Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
People have been using spices for thousands of years. Often they wanted ones that didn't grow near them, so they got them from far away. One of the biggest spice routes was a route between Asia and Europe. 

Only a few spices grew in Europe, so the others had to be brought from Asia. People made a route to go from Europe to Asia to buy spices. The route was very difficult and so the spices were expensive. People tried to find ways cheaper than the spice route, including going the other way around the world. This made the Age of Discovery, when they found places that they didn't know about, such as the Western Hemisphere.

Countries traded spices for gold and other things. They did this so they could get new spices or gain money and gold by selling their own. Sometimes people traded the spices because their country is running out of that certain spice. 

.

Trade routes
Nuclear winter is a theory stating the possible effects of the use of nuclear weapons during a nuclear war; which could include reduced sunlight, extreme cold, and the presence of large amounts of smoke and soot in the Earth's atmosphere.

Nuclear energy
Nuclear accidents
Mesons are hadrons, which simply means that they are made of quarks. Since quarks have different fractional charges, mesons can have a charge. However, the charges of the quarks may cancel out, forming an uncharged meson. The rest of the hadron family are known as baryons, which are made of three quarks. Since quarks all have a spin of 1/2, three of them will never add up to an integer spin. An integer spin is simply 0, 1, or 2. Particles with an integer spin are called bosons, which obey Bose-Einstein Statistics. This means that more than one boson can actually be in the same point in space at the same time. However, a meson is made of one quark and one antiquark, which each do not have an integer spin. Particles which do not have an integer spin have a spin of 1/2 or 3/2. These particles with 1/2 spin are called Fermions because they obey Fermi-Dirac Statistics. This means that no more than one fermion can be in the same point in space at the same time
. All known baryons and quarks (and antiquarks) are fermions, and all mesons are bosons. This can get very confusing because this means that more than one meson can exist in the same point in space at the same time, but the quarks that make up mesons cannot exist in the same point in space at the same time.
Creation of Mesons
The most common natural way that we find mesons are through the interactions of cosmic rays with matter. This process can be duplicated in particle accelerators, which smash high-energy quarks and antiquarks. However, the mesons are very unstable and quickly turn into other particles. Charged Mesons can decay into electrons and neutrinos, and uncharged mesons can decay into photons. Since antimatter is destroying matter, a large amount of energy is given off. The energy follows the equation E=mc2.

Quantum mechanics
Subatomic particles
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex KCVO  (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984) is a member of the British royal family. He is the younger son of Charles III, and Diana, Princess of Wales and is the younger brother of William, Prince of Wales, and is sixth in the line of succession to the British throne. Harry was a pupil at Eton College.

Harry launched the Invictus Games in 2014, and remains patron of its Foundation. He also gives patronage to several other organisations, including the HALO Trust, the London Marathon Charitable Trust, and Walking with the Wounded.

Early life
Harry was born in the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, on 15 September 1984 as the second child of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales.

Education and military service
Like his father and brother, Harry was educated at independent schools. He started at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London.
He was a helicopter pilot in the military, during the War in Afghanistan. During the same year that his book was published, he said to media that he killed enemies in Afghanistan.

Marriage
Prince Harry began dating Meghan Markle in June 2016. They became engaged in November 2017. The couple married at Windsor Castle on 19 May 2018. The couple's first child, Archie Harrison Mountbatten-Windsor, was born on May 6, 2019. In November 2020, Markle revealed in an opinion piece for The New York Times that she suffered a miscarriage in July of that year. On 4 June 2021, the couple's daughter Lilibet Diana Mountbatten-Windsor was born in Santa Barbara, California.

Titles 

15 September 1984-19 May 2018 His Royal Highness Prince Harry Charles Albert David of Wales

19 May 2018 His Royal Highness The Duke of Sussex

In Scotland: His Royal Highness The Earl of Dumbarton 

In Northern Ireland: Baron of Kilkeel

Ancestry
Ancestry

Relationships
He has a brother. As of 2022, Harry has said that he is not satisfied with the relationship with his brother.

In 2023, he attended the coronation of his father (Charles III); At that ceremony, Prince Harry was put on row 3. (Row 3 included the king's brother, Prince Andrew.)

Notes

References

Other websites

 The Duke of Sussex profile at the official website of the British Monarchy
 The Duke of Sussex profile at the official website of the Prince of Wales
 
 

|-

|-

1984 births
Living people
House of Windsor
People educated at Eton College
British princes
Royalty from London
Charles III
The Meccan suras are the suras that Muslims believe were shown to Muhammad before he left Mecca. They are usually shorter than the Medinan suras and are usually placed after them in the Qur'an.

References

Mecca
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Components of the Quran
Christopher Edward "Chris" Hansen (born September 13, 1959) is an American television personality most famously known for his role on Dateline NBC. He was on a part of the show called To Catch a Predator, where he tries to catch people who are trying to meet minors aged 13–15 on the Internet for sexual activity. Hansen has done other investigative reporting, and has won seven Emmy Awards for his reporting.

