Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Vikings 

The most famous group of Scandinavians is the Vikings of the Middle Ages. The Vikings attacked and raided but they were also traders, traveling to Ukraine and starting trade routes to the Middle East.

Vikings from Norway were explorers, crossing the North Atlantic in their longships. They came to Iceland and Greenland and built towns and farms there. The Norwegian explorers also came to the east coast of Canada. They built at least one town there, but it did not last into modern times.

The Vikings from Denmark came to England, where they affected the history and politics and even the English language. Danish raiders attacked England many times with great violence. Sometimes the Danes would ask that the English pay them to go away. These payments were called "Danegeld" (Danish gold). The priests and bishops of churches on the east coast of England wrote a famous prayer: "deliver us, O Lord, from the wrath of the Norsemen!" "Norsemen" is another way to say "men from the north," or the Danes.
Scandinavians in fiction and theater

Much later, in the 19th century (1800s), Richard Wagner and other artists in the Romantic period made operas and other artwork about ancient Germanic culture. They liked the Vikings because they were not Greeks or Romans. They were the first to have the idea of Vikings wearing helmets with wings or horns on them and drinking out of hollowed-out animal horns. Some ancient Germans wore helmets with horns on them, but real Vikings did not. Wagner and his partners dressed the actors in the opera Ring des Nibelungen so they would look like ancient Germans and so the audience would feel like modern Germans came from medieval Vikings.
History
During the 10th through 13th centuries, when the Christian religion spread through Scandiavia, modern countries started to form there. They came together into three kingdoms:
 Denmark
 Sweden
 Norway
These three Scandinavian kingdoms made the Kalmar Union in 1387 under Queen Margaret I of Denmark. However, in 1523, Sweden left the union. Because of this, civil war started in Denmark and Norway. Then, the Protestant Reformation happened, and Catholic and Protestant Christians fought each other. After things settled, the Norwegian Privy Council was abolished: it assembled for the last time in 1537. Denmark and Norway formed another union in 1536, and it lasted until 1814. It turned into the three modern countries Denmark, Norway and Iceland.
The borders between Denmark, Sweden and Norway came to the shape they have today in the middle of the seventeenth century. In the 1645 Treaty of Brömsebro, Denmark–Norway gave some land to Sweden: the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland, Härjedalen and Idre & Särna and the Baltic Sea islands of Gotland and Ösel (in Estonia). The 1658 Treaty of Roskilde forced Denmark–Norway to give the Danish provinces Scania, Blekinge, Halland, Bornholm, and the Norwegian provinces of Båhuslen and Trøndelag to Sweden. In 1660, the Treaty of Copenhagen forced Sweden to give Bornholm and Trøndelag back to Denmark–Norway.

Finland used to be part of Sweden in medieval times. During the wars fought by Napoleon, it became part of Russia.

Other websites

References

Peninsulas of Europe
Regions of Europe
In 1883 a young Belgian called Sylvain de Jong settled in Antwerp, Belgium. He started a bicycle factory there. By the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while automobiles as well. In 1903 he grounded the NV Minerva Motors' in Berchem (Antwerp).
A certain Charles S Rolls was Minerva dealer in England. The small 1 cylinder Minervette was there with its 105 Pound, the cheapest automobile. 
In the years after the fame of the automobile was rising enormous. Most important market for the constructor remained however England that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the Netherlands and France. 
From 1908 Minerva got a worldwide Knight licence. The Knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by Charles Y Knight in the United States. These motors were extremely silent. The company did well in several automobile racing competitions in Europe.
After worldwar I, during which Sylvain de Jong and his engineers headed to Amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury automobiles. The constructors star rose in the United States as well, American filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even Henry Ford had before the WW already one!). The car had the same qualities as the Rolls Royce, but was a little cheaper. With the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936. The remains were taken over by another Belgian constructor named Imperia. Imperia putted the name Minerva on their automobiles for export to England and France and for the trucks (which Minerva had made before too). 
After worldwar II  the company produced Land Rovers under licence for the Belgian army. Production of these 4Wheel Drives stopped in 1953. The company struggled for survival and made some Land Rover-like cars till 1956. But than the constructor diappeared completely.
Other websites 
Minerva Cars

