Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Saxony joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation the next year in 1867. When Prussia beat  France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the Confederation was turned into the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck, with Wilhelm I as its Emperor. 

John I, as Saxony's king, was below the Emperor, although he, like the other German princes, kept some of the rights of a sovereign ruler, including sending ambassadors  other states.

The end of the kingdom 
Wilhelm I's grandson Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 after  Germany's defeat in the First World War. King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony followed him into abdication and the Kingdom of Saxony became the Free State of Saxony inside the newly-formed Weimar Republic.  The Kingdom of Saxony had lasted only 112 years.

Related pages
 Saxony

1800s establishments in Germany
1918 disestablishments in Germany
Former states in Germany
Saxony
1806 establishments in Europe
The Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was one of the Ernestine duchies.

The dukes were never very important in forming the history of Europe, and unlike their relative in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha never set out to form a long lasting dynasty.

Like all of the German monarchies the duchy became part of the Weimar Republic after World War I.

In the reshuffle of Ernestine territories after the death of the Saxe-Gothaducal line in 1825, Saxe-Meiningen got the territories of Hildburghausen and Saalfeld. The state of Saxe-Meiningen was merged into the new state of Thuringia in 1920.

The capital of Saxe-Meiningen was Meiningen; it had an area of 2,468 km² and a population of 269,000 (1905). The summer residence was Altenstein.

The present head of Head of the Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen is Prince Frederick Konrad (born 1952).
Dukes of Saxe-Meiningen 
 Bernhard I (1675 – 1706)
 Ernst Ludwig I (1706 – 24), son of Bernhard I
 Ernst Ludwig II (1724 – 29), son of Ernst Ludwig I
 Karl Frederick (1729 – 43), son of Ernst Ludwig I
 Frederick Wilhelm (1743 – 1746), son of Bernhard I
 Anton Ulrich (1746 – 63), Son of Bernhard I
 Karl Wilhelm (1763 – 82), son of Anton Ulrich
 Georg I (1782 – 1803), son of Anton Ulrich
 Bernhard II (1803 – 66), son of Georg I
 Georg II (1866 – 1914), son of Bernhard II
 Bernhard III (1914 – 18), son of Georg II

Dukedom abolished in 1918

Heads of the Ducal House of Saxe-Meiningen, post monarchy 
 Bernhard III (1918-1928)
 Prince Georg (1928 – 46)
 Prince Bernhard (1946 – 84)
 Prince Frederick Konrad (1984 – present)

Related pages
 Ernestine duchies

Other websites
Other websites 
 

States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the German Empire
States of the Holy Roman Empire
States of the North German Confederation
States of the Weimar Republic
Thuringia
1675 establishments
1670s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Germany
1920 disestablishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in Germany
Eilenburg is a town in the north of the state of Saxony (eastern Germany). The town lies on the banks of the river Mulde about  northeast of the city of Leipzig. It belongs to the Nordsachsen Rural District. It is subdivided into the urban districts Mitte, Ost and Berg (Stadtteile) and the villages Behlitz, Hainichen, Kospa, Pressen, Wedelwitz and Zschettgau (Ortsteile).

Eilenburg occupies . It has about 17.000 inhabitants as of 31 December 2009.

History 
The castle of Eilenburg was first mentioned at 29 July 961 in a document by Otto I. as civitas Ilburg. The name has Slavic origin and means town in clay deposits. Probably in the 11th century there has developed a settlement of purchase people in the advance of the castle, that forms the origin of the today's town of Eilenburg.
In the 16th century Eilenburg was a centre of the reformation events. Even George, Duke of Saxony, called this town a nominated place ("namhaftigen Ort"). Martin Luther was total seven times in Eilenburg and called it a blessed lard pit ("gesegnete Schmalzgrube"). It is passed that he took it into consideration to set here in the old.
The Thirty Years' War left hard mark in Eilenburg. First the town was spared of fighting, but it already suffered from the catastrophic economic effects of the war. From the year 1631 the town was directly involved in the war. In 1632 the body of Gustav II Adolf, King of the Swedish, was laid out in Red Deer Inn ("Gasthof Roter Hirsch") after he had been killed in the Battle of Lützen the 16 November 1632. In 1639 Eilenburg was conquered by the troops of Georg von Derfflinger. In 1646 peace negotiations between Saxony and Sweden began in Eilenburg to extend the expiring Armistice of Kötzschenbroda. The 14 September 1648 the Treaty of Eilenburg was made and meant the end of the Thirty Years' War for total Saxony. Subsequently the town recovered.
The slow onset of economic recovery got a sudden end by the began of the Seven Years' War. Virtually each male in Eilenburg had to serve in the armed forces. The city was occupied alternately by the Austrians and Prussians. In the following Eilenburg turned into an impoverished and squandered town. In the end of the 18th century the economy stagnated and Eilenburg became an insignificant town.

In 1813 during the Napoleonic wars shortly before the Battle of Leipzig Napoleon was in Eilenburg and took the last view on his and the allies Saxon troops eastern Eilenburg. After Napoleon's defeat, Saxony had to cede large territory to Prussia under the provisions of the Congress of Vienna. Eilenburg now belonging to the very modern Prussian state. Thereby the transition of Eilenburg to an industrial city was advanced significantly.
Because of the founding of numerous textile factories Eilenburg next to Berlin became most important centre of Prussian textile production. The ascent to an important industrial city came mainly from the nearby Saxony. Saxon industrialists settled in Eilenburg for having duty-free access to the Prussian market. Onset urbanization caused a rapid rising of the population. The social tensions resulting from the industrialization and the huge growth of population promoted a strong labour movement. In 1849 the health insurance support association ("Krankenkassenunterstützungsverein") was founded. In 1850 the food association of Eilenburg ("Eilenburger Lebensmittelassociation") as first food cooperative of Germany and "Darlehnskassenverein" as first Credit union in Germany were founded. Carl Degenkolb, owner of a factory in Eilenburg and member of Frankfurt Parliament, instituted first German works councils voluntarily at his factory.
In 1872 Eilenburg received its first railway. The 30 June Halle-Eilenburg-Falkenberg route was opened. Two years later transport services started on the new built Eilenburg-Leipzig route. Industrial development continued rapidly by settlement of chemical, wood and metal processing industry. The German Celluliod Factory ("Deutsche Celluliod-Fabrik") that settled in 1887 characterized the city's business for more than a hundred years.