Career
He went to Brother Rice High School in Bloomfield Hills Michigan. Hansen became a reporter for Lansing NBC affiliate WILX in 1981 during his senior year at Michigan State University. He then reported for WFLA in Tampa, various radio stations and newspapers in Michigan, WXYZ in Detroit, and WDIV as an investigative reporter and anchor from 1988. In May 1993, Hansen joined NBC News as a correspondent for the newsmagazine Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric.
Dateline NBC
Hansen's notable work for Dateline includes coverage of the Columbine massacre, the Oklahoma City terrorist attack, the Unabomber and the TWA Flight 800 disaster; as well as investigative reports on Indian child slave labor and on counterfeit prescription drug sales in China. Hansen was responsible for most of Dateline's coverage of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, as well as stories on terrorist groups and the operations of Al-Qaeda. He exposed how a group linked to Osama Bin Laden had tried to buy missiles and nuclear weapons components, and he also worked on an exclusive report detailing an attempted 1994 terrorist attack in France. His series on the lack of security at airports resulted in the Federal Aviation Administration opening an investigation and ultimately revising its policies.
Awards
Hansen has received seven Emmy Awards, four Edward Murrow awards, three Clarion awards, the Overseas Press club award, an IRE, the National Press Club award, International Consortium of Investigative Journalists Award; as well as awards for excellence from the Associated Press and United Press International.

Personal life
Hansen was born in Chicago, Illinois but grew up in northern Detroit suburbs of West Bloomfield and Birmingham. In an interview with the Lansing City Pulse, Hansen said that watching the FBI and police investigate the disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa when he was fourteen inspired him to want to become a journalist. He graduated from Michigan State University College of Communication Arts and Sciences in 1981 with a bachelor's degree in telecommunications. 

He is married to Mary Joan Hansen; the couple has two sons. The family resides in Connecticut.

References
References

1959 births
Living people
American journalists
Writers from Michigan
Emmy Award winners
People from Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
Metriacanthosaurids were a family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs. They tended to be large predators, and some were 30 ft (10 m) long. 

Metriacanthosaurids are carnosaurs. At first they were classified in the Megalosauridae or Allosauridae, now they are put in their own family. A gigantic tooth, which may come from a giant metriacanthosaurid, was described recently (2008).

Classification 
The Metriacanthosauridae is a monophyletic group. Cladistically it includes Metriacanthosaurus parkeri and species closer related to Metriacanthosaurus than to Allosaurus fragilis, Carcharodontosaurus saharicus, or to birds. These theropods are close to the ancestors of the allosaurs.

Metriacanthosauridae is often referred to as "Sinraptoridae", but Metriacanthosauridae is the correct name under ICZN rules, since Metriacanthosaurus was the first member of the family to be described and named. 

The cladogram here follows a study by Benson and colleagues.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Taxon Search - Sinraptoridae 
Carnosauria 

Carnosaurs
Bella Akhatovna Akhmadulina (10 April 1937 — 29 November, 2010) was a Russian poet. Her poems used metaphors, and were described by Nobel Prize winner Joseph Brodsky as a "treasure of Russian poetry. 

Her first poems were published in 1955. The government of the Soviet Union said her poems were too personal and emotional. She died in Pereldelkino, near Moscow, from a heart problem.

Books
 The String (1962)
 Fever (1969)
 The Candle (1977)
 Dreams of Georgia (1978)
 The Secret
 Music Lessons (1969)

References

1937 births
2010 deaths
Russian writers
Russian poets
Mario Monicelli (May 15, 1915 in Rome, Italy — 29 November 2010, Rome, Italy) was an Italian movie director famous for his comedy movies of the 1940—1960s. He was twice nominated for an Oscar award. One of his movies, The Great War (1959), won a Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. In 1991 the Venice Film Festival gave him a lifetime achievement award.

Suffering from terminal prostate cancer, Monicelli jumped to his death from a fifth floor hospital window in Rome. He was 95 years old.

Movies
 The Boys of Paul Street (1935)
 Big Deal on Madonna Street (1958)
 The Great War (1959)
 I Compagni (1963)
 Casonova 70 (1965)

References

1915 births
2010 deaths
Italian movie directors
People from Rome
Suicides by jumping
A wedding dress or wedding gown is the clothing worn by a bride during a wedding ceremony. The color, style and ceremonial importance of the gown can depend on the religion and culture of the bride.

History
The origin of wedding dress is from the Roman Empire period. When the Christian religion spread to Europe, wedding ceremony was held the church and a bride wore a wedding dress. In the Middle Ages, all most wedding dresses were black with white veil because of religion. It changed white dress and veil in the 1840s. This style of dress spread to Asia when Europen culture came there.

Types of dress
Slender line is a dress which is tight along a person's body. The Mermaid line is similar to slender line. It looks like a mermaid. A line looks like an "A" from the waist to foot. Like these, today there are so many kinds of wedding dress.
Decoration
The veil is the most popular decoration. It is used for covering the face or head of women. There are special long white gloves. People use various length glove suiting their dress. A woman usually carries a small bunch of flowers, called a bouquet.

Dresses
The Medinan suras are the suras that Muslims believe were shown to Muhammad after his journey (the hijra) from Mecca to Medina. They are usually longer than Meccan suras and are usually placed before them in the Qur'an.