Automobiles
Up to 1900 
 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated (and succeeded) by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
 1093 - The new Winchester Cathedral is dedicated.
 1139 - Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church.
 1730 – Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in New York City, is dedicated.
 1740 - War of Jenkins' Ear: Three British ships capture the Spanish third-rate HMS Princess.
 1742 – The first performance of George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah, in Dublin.
 1767 – Ayutthaya kingdom fell to Burmese invaders.
 1784 - William Herschel discovers six Galaxies.
 1820 – The Venus de Milo is discovered on the Aegean island of Melos.
 1832 – Black Hawk War: Around 300 United States 6th Infantry troops leave Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis to fight the Sauk Native Americans.
 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Mansfield - Union General Nathaniel Banks' Red River Campaign is thwarted by Confederate General Richard Taylor's forces at Mansfield, Louisiana.
1866 - Italy and Prussia ally against the Austrian Empire.
 1886 - William Ewart Gladstone introduces the first Irish Home Rule Bill into the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
 1893 – First recorded college basketball game occurs in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania when the Geneva College Covenanters defeated the New Brighton YMCA.
 1899 – Martha Place becomes the first woman to be executed in an electric chair.
1901  2000 
 1904 – France and the United Kingdom sign the Entente cordiale.
 1904 – Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after The New York Times.
 1906 - Auguste Deter, the first-recorded Alzheimer's disease patient, dies at the age of 56.
 1908 - Harvard University votes to establish the Harvard Business School.
 1910 – The Los Angeles Motordome opened near Playa del Rey, California.
 1911 - Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity.
 1913 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified requiring direct election of Senators.
 1916 – In Corona, California, auto racer Bob Burman crashed through a crowd barrier at the last Boulevard Race, killing himself, his mechanic and a track policeman, and badly injuring five spectators.
 1918 – World War I: Actors Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin sell war bonds on the streets of New York City's financial district.
1924 - Sharia courts are banned in Turkey, as part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's reforms. 
 1929 – Indian independence movement: At Delhi Central Assembly, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw handouts, and bombs in a corridor not to cause injury and courted arrest.
 1933 - A majority of voters in Western Australia chooses to secede from Australia in a referendum; the result is not recognised.
 1935 – The Works Progress Administration is formed when the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 becomes law.
 1942 – World War II: Siege of Leningrad - Soviet Union forces open a much-needed railway link to Leningrad.
 1952 – In a radio address to the nation from the White House, President Harry S. Truman calls for the seizure of all steel mills in the United States in order to prevent a nationwide strike.
 1953 – Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta is convicted by Kenya's British rulers.
1954 - A Royal Canadian Air Force Canadair Harvard aircraft collides with a Trans-Canada Airlines Canadian North Star aircraft over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing 37 people.
 1954 - South African Airways Flight 201 crashes into the sea near Naples, Italy, killing 21 people.
 1960 - The Netherlands and West Germany sign an agreement to negotiate the return of German land annexed by the Dutch.
 1961 - A large explosion on board the MV Dara in the Persian Gulf kills 238 people.
 1967 – In Vienna, Austria, Sandie Shaw wins the twelfth Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom singing "Puppet on a String".
 1970 - Israeli bombers strike an Egyptian school, killing 46 children.
 1971 – a 6-pound meteorite struck a house on Spring Street in Wethersfield, Connecticut.
 1973 - Painter and sculptor Pablo Picasso dies in Mougins, France, at the age of 91.
 1974 – At the Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, Hank Aaron breaks baseball great's Babe Ruth's record by hitting his 715th home run.
1975 – Frank Robinson of the Cleveland Indians manages his first game as major league baseball's first African American manager.
 1975 – Vietnam War: After spending a week in South Vietnam, U.S. Army Chief of Staff Frederick Weyand gives a report to the U.S. Congress that South Vietnam will fall without additional military aid.
 1985 – Bhopal disaster: India files suit against Union Carbide for the disaster which killed an estimated 2,000 and injured another 200,000.
 1986 – Clint Eastwood is elected mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California receiving 72% of the vote (voter turnout was also doubled over the previous mayoral election).
 1987 – Los Angeles Dodgers executive Al Campanis resigns amid great controversy over racially-charged remarks he had made while on Nightline.
 1989 – South Africa In Johannesburg, the Progressive Federal Party, Independent party, National Democratic Movement and the force of "Ontevrede Afrikaners" or dissatisfied Afrikaners merged to form the Democratic Party.
1990 – Twin Peaks premieres.
 1992 – Retired tennis great Arthur Ashe announces to the world that he has AIDS, acquired from blood transfusions during one of his two heart surgeries.
 1993 - The Republic of Macedonia joins the UN.
 1994 – The body of Kurt Cobain is discovered in his Washington home. He was 27 years old.
 2000 – A U.S. Marine Corps V-22 Osprey crashes during landing at Marana, Arizona killing 19.
From 2001 
 2002 – Ed McMahon files a US$20 million lawsuit against his insurance company and others regarding a toxic mold infecting McMahon's Beverly Hills, California home.
 2004 – Darfur conflict: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and two rebel groups.
 2005 – Funeral of Pope John Paul II.
 2008 – Yo So-yeon becomes the first Korean woman in space.
 2013 - Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher dies aged 87 of complications from a stroke. See Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher.
 2013 - The self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant extremist group is created.
 2018 - A suspected chemical attack in Douma, Syria, kills at least 50 people.
 2018 - Hungary's general election results in Viktor Orbán winning a third term in office as Prime minister.

