Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The building also incorporated other elements, the ground floor of the building was fitted with floor to ceiling windows overlooking the street, as it was believed that to finance such a project (costing £25,000,000 in today's money) they would need to rent out the ground floor as a retail unit. This however never occurred, as the Corporation expanded so quickly the space was needed by the BBC.

References 

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
BBC
Talcahuano is a commune, city and port in Chile with 171.383 inhabitants and an area of 92.3 square kilometres, all according to the census of 2002. Additionally, this city is known as the first military, industrial and fishing port in the history of Chile.

History 
Talcahuano was declared and founded on 1764 like a port city by Antonio Guill y Gonzaga. This city and the port was well known by some American whaleships on 19th century.

Etimology 
The name Talcahuano comes from Talcahueñu, in honor to the Araucanian chief when Spaniards came to the zone. Talcahueñu also means Thundering Sky on mapudungun language.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Talcahuano municipality 
  thno.info 
 ASMAR - Astillero de Talcahuano 

Cities in Chile
Concepción Province, Chile‎
Volkswagen First Act is a guitar created by first act in partnership with Volkswagen.

Guitar included with Volkswagen cars
Volkswagen initiated a campaign in 2006 in which the company gave away special edition First Act guitars along with a special series car. The stereos in these Volkswagen could be used as an amplifier for the guitar. An accompanying ad campaign featured guitarists Slash, John Mayer, and Nigel Tufnel of Spinal Tap playing First Act guitars through the sound systems of Volkswagen automobiles. 

1 – Custom First Act GarageMaster guitar. White with color-coordinated pick guard to match the car (blue, white pearl, black, red). Plate on back of headstock has car’s VIN.
1 – Nice VW/First Act embroidered heavy-duty padded nylon gig bag
1 – Super-cool VW/First Act embroidered heavy-duty seat belt material guitar strap with leather ends
1 – Indispensable 20′ Instrument cable. 1/4 TS to 1/8 TRS3 – Neat VW/First Act logo charcoal celluloid guitar picks-medium thickness
Specs
Body type 	Solid body, double cutaway
Material 	Poplar
Color 	        White/black, White/Blue, White/Red, White/Pearl
Neck 	        Satin finished maple
Fretboard 	Rosewood
Fret count 	22
Scale length 	25 1/2 in.
Nut width 	1 11/16 in.
Pickup configuration 	2 Alnico V humbuckers
Tuning keys 	Die cast, 3×3
Weight 	7lbs.
Overall Length 	38 in.
Width 	12 3/4 in.
Electronics 	Volume control, tone control, 9-volt amp-modeling circuit, master volume control, distortion/clean switch, high boost/cut switch, preamp on/off switch, three-way pickup selector toggle switch 

Volkswagen
Guitars
Advertising
Halloween is a 1978 horror movie and the first film in the Halloween movie series. On Halloween 1963 in Illinois, six year old Michael Myers murders his sister. Fifteen years later, he escapes from a psychiatric hospital, returns home, and stalks teenager Laurie Strode and her friends.

It was remade in 2007. The movie's script was created and the movie was filmed in under twenty days.

Plot
On Halloween night 1963, in the town of Haddonfield, Illinois, six-year-old Michael Myers, dressed in a clown costume, stabs his older sister Judith to death with a kitchen knife in their home. Fifteen years later, on October 30, 1978, Michael's psychiatrist, Dr. Samuel Loomis, and his colleague, Marion Chambers, arrive at Warren County's Smith's Grove Sanitarium to escort Michael to court. Michael escapes the sanitarium, stealing Loomis' car in the process, and returning home to Haddonfield.
Suspicious, Laurie goes over to the Wallace house, and finds the bodies of Annie, Bob, and Lynda in an upstairs bedroom, as well as Judith Myers' headstone. Horrified, Laurie cowers in a hallway, when Michael suddenly appears and attacks her, slashing her arm. Barely escaping, Laurie flees back to the Doyle house. Michael follows, but Laurie manages to fend him off long enough for Tommy and Lindsey to escape, defending herself by stabbing him with a knitting needle, a metal hanger, and his own knife. Loomis sees Tommy and Lindsey fleeing the house, and investigates and sees Michael attacking Laurie. Loomis shoots Myers off the balcony; when Loomis goes to check Michael's body, he finds it missing. Loomis stares off into the night, while Laurie begins sobbing in terror. As various shots of the Doyle and Wallace houses are displayed, the Myers house is shown, as sounds of Michael's breathing are heard, leaving his whereabouts in further doubt.

Cast

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

1978 horror movies
1978 thriller movies
1970s horror thriller movies
1970s serial killer movies
American horror thriller movies
Halloween movies
Movies directed by John Carpenter
Movies set in Illinois
Movies set in the 1960s
United States National Film Registry movies
1970s English-language movies
Movies set in psychiatric hospitals
Movies set in the 1970s
1970s independent movies
1978 drama movies
American drama movies
American independent movies
American psychological movies
American science fiction movies
American teen horror movies
Cult movies
Movies about children
Sequel movies
Slasher movies
Althea Gibson (August 25, 1927 – September 28, 2003) was a World No. 1 American sportswoman who became the first African-American woman to be a competitor on the world tennis tour and the first to win a Grand Slam title in 1956. Gibson was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

Biography
Althea Gibson was born at 9:00 am EDT on August 25, 1927 in Silver, Clarendon County, South Carolina to Daniel and Annie Bell Gibson. Althea had two siblings, a brother, Daniel Jr. (known as "Bubba") and a sister, Mildred.

