Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Although Apollo 6 did not reach the speeds in either direction, it was considered successful enough to fly astronauts on the next Saturn V. This would orbit the Moon instead of the planned Earth orbit for Apollo 8. Instead, the next flight, Apollo 7, which did not use a Saturn V, tested a manned Apollo module in Earth orbit.

Causes and fixes of problems
The cause of the vibrations during the first stage of the flight was well known. However, it had been thought that the rocket had been 'detuned'. The solution was to add helium gas to the pipes and pumps to act as a shock absorber. This did not completely fix the vibration problem, and it caused the engines to shut down on the Apollo 13 flight.
A fuel pipe carrying liquid hydrogen had broken because of the vibration, caused the two engines in the second stage to stop working. The engines were burning just liquid oxygen which caused them to overheat. This led to the engines shutting down. The liquid oxygen supply was turned off which then meant engine three was shut down as well. The problem was fixed by replacing a flexible section of pipe with a loop of stainless steel pipe.

The join between the Saturn V and the Apollo modules had a honeycomb like cell structure. The cells expanded because of trapped water and air as the rocket got faster. The solution was to drill small holes in the surface to allow for the expansion.

Cameras

Documentary movies often show a Saturn V launch, and one of the most used pieces shows the interstage between the first and second stages falling away. This is usually said to be from the Apollo 11 mission, but it was actually filmed on the flights of Apollo 4 and Apollo 6.
The high speed cameras were dropped from the rocket soon after the first stage separation. They re-entered the atmosphere and were parachuted to the ocean, where they floated. Only one of the two S-II cameras on Apollo 6 was found.

Another launch shot often said to be Apollo 11 was shot on this day. It shows the rocket lifting up, positioned relatively close up and dead center. The shot can be identified as Apollo 6 as it had a white Apollo module; all the others were silver.

Public impact
There was little press coverage of the Apollo 6 mission. On the same day as the launch, Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee, and President Johnson had announced he would not seek re-election only four days before.

Capsule location

The Apollo 6 Command Module is on display at the Fernbank Science Center, in Atlanta, Georgia.

References
References

Other websites
 Apollo 6 Press Kit (PDF)
 Apollo 6  at the NASA NSSDC database
 Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations 
 Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft 
 Fernbank Science Center
 Apollo 6 16mm on-board film. Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5 raw footage taken during the Apollo 6 mission.

Apollo program
1968 in the United States
1968 in technology
1960s in spaceflight
Hurricane Ernesto was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. It went across Jamaica and then cut through the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula as a hurricane. The storm later made landfall in southeastern Mexico. It caused several deaths over the area. The storm was born August 1, 2012. It died August 10 over south central Mexico.

2012 Atlantic hurricane season
August 2012 events
2012 in North America
Hurricanes in Mexico
2010s in Mexico
2010s in Jamaica
Édouard Herriot (July 5, 1872 – March 26, 1929) was a French politician of the Third Republic.

1841 births
1929 deaths
Prime Ministers of France
Politicians from Grand Est
People from Troyes
Bonar Stewart Bain (born February 4, 1923 – February 18, 2005) was a Canadian actor. He was the identical twin brother of actor Conrad Bain, who starred in Diff'rent Strokes as Phillip Drummond. He once played a fictional “evil” twin to Conrad (“Hank Bain”) in an episode of SCTV. He also portrayed Arthur's (Conrad Bain) twin brother Arnold on Maude. 

Bain was born on February 4, 1923 in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada to Jean Agnes Young and to Stafford Harrison Bain. He was married to Vella Bain until his death in 2005. Bain died on February 18, 2005 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, from cancer, aged 82.

Movies
 Draw! as Poker Player
 
 Running Brave as University Professor  (1983) 
 
 SCTV Network as Hank Bain (Zontar) (1981) 

 Powder Heads as Dispatcher (1980) 
 
 Maude as Arnold Harmon (Vivian's Surprise) (1977)

Other websites
Other websites

1923 births
2005 deaths
Actors from Alberta
Canadian movie actors
Canadian radio actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
Cancer deaths in Canada
Disease-related deaths in Alberta
People from Lethbridge
Twin people from Canada
Charles Edward Durning (February 28, 1923 - December 24, 2012) was an American actor.

Early life
Durning was born in Highland Falls, New York on February 28, 1923, the ninth of ten children. His three brothers James (Roger) (1915–2000), Clifford (1916–1994),and Gerald Durning (born 1926), and his sister Frances (born 1919) survived to adulthood, but five sisters lost their lives to scarlet fever and smallpox as children. His mother, Louise (née Leonard; 1894–1982), was a laundress at West Point, and his father, James Durning (1883 – c. 1939), was an Irish immigrant. His mother was also born in Ireland.

Durning was raised Catholic. He fought during World War II. He was married to Carole Doughty from 1959 until they divorced in 1972. He was legally separated from his second wife, Mary Ann (Amelio) Durning, in 2010. He is survived by his three children from his first marriage.

