Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
"Burn", a song by Three Days Grace on their album Three Days Grace "Burn", a song by Year Of The Rabbit on their EP Hunted "Burn", a song by Against Me! which first appeared on their 2001 EP Crime As Forgiven By "Burn", a song by King Diamond on the 1990 album The Eye "Burn", a song by Michael Angelo Batio on his 2005 album Hands Without Shadows "Burn", a song by Deep Purple on their 1974 album Burn "Burnnn!", a song by Pantera on their 1988 album Power Metal "The Burn", a song by Matchbox Twenty on their 2000 album Mad SeasonIn media
 Burn!, a 1969 film
 Burn, a 1998 film directed by Scott Storm
 Burn, a 2005 novel by James Patrick Kelly
 Burned'', a 2005 novel by Ellen Hopkins
 Burn Notice (TV series), a 2007 television drama
Photoshop is a popular image changing software package. It is widely used by photographers for photo editing (fixing colors, reducing noise, adding effects, fixing brightness/contrast) and by graphic designers and Web designers to create and change images for web pages. The first version was introduced in 1990. Version Photoshop CC 2018 was launched on October 18 2017.

Photoshop works on computer systems like Windows and Mac. The software is made by the company Adobe Systems. A simpler version named Photoshop Elements is made for home users who do not want to buy the more powerful, more expensive full version. Photoshop Express, a free version, is even more limited. There are different pricing plans for the application.

References

Graphics software
Vector graphics editors
Adobe software
A finger is a type of digit attached to the hand. Our type of fingers are similar to those of other primates. They are used for doing things and feeling things.

Humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges. The first digit is the thumb, followed by the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or 'pinky'. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not. The four fingers have three phalanges each; the thumb has two.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Limbs and extremities
Bronze is a metal alloy. Bronze is mostly copper, with some tin added (usually between 5% and 20% tin) to make it stronger. The most common alloy is just made of copper and tin. Some bronzes add other metals. 

Other bronzes are:
 Aluminum bronze, which uses aluminum instead of tin.
 Leaded bronze
 Silicon bronze
 Phosphor bronze, which has both tin and phosphorus added to the copper.

Bronze should not be confused with brass which is a different alloy of copper and zinc.

History. 
Bronze was the first alloy that was used by humans. The first nation that used bronze was Egypt about 3500 years B.C. This gave the name for the Bronze Age.

Bronze is stronger than copper or tin alone. Bronze lasts longer than copper. Pure copper can be oxidized by air and also by water. When copper is oxidized by air or water, it turns green (the color of "copper oxide"), and falls apart.
When people learned how to make and work iron, the Bronze Age ended, and the Iron Age started. Iron can be made harder than bronze, but is susceptible to corrosion (see rust). Iron also wears away faster than bronze, when different pieces are moving against each other. Iron is very common, and easy to make. For this reason, iron costs less than bronze. This is the reason why iron is now used where bronze used to be used.

Current use 
Bronze is still used to make many parts of machines. We use bronze when the part must last for a long time around water and air, or must not wear away.  The main things that are made out of it are pump parts, bearings, bells, electrical components, gears, valves, and other things.

Bronze parts are usually cast in a foundry. After they are cast, bronze parts can also be worked in a lathe or milling machine, or drilled. Bronze is not normally worked with a hammer as iron is.

Pictures 

Alloys
Metallurgy
Flight or flying is a process of movement of an object in a gaseous environment or a vacuum. In practice this means it moves through the air.

Animals 
Best adapted for long controlled powered flight are flying birds and insects, bats (Chiroptera), and the extinct pterosaurs. 

All of these animals use (or used) the aerodynamic principles of flight, using the load-bearing properties of the wing for active flight. There are also many animals that glide and parachute flight, such as some spiders' webs, aeroplankton, flying clams, flying fish, and various forest-dwelling mammals and reptiles. 

The fastest flying animal is the peregrine falcon. The speed of its dive is over .
Floating flight
An aerostat is a system that remains in the air by the use of floating. Man-made aerostats include balloons and airships. An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin containing a lifting gas to provide floating, to which other parts are attached. By contrast, aerodynes use aerodynamic lift, which requires the movement of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass.

There are a huge number of plants which distribute their spores or seeds by air. Many bacteria and viruses do so as well. With these very small objects, the surface area is great in proportion to its weight. That is why they lift off.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Zoology
Physics
Pound or Pounds may refer to:

Units
 Pound (currency), various units of currency
 Pound sterling, the official currency of the United Kingdom
 Pound (mass), a unit of mass
 Pound (force), a unit of force 
 Rail pound, in rail profile

Symbols
 Pound sign, the symbol for the pound sterling, £
 Number sign (also pound sign), the symbol #

Places in the United States
 Pound, Virginia, a town
 Pound, Wisconsin, a village
 Pound (town), Wisconsin, a town
 Pound Ridge, New York, a town

