Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Leith is a place in Scotland, within the city of Edinburgh. It is a port.

Related pages
Leith Athletic F.C.

Other websites
Leith 

Edinburgh
Port cities and towns of Scotland
The Mount Cole State Forest is in western Victoria, Australia, near the town of Beaufort. The forest is around Mount Cole, which formed 390 million years ago. The Indigenous Australians, the Beeripmo balug people, called it Bereep-bereep, which means wild. The forest covers an area of 12,150 hectares, including the forest around Mount Lonarch.

The forest is on a plateau which is above grassy plains. The plateau is about 760 metres above sea level. High peaks in the forest include Mount Buangor (1,090 metres), Mount Cole (899 metres) and Ben Nevis (877 metres).

The main trees in the southern part of the forest are Messmate (Eucalyptus oblique), Manna Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), and Blue Gums (Eucalyptus st johnii). In the north, which is drier, there are Yellow Box (Eucalyptus melliodora), and Red Stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorryncha). There is also the rare Mount Cole Grevillea, Grevillea montis-cole. On the high peaks there are groups of Snow Gums (Eucalyptus pauciflora).
There have been 130 different birds seen in the forest. Animals include kangaroos, wallabies, echidna, koalas and possums. In 1954, 160 koalas were set free in the forest to as part of a plan to re-establish the animals in Victorian forests. In the 19th century, deer were introduced and Sambar deer are still living in the wet gullies in the south of the forest.

Activities in the forest include camping, walking, four wheel driving, horse riding, and bird watching.

The purpose of the forest is to supply good quality hardwood logs for sawmills. The management plan for the forest also protects the water catchments of several creeks which supply water to nearby towns.

Mount Buangor State Park
An area of 1,940 hectares, the Mount Buangor State Park, was protected from logging in 1973. This park includes the waterfalls on Middle Creek, and the large rock faces and caves on Cave Hill.

References

Protected areas of Victoria (Australia)
Forests of Australia
A royal forest is an area of land with various meanings, but basically it is woodland once owned by monarchs.  

In Anglo-Saxon England, the kings were great huntsmen but they never set aside areas forbidden to other users.  Historians find no evidence of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs (c.500 to 1066) creating forests. 

However, under the Norman kings (after 1066), no hunting was allowed on Royal lands except by authority of the King. The law was designed to protect the venison and the vert, the "noble" animals of the chase – notably red and fallow deer, the roe, and the wild boar – and the greenery which sustained them.
Royal forests were designed as hunting areas reserved for the monarch or (by invitation) the aristocracy. The concept was introduced by the Normans to England in the 11th century, and in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, one-third of the land area of southern England was designated as royal forest. At one stage in the 12th century, all of Essex was afforested, and on his accession Henry II declared all of Huntingdonshire to be royal forest.

Afforestation, in particular the creation of the New Forest, figured large in the folk history of the "Norman Yoke": 
"the picture of prosperous settlements disrupted, houses burned, peasants evicted, all to serve the pleasure of the foreign tyrant, is a familiar element in the English national story .... The extent and intensity of hardship and of depopulation have been exaggerated".
Forest law prescribed harsh punishment for anyone who committed any offence within the forests. Killing game was a capital offence. By the mid-17th century, enforcement of this law died out, but many English woodlands still bear the title Royal Forest. The practice of reserving areas of land for the sole use of the aristocracy was common throughout Europe during the mediaeval period. 

Royal forests usually included large areas of heath, grassland and wetland – anywhere that supported deer and other game. In addition, when an area was designated forest, any villages, towns and fields that lay within it were also subject to forest law. Local inhabitants were restricted in the use of land they had previously relied on for their livelihood. However, common rights were not extinguished, but merely restricted.

References 

Forests of Europe
History of Europe
Lapiș Forest () is a forest in northwestern Romania. It is near the village of Nușfalău, which is about 9 km from Șimleu Silvaniei. It was declared a natural protected area by the Government Decision No. 2151 in 2004 (publishied in Romanian Official Paper Number 152 on April 12, 2005)

References 

Forests of Europe
Geography of Romania
The Hürtgen forest (also: Huertgen Forest; ) is along the border between Belgium and Germany. The forest is in the southwest corner of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The Rur River runs along the eastern edge of the forest.

During World War II, the U.S. and German armies took part in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. In 1998, HBO made When Trumpets Fade, which is a movie about the battle.

Forests of Germany
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
The Zitter Forest () is found in the Eifel region in the German district of Euskirchen (North Rhine-Westphalia) and in the Belgian province of Liège (Wallonia). Its highest point is 692 m above sea level. It is part of the Hohes Venn – Eifel Nature Park.

The Zitter Forest is one of the last habitats of the wildcat in Germany.

Forests of Belgium
Forests of Germany
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Liège (province)
Wallonia
The New Forest is an area of southern England. It includes one of the largest remaining pieces of open pasture land, heathland and forest in the heavily-populated south East of England. It covers south-west Hampshire and extends into south-eastern Wiltshire and towards easter, Dorset.

