Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The possum is an Australasian marsupial which was later introduced to China and New Zealand. There are about 69 species alive today.

Possums are members of the Phalangeriformes. This is a suborder of the Diprotodonts, a large order which includes the kangaroos and its relatives.

Possums are native to Australia and are protected there.  Possums spend the first four months of their lives in their mother's pouch. By the time they are six months old, the young possums live outside the pouch.

They are nocturnal and at least partly arboreal. Some of the smaller species are gliders. They have sharp claws and a keen sense of smell. They eat the leaves of trees, insects, berries and bird's eggs.

The first possums were brought to New Zealand in 1837 from Australia. In New Zealand, possums have no natural enemies, so possum numbers increased quickly. It is thought of as a pest in New Zealand.
The possum has done a lot of damage to the native plants, animals and birds.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Kiwi Conservation Club 

Diprotodonts
Marsupials of Australia
This page lists things that happened in the year 1130.

Events 
 December 25 – Roger II becomes the first king of Sicily

Deaths 
 November 11 – Teresa of Leon, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon (b. 1080)

1130
Gotha is a town in Thuringia, in Germany. It is the capital of the District of Gotha. The population was 46,205 in 2004.

History 
The town has existed at least since the 8th century, when its name was mentioned in a document signed by Charlemagne, in which it appears as Villa Gotaha ("Good Waters"). In 1640 Gotha became the capital city of Saxe-Gotha. In the 18th century the French philosopher Voltaire stayed for a long time, and the Royal court became one of the centres of the Enlightenment in Germany. From 1826 to 1918, Gotha was one of the two capitals of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Gotha has played an important role in the Germany's workers' movement: the German socialist party (SPD) was founded in Gotha in 1875, when the Social Democratic Workers' Party, led by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht, and the General German Workers' Association, founded by Ferdinand Lassalle joined together. The compromise was known the Gotha Program and was opposed by Karl Marx.
Gotha has also been traditionally a centre of publishing. The firm of Justus Perthes (now called Hermann Haack) began publishing the Almanach de Gotha in 1763. The almanach was a very important directory of the world's major ruling dynasties and Europe's high nobility.

From 1949 to 1990 the city of Gotha was in the German Democratic Republic.
Sights 
 The main attraction in the town is the Schloß Friedenstein, the former ducal palace, built in 1643-1655. It is Germany’s oldest early Baroque palace. The palace also houses the Museum of Regional History including the historic Ekhof Theatre, the oldest preserved baroque theatre in the world.
 Town Hall, built between 1567 and 1577 in Renaissance style, noteworthy for a richly decorated façade in its north side.
 A Market place (Hauptmarkt) surrounded by restored patrician houses with Baroque doorways.
 Augustinian Church (Gothic, 13th century), with former abbey.
 St Margaret’s Church (Margarethenkirche), from the end of the 15th century.
 Gotha is host to the annual Freakstock Christian music festival.

Sister cities 
  Martin
  Gastonia, North Carolina
  Kielce Poland
  Martin
  Romilly-sur-Seine
  Salzgitter

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Official website 
 Tram in Gotha

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Thuringia
Gotha Rural District
Palm Island, also known as Great Palm Island, or by the Aboriginal name Bukaman, is an island with about 2,000 people living on it.

Names 
The small town on the island has many names such as Palm Island, the Mission, Palm Island Settlement or Palm Community.

Location 
The island is  north-west of Townsville, on the east coast of Queensland, Australia.  It is the biggest of the Greater Palm group of islands.  It has small bays, sandy beaches and steep forested mountains rising to  high.  Other close by islands outside the Palm group include Rattlesnake Island and Magnetic Island.

History 
Palm Island is often called a "tropical paradise" because of its natural beauty, but it has had a sad past since Europeans arrived in Australia.  For much of the 20th Century it was used by the Queensland Government as a town for Aboriginals thought to be guilty of such crimes as being "disruptive", being pregnant to a white man or being born with "mixed blood".
The community created by this history has had many problems and has often been debated about by political and social writers.  Of major concern is a lack of jobs and housing.  Since it became a Aboriginal reserve, Palm Island has been a symbol of aboriginal hardship and violence.  At the same time it has been at the centre of political campaigning to improve the lives and treatment of Australia's Indigenous peoples as well as seeking people to recognise the bad history which lead to the Palm Island of today.

References
''

Footnotes
Footnotes

Other websites
Bwgcolmacom Community School website 
Local Council information 
Palm Island PCYC webpage 
Database of Agreements to which the Palm Island Aboriginal Shire Council are parties 
Joyce Palmer Health Service webpage
Dunn, Peter "WW2 Palm Island naval base" Australia @ War, 22 May 2004 (and updated since)
Queensland Government information webpage on Palm Island and alcohol management 
Queensland Government information webpage on Community Renewal on Palm Island 
Queensland Government map of alcohol restriction zone 
Australian Government Shared Responsibility Agreement - Palm Island our horses, our responsibility

