Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Team history

American Football League years (1960-1969) 
A few months after the AFL's first draft in 1959, owners of the Minneapolis new team (later known as the Minnesota Vikings) accepted the invitation to join the National Football League. Needing a replacement, the AFL tried to find one quickly. Oakland was thought to be an unlikely city to have a professional American football team. The AFL owners picked Oakland after Los Angeles Chargers owner Barron Hilton threatened to drop his team unless a second team was placed on the West Coast. The city of Oakland was awarded the eighth AFL team on January 30, 1960, and the team took over the Minneapolis club's draft picks. The new Oakland team was called the "Raiders", which is used as a synonym for a pirate. The team logo includes an illustration of a pirate.
National Football League years (1970-present) 
After the 1969 season, the AFL decided to merge with the NFL. The Raiders join the American Football Conference as a Western Division member. John Madden was hired as head coach. Madden took the Raiders to their first Super Bowl win against Minnesota Vikings 32-14 in Super Bowl XI. Later, Madden left for a commentary career. The Raiders hired Tom Flores, the first Hispanic head coach in NFL history. Flores took the Raiders for their second Super Bowl win against Philadelphia Eagles 27 10 in Super Bowl XV. The Raiders became the first wild card team to win a Super Bowl.

Los Angeles Raiders (1982-1995) 
Al Davis signed a note to make the Raiders move to Los Angeles. The Raiders won their third Super Bowl against the Washington Redskins.
Oakland Raiders (1995-2020) 
The Raiders move back to Oakland. The Raiders have struggled since 2003 season after losing to the Tampa Bay Buccanears in Super Bowl XXXVII. They returned to the playoffs in 2016, but lost in the first round to the Houston Texans. They played their final year in Oakland in 2019 before moving to Las Vegas in 2020.

Las Vegas Raiders (2020-present) 
The Raiders moved to Las Vegas in the 2020 season. They finished their inaugural season in Las Vegas with 8 wins and 8 losses.

Season-by-season records 
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties

+ = Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.

Notes and References

Other websites 
 Official website 

1960 establishments in California
Wagenhausen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Wäldi is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Kreuzlingen
Wängi is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Münchwilen
Warth-Weiningen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References
 

Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Wigoltingen is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Weinfelden
Wilen is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Münchwilen
Wuppenau is a municipality in Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Weinfelden
Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Weinfelden
Auenstein is a municipality of the district Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

It is about  northwest of Lenzburg.

References

Other websites 

 Official Website of Auenstein

Municipalities in Brugg
Auw is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Muri
Daniel D. Tompkins (June 21, 1774 – June 11, 1825) was an entrepreneur, jurist, congressman, governor of New York, and the sixth vice president of the United States from 1817 to 1825.

1774 births
1825 deaths
Governors of New York (state)
19th-century American politicians
Events 
 King Mindaugas of Lithuania renounces Christianity, returning to his pagan roots and reverting to Grand Duke of Lithuania.
 The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into a treaty establishing a union with Norway and acknowledges Norwegian King Haakon IV as its ruler.
 Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
 King Henry III of England obtains a papal bull releasing him from the Provisions of Oxford, preceding the Second Barons' War, a civil war started in 1263.
 King Mengrai of the Lannathai kingdom in present-day Thailand founds the city of Chiang Rai as the kingdom's first capital.
 Adam de la Halle writes the first operetta, "Le Jeu de la Feuillee".
 Richard of Chichester is canonized as a saint; he is best known for writing the prayer later adapted into the song Day by Day in the musical Godspell.

Births 
 July 2 – Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (died 1312)
 Ladislaus IV of Hungary (died 1290)
 Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (died 1326)
Deaths 
 July 15 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (born 1222)
 Aegidius of Assisi, companion of Saint Francis of Assisi
 Shinran Shonin, Japanese founder of the Jodo Shinshu branch of Pure Land Buddhism
 Matilda II of Boulogne, Queen of Portugal, spouse of King Afonso III of Portugal (born 1202)
Events

Europe

War and politics 
 September 4 – The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeats the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.
 King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Bela IV of Hungary in the Battle of Kressenbrunn.
 The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic knights in the Battle of Durbe.
 The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state.
 War breaks out in the Valais (today in Switzerland) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy.
Culture 
 October 24 – The spectacular Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France; the cathedral is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 Construction on the Dunkeld Cathedral begins in Perthshire, Scotland.
 Construction begins on the cathedral at Meißen.
 Construction begins on the cathedral at Schwerin.
 Jacobus de Voragine compiles his work, the Golden Legend, a late medieval best-seller.
 Nicola Pisano sculpts the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistery.
 German musical theorist Franco of Cologne publishes Ars Cantus Mensurabilis, in which he advances a new theory of musical notation in which the length of a musical note is denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today.
 The mosaic Christ between the Virgin and St Minias is made on the facade of Florence's Basilica di San Miniato al Monte.
 The advent of the Age of the Holy Spirit predicted by Joachim of Fiore according to his interpretation of Revelations Ch 6.
Asia 
 May 5 – Kublai Khan becomes ruler of the Mongol Empire.
 May 21 – Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with the Song Dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of the Yangzi River is destroyed by a Chinese army of the Southern Song Dynasty. Chancellor Jia Sidao ordered to imprison the entire embassy of Kublai. This slight would not be forgotten by Kublai, but he was unable to assault the Song due to the civil war with his rival brother Ariq Böke.
 September 3 – The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
 The Sena Dynasty of Bengal falls.
 The Chinese era Jingding begins and ends in the Southern Song Dynasty of China.
 The Japanese Shōgen era ends, and the Bun'ō era begins.
 The Hindu Silharya Dynasty, which ruled an area around Mumbai, ends.
 The newly formed Sukhothai kingdom of Thailand adopts Theravada Buddhism.
Africa 
 October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.