During World War I hundreds of Eilenburg people were called up for military service. The 21 October 1917 Wilhelm Pieck, the later President of GDR escaped from a military transport  at Eilenburg station. Total about 800 people from Eilenburg were killed during the war.
In 2002 Eilenburg was hit hard by flood of the river Mulde. The thereby caused damages amounted to EUR 135 million. The construction of flood protection facilities was intensified after the flood. In 2008 the construction measures ended after investments amounting to EUR 35 million. Eilenburg was the first city in Saxony that is completely protected against flood. Since 1 August 2008 Eilenburg lies approximately in the middle of the newly formed Nordsachsen Rural District.

References

Other websites 

www.eilenburg.de 

Nordsachsen
The Misfits were a punk rock band from New Jersey. They are usually classified as a hardcore punk or horror punk band. They often played in theatrical makeup to look spooky. They had themes mostly from old movies, especially horror movies. The lead singer was Glenn Danzig. Danzig later formed Samhain and then Danzig. Other members went on to form a new version of the Misfits in the late 2000s. That version eventually included members of the Ramones and Black Flag.

The Misfits had many of their records released in limited collectible versions. Sometimes they were released through their fan club called The Fiend Club. They had a huge influence on everything from the way punk is marketed (the Misfits rival Kiss in marketing of their skull logo) to the many celebrities wearing their T shirts.
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Musical groups from New Jersey
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups disestablished in 1983
Musical groups established in 1995
1977 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in New Jersey
1983 disestablishments in the United States
1980s disestablishments in New Jersey
1995 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in New Jersey
The Vistula (Polish: Wisła) is the longest river in Poland. It is 1,047 km (678 miles) long.

How it flows

Tributaries 
The following is the list of right and left tributaries and the name of a city close by, listed from source to mouth:

Right tributaries 
 Brennica – Skoczów
 Iłownica
 Biała – Czechowice-Dziedzice
 Soła
 Skawa – Zator
 Skawinka – Skawina
 Wilga – Kraków
 Drwinka
 Raba
 Gróbka
 Uszwica
 Kisielina
 Dunajec
 Breń
 Brnik
 Wisłoka
 Babulówka – Baranów Sandomierski
 Trzesniówka – Sandomierz
 Łęg – Sandomierz
 San
 Sanna – Annopol
 Wyżnica – Józefów
 Chodelka
 Bystra – Kazimierz Dolny
 Kurówka – Puławy
 Wieprz – Dęblin
 Okrzejka
 Promnik
 Wilga – Wilga
 Świder – Otwock, Józefów
 Kanał Żerański – Warsaw
 Narew – Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki
 Mołtawa
 Słupianka – Płock
 Rosica – Płock
 Brzeźnica – Płock
 Skrwa Prawa – Płock
 Mień – Nieszawa
 Drwęca – Toruń
 Bacha – Toruń
 Struga
 Osa – Grudziądz
 Liwa
Left tributaries
 Krajka – Strumień
 Pszczynka
 Gostynia
 Przemsza – Chełmek
 Chech
 Rudno
 Sanka – Kraków
 Rudawa – Kraków
 Prądnik – Kraków
 Dłubnia – Kraków
 Roporek – Nowe Brzesko
 Szreniawa
 Nidzica
 Nida – Nowy Korczyn
 Strumień
 Czarna – Połaniec
 Koprzywianka – Sandomierz
 Opatówka
 Kamienna
 Krępianka – Solec nad Wisłą
 Iłżanka
 Zwoleńka
 Plewka – Janowiec
 Zagożdzonka – Kozienice
 Radomka
 Pilica – Warka
 Czarna – Góra Kalwaria
 Jeziorka – Konstancin-Jeziorna
 Bzura – Wyszogród
 Skrwa Lewa – Płock
 Zgłowiączka – Włocławek
 Tążyna
 Zielona
 Brda – Bydgoszcz
 Wda – Świecie
 Wierzyca – Gniew
 Motława – Gdańsk
 Radunia – Gdańsk

Rivers of Poland
The word Sunnah (Arabic: سنة) is an Arabic word meaning "tradition" or "way."  For Muslims, Sunnah means "the way of the prophet".  Sunnites try to follow his words, actions and teachings.  

Muslim scholars learn about the Sunnah by studying thousands of stories about Muhammad, his family, and his first followers.  These stories are called Hadith.

Related pages 
 Sunni Islam
 Quranism

Islamic terminology
Arabic words and phrases
Al-Aqsa Mosque ("The Farthest Mosque") is a mosque, or a place where Muslims go to worship, and it is in East Jerusalem/Baitulmaqdis.

History
Abdul Malik ibn Marwan asked for the mosque to be built, but he died before they finished building it, and it was finished by his son Al-Walid I in 705 AD. The Al-Aqsa Mosque is a part of the Al-Haram al-Qudsi al-Sharif, or "The Noble Sanctuary". This area is known as the Temple Mount by Jews, and it is believed to be the location where the Jewish Temple was built. The mosque is the 3rd most important place in Islam. Muslims believe that Muhammad went from the Sacred Mosque in Mecca to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the story of the "Night Journey". Also, some Islamic traditions say Muhammad led prayers there before his ascension.
Attacks
People have planned to attack the mosque, and some people have actually attacked it. In 1969 Michael Dennis Rohan set the mosque on fire, destroying a lot of the mosque. Some members of the Gush Emunim Underground planned to blow up the mosque, but they never blew it up.

