Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Jamestown is a town in the United States. It was founded on May 13, 1607, by about 100 men and boys and women who came to Virginia from London, England. They named the town Jamestown after King James. These men hoped to find gold and silver in order to become rich. There was no gold or silver in the land because of it's geography, which they did not understand at the time. However, they did find out that they could make lots of money from growing and selling tobacco crops, due to the marshy soil. Soon, they were making their fortune from tobacco instead of gold. Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in what would become the United States. The town was built on Jamestown Island along the James River. This location was selected because the local Native American tribes did not live on the island. Built on a peninsula, it was a good place to defend themselves from other European colonists.
Background 
Before Jamestown, fourteen colonies had been attempted in North America by Spain, France and England. Out of these, only two Spanish colonies survived making Jamestown the third European colony that succeeded for any period of time. The first colony attempted by Spain was in 1526 at San Miguel de Gualdape. Very little was known of it, including that its location was somewhere on the coast of present-day Georgia or South Carolina. 

In 1562, Jean Ribaut established a colony of French Huguenots called Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina. He left about 27 men there while he returned to France. Meanwhile, the men of the colony revolted against their commander. They built a boat and attempted to return to France.
The English attempted to establish Roanoke Colony in 1587. But this was a failure. James I of England issued a charter in 1606 to set up a settlement in North America. At the time the English called the entire coast (above Florida) Virginia after Elizabeth I of England, the "virgin queen". One of the purposes of the new colony were to find a river route to the Pacific Ocean to establish trade with the Orient.

Three ships, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed and the Discovery set sail from London on December 20, 1606 bound for Virginia. Onboard there were 106 settlers (4 were boys) and 39 crew members. However, it is not known how many may have died during the Voyage. They arrived on April 26, 1607.
The Settlement 
The first day, between 20 and 30 men explored the site but then they came under attack by Indians at dusk. The people of Jamestown found there were many problems to their colony. The water was bad for drinking. Many insects lived around the swampy land. The insects gave the people who lived there diseases. The leader, Captain John Smith, made the rules for the men. One of the rules was, "You don't work, you don´t eat." The settlers traded with the Powhatan people. They gave the Powhatans tools, pots, and knives, in return for corn and vegetables. 

Two thirds died before another ship arrived from England in 1608 with more food and more settlers. During the harsh winter of 1609, most of the settlers starved to death and the survivors resorted to cannibalism.

Related pages 
 Roanoke Colony
 Starving Time
 Powhatan People (Native tribe from Viriginia)
 Jamestown Settlement

Notes

References

Other websites
Towns in Virginia
1607 establishments
17th-century establishments in Virginia
1600s establishments in North America
The 350s was a decade that began on 1 January 350 and ended on 31 December 359.

Significant people
Constantius II, Roman Emperor 
Magnentius, Roman usurper 
Julian, Roman Emperor
The 980s was a decade that began on 1 January 980 and ended on 31 December 989.

Events
 983 pagan West Slavs revolt, temporarily ending attempts at conversion and forcing abandonment of German sees and monasteries east of the Elbe
 Kievan Rus' accepts Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Suhl is a town in Thuringia, Germany. Its population in 2003 was 43,610.

According to a local joke, "Suhl is so close to the edge of the world you can see Zella-Mehlis".

References

Other websites

Urban Districts of Thuringia
Eisenach is a German city in the west of Thuringia. Next bigger Cities are Erfurt and Kassel. Its population is about 43,000.

References

Other websites

Urban Districts of Thuringia
GameFAQs is a website with help and information for video games. It was started in November 1995 by Jeff "CJayC" Veasey. It has an active message board community.

Other websites 
GameFAQs

Video game websites
Paul Thomas Mann (born 6 June 1875 in Lübeck; died 12 August 1955 in Zürich) was a German author.

Mann was born in 1875 in Lübeck as son of a salesman and senator of the city of Lübeck, into a rich and conservative family. In 1891 his father died. In 1894 Mann left school. He went to Munich, were his mother and his brothers and sister had been since 1893. He worked as an insurance salesman and wrote poems and prose by the way.

In 1898 he published his first works and began Die Buddenbrooks influenced by work of Arthur Schopenhauer, published in 1901. In 1906 he married, although he was not clear about his sexual orientation. In the World War I, Mann agreed with the war, but not enthusiastically. In the time of the Weimar Republic he defended democratic ideas.
In 1929 he won the Nobel Prize for literature. In 1933 the Nazis burned books of his brother Heinrich Mann. Because of this both Thomas and Heinrich and their family moved to the United States in 1934. He lost his German citizenship, but got Czechoslovakian citizenship in the United States. In 1944 he became a US citizen.

He worked for the Allies in the radio during the World War II. In 1952 he had to give a talk to the Committee on Un-American Activities. He was very disappointed in the United States and returned to Europe, to Switzerland, in 1953. In the 1950s he visited Germany sometimes. He died of atherosclerosis in Zürich, Switzerland.

