Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Career
Hugues Cuénod was born in Coiseaux-sur-Vevey.  He studied at the Ribaupierre Institute in Lausanne, at the conservatories in Geneva and Basel, and in Vienna. At first he sang in concerts.  Then, in 1928, he got a part in the jazz opera Jonny spielt auf by  Ernst Krenek when it was performed in Paris.  The next year he sang for the first time in the United States in Noël Coward's Bitter Swee t.  He worked in Geneva until 1933, then he went to Paris where he met the music teacher Nadia Boulanger.  She had a big influence on his musical development.  He made a concert tour of North America. From 1940 to 1946 he taught at the Geneva Conservatory. In 1943 he started singing in opera again, singing in Johann Strauss II's Die Fledermaus in Geneva. Then he sang at Milan's La Scala (1951), the Glyndebourne Festival (from 1954 on) and London's Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (1954, 1956 and 1958).
Cuénod sang music by many different composers.  He was famous for singing the part of  Basilio in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, the Astrologer in Rimsky-Korsakov's The Golden Cockerel, and Sellem in Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress.  He sang with a light tenor voice, not a heavy heroic voice.

One of the most famous opera houses in the world is the Metropolitan Opera in New York.  He did sing there, but not until he was 84.  By that age almost all singers have been long retired. He sang the part of the Emperor Altoum in Puccini's Turandot in 14 performances there.

The very last time he sang on stage was in 1994 when he was 92.  He sang M. Triquet in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin when it was given by the Lausanne Opera at the Théâtre du Jorat in Mézières.

Personal life
Cuénod lived with his male partner, Alfred Augustin, in the Vaud region of Switzerland. They lived in an 18th-century castle that had belonged to members of his family for several generations. The couple were in a civil union.
On his last birthday on 26 June 2010 he turned 108. He died in Vevey on 6 December that year.

References

1902 births
2010 deaths
Gay men
European opera singers
Swiss centenarians
Swiss singers
Tenors
Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut District
People from Vaud
Roberto Alagna  (born near Paris, 7 June 1963) is a French operatic tenor.

Alagna's family came from Sicily.  He was born in Clichy-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis, near Paris,  France in 1963.  When he was a teenager he started singing pop music in Paris cabarets.  Later he started to sing in operas.  He won the Luciano Pavarotti Voice Competition.  He started to sing professionally in 1988 singing the part of Alfredo Germont in Giuseppe Verdi's La Traviata with the Glyndebourne touring opera
Soon he was being asked to sing all over the world in opera houses such as La Scala, Covent Garden and the Metropolitan Opera. His performances of Romeo in Romeo and Juliet by Charles Gounod at Covent Garden in 1994 made him a great international star.  When he sang that role on 15 December 2007 at the Metropolitan Opera with Anna Netrebko as Juliet the performance was broadcast by the Met into 447 theaters worldwide in high definition and seen by about 97,000 people.
Personal life
Alagna's first wife, Florence Lancien, died of a brain tumor in 1994; they had one daughter, Ornella, who was born in 1992.  In 1996 he married the Romanian soprano Angela Gheorghiu.  They often performed together in operas.  However, they separated in 2009.

References

Other websites
 

1963 births
Living people
French tenors
French opera singers
Lila Downs (September 9, 1968 in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, Mexico) is a Mexican/American singer-songwriter. She performs her own compositions as well as Mexican traditional and popular music. She also incorporates indigenous Mexican influences and have recorded songs in indigenous languages such as Mixtec, Zapotec, Maya, Nahuatl and P'urhépecha. Her albums are One Blood, Shake Away, and Sins and Miracles has won various Grammys and World Music Awards.
Early life 
Downs is the daughter of Mixtec cabaret singer Anita Sánchez and Allen Downs, a Scottish/English-American professor of art and cinematographer from Minnesota. She learned to sing at the age of four. She began to perform rancheras songs when she was 10 years old. Lila grew up partly in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, partly in the U.S. state of California as a teenager. She was 15 when she went to Performing Arts Institute of Oaxaca, where she studied music. She lived in Minnesota as an adult. She graduated from the University of Minnesota in voice and anthropology.

Career 

She later returned to Mexico where she learned to weave. Later, she began singing in the club scenes of Oaxaca and Philadelphia along with Paul Cohen, an American-born saxophonist. They began collaborating on songs that would slowly evolve into Downs' subsequent recordings. Cohen became both Downs' husband and her artistic director.
In recent years, Downs and her band have toured widely in Mexico, South America, the US and Europe. She was also heard in the soundtrack to the movie Frida in a song, "Burn it Blue", that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song and that she performed at the 75th Academy Awards. Other songs that she performed on the soundtrack are "Benediction and Dream", "Estrella Oscura", and "La Llorona". Other movies in which her songs are featured include Maria Ripoll's 2001 Tortilla Soup, Patricia Cardoso's 2002 Real Women Have Curves and Carlos Saura's 2007 Fados. She was also invited to the Twelve Girls Band's concert in Shanghai, where she sang in French and English. Downs is currently based in Coyoacán, a borough of Mexico City.
On September 2, 2008, Lila Downs released Shake Away, her latest album of new material as well as featuring a few cover songs, including "I Envy The Wind" by Lucinda Williams and "I Would Never" by The Blue Nile. Downs also collaborated with artists like La Mari from Chambao and Enrique Bunbury from Héroes del Silencio. In 2010 she appeared on The Chieftains' album San Patricio.

