Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Massif du Nord-Ouest (in English, "Northwestern mountain range"), with several smaller mountain chains, covers most of the department. Its western end is almost flat and is called the Plateau de Bombardopolis ("Bombardopolis Plateau").

Low lands are found only close to the coast and the most important are the Jean Rabel Valley and the Valley of the Trois-Rivières on the northern part, and the Plain of L'Arbre on the southern part of the department.

The river Trois-Rivières, one of the most important river in Haiti, is in this department. Other smaller rivers are Jean Rabel and du Mole.

History 
The northern coast of the Départment du Nord-Ouest was the area that European people first visited in the Hispaniola island during the first visit of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492.

On the night of 5 December 1492 he saw the Cape Saint-Nicolas and the next day he went into the Bay of the Môle-Saint-Nicolas and to the land where now is the town Môle-Saint-Nicolas.
On 7 December, he visited the bays Port-à-l'Écu and Moustique; he named the Moustique Bay ("Mosquito Bay") as Puerto de la Concepción and he stayed there till 13 December. Then he went to the bay of Port-de-Paix and named it Valle del Paraíso or Valparaiso (Spanish for "Paradise Valley") on 15 December.

Population 
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 531,198 persons: 256,238 men and 274,960 women, with 118,798 (22.36%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 244 persons/km².

Administrative division 
The department is divided into three arrondissements (like districts) and 10 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
 Môle-Saint-Nicolas
 Baie de Henne
 Bombardopolis
 Jean-Rabel
 Môle-Saint-Nicolas
 Port-de-Paix
 Bassin Bleu
 Chansolme
 La Tortue
 Port-de-Paix
 Saint-Louis-du-Nord
 Anse-à-Foleur
 Saint-Louis-du-Nord
Economy 
The main economic activity in the department is agriculture, with many very small farms where different crops are grown. On the mountains, coffee is grown.

Fishing is an important activity along the coast.

References 

Departments of Haiti
Apache is the name for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the southwestern United States. They hunted deer and they also ate berries and lots of fruit.They were nomadic which meant that they followed food and never stayed in one place for a long period of time. They are from the second migration of Native Americans which were the Na Dene which also includes the Chipewyan and the Cheyenne of Canada. Evidence proves that the Na Dene came from the Ket people of Siberia.

Native Americans
Samuel Sebastian Wesley (born London, 14 August 1810; died 19 April 1876) was an English organist and composer.  He was the greatest English composer of church music of his day. He lived at a time when the standard of music in England had become very bad.  He did a lot to improve it, especially church music.  He had a hard life earning enough money.  This was largely his own fault: he was a difficult man with a bad temper and often argued with his employers.

Life

Early years

He was born in London, the illegitimate son of the composer Samuel Wesley and his partner Sarah Suter.  He was given the name of his father (Samuel) and the name Sebastian after the composer Johann Sebastian Bach.
As a boy he sang in the choir of the Chapel Royal.  The Chapel Royal was not nearly as good as it had been in the 16th and 17th centuries when it had been associated with many famous composers.  When choirboys made mistakes the music teacher William Hawes would hit them with a riding whip.  Samuel Sebastian was an excellent choirboy, and he and another boy were sent to Brighton to sing to King George IV who had gone there for his holiday.  He also sang at St. Paul's Cathedral.

Career

Hereford
Career

Hereford

When he was a young man he played the organ in several churches in London and started to compose. He wrote some music for melodramas in theatres.  When he was 22 he became organist of Hereford Cathedral.  This changed his life, because his career now focussed on church music.  The choir at Hereford was not very good.  The organ was broken, and his lodgings were not nice.  However, he was able to perform in the Three Choirs Festival and he composed some church music, including the popular anthem Blessed be the God and Father, written for an Easter Day service when the choir only had boys and one male singer.  He married the sister of the dean of the cathedral.  Her family did not approve and did not go to the wedding.
Exeter
In 1835 he moved to Exeter Cathedral. He improved the choir there and persuaded the authorities to renovate the organ.  He had a good salary there, but soon got fed up because he argued with his employers.  He often went fishing instead of going to work, sending one of his choir boys to play the organ instead.   One day, when Wesley was supposed to play “God Save the King” he played “Rule Britannia”.  This sort of behaviour did not do his reputation much good.  He wanted to get a doctorate degree from Oxford University so he wrote an anthem O Lord thou art my God.  The professor at Oxford, William Crotch, wanted him to make some changes in the music, but he refused.  In the end he was given the degree anyway.
Leeds
The next job he had was at Leeds Parish Church.  This was the only job he had in his life which was not at a cathedral, but his choir at Leeds was probably better than any of the cathedral choirs he had.  The services there were very good, and he improved the choir singing.   Leeds was not a nice town in those days.  It was very badly polluted through industry.  Wesley earned extra money by giving music lessons.  He was also in demand for giving organ recitals in different churches. He gave the choir more modern music to sing, including his own compositions.  He wrote an introduction to a book of psalm tunes in which he criticized the state of the church in England.  He did it in a very personal way and it made his employers angry.
One day he went fishing when he should have been at choir practice.  He fell when climbing over a stile and broke his leg.  After that he always walked with a limp.  While he was in hospital he wrote an anthem Cast me not away to words from Psalm 51.  When the music gets to the words “the bones which thou hast broken” he set them to strange, crunching chords.

In spite of his awkward behaviour the people in Leeds were sorry when he left.  He conducted a performance of the Messiah and he was given a portrait of himself.

Winchester

He went to Winchester Cathedral.  At first he got on very well with the clergy.  He performed and composed new music.  He spent a lot of time collecting and publishing all the anthems he had written. He composed hymn tunes.  He persuaded his employers to spend money on improving the organ.
Although he was being paid a good salary (£80 a year) Wesley did less and less work.  He performed less and left a lot of the playing to his pupils so that he could go fishing and sailing.  He did not like the new precentor who was appointed in 1858. 

