Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The gustatory system is the sensory system for the sense of taste.

Function 
The human body can be stimulated by certain things. This stimuli is measured by sensory receptors and the energy is converted to something our brain can understand. There are receptors in our tongue which can measure four main things.

Salt 
This is the simplest receptor found in the mouth.

Sour 
Sour tastes are usually received from acidic compounds.

Bitter 
Bitter tastes are important, since poisons are usually bitter and therefore we need to know whether or not to spit a bitter food out. This is the most complicated receptor found in the mouth.

Sweet 
Food which has a lot of carbohydrates such as glucose are sweet.

Sensory system
The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction or the sense of smell.

Most mammals and reptiles have two parts to their olfactory system. 
There is a main olfactory system, which detects volatile, airborne substances. 
There is secondary, or accessory, system. The accessory olfactory system senses fluid-based stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones.

The olfactory system is often spoken as being similar to the gustatory system (taste system). Both are chemosensory senses. They change chemical signals into nerve impulses, which are translated into perceptions in the brain.
The part of the brain which deals with olfaction is the rhinencephalon, a small part in the human brain, but much more important in other vertebrates. The piriform cortex is probably the area most closely associated with identifying the odor. The medial amygdala is involved in social functions such as mating and recognising animals of the same species. The entorhinal cortex pairs odors with memories. The exact functions of these higher areas is still being researched. 

Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on the olfactory system.  By analyzing rat DNA, they estimated that there were about one thousand different genes for olfactory receptors in the mammalian genome.

Damage 
Damage to the olfactory system can happen through brain injury, cancer or toxic gases. The damage is usually measured by doctors giving the patient something to smell and having the patient try to guess what it is.

Related pages 
Olfaction

References 

Sensory system
Bricostore is a type of French hypermarket. They sell do-it-yourself (DIY) goods.

Bricostore in Europe

Other websites 
 Bricostore Romania
 Bricostore Hungary 
 Bricostore Croatia 

Supermarkets of Europe
1850s establishments in France
1850 establishments in Europe
Retail companies of France
Pharaoh's Island is an island on the River Thames, in Surrey, England.

Location 
The island is above Shepperton Lock. It can only be reached by boats.

History 
The island was given to Admiral Nelson as a reward for winning Battle of the Nile, and he used it as a place to fish.

Other websites 

 The River Thames Guide — Shepperton Lock

Islands of England
Surrey
Carroll M. Ebright (March 20, 1894 - November 1979), sometimes known as Ky Ebright was a  coach for the University of California, Berkeley crew team. He is the only man to coach three Olympic gold medal winning eight oared boats. Ky Ebright died in Berkeley, California at the age of 85.

Wins

Olympic wins 
 1928 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal
 1932 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal
 1948 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal

IRA Championships 

1928
1932
1934
1935
1939
1949

References

Other websites 
 Rowing Hall of Fame Link 
 IRA Championships Link 
 History Cal Crew 

1894 births
1994 deaths
American Olympic gold medalists
Robert Johnson may mean:

 In politics
Robert Johnson (governor), South Carolina
Robert Johnson (Texas) (1929–1995), member of Texas state legislature 1956–63
Robert D. Johnson (1883–1961), U.S. Congressman from Missouri
Robert Edward Johnson, Congressional candidate in Florida in 2004 and in Texas in 2006
Robert J. Johnson, U.S. Congressional candidate from New York in 2004 and 2006
Robert Ward Johnson (1814–1879), U.S. Senator from Arkansas
Robert Johnson, Louisiana State Representative

 In business
Robert E. Johnson, magazine editor
Robert L. Johnson (born 1946), American media entrepreneur, founder of Black Entertainment Television
Robert M. Johnson, Publisher of Newsday
Robert Wood Johnson I (died 1910), founded Johnson & Johnson
Robert Wood Johnson II (1893–1968), 3rd president of Johnson & Johnson
Robert Wood Johnson III (1920–1970), 3rd generation president of Johnson & Johnson
Robert Wood Johnson IV, American businessman
In the arts
Robert Johnson (drummer), former drummer for KC and the Sunshine Band
Robert Johnson (musician) (Robert Leroy Johnson) (1911–1938), blues singer and guitarist
Robert Johnson (actor), voice actor noted for Mission: Impossible mission messages
Robert Johnson (Scottish composer) (c. 1470 - after 1554)
Robert Johnson (composer) (c. 1580–1634) English lutenist and composer
Robert Johnson (conductor), orchestral conductor
Robert Johnson (screenwriter), writer for films such as The Temptations
Robert Sherlaw Johnson, British composer, pianist and music scholar
Robert Johnson, British comic entertainer known under the stage name Bob Carolgees

 In the military
Robert Johnson (Civil War) (1834–1869), Civil War Brigadier General, son of Andrew Johnson, U.S. President
Robert S. Johnson, American World War II flying ace

 In religion
Robert Johnson (martyr) (died 1581), Catholic priest
Robert Johnson (rector), Puritan rector
Others
Robert Johnson (American football), NFL tight end
Robert Johnson (explorer), explorer of the south coast of New South Wales, Australia, in 1821
Robert Johnson (handball), a Canadian handball player who competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Robert Johnson (terrorist), on the U.S. No Fly List
Robert A. Johnson, Jungian analyst
Robert Underwood Johnson, U.S. writer and diplomat

Other
First name variations
Bob Johnson
Rob Johnson
Bobby Johnson
Robb Johnson
For all other first names see Johnson

Surname variations
Robert Johnston

Middle name Robert
Lacey Robert Johnson
Jeremy Robert Johnson

Other
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
The Robert Johnson Songbook (album)
Robert Johnson, born Robert Leroy Johnson (May 8, 1911 – August 16, 1938) is one of the most famous Delta blues musicians.