Sins and Miracles is the most recent album by Lila Downs. It was released in 2011. It reached the top of the charts in Mexico, Germany, Argentina, Colombia, Spain and the United States. It also reached the top ten in other major markets. Downs did a tour for the album called the "Pecados y Milagros World Tour". The singles on Sins and Miracles are: "Palomo del Comalito", "Zapata se Queda" and "Mezcalito". The album and its singles received one Grammy Award. The main music genres which make up the album are pop, folk and ska. She has a contralto vocal range.

Discography
Discography

Studio albums 
 1999 – La Sandunga
 2000 – Tree of Life
 2001 – Border
 2004 – One Blood
 2006 – La Cantina
 2008 – Ojo de Culebra
 2011 – Pecados y Milagros
 2015 – Balas y Chocolate
 2017 – Salón Lágrimas Y Deseos

Live albums 
 1996 - Azulao: En Vivo con Lila Downs
 2010 – Lila Downs y La Misteriosa en París - Live à Fip

Compilations 
 2008 – The Very Best Of Lila Downs [CD]
 2012 – Canciones pa' Todo del Año

Other albums 
 1994 - Ofrenda
 1998 - Trazos

EP's 
 2007 - Live Session

DVD's 
 2006 – Loteria Cantada
 2008 – The Very Best Of/El Alma de Lila Downs [DVD]
 2010 – Lila Downs y La Misteriosa en París Live - à Fip [DVD]
 2011 – Pecados y Milagros (Deluxe Edition)

Notes

Other websites

 Official

1968 births
Living people
Mexican singer-songwriters
People from Oaxaca
Grammy Award winners
Latin Grammy Award winners
Rock Band 2 is an interactive music game by Harmonix. It is a sequel to the game Rock Band. To play the game, players use a microphone to sing or a controller to hit notes on the screen. Players get points by hitting the right notes at the right time. Earning points can help a player earn stars, which show how well a player performed the song. If a player misses too many notes or hits too many of the wrong notes, they fail out of the song. It has a quickplay mode and a world tour mode.
In quickplay mode, players choose songs from a list to play. In world tour mode, players can play songs in venues (public places) in cities around the world. Rock Band 2 also has a practice mode, where players can play a song without failing out of it. Players can choose one of four skill levels to play. The skill levels are Easy, Medium, Hard, and Expert.The songs in Rock Band 2 are sorted by how hard they are to play. Zero dots means the song is one of the easiest to play, and five red dots means that the song is one of the hardest. Players can play solo (by themselves) or with other people.

References

Other websites
Rock Band 2 at rockband.com 

Rock Band series
Xbox 360 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
2008 video games
A citadel is a large fortress or castle that is usually built to protect cities or towns from attacks or disaster, though citadels have been built for other reasons as well. Citadels are often built to be the final protection for a city or town, in case enemies break through other protections such as walls or soldiers.

History

3300 BCE - 1300BCE

–1300 BCE 
The oldest known citadels were built in the Indus Valley Civilization, where the citadel may have been used as a symbol of authority (power), though no one is entirely sure why they were built.

800–600 BCE 
In Ancient Greece, the Acropolis was important in the life of the people, serving as a place of safety in times of trouble. It contained military supplies, food, a shrine, and often a palace or citadel. The most well-known is the Acropolis of Athens, but nearly every Greek city-state had one.
167–141 BCE 
Citadels were sometimes built so strongly that enemies could take over the rest of the city, but fail to take over the city's citadel. During the Maccabean Revolt, the Maccabean rebels managed to take over all of Jerusalem except its citadel. It wasn't until 20 years later that they finally managed to take over the citadel too.

1600 CE–present 
Citadels were not always built to keep away a city's enemies. During the Anglo-Dutch Wars, King Charles II of England built a citadel at Plymouth that could not only keep out enemies, but also the city's people in case they tried to rebel against the King.

Modern Usage 
The Citadelle of Quebec still survives as the largest citadel still in official military operation in North America after more than 200 years of existence.
Since the middle of the 20th century, citadels usually protect military center, rather than cities or towns. These citadels are built to protect the center from heavy attacks, such as aerial or nuclear bombardment. The military citadels under London are an example of this.

Fortification
Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (born 28 May 1925 in Berlin, died 18 May 2012 in Berg, Upper Bavaria) was a German baritone singer.  For more than 30 years he was thought of by many as the greatest male singer in classical music.  He was particularly famous for his singing of Lieder (German art songs), but he was also a superbly great singer of opera as well as a concert singer with orchestras. Later in his career he also conducted.

Fischer-Dieskau had a lyrical baritone voice, not a powerful, heroic voice like a Heldentenor.  In spite of that he recorded many operatic roles which are traditionally thought of as being for Heldentenor: Wotan in Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle, Hans Sachs in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Amfortas in Parsifal, Macbeth in Verdi's opera etc. 

He is the  most recorded singer of all time. He sang in many languages as well as German: French, Russian, Hebrew and Hungarian.
Early years
Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau was born in Berlin.  His parents were teachers.  He started singing as a child and began  voice lessons at the age of 16. He had to join the German army  (the Wehrmacht) during World War II, in 1943.  He had only just finished school.  He was captured in Italy in 1945 and spent two years as an American prisoner of war. During that time, he sang Lieder in POW camps to homesick German soldiers.

