Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
New Zealand– kiwi
Pakistan – Markhor (National animal), Asiatic Lion (unofficial), Indus Dolphin (National aquatic marine mammal), Chukar (National bird), Shaheen falcon (National bird of prey) (Pakistan Air Force) (unofficial), Snow leopard (National predator), Pakistani cat and Rose-ringed parakeet (National pets), Hirzai (National horse breed), Rhesus macaque (National mammal), Camel (National heritage animal), Asiatic peafowl (National heritage bird), Indus crocodile (National reptile), Indus Valley toad (National amphibian), Golden Mahseer (National fish), Tamarisk Leaf Beetle and Indian Honey Bee (National insects) and Indian purple emperor (National butterfly)
Panama – harpy eagle
Papua New Guinea - bird of paradise
Peru - Vicuña
Philippines – Philippine eagle, Carabao
Poland – white eagle
Portugal – galo de Barcelos, cock
Romania – golden eagle
Russia – bear, golden two-headed eagle
Scotland – red lion (also known as the Rampant Lion)
Serbia – white two-headed eagle
Singapore – merlion, lion
South Africa – Springbok Antelope
South Korea – magpie (bird), Korean tiger (unofficial animal)
Soviet Union – Siberian tiger
Spain – The Spanish Osborne Bull
Sri Lanka – lion
Sudan – Secretary Bird
Sweden – lion
Thailand – elephant
Uganda – grey-crowned crane
United Kingdom – lion, bulldog, European robin
United States – American bald eagle
Venezuela – turpial
Vietnam - water buffalo
Wales – red dragon (Y Ddraig Goch)
People
Albania – Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg
Bangladesh – Bangamata
Cambodia – Preah Thaong and Neang Neak, Jayavarman VII (unofficial)
Canada – Johnny Canuck
Czech Republic: - Jára Cimrman
Denmark – Holger Danske
Finland – Finnish Maiden
France – Marianne
Germany – Deutscher Michel, Germania
Hawaii- King Kamehameha the Great 
Iceland – Woman of the mountains
India – Bharat Mata
Ireland - Erin, Hibernia
Mexico – Miguel Hidalgo
Norway – Ola Nordmann, Kari Nordmann
Pakistan - Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Fatimah Jinnah
Philippines – Juan dela Cruz, Inang Bayan
South Korea – Dangun
Spain – Santiago Matamoros
Sweden – Mother Svea
Switzerland – Helvetia
United Kingdom – Britannia, John Bull
United States – Uncle Sam, Lady Liberty, historically Brother Jonathan and Columbia
Vietnam - Tran Hung Dao, Ho Chi Minh, Hung King
Plants
Argentina – National Flower of Argentina, Ceibo
Australia – golden wattle
Bangladesh – The Shapla (National flower), Jackfruit (National fruit), Chilli pepper (National vegetable), Strangler fig/Mango (National trees) 
Bhutan - Blue poppy (Meconopsis grandis)
Bolivia – Kantatu
Bulgaria – rose
Brunei – Simpor (Dillenia suffruticosa)
Cambodia – Romduol (Mitrella mesnyi or Melodorum fruticosum) (flower), "chicken-egg banana" (fruit)
Canada – maple leaf, (unofficial)
China – peony, mei blossom
People's Republic of China – sunflower (obsolete), peony (unofficial)
Hong Kong – bauhinia blakeana
Macau – Lotus
Republic of China (Taiwan) – mei blossom
Chile – copihue
Colombia – orchid[Cattleya Trianae]
Denmark – red clover
Egypt – Egyptian lotus
England – red-and-white rose of Tudor (white for York, red for Lancaster)
Estonia – blue cornflower 
Finland – lily of the valley, white rose
France – lily (Ancien Régime)
Germany – oak
Hawaii- plumeria flower
Iceland – White Dryas (Dryas octopetala)
India – The Sacred lotus (National flower), Mango (National fruit), Indian pumpkin (National vegetable), Indian banyan (National tree) 
Indonesia – melati (Jasminum sambac), moth orchid (Phalaenopsis amabilis)
Iran – tulip (depicted on the Flag of Iran)
Iraq – rose
Ireland – shamrock (or trefoil)
Jamaica – lignum vitae
Japan – chrysanthemum
Jordan – black iris (Iris chrysographes)
Kuwait – Rhanterium epapposum
Malta – Maltese Rock Centaury
Malaysia – Chinese Hibiscus
Maldives – rose
Mexico – dahlia
Nepal – Rhododendron
Netherlands – tulip
Newfoundland – Pitcher Plant
New Zealand – silver fern (foliage), koru, and kowhai (flower)
North Korea – Kimjongilia
Norway – heather
Pakistan – Poet's Jasmine (National flower), Mango (National fruit), Okra (National vegetable), Cedrus deodara (National tree) and Snow-Rose (Official state flower of Azad Kashmir)
Panama – Holy Ghost Orchid/Flor del Espiritu Santo (Peristeria elata)
Philippines – sampaguita (Arabian jasmine, Jasminum sambac)
Russia – camomile
Russia – camomile
Scotland – Thistle, Scottish Bluebell (Harebell), Heather
Serbia – plum
Singapore – Vanda Miss Joaquim, orchid
Slovenia – carnation
South Africa – king protea
South Korea – Hibiscus
Soviet Union – carnation
Sri Lanka -  Nil Manel (Nympheae Stelleta) 
Switzerland – edelweiss
Thailand - Rachapruek (Cassia fistula)
United States – rose
Venezuela – "Flor de Mayo" (Cattleya mossiae) (orchid)
Vietnam – Lotus
Wales – daffodil, leek
Zimbabwe – flame lily
Trees
Albania – Olive
Argentina – National Flower of Argentina, Ceibo
Bangladesh - Strangler fig (National tree) and Mango tree (Official tropical tree)
Belize – mahogany
Bhutan - Bhutan Cypress (Cupressus cashmeriana)
Brazil – ipê-amarelo, Tecoma chrysostricha
Cambodia – palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer)
Canada – Maple
Colombia – Quindio Wax Palm (Ceroxylon quindiuense)
Czech Republic – lime
Denmark – beech
England – oak
Estonia – oak
Finland – birch, Silver Birch
Germany – oak
Guatemala – ceiba
Hawaii- banyan
India – Indian banyan (National tree) and Coconut palm (Official tropical tree)
Italy - Oliveand Oak
Japan – Cherry blossom
Latvia – Oak and Linden
Lebanon – Lebanon Holy Cedar
Lithuania – Oak 
Madagascar – baobab
Maldives – Coconut palm
Malta – Għargħar
Moldova – oak
Pakistan – Cedrus deodara (Himalayan Cedar) (National tree) and Mango tree (Official tropical tree)
Panama – Panama tree (Sterculia apetala)
Paraguay – lapacho (Tabebuia impetiginosa)
Philippines – narra
Russia – birch
Russia – birch
Saudi Arabia – Phoenix palm
Scotland – Scots Pine
Senegal – baobab
Slovenia – tilia (linden)
South Africa – real yellowwood
South Korea – ginkgo, magnolia
Sri Lanka - Na (Mesua ferrea)
Thailand - Rachapruek (Cassia fistula)
Ukraine – Viburnum
United States – oak
Venezuela – Araguaney (Tabebuia chrysantha)
Vietnam - bamboo, rice
Wales - Sessile oak
Inanimate objects 
Albania – castle of Kruja 
Argentina – Yerba mate
Armenia – Mount Ararat
Australia – southern cross
Azerbaijan – fire
Brazil – Southern Cross
China- Tiananmen, Blue Sky with a White Sun
People's Republic of China- Tiananmen
Republic of China- Blue Sky with a White Sun
Cambodia – Angkor Wat
Croatia – checkerboard (šahovnica)
Estonia – limestone
India – the Lion Capital of Asoka, spinning wheel
Ireland – Celtic harp called a clairseach
Israel – the menorah
Italy – a star, 
Japan – the Sun, depicted without rays
New Zealand – southern cross
Saudi Arabia – the sword of Ibn Saud
Serbia – firesteels
Slovenia - Triglav with Aljažev stolp
Soviet Union – hammer and sickle
Sweden – Three Crowns
Vietnam - Sickle and Yellow Star
European Union - 12 yellow stars arranged in a circle
Symbols 
Argentina – Sun of May
Australia – Commonwealth Star
Bangladesh - Red Sun
Bhutan - Drake
Brittany – Ermine
Canada – Maple Leaf
Croatia – checkerboard
England – St George's Cross
France – Fleur-de-Lis (Ancien Régime)
Germany – Iron Cross
India – Ashoka Chakra, Lion Capital of Asoka
Indonesia – Garuda Pancasila
Ireland – St Patrick's Cross 
Isle of Man – triskelion
Israel – Star of David
Japan-Chrysanthemum Throne
Lebanon – Phoenician Longship
Malaysia – Bintang Persekutuan (Federal Stars)
Malta – George Cross, Maltese Cross
Northern Ireland – red hand
Pakistan – Crescent and star
Serbia – firesteels
Singapore – Lion head
Slovakia – patriarchal cross and three mountains
Scotland – Saltire or St Andrew's Cross
South Korea – Yin Yang
Switzerland – Swiss cross
Turkey – crescent
Ukraine – trident
Vietnam - Yellow lotus
The Cessna 172 is one of the best-selling single engine airplanes in the world. Over 43,000 of them have been made. It is made by Cessna Aircraft Company.  It can carry 4 people including the pilot.  From 1956 until 1967 it had a Continental six-cylinder piston engine. Beginning in 1968, the 172 was powered by a Lycoming four-cylinder piston engine.

