Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Nickel Creek was an American acoustic musical group. Although the group's music has roots in bluegrass, Nickel Creek now calls itself "progressive acoustic". The band has three people: Chris Thile (mandolin), Sean Watkins (guitar), and Sara Watkins (violin). A fourth member also plays bass with the band. Chris Thile's father Scott Thile, Byron House, and Derek Jones have played bass with the group. Mark Schatz has played bass with Nickel Creek since 2003. The band has played songs by Radiohead, Elliott Smith, Bob Dylan,  and even "Toxic" by Britney Spears. However, most of the songs the band play are originals.

History 
The band started in California in 1989 with Scott Thile, Chris' father, playing the double bass. The oldest of the children, Sean Watkins, was only twelve years old at the time. In the early days, Nickel Creek made two albums: Little Cowpoke in 1993, and Here to There in 1997.
Nickel Creek: 2000–2001 
Alison Krauss produced the album Nickel Creek, which came out in 2000 on Sugar Hill Records. It was awarded a gold certification in 2002 by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Nickel Creek got two Grammy Award nominations for the album: Best Bluegrass Album and Best Country Instrumental for "Ode to a Butterfly". Three singles, "When You Come Back Down", "The Lighthouse's Tale", and "Reasons Why" were released with music videos, and the first two were on the US Country chart. The album itself topped the Billboard Heatseekers chart, and reached number 125 on the Billboard 200.

To help sell the album, Nickel Creek toured with artists like Lyle Lovett, Dolly Parton, Vince Gill, and Amy Grant.

This Side: 2002–2004
In 2002, This Side came out and it was also produced by Alison Krauss. It reached number 18 on the Billboard 200, and was also made gold by the RIAA. This Side was different from the first album by adding more pop and rock. Chris Thile described the album in 2002:  

On the This Side tour of 2002 and 2003, Nickel Creek played shows as the main act for the most part, but also opened five shows for John Mayer in November 2002 in Upstate New York and New England, and played with Gillian Welch and David Rawlings earlier in the year. In 2003, Nickel Creek was on Béla Fleck's album Little Worlds.

Nickel Creek also released three singles from This Side: "This Side", "Speak", and "Smoothie Song". "This Side" appeared on the US Country chart, but the others did not chart with Billboard. However, "Smoothie Song" topped the AAA Contemporary chart for three weeks.
Why Should the Fire Die?: 2005 
Nickel Creek released Why Should the Fire Die? in August 2005. The album brought even more rock and pop to Nickel Creek's sound, just as This Side did. Chris Thile talked about the band's genre and style in a 2005 interview from JamBase: "We actually feel like more than a bluegrass band that stretched out. We are a band that incorporates bluegrass into our music. There's been a problem in perception. 'Bluegrass band leaves the fold' (uses a news announcer voice). No, no, no, no, no. Actually, it's a band that incorporates a little bluegrass into whatever the hell kind of music they play." Sean Watkins also said:

Farewell (For Now): 2006–2007 

On August 28, 2006, Nickel Creek announced on their website that they would not be together as a band anymore. The message was:
After the break was announced, a tour was scheduled. To say goodbye to their fans, the tour was named the Farewell (For Now) Tour, because the band does not know if they will get together again. The tour started in April 2007 and ended in November 2007 in Nashville, Tennessee. The tour had many guest appearances by musicians like Fiona Apple, Glen Phillips, Jon Brion, Bruce Molsky, Béla Fleck, and Tift Merritt.

When talking about Nickel Creek's last tour before the break, Sara Watkins said "A lot of the other stuff will be special in the way that anything is special when you realize that it’s not going to be around forever... Nothing is going be Nickel Creek except Nickel Creek. I’m not looking for anything to top this. It can’t be duplicated in my life."

Awards and nominations
Wins 
2000: International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA) Emerging Artist of the Year
2001: IBMA Instrumental Group of the Year
2003: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album (This Side)
2006: Country Music Television (CMT) Top 10 Country Compilations of 2006 (Reasons Why: The Very Best)

Nominations 
2001: Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album (Nickel Creek)
2001: Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance ("Ode to a Butterfly")
2001: Country Music Association (CMA) Award for Best Vocal Group
2001: CMA Horizon Award
2005: Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album (Why Should the Fire Die?)
2005: Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance ("Scotch & Chocolate")

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

Other websites 

Official Website
VH1 biography 

Bluegrass bands
Musical groups from California
Grammy Award winners
The Six-Day War took place from 5 June to 10 June 1967 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states, led by Egypt. Israel won the war, which has had huge effects on the future of the Middle East. Israel has occupied Arab areas, such as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, ever since. That has helped cause many wars between it and the neighboring countries and has led to the exile of many Palestinians.