The name also refers to the New Forest National Park, which has similar boundaries. The New Forest District is a subdivision of Hampshire that covers most of the forest. There are many villages dotted around the area, and several small towns in the forest and around its edges.

History

The New Forest was created as a royal forest by King William I in about 1079 for the royal hunt, mainly of deer. It was created at the expense of more than 20 small hamlets and isolated farmsteads and so it was "new" at the time as a single compact area.
It was first recorded as "Nova Foresta" in Domesday Book in 1086. It is the only forest that the book describes in detail. "Probably no action of the early Norman kings is more notorious than their creation of the New Forest".

Two of William's sons died in the Forest: Prince Richard in 1081 and William II in 1100. Local folklore asserted that it was punishment for the crimes that William had committed when he created the New Forest. A 17th-century writer provides detail:
The common rights were confirmed by statute in 1698. The New Forest became a source of timber for the Royal Navy, and plantations were created in the 18th century for that purpose. During the Great Storm of 1703, about 4000 oak trees were lost. The naval plantations affected the rights of the commoners, but the Forest gained new protection under an Act of Parliament in 1877.

Modern era 
The New Forest Act 1877 confirmed the historic rights of the commoners and prohibited the enclosure of more than  at any time. It also reconstituted the Court of Verderers as representatives of the Commoners, rather than the Crown. The felling of broadleaved trees and their replacement by conifers began during the First World War to meet the wartime demand for wood. Further encroachments were made during the Second World War. This process is being reversed in places, with some plantations being returned to heathland or broadleaved woodland, but Rhododendron remains a problem.
As of 2005, roughly 90% of the New Forest is still owned by the Crown, whose lands have been managed by the Forestry Commission since 1923 andnow fall mostly inside the new National Park.

Further New Forest Acts followed in 1949, 1964 and 1970. The New Forest became an Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1971 and was made the New Forest Heritage Area in 1985, with more planning controls added in 1992. The New Forest was proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in June 1999 and became a national park in 2005.

Common rights 

The purpose of forest laws was to preserve the New Forest as a place for royal deer hunting, and interference with the King's deer and its forage was punished. The inhabitants of the area (commoners) had pre-existing rights of common.
The rights were to bring horses and cattle (but only rarely sheep) to the forest to graze (common pasture), to gather fuel wood, to cut peat for fuel, to dig clay (marl), and to turn out pigs between September and November to eat fallen acorns and beechnuts (pannage or mast).

Grazing and pannage are still important to the Forest's ecology. Pigs can eat acorns without a problem, whereas to ponies and cattle large numbers of acorns can be poisonous. Pannage always lasts 60 days, but the start date varies according to the weather and when the acorns fall. The Verderers decide when pannage will start each year. At other times, the pigs must be taken in and kept on the owner's land, with the exception that pregnant sows, known as privileged sows, are always allowed out, providing they are not a nuisance and return to the Commoner's holding at night. Commoners must have backup land outside the Forest to hold these depastured animals if necessary.
Commons rights used to be attached to particular plots of land or to particular hearths. Grazing of commoners' ponies and cattle is an essential part of the management of the gorest and helps to keep the heathland, bog, grassland and wood-pasture habitats and their wildlife in good shape. The ancient practice came under pressure, as the rising house prices in the area stopped local commoning families from moving into new homes, which have the rights attached. That meant that the next generation could not become commoners until their parents passed on the house and rights.

Those rights are now dissasociated. Efforts by the New Forest Commoners Defence Association, Verderers and associated bodies mean there is a burgeoning economy in the New Forest and a chance for some commoners to earn well above the minimum wage and additional help for their farming interests. That will help the commoners continue to preserve the Forest.

References
References  

Forests of the United Kingdom
South East England
National parks in the United Kingdom
1079 establishments
High Wood () is a small forest near Bazentin le Petit in the Somme département of northern France. The Battle of the Somme took place there. The French name for the wood was Bois des Foureaux (now called Bois des Fourcaux) but to the British who fought there, it was known as High Wood.

Forests of France
Somme
Natural England is a quango, a public body funded by government. It is responsible for protecting and preserving England's natural environment. This includes the land, flora and fauna, freshwater and marine environments, geology and soils. It also has a responsibility to help people enjoy, understand and access the natural environment.

Natural England work aims for:
 a healthy natural environment
 enjoyment of the natural environment
 sustainable use of the natural environment
 a secure environmental future

Note 

2006 establishments in the United Kingdom
Conservation organisations of the United Kingdom
Sclerophyll is a type of vegetation which has hard leaves and short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem). The word comes from the Greek sclero (hard) and phyllon (leaf). 

Sclerophyllous plants occur in many parts of the world. They are shaped by a Mediterranean climate, with mild, wet winters and long hot dry summers. Wildfires often occur. These conditions feature summer drought-tolerant plants with hard sclerophyllous evergreen leaves,

This kind of climate occurs in: 
The Americas, in the chaparral biomes
Californian woodlands 
Chilean Matorral 
Australia, this type of biome occurs throughout western (Perth), eastern (Sydney) and southern (Adelaide) areas. 
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome that cover the Mediterranean Basin
Cape Province of South Africa.

