Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Somali (1970s) – with the assistance of Bogumil W. Andrzejewski, who started his linguistic work in Somalia in 1949, a Latin alphabet was elaborated, made compulsory in 1972 by strongman General Mohamed Siad Barre. Also the vocabulary was renewed; a lot of new words became coined from existing Somali roots.
 Turkish (1930s) – language and writing system were reformed starting in the 1920s, to the point that the older language is called by a different name, Ottoman Turkish. The Ottoman alphabet was based on the Arabic alphabet, which was replaced in 1928 by the new, Latin-based Turkish alphabet. Loanwords of Persian and Arabic origin were dropped in favor of native Turkish words or new coinages based on Turkic roots.
 Vietnamese (20th century) – during the French colonial rule,  the classical vernacular script based on Chinese characters was replaced with the new Latin alphabet.
Instances in popular culture
(Fictional): In George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, English has become Newspeak, a language designed to make official propaganda easy to understand and to make politically undesirable thoughts impossible to express.

Related pages
Language revival
Constructed language

Bibliography

Geoffrey Lewis, The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Oxford University Press, 2002, .

Linguistics
The Beaufort scale is a scale for measuring wind speeds. It is based on observation rather than accurate measurement. It is the most widely used system to measure wind speed today. The scale was developed in 1805 by Francis Beaufort, an officer of the Royal Navy and first officially used by HMS Beagle.

There are twelve levels, plus 0 for "no wind". From 1946 to 1970, there were also beaufort levels 13 to 17. All of them were labelled as Hurricane. Because they were only used in special cases, they are no longer in use internationally. China, and Taiwan still use them, because they often have typhoons. 

The wave heights given are for waves on the open ocean, not near the shore.

The Douglas Sea Scale and Douglas Wind Scale are similar, but they separate the sea from the wind.

The scale

Images
The scale

Images

Other websites 
 UK Meteorological Office: The Beaufort Scale
 Investigating Clouds   a lesson plan from the National Science Digital Library that uses the Beaufort Scale.
 Radio interview with Scott Huler.
 OceanWeather.com gives current graphics for wind, waves and temperature
 Open Source Textbook at Oceanworld.tamu.edu  [broken link] cites the original definition formula in chapter 4  
 Howtoon Poster   showing effects on land/sea effects at each step.

Winds
The Wheel of Time is a long running fantasy series of novels written by American author Robert Jordan. The first in the series, The Eye of the World was published in 1990,  and the last, A Memory of Light, was published in 2009. Jordan died while he was writing the last book, so it was finished by Brandon Sanderson. A Memory of Light was split into three parts as the book length was too long.

Books 
 The Eye of the World
 The Great Hunt
 The Dragon Reborn
 The Shadow Rising
 The Fires of Heaven
 Lord of Chaos
 A Crown of Swords
 The Path of Daggers
 Winter's Heart
 Crossroads of Twilight
 Knife of Dreams
Gathering Storm (The first part of A Memory of Light)
Towers of Midnight (The second part of A Memory of Light)
A Memory of Light (The last part of A Memory of Light)

References 

American fantasy books
Series of books
Robert Jordan (October 17, 1948 – September 16, 2007) was the pen or writing name of the American fantasy author James Oliver Rigney Jr. He was most famous for writing the long, epic fanasy series The Wheel of Time. He died from amyloidosis before he was able to finish the series. The last volume A Memory of Light was split into three and was completed by fellow American fantasy writer Brandon Sanderson.

The Wheel of Time
The Wheel of Time is an epic fantasy series that centers around Rand al'Thor, a young man destined to be the Dragon Reborn, the savior figure of the story. The Dragon Reborn is prophesied to lead the forces of the Light (the forces of good) to fight the Dark One (the main antagonist) at the Last Battle.
List of books in the series
The Eye of the World, (1990) 
The Great Hunt, (1990) 
The Dragon Reborn, (1991) 
The Shadow Rising, (1992) 
The Fires of Heaven, (1993) 
Lord of Chaos, (1994) 
A Crown of Swords, (1996) 
The Path of Daggers, (1998) 
Winter's Heart, (2000) 
Crossroads of Twilight, (2003) 
New Spring, prequel to the series, (2004) 
Knife of Dreams, (2005) 
The Gathering Storm, the first part of A Memory of Light, (2009) 
Towers of Midnight, the second part of A Memory of Light, (To be released in 2010)
A Memory of Light, the last part of A Memory of Light, (To be written)

References

Other websites
Dragonmount - A fansite that hosts Robert Jordan's blog.
Brandon Sanderson's blog - Brandon Sanderson is the author selected to finish the series.
The Wheel of Time Wiki

1948 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from amyloidosis
Disease-related deaths in South Carolina
Pen names
People from Charleston, South Carolina
Writers from South Carolina
Brian Thomas Burke (born 25 February 1947) was the 23rd Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1983 to 25 February 1988. He was from the Labor Party. He worked as a journalist before becoming a politician. As Premier he was popular at first but later on his government was involved in a number of private companies that failed. He resigned to become an ambassador. During the 1990s he was convicted of committing crimes while he was Premier and spent time in prison.