Background 
After the World War I, Zionist ideals started to become a reality. Jews from Europe started moving to Palestine in the 1920s, when the territory was still under the British mandate. The migration led to conflict with the native Arabs. The foundation of the State of Israel in 1948 was not recognized by the Arab states, and its creation made Egypt go to war in 1948 and 1949 and become Israel's main enemy.
The Suez Crisis in 1956 established a geopolitical situation that failed to solve the problems in the area. The  crisis made the United Nations send troops to the Sinai Peninsula to maintain the peace between Egypt and Israel. The coming to power of the Ba'th Party in Syria in 1963; the establishment of the Palestinian Liberation Organization in 1964; and the alliance of Syria, Egypt, and Jordan in 1966 contributed to the rise of tensions, which eventually led led to the war.
In May 1967, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser was informed by the Soviet Union that Israel was moving its troops on its border with Syria. Because of that false information, Nasser decided to expel the UN troops from the Sinai Peninsula and to move his army close to the Egyptian border with Israel. In the last days of May, other Arab countries such as Jordan and Iraq gathered troops and prepared for battle. The main event that led to the beginning of the war was the closing of the Tiran Straits on 23 May 1967, when Egypt blocked Israel's only access to the Red Sea.

The War Timeline
The War Timeline

Day 1: 5 June 1967 
At 7 a.m. local time, the Egyptian Air Force was taken by surprise by an aerial attack by the Israeli Air Force, and Operation Focus started. Israeli had been training the execution of its plan for a long time. To avoid being detected by the Egyptian radars, Israeli fighting jets flew low and kept radio silent. Because Israel's intelligence service had gathered all the crucial information over the years, all Israeli pilots knew where to find the Egyptian airfields and the exact location of each jet. That let them know which ones were the most powerful and so could become a danger to Israel. Israeli priorities were set clearly: destroy the runways so that no Egyptian jets could escape, the long-range bombers that were a threat to Israeli cities, and finally all other air force facilities. Within just thirty minutes, Egypt has already lost more than half of its air force.
After the first air attack, the ground war started in the Sinai Desert. Israeli troops moved forward quickly, but Egyptian intelligence initially told the troops stationed in the Sinai to let them pass since they believed it to be just a diversion of the actual main attack that was believed had not yet happend.  That made it easy for the Israeli troops to reach the city of al-Arish well ahead of schedule, at 10 p.m.
Even though Egypt had lost almost all of its air force within one day of the war, but Defence Minister Abdel Hakim Amer pushed the storyline to the Egyptian government in Cairo, the country's population, and its Arab League allies that the Egyptian Army, after it had overcome the initial effect of surprise. destroyed much of the Israeli Air Force. That led to Jordan acting upon the joined defence treaty that it had signed with Egypt. At 10 a.m. Jordan started firing at Israeli facilities, both military and civilian. Jordan’s participation led to Syria and Iraq also participating in the war by attacking Israel from the east. Israel pushed back by attacking Jordan’s air bases and bunkers around Jerusalem; continuing its attack on Egypt, now from multiple directions; and quickly gaining more territory.
Day 2: 6 June 1967 
On the second day of the war, the Israeli troops captured al-Arish, the largest city of the Sinai Ppeninsula. The location is important since it is only 45 km from the Gaza border. Israel hoped that by splitting Gaza from the Sinai, it would make make Gaza fall more easily. Meanwhile, the air attacks by Israel continued, which led to an order by General Amer for the Egyptian troops to retreat. However, the retreat is very sudden, and the chaos led to the roads out of the Sinai being jammed with army vehicles and to troops falling prey to the Israeli jets.
In the east, Syrian troops were busy firing at Israeli settlements, but the attack plan was quickly changed back to their defensive plan after continuous attacks from Israeli jets. Jordan also has to deal with Israeli air attacks, and the Israeli troops made their way closer and closer to Jerusalem. After Israeli had captureedc Ammunition Hill. in East Jerusalem, the road to the Old City of Jerusalem was safer for Israeli troops to pass through. Jordan’s possession of Jerusalem and the entire West Bank felt the pressure. With the Israeli troops surrounding it, the Jordanian Army was at risk of being stranded on the West Bank. King Hussein contacted Nasser and asked whether to retreat. Nasser eventually admitted the actual damages to the Egyptian Army and advised Hussein to evacuate the Jordan Army from the West Bank. Hussein sent out his order of retreat at 11:30 p.m
.m., but two hours later, the possibility of an official ceasefire that would be ordered by the UN Security Council made Hussein urge his troops to maintain their positions in the hope that when the ceasefire started at dawn, Jordan would still be in possession of the West Bank and the Old City of Jerusalem.
Day 3: 7 June 1967 
On the third day of the war, Israeli troops hurried towards conquering the Old City before the proposed ceasefire came into effect. With less than 100 Jordanian soldiers left to defend the Old City the Israeli troops opened fire and reached the Western Wall. Jordan also lost other places in the West bank like Nablus, Jericho, and Bethlehem to Israel. 

On the other front, Israel starts Operation Lights, with its navy attacking the Gulf of Suez and its armysuccessfully  attacking Egyptian forces in the Straits of Tiran on land. The latter attack is successful and results in the Red Sea now being open again for Israeli ships to pass through.

Day 4: 8 June 1967 
On the fourth day of the war, Israel went further into northern Jordan. By conquering the biblical city of Hebron, the war on the West Bank was over. Israel marked new border on the Jordan River .
On the Sinai front, Egyptian troops were retreating towards the Mitla and Gidi Passes in the hope of crossing the Suez Canal and getting to safety on the Egyptian mainland. With the Israeli forces getting closer to the Suez Canal, Amer gave the order that all Egyptian troops must protect the Suez Canal from the west and that all passes to and bridges over the canal must be destroyed. However, that meant that retreating Egyptian troops from the Sinai could no longer cross the canal and get to safety. With the Israeli forces so close, Nasser agreed to a ceasefire.
On the northern front, in the Golan Heights, Syria continued firing at Israeli settlements, but most of its army waited safely in its bunkers for the ground fighting to begin. However, with the possibility of also a ceasefire between Syria and Israel, the planned operation by Israel to invade the Golan Heights  was temporarily put on hold. Syria’s ally, the Soviet Union, warned Israel that it should respect the pending ceasefire and that any continuing violence towards Syria could have serious results.