References 

Botany
Chelsea Elizabeth Manning, (born Bradley Edward Manning; December 17, 1987) is a United States Army soldier who was diagnosed with gender identity disorder while in the Army. After Adrian Lamo exposed Manning leaking secret government files to WikiLeaks in 2011, readers of The Guardian chose her as 2012's person of the year. 

On 21 August 2013 Manning was sentenced to 35 years in prison, but was released on 17 May 2017 by order of President Barack Obama on 17 January 2017.

On January 11, 2018, Manning announced plans to run for the U.S. Senate in Maryland to challenge the state's senior senator, two-term incumbent Ben Cardin, as a Democrat in the June 26, 2018 primary election. She lost the primary election to Cardin.

On March 8, 2019, Manning was held in contempt of court by a United States District Court judge for refusing to testify to a federal grand jury investigating WikiLeaks and except for a brief period of release between May 9 and May 16 has been jailed continuously.
On March 11, 2020, Manning tried to commit suicide in the federal detention center in Alexandria, Virginia.

Early life
Manning was born in Crescent, Oklahoma.

References

1987 births
Living people
American criminals
Military people from Oklahoma
American prisoners
LGBT military people
American LGBT politicians
LGBT people from Oklahoma
Politicians from Oklahoma
Politicians from Maryland
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Transgender people
Charnwood Forest is an area in north-western Leicestershire, England, near Leicester, Loughborough, and Coalville.

Although called a forest, it is extremely varied, with many different areas. It has 45 sites of geological or wildlife interest. Above all, it is the only site in Europe where the Ediacaran fossil Charnia is found.

The area has some extensive tracts of woodland. It is undulating, rocky and picturesque, with barren areas. It is generally 600 ft (180 m) and upwards. On its western side is an abandoned coalfield, with Coalville and other former mining villages. This is now being regenerated and replanted as part of the National Forest. The M1 motorway cuts through Charnwood Forest.

The hard stone of Charnwood Forest has been quarried for centuries, and was a source of grind-stones. The granite quarries are of national importance and supply crushed stone ("aggregate") to much of southern Britain.
Charnwood Forest includes a National Nature Reserve (NNR), 19 SSSIs, four geological conservation sites of international importance, and another six conservation sites, 13 Regionally Important Geological Sites (RIGS), five local nature reserves (LNRs), and seven Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust (LRWT) nature reserves.

The Forest is an important recreational area with woodland walks, noted for their displays of bluebells in the early spring. Rockclimbing and walking are popular.

References 

Forests of the United Kingdom
Leicestershire
James Neil Hamilton (September 9, 1899 – September 24, 1984) was an American actor. He is known for his role as Commissioner Gordon in Batman. During the 1920s he was a minor leading man to major stars.

Hamilton was born on September 9, 1899 in Lynn, Massachusetts. He was married to Elsa Whitmer from 1922 until his death in 1984. They had one child. He is a distant cousin of Margaret Hamilton. Hamilton died on September 24, 1984 in Escondido, California from an asthma attack, aged 85.

Other websites

1966 Batman TV Heroes – Neil Hamilton
1941 They Meet Again – Neil Hamilton as Governor John C. North – at Internet Archive
Photographs of Neil Hamilton

Hamilton's passport photo, 1924, creepy!

1899 births
1984 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Massachusetts
Deaths from asthma
People from Lynn, Massachusetts
Alan William Napier-Clavering (7 January 1903 – 8 August 1988) was an English-American actor. He is best known for his role as Alfred the butler in the 1960s live-action Batman television series.

Napier was born on 7 January 1903 in King's Norton, Worcestershire, England. His cousin was Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. Napier studied at Clifton College and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

He was married to Emily Nancy Bevill Pethybridge from 1930 until they divorced in 1944. He was married to Aileen Dickens Hawksley from 1944 until her death in 1961. Aileen was the granddaughter of Charles Dickens. Napier was a close friend of actor Michael Gough.

Napier died on 8 August 1988 in Santa Monica, California from a stroke, aged 85.

References

Other websites

1903 births
1988 deaths
Actors from Worcestershire
Deaths from stroke
English movie actors
English radio actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Cratfield is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 299 people living in Cratfield. Cratfield has a church called St Mary.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal
Culpho is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 44 people living in Culpho. Culpho is pronounced Cull-Foe.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal
Stafford Alois Repp' (April 26, 1918 – November 5, 1974) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Police Chief O'Hara in the 1960s television series Batman.

Repp was born on April 26, 1918 in San Francisco, California. He studied at Lowell High School. 

Repp was married four times in which three of them ended in divorce. His last marriage to Sharon D. Currier would last until his death. 

Repp died on November 5, 1974 in Inglewood, California from a heart attack, aged 56. After his death, his sister, a television writer, created the Stafford Repp Memorial Scholarship for alumni of his alma mater, Lowell High School.

Other websites
 
 

1918 births
1974 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from San Francisco
William Dozier (February 13, 1908 – April 23, 1991) was an American movie and television producer and actor. He is probably best known for being the narrator and creator of the 1960s Batman television series Batman. 

