Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Robert Schumann (b. Zwickau in Saxony, June 8, 1810; died July 29, 1856) was a famous German composer. He lived in the time called the Romantic period. He had to give up his plans for being a concert pianist because he injured his hand. He published a music magazine and wrote a lot of articles about music that had just been composed. His music is full of things that are typical of Romantic music: it is full of emotion, the pieces often have titles that describe things, and they are often inspired by literature. He wrote a great deal of piano music. Some of this music is hard to play, but other pieces are quite easy. Many children learn to play some of the pieces in his Album for the Young. His songs (Lieder) are among the best ever written. He also wrote larger works like symphonies and concertos and chamber music. Sometimes he felt very happy but at other times he was very depressed. These changes of mood can be heard in a lot of his music.
Life 
Robert Schumann was the fifth and youngest child of a bookseller and publisher. As a boy he liked reading the books in his father’s shop. He began to compose when he was seven. At school he was extremely good at music and literature. He passed his school-leaving examination with very high marks. His family wanted him to be a lawyer, so he went to Leipzig to study law but he hardly ever went to any lectures. He was much more interested in music and literature, but also in women and drinking. He took piano lessons from a teacher called Friedrich Wieck. Wieck had a 9-year-old daughter Clara. Many years later she was to become his wife. Clara was a brilliant pianist. Her father took her on concert tours because she was a prodigy.
Schumann started to compose short piano pieces and songs. He loved the music of Schubert and when he heard that Schubert had died he cried all night. He often practised the piano for seven hours a day. However, he started to have problems with his fingers. It has often been said that he hurt his hands because he made something to stretch his fingers, but people now think it was more likely due to mercury poisoning because doctors had used mercury to try to cure his syphilis. Whatever the reason, he could not continue to be a pianist and he spent the rest of his life composing and writing about music. Many of his articles appeared in a journal called Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (New Journal for Music) which he started.
By now he was good at writing all kinds of music. He wrote music for the famous play Faust by Goethe. He wrote one opera, Genoveva, in 1849. His fame spread slowly. For many years Dresden and Leipzig were the only towns where he was famous. In 1850 he became musical director at Düsseldorf. In 1853 he met Brahms. Brahms became a great friend of the Schumann family. Schumann published an article in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik with the heading “Neue Bahnen” (“New Paths”) in which he said that Brahms (who was 20 at the time) was going to be a very great composer. He was right.

Schumann had often thought of trying to kill himself. On 27 February 1854 he threw himself into the river Rhine. He was rescued by some boatmen, but when they brought him to land he seemed to have gone quite mad. He was taken to an asylum where he spent the last two years of his life. He died on 29 July 1856.

Schumann’s music
Schumann’s piano music is very well known. Although he had to give up his career as a pianist his wife Clara played his pieces and helped them to become famous. Many of his piano works are collections of short pieces, each with a title e.g. Papillons (Butterflies), Davidsbündlertänze, Carnaval. Schumann was thinking of carnival celebrations when he wrote these pieces. The Davidsbündler was a group of people Schumann belonged to who did not like the “Philistines” (people who did not enjoy good music, named after the Philistines in the Bible) In Carnaval the two sides of Schumann’s personality are represented by Florestan and Eusebius. Schumann's manic depression (the happy and the tragic moods that he had) are heard side by side in his music. Other piano works include, Kreisleriana,Album for the Young which has some quite easy pieces like Soldier’s March and the popular Scenes from Childhood with its famous Träumerei (Dreaming). There are also longer works for piano: 3 sonatas, a Toccata and a Phantasie.
His chamber music includes string quartets and a famous piano quintet.

Schumann was one of the great composers of Lieder (German songs). He chose poetry by famous German poets and set them to music in very imaginative ways. The piano has very interesting accompaniments which help to bring out the meaning of the words. He wrote a song-cycle called Dichterliebe (Poet’s Love) which is a setting of some poems by Heinrich Heine. Another song-cycle is called Frauenliebe und -leben (Woman’s Love and Life) to words by Adalbert von Chamisso.
Although the young Schumann seemed to prefer writing short pieces, he became more interested in long works after meeting Mendelssohn. He was also inspired to write symphonies after he discovered Schubert’s Symphony no 9 which no one knew that Schubert had written. He found it in a box in Vienna at the house of Schubert’s brother. Schumann wrote four symphonies. One of his best is the Third which is often called the Rhenish Symphony (after the river Rhine). The Fourth in d minor is also a great work. Using only a few musical ideas he develops them in many ways and writes a long, four-movement work. His piano concerto is a great favourite. Clara Schumann played it with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra at its first performance on New Year’s Day 1846. 

For writing music and performing at home Robert Schumann was using a grand piano by Conrad Graf - a present from the piano maker on the occasion of Robert and Clara's marriage in 1839. This instrument was later given by Clara Schumann to Johannes Brahms.
After Schumann’s death Clara devoted herself to playing her husband’s music and helping it to become well known. She visited England regularly where she played at concerts. She also edited a lot of Schumann’s works for the publisher Breitkopf und Härtel.

