Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Karl Johan Schuster (born February 1, 1985), better known by his stage name Shellback, is a songwriter, record producer and musician from Karlshamn, a small town in Southern Sweden. Together with Max Martin, he wrote "So What" and "Raise Your Glass" by Pink, "If U Seek Amy" and "3" by Britney Spears, "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love" by Usher featuring Pitbull, and "Whataya Want from Me" by Adam Lambert. Also with Martin he co-wrote the Maroon 5 single One More Night.

References 

1985 births
Living people
Swedish record producers
Swedish songwriters
Vocal range is the measure of the pitches that a human voice can make. Although the study of vocal range is not used in terms of speech, it is a topic of study within linguistics, phonetics, and speech and language pathology. However, the most common use of the term "vocal range" is in singing, where it is used for classifying singing voices into groups.

References 

Singing

sv:Röstläge (sång)
RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor) is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. The RCA initials stand for Radio Corporation of America (later renamed RCA Corporation), which was the parent corporation from 1929 to 1985 and a partner from 1985 to 1986.

RCA's Canadian unit the Sony's oldest label in Canada, because it was only one of two Canadian record labels to survive the Great Depression.

References

American music companies
A CD single (sometimes abbreviated to CDS) is a music single in the form of a Compact Disc. The format was introduced in the mid-1980s, but was not sold much in the market until the early 1990s.

Music industry
Compact Disc
A music download is the act of downloading a song from the Internet to a user's computer. This term can mean both legal downloads (by paying to download the music) and downloads of copyright material without permission or paying.

As of 2006, digital music sales are estimated to have reached about US$2 billion. Around the world in 2006, an estimated 509 million songs were purchased online.

There are many websites that let you download music. Some of these sites are iTunes, Google Play, Windows Store, and Amazon.com. , The biggest of these stores is iTunes, which is run by Apple, and had an income of $1.1 billion in 2011.

References 

Music technology
File sharing
Maratone is a music production company, started by two music producers and songwriters, Max Martin and Tom Talomaa. It was started in January 2001 after the closing of the Cheiron Studios.

The first songs to be written and produced at Maratone were four tracks for Britney Spears´ third album "Britney".

With Kelly Clarkson's hits Since U Been Gone and Behind These Hazel Eyes, which were produced at Maratone, Max Martin had reinvented himself (together with Lukasz Gottwald) by using a completely different sound than the "Cheiron sound" which he was so famous for. He has continued to use the new rock sound on hits for a-ha, Pink and many more.

Other websites 
 Maratone's web site 

Music companies
Companies of Sweden‎
About.com is an online source for information and advice. It is written in English, and is aimed mostly at North Americans. It is owned by The New York Times Company.

About.com is divided into topic sites, which are grouped into channels and subjects such as home repair, pediatrics, and weather. The content is written by a network of writers, referred to as Guides, who have experience in the subject they look after. Each Guide looks after one subject only.

Guides receive money of about $100,000 per year, although the exact number is not told.

References

Websites
Blogcritics is a blog network and online magazine of news and opinion. The site—a self-proclaimed "sinister cabal of superior writers"—was founded in 2002 by Eric Olsen and Phillip Winn. Blogcritics features hundreds of original articles every week, and keeps an archive of all their published content.

References 

Internet
Digital Spy is a British entertainment and media news website. According to comScore figures, it is the fourth largest British entertainment website with 2.1 million special users on its news site. According to Alexa Internet traffic statistics, as of February 2011, Digital Spy is the 93rd most popular website in the United Kingdom, with an overall Alexa ranking of 2,088.

References 

1999 establishments in the United Kingdom
Entertainment websites
George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 – June 9, 1989) was an American geneticist.

He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edward Tatum; they shared the prize with Joshua Lederberg, who worked with Tatum on bacterial genetics.

Beadle and Tatum discovered the role of genes in regulating biochemical synthesis in cells.

Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mould Neurospora crassa to x-rays, causing mutations. In a series of experiments, they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in pathways making proteins. They proposed a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.

Life & career 
George Wells Beadle was born at Wahoo, Nebraska, on October 22, 1903. He was the son of farmers; his parents owned and operated a 40-acre (160,000 m2) farm.
George might himself have become a farmer if one of his teachers had not directed his mind towards science, and the College of Agriculture at Lincoln, Nebraska.

In 1926, after his degree, he worked on hybrid wheat and Zea mays. In 1931 he was awarded a National Research Council Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, where he remained from 1931 until 1936. During this period he continued his work on Indian corn and began, in collaboration with Dobzhansky and Sturtevant work on crossing-over in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

In 1935 Beadle visited Paris for six months to work with Boris Ephrussi at the Institut de Biologie physico-chimique. Together they began the study of the development of eye pigment in Drosophila which later led to the work on the biochemistry of the genetics of the fungus Neurospora.
In 1937 Beadle was appointed Professor of Biology (Genetics) at Stanford University and there he remained for nine years, working for most of this period in collaboration with Tatum.

In 1946 he returned to the California Institute of Technology as Professor of Biology and Chairman of the Division of Biology. Here he remained until January 1961 when he was elected Chancellor of the University of Chicago and, in the autumn of the same year, President of this university.