In September of 2000 Ariel Sharon visited Al-Aqsa, and Palestinians who were at the mosque threw objects at the police force that was with Sharon. In return the police shot rubber bullets at the group of Palestinians. Palestinians said Sharon visited the mosque to make people angry, but Sharon said he had gone there with a message of peace. This visit is what some believe caused the Second Intifada.

Name 

"Al-Aqsa Masjid" means "the farthest Mosque". The masjid's name comes from a story in the Quran called "The Night Journey". In the story Muhammad goes from Makkah to East Jerusalem, where the Al-Aqsa Masjid is. Then he went up to Heaven (Jannah).

History
History 

The mosque was first built in 705 AD. The first mosque was destroyed in an earthquake in 748 AD and had to be built again. We do not know when it was built again, but it was probably in 771 AD, and this mosque was destroyed soon after they finished building it. The third mosque was built around 780 AD. In 1033 AD there was another earthquake, and the mosque had to be built again.

East Jerusalem was taken over by the Crusaders in 1099. Instead of taking down the mosque, the crusaders used the mosque as a palace. In 1119 it was changed into the headquarters for the Templar Knights.

References 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Mosques
Religion in Israel
8th-century buildings and structures
Balkh () is a province in the northern part of Afghanistan. Its capital is Mazar-i-Sharif. Most of its people are Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks.

Related pages 
 Balkh

References
Dwight Hicks was born April 5, 1956 in Mount Holly, New Jersey. He was a professional American football player. He played the defensive back position for the Toronto Argonauts in 1978. He also played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers from 1979 to 1985 and for the Indianapolis Colts in 1986. Before that, Dwight Hicks played for the University of Michigan. He is a four-time Pro Bowl selection from 1981 to 1984. He helped the 49ers to win 2 NFL Championships in Super Bowl XVI and Super Bowl XIX.

Hicks led the NFL in interceptions in the 1981 season, and return yards. He went on to be very important in the Super Bowl. After the 49ers lost a fumble on the opening kickoff, the Cincinnati Bengals got the football to San Francisco 5-yard line. Hicks made an interception and stopped the Bengals from scoring.

In Hicks eight NFL seasons, he had 32 interceptions, 602 interception return yards, 14 fumble recoveries, 112 fumble return yards, and 4 touchdowns.
Hicks went on to become a popular character actor in movies such as The Rock, Jack, Armageddon, and In the Mix after his football career. He also made appearances on many television programs. Some shows that he appeared on include Nash Bridges, The Pretender, The Practice, The X-Files, ER and The O.C.

Indianapolis Colts players
San Francisco 49ers players
Toronto Argonauts players
American movie actors
Actors from New Jersey
Sportspeople from New Jersey
American television actors
1956 births
Living people
The surface gravity, g, of an astronomical or other object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface. The surface gravity may be thought of as the acceleration caused by the gravity experienced by a hypothetical test particle which is very close to the object's surface and which, in order not to disturb the system, has negligible mass.

Surface gravity is measured in units of acceleration, which, in the SI system, are meters per second squared. It may also be described as a multiple of the Earth's gravity, g = 9.80665 m/s2.  In astrophysics, the surface gravity may be expressed as log g, which is obtained by first expressing the gravity in cgs units, where the unit of acceleration is centimeters per second squared, and then taking the base 10 logarithm.

References

Other websites
 Newtonian surface gravity

Astrophysics
In astronomy, a rotation period is the time an astronomical object takes to complete one revolution around its rotation axis relative to the background stars. For the Earth this is a sidereal day. It is different from a solar day, which is measured by the passage of the Sun across the local meridian.

All celestial objects spin. The rotation period differs according to whether the body in question is solid or fluid (gaseous). A solid object has one value, but a fluid object such as a star spins differently at the poles compared to the equator (Sun: about 25 days at the equator and about 35 days near the poles).

Other pages 
Tidal locking

Other websites

References 

Celestial mechanics
Angular size is a measurement of how large or small something is using rotational measurement. It is useful for measuring things that are so far away that they appear two dimensional.

Other websites
Small-Angle Formula 
 Visual Aid to the Apparent Size of the Planets

Measurement
The albedo of an object is the extent to which it reflects light, more specifically light which comes from the Sun. It is defined as the ratio of reflected to incident electromagnetic radiation. It is a unitless measure indicative of a surface's or body's diffuse reflectivity. The word is derived from albus, a Latin word for "white".

Other websites 
 Albedo - Encyclopedia of Earth
 NASA MODIS Terra BRDF/albedo product site 
 NASA MODIS BRDF/albedo product site 
 A discussion of Lunar albedos

Optics
Robin Olds (born July 14, 1922, died June 14, 2007) was a member of the United States Air Force. He was one of the first jet fighter pilots. In World War II, he flew a P-38 Lightning and a P-51 Mustang. In the Vietnam War, he was a commander and was angry about lack of dogfight training. He flew an F-4 Phantom II. In 1973, he retired from the Air Force at the rank of brigadier general. He had made 16 kills (12 in World War II, 4 in Vietnam). He had prostate cancer and died of heart failure.

1922 births
2007 deaths

American military personnel of World War II
Military people from Hawaii
American aviators
Lady Mary Grey (20 April 1545 – 20 April 1578) was the sister of Lady Jane Grey and Lady Katherine Grey. Her parents were Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey.

Life
Mary Grey's parents were disappointed with her birth, because she was a girl and a hunchback. She was described as "four foot tall and hunchbacked". 