References

Other websites 
172guide.com  – complete reference about all models of the Chessna 172 airplane

Civil aircraft
Cessna aircraft
The United States Marine Corps (also known as USMC) is one of the six branches of the military of the United States in the United States Department of Defense. It was created in 1775 as a special maritime service. Samuel Nicholas founded it. He was the first commissioned officer in the Corps. The birthplace of the Marines is in Philadelphia at the Tun Tavern.

Although it is part of the U.S. Naval Service, it is a separate military branch with its own special ranking structure. It also has its own Naval Aviation.
The Marines have been involved in many conflicts, and had important roles in key battles such as Tripoli, Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal, and Inchon Bay. Every Marine receives infantry training to be ready for battle at all times. Marine Corps training is also known for being especially challenging; at 13 weeks long, Marine Recruit Training is the longest basic training of the six military branches. United States Marines place a large emphasis on morale. This is reflected in their motto, semper fidelis (meaning "always faithful"), often shortened to semper fi.

Other websites 

 United States Marine Corps -Citizendium

 
1775 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
San Antonio is a large city in southern Texas, USA. It is the second most populous city in Texas, with about 1.3 million people. It is the seventh most populous city in the United States. The city is known for The Alamo, and the River Walk along the small small San Antonio River that flows through the middle of the city. It is lined with shops and restaurants. San Antonio is also home to the San Antonio Spurs, which is a basketball team in the NBA.

