Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Double Falcon (also possibly Dju and Nebwy) was a Predynastic pharaoh of Lower Egypt belonging to Dynasty 0. The exact timeline of his reign is unknown, although it is estimated to be during the 33rd century BCE. The length of his reign is unknown.

Discovery 
In 1910  M. J. Clédat, an Egyptologist, discovered the first evidence for king Double Falcon. A farmer at el-Mehemdiah in the north-eastern delta brought him a jar and some incised fragments found while planting a palm-grove in nearby el-Beda. Clédat soon discovered four serekhs of king Double Falcon.

In 1912  Hermann Junker found a tomb at Tura, which contained a complete jar with a serekh topped by two falcons.
Name 
The serekh of Double Falcon is unique. Firstly, it is the only one topped by two Horus falcons, facing each other. Secondly, the serekh does not have a place for the name. Instead this space is filled by vertical lines which usually represent the niched facade of a palace. The serekh does not have the horizontal line that separates the palace facade from the name of the ruler above. Finally, each falcon stands on its own peak. Experts believe that these features are symbolic. The two falcons could represent Lower Egypt and the Sinai, as it seems that Double Falcon reigned over both regions. Dreyer believes that the falcons stand on a on a sign meaning "mountain" which is N26 of Gardiner's sign list: N26 He reads the name as Dju (), so that the name of the king is shown by a pair of falcons on mountains above a plain serekh. But another expert, van den Brink, reads the name as Nebwy (), meaning "the two lords", and similar to a much earlier palette on display in the Barbier-Mueller Museum of Geneva.
References 

Predynastic Pharaohs
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Alcohol withdrawal (also called alcohol withdrawal syndrome) is medical problem. It is a set of symptoms that can happen when a person who has drunk alcohol for a long time stops drinking. It can also happen when a person starts drinking less than they used to.

Alcohol withdrawal can be very dangerous. In the worst cases, it can even kill a person. This is why it is dangerous for people who drink a lot to stop drinking without talking to a doctor first.

Why does withdrawal happen?
Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. This means that alcohol slows down the activity in some parts of the brain. This can create good feelings, like feeling relaxed and happy.

If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, eventually their body will get used to the alcohol. After a while, the person will need to drink more and more alcohol to feel drunk and to slow down parts of their brain. This is called tolerance.
Once the body is used to having alcohol (and having parts of the brain slowed down), suddenly taking away the alcohol will cause withdrawal symptoms. The central nervous system is used to being slowed down by alcohol. So without alcohol, the central nervous system gets very excited and over-active.

A person who gets tolerant to alcohol, and gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking, is physically dependent on alcohol. This is also called physical addiction.

Who gets alcohol withdrawal?
Not everybody who drinks a lot of alcohol gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop. No one knows why some people get withdrawal symptoms and others do not.

About half of people with alcoholism will get withdrawal symptoms if they drink less than usual. About 5% to 20% of patients withdrawing from alcohol will get the most dangerous form of alcohol withdrawal: delirium tremens.  About 1/3 (one out of three) people who have withdrawal seizures will get delirium tremens.
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal are mostly caused by a central nervous system that is over-excited and working too hard.

Everybody has a different set of withdrawal symptoms. Some people have only mild symptoms, like being unable to sleep or feeling anxious. Other people have very bad, life-threatening symptoms, like delirium, hallucinations, very high blood pressures, and very high fevers.

Withdrawal usually begins 6 to 24 hours after a person takes their last drink. Acute withdrawal can last for up to one week.
Diagnosis
To be diagnosed with alcohol withdrawal syndrome, patients must have at least two of these symptoms:.
 Tremors in the hands
 Insomnia (trouble sleeping)
 Nausea or vomiting
 Hallucinations (seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not really there)
 Anxiety
 Being agitated (unable to sit still)
 Tonic-clonic seizures (seizures where the person is not awake and jerks around)
 Autonomic instability (quickly changing symptoms related to the autonomic nervous system, like high blood pressure and high fevers

How bad are the symptoms?
Many things affect how bad alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be. The most important things are: 
 How much alcohol a person has drunk;
 How long the person has been drinking; and
 Whether the person has had alcohol withdrawal symptoms before
Symptoms are also grouped together and put into categories based on how bad they are:
Alcohol hallucinosis: Patients may see, hear, or feel things that are not there, but have no other symptoms. These hallucinations will stop when alcohol withdrawal is over.
Withdrawal seizures: Seizures happen within 48 hours after the person stops drinking alcohol. A person may have a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure, or a brief episode of multiple seizures. 
Delirium tremens: This is the worst form of alcohol withdrawal, and can kill a person. It usually happens 24 to 72 hours after the person stops drinking alcohol. For more information, see the page on delirium tremens.
Order of symptoms
Every person goes through alcohol withdrawal differently. Even the worst of alcohol withdrawal symptoms can happen as soon as 2 hours after a person stops drinking. Because of this, it is best to talk to a doctor, go into the hospital, or get treatment before a person stops drinking alcohol. In many people, however, symptoms usually happen in this order:

Six to 12 hours after the last drink:
 Shaking (tremor)
 Headache
 Sweating
 Anxiety
 Nausea or vomiting
 Insomnia

Twelve to 24 hours after the last drink:
 Confusion
 Hallucinations
 Tremors
 Agitation (being unable to relax)

24 to 48 hours after the last drink:
 Some alcoholics will have seizures, and may even go into status epilepticus. This can kill a person.
 The person will still have all of the other symptoms they had earlier.
48 hours after the last drink:
Usually, people will start to feel better after 48 hours. But sometimes, after 48 hours, alcohol withdrawal can still get worse and turn into delirium tremens. Delirium tremens can last anywhere from 4 to 12 days.

Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS)
Acute alcohol withdrawal usually lasts only a week. But many alcoholics have what is called Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS) (also called "protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome). This means that some withdrawal symptoms continue beyond the acute withdrawal stage. Some withdrawal symptoms can last for at least a year after a person stops drinking.
Symptoms
Symptoms of post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) can include:
 Cravings for alcohol (wanting alcohol very, very badly)
 Anhedonia (not being able to enjoy things that a person normally likes)
 Not seeing, hearing, tasting, hearing, or smelling things as well as usual
 Feeling disoriented (meaning a person does not know who they are, where they are, or what is going on)
 Nausea and vomiting
 Headaches

Insomnia is also a common symptom of PAWS. It often keeps happening after acute (immediate) alcohol withdrawal. Research has showed that people with insomnia are more likely to relapse (start using alcohol again). Studies have found that magnesium or trazodone can help treat insomnia in recovering alcoholics.

For some people, the acute phase of alcohol withdrawal can last longer than usual. Protracted (longer than usual) delirium tremens has been reported in medical research, but is not common.
Treatment
People with bad alcohol withdrawal symptoms often need to go into a hospital to make sure they are safe while they are withdrawing from alcohol.

Many different medicines can help with the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal:

Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. They can help decrease alcohol withdrawal symptoms and prevent seizures.

The most commonly used benzodiazepines are long-acting (medications whose effects last a long time), like chlordiazepoxide and diazepam (Valium). These seem to be the best medicines for treating delirium, and do not have to be given as often.
Although benzodiazepines work very well at treating alcohol withdrawal, they should be carefully used. Benzodiazepines should only be used for short periods in alcoholics. This is because alcoholics are more likely to get addicted to benzodiazepines. There is a risk of replacing an alcohol addiction with benzodiazepine dependence or adding another addiction. Also, both alcohol and benzodiazepines are depressants. If a person takes both at the same time, they are more likely to get depression or become suicidal.

Vitamins
Alcoholics often do not have enough of certain vitamins in their bodies. One of these important vitamins is thiamine. If a person does not have enough thiamine in their body, they can get serious health problems and even brain damage.
When a person is going through alcohol withdrawal, the most important vitamins are thiamine and folic acid. If an alcoholic who stops drinking does not have enough of these vitamins, they can get Wernicke syndrome, a very serious brain problem. To keep this from happening, people who have stopped drinking alcohol are often given thiamine and folic acid intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein). They may also be given other vitamins. This can help prevent Wernicke syndrome.

Anticonvulsants
Sometimes, anticonvulsant (anti-seizure) medicines are given to try to prevent seizures.

Some evidence says that topiramate (Topamax), carbamazepine (Tegretol), and other anticonvulsants are helpful in treating alcohol withdrawal; however, research is limited.

Other studies have shown that benzodiazepines work just as well as anticonvulsants.

Other medicines
Clonidine may be used along with benzodiazepines to help some of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.
Antipsychotic medicines, such as haloperidol, are sometimes used along with benzodiazepines to control agitation or psychosis. However, antipsychotics have to be used carefully. They can make alcohol withdrawal worse, since they make it more likely for a person to have a seizure.

Prognosis
If alcohol withdrawal is not treated correctly, people can die or have permanent brain damage.

Alcoholics often cannot stop drinking alcohol after their withdrawal symptoms are over. Often, they need support for months or years after withdrawal is over.

Related pages
 Alcoholism
 Delirium tremens

References

Alcoholism
Pilot Butte is a town in Saskatchewan, Canada. It has over 2,100 people living in it. Most people live in town but drive into the nearby city Regina to work. The town got its name after the hill (or butte) that it surrounds. Pilot Butte is sometimes known as the "Sand Capital of Canada" because of all of the sand and gravel it has. The Pilot Butte Storm are a junior ice hockey team that play in Pilot Butte.

Towns in Canada
Settlements in Saskatchewan
1882 establishments
1880s establishments in Canada
A basidium (plural basidia) is a microscopic type of spore-producing cell found on certain fungi. Most often the basidia are elongated and club  shaped. But there is variation in the shape. A basidium usually bears four sexual spores called basidiospores.

References 

Fungi
Comedy may be divided into many genres. The genre may depend on the source of humor, how the joke is told, and context.

Comedy
Genres
Cocaine withdrawal happens when a person who uses a lot of cocaine stops using cocaine.  It can also happen when a person who uses a lot of cocaine starts using less cocaine than they did before.

Cocaine (also called coke) is a powerful stimulant.  It is an illegal drug outside of hospital usage.  It makes people feel very happy, talkative, energetic, and not want to eat as much food.