Career
In 1947 he returned to Germany where he started his professional career singing the baritone solo in Brahms' Ein Deutsches Requiem without any rehearsal. (He was a last-minute substitute for a singer who was ill.) He gave his first Lieder recital in Leipzig later that year.

From early in his career he worked with famous lyric sopranos Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and Irmgard Seefried, and the recording producer  Walter Legge, producing very popular albums of lieder by Franz Schubert and Hugo Wolf.
In the autumn of 1948, Fischer-Dieskau became principal lyric baritone at the Städtische Oper Berlin (Municipal Opera, West Berlin),  making his first opera performance in the role of Posa in Verdi's Don Carlos under the conductor Ferenc Fricsay. This company, known after 1961 as the Deutsche Oper, was to be his artistic home until his retirement from the operatic stage, in 1978.

Fischer-Dieskau made guest appearances at the opera houses in Vienna and Munich. After 1949 he made concert tours in the Netherlands, Switzerland, France and Italy. In 1951, he first appeared at a concert in the Salzburg Festival with Mahler's Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen (Songs of a Wayfarer) under Wilhelm Furtwängler.  He was starting to appear all over the world: in the Royal Albert Hall, London, Boston, Massachusetts and at the  Bayreuth Festival.
As an opera singer, Fischer-Dieskau performed mainly in Berlin and at the Bavarian State Opera in Munich. He also made guest appearances at the Vienna State Opera, at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London, at the Hamburg State Opera, in Japan, and at the King's Theatre in Edinburgh, during the Edinburgh Festival. His first tour in the United States took place in 1955, when he was 29.  For his recitals there he was accompanied by Gerald Moore.  He recorded many Lieder with Gerald Moore, and gave many recitals with him until Moore retired in 1967.  However, they continued to make recordings after that.  Their recordings of the Schubert song cycles
Die schöne Müllerin and Die Winterreise were very highly thought of.

Fischer-Dieskau also performed many works by living composers including Benjamin Britten, Samuel Barber, Hans Werner Henze, Karl Amadeus Hartmann, Ernst Krenek and Witold Lutosławski.
Fischer-Dieskau also recorded many famous roles in Italian operas, e.g. Verdi's Rigoletto and Rodrigo in Verdi's Don Carlos,  Scarpia in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca.  He retired from opera in 1978.

Fischer-Dieskau's musicianship and technique  were always perfect.  He retired from the concert hall on New Year's Day, 1993, at 67, and spent his time conducting, teaching (especially the interpretation of Lieder), painting and writing books.

Personal life
In 1949, Fischer-Dieskau married the cellist Irmgard Poppen. Together they had three sons: Mathias, who became a stage designer, Martin (a conductor), and Manuel (a cellist). Irmgard died in 1963 of complications following childbirth. Afterwards, Fischer-Dieskau was married to the actress Ruth Leuwerik, from 1965 to 1967, and Kristina Pugell, from 1968 to 1975. From 1977 until his death he was married to the soprano Julia Varady.

Audio samples

References
References

1925 births
2012 deaths
Baritones
German conductors
German singers
Grammy Award winners
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
German opera singers
Covent Garden is a huge piazza or open area in London, between the West End and the City of London. It is north of The Strand and east of Trafalgar Square. Once it was a huge fruit, vegetable and flower market with many taverns, theatres, coffee-houses, prostitutes and brothels.

Now it is a huge commercial area and "tourist trap". The former market has been redeveloped, keeping its glass roof and cast iron spans. The area is hugely popular with visitors to London, and has a number of remarkable buildings nearby.

The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, is the main theatre for ballet and opera in London. It has several rehearsal rooms with full-size stages, a large costume department and restaurants.

The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane is nearby. It has been purchased and restored by Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber.
Bow Street is also nearby; it is a boundary road to Covent Garden. This was the road where the original police force of London, the Bow Sreet Runners, was formed in the 1740s. The Bow Street Magistrate's Court was one of the most famous criminal courts in London until it was closed in 2006. It is going to be a boutique hotel.

Areas of London
London Borough of Camden
City of Westminster
The Salzburg Festival () is an internationally famous festival of music and drama. It is held each summer (for five weeks starting in late July) in the Austrian town of Salzburg.  Salzburg is the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

In modern time there is also an annual Salzburg Easter Festival held by the same organization.

Other websites
 Official web site

Classical music festivals
Salzburg
Festivals in Europe
Essex County is a county in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of 2009, 769,644 people lived there, making it the third most populous county in the state, behind Bergen County and Middlesex County, and the second most densely population county in the state after Hudson County. The seat of the county is Newark, the largest city in the state.

References

Other websites 
 Essex County's Main Website

 
1683 establishments in New Jersey
Bergen County is a county in the U.S. State of New Jersey.  It is rich and has more people living in it than other counties in New Jersey.  As of a 2009 United States Census, it had 895,250 people. It is part of the New York metropolitan area. The county is the one of the last remaining counties in the nation where shops are closed on Sundays because of "blue laws." In compliance to the blue laws, nearly all retail stores in Bergen County are closed on Sundays.

