Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Rationalism is the view that reasoning by itself is a source of knowledge or proof. It is a philosophical movement that began in the 17th century, but the same ideas were also talked about before then. Rationalist philosophers believe that all knowledge can be understood through a process of reasoning, without any external sources. They do not believe that human beings can understand everything this way, but that it is theoretically possible. Rationalist philosophers attempt to understand ideas like God and the soul in this manner.

The first people to talk about rationalism were Marin Mersenne and René Descartes, of the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries. Other philosophers who are seen as rationalist today include Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant. Famous people opposed to this idea were David Hume and John Locke. These opponents favored a view called empiricism.
Rationalism also influenced natural law. Natural law is a theory that says that there are laws given by nature, valid everywhere. Deism was also influenced by rationalism. According to deism, a supreme being created the universe. This being, and other religious truths can be determined by observing nature, and finding natural laws. This would make religions that are based on  revelation unnecessary.

References 

Epistemology
Philosophical movements and positions
This is a partial listing of movies produced and/or distributed by Universal Pictures, the main production/distribution arm of Universal Studios, a subsidiary of NBCUniversal and Comcast.

List of movies
List of movies

1920s
 White Youth (1920)
 The Flaming Disc (1920)
 Am I Dreaming? (1920)
 The Dragon's Net (1920)
 The Adorable Savage (1920)
 Putting It Over (1920)
 The Fire Eater (1921)
 A Battle of Wits (1921)
 Dream Girl (1921)
 The Millionaire (1921)
 A Daughter of the Law (1921)
 The Conflict (1921)
 The Rage of Paris (1921)
 No Woman Knows (1921)
 Action (1921)
 The Danger Man (1921)
 The Kiss (1921)
 The Heart of Arizona (1921)
 The Beautiful Gambler (1921)
 Desperate Trails (1921)
 The Man Tamer (1921)
 Cheated Love (1921)
 The Blazing Trail (1921)
 The Freeze-Out (1921)
 The Diamond Queen (1921)
 Foolish Wives (1922)
  The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923)
  The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
 The Man Who Laughs (1928)
 Melody of Love (1928, Universal's first all-talkie)
 Show Boat (1929)
 Broadway (1929, first Universal talkie with color sequences)
1930s
 All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)
 King of Jazz (1930, first Universal all-color talkie)
 Dracula (1931)
 Frankenstein (1931)
 Back Street (1932)
 The Mummy (1932)
 Counsellor at Law (1933)
 The Invisible Man (1933)
 The Black Cat (1934)
 Imitation of Life (1934)
 Bride of Frankenstein (1935)
 Magnificent Obsession (1935)
 Show Boat (1936)
 My Man Godfrey (1936)
 Three Smart Girls (1936)
 Dracula's Daughter (1936)
 One Hundred Men and a Girl (1937)
 Destry Rides Again (1939)
 East Side of Heaven (1939)
 My Little Chickadee (1939)
 Son of Frankenstein (1939)