References 
 New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie (1980)

Recordings 
 Allegro op 8 of Schumann

19th-century German composers
Romantic composers
Music critics
1810 births
1856 deaths
People from Saxony
A lecture is when someone talks to a group of people about something interesting.  It is like a lesson.  At college or university students go to lectures to learn things.  The person who is teaching (talking to the group) is called the lecturer or sometimes professor.  The lecturer may accept questions from the audience.

Sometimes we say that someone was "given a lecture".  This means that he was told off for doing something wrong.

Learning
Mosel may mean the following:

 Moselle, a European river, named Mosel in German
 Mosul, a city in Iraq

Related pages
 Moselle (disambiguation)
Moselle is a department in the Grand Est region of France, named after the Moselle river. The prefecture (capital) of Moselle is Metz.

History
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was divided in nine districts: Metz, Bitche, Boulay, Briey, Longwy, Morhange, Sarreguemines, Sarrelouis and Thionville, with Metz as is capital.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the nine districts were changed into four arrondissements: Metz, Briey, Sarreguemines and Thionville.

The Moselle department was eliminated in 1871 when part of the territory became part of Germany; the remaining parts were combined with the Meurthe department to form Meurthe-et-Moselle.

In 1919, a new department of Moselle was formed.

In 2015, several arrondissements were eliminated and their territories passed to the remaining arrondissements, and only 5 were kept: Forbach-Boulay-Moselle, Metz, Sarrebourg-Château-Salins, Sarreguemines and Thionville.
Geography
The Moselle department is in the Grand Est region and borders only 2 departments: Meurthe-et-Moselle to the south and west, and Bas-Rhin to the east. To the north, the department borders Germany and to the northwest with Luxembourg.

Moselle has an area of . Its highest point is Grossman () in the western part of the department on the border with the Bas-Rhin department; it is  high.

The main rivers in the department are the Moselle, the Saar and the Seille.

Climate
The area around Metz, at an altitude of about , is characterized by climates with few extremes of temperature. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Metz is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Metz is . The month with the most precipitation on average is December with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is April with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Metz is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of

Administration
Moselle is managed by the Departmental Council of Moselle in Metz. The department is part of the Grand Est region.

Administrative divisions
There are 5 arrondissements (districts), 27 cantons and 727 communes (municipalities) in Moselle.

The following is a list of the 27 cantons of the Moselle department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Algrange (5701)
 Bitche (5702)
 Boulay-Moselle (5703)
 Bouzonville (5704)
 Les Coteaux de Moselle (5705)
 Fameck (5706)
 Faulquemont (5707)
 Forbach (5708)
 Freyming-Merlebach (5709)
 Hayange (5710)
 Metz-1 (5711)
 Metz-2 (5712)
 Metz-3 (5713)
 Metzervisse (5714)
 Montigny-lès-Metz (5715)
 Le Pays Messin (5716)
 Phalsbourg (5715)
 Rombas (5718)
 Saint-Avold (5719)
 Sarralbe (5720)
 Sarrebourg (5721)
 Sarreguemines (5722)
 Le Saulnois (5723)
 Le Sillon Mosellan (5724)
 Stiring-Wendel (5725)
 Thionville (5726)
 Yutz (5727)

Demographics
The inhabitants of the Moselle department are known, in French, as Mosellans or (women: Mosellanes),

Moselle had a population, in 2014, of 1,045,154, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Metz, with 341,821 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Moselle

The 10 communes with more inhabitants in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department are:
Economy
In the 19th century, the economy of was characterized by heavy industry, especially steel and iron factories. After the weakening of these industries at the end of the 20th century, the department has tried to promote new economic activities based on industry and technology.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Moselle department
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

Other websites

 Departmental Council website 
 Prefecture of the Moselle department 

Moselle (department)
Clara Schumann (born Leipzig 13 September, 1819; died Frankfurt am Main 20 May, 1896), was the wife of composer Robert Schumann. She was a famous pianist and composer.

Clara was born Clara Wieck. Her father taught her the piano. She was a prodigy and by the time she was thirteen her father was taking her on concert tours.

She was only nine years old when Robert Schumann came to Leipzig to study law at the university. Robert Schumann’s family had told him that he had to study law, but he wanted to be a musician. He took piano lessons from Clara’s father, Friedrich Wieck.

Clara not only learned the piano, she also studied singing, the violin, instrumentation, score reading, counterpoint and composition. By 1835 she was famous in the whole of Europe and was admired by Goethe, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Paganini and, of course, Robert Schumann.
Clara’s father did not want them to marry. He did everything he could to stop the marriage. For several years life was very difficult for them, but in the end, by 1840, they were married.they married by court permission

They had a happy marriage and had eight children. Clara played her husband’s piano works (Schumann had a hand injury and had to stop playing the piano). She ran the household and earned money by teaching and performing. Life was not always easy. When they went on tours together Clara was more famous than her husband, and this was difficult for him. Robert often had depression. They both taught at the Leipzig Conservatorium and Clara also taught privately in Dresden and Düsseldorf.
Robert Schumann died in 1856 after two years in a mental asylum. Clara was left with seven small children to bring up. Nevertheless, she continued her career as a pianist and often travelled to other countries, especially England, where she played Robert’s piano works. She was great friends with Brahms and often performed his works, too.

