Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Fabien Alain Barthez (born 28 June 1971) is a French racing driver and former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Marseille
 UEFA Champions League: 1992–93
 Division 2: 1994–95AS Monaco Division 1: 1996–97, 1999–2000
 Trophée des Champions: 1997Manchester United Premier League: 2000–01, 2002–03France FIFA World Cup: 1998
 UEFA European Championship: 2000
 FIFA Confederations Cup: 2003Individual FIFA World Cup Yashin Award: 1998
 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1998
 Ligue 1 Goalkeeper of the Year: 1998
 IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper: 2000
 UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 2000
 PFA Team of the Year: 2000–01 Premier League
 Équipe type spéciale 20 ans des trophées UNFP: 2011
 The Dream Team 110 years of OM: 2010Orders Knight of the Legion of Honour: 1998Records'''
 Second-most caps for France as a goalkeeper: 87 (behind Hugo Lloris)
 All-time France FIFA World Cup appearances: 17
 Most FIFA World Cup clean sheets: 10 (with Peter Shilton)
References

Other websites

 
 

1971 births
Living people
French association football goalkeepers
Manchester United F.C. players
Premier League players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2003 FIFA Confederations Cup players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
French racecar drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
People from Ariège
Footballers from Occitanie
Civil Disobedience (Resistance to Civil Government) is a text by Henry David Thoreau. It was first printed in 1849. It says that people should not allow a government to order them to do wrong things.

About "Civil Disobedience" 
In 1848, Thoreau lectured at the Concord Lyceum (a place for people to meet and learn in the town of Concord, Massachusetts). The words of the lecture were later printed with the name Resistance to Civil Government in 1849. Now many people call it "Civil Disobedience" which means: "not doing what the government orders you to do."

In the early 1840s Thoreau stopped paying his "poll tax" (a tax that is the same amount for everybody). He was angry that the government used tax money to make people slaves and to war with Mexico. Thoreau did not want to help them do these things. In 1846 the tax agent put Thoreau in prison for one night. Thoreau wrote Civil Disobedience to say why he would not pay.
Summary 
Thoreau says governments are more bad than good, and society without government would be more good. Letting people vote does not make government good, because people may vote for bad things. One person with their conscience (their feeling of right and wrong) may make decisions that are more good than decisions made by governments or by most of the people who vote.

Thoreau says the United States government, because it makes people slaves, cannot be his government. People should end such a government. To end a government is difficult, but because the government is so bad, we must end it anyway.
Most of the people Thoreau was talking to also did not like slavery or the war with Mexico. But Thoreau said they must do more than to dislike these things, or to vote against these things, or to hope these things will end. They must also stop supporting these things by paying taxes. If the government puts you in prison because you do not pay taxes, then it is good to be in prison because, if the government is bad, prison is the right place for good people. If the government attempted to put all good people in prison, the government would end first, and this would be a revolution of peace.

It is easier to be brave if you have less that the government can take from you. So Thoreau suggests that people own less, and that they value what is good and not value property only.

Famous people who liked "Civil Disobedience"
Mohandas Gandhi 
Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi (or Mahatma Gandhi) liked what Thoreau wrote. In 1907, when Gandhi was starting his first satyagraha fight in South Africa, he printed a short outline of Civil Disobedience that he wrote in an Indian language. He said that Civil Disobedience was the largest cause for the end of slavery in America, and that Indians in South Africa should learn from that example.

Martin Luther King, Jr. 
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. also liked what Thoreau wrote. In his autobiography, he wrote that Thoreau taught him that it is as important not to help bad people as it is to help good people. He said that Thoreau's lessons "came alive" in the civil rights movement.

References

American essays
1849
Civil disobedience
1840s works
Osvaldo Ardiles (born 3 August 1952) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1973||Instituto Córdoba||Primera División||14||3
|-
|1974||Belgrano||Primera División||16||2
|-
|1975||rowspan="4"|Huracán||rowspan="4"|Primera División||||
|-
|1976||||
|-
|1977||||
|-
|1978||||

|-
|1978/79||rowspan="5"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="5"|First Division||38||3
|-
|1979/80||40||3
|-
|1980/81||36||5
|-
|1981/82||26||2
|-
|1982/83||2||0

|-
|1982/83||Paris Saint-Germain||Division 1||14||1

|-
|1983/84||rowspan="5"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="5"|First Division||9||0
|-
|1984/85||11||2
|-
|1985/86||23||1
|-
|1986/87||25||0
|-
|1987/88||28||0
|-
|1987/88||Blackburn Rovers||Second Division||5||0
|-
|1988/89||Queens Park Rangers||First Division||8||0
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|Swindon Town||rowspan="2"|Second Division||2||0
|-
|1990/91||0||0
143||16
253||16
14||1
410||33
|}

International career statistics

|-
!Total||53||8
|}

References
References

1952 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Argentine football managers
Shimizu S-Pulse managers
Club Atlético Huracán managers
Lambing Flat was the name of a gold field in New South Wales, Australia. People were digging for gold at Lambing Flat in the 1860s. It was part of the  Burrangong goldfields which also included Spring Creek, Stoney Creek, Back Creek, Wombat, Blackguard Gully, and Tipperary Gully. Burrangong is now the town of Young, New South Wales. Frank Gardiner, a bushranger, had a butcher shop  at  Lambing Flat. Ben Hall, who also became a bushranger, sold cattle to Gardiner for his shop.