References 

 
1683 establishments in New Jersey
Ahmed Mohamed Mahamoud Silanyo  (born 1936) is a Somaliland politician. He is the current Chairman of the Peace, Unity and Development Party (Kulmiye) and President of Somaliland. Standing as an opposition candidate, Silanyo was elected as president during the June 2010 presidential election.

References

Somaliland
Presidents (government)
1936 births
African politicians
Living people
Kakashi Hatake (はたけカカシ, Hatake Kakashi) is a fictional character in the anime and manga series Naruto created by Masashi Kishimoto. He is the leader of Team 7, originally consisting of Naruto Uzumaki, Sasuke Uchiha, and Sakura Haruno. After Sasuke defects, Team 7 receives Sai as a replacement.

Naruto characters
Zipeg  is an open source free software. Zipeg unpacks files from ZIP, RAR and other archives. Zipeg works on Mac OS X and Windows. Zipeg can preview files and photographs. It is not capable of compressing files. Zipeg is able to extract compressed files. Zipeg supports RAR, ZIP and other formats. Zipeg is built on top of the 7-Zip backend. Zipeg user interface is implemented in Java and is open source.

Zipeg automatically detects filenames in national alphabets (code pages). Zipeg correctly translates filenames from national alphabet to Unicode. Zipeg reads EXIF thumbnails from JPEG digital photographs. Zipeg uses thumbnails for "tool tip" style preview and item icons.

References 

 Zipeg review from c|net
 Zipeg review by Macworld

Other websites
 Zipeg main site http://www.zipeg.com/ 
 Zipeg source code http://zipeg.googlecode.com/
 Zipeg at apple.com downloads

Microsoft Windows software
Free software
Philip Joseph Kessel, Jr. (born October 2, 1987 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American professional ice hockey right winger for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons and the Toronto Maple Leafs for 6 seasons. Kessel played hockey in college for the University of Minnesota's Golden Gophers.

On July 1, 2015, Kessel was traded along with Tyler Biggs, Tim Erixon, and a conditional second round draft pick to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Kasperi Kapanen, Scott Harrington, Nick Spaling, and conditional first- and third-round draft picks.
Awards 
Kessel won the Bob Johnson Award at the USA Hockey Annual Congress (for excellence in international hockey competition during a specific season of play) in 2005.
Kessel was named the WCHA Rookie of the Year was named to the WCHA All-Rookie Team and won the MacNaughton Cup in 2005-06.
Kessel won the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for overcoming testicular cancer and continuing to play.
Kessel was named the NHL's "First Star" of the Week during the week of December 8-14, 2008 with 8 points (3 goals and 5 assists) in four games in 2008-09.

References

Other websites 

1987 births
American Hockey League players
American ice hockey right wingers
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Living people
Sportspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Providence Bruins players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
United States Hockey League players
How the Grinch Stole Christmas is a 1999 comedy-drama Christmas movie that was produced by Ron Howard and Brian Grazer and was directed by Ron Howard. How the Grinch Stole Christmas is based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! and the 1966 TV Christmas special.

Cast 
 Jim Carrey as The Grinch
 Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who
 Kelley as Max the Dog and Frank Welker as his voice
 Jeffrey Tambor as Mayor Augustus May Who
 Christine Baranski as Martha May Whovier
 Bill Irwin as Lou Lou Who
 Molly Shannon as Betty Lou Who
 Clint Howard as Whobris
 Mindy Sterling as Clarnella
 Jeremy Howard as Drew Lou Who
 T. J. Thyne as Stu Lou Who
 Jim Meskimen as Officer Wholihan
 Josh Ryan Evans as the Grinch (8 years old)
 Ben Bookbinder as Augustus May Who (8 years old)
 Landry Allbright as Martha May Whovier (8 years old)
 Reid Kirchenbauer as an Whobris (8 years old)
 Deep Roy as a Post Office Clerk
 Anthony Hopkins as the Narrator
Soundtrack 
Green Christmas by Barenaked Ladies
Christmas, Why Can't I Find You by Taylor Momsen
Better Do it Right by Smash Mouth
Christmas of Love by Little Isidore and the Inquisitors
Who-bilation by Chores
Christmas Dreaming by I Found God
Grinch 2000 by Jim Carrey & Busta Rhymes

Ratings 
How the Grinch Stole Christmas gained average reviews:

 Rotten Tomatoes - 53%
 Metacritic - 56% out of 100

Other websites 
 How the Grinch Stole Christmas' Official website
 

1999 comedy movies
1999 fantasy movies
Christmas movies
Movies about bullying
Movies about revenge
Movies based on books by Dr. Seuss
Movies directed by Ron Howard
Universal Pictures movies
Movies composed by James Horner
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award
Greg Giraldo (December 10, 1965 – September 29, 2010) was an American comedian television personality, and retired lawyer. Giraldo is probably best known for his many appearances on Comedy Central's roast specials and is also known for being a regular on Lewis Black's Root of All Evil.

He was married twice, once when he was 24 and he said that last very long. At the time of his death he had 3 children and had been divorced.

He accidentally overdosed on prescription medication and he was scheduled to appear at a comedy performance at the Stress Factory in New Brunswick, New Jersey. When Giraldo failed to appear the police were called to his hotel room where they found him and they rushed him to Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital. It was reported that he had been in a coma for four days before his family had life support removed and he died on September 29, 2010.
On March 18, 2011, Comedy Central aired a special called Give it up for Greg Giraldo, that featured celebrities Jon Stewart, Colin Quinn, Lewis Black, Daniel Tosh, Denis Leary, Sarah Silverman, Jeffrey Ross, Nick Swardson, Dave Attell, Jim Gaffigan and Conan O'Brien as well as others as they talked about his life and career.

