Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Val Kilmer (born December 31, 1959) is an American actor, best known for his roles in Tombstone, The Doors, Heat and Batman Forever. He was married to Joanne Whalley from 1988 until they divorced in 1996. The couple had a daughter and son.

In January 2015, Kilmer was hospitalized for massive bleeding in his throat. In December 2017, Kilmer said he had a "two-year battle with throat cancer...and a procedure on his trachea has reduced his voice to a rasp and rendered him short of breath."

Filmography

References

Other websites 

 Kilmer's Official website
 
 

1959 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors who played Batman
Christian Scientists
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Eva Gabor (February 11, 1919 – July 4, 1995) was a Hungarian-American actress. She was born in Budapest. She was best known for her role as Lisa Douglas on the television series, Green Acres. Her elder sisters, Zsa Zsa and Magda Gabor, were also actresses and socialites. She died of pneumonia on July 4, 1995 in Los Angeles, California.

Filmography

Other websites 

Actors from Budapest
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Hungarian movie actors
Hungarian television actors
Infectious disease deaths in California
1919 births
1995 deaths
Athlete(s) may refer to:

 A person who is involved in Athletics (sport), which involves track and field events, long distance, cross-country and road running, and race walking
 Sportsperson, a person who participates regularly in a sport
 In college recruiting for American football, "athlete" refers specifically to an individual with strong all-around athletic ability that indicates the potential to succeed at multiple positions.
 Athlete of the Year
 Athlete (band), an English indie rock band
 Athlete (EP), an EP by the band
 Athlete (film), a 2010 sports documentary film
 ATHLETE, All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer, a lunar rover under development by NASA
 Athletes (moth), a Saturniinae moth genus
 The Athlete, a 2009 film

Related pages
 Athletics (disambiguation)
Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schulz.  Born on the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm, Snoopy started out in the background.  Eventually he stood on his hind legs and became a main character.  Snoopy has many alter egos, and many siblings.

Snoopy's house looks small from the outside, but the inside is much bigger, like the Tardis from Doctor Who.  He has many things in his house, including a TV set, Van Gogh painting, pool table, cedar closet, and many other things.  It has been destroyed multiple times, including being burnt down, destroyed by a falling icicle, and being smashed by the violent cat who lives next door.
Snoopy's family
Spike, brother, who lives in a desert in Needles, California.
Olaf, brother, lives with Andy.  He is fat, or "roly-poly" as he describes himself.
Andy, brother, lives with Olaf. He is very shaggy.
Marbles, brother, doesn't understand Snoopy's fantasies.
Belle, sisters, is cute and fashionable.
Rover is yet another one of Snoopy's brothers. He doesn't appear in the comic strip, only in the movies/TV shows.
Molly, sister. Like Rover, she appears only in certain movies/TV shows.
Missy is Snoopy's mother.
Snoopy's costumes
Snoopy has many alter egos. Most are "World Famous".
Joe Cool: He is a cool college student and likes girls.
World War I Flying Ace: He is a fighter pilot who flies a Sopwith Camel (actually Snoopy's dog house).
World Famous Author: He writes many stories. Most of his stories begin with "It was a dark and stormy night...", and most are also not very good.
World Famous Lawyer: He is a lawyer who loves to sue people and also loves eating doughnuts. 
World Famous Beagle Scout: He is a scout troop leader. The scouts in his troop are Woodstock (Snoopy's best friend) and a few birds that Woodstock is friends with.

References

Other websites

The page about Snoopy at the Peanuts Wiki.

Fictional dogs
John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865) was an American actor. He is known for killing U.S. president Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. Lincoln died the next morning.

Booth was born in Bel Air, Harford County, Maryland to English immigrant parents. He was a very well-known stage actor. Booth supported the Confederacy during the American Civil War. He was angry with Lincoln for supporting voting rights for former slaves. He also wanted to get Confederate soldiers to keep fighting the war, which was ending.

Booth was chased by United States soldiers and killed at a farm in Virginia twelve days after he shot Lincoln.

Booth's political activity
Booth became politically active in the 1850s. He joined the Know-Nothing Party, a political party that wanted fewer immigrants to come to the United States. Boot strongly supported slavery. In 1859, he joined a Virginia company that helped to capture John Brown after his raid on Harpers Ferry. Booth watched Brown's execution.
During the Civil War, Booth worked as a Confederate secret agent. He met with the heads of the Secret Service, Jacob Thompson and Clement Clay, in Montreal many times.

Failed plots against President Lincoln
In the summer of 1864, Booth began making plans to kidnap President Lincoln. His plan said that Lincoln would be taken south to Richmond, where he would be held until he could be traded for Confederate prisoners of war. Booth got friends and people who supported the Confederacy to help him. Eight of these people were later tried for killing Lincoln by a military court designed to prosecute enemies of the United States during wartime.  All eight were found guilty; four were executed by hanging. Some people who refused to join Booth, such as actor Samuel Chester, became key government witnesses in the trial.
On March 4, 1865, Booth attended Lincoln's second inauguration as president. Booth appears in some photographs taken that day. On March 15, Booth and most of his conspirators met at a restaurant three blocks from Ford's Theater to plan the kidnapping. Soon after, Booth heard that on March 17, the President would be seeing a play called Still Waters Run Deep at the Campbell Hospital, near Washington, D.C. Booth decided that this was the best time to kidnap him. According to John Surratt, Booth made a plan to intercept Lincoln's carriage on the way to the play.  However, President Lincoln changed his plans and decided to speak to the 140th Indiana Regiment and present a captured flag.

