Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Louis Eugene Farrakhan (born May 11, 1933) is an American religious leader, political activist and writer, social commentator, and black supremacist who is the leader of the religious group known as The Nation of Islam, which is based on an African-American interpretation of Islam. Many people say that he was involved in a plot to kill Malcolm X. He is known for his antisemitic views and anti-White views. In 2007, he retired. 

Farrakhan was born Louis Eugene Wolcott in The Bronx, New York. He started playing the violin when he was six years old. He went to the Boston Latin School.

Farrakhan now lives in Kenwood, Chicago. In 1953, he married Khadijah Farrakhan. They have nine children.

References

Other websites
 Nation of Islam's Official Louis Farrakhan Bio Sketch
 Final Call Newspaper, founded by Louis Farrakhan
 Louis Farrakhan's weekly news column
Writers from Chicago
Writers from the Bronx
Writers from Boston
American political activists
American political writers
American political commentators
American Islamic religious leaders
African-American people
Living people
1933 births
The Synod of Dort was a national council that took place in 1618-1619 in the town of Dordrecht in the Netherlands. The Dutch Reformed Church held the meeting in order to discuss a very important issue in the Dutch churches that begin with the teachings of Jacobus Arminius and the rise of Arminianism. The first meeting was on November 13, 1618, and the last meeting, which was the 154th, took place on May 9, 1619. 

Members from the Reformed churches in eight different countries were also invited to this meeting. The name Dort is the English name for the Dutch town of Dordrecht and is still used as the pronunciation of the name today. This synod, or meeting, is usually called the Synod of Dordt or the Synod of Dordrecht.
Purpose 
The reason that this meeting was called was to settle an issue that had just been brought up in the Dutch churches after the spread of Arminianism. After Jacob Arminius died, people that believed the same way that he did objected to the Belgic Confession and the teachings of John Calvin and Theodore Beza. Arminius's followers published their problems with the Confession in a paper called The Remonstrance of 1610. The followers of the things listed in this document were called Remonstrants. Calvinists, who followed the teachings of John Calvin, became known as Contra-Remonstrants.
In The Remonstrance and some later writing, the Arminians wrote about an alternative to the Calvinist Belgic Confession and mentioned several things that they disagreed with. They taught election on the basis of God knowing who would have faith, a universal atonement, resistible grace and the possibility of walking away from grace. Simon Episopius was the speaker for the 13 members of the Remonstrants who were called to the Synod in 1618.

The end of the meetings and the Canon of Dort 
The meetings concluded with the views of the Remonstrants being rejected and set out the Reformed doctrine on each of the points. These are sometimes called the Five points of Calvinism and are remembered by the five letters "TULIP".

The Decision of the Synod of Dort on the Five Main Points of Doctrine in Dispute in the Netherlands, known as the Canons of Dort, is the reasoning behind the decisions made by the Synod.
The Canons are not supposed to be an absolute explanation of the Reformed doctrine, but only explain the five points of doctrine that were being argued over.

Related pages
 Calvinism
 Arminianism

Other websites 

 Canons of Dort  at CRC home
 Canons of Dort at Reformed.org

1618
1619
Calvinism
Dordrecht
History of the Netherlands
Protestantism in the Netherlands
Protestant Reformation
Jacobus Arminius (October 10, 1560 – October 19, 1609), is the Latin name of the Dutch theologian Jakob Hermanszoon. He is also known by the names of Jacob Arminius or James Arminius. Arminius was a professor of theology at the University of Leiden from 1603 until he died in 1609. He wrote many books and papers on theology, which is the study of God, and his views became the basis for the Dutch Remonstrants.

After he died, his views on theology were most widely known for being the opposite of the five points of Calvinism, though Arminius only objected to three: unconditional election, limited atonement, and irresistible grace; and he doubted the perseverance of the saints. His view on total depravity agreed with John Calvin, only changing the view held by Calvinists a small amount.
Life 
Arminius was born at Oudewater, Utrecht. His father Herman died when Arminius was a baby, leaving his wife (and Jacob's mother) as a single mother with small children.
Theodorus Aemilius, a priest, adopted Jacobus and sent him to school at Utrecht. His mother was killed by the Spanish in Oudewater in 1575. About that same year the kindness of his friends allowed him to go study theology at the University of Leiden.

References

Other websites 

 The Works of James Arminius, Vol. 1
 The Works of James Arminius, Vol. 2
 The Works of James Arminius, Vol. 3
 "Who Was Arminius?" by W. Robert Godfrey (a Calvinist view)
 Profile page for Jacobus Arminius on the "Find A Grave" website

1560 births
1609 deaths
Dutch theologians
Dutch academics
People from Utrecht (province)
Valdeir Vieira (born 11 July 1944) is a Brazilian football manager.

