead Horse (1980) (Greatest Hits Compilation Album)

Other websites 
 God Save The Sex Pistols
 John Lydon Official Site 
 The Filth and the Fury
 Photographs by Bob Gruen
1975 establishments in the United Kingdom
1978 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
English punk bands
Musical groups established in 1975
Musical groups disestablished in the 1970s
Musical groups from London
Walter Murphy (b. December 19, 1952) is a classically trained American pianist. He was born in New York City. He had a hit song in the late 1970s, "A Fifth of Beethoven".

Other websites 

Walter Murphy's Allmusic Page

American pianists
Musicians from New York City
1952 births
Living people
Events 
 Transition from the Muromachi to the Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan
Fourth War of Religion in France, including the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Vilcabamba, last independent part of the Inca Empire, is conquered by the Spanish.
8.3 Ms Earthquake destroys the town of Concepción

Births 
Abbas I of Safavid dynasty, Shah of Iran 
Juan Pujol, Catalan composer of music and organist
Robert Catesby, English leader of the Gunpowder Plot

Deaths 
Tupac Amaru, last of the Inca kings
John Knox, Scottish religious reformer
Bette Davis (April 5, 1908 – October 6, 1989), full name Ruth Elizabeth Davis, was an American actress of the stage, cinema and television. She was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. She was nicknamed "The Queen of Hollywood" or the "First Lady of the American Screen" and "The Fifth Warner Brother" during her career.

Davis had held the most Academy Award nominations for any actress (with ten) until Katharine Hepburn took her place with twelve.

Bette Davis made over 100 films across 60 years. Some of the most popular
films include: Of Human Bondage (1934), Marked Woman (1937), Jezebel (1938), Dark Victory (1939), The Letter (1940), The Little Foxes (1941), Now, Voyager (1942), Watch on the Rhine (1943), Mr. Skeffington (1944), All About Eve (1950), The Virgin Queen (1955), The Catered Affair (1956), Pocketful of Miracles (1961), What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Death on the Nile (1978) and The Whales of August (1987).
In 1981 Kim Carnes sang the hit song "Bette Davis Eyes". Davis liked the song. Carnes gave Davis a gold record. Davis hung the gold record on a wall.

The Kennedy Center honored Davis in 1987. She died of breast cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

Other websites 
 Bette Davis at Classic Actresses 
 Classic Movies (1939 - 1969): Bette Davis

Sources

Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from breast cancer
Kennedy Center honorees
1908 births
1989 deaths
People from Lowell, Massachusetts
The Gunpowder Conspiracy  of 1605 was a plan to assassinate King James I of England and VI of Scotland. Other names for the plot are The Powder Treason or The Gunpowder Plot. A group of Catholics wanted to blow up the Houses of Parliament during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605. This would have killed the king, and most of the Protestant aristocracy.

The conspirators also planned to kidnap the royal children, and lead a popular revolt in the Midlands.

Origins
Origins 

Robert Catesby led the planning of the conspiracy, which started in May 1604. The people who helped him were either rich Catholics, or gentry families who had a lot of influence.  Catesby may have come up with the plot when he saw that there was little hope that Great Britain would become more tolerant to Roman Catholics, under King James I. Many Catholics were disappointed about the situation. It is more likely though that Catesby simply wanted to give the Catholics in England a chance: The plot was to be the first step of a rebellion. Afterwards,  James' nine-year-old daughter (Princess Elizabeth) could be put in as a Catholic head of state.
The main Jesuit in England, Father Henry Garnet was said to know the details of the plot. Oswald Tesimond, a fellow Jesuit had told him. Robert Catesby confessed them to Tesimond, and gave him the permission to tell Garnet. Although he was convicted, there has since been some debate over how much Garnet really knew. As the details of the plot were known through confession, Garnet was not allowed to reveal them to the authorities. He did not think it was a good idea. Nevertheless, the plot went ahead. Garnet's opposition to it did not save him from being hanged, drawn and quartered for treason in 1606, though.

