Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Corruption characterized Escobar's dealings with the Colombian system. He had an effective way of dealing with law enforcements and the government. This is often referred to as "plata o plomo" (literally silver or leador accept money or face bullets). This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of individuals. This included civilians, policemen and state officials. At the same time, Escobar bribed many government officials, judges and other politicians. Escobar was responsible for the murder of Colombian presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán. The Cartel de Medellín was also involved in a deadly drug war, their enemy was the Cartel de Cali.

The Life of Pablo 

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria once said that the cocaine business was "simple - you bribe someone here, you bribe someone there, and you pay a friendly banker to help you bring the money back." In 1989, his Medellín cartel controlled 80% of the cocaine that was sent to the United States.
The United States and Colombian governments saw Escobar as an enemy. At the same time, Escobar was a hero to many people in Medellín, especially to the poor people as he built houses for them. He was a sports fan, and built football fields and multi-sports courts. He also sponsored children's football teams.

Escobar was responsible for the construction of many hospitals, schools and churches in western Colombia. This made him popular with the local Roman Catholic Church. He worked hard for his "Robin Hood" image. Escobar often gave money to the poor through housing projects and other civic activities. The population of Medellín often helped Escobar by watching the police. They also hid information from the authorities, and did whatever else they could do to protect him.
Despite his popular image among Medellín's community, Escobar was well-known among his business associates to be a calm and sensible partner to deal with. He preferred to use his money before his gun. His brother said that Pablo Escobar knew that money generated more loyalty than fear. Violence was often unnecessary.

The Colombian cartels quickly managed to make Colombia the world’s capital for murder with 25,100 violent deaths in 1991 and 27,100 in 1992. Escobar gave money to his hitmen as a reward for killing police officers. 600 officers died this way. Today, other countries, such as Guatemala, South Africa and Venezuela have more murders than Colombia.
Personal life 
In March 1976 when he was 26, Escobar married Maria Victoria. She was 11 years younger than him. Together they had two children: Juan Pablo and Manuela. Escobar built and lived in a luxurious house with his family. He wanted to construct a Greek-style citadel near it. They began the construction of the citadel but never finished. The ranch, the zoo and the citadel were expropriated by the government. They were given to poor families in the 1990s under a law called extinción de dominio (domain extinction).

La Catedral prison 
After the murder of Luis Carlos Galán, a presidential candidate, the administration of César Gaviria moved against Escobar and the drug cartels. Eventually, the government talked with Escobar. They wanted him to capitulate and to stop all criminal activity.
Escobar declared an end to a series of previous violence and terrorism, and turned himself in. He was held in what became his own luxurious private prison, La Catedral. Before Escobar gave himself up, the government approved the extradition of Colombian citizens. This was controversial. People suspected that Escobar or other drug lords influenced members of the government.

Escobar continued his criminal activities. He began to influence the media. The government discovered that Escobar was continuing his criminal activities within La Catedral. They wanted to move Escobar to another prison on July 22, 1992. Escobar's influence allowed him to discover the plan in advance and escape. He was still worried that he could be sent to the United States.
Search Bloc and Los Pepes 
In 1992, United States Special Forces joined the manhunt for Escobar. They trained and advised a special Colombian police task force, called the Search Bloc. It was created to locate Escobar. Later, as the conflict between Escobar and the governments grew, a group known as Los Pepes (Los Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar) formed. His rivals and former associates financed it. They wanted to find Escobar. Los Pepes carried out a bloody campaign and more than 300 of Escobar's associates were killed. Also, a lot of his cartel's property was destroyed.

Rumors said that members of the Search Bloc and of the Colombian and the United States intelligence agencies cooperated with Los Pepes. One of the leaders of Los Pepes was Diego Murillo Bejarano, also known as "Don Berna". Before, he was a Medellín Cartel associate.
The fight against Escobar ended on December 2, 1993. The police used radio triangulation technology to find Escobar.  The United States provided this technology to a Colombian electronic surveillance team. The group was led by Brigadier Hugo Martinez. The team found him hiding in a middle-class barrio in Medellín.  With the permission from authorities, a firefight with Escobar and his bodyguard, Alvaro de Jesús Agudelo AKA "El Limón", happened. They tried to escape by running across the roofs of nearby houses to reach a back street, but both were shot and killed by Colombian National Police. Escobar suffered gunshots to the leg, torso, and the fatal one in his ear. It is not known who actually fired the final shot into Escobar's head. It is also unknown whether this shot was made during the gunfight or as part of possible execution. There is wide speculation about this. Some of the family members believe that Escobar could have committed suicide
. His two brothers, Roberto Escobar and Fernando Sánchez Arellano, believe that he shot himself through the ears. "He committed suicide, he did not get killed. During all the years they went after him, he would say to me every day that if he was really cornered without a way out, he would shoot himself through the ears." The autopsy showed that there was no stippling pattern found around the ear, which suggested that the shot which killed Escobar was fired from further than an arm's length away.
After Escobar's death and the fragmentation of the Medellín Cartel, the rival Cali Cartel rose to power.

