Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Story 
The poem by Francisco de Sá de Meneses tells about the batles of Malacca. The battle was fought in 1511. Portuguese forces, led by Afonso de Albuquerque, the governor of India, seized the city of Malacca. The city was a strong fortress. It controlled the strait of Malacca, which was the way to China.

Translation 
The poem was translated into English by Edgar C. Knowlton, Jr. The book was published by University of Malaya Press in Kuala Lumpur in 1970.

References

Bibliography

Other websites 
 Francisco de Sá de Meneses, Malaca conquistada at Bibliotecva Nacional de Portugal.

Epic poems
Portuguese poems
17th-century books
Malacca
1630s works
The Bielski partisans were a group of Jewish partisans (an irregular military group) who fought against the Nazis during World War II. They rescued Jews from extermination. They fought against the Nazis, who had taken over Poland. They also fought against people who cooperated with the Nazis. They lived and fought around Nowogródek (Navahrudak) and Lida in Poland (now western Belarus). They were named after the Bielskis, a family of Polish Jews who led the group.

Under the Bielski partisans' protection, 1,236 Jews survived the war. This was one of many remarkable rescue missions in the Holocaust. The group spent more than two years living in the forests and was initially organised by members of the Bielski family.
Background
The Bielski family were millers and grocers in Stankiewicze (Stankievichy) near Nowogródek. At the beginning of WWII, this area belonged to the Second Polish Republic. It was taken over by the Soviet Union in September 1939 (cf. Polish September Campaign and Soviet invasion of Poland) as part of an agreement between Nazi Germany and Josef Stalin's Soviet Union that they would not fight each other.

The Bielski family served as low-level administrators in the new government set up by the Soviets. This made many local Poles unhappy, because they saw the Soviets as occupiers.

On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany began Operation Barbarossa and invaded the Soviet Union. Nowogródek became a Jewish ghetto. The Nazis took over and began their genocidal policies in Poland and Belarus.

Partisans
Partisans

Formation
The Bielski's parents and older family members were killed in the ghetto on 8 December 1941. The four Bielski brothers - Tuvia, Alexander (also known as "Zus"), Asael, and Aron Bielski - managed to escape to the nearby forest. Together with 13 neighbours from the ghetto, they formed their partisan combat group in the spring of 1942. Originally, about forty people were in the group, but it grew quickly.
The oldest brother, Tuvia, was the group's commander. Tuvia had served in the Polish Army from 1927 to 1929, rising to the rank of corporal. He had been interested in the Zionist youth movement. He sent people to sneak into the ghettos in the area, recruiting new members to join the group in the Naliboki Forest. Hundreds of men, women and children eventually found their way to the Bielski camp. At its largest, 1,236 people belonged to the group. Seven out of every ten members were women, children, or elderly. No one was turned away. About 150 group members used weapons to fight the Nazis and the people who cooperated with them.

Organization
The partisans lived in underground dugouts (zemlyankas) or bunkers. In their forest camp, they built many things, including:
 A kitchen and a bakery
 A mill
 A bathhouse
 A medical clinic for sick and injured people
 A quarantine hut for people with infectious diseases like typhus, to keep them separate from healthy people and prevent them from getting others sick
Members of the group did many different jobs. For example:
 They milked cows to get fresh milk
 Artisans made and repaired things. This helped the group's fighters keep fighting. Later, the group provided support to Soviet partisans in the unit as well
 Over 125 people worked in workshops
 Tailors fixed old clothing and made new clothing
 Shoemakers fixed and made shoes
 Leather-workers worked on belts, bridles, and saddles
 Workers in a metalworking shop fixed damaged weapons and made new ones from extra parts
 Some group members worked as carpenters, hat-makers, barbers, and watchmakers

The group also set up a school in one of the dugouts. The camp even had its own jail and court of law.

Some accounts say that poor members of the group were not treated as well as richer members.
Activities
The Bielski group's partisan activities were aimed at the Germans and their collaborators (people who cooperated with the Nazis, like Belarusian volunteer policemen or local residents who had betrayed or killed Jews). The group also used sabotage to fight the Nazis. The Nazi regime offered a reward of 100,000 Reichsmarks to anyone who could help them catch Tuvia Bielski. In 1943, the Nazis led major efforts to get rid of all partisan groups in the area. Some of these groups suffered major casualties, but the Bielski partisans fled safely to a deeper part of the forest, and continued to offer protection to the non-fighters among their band.

Like other partisan groups in the area, the Bielski group would raid nearby villages and force people to give them food. Sometimes, peasants who refused to share their food with the partisans were attacked or even murdered. This made many of the peasants in the villages angry at the Bielski partisans, though some would willingly help the Jewish partisans.
The Bielski partisans eventually teamed up with Soviet groups around the Naliboki Forest under General Platon (Vasily Yefimovich Chernyshev). Soviet commanders tried several times to get Bielski fighters to join their units, but they refused. Tuvia continued to command the Bielski partisans. This allowed him to continue in his mission to protect Jewish lives along with engaging in combat activity. However, it would also cause problems later on.