Side effects of cocaine

Cocaine's most dangerous side effects include:
 Increased body temperature (high fever)
 Irregular heart rate or rapid heart rate
 High blood pressure
 Increased risk of heart attack
 Strokes
 Sudden death from cardiac arrest
 Sudden aggression
 Sudden very bad paranoia
 Feeling, seeing, or hearing things that are not really there (hallucinations), including feeling like there are insects under the skin (this is called formication or coke bugs)
Withdrawal effects of cocaine
After using cocaine regularly, some users will become addicted.  When a person who is used to using cocaine stops right away, they will go through what is called a "crash" along with many of other cocaine withdrawal symptoms, like:

 Paranoia
 Depression
 Exhaustion (feeling very tired)
 Anxiety
 Itching
 Mood swings (quick changes in emotions)
 Irritability (feeling easily annoyed)
 Fatigue (feeling tired), sleeping many hours
 Insomnia (trouble sleeping)
 A very strong craving for more cocaine
 Nausea and vomiting.

Some cocaine users also report having similar symptoms to schizophrenia patients and feel that their mind is lost. Some users also report formication: feeling like things are crawling on the skin (also called, "coke bugs" or "spiders").  These symptoms can last for weeks or, in some cases, months.
Even after many withdrawal symptoms go away, most users feel like they need to keep using cocaine. This feeling can last for years and may get worse during times of stress.  About 30-40% of cocaine addicts start using other kinds of drugs or alcohol after they stop using cocaine.

Treatment

Therapy
Twelve-step programs like Cocaine Anonymous (modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous) have been widely used to help people addicted to cocaine.  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Motivational Therapy (MT) have proven to be more helpful than 12-step programs in treating cocaine dependency. However, both of these approaches have a fairly low success rate.

Ibogaine has been researched a treatment for cocaine dependency.  It is used in clinics in Mexico, the Netherlands, and Canada, but it cannot be used legally in the United States.
Non-drug treatments like acupuncture and hypnosis have been studied.  However, these studies have not clearly shown that acupuncture or hypnosis helps with cocaine withdrawal.

Cocaine addiction continues to be the second-most difficult addiction to manage, behind heroin addiction.

Medications
Medications that have been studied to treat cocaine withdrawal include acetylcysteine, baclofen, bupropion, vanoxerine,  and vigabatrin.

Kim Janda has been working for years on a vaccination that would treat cocaine use disorders.

The anti-depressant desipramine, and the stimulants methylphenidate and pemoline, have been used to treat cocaine dependence in people who also have a mental illness.

Several drugs have been used to treat cocaine withdrawal and cravings:
 The anti-convulsant drug carbamazepine (Tegretol);
 Medicines which increase the amount of dopamine in the brain, like L-DOPA/carbidopa
 Amino acids
 Tyrosine
 Tryptophan
Finally, drugs have been used to cause an "aversion reaction" (a very bad reaction) when given with cocaine.  The most common of these drugs is phenelzine.

Reward-based treatments
On February 14, 2011, two Swiss psychologists published two years' research on cocaine addiction.  They found that addicts who gambled were less likely to use cocaine or to relapse on cocaine.  They think gambling may refocus the brain's "reward center" from cocaine to gambling.  They said that psychotherapy should be used along with gambling.  More research is being done on long-term relapse rates (the number of people who eventually start using cocaine again).
However, a more recent study looked at prize-based contingency management: a treatment method that offers addicts chances to win prizes if they do not use cocaine.  This study found that prize-based contingency management helped cocaine addicts stay off cocaine, whether or not they had gambled recently.  This suggests that it is the chance of a reward, not the gambling itself, that helps cocaine addicts stay off of cocaine.

References

Addiction
Naloxone (often called Narcan), is a medication.  It is used to reverse the effects of opioid painkillers, especially when a person has overdosed on opioids.  Examples of opioids include: 
 Morphine (often called MSIR or MS Contin)
 Oxycodone (often called Percocet (when mixed with acetaminophen), OxyIR, or OxyContin)
 Hydrocodone (often called Vicodin when mixed with acetaminophen)
 Methadone
 Meperidine (Demerol)

These painkillers are central nervous system depressants.  This means they slow down certain areas of the brain.  If a person takes too many opiates, this can shut down the part of the brain that controls breathing.  The person may become unable to breathe and die.

When a person has taken too much of one of these painkillers, naloxone can reverse the painkillers' effects and save the person's life.

Naloxone may be mixed into the same pill as an opioid painkiller to decrease the risk of misuse.
When given intravenously (into a needle placed into a vein), naloxone works within two minutes.  When injected into a muscle, it works within five minutes. The medication may also be shot up the nose. 

The effects of naloxone last about half an hour to an hour.  Since most opioids last longer than naloxone, a person may need several doses of naloxone to fight the effects of an overdose.

How does naloxone work?
When a person takes opioids, the opioids have to attach to certain receptor sites in the brain in order to work, like a lock in a keyhole.  Once the opioids attach to these opiate receptor sites - like a lock fitting into a keyhole - the opiates start to work.  They kill pain, create euphoria, and make people feel calm and relaxed.  But if a person takes too many opiates, they can also make it impossible to breathe.
Naloxone fits better onto these opiate receptor sites than actual opiates do.  If a person takes naloxone, the naloxone will throw any opiate off of the opiate receptor sites (like a key getting taken out of a door).  Naloxone will stay attached to these opiate receptor sites.  This reverses the effects of the opiates that the person took.

Side effects
Naloxone reverses the effects of opiates.  Because of this, if a person who is addicted to opiates gets naloxone, they will have symptoms of opioid withdrawal.  People have withdrawal symptoms when their body gets used to having opiates all the time.