Works
Works

Novels 
 Buddenbrooks - Verfall einer Familie (1901)
 Königliche Hoheit (1909)
 Der Zauberberg (1924)
 Joseph und seine Brüder – Tetralogie (1933-1943)
 Die Geschichten Jaakobs (1933)
 Der junge Joseph (1934)
 Joseph in Ägypten (1936)
 Joseph der Ernährer (1943)
 Lotte in Weimar (1939)
 Doktor Faustus (1947)
 Der Erwählte (1951)
 Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull (1954)
Short stories and short novels 
 Vision. Prosa-Skizze, 1893
 Gefallen, 1894
 Der Wille zum Glück, 1896
 Enttäuschung, 1896
 Der Tod, 1897
 Der kleine Herr Friedemann, 1897
 Der Bajazzo, 1897
 Tobias Mindernickel, 1898
 Der Kleiderschrank, 1899
 Gerächt. Novellistische Studie, 1899
 Luischen, 1900
 Der Weg zum Friedhof, 1900
 Gladius Dei, Novelle 1902
 Tonio Kröger, Novelle 1903
 Tristan, Novelle 1903
 Die Hungernden, 1903
 Das Wunderkind, 1903
 Ein Glück, 1904
 Beim Propheten, 1904
 Schwere Stunde, 1905
 Anekdote, 1908
 Das Eisenbahnunglück, 1909
 Wie Jappe und Do Escobar sich prügelten, 1911
 Der Tod in Venedig, 1912
 Herr und Hund. Ein Idyll, 1918
 Gesang vom Kindchen. Ein Idyll, 1919
 Wälsungenblut, 1921
 Unordnung und frühes Leid, 1926
 Mario und der Zauberer, 1930
 Die vertauschten Köpfe - Eine indische Legende, 1940
 Das Gesetz, 1944
 Die Betrogene, 1953

Dramas 
 Fiorenza

Essays 
 Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen, 1918
 Das Problem der Freiheit, 1937
 Versuch über Schiller, 1955
 Über Goethe
Related pages

 Death in Venice (opera)

1875 births
1955 deaths
American LGBT people
American essayists
American novelists
Bisexual people
Czechoslovak people
German essayists
German LGBT people
German Nobel Prize winners
Writers from Schleswig-Holstein
LGBT Nobel Prize winners
LGBT novelists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Lübeck
Refugees from Nazism
Short story writers
Deaths from atherosclerosis
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901  1 February 1976) was a German physicist. He won the  Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of quantum mechanics. He discovered the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which shows there is a limit on how well position and velocity of a particle can be measured.

Early life
Heisenberg was born in Wuerzburg, Germany, the son of a professor of Byzantine history. He went to university to study physics in Munich. Arnold Sommerfeld was one of his teachers.
Heisenberg was a very good student and needed only three years to finish his studies. He then wrote a doctoral thesis about movements in the flows of liquids ("Über Stabilität und Turbulenz von Flüssigkeitsströmen"—"On the stability and turbulence of liquid streams"). In 1924 he became assistant to Max Born at the University of Göttingen. In June 1925 he was recovering from hay fever on the island Helgoland, and while working alone made the decisive breakthrough to Quantum mechanics. Back in Göttingen, together with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, they wrote the basic paper which founded Quantum 

mechanics. 

In 1926/ 1927 Heisenberg worked with Niels Bohr at the University of Copenhagen. In February 1927, while Bohr was on extended skiing holidays, he invented the uncertainty principle and published the paper “Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik”—“On the Visualizable Contents of the Quantum-theoretical Kinematics and Mechanics”.
At the age of 26 Heisenberg became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Leipzig.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize when he was 31 years old.

In 1937 he married Elisabeth Schumacher. They had seven children, one of their sons is well known as a neurobiologist and geneticist, Martin Heisenberg.

War and later 
During the Second World War, from 1939 to 1945 Werner Heisenberg was drafted to work on the German Uranium Project .  This was aiming at a nuclear reactor, and did not result in any nuclear weapons, possibly because Heisenberg did not want it to.  Some historians assume that there was a race between the tiny German Uranium project and the huge American Manhattan project.  Hans A. Bethe, the director of the theory division of the Manhattan project at Los Alamos, said this was not true.  Edward Teller, the father of the American hydrogen bomb, said that Heisenberg sabotaged the German project.
After the war, he was held as a prisoner at Farm Hall in England from May 1945 to January, 1946, where the British and Americans kept ten German nuclear scientists.

Later he worked in elementary particle physics, mainly in West Germany and he helped the foundation of the European Laboratory for Elementary Particle Physics CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. In April 1957, he signed a declaration , together with 17 German physicists, that they would never participate in the construction of nuclear weapons. In 1958, his Max-Planck-Institut für Physik was transferred from Göttingen to München.

He died in Munich Germany, in 1976 at the age of 74.

1901 births
1976 deaths
German academics
German Nobel Prize winners
People from Würzburg
German theoretical physicists
Islamophobia is the dislike, fear, pre-judgment, hostility or hate against Muslims (people following the religion Islam) or the religion itself. 

Sometimes people use it to attack the ideological positions taken by Muslims, but more often than not they state the religion itself as the actual problem.

Muslim women are more likely to experience islamophobia in their lifetime compared to Muslim men, especially if they are wearing some kind of face veil.

Examples of islamophobia in the world

During the Bosnian War in the 1990s, Serbian Orthodox Christians committed a genocide against Bosniak Muslims, with a strong motive of islamophobia.

In France, since 2013, it is illegal for Muslim women to wear veils (burqas and niqabs) that cover their faces publicly.