The Bielski partisan leaders split the group into two units, one named Ordzhonikidze, led by Zus, and the other Kalinin, commanded by Tuvia. Fighting on the Soviet side, they took part in fights between Polish and Soviet forces. On 1 December 1943, they helped the Soviets disarm a group of Polish partisans. According to records kept by the partisans, the Bielski fighters from both units claimed to have killed a total of 381 enemy fighters, sometimes during joint actions with Soviet groups.
Disbandment
In the summer of 1944, the Soviets began to fight back against the Nazi occupiers in Belarus, and took over the area. At this pint, the Kalinin unit, which included 1,230 men, women and children, came out of the forest and marched into Novogrodek.

Even though they have previously worked and cooperated with the Soviets, relations between the Soviets and the Bielski partisans got worse quickly. The NKVD started interrogating the Bielski brothers about the rumours of loot they had reportedly collected during the war, and about their failure to "implement socialist ideals in the camp". Asael Bielski was conscripted into the Soviet Red Army and fell in the Battle of Königsberg in 1945. The remaining brothers escaped Soviet-controlled lands, emigrating to the West. Tuvia's cousin, Yehuda Bielski, was sought by the NKVD for having been an officer in the pre-war Polish Army. However, with Tuvia's help, he managed to escape to Hungary, then to Israel.

Post-war
Post-war

After the war, Tuvia Bielski returned to Poland, then emigrated to present-day Israel in 1945. Tuvia and Zus eventually settled in New York, where they ran a successful trucking business. When Tuvia died in 1987, he was buried in Long Island, New York. However, a year later, surviving partisans in Israel got his body to be exhumed (taken out of the ground). He was given a hero's funeral at Har Hamenuchot, the hillside graveyard in Jerusalem. His wife, Lilka, was buried beside him in 2001.

The last living Bielski brother, Aron Bielski, emigrated to the US in 1951. He changed his name to "Aron Bell." The remainder of the Bell family now lives in upstate New York and California. Aron lives in Florida. None of the Bielskis ever sought any praise or reward for their actions.

Yehuda Bielski, their first cousin and fellow partisan, moved to Israel to fight in the Irgun.

Stankiewicze (Stankevichi) no longer exists. It was at , just off Route P11, approximately halfway between Biarozauka and Navahrudak.
Allegations of war crimes
Some of the members of the Bielski partisans (but not the Bielski brothers themselves) have been accused of war crimes in the villages near them. In particular, Bielski partisans have been accused of being involved in the 1943 Naliboki massacre of 129 people, committed by Soviet partisans. Some witnesses and some historians say that members of the Bielskis' unit were at the massacre. However, former group members and other historians, say this is not true. They say that the partisans did not arrive in the area until several months later.

The Polish Institute of National Remembrance has been investigating the massacre since the early 2000s. As of April 2009, it has not issued official findings. However, some historians working at the Institute have written in other publications that the Bielski brothers had not been involved in the massacre.
Two recent English language books have focused on the Bielski story: Defiance (1993) by Nechama Tec, and The Bielski Brothers (2004) by Peter Duffy. The group is also mentioned in numerous books about this period in history. A new book (January 2009) in Polish by two reporters from Gazeta Wyborcza, Odwet: Prawdziwa historia braci Bielskich (Revenge: The True Story of the Bielski Brothers) focuses on the larger political and historical context in which the partisans operated, specifically the fighting between Polish and Soviet resistance groups in the Kresy (former Eastern Poland) region. Fugitives of the Forest: The Heroic Story of Jewish Resistance and Survival During the Second World War, by Allan Levine (first published 1998, 2008 reissue, by Lyons Press), tells the story of Jewish fighters and refugees in forests across Europe, including the Bielski partisans
. With Courage Shall We Fight: The Memoirs and Poetry of Holocaust Resistance Fighters Frances "Fruma" Gulkowich Berger and Murray “Motke” Berger tells the story of two Bielski Brigade fighters before, during and after the War.
In 2006, the History Channel aired a documentary titled The Bielski Brothers: Jerusalem in the Woods, written and directed by filmmaker Dean Ward.

An episode of the BBC series Who Do You Think You Are? featured UK television personality Natasha Kaplinsky discovering that her great uncle Ytsak Kaplinski was a member of the Bielski partisans. He survived the war and emigrated to South Africa.

The BBC series Ray Mears's Extreme Survival featured an episode about the Bielski partisans.

The feature film Defiance, co-written, produced and directed by Edward Zwick, was released nationwide on 16 January 2009. It stars Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, Jamie Bell, and George MacKay as Tuvia, Zus, Asael and Aron Bielski respectively. It opened to mixed reviews and raised questions about the roles various groups played during the war.