Gibson played tennis while going to school for an education. In 1946, she moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, to work on her tennis game with Dr. Hubert A. Eaton and enrolled at Williston High School.
In 1958, Gibson retired from amateur tennis. Before the open era of tennis began, there was no prize money, other than an expense allowance, and no endorsement contracts. To begin earning prize money, tennis players had to give up their amateur status. As there was no professional tour for women, Gibson was limited to playing in a series of exhibition tours.

According to Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail, Gibson was ranked in the world top ten from 1956 through 1958, reaching a career high of No. 1 in those rankings in 1957 and 1958. Gibson was included in the year-end top ten rankings issued by the United States Tennis Association in 1952 and 1953 and from 1955 through 1958. She was the top-ranked U.S. player in 1957 and 1958. In 1957 Althea became the first African American woman to win Wimbledon. She won again in 1958. In 1958, she appeared as the celebrity challenger on the TV panel show "What's My Line?".
In retirement, Gibson wrote her autobiography and in 1959 recorded an album, Althea Gibson Sings, as well as appearing in the motion picture, The Horse Soldiers. In 1964, she became the first African American woman to play in the Ladies Professional Golf Association. However, she was too old to be successful and only played for a few years.
In 1971, Gibson was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame, and in 1975, she was appointed the New Jersey state commissioner of athletics. After 10 years on the job, she went on to work in other public service positions, including serving on the governor's council on physical fitness. In later years, she suffered two cerebral aneurysms and, in 1992, a stroke. A few years later, Gibson called her former doubles partner Angela Buxton and told her she was considering suicide, as she was living on welfare and unable to pay for rent or medication. Buxton arranged for a letter to appear in a tennis magazine. Buxton told Gibson nothing about the letter, but the latter received nearly US $1 million from around the world.

Gibson was married twice. Her first marriage to William Darben took place on October 17, 1965, but the couple was divorced in 1976, eleven years later. Darben died in 1995. She was also married to Sydney Llewellyn on April 11, 1983 and was divorced from him in 1988.
On September 28, 2003, at the age of 76, Gibson died in East Orange, New Jersey due to infections. She was buried there in the Rosedale Cemetery, at Orange, New Jersey.

On the opening night of the 2007 US Open, the 50th anniversary of Gibson's victory at the US Championships in 1957 (now the US Open), Gibson was inducted into US Open Court of Champions. She was a 1994 inductee of the Sports Hall of Fame of New Jersey and 2009 inductee of the New Jersey Hall of Fame. In September 2009, the City of Wilmington, NC named its new community tennis complex the Althea Gibson Tennis Center.

Golf
Gibson became the first African American woman to join the Ladies Professional Golf Association tour, in 1964. Her best finish on the tour was a tie for second after a three-way playoff at the 1970 Len Immke Buick Open. Gibson retired from professional golf at the end of the 1978 season.

Grand Slam finals

Wins (5)

Runner-up finishes (2)

Women's and mixed doubles (11)

Wins (6)

Runners-up (5)
Runners-up (5)

Grand Slam singles tournament timeline

A = did not participate in the tournament

SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of those tournaments played

Related pages
 Venus Williams
 Arthur Ashe

References

Other websites 
 Althea Gibson.com
 International Tennis Hall of Fame profile
 Sports Illustrated obituary  (dead link)
 United States Tennis Association 
 Hickoksports.com  (a short biography)
 Althea Gibson - Women's History.about.com
 Althea Gibson Biography 
 Althea Gibson Biography (Short)
 WTA Tour 
 U.S. Open mixed doubles page
 Wimbledon women's doubles page 
 Althea Gibson Tennis Center (Wilmington, NC) 

1927 births
2003 deaths
American golfers
African-American tennis players
American autobiographers
Australian Open champions
French Open champions
Infectious disease deaths in New Jersey
Sportspeople from South Carolina
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Writers from South Carolina
Ciyos Guran (born 28 May 1938 in Orim, Mazandaran, Iran) is an Iranian poet and writer.  He writes Mazandarani and Persian poems.

Resources 
 dw-world:_CiyosGuran

Iranian_writers
Mazandaran
Iranian poets
In evolutionary biology, a group of organisms have common descent if they have a common ancestor. There is strong support for the theory that all living organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in On the Origin of Species, saying, "There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one".p490

The last universal ancestor (LUA) (or last universal common ancestor, LUCA), is the most recent common ancestor of all currently living organisms. It is believed to have appeared about 3.9 billion years ago.

History 
In the 1740s, Pierre-Louis Maupertuis made the first known suggestion that all organisms may have had a common ancestor, and that they had diverged through random variation and struggle for existence. In Essai de Cosmologie, Maupertuis noted:
Could one not say that, in the fortuitous combinations of the productions of nature, as there must be some characterized by a certain relation of fitness which are able to subsist, it is not to be wondered at that this fitness is present in all the species that are currently in existence? Chance, one would say, produced an innumerable multitude of individuals; a small number found themselves constructed in such a manner that the parts of the animal were able to satisfy its needs; in another infinitely greater number, there was neither fitness nor order: all of these latter have perished... The species we see today are but the smallest part of what blind destiny has produced...

Evidence of universal common descent

Common biochemistry and genetic code 
All known forms of life are based on the same fundamental biochemical organisation.
Genetic information is encoded in DNA, and transcribed into RNA, then translated into proteins by (highly similar) ribosomes, with ATP, NADH and others as energy sources, etc.

The similarities include the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the fact that all amino acids found in proteins are left-handed (chirality).

Furthermore, the genetic code (the "translation table" according to which DNA information is translated into proteins) is nearly identical for all known lifeforms, from bacteria to humans.