Exhumation 
On October 28, 2006, Escobar's body was exhumed by request of his nephew Nicolás Escobar. This was two days after the death of mother Hermilda Gaviria, who opposed the exhumation. Nicolás Escobar wanted to verify that the body in the tomb was in fact that of Escobar. Escobar's nephew also collect DNA for a paternity test claim. According to the report by the El Tiempo newspaper, Escobar's widow Maria Victoria was present recording the exhumation with a video camera.
Virginia Vallejo's version
On July 4, 2006, Virginia Vallejo, the television news speaker offered information in the trial against former Senator Alberto Santofimio to the Colombian Attorney General Mario Iguaran. Vallejo was romantically involved with Escobar between 1983 and 1987. The Senator was accused of conspiracy in the 1989 murder of Presidential Candidate Luis Carlos Galán. Iguaran said that, although Vallejo contacted his office on the 4th, the judge had decided to close the trial on the 9th. This was several weeks before the prospective closing date and, in (Iguaran's) opinion, "too soon".

References 

1949 births
1993 deaths
People from Medellín
Deaths by firearm
Drug traffickers
Extradition
Colombian criminals
Colombian businesspeople
The Art Institute of Chicago (AIC) is an art museum in Grant Park, Chicago. The Art Institute owns one of the world's best collections of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art.  It also owns important American art, Old Masters, European and American decorative arts, Asian art and modern and contemporary art. The museum is linked with the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. James Cuno is its Director and President. Its buildings have one million square feet (92,903,040 m2) of space. It is the second largest art museum in the United States. Only the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has more space.

History
In 1866, a group of 35 artists founded the Chicago Academy of Design in a studio on Dearborn Street. The group wanted to run a free school with its own art gallery. The organization was modeled after European art academies, such as the Royal Academy. People who worked there were called Academians and Associate Academians. The Academy's charter was granted in March 1867.
Classes started in 1868. Classes met every day. Students paid the school US$10 per month. The new Academy was a success. The school next built a five story stone building at 66 West Adams Street, which opened on November 22, 1870.

When the Great Chicago Fire destroyed the building in 1871, the Academy began to owe a lot of money.  The Academy tried and failed by renting facilities. By 1878, the Academy owed $10,000. Members tried to rescue the weak institution by making deals with local businesses. Some people gave up in 1879 and started a new new organization, named the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. When the Chicago Academy of Design went bankrupt the same year, the new Chicago Academy of Fine Arts bought its assets in an auction.
In 1882, the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts changed its name to the current name, Art Institute of Chicago. The same year, it purchased a lot on the corner of Michigan Avenue and Van Buren Street for $45,000. The school rented the property's existing building, and a new building was constructed behind it to house the school's facilities.

While Chicago planned how to host the 1892–93 World's Columbian Exposition (World's Fair), the Art Institute wanted a new building.  The Art Institute proposed that the city build a permanent building on the lakefront for the fair and give the new building to the Institute afterwards. The city agreed, and the building was completed in time for the second year of the fair. Construction costs were paid by selling the Michigan/Van Buren property. On October 31, 1893, the Institute moved into the new building. This building is now called the Allerton Building. It faces Michigan Avenue on the west and the Illinois Central Railroad track on the east.
From the 1900s to the 1960s, the school offered with the Logan Family (members of the board) the Logan Medal of the Arts. The Logan Medal became one of the most distinguished awards presented to artists in the US. In 1924, the museum building expanded to the east by bridging over the railroad tracks with a new wing on the east side of the tracks.

Between 1959 and 1970, some people did not think that photos (art and documentary photography) were serious art that should be shown in art galleries.  The Institute fought to change people's minds to accept such photos. Photo curator Hugh Edwards lead this fight.
As Director of the museum starting in the early 1980s, James N. Wood conducted a major expansion of its collection and oversaw a major renovation and expansion project for its facilities. The New York Times called Wood "one of the most respected museum leaders in the country". Wood created major exhibitions of works by Paul Gauguin, Claude Monet and Vincent Van Gogh that set records for attendance at the museum. He retired from the museum in 2004.

In 2006, the Art Institute began building its new "The Modern Wing". The new wing is on the southwest corner of Columbus and Monroe. Pritzker Prize winning architect Renzo Piano designed the new wing. It opened to the public on May 16, 2009.  The  building makes the Art Institute the second largest art museum in the United States.  The building houses the museum’s world-renowned collections of 20th- and 21st-century art, specifically modern European painting and sculpture, contemporary art, architecture and design, and photography.