Related pages
 World War II
 The Holocaust
 Soviet invasion of Poland

Notes
Notes

References
 Alperowitz, Yitzchak. "Tuvia Bielski", in Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust vol. 1, p. 215–16. Illustrations.
 Arad, Yitzhak. "Family Camps in the Forest", in Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust vol. 2, p. 467–469. Illustrations, map.
 Smith, Lyn. Remembering: Voices of the Holocaust. Ebury Press, Great Britain, 2005, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, 2006. .
 Announcement of the start of the IPN investigation (unofficial English-language translation) .
 Review of "Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland", by Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, in Sarmatian Review, April 2006.
Further reading
 Berger, Ralph S. and Albert S. Berger, editors "With Courage Shall We Fight: The Memoirs and Poetry of Frances "Fruma" Gulkowich Berger and Murray "Motke" Berger". Comteq Publishing, 2010. .
 Duffy, Peter, The Bielski Brothers. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. .
 Eckman, Lester and Lazar, Chaim, The Jewish Resistance: The History of the Jewish Partisans in Lithuania and White Russia During the Nazi Occupation 1940–1945. Shengold Publishers, 1977. .
 Levine, Allan, Fugitives of the Forest: The Heroic Story of Jewish Resistance and Survival During the Second World War. Stoddart, 1998. Reissued with a new introduction by The Lyons Press, 2008. .
 Nechama Tec, Defiance: The Bielski Partisans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. .
Other websites
 
 The Bielski Partisans Holocaust Encyclopedia United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
 Jewish partisans directory (searchable)  (partisans.org.il)
 Tuvia Bielski, Commander of a Jewish Partisan Unit in Belarus, Novogrudok, Poland  Film and Photo Archive, Yad Vashem
 Naliboki, Poland, May 1944, Jews in the Tuvia Bielski Partisan Family Camp in the Naliboki Forest  Film and Photo Archive, Yad Vashem
 Bielski partisans in the Naliboki forest  Simon Wiesenthal Center Photo album
 The Stories of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans from Lida  Lida Memorial Society Homepage First and Second Hand Accounts
 Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Daniel Craig  from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
 Official remembrance of the Bielski Brothers in Belarus, Poland and Israel 
 Florida Holocaust Museum's Bielski Exhibit with Artifacts and History of the Bielski Resistance Movement.

World War II
Nazi Germany
Holocaust survivors
A dictator was the senior magistrate of the Roman Republic. They were regularly appointed from the earliest period of the Republic down to the Second Punic War.

Dictators had the full authority of the state to deal with a military emergency or to undertake a specific duty. The right of the Tribune of the plebs to veto his actions was extremely limited.  However, to prevent the dictatorship from threatening the state itself, limitations were placed on his powers. A dictator had a clear sphere of authority. He had to resign once his task was done, or after six months. 

After the Second Punic War, no dictators were appointed for over a century. Then the idea was revived by Sulla, and later by Caesar. Sulla was a tyrant, and Caesar was murdered soon after becoming dictator.

The office was formally abolished after the death of Caesar, and not revived under the Empire.

References 

Roman Republic
Vargas tragedy is one of the worst disaster that struck the Venezuelan country's Vargas state on 15 December 1999. It was a result of heavy downpour of rain, flash floods and mudslides that followed on 14-16 December 1999 which killed 10,000*30,000 peoples.This disaster led to an complete collapse of the infrastructure of the state of Vargas.

Many towns were swept away to the ocean due to the floods.Whole towns like Cerro Grande and Carmen de Uria completely disappeared. As much as 10% of the population of Vargas perished during this event.The coastal area of Vargas has long been subject to mudslides and flooding: geologically similar catastrophes occurred with regularity. The most recent major flood was in 1951, however that event did not cause as much damage.
In a 52-hour span during 14, 15 and 16 December 1999,  of rain (approximately one year's total rainfall for the region) was measured on the north-central coast of Venezuela at Simón Bolívar International Airport in Maiquetia, Venezuela. These heavy rains included  of accumulation in just one hour, between 6 and 7 AM on the 16th; precipitation on both the 15th and 16th exceeded the 1,000-year probability rainfall event. Even so, the coast received much less rain than some regions upstream.
The disaster caused estimated damages of USD $1.79 to $3.5 billion. The death toll was considered to be between 10,000 and 30,000—the exact number of casualties is difficult to determine as there was no reliable census data, especially about shanty towns and small communities that were completely wiped out; moreover, only some 1,000 bodies were recovered, with the rest swept to sea by the mud or buried in the landslides. More than 8,000 homes and 700 apartment buildings were destroyed in Vargas displacing up to 75,000 people.

References

1990s floods
20th century in Venezuela
1999 in South America
Charrat is a municipality in the district Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Martigny
Fully is a municipality in the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Martigny
Isérables is a municipality of the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Martigny
Leytron is a municipality of the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Villages
Leytron, Ovronnaz, Les Moulins, Produit, Montagnon, Les Places, Le Four, Dugny, Morthey and Lui Teise.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Martigny
Martigny-Combe is a municipality of the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Villages
Martigny-Croix, Le Brocard, Le Borgeaud, Les Rappes, La Fontaine, Le Cergneux, Le Fays, Le Sommet-des-Vignes and Ravoire.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Martigny
Riddes is a municipality of the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website of Riddes 

Municipalities in Martigny
Viriato Trágico is a long poem by Portuguese poet Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas (1596-1656).

General information 
Viriato Trágico is a heroic poem, one of the most important Portuguese poems of the 17th century. It consists of twenty books. It was first printed in 1699, many years after author's death.