References

1944 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Richart Báez (born 31 July 1973) is a former Paraguayan football player. He has played for Paraguay national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||Olimpia||Primera División||||

|-
|1996||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||9||3

|-
|1997||Universidad Chile||Primera División||||
|-
|1998||Audax Italiano La Florida||Primera División||||

|-
|1998/99||América||Primera División||24||3

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Olimpia||rowspan="2"|Primera División||||
|-
|2000||||

|-
|2000/01||Atlético Celaya||Primera División||10||0

|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Olimpia||rowspan="3"|Primera División||||
|-
|2002||||
|-
|2003||||
|-
|2004||12 Octubre||Primera División||||

|-
|2004/05||Municipal||Liga Nacional||3||0

|-
|2005||Sportivo Luqueño||Primera División||||
||
9||3
||
34||3
3||0
46||6
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||8||1
|-
|1996||5||0
|-
|1997||6||1
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
!Total||26||2
|}

References
References

1973 births
Living people
Paraguayan footballers
Sportspeople from Asunción
Mustapha Hadji (born 16 November 1971) is a Moroccan football player. He has played for Morocco national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="5"|Nancy-Lorraine||Division 1||0||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Division 2||32||6
|-
|1993/94||37||11
|-
|1994/95||28||3
|-
|1995/96||37||11

|-
|1996/97||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||27||3

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="2"|La Liga||10||0
|-
|1998/99||21||2

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Coventry City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||33||6
|-
|2000/01||29||6
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Aston Villa||rowspan="3"|Premier League||23||2
|-
|2002/03||11||0
|-
|2003/04||1||0

|-
|2003/04||Espanyol Barcelona||La Liga||16||1

|-
|2004/05||Al-Ain||UAE League||15||5

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Saarbrücken||2. Bundesliga||30||4
|-
|2006/07||||24||6

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Fola Esch||Division of Honour||25||17
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|National Division||17||7
|-
|2009/10||||
134||31
27||3
47||3
97||14
15||5
54||10
42||24
416||90
|}
International career statistics

|-
|1993||||
|-
|1994||||
|-
|1995||||
|-
|1996||||
|-
|1997||6||1
|-
|1998||11||4
|-
|1999||8||3
|-
|2000||7||0
|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||||
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
Moroccan footballers
Alexi Lalas (born June 1, 1970) is a former American soccer player. He has played for United States national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Padova||rowspan="2"|Serie A||33||2
|-
|1995/96||11||0

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|New England Revolution||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||25||1
|-
|1997||30||2

|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Emelec||rowspan="2"|Serie A||||
|-
|1998||||

|-
|1998||MetroStars||Major League Soccer||25||2
|-
|1999||Kansas City Wizards||Major League Soccer||30||4
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Los Angeles Galaxy||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||11||2
|-
|2002||26||4
|-
|2003||22||1
44||2
169||16
||
213||18
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1991||2||0
|-
|1992||0||0
|-
|1993||25||4
|-
|1994||22||1
|-
|1995||12||2
|-
|1996||14||0
|-
|1997||14||2
|-
|1998||7||0
|-
!Total||96||9
|}

References

1970 births
Living people
American soccer players
Christian Wilhelmsson (born 8 December 1979) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Al-Hilal and Sweden national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|Mjällby||rowspan="3"|Division 1||6||0
|-
|1998||21||4
|-
|1999||25||7

|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Stabæk||rowspan="4"|Premier League||24||9
|-
|2001||25||6
|-
|2002||26||6
|-
|2003||9||4

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Anderlecht||rowspan="3"|First Division||27||4
|-
|2004/05||32||4
|-
|2005/06||31||5

|-
|2006/07||Nantes Atlantique||Ligue 1||13||0

|-
|2006/07||Roma||Serie A||19||1

|-
|2007/08||Bolton Wanderers||Premier League||8||0

|-
|2007/08||Deportivo La Coruña||La Liga||15||1

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Al-Hilal||rowspan="2"|Professional League||||
|-
|2009/10||||
52||13
84||25
90||13
13||0
19||1
8||0
15||1
||
281||53
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||14||1
|-
|2005||8||1
|-
|2006||12||1
|-
|2007||10||1
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||59||4
|}

References
References 

1979 births
Living people
Swedish footballers
People from Malmo
Sweden at UEFA Euro 2004
Sweden at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
Sweden at UEFA Euro 2008
Sweden at UEFA Euro 2012
is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.

Club career statistics

References

Other websites

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Kyoto
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (9 November 1818 - 3 September 1883) was a Russian writer, most famous for his novel Fathers and Sons.

Life 

Turgenev was born into a rich land-owning family in Oryol, Russia, on 9 November 1818. His father died when Turgenev was sixteen. He and his brother Nicholas were brought up by their mother. She did not treat them well.

Turgenev went to the University of Moscow for one year and then moved to the University of Saint Petersburg, where he studied Classics and Russian Literature. In 1838 he went to the University of Berlin to study philosophy and history. Turgenev liked Germany and thought Russia should change their social system to be more like Germany’s.
The 1840s and 1850s were hard times for writers and artists in Russia. The political system did not allow them to express themselves as they wanted to. Many intelligent Russians left the country and went to England, France and Germany. In 1852 Turgenev himself was put in prison for a month for praising Nikolai Gogol – a famous Russian writer who had been criticised by the ruling powers in the country. In 1854, Turgenev moved to Western Europe and started writing his novel Rudin, which complained about the Russia of the 1840s and 1850s. 

The political system in Russia changed in 1855 when Alexander II took over power from his father Nicholas I. Writers and artists had more freedom from this time. In 1860 one of Turgenev’s most famous novels, First Love, was published.