Lambing Flat Riot
Lambing Flat is most famous for an anti Chinese riot. This was just one of a number of  riots on the Burrangong goldfields  between November 1860 and September 1861. Several place names are sometimes used when talking about these events. Lambing Flat, the name which is name used most often, was a grass area where sheep were kept. It was where one of the more violent riots took place.
Dislike of the Chinese
There were many things that made the European miners dislike the Chinese miners on the gold fields in the 1850s. Most of the trouble was the way Chinese miners looked for gold. The gold was alluvial gold, small pieces of gold mixed in with soil and clay close to the surface. It was found in very old river beds called "leads" which had been buried for thousands of years. Getting the gold did not need much skill, but it was hard work. European miners worked alone or in small groups. They often left one area of ground to dig in another where others had said there was more gold. Many gold miners did not make enough money to buy food and clothing. Only a few miners became rich.
The government began to tax the miners by making them pay for "Miner's Licence". They had to pay to be allowed to dig rather than pay for the gold they had found. The miners did not like this tax. There were several angry and violent protests in Victoria and New South Wales. The most famous was at the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat, Victoria where over 30 miners were killed.

The Chinese usually worked in large groups of 30 - 100 men. They were able to share the small amounts of gold they found. They looked for gold on land that other miners had searched before. The European miners thought that the land was still their land. The Chinese miners lived and worked together. Most of them had been farmers in China. They were used to long hours of hard work. They were used to basic food and houses. It has been said that they "rarely paid for the mining leases". They were happy to find a lot of small pieces of gold, instead of looking for one big piece that would make them rich.
The first public display of anti-Chinese feelings took place in Bendigo in July 1854. Some these displays were attempts to keep the Chinese from working on the goldfields. There were fights between European and Chinese miners at Daylesford and Castlemaine. A group of Chinese on their way to the Victorian goldfields found gold at Ararat. They were forced off the new goldfield by European miners. The same things were also taking place in New South Wales. European miners forced the Chinese off the diggings at Rocky River in New England in 1856. Serious fights took place Adelong in 1857 and Tambaroora in 1858. There was a big riot at the Buckland River goldfield near Beechworth in July 1857.

Burrangong 1860
Burrangong 1860

There were not many Chinese miners in New South Wales. Victoria had cut the number of Chinese arriving by making them pay a tax of £10 to enter Victoria. The Chinese were now starting to arrive in NSW instead. The government tried to stop the Chinese coming in 1858, but the parliament would not pass the new laws. In 1860 the Chinese and British governments signed the Convention of Peking. This meant that Chinese and British people would have the same rights in each country. Australia was a British colony, so could New South Wales keep out people from China? A new law, the Chinese Immigration Regulation Bill, was being talked about in Parliament when the first gold miners were getting to Burrangong.
The most well known riot took place on the night of 30 June, 1861. A group of about 3,000 miners marched to Lambing Flat led by a brass band and two men carrying the roll up banner. They forced the Chinese to leave Lambing Flat. Tents were set on fire and items belonging to the Chinese were smashed or stolen. They then went to the Back Creek diggings and set fire to more tents. Many of the Chinese were cruelly beaten, but no one was killed. About 1,200 Chinese left the area and set up camp near Roberts' farm at Currowang, 20km away. Two things started the riot. In Sydney the parliament did not pass the anti-Chinese laws. Also an untrue story went around the goldfields. The story said that a new group of 1,500 Chinese were on the road to Burrangong. The police got to Burrangong in the next few days. They arrested three of the leaders of the riot. The miners were angry and on the night of July 14, 1,000 miners attacked the police camp. The police fired their guns and rode their horses into the miners
. One miner was killed and many were hurt.
The police were forced to leave. A group of 280 soldiers, sailors and extra police came from Sydney and stayed on the goldfields for a year. The Chinese came back and lived in a separate part of the diggings. The leaders of the riots were arrested and two were sent to gaol. At the end of the year, Burrangong was quiet and the Chinese were still there.

Other websites
 The Lambing Flat Roll Up Banner

References

1860
1861
19th century in Australia
New South Wales
Riots
Racially-motivated violence
Lens can mean different things:

Places
 Lens, Pas-de-Calais, a city in the north of France
 Lens (Belgium), a municipality in Belgium
 Lens, Switzerland, a municipality in Switzerland

Other
 Lens (optics), an optical instrument
 Camera lens
 Lens (anatomy), part of the eye
 Lens (genus), a genus of plants, commonly called lentils
 R.C. Lens, an association football team
The lentil or daal or pulse (Lens culinaris) is a bushy annual plant of the legume family. It is a kind of vegetable, grown for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about 15 inches tall and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each.