Because naloxone reverses the effects of opiates, the side effects of naloxone can include restlessness, agitation, nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate, pain, and sweating. To prevent this, small doses every few minutes can be given until the desired effect is reached.
Naloxone has to be given carefully to people with heart disease.  Naloxone can cause more heart problems, like changes in the rhythm of the heart beat, in these people. 

Naloxone seems to be safe in pregnant women. Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist. 

In rare cases, naloxone causes seizures and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs).

History
Naloxone was patented in 1961 by Jack Fishman, Mozes J. Lewenstein, and the company Daiichi Sankyo. The drug was approved for opioid overdose by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1971. It is on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. 

Naloxone is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive. Its wholesale price is between $0.50 and $5.30 USD per dose.

Medical uses

Opiate overdose 
Naloxone can be used to reverse opioid overdose and to reduce the slowed breathing or mental depression that opioids can cause.
Naloxone is included as a part of emergency overdose response kits distributed to heroin and other opioid drug users.  This has been shown to reduce deaths due to overdose. 

A prescription for naloxone is recommended if a person is:
 On a high dose of opioid (over 100 mg of morphine a day, or an equal amount of another opiate);
 Is prescribed any dose of opioid along with a benzodiazepine; or
 Is suspected or known to abuse opioids 

If naloxone is prescribed to a person, that person should also be taught about how to prevent, identify, and react to an overdose, including how to perform rescue breathing, CPR, and how to call an emergency telephone number like 9-1-1.
Preventing opioid abuse 
Naloxone may be mixed with a number of opioids like buprenorphine.  (Buprenorphine mixed with naloxone is called Suboxone.)  Buprenorphine is used to decrease cravings for opiates.  When buprenorphine and naloxone are mixed, and taken by mouth, only buprenorphine has an effect.  But if a person misuses Suboxone by injecting it or taking large doses, the naloxone blocks the effect of the opioid. This combination is used to try to prevent abuse.

References

Drugs
Addiction
Organonitrogen compounds
Pulmonary edema (pulmonary oedema in British English) is fluid in the lungs ("Pulmonary" means "lungs"; "edema" means "swelling" or "fluid"). Normally, the lungs fill with air when a person breathes in. From the alveoli in the lungs, oxygen goes into the blood. The blood then carries oxygen to the entire body. Every part of the body needs oxygen to survive.

When a person has fluid in their lungs (pulmonary edema), there is not enough space left for air to get into the lungs. The person will not be able to breathe in as much air. This means not as much oxygen will get into the blood, and the body will not get the oxygen it needs.

Causes
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is heart failure on the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart is supposed to pump blood to the entire body. If the left side of the heart is too weak to do this, blood will back up into the lungs.  This is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema.  ("Cardiogenic" means "caused by the heart.")
Other, non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema include:
 Fluid overload: When a person with kidney failure eats too much salt or drinks too much fluid.  Because the kidneys cannot filter out fluids like they normally do, the fluid backs up into the lungs. 
 Smoke inhalation
 Drowning in salt water
 High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE), which happens when people are at very high altitudes, like climbing mountains
 Hypothermia (a very low body temperature)
 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, caused by some kind of lung illness (like pneumonia or sepsis) or injury (like smoke inhalation)
 Pulmonary embolism, where a blood clot from one part of the body travels to the lungs
 Injury to the chest or lungs
 Infections caused by viruses, like dengue fever
 Bad reactions to drugs, including illegal drugs like heroin and cocaine, and legal medicines like aspirin
Symptoms
Symptoms of pulmonary edema may include:
 Difficulty breathing
 Orthopnea (breathing is hardest when lying down)
 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (this means that difficulty breathing may wake the person up when they are sleeping at night)
 Pink, frothy sputum
 A medical professional will hear rales when they listen to breath sounds with a stethoscope

Flash pulmonary edema 
Flash pulmonary edema is a medical emergency.  It is pulmonary edema that comes on very quickly.  Usually pulmonary edema takes a few hours to develop.  But in the worst cases of flash pulmonary edema, a person's lungs can fill completely with fluid in minutes.  Flash pulmonary edema can also be caused by moving a person with pulmonary edema, or lying them down.
Treatment
No matter what the cause is, pulmonary edema can be treated by:
 Giving the person oxygen
 Sitting the person straight up (this makes it easier to breathe)
 Forcing air into the person's lungs (this is called ventilation) if needed
 Diuretic medicines, which remove extra fluid from the body
 Medicines like nitroglycerine ("nitro"), which reduce the pressure caused by fluid going into the lungs.  Nitroglycerine can also make the blood vessels in the lungs wider, so more fluid fits into them; this can free up some extra space for air to get into the lungs.

Other treatments can focus on the cause of the pulmonary edema. For example, if a person with kidney failure has had too much salt or fluid, they can have dialysis to take away the extra fluid and salt.

References

Breathing problems
Armand Hammer United World College of the American West (UWC-USA) is an independent boarding school for students in high school in Montezuma, New Mexico, USA. UWC-USA was opened in 1982.  Classes take place in a historic hotel and students live in buildings nearby.  It is branch of an international school called United World College. UWC-USA is a high school that focuses on active learning and a worldwide community. People from all over the world study at this college. There are 200 students at the school in grades 11 and 12.

Related pages
 New Mexico
 Colleges and universities in New Mexico
 United World College of South East Asia

References

Other websites
 UWC-USA's official website 
 United World Colleges homepage 

Colleges and universities in New Mexico
1982 establishments in the United States
A serekh was an important type of heraldic crest used in Ancient Egypt.

