Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Living former prime ministers
As of , there are seven living former New Zealand prime ministers, as seen below.

The most recent prime minister to die was Mike Moore (served 1990), on 2 February 2020, aged 71.

References

Other websites 
New Zealand Prime Minister's official website 
List of New Zealand Prime Ministers
"The Masque of the Red Death" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in May 1842 in Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine.

Plot
A painful and fatal disease involving blood aka kinbni 

am and finds him lying dead. His courtiers try to unmask the figure..only to find nothingness! Only then do they realize the figure is the Red Death itself, and all of the guests contract and succumb to the disease. With the last of them die the clock and the flames illuminating the scarlet window both die out at the same time. "And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion over all".
done!

Other websites 

 "The Masque of the Red Death"  at EServer.org
 "The Masque of the Red Death" with annotated vocabulary at PoeStories.com
 Sabrina Laurent (July 2003). "Metaphor and Symbolism in The Masque of the Red Death" , Bohème Magazine Online.
 Analyzing Poe's Work Biographically and Psychologically  Illinois State University
19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
Darfur (Arabic دار فور, meaning "home of the Fur") is region of far western Sudan.

It borders the Central African Republic, Libya, and Chad. It is divided into three federal states within Sudan: Gharb Darfur (West Darfur), Janub Darfur (South Darfur), and Shamal Darfur (North Darfur). It is currently in the midst of an ongoing humanitarian crisis that developed from the conflict between Ganjaweed militias and rebel groups (namely the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement)

Geography and climate 

Darfur covers an area of about 493 180 km² (196,555 miles²)—just over two-thirds the size of France and more than half the size of Kenya. It is largely an arid plateau with the Marrah Mountains (Jebel Marra), a range of volcanic peaks rising up to 3000 m (10,100 ft), in the center of the region. The region's main towns are Al Fashir, Nyala, and Geneina.
There are four main features of the physical geography. The whole eastern half of Darfur is covered with plains and low hills of sandy soils, known as goz, and sandstone hills. In many places the goz is waterless and can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep boreholes. To the north the goz is overtaken by the desert sands of the Sahara. A second feature are the wadis, seasonal watercourses ranging from small rivulets that flood only occasionally during the wet season to large wadis that flood for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of miles west to Lake Chad. Many wadis have pans of alluvium with rich soil that are also difficult to cultivate. The west of Darfur is dominated by the third feature, basement rock, sometimes covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed, but provides sporadic forest cover that can be grazed by animals
. The fourth and final feature are the Marrah Mountains, that rise up to a peak at Deriba crater where there is a small area of temperate climate, high rainfall and permanent springs of water.
The rainy season is from June through September, transforming much of the region from dusty brown to green. Because much of the population of Darfur is agricultural, the rains are vital. In normal years, a crop is ready to be harvested by November. Once harvested, the dry stalks may be fed to domestic livestock. In the far northern desert, years may pass between rainfall. In the far south, annual average rainfall is 700 mm and many trees remain green year-round.

Economy and demography 

Darfur has an estimated population of 7.4 million people. Darfur's economy is primarily based on subsistence agriculture, producing cereals, fruit and tobacco as well as livestock in the drier north. In addition to this, Darfur also suffers from frequent droughts during the summer and heavy rainfall in the winter. This has caused many farmers to provide inadequate crops causing the deaths of thousands of people.

Darfur Conflict
Darfur Conflict 

The Darfur conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Janjaweed militia group and the tribes of the region. The United Nations estimates that over 400,000 people have died since the beginning of this conflict.

Related pages
 Darfur conflict

Notes and references

Other websites 
 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting  "Our Choice, Too: On the Edge in Darfur" (Video)
 African Holocaust Darfur Report 
 "Delivering Aid to Darfur" (with video) about AmeriCares efforts in Darfur 
 Safer Access - A Collective Response on Darfur is Needed 

Geography of Sudan
Mill could mean:
 Mill (grinding), equipment for the grinding or pulverizing of raw materials using millstones
 a gristmill grinds grain into flour
 windmill, wind powered
 watermill, water powered
 horse mill, animal powered
 treadwheel, human powered (archaic: "treadmill")
 Mill (factory), a place of business for making articles of manufacture. The term mill was once in common use for a factory because many factories in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution were powered by a watermill, but nowadays it is only used in a few specific contexts; e.g.
 a cotton mill is a factory for processing cotton
 a paper mill produces paper
 a sawmill cuts timber
 a steel mill manufactures steel
 a sugar mill (also called a sugar refinery) processes sugar beets or sugar cane into various finished products
 a huller (also called a rice mill, or rice husker) is used to hull rice
 Milling machine, machine tool that operates by moving a work piece against a cutter.
Stamp mill, a specialized machine for reducing ore to powder for further processing or for fracturing other materials
 Mill (currency), a tenth of a cent/penny
 The standard author abbreviation Mill. may be used to indicate botanist Philip Miller's work when citing a botanical name
 Diploma mill or degree mill an organization which awards academic degrees and diplomas with very little or no academic study and without recognition by official accrediting bodies
 Nine Men's Morris, a traditional board game; the term "mill" may also mean "three (playing pieces) in a row" within the game
 Mill (Netherlands), a town in the municipality of Mill en Sint Hubert
 Arithmetical unit, used in the context of Charles Babbage's Analytical engine, a 19th-century concept of a computer
 Windmill (breakdance move) or mill, a power move in breakdancing
 The Mill (post-production), a visual effects company
People named Mill:
 Andy Mill, skier
 Frank Mill, German football player (World Cup winner, Summer Olympics bronze medalist)
 Harriet Taylor Mill, philosopher
 James Mill, a Scottish historian, economist and philosopher
 John Stuart Mill, an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century
For other uses see Mill (disambiguation)

