Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In November 1938 there was a pogrom (an attack) against the Jews. This became known as Kristallnacht, the Night of the Broken Glass. Friedrich and Pauline Kellner tried to help their Jewish neighbors. The Kellners were warned by the Nazi leaders that they would suffer the same fate as their neighbors if they continued their resistance. Kellner was told he and his wife would be sent to a concentration camp if he continued to be a "bad influence" on the people of Laubach. A report written by the district Nazi leader, Hermann Engst, shows that authorities were planning to punish Kellner at the end of the war. Because he could not continue to speak out openly, Kellner wrote down his thoughts in a secret diary. He wanted his son, and the coming generations, to know that democracy must not give in to dictatorships. In the diary, he warns everyone to resist tyrants and terrorism, and to not believe in their propaganda.

The Diary
The Diary 

The diary has 10 volumes with a total of 861 pages. It contains 676 individually dated entries. The entries are from September 1939 through May 1945. More than 500 newspaper clippings are pasted on the pages of the diary. 

Friedrich Kellner was an eyewitness to the events of his time. In his diary, he also offers a guide for future generations to prevent totalitarianism. He warns everyone to resist any ideology that would take away their personal freedoms, and he warns everyone to turn away from any belief that ignores the sanctity of human life.

One of the most important entries in the diary was written on October 28, 1941. Most Germans after the war said that they knew nothing about the Holocaust. However, very early in the war Kellner recorded this in his diary. He showed that even in the small towns, normal people knew what was happening:
“A soldier on vacation here said he witnessed a terrible atrocity in the occupied parts of Poland. He watched as naked Jewish men and women were placed in front of a long deep ditch and, upon the order of the SS, were shot by Ukrainians in the back of their heads and they fell into the ditch. Then the ditch was filled with dirt even as he could hear screams coming from people still alive in the ditch. 
These inhuman atrocities were so terrible that some of the Ukrainians, who were used as tools, suffered nervous breakdowns. All the soldiers who had knowledge of these bestial actions of these Nazi sub-humans were of the opinion that the German people should be shaking in their shoes because of the coming retribution.
There is no punishment that would be hard enough to be applied to these Nazi beasts. Of course, when the retribution comes, the innocent will have to suffer along with them. But because ninety percent of the German population is guilty, directly or indirectly, for the present situation, we can only say that those who travel together will hang together.”
After the war 

At war’s end, Kellner helped to establish the SPD in Laubach, and he became the regional party chairman. He was the deputy mayor of Laubach in 1945 and 1946. From 1956 to 1960 he was First Town Councilor and deputy mayor. 

Friedrich Kellner was the chief justice inspector and administrator of the courthouse in Laubach until 1947. For the next two years he was the district auditor in the regional court in Giessen. He retired in 1950, but he continued to be a legal advisor in Laubach.

Kellner’s son, who had emigrated to America, died in 1953. In 1960 Kellner’s grandson, Robert Scott Kellner, traveled to Germany to meet his grandfather. Kellner gave his ten-volume diary to his American grandchild. He wanted him to translate it into different languages and bring it to the attention of the public.

On November 4, 1970, Friedrich Kellner died.  He was buried at the side of his wife in the Mainz cemetery.
Film 
In 2007, the Canadian film company, CCI Entertainment of Toronto, made a documentary film about both Friedrich Kellner and his grandson Robert Scott Kellner.  The film is called, My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner.

References

Other websites 

 Diary Entries in German and English
 George Bush Presidential Library - Kellner exhibit
 Justus Liebig University - Kellner Project
 Telefilm Canada - "My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner" 
 Holocaust Museum Houston - Kellner exhibit 
 Heimat Museum, Laubach, Germany - Kellner exhibit 

1885 births
1970 deaths
Accountants
Deputy mayors
German historians
The 1996 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad, were held in Atlanta, United States from July 19 to August 4.

Centennial Olympic Park bombing 

Eric Rudolph, a Christian fundamentalist, bombed the Centennial Olympic Park on July 27. Alice Hawthorne was killed in the explosion when a nail from the bomb penetrated her skull. Melih Uzunyol, a Turkish cameraman, had a fatal heart attack while running to the scene.  The bomb wounded 111 others.

Medal table 
These were the top 10 teams at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Key
 Host nation (United States)

References

1996 Summer Olympics
1996 in sports
1996 in Georgia (U.S. state)
The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, were held in Los Angeles, California, United States from July 28 to August 12.

Boycotting countries

Fifteen countries took part in the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics:
Listed in the chronological order of their withdrawal, not by alphabetical or any geographical order.
  Afghanistan
  American Samoa
  Angola
  Brunei
  Bulgaria
  Cook Islands
  Cuba
  Czechoslovakia
  East Germany
  Ethiopia
  Guam
  Hungary
  Laos
  Maldives
  Mongolia
  North Korea
  Poland
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  Soviet Union
  South Africa
  South Yemen
  Upper Volta
  Vanuatu
  Vietnam

All the Asian countries above also boycotted at the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul, South Korea.

Five other countries also boycotted the games, citing political reasons, but were not part of the Soviet-led boycott:
  Albania
 
 
  Libya
 

Further to this, Kampuchea was largely unrecognized, and in any case would not have been allowed to compete.
References

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1984 Summer Olympics

1984 Summer Olympics
The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as Games of the X Olympiad, were held in Los Angeles, United States.