Entertainment
 Pound (band), an American rock band
 Pound (film), a 1970 film directed and written by Robert Downey, Sr.
Other uses
 Pound (surname), a list of people
 Animal shelter (also a "pound"), a facility that houses homeless, lost, or abandoned animals
 Animal pound, a similar structure  
 Canal pound, the stretch of level water impounded between two canal locks
 Fist bump (also a "pound" or a "fist pound"), a gesture similar in meaning to a handshake or high five
 Buffalo pound, a hunting structure used by indigenous North Americans to trap bison (buffalo)
 Pound (networking), a lightweight open source reverse proxy program and application firewall
 Pound (magazine), a Toronto-based hip hop magazine
 Pounds, shillings and pence or £sd, British and other European pre-decimal currency
Vehicle impoundment

See also
{{Taxobox
| name = Rangifer
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| image = Caribou.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = A reindeer
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Chordata
| classis = Mammalia
| ordo = Artiodactyla
| familia = Cervidae
| subfamilia = Capreolinae
| genus = Rangifer| binomial = Rangifer tarandus| binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)
| range_map = Rangifer tarandus map.png
| range_map_width = 250px
| range_map_caption = Reindeer map
}}

The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus'') is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family. In North America it is also called caribou.
There are about 10-20 reindeer subspecies. The reindeer is the only deer that has been domesticated.
Appearance 
The different reindeer subspecies have different sizes and slightly same fur colors. Male reindeer are usually bigger and heavier than the females. Reindeer are about 1.20 - 2.20 meters long and about 0.90 - 1.40 meters high. They weigh between 60 - 300 kilograms. Reindeer mostly have a grey-brown fur. The fur is dark in summer and becomes a lighter color in winter.  Reindeer have big feet that help them walk on soft ground.

North American Caribou and Eurasian Reindeer are the same species, but there are some noticeable differences in the subspecies.

Reindeer: - most commonly found as domesticated animals
- sedentary
- breeding starts mid-Aug
- can be pinto colored
- dark brown calves
- more fat
- thicker fur
- shorter face and muzzle
- males have larger antlers than female caribou

Caribou:

- wild
- migratory
- breeding starts mid-September
- never pinto colored
light brown calves
Antlers
Reindeer are the only deer where both sexes have antlers. The antlers of female reindeer are smaller than the antlers of males.

"The antlers start growing in April and are fully developed by Autumn";
"reindeers shed their antlers, the bucks just before Christmas and the females later in the spring".
"On a large buck, the antlers can grow up to a centimeter a day".

Range 
Reindeer can be found in Sápmi (Northern Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), North America (All over Canada and on farms across North America where they are raised in captivity), and Siberia.  They were first used by people to do work in Sápmi and Siberia.

Habitat 
Reindeer live in  coniferous forest and Arctic conditions.  The historic range of the reindeer is threatened by global warming.
Life 
Reindeer are herd animals and live in groups. They live in groups of 10-100 reindeer, which are herds of only females or herds of only males. Reindeer go on long journeys between the warm and cold seasons. For this journeys the smaller groups form big herds of up to several 100,000 animals. Reindeer mate in October, and the males mate with as many females as possible.

Feeding habits
Reindeer eat mostly grass, but eat also almost any other plant. In winter they often eat lichen, moss and fungi. "During winter, they find lichen by using their hooves to get under the snow"

Health

Pregnancy
After a pregnancy of 230 days the female gives birth to a single baby, usually in May or June. Reindeer babies do not have spots on their fur, like most other deer babies have. Young reindeer become mature when they are 2 year old. Reindeer usually live to be 12–15 years old, sometimes they can live to be 20 years old.
Heat stroke
"During early spring when the daytime temperature rises and they have not yet shed their fur or winter coats", they "sometimes ... get heat stroke".

Reindeer and humans 
Reindeer have been hunted by humans since the stone age. People, especially in the northern regions, used the reindeer's meat, fur, skin, antlers and bones.

The reindeer was domesticated about 3 thousand years ago. It was first domesticated in Siberia and Scandinavia. Since then, reindeer have also been used for transport, for example for pulling sleds. Because reindeer can live in very cold climates, domesticated reindeer are used in most northern parts of the world.

Among the ethnic groups that use reindeer - for fur, and food - are the Sámi in Sápmi.

In popular culture
In western/European culture, it is said that Santa Claus' sled is pulled by reindeer.

References

Deer
Animals used for transport
Arctic
Christmas
Domesticated animals
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of North America
The deer are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Cervidae. The word 'deer' is both singular and plural.

A male deer is called a stag or buck, a female deer is called a hind or doe, and a young deer is called a fawn, kid or calf. 

There are about 60 species of deer. They originally lived in the Northern Hemisphere, and now are native to Europe, Asia, North America and South America. Humans have introduced deer to places where they did not live naturally, such as Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii and South Africa.

Antlers 
Almost all adult deer have antlers, except one, the water deer, which has tusks. Only male deer have antlers, except for reindeer (caribou), where both sexes carry antlers. The antlers are deciduous, and drop off after the mating season. Their main use is for males to fight for groups of females during the rutting season (mating season).
Musk deer (family Moschidae) and chevrotains (Tragulidae) have no antlers, and are not deer. They are  ruminants (Ruminantia). They are no more closely related to deer than any other even-toed ungulates. Their evolutionary history is not well-known, and they are often described as "not true deer".