Births
Up to 1900 
 563 BC – Gautama Buddha, religious leader (d. 483 BC)
 1320 – King Peter I of Portugal (d. 1367)
 1533 - Claudio Merulo, Italian composer (d. 1604)
 1536 - Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597)
 1541 - Michele Mercati, Italian physician (d. 1593)
 1605 – King Philip IV of Spain (d. 1665)
 1641 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (d. 1704)
 1692 - Giuseppe Tartini, Italian composer (d. 1770)
 1732 - David Rittenhouse, American astronomer, inventor and mathematician (d. 1796)
 1761 - William Joseph Chaminade, French priest (d. 1850)
 1783 - John Claudius Loudon, Scottish botanist and garden designer (d. 1843)
 1793 - Karl Zell, German statesman and philologist (d. 1873)
 1798 - Dionysios Solomos, Greek poet (d. 1857)
 1815 - Andrew Graham, Irish astronomer (d. 1908)
 1818 – King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906)
 1818 - August Wilhelm von Hofmann, German chemist (d. 1892)
 1826 - Pancha Carrasco, Costa Rican soldier (d. 1890)
1827 - Ramon Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician, doctor and diplomat (d. 1898)
 1842 – Elizabeth Bacon Custer, wife of George Armstrong Custer (d. 1933)
 1859 – Edmund Husserl, Austrian-German philosopher (d. 1938)
 1865 – Charles W. Woodworth, Entomologist (d. 1940)
 1869 - Harvey Williams Cushing, American neurologist (d. 1939)
 1871 - Clarence Hudson White, American photographer (d. 1925)
 1872 – Ivan Bloch, physician (d. 1922)
 1874 – Stanisław Taczak, Polish general (d. 1960)
 1875 – King Albert I of Belgium (d. 1934)
 1885 - Dimitrios Levidis, Greek composer (d. 1951)
 1888 - Dennis Chavez, American politician (d. 1962)
 1889 - Blanche Stuart Scott, American pilot (d. 1970)
 1889 – Sir Adrian Boult, English conductor (d. 1983)
 1892 – Mary Pickford, Canadian-born actress, studio founder (d. 1979)
 1892 - Richard Neutra, Austrian architect (d. 1970)
 1898 - Achille Van Acker, 33rd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1969)
 1899 - John Christie, English serial killer (d. 1953)
1901  1950 
 1902 – Andrew Irvine, British mountaineer (d. 1924)
 1904 – Ron Hicks, British economist (d. 1989)
 1904 - Yves Congar, French cardinal (d. 1995)
 1905 – Helen Joseph, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 1992)
 1908 - Hugo Fregonese, Argentine director and screenwriter (d. 1987)
 1910 – George Musso, American football player (d. 2000)
 1911 – Emil Cioran, Romanian philosopher and essayist (d. 1995)
 1911 – Melvin Calvin, American chemist, 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997)
 1912 – Sonja Henie, Norwegian Olympic and World Champion figure skater (d. 1969)
 1912 - Julian Berrendero, Spanish cyclist (d. 1995)
 1912 – Alois Brunner, Austrian Nazi (date of death unknown, possibly 2001, 2009 or 2010)
 1913 – Sourou-Migan Apithy, President of Benin (d. 1989)
 1914 – María Félix, Mexican actress (d. 2002)
 1915 - Ivan Supek, Croatian physicist, philosopher and activist (d. 2007)
 1917 - Hubertus Ernst, Dutch bishop (d. 2017)
 1917 - Grigori Kuzmin, Russian-Estonian astronomer (d. 1988)
1918 – Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (d. 2011)
 1919 – Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 2007)
 1919 – Virginia O'Brien, American actress (d. 2001)
 1920 - Carmen McRae, American singer, composer, pianist and actress (d. 1994)
 1921 – Franco Corelli, Italian tenor (d. 2003)
 1923 – Edward Mulhare, Irish actor (d. 1997)
 1923 - George Fisher, American cartoonist (d. 2003)
 1926 – Jürgen Moltmann, German theologian
 1926 – Shecky Greene, American comedian
 1926 - Henry N. Cobb, American architect
 1926 - Jean-Jacques Pauvert, French publisher and writer (d. 2014)
 1928 – Leah Rabin, wife of Israeli Premier Yitzhak Rabin (d. 2000)
 1929 – Walter Berry, Austrian bass-baritone (d. 2000)
 1929 – Jacques Brel, Belgian singer and composer (d. 1978)
 1929 - Renzo De Felice, Italian historian (d. 1996)
 1930 – Carlos-Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2010)
 1930 - Miller Williams, American poet (d. 2015)
 1931 - John Gavin, American actor and diplomat (d. 2018)
1932 – Iskandar of Johor, 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia (d. 2010)
 1932 - József Antall, Hungarian politician (d. 1993)
 1933 – Fred Ebb, composer (d. 2004)
 1934 - Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect (d. 2007)
 1938 – Kofi Annan, Ghanaian diplomat, former United Nations Secretary-General (d. 2018)
 1938 - John Hamm, Canadian physician and politician, 25th Premier of Nova Scotia
 1939 - Edwin Frederick O'Brien, American cardinal
 1939 - Manolis Angelopoulos, Greek singer (d. 1989)
 1940 – John Havlicek, American basketball player (d. 2019)
 1941 – Vivienne Westwood, English fashion designer
 1942 - Douglas Trumbull, American director, producer and special effects artist
 1943 – Miller Farr, American football player
 1943 – Michael Bennett, American dancer, choreographer, theater director (d. 1987)
 1943 – Tony Banks, British politician (d. 2006)
 1943 - James Herbert, British writer (d. 2013)
 1944 - Tariana Turia, New Zealand politician
 1944 - Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (d. 2017)
1946 – Catfish Hunter, American baseball pitcher (d. 1999)
 1946 – Tim Thomerson, American actor
 1947 – Tom DeLay, American politician
 1947 - Steve Howe, English rock guitarist
 1947 - Robert Kiyosaki, American writer
 1947 - Pascal Lamy, French politician
 1947 - Larry Norman, American musician (d. 2008)
 1948 - Danuta Hübner, Polish politician
 1949 – John Madden, director
 1949 - Joe Royle, English footballer and manager
 1950 – Grzegorz Lato, Polish footballer
1951  1975 
 1951 – Geir Haarde, former Prime Minister of Iceland
 1951 - Joan Sebastian, Mexican singer and actor (d. 2015)
 1954 – Gary Carter, American baseball catcher
 1955 – Barbara Kingsolver, novelist
 1955 – Gerrie Coetzee, South African boxer
 1955 - Jim Fleeting, Scottish footballer
 1955 - Kane Hodder, American stuntman and actor
 1957 – Andrea Ypsilanti, German politician
 1960 – John Schneider, actor
 1960 - Gordon Chisholm, Scottish footballer and manager
 1961 - Brian McDermott, English footballer and manager
 1962 – Izzy Stradlin, American musician
 1963 – Julian Lennon, English musician and singer