Appearance 
Serekhs, particularly those found throughout Egyptian history, are typically composed of three components: a recessed or niched façade, the king’s name inscribed in a panel, and a falcon. While both the façade and name depictions are consistent in history, during a portion of Egyptian history there appears variety among the animal incarnation specified. This can be seen by the falcon being presented singularly, joined alongside a Seth chimera, completely replaced by the Seth, or absent of both. Prominent examples include the mid-Dynasty II’s ruler Peribsen whose serekh exclusively displays the Seth animal and his predecessor, Khasekhemwy, whose serekh joins both falcon and Seth animal.
Dissecting these components, it appears each element serves a purpose in its iconography of kingship. The recessed or niched façade, which appears at the bottom of the serekh, is often considered associated with the king’s ownership of large building such as a palace or tomb. This rendition would serve both to certify the king’s authority but also to acknowledge his possession of wealth. The panel, which exists between the niched façade and the falcon, is observed as the space where the king’s name is written. It’s underlying purpose is often debated, however, some claim it to be an allusion to early architectural elements such as the false doors in many pharaonic tombs. On top of this panel, as stated earlier, is often a falcon denoting the god Horus. Horus’s presence in the serekh suggests the name inscribed in the panel as being the king’s Horus name, but the god’s association with kingship often lends credibility to the monarch
. Both the Seth and Horus animals can be shown wearing a red, white, or double crown of Egypt and in some instances, appear in control of weapons. Such personification indicates the larger role played by the serekh, and potentially the use of the animal god as a representation of the king. The king himself would often be known to contain or exemplify the ‘Ka’ of Horus, which was the internal spirit that was later removed following the kings death and transitioned to fill that of the succeeding king. This retention of a godly spirit would be then be used as the deciding testament for the kings right to the throne. This relationship between the king’s Ka and the Horus god in royal serekh’s can be traced to many of the earliest texts and coalesce with the development of early writing. Until Dynasty IV, serekhs served as the only means for royal identification and later become secondary to the cartouche.
The word "serekh" comes from the Egyptian word for "facade". There are many different serekhs on different types of objects. Many different decorations and details of the facade are shown in many different examples. It seems that there were no strict rules for the design of the serekh.

Use 

A serekh was normally used as a royal crest, showing the name of the pharaoh. They have been found as far back as the predynastic Naqada II (Gerzean) period (ca. 3400 BC.). The hieroglyphs forming the king's name were placed inside a rectangular area above the serekh. From the Old Kingdom period onward, the word serekh appears in old papyri.
A serekh was not only important in validating the authority of the king during his time of rule, but it subsequently allowed fallen kings to maintain a legacy long after death. In the time of ancient Egypt this was especially important as the adoption of a name signified the beginning of one’s existence. This connection between name and existence was so well established that often it was not uncommon for the serekh of a royal to stand in his place. This is captured by the many serekhs exhibiting arms and hands attached to either the falcon animal or the panel element wielding weapons or holding captives. This personification of serekhs suggests an active participance in its surroundings and therefore its role as embodiment of the inscribed king. This anthropomorphizing of glyphs and symbolic images, such as the catfish glyph on an ivory cylinder of Narmer which epitomizes the duality of function, continues throughout Egyptian history and can be seen in a variety of contexts
. It is seen most noticeably in the serekh's of king Aha where the falcon god Horus yields a weapon within the confines of the serekh.
Placement 
Serekh’s appear on a variety of surface throughout history, progressing alongside the material industry current at the time. Most noticeably appearing on statues and landmarks, they also sit on the likes of many less elaborate medium such as rock or pots. These less precious materials, however, simultaneously exhibit reduced precision and detail of incised serekhs compared to those on more esteemed material such as alabaster. Additionally, names included within serekhs are often short-handed on pottery vessels. Frequently in rock art, such as on stone massifs, serekhs are accompanied by other pictorial hieroglyphs or artistic scenes. The style of artwork placed alongside the serekhs also serves to help date illegible or damaged components.

Images

References 

Ancient Egypt
Dwight Gayle (born 17 October 1990) is an English footballer who plays for Stoke City as a striker. He started his career at  in their academy, a team for their very young players. He had played for Dagenham & Redbridge, Bishop's Stortford, , ,  and Newcastle United.

References

Other websites

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from London
Arsenal F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Premier League players
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (/tʌsˈkiːɡiː/) was a clinical study. The study was done between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service. Its goal was to study how syphilis progressed (got worse) if it was not treated. The study's subjects (the people who were being studied) were poor African American sharecroppers. They were told that they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government.

This experiment is infamous because none of the men being studied were told that they had syphilis.  Even after the 1940s, when doctors realized that penicillin could cure syphilis, the men were not given this cure, or any other treatment. The men were not told that they were not getting real treatment, or that a cure was available. This study raised many important questions about medical ethics.
Background
In the 1930s, when the study started, syphilis was a very serious health problem in the United States.  In fact, syphilis had been a serious health problem throughout all of history. Syphilis gets worse over time. It can be very painful. If it is not treated, it causes brain damage and death. In the 1930s, there was no cure for syphilis. The treatments that were used did not work well and some were poisonous. Doctors did not understand syphilis. Because of this they did not have any way to help people with the disease.
There had been very few studies done on how syphilis affected people. One study was done in Norway in 1928, but it studied only white men. In the 1930s, people believed that syphilis affected people of different races in different ways. Doctors thought that African Americans' cardiovascular system was more affected by syphilis than the central nervous system. The Tuskegee study group decided to study how syphilis affected African Americans.  They reasoned that they could not cure or treat people with syphilis anyway, and that they would learn things that would help doctors understand syphilis better.

