Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Foreign productions include the 1987 Hanna-Barbera co-production Ultraman: The Adventure Begins (in Japanese, Ultraman USA), an animated movie; Ultraman: Towards The Future (in Japanese, Ultraman Great), an Australian 1991 production and Ultraman: The Ultimate Hero (in Japanese, Ultraman Powered), produced in the United States in 1993. Ultraman series have also been dubbed into many languages, including English, Spanish (only Ultra Q, the original Ultraman, Ultra Seven, Return of Ultraman, Ultraman Great & Ultraman Tiga were known to be translated into Spanish), Portuguese  (Ultraman, Ultraseven, Return of Ultraman and Ultraman Tiga [in Brazil]), Korean, Malay, Mandarin and Cantonese. Also of note is the American English dubbed version of Ultraman Tiga by 4Kids Entertainment that aired in 2002. The dubbed version considerably removed the nature of the character and general mood of the series, and possibly as a result it achieved only little success
. An episode of the Hoshi no Kirby anime series ("Kirby: Right Back at Ya" in America) contains an Ultraman reference, leading to the possibility that "Tiga" may have only been licensed in order to explain the reference (both shows debuted on the same day).
In 1993, Tsuburaya Productions and Toei Company co-produced Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider, a connection with the original Ultraman and Toei's Kamen Rider Ichigo. This direct to video feature is co-copyrighted by both Toei (and its members, Toei Video and Ishimori Productions) and Tsuburaya Productions.

At present, Tsuburaya Prod. accepts 36 Ultramen as official (counting Ultraman Legend, the combined form of Ultramen Cosmos and Justice, as a separate Ultra Warrior). This does not connect with Thai produced Ultramen. (The figure is 38 if Next, Noa, and Nexus are counted as separate Ultras- it has been revealed in Nexus that all three are a single being with many modes used by different hosts.) In 2001, the Ultra Series was added in the Guinness Book of World Records as the record holder for the most number of spin-off shows.

Basic shows 
An asterisk * denotes shows (or movies) that has no Ultramen.
Ultra Q * (1966)
 Ultraman (1966–1967)
 Ultra Seven (1967–1968)
 Return of Ultraman (Kaettekita Ultraman, AKA: Ultraman Jack) (1971–1972)
 Ultraman Ace (1972–1973)
 Ultraman Taro (1973–1974)
 Ultraman Leo (1974–1975)
 Ultraman 80 (1980–1981)
 Ultraman: Towards the Future (AKA: Ultraman Great) (1990) Co-production with Australia
 Ultraman: The Ultimate Hero (AKA: Ultraman Powered) (1993) Co-production with USA
 Ultraman Tiga (1996–1997)
 Ultraman Dyna (1997–1998)
 Ultraman Gaia (1998–1999)
 Ultraseven'98 (1998) Direct-to-DVD series
 Ultraseven'99 (1999) Direct-to-DVD series
 Ultraman Neos (2000–2001) Direct-to-DVD series
 Ultraman Cosmos (2001–2002)
 Ultraseven Evolution (2002) Direct-to-DVD series
 Ultra Q: Dark Fantasy * (2004)
 Ultraman Nexus (2004–2005)
 Ultraman Max (2005–2006)
 Ultraman Mebius (2006–2007)
 Ultraseven X (2007)
 Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle (2007–2008)
 Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle: Never Ending Odyssey (2008-2009)
Ultraman Kids' shows 
 The Ultraman (AKA: Ultraman Jonias) (1979–1980) anime series
 Ultraman Kids' Proverb Stories (1989)
 Ultraman Kids: 30 Million Light Years Looking for Mama (1991–1992)
Movies 
 Ultraman (1967) Compilation Film
 Ultraman, Ultraseven: Great Violent Monster Fight (1969) Special event movie filmed in Cinerama.  
 The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army (1974) Thai Coproduction
 Ultraman (1979) Compilation Film
 Ultraman: Great Monster Decisive Battle (1979) Compilation Film
 Ultraman: The Adventure Begins (AKA: Ultraman USA) (1987) US/Japan Animated TV Movies, Specials and OVAs
 Ultraman Zoffy: Ultra Warriors vs. the Giant Monster Army (1984)
 Ultraman Story (1984)
 Ultra Q The Movie: Legend of the Stars (1990)*
 Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider (1993)
 Ultraman Wonderful World (30th Anniversary Anthology)
 Revive! Ultraman (1996) Compilation
 Ultraman Company: This is the Ultraman (Wacky) Investigation Team (1996) (Anime)
 Ultraman Zearth (1996)
 Ultra Nyan: Extraordinary Cat who Descended from the Starry Sky (1997) (Anime)
 Ultra Nyan 2: The Great Happy Operation (1998) (Anime)
 Ultraman Zearth 2 (1997)
 Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna: Warriors of the Star of Light (1998)
Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna & Ultraman Gaia: Battle in Hyperspace (1999)
 Ultraman Tiga: The Final Odyssey (2000)
 Ultraman Cosmos: The First Contact (2001)
 Ultraman Cosmos 2: The Blue Planet (2002)
 Ultraman Cosmos vs. Ultraman Justice: The Final Battle (2003)
 ULTRAMAN (AKA: Ultraman The Next) (2004)
 Ultraman Mebius & Ultraman Brothers (2006)
 Superior Ultraman 8 Brothers (2008)
 Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy Legend The Movie (2009)
Specials