1940s
 Enemy Agent (1940)
 The Bank Dick (1940)
 Black Friday (1940)
 Buck Privates (1941)
 The Wolf Man  (1941)
 House of Frankenstein (1945)
 House of Dracula (1945)
 The Egg & I (1946)
 The Killers (1946)
 Great Expectations (1947, U.S. distribution only)
 The Naked City (1948)
 Hamlet (1948, U.S. distribution only)
 Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
1950s
 Francis the Talking Mule (1950)
 Harvey (1950)
 Winchester '73 (1950)
 The World in His Arms (1952)
 Abbott and Costello Go to Mars (1953)
 Magnificent Obsession (1954)
 The Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954)
 Revenge of the Creature (1955)
 The Creature Walks Among Us (1956)
 Written on the Wind (1956)
 Touch of Evil (1958)
 Pillow Talk (1959)
 Imitation of Life (1959, remake of 1934 movie)
 The Snow Queen (1959, English dub, distributor)
1960s
 Spartacus (1960)
 Flower Drum Song (1961)
 Lover Come Back (1961, distribution)
 Cape Fear (1962)
 That Touch of Mink (1962, distribution)
 To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
 Captain Newman, M.D. (1963)
 The Birds (1963)
 Send Me No Flowers (1963)
 Island of the Blue Dolphins (1964)
 Marnie (1964)
 Charade (1964)
 Mirage (1965)
 Pinocchio in Outer Space (1965, distributor)
 The Ipcress File (1965)
 Arabesque (1966)
 Gambit (1966)
 The Rare Breed (1966)
 Torn Curtain (1966)
 Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967)
 The War Wagon (1967)
 The Party (1968)
 Sweet Charity (1969)
 Anne of the Thousand Days (1969)
1970s
 Airport and its sequels (1974, 1977, and 1979, respectively)
 Shoot Out (1971)
 The Andromeda Strain (1971)
 Silent Running (1972)
 Slaughterhouse-Five (1972)
 American Graffiti (1973, plus sequel in 1979)
 The Sting (1973, plus sequel in 1983)
 Jesus Christ Superstar (1973)
 Earthquake (1974)
 The Black Windmill (1974)
 Jaws (1975, plus  sequels in 1978, 1983, and 1987)
 The Hindenburg (1975)
 Swashbuckler (1976)
 Midway (1976)
 Slap Shot (1977)
 The Slipper and the Rose (1977)
 MacArthur (1977)
 Smokey and the Bandit (1977, plus sequels in 1980 and 1983)
 Sorcerer (1977, co-production with Paramount Pictures)
 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978, co-production with Paramount Pictures)
 The Deer Hunter (1978)
 Jaws 2 (1978)
 National Lampoon's Animal House (1978)
 Dracula (1979)
 Yanks (1979, co-production with United Artists)
 1941 (1979)
1980s
 The Blues Brothers (1980)
 The Island (1980)
 Xanadu (1980)
 On Golden Pond (1981, distribution only, produced by ITC Entertainment)
 Halloween II (1981)
 The Great Muppet Caper (1981, distribution only, produced by ITC Entertainment)
 Conan the Barbarian (1982)
 Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982)
 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
 Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982)
 The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982)
 Sophie's Choice (1982, distribution only)
 Cat People (1982)
 The Thing (1982)
 The Dark Crystal (1982, distribution only, produced by ITC Entertainment)
 Jaws 3-D (1983)
 Rumble Fish (1983)
 Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
 Scarface (1983)
 Sixteen Candles (1984)
 Firestarter (1984)
 Gotcha! (1985)
 Back to the Future (1985, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
 The Breakfast Club (1985)
 Weird Science (1985)
 Fletch (1985, plus the 1989 sequel)
 Brazil (1985, co-production with 20th Century Fox)
 Howard the Duck (1985)
An American Tail (1986, plus its three sequels)
 Jaws: The Revenge (1987)
 Harry and the Hendersons (1987, and later the 1990s TV series)
 Prince of Darkness (1987)
 Dragnet (1987)
 *batteries not included (1987)
 The Land Before Time (1988, plus sequels, co-production with Amblin Entertainment and Lucasmovie Ltd.)
 They Live (1988)
 The Great Outdoors (1988)
 Phantasm II (1988)
 Watchers (1988)
 Field of Dreams (1989)
 The 'Burbs (1989)
 Back to the Future Part II (1989, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
 Do the Right Thing (1989)
 Born on the Fourth of July (1989)
 Uncle Buck (1989)
1990s
 Jetsons: The Movie (1990, co-production with Hanna Barbera)
 Tremors (1990)
 Problem Child (1990)
 Henry & June (1990)
 Back to the Future Part III (1990, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
 Darkman (1990) (plus its two sequels)
 Cry-Baby (1990, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
 Child's Play 2 (1990)
 Kindergarten Cop (1990)
 Problem Child 2 (1991)
 Child's Play 3 (1991)
 Backdraft (1991)
 Jungle Fever (1991)
 Cape Fear (1991)
 Fried Green Tomatoes (1991)
 Beethoven (1992, co-production with Northern Lights Entertainment)
 Scent of a Woman (1992)
 Judgment Night (1993, co-production with Largo Entertainment)
 Beethoven's 2nd (1993, co-production with Northern Lights Entertainment)
 Carlitos Way (1993, co-production with Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.)
 Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1993)
 Jurassic Park (1993, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
 The Real McCoy (1993, co-production with Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.)
 Schindler's List (1993, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
 Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994)
 The Flintstones (1994, co-production with Amblin Entertainment and Hanna-Barbera)
 The Shadow (1994, co-production with Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.)
 The Little Rascals (1994, co-production with Amblin Entertainment and King World)
 The Cowboy Way (1994)
 The River Wild (1994)
 The War (1994)
 Reality Bites (1994)
 Street Fighter (1994, distributor) (plus 20th Century Fox live-action sequel in 2009)
 Junior (1994)
 Apollo 13 (1995)
 Babe (1995)
 Billy Madison (1995)
 Waterworld (1995)
 Casino (1995)
 The Hunted (1995, co-production with Bregman/Baer Productions, Inc.)
 Casper (1995, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
 Balto (1995)
 Twelve Monkeys (1995)
 Ed (1996)
 Flipper (1996)
 Happy Gilmore (1996)
 Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996)
 The Chamber (1996)
 Twister (1996, co-production with Warner Bros. and Amblin Entertainment)
The Nutty Professor (1996, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
 Daylight (1996)
 Dante's Peak (1997)
 The Jackal (1997)
 Leave It to Beaver (1997)
 Liar Liar (1997)
 The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
 Small Soldiers (1998, co-production with DreamWorks)