Behaviour 
Deer do not make nests or dens. They find a safe and comfortable place to rest under low hanging evergreen branches. They stay close to where they can find food. In summer, they eat grasses, plants and weeds. In the fall, they like mushrooms and small branches. They do not store their food for the winter. If the snow is not deep, they use their hooves to uncover moss and leaves. If the snow is deep, they eat twigs and branches. 

The doe usually has one or two fawns in the spring. The fawn is precocial, and can stand immediately after birth, but is weak. The doe will hide each fawn in a different place. They are camouflaged by spots on their backs.
Deer have many predators. Wolves, cougar, dogs and people will eat deer. They are always looking, listening and smelling for danger.

Group behaviour 
Generally speaking, deer prefer mixed forest and grassland areas. In former times, wolves were the number one enemy of deer. Even though deer today rarely need to defend against attack, their behaviour is adapted to succeed in mating, and protect themselves and their relatives from predators.
The rut establishes which males are dominant, and each successful male has a group of females. The group stays together until the fawns are born, about four or five months.  Deer are by nature gregarious (social) and like to live together. This helps their defence against predators. The details vary between species. The actual defence against attack is decided by the dominant male. He decides whether to stand and, if necessary, to fight. Males keep their antlers for half a year. If they run, deer are outstanding runners. If they stand, they can kick. They will not attack humans unless the male senses danger. He gives warning by posture and sound. Stags tend to join up in male groups for mutual defence once their antlers are shed. The females also join up in large herds which can defend themselves fairly well. Deer stay in these single-sex groups for much of the year.
Diet 
Deer are browsers, and feed mainly on leaves.  Deer choose easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, fungi, and lichens. This is mostly low-fibre food. The male deer need minerals such as calcium and phosphate for their antler growth.

Evolution 
Deer are a monophyletic group. They originated in the northern hemisphere and arrived in some Gondwana continents much later. Red deer are found in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa, and some deer arrived in South America via the Great American Interchange. 

Below North Africa there are no deer. Their place in the ecosystems is taken by antelopes, which occupy a niche similar to the deer. Antelopes are not a monophyletic group. The antelope types have evolved from several bovid groups, and are an example of convergent evolution.

Taxonomy
The deer family has about 62 species.  
 Family Cervidae
 Subfamily Hydropotinae: Water deer
 Genus Hydropotes
 Water deer, Hydropotes inermis
 Subfamily Muntiacinae: Muntjacs
 Genus Muntiacus: Muntjacs
 Genus Elaphodus
 Tufted deer, Elaphodus cephalophus
 Subfamily Capreolinae: New World deer
 Genus Capreolus
 Roe deer, Capreolus capreolus
 Siberian roe deer, Capreolus pygargus
 Genus Odocoileus
 White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus
 Mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus
 Genus Ozotoceros
 Pampas deer, Ozotoceros bezoarticus
 Genus Blastocerus
 Marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus
 Genus Mazama: Brocket deer
 Genus Pudu: Pudú
 Genus Rangifer
 Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus
 Genus Hippocamelus: Andean deer
 Genus Alces
 Moose, Alces alces
 Subfamily Cervinae: True deer, Old World deer
 Genus Axis
 Chital, Axis axis
 Hog deer, Axis porcinus
 Bawean deer, Axis kuhlii
 Calamian deer, Axis calamianensis
 Genus Elaphurus
 Père David's deer, Elaphurus davidianus
 Genus Cervus
 Red deer, Cervus elaphus
Wapiti (Elk) Cervus canadensis
 White-lipped deer, Cervus albirostris
 Sika deer, Cervus nippon
 Barasingha, Cervus duvaucelii
 Schomburgk's deer, Cervus schomburgki †
 Thamin, Cervus eldii
 Sambar deer, Cervus unicolor
 Rusa deer, Cervus timorensis
 Philippine deer, Cervus mariannus
 Philippine spotted deer, Cervus alfredi
 Genus Dama
 Fallow deer, Dama dama
Miscellaneous 
The most famous fictional deer is Bambi.

References

Other websites
Congo can refer to several things:
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly known as Belgian Congo which became independent in 1965. Also formerly known as Zaire
The Republic of the Congo, formerly part of French Congo; independent since 1960
The Congo River, which separates the two countries
Congo Free State, a former area in central Africa
The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (abbreviated: amu, u, or Da) is a unit of measurement that is used to measure the mass of atoms. The atomic mass unit is equal to one twelfth of the mass of the carbon-12.

The unified atomic mass unit and the dalton are different names for the same thing. The word 'dalton' is being used more over time. The unit is named after John Dalton, an 18th-century naturalist and teacher.

References

Analytical chemistry
Units of mass
Anions are atoms or radicals (groups of atoms), that have gained electrons. Since they now have more electrons than protons, anions have a negative charge. For example, chloride ions Cl- , bromide Br- , iodide I-.  These are monovalent anions, meaning they have a valency (combining capacity) with only one ion of hydrogen.  Similarly there are bivalent anions, etc.

An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) with an electrical charge. Anions are one of the two types of ions. The other type is called a Cation, having a positive charge. In many crystals the anions are bigger; the little cations fit into the spaces between them.