References

1947 births
Living people
Burke, Brian
Politicians from Perth, Western Australia
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian journalists
Raymond James O'Connor (6 March 1926 - 25 February 2013) was the 22nd Premier of Western Australia from 25 January 1982 until 25 February 1983. He was from the Liberal Party. He became Premier when Charles Court resigned. Later he was convicted of fraud and spent time in prison.

References
 

1926 births
2013 deaths
Australian criminals
Fraudsters
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Politicians from Perth, Western Australia
Premiers of Western Australia
Sir Charles Walter Michael Court (29 September 1911 – 22 December 2007) was the 21st Premier of Western Australia from 8 April 1974 to 25 January 1982. He was from the Liberal Party. He became a politician in 1953. His son, Richard, was also a Premier.

References
 

1911 births
Court, Charles
People from Sussex
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Chang'an was the capital of ancient China of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Chang'an literally means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese. During the Xin Dynasty, the city was renamed "Constant Peace"; yet after its fall in the year 23 AD, the old name was restored. During the Ming Dynasty, the name was changed to its present name Xi'an, meaning "Western Peace".

History 

The imperial city of Chang'an during the Han Dynasty was in northwest of today's Xi'an. During the Tang Dynasty, the area to be known as Chang'an included the area inside the Ming Xi'an fortification, plus some small areas to its east and west, and a major part of its southern suburbs. The Tang Chang'an was 8 times the size of the Ming Xi'an. During this time Chang'an was one of the largest and most populous cities in the world. Around 750 A.D. Chang'an was called a "million people's city" in Chinese records, while modern estimates put it at around 800,000–1,000,000 within city walls.
In 710, the grid of Japan's capital city at Heijō-kyō was planned to mirror the grid of Chang'an.  In 794, the plan of the new capital at Heian-kyō also mirrored the Chang'an design.

References

References 
 Benn, Charles (2002). China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
 Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. .
 Ma, Dezhi. "Sui Daxing Tang Chang’an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Sui's Daxing and Tang's Chang'an". Encyclopedia of China (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.
 Wang, Chongshu. "Han Chang’an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Han's Chang'an"). Encyclopedia of China (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.

Further reading
Further reading 

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1999). Chinese Imperial City Planning. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000). Sui-Tang Chang’an: A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.

Other websites
Introduction of Xi'an/Chang'an  by the University of Washington

History of China
Cities in China
John Trezise Tonkin (2 February 1902 – 20 October 1995) was the 20th Premier of Western Australia from 3 March 1971 to 8 April 1974. He was from the Labor Party.

He was born in Boulder City in 1902. Educated in local schools Tonkin became a teacher in rural Western Australia. An active member of the Labor Party, he was Prime Minister John Curtin's campaign manager for the 1943 election. He was elected to the Western Australian parliament for the seat of North East Fremantle (1933–1950), and for the seat of Melville (1950–1977). He was a Cabinet Minister (1943–1947), Deputy Premier (1953–1959), Leader of the Opposition (1967–1971 and 1974–1976), and Premier (1971–1974). He retired from parliament in 1977 and died in 1995.

Early life 
Albert Tonkin, born in Boulder, Western Australia, in 1902, became a teacher after attending Claremont Teachers College. He married Rosalie Maud Cleghorn in 1926 and later moved to Perth, where he taught and studied accounting.

References
References

1902 births
1995 deaths
Tonkin, John
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian educators
Sir David Brand (1 August 1912 – 15 April 1979) was the 19th Premier of Western Australia from 2 April 1959 to 3 March 1971. He was from the Liberal Party.

References
 

1912 births
1979 deaths
Brand, David
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Albert ("Bert") Redvers George Hawke (3 December 1900 – 14 February 1986) was the 18th Premier of Western Australia from 23 February 1953 to 2 April 1959. He was from the Labor Party. His nephew, Bob, became Prime Minister of Australia in the 1980s.

References
 

1900 births
1989 deaths
Hawke, Albert
Politicians from South Australia
Australian Labor Party politicians
Sir Duncan Ross McLarty (17 March 1891 – 22 December 1962) was the 17th Premier of Western Australia from 1 April 1947 to 23 February 1953. He was from the Liberal Party.

References
 

1891 births
1962 deaths
McLarty, Ross
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Frank Joseph Scott Wise (30 May 1897 – 29 June 1986) was the 16th Premier of Western Australia from 31 July 1945 to 1 April 1947. He was from the Labor Party.

Wise was born in Queensland and after finishing high school he became a tropical fruit farmer. He joined the Queensland Department of Agriculture, and later moved to Western Australia to work with the WA Department of Agriculture. He brought banana plants from Queensland to grow in the Gascoyne region around Carnarvon. He was elected to the Western Australian parliament in 1933 and became the Minister for Agriculture in 1936.