U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not attend the games. Despite this snub, the games were thought to be a success because the LA Olympics did not end up in debt.

Los Angeles was the first to provide an athletes' "village".

Participating nations
A total of 37 nations sent athletes to compete at the Los Angeles games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 IOC page for the 1932 Summer Olympics

Olympics
1932 in the United States
Summer Olympic 1932
Summer Olympic 1932
20th century in Los Angeles, California
The 1992 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were held in Barcelona, Spain from 25 July to 9 August.

References

Other websites 
 IOC site for the Barcelona 1992 Olympics
The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were held in Seoul, South Korea from September 17 to October 2.

References

Other websites 
 IOC page on the Seoul 1988 Olympics

Olympics
 
1980s in South Korean sport
Charles Aznavour (22 May 1924 – 1 October 2018) was an Armenian-French singer, songwriter and actor. He was one of France's most popular and long lasting singers, and also one of the most well-known French singers in other countries.

Career
He appeared in more than 60 movies and written more than 1000 songs (including 150 in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German).

He has sold over 100 million albums. Aznavour started his final tour in late 2006. Aznavour was born as Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavouryan in Paris, the son of Armenian immigrants Michael Aznavouryan & Knar Baghdasaryan. His parents introduced him to the world of theatre at an early age. He dropped out of school at the age of nine, already aspiring to the life of an artist. He began to perform at this time, and soon took the stage name "Aznavour" which he was know by for the rest of his career.
His big break came when the singer Edith Piaf heard him sing and arranged to take him with her on tour in France and to the USA. Aznavours voice is shaded towards the tenor range, but possesses the low range and coloration more typical of a baritone, contributing to his unique sound.

Death
On 1 October 2018 it was announced that Aznavour had died at his home in the village of Mouriès in the south of France at the age of 94. An autopsy report said Aznavour died of cardiopulmonary arrest caused by pulmonary edema.

Film 
1989: Charles Aznavour Armenia 1989 Armenfilm ( Gyumri, Leninakan,Nostradamus, General Andranik, Sumgayit, Karabagh)
movie director Levon Mkrtchyan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHEd5L1i6gg

References

Other websites 
 
 Official site 
 Original discography, catalogue and discussion group  

1924 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary edema
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
French movie actors
Armenian diaspora
French singers
French songwriters
The Pallavas dynasty rose in Tamil Nadu (South India) during the seventh century under Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla Narasimhavarman I. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the second century. After the fall of the Satavahanas, they began to get control over parts of Andhra and the Tamil country. The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and Pallavamalla Nandivarman II.

Royal dynasties
7th-century establishments in India
Former monarchies of Asia
Pallava dynasty
The Pandyan kingdom பாண்டியர் was an ancient Tamil state in South India of unknown antiquity. Pandyas were one of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms (Chola and Chera being the other two) who ruled the Tamil country from pre-historic times until end of the 15th century. They ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southern most tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai.

Royal dynasties
15th-century disestablishments
Former monarchies of Asia
Dynasties in India
Dynasties in Tamil Nadu
Rockabilly is an early type of rock and roll music. It developed in the 1950s in the United States. Rockabilly was very popular amongst teenagers. Many parents of teenagers did not like rockabilly music, because it had lyrics which talked about rebelling against rules, sex and drinking alcohol. Rockabilly musicians often wear slicked-back hair, jeans, and leather jackets.

Rockabilly music
Rockabilly music has musical styles from blues music and country music. It uses the acoustic guitar, the electric guitar, the double bass, drums, and singing. Some Rockabilly songs also use the piano or the harmonica. Rockabilly music usually has a strong rhythm from the double bass being played in a "slap" style. Rockabilly singers often use a wide range, with high notes and many shouts like “go man go” and "yeah!"
Rockabilly musicians
One of the earliest musicians who played rockabilly music was Elvis Presley. Another famous rockabilly musician was Carl Perkins, who wrote the popular song Blue Suede Shoes. Jerry Lee Lewis was a piano player who sang. Jerry Lee Lewis was known for his crazy behavior on stage, which audiences liked. Lewis would play the piano with his feet, elbows and butt.

Gene Vincent was a rockabilly musician who wore black leather and sang songs about sex and getting into trouble. Vincent's most popular song is “Be-Bop-A-Lula”. Eddie Cochran wrote songs about teen life, and had hit songs like “Summertime Blues” and “C’mon Everybody.”

Rockabilly revival
Rockabilly became popular again in the 1980s, when bands such as the Stray Cats became popular. In the 1990s and 2000s, there are still many bands playing rockabilly music or music influenced by rockabilly, such as Tiger Army.

Sources

Rock music
Blu-ray Disc is a high-density optical disc format similar to DVD. Blu-ray is the type of disc used for PlayStation 3 games and for playing high-definition (HD) movies. In the past, there were other standards for such movies, such as the HD DVD format. Blu-ray won what is called the format war between 2006 and 2008.

A dual-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50GB (gigabytes) of data. This is over five times the capacity of a DVD, and over 70 times more than a CD or VCD.

The disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers, and released in 2006. The format was developed for recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data.

