Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Insanity? 
There are stories about Caligula that show cruelty and insanity. He was accused of killing just for amusement. He was accused of committing incest with his sisters and prostituting them with other men. He was accused of turning the palace into a brothel.

Caligula appeared in public dressed as various gods. He demanded to be worshipped as a god. There was a legend that he appointed a horse to the priesthood.

It is difficult to know anything for certain about Caligula. Only two sources from his time still exist. Those are the works of Philo and Seneca. They give mostly anecdotes. At one time, there were detailed histories on Caligula. Now they are lost. Caligula's sister, Agrippina the Younger, wrote an autobiography which certainly had a lot of information about Caligula's reign. It is also lost. No surviving source paints Caligula in a favorable light. It is not known whether Caligula was insane.
Relics
In 2017 a mosaic from one of Caligula's Lake Nemi pleasure ships was discovered in New York City

References

Other websites

 

 
 

12 births
41 deaths
1st-century Roman emperors
Assassinated Roman politicians
Counter-Strike Source is a first-person shooter computer game developed by Valve Corporation. The game normally involves 2 teams, one called 'Terrorists' or 'T' for short and 'Counter Terrorists' or 'CT' for short. The two teams have different guns and objectives. For example, Terrorists can use the AK-47 and Counter Terrorists can use the M4A1.

About the game 
The game started off as a modification of Half-Life, called Counter-Strike. Its popularity grew enough that Valve made it into a retail game. Counter-Strike: Source is essentially the same game on the Source engine. It remains one of the most popular online shooter games in the world. The game has real-life weapons. Most of them are still used today.

Modes 
There are two officials modes, bomb-defusal and hostage rescue. The aim of the game generally is to kill the opposing force and carrying out other objectives such as defusing bombs and rescuing hostages.
Changes from the community 
These changes called modifications or "mods" for short, are created by the game's players generally and are not regarded as official changes. There are many mods such as Warcraft, Deathmatch, Gungame, Zombie Survival, and surf.

Reception
 Metacritic 88

Other websites 
 Official site
 Counter-Strike: Source GameSpot profile
 Counter-Strike: Source player videos and images at Xfire 
 Counter-Strike: Source servers
 N/U Counter-Strike: Source Community

2004 video games
Windows games
Silver  is the color of the metal silver.  It is a grayish-white color.

The first written use of silver as a color name in English was in 1481.

Meaning of silver 

 Like the color gold, silver represents wealth because the metal silver is valuable, although not quite as valuable as gold.

Tones of silver color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Pyromania is a psychological disorder. It is an impulse control disorder with an obsession with fire and explosives.

Pyromaniacs often set fire to things. They get pleasure or relief from seeing things burn. Pyromaniacs are often convicted of arson. When children have pyromania, later in life they usually are diagnosed with a mental disorder. Pyromaniacs set fire to relieve stress and it gives them pleasure and relief.

Someone with this disorder deliberately and purposely sets fires on more than one occasion. Before the act of lighting the fire the person usually has tension and an emotional buildup. When around fires, a person with pyromania shows intense interest or fascination and may also get pleasure, gratification or relief.

References 

Impulse control disorders
Oscar de la Hoya (born February 4, 1973), also known as the "Golden Boy", is a former boxer. He is Mexican-American. He won a gold medal for the United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

References

Other websites

 Official Site, Golden Boy Promotions

American boxers
American Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
1973 births
Living people
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
San Salvador Island, also known as Watling Island,  is an island in The Bahamas, that is said to have been found by Christopher Columbus during his first trip to the New World.  It has a population of about 1,000 people, and it is a very good tourist spot.

References

Other websites
 Info on Watling Island

Islands of the Bahamas
Districts of the Bahamas
Jane Roberts (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, psychic and trance medium  who "channeled" a spirit named Seth. The publication of the Seth books established her as an important person in the world of the paranormal. She wrote short stories, novels and children's books.

Selected writings

 Roberts, Jane (1974). The Nature of Personal Reality. Amber-Allen Publishing. 
 Roberts, Jane (1981). The Individual and the Nature of Mass Events. Amber-Allen Publishing. 
 Roberts, Jane and Robert F. Butts (1994). Seth Speaks: The Eternal Validity of the Soul. Amber-Allen Publishing. 