References

Official website
Greg Giraldo's Official website

1965 births
2010 deaths
Comedians from New York City
Drug-related deaths
Television personalities from New York City
Keith Ballard (born November 26, 1982 in Baudette, Minnesota) is a former American NHL ice hockey defenceman for the Minnesota Wild. He was picked by the Buffalo Sabres with the eleventh overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He played hockey in college for the University of Minnesota's Golden Gophers. Ballard has also played for the Phoenix Coyotes for 3 seasons and the Florida Panthers for 2 seasons before being traded to the Vancouver Canucks in 2010 during the 2010 NHL Entry draft for Michael Grabner, Steve Bernier, and Vancouver's first round pick and 25th overall selection in that draft. On July 3, 2013, he was placed on waivers and his contract was bought out by the Canucks. On July 4th, 2013, Ballard signed a two-year $3 million contract with the Minnesota Wild.

Ballard is married and had a daughter with his wife in May 2010.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

American Hockey League players
American ice hockey defensemen
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Minnesota Wild players
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Phoenix Coyotes players
Utah Grizzlies (AHL) players
Vancouver Canucks players
1982 births
United States Hockey League players
The Ford E-Series-also known as the Ford Econoline-are a line of passenger or cargo vans which began in 1961. The E-Series vans can hold eight to 15 people per van as well as cargo versions. The vans have undergone many redesigns through the years, the first generation was made from 1961 to 1967. The second generation was made from 1968 to 1974. The third generation was made from 1975 to 1991. The fourth and longest-running generation was made from 1992 to 2014 in passenger and cargo versions and were replaced in 2015 by the Transit although cutaway versions are still being made, the model line competes with the Chevrolet Van, Chevrolet Express, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, Dodge Ram Van, Dodge Sprinter, Freightliner Sprinter, and GMC Savana.  
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
E-Series
Dame Angela Brigid Lansbury  (16 October 1925 – 11 October 2022) was a British-Irish-American actress of stage, movie, and television. She was best known for her roles as Jessica Fletcher in the long-running whodunit television series Murder, She Wrote (1984–1996), and as the voice of Mrs. Potts in Disney's 30th animated feature movie Beauty and the Beast (1991).

Death 
Lansbury died on 11 October 2022, five days before her 97th birthday at her home in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American actors
20th-century American singers
American actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
21st-century American actors
21st-century American singers
British singers
British television actors
British movie actors
British stage actors
British voice actors
Actors from London
Singers from London
A banyan (or 'banian') is a kind of fig. It usually starts life by growing on another plant as an epiphyte. Its seeds germinate in the cracks and crevices on a host tree, or on other structures like buildings and bridges.

"Banyan" usually means the Indian banyan or Ficus benghalensis. It is the National tree of the Republic of India. and of Bangladesh. However, the term actually includes all figs which share their epiphytic life cycle. They are put in the subgenus Urostigma.  The seeds of banyans are dispersed by fruit-eating birds. The seeds germinate and send down roots towards the ground. These roots may envelop (cover) part of the host tree or building structure, from which they get the casual name of strangler fig.

A number of tropical forest species grow by strangling. There are other examples in the genus Ficus that competes for light. Any Ficus species showing this habit may be termed a strangler fig.
The leaves of the banyan tree are large, leathery, glossy green and elliptical in shape. Like most of the fig-trees, the leaf bud is covered by two large scales. As the leaf develops the scales fall. Young leaves have an attractive reddish tinge.

Older banyan trees have aerial prop roots that grow into thick woody trunks which, with age, can become indistinguishable from the main trunk. Old trees can spread out laterally using these prop roots to cover a wide area.
 
Like other Fig species (including the common edible fig Ficus carica), banyans have unique fruit structures and are dependent on fig wasps for reproduction.
The fatal embrace 
Once the roots get to the ground, they suck up nutrients and grow faster and thicker. They cover the trunk of the host tree, and their leaves and branches in the canopy block the light from the host. Lacking enough nutrition and light, the host tree eventually dies. Its wood is destroyed by beetles, termites and fungi. Only the hollow space inside the banyan remains. The banyan roots make a huge cylinder, and it stands up perfectly well.

Often the banyan tree is formed from several different fruits which germinated on the same host tree. This has been proved by genome analysis.p170

References 

Trees
Moraceae
Epiphytes
National symbols of India
National symbols of Bangladesh
Mary Christine Brockert (5 March 1956 – 26 December 2010), known by her stage name Teena Marie, was an American singer, songwriter, and producer. She is famous for songs such as "Lovergirl" and "Square Biz". Teena died on December 26, 2010 at age 54, from natural causes.

Discography
Wild and Peaceful (1979)
Lady T (1980)
Irons in the Fire (1980)
It Must Be Magic (1981)
Robbery (1983)
Starchild (1984)
Emerald City (1986)
Naked to the World (1988)
Ivory (1990)
Passion Play (1994)
La Doña (2004)
Sapphire (2006)
Congo Square (2009)

References

1956 births
2010 deaths
Singer-songwriters from California
Musicians from Santa Monica, California
American R&B singers
American soul singers
American funk singers
American blue-eyed soul singers
American hip hop singers
American jazz singers
The Hohenzollern family ruled various territories in and near modern Germany, and later of all Germany. The Royal House of Hohenzollern began ruling the area around Berlin and Brandenburg, now in Germany, in 1415.