Background 
The plant originated in the Middle East and was one of the first crops domesticated in the world. Humans started eating lentils before they invented ceramics.

Consisting of 26% protein, lentils have the highest level of protein of any plant after soybeans and hemp. Because of this fact, and due to their high iron content, lentils are a very important part of the diet in many parts of the world, especially in India, which has a large vegetarian population.

Different kinds of lentils exist, including a variety of large and small lentils. Lentils come in colors that range from yellow to red-orange to green, brown and black.
Lentils are sold in many forms, with or without the skins, whole or split. Red, white and yellow lentils are decorticated, i.e., they have their skins removed.

One variety of yellow "lentils", Chana, is in fact not a lentil, but are actually made from the kernels of chickpeas. Split Pigeon peas (either green or yellow) - that are actually considered pulses, which include peas and beans - are also sometimes erroneously referred to and sold as lentils. The urad bean is also referred to as a "black lentil".

Types
Types 

 Brown/Spanish Pardina
 French Green/Puy (Dark speckled blue-green)
 Green (Most common variety)
 Black/Beluga
 Yellow/Tan Lentils (Red inside)
 Red Chief (Decorticated yellow lentils)
 Eston Green (Small green)
 Richlea (Medium green)
 Laird (Large green)
 Petite Golden (Decorticated lentils)
 Masoor (Brown-skinned lentils which are red inside)
 Pigeon Peas
 Channa Dal
 Mung Lentils
 Petite Crimson/Red (Decorticated masoor lentils)
 Chana (Kernel of chickpeas)
 Urad (A type of bean)
 White/Ivory (Peeled Urad beans)
 Macachiados (Big Mexican yellow lentils)
Preparation 
The seeds only need very little cooking. This time is especially short for kinds of lentils with their husk removed, such as the common red lentil. Lentils have a distinctive earthy flavor. They  can be used to prepare an inexpensive and nutritious soup all over Europe and North and South America. Sometimes they are combined with some form of chicken or pork.  They are frequently combined with rice, which has a similar cooking time. In the Middle East such a dish of lentils and rice is called mujaddara or mejadra. Rice and lentils are also cooked together in khichdi, a popular Indian dish. Lentils are used throughout India, the Mediterranean regions and the Middle East. In rare cases the lentils are mixed with dairy cheese.
Many people in  India are vegetarian and lentils have long been part of the indigenous diet as a common source of protein. Usually, lentils are boiled to a stew-like consistency with vegetables and then seasoned with a mixture of spices to make many side dishes such as sambar, rasam and dal, which are usually served over rice and roti.
Lentils can be sprouted as can some beans and some other edible seeds (seeds people can eat).  Seeds being sprouted are watered and rinsed repeatedly till they start to germinate (grow small roots and shoots).  Sprouted lentils can be eaten raw on their own or in salads, they can also be cooked.

Nutritional value 

Apart from a high level of proteins, lentils also contain dietary fiber, vitamin B1, and minerals. Red (or pink) lentils contain a lower concentration of fiber than green lentils (11% rather than 31%). Health magazine has selected lentils as one of the five healthiest foods. Lentils are often mixed with grains, such as rice, which results in a complete protein dish.
Iron content 
In addition to providing slow-burning complex carbohydrates, lentils are one of the best vegetable sources of iron. This makes them an important part of a vegetarian diet, and useful for preventing iron deficiency. Iron is particularly important for adolescents, and menstruating or pregnant women, whose requirements for it are increased.
Production 
Lentils are relatively tolerant to drought and are grown throughout the world. About half of the worldwide production of lentils is from India, most of which is consumed in the domestic market. Canada is the largest export producer of lentils in the world and Saskatchewan is the most important producing region in Canada.  The Palouse Region of Eastern Washington and the Idaho Panhandle, with its commercial center at Moscow, Idaho, constitutes the most important producing region in the United States. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that world production of lentils totalled 3.2 million metric tons (MT) in 2003. Canada produced 520,000 MT and, according to the market analysis company STAT Communications, will likely export 400,000 MT during the 2003-04 marketing year, which runs from August to July. The FAO estimates world trade in lentils totalled 1.2 million MT in 2002, with Canada exporting 382,000 MT during the calendar year.
Lentils in Culture 
Lentils are mentioned many times in the Old Testament. In Jewish tradition they are considered as food for mourners, together with boiled eggs. The reason is that their round shape symbolizes the life cycle from birth to death.