In 1863 he composed an anthem Give the King thy Judgement for the marriage of the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII and Princess Alexandra of Denmark).  He did not like Winchester.  He said there were no other good musicians to talk to.
Gloucester
When the job of organist at Gloucester Cathedral became available he took it and left Winchester very quicky.  Once again he found himself in a cathedral with a bad choir and an organ in a bad state of repair, but this time he seemed to make little effort to do anything about it.  He spent a lot of time editing other people’s music.  Once more, after a gap of 30 years, he was able to perform in the Three Choirs Festival.  He conducted the music of Louis Spohr, his father Samuel Wesley and also some music by the young Hubert Parry who was not yet well-known.  When he conducted he often did not think about what he was doing and got muddled.  In 1871 he conducted Bach’s St Matthew Passion, the first time it had been performed in England outside London.
He was offered a knighthood but chose to be given money instead.  He started to become ill.  He had a kidney disease.  The last time he played the organ was at Christmas in 1875.  He died on 19th April 1876 and was buried next to his daughter in Devon.  There was no music at all at his funeral.

His music
Wesley is remembered for his music composed for the Church of England.  He wrote many anthems,  including Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace, Blessed be the God and Father, The Wilderness and Ascribe unto the Lord. The last two of these are verse anthems (anthem which contrast sections for the full choir with sections for a few soloists).  The popular short anthem Lead me Lord is part of Praise the Lord, O my soul.

He wrote a number of organ works.  One of his most charming pieces is Holsworthy Church Bells (1874).  He also wrote chamber and orchestral music.
His influence
Wesley had an important influence on organ building.  He went to the Great Exhibition in 1851 and saw organs with pedals that, instead of being exactly parallel, spread out at the top like a fan.  He liked these radiating pedal boards and persuaded the great organ builder Henry Willis to put pedal boards like that in the organs he built.  

Samuel Sebastian Wesley was a very famous performer and throughout his life he was often asked to play the first concerts on new organs (“inaugural concerts”).  His music is still very popular today, and some of his short anthems are not too difficult for the average church choir to sing.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; ISBN 1-56159-174-2,   vol 20, pp. 363ff
Samuel Sebastian Wesley: A Life, John Horton, 2004, Oxford University Press ISBN 9780198161462

1810 births
1876 deaths
English composers
Romantic composers
Quickborn is a rich town in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is about  east of Elmshorn, and  north from the centre of Hamburg.  

Quickborn is twinned with Uckfield, East Sussex.

References

Other websites
Quickborn is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

References

Other websites
Iguanas are a type of lizard in the genus Iguana that lives in tropical areas of Central and South America and the Caribbean. There are only two species of iguana, the green iguana and the Lesser Antillean iguana.

Appearance 
The two species of lizard both have a dewlap, a row of spines running down their back to their tail, and a third eye on their head. This eye is known as the parietal eye, which looks just like a pale scale on the top of their head. Behind their neck are small scales which look like spikes, and are called tuberculate scales. They also have a large round scale on their cheek called a subtympanic shield.
Senses 
Iguanas have excellent vision and can see long distances, shapes, shadows, color and movement. An iguana uses its eyes to navigate through trees and forests, as well as for finding food. They also use their eyes to communicate with members of the same species. An iguana's ear is called a tympanum. It is the iguana's ear drum and is found right above the subtympanic shield and behind the eye. This is a very thin, delicate part of the iguana, and is very important to its hearing.

Iguania
Reptiles of North America
Reptiles of South America
La bohème (pronounced, "La bo-EM") is an Italian opera in four acts. The music was written by Giacomo Puccini. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa.

The opera tells the story of a love affair between a poor poet and an equally poor seamstress in 19th century Paris. The opera is based on a book by Henri Murger called Scenes from Bohemian Life ().   
 
Arturo Toscanini conducted the first performance of La bohème on February 1, 1896 at the Teatro Regio in Turin, Italy. The opera was adapted to a movie in 1965 and the 1996 Broadway musical, Rent.

Henri Murger 

Henri Murger was born in 1822 to an immigrant German tailor in Paris.  He worked as a secretary until 1841 when he became a journalist and joined the poor artists and writers who called themselves Bohemians.
From 1845 to 1848, Murger's stories about Bohemian life in Paris were serialized (published in parts) in a French magazine. The book brought Murger little income. Playwright Théodore Barrière suggested making a play of the book, and Murger accepted. The play appeared in 1849. It was a success.

Almost every chapter of Murger's book mentions an incident or event which found its way into Puccini's opera. However, the love affair between the poet and the seamstress appears only as a little tale in the book about a sculptor named Jacques and a seamstress named Francine.

After the publication of the play, adaptations appeared. In 1877, an operetta was staged in Paris. In 1897, an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo was staged in Venice. Another play based on the book was performed in New York in 1896. The first movie was released in 1916, and other movies were released in the following years.

Development
Development 

Puccini wrote most of La bohème at Torre del Lago, a village in Tuscany he had just made his home. Most decisions about the opera were made through letters sent back and forth between Ricordi (Puccini's publisher), the two librettists, and the composer. This arrangement was not the best for getting the work done in a timely manner.

Puccini began toying with the idea of writing another work called La lupa (The She-Wolf). The librettists were furious. Puccini was dividing his time between two projects while taking them to task for their slowness on the present one. Giacosa complained that he used more paper and time on La bohéme that he had on any of his other dramas.