In 1862, Fathers and Sons, Turgenev’s most famous novel, appeared. Many people did not like the novel which upset Turgenev and he began to write less.

Smoke was published in 1867, but again was not popular in Russia.
In 1879, he received an honorary degree from the University of Oxford in England.

In later life, Turgenev did not live in Russia much. He lived either at Baden-Baden or Paris, often near the singer Pauline Viardot, who he was having an affair with. He never married, but he did have a daughter with one of his family’s servants.

Turgenev died near Paris on 3 September 1883. On his deathbed he told Leo Tolstoy to start writing again.

Turgenev had an awkward relationship with two other famous Russian writers – Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky criticised Turgenev for liking Western Europe and its literature more than Russian literature. Turgenev was also close to the French writer Gustave Flaubert.

Main works
Main works 

 1857 - Rudin (Рудин), English translation: Rudin
 1859 - Dvoryanskoye Gnezdo (Дворянское гнездо), English translation: A Nest of Gentlefolk
 1860 - Nakanune (Накануне), English translation: On the Eve
 1862 - Ottsy i Deti (Отцы и дети); English translation: Fathers and Sons
 1867 - Dym (Дым); English translation: Smoke
 1877 - Nov (Новь); English translation: Virgin Soil

Related pages
List of Russian language poets
List of Russian-language novelists

Other websites 
 Works by & about Ivan Turgenev at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
  Gutenberg.org (plain text and HTML)

1818 births
1883 deaths
Russian writers
Kim Jung-Woo (born 9 May 1982) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i||rowspan="3"|K-League||34||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|-
|2004||18||0||4||0||0||0||22||0
|-
|2005||23||0||1||0||9||0||33||0

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||25||3||1||0||4||0||30||3
|-
|2007||27||4||1||0||2||0||30||4

|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma||rowspan="2"|K-League||22||4||2||0||8||1||32||5
|-
|2009||25||3||5||1||7||2||37||6
|-
|2010||Gwangju Sangmu||K-League||||||||||||||||
122||8||16||1||24||2||162||11
52||7||2||0||6||0||60||7
174||15||18||1||30||2||222||182
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2003||2||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||10||0
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
|2007||10||1
|-
|2008||5||0
|-
|2009||10||1
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||49||2
|}

References

Other websites
  Kim Jung Woo at FIFA.com
1982 births
Living people
South Korean footballers
Marek Špilár (11 February 1975 – 7 September 2013) was a former Slovak football player. He has played for Slovakia national team.

On 7 September 2013, Špilár committed suicide by jumping out of a fifth-floor window in Prešov.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Petra Drnovice||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||1||0
|-
|1994/95||1||0

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Tatran Prešov||rowspan="2"|Superliga||27||0
|-
|1996/97||26||6
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Košice||rowspan="3"|Superliga||25||0
|-
|1998/99||25||0
|-
|1999/00||25||3

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Baník Ostrava||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||23||0
|-
|2001/02||7||0
|-
|2001/02||Sigma Olomouc||Gambrinus liga||8||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Brugge||rowspan="4"|First Division||6||0
|-
|2003/04||8||0
|-
|2004/05||5||0
|-
|2005/06||12||0

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||21||1
|-
|2007||3||0
40||0
128||9
31||0
24||1
223||10
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1997||11||0
|-
|1998||12||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
!Total||30||0
|}

References

1975 births
2013 deaths
Slovak footballers
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides by jumping
Andrej Panadić (born 9 March 1969) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia's national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Dinamo Zagreb||rowspan="3"|First League||28||3
|-
|1989/90||30||4
|-
|1990/91||18||0

|-
|1992||HAŠK-Građanski||Prva HNL||20||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="2"|Croatia Zagreb||rowspan="2"|Prva HNL||29||3
|-
|1993/94||23||4

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Chemnitzer FC||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||32||3
|-
|1995/96||33||2
|-
|1996/97||Uerdingen||2. Bundesliga||31||2
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="5"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||13||2
|-
|1998/99||26||2
|-
|1999/00||29||1
|-
|2000/01||24||0
|-
|2001/02||9||0

|-
|2001/02||Sturm Graz||Bundesliga||14||1

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||22||0
|-
|2003||26||3
|-
|2004||3||0
76||7
72||7
197||12
14||1
51||3
410||30
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1989||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References
References

1969 births
1990 FIFA World Cup players
Croatian footballers
Croatian football managers
Living people
Sportspeople from Zagreb
Yugoslavian footballers
Franck Durix (born 20 October 1965) is a former French football player.

References

1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
People from Rhône (department)
Kim Sang-Woo (born 18 May 1987) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player..

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||7||1||0||0||7||1
|-
|2007||24||0||0||0||24||0
31||1||0||0||31||1
31||1||0||0||31||1
|}

References

1987 births
Living people
South Korean footballers
Shigeru Yokotani (born 3 May 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Ehime||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||36||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||38||2
|-
|2009||45||6||1||0||colspan="2"|-||46||6
|-
|2010||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
81||8||3||0||2||0||86||8
81||8||3||0||2||0||86||8
|}

References
Gamba Osaka 

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Hyōgo Prefecture
is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Kodai Yasuda is also a footballer.