Related pages
 Racism - the idea that one race is better than most or all of the others
 Antisemitism - the hatred of Jews

References
Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (4 February 1897 in Fürth - 5 May 1977 in Bonn) was a German politician.

Life 
Erhard was born as the son of a salesman. After his middle school exam, he started training to become a salesman himself. He was wounded as soldier in World War I. After World War I, he started to study micro economy at a college in Nuremberg.

After that, he studied economy on the University of Frankfurt am Main. In 1925 he finished his doctoral thesis. Afterwards, he worked in his father's company. After the Great Depression, the company went bankrupt.
From 1928 to 1942, he worked as science assistant, but he could not get a promotion because he did not want to become a member of a Nazi organisation. From 1942 to 1945, he was the head of the institute for industrial research.
Until 1949, he worked for the CDU, but joined still in 1963.
From 1945 to 1946, he worked for the provisional government of Bavaria, afterwards he was an economic organisation official for the British-American administration in West Germany.

In 1949, he became Minister of Economics under Konrad Adenauer.
From 1957-1963, he was Vice Chancellor.
After Adenauer resigned in 1963, Erhard became the new chancellor.
In 1966, Kurt Georg Kiesinger succeeded him.

Erhard died in 1977, aged 80.

1897 births
1977 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Kurt Georg Kiesinger (6 April 1904 in Ebingen, now Baden-Württemberg - 9 March 1988 in Tübingen-Bebenhausen) was a German politician.

Kiesinger was born in Southern Germany. He studied history and philosophy in Tübingen and later law in Berlin.

He joined the Nazi party in 1933, and worked in the government. After the war he was held in a prison camp in Ludwigshafen. He was released when notes on his personnel file showed that he had not helped the anti-Jewish actions in his department, and had tried to stop them.

In 1946, he started a political career in the CDU. From 1958 to 1966, he was Minister President of Baden-Württemberg, from 1967 to 1971 Chair of the CDU.

From 1966 to 1969, he was chancellor of West Germany.

1904 births
1988 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
German civil servants
Members of the German Bundestag
German lawyers
Ministers-President of Baden-Württemberg
Nazis
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Call of Duty 3 is a first person shooter video game. It is available on many gaming systems such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and PC. It is a sequel to Call of Duty 2, and is part of the Call of Duty series.

Call of Duty 3 is set in France, during the time of World War II. The player is part of the allied forces placing charges, firing mortars, driving jeeps, and killing Nazis. The player moves by using the movement of his own hands. The game also features online play, which allows you to choose the side of allies or axis and play on a team against opposing players.

Differences
While the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 versions support online headset, the PlayStation 3 does not support headset due to the game being rushed to be ported at the time and is ironic because the PS2 was released before the PlayStation 3. The Wii version does not support online play.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 

2006 video games
Call of Duty series
Brian Johnson (born 5 October 1947 in Dunston, Gateshead, England) is an English singer and songwriter. He is best known as the singer for Australian hard rock band AC/DC.

Biography 
Johnson's father, Allan, was in the British Army's light infantry. His mother, Esther, came from Italy. Johnson has two children from his first marriage. That marriage ended in divorce just before he joined AC/DC in 1980.

Before AC/DC 
Johnson was in the Newcastle glam-rock band Geordie in 1972. The band split up in 1978 but Johnson put it back together in 1980. Just after a record contract had been signed, Johnson was asked to audition for AC/DC.

Joining AC/DC 
Johnson joined AC/DC in 1980, after the death of the band's former lead singer Bon Scott. He was the band's first choice. A fan in Cleveland, Ohio had sent a Geordie album to AC/DC after Bon Scott's death. The fan had asked them to consider Johnson. Years earlier, Bon Scott had also praised Johnson's singing and performance style.
Johnson co-wrote all of AC/DC's songs with the Young brothers for ten years.

Other websites 
 AC/DC profile page by Albert Music 
 AC/DC profile page by Atlantic Records 
 AC/DC profile page by Epic Records 
 AC/DC Fan Page 

Johnson, Brian
Johnson, Brian
AC/DC members
1947 births
Living people
A centipede is a type of myriapod with many legs. Centipedes are predators. They hunt during the night; they are nocturnal.  Some centipedes are venomous, but none can kill a person unless they are allergic. Centipedes are in the class Chilopoda, and related to millipedes, which are not poisonous. As the millipedes, they are segmented. They have between 5 and 173 segments, but only one pair of legs per segment. There may be 8,000 species in the world.

The house centipede is a carnivore that feeds on cockroaches, house flies and other domestic pests. It is therefore beneficial. But because it has a scary appearance it is often exterminated.

References 

Myriapods
Pomerania (Pommern in German, Pomorze in Polish) is a region on the Baltic Sea. It is now part of two countries, Germany and Poland.

Prehistoric tribes 

20,000 years ago the territory of present-day Pomerania was covered with ice, which did not start to recede until the late period of the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic some 10,000 years BC, when the Scandinavian glacier receded to the north. Various archaeological cultures developed in the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.