 Patch Adams (1998)
 Meet Joe Black (1998)
 Baseketball (1998)
 Babe: Pig in the City (1998, sequel to Babe, distributor)
 Blues Brothers 2000 (1998)
 Bride of Chucky (1998)
 Mercury Rising (1998)
 Psycho (1998, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
 October Sky (1999)
 The Mummy (1999)
 American Pie (1999)
 The Hurricane (1999)
 Snow Falling on Cedars (1999)
 End of Days (1999)
 Angela's Ashes (1999, co-production with Paramount Pictures)
2000s
 How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
 Isn't She Great (2000, distributor)
 Erin Brockovich (2000, international distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures)
 The Skulls (2000, co-production with Newmarket Films)
 U-571 (2000, distributor)
 Gladiator (2000, international distribution co-production with DreamWorks, and Scott Free Productions)
 Screwed (2000, distributor)
 Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
 Bring It On (2000, co-production with Beacon Pictures)
 The Watcher (2000)
 The Family Man (2000)
 Meet the Parents (2000, co-production with DreamWorks)
 O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000, international distribution, co-production with Working Title Films, StudioCanal and Touchstone Pictures)
 Head Over Heels (2001)
 Hannibal (2001, international distribution, co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, Dino De Laurentiis, Working Title Films and StudioCanal)
The Fast and the Furious (2001, co-production with Original Film)
 The Mummy Returns (2001, co-production with Alphaville)
 Jurassic Park III (2001, co-production with Amblin Entertainment)
 Captain Corelli's Mandolin (2001, USA distribution, co-production with Miramax Films)
 The Musketeer (2001, USA distribution only, co-production with Miramax Films)
 Mulholland Dr. (2001, distribution only in USA)
 K-PAX (2001, USA distribution, co-production with Intermedia Films and Lawrence Gordon Productions)
 Spy Game (2001, distributor)
 A Beautiful Mind (2001, USA distribution, co-production with DreamWorks, and Imagine Entertainment)
 How High (2001, distributor)
 Brotherhood of the Wolf (2002, distribution only in USA and Australia)
 Big Fat Liar (2002, co-production with Tollin/Robbins Productions)
 Dragonfly (2002, USA distribution, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
 40 Days and 40 Nights (2002) (USA distribution, co-production with Miramax Films and Working Title Films)
Harrison's Flowers (2002, distributor)
 The Scorpion King (2002, co-production with Alphaville)
 About a Boy (2002, co-production with Working Title Films)
 Undercover Brother (2002, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
 The Bourne Identity (2002, co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
 Blue Crush (2002, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
 Red Dragon (2002, co-production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures and Dino de Laurentiis)
 The Truth About Charlie (2002, distributor)
 8 Mile (2002, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
 The Emperor's Club (2002)
 Empire (2002, distribution only in most countries, including USA)
 The Guru (2003, distributor)
 The Life of David Gale (2003, co-production with Intermedia Films)
 Two Brothers (2003, co-production with Pathé)
 Bruce Almighty (2003, USA distribution, co-production with Amblin Entertainment and Spyglass Entertainment)
 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003, co-production with Original Film)
Hulk (2003, co-production with Marvel Studios, Valhalla Motion Pictures and Good Machine Studios)
 Johnny English (2003, co-production with Working Title Films and StudioCanal)
 Seabiscuit (2003, USA distribution, co-production with DreamWorks and Spyglass Entertainment)
 American Wedding (2003)
 The Rundown (2003, USA distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures)
 Intolerable Cruelty (2003, co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Alphaville)
 Love Actually (2003, co-production with Studio Canal and Working Title Films)
 Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003, USA distribution, co-production with 20th Century Fox)
 The Cat in The Hat (2003, co-production with DreamWorks and Imagine Entertainment)
 Honey (2003, co-production with Working Title Films)
 Peter Pan (2003, USA distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures, Spyglass Entertainment and Imagine Entertainment)
 Along Came Polly (2004, co-production with Jersey Films)
Dawn of the Dead (2004, co-production with Strike Entertainment)
 Connie and Carla (2004, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
 Van Helsing (2004, co-production with Alphaville)
 The Chronicles of Riddick (2004, co-production with Radar Pictures & One Race Films)
 The Bourne Supremacy (2004, co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
 Thunderbirds (2004, USA distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures, StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
 Wimbledon (2004)
 Shaun of the Dead (2004, co-production with Rogue Pictures, StudioCanal, Film4 Productions, Working Title Films and Big Talk Productions; Rogue Pictures handled U.S. distribution while Universal distributed it in countries outside the USA)
 Friday Night Lights (2004, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
 Ray (2004, distribution co-production with Bristol Bay Productions)
 Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004, USA distribution, co-production with Miramax Films)
Meet the Fockers (2004, USA distribution, co-production with DreamWorks)
 In Good Company (2004)
 White Noise (2005, co-production with Gold Circle Films)
 The Wedding Date (2005, co-production with Gold Circle Films)
 Inside Deep Throat (2005, distribution only in USA)
 The Interpreter (2005, co-production with Working Title Films)
 Kicking & Screaming (2005)
 Cinderella Man (2005, USA distribution, co-production with Miramax Films and Imagine Entertainment)
 The Perfect Man (2005)
 Land of the Dead (2005, co-production with Wild Bunch)
 The Skeleton Key (2005)
 The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005, co-production with Apatow Productions)
 Serenity (2005)
 Two for the Money (2005, distribution only; with Morgan Creek Productions)
 Doom (2005, co-production with DiBonaventura Productions)
 Prime (2005)
 Jarhead (2005)
 Pride & Prejudice (2005, distributed in countries outside USA; co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