Articles produced by The Brisbane Institute think tank

Professor Steffen Lehmann Lessons from Palm Island  The Brisbane Institute, 17 November 2005
Boe, Andrew Palm Island: something is very wrong  The Brisbane Institute, 21 April 2005
Boe, Andrew Palm Island Inquest findings – the unacceptable political inertia  The Brisbane Institute, 06 October 2006
Islands of Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Geography of Queensland
Sir Winston Churchill, (1874–1965), Prime Minister during the Second World War, politician, soldier, author, speaker, artist
 Isambard Kingdom Brunel, (1806–1859), engineer, creator of Great Western Railway and other significant works
 Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997), first wife of HRH Charles, Prince of Wales (1981–1996) and mother of Princes William and Harry of Wales
 Charles Darwin (1809-1882), naturalist, originator of the theory of evolution through natural selection and author of The Origin of Species
 William Shakespeare (1564–1616), English poet and playwright, thought of by many as the greatest of all writers in the English language
 Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727), physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science
 Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603), monarch, (reigned 1558–1603)
 John Lennon (1940–1980), musician with The Beatles, philanthropist, peace activist, artist
Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758–1805), naval commander
 Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), Lord Protector
The complete list can be found on the BBC website.

References

BBC
Lists of people
Igrejinha is a Brazilian city of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has 31 389 inhabitants. It has an area of .

Sources

Cities in Rio Grande do Sul
1964 establishments in Brazil
Arroyo Barril is a Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province in the Dominican Republic.  It is on the south coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the coast of Samaná Bay.

It was made a municipal district on May 1, 2003.

Population
In the last national census (2010), the district had a total population of 11,007: 5,591 men and 5,416 women. The urban population was 22% of the total population.

Economy
The most important economic activities of Arroyo Barril are the same of the province: agriculture, fishing and tourism.

The Arroyo Barril Airport is in this place; it is a national airport with flights to other airports in the country.

References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
2003 establishments in North America
2000s establishments in the Dominican Republic
The Intolerable Acts are laws passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1774.

The British Parliament passed these laws to punish the Massachusetts colony for the Boston Tea Party.
 One of the laws closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea.  
 The Quartering Act allowed Britain to house troops wherever it wanted.  This one was for all the colonies, not just Massachusetts.
 The Administration of Justice Act allowed the trials of accused royal officials to take place in Great Britain if the Governor decided that the defendant could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts. 
 The Quebec Act gave the Ohio country to Canada.

These laws were so harsh that the colonists called them the Intolerable Acts.

Other colonies offered Massachusetts their support. They sent supplies to Boston. The Committees of Correspondence also called for a meeting of all colonies. This meeting would decide what to do about their problems with Britain, which led to the Continental Congress.

Other websites
Other websites

Text of the Quartering Act
Text of the Quebec Act
1774
Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain
1770s in the United States
1770s in Great Britain
"Iron" Mike Zambidis (born July 15, 1980) is a Greek kickboxer.  He is known in the kickboxing community as K.O. artist and for his explosive fighting style.

Greek sportspeople
Kickboxers
1980 births
Living people
The Indo-Greek Kingdom was a part of the Greek Empire. It ruled in parts of northwest and northern Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan) from 180 BCE to around 10 CE, and was ruled by a succession of more than thirty Hellenic kings. At 400 AD - 500 AD, the remnants of Indo-Greeks was discriminated as foreigners by the beginning strong Hindu Caste system, and called Chandala (casteless)-(Dalit), and they wandered at the time of Migration period to Europe. In the Byzantime Empire they was called Atsingani. Yet is suspected that the Roma people are the descendant of the Atsingani, because the Romani languagehave much Greek influence too.

References
References

Other websites 
 News story of the latest archaeological discovery of artefacts dated back to Indo-Greek period
 Indo-Greek history and coins 
 Ancient coinage of the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms
 Text of Prof. Nicholas Sims-Williams (University of London) mentioning the arrival of the Kushans and the replacement of Greek Language. 
 Wargame reconstitution of Indo-Greek armies 

Ancient Greece
History of Pakistan
Former monarchies of Asia
Former countries in Central Asia
The Mirage 2000 is a French-built multirole fighter jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation. It first flew in 1978, and was introduced in 1984. Originally designed in the late seventies as a lightweight fighter for the Armée de l'Air, it evolved into a successful multirole aircraft now in service in 9 countries with more than 600 airplanes built.

Related pages
Mirage III

French military aircraft
Mirage 2000
Helensburgh is a small town in New South Wales, Australia. It has  more than 5000 people. It is about half-way between Sydney and Wollongong, at the southern end of the Royal National Park. The area was first settled by Europeans in 1815, when farmers began to move their cattle to graze on the grasslands around Wollongong.

References

Towns in New South Wales
The Hugo Award is an award given each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the science fiction magazine Amazing Stories. Hugo Awards have been given out every year since 1953, except 1954. Hugo Award winners are chosen by members of the Worldcon convention each year. The ceremony where the awards are given out is a main part of the convention. 

The Hugo Award trophy was co-designed by Benedict Jablonski. 

The 2006 Hugo Awards ceremony was held at the 64th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) on Saturday, August 26 in Anaheim, California. The 2007 Awards were presented at the 65th World Science Fiction Convention in Yokohama, Japan on 1 September.

