Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
. The remaining UN member states, including Israel, do not recognize the State of Palestine. The United Nations designates the claimed Palestinian territories as 'occupied' by Israel and accorded Palestine non-member observer state status in 2012. Palestine also has membership in the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and UNESCO.
Partially recognized states with de facto control over their territory 
  Abkhazia in Georgia is a self-declared and mostly functioning independent state. It is recognized by the Russian Federation, Nicaragua and Venezuela. The country  is located between the Caucasus and the Black Sea. It is recognized by the Georgian government as a part of northwestern Georgia. During the Soviet period, Abkhazia became a part of Georgia in 1931. It was an autonomous republic within Soviet Georgia. The Abkhazian Soviets said it was independent from Georgia in 1992. A short war was fought from 1992 through 1994. In June 1994, a ceasefire ended the fighting and left Abkhazia outside the control of Georgia's central government.
United Nations member states that are only partially recognized by the totality of the other UN members are not listed here. (For example, 39 countries do not recognize Israel.)
The Republic of China (R.O.C) controls only Taiwan and some of the islands of the Republic of China since losing the Chinese Civil War in 1949. It  lost most of its diplomatic recognition and UN seat to the People's Republic of China in October 25, 1971 by UN General Assembly Resolution 2758. It is now officially recognized by only 23 states. It has de facto (all but in name) relations with most countries through institutions such as the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices. (See political status of Taiwan).
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) was set up in northern Cyprus in 1975, following the intervention of the Turkish Army in 1974, in response to a coup d'état by the Greek junta aiming at "enosis". The TRNC declared independence in 1983 and it is recognised only by Turkey. A United Nations proposal to unify the two Cypriot states was accepted by the TRNC, but rejected in a referendum by the Greek Cypriot community, citing security concerns. Further attempts at reunification have thus far been unsuccessful.

  South Ossetia in Georgia is a self-declared and more or less functioning independent state with no international recognition from any other nation. After occupation of independent Georgia by Bolshevist Russia in 1921 it became the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within Soviet Georgia. It proclaimed independence from Georgia in 1991, and a ceasefire was declared in 1992.
Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan is (since 1991) a self-declared and more or less functioning independent state but is not recognised as independent.  It is internationally recognized as being part of Azerbaijan, but has an ethnic-Armenian majority.

More unrecognized states with de facto control over their territory 

  Somaliland (since 1991) is located in north west of Somalia.  In May of 1991, north western clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland that now includes five of the eighteen administrative regions of Somalia, corresponding to British Somali Coast Protectorate which is located between Ethiopia, Djibouti, Puntland and the Gulf of Aden. Three regions of north Somalia claimed by Somaliland, Sool, Sanaag and Cayn are disputed with neighbouring Puntland in the north east.
Transnistria (Pridnestrovie), also spelled Transdniestria, is the part of Moldova east of the river Dniester and (since 1990) a self-declared and more or less functioning independent state with no international recognition from any sovereign state. It has a majority Slavic population, as opposed to majority Moldovan which Moldova has. Also known as the Dniester Republic, this de facto state has its own police, army, and currency and functions outside of the jurisdiction of Moldova, however, there is no sign so far of it becoming an internationally recognized country.

Partially recognized states largely under military occupation
Western Sahara is a territory claimed and largely administered by Morocco since Spain abandoned the territory in 1976. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic controls the remainder of Western Sahara; it was proclaimed by the Front Polisario in 1976, is recognized by 46 UN member states, and a full member of the African Union. Sovereignty is unresolved and the United Nations is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue through the mission MINURSO. The UN-administered cease-fire has been in effect since September 1991. Western Sahara is on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.