Career
Career

Referred to as "the King of Character Actors", Durning began his career in 1951. While working as an usher in a burlesque joint, he was hired to replace a drunken actor onstage. Subsequently, he performed in some 50 stock company productions and in various off-Broadway plays. He attracted the attention of Joseph Papp. Beginning in 1961, he appeared in 35 plays as part of the New York Shakespeare Festival. "That time in my life was my best time," Durning told Pittsburgh's Post Gazette in 2001. "I had no money at all, and he (Joseph Papp) didn't pay much. You were getting a salary for performance plus a rehearsal salary. We would do three plays in Central Park for the summer. And then you'd do three to six plays every year down on Lafayette Street -- new plays by new writers: Sam Shepard, David Mamet, David Rabe, John Ford Noonan, Jason Miller".

In slack periods between acting jobs, Durning taught ballroom dancing at the Fred Astaire Dance Studio in New York City.
In 1972, director George Roy Hill, impressed by his performance in the Tony Award and Pulitzer Prize-winning play "That Championship Season", offered Durning a role in "The Sting" (1973). In the Oscar best picture winner starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford, Durning won distinction as the crooked cop, Lt. Wm. Snyder. Durning had more than 100 movie and television credits. Some of Durning's other well-known movie performances include Dog Day Afternoon, The Muppet Movie, True Confessions, Tootsie, To Be Or Not To Be, The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, Home for the Holidays and O Brother, Where Art Thou?.  He was also known for television performances in, to name a few, "Queen of the Stardust Ballroom", "Captains and the Kings", "Studs Lonigan", "Death of a Salesman", "Evening Shade" and "Everybody Loves Raymond"
. Most recent television roles include the voice of Francis Griffin on Family Guy and Michael Gavin, the retired firefighter father of Denis Leary's character, in the FX television series "Rescue Me".
Durning's performances in Broadway productions were "Drat! The Cat!" (1965), "Pousse-Café" (1966), "The Happy Time" (1968), "Indians" (1969), "That Championship Season" (1972), "In the Boom Boom Room" (1973), "The au Pair Man" (1973), "Knock Knock" (1976), "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" (1990), "Inherit the Wind" (1996), "The Gin Game" (1997), Gore Vidal's "The Best Man" (2000). His most recent performances in New York City stage productions are "The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui" (2002) by Bertolt Brecht with Al Pacino and Wendy Wasserstein's final play, "Third" (2005).

Durning won the L.A. Drama Critics Circle Award for his powerful performance in The Westwood Playhouse's 1977 production of David Rabe's "Streamers". In 1980, he won critical acclaim for his role as Norman Thayer, Jr. in Los Angeles's Ahmanson Theater's production of "On Golden Pond" opposite Julie Harris.
“There are many secrets in us, in the depths of our souls, that we don’t want anyone to know about,” he told Parade. “There’s terror and repulsion in us, the terrible spot that we don’t talk about. That place that no one knows about — horrifying things we keep secret. A lot of that is released through acting.”

Awards
Durning earned two Academy Award nominations for best supporting actor. He won a Tony Award for his performance as Big Daddy in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. He received two Drama Desk Awards for his performances in "That Championship Season" and "Third". He won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV for "The Kennedys of Massachusetts" (1990). He had received three previous Golden Globe nominations and nine Emmy nominations.
Honors
In 1999, Durning was inducted into the Theater Hall of Fame on Broadway. He was honored with the Life Achievement Award at the 44th Annual Screen Actors Guild Award Ceremony on January 27, 2008. On July 31, 2008, he was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame adjacent to one of his idols, James Cagney.

Death
Durning died on the morning of December 24, 2012 at his home in New York, New York from natural causes, aged 89. On December 27, 2012, Broadway theaters dimmed their lights to honor him. He died on the same day as Jack Klugman.

References

Other websites

1923 births
2012 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American Roman Catholics
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Drama Desk Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
World War II people
Christophe Guy Denis Lambert (born March 29, 1957) who is known professionally by his credited stage name Christopher Lambert is an American-born French actor, novelist and movie producer, who has appeared in American, as well as French and other European movies. He is best known for his work as Connor MacLeod, or simply "The Highlander", from Highlander and the Highlander (movie franchise). 

He is also known for his roles as Tarzan in Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes and as the thunder god Raiden in the first movie adaptation of the video game Mortal Kombat. He is sometimes credited internationally as Christopher Lambert, with the notable exceptions of French-speaking countries, where he is known as Christophe Lambert  and in anime adaptations as Chris Lambert.
Lambert was born in Great Neck, New York to French parents. Lambert was married to Diane Lane from 1988 until they divorced in 1994. Later he married Jaimyse Haft from 1999 until they divorced in 2000. He was married to Sophie Marceau from 2012 until they divorced in 2014. His career began in 1978 and he still continues to act.

References

Other websites
 

1957 births
Living people
American voice actors
American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American movie producers
French movie actors
French television actors
French movie producers
People from Great Neck, New York
Actors from New York (state)
Movie producers from New York (state)
Albert Cornelius Freeman, Jr. (March 21, 1934 – August 9, 2012) was an American actor and director.