Related pages
Pea
Bean

References

Further reading 
 S S Yadav et al. Lentil: An Ancient Crop for Modern Times. (2007). Springer Verlag. ISBN 9781402063121.
 Alan Davidson, The Oxford Companion to Food.

Other websites 
 Extrusion method developed for tasty lentil snacks
 All types of lentils & uses 
 Information on Cooking Lentils 
 Lentils - Country Production, Consumption, Exports, and Imports Statistics
 Alternative Field Crops Manual: Lentil

Faboideae
Vegetables
La Gravelle is a commune of 548 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Grazay is a commune of 494 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Grez-en-Bouère is a commune of 981 people (2004). It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
The Philadelphia Soul was an American football team in the Arena Football League.  The team had played in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They are not to be confused with the Philadelphia Eagles.  They were owned by Jon Bon Jovi and Ron Jaworski, a former player for the Philadelphia Eagles. They won the Arena Bowl in 2008. By 2019, however, all the teams ceased team operations and later the league folded due to bankruptcy.

References

Arena Football League
Soul
La Haie-Traversaine is a commune of 420 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Le Ham is a commune of 422 people (1999). It is in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in  northwest France.

Communes in Mayenne
Hambers is a commune of 548 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Hardanges is a commune of 245 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Hercé is a commune of 335 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
The Lehigh Valley IronPigs are a Minor League Baseball team from Allentown, Pennsylvania. They play baseball at the Triple-A (AAA) level, the most difficult level before Major League Baseball, against other baseball teams in the International League (a group of 20 baseball teams at the same level). The IronPigs are partnered with the Philadelphia Phillies, a Major League Baseball team. When a player shows that he plays well at this level, he may be moved up to play for the Phillies.

The team is named "IronPigs" because the Lehigh Valley, the region where the team plays, is famous for making steel, which is made with pig iron.

The IronPigs play at a stadium called Coca-Cola Park, which opened in 2008. It has seats for over 8,000 people, with enough room for over 10,000 people. It cost more than US$50 million to build.

References

Other websites

 The team's website
 The team's statistics from Baseball-Reference
2000s establishments in Pennsylvania
Allentown, Pennsylvania
Baseball teams in the United States
Philadelphia Phillies
Sports in Pennsylvania
Le Horps is a commune of 734 people (1999). It is in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The current mayor is Gérard Dujarrier.

Communes in Mayenne
Houssay is a commune of 363 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Le Housseau-Brétignolles is a commune of 212 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
L'Huisserie is a commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France. The Jouanne river is in L'Huisserie.

The D1 and D910 roads pass through L'Huisserie.

Communes in Mayenne
Izé is a commune of 477 people (1999). It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Javron-les-Chapelles is a commune of 1,473 people (2006). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Jack Bauer is the main character in the television series 24.  He works at the Counter Terrorist Unit as a field agent.

Other websites
Jack Bauer's Official Character Profile 

Television characters
Jublains is a commune of 699 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. It is an old Roman town called Noviodunum. It includes:
A well preserved theater.
A temple.
A Castellum with a museum about the town.
Terms (Roman baths).
Various other Roman things.

Communes in Mayenne
Juvigné is a commune of 1,340 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Laigné is a former commune of 674 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Prée-d'Anjou.

References 

Former communes in Mayenne
Christine Schürrer, (born  30 June 1976 in Hannover) is a German criminal. On March 17, 2008, she murdered two Swedish children and seriously injured their mother after attacking them in their Arboga, Sweden home. The reason for the murders has been identified as jealousy as Christine had dated the children's stepfather on a holiday in 2006. 

On August 26, 2008, Christine was found guilty of the murders and the assault on the mother.

References 

1976 births
Living people
German murderers
People from Hanover
Kampen is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 54,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in Salland, Kop van Overijssel and IJsselvallei regions.

It is home of football team DOS Kampen.

The city of Kampen 
The city of Kampen lies on the western side of the IJssel river. On the other side lies IJsselmuiden, which is the second largest settlement in the municipality of Kampen.

Kampen received city rights in 1236. It joined the Hanseatic League around 1440 and used to be an important port. Kampen has one of the old town centres in best condition of the Netherlands.
Famous people from Kampen 
 Hendrick Avercamp (27 January 1585, - 15 May 1634, nicknamed "de Stomme van Kampen" (The Mute of Kampen)), is a painter best known for his small winter landscapes. Thea Beckman showed him as a character in some books. In Kampen, a street (Avercampstraat) and a café are named after him.
 Dr. Willem Johan Kolff, (born: 14 February 1911, Leiden) inventor of the artificial kidney. A street in Kampen is named after him (Dr. Kolfflaan).
 Petra van Staveren (born: 1966, Kampen), a swimmer who won the golden medal in the 100 metres breaststroke at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.