With the strong possibility of a ceasefire at all fronts, the war seemed to be coming to an end after only four days. Israel captured the entire West Bank and even the entire Sinai Desert.
Day 5: 9 June 1967 
On the fifth day of the war, Israel ordered an attack on the Golan Heights, with air attacks starting at 9:40am and shortly afterward overland attacks from multiple angles. However, the terrain of the Golan Heights is hard to manage and navigate for those who are not used to it, which slowed the Israeli Army and led its troops right into the arms of the Syrian Army. By 6 p.m., three Syrian military fords had fallen, but for Israel, that had taken many lives and the loss of much material. Also, its troops had gotten only up to 13 km into Syrian territory. On the other hand, the Syrian troops were aside from their frontline and so were still in quite good shape. The Syrian government was determined to reinforce those frontline troops as fast as possible and asked for reinforcement from its Arab allies, especially from its treaty partner Egypt, but there was no response from the Egyptian government.
Day 6: 10 June 1967 
The fighting in the Golan Heights between Israel and Syria continued into the night. Israel was in a rush to capture the entire Golan Heights area before the ceasefire with Syria actually began. At 8:30 a.m., on the sixth and final day of the war, the Syrian commanders were losing control over their own troops. Syrian troops started blowing up their own bunkers and destroying all confidential documents. The city of Quneitra, only 75 km from Damascus, was reached by the Israeli troops. The Syrian government then decided to give the order for all troops to retreat and to reposition themselves around the capital.
In the meantime, the Soviet Union kept its word by cutting all diplomatic relations with Israel, and nine other communist bloc countries did so as well. Israel, afraid of possible military intervention by the Soviets, asked the United States for help, but no response was given by the White House. The Israeli government gave four more hours to the northern troops before it accepts the ceasefire since it still hoped to capture all of the Golan Heights. At 12:30 p.m., Quneitra was taken and then all of the rest of the Golan Heights was conquered, including Mount Hermon, the highest point in Syria. Only then was a  ceasefire with Syria agreed upon by Israel. The war has come to an end.

Military preparations
Background 
The Egyptians had 50 runways and about 960 attack aircraft, and the Israelis had 300 attack aircraft. Before the war, Israeli pilots and ground soldiers had trained to make possible for one aircraft to go into mission even four times a day; the Arab air forces could complete only one or two missions a day.  That let the Israeli Air Force start many attacks against Egypt on the first day of the war, destroy the Egyptian Air Force when it was still on the ground, and defeat the other Arab countries' air forces on the same day. The Arabs were so surprised that they wrongly believed that Israel had been helped by other countries, especially the United States.
On May 26, 1967, the Central Intelligence Agency stated, "The Israelis... If they attack now they... would still be able to drive the Egyptians away from the entrance to the Strait of Tiran, but it would certainly cost them heavy losses of men and matériel". A few days before the war, Israel believed it could win a war in 3 to 4 days. The Americans and the British believed that would take 7 to 10 days.

Armies 
The Israeli Army had 264,000 soldiers, but not all of them were called to fight. Israel used about 40,000 troops and 200 tanks. The Israeli Central Command forces had five brigades. The first two (the Jerusalem Brigade and the Harel Brigade) were near Jerusalem. Mordechai Gur's 55th Brigade was called from the Sinai front. The 10th Armored Brigade was in the north of the West Bank.
On the other side, Egypt prepared 100,000 of its 160,000 soldiers in the Sinai, including all of its seven divisions (four infantry, two armoured, and one mechanized), four independent infantry brigades, and four independent armoured brigades. Some of them were veterans of Egypt's participation to the Yemen Civil War. and othgers were reservists.

Weapons 
Arabs used mainly Soviet weapons, but Jordan also had American weapons and an air force of British aircraft. Egypt had the largest and the most modern of all the Arab air forces, with 420 combat aircraft; all of them had been given by the Soviets. Egypt also had MiG-21s and 30 Tu-16 "Badger" medium bombers, which were very powerful and dangerous for the enemy.
Aftermath 
Israel won the war after 983 people had been killed, and many tanks and aircrafts had been destroyed. On the opposite side, Egypt lost 15.000 soldiers, Jordan 700 and Syria 2500. With its victory, Israel gained many territories: the whole Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank (including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights).That also meant that Israel now ruled gover one million Arabs, which led to the forced displacement of most of them soon after the war.
In an interview in late June 1967, David Ben-Gurion, a former prime minister of Israel, affirmed that his country would have accepted to give back the occupied territories in exchange of a definite peace treaty and its recognition of the by the Arab countries. Nasser and other Arab leaders decided not to accept those conditions. Their choice against further negotiations led to another conflict just a few years later, in 1973, called the Yom Kippur War. Israel won once again, but the war did not bring much change to the borders that had been on the ground since 1967. Eventually, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in 1982 but kept the lands that it had acquired from Jordan. The UN requested Israel to retreat to the pre-1967 borders and to help form an Arab-Palestinian state, but negotiations and intermittent fighting continued, and the tensions with Palestinians in the territories occupied by Israel have never been solved.