He became Premier of Western Australia after John Willcock resigned in 1945. His government was defeated in the 1947 election. He then became Leader of the Opposition for four years. He resigned from parliament in 1951 to become the Administrator of the Northern Territory.

References
 

1897 births
1986 deaths
Administrators of the Northern Territory
Wise, Frank
Politicians from Queensland
Australian Labor Party politicians
The early modern period is a term used by historians for the period in Western Europe and its first colonies which spans the three centuries between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution.

The early modern period is characterized by the rise to importance of science and technological progress, civic politics and the nation state.  Capitalism began its rise, beginning in northern Italian republics such as Genoa. The early modern period also saw the rise and dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. As such, the early modern period represents the decline and eventual disappearance, in much of the European sphere, of feudalism, serfdom and the power of the Catholic Church.

The period includes the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, the European colonization of the Americas and the peak of the European hunt of witches.
1447
 The invention of the first European movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg, a device that fundamentally changed the circulation of information. Movable type, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words and which is an invention separate from the printing press, had also been invented in, but not known outside of, China.
 1453
 The conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans signalled the end of the Byzantine Empire; the Battle of Castillon meant the end of Hundred Years' War.
 1485
 England
 The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, was killed at Bosworth and the medieval civil wars of aristocratic factions gave way to early modern Tudor monarchy, in the person of Henry VII.
 1492
 Spain
 The first documented European voyage to the Americas by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus; the end of the Reconquista, with the final expulsion of the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula; the Spanish government expels the Jews.
 1494
 France
 Italy
France
 Italy
 French king Charles VIII invaded Italy, so he started a series of wars which are typical for the Italian Renaissance.
 1513
 First formulation of modern politics with the publication of Machiavelli's The Prince.
 1517
 The Reformation begins with Martin Luther nailing his ninety-five theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg, Germany.
 1545
 The Council of Trent marks the end of the medieval Roman Catholic Church.
The end date of the early modern period is associated with the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in about 1750, or the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789, which drastically transformed the state of European politics.

Among the most important political changes of this time are the abolition of serfdom and the change of kingdoms into nation-states. Then the Reformation, that meant that Christendom was no unified entity any more. Many kings and rulers used this radical shift in the understanding of the world to further consolidate their sovereignty over their territories. For instance, many of the Germanic states (as well as English Reformation) converted to Protestantism in an attempt to slip out of the power of the Pope.

The intellectual developments of the period included the creation of the economic theory of mercantilism and the publication of works of political and social philosophy, such as Machiavelli's The Prince (1513) and Thomas More's Utopia (1515).
Difference between 'early modern' and the Renaissance

The expression "early modern" is sometimes, and incorrectly, used as a substitute for the term Renaissance. However, "Renaissance" is properly used in relation to a diverse series of cultural developments; which occurred over several hundred years in many different parts of Europe—especially central and northern Italy—and span the transition from late Medieval civilization and the opening of the early modern period.

The term early modern is most often applied to Europe, and its overseas empire.  However, in Japan, the Edo period from 1590 to 1868 is also sometimes referred to as the early modern period.

Political powers
 Ottoman Empire
 Habsburg
 Portugal
 Great Britain
 France
 Early Modern Italy
 Romania
 Poland
 Hungary

Related pages
 Renaissance

Other websites
 Discussion of the medieval/modern transition from the introduction to the pioneering Cambridge Modern History (1903)
 Society for Renaissance Studies

History of Europe
Kevin Moore (born 30 November 1965, in St Johns Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia) is a rugby league coach and former player. He was the head coach for the Bulldogs in the NRL from 2009 to 2011. As a player, he played as a scrum-half.

References

Other websites 
Bulldogs profile 

1965 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Sportspeople from Sydney
Rugby league coaches
Roman Čechmánek  (born March 2, 1971 in Gottwaldov (now called Zlín), Czechoslovakia) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender.

International play
His only Olympic appearance was for the Czech Republic in the 1998 Winter Olympics. Backing-up star goaltender Dominik Hašek, Čechmánek's team won the gold medal after defeating Russia in the gold medal deciding match, despite not playing a single game. Czech Republic won in a tight 1–0 game.

His other debuts were in the 2004 and 2007 IHWC also playing for the Czech Republic team.

International statistics

Honours
Played in National Hockey League All-Star Game — 2001.
Named to National Hockey League All-Star Second Team — 2000–01.
William M. Jennings Trophy (shared with Martin Brodeur and teammate Robert Esche) — 2002–03