TV 
 Ultra Seven - Operation: Solar Energy
 Ultra Seven - The Ground of the Earthlings

OVA (Original Video Animation) 
 Ultraman: Super Fighter Legend (1996)

OVT (Original Video Tokusatsu) 
1999 Ultra Seven Series

 Ultra Seven - Lost Memory
 Ultra Seven - From Earth Forever
 Ultra Seven - Betrayal of the Sun
 Ultra Seven - Glory and Legend
 Ultra Seven - The Sky-Flying Colossus
 Ultra Seven - The Day the Fruit Ripens
 Ultra Seven - Consequences of a Promise
 Ultra Seven - The Imitated Man
 Ultra Seven - I Am an Earthling

2001 Heisei Ultraman Side Stories

 Ultraman Tiga Side Story: The Giant Resurrected In The Ancient Past (2001)
 Ultraman Dyna: Return of Hanejiro (2001)
 Ultraman Gaia: Gaia Again (2001)

2002 Ultra Seven Series

 Ultra Seven: EVOLUTION - Dark Side
 Ultra Seven: EVOLUTION - Perfect World
 Ultra Seven: EVOLUTION - Neverland
 Ultra Seven: EVOLUTION - Innocent
 Ultra Seven: EVOLUTION - Akashic Record
Mini-Shows 
 Ultra Fight (1970)
 Ultra Super Legend: Andromelos (1984)
 Ultraman Nice (2001)

"Digital Ultra" Japanese DVD Release 

In Japan, there have been several box sets that were released which would each contain a particular Ultra series. As of now, there are only four such box sets. The sets were released as part of the Digital Ultra movement where the shows would be re released with digital remastering.

The following are the series which have been released as such:
Ultra Q
Ultraman
Ultraseven
Ultraman Jack

The "Digital Ultra" re-release order of the series may not match the time order in which they were originally aired in Japan.
Licensing rights dispute 
Ultraman's licensing rights outside of Japan have been the subject of a long legal dispute between Tsuburaya Productions and Chaiyo Productions (also called Tsuburaya Chaiyo Co Ltd) based in Thailand. Tsuburaya had previously worked together with Chaiyo on the production of two movies, The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army and Jumborg Ace & Giant—the latter of which featured another Tsuburaya superhero, Jumborg Ace—in 1974. Sompote Saengduenchai, founder/president of Chaiyo Productions, claimed and maintained that in 1976, the late Noboru Tsuburaya, Eiji's son, who had died in 1995, had given him and his company a contract which had given him rights to everything Ultraman outside Japanese territories in exchange for a monetary loan.
In anger of the reason that the document failed to state clearly and exactly what had been given to Tsuburaya in exchange for these rights, Japanese and Thai courts accepted this contract as real and bonding, because of the supposed hanko of the late Noboru Tsuburaya in the document. Tsuburaya Productions insisted and maintained that the contract was a fraud (due to some errors, including the some titles of the series in the document, such as Ultra Q being called "Ultraman 1: Ultra Q," Ultra Seven being called "Ultraman 3: Ultraman Seven," and Tsuburaya Productions being called "Tsuburaya Prod. and Enterprises," a name the company never did business under), and repeatedly opposed the issue.

In the course of the legal battle, Sompote presented photos of himself sharing his photos of Thai Buddhist  stating that Eiji had based Ultraman's face on the said structure, a claim which he has continued to hold since the dispute began. No other proof supporting this claim was known to exist.
After an 8-year battle in the courts of both countries, Sompote Saengduenchai was awarded a favorable decision on April 27, 2004. The exact ruling fell into some dispute: Some said it only gave him selling rights for the first six Ultra Series (Ultra Q through Ultraman Taro) and Jumborg Ace outside Japan, and broadcasting rights of said shows within Thailand. Other accounts, usually reported in the Thai/Asian media, said that Chaiyo had got the rights to those six shows everywhere outside Japan. The dispute could be taken as Chaiyo's side of the story, as Tsuburaya was reported in the Japanese media to continue taking more action against them.
Tsuburaya decided not to market any of the disputed six Ultra Series outside Japan until it had completely settled the rights cases with Chaiyo, although the company continued to sell all of the Ultraman programs created after Ultraman Taro, including the theatrical feature Ultraman the Next, throughout the world. Because of the copyright dispute, sending literature on Ultraman into Singapore and Malaysia was stopped. It also resulted in a slow coming down against Thai Ultraman fans, who were assumed to be outright Chaiyo supporters.
In 2005 the American company BCI Eclipse announced they had acquired the DVD rights to the original Ultraman from Chaiyo. A 3-disc box set containing the first 20 episodes of the series was released on July 18, 2006, and a second 3-disc box set containing the remaining 19 episodes was released on November 7, 2006. Both sets feature the original Japanese dialogue track as well as the English dubbed version produced by United Artists for North American people. At certain times, the English dialogue track changed to the Japanese dialogue for small time. This was because BCI had used audio from older recordings in which many scenes had to be cut or shortened for the American broadcast in order to fit running time.  Tsuburaya Productions still held on to the complete original English dubbing materials, which they had obtained from a warehouse in 1997, and refused to provide them for BCI
. (Contrary to BCI's statements, the original English dubs were complete and uncut, except for a small cut in the conclusion of Episode 36, "Gift From The Sky.")
On August 23, 2006, Tsuburaya Productions created a new law for ultraman's right against Chaiyo for copyright (concerning their three original Ultraman characters), and the court case was taken to China. The Chinese courts in Beijing opened "The Ultraman Copyright Study Group" in response to the law for ultraman's right. In April 2007, the Thailand Intellectual Property Court ruled in favor of Tsuburaya Productions, ordering Chaiyo to stop making commercial profits from Chaiyo produced Ultraman characters such as Millennium, Dark, and Elite. The supporters (except for fans) were also fined THB 15,000,000 (approx. JPY 50,904,959 or USD 428,673.50 c. April 2007) plus interest and attorneys' fees. "Project Ultraman" went on a break as a result of the ruling, which said that even if Chaiyo owned the right to some of the Ultraman series, it did not own the right to Ultraman and his brothers, including the design
. Chaiyo gained permission to sell the original series, but lost the right to create and market its own Ultraman, or even use the original, without Tsuburaya permission.
On February 5, 2008, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Tsuburaya Productions of Japan after they made an appeal to the initial ruling. The ruling ended the long legal battle by finding Sompote Saengduenchai was not a co creator of Ultraman. The decision ended Sompote's bid to continue his enterprise, and the court gave Sompote 30 days to stop gaining money from Ultraman. The final ruling saw Tsuburaya Productions as the main copyright owner. Sompote was also required to pay THB 10,700,000 plus interest at the rate of 7.5 per cent a year starting from December 16, 1997, when the original law for ultraman's right was filed.