 1963 – Alec Stewart, English cricketer
 1964 - Dordi Nordby, Norwegian curler
 1966 - Charlotte Dawson, New Zealand-Australian television personality (d. 2014)
 1966 – Robin Wright, American actress
 1966 – Mazinho, Brazilian footballer
 1966 - Iveta Bartosova, Czech singer and actress (d. 2014)
 1968 – Patricia Arquette, American actress
 1968 - Susana Harp, Mexican musician
1970 - Care Santos, Catalan writer
 1972 - Lisa Cameron, Scottish politician
 1972 – Paul Gray, American musician (Slipknot) (d. 2010)
 1972 - Sergei Magnitsky, Russian lawyer (d. 2009)
 1973 - Khaled Badra, Tunisian footballer
 1973 - Emma Caulfield, American actress
 1974 - Holger Hott, Norwegian orienteering competitor 
 1974 - Nnedi Okorafor, Nigerian-American writer
 1975 - Anouk, Dutch singer
From 1976 
 1977 – Mark Spencer, computer programmer
 1980 – Manuel Ortega, Austrian singer
 1980 - Katee Sackhoff, American actress
 1981 - Nikolay Kruglov, Jr., Russian biathlete
 1981 – Taylor Kitsch, Canadian actor and model
 1981 - Kelly Schafer, Scottish curler
 1982 - Gennady Golovkin, Kazakhstani boxer
 1983 - Allu Arjun, Indian actor
 1983 – Edson Braafheid, Dutch footballer
 1984 – Taran Noah Smith, American actor
 1986 - Erika Sawajiri, Japanese actress and model
 1986 - Bridget Kelly, American singer and songwriter
 1986 – Igor Akinfeev, Russian footballer
 1987 – Royston Drenthe, Dutch footballer
 1987 - Dario Vidosic, Australian footballer
 1987 - Abdelhamid Abaaoud, Belgian-Moroccan terrorist (d. 2015)
 1988 - Jenni Asserholt, Swedish ice hockey player
 1989 - Hitomi Takahashi, Japanese actress and singer
 1989 - Gabriella Wilde, English actress and model
 1990 - Kim Jong-hyun, South Korean singer-songwriter, dancer and actor (d. 2017)
 1990 - Karim Bellarabi, German footballer
1991 - Minami Takahashi, Japanese actress and singer
 1993 - Trent Sullivan, Australian actor
 1994 – Sonya Singha, Thai actress
 1999 - Ty Panitz, American actor
 2002 - Skai Jackson, American actress
Up to 1900 
217 – Caracalla, Roman Emperor (b. 188)
622 - Prince Shotoku of Japan (b. 574)
632 - Charibert, Frankish king (b. 607)
956 - Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy
1143 - John II Komnenos, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 1087)
1364 - King John II of France (b. 1319)
1450 - Sejong the Great, King of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (b. 1397)
1461 - Georg Purbach, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1423)
1551 - Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (b. 1510)
1586 - Martin Chemnitz, Lutheran reformer and theologian (b. 1522)
1612 - Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (b. 1575)
1691 - Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1611)
1704 - Henry Sydney, 1st Earl of Romney, English statesman (b. 1641)
1735 - Francis II Rakoczi, Hungarian aristocrat (b. 1676)
1835 - Wilhelm von Humboldt, Prussian statesman (b. 1757)
1848 – Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797)
1861 - Elisha Otis, American inventor (b. 1811)
1870 - Charles Auguste de Bériot, Belgian violinist and composer (b. 1802)
1894 - Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Indian writer (b. 1838)
1901  2000 
1906 – Auguste Deter, first-recorded victim of Alzheimer's disease (b. 1850)
1919 - Lorand Eotvos, Hungarian physicist (b. 1848)
1931 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer (b. 1864)
1936 – Robert Bárány, Austrian doctor, won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1876)
1950 - Vaslav Nijinsky, Polish-Russian ballet dancer and choreographer (b. 1890)
1958 - Ethel Turner, Australian writer (b. 1872)
1962 - Juan Belmonte, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1892)
1973 – Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1881)
1974 - Ferruccio Novo, Italian football manager (b. 1899)
1978 - Ford Frick, American baseball commissioner (b. 1894)
1981 – Omar Bradley, American general (b. 1893)
1983 - Isamu Kosuga, Japanese actor and director (b. 1904)
1984 – Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist (b. 1894)
1986 - Yukiko Okada, Japanese actress, singer and model (b. 1967)
1990 - Ryan White, American activist (b. 1971)
1992 – Daniel Bovet, Swiss pharmacologist (b. 1907)
1993 – Marian Anderson, American contralto (b. 1897)
1994 – Kurt Cobain, American musician (Nirvana) (b. 1967)
1997 - Laura Nyro, American singer, pianist and composer (b. 1967)
From 2001 
2002 - María Félix, Mexican actress (b. 1914)
2009 – Piotr Morawski, Polish mountaineer (b. 1976)
2010 – Malcolm McLaren, British music manager (b. 1946)
2010 – Abel Muzorewa, Zimbabwean politician (b. 1924)
2012 - Jack Tramiel, Polish-born American entrepreneur and computer pioneer (b. 1928)
2013 - Sara Montiel, Spanish actress and singer (b. 1928)
2013 - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1925)
2013 - Annette Funicello, American actress and singer (b. 1942)
2014 - Karlheinz Deschner, German writer and activist (b. 1924)
2014 - Emmanuel III Delly, Iraqi Patriarch (b. 1927)
2014 - The Ultimate Warrior, American professional wrestler (b. 1959)
2015 - Jayakanthan, Indian Tamil writer (b. 1934)
2015 - Jean-Claude Turcotte, Canadian cardinal (b. 1936)
2016 - Mircea Albulescu, Romanian actor and writer (b. 1934)
2016 - Wei Chueh, Taiwanese Buddhist monk (b. 1928)
2016 - Dick Alban, American football player (b. 1929)
2017 - Fishman, Mexican professional wrestler (b. 1951)
2017 - Georgy Grechko, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1931)
2017 - Brian Matthew, English radio and television presenter (b. 1928)
2017 - Donald Sarason, American mathematician (b. 1933)
2018 - Leila Abashidze, Georgian actress, film director and screenwriter (b. 1929)
2018 - Michael Goolaerts, Belgian racing cyclist (b. 1994)
2018 - Juraj Herz, Slovakian film director, actor and screenwriter (b. 1934)
2018 - Chuck McCann, American actor (b. 1934)
2018 - John Miles, British racing driver (b. 1943)
2019 - Josine Ianco-Starrels, Romanian-American art curator (b. 1926)
2019 - Vasily Likhachyov, Russian politician (b. 1952)
2019 - Nadja Regin, Serbian actress (b. 1931)
2020 - Rick May, Canadian-American actor and voice actor (b. 1940)
Observances 
 Buddha's Birthday (Japan)
 International Day of the Roma