Components of the Quran
Medina
Religion in Saudi Arabia
Renault S.A. is a French vehicle manufacturer producing cars, vans, buses, tractors, and trucks, and, in the past, autorail vehicles. Its alliance with Nissan makes it the world's ninth largest vehicle maker. Headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, Renault owns the Romanian Automobile Dacia and the Korean Renault Samsung Motors. The company's most successful cars to date are the Renault Clio and the Renault Laguna, and its core market is Europe. The company is known for numerous revolutionary designs, security technologies and motor racing.

Notable Cars 
Clio
5
Megane
Espace
F1
Laguna

References 

 
1899 establishments in France
Professor Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes (26 June 1913, Dudley, Worcestershire —  29 November 2010) was a British computer scientist, called the "father of British computing".

Career 
He invented the first usable stored program computer called EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) at Cambridge University in 1949. 

He also developed the idea of using software to program a computer, instead of a fixed electronic circuit. He was knighted for his achievements in 2000.

Wilkes was the first President of the British Computing Society.

Awards
 The Turing Award (1967)
 The Faraday Award (1981)
 The Kyoto Prize for advanced Technology (1992)
 The IEEE 60th Anniversary Award (2007)

References

Turing Award winners
1913 births
2010 deaths
English computer scientists
People from Worcestershire
O Brother, Where Art Thou? is a 2000 American crime comedy movie directed by Joel and Ethan Coen and starring George Clooney. The movie is set in Mississippi in 1937 during the Great Depression. The movie's story is a comedy based on Homer’s Odyssey.

References

Other websites 
 

2000 movies
2000s criminal comedy movies
2000s road movies
American criminal comedy movies
American road movies
British criminal comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Mississippi
Belemnites (or belemnoids) are an extinct group of marine cephalopod, similar in many ways to the modern squid, and closely related to the modern cuttlefish.

Like them, the belemnites had an ink sac, but, unlike the squid, they had ten arms of roughly equal length, and no tentacles.

The belemnites are a monophyletic group of superorder status, called the Belemnoidea. There are four orders.

Occurrence
The belemnites evolved from nautiloids, which are the basal group of cephalopods. Well-formed belemnite guards can be found in rocks dating from the Mississippian (or Lower Carboniferous).

Belemnites were numerous during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and their fossils are abundant in Mesozoic marine rocks, often with their cousins the ammonites. The belemnites and ammonites become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period.
Life-style 
 
Like some modern squid, belemnite arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing prey. Belemnites were efficient carnivores that caught small fish and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their beak-like jaws.

In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine reptiles such as Ichthyosaurs, whose fossilized stomachs frequently contain hooks from the arms of cephalopods.

Belemnites swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans.

Ancient ink 
Fossils which preserve the soft parts of belemnites show that, like many modern cephalopods, they had an ink sac, hard beaks, tail fins and large eyes. Well-preserved specimens show evidence of muscular fibers in the mantle, indicating that they were powerful swimmers like modern squids.
In 1826 Mary Anning discovered what appeared to be a chamber containing dried ink inside a belemnite  fossil. She showed it to her friend Elizabeth Philpot who was able to revive the ink with water, and use it to illustrate some of her own ichthyosaur fossils. Other local artists were soon doing the same when more fossilised ink chambers were discovered. Anning noted how closely the chambers resembled the ink sacs of modern squid and cuttle fish, which she had dissected to better understand the anatomy of fossil cephalopods. This led William Buckland to publish that Jurassic belemnites had used ink for defence just as many modern cephalopods do.

References 

Fossils
Cephalopods
Nikolai Nikolaevich Tsukanov (Russian: Николай Николаевич Цуканов)  (born March 22, 1965 is a Russian politician. He is from the village Lipovo, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia). In September 2010, he became governor of the Kaliningrad oblast. He became Secretary of the Kaliningrad regional council of the party "United Russia"  in 2010. He was also the mayor of the municipality "Gusev City District" in 2005-2010.

References

1965 births
Living people

Russian politicians
Kaliningrad Oblast
Bi can mean:
The chemical symbol for bismuth
Bisexuality
The number two.
Sea bass is the name for different kinds of fish: 
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), or Asian Sea Bass 
Black sea bass (Centropristis striata) 
Chilean sea bass is a marketing name for the Patagonian toothfish 
European seabass 
Giant seabass 
Potato cod 
Suzuki (fish) 
White seabass
In addition, many fish are called bass
The São Paulo Metro () is a metro system serving the city of São Paulo. Is controlled and monitored by Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, in addition to carrying around every day 3,4 million passengers. It was founded on April 24, 1968 and opened on September 14, 1974. It has five lines, 74 kilometers and 64 stations. It is currently booming. It is the largest and the first rapid transit system in Brazil

Lines

Other websites 

 (Portuguese): Official Website
 (English): Official Website 
 (Portuguese): Secretaria de Transportes Metropolitanos

Rapid transit systems
São Paulo
1968 establishments
1960s establishments in Brazil
Horace Andy (born Horace Keith Hinds, February 19, 1951, Kingston, Jamaica) is a roots reggae songwriter and singer, known for his distinctive vocals and hit songs such as "Government Land", "Angel", "Five Man Army" and a cover version of "Ain't No Sunshine". In recent years he has mostly worked as a guest singer for trip hop band Massive Attack.