Anions are termed so because they are attracted towards the anode (the positive electrode).  All anions tend to accept a proton H+ thus they are categorised as base 

+

en:Ion#Anions and cations
ja:イオン#陰イオン
sv:Jon#Anjon
David is a statue by Michelangelo, begun in 1501 and completed in 1504. It is made of marble and is 17 feet tall. It is a statue of a shepherd, David, whose story is told in the Bible. David fought a battle with a giant soldier called Goliath. He beat Goliath by knocking him down with a small stone from his slingshot. David later became King of Israel.   

Michelangelo has carved the figure naked, in the way that Ancient Roman statues of Classical Gods were often made. He shows David before the fight, just as he is looking at Goliath and planning what to do. 

The statue was paid for by the wool-workers of Florence. To the people of the Republic of Florence, David, the teenage boy who fought a giant, was a symbol of how a small fierce town could battle off powerful invaders. David was a particularly important symbol to the wool-workers as well, because as a boy, he took care of his father’s sheep, and as a king, he was like a shepherd to his people.
The statue of David is a symbol of the City of Florence, Italy,  and is Michelangelo's most famous work of sculpture.  It is often called The David. 

In March 2023 the statue was described as pornographic.  The principal of Tallahassee Classical School was forced to resign because the children were shown pictures of it.
Making the statue
From about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral.  These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof. Two statues had already been made by Donatello and his assistant, Agostino di Duccio.  Duccio was asked to carve a statue of David. He began carving the  statue's feet, chest and a hole between the legs. He stopped making the statue when his master, Donatello, died in 1466.  Antonio Rossellino then worked on the statue for two years.  The block of stone was untouched for 33 years and was left in the cathedral workshop where it was getting damaged by the weather.  Michelangelo began working on David on September 13, 1501.  It was finished on September 8, 1504.

Where the statue was placed
When it was finished, the statue was placed in front of the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio.  During 1873 it was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence to protect it from damage.  The statue currently attracts many visitors to the Accademia Gallery.

Damage to the statue
In 1991, the statue of David was attacked by a person with a hammer. Before the person with the hammer could be stopped, damage was done to the toes of the left foot.

Related pages
Other statues by Michelangelo:
Moses
Pieta

References

Statues
Art by Michelangelo
1500s works
Moses is a statue that was made by Michelangelo.  It is a statue of Moses from the Bible.  The statue is unusual because Moses has horns on his head.  This was one of Michelangelo's last projects.

Related pages
The following are other statues by Michelangelo:
David
Pieta

Other websites
 http://www.romaviva.com/Santa-Maria-Maggiore/moses.htm  Website with more information on Moses.

Statues
Art by Michelangelo
1510s works
The Birth of Venus is a painting by Sandro Botticelli (1445 – May 17, 1510). It is of a Roman goddess who was called Venus. He pictured her standing on a shell because Venus was said to have been born from foam on the sea in Stanze per la giostra, a poem written by Angelo Poliziano. The painting shows Zephyr, god of the winds holding the gentle breeze Aura, blowing her toward the shore where Horae, goddess of the seasons, is awaiting her with a cloak. She is pictured naked to show her innocence and divinity.

Art by Sandro Botticelli
15th-century paintings
The Primavera is a painting by Sandro Botticelli, which was painted in about 1482.

What is the painting of?
The painting is set in the garden of Venus, who is in the middle of the painting.  Above her head is Cupid, who is aiming a bow and arrow at The Three Graces.  The Three Graces are dancing a rondel.  Mercury is on the left of the painting.  He is wearing a helmet and is carrying a sword.  This means that he is the guard of Venus's garden.  On the right of the picture is Zephyr.  Zephyr is the god of the wind.  He is chasing a nymph called Cloris.  Next to Cloris is Flora, the goddess of Spring, scattering flowers. She was originally Cloris but was turned into Flora by Zephyr.

Where is the painting?
The Primavera is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

15th-century paintings
Art by Sandro Botticelli
Cupid, also called Amor (Latin for love), is the god of sexual desire in Roman mythology. He fired golden arrows at people to make them fall in love, and lead arrows to make people fall out of love. He was mainly drawn as a cherub, but he might have looked like a normal teenager. He had large feathery wings which he used to fly around in the sky and mainly shot people with his love arrows by flying above them. He secretly did this. And many people asked him for help.

Related pages
Eros – Greek mythology version of Cupid.

Roman gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of love and lust
Eros is the Greek god of love.

Eros can also mean:

Eros (concept), the Greek word for romantic or sexual love
433 Eros, an asteroid
Eros, Secretary of Roman Emperor Aurelian, whose assassination he planned
EROS (microkernel), an operating system
Eros Ramazzotti (born 1963), Italian singer-songwriter
The Creation of Adam is part of a painting by Michelangelo which can be seen on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican City. It is of Adam and God touching hands so that God can give the spark of life to Adam.

Art by Michelangelo
Paintings with Christian themes
16th-century paintings
1500s works
Newbury is a small historical market town in Berkshire, England, with many buildings from the 16th century, the world famous Newbury racecourse, and the Lambourn horse training stables.