Mary's life was not as exciting as her sisters, Jane and Katherine Grey. But after their death she was the last surviving grandchild of Mary Tudor, and therefore some people thought she might be heiress to the English throne. She married the royal gatekeeper Thomas Keyes in 1565 but this was without Queen Elizabeth's permission. But like her sister Katherine's marriage to Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, Queen Elizabeth was angry. Elizabeth claimed that she wanted "no bastard Keyes". Elizabeth put Mary under house arrest. She was released after the death of her husband in 1572 and was permitted to attend Court occasionally.

She died childless at age 33.
Other websites
Britannia.com
Life in Elizabethan England 

1545 births
1578 deaths
Grey, Lady Mary
English nobility
The German-speaking Community of Belgium (, short DGB) is one of the three federal communities in Belgium. It is the main part of the so-called East Cantons () of Belgium. It has an area of , and a population of over 73,000, of which almost 100% are German speaking (traditionally Ripuarian-speaking).

Its capital is Eupen; it is part of the province of Liège and borders on the Netherlands, Germany, and Luxembourg.

The area was known as Eupen-Malmedy, and is now called the East Cantons. It is made up of the German-speaking Community and the municipalities of Malmedy and Waimes (Weismes), which belong to the French-Speaking Community of Belgium.
The East Cantons were part of the Rhine Province of Prussia in Germany until 1920 but were annexed by Belgium following Germany's defeat in World War I and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles. Thus they also became known as the cantons rédimés, "redeemed cantons". The peace treaty of Versailles demanded the "questioning" of the local population about their political status.

This was not a secret vote, and anyone who did not want to become Belgian had to register their full name and address. Many locals feared reprisals or even expulsion after enlisting.

In the mid-1920s the kingdom of Belgium seemed to want to sell the region back to Germany. The French government told the Belgians to stop the Belgian-German talks about the deal.
In 1940 the new cantons were retaken by Germany in World War II. They had only been in Belgium for 20 years, so the majority of people of the east cantons still thought of themselves as German. Following the defeat of Germany in 1945 the cantons were once again taken over by Belgium.

In the early 1960s Belgium was divided into four language areas, the Dutch speaking Flemish area, the French speaking area, the bilingual capital of Brussels, and the German speaking area of the east cantons. In 1973, three communities and three regions were established and granted internal autonomy. The legislative Parliament of the German-speaking Community, Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft, was set up. Today the German-speaking Community has a degree of self government, especially in language and cultural matters, but it still part of French speaking Wallonia.

Some people want the German-speaking Community to be its own region. One of these is the current Minister-President Karl-Heinz Lambertz.
Government
The German-speaking Community has its own government, which is appointed for five years by its parliament. The Government is headed by a Minister-President, who acts as the "prime minister" of the Community, and is assisted by the Ministry of the German-speaking Community. The government currently formed by four Ministers:
 Karl-Heinz Lambertz, Minister-President and Minister for District Authorities
 Bernd Gentges, Deputy Minister-President and Minister for Vocational Training and Employment, Social Policy and Tourism
 Oliver Paasch, Minister for Education and Research
 Isabelle Weykmans, Minister for Culture and Media, Monuments and Sites, Youth and Sport

Towns and cities in the German-speaking Community

 Amel
 Büllingen
 Burg-Reuland
 Bütgenbach
 Eupen
 Kelmis
 Lontzen
 Raeren
 Sankt Vith
Other websites
 Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Official site of the German-speaking Community in Belgium
 Parliament of the DG
 Official site of Karl-Heinz Lambertz, the current premier
 The German-speaking Community (named Ostbelgien), belgium.be

Regions of Belgium
Wallonia
Liège (province)
County Durham is a county in north-east England. There are four different types of county:

 the historic County of Durham
 the administrative county of Durham
 the ceremonial county of Durham
 the non-metropolitan county of Durham

Its county town is Durham.

The form of the county name is unique in England. Many counties are named after their principal town, and the expected form here would be Durhamshire. But County Durham did not become a Shire/County until after the language of government was changed from Anglo-Saxon to Norman French in 1066. Previous to that it was a semi-independent Bishopric.
Durham County Council promotes the non-metropolitan county for tourism purposes as "The Land of the Prince Bishops" in reference to the former palatine jurisdiction of the bishops.

Definitions

Historic County 
The historic county covered from the Pennines in the west, the River Tees in the south, the North Sea in the east and the Rivers Tyne and Derwent in the north.
The county several had a number of exclaves: Bedlingtonshire, Islandshire and Norhamshire within  Northumberland, and Craikshire within the North Riding of Yorkshire. The historic boundaries were used for parliamentary purposes until 1832, and for law courts and local government until the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844, which merged most remaining exclaves with their surrounding county.

Administrative county 
In 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888 England and Wales was divided into administrative counties and county boroughs. Administrative counties, governed by an elected county council, were based on the historic boundaries, less larger towns which became self-governing as county boroughs.
In 1889 the administrative county of Durham consisted of the historic county less the county boroughs of Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland. The boundary with the North Riding of Yorkshire was adjusted: the part of the town of Barnard Castle that was in Yorkshire was added to County Durham, but the part of the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in Durham was given to the North Riding. For all non-administrative purposes, such as lieutenancy, the County of Durham comprised the administrative county and associated county boroughs.

Over its existence, the administrative county lost territory, both to the existing county boroughs, and also due to the creation of county boroughs at West Hartlepool in 1902 and Darlington in 1915. In 1967 the borough of Hartlepool was removed from the administrative county when it merged with West Hartlepool to form a new county borough of Hartlepool, and in 1968 Billingham was included within the boundaries of the county borough of Teesside, associated with the North Riding.
The administrative county was abolished in 1974.

Non-metropolitan county 
In 1974 Durham was divided between three counties.  The boroughs of Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees became a part of the new non-metropolitan county of Cleveland.  The metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear became responsible for Gateshead, Sunderland and South Tyneside. The new non-metropolitan county of Durham also covered the former area of Startforth Rural District, a part of the historic North Riding of Yorkshire, and south of the historical boundary of the River Tees.