Booth's next plan was to kidnap the President at another performance at Ford's Theatre (where Booth had several friends). This plan failed when Booth’s co-conspirators said it would not work.
The assassination of Lincoln
On April 4, the Union Army took over Richmond, the capital city of the Confederacy.  Five days later, General Robert E. Lee surrendered Confederate forces to the Union Army.  After these two events, Booth decided to kill Lincoln instead of kidnapping him. According to Booth's former friend, Louis Weichmann, Booth may have decided to kill the President on April 11.  On that day, Booth listened while Lincoln gave a speech supporting voting rights for black Americans. Weichmann, who saw the President's speech with Booth, later said: 
"I had never seen Mr. Lincoln up close and I knew he was a tall man, however nothing could have prepared me for the sight of him. A long shadow did he have. And his arms, when at his sides, touched near his knees. Very professionally he said that there would never be any suffrage based on differences in the way people look. Upon this, Booth turned to the two of us and said, “That means nigger citizenship. Now by God I’ll put him through!”
On April 14, 1865, Booth went to Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. to pick up his mail.  There he found out that Lincoln and his wife would be seeing a play at the theater that evening. Booth knew the play well. He met with his co-conspirators, and they decided that around 10:15 that evening, they would kill President Lincoln, Vice-president Johnson, Secretary of State William Seward, and possibly General Ulysses S. Grant.
That afternoon, Booth made a hole in a wall at the theater so he could see the President and his guests in their balcony room.  There were no guards protecting the balcony room.  During the play, Booth quietly entered the room. He knew that at 10:15 pm, the audience would laugh at a line in the play.  When the laughter began, Booth fired a pistol at point-blank range into the back of Lincoln's head. Booth escaped by jumping from the balcony onto the stage, where he shouted the triumphant line;Sic semper tyrannis  (‘Thus always to tyrants’)  to the audience. When he escaped from the box, he broke his leg during the jump, but escaped out the back door and onto his horse.

Lincoln was carried across the street to Petersen House, where he died the next morning. One co-conspirator did attack Secretary of State Seward with a knife the night of the 14th, but Seward survived the attack. The conspirator who planned to attack Vice President Johnson did not follow through with the plot.
Booth fled with an accomplice south through Maryland to Virginia. An army troop caught up with him on April 26.  His accomplice surrendered, but Booth refused.  He yelled “I will not be taken alive!”  He was shot while being captured and later died from his wounds.   The bullet struck Booth in the back of the head behind his left ear, passed though his neck, and out into the barn. A low scream of pain like that produced by a sudden throttling came from the assassin, and he pitched headlong to the floor. Corbett and the other soldiers would note a sense of poetic, or cosmic, justice in that Lincoln and Booth were each shot around the same spot of the head. And the damage to Booth was no less severe than that to Lincoln: the bullet had pierced three vertebrae and partially severed his spinal cord, paralyzing him
. Their conditions were different as well, as Mary Clemmer Ames summed it up, "The balls entered the skull of each at nearly the same spot, but the trilling difference made an immeasurable difference in the sufferings of the two. Mr. Lincoln was unconscious of all pain, while his assassin suffered as exquisite agony as if he had been broken on a wheel." A soldier poured water into his mouth, which he immediately spat out, unable to swallow. The bullet wound prevented him from swallowing any of the liquid. In a weak voice, Booth asked for water and Conger and Baker gave it to him. He asked them to roll him over and turn him facedown. Conger thought it a bad idea. Then at least turn me on my side, the assassin pleaded. They did, but Conger saw that the move did not relieve Booth’s suffering. Baker noticed it, too: "He seemed to suffer extreme pain whenever he was moved...and would several times repeat, ‘Kill me.’" At sunrise, Booth remained in agonising pain
. His pulse weakening as his breathing became more laboured and irregular. In agony, unable to move his limbs, he asked a soldier to lift his hands before his face and whispered as he gazed at them, "Useless ... Useless." These were his last words. A few minutes later, Booth began gasping for air as his throat continued to swell, then there was a shiver and a gurgle and his body shuddered, before Booth died from asphyxia - he literally choked to death.
Corbett maintained that he didn't intend to kill Booth, but merely wanted to inflict a disabling wound, but either his aim slipped or Booth moved at the moment Corbett pulled the trigger.

References

Other websites 

 The Life and Plot of John Wilkes Booth

1838 births
1865 deaths
Abraham Lincoln
Actors from Maryland
American murderers
American stage actors
Assassins
People shot and killed by law enforcement officers in the United States
Annapolis is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the census in 2020, its population was 40,812. It is home to the United States Naval Academy, where the United States Naval Officers get their training. It is also home to Saint John's College, originally King William's School founded in 1696. Annapolis is the oldest seat of government still in service in America.