Form 
The poem about Viriatus by Garcia de Mascarenhas is written in ottava rima (oitava rima in Portuguese). This strophe was very popular in Portugal in 17th century. It was introduced into Portuguese literature by Francisco de Sá de Miranda. After Luís de Camões used the strophe in The Lusiads all poets emloyed it in long works. The strophe consists of eight lines rhymed abababcc. The lines are composed of ten syllables each.
Canto um Pastor, Amores, e Armas canto,
 Canto o Raio do monte, e da campanha,
 Terror da Itália, e do mundo espanto,
 Glória de Portugal, honra de Espanha:
 Triunfante da Águia, que triunfando tanto,
 Tanto a seus raios tímida se acanha,
 Que à traição, só dormindo, o viu rendido,
 Porque desperto nunca foi vencido.

Story 
The poem tells about an ancient hero, Viriatus. He was a warrior from Lusitania (old Portugal). He was famous for his struggle for independence against the Romans. He was invincible in any battle. As the Romans could not defeat him in the open field, the decided to get rid of him by an unlawful deed. Viriatus was assasinated in his sleep.
He died, but his fame outlived the Roman empire.

References

Bibliography 
 Viriato tragico : poema heroico em 20 cantos de Bras Garcia Mascaranhas, Lisboa 1846.

Other websites 
 Bras Garcia de Mascaranhas, Viriato tragico, poema heroico em 20 cantos at Hathi Trust.

Epic poems
Portuguese poems
1690s books
1650s works
17th-century poems‎
Saillon is a town and municipality in the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Martigny
Cities in Switzerland
SPQR are the initials of a Latin phrase Senātus Populusque Rōmānus. It means "The Roman Senate and People" or "The Senate and People of Rome". 

It refers to the government of the ancient Roman Republic. It is still used as an official emblem of the modern-day municipality of Rome. 

SPQR appears on Roman coins, at the end of documents made public by inscription in stone or metal, in dedications of monuments and public works, and on the flag (vexilloid) of the Roman legions.

The phrase appears in Roman political, legal and historical literature, such as the speeches of Cicero and Ab Urbe Condita Libri ("Books from the Founding of the City") of Livy.

The date of first use of SPQR is not known. It first appears in inscriptions of the later Republic, from about 80 BC onwards. It last appears on coins of Constantine the Great (ruled AD 312-337), the first Christian Roman emperor.
The signature continued in use under the Roman Empire. The emperors were considered the representatives of the people, although the decrees of the Senate were dictated by the wishes of the emperor.

Similar language in more modern political and social revolutions no doubt comes from this usage. During the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, SPQR was emblazoned on many public buildings in an attempt to promote his dictatorship as a "New Roman Empire"

Roman Republic
The National Museum of Computing is a museum in the United Kingdom dedicated to collecting and restoring old computer systems. The museum is based at Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. It opened in 2007. The building — Block H — was built in 1944. At the end of World War II it housed six Colossus computers. It is the first computer centre in the world.

The museum has a rebuilt Colossus computer. It also has an exhibition of the most complex code cracking activities that were performed at Bletchley Park during World War II. More modern computers can be seen. They show the history of the development of computing from the 1940s to the present day. The museum tries to have these machines in working order.

Although located on the Bletchley Park "campus", The National Museum of Computing is an entirely separate charity. It receives no public funding. It relies on the generosity of donors and supporters. Tickets for admission to the museum are separate from those for the other museum on the site.
References

Museums in England
National museums
History of computing
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Buckinghamshire
The origin of the day of the dead comes from a mix of culture. Aztec and Christian are the main influence of it. In some countries people use sugar skull painting for Halloween but it is not the same celebration. Everyone is welcomed to join in on the celebration, but nearly everyone in Mexico celebrates it. The Day of the Dead is a holiday celebrated all throughout Mexico. It is a day to celebrate, remember and prepare special foods in honor of those who have died. The traditional food is the bread of the dead (pan de muertos). People paint there faces to match Caleveras. The famous decoration is the sugar skulls, Marigolds, and candles. People believe the spirit of the dead goes and visits their families from October 31 (aka Halloween) then leaves on November 2. The Day of the Dead is held every year on the 2nd of November in Mexico. This Mexican holiday is celebrated because families do it to honor their loved ones who have passed.

References 

Festivals in North America
November events
Mexican culture
Elisabeth "Betsy" DeVos (née Prince; born January 8, 1958) is an American billionaire businesswoman, philanthropist, and education activist from Michigan. She was the 11th United States Secretary of Education from February 7, 2017 to January 8, 2021. DeVos is known for her advocacy of school choice and voucher programs.

On November 23, 2016, it was announced that DeVos would be nominated to serve as Secretary of Education in the coming administration of President-elect Donald Trump. On February 7, 2017, she was confirmed by the United States Senate by a 50-50 vote with Vice President Mike Pence breaking the tie in her favor.

In January 2021, DeVos resigned from the Trump cabinet over the events of the storming of the United States Capitol.
Early life
DeVos was born Elisabeth Prince on January 8, 1958 in Holland, Michigan. She was educated at the Holland Christian High School, a private school in her home town of Holland, Michigan. She graduated from Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where she earned a bachelor's degree in business administration and political science.

Business career
DeVos is chairwoman of the Windquest Group, a privately held operating group that invests in technology, manufacturing, and clean energy. DeVos and her husband founded it in 1989.