1929 births
1984 deaths
Writers from New York (state)
Deaths from arthritis
In general, an attraction is when two things are drawn to one another.

 In physics, attraction may refer to gravity or to electromagnetic force.
 In entertainment, attraction is a theatrical production.
 In metaphysics, the Law of Attraction says that a person's attitude will attract situations and events that match the attitude.

Basic English 850 words
Alb-Donau (Alemannic German: Alb-Donau-Krois) is a rural district or county (Landkreis) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

History 

The history of the region is linked with the history of Ulm and the Swabian Alb.

The district of Alb-Donau was established in 1973 by joining the former districts of Ulm and Ehingen.

Geography 

The city of Ulm is surrounded by the district. The government of the county is in Ulm, even though Ulm is not a part of the districztIt is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district, although it is not part of the district.
The district is named after the Danube River (German Donau) and the Swabian Alb (Schwäbische Alb) mountains. The Danube enters the district in the southwest, runs through the southern parts of the district and leaves eastwards to Ulm. North of the Danube banks the hills of the Swabian Alb rise. The hill chain extends from southwest to northeast parallel to the course of the Danube River and is continued on either side of the district. An affluent of the Danube, the Iller River, forms the southeastern border of the Alb-Donau district, before it meets the Danube in Ulm.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website  (German)

1973 establishments
Freddy "Boom Boom" Cannon (born December 4, 1936) is an American singer. He was most famous in the early 1960s. His hit records include "Abigail Beecher", "Tallahassee Lassie", and "Way Down Yonder In New Orleans".

One of Cannon's hits, "Palisades Park", was written by Chuck Barris, who later created The Dating Game and The Gong Show. Cannon also appeared in the movies Just for Fun and Village of the Giants.

1936 births
Living people
Singers from Massachusetts
The Hudson Bay is a bay that goes into East-central Canada. It is the fourth largest sea in the world with an area of 316,000 square miles (819,000 square kilometres). The northern and western shores belong to Nunavut, the southern shore is split between Manitoba and Ontario, and the eastern shore belongs to Quebec. It is connected with the Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson Strait, which is in the northeast of the bay, and with the Arctic Ocean through the Foxe Channel in the north part of the bay.

It was named for the English explorer Henry Hudson, who, in 1610 on the ship Discovery, found the bay and claimed it for England.

Other websites 
Britannica Online-Hudson Bay

Seas
Bays of Canada
La fanciulla del West, meaning The Girl of the Golden West, is an opera by Puccini. The opera is three acts long. It was based on the play The Girl of the Golden West by David Belasco. The first showing of the opera was at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, in 1910.

1910s operas
1910 works
The kora is a 21-string harp-lute used mostly by peoples in West Africa.

References 

Plucked string instruments
The Gao Region is in eastern Mali. The region's capital city is Gao.

Cercles 
 Ansongo
 Bourem
 Gao
 Menaka (cercle)

Regions of Mali
The Kayes Region is in eastern Mali.

Cercles 
Kayes is divided into 7 cercles:
 Bafoulabe
 Diema
 Kita
 Kenieba
 Kayes
 Nioro
 Yelimane

Regions of Mali
The Kidal Region is a region in Mali.

Cercles 
Kidal Region is divided into 4 cercles that contain 11 municipalities:
 Abéibara
 Kidal
 Tin-Essako
 Tessalit

Other websites 

 Kidal info  

Regions of Mali
The Koulikoro Region is a region in western Mali. It is the second administrative area of Mali and covers an area of . Its capital is the city of Koulikoro.

References

Regions of Mali
The Mopti Region is a region in Mali.

Cercles 
Mopti is divided into 8 cercles that contain a total of 108 municipalities:
 Bandiagara
 Bankass
 Djenne
 Douentza
 Koro
 Mopti
 Tenenkou
 Youwarou

Regions of Mali
The Ségou Region is a region in Mali.

Regions of Mali
The Sikasso Region is a region in Mali.  Sikasso is the capital of the region.  It is the second largest city in Mali.  Because of people fleeing the violence in Côte d'Ivoire the city is growing quickly.

Other important towns are Bougouni and Koutiala.