Births 
 Henry de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham (died 1339)
 Matthew Csák, ruler of the Váh and the Tatras regions in present-day Slovakia (died 1321)
 Meister Eckhart, German theologian, philosopher and mystic (died 1328)
 Agnes of France, only daughter of Louis VII of France by his third wife Adèle of Champagne (died 1240)
 Andronicus II Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (died 1332)
 Enguerrand de Marigny, minister to King Philip IV of France
 Guillaume de Nogaret, keeper of the seal to King Philip IV of France (year very uncertain) (died 1313)
 Maximus Planudes, Byzantine grammarian and theologian (approximate date; died 1330)
 Farsi, Persian mathematician and physicist (died 1320)
Deaths 
 October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt
 Franciscus Accursius, Italian jurist (approximate date)
 Matilda II of Bologne, sovereign Countess of Bologne
 Aymer de Valence, Bishop of Winchester
Overijssel  (Latin: Transisalania) is a province of the Netherlands. It is in the central eastern part of the country. The province's name in both Dutch and Latin means "Lands across river IJssel". The capital city of Overijssel is Zwolle. Its biggest city is Enschede. About 1,166,000 people are living in Overijssel (2021).

Geography 
Overijssel has Germany to the east. The Achterhoek region of Gelderland lies to the south, the Veluwe region of Gelderland and Flevoland are to the west, and Friesland and the former moors of Drenthe to the north. Overijssel is made of three regions: Kop van Overijssel in the northwest, Salland in the centre of the province, and Twente in the east. Besides the capital Zwolle, the major cities are Almelo, Deventer, Enschede, and Hengelo.
To the southeast, the land is mostly sandy. There are small rivers and brooks cutting through it. Examples for such rivers are Regge and Dinkel. In the northwest, the geology is mostly made of  sediments from the Overijsselse Vecht and clay. The northern parts were once covered by veen (bogs) which separated the dryer and more arable south from Drenthe. These bogs have been exploited as fuel to a large degree. Only small patches survive today (Engbertsdijksvenen near Tubbergen, Witteveen (near Haaksbergen, and the Aamsveen (near Enschede). The extreme northwest is dominated by a system of lakes formed by former peat-mining, the Weerribben, which is a valuable wetland.

The highest point in Overijssel is the summit of the Tankenberg, a hill in the municipality of Losser. It is 89 metres (295 ft). The lowest point is in the Mastenbroek Polder near Kampen at 2 metres (6 ft) below sea level.
History 
Overijssel was formerly known as Oversticht. In 1336, it was made part of Guelders. It was given to the Bishopric of Utrecht in 1347. Utrecht was known as het Sticht. The Bishops gave the Oversticht to the Emperor Charles V in 1528, who styled himself "Lord of Overijssel". With this, he gave the province its modern name. The people joined with the other Dutch and rebelled against Charles' heir Philip II. Overijssel became governed by the most powerful mayors and lords in the province.
After a brief occupation by the forces of the Bishop of Münster (1672–1674), Overijssel received a new form of government. This granted the stadtholders more power. Widespread resistance against the bigger power throughout the provinces lead to the Batavian Republic in 1795. A centralist government arose and the Netherlands was organised into a series of départements, based on those used by revolutionary France. At first organised into its own département, it was merged with Drenthe in 1798 to form Ouden Ijssel, which was renamed Overijssel in 1801.
The French annexed the Batavian Republic in 1810, and Overijssel was organised into the new French département of Bouches-de-l'Yssel. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, the kingdom of the Netherlands and the former province of Overijssel were recreated. Overijssel was briefly occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II from May 1940, until its liberation in April 1945. The Noordoostpolder, which had been laid dry in 1942, was part of Overijssel from 1962 until 1986, when it became part of the newly created province of Flevoland.

Other websites 
  
 Map of Province
Walker, Texas Ranger is an action/police television series. It was created by Leslie Greif and Paul Haggis. The series stars Chuck Norris as a member of the Texas Rangers. His co-stars include Sheree J. Wilson as D.A. Alex Cahill and Clarence Gilyard as Texas Ranger Jimmy Trivette.

The series was televised on CBS in the spring of 1993. This first season consisted of three pilot episodes. Eight full seasons followed from September 25, 1993 to May 19, 2001. It was televised in over 100 countries. A made-for-television movie Trial By Fire has been televised. The series airs in reruns. The entire series has been released to DVD.
The show is known for its conservative moral values. The wholesome main characters don't use drugs, and they participate in community service. Martial arts were the primary tool of law enforcement. Occasionally Walker and company used martial arts to reach out to the community. The series has since become one of the most popular action series in television history. It has gained a cult following for its camp appeal.