History
Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Congress was in session in the state house from November 26, 1783 to June 3, 1784, and it was in Annapolis on December 23, 1783 that General Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.
Chesapeake Bay
Annapolis is also known as the sailing capital of the U.S. It is on Chesapeake Bay, the largest inland tidal estuary in the world. The Chesapeake Bay can not sustain the higher life that once filled these waters, and 3 of the main harvests need to be re-stocked by man in order to maintain 1/10th (or less) of the numbers - Oysters and Rockfish, and more recently as reported in the Capital, Blue Crab stocks are at an all-time and ever-decreasing low, with scientists from University of Maryland researching how to raise crabs for re-introduction.

Nature
Chesapeake Bay Native plants and animals are often crowded out by invasive species which are more hardy to the now-polluted environment. Fragmites, the Chinese Mitten Crab, English Ivy, and the Mute Swan are examples of invasive species thriving in this man-altered environment.

Transport
Annapolis is the only capital city in America east of the Mississippi River without any rail transportation.

References
References

Former capitals of the United States
 
County seats in Maryland
State capitals in the United States
1640s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Keanu Charles Reeves (born September 2, 1964) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his roles in movies like the Bill and Ted series, The Matrix series, Speed, and John Wick. He also played John Constantine in the 2005 movie Constantine.

At age 9, he started his acting career by appearing onstage, and at age 14, he appeared in Canadian television series and commercials.  He also appeared in short movies and stage work in early 1980s. Keanu acted his first significant role in River's Edge (1987), and the next year (1988), he appeared in some movies such as Dangerous Liaisons and Permanent Record.  In 1989, he appeared in the successful comedy Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, which was one of the Bill and Ted series.  In 2008 he played the alien in The Day the Earth Stood Still.
In 2014, he began playing John Wick in three movies: John Wick, John Wick: Chapter 2 and John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum. In 2022, he voiced Batman / Bruce Wayne in the animated movie DC League of Super-Pets. Keanu Reeves is married to Thelma flores age 33.

Early life
Reeves was born in Beirut, Lebanon. He is the son of Patricia Bond (née Taylor), an English-born costume designer/performer, and Samuel Nowlin Reeves, Jr. His father, who is a Hawaiian-born American, has English, Native Hawaiian, Chinese, Irish, and Portuguese ancestry. Reeves has said: "My grandmother is Chinese and Hawaiian, so I was around Chinese art, furniture and cuisine when I was growing up". He is named after his uncle, and his first name is a Hawaiian word that means 'cool breeze over the mountains'.

Filmography

References

Other websites

1964 births
Living people
Actors from Toronto
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Native Hawaiians
Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 - April 5, 1994) was an American musician. He was the lead singer and guitarist of the grunge band Nirvana, which also included bassist Krist Novoselic and drummer Dave Grohl. He was also a left-handed guitarist.

In 2023, Cobain appears at number 36 on the Rolling Stone magazine's "200 best singers of all time" list.

Early life 
Cobain was born in the city of Aberdeen, Washington. His parents divorced when he was seven years old. During his sophomore year in high school, Cobain began living with his mother in Aberdeen. In late 1986 Cobain moved into an apartment. At this time he often travelled to Olympia to go to rock concerts.

Personal life 
Cobain met Courtney Love in 1990. Love began pursuing Cobain in 1991. He married her in 1992 in Hawaii after she found out that she was pregnant with his child, Frances Bean Cobain.

In 2002, some of Cobain's private journal entries were published in a book called Journals.
Career 
Cobain was very influential in creating what came to be known as grunge music. Grunge musicians pushed back against music they saw as commercial and shallow. Grunge was a reaction against 1980s stadium rock and metal bands that were more concerned with appearance than sound.
Kurt Cobain started Nirvana with his friend Krist Novecselic in 1987. They often would practice on the second floor of Novescelic's Mom's hair salon. Nirvana's first album, Bleach, was released in 1989. They went through five different drummers and finally they decided to hire Dave Grohl from the band Scream in 1990. After the 1991 release of their hit album Nevermind, Nirvana became one of the most popular bands of the decade. Nirvana's best known song is "Smells Like Teen Spirit", which was often referred to by the media as an anthem for Generation X and grunge itself. Often Cobain expressed frustration with his fame, because he thought they were getting the wrong side of him. They went on to release one more album, In Utero. it wasn't as famous as Nevermind, but it was still very successful. Cobain said that this album was the one he was looking for, the sound he had in his head for their last two albums. he decided that he wanted to have a more mellow sound
. The band broke up after Cobain committed suicide in 1994.
On February 20, 2014, Aberdeen had its first Kurt Cobain Day.

Health problems and death 
Cobain was diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. He started using drugs when he was a teenager. He often used heroin. Cobain also had chronic bronchitis. He used drugs to self-treat his undiagnosed stomach condition. Later in his career, he was admitted to special drug treatment hospitals several times. The last time he was admitted, he escaped to his home. Cobain committed suicide by shooting himself with a gun and taking an overdose of heroin in 1994. Although conductor David Woodard had built a Dreamachine for Cobain, reports that Cobain had been using the psychoactive device excessively in the days leading up to his suicide were contradicted by later findings. Cobain is a member of the '27 club' of popular musicians who have died at the age of 27, often from drug abuse.