Dozier was born on February 13, 1908 in Omaha, Nebraska. 

He was briefly married to Katharine Foley from 1929 until they divorced months later. Then he was married to Joan Fontaine from 1946 until they divorced in 1951. Then he was married to Ann Rutherford from 1953 until his death in 1991. 

Dozier died on April 23, 1991 from a stroke in Santa Monica, California, aged 83.

Other websites
 
 

1908 births
1991 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie producers
American television producers
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
Byron Keith (November 17, 1917 – January 19, 1996) was an American actor. 

He made his movie debut in the 1946 Orson Welles thriller The Stranger and appeared mostly in supporting character roles in movie and television productions. 

He is best known for his recurring part as Gotham City's Mayor Linseed on the 1960s television series Batman.

Keith was born on November 17, 1917 in El Paso, Illinois. His career began in 1946 until his retirement in 1970. Keith died on January 19, 1996 from a heart attack in his Los Angeles, California home, aged 78.

References

Other websites

1917 births
1996 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Illinois
Madge Cummings Blake (May 31, 1899 – June 19, 1969) was an American character actress. 

She was best remembered for her roles as Margaret Mondello in Leave It to Beaver, as Flora MacMichael in The Real McCoys, and as Aunt Harriet in the first two seasons in Batman. She also played Dora Bailey in the opening scene of the 1952 movie Singing in the Rain.

Blake was born on May 31, 1899 in Kinsley, Kansas. Her uncle was actor Milburn Stone. Blake died on June 19, 1969 in Pasadena, California from a heart attack, aged 70.

Other websites
 
 
 1966 Batman TV Heroes - Madge Blake

1899 births
1969 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Kansas
Yvonne Joyce Craig (May 16, 1937 – August 17, 2015) was an American ballet dancer and actress.

She is best known for her role as Batgirl from the 1960s TV series Batman and as the Orion Marta in the Star Trek: The Original Series.

Craig was born on May 16, 1937 in Taylorville, Illinois. She was raised in Columbus, Ohio.

Craig was married to Jimmy Boyd from 1960 until they divorced in 1962. She was married to Kenneth Aldrich from 1988 until she died.

Craig died of breast cancer at her home in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, aged 78.

References

Other websites 
 
Yvonne Craig's Official Personal Home Page
Ty's Yvonne Craig Homepage 
MSN Entertainment – Yvonne Craig 

 Yvonne Craig  at TV.com
Bat-Bios – Yvonne Craig
Yvonne Craig as Batgirl
Yvonne Craig Interview at Elvis2001.net
1937 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Illinois
Actors from Columbus, Ohio
American dancers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Ballerinas
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from breast cancer
Dallinghoo is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 168 people living in Dallinghoo. Dallinghoo has a church called St Mary.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal
Bluebells are a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, Hyacinthoides.

Bluebells are famous as indicator species (markers) for ancient woodland, where they carpet the forest floor in springtime. They grow in shade rather than in sunny areas.

Hyacinthoides is differentiated by the presence of two bracts at the base of each flower, rather than one bract per flower or no bracts in other closely-related genera.

Species
According to the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , the genus contains 11 species and one interspecific hybrid. Most species are distributed around the Mediterranean Basin, with only one species in northwestern Europe.

References

Other websites

Asparagales
The World's End is a 2013 British-American-Japanese science-fiction comedy movie directed by Edgar Wright. It stars Simon Pegg, Nick Frost, Paddy Considine, Martin Freeman, and Eddie Marsan. 

It is the third in the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy, following Shaun of the Dead (2004) and Hot Fuzz (2007). It was released on 19 July 2013 in the United Kingdom and on 23 August 2013 in the United States. It received positive reviews.

2013 comedy movies
2013 science fiction movies
British comedy movies
British science fiction movies
American comedy movies
American science fiction movies
Japanese comedy movies
Japanese science fiction movies
Apocalyptic movies
Post-apocalyptic movies
Dystopian movies
Movies directed by Edgar Wright
Darsham is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 291 people living in Darsham. Darsham is half way between Ipswich and Lowestoft. Darsham has a church called All Saints.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal
The Chã das Calderas ("Plain of the calderas"), sometimes abbreviated Chã ("Plain"), is a caldera on the island of Fogo, Cape Verde. With a diameter of  and open to the east, it is surrounded on the west by the bordeira, a mountainous wall which rises to . It was made by the eruption of Monte Armarelo, which was replaced by the smaller Pico do Fogo.

Geography

The Chã das Caldeiras is in southwestern Cape Verde and occupies the north-east of the island of Fogo. It is shared between the municipalities of Mosteiros to the north and Santa Catarina do Fogo to the south.

A little more of a thousand people live permanently inside the caldera, in the small towns of Bangaeira and Portela; these towns are at about , where sometimes the temperature gets to . Part of the National Park of Fogo, it is one of the main tourist destinations of Cape Verde. It is accessed by a single central road  long from São Filipe.
The vegetation is sparse but several endemic plants  nevertheless grow there, especially Echium vulcanorum () and Erysimum caboverdeanum () that can not be found anywhere else. Others are Sarcostemma daltonii (), Verbascum cystolithicum (), Lavandula rotundifolia () ou Euphorbia tuckeyana ().