The family became one of the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor and then were kings of Prussia in 1702 and German emperors in 1871.  

It stopped ruling after World War I, when Germany became a republic. Prussia was abolished by the four Alliea that controlled Germany in 1947.

The family took it name from its ancestral home, Hohenzollern Castle, in what is now Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The area around the castle was once ruled as a separate principality.

References

Other websites
Hohenzollern may refer to:  

 House of Hohenzollern, German dynasty which ruled Brandenburg-Prussia, Germany, and Romania, among other states
 House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a cadet branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty
 House of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, the seniormost branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty
 House of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch, medieval German county
 Burg Hohenzollern, Swabian castle and ancestral seat of the Hohenzollern dynasty
 Province of Hohenzollern (1850-1952), Prussian province
 Hohenzollern, yachts of the German Emperors
 House Order of Hohenzollern, chivalric order
 Crown of Wilhelm II, also known as the Hohenzollern Crown
 Hohenzollern Locomotive Works, a German locomotive-building company
Hohenzollern-Hechingen was a county and principality in southwestern Germany, part of what is now Baden-Württemberg. Its rulers were members of a branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern family.

History
The County of Hohenzollern-Hechingen was created in 1576, when the County of Hohenzollern was divided.  The county was ruled as a part of the Holy Roman Empire.  When the last count of Hohenzollern, Charles I of Hohenzollern (1512–1579) died, the territory was to be divided up between his three sons:
 Eitel Frederick IV of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1545–1605)
 Charles II of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1547–1606)
 Christoph of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (1552–1592)

Unlike the Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg and Prussia, the Hohenzollerns of southwest Germany remained Roman Catholic. The County was raised to a principality in 1623.
The principality joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 and  was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1850. The democratic Revolution of 1848 was relatively successful in Hohenzollern, and on 16 May 1848, the Prince was forced to accept the constitution limiting his power. However, the conflict between monarch and democrats continued, and on 6 August, Hohenzollern was occupied by Prussian forces. On 7 December, 1849, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Konstantin sold the country to his relative, King Frederick William IV of Prussia. On 12 March 1850, Hohenzollern-Hechingen officially became part of Prussia.  Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, which also became part of Prussia in 1850,  were called the Hohenzollernsche Lande .

Rulers

Counts of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1576-1623)

 Eitel Friedrich IV (1576–1605)
 Johann Georg (1605–1623) became Prince in 1623
Princes of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1623-1850)
 Eitel Friedrich V. (1623–1661)
 Philipp Christoph Friedrich (1661–1671)
 Friedrich Wilhelm (1671–1735)
 Friedrich Ludwig (1735–1750)
 Josef Friedrich Wilhelm (1750–1798)
 Hermann (1798–1810)
 Friedrich (1810–1838)
 Konstantin (1838–1850) died 1869 last male member in dynastic line

House of Hohenzollern
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the Holy Roman Empire
States of the German Confederation
Former states in Germany
1576 establishments
1570s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Germany
1850 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Germany
1850s disestablishments in Europe
Something About Airplanes is the debut album by Death Cab for Cutie. It was released in 1998 on Barsuk Records, and it was re-released for its tenth anniversary in 2008. Its re-release features the band performing live at the Crocodile Cafe in Seattle, Washington.

Track listing
All songs written by Ben Gibbard except where noted.
"Bend to Squares" (Gibbard/Christopher Walla) – 4:33
"President of What?" – 4:01
"Champagne from a Paper Cup" – 2:38
"Your Bruise" (Gibbard/Walla) – 4:19
"Pictures in an Exhibition" – 3:49
"Sleep Spent" (Gibbard/Walla) – 3:37
"The Face That Launched 1000 Ships" (Jay Chilcote) – 3:41
"Amputations" – 4:54
"Fake Frowns" (Gibbard/Walla) – 4:30
"Line of Best Fit" – 7:16

Reissue bonus disc – Live at the Crocodile Cafe, February 1998
"Your Bruise"
"President of What?"
"Fake Frowns"
"Sweet and Tender Hooligan (feat. Sean Nelson)"
"State Street Residential"
"Amputations"
"Pictures in an Exhibition"

1998 albums
Christoph Ahlhaus  (born 28 August 1969) is a German politician. He is a member of the German Christian Democratic Union. From 25 August 2010 to 7 March 2011 he was the First Mayor of Hamburg.

Ahlhaus was born on 28 August 1969. He is married and studied law at the universities of Heidelberg, Munich and Berlin.

From 7 May 2008 to 24 August 2010 Ahlhaus was state minister of the Interior in Hamburg.

References 
This article was initially partly translated from German wikipedia.

1969 births
Living people
Mayors of Hamburg
People from Heidelberg
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
The government of Hamburg is divided into executive, legislative and judicial branches.

There are two levels of government.
 City-wide
 local administration, based on the boroughs of Hamburg.

As a federal state the city wide administration has much more responsibility and scope than in ordinary cities.