References

Regions of Mali
The Tombouctou Region (also spelled Timbuktu) is a region in Mali.

Regions of Mali
Toni Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931 – August 5, 2019) was an African-American author. She was the second child in her working-class family. 

She normally wrote about racial discrimination (racism, mainly the dislike of blacks). She won awards for writing some books and she changed African-American history. She was perhaps the most successful mainly story-writing African woman in the world. 

She was a famous writer and she got her good writing by the people she looked up to. They were B.W.Jones and A.I.Vinson. Her first novel (The Bluest Eyes) is the story of a girl ruined by a racist society and its violence and she had son named slade who she wrote this book with dreaming emmett. One of her books, Beloved, was made into a movie in 1998. This movie starred Oprah Winfrey.

Morrison died at a hospital in The Bronx, New York City on August 5, 2019, from problems caused by pneumonia, aged 88.

References
References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Writers from Ohio
American novelists
American poets
American Nobel Prize winners
People from Lorain, Ohio
Bret Michael Sychak, better known as Bret Michaels (born March 15, 1963 in Butler, Pennsylvania), is the lead singer of the glam metal band Poison. He also starred on VH1's reality television program Rock of Love 2. He is also a contestant on Celebrity Apprentice.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Official Poison website

1963 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie actors
Singers from Pennsylvania
American television actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
Participants in American reality television series
American rock musicians
American heavy metal singers
Jacques Arcadelt (also called Jacob Arcadelt) (born probably in Liège,  1504 or 1505; died Paris, 14 October  1568)  was a Franco-Flemish composer in the Renaissance period.  He was an extremely popular composer of madrigals and chansons. 

We know hardly anything about his early life, but we know he was living in Rome by 1539 when he was made a member of the Julian Chapel.  Soon he joined the Sistine Chapel, where he had the job of "magister puerorum" (director of the boys choir), and later he became choirmaster.  In the same year he published four of his total of six books of madrigals for four voices.  Probably around 1553 he moved to France, where he spent the rest of his life.  He wrote a very large number of chansons (French songs). He also wrote some masses.
Arcadelt's music became extremely popular because it was quite simple and easy to sing with beautiful melodies that people could remember. One very famous madrigal is called Il bianco e dolce cigno (The white and gentle swan).  The style of Arcadelt’s music influenced the next generation of madrigal composers.

1500s births
1568 deaths
Arcadelt, Jacques
Arcadelt, Jacques
Adela Florence Nicolson (née Cory) (9 April 1865–4 October 1904) was an English poet who lived in India. She wrote under the pseudonym Laurence Hope.

References
 Bickley, Francis L. and Sayoni Basu, "Nicolson [née Cory], Adela Florence [pseud. Laurence Hope] (1865-1904)," Dictionary of National Biography 2004.

1865 births
1904 deaths
English poets
The Sarah Jane Adventures was a science fiction television series, that started in 2007 and ended in 2011, due to Elisabeth Sladen's death. It was a spin off from the British cult series Doctor Who.

The series starred Elisabeth Sladen as the journalist Sarah Jane Smith, who was a companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor in the classic Doctor Who series. Sladen played the original part of Sarah Jane from 1973 until 1976. Sarah Jane was considered the most popular companion of the Doctor and appeared in the new series episode "School Reunion" along with her robot dog, K-9.

Unlike the other spin off of Doctor Who, Torchwood, the target audience for The Sarah Jane Adventures was children as it is shown on CBBC.
Connections to Doctor Who 
The series featured many connections to Doctor Who.  The Slitheen family, who first appeared in the Doctor Who episode "Aliens of London" appeared in two stories in the first series, and the Sontarans, who first appeared in the Doctor Who story The Time Warrior featured in two stories in the Second series. The character Doctor Who also appeared in the episodes "The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith" (played by David Tennant) and "Death of the Doctor" (played by Matt Smith).

Doctor Who also used ideas from The Sarah Jane Adventures. In the Doctor Who episode "Turn Left", the Doctor makes a reference to the Trickster - an enemy who had only featured in The Sarah Jane Adventures. Sarah Jane also appeared with her son Luke Smith in the Doctor Who episodes "The Stolen Earth" and "Journey's End".