 First Descent (2005, distribution only in USA)
King Kong (2005, co-production with WingNut Films)
 Munich (2005, USA distribution, co-production with DreamWorks, Amblin Entertainment and Alliance Atlantis Communications)
 The Producers (2005, USA distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures)
 Nanny McPhee (2006, USA distribution, co-production with Metro Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
 Curious George (2006, co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Universal Animation Studios)
 Inside Man (2006, co-production with Imagine Entertainment)
 Slither (2006, co-production with Gold Circle Films)
 American Dreamz (2006)
 United 93 (2006, co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
 The Break-Up (2006)
 The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006, co-production with Original Film and Relativity Media; first film teamed up with Relativity Media)
 You, Me and Dupree (2006)
 Miami Vice (2006)
 Accepted (2006, co-production with Shady Acres Entertainment)
 Idlewild (2006)
 The Black Dahlia (2006)
Man of the Year (2006) (co-production with Morgan Creek Productions)
 Let's Go to Prison (2006, distribution only; produced by Carsey Werner Films); (co-production with Strike Entertainment)
 The Holiday (2006, international distribution, co-production with Columbia Pictures, Relativity Media and Waverly Films)
 The Good Shepherd (2006, co-production with Morgan Creek Productions and American Zoetrope)
 Children of Men (2006, co-production with Strike Entertainment)
 Alpha Dog (2007, USA distribution only)
 Smokin' Aces (2007, co-production with StudioCanal, Relativity Media and Working Title Films)
 Because I Said So (2007)
 Breach (2007)
 Dead Silence (2007) (co-production with Twisted Pictures)
 Hot Fuzz (2007, distribution in most countries outside of the USA)
 Georgia Rule (2007, co-production with Morgan Creek Productions)
 Knocked Up (2007, co-production with Apatow Productions)
Evan Almighty (2007, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment, Shady Acres Entertainment, Relativity Media and Original Film)
 I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry (2007, co-production with Happy Madison Productions, Relativity Media and Shady Acres Entertainment)
 The Bourne Ultimatum (2007, co-production with The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
 Illegal Tender (2007)
 Mr. Bean's Holiday (2007, co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
 Sydney White (2007, co-production with Morgan Creek Productions)
 The Kingdom (2007)
 Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007)
 American Gangster (2007, co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Relativity Media)
 Charlie Wilson's War (2007, co-production with Relativity Media and Morgan Creek Productions)
 Happy Tree Friends (2006, co-production with Peacock (streaming device) and Universal Content Productions)
 Untraceable (2008, international distribution, co-production with Screen Gems and Lakeshore Entertainment)
Welcome Home, Roscoe Jenkins (2008, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
 Definitely, Maybe (2008, co-production with StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
 Doomsday (2008, distribution only in some countries; produced by Rogue Pictures)
 Leatherheads (2008)
 Forgetting Sarah Marshall (2008, co-production with Apatow Productions)
 Baby Mama (2008, co-production with Relativity Media)
 The Incredible Hulk (2008) (co-production with Marvel Studios and Valhalla Motion Pictures)
 Wanted (2008, co-production with Relativity Media, DiBonaventura Productions and Spyglass Entertainment)
 Hellboy 2: The Golden Army (2008, distribution only in some countries; produced by Rogue Pictures, Dark Horse Entertainment and Relativity Media)
 Mamma Mia!: The Movie (2008, co-production with Relativity Media, Littlestar and Playtone)
 The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008, co-production with Relativity Media, Alphaville and Sommers Company)
 Death Race (2008, co-production with Relativity Media)
Flash of Genius (2008, USA, Japan and France distribution, co-production with Spyglass Entertainment and Strike Entertainment)
 The Express (2008, co-production with Relativity Media)
 Changeling (2008, co-production with Imagine Entertainment, Malpaso Productions and Relativity Media)
 Role Models (2008, co-production with New Regency and Relativity Media)
 Frost/Nixon (2008) (co-production with Imagine Entertainment, Working Title Films, StudioCanal and Relativity Media)
 The Tale of Desperaux (2008) (co-production with Framestore CFC, Larger Than Life Productions, Relativity Media and Universal Animation Studios)
 The Unborn (2009) (distribution only in some countries; co-production with Relativity Media, Rogue Pictures and Platinum Dunes)
 Duplicity (2009, co-production with Relativity Media)
 Fast & Furious (2009), co-produced with One Race Films, Original Film and Relativity Media
 State of Play (2009, co-production with Andell Entertainment, Working Title Films, Studio Canal and Relativity Media)
The Soloist (2009, international distribution, co-production with DreamWorks, StudioCanal, Participant Media and Working Title Films)
 Drag Me to Hell (2009) (co-produced with Ghost House Pictures)
 Land of the Lost (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media and Sid & Marty Krofft Pictures)
 Public Enemies (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media)
 Brüno (2009) (co-production with Media Rights Capital and Four By Two Films)
 Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey! (2009) (co-production with Imagine Entertainment and Universal Animation Studios)
 Funny People (2009) (USA distribution; co-production with Columbia Pictures, Apatow Productions, Happy Madison and Relativity Media)
 Inglourious Basterds (2009) (co-production with A Band Apart and The Weinstein Company)
 Love Happens (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media)
 Couples Retreat (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media)
 Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media)
The Fourth Kind (2009) (co-production with Gold Circle Films and Dead Crow Productions)
 Pirate Radio (2009) (international distribution, co-production with Focus Features, StudioCanal and Working Title Films)
 It's Complicated (2009) (co-production with Relativity Media)
2010s