Other websites 
 Official site
 Most honored Hugo Award nominees
 Hugo Award Gallery 
 Hugo history at a glance  – graphical overview of when individual persons were nominated; until 2004
 Excerpts and summaries of all Hugo winning and nominated novels
X-Men: The Last Stand is a 2006 movie. It is the third movie based on the Marvel Comics' X-Men superhero comic books. The story takes place after X-Men (2000) and X2 (2003). Brett Ratner directed the movie. He took over when Bryan Singer decided to direct Superman Returns. The movie is about a "mutant cure" and the resurrection of Jean Grey, who seemed to have died in X2. The movie is partially based on two X-Men comic book stories: writer Chris Claremont's and artist John Byrne's "Dark Phoenix Saga" in The Uncanny X-Men (1980) and writer Joss Whedon's and artist John Cassaday's six-issue "Gifted" story in Astonishing X-Men (2004).

The movie was released May 26, 2006 in the United States and Canada. It was released one or two days earlier in more than 20 other countries. The movie did well at theaters. It earned $45.1 million on its first day. This is the fourth-highest opening day gross. Its opening weekend gross of $103 million is the eighth highest ever.
The movie is sometimes called X3, XIII, X-Men 3, or X-Men 3: The Last Stand.

Plot

The movie begins with a very sad Cyclops.  He is still very sad because he lost his girlfriend Jean Grey at the end of the last movie.  He goes out to the lake, where he sees Jean Grey, who is somehow not dead.  She has a lot more powers now.  She kills Cyclops and then leaves.  Wolverine and Storm find Cyclops' visor in the water when they go looking for him.  They also find Jean Grey and put her inside the Xavier Institute.

Meanwhile, a large company working at Alcatraz Island has found a way to erase the gene that is the cause for mutation.  This discovery splits the mutants apart.  Some believe that their mutation helps society and do not want a cure for it and start protesting.  Other mutants do not like their mutation and begin lining up at Alcatraz Island to get the cure.  At the Xavier Institute, Rogue, who longs to touch people but cannot, is interested in the cure.
Professor Xavier tracks down Jean Grey.  He and Wolverine and Storm go Jean's old house to try to talk to her.  Early on, he found that Jean Grey had a very powerful side called the Phoenix.  To make sure that side never came out, he put up a mind barrier.  During the talk, the Phoenix comes out and he and Jean Grey have a mind battle.  It ends when the Phoenix overpowers the Professor and the Professor dies.
The villain Magneto has started to put his Brotherhood of Mutants together.  While freeing his right-hand man Mystique from jail, a guard fires a "cure dart" at him to try to remove his mutation.  Mystique jumps in the way and is cured of her mutation.  Magneto leaves her.  As a result, she tells the government where Magneto will be.  The Brotherhood meets in a forest.  Wolverine, who has gone out there, sees that the Phoenix has teamed up with the Brotherhood and will not leave when Wolverine asks her to.  The government then raids the forest, but Magneto has already left and all the agents find is many copies of the mutant Multiple Man.

At the Xavier Institute, Bobby Drake (Iceman) has begun to like another girl named Kitty Pryde.  One night, the two of them go out skating in the fountain.  Iceman's girlfriend, Rogue, becomes very jealous when she sees him with Kitty and leaves the next day to go to Alcatraz Island.  Bobby goes out there but cannot find her.
In the final battle, Magneto walks out onto the San Francisco Bridge, moving cars out of the way.  He then lifts the bridge up and rips it apart and makes a bridge to Alcatraz Island.  The X-Men drop down from their plane and defend the mutant cure building against attack.  The X-Men's plot to stop Magneto.  To do this, Wolverine runs at Magneto.  Magneto easily stops Wolverine.  Another mutant named Beast comes from behind him and sticks a bunch of cure darts into Magneto, curing him of the mutation.

The U.S Army comes over the top at this point and starts to fire darts.  This causes Phoenix to very angry and she starts to use her powers to begin destroying everything.  With great effort, Wolverine reaches Phoenix and sticks his claws into her to stop her, killing her but saving the soldiers.  Back at the Xavier Institute, they mourn the Jean Grey's death.  Rogue, who has been cured, touchs Bobby's hand for the first time.