He is known worldwide as the "King of the Delta Blues." He has also been called the "Grandfather of rock and roll."

Life 
He was born in Hazlehurst, Mississippi. He was the 11th child of his mother Julia Major Dodds, and 10th child of his father Charles Dodds. When he was born, his father had left his mother. He was brought up by a field worker named Noah Johnson. That is why he chose "Johnson" for his family name.

Career 
Johnson began playing guitar when he was a child. In February 1929, he married Virginia Travis and became serious about playing the guitar. His wife died in childbirth at the age of 16 in April 1930. Johnson began traveling up and down the Delta. Around 1936, he was introduced to other blues players through a friend.
He had a remarkable combination of talent for singing, playing the guitar and composing songs. His vocals, the originality of his songs and his style of playing guitar have influenced many musicians. These include: John Fogerty, Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, The Yardbirds, The Black Keys, and The White Stripes. Eric Clapton said Johnson is "the greatest blues musician ever to live."

Johnson was ranked 71st on Rolling Stone magazine list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time." In 1986, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Death
Johnson died on August 16, 1938. He died at the age of twenty-seven from poisoning. His early death and unknown early life have led to the spread of many legends.

Songs 
Eleven records were made by Robert Johnson with Vocalion during his lifetime, and a twelfth record was made once he had died.

All following songs were released after 1939:

References 

1911 births
1938 deaths
Blues guitarists
American guitarists
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
Ishmon Bracey (January 9, 1899 or 1901 – February 12, 1970), was a blues singer and guitarist from Mississippi.

Life

Early Life 
Bracey was born in Byram, Mississippi. He started playing at local dances and parties in about 1917.  He also worked as a waterboy on the Illinois Central Railroad.  His first recorded song was in Memphis in 1928. He played as lead guitar with Charlie McCoy on rhythm guitar.

Songs performed 
In the 1920s, Bracey had not yet started playing delta blues and each of his songs were different. However, he was one of the only Mississippi blues musicians to sing with a nasal voice. He often sang about skin creams and powders which would lighten dark skin.

Later life 
When he recorded in 1930, his voice had become deeper. This meant that he could not sing high enough for some of his songs and the songs had to be changed. He recorded after in 1931 for Paramount Records with a group called The New Orleans Nehi Boys, which had a guitarist called Charles Taylor.
Songs 
Bracey has recorded 16 songs in all, the original copies of his 78-rpm records are some of the most valuable things in blues collecting history. "Trouble Hearted Blues" and "Left Alone Blues" are his best known songs.

References 

Blues musicians
Singers from Mississippi
American guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
1901 births
1970 deaths
The Bundesfinanzhof or Federal Finance Court  is one of the federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the final court of appeals for cases about tax and customs law.  It hears cases from the Finanzgerichte (Finance Courts).

The Federal Finance Court  was first created in 1918.  It has its headquarters in Munich, Bavaria.

Other websites
Official homepage

Munich
Hot Club de Paris are a band which came from Liverpool, United Kingdom. They are signed to the London-based Moshi Moshi Records, a record company, and released their debut album Drop It 'Til It Pops in October 2006. Their second album, Live at Dead Lake, was released in June 2008.

History 
The band formed in early 2004 after band members Matthew and Paul met in 2003 working at Chester racecourse. It's other members were playing in different bands in the Liverpool music scene including street punkers Down and Outs and new wave popsters Victor FME. 

They both loved American punk rock bands (Minutemen, Firehose, SST Records bands etc.) and they became interested in math rock and experimental indie bands which influenced their music a lot. They signed to Moshi Moshi Records in 2005, and have since toured around the world to support the release of their debut record.
They have been shown on a number of music-based TV shows in the UK and their record played airplay on a number of radio stations including BBC Radio1, BBC 6 Music and XFM, whose DJ John Kennedy has championed the band. Kennedy claimed that their debut album is 'one of the best of 2006'.

They have toured with a number of bands including Jamie T, Maxïmo Park and The Who. 

They played at the 2007 SXSW music festival in Austin, Texas and have toured in the UK, Italy, Belgium, Ireland, Spain, France, Sweden, Iceland, Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Holland and India.

They recorded their second album (Live at Dead Lake) in Chicago with Brian Deck. Brian Deck has previously produced Iron and Wine and Modest Mouse. It was released in 2008.