Story 
The series is centered on a Dallas-Fort Worth–based member of the Texas Rangers named Cordell Walker. Walker was raised by his paternal uncle, a Native American named Ray Firewalker (Floyd Red Crow Westerman). Cordell prior to joining the Rangers served in the Marines' elite recon unit during the Vietnam War. Both Cordell and Uncle Ray share the values characteristic of Wild West sheriffs.
His partner and best friend is James "Jimmy" Trivette (Clarence Gilyard), a former Dallas Cowboys player "Go Long T" who takes a more modern approach. Walker's young partner grew up in Baltimore and used football as his ticket to college education.  He was dropped from the team after he tore up his shoulder in a major game, which led to his career in the Rangers (often making references to watching the "Lone Ranger" and how C.D. Parker mentored him as a Rookie Officer). Trivette also works inside the office using computers and cellular phones to collate information of the people who have been taken into custody. Walker also works closely (and shares a mutual attraction) with Alexandra "Alex" Cahill (Sheree J. Wilson), a Tarrant County Assistant District Attorney, who on occasion puts up a frown if Walker does not obtain results in time. He also gets advice on cases from C.D
.D. Parker (Gailard Sartain (pilot season), Noble Willingham (seasons 1–7)), a veteran Ranger (later inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame) who worked with Walker until retiring to operate a small restaurant and bar called "CD's Bar and Grill", a restaurant widely known in the series for its chili. In Season 7 two rookie Texas Rangers, Sydney Cooke (Nia Peeples) and Francis Gage (Judson Mills), are assigned under Walker and Trivette's command.
Main characters
Chuck Norris as Texas Ranger Sgt. Cordell Walker, a former Marine and a modern-day Ranger who believes in the Code of the Old West. He is a decorated Vietnam vet and a martial arts expert. He is the show's main protagonist. Appeared in all episodes.
Clarence Gilyard as Texas Ranger Sgt. James "Jimmy" Trivette, Walker's partner and best friend. Appeared in all but two episodes.
Sheree J. Wilson as Tarrant County Assistant D.A. Alexandra "Alex" Cahill, whom Walker dates for a few seasons and finally marries. Appeared in all but five episodes.
Noble Willingham (Gailard Sartain pilot) as retired Texas Ranger Captain C.D. Parker, Walker's buddy and ex-partner who owns a bar-restaurant in Fort Worth, Texas, and was the only one to address Walker by his first name Cordell regularly. Appeared in 155 episodes.
Nia Peeples as Texas Ranger Sydney "Syd" Cooke, a rookie Ranger who joins Walker in Seasons 7–8. Appeared in 47 episodes.
Judson Mills as Texas Ranger Francis Gage, another rookie Ranger who joins Walker in Seasons 7–8. Appeared in 46 episodes.
Floyd Westerman (Apesanahkwat, Season 2)   as Walker's paternal uncle Ray Firewalker (also known as Uncle Ray), who raised Cordell after his parents – John and Elizabeth Firewalker – were murdered. Ray disappeared at the end of Season 2. Appeared in 14 episodes.
Supporting characters
Marco Sanchez as Detective Carlos Sandoval, a detective for Dallas PD. Best friend of Trent Malloy. Often teamed up with Walker and Trivette in cases. Appeared in 16 episodes.
Jimmy Wlcek as Trent Malloy, son of a pastor and former martial arts student of Walker. Black belt in Karate and runs both his own Dojo and Protection Agency. Often teamed up with Walker and Trivette in cases. Appeared in 13 episodes.
Cynthia Dorn  as M.E. Mary Williams, a medical examiner in most of the murder cases that occurred on the show.
Vanessa Paul as Josie Martin. Ran 'H.O.P.E.' center created by Alex after a near-death experience. One of Alex's bridesmaids at Alex and Walker's wedding. Did not play a major role in her appearances.
Frank Salsedo as White Eagle, the spiritual leader of the Cherokee reservation Walker grew up on. Debuted during Season 3.
Rod Taylor as Gordon Cahill, the once-estranged father of Alex. Also an Attorney.
Eloy Casados as Sheriff Sam Coyote, the sheriff of the Cherokee reservation and a very good friend of Walker.
James Drury as Texas Ranger Captain Tom Price. He only appeared during the pilot season.
Peter Onorati as Sergeant Vincent Rosetti, a New York Police Sergeant with a strong New York accent and a little arrogance.
Terry Kiser as Charlie Brooks, a clumsy and fast-talking informant for Walker and Trivette.
Robert Fuller as Ranger Wade Harper, a retired El Paso Texas Ranger who came on board to work for Walker and Trivette.
Julia Nickson as Dr. Susan Lee
References

Other websites

1990s television series
American drama television series
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Chuck Norris facts is an Internet phenomenon with joke "facts" about martial artist and actor Chuck Norris. The "facts" are jokes about Norris' toughness, attitude, virility, "alpha-male status", and masculinity. They are given in a comically serious tone, for example:

Chuck Norris' tears cure cancer. Too bad Chuck Norris has never cried. Ever.

The "facts" usually say that Chuck Norris is a very angry, all-powerful, superbeing. Some of these "facts" have also turned into popular jokes.  Like most Internet phenomena, the Chuck Norris facts have spread around the world. They have been translated into many different languages as well as used as the basis for advertising and other Internet phenomena. The "facts" often refer to his use of roundhouse kick attacks to do almost anything, his beard, and his role in the action television series Walker, Texas Ranger.
Background
Chuck Norris facts were first seen on the Internet in early 2005. Conan O'Brien's Chuck Norris jokes on Late Night with Conan O'Brien have been seen as a cause for the fad.  These "facts" are similar to "Tall tales" such as those of Paul Bunyan.  Chuck Norris Facts started being used in the gaming community shortly after a Chuck Norris Fact generator was created for use with World of Warcraft in early 2006.