Cast
X-Men
The X-Men are a team of superheroes from the "Xavier Institute", a school for mutants. They protect both humans and mutants and try to prevent a war between the two.
 Patrick Stewart as Professor Charles Xavier: The founder of the Xavier Institute. He has great telepathic powers. Xavier's legs are damaged and he must use a wheelchair. He has great knowledge on genetic mutation. Xavier want peace between humans and mutants.
 Hugh Jackman as Logan / Wolverine: Logan can heal very quickly. This allowed a very strong metal coating to be placed on his bones. He also has metal claws that come out from each of his hands.
 Halle Berry as Ororo Munroe / Storm: She can control the weather with her mind.
 James Marsden as Scott Summers / Cyclops: The X-Men's leader when they fight. He shoots energy from his eyes.
 Anna Paquin as Marie D'Ancanto / Rogue: When she touches someone she absorbs their life force. If they are a mutant, she absorbs their powers. She can kill someone if she touches them for too long.
Kelsey Grammer as Dr. Henry "Hank" McCoy / Beast: A former student of Xavier's School. He is now the Secretary of Mutant Affairs in the U.S. government. The Beast's body is covered in blue fur. He is very smart and has great strength and agility. He is a scientist and researcher with great intelligence and understanding about mutant genetics.
 Shawn Ashmore as Bobby Drake / Iceman: He can control the temperature of the moisture in the air. He can create items of ice or blasts of cold. His body can change into ice.
 Elliot Page as Kitty Pryde: She can "phase" through objects, which allows her to walk through solid objects.
 Daniel Cudmore as Piotr "Peter" Rasputin / Colossus: He can change his skin into an organic metal. This gives him superhuman strength. It also makes it hard to hurt him.
Brotherhood of Mutants
The Brotherhood is a group of mutants who think mutants should have the same rights as the humans.
 Ian McKellen as Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto: An very powerful mutant who can control any form of metal. He is a Holocaust victim who thinks that mutants are better than . This often cause problems between him and his old friend Charles Xavier.
 Famke Janssen as Jean Grey / Phoenix: A former member of the X-Men died saving her friends. She is one of the most powerful mutants. She has limitless telepathic and telekinetic. powers that can be used at a sub-atomic level. Following the end of X2, the dark side of Jean's persona took control. This caused her to become more powerful. Her lack of control over her powers means she can destroy people by just thinking about doing it. In this movie she's the main antagonist.
 Rebecca Romijn as Raven Darkholme / Mystique: Magneto's blue-skinned girlfriend can shapeshift to look like anyone. She can fight with great agility and strength.
Aaron Stanford as John Allerdyce / Pyro: Former Xavier Institute student Pyro can control fire. He can not create fire so he carries a lighterwith him at all times. He holds a grudge against his former friend Bobby Drake.
 Vinnie Jones as Cain Marko / Juggernaut: The Juggernaut is incredibly strong and fast. Once he starts moving, nothing can stop him.
 Eric Dane as Jamie Madrox / Multiple Man: Multiple Man can split himself into multiple copies. He is a criminal who joins the Brotherhood after they release him.
The Omegas
A group of mutant which are part of an underground network across the nation.
 Dania Ramirez as Callisto: Callisto is the leader of The Omegas, a group of mutant outcasts. She has superhuman speed, reflexes, and agility. She can also sense other mutants.
 Omahyra Mota as Arclight: Arclight can create seismic energies that cause shockwaves.
 Ken Leung as Kid Omega: Has porcupine-like spines he can extend or retract at will. This character looks like the comic books' character Quill; however, the official cast credits say "Kid Omega".
 Mei Melançon as Psylocke: Psylocke has the ability to teleport herself through shadows.
Other characters
 Ben Foster as Warren Worthington III / Angel: He has bird-like wings which allow him to fly. Cayden Boyd plays Warren as a child.
 Michael Murphy as Warren Worthington II: The head of Worthington Labs, the corporation creating the "cure". He is Angel's father. He wants to take his son's mutant abilities away.
 Cameron Bright as Jimmy / Leech: A mutant boy whose power stops the powers of nearby mutants. His DNA is the basis for the "cure".
 Shohreh Aghdashloo as Dr. Kavita Rao: Rao is a scientist working at Worthington Labs on the mutant cure.
Production
Bryan Singer, the director of the first two X-Men movies left early in the production of the movie to direct the movie Superman Returns. Screenwriters Dan Harris and Michael Dougherty and composer John Ottman left with him. Singer has said that, at the time he left, they had partially written a story for the movie which would have been only about Jean Grey's resurrection. The story would also have a new villain Emma Frost, played by Sigourney Weaver.
Simon Kinberg was hired as writer soon after Singer left. There were rumors about Joss Whedon directing the movie. Rob Bowman and Alex Proyas were also rumoured. Zack Snyder was also asked to be the director, but he turned it down because he was directing 300. Even with Singer leaving, the cast and producers wante to return to make the third movie. Matthew Vaughn was hired as the new director for the project. He cast Kelsey Grammer as Beast and Vinnie Jones as Juggernaut. Family problems were said to cause him to withdraw before shooting began. Vaughn was replaced by Singer's friend Brett Ratner, who was among the people considered to direct the first movie. He was also considered by Warner Brothers to direct the 2006 Superman project before it changed into Superman Returns.
X-Men: The Last Stand began shooting in August 2005 and ended in January 2006. Much of X-Men: The Last Stand was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Associate producer Dave Gordon said, "This is the biggest production ever filmed in Canada. It used to be X2, now it's X3."

Release Dates

References

Other websites 

 
 X-Men: Profile at MySpace
 X-Men: The Last Stand  Official site and theatrical trailers
 X-Men on Marvel.com
 XMenFilms.net Popular Fan-Site with News, Photos, etc.
 

2006 movies
2000s superhero movies
X-Men movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Brett Ratner
Movies produced by Lauren Shuler Donner
Screenplays by Simon Kinberg
Screenplays by Zak Penn
Firewall may refer to:
 Firewall (networking), a device which prevents unwanted communication between private and public networks
 Firewall (movie), a 2006 action movie starring Harrison Ford

eu:Suhesi
Schlenkerla is a famous old brewery and tavern in Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany. It is known for its smoked beer which is called "Aecht Schlenkerla Rauchbier" ("real Schlenkerla smoked beer").  It is a strong, darkish beer with a slightly smokey taste which is rather like bacon.  The alcohol content is 5.1%.  There is another speciality which is called "Urbock" ("Ur" means "original" and "Bock" is actually a male goat).  The Urbock is stronger: 6.5% alcohol and is only served in the season known as the "Starkbierzeit" ("Strong beer time") which is from October to 6 January.  The beer is served from oak barrels.  This is a very old tradition which is not often found nowadays.