References
References

 "The Six Days War". History Learning Site. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. Retrieved 5 February 2015.  

1967 in Asia
20th century in Egypt
Arab–Israeli conflict
20th century in Jordan
Wars involving Egypt
Wars involving Israel
Wars involving Syria
1960s in Israel
June events
1960s conflicts
Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominid. It lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago. A. afarensis was similar to slightly later Australopithecus africanus. It had a slender build.

A. afarensis may be more closely related to the genus Homo than A. africanus. Homo includes the modern human species, Homo sapiens.

The most famous fossil is the partial skeleton named Lucy (3.2 million years old) found by Donald Johanson and colleagues, who, in celebration of their find, repeatedly played the Beatles song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds.

References 

Australopithecines
Nakalipithecus nakayamai is a fossil ape species. It was a discovery of a 10-million-year-old jawbone with teeth, in a volcanic mud in Nakali, Kenya. N. nakayamai is thought to have lived around 9.9 million to 9.8 million years ago. More teeth were found in the same place; eleven of them are thought to belong to this specimen.

Other websites 
New ancient ape species discovered
Jawbone sheds light on divergence of humans and apes

Fossils
Hominids
Defoliants are a type of chemical that destroys plants like trees, bushes and grass .

A very common defoliant is Agent Orange used by the US Airforce in the Vietnam War to destroy cover of the enemy. It killed the rainforest and caused birth defects as well as other illnesses among Vietnamese and US soldiers

References

Herbicides
The Phoenix Lights (sometimes called the "Lights over Phoenix") were a light phenomenon that occurred on March 13, 1997 over Arizona and Nevada, in the Southwestern United States. Some claim that they were UFOs. The governor of Arizona also said he thought they could be UFOs. The thing was V-shaped with 5 lights at the bottom of it in V-formation.

1997 in the United States
1990s in Arizona
20th century in Nevada
March events
Lights
Tucson, Arizona
Year 909 (CMIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 The Maya leave their biggest towns and cities.

Births 
 Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury

References
This page lists ways of testing English as a foreign language (EFL). It is for teachers of English who teach people whose first language is not English. It lists tests with brief descriptions.

Types of exam

Cambridge exams
The Cambridge exams are very popular in Europe. The University of Cambridge ESOL makes these exams. There are five exams for general English. Students take these exams in many schools. Students can take the exams in England or in schools in many other countries.

The Cambridge exams test: 
Reading
Grammar
Speaking and listening.

The easiest exam is the KET. KET means Key English Test. The KET is the start of the Cambridge exams. The KET tests basic English.

The PET is more difficult. PET means Preliminary English Test. People with a PET know some English. They can survive social situations in English. They can also survive work situations in English. But they often find English difficult. They also make many mistakes.
The FCE is the most popular of the Cambridge English exam. FCE means First Certificate in English. The FCE is good for many businesses. People with a FCE can use English. They sometimes find English difficult. Normally they have no problems with English. But they make mistakes.

The CAE is a difficult exam. CAE means Certificate in Advanced English. The CAE is good for many universities. The CAE is also good for many businesses. People with a CAE have no problems working in England or United States of America.

The CPE is the most difficult exam. CPE stands for Certificate of Proficiency in English. People who have a CPE are very good at English. Their English is nearly as good as people who are from England or America. The CPE is good for universities. The CPE is also good for business. Many universities who teach courses in English want a CPE or CAE from foreign-language students.
There are two English exams systems for business. The Business English Certificate (BEC) is available at three levels comparable to PET, FCE and CAE above BEC means . The BULATS Business Language Testing Service is a single examination which can offer organisations or individuals the opportunity of assessing their current language level.

IELTS 
The IELTS is the International English Language Testing System. This system is from the University of Cambridge, the British Council and IDP Education in Australia. It has one exam for academics or professionals, and one for people who want to live in an English-speaking country. Universities in Britain, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Canada and New Zealand  often want an IELTS exam. IELTS is also becoming popular in North America. The IELTS tests: speaking, listening, writing and reading.
TOEFL 
The TOEFL is a very popular English exam. It is very useful for student who wish to study in the United States of America. TOEFL means Test of English as a Foreign Language. The TOEFL is an academic exam. Many universities in America want a TOEFL exam.

In 2005 a new TOEFL was made. The new TOEFL uses Internet. Its name is Internet-Based TOEFL (iBT). The old TOEFLs did not stop. They are called Computer-Based TOEFL (CBT) and Paper-Based TOEFL, but are not now available in all countries.

TOEIC 
The TOEIC is a general English exam. TOEIC means Test of English for International Communication. The exam has 200 questions. Every question is a multiple choice question. A multiple-choice question is a question where you choose which answer (e.g. a, b, c or d) is correct.

The result of the TOEIC is a number. This number is between 10 and 990. 990 is the best number. The TOEIC number is often used for jobs. Many jobs need a number higher than 600. Managers often need a number higher than 800.
LCCIEB 
LCCIEB means London Chamber of Commerce and Industry Examinations Board. The LCCIEB makes many English exams. Many businesses like LCCIEB exams.