They released two EPs in 2010: With Days Like This As Cheap As Chewing Gum, Why Would Anyone Want To Work? and The Rise And Inevitable Fall Of The High School Suicide Cluster Band. Tracks from these EPs were released on the album Free The Pterodactyl Three in 2011.
Singles 
 "Sometimesitsbetternottostickbitsofeachotherineachotherforeachother" (2006) UK #126
 "Everyeveryeverything" (2006) UK #140
 "Shipwrecked" (2007) UK #153
 "Clockwork Toy/You can call me Al" (2007) UK #N/A
 "Will You Still Be In Love With Me Next Year?" (2007)
 "Hey! Housebrick" (2008)
 "My Little Haunting" (2008)

Compilation contributions

Hot Club De Paris have released several tracks on compilation albums, including Can You Hear Me Clearly?, on Moshi Moshi records, and a rare CDR release Munkyfest v7.0, released by the organisers of the Munkyfest festival.

Sources 
Interview 
BBC gig review 
Article on gigwise

Other websites 
Official website 
Interview on www.krugermagazine.com 
Official hotclubdeparis myspace
HCdP page  on Moshi Moshi Records web site
album review on This is Fake DIY

English rock bands
Musical groups from Liverpool
The name Willie Brown may mean:

Willie Brown (politician) (born 1934), Mayor of San Francisco (1996–2004), Speaker of the California State Assembly (1980–1995)
Willie Brown (football player) (born 1940), American football Hall-of-Fame cornerback
Willie Brown (musician) (1900–1952), American delta blues guitarist and singer
Willie Brown (cartoon character), fictional owner of Felix the Cat
Willie Brown (footballer born 1900), Scottish footballer
Willie Brown (footballer born 1950), Scottish footballer
Willie Brown (footballer born 1974), Ghanaian footballer
Willy Brown, victim of the Omaha Race Riot of 1919

Related pages
William Brown, for people known as William/Bill Brown
Willie Brown (August 6, 1900 – December 30, 1952) was an American guitarist and singer. He played with Charley Patton, Son House, and Robert Johnson.

Life

Birth 
Brown was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi.

Music 
He was known to be shy and only wanting to accompany other musicians rather than play lead guitar. Robert Johnson called him "my friend boy Willie Brown".

Brown is heard playing on the Paramount label sessions of 1930. He played M & O Blues and Future Blues. He also played songs with Son House and Charlie Patton. There are also rumours that he played with Luke Thomson and Thomas "Clubfoot" Coles. At least four other songs he recorded for Paramount have never been found.

Brown also played a song during the Great Depression for the Library of Congress called Make Me a Pallet on the Floor.

Possible songs 
A song called Rowdy blues was thought to have Brown playing on rhythm guitar since he played another song (Future Blues) on the same album (Son House & The Great Delta Blues Singers).
Death 
He died of heart disease in Tunica, Mississippi at the age of 52.

Other websites
 "Cross Road Blues" lyrics

1900 births
1952 deaths
American blues musicians
American guitarists
Blues guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
Singers from Mississippi
Sidney George "Sid" Wilson (born January 20, 1977) is an American musician and member of Slipknot. In Slipknot he is known as #0. He is known as the craziest member of Slipknot because of his over-the-top antics, such as jumping into the audience and moshing along with them, hitting himself with the custom percussion instruments, and walking on top of the crowd. He also performs as DJ Starscream.

His injuries include breaking both of his heels. He likes the television series Transformers and takes his DJ name "Starscream" from one of its characters. He also has tattoos of the characters. In Slipknot he wears a metallic style mask with lighting up eyes and moving eyebrows and mouth.

1978 births
Living people
Slipknot
American DJs
Heavy metal musicians
Musicians from Iowa
Mahamudra (Sanskrit: great seal) is an advanced form of meditation in Buddhism. It is practiced by the Kagyu, Gelug and Sakya schools of Tibetan Buddhism.

The Bön and Nyingma schools practice a different advanced form of meditation called Dzogchen.

Buddhism
A discount store is a type of department store, which sell products at prices lower than traditional retail outlets. Most discount department stores offer wide assortments of goods; others specialize in such merchandise as jewelry, electronic equipment, or electrical appliances. Discount department stores are more popular in the United States than other countries.

Related pages
 Department store
 Supermarket
 Grocery store

Marketing
The Second Temple (Hebrew: בית המקדש meaning 'Holy House') was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BC and 70 AD. It is  also known as Herod's Temple. During this time, it was the center of Jewish worship. The Romans destroyed Jerusalem and its Second Temple on August 4, 70 A.D.

Related pages
Western Wall

Other websites
About the Temple of Jerusalem
Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jewish Encyclopedia: Temple, The Second

Ancient Israel and Judah
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Temple Mount
510s BC
70
1st millennium BC buildings and structures
The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (, transliterated Bet HaMikdash, which means literally "The Holy House") stood on the Temple Mount (Har HaBayit) in the old city of Jerusalem. According to classical Jewish belief, it was the "footstool" of God's presence in the physical world.  It was the place where Jews brought all the offerings described in the Torah.

The First Temple, also called Solomon's Temple, was built by King Solomon in seven years during the 10th century BCE and has been dated astronomically to 957 BCE. It was the center of ancient Judaism. This first Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. A new temple was built from 535 BCE to 516 BCE. That was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. All of the outer walls still stand, although the Temple itself has long since been destroyed.
 