2020s

Upcoming

Undated films

Notes

References

Other websites
 Universal Pictures
 

Lists of movies
Universal Pictures movies
American movies by studio
Filmographies
Universal Pictures
2029 (MMXXIX) will be .

Predicted events 
 Friday, April 13 — The asteroid 99942 Apophis (previously also known by its provisional designation 2004 MN4) will pass within 30,000 km (18,600 mi) of the Earth. 
 Music by Buddy Holly will enter the public domain this year.
 Ray Kurzweil and other futurists predict that computer intelligence will exceed biological intelligence.
 The FBI will have permission to reveal to the public the Top Secret papers on John F. Kennedy's assassination.

2029 in fiction

Computer and video games 
 Deus Ex (2000): JC Denton's "assigned birth date" is  March 17.

Manga 
 Ghost in the Shell:  Public Security Section 9 is established.

Movies 
 The Terminator (1984): Kyle Reese and a Terminator are sent back in time to 1984.
 Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991): Two Terminators, a T-800 and a T-1000, are sent back in time to, respectively, protect and kill John Connor as a teenager.
Music 
 Post-Grunge rock band Our Lady Peace's popular song "In Repair", among others, from their 2000 album Spiritual Machines, references the year 2029 in the opening, which states "The year is 2029. The machines will convince us that they are conscious...". The entire album was attributed and dedicated to Futurist Ray Kurzweil.
 Gothic Metal band Type O Negative speaks of the year 2029 (specifically April 13, 2029) in their song "The Profit of Doom", which is from the narrative of a doom prophet. The album with the song "The Profit of Doom", entitled Dead Again, was released on March 13, 2007.

Television 
 Six Feet Under ("Everyone's Waiting," 2005): Keith Charles is shot and killed by robbers seizing the contents of his armored truck.

Comics 
 10 January — Comic book character Tintin, from The Adventures of Tintin created by Herge, turns 100 years old.

Other websites
Elephants Dream is a short movie made using mostly open source software. Blender was the main program used to make the movie. It began production in September 2005 and was released on March 24, 2006. It was first developed under the name Orange, then later changed to Machina then finally to Elephants Dream since the people working on the movie could not decide how "Machina" would be pronounced. The movie is 11 minutes long.
Overview 
The movie has a very random and abstract nature. Despite the film's title, Elephants Dream does not have any elephants or dreams. It instead has Proog and Emo in an extremely bizarre construction referred to only as "the machine." Proog tries to introduce Emo to its nature, but Emo is reluctant (If a person is reluctant to do something, he/she does not want to do it.) and argues about its purpose.
Bassam Kurdali, Director of Elephants Dream, explained the plot of the movie by saying:
Other websites
 The Elephants Dream website

Animated movies
2006 movies
English-language movies
The Chapel Royal is a department of the monarch's household in the United Kingdom. 

Incorrectly, the term is also used for the choirs of these chapels. The correct name for these choirs is the Gentlemen of the Chapel. They are a group of priests and singers who sing church services for the British monarch (king or queen). They are helped by young boy singers called choristers or Children of the Chapel. It is an old tradition.
Today there are two consecrated buildings at St James’s Palace, near Buckingham Palace in London served by the Chapel Royal. These chapels do not belong to the diocese (group of churches in a district).  That is why they are called “royal peculiars” (“peculiar” in this sense does not mean “strange” but “special”). Services are held every Sunday except during August and September.  Members of the public are welcome to go to these services.  This is the only time that the public can go into the royal chapels. The choir also sing at special services, including one held every year on 6 January to celebrate Epiphany when offerings of gold, frankincense and myrrh are made on behalf of the queen.

History 
The Chapel Royal dates back to the late 13th century.  At that time the priests and choir travelled with the king wherever he went.

In the 17th century the chapel had its own building in Whitehall, which burned down in 1698.  Since 1702 it has been based in St. James's Palace.
In the 16th and 17th centuries the choir was the best choir in England.  William Byrd and Thomas Tallis were both organists there during the reign of Elizabeth I.  Boy choristers from choirs outside London were sometimes made to join the Children of the Chapel if they had beautiful voices. These boys also took part in plays at the king or queen’s court.  Charles II liked musical instruments, so the choir were often joined by violins, lutes and viols. 

Some very famous composers were organists at the Chapel Royal.  These include: Thomas Tallis (c.1545-85), William Byrd (c.1572-c.1618), John Bull (1591-1613), Orlando Gibbons (1605-25), John Blow (1673/4-1708), Henry Purcell (1682-95), Jeremiah Clarke (1704-1707), William Croft (1708-27), and George Frideric Handel who was organist from (1723-59).  At the time Handel was appointed he was still German, not English, so he was not allowed to be a member.  Instead, he was given a special title: "Composer of Musick of His Majesty's Chappel Royal".
Today the Choir rehearses twice weekly at St James's Palace. The choir consists of six Gentlemen-in-Ordinary who are professional singers, and ten boys who have scholarships to go to the City of London School where they are called Queen's Scholars. 

The composer Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, who was Master of the Queen's Music, worked closely with the Chapel Royal, composing a new carol for them every Christmas.

The head of the Chapel Royal in Scotland is a Dean. Another Chapel Royal once existed in Ireland.

Other websites
 Chapels Royal, from the official site of the British Monarchy
Churches in the United Kingdom
British royalty
Church architecture
Orlando Gibbons (born: Oxford, baptised 25 December 1583; died Canterbury, 5 June 1625) was an English composer and organist.  He was one of the most important composers of his day.  He is famous for his church music and organ music.  He lived in the late Tudor and early Jacobean periods.