Planning 
In the 17th century, the Palace of Westminster was made of many buildings, spread over a large area. They were grouped around the medieval chambers, chapels, and halls of the old royal palace. This palace housed both Parliament and the various law courts. The palace was also easier to access than it is today. Merchants, lawyers, and other people lived and worked on the palace grounds.
Fawkes assisted in filling the room with gunpowder, which was hidden beneath a wood store under the House of Lords building, in a cellar leased from John Whynniard. By March 1605, they had filled the undercroft underneath the House of Lords with 36 barrels of gunpowder, hidden under a store of winter fuel. Had all 36 barrels been successfully ignited, the explosion could easily have reduced many of the buildings in the Old Palace of Westminster complex to rubble, and would have blown out windows in the surrounding area of about a one kilometre radius.

The conspirators left London in May, and went to their homes or to different areas of the country, because being seen together would arouse suspicion. They arranged to meet again in September; however, the opening of Parliament was again postponed.
The weakest parts of the plot were the arrangements for the subsequent rebellion which would have swept the country and installed a Catholic monarch. Due to the requirements for money and arms, Sir Francis Tresham was eventually admitted to the plot, and it was probably he who betrayed the plot in writing to his brother-in-law Lord Monteagle. An anonymous letter revealed some of the details of the plot; it read: "I advise you to devise some excuse not to attend this parliament, for they shall receive a terrible blow, and yet shall not see who hurts them".

According to the confession made by Fawkes on Tuesday 5 November 1605, he had left Dover around Easter 1605, bound for Calais. He then travelled to Saint-Omer and on to Brussels, where he met with Hugh Owen and Sir William Stanley before making a pilgrimage to Brabant. He returned to England at the end of August or early September, again by way of Calais.
Guy Fawkes was left in charge of executing the plot, while the other conspirators fled to Dunchurch in Warwickshire to await news. Once Parliament had been destroyed, the other conspirators planned to start a revolt in the Midlands.

Discovery 
During the preparation, several of the conspirators had been concerned about the safety of fellow Catholics who would be present in Parliament on the day of the planned explosion. On the evening of Friday, 26 October Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter while at his house in Hoxton.

Monteagle had the note read out loud, possibly to warn the plotters that the secret was out, and promptly handed it over to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, the Secretary of State. The conspirators learned of the letter the following day, but decided to go ahead with their plan, especially after Fawkes inspected the undercroft and found that nothing had been touched.
A letter written by Gentleman of the Bedchamber, Sir Edward Hoby gave details of all those that would have been caught in the explosion:
On 5 November we began a Parliament, to which the King should have cometh in person, but refrained through a practice but that morning discovered. The plot was to have blown up the King at such time as he should have been sat in his royal throne, Nobility and Commons and with all Bishops, Judges and Doctors at one instant, and the blast to have ruined the whole estate and kingdom of England.

Fawkes was taken to the Tower of London and interrogated there under torture. Torture was forbidden, except by the express instruction of the monarch or a body such as the Privy Council or the Star Chamber. In a letter of 6 November, King James I stated:
The people were happy to learn that the king and his sons survived the Gunpowder Plot.  The next parliament had feelings of loyalty and goodwill, which Salisbury used to get higher subsidies for the king than those granted in Elizabeth's reign.  In his speech to both Houses on 9 November, James talked about two main topics: the Divine Right of Kings and the Catholic question.  He insisted that the plot had been the work of only a few Catholics, not of the English Catholics as a whole, and he reminded the assembly to rejoice at his survival, since kings were divinely appointed and he owed his escape to a miracle.

Trial and executions 

On hearing of the failure of the terrorist plot, the conspirators fled towards Huddington Court near Worcester, a family home of Thomas and Robert Wintour. Heavy rain, however, slowed their travels. Many of them were caught by Richard Walsh, the Sheriff of Worcestershire, when they arrived in Stourbridge.
The remaining men attempted a revolt in the Midlands. This failed, coming to a dramatic end at Holbeche House in Staffordshire, where there was a shoot-out resulting in the deaths of Catesby and Percy and capture of several other principal conspirators. Jesuits and others were then rounded up in other locations in Britain, with some being killed by torture during interrogation. Robert Wintour managed to remain on the run for two months before he was captured at Hagley Park.