The Department for Communities and Local Government has said that the seven district councils and the County Council will be abolished and a new unitary authority for the whole of the existing County Council area will be created. The change will be on 1 April 2009 at the latest. The successful Durham County Council bid referred to the new authority as County Durham Council.
Ceremonial county 
In 1997 the non-metropolitan county (including unitary Darlington), together with that part of the former county of Cleveland north of the River Tees became a ceremonial county. Lord-lieutenants and high sheriffs are appointed to the ceremonial county of Durham.  they have no job  in local government.

Settlements 

This is a list of the main towns in County Durham. The area covered is the entire ceremonial county, hence the inclusion of towns which are no longer administered by Durham County Council. 
 Barnard Castle, Billingham, Bishop Auckland
 Chester-le-Street, Consett
 Crook
 Darlington
 Durham
 Ferryhill
 Hartlepool
 Newton Aycliffe
 Peterlee
 Seaham
 Sedgefield
 Spennymoor
 Stanley
 Stockton-on-Tees
 Willington
 Parkhill

Places of interest
Auckland Castle, Bishop Auckland 
 Barnard Castle  
 Beamish Museum, in Stanley   
 Bowes Museum, in Barnard Castle  
 Causey Arch, near Stanley
 Durham Cathedral and Castle, a World Heritage Site
 Escomb Saxon Church, near Bishop Auckland
 Finchale Priory, near Durham city 
 Hamsterley Forest
 Hardwick Hall Country Park  near Sedgefield
 High Force and Low Force waterfalls, on the River Tees 
 Killhope Wheel, part of the North of England Lead Mining Museum in Weardale 
 Locomotion railway museum, in Shildon  
 No Place, near Stanley
 Pity Me
 Raby Castle, near Staindrop
 Tanfield Railway, in Tanfield 
 Parkhill FC

References

Other websites 
 Durham County Council
 Spennymoor Local History 
 One North East guides & brochures 
 Guided Walks Programme from Durham County Council 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
The Balkan mountain range (Bulgarian and Serbian: Стара планина, Stara planina, "Old Mountain") is an extension of the Carpathian mountain range, separated from it by the Danube River. The People who lived in the Balkan Mountains are called Balkandjii.

The Balkan range runs 560 km from eastern Serbia eastward through central Bulgaria to Cape Emine on the Black Sea.

The highest peak on the Balkan peninsula is Musala in the Rila mountains near Sofia (Rila range), with 2,925 m, closely followed by Mount Olympus in Greece and Vihren (Pirin range).

The highest peaks of the Stara planina itself are in central Bulgaria. The highest peak is Botev (2,376 m), in the Central Balkan National Park (established 1991).
Passes 
There are paved roads crossing Stara Planina at the following passes (listed from west to east):
 Petrohan Pass: Sofia–Montana
 Iskar Gorge (Iskarski prolom ): Sofia–Vratsa (also railroad)
 Vitinya Pass: Hemus motorway (A2), Sofia–Botevgrad
Beklemeto Pass: Troyan–Karnare
 Shipka Pass: Gabrovo–Kazanlak (also railroad)
 Pass of the Republic (Prohod na republikata): Veliko Tarnovo – Gurkovo
 Vratnik Pass: Elena–Sliven
 Kotel Pass (Kotlenski prohod): Kotel–Petolachka (Pentagram) crossroads
 Varbitsa Pass (Varbishki prohod): Shumen–Petolachka crossroads
 Rish Pass (Rishki prohod): Shumen–Karnobat
 Luda Kamchiya Gorge (Ludokamchiyski prolom): Dalgopol–Karnobat (also railroad)
 Dyulino Pass (Dyulinski prohod): Varna–Aitos
 Obzor Pass (Obzorski prohod): Varna–Burgas, future Cherno More motorway (A3)

Peaks 
 Midžor 2,169 m is the highest peak in Central Serbia
 Botev Peak 2,376 m (named after Hristo Botev)
 Vezhen
 Kom
 Buzludzha
 Levski (named after Vasil Levski)

Related pages
 Balkans

References
References

Other websites 

 Regional tourist association 
 Stara Planina
The Carpathian Mountains are the eastern wing of the great Central Mountain System of Central Europe, curving 1500 km (~900 miles) along the borders of Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Austria, Serbia, and northern Hungary.

Geography 

The Carpathians begin on the Danube near Bratislava. They surround Transcarpathia and Transylvania in a large semicircle, sweeping towards the south-west, and end on the Danube near Orşova, in Romania. The total length of the Carpathians is over 1,500 km, and the mountain chain's width varies between 12 and 500 km.

The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the Danube.

Divisions

Horizontal division 
 Outer Carpathians, containing the Outer Western Carpathians and Outer Eastern Carpathians, usually including the corresponding Outer Carpathian Depressions
 Inner Carpathians, containing the Inner Western Carpathians, Inner Eastern Carpathians, and all the remaining Carpathians
A major part of the western and northeastern Outer Carpathians in Poland, Ukraine and Slovakia is traditionally called Beskids.

Vertical and general division
What follows is a practical outline of the Carpathian subdivisions (clockwise from the west, numbers refer to the map):
 Western Carpathians:
 1 Outer Western Carpathians:
 Austrian - South-Moravian Carpathians
 Central Moravian Carpathians
 Slovak-Moravian Carpathians
 West-Beskidian Piedmont
 Western Beskids
 Central Beskids
 Eastern Beskids
 Podhale-Magura Area
 2 Inner Western Carpathians:
 Slovenské rudohorie (Slovak Ore Mountains)
 Fatra-Tatra Area
 Slovenské stredohorie
 Lučensko-košická zníženina
 Mátra-Slanec Area/Northern Medium Mountains
 South Eastern Carpathians (= Eastern Carpathians in a wider sense):
 Eastern Carpathians:
 3 Outer Eastern Carpathians:
 4 Inner Eastern Carpathians:
 5 Southern Carpathians (also known as Transylvanian Alps):
 Făgăraş Mountains group
 [arâng Mountains group
 Retezat-Godeanu Mountains group
 6 Romanian Western Carpathians:
 Apuseni Mountains
 Poiana Ruscă Mountains (sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)
Banat Mountains (sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)
 7 Transylvanian Plateau (sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all):
 Transylvanian Plateau
 Mureş-Turda Depression
 Făgăraş Depression
 Sibiu Depression
 8 Serbian Carpathians (sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians, or not considered part of the Carpathians at all)
 Outer Carpathian Depressions (they surround the Carpathians and are normally considered part of the corresponding adjacent above main groups)
Squamata ("scaled reptiles") is the order of reptiles which includes lizards and snakes, and the Amphisbaenia. 