The Islamic Dome of the Rock has stood on the site of the Temple since the late 7th Century CE. The al-Aqsa Mosque, from roughly the same period, also stands on the Temple courtyard.
Related pages
 Al-Aqsa Mosque
 Second Temple

References

Other websites
 About the Temple of Jerusalem
 visit of the Temple Institute Museum in Jerusalem conducted by Rav Israel Ariel 

Ancient Israel and Judah
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Judaism
Judaism in Israel
Mean Girls is a 2004 American teen comedy movie starring Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, Tim Meadows, Ana Gasteyer, Amy Poehler, and Tina Fey. It was written by Fey and directed by Mark Waters.

Plot 
Mean Girls is about a teenage girl, Cady Heron, who used to be home schooled in Africa but moves to the United States and has to go to a normal high school in Evanston, Illinois. On her first day at school, she hates it. She thinks it is a bit weird because she cannot go to the toilet when she wants, cannot write in green ink and has to stay in the same seat every time she goes into a lesson. 

On the second day it becomes more successful as she makes new friends, Janis and Damian. When they skip a lesson, Janis and Damian give her a map of the school eating area. It is arranged into different sorts of people and their personalities. At lunch time Cady is on her way to sit with her new friends but is interrupted, then Regina, Gretchen and Karen ("The Plastics") ask her to sit with them and so she sits with them.
Soon, Cady joins the Plastics, and Janis devises a plan to shatter them.  Cady convinces Regina to eat these bars that will make her gain weight instead of lose weight. However, Cady becomes too much like the Plastics, and throws a party at her parents' house without their permission. She tries to hook up with Regina's boyfriend, but he rejects her because she's "just like a clone of Regina now".  Janis tells Cady that she's just like one of the Plastics now.  

Janis reveals to the entire school about her and Cady's plan to ruin Regina's reputation. Regina is upset and leaves the school but is hit by a bus. Low grades in calculus class force Cady to rethink her plans.  She joins the math team, and works on getting her grades up. She manages to help the math team win a championship.
Cast
Lindsay Lohan as Cady Heron
Rachel McAdams as Regina George
Lizzy Caplan as Janis Ian
Daniel Franzese as Damian
Lacey Chabert as Gretchen Wieners
Amanda Seyfried as Karen Smith
Tina Fey as Ms. Sharon Norbury
Tim Meadows as Mr. Ron Duvall
Amy Poehler as Mrs. George
Ana Gasteyer as Mrs. Heron
Neil Flynn as Mr. Heron
Jonathan Bennett as Aaron Samuels

Sequel
Mean Girls 2 was released in 2011 on DVD. None of the actors from Mean Girls were in it apart from Tim Meadows.

References

Other websites
 
 

2004 comedy movies
2000s coming-of-age movies
2000s LGBT movies
2000s teen comedy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American LGBT movies
American teen comedy movies
English-language movies
High school movies
LGBT comedy movies
Movies about bullying
Movies based on books
Movies set in Illinois
The French Open is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Paris, France. The first competition was held in 1891.

The French Open is known for being the only Grand Slam played on a clay court. On a clay court the ball bounces much slower and higher than on hard or grass courts. This makes it more difficult to win the point and rallies (the number of shots in a point) usually last longer. Players that excel on clay courts are called clay-court specialists.

The tournament is played for two weeks. It starts in late May and finishes in early June.

Sometimes, the French Open is called the Roland Garros tournament. Roland Garros was a well-known aviator from World War I who had the main tennis court named after him.

The singles winners in 2016 were Novak Djokovic and Garbiñe Muguruza. The singles winners in 2015 were Stan Wawrinka and Serena Williams.
Records 
 Men - Rafael Nadal has won 9 times: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014.
 Women - Chris Evert won 7 times: 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, and 1986.

Sources 

Grand Slam tennis tournaments
Sport in Paris
1891 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in France
Sami might mean:

Sámi, an ethnic group from Lapland
Sámi languages, the languages spoken by the Sámi people

Given name
Sami Al-Jaber, Saudi Arabian footballer
Sami Helenius, Finnish ice hockey player
Sami Hyypiä, Finnish footballer
Sami Khedira, German footballer
Sami Lepistö, Finnish ice hockey player
Sami Salo, Finnish ice hockey player
Sam Chatmon (January 10 1897 - February 2 1983), was a guitarist and singer.

Life and career 
Chatmon was born in Bolton, Mississippi.

Early life 
Chatmon had a very musical family, all of them lived in Mississippi. Two of Sam's brothers, fiddler Lonnie Chatmon and guitarist Bo Carter, performed with guitarist Walter Vinson as the Mississippi Sheiks. Chatmon himself was a member of the family's string band when he was young. He performed all the time for white audiences in the 1900s.

Music style 
The Chatmon band played:
 Ragtime
 Ballads
 Popular dance tunes.

Instruments played 
Chatmon played the banjo, mandolin, harmonica and the guitar. He played at parties and on street corners in Mississippi for money and tips. In the 1930s he recorded songs with his brothers.
Later life 
Chatmon moved to Hollandale, Mississippi in the early 1940s and worked on plantations in Hollandale. He started playing again in 1960, playing mostly blues music. In the same year, he recorded songs for Arhoolie Records. He went on tours in the 1960s and 1970s and played for many festivals such as the Festival of American Folklife in Washington, D.C. in 1972, the Mariposa Fest in Toronto in 1974, and the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1976.