The EFB means English for Business. The EFB is a business English exam. It tests basic general English. It also tests more difficult business English.

The EFC means English for Commerce. The EFC is a business English exam. It tests business writing. It also tests business skills. Business skills are ideas how to manage a business. The EFC is more difficult than the EFB.

The PBE means Practical Business English. The PBE is a business English exam. It tests business speaking. It also tests business listening. The PBE is for basic English. People with a PBE can have a basic business conversation.

The SEFIC means Spoken English for Industry and Commerce. The SEFIC is a business English exam. It tests business speaking. It is more difficult than the PBE. It tests difficult business speaking. It also tests difficult business listening.
The WEFT means Written English for Tourism. The WEFT is an English business exam. It tests business speaking. It tests speaking at hotels. It also tests speaking in other parts of tourism. The WEFT also tests listening.

BULATS 
The BULATS means Business Language Testing Service. The BULATS is a special exams for big companies. The BULATS are made for a company. The BULATS for another company is different.

Pitman 
Pitman exams are made by the City and Guilds Group. There are two important English exams by Pitman.

The ESOL means English for Speakers of Other Languages. The ESOL tests English at many levels. The ESOL is good for going to many colleges. The Spoken ESOL is like the ESOL. But the Spoken ESOL only tests speaking and listening.

The EBC means English for Business Communications. The EBS is a business English exam. There are three levels.
CELS (ARELS/Oxford)
The CELS exams are English exams for people who want to study in England. CELS means "Certificates in Communicative Skills in English". The CELS exam comes from the old ARELS and Oxford exams; now they are Cambridge ESOL exams. The ARELS exam tests speaking and listening. The Oxford exam tests writing and reading. The new name of Arels and Oxford together is CELS.

There are three levels in the CELS exam. Preliminary is the easiest exam. Vantage is more difficult. Higher is the most difficult exam. People who have the CELS are very good at speaking English. These exams are good for universities.

This exam is different from some other exams because learners get one certificate (paper saying how good they are) for each part of the exam. A learner can have a high mark on the speaking certificate but a low one in writing, for example.

Compare exams
It is very difficult to compare English exams. Every exam is a little different.
In Europe, the ALTE says how different exams compare. The ALTE is the Association of Language Testers in Europe. It has 28 exam makers in it, and compares their exams in 24 languages. The ALTE says what learners can do at every step of learning. Because of this, they say the ALTE list is a "can-do" list. The ALTE list is a simple way to talk about the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF). The CEF is from the Council of Europe.

This table shows what learners "can do" in normal English (not for work or studying) at the ALTE steps:

This table compares exams in ALTE:

Professional organizations
There are many groups of teachers, professors, and other experts that do research on English language testing. Some of these may be have good information to help teachers understand testing better.
The Japan Association for Language Teaching Testing & Evaluation Special Interest Group

Related pages 
 English as a foreign language
Other websites 
Official TOEIC English Proficiency Test Website  English
Toeic Language Test in France 
Toeic Language Test in Spain 
Toeic Language Test in Poland 
Toeic Language Test in Germany 
Toeic Language Test in GB 
Toeic Languages Test in Italy 
Official ETS EUROPE TOEFL website 
valodas  - Free language learning software.
 English the international language

Language education‎
English language
Eumetazoa is a clade which includes all major animal phyla except sponges, and a few other groups of animals, such as the Placozoa. The Eumetazoa have true tissues, neurons, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage.

Subgroups 
 Radiata
 Bilateria

References 

 Borchiellini C. et al.  2001.  Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14 (1): 171-179.
 Peterson, Kevin J. et al. 2005. Tempo & mode of early animal evolution: inferences from rocks, Hox, & molecular clocks.  Paleobiology 31(2, Supplement): 36-55.

Groups of phyla
The Bilateria are animals which are bilaterally symmetrical. They have front and a back end, an upside and downside, and a left and right side. Most animals are bilateral.

Main subgroups 
 Deuterostomia
 Echinodermata (20,000 species, 7000 living) 
 Chordata. mostly Vertebrata  (63,000 species)
 Hemichordata
 Protostomia
 Ecdysozoa (6 to 20 million species) 
Nematoda (20,000 species known +many more)
Arthropoda (one to 10 million species)
 Lophotrochozoa 
Annelida (17,000 species)
Platyhelminthes (20,000+ species)
Mollusca (85,000+ species)
Brachiopoda (5,000 fossil species)
Rhombozoa
 Platyzoa
 Minor phyla (like Chaetognatha)
Numbers are approximate; extinct species numbers cannot be known for most phyla.

Related pages 
List of animal phyla

References 

Groups of phyla
A lyre (pronounce to rhyme with "fire") is an instrument which is like a mixture between a harp and a guitar. It is held in one hand and the strings are strummed using the other hand.  Lyres were among the first string instruments to be invented.

Plucked string instruments
Early musical instruments
The oceanic crust is the part of Earth's lithosphere that is under the ocean basins.

Oceanic crust is primarily composed of mafic rocks, or sima which is named for its magnesium silicate minerals. It is thinner than continental crust, and is about 7-10 kilometers thick, however it is more dense, having a mean density of about 3.3 g/cm3.