The universality of this code is generally regarded by biologists as definitive evidence in favor of the theory of universal common descent. Analysis of the small differences in the genetic code has also provided support for universal common descent. A statistical comparison of various alternative hypotheses has shown that universal common ancestry is significantly more probable than models involving multiple origins.

Phylogenetic trees
Phylogenetic trees

Another important piece of evidence is that it is possible to construct detailed phylogenetic trees (that is, "genealogic trees" of species) mapping out the proposed divisions and common ancestors of all living species. In 2010 an analysis of available genetic data, mapping them to phylogenetic trees, gave "firm quantitative support for the unity of life. ...there is now strong quantitative support, by a formal test, for the unity of life.

Traditionally, these trees have been built using morphological methods, such as comparative anatomy, embryology, etc. Recently, it has been possible to construct these trees using molecular data, based on similarities and differences between genetic and protein sequences. All these methods produce essentially similar results. That phylogenetic trees based on different types of information agree with each other is strong evidence of an underlying common descent.
Last universal common ancestor 
Some things are deduced about LUCA or LUA. It was not the very first cell, but one whose descendants survived beyond the very early stages of microbial evolution. On the basis of their presence in eubacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, about 325 proteins were present in the LUCA.

These amino acids were probably the first to be built into proteins: alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, and valine. These amino acids were also found in spark tube simulations, and analysis of the Murchison meteorite. The other amino acids, later additions to the genetic code, include several of the most complex amino acids.
Studies from 2000 to 2018 have suggested an increasingly ancient time for LUCA. In 2000, estimations suggested LUCA existed 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago in the Paleoarchean era, a few hundred million years before the earliest fossil evidence of life, for which there are several candidates ranging in age from 3.48 to 4.28 billion years ago. 

A 2018 study from the University of Bristol, using a molecular clock model, puts the LUCA shortly after 4.5 billion years ago, in the Hadean era.

Related pages 
Earliest known life forms
Origin of life

References 

Evolutionary biology
The accuracy and precision of measurements have special meanings in the fields of science, engineering, industry and statistics. 

The accuracy of a measurement system is how close it gets  to a quantity's actual (true) value. 

The precision of a measurement system is the degree to which repeated measurements give the same results.

A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. For example, if an experiment contains a error in the way it is done, then increasing the sample size generally increases precision but does not improve accuracy. The end result would be a consistent, yet inaccurate, set of results from the flawed experiment.  Eliminating the systematic error improves accuracy but does not change precision.

A measurement system is valid if it is both accurate and precise. Related terms include bias (non-random or directed effects caused by a factor or factors unrelated to the independent variable) and error (random variability).
Related topics 
The terminology is also applied to indirect measurements—that is, values obtained by a computational procedure from observed data.

In addition to accuracy and precision, measurements may also have a measurement resolution, which is the smallest change in the underlying physical quantity that produces a response in the measurement.

Different meanings of 'precision' 
The word "precision" also refers to how fine the measurement is made, as the resolution of the measurement, such as to the nearest meter, centimeter, or yard, foot, inch, or nanometer. 

In the case of full reproducibility, such as when rounding a number to a representable floating point number, the word precision has a meaning not related to reproducibility. For example, in the IEEE 754-2008 standard, it means the number of bits in the significand (number of digits in the amount), so it is used as a measure for the relative accuracy with which a number can be shown.

Related pages
Precision (numbers)
Significant figures
Pi
References

Other websites 

 BIPM - Guides in metrology - Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM)
 "Beyond NIST Traceability: What really creates accuracy" - Controlled Environments magazine
 Precision and Accuracy with Three Psychophysical Methods
 Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, Appendix D.1: Terminology
 Accuracy and Precision

Critical thinking
Measurement
The humidex ("Hyu-mah-deks") is a temperature index used by Canadian meteorologists to describe how hot the weather feels to a person, by adding the effect of heat and humidity. For example, if the temperature is  and the calculated humidex is 40, then that means the humid heat feels like a dry temperature of . The index is widely used in Canadian weather reports during summer to give the discomfort level.

According to the Meteorological Service of Canada, a humidex of at least 30 causes "some discomfort", at least 40 causes "great discomfort" and above 45 is "dangerous". When the humidex hits 54, then heat stroke is very near.

The current formula for getting the humidex (see below: Humidex formula) was developed by J.M. Masterton and F.A. Richardson of Canada's Atmospheric Environment Service in 1979. The humidex differs from the heat index used in the United States, in being derived from the dew point rather than the relative humidity.
The record highest humidex in Canada occurred on July 25, 2007, when Carman, Manitoba hit 53.0. That number broke the previous record of 52.1 set during 1953 in Windsor, Ontario (The residents of Windsor would not have known it at the time, since the humidex had yet to be invented).

Humidex formula 
When the temperature is 30 °C (86 °F) and the dew point is 15 °C (59 °F), the humidex is 34. Note how humidex is a dimensionless number, but it indicates an approximate temperature in °C. If the temperature remains  and the dew point rises to  , the humidex rises to 42.  The humidex tends to be higher than the U.S. heat index at equal temperature and relative humidity.

The humidex formula is as follows:

humidex = (air temperature in Celsius) + h 
h = (0.5555)*(e - 10.0)

e = 6.11 * exp [5417.7530 * ((1/273.16) - (1/dewpoint in kelvins))]

Complete:

Related pages
Heat index
Wind chill

References
References

Other websites 
"Frequently Asked Questions" , MSC, 2004.
Wind Chill and Humidex Criticism about the use of wind chill and humidex
More Humidex info

Weather measurements
Meteorology
1979 establishments in Canada
The "heat index" (HI, also "humiture") is a measurement which combines air temperature and relative humidity as being the human-perceived equivalent temperature — how hot it feels. The result is also known as the "felt air temperature" or "apparent temperature". For example, when the temperature is  with very high humidity, the heat index can be about .