Other websites
Other websites
 

1971 births
Living people
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Czech Olympic gold medalists
Los Angeles Kings players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Philadelphia Phantoms players
American Hockey League players
Swedish Hockey League players
Jaromír Jágr (pronounced , born February 15, 1972 in Kladno, Czechoslovakia, now the Czech Republic) is a Czech professional ice hockey right winger, who plays for the Florida Panthers in the National Hockey League (NHL). Jágr formerly played in the National Hockey League with the Pittsburgh Penguins, Washington Capitals, New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers, Dallas Stars, Boston Bruins, and the New Jersey Devils. Jágr is currently in the top ten among players in NHL career goals, assists, and points, and is regarded as one of the game's all-time great players.
Awards
NHL
Stanley Cup champion – 1991, 1992 (Pittsburgh)
Hart Memorial Trophy (MVP) – 1999
 Finalist: 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006
Art Ross Trophy (Leading point scorer) – 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
 Finalist: 1996, 2006
Lester B. Pearson Award (Players' MVP) – 1999, 2000, 2006
Selected to 12 NHL All-Star games: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
NHL First Team All-Star – 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2006
NHL Second Team All-Star – 1997
NHL All-Rookie Team – 1991
Other
Medal of Merit in the second grade, awarded by the president of the Czech Republic Václav Klaus in 2010
Flagbearer for the Czech Olympic Team at the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver.
Olympic gold medal winner for the Czech Republic in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano
Olympic bronze medal for the Czech Republic in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin
IIHF World Champion – 2005, 2010
IIHF European Club Champion – 2005
 IOC “Sport, inspiring young people” Trophy – 2011
Golden Stick Award – 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2011.  Awarded annually to the top ice hockey player in the Czech Republic (and previously in Czechoslovakia), Jágr surpassed five-time winner Dominik Hašek in 2005, going on to win his tenth in 2011.
Czech Sportsman of the Year – 2005. Awarded by journalists in the Czech Republic.
IIHF World Championship All-Star Team – 2004, 2005 and 2011
IIHF World Championship directorate award winner (best forward) – 2011
In 1998 he was ranked number 37 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. This made him the highest-ranked player to have been trained outside Canada. Jágr, who was only 26 at the time, was additionally the second-youngest player on the list, older only than 25-year-old, No. 54-ranked Eric Lindros.
NHL records
Most regular season points by a right wing (1995–96) - 149
Most regular season assists by a right wing (1995–96) - 87
Most regular season points by a European-born player (1995–96) - 149
Most regular season points by a player born outside of Canada (1995–96) - 149
Most all-time regular season points by a player who started his career in Europe - 1599 (At the end of the 2007–08 season)
Most all-time regular season goals by a player who started his career in Europe - 646 (At the end of the 2007–08 season)
Most all-time regular season points by a European born player - 1599 (At the end of the 2007–08 season)
Most all-time overtime goals - 19 
Most consecutive 30-goal seasons (1991–2007) - 15 (Shared with Mike Gartner, including the shortened 1994–95 NHL season, 48 games)
Most consecutive 70-or-more point seasons (15) (including the shortened 1994–95 NHL season, 48 games)
New York Rangers records
Most regular season goals by a Rangers player (2005–06) - 54
Most regular season points by a Rangers player (2005–06) - 123
Most regular season power play goals by a Rangers player (2005–06) - 24
Most regular season shots on goal by a Rangers player (2005–06) - 368
Most regular season game-winning goals by a Rangers player (2005–06) - 9 (tied with Mark Messier 1996–97 and Don Murdoch 1980–81)
Most regular season goals by a Rangers right wing (2005–06) - 54
Most regular season assists by a Rangers right wing (2005–06) - 69
Most regular season points by a Rangers right wing (2005–06) - 123

Career statistics

International play

References

Other websites
1972 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Calgary Flames players
Czech ice hockey players
Czechoslovak ice hockey players
Dallas Stars players
Florida Panthers players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
New Jersey Devils players
New York Rangers players
Czech Olympic bronze medalists
Czech Olympic gold medalists
Philadelphia Flyers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Stanley Cup champions
Washington Capitals players
The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented around 1764 by James Hargreaves (c. 1720 – 22 April 1778) in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire in the northwest of England. The device meant that there was much less work needed to produce yarn. A single worker could work eight or more spools at once.

The spinning jenny was a huge success due to the fact that it could hold more than one ball of yarn, therefore making more clothing materials in a shorter amount of time while reducing the overall cost.

Thomas Highs (1718–1803) also claimed patents on the spinning jenny, and on other machines for cloth production.

Related pages
 Industrial Revolution

References

Other websites
 Essay  from http://www.cottontown.org on Hargreaves and the spinning jenny.
 Essay from http://www.cottonttimes.co.uk  on Highs and the spinning jenny.
 Source for alternate name of spinning ginny 

Machines
Tools
Textile arts
Roman Turek (born May 21, 1970 in Strakonice, Czechoslovakia — now the Czech Republic) is a professional ice hockey goaltender, who played for the Dallas Stars, St. Louis Blues, and Calgary Flames in a 9-year National Hockey League career. Currently he is playing in the Czech Extraliga for HC České Budějovice.