Timeline
 1897 - Born in Bolton, Mississippi
 1900 - Played for white audiences
 1930 - Recorded with the Sheiks, Lonnie and the Chatman Brothers
 1940 - Moved to Hollandale, Mississippi, to work on plantations
 1960 - Rediscovered as a folk-blues artist, he also recorded for the Arhoolie Label
 1970 - Performed with Fingers Taylor on The Blues Caravan
 1972 - Played many of his largest and best-known folk festivals
 1974 - Played the Mariposa Fest in Toronto
 1976 - Played the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival
 1983 - Died

References
References

Other websites 
 Illustrated Sam Chatmon discography
 Sam Chatmon biography at the All Music Guide website

Blues musicians
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
American guitarists
1879 births
1983 deaths
A medicine wheel is a stone structure built by the natives of North America for spiritual and ritual purposes.

They appear mostly in Alberta, Canada. They were built by laying out stones in a circular pattern. They often look like a wagon wheel laying flat.  They could be large, reaching up to 75 feet across.

Medicine wheels are still used today in the Native American traditions. However, the meaning is usually not shared outside the tribe.

Other websites
What is a Medicine Wheel? 

Spirituality
Religious symbols
Religious buildings
Stone structures, or "megaliths", have been built by men for thousands of years. Many of these structures were built around the same time (the 3rd millennium BC).

Some of the better known ones are:

Easter Island
Egyptian pyramids
Medicine wheels
Stone circle
Stone circle (Iron Age)
Stonehenge, which is in England.
Stone ship
Ziggurats

Prehistoric buildings and structures
A megalith is a large stone used to build a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. Megalithic means structures made of such large stones, put together without the use of mortar or cement. 

The word megalith comes from the Ancient Greek  megas meaning great, and  lithos meaning stone. It has been used to describe stone structures built by people from many parts of the world living in many different times.  Many megaliths were used to figure out the dates of the solstices and equinoxes.

These structures were built mainly in the Neolithic period. They continued to be built into the Bronze Age. Some were built even earlier in the Mesolithic period.

A famous example of a megalith is Stonehenge.

Notes

References
 Johnson, W. (1908). Folk-memory. Oxford: Clarendon press.

Prehistoric buildings and structures
Moshi Moshi Records is a small London-based independent record label that has released music by the bands such as The Rakes, Bloc Party, Hot Chip, Hot Club De Paris, Kate Nash, Junkboy, Architecture in Helsinki, Tilly and the Wall, Yeti, and its newest release is from a group called Au Revoir Simone. Mates Of State is the Moshi Moshi's 50th release.

It is named after the Japanese telephone greeting "Moshi Moshi" ().
Artists
Alterkicks (band)
Architecture in Helsinki (band)
Au Revoir Simone (band)
Best Fwends (band)
Bloc Party (band)
Blue Foundation (band)
Break bot (band)
Dananananaykroyd (band)
Dntel (band)
Fans of Kate (band)
Foreign Born (band)
Friendly Fires (band)
The Grates (band)
Hot Chip (band)
Hot Club de Paris (band)
Ingo Star Cruiser (band)
J Xaverre (band)
Junk Boy (band)
Kate Nash
Late of the Pier (band)
Lo-Fi-Fnk (band)
The Mae Shi (band)
Mates of State (band)
Matt and Kim (band)
Matt Harding (band)
Metronomy (band)
New Rhodes (band)
Pedro v Kathryn Williams (band)
The Rakes (band)
Rat:att:agg (band)
Roland Shanks (band)
Slow Club (band)
Sukpatch (band)
Tilly and the Wall (band)
Unsound (band)
Yeti (band)
Zan Lyons (band)

Related pages
List of record labels
A side project of the Disco Biscuits

Other websites
Official Moshi Moshi Records web site

Independent record labels
Indie music record labels
Nathan Jonas "Joey" Jordison (April 26, 1975 – July 26, 2021) was an American musician. He was the drummer for the band Slipknot. In Slipknot, he was known as #1. He is also the guitarist for Murderdolls.

Jordison died on July 26, 2021 at the age of 46. He was suffering from transverse myelitis when he died.

References

1975 births
2021 deaths
Slipknot
American drummers
American guitarists
American heavy metal musicians
American punk musicians
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Deaths from autoimmune disease
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, for little over eight months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659.  Richard Cromwell's enemies called him Hickory Dick and Queen Dick.

Richard Cromwell was not suited to ruling the country.  He followed his father as ruler only because he was Oliver's oldest living son, and people expected one of Oliver's sons to follow him.  After a short time, he gave up power and he knew that many of the people wanted King Charles II to come back from Holland and rule the country.  When it was agreed that Charles would return, Richard thought it would be best for him to leave Britain, and he went to live in France for a while.  He changed his name to "John Clarke" and travelled around Europe, not returning home for twenty years.  When he came back, he lived quietly outside London for the rest of his life.
Stories about Richard 
The nursery rhyme "Hickory Dickory Dock" is actually about Richard Cromwell. One of Richard's nicknames was Hickory Dick. The mouse in the rhyme runs down when the clock strikes one and Cromwell only reigned for one year.