The conspirators were tried on 27 January 1606 in Westminster Hall. All of the plotters pleaded "Not Guilty" except for Sir Everard Digby, who attempted to defend himself on the grounds that the King had reneged on his promises of greater tolerance of Catholicism. Sir Edward Coke, the attorney general, prosecuted, and the Earl of Northampton made a speech refuting the charges laid by Sir Everard Digby. The trial lasted one day (English criminal trials generally did not exceed a single day's duration) and the verdict was never in doubt.
The trial ranked highly as a public spectacle, and there are records of up to 10 shillings being paid for entry. Four of the plotters were executed in St. Paul's Churchyard on 30 January. On 31 January, Fawkes, Winter and a number of others implicated in the conspiracy were taken to Old Palace Yard in Westminster, in front of the scene of the intended crime, where they were to be hanged, drawn and quartered.

Fawkes, although weakened by torture, cheated the executioners: when he was to be hanged until almost dead, he jumped from the gallows, breaking his neck and killing himself, thus avoiding the gruesome latter part of his execution.

Henry Garnet was executed on 3 May 1606 at St Paul's. His crime was of being the confessor of several members of the Gunpowder Plot, and as noted, he had opposed the plot. Many spectators thought that his punishment was too severe. Antonia Fraser writes:
Anthony-Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu, due to Guy Fawkes being one of his servants and Robert Catesby having warned him not to attend Parliament.
Lady Agnes Wenman of Thame Park as a Catholic and relative of the Dowager Lady Elizabeth Vaux.
Dowager Lady Elizabeth Vaux for being a supporter of Fr. Henry Garnet.
Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden for being a Catholic, son of the above.
Edward Stourton, 10th Baron Stourton for being a cousin of Sir Francis Tresham who was a Gunpowder Plotter, and for getting a letter telling him to be absent from Parliament.
Henry Mordaunt, 4th Baron Mordaunt for getting a letter telling him to be absent from Parliament.
Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland for being the cousin of Sir Thomas Percy (plotter)
Sir Alan Percy brother of the above and Lieutenant of the Gentleman Pensioners under Northumberland's captaincy, who were also the King's Bodyguard.
Dudley Carleton, 1st Viscount Dorchester for being the secretary of the Earl of Northumberland.
Historical impact 
Greater freedom for Catholics to worship as they chose seemed unlikely in 1604, but after the plot in 1605, changing the law to afford Catholics leniency became unthinkable; Catholic Emancipation took another 200 years. Nevertheless, many important and loyal Catholics retained high office in the kingdom during King James' reign.
Interest in the demonic was heightened by the Gunpowder Plot. The king himself had become engaged in the great debate about other-worldly powers in writing his Daemonology in 1597, before he became King of England as well as Scotland. The apparent devilish nature of the gunpowder plot also partly inspired William Shakespeare's Macbeth. Demonic inversions (such as the line fair is foul and foul is fair) are frequently seen in the play. Another possible reference made in Macbeth was to equivocation, as Henry Garnett’s A Treatise of Equivocation was found on one of the plotters, and a resultant fear was that Jesuits could evade the truth through equivocation:
Faith, here's an equivocator, that could
Swear in both the scales against either scale;
Who committed treason enough for God's sake,
Yet could not equivocate to heaven
- Macbeth, Act 2 Scene 3
Professor Ronald Hutton has considered the possible events which could have followed the successful implementation of the Gunpowder Plot, with the resultant destruction of Parliament and death of the king. He concluded that the violence of the act would have instead resulted in a more severe backlash against suspected Catholics. Without the involvement of some form of foreign aid, success would have been unlikely, as most Englishmen were loyal to the institution of the monarchy, despite differing religious convictions. England could very well have become a more "Puritan absolute monarchy", as "existed in Sweden, Denmark, Saxony, and Prussia in the seventeenth century", rather than follow the path of parliamentary and civil reform that it did.