Chuck's response
Chuck Norris has talked about the Chuck Norris facts on his official website, chucknorris.com, with a statement. He was surprised and liked the attention. He said that some of the statements were indeed funny but he tries not to take any of them seriously. He hoped that the "facts" would get people to want to know the real facts about Chuck Norris found in his literary works.
Norris appeared in a 2007 commercial for Mountain Dew where he had his revenge on the two fictional webmasters of a site that showed Norris in a humorous way. This is a reference to the Chuck Norris facts meme.

In December, 2007, Norris sued when these statements were published in book form by Penguin in November 2007.

References

Other websites
Chuck Norris Facts.com 
Over 8,000 Chuck Norris facts (with sounds)
More Chuck Norris facts 
Chuck Norris' official response 
A Washington Post article on Chuck Norris facts

Internet memes
Comedy
Magglio Jose "Maggs" Ordóñez (b. January 28, 1974) is a former Major League Baseball player from Venezuela. He was a right fielder and right-handed batter. Ordóñez was born in Coro, Venezuela. He played for the Chicago White Sox from 1997 to 2004 and the Detroit Tigers from 2005 to 2011. After his baseball career, Ordóñez became a mayor in Venezuela.

Other websites 

, or Retrosheet
Pura Pelota – Venezuelan Professional League statistics

1974 births
American League All-Stars
Chicago White Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Living people
Sportspeople from Caracas
Venezuelan baseball players
Johan Alexander Santana  () (born March 13, 1979, in Tovar, Mérida State, Venezuela) is a Major League Baseball left-handed starting pitcher who plays for the New York Mets. His first team was the Minnesota Twins.

1979 births
Living people
Venezuelan baseball players
New York Mets players
Minnesota Twins players
National League All-Stars
The Minnesota Twins are a Major League Baseball team in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They began in 1901 as the Washington Senators, based in Washington, D.C. They moved to the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in 1961. That area is often called the "Twin Cities", so the team was renamed the "Twins". They have often worn a "TC" emblem on their uniforms and caps.

As the Senators, they were not very successful overall. They had some strong teams in the 1920s and 1930s, but most years they played poorly. As the Twins, they have had much better success, with two World Series championships, in 1987 and 1991, and many other post-season games.

They first played at Metropolitan Stadium in the suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota. They moved to the Metrodome in 1982, and then to Target Field in 2010.

References

Other websites
Official Website

 
1960s establishments in Minnesota
1894 establishments in the United States
Sports in Minneapolis
Hard-Fi are a popular indie rock band from Staines an area of London, England. They are named after Lee Scratch Perry's description of his studio . They have had two hit albums in the UK charts: "Stars of CCTV" and "Once Upon a Time in the West". Their most successful songs include, but are not exclusive to "Suburban Knights" and "Hard to Beat".

Band Members 
 Richard Archer
 Kai Stephens
 Ross Phillips
 Steve Kemp

English rock bands
English punk bands
Indie rock bands
A room (or chamber) is a space inside a structure or building. Usually, a room is separated from other rooms and from the outside by walls. Doors provide access.

A room may have a specified purpose, defined by its use. Examples of such rooms are the bedroom, the kitchen, and the bathroom.

Other websites
A self is an individual person, from their own point of view. To you, self is you. To someone else, self is that person.

The following list of topics is provided as an overview of and introduction to the self:

Essence of oneself 
 Main articles: Self (philosophy), Self (psychology), and Self (sociology)

 Body
 Brain / Mind / Intelligence
 Character
 Experience
 Gender

 Human
 Human condition
 Identity
 Person
 Personality

 Skill
 Virtue
 Will
 Wisdom

Self constructs 

 Individual
 Personal identity
 Personality
 Personal name
 Nickname

 Self-awareness
 Self-concept
 Self-consciousness
 Self-identity
 Self-image

 Self-ownership
 Self-perception
 Self-realization
 Self-worth

Stages of life 

1. Infancy
2. Childhood

3. Adolescence
4. Adulthood

5. Middle age
6. Old age

Major life events 

1. Birth
2. Primary school
3. Graduation

4. Coming of age
5. Employment
6. Marriage

7. Parenthood
8. Retirement
9. second childhood
10. Death
Individual rights 
 Main articles: Human rights, Individual rights, and Personal rights

You have:security rights that protect people against crimes such as murder, massacre, torture and rapeliberty rights that protect freedoms in areas such as belief and religion, association, assembling and movementpolitical rights that protect the liberty to participate in politics by expressing themselves, protesting, voting and serving in public officedue process rights that protect against abuses of the legal system such as imprisonment without trial, secret trials and excessive punishmentsequality rights that guarantee equal citizenship, equality before the law and nondiscriminationwelfare rights (also known as economic or social rights) that require the provision of education and protections against severe poverty and starvationgroup rights that provide protection for groups against ethnic genocide and for the ownership by countries of their national territories and resources
Personality traits 
 Main articles: Big Five personality traits and Trait theory''

 Extroversion
 Agreeableness
 Conscientiousness
 Neuroticism / Emotional stability
 Openness to experience