Career statistics

Regular season

Post-season

Awards
1996 World Championships All-Star Team
1996 World Championships Best Goaltender
1999 William M. Jennings Trophy
2000 William M. Jennings Trophy

International play 
 1994 Played for Czech Republic at 1994 Winter Olympics
 1994 Played for Czech Republic at World Championships
 1996 Won gold medal for Czech Republic at World Championships
 1996 Played for Czech Republic at World Cup of Hockey

Other websites 

Statistics from NHL.com

References 

1970 births
Calgary Flames players
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Czechoslovak ice hockey players
Dallas Stars players
Living people
St. Louis Blues players
Stanley Cup champions
A driveshaft, drive shaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan shaft is a part of a machine that takes power from the engine or motor to a place where useful work can be done.

Most engines or motors create power as torque by making something rotate.  This can be from an internal combustion engine (as in a car), water driving a water wheel, or gas or water going through a turbine.  This rotating power is called torque.  The load that is turned creates torsion and shear stress.  Drive shafts need to be strong enough to take this stress.  A light drive shaft will more efficiently move the power to the load, so there needs to be a balance between strength and weight.

Automobiles
Most automobiles today use drive shafts to deliver power from the engine to the wheels.  Most cars made today are front wheel drive (the front wheels have the power to move the car). In this case, the drive shafts are between the transaxle and each front wheels.
In rear wheel drive cars, there are drive shafts between the differential and each rear wheel.  There is also a drive shaft running the length of the car, from the transmission up front to the differential in the back - in British English this is not called a drive shaft, but a propeller shaft, or prop-shaft, and the drive shafts may be called half shafts (since there are two that make one axle). 

There are different types of drive shafts used in automobiles:
 1 piece drive shaft
 2 piece drive shaft
 Slip in Tube drive shaft

The Slip in Tube Drive shaft is the new type which helps absorb energy in a crash, protecting the people in the car or truck. It is also known as a collapsible drive shaft.

Motorcycle drive shafts
Drive shafts have been used on motorcycles almost as long as there have been motorcycles. Many motorcycles use a simpler chain or belt drive instead, but drive shafts need less care, and have a long life.  A problem with using drive shafts on a motorcycle is that gearing is needed to turn the power 90° from the shaft to the rear wheel, losing some power in the process.

Tractors

Farm tractors use a type of drive shaft called a Power Take-off shaft, or PTO shaft. This is a shaft that comes out the back of the tractor.  It can be connected to any farm equipment that needs power from the tractor engine, such as a hay baler or corn chopper. 
 This lets the tractor be used for a lot of different uses, and the farm equipment doesn't need its own engine, saving money.

Drive shafts in Bicycles
The drive shaft can also be used in a bicycle instead of chain-drive.  They have been used for the past century, although never becoming very popular. When used on a bicycle, a drive shaft has several advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages
 Drive system is less likely to become jammed or broken, a common problem with chain-driven bicycles
 No grease on the rider, and no "Chain bite" to grab the clothing
 Less care is needed than on a chain system when the drive shaft is enclosed in a tube, the common convention
 More consistent performance. Dynamic Bicycles claims that a drive shaft bicycle consistently delivers 94% efficiency, whereas a chain-driven bike can deliver anywhere from 75-97% efficiency based on condition.
 More space above the ground (ground clearance) for going over bumps or things in the path
 For bicycle rental companies, a drive-shaft bicycle is less likely to be stolen, since it obviously looks different. This type of bicycle is in use in several major cities of Europe, where there have been large city-run bicycle rental or sharing projects.
Disadvantages
 A drive shaft system weighs more than a chain system, usually 1-2 pounds heavier
 In its best condition, a chain delivers greater efficiency
 Covering the chain and gears with a metal or plastic cover solves some problems with chains
 Use of lightweight gears with a high number of ratios is impossible, although hub gears can be used
 Taking off the wheel can be hard to do

References

Machines
Auto parts
The term power loom, corresponds to a mechanized loom powered by a driveshaft. The first power loom was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785, later to be perfected by William Horrocks. It allowed textile making to be done far faster than if a human had done the same work. By 1850, over 250,000 of Cartwright's designs were used in England. James Henry Northrop invented the automatic "weft replenishment" loom. It revolutionized the weaving industry. Some 700,000 "Northrop" automatic looms were sold worldwide.

Originally, power looms used a shuttle to throw the weft across, but in the early part of the 20th century the faster and more efficient shuttleless loom came into use. Today, advances in technology have produced a variety of looms designed to maximize production for specific types of material. The most common of these are air-jet looms and water-jet looms. Computer-driven looms are now also available to individual home weavers. 

Tools
Machines
Weaving
Ahmadiyya (), fully known as Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is an Islamic movement founded in the 19th Century by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad who claimed to be the Mahdi and Promised Messiah. Ahmad wanted to restore Islam's original message. It was started before India was split into the modern day states of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

In 1914, the movement split into two different groups, over a question of who should become the next Caliph. Both groups still exist today.

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies for the Mahdi. In addition to being a Mahdi, he was also called the Mujaddid (divine reformer) of the 14th Islamic century and the promised Messiah.