Career
Freeman has made appearances in many movies, such as My Sweet Charlie, Finian's Rainbow, and Malcolm X, and television series such as The Cosby Show, Law & Order,  Homicide: Life on the Street, Hot L. Baltimore, and The Edge of Night. He is mostly recognized for his portrayal of Police Captain Ed Hall on the ABC soap opera, One Life to Live, a role he played from 1972 through 1987, with recurring roles in 1988 and 2000.  He won a Daytime Emmy Award for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for that role in 1979, the first actor from the show as well as the first African American actor to earn the award. He was also a director of One Life to Live, and was one of the first African Americans to direct a soap opera.
After leaving One Life to Live, Freeman appeared in the motion picture Down in the Delta. His Broadway theatre credits include Look to the Lilies, Blues for Mister Charlie, and Medea.  His role as Elijah Muhammad in the movie based on Malcolm X Malcolm X earned him the 1995 NAACP Image Award for NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture. Coincidently, he had previously played Malcolm X in the 1979 miniseries, Roots: The Next Generations.

Later career
Freeman taught acting at Howard University in Washington, D.C.. Freeman, Jr. is not related to actor Morgan Freeman. He died on August 9, 2012 in Washington, D.C., he was 78 years old. A memorial service was held on September 10, 2012.

Some of his movies
Dutchman (1967)
Finian's Rainbow (1968)
My Sweet Charlie (1970)
Malcolm X (1992)
Down in the Delta (1998)

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1934 births
2012 deaths
Actors from San Antonio, Texas
Emmy Award winning actors
African American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Educators from San Antonio, Texas
Geoffrey Hughes, DL (2 February 1944 – 27 July 2012) was an English actor.

Hughes as appeared in a wide range of TV and film appearances, Hughes was best known for a series of supporting roles in popular UK television dramas. He played Vernon Scripps in the British drama series Heartbeat (2001–05, 2007); Twiggy in the popular television sitcom The Royle Family (1998–2000, 2006, 2008); Onslow in the sitcom Keeping Up Appearances (1990–95) and Eddie Yeats in the soap opera Coronation Street (1974–1983, 1987). Hughes was born on 2 February 1944 and died on 27 July 2012 from prostate cancer, he is survived by his wife Susan.

Television roles

References

Other websites

1944 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Cheshire
People from Wirral
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Randy Travis (born May 4, 1959 in Marshville, North Carolina) is an American country music singer and actor. 1978 was the first time he had a song on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart. As late as 2014 he had an album on Billboard's Top Country Albums music chart.

He first went into mainstream in the mid to late 1980s, having a number of hits. He acted in several movies, including The Rainmaker (1997).

Discography

Singles
"Three Wooden Crosses"	(2002)

References

Other websites
Official website

Country musicians from North Carolina
Singers from North Carolina
American movie actors
Actors from North Carolina
1959 births
Living people
Warner Bros. Records artists
The yellow-lipped sea krait (Laticauda colubrina) is a species of sea snake found in tropical Indo-Pacific ocean waters. The yellow-lipped sea krait is also known as the "banded sea krait" and the "colubrine sea krait".

Biology 
Banded sea kraits are often seen in large numbers in the company of hunting parties of giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis) and goatfish. Their cooperative hunting technique is similar to that of the moray eel. The kraits flush out prey from narrow crevices and holes. Kraits need to drink fresh water and regularly come onto land for that purpose.

While probing crevices with their head, they cannot see approaching predators. But they can fool their potential enemies into thinking their tail is the head. Both colouration and tail movements are like the head.

Description
Description

Female yellow-lipped sea kraits are longer than males. Females can grow up to the length of 1.6 meters, while males grow up to the length of 1 meters. Yellow-lipped sea kraits are light or dark  blueish-grey on the top and yellow underneath with black bands running down the body and tail. The upper lip and snout is yellow (hence its name) while the rest of the head is black. They are very venomous but they are not aggressive and rarely ever bite divers or swimmers.

Behavior
Yellow-lipped sea kraits are one of the most venomous snakes in the world, but they are not aggressive and rarely ever bite humans. Even though they live in water, Yellow-lipped sea krait do not have gills so they have to go to the surface to breath air, but a yellow-lipped sea krait can go as deep as 100 meters underwater and stay there for up to an hour. Every 10–14 days yellow-lipped sea kraits come on land to digest their food, to shed their skin or mate and lay their eggs. They lay around 5-13 eggs at a time.
Venom
When something is bitten by a yellow-lipped sea krait, the venom affects the muscles and the nerves. The venom of a yellow-lipped sea krait is said to be 10 times more deadly than the venom of a rattlesnake. In a single bite, a yellow-lipped sea krait can give more than 12 times the venom needed to kill a human. They don't recognize humans as prey or predator so they avoid swimmers and divers and rarely bite them.

References 

Elapidae
Apollo 10 was a crewed F-Type mission of NASA's Apollo program to land a man on the surface of the Moon. It was the fourth crewed mission and was a full rehearsal for the actual landing by Apollo 11. It was launched on May 10, 1969. The three astronauts, Tom Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan went into orbit around the Moon. Stafford and Cernan flew the Lunar Module to just  above the Moon's surface.  The Apollo 10 crew reached the farthest point in their orbit around the far side of the Moon. They have been the farthest any human has traveled from the Earth's surface.