References

1951 births
Living people
Jamaican reggae musicians
Trip hop musicians
Frank Fenner (21 December 1914 Ballarat — 22 November 2010) was an Australian scientist. He was famous for his work on smallpox and the myxoma virus,
which had been deadly for rabbits in Australia.

Fenner was born in Ballarat, Victoria in 1914. He studied for a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery at the University of Adelaide and graduated in 1938. In 1940 he completed a diploma in tropical medicine and 1942 he completed his Doctor of Medicine degree. During World War II he joined the Australian Army as a doctor and studied the parasite that caused malaria.

After the war he worked at Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne where he studied smallpox. In 1949 he became the first professor of microbiology at the new Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra. His interest on research was the myxoma virus. This virus was used to kill millions of rabbits that were destroying large areas of Australian grasslands and farms.
In 1967 Fenner became the Director of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU and also Chairman of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. In 1973 he became director of the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at ANU.

Awards
 MBE (1945) 
 Britannica Australia Award for Medicine (1967)
 Australia and New  Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science Medal (1980)
 World Health Organization Medal (1988)
 Japan Prize (1988)
 Companion of the Order of Australia (1989)
 Senior Australian Achiever of the Year (1999)
 Albert Einstein World  Award for Science (2000)
 Prime Minister's Science Prize (2002)
 Australian Capital Territory Australian of the Year (2002)

Frank Fenner Medal
The John Curtin School of Medical Research awards the Frank Fenner Medal for the best Phd research in medicine at ANU.

References
References

1914 births
2010 deaths
Australian biologists
Australian medical researchers
Microbiologists
Virologists
Scientists from Victoria (Australia)
Order of Australia
People from Ballarat
University of Adelaide alumni
George Bush Intercontinental Airport is an international airport in Houston, Texas. It opened in June 1969.

The airport has five runways. At least 700 planes takeoff from the airport daily. These planes carried 40,007,345 passengers during the year of 2009. Planes fly from this airport to around 170 cities in the world.

Airlines
These are the airlines that operates at Houston Bush Airport as of November 2018:

Aeroméxico
Aeroméxico Connect
Air Canada
Air Canada Express
Air China
Air France
Air New Zealand
Alaska Airlines
All Nippon Airways
American Airlines
American Eagle
Avianca El Salvador
Bahamasair
Boutique Air
British Airways
Delta Air Lines
Delta Connection
Emirates
EVA Air
Frontier Airlines
Interjet
KLM

Lufthansa
Qatar Airways 
Scandinavian Airlines
Singapore Airlines
Spirit Airlines (focus city)
Sunwing Airlines
TACA Airlines
Turkish Airlines
United Airlines (hub)
United Express
US Airways
Vacation Express
VivaAerobus
Volaris
WestJet

References
References

Airports in the United States
Buildings and structures in Houston
Transport in Texas
George H. W. Bush
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Texas
History
It was originally called 'Gaecheon(Hangul:개천, Hanja:開川 ).' The Cheonggyecheon used to be a naturally formed stream before the Joseon Dynasty designated Seoul as its capital. This stream caused a flood and inundated private houses in full spate. In ordinary times, it was unsanitary because of standing sewage therein. Therefore, King Taejong, the third king of the Joseon Dynasty, firstly beginned river training work by starting construction work for an open channel. After that, King Yeongjo, the 21st king of the Joseon Dynasty, conducted the overhaul of the stream in earnest by dredging the stream, building stone banks and changing a waterway. Due to this construction, the curved waterway of the stream became straight one at last. During the reign of King Sunjo and King Kojong, the overhaul of the stream was continued. There were 24 bridges over the stream(now 22 bridges).
During the Japanese colonial period, it came to get called "Cheonggye" as it is called today, supposedly from 1914, when the colonialists rearranged stream names in Korea. In this perion, the large-scale dredging of this stream was planned in terms of a modern urban planning by Japan but it wasn't carried out because of lack of funds. Therefore, the urban improvement project was neglected.

As a result, by Korea’s independence from Japan in 1945, the Cheonggyecheon was severely contaminated with wastes from flimsy shacks built alongside of the stream. It had a fetid smell as well. In terms of Seoul's appearance and sanitation, the then Cheonggyecheon was a serious problem. The easiest way of solving this promblem was covering over the stream with concrete. In 1958, finally, the work to cover it up with concrete started as quickly as possible by August 1958. In addition, a 5.6 km-long, 16 m-wide elevated highway was completed over the stream in August 1971 after four working years.
About 40 years after covering over the stream with concrete, Seoul city had resuscitated the stream since July 2003. After $386 milion recovery project, Cheonggyecheon was born again as a haven for wildlife as well as pedestrians in September 2005

References

Other websites

Official website of Cheonggyecheon

Seoul
Rivers of Asia
Geography of South Korea
Virtual XI is an album by Iron Maiden.  It is their eleventh studio album.

The album was released on 23 March 1998. It was not liked by reviewers. One person who reviewed it said that it sounded "lifeless" and "tired."

Musicians
 Blaze Bayley - lead vocals
 Dave Murray - guitar
 Janick Gers - guitar
 Steve Harris - bass guitar, keyboards
 Nicko McBrain - drums
 Michael Kenney– keyboards

Track listing

References

1998 albums
Iron Maiden albums
Fushūgaku () is a term used in Japan which means "not attending school". This term is used mainly with Brazilian Japanese children.