Gibbons was born in Oxford where his father was a city wait.  The family moved to Cambridge and his brother Edward, who was 15 years older than Orlando, became Master of the Choristers at King’s College.   Between 1596 and 1598 Orlando sang in the choir of King's College, Cambridge where his brother was master.  He entered the university in 1598 and got the degree of Bachelor of Music in 1606. He married and had seven children.
James I made him a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, where he was organist from at least 1615 until his death. In 1625 he became senior organist at the Chapel Royal, with Thomas Tomkins as junior organist. He was also keyboard player (mainly harpsichord) in the privy chamber of the court of Prince Charles (later King Charles I), and organist at Westminster Abbey.  He died an early death in Canterbury of apoplexy, and a monument to him was built in Canterbury Cathedral.
Gibbons wrote a lot of keyboard works, around thirty fantasias for viols, some madrigals (the best-known being The Silver Swan), and many popular anthems.  He was very good at writing counterpoint as well as lovely melodies.  His famous verse anthem This is the record of John is often sung by choirs at Advent. It has a lovely solo for a  countertenor who takes it in turns with the full chorus.  Gibbons wrote two settings of the Evensong service: a long one with several verses, and the Short service. His full anthems include O Lord in thy wrath, and the Palm Sunday setting of O clap your hands together for 8 voices.

References 

1583 births
1625 deaths
Baroque composers
English composers
English organists
People from Oxford
Renaissance composers
Waits or waites were British town musicians. From medieval times up to the early 19th century, every important British town and city had a band of waites. Some other countries in Europe also had waits.  They were called Stadtpfeifer in Germany and Pifferi in Italy.

The duties (things they had to do) varied in different towns and at different times in history.  One of their most important jobs was to play at certain times of day so that people knew what the time was.  They often played from the top of church towers.  Sometimes they were also guards, watching from the towers so that they could spot any danger.  They were like watchmen, making sure everything was all right (there was no police at that time).  They woke people up in the mornings by playing music in the streets.

The instruments they played also varied.  Mostly they were loud wind instruments such as the shawm.  It was a paid job.  The waits wore smart liveries and silver chains of office with the town's arms.
In Germany the Stadtpfeifer would also play at church services.  They would play shawms or  trombones on normal days, but trumpets and drums on feast-days.

In Britain there were no more waits after 1835. The name “waits” is still used in “Christmas Waits” (any group of people singing carols at Christmas).

References 

English musical groups
History of Europe
Music history
The oath was a pledge signed by 576 members out of 577 of France's Third Estate and a few members of the First Estate on June 20, 1789 in a tennis court near the Palace of Versailles. 

The meeting hall of the Estates General had been locked accidentally, but the Third Estate thought that this was an invasion of their rights, and were very angry with the king. They stood in a nearby indoor tennis court. They made a solemn vow that they would not move until "the voice of the country was heard" and their requests were met. They were joined by the nobles and clergy.

The vote had always been taken by class, and usually, the clergy and the nobility voted to support whatever the king wanted, so the vote of the middle class did not matter. The middle class argued that voting should be "by poll" not by order, because they had more representatives than the first two estates combined. They also wanted the Estates General to meet as one body, so that voting would be by poll, rather than by class.
A week later, the king agreed and the Estates General met as the "National Assembly".

Related pages
 French Revolution

1789
French Revolution
A chart or graph is an image which summarizes data and presents it in an easy to understand way. Charts are often used to make it easier to understand the relationships of different aspects of the data. It is easier to read a chart than the raw data.

Types of charts 
 A bar chart uses bars to show values for different categories.
 A pie chart shows percentage values as a slice of a pie.
 A flow chart shows the separate steps of a process.

C
Samuel Adams (September 27  (OS), 1722–October 2, 1803) was an American leader, politician, writer, and political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Adams helped gather support in the American colonies to rebel against Great Britain. This led to the American Revolution. Adams shaped the foundations of American politics.
Further reading 
Many of the foremost works on Adams' life are from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Much of the information in more recent biographies is attributed to these earlier works.
 Alexander, John K. Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. .
 Beach, Stewart. Samuel Adams, the Fateful Years, 1764–1776. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1965.
 Cushing, Harry A., ed. The Writings of Samuel Adams. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1908.
 Fischer, David H. Paul Revere's Ride. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. .
 Fradin, Dennis B. Samuel Adams: the Father of American Independence. New York: Clarion Books, 1998. .
 Hosmer, James K. Samuel Adams. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885.
 Irvin, Benjamin H. Sam Adams: Son of Liberty, Father of Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. .
 Maier, Pauline. From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765–1776. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992. .
Maier, Pauline. The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980. .
 Miller, John C. Sam Adams, Pioneer in Propaganda. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1936.
 Puls, Mark. Samuel Adams: Father of the American Revolution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. .
 Wells, William V. The Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams: Being a Narrative of His Acts and Opinions, and of His Agency in Producing and Forwarding the American Revolution, with Extracts From His Correspondence, State Papers, and Political Essays. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1865.
Other websites 

Samuel Adams quotes at Liberty-Tree.ca

Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governor Biography
Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856 
Encyclopedia Britannica: Adams, Samuel 

1722 births
1803 deaths
American Calvinists
Congregationalists
Governors of Massachusetts
Politicians from Boston
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
A bar chart is a type of chart which shows the values of different categories of data as rectangular bars with different lengths. A histogram is a bar chart that shows how data is spread over its categories.