References

Other websites
 Official NASA site

Apollo program
1969 in technology
1960s in spaceflight
Apollo 12 was the sixth crewed flight in the Apollo program. It was the second crewed spacecraft to land on the Moon. Apollo 12 was launched on November 14, 1969. Charles "Pete" Conrad and Alan Bean become the third and fourth persons to stand on the lunar surface, while Richard Gordon stayed in orbit around the Moon. The two astronauts spent over seven hours exploring the surface of the Ocean of Storms. They brought back pieces of Surveyor III which had landed on the Moon in April 1967. They set up a number of experiments which would continue to collect information after they left. The Lunar ascent stage, the part that helped it take off from the surface, was deliberately crashed back onto the Moon so that shock waves could be measured by seismic equipment left behind.

References

Apollo program
1969 in the United States
1969 in technology
1960s in spaceflight
Apollo 15 was the ninth crewed flight of NASA's Apollo program. It was the fourth mission to land on the surface of the Moon and the first J-Type mission. Apollo 15 was launched on July 26, 1971. Alfred Worden stayed in orbit in the Command Module, Endeavour, while the Lunar Module, Falcon, landed at Hadley Base, with David Scott and James Irwin. The astronauts used the first Lunar Roving Vehicle to travel on the Moon. This vehicle was specially designed to work in a vacuum, with a wide range of temperatures across rough ground. They travelled a distance of  on the Moon. They spent three days (66 hours, 55 minutes) on the Moon. They were able to collect a lot of rock samples, including a core sample from at least  deep.

References

Apollo program
1970s in spaceflight
1971 in the United States
The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies. Its center is 53.8 ± 0.3 million light years (16.5 ± 0.1 million parsecs) away from Earth, in the constellation Virgo. The cluster forms the heart of the larger Virgo Supercluster, of which our Local Group is an outlying member. 

The Virgo Cluster has about 1300 (and perhaps up to 2000) member galaxies. Its mass is about 1.2 solar masses out to 8 degrees of the cluster's center or a radius of about 2.2 million parsecs.

Many of the brighter galaxies in this cluster, including the giant elliptical galaxy Messier 87 and brightest member Messier 49, were discovered in the late 1770s and early 1780s. They were included in Charles Messier's catalogue of non-cometary fuzzy objects. Described by Messier as nebulae without stars, their true nature was not recognized until the 1920s. Many of the member galaxies of the cluster are visible with a small telescope. Its brightest member is the elliptical galaxy Messier 49.

References 

Galaxy clusters
The eyelash viper (Bothriechis schlegelii) is a venomous pit viper found in Central and South America.

Small and living in trees, the snakes has a lot of color variations. Note the superciliary scales above the eyes.

It is the most common of the green palm-pitvipers (genus Bothriechis).

Description 
The eyelash viper is a small species of snake, and rarely ever grows longer than the length of . Females are larger than males. It gets the name "eyelash viper" because it has a small group of scales over its eyes which make it look like the snake has eyelashes. The eyelash viper comes in many colors like green, yellow, red, brown or even pink.
Behavior 
Like other snakes of the genus Bothriechis, this species is arboreal, meaning it lives in trees. The eyelash viper is nocturnal. It is not known to be aggressive, but if annoyed or disturbed it doesn't hesitate to strike.
The viper is viviparous, meaning it gives live birth. It gives birth to around 10 to 12 young at a time. When they are born, young vipers are  inches long.

Feeding 
Eyelash vipers capture their prey by ambushing. They feed on small rodents, small birds, frogs, and lizards.

Common names 
The eyelash viper is also known as the 'eyelash mountain viper", the "horned palm viper", Schlegel's viper", and the "eyelash palm-pit viper". It is also known as the "bocaracá" in Costa Rica and other Central and South American countries.

Where they live 
The eyelash viper is found in southern Mexico, southeastward to the Atlantic lowlands, through Central America to northern South America in Colombia and Venezuela. It is also found in parts of Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru.
Habitat
The viper likes to live in humid, tropical areas not far from water.

References

Vipers
Snakes of North America
Reptiles of South America
Apollo 16 was the tenth crewed space flight in NASA's Apollo program. It was the 5th of six Apollo missions to land on the Moon. It was a J-Type mission, which meant that the astronauts would have a longer stay on the Moon. Launched on April 16, 1972, Ken Mattingly stayed in orbit around the Moon in the Apollo Command Module, Casper. He spent 3 days, 9 hours and 28 minutes by himself, the longest solo US space flight. On the Moon, astronauts John Young and Charles Duke got to put the Lunar Roving Vehicle ("moon buggy") through a series of tests, including s-turns, hairpin turns and quick stops. John Young was the commander of the mission.

A satellite was launched on the return journey to examine the Moon's mass and gravitation, space particles near the Moon, and the interaction of magnetic fields between the Moon and Earth. The mission was stopped one day early as there were several problems with the spacecraft.

References

Apollo program
1970s in spaceflight
1972 in the United States
The Triangulum galaxy  is a spiral galaxy approximately 3 million light years (ly) from Earth in the constellation Triangulum.
The Triangulum galaxy is the third-largest member of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, the Andromeda galaxy and about 50 other smaller galaxies. It is one of the most distant permanent objects that can be viewed with the naked eye.