The Museum’s Collection
Today, the museum is most famous for its collections of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, and American paintings. There are more than 30 paintings by Claude Monet in the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist collection. These include six of Monet's Haystacks and a number of his Water Lilies. Also in the collection are important works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir such as Two Sisters (On the Terrace) and Henri Matisse's The Bathers, Paul Cézanne's The Basket of Apples, and Madame Cézanne in a Yellow Chair. At the Moulin Rouge by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is another highlight, as are Georges Seurat's Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte and Gustave Caillebotte's Paris Street; Rainy Day.  Non-French paintings of the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist collection include  Vincent Van Gogh's Bedroom in Arles and Self-portrait, 1887. The museum also has American art works including Grant Wood's American Gothic,  Edward Hopper's Nighthawks and Mary Cassatt's The Child's Bath
. In September 2010, the Art Institute launched its first mobile application. This application is a catalogue (guide) to this Impressionist and Post-Impressionist collection.
The Art Institute also shows a number of works that are not paintings. The Thorne Miniature Rooms hold 1:12 scale interiors showcasing American, European and Asian architectural and furniture styles from the Middle Ages to the 1930s (when the rooms were constructed).

The Touch Gallery of the museum is specially designed for people who cannot see. It has several works which museum guests are encouraged to experience though the sense of touch instead of through sight as well as specially designed description plates written in braille. The American Decorative Arts galleries contain furniture pieces designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and Charles and Ray Eames. The Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman galleries hold the mummy and mummy case of Paankhenamun, as well as several gold and silver coins.
The Terra Collection
The Terra Museum (now the Terra Foundation) was a separate Chicago art museum that closed in October 2004. Since April 2005, approximately fifty paintings from that museum have been on loan to the Department of American Art at the Art Institute of Chicago. The combined collections of the Terra and the Art Institute are located in a new suite of galleries. They provide one of the nation’s most comprehensive presentations of American art. The foundation’s collection of American works on paper are in the Department of Prints and Drawings at the Art Institute.

African American Art Collection

Art Institute of Chicago promotes the study of art made by African-Americans. Its collection provide a historical illustration of the progress made by African Americans. Works also show African Americans' continuing struggle. The collection includes items dating from the Civil War era, from the Harlem Renaissance, from the civil rights struggles following World War II and from the contemporary period.
European Art Collection
The Art Institute owns a collection of medieval art made in Europe during the years 800-1300 AD. It features both religious works and daily life objects. It includes painting and sculpture, luxury metalwork and stained glass, textiles and manuscript illumination. The museum owns major collections of arms and armor, jewelry, ceramics, and tapestries.  The museum owns items from the Renaissance era (1300-1600) in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands.

The Art Institute Building
Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge of Boston, Massachusetts designed the Allerton Building in the Beaux-Arts style. It was built for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition as the World's Congress Auxiliary Building with the intent that the Art Institute occupy the building after the fair closed.
Two bronze lion statues are on the sides of the Art Institute's western entrance on Michigan Avenue. Their sculptor Edward L. Kemeys gave them unofficial names: the south lion is "stands in an attitude of defiance," and the north lion is "on the prowl." When a Chicago sports team plays in the championships of their respective league (that is, the Super Bowl or Stanley Cup Finals, not the entire playoffs), the lions are frequently dressed in that team's uniform. Evergreen wreaths are placed around their necks during the Christmas season.

The east entrance of the museum is marked by the stone arch entrance that was moved from the old Chicago Stock Exchange building. Louis Sullivan designed the Exchange in 1894. The Exchange was torn down in 1972. But saved portions of the original trading room were rebuilt inside the Art Institute.
Galleries above the railroad tracks
The Art Institute building is unusual because it is two sets of buildings linked by a two-story bridge over open-air railroad tracks. The construction of Millenium Park moved the Metra Electric and South Shore railroad lines underground. This made room for the new Modern Wing and exterior courtyards.  Before this change, the lower level of the bridge building was formerly the windowless Gunsaulus hall, but is now home to the Alsdorf Galleries showcasing Indian, Southeast Asian and Himalayan Art. The renovation added windows facing north toward Millennium Park. Renzo Piano designed the gallery space in conjunction with his design of the Modern Wing. The gallery features the same window screening used there to protect the art from direct sunlight. The upper level of the bridge building formerly held the modern European galleries, But it was renovated in 2008. The galleries now show Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art.

Modern Wing
On May 16, 2009, the Art Institute opened the Modern Wing, the largest expansion in the museum's history. The  addition, designed by Renzo Piano, makes the Art Institute the second-largest museum in the US.  The Modern Wing is home to the museum's collection of early 20th-century European art, including Pablo Picasso’s The Old Guitarist, Henri Matisse’s Bathers by a River, and René Magritte’s Time Transfixed. The Modern wing also houses contemporary art from after 1960; new photography, video media, architecture and design galleries. Those galleries show original renderings by Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Bruce Goff. The Modern wing also has temporary exhibition space; shops and classrooms; a cafe and a restaurant, Terzo Piano, that overlooks Millennium Park from its terrace. In addition, the Nichols Bridgeway connects a sculpture garden on the roof of the Modern wing with the adjacent Millennium Park to the north and a courtyard designed by Gustafson Guthrie Nichol.
Libraries
The Ryerson & Burnham Libraries are on the ground floor of the museum. The Libraries' collections cover all periods of art, but is most known for its large collection of 18th-20th century architecture.  The Libraries serve the museum staff, college, and university students, and the general public. The Friends of the Libraries is a support group for the Libraries. It offers events and special tours for its members.