References

Other websites
Henshin! Online: Official statement by Masahiro Tsuburaya (2003) 
Henshin! Online: Chaiyo vs. Tsuburaya (2004) 
"Ultraman . . . forever", The Japan Times, November 12, 2006.  An overview of the franchise.
Macedonia (, , , ) is a region in the southeastern Europe, in Balkans. In ancient times it was the Kingdom of Macedon and its greatest and most well known leader was Alexander The Great. In Roman times it was part of the Roman province of Macedonia. Today, its borders have changed and after the Treaty of Bucharest it was separated in three countries: Greece with the region of Macedonia (Greek Macedonia or Aegean Macedonia), the country North Macedonia (Vardar Macedonia), and Bulgaria (Pirin Macedonia (Blagoevgrad province)).
Disputes
Greece and North Macedonia have been arguing over the name Macedonia ever since the independence of the country using the name "Republic of Macedonia". North Macedonia had to choose a temporary name in order to be recognized by the United Nations and was known as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). The two countries have been discussing a solution for a new name that both find acceptable and recently agreed upon the name North Macedonia with the Prespa Agreement between Greece and North Macedonia. Bulgaria has not taken part in the dispute but has some disagreements with North Macedonia. Even though Bulgaria was the first country to recognize Macedonia with its name, it doesn't support the Macedonian ethnicity and language anywhere, but claim it's all Bulgarian.

Countries
Countries

Macedonia, Greece
Macedonia (Greek: Μακεδονία - Makedonia), also known as Aegean Macedonia (Macedonian: Егејска Македонија, Egejska Makedonija) is a historical and geographical region in northern Greece. It is the second most populous region of Greece and usually it is referred as Northern Greece with Thrace. It is situated between the Pindus Mountains and river Nestos and it borders west with Epirus and Thessaly, northwestern with Albania, north with the Republic of North Macedonia, northeastern with Bulgaria and east with Thrace. Its south coasts are washed by the Aegean Sea.
Republic of North Macedonia
Republic of North Macedonia (Macedonian: Република Северна Македонија - Republika severna Makedonija), also known as Vardar Macedonia (Macedonian: Вардар Македонија, Vardar Makedoniya), is an independent state on the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe. The country borders Serbia to the north, Albania to the west, Greece to the south, and Bulgaria to the east. The country's currency is the Denar of North Macedonia (MKD).

Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria
Blagoevgrad Province (, oblast Blagoevgrad or Благоевградска област, Blagoevgradska oblast), also known as Pirin Macedonia (Macedonian: Пиринска Македонија,), is a province (oblast) of southwestern Bulgaria. To the north and east it borders with four other Bulgarian provinces it consists of a Macedonian majority in the province, to the south with Greece and the west with the Republic of Macedonia.
Demographics 
The region has always had a mixed population since ancient times, medieval times, and through Ottoman times, and today is no different with the population mostly consisting of Macedonians, Greeks and Albanians. With Vlach, Turkish, and Jewish as the main minority groups.
Macedonian Greeks - self-identify regionally as Macedonians. They form about 51% of the population and are mostly in Aegean Macedonia (Greece). However there are small minorities in the Vardar and Pirin regions. Most of the Greeks originate from a large influx of Greek refugees from Asia Minor in the early 20th century (around 1923). This is due to the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, during which over 1.2 million Christian refugees from Turkey were settled in Greece, 638,000 of whom were settled in the Greek province of Macedonia. It is estimated that they make up the majority of Greeks in Macedonia today.
Ethnic Macedonians - self-identify ethnically and regionally as Macedonians and are the second largest ethnic group in the region. Ethnic Macedonian minorities exist in Greece and Bulgaria and is the largest minority group in Greece's portion of Macedonia. Greece and Bulgaria do not officially recognise a Macedonian minority, in Greece they are recognised as "Slavophone" Greeks, and in Bulgaria as Bulgarians. Ethnic Macedonians are discriminated and somewhat oppressed in both of these regions.
 Bulgarians - A small number of identifying Bulgarians live in North Macedonia and Greece. But are the bulk population in Bulgaria.
 Albanians are another major ethnic group in the region. Ethnic Albanians make up the majority in certain northern and western parts of the Republic of North Macedonia, and account for 25.2% of the total population of the Republic of North Macedonia, according to the 2002 census.
References