George Beadle died on June 9, 1989.

Later work 
The work of Beadle & Tatum was continued later by E.B. Lewis who worked on the way genes control the development of embryos, and by Phillip Sharp & Richard Roberts who discovered of introns and RNA splicing. All three won Nobel Prizes for their work.

In 1977, work by the Sharp and Roberts labs showed that genes of higher organisms are "split" or present in several distinct segments along the DNA molecule.
The coding regions of the gene are separated by non-coding DNA that is not involved in protein expression. The non-coding regions, the introns, are cut from the precursor mRNAs in a process called "splicing". The split gene structure was found to be common to most eukaryotic genes. For this reason, one gene–one enzyme does not hold in the simple way put forward by Beadle and Tatum. This is because
 It may take more than one gene to build a protein, and
 Many different genes can be made from a smaller set of genes (see antibody).

However, their work was a great step forward in its time.

References 

1903 births
1989 deaths
American geneticists
American botanists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Chicago
Scientists from Nebraska
Cornell University alumni
Nur Muhammad Taraki (1917–1979) was an Afghan politician. With other people he founded the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, who stopped the monarchy in Afghanistan. Taraki was president of Afghanistan in 1978 and 1979. Taraki started economic reforms in mid-1978.

References

Presidents of Afghanistan
1917 births
1979 deaths
Prime Ministers of Afghanistan
KMFDM (originally Kein Mehrheit Für Die Mitleid, loosely translated by the band as "no pity for the majority") is a German industrial metal band.  The four members of the band are leader, singer, and bassist Sascha Konietzko, singer Lucia Cifarelli, guitarist Andee Blacksugar, and drummer Andy Selway.  The band has sold more than 2 million albums.

KMFDM formed on February 29, 1984, in Paris, France.  They made eleven albums between then and 1999, when the band broke up.  The band got back together in 2002, and has made eleven albums between then and 2022.

List of albums
Opium (1984)
What Do You Know, Deutschland? (1986)
Don't Blow Your Top (1988)
UAIOE (1989)
Naïve (1990)
Money (1992)
Angst (1993)
Nihil (1995)
Xtort (1996)
Symbols (1997)
Adios (1999)
Attak (2002)
WWIII (2003)
Hau Ruck (2005)
Tohuvabohu (2007)
Blitz (2009)
WTF?! (2011)
Kunst (2013)
Our Time Will Come (2014)
Hell Yeah (2017)
Paradise (2019)
Hyëna (2022)

References

Other websites
 KMFDM official website
German rock bands
Electronic music bands
German heavy metal bands
Cleo Virginia Andrews (V. C. Andrews) (June 6, 1923 – December 19, 1986) was an American writer from Portsmouth, Virginia. Her best-selling stories included "My Sweet Audrina" and two series of books about the "Dollanganger" and "Casteel" families.  

Her stories were written in English and translated into French, Italian, German, Spanish, Dutch, Japanese, Korean, Turkish, Greek, Finnish, Hungarian, Swedish, Portuguese and Hebrew.

Her first novel, "Flowers in the Attic," was published in 1979.   

V. C. Andrews died from breast cancer in 1986, leaving behind some unpublished stories. The estate of V. C. Andrews hired a ghostwriter, Andrew Neiderman, to continue the stories, which are still published under the name V. C. Andrews.

Novels

The Dollanganger series
 Flowers in the Attic (1979)
 Petals on the Wind (1980)
 If There Be Thorns (1981)
 Seeds of Yesterday (1984)
 Garden of Shadows (1986) (started by Andrews, finished by Andrew Neiderman)
Stand alone works
 Gods of Green Mountain (1972), a science fiction novel, currently only available in e-book format.
 My Sweet Audrina (1982)

The Casteel series
 Heaven (1985)
 Dark Angel (1986)
 Fallen Hearts (1988) (started by Andrews, finished by Neiderman)
 Gates of Paradise (1989) ("inspired" by Andrews, finished by Neiderman)
 Web of Dreams (1990) ("inspired" by Andrews, finished by Neiderman)

The Cutler series
This series and all subsequent novels were written by Neiderman, but are attributed to Andrews.

 Dawn (1990)
 Secrets of the Morning (1991)
 Twilight's Child (1992)
 Midnight Whispers (1992)
 Darkest Hour (1993)

The Landry series
 Ruby (1994)
 Pearl in the Mist (1994)
 All That Glitters (1995)
 Hidden Jewel (1995)
 Tarnished Gold (1996)

The Logan series
 Melody (1996)
 Heart Song (1997)
 Unfinished Symphony (1997)
 Music in the Night (1998)
 Olivia (1999)

The Orphans series
 Butterfly (1998)
 Crystal (1998)
 Brooke (1998)
 Raven (1998)
 Runaways (1998)
 Orphans (2000) (omnibus)
The Wildflowers series
 Misty (1999)
 Star (1999)
 Jade (1999)
 Cat (1999)
 Into the Garden (1999)
 The Wildflowers (2001) (omnibus)

The Hudson series
 Rain (2000)
 Lightning Strikes (2000)
 Eye of the Storm (2000)
 The End of the Rainbow (2001)
 Gathering Clouds (2007, to be contained with the Rain movie DVD, released on May 29, 2007)