The human body normally cools itself by perspiration, or sweating, which evaporates and carries heat away from the body. However, when the relative humidity is high, then the evaporation rate is reduced, so heat is removed from the body at a lower rate, causing it to retain more heat than it would in dry air. Measurements have been taken based on subjective descriptions of how hot subjects feel for a given temperature and humidity, allowing an index to be made which relates one temperature and humidity combination, to another, at a higher temperature in drier air.
The heat index was developed in 1978 by George Winterling as the "humiture" and was adopted by the National Weather Service a year later. It is derived from work carried out by Robert G. Steadman. Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, thickness of blood, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and the wind speed. Large deviations from the typical values will result in heat-index values which do not accurately reflect the perceived temperature.

In Canada, the similar humidex is used in place of the heat index. The humidex differs from the heat index in using the dew point rather than the relative humidity.
The heat index is defined so as to equal the actual air temperature when the partial pressure of water vapor is equal to a baseline value of 1.6 kPa. At standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa), this baseline corresponds to a dew point of 14 °C (57 °F) and a mixing ratio of 0.01 (10 g of water vapor per kilogram of dry air). This corresponds to an air temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 50% in the sea-level psychrometric chart.

At high temperatures, the level of relative humidity needed to make the heat index higher than the actual temperature is lower than at cooler temperatures. For example, at approximately 27 °C (80 °F), the heat index will agree with the actual temperature if the relative humidity is 45%, but at about 43°C (110°F), any relative-humidity reading above 17% will make the Heat Index higher than 43°C (110 °F).
The heat index is calculated only if the actual temperature is above 27 °C (80 °F), dew point temperatures greater than 12 °C (54 °F), and relative humidities higher than 40%. The heat index and humidex figures are based on temperature measurements taken in the shade and not the sun, so extra care must be taken while in the sun.

Sometimes the heat index and the wind chill are denoted collectively by the single terms "apparent temperature" or "relative outdoor temperature".

Related pages
Humidex
Wind chill

References

Other websites 
"Frequently Asked Questions" , MSC, 2004.

Weather measurements
Meteorology
1978 establishments
Blue Velvet is a 1986 American mystery movie by David Lynch. It is set in North Carolina. The cast include Dennis Hopper, Laura Dern and Kyle MacLachlan. The title is from the 1963 Bobby Vinton song of the same name. This movie was originally detested by certain movie critics, although it is now widely acclaimed. It was controversial at the time of its 1986 release, and has since become a cult favorite.  Lynch got his second Academy Award nomination for Best Director for the movie.

1986 drama movies
1986 mystery movies
1986 thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
American mystery movies
BDSM in movies
Cult movies
Film noir
Movies about suburbia
Movies set in North Carolina
Movies directed by David Lynch
American independent movies
The Charlotte Hounds are a men's professional field lacrosse team that is based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Hounds joined Major League Lacrosse (MLL) in 2012. They play their home games at American Legion Memorial Stadium.

Other websites
Charlotte Hounds Official website 

Lacrosse organizations
Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina
Sports teams in the United States‎
Manhunter is an American crime thriller movie. It is the first film with the character Hannibal Lecter, a psychotic killer. It is based on a book by Thomas Harris, called Red Dragon. The movie was written and directed by Michael Mann. It stars William Petersen, Brian Cox, Dennis Farina and Tom Noonan. It tells the story of a serial killer and the detectives who are trying to find him.

Manhunter shows the science that police use to find criminals. This movie was not the only movie made from a book by Thomas Harris. Earlier, Black Sunday had been made, but not with the character of Lector. Later, The Silence of the Lambs, Hannibal, Red Dragon and Hannibal Rising were also made from his books.

Manhunter did not get very good reviews when it came out. It did not make a lot of money in cinemas. It took $15 million to make Manhunter but the movie only made $8.6 million in the United States. Today the movie gets better reviews and is seen by more people. It is thought of as a 'cult movie'.
Story
Will Graham (William Petersen) is an agent who worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He retired after he caught a killer named Hannibal Lecter (Brian Cox). Graham is asked by Jack Crawford (Dennis Farina) to help with a new police case. Crawford is trying to find a killer named "The Tooth Fairy". Graham goes to the house of the killer's victims. He finds The Tooth Fairy's fingerprints there.
The Tooth Fairy, called "Francis Dollarhyde", works in a photographic lab. He is attracted to a woman he works with called Reba McClane. Reba is blind. Dollarhyde drives her home one night. They start a relationship with each other. This stops Dollarhyde from killing more people. One night Dollarhyde sees Reba with another man. He thinks she is having an affair but he is mistaken. Dollarhyde kills the other man and takes Reba to his house.