Newbury is home to many kinds of people from different cultures. It is easy to get there from the M4 motorway and has airport and train links.

References

Towns in Berkshire
The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard ( ) is an alternative way of putting letters on an English keyboard. Most English keyboards have the keys lined up in a "QWERTY layout." The point of QWERTY was to prevent typewriter keys from sticking, but it is not the most "ergonomic", or comfortable, keyboard to type on. August Dvorak invented the Dvorak keyboard, where letters are arranged based on how often they are used. For instance, the most common letters (like "e") are in the center row of keys, so less hand movement is needed when a person is typing.

Proponents of the Dvorak keyboard feel that with the use of computers rather than typewriters, there is no reason to keep the QWERTY keyboard. Many Dvorak keyboard users think that more people should use the Dvorak keyboard, as it aims to prevent typing injuries (like repetitive strain injury and carpal tunnel syndrome). But most users are used to the QWERTY keyboard, and do not want to switch.

References 

Computer keyboard
Microsoft FrontPage (Full name: Microsoft Office FrontPage) is a program made by Microsoft to help people make webpages and full websites. It was one of Microsoft Office programs until 2003.

Microsoft FrontPage was commercially available in four versions:
FrontPage 98, FrontPage 2000, FrontPage 2002 & FrontPage 2003.

A freeware version was also included in earlier releases of Internet Explorer.  It was called FrontPage Express.  It was a useful web editor without costing as much as professional software.  FrontPage express is compatible with Windows XP and some other versions of Windows.  FrontPage Express downloads are still available online from third-party hosts, such as stormthecastle.com.

FrontPage is a WYSIWYG, "What You See Is What You Get", Web Editor. All versions of FrontPage are still in use by web developers all over the globe.
The 2003 version is the last installment to the series. It was discontinued in 2006, being replaced by Microsoft Expression Web and Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer.

The first version of the app was made by Vermeer Technologies in 2005, before its acquisition by Microsoft.

References 

Microsoft software
A martial art is any form of fighting and an art that has a set way of practice. There are many martial arts that come from certain countries. They are practiced for many reasons: fighting, self-defense, sport, self-expression, discipline, confidence, fitness, relaxing, meditation. A martial art is a style of combat, in many instances directed towards the self-defence. In the common usage, the word applies to the systems of combat developed in all the world.

A person who does martial arts is called a martial artist.

One common method is particularly in the Asian martial arts, it is the form or kata.
Martial arts may be used for self-defense, combat and fitness.

The idea of "martial art" appeared first time in English language in the 1920 Takenobu's Japanese-English Dictionary as a translation of the word bu-gei or bu-jutsu what means "art or solution of the military matters".
Introduction 
The martial arts are fighting systems. There are many schools and styles of martial arts, but all share the same goal: self-defence. Some of them, like taiji quan also can be used in order to improve health and the form as flowing of the qi.

Some martial arts were not born in Asia. For example, savate appeared in France and the movements of sport of the capoeira came from Brazil.

Many martial arts include Rocky's form of punches (boxing, karate), kicks (taekwondo, kickboxing, karate), holds and throws (judo, jujutsu, wrestling), weapons (iaijutsu, kendo, kenjutsu, naginatado, fencing, Filipino eskrima) or certain combination of these elements (several styles of jujutsu).

Martial arts are divided in two main sets: the so-called "hard martial arts" like karate and kickboxing which give special consideration to the attack to beat the opponent, and the "soft martial arts" like judo and aikido which fight the opponent in a less aggressive manner, using the force of the other to surrender him.
It is difficult to compare the effectiveness of the different existing arts. Recently, people developed competitions like the Ultimate Fighting Championship in the United States of America or Pancrase in Japan. That competitions also are known as "mixed martial arts" or MMA. But these competitions only test the fighting styles in limited situations (fighting against an experts, only fighting one opponent, fighting while wearing the right clothes - none of which would be true in other situations such as self-defense).

The martial arts are defined in this method: through the history, to the soldier in the battlefield, the only thing that was important for them was beat the enemy that one have before himself. Whether a style is soft or hard or how many points are gained with a blow are details and subjects of discussion which appear in periods of peace, when there were hand to hand combats.
Martial arts are part of the art of war. If the main goal in a competition depends on noting points to somebody's advantage, then it could be said that this is a sport, not a martial art.

The history of martial arts is long. The act of developing of the fighting systems dates from when the man had been able to cause to pass the knowledge, along with the strategies of war. Part of the most ancient written material on the subject dates from the 15th century in Europe and the authorship fall to famous masters, like Hans Talhoffer and George silver. Also transcriptions of still more ancient texts had been brought to our days, one of them is a document written by hand. That document is called I.33 and dates from end of the 13th century.
The persons who train martial arts disagree with relation to the matter of the competitions. Some arts, like the boxing or the Thai boxing, give attending to the sparring -fights during training - and to taking part in competitions, yet the most common of aikido and krav maga reject the competitions. The reasons that cause these opinions are different. Many of the arts desiring to compete argue that the competitions give place to better and more efficient techniques. However, certain styles not desiring to compete claim that the rules with which people developed these competitions ruin the art and does not represent what can happen in a real situation.