57% of the population is Hispanic, 32% is white, 8% is African-American, 2% is Asian, and 1% Native American. The main industries of San Antonio are health-care, tourism, and national defense. Besides tourist attractions, the city has many medical centers and military bases.

Geography
San Antonio is surrounded by Hill Country, Prairie, and the South Texas Plains.

Climate
San Antonio has a semi-arid climate with characteristics of a humid subtropical climate.
Like Austin, rain comes during the spring.
Culture
San Antonio has a Mexican American culture because it was once a part of Mexico.

Facts
The Alamo is located here.
One of three SeaWorlds is located here, the other two being in Orlando and San Diego.
San Antonio is home to two amusement parks, Six Flags Fiesta Texas and SeaWorld San Antonio.

Neighborhoods

Downtown 
Downtown San Antonio, the city and metro area's urban core, encompasses many of the city's famous structures, attractions, and businesses. The central business district is generally understood to cover the northern half of the "Downtown Loop"— the area bordered by Cesar Chavez to the south. Due to the size of the city and its horizontal development, downtown accounts for less than one half of one percent of San Antonio's geographic area.
North Central 
North Central is home to several enclaves and upscale neighborhoods including Castle Hills, Hollywood Park, Elm Creek, Inwood, and Rogers Ranch. The area is also the location of upper-middle-class neighborhoods (Deerfield, Churchill Estates, Hunter's Creek, Oak Meadow, and Summerfield).

Northwest Side 
Northwest Side is the location of the main campus of the University of Texas at San Antonio, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and the Northwest Campus of the University of the Incarnate Word, which includes the Rosenberg School of Optometry. The Medical Center District is also located in Northwest Side. Companies with headquarters in the area include Valero and NuStar Energy.
South Side
The South Side area of San Antonio is characterized for its predominantly Latino and Hispanic neighborhoods, an average above 81 percent. Large growth came to South Side when Toyota constructed a manufacturing plant. Palo Alto College and the Texas A&M University-San Antonio are located in the area.

East Side
East Side San Antonio is home to the San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, the AT&T Center, and the Freeman Coliseum. The area has the largest concentration of Black and African American residents.

Sports

Other websites 

 
1718 establishments
18th-century establishments in Mexico
County seats in Texas
The Alamo is an old Spanish mission (like a church built by Catholic missionaries to minister to the natives) in what is now San Antonio, Texas, United States. The Alamo was authorized in 1718 but was not built until 1744. Its original name was San Antonio de Valero Mission. 

The Alamo is most famous for the Battle of the Alamo, which took place there in 1836. It was occupied by 187 men from Texas and elsewhere who were fighting for the independence of Texas, which was then in Mexico. the men in the Alamo were defeated by a force of 5,000 Mexican troops. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was the general for the Mexican Army. Nearly all of the defenders were killed, and "Remember the Alamo!" became the battle cry of the Texas Revolution. The battle ended on March 6, 1836, when those who surrendered were executed.
Many years later, the Texas government restored the Alamo. The Alamo became a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is now open for tourists. It also became a UNESCO World Heritage Site on July 5, 2015.

References

Buildings and structures in Texas
San Antonio, Texas
1724 establishments
18th-century establishments in Mexico
Odesa (, ; also known as Odessa, ) is a city in southwestern Ukraine on the Black Sea shore. It is the administrative center of the province of Odesa Oblast. It is a major port on the Black Sea. The mayor of Odesa is Hennadiy Trukhanov. In 2004, about 1,012,500 people lived in Odesa.

Overview 
Odesa is a warm water port. However, it is thought to be of small military value. Since Turkey controls the Dardanelles and Bosphorus, NATO can control ships moving between Odesa and the Mediterranean Sea.

Ports 
The city has two important ports: Odesa itself and Yuzhne. Yuzhne is an oil terminal that handled more than million cargo in 2019. It is in Odesa’s suburbs. Another important port, Chornomorsk, is in the same oblast, to the south-west of Odesa. Important transportation comes together at these ports. Railways and pipelines come to these ports. Pipelines connect Odesa's oil and chemical factories to Russia's and the EU's.
Odesa is the fifth-largest city in Ukraine. It is important in the country's trading. In the 19th century, it was the fourth city of Imperial Russia. It was just smaller than Moscow and St. Petersburg, and Warsaw. Its old buildings appear to be more Mediterranean than Russian. They were made like French and Italian buildings.

History

Before the 20th century 
A very old Greek colony named Olbia (, glorious) perhaps was where the city is now. Many monuments from old times link this place to the Eastern Mediterranean.

In the Middle Ages, these lands were a part of the Kievan Rus, Galich and Volyn Principality, the Golden Horde, the Great Lithuanian Principality, the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. The Crimean Tatars traded there in the 14th century. At the time of the Russian–Turkish wars, the lands were captured by Russia. That was at the end of the 18th century.
From 1819 to 1858, Odesa was a free port (porto franco). During the Soviet times, it was the most important port of trade in the U.S.S.R. and a Soviet naval base. On January 1, 2000, the Quarantine Pier of Odesa trade sea port was made a free port and free economic zone for 25 years.