Clara’s own compositions are all from her early years. She was a very gifted composer. In those days people thought that women should not be composers. Playing the piano was one thing, but a woman was not expected to be a professional composer. Clara knew this, and devoted more time to her playing, and to editing her husband’s music.

Clara’s compositions include more than 20 piano works, a piano concerto, some chamber music and several songs.

19th-century German composers
Romantic composers
German pianists
1819 births
1896 deaths
The Four Noble Truths are a Buddhist teaching. They show Buddhists why they should follow the Middle Way.

The Four Noble Truths

The First Noble Truth

The first noble truth is called Dukkha, which means suffering. It says that life is full of suffering. To say it a different way, in life, there is sickness, poverty (being poor), old age, and death. People can not keep what they want. People can not avoid what they do not want. If that is all a person learns, they suffer.

The Second Noble Truth 

The second noble truth is Samudaya, which says that there is a reason for suffering in the world. It says that the reason there is suffering is that people want things. It also says that the reason there is suffering is that people want what they think is real. They do this because they are ignorant. People do wrong actions because they want things and because they do not see what is real. Those evil actions lead to suffering.

The Third Noble Truth
The third noble truth is Nirodha. It says that people can be free from suffering when they no longer want things.

The Fourth Noble Truth

The fourth noble truth is called Magga. It says that for a person to stop wanting things, they must follow a set of rules. The rules are called the Noble Eightfold Path.

The Eightfold Path
See main article: Noble Eightfold Path

The eightfold path says that truth is found in the Middle Way. A person can get to the Middle Way by following the eightfold path. The eight parts are these:
Right Vision. A person should try to see things the way they really are.
Right Values. A person should try to turn their mind away from the world and towards the Dharma.
Right Speech. A person should try to be truthful and kind when they talk.
Right Actions. A person should try to do good things. If they cannot do a good thing, then they should try to not do a bad thing.
Right Livelihood. A person should not work at something that can hurt themselves or other people.
Right Effort. A person should try to increase their goodness and get rid of their evil.
Right Mindfulness. A person must remember the Dharma and use it all the time
Right Meditation. A person must try to reach enlightenment through meditation.

Other websites
The Four Noble Truths: A Study Guide

The Sixteen Aspects and Sixteen Distorted Ways of Embracing the Four Noble Truths

Buddhist terminology
Composition means literally putting together. It may refer to:

Composition (music), putting notes together to make a piece of music
Composition (visual arts), the way that colors or shapes are put together
 Composition (language), in literature and rhetoric, producing a work for speech or written discourse
The theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein in the early 1900s. There are two theories of relativity. The first is special relativity and the second is general relativity.

The theory aims to solve problems which could not be solved by classical physics, or by 19th century physics. Certain observations, like the orbit of Mercury or the way light from distant sources bends as it passes a star, cannot be explained by the physics of 1900. Einstein set out to revise the basic ideas of physics. His work was done in two stages, and each stage has a separate page on this wiki.

Special relativity
General relativity

References 
 Hawking, Stephen. The Universe in a nutshell. Bantam Books, 2001.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity In Words of Four Letters or Less
  New times and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Príncipe. 
  Relativity Calculator – Learn Special Relativity Mathematics The mathematics of special relativity presented in as simple and comprehensive manner possible within philosophical and historical contexts.

Relativity
Albert Einstein
BIOS, computing, stands for Basic Input/Output System. The BIOS is a computer program embedded on a chip on a computer's motherboard that recognizes and controls various devices that make up the computer. The purpose of the BIOS is to make sure all the things plugged into the computer can work properly. It brings life to the computer, and the term is a pun on the Greek word , bios meaning "life".
Overclocking
Some people try to configure their computer to run faster than it was designed to do. This is called "overclocking". Since the BIOS controls the computer processor, entering the BIOS setup screen while it is booting up gives people access to advanced computer settings. For most computers, pressing the delete or F12 button while the computer is booting up will bring up the BIOS setup screen. There are many ways a computer can be overclocked to run faster, but most involve simply turning up the speed of the computer processor. Doing this will usually make your computer run much hotter, though, and can sometimes break your computer, which is why overclocking will usually void your computer's warranty. Only people who are computer hardware experts should attempt to overclock their computers.

References

Software
Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya (; 30 August 1958 — 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist. Anna Politkovskaya wrote for the newspaper Novaya Gazeta. She was born in the New York City, United States. Her parents were diplomats and her mother was Ukrainian. Her birth name was Anna Stepanovna Mazepa (Russian:Анна Степановна Мазепа).