Graham has found out how The Tooth Fairy finds his victims. The Tooth Fairy uses the home movies brought to his job to pick a family to kill. Now that he knows this, Graham is able to find out who The Tooth Fairy is. He goes to Dollarhyde's house with several policemen. Dollarhyde uses a shotgun to kill some of the policemen. Graham kills Dollarhyde and rescues Reba.
Cast
 Brian Cox as Dr. Hannibal Lecter. Actors John Lithgow, Mandy Patinkin and Brian Dennehy, and director William Friedkin were also asked to play the part.
 William Petersen as Will Graham. Actors Richard Gere, Mel Gibson and Paul Newman were asked to play the part. Michael Mann saw the movie To Live and Die in L.A. and wanted William Petersen to act in his movie.
 Dennis Farina as Jack Crawford. Farina had already worked with director Michael Mann before, because his first time acting was in the 1981 movie Thief. He also acted in Crime Story and Miami Vice. Both of these television programs were made by Michael Mann.
 Tom Noonan as Francis Dollarhyde. Noonan got ready to act as Dollarhyde by reading about other serial killers. He later changed his mind about doing this. While the movie was being made, Noonan always pretended to be his character. He did not talk to the other actors and everybody called him 'Francis'.
 Kim Greist as Molly Graham. Greist has also acted in Miami Vice.
Stephen Lang as Freddy Lounds. Land had worked with Michael Mann in Band of the Hand, as well as Crime Story with Dennis Farina. He would also act in Michael Mann's 2009 movie Public Enemies.
 Joan Allen as Reba McClane. Allen spent time with the New York Institute for the Blind to learn how to act like a blind person. She had worked with William Petersen before in a play called Balm in Gilead.
Production
The movie was going to be named Red Dragon because this was the name of the book. The name was changed because it sounded like a karate movie. It was also changed because a movie named "Year of the Dragon" did very badly in cinemas.

William Petersen worked with policemen in Chicago and with the Federal Bureau of Investigation to learn more about his part. Michael Mann took three years to write the movie, and he also spoke to policemen to learn about their jobs. Because of this, books have said the movie is very true to real life.

Tom Noonan started getting ready for the movie by reading about other serial killers. He did not like this idea when he started. He changed his mind and acted his own way instead. He said he wanted The Tooth Fairy to seem like "he was doing this out of love". Joan Allen played Dollarhyde's blind girlfriend. She went to the New York Institute for the Blind to learn about blind people. She walked with a mask on to learn about being blind.
Actors John Lithgow, Mandy Patinkin, William Friedkin and Brian Dennehy were all asked to play Hannibal Lecktor. Brian Cox played the part instead. Cox read about a Scottish serial killer named Peter Manuel  to learn about his part. William Petersen played Will Graham. He was chosen because Michael Mann liked his movie To Live and Die in L.A.. Richard Gere, Mel Gibson and Paul Newman were also asked to play the part. Tom Noonan says he was asked to act his part because Michael Mann thought he was very scary in real life.

Dante Spinotti, who filmed the movie, made use of strong colors. Parts of the movie with Will Graham and his wife use a "romantic blue". Parts that show The Tooth Fairy use an ugly green or purple color.
When the move was being made, Tom Noonan asked that nobody saw him. Those people who could saw him called him "Francis", because he pretended to be his character the whole time. This made the other actors afraid of him. The first time Noonan met William Petersen was when Petersen jumped through a large window while making the last part of the movie. At first, actor Tom Noonan wore a fake tattoo of a dragon on his chest. The parts of the movie that showed this were made again without the tattoo. This is because Michael Mann and Tom Noonan thought it did not look right.

Soundtrack

Manhunter'''s soundtrack album came out in 1986. It could be bought on cassette, tape and vinyl record but not on CD. In March 2010, the soundtrack came out on CD for the first time. One more song, named "Jogger's Stakeout" by The Reds, was on the CD.

Music in the film's screen credits which are not listed above included:

Themes
Themes

Books written about the movie discuss the relationship between Graham and The Tooth Fairy. They make a comparison between the characters and how they both live. It has also been said that movie gives the idea that to catch a killer you must think like one.

Release
Box officeManhunter came out in the United States on 15 August 1986. It earned $8,620,929 in the United States. Its budget was $15 million, so it did not make as much money as it cost. It was shown in November 1987 during the London Film Festival and came out in the United Kingdom on 24 February 1989. In France, the movie was shown on 9 April 1987 at the Cognac Festival du Film Policier. It won the Critics Prize at this festival. It was also shown at the 2009 Camerimage Film Festival in Łódź, Poland. On 19 March 2011, the movie was showne at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood for its 25th anniversary. Michael Mann answered questions at this event.
Home mediaManhunter came out on laserdisc in 1986. It also came out on VHS several times. It came out on DVD first in 2000. This DVD was made by Anchor Bay Entertainment and it could be bought with one disc or two discs. A different DVD also came out in 2003. In 2004, MGM also made a DVD of the movie. In 2007, The Hannibal Lecter Collection came out. This was a collection of Manhunter, The Silence of the Lambs and Hannibal. The Hannibal Lector Collection also came out on Blu-ray in September 2009.

Reception
When Manhunter came out, its reviews were not very good.
Reviews thought that the music and the color effects were not very good. William Petersen's acting was also thought of negatively. The New York Times thought the movie was very bad, and so did the Chicago Tribune. The Los Angeles Times said the movie was too much like Michael Mann's television program Miami Vice; and so did Film Threat, who thought that was why the movie did not do very well. The San Francisco Chronicle did not like the movie's acting. On the other hand, Time magazine liked the movie. It called Manhunter "bold" and "intelligent." Leonard Maltin liked the movie, and called it "gripping".
Today, the reviews for the movie are much better. Salon.com says it is the best Hannibal movie. Slate magazine also thought it was very good, and said it inspired television programs like Millennium and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. The Independent, Film4, Sky Movies, BBC, Total Film' magazine and Empire magazine have all praised the movie as being very good. Television channel Bravo put the movie in a program named 30 Even Scarier Movie Moments in 2007. The website UGO Networks thought that Tom Noonan's acting in Manhunter was the best he has done.