Ahmadis consider themselves Muslims and claim to practice the Islam that was taught and practised by Muhammad and his followers. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the movement in 1889 and named it the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat (Community). His goal was to restore life into Islam.
The original Ahmadiyya movement split into two separate groups after the death of Nooruddin, the first successor of Ghulam Ahmad.

The original Ahmadiyya movement split into two separate groups, after the death of Nooruddin, the first successor of Ghulam Ahmad. These movements are the Ahmadiyya Community and the smaller Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam (Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat-i-Islam, AAIIL). The groups have different interpretations of Ahmad's teachings and claims. They also have different opinions on the status of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and his successor, and how this person should be chosen.
Ahmadis have translated the Qur'an in all the main languages of the world.  They broadcast globally on their 24-hour satellite television channels such as MTA 1, MTA 2, MTA 3, and a recently introduced MTA Africa. Ahmadis have provided teachers, doctors and humanitarian relief workers in many developing countries. The fourth Caliph, Hazrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad helped to promote homeopathy as a system of medicine by training practitioners through a regular TV class and establishing many free dispensaries around the world.

Criticism 
The Ahmadiyyas are regarded as heretics by the orthodox Muslims because Mirza Ghulam Ahmad proclaimed himself the Mahdi of Islam as well as the second coming of Jesus. In addition, Ahmadis also differ on the interpretation of the Finality of Prophethood (, khātaman nabiyyīn) where orthodox Muslim consider Muhammad to be the last Prophet, in contrast to the Ahmadiyya view, where Muhammad is considered as the final law-bearing prophet.
Thus, the majority of Muslims do not refer to the Ahmadis by this name, but use the derogative term 'Qadianis' (referring to Qadian, India, the birthplace of Ahmad) and Mirzai (referring to Mirza Ahmad). These terms are used as Ahmadis are considered 'unworthy' of using the name Ahmad, an alternative name for Muhammad and therefore it is considered derogative, as it is to refer to Muslims as 'Muhammadans'.

References

Other websites
 International Official site

Islamic denominations
The Paris Métro or Métropolitain () is a rapid transit system in Paris, France.  The network is mostly underground. It has 19 lines, which together are 225.1 km (139.9 mi) long. There are 304 stations. 17 of these lines are owned by RATP, the state-owned public transport operator in Île-de-France, and 2 by Paris Airport. 

The Paris Métro is a symbol of the city. Notable is its Art Nouveau architecture at the older entrances. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe, after Moscow. It carries 4.16 million passengers a day, and an annual total of 1.52 billion (2015).
The first line opened on 19 July 1900, during the 1900 World's Fair (Exposition Universelle). The system expanded quickly and the core was complete by the 1920s. Extensions into suburbs were built in the 1930s. The network reached saturation after World War II. The Métro introduced newer trains to allow higher traffic, but further improvements have been limited by the design of the network and in particular the short distances between stations. Besides the Métro, Downtown Paris and its urban area are served by a number of other transit systems.

References

Other websites 

 RATP English version. Contains routes, schedules, journey times, etc...
 Comprehensive map of the Paris Metro network

Rapid transit systems
Public transport in Paris
Rail transport in France
1900 establishments in France
Organizations based in Paris
Heroes is an American television show on the network NBC in the US, BBC 2 in the UK and various other stations worldwide. It is about a group of people who have superpowers. It was shown from 2006-2010.

Main characters
 Peter Petrelli
 Emma Coolidge
 Claire Bennet
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Eddie Su'a (born 13 January 1983) is an Australian former rugby league player. He played for the Cronulla Sharks in the NRL in 2007. He played as a prop.

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A string in music is a string made of steel, nylon, or gut which vibrates on string instruments, such as the guitar, harp, piano, or violin. They are usually under tension to help them vibrate.

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The vibrations of strings with both ends fixed 
Historical types of string 
String Tension - technical information on string tension, with tension calculator

String instrument construction
Richard Henry "Peter" Sellers   (8 September 1925 – 24 July 1980) was an English actor and comedian best known for his three roles in Dr. Strangelove, as "Inspector Clouseau" in The Pink Panther movies, and as Clare Quilty in the original 1962 screen version of Lolita.

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Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson  MP (born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and journalist. He was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 23 July 2019 to 5 September 2022.  Johnson was the Member of Parliament for Uxbridge and South Ruislip from 2015 to 2023. He represented the constituency of Henley from 2001 to 2008. 