In recent years, there have been tries to return to life some martial arts considered historical. Examples of this historical reconstruction of the martial arts are the pankration and the school of Shaolin that have not a continual tradition.

Asian martial arts
Borneo
 bersilat
 India
 kalari payattu
 Indonesia
 kuntao
 pencak silat
 tarung derajat
 Japan
 aikido
 bojutsu
 bujutsu
 aikijutsu
 iaido
 jujutsu
 jodo
 yudo
 karate
 kempo
 kendo
 kenjutsu
 kobudo
 kusarigamajutsu
 kyokushinkai
 kyudo
 kyusho jitsu
 naginatado
 ninjutsu
 ninpo
 shintaido
 shooto
 shorinji kenpo
 Shotokan
 sumo
 taijutsu
 taido
 tantojutsu
 tegumi
 Korea
 kung jung mu sool
 hapkido
 taekyun
 taekwondo
 tangsudo
 Myanmar (formerly Burma)
 bando
 Philippines
 kali
 eskrima
 arnis
 Thailand
 Thai boxing or Muay Thai
 Vietnam
 Vinoệt V Đạo
 The China - all the Chinese martial arts called kung-fu, wushu, chuan fa or kuntao.
 Internal styles: so-called neijia.
 hsing yi (hsing Y)
 pakua quan
 taiji quan
 Pakistan
 Budoban/ Budokan
 jodo
 yudo
 karate
Martial arts of other lands 
 Brazil
 capoeira
 Brazilian jujutsu
England 
Cornish Wrestling
Cumberland and Westmorland Wrestling
Boxing
English Longbow
Lancashire Wrestling
Singlestick
 Egypt
 tahtib or Egyptian stick fencing
 France
 Francombat
 savate
 Germany
 musado
 Nindokai
 Greece
 Greco-Roman wrestling
 pankration
 Israel
 Krav Maga
 Poland
 combat 56
 karate-do tsunami
 kempo tai jutsu
 Russia
 sambo
 Spain
 juego del palo canario
 lucha canaria
 lucha leonesa
 United States of America
 full contact
 Jeet Kune Do
 SeishinDo Kenpo or Seishindo Kenpo
 Kempo Karate called American kenpo

Related pages
Combat sport
What is soda made of Sodas and other carbonated soft fizzy drinks usually contain carbonated water (water with dissolved carbon dioxide), some kind of sweetener, and natural or artificial flavoring.
  Some chemical compounds containing sodium
 Sodium carbonate, washing soda or soda ash
 Sodium bicarbonate, baking soda 
 Sodium hydroxide, caustic soda
 Sodium oxide, an alkali metal oxide

Also, products made by or containing one of these chemicals:
 Soda glass

Food and drink
 Soda water, a natural potable mineral water with high concentration of sodium bicarbonate, often carbonated
 Soft drink, a sodium bicarbonate beverage; typically carbonated
 Soda cracker, or saltine cracker
 Soda bread, a variety of quick bread
 Ice cream soda, a dessert dish
A gonad is a gland that makes gametes and sex hormones. The male gonad is the testicle. Testicles make sperm cells. The female gonad is the ovary. Ovaries make egg cells. Some animals have different gonads because they are hermaphroditic. They may have gonads such as the ovotestis. This is a gland that is similar to testicles and ovaries.

References 

Glands
Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (born Hamburg 3 February 1809; died Leipzig 4 November 1847) was a German composer.

His grandfather was the German-Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.  He was one of the great composers of the Romantic period. He loved the music of earlier composers like Bach, Handel and Mozart and he built on the traditions they had made. Mendelssohn was a child prodigy. He was already composing great music when he was a teenager. He wrote music for orchestra, piano, organ as well as chamber music and  music for singing. His violin concerto is one of the most popular concertos ever written and is played by all the famous violinists. Two of his tunes are known by almost everybody: the hymn tune Hark the Herald Angels Sing, and the Wedding March which is played so often at the end of weddings.

Life
Life 

Mendelssohn’s family had plenty of money. They were also very interested in music, literature, painting etc. His grandfather Moses Mendelssohn was famous in German national literature. His father was a banker and his mother came from a family who owned a lot of factories in Berlin. The young Felix was educated at home by his parents. Although the family was Jewish his parents had Felix baptized and his father became a Christian a few years later. The Mendelssohn family added the name of Bartholdy to their name at this time.
In 1825 the family moved to Berlin. They had regular concerts on Sunday mornings in their large house. Many rich and famous people were invited to their private concerts. In October 1825 he wrote a String Octet (a piece for eight string instruments) which is one of his best works. He studied the music of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) whose music people had almost forgotten. He found the music of Bach’s St Matthew Passion and conducted a performance of it in 1829. It was a famous performance in music history, because people suddenly realized how great Bach was. Bach’s music has never been forgotten again since then.
During the years 1829 to 1835 Mendelssohn traveled all over Europe. He visited London several times and he also performed Beethoven’s Emperor Concerto there. He travelled to Scotland where he sailed to Fingal’s Cave in the Inner Hebrides. This inspired him to write the overture called The Hebrides. When he was returning the stagecoach had an accident and he hurt his knee. He stayed with the composer Thomas Attwood for some time before he could return to Berlin. Next he travelled to Italy where he wrote the Italian Symphony. In Italy he met Hector Berlioz and on his way back he met Chopin.