The Shooting Stars series
 Cinnamon (2001)
 Ice (2001)
 Rose (2001)
 Honey (2001)
 Falling Stars (2001)
 Shooting Stars (2002) (omnibus)

The DeBeers series
 Willow (2002)
 Wicked Forest (2002)
 Twisted Roots (2002)
 Into the Woods (2003)
 Hidden Leaves (2003)
 Dark Seed (2001) [an e-book now printed inside copies of Hidden Leaves]

The Broken Wing series
 Broken Wings (2003)
 Midnight Flight (2003)

The Gemini series
 Celeste (2004)
 Black Cat (2004)
 Child of Darkness (2005)

The Shadows series
 April Shadows (2005)
 Girl in the Shadows (2006)

Early Spring series
 Broken Flower (October 2006)
 Scattered Leaves (Feb 27, 2007)
Secrets Series
 Secrets in the Attic (September 2007)
 Secrets in the Shadows (April 2008)

Delia Series
 Delia's Crossing (September 2008)
 Delia's Heart (December 2008)
 Delia's Gift (February 2009)

Heavenstone Series
 Heavenstone Secrets (December 29, 2009)
 Secret Whispers (March 2010)

Short stories (ghost-written by Neiderman, inspired by Andrews' artwork)
 Cage of Love (2001)
 The Little Psychic (2001)

Vampire Series
 Daughter of Darkness (2010)

References

Other websites
U.S. publisher's official website
 Canadian publisher's official website
 Andrew Neiderman's website
 V. C. Andrews Wiki
The Complete V. C. Andrews 

1923 births
1986 deaths
American novelists
Cancer deaths in Virginia
Deaths from breast cancer
People from Portsmouth, Virginia
Writers from Virginia
There are few to no LGBT rights in Pakistan. Since the 6th of October in 1860, it has been illegal to participate in homosexual acts (to have sexual contact with a person of the same gender). Unlike in India, this Section 377 of the British Indian penal code (Law) has not yet been repealed (or gotten rid of). Homosexuality is also thought of as a taboo vice in Pakistan, Laws are harsh yet go unopposed in most cases. If individual orientation and acceptance isn’t enough, young boys in some cases are forced to delve into sexual activities with older predatory men. The major religions in Pakistan do not approve of homosexuality. Because of this, many people in the country are against homosexuality and other forms of alternative sexual orientation. Nevertheless, the LGBT community is still able to socialize, organize, date, and even live together as couples, if done mostly in secret.

Changes in the society
Pakistan is officially an Islamic Republic. However, in reality, Pakistan is largely secular (non-religious). It mainly has Anglo-Saxon laws which were inherited from the British. More and more, there are trends (or patterns) of liberalization (becoming more liberal) in the country. Globalization and social tolerance are also increasing. Because of this, public gay parties have been taking place in the country, and these parties have been thriving for a number of years.

Laws
The Constitution of Pakistan does not specifically mention sexual orientation or gender identity. There are certain parts in the Constitution that may affect the rights of LGBT Pakistani citizens. In 2018, Parliament passed the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act which established broad protections for transgender people. Earlier, in a historic 2009 ruling, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled in favour of civil rights for transgender citizens, and further court rulings upheld and increased these rights. Pakistan does not have civil rights laws to prohibit discrimination or harassment on the basis of sexual orientation. Neither same-sex marriages nor civil unions are permitted under current law and are scarcely ever brought up in the political discourse
. In addition, there is a growing number of individuals—especially those born to parents who have been educated in the developed world, who are usually University graduates and have some sort of understanding about evolution and sexuality—who are Coming out to their friends and introducing them to their same-sex partner.
Most South Asian nations have a concept, or idea, called "hijra", or third gender. While the term is commonly used in South Asia, it is considered derogatory in Urdu. The term Khawaja Sara () is used instead. They are sometimes referred to as Transgender, Intersex or Eunuchs in English language publications. People who belong the third gender are thought of as being neither man nor woman. Pakistan is no different. In Pakistan, there is a lively culture of hijras. They are sometimes called transsexuals in English writings. Like transgender people in many countries, hijras are sometimes made fun of, abused, and treated violently. In Punjabi, they are referred to as  (ਖੁਸਰਾ/خسرہ). In Sindhi they are  (کدڙا). However, they are also accepted in some ways. This is because of the position they held in precolonial Desi society. For example, they are welcome at weddings. At weddings, they often dance as entertainment for the men. They are also welcome among the women
. As most of the government and business documents in Pakistan are in English, the term "third gender" has been chosen to represent individuals that identify themselves as transsexual,  a transgender person, a cross-dresser (Zenana in Urdu),  a transvestite or as Eunuchs (Narnbans in Urdu). This includes males or females as well as people that are neither or both sexes.
Hijras

Hijras are usually tolerated in Pakistani society. They are thought of as blessed in the Pakistani culture. Most hijras are thought to be cultural descendants (or relatives) of court eunuchs from the Mughal era.
Hijras are thought to be born with Genital dysphoria. People sometimes feel afraid that the hijras might curse them so that they become the same way.
Because of this, people listen to the hijras' needs, give them alms (or charity), and invite them to events and special occasions, like the birth of a child, a child's circumcision, or weddings. Hijra communities live a very secretive life. Because of this, many people see the hijras as mysterious.
The Asian slur  (:pa:ਗਾਂਦੂ/گانڈو) is usually a pejorative term used to refer to effeminate gay men. It is often rooted and shortened to  (:pa:ਗਾਂਡ/گانڈ).  That is an Indian/Pakistani slang/swear word. It would translate to 'of the Arse'.  The English translation for subtitles is often 'Arsehole' or rudely as Bummer/Bumsex). It is the same contexed offensive word used as in the Occidental term of faggot for gay men.