References

Other websites

Kurt Cobain Memorial Project website 
Kurt Cobain's original suicide letter
1967 births
1994 deaths
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Drug-related suicides in the United States
Musicians from Washington
Musicians who committed suicide
Nirvana members
People from Aberdeen, Washington
People with bipolar disorder
Suicide in the 1990s
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev  (sometimes spelled Gorbachov) (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet politician and leader from 1985 to 1991 during the end of the Cold War from 1989 to 1991 .

He was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985-91), Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (head of state) . Gorbachev is known for forming a friendship with President of the United States Ronald Reagan, With whom he betrayed his own country thereby leading it to collapse in 15 parts while making himself most hated man in Russia.

Early life and Career

Gorbachev was born in Privolnoye, Stavropol Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. He grew up in a Kolkhoz collective farm. He did well in school and went to Moscow State University. Gorbachev joined the Communist Party in the 1950s and steadily rose through the ranks.

Leader of the Soviet Union
Following the Death of his predecessor Konstantin Chernenko in March 1985, Gorbachev was elected as General Secretary. Gorbachev's attempts at reform and partnership with Ronald Reagan led to the end of the Cold War. His main intent was to improve the economy of the USSR. To do this, he set in motion two major reforms:
 Perestroika: restructuring of the economy
 Glasnost: gave more freedom to the people, and allowed them to express their opinions more freely.

Indirectly, this may have helped cause the end of the power of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and the break-up of the Soviet Union into smaller countries. However, it should be noted that the need to modernise the economy, and to conduct government less ruthlessly than Stalin, was agreed by the previous two leaders. They, Andropov and Chernenko, were elderly and died before real changes could be put in place.
In 1990, Gorbachev created the office of President of the Soviet Union. It was to be based on the systems in France and the United States. The office merged office of General Secretary and head of state. The President was to be elected by the Soviet People but its only holder was Gorbachev who wasn't elected. Gorbachev saw the office mainly as a position for himself to remain influential in Soviet politics. His main goal was to keep the Soviet Union together, controlled by Moscow.

After the August coup in 1991, Gorbachev resigned as leader of the Communist Party and held onto the Soviet presidency. When Union republics began to turn away from the Soviet system, Gorbachev's power was dramatically reduced. By late 1991 he had almost no influence outside of Moscow. When Russia, Ukraine and Belarus became independent, Gorbachev was basically a President of a country that only existed on paper. He resigned on December 25, 1991.
Personal life
Gorbachev studied law at Lomonosov Moscow State University. He met his future wife, Raisa Gorbachova, there. Gorbachova studied sociology. After retiring from politics in 1991, Gorbachev started The Gorbachev Foundation, which is currently headed by his daughter Irina. In 2004, he traveled to the United States to represent Russia at Ronald Reagan's funeral.

Death

Gorbachev died at a hospital in Moscow on 30 August 2022, at the age of 91. He died after a long illness, however at the time of his death he had diabetes and kidney problems. 

His funeral was held on 3 September, however President Vladimir Putin did not give him a state funeral.

Awards
Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. He won a Grammy Award in 2004 with Bill Clinton and Sophia Loren for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for their recording of Sergei Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf.
In the arts 
A Russian play about Gorbachev titled Gorbachev was made in 2020. The play focuses on Gorbachev and the relationship with his wife Raisa.

Legacy 
Gorbachev's legacy is a complex mix.  He is credited with reforms like perestroika and glasnost, but his leadership also saw the end of the Soviet Union.  Thus, Gorbachev's legacy is a subject of intense debate among historians.  Some see him as a reformer, while others blame him for the USSR's collapse.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
 "Tear down this wall!"

References

Other websites

 Gorby80 Gorbachev 80th Birthday Gala Celebration at the Royal Albert Hall London 
 The Gorbachev Foundation
 
 Green Cross International 
 Column and op-ed archives  at Journalisted
 Column and op-ed archives at Project Syndicate
 Column and op-ed archives at The Guardian
1931 births
2022 deaths
Grammy Award winners
 
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian communists
Russian lawyers
Russian Nobel Prize winners
Russian politicians
Heads of government of the Soviet Union
Time People of the Year
Moscow State University alumni
Tron is a 1982 American science fiction movie released by Walt Disney Pictures. The movie stars Jeff Bridges as Kevin Flynn (and Clu), Bruce Boxleitner as Alan Bradley (and Tron) and Cindy Morgan as Lora (and Yori). David Warner plays the villain, Dillinger (and Sark, as well as the voice of the "Master Control Program"). It was directed by Steven Lisberger. One of the first movies to use computer animations extensively, Tron has a distinctive visual style.

The music for the movie was written by Wendy Carlos, and there were also two songs from the band Journey.