It is catalogued as Messier 33 or NGC 598, and is sometimes informally referred to as the Pinwheel galaxy, a nickname it shares with Messier 101.

Properties
Properties

Structure 
In the French astronomer Gérard de Vaucouleurs' revised Hubble Sandage (VRHS) system of galaxy morphological classification, the Triangulum Galaxy is classified as type SA(s)cd. The S prefix says that it is a spiral galaxy. The A is assigned when the center of the galaxy lacks a bar-shaped structure, unlike SB class barred spiral galaxies. American astronomer Allan Sandage's "(s)" notation is used when the spiral arms emerge directly from the center, instead of an inner ring like an (r)-type galaxy. Finally, the cd suffix describes the openness of the arms. cd means loosely wound arms.
This galaxy has an inclination of 54° to the line of sight from the Earth, allowing the structure to be examined without significant obstruction by gas and dust. The disk of the Triangulum Galaxy appears warped out to a radius of about 8 kpc. There may be a halo surrounding the galaxy, but there is no bulge at the center. This is an isolated galaxy and there are no indications of recent interactions with other galaxies, and it lacks the small following galaxies or tidal tails associated with the Milky Way.

Triangulum is classified as unbarred, but another look at the galaxy shape shows a weak bar-like structure around the galactic nucleus. The center of this galaxy  is the most luminous source of X-rays in the Local Group of galaxies. However, the center does not appear to contain a supermassive black hole, as an upper limit of 3,000 solar masses is placed on the mass of a central black hole based upon the speed of stars in the core region.
The inner part of the galaxy has two spiral arms, along with multiple spurs that connect the inner to the outer spiral features. The main arms are called IN (north) and IS (south).

References 

Spiral galaxies 
Local galaxies
Mermaids is a 1990 American comedy-drama movie. It set during 1963 in Massachusetts. It is based on a novel of the same name. The movie stars Cher as Rachel, Winona Ryder as her elder daughter Charlotte and Christina Ricci as her younger daughter Kate. This movie was released December 14, 1990 in the U.S. It got positive reviews from movie critics.

Other websites 

1990 comedy-drama movies
1990s coming-of-age movies
1990s teen comedy movies
1990s teen drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
Coming-of-age comedy movies
Coming-of-age drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about families
Movies about virginity
Movies based on books
Movies set in Massachusetts
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies directed by Richard Benjamin
An elliptical galaxy is a galaxy having an ellipsoidal shape, and a smooth, nearly featureless brightness profile. They are one of the three main types of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in 1936. The others are spiral and lenticular galaxies.

Elliptical galaxies range in shape from nearly spherical to nearly flat, (E7, one of the flattest types of elliptical galaxies is cigar-shaped) and in size from hundreds of millions to over one trillion stars. Originally, Edwin Hubble thought that elliptical galaxies may evolve into spiral galaxies, but this turned out to be false. Stars found inside elliptical galaxies are much older (and cooler; thus redder) than stars found in spiral galaxies.
Most elliptical galaxies are composed of older, low-mass stars, with a sparse interstellar medium and minimal (or no)star formation activity. They tend to be surrounded by large numbers of globular clusters. Elliptical galaxies are believed to make up approximately 10–15% of galaxies in the Virgo Supercluster, but are not the dominant type of galaxy in the universe overall. They are usually found close to the centers of galaxy clusters.

Elliptical galaxies and lenticular galaxies are also called "early-type" galaxies (ETG), due to their position in the Hubble sequence. They are less common in the early Universe, that is, in galaxies further away from us.

Related pages 
IC 1101: the largest known galaxy in the cluster Abell 2029
Messier 87-Famous Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster, known for its unusual plasma jet.
Messier 49-Bright Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster.
Messier 59 -Found nearby Messier 60, another galaxy in the Virgo cluster.
Abell-2261 BCG -Has one of the largest cores of any Galaxy a.

References
is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Kaihori was born in Nagaokakyo on September 4, 1986. In 2004, she was a high school student, she joined Speranza FC Takatsuki from the youth team. She moved to INAC Leonessa (later INAC Kobe Leonessa) in 2008. The club won Nadeshiko League championship for 3 years in a row (2011-2013). She was also selected Best Eleven 2 times in 2011 and 2013. She retired end of 2015 season.
In May 2008, Kaihori was selected the Japan national team for 2008 Asian Cup. At this competition, on May 31, she debuted against Chinese Taipei. She was Japan's goalkeeper in the 2011 World Cup final, where she saved two penalties from Shannon Boxx and Tobin Heath in the shoot-out which saw Japan defeat the United States by winning 3–1. She was part of the Japanese team that won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, playing in one game, vs South Africa, which saw Kaihori keep a clean sheet. She also played 5 matches at 2015 World Cup and Japan won 2nd position. She played 53 games for Japan until 2015.