References

Other websites 
 BBC Bio of Richard Cromwell
 BBC Bio of Oliver Cromwell 
 Britannia.com "Monarchs" Page on Richard Cromwell 

 

1626 births
1712 deaths
English heads of state
Cipriano de Rore (born in Ronse, Flanders, 1515 or 1516; died  Parma, September 1565) was a composer who lived in the Renaissance period.  He was Flemish, but spent all his adult life in Italy.  The name de Rore is a proper Flemish name, not a name that has been changed to look Italian.  He was one of the most important composer of madrigals in the 16th century.

Life 
There is very little known about Rore's early life.  He was born in a small town called Ronse (Renaix) in what is now Belgium.  It is possible that he had music lessons in Antwerp.  We think that he was taken to Italy by Margaret of Parma in 1533 as one of her servants.  Margaret, who was an illegitimate daughter of Charles V, was very wealthy and she married into the Medici family.  Rore probably continued to learn about music in Italy.
In his music publications de Rore is called a “disciple” of Adrian Willaert.  We do not know whether this means that he had lessons from Willaert, or just that he learned to compose by studying Willaert’s music.  His first book of madrigals was published in 1542, and then two books of motets were published.

In 1546 Rore went to Ferrara, where he was maestro di cappella (choirmaster) He wrote a great deal of music in Ferrara.  He worked for the Duke Ercole II d'Este.  He composed masses, motets, chansons, and lots of madrigals, some of which were about things that happened in the court at Ferrara.  The duke awarded him an important honour.  Rore also wrote music for Albrecht V of Bavaria who lived in Munich.
He left his job in Ferrara and went back to Flanders where he found his home town Ronse had been destroyed in a war.  He went back to Ferrara, but could not get his old job back.  After another visit to Flanders he returned to Italy and got a job in Parma, but the music in that town was not very good.  For a short time he had a very important job of
maestro di cappella at St. Mark's.  Adrian Willaert had just died.  However, Rore only kept this job for a year, returning to Parma in  1564 and dying there the next year.
Works and influence 
Rore is best known for his Italian madrigals, but he also wrote a lot of church music, including masses and motets.  He learned from studying the music of Josquin. His madrigals are based on the style of Willaert.  He enjoyed writing thick counterpoint and making the voices imitate one another a lot.  Most of the words he set were serious words, not lighthearted and amusing.  He often used chromaticism.  He developed his musical style a lot during his lifetime.  His music was very important in the development of the Italian madrigal, and it led the way to the madrigals of Monteverdi.

References
 Reese, Gustave. Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  
[*http://www.grovemusic.com/Groves Online]

1510s births
1565 deaths
Belgian composers
Franco-Flemish composers
People from East Flanders
Renaissance composers
Flemish is a cluster of Dutch dialects spoken by people in the Flanders region of Belgium. Dutch became the official language of the northern part of Belgium in 1938.

Related pages 
Dutch language

References 

West Germanic languages
Languages of Belgium
Dialects of Dutch
The 1965 Yerevan Demonstrations were a 24-hour mass protest in Yerevan, Armenian SSR on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. It is said that this event constitutes the first step in the struggle for the recognition of the 1915 genocide.

On April 24, 1965, for the first time for any such demonstration in the entire Soviet Union, one million protesters held a 24-hour demonstration in front of the Opera House, and demanded that the Soviet Union government officially recognize the Armenian Genocide committed by the Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire, and build a memorial in Armenia's capital city of Yerevan to perpetuate the memory of the victims of the Armenian Genocide.

Many committed intellectuals, such as Silva Kaputikyan, had made impassioned pleas to the authorities in Moscow. The memorial, on Tsitsernakaberd hill, was completed in 1967.
Following the example of this high-profile demonstration, similar protests were made throughout the world, in whichever country the Armenian Diaspora exists. Since the day of the protests, Armenians to this day visit the memorial and make protests around the world to gain acceptance of the Armenian Genocide by Turkey.

Related pages
Armenian Genocide

References

Other websites 
Armenian Genocide time line
24th of April in Armenia

20th century in Armenia
Armenian Genocide
Yerevan
The Armenian Revolutionary Army (ARA) was a terror organization. Its last attack occurred in 1985.

The Lisbon Five
5 Armenian gunmen  (known as "Lisbon Five") attacked the Turkish embassy in Lisbon in 27 July, 1983. The first Armenian was killed by security guards at the start of the attack. The wife and the son of Osman Ozturk, the Turkish chargé d'affaires, and a Portuguese policeman also died in the assault, 4 people were injured.  Portugal's Interior Minister Eduardo Perella said the government received intelligence information "that Armenian groups might attack Wednesday and beefed up security at diplomatic missions". 
The Armenian Revolutionary Army claimed responsibility for attack.
In a message dropped in the mailbox of The Associated Press office in Lisbon, the group said: "We have decided to blow up this building and remain under the collapse. This is not suicide... but rather our sacrifice to the altar of freedom". The group said the attack had been carried out because "Turkey and its allies refused to acknowledge the genocide of Armenians".