Additional notable selections from the collection
Note that other notable works are in the collection but the following examples are ones in the public domain and for which pictures are available.

Related pages
 Visual arts of Chicago
 List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago

References

Other websites
Other websites

 The Art Institute of Chicago
 The Art Institute of Chicago: collections
 The Art Institute of Chicago: Inside-Out Antique & Collectable Postcard Exhibit - at The Chicago Postcard Museum
 The Ryerson and Burnham Libraries 
 The Terra Foundation For American Art
 A Visitor's Experience: The Art Institute of Chicago 

Museums in Chicago
Art museums in the United States
1879 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Illinois
Kerberos (formerly known as S/2011 (134340) 1 and informally as P4) is a small moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. The satellite was discovered on 28 June 2011. It is the fourth moon of Pluto to be discovered. The others are Charon, discovered in 1978, Nix and Hydra, which were discovered in 2005, and Styx, discovered in 2012.

Discovery
The moon was discovered by a Hubble Space Telescope observing team led by Mark Showalter, while they were trying to find out if Pluto had any rings. Kerberos was first seen in a photo taken with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3, on June 28, 2011. More photos were taken on July 3 and July 18, 2011, to confirm that it exists. The moon was officially verified and announced on July 20, 2011. Kerberos was not seen in earlier Hubble photos because the exposure times were shorter. The moon may have appeared as a very faint smudge in photos taken in 2006, but was ignored because it was not clear. Kerberos is possibly also visible in images taken in 2010.
Structure
Kerberos has an estimated diameter of 13–34 km (8–21 miles).
Kerberos and Pluto's other moons are thought to have been created by a cosmic collision between the dwarf planet and another celestial body early in the Solar System's history.

References

Pluto's moons
For most animals, defence against predators is vital. Being eaten is not the only threat to life: parasites and diseases may also be fatal. But many animals are carnivores, and others, especially small animals, are often eaten. 

Since life is about reproduction, anything that keeps a creature alive long enough for it to reproduce will be selected for. The next generation comes from the fertilised eggs of the previous generation.

Not surprisingly, then, animals have developed a wide range of defences against predation. Some of these defences apply also to plants: herbivory on plants can be very damaging, and reduce a plant's fertility. Many plants have some defence against herbivores.

Primary defences 
Primary defences make it less likely that there will be a meeting between the predator and the prey. In many cases this means the predator has not noticed or recognised the prey.
Definitions 
There are various definitions of what a primary defence is:
Robinson 1969: those defences which operate before a predator starts any prey-catching behaviour.
Kruik 1972 and Edmunds 1974: defences which operate whether or not a predator is nearby.

Methods
Methods

For palatable prey 
If the prey is good to eat, it must either make itself scarce, or it must look as though it is not good to eat. A third possibility is that the prey is too small to bother with. In other words, the effort of catching and eating it would not be worth the effort expended by the predator.
Hiding away (anachoresis): many small animals live in holes or crevices. This way they cannot be seen unless the predator searches carefully, which some birds do. Also, sooner or later, the hidden animal must come out into the open. But while hidden, it is relatively safe. Very common is for the prey to hide during the part of the day its main predator is active.
Crypsis: this is the general term for animals which use camouflage to resemble their background. They are visible, but usually not seen (noticed).
Batesian mimicry: a tasty animal pretends it is foul-tasting by resembling warning colouration.
For prey with defences 
Defences may be of two kinds. Either the prey is uneatable because it has some kind of chemical defence, or its body is protected by spines or stings. In that case the predator will reject it so long as the prey advertises its defence.
Warning colouration (aposematism): the opposite of camouflage. The animal signals to predators that it is unpleasant to eat.
Warning sounds: Sometimes the same principle occurs with senses other than sight. Warning sounds allow the animal to stay hidden. Rattlesnakes are a good example: they need crypsis to avoid alerting their prey, and use the rattle to avoid being accidentally injured by large animals. Moths of the Arctiidae and Ctenuchidae families are foul-tasting, but might be eaten by bats at night. These moths emit clicks when they hear bats in flight. That the clicks work is shown by a neat experiment. Bats eat mealworms if thrown up by the experimenter. They ignore the mealworms thrown by hand if moth clicks are played at the same time.
Secondary defences 

These work when a predator detects a prey, or when a prey notices a predator. The function of secondary defences is to increase the chance of the prey surviving the encounter (meeting).