April 08
Events 
 Defensor pacis is published by Marsilius of Padua
 Emperor Kankan Musa I of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj to Mecca

Births 
 March 5 – King David II of Scotland (died 1371)

Deaths 
 January 8 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer (born 1254)
 July 16 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (born 1267)
 John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle
 Henry II of Jerusalem
 Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (born 1270)
Elwyn Brooks White (July 11, 1899 – October 1, 1985) was an American writer.

He is most famous for his 1959 manual about how to write well in English, The Elements of Style (which was first written by William Strunk Jr. in 1918), and also for his three children's books Stuart Little (1945), Charlotte's Web (1952), and the Trumpet of the Swan (1970).

He also wrote for magazines and newspapers in the United States.

E.B. White won many awards, including a Pulitzer Prize.

E.B. White had 1 child named  Joel White

References 

1899 births
1985 deaths
Writers from New York (state)
Pulitzer Prize winners
People from Mount Vernon, New York
American children's writers
American journalists
American novelists
American poets
American screenwriters
Cornell University alumni
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Maine
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Raffles Institution is an independent educational institution in Singapore. The school provides secondary education for boys only from Year 1 to Year 4, and pre-university education for both boys and girls in Year 5 and Year 6. The school offers the Gifted-Education Programme and the Integrated Programme. The schools is known to have 96 President's Scholars. The school alumni include first prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and the first president of Singapore, Yusof Ishak.

It was founded in 1823 as Singapore Institution by Sir Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore. It is the school with the longest history in Singapore. Its name was changed to "Raffles Institution" in 1868.

The current principal of Raffles Institution is Mr Frederick Yeo, who replaced Mr Chan Poh Meng when he left the school at the end of 2017.
History
Sir Stamford Raffles founded Raffles Institution on 5 June 1823, making it the school with the longest history in Singapore. Raffles Institution was along Bras Basah Road at first, where Raffles City is now. The school moved to Grange Road in 1973, and then moved to its current location at Bishan in 1990. The Grange Road campus is now the MOE Teacher's Network.

Other websites 
 School Website

References

Schools in Singapore
An archipelago () is a chain or group of islands. The word archipelago means "chief sea", from Greek arkhon (arkhi-) ("leader") and pelagos ("sea").

Archipelagos are usually found in the open sea; less commonly, a big landmass may neighbor them, an example being Scotland which has more than 700 islands surrounding the mainland. Many archipelagos are volcanic, forming along mid-ocean ridges or hotspots. Others are island arcs neighboring an oceanic trench. Many other processes create archipelagos, including erosion, deposition, and land elevation.

The four biggest countries that are mainly archipelagos are Japan, the Philippines, the United Kingdom and Indonesia (the world's biggest country that is an archipelago, according to the CIA World Factbook). The biggest archipelago in the world by size is in Northern Canada, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, which is in the Arctic Ocean.

References
The Baltic states are three countries in Northern Europe to the east of the Baltic Sea and the south of the Gulf of Finland. They are, from north to south, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The languages that are spoken in these countries are different: while Lithuanians and Latvians speak Baltic languages (Latvian and Lithuanian), Estonians speak an Uralic language (Estonian).

By their culture and history, the Baltic countries are close to the Nordic countries. The biggest difference in the history was that the Baltic countries incorporated to the Soviet Union in 1940 (during the Second World War), but not the Nordic countries (with the exception of Karelia, a part of Finland which later joined the Russian SFSR). The three countries would become republics of the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, and Lithuanian SSR.
All three Baltic states had their freedom back in 1991, when the Soviet Union came to an end. However, the states all consider the Soviet occupation to be illegal, which has been supported by the United States, European Union, and United Nations. Today, the Baltic countries are some of the richest and most advanced countries which were part of the Soviet Union. They became members of the European Union and NATO in 2004, joined the Schengen Area in 2007, and became part of the eurozone by 2015.

Paganism was the religion of Baltic people before most of them took Christianity during the Middle Ages. Baltic paganism never died out and some people are still pagans.
Topography means the description of shape. The word comes from Greek:  "place" and   "(I) write". It is an important part of earth science.

When you talk of the topography of the land, you refer to the landscape features like valleys, hills and mountains, rivers and lakes, or the coastline. Everything that describes the form of the landscape, is part of the topography. Topographic maps show topography.