Whole scenes were rewritten, revised, and even discarded before going through the cycle again. Despite the turmoil, Puccini was considering the David Belasco play Tosca as yet another project. He briefly interrupted work on La bohème to travel to Florence to see Sarah Bernhardt perform the play.
Puccini and Ruggero Leoncavallo (composer of the 1892 opera I pagliacci) both chose to set Mürger's book to music. Each claimed he was the first to make this decision. Leoncavallo's La Bohème was first performed in 1897, the year after Puccini's opera. Leoncavallo's opera never attained the fame that Puccini's did  probably because Puccini's opera was gaining a popularity in 1897 that left Leoncavallo's opera in the dust.

Performances 

La bohème was first performed in Turin, Italy on February 1, 1896 at the Teatro Regio. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini. In 1946, Toscanini conducted a radio performance that was released to LP records and later compact discs. It is the only recording of a Puccini opera by its original conductor.

Within a few years, the opera was performed in theatres throughout Italy including La Scala and La Fenice. The first performance outside of Italy was in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1896. Other performances followed in the next ten years around the world.
The first performance in United Kingdom took place in Manchester, on 22 April 1897. It was performed by the Carl Rosa Opera Company in English and was supervised by Puccini. On 2 October 1897 the same company gave the opera's first staging at the Royal Opera House in London.

The opera was first performed in the United States by the Carl Rosa Opera Company on October 14, 1897 in Los Angeles, California. It was performed in New York City at Palmo's Opera House on May 16, 1898. The Metropolitan Opera House staged the opera for the first time on December 26, 1900.

Roles

Story of the opera

Act 1 

In the four bohemians' attic room
The other Bohemians go out, but Rodolfo stays alone for a moment in order to finish a newspaper article, promising to join his friends soon. There is a knock at the door, and Mimi, a seamstress who lives in a flat below, enters. Her candle has blown out, and she has no matches; she asks Rodolfo to light it. She thanks him, but returns a few seconds later, saying she has lost her key. Both candles go out. It is dark, and the couple try to feel their way about. Rodolfo wants to spend time with Mimi. He finds the key, but puts it in his pocket and does not tell her. In two famous arias (Rodolfo's "Che gelida manina" — "What a cold little hand," and Mimi's "Sì, mi chiamano Mimì" — "Yes, they call me Mimi"), they tell each other about their backgrounds. Rodolfo’s friends call for him to come out and join them. He would prefer to stay there with Mimi but she decides they should go together. They go out, singing about their love for one another.

Act 2 
Latin Quarter on Christmas Eve
The streets are crowded with happy people. Rodolfo buys Mimi a bonnet. The friends go into a café. Musetta, who used to be Marcello's sweetheart, comes into the cafe with Alcindoro, a rich old man. She is tired of him. She sings a naughty song, hoping Marcello will notice her.

Marcello becomes mad with jealousy. To be rid of Alcindoro for a bit, Musetta pretends to have a tight shoe and sends him with it to the shoemaker. Musetta and Marcello fall into each other's arms.

The sound of a military parade is heard. Marcello and Colline carry Musetta out on their shoulders while everyone claps. Alcindoro returns with the repaired shoe. The waiter hands him the bill. He is surprised by how much he has to pay, and sinks into a chair.

Act 3 

At a toll gate a month or two later

Mimì passes through the toll gate. She is coughing. She finds Marcello, who lives in a little tavern near the gate. She tells him of her hard life with Rodolfo, who has left her that night.
Rodolfo comes out of the tavern looking for Marcello. Mimì hides. She hears Rodolfo telling Marcello why he left her. At first he says Mimì does not love him, but then he says he left her because she is dying of an illness.

Rodolfo is poor and can do little to help Mimì. He hopes that a rich man may fall in love with her and pay for her to have medical treatment. Out of kindness towards Mimì, Marcello tries to stop Rodolfo, but she has already heard everything.

She coughs, and Rodolfo discovers her. They sing of their lost love, and agree that although they should separate, they love one another and agree to stay together until the spring. Marcello and Musetta are heard quarrelling in the background.

Act 4 

The attic room
The attic room

Marcello and Rodolfo are both sad at losing their loved ones. Schaunard and Colline arrive with a tiny bit of food. They pretend they are having a big feast, and they all dance. Musetta arrives with news: Mimi, who had found a rich gentleman, has now left him and is wandering in the streets feeling very ill and weak.

Musetta has brought Mimi back with her to the attic room. Mimi is helped into a chair. Musetta and Marcello leave to sell Musetta's earrings in order to buy medicine, and Colline leaves to pawn his overcoat. Schaunard leaves quietly to give Mimi and Rodolfo time together. Left alone, the two remember their past happiness.

They remember their first meeting. Rodolfo gives Mimi the pink bonnet he bought her, which he has kept as a souvenir of their love. The others return, with a gift of a muff to warm Mimi's hands and some medicine, and tell Rodolfo that a doctor has been called, but it is too late. As Musetta prays, Mimi dies. Rodolfo collapses in tears.
Orchestra
La bohème is scored for the standard orchestra of the period:
strings: violins I, II, viola, cello, double bass
woodwind: 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets in A and B flat, bass clarinet in A and B flat, 2 bassoons
brass: 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in F, 3 trombones, bass trombone
percussion: harp, timpani, snare drum, triangle, cymbals, bass drum, xylophone, glockenspiel, chimes

Movies 
In 1965, a West German movie version of the opera was released. It was filmed on location in Milan and Munich. The movie was produced by conductor Herbert von Karajan and designed by Franco Ziffirelli. It starred Mirella Freni as Mimi, Adriana Martino as Musetta, Gianni Raimondi as Rudolpho, and Rolando Panerai as Marcello. The movie won the 1966 National Board of Review for Top Foreign Film.