Commemoration
Commemoration 

When Parliament met in January 1606 for the first time after the plot they passed an Act of Parliament called the "Thanksgiving Act". This made services and sermons commemorating the Plot an annual feature on 5 November. The act remained in force until 1859. On 5 November 1605, it is said that the people of London celebrated the defeat of the plot with fires and street festivities. The tradition of marking the day with the ringing of church bells and bonfires started soon after the Plot and fireworks were also included in some of the earliest celebrations. In Britain the fifth of November is also called Bonfire Night, Fireworks Night or Guy Fawkes Night.
It remains the custom in Britain, on or around 5 November, to let off fireworks. Traditionally, in the weeks running up to the 5th, children made "guys"—effigies supposedly of Fawkes—usually made from old clothes stuffed with newspaper, and with a grotesque mask, to be burnt on 5 November bonfire. These effigies would be shown in the street, to collect money for fireworks, although this practice is becoming less common. The word guy came thus in the 19th century to mean an oddly dressed person, and in the 20th and 21st centuries to mean any male person.

Institutions and towns may hold firework displays and bonfire parties, and the same is done on a smaller scale in back gardens throughout the country. In some areas, particularly in Sussex, there are extensive processions, large bonfires and firework displays organised by local bonfire societies; the most extensive of which takes place in Lewes.
The Houses of Parliament are still searched by the Yeomen of the Guard before the State Opening of Parliament, however, this is done as a traditional custom rather than a serious anti-terrorist precaution.

A commemorative British two pound coin was issued in 2005 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the plot.

The cellar in which Fawkes watched over his gunpowder was demolished in 1822. The area was further damaged in the 1834 fire and destroyed in the subsequent rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster. The lantern which Guy Fawkes carried in 1605 is in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. A key supposedly taken from him is in Speaker's House, Palace of Westminster. These two items were shown in a major exhibition held in Westminster Hall from July to November 2005.
According to Esther Forbes (a biographer), the Guy Fawkes Day celebration in the pre-revolutionary American Colonies was a very popular holiday. In Boston, the celebration took on anti-authoritarian overtones, and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes.

In November 1930, taking advantage of the bonfires used on the holiday, Alfred Arthur Rouse murdered an unknown man and planted his body as a substitute for Rouse's in his Morris Minor (1928) automobile (which was then set alight). The scheme did not work out, and Rouse was arrested, tried and executed for the crime.
Accusations of state conspiracy 
Many at the time felt that Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the king and enact more stridently anti-Catholic legislation. Such theories alleged that Cecil had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it, for the purposes of propaganda. These rumours were the start of a long-lasting conspiracy theory about the plot. Yet while there was no "golden time" of "toleration" of Catholics which Father Garnet had hoped for at the start of James' reign, the legislative backlash had nothing to do with the plot: it had already happened by 1605, as recusancy fines were re-imposed and some priests expelled. There was no purge of Catholics from power and influence in the kingdom after the Gunpowder Plot, despite Puritan complaints. The reign of James I was, in fact, a time of relative leniency for Catholics, few being subject to prosecution.
This did not dissuade some from continuing to claim Cecil's involvement in the plot. In 1897 Father John Gerard of Stonyhurst College,  namesake  of a Jesuit priest who had performed Mass to some of the plotters, wrote an account called What was the Gunpowder Plot?, alleging Cecil's culpability. This prompted  a refutation later that year by Samuel Gardiner, who argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to "wipe away the reproach" which the plot had exacted on generations of English Catholics. Gardiner portrayed Cecil as guilty of nothing more than opportunism. Subsequent attempts to prove Cecil's responsibility, such as Francis Edwards's 1969 work Guy Fawkes: the real story of the gunpowder plot?, have similarly foundered on the lack of positive proof of any government involvement in setting up the plot. There has been little support by historians for the conspiracy theory since this time, other than to acknowledge that Cecil may have known about the plot some days before it was uncovered.
Modern plot analysis 
According to the historian Lady Antonia Fraser, the gunpowder was taken to the Tower of London magazine. It would have been reissued or sold for recycling if in good condition. Ordnance records for the Tower state that 18 hundredweight (equivalent to about 816 kg) of it was "decayed", which could imply that it was rendered harmless due to having separated into its component chemical parts, as happens with gunpowder when left to sit for too long—if Fawkes had ignited the gunpowder during the opening, it would only have resulted in a weak splutter. Alternatively, "decayed" may refer to the powder being damp and sticking together, making it unfit for use in firearms — in which case the explosive capabilities of the barrels would not have been significantly affected.
The Gunpowder Plot: Exploding The Legend, an ITV programme presented by Richard Hammond and broadcast on 1 November 2005, re-enacted the plot by blowing up an exact replica of the 17th-century House of Lords filled with test dummies, using the exact amount of gunpowder in the underground of the building. The dramatic experiment, conducted on the Advantica Spadeadam test site, proved unambiguously that the explosion would have killed all those attending the State Opening of Parliament in the Lords chamber.
The power of the explosion, which surprised even gunpowder experts, was such that seven-foot deep solid concrete walls (made deliberately to replicate how archives suggest the walls in the old House of Lords were constructed) were reduced to rubble. Measuring devices placed in the chamber to calculate the force of the blast were themselves destroyed by the blast, while the skull of the dummy representing King James, which had been placed on a throne inside the chamber surrounded by courtiers, peers and bishops, was found a large distance away from the site. According to the findings of the programme, no-one within 100 metres of the blast could have survived, while all the stained glass windows in Westminster Abbey would have been shattered, as would all windows within a large distance of the Palace. The power of the explosion would have been seen from miles away, and heard from further still
. Even if only half the gunpowder had gone off, everyone in the House of Lords and its environs would have been killed instantly.
A sample of the gunpowder may have survived: in March 2002, workers investigating archives of John Evelyn at the British Library found a box containing various samples of gunpowder and several notes suggesting a relation to the Gunpowder Plot:
"Gunpowder 1605 in a paper inscribed by John Evelyn. Powder with which that villain Faux (sic) would have blown up the parliament.",
"Gunpowder. Large package is supposed to be Guy Fawkes' gunpowder".
"But there was none left! WEH 1952