A grinding mill is a tool that is designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces.  There are many different types of grinding mills and many types of materials processed in them. 

Small mills can be powered by hand, such as a mortar and pestle or a pepper grinder. Large grinding mills were usually powered by working animals, wind (windmill) or water (watermill) in the past. In the 2000s, most large grinding mills are powered by electricity.

Types of grinding mills

Mortar and pestle

People who need to grind a small amount of a food, such as spices or grain, for their own cooking often use a hand-powered mortar and pestle or a hand-powered grinder, such as a pepper grinder. In the 2000s, many people also used electric-powered grinding mills. These kitchen appliances have a metal blade that grinds the food into small pieces. Electric-powered grinding mills are often used for grinding nuts or coffee.
Grain mills
For thousands of years, humans have ground their grains (such as wheat or corn) into flour using grain mills powered by animals (such as oxen or horses), wind (windmills) or by running water from a stream or river (watermill). In the 2000s, most grain mills are powered by electricity.

Mechanical process
After  grinding the state of the solid is changed: the grain size, and the grain shape. Also, there may be more or less crushing.

For process engineering, several things are important: increasing the surface area of the solid; making the solid have wanted grain size; and pulping the material to the desired state (squishing it).

Types of grinding mills
Mortar and pestle
Windmill

Other websites 
Animation of Horizontal Grinder 

Tools
A windmill is a type of working engine. It converts the wind's energy into rotational energy. To do this it uses vanes called sails or blades.

The energy made by windmills can be used in many ways. These include grinding grain or spices, pumping water and sawing wood. Modern wind power machines are used to create electricity. These are called wind turbines by engineers or wind mills by the average person. Before modern times, windmills were most commonly used to grind grain into flour for making bread. The windmill has been in history for many years.

History 

An organ powered by a windwheel was written about in the 2nd century AD by the Greek engineer Hero. It could have been the first machine in history that used wind power. Vertical axle windmills were used in eastern Persia (Sistar) by 60 AD. Horizontal axle windmills were invented in Northwestern Europe in the 1180s. This is the type often used today.
Early history 
The first windmills had long vertical shafts with rectangle shaped blades. They existed in Persia in the 9th century. There is a story about a windmill and the second caliph Umar (634\644 AD). It is not known if this is a true story. These windmills were made of six to twelve sails. The sails were covered in reed matting or cloth. They were very different from European versions. A similar type of vertical shaft windmill with rectangle blades can also be found in 13th century China. They were used for irrigation.

How they work
How they work

The blades or sails of the windmill are turned by the wind. Gears and cogs makes the drive shaft inside the windmill turn. In a windmill used for making flour, this turns the grinding stones. As the stones turn, they crush the wheat (or other grain) between them. In a windmill used for pumping water, turning the drive shaft moves a piston. The piston can suck up and push out water as it moves up and down. In a windmill used for generating power, the drive shaft is connected to many gears. This increases the speed and is used to turn a generator to make electricity.

Windmills in culture and literature 

Miguel de Cervantes' book Don Quixote de La Mancha has an important scene in which Don Quixote attacks windmills. He thinks that they are violent giants. Because of this, La Mancha and its windmills are famous. This is also the origin of the phrase "tilting at windmills". It means an act of uselessness.  "Moulin Rouge" translated directly from French, and means Red Windmill.

Gallery
Gallery

Related pages 
 Renewable energy
 Renewable resource
 Land reclamation
 Watermill

Footnotes

Further reading 
 A.G. Drachmann: "Heron's Windmill," Centaurus, 7 (1961), pp. 145–151
 Hugh Pembroke Vowles: "An Enquiry into Origins of the Windmill", Journal of the Newcomen Society, Vol. 11 (1930-31)

Other website 

 Windmills at Windmill World
 The International Molinological Society (TIMS)
 All About The American Water Pumping Windmill
 Norfolk Mills
 Britannica
 1st English Post Windmill, Virginia
 Poldaw Windpumps , intended principally for applications in developing countries.

History links 
 Windmillers' Gazette
 History of the Traditional American Farm Windmill
 windmillworld: history
 American Wind Power Center - An American water pumping windmill museum in Lubbock, Texas USA.
 Shattuck Windmill Museum Thirty-nine water pumping windmills used on the plains; in Shattuck, Oklahoma
 Illinois Windmills—history and archives for the Dutch windmills in the state.