Episodes

Special (2007) 
The first episode was a 60-minute special, and served as a basic introduction to the series.
Series 1 (2007) 
The first series featured five stories. Each story was made up of two episodes.

Series 2 (2008) 
The second series featued six stories.  As with the first series, each story was made up of two episodes

Comic Relief Special (2009) 
A short, 5-minute special was made for the 2009 Comic Relief appeal.

Series 3 (2009) 
The third series featured six stories. As with previous series, each story was made up of two episodes.

Series 4 (2010) 
The fourth series featured six stories. As with previous series, each story was made up of two episodes. The final episode of this series was the last to air before Elisabeth Sladen's death on the 19th of April, 2011.

Series 5 (2011) 
The fifth series only featured three stories, as those three were filmed alongside series four, before Elisabeth Sladen's death. As with the previous series, they were all made of two episodes.

Related pages
List of Characters in The Sarah Jane Adventures
Doctor Who
Doctor Who
2007 television series debuts
BBC Television programmes
British science fiction television series
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Dailymotion is the world's largest independent video sharing website. It is based in Paris, France. Dailymotion was started March 15, 2005 by Benjamin Bejbaum and Olivier Poitrey.

Websites established in 2005
Video sharing websites
Francesca Lia Block (born January 3, 1962 in Los Angeles, California) is the writer of many books for teenagers. She is best known for the Weetzie Bat series of books. Block wrote her first book, Weetzie Bat, while she was a student at UC Berkeley. Harper Collins published it in 1989.  She is known for her use of imagery, or ability to paint pictures with words. This is best seen in describing the city of Los Angeles.

Block was born in Los Angeles to a poet and a painter. The creativity they gave Francesca was a big influence on what she wrote. Another influence was her love of Greek mythology and fairy tales when she was a child.

Block belongs to the Authors Guild, Authors League of America, and the Writers Guild of America.

Works

Weetzie Bat Series 
 Weetzie Bat (1989)
 Witch Baby (1991)
 Cherokee Bat and the Goat Guys (1992)
 Missing Angel Juan (1993)
 Baby Be-Bop (1995)
 Necklace of Kisses (2005)
Weetzie Bat Collections 
 Dangerous Angels: The Weetzie Bat Books (collection) (1998)
 Beautiful Boys: Two Weetzie Bat Books (collection) (2004)
 Goat Girls: Two Weetzie Bat Books (collection) (2004)

Books 
 Ecstasia (1993)
 The Hanged Man (1994)
 Primavera (1994)
 I Was A Teenage Fairy (1998)
 Violet and Claire (1999)
 Echo (2001)
 Wasteland (2003)
 Ruby (2006)
 Psyche In A Dress (2006)

Collections 
 Moon Harvest: Poems (poetry) (1978)
 Season of Green: Poems (poetry) (1979)
 The Rose and the Beast: Nine Fairy Tales (1993)
 Girl Goddess #9: Nine Stories(1996)
 Nymph: Nine Erotic Stories (2000)

Nonfiction 
 Zine Scene: the do it yourself guide to zines (1998)
 Guarding the Moon: A Mother's First Year (2003)

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Francesca Lia Block shrine

1962 births
Living people
Writers from Los Angeles
Benito Pérez Galdós (May 10, 1843 – January 4, 1920) was a Spanish realist novelist. Considered by many second only to Cervantes in stature, Pérez Galdós was the greatest Spanish realist novelist. Born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, he moved to Madrid at the age of 20 where he spent most of his adult life. Within Spain his most popular works are the earlier works: the Episodios nacionales (46 volumes). Outside Spain his Novelas españolas contemporáneas are more popular.

1843 births
1920 deaths
Spanish writers
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Candomblé is an African-inspired or Afro-Brazilian religion, practiced chiefly in Brazil. The religion originated in the city of Salvador, the capital of Bahia.

Religion in Brazil
Afro-American religion
Salvador, Bahia
Merzig-Wadern is a Kreis (district) in the northeast of the Saarland, Germany.

History 
The district was created in 1816 when the area became the property of Prussia. After World War I the Saar area was under special government of the League of Nations, which did split the district into two parts. The area around Wadern stayed Prussian, while the Merzig area became part of the Saargebiet area. In 1935 the Saar area rejoined Germany, however it took till after the World War II that the two district parts were reunited in 1946.