Economy
Where land is not covered by lava, farmers grow fruit trees, grains and vineyards. A cooperative produces a local wine, the manecon, which is not send to other countries.

Infrastructure
A school had 158 students in 2010. The village of Portela has two churches, one Catholic and one Adventist.

In 2012 there was no electricity in the villages of Bangaeira and Portela but the connection is expected in 2016.

References

Other websites

 Fogo, Cape Verde Islands at NASA Earth Observatory

Calderas
Volcanoes of Africa
Geography of Cape Verde
Dennington is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 554 people living in Dennington. Dennington lies along the A1120. Dennington has a church called St Mary.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal
Earl Soham is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 426 people living in Earl Soham.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal
Easton is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 320 people living in Easton. Easton is 2 and a half miles away from Wickham Market and 5 miles away from Framlingham.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal
Oil sands, or tar sands are an unconventional source of petroleum. The oil sands are a mixture of sand, clay and water in a dense and extremely sticky form of petroleum called bitumen.

Natural bitumen is found in many countries, with the largest quantities in Canada, Kazakhstan and Russia. 

The worldwide deposits may be over two trillion barrels (320 billion cubic metres). These estimates include deposits that have not yet been discovered. Around 70% of all known reserves are in Canada.

Oil produced from bitumen sands is often said to be unconventional oil. The production process takes energy, so the net energy gain is smaller than traditional oil. Making liquid fuels from oil sands makes 12 percent more greenhouse gases per barrel of oil than traditional oil. Oil sands have only recently been needed. Higher prices allow this more expensive type of oil production to sell.

Environmental issues
Getting the oil sands off the ground often destroys large areas of land. Much water is used to separate the oil from the sand and then left polluted. Carbon dioxide and other emissions from the extraction process are polluting the air.
The environmental destruction caused by oil sand extraction is criticized by environmental groups such as Greenpeace, The Climate Reality Project, 350.org, MoveOn.org, the Sierra Club and the Energy Action Coalition.

In 2012 the European Union (EU) said that it may declare oil sands oil as "highly polluting".  This caused stress between the EU and Canada.

Related pages
 Petroleum industry
 Shale gas

References 

Geology
Oils
Fossil fuels
350.org is an international environmental organization. It was started by author Bill McKibben, with the goal of building a global grassroots movement to fight against global warming and the  of global warming. However the main goal is to lower the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in order to avoid climate change problems.

The name 350.org comes the research of scientist Dr. James Hansen. He wrote in a scientific paper in 2007 that the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere should not be higher than 350 parts-per-million (ppm). According to scientific research this is a safe maximum to avoid a climate tipping point.

Membership
350.org works with over 300 other organizations around the world. It has had people supporting the organization as "messengers". Among them are Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Alex Steffen, Bianca Jagger and David Suzuki.  Van Jones and Gus Speth are on 350's U.S. Advisory Council.  350.org has a Board of Directors.

Projects
Projects

Keystone XL pipeline
350.org is strongly against the Keystone XL pipeline project. The pipeline is currently being built to transport tar sand oil from Canada through the United States to oil refineries in the Gulf of Mexico. NASA climatologist James Hansen described the Keystone XL pipeline as "game over" for the planet, and called the amount of carbon stored in Canadian tar sands a "fuse to the largest carbon bomb on the planet".

Fossil Fuel Divestment
350.org wants colleges and universities, as well as cities, religious institutions, and pension funds to withdraw their investments from fossil fuel companies. They propose the money should rather be invested in sustainable companies.

Do The Math: The Movie
The Do The Math movie is a 42-minute documentary about the movement, the science behind the climate crisis and how to end the age of fossil fuels.
Connect the Dots 5.May.2012
The organization's efforts continued into 2012 with a Climate Impacts Day on May 5th of worldwide series of rallies under the slogan "Connect the Dots," to draw attention to the links between climate change and extreme weather.

People's Climate March
350 helped helped organize the People's Climate March, which took place on September 21, 2014.

Related pages
 Greenpeace
 World Wildlife Fund 
 IPCC
 Climate change

References

Other websites

350.org
Photos of 350.org activities on Flickr.
Check the current level of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere

International environmental organizations
Non-profit organizations of the United States‎
Fulk V (1092–1143), called "le Jeune" (the younger), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1109 to 1129. He was the Count of Maine (jure uxoris) 1110–1129. Fulk was a crusader, Knight Templar and was the King of Jerusalem (jure uxoris) from 1131 to his death.

Early career
Early career 

Fulk le Jeune, born in 1092, was the younger son of Fulk IV le Réchin and his fifth wife Bertrade de Montfort. She was the daughter of Simon de Montfort, Count de Montfort l'Amaury. As an infant he was probably taken with his mother to be raised at the French court. He was at the French court in 1106 when the news arrived of his half-brother, Geoffrey IV, Count of Anjou's death. King Philip I then made his step-son, Fulk V, the Count of Anjou. The French king then made Duke William of Aquitaine Fulk's guardian as Fulk was not yet old enough to rule on his own. However the duke put Fulk in prison. Nothing the king or queen threatened could get Duke William to release the boy. After a year his father, Fulk le Réchin finally paid the duke a ransom of several towns on the border with Poitou. Fulk le Réchin died two years later on April 14, 1109. Fulk V "je June" succeeded his father as the count of Anjou.