He spent some time in Düsseldorf where he performed several oratorios by Handel as well as his own music. In Frankfurt am Main he stayed with a family who had two daughters. He married one of them, Cécile Charlotte Sophia Jeanrenaud, in 1837. They had a happy marriage and had five children.
Felix and his young wife went to live in Leipzig where he became the conductor of the famous Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. This was one of the highest musical jobs in Germany. He conducted a lot of music by 18th century composers who had been forgotten. He also gave the first performance of Schubert's Symphony in C major which had been discovered by Robert Schumann nine years after Schubert’s death. Mendelssohn got some of the most famous musicians to come to Leipzig and perform with the orchestra: Clara Schumann, Franz Liszt, Anton Rubinstein, the young violinist Joseph Joachim and the Swedish soprano Jenny Lind. Mendelssohn improved the playing of the orchestra, making them one of the best orchestras in the world. He also made sure that the players were paid well.
In the early 1840s Mendelssohn spent some time in Berlin. The new king, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, was very keen on music and had lots of ideas about new plans for concerts. He wanted Mendelssohn to be in charge of this. The king wanted to see Greek plays performed and Mendelssohn had to write incidental music for the performances of Antigone.

In June 1842 Mendelssohn was twice received by Queen Victoria at her palace in London. Mendelssohn thanked the Queen by dedicating his Scottish Symphony to her. He continued to conduct in Leipzig and helped to make Berlioz’s music famous in Germany. He became director of the new Conservatoire in Leipzig. In Berlin the king asked him to provide incidental music for Shakespeare's play  A Midsummer Night’s Dream . He had already written some of this music 17 years earlier but now he finished it and performed it in 1843.
For his piano performances Mendelssohn was using instruments from a Viennese piano maker Conrad Graf. Mendelshohn was so pleased with this instrument, that he decided to order from Graf two more pianos: one for himself and one for his brother’s bride.

During his last years Mendelssohn suffered from bad health. He continued to work and travel as much as he could, but after a stroke in 1847 he died in Leipzig aged 38. His body was taken by a special train to Berlin where he was buried near the grave of his sister Fanny.
Music 
Mendelssohn’s most famous works are his 5 symphonies (especially the Scottish and Italian symphonies), his concertos (especially his violin concerto), his overtures (especially The Hebrides) and his Incidental Music to A Midsummer Night’s Dream which includes the famous Wedding March. He wrote some very good chamber music: string quartets and piano trios and two very famous oratorios: Elijah and St Paul. His piano music includes a large collection of short pieces called Songs without Words (German: Lieder ohne Worte) which many pianists like to play. His organ music shows his love for J.S.Bach, often sounding more Baroque than Romantic. After his death Mendelssohn’s music became less popular for a time. This may have been because of the rise of anti-semitism in the mid-19th century, it may also have been because some musicians played Mendelssohn’s music in a rather delightful way. But many great musicians saw his greatness and his music is well-loved today.
References 
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;

Other websites 

 Felix Mendelssohn House and Foundation, Leipzig 
 The Mendelssohn Project A project with the objective of "recording of the complete published and unpublished works of Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn".

1809 births
1847 deaths
Deaths from stroke
19th-century German composers
Jewish German musicians
People from Hamburg
Romantic composers
Painting
Paints
Watercolours (UK), also called watercolor (US) or aquarelle (French), are paintings whose colours are water-based pigments. 

Watercolours were first created in China, appearing shortly after paper was invented. Watercolours soon became popular in Japan as well.Pigment is mixed first with a binder which is most of the time, gum arabic, then add water and then using a brush add the pigment to material like paper. When the water dries, the pigment is stuck to the material from the binder.

References
An expert system is a program running on a computer. Like a human expert, it knows a lot about a subject. People can ask the expert system a question. The expert system will then use a set of rules and give answers to the question. This method of automated reasoning belongs to a field of computer science called artificial intelligence.

Different groups of people can have different kinds of access to an expert system. The people managing the network of computers have different needs than the office worker or secretary.

How expert systems work
Expert systems are made of
A set of facts, rules and principles
A set of data that is solved using its expertise
A user interface

When they are asked a question, they will filter the data with the rules they have. They might give back a result, or ask an additional question.
Categories of expert systems
Case-based expert systems have a number of cases; each case describes the problem in context, and  the solution of the problem, in the specific case. The current problem is matched as closely as possible to a case. The solution of the case found is then applied to the current problem. The main problem of such systems is to define how cases relate to each other, or are similar. An example of where such a system may be used is that of a patient: This patient shows a given number of symptoms, and the expert system could diagnose the patient.
Rule-based systems do not rely on cases; instead, there are a number of rules. These are expressed in the form IF A THEN B.  In most systems, human experts have to write the rules.
A third approach is to construct systems that are based on decision trees. Such systems are capable of learning, or of extending their knowledge base, using inductive reasoning. When the classification is done, the system uses a path through the tree. At the end, it arrives at a leaf, which indicates the class of solution to the problem.  Each bifurcation in the tree is based on an attribute, that is checked. The value of the attribute determines how to continue the path. Ideally, good results are obtained using small trees. The problem is finding good attributes to base the decisions on.
Artificial intelligence
Systems
Hermann Hesse (2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. His best known works include Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, and The Glass Bead Game (also known as Magister Ludi).