The name Schlenkerla comes from the word "schlenken" which means: "to dangle" ("to hang loosely", or "swing").

Other websites
 Brauereiausschank Schlenkerla  - Official website of the Schlenkerla historical brewery and tavern
 Bamberger-Bier.de - everything you have to know about Bambergs brewing tradition (German, English)
German beers
Buildings and structures in Bamberg
Taverns
The Gabelmann ("Fork man") is a statue with a fountain in Bamberg, Germany. It is a Baroque statue of Neptune, the ancient Roman god of the sea, who is holding his three-pronged fork. This is why he has the name Gabelmann.

The Gabelmann stands in the part of the pedestrian precinct called "Grüner Markt" ("Green Market"). In the local Franconian dialect he is called Goblmoo. There is a well-known poem about him written in the dialect.

The Gabelmann is a favourite place for people to meet in Bamberg.

Buildings and structures in Bamberg
Statues
1560s works
The Bamberger Symphoniker (Bamberg Symphony Orchestra) is a world-famous orchestra from the city of Bamberg, Germany. It was formed in 1946. Most of the musicians who formed the orchestra were Germans who had been forced to leave Czechoslovakia after the World War II. Most of them had previously been members of the German Philharmonic Orchestra of Prague.

The Bamberger Symphoniker have a large modern concert hall in Bamberg which was opened in 1993. They give many concerts there, but they also do a lot of touring to all parts of the world. Their conductor is Jonathan Nott who is an English conductor. Every three years the orchestra organize a "Gustav Mahler Conducting Prize". This is a competition for young conductors. The competition first took place in 2004.

The orchestra have made several CD recordings.

Principal conductors
 Jonathan Nott (2000-present)
 Horst Stein (1985-1996)
 Witold Rowicki (1983-1985)
 James Loughran (1979-1983)
 Eugen Jochum (1969-1973)
 Joseph Keilberth (1949-1968)
Other websites
 Bamberger Symphoniker official website 

German orchestras
Bamberg
The Lübeck law () was one of a few charters for town privileges. The Lübeck law said there should be a city council (Rat). There should be 20 council members, which were usually elected for 2 years.  They were elected by the guilds.  People often stayed as members for many years.  

The first document about the law is from 1226.  It was still used in Northern and Northeastern Germany until 1900. 

About 100 cities around the Baltic Sea used this law. 

Many cities in the Hanseatic League used this law.

References

History of Germany
History of  Latvia
History of Estonia
Alfonso Daniel  (30 January 1886 – 7 January 1950), also known as Castelao, was a Spanish writer on Galician language and one of the main symbols of Galicia. As a politician, caricaturist, and writer, he is one of the leading figures of Galician culture and identity.

(1886–1929) Early life 
In 1886, Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez de Castelao was born on 30 January in Rianxo, Galicia, Spain.

Castelao spent his childhood and adolescence in Santa Rosa de Toay, Argentina. In 1900, the Castelao family returned to Rianxo. In 1908, he obtained his degree in Medicine from the University of Santiago de Compostela. The next year, he passed his doctorate in Madrid, where he started to become known as a caricaturist, and settled down in Rianxo, joining the political movement Action Galicia (Acción Gallega in Spanish). As a caricaturist, Castelao focussed on the everyday in a humorous way, although after the cruelty and tragedy of the Spanish Civil War, he turned to using his art to denounce the misery of Fascism.
In 1916, he moved to Pontevedra, where he joined the Irmandades da Fala and participated in the Asembleia Nazonalista de Lugo, signing an important national declaration. In 1920, he became editor of the magazine Nos and travelled through France, the Netherlands and Germany. In 1922, he wrote the novel Un Ollo de Vidro and in 1924 he joined the Seminario de Estudos Galegos and founded the Coral Polifonica de Pontevedra. Two years later he published Cousas, and in 1929 he travelled to Brittany to study its stone crosses and publish As Cruces de Pedra na Bretaña.

Spanish politicians
Spanish writers
Spanish Civil War
1886 births
1950 deaths
Galician people
Emilia Pardo Bazán (16 September 1851 – 12 May 1921) (also known as Emilia, countess de Pardo Bazán) was a Spanish author and scholar.

Life
Bazán was born in A Coruña (also known as La Coruña or Corunna), part of the region of Galicia, and the culture of that area was incorporated into some of her most popular novels, including Los pazos de Ulloa (The Manors of Ulloa) and its sequel, La Madre Naturaleza (Mother Nature). She was also known for bringing naturalism to Spanish literature, for her detailed descriptions of reality, and for her role in feminist literature of her era.
Married at eighteen to Sr D. Jos Quiroga, a Galician country gentleman, she interested herself in politics, and is believed to have taken an active part in the underground campaign against Amadeo of Spain and, later, against the republic. In 1876 she came into notice as the successful competitor for a literary prize offered by the municipality of Oviedo, the subject of her essay being the Benedictine monk, Benito Jerónimo Feijoo. This was followed by a series of articles inserted in La Ciencia cristiana, a magazine of the purest orthodoxy, edited by Juan M. Orti y plana.

Other websites 
Biography and list of works (Spanish language)

Spanish writers
1851 births
1921 deaths
People from A Coruña
Bamberg Cathedral is one of the most famous cathedrals of Germany. It can be seen from a long distance near the top of the hill. It has a very rich history. Its official name is Bamberg Cathedral of St. Peter and St. George. It is also called the Kaiserdom (“Imperial Cathedral”). The cathedral is under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is the seat of the Archbishop of Bamberg.