References

 Armenians storm the embassy // "The Globe", 28/7/1983.
 Armenian Revolutionary Army at Tkb.org

Armenian Genocide
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Anti-Turkism
A thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) is a technology which is used in LCD monitor and television displays. TFT technology can be used to give one of the clearest pictures of any flat screen display and it uses much less electricity than older screens. TFT displays are very fragile because they are made as thin and light as possible but this means they need far less space. Widescreen Displays (which have an aspect ratio of 16:9) are becoming the most popular form of television and monitor displays. Standard format (which have an aspect ratio of 4:3) was the most popular for a long time.

Resolution

The number of pixels in a display screen is called the resolution.
The word resolution means the solution of a problem. Better resolution on a display screen describes how detailed a picture can be displayed. Each pixel is another detail on the screen. This is normally described as two numbers, (width) x (height).

than the older CRT displays.
TFT dislays are also known as flatscreen, flat-panel, and liquid crystal display (LCD) but these types are not always TFTs.

TFT displays are made with a special chemical technology called chemical vapor deposition. With this special technology very thin glass can be coated with electrically  metal and still be transparent. Chemical vapor deposition makes the thinnest computer and television display screens possible. 

As a result of applying this solution, a capacitor with a transistor is fixed to the pixels. Therefore, it is possible to create the necessary contrast. Among the minuses: poor viewing angle, impaired color rendering, increased power consumption. This technology has not yet been discontinued just because it is in high demand among consumers due to its affordable cost.

Rendering
Rendering 

Most display screens have hundreds of thousands of pixels. Each pixel has to be set to the right colour (most display screens are capable of 16 million colours in each pixel). To make a clear picture, the screen might need to make millions of calculations. Any group of pixels that change to the same colour can be changed with one calculation, making the calculations much smaller. For example, if the picture to display was just a white screen, the screens processor would only calculate the colour once and use the same calculation for the whole screen. Changing one pixel at a time would take many more calculations. If the same picture was shown many times on the screen, the processor would calculate the picture once and then repeat it in whatever position and in different sizes, if needed. The processor can make very complicated calculations, but in the end it does less work. This is called rendering technology. Rendering technology in the most modern displays is like making a mosaic.
A display with a resolution of 1600 x 1200 pixels has four times the number of pixels in an 800 x 600 resolution. Without rendering technology the 1600 x 1200 display would do four times as much work as an 800 x 600 display so rendering technology is very useful to make a bigger display with some of the same parts used to make a smaller display.

Response Time

The response time is the length of time it takes between the processor receiving a signal from the computer or the television station and displaying something on the screen. Today's displays have a very low response time (very fast). It is hard to see response times but they can affect a clear picture. A low response time is best for clear pictures when playing games and watching movies on the screen. For office work and internet browsing a fast response time is less important.

TFT response time is measured as the average time it takes to change the pixels from one shade of grey to another shade of grey.
Changing a pixel between colours takes more time than changing from black to white on a display screen. TFT is very fast for changing between colours which is more important for movies and games.

Comparison of TFT displays and CRT displays

Positive aspects of TFT displays:

easy to construct and uses less electricity
more pixels (higher resolution)
makes less radiation
is digital
a format of 16: 9 is much easier to produce

Negative aspects of TFT displays

display screen is very sensitive to touch (easily scratched or broken) (not really)
in some TFT displays the view from an angle (from the side) is very dark

At one time, there were some positive advantages of CRT displays, which are no longer true:

purchase price is cheap
colours are very clear from all angles

Negative aspects of CRT displays:

very big and heavy
use more electricity
make a lot of heat
are sensitive to electrical wires. If electrical wires are too close the colours might not work correctly

TN panels
TN panels

TN is an abbreviation for Twisted Nematic. This is a new kind of TFT technology. They offer higher resolutions (more pixels). TN panels have a lower response time (they react faster).

Display technology
Television technology
Computer science
Electronics
Jenkem is an alleged drug that was supposedly invented in poor parts of Africa.

Appearance 
When it is ready to be used, it is a gas. It is created from feces left in a container to ferment for a long time.

Effects
When breathed in, Jenkem makes the person see crazy things. It is like a crazy dream, the person imagines things happening that are not really happening. The person may also hear sounds that are not really there. This is called a hallucination. Jenkem is also used to make a person happy. Because it is made out of fermented waste (or old feces), it is also very stinky.

Some say it is as if you have a curtain in front of you.

Dangers
Because Jenkem is human waste and is inhaled (huffing), the person can get an infection because of the dirt and germs in the waste.
Jenkem also contains methane, which is explosive and flammable.

Drugs
The US Open is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Queens, New York City in the USA. It is run by United States Tennis Association. The tournament has been played on three different surfaces:
 Grass (1881-1974)
 Har-Tru (a type of clay court, 1975-1977)
 Decoturf (a type of hard court, 1978-present)

The tournament was first played in 1881 for men, and 1887 for women. In 2006, the U.S. Open became the first Grand Slam to use Hawk-Eye. Hawk-Eye is a machine that can give a virtual replay of the shot that has just been played - this is useful for seeing if the ball was in or out. When a player does not agree with the umpire, they can ask to use Hawk-Eye. As of 2007, the other three Grand Slams use this machine too.

The US Open is the final Grand Slam of the year and is played over two weeks, in late August and early September.