The experiment

Beginnings
The Public Health Service started working on the Tuskegee syphilis experiment in 1932 during the Great Depression.  Tuskegee University, a college in Alabama that was open to African-American students, also helped with the study. They helped because they thought the study would improve public health for poor people in the area.
For the study, researchers signed up a total of 600 African American men from Macon County, Alabama. A total of 399 of these men had syphilis before the study began. The remaining 201 did not have syphilis.  (In research, this healthy group is called a "control group"). Researchers wanted to compare the difference between people with and without syphilis. The men were given free health care, meals, and free burial insurance for being in the study.

The researchers' original goal was to study the effects of syphilis for just six months. At first, they studied the men in the experiment for six to eight months. They were then given the only treatments that were known at the time. These included arsphenamine (which is now used as a chemotherapy), ointments made of mercury and bismuth. These treatments were all very poisonous. Some treatments helped a little while others made things worse.
Money for treatment
The Tuskegee study received money to treat the men in the study from the Rosenwald Fund. This was a major organization from Chicago whose purpose was philanthropy. Specifically, they supported improving black education and developing communities in the South.

In 1928, the Rosenwald Fund had worked with Public Health Services in a study of over 2,000 black workers in Mississippi's Delta Pine and Land Company. The study's goal was to see how common syphilis was in this group. The Rosenwald Fund helped provide treatment for 25% of the workers who had tested positive for syphilis. However, in 1929, the Stock Market Crash happened. The Great Depression also began. The Rosenwald Fund said they could no longer pay for medicine to treat the Tuskegee men.
The study continues without treatment
After funding (money) for treatment was lost, the study was continued.  The study's subjects were never told that they would never get treatment.  In fact, the men were told they were being treated for "bad blood."  "Bad blood" was a local word that people used to describe different diseases, including syphilis, anemia, and fatigue.

Researchers started using tricks and lying to the men in the study, without caring about medical ethics or the men's rights.  For example, researchers wanted to do lumbar punctures ("spinal taps") on the men to measure the effects of syphilis.  These spinal taps were dangerous and very painful.  To make sure that the men would come get the spinal taps, the researchers sent all 400 subjects a letter titled "Last Chance for Special Free Treatment."  This was a lie; the spinal taps were not treatment.
All of the study's participants also had to have an autopsy after death in order to receive funeral benefits (money given to their families to pay for a funeral).

After penicillin was discovered as a cure in the 1940s, researchers did not give penicillin to any study participants.  They also did not tell any of the participants about penicillin.  Many patients were lied to and given placebo treatments so that researchers could keep studying how syphilis affected the men.  The researchers did this even though they knew that without treatment, the syphilis would eventually kill the men.
Researchers keep patients from getting treatment
During World War II, 250 of the Tuskegee men registered for the draft.  These men were given medical exams by the military, and were diagnosed as having syphilis.  They were ordered to get treatment for syphilis before they could be taken into the military. But the Tuskegee study's researchers tried to keep these men from getting treatment.  A Public Health Service worker was quoted at the time saying: "So far, we are keeping the known positive patients [the men with syphilis] from getting treatment."
By 1947, penicillin had become the normal treatment for syphilis.  It was not just a treatment, but a cure.  The United States government created several public health programs to help people get the cure.  The government formed "rapid treatment centers" where people could go for penicillin.  The governments goal was to eradicate syphilis (to make it not exist any more).  But when these programs came to Macon County, study researchers kept the Tuskegee men from participating.

End of the study
The study continued until 1972, when Peter Buxton, who also worked for the Public Health Service, gave information about the experiment to a reporter. This caused the study to end, on November 16, 1972. By that time, all of the Tuskegee men with syphilis had gotten no real treatment for 40 years.
By the end of the study in 1972, only 74 of the test subjects were alive. Of the original 399 men, 28 had died of syphilis. Another 100 were dead of related complications. A total of 40 of their wives had been infected and 19 of their children were born with congenital syphilis.

Related pages 
 Syphilis
 Medical ethics
 Penicillin

References

Public health
Research methods
The 2015-16 UEFA Champions League was the 61st season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA. It is the 24th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.

The  was played at the San Siro in Milan, Italy. Barcelona were the defending champions but Real Madrid won the tournament in penalties over Atlético Madrid.

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Knockout stage

Bracket

Round of 16 

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Quarter-finals 

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Semi-finals 

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Final

Statistics

Goalscorers 
16 goals
Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid)

9 goals
Robert Lewandowski (Bayern Münich)

8 goals
Thomas Müller (Bayern Münich)
Luis Suárez (Barcelona)
7 goals
 Antoine Griezmann (Atlético Madrid)
6 goals
Artem Dzyuba (Zenit)
Lionel Messi (Barcelona)

5 goals
Javier Hernández (Bayer Leverkusen)
Olivier Giroud (Arsenal)
Willian (Chelsea)
Zlatan Ibrahimović (Paris Saint-Germain)

4 goals
4 goals

Admir Mehmedi (Bayer Leverkusen)
Karim Benzema (Real Madrid)
Hulk (Zenit)
Nicolás Gaitán (Benfica)