Methods
Withdraw to a prepared retreat: many methods. The pearl-fish Carapus apis retreats backwards into the anus, and then into the body cavity of a sea cucumber (Holothuria).p138 It turns out that the fish, when a juvenile, is a parasite on the sea cucumber. Although it is free-living as an adult, it is still able to re-enter the holothurian when danger threatens. Better-known examples include the tortoise, which just withdraws its head and legs under its shell, and the hermit crab, which retreats into its shell when in danger.
Flee: run or fly away: a popular plan. Animals may flee in a straight line, or zig-zag. Another method is to fly showing some flash colour, and then suddenly settle completely still in camouflage. There are a number of moths with bright hind wings which are covered when at rest.
Bluff: look threatening or startling (deimatic behaviour). The prey may adopt a posture which causes the predator to pause. This is sometimes called a 'startle display'. The predator may not know whether the display is  a genuine threat or a bluff. Either way, the prey has improved its chance of escape.
Play dead (thanatosis): many vertebrate predators reject dead animals. Many predators strike to kill only on prey which move. That includes cats, lizards and mantids. A number of insects play dead when attacked. Some larger animals also do this, like the American Opossum. What playing dead does is avoid releasing the predator's inherited killing behaviour.
Deflect or distract the attack. Many offer a non-essential part of the body, for example, butterflies whose wings have small 'targets' near the edges. Cuttlefish squirt out a cloud of black ink, turn pale and swim fast away from the ink. The Kentish plover, which lays its eggs on the ground, lures attackers away from the eggs. It uses a remarkable impression of being damaged with a broken wing. When the predator is well away from the eggs, the bird flies off.p175 Other plovers sit on imaginary nest sites: both methods are distraction displays. Quite a number of animals can break off a non-essential part of their body, and may regenerate it later.p179
Fight back (retaliation or fighting defence): there are a very large number of animal weapons, and many are used for face-to-face fighting. Bombardier beetles squirt hot poisonous liquid at attackers. Large herbivores often carry weapons: Triceratops, Iguanodon, elephants, deer, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus. Almost always the weapons are used for several functions, not just fighting predators.
Band together: many animals use defensive groups against predators. Very common in birds and mammals.
Costs of defence 
Everything costs something. All defences incur costs. For survival, an animals needs food, and needs to stay alive to reproduce. Energy and time spent on defence can be considerable, but justified if it makes reproduction more likely. There are these kinds of costs:
Internal costs: protection given by some chemicals may slow growth
Opportunity costs: hiding reduces feeding
Environmental costs: best places for defence may not be best for life functions
Design and self-damage costs: body shape or colour for crypsis may not be best for mate recognition.

Related pages 
Defence against herbivory

References

Other sources 
 

Coevolution
Predation
A boom town is a place that has very quick population and economic growth. Boomtowns are usually mining towns where an important mineral resource such as gold, silver, or petroleum has been found. It can happen, for example in a gold rush. Gold rush towns usually shrink and disappear after the gold is dug up. They become ghost towns.

The word can also be used for places that grow for other reasons.  This can be the town being near a major city, in a nice climate or near a popular attraction. 

Some examples of California boom towns are Columbia (not the country) and San Francisco. 

Types of settlements
Alexander is a 2004 epic drama war movie about Alexander III of Macedon. It was directed by Oliver Stone.

The budget of this movie was about 155 million dollars. Its box office was about 167 million dollars.

Plot
The story is about Alexander III of Macedon and his battles against Great Persian Empire and his victories, in the beginning, movie shows early life of Alexander and what happened in his young ages and what his father King Philip II did. When Philip died Alexander was King of Macedon and decided to fight with Persian Empire and at last he conquered Persia. When he wanted conquer India in a battle he wounded and died.

Main characters

Other websites 
 Official website
 Alexander at the Internet Movie Database
2004 movies
2000s biographical movies
2004 drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
2000s war movies
2000s American biographical movies
2000s American drama movies
American epic movies
American LGBT movies
American war movies
British biographical movies
2000s British drama movies
British war movies
German drama movies
Dutch drama movies
French drama movies
Italian drama movies
Thai movies
Moroccan movies
2000s English-language movies
2000s historical movies
Movies directed by Oliver Stone
Period action movies
Movies set in Greece
Movies set in Egypt
Movies set in Asia
Movies set in Afghanistan
Movies set in Iran
Movies set in India
Karaj (Persian: کرج) is an Iranian city and main city of Alborz province. The city has about 1,370,000 inhabitants.

Karaj is the 6th largest city in Iran.

Related pages
 List of cities in Iran

Other websites 
Karaj city portal  
About Karaj city  
Karaj, Iran, Yahoo! Travel 
The city of Karaj
Iran Tourism & Touring Organization

Cities in Iran
Alborz Province
Plymouth was a town in Montserrat.  It was founded in the 1700s and named for Plymouth, England. It served as the capital of Montserrat.  It was also the island's main port.  It was destroyed by a volcano in 1997.  