Political activity
Since 1982, DeVos has participated in the Michigan Republican Party. She served as a local precinct delegate. She was a Republican National Committeewoman for Michigan between 1992 and 1997, and served as chairwoman of the Michigan Republican Party from 1996 to 2000. DeVos resigned the position in 2000. She said in 2000, "It is clear I have never been a rubber stamp... I have been a fighter for the grassroots, and following is admittedly not my strong suit."
In 2003, DeVos ran again for party chairman and was elected to the post without opposition.

United States Secretary of Education
On November 23, 2016, it was announced that DeVos was President-elect Trump's choice to be the next United States Secretary of Education. Upon her nomination, DeVos said "I am honored to work with the President-elect on his vision to make American education great again. The status quo in ed is not acceptable".

Former presidential candidates Jeb Bush, Mitt Romney, and Carly Fiorina respectively called DeVos an "outstanding pick", a "smart choice", and the "transformative leader our students need". Republican Senator Ben Sasse said DeVos "has made a career out of standing up to powerful and connected special interests on behalf of poor kids who are too often forgotten by Washington." In an opinion editorial, The Chicago Tribune wrote that "DeVos has helped lead the national battle to expand education opportunities for children."
The confirmation hearing for DeVos was initially scheduled for January 10, 2017, but was delayed for one week after the Office of Government Ethics requested more time to review her financial disclosures. The confirmation hearing was later held on January 17.

On February 7, 2017, DeVos was confirmed by the Senate by a 51–50 margin, with Vice President Mike Pence breaking the tie in favor of DeVos's nomination; it was the first time a vice president had done so for the appointment of a cabinet nominee.
Betsy DeVos and her family spend millions promoting education privatization schemes. Long before she became Secretary of Education, Betsy DeVos used her family’s wealth to privatize public schools. She funds politicians who support voucher schemes. DeVos won confirmation despite 1.1 million letters and 80,000 phone calls from NEA supporters urging senators to vote no. Vice President Mike Pence cast the deciding vote, the first time in the nation’s history a vice president’s vote was necessary to approve a cabinet nominee.

On January 7, 2021, DeVos resigned from her job as Secretary of Education after the January 6 U.S. Capitol riots. She was the second cabinet member to resign following the storming, the first being the United States Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao.

Personal life
DeVos is married to businessman and millionaire Dick DeVos. Together, they have four children and one grandchild. DeVos' father-in-law, Richard DeVos is the current owner of the Orlando Magic.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
 

1958 births
Living people
American activists
American billionaires
Educators from Grand Rapids, Michigan
American Evangelicals
Philanthropists from Michigan
People from Holland, Michigan
Businesspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Politicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Richard DeVos
United States Secretaries of Education
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Sir Orville Alton Turnquest (born 19 July 1929) is a retired Bahamian politician. He was the Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of the Bahamas from 1992 to 1994, and the fifth Governor-General of the Bahamas from 3 January 1994 until his retirement on 13 November 2001.

Turnquest was born in Grants Town, New Providence. He was educated at the University of London.

References

1929 births
Living people
Governors-General of the Bahamas
Dame Ivy Leona Dumont, DCMG (born 2 October 1930) is a retired Bahamian politician. She was the sixth Governor-General of the Bahamas.

She was the first woman in the Bahamas to hold this office, from 1 January 2002 (on an acting basis since 13 November 2001) until 30 November 2004. She previously served as Education Minister from 1995 to 2001.

Other websites
Official biography

1930 births
Living people
Governors-General of the Bahamas
Luis García Meza Tejada (August 8, 1929 – April 29, 2018) was a former Bolivian dictator. In 1980, he led a military coup d'état on President Lidia Gueiler Tejada. He later made himself president on 17 July 1980. He left office on 4 August 1981 after being exiled for human rights violations. Before becoming president, he worked closely with Bolivian president Hugo Banzer. 

García Meza died in La Paz on April 29, 2018, of a heart attack at the age of 88.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Anti-communists
Former dictators
Generals
Presidents of Bolivia
South American military people
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada Sánchez de Bustamante (born 1 July 1930), familiarly known as "Goni", is a Bolivian politician and businessman. He served as President of Bolivia for two non-consecutive terms from 6 August 1993 through 6 August 1997 and again from 6 August 2002 through his resignation on 17 October 2003. He is a lifelong member of the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR).

References

Other websites

Social and Economis Reforms of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, personal website
Commanding Heights: [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/index.html The Battle for the World Economy], PBS-WGBH
Interview with President Sancha de Lozada, from Commanding Heights, PBS documentary
"Black October Memorial: A decade of impunity" , Democracy Center
"A case for extradition: Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada and Carlos Sanchez Berzain", Council of Hemispheric Affairs
"Gallery of portraits and biographies of presidents of Bolivia" , Presidencia de Bolivia website
1930 births
Living people
Presidents of Bolivia
I'll Be Missing You is a song performed by American rapper Puff Daddy and singer Faith Evans featuring 112. It was in memory of Christopher "The Notorious B.I.G." Wallace. He was killed in Los Angeles on March 9, 1997. It sampled the melody of The Police's Every Breath You Take song from the 1980s. As well as these artists, Sting (vocalist from The Police) joined in at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1997.