Statistics

References

Other websites

Japan Football Association
1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Kyoto Prefecture
Japan women's international footballers
Nadeshiko League players
Speranza Osaka-Takatsuki players
INAC Kobe Leonessa players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2008 AFC Women's Asian Cup players
2010 AFC Women's Asian Cup players
2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup players
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games
Olympic medalists in football
Japanese Olympic silver medalists
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players
AFC Women's Asian Cup-winning players
Asian Games medalists in football
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a marathon runner.

At the 2009 World Championships in Athletics at Berlin, Fujiwara finished 61st in the men's marathon.

He finished second in the 2012 Tokyo Marathon.

He was a member of the Japanese team in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics

References

Other websites
  Arata Fujiwara website   
 Arata Fujiwara at SportsReference.com 

1981 births
Living people
Japanese athletes
2012 Summer Olympics
Japanese Olympians
Ricochet is a 1991 American action crime thriller movie. It stars Denzel Washington. John Lithgow and Ice-T. The movie is about a psychotic ex-convict named Blake who has been creating chaos and looking for revenge. This movie was released in the United States on October 4, 1991.

Other websites 
 
 
 

1991 action movies
1990s action thriller movies
1991 crime thriller movies
American action thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies about abduction
Movies about drugs
Movies about prostitution
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies directed by Russell Mulcahy
Warner Bros. movies
Galaxy clusters are large collections of galaxies. They consist of hundreds of galaxies and galaxy groups, bound together by gravity. Galaxy clusters are much larger than galaxy groups, like our Local Group. 

Clusters of galaxies should not be confused with either star clusters, which are inside galaxies, or with globular clusters, which usually orbit galaxies.

Notable galaxy clusters in the relatively nearby universe include the Virgo Cluster (which includes our Local Group), Fornax Cluster, Hercules Cluster, and the Coma Cluster. 

Still larger than galaxy clusters are superclusters. A very large aggregation of galaxies known as the Great Attractor, dominated by the Norma Cluster, is massive enough to affect the local expansion of the universe (Hubble's law).

Notable galaxy clusters in the distant, high-redshift universe include SPT-CL J0546-5345, the most massive galaxy cluster ever found in the early universe.
Basic properties
Galaxy clusters typically have the following properties.
 They contain 50 to 1,000 galaxies, hot X-ray emitting gas and large amounts of dark matter. Details are described in the "Composition" section.
 The distribution of these three components is approximately the same in the cluster.
 They have total masses of 1014 to 1015 solar masses.
 They typically have a diameter from 2 to 10 megaparsecs.
 The spread of velocities for the individual galaxies is about 800–1000 km/s.
 The intracluster medium or ICM has gas between the galaxies with a temperature of 7-9 keV.

Composition
There are three main components of a galaxy cluster. They are:

Scale of things 
Where ">" means "contains":

Universe > observable universe > very large-scale structures > superclusters > galaxy clusters > galaxy groups > galaxies > star clusters > stars

References
Norman Alden (born Norman Adelberg; September 13, 1924 – July 27, 2012) was an American character actor. He performed in television programs and movies. He first appeared on television on The 20th Century Fox Hour in 1957. He provided the voice of Kay in The Sword in the Stone (1963), and had a notable role in I Never Promised You a Rose Garden. His acting career began in 1957 and lasted nearly 50 years. He also played the role of Kranix and Arblus in the 1986 animated Transformers movie. He retired from acting in 2006.

Alden was born on September 13, 1924 in Fort Worth, Texas and died at the age of 87 on July 27, 2012 from natural causes in Los Angeles. He is survived by his two children from his first marriage, one grandson, and his partner of  over 25 years, Linda Gilbert Thieben.

References

Other websites

 Norman Alden @ BehindTheVoiceActors

1924 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Fort Worth, Texas
American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
A dwarf galaxy is a small galaxy composed of up to several billion stars. This is a small number compared to our own Milky Way's 200–400 billion stars. The Large Magellanic Cloud, containing over 30 billion stars, is sometimes classified as a dwarf galaxy and sometimes as a full-fledged galaxy orbiting the Milky Way galaxy.

Formation of dwarf galaxies
Most galaxies, including dwarf galaxies, form in association with dark matter or out of gas containing metals. However, NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer space probe identified new dwarf galaxies forming out of gases lacking metals. These galaxies were in the Leo Ring, a cloud of hydrogen and helium around two massive galaxies in the constellation Leo.

Dwarf galaxies can be pulled toward and ripped by neighbouring spiral galaxies till they ultimately merge.

Local dwarfs
Local dwarfs

There are many dwarf galaxies in the Local Group: these small galaxies frequently orbit around larger galaxies, such as the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy. A 2007 paper has suggested that many dwarf galaxies were created by tidal forces during the early evolution of the Milky Way and Andromeda. Tidal dwarf galaxies are produced when galaxies collide and their gravitational masses interact. Streams of galactic material are pulled out away from the parent galaxies and the halos of dark matter that surround them.

The Milky Way has more than 20 known dwarf galaxies orbiting it. Recent observations suggest the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, Omega Centauri, is actually the core of a dwarf galaxy with a black hole in its center. It was at some time absorbed by the Milky Way.