The head of the city-wide and state administration is the First Mayor (Erster Bürgermeister). A ministry is called Behörde (office) and a state minister is a Senator in Hamburg.

The legislature is the state parliament, called Hamburgische Bürgerschaft.

The judicial branch is composed of the state supreme court and other courts.

The seat of the government is Hamburg Rathaus.

Political system

There is a clear separation of powers.

Legislature

The power to create, amend and ratify laws (legislature) is given to the parliament. A plebiscite and a referendum is possible due to the Constitution of Hamburg. In other German states the parliament is called Landtag.
The parliament is among other things responsible for the law, the election of the Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) for the election period and the control of the Senate (cabinet). The parliament is a unicameral parliament (only has one chamber) and the 121 deputies are elected in universal, direct, free, equal and secret elections every four years.

Executive

The executive is the Senat der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (Senate of Hamburg or cabinet). Its purpose is to enforce the laws. The senate is responsible for the day-to-day management and head of this branch is the First Mayor. The senate represents Hamburg to the federal government and other states or countries.
The Senat der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg is formed by the First Mayor of Hamburg, the Minister President and mayor of Hamburg. His deputy is the Second Mayor. The senate is permitted no more than 12 members by law. This law also regulates among other, pay, pensions, privilege to refuse to give evidence and the legal position of Hamburg judges. The senators get appointed by the First Mayor and thereafter they need to get confirmed by the Hamburg Parliament. The First Mayor forms the ministries, according to the coalition agreement of the ruling parties.

History
Until 1860 the government of Hamburg was called Rath or Rat (board/council), the members had been Ratsherrn (aldermen) and Bürgermeister (Burgomaster). After a change of the Constitution of Hamburg in 1861 the government was called Hamburger Senat.
Prior to the first world war the two mayors were elected for one-year-terms. Until 1997 the First Mayor was Primus inter pares among his colleagues in the Senate, by whom he was elected.  Since then, he has been elected by the parliament and been able appoint and to dismiss other Senators.

Judiciary

Interpreting the law (Judiciary) is task of the Hamburgisches Verfassungsgericht (Constitutional Court of Hamburg) and 17 more courts of Hamburg.

The supreme court has a president and 8 judges. The City Parliament elects the judges for 6 years and they only canget reelected once. The schedule of responsibilities is based on the constitution of Hamburg (Art. 65) and the Gesetzes über das Hamburgische Verfassungsgericht (Law of the Constitutional Court of Hamburg) (§ 14).

The professional judges of the other courts are appointed by the senate according to a nomination of a committee.

Ministries
Ministries

In 2011, there are nine senators holding ministerial positions and the head of state, the First mayor. A senator is the presiding minister for a Behörde (translated: 'government agency' meaning here is more ministry).
 State Chancellery
The State Chancellery () coordinates the senate and supports the mayor. The First Mayor is head in this agency. In 2011, the First Mayor of Hamburg is Olaf Scholz.
 Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training
The ministry () is responsible for the school system in Hamburg.
 Ministry of Science and Research
()
 Ministry of the Interior
Among others the  is the oversight authority for the law enforcement agencies in Hamburg, the fire brigade, for disaster control and its units, the residents registration offices, the State Election Office and the Scientology Task Force (). In 2011, Michael Neumann (SDP) is the Minister of the Interior.

Ministry of Finance
()
In 2011, head of the Ministry of Finance is Peter Tschenscher (CDU).
 Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment
()

In 2011, Frank Horch (Independent) is head of the minitry.
 Ministry of City Development and Environment
()
 Ministry of Justice
The ministry () is in charge of the correctional facilities, the courts and the revision of the laws. In 2011, Jana Schiedek (SPD) is the Minister of Justice of Hamburg.
 Ministry of Social Affairs, Family Affairs, Health and Consumer Protection
()
 Ministry of Culture, Sports and Media
On May 7, 2008 the former Ministry of Culture was changed to the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Media (), now among other responsible for tourism, the public record office of Hamburg, the office of the protection of historical monuments and the memorial site for the Neuengamme concentration camp. In 2005 the annual budget was €212.7 million.

Law enforcement
Law enforcement

Since law enforcement and police duties are partly in the responsibility of the German states, Hamburg has its own police force. This forces consists of the state police  Polizei Hamburg, the State Criminal Police Office (German: Landeskriminalamt), the Criminal Investigation Services (Kriminalpolizei), the Water Police (Wasserschutzpolizei) controlling traffic in the port of Hamburg, the Reserve Police (Bereitschaftspolizei), the Special Weapons and Tactics Unit (Spezialeinsatzkommando) and Mobile Surveillance Units (Mobiles Einsatzkommando).

The State Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Landesamt für den Verfassungsschutz) is Hamburg's domestic intelligence agency.

The Ministry of the Interior has the legal and technical oversight for the law enforcement agencies.

Elections

Elections for the state parliament of Hamburg are held every four years, combined with the elections of the diet of the boroughs (Bezirksversammlungen). The elections are regulated by law.
Political parties
Main political parties in Hamburg are the Christian Democratic Union, the Social Democratic Party, Alliance '90/The Greens, The Left and as of 2008 not in the state parliament the Free Democratic Party.

The STATT party is a minor political party, which was founded in 1993. The party was elected to the Hamburg Parliament in the Hamburg state election, 1993. The governing SPD and the new STATT party formed a coalition to rule until 1997, when the party lost all seats.