Related pages 
Popish Plot

Notes

Bibliography
Bibliography

Other websites 
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 
Catholic Encyclopedia: The Gunpowder Plot
The Gunpowder Plot (Website exploring the history of the plot for younger users) 
The Gunpowder Plot (House of Commons Information Sheet)
The Gunpowder Plot Society
iTV "Gunpowder Plot" Program
What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded?
A summary of the Gunpowder Plot events
Publications about the Gunpowder Plot 
A contemporary account of the executions of the plotters 
The Gunpowder Plot Game BBC
Interactive Guide: Gunpowder Plot  Guardian Unlimited
Analysis of the Sketch of the Plotters 

1600s in England
Rebellions in Europe
Terrorist incidents in Europe
1605
17th-century rebellions
John Knox (c. 1510 – 24 November 1572) was the man who brought the Protestant Reformation to Scotland.  He was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church. Knox joined the movement to change the Roman Catholic church in Scotland. He married twice and had five children. Knox preached until he died.

A  fight between Catholic France and Protestant England for Scotland began again because of the Reformation. Sometimes France had more power. Other times England had it. Knox spent many months as a galley slave. He also spent time in exile because of his Protestant beliefs. During a trip to Scotland, Knox's preaching helped the Protestant movement. Several Protestant noblemen came together and made a group called the Lords of the Congregation. When the group had more power, they invited Knox back to Scotland to stay.
During 1500 and 1561, the Scottish Parliament accepted the Reformed confession of faith made by Knox and other people. Knox argued many times with Mary, Queen of Scots. In his book History of the Reformation in Scotland he writes about his five "conversations" with the Roman Catholic queen. In one of these conversations, Mary asked Knox what right he had to rebuke the queen so directly and openly. Knox replied, "...I am a worm of this earth, and yet a subject...but I am a watchman, both over the realm (land) and the Kirk [Church] of God...For that reason I am bound in conscience (it is my duty) to blow the trumpet publicly (openly)". Mary's violent life finally made even her Catholic helpers lose their support. She gave up the throne. So, Knox was able to make the Protestant church in Scotland. Because of him, the Presbyterian church was made.