Older optical disc technologies such as DVD, DVD±R, DVD±RW, and DVD-RAM used a red laser to read and write data. The new format used a blu laser instead. This is where the name is from.

Related pages 
 DVD
 HD DVD
 Compact disc (CD)

Other websites
Other websites 

 Blu-ray Disc Association 
 The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ by Hugh Bennett
 Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD 

Optical discs
Video Discs
The Stray Cats were a Rockabilly band from the United States. They had several hit songs in the 1980s. The Stray Cats played a style of pop music called Rockabilly, which mixes 1950s-style rock and roll, blues music, and country music together. The Stray Cats' music is like the 1950s Rockabilly songs by Elvis Presley and Carl Perkins. Three of the bands' hit songs were "Runaway Boys," "Rock This Town," and "Stray Cat Strut."

The Stray Cats band was formed in 1979 by Brian Setzer, with two of his school friends Leon Drucker (who used the stage name "Lee Rocker") and James McDonnell (who used the stage name "Slim Jim Phantom"). These young men lived in Massapequa, New York.

The Stray Cats wore blue jeans and leather jackets, and had their hair slicked back. The Stray Cats had a singer who played electric guitar, a double bass player, and a drummer.
Albums 
 Stray Cats (1981)
 Gonna Ball (1981)
 Built For Speed (1982)
 Rant N' Rave With The Stray Cats (1983)
 Rock Therapy (1986)
 Blast Off! (1989)
 Let's Go Faster! (1990)
 Choo Choo Hot Fish (1992)
 Original Cool (1993)
 Stray Cats: The Definite Greatest Hits (2000)
 Stray Cats: Rumble In Brixton(2004)
 40 (2019)

American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from New York (state)
The National Security Advisor, officially known as the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, serves as the top advisor to the President of the United States on national security issues. This person serves on the National Security Council within the President's Executive Office.

The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President, and does not have to be approved by the United States Senate. The current National Security Advisor is Jake Sullivan.

List of National Security Advisors

References

United States National Security Advisors
The Chera dynasty (Tamil: சேரர் Malayalam: േചര ) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties who ruled the southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE.  The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala  and Tamil Nadu states of India.

Royal dynasties
Dynasties in India
Dynasties in Tamil Nadu
The Chola dynasty (சோழர் குலம்) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India until the 13th century. The dynasty came from the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. 
Karikala Chola was the most famous among the early Chola kings, while Rajaraja Chola, Rajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I were famous emperors of the medieval Cholas.

The Cholas were at the height of their power during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries. Under Rajaraja Chola I (Rajaraja the Great) and his son Rajendra Chola, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in Asia. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the South to as far North as the banks of the Ganges River in Bangladesh.

Ancient India
Royal dynasties
Dynasties in Tamil Nadu
Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum , .., 1905 – March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand (), was a Russian-born American writer, screenwriter, playwright and philosopher.

She published several popular books in the United States during the mid-1900s, including her two best-selling novels, Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead, plus We the Living and Anthem. Her novels promoted a viewpoint of laissez-faire  capitalism as a political and social goal. It is a kind of political philosophy known in the U.S.A. as libertarian conservatism. She called this philosophy 'objectivism'.

Her husband was American actor and artist Frank O'Connor.
Life 
Rand was born in St. Petersburg, Russia and grew up during the Russian Revolution, in the years after World War I. She left Russia to visit relatives in Chicago in the United States when she was 21 years old. She did not want to return to live under Communism, and stayed in the US. She changed her name, partly to protect her family in Russia. Rand moved to California to become a movie writer.

Movies at the time did not have sound, and stories were mimed on camera. Dialogue was not important, so Rand could write simple stories while she improved her English language skills.

Rand met Frank O'Connor on a movie set, when they both appeared as extras. When O'Connor married Rand in 1929, she could live permanently in America. She later became an American citizen. O'Connor gave up his acting career, to work full-time so Rand could write full-time. Later he retired, when Rand's work made a good income. He began painting late in his life. He died in 1979.
Rand was a longtime tobacco smoker. She had lung cancer, but she recovered from the disease after surgery. She died of cardiovascular disease in New York City on March 6, 1982.

Books 
Rand's first book was We the Living. It is about life in Russia during and after the Russian Revolution, and how life in the later Soviet Union destroys the dreams and hopes of its main characters, who are mostly young people.

Her second book was Anthem, which is a science fiction novella, a dystopian story about a man named Equality 7-2521 who lives in a future society. In that place, everybody is given their name by the government, and nobody can use the words "I" or "me". He escapes from this society with a partner, to live freely in a house in a hidden place.
Her stage play Woman on Trial (better known as Night of January 16th) used audience members as a jury, to decide the play's outcome (by voting the lead character guilty or not guilty) each time it was performed. Some celebrities, such as Helen Keller, appeared as jury members.

Her third novel was The Fountainhead. It is about an architect, who wants to have control over his building designs, and does not like when he has to compromise his building designs. The Fountainhead became a best-seller, and was made into a movie starring Gary Cooper and Patricia Neal.