Construction of the cathedral 

The cathedral was founded in 1004 by the emperor Henry II, and was consecrated in 1012. During the next two centuries it was burnt down twice. The building now is a late Romanesque building with four big towers. It has a choir at both ends. The east chancel is dedicated to St. George. This symbolizes the Holy Roman Empire. The west chancel is dedicated to St. Peter symbolizing the Pope.
It took a long time for the cathedral to be built, and during that time tastes in architecture changed. This is why we can see several styles in different parts of the cathedral, particularly Romaneque and Gothic styles. Between these two styles is the Transitional style, and this is the way the nave was built.

Sculptures and carvings 

The cathedral is about 94 m long, 28 m broad, 26 m high, and the four towers are each about 81 m high. There are lots of sculptures in the cathedral. One of the most magnificent ones is the marble tomb of Henry II, the founder of the cathedral, and his wife, the empress Cunigunde. It took the famous sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider 14 years to carve: between 1499 and 1513. The tomb is slightly higher than floor level because below there is a crypt. The carvings round the side tell of various episodes in the lives of the imperial couple.
There is a beautiful Nativity altar in the south transept made in limewood by the famous artist Veit Stoss. He made it when he was about 80 years old. His son asked him to build it. His son was a Carmelite prior in the nearby city of Nürnberg. He was expelled from Nürnberg because he was against the Protestants at the time of the Reformation. This meant that his father was never paid for his beautiful work, which was soon moved to Bamberg.

The Bamberger Reiter
Another treasure of the cathedral is an equestrian statue called the Bamberg Horseman (Bamberger Reiter). People have tried to guess for years who this knight on horseback really was. During the cathedral’s history people have often made up stories about who he was. The Romantics thought he was a German emperor from the Hohenstaufen family. The Nazis thought he was a knight who symbolized German perfection, looking towards the east for new lands to conquer. This was Nazi propaganda. The knight on the statue does not, in fact, look east at all. It is now thought that he was probably the 13th century Hungarian king Stephen I.. Modern technology has made it possible for us to know what the original colours were, and this has helped scientists to identify him. The sculptor did not carve the name on the statue. Instead, he carved his mask at the bottom right hand corner. This does not tell us who he was.

Papal grave
Papal grave 

Bamberg Cathedral is the only place in Germany where a pope is buried. He was Pope Clement II. He was the local bishop before he became Pope, but he died in 1047 after having been pope for only twelve months.

The organ 

The cathedral first had an organ in 1415. The one that was built in 1868 gave many problems and had to be rebuilt five years later, but it was kept until 1940 because it made a nice sound. The organ that we see in the cathedral today was built in 1976 by the organ builder Rieger. There are four angel figures in the corners of the organ case. The organ has four manuals and pedalboard. All the organs during the cathedral’s history were built against the north wall because the sound was best there.

Every year about 40 concerts are given in the cathedral.

Buildings and structures in Bamberg
Cathedrals in Germany
Roman Catholic cathedrals
Religious buildings and structures in Bavaria
12th-century buildings and structures‎
The hypothalamus is a brain part at the base of the brain. It connects the endocrine system to the nervous system. The word hypothalamus is a Greek word which means "under the thalamus"; it is used because hypothalamus is below the thalamus, and above the brain stem.

The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst and circadian cycles.
It is the control system which regulates the pituitary gland, the 'master gland' of the body. It is also involved in regulating sex drive.

The thalamus sits above the hypothalamus, and the hypothalamus sits above the pituitary gland. That area at the base of the brain down to the pituitary is the centre of neurosecretion. Some neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus produce hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin. These hormones are released into the blood in the posterior pituitary. It is the main way the nervous system controls the hormones in our bodies.

References 

Glands
Endocrine system
A square yard (sometimes written yd² ) is the United States and British unit of measurement for area. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to one yard (3 feet or 36 inches). This measurement can be found by squaring the measure of one side of the square.

It was formerly used in most of the English-speaking world, but now is generally replaced by the square metre. However, it is still  used in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Pakistan and India.

Imperial units
Units of area
Ahmednagar is a city of Ahmednagar District in the state of Maharashtra, India, on the left bank of the Sina river, about 120 kilometres northeast of Pune and 120 kilometres from Aurangabad.

References

Other websites
 
 

1490 establishments
15th-century establishments in Asia
Cities in Maharashtra
The wheel of a ship is the modern method of changing the angle of the rudder to change the direction of the boat or ship. It is also called the galver, together with the rest of the steering mechanism. 

The wheel is typically connected to a mechanical or hydraulic system.

The idea of tractors, automobiles, and similar land vehicles having a steering wheel probably evolved directly from the ship's wheel.

Gallery

Ship building
The F-14 Tomcat is a fighter plane made for the American Navy. It first flew in 1970 and started to replace the F-4 Phantom II in 1973. It could carry 6 of AIM-54 Phoenix missiles and two AIM-9 Sidewinders. The plane is supersonic and has variable-sweep wings. In 2006, the Navy stopped using it. Iran uses the F-14, but they are rumored to be in bad condition.