Reasons
There are various reasons as to why children do not attend school in Japan. One reason is that they cannot understand Japanese. Another reason is that their parents cannot afford school fees for them to go to school.

Related pages
 Homeschooling

Education in Japan
The Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, Australia, is the only university set up by the Federal Government of Australia. The law to start the university was passed in 1946. It was set up to be a research university for subjects of national importance. These included physics, medicine, social sciences and Pacific studies. The university started undergraduate courses in 1960.

Nobel prizes
ANU has had five Nobel Prize winners:
 Sir Howard Florey (1946) who was Chancellor of the University 1965—1968
 Professor John Eccles (1963) - first Professor of Physiology at the John Curtin School of Medical Research
 Professor John C. Harsanyi (1994) - economics teacher at ANU from 1958—1961
 Professor Rolf Zinkernagel and Professor Peter Doherty (1996) - researchers at the John Curtin School of Medical Research.
 Brian Schmidt (2011) - astrophysicist

Related pages
 Mount Stromlo Observatory
 Siding Spring Observatory

References
References

Colleges and universities in Australia
Buildings and structures in Canberra
1960 establishments in Australia
The Renault 5 was a car produced by Renault from 1972 to 1996. It was sold in two generations with the second arriving in 1985. It was replaced by the Renault Clio in 1990 but it remained on sale until 1996 as the budget Campus model.

It is available as hatchback with three or five doors, and with 4-cylinder petrol and diesel engines from 35 to 94 hp, and as the Renault 5 Turbo with 110 or 160 hp.

Other websites

5
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
The Blue Lias is a formation of rocks mostly in south west England and parts of south Wales. It is part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site.

It is part of the Lias Group. The Blue Lias consists of a sequence of limestone and shale layers. It was laid down in late Triassic and early Jurassic times, between 195 and 200 million years ago. The Blue Lias is famous for its fossils, especially ammonites. Also found were remains of a number of dinosaurs, and the pterosaur Dimorphodon.

The Blue Lias alternates between limestone, (with some clay), and mudstone. These alternations are caused by short-term climatic variations, thought to be caused by Milankovitch cycles. The blue/grey colour is given by iron pyrite.

A bit higher, these limestone-mudstone alternations change into a clay member. The deposition of a clay-rich mudstone member shows it was laid down in a deeper marine environment.

Related pages 
Lower Jurassic

References 

Sedimentary rocks

Geography of England
Jurassic
Geological formations
Leonid Denisovich Kizim (5 August 1941 – 14 June 2010) was a Soviet cosmonaut. In 1986 he was the commander of the only space mission to visit two space stations on one flight. These were the new Mir station and the old Salyut 7 station. At the end of the flight he became the first person to have spent a whole year in space. All together he spent 374 days 17 hours 56 minutes in space.

He became second in charge of the Russian Ministry of Defense's satellite control center. In 1995 he was put in charge of the Military Engineering Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics in St. Petersburg.

References 

1941 births
2010 deaths
Cosmonauts
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Menai Bridge is a small town on the south coast of Anglesey. It is notable for the bridge that crosses over the Menai Strait to the mainland. The bridge was the first suspension bridge to be made to carry a main road. It was built between 1821 and 1825 by Thomas Telford.

Towns in Anglesey
Bangor is a small cathedral city and community in Gwynedd, a county in North Wales. It is Wales' oldest city and one of the United Kingdom's smallest cities.

It is historically part of Caernarfonshire. 

It is a university city. At the 2011 census, there was 16,358 people living there.

The Welsh language is spoken by 46% of people in the city.

The city is located near the Menai Strait, which is a strait that separates the Isle of Anglesey from mainland Wales.

In World War II, parts of the BBC were evacuated to Bangor during the Blitz.

Gallery

Cities in Wales
Towns in Gwynedd
Caernarfon, officially the Caernarfon Royal Town (pronounced Kyer-narvon), is a royal town and community in Gwynedd, an area of Wales. It has a population of 9,852 people, according to the 2011 census.

It is 8.6 miles (13.8 km) south-west of the city of Bangor and 19.4 miles (31.2 km) north of Porthmadog. It is on the Menai Strait, opposite Anglesey. The A487 goes through the town.

It is a royal town. Queen Elizabeth II made Caernarfon a royal borough in 1963. Since 1974, the town has not been a borough but was allowed to keep its royal title. 

The town is home to Caernarfon Castle, a castle that was built between 1283 and 1330 by order of King Edward I.

Since 2016, Caernarfon has hosted the Caernarfon Food Festival. It takes place every year.

Caernarfon has one of the highest percentages of Welsh language speakers in the whole of Wales.

Twinning
Caernarfon has one twin town. It is twinned with:
 Landerneau, France

Gallery

Towns in Gwynedd
Royal Towns in the United Kingdom
Photographic film is able to record images.  In order to make these images visible, the film needs to undergo a number of chemical processes. The result of these processes will either be negatives or slides. This is generally known as developing. Different films need different processes. The process for black and white film is different from that for slide film. In general, the process involves the following steps:
Making the image visible. The chemicals to do this are known as developer.
Making the visible image fixed, so it changes no longer.
There are different kinds of films. The most common of these is film negative.  With negative film, all colors are reversed. This is corrected in an additional step of making a print of each image.  