Notes

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Vocal Score from the Indiana University School of Music.
Upcoming performances  from Operabase.com
Recording of "Mi chimano Mimì" in German by Lotte Lehmann in MP3 format
San Diego OperaTalk! with Nick Reveles: La bohème 
Libretto (in Italian) from OperaGlass
  La bohème 

Compositions by Giacomo Puccini
1890s operas
La traviata is an Italian opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi, libretto by Francesco Maria Piave, after Alexandre Dumas, fils's novel La dame aux camélias, published in 1848. It was first performed at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice, on March 6, 1853. The title "La traviata" means literally The Woman Who Strayed, or perhaps more figuratively, The Fallen One. Although a failure at its premiere, the opera soon established itself and became one of the best-loved and most frequently performed, recorded and filmed of all operas. Notable interpreters of Traviata have included; Maria Callas, Anna Moffo, Renata Scotto, Beverly Sills, amongst many others.

Principal roles and voice types 

 Violetta - soprano
 Alfredo - tenor
 Germont - baritone

Sources 
 The Complete Dictionnary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Vikings Books, 1989.

Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
1850s operas
Dil Se (, , translation: From the Heart) is a 1998 Hindi movie. It was directed by Mani Ratnam. The movie was also released in Tamil as Uyire and in Telugu as Prema Tho. It stars Shahrukh Khan, Manisha Koirala, and Preity Zinta. Mani Ratnam also wrote the screenplay for the movie.  It was produced by Mani Ratnam and Ram Gopal Varma along with Shekar Kapur.

The movie was shot in Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, Delhi and other parts of India and Bhutan over a period of 55 days.  Its cinematography won a National Film Award for cinematographer Santosh Sivan. The movie score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman. A. R. Rahman received a Filmfare Award for the music. The movie became the first Indian movie to reach the Top 10 in the UK Box Office Charts, when released in 1998.

Sypnopsis
Journalist Amar falls for a mysterious woman on an assignment, but she does not reciprocate his feelings. However, when Amar is about to get married, the woman shows up at his doorstep asking for help.
Cast
Shah Rukh Khan as Amarkant "Amar" Varma
Manisha Koirala as Meghna
Preity Zinta as Preeti
Mita Vasisht as Mita
Pooja Ruparel as Preeti Nair's sister
Arundhati Rao as Kanval Dev Burman – AIR station director
Raghuvir Yadav as Shukla ji – AIR manager
Zohra Sehgal as Amar's Grandmother
Janagaraj as Taxi Driver
Gautam Bora as terrorist Leader
Sabyasachi Chakrabarty as terrorist
Aditya Srivastava as Terrorist
Sanjay Mishra as terrorist
Anupam Shyam as terrorist
Shabbir Masani as terrorist
Krisn Kant as Kim terrorist
Manjit Bawa as terrorist
Vineeta Malik as Amar's mother
Piyush Mishra as CBI investigation officer
Gajraj Rao as CBI investigation officer
Priya Parulekar as Young Moina
Malaika Arora in the item number "Chaiyya Chaiyya"
Vanitha Malik as school teacher
Tigmanshu Dhulia as cameo appearance as man at the post office
Sameer Chanda as cameo appearance Tuba music shop dealer
Shaad Ali as cameo as citizen of Silchar
R. K. Nair as Preeti's father
Alka as Preeti's Mother
Rajiv Gupta as Sub inspector
Avtar Sahani as Army general
Lakshmi Rattan as Hazarika army official
Sheeba Chaddha as Moina's sister
Suhail Nayyar as child artist
Jessica as child artist
Ishitha as child artist
Subhadeep Sanyal as child artist
Awards
The movie has won the following awards since its release:

1999 Berlin International Film Festival (Germany) 
 Won - Netpac Award - Special Mention - Mani Ratnam

1999 National Film Awards (India) 
 Won - Silver Lotus Award - Best Cinematography - Santosh Sivan
 Won - Silver Lotus Award - Best Audiography - H. Sridhar

1999 Filmfare Awards (India)
 Won - Best Debut - Preity Zinta
 Won - Best Lyricist - Gulzar
 Won - Best Male Playback - Sukhwinder Singh for "Chaiyya Chaiyya"
 Won - Best Music Director - A. R. Rahman
 Won - Best Choreography - Farah Khan
 Won - Best Cinematographer - Santosh Sivan

Soundtrack
The soundtrack features 5 songs composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Gulzar.

Track listing:
"Chaiyya Chaiyya" (6:52) – Sukhwinder Singh, Sapna Awasti
"Jiya Jale" (4:12) –  Lata Mangeshkar, M.G. Sreekumar
"Dil Se Re" (6:54) – A. R. Rahman, Anuradha, Anupama
"E Ajnabi" (5:32) –   Udit Narayan, Mahalakshmi
"Thayya Thayya" (4:35) – Sukhwinder Singh
"Satrangi Re" (7:12) – Sonu Nigam

References
References

Other websites

1990s Indian movies
1998 movies
Mani Ratnam () (born June 2, 1956) is a Tamil Indian movie director, writer and producer.