Their skins have overlapping horny scales. They also have movable quadrate bones, which make it possible to move the upper jaw relative to the braincase. This is particularly visible in snakes, which are able to open their mouths very wide to accommodate comparatively large prey. 

They are the most variably-sized order of reptiles, ranging from the 16 mm (0.63 in.) Dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus ariasae) to the 8 m (26 ft.) Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus).

This is the only living reptile group which has both viviparous and ovoviviparous species, as well as the usual oviparous (egg-laying) reptiles.

The Squamata does not include the Tuataras from New Zealand. They are a sister group to the squamates. The Crocodilia are much more distantly related.
Evolution 
Squamates are a monophyletic group that is a sister group to the tuatara. The squamates and tuatara together are a sister group to crocodiles and birds, the living archosaurs. 

Squamate fossils first appear in the early Jurassic, but a mitochondrial phylogeny suggests that they evolved in the late Permian. The evolutionary relationships within the squamates are not yet completely worked out, with the relationship of snakes to other groups being most problematic. 

From morphological data, Iguanid lizards have been thought to have diverged from other squamates very early, but recent molecular phylogenies, both from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, do not support this early divergence. Because snakes have a faster molecular clock than other squamates, and there are few early snake and snake ancestor fossils, it is difficult to resolve the relationship between snakes and other squamate groups.
Evolution of venom 
Recent research suggests that the evolutionary origin of venom lies deep in the squamate phylogeny. 60% of squamates are venomous Toxicofera.  

Venom in the families Caenophidia, Anguimorpha, and Iguania evolved once, then the three families diverged. All three lineages share nine common toxins. The fossil record shows that the divergence between anguimorphs, iguanians, and advanced snakes dates back roughly 200 MYA to the Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic.

Snake venom evolved by the duplication of a gene encoding for a normal regulatory or bioactivity protein. Then the copy was expressed in the venom gland. 

Different toxins have been recruited from different proteins and are diverse as the functions themselves.
Natural selection has driven the diversification of the toxins to counter the defences of the prey. Venom genes form large multigene families, and evolve by protein evolution. This leads to a diversification of toxins that let sit-and-wait predators attack a wide range of prey. 

The rapid evolution and diversification is the result of a prey/predator evolutionary arms race where each adapts to counter the other.

Taxonomy 
Classically, the order is divided into three suborders:

 Lacertilia, the lizards;
 Serpentes, the snakes;
 Amphisbaenia, the worm lizards.

Of these, the lizards form a paraphyletic group.  In newer classifications the name Sauria is used for reptiles and birds in general, and the Squamata are divided differently:
Suborder Iguania (the iguanas and chameleons)
 Suborder Scleroglossa
 Infraorder Gekkota (the geckos)
 Infraorder Anguimorpha (the monitors, Gila monster, and slow-worms)
 Infraorder Scincomorpha (skinks, whiptail lizards and common European lizards)
 Suborder Serpentes (the snakes)
 Infraorder Alethinophidia (vipers, boas, cobras, etc.)
 Infraorder Scolecophidia (blind snakes)
 Suborder Amphisbaenia

References
Pingu is a mature cartoon series for adults about a penguin called Pingu. The series is popular in many countries because the characters only make sounds instead of saying words.

History
Pingu was made in Switzerland and United Kingdom on May 28, 1986. The show was made by Otmar Gutmann. It aired on CBBC from 1990 to 2002 and Cbeebies from 2002 to 2015. From 1993 to 2003, VHS releases were by BBC's Toybox line. As of 2003, all releases for DVD's are by HiT Entertainment.

Characters
The cast of Pingu includes the family and friends of Pingu.

 Pingu is the main character of the cartoon. He is a cheerful and bright emperor penguin. When he makes loud noises, his beak looks like a trumpet. 
 Pinga is the younger sister of Pingu. She is a little tomboyish.
 Robby is seal and a friend of Pingu. He is very clever and an artist.
 Pingi is Pingu's girlfriend.
 Pingo, Pingg, Pongi and Punki are friends of Pingu.
 Papa and Maman are Pingu's parents.