Oceanic crust generally does not last longer than 200 million years. In the rock cycle, it is continuously created at oceanic ridges. At these ridges, hot magma rises into the crust and cools, pushing the crust apart at the ridge. The continuous formation of new oceanic crust pushes the older crust away from the mid-ocean ridge. As it moves away from the ridge, the crust becomes cooler and denser, while the sediment may build on top of it.

Related pages
Continental crust

References

Sources
Marshak, Stephen. (2005) Earth: Portrait of a Planet (41-87)

Other websites 
Testing the Sea-Floor Spreading Hypothesis 

Geology
The continental crust is the layer of granitic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.

It consists mostly of feldspar and other sialic rocks. It is less dense than the material of the Earth's mantle, which consists of mafic rock. Continental crust is also less dense than oceanic crust, though it is considerably thicker; mostly 35 to 40 km versus the average oceanic thickness of around 7–10 km. About 40% of the Earth's surface lies on-top of continental crust.

The continental crust is separated from the oceanic crust by the continental margin.

Related pages 
 Oceanic crust
References 
 Butler, Rob, Making new continents  Accessed 01/29/2006
 Saal, A.L., Rudnick R.L., Ravizza G.E. & Hart S.R., 1998. Re-Os isotope evdence for the composition, formation and age of the lower crust. Nature, 39317, 1998.
 Taylor and McLennan, 1995, Model of growth of continental crust through time in John Victor Walther, 2005, Essentials Of Geochemistry, Jones & Bartlett, 
 von Huene, R. and D.W. Scholl, 1991. "Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust." Reviews of Geophysics, 29, 279-316.

Other websites
Average composition of Continental Crust
Crust 5.1 

Geology
This is a List of cities in the United Kingdom. This list includes all places with city status.

References

United Kingdom
United Kingdom-related lists
United Kingdom
Shift work is a working practice which is designed to use all 24 hours of a day, and not only the standard working day hours.

A day for example can be divided into three eight-hour shifts. An employee only works one of the shifts in each day. The "first shift" is in the morning, the "second shift" is in the afternoon and evening and the "third shift" is overnight.

The "second shift", also known as the swing shift in some places, is the work shift which takes place in the afternoon and evening. It usually extends from 4 PM (16:00) to midnight, or from 3 PM (15:00) to 11 PM (23:00).

The "third shift", the night shift, is usually from 11 PM (23:00) or 12-midnight (00:00) to 07:00 or 08:00 in the morning.

Health effects 

The World Health Organization (WHO) claimed in December 2007 that shift work might cause cancer but currently there is no evidence to support the claim
A study by Knutsson et al. in 1986 showed that labors who work shift work in a production floor (papermill as per the research) for more than 15 years, are 3 times more likely to develop ischaemic heart diseases.

References 

Employment
Étang Saumâtre (in English, brackish pond) is the largest lake of Haiti. It is the second largest lake of Hispaniola, after Lake Enriquillo. It is also known as Lake Azuei. It is known as Lago del Fondo in the Dominican Republic. Its Taíno name was Yainagua.

The lake is on the arid part of the Plain of the Cul-de-Sac. It is  east of Port-au-Prince in the Ouest Department. Its eastern side is part of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic; the Dominican city of Jimaní is at less than 1 km from the southeast end of the lake.

The salt-water lake has a length, from northwest to southeast, of . Its maximum width is . The total area is .

The water of the lake is dark blue. Its salinity is about one fifth (1/5) the salinity of sea water. Very few small rivers flow into the lake.
Many water birds visit the lake to feed, including flamingos. There are also American crocodiles and some fishes including tilapia. Because it is an arid region, the vegetation around the lake is poor with cacti and small shrubs.

References 

Lakes of North America
Geography of Haiti
The F6F Hellcat was a United States Navy fighter aircraft made by Grumman during World War II. It first flew in 1942 and was introduced in 1943.  It was supposed to be a little bit better than the F4F Wildcat, but became a big improvement.  It was more powerful and could turn better.  It was made to fight the Japanese A6M Zero. It was able to take off of aircraft carriers.  It was also used by the navy as a "night fighter", with radar so it could fly at night. During the war, it had the most aces fly it.  It was retired in 1954.

The Hellcat was a rival to the Vought F4U Corsair and had more aerial victories and participated in more missions.  The F6F was equipped with Browning Machine Guns, and had external fuel tanks for longer range.  It had the same engine as the F4U.  The armor of the Hellcat was better than that on other aircraft.

References

Notes

United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
British military aircraft
French military aircraft
World War II American aircraft
F6F
The F4F Wildcat was a fighter aircraft made by Grumman. It first flew in 1937, and was introduced in 1940. It was used in the Pacific during the early years of World War II. It could take off from aircraft carriers. During the war, it mainly fought the A6M Zero. Because the Wildcat was not beating the Zero, a new airplane was made called the F6F Hellcat. The Wildcat continued to fight in places where the Hellcat was too big, and was retired in 1945.

References

United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
British military aircraft
World War II American aircraft
F4F
The Mitsubishi A6M Zero, often called just the A6M Zero or simply the Zero was a long range carrier ship-based fighter aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. The aircraft was built by Mitsubishi, making its first flight in 1939, and entering naval service in 1940.