Today, Manhunter is more popular. It is thought of as a 'cult movie'. This new popularity might be because of the other Hannibal movies doing very well. The websites Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes compare the modern reviews of the movie and give an average review. Metacritic used ten reviews to give Manhunter a score of 78 out of 100. Rotten Tomatoes used 33 reviews to give the movie a score of 94 out of 100.
Effects of the movieManhunter shows how police use forensic science to catch criminals. This has inspired other movies and television programs. These include CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Millennium,  John Doe, Profiler, and The X-Files; as well as movies such as Copycat, Switchback, The Bone Collector, Seven and Fallen.The Silence of the Lambs came out in 1991. It was based on a different book by Thomas Harris. It earned many awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture. It is one of only three movies that have won the Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor and Actress, and Best Screenplay. After The Silence of the Lambs, three more Hannibal movies came out. These were Hannibal, Red Dragon and Hannibal Rising.
The 2002 movie Red Dragon was based on the same book as Manhunter. It made much more money than Manhunter did. It earned $209,196,298 and it cost $78 million to film it. Rotten Tomatoes used 183 reviews to give Red Dragon'' a score of 68 out of 100. Metacritic used 36 reviews to give it a score of 60 out of 100. The same man, Dante Spinotti, did the filming for both movies.

References

Other websites

 

1986 crime thriller movies
1986 mystery movies
1980s psychological movies
American crime thriller movies
American mystery movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
1980s English-language movies
Film noir
Hannibal Lecter movies
Movies based on books
Serial killer movies
Movies directed by Michael Mann
American independent movies
Movies set in Alabama
Movies set in Missouri
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
Mononucleosis is the presence of Lymphocytes in the bloodstream. There are two forms:
 Glandular fever
 CMV Mononucleosis.
The term usually refers to Glandular fever.

Diseases caused by viruses
thumb|alt=Planet with a large white spot in center|Saturn's Great White Spot. 
The Great White Spot, also known as Great White Oval, on Saturn, is a name given to storms that are large enough to be seen by telescope from Earth. The spots appear to be white, and the name was based on Jupiter's Great Red Spot. The spots can be several thousands of kilometers wide. Currently, a large band of white clouds called the Northern Electrostatic Disturbance (because of an increase in radio and plasma interference) has covered Saturn since 2010, and the Cassini orbiter is tracking the storm. Cassini information shows a loss of acetylene in the white clouds, an increase of phosphine, and an unusual temperature drop in the center of the storm. In April 2011, the storm had a second eruption. Scientists believe the white spots are made from ammonia ice pushed up by warmer gas through the tops of the planet's clouds.
Occurrence
The spots happen every 28.5 Earth years. This is the solstice when Saturn's northern hemisphere tilts most toward the Sun. The following is a list of recorded sightings; years with spots that are part of the cycle are 1876, 1903, 1933, 1960, and 1990.

 1876 – Seen by Asaph Hall. He used the white spots to calculate the planet's period of rotation.
 1903 – Seen by Edward Barnard.
 1933 – Seen by Will Hay, comic actor and amateur astronomer. 
 1960 – Seen by J.H. Botham (South Africa).
 1990 – Seen by Stuart Wilber, from 24 September through November.
 1994 – Seen from Earth and the Hubble Space Telescope.
 2006 – Observed by Erick Bondoux and Jean-Luc Dauvergne.
 2010 - First observed by Anthony Wesley.
Why there were no spots recorded before 1876 is a mystery. It is like the break in sightings of the Great Red Spot in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The 1876 Great White Spot was very large, and could be seen even with small telescopes.  Was the earlier record simply poor, or was the 1876 GWS truly a first for the telescopic era?  Some believe that neither scenario is likely.

Mark Kidger  has described three important Great White Spot patterns:
The Great White Spots alternate in latitude. One will be seen in the North Temperate Zone (NTZ) or higher, and the next one only seen in the Equatorial Zone (EZ).  For example, the 1960 Great White Spot was in the NTZ, and in 1990 it was in the EZ.
The NTZ Great White Spots happen at shorter intervals than the EZ Great White Spots ( Every 27 years versus every 30 years).
The NTZ Great White Spots are much harder to see than the EZ spots.
Kidger predicts that the next Great White Spot will happen in the NTZ in 2016, and will probably be less spectacular than the 1990 Great White Spot.

Characteristics 
A "classic" Great White Spot is a spectacular event. Very bright white storms light up Saturn's usually dull atmosphere. All the major ones have happened in the planet's northern hemisphere. They usually begin as separate "spots", but then rapidly get bigger in longitude, as the 1933 and 1990 Great White Spots did. In 1990 the Great White Spot grew to circle the whole planet.

References

 2006: observed with a 12" telescope by amateurs near Paris.
 Volunteers Help NASA Track Return of the Dragon

Other websites
The Great White Spot at ESA/Hubble 
Christopher Go's Saturn Website Pictures of Saturn's Northern Electrostatic Disturbance (2011)

Saturn
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a human disease which is caused by a strain of Coxsackie A virus. Symptoms include:

Fever
Headache
Vomiting
Fatigue
General discomfort (aches and pains)
Earache
Sore throat
Painful mouth sores
Body rash
Sores with blisters on hand
Mouth lesions
Loss of appetite
Diarrhea

HFMD is very common, especially in babies and young children. It is easily spread from person to person, so it often happens in a nursery or kindergarten. Only a small number of people get sick enough to go to a hospital. There is also no specific treatment for HFMD. It goes away on its own after one or two weeks.