15th century 
In the 15th century AD, nomadic tribes of the Nogays, under the government of the Khanate of Crimea, lived there. During the reign of Khan Haci I Giray, he was in danger from the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks. To get help, the khan gave Odesa to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The place now called Odesa was then named Khadjibey (also spelled as Khadjibei, Khadzhibei, or Gadzhibei; Lithuanian: Chadžibėjus; Crimean Tatar and Turkish: Hacibey). It was part of the Dykra region. Few people lived in that region. They were part of the Turkic tribes. The land was mostly empty steppes.
The Ottoman Empire controlled Khadjibey after 1529. The nearby region Khadjibey was named Yedisan. In the middle of the 18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt a fortress at Khadjibey. It was named Eni Dunia (Turkish: Yeni Dünya, literally "new world").

At the time of the war between Russia and Turkey (1787–1792), on 25 September 1789, Ivan Gudovich led a group of Russian soldiers to Khadjibey. They took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire. A Spaniard in the Russian army named Major General José de Ribas led one group of soldiers. Russians named him Osip Mikhailovich Deribas. The main street in Odesa today is named Deribasovskaya Street after him. Turkey let Russia keep the city in the Treaty of Jassy (agreement of Jassy) in 1792. Russians made it a part of a place they named Novorossiya(new Russia).
Origins of the name 
In 1794, the Russian government decided to build a naval fortress on the ruins of Khadjibey city. This became the city named Odesa by January 1795. In that year its new name was first written in government letters. The reasons for the new name are lost, but people had theories.

Catherine II 
According to one of the stories, when someone said Odessos should be the name for the new Russian port, Catherine II said that all names in the South of the Empire were already 'masculine,' and she did not want another one. So, she decided to change it to more 'feminine' Odesa. This story may be false.
French 
There were at least two cities (Eupatoria and Theodosia) with names that sound 'feminine' for a Russian; also, Catherine II did not speak Russian when she was a child, and lastly, all cities are feminine in Greek (and in Latin). Another story is that the name 'Odesa' is from word-play in French. French was then the language spoken at the Russian court. 'Plenty of water' is assez d'eau in French. If one says this backwards, it sounds like the Greek colony's name. Word-play about water makes sense. Odesa is next to a very big body of water but has a little fresh water. Anyhow, there is still a link with the name of the old Greek colony. So there may be some truth in the things people said long ago.
Free port 
In 1819 the city was made a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Greeks, Bulgarians, Albanians, Armenians, Italians, Frenchmen, Germans and traders representing many other European nationalities (hence numerous 'ethnic' names on the city's map, e.g., Frantsuszkiy (French) and Italianskiy (Italian) Boulevards, Grecheskaya (Greek), Evreyskaya (Jewish), Arnautskaya (Albanian) Streets). Its cosmopolitan nature was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odesa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters he wrote that Odesa was a city where "you can smell Europe. French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".
Odesa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and French naval forces. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odesa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866 the city was linked by rail with Kiev and Kharkiv as well as Iaşi, Romania.

The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century. By 1897, Jews were estimated to be about 37% of the population. They were, however, repeatedly subjected to severe persecution. Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881, and 1905. Many Jews fled abroad, particularly to Palestine after 1882, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism.
First half of the 20th century 
In 1905 Odesa was the place of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin (also see Battleship Potemkin uprising) and Lenin's Iskra. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture, The Battleship Potemkin, commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were killed on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history.

At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of Richelieu. The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the movie caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the "slaughter". The steps continue to be a tourist attraction. The film was made at Odesa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union.
Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during World War I, Odesa was occupied by several groups, including the Ukrainian Tsentral'na Rada, the French Army, the Red Army and the White Army. Finally, in 1920, the Red Army took control of Odesa and united it with the Ukrainian SSR, which later became part of the USSR.

The people of Odesa suffered from a great famine that occurred in 1921–1922 as a result of the war. Romanian and German forces from 1941 to 1944 occupied the city during World War II, causing severe damage and many casualties.

Under the Axis occupation, approximately 60,000 Odesans (mostly Jews) were either massacred or deported. Many parts of Odesa were damaged during its fall and later recapture in April 1944, when the city was finally liberated by the Soviet Army. It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1945.

Second half of the 20th century
During the 1960s and 1970s, the city grew tremendously. Between the 1970s and 1990s, the majority of Odesa's surviving Jews emigrated to Israel, the United States and other Western countries. Large-scale domestic migration of Odesan middle and upper classes to Moscow and Leningradthat offered even greater opportunities for career advancement. However, city grew even more by filling the void with new rural migrants elsewhere from Ukraine. Industrial professionals were invited from Russia as well as other Soviet republics.

Despite being part of Ukraine Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Mediterranean culture. It also preserved its predominantly Russophone environment, with a uniquely accented dialect of Russian being spoken in the city. The city's Russian, Ukrainian, Greek, Armenian, Moldovan, Azeri and Jewish communities, have all contributed to the different aspects of Odesa.
In 1991, after the collapse of Soviet Union, the city became part of newly independent Ukraine. As of 2020, Odesa is a city of around 1.1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, oil refining, chemicals, metalworking and food processing. It is also a Ukrainian naval base and home to a fishing fleet. It is also known for its huge outdoor market, the Seventh-Kilometer Market.

The transportation network of Odesa consists of trams (streetcars), trolleybuses, buses; and marshrutkas.

Geography and features 
Odesa (Google Map) is above the hills overlooking a small harbor. It is approximately 31 km (19 mi.) north of the estuary of the Dniester river and some 443 km (275 mi) south of the Ukrainian capital Kiev. The city has a continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification) with average temperatures in January of -2 °C (29 °F), and July of 22 °C (73 °F). It averages only 350 mm (14 in) of precipitation annually.
The primary language spoken is Russian, with Ukrainian being less common despite of it being an official language in Ukraine. The city is a mix of many nationalities and ethnic groups, including Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Greeks, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Armenians and Turks among others.