The Mitsubishi A6M Zero was an amazing performing and nimble aircraft from the Japanese, most widely remembered for its performance in the Pacific War. The Mitsubishi A6M Zero (also known as ‘The Zero’) was a versatile fighter aircraft, usually used as ambush aircraft, bomber attackers and sometimes escorts. People would often rate the A6M a ‘Zero’ out of 10.
It was the primary fighter used by Japan during the war. It was the primary enemy of US Naval aircraft such as the Grumman F4F Wildcat, Vought F4U Corsair, and later the Grumman F6F Hellcat, which was specifically designed to combat the Zero. The A6M Zero was the best fighter at the beginning of the Pacific war. However, late in the war, new American fighters were able to defeat it.

Related pages 
 F4F Wildcat
 F6F Hellcat

References

Other websites 

Military of Japan
World War II Japanese aircraft
Mitsubishi
The CONCACAF Champions League (originally called the CONCACAF Champions' Cup) is a football competition between the best club teams in North and Central America and the Caribbean. The teams are selected by the Central American and Caribbean Association of Football (the CONCACAF) because of their good performances in matches.

Records and statistics (all time)

Winners 
Shows teams which won at least two titles.

Top-ten countries 

Football competitions
Football in North America
Football in Central America
The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football often referred to as just CONCACAF, is the organization that controls North, Central, and Caribbean football.

Related pages
 CONCACAF Gold Cup
 CONCACAF Champions' Cup

Other websites 
 CONCACAF homepage

Football organizations
Football in North America
Football in Central America
The Mali Federation was a country in the west of Africa. Senegal and Mali came together and made this country. (Mali's name was French Sudan at that time). It started on April 4 1959 and it was controlled by France. However, it became independent on June 20 1960.

The Federation's prime minister was Modibo Keïta, and the government was in Dakar. The Federation ended a short time after independence because Senegal left on August 20 1960 because they had a disagreement about politics.

History of Mali
History of Senegal
Former countries in Africa
1959 establishments in Africa
1960 disestablishments in Africa
Former federations
Value-added tax (often called by its initial letters "VAT" or “V.A.T.”) is the English name of a tax that is added to things sold in the European Union. It is like a sales tax that is charged in some US States.

The tax is paid every time goods are sold.
 The maker charges the wholesaler VAT and pays the tax to the government
 The wholesaler charges the shop VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the maker
 The shop charges the customer VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the wholesaler.

The tax can be complicated to work out, because every business or person has to charge the tax, and have an invoice to show they have paid some tax. The only person who pays the full amount of tax is the customer of the shop.

The government also charges VAT on some services. This is because some companies do not make a thing which can be used (goods) instead they do something to help a customer (that is, provide a service).
For example, a garage-owner might sell a spare part for a customer’s car. The garage-owner charges VAT because spare parts are “goods”. If the garage-owner helps the customer by fitting the spare parts into the car, the garage-owner would charge extra for his time, and would also charge VAT on the amount he charged for the service of fitting the parts.

VAT is not added to all products. Children's books and clothes do not have VAT.

Taxation
Saxe-Coburg () was a country in today's Bavaria, Germany. It was part of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach after the Division of Erfurt in 1572. In 1596 Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was split, Johann Casimir got Saxe-Coburg and Johann Ernst got Saxe-Eisenach. When Casimir died in 1633, his brother Ernst of Saxe-Eisenach both countries until he died in 1638. Saxe-Coburg was then given to other Ernestine duchies.

It became again a duchy in 1681. From 1699, when Albrecht of Saxe-Coburg died without sons until 1735 it shared a ruler with the Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld. In 1735 the two duchies were merged as Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

Related pages
 Ernestine duchies

References 

 Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Royal Family 

1596 establishments
1590s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Germany
1633 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Germany 
1681 establishments
1680s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Germany
1699 disestablishments
House of Wettin
States of the Holy Roman Empire
Deuterostomes are a nephrozoan superphylum of bilaterian animals, a taxon above the level of phylum. It is not part of the usual system of classification.

They are bilateral animals, and are contrasted with the protostomes. Deuterostomes are distingued by their embryo: in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.

Classification 
These are the living phyla of deuterostomes:
Chordata (vertebrates and their kin)
Echinodermata (starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.)
Hemichordata (acorn worms and possibly graptolites)
This is an extinct deuterostome clade:
Saccorhytida

Groups of phyla
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was one of the short lived Ernestine duchies.  It only existed between 1572 - 1596 and again from 1633 - 1638.  It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, today it is within the federal states of Bavaria and Thuringia.

Creation 
The duchy was created by the Division of Erfurt in 1572 when Coburg and Eisenach were split from the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar for Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst, the sons of Johann Friedrich II, the Middle.

Rulers 
The two princes at this time were still children, so the Elector August of Saxony was regent until 1586.  This is when Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst becgan to rule the duchy.  Johann Ernst retired to his hunting lodge in Marksühl, and in 1590 the two brothers divided the country. Johann Casimir  kept Saxe-Coburg, and Johann Ernst took Saxe-Eisenach. Johann Casimir died in 1633so his brother Johann Ernst inherited his possessions, again were short and Coburg and Eisenach were reunited until Johann Ernst's death in 1638.
Division 
Johann Ernst also had no children, so the Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach line died out, out the territory was divided between the other Ernestine line.