Internationally administered territory with de facto recognition 
  Republic of Kosovo is recognized as an independent and sovereign country by 98 UN member states, including the U.S., 23 out of 28 EU members, etc. The International Court of Justice found that Kosovo's declaration of independence did not violate international law.
Europe 
 Banat Republic (proclaimed in 1918). Now part of Romania, Serbia, and Hungary.
 Baranya-Baja Republic (proclaimed in 1921). Now part of Hungary and Croatia.
 Carpatho-Ukraine (1939). Now part of Ukraine.
  Chechnya (1996-1999). Now controlled by Russian forces. See also Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
  Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945). Between 1945 and 1991, Croatia was a people's/socialist republic within Yugoslavia. Since 1991, Croatia is an independent country. Recognized since 1992.
   Irish Republic (1919-1922).  Now it is divided into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
  Finnish Socialist Workers Republic (1918)
 Free Derry (August 14 1969 to July 31 1972) Now it is part of Northern Ireland.
   Gagauzia (1990-1994). Now part of Moldova.
   Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (1992-1994). Now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  Lajtabansag State (1921). Now part of Austria.
  Limerick Soviet (1919). Now part of Republic of Ireland.
Montenegro (1941-1944). Formerly in union with Republic of Serbia in Serbia and Montenegro.
 Serbia (1941-1944). Formerly in union with Republic of Montenegro in Serbia and Montenegro. 
   Republic of Serbian Frontier (1991-1995). Now part of Croatia.
  Slovakia (1939-1945). Between 1945 and 1993, Slovakia was part of Czechoslovakia. Since 1993, Slovakia is an independent country.
  Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995). Now one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918). Now part of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro.
 Republic of Užice (1941). Now part of Serbia and Montenegro.
 Republic of West Bosnia (1993-1995). Now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Sealand
Asia 
  Kachin State is the northernmost state of Myanmar, controlled since 1962 by the Kachin Independence Organization but not diplomatically recognized by any country.  In 1994, KIO and the Union of Myanmar agreed to formalize the status quo by creating the "Kachin State Special Region 1", officially still a part of the Union of Myanmar but de facto controlled by KIO.
  "Wa State" is a de facto autonomous state within the Union of Burma. The Burmese government cannot control the region since independence. The ruling party calls itself "Wa State People's Government'. The Burmese government recognizes this state as part of the Shan State and officially uses "Wa Autonomous Division" and sometimes "Shan State Special Region 2".
  Kurdish Autonomous Region (1991-2003). A de facto independent state in Northern Iraq. Now part of the Kurdish autonomous region.
  Manchukuo (1932-1945). Out of 80 then existing nations 23 recognized the new state. Now part of the People's Republic of China.
Tatarstan (1990 -1994). Now part of Russia
  Tuva (1921-1944). Now part of Russia
 Nakhichevan (1990). Now part of Azerbaijan.
 Talysh-Mugan Republic (proclaimed in 1993).  Now part of Azerbaijan.
 Tamil Eelam (1983-2009).  A part of Sri Lanka. For about 20 years the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam maintained a de facto state in the North and East of Sri Lanka until their defeat in 2009.
Africa 
 Anjouan (1997-2002). Now part of Comoros.
  Biafra controlled territory in eastern Nigeria between the time of its secession in May 1967 until its final military collapse in January 1970.  It was recognized by 12 nations.
 Katanga controlled the state of the same name within the former Belgian Congo after decolonisation, between 1960 and 1964.
  Mohéli (1997-1998). Now part of Comoros.
 Rhodesia. British Colony that unilaterally declared independence in 1965.  This action was not legally recognized by any other nation, nor the declaration of Rhodesia as a republic in 1970.  This entity remained until 1979, when it became Zimbabwe-Rhodesia.
 Zimbabwe-Rhodesia. Formed in 1979 after negotiations between white minority government and moderate black leaders. Existed 1 June to 12 December 1979, when it became the colony of South Rhodesia again. In 1980 it became the Republic of Zimbabwe.

 South African Homelands 
Created by the Republic of South Africa from its own territory
Bophuthatswana (1977-1994).  Former Thuisland formed and only recognized by South Africa, Transkei, Ciskei, and Venda.  Now part of South Africa.
 Ciskei (1981-1994). Former Thuisland formed and only recognized by South Africa, Bophuthatswana, Transkei, and Venda.  Now part of South Africa.
 Transkei (1976-1994). Former Thuisland formed and only recognized by South Africa, Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, and Venda.  Now part of South Africa.
  Venda (1979-1994). Former Thuisland formed and only recognized by South Africa, Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, and Transkei.  Now part of South Africa.
Americas 
 Independent State of Acre (1899-1903). Now part of Brazil.
 California Republic (1846-1848). Now part of the United States of America.
 Confederate States of America (1861-1865). Originally formed on February 4, 1861 by seven Southern slave states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, and Louisiana) after confirmation of the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States. Jefferson Davis was selected as its first President the next day. After the American Civil War began, the states of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina joined. Recognized diplomatically only by Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though recognized by some nations as a "belligerent power". Now part of the United States of America.
  Republic of Hawaii (1894-1898). Now part of the United States of America.
  Republic of Texas (1836-1845).  Five nations recognized this entity. Now part of the United States of America.
 Vermont Republic (1771-1791). Now part of the United States of America.
Piratini Republic (1836-1845). Today's Rio Grande do Sul, part of Brazil.
  Republic of the Rio Grande 1840. Now part of the United States.
  Republic of the Yucatán 1841-1843. Short-lived separatist state; reintegrated into Mexico.
 Republic of Canada (1837-1838). Now part of Canada.
Oceania 
 Bougainville (Republic of North Solomons) (1990-1997). Signed a peace deal with Papua New Guinea giving the island autonomy pending an independence referendum within a decade.
  Rotuma (1987-1988).  This Polynesian-inhabited island which is administered by (Melanesian) Fiji declared its independence from Fiji by separatists after the military coups in Fiji in 1987.
 (Kanaky). The Nouméa Accords of 1998 postponed a referendum on independence until after 2014.

 Historic unrecognized or partially recognized governments with de facto control over their territory 
These regimes had control over the territory of a country for which most other states recognized a different government as being the legitimate government:
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996-2001). Only three states recognized this entity while the Taliban controlled it. See: History of Afghanistan.
   People's Republic of Kampuchea''' (1979-1989).  Set up by the Vietnamese after their invasion and rout of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.  Only a few Soviet-Bloc nations recognized this entity, while the UN, China, and most other nations recognized the Khmer Rouge's Democratic Kampuchea government. Succeeded by the State of Cambodia, then the Kingdom of Cambodia.

Related pages
 List of countries

References 

Lists of countries
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty of passing an electric current through a substance. It explains the relationship between voltage and the current.  With more resistance in a circuit, less electricity will flow through the circuit. The inverse of resistance is conductance, a measure not much used. All objects have some resistance, except superconductors. 

Resistance, discovered by Georg Simon Ohm in 1827, is the ratio between voltage and current. Ohm's law said that the voltage between any two points in a conductor changes directly as the current between the two points, given the temperature remains the same.  He described it with the equation:

which models the ratio, where: 
 is the resistance of the object, measured in ohms (Ω)
 is the voltage across the object, measured in volts (V)
 is the current going through the object, measured in amperes (A)
Calculating resistance 
A long and thin wire has more resistance than a short and thick one. A simple analogy is a road - the more lanes there are, the more cars can go through. The resistance  of a wire with a constant width, therefore, can be calculated as:

where  is the length of the conductor, measured in meters [m],  is the cross-sectional area of the conductor measured in square meters [m²], and  (Greek: rho) is the electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance) of the material, measured in ohm-meters (Ω m).

Example:
Calculate the resistance of copper wire with a radius of 2mm and a length of 5 meters.

Solution:
The resistivity () of copper is  Ω m.
The cross sectional area () is  square meters
The length () is  meters

Because:

Applications 

Resistors are used in electrical circuits to provide electrical resistance. 

Electronics
Electricity
Electromagnetic induction is where a voltage or current is produced in a conductor by a changing magnetic flux.  It may happen when a magnet is moved in a solenoid, or when a solenoid is constantly moved in a stationary magnetic field, thus changing the magnetic flux.

Magnetic flux 

When a coiled wire is introduced near a magnet, the magnetic lines of force pass through the coil. This causes the magnetic flux to change.
Magnetic flux is represented by the symbol , therefore we can say that  = BAcos(a) and the resulting unit will be , where T is the unit for magnetic field and  is the unit for area.

The changing magnetic flux generates an electromotive force (EMF). This force moves free electrons in a certain way, which constitute a current.

Faraday's law 

Michael Faraday found that an electromotive force is generated when there is a change in magnetic flux in a conductor.

His laws state that:

where,

 is the electromotive force, measured in volts;

 is the change in magnetic flux, measured in webers;
is the change in time, measured in seconds.

In the case of a solenoid:

where,

N is the number of loops in the solenoid.

Lenz's law 
The negative sign in both equation above is a result of Lenz's law, named after Heinrich Lenz. His law states that the electromotive force (EMF) produces a current that opposes the motion of the changing magnetic flux.

Related pages 
Electromagnetism
Inductor
Transformer

Electromagnetism
The Proms are concerts which are part of a big music festival. “Proms” is short for “Promenade Concerts”. The Proms are organized by the BBC, so they are called the “BBC Proms”. They take place in the Royal Albert Hall, in London from mid-July to mid-September every year.

Why are they called “Proms”? 

The Proms started more than 100 years ago, in 1895. Concerts were expensive in those days, and not many people had enough money to go and hear good music. Most people were only able to hear good music when they went for walks in the London parks where there were Promenade concerts. Orchestras and bands played in bandstands. Most of the music was popular and easy to listen to. People could enjoy the music while they walked about.
In the centre of London there was a building called the Queen's Hall. A man called Robert Newman organized concerts there. He had an idea. He wanted to start a series of concerts which ordinary people (people who were not rich) could afford to go to. He wanted to start a series of “promenade concerts” (in French “se promener” means “to walk”). The idea was that people could have standing places which would not cost much money. There would also be seats for people who could afford to pay more.

The early years of the Proms 

Robert Newman knew a very good young conductor, Henry Wood. He asked him to be the conductor of the Proms. A man called Dr Cathcart gave them enough money to get an orchestra together. On 10 August 1895 the first Promenade Concert took place in the Queen’s Hall. The price of a promenade ticket (a ticket for a standing place) was one shilling.
The Promenade Concerts were a big success, and soon became known as the "Henry Wood Promenade Concerts". Wood conducted both popular music and the classical works of Mozart, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Tchaikovsky, Brahms and Wagner, as well as some English composers. Wallace and Cowan, popular then, have today faded from the scene, although Elgar and Delius have survived due to Wood's Proms. This broke the convention that famous composers, conductors and singers could not be  English.

Some of the music Wood conducted was very new indeed. In 1912 he conducted a piece called “Five Orchestral Pieces” by an Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951).  Its initial lack of appreciation was overcome by inviting Schoenberg to come to England and conduct it himself in 1914.
Henry Wood conducted almost all of the Proms for fifty years, until just before his death in 1944. His innovations with the orchestra staff were to abolish deputies (allegedly in 1904 when, at one rehearsal, none of the regular orchestra, and only deputies attended). Forty members of the orchestra were offended by that decision, and broke away to form what is now the London Symphony Orchestra. In 1913, Wood was also the first English conductor to appoint women to play in his orchestra.

The BBC 

In 1927 the BBC started to fund Proms. The radio was a new invention (then termed the “wireless”). Radio broadcasts increased interest in attending live concerts.  In 1930 the BBC Symphony Orchestra was formed, playing at a majority of Prom concerts.

The War and after
The War and after 

In 1941, during World War II, the Queen’s Hall was destroyed by bombs. The Proms continued to take place in the Royal Albert Hall. Then it became too dangerous in London and the Proms were held in Bristol and then Bedford. After the War the Proms went back to the Royal Albert Hall. They have been held there ever since. From the 1940s to the late 1960s the BBC Symphony Orchestra played at most of the concerts under the very popular conductor Sir Malcolm Sargent whose Last Night speeches became legendary for their wit.

The Proms today
The Proms today 

Today the Proms are very different from when they started. It is much more international. The BBC Symphony Orchestra play several concerts each season but there are lots of other orchestras from all over the world who come to play. People can hear different kinds of music at the Proms: not just classical music but jazz and music from far-away countries. In 2005 the famous Indian musician Ravi Shankar played the sitar at one of the Proms. In 2008 the violinist  Nigel Kennedy played the Violin Concerto by Edward Elgar with the BBC Concert Orchestra, then came back an hour later to give a Late Night Prom of jazz music with the Nigel Kennedy Quintet.
The Proms also include special activities for children. The television programme Blue Peter put on a Blue Peter Prom which is given twice during the weekend at the beginning of the school holidays in late July. In the 2007 season they organized a special Brass Day where children could take part with their instruments. BBC Music Intro put on workshops in the late afternoon for children and their families to learn about music. In 2008 there was a Dr Who prom which was extremely popular, especially with children.  This theme will be repeated in 2010.

Henry Wood encouraged composers to write new music by performing it at the Proms.  Today this tradition continues as the BBC often commission composers to write new music for the Proms.  Some pieces which had their first performance at the Proms have become very well-known, e.g. The Confession of Isobel Gowdie by James MacMillan (first performed in 1990), or John Tavener's The Protecting Veil (first performed in 1989).
For many years now every Prom has been broadcast live on BBC Radio 3. Some of them are shown on television, either on BBC2 or on BBC4 where viewers can, if they wish, read comments about the music as it is played. People can also listen to the Proms for several days afterwards on the Proms website.

The Last Night of the Proms
There is a Prom every night (i.e. every evening) for two months during the summer. The last concert is called the “Last Night of the Proms”. It is very famous and millions of people can watch it on television in lots of countries all over the world. Some people who go to the Last Night dress up in funny clothes and wave flags. They hear a piece of music called "Fantasia on British Sea Songs", written by Henry Wood in 1905. It is based on sailors' sea shanties including a 'hornpipe'. The dance that gets faster and faster and the audience clap along, trying to keep up with the orchestra. It includes the song Rule Britannia. The orchestra always play Edward Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March no 1 which has the tune Land of Hope and Glory. The concert finishes with Parry's hymn Jerusalem. The conductor also makes a speech.
Since 1996 there have been Proms in parks in other towns in the United Kingdom to which thousands of people can go. These all take place on the same night, and there is interactive communication between them and the Prom in the Royal Albert Hall.

How to go to the Proms
A ticket to promenade costs £5. People who want to be a promenader have to wait in a queue outside and buy their ticket as they go in. Anyone who wants to be near the front should join the queue early, especially for the very popular concerts, and at the weekend. Some people queue for hours. They pass the time by talking to one another, reading or playing games. It is all good fun and part of enjoying being at the Proms.

Related pages 
 Royal Albert Hall
 Sir Henry Wood
 BBC Symphony Orchestra

References
The Proms - A New History; ed Jenny Doctor and David Wright; 
The Henry Wood Proms; David Cox;

Other websites 
 The 

Classical music festivals
Music festivals in England
BBC
Entertainment in London
Mount Merapi (Gunung Merapi in Indonesian) is a volcano in Indonesia. It is on the island of Java. It is conical in shape.  It is the most active volcano of Indonesia. In Indonesian, the name means mountain of fire. The volcano has been descovered by Mr Morris in 1754

2006 earthquake 

In 2006, scientists believed that the volcano would erupt soon. An earthquake occurred in that region on May 27, 2006, and killed about 6,200 people. On June 6, super hot gas and ash poured down the mountain. These hot gases are known as a pyroclastic flow. Two people were killed, and 15,000 people rushed to safety.

2010 eruption
2010 eruption 

On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government warned villagers living near the mountain to move to safer ground. Officials said hundreds of volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity. People living within a 20 km (12.5 mile) zone were told they must leave.

On the afternoon of 25 October 2010 lava erupted from the southern and south-eastern slopes  of Mount Merapi. Many more followed over the next two weeks. There were also pyroclastic flows.

After the recovery of more bodies, an official in disaster management said the death toll reached 273 up to 18 November.

References 

Volcanoes of Indonesia
A conductor is a material which allows electricity, heat or sound to flow through it.  

An  electrical conductor conducts electricity.  The ability to conduct electricity is called electrical conductivity. An excellent electrical conductor has high conductivity and low resistivity.  Electrical resistivity is the reciprocal/opposite of conductivity. 

Prominent electrical conductors include: 

 Copper 
 Aluminum 
 Gold 
 Silver 
 Water 
 Human skin 

Metals, like iron and copper, are used to make wires to carry electric current. Plasma is an excellent conductor of electricity and is used for many purposes but metals are more used. 

Impure water can also conduct electricity. Living tissues, as in the human body, are wet and therefore conductors of electricity.

Some materials are semiconductors. This means that electricity can flow through them to a certain temperature and below that semiconductors do not pass electricity.
Some materials are resistors. This means electricity does not easily flow through them.

A material that stops electric current is called an insulator (electricity).  Wires are covered with insulators like plastic to stop the electricity from leaving the wire.

Some materials when very cold, are superconductors. They offer no resistance at all to the flow of electricity.

Most conductors' resistance becomes higher at higher temperatures.

References 

Electricity
Basic physics ideas
The Michelson interferometer is the tool used for optical interferometry.

Background 

It was invented by Albert Abraham Michelson, famous for proving the inexistence of luminiferous aether in the Michelson-Morley experiment.

How it works 

There are two mirrors in the interferometer, one fixed and the other is movable through a micrometer. 

There is also a beam splitter that separates the laser or light beam and a screen that shows the interference pattern.

A wide laser or light beam is first shot at the beam splitter. Reflection takes place as the beam hits the beam splitter, part of it reflects towards mirror 1 while the rest towards mirror 2. The two beams again reflect off mirror 1 and 2 and travel back to the beam splitter, the two beams that goes through the beam splitter will combine and form an interference pattern at the screen.
The interference pattern will appear as bands and each band represents 2 path length difference or 1 wavelength, that is because the crest of wave 1 has caught up with the crest of wave 2 (or the other way around), causing a constructive interference. If given the change in distance of the movable mirror and number of bands on the screen, we can easily calculate the wavelength of the light source.

Measuring tools
Optics
Astrophysics
The Gods Must Be Crazy is a movie directed by Jamie Uys. It was released in the United States by 20th Century Fox in 1980.

Upon its release, The Gods Must Be Crazy made the more money than any other foreign movie. Four sequels followed from 1989 to 1994. The last three in the series were made in Hong Kong.

Plot 
It stars Namibian farmer N!xau as a Bushman, whose happy village (in Africa's Kalahari desert) suddenly turns to a violent society, after a Coke bottle falls down there from a passing airplane. The Bushman, Xixo, decides to return the bottle to the "end of the earth", to finish all the evil his family has gone through. Along the way, he meets a group of terrorists on the run, as well as a clumsy scientist who falls in love with a former newspaper journalist. During his journey, Xixo encounters modern civilisation for the first time.

Other websites
Other websites 
 

1980 action movies
1980 comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
South African movies
Botswanan movies
Multilingual movies
Movies set in Africa
Movies set in deserts
Movies directed by Jamie Uys
Janus was a two-faced god of Roman mythology who kept the gate of Heaven. He was the god of beginnings and ends, and so of gates, doors, doorways and passages. He is usually depicted as having two faces, since he looks to the future and to the past. The Romans named the month of January (Ianuarius) in his honor. In January we look back on the last year and forward to the next.  

Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war and peace. The doors of his temple were open in time of war, and closed to mark the peace. As a god of transitions, he was remembered at births, and journeys: he was concerned with travelling, trading and shipping.
It was also said that his face was split in two since a door can let you in or out. 

An unusual feature of the mythology is that the ancient Greeks had no version of Janus. 
 

Roman gods and goddesses
The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland  is an animated movie from 1987, released by Cineplex Odeon Films. It is the last big-screen movie to star the Care Bears characters, and is loosely based on Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland stories.

This movie has a sequel called Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation (1986).

Other websites 

NYTimes.com review (registration required)
Lyrics to the movie's soundtrack at Distant Melody 

1987 movies
1980s animated movies
1980s family movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
English-language movies
Rhea could mean:

Mythology
 Rhea (mythology), in Greek mythology the sister and wife of Cronos and the mother of many of the other major gods
 Rhea Silvia, in Roman mythology the mother of the twins Romulus and Remus

People
These people have "Rhea" as their family name:
 Caroline Rhea (b.1964), stand-up comedian, television actress and host
 Darrel Rhea, CEO, Cheskin
 James Rhea (1791-1812), US soldier
 La Julia Rhea (1908-1992), US opera singer

These people have it as their given name:
 Rhea Hughes, Philadelphia radio personality
 Rhea Perlman (b. 1948), US television actress
 Rhea Ripley (born 1996), ring name of Australian professional wrestler Demi Bennett
 M. Rhea Seddon (b. 1947), NASA astronaut
 Rhea Tregebov, Canadian poet and children's author

Other
 Rhea (moon), a moon of Saturn
 577 Rhea, asteroid
 Rhea (bird), large flightless birds native to South America
 Rhea County, Tennessee
 Rhea of the Cöos, character in Stephen King's Dark Tower novels
Conducting in music means beating time to help a group of musicians to sing or play well together.

If an orchestra is playing music, it is important that they all play exactly together.  They need to know exactly when to start, what tempo (speed) to go, how loud or quietly to play, and what the mood of the music should be.  If a small number of people play music together (like in a chamber orchestra), they can talk about this amongst themselves. One person can nod with his/her head or with the bow of a string instrument to help the group to start and finish together.

With larger orchestras, such as a symphony orchestra, there are so many people (almost a hundred of them in some cases) that they need a separate person to lead. This person is called the conductor.

History
History

In the 17th century, orchestras were usually small enough that they did not need a conductor. Often they were directed by the keyboard player or lead violinist. But as orchestras grew in size and began using a wider variety of instruments, it became a convention of having someone who was not playing any instrument to stand, facing the orchestra, as the director or conductor. One early conductor was the French composer Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687), who beat time by banging a big stick (like a walking stick) on the floor to the time of the music. One day he banged his stick so hard, it went through his foot, and he died of gangrene.
Conducting as we know it today had become normal by the 19th century. The composer Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) was known to be a very good conductor as well. Some conductors in Victorian times behaved like they wanted to show off. At around the same time, Louis Antoine Jullien (1812-1860) was a French conductor who wore white gloves, which were presented to him on a silver tray at the start of the concert. He dressed in expensive clothes and his long black hair waved all over the place as he conducted. He was very successful, in France at first, in the UK afterwards, and then even in the US, where he worked with the showman P.T. Barnum. His concerts were a mix of dance and "classical" music, always with the best musicians. His life was so strange that a biography (in French) has been published ( ).

The British conductor Sir Henry Wood (1869-1944), who was famous for conducting The Proms, was a well-liked man who was respected and loved by orchestras and audiences.

Technique of conducting
Conductors usually beat time with their right hand.  This leaves their left hand free to show the various instruments when they come in (when they start playing) and to give interpretative gestures, such as indicating when to play louder or softer, or faster or slower.  Most conductors have a stick called a “baton”.  It makes it easier for people at the back of large orchestras or choirs to see the beat.  Other conductors, such as those who lead singers, prefer not to use a baton.  A conductor stands on a small platform called a “rostrum”.
To be a good conductor is not easy. It is not just a question of giving a steady beat. A good conductor will know the music extremely well, understand how the composer wanted the music to sound, be able to figure out the technical details, and know how to be able to work with the orchestra to create great music everyone would want to listen to. Having good communication skills would help a lot, but some conductors speak very little during their rehearsals. They make everything clear through the way they conduct.

Famous conductors

Some of the most famous conductors of the past were: Gustav Mahler, Hans Richter, Arthur Nikisch, Arturo Toscanini, Bruno Walter,  Wilhelm Furtwängler, Herbert von Karajan, Leopold Stokowski, Georg Solti, John Barbirolli, Otto Klemperer, George Szell and Leonard Bernstein.

Some of the most famous conductors today are: Marin Alsop, Riccardo Chailly, Gustavo Dudamel, Sir Simon Rattle, Andris Nelsons, Valery Gergiev and Bernard Haitink.
Titles
The main conductor who is in charge of an orchestra is often given the title "musical director".  This will usually mean that he or she has a lot of power in the organization of the orchestra, such as choosing the music that will be performed at each concert or inviting soloists to perform with the orchestra. Orchestras may give honorary titles to their conductor, such as "conductor laureate".

A "guest conductor" is one who conducts an orchestra regularly, but is not the main conductor. Typically, he or she would be invited by the main conductor to conduct a performance now and then. An "assistant conductor" will often be a young conductor who helps the main conductor and gets the chance to conduct some of the concerts. Leonard Bernstein became famous in 1953 as the assistant conductor of the New York Philharmonic when he led a concert, which was being broadcast nationally on CBS Radio, without having time to prepare for it. He would be the main director of that orchestra from 1958 to 1969.
References 

Musical performance techniques
The Norwegian language is the official language of Norway. It is spoken by over four and a half million people, and it belongs to the group of North Germanic languages which are spoken in Scandinavia. These include Swedish, Danish, Icelandic and Faeroese.

Two forms of the language exist:  (which means "book language") and  (which means "new Norwegian").

History of the Norwegian language

Old Norse 

Old Norse is the language that was spoken hundreds of years ago in Scandinavia at the time of the Vikings.  It is very similar to today’s Icelandic language.  This is because many Vikings sailed from Norway to Iceland in order to escape from the rule of the Norwegian kings who were making people pay lots of tax.
Bokmål 
During the 13th century the Black Death killed two thirds of the population of Norway.  The Danish kings and queens noticed that Norway was weak and defenceless, so they annexed Norway (made it part of Denmark).  For hundreds of years Norway was ruled by the Danes.  All the rulers, priests, estate owners and noblemen were Danish.  Many of them settled in Norway.  This is why today’s standard Norwegian (Bokmål) is similar to Danish.  Norwegians were not allowed to print books in Norwegian.  Anyone wanting to study had to go to Denmark or Germany.

In 1814 Denmark lost a war and had to give Norway to Sweden.  Then the Norwegians were allowed to have their own university.  Gradually the Danish language was mixed up with the Norwegian dialects and became today’s Norwegian language.  Norwegian and Danish look very similar when they are written, but when they are spoken they sound different.  In Danish a lot of the sounds are swallowed.

Nynorsk
Nynorsk 

During the 19th century a slightly different form of Norwegian was made up by several people.  This eventually became known as “Nynorsk.”  It was based on old forms of Norwegian and dialects.  During the 20th century some attempts were made to join Bokmål and Nynorsk into one language, but they did not succeed. Today about one person in nine or ten in Norway writes Nynorsk.  Children in school have to learn both forms.

The Norwegian alphabet 

The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters.  These are the same letters as the English alphabet plus three extra vowels: 

The letters c, q, w, x and z are only used for words that have been borrowed from other languages. However, c and w are more common that q, x, and z, even more common than the letter  which is used even in original Norwegian words.

References

Other websites 
Språkrådet – Norwegian Language Council
Learn Norwegian Online – Online language course
Bokmål and Nynorsk online dictionary 

North Germanic languages
Languages of Norway
French Polynesia (, Tahitian: Porinetia Farani) is a French "overseas collectivity" (French: collectivité d'outre mer, or COM) with the particular designation of "overseas country" (French: pays d'outre-mer, or POM) in the southern Pacific Ocean.

The country is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands. The most well-known is Tahiti, the most populous island, which is in the Society Islands group. The capital of the territory, Papeete, is also there.

Although it does not really belong in the territory, French Polynesia is in charge of affairs for Clipperton Island.

Other island groups include:
Austral Islands
Bass Islands often considered part of the Austral Islands
Gambier Islands often considered part of the Tuamotu Archipelago
Marquesas Islands
Society Islands (including Tahiti)
Tuamotu Archipelago
Aside from Tahiti, some other important atolls, islands, and island groups in French Polynesia are: Ahe, Bora Bora, Hiva `Oa, Huahine, Maiao, Maupiti, Mehetia, Moorea, Nuku Hiva, Raiatea, Tahaa, Tetiaroa, Tubuai, and Tupai.

References

Notes
Magnitude could mean:
Magnitude (mathematics), a measure of the size of a mathematical object.

In astronomy:
Magnitude (astronomy)
Magnitude of an eclipse

In seismology:
Either of two measures of earthquake strength:
Richter magnitude scale
Moment magnitude scale

Other:
 Magnitude is an attack in the Pokémon fictional world

Related pages
Order of magnitude, a coarse measure of numerical size
Osnabrück is a city in Germany in the state of Lower Saxony. It is around 1,200 years old. The castle dates back to the 19th century. The city was founded by Charlemagne. About 165,000 people live there. It is twinned with Derby, UK, as well as five other cities around Europe.

Osnabrück is in the south of the state, on the border with North Rhine-Westphalia. It shares an airport with the neighbouring city of Münster which is in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is the only German city in a national park.

It is known as the City of Peace.

References

Other websites
A Neighbour (or neighbor in American English) is a person who lives nearby, normally in a house or apartment that is next door or, in the case of houses, across the street. Some people form friendships with their neighbours, and help them by sharing their tools and helping with gardening tasks. Other people become frustrated with their neighbours, if the neighbour makes a lot of noise or a mess

A group of people living close together in a small community is called a neighbourhood. Some neighbourhoods have many community organizations, where people volunteer and do charitable activities. Other neighbourhoods in poor communities may have no community organizations, and there may be many problems in the community, such as illegal drugs, prostitution, and homelessness. 

Relationships
For the type of shoes (sandals), see Flip-flops

In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store information. Signals applied to control inputs can change the circuit’s state. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems.

Flip-flops are mainly used as static RAM to store data in a computer. That data is represented in binary. Binary is represented in a 1 (“high state”) and 0 (“low state”). The structure of flip flops vary, but the general characteristic is that two branches affect each other's state by putting the current resulting state of one branch and using that as input for the next iteration of the other branch.
History
The first electronic flip-flop, originally called the Eccles-Jordan trigger circuit, was invented in 1918 by the British physicists William Eccles and F. W. Jordan. The initial design’s only active elements were two vacuum tubes. While working at Hughes Aircraft, Eldred Nelson coined the term JK for a flip-flop which changed states when both inputs were on (a logical "one").

Implementation
Flip-flops can be either simple or clocked. A simple flip-flop changes state as soon as the input changes. A clocked flip-flop changes state only when an extra pulse occurs. This pulse is called the clock signal. Commonly, flip-flop only refers to clocked circuits; the simple ones are commonly called latches.

Types

The two common types of flip-flops are SR ("set-reset"), D ("data" or "delay").

SR flip-flop
The most fundamental flip-flop is the simple SR flip-flop. In the SR flip-flop, the S and R stand for set and reset. The stored bit is present on the output marked Q.
If S is pulsed high while R is held low, then the Q output is forced high. Conversely, if R is pulsed high while S is held low, then the Q output is forced low. When the R and S inputs are both low, the Q outputs are in a constant state. However, when the R and S inputs are both high, the Q outputs are in a forbidden state.

Since high and low mean logical '1' and '0', respectively, the SR flip-flop can have four combinations showing below:

(A) S = 1, R = 0: set

(B) S = 0, R = 0: hold

(C) S = 0, R = 1: reset

(D) S = 1, R = 1: not allowed

The restricted combination (D) leads to an unstable state.

D Flip-flop

A D Flip-Flop prevents an SR flip-flop from receiving the forbidden combination. It takes only one input for data, called D. It splits this data down two paths. On one path it flips the data to the opposite value. This is the “NOT” box in the animation. That way, S = 1, R = 1 is never fed to the internal SR latch.

References
 
Electronic components
Electronic circuits
is the person that created the fictional world of Pokémon. He created Pokémon because he liked to collect insects when he was a child and Pokémon is similar to collecting insects. He was born in Tokyo and in the forest he liked collecting insects. He wanted to be a scientist who studied insects. He was pushed away as a child and when he grew up he created a magazine and named it Game Freak. He then opened a video game company and called it Game Freak like his magazine. Tajiri first thought of the idea of Pokémon in 1990.

The protagonist of the Pokémon anime, Ash Ketchum, was thought to be Satoshi as a child.

1965 births
Living people
Japanese video game designers
People from Tokyo
Pokémon
Nintendo people
Ilkley is a tourist town in the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England.  The biggest attraction there is the wonderful and big Ilkley moors.  It is very green and grassy and provides walks for any type of people.  One of these walks includes a big rock and a little rock called the Cow and Calf Rocks.  This is one of the bigger wonders of the Yorkshire dales. By these rocks there is a pub called The Cow and Calf. 

The town is has one railway station where trains run to Leeds and Bradford.

Towns in West Yorkshire
Econometrics is a branch of economics. It is the use of statistical and mathematical methods to describe the relation between economic forces such as capital (any of the tools, work, or other things needed to make something useful), interest rates (the price of borrowing money), and labor.

Much of econometrics is making models which are simple pictures of the real world. These models then can be used to predict what will happen in the real world.
An example of econometrics would be looking at the prices of houses in a town. An economist (someone who studies economics) can try to make a simple picture of the house prices in the town. This picture might show that houses close to the market are worth more. An economist could then say that if a new market is made in another part of the town, home prices there might go up. The economist also might say that the new market could make prices less than before near the old one, because the new market will make it so that more houses are near a market. This would make the people who sell houses near a market sell them for less, since there could be more sellers than buyers.

Basic model: linear regression
A basic tool for econometrics is the multiple linear regression model. In modern econometrics, other statistical tools are often used, but linear regression is still the most used starting point for an analysis. Estimating a linear regression on two variables can be shown by drawing a line through data points representing paired numbers of the independent and dependent variables.

References

Subfields of economics
Franconia ( ; Franconian dialect: Franggn ) is the northern part of the German federal state of Bavaria. This region is divided in three smaller regions: Oberfranken, Mittelfranken, and Unterfranken. The biggest city in Franconia is Nuremberg.

Other large cities in Franconia are Coburg, Aschaffenburg, Würzburg, Erlangen, Fürth, Bamberg, Bayreuth, Schweinfurt and Hof.

Rivers 
The most important river in Franconia is the Regnitz, which is 63.7 km (39.6 mi) in length.

Bavaria
A King of arms is a government officer in countries like England, Scotland, and Wales. He grants coats of arms to other people. King of Arms is the highest rank of officer of arms. Some countries do not have a King of Arms, but have another person that grants coats of arms.

Heraldic jobs
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland two of the three Kings of Arms gives coats of arms to people after the Earl Marshal approves. 
In Scotland the Lord Lyon gives coats of arms without needing any other permission.
In the Republic of Ireland the coats of arms are given by chief herald. 
Canada also has a chief herald,  who is in charge of the Canadian Heraldic Authority 
In South Africa the State Herald is in charge of the Bureau of Heraldry
In the Kingdom of Spain, a Cronista de Armas (Chronicler of Arms) has the power to give people coats of arms.

A King of Arms is also usually in charge of special ceremonies for a country.

British Kings of Arms
English Kings of Arms
Garter Principal King of Arms
Clarenceux King of Arms
Norroy and Ulster King of Arms

Scottish King of Arms
Lord Lyon King of Arms

Chief Heralds
The Chief Herald of Canada
Chief Herald of Ireland
The State Herald of South Africa

Cronistas de Armas
Cronista de Armas de Castille and Leon

Related pages
 Heraldry
 Officer of Arms
 College of Arms
 Court of the Lord Lyon
 Canadian Heraldic Authority

Other websites
The Court of the Lord Lyon 
The College of Arms
The Canadian Heraldic Authority 
The Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland 

Heraldry
Occupations