Theory
 Wind Power and Windmills
Tools
Wind energy
A windmill is an engine powered by the wind to produce energy, often contained in a large building as in traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills. 

Windmill may also refer to:
Windmill (company), a Japanese visual novel video game developer
Operation Windmill,  a U.S. Navy exploration and training mission to Antarctica in 1947-1948
Windmill Islands, an Antarctic group of rocky islands and rocks
Windmill restart, a maneuver that uses kinetic energy to restart a jet engine
Windmill (solitaire), a solitaire card game played with two decks of cards
Windmill Sessions EP, a 2005 EP produced, written, mixed, and mastered by Kevin Deal
Windmill (breakdance move), one of the most well-known power moves in breakdancing
"Windmills", a song by Blackmore’s Night from their 2006 album The Village Lanterne
Windmill (chess), a combination of moves where a series of discovered checks result in winning of material
plants in the genus Allionia
"Windmill", a song on Helloween's Chameleon album.
The Windmill Theatre in London.
 The Windmill, Brisbane – the oldest surviving building in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 The Windmill, Brixton, Brixton, England
 The Windmill (play) – an English stage play
Blood transfusion is a medical term. It means a procedure used to transfer blood (or some products based on blood) from the circulatory system of one human to that of another human.

Uses 
Blood transfusions can save the life of a person, if that person has lost a lot of blood. A person can lose blood from an injury, a trauma or from a medical operation. Blood transfusions can also be applied as a treatment to certain diseases of the blood (like Anaemia, for example).

Blood is not collected and used immediately.  Instead it is kept until it is needed.  The storage area is informally called a blood bank . By adding anti-coagulant to keep the blood from clotting and refrigerating the blood, it is possible to store it for a few days.  Information about transfusion and donation is available at the National Institutes of Health website .
Problems 
Not all people are able to donate blood to all other people. Testing for blood types usually prevents any bad reaction to a blood transfusion. However, there are special problems for anyone with rare blood groups. It is very important, in order to avoid any complications during a blood transfusion, to detect individuals with rare blood types. The usual tests for ABO blood group system would show them as group O. It may not be possible to give a blood transfusion at all unless the repository has supply of blood which will not cause a reaction.it donates blood  

Blood
Delirium is a medical term. The condition is also known as acute confusional state. Doctors use it to describe patients who have lost parts or all of their ability to focus attention. People who suffer from it  may also have problems to concentrate, or to remember things or  other people. Delirium is a medical symptom. It is not a disease.

Causes
A delirium can have many causes. The most common ones include:
Injuries to the head or the nervous system
Mental illness
Trauma or shock
Fever or pain
Certain substances found in drugs or poisons
Problems with metabolism. If a substance is transformed into another using an enzyme, a problem with that enzyme will lead to too much of the first, and too little of the second substance.
Not having enough water, or food, or sleep
Withdrawal symptoms (when people try to get away from a drugs or alcohol addiction). The delirium associated with alcohol withdrawal is called delirium tremens.
Definition
There are several definitions of what constitutes a delirium, but in general, the following is true:
Disturbance of consciousness; problems to focus, shift the focus, concentrate, or shift concentration from one item to another.
hallucinations; reduced ability to solve problems.
Sleeping problems are common, very often the circadian rhythm is lost.
Problems with thinking; problems remembering things.

Treatment
Deliria are often treated with special drugs, called antipsychotics. Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medications for alcohol withdrawal and DTs. They help calm excited nervous system. Treatment also need intravenous fluids with vitamins and minerals to treat dehydration or bring your electrolytes back into balance.
Deliria are always a medical emergency, because it is impossible to predict how they develop. Worst-case scenarios include cardiac arrest, and malfunctions of the metabolism. In order to be able to treat a delirium, its cause must usually be found. In the case of alcoholism, the most common cause for a delirium is the withdrawal of alcohol. This condition is known as Delirium tremens.

References

Symptoms
Jaundice  (also called icterus) is when the skin and the whites of the eyes become a yellow color. People with jaundice have a problem with their liver, which stops it from removing heme properly. Heme (from hemoglobin) changes to a chemical called bilirubin after red blood cell death. Bilirubin causes the yellow coloring of the skin. Jaundice is common in newly born babies. It usually starts the second day after birth.

Jaundice can also be caused by other diseases, like malaria, hepatitis, or gallstones.

Jaundice is the most common of all liver problems. The yellow colour of the skin and mucous membranes happens because of an increase in the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood.

The bile, made by the liver, is a vital digestive fluid needed for proper nutrition. It also stops decaying changes in food. If the bile is stopped from entering the intestines there is an increase in gases and other products. Normally, the production of bile and its flow is constant.
Types of Jaundice
There are three types of jaundice:
 haemolytic jaundice - caused by destruction of red blood cells. This causes increased bilirubin formation and anaemia
 obstructive jaundice  - caused by a blockage in the pathway where bilirubin is made in the liver cells and where bile goes into the duodenum
 hepatocellular jaundice - caused by damage to liver cells. The damage could be from a viral infection or toxic drugs.

Yellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes happens in all types of jaundice.