It is another one dimensional diagram also known as pillar diagram or column graph. These bars do not have any specific width but the height of the bar is proportionally to the value of an element. When the variations are small this method is very efficient. 

Charts
A pie chart is a type of chart with the shape of a pie or circle. It presents the relationship of different parts of the data. One would easily see the biggest or smallest share of the total data, by simply looking at the pie chart.

History

The earliest known pie charts were in William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801, in which two are used.

This invention was not widely used at first. The French engineer Charles Joseph Minard was one of the first to use it. In 1858 he used them in maps to add information in a third dimension.

Some have said that Florence Nightingale invented it, but they were ignorant of Playfair's creation.
Nightingale was one of the first to use graphics to get important statistics to the reading public.
The polar area diagram is similar to a usual pie chart, except sectors are equal angles and differ rather in how far each sector extends from the center of the circle.
The polar area diagram is used to plot cyclic phenomena (e.g., count of deaths by month).
For example, if the count of deaths in each month for a year are to be plotted then there will be 12 sectors (one per month) all with the same angle of 30 degrees each. The radius of each sector would be proportional to the square root of the death count for the month, so the area of a sector represents the number of deaths in a month.
If the death count in each month is subdivided by cause of death, it is possible to make multiple comparisons on one diagram, as is seen in the polar area diagram used by Nightingale.

Limitations
Limitations 

Pie charts are not the most accurate way to show data: that has been known for some time. Pie charts should be used only when the sum of all categories is meaningful, for example if they represent proportions.

Pie charts are rare in scientific writing. They are more common in business and economics. One reason for this may be that it is more difficult to compare the size of items in a chart when area is used instead of length. Stevens' power law says that it is harder to see small differences using visual area than when using length. This means that length is a better scale to use, because differences can be seen more easily.

This can be shown with the image to the right. The pie chart and the bar chart have the same data. Most people have difficulty putting the slices in the pie chart in order by size from biggest to smallest. When using the bar chart, it is much easier to tell the difference between bars that are very similar in size.

Notes
Notes

References 
 Cleveland, William 1985. The elements of graphing data. Pacific Grove, California: Wadsworth. 
 Phillip I. Good and James W. Hardin. 2003. Common errors in statistics (and how to avoid them). Wiley.

Other websites 

 Draw any pie chart
 Warning against using pie charts
 Polar area diagram

Pie
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress. It also includes all members of the Continental Congress. It also includes delegates from territories and the District of Columbia and Resident Commissioners from the Philippines and Puerto Rico.

Other websites
 Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
 House Document No. 108-222 ,Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 - 2005

Legislative branch of the United States government
A teapot is a container used to mix tea leaves with boiling water to make tea. Usually the tea leaves are in a tea bag when the tea leaves are put into the water. The tea can be poured from the teapot into cups.

Further reading
Steve Woodhead, "The Teapot Book" A.&C. Black, 2005 .
Robin Emmerson, "British Teapots and Tea Drinking" HMSO, 1992 
Garth Clark "The Artful Teapot"  Thames and Hudson 
Edward Bramah "Novelty Teapots" Quiller Press

Other websites

 A history of teapots 
Sparta Teapot Museum USA 
A brief history of teapots from Stoke-on-Trent Museums 

Tea
Cooking appliances
Le Monde (English: The World) is a French daily evening newspaper.  It is among the newspapers most read in France. Its political opinion is slightly left-wing. In many countries outside France, this is the only French newspaper available.

The newspaper should not be confused with the monthly publication Le Monde diplomatique. Le Monde has 51% ownership of the monthly. Despite this, the monthly has a different editorial staff.

Le Monde was founded by Hubert Beuve-Méry. This was at the request of General Charles de Gaulle after the German army was driven from Paris during World War II. The newspaper took over the format of Le Temps, because the reputation of the latter had suffered during the Occupation of France. Beuve-Méry reportedly asked for total editorial independence as the condition for his taking on the project. Its first edition appeared on December 19, 1944. Le Monde has been available on the Internet since December 19, 1995. It is the main publication of Groupe Le Monde.
In 2004, Le Monde had a circulation of 371,803 copies.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Le Monde 

French-language newspapers
Begging the question requires two or more ideas. Each of these ideas may or may not be true. The speaker of these ideas tries to show that one idea is true by saying a second idea proves it, but the second idea is true only if the first idea is true already.

Begging the question is commonly known as circular reasoning, though they are not exactly the same.

Begging the question is a fallacy.

Examples 
 "If such actions were not illegal, then they would not be prohibited by the law." (The sentence means "If that wasn't okay, then it wouldn't be okay.")

Modern usage 
"This begs the question" has recently been used to mean "this raises the question."  This usage is often criticized as inappropriate.

References 
	

Logical fallacies
Ciwan Haco (born 1957) is a Kurdish singer. He was born near Qamishlo in Syria. After finishing high school, he left for Germany in order to continue his studies. He studied music at the University of Bochum for three years. After university, he started his career as a singer. He combined Kurdish folk music with western style pop music, rock, blues, and jazz. He has released 14 albums. He become well known on the Kurdish music scene after he sang for more than 200.000 people in Batman, south Turkey, in 2003. Haco lives in Sweden with his wife. He has two children, Lorin, 7, and Rosa, 5.