2000s

In 2004, it was reported that Lahore alone has 10,000 active transvestites.

People have started accepting acts of Sex reassignment surgery to change their sex as a norm either compelled by Gender dysphoria. There are situations where such cases have come into the limelight. A 2008 ruling at Pakistan's Lahore High Court gave permission to Naureen, 28, to have a sex change operation, although the decision was applicable only towards people suffering from gender dysphoria.

2010s
2010s

On the 18th of June in 2016 a small clerical body in Lahore know as Tanzeem Ittehad-I-Ummat declared Transgender marriages legal under Islamic law. These clerics are affiliated to the Pakistan-based organization issued a Fatwa on Pakistani transgender people where a trans woman (born male) with "visible signs of being a woman" is allowed to marry a man, and a trans man (born female) with "visible signs of being a man" is allowed to marry a woman. Pakistani transsexuals can also change their gender. Muslim ritual funerals also apply. Depriving transgender people of their inheritance, humiliating, insulting or teasing them were also declared Haraam. Although there are no Fatāwās by a Mufti for it or against the ("Zenanas") or Eunuchs and Hermaphrodites within the country, that remains a debatable issue for the existing various sexual minority diverse communities within Pakistan respectively.
On the 5th of February in 2018, a Senate committee determined that transgender people could inherit property without being required to have their gender decided by a medical board. Some hijras in Pakistan use hormones and silicone to bring focus on their feminine characteristics; however, this is usually done in terrible medical conditions without proper equipment and supervision, as expensive Sex change surgeries in Pakistan are not done mostly due to lack of education on the topic and the taboos of society.

Even though the Pakistani Government recognizes a third gender on ID cards, many people from the LGBT community are hesitant to apply for it as they will not be allowed to enter the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia as a transgender person.

LGBT Pakistani history
However, 147 years after the British had brought Sodomy Laws to the entire region under their collective domain, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) has noted in 2005 that gay life in Pakistan is still “less inhibited than in the west.” This is because the culture is much stronger than laws imposed by foreign powers and greedy local politicians. There have been a lot of changes, sometimes they are good and sometimes bad, but changes are constant companion to gay Pakistani life in the country. At the moment, one of the mysteries is that people deny the history of gay life in Pakistan. While in Pakistan speaking to the National Public Radio, Pakistani-American scholar Taymiya R. Zaman, who happens to be an expert in Islamic History, said that “You can’t look at something that already existed – and there is a shrine devoted to it – and now say it was unacceptable
.” In March 2012 at the Human Rights Council, Hina Jilani, who was then also Chair of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and former Special Representative of the Secretary-General said, "it was very important to emphasize that a serious obstacle was the persistent denial of protection for people from violence on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. That denial and rejection was not prudent for any Government that claimed commitment to the promotion and protection of human rights. It was not convincing when culture and religion were used as a shield and an excuse for failure to protect. There was no notion of responsibility that allowed duty bearers to selectively hold out on protection."
The 18th century British colonists, the self-righteous Anglican males of the self-assessed superior civilisation, upon arrival in the Mughal-Muslim Indian subcontinent, were repulsed by the sight of Hijras (transgenders) and baffled over why they were accorded so much respect in royal courts and other spheres of life. After deposing the Mughals, and in discharging the white man’s burden of civilising the inferior races, the British colonists enacted the so-called Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 which was introduced on the 12th of October in 1871; to declare what they called Eunuchs (transgenders) a so-called criminal tribe (among many other Indian tribes) on the theory that certain tribes were genetically criminal and must be placed under state surveillance
. By invoking the power of criminal law and associated prisons and penalties, the British colonists attacked the dignity of transgender community, degrading them in social echelons, and eventually forcing them to adopt begging, prostitution, and other questionable professions. Turning a respected community into a legally certified criminal tribe was an egregious blunder of the British colonialism (and it is hoped that Sadiq Khan, the new Mayor of London, will begin to restore the full rights of transgenders at least in London municipality).
After the so-called 1871 Criminal Tribes Act, a vicious cycle of persecution against transgenders of degradation began in the British India. Degraded to criminal tribe with genetic flaws, transgenders lost their royal status and gradually were excluded from all respectable social circles. Such is the power of the master that slaves and servants fashion their own hierarchies of inferiority among themselves. All designated criminal tribes under the 1871 Act suffered social degradation and persecution but transgenders were the hardest hit. In order to survive, some transgenders took to dancing performed at the birth of a new child in the community, collecting Wadhais (tips). Some developed the joyous art of clapping and dancing. Some developed the art of lampooning and were invited to the wedding feasts of the well-to-do to make fun of the groom, the guests, and even the politicians. They played the same role of amusing private gatherings as do late-night TV comedians in the United States
. Some transgenders took to begging, some to Male prostitution, and some to criminality, thus fulfilling the prophecy of the so-called 1871 Criminal Tribes Act. After formal dissolution of the former British Empire; Independent states of modern Republic of India and Pakistan came into being respectively, thus the Criminal Tribes Act was repealed with respect to transgenders. However, the damage done to transgenders was irreparable. Transgenders lost social respect and various stereotypes have been built to humiliate and discount the transgender community. A pejorative word Khusra is in active currency to denigrate the personality of transgenders. Friends might tease a feminine-looking friend as a Khusra. An incompetent politician is called a Khusra. In both modern India and Pakistan, the word Khusra is associated with impotence, incompetence, and powerlessness. In Pakistan, the people have forgotten the spiritual role that the transgenders played in Islam. Transgenders are ridiculed and insulted
. Popular TV shows, such as Khabarnaak and Khabardaar, make cruel jokes against transgender community. One of these shows is headed by a lawyer licensed to practice before the high courts of Pakistan.
LGBT politics