References
References

1510s births
1572 deaths
British Protestants
Calvinists
Christian theologians
Presbyterian ministers
Protestant Reformers
Scottish Christian clergy
People from East Lothian‎
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the Nobel Prizes which were created by Alfred Nobel. This award is decided by the Karolinska Institutet, a major medical center in Sweden. The Prize is given every year to a person or persons who have done excellent work in the area of medicine (treating or stopping disease) or physiology (the way the body works).

Nobel Prize winners

1901–1910
1901–1910

 1901 – Emil von Behring, Germany, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria
 1902 – Ronald Ross, United Kingdom, for work on malaria
 1903 – Niels Ryberg Finsen, Denmark, for treating Lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation.
 1904 – Ivan Pavlov, Russia, for his work on the way digestion works.
 1905 – Robert Koch, Germany, for studying tuberculosis
 1906 – Camillo Golgi, Italy and Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spain for their work on the parts of the nervous system
 1907 – Alphonse Laveran, France, for his work on the way protozoa can cause disease
 1908 – Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russia, and Paul Ehrlich, Germany, for finding out how immunity fights disease
 1909 – Emil Theodor Kocher, Switzerland, for his work on the thyroid gland
 1910 – Albrecht Kossel, Germany, for his work on proteins and nucleic substances

1911–1919
1911–1919

 1911 – Allvar Gullstrand, Sweden, for his work on light refraction and the eye
 1912 – Alexis Carrel, France, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
 1913 – Charles Robert Richet, France, for his work on anaphylaxis
 1914 – Robert Bárány, Austria, for his work on the ear and balance
 1915 – Not awarded
 1916 – Not awarded
 1917 – Not awarded
 1918 – Not awarded
 1919 – Jules Bordet, Belgium, for his discoveries about immunity

1920–1929
1920–1929

 1920 – August Krogh, Denmark, for his discoveries about capillaries
 1921 – Not awarded
 1922 – Archibald Vivian Hill, United Kingdom, for finding out how muscles make heat
 1922 – Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germany, for finding out how oxygen makes chemical changes in lactic acid in muscles
 1923 – Frederick Grant Banting, Canada and John Macleod, Canada, for the discovery of insulin"
 1924 – Willem Einthoven, The Netherlands, for inventing the electrocardiogram"
 1925 – Not awarded
 1926 – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Denmark, for his discovery that an infection could lead to cancer
 1927 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austria, for his discovery that malaria inoculation helps the treatment of paralysis
 1928 – Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, France, for his work on typhus
 1929, Christiaan Eijkman, The Netherlands, for finding out how to use a vitamin to stop nerve pain"
 1929 – Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the vitamins that help growth