Since around 500BC and before 500 AD Pomerania was dominated by East Germanic tribes including several tribes of Goths, who according to archeological evidence and their own tradition have come from Scandinavia. Goths and Rugians are recorded by Roman historians in the areas of Pomerania in 98 AD. The Veneti, non-Germanic tribe, which later assimilated with Slavs, are recorded by Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder around Vistula in first century AD. By the 7th century Slavic tribes (Wends) such as the Pomeranians settled the area.
Conquest and rule 
Pomerania was first conquered by the Polish duke Mieszko I in the second half of the 10th century. Pagan uprisings in 1005 and 1038 resulted in independence for Western Pomerania and Pomerelia, respectively. Regained by Poland in 1116/1121, the Polish could not hold the Pomeranian duchy longer than 1135, whereas Pomerelia after the 1138 partition of Poland among the sons of Boleslaus Wrymouth became a part of the Polish seniorat, which was declared fief of the Holy Roman Empire in 1156. 

The Western part, the Duchy of Pomerania, was declared part of the Holy Roman Empire (1181). After a brief period of Danish rule (1168/1186-1227), it remained part of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation until 1806. 

1000 years of history of the areas between Elbe, the Oder and Vistula

References 

Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Geography of Poland
The 900s was a decade that began on 1 January 900 and ended on 31 December 909.

Events

 Accession of Sergius III.
 Destruction of Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty and the largest city in the ancient world.
 Founding of the Royal Mint in England.
 Capture of Thessalonica by Saracens.
Events 
 April 11 – Empress Zoe of Byzantium marries her chamberlain and elevates him to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV.
 Free County becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire.

Births 
 September 3 – Emperor Go-Sanjō of Japan (d. 1073)

Deaths 
 November – King Malcolm II of Scotland, Scottish royal (b. 954)
 Fulbert de Falaise, Norman Tanner (weaver) and businessman (b. c. 973)
Bronllys is a village in the Powys region of Wales. A Norman castle was built there in the 11th century.

Other websites
CastleWales on Bronllys Castle

Villages in Powys
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field in Artificial Intelligence, and is also related to linguistics. On a high level, the goal of NLP is to program computers to automatically understand human languages, and also to automatically write/speak in human languages. We say "Natural Language" to mean human language, and to indicate that we are not talking about computer (programming) languages.

References 

Computer science
Würzburg (; Main-Franconian: ) is a city in the German state of Bavaria. About 124,000 people live there. There is a university there.

Würzburg is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop.

In about 1000 BC there was a Celtic settlement in that place. In 698 AD Würzburg became Christianised. The first mention was in 704 AD. In 742 Würzburg became the seat of a bishop. From 1168 the bishops of Würzburg had the title Herzog (Duke), given by the emperor.

In 1402 Würzburg got a university. It later closed and then reopened in 1582. In 1631 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden conquered Würzburg in the 30-year war. In 1803 the Duchy of Würzburg became part of Bavaria, in 1938 the city had more than 100,000 inhabitants for the first time. In 1945 the city was nearly completely destroyed.

Its football team is Würzburger Kickers.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Rear Window is a 1954 American mystery thriller movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The movie is based on the story, It Had To Be Murder, by Cornell Woolrich. John Michael Hayes wrote the script The film stars James Stewart, Grace Kelly, Wendell Corey, Thelma Ritter and Raymond Burr. It was nominated for four Academy Awards. Critics consider it one of Alfred Hitchcock's best movies and one of the greatest movies of all time.
Plot 
The movie tells the story of a photographer L. B. "Jeff" Jefferies (played by James Stewart)  who has a broken leg.   He spends his days sitting in his Greenwich Village apartment watching his neighbors through their open windows. There is a ballet dancer Miss Torso, a pianist and songwriter, a couple with a dog who digs the flowers up, a newly married couple, 'Miss Lonelyhearts', and a jewelry seller Lars Thorwald with his bed-ridden wife. Lisa Fremont (played by Grace Kelly) is Jeff's girlfriend and visits several times. A nurse Stella (played by Thelma Ritter) also takes care of Jeff.
Jeff calls detective Doyle. Thorwald calls Jeff and enters Jeff's apartment. Jeff uses flashbulbs to slow down Thorwald by blinding him. Thorwald throws Jeff off the window. Jeff calls for help, and the police come. Jeff falls, but officers catch him. Doyle, Lisa and Stella rush to Jeff's side. Thorwald confesses murdering his wife. A few days later Jeff has casts on both legs. The neighbors of Greenwich Village are happy again. There is a new puppy. Miss Torso's love is back from war. Miss Lonelyhearts is seeing the pianist. The Thorwald's apartment is being painted and redone. Lisa is with Jeff. She reads Beyond the High Himalayas and then reads a fashion magazine.

Cast
Cast 

 James Stewart as L. B. "Jeff" Jefferies
 Grace Kelly as Lisa Carol Fremont
 Thelma Ritter as Stella
 Raymond Burr as Lars Thorwald
 Wendell Corey as NYPD Det. Lt. Thomas "Tom" J. Doyle
 Judith Evelyn as Miss Lonelyhearts
 Ross Bagdasarian as the songwriter
 Georgine Darcy as Miss Torso
 Sara Berner and Frank Cady as the couple living above the Thorwalds, with their dog
 Jesslyn Fax as "Miss Hearing Aid"
 Rand Harper and Havis Davenport as newlyweds
 Irene Winston as Mrs. Anna Thorwald

Uncredited

 Harry Landers as young man guest of Miss Lonelyhearts
 Ralph Smiles as Carl, the waiter
 Fred Graham as detective
 Eddie Parker as detective
 Anthony Warde as detective
 Kathryn Grant as Girl at Songwriter's Party
 Marla English as Girl at Songwriter's Party
 Bess Flowers as Woman at Songwriter's Party with Poodle
 Benny Bartlett as Stanley, Miss Torso's returning boyfriend
 Dick Simmons as Man with Miss Torso

Alfred Hitchcock makes a cameo appearance in the apartment of the pianist.