Towns in North America
Montserrat
1700s establishments in North America
Ghost towns
A cognitive bias happens when someone makes a bad choice that they think is a good choice. This bias is an important part of the study of cognitive psychology. 

Cognitive biases do happen. Primitive humans and animals do things which seem foolish later. The scientific method limits the results of cognitive bias.

Cognitive bias is a natural consequence of our using "gut feelings" to make decisions when those decisions cannot be made rational because the evidence is not available.

The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972. It grew out of their experience of people's inability to reason with numbers. Tversky, Kahneman, and colleagues showed several repeatable ways in which human judgments and decisions differ from rational choice. The heuristics people use are mental shortcuts which provide swift estimates. Heuristics are simple for the brain to compute but sometimes introduce "severe and systematic errors".
Related pages 
Apophenia
Fundamental attribution error

References 

Cognition
Bias
Definitely Maybe is the first album by Oasis. It was released under the label Creation Records on the August 30, 1994.

Track listing

Oasis (band) albums
1994 albums
Debut albums
Pop rock albums
SN 1987A was a supernova in a small galaxy that is orbiting our Milky Way galaxy. The supernova was 168,000 light years away, and so happened 168,000 years ago. But it was  1987 when it was first seen. It was close enough that scientists found neutrinos before the light got to Earth.  

SN 1987A is the only supernova that has been that close in modern times, It was the brightest object seen from Earth in over 400 years. There have been many others that were closer but they were before scientists had the tools to help them understand what was happening.

"Scientists believe they've finally tracked down the dead remnant from Supernova 1987A  one of their favourite star explosions. Astronomers knew the object must exist but had always struggled to identify its location because of a shroud of obscuring dust".

References

Supernovae
1987
SN 1604 was a supernova seen in 1604. It was seen in the constellation Ophiuchus. SN 1604 is sometimes called Kepler's Nova or Kepler's Supernova or Kepler's Star since Johannes Kepler studied it. SN 1604 is the last supernova to have been seen in our galaxy. It was studied until 1608.

Supernovae
1604
Scott Stewart (alias Scott Charles Stewart) is an American movie director, writer, movie producer and special effects maker.

Biography
Stewart worked at the special effects business called The Orphanage. Stewart directed and wrote the movie Legion. Legion is an action movie and horror movie about the end of the world, also called the apocalypse. He directed the vampire and western horror movie Priest. He has had actor Paul Bettany star in his first two movies.

List of movies
List of movies

Movies he directed
 What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
This movie came out in 2000. He also wrote the movie's story. He based the movie on the story "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" by writer Raymond Carver.
 Legion
This movie came out in 2010. He also wrote and produced the movie.
 Priest
This movie came out in 2011.
The Mortal Instruments
Stewart and other people have started working on it. They hope it will come out in 2012. The movie is based on the books City of Bones and The Mortal Instruments, by Cassandra Clare. Clare writes books for teenage readers. The books are also liked by adults.

Movies he made special effects for
The year each movie came out is in parentheses.
 Mars Attacks! (1996)
 The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
 Mercury Rising (1998)
 The Last Birthday Card (2000)
 Sin City (2005)
 Night at the Museum (2006)
 The Host (2006)
 Grindhouse (2007)
 Red Cliff (2008)
 Iron Man (2008)

References

Other websites
Other websites

American movie directors
American screenwriters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Rhinoplasty is an operation performed to change the shape, size or appearance of the human nose.

Surgery
Nose
The chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) is a penguin that gets its name from the narrow band of black feathers that goes under their "chin" from ear to ear. They are sometimes called the ‘stone-cracker penguin’ because of their squeaky and high pitched call. Chinstrap penguins are found in polar, shallow seas and coastal areas. Some penguins are born very pale and are called ‘Blonde’ penguins. There are more chinstrap penguins than any other penguins in the world.

They feed mainly on krill and fish. The chinstrap penguins make nests in round shapes made from small stones and take turns in sitting on the eggs, they can be left on the nest for 10 days.

Size 
These little penguins are only about  tall and weigh about . Chinstraps may be small, but they are the boldest penguins of all.

References

Other websites
 Arkive   
 Siec   
 BBC  
 Coolantarctica  

Penguins
The Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) is an Antarctic penguin that has a black head and back with a white chest and belly, and a white ring around each of their eyes. About 2.5 million Adélie penguins are in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. Adélie penguins travel the furthest to breed because they build their nests from stones and need to find stones. Adélies come ashore to breed in the summer. In the winter, they live on ice that floats off the Antarctic shore.

Chicks and eggs 
Adélie parents take turns keeping their chicks warm and fed. While one watches the nest, the other goes into the ocean to catch krill. The penguins carry the krill back to the nest in their stomachs. Then they regurgitate it to feed their chicks.

Most Adélie penguins incubate two eggs at a time. The little chicks hatch out at about the same time. One is usually stronger and has a better chance of surviving.
When first born, the chicks are kept warm by their parents. But after two or three weeks, they grow a thick, woolly gray down. Then they join other chicks in creches or nursery groups.