3 goals

Vincent Aboubakar (Porto)
Seydou Doumbia (CSKA Moscou)
Felipe Pardo (Olympiakos)
Alexis Sánchez (Arsenal)
Ángel Di María (Paris Saint-Germain)
Adrien Rabiot (Paris Saint-Germain)
Alex Teixeira (Shakhtar Donetsk)
Lars Stindl (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
Raheem Sterling (Manchester City)
Kevin De Bruyne (Manchester City)
Danijel Miličević (Gent)
Julian Draxler (Wolfsburg)
Neymar (Barcelona)
Raúl Jiménez (Benfica)
Saúl Ñíguez (Atlético Madrid)

2 goals
Hakan Çalhanoğlu (Bayer Leverkusen)
Filip Mladenović (BATE Borisov)
Mario Götze (Bayern Münich)
Douglas Costa (Bayern Münich)
Arjen Robben (Bayern Münich)
Kingsley Coman (Bayern Münich)
Arturo Vidal (Bayern Münich)
Ivan Rakitić (Barcelona)
Theo Walcott (Arsenal)
Mesut Özil (Arsenal)
Maxime Lestienne (PSV Eindhoven)
Luuk de Jong (PSV Eindhoven)
Álvaro Morata (Juventus)
Daniele De Rossi (Roma)
Miralem Pjanić (Roma)
Edin Džeko (Roma)
Yevhen Konopylanka (Sevilla)
Éver Banega (Sevilla)
Lukas Podolski (Galatasaray)
Selçuk İnan (Galatasaray)
André André (Porto)
Oleg Shatov (Zenit)
Andriy Yarmolenko (Dynamo Kiev)
Oscar (Chelsea)
Diego Costa (Chelsea)
Konstantinos Mitroglou (Benfica)
Jonas (Benfica)
Anderson Talisca (Benfica)
Fabian Johnson (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
Raffael (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
Lucas Moura (Paris Saint-Germain)
Edinson Cavani (Paris Saint-Germain)
Anthony Martial (Manchester United)
Naldo (Wolfsburg)
André Schürrle (Wolfsburg)
Max Kruse (Wolfsburg)
Patrick Twumasi (Astana)
Wilfried Bony (Manchester City)
Sergio Agüero (Manchester City)
David Silva (Manchester City)
Fernandinho (Manchester City)
Alexandre Lacazette (Lyon)
Sven Kums (Gent)
Kalifa Coulibaly (Gent)
Vitaliy Buyalskyi (Dynamo Kyiv)
Serge Aurier (Paris Saint-Germain)
David Luiz (Paris Saint-Germain)
Nacho Fernández (Real Madrid)
Luka Modrić (Real Madrid)
Daniel Carvajal (Real Madrid)
Mateo Kovačić (Real Madrid)
Jesé Rodríguez (Real Madrid)
James Rodríguez (Real Madrid)
Sergio Ramos (Real Madrid)
Daniel Caligiuri (Wolfsburg)
Bas Dost (Wolfsburg)
Vieirinha (Wolfsburg)
Ricardo Rodríguez (Wolfsburg)
Maximilian Arnold (Wolfsburg)
Memphis Depay (Manchester United)
Juan Mata (Manchester United)
Chris Smalling (Manchester United)
Wayne Rooney (Manchester United)
Héctor Moreno (PSV Eindhoven)
Luciano Narsingh (PSV Eindhoven)
Jürgen Locadia (PSV Eindhoven)
Davy Pröpper (PSV Eindhoven)
Gonçalo Guedes (Benfica)
Luisão (Benfica)
Mario Mandžukić (Juventus)
Simone Zaza (Juventus)
Stephan Lichtsteiner (Juventus)
Paulo Dybala (Juventus)
Stefano Sturaro (Juventus)
Paul Pogba (Juventus)
Juan Cuadrado (Juventus)
Kevin Gameiro (Sevilla)
Benoît Trémoulinas (Sevilla)
Vítolo (Sevilla)
Fernando Llorente (Sevilla)
Kyriakos Papadopoulos (Bayer Leverkusen)
Kevin Kampl (Bayer Leverkusen)
Nemanja Milunović (BATE Borisov)
Ihar Stasevich (BATE Borisov)
Mikhail Gordeichuk (BATE Borisov)
Sergi Roberto (Barcelona)
Gerard Piqué (Barcelona)
Adriano (Barcelona)
Alessandro Florenzi (Roma)
Gervinho (Roma)
Vasilis Torosidis (Roma)
Iago Falque (Roma)
Mohamed Salah (Roma)
Josip Pivarić (Dinamo Zagreb)
Junior Fernandes (Dinamo Zagreb)
Armin Hodžić (Dinamo Zagreb)
David Alaba (Bayern Münich)
Thiago Alcántara (Bayern Münich)
Xabi Alonso (Bayern Münich)
Oleh Husyev (Dynamo Kyiv)
Júnior Moraes (Dynamo Kyiv)
Aleksandar Dragović (Dynamo Kyiv)
Derlis González (Dynamo Kyiv)
Denys Harmash (Dynamo Kyiv)
Cesc Fàbregas (Chelsea)
Gary Cahill (Chelsea)
Kurt Zouma (Chelsea)
John Obi Mikel (Chelsea)
João Cancelo (Valencia)
André Gomes (Valencia)
Sofiane Feghouli (Valencia)
Axel Witsel (Zenit)
Danny (Zenit)
Christophe Jallet (Lyon)
Jordan Ferri (Lyon)
Maxwel Cornet (Lyon)
Thomas Matton (Gent)
Thomas Foket (Gent)
Laurent Depoitre (Gent)
Alfreð Finnbogason (Olympiakos)
Ideye Brown (Olympiakos)
Maicon (Porto)
Yacine Brahimi (Porto)
Cristian Tello (Porto)
Miguel Layún (Porto)
Ahmed Musa (CSKA Moscou)
Sergey Ignashevich (CSKA Moscou)
Bilal Kısa (Galatasaray)
Ángel Correa (Atlético Madrid)
Jackson Martínez (Atlético Madrid)
Óliver Torres (Atlético Madrid)
Luciano Vietto (Atlético Madrid)
Fernando Torres (Atlético Madrid)
Yannick Carrasco (Atlético Madrid)
Yaya Touré (Manchester City)
Markus Rosenberg (Malmö FF)
Oleksandr Hladkyi (Shakhtar Donetsk)
Darijo Srna (Shakhtar Donetsk)
Eduardo da Silva (Shakhtar Donetsk)
Dentinho (Shakhtar Donetsk)
Eran Zahavi (Maccabi Tel Aviv)
Marin Aničić (Astana)
Julian Korb (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
Mohamed Elneny (Arsenal)
Own goals