Biography
Yasuda was born in Osaka Prefecture on December 20, 1987. He joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka from their youth team in 2006. He played many matches as left side back from 2007. The club won the champions in the 2007 J.League Cup, 2008 and 2009 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the champions in 2008 AFC Champions League which is first Asian title in the club history. In 2011, he moved to Dutch Eredivisie club Vitesse. Although he played many matches until the 2011/12 season, he could not play many matches in the 2012/13 season. He returned to Japan in summer 2013 and joined Júbilo Iwata. From 2014, he played for Sagan Tosu, Vissel Kobe and Nagoya Grampus. In 2017, he moved to K League Challenge club Busan IPark. In 2018, he returned to Japan and played for J2 League club Albirex Niigata and JEF United Chiba.
In 2007, Yasuda was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup and played all 4 matches. In February 2008, he was selected the Japan national team for 2008 East Asian Football Championship. At this tournament, he debuted against North Korea on February 17. In August 2008, he also played for Japan U-23 national team at 2008 Summer Olympics. He played 7 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2011.

Statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="5"|J1 League||2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2007||29||0||3||0||9||1||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2008||26||0||4||0||3||0||9||2||42||2
|-
|2009||22||0||4||0||2||0||7||1||35||1
|-
|2010||32||1||5||0||2||0||7||1||46||2

|-
|2010/11||rowspan="3"|Vitesse||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2011/12||23||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|2012/13||7||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||12||0
|-
|2013||Júbilo Iwata||J1 League||7||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2014||Sagan Tosu||J1 League||33||1||3||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||39||2
|-
|2015||Vissel Kobe||J1 League||12||0||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2016||Nagoya Grampus||J1 League||22||0||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0

|-
|2017||Busan IPark||K League Challenge||21||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||1

|-
|2018||Albirex Niigata||J2 League||30||6||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||31||6
|-
|2019||rowspan="3"|JEF United Chiba||rowspan="3"|J2 League||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2020||31||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
250||9||24||0||29||2||23||4||326||15
45||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||54||0
21||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||1
316||10||34||0||29||2||26||4||405||16
|}

|-
|2008||5||0
|-
|2009||1||1
|-
|2010||0||0
|-
|2011||1||0
|-
!Total||7||1
|}

References

Other websites
Other websites

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Gamba Osaka players
Júbilo Iwata players
Sagan Tosu players
Vissel Kobe players
Nagoya Grampus players
Albirex Niigata players
JEF United Chiba players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Yamaguchi was born in Kumamoto Prefecture on November 19, 1971. After dropped out from Kindai University, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1993. He became a regular player from 1994. He moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga in 1996 and played until 1997. In June 1998, he signed with Sanfrecce Hiroshima. The club won the 2nd place at 1999 Emperor's Cup. He retired end of 2000 season.

On July 8, 1994, Yamaguchi debuted for the Japan national team against Ghana. He also played at 1995 King Fahd Cup. He played 4 games for Japan until 1995.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J1 League||6||1||2||3||5||2||13||6
|-
|1994||39||16||4||0||3||0||46||16
|-
|1995||41||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||41||9
|-
|1996||11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J1 League||9||0||2||0||11||0||22||0
|-
|1997||7||1||2||0||4||0||13||1
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J1 League||17||2||3||0||0||0||20||2
|-
|1999||26||2||2||0||3||0||31||2
|-
|2000||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
158||31||11||3||27||2||200||36
158||31||11||3||27||2||200||36
|}

|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References

Other websites

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumamoto Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Gamba Osaka players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
Takuya Kokeguchi (born 13 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kataller Toyama.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||21||1||1||0||2||0||24||1
|-
|2005||16||1||2||0||2||0||20||1
|-
|2006||16||0||1||0||2||0||19||0
|-
|2007||J. League 2||27||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2008||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||9||0||0||0||3||0||12||0
|-
|2009||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 2||6||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||1
|-
|2010||Kataller Toyama||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
95||4||4||0||9||0||108||4
95||4||4||0||9||0||108||4
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Okayama Prefecture
Kataller Toyama players
Hogar CREA is a group that helps drug addicts break their habits. It was started in Puerto Rico in 1968 by Javier Garcia Rios "CheJuan".  It spread to several Latin American countries and to the US in the early 80's but is on the decline in the US.  

"CREA" is based on the idea of who to better treat drug addiction than an addict. Many people believe that it is a money making scam.

References

Addiction
1968 establishments in the United States

Medical and health organizations in the United States
Photorespiration, or "'photo-respiration'", is a process in plant metabolism. A sugar has oxygen added to it by the enzyme (RuBisCO), instead of carbon dioxide during normal photosynthesis. This process reduces efficiency of photosynthesis.

Photorespiration can occur when carbon dioxide levels are low, for example, when the stomata are closed to prevent water loss during drought. In most plants, photorespiration increases as temperature increases. Photorespiration produces no ATP and leads to a net loss of carbon and nitrogen (as ammonia), slowing plant growth.

Plant physiology
August Friedrich Leopold Weismann (Frankfurt am Main, 17 January 1834 – Freiburg, 5 November 1914) was a German evolutionary biologist. 