References

Diseases caused by viruses
The Ontario Hockey League or OHL, is a professional ice hockey league based in Canada and features 17 teams from Canada and 3 teams from the United States. For a player to play in the Ontario Hockey League they have to be between the ages of 15 to 20. The main championship for the OHL is the J. Ross Robertson Cup which is awarded to the winner of the Ontario Hockey League playoff championship. The current holders of the Cup is the Owen Sound Attack. The Ontario Hockey League is one of the three Major Junior ice hockey leagues which is part of the Canadian Hockey League.

Teams in the OHL

Other websites 
Official OHL website
Kansas is a state in the Midwestern United States. The 2010 United States Census says that Kansas is the 34th biggest state by number of people. It has  people living there. It is the 13th biggest by land area spanning  of land. Kansas is divided into 105 counties and has 627 incorporated municipalities - which are cities.

City Requirements
All incorporated places in Kansas are called cities. Some states call places towns or villages. (11 of 50 states only have cities). Once a city is incorporated in Kansas, it will continue to be a city no matter what.
There are three categories for cities:
3rd Class Cities - When a city incorporates, it becomes a 3rd class city. To incorporate, a city must generally have at least 300 people living there.
2nd Class Cities - A city may ask to become a 2nd class city when there are 2,00015,000 people living there. A city that has 2,0005,000 people may choose to still be a city of the 3rd class. However, they must become a 2nd class city when they have 5,000 people.
1st Class Cities - A city may ask to become a 1st class city when at least 15,000 people live there. A city with only 15,00025,000 people may choose to still be a 2nd class city. However, it must become a 1st class city when they have 25,000 people.

Cities by number of people 
Population data based on 2010 census and 2017 estimate with over 5,000 people.  The city of Topeka, in addition to being the county seat for Shawnee County, is the state capital.

Military bases
Military bases

As a supplement to the list of cities, the following military bases are given because of their size in active members or service members living on the post. The table values for "Population in Quarters" includes reported totals of active duty, family, civilians, reservists, and retired personnel living on the base.

In 2016, over 85,000 people live on military bases in Kansas. This includes over 25,000 active duty personnel. Although not "cities", these military bases certainly should be considered as population centers of note.

Alphabetical listing

A

Abbyville
Abilene
Admire
Agenda
Agra
Albert
Alden
Alexander
Allen
Alma
Almena
Alta Vista
Altamont
Alton
Altoona
Americus
Andale
Andover
Anthony
Arcadia
Argonia
Arkansas City
Arlington
Arma
Ashland
Assaria
Atchison
Athol
Atlanta
Attica
Atwood
Auburn
Augusta
Aurora
Axtell

B
B

Baldwin City
Barnard
Barnes
Bartlett
Basehor
Bassett
Baxter Springs
Bazine
Beattie
Bel Aire
Belle Plaine
Belleville
Beloit
Belpre
Belvue
Benedict
Bennington
Bentley
Benton
Bern
Beverly
Bird City
Bison
Blue Mound
Blue Rapids
Bluff City
Bogue
Bonner Springs
Brewster
Bronson
Brookville
Brownell
Bucklin
Buffalo
Buhler
Bunker Hill
Burden
Burdett
Burlingame
Burlington
Burns
Burr Oak
Burrton
Bushong
Bushton
Byers

C

Caldwell
Cambridge
Caney
Canton
Carbondale
Carlton
Cassoday
Cawker City
Cedar
Cedar Point
Cedar Vale
Centralia
Chanute
Chapman
Chase
Chautauqua
Cheney
Cherokee
Cherryvale
Chetopa
Cimarron
Circleville
Claflin
Clay Center
Clayton
Clearwater
Clifton
Climax
Clyde
Coats
Coffeyville
Colby
Coldwater
Collyer
Colony
Columbus
Colwich
Concordia
Conway Springs
Coolidge
Copeland
Corning
Cottonwood Falls
Council Grove
Courtland
Coyville
Cuba
Cullison
Culver
Cunningham

D
D

Damar
Danville
De Soto
Dearing
Deerfield
Delia
Delphos
Denison
Denton
Derby
Dexter
Dighton
Dodge City
Dorrance
Douglass
Downs
Dresden
Dunlap
Durham
Dwight

E

Earlton
Eastborough
Easton
Edgerton
Edmond
Edna
Edwardsville
Effingham
El Dorado
Elbing
Elgin
Elk City
Elk Falls
Elkhart
Ellinwood
Ellis
Ellsworth
Elmdale
Elsmore
Elwood
Emmett
Emporia
Englewood
Ensign
Enterprise
Erie
Esbon
Eskridge
Eudora
Eureka
Everest

F

Fairview
Fairway
Fall River
Florence
Fontana
Ford
Formoso
Fort Scott
Fowler
Frankfort
Frederick
Fredonia
Frontenac
Fulton

G

Galatia
Galena
Galesburg
Galva
Garden City
Garden Plain
Gardner
Garfield
Garnett
Gas
Gaylord
Gem
Geneseo
Geuda Springs
Girard
Glade
Glasco
Glen Elder
Goddard
Goessel
Goff
Goodland
Gorham
Gove City
Grainfield
Grandview Plaza
Great Bend
Greeley
Green
Greenleaf
Greensburg
Grenola
Gridley
Grinnell
Gypsum

H
H

Haddam
Halstead
Hamilton
Hamlin
Hanover
Hanston
Hardtner
Harper
Hartford
Harveyville
Havana
Haven
Havensville
Haviland
Hays
Haysville
Hazelton
Hepler
Herington
Herndon
Hesston
Hiawatha
Highland
Hill City
Hillsboro
Hoisington
Holcomb
Hollenberg
Holton
Holyrood
Hope
Horace
Horton
Howard
Hoxie
Hoyt
Hudson
Hugoton
Humboldt
Hunnewell
Hunter
Huron
Hutchinson