Filmography
The following is the list of movies directed by Mani Ratnam. For many of these movies, Mani Ratnam is also credited for the story, screenplay and producing:

Director

Non-Director
Mani Ratnam established Madras Talkies for movie production during the shoot of Iruvar. Mani Ratnam had earlier produced Thiruda Thiruda under his personal name. All movies directed by Mani Ratnam subsequent to Iruvar have been produced through Madras Talkies. Apart from production, Mani Ratnam also has written story and screenplay for movies directed by others.
Indira (1996) - Screenplay (Movie was directed by his wife Suhasini)
 Gayam (1993) - Story & Screenplay (Telugu Movie)
 Chatriyan - Story & Screenplay
 Tajmahal - Story & Screenplay
 Aasai (1995) - Producer
 Nerrukku Ner (1997) - Producer (Madras Talkies)
 Dumm Dumm Dumm (2001) - Story & Screenplay
 Saathiya (2002) - Screenplay (Movie is a re-make of Alaipayuthey and was directed by his assistant Shaad Ali) and Producer (Madras Talkies)
 Five Star (2003) - Producer (Madras Talkies)

Writer

Other websites
 
 Director Mani Ratnam: A living Legend in Film Making 
 Technical Analysis of Mani Ratnam Films 
 Mani Ratnam and A. R. Rahman
 Mani Ratnam: Brief film descriptions 
 A Mani Ratnam Interview 
 Mani Ratnam - article and interview 
Interview with Bharathan Kandaswamy and Mani Ratnam 

Indian movie directors
Indian screenwriters
Indian movie producers
1956 births
Living people
Tamil people
Christopher Michael Fehn (born February 24, 1972) was an American musician and percussionist for the band Slipknot. In Slipknot, he was known as #3. He was the joker in Slipknot. He wore a fetish type mask with a long Pinocchio style nose.  He is a big fan of sports and is a good golfer.

1973 births
Living people
American drummers
Heavy metal musicians
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
James Brian Jacques (pronounced "Jakes") (15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011) was an English author. He is best known for his Redwall series of books, as well as the Tribes of Redwall and Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series. He also wrote two books of short stories called, The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns and Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales.

The books he has written

Redwall series
 Redwall (1986)
 Mossflower (1988)
 Mattimeo (1989)
 Mariel of Redwall (1991)
 Salamandastron (1992)
 Martin the Warrior (1993)
 The Bellmaker (1994)
 Outcast of Redwall (1995)
 The Pearls of Lutra (1996)
 The Long Patrol (1997)
 Marlfox (1998)
 The Legend of Luke (1999)
 Lord Brocktree (2000)
 The Taggerung (2001)
 Triss (2002)
 Loamhedge (2003)
 Rakkety Tam (2004)
 High Rhulain (2005)
 Eulalia! (2007)
 Doomwyte (2008)
 The Sable Quean (2010)
 The Rogue Crew (2011)

Redwall picture books
 The Great Redwall Feast (1996)
 A Redwall Winter's Tale (2001)
 Redwall Friend & Foe (2000)
 The Redwall Cookbook (2005)
Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series
Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
The Angel's Command
Voyage of Slaves

References

Other websites
 Official Redwall Website
 The Redwall Wiki - A collaborative Redwall information resource

1939 births
2011 deaths
English writers
is a freeware video game released in 2004 for PC. It was thought of and created over five years by Daisuke Amaya, known by his pseudonym, or art name, Pixel. The game is an action-adventure game, and is similar to the Castlevania and Metroid games. It was first made in Japanese, and was translated to English by the fan translating group, Aeon Genesis.

The island is there is by Mimiga, a race of sentient, sheep-like

References 

Notes

2004 video games
Amiga games
Dreamcast games
Freeware games
Indie video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Nintendo Switch games
MacOS games
Platform games
Sega Genesis games
Video games developed in Japan
Wii games
Windows games
Courtney Michelle Love (born Courtney Michelle Harrison on July 9, 1964) is an American rock musician and actress. She is best known as lead singer for the now-defunct alternative rock band Hole and as the widow of Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain, with whom she had a daughter called Frances Bean Cobain. Rolling Stone has called Love "the most controversial woman in the history of rock". In the 90s there was a twee band who were called, 'Courtney Love', named after her.

Career
In 1981 Love started Sugar Babydoll. In 1982 she went to a Faith No More concert. She convinced the members to let her join as a singer. She was kicked out of the band because they wanted "male energy". In 1984 she started Pagan Babies.
Hole
In 1989 Love began Hole. In 1990 Hole's first single "Retard Girl" was released. The band released its first album Pretty on the Inside in 1991. On April 12, 1994 Hole's second album Live Through This was released, four days after Love's husband Kurt Cobain was found dead in their home. The album got very good reviews. On September 8, 1998 Celebrity Skin was released.

On February 10, 2004 Love released America's Sweetheart. Hole's last album Nobody's Daughter was released on April 27, 2010.

In 2006 she published a memoir, Dirty Blonde: The Diaries of Courtney Love.

Love sung on "Rat a Tat" on Fall Out Boy's fifth album Save Rock and Roll, released April 12 2013. She also wrote the song.

Love said that her next album would be released for Christmas 2013 along with Courtney Love: My Story, a book about her life so far.

In 2014 Love released her first single in ten years, "Know My Name".

Personal life
Love is a feminist. She is open about having had cosmetic surgery.
Love was married to Kurt Cobain from 1992 until his death in 1994. They have one daughter born in 1992.