Related pages
F/A-18 Hornet
F-15 Eagle
F-16 Fighting Falcon
F-4 Phantom II

United States Navy aircraft
F-14
Military of Iran
Capabilities 
The F-16 is able to fly at twice the speed of sound. It is armed with a M61 Vulcan Gatling gun and has eleven places where weapons or other equipment can be attached. It was the first production combat airplane to be designed to be unstable to be easier to turn, and has easier controls to make it highly agile in the air. Its designers also used many other new ideas such as a bubble canopy to help the pilot see better and a control stick on the side of the cockpit to make it easier to steer during tight turns and high g-forces.

The F-16's official name is "Fighting Falcon", but it is often called the "Viper" by its pilots and crews. The nickname came from the fact that the viper snake is known for its deadly fangs and venom, and because the Colonial Viper spacecraft from Battlestar Galactica was popular when the airplane was introduced to the USAF.

Users

Past users
  – Italian Air Force leased up to 30 F-16As and 4 F-16Bs from the US Air Force from 2001 until 2012.
Related pages
 F-15 Eagle
 F-14 Tomcat

References

United States Air Force aircraft
The M1 Garand is a semi-automatic rifle that was mostly used by the US Army during World War II and the Korean War. It replaced the M1903 Springfield rifle in 1936 as the main US service rifle. It has an internal eight-bullet box magazine, which is loaded with clips of 8 bullets. When the last round is shot, the empty clip is ejected, making a "ping" sound. A common misconception (seen in video games such as Call of Duty) is that the clip can only be removed by shooting all the bullets, but the clip may be removed at any time (but it is hard to do). General George Patton described it as the greatest battle implement ever designed. It was replaced by the M14 battle rifle in the late 1950's.

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Other websites 
 WW2DB: M1 Garand
 M1 Garand - Encyc 

7.62 mm rifles
Rifles of the Cold War
Dark Horse Comics is an American company that creates comic books and manga. It is one of the largest "independent" comic book publishers. The company was founded by Mike Richardson.

Richardson is the owner of several comic book shops in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. In 1986, he began to publish an anthology series called Dark Horse Presents using money from his stores. The company is based in Milwaukie, Oregon.

Overview
Overview

Dark Horse creates many comics based on other peoples characters and settings. These include comics based on Star Wars, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Aliens, and Who Wants to be a Superhero? Dark Horse also publishes comics by artists who own their own settings. These include Frank Miller's Sin City and 300, Mike Mignola's Hellboy, Stan Sakai's Usagi Yojimbo, Katsuhiro Otomo's Akira and Michael Chabon's The Escapist. From 1993-1996, Dark Horse published a line of superhero comics under the name Comics Greatest World. This was later renamed Dark Horse Heroes. After 1996, publication in this line slowed greatly. They stopped making any books about the characters in the early 2000's. Today, the company does very well even though they do not have their own universe of superpowered characters.

Dark Horse's movie company, Dark Horse Entertainment, creates movies based on Dark Horse Comics. These including The Mask and Hellboy.
The company also produces novels based on some of their more popular comic book titles, including Aliens and Predator.

Dark Horse titles

Original titles

300
The American
Age of Reptiles
Agents of Law
ArchEnemies
Badger
Barb Wire
Battle Gods: Warriors of the Chaak
Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot
Billy the Kid's Old Timey Oddities
The Blackburne Covenant
Boris the Bear
BPRD
Catalyst: Agents of Change
Cheval Noir
Concrete
Cravan
Criminal Macabre
Cut
Damn Nation
The Dark Horse Book Of
Dark Horse Presents
The Deadlander
Dr. Giggles
El Zombo Fantasma
Freaks of the Heartland
Gary Gianni's The MonsterMen
Ghost
Girl Crazy
Give Me Liberty
The Goon
Grendel
The Hammer, Kelley Jones'''Hard BoiledHaunted ManHeartbreakersHellboyHero ZeroHyperSonicKingdom of the WickedLiving With The DeadLords of MisruleMarshal LawThe MaskMaxwell StrangewellMotorheadMilkman MurdersOut of the VortexThe PerhapanautsRed Rocket 7Rex MundiSamurai: Heaven and EarthScarlet TracesThe SecretSin CitySpyBoyThe Thirteenth SonThe Umbrella AcademyUsagi YojimboH.G. Wells' The War of the WorldsWill to PowerXLicensed propertiesÆon FluxAliensAliens vs. PredatorArmy of DarknessConan the BarbarianThe Dirty PairDisney's GremlinsDigimonDoctor SolarEmily the StrangeThe EscapistThe FogGodzillaHard LooksHarlan Ellison's Dream CorridorHellgate: LondonThe HireThe IncrediblesIndiana JonesKing KongLittle LuluMagnus, Robot FighterMan with the Screaming BrainMegatokyo - Vols
. 1-3 onlyPathfinder Penny ArcadePlanet of the ApesPredatorRed StringSerenity: Those Left Behind (Firefly)ShrekStar Wars: Crimson EmpireStar Wars: Crimson Empire IIStar Wars: EmpireStar Wars: RebellionStar Wars TalesStar Wars: LegacyStar Wars: Knights of the Old RepublicSuperman vs. The TerminatorTarzanTerminatorThe ThingVampire Hunter DXena: Warrior PrincessBuffy: The Vampire Slayer titlesSpike & DruThe OriginViva Las BuffySlayer InterruptedA Stake to the HeartDust WaltzRing of FireRemaining SunlightUninvited GuestsThe Final CutBad BloodCrash Test DemonsPale ReflectionsAngel: The HollowerFood ChainBlood of CarthageOzGilesJonathanBuffy/Angel crossover: Past LivesOut of the WoodworkHauntedFalse MemoriesWillow & TaraAutumnalUgly Little MonstersChaos Bleeds comic prequelDeath of BuffyReunionNote from the UndergroundCreatures of HabitBuffy the Vampire Slayer Season EightFray (Set 200 years+ in the future)
Other websites 
 Dark Horse Comics -  Official Site
 Things From Another World - Online retailer of comics and collectibles, sister company of Dark Horse Comics