Sister cities 
The sister cities of Kampen are:

  Soest
  Meinerzhagen
  Pápa
  Eilat

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Other websites 
 Kampen in Oude ansichten (Old postcards from Kampen)
 7 Medieval Cities Website
 A Windmill in Kampen
Landivy is a commune of 1,286 people (1999). It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Larchamp is a commune of 1,017 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Spiro Mounds is an archaeological site run by the Oklahoma Historical Society and open to the public. It is in Eastern Oklahoma, near the modern town of Spiro. It is one of the most important pre-Columbian sites in the United States.

Other websites 
 Spiro Mounds Archaeological Park 

History of Oklahoma
Archaeological sites in the United States
Lassay-les-Châteaux is a commune of 2,532 people (1999). It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. There is also a 15th-century castle that you can visit.

Communes in Mayenne
Laubrières is a commune of 248 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Launay-Villiers is a commune of 350 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Lesbois is a commune of 203 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Levaré is a commune of 358 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Lignières-Orgères is a commune of 735 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Livet is a commune of 111 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Livré-la-Touche is a commune of 787 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Loigné-sur-Mayenne is a former commune of 704 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of La Roche-Neuville.

References 

Former communes in Mayenne
Loiron is a former commune of 1,273 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Loiron-Ruillé.

References 

Former communes in Mayenne
Longuefuye is a former commune of 274 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Gennes-Longuefuye.

References 

Former communes in Mayenne
The 1968–69 NHL season was the 52nd season of the National Hockey League. Twelve teams each played 76 games (two more than in 1967–68). For the second time in a row, the Montreal Canadiens faced the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup finals. Montreal won for their second Stanley Cup in a row as they swept the Blues in four, which was exactly the same result of the previous season.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com
hickoksports.com 

1968 in North America
1969 in North America
The Loire River is the longest river in France. It is 1,006 km long. It originates in the Massif Central. Its mouth is near Nantes by the Atlantic Ocean. The Loire gives its name to 6 French departments. For years, the Loire was very important for France's commerce. When the railway developed in the 19th century, it put an end to its importance.

Tributaries
The Loire's tributaries include the following rivers, in order going upstream:
 Acheneau (near Le Pellerin)
 Sèvre Nantaise (in Nantes)
 Erdre (in Nantes)
 Layon (in Chalonnes-sur-Loire)
Maine (near Angers) 
Mayenne (near Angers)
Sarthe (near Angers)
Loir (near Angers)
Ernée (in Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne)
Braye (in Pont-de-Braye)
Aigre (near Cloyes-sur-le-Loir)
Yerre (near Cloyes-sur-le-Loir)
Conie (near Châteaudun)
Ozanne (in Bonneval)
Huisne (in Le Mans)
Thouet (near Saumur)
Dive (near Saint-Just-sur-Dive)
Losse (near Montreuil-Bellay)
Argenton (near Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay)
Thouaret (near Taizé)
Cébron (near Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet)
Palais (near Parthenay)
Viette (near Parthenay)
Vienne (in Candes-Saint-Martin)
Creuse (north of Châtellerault)
Gartempe (in La Roche-Posay)
Clain (in Châtellerault)
Indre (east of Montsoreau)
Cher (in Villandry)
Sauldre (in Selles-sur-Cher)
Arnon (near Vierzon)
Yèvre (in Vierzon)
Auron (in Bourges)
Beuvron (in Chaumont-sur-Loire)
Loiret (in Orléans)
Allier (near Nevers)
Sioule (near Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule)
Dore (near Puy-Guillaume)
Allagnon (near Jumeaux)
Ance (in Monistrol-d'Allier)
Nièvre (in Nevers)
Acolin (near Decize)
Aron (in Decize)
Besbre (near Dompierre-sur-Besbre)
Arroux (in Digoin)
Furan (in Andrézieux-Bouthéon)
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Rivers of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Rivers of Centre-Val de Loire
Rivers of Pays de la Loire
The Massif Central is a high region in south-central France. It has  mountains and plateaux. It covers 15% of the country. The geological history of the massif is complicated. It is very ancient, and many things have happened to it.

The Massif Central is an ancient massif. It was formed during the Variscan orogeny, consisting mostly of granitic and metamorphic rocks. It looks younger in the East because the Alps uplifted during the Paleogene period. The crystalline base of the Massif is Proterozoic, and so is older than most types of life. 

Many extinct volcanos are there. It has the largest concentration in the world, with 450 volcanos. The Auvergne Volcanoes National Park is in the massif. The Massif is separated from the Alps by the valley of the Rhone.

These departments are usually considered as part of the Massif Central: Allier, Ardèche, Aveyron, Cantal, Corrèze, Creuse, Haute-Loire, Haute-Vienne, Loire, Lot, Lozère, and Puy-de-Dôme.
Mountains 
Here are some well-known mountains in the massif central:
Puy de Dôme (1464 m)
Puy de Sancy (1886 m)
Plomb du Cantal (1855 m)
Mont Lozère (1702 m), the highest non-volcanic summit
Mont Aigoual (1567 m), near Le Vigan

Geography 

The Massif Central is an important mountain range in France. The Alps, the Pyrénées, and Corsica are higher; Jura, Vosges, Morvan and Ardennes are lower.