Count of Anjou and Maine
In 1116 Louis IV raided into Normandy again. Louis had supported Henry I's nephew, William Clito as the Duke of Normandy. By 1117 King Louis IV of France, Count Baldwin VII of Flanders and Fulk V of Anjou were all supporting William Clito against Henry I of England. The next summer Henry I returned to Normandy and the war began. Fulk V defeated Henry I at La Motte-Gautier on the border of Maine. In October 1118 Fulk V again defeated Henry I at Alençon. Finally, after a series of defeats Henry I made peace with Fulk V. They sealed their truce by allowing the marriage of Fulk's daughter Matilda with Henry's son William William Adelin. Fulk V gave Maine as a dowry for his daughter Matilda. In 1120 Fulk V then made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He spent a year at Jerusalem. According to Orderic Vitalis he joined the Knights Templar. When he returned to Anjou Fulk left 100 knights behind for a year to help defend the Kingdom. He continued to pay the Templars a substantial yearly donation for the rest of his life
In 1131, on the death of Baldwin II of Jerusalem, Fulk was crowned king. Melisende was crowned Queen at the same time. But from the beginning of their rule Fulk attempted to ruled alone. He tried to keep Melisende from having an active part in ruling Jerusalem. Fulk began replacing governors and counsellors with his own followers from Anjou. Many had served several of the Kings of Jerusalem. Their loss of favor with the new king caused a great deal of resentment. Between 1133 and 1134 a revolt started among the nobility of Jerusalem led by count Count Hugh II of Jaffa's. Fulk called on Count Hugh to appear before him but Hugh refused. Fulk then took away Hugh's fief of Jaffa's. Hugh was angry and joined with their enemies the Fatimid Egyptians. But his followers left Hugh and came back to King Fulk. Hugh next submitted to King Fulk and was exiled for three years. The revolt was broken. During the revolt however, the Seljuks of Damascus were able to take back Banyas
. But Fulk realized he could not exclude Melisende and from then on allowed her to share in ruling the kingdom.
In 1137 while the Christians and Muslims were engaged with each other a new force was entering the area. John, the Byzantine Emperor was moving against Antioch. He decided to take back the city and began attacking the walls. Too powerful for Fulk to deal with he decided to surrender Antioch to the Emperor. The Prince of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, had to surrender to the Emperor in person. Then, with the Byzantine flag above the city and Raymond still the Prince, the Emperor returned to Constantinople. Fulk, the King of Jerusalem, lost his control over Antioch.

On 10 November 1143 Fulk died in a hunting accident falling from his horse. After Fulk's death Melisende took control of Jerusalem. She ruled as queen and as regent for their oldest son Baldwin III.

Family
Family 

In 1110, Fulk married Ermengarde of Maine († 1126), the daughter of Elias I of Maine. Together they had:
 Geoffrey V (1113–1151), succeeded his father as count of Anjou.
 Elias II († 1151), succeeded his father as the count of Maine.
 Sibylla (1112–1165), married first William Clito. She married second Thierry, Count of Flanders.
 Matilda († 1154), married William Adelin. As his widow she became a nun and later abbess at Fontevraud Abbey.

His second wife was Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem, the daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Morphia of Melitene. Together they had:
 Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem.
 Amalric I, King of Jerusalem.

Notes

References 

1090s births
1143 deaths
Counts of Anjou
Crusaders
Kings and queens
Plot
In 2013, the Earth's cities are attacked by Kaiju, very large monsters who come from a portal on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. To battle them, the nations in the Pacific Rim build the Jaegars: very large robots piloted by two people whose brains are linked to the robots. This allows the pilots to control the robots using their mind, and the robots do the same actions that the pilots do. Although the Jaegars work well in killing the Kaiju, the attacks happen more often and are more powerful. By 2025, the governments of the Pacific Rim have ended the Jaegar project and build very large walls to protect humans from the Kaiju. Most of the film is set in this period, focusing on the war's later days.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 
 

2013 action movies
2013 science fiction movies
2010s American action movies
2010s American adventure movies
American science fiction movies
2010s English-language movies
2010s monster movies
Movies set in San Francisco
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Guillermo del Toro
Apocalyptic movies
Dystopian movies
The Fifth Estate is a 2013 drama-thriller movie based on the real life events of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. It stars Benedict Cumberbatch, Laura Linney, and Stanley Tucci. It was released on October 18, 2013 to negative reviews.

2013 movies
American drama movies
American thriller movies
Julia Ann "Julie" Harris (December 2, 1925 – August 24, 2013) was an American actress. She won five Tony Awards, three Emmy Awards and a Grammy Award, and was nominated for an Academy Award. 