Journalism 
She was best known for her thoughts about the war in Chechnya, a Russian state. She was also against the leader of Russia, president Vladimir Putin. Many of her texts asked for human rights.

In 2002 Politkovskaya won the Courage in Journalism Award.

In 2007 her set of memoirs A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia was published in English.
Death 
On 7 October 2006, she was shot dead at her house in Moscow. It is possible she was murdered for political reasons. Some Western countries have asked for a thorough investigation of her death. They see it as an attempt to end opposition to the current Russian regime, as perhaps one of the last chances to save the freedom of the press in Russia. The Noyava Gazeta has put up a reward for information that can explain why she was killed.

Related pages
American people of Ukrainian descent
Boris Berezovsky

References 

1958 births
2006 deaths
Russian activists
Russian journalists
Murders by firearm in Russia
Russian murder victims
Russian writers
Unsolved murders
Writers from New York City
Bengali is the most eastern Indo-Aryan language from South Asia. It developed from a language called Pali. 
Bengali is spoken in Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, parts of Assam and Jharkhand and in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 

There are about 220 million native speakers and about 250 million total speakers of Bengali. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, ranking seventh.

Almost all of the people in Bangladesh speak Bengali, and many famous books and poems are written in Bengali. Rabindranath Tagore was a famous poet who wrote in Bengali. Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The national anthems of both India and Bangladesh were written in this language.

References 

Indo-Aryan languages
DDR is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, including:
 Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic), the former German Democratic Republic, also known as East Germany
 Dance Dance Revolution, a music video game series
The peso is the monetary unit of several countries in the Americas and the Philippines. Originating in Spain, the word peso translates to "weight" and uses the peso sign ("$"; "₱" in the Philippines).

The silver peso worth eight reales was also known in English as a Spanish dollar or "piece of eight" and was a widely used international trade coin from the 16th to 19th centuries.

In 1868, Spain discontinued the peso as its main currency and replaced it with the peseta. However, both the peso and the peseta both continued to be legal currencies up until 2002 with the euro.

Countries that use pesos

Current

Former

Relared pages 
 Thaler

Currency
Sir Robert Gordon Menzies (20 December 1894 - 14 May 1978) was the 12th Prime Minister of Australia.

Australia

He was Prime Minister for a total of 18 and half years which is the longest in Australia's history. After the death of Joseph Lyons he was elected leader of the United Australia Party and became Prime Minister in 1939. He resigned in 1941 after a lot of criticism. In 1944 he helped form the new Liberal Party. In 1949 he was re-elected Prime Minister. He stayed in the job until he retired in 1966.

Commonwealth
According to his biography in the Australian Dictionary of Biography, "Menzies belonged to a generation for whom to be Australian was automatically to be British."

Honours
 Knight of the Thistle, 1963
 Constable of Dover Castle, 1965
 Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1965

References
References

1894 births
1978 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Attorneys General of Australia
Monarchists
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
United Australia Party politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Pauline Fowler was a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders. She was played by English actress Wendy Richard (1943–2009).

In the show, she lived at number 45 Albert Square. She had three children, Mark, Michelle and Martin. Mark died in 2004 of AIDS.

She was married to a man called Joe Macer in 2006, and she also had three grandchildren called Vicki, Mark and Rebecca and a dog called Betty.

When she was born, her name was Pauline Beale. She married a man called Arthur Fowler, who was the father of her children. He died in 1996.

Pauline's father Albert and mother Lou Beale are both dead. She has six brothers and sisters called Pete, Kenny, Dora, Harry, Ronnie and Maggie. Pete and Ronnie are both dead.

Pauline worked at a launderette with her best friend Dot Branning.

Pauline was in the show since it started in 1985 until her death at Christmas 2006.

EastEnders characters
Television characters
Fictional British people
Will Young (born 20 January 1979) is an English singer and actor. He was born in Berkshire.

He became famous in 2002 when he won the British singing competition, Pop Idol. Since then, he has had a successful music career.

Young has released three albums so far and has had four number one singles in the United Kingdom. He acted in the film Mrs. Henderson Presents.

He is openly gay.

Discography 

Albums
From Now On
Friday's Child
Keep On

Singles

"Anything Is Possible/Evergreen"
"Light My Fire"
"The Long and Winding Road/Suspicious Minds" (a duet with Gareth Gates)
"Don't Let Me Down/You and I"
"Leave Right Now"
"Your Game"
"Friday's Child"
"Switch It On"
"All Time Love"
"Who Am I"

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Official Myspace
 Will Young interview at musicOMH.com 
 

Actors from Berkshire
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English singers
English television actors
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT singers
Musicians from Berkshire
1979 births
Living people
In chemistry, concentration is how much of a substance is mixed with another substance.

The substance that is dissolved (shown as the red dye in the example) is known as the solute. The substance in which the solute is dissolved (shown as the water in the example) is known as the solvent.

To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent. To dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.