Culture 

Odesa is a popular tourist destination. It has many resorts in and around the city. The Tolstoy, Vorontsov, and Potocki families owned palaces in Odesa. They are still open for visits from the public.

Notable people

Arts and literature 
The writer Isaac Babel was born in the city. It has also produced several famous musicians, including the violinists Nathan Milstein, Mischa Elman and David Oistrakh, and the pianists Benno Moiseiwitsch, Sviatoslav Richter and Emil Gilels. The chess player Efim Geller was born in the city. All listed, except for Richter, are representatives of the city's Jewish community.
Entertainment 
The most popular Russian show-business people from Odesa are Yakov Smirnoff (comedian), Mikhail Zhvanetsky (legendary humorist writer, who began his career as port engineer) and Roman Kartsev (comedian). Their success in 1970s contributed to Odesa's status of a "capital of Soviet humour". Later several humour festivals were established in the city, including the celebration of the April Fools' Day.

Tourism 
Most of the city's 19th century houses were built of limestone mined nearby. Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local smugglers. This created a complicated labyrinth of underground tunnels beneath Odesa, known as "catacombs". They are a now a great attraction for extreme tourists. Such tours, however, are not officially sanctioned and are dangerous because the layout of the catacombs has not been fully mapped and the tunnels themselves are unsafe. These tunnels are a primary reason why subway was never built in Odesa.
Economy 
The economy of Odesa is based on its port and its close distance to nearby ice-free ports in the mouths of the Dnieper, the Southern Bug, the Dniester and the Danube rivers. During the Soviet period, it was the USSR's largest trading port. Since Ukraine's independence, Odesa remains the busiest international port in the country. Odesa is also a home to almost 5% of all IT companies registered in Ukraine. It helps the city to thrive and attract talented software programmers from other cities of Ukraine and abroad.

Twin towns and sister cities
Alexandria, Egypt, (since 1968)
  Baltimore, United States, (since 1975)
  Chişinău, Moldova, (since 1994)
  Constanţa, Romania, (since 1991)
  Gdańsk, Poland
  Genoa, Italy, (since 1972)
  Haifa, Israel, (since 1992)
  Istanbul, Turkey, (since 1997)
  Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  Kolkata, India, (since 1986)
  León, Mexico, (since 2012)
  Liverpool, United Kingdom, (since 1957)
  Łódź, Poland, (since 1993)
  Marseille, France, (since 1973)
  Nicosia, Cyprus, (since 1996)
  Oulu, Finland, (since 1957)
  Piraeus, Greece, (since 1993)
  Qingdao, China, (since 1993)
  Regensburg, Germany, (since 1990)
  Rosh HaAyin, Israel
  Rostov-on-Don, Russia, (since 1999)
  Split, Croatia, (since 1964)
  Szeged, Hungary, (since 1977)
  Valencia, Spain, (since 1982)
  Van, Turkey
  Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, (since 1944)
  Varna, Bulgaria (since 1958)
  Yerevan, Armenia (since 1995)
  Yokohama, Japan (since 1968)

References 

Odesa
Port cities and towns of the Black Sea
Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002), known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, or just The Queen Mother was the wife (Queen Consort) of King George VI of the United Kingdom from 1936 until his death in 1952. After her husband's death, she was known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, so that she would not be confused with her elder daughter, Queen Elizabeth II. Before her husband became king, from 1923 to 1936 she was known as the Duchess of York. She was the last Queen Consort of  United Kingdom and Empress  of India.

Her family belonged to the Scottish nobility. Her father was the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. In 1923, she became known to everyone when she married Albert, Duke of York, the second son of George V and Queen Mary.  She was loved by the British people as she became a figure of family life.  They had two daughters, the then-Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret.  She was the first British royal to smile in pictures known as the "Smiling Duchess".
In 1936, her husband unexpectedly became King when her brother-in-law, Edward VIII, abdicated because he wanted to marryAmerican,  Wallis Simpson, who had been divorced.  The king was known as King George VI.  As his wife, she had the title of Queen Consort. She went with her husband on official tours to France and North America. During World War II, she supported the British public with great courage.  After the war, the king became ill and died in 1952.  She was then 51, and she lived for another 50 years.  As the mother of the queen, grandmother to the queen's four children , later, great-grandmother, she continued to be a popular member of the British Royal Family. 

The Queen Mother had an appendectomy in 1964, colon cancer removed in 1966 and breast cancer removed in 1984.
The death of her younger daughter Princess Margaret on 9th February 2002 was a sad event for her. She died seven weeks later at the age of 101. She was the first member of the British royal family to live past the age of 100. The second member of the british royal family to live past 100 was her last surviving sister in law, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester who had died in 2004 aged 102 from a stroke.

References

Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
British centenarians
Kings and Queens consort of the United Kingdom
Royalty from London
1900 births
2002 deaths
Elizabeth II
The United States Department of Defense, also known as the DoD, is a department in the United States government that is in charge of the military of the United States. It was created in 1947 and its headquarters is in The Pentagon in Washington, D.C.. The person in charge of the Department of Defense is called the Secretary of Defense. The current Secretary of Defense is Lloyd Austin. The Secretary of Defense answers directly to the President. 

The Department of Defense is made up of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Air Force, the National Security Agency, and the Defense Intelligence Agency. (The Department of the Navy includes the Navy and the Marine Corps. Also, during time of war the United States Coast Guard is under the authority of the Department of Defense.)