Themes and Motifs
A major theme in Rear Window is voyeurism. This is when someone intimately watches someone else. In the film, Jeff is spying on his neighbors. This act is morally questionable, and the audience participates in it. The camera follows Jeff's eyes. It switches back to facing Jeff. The camera allows the viewers to join Jeff in his actions. The audience should feel guilty. Stella criticizes Jeff's actions. She says that people should stop looking out and look at themselves. Lisa says Jeff's actions are like a disease. She is upset that Jeff only watches the neighbors. Jeff himself questions if it is alright to spy on a man with binoculars.  Lisa and Stella question Jeff's actions at first, but they join him later. The idea of spying can relate to surveillance in the state. During the time, people feared that the government would watch them the whole time. This fear was due to McCarthyism. In the film, a helicopter comes close above the village. It is like the helicopter is spying on the village
. There is almost no difference between private and public in the film.
Loneliness 
Another theme is loneliness and isolation. All the residents are separated from each other. They are like prisoners in their own apartments. Jeff cannot leave the apartment with his injury. The entire film is also limited to the space of the courtyard. The character Miss Lonelyhearts can represent the isolation of the neighbors. Jeff is detached from the neighbors as he watches them, and they do not know he is watching them. Jeff is like a photographer, taking mental pictures of his neighbors. The dog owner says that none of the people know the meaning of a neighbor and that they do not care.
Gender and Marriage
Gender roles are important in the film. It is after World War II and women were changing roles in society. In the film, male characters are no longer heroes. Hitchcock switches the roles of men and women. For instance, Thorwald murders his wife. Jeff is injured, his camera is destroyed, and he cannot walk. Detective Doyle cannot find evidence. Meanwhile, Lisa and Stella are the only ones who can investigate. Gender roles connect to marriage. Jeff talks about marriage on the phone. He analyzes Lisa a lot and is not ready to marry her. At one point, Jeff and Lisa argue. Jeff thinks that Lisa could not stand Jeff's lifestyle as a photographer. Stella says that people in the past just fell in love and that now they study each other like samples in a bottle. This type of marriage connects to the other themes of loneliness and surveillance. The couples are not just loving each other, but objectively studying each other. They are distant from each other and must constantly watch each other
. Jeff, for example, watches Lisa. Marriage appears in other places. There is a newly married couple. Lisa gets the wedding ring of Thorwald's wife. The wedding ring is symbolic for marriage and is a form of situational irony. Lisa wants to marry Jeff, but she ends up with the wedding ring of Thorwald's wife.
Production

Development 
The screenplay of Rear Window is based on the short story It Had To Be Murder. Cornell Woolrich wrote the story in 1942. The main story about a man in a wheelchair watching neighbors and thinking there is a murder is the same. Hitchcock added characters such as Lisa and Stella. There was no romantic relationship in the story. In the film, there are also more neighbors. 

Two real murders inspired the film. The first is the "case of Dr. Crippen." Dr. Crippen buried his wife in his basement in 1910. He made the mistake of letting his secretary wear his wife's jewelry. In the second case, Patrick Mahon murdered Emily Kaye in 1924. He did this by cutting her up and throwing her parts out of a train window. The man later burned her head in a fireplace.
Filming 
The entire movie was shot at Paramount Studios. There was a complete set of Greenwich Village. It was one of the largest sets at Paramount. The set had a special drainage system and lighting for different parts of the day. There were 31 apartments on the set and 12 had full furniture.

Costume Design 
Edith Head was the costume designer for the movie. Costumes and clothing are important in the film for characterization. Grace Kelly is into fashion and has many different outfits. The different clothes relate to changes in the roles of the characters. For instance, when Lisa and Stella help Jeff to investigate they we are wearing simple day dresses.

Music 
Frank Waxman composed the score including the Piano song "Lisa". The film has mainly diegetic sounds. These are sounds that the characters in the film hear.
Natural sounds were used that would get louder or softer with distance. There are several songs including "To See You Is to Love You" by Bing Crosby, songs by Nat King Cole ("Mona Lisa", 1950) and Dean Martin ("That's Amore", 1952), Richard Rodgers' song "Lover" (1932), and "M'appari tutt'amor" from Friedrich von Flotow's opera Martha (1844), and part of Leonard Bernstein's music for the ballet Fancy Free (1944).

Reception

Box Office 
The film was a box office success. It was one of the highest grossing films of 1954. The film had a budget of $1 million and made over $37 million.
Critical Response 
The movie had very positive reviews. Critics praised the film as an intense, suspenseful, and exciting thriller. They considered the film to be a masterpiece of suspense that drew in viewers. Some noted that the film says a lot about human nature and the desire to intimately watch other people. The technical and artistic skills were also praised. The film has a 98% on Rotten Tomatoes. On Metacritic, the film has a rare 10/10 with "universal acclaim." The film was ranked number 5 on the Top 10 films of the Year on Cahiers du Cinéma.