In 1994, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She was a member of the American Theatre Hall of Fame and received the 2002 Special Lifetime Achievement Tony Award.

Harris was born on December 2, 1925 in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. She studied at University Liggett School. Harris was raised in Chatham, Massachusetts. 

Harris was married to Jay Julian from 1946 until they divorced in 1954. Then she was married to Manning Gurian from 1954 until they divorced in 1967. She was married to Walter Carroll from 1977 until they divorced in 1982. She had one son, Peter Gurian.

Harris died on August 24, 2013 in her home in West Chatham, Massachusetts from congestive heart failure, aged 87.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Julie Harris Documentary and Narration Work
 TonyAwards.com Interview with Julie Harris
1925 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Massachusetts
Actors from Michigan
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Emmy Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
People from Grosse Pointe, Michigan
Tony Award winning actors
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water  (also known as The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie 2: Sponge Out of Water) is a 2015 3D animated/live action superhero comedy movie based on Nickelodeon's SpongeBob SquarePants television series. It is preceded by The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie. It was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and Paramount Animation, and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was released theatrically on February 6, 2015.

The movie released February 6, 2015 on HD Digital. It was nominated in the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards for "Favorite Animated Movie", but lost to Disney's 54th feature film Big Hero 6.

Story
A diabolical pirate named Burger Beard (Antonio Banderas) above the sea steals the secret Krabby Patty formula.  SpongeBob (Tom Kenny), Patrick (Bill Fagerbakke), Mr. Krabs (Clancy Brown), Sandy (Carolyn Lawrence) and Squidward (Rodger Bumpass) must team up with Plankton (Mr. Lawrence) in order to get it back unbounce.

Cast
Cast

Tom Kenny as SpongeBob SquarePants/Invincibubble and Gary the Snail
Bill Fagerbakke as Patrick Star/Mr. Superawesomeness
Mr. Lawrence as Plankton/Plank-Ton
Clancy Brown as Mr. Krabs/Sir Pinch-A-Lot
Rodger Bumpass as Squidward Tentacles/Sour Note
Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks/The Rodent
Antonio Banderas as Burger-Beard the Pirate
Matt Berry as Bubbles the Dolphin
Paul Tibbitt as Kyle the Seagull
Nolan North as Pigeon Cabbie
Jill Talley as Karen
The seagulls' voices are provided by Tim Conway, Rick Gomez, Jess Harnell, Tara Strong, Maile Flanagan, Melissa Disney, Nika Futterman, Pamela Adlon, Kevin Michael Richardson, Russi Taylor, Billy West, Rob Paulsen, Carlos Alazraqui, Eddie Deezen, John Kassir, Cree Summer, April Stewart, Nolan North, and Eric Bauza.

References

Other websites
Other websites

English-language movies
Sequel movies
2015 animated movies
2015 comedy movies
American animated movies
American comedy movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian comedy movies
American movies
Canadian movies
Pirate movies
Movies based on TV series
Movies composed by John Debney
SpongeBob SquarePants movies
Most of the forest is fairly dry, with the main trees being box, peppermint and stringybark. In the south of the forest the climate is wetter, and manna gums, messmates and candlebark trees are common. In spring there are many wildflowers, including the Victorian floral emblem, Common or Pink Heath.

Animals in the forest include kangaroos, koalas and the rare Brush-tailed Phascogale.

References

Protected areas of Victoria (Australia)
Forests of Australia
The Creswick Regional Park, also known as the Creswick State Forest, is a large forest near the town of Creswick, in Victoria, Australia. It covers an area of 930 hectares. Much of the forest was heavily logged to supply timber to the gold mines in Ballarat and Creswick during the 1850s and 1860s. Many gold mining sites can be found in the forest.

St.Georges Lake is a man-made lake built to supply water for hydraulic sluicing. Eaton's Dam is another gold water supply. In 1942, students from the Creswick Forestry School fenced a small area of forest to create a breeding area for koalas. However the koalas were able to climb the fence, and the Koala Park was not successful.

A section of the Great Dividing Trail, the Wallaby Track, passes through the Creswick Regional Park. Some of it follows the water races built by the gold miners to supply water for their activities.

References

Protected areas of Victoria (Australia)
Forests of Australia
In mathematics and computer science the term Canonical form, or sometimes Normal form refers to the usual representation of a mathematical object. For example, the canonical form of a positive integer in decimal representation is a finite sequence of digits that does not begin with zero.

Mathematics has defined equivalence relations for some objects. These equivalence relations say that certain classes of objects are "equal". These objects then belong to the same equivalence class. In such a case, a canonical form consists in the choice of a specific object in each class. For example, row echelon form and Jordan normal form are canonical forms for matrices.

Mathematics
The Enfield State Park, also known as the Enfield State Forest, is a large forest reserve south of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. It covers an area of about 4,600 hectares. The Enfield State Park was once the site for gold mining, and there are many gold mining relics in the area. There was a Chinese settlement at Surface Point during the gold rush. There were temples, tearooms, gaming tents, herbalists and market gardens. People are still able to go searching for gold in the park. 