House of Wettin
Dennis Lynn Rader (born March 9, 1945 ) is an American serial killer. He murdered 10 people near Wichita, Kansas between 1974 and 1991.  He was known as the BTK killer (or the BTK strangler).  BTK stands for Bind, Torture, Kill.  He was named this because that was what he did to the people he killed. Letters were written soon after the killings and sent to police and to local news outlets. They talked about the crimes. The letters had information which only the killer and police knew about the crimes. The letters stopped being sent for a long time. In 2004, they started being sent again. This led to him being located in 2005 and found guilty of the murders. Rader was sentenced to at least 175 years imprisonment.

References

1945 births
Living people
American prisoners
American serial killers
People from Kansas
Tom and Jerry Kids Show is a 1990 television series by Hanna-Barbera Studios. This follows Tom and Jerry as kids in their cat-and-mouse games. The show also contains segments featuring Droopy and his son Dripple (who would later star in their own short-lived spin-off, "Droopy, Master Detective"), Spike & Tyke (from the original Tom & Jerry) and Blast-Off Buzzard (from "The CB Bears"). The original run lasted until 1994 when the show was canceled. In certain countries, the Tom & Jerry Kids shorts have aired separately on Boomerang until 2014.

Cast

Principal Cast
 Charlie Adler - Dripple Dog
 William Callaway - Slowpoke Antonio
 Brian Cummings - Clyde
 Pat Fraley - Kyle the Cat
 Teresa Ganzel - Miss Vavoom
 Dick Gautier - Spike
 Phil Hartman - Calaboose Cal
 Don Messick - Droopy Dog
 Frank Welker - Tom (the cat), Jerry (the mouse, Season 1-2), Wildmouse, McWolf
 Patric Zimmerman - Tyke

Additional Voices
Brandon Adams
 Joe Alaskey
 Patricia Alice Albrecht
 Lewis Arquette
 Rene Auberjonois
 Michael Bell
 Gregg Berger
 Susan Blu
 Sorrell Booke
 Charlie Brill
 Nicole Brown
 Scott Bullock
 Arthur Burghardt
 Greg Burson
 Hamilton Camp
 Nancy Cartwright
 Marsha Clark
 Selette Cole
 Townsend Coleman
 Danny Cooksey
 Bud Cort
 Jesse Corti
 Peter Cullen
 Brian Cummings - Clyde
 Jim Cummings
 Tim Curry
 Jennifer Darling
 Mari Devon
 Nancy Dussault
 Maggie Egan
 June Foray
 Brad Garrett
 Kathy Garver
 Joan Gerber
 Barry Gordon
 Archie Hahn
 Pamela Hayden
 George Hearn
 Dana Hill
 Jerry Houser
 Tony Jay
 Arte Johnson
 Vicki Juditz
 Zale Kessler
 Kip King
 Paul Kreppel
 Maurice LaMarche
 David Lander
 Allan Lurie
 Sherry Lynn
 Tress MacNeille
 Kenneth Mars
 Chuck McCann
 Edie McClurg
 Diane Michelle
 Brian Mitchell
 Alan Oppenheimer
 Bibi Osterwald
 Gary Owens
 Patricia Parris
 Rob Paulsen
 Pat Pinney
 Henry Polic II
 Tony Pope
 Hal Rayle
 Clive Revill
 Bob Ridgely
 Kimmy Robertson
 Stuart Robinson
 Roger Rose
Roger Rose
 Neil Ross
 Ronnie Schell
 Susan Silo
 Hal Smith
 Kath Soucie
 Sally Struthers
 Barbara Stuart
 Marcelo Tubert
 Janet Waldo
 B.J. Ward
 Jimmy Weldon
 Jane Wiedlin
 Lee Wilkof
 April Winchell
 JoAnne Worley
Jill Talley as Jerry (Season 3-4)

International Broadcast

References

1990 television series debuts
1990s children's television series
1990s animated television series
Cartoon Network series
Spacetoon shows
English-language television programs
Tom and Jerry
Johanna Klara Eleonore "Hannelore" Kohl (née Renner; 7 March 1933 – 5 July 2001) was the wife of former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl (died 2017). She met him for the first time in Ludwigshafen, Germany, when she was 15 years old.

She was born in Berlin as Eleonore Johanna Renner, and later, she changed her first name to "Hannelore". When her husband was chancellor she set up the Hannelore Kohl Stiftung (that is the Hannelore Kohl Charity) and the Kuratorium ZNS, a foundation to help find a cure for illnesses of the central nervous system.

In 1945, when she was 12, she was raped by Red Army soldiers.

On 5 July 2001, Mrs Kohl was found dead in her home in Ludwigshafen. She had apparently committed suicide with an overdose of sleeping pills. She was said to have suffered from photo allergy (sunlight burns the skin).

However, journalist Andrew Gimson, writing in The Spectator questioned official version of events, and so did the German newsmagazine, Stern and the BBC.
Kohl is known for her collection of German-style cooking recipes, Kulinarische Reise durch Deutsche Länder (Culinary Journey through German Regions), published in 1996.

References

Other websites
 Hannelore Kohl's Gravesite

1933 births
2001 deaths
Drug-related suicides
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Ludwigshafen
Suicides in Germany
Writers who committed suicide
Amber Nicole Benson(born January 8, 1977) is an American actress, writer, movie director, and movie producer. She is best known for her role as "Tara Maclay", on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

Early life
Benson was born in Birmingham, Alabama. She had a mixed Christian and Jewish upbringing.

Career