Related pages 
Molar concentration

Analytical chemistry
The iPod shuffle is an MP3 player made by Apple Inc. It's available with a 4GB memory which can hold roughly 1,000 songs, or 2GB memory holding roughly 500 songs. The iPod shuffle is Apple's smallest music player, it is 45.2mm tall, 17.5mm wide, and has a depth of 7.8mm. It was discontinued on the same day as iPod Nano, on 27 July 2017, around 3 years after iPod Classic, which was discontinued on September 9, 2014 and around 5 years before the iPod Touch, which was discontinued on May 10, 2022.

Features

Battery
The iPod shuffle's battery plays audio for 15 hours when fully charged. It can be charged to 80% of its capacity in 2 hours, and fully charged in 3 hours.
VoiceOver
The iPod shuffle is the first music player that talks to you, using a feature called VoiceOver. When the button on the headphones is held down, VoiceOver will speak the song currently playing and its artist. If you continue holding it, it will tell you your playlists. Click the centre button to select a playlist. This feature is available in 20 languages.

Colours
The iPod shuffle is available in pink, blue, green, orange, black and silver. A polished stainless steel edition is available from the online store.

History
History

First generation
The first iPod Shuffle was released on January 11, 2005. Steve Jobs said that people were always putting their iPods on shuffle mode and taking them to the gym and using them while they were jogging and that the iPod Shuffle lets you do that in a much more simpler way. The iPod Shuffle relies on a feature from iTunes that lets you select random songs from the iTunes library and copy them onto the Shuffle. It doesn't have a screen and doesn't have most features the other iPods have and instead of having the click wheel, the iPod Shuffle has a more basic wheel with the up and down buttons being for volume, the left and right buttons being for switching between songs and the middle button for playing and pausing. The back has a clip and a light that tells you when the iPod has a low battery.
Second Generation
The second generation iPod Shuffle was released on September 12, 2006. It's size was changed to be even smaller being the size of a square ans Steve Jobs said it was the smallest MP3 player ever.

On January 30, 2007 Apple released four new colors blue, green, orange and pink as well as the normal silver color. Blue, green and pink are also the same colors used for the second generation iPod Nano and iPod Mini.

On September 5, 2007, Apple replaced the colors blue, green, orange and pink with four new colors turquoise, lavender, mint green, and Product Red.

On February 19, 2008, Apple released a 2GB iPod Shuffle for $69. On the same day Apple also lowered the price for the 1GB iPod shuffle from $79 to $49

On September 9, 2008, Apple replaced the colors from September 2007 with colors blue, green, pink and red. They are very similar to the colors from January 2007 except slightly brighter.
The 2GB iPod Shuffle was discontinued on March 11, 2009 and the 1GB iPod Shuffle was discontinued on September 9, 2009.

Third Generation
On March 11, 2009 Apple released the third generation iPod Shuffle and is said to be "jaw-droppingly small" and "the first iPod that talks to you" and it is also the first waterproof iPod. The 3G iPod Shuffle was available in black and white. The iPod Shuffle 3G featured VoiceOver technology, a personal assistant that lets you tell your iPod Shuffle to play a certain album, genre, artist or song. The iPod Shuffle 3rd generation no longer features controls on the device itself, but features controls on the earphones they come with.

On September 9, 2009 three new colors pink, blue and green were released and the Apple Store offered a 4GB iPod Shuffle made entirely out of stainless steel.
Fourth Generation
The fourth generation iPod Shuffle was released on September 1, 2010. The controls have been put back onto the device and it the design has been reverted to the iPod Shuffle second generation design and it now features VoiceOver in 29 languages: (Chinese (Cantonese, Mandarin), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (Australia, UK, U.S.), Finnish, French (Canada, France), German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil, Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish (Mexico, Spain), Swedish, Thai and Turkish).
For the first two years the iPod Shuffle was sold in five colors (silver with a black control pad, green, blue, orange and pink with a white control pad) but on September 12, 2012 Apple announced the iPhone 5 and a new iPod Touch and iPod Nano, but seven new colors were announced for the iPod Shuffle (silver or black with a black control pad or green, blue, pink, yellow, and purple with a white control pad) as well as a Product Red edition with a white control pad.

Models

References

IPod
The nightshades (Solanaceae) are a family of flowering plants. 

Many members of the family contain strong alkaloids, and some are very toxic. Well-known members of this family are chili peppers, petunias, deadly nightshade, mandrakes, potatoes, tomatoes, aubergines (eggplants) and tobacco.

Because it is thought that nightshades can cause or increase swelling and pain, many people do not eat them. The poisons in the plants are defence against animals that might eat them.
Woodworking is a skill. In woodworking, one can cut or sand (make wood smooth).

Safety measures 
When one is doing woodworking, be careful of being hurt. Remember to wear safety goggles or a facemask (like safety goggles. but to protect ones face). Do not wear long clothing, because it can get stuck in a tool.

Courses 
There are a lot of woodworking classes, many of them are offered in middle school.

In woodworking, the type of wood you get is very important. There are many kinds of softwood and many kinds of hardwood. The words hard and soft wood comes from the type of tree it came from. A hard pice of wood could be softwood.