Size 
Adélie penguins are the smallest penguins in Antarctica. They weigh only about , or the weight of a typical house cat. They are about .

References

Other websites
 Adelie penguins 

Penguins
Animals of Antarctica
A katabatic wind is a very strong wind which blows downhill. They can be warm winds like the "föhn" wind on the north slopes of the Alps in Europe or the Chinook which blows down the Rockies in the US. They can also be very cold winds like those in Antarctica or Greenland. They are made when cold, dense air flows down from the ice cap to the coast. Sometimes these winds are called fall winds. Along the Adriatic coast, the cold katabatic wind is called the "bora", and in France it is called the "mistral".

References 

Winds
The Galápagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) live on the Galápagos Islands. Because these islands are at the equator, the waters are warm  not all penguins live in cold climates. They do not migrate.

Description 
Galapagos penguins have two bands of brown feathers on their faces and their beaks are thin and slender.

Size 
They weigh five pounds and are one and a half feet tall.

References 

Penguins
Galápagos Islands
The macaroni penguin is a crested penguins that gets their names from their crest. Macaroni penguins are known for their black faces and the orange-yellow crests that create a band across their foreheads.
Macaroni penguins live on islands on the edge of Antarctica, as well as on islands that lie south of Africa and the Americas. They make their nests on cliffs and hillsides.

It is very closely related to the royal penguin, and some consider the two to be a single species.
Size 
Macaroni penguins weigh 10 pounds and are a little over 2 feet tall. As predators, Macaroni penguins eat fish, squid, and krill, but they mostly eat krill as their food. Mothers and fathers of their chicks will feed their young by regurgitating the food into their mouth. Penguins get their food by diving into the ocean and chasing after their food. Penguins can survive up to 40 days without food. When penguins go hunting for their food, they swim from  down in the water. Sometimes when they are hunting at night, they swim up to . But that is really rare. They usually swim for 2 minutes before coming up for air. Macaroni penguin chicks do not get any food until they are a week old.

Macaroni penguins usually live on bumpy or flat ground. They don't really live in places with many plants, but some penguins make their nests around grass. Macaroni penguins generally live by the water because they eat seafood.
Macaroni penguins have many different ways of communicating. They might make noisy, shrieking sounds or they might bobble their heads. Sometimes, they even flap their wings. They make their head feathers wave when they are excited.

Penguins use their feet and tail to help them swim. They can swim up to 15 miles per hour. Swimming that fast helps them get away from predators that might eat them. Penguins spend a lot of their time swimming. Penguins are slow on land because they waddle their feet instead of walking. They sway their body from side to side while they waddle their feet. Sometimes, they also slide down hills on their belly which is much faster than waddling. Sliding helps them get to places faster.

References 

Penguins
The Little penguin (Eudyptula minor), also called the fairy penguin, little blue penguin, and blue penguin. They are a species of penguin that lives near the coasts of Australia and New Zealand. The little penguin is the smallest of all penguins.

Description 
The penguins weigh around 0.9 kg (2 lbs) and are up to 40 cm (15 in) tall.  On average, they are 33 cm (13 in) tall.  

The little penguin is slate gray or indigo along the head and back, with a white belly and neck.  The flippers - wings - are dark blue, with a white edge along the back.  Males and females of the species are very similar but males have a curve on the end of their beak.  Juvenile little penguins, which are younger than adults, have lighter colors.  Little penguin chicks have blue-grey bellies and brown feathers.
Subspecies 
Originally, the Eudyptula genus included two different species of penguin,  the little penguin (E. minor) and the fairy penguin (E. undina).  In 1976, scientists combined these two species into one species (E. minor) with six subspecies. However, new research on the penguins' mitochondrial DNA shows that the DNA of populations in the Australia and southern New Zealand region are very different from those of little penguins in northern New Zealand.  Because of those discoveries, some researchers still argue about whether these two populations should be divided into two different species.  Another common argument is over the classification of the white-flippered penguin.  While most believe the white-flippered penguin is a subspecies of the little penguin, some argue that it is a different species.  Others argue that it is not a subspecies at all, but a morph that just has different colors.
The six subspecies of the little penguin are:
 E. m. albosignata, also known as the white-flippered penguin, is found on the Banks Peninsula and Motunau Island in the central part of the southern island of New Zealand.
 E. m. variabilis, also known as the Cook Strait little penguin, is found at the southern end of the northern island of New Zealand.
 E. m. iredalei, also known as the northern little penguin, is found at the northern end of the northern island of New Zealand.
 E. m. novaehollandiae, also known as the Australian little penguin, is found in southern Australia and Tasmania.
 E. m. minor, also known as the southern little penguin, is found in the western and southeastern part of the southern island of New Zealand.
 E. m. chathamensis, also known as the Chatham Island little penguin, is on Chatham Island, to the east of New Zealand.
The little penguin has different common names depending on their location.  In Australia, they are often called fairy penguins because the Australia population was originally considered a part of that species.  In New Zealand, they are called little blue penguins or blue penguins because their gray feathers look more blue in the sun.  They are also called 'Kororā' in Māori, the language of New Zealand natives.