1957 births
Living people
Kurdish people
Singers
Amita Marie "Tata" Young (born December 14, 1980 in Bangkok) is a Thai singer, model and actress, partly from American descent. 

She became a singer when she was 15. Her first album was called Amita Tata Young and it was very successful. It sold more than a million copies in less than 5 months. In 2004, she made an English album called I Believe. It sold many copies and made her famous in other countries as well.

In 2006  she made her second English album called "Temperature Rising", which made her even more popular, especially in Asia. In 2008 Tata Young released a Thai language album called "One Love".

Her most recent album Ready for Love was released in 2009.

1980 births
Living people
Tata Young
Thai singers
Tata Young
Bollywood playback singers
Electropop singers
Trip has several meanings:
 Trip (drink), a brand of juice in Finland
 TRIPs Agreement, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
 Transformation Induced Plasticity, a strain-hardening effect in steel
 The Trip (1967 movie), starring Peter Fonda
 The Trip (2002 movie)
 The Trip (TV series), a Channel 4 show
 The Trip, Italian rock band of the 1970s

Trip may also be:
 Travel
 Vacation
 Psychedelic experience with drugs
Practice or practise (a verb form in British English) is the act of repeating a behavior over and over, or doing an activity again and again.

It is a way to learn things faster, by repeating them. For example, sport teams practice to prepare for real games, or a musician practices for some hours every day, so he can play perfectly in his concert.

A practice can also mean the way something is done, like in "medical practice".

Skills
Stevens' power law is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and the intensity or strength that people feel.

Most people think that it describes a wider range of sensations than Weber-Fechner law. But critics argue that the validity of the law is not sure.

The theory is named after psychophysicist Stanley Smith Stevens (1906–1973).  Although the idea of a power law had been suggested by 19th century researchers, Stevens is credited with reviving the law and publishing a body of psychophysical data to support it in 1956.

The general form of the law is

where   is the magnitude of the physical stimulus,  is the psychophysical function capturing sensation (the subjective size of the stimulus),  is an exponent that depends on the type of stimulation and  is a proportionality constant that depends on the type of stimulation and the units used.

The table to the right lists the exponents reported by Stevens.

References
Ellermeier, W., Faulhammer, G. (2000). Empirical evaluation of axioms fundamental to Stevens's ratio-scaling approach: I. Loudness production. Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 1505–1511.
 Green, D. M., & Luce, R. D. (1974). Variability of magnitude estimates: a timing theory analysis. Perception & Psychophysics, 15, 291–300.
 Luce, R. D. (2002). A psychophysical theory of intensity proportions, joint presentations, and matches. Psychological Review, 109, 520–532.
 Narens, L. (1996). A theory of ratio magnitude estimation. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 40,  109–129.
 Smelser, N. J., & Baltes, P. B. (2001). International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences. pp. 15105–15106. Amsterdam; New York: Elsevier. .
 Steingrimsson, R., & Luce, R. D. (2006). Empirical evaluation of a model of global psychophysical judgments: III. A form for the psychophysical function and intensity filtering. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 50, 15–29.
Stevens, S. S. (1957). On the psychophysical law. Psychological Review 64(3):153–181. PMID 13441853.
 Zimmer, K. (2005). Examining the validity of numerical ratios in loudness fractionation. Perception & Psychophysics, 67, 569–579.
A Stimulus (plural stimuli) is something which causes a response. It is used in various bodies:

Stimulus (psychology): an input to a person's (or animal's) senses which causes a reaction or response. Especially used in classical conditioning and other kinds of behavioral experiments.
Stimulus (physiology): a detectable change around an organism. Sensory receptors may then produce changes in the body's physiology. 
Input to a digital system. A stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system.
Stimulus (economics): a code-word for using tax and credit changes to boost a country's economy. Includes other measures to increase the supply of money.
A logic gate is an electronic component that can be used to conduct electricity based on a rule. The output of the gate is the result of applying this rule to one or more "inputs".  These inputs may be two wires or the output of other logic gates.

Logic gates are digital components. They normally work at only two levels of voltage, a positive level and  zero level. Commonly they work based on two states: On and Off. In the On state, voltage is positive. In the Off state, the voltage is at zero. The On state usually uses a voltage in the range of 3.5 to 5 volts. This range can be lower for some uses. 

Logic gates compare the state at their inputs to decide what the state at their output should be. A logic gate is on or active when its rules are correctly met. At this time, electricity is flowing through the gate and the voltage at its output is at the level of its On state.

Logic gates are electronic versions of Boolean logic. Truth tables will tell you what the output will be, depending on the inputs.
AND logic gate 

AND gates have two inputs. The output of an AND gate is on only if both inputs are on. If at least one of the inputs is off, the output will be off. 

Using the image at the right, if A and B are both in an On state, the output (out) will be an On state. If either A or B is in an Off state, the output will also be in an Off state. A and B must be On for the output to be On.

OR logic gate 

OR gates have two inputs. The output of an OR gate will be on if at least one of the inputs are on. If both inputs are off, the output will be off. 

Using the image at the right, if either A or B is On, the output (out) will also be On. If both A and B are Off, the output will be Off.

NOT logic gate 

The NOT logic gate has only one input. If the input is On then the output will be Off. In other words, the NOT logic gate changes the signal from On to Off or from Off to On. It is sometimes called an inverter.

XOR logic gate