United States Department of Defense
1947 establishments in the United States
The United States Department of the Navy was created by the United States Congress on April 30, 1798. It was created in order to give civilian leadership and administration to the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. The Secretary of the Navy is in charge of the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Navy is under the authority of the Department of Defense. 

The Department of the Navy is in charge of recruitment, training, organizing, building, and construction for the Navy and the Marine Corps. While the Navy and the Marine Corps both is under the Department of the Navy, they are two separate branches of the military.

United States Navy
Former United States Executive Departments
1798 establishments in the United States
There are many people called Queen Elizabeth.

List of people 
Among the women known to history as "Queen Elizabeth" are, in order of date of death:

(Note that the name "Isabel" or "Isabella" is sometimes translated into English as "Elizabeth" or "Elisabeth".)
Elizabeth the Cuman, daughter of Kuthen, Prince of the Kumans. She married, in 1254, Stephen V of Hungary.
 Elizabeth of Portugal (1271–1336), queen consort, daughter of Peter III of Aragon, wife of Denis of Portugal.
 Elzbieta Ryksa (1288–1335), queen consort of Bohemia: daughter of Przemysl II of Poland; wife of Rudolf III of Austria.
 Elzbieta of Poland (1305–1380), queen consort of Poland and queen consort of Hungary: daughter of Ladislaus I of Poland; wife of Charles II of Hungary .
 Elizabeth Woodville (c. 1437–1492), queen consort of England: wife of Edward IV of England; mother of the Princes in the Tower and of Elizabeth of York.
 Elizabeth of York (1465–1503), queen consort of England: daughter of Edward IV of England; wife of Henry VII of England; mother of Henry VIII of England.
Elizabeth of Castile (or Isabella of Castile) (1451–1504), queen regnant of Castile & Leon (Spain) and queen consort of Aragon: daughter of John II of Castile; wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon; mother of Joanna of Castile and of Catherine of Aragon; patron of Christopher Columbus.
 Elisabeth of Austria (1437–1505), queen consort of Poland: daughter of Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor; wife of Casimir IV of Poland; mother of Saint Casimir.
 Elizabeth of Castile (or Isabella of Burgundy) (1501–1526), queen consort of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden: daughter of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile; wife of Christian II of Denmark.
 Elizabeth of Valois (1545–1568), queen consort of Spain: daughter of Henry II of France; wife of Philip II of Spain.
 Elisabeth of Austria (1554-1592), queen consort of France: daughter of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor; wife of Charles IX of France.
 Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603), queen regnant of England: daughter of Henry VIII of England and his second wife Anne Boleyn.
Elisabeth of France (1602–1644), queen consort of Spain: daughter of Henry IV of France; wife of Philip IV of Spain.
 Elizabeth Stuart (1596–1662), queen consort of Bohemia: daughter of James VI of Scotland; wife of Frederick V of Bohemia: nicknamed "The Winter Queen".
 Elizabeth Farnese (or Isabel Farnese) (1692–1766), queen consort of Spain: daughter of Edward Farnese of Parma (Italy); wife of  Philip V of Spain, mother of Charles III of Spain.
 Elisabeth of Bavaria (1838–1898) a.k.a. Sissi, married emperor Franz Josef I of Austria.
 Elisabeth of Wied (1843–1916), queen consort of Romania: born Pauline Elisabeth Ottile Luise; wife of Charles I of Romania.
 Elizabeth Hohenzollern (1894–1956), queen consort of Greece: daughter of Ferdinand of Romania; wife of George II of Greece.
 Elizabeth of Belgium (1876–1965), queen consort of Albert I of Belgium.
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900–2002), queen consort of the United Kingdom: daughter of Claude George Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne; wife of George VI of the United Kingdom; mother of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
 Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (1926–2022), queen regnant of the United Kingdom and numerous other Commonwealth Realms: daughter of George VI of the United Kingdom.
Others
 The "Queen Elizabeth" in James Collinson's 1850 painting The Renunciation of Queen Elizabeth of Hungary (Image ) is not a queen at all but a princess: St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1207–1231), the daughter of Andrew II of Hungary.
 The Queen Elizabeth class of five battleships of the Royal Navy, including HMS Queen Elizabeth.
 Queen Elizabeth and Queen Elizabeth 2, two ocean liners of the Cunard Steamship Company.
Houston is a city in Texas. It is the fourth largest city in the United States. It can also mean:

People 

 Sam Houston, Texas politician
 Sam Houston State University, in Texas
 Peter Houston, athlete
 Whitney Houston, singer

Places 
 Houston Acres, Kentucky
 Houston County, Alabama
 Houston, Renfrewshire in Scotland
A weather station has machines that measure wind speed, wind direction, temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity of the air around them. There are many ways to do this with instruments such as barometers (air pressure), psychrometers (humidity), anemometers (wind speed) and cielometers (electronic, for cloud cover). Many weather stations have no people; they report their measurements automatically. 

Meteorology
Atmospheric pressure is a force in an area pushed against a surface by the weight of the atmosphere of Earth, a layer of air.  The air is not distributed evenly around the globe.  It moves, and at different times, the layer of air is thicker in some places than in others.  Where the layer of air is thicker, there is more air.  Since there is more air, there is a higher pressure in that spot.  Where the layer of air is thinner, there is a lower atmospheric pressure.

At higher altitude, the atmospheric density and pressure are lower.  This is because high places do not have as much air above them, pushing down.