Her fourth novel was Atlas Shrugged. It is her longest book. It was also a best-seller. It tells a story about a worldwide economic crisis. This is caused by the best minds in business, industry, and science, and after a while all thinking people, quitting their jobs and disappearing. This is a protest against government regulations that get in the way of their work or make it harder to do.
The more that governments get in the way, the worse conditions become, until society collapses. A new future begins when the people who disappeared return, and governments adopt laissez-faire principles, that do not try to control how businesses work, or misuse innovations.

After writing Atlas Shrugged, she wrote non-fiction books about her Objectivist ideas. She published The Objectivist Newsletter, which then became The Objectivist magazine, with contributions by other writers. She also published The Ayn Rand Letter, a later newsletter about her ideas. Rand's views are typical libertarian–conservative views. Freedom of the individual, the evils of 'large' government, the economic benefits of low taxes and 'small' government, the 'open' society: these are values which run through all her work.
Beliefs 
Rand invented a philosophy that she called "Objectivism". She was against communism, socialism, and collectivism, which are political systems where a community or the government of a country takes charge of distribution of that country's goods and products.

She opposed altruism, which she viewed as a form of self-sacrifice. She favored a form of rational selfishness.

She also thought that countries should have very small governments. Rand did not think that welfare payments to poor people were a good thing, because this involves using force to take money away from others. She believed that charity (giving money away) could be a good thing if the person giving the money wanted and chose to do it, but she did not think that people should be expected or forced to give away their money.

She was against religion, and was an atheist.

Selected bibliography

Novels
We the Living (1936)
The Fountainhead (1943)
Atlas Shrugged (1957)
Other fiction
Night of January 16th (1934)
Anthem_(novella) (1938)
Non-fiction
For the New Intellectual (1961)
The Virtue of Selfishness (1964)
Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (1966)
The Romantic Manifesto (1969)
The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution (1971)
Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (1979)
Philosophy: Who Needs It (1982)

References

Other websites 

 Frequently Asked Questions on Ayn Rand 
 Ayn Rand -Citizendium

1905 births
1982 deaths
American atheists
American philosophers
American screenwriters
Jewish American writers
Jewish atheists
Libertarians
Russian Jews
Russian philosophers
Russian screenwriters
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Russian playwrights
Anti-communists
Laubach is a town in the district of Giessen, in Hesse, Germany. Laubach is known as a “Luftkurort," which means “fresh air resort.” Laubach is a small town. It has a population of about 10,000 people. It is  east of the city of Giessen. Surrounding Laubach are the small towns of Hungen, Grünberg, Schotten and Lich.

The Laubach woods are part of the foothills of the Vogelsberg (Bird Mountain). Laubach is an area of interest to tourists because it has many historic and colorful half-timbered (fachwerk) buildings,. The main attraction is the castle. The castle was built in the thirteenth century. It belongs to the Count Solms-Laubach family. One of the largest private libraries in Europe is inside the castle. The castle library has more than 120,000 books and manuscripts. In the Johann Gutenberg Museum in Mainz is an original Gutenberg Bible which came from the castle library. The castle grounds include a large park. There is a lake for swans in the park. The park is open to the public without charge.
Other buildings of interest
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Laubach used to be named St. Maria. The oldest part of the church was built in the twelfth century. The church was renovated in the eighteenth century. Inside the church is a baroque organ.

The main street of Laubach is Friedrichstrasse. On this street is the former district courthouse , and the city hall, and the Heimat Museum.

The Heimat Museum  is the local history museum. It was originally built near the town of Gonterskirchen in 1750 by Count August Solms-Laubach. The building was moved to its present location in 1832. For many years it was a school. Now it is a museum. In the museum is a permanent exhibit honoring Friedrich Kellner.

Laubach people
Laubach people

 Sophie von Solms-Laubach (1594-1651)
 Philipp Erasmus Reich (1717-1787), bookseller and publisher
 Felix Klipstein (1880-1941), artist
Klipstein grew up in Laubach and Belgium. He studied art in France and Spain. In 1909 he returned to Laubach with his wife, the writer Edith Blass.
 Georg Friedrich Solms-Laubach (1899 - 1969)
 Friedel Münch, head of Münch Motorcycle Works
 Friedrich Kellner, (1885 - 1970)
Kellner was the chief justice inspector in Laubach during WWII. He wrote a secret diary about the misdeeds of the Nazis. He became deputy mayor and first town councilman of Laubach. He was also chairman of the Laubach Social Democratics SPD. A Canadian documentary about Kellner was filmed on location in Laubach.

Laubach in the Media

Literature 
 Helmut Nachtigall: Die Fachwerkhäuser Alt-Laubachs. Laubach 1975

Movie 
 My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner, CCI Entertainment, Toronto, Canada

References

Other websites

Giessen (district)
Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (30 August  or 4 December  1962 – 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Russian Security Service. Later he was a dissident and writer who was later poisoned and killed in 2006.

In September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia was responsible for Litvinenko's poisoning.

Background
Litvinenko worked for the KGB and the FSB through the 1980s and 1990s. Later, he accused his bosses of planning to assassinate Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky. As a result, he was arrested, but later released by Russian authorities. Afterwards, he fled to the United Kingdom and was given British citizenship.