Related pages 
Cartography
Bornholm is a small, rocky island in the Baltic Sea. Bornholm is a Danish island.

The island is a popular holiday resort for Scandinavians, Germans and Poles. Many yachters come here in the summer.

At the end of World War II, the island was "liberated" by the Soviet red army, and held for several months after the German surrender. The island lies far east of the demarcation line between the allied forces in Europe. For some time the Soviet presence looked like an occupation. It was not until April 5th, 1946 that the island at last was free.
But then the Danish government took over and the island is today a Danish colony. But the struggle for a free island still goes on as it can be seen on this page Free Bornholm

Other websites

Islands of Denmark
Baltic Sea
Budapest is the capital and largest city of Hungary. It was made as such in 1873. In that year, three towns on the River Danube, namely Buda, Óbuda (Old Buda) and Pest were united. About 1.7 million people live in the city. Its highest place is János Hill (527 m).

Gallery

Climate 
Budapest has a humid subtropical climate with relatively cold winters and quite warm summers.

History 
Celtic tribes lived there before 1 AD. Later, the Roman Empire transformed the first settlements into the Roman town of Aquincum. The Hungarians arrived in the territory of modern Hungary only at the end of 9th century AD.

Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a great power that dissolved in 1918 after World War I. The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Battle of Budapest in 1945, and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

Landmarks 
Budapest has historical buildings, baths and parks.
On the south, in the 10th district of Budapest, located the transmission tower on Száva Street. With a height of 154 meters, it is the third-tallest structure in Budapest (after the Mount Széchenyi TV mast and the chimney of Óbuda Power Plant). The tower is well visible from the southern Pest region of the capital, but it can be seen in several lookouts of Buda too.  It was built in 1987, and it is currently owned by Hungarian Telekom. As a backbone transmitter, it broadcasts digital terrestrial radio (T-DAB +) and digital television channels (DVB-T standard, MinDig TV and mobile phone DVB-H).

Other landmarks in Budapest are the Citadel, the Statue of Liberty, the Millenium Monument, the Zoo, the Hungarian National Museum, the Great Market Hall, the Dohány Street Synagogue and the famous thermal baths (Széchenyi, Szent Gellért, Király). Budapest is also known for the ruins of Aquincum, the capital city of the Roman Province of Pannonia.

Trivia 
It has the oldest subway-line in mainland Europe.
Twin cities of Budapest:

 Beijing CN
 Berlin DE
 Bethlehem
 Florence IT
 Fort Worth US
 Frankfurt am Main DE
 Kraków PL
 Lisbon, PT
 New York US
 Sarajevo BA
 Shanghai CN
 Skopje MK
 Subotica RS
 Târgu Mureș RO
 Tehran IR
 Tel-Aviv IL
 Vienna AT
 Zagreb HR

References
References

Other sources 
 Evans, R.J.W. Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Central Europe c.1683–1867 (2008)  online
 Herman, Arthur. What life was like: at Empire's end : Austro-Hungarian Empire 1848–1918 (Time Life, 2000); heavily illustrated.
 Kann, Robert A. A History of the Habsburg Empire: 1526–1918 (U of California Press, 1974); highly detailed history; emphasis on ethnicity
 Oakes, Elizabeth and Eric Roman. Austria-Hungary and the successor states: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present (2003)
 
 Ungvary, Krisztian (2006). The Siege of Budapest: one hundred days in World War II. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11985-5.
 Molnar, Miklos (2001). A concise history of Hungary. Cambridge Concise Histories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4

Other websites 
 Budapest Holidays 
 Budapest tourism info Portal
 History of Budapest 
 Budapest map 
 WorldFlicks in Budapest: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
1873 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Hungary
Santa Monica is a beach town in California. It is next to Los Angeles, California, US.

It was made a city in 1886. In 2020, there were 93,076 people living there.

It is famous for the Santa Monica Pier that has many fun rides.

Famous people from Santa Monica
Sandy Nelson (d. 2022)

References

Other websites

 
 Santa Monica Convention and Visitors Bureau
 Santa Monica Chamber of Commerce
 Santa Monica Little League
 Santa Monica Public Library
 
 
 A Weekend in Santa Monica – slideshow by The New York Times
Kuwait (Arabic: الكويت) is a small Arab country (about 17,819 square kilometers) in the Middle East.

Kuwait is the most socially progressive country in the Gulf region. It has a small and rich economy. It has about 96 billion barrels of crude oil reserves. Crude oil reserves are the oil that is still under the ground and has not yet been cleaned up. Kuwait has 10% of all of the oil reserves in the world. The country makes a lot of money by selling oil. This money is almost half of all the money the country makes. The oil money is also 95% of the money made by selling things to different countries (people call that exports). Also, the oil money is 80% of the money the government makes. Kuwait is now talking with oil companies of other countries to make oil fields in the northern part of the country.
Kuwait's weather makes farming hard (too little rain). Instead of farming, the country catches fish and buys food from other countries. About 75% of the country's water to drink has to be distilled (have the salt removed) or purchased from other countries.

In 1990, Iraq invaded (brought an army in to fight against) Kuwait. This started the first Gulf War. Kuwait's official religion is Islam, although 15% of its population are Christian or Hindu. Arabic is mostly spoken in Kuwait but English is widespread among Kuwaitis (residents of Kuwait). Kuwait is one of the few nations that has education for every age.