Episodes
Episodes

Original series
Season 1
 Pingu is Introduced
 Pingu Helps with Incubating
 Pinga is Born
 Pingu Goes Fishing
 Pingu Helps to Deliver Mail
 Pingu is Jealous
 Pingu and the Snowball Fight
 Pinga is Left Out
 Pingu Plays Fish Tennis
 Pingu and the Avalanche Incident
 Pingu Plays Ice Hockey
 Pingu and Pinga Don't Want to Go to Bed
 Pingu on Makeshift Skis
 Pingu Runs Away from Home
 Pingu Builds an Igloo
 Pingu has Music Lessons
 Pingu in the Ice Cave
 Pingu's Tobogganing
 Pingu's Lavatory Story
 Pingu at School
 Pingu's Grandfather is Ill
 Pingu and Pinga Play Circus
 Pingu and the Organ Grinder
 Pingu and his Friends Play Too Loudly
 Pingu's Parents Go to a Concert
 Pingu's Dream
Season 2
 Pingu at the Doctor
 Pingu's Admirer
 Pingu and the Seagull
 Pingu Surfing on the Ice
 Pingu's First Kiss
 Pingu's Curling Party
 Pingu as an Icicle Player
 Pingu as a Chef
 Pingu's Family Celebrate Christmas
 Pingu's Outing
 Pingu and the Camera
 Pingu's Parents Have No Time
 Pingu and the Packing Material
 Pingu and the Apprentice Magician
 Pingu's Birthday
 Pingu at the Fairground
 Pingu as Babysitter
 Pingu Cannot Lose
 Pingu and the Disabled Penguin
 Pingu and the Gift
 Pingu's Hospital Visit
 Pingu on the School Trip
 Pingu Visits the Kindergarten
 Pingu and the Stranger
 Pingu Helps Around the House
 Pingu Builds a Snowman
Season 3
 Pingu the Cross Country Skier
 Pingu's Museum Visit
 Pingu's Grandfather Comes to Visit
 Pingu's Big Trip
 Pingu Pretends to be Ill
 Pingu the Painter
 Pingu's Prank
 Pingu and the Bird's Mother
 Pingu Argues with his Mother
 Pingu and the Message in a Bottle
 Pingu has an Idea
 Pingu and the Broken Vase
 Pingu and the Paper Plane
 Pingu Seeks Revenge
 Pingu and the Mix Up
 Pingu and the Toy
 Pingu Plays Superman
 Pingu has a Fishing Competition
 Pingu Hides a Letter
 Pingu is not Allowed to Join in the Games
 Pingu Draws a Winner
 Pingu and the Ghost
 Pingu and the Postcard
 Pingu and the Discovery
 Pingu Steals
 Pingu and the Lost Ball
Season 4
 Pingu's Disadvantage
 Pingu Refuses to Help
 Pingu the Mountaineer
 Pingu and the Big Fish
 Pingu Shows What He Can
 Pingu Clears the Snow
 Pingu has a Day Off
 Pingu the Archer
 Pingu gets a Warning
 Pingu and the Magnet
 Pingu gets Help
 Pingu in Paradise
 Pingu's Dangerous Joke
 Pingu the Pilot
 Pingu Teases Pinga
 Pingu's Wish
 Pingu is Curious
 Pingu gets Organaised
 Pingu Builds a Tower
 Pingu the King
 Pingu the Baker
 Pingu and the Doll
 Pingu Helps Grandfather
 Pingu on a Bad Day
 Pingu Loses the Bet
 Pingu and his Cup
Revived series
Season 5
 Pingu's Bouncy Fun
 Pingu Finishes the Job
 Pingu Digs a Hole
 Pingi's Valentine Card
 Pingu Wants to Fly
 Pingu's Windy Day
 Pinga's Lost Rabbit
 Pingu's Moon Adventure
 Pinga's Sleepwalks
 Robby the Snowboarder
 Pingu has the Hiccups
 Like Father, Like Pingu
 Pingu's Ice Sculptures
 Pinga's Balloon
 Pingu and the Knitting Machine
 Pingu's Balancing Act
 Pingu Gets Lost
 Pingu and Pinga Go Camping
 Stinky Pingu
 Pingu and the Band
 Pingu and the Snowball
 Pingu's Stick Up
 Pingu and the Doorbell
 Pingu Plays Tag
 Pingu's Pancakes
 Pingu's Bedtime Shadow
Season 6
 Pingu's Sledge Academy
 Pingu and the Hose
 Pottery Pingu
 Pingu and the Litter
 Mother's New Hat
 Poor Pinga
 Pinga in a Box
 Pingu and the Present
 Pingu and the Toy Shop
 Pingu and the Paper Mache
 Sore Tummy Pingu
 Pingu gets Carried Away
 Pingu and the School Pet
 Pampering Pingu
 Green Eyed Pingu
 Pingu Wraps Up
 Pingu and the Fish Flute
 Pingu Boogaloo
 Pingu and the Daily Igloo
 Pingu and the Rubberband Plane
 Pingu and the Braces
 Pingu's Big Catch
 Pingu and the New Scooter
 Pingu and the Paint
 Pingu Makes a Big Splash
 Pingu and the Abominable Snowman

Personality of Pingu
He does not like green vegetables. They upset him.
His birthday is 22nd August.
Pingu's favorite toy is a bear doll, and Pinga's one is a rabbit doll.
He likes music.
Broadcast
In the United Kingdom, the BBC aired the original version of Pingu on the Children's BBC slot on BBC One from 1990 onwards. In 2002, when the BBC created the CBBC channel, it was moved to its preschool channel CBeebies. They used the original cartoon title card for series 1-2, and the first 13 episodes of series 3 used the claymation-inspired intro. JimJam contains all of the show's 156 episodes and Pingu at the Wedding Party, but it contains the re-dubbed versions of series 1-2, and contains the original version of the special, without the titles and credits.

Home video releases

Reception
Pingu received mostly positive reviews, Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars stating "Parents need to know that this claymation series is funny, endearing, and entertaining. Although the series is appropriate for all ages, the plots might be difficult for the youngest viewers to follow".

References

Other websites
Pingu official website
Pingu at Toonopedia
Animated characters
1990 television series debuts
1990s television series
2000s television series
2006 television series endings
Fictional penguins
Swiss culture
The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra (Tatry in both Slovak and Polish), constitute a mountain range which forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. They occupy an area of 750 km², the major part (600 km²) of which lies in Slovakia. The highest Tatra peak, at 2655 m, is Gerlachovský štít, located in Slovakia. Rysy, at 2499 m, is the highest Polish peak.

The Tatra Mountains are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains. Although considerably smaller than the Alps, they are classified as having an alpine landscape. Their high mountain character, combined with great accessibility, makes them popular with tourists and scientists.

Bibliography 
Ján Lacika, Tatras (2nd edition), Bratislava 2006.