Personal values

Virtues 
See the list at Virtue#Virtues and values

Vices 

 Seven Deadly Sins
 Pride
 Vanity

 Avarice 
 Greed
 Lust

 Wrath 
 Anger
 Gluttony

 Envy 
 jealousy

 Sloth 
 Laziness

Self-actualization 

 Action
 Competence

 Effectiveness
 Efficacy

 Success

Self management 

 Autodidacticism (self-education)
 Goal
 Goal setting
 Personal budget
 Personal development
 Personal finance
 Problem solving
 Self-actualization
 Self-assessment

 Self control
 Self-defense
 Self development
 Self-discipline
 Self disclosure
 Self-efficacy
 Self-esteem
 Self help
 Self-interest

 Self-knowledge
 Self monitoring
 Self motivation
 Self-reflection
 Self-regulated learning
 Self-reliance
 Self-sufficiency
 Stress management
 Time management

Self-preservation and self-maintenance
Enlightened self-interest
 Health
 Housekeeping

 Life extension
 Personal hygiene
 Personal safety

 Physical fitness
 Self-care
 Self-preservation

Personal concepts 

 Adolescence
 Adulthood
 Aptitude
 Birth
 Infancy
 Childhood
 Competence (human resources)
 Death
 Diary
 Duty
 Evil
 Failure
 Good
 Freedom (philosophy)
 Freedom (political)

 Hobby
 Home
 Individualism
 Individuality
 Individuation
 Influence
 Intrapersonal communication
 Liberty
 Lifestyle (List)
 Meaning of life
 Parenthood
 Personal homepage
 Personal income
 Personal life
 Personal property

 Personal space
 Personal time
 Possession
 Privacy
 Reputation
 Self talk
 Self-worth
 Sex
 Sexuality
 Success
 Taste (aesthetics)
 Taste (sociology)
 Thought
 Virtue

Harmful traits and practices 

 Abjection
 Crime
 Self-abasement
 Self-abuse
 Self-criticism
 Self-deception

 Self-deprecation
 Self-denial
 Self harm
 Self-hatred
 Self-immolation

 Self-loathing
 Self propaganda
 Self-punishment
 Stress
 Suicide
Related pages
 Community
 Humanism
 Society
 Transhumanism

psychology
Sociology
Philosophy
Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest unsolved problems in number theory and in all of mathematics. It states:

Every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes.

Origins 

On 7 June 1742, the Prussian mathematician Christian Goldbach wrote a letter to Leonhard Euler  in which he suggested the following conjecture, which would later be called Goldbach's strong conjecture:
Every integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes. 
He considered 1 to be a prime number, a convention subsequently abandoned. 
Goldbach wrote that even numbers 4 and up could always be composed of two different prime numbers.
A weaker version of Goldbach's original conjecture is:
Every integer greater than 5 can be written as the sum of three primes. 
This is called Goldbach's weak conjecture.  Euler, becoming interested in the problem, wrote back to Goldbach saying that the weak conjecture would be implied by Goldbach's strong conjecture, saying that he was certain that the theorem was true ("ein ganz gewisses Theorema"), but he was unable to prove it. 

Goldbach's weak conjecture was later proved by Harald Helfgott in 2013,  but Goldbach's strong conjecture has not been proved yet.

References

Other websites 
 Goldbach's conjecture, part of Chris Caldwell's Prime Pages.

Number theory
Conjectures
A compass (or pair of compasses) is a drawing tool that can be used to draw circles or arcs, parts of circles. They can also be used  to measure distances, in particular on  maps. Compasses can be used for mathematics, drafting, navigation, and more.

Compasses are usually made of metal, and have two parts called legs meeting at a hinge. The legs can be moved apart or together to change the size of the circle. One part has a spike, a sharp, pointy part at its end, and the other part has a pencil or a pen. There are two types of compasses: the mechanical compass and normal compass. The mechanical compass is a compass that has a mechanical pencil, and the normal compass is a compass that has a normal pen or pencil on it. To make the compass work, you need to change how far the pencil sticks out.
A divider is a compass that has two parts with a spike, and is used to show measurements of distances and lengths. It is called a divider because it is used to divide (make smaller things from a bigger thing) a distance in two, using geometry.

Uses 
Circles can be made by pressing the leg with the spike into the paper, putting the pencil on the paper, and moving the pencil in the circle. To do this, you need to not to move the legs farther apart or closer together while you are drawing the circle. A circle can be made bigger or smaller by moving the legs farther apart or closer together.

Distances can be measured on a map using dividers,compasses with two spikes. The distance between the spikes on the map shows a distance in reality. Measuring how many times the compasses fit between two things on the map shows the distance between those things.
Compass and straightedge drawing is used to show things in plane geometry (geometry used on a flat area). Real compasses are used on paper, but the perfect compass used in proofs is an imaginary, perfect tool that draws perfect circles. The most strict definition of this ideal tool, used for explaining, is the "collapsing compass". It draws a circle from a given place with a given radius and cannot be used again. That is, unlike a real pair of compasses, it cannot simply be moved to another place and used to draw another circle that is the same.

Tools
Mathematical tools
Measuring tools
43 Ariadne is a fairly big and bright main belt asteroid. It is the second-biggest member of the Flora asteroid family. It was found by N. R. Pogson on April 15, 1857 and named after the Greek heroine Ariadne.

Characteristics 
Ariadne is very stretched out (almost twice as long as its smallest shape). It is a retrograde rotator, although its pole points almost parallel to the ecliptic towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-15°, 235°) with a 10° uncertainty[2]. This gives an axial tilt of about 105°.