Weismann is much admired today. Ernst Mayr thought he was "one of the great biologists of all time", and ranked him "the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century", after Charles Darwin.
Weismann's barrier 
Weismann advocated the germ plasm theory. According to this, inheritance only takes place by means of the germ cells  the gametes, such as egg cells and sperm cells. Other cells of the body (somatic cells or soma) are not agents of heredity. The effect is one-way: germ cells produce somatic cells, and more germ cells. The germ cells are not affected by anything the somatic cells learn or any ability the body acquires during its life. Genetic information cannot pass from soma to germ plasm and on to the next generation. This is referred to as the Weismann barrier. This idea, if true, rules out the inheritance of acquired characteristics as proposed by Lamarck.
German work on cells 
Weismann's demarkation between germ-line and soma rested on the work of (mostly) German biologists during the second half of the 19th century. This was the time that the mechanisms of cell division began to be understood. Eduard Strasburger, Walther Flemming, and the Belgian Edouard Van Beneden laid the basis for the cytology and cytogenetics of the 20th century. Strasburger, the outstanding botanical physiologist of that century, coined the terms nucleus and cytoplasm. He said "new cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other cell nuclei". Van Beneden discovered how chromosomes combined at meiosis, during the production of gametes. Walther Flemming, the founder of cytogenetics, named mitosis, and pronounced "omne nucleus e nuclei" (which means the same as Strasburger's dictum). The discovery of mitosis, meiosis and chromosomes is regarded as one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology.
Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs in 1876, by Oscar Hertwig. It was described again in 1883, at the level of chromosomes, by Van Beneden in Ascaris eggs. The significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance, however, was first described in 1890 by Weismann, who noted that two cell divisions were necessary to transform one diploid cell into four haploid cells if the number of chromosomes had to be maintained. Thus the work of the earlier cytologists laid the ground for Weismann, who turned his mind to the consequences for evolution, which was an aspect the cytologists had not addressed. All this took place before the work of Mendel had been rediscovered.

References 

1834 births
1914 deaths
Cell biologists
German geneticists
German evolutionary biologists
Scientists from Frankfurt
Theodor Heinrich Boveri (12 October 1862 – 15 October 1915) was a German biologist who made discoveries in cytology, embryology and genetics. His career was devoted to the processes whereby a new individual arises from parental reproductive materials.

His work with sea urchins showed that it was necessary to have all chromosomes present in order for proper development of the embryo to take place. This discovery was an important part of the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory. His other significant discovery was the centrosome (1888), which he described as the especial organ of cell division. Boveri also discovered the phenomenon of chromatin diminution during embryonic development of the nematode Parascaris.
Boveri–Sutton hypothesis 
1902–1904: Boveri, in a series of papers, drew attention to the correspondence between the behaviour of chromosomes and the results obtained by Mendel. He said that chromosomes were "independent entities which retain their independence even in the resting nucleus... What comes out of the nucleus is what goes into it".

In 1903 Walter Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units. E.B. Wilson, who was Sutton's teacher, called this the Sutton–Boveri hypothesis.

Cancer 
Boveri reasoned that a cancerous tumor begins with a single cell in which the make up of its chromosomes becomes scrambled, causing the cells to divide uncontrollably.

It was only later that researchers such as Thomas Hunt Morgan showed that Boveri was correct.

Other websites

 Fritz Baltzer. (1967). excerpt from Theodor Boveri: The life of a great biologist, 1862-1915 . University of California Press, Berkeley; pp. 85–97.

References
References 

1862 births
1915 deaths
German geneticists
Embryologists
Sir Fred Hoyle  (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer. He is noted mainly for being the first man to think of the idea that nuclear fusion might happen in stars, like our Sun. In addition to his work as an astronomer, Hoyle was a writer of science fiction, including a number of books co-written with his son Geoffrey Hoyle. Fred Hoyle gave the Big Bang theory its name in a radio broadcast.

Awards
 Fellow of the Royal Society (March, 1957) [27]
 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1968)
 Bakerian Lecture (1968)
 Bruce Medal (1970)
 Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1971)
 Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory
 Knighthood (1972)
 President of the Royal Astronomical Society (1971–1973)
 Royal Medal (1974)
 Klumpke-Roberts Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1977)
 Balzan Prize for Astrophysics: evolution of stars (1994, with Martin Schwarzschild)
 Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, with Edwin Salpeter (1997)
Related pages
Geoffrey Burbidge

1915 births
2001 deaths
English astronomers
English science writers
English science fiction writers
Edmund Beecher Wilson (Geneva, Illinois, 19 October 1856 – 3 March 1939) was a pioneering American zoologist and cell biologist. He wrote one of the most famous textbooks in the history of modern biology, The Cell.

Career 
Wilson graduated from Yale in 1878. He earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins in 1881. He was a lecturer at Williams College in 1883–84 and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1884–85. He served as professor of biology at Bryn Mawr College from 1885 to 1891. 

He spent the balance of his career at Columbia University where he was successively adjunct professor of biology (1891–94), professor of invertebrate zoology (1894–1897), and professor of zoology (from 1897).
Wilson is credited as America's first cell biologist. In 1898 he used the similarity in embryos to describe evolutionary relationships. By observing spiral cleavage in molluscs, flatworms and annelids he concluded that the same organs came from the same group of cells and concluded that all these organisms must have a common ancestor. 