Other websites 

 Town of Vysoké Tatry  – municipal website
 Zakopane – municipal website
 TANAP  – Slovak Tatra National Park
 TPN – Polish Tatra National Park

Commercial tourism-oriented websites 
 Tatry.cz  – travel guide (mainly Slovak side)
 Go-Zakopane.com – travel guide (mainly Polish side)
Mountaineering 
 Tatry on ogdos.com  – mountaineer's notes

Photography 
 Atypical images of the Tatras 
 Spherical panoramas 
 Panoramic view from Rysy (2499 m)

Movies 
 Ski movie filmed in 1930

Mountain ranges of the Carpathians
Geography of Poland
Geography of Slovakia
Franklin G. Wells (March 4, 1932 – April 3, 1994) was the former President of Warner Bros. (1973–1977) and the Walt Disney Company (1984–1994). He climbed the highest mountain of every continent, but he did not reach the summit of the Mount Everest.

Frank Wells was born in 1932. At age 37, he became the Vice President of Warner Brothers, in 1973 the President and in 1977 the Vice Chairman. In 1982 he left Warner Bros. to pursue his dream of climbing to the top of the highest mountain on each continent. In 1984, he became part of the Disney concern as the second man behind Michael Eisner. Since 1984 he was the President and the Chief Operating Officer (COO). With Wells and Eisner at the top Disney became again one of the leading entertainment companies.
Frank Wells died in a helicopter crash on April 3, 1994 at age 62 while returning from a ski trip. The Disney animation movie, The Lion King, is dedicated to him.

1932 births
1994 deaths
Aviation deaths
Businesspeople from California
Disney people
Perfect could mean:

 Perfection (concept), a philosophical concept
 Perfection (law), a legal concept
 Perfect aspect, a grammatical concept
 
In mathematics:
 Perfect number
 Perfect group
 Perfect set
 Perfect graph

In biology:
 In botany and mycology, an organism is considered perfect if it is capable of sexual reproduction; otherwise it is imperfect.
 Fungi in the Division Deuteromycota (informally called the Fungi imperfecti) are so classified because sexual reproduction is unknown (or may not occur) in these species.
 A flower is called "perfect" (or synoecious) if it has both male and female reproductive parts. A perfect or hermaphroditic flower has both stamens and an ovary. If a flower has just male or just female parts it is termed 'imperfect'.

In music:
 Perfect interval, one of these music intervals:
 Perfect octave
 Perfect fifth
 Perfect fourth
 Perfect unison
As a proper name:
 Perfect (film)
 Perfect Records, a record label
 Perfect Developer, a tool for developing computer 
 Perfect, Alanis Morissette song
 Perfect, Fairground Attraction song
 Perfect John Cale song
 "Perfect" (Sara Evans song)
 Perfect, Simple Plan song
 Perfect, Smashing Pumpkins song
 "Perfect" (True Faith song)
 "Perfect" (Flyleaf song)
 Perfect (Exceeder), a song by Mason vs. Princess Superstar
 Perfect (Princess Superstar song), the original, unremixed, version of the aforementioned song
 Perfect (band), a band from Poland
 Perfect (Sam Shaber album)
The Bodhi Tree was a large and very old sacred fig tree (Ficus religiosa), which grew at the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya. Siddhartha Gautama, the spiritual teacher and founder of Buddhism, later known as Gautama Buddha, achieved Bodhi (spiritual enlightenment) while sitting under this tree. The Bodhi tree is easily recognised because of its heart-shaped leaves.

The word "Bodhi tree" is also applied to some existing trees, particularly the Sacred Fig growing at the Mahabodhi Temple, which is probably a direct descendant of the original tree. This tree is a frequent place for pilgrims to visit, being the most important of the four holy sites for Buddhists.

Historical events

The Bodhi tree at the Mahabodhi Temple is called the Sri MahaBodhi. According to Buddhism, after his Enlightenment, Buddha spent a whole week in front of the tree, standing with unblinking eyes, gazing at it with gratitude. A shrine was later built where he had stood.
The spot was used as a shrine even in the lifetime of Buddha, the only shrine that could be so used. King Asoka held a festival every year in its honor in the month of Kattika. His queen, Tissarakkhā, was jealous of the Tree, and three years after she became queen (i.e., in the nineteenth year of Asoka's reign), she caused the tree to be killed by means of mandu thorns. The tree, however, grew again, and a great monastery was attached to the Bodhimanda called the Bodhimanda Vihara. Among those present at the foundation of the Mahā Thūpa are mentioned thirty thousand monks from the Bodhimanda Vihara, led by Cittagutta.

To Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Some Part of Bodhi Tree was sent to Sri Lanka by Ashoka which was planted in 288 BC, making it the oldest verified specimen of any plant. In this year (the twelfth year of King Asoka's reign) the right branch of the Bodhi tree was brought by Sanghamittā to Anurādhapura and placed by Devānāmpiyatissa in the Mahāmeghavana. Buddha, on his death bed, had resolved "Mahavamsa" From Gayā, the branch was taken to Pātaliputta, then to Tāmalittī, where it was placed in a ship and taken to Jambukola, across the sea; finally it arrived at Anuradhapura, staying on the way at Tivakka. Those who assisted the king at the ceremony of the planting of

The trees of other Buddhas
According to the Ceylon Chronicles (e.g., Mhv.xv), branches from the Bodhi trees of all the Buddhas born during this kalpa were planted in Ceylon on the spot where the sacred Bodhi tree stands today in Anurādhapura. The branch of Kakusandha's tree was brought by a nun called Rucānandā, Konagamana's by Kantakānandā (or Kanakadattā), and Kassapa's by Sudhammā.

Other websites

The Bodhi-Tree Meditation
History of Bodhi-Tree

References 

Trees
Buddhism
Moraceae
National symbols of Nepal