Awards 
The film was nominated for four Academy Awards Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography - Color and Best Sound - Recording. The movie won Best Actress from the National Board of Review. The New York Film Critics Circle awarded Grace Kelly the NYFCC Award for Best Actress. The film won Best Motion Picture at the Edgar Allen Poe Awards. The film also got nominations from the Writers Guild of America and Directors Guild of America.
Legacy 
Rear Window was chosen to be part of the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 1997. In the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound, the movie was ranked the 53rd greatest film. In Time Out magazine the film ranked 21st and 26th greatest film of all time in 1998 and 2022. The film made several American Film Institute lists. They include number 42 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, number 14 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, number 48 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) and number three in AFI's 10 Top 10 (Mysteries).
Rear Window was restored in the late 1990s. Technicolor used a new dye process to improve the image. The movie influenced later films. Several films are based on Rear Window. They include Body Double (1984), Silver (1993) and Time Out (1998). In 1998, there was a TV show remake of Rear Window. Disturbia (2007) is a modern version of Rear Window about a serial killer. Rear Window has appeared in other TV shows such as The Simpsons, That '70s Show, Get Smart, The Flintstones, Psych, The White Collar, The Family Guy, Raising Hope, Castle, The Detectives and others.

Notes

References

Other websites 

Rear Window Quotes
Rear Window Script/Screenplay
Rear Window at AllMovie 
Rear Window at Filmsite
Rear Window at American Film Institute Catalog
Rear Window at Rotten Tomatoes  

1954 movies
1950s mystery movies
1950s thriller movies
American mystery movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in Manhattan
United States National Film Registry movies
A conscientious objector (CO) is a person who decides not to be a combatant in military forces under conscription.

There are many reasons for this decision such as nonviolent or religious beliefs, ethical and moral beliefs to not kill human beings or pacifism.

Countries treat COs in various ways. They have also been treated differently throughout history. COs have been arrested or had to pay a fine. Some countries punished them by killing them. After World War II, many Western countries created alternative non-military services (civil service) as alternative form for pacifists. Often there were commissions to decide if someone really did not want to do armed service because of his beliefs or because of fear of war.

European Court of Human Rights has judged the denial of COs is violation of freedom of religion and thought in 2013, as well European Union recognized the right of conscientious objector as one of fundamental rights.
Other websites 
Alternative Service in the Second World War: Conscientious Objectors in Canada 1939-1945.  
Conscientious objectors in a volunteer army (Chicago Tribune article by Anthony DeBartolo) 
The National Registry for Conscientious Objection 
Conscience - the peace tax campaign 
"Thoughts for Young Men ..." a one-page leaflet 
Manifesto against conscription and the military system , with online signature, official website
International Conscientious Objectors' Day (War Resisters' International)
"Making a Choice: Conscientious Objection or Refusing to Register" (Resisters.info)
The European Bureau for Conscientious Objection
GI Rights Hotline
The Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (US) 
 Mennonite Central Committee's listing of resources for CO's (US) 
Christadelphian Position And Experience Of Conscientious Objection
War
Politics by issue
The Anus language is a tribal language spoken in the Irian Jaya province of Indonesia. It is an Austronesian language.

As of 2005, there are almost 70 speakers of the language all of whom are members of a tribal group living on an island in the Sarmi-Jayapura Bay in West Papua.

References

Austronesian languages
Rule of law is a legal maxim that suggests that no one is above the law and governmental decisions must be made only by applying known legal and moral principles. The Rule of Law limits the powers of Government by judicial defense of laws and the Constitution which is based on recognized basic legal values, established in international law. The Rule of Law is meant to prevent dictatorship and to protect the rights of the people.
The rule of law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. Constitutional economics is the study of  government spending, which, in many transitional and developing countries, is completely controlled by the executive. The standards of constitutional economics can be used during annual budget process. The availability of an effective court system, to be used by the civil society in courts in situations of unfair governmental distribution of national money is a key element for the success of the rule-of-law in developing countries.

To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries.  The originally German doctrine of Rechtsstaat is similar, and has been translated into other languages of continental Europe as État de droit (Fr.), Estado de derecho (Sp.), Stato di diritto (It.), and Правовое государство (Ru.).  Rechsstaat can be translated into English as “legal state” or "constitutional state".
Rule of law is also a main purpose of Council of Europe for solidarity and international peace.

Related pages 
 Constitution
 Constitutionalism
 Constitutional economics
 International human rights law
 Political economy
 Vienna Declaration 
 Council of Europe

References

Other websites 
 What is the Rule of Law?  University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development
 Centre for Public Law  has an audio and written analysis of the Rule of Law by Lord Bingham of Cornhill (the senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary of the United Kingdom supreme court)

Law

la:Regnum legis
The Electorate are the people or citizens of a state who elect representatives to represent them in a democracy. They're also known as voters. Voters are people who normally votes in an election and they vote for their favorite person that if he/she wins, he/she will lead the people to a more favourable country Voting

Voting
Paramount Pictures is an American film production and distribution company. It is the oldest movie studio in the United States. It has been in existence since 1912. Paramount is owned by media conglomerate Paramount Global. Paramount is one of the Big Five movie studios.