Symptoms
The symptoms of jaundice are:
 extreme weakness
 headache
 fever 
 loss of appetite
 tiredness
 severe constipation
 nausea 
 yellow coloration of the eyes, tongue, skin and urine. 
 dull pain in the liver region.
 Obstructive jaundice may also cause intense itching.
Causes
Jaundice is a sign that the liver is not working. It may be caused by a blockage of the bile ducts which release bile salts and pigment into the intestines. The bile then gets mixed with blood and this gives a yellow colour to the skin. The blockage of the bile ducts could be caused by:
 gallstones 
 inflammation (swelling) of the liver, called hepatitis. This is caused by a virus. The virus can spread and may lead to epidemics caused by:
 overcrowding 
 dirty surroundings
 insanitary conditions
 contamination of food and water.

Other causes of jaundice are pernicious anaemia and diseases affecting the liver such as typhoid, malaria, yellow fever and tuberculosis.

References

Symptoms
Liver disease
Icterus may refer to:
Jaundice
Icterus (bird), a genus of New World orioles
Hildegard of Bingen (born Bemersheim nr. Alzey in about 1098; died 17 September 1179) was a German writer, composer and mystic. She was an abbess who is well known for her literary works and her songs. She also wrote about medical and scientific things, and wrote letters to many important politicians.

Hildegard was born into a noble family. Her parents sent her to a monastery because she was the tenth child of the family. She took the veil (became a nun) at the age of 15. By the time she was 38 she had the title of “mother superior”. She founded (started) a monastery on the Rupertsberg in the Rhine valley near Bingen. Later she founded a daughter house on the other side of the river near Rüdesheim. She travelled a lot and talked to many important people. She later had the title of “abbess”. After she died several popes suggested she should be made a saint, but this never happened. She does, though, have a feast day on September 17, which is celebrated in some parts of Germany.
Known as the "Sybil of the Rhine", Hildegard had many visions, many of which she wrote down.They were mostly about God and his relationship with humans, the church, redemption from God, and creation. She wrote lyrical poetry which was very colourful and had lots of visionary ideas. Her music does not use plainchant like the music of many other medieval composers at the time. It mostly has small patterns of melody which are repeated many times in slightly different ways. Her music was also different because the chants she wrote were written for female voices, in a higher range than earlier chants. This made them easier for women's voices. She wrote a morality play in verse with 82 melodies.

Hildegard of Bingen is the first composer whose life we know about. She may possibly be the first woman to write about female sexuality.

References
References 

1098 births
1179 deaths
Christian mystics
German composers
German esotericists
German Roman Catholics
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
Medieval composers
Doctors of the Church
Alternative medicine describes practices used instead of normal medical treatments. Some patients seek these practices along with normal medicine. When the patient's medical doctor works with an alternative medicine therapist, this is called "complementary medicine."

Alternative medicine includes practices that incorporate spiritual, metaphysical, or religious belief; non-evidence-based practices, non-European medical traditions, or newly developed approaches to healing. 

Examples include acupuncture, chiropractic and homeopathy.

Alternative medicine does not prevent or cure any disease.
The opposite of alternative medicine are medical diagnoses and treatements that are proven to work. This is called evidence-based or conventional medicine.
Divaldo Pereira Franco or simply, Divaldo Franco is a Brazilian medium, born in Feira de Santana, Bahia, on May 5th, 1927.

He has been, for almost 60 years, an important spiritual speaker and writer, having devoted more than 50 years to spirituality and more than 40 years dedicated taking care of the street children of Salvador, Bahia.

On 15 August 1952, he founded (along with Nilson de Souza Pereira), the "House of Assistance" (Mansão do Caminho), responsible for the orientation and education of over 33,000 devoid children and adolescents.

The First Years
Divaldo graduated from the Escola Normal Rural de Feira de Santana, where he received his Primary School Professor diploma in 1943. Since his infancy, he claimed to be able to communicate with spirits.
When he was young, he was traumatized by the death of his two older brothers, so much so that he became sick. He was taken to several Medical specialists, none of them could give a satisfactory diagnosis. After this, he met Dr. Ana Ribeiro Borges, who persuaded him to take up the spiritist doctrine. During his period of convalescence, he dedicated himself to the study of spiritism. After the body health be restored, he continued studying the spiritism.

1927 births
Living people
Bahia
Brazilian writers
Hindus believe all it's devi-devas are different forms of that same formless Par bramh. Devi-Devas in Hinduism are thought as highly advanced spiritual beings and are often represented in human form or partially human and partially animal forms. Sometimes they are also represented as non-living things and plants.