While he was in Russia, Litvinenko tried to publish a book in which he said President Vladimir Putin rose to power with help of the FSB. He said the FSB tried to cover this up by frightening Russians by bombing apartment buildings in Moscow. He said the FSB then pinned the blame on terrorists operating from Chechnya.
On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly became sick and was hospitalized. He died in London three weeks later, as a result of poisoining by polonium-210. The news of his death spread around the world, and many felt the poisoning was done by the Russian government. Vladimir Putin and Kremlin spokesmen have repeatedly denied this, and many new leads have been taken upon during the case. Although there are some suspects and theories in the murder, no official arrest has been made yet.

How the poison works 
Unlike most common radiation sources, polonium-210 emits only alpha particles. These do not penetrate even a sheet of paper or human skin. Thus they are invisible to normal radiation detectors. Hospitals only have equipment to detect gamma rays. Both gamma rays and alpha particles are classified as ionizing radiation, and can cause radiation sickness.
An alpha-emitting substance can cause damage only if taken in (as food or drink) or inhaled (breathed in). It acts on living cells like a short-range weapon.p327 Litvinenko was tested for alpha-emitters using special equipment only hours before his death.

Related pages
 Boris Berezovsky

References 

1962 births
2006 deaths
2000s crimes in the United Kingdom
Soviet colonels
KGB people
People murdered in London
Russian intelligence people
Assassinated Russian people
Russian writers
Unsolved murders in the United Kingdom
Coprophilia is a sexual fetish people have where they enjoy coming into contact with feces. Possible other names for coprophilia include scat-play, scat kink, or shit kink. Coprophilia is said to be liking the smell, taste, or feel of feces in a sexual way. The feeling can be either through touching the skin or through rubbing the penis head against feces. Enjoyment can also be made from the feeling of feces passing through the anus, or having a sexual partner excrete feces onto their chest.

Eating feces is also known as coprophagia. This is bad for one's body. A person who eats feces is at risk of falling ill with  hepatitis, infection, and HIV/AIDS. Those with weak immune systems should not eat feces.  There are also social problems with eating feces. It causes bad breath, is commonly seen as disgusting, and is taboo.
There are those who make movies involving coprophilia and coprophagia. This is called scatology. One of the more famous pornographic films involving coprophila is known as Hungry Bitches, a pornographic movie produced by MFX Media. The opening scene that became an internet reaction video trend is known as Two Girls One Cup. Creators would have a friend, family member, or sibling watch Two Girls One Cup and record and post their (usually digust-filled and comedic) reaction to the film.

Paraphilias
The Kalabhra dynasty ruled over entire Tamil country in South Indian between the 3rd and the 6th century C.E..

They won over the ancient Chola, Pandya and Chera dynasties and replaced them. There is little information about their origin and details about their reign. They did not leave any monuments. The only source of information on them are to be found in Buddhist and Jain literature. They were displaced around the 7th century by the revival of Pallava and Pandya power.

Hindu scholars and authors who wrote in the 7th and 8th century C.E. when Pandya and Pallava had taken over again have written very little about the Kalabhra in their texts. Perhaps therefore the period of their rule is known as a ‘Dark Age’ – an interregnum.

600 disestablishments
250 establishments
Royal dynasties
Kerala
Former monarchies of Asia
Dynasties in Tamil Nadu
7th-century disestablishments in Asia
3rd-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in India
Disestablishments in India
NASCAR Cup Series
The NASCAR Cup Series is the highest level of racing in NASCAR. Drivers race in 36 races a year, and the driver with the most points at the end of the year is awarded the NASCAR Cup. The closest championship battle was in 2011, and was won by Tony Stewart, who finished the season tied in driver points with Carl Edwards. Stewart won the Cup with five race wins on the season to Edwards' one. This ended a streak of five Sprint Cup wins by Jimmie Johnson. Kyle Busch was the 2019 Cup Series champion. It was his second championship. He won his first championship in 2015.
Richard Petty, Dale Earnhardt, and Jimmie Johnson have the most NASCAR Cup Series championships. They each have seven championships.

Xfinity Series
The Xfinity Series is often called the minor series of NASCAR. Drivers who wish to drive in the NASCAR Cup series often race here first. Drivers race in 33 races, and the driver with the most points at the end of the year becomes the Xfinity Series champion.
Tyler Reddick is one of the few drivers who have won multiple Xfinity Series championships. The most championships ever won in the Xfinity Series by a single driver are 2. Drivers who have won 2 championships include Sam Ard, Jack Ingram, Larry Pearson, Randy LaJoie, Dale Earnhardt Jr., Martin Truex Jr., Kevin Harvick, Ricky Stenhouse Jr., and Tyler Reddick.

Camping World Truck Series
The Camping World Truck Series is pickup truck racing. This series is often known simply as the "Truck Series". The drivers race in 23 races a year. The driver with the most points at the end of the year is called the Gander Outdoors Truck Series Champion.
The series began in 1995 with American department store Sears as sponsor, using its well-known Craftsman brand of tools. The first season was known as the SuperTruck Series presented by Craftsman; the name changed to Craftsman Truck Series the next year. Sears ended its sponsorship of the series after the 2008 season. Camping World, which sells camping supplies and parts and services for recreational vehicles, became the new sponsor in 2009. In 2019, Gander Outdoors became the title sponsor. In 2022, the series is called the Camping World Truck Series. Ben Rhodes in the 2021 Truck Champion.