So called reversal film, which is used for diapositives, directly produces positive images (which are framed to become a slide). 

This whole process is known as film processing.

Photography
Mineral water is water obtained from rocks. It is often collected from springs or from underground rivers when they emerge from the rocks. Mineral waters are very clean and have no germs in it. Because they have been held in rocks for a long time they often contain chemicals that have come from the rocks. This chemicals can give the water an interesting taste. Some mineral waters may be good for health. Because some underground water comes to the surface from very deep layers in the earth, it can also have carbon dioxide gas dissolved in it. This can make the water fizzy.

Drinking water
The Mark Twain Prize for American Humor is a prize for comedians.   The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts awards this prize every year.  They first gave this prize in 1998. It is named after  Mark Twain.  Mark Twain was an American author.  The Mark Twain Prize is America’s foremost award for humor.

Mark Twain Prize winners
 1998 - Richard Pryor
 1999 - Jonathan Winters
 2000 - Carl Reiner
 2001 - Whoopi Goldberg
 2002 - Bob Newhart
 2003 - Lily Tomlin
 2004 - Lorne Michaels
 2005 - Steve Martin
 2006 - Neil Simon
 2007 - Billy Crystal
 2008 - George Carlin
 2009 - Bill Cosby
 2010 - Tina Fey
 2011 - Will Ferrell
 2012 - Ellen DeGeneres
 2013 - Carol Burnett
 2014 - Jay Leno
 2015 - Eddie Murphy
 2016 - Bill Murray
 2017 - David Letterman
 2018 - Julia Louis-Dreyfus
 2019 - Dave Chappelle
 2020–2021 - Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
 2022 - Jon Stewart
 2023 - Adam Sandler

Other websites
 Mark Twain Prize from the Kennedy Center website
 Mark Twain Prize from the PBS website
Comedy
Literary awards

Mark Twain
New Mexico State University is a four-year public university in the United States. It has five campuses, but its main campus is in Las Cruces, New Mexico. In 2010, it had about 18,000 undergraduate students.

History 
The school started in 1888. It was first called the Las Cruces College. Soon after, it changed its name to New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. In 1960, its name was changed to New Mexico State University.

Sports 
New Mexico State University's sports teams, called the Aggies, mainly play in Conference USA.

References

Other websites 
 New Mexico State University

Colleges and universities in New Mexico
Conference USA
1888 establishments in the United States
Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki (6 December 1933—12 November 2010) was a Polish composer. His most famous work was his Symphony No. 3, the Symphony of Sorrowful Songs, written in 1992. More than one million recordings have been sold which makes it the most popular recording by a contemporary composer, getting to number 6 on the British album charts.

In 2010 Gorecki was given The Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest honour.

References 

1933 births
2010 deaths

Polish composers
Beaumaris (, Literal translation: beautiful marsh) is a small town on the island of Anglesey of the Menai Strait.

History
The town itself began  in 1295 when Edward I of England started to build Beaumaris Castle. This was one of several castle along  the North Wales coast  - others include Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech . Many of the builders of the castle were from France.

The castle was built on a marsh by the village of Llanfaes. The French builders called the marsh beaux marais which means "beautiful marsh". This is how the town got its name.  The people who lived village in Llanfaes were removed  to a new village in the west of Anglesey to make way for the castle. This village was called Newborough and it still exists today.

Architecture
Notable buildings in the town include the castle, a courthouse built in 1614, St Mary's parish church, and the town gaol.
Beaumaris has a pier which was opened in 1846. The pier was  enlarged to 570 feet after storm damage in 1872.  Beaumaris Pier is still a busy base for yachts and other boats.

References

Other websites 

 Beaumaris Photo Gallery
 Beaumaris Official Website 
 Beaumaris Gaol
 photos of Beaumaris and surrounding area on geograph
 Beaumaris Lifeboat station 

Anglesey
Lotte Giants is a South Korean professional baseball team. It was started in 1982. The company Lotte supports the team. Lotte Giants are based in Busan, South Korea. They are one of the first teams in the Korea Baseball Organization league. They play in the Sajik Baseball Stadium and the Ulsan Munsu Baseball Stadium. Lotte Giants won the Korean Series in 1984 and 1992. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, Lotte Giants had about 4 million people watch them play. This is the most people to watch a team in the league.  The symbol of the team is a gull. It represents the harbors of Busan.

Other websites
 Homepage 
Busan
1982 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in South Korea
Baseball teams in South Korea
The Halomonadaceae are a family of halophilic proteobacteria. The family was originally created in 1988 to contain the genera Halomonas and Deleya. Many of its members were only recently discovered, and research is discovering new facts about them.

GFAG-1 
GFAJ-1 is a strain of rod-shaped extremophile bacteria in the Halomonadaceae. It was claimed that, when it did not have phosphorus, it took the usually poisonous element arsenic as a substitute. 

Geomicrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon collected lake-bottom sediments in the shallow waters of Mono Lake in California. Wolfe-Simon cultured the organisms from this hypersaline (very salty) and highly alkaline environment. They grew in an arsenic-containing medium.