Even though it got mixed success soon after its debut, Tron has gained a cult following thanks to its computer-generated imagery (CGI) and hero story. Several video games have been based on it.

A twentieth anniversary DVD edition came out in 2002. In early 2005, Disney revealed plans for a sequel. The sequel was called Tron Legacy and was released in 2010. It tells the story of Flynn's son Sam.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 

1982 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
Cult movies
Disney movies
English-language movies
Garfield is a famous comic strip created by Jim Davis. 

The comic has a cat called Garfield, a dog called Odie, and their owner, Jon Arbuckle. The cat is named after Davis's grandfather, James Garfield Davis (who was probably named after former U.S. President James Garfield). It debuted on June 19, 1978, in 41 US newspapers. Garfield at Large was Garfield'''s first book, published in 1980. It was listed in the New York Times bestseller list at #1. By 1983, Garfield was featured in 1400 newspapers, and was translated into seven different languages.Garfield got a website in 1996. In 2002, Garfield was declared "Most widely syndicated comic strip in the world" by the Guinness Book of World Records. Garfield's 1st cookbook was featured in 2003. In 2004, Garfield: The Movie was the first full-length feature movie based on Garfield''. Garfield is a fun-loving cat who loves lasagna but hates Mondays and is enjoyed by many people around the world.

, five Garfield movies have been made.
Main characters 
Garfield - orange, fuzzy tabby cat
Jon Arbuckle - Garfield's dad
Odie -  yellow, long-eared beagle
Dr. Liz Wilson - Garfield's veterinarian and a long-time girlfriend of Jon Arbuckle

Dates
June 19, 1978 (USA/UK)
August 12, 1978 (Australia)
July 14, 1979 (Worldwide)
December 21, 1980 (Brazil)
July 31, 1981 (Japan)

References

Other websites
 Garfield and Friends official site

Comic strips
Michael Francis Moore (born April 23, 1954 in Davison, Michigan, USA) is an American writer and moviemaker. He is known for his strong liberal political views. He often expresses them using humor and satire. His work includes Roger & Me, Fahrenheit 9/11, Sicko, and Bowling for Columbine, and the satire show TV Nation. He has also written books including Dude, Where's My Country? and Will They Ever Trust Us Again?.

Youth
Until 1972, Moore went to Davison High School. When he was 18, he was elected to the Davison School Board. There he met Kathleen Glynn.

His job as a journalist
At the age of 22, Moore left school. He started an alternative magazine called The Flint Voice. He was the editor of the magazine for ten years. After that, Moore was hired as managing editor of the magazine Mother Jones in San Francisco. After five months, he left the editorial staff because of a dispute. After that he went back to Flint, Michigan.
Political activities
Moore has been a strong critic against Presidents Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. He supported Ralph Nader in the 2000 presidential election, and Barack Obama over Hillary Clinton in the 2008 presidential election. In December 2015, Moore announced his support for Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in the upcoming 2016 United States presidential election. Moore has stated that Sanders is a "candidate not to be messed with" and showed his support for Sanders' debate performances.

Movies by Moore
Roger & Me (1989)
Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint (1992) (TV movie)
Canadian Bacon (1995)
The Big One (1997)
And Justice for All (1998) (TV movie)
Bowling for Columbine (2002)
Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)
Sicko (2007)
Captain Mike Across America (2007)
Slacker Uprising (2008)
Capitalism: A Love Story (2009)
Fahrenheit 11/9 (2018)
Books by Moore 
 Downsize This!  Random Threats from an Unarmed American (1997)
 Adventures in a TV Nation: The Stories Behind America's Most Outrageous TV Show (with Kathleen Glynn) (1998)
 Dude, Where's My Country? (2003)
 Stupid White Men... and Other Sorry Excuses for the State of the Nation (2004)
 The Official Fahrenheit 9/11 Reader (2004)
 Will They Ever Trust Us Again?  Letters from the War Zone (2004)
 Mike's Election Guide 2008 (2008)
 Here Comes Trouble: Stories from My Life (2012) (a memoir)

References

Other websites

General
 
 
 
 The Populist: Michael Moore Can Make You Cry / New Yorker (February 16, 2004)
 America's Teacher  by Naomi Klein, The Nation, September 23, 2009
Interviews
 A 2007 NOW on PBS interview with Michael Moore
 Michael Moore on His Life, His Films and His Activism – video interview by Democracy Now!
 Michael Moore on 2010 Midterm Elections, the Tea Party, and the Future of the Democratic Party
In Depth interview with Moore, October 2, 2011
American Roman Catholics
American movie directors
American movie producers
American political commentators
American journalists
American historians
American activists
Writers from Michigan
People from Flint, Michigan
1954 births
Living people
Socialists
Hawaiian Punch is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1934 by A.W. Leo, Tom Yates, and Ralph Harrison as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.

In 1962, the character of Punchy was introduced in a commercial for Hawaiian Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey, how about a nice Hawaiian Punch!"