Ron Hornaday, Jr. has the most NASCAR Truck Series championships. He has four championships.
The history of NASCAR
The unofficial racing that became NASCAR started during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s. From 1920 to 1933, it was illegal for people in the United States to sell or drink alcoholic beverages. Even though it was illegal, people still made beer and whiskey (or also known as "moonshine"), and the makers needed people to drive their illegal whiskey to their customers. The drivers were known as "bootleggers". These bootleggers were known for making their cars' engines faster and driving fast. Eventually, they got together and started racing to see whose car was the fastest. These unofficial races became NASCAR. TV coverage of NASCAR races has grown considerably since it started in 1972.

Other websites 
NASCAR.com, the official site of NASCAR 
Racing-Reference.info - Race Results and Driver Statistics for NASCAR and more, run by NASCAR

References

 
1920s establishments in the United States
A monument is a statue, building, or something else made to remember a person or important event.  They are often designed as artistic objects to improve the look of a city or place.

Related pages 
Memorial

Other websites 
 Website of Monuments and Sculptures in UK
Monument may mean:
Monument, a statue, building, or other edifice created to commemorate a person or important event
Monuments (album), a 1998 album by DJ Doran
Bank and Monument stations, a station on the London Underground
Monument Metro station, a station on the Tyne and Wear Metro
"Monument", a song by Depeche Mode from their 1982 album A Broken Frame
"Monument", a song by Fates Warning from their 1994 album Inside Out
"Monument", a song by The Crüxshadows from their 1999 album The Mystery of the Whisper
"Monument", a song by Avail from their 2002 album Front Porch Stories
"Monument", a song by Champion	from their 2002	album Count Our Numbers
Wikinews is a free-content news wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The news articles are written by users working together with each other. Old articles are archived, and protected so that people cannot change it anymore, except if an edit request is given. Every article has a talk page where people can talk about the news in the article. The article is then peer-reviewed by an editor to see if it is ready to be published, and to publish it if it is.

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Sources

Other websites 
 Wikinews: Multilingual Portal

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Websites established in 2004
The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were held in Moscow, Soviet Union from July 19 to August 3.

Concerns and controversies
1980 Summer Olympics boycott: U.S. President Jimmy Carter instigated a boycott of the games to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, as the Games were held in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union. Many nations refused to participate in the Games. The exact number of boycotting nations is difficult to determine, as a total of 66 eligible countries did not participate, but some of those countries withdrew due to financial hardships, only claiming to join the boycott to avoid embarrassment. Iran also boycotted the Moscow Games owing to Ayatollah Khomeini's support for the Islamic Conference's condemnation of the invasion of Afghanistan. Only 80 countries participated in the Moscow games, fewer than the 92 that had joined the 1976 games and the lowest number since the 1960 Rome Games which had also featured 80 countries
. A substitute event, titled the Liberty Bell Classic, often referred to as Olympic Boycott Games, was held at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia by 29 of the boycotting countries.
Sixty-five countries that were invited to the 1980 Olympics, plus Qatar, did not participate for various reasons, including support for the boycott and economic reasons. (Qatar's 1980 IOC recognition came too late for it to be invited.) Taiwan refused to participate as a result of the 1979 Nagoya Resolution, in which the People's Republic of China agreed to participate in IOC activities if Taiwan was referred to as "Chinese Taipei". However, China boycotted the 1980 Moscow Games as well.

  (preparing for the 1992 Olympics)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games". A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols. The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.
Polish gold medallist pole vaulter Władysław Kozakiewicz showed an obscene bras d'honneur gesture in all four directions to the jeering Soviet public, causing an international scandal and almost losing his medal as a result. There were numerous incidents and accusations of Soviet officials using their authority to negate marks by opponents to the point that IAAF officials found the need to look over the officials' shoulders to try to keep the events fair. There were also accusations of opening stadium gates to advantage Soviet athletes, and causing other disturbances to opposing athletes.

Medals by country 
These are the 10 countries that won the most medals in the 1980 Summer Olympics.

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1980 Summer Olympics

References
The 500s was a decade that began on 1 January 500 and ended on 31 December 509.

Events 
Clovis I, king of the Franks, defeats the Visigoths at the battle of Vouille in 507, decisively forcing the Visigoths into Spain, and securing supremacy over Gaul
506 – Byzantine Empire and Persia accept a peace agreement based on status quo.
506 – Dara in Syria is fortified by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I as a frontier against Persia.

500s
The 480s was a decade that began on 1 January 480 and ended on 31 December 489.

Events
481 – Clovis I becomes king of the Franks upon the death of Childeric I (or 482)
481 – Baekje, Silla, and Daegaya form an alliance against Goguryeo.
488 – Theodoric the Great becomes king of the Ostrogoths.
488 – Kavadh I succeeds Balash in Persia.
Below are some of the important events that happened from 930 to 939.



930
 The Althing of the Icelandic Commonwealth is founded.  It is now one of the world's oldest parliaments.
 Emperor Suzaku ascends to the throne of Japan.
 Prince Bei, oldest brother of the Khitan Emperor, leaves for China.