References
A solar flare or solar limb is a sudden brightening observed over the Sun's surface. It is a large energy release of up to 6 × 1025 joules of energy. The energy is about a sixth of the total energy that is released from the Sun each second equal to 160,000,000,000 megatons of TNT. It can also be compared with the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. The release is then followed by a colossal coronal mass ejection also known as a CME. The first flare releases clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms through the corona of the Sun into space. These clouds usually reach planet Earth a day or two after this has happened. A solar flare is sometimes referred to another phenomena in other stars, such as stellar flare.
X-rays and UV radiation that is released by solar flares can affect Earth's ionosphere. Because of this, radio communications, radars and other devices may be disrupted for a short time. Richard Christopher Carrington was the first person to observe a solar flare in 1859. Carrington had spotted brightening's of small areas within a sunspot group. Stellar flares have also been observed on several of other stars. Solar flares can be "active" from several flares a day or "quiet" from several flares every week. Solar flares occurs during the 11-year cycle (the solar cycle). There are less "large flares" than smaller ones.

References

Other websites 

 Live Solar Images and Data Site Includes x-ray flare, geomagnetic, space weather information detailing current solar events.
 Solar Cycle 24 and VHF Aurora Website (www.solarcycle24.com)
 Solar Weather Site
 Current Solar Flare - and geomagnetic activity in dashboard style (www.solar-flares.info) 
 STEREO Spacecraft Site

Sun
Messier 87 (also known as M87, Virgo A or NGC 4486) is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. It was discovered in 1781 by the French astronomer Charles Messier, who catalogued it as a nebulous feature. The second brightest galaxy within the northern Virgo Cluster, it is about 16.4 million parsecs (53.5 million light-years) from Earth.

Unlike a disk-shaped spiral galaxy, Messier 87 has no distinctive dust lanes. It has an almost featureless, ellipsoidal shape. Luminosity diminishes  with distance from the centre. At the core of this unusually large galaxy is an unusually large supermassive black hole. This is a strong source of radiation at many wavelengths, particularly radio waves. This black hole is the first and, to date, the only one for which astronomers have been able to make a direct image. A radio image taken by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 was published on 10 April 2019. The image shows the shadow of the black hole, surrounded by an emission ring with a diameter of .
A jet of energetic plasma known as a blazar is thrown out by the black hole at near the speed of light. It goes outward at least . In pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999, the motion of Messier 87's jet was measured at four to six times the speed of light. This motion is probably an optical illusion caused by the relativistic velocity of the jet.

Stars 
The stars in this galaxy form about one sixth of Messier 87's mass. They are spread out symmetrically, but the density of stars decreases with distance from the core. The galactic envelope extends out to a radius of about , where it stops—possibly cut off by an encounter with another galaxy. Between the stars is a diffuse interstellar medium of gas that has been chemically enriched by elements emitted from evolved stars.

Orbiting the galaxy is a huge number of about 12,000 globular clusters, compared to 150200 globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way.
Messier 87 is one of the most massive giant elliptical galaxies near Earth, and one of the brightest radio sources in the sky,
It is a popular target for both amateur and professional astronomy study.

References 

Elliptical galaxies
Eric Braeden (born Hans-Jörg Gudegast; April 3, 1941) is a German-American movie and television actor, best known for his role as Victor Newman on the soap opera The Young and the Restless, as Hans Dietrich in the 1960s TV series The Rat Patrol, and as John Jacob Astor IV in the 1997 film Titanic. Braeden won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1998 for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the role of Victor Newman.

Personal life 
Braeden was born in Bredenbek, Germany to German parents. Braeden was educated at the University of Montana. Braeden is married to Dale Russell Gudegast since 1966 and have two children together. Braeden currently lives in Los Angeles, California.

In April 2023, Braeden announced he as diagnosed with "high-grade" bladder cancer.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Eric Braeden's Official Website 
Interview at Talk Humor
1941 births
Living people
American movie actors
German movie actors
American television actors
German television actors
American voice actors
German voice actors
American stage actors
German stage actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Gerald Isaac "Jerry" Stiller (June 8, 1927 – February 5, 2021) was an American comedian and actor. He spent many years in the comedy team Stiller and Meara with his wife Anne Meara. Stiller and Meara are the parents of Ben Stiller (with whom he co-starred in the movies Zoolander, Heavyweights, Hot Pursuit, and The Heartbreak Kid) and Amy Stiller. He is best known for his recurring role as Frank Costanza in Seinfeld and his supporting role as Arthur Spooner in The King of Queens.

Early life
Stiller was the oldest of four children, Stiller was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Jewish parents, Bella (nee Citrin) and William Stiller, a bus driver. His paternal grandparents immigrated from Galicia, and his mother was born in Poland.

Marriage and family
Stiller is married to Anne Meara since 1954 and have two children together, Ben Stiller and Amy Stiller.

Personal life
Stiller lived in New York City, New York.
Death
On February 5, 2021, Stiller died at his home in New York City, New York of natural causes at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 
 

1927 births
2021 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Seinfeld
Anne Meara (born September 20, 1929 – May 23, 2015) was an American actress and comedian. She and Jerry Stiller were a 1960s comedy team, appearing as Stiller and Meara, and are the parents of actor/comedian Ben Stiller and actress Amy Stiller.