History 
Paramount Pictures Inc. can trace its beginnings to the creation in May, 1912 of the Famous Players Film Company. Organized in 1914 by a Utah theater owner, W. W. Hodkinson, Paramount Pictures was the first successful nationwide distributor. Until this time, movies were sold on a statewide or regional basis. This was inefficient and costly to producers.

In 1916, Adolph Zukor created a three-way merger of his Famous Players Film Company, Jesse L. Lasky's Lasky Feature Play Company, and Paramount. The new company was called Famous Players-Lasky and grew quickly. Lasky ran the production side. Hiram Abrams was in charge of distribution and Zukor handled the business side of the company.
In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took on the name Paramount-Famous Lasky Corporation. Three years later, because of the importance of the Publix theater chain, it was later known as Paramount-Publix Corporation. The company went into bankruptcy in 1933. When the company emerged from bankruptcy, it was known as Paramount Pictures, Inc.

Paramount Pictures had been an early supporter of television. It created stations in 1939 in Los Angeles (later to become KTLA) and Chicago's WBKB.

Paramount's successful run of lightweight pictures in the 1980s and 1990s created hits like Flashdance, the Friday the 13th series; Raiders of the Lost Ark, Beverly Hills Cop and the Star Trek features.

In 1993, entertainment conglomerate Viacom bought Paramount.

Paramount is the last major movie studio located in Hollywood. Other studios such as Warner Bros. and Columbia Pictures moved to other neighborhoods in Los Angeles.
On December 11, 2005, Paramount said it had purchased DreamWorks SKG in a deal worth $1.6 billion. On February 1, 2006, the studio announced that the DreamWorks acquisition was completed.

In March 2010, Paramount started Insurge Pictures, a low-budget label. In 2019, Paramount bought 49 percent of Miramax Films.

List of movies 
 Smile (2022)
 Scream VI (2023)
 Instant Family (2018)
 Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (2023)
 Scream (2022)
 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2022)
 Dora and the Lost City of Gold (2019)
 Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves (2023)
 Cilford The Big Red Dog (2021)
 Puss in Boots (2011)
 Monsters vs. Aliens (2009)
 Mission: Impossible – Dead Recokoning Part One (2023)
 The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out On Water (2015)
 Transformers: Rise of the Beasts (2023)
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem (2023)
 Sherlock Gnomes (2018)
 Paw Patrol: The Movie (2021)
 Wonder Park (2019)

Movie studios
Movie studios

DreamWorks (1996-2010; live-action movies)
Nickelodeon Movies (1998-present)
Miramax Films (2019-present)

Other websites 
 Official website
 Paramount Pictures on IMDB.com
 Insurge Pictures

Viacom
Companies based in Los Angeles
1912 establishments in California
American movie studios
A chord in music is when two or more notes are played together (some text books say that it is when three or more notes are played).

A chord which is built up of the 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of a scale is called a "tonic triad". If it is made from a major scale, it is a major chord. If it is made from a minor scale it is a minor chord. However, any combination of notes played simultaneously is considered a chord.

When only two notes are played together, it’s more often called “double stops” (referring to the different banks of pipes on a pipe organ, controlled by valves called “stops”).
Chords can be played on instruments such as piano, keyboard, organ, harp, guitar, harmonica, ukulele and xylophone. Chords with two notes can be played on string instruments by bowing on two strings together. By bowing on two strings and then quickly on the other two strings a violinist can sound as if he is playing a four-part chord. Some players of wind instruments are able to make chords by playing two or more harmonics together.

Related pages
 Harmony
 Interval (music)

Music theory
Irish dancing is an ancient art of dancing from Ireland. There are two main forms of dancing, the social dances where everyone can join in, and the dances performed for an audience. There are five main types of steps in Irish dancing. These are reels, jigs, slip jigs, hornpipes, and treble jigs. Irish dancing is a fun art and sport. There are two versions of dances; hardshoe and softshoe.

Irish dancing, popularized in 1994 by the world famous show Riverdance, is notable for its rapid leg and foot movements, arms stationary at the dancers' sides.

The hardshoe makes a noise when you step and softshoe is like Ballet.

Dances
A grill is an object used for cooking food. With a grill, food is usually roasted. Some grills use charcoal or wood, and other grills use propane gas to cook the food.  

Using wood or charcoal makes smoke and changes the flavor of the food. Using gas does not. Some people only like one type, and some people like both kinds of grilling.

The heat may be added underneath the food, or above, or both. A barbecue is a typical machine for outdoor cooking using coke or other fuel for providing heat from underneath. Overhead grilling is more usual indoors, especially in professional kitchens.

In the United States, there are cook-off grills, which are competitions. The most common meats used are steak, burgers and hot dogs.  Grilling food is very common for holidays or celebrations like the 4th of July (United States Independence Day).  Most people use a grill more outdoors in the summer time.

Grills can have fire touching the food. This might cause a burnt taste and could possibly be a carcinogen.
Related pages 
 Asado
 Barbecue

References 

Cooking appliances
Cooking methods
The order of operations is a mathematical and algebraic set of rules. It is used to evaluate (solve) and simplify expressions and equations. The order of operations is the order that different mathematical operations are done. The standard mathematical operations are addition (+), subtraction (−), multiplication (* or ×), division (/), brackets (grouping symbols used to indicate order of operations like (), [] and {}) and exponentiation (^n or n, also called orders or indices).