Deaths 
 Emperor Daigo of Japan
 Ma Yin

931
 Ramiro II of León becomes king of Kingdom of León.
 Eric Bloodaxe becomes the second king of Norway.
 March – Pope John XI succeeds Pope Stephen VII as the 125th pope.

Births 
 Adelaide of Italy, wife of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
 Emperor Muzong of Liao

Deaths 
 Emperor Uda of Japan
 King Harald I of Norway

932
 Wildeck Castle is built by King Henry I in Zschopau, Germany.
 The movie Monty Python and the Holy Grail is set in this year.

Births 
 Empress Xiao, empress and regent of the Liao

Deaths 
 Qian Liu
Deaths 
 Qian Liu

933
 15 March – Henry the Fowler defeats the Magyars in the Battle of Riade.
 Cotentin and Jersey are taken by William I, Duke of Normandy.
 The Kingdom of Lower Burgundy is given to King Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy.

Deaths 
 King Alfonso IV of Leon
 December 15 – Li Siyuan, Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang

934
 The German king Henry I, the Fowler defeat King Gnupa and take Hedeby.
 The Eldgjá volcanic eruption is the largest basalt flood in history.
 Einsiedeln Abbey is founded.

Births 
 Dong Yuan, Chinese painter

Deaths 
 Meng Zhixiang, Chinese general
 Queen Emma of France 
 St Gervadius Irish Saint
 Ubayd Allah, political and religious leader, founder of the Fatimid Caliphate
935
 The Fatimid dynasty makes a third failed attempt to conquer Egypt.
 Córdoba is thought to be the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Baghdad.
 Haakon the Good, son of Harald Fairhair, once again brings together the Norwegian lands.
 Gyeon Hwon, the king of Hubaekje, is overthrown by his eldest son Singeom.
 The Later Shu Kingdom is founded by Meng Zhixiang in Chengdu.

Births 
 Ferdowsi Tousi, Persian poet

Deaths 
 Harald Fairhair, King of Norway
 Wenceslas I, Duke of Bohemia

936
 The Kings of Wessex take control of Devon.
 Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Aachen.
 King Taejo of Goryeo defeats Hubaekje.
 Prince Bei, elder brother of the Liao Dynasty emperor, is murdered by the Later Tang Dynasty.
 Ibn Muqlah, Islamic calligrapher, is disgraced and imprisoned in Baghdad.
 Pope Leo VII succeeds Pope John XI as the 126th pope.

Births
 Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Moorish scholar
 Li Houzhu, last Chinese emperor of the Southern Tang
Deaths
 Henry I the Fowler, King of the Germans
 Gyeonhwon, King of Hubaekje

937
 Battle of Brunanburh: King Athelstan of England defeats the Viking king of Dublin, the Scots, and Strathclyde.
 September 21 – Magdeburg becomes capital of the Holy Roman Empire.

Births 
 Duke William IV of Aquitaine
 Gu Hongzhong

Deaths 
 July 11 – King Rudolph II of Burgundy
 July 14 – Duke Arnulf I of Bavaria

938
 The Liao Dynasty takes over Peking.
 Battle of Bach Dang: Vietnam wins its independence from China.

Births 
 Hugh Capet, King of France

Deaths 
 Lady Ise, Japanese poet

939
 Edmund I of England became King of England
 July 14 – Pope Stephen VIII succeeds Pope Leo VII as the 127th pope.
 Arabs lose Madrid to the Kingdom of León.

Births 
 Emperor Romanos II of the Byzantine Empire
 Emperor Taizong of Song

Deaths 
 October 2 – Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine
 October 27 – Æthelstan, King of the English

930s
The 890s was the decade that started on January 1, 890 and ended on December 31, 899.

Events
 891  – Battle of Leuven (891) between the Franks and the Vikings
 893 December 28 – An earthquake destroys the city of Dvin in Armenia.
 Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896
 896 April – Pope Boniface VI succeeds Pope Formosus as the 112th pope.
 896 May – Pope Stephen VI (also referred to as Stephen VII) succeeds Pope Boniface VI as the 113th pope.
 897 August – Pope Romanus succeeds Pope Stephen VI as the 114th pope.
 897 November – Pope Romanus is deposed.
 897 December – Pope Theodore II succeeds Pope Romanus as the 115th pope, but dies twenty days later.
 897 – Emperor Uda of Japan is succeeded by Emperor Daigo.
 898 January – Pope John IX succeeds Theodore II as the 116th pope.
 899 - Edward the Elder becomes King of Wessex.

Deaths
 Alfred the Great – 899
The 950s was a decade that started on 1 January 950 and ended on 31 December 959.

950
 World population is thought to be 250 million.
 Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia makes peace with Otto I.
 The Later Han Dynasty in China falls.

Births 
 June 12 – Emperor Reizei of Japan 
 Erik the Red

Deaths 
 Hywel Dda ("the Good") of Wales
 Al-Farabi, philosopher

951
 Allat the Maharana of Mewar comes to power.
 The Later Zhou Dynasty is founded by Guo Wei in China.
 The Northern Han Kingdom is founded by Liu Min in northern China.