Discography

Hole discography

 Pretty on the Inside (1991)
 Live Through This (1994)
 Celebrity Skin (1998)
 Nobody's Daughter (2010)

Solo discography
 America's Sweetheart (2004)

Filmography
Sid and Nancy (1986)
 Straight to Hell (1987)
 Tapeheads (1988)
 1991: The Year Punk Broke (1992/Documentary)
 Tank Girl (1995/Executive Music Producer)
 Basquiat (1996)
 Feeling Minnesota (1996)
 The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996)
 Not Bad for a Girl (1995/Documentary/Co-Producer)
 Off the Menu: The Last Days of Chasen's (1997/Documentary)
 Kurt & Courtney (1998/Documentary)
 Clara Bow: Discovering the It Girl (1999/Documentary/Narrator)
 200 Cigarettes (1999)
 Man on the Moon (1999)
 Beat (2000)
 Bounce: Behind the Velvet Rope (2000/Documentary)
 Julie Johnson (2001)
 Last Party 2000 (2001/Documentary)
 Trapped (2002)
 Mayor of the Sunset Strip (2003/Documentary)
 (This Is Known As) The Blues Scale (2004/Documentary)
 Comedy Central Roast of Pamela Anderson
 Trailer for a Remake of Gore Vidal's Caligula (2005/Short Film)
 The Return of Courtney Love (2006/documentary)
 Straight to Hell Returns (2010)
 Hit So Hard (2011)
 Courtney In Wonderland (2011)
 Sunset Strip (2012)
 Bob and the Monster (2013)
Awards

References

Other websites 

 Official Courtney Love site  
 Official Courtney Love MySpace
 
 Courtney Love Interview  (2006) on her book Dirty Blonde by AOL Books
 Court TV Coverage 

Actors from San Francisco
American feminists
American movie actors
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Singer-songwriters from California
Musicians from San Francisco
Singers from San Francisco
Writers from San Francisco
Actors from Portland, Oregon
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Writers from Portland, Oregon
Singers from Portland, Oregon
1964 births
Living people
Ouest (English: West) is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. Its capital is Port-au-Prince which is also the capital of the country and its largest city.

With an area of 4,827 km², it is the second largest department in Haiti after the Artibonite Department. It has a population of 2,943,200 (2002). The Gonâve Island (French, Île de la Gonâve) is part of this department.

It is bordered to the northwest by the Artibonite Department, to the northeast by the Centre Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west (and to the north of the southern part of the department). It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

The department is divided into five arrondissements:

 l'Arcahaie
 Croix-des-Bouquets
 La Gonâve
 Léogane
 Port-au-Prince

References

Departments of Haiti
Sud (English: South) is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. Its capital is Les Cayes.

Geography 
The Départment du Sud has an area of 2,794 km². It is bordered to the north by the Grand'Anse and Nippes departments, to the east by the Sud-Est Department and by the Caribbean Sea to the west and south.

The Massiff de la Hotte, an important Haitian mountain range, runs from west to east along the centre of the department. Because of this, rivers here are short; some of them are Acul du Sud, Torbeck, Ravine du Sud, de l'Ilet, Cavaillon, des Anglais, Port à Piment, Saut Mathurine, de Tiburon.

Population 
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 621,651 persons: 312,729 men and 308.922 women, with only 109,623 (17.63%) living in cities and towns.
Administrative division 
The department is divided into five arrondissements (like districts) and 18 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
 Aquin
 Aquin
 Cavaillon
 Saint-Louis-du-Sud
 Les Cayes
 Les Cayes
 Camp-Perrin
 Chantal
 Maniche
 Île-à-Vache
 Torbeck
 Les Chardonnières
 Les Chardonnières
 Les Anglais
 Tiburon
 Les Côteaux
 Les Côteaux
 Port-à-Piment
 Roche-à-Bateau
 Port-Salut
 Port-Salut
 Arniquet
 Saint-Jean-du-Sud

References 

Departments of Haiti
Sud-Est (English: South-East) is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. Its capital is Jacmel.

After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The Sud-Est department was part of the Sud department.

Geography 
The Départment du Sud-Est has an area of 2,023 km². The department is in the Southern Peninsula, also known as the Tiburon Peninsula.

It is bordered to the north by the Ouest Department, to the west by the Sud Department and to the south by the Caribbean Sea. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

The Massif de la Selle is the main mountain range in the département and it covers almost all the department except for some small valleys near the coast, as the Jacmel valley. The highest mountain of Haiti, Pic la Selle (2,680 metres), is in the Massif de la Selle.
Rivers are short and they flow into the Caribbean Sea. The most important river is La Grande Rivière de Jacmel. Other rivers are Bainet, Belle-Anse, des Côtes-de-Fer, Gauche, de la Gosseline, Marigot and Pedernales; Pedernales marks the border with the Dominican Republic and is common to both countries.

Population 
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 484,675 persons: 235,187 men and 249,488 women, with 59,642 (12.31%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 240 persons/km².

Administrative division 
The department is divided into three arrondissements (like districts) and 10 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
 Bainet
 Bainet
 Côtes-de-Fer
 Belle-Anse
 Anse-à-Pitres
 Belle-Anse
 Grand-Gosier
 Thiotte
 Jacmel
 Cayes Jacmel
 Jacmel
 La Vallée
 Marigot
Earth Angel is the name of a 1950s love song by the Penguins. It reached number 1 on the billboard charts in 1954.

1954 songs
Xanten ( or Xantum) () is a historic town in Germany. It is in the Wesel district of the North Rhine-Westphalia state. Xanten is known for the Archaeological Park as well as its medieval picturesque city centre with Xanten Cathedral. About 800,000 tourists visit each year.

Xanten is the only German town whose name begins with "X".

References

Other websites

Wesel (district)
John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter born in Coahoma County near Clarksdale, Mississippi.

Biography

Early life 
Hooker was born on August 22, 1917 in Coahoma County near Clarksdale, Mississippi. He was born to William Hooker and Minnie Ramsey and was the youngest of eleven children. He and his siblings were home-schooled and they were only allowed to listen to religious songs. His parents separated in 1921 and his mother married William Moore, a blues singer the next year. Moore introduced Hooker to the guitar. John would later credit Moore for his distinctive playing style.

Later life 
All through the 1930s, Hooker lived in Memphis where he worked on Beale Street and sometimes performed at house parties. In 1948, he started working at Ford Motor Company.
Career 
Hooker's early solo songs were recorded by Bernie Besman. John Lee Hooker rarely played on a standard beat, changing tempos to fit the songs. This made it nearly impossible to add backing tracks.