There are a lot of tools that people use during woodworking, such as sandpaper (used to make wood smooth to touch), files, rasps (all used for trimming wood, cutting, etc.), saws (cutting wood), and automatic saws (saws that use electricity to run).
Chessmaster is a series of chess-playing computer games. It is made by Ubisoft. It is the best-selling chess franchise in history, with more than five million games sold . The first version of the game, Chessmaster 2000, was released in 1986. This first version and the next one, Chessmaster 2100, were produced by the now-defunct Software Toolworks company.

The Chessmaster chess engine is called "The King". It is written by Johan de Koning of the Netherlands. It was introduced in Chessmaster 4000. Earlier releases had a chess engine written by David Kittinger. One version of the game, Chessmaster 9000, defeated Larry Christiansen, a well-known American chess grandmaster and former multiple U.S. champion.
Timeline
 1986-88: The Chessmaster series started with Chessmaster 2000 by The Software Toolworks. It was published for Amiga, Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, MSX, Macintosh and DOS on a 3.5 disk in February 1988.
 1988: Chessmaster 2100 was published for the Apple IIGS.
 1989: Chessmaster 2100 was published for DOS.
 1990: The Chessmaster was published for the NES.
 1991: The Chessmaster was published for the SNES.
 1991: Chessmaster 3000 was published for DOS, Windows 3.x.
 1993: Chessmaster 4000 Turbo was published for Windows 3.x.
 1995: Chessmaster 4000 was published for Windows 95.
 1995: Chessmaster 3D for PlayStation had the Chessmaster 4000 engine.
 1996: Chessmaster 5000 was published for Windows 95.
 1997: Chessmaster 5500 was published for Windows 95.
 1998: Chessmaster 6000 was published for Windows 95 and Windows 98.
 1999: Chessmaster 7000 was published for Windows 98 and Chessmaster II was published for PlayStation.
2000: Chessmaster 8000 was published for Windows 98.
 2002: Chessmaster 9000 was published for Windows 98/ME/XP
 2004: Chessmaster 10th Edition was published for Windows XP.
 2007: The current version, Chessmaster XI, was released for PC (titled Chessmaster: Grandmaster Edition) and Nintendo DS (titled Chessmaster: The Art of Learning) on 30 October.
References

Other websites 
 chessmaster (2000) on chessgames
 Chessmaster XI website
 Chessmaster 9000 at Feral Interactive

1986 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Game Boy games
Mobile games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Game Gear games
Ubisoft games
Events 
 May – El Cid completes his conquest of Valencia, Spain, and begins his rule of Valencia.
 November 27 – Urban II in Clermont Synod proclaims crusade
 Duncan III of Scotland succeeds Duncan II of Scotland as King of Scotland
 The first mention of the city of Zagreb, Croatia, as it became a bishopric see.
 Raymond IV of Toulouse becomes Count of Toulouse

1094
Saint Francis of Assisi (September 26, 1181 – October 3, 1226) is a Christian Saint. He is the founder of the Franciscan Order and patron saint of animals, the environment, merchants, Italy and Catholic Action. He was born in Assisi, Italy where a large basilica was built in his honor. 

On his feast day, October 4, many churches have a ceremony for people to bring their pets and working animals to church.

Early life
Saint Francis was born to Pietro Bernardone, a wealthy cloth merchant, and his wife Pica. He was originally named Giovanni Francesco Bernardone.  In his youth, he was first interested by French troubadours, known as wanderers who improvised songs on a stringed instrument. He later planned a career in military. When he was serving in the war between Assisi and Perugia in 1202, at the battle of Ponte Saint Giovanni,  he was captured and imprisoned for a year and became extremely ill.
When Francis returned to Assisi he had a religious conversion experience, including a reported message from Christ calling him to leave this worldly life.  He began taking his Christianity faith seriously.  He acted towards people as if the Gospels were his law, taking Jesus Christ as a literal example for loving one another.  He dressed in rough clothes, ask and begged for his sustenance, and preached purity and peace.  His family disapproved, and his father disinherited him, so Francis renounced his wealth and inheritance. After that Francis started visiting hospitals and caring for the sick including of leprosy. 

In 1209 Francis started to attract followers, and with a blessing from the pope, he founded the Franciscans based on a simple statement by Jesus: “Leave all and follow me”. In 1219, he went to Egypt to convert the Sultan so the conflict of the Crusades could end.