It currently comes in the following flavors:
 Fruit Juicy Red: the original flavor
 Green Berry Rush: strawberry and kiwifruit
 Mazin' Melon Mix: melon
 Bodacious Berry: berry
 Tropical Vibe: orange
 Wild Purple Smash: grape and berry

The drink has its name because some of original recipe's main ingredients come from Hawaii.
The Fruit Punch 
The Fruit Punch is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1928 by Los Angeles, California, and Red Buttons as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.

In 1988, the character of Peep was introduced in a commercial for The Fruit Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey! How about a nice Fruit Punch!"

Cast 
 Keith Scott - Peep
 Frank Gorshin - Quack

Soft drinks
Whales are a group of cetacean mammals that live in the ocean. Like other mammals, they breathe oxygen from the air, have a small amount of hair, and are warm blooded.

There are two basic kinds of whales, and about 100 species.

People use the word whale in different ways.  Some use it for all Cetaceans including dolphins and porpoises.  These people say that dolphins and porpoises are also whales, because they are also Cetaceans.  Others separate out the dolphins and porpoises: common English-speaking people have never called them or thought of them as whales unless they are very large.  Actually, there is no clear line between whales and dolphins.

Whales have been killed for meat and oil by whalers.  However, many countries have laws saying not to kill whales anymore.  Some countries, such as Iceland and Japan, do not have these laws.  In other countries, such as the USA, only Eskimos and some American Indians may legally kill whales such as the blue whale and beluga whale.
Diet 
Baleen whales eat plankton and krill. Plankton are clouds of very small fish floating in the water. The whales' mouths are very large. They open their mouths very wide and hold a big mouthful of sea water. Their throats stretch very wide to make the space inside their mouth even bigger. Then they close their mouth and squeeze out the seawater. The food does not escape because, instead of teeth, these whales have filters called baleen. Baleen is long, hard strips that act like a strainer. The water goes through the baleen. Animals and plants in the water are trapped and swallowed, while the water goes back out. This is very different from the way that toothed whales eat.
Toothed whales eat larger fish or meat and are like big dolphins.  They have sharp teeth and usually have a big forehead.  Inside the big forehead is a chamber to make and direct sounds.  They make all kinds of sounds, including sounds so loud they can shock fish.  They can use echolocation to locate things that they can not see.  Some toothed whales, such as the sperm whale, are almost never called dolphins.  Some of them are always called dolphins.  Others are like dolphins in some ways and like whales in others.

Taxonomy 
Cetaceans are divided into two suborders:
The largest suborder, Mysticeti (baleen whales) are characterized by baleen, a sieve-like structure in the upper jaw made of keratin, which it uses to filter plankton from the water.
Odontoceti (toothed whales) bear sharp teeth for hunting. Odontoceti also include dolphins and porpoises.
Both cetaceans and artiodactyl are now classified under the super-order  Cetartiodactyla, which includes both whales and hippopotamuses. Whales are the hippopotamus's closest living relatives.

Evolution 

All cetaceans, including whales, dolphins and porpoises, are descendants of land-living mammals of the Artiodactyl order (even-toed ungulates). Both are related to Indohyus (an extinct semi-aquatic deer-like ungulate) from which they split around 54 million years ago.
Primitive whales probably first took to the sea about 50 million years ago and became fully aquatic about 5-10 million years later. Pakicetus is an important transitional species.
Scientists from the University of Plymouth studied many animals that dive and hold their breath, from insects to whales, and they found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen for their size, and this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals.  They said this may be why modern whales and extinct diving animals like plesiosaurs became so large.

Physiology 
Because of where they live (and unlike many animals), whales are conscious breathers: they decide when to breathe. Whales breathe through blowholes. Baleen whales have two and toothed whales have one. These are on the top of the head: the animal breathes while most of their body is underwater. Breathing first shoots out extra water from the blowhole, making a jet into the air, followed by inhaling air into the lungs.
All mammals sleep, including whales, but they cannot stay in an unconscious state for too long, because they need to be conscious to breathe. It is thought that only one hemisphere (half) of their brains sleeps at a time, so that whales are never completely asleep, but still get the rest they need. Whales are thought to sleep around eight hours a day.

A baby whale is called a "calf". One calf is born every two or three years. Gestation takes up to a year. Nursing continues for more than a year in many species; there is a strong bond between mother and calf. Reproductive maturity occurs at seven to ten years. This mode of reproduction produces few offspring, but increases their chance of surviving. The effect of hunting is severe on these animals, who replace their numbers slowly.

Whale behavior

Socialization
Whales are known to teach, learn, cooperate, scheme, and even grieve.
Breaching 
Breaching is what happens when a whale jumps into the air and then purposefully flops down on the water with a great splash. Sometimes it twirls in the air when it does this. Scientists are not sure whether breaching is done to play, to clean the whale's skin of things that are stuck to it, or to tell other whales something.
There are a number of other behaviors on the surface which are not well understood. 'Logging' is when a whale swims slowly at the surface of the ocean with very little movement. When a whale does this, it looks like a log in the water. Some scientists think this is a kind of rest or sleep for whales. 'Spyhopping' is when a whale sits straight up in the water with its head straight up and out of the water. It will sometimes turn around in circles as it spyhops. Some scientists think this might be because whales are trying to see what is happening above water. 'Lobtailing' is done when a whale faces downward in the water. It then slaps the water with a thunderous sound. Scientists think this might be done to warn other whales of danger, or as a method of feeding.