Giorgio Chiellini (Juventus) - against Manchester City
David Ospina (Arsenal) - against Olympiakos
Darijo Srna (Shakhtar Donetsk) - against Paris Saint-Germain
Hakan Balta (Galatasaray) - against Astana
Lionel Carole (Galatasaray) - against Astana
Nenad Erić (Astana) - against Galatasaray
Andreas Christensen (Borussia Mönchengladbach) - against Manchester City
Lasse Nielsen (Gent) - against Valencia
Stefan Mitrović (Gent) - against Valencia
Denys Dedechko (Astana) - against Atlético Madrid
Adil Rami (Sevilla) - against Manchester City
Aleksandar Dragović (Dynamo Kyiv) - against Chelsea
Igor Akinfeev (CSKA Moscou) - against Wolfsburg
Josuha Guilavogui (Wolfsburg) - against Manchester United
Iván Marcano (Porto) - against Chelsea
Fernando (Manchester City) - against Real Madrid

Hat-tricks 

4 Player scored four goals.

Tournament rankings

References 

UEFA Champions League seasons
2015 in association football
2016 in association football
Howard Edward Davis, Jr. (February 14, 1956 – December 30, 2015) was an American amateur and professional boxer. He was born in Glen Cove, New York, but raised in Long Island, New York.

After being inspired by a movie about Muhammad Ali, Davis began his amateur career in boxing. He won the 1976 Olympic gold medal one week after his mother died. He was also awarded the "Val Barker Trophy at the Olympics.

He became professional after the Olympics and went on to a professional record of 36–6–1 with 14 knockouts. He retired in 1996. After retirement he became a trainer. Eventually he worked as boxing director at American Top Team in Coconut Creek, Florida, where he trained both amateur and professional boxers and MMA fighters. He was also a motivational speaker and a musician.

Davis, Jr. died on December 30, 2015 from lung cancer in Plantation, Florida at the age of 59.

References

1956 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American boxers
Sportspeople from New York City
Ian Murdock (28April 1973 – 28December 2015) was a German-born American software engineer. He was known for being the founder of the Debian project and Progeny Linux Systems, a commercial Linux company. He was born in Konstanz, Germany.

Murdock died on 28 December 2015 from unknown causes in San Francisco, California at the age of 42. Details surrounding his death have not been released. The last tweets at his Twitter account described violent encounters with police. It was reported that he declared an intention to commit suicide over Twitter, but there is as of now no public record of such a tweet. It was reported that police officer found Murdock drunk and that he did not appear suicidal.

References

Other websites
 .
 
 

1973 births
2015 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German engineers
Engineers from California
American software engineers
Scientists from San Francisco
People from Konstanz
Lester Keith Piggott (5 November 1935 – 29 May 2022) was an English professional jockey. With 4,493 career wins, including nine Epsom Derby victories, he was seen as one of the greatest flat racing jockeys of all time.

He was known as "The Long Fellow". He was known for his competitive personality, keeping himself thirty pounds under his natural weight, and on occasion not sparing the whip on horses such as Nijinsky. Piggott regarded Sir Ivor as the easiest to ride of the great winners.

Piggott died in hospital in Switzerland on 29 May 2022 at the age of 86.

References

1935 births
2022 deaths
Sportspeople from Berkshire
British equestrians
Graeme Murray Walker (10 October 1923 – 13 March 2021), known as Murray Walker, was an English Formula One motorsport commentator and journalist. For most of his career he worked for the BBC, but when it lost the contract for Formula One coverage to ITV, he continued  commentating after the change of broadcaster.

Walker was born Graeme Murray Walker in Hall Green, Birmingham, Warwickshire on 10 October 1923.

Walker was diagnosed with lymphoma in 2013. He died on 13 March 2021 in Fordingbridge, Hampshire at aged 97.

References

Other websites

 Murray's F1 Video Blog
 Murray Walker Agent 
 Murray Walker's appearance on This Is Your Life
 Murray Walker quotes

1923 births
2021 deaths
English journalists
Writers from Birmingham
Sportspeople from Birmingham
Deaths from lymphoma