Unfortunately, the conclusions taken from this research have been disproved. A group of researchers analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1, and could not detect any arsenic. The phosphorus in its DNA cannot be, and is not, replaced with arsenic.
Background 
Life is mostly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Although these six elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and thus the bulk of living matter, it is possible in theory that some other elements in the periodic table might serve the same functions.

It is believed that all life needs phosphorus as a basic piece of the ‘backbone’ that holds DNA together. Likewise ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a key molecule in the cells' energy cycle.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Extremophiles
Sky UK Limited is a satellite television company owned by Comcast. It used to be called British Sky Broadcasting Limited, BSkyB and Sky. It offers television and broadband Internet services in the United Kingdom.

History

Origins
The present service can trace its heritage back to 1990, when BSkyB's predecessors British Satellite Broadcasting encrypted their respective film channels – Sky Movies and The Movie Channel which required viewers to get decoding equipment and a subscription to watch the channels. After the two companies merged, subscribers could get access to both channels, and two years later, the sports channel Sky Sports also became encrypted.

Related pages 
Sky Sports
Sky News

References
 

1990 establishments in the United Kingdom
Sewage treatment is the process of dealing with sewage so that it does not cause harm to people or to rivers. Sewage flows in sewer pipes from houses and factories. When it arrives at a sewage treatment plant it passes through many stages. Larger treatment plants often have more stages than smaller ones. A house that doesn't have access to a city's sewage treatment will have its own septic system.

Large objects and rags are removed using screens. The sewage then flows through a tank so sand and grit can fall out.  This protects the machines in later stages. 
Fats and solids are removed in the first treatment stage.  Sewage enters a tank where solids fall to the bottom and fat floats to the top.  Fats and solids stay in the tank and the water continues to the next stage. This is called primary treatment.

Modern sewage treatment started in London in about 1850. The first treatment plants for sewage were designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette.
Importance of oxygen 
Bacteria and amoebae in the gut and bowels are totally anaerobic. Oxygen kills them. A key aspect of the treatment is not just to remove solids, but to  run the sewage through oxygenated water.  It is this which is the most important part of treatment after solids are removed. The use of chemicals is only done exceptionally. Dumping sewage into the sea is disgusting, but has been done at times when the treatment plants are not adequate.

Small treatment plants may use a small pond, called a lagoon, to hold the sewage while oxygen destroys the bacteria.  Larger treatment plants use machines to help process the sewage. Some treatment works have rocks or pieces of plastic for the bacteria to grow on.  Water is pumped over the rocks or plastic.

Solids from the first and second treatment tanks can be used to make methane gas and fertilizer for farmers' fields or may be dried and sent to a landfill.

References 

Waste management
Vladimir Arnold (12 June 1937 — 3 June 2010) was a Russian mathematician of Jewish descent, said to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century. He worked in many areas of mathematics including dynamical systems, differential equations, hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, classical and celestial mechanics, geometry, topology, algebraic geometry, symplectic geometry, and singularity theory.

Arnold was born in Odessa, Ukraine. He worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow and later at the Moscow State University. Arnold died in Paris after going there to seek medical treatment.

Awards
He would have be given the Fields Medal in Mathematics in 1974, but this was opposed by the Soviet government. His other awards include:
 Lenin Prize (1965)
 Crafoord Prize (1982)
 Lobachevsky Prize (1992)
 Harvey Prize (1994)
 World Prize in Mathematics (2001)
 Prize of the American Institute of Physics (2001)
 Wolf Prize (2001)

References
References

1937 births
2010 deaths
Jewish academics
Jewish scientists
Jewish Wolf Prize winners
People from Odesa
Russian academics
Russian Jews
Russian geometers
Soviet Jews
Ukrainian Jews
Algebraic geometers
Topologists
Moscow State University faculty
Sewage or domestic wastewater is the liquid waste produced by people when using the toilet, having a bath or shower or washing clothes and dishes.  In some places, it also includes rain-water falling on houses and roads.  It can also have liquid waste from factories in it.  It flows in pipes called sewers to be cleaned up at a sewage treatment works.

Sewage is mostly water but it also has many microbes some of which can be harmful.  It can have many chemicals in it which can also cause harm to animals and humans.  Most sewage in poor counties is not treated and may spread disease. A problem that occurs sometimes is a sewage spill which can be damaging to health and wildlife.

Apperenace
Apperenace

The temperature of sewage tends to be slightly higher than in drinking water but it is more stable than the ambient temperature. The color of fresh sewage is slightly grey, whereas older sewage (also called "septic sewage") is dark grey or black. The odor of fresh sewage is "oily" and unpleasant. Older sewage has an unpleasant foul odor due to hydrogen sulfide gas and other decomposition by-products. Sewage can have high turbidity from suspended solids.

References

Waste management
Snowdonia () is a region in north Wales. It is also a national park of  in area. It was the first national park in Wales, set up in 1951. It is the largest national park in Wales and includes the highest mountain in Wales, and the largest natural lake in Wales. Before 1951, the word Snowdonia  was used for the much smaller area around Snowdon itself. The which includes the national park is twice as large.