Another interesting fact about Kuwait is that a lot of people speak English.
Demographics
Population (in thousands) for 2004 2595.
CBR(per 1000) for 2004 19.4.
CDR (per 1000) for 2004	1.9. Growth Rate(%) for 1992-2002 2.1. the Total Fertility Rate	for 2002 is 2.7. Percent population is living in urban in 2003 96.2.Per capita gross national income ($) 2002 612. Population Density( per square kilometer) in 2000 107.4
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000)for 2005 9.95. Adult literacy rate (85%) female literacy rate (81%) (2002).
Governorates 
Kuwait is divided into 6 governorates. The governorates are divided into districts, And the establishment of the governorates of Kuwait dates back to the Emiri Decree No. 6 issued in 1962, which divided Kuwait into three governorates: the Capital Governorate, Hawalli Governorate and Al-Ahmadi Governorate. The decree clarified the work of the governor, his subordination of the governor to the Ministry of Interior, and his responsibility towards security, provided that the Ministry of Interior issues the necessary decisions to indicate the limits of the governor's jurisdiction. There have been some changes regarding the governorates of Kuwait, which we summarize as follows:

. On November 14, 1979: Some provisions of the administrative division decree were amended so that a fourth governorate, Al-Jahra Governorate, was added.

. On October 12, 1988: The first article of the article was amended to divide Kuwait into five governorates by adding Al-Farwaniyah Governorate.
. On November 27, 1999: Emiri Decree No. 290 was issued to add a sixth governorate, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Governorate.

Thus, Kuwait has become administratively divided into six governorates, each affiliated with several regions. Warba Island and Bubiyan Island belong to the Jahra Governorate, while the rest of the islands belong to the Capital Governorate.

Related pages
Kuwait at the Olympics
Kuwait national football team
List of rivers of Kuwait

References

Former protectorates
 
Current monarchies
Monarchies of Asia
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Herbert Buckingham Khaury, better known as Tiny Tim (April 12, 1932 – November 30, 1996), was an American singer and musician. He became popular in the late 1960s due to his appearances on television, and songs played on ukulele with a falsetto voice. His most famous song was "Tiptoe Through the Tulips". His best-remembered television appearances were on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In and The Tonight Show. His first wedding took place on The Tonight Show in 1969, at host Johnny Carson's suggestion.

Career
Tim was not just a performer, he was also an expert musicologist, who studied American music from the earliest days of the United States, and performed many historic songs in his act. Over time, he used his falsetto voice less, and performed most songs in his natural, baritone voice.
When his popularity as a pop star lessened, he performed in small nightclubs and other places, as he had earlier. During the 1980s, he toured with a circus, and appeared in a movie as a circus performer who turned to crime. In the 1990s, he recorded new music (including a Christmas album), and joined comedian Pat Paulsen in his latest mock campaign to become President of the United States, as Paulsen's running mate.

Personal life
Married three times, his last wife was a former fan, who met him when she made a documentary about his life and career. One of his later supporters was radio talk show host Howard Stern. Tiny Tim died in 1996, after suffering a heart attack during a performance.

singers from New York City
musicians from New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction

1932 births
1996 deaths
Baritones
The Kelvin scale (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature. It is named in honour of the physicist William Thomson, the first Lord Kelvin (1824–1907).
0 degree Celsius = 273 kelvin

Definition 

The Kelvin scale is defined by a specific relationship between the pressure of a gas and the temperature. This says that "the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin". This means that Kelvin is an absolute temperature scale, and scientists use this scale more than any other.

The kelvin is a base SI unit of measurement, since 2018 defined by setting the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to 1.380649×10−23 J⋅K−1.

The temperature of the triple point of water is a hundredth of a degree Celsius above the freezing point, or 0.01 °C. The coldest possible temperature is called absolute zero and is equal to -273.15 degrees Celsius, or zero kelvin (0 K). By writing temperatures in kelvins one does not need to use negative numbers.
The absolute temperature scale was designed so that a change in temperature of 1 kelvin is equal to a change of 1 degree Celsius. This means that it is easy to convert a temperature from degrees Celsius to kelvin.
 To change a temperature in degrees Celsius into Kelvins you must add 273.15 units. For example, 0 degrees Celsius (0 °C), which is the temperature at which water freezes, is 273.15 kelvins (273.15 K).
 To change a temperature in Kelvins into degrees Celsius you must subtract 273.15 units. For example, 310 kelvins is 36.85 degrees Celsius, which is roughly the normal temperature of a human body.

It is important to notice that the name of this unit is simply kelvin (with a lowercase initial), not "degree Kelvin". In English, it undergoes normal plural inflection as kelvins. For example, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is 77 kelvins.
In everyday use, the kelvin is most commonly used to measure very low or very high temperatures, such as the temperature of liquid nitrogen or the temperature of a light bulb filament.

References

Related pages
 Temperature
 Celsius

SI units
Units of temperature
Tourism means people traveling for fun and adventure . It includes activities such as sightseeing and camping. People who travel for fun are called "tourists". Places where many tourists stay are sometimes called "resorts". Places that people go to for tourism are called tourist destinations.

There are many reasons why people travel for fun:
 Some people travel to learn about the history or culture of a city or country, or about the people who live there, or their ancestors.
 People from cold places sometimes like to relax in the sun. Many people from northern Europe or North America travel to warmer places and visit beaches.
 Some people travel to do an activity which they cannot do at home. There are many ski resorts in the Alps of Switzerland and Austria, and seaside resorts in Greece and other warm countries.
 People sometimes visit friends and family in another city or country.
 Finally, some people enjoy a change in scenery. City people go to forests or deserts,  and vice versa.