He also discovered the chromosomal XY sex-determination system in 1905—that males have XY and females XX sex chromosomes. Nettie Stevens independently made the same discovery the same year.

In 1907, he described, for the first time, the additional or supernumerary chromosomes, now called B-chromosomes.

Professor Wilson published many papers on embryology, and served as President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1913. 

The American Society for Cell Biology annually awards the E.B. Wilson Medal in his honour.
Sutton and Boveri 
1902–1904: Theodor Boveri (1862–1915), a German biologist, in a series of papers, drew attention to the correspondence between the behaviour of chromosomes and the results obtained by Mendel. He said that chromosomes were "independent entities which retain their independence even in the resting nucleus... What comes out of the nucleus is what goes into it".

In 1903 Walter Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units. Wilson, who was Sutton's teacher, called this the Sutton–Boveri hypothesis.

References 

1856 births
1939 deaths
Columbia University faculty
American geneticists
American zoologists
Cell biologists
Scientists from Illinois
Yale University alumni
Reginald Crundall Punnett FRS (Tonbridge, Kent, 20 June 1875 – Bilbrook, Somerset, 3 January 1967) was a British geneticist. He became Professor of Biology and then Professor of Genetics at the University of Cambridge.

He co-founded, with William Bateson, the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to predict the probability of possible genotypes of offspring. His Mendelism (1905) is sometimes said to have been the first textbook on genetics; it was probably the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.

Life and work 
Reginald Punnett was born in 1875 in the town of Tonbridge in Kent, England. While recovering from a childhood bout of appendicitis, Punnett became acquainted with Jardine's Naturalist's Library and developed an interest in natural history.
Attending the University of Cambridge, Punnett earned a degree in zoology in 1898, and a masters in 1902. Between these degrees he worked as a demonstrator and part-time lecturer at the University of St Andrews Natural History Department. However, by 1902 Punnett was back at Cambridge working in zoology, primarily the study of nematode worms. It was during this time that he and William Bateson began a research collaboration, which lasted several years.

When Punnett was an undergraduate, Gregor Mendel's work on inheritance was largely unknown and unappreciated by scientists. However, in 1900, Mendel's work was rediscovered. William Bateson became a proponent of Mendelian genetics, and had Mendel's work translated into English. It was with Bateson that Reginald Punnett helped establish the new science of genetics at Cambridge. He and Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage through experiments with chickens and pea plants.
In 1908, unable to explain how a dominant gene would not become fixed and ubiquitous in a population, Punnett introduced his problem to the mathematician G. H. Hardy, with whom he played cricket. Hardy went on to formulate what became known as the Hardy–Weinberg law.

In 1910 Punnett became professor of biology at Cambridge, and then the first Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics when Bateson left in 1912. In the same year, Punnett was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.  He received the society's Darwin Medal in 1922.

During World War I, Punnett successfully applied his expertise to the problem of the early determination of gender in chickens.  Since only females were used for egg-production, early identification of male chicks, which were destroyed or separated for fattening, meant that limited animal-feed and other resources could be used more efficiently.  Punnett's work in this area was summarized in Heredity in Poultry (1923).

Punnett squares
Punnett squares 

Punnett squares are used by biologists to determine the probability of offspring having a particular genotype.

If B represents the allele for having black hair and b represents the allele for having white hair, the offspring of  two Bb parents would have a 25% probability of having two white hair alleles (bb), 50% of having one of each (Bb), and 25% of having only black hair alleles (BB). The phenotype (in this case the appearance) of the offspring would depend on whether and to what extent one of the alleles was dominant.

References

Selected writings 

  – a scanned copy of the second edition is here.

 

 Heredity in Poultry 1923

Further reading

Other websites 
 A brief biographical sketch of Punnett
 A briefer biographical sketch of Punnett 
 A brief history of the University of Cambridge's Department of Genetics 

1875 births
1967 deaths
English biologists
English geneticists
English science writers
The Canons of Dort, also called the Canons of Dordrecht (full name: The Decision of the Synod of Dort on the Five Main Points of Doctrine in Dispute in the Netherlands) is the ruling of the National Synod (or meeting) that took place in the Dutch city of Dordrecht from 1618-1619. Dordrecht is often called Dort in English.

Today, the Canons of Dort are part of the Three Forms of Unity, which is one of the confession standards of many of the Reformed churches around the world. The Reformed churches continued use of the Canons as a standard keeps the Reformed churches from being in full harmony with the followers of Jacob Arminius, the Remonstrants and the Dutch Reformed Churches, who disagree with the Canons.

The Canons are not supposed to be an absolute explanation of the Reformed doctrine, but only explain the five points of doctrine that were being argued over. These Canons introduced the Five Points of Calvinism.

Books on the Canons
But for the Grace of God by Cornelis P. Venema
The Golden Chain of Salvation by John Bouwers
Unspeakable Comfort by Peter Feenstra
The Voice of our Fathers by Homer Hoeksema
The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination by Lorraine Boettner
The Synod of Dordt by Thomas Scott
The Canons of Dordt by Henry Peterson
The Five Points of Calvinism by David Steele and Curtis Thomas
The Works of John Owen, Vol. 10
TULIP by William Jay Hornbeck II

Other websites 
English Translation of the Canons of Dort
Spanish Translation of the Canons of Dort
http://www.crcna.org/pages/dort_canons_main.cfm 
Canons of Dort 
Audio Recording of the Canons of Dort (mp3)

1619
Calvinism
Christian texts
Dordrecht
History of the Netherlands
Protestantism in the Netherlands
Protestant theology
The Three Forms of Unity is the name that is given to the Belgic Confession, the Canons of Dort, and the Heidelberg Catechism. These three works are about the doctrinal concerns of Continental Calvinism. They are considered official statements of Church doctrine by many of the Reformed churches.