Habitat
Little penguins live in sandy burrows at night and go to the ocean during the day. They can be found right around the south coast of Australia, from Perth in the west to Coffs Harbour on the east coast. They are found all around Tasmania. The largest little penguin colonies in New South Wales are on Montague Island, Tollgate Island and Brush Island.

Behavior

Calls

The little penguin is known for its wide variety of calls.  In fact, one of the main ways scientists identify different little penguin subspecies is by the differences in the noises the penguin groups make.
Because little penguins live together in large groups, called colonies, it is important they can tell each other apart.  Little penguins can find their mates, even in crowded and loud areas, by the distinctive call that each penguin makes.

Little penguins have one call that changes to mean different things.  Most calls have a rhythm of two repeated sounds.

Reproduction
Little penguins are the only penguin species that breeds nocturnally - that is, at night.

In popular culture 
At Phillip Island off the coast of Victoria, there is a "Penguin Parade" where lights and viewing stands have been set up so that people can watch the penguins return to their homes at dusk.  Over 500,000 visitors from around the world visit each year.

References 

Penguins
| website = 
}}
Jared Joseph Leto (born December 26, 1971) is an American actor and musician. He is known for acting in movies such as Fight Club; Girl, Interrupted; Panic Room; American Psycho; Alexander; Requiem for a Dream; Lord of War, Prefontaine, Mr. Nobody and Suicide Squad in which he starred as The Joker.

He started a rock band called Thirty Seconds to Mars in 1998 with his brother Shannon Leto. Leto was the lead singer. The band has released four albums.

Filmography

Other websites 

 Jared Leto at the Internet Movie Database
 Jared Leto on Myspace

Actors from Louisiana
Actors who played the Joker
American movie actors
American rock singers
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Singers from Louisiana
1971 births
Living people
30 Seconds to Mars
Progressive rock singers
The most important part of the temple was the sanctuary. The sanctuary was the most secret and special place and usually had a statue of a god. In the early years of Egypt, about 3000 BCE, the temples were small. Priests and pharaohs added more rooms and the temples became bigger. The rooms would have a lot of decoration of the religion. By the time of the New Kingdom (c.1550-1070 BCE) the temples were huge buildings made of stone. The buildings were arranged in special ways for the religion. The temple would have halls, open areas, and very large entrance pillars. Some of these temples still exist today. Beyond the main temple was an outer wall. There would be other buildings inside the walls.

A large temple also had a lot of land and employed thousands of ordinary people to supply its needs. Temples were also economic centers. The priests who managed the temples had a lot of influence. They would sometimes oppose the king.
Temple-building continued in Egypt even when the nation declined and was ruled by the Roman Empire. Christianity brought more pressure on Egyptian religion. The last temple was closed in 550 CE. For hundreds of years, the ancient buildings were damaged and neglected. In the early 19th century, many people in Europe became interested in ancient Egypt. The study of ancient Egypt became known as the science of Egyptology. Egyptologists continue to study the surviving temples and the remains of destroyed ones. They tell us a lot about ancient Egyptian society.

Dozens of temples survive today. Some have become famous tourist attractions that bring money to modern Egypt.

Buildings and structures in Ancient Egypt
Coffee is a brownish color that is like the color of a medium roasted coffee beans. Different types of coffee beans have different colors when unroasted--the color coffee represents an average.  
The first time coffee was used as a color name in English was in 1695. 
The source of the color displayed at right is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #58).  

The first recorded use of Cafe au Lait as a color name in English was in 1839. 
The source of the color "Cafe au Lait" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #57).  

The first recorded use of Cafe Noir as a color name in English was in 1928. The source of the color "Cafe Noir" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #81).

Meaning of coffee
 The color coffee implies someone or something that is lively and active, the way one feels from consuming the caffeine in coffee.

Tones of coffee color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
References

Other websites 
 YouTube—"Coffee Roasting Basics--Color Changes":
Dodge City is the county seat of Ford County, Kansas, United States. Named after nearby Fort Dodge, the city is famous in American culture for its history as a wild frontier town of the Old West. As of the 2020 census, there were 27,788 people who lived in the city.

In the 1880s Dodge City became a boomtown, with thousands of cattle passing annually through its stockyards. The peak years of the cattle trade in Dodge City were from 1883 to 1884. During that time the town grew tremendously. Dodge City had more famous (and infamous) gunfighters working at one time or another than any other town in the West, many of whom participated in the Dodge City War of 1883. It also boasted the usual array of saloons, gambling halls, and brothels: they were set up to separate a cowboy from his hard-earned cash. Famous were the Long Branch Saloon and the China Doll brothel.