I

Independence
Ingalls
Inman
Iola
Isabel
Iuka

J

Jamestown
Jennings
Jetmore
Jewell
Johnson City
Junction City

K

Kanopolis
Kanorado
Kansas City
Kechi
Kensington
Kincaid
Kingman
Kinsley
Kiowa
Kirwin
Kismet

L

Labette
La Crosse
La Cygne
La Harpe
Lake Quivira
Lakin
Lancaster
Lane
Langdon
Lansing
Larned
Latham
Latimer
Lawrence
Leavenworth
Le Roy
Leawood
Lebanon
Lebo
Lecompton
Lehigh
Lenexa
Lenora
Leon
Leona
Leonardville
Leoti
Lewis
Liberal
Liberty
Liebenthal
Lincoln Center
Lincolnville
Lindsborg
Linn
Linn Valley
Linwood
Little River
Logan
Lone Elm
Longford
Long Island
Longton
Lorraine
Lost Springs
Louisburg
Louisville
Lucas
Luray
Lyndon
Lyons

M
M

Macksville
Madison
Mahaska
Maize
Manchester
Manhattan
Mankato
Manter
Maple Hill
Mapleton
Marion
Marquette
Marysville
Matfield Green
Mayetta
Mayfield
McCracken
McCune
McDonald
McFarland
McLouth
McPherson
Meade
Medicine Lodge
Melvern
Menlo
Meriden
Merriam
Milan
Mildred
Milford
Miltonvale
Minneapolis
Minneola
Mission
Mission Hills
Mission Woods
Moline
Montezuma
Moran
Morganville
Morland
Morrill
Morrowville
Moscow
Mound City
Mound Valley
Moundridge
Mount Hope
Mulberry
Mullinville
Mulvane
Munden
Muscotah

N

Narka
Nashville
Natoma
Neodesha
Neosho Falls
Neosho Rapids
Ness City
Netawaka
New Albany
New Cambria
New Strawn
Newton
Nickerson
Niotaze
Norcatur
North Newton
Norton
Nortonville
Norwich

O

Oak Hill
Oakley
Oberlin
Offerle
Ogden
Oketo
Olathe
Olivet
Olmitz
Olpe
Olsburg
Onaga
Oneida
Osage City
Osawatomie
Osborne
Oskaloosa
Oswego
Otis
Ottawa
Overbrook
Overland Park
Oxford
Ozawkie

P
P

Palco
Palmer
Paola
Paradise
Park
Park City
Parker
Parkerfield
Parkerville
Parsons
Partridge
Pawnee Rock
Paxico
Peabody
Penalosa
Perry
Peru
Phillipsburg
Pittsburg
Plains
Plainville
Pleasanton
Plevna
Pomona
Portis
Potwin
Powhattan
Prairie View
Prairie Village
Pratt
Prescott
Preston
Pretty Prairie
Princeton
Protection

Q
Quenemo
Quinter

R

Radium
Ramona
Randall
Randolph
Ransom
Rantoul
Raymond
Reading
Redfield
Republic
Reserve
Rexford
Richfield
Richmond
Riley
Robinson
Roeland Park
Rolla
Rose Hill
Roseland
Rossville
Rozel
Rush Center
Russell
Russell Springs

S
S

Sabetha
St. Francis
St. George
St. John
St. Marys
St. Paul
Salina
Satanta
Savonburg
Sawyer
Scammon
Scandia
Schoenchen
Scott City
Scottsville
Scranton
Sedan
Sedgwick
Selden
Seneca
Severance
Severy
Seward
Sharon
Sharon Springs
Shawnee
Silver Lake
Simpson
Smith Center
Smolan
Soldier
Solomon
South Haven
South Hutchinson
Spearville
Speed
Spivey
Spring Hill
Stafford
Stark
Sterling
Stockton
Strong City
Sublette
Summerfield
Sun City
Susank
Sylvan Grove
Sylvia
Syracuse

T

Tampa
Tescott
Thayer
Timken
Tipton
Tonganoxie
Topeka
Toronto
Towanda
Tribune
Troy
Turon
Tyro

U

Udall
Ulysses
Uniontown
Utica

V

Valley Center
Valley Falls
Vermillion
Victoria
Vining
Viola
Virgil

W
W

WaKeeney
Wakefield
Waldo
Waldron
Wallace
Walnut
Walton
Wamego
Washington
Waterville
Wathena
Waverly
Webber
Weir
Wellington
Wellsville
West Mineral
Westmoreland
Westphalia
Westwood
Westwood Hills
Wetmore
Wheaton
White City
White Cloud
Whitewater
Whiting
Wichita
Willard
Williamsburg
Willis
Willowbrook
Wilmore
Wilsey
Wilson
Winchester
Windom
Winfield
Winona
Woodbine
Woodston

X
none

Y
Yates Center

Z
Zenda
Zurich

Related pages
 List of counties in Kansas

References

Other websites 

Additional information
Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT): Intrastate mileage between cities
Historical Directory of Kansas Towns

Photos, maps and other images
City maps from KDOT
 American Fact Finder 

Kansas-related lists
Deen is a popular music group from Japan which started in 1993. In April 2011 they released the song "Konomama kimidakewo ubaisaritai" which means "I want to steal only you."

Japanese rock bands
Pop music groups
Folk music groups