Related pages 
 Whaling

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 ARKive - images and movies of whales, dolphins and porpoises 
 American Cetacean Society
 Scottish Cetacean Research & Rescue – some interesting things in Taxonomy
 Cetacea.org homepage
 Walker's Mammals of the World Online - Cetaceans 
 Whales, dolphins, porpoises and cetaceans forum
A marker is a writing device that allows a person to draw, write, or scribble. Ink comes out of the tip of the marker and onto the writing surface, commonly a piece of paper. Markers generally come in a variety of different colors. They are sometimes referred to as "magic markers", or magic pens.

The tip of the marker where ink comes out from is usually made of cloth. This allows the ink to go through easily. A lot of ink can come out from it at one time.

Marker types 

 Whiteboard markers are marker pens in which the ink can be rubbed out easily with tissues or dusters.
 Permanent markers are markers which the ink cannot be rubbed off.

Art
Writing tools
Anchors are used to stop boats from moving. Today, anchors are usually made of metal, and they are made to catch the ocean floor (the seabed).

There are two main types of anchors: temporary and permanent. A permanent anchor is called a mooring block and is not easily moved. A temporary anchor can be moved and is carried on the boat. When people talk about anchors, they are usually thinking about temporary anchors.

An anchor works by either weight (mass) or shape. Shape is more important to temporary anchors, and design is very important. Anchors must resist wind and tide, and also the up-and-down movement of waves.

History 

The oldest anchors were just rocks, and many rock anchors have been found from a long time ago. Many modern moorings still use a large rock as the mooring block.

A simple anchor which uses two arms made of wood, and a rock weight, is an anchor which is still used today. The wood arms are sharp to enter the seabed, and the weight will hold normal movement.
Designs of temporary anchors 

The English language uses several special words to describe parts of anchors. This is because England has a rich marine and naval history, and so the language gives a large number of words to boat and ship terminology.

A modern temporary anchor usually has a middle bar called the shank, attached to a flat surface (traditionally called fluke) which holds the seabed. The place where the shank meets the fluke is called the crown, and the shank is usually fitted with a ring or shackle to attach it to the rode (cable, chain, or rope joining the anchor to the boat). Some old anchors have attached to the shank a stock, which is a bar that places the anchor in a certain way when it falls on the seabed. Old anchors are often named "stocked" or "stockless" anchors depending on whether they have this, or not.

There are many designs.
Hook designs use small flukes with a heavy, narrow fluke-arms to go deeply into difficult seabeds.
 Plow (also spelled "plough") bury themselves in the bottom as force is applied to them. They look and work like a farmer's plow. The first was the CQR, first made in 1933 in the United Kingdom. They do not hold as well as modern anchors.
 Fluke or plate designs use large flukes to develop good holding. They hold well but are difficult to make set (go into the seabed).

Over the last 20 years, many new anchor designs have appeared. These anchors are usually designed for small vessels, and are usually not for large ships. See modern designs.

Fisherman 

The Fisherman has a traditional design that has not changed much over time. It is less useful than a good modern design, and its holding power for its weight is among the worst of all anchor types.

Fluke
Fluke 

The most common type of fluke anchors is the Danforth. The Danforth style uses a stock at the crown (see above), to which two large flat flukes are attached. The stock can rotate, so the flukes can move toward the bottom. It can hold very well but has difficulty setting (entering the seabed) on its own. It is efficient for its weight.

Fluke anchors have difficulty penetrating kelp and weed seabeds, as well as very hard sand or clay seabeds. Once set, the anchor can come free and fail to reset on its own.

Grapnel 

A traditional design, the grapnel style is simple to design and build. It is a simple hook that is good for rock or reefs. It is useless for most other seabeds.

Plow 

The original CQR was invented in 1933 in the United Kingdom. Many copies of it now exist. Plows used to be popular with sailors and private boaters. They are good but not excellent in most seabeds. Another more recent design is the Delta which is better.
Plows use a special weight in the tip of the fluke (the toe) for them to work properly. This makes them heavy.

The genuine CQR and Delta brands are now owned by Lewmar.

Bruce / Claw 

The genuine Bruce was invented in the 1970s and to try to solve some problems of the plow. Many copies are now made. This type of anchor is now called a "claw-type". Claw anchors can set quickly in some seabeds, but do not hold well for their weight, and can let go very suddenly.

Bruce Anchor Group no longer make the genuine Bruce. Most copies are lower quality than the genuine Bruce.

Modern designs 

Modern anchors are designed to be better than the plow and claw types. Many are new, still under patent and owned by commercial companies or tied to certain brands.
The Bügel, first built by German steel company WASI, has a sharp fluke for weed, and features a roll-bar to turn the anchor to the correct angle on the seabed
 The Bulwagga has three flukes instead of two. It has done well in tests by independent organizations.
 The Spade has been well accepted since 1996. It performs well.
 The Rocna has been made since 2004. Like the Bügel', it has a sharp toe and roll-bar for weed and grass. It sets quickly, and has a large fluke area. Its roll-bar is similar to the Bügel's, and ensures the correct setting angle with low weight on the tip. The Rocna got the highest averaged holding in SAIL magazine's testing in 2006     .