Mathematicians have agreed on a correct order to use operations, and it is very important that they know these rules. When people are solving a problem with more than one operation, they will need to know the correct order to solve the problem correctly. Otherwise, the answer will be wrong.

Rules 
Follow all the rules in this order from left to right in the equation.

Brackets and indices 
Use operations inside brackets and solve any indices. You should always solve brackets first when solving an equation.
Example:
2 * 4 + (9 - 8) + 3
2 * 4 + (9 - 8) + 3
2 * 4 + 1 + 3
2 * 4 + 1 + 3
8 + 1 + 3
8 + 1 + 3
9 + 3
= 12

Exponents 
When seeing an exponent, solve it first after solving the brackets. (53 = 5 * 5 * 5 = 125)

Multiplication and division 
Solve any multiplication and division in the problem. Note that multiplication does not precede division; this is a common mistake. Both are solved from left to right as they occur.

Example:
5 * 4 - 9 / 3
5 * 4 - 9 / 3
20 - 9 / 3
20 - 9 / 3
20 - 3
= 17

Addition and subtraction 
Lastly, solve any addition or subtraction.

Two examples of all rules

Example one 
(1 + 8) * (4 - 1) + 16 / 23
(1 + 8) * (4 - 1) + 16 / 23
9 * (4 - 1) + 16 / 23
9 * 3 + 16 / 23
9 * 3 + 16 / 8
9 * 3 + 16 / 8
27 + 16 / 8
27 + 2
= 29

Example two 
(7 + 3) * (6 - 3) + 216 / 33
(7 + 3) * (6 - 3) + 216 / 33
10 * (6 - 3) + 216 / 33
10 * 3 + 216 / 33
10 * 3 + 216 / 27
10 * 3 + 216 / 27
30 + 216 / 27
30 + 8
= 38
Acronyms 
The acronyms for the order of standard operations are GEMDAS or PEMDAS, which means Grouping/Parenthesis, Exponent, Multiply & Divide and Add & Subtract.

When solving 8 - 7 + 5, some people say that 7 + 5 must take precedence, but this is incorrect. Instead, one should look from left to right to find the correct answer. This rule also applies to multiplication and division.

Related pages 

 Associativity
 Commutativity

References 

Arithmetics
A crystal is a solid whose atoms (or molecules) are arranged in a repeating pattern. 

Crystals are made from fluids by Crystallization, which is a kind of phase change. Usually the fluid is a liquid, but crystals can form from a gas too. For example, snow is water crystals (ice) formed from air that contains water vapor (evaporated water). Crystallization can be by freezing from a simple fluid or from a solution. Sometimes heat and pressure needs to be applied to a substance for crystals to form. Diamond is a carbon crystal formed under heat and pressure. Crystals are found naturally or can be made artificially.
The surface of crystals often have regions that are flat, called facets. Facets occur naturally as crystals form, because flat layers of atoms are usually the most stable. The atoms in a facet are arranged in a regular pattern, such as the pattern of a chess board or a honeycomb. These facets reflect light to give crystals their shiny or sparky appearance. Artificial facets can be made in any shape by cutting or grinding a crystal, which is how some gemstones for jewelry are made. 

Different substances form different types of crystals, and some can form more than one type. The study of the arrangement of atoms in crystals is crystallography. Well-known substances that form crystals are table salt (whose crystals are cubes), diamond, and quartz.

Related pages
Crystallization
Crystallography
Liquid crystal
Crystal structure

More reading

Other websites 
 Crystal  – Citizendium

Chemistry
Indirect democracy, or representative democracy, is when citizens elect representatives to make laws for them. This is what most modern countries have today.

In a democracy the ultimate power to decide significant electoral system reforms lies with the people. The key question that democrats will tend to ask of any proposed change in electoral law or the voting mechanism is: “Will it actually increase the capacity of the electorate to get rid of unsatisfactory rulers and replace them with others?” Democrats regard that basic capacity as the best protection against bad government and the abuse of power.

Systems of government which do not permit electors to change the government are not democratic, and usually are dictatorships or one-party states.
The people have the ultimate power in a democracy to decide on substantial voting system improvements. The primary question that democrats will ask of every proposed change in election legislation or voting mechanism is, "Will it genuinely strengthen the electorate's power to replace unhappy rulers with others?" Democrats believe that fundamental capability is the strongest safeguard against bad governance and abuse of power.  

Government systems that do not allow electors to alter the government are not democratic and are generally dictatorships or one-party nations.

References

Other websites 
 Electoral Reform Society

Democracy
Direct democracy, which is also called pure democracy, is a democracy in which the decisions are not taken by representatives. All decisions are voted on by the people.
When a budget or law needs to be passed, then the idea goes to the people. Governments of modern countries rarely make laws this way.
Costs and benefits of direct democracy 
Interest groups would have to change the minds of all people, not just a few representatives. Taxes could not be raised without the permission of the people. The few would not rule the many and the government would not pay representatives salaries. In indirect, or representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to make laws on their behalf. This is what most modern countries have today. 
Direct democracy makes decisions by majority rule. Representative democracy was made with the idea that representatives would be responsible for the majority's interests while protecting minority rights. People like James Madison believed that direct democracy was bad for minority groups.

History 

Classical Athens was a direct democracy. All citizens voted on major decisions of government. But, to be a citizen, you had to be a free, land-owning, native-born man.