A number of the more liberal, secular parties in Pakistan tend to agree in principle to granting rights to various LGBT communities in the country, but are afraid to act too openly or quickly due to fear of extremist religious groups such as the Taliban who are against any such rights.
Time and again, various such parties and leaders have said that Pakistan needs to be more open, in public, about sexual orientation and gender identity issues. Yet, the sense persists that no public organization, club, or society would be allowed to endorse (or officially support) LGBT human rights, or even act as a social network for LGBT people, in the Islamic State. Only the Pakistan Greens has publicly expressed support for their LGBT rights for its citizens in general and abroad (Overseas Pakistanis) and has called for greater public openness and awareness about Sexual orientations and gender identity issues. Globally, multiple countries Legally recognise non-binary or third gender classifications and have already introduced X gender passports. In 2019 Canada introduced gender-neutral passports with an X category
. While Pakistan has acknowledged a third gender to some degree since 2009, Apex Court Ruling Ordered that the NADRA issue National Identity Cards to members of the T Community showing their distinct gender.
"It's the first time in the 62-year history of Pakistan that such steps are being taken for our welfare", Almas Bobby, a Khawaja Sara association's president, said to Reuters, "It's a major step towards giving us respect and identity in society. We are slowly getting respect in society. Now people recognize that we are also human beings."

The Supreme Court of Pakistan has officially recognised a third gender category for Pakistani passports in December 2018. Pakistan now allows transgender, intersex, and hijra individuals to obtain documents that match their gender identity, whether male, female, or third gender.

Restoring the Dignity of Transgenders
In 2009, the Pakistan Supreme Court, delivered a seminal ruling, recognizing the dignity of transgenders and declaring them the third gender under the equal protection clause of the Pakistani Constitution. Article 25 states that “There Shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex.” The Supreme Court noted that transgender persons have been neglected “On account of gender disorder in their bodies.” They have been denied the inheritance rights as they were neither sons nor daughters who inherit under Islamic law. Sometimes, families disinherit transgender children. To remedy discrimination against transgenders, the Court ordered provincial and federal governments to protect transgenders’ gender identification, right to inherit property, right to vote, right to education, and right to employment
. This Laws shall now include the recognition of trans identity in legal documents such as passports, ID cards, and driver licenses, and prohibiting discrimination in employment, schools, work-place, public transit, healthcare… etc, as well as the right for inheritance in accordance to their chosen gender. Furthermore, the bill obligates the government to build protection centres and safe houses be built for the transgender community.
Only now, recently, on the 23rd of September in 2012, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has acted in a very bold manner and defied the religious right, by granting for the first time, three basic rights to transsexuals i.e.

(a) the right to be recognised as a 'Third sex or gender'

(b) the right to vote as Pakistani citizens as transsexuals and

(c) granted the fixation of job quotas in the public/government sector, for transsexual people.

These are all landmark decisions by the apex court and hopefully the situation for LGBT rights will improve more in future. The 'Third gender' was officially protected from discrimination by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2010. Surprisingly, 60% of Pakistanis would have no concerns about having a gay or lesbian neighbour, and 32% of Pakistani people support gay marriage.