History 
From 1618 to 1619, the Dutch government, acting for the Dutch Reformed Church, called a series of meetings that would come to be called the Synod of Dort. Members from the Netherlands and twenty-seven members from eight other countries met at this Synod to discuss and come to an agreement on their views. This agreement is known as the "Canons of Dort."

This meeting then added the Canons of Dort to two other documents, the Belgic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism. Those were both commonly used by the Dutch Church at this time.
The reasons that they chose to do this were:
 to put in writing their understanding of the biblical teachings on the Trinity, the incarnation of Jesus, predestination, justification, and the Church,
 to let members get together in unity around shared beliefs that are important to the faith,
 to decide on certain ideas that are not essential (such as politics, education, etc.) in the hopes of stopping the churches from splitting over things that are more minor.

The different forms each serve different things:
the Heidelberg Catechism is written in a question-and-answer format so that it can easily explain different teachings in the Bible to children and those who are new to Christianity;
the Belgic Confession of Faith talks about different teachings in the Bible;
the Canons of Dort are a series of very technical responses to very specific arguments raised about God by the Dutch Remonstrants.

References
References

Other websites 
 Text and description of the Three Forms from Philip Schaff's book Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library:
Belgic Confession (in the original French with a translation into English)
Heidelberg Catechism (in the original German with a translation into English)
Canons of Dort (in the original Latin with a translation into English)
 Audio Recordings of the Three Forms of Unity in MP3 form

Calvinism
Christian texts
Protestant theology
Total depravity (also called total inability or total corruption) is a theological teaching that comes from Augustine's teachings on original sin. It is the teaching that, since the Fall of Man, every person who has been born into the world is a slave of sin and, without the irresistible grace of God, it is not possible for man to choose to follow God or accept salvation as He freely offers it.

Total depravity is taught by many Protestant confessions of faith, including Lutheranism, and Methodism, Arminianism, and Calvinism.

References 

Protestant theology
The Dordrecht Confession of Faith is a statement of faith that was created by Dutch Mennonite leaders at a meeting (also known as a Synod) in Dordrecht, Netherlands, on April 21, 1632. It has 18 articles of faith that talk about the importance of salvation through Jesus Christ, baptism, nonviolence, feet washing, and not taking oaths.
 
It was a very important part of the Radical Reformation and is still a very important document to many Anabaptist groups today, such as the Amish. In 1725, Jacob Gottshalk with sixteen other ministers from Pennsylvania and together they created the Dutch Mennonite Dordrecht Confession of Faith.

References 
 Dyck, Cornelius J. (1993), Mennonite History 3rd Ed., Herald Press

Other websites 
Mennolink article on confessions of faith
Dordrecht Confession of Faith translation and context in Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

1632
Anabaptism
Christian creeds
Dordrecht
History of the Netherlands
Protestantism in the Netherlands
Protestant theology
1630s in Europe
Arthur Antunes Coimbra Junior (born 15 October 1977) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||Sagan Tosu||J. League 2||2||0
2||0
2||0
|}

1977 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Martin Müller (born 6 November 1970) is a former Czech football player.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="3"|Union Cheb||rowspan="3"|Gambrinus liga||1||0
|-
|1994/95||16||0
|-
|1995/96||28||2
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Petra Drnovice||rowspan="4"|Gambrinus liga||24||0
|-
|1997/98||24||1
|-
|1998/99||28||0
|-
|1999/00||18||1
|-
|2000/01||Drnovice||Gambrinus liga||12||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Slavia Prague||rowspan="4"|Gambrinus liga||14||0
|-
|2001/02||19||1
|-
|2002/03||24||0
|-
|2003/04||24||1
|-
|2004/05||Chmel Blšany||Gambrinus liga||23||1

|-
|2005||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||12||0

|-
|2005/06||Chmel Blšany||Gambrinus liga||13||0
268||7
12||0
280||7
|}

1970 births
Living people
Czech footballers
Pavel Horváth (born 22 April 1975) is a Czech football player. He has played for Czech Republic national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993/94||Sparta Prague||Gambrinus liga||1||0
|-
|1993/94||Sklobižu Jablonec||2. Liga||4||0
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Jablonec||rowspan="3"|Gambrinus liga||26||5
|-
|1995/96||20||3
|-
|1996/97||1||0
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Slavia Prague||rowspan="4"|Gambrinus liga||25||5
|-
|1997/98||25||5
|-
|1998/99||29||7
|-
|1999/00||26||10

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||17||1
|-
|2001/02||3||0

|-
|2001/02||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||3||0

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Teplice||rowspan="3"|Gambrinus liga||13||1
|-
|2002/03||25||2
|-
|2003/04||22||3

|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||14||6
|-
|2005||24||3
|-
|2006||J. League 2||22||3
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sparta Prague||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||20||2
|-
|2007/08||24||4
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Viktoria Plzeň||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||27||8
|-
|2009/10||||
278||55
20||1
3||0
60||12
361||68
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||6||0
|-
|2000||8||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
!Total||19||0
|}