 
1986 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Oregon
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (born Königsberg 24 January 1776; died Berlin 25 June 1822) was a German writer, composer, music critic, painter, caricaturist and lawyer. He liked the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart so much that he changed his third name from Wilhelm to Amadeus. He is always known as E. T. A. Hoffmann. He was a man of many talents, but his greatest importance is as a Romantic writer. He wrote fantasy and horror stories which had a very large influence on German literature in the 19th century. His stories had a lot of influence in music. He is the hero of Jacques Offenbach's famous opera The Tales of Hoffmann. His fantasies were used in other musical works such as Delibes’s ballet Coppélia and in operas by Busoni and Hindemith.

Life

Early years
Hoffmann studied law at the University of Königsberg from where he graduated when he was only 16 years old. He finished his studies in Glogau and Berlin. His first job was in Posen. He married in 1802, but in the same year he had to leave his job because he had made fun of some people in his caricature drawings. He soon went to Warsaw where he worked as a lawyer as well as meeting famous writers. He composed music, including a symphony, a harp quintet and music for plays. Because of the political situation after the French invasion in 1806 he lost his job. He tried to get a job in Berlin but without success. In 1808 he went to Bamberg where he spent five years. His job there was as a conductor and theatre designer. He fell in love with a young girl called Julia Marc and composed sacred music and operas. He wrote musical criticism as well as stories for the newspaper Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung
. These include the famous short stories Ritter Gluck, Don Juan and the series called Kreisleriana (Johannes Kreislers, des Kapellmeisters musikalische Leiden, i.e. The musical suffering of the Director of Music Johannes Kreisler).
Later career

In 1813 he left Bamberg and spent some time in Dresden, Leipzig and, from 1814 onwards, Berlin. He was an excellent lawyer and was able to work very sensibly as a court official while, at the same time, spending some time devoted to art. He often met with literary friends to discuss literature and wrote more stories including Die Lebensansichten des Katers Murr (Tom-cat Murr’s views on life). His health started to become poor. He suffered from creeping paralysis. Once again he got into trouble because of his satire, but before his punishment could be sorted out he fell in and died.
His stories
Hoffmann wrote various kinds of stories. Some of them are about fate, e.g. Elixiere des Teufels which is about a Capuchin monk who is tempted by the drink offered by the devil. Some of them are fairy tales, e.g. Der goldene Topf (The golden pan) and Nussknacker und Mausekönig (Nutcracker and Mouse King). Very often in these stories the supernatural meets everyday reality. Some of his stories are autobiographical because they fantasies about himself. In particular, the story about Kreisler became very popular and was used by musicians, e.g. Robert Schumann in his piano pieces called Kreisleriana.

Hoffmann is one of the great writers of German prose. He brought his imaginary world to life with his Romantic characters.

1776 births
1822 deaths
German painters
German writers
Music critics
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen.

Its parts are a single negatively-charged electron that circles a single positively-charged nucleus of the hydrogen atom. The nucleus of hydrogen consists of only a single proton (in the case of hydrogen-1 or protium), or it may also include one or more neutrons (giving deuterium, tritium, and other isotopes). The electron is bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Hydrogen-1, also known as protium or "light hydrogen" is the main component of natural hydrogen.

Related pages
Hydrogen
quantum mechanics

References

Section 4.2 deals with the hydrogen atom specifically, but all of Chapter 4 is relevant.

Other websites
Physics of hydrogen atom on Scienceworld
Visualizing Atomic Orbitals
Applet which allows viewing of all sorts of hydrogenic orbitals
The Hydrogen Atom: Wave Functions, Probability Density "pictures"
Basic Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom 

Hydrogen
A fuel cell makes electricity using the energy released by mixing fuel with air, a reaction which creates water and sometimes also carbon dioxide. The most common fuel for fuel cells is hydrogen, which when reacted with oxygen from air produces only water. Fuel cells work like a battery being constantly fed with fuel so it never runs out (as long as you have enough fuel). Fuel cells are an important part of the hydrogen economy. Hydrogen molecules are found in substances such as methane, water and biomass but in all cases some energy is required to extract it. There are two common ways to produce hydrogen - it can be separated from most fuels like oil, gas, coal in a process called steam reforming, or it can be extracted from water using a process called electrolysis. If the hydrogen is separated from fossil fuels, carbon dioxide is released. If the energy used to extract it from water via electrolysis comes from solar or wind, then the hydrogen produced is benign because no emissions are released
. Hydrogen can also be separated from renewable biogas, which means the carbon emitted is not of fossil origin and therefore is part of the natural carbon cycle.