Pop culture 
Hooker appeared and sang in the 1980 movie The Blues Brothers. He recorded over 100 albums.

In 1989, he played with Keith Richards, Carlos Santana and Bonnie Raitt to record The Healer and won a Grammy Award. Hooker recorded lots of songs with Van Morrison, including "Never Get Out of These Blues Alive", "The Healing Game" and "I Cover the Waterfront".

Death
He fell ill just before a tour of Europe in 2001 and died soon afterwards at the age of 83. The last song Hooker recorded before his death, is "Ali D'Oro".

Quotes 
"It don't take me no three days to record no album." (during the recording of the double album Hooker 'N Heat with Canned Heat.)
"I don't play a lot of fancy guitar. I don't want to play it. The kind of guitar I want to play is mean, mean licks." (when describing his own music in an article from The Daily News, Atlanta, Ga. 1992)

"Women are like wet bars of soap.  Hold on to em too hard and they pop outta your hands." (as spoken to Randy Wilkinson in New Orleans 1983, friend and road manager)

Albums

References

Other websites 
Official John Lee Hooker Site
John Lee Hooker 1980 Blues Foundation Induction into Hall of Fame 
The Boom Boom Room San Francisco nightclub founded by Hooker

1917 births
2001 deaths
American blues musicians
American blues singers
American guitarists
Blues guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
Singers from Mississippi
Discography
 The Complete Library Of Congress Sessions (1964) Travelin' Man Cd 02
 Blues From The Mississippi Delta (W/Short)  (1964) Folkways 2467
 The Legendary Son House: Father Of The Delta Blues (1965) Columbia 2417
 In Concert (Oberlin College, 1965)  Stack-O-Hits 9004
 Delta Blues (1941-1942)  Smithsonian 31028
 Son House & Blind Lemon Jefferson (1926-1941)  Biograph 12040
 Son House - The Real Delta Blues (1964-65 Recordings)  Blue Goose Records 2016
 Son House & The Great Delta Blues Singers (With Willie Brown,)  Document Cd 5002
 Son House At Home : Complete 1969 Document 5148
 Son House (Library Of Congress)  Folk Lyric 9002
 John The Revelator Liberty 83391
 American Folk Blues Festival '67 (1 Cut) Optimism Cd 2070
 Son House - 1965-1969 (Mostly TV Appearances)  Private Record Pr-01
 Son House - Father Of The Delta Blues : Complete 1965 Sony/Legacy Cd 48867
 Living Legends (1 Cut, 1966)  Verve/Folkways 3010
 Real Blues (1 Cut, U Of Chicago, 1964)  Takoma 7081
John The Revelator - 1970 London Sessions Sequel Cd 207
 Great Bluesmen/Newport (2 Cuts, 1965)  Vanguard Cd 77/78
 Blues With A Feeling (3 Cuts, 1965)  Vanguard Cd 77005
 Son House/Bukka White - Masters Of The Country Blues Yazoo Video 500 :
 Delta Blues And Spirituals (1995)
 In Concert (Live)  (1996)
 Live At Gaslight Cafe, 1965 (2000)
 New York Central Live (2003)
 Delta Blues (1941-1942)  (2003) Biograph Cd 118
 Proper Introduction to Son House (2004) Proper (contains everything recorded on years 1930, 1940 & 1941)
Notes

 information about House's age

Other websites
 Video clip  of Son House performing

American blues singers
American blues musicians
Singers from Mississippi
American guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
1902 births
1988 deaths
"Mississippi" John Smith Hurt (July 2, 1892, Teoc, Mississippi - November 2, 1966, Grenada, Mississippi) was an American blues singer and guitarist.

Life
Hurt was raised in Avalon. He tought himself playing guitar at the age of nine. While he was working as a sharecropper, he played at local dances and parties. He did his first recording in 1928 for Okeh Records but was not successful. So he worked on as a sharecropper and played on at the local parties.
Two of Hurt's songs were included in the album The Anthology of American Folk Music and an Australian found a copy of Avalon Blues. So the interest in finding John Hurt himself increased. In 1963 Tom Hoskins found him in Avalon and found out that his musical skill was still intact. He brought him to Washington, D. C. He started playing at greater festivals like the 1964 Newport Folk Festival. In his later years he often played in colleges, concert halls, coffee houses and also on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. He also recorded three albums for Vanguard Records and recorded most of his songs for the Library of Congress.

Hurt influenced different music genres like  blues, country, bluegrass, folk and contemporary rock and roll.

Death
Hurt died on November 2, 1966 from a heart attack in Grenada, Mississippi.
Discography
 "Frankie" (3:21)- February 24, 1928, Memphis, TN - 400221-B, OK 8560
 "Nobody's Dirty Business" (2:52)- February 24, 1928, Memphis - 400223-B, OK 8560
 "Ain't No Tellin'" (2:54)- December 21, 1928, New York City, NY - 401471-A, OK 8560
 "Louis Collins" (2:57)- December 21, 1928, NYC - 401472-A, OK 8724
 "Avalon Blues" (3:01)- December 21, 1928, NYC - 401473-B, OK 8759
 "Big Leg Blues" (2:50)- December 21, 1928, NYC - 401474-B, unissued
 "Stack O' Lee" (2:55)- December 28, 1928, NYC - 401481-B, OK 8654
 "Candy Man Blues" (2:44)- December 28, 1928, NYC - 401483-B, OK 8654
 "Got The Blues (Can't Be Satisfied)" (2:49)- Dec 28, 1928, NYC- 401484-B, OK 8734
 "Blessed Be The Name" (2:46)- December 28, 1928, NYC - 401485-B, OK 8666
 "Praying On The Old Camp Ground" (2:35)- Dec 28 1928, NYC- 401486-B, OK 8666
 "Blue Harvest Blues" (2:51)- December 28, 1928 NYC - 401487-A, OK 8692
 "Spike Driver Blues" (3:13)- December 28, 1928 NYC - 401488, OK 8692
Last Sessions - 1966 (Vanguard)
"Poor Boy, Long Ways From Home"
 "Boys, You're Welcome"
 "Joe Turner Blues"
 "First Shot Missed Him"
 "Farther Along"
 "Funky Butt"
 "Spider, Spider"
 "Waiting For You"
 "Shortnin' Bread"
 "Trouble, I've Had It All My Days"
 "Let The Mermaids Flirt With Me"
 "Good Morning, Carrie"
 "Nobody Cares For Me"
 "All Night Long"
 "Hey, Honey, Right Away"
 "You've Got To Die"
 "Goodnight Irene"
Mississippi John Hurt 1928 Sessions  (Yazoo 1065,  Yazoo Records)
 