Timber from the forest was used for mining and building. There was a eucalyptus distillery at the town of Enfield, making eucalyptus oil.

There are also picnic areas and walking trails through the park.

The forest is an open dry forest, with messmates, peppermints, swamp gums, manna gums and the rare Yarra Gum. Over 100 bird species, and 22 native mammal species have been seen in the park.

References

Protected areas of Victoria (Australia)
Forests of Australia
Messmate is a common name for a group of Eucalyptus trees. They all have rough bark. It is not known where the name came from.

Species commonly known as "messmate" include:
 E. acmenoides (Yellow Messmate)
 E. cloeziana (Messmate, Gympie Messmate, Queensland Messmate, Yellow Messmate)
 E. exserta (Messmate, Yellow Messmate)
 E. macta (Red Messmate)
 E. obliqua (Messmate, Messmate Stringybark)
 E. resinifera (Red Messmate)
 E. robertsonii (Messmate, New South Wales Messmate)
 E. robusta (Swamp Messmate)
 E. tetradonta (Messmate)

References

Trees of Australia
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus viminalis, or Manna Gum, is also known as White Gum, Ribbon Gum or Viminalis. It is an Australian eucalypt.

It is a straight tree growing to about 40 metres tall. It has rough bark on the trunk and the larger branches. The bark on the upper part of the tree peels away in long "ribbons" which can collect on the branches and surrounding ground. The tree with the largest recorded diameter (324.7 cm) is at Woodbourne in Marlborough, New Zealand.

E. viminalis grows in the cooler areas of Australia where the leaves are the favoured food of Koalas. The sap has a 5–15% sugar content which makes it an essential food for tree dwelling marsupials like the Yellow-bellied Glider, and the Sugar Glider.

There are three subspecies:

E. viminalis subsp. viminalis – NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, Mount Lofty Range of South Australia
E. viminalis subsp. cygnetensis – western Victoria, southeastern South Australia
E. viminalis subsp. pryoriana – southern Victoria
Timber is a pale pink to pinkish brown colour, often with distinctive light grey streaks. The attractive light pink tones of this species and its easy workability mean it is often used to make furniture. It has low strength and durability which makes it unsuitable for structural use, however some is used for house framing.

It can grow in temperatures as low as  −15 degrees Celsius (+5 °F) or more making it suitable for planting in Europe.

References 

Trees of Australia
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus dives or broad-leaved peppermint is a small tree found in the temperate dry sclerophyll woodlands and forests of south-eastern Australia. The leaves have a strong peppermint smell.

Uses

The leaves have a high oil content, about 4.7% of the leaf fresh weight. When the oil is distilled it can be used to produce methanol. The major producing region is eastern Transvaal, South Africa, where it is grown in commercial plantations. The leaves have also been used as a flavouring in Australia, especially in brewed black Camellia sinensis 'billy tea'.

References 

 Boland, et al., Eucalyptus Leaf Oils - Use, Chemistry, Distillation and Marketing, .

Trees of Australia
Eucalyptus
Eyke is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 366 people living in Eyke. Eyke is on the A1152 road. Eyke has a church called All Saints.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal
Falkenham is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 180 people living in Falkenham. Falkenham shares a parish council with nearby Kirton. Falkenham has a church called St Ethelbert.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Suffolk Coastal
The Azerbaijani diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of ethnic Azerbaijanis living outside of places of their ethnic origin: Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. Of the total Azerbaijani population living worldwide which is estimated to be 30,000,000, only about 9,000,000 live in Azerbaijan and about 16,000,000 live in Iran.

Other websites 
 Azerbaijani Diaspora Population

 
Ethnic groups in Asia
The Ermenonville Forest () is a forest in Oise, France. On 3 March 1974, a Turkish Airlines flight crashed in the forest and in the commune of Fontaine-Chaalis. There is a memorial in the forest to the victims of that flight.

Forests of France
Oise
The Forest of Tronçais () is a French national forest. It is managed by the national office of forests. Its oaks were planted by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, minister of Louis XIV. They are one of the principal stands of oaks in Europe.

Forests of France
Allier
Numinbah Nature Reserve is part of the Mount Warning caldera, in the Border ranges of north eastern New South Wales in Australia. Mount Warning is a volcano that erupted more than 23 million years ago. The 892 hectare Reserve is part of the Shield Volcano Group of the World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia listed in 1986. It was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.  The park is also part of the Scenic Rim Important Bird Area. It is important in the conservation of several species of threatened birds.

Description
In New South Wales the Reserve is bounded by privately owned land. It includes an area of escarpment rising to over 1000 metres that is part of state border with Queensland. It is intended to be a place where the plants and animals are protected from humans, domestic animals and feral pests.

The vegetation is mostly sub-tropical rainforest with some wet sclerophyll forest.  The rare rainforest tree Springbrook leatherwood grows at Burrigan Point.

References
References

Other websites
NSWNPWS: Numinbah Nature Reserve 
Parks and Reserves of the Tweed Caldera Plan of Management (including 2020-12-19 Amendment)

Rainforests
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Protected areas of New South Wales
Forests of Australia