Trivia 
 For reasons unknown, "Asteroid 43 Ariadne" was included in a list of names of supporters of the NASA spacecraft Stardust that was stored on a microchip within the spacecraft.
 The maximum apparent size of Ariadne is equal to the maximum apparent size of Pluto.

References
References 

 Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey 
 M. Kaasalainen, J. Torppa & J. Piironen Models of Twenty Asteroids from Photometric Data, Icarus, Vol. 159, p. 369 (2002).
 P. Tanga et al. Asteroid observations with the Hubble Space Telescope, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 401, p. 733 (2003).
 PDS lightcurve data 
 G. A. Krasinsky et al. Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt, Icarus, Vol. 158, p. 98 (2002).

Other websites 
 shape model deduced from lightcurve
 bi-lobed shape model from Hubble lightcurves
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Asteroids
45 Eugenia is a big Main belt asteroid. It is famous because it is one of the first asteroids to be found to have a moon orbiting it. It is also the second known triple asteroid, after 87 Sylvia.

Discovery 
Eugenia was found in 1857 by Hermann Goldschmidt. It was named after Empress Eugenia di Montijo, the wife of Napoleon III, and was the first asteroid to be named after a real person, rather than a figure from classical legend (although there had been controversy about whether 12 Victoria was really named for the mythological figure or for Queen Victoria).

Physical characteristics 
Eugenia is a big asteroid, with a diameter of 214 km. It is an F-type asteroid, which means that it is very dark in colouring (darker than soot) made up of carbonate. Like Mathilde, its density appears to be unusually low, indicating that it may be a loosely-packed rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken apart by a collision and pulled back together by gravity).
Lightcurve analysis indicates that Eugenia's pole most likely points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-30°, 124°) with a 10° uncertainty, which gives it an axial tilt of 117°. Eugenia's rotation is then retrograde.

Moons

Petit-Prince 
In November 1998, astronomers at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, found a small moon orbiting Eugenia. This was the first time a moon orbiting an asteroid had been found by a ground-based telescope. Eugenia's moon has been named (45) Eugenia I Petit-Prince, after Empress Eugenia's son, the Prince Imperial. The moon is much smaller than Eugenia, about 13 km in diameter, and takes five days to complete an orbit around it.
S/2004 (45) 1 
A second, smaller (estimated diameter of 6 km) moon that orbits closer to Eugenia than Petit-Prince has since been found and provisionally named S/2004 (45) 1. It was found by analyses of three images acquired in February 2004 from the 8.2 m VLT "Yepun" at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) Cerro Paranal, in Chile. The discovery was announced in IAUC 8817, on 7 March 2007 by Franck Marchis and his IMCCE collaborators.

Other websites 
 Johnston Archive data
 Astronomical Picture of Day 14 October 1999
 SwRI Press Release
 Orbit of Petit-Prince, companion of Eugenia
 IAUC 8177
 Shape model derived from lightcurve (on page 17)

References 

Asteroids
MOOMIN (b. July 13, 1972) is a Japanese reggae singer. He comes from Chigasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture.

Albums

Other websites
Official site (UMG)
Official site (Overheat Studio) 

Singers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Reggae musicians
1972 births
Living people
This is a list of divinities native to Japanese beliefs and religious traditions. Many of these are from Shinto, while others were imported via Buddhism or Taoism and "integrated" into Japanese mythology and folklore.

Shinto

The following is a list of some of the major and minor deities called kami in Shinto.  As it is often said that there are yaoyorozu-no-kami(八百万の神) or 8 million kami (a representation of an infinite number), it would be impossible to list them all.

Major kami
Ama-no-Uzume (天宇受売命)
Commonly called Uzume, she is the goddess of dawn and revelry, instrumental to the "missing sun legend" in Shinto.  She is also known as The Great Persuader and The Heavenly Alarming Female.
Amaterasu-ō-mi-kami (天照大神 or 天照大御神)
Commonly called Amaterasu, she is the goddess of the sun as well as the purported ancestress of the Imperial Household of Japan.  Her full name means "Great Goddess" or "Great Spirit Who Shines in the Heavens"; she may also be referred to as Ōhiru-menomuchi-no-kami (大日孁貴神).  Due to her ties to the Imperial family, she is often considered (though not official) to be the "primary god" of Shinto.

Ame-no-Koyane (天児屋命 or 天児屋根命)
A male deity, he is considered the "First in Charge of Divine Affairs", as well as the aide to the first Emperor of Japan.   He is also considered to be the ancestor of the Fujiwara family.

Fujin (風神)
Also known as Kaminokaze, he is the Japanese god of the wind and one of the eldest Shinto gods, said to be present at the creation of the world.  He is often depicted as an oni with a bag slung over his back.
Hachiman (八幡神)
Also known as Hachiman-shin or Yawata no kami, he is seen as the god of war.  Originally an agricultural deity, he later became the guardian of the Minamoto clan.

Inari (稲荷)
The god of rice and fertility.  His messengers and symbolic animal are foxes.  He is often identified with the Buddhist deity Dakiniten.  Though traditionally represented as a male, there are records of Inari appearing as a female as well.