References 

Mountain ranges of Europe
Volcanoes of Europe
Mountains of France
Furius ISO Mount is a program to mount and burn iso files.

Features 
Ability to mount ISO, IMG, BIN, MDF and NRG image files
Automatically creates a mount point in the users home directory.
Automatically saves the history of the last 10 images mounted.
Ability to burn ISO and IMG Files to optical disks
Ability to generate MD5 and SHA1 checksums
Automatically retrieves any previously unmounted images.
Automatically generates a log file of all commands needed to mount and unmount images manually.

Linux software
Tiktaalik is a genus of extinct fish. This sarcopterygian (lobe-finned) fish from the later Devonian has many features similar to those of tetrapods (four-legged animals).

Tiktaalik lived about 375 million years ago. It is part of the transition between fish such as Panderichthys, known from fossils 380 million years old, and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, known from fossils about 365 million years old. Its mixture of basal fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers, Neil Shubin, to call Tiktaalik a 'fishapod'.

This, and other species like it, prove that legs started to develop before these animals were land-based. They were shallow-water carnivorous fish, or fishapods. Tiktaalik was therefore a transitional fossil, and an example of mosaic evolution.

Related pages 
Tetrapod

References

Fossils
Extinct fish
Lobe-finned fish
The article about a game played for entertainment is at game
Game is any animal hunted for food or not normally domesticated. Small birds, ground game (such as squirrels and rabbits), and big game (such as deer and moose) are usually hunted. Game animals are also hunted for sport. In Britain, game birds usually means partridge, grouse, and quail. Today, most countries have game laws. In some countries hunting is a part of well preserved tradition that is kept alive as a part of national identity.

References 

Hunting
Meat
In physics, polarity describes an attribute that can usually have two values:
 An electric charge has a polarity of either positive or negative.
 A voltage has a polarity, in that it could be positive or negative (with respect to some other voltage, such as the one at the other end of a battery or electric circuit).
 A magnet has a polarity, in that one end is the "north" and the other is the "south".
 The spin of an entity in quantum mechanics has a polarity - positive or negative.
 Polarized light has waves which all line up in the same direction.

Chemical polarity is a feature of chemical bonds, where two different atoms in the same molecule have different electronegativity.  As a result, the electrons in the bond are not shared equally by the two atoms. This causes an asymmetrical (polar) electric field.  Molecular covalent bonds can be described as polar or nonpolar. Entire molecules can also be described as polar.

References 

Physics
Johnny Shines (April 26, 1915 – April 20, 1992) was an American blues singer and guitarist.

Life 
He was called John Ned Shines when he was born, in Frayser, Tennessee.  He spent most of his childhood in Memphis playing slide guitar for money on the streets.  He listened to and was inspired by Blind Lemon Jefferson and Howlin’ Wolf, but he was taught to play the guitar by his mother.  Shines moved to Hughes, Arkansas in 1932 and worked on farms for three years. "First time I came to Helena was 1932, I think it was. That's the time I met Robert the first time." When he met Robert Johnson, his greatest influence, that gave him inspiration to return to music.  In 1935, Shines began playing with Johnson around the south and heading as far north as Ontario where they appeared on a local radio program.  The two split up in 1937, one year before Johnson died. "He (Johnson) was alright to travel with, he was a good companion to travel with, 'cos he talked a lot and I didn't."
Shines played more in the U.S. South until 1941 when he decided to go back to Canada and then to Africa. He never made it past Chicago. In Chicago, Shines found work in the construction trade and continued to play in  bars.

He made his first recording in 1946 for Columbia Records, but the music was never released.  He later recorded for Chess was still the music was never released.  He kept playing with blues musicians in the Chicago area for several more years. In 1952, Shines recorded for J.O.B. Records record label. The recordings were a failure and Shines sold his guitar and went back to construction.

In 1966, Vanguard Records found Shines taking photographs in a Chicago blues club and had him record tracks for the third installment of Chicago/The Blues/Today! The album has since then become a blues classic.
Shines played with the Chicago All Stars and Lee Jackson, Big Walter Horton and Willie Dixon.  In the late 1960s and 1970s, Shines played with Robert Johnson's stepson, Robert Lockwood, Jr..  In 1980, Shines stopped played after he suffered a stroke. He managed to release one last album, Back To The Country.

In 1989, Shines met a young, blues player called Kent Duchaine, and the two of them played together for the next several years until Shines died.

Shines died on April 20, 1992, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He was put into the Blues Hall of Fame later the same year.