Barometers can be used to measure atmospheric pressure for meteorology. There is the same atmospheric pressure from all directions.  The  SI unit for pressure is hPa. Other units such as Bar (unit) and torr are used for various applications.

References

Other websites 
 
 Atmospheric pressure Citizendium

Meteorology
Atmosphere
1482 was a common year.

Events 
 Portuguese fortify Fort Elmina on the Gold Coast
 Portuguese erect the Fort of Sao Jorge de Mina near the mouth of River Benya
 Tizoc rules the Aztecs
 Diogo Cão, a Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to sail up the Congo.
 Ivan III renounces the Mongol Khanate rule over Russia
 Fictive date of Victor Hugo's Notre-Dame de Paris (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
Franz Adolf Berwald was a Swedish composer of the 19th Century. He was born in Stockholm on 23 July 1786. He died in Stockholm on 3 April 1868. While he was alive, people generally ignored his composing work, so he had to do other things to gain a living. He worked as an orthopedic surgeon, and later as the manager of a saw mill and glass factory. Franz adolf berwald came from a family with four generations of musicians.

Today, many people see him as one of the finest Swedish composers of the 19th century.

Swedish composers
Writers from Stockholm
Romantic composers
1786 births
1868 deaths
Chemnitz is a city in Germany. It is in the state of Saxony. In 2006, about 245,000 people lived there.

During the partition of Germany Chemnitz was in East Germany. From 1953 to 1990 Chemnitz was called Karl-Marx-Stadt. The name was in reference to the social reformer Karl Marx. Now the city has its old name. This name is from the river that flows through it.

The first mention of the city was in 1143. The city had an important role in the Industrial Revolution. In about 1883, the city population passed 100.000 inhabitants.

Geography 
Chemnitz is north of the Ore Mountains in the western part of the Bundesland Saxony. It is the 3rd biggest city in Saxony with about 245.000 inhabitants. The area is about 220 km2. There is a river that is also called Chemnitz.
The average temperature is 8 °C and the amount of rain and snow every year (annual precipitation) is 700 mm.
Sights 
The Karl-Marx-Monument has been an attraction of the city since 1971. The 7,10 meter high statue was created by the Russian artist Lev Kerbel. The inhabitants of Chemnitz call it "Nischel", which means head in the dialect of the area.

The Roter Turm (the red tower)is one of Chemnitz's oldest sites; it was built in the 12th or 13th century and was once part of the city wall.

The town hall of Chemnitz consists of two buildings. The old town hall was built in the 15th century. The new townhall, on the other hand, was built at the beginning of the 20th century and was designed by Richard Möbius. The new town hall was erected next to the old one.

One of the new attractions of the city is das Tietz. The former department store was constructed in 1912/1913. Today the Museum for Natural History, the public library, an adult education centre, a gallery and the Petrified Forest are here.

Railway
Railway 

Chemnitz had an ICE connection for a short time, until 2006. Chemnitz is part of the railway line Dresden - Chemnitz - Hof - Nuremberg which is called 'Franken - Sachsen - Magistrale'. Today an InterRegioExpress services Dresden, Nuremberg and Leipzig. There are regional train (RegionalBahn) connections to the Ore Mountains and to Elsterwerda.

Main roads 
Here are listed on the most important roads of the metropolitan:
 A 4 : Highway, Frankfurt - Giessen - Erfurt - Chemnitz - Dresden - Görlitz - Wroclaw - Kraków
 A 72: Highway, Hof - Zwickau - Chemnitz - Geithain ( - Leipzig)

 B 95: federal highway, Annaberg-Buchholz - Chemnitz - Borna - Leipzig
 B 107: federal highway, Pritzwalk - Dessau - Grimma - Chemnitz

 B 169: federal highway, Neuensalz - Chemnitz - Riesa - Elsterwerda - Cottbus
 B 173: federal highway, Bad Staffelstein - Hof - Chemnitz - Dresden
 B 174: federal highway, Marienberg (Ore mountains) - Chemnitz
Public transport 
Chemnitz has got a big tram and a big bus network. There are 6 tram lines and 25 (+1 at fair days) bus lines. These networks belong to CVAG, the transport companies of Chemnitz.

References

Other websites
This is a list of Brazilian football teams.

List of clubs sorted by state

Acre 
State championship: Campeonato Acreano

Alagoas 
State championship: Campeonato Alagoano

Defunct clubs

Amapá 
State championship: Campeonato Amapaense

Amazonas 
State championship: Campeonato Amazonense

Bahia 
State championship: Campeonato Baiano

Ceará 
State championship: Campeonato Cearense

Distrito Federal 
State championship: Campeonato Brasiliense

Defunct clubs

Espírito Santo 
State championship: Campeonato Capixaba

Defunct clubs

Goiás 
State championship: Campeonato Goiano

Maranhão 
State championship: Campeonato Maranhense

Mato Grosso 
State championship: Campeonato Matogrossense

Defunct clubs

Mato Grosso do Sul 
State championship: Campeonato Sul-Matogrossense

Defunct clubs

Minas Gerais 
State championship: Campeonato Mineiro

Defunct clubs

Pará 
State championship: Campeonato Paraense

Paraíba 
State championship: Campeonato Paraibano

Paraná 
State championship: Campeonato Paranaense

Defunct clubs
Defunct clubs

Pernambuco 
State championship: Campeonato Pernambucano

Defunct clubs

Piauí 
State championship: Campeonato Piauiense

Defunct clubs

Rio de Janeiro 
State championship: Campeonato Carioca

Defunct clubs

Rio Grande do Norte 
State championship: Campeonato Potiguar

Rio Grande do Sul 
State championship: Campeonato Gaúcho

Defunct clubs

Rondônia 
State championship: Campeonato Rondoniense

Roraima 
State championship: Campeonato Roraimense

Santa Catarina 
State championship: Campeonato Catarinense

São Paulo 
State championship: Campeonato Paulista

Defunct clubs

Sergipe 
State championship: Campeonato Sergipano

Tocantins 
State championship: Campeonato Tocantinense

Lists of football teams
football teams
The small intestine is between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the digestion and absorption happen. In humans over five years old, the small intestine is about 7.5 meters long.