Formats and track listings
Single
 P.Diddy featuring Faith Evans and 112 – "I'll Be Missing You"

Maxi-single
 P.Diddy featuring Faith Evans and 112 – "I'll Be Missing You"
 The Lox – "We'll Always Love Big Poppa"
 112 – "Cry On"
 P.Diddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 – "I'll Be Missing You" (Instrumental)
 The Lox – "We'll Always Love Big Poppa" (Instrumental)

Charts

Related pages 
 List of best-selling singles

References

Other websites 
 Puff Daddy - I'll Be Missing You :: Official Video | ft. Faith Evans & 112: YouTube
 The Police - Every Breath You Take: YouTube
1997 songs
1990s ballads
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
R&B ballads
Soul ballads
Sean Combs songs
Faith Evans songs
A hate group is a group that hates a specific group of people.  For example, a hate group might hate everyone who belongs to a different ethnic group, religion, sex, and/or sexual orientation.

Statistics
According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, as of 2015, there were 892 hate groups currently operating in the United States.  Hate groups exist in every state.

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center:
 In 1999, there were 457 hate groups operating in the United States.  
 The number of hate groups in the U.S. grew every year until 2011.  At that point, there were 1018 hate groups operating in the United States.
 After 2011, the number of hate groups in the U.S. decreased for three straight years, but in 2015 it increased by 14%.
Types of hate groups 
There are many different types of hate groups.  Of the 892 hate groups currently operating in the U.S.:
 190 are Ku Klux Klan
 184 are "General Hate" groups - including:
 Anti-Muslim groups
 There has been a 42% increase in anti-Muslim hate groups since 2014
 Anti-LGBT groups
 Anti-Immigrant groups
 Groups that say the Holocaust did not happen
 Other groups that say hateful things
 Racist music
 Radical traditionalist Catholic groups
 180 are Black Separatist
 95 are White Nationalist
 95 are Racist Skinheads
 94 are Neo-Nazi
 35 are Neo-Confederate
 19 are Christian Identity groups

According to the Anti-Defamation League, as of 2015, 21,000,000 people in the United States admitted to having anti-Semitic attitudes.  For example, 31% of people admitted that they think "Jews are more loyal to Israel than to [this country/the countries they live in].

References

Hatred
Organizations based in the United States
SMS Posen was a German battleship built in 1907 and launched in 1910. She had twelve 11 inch guns in six turrets.

The ship sailed during most of the First World War, in the North Sea. The main battle she was in was the Battle of Jutland where she hit another German ship which then sank. 

The ship served with her three sister ships for the majority of World War I. She saw extensive service in the North Sea, where she took part in several fleet sorties. These culminated in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916, where Posen was heavily engaged in night-fighting against British light forces. In the confusion, the ship accidentally rammed the light cruiser SMS Elbing, which suffered serious damage and was scuttled later in the night.
The ship also conducted several deployments to the Baltic Sea against the Russian Navy. In the first of these, Posen supported a German naval assault in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga. The ship was sent back to the Baltic in 1918 to support the White Finns in the Finnish Civil War. At the end of the war, Posen remained in Germany while the majority of the fleet was interned in Scapa Flow. In 1919, following the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow, she was ceded to the British as a replacement for the ships that had been sunk. She was then sent to ship-breakers in the Netherlands and scrapped in 1922.

About 

Posen was 146 m long and 27 m wide. She weighed 18,873 tonnes. Her crew was 40 officers and 968 sailors, 1008 total. She had three coal engines and could go at 20 knots or 9600 miles at 12 knots.
Her guns were 28 cm wide and were in six twin turrets in a hexagon shape around the ship. She also had 15cm and 8.8 cm anti aircraft guns. She carried six torpedo which she could shoot out the front, back and sides. She had thick armour along both sides, 30cm thick in most places.

History 

Posen was first ordered in 1906 as the Ersatz Baden. She started being built on 11 June 1907 in secret. She sailed for the first time in December 1908. She cost the German government 36,920,000 Marks.

She went to Wilhelmshavenin 1910 and sailed out of there for the next 4 years. In World War 1 she spent a lot of time in the North Sea, and sometimes going down to the Baltic sea to fight the Russian Navy. She was part of the Battle of Jutland, and in the fight she hit another German ship and made it sink.

References

Bibliography
 
 

German Empire
Warships
World War I
No. 77 Squadron is a squadron in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It flies out of RAAF Williamtown in New South Wales, Australia. It is part of No. 81 Wing and has F18 Hornet fighters. 

The squadron started at RAAF Pearce in Western Australia in 1942 during the Second World War, and fought in the Pacific Theatre with P40 Kittyhawks. After the war it got new P51 Mustangs and went to Japan. 

In 1950 it went to Korea to support the United Nations against North Korea. It got Meteor jets there and shot down five MiG 15s and 5,000 buildings and vehicles. 

When they went back to Australia in 1956 they got new Sabre jets. In 1958 they went to Malaya to help the Commonwealth there. They stayed there, looking after the country until 1969. Then they went back to Williamtown and got new Mirage jets, then F18 Hornets in 1987. It went to Afghanistan in 2001 and again in 2015. In 2021 it will get F35 Lightning fighters.

Jobs and planes
Jobs and planes 

The squadron has F18 Hornets which they got in 1987. They look after an area of sky in New South Wales.