1930–1939
1930 – Karl Landsteiner, for discovery of human blood types.
 1931 – Otto Heinrich Warburg, Germany, for his discovery of the respiratory enzyme.
 1932 – Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, United Kingdom, and Edgar Douglas Adrian, United Kingdom, for discoveries about neurons (nerve cells).
 1933 – Thomas Hunt Morgan, United States, for his work on chromosomes and heredity".
 1934 – George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, and William Parry Murphy, United States, for their work on how eating liver could cure anaemia.
 1935 – Hans Spemann, Germany, for finding the organizer effect in embryonic development.
 1936 – Sir Henry Hallett Dale, United Kingdom, and Otto Loewi, Austria for their discoveries about neurotransmitters and nerve impulses.
 1937 – Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungary, for his discoveries about cells, vitamin C and chemical changes of fumaric acid.
 1938 – Corneille Heymans, Belgium, for work on the paranasal sinus and aortic mechanisms in the control of breathing.
1940 – Not awarded
 1941 – Not awarded
 1942 – Not awarded
 1943 – Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Denmark, for his discovery of vitamin K
 1943 – Edward Adelbert Doisy, United States, for work on vitamin K"
 1944 – Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser, United States, for their discoveries about single nerve fibres
 1945 – Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, United Kingdom and Howard Walter Florey, Australia, for the discovery of penicillin and making it into an antibiotic to cure infectious diseases
 1946 – Hermann Joseph Muller, United States, for the discovery of mutations caused by X-ray irradiation
 1947 – Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, United States, for their work on catalytic conversion of glycogen
 1947 – Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Argentina, for finding out how the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe works in the metabolism of sugar
 1948 – Paul Hermann Müller, Switzerland, for his work on DDT as a poison against several insects
1949 – Walter Rudolf Hess, Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the brain controls the internal organs
 1949 – António Egas Moniz, Portugal, for using leucotomy (brain surgery) to cure some mental illnesses.
1950 – Philip French, Edward Kendall, United States, and Tadeusz Reichstein, Switzerland, for the hormones of the adrenal cortex.
 1951 – Max Theiler, Union of South Africa, for his discoveries about yellow fever.
 1952 – Selman Waksman, United States, for discovering streptomycin, the first antibiotic to work against tuberculosis.
 1953 – Hans Krebs, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the citric acid cycle.
 1953 – Fritz Lipmann, United States, for his discovery of co-enzyme A.
 1954 – John Enders, Frederick Robbins, and Thomas Weller, United States, for discovering the poliomyelitis virus and growing it in a laboratory.
 1955 – Hugo Theorell, Sweden, for his discoveries about enzymes changing with oxygen.
 1956 – André Cournand, Dickinson Richards, United States, and Werner Forssmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for their discoveries about heart catheterization and changes in the circulatory system.
 1957 – Daniel Bovet, Italy for his work on antihistamine and what they do to parts of the body.
1958 – George Beadle and Edward Tatum, United States, for finding out how genes work.
 1958 – Joshua Lederberg, United States, for finding out how genetic recombination works in bacteria (transduction (genetics)).
 1959 – Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa, United States, for their discovery of how living things make ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
1960 – Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australia, and Sir Peter Medawar, United Kingdom, for their discovery of acquired immune tolerance.
 1961 – Georg von Békésy, United States, for his discoveries about the cochlea (inner ear).
 1962 – Francis Crick, United Kingdom, James D. Watson, United States, and Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand, for finding the structure of nucleic acids and its importance in coding information in living things.
 1963 – Sir John Eccles, Australia, Alan Hodgkin, United Kingdom, and Andrew Huxley, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about nerve cell membrane.
 1964 – Konrad Bloch, United States, and Feodor Lynen, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding out how cholesterol and fatty acid work in the body.
 1965 – François Jacob, André Lwoff, and Jacques Monod, France, for finding out how genes control viruses.
 1966 – Peyton Rous, United States, for his discovery that viruses can cause tumours.
1966 – Charles Brenton Huggins, United States, for using hormonal treatment of prostate cancer.
 1967 – Ragnar Granit, Sweden, Haldan Keffer Hartline, and George Wald, United States, for their discoveries about how the eye works.
 1968 – Robert W. Holley (U.S), Har Gobind Khorana (India), and Marshall W. Nirenberg, United States, for their understanding of the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis.
 1969 – Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey, and Salvador Luria, United States, for finding how viruses reproduce.
1970 – Julius Axelrod, Ulf von Euler, Sweden, and Sir Bernard Katz, United Kingdom, for finding out about transmittors in the nerve terminals and how they work
 1971 – Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., United States, for his discoveries about hormones
 1972 – Gerald M. Edelman, United States, and Rodney R. Porter, United Kingdom, for finding out the chemical structure of antibodies
 1973 – Karl von Frisch, Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Lorenz, Austria, and Nikolaas Tinbergen, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about individual and social behaviour patterns
 1974 – Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, Belgium, and George E. Palade, United States, for their discoveries about cells
 1975 – David Baltimore, Howard Temin, and Renato Dulbecco, United States, for finding what happens when tumour causing viruses infect normal cells.
 1976 – Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek, United States, for their discoveries about the beginnings and spreading of infectious diseases
1977 – Roger Guillemin, Andrew W. Schally, United States, for their discoveries about how the brain makes peptide hormone
 1977 – Rosalyn Yalow, United States, for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones
 1978 – Werner Arber, Switzerland, Daniel Nathans, United States, and Hamilton O. Smith, United States for finding restriction enzymes and their use in molecular genetics"
 1979 – Allan M. Cormack, United States, and Godfrey N. Hounsfield, United Kingdom, for the development of computer assisted tomography