The small intestine has three regions: the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. 

The duodenum: receives bile and juice from the pancreas, and is where most digestion in the small intestine takes place. Secretions limit, or neutralise, the stomach acidity, and enzymes help to digest the food.

The jejenum: the products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here.

The ileum: absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, and any other products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.

References

Anatomy of the digestive system
A songwriter is a writer who creates songs. A songwriter generally writes songs for popular music, rather than art songs or classical music. Many songwriters are also singers, and perform the songs they write - they are called singer-songwriters. Other songwriters have their songs performed by other singers.

History 
The history of writing songs is thousands of years old. Scholars believe that men and women may have created and sung songs even at the time of prehistory. Many modern bands have one or two members who write songs for the band. Others have more members contribute songs, or give the whole band credit for writing. Others perform songs by outside writers.
Famous songwriters
John Lennon and Paul McCartney, members of The Beatles
Brian Wilson and Mike Love, members of The Beach Boys
Elton John and Bernie Taupin
Paul Anka
Burt Bacharach
Bob Dylan
Stephen Foster
Woody Guthrie
Johnny Mercer
Willie Nelson
Mickey Newbury
Harry Nilsson
Laura Nyro
Dolly Parton
Cole Porter
Glen Ballard
Diane Warren
Neil Young
John Williams

Related pages
Composer

Music industry
 
Entertainment occupations
Hezbollah (, meaning Party of God) is an Islamic political party and paramilitary organization in Lebanon. It was formed in Lebanon in 1982, during the Lebanese Civil War. The leader of Hezbollah is currently Hassan Nasrallah.

Hezbollah's main goals during the Civil War were to fight against Western influences and create an Islamic state in Lebanon. Its members are mostly Shia Muslims. The group also supports Arab nationalism. It wants freedom for the Palestinian people in Palestine. Because of this, it believes that the State of Israel should not exist, and fights against it. Over the years, the Hezbollah militia has fought a guerrilla war against the Israeli Army along the border in southern Lebanon. It often attacks Israel's military positions, hospitals, grade schools, school buses, and other civilians by firing rockets across Israel's northern border.

Hezbollah is supported by Syria, Iran, Russia, Lebanon and Hamas.

History
History

Foundation 
Hezbollah was officially founded in 1985. It was originally founded following the 1982 Lebanon War when Lebanese clerics who had received education in Najaf came together to form Hezbollah as a movement of resistance against Israel invasion of Lebanon in 1982. They were influenced by Ayatollah Khomeini's model established after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The party's founders adopted "Hezbollah" as the name chosen by Khomeini which means 'Party of God'. This foundation is also part of the movement of exportation of the Iranian Revolution.
Opposition 
To destroy Hezbollah bases, Israel has responded in different ways; for example, air strikes on sites in Lebanon and sending ground troops into Southern Lebanon. In 2000, Israel withdrew its troops from the "security zone" in Southern Lebanon, but not from a sliver of land called Shebba Farms. This fertile area was kept under Israeli occupation. The border stayed relatively quiet until July 2006, except for targeted assassinations and kidnappings by Israel. In July, Hezbollah captured two Israeli soldiers. This led to the 2006 Lebanon War, in which Hezbollah rockets reached deep into Israel.
A few governments consider Hezbollah a terrorist group. While the majority including Russia and China do not. Among those who consider it to be a terrorist group are the United States, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands and Israel. The European Union and the United Kingdom consider Hezbollah's military branch to be a terrorist group, but not the political party. Lebanon considers Hezbollah to be a legitimate resistance movement. This view is shared by Syria, Iran and all other countries in the Arab world.Russia considers Hezbollah as a legitimate sociopolitical organization while China remains neutral, and maintains contacts with Hezbollah. Other countries that do not consider Hezbollah a terror organization includes Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and others.

References

Other websites 
Official website 
Another official Hezbollah website 
UN Press Release SC/8181 UN, September 2, 2004
Yahoo - Hezbollah  directory category
1985 establishments in Asia
Nationalist organizations in Asia
Political parties in Asia
Islamic terrorism
Shia organizations
Arab–Israeli conflict
20th-century establishments in Lebanon
Politics of Lebanon
Organizations based in Lebanon
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, usually called Palmeiras, is a Brazilian football team. They are from São Paulo, Brazil. The team was founded  by an Italian-speaking community on August 26, 1914, as Palestra Itália. They changed to the name used now on September 14, 1942.

They play in green shirts, white shorts and green socks and are one of the most popular and traditional Brazilian clubs.

Palmeiras plays at the Palestra Itália stadium, which has seats for 32,000. But in the past, local derbies against São Paulo or Corinthians were usually played in Morumbi stadium. However, the Arena Palestra Itália is under construction with capacity for 45,000 people, expected to be finalized in 2013.

Name 
 1914–1942 S.S. Palestra Italia
 1942–present S.E. Palmeiras