Notes 

Australian military organisations
Gautam is a mythological Hindu sage (Rishi) and one of the seven Rishis. Hindu scriptures have named them as saptarishis, that is, the seven sages. The seven sages were Kashyapa, Atri, Vashitha, Vishvamitra, Gautam, Jamdagni, and Bharadvaja. According to Hindu mythology, these seven sages had become like divine beings. Ancient astrology of Hindus identified these seven sages with the stars of the sky, the Great Bear. Their wives formed the Pleiades.

The Rig Veda has several 'hymns' that go with his name. Sage Gautam is one of the greatest amongst all Saptarshis (seven sages). He was the son of Rahugana. He married to Ahalya and had two sons Vamadeva and Nodhas both themselves discoverers of Mantras. Ramayan and Mahabharatha have references to Sage Gautam as he lived during these two Yugas.

Sage Gautam's sixty-year-long penance is mentioned in the Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata. He is the progenitor of the Gautama gotra.

References 

Hindu mythology
Atri is a mythological Hindu sage. He is one of the seven Rishis. Hindu scriptures have named them as saptarishis, that is, the seven sages. The seven sages were Kashyapa, Atri, Vashitha, Vishvamitra, Gautam, Jamdagni, and Bharadvaja. According to Hindu mythology, these seven sages had become like divine beings. Ancient astrology of Hindus identified these seven sages with the stars of the sky, the Great Bear. Their wives formed the Pleiades.

Hindu mythology
Bodo (बर') or Boro is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken primarily by the Bodo people of Northeast India. It is official language of the Bodoland autonomous region and co-official language of the state of Assam in India. It is also one of twenty two languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India. The Bodo language has been written using Devanagari script since 1963. Some scholar believe that at ancient time boro language were written in Deodhai script which is now lost.
History and linguistic classification
Bodo is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Bodo group. It is closely related to the Dimasa language and Tiwa (Lalung) Language of Assam. It is also related to the Garo language of Meghalaya and the Kokborok language of Tripura. The Bodo speaking areas of Assam stretch from Dhubri in the west to Sadiya in the east. In Alipurduar, Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri and other parts of Bengal, the Boros are known as "Mech". According to the 1991 census, the population of Boro speakers was 1,984,569 (Bodo 1,324,748), (Mech 659,821). The census reports of Bodo tribe, however, includes only the Bodos. It excludes the Mech tribe. The word "Boro" means the language and the community. It is pronounced with a high tone on the second syllable.

Dialects 
The dialects spoken in this area can be divided into three main groups:

The Western Boro dialect, {(Sønabari) WBD}:
The Eastern Boro dialect, {(Sanzari) EBD} and
The Southern Boro dialect, {(Hazari) SBD}.
The Western Boro dialects are spoken in the districts of Kokrajhar and Bongaigaon. The Eastern Bodo dialects are found mainly in the districts of Barpeta, Nalbari and Kamrup and some parts of Darrang. The Western Boro dialect has gained the status of a standard dialect. It has also developed a written form. The variations between these two dialect groups are mainly phonological and lexical.
 
The Bodo language of Assam has at least four clear-cut dialect-areas with a sufficient number of dialectal variations. There are the northeastern, southwestern, north-central and southern dialect areas. Each has distinct differences.

Geographic distribution
Ethnologue lists the following districts where Bodo is spoken. Bodo is spoken mainly in the lowlands and foothills of Assam and West Bengal.
Assam
Darrang district
Chirang district
Barpeta district
Bongaigaon district
Kokrajhar district
Nagaon district
Kamrup district
Goalpara district
Sibsagar district
Lakhimpur district
West Bengal
Kolkata
Jalpaiguri district
Cooch Behar district
Manipur
Chandel district (in Tengnoupal)
Meghalaya
7 villages in Tikrikilla block of West Garo Hills district
East Khasi Hills district
History 
Although the Bodo language is a rich and ancient language, it did not have any written literature until the second decade of the 20th century. Christian missionaries, who entered the Bodo speaking areas to preach their religion, published some books on religion, tales, rhymes and songs. These missionaries also published some books on grammar and dictionary. Reverend Sidney Endle compiled An Outline of the Kachari Grammar in 1884. The grammar is based on the dialect of Darrang district. Endle also wrote an important book on the Bodos. It is titled The Kacharis. The book was published in 1911 and it contains chapters on social customs, agriculture practices, festivities, food habits, rituals, crafts and textiles of the Bodos. The book also included examples of Bodo folktales, rhymes and grammars. J.D. Anderson's Collection of Bodo Folktales and Rhymes (1895) included seventeen Bodo folktales translated into the English language. This is in addition to the original versions in the Bodo language.
In 1963 the language was used in teaching in the primary schools in Bodo dominated areas. The Bodo language is used in schools up to the secondary level. The language has become a matter of pride with the opening of the post-graduate course in the Bodo language. Bodo literature has been used in the University of Guwahati since 1996. The Bodo language now has a large number of books of poetry, drama, short stories, novels, biography, travel, children's literature and literary criticism. Though the spoken language has been affected by other communities and dialects, it is still to be heard in its pure form in and around the Udalguri district.

Writing system 
The language is officially written using the Devanagari script. It also has a long history of using the Latin script and the Assamese script.  Some researchers have suggested that at one time the language used a now-lost script called Deodhai.