The three gods who started creation: Vishnu, Brahma, and Shiva are called Bhagwans (also known as Bhagavān). Yakshas are all male gods created by the three Bhagwans.
The main god in Vaishnavite sect of Hinduism is Vishnu. Vishnu is revered as supreme Paramatman in Vaishnava tradition. Shiva is the Supreme, in Shaivite Traditions while in Shakti Traditions, Adi Parashakti is supreme. Other names such as Ishvara, Bhagavan, Bhagvati, Parmeshwara and Paramatamana also means Hindu gods and all of them mainly denote Brahman. Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma are the major gods and Lakshmi, Parvati and Saraswati are the major goddesses in Hinduism. Many Hindus believe that Brahma is the Creator, Vishnu is the preserver and Shiva or Maheshwar is destroyer. Varuna
Supreme God 
The idea of a single, widely accepted supreme God in Hinduism is not uniform and varies across different traditions. Some followers worship specific deities as the supreme being, such as Vishnu, Shakti, or Shiva, while others have a more abstract understanding of divinity. In some cases, all deities are seen as manifestations of a single ultimate reality. The cultural and linguistic diversity of India has influenced the varied interpretations of the concept of a supreme God within Hinduism. 

Regional and family traditions can play a large part in influencing this choice. Through history four principal Hindu denominations arose —Vaishnavism, Shaktism, Shaivism, and Smartism.  

For Vaishnavites, God Vishnu is God Of Supreme, For Shaktas, Goddess Shakti is supreme, For Shaivites, God Shiva is Supreme. For Smartas—who see all Deities as reflections of the One God—the choice of Deity is left to the devotee.
Most Hindus, in their daily devotional practices, worship some form of a personal aspect of God, although they believe in the more abstract concept of a Supreme God as well. 

They generally choose one concept of God, and cultivate devotion to that chosen form, while at the same time respecting the chosen ideals of other people. The many different names given to the Supreme God in Hinduism encourage a multiplicity of paths, as opposed to conformity to just one. 

The unique understanding in Hinduism is that God is not far away, living in a remote heaven, but is all-pervasive and energizes the entire universe. He is also inside each soul, waiting to be discovered. Knowing the one Supreme God in this intimate and experiential way is the goal of Hindu spirituality.

Other gods

Hindus also believe in many Gods (Devas) who perform various functions, like executives in a large corporation. These should not be confused with the Supreme God.
These deities are highly advanced beings who have specific duties and powers—not unlike the heavenly spirits, overlords or archangels that are mystical actors revered in other faiths. Each denomination worships the Supreme God and its own set of divine beings.

Devas (also called Devatās) constitute an integral part of the colorful Hindu culture. These various forms of God are represented in innumerable paintings, statues, murals, and scriptural stories that can be found in temples, homes, businesses, and other places. 

In Hinduism the scriptures recommend that for the satisfaction of a particular material desire a person may worship a particular deity. For example, shopkeepers frequently keep a statue or picture of the devi Lakshmi in their shops.
Bhuvaneswari
The concept of Goddess Bhuvaneswari as the supreme goddess emerged in historical religious literature as a term to define the powerful and influential nature of female deities in India. Throughout history, goddesses have been portrayed as the mother of the universe, through whose powers the universe is created and destroyed. The gradual changes in belief through time shape the concept of Bhuvaneswari and express how the different Goddesses, though very different in personality, all carry the power of the universe on their shoulders.

References
Coheed and Cambria (sometimes abbreviated to "Coheed," "CO & CA" or "C&C") is an American rock band from New York.
Coheed and Cambria have made four studio albums, two live albums, and some special albums. Their studio albums are concept albums, showing one story broken into parts. The band wants to make five albums telling the story of The Amory Wars. Now, four albums have been released: The Second Stage Turbine Blade, In Keeping Secrets of Silent Earth: 3, Good Apollo I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness, and Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume Two: No World for Tomorrow, and Year of the Black Rainbow. These albums make the first, second, third, and fourth part of the four-part story of Coheed and Cambria. The albums have been made out of order; the second part was made first, and the first part has been made last.

History
History

Early Days (1995)
When a band called Toxic Parents, with Claudio Sanchez and Travis Stever in it, broke up about the same time as Nate Kelley's band, Moe & The Boogie Cats, the members of these bands came together to form a new band in March 1995. This band was called Beautiful Loser. It had Travis Stever singing and playing guitar, Claudio Sanchez on guitar, Nate Kelley on drums and Jon Carleo on bass. The group did not last long, it broke up in June 1995; they had an argument about gas money. Stever left the band, and Kelley was kicked out, but he came back when Sanchez asked him to. Without Stever, the band only had three people, so Sanchez started to sing and play guitar.
Shabütie
They changed their name to Shabütie, a chant taken from the movie "The Naked Prey". The band constantly changed and experimented with different genres and styles, never properly deciding a set genre. When Carleo left the band in August 1996, Kelley asked Michael Todd to join the band, who he had worked with in an acoustic project called "Esme 9". Todd, a guitar player, started playing bass because of Shabütie.

Coheed and Cambria (2000 — 2006)
After Kelley left, Sanchez and the other people picked Josh Eppard, who was in the band "3", to take his place. In 2001, shortly after The Delirium Trigger EP was made, they changed their name to Coheed and Cambria and Shabütie was finished. The band was now a four piece: Claudio Sanchez, (lead vocals/guitar), Travis Stever, (backup vocals/guitar), Michael Todd, (backup vocals/bass guitar), and Josh Eppard, (drums). When playing live, Dave Parker (keyboards/guitar), sometimes plays too.
Recent times (2006—)
Josh Eppard could not play at Coheed and Cambria's June 9 slot at the Download Festival in the UK because he was ill. A few days later, the band canceled the Barcelona and Essen parts of their European tour.