Izanagi (伊弊諾 or 伊邪那岐)
The forefather of the gods, he is the first male as well as the god of creation and life.  He and his wife, Izanami, were responsible for the birth of the islands of Japan and many kami, though she died in childbirth.  Later, after his failed attempt to retrieve her from the underworld, he  sired Amaterasu, Susano and Tsukuyomi.
Izanami (伊弉冉 or 伊邪那美)
Izanagi's wife and sister, she is the first female as well as the goddess of creation and death.  She died shortly after the birth of Kagu-tsuchi, and Izanami followed her to the underworld, but failed to bring her back to the living world.  A marital spat between the pair caused the cycle of life and death for all living beings.

Ninigi-no-Mikoto (瓊瓊杵尊)
Commonly called Ninigi, he was the grandson of Amaterasu.  His great-grandson was Kamuyamato Iwarebiko, later to be known as Emperor Jimmu, first emperor of Japan.

Raijin (雷神)
Commonly called Raiden (雷電), he is the god of thunder and lightning, and is often paired with Fujin.  As with the latter, Raijin is usually depicted as an oni.

Ryūjin (龍神)
Also known as Rinjin, he is a dragon, as well as god of the sea.  He resides in Ryūgū-jō, his palace under the sea built out of red and white coral, from where he controlled the tides with magical tide jewels.  His great-grandson would become Emperor Jimmu.
Susanoo-no-mikoto (須佐之男命)
Alternately romanized as Susano-o, Susa-no-o, and Susanowo.  He is the god of storms as well as in some cases the god of the sea.  He is also somewhat of a trickster god, as Japanese mythology extensively documents the "sibling rivalry" between him and Amaterasu.  Susanoo also was responsible for the slaying of the monster Yamata-no-Orochi and the subsequent discovery of the sacred sword Kusanagi.

Tenjin (天神)
The god of scholarship, he is the deified Sugawara no Michizane (845-903), who was elevated to his position after dying in exile and subsequent disasters in Heian-kyō were attributed to his angered spirit. See Dazaifu, Fukuoka

Toyotama-hime (豊玉姫)
Also known as Otohime (乙姫), she was the daughter of Ryūjin and the grandmother of Jimmu.  It is said that after she gave birth to her son, she turned into a dragon and disappeared.
Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto (月読の命 or 月夜見の尊)
Also known as Tsukiyomi, Tsuki no kami, Tsukiyomino mikoto, and Tsukiyumi no mikoto, he is the god of the moon.  He killed the goddess of food, Uke Mochi, out of disgust and anger in the way she had prepared a meal.  This  caused Amaterasu to never face him again, causing the sun and moon to be in different parts of the sky.
Minor kami
Amatsu-Mikaboshi (天津甕星), the kami of all evil and stars who existed before Ama-No-Uzume
Konohanasakuya-hime (木花之開耶姫), the wife of Ninigi and daughter of Ohoyamatsumi, and great-grandmother of Jimmu.  She is also known as the goddess of Mount Fuji.
Ohoyamatsumi (大山積命), an elder brother of Amaterasu, and an important god who rules mountain, sea, and war, as well as the father of Konohanasakuya-hime.
Sarutahiko Ohkami (猿田毘古神), a kami of the Earth that guided Ninigi to the Japanese islands
Uke Mochi (保食神), sometimes called Ogetsu-hime-no-kami, a goddess of food. After she had spat a fish, vomited or defecated game and coughed rice, she had been killed by a disgusted Tsukuyomi, or in some other versions, Susanoo.

Buddhism
Buddhism

Amida Nyorai (無量光佛 or 無量壽佛)
Commonly referred to as Amida-butsu (阿弥陀如来), he is the primary Buddha of the Pure Land school of Buddhism.  He is also believed to be a Buddha who possesses infinite meritorious qualities; who expounds the dharma in his pure paradise and is likely  the most well known and popular of the Five Wisdom Buddhas.

Daruma (ダルマ)
He is traditionally held in Buddhist mythology to be the founder of Zen Buddhism, as well as the founder of Shaolin.  One legend reports that after years of meditation, Bodhidharma lost the usage of his eyes and appendages.  The Daruma doll was created in honor of this legend.

The Seven Lucky Gods
Benzaiten (弁才天 or 弁財天)
Also known as Benten, she is the goddess of everything that flows: words (and knowledge, by extension), speech, eloquence, and music.  Said to be the third daughter of the dragon-king of Munetsuchi, over the course of years she has gone from being a protective deity of Japan to one who bestows good fortune upon the state and its people.Derived from the equivalent goddess in Hinduism Goddess Saraswati.

Bishamonten (毘沙門天)
Also called Bishamon or Tamonten, he is the god of fortunate warriors and guards, as well as the punisher of criminals.  Said to live halfway down the side of Mount Sumeru, the small pagoda he carries symbolizes the divine treasure house that he both guards and gives away its contents.
Daikokuten (大黒天)
Often shortened to simply Daikoku, he is variously considered to be the god of wealth (more specifically, the harvest), or of the household (particularly the kitchen). He is recognised by his wide face, smile, and flat black hat. He is often portrayed holding a golden mallet, seated on bales of rice, with mice nearby (which signify plentiful food).

Ebisu (恵比須, 恵比寿, 夷 or 戎)
The sole member of the gods believed to have originated in Japan, he was originally known as Hiruko (蛭子), the first child of Izanagi and Izanami.  Said to born without bones, he eventually overcame his handicaps to become the mirthful and auspicious Ebisu (hence one of his titles, "The Laughing God").  He is often depicted holding a rod and a large red bream or sea bass. Jellyfish are also associated with this god and the fugu restaurants of Japan will often incorporate Yebisu in their motif.
Fukurokuju (福禄寿)
Often confused with Jurōjin, he is the god of wisdom and longevity and said to be an incarnation of the Southern Polestar.  He is accompanied by a crane and a turtle, which are considered to be symbols of longevity, and also sometimes accompanied by a black deer.  The sacred book tied to his staff is said to contain the lifespan of every person on Earth.