Related pages 
Bodo people
Bodo Grammar
Bodo Sahitya Sabha
Kokborok language

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Abley, Mark (2006) The Verbs of Boro , Lost Magazine , March 2006
Bodoland.org
Boro Language
Bodo computing resources at TDIL 
Language Information Service – India 

Languages of India
Sino-Tibetan languages
Piotta is a village in the municipality of Quinto in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Piotta has an ice hockey Club, called the HC Ambrì-Piotta, that plays in indoor sporting arena of "Valascia".

Villages in Ticino
Ambrì is a village in the municipality of Quinto in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Ambrì has an ice hockey club, called the HC Ambrì-Piotta, that plays in indoor sporting arena of "Valascia".

Villages in Ticino
Saxon is a municipality of the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It is famous as the birthplace of figure skater and choreographer of Stéphane Lambiel.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Saxon 

Municipalities in Martigny
Trient is a municipality of the district of Martigny in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Martigny
Champéry is a municipality of the district of Monthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Homepage 

Municipalities in Monthey
"The Fall of Nineveh" is a poem by English poet Edwin Atherstone (1788-1892).

The Fall of Nineveh is a long poem. It consists of the Prelude and thirty books. It was published in parts between 1828 and 1868.  It has more than six hundred pages and more than twenty thousand lines. Because of that it is one of the longest epic poems in English and European literature. Nineveh was the capital city of the Assyrian empire. It was really destroyed in 612 B.C.

Author 
Edwin Atherstone was a romantic poet. He is forgotten now. He was the author of some poems, dramas and two novels, Sea kings in England and Handwriting on the Wall.
Form 
The poem is written almost entirely in blank verse. This form, unrhymed iambic pentameter, is typical for long poems in English literature. It was introduced into English literature by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in 16th century. It was widely used in Elizabethan drama, for example by Thomas Kyd and William Shakespeare. In 17th century John Milton employed it in Paradise Lost. From that time blank verse prevails in English epic poems. From time to time the poet used alliteration: Thus in her pride of power I see her now;/Her swarming streets; her splendid festivals;/Her sprightly damsels (The Prelude).

 But, to Assyria's king, no slumber came:
 In storm and darkness was his spirit plunged.
 Four days alone and speechless had he sat;
 By his great grief, as by a heavy flood,
 Borne down, and stunned. But, on that night, brief speech
 With Salamenes had he held; and learned--
 Then first had learned--of that disastrous fight,
 The dreadful whole.
 (Book Eighteen)
Sources 
The poem is based on the strory written by Greek physician and historian Ctesias. Lord Byron wrote a tragedy about Sandanapalus earlier.

Story 
The poem narrates about a great war. It was a conflict between the Assyrian and the coallition of nations that had been conquered by them earlier. The Assyrian were ruled by Sardanapalus, king of Nineveh. He was a tyrant. All the nations around had to pay high taxes and send some soldiers to the king. They did not want to do it any longer. They started a war for independence. After many battles they won the whole war. They took the city of Nineveh, but it was destroyed by an earthquake.
Heroes 
 Sardanapalus is the king of Nineveh. He is a strong man, but he has no character to be a leader of his nation. He wants only to drink with his women. He stays at home even when a battle lasts on the plain by the city. He is a great criminal, too. He ordered one hundred prisoners of war executed for a sacrifice to pagan gods. He was ready to offer his own daughter, too but she ran away. At last he burned his own palace and died inside, together with all his women.
 Arbaces is a Prince of Medes. He is a very strong and courageous man. He is very wise, too.
 Belesis is a priest of Babylon. He believes strongly that Nineveh should be destroyed. He is a best friend of Arbaces.
 Atossa is the queen of Niniveh. She is a wife of Sardanapalus and mother of Nehushta. When her husband left hist soldiers she took his armour and weapon, climbed his chariot and went to the battle.
Salamenes is the commander-in-chief of the Assyrian army. He is a brother of Atossa and brother-in-law of the king Sardanapalus. He is a good soldier and commander. After he died of wounds, there was nobody to defend the city against the Medes.
Reception 
Edwin Atherstone's poems were never much appreciated by critics. Sometimes he was even called "stupid".

Translation 
The Fall of Niniveh has not been probably translated in any language. There are only some fragments in Polish translation.

References

Bibliography 
 Edwin Atherstone, The Fall of Nineveh, Vol. 1.
 Edwin Atherstone, The Fall of Nineveh, Vol. 2.

Further reading 
 Herbert F. Tucker, Epic: Britain's Heroic Muse 1790-1910, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008.

Other websites 
 Edwin Atherstone's poems at PoemHunter.

Epic poems
19th-century British poems
Bruenor the Black, also called the Knight of the Ill-fitting Coat, was one of the Knights of the Round Table in Arthurian legend. He was the son of Sir Brunor, the "Good Knight without Fear". His brothers were Sir Dinadan and Sir Daniel. Both were killed by Sir Lancelot. Their father had been murdered and Brunor swore to wear his father's ill-fitting coat until the murder was avenged. Sir Breunor was the lord of Pendragon Castle. He was married to Maladisant.

References 

Arthurian legend
Fictional knights