References

Further reading
 
 The Search for Robert Johnson, John Hammond, Columbia Legacy, 1982,

Other websites 
 Illustrated Johnny Shines discography
 1977 live recording of "Kind Hearted Woman" from the Florida Folklife Collection, the State Archives of Florida
 Fan biography

1915 births
1992 deaths
Blues guitarists
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
American guitarists
Chicago blues musicians
Oklahoma State University is a public university in Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Sports
Oklahoma State's men's athletic teams are called the Cowboys. The women's athletic teams are called the Cowgirls. Oklahoma State has 16 varsity teams. They compete in the Big 12 Conference.

Big 12 Conference
Colleges and universities in Oklahoma
Mexico (formerly, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Cabbegeville) is an unincorporated community, in Cook County, Illinois. It lies at an elevation of 597 feet (182 m).

Unincorporated communities in Illinois
People traveled on the Oregon Trail in wagons in order to settle new parts of the United States of America during the 19th century. The Oregon Trail started in Missouri near the area where Kansas City, Missouri is today and ended in the Willamette Valley in Oregon.  The Trail was about 2,170 miles (3,500 km) long, and could take up to six months to travel.

People went to Oregon for many reasons. Some people wanted land. Some thought Oregon would be a better place to live. Most of them went because they wanted a new life.

The Oregon Trail was first traveled around 1841. Once a railroad was built across the United States in 1869, people could take trains to the western United States, so fewer people began to travel west in wagons.  By that time, about 400,000 people had crossed the Oregon Trail in wagons.  However, some people kept traveling the Trail until the 1880s.
Preparing to travel
Nobody traveled the Oregon Trail alone.  Instead, travelers formed groups so they could help and protect each other.  Often, relatives or people from the same town would travel together.  They would hire a guide that knew the Trail and would elect leaders.  The groups that did best on the Trail wrote constitutions or rules that they could use to settle disagreements or problems on the Trail.

Supplies

Animals
People who traveled the Oregon Trail could use three types of animals to pull their wagons: oxen, mules, or horses. Most people used oxen. They were less expensive than horses and mules, and also less stubborn than mules.pp. 79–80

They could eat grass along the Trail, unlike horses, who needed grains when they were working. Oxen were easy to train, and they usually traveled at a steady pace of 2 miles per hour, even in mud and snow.pp. 79–80
Food
It was very important for travelers to carry enough food and water for the trip.  However, food for the trip was expensive.  To feed four people for six months, food would cost about $150 - over $4,500 in today's dollars.p. 274

Travelers often brought along a lot of dried meat and "bread stuff" (like flour, crackers, and hardtack).  Boiling water was difficult on the Trail, so cooking was not always possible.  Some travelers also brought other foods, like rice, peas, dried beans, or dried fruit.

Along the Trail, travelers could fish and hunt for food.  Bison, antelope, and deer were the best animals to hunt for food.  Travelers also ate berries that grew along the Trail, partly to help prevent scurvy.
Wagons
Most travelers used covered wagons to travel the Trail.  There were a few different styles of covered wagons.  One common style, called the "Independence-style" wagon, was usually about 11 feet long, four feet wide, and two feet deep.  Pieces of wood held up a cover, made of something like dried ox skin, that rose about five feet above the bottom of the wagon.

Dangers 
There were many dangers along the Oregon Trail, including disease, bad weather, drowning during river crossings, attacks by Native Americans, and many others.

It is difficult to know how many people died along the Oregon Trail.  Many travelers would bury their dead in unmarked graves and would disguise the graves.  For example, they would bury people right in the middle of a trail and then have their oxen run over the graves.  They did this so that animals and robbers would not dig up the graves.  Because of this, historians can only estimate the total number of people who died along the Oregon Trail.
Diseases
Disease was the most common cause of death on the Trail.  While travelers usually brought some medicines with them, they usually were not very helpful.

Cholera

Cholera was the most common illness and cause of death on the Trail.  From 1849-1855, there was a cholera epidemic along the trail.  Up to 3% of all travelers during this time may have died from cholera.  One of the causes of the epidemic was that there was no sanitation along the Trail.

For example, travelers liked to camp along the Platte River in Colorado, so they could easily get fresh water.  However, as thousands of travelers used the same campsites over and over again, sewage from travelers with cholera got into the Platte River.  After this, any traveler that drank water from the Platte River, or made food with that water, could get cholera.  Often, cholera's symptoms would be so bad that travelers would die within 12 hours of getting sick.
Other diseases
Other diseases common on the Trail included:
 Dysentery and other diseases that caused diarrhea.  The travelers treated these diseases with castor oil.
 "Mountain fever", which may have been Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, typhoid fever, and/or scarlet fever.  The travelers used quinine water to treat these illnesses.
 Measles
 Food poisoning
 Scurvy, which travelers tried to prevent by eating berries along the Trail and drinking citric acid.  Still, because they ate mostly meat and bread along the Trail, many travelers did not get enough vitamin C.  Some died from scurvy; many others had scurvy when they arrived at the end of the Trail.
 Smallpox
 Pneumonia

The travelers used turpentine (a poison), vinegar, and whiskey to treat headaches, muscle pain, and coughs.
Historians do not agree on how many people died from disease along the Trail.  One historian, John Unruh, estimates that 6,000 to 12,500 travelers died from disease on the Trail, and another 300-500 died specifically from scurvy.  However, the United States National Park Service says that as many as 30,000 people may have died from disease along the Trail.