Early life
Meara was born in Brooklyn, New York. She is the daughter of Irish immigrant parents, Mary (née Dempsey) and Edward Joseph Meara, a lawyer.  Meara was raised in Roman Catholicism, and converted to Reform Judaism six years after marrying Stiller.

Death
Meara died on May 23, 2015 at the age of 85 of multiple strokes.

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1929 births
2015 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Converts to Judaism
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Deaths from stroke
Deniece Williams (born June 3, 1950 in Gary, Indiana) is an American Grammy Award winning musician and singer-songwriter. She has had many hit records. She is best known for the 1980s song Let's Hear it for the Boy. The single that came out in 1984.

References

Musicians from Gary, Indiana
Singers from Illinois
Grammy Award winners
American singer-songwriters
1950 births
Living people
Amy Belle Sawyer Stiller (born August 9, 1961) is an American actress, stand-up comedian and Bikram Yoga instructor.

Early life
She was born in New York, New York. She is the daughter of the Jewish-American comedians Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara, and the older sister of actor Ben Stiller. She graduated from the United Nations International School, in New York City, in 1979.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Comedians from New York City
Bert Randolph Sugar (June 7, 1937 – March 25, 2012) was a boxing writer and sports historian.

Biography

Career
Sugar also appeared in several movies playing himself, including Night and the City, The Great White Hype and Rocky Balboa. Interviews with Sugar feature in Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson. Sugar had been referred to as "Runyonesque" (in reference to Damon Runyon) by Bob Costas, and "one of the foremost historians alive," by the Boston Globe. Along with Lou Albano, he helped write The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pro Wrestling. He wrote a regular sports column for Smoke Magazine.

Death
A cigar-smoker most of his life, Sugar died from cardiac arrest on March 25, 2012. His family was at his bedside in Northern Westchester Medical Center in Mount Kisco, New York. He had spent his remaining years battling lung cancer.

References

Other websites
 Talkin' Boxing with Bert Sugar - Boxing Insider - August 12, 2011
1937 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
American historians
Writers from Washington, D.C.
After the Apollo missions, Mattingly become a Space Shuttle astronaut and flew two missions. The first was STS-4, from June 26 to July 4, 1982. This was the fourth and final orbital test flight for the Space Shuttle Columbia and Mattingly was the mission commander. STS-4 did 112 orbits of the Earth. His second mission was STS-51C in January 1985 in the Space Shuttle Discovery. Mattingly was again the mission commander for this short trip which launched equipment for the Department of Defense.

Mattingly was born in Chicago, Illinois. Educated in Florida, he completed a degree in aeronautical engineering at Auburn University. He joined the navy in 1958 and trained as a pilot. In 1966 he was chosen for the Apollo program. He spent 504 hours in space, and retired from NASA in 1985.

References

1936 births
Living people
American admirals
Apollo astronauts
Military people from Chicago
Katarina Witt (born 3 December 1965) is a retired German figure skater. She won gold medals at the 1984 and 1988 Winter Olympics and competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics. She also won four World Championships and six European Championships. In 1995, Witt became a member of the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame.

Witt was born in East Germany and began skating at the age of five. She went to a special school for athletic children, where she met her coach, Jutta Muller. Witt won the European Championships for the first time in 1983. She won the gold medal in the 1984 Winter Olympics, and also won the World Championships later that year. At the 1988 Winter Olympics, Witt and her rival, Debi Thomas, both performed to Bizet's music from the opera Carmen. Their competition for first place was called the "Battle of the Carmens." Witt won gold, and her artistic performance became famous. Witt competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics and finished seventh. Afterwards, she retired from competition.

References
References

Other websites

 
 

1965 births
Living people
1984 Winter Olympics
1988 Winter Olympics
1994 Winter Olympics 
German figure skaters
German autobiographers
East German Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from Berlin
Sportswomen
Tony Martin (born Alvin Morris, December 25, 1913 – July 27, 2012) was an American actor and singer who was married to performer Cyd Charisse for 60 years.

Biography

Early life
Martin was born as Alvin Morris in San Francisco, California, the son of Hattie (née Smith) and Edward Clarence Morris.

Career
In movies, he was first cast in a number of bit parts, including a role as a sailor in the movie Follow the Fleet (1936), starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. He eventually signed with 20th Century-Fox and then Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in which he starred in a number of musicals. Between 1938 and 1942, he made a number of hit records for Decca Records. Martin was featured in the 1941 Marx Brothers film  The Big Store, in which he played a singer and performed the now infamous (at least with Marx Brothers fans) Tenement Symphony, which was written by Hal Borne, who became his long-time musical director.
Personal life
In 1937 he married Alice Faye, with whom he had starred in several films. They divorced in 1941. Martin remarried, to actress and dancer Cyd Charisse in 1948. They remained married until her death in 2008. They had one son together, Tony Martin, Jr. (August 28, 1950 – April 10, 2011), who predeceased his father. Martin adopted Charisse's son, Nicky, from her first marriage

Death
Martin died on the evening of July 27, 2012, of natural causes. He was 98.