In November 2006, it was announced that both Josh Eppard and Mic Todd had left the band.

A few months after, Mic Todd returned to work on the No World For Tomorrow with the band.

It was announced a few days before the band embarked on Warped Tour '07 that Chris Pennie, the former drummer for Dillinger Escape Plan, is working with the band in studio.

The band debuted their first single from No World For Tomorrow, The Running Free during Warped Tour '07.

In July, a website registered to Sony appeared on the internet, www.noworldfortomorrow.com. This website contained a countdown.

After this countdown ended, a message was released and another countdown appeared. This showed that a message would be released weekly. An archive of the messages released can be found here .
On October 23, 2007 The band's forth studio album was released under the name "Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume Two: No World for Tomorrow" It was met with positive reviews from online zines such as Rollingstone.com and Absolutepunk.net.

Influences and similarities
Sanchez has said that he is influenced by bands like Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Thin Lizzy, Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Yes and many people say that they sound like Rush. But, Claudio Sanchez has said that he never listened to the band until he heard people say that they sounded like each other. Metal Hammer magazine called the band the "new Led Zeppelin" on the front cover of issue 153. They also have hardcore punk influences such as Bad Brains and The Misfits. Claudio also said in an interview he learned to play guitar by listening to the Misfits' Legacy of Brutality.
Other projects
 The Amory Wars (previously called The Bag On Line Adventures) – Claudio Sanchez's comic book series telling the story of Coheed and Cambria. Gus Vasquez also worked on the books. The series began on June 6, 2007. An Amory Wars sketchbook with character profiles and sample art has already come out.
 Weerd Science – Josh Eppard's hip-hop side project. The only album to come out, Friends and Nervous Breakdowns, came out on March 22nd, 2005.
 The Prize Fighter Inferno – Side-project of Claudio Sanchez. The first album "My Brother's Blood Machine" came out on Halloween (October 31st, 2006. Its story is loosely tied in to The Amory Wars as it contains one or more of the same characters.
 Fire Deuce – Travis Stever's side-project, that has released two EPs, "Children of the Deuce" and "Deep Down and Dirty EP" which was only available online when bought with Children Of The Deuce.
The English Panther – Travis Stever's solo side-project. The first self-titled album was released digitally on iTunes on January 25, 2007.
 Rosie Barbra & The Family Massacre" Claudio's new project with his wife to be, the only songs know to date are The Echomaker, first played at Neverender Londan, and a demo version of The Road & The Damned.
Members 
Current members

 Claudio Sanchez - Lead Vocals, Guitar
 Travis Stever - Lead Guitar, Lap Steel, Backup Vocals
 Josh Eppard - Drums
 Zach Cooper - Bass guitar, Backup Vocals

Past members

 Mic Todd - Bass guitar
 Chris Pennie - Drums

 Discography Work done as Shabűtie is noted.Studio albums
The Coheed and Cambria albums are coming out out of sequence; the last album to come out will be the first part of the series. The first CD made was The Second Stage Turbine Blade, the second part in the story, the third and fourth parts came out next. The next album has been called "Most Anticipated Album of 2007" by the Alternative Press magazine. The February 2007 issue of Kerrang! says, "Among the songs that may or may not appear on the album are 'Gravemakers And Gunslingers' and 'The Hound Of Blood And Rank.'" Also, the issue says that a release should come out in either late spring or early summer.
DVDs
 Live at the Starland Ballroom (2005)
 The Last Supper: Live at Hammerstein Ballroom (2006)
 Neverender: Children of The Fence Edition (2009)
A cover of Night Ranger's 'Sister Christian' was released by the band via the bands official website as an MP3 download as a Christmas present to their fans. Similarly, a cover of The Band's "I Shall Be Released" was uploaded onto the bands MySpace page as a Christmas Present to their fans in 2006. The band also used to play a cover of Iron Maiden's "The Trooper" at concerts. A song called "The Glass" was in the process of being written for the movie Spiderman 2's soundtrack, but the song was not finished in time and it was scrapped. Many Shabütie songs are circulated on the internet. Some were recorded in a studio, but others were recorded on a 4-track, resulting in poor quality audio. There is also a live bootleg on the internet of a song played by Shabütie that fans named "Nauraushaun". It was assumed that this song was one song in full, but former drummer Nate Kelley has recently told fans that the song was in fact two songs played in a medley. These two songs are "Origins" and "Life Without You"
. These two songs were never recorded except for the bootleg that has been circulating, although "Life Without You" was almost recorded instead of "Cassiopeia". In the end the band decided they liked "Cassiopeia" more and this was recorded instead.
EPs & Other Albums

Singles

Chart Positions

 Music videos 

A series of six vignettes that showcase music from Good Apollo I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness'' were made and are on the albums' special edition bonus DVD.