Geography 
The Saar River flows through the district, the Moselle River forms the boundary in the west to Luxembourg.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)

 
Districts of the Saarland
S.K. Rapid Wien is an Austrian football club. Rapid Wien was founded in 1898 and is one of the major clubs in Austria. The club plays in Vienna. Rapid is Austria's most successful team with 32 championships wins. Rapid also won a German title in 1941 when the country was part of Germany.

History

The club was founded in 1898 as First Workers' Football Club of Vienna but was renamed in S(port) K(lub) Rapid Wien on 8 January 1899. The first coulors were red and white. The teams uses these colours in away matches today.
During the years before World War II, Rapid was one of the most successful clubs in Europe. Before the Second World War, Rapid won the Viennese championship 16 times. In these years there was no nationwide championship because professional football teams only played in Vienna. In 1930 Rapid won the Mitropacup against Sparta Praha (2:0; 3:2) (La Coupe de l'Europe Centrale), one of the first international competitions in Europe. Around this time, the rivalry with the other great club of Vienna, FK Austria, started and continues today. Rapid was the club of the working class, while supporters of FK Austria were more middle class. After the annexation of Austria through Nazi-Germany in 1938 Rapid played in the Gauliga Ostmark. Rapid won the Tschammerpokal (Cup) in 1938 with a 3–1 victory over FSV Frankfurt. 1941 they won the Championship  versus Schalke 04 (4-3).

Almost since the beginning of the club's history, the fans announce the last 15 minutes with clapping of their hands, the "Rapidviertelstunde".
SK Rapid only won the Austrian championship twice since 2000. The greatest success in recent years was the victory over the Premier League club Aston Villa in the last qualifying round for the UEFA Europa League 2009 and 2010. They played in the group stage twice, but they did not reach the next round. Rapid last reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League in 2005–06. They finished last in their group and lost all their matches.

Current squad

Out on loan

Coaching history (21st century)

Famous players

   Josef Bican
  Franz Binder
  Robert Dienst
  Ernst Dokupil
  Toni Fritsch 
  Gerhard Hanappi
  Ernst Happel 
  Andreas Herzog
  Josef Hickersberger
  Alfred Körner
  Robert Körner
  Hans Krankl
  Max Merkel
  Erich Probst
  Karl Rappan
  Josef Uridil
  Walter Zeman
  Zlatko Kranjčar
  Antonín Panenka

Honours

 National Austrian Championship (16): 1951, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1995–96, 2004–05, 2007–08
Viennese Championship (16): 1912, 1913, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1929, 1930, 1935, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1946, 1948 

 Austrian Cup (14): 1919, 1920, 1927, 1946, 1961, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1976, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1995

 Austrian Supercup: 1986, 1987, 1988, 2008 (Unofficial edition)

 German War-time Championship: 1941

 German War-time Cup: 1938

 Mitropa Cup: 1930, 1951

 Intertoto Cup: 1992, 1993

 Cup Winners' Cup Runners Up: 1985, 1996

Gallery

References

Wien, SK Rapid
Wien, SK Rapid
Neunkirchen is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany.

History 
In 1974 the districts of Saarland were reorganized. The capital of the district was moved to Neunkirchen. The name of the district was changed to Neunkirchen as well. Neunkirchen city had first tried to become cspital of the district in 1866. Some parts of the administration remained in Ottweiler.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)

Districts of the Saarland
Afro-Brazilian religions are all religions that originated in African traditional religions, which were brought to Brazil by slaves.

Babaçuê - Pará 
Batuque - Rio Grande do Sul 
Cabula - Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e Santa Catarina. 
Candomblé - In all states of Brazil 
Culto aos Egungun - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo 
Culto de Ifá - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo 
Quimbanda - Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo 
Macumba - Rio de Janeiro 
Omoloko - Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, São Paulo 
Tambor-de-Mina - Maranhão 
Umbanda - In all states of Brazil
Xangô do Nordeste - Pernambuco 
Xambá - Alagoas, Pernambuco 

Religion in Brazil
The Regionalverband Saarbrücken is a Kommunalverband besonderer Art, that is, it is a special mix of a rural district and a district free city. It is located in the south of the Saarland, Germany.