 Performance of temporary anchors 

Many modern designs are better than the older types. This chart shows tests done by West Marine (an American marine shop) in 2006  . The anchors were tested on three different sandy seabeds, at three different scopes (pull angles).
Six of the seven best anchors on this chart are "modern", but several modern anchors did very badly. This shows that 'newer' is not always better.

 Designs of permanent anchors 
Permanent anchors are used when a floating thing must be kept in place for a long time. They are used to anchor Lightships, navigation buoys, and moorings. The anchor must hold in all weather, even the worst storm.

 Deadweight 
A deadweight anchors is a heavy weight. It can be used when the bottom is too hard for other types of anchors. It can be made of a large rock or a concrete block.

 Mushroom or Pyramid 

Mushroom and pyramid anchors are good where the seabed is soft. This type of anchor needs time to dig into the seabed. It can be smaller and lighter than a deadweight anchor. The mushroom anchor is shaped like a mushroom, and the pyramid anchor is shaped like a pyramid with the apex pointing down.

 Modern designs 
The sand screw must be screwed into the seabed before it is used. It can be very light.

 References
References 

 Edwards, Fred; Sailing as a Second Language: An illustrated dictionary, 1988 Highmark Publishing; 
 Hinz, Earl R.; The Complete Book of Anchoring and Mooring, Rev. 2d ed., 1986, 1994, 2001 Cornell Maritime Press; 
 Hiscock, Eric C.; Cruising Under Sail, second edition, 1965 Oxford University Press; 
 Pardey, Lin and Larry; The Capable Cruiser,; 1995 Pardey Books/Paradise Cay Publications; 
 Rousmaniere, John; The Annapolis Book of Seamanship, 1983, 1989 Simon and Schuster; 
 Smith, Everrett; Cruising World's Guide to Seamanship: Hold me tight,'' 1992 New York Times Sports/Leisure Magazines

Other websites
Other websites 

 "Ultimate Holding Power" - Anchor Test  from Yachting Monthly December 2006
 "Holding Power" - 14 Anchors Tested  from SAIL magazine October 2006
 Lightship anchors
 About the Manson Supreme Anchor — Article discussing problems with copies of genuine anchor types
 A Process of Evolution — An essay on boat anchors by New Zealand boatbuilder, offshore cruiser, & consultant Peter Smith
  — Article on anchoring from Coastguard Member's Handbook 2007

Ship building
Boats
Light pollution is a type of pollution. It is defined as “any adverse (or bad) effect as a result of man-made lights.” Usually, this means too much light. Several species, including plants and humans, are badly affected by light pollution. Most people have never heard of light pollution, and those who have usually don’t care, or do anything about it. Light pollution costs Americans billions of dollars every year.

Types of light pollution 
There are five kinds of light pollution:
 Light trespass
 Over-illumination
 Clutter
 Glare
 Sky glow

Sky glow usually has more of an effect on the environment than light trespass and glare, but all of them are a major problem to people today.

Sky glow is the kind of light pollution that prevents people from seeing stars and other deep-space objects. This causes birds to not be able to migrate to the right place because they can not follow the moon and stars. Sky glow also prevents astronomers from seeing dim objects.
Light trespass is when light being used by a person goes into the property of another. Although light trespass is not an environmental issue, it is still light pollution.

The third kind of light pollution, glare, has different kinds. The first, disability glare, is the loss of visibility because of too many lights. Discomfort glare is when the lights cause pain.

Effects

Effects on animals 
Light pollution stops migrating birds from having any way of seeing the moon and stars that they need to use to navigate the direction of their migration, therefore not being able to migrate to the correct place. Also, sea turtles do not come to shore and nest as often, because they are afraid of the lights. It also affects animals eyes as a flash of camera weakens the eyesight of animals.
Effects on humans 
Glare causes sleep problems in humans. For example, too much light in an apartment shining in from a nearby billboard will disturb their sleep. Science, too, is being affected by light pollution. Astronomers have no way of observing or making discoveries with too much light to block the night sky.
Light pollution also causes headaches when light directly falls into our eyes and affects the sensory nerves.

The solution

Group solution 
There are now several groups that are trying to prevent light pollution. Light pollution first made news in 1964, when an observatory was specially placed just to avoid light pollution. However, it wasn’t brought to the attention of most people until June 6, 2002, when the Czech Republic passed the world’s first light pollution law. Since then, light pollution is slowly being recognized by the general public as a major problem.

Also government should pay attention for advertisements, which produce the greatest amount of light.
Individual solution 
You can lower the amount of light pollution by having lights off when they are not needed. You can also shield yourself from this pollution by putting curtains on a window facing the street or any other disturbing light source.
We can also use automatic lights. If we come in range of it, it will turn on, otherwise it stays off. This way we can save electricity and reduce light pollution.

Light
Pollution