Champions

Past champions 
Men's Singles
Women's Singles
Men's Doubles
Women's Doubles
Mixed Doubles
Singles Finals

Current champions
Current champions

Records 
 Men - Jimmy Connors, Pete Sampras, and Roger Federer have won 5 times.
 Women - Chris Evert has won 6 times.

Other websites 
 US Open official site
 US Open - All winners and runners-up. Reference book

1881 establishments in the United States
Sports in New York City
 
1880s establishments in New York (state)
A mobile device is an electronic device which its user can easily carry with them. Typical examples are a mobile phone, PDA and handheld game consoles.  Mobile devices do not need an external power supply to work.  Usually, they have a battery to hold electricity to work without electric wires.  A user can change, send and move data by connecting to a modem or cable, or more often wirelessly. 

Uses for these devices include reading and writing e-mails, surfing in the internet and listening to music. Smartphones, tablets and similar complicated mobile devices can run computer programs including computer games, and have many of the functions of a desktop PC.

Examples of mobile devices 

 Palmtop
 PDA - Personal digital assistant
 Cell phone
 Pocket PC
 Smartphone
 Tablet computer
 Smartwatch
 Bluetooth headset
Categories 
Mobile devices can be classified by size and capabilities:
 With small, text-screen. May be used to write short messages. 20th century mobile phones were like this.
 With medium screen and runs mobile operating system. Examples: Smartphone, E-reader.
 With big screen and runs desktop operating system. Examples: laptops, some tablets.

Related pages 
 Mobile operating system
 Symbian OS
 Windows Mobile
 Android Mobile
 iOS Mobile

Telecommunications
Computer hardware
Tor is a group of computer servers that keep users anonymous on the Internet. It works by moving data across many Tor servers, called "hops". The role of each server is to only move that data to another server.  With the final hop moving data to the end site. As a result, information transmitted in this way is hard to trace.

Tor is also the name that some people give to the web browser used to access the Tor server, the Tor Browser Bundle. The browser is actually a specific version of Mozilla Firefox that has been changed so that it is extremely safe and secure.
Operation
Tor is used to hide Internet users.  People who run the Tor network run a network of onion routers.  This makes the location of the user secret.  Services can also be hosted from "secret" locations using the Tor "Hidden services" feature. A hidden service is an anonymous website that search engines like Google don't know about, and it uses an Onion address as its URL. Onion addresses  are URLs that looks like 16 random letters and numbers and ends with .onion. People usually use the Tor browser to go to those sites.

Unlawful use 
The Tor network can be used for purposes that are against the law in some places. This can be criticizing leaders of state, P2P sharing of copyrighted files, moving child pornography., or buying and selling illegal drugs.

References

Other websites

 The Tor Project

Cross-platform software
A damage deposit or deposit is a sum of money that is paid when one  rents an item. It is paid to ensure the owner that it is returned in good condition. It is very common with rented accommodation. There it may also be called a tenancy deposit or in some places a tenancy bond.

The owner of the item (the landlord in the case of accommodation) will take a sum of money from the person(s) renting the item (the tenant). If the item is returned in good condition at the end of the tenancy the owner should return the deposit. If the item is returned with damage the cost of repairing that damage may be charged against the deposit, and part (or none) of the deposit will be returned.

Other websites
 Tenants' information guide on deposits from Shelter 
 Tenants' information guide on deposits  aimed at students, but useful for most types of tenants.
 Tenancy Deposit Scheme for Regulated Agents  - a scheme aiming to aid fairness in tenancy deposits.

Property

th:มัดจำ
Accommodation (in British usage) or accommodations (in American usage) is lodging in a house or similar living quarters for travellers in hotels or on cruise ships, or prisoners, etc.
 Accommodation (religion), a theological principle linked to divine revelation within the Christian church
 Accommodation (law), a term used in United States contract law
Accommodation Bill, a bill of exchange
 Accommodation (eye), the sense in ophthalmology
 Accommodation (physiology), changes in bodily function due to repeated exposure to drugs or toxins
 Accommodation (psychology), how existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences according to Jean Piaget (see also assimilation)
 Communication Accommodation Theory, how which people change their language behavior to be more or less similar to that of the people with whom they are interacting.
 Accommodation is a linguistics term meaning grammatical acceptance of unstated values as in Accommodation of presuppositions
Biblical Accommodation is the adaptation of text from the Bible to signify ideas different from those originally expressed.
 Accommodation (education) are changes in the classroom to assist a learner with a disability
Lodging or holiday accommodation is a type of accommodation. People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need lodging mainly for sleeping. Other purposes are safety, shelter from cold and rain, and to have a place to store luggage and being able to take a shower.

They do that in a hotel, hostel or hostal, a private home (for example, a bed and breakfast or guest house place), in a tent, or a caravan/camper (often on a campsite). 

Lodging may also refer to when cereal crops fall over, often due to wind or rain pressure, making grain harvest difficult.

Related pages
 Homelessness
 Hostel
 Tourism

Other websites
 Simply translated accommodation portal available in 14 languages: Residenzo
 The Lodging Wiki at Hospitality-411 
 World Lodging Guide 
VEHICALL, a worldwide free service for holiday rentals

References 

Travel