A defunct party is Law and Order Offensive Party (Partei Rechtsstaatlicher Offensive - Offensive D).  The party was in the Hamburg Parliament from 2001 until 2004, receiving 19.4% of votes.

Honours and awards
The highest honour given by the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg is the honorary citizenship (Ehrenbürgerrecht). It is given by the senate, if the parliament confirmed the motion of the senate. The honorary citizenship is comparable to the honour Freedom of the City.
The Golden Book consists of the signatures of especially honoured guests of Hamburg. The book itself is a box with not fixed sheets. It is folded in golden leather and a gift of the family of the First Mayor Carl Friedrich Petersen (1809 – 1892). In 1937 the German leader Adolf Hitler signed the book before giving a public speech in Hamburg. During the denazification Hitler's sheet, as these from other Nazis, was removed from the book. The only signature remained is from Joseph Goebbels, because he wrote on the same sheet as the former German President Paul von Hindenburg. The Dalai Lama signed the Golden Book during his 5th visit in Hamburg in February 2007.
Decorations
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Hamburg citizens were not allowed to receive decorations – only medals or medallions. This act was first enlawed for members of the senate and Hamburg's judges, later the act was false legally extended for all citizens by the Senate of Hamburg. The act originated from the Hamburg city law of the 13th century. One of the few Hanseaten – citizens of a Hanseatic city – who received decoration was Alwin Münchmeyer, an entrepreneur.  Münchmeyer stated later, that this were his "falls of mankind". Even Helmut Schmidt – former Hamburg Senator of the Interior and German chancellor – declined several times to be awarded with the Federal Cross of Merit, stating he had been a Hamburg senator and according to the Hanseatic tradition not allowed to wear decorations.
In 1843 the Hamburg fire medal was awarded to the volunteers, who came to help during the great fire from 5 May until 8 May 1842. In total 4858 medals were awarded from the grateful Hamburg in distress to its friends, as the inscription states "Das Dankbare Hamburg Seinen Freunden In Der Noth".

During World War I (1914 – 1918) the Hanseatic Cross (German: Hanseatenkreuz) was a decoration of the three Hanseatic Cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck, who were member states of the German Empire.  Each city-state established its own version of the cross, but the design and award criteria were similar for each.  There were approximately 50,000 awards of the Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg.
Medallions
In 2007 the Herbert Weichmann medallion – named for the First Mayor Herbert Weichmann (in office 1965 – 1971) – was granted for the first time by the city of Hamburg, honoring "those - both Jewish and non-Jewish - who have contributed to Jewish life in Germany". First recipients were Paul Spiegel (posthumous), who was a member of the executive committee of the Zentralrat der Juden, and Hinrich Reemtsma, whose foundation constributed €500,000 for the removal of the Jewish community centre in Hamburg.

Related pages
 Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg
 List of diplomatic missions in Hamburg

Notes

References  
 Constitution of the Free and Hanseatic city of Hamburg  
https://www.homeworkjoy.com/

Other websites
Other websites

 http://www.hamburgische-buergerschaft.de/cms_en.php?templ=home_sta.tpl&sub1=187&cont=332  Official website of the Parliament of Hamburg
 http://www.hamburg.de/stadt-staat/senat/ Senate of Hamburg 
 http://www.hamburg.de/buergerschaft/ Parliament of Hamburg on www.hamburg.de 
 http://www.polizei.hamburg.de Hamburg's police force official website 
 http://www.hamburg.de/ag-scientology/ Scientology Task Force official website 

Hamburg
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport , also known as Atlanta Airport, Hartsfield Airport, and Hartsfield–Jackson, is a public airport in Atlanta, Georgia. It is the world's busiest airport by number of passengers and number of landings and take-offs since 2005. It serves 89 million passengers per year. The airport is the main hub of AirTran Airways, Delta Air Lines, and ExpressJet. The Delta hub is the world's largest airline hub.  Delta Air Lines flew most (59%) of passengers from the airport in February 2011. The airport has 199 gates. It has both domestic and international gates.

Overview 
Hartsfield–Jackson was still the world's busiest airport in 2010.  It had an average of 243,000 passengers each day. It also had a total of  950,119 flights. Many of the flights are flights inside the United States. Atlanta is a major hub for travel throughout the Southeastern United States.
Hartsfield–Jackson International Airport has international service to North America, South America, Central America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.   The airport is located mostly in unincorporated areas in Fulton and Clayton counties. The city limits of Atlanta, College Park, and Hapeville end at the airport grounds.

Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport hosts the following airlines:

 Air Canada
 Air France
 Alaska Airlines
 American Airlines
 Boutique Air
 British Airways
 Continental Airlines
 Delta Airlines main Hub
 Frontier Airlines
 KLM
 Korean Air
 Lufthansa
 Qatar Airways (starts June 1)
 Southwest Airlines
 Spirit Airlines
 Turkish Airlines (starts May 16)
 United Airlines
 Virgin Atlantic

Statistics

Yearly traffic

Gallery

References

Airports in the United States
Buildings and structures in Atlanta
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a group of proteins which flow in the blood. They are related to "good cholesterol". Almost all animals have SAA's. SAA's are made in and controlled by the liver. They move cholesterol to the liver. SAAs increase during inflammation. Doctors and scientists think that SAAs may be part of amyloidosis, heart disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Proteins