Other websites 
 Official website
 Equal Vision Records 
 MTV.com Video page – Coheed and Cambria's music videos
 Last.fm profile page – User-Created Charts of the Band's more Popular

American rock bands
Musical groups from New York (state)
A watermill is an engine that uses a water wheel or turbine to drive a mechanical process such as flour or lumber production, or metal shaping (rolling, grinding or wire drawing). A watermill that only generates electricity is more usually called a hydroelectric plant.

History

China 
In 31 AD, a Chinese engineer named Du Shi (Wade-Giles: Tu Shih) "invented the first water-powered bellows.  This was a complicated machine with gears, axles, and levers that was powered by a waterwheel,".  This invention aided the forging of cast iron smelted from the blast furnace.  More extensive descriptions appear in literature of the 5th century.

Greece and Rome 
The ancient Greeks and Romans used the technology. In the 1st century BC, the Greek epigrammatist Antipater of Thessalonica was the first to make a reference to the waterwheel. He praised it for its use in grinding grain and the reduction of human labor.
The Romans used both fixed and floating water wheels and introduced water power to other countries of the Roman Empire. So-called 'Greek Mills' used water wheels with a vertically mounted shaft. A "Roman Mill" features a horizontally-mounted shaft. Greek style mills are the older and simpler of the two designs, but only operate well with high water velocities and with small diameter millstones. Roman style mills are more complicated as they require gears transmit the power from a shaft with a horizontal axis to one with a vertical axis. An example of a Roman era watermill would be the early 4th century site at Barbegal in southern France, where 16 overshot waterwheels were used to power an enormous flour mill.

The Cistercian Order built huge mill complexes all over Western Europe during the medieval period.
Medieval Europe 
In a 2005 survey the scholar Adam Lucas identified the following first appearances of various industrial mill types in Western Europe. Noticeable is the preeminent role of France in the introduction of new innovative uses of waterpower.

Operation of a watermill
Types of watermills
 Gristmills grind grains into flour. These were undoubtedly the most common kind of mill.
 Fulling mills or Walkmills were used for a finishing process on cloth (see also fulling).
 Blade mills were used for sharpening newly made blades.
 Sawmills cut timber into lumber
 Barking mills stripped bark from trees for use in tanneries
 Spoke mills turned lumber into spokes for carriage wheels.
 At the beginning of the industrial revolution, cotton mills were usually powered by a water wheel.
 Carpet mills for making rugs were sometimes water-powered.
 Textile mills for weaving cloth were sometimes water-powered.
 Powder mills for making black powder or smokeless powder were sometimes water-powered.
 Blast Furnaces, finery forges, slitting mills, and tinplate works were until the introduction of the steam engine invariably water powered and were sometimes called iron mills.
 Prior to the introduction of the cupola (a reverberatory furnace), lead was usually smelted in smelt mills.
Related pages
 Hydropower
 Renewable Energy
 Renewable resource

References

Further reading 
 Woods, Michael and Mary (2000). Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books.
 Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.

Other websites 

 17 Jun 2003, Deutsche Welle: The World's First Underwater Windmill Starts Turning
 U.S. Mill Pictures and Information 
 Tidal power station 
 Mill database with over 10000 European mills 
 Watermills in Norfolk, England
 Mills in Hampshire, England
 Upwey Mill, Weymouth, Dorset
 The International Molinological Society (TIMS)
 The Society for the Preservation of Old Mills (SPOOM)

Machines
Hydropower
Coma is a medical term. It is a state of deep unconsciousness. People who are in that state cannot be woken up. They also do not react to pain or light. Coma can result from various conditions. Some of these are intoxication, poisons, damages or diseases of the nervous system. It can also be the result of certain drugs. Doctors sometimes put patients that have very bad injuries into a coma. There are different levels of coma. Comas usually do not last more than several weeks, but those several weeks could be disastrous. Sometimes only basic bodily functions are left over. Intensive hospital care is often needed to recover some of these functions.

Some comas can last years, but these are usually not woken up from. The family of a coma victim (or whoever has the power of Attorney) can sign papers so that they are taken off of life support and then will die.

Symptoms
For water wheels used to drive boats, see paddle wheel.  For wheels used solely to lift water see noria.  For factories or industries driven by water wheels see watermill.

A water wheel is a hydropower system; a machine for extracting power from the flow of water.  Water wheels and hydropower was widely used in the Middle Ages, powering most industry in Europe, along with the windmill.  The most common use of the water wheel was to mill flour in gristmills, but other uses included foundry work and machining, and pounding linen for use in paper.
A water wheel consists of a large wooden or metal wheel, with a number of blades or buckets arranged on the outside rim forming the driving surface.  Most commonly, the wheel is mounted vertically on a horizontal axle, but the tub or Norse wheel is mounted horizontally on a vertical shaft.  Vertical wheels can transmit power either through the axle or via a ring gear and typically drive belts or gears; horizontal wheels usually directly drive their load.  A channel created for the water to follow after leaving the wheel is commonly referred to as a "tailrace."