Pakistani media strictly censors LGBT related news stories. In late 2013, the Government of Pakistan censored the website Queerpk.com from being viewed.
On the 9th of January in 2017, the Lahore High Court ordered the Government to include transgender people in the national census. Despite this ground-breaking ruling in a conservative Islamic country, which must be welcome and which carries instructional values for the United States where transgenders are still fighting for equal dignity, there are some troubling aspects of the Court ruling. The Pakistan Supreme Court compares transgender persons with “disabled persons“ and articulates their gender status as “gender disorder.” There is no need for courts to engage in fruitless parallels nor does it advance the rights of transgenders when a high court labels transgender as gender disorder. Before the British invasion, Pre-Pakistanians considered gender ambiguity and transgender Identity a norm, anti LGBT+ laws were implemented by the British to co-ordinate with theirs in England
. Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and other religious minorities did not feel passionate hatred towards people with LGBT identity according to historical records. In many ways, the creation of laws which support the LGBT community can be regarded as an act of process of Decolonization in itself respectively, to restore their former glorious rightful dignified traditional heritage as Pakistanis. While Pakistan now has acknowledged a third gender to some degree since 2010, the Supreme Court of Pakistan officially recognised a third gender category for Pakistani passports in December 2018. Pakistan now allows transgender, intersex, and hijra individuals to obtain documents that match their gender identity, whether male, female, or third gender respectively. On the 29th of December in 2018, Pakistan's first trans pride parade was held in Lahore to celebrate the landmark Transgender rights law passed earlier during that year.
In 2018, Nisha Rao attained her law degree from Karachi's Sindh Muslim Law College and became Pakistan's first transgender lawyer.  

In early 2019 The word "TRANSGENDER" translated as مُتَجَنَّس /  Mutajannis for the first time in the Urdu language by the Lahore-Pakistan based Organization HOPE - Have Only Positive Expectations. Earlier than this there was no translation exists which covers the whole Transgender spectrum includes Transgender Women (trans women /MTF), Transgender Men (trans man / FTM), Khaja Sira, and gender expression.
In 2020, a transgender woman named Gul Panra was shot dead in the Pakistani city of Peshawar. This is the latest case of attacked on the LGBT community in the county. Along with her, a friend of Gul's were also injured, but escaped death. Gul was a Pashto singer in her professional life. Since 2015, it is reported that 68 transgender people were murdered in Pakistan. However, a total of 479 transgender people were attacked since 2018 in the Pakistani provence of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa alone. But, these figures may not include the actual figure, as recording of anti-trans violence is poor.

LGBT rights in Kashmir (PAK) 

Homosexuality is still illegal in the Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Occupied Kashmir. Pakistan was one of the 67 signatory nations opposing the UN declaration on Sexual orientation and Gender Identity, which failed to pass.

In Kashmir same-sex marriages, civil unions, and domestic partnerships are not recognised.
There are no legal protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

Summary table

Related pages 
 Naz Male Health Alliance

References

Other Website 

Human rights in Pakistan
Pakistan
The Spain Davis Cup team represents Spain in the Davis Cup tennis competition.
Spain has won the Davis Cup four times (2000, 2004, 2008 and 2009), and finished at second position three times (1965, 1967, 2003).

References

Tennis organisations
Sports organizations of Spain
Wilby is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk part of Suffolk in eastern England. It is around nine miles south-east of Diss, in 2001 there was 231 people living in Wilby. It has a primary school, village hall, Church, Trucking company (TG Askews) and a phone box (cards only).

Transport

Between 1908 and 1952 the village had a railway station on the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway.

References 

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Michael James Hegstrand (September 12, 1957 – October 19, 2003) was an American professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring name, Road Warrior Hawk. He is probably best known for wrestling as one half of the tag team, Road Warriors in WCW and The Legion of Doom in WWF. On April 2, 2011, He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Dusty Rhodes as part of The Road Warriors along with their manager, Paul Ellering.

Championships
Hegstrand held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

All Japan Pro Wrestling
NWA International Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Road Warrior Animal)

American Wrestling Association
AWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Road Warrior Animal)

Catch Wrestling Association
CWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling
World Japan Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Road Warrior Animal)
Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA National Tag Team Championship (four times) (with Road Warrior Animal)

i-Generation Superstars of Wrestling
i-Generation Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Road Warrior Animal)

Independent Pro Wrestling
IPW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Road Warrior Animal)

Jim Crockett Promotions/World Championship Wrestling
NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (three times) with Road Warrior Animal and Dusty Rhodes (two) and Road Warrior Animal and Genichiro Tenryu (one)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (one time) (with Road Warrior Animal)
Iron Team Tournament in 1989 (with Road Warrior Animal)
Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial Cup in 1986 (with Road Warrior Animal)

Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation
MEWF Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ultimate Comet)

New Japan Pro Wrestling
IWGP Tag Team Championship (two time) (with Power Warrior)

Professional Championship Wrestling (Texas)
PWC Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Road Warrior Animal)
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
(Class of 2011) (As a member of the Road Warriors)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Tag Team of the Year (1983, 1984, 1985, 1988) (with Road Warrior Animal)
PWI Feud of the Year in 1987 (with Road Warrior Animal and The Super Powers (Dusty Rhodes and Nikita Koloff) vs. The Four Horsemen (Ric Flair, Arn Anderson, Tully Blanchard, and Lex Luger))
PWI ranked him #1 out of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Road Warrior Animal as The Road Warriors in 2003.
PWI ranked him #47 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.

World Wrestling Federation
WWF Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Road Warrior Animal)
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2011)
Wrestlemania XIV 15 tag team battle royal winner (with Road Warrior Animal)

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Rookies of the Year award in 1983 (with Road Warrior Animal)
Tag Team of the Year in 1984 (with Road Warrior Animal)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
Other titles
MTW Tag Team Championship (one time) – with Bobo Brazil, Jr.