In the 2008 Mayor of London election he was elected as London's second Mayor. He stopped working as mayor to run as an MP for the House of Commons in 2015. In July 2016, Johnson became Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. He resigned this position in July 2018. This was the same day that David Davis resigned as Brexit Secretary.  Jeremy Hunt became the Secretary of State for Foreign affairs and Commonwealth Affairs after Johnson.
Johnson served on the Conservative front bench under Michael Howard for a short time. He was the Shadow Minister for the Arts from April 2004 until November 2004.  He became a backbencher again after a sex scandal.  Johnson returned to the front bench when David Cameron became leader of the Conservative Party in 2005. Johnson became Shadow Minister for Higher Education. He resigned as editor of The Spectator to spend more time on his new role. On 26 August 2014, Johnson said he would stand as Conservative candidate for MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip in the 2015 General Election. He won the election. He did not run for the 2016 London mayoral election. Labour candidate Sadiq Khan became the new London mayor.
Johnson was in support of Brexit during the 2016 membership referendum. The vote decided that the United Kingdom would leave the European Union.  Theresa May became the new Prime Minister. She chose Johnson as Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in July 2016.  Johnson left May's cabinet in July 2018 after her Brexit agreements failed.
Johnson became the party leader in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election. On 20 June, Johnson and Jeremy Hunt became the last two candidates in the election.  He became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 24 July 2019.  The Conservatives won the 2019 United Kingdom general election on 13 December 2019. Johnson continued as Prime Minister. In early April 2020, Johnson was very sick due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2022, Johnson survived a motion-of-no confidence to remove him as Prime Minister. However a month later on 7 July, after many cabinet members resigned over his handling of the Chris Pincher scandal, Johnson announced his resignation as Prime Minister and was replaced by Liz Truss in September 2022. However a month later, following his Truss's resignation, Johnson was seen as a possible candidate to replace her. He chose not to run again despite expectations.
Early life and education 
Boris Johnson was born at Weill Cornell Medical Center in Upper East Side in New York City, New York. He is the eldest of the four children of Stanley Johnson. Stanley is a former Conservative MEP (Member of the European Parliament). He was also an employee of the European Commission and the World Bank. Boris Johnson's mother is the painter Charlotte Fawcett (later Wahl). She is the daughter of Sir James Fawcett, a prominent barrister and the president of the European Commission of Human Rights.

Ancestry
Ancestry

On his father's side Johnson is the great-grandson of Ali Kemal. Kemal was a liberal Turkish journalist and interior minister in the government of Damat Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He was murdered during the Turkish War of Independence. During World War I, Boris's grandfather and great aunt were recognised as British subjects. They took their grandmother's maiden name of Johnson. Johnson has described himself as a "one-man melting pot" because of his cosmopolitan ancestry. His ancestors were Muslims, Jews and Christians if one counts his great-grandparents. His father's maternal (his mother's) grandmother, Marie Louise de Pfeffel, was a descendent of Prince Paul of Württemberg. This was due to the Prince's relationship with a German actress. Johnson is a descendent of King George II of Great Britain through Prince Paul. Johnson is also a descendent of all the previous British royal houses through George's great-great-great grandfather, King James I of England.
Johnson and his family went back to England soon after he was born because his mother needed to take her Oxford finals. Johnson's sister Rachel was born a year later. As a child, Boris Johnson had severe (bad) deafness. He had many operations to have grommets put in his ears. He was reportedly quite quiet as a child. He was educated at the European School in Brussels, Ashdown House and then at Eton College. At Eton, he was a King's Scholar. He read Classics at Balliol College, Oxford. He was a Brackenbury scholar.  He was elected President of the Oxford Union at his second try.  Radek Sikorski said that Johnson acted as a supporter of the Social Democratic Party to win the Union presidency because the party was popular at the university.  Johnson says no, he was only the SDP's preferred candidate.  Along with David Cameron he was a member of Oxford's Bullingdon Club.  The club is a student dining society known for its  feasts.
Personal life 
In 1987 Johnson married Allegra Mostyn-Owen. The marriage lasted less than a year. It was dissolved in 1993. He married the barrister Marina Wheeler later the same year. Wheeler is the daughter of journalist and broadcaster Sir Charles Wheeler and his Sikh Indian wife, Dip Singh. The Wheeler and Johnson families have known each other for many years. Marina Wheeler was at the European School in Brussels at the same time as Boris Johnson. They have two sons—Theodore Apollo (born 1999) and Milo Arthur (born 1995)—and two daughters—Lara Lettice (born 1993) and Cassia Peaches (born 1997).
In 2016 Johnson renounced his American citizenship. He was American because he was born in New York. In 2018, Johnson and Wheeler announced their separation and soon divorced in 2020. He later developed a relationship with Carrie Symonds around the same time he separated from Wheeler. They became engaged in late 2019. Their first son was born on 29 April 2020 in London. His name is Wilfred Lawrie Nicholas Johnson. Symonds and Johnson got married in May 2021.  They had their second child, a daughter, on 9 December 2021. Her name is Romy Iris Charlotte Johnson. A son, named Frank, was born in July 2023.
Political career 
Johnson ran for MP of Clwyd South in the 1997 general election. He lost the election. In 2001, he was elected MP for Henley. He replaced Michael Heseltine. In 2004 he became Shadow Minister for the Arts after Nick Hawkins (the Shadow Home Affairs Spokesman) resigned. Johnson was vice-chairman of the Conservative Party from November 2003. He put an emphasis on campaigning.  Johnson was sacked from these high-profile posts in November 2004. He was accused of lying to Michael Howard about a four-year extramarital affair with Petronella Wyatt, The Spectators New York correspondent and former deputy editor. Johnson said the allegations were not true. He said they were "an inverted pyramid of piffle". However, Howard sacked Johnson because he believed press reports showed Johnson had lied, and not because of the affair itself.
The new Conservative Leader David Cameron made him Shadow Minister for Higher Education on 9 December 2005. Johnson resigned as editor of The Spectator soon after this. On 2 April 2006 the News of the World said that Johnson had had another extramarital affair.  They said the affair was with journalist Anna Fazackerley from theTimes Higher Education Supplement. A video shows him coming out her flat and waving to her in a taxi. In a speech at the University of Exeter concerning student finance, Johson allegedly made funny remarks about his gratitude to the audience for not "raising other issues" during the talk. This may have been a reference to the allegations about the second affair. A report in The Times said that Cameron saw the possible affair as a private matter. He said that Johnson would not lose his job over it.