History
Main article: Watermill
Greco-Roman Europe
The technology of the water wheel had long been known, but it was not put into widespread use until the Middle Ages when an acute shortage of labor made machines such as the water wheel cost effective. However, the water wheels in ancient Rome and ancient China found many practical uses in powering mills for pounding grain and other substances. The Romans used both fixed and floating water wheels and introduced water power to other countries of the Roman Empire. The Romans were known to use waterwheels extensively in mining projects, with enormous Roman-era waterwheels found in places like modern-day Spain. In the 1st century BC, the Greek epigrammatist Antipater of Thessalonica was the first to make a reference to the waterwheel.

Ancient China

By at least the 1st century AD, the Chinese of the Eastern Han Dynasty began to use waterwheels to crush grain in mills and to power the piston-bellows in forging iron ore into cast iron.
In the text known as the Xin Lun written by Huan Tan about 20 AD (during the usurpation of Wang Mang), it states that the legendary mythological king known as Fu Xi was the one responsible for the pestle and mortar, which evolved into the tilt-hammer and then trip hammer device (see trip hammer). Although the author speaks of the mythological Fu Xi, a passage of his writing gives hint that the waterwheel was in widespread use by the 1st century AD in China.
In the year 31 AD, the engineer and Prefect of Nanyang, Du Shi, applied a complex use of the waterwheel and machinery to power the bellows of the blast furnace to create cast iron. 
Waterwheels in China found practical uses such as this, as well as extraordinary use. The inventor Zhang Heng (78–139) was the first in history to apply motive power in rotating the astronomical instrument of an armillary sphere, by use of a waterwheel. The mechanical engineer Ma Jun (200–265) once used a waterwheel to power and operate a large mechanical puppet theater for Emperor Ming of Wei.

Medieval Europe and Modern
Cistercian monasteries, in particular, made extensive use of water wheels to power mills of many kinds.  An early example of a very large waterwheel is still extant  at the early 13th century Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, a Cistercian monastery in the Aragon region of Spain.  Grist mills (for corn) were undoubtedly the most common, but there were also sawmills, fulling mills and mills to fulfill many other labor-intensive tasks. The water wheel remained competitive with the steam engine well into the Industrial Revolution.

The main difficulty of water wheels was their inseparability from water.  This meant that mills often needed to be located far from population centers and away from natural resources.  Water mills were still in  commercial use well into the twentieth century, however.
Overshot & pitchback waterwheels are suitable where there is a small stream with a height difference of more than 2 meters, often in association with a small reservoir. Breastshot and undershot wheels can be used on rivers or high volume flows with large reservoirs. 

The most powerful waterwheel built in the United Kingdom was the 100 hp Quarry Bank Mill Waterwheel near Manchester. A high breastshot design, it was retired in 1904 and replaced with several turbines. It has now been restored and is a museum open to the public.

Modern Hydro-electric dams can be viewed as the descendants of the water wheel as they too take advantage of the movement of water downhill to turn a wheel.

Notes

References

Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.

Other websites 

Glossary of water wheel terms
Water wheel history
Esay/audio clip
Waterwheel Factory, with pictures of water wheels 

Tools
Engineering
Hydropower
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (sometimes also called G6PD deficiency, or favism) is a hereditary disease. This means it is passed on through the genes from a parent to the child. It leads to a form of anaemia. There are some means to treat it, though the focus of the doctors now lies on prevention (avoiding parents passing it on to their child). As it is linked to the X chromosome, most people who suffer from it are male. 

Sufferers can not make the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This will mean the circulation of sugar in their body is different. More red blood cells will be destroyed because of it. About 400 million people suffer from this condition. Very often, it can be found in regions where there is also malaria. This is because the red blood cells found in people with favism are not targeted by malaria.

This condition may result from an allergy to alkaloids in Vicia faba (Faba Bean, Broad bean, Windsor bean).

Blood disorders
Genetic disorders
Hydropower is the capture of the energy of moving water for some useful purpose. 

In the 1830s, at the peak of the canal-building era, hydropower was used to transport barge traffic up and down steep hills using inclined plane railroads. For direct mechanical power transmission industries that used hydropower had to be near the waterfall. For example, during the last half of the 19th century, many grist mills were built at Saint Anthony Falls, to use the 50 foot (15 metre) drop in the Mississippi River. The mills were important for the growth of Minneapolis. Today the largest use of hydropower is for electric power generation. That allows low cost energy to be used at long distances from the watercourse.
Types of water power 
There are many forms of water power:
 Water wheels, used for hundreds of years to power mills and machinery
 Hydroelectric energy, a term usually reserved for hydroelectric dams.
 Tidal energy, which captures energy from the tides in horizontal direction
 Tidal stream power, which does the same, but vertically
 Wave power, which uses the energy in waves

Hydroelectric power 
Main article: Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectric power is a means of making electricity without burning fuel. Hydroelectric power supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of world electricity (16% in 2003). Large dams are still being designed. Apart from a few countries with plenty of it, hydro power is normally applied to peak load demand because it is readily stopped and started. Nevertheless, hydroelectric power is probably not a major option for future energy production in the developed nations, because most major sites within these nations are either already being exploited or are unavailable for other reasons, such as environmental considerations.

Hydropower produces essentially no carbon dioxide or other harmful emissions, in contrast to burning fossil fuels, and is not a significant contributor to global warming through CO2.