Births 
 Gregory of Narek, Armenian monk, poet, and theologian
 Saint Romuald

Deaths 
 Emperor Shizong of the Liao Dynasty 
 2 January – Liu Chengyou, Emperor Yin of the Later Han Dynasty

952
 Kalbid forces defeat the Byzantines in Calabria.

Births 
 Emperor Gongdi of Later Zhou

Deaths 
 Emperor Suzaku of Japan
 Hugh, Duke of Burgundy

953
 Liudolf, Duke of Swabia and Conrad the Red rebel against German King Otto I.
Births 
 Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine
 Herbert III, Count of Vermandois
 Al-Karaji, Persian mathematician and engineer
 Kisai Marvazi, Persian poet

Deaths 
 Abas I of Armenia, King of Armenia
 Ismail al-Mansur. third Fatimid Caliph
 Empress Dowager Yingtian of the Liao Dynasty
 Muhammad bin Musafir, Sallarid ruler of Tarum and Iranian Azerbaijan
 Rasso, Bavarian count, military leader, pilgrim, and saint.
 Rhodri ap Hywel, king of Deheubarth

954
 King Máel Coluim I of Scotland is killed in battle against the Highlanders. He is succeeded by Indulf I of Scotland.
 Chateau Chinon is built by Theobald I of Blois.
 Edred becomes king of all England.

Births 
 Alphege, Archbishop of Canterbury 
 Wang Yucheng

Deaths 
 September 10 – King Louis IV of France 
 King Eric I of Norway
 Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou
 Feng Tao
 Liu Min

955
 August 10 – Otto I the Great defeats Magyars in the Battle of Lechfeld.
 Eadwig becomes King of England.
 December 16 – Pope John XII succeeds Pope Agapetus II as the 130th pope.
Births 
  Ælfric of Eynsham, English abbot

Deaths 
 November 23 – Eadred, King of England

956
 An earthquake badly damages the Lighthouse of Alexandria.

Deaths 
 April 8 – Gilbert of Chalon, Duke of Burgundy
 Ali al-Masudi, Arab historian, geographer and philosopher

957
 Japan: The Tenryaku Era ends, and the Tentoku Era begins.
 The Chandra Hindu Dynasty ends.  This starts a time of chaos in areas belonging to modern-day India.
 Olga of Kiev converts to the Eastern Orthodox Church

Births 
 Gormlaith of Lienster, wife of Olaf Cuarran, Malachy II and Brian Boru

Deaths 
 September 6 – Liudolf, Duke of Swabia

958
 Probable date of the start of the Marche dynasty.
 King Kshemgupta of Kashmir dies. He is succeeded by his young son Abhimanyu. Didda, his mother, becomes de facto ruler.
 The Later Zhou Dynasty goes against Liao Dynasty positions in the Sixteen Prefectures.  They are defeated.
 Battle of Raban: Byzantines under John Tzimiskes defeat Sayf al-Dawla
Births 
 Basil II, Byzantine Emperor
 Samuil of Bulgaria
 Vladimir I, Prince of Kievan Rus

Deaths 
 King Gorm the Old of Denmark
 Masudi, Arab geographer, historian, and physicist
 Tuathal mac Augaire, King of Leinster, Ireland

959
 October 1 – Edgar becomes King of England.
 Dunstan becomes bishop of Worcester, England and London.
 Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne divides the Duchy of Lorraine with his nephew Frederic.

Births 
 Emperor En'yū of Japan

Deaths 
 October 1 – King Eadwig of England
 November 9 – Constantine VII, Byzantine Emperor 
 Ælfsige, Archbishop of Canterbury
 Chai Rong 

950s
Jenna Jameson (born Jenna Marie Massoli on April 9, 1974) is a former American porn star. She grew up in Montana. She started making pornographic movies in 1993. Within three years, she had won the three awards in the adult movie industry. She has since won more than 20 adult movie awards, and has been inducted into both the X-Rated Critics Organization and Adult Video News Halls of Fame.

In 2004, she wrote an autobiography, How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale. The book was at the top of the New York Times Best Seller list for six weeks.

Born a Roman Catholic she officially converted to Orthodox Judaism in 2016, so she could marry her Israeli boyfriend.

On January 12, 2022, Jameson announced that she was suffering from Guillain–Barré syndrome.

References
References

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Las Vegas
Actors from Montana
American adult models
American autobiographers
American crime victims
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American pornographic actors
American Roman Catholics
Bisexual Jews
Businesspeople from Las Vegas
Businesspeople from Montana
Converts to Judaism
Former Christians
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish models
Jewish sex industry people
Models from Nevada
Writers from Montana
Writers from Nevada
AVN Award winners
The Klingon Language Institute (KLI) is an organization who helps to teach and learn the Klingon language. Klingon is a language that has been made for the television show Star Trek. In the television show, the Klingons are a fictional (made-up) alien people who do not come from Earth.

: language opens worlds - motto of the Klingon Language Institute.

General 
The KLI is in Flourtown, Pennsylvania (USA). The organization started in 1992. For many years, students of the KLI got a small book called  (Klingon for language science) four times a year. Today, they can only get this booklet through the internet. Each year they have a meeting called ''' (the Klingon word for big meeting). Every student of the KLI can go to this meeting. At the meeting, they can speak and learn the Klingon language.

At the "" of the year 2003, a documentary movie about the KLI was made. Its name isEarthlings: Ugly Bags of Mostly Water. This movie was shown at the Cannes Film Festival in France.