References

Other websites
The Road Warriors Hall of Fame page on WWE.com

1957 births
2003 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Minneapolis
WWE Hall of Fame
The Developing 8 (D-8 or Developing Eight) are a group of developing countries with large Muslim populations that have formed an economic development alliance. It consists of Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey.

International organizations
The Next Eleven (or N-11) are eleven countries—Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Turkey and Vietnam—that Goldman Sachs investment bank says will probably become some of the world's largest economies in the 21st century, together with the BRICS. The bank chose these states on December 12, 2005 because they are good places for people to invest money, and are likely to become a lot richer soon. 

International relations
Captain America: The First Avenger is an American superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America. It was produced by Kevin Feige and directed by Joe Johnston. The film was produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. The film is the fifth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). It was released on July 22, 2011. The movie was converted to 3-D, but not filmed that way. Filming took place in Los Angeles, and the Northern Quarter of Manchester, England, United Kingdom. The special effects company Lola made the effects for Steve's body before he becomes Captain America.

The film was first shown in the El Capitan Theatre on July 19, 2011. It was first released in the United States on July 22. It was a part of Phase One of the MCU. The film made over $370 million around the world.
The start of the film happens in the present day. A group of scientists find an old frozen airplane with a man frozen in it, with a shield. The rest of the film happens in World War Two. Johann Schmidt (also called the Red Skull) the leader of a group called HYDRA steals a powerful weapon called the Tesseract.  A man called Steve Rogers wants to join the army, but is too weak and is told he cannot. A doctor called Abraham Erskine lets him join a program that gives him super strength, making him a "super-soldier". Erskine is killed by a man from HYDRA and Steve is made to become an entertainer called Captain America, until he finds out his friend Bucky was taken prisoner by HYDRA. He saves Bucky and the other soldiers, and becomes Captain America. Steve and the rescued soldiers become friends, and they fight HYDRA in World War Two. In one mission, Bucky falls off of a train and it looks like he was killed
. Steve discovers that Schmidt and HYDRA are using the Tesseract to make weapons, which he wants to use to win the war. He fights Schmidt, who is killed when he holds the Tesseract. Steve has to sacrifice himself to get rid of the weapons by crashing the airplane they are on into the Arctic. He is found 70 years later, and wakes up. Nick Fury then talks to him about joining the Avengers.
Cast 
Chris Evans as Steve Rogers/Captain America
Tommy Lee Jones as Col. Chester Phillips
Hugo Weaving as Johann Schmidt/Red Skull
Dominic Cooper as Howard Stark
Neal McDonough as Dum Dum Dugan
Derek Luke as Gabe Jones
Stanley Tucci as Dr. Abraham Erskine
Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter
Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes
Toby Jones as Arnim Zola
Richard Armitage as Heinz Kruger
Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury

Production
Production

Development
It took a long time for the making of the film to get started. In April 1997, Marvel went to Mark Gordon and Gary Levinsohn to get them to produce Captain America, and Larry Wilson and Leslie Bohem to write a script. In May 2000, they went to Artisan Entertainment to get them to pay for the film, but a lawsuit between Joe Simon and Marvel Comics made the development stop. It started again in September 2003. Marvel was going to give the rights to making the film to Warner Bros. until the producer David Maisel said that they could make it themself. The film was meant to be unconnected to any others, with the first part happening in World War Two and the second part happening in the present day.
Production of the film stopped because of the 2007—2008 Writers Guild of America strike, but a deal was soon made in January 2008 that got development started again. On May 5, 2008, Marvel announced the film The First Avenger: Captain America (which it what the film used to be called) for release on May 6, 2011 (the film got pushed back to July 22, 2011).

Pre-Production
In December 2009, director Joe Johnston indicated that he planned to start filming in April 2010.

In March 2010, it was revealed that Chris Evans would play Captain America and Hugo Weaving would play the Red Skull.

Filming
Filming of the movie began on June 28, 2010. It was announced that some of the filming would happen in London in July, with war scenes being filmed in Wales. Some filming also took place at Pinewood Studios, which is a studio in Buckinghamshire.

Release
Release

Theatres
The film was first shown at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on July 19, 2011, and was shown at San Diego Comic Con on July 21, 2011. It was released in the US and Canada on July 22, 2011.

At home
Captain America: The First Avenger was released by Paramount Home Media Distribution on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and DVD on October 25, 2011.

Release dates

Future

Sequels

Captain America: The Winter Soldier

A sequel to the movie called Captain America: The Winter Soldier was released on 4 April 2014.

Captain America: Civil War

Another sequel called Captain America: Civil War was released on May 6, 2016. It was directed by the Russo Brothers again.