History 
The district Saarbrücken was originally created in 1816.
In 1974 the district and the district-free city Saarbrücken were merged, and the new administrative body was named Stadtverband Saarbrücken. Although it's not a district like others, most of its administrative tasks are same as those of a district.

Geography 
The Saar River flows through the district, through the city Saarbrücken in the centre of the district.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website  (German)
Saarlouis is a Kreis (district) in the middle of the Saarland, Germany.

History 
The district was part of the Holy Roman Empire. After the Napoleonic wars the area went to Prussia, which in 1816 created the district as part of its Rhineland province. From 1936-1945 it was called Saarlautern, when the Nazi government tried to exchange the French name for a German one.

Geography 
The main river in the district is the Saar.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
Saarpfalz (Saar-Palatinate) is a Kreis (district) in the south-east of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from west clockwise) Saarbrücken, Neunkirchen, Kusel, Südwestpfalz, district-free Zweibrücken, and the French département Moselle.

History 
When after World War I the Saar area went under special government of the League of Nations, the Palatinate area, then part of Bavaria, was split in two parts. The part which went into the Saar became commonly known as Saarpfalz, and was administered by the two Bezirksamt: St. Ingbert and Homburg. The district Saarpfalz was created in 1974 when the two districts of Saint Ingbert and Homburg were joined. Since 1997 the district has a partnership with Henrico County, Virginia.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

Districts of the Saarland
Sankt Wendel is a Kreis (district) in the north of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are Trier-Saarburg, Birkenfeld, Kusel, Neunkirchen, Saarlouis, Merzig-Wadern.

History 
The district was created in 1834 when Prussia bought the Lichtenfeld area from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. After World War I the Saar area came under special rulership of the League of Nations, and the Sankt Wendel district was split into two parts. The northern part, the Restkreis Sankt Wendel, was merged into the district Birkenfeld, the southern part stayed in the Saarland in its smaller size.

Geography 
The district is located in the Saar-Hunsrück natural area, a hilly area with elevations between 200 and 600 meters.
The main river in the district is the Nahe. The Bostalsee is the biggest tourist lake in the south-west of Germany, covering an area of about 1.2 km2.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites
 Official website (German)
 Touristic website

Districts of the Saarland
For the biochemical process, see respiration

The respiratory system, also called the gas exchange system, is the body getting rid of carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen.  Carbon dioxide, a waste product, goes out of the body.  Oxygen, which the body needs, comes in. The lungs are the main organ to do this. In other words, how oxidation of organic compounds happens in cells and energy is released is called the respiratory system. 

The first step is breathing in air, or inhaling.  Inhalation means bringing air rich in oxygen into the body.  Exhalation means giving out air rich in carbon dioxide from the body.  The second step is gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen is diffused into the blood and the carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.  The third step is cellular respiration, which makes the chemical energy that the cells in the body need, and carbon dioxide. Finally, the carbon dioxide from cellular respiration is breathed out of the body from the lungs.
Breathing 
Breathing is the first step in respiration. For respiration to happen, the body needs a constant supply of oxygen, which is done by breathing. Inhalation is the breathing in of air. To inhale, the lungs expand, decreasing the air pressure in the lungs. This is caused by two actions. The diaphragm (a sheet of muscular tissue that separates the lungs from the abdomen) is pulled downward. Also the muscles between the ribs contract to expand the chest. Both of these actions expand the lungs. To fill the enlarged lungs, air from outside at higher pressure comes rushing into the area of low pressure in the lungs. Air first passes through the nose and mouth, then through the larynx (voice box), then down the trachea (windpipe), and into the lungs.
The lungs are made of many tubes or branches.  As air enters the lungs, it first goes through branches called the bronchi, then through smaller branches called bronchioles, and finally into the air sacs. Gas exchange occurs in the air sacs where oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide.  

The carbon dioxide in the air sacs now needs to be exhaled or breathed out. The diaphragm and the rib muscles relax, making the lungs smaller.  As the air pressure in the lungs is greater when the lungs are smaller, the air is forced out. The air sacs are able to contract and expand because they are coated with a lubricant, surfactant, this lubricant helps the air sacs inflate while also preventing the collapse of the lungs during deflation. The exhaled air has a high concentration of carbon dioxide and a low concentration of oxygen.  The maximum volume of air that can be breathed in and breathed out is called the vital capacity of the lungs and is up to five liters.