Name
The English name for the area comes from Snowdon, which is the highest mountain in Wales, at  above sea level. In Welsh it is named Eryri. This could be the Welsh word for eagle, which is eryr, or it may mean highlands. In the Middle Ages, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, who was the Prince of Wales, was called Prince of Wales and Lord of Snowdonia. In Welsh, it translates to Tywysog Cymru ac Arglwydd Eryri. Gruffudd's grandfather, Llywelyn Fawr, was called "Prince of north Wales and Lord of Snowdonia."
Before it was a national park, the name "Snowdonia" was used to describe "Snowdon," a small area north of Gwynedd. Today, the national park covers an area that is two times larger than the area originally called Snowdonia. The park covers areas as far south as Meirionnydd. The original Snowdonia includes Snowdon, and three other mountain ranges: the Glyderau, the Carneddau and the Moel Siabod group. The hills that are south of Maentwrog are not part of the original Snowdonia.

Snowdonia National Park

Snowdonia National Park () was started in 1951. It was the third national park in Britain. It makes up , and has  of coastline in its border. The park is ran by the Snowdonia National Park Authority. The park has lands that are owned by private people and also by the public.
Snowdonia has many historic sites, including Stone Age burial chambers, Iron age hill forts, Roman forts, churches, and medieval castles. There are also industrial sites including large slate quarries, copper mines, and woolen mills. More than 26,000 people live in Snowdonia. The area attracts over six million visitors every year. Most of the land is either open or mountainous land, but there is also some farm-land. Snowdonia National Park does not include the town of Blaenau Ffestiniog, which is like an island in the centre of the park.

Mountain ranges
Mountain ranges

Snowdonia may be divided into four areas:
 The northern area is the most popular with visitors. It includes Moel Hebog, Mynydd Mawr, the Nantlle Ridge, Snowdon, the Glyderau, and the Carneddau. These are the highest mountains in Wales.
 The second area includes Moel Siabod, Cnicht, the Moelwynion, and the mountains around Blaenau Ffestiniog.
 The third area includes the Rhinogydd  and the Arenig. It also includes the bog Migneint and an extinct volcano, Rhobell Fawr. Because it a remote area, there are not many visitors.
 The southern area includes Cadair Idris, the Tarren range, the Dyfi hills, and the Aran group, including Aran Fawddwy.

Hiking
Hiking

People can hike the area, primarily in Snowdon. People can hike the Snowdon Mountain Railway all the way to the top of the mountain. People also hike other mountains in the area such as Tryfan and lower areas that aren't very mountainous. There are  of footpaths that go through the park.  bridleways are also in the area for people to ride horses. The park also has many areas that are within Right to Roam laws.

Nature and environment

The coastline in the park is a Special Area of Conservation. The area starts at Llŷn Peninsula and goes down the coast. There are sand dunes located in the special area. The park has trees. They are a mix of different types of deciduous trees. The tree seen the most in the park is the Welsh Oak. Birch, ash, mountain-ash and hazel trees are also found in the park. There are coniferous forests that have been planted by people. These forests include Gwydir Forest. These forests used to be harvested for wood. Now they grow without people cutting down the trees.
The park is the only place in Britain where Snowdon lily and the Snowdon beetle can be found. It is the only place in the world where the Snowdonia hawkweed is found. An invasive species is growing in the park, too, called the Rhododendron ponticum. It kills native species that live in the park and also makes fungus grow that is poisonous. The fungus stays alive up to seven years after the rhododendron is killed.

Animals

Almost 20% of the land in Snowdonia is protected under laws. These laws protect the plants and animals that live in Snowdonia. Half of the 20% of protected land is part of the national park. Otters, polecats, and wild goats live in Snowdonia. So do pine marten's but they are very hard to find and are rare. Other birds that are rare and hard to find are ravens, peregrine, osprey, merlin, and red kites. The Snowdown beetle, which is rainbow colored, also lives in Snowdon.

Weather
Weather

Snowdonia is one of the wettest parts of the United Kingdom. The area Crib Goch, which is in Snowdonia, is the wettest place in the UK. It rains, on average,  a year.

References

Other websites

 Snowdonia National Park Authority 
 Snowdonia Society
Geography of Wales
Gwynedd is a large area in North West Wales. It has a long coast-lime with many cliffs and beaches. It also has many mountains including Snowdon, the highest mountain in England and Wales. Large towns include Bangor and Caernarfon.

The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
Superstar K () is a South Korean television talent show series which is held every year. The concept is the same as the Pop Idol franchise. It involves finding the next "superstar". The winner each week is worked out through scores given by judges and votes from viewers. First held in 2009, Superstar K has become more and more popular. 

As the slogan of this program is “Sing the miracle”, plenty of people who volunteered “Season 2” to become a singer were about 1,430,000. Furthermore, the audition was held by Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, Daegu, Incheon, Jeju, Gwangju, Chuncheon, and even LA.
The winner of each season gets huge rewards. In Season 2, the winner, named Gak Heo, got ₩200 million, a car worth about ₩25 million. In addition, a famous music producer made his album and a music video. He also performed at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album of Ingook Seo, the winner of the Season 1, ranked at the top of the charts for several weeks.

South Korean television series
Reality television series
2009 television series debuts
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea