Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On the cover of the March 2006 issue, Playboy magazine named Alba among its 25 Sexiest Celebrities and the "Sex Star of the Year". She took Playboy to court for using a picture of her without her permission. However, she later dropped the lawsuit when she got a personal apology from Playboy owner Hugh Hefner. He agreed to make donations to two charities that Alba supports.

Personal life 

Alba was raised in the Roman Catholic religion. When she was a teenager she became a born-again Christian. However, she left the church after four years because she believed that she was being judged by the way she looked. She has said that she still believes in God even though she is not a member of the church. Alba has not performed naked. She was given the option to appear nude in Sin City by the movie's directors, Frank Miller and Robert Rodriguez. She said no to the offer saying, "I don't do nudity. I just don't. Maybe that makes me a bad actress. Maybe I won't get hired in some things. But I have too much anxiety".
While filming Dark Angel, Alba began a romance with another member of the cast, Michael Weatherly. This caused controversy because he was 12 years older than she was. He asked her to marry him on her twentieth birthday but she said no. They eventually broke up after a four-year relationship. When talking about children, she said, "I'm really girly when it comes to kids. I've been surrounded by children my whole life because I'm the oldest of 15 cousins - I've been changing (nappies) since I was six... I want to have a couple, for sure.". Alba is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.
Alba married Cash Warren on May 19, 2008 in Los Angeles, California. She met him while making Fantastic Four in 2004. On June 7, 2008, Alba gave birth to a baby girl called Honor Marie Warren. She also does some charity work, including clothes charity Clothes Off Our Back and women's charity Step Up Women's Network. On August 13, 2011, she gave birth to her second daughter, Haven Garner Warren.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

 
 

1981 births
Living people
Actors from Beverly Hills, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
Democrats (United States)
Models from California
People from Pomona, California
William Bradley "Brad" Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an Academy Award-winning American Celebrity and Movie producer.

Early life
William Bradley Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to Jane Etta (née Hillhouse), a school counsellor, and William Alvin Pitt, who ran a trucking company. The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Douglas Mitchell Pitt (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969). He was born into a conservative household. He was raised as Southern Baptist. Pitt has described Springfield as "Mark Twain country, Jesse James country", having grown up with "a lot of hills, a lot of lakes".

Career
Pitt's television debut came in May 1987 with a two-episode role on the NBC soap opera Another World. In 1995 Pitt won two MTV Movie Awards for his role in Interview with the Vampire. He played Tyler Durden in Fight Club. Pitt produced the 2013 movie 12 Years a Slave. He also played a small role in the movie.
He starred in two Quentin Tarantino movies: Inglourious Basterds and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.

In 2020, he won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his role in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.

Media image
Brad Pitt Production Company released Thalapathy Vijay's Leo film official trailer in North America theatres and the release date is on 18 October 2023.

References

Other websites 

People from Shawnee, Oklahoma
Saturn Award winners
Academy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1963 births
Living people
Actors from Oklahoma
Actors from Missouri
Movie producers from Missouri
American movie actors
People from Springfield, Missouri
American television actors
American voice actors
Jennifer Joanna Aniston (born March 11, 1969) is an American actor, movie producer, and television producer. She is best known for her starring role on the television program Friends. For this she won an Emmy Award, and a Golden Globe Award. Since then she has been in many different movies.

Early life
Jennifer Aniston was born on February 11, 1969, in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of John Aniston and Nancy Dow. Her father is Greek and a native of Crete, while her mother was born in New York City. Dow died of a stroke in May 2016. One of her maternal great-grandfathers was an Italian immigrant, and her mother's other ancestry is Scottish, Irish, and a small amount of Greek. Aniston has two half-brothers, John Melick, her maternal older half-brother, and Alex Aniston, her younger paternal half-brother. Aniston's godfather was actor Telly Savalas, one of her father's best friends.
Personal life
She was married to Brad Pitt from 2000 until they divorced in 2005. They acted together in the episode "The One with the Rumor" on Friends. She began a relationship with Justin Theroux in 2011. The couple married in 2015 in Bel Air, Los Angeles.

On February 15, 2018, Aniston and Theroux announced that they were separating after two years of marriage and seven years as a couple.

Movies

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 
 
 Official Warner Brothers Friends site 

1969 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Jennifer Love Hewitt (born February 21, 1979) is an American actress and singer. She is most known for playing "Sarah Reeves" in the Fox television series Party of Five from (1995-1999),  and as "Julie James" in the I Know What You Did Last Summer movies. She also played "Melinda Gordon" on the CBS television series Ghost Whisperer.

Biography

Early life and career
Hewitt was born in Waco, Texas. Her father is Herbert Daniel Hewitt. Her mother was Patricia Mae (née Shipp, died 2012). She moved to Garland, Texas in 1987. Hewitt grew up in Killeen, Texas.  After the divorce of her parents, Hewitt and her only sibling, Todd Hewitt, grew up with her mother.

As a young girl, Hewitt liked music. At the age of three, she sang The Greatest Love of All at a livestock show.  By the time she was five, Hewitt did tap dancing and ballet. At the age of ten she moved to Los Angeles, California, with her mother for a career in both acting and singing.
After moving to Los Angeles, Hewitt was in more than twenty television commercials. She was a child actor on the Disney Channel variety show Kids Incorporated (1989–1991). Hewitt became a young star after getting the role of 'Sarah Reeves' on the Fox Television show Party of Five (1995–1999). She joined the cast during its second season.

Movie and music career
Hewitt's first movie role was in the independent movie Munchie (1992). Hewitt became very well known after a lead role in the horror movie I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997).  She also played in the sequel I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998). Other  movie roles included the high school comedy Can't Hardly Wait (1998) and the romantic comedy Heartbreakers (2001). In 2002, she worked with Jackie Chan in the action comedy The Tuxedo.

She has released four albums with some success, mostly in Europe and Japan. Her first album was released in Japan, where she is widely known.
Personal life
Hewitt married actor Brian Hallisay in 2013. The couple's daughter named Autumn James Hallisay, born on November 26, 2013. Their son named Atticus James Hallisay, born on June 24, 2015.

Hewitt's movies

References

Other websites 
 Jennifer Love Hewitt Bio at CBS - Ghost Whisperer

Actors from Texas
American child actors
American movie actors
American movie producers
American pop musicians
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
People from Waco, Texas
Singers from Texas
1979 births
Living people
Katherine Noelle "Katie" Holmes (born December 18, 1978) is an American actress. She was born in Toledo, Ohio. She was "Joey" on the WB network TV show Dawson's Creek. Her mother's name is Katherine Ann Holmes

Personal life
Holmes dated her Dawson's Creek co-star Joshua Jackson early in the show's run. Holmes met actor Chris Klein in 2000. Klein and Holmes were engaged in late 2003. In early 2005 she and Klein ended their relationship.

Weeks after her relationship with Klein ended, Holmes began dating actor Tom Cruise. She and Cruise married on November 18, 2006. On April 18, 2006 their daughter named Suri was born.

In June 2012, Holmes filed for divorce. This was the first divorce for Holmes and the third for Cruise.
Legal issues
In early March 2011, Holmes filed a $50 million libel lawsuit against the Star.  They had a cover story which made it seem that she took drugs. The suit was settled on April 27, 2011. The Star wrote a public apology in the May 6, 2011 issue.  They also made a "substantial" donation to Katie's charity Dizzy Feet Foundation.

Awards
In June 2011 Katie Holmes received the Women in Film Max Mara Face of the Future Award.

Movies and television

References

Other websites 
 

1978 births
Living people
Actors from Toledo, Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
Scientologists
Sigourney Weaver (born as Susan Alexandra Weaver on October 8, 1949, in New York) is an American actress.

Sigourney Weaver played the role of Lieutenant Ellen Ripley in the movie series Alien, in the four movies Alien, Aliens, Alien³, and Alien: Resurrection. She is also well known for playing Dana Barrett in the movies Ghostbusters and Ghostbusters II or for the role Dian Fossey in the movie Gorillas in the Mist.

She was the first person to win two Golden Globe acting awards in the same year.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 

1949 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from New York City
American voice actors
HuffPost writers and columnists
Audrey Hepburn (4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a Belgian-born British actress admired for her charm and elegance.

Early life 
Born in Brussels, Belgium, to an English father and a Dutch mother who were divorced in 1935. She grew up in Arnhem municipality in the Netherlands during the war, with her mother and two maternal half-brothers. When World War II ended, she and her mother moved to England. There, she studied ballet, and began working as a model and appearing in bit parts in the theatre and in movies.

Career 
Hepburn played her first major role in 1951, when she was chosen by French writer Colette to play the lead role in the English version of her play Gigi on Broadway.
This led to her being cast in the lead female part in the movie Roman Holiday (1953), opposite Gregory Peck. The movie  made her an instant international star. Her performance won her the Academy Award, the Golden Globe Award and the BAFTA for best actress. She then appeared in a string of successful romantic comedies, such as Sabrina (1954), Love in the Afternoon (1957), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), Charade (1963), How to Steal a Million (1967), etc. She also appeared in two musicals; Funny Face (1957) and My Fair Lady (1964) and tackled more dramatic roles in movies such as War and Peace (1956), The Nun's Story (1959), The Children's Hour (1961), Two for the Road (1967) and the thriller Wait Until Dark (1967). 

After an eight years absence from the screen to take care of her family, she returned with Robin and Marian (1976), opposite Sean Connery. She also appeared in Bloodline (1979) and They All Laughed (1981) but retired for good shortly after.
In later life, she worked as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF and hosted a television series The Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn. 

She was married twice; first to actor/director Mel Ferrer in 1954, with whom she had a son Sean (b. 1960), and second to Italian psychiatrist Doctor Andrea Dotti in 1969, with whom she had a second son Luca (b. 1970). Both marriages ended in divorce.

Death and legacy 
Hepburn died of appendix cancer in January 1993. Her elder son, Sean Ferrer, later wrote a book about his mother, called Audrey Hepburn: an elegant spirit. The asteroid 4238 Audrey is named after her.

Other websites 

 
 
 
 Official web site by the Audrey Hepburn Children's Fund
 Audrey Hepburn's Gravesite
1929 births
1993 deaths
Deaths from appendix cancer
Actors from Brussels
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Cancer deaths in Switzerland
Deaths from colorectal cancer
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12, 1907 – June 29, 2003) was an American actress. Her career lasted 66 years. She is thought of as one of the top screen actresses in movie history. She was nominated for 12 Academy Awards, winning four.

Hepburn was born in Hartford, Connecticut and went to Bryn Mawr College. She got her degree in 1928 and started on Broadway that same year.
In 1932 she got a role in the George Cukor movie A Bill of Divorcement, with John Barrymore. She was very successful in the early 1930s, but then she became unpopular. She became popular again with the movie The Philadelphia Story. In 1942 she starred in Woman of the Year with Spencer Tracy. They made eight more movies together, including Adam's Rib and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. They also had an off-screen romance that lasted until Tracy's death in 1967, but they never married because Tracy did not want to divorce his wife. Before this, Hepburn was married to Ludlow Ogden Smith from 1928 to 1934, and also had relationships with Leland Hayward and Howard Hughes.

Her autobiography, Me: Stories of My Life, came out in 1991. She died on June 29, 2003 at 2:50 p.m., at Fenwick, the Hepburn family home, in Old Saybrook, Connecticut.  She was 96.
Stage work
 These Days - 1928
 Art and Mrs. Bottle - 1930
 The Warrior's Husband - 1932
 The Lake - 1933
 The Philadelphia Story - 1939
 Without Love - 1942
 As You Like It - 1950
 The Millionairess - 1952
 The Merchant of Venice; Measure for Measure; The Taming of the Shrew - 1955, On tour in Australia with the Old Vic
 The Merchant of Venice; Much Ado About Nothing - 1957, Stratford, Connecticut Shakespeare Theatre
 Antony and Cleopatra, Twelfth Night - 1960, Stratford, Connecticut Shakespeare Theatre
 Coco - 1969
 A Matter of Gravity - 1976
 The West Side Waltz - 1981

Filmography

Further reading

1907 births
2003 deaths
Actors from Hartford, Connecticut
American autobiographers
American LGBT people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Cancer deaths in Connecticut
Emmy Award winning actors
LGBT actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Charles Kay Ogden (1 June 1889 – 21 March 1957) was an English linguist, philosopher, psycholinguist and writer. He is a well-known book writer about the controlled language called Basic English. He is known for his work with I. A. Richards on The Meaning of Meaning (1923). He also translated Tractatus, a book by Ludwig Wittgenstein, into English.

Books written by him 
 Basic English versus the artificial languages
 Basic English Applied (Science)

Other websites
 C.K. Ogden biography 

1889 births
1957 deaths
English writers
English philosophers
British linguists
"God Save the King" has been the national anthem of the United Kingdom since 1745. Its also the royal anthem of the Commonwealth realms, played alongside their official national anthems. Its composer remains unknown to this date.

When the ruling monarch is a queen instead of a king, the title of the anthem then becomes "God Save the Queen".

The tune for "God Save the King" was used in many countries as a national anthem. Apart from the German state, many of which were linked to Great Britain by marriage, Liechtenstein and Switzerland used the tune. Switzerland changed to a different tune in the 1960s. Liechtenstein still uses the tune.

The tune is both American and British. In the 1930s the United States chose an official anthem. "The Star-Spangled Banner" was chosen instead of the equally popular "My Country 'tis of Thee" which used the "God Save the King" tune.

Lyrics
Lyrics

Standard version
God save our gracious King,
Long live our noble King,
God save the King:
Send him victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us:
God save the King.

O Lord, our God, arise,
Scatter his enemies,
And make them fall.
Confound their politics,
Frustrate their knavish tricks,
On thee our hopes we fix:
God save us all.

Thy choicest gifts in store,
On him be pleased to pour;
Long may he reign:
May he defend our laws,
And ever give us cause
To sing with heart and voice
God save the King.

Original lyrics: "God Save the King"
God save great George our king
God save our noble king,
God save the king!
Send him victorious
Happy and glorious
Long to reign over us
God save the king!

Latin verse
O Deus optime
Salvum nunc facito
Regem nostrum
Sic laeta victoria
Comes et gloria
Salvum iam facito
Tu dominum.
French version used in Canada
Que Dieu protège notre gracieux Roi,
Longue vie à notre noble Roi,
Que Dieu protège le Roi !
Rends-le victorieux,
Heureux et glorieux ;
Que soit long son règne sur nous,
Que Dieu protège le Roi !

Māori version used in New Zealand
Me tohu e t'Atua
To matou Kuini pai:
Kia ora ia
Meinga kia maia ia,
Kia hari nui, kia koa,
Kia kuini tonu ia,
Tau tini noa.

References

National anthems
British music
British monarchy
British anthems
Royal anthems
The lion (Panthera leo) is a large mammal of the Felidae (cat) family. Some large males weigh over .  Today, wild lions live in sub-Saharan Africa and western India. Lions are adapted for life in grasslands and mixed areas with trees and grass. The relatively small females are fast runners over short distances, and coordinate their hunting of herd animals.

Lions have disappeared from North Africa and southwest Asia in historic times. Until the late Pleistocene, about 10,000 years ago, the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans. They were found in most of Africa, across Eurasia from western Europe to India, and in the Americas from the Yukon to Peru. The lion is now a vulnerable species. There was a decline in its African range of 30–50% over two decades in the second half of the 20th century. Habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern.
Lions are often called the "king of the beasts". They are used as symbols representing courage. They appear in heraldry more often than any other animal. They are an icon of courage and royalty.

Lions live for 10 to 14 years in the wild. When they are captured, they can live longer than 20 years. In the wild, males do not usually live longer than 10 years. This is because wounds from fighting other males make their lives shorter. They usually live in savanna and grassland. These areas do have bushes and trees, but lions are mainly adapted to catch prey in grasslands. Compared to other cats, lions are social. A group of lions is called a pride. In a pride of lions, there are related females, their young, and one or two adult males. Groups of female lions often hunt together.
Lions are carnivores and scavengers.  They are also apex predators. Lions feed on antelope, buffalo, zebras, warthogs, wildebeest, birds, hares, turtles, fish, giraffes, and young elephants. Lions scavenge animals either dead from natural causes (disease) or killed by other predators. They keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, because this means there is a dead or injured animal close by.

Etymology 

The word "lion" comes from the Latin word "leo" which means lion. The Latin word itself is derived from the Greek word "leon". Both words originally came from even older languages such as Sanskrit and Ancient Egyptian. Basically, the word "lion" has been passed down through different civilizations over time.

Adaptations 
They have an archetypal roar which is used to communicate with other group members and warn different intruders of territorial boundaries.
They have long, retractable claws which help the lion to grab and hold prey. They also have a rough tongue that helps them peel the skin of prey animals away from flesh and flesh away from bone. Across their belly, they have loose skin which allows the species to be kicked by prey with little chance of an injury.

Description 
There are around 30,000 lions left in the wild in Africa. Only 350 lions (of the Asiatic lion subspecies) are left in Asia. They live in the Gir Forest in the state of Gujarat, India.

Lions hunt many animals, such as gnus and antelopes. Male lions usually weigh between . Large lions have reached . Females (lionesses) are usually . Mature male lions are the only cats with a mane. The lion has a long body, short legs, large claws, big head, and a yellowish-brown coat.
Behavior 
Lions live in groups that are called prides. About 10 to 40 lions may live in a pride. Each pride has a home area that is called a territory. Lions do not allow other carnivores (meat-eating animals) to hunt in their territory. A territory can be as large as .

The lions' roar is unique in each individual. It is used for territorial marking and warning off other lions in separate prides (or lone individuals). This however, is usually carried out by competing males. Other male lions will challenge the alpha of the pride to a fight in order to take their spot of dominance if they win. Lions actually have prides in order to strengthen their species throughout the generations  (Boothalingam 2018).
Lions are not built for extreme speed as cheetahs are, but hunt in packs. This is unusual in cats. The females usually do the hunting for the pride. However the males can sometimes help if needed, to take down large animals like a buffalo or a giraffe. After lions have brought down a prey, they suffocate it by biting the front of its face to prevent it breathing. Lions also have long retractable claws which act like grappling hooks, to keep hold of prey.

Even though a lion is good at killing prey, they are not among the most dangerous animals to humans.
A lioness is ready to have young when she is 2–3 years old. Young lions are called cubs. Cubs are born after  months. The cubs are born blind; their eyes do not open until they are about a week old, and cannot see well until they are about two weeks old. Lions do not have a den (home) where they would live for a long time. The lioness conceals the cubs in thick bush, gullies, or rocky outcrops. If the hiding place has been seen by other predators, then the lioness will move the cubs to a new hiding place. The cubs will be introduced to the pride at about 6 weeks old. The cubs are very vulnerable when the lioness goes out to hunt and needs to leave the cubs behind. Also, when a new male takes over a pride from another male, he usually kills all of the cubs. The cubs' mothers will then mate with the new pride male, which means that the first batch of new cubs will be his offspring.  A litter of 2-6 cubs are born
. Usually, only 1-2 cubs survive until introduced to the pride, at which point they are protected by the whole pride.
In zoos, lions have been known to breed with tigers. If the parents are a male lion and a female tiger, the offspring is called a liger. If the parents are a male tiger and a female lion, the offspring is called a tigon.

Lions in heraldry 

Lions appear in heraldry more often than any other animal. They traditionally symbolise courage, valour and royalty.

References

Other websites 

 
National symbols of Ethiopia
National symbols of the Gambia
National symbols of Kenya
National symbols of Morocco
National symbols of the Netherlands
National symbols of Norway
National symbols of Sierra Leone
National symbols of Singapore
National symbols of Sri Lanka
National symbols of Togo
Big cats
Galatasaray is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. They started in 1905.

In 2000, they became the first Turkish club to win both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in the same year.
The team's colors are red and yellow. Turkish people also call it "Cim Bom". Their mascot is a lion. The Turk Telecom Stadium is their stadium, and is also known as Aslantepe; Lion Hill. It is an all-seater stadium. It can hold 52,652 people.

Galatasaray is one of the "big five" clubs in Turkey. The other clubs are Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, Trabzonspor and Bursaspor. They have won the Spor Toto Super League 22 times and Ziraat Turkish Cup 18 times. As of September 2022, the chairman is Dursun Özbek, and the coach is Okan Buruk.

Squad

Out on loan

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Galatasaray

Turkish football clubs
B is the 2nd letter of the English alphabet. Its appearance depends on the writer's calligraphy. It has an uppercase and lowercase versions like most other letters.

The letter B was already part of the Phoenician alphabet more than 3000 years ago in 1000 BC. It's part of many alphabets today.

Meanings for B 
 In education, B is a passing grade, usually around 80-70 marks.
 In music, B is a note sometimes referred to as “Si” or “Ti”.
 In medicine, B is one of the human blood types.
 In the game of bingo, B is a column.
 On the internet, B (or /b/) is any of a number of image boards that allow anonymous posts.
 In transport, B is the vehicle registration plate of Belgium.
 In chemistry, B is the chemical symbol for boron.
 In the New York Stock Exchange, B is the symbol for the Barnes Group.
 In particle physics, b is the symbol for the bottom quark.

Other websites
If you typed C# and arrived at this page, then see C-sharp.

C is the third (3rd) letter in the English alphabet and ISO basic latin alphabet.

Meanings for C 
 In temperature, °C means "degrees Celsius".
 In music, C is a note sometimes referred to as “Do”.
 In chemistry, C is the atom of carbon, as in C40H56.
 In physics, c is the speed of light, as in E=mc².
 In Roman numerals, C means "one hundred" (100).
 There is a programming language called C, see C programming language.
 In electronics, C is a type of battery.
C can also mean the copyright symbol

Pronunciation 
The letter "C" is  pronounced as /k/.We can also say the letter "C" as /s/.
The letter "C"'s name in English is "ce" (said as  /ˈsiː/).
D is the fourth (number 4) letter in the alphabet. It comes from the Greek Delta and the Phoenician Dalet.

Meanings for D 
 In education, D is a failing  grade
 In electronics, D is a standard size dry cell battery.
 In music, D is a note sometimes named “Re”.
 In Roman numerals, D also means the number 500.
 In computer programming, D is a programming language.
For the drug sometimes referred to E, see Ecstasy.

E is the fifth (number 5) letter in the English alphabet. 

In English it has two main sounds when it is spoken. Usually it is a short E (ĕ), but sometimes it is a long E (ē). 

One more thing in English is the so-called magic E, also known as the silent E. That is when a silent e at the end of a word makes the previous vowel long. Examples: morpheme, which is pronounced as morphēm, and Name which is pronounced Nām.

Typographic types of E 
The types of E include (but may not be limited to)
capital E
lower-case e
é È è Ê ê Ë
É ë Ě ě Ē ē
Ĕ ĕ Ė ė Ę ę

None of these different types are used in English, except occasionally É/é  for some French words such fiancé, café, and crème brûlée.
Meanings for E 
These meanings are for E/e as a separate letter.
 In computers, the letter e is often used to start other words to mean "electronic", like in e-mail or e-commerce.
 In money, e is commonly used as a symbol for the euro when the symbol € is not available.
 In music, E is a note, sometimes referred to as “Mi”.
 In mathematics, e is a constant about 2.718; see e (mathematical constant)
 In Wheel of Fortune, E is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
 E! is an American television network

 

Vowel letters
F is the sixth letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for F 
 In calendars, F is often an abbreviation for Friday, or for the month February.
 In chemistry, F is the symbol for fluorine.
 In education, F is a failing grade
 In music, F is a note, sometimes referred to as “Fa”.
 In temperature, °F is degrees Fahrenheit.
 In logic, F stands for False, as opposed to T for True
 In slang, F stands for the curse word
G is the 7th (number 7) letter in the English alphabet (or Latin alphabet).
Ishraque Hossain

History 
The letter G was created in the third century BC by Spurius Carvilius Ruga. At the time, the letter C sounded like the "c" in "cat" and the "g" in "girl". To make the difference more clear, Ruga created the letter G.
Meanings for G 
 In movies, G is a rating given by the Motion Picture Association of America, meaning the movie is good to be viewed by all people ("general" audiences).
 In music, G is a note, sometimes referred to as “Sol” or “So” it 
 In common speech, G is a slang word for 'gangsta' or 'gangster'.
 In the SI, g is the symbol for the gram.
 G is a unit of gravitational acceleration.
 Alternative case form of G grand: means thousand.
 Letter G stands for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). It indicates the slowest speed of Internet data transfer in your mobile phone. When you see G near your signal strength indicator, it is certain that your net connection is working at the slowest speed. 2G, 3G and 4G indicates different speed of internet.
 In particle physics, lowercase G stands for the gluon.
 In particle physics, the uppercase G stands for the not yet discovered Graviton.
H is the eighth (number 8) letter in the English alphabet. The uppercase letter for H is H and the lowercase letter for H is h. The letter’s name is aitch () or haitch ().

Meanings for H 
 In chemistry, H is the symbol for hydrogen.
 In music, H is a note in the German system, meaning "B natural".
 In particle physics, H is the symbol for the Higgs boson.
I is the ninth (9) letter in the English alphabet.

In English, I is a pronoun which means "me".
"I like you."
"You and I shall walk to the store."
"You and I are friends."

In Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz and Turkish, the letter I has two kinds, one with a tittle (İ, i) and one without one (I, ı).

Accented forms
In Spanish, Í is used for a stressed I.

Meanings for I 
In chemistry, I is the symbol for iodine.
In Roman numerals, I means the number one (1).
 is the mathematical symbol for the square root of negative one, also called the imaginary unit.
In physics, I refers to the moment of inertia.

Basic English 850 words
Vowel letters
J is the tenth (number 10) letter in the English alphabet. It comes before the letter K and after the letter I. The letter was not used in the Roman civilization until 16th Century.

Meanings for J 
 In calendars, J can sometimes mean these months - January, June, or July.
 In a deck of playing cards, J is used to mark each of the jacks.
 It can also be used as a middle initial for people with middle names such as Jack, James, John, Jesus, or Jason.
K is the eleventh (number 11) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for K 

 Degrees Kelvin. The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature. 
 In chemistry, K is the symbol for potassium (from its German name kalium).
 in chess, K is a notation symbol for the king piece
 In a deck of playing cards, the letter K is used to mark each of the kings.
L is the twelfth (number 12) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for L 
 For clothing, L sometimes means "large size".
 In Roman numerals, L means the number fifty.
 The city of Chicago, Illinois has an elevated train called the "Chicago 'L'".
 A character from the manga and anime Death Note.
 In Wheel of Fortune, L is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
 L is the symbol for litre, a unit of volume.
 L can sometimes mean ‘lose’ as in “He took a big L.”
M is the 13th letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for M 
 In calendars, M sometimes means Monday or means one of the months "March" or "May".
 In money, M means million, such as $25M (twenty-five million dollars).
 In the SI, m is the symbol for the metre.
 In Roman numerals, M means one thousand.
 M is also the name of a 1930 German movie made by Fritz Lang and its 1951 remake.
N is the fourteenth (number 14) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for N 
 On calendars, N sometimes means the month November
 In chemistry, N is the symbol for nitrogen
 In chess, N is a symbol for the knight piece.
 In physics, n is the symbol for a neutron
 In Wheel of Fortune, N is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
O is the fifteenth (number 15) letter in the English alphabet and it has a shape of a circle.

Meanings for O 
 On calendars, O sometimes means the month October.
 In chemistry, O is the symbol for oxygen.
 In medicine, O is one of the human blood types.
 Sometimes when saying decimals, O is another word for zero.

Vowel letters
For technical reasons, :P redirects here. For the emoticon, see emoticons.

P is the sixteenth (number 16) letter in the English alphabet.

History

Meanings for P 
 In chemistry, P is the symbol for the element phosphorus, or sometimes for phosphate.
 In chess, P is sometimes used as a symbol for the pawn piece
 In American football, P is used as a symbol for the punter

Related pages

 Pi (mathematical constant)
Q is the seventeenth (number 17) letter in the English alphabet. It is always followed by a silent letter U. Q makes a kw sound as in quick or a k sound as in unique.

Some people say that the letter Q is not needed, because the sound it makes can be made with K or C and W instead. The same thing is said about the letter X.

Below are some ancient ways of writing Q:

Meanings for Q 
 In chess, Q is used to mean the queen piece.
 In English, Q can be a short letter for 'question'.
 In a deck of playing cards, Q is used to mark each of the queens.
 In science fiction, Q is a character in several Star Trek television shows.
 Q is also the name of a character in the James Bond film series, who was played by Desmond Llewelyn (and John Cleese after Desmond Llewelyn died).
 In Internet slang, "q" is used for the Spanish word "que", which means "that", "which", or "what".
 In physics, q is used to mean charge

References
R is the eighteenth (number 18) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for R 
 On calendars, R is sometimes used as an short letter for Thursday instead of T, to avoid mistakes with Tuesday.
 In chess, R is a notation symbol for the rook piece.
 In geometry, R is most times a variable for the radius of a circle
 In navigation, R means the direction "right."
 In movies, R means "restricted."
 In Wheel of Fortune, R is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."

Related pages
 R (programming language)
S is the nineteenth (number 19) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for S 

 On calendars, S is most times the short letter for Saturday or Sunday, or the month September.
 In chemistry, S is the symbol for sulphur.
 In Wheel of Fortune, S is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
 S is the letter onomotopeiacally used to characterize the hissing noise known to be made by snakes, e.g. "sssssss..."
Hebrew_people also consider “S” to be sacred because it is the initial of Sameh, God.
T is the twentieth (number 20) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for T 
 T- is used as a prefix for an object that is shaped like the capital letter T, such as:
 T-shirt,
 T-bone,
 T-joint,
 T-intersection and
 T-square.
 On calendars, T is most times a short letter for Tuesday or Thursday.
 In science,
t is most times used as a variable for time.
T is most times used as a variable for temperature.
 In logic
 T is for True, as where F is for False.
 Mr. T was a member of the A-Team.
U (u) is the twenty-first (21) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for U 
 On calendars, U is most times a short letter for Sunday, for use when S is being used for Saturday.
 In chemistry, U is the symbol for uranium.
 Sometimes used as a short form of "you".
 It is pronounced "yoo".

Vowel letters
V is the twenty-second (number 22) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for V 
 In electronics and electricity, V is the symbol for volts, the unit of voltage.
 In chemistry, V is the symbol for vanadium.
 In communication, V is the name of a hand gesture. Most of the time, it means "victory".
 In Roman numerals, V means the number five.
 V is a science fiction television show.
V is Maroon 5's fifth studio album, released in 2014.
 V (singer) is a Korean singer and member of BTS.
 V is also a symbol in violin meaning “Up Bow”
W is the twenty-third (number 23) letter in the Latin alphabet. It is pronounced as "double-(you/yoo)" or "double-vee". It is the only letter with three syllables.

In words like away, what, write and women, the W is a consonant. In words like draw, few, low and cwm, the W is a vowel.

Meanings for W 
 On calendars, W is most times a short letter for Wednesday.
 In chemistry, W is the symbol for tungsten, after its German name, Wolfram.
 In news story writing, the "five W's" are who, what, when, where and why.
 In Electricity, W stands for watts
 In particle physics, W stands for the W boson.

Notes
X is the twenty-fourth (number 24) letter in the English alphabet. It sometimes makes a sound like ks (for example: exit, next, fox), or if it is at the beginning of a word, it makes a sound like zzz (for example: xylophone). The language of origin is from the Greek and Latin language

Meanings for X
In a general sense, X means something is unknown or secret, as in project X.
X is also used often to show kisses, usually at the end of a letter or text message.
In clothing, X is used as a short letter for extra, such as XXL for extra-extra-large.
In Roman numerals, X means ten.
In internet terms, XXX indicates adult material, as in an XXX site.
In x-ray, X stands for xero, which is short for xerograph.
”X” is a common variable used in algebra
X, formerly Twitter
Y is the twenty-fifth (number 25) letter in the English alphabet. Its name in English is wy (pronounced ).

In words like year, yell, and yes, the Y is a consonant. In words like cry, fly, and sky, the Y is considered a vowel.

Where it came from

Semitic, Phoenician, Greek and Latin

"Y" has appeared as the Semitic letter "waw". This was the first time it appeared in an alphabet. F, U, V, and W also come from the Semitic alphabet. The Greek and Latin alphabets used the Phoenician form of this early alphabet. There are similarities to the old English letter yogh (Ȝȝ). The table shows where the letter "y" came from.

Meanings for Y 
 In chemistry, Y is the symbol for yttrium.
 In Mathematics, y is another unknown variable, used as a second unknown variable ("x" is used as the first unknown variable)

References

Vowel letters
Z is the twenty-sixth (number 26) and last letter in the English alphabet. The small letter, z, is used as a lowercase consonant. Z is not used much. It is the most rarely used letter in the English language. The same letter of the Greek alphabet is named zeta.

How it is said 
The letter is said as zed . The first way of saying it comes from the Greek zeta. Even in American English, Z is given the nickname "ze" , because it comes from a late 17th century English speech.

Where it came from

Semitic
The name of the Semitic symbol was zayin and was the seventh letter. It might have meant "weapon". It could have helped form English and French's z.

Greek
The Greek form of Z was a close copy of the Phoenician symbol I. It stayed like this for a long time. The Greeks called it zeta, a new name made from the Greek letters eta (η) and theta (θ).

Etruscan
In Etruscan, Z may have been .
Latin
In Old Latin,  (written s) became  and the symbol for  became useless. It was taken away from the alphabet by Appius Claudius Caecus, and a new letter, G, was put in.

In the 1st century BC, Z was put in the alphabet again at the end of the Latin alphabet. This was done to accurately represent the sound of the Greek zeta. The letter Z appeared only in Greek words, and is the only letter besides Y that the Romans took from Greek.

Meanings for Z 
 In cartoons, Z means the sound of sleeping or snoring, like in "ZZZzzzz...".
 In particle physics, Z stands for the Z boson.
 In chemistry, Z stands for the atomic number.

References
Fuck is a common English language swear word. It can be used to either mean the act of sex or as an expression. However, the word fucking is used as an intensifier before a word (e.g. I fucking hate this game).

It is commonly used to express anger and frustration (e.g. when something is not going in your favour or if someone is frustrating you)

Related pages 
 Arse
 Ass
 Bitch
 Cunt
 Motherfucker
 Shit

English profanity
A virus is a tiny parasite. Virology is the study of viruses.

Viruses can only be seen under an electron microscope. Viruses are not free-living: they can only be parasites. They always reproduce inside other living things. All viruses infect living organisms, and may cause disease. The virus make copies of itself inside another organism's cells. Viruses are a strand of nucleic acid with a protein coat. Usually the nucleic acid is RNA; sometimes it is DNA. Viruses cause many types of diseases, such as polio, ebola and hepatitis.  

Viruses reproduce by getting their nucleic acid strand into a prokaryote or eukaryote cell. The RNA or DNA strand then takes over the cell machinery to reproduce copies of itself and the protein coat. The cell then bursts open, spreading the newly created viruses. All viruses reproduce this way, and there are no free-living viruses. Viruses are everywhere in the environment, and all organisms can be infected by them.
Most viruses are much smaller than bacteria. They were not visible until the invention of the electron microscope. A virus has a simple structure. It has just a protein coat which covers a string of nucleic acid. Viruses live and reproduce inside the cells of other living organisms.

With eukaryotic cells, the virus protein coat is able to enter the target cells by certain cell membrane receptors. With prokaryote bacteria cells, the bacteriophage physically injects the nucleic acid strand into the host cell.

Viruses have the following characteristics:
 They outnumber all other forms of life on the planet by a long way.
 They are infectious particles, causing many types of disease;
 They contain a nucleic acid core of RNA or DNA;
 They are surrounded by a protective protein coat;
When the host cell has finished making more viruses, it undergoes lysis, or breaks apart. The viruses are released and are then able to infect other cells. Viruses can remain "silent" (inactive) for a long time, and will infect cells when the time and conditions are right.

Some special viruses are worth noting. Bacteriophages have evolved to enter bacterial cells, which have a different type of cell wall from eukaryote cell membranes. Envelope viruses, when they reproduce, cover themselves with a modified form of the host cell membrane, thus gaining an outer lipid layer that helps entry. Some of our most difficult-to-combat viruses, like influenza and HIV, use this method.
Viral infections in animals trigger an immune response which usually kills the infecting virus. Vaccines can also produce immune responses. They give an artificially acquired immunity to the specific viral infection. However, some viruses (including those causing AIDS and viral hepatitis) escape from these immune responses and cause chronic infections. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, but there are some other drugs which can be used against viruses.

Genome 

There are many genomic structures in viruses. As a group they are more diverse than plants, animals, archaea, or bacteria. There are millions of different types of viruses, but only about 7,000 of them have been described in detail.49

A virus has either RNA or DNA genes and so is called an RNA virus or a DNA virus. The vast majority of viruses have RNA genomes. Plant viruses usually have single-stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages usually have double-stranded DNA genomes.96/99
Fewer than 7,000 types have been described in detail. but there are doubtlessly many more to be discovered.

Replication cycle 
Viral populations do not grow through cell division, because they do not have cells. Instead, they use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce many copies of themselves, and they assemble (put together) in the cell.

The life cycle of viruses differs greatly between species but there are six basic stages in the life cycle of viruses:75/91
Attachment is a binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface. 
 Penetration follows attachment: Virions (single virus particles) enter the host cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion with the lipid bilayer. This is called viral entry. The infection of plant and fungal cells is different from that of animal cells. Plants have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, and fungi one of chitin. This means most viruses can only get inside these cells by force.70 An example would be: a virus travels on an insect vector which feeds on plant sap. The damage done to cell walls would let the virus get in. Bacteria, like plants, have strong cell walls that a virus must get through to infect the cell. However, bacterial cell walls are much thinner than plant cell walls, and some viruses have mechanisms that inject their genome into the bacterial cell, while the viral capsid remains outside.71
Uncoating is how the viral capsid is removed: This may be by viral enzymes or host enzymes or by simple dissociation; the end-result is the releasing of the viral nucleic acid.
 Replication of viruses is multiplying the genome. This usually means production of viral messenger RNA (mRNA) from "early" genes. This may be followed, for complex viruses, by one or more further rounds of mRNA synthesis: "late" gene expression is of structural or virion proteins.
 After the self-assembly of the virus particles, some modification of the proteins often occurs. In viruses such as HIV, this modification (sometimes called maturation) occurs after the virus has been released from the host cell.
Viruses can be released from the host cell by lysis, a process that kills the cell by bursting its membrane and cell wall. This is a feature of many bacterial and some animal viruses. In some viruses  the viral genome is put by genetic recombination into a specific place in the host's chromosome. The viral genome is then known as a "provirus" or, in the case of bacteriophages a "prophage".60 Whenever the host divides, the viral genome is also replicated. The viral genome is mostly silent within the host; however, at some point, the provirus or prophage may give rise to active virus, which may lyse the host cells.chapter 15 Enveloped viruses (e.g. HIV) typically are released from the host cell after the virus acquires its envelope. The envelope is a modified piece of the host's plasma membrane.185/7
Genetic material and replication 
The genetic material within virus particles, and the method by which the material is replicated, varies considerably between different types of viruses.

RNA viruses Replication usually takes place in the cytoplasm. RNA viruses can be placed into four different groups depending on their modes of replication. All RNA viruses use their own RNA replicase enzymes to create copies of their genomes.79

DNA viruses The genome replication of most DNA viruses takes place in the cell's nucleus. Most DNA viruses are entirely dependent on the host cell's DNA and RNA synthesising machinery, and RNA processing machinery. Viruses with larger genomes may encode much of this machinery themselves. In eukaryotes the viral genome must cross the cell's nuclear membrane to access this machinery, while in bacteria it need only enter the cell.5478