References

1975 births
Living people
Czech footballers
Bernard Genghini (born 18 January 1958) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1976/77||rowspan="6"|Sochaux-Montbéliard||rowspan="6"|Division 1||3||0
|-
|1977/78||35||8
|-
|1978/79||32||11
|-
|1979/80||38||15
|-
|1980/81||36||13
|-
|1981/82||37||13
|-
|1982/83||Saint-Étienne||Division 1||36||8
|-
|1983/84||rowspan="3"|Monaco||rowspan="3"|Division 1||38||18
|-
|1984/85||34||15
|-
|1985/86||34||13

|-
|1986/87||Servette||Nationalliga A||||

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Division 1||8||2
|-
|1987/88||28||1
|-
|1988/89||Girondins Bordeaux||Division 1||4||1
363||118
||
363||118
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1980||1||0
|-
|1981||4||1
|-
|1982||10||3
|-
|1983||4||0
|-
|1984||6||1
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1986||2||1
|-
!Total||27||6
|}

References

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from Grand Est
French football managers
People from Haut-Rhin
Jun Yanagisawa (born 27 June 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagan Tosu.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2006||J. League 2||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2010||Sagan Tosu||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
3||0||2||0||0||0||5||0
3||0||2||0||0||0||5||0
|}

References 

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Ibaraki Prefecture
Anders Svensson (born 17 July 1976) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Elfsborg and Sweden national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1992||Hestrafors||||2||0
|-
|1993||rowspan="9"|Elfsborg||rowspan="4"|Division 1||0||0
|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||26||3
|-
|1996||24||9
|-
|1997||rowspan="5"|Allsvenskan||26||3
|-
|1998||26||5
|-
|1999||20||3
|-
|2000||24||10
|-
|2001||8||5

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Southampton||rowspan="4"|Premier League||34||3
|-
|2002/03||33||2
|-
|2003/04||30||0
|-
|2004/05||30||4

|-
|2005||rowspan="6"|Elfsborg||rowspan="6"|Allsvenskan||9||0
|-
|2006||26||7
|-
|2007||23||9
|-
|2008||19||1
|-
|2009||26||4
|-
|2010||||
260||59
127||9
387||68
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||6||1
|-
|2001||15||5
|-
|2002||11||1
|-
|2003||10||3
|-
|2004||12||1
|-
|2005||7||1
|-
|2006||9||1
|-
|2007||13||2
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||9||1
|-
|2010||5||1
|-
!Total||108||17
|}

References 

1976 births
Living people
Swedish footballers
Sportspeople from Gothenburg
John Piper was the mid-morning talk show host on the BBC Radio Solent throughout the 1970s. The name of his program was called Piper's Tune. The show was a mix of music, talk guests and the regular feature called, "Give a Neighbour a Hand", in which listeners would call in and ask for advice and other listeners would call in and give advice. Piper left the BBC in 1879 to join the Two Counties Radio in Bournemouth, as the station's first Programme Controller. He stayed on the air in Bournemouth until he left radio to move to Spain with his wife, Dilys.

In the 1980s, Piper also served as the mayor of his home town, Sitio de Calahonda which is located near Málaga in Spain. Piper also served in the Special Operations during World War II as a journalist and naturalist.

Year of birth missing
British television presenters
Xerophytes are plants which are adapted to dry/desert areas. They are a type of succulent plant. To survive these harsh conditions they have special features. For example, a cactus has white hairs which help to prevent water loss. Another example is manzanita plants, which have a thick waxy coating and keep their leaves vertical to the sun.

Adaptions 
Some Xerophytic plants sit out a drought. They can still extract water from soil. They may have very salty cell sap and therefore a very low water potential in the roots; they may have very extensive or deep roots or may pick up the slightest dew and survive on that.
Others have special features about their shape or structure (xeromorphs). Thick waxy cuticle (Aloe); hairy surfaces (Edelweiss); dense packing of leaves, reduced leaf size (species of cypress); reduced density of stomata (many cacti); pitted and grooved position of stomata (Ammophila) Water storage in stem and tubers, etc. (baobab). They may also protect this water store from animals by spines and chemicals.

Mechanism table

References 

Types of plants
Liga MX, known as the Primera División de México before the 2012–13 season, is the top football league in México.

Like most football leagues in Latin America, Liga MX divides its season into two phases—Apertura and Clausura (Spanish for "opening" and "closing"), with different champions in each phase. The Apertura is held in the Northern Hemisphere fall (autumn), and the Clausura in spring.

2014–15 Clubs

References 

1943 establishments in North America
1940s establishments in Mexico
Football leagues in Mexico
Fortuna Düsseldorf is a football club which plays in Germany from Düsseldorf that plays in the highest league in German football, the Fußball-Bundesliga.

References

Düsseldorf
German football clubs
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1895 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Germany
S.C. Freiburg is a football club which plays in Germany.

German football clubs
Sport in Baden-Württemberg
Freiburg im Breisgau
1904 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Germany