References 

1182 births
1226 deaths
Christian saints
Franciscans
Italian Roman Catholics
Events 
 Canute VI crowned king of Denmark.
 Serbia allies itself with Hungary to gain independence.
 First Sejm, or Polish Parliament, convenes at Łęczyca.
 Jews expelled from Paris by Philip II of France.
 Maronites reestablish their affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church.
 Venetians massacred during a riot in Constantinople.
 Raynald of Chatillon instigates another war between Saladin and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem.
 Béla III of Hungary sacks the city of Belgrade.
 Ending of the Yowa era in Japan. The era was marked by famine.
 Battle of Palnadu

Births 
 September 11 — Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (d. 1204)
 date not known — Francis of Assisi, founded the Franciscan Order (d. 1226)

Deaths 
 Maria of Antioch, Byzantine empress (murdered) (b. 1145)
 Valdemar I, King of Denmark (b. 1131)
 Yaropolk Rostislavich, Russian grand prince
 Cyril of Turaw, Orthodox Christian bishop and saint (b. 1130)
 Ahmed Ar-Rifai, Sufi saint and founder of the Rifai Order (b.1118)
Printing is putting words and images on paper by mechanical means. Books and newspapers are made by printing. Usually, the images are formed by ink. The ink is put on paper in machines called printing presses.

Printing is one of the technologies which has changed the world. It is an efficient way to multiply writing, so that copies may be made available to all people. Printing is therefore the continuation of writing by mechanical means.

History 
Writing originated after people had settled in permanent dwellings. It dates from 3,300 BC, which is over 5000 years ago. A variety of writing systems were invented, long before paper was invented. Clay, papyrus, wood, slate and parchment (prepared animal skins) have all been used. The invention of paper by the Chinese was a step forward.

Early printing 
The earliest printing known was in 8th century China and Korea. Whole pages carved on flat wooden blocks were used. Covered with a carbon-based ink, they were pressed onto sheets of paper.
The second stage was to use separate characters by wood carving or casting. This was done in 11th century China and Korea. It failed to be really successful, because of the structure of the Chinese written language, shared at the time by Korea, which had thousands of characters. So the method was not much better than copying by scribes.

Printing was reinvented in 15th century Europe. Development was slow until Johannes Gutenberg made several improvements. In the next century print became the main means of communication between people who needed to keep precise records. With an alphabetic system of writing, print was much more economical than copying, and permitted many times as many copies to be available. This revolution in information technology helped all aspects of life in Europe, at a time when Europe was becoming the dominant region of the world.
Along with a technology for printing words, there were various means for printing graphics. Carving on blocks of wood and engraving on copper were used up until about 1800. After that, a great many inventions arrived, including lithography and ways to print photographs.

Machines to speed printing, cheaper paper, automatic stitching and binding all arrived in the 19th century during the industrial revolution. What had once been done by a few men by hand was now done by limited companies on huge machines. The result was much lower prices, and a much wider readership.

Print and social change 
The consequences of print have been considerable. It led to the spread of knowledge, and had many side-effects. It took control out of a small class of clerks (scribes and monks) and put it in the hands of a newly educated readership. Publishing became a major industry.
Many of the first books were in Latin; some in Greek. Later, almost all books were printed in the vernacular: the language ordinary people spoke. The Bible was one of the first books printed, and one of the first to be translated into the vernacular, against strong opposition from the church. Science was given a great boost by printing, and scientific ideas are still usually first published in print. Several scholars have thought that print even changed the way people thought.

Related pages 
Typography

References

Other websites 

American Printing History Association  - numerous links to online resources and other organizations
The development of book and printing. English website of the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz (Germany)
Planet Typography - history of printing - selection of international sites dedicated to the history of printing
Learn about printing —International Paper
BPSnet - The website of the British Printing Society
Children of the Code - Online Video: The DNA of Science, The Alphabet and Printing
Written communication
Typography
 
Book terminology
The Adelaide Cup is a horserace, held in Adelaide, South Australia. It has been held at the Morphettville Racecourse since 2001.

Horse racing
Adelaide
2001 establishments in Australia
David Keith Lynch (born January 20, 1946) is an American movie director. His movies include Eraserhead, Blue Velvet, The Elephant Man and  Mulholland Drive. He was also responsible for a television series called Twin Peaks, his overall most famous work. Eraserhead, his first movie, is still his most famous theatrical movie. It was recently deemed socially important by the United States Library of Congress. He has done much work with Jack Nance, who has appeared been in all but two of his movies. He has said that all his movies will be done using digital video from now on.

He is also famous for his early short movies. The Alphabet and The Grandmother are two of his best known. The Alphabet is about fear of education. The Grandmother is about a lonely boy who grows a grandmother like a plant from a seed.
Over his career, Lynch has received three Academy Award nominations for Best Director and a nomination for best screenplay. Lynch has twice won France's César Award for Best Foreign Film, as well as the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. He also won a Golden Lion award for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival.