Hotei (布袋)
Best known in the Western world as the Laughing Buddha, Hotei is likely the most popular of the gods.  His image graces many temples, restaurants, and amulets. Originally based on a Chinese Chan monk, Hotei has become a deity of contentment and abundance.

Kichijōten (吉祥天)
Also known as Kisshōten or Kudokuten, she is the "eighth" member of the Seven Gods of Fortune, a Taoist deity often combined with the traditional members.  She is considered to be the goddess of happiness, fertility, and beauty.
Jurōjin (寿老人)
Also known as Gama, he represents longevity.  He is often seen with a fan and a stave, and accompanied by a black deer.

Related pages
 Shinto

 

Lists of gods and goddesses
Lantana camara or Spanish flag is a hairy shrub native from tropical America. It is regarded as a notorious weed, and popular ornamental garden plant in many parts of the world.

References

Other websites

Flora of China
Presence of two types of ﬂowers with respect to nectar sugar in two gregariously ﬂowering species
 Medicinal uses

Shrubs
Verbenaceae
His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso is the fourteenth Dalai Lama. His full name is Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso. The Dalai Lama was born in Tagtser (Amdo) in Tibet to a family of farmers on July 6, 1935. He is the fourteenth and current Dalai Lama. He is the political and spiritual leader of Tibet. On October 6, 2009, he received the Lantos Human Rights Prize from United States House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.  In 1989 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work encouraging understanding between different religions and encouraging people and countries to care for one another. He is always working for the freedom of Tibet through dialogue, and encourages young Tibetans to study their language, history and philosophy to preserve it and to promote it to the world.

Related pages
 Gyalo Thondup

References 

1935 births
Living people
Dalai Lamas
Nonviolence advocates
Philosophers
Current national leaders
Spiritual teachers
This article is about a religious leader. The article about the animals is at Llama
In the Tibetan language, lama means teacher. A lama is a religious teacher, guide, or mentor of Tibetan Buddhism. The meaning is similar to the Sanskrit term guru. The word lama is part of the title, Dalai Lama.

Tibetan Buddhism
Religious leaders
Rinpoche is a title in Tibetan Buddhism which may be given to a religious teacher known as a lama.  The word "Rinpoche" literally means "precious one". 

In Tibet and Bhutan, when used as "Guru Rinpoche" it refers to Padmasambhava, who first brought Tibetan Buddhism to the Himalayas. When used as "Je Rinpoche", it refers to Je Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug School.

References
Padmasambhava is the person who brought Buddhism to Tibet in the 8th century. The name is in the Sanskrit language and means "born from a lotus flower". In Bhutan and Tibet he is better known as Guru Rinpoche ("Precious Master") or Lopon Rinpoche, where followers of the Nyingma school regard him as the second Buddha.

The mantra of Padmasambhva is "Om Ah Hum Vajra Guru Padma Siddhi Hum" and is called the Vajra Guru mantra.  There is also a prayer called "The Seven Line Prayer" which is devoted to him.

Related pages
Lama
Rinpoche
Yeshe Tsogyal

References

Other websites
The Seven Line Prayer: Text and commentary 

Tibetan Buddhism
() is the Japanese word for fox.  There are a lot of foxes in Japanese folklore. Stories depict them as intelligent beings and as having magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. The most important of their magic tricks is the ability to assume human form. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others — as foxes in folklore often do — others portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers, and wives.

Foxes and human beings lived close together in ancient Japan; this is why there are legends about them. Kitsune have become closely associated with Inari, a Shinto kami or spirit, and serve as his messengers. This role has reinforced the fox's supernatural importance. The more tails a kitsune has — they may have as many as nine — the older, wiser, and more powerful it is. Because of their potential power and influence, some people make offerings to them as to a god.

Shinto
Japanese mythology
Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone which means 'sound' or 'voice') is the science of the sounds of human speech. Someone who is an expert in phonetics is called a phonetician.

Phonetic theory regards the nature of sounds in speech (called phones) and how they are made, heard and thought of. Phonology, which came from it, studies sound systems and sound units (such as phonemes and distinctive features). Phonetics is one of the two parts of orthographical linguistics, the other part being spelling, differing from grammar and lexis.

Phonetics has three main branches:
 articulatory phonetics, regarding the place of articulation and the movement of the lips, tongue, vocal tract, and vocal folds,
 acoustic phonetics, concerned with the traits of the sound waves and how the inner ear hears them, and
 auditory phonetics, concerned with speech perception (mostly how the brain thinks of what the ears hear)
There are more than 100 different phones recognized by the International Phonetic Association (IPA) and are shown in their writing system called the International Phonetic Alphabet.

The first time phonetics was studied was 2,500 years ago in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan
, with , when he wrote about the place and manner of articulation of consonants in Sanskrit in his 5th century BC essay on Sanskrit linguistics. The major Indic scripts today order their consonants the way  did.

References

Accessible sources
 Introduction to phonetics for beginners 

Language
Branches of linguistics
Pronunciation