Worried Blues (Piedmont PLP 13161, Piedmont Records)

Mississippi John Hurt Today (VSD-79220, Vanguard Records)

Mississippi John Hurt Last Sessions  (VSD-79327, Vanguard Records)

The Best of Mississippi John Hurt   (VSD-19/20, Vanguard Records) 
Recorded live at Oberlin College April 15, 1966

The Candy Man  (QS 5042, Quicksilver Records) 

Volume One of a Legacy (CLPS 1068, Piedmont Records) 

Folk Songs and Blues (PLP 13757, Piedmont Records)

Notes

Other websites
 Mississippi John Hurt Museum  Includes a link to a discussion forum regarding Mississippi John Hurt with substantive participation by grand nephew, Fred Bolden.
 Mississippi John Hurt News  Website run by John's grand nephew, Fred Bolden. Has several forums and discussions open to the public.
 Illustrated Mississippi John Hurt discography
 Available recordings at The Internet Archive
 [ Allmusic]
 Mississippi John Hurt's Stackolee  Recording, sheet music and guitar tab.
Blues guitarists
American blues singers
American guitarists
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
1892 births
1966 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
A biopsy is a test in medicine where doctors remove cells and look at them closely under a microscope or do chemical analysis to see whether there is an illness.

Etymology 
Biopsy is a Greek word, from the Greek words bio meaning "life" and opsia meaning see.

References

Medical tests
Jacob Benjamin Gyllenhaal (born December 19, 1980) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He has appeared in diverse roles since his first lead role in 1999's October Sky, followed by the 2001 cult hit Donnie Darko, in which he played a psychologically troubled teen and onscreen brother to his real-life sister, actress Maggie Gyllenhaal. In the 2004 blockbuster The Day After Tomorrow he portrayed a student caught in a cataclysmic global cooling event, alongside Dennis Quaid as his father. He then played against type as a frustrated Marine in Jarhead (2005). The same year, he won critical acclaim portraying a role that entered popular shorthand as a "gay cowboy" in the controversial but highly acclaimed film Brokeback Mountain.
Early life 
His mother is screenwriter Naomi Foner. His father is director Stephen Gyllenhaal, who was raised as a Swedenborgian, is of Swedish and English descent, and is a descendant of the Swedish noble Gyllenhaal family. Jake's last ancestor to be born in Sweden was his great-great-grandfather, Anders Leonard Gyllenhaal. Jake's mother is Jewish; she was born in New York City, to a family from Russia and Poland. Gyllenhaal has said that he considers himself Jewish. Gyllenhaal began acting at 11 years old.

Filmography

Awards

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winners
Jewish American actors
Achern () is a city in Western Baden-Württemberg, Germany.  It is about  southwest of Baden-Baden and  northeast of Offenburg.  Achern is the fourth largest city in the county of Ortenau (Ortenaukreis), after Offenburg, Lahr / Black Forest and Kehl.

References

Other websites

Cities in Baden-Württemberg
Ortenaukreis
Adelsheim is a small town in northern Baden-Württemberg, about 30 km north of Heilbronn. The state-recognized resort of Adelsheim in the Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis is 1,200-year years old.

References

Other websites

Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Aichtal (Swabian: Oechtal) is a town in the district of Esslingen, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is 18 km south of Stuttgart.

References

Other websites

Towns in Baden-Württemberg
Esslingen (district)
Albstadt [] is a city in the district of Zollernalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the Swabian Alb mountains, about halfway between Stuttgart and Lake Constance. Albstadt is the largest city in the district.

Albstadt was damaged by a 6.1 magnitude earthquake in 1911, which was the second most powerful earthquake recorded in Germany (after the 1756 Düren earthquake), a 5.6 magnitude earthquake in 1943, and a 5.7 magnitude earthquake in 1978, which was the costliest in Germany at 275 million Deutsche Mark. During World War II, Albstadt was also damaged by an air raid by the Allies on July 11, 1944, which killed 65 people, and another one on February 20, 1945, which killed 19 people.

References

Other websites

Cities in Baden-Württemberg
Alpirsbach is a town in the district of Freudenstadt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the Black Forest on the Kinzig river, 13 km south of Freudenstadt.

Alpirsbach is twinned with the French commune of Neuville-sur-Saône.

References

Other websites

 Official site of Alpirsbach 
 Alpirsbach: pictures
Altensteig is a town in the district of Calw of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the eastern Black Forest, 18 km southwest of Calw, and 19 km northeast of Freudenstadt.

References

Other websites
Asperg is a town in the district of Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is 15 km north of Stuttgart, and 4 km west of Ludwigsburg. The Hohenasperg fortress is in Asperg.

References

Other websites