Other websites 

 
 Hermann Hesse Page - in German and English, maintained by Professor Gunther Gottschalk
 Hermann Hesse Portal 
 Community of the Journeyer to the Easy  - in German and English
 Concise Biography  - originally published by the Germanic American Institute, by Paul A. Schons
 Article  at 'Books and Writers'

1877 births
1962 deaths
German novelists
German painters
German poets
German Nobel Prize winners
People from Baden-Württemberg
Swiss novelists
Swiss painters
Swiss poets
Swiss Nobel Prize winners
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, is a protocol related to computers and networks of computers. It is referred to as DHCP for short. It was made so that computers could connect to other computers (on a network) automatically. To be able to access the Internet (or any computer network), an IP address is needed. DHCP allows for this IP address to be obtained automatically. Other data, like a DNS Nameserver, or a time server can also be obtained that way. Finally, computers that support it can even get a disk image they boot from over the network.

The address can be dynamic (it can change), or it can be static (it stays the same). After a certain time, the address lease has to be renewed.

Computer protocols
computer networking
DHCP is one of the most complicated IP protocols in networks of computers.
In computing, a communication protocol refers to the set of rules that computers use to communicate with each other.  The protocol defines the signals that the computers will give each other, and other details such as how communication begins and/or ends.
Types of Protocol
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), is used for accessing and receiving Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files on the internet.
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),  is used for transferring e-mail between computers.
 Post Office Protocol version 3 (PoP3) is the most common account type for personal e‑mail. Messages are typically deleted from the server when you check your e‑mail.
 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a protocol for e-mail retrieval and storage developed in 1986 at Stanford University as an alternative to POP.
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), is used for showing files to be copied between devices.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), ensures the delivery of information packets across networks.
 Internet Protocol (IP), is responsible for logical addressing called "IP address" to route information between networks.
 In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link (layer 2) protocol used to establish a direct connection between two nodes.
References

Related pages 
Computer network
Internet protocol suite
OSI model
Application programming interface
Aldi is a supermarket in Germany and in most parts of the European Union. Aldi shops are also in Australia and the United States. Most German towns and villages have at least one Aldi shop. There are about 4,100 stores in Germany, and 7,600 worldwide. The name of the shop stands for ALbrecht-DIscount.

The company is a food retailer, but it also sells non-food at times. In the 1990s, Aldi often sold computers that were sought after. Aldi has a reputation for being cheap. It forces its suppliers to sell to them at low prices.
History 
The company was started in 1913 as a family grocery business in Essen. In 1946, brothers Karl Albrecht (1920-2014) and Theo Albrecht (1922-2010) took over the business from their mother. Theo had been held by the US in a prisoner of war camp. They started the idea of discount shops in Germany. They decided to have a limited range of goods and sell them at a discount price. In 1960, the company was split into Aldi Nord (Aldi North) under the control of Theo, and Aldi Süd (Aldi South) under the control of Karl. The brothers became billionaires. In 2009 Karl's wealth was estimated to be €25 billion. Theo was kidnapped in 1971 and held prisoner for 17 days until a seven million mark ransom was paid. The family have avoided publicity and there are few known photographs of them.

Geographic distribution
Australia
Aldi started in Australia in 2001. At the end of 2010 there were 210 Aldi stores in eastern Australia and the company were planning to open 20-30 stores each year. In 2009 the Australian stores made a profit of AU$91.94 million, up 27% on 2008.

United Kingdom 
Aldi opened its 1000th store in the UK in September 2023 - in the affluent town of Woking.  It is the UK’s fourth-biggest grocer by market share and plans to open 500 more.  Sales had increased by 21% in August from a year earlier. It has lower operational costs than other supermarkets and sells mostly own-label products.

References

Other websites 

 Aldi International (with links to all of Aldi's international websites)
 ALDI Near Me  (ALDI store locator Australia)
1913 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Germany
Supermarkets of Germany
The Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) (French: le tunnel sous la Manche) is a long underwater tunnel between England and France that runs under the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is only for trains. Some of the trains in the Channel Tunnel carry freight, including automobiles. Others, like the Eurostar, carry only passengers.

The tunnel, which was once called the Eurotunnel, opened in 1994. It is 50 kilometres (31 miles) long and its deepest point is 75 metres (250 feet) beneath the surface. It connects Folkestone, Kent in the United Kingdom to Calais in northern France. This has reduced travel time between London and Paris to a little over two hours with high-speed trains.

Other websites 
 EuroTunnel.com

Tunnels
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Buildings and structures in France
Transport in England
Transport in France
Hauts-de-France
1994 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Kent