Discography

Albums 
 BlueBob (with John Neff, 2001)
 The Air is on Fire: Soundscape (2007)
 Polish Night Music (with Marek Żebrowski, 2008)
 Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse: Dark Night of the Soul (2010; Lynch is featured on two songs.)
 This Train (with Chrysta Bell, 2011)
 Crazy Clown Time (2011)

Singles 
 "Ghost of Love" (2007)
 "Good Day Today" / "I Know" (2010)

Filmography

Features

Short movies

Television series

Online series

Music videos

Awards and nominations
Academy Awards:
 1980: Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay (The Elephant Man, nominated)
 1987: Best Director (Blue Velvet, nominated)
 2002: Best Director (Mulholland Dr., nominated)
BAFTA Awards:
 1981: Best Direction (The Elephant Man, nominated)
 1981: Best Screenplay (The Elephant Man, nominated)

Cannes Film Festival:
 1990: Golden Palm (Wild at Heart, won)
 1992: Golden Palm (Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, nominated)
 1999: Golden Palm (The Straight Story, nominated)
 2001: Best Director (Mulholland Dr., won Tied with Joel Coen for The Man Who Wasn't There)
 2001: Golden Palm (Mulholland Dr., nominated)

DGA Award:
 1981: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (The Elephant Man, nominated)

Emmy Awards:
 1990: Outstanding Achievement in Main Title Theme Music (Twin Peaks, nominated)
 1990: Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics (Twin Peaks for the song "Into the Night", nominated)
 1990: Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series (Twin Peaks for the pilot episode, nominated)
 1990: Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series (Twin Peaks for the pilot episode, nominated)
 1990: Outstanding Drama Series (Twin Peaks)
Golden Globes:
 1980: Best Director (The Elephant Man, nominated)
 1987: Best Screenplay (Blue Velvet, nominated)
 2002: Best Director (Mulholland Dr., nominated)
 2002: Best Screenplay (Mulholland Dr., nominated)

Independent Spirit Awards:
 1987: Best Director (Blue Velvet, nominated)
 1987: Best Screenplay (Blue Velvet, nominated)
 2000: Best Director (The Straight Story, nominated)
 2007: Special Distinction Award (Shared with Laura Dern for their collaborative work, won)

Saturn Awards:
 1993: Best Writing (Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, nominated)
 1993: Life Career Award (won)
 2002: Best Director (Mulholland Dr., nominated)

Venice Film Festival:
 2006: Future Film Festival Digital Award (Inland Empire won)
 2006: Career Golden Lion (won)

WGA Award:
 1981: Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium (The Elephant Man, nominated)
 1987: Best Original Screenplay (Blue Velvet, nominated)

References
References

1946 births
Living people
Actors from Montana
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
People from Missoula, Montana
The Dark Side Of The Moon is an album by the band Pink Floyd. The album has sold over 45 million copies. It is believed to be one of the best-selling albums ever, behind Thriller. It is also widely considered one of the greatest albums of all time. Analysts say that The Dark Side Of The Moon is always playing somewhere on Earth. It is one of the most famous concept albums (albums where all the songs are about a central theme or tell a specific story), and was formally the best-selling album of all time.

History 
It was released in 1973 as Pink Floyd's ninth album. It is one of the most well-known albums of all time. It frequently places in the top five on lists of the greatest albums of all time made by rock music authorities.

Cover 
Its cover features a ray of white light going through a prism, coming through the other side as a rainbow. It is one of the most famous album covers of all time..

Wizard of Oz

When synchronized with the movie The Wizard of Oz, there are many similarities between the two.
Sales
The Dark Side of the Moon became one of the best-selling albums of all time. It is in the top 25 of a list of best selling albums in the United States.  It held the number one spot in the US for only a week. However, it remained in the Billboard album chart for a total of 778 weeks (nearly 14 years). This is the longest any album has spent on the Billboard charts. The album came back on the Billboard charts when the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart was introduced in May 1991. It has stayed there since then.  In the UK, it is the sixth best-selling album of all time.

Track listing

References 

1973 albums
Pink Floyd albums
Concept albums
Progressive rock albums
Sir Arthur William Fadden (13 April 1895 – 21 April 1973) was the 13th Prime Minister of Australia. He was leader of the Country Party when Robert Menzies resigned in 1941. He became Prime Minister but lost to John Curtin in an election held only one month after he became Prime Minister. When Menzies became Prime Minister again in 1949, Fadden was the Treasurer for eight years.

1895 births
1973 deaths
Prime Ministers of Australia
Politicians from Queensland
Monarchists
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
National Party of Australia politicians
Treasurers of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
John Joseph Curtin (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945) was Prime Minister of Australia from 1941 to 1945. He went to St Abrose's School. His background is Irish.

1885 births
1945 deaths
Curtin, John
Politicians from Victoria (Australia)
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Politicians from Western Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
The Australian Capital Territory or ACT is a small territory in Australia. It was created as the home for the Australian capital city, Canberra, because of fighting between New South Wales and Victoria over where the capital city should be. The Jervis Bay Territory was created at the same time so that the ACT would have a harbour without relying on one of the states.

Other websites
The Governor-General of Australia is the representative in Australia of Australia's head of state, Charles III. The current Governor-General is David Hurley.

The Governor-General of Australia is a powerful person in the country. The Governor-General is leader of the Executive Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Forces.

List of governors-general

Living former governors-general
 there are five living former governors-general of Australia. The most recently deceased governor-general, Bill Hayden (1989–1996), died on 21 October 2023.

Other websites
 Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia

References

 
australia
Lists of Australian politicians