Regions of Europe
Survivor: The Amazon was the sixth season of the American reality show Survivor. It was filmed in 2002. There were thirteen episodes, one was shown each week on CBS from February 13 - May 11, 2003.
Sixteen players were sent to the Amazon to compete to win one million dollars. For the first time ever, the starting tribes were divided by gender. The two starting tribes were the all-female Jaburu (named after a native stork) and the all-male Tambaqui (a native fish). They later merged (combined into one tribe), which the players named "Jacaré" (Portuguese for "alligator"). It started and ended as a battle of the genders. The winner of Survivor: The Amazon was Jenna Morasca, a 21-year-old swimsuit model from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who won against Matthew Von Ertfelda by a vote of 6-1. The season finale (last episode) included the announcement of the winner and a live reunion of all the season's players at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City, on David Letterman's Late Show stage which was decorated to look like the set in the Amazon.

The season is well known for having the first reality show player with a disability, the hearing impaired Christy Smith.
Another well-known moment in this season was an immunity challenge where the players would have to stand on a pole longer than everyone else. While all the players were standing on a pole, the players were told that they'd be given a bunch of different rewards for hopping off on purpose. Right away, Jenna Morasca and Heidi Strobel said that they would take off all of their clothes if they were given chocolate and peanut butter. Probst said yes, and a very naked Jenna and Heidi left the challenge and ate a plate of Oreo cookies and peanut butter. This got them a cover shot and a nude picture in a Playboy spread.

Jenna Morasca and Rob Cesternino returned in Survivor: All-Stars, where they placed 16th and 15th.

Players

The Total Votes is the number of votes a player got during Tribal Councils where the player is able to be voted out of the game. It does not count the votes they got during the final Tribal Council.

The game
The game

If more than one tribe or player wins reward or immunity, they are listed in order of finish, or alphabetically if it was teamwork, or where one player won and invited others, the players they invited are in brackets.

 There was no Reward Challenge.

 There was no Reward Challenge due to tribal switch.

 There was no Reward Challenge due to tribal merge.

 Jenna won immunity but gave it to Heidi during tribal council.

Voting history

References

Other websites
 Official CBS Survivor The Amazon Website

06
Patrick Lalime (born July 7, 1974) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender and current analyst on Ottawa Senators television broadcasts. Lalime played a career total of 12 seasons in the NHL. He was drafted 156th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. He retired from playing ice hockey on July 20, 2011 so he could become an analyst on Ottawa Senators television broadcasts on RDS.

Career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

Other websites
The Patrick Lalime Official Site 

1974 births
Living people
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Norfolk Admirals players
Ottawa Senators players
Peoria Rivermen (AHL) players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Portland Pirates players
Shawinigan Cataractes players
St. Louis Blues players
American Hockey League players
ECHL players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Giannitsa, former Genitsa, is a Greek town in the southeastern part of Pella Prefecture in the region of Macedonia. It has a total population of 26,296 inhabitants according to the 2001 census. It is located between Mount Paiko and the plain of Giannitsa, north of the area of the drain lake of Giannitsa at a high of 40 meters. It is also the most important and developed town in Pella and one the most important towns in Macedonia.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Towns in Greece
Survivor: Pearl Islands (also known as Survivor: Pearl Islands — Panama) was the seventh season of the American reality show Survivor. It was filmed in 2003 and started being shown on TV on September 18, 2003.

The show takes place on the Pearl Islands, off the coast of Panama, and had a pirate theme. The two starting tribes were Drake (named for Sir Francis Drake) and Morgan (named for Henry Morgan). Later on, the two were merged (combined) into one tribe, which the players named "Balboa". The new tribe was named after an injured snake Rupert found and used as a mascot for the Drake tribe. 

Sandra Diaz-Twine won against Scout master Lillian "Lill" Morris in a 6-1  vote.

Survivor: Pearl Islands became available on DVD on February 7, 2006.
This season is the only season so far which has had two of its players returning in two other seasons. Rupert Boneham returned in Survivor: All-Stars and made 4th place, then Jon "Jonny Fairplay" Dalton played again in Survivor: Micronesia, and was the first person voted out that season. While neither of them won any seasons, Boneham did win $1,000,000 in Survivor: America's Tribal Council. Sandra Diaz-Twine returned in Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains, along with Boneham, his third time on Survivor. Boneham made 6th place and Sandra Diaz-Twine won the season, again. She was the first person to win Survivor twice. Boneham returned again in Survivor: Blood vs. Water, where he placed 20th. And Diaz-Twine returned to Survivor: Game Changers where she placed 15th. Sandra Diaz-Twine played on Survivor: Winners At War where she was the 8th person voted out, but she left the Edge of Extinction, so she was not a member of the jury.
The start of the game was announced as a surprise to the players, who were told that they would be playing in the clothes on their backs, most thinking they were getting publicity shots before the game started, and that no more supplies would be given to them. The players were split into the two tribes, Morgan and Drake, and given their running shoes, a small bag of money and a map to a close village where they would could use the money to get what they thought they needed for survival as well as a boat trip to their beach, and were told to swim the rest of the way. Drake, thanks to Sandra being able to speak Spanish and Rupert's idea to steal the untouched shoes of Morgan and use them as exchanging goods, was able to get a lot of items, while Morgan did not plan as well. A twist for this season sent one player from the tribe winning reward to steal one item from the other tribe's camp
. Morgan lost most of the early Reward and Immunity challenges, leaving them three players down and with less items to work with at camp. During this time, Osten, a member of Morgan, started to say that he wanted to quit the game.
The next day, the two tribes merged (combined) into one tribe which the players named "Balboa", a name given to a sea snake that Rupert had found and tried to nurse back to health but failed. The tribe moved to Drake's beach. Burton and Rupert won individual immunities, and, along with Lil's anger, helped to voted out old Morgan members Andrew and Ryan O. Now there were more old Drake members than old Morgan members. Jon and Burton started to see Rupert as a physical threat for challenges, and wanted to vote him off, bothering Rupert's alliance members Sandra and Christa. In the next reward challenge, where family and loved ones of the players were brought to the islands, Jon had planned weeks before with his best friend to play the story of a "dead grandmother", hoping to use it to gain sympathy
. Though Sandra knew he was lying, Jon successfully convinced the other players, making them to give up the reward to Jon and then having to spend one night on Morgan's old beach while Jon and his friend hung out alone, celebrating the lie's success. Jon and Burton planned to vote off the rest of the women players, voting off Tijuana and Christine. With five players left, Burton won a car reward and took Jon with him away from camp. This allowed Sandra, Lil, and Darrah to make a plan to vote off Burton by having Sandra act like she was certainly the next one to go. Burton and Jon knew the woman were probably working against them, and to his surprise, Burton was voted off at the following tribal council, leaving Jon struggling to try to win back the women's' trust. The next immunity challenge had yet another twist, as though it was a trivia quiz, the jury played also. The jury won, so none of the players left had immunity. Darrah was voted off, leaving Jon, Lil, and Sandra as the final three.
During the last immunity challenge, Sandra fell out early, so Jon to try to convince Lil to take him to the final two. Lil said no, and won the immunity challenge. Lil struggled with her decision of who to take to the last tribal council, but chose Sandra. During the last tribal council, they jury said that Lil's behavior during the game was not what people expected of a scoutmaster, and they asked questions Lil could not easily answer. Sandra was voted the Sole Survivor on a vote of 6-1. In the reunion show, she found out that if she had taken Jon to the final two, she likely would have won.

Players

The Total Votes is the number of votes a player got during Tribal Councils where the player is able to be voted out of the game. It does not count the votes they got during the final Tribal Council.
Lillian Morris and Burton Roberts were brought back into the game on Day 20, so they are both listed as having placed in two different points in the game. The tribes they were in for a short time upon their return were the same tribes they started in.

The game
 
If more than one tribe or player wins reward or immunity, they are listed in order of finish, or alphabetically if it was teamwork or where one player won and invited others, the players they invited are in brackets.

 There was no Reward Challenge and was not yet known to the castaways.

 This was not actually a reward challenge, but what the Outcasts won was a chance to get voted back into the game.

 There was no Immunity Challenge for this episode.

 There was no Reward Challenge for this episode due to The Outcasts' Tribal Council.

 Burton won immunity, but gave it to Rupert during tribal council; it was no use to Burton since he and Lillian already had immunity.

 Rupert won reward, but gave it to Burton.
Burton and Lillian won reward. Burton gave Jon his reward, while Lillian kept hers.

 Burton originally won immunity, but he lost it when Jeff Probst realized he'd missed a misspelled word ("liaison"). Because of this, a runoff between those not already eliminated was conducted; Darrah eventually won immunity.

 The immunity challenge was a trivia competition, and the five members of the Jury were allowed to compete as a team against the four remaining players. The Jury won immunity, meaning that none of the four remaining players had immunity for that vote.

Voting history

  Both tribes lost a challenge to the Outcast Tribe made of the first 6 players voted off; as a result, both tribes had to vote out a player.

 Osten chose to quit the game, saying that his body was breaking down and his health was more important to him than a million dollars.

 Rupert could not vote because he was captured by Morgan.

Other websites
Official CBS Survivor Pearl Islands Website

07
A clone is any cell or individual which is identical to another.

In biology, cloning is the process of producing one or more genetically identical individuals. With whole individuals, it usually means the deliberate production of an identical copy. This was first achieved in mammals with the famous Dolly the sheep. Human identical twins are natural clones. So are the offspring of asexual reproduction, and any parthenogenetic reproduction which does not involve meiosis.

Cloning is natural to some animals, but rare in mammals. An exception is the nine-banded armadillo, which normally gives birth to identical quadruplets.

In genetics and cell biology, cloning refers especially to the DNA sequence, and by implication all the other macromolecules.
Clones in cell lines occur, but there are some obvious provisos. Changes to the DNA in any shape or form means the daughter cells are not identical with the mother cells. Typically during development genes are switched on and off, and the daughter cells gradually become differentiated into mature tissue cells. These are not identical with the original stem cells, so they are clones only in the sense of being derived from the same mother cell.

The laboratory copying of a molecule to produce exact copies is also called cloning.

Not quite so identical 
Although clones start off identical, they may not stay that way. Identical twins always have slightly different phenotypes.
Although monozygotic twins are genetically almost identical, a 2012 study of 92 pairs of monozygotic twins found that monozygotic twins acquire several hundred genetic differences early in foetal development. This is caused by mutations (or copy errors) taking place in the DNA of each twin after the splitting of the embryo. It is estimated that, on average, a set of monozygotic twins will have about 360 genetic differences that occurred early in foetal development. However, these changes may have little practical effect. In practice, identical twins look and act in a very similar way.
Species cloned 
 Carp: (1963) In China, embryologist Tong Dizhou produced the world's first cloned fish by inserting the DNA from a cell of a male carp into an egg from a female carp. He published the findings in a Chinese science journal.
 Mice: (1986) A mouse was the first mammal successfully cloned from an early embryonic cell. Soviet scientists Chaylakhyan, Veprencev, Sviridova, and Nikitin had the mouse "Masha" cloned. Research was published in the journal "Biofizika" volume ХХХII, issue 5 of 1987.
 Sheep: (1996) From early embryonic cells by Steen Willadsen. Megan and Morag[19] cloned from differentiated embryonic cells in June 1995 and Dolly the sheep from a somatic cell in 1997.
 Monkey: (2000) Tetra, from embryo splitting.
 Gaur: (2001) was the first endangered species cloned.
 Cattle: Alpha and Beta males 2001 and 2005, Brazil. 
 Cat: CopyCat "CC" (female, late 2001), Little Nicky, 2004, was the first cat cloned for commercial reasons.
Dog: (2005) Snuppy, a male Afghan hound was the first cloned dog.
 Rat: (2003) Ralph, the first cloned rat.
 Mule: (2003) Idaho Gem, a john mule, was the first horse-family clone.
 Horse: (2003) Prometea, a Haflinger female, was the first horse clone.
 Water Buffalo: (2009) Samrupa was the first cloned water buffalo. It was born at India's Karnal National Diary Research Institute but died five days later of a lung infection.
 Camel: (2009) The first cloned camel.
 Crab-eating macaque: (2018) The first time scientists cloned any ape or monkey using cells from a donor older than an embryo.
References 

Genetics
Cell biology
Developmental biology
Biological reproduction
Scoutcraft is a form of woodcraft skills used in the woods and the "backcountry."  Though it has been practiced for hundreds of years, it was first called "scoutcraft" by Robert Baden-Powell and Ernest Thompson Seton, who wrote books about it about a hundred years ago.   What scoutcraft is has varied throughout the years and from country to country.  For example, in England, scoutcraft once included citizenship, while in America, it once included indian lore and signaling.  At present, scoutcraft includes camping, hiking (walking through the woods or backcountry), backpacking (a combination of camping and hiking), orienteering (use of a map and compass to find ones way through the backcountry), pioneering (building structures out of logs using knots), first aid, and wilderness survival.

References

Scouting
Mirante do Vale  is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 170 meters (558 feet) tall and has 51 floors. It was built in 1960.

Related pages
 Downtown São Paulo
 Paulista Avenue

Other websites 

 Mirante do Vale Official Page

Skyscrapers in Brazil
São Paulo
1960 establishments
1960s establishments in Brazil
Survivor: All-Stars was the eighth season of the American reality show Survivor. It was filmed in 2003 and started to be shown on TV on February 1, 2004 after Super Bowl XXXVIII. It was set on the Pearl Islands of Panama, the same place where the last season, Survivor: Pearl Islands had just finished. The winner of this season was Amber Brkich, who won against Rob "Boston Rob" Mariano, fellow player and future husband in a 4-3 vote. At the end of the season a twist called America's Tribal Council was shown live on May 13, 2004. It involved the public voting for whom they wanted to win a second million-dollar prize. Rupert Boneham won the million dollars.

Rob Mariano, Rupert Boneham, Jerri Manthey and Colby Donaldson returned in Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains, each on Survivor for a third time. Their places are unknown because the season has not been shown on TV yet.

This season became available on DVD on September 14, 2004.
Choosing the players
Producer Mark Burnett has said that two people said no when they were asked to return in the All-Stars season of Survivor — Elisabeth Filarski Hasselbeck from The Australian Outback, who had just taken a job as a co-host of The View, and Colleen Haskell of the show's first season, who "had moved on with her life and just genuinely didn't want to go through that again." There was a rumor that Brian Heidik, from Thailand was asked to return, but he would only return if he would be paid a certain amount of money for returning, no matter how far he got into the game. Survivor: Pearl Islands winner Sandra Diaz-Twine also says that she said no, saying that she was still  from parasites that she got at Pearl Islands. Jon Dalton has says that he said no. Jenna Morasca, winner Survivor: The Amazon said that her fellow tribemate, Heidi Strobel, had also said no.
Season summary
Eighteen players returned this season from earlier seasons. In the beginning, they were divided into three tribes: Chapera, Mogo Mogo, and Saboga. Each tribe was named after an island of the Pearl Islands. During the fifth episode Reward Challenge, the Saboga tribe lost the award, and its members divided between the other two tribes (called "dissolving"). During this period, an alliance between Rob M, Amber (who already had their own alliance early in the game), Rupert and Jenna L. would become dominate for Chapera. Also, during this time, two players chose to leave the game. Jenna Morasca, who was worried about her mother's health, chose to leave the game. Her mother died eight days later from cancer. Susan "Sue" Hawk left angry in episode six, one day after a problem during an immunity challenge where a naked Richard Hatch had quick but inappropriate bodily contact with her.
Rob's four-player alliance continued to dominate the rest of the game. When there were five players left, Rob M., Amber, Rupert, Jenna L., and Big Tom, Rob M. started an argument between Rupert and Big Tom, leading to Big Tom being voted off at the next Tribal Council, and Rupert at the next one. Rob M. won the last immunity challenge and took Amber into the final two with him. The members of the jury had different opinions, some saying that Rob M. played a strong game to get this far, while others, such as Lex, didn't like him because of his strategies. At the live show, before the reading of the votes, Rob M. proposed to Amber for her hand in marriage, and she said yes. Amber won the last vote, 4-3. As winner, Amber was given the chance to give a car to another player, and she chose Shii Ann, At the reunion, Survivor: The Australian Outback player Jerri Manthey tried to put herself into the controversial discussion between Tom Buchanan and Mariano
. The 5000 person audience booed, so she left the reunion show angry during a commercial break.
A week later, Rupert won the "America Votes" contest, getting 85% of the 38 million votes cast, winning a million dollars himself.

Players

The Total Votes is the number of votes a player got during Tribal Councils where the player is able to be voted out of the game. It does not count the votes they got during the final Tribal Council.

The game

If more than one tribe or player wins reward or immunity, they are listed in order of finish, or alphabetically if it was teamwork, or where one player won and invited others, the players they invited are in brackets.
Saboga chose to give some taste of reward to the other two tribes. They gave a flint and pot to all the tribes.
 Since Jenna M. left the game, no immunity challenge and no tribal council were shown during the episode.
 Saboga, having lost the reward challenge, was dissolved, so two members were sent to each of the Chapera and Mogo Mogo tribes.
 Although Sue quit the game, a reward challenge was still held.
 The challenge was combined Reward and Immunity. Chapera was able to choose one Mogo Mogo member for their reward. They chose Kathy, who was not allowed to go to tribal council with her tribe.
 A tribe switch took place instead of a reward challenge. By chance, Amber was the only one who did not switch tribes, but had new tribemates.
 Black is used to show that the reward challenge is individual and not tribal. No merge color was given out at this time in the episode.
 Two were given immunity at the night's tribal council.
 Rob M. saw his video from home. He gave everybody their letters from home.
Voting history

 Jenna M. quit the game on day 9 to return home to her dying mother.
 Sue quit the game on day 17 after being angry with Richard due to what happened at the previous challenge.
 Kathy could not vote, as she was chosen to enjoy the reward with the Chapera tribe.

Notes

Other websites
Official CBS Survivor All Stars Website

08
Jean-Baptiste Lully (pronounce: "Loo-lee"), (born Florence, 28 November 1632; died Paris, 22 March 1687), was an Italian composer, violinist and dancer who spent most of his life working in the court of Louis XIV of France. He took on French nationality in 1661. He was the most important French composer of his time. Lully realized that music in the Italian style was not suitable for the French language, so he composed his operas in a special way. He created the tradition of French opera. He also wrote a lot of ballet music and some church music.

Life 
Lully was born in Florence, Italy. Lully did not have much education. He taught himself a lot of what he could do. He learned to play the guitar and the violin and to dance.

In 1646 he was taken to France where he was given a job teaching Italian to a Duchess. He had the opportunity to hear a lot of good music, and, by the time he was 20, he was an excellent composer, violinist and dancer.
He started to work for Louis XIV in 1652. He composed some music for the Ballet de la Nuit (Night Ballet). The king liked it very much. He became composer of instrumental music to the king. His orchestra (called Grande Bande, i.e. large band) had 24 violins. They were not very good, so he got the king’s permission to start another group which he called Petits Violons (Little Violins). There were 16 in the group (later it became 21), and Lully trained them properly. He did not let them put too many ornaments in the music.

He became a Frenchman in 1661. The next year he became Music Master to the Royal Family and he also married. The king and queen signed the marriage document, so Lully was obviously an important man.
Lully composed lots of ballets for the King during the 1650s and 1660s. He was one of the dancers in these ballets. The king also danced. He worked with the great playwright Molière, composing music for Molière’s comedies. These include Le Mariage forcé (1664), L'Amour médecin (1665), and Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (1670). Together with Molière he created the Comédie-Ballet which became a great French tradition.

When the king got older he could not dance and so he became less interested in ballet. So Lully became more interested in composing operas. He earned a lot of money from this, because there was an arrangement with the king that Lully would have complete control of any music that was published in France. Lully had become a very powerful man, and many other musicians did not like this. There were a lot of arguments, especially when Lully did not allow music in puppet shows.
Lully had lots of successes in his life. He also had many love affairs, with men and women. There were several scandals, but the king always forgave him because he was a great friend..

Death 
Late in 1686 the king had been ill, but he got better, so he asked Lully to organize a concert to celebrate the fact that he was well again. The concert was given on 8 January 1687. The orchestra played a Te Deum. Lully conducted the orchestra. Conductors did not yet use batons (sticks) in those days. Instead, Lully banged a big stick on the floor to keep the orchestra together. Suddenly, he hit his toe with his stick. The wound in the toe got an infection. The infection later became gangrene. He did not want the doctors to cut off his toe. The infection spread to the rest of the body, and he died on 22 March from gangrene.

Lully was rich when he died. He left 800.000 livres. He had five houses in Paris as well as two country houses.
Music 
Lully lived in the middle of the Baroque period. He liked fast, lively music, especially music that could be danced to. He changed people’s taste in musical style. He used a lot of instruments that had not been used in orchestras before. His friendship with Molière resulted in a new musical form, the comédie-ballet which combined theatre, comedy, and ballet.

Lully also created the style of French opera called tragédie en musique or tragédie lyrique. Instead of having his opera music divided into recitatives and arias he often combined the two so that events in the story happened quickly.

References

1632 births
1687 deaths
Deaths from gangrene
Baroque composers
Bisexual people
17th-century French composers
French dancers
French LGBT people
17th-century Italian composers
Italian LGBT people
LGBT composers
LGBT dancers
People from Florence
Survivor: Vanuatu - Islands of Fire (also known as Survivor: Vanuatu for short) was the ninth season of the American reality show Survivor. It was filmed in Summer 2004. The game took place on Vanuatu, a group of volcanic islands in the South Pacific. 

Survivor: Vanuatu started being shown on TV on September 16, 2004. Also starting that day was Survivor Live, an hour-long Internet talk show hosted by the first Sole Survivor Richard Hatch and Entertainment Tonight correspondent Chris Booker. The talk show was shown every Thursday and Friday on the CBS website. It interviews  players from earlier seasons and reviews the players' gameplay. 

On December 12, 2004, Chris Daugherty won against Twila Tanner by a vote of 5-2 to become the sole survivor. This seasons became available on DVD on December 5, 2006.
For the first time, not including the season before, All-Stars, there were eighteen players. In the first seven seasons, there were only sixteen. This was the second season where the starting tribes were divided by gender. It was also the first season to have an amputee (Chad Crittenden, who had lost a foot to cancer) and not one, but two open lesbians (motivational speaker Scout Cloud Lee and old Playboy model Ami Cusack).

The season began like Survivor: The Amazon. The tribes were divided by gender. The male tribe was Lopevi, named after one of Vanuatu's volcanic islands; the female tribe was Yasur, named after Mount Yasur. On Day 11, there was a tribal switch like in other seasons, which ended up moving two people from each tribe over to the other tribe.

On Day 20, the tribes were merged (combined) into one tribe. They named the new tribe "Alinta", a name suggested by Scout meaning "people of fire."
Eliza Orlins and Ami Cusack were chosen from this season to return for Survivor: Micronesia as members of the Favorites tribe, where they placed 10th and 11th.

Gameplay
The players were brought into the game at a native gathering, with the natives dividing the group into men and women. The men were clearly worshiped at the ceremony, suggesting they would have better luck in the game. After the ceremony, the men were named the Lopevi tribe, and the women the Yasur tribe, and sent to find their camps in the dark. Lopevi lost the first challenge mainly due to Chris, however, the older men of the tribe started an alliance and worked to vote off one of the younger men, Brook. This would continue through the next two tribal councils that Lopevi took part in. In Yasur, a strong clique started around Ami, and the women that did not fit in were voted out.
The tribes were switched on day 11, mixing the two tribes; later voting only strengthened Ami's alliances. On Day 19, the two tribes, now with 6 women and 4 men, merged into one tribe, which they named "Alinta". The men were quickly targeted at the next three tribal councils, leaving Chris as the only male. By this time, the players in Ami's alliance were her, Julie, and Leann, while Twila and Scout had formed a closer pairing, with Eliza as an outsider among the women. When Chris didn't win the next immunity challenge, Twila brought Chris into a plan to vote out one of Ami's group if they could bring Eliza into their foursome. Chris was successful at this, and Leann was voted out at the next tribal council. Ami and Julie soon followed, even though they had tried to vote off Chris. The final four was Chris, Eliza, Twila, and Scout. Chris won the last two immunity challenges, and took Twila with him into the final two
. The jury saw Chris' power to stay in the game with the odds against him, both from the first challenge and as the last man standing, and voted him the Sole Survivor 5-2.
Players

The Total Votes is the number of votes a player got during Tribal Councils where the player is able to be voted out of the game. It does not count the votes they got during the final Tribal Council.

The game

If more than one tribe or player wins reward or immunity, they are listed in order of finish, or alphabetically if it was teamwork, or where one player won and invited others, the players they invited are in brackets.

 John K. had to spend a day with the other tribe for the point of giving immunity to one of them at tribal council that night. He chose Ami because he thought she was safe even without immunity.

 When Eliza won the reward challenge, she got her own car and the players who finished second and third in the challenge were able to join her at a spa retreat.

Voting history

Other websites
 Official CBS Survivor Vanuatu Website
 

09
Vanuatu
Herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs. All known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in Upper Triassic strata dated to 231.4 million years ago (mya) in northwestern Argentina.

It is a member of the Herrerasauridae, a family of similar genera that were among the earliest dinosaurs.

Description 
Herrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head. Its length is estimated at 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 ft), and its hip height at more than 1.1 meters (3.3 ft). It may have weighed around 210–350 kilograms (463–772 lb).

In a large specimen the skull measured 56 centimeters (1.8 ft) in length. Smaller specimens had skulls about 30 centimeters (1 ft) long.

The tail, partially stiffened by overlapping vertebral projections, balanced the body and was also an adaptation for speed.