Other dangers
There were many other dangers along the Trail.  John Unruh estimates the number of people who died from these other dangers:
 3,000 to 4,500 from Native American attacks
 300 to 500 from freezing to death
 200 to 500 from being accidentally run over by wagons
 200 to 500 from drowning while trying to cross rivers
 200 to 500 from accidentally being shot (for example, in hunting accidents)
 200 to 500 from other causes, including murder, being hit by lightning, dying during childbirth, stampedes, snake bites, flash floods, being hit by falling trees, and being kicked by animals
Unruh estimates that 4 percent of the Oregon Trail travelers died: 16,000 out of 400,000 total travelers.  However, the National Park Service says:
The Oregon Trail is this nation’s longest graveyard. Nearly one in ten [travelers] who set off on the trail did not survive.

Life on the Trail

A usual day on the Trail started very early, just before dawn.  Nobody actually rode in the wagons unless they were sick or very young.  The ride was too bumpy, too dusty, and added too much work for the oxen.  Instead, people walked beside their wagons.  Usually, groups traveled almost all day, except for an hour around noon for lunch.  Then they kept moving until just before sunset, when they would stop to set up a campsite.  Most groups traveled about 15 miles per day, though on the best days they could move 20 miles a day.  Since oxen moved at about 2 miles per hour, this meant a day's travel could last up to ten hours.
About 40,000 of the travelers were children.  Unless they were babies, they walked alongside the wagons and worked just like adults.  Their jobs included herding animals, driving wagons, washing dishes, helping with meals, watching younger children, and collecting firewood and "buffalo chips" (dry buffalo manure, which could be used to start fires if there was no firewood).

At night, the group would move the wagons into a circle ("circle the wagons") and put their animals inside the circle.  This kept them from wandering away, or being killed or stolen.  If the weather was dry, people slept outside.  If it was wet, people slept under their wagons.

Many travelers were very afraid of attacks from Native Americans.  However, most Native Americans left the travelers alone, or even helped them by trading with them and helping them cross rivers in canoes.  When Native Americans did attack travelers, the stories were told over and over again, which may have made attacks seem more common than they actually were.
Travelers who did reach Oregon looked back on the Trail with different feelings.  One man named Loren Hastings said in 1847: 
I look back upon the long, dangerous and precarious emigrant road with a degree of romance and pleasure; but to others it is the graveyard of their friends.

Computer game 
In the 1970s, three student teachers in Minnesota made an educational computer game based on the Oregon Trail. The goal of the game was to successfully travel the trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon. Dangers of the trail included river crossings, illnesses, sick oxen, and hunger. Over the next two decades, new versions of the game were made that added more options and included better graphics. The second version included zombies and oxen. The goal was to survive as long as you can before you die.

References 

19th century in the United States
Migration
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Oregon Trail
The Emancipation Proclamation was an order by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to free slaves in 10 states.  It applied to slaves in the states still in rebellion in 1863 during the American Civil War. It did not actually immediately free all slaves in those states, because those areas were still controlled by the Confederacy, or those slaves in the slave states that fought for the Union, as Lincoln did not have authority to free slaves in those states. It did, however, free at least 20,000 slaves immediately, and nearly all 4 million slaves (according to the 1860 United States census) as the Union army advanced into Confederate states. Until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865, only the states had power to end slavery within their own borders. Thus, Lincoln issued the Proclamation as a war measure in his role as commander-in-chief.
The Proclamation made emancipation a goal of the Civil War. It also weakened efforts within England and France to officially recognize the Confederacy. As Union troops advanced into Rebel (Confederate) territory, they freed thousands of slaves per day. Many did not wait, but fled their owners to claim their freedom. 

Five slave states (the Border States) had remained loyal to the Union and were not at war with the federal government. The Proclamation also did not apply to Tennessee, nor to areas within Virginia and Louisiana which Union forces already controlled.
The Proclamation 
The Proclamation was issued in two parts. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln said that in 100 days, he would free all slaves in areas not then under Union control. On January 1, 1863, he named the ten states in which the proclamation would then apply: Texas, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Virginia, Florida, and Louisiana. The five border states where slavery was still legal were exempt, and so not named, because they had remained loyal to the Union and were not in rebellion. Tennessee also was not named because Union forces had already regained control there. Several counties of Virginia that were in the process of separating from that state to form the new state of West Virginia were specifically named as exemptions, as were several parishes around New Orleans in Louisiana. The next paragraph is part of a quote from the Emancipation Proclamation.