 2008 London Mayoral election
Mayor of London 
 Alcohol use ban on public transport 
On 7 May 2008, Johnson said he wanted to ban (stop) people drinking alcohol on the London transport system. This was meant to start on 1 June. Jeroen Weimar, Transport for London's director of transport policing and enforcement, said this was reasonable. He said people should be more considerate on trains. The ban initially applied on the London Underground, Buses, DLR and Croydon Trams. The London Overground was added later in June 2008. Press releases said that the ban was for "stations across the capital". It did not say if this included National Rail stations - especially the stations not served by the TfL lines on which alcohol is banned.
Thousands of drinkers used the Underground system on the last evening on which alcohol was allowed to mark the event. Six London Underground stations had to close because of the trouble. Drinkers assaulted a number of staff and police. Police made 17 arrests. Drinkers damaged several trains. The trains were withdrawn from service.

 2008 Olympics 

Johnson was present at the closing ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. He was London's representative to receive the Olympic flag from Guo Jinlong, the Mayor of Beijing. This was to formally announce London as Olympic host city for 2012. The Chinese media said he was "rude, arrogant and disrespectful" for accepting the Olympic flag with one hand, putting his hands in his pockets and not buttoning up his jacket. Later, at a party held at London House in Beijing, Johnson gave a speech in which he declared "ping pong is coming home".
MP (since 2015)
In August 2014, Johnson said that he would run as the Conservative candidate for Uxbridge and South Ruislip at the 2015 general election. He became the party's candidate in September.Swinford, Steven; Holehouse, Matthew (12 September 2014). "Boris Johnson selected to stand for Tories in Uxbridge and South Ruislip". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 April 2015. In the May 2015 general election Johnson won the election. He became MP. Some thought he ran for MP to replace David Cameron as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Brexit

In February 2016, Johnson supported Vote Leave for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016. After Johnson said he wanted to leave the European Union, Brexit approval dropped nearly 2% to its lowest level since March 2009.
On 22 June 2016, Johnson said that 23 June could be "Britain's independence day" in a televised debate in front of a 6000-member audience at Wembley Arena. David Cameron, British Prime Minister at the time, talked about Johnson's claim. He said: "the idea that our country isn't independent is nonsense. This whole debate demonstrates our sovereignty."

David Cameron resigned as Prime Minister after the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union. Johnson was the favourite to be the new Prime Minister. However, Johnson announced he would not stand in the Conservative leadership election.

Foreign Secretary (2016–2018)
Theresa May became leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister. In July 2016, she appointed Johnson Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. Many saw that this appointment made his political power weaker. Barack Obama was critical of Johnson after Johnson made a racist remark to Obama. This was after Obama said he wanted the U.K. to stay in the European Union.
In May 2018, Johnson supported the Iran Nuclear deal. This is something that President Donald Trump did not support. After the Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salisbury, Johnson compared Vladimir Putin to Adolf Hitler.

Johnson has been accused of sexism, corruption and racism during his political career.

Johnson resigned as Foreign Secretary in July 2018. This was after Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit agreements failed.

 Prime Minister (2019–2022) 
2019 leadership race 

On 16 May 2019, Johnson announced his plans to run for Prime Minister and Leader of the Conservative Party in the 2019 election. He got through the first round of voting with 114 Conservative MPs voting for him. He later won all future ballots by large numbers. He was part of the final two candidates with Jeremy Hunt on 20 June.
The members' vote closed on 22 July. The result was announced on 23 July. Johnson was elected leader with 92,153 votes (66.4%) to Hunt's 46,656 votes (33.6%). He formally replaced Theresa May as Prime Minister on 24 July after a meeting with the Queen.

2019 general election
On 29 October 2019, Johnson announced that the next general election would happen on 12 December 2019. He wanted the Conservatives to win a majority in parliament to pass a Brexit bill. The election result was a landslide Conservative victory. They won with an overall majority of about 80 seats. The result was the worst for the Labour Party since 1935.

Partygate

In December 2021, it was revealed that Johnson had held office parties at 10 Downing Street during COVID lockdowns. At first, Johnson denied having parties during the lockdowns.