Notes

References

Other websites 
Captain America: The First Avenger's Official website
2011 movies
Alternate history movies
Captain America movies
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
Movies set in the 1940s
2010s superhero movies
2010s coming-of-age movies
Movies set in Germany
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in London
Movies set in New Jersey
Movies set in New York City
Movies composed by Alan Silvestri
About 98% of languages spoken in Pakistan are Indo-Iranian (sub-branches: 70% Indo-Aryan and 30% Iranian), a branch of Indo-European family of languages. Most languages of Pakistan are written in the Perso-Arabic script, with significant vocabulary derived from Arabic and Persian. Urdu (or Lashkari), Balochi, Pashto, Sindhi, Seraiki, Kashmiri (Koshur), Punjabi (Shahmukhi), etc. are the general languages spoken within Pakistan. Pakistanis belong to various Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups as well as Iranic peoples and Dardic language groups. In addition, small groups language isolates such as Burusho and Brahui-speaking peoples also live in the country. The major ethnic groups of Pakistan in numerical size include: Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Seraikis, Muhajirs, Balochis, Chitralis and other smaller groups.

The population comprises several main ethnic groups (2009):
Punjabis (40.20%) 70.7 million
 Pashtuns (19.80%) 35.2 million
 Sindhis (14.1%) 24.8 million
 Seraikis (10.53%) 14.8 million
 Muhajirs (7.57%) 13.3 million
 Balochs is (3.57%) 6.3 million
 Others (4.66%) 11.1 million

Smaller ethnic groups, such as Kashmiris, Kalash, Burusho, Brahui, Khowar, Shina, and Turwalis are mainly found in the northern parts of the country. The people of the Potohar Plateau in Northern Punjab, (Paharis/Potoharis or Panjistanis) are sometimes listed separately from Punjabis. This would tend to decrease the Punjabi's population further.
Hindkowan/Pahari/Pothwari or Modern Panjistani
Hindkowans is a general term applied to the inhabitants of the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The area falls in between the 'proper' Pashtun districts of the province, the Northern Punjab and Kashmir. Thus, it is a 'transitional' area where the Hindko dialect, or language, is mostly spoken, with a little Pashto and other languages. It must be noted that as such, there are no people or races of this name, but it is a purely linguistic definition or term. The people inhabiting the 'Hindko-speaking belt' are in fact from a number of ethnic origins—Pathan settlers such as the Yusufzai, Tanoli, Tarin, Jadoon, Kakkar, Utmanzai and others, as well as representatives of various Punjabi and Kashmiri tribes, as well as several indigenous hill and aboriginal tribes such as the 
Awan, Mughal, Turk, Karlal, Dhund Abbasi, Gujar, Swatis and so on.
Whilst the term is generally applied to the inhabitants of Hazara (especially Abbottabad, Haripur and Mansehra districts)it is also applied, by extension to sizable pockets of Hindko-speaking populations of Peshawar city, Kohat and Dera Ismail Khan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in Dera Ghazi Khan and Mianwali in Punjab.

Sometimes Pahari/Pothwari/Mirpuri are linked with Hindko and are collectively termed Panjistani people who are all closely related.
Since the 2022 National Census the Panjistani people are collectively given separate status from Eastern Panjabi people.
Hazara 
The Hazara ethnicity (not to be confused with the inhabitants of the Hazara region) are a Persian language-speaking people. The local or Pakistani Hazara are residing in Quetta, Balochistan,  and a small number from Afghanistan as refugees in the Islamabad area and a very few in Peshawar city too in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They are closely related to the Eurasian people and the Uyghur people. The total estimated population of Pakistani Hazaras is believed to be more than 200,000. Afghan refugee Hazaras are not more than between 10,000 to 12,000.

Makrani 
The Makranis are the inhabitants of Makran coast of Balochistan in Pakistan. They are the black people of Pakistan. They are the descendants of slaves first brought to Pakistan by Arab merchants in medieval times from the Bantu-speaking parts of eastern Africa.
Tajik 
The Tajiks are a Persian-speaking people, with traditional homelands in present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, southern Uzbekistan, northern Pakistan and western China. The Pakistani Tajiks live amongst other majority Central Asian-origin peoples such as the Dardic and Chitralis, the Hunzukuts, Shina, Baltis etc., and proper Tajiks are estimated to be no more than between 100,000 to 125,000.

Balti 
The Baltis are an ethnic group of Tibetan descent with some Dardic admixture in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan and Ladakh. In Pakistan they mainly live in major urban centres of Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The Balti language belongs to the Tibetan language family and is a sub-dialect of Ladakhi.

References 

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Industrial metal is a heavy metal musical genre that draws from industrial music and many different types of heavy metal, using repeating metal guitar riffs, sampling, synthesizer or sequencer lines, and distorted vocals. Founding industrial metal acts include Ministry, Godflesh, and KMFDM. Industrial metal's popularity led to some criticism from other artists associated with the industrial scene. Subsequently, it is most well known in various European permutations. Industrial metal groups have produced many acclaimed music videos.

References

Heavy metal subgenres
Industrial music
Fusion music genres
John Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American political philosopher. His is known best for writing the book on social justice, A Theory of Justice (1971).

1921 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
In Greek mythology, Melinoe is the goddess of ghosts. She is the daughter of Persephone and Hades. She lives in the Underworld. She has a pale complexion and a short temper and takes after her father in almost every way, except from her beauty that she gets from her mother Persephone. Melinoe has the powers to turn any mortal insane by her phantoms.

Little is known about Melinoe, but ancient Greeks used to conduct rituals and acts of praises to her as a sign of devotion and to garner protection from ghosts.

Greek gods and goddesses