The tourism industry
The tourism industry has different parts. Some of these are:

 Transport; such as airlines, railways, boats, and road transport.
 Places to stay; such as hotels, camping grounds or parks, youth hostels, and bed and breakfasts.
 Food and drink; such as restaurants, cafes and bars.
 Tour guides know a place well, guide tourists to interesting places, and tell them about the place.
Package tour operators can offer all these services to a group who will go together. This can be cheaper than paying for them separately.

Damage tourism can bring 
Tourism can bring damage to the local area, and/or the tourists. Litter, scuba-diving and deforestation are problems for popular places such as St. Lucia, Hawaii and others. Scuba-diving can damage coral reefs which are home to hundreds of species of sea animals. Tourism can change culture when people learn each other's ways, and certain local traditions are being put aside for tourists.

Related pages 
 Tourist attraction
Other websites 
 Wikivoyage has tourism information for the whole world.
 Tourism Abbreviations, smartdefine.org
Berkshire is a county in southeast England. It is west of London. Its county town is Reading. In the past, a town named Abingdon was the county town, but this town is not in Berkshire any more.

Berkshire is also known as the Royal County of Berkshire.

Cities, towns and villages
 Bracknell
 Datchet
 Caversham
 Hungerford
 Maidenhead
 Newbury
 Reading
 Slough
 Windsor, home of Windsor Castle, and which gives its name to the House of Windsor
 Wokingham

The towns below are not part of Berkshire now, but were in the past.
 Abingdon
 Didcot
 Wallingford
 Wantage
 Faringdon

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a county in central England, near the south and London. The county town is named Aylesbury.

Cities, towns and villages 
Locations marked with a (*) are a part of the cerimonal county of Buckinghamshire, but are governed by the Borough of Milton Keynes.
 Amersham
 Aylesbury
 Beaconsfield
 Bletchley*
 Buckingham
 Chesham
 Eton*
 Fenny Stratford*
 High Wycombe
 Marlow
 Milton Keynes*
 Newport Pagnell*
 Olney*
 Princes Risborough
 Slough*
 Stony Stratford*
 Wendover
 Winslow
 Wolverton*

 
Ceremonial counties of England
A computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures for computers. Monitors often look like smaller televisions. The main difference between a monitor and a television is that a monitor does not have a television tuner to change channels. Monitors often have higher display resolution than televisions. A high display resolution makes it easier to see smaller letters and fine graphics.

There are three types of computer displays:
 The CRT monitor. These are big and heavy and use a lot of desk space and electricity. It is the oldest technology used by monitors and is based on the cathode ray tube technology that was developed for television. Monitors are made with better parts which give a higher display resolution and picture sharpness than a television. This type of monitor is no longer popular.
The LCD monitor, the most common kind of flat panel display. It is a newer technology than CRT. LCD monitors use much less desk space, are lightweight and use less electricity than CRT. They have been used for many years in the screens of laptop and notebook computers. They also work as touch screens in tablet computers, mobile phones, and other handheld technologies.  
 An LED Monitor (short for Light Emitting Diode) or LED display is an LCD Monitor that uses light emitting diodes for backlighting. The first LCD Monitors used cold cathode fluorescent lamps instead of LEDs to illuminate the screen.
 In the early 21st century video projectors has fallen and they are now used in many places like movie theaters to show large images. These use various technologies to make the image including LCD - Liquid crystal display and DLP - Digital light processing which uses very small mirrors to direct the light.

References

Display technology
Up to 1960 
 915 - Pope John X crowns Berengar I of Italy as Holy Roman Emperor.
 1799 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Wiesloch - Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Szatary de Nagy-Mihaly defeats the French at Wiesloch.
 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden - French General Moreau decisively defeats Austrian Archduke John.
 1818 – Illinois becomes the 21st State of the United States.
 1834 – The Zollverein (German customs union) begins the first regular census in Germany.
 1854 – Eureka Stockade rebellion occurs in Ballarat, Australia.
 1904 - Jupiter's Moon Himalia is discovered by Charles Dillon Perrine at the California Lick Observatory.
 1910 – Modern Neon lighting is first demonstrated by Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show.
 1912 - Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia sign an armistice.
 1919 - The Quebec Bridge opens to traffic.
 1925 - The Locarno Treaty is signed in London, creating post-war territorial settlements.
1927 - Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy's first movie, Putting Pants on Philip, is released.
 1944 - Greek Civil War: Fighting breaks out in Athens between the Greek People's Liberation Army and Government forces supported by the British Army.
 1959 – The current flag of Singapore is adopted.
 1960 - The musical Camelot is first shown on Broadway.
From 1961 
 1967 – The first successful heart transplant operation is performed on Louis Washkansky by Dr. Christiaan Barnard in South Africa.
 1970 – October Crisis: In Montreal, Quebec, British Trade Commissioner James Cross is released by the Front de la Liberation de Quebec, after 60 days in captivity.
 1971 – Full-scale war erupts between India and Pakistan.
 1972 - A Spantax Charter flight crashes on Tenerife, killing all 155 people on board. 
 1973 – The Pioneer 10 space probe sends back close-up images of Jupiter.
 1974 - The Pioneer 11 space probe flies within 43,000 kilometers of Jupiter.
 1976 – An assassination attempt is made on Bob Marley.
 1979 - Ayatollah Khomeini becomes the first Supreme Leader of Iran.
 1979 - In Cincinnati, Ohio, 11 fans are crushed to death in a race for seats before a The Who concert.
 1984 – A deadly chemical leak occurs in Bhopal, India. 8,000 people die instantly, and thousands die in the years following the accident.