Gas exchange
Gas exchange 

The inhaled air goes down to the air sacs at the end of each bronchiole.  The air sacs are called alveoli — they have a large surface area and are moist, thin, and close to a blood supply.  The inhaled air has a much greater concentration of oxygen than carbon dioxide whilst the blood flowing to the lungs has more carbon dioxide than oxygen.  This creates a concentration gradient between the air in the air sacs and the blood, meaning there is more oxygen in the air than the blood.  

As the membrane, oxygen can easily diffuse in and out. Oxygen at high concentration in the air sacs diffuses into the blood where oxygen concentration is low, and carbon dioxide at high concentration in the blood diffuses into the air sacs where carbon dioxide concentration is low.  The oxygen in the blood enters the circulatory system and is used by the cells in the body.  The carbon dioxide in the air sacs is exhaled out of the body.

Related pages 
 Respiration
 Respiratory tract

References

Physiology
An internal combustion engine is an engine in which combustion, or the burning of fuel, occurs on the inside. This differs from external combustion engines where the fire is outside the engine, such as a steam engine.

There are many kinds of internal combustion engine but the term often means the machine that Niklaus Otto invented.  In this kind, fire makes pressure increase inside a sealed box (cylinder). The pressure pushes a rod which is attached to a wheel. The rod pushes the wheel and makes it spin around. The spinning wheel is attached to other wheels, such as four car wheels, with a belt or a chain. The engine is very strong and can make all the wheels move.
Engine layouts 
There can be many configurations of internal combustion engines such as the single piston engine, the inline engine, the flat engine, the V engine, the VR engine, the W engine, the X engine, the U engine, the H engine, the horizontal K engine, the opposed piston engine, the delta engine, the Wankel or rotary engine and the radial engine which is commonly used in planes.
Common layouts 
The most common layouts among these engines are the V layout, and the inline layout. In the V engine, the pistons are aligned in a V shape if you look at them from the front. There can be V twin engines, with 2 pistons, V3 engines, V4 engines, V6 engines, V8 engines, V10 engine, V12 engines, V14 engines, V16 engines, V18 engine, V20 engine and V24 engines. The VR layout is the same as a V layout except the angle between the V shape is smaller making the overall drive smoother. In inline engines, the pistons are aligned in a straight line. There can be inline 1 engines, also called a singular piston engine, all the way up to a straight 14 which was mainly used in older models of cars. Flat engines are the same as inline engines but are aligned horizontally.
W, X, U, H, Horizontal K, Delta and opposed piston engines all have different configurations. In the W engine, the pistons are aligned in a W shape if looked at from the front. The Bugatti Chiron, one of the fastest cars in the world, features a W engine. The pistons in a X are aligned to look like an X from the front. In the U engine, there a 2 inline engine with separate crankshafts and a shared output shaft. When looked at from the front of the engine block, it resembles a U shape. H engines are U engines except there are 2 more inline engines attached to the bottom of the existing inline engines from the U engine. The H and the U layout can be configured vertically or horizontally. In delta engines, the pistons are aligned in a triangle shape. However, there are 2 pistons per cylinder/combustion chamber, and therefore the minimum amount of pistons in a delta engine is 6
. Horizontal K engines persist of 2 flat pistons facing opposite each other at the bottom and a V engine above them, making them look like a horizontal K. The Opposed piston engines also have 2 pistons per cylinder. They can be aligned Vertically or Horizontally. When there are only 2 pistons in the engine, they can also be called boxer engine.
Radial engines 
Radial engines are commonly used in planes but can be rarely used in cars. An example of this is the Porsche 356 and the 1939 Plymouth Pickup. The pistons in are radial engine are aligned in a star shape. When having multiple sets of pistons, the engines can be stacked beside each other.

Rotary/Wankel engines work the same as a piston engine except it doesn't have a piston but instead has a rotor that also cycles through the 4 main stages of engines (intake, compression, combustion and exhaust).

Initial startup 
As well as there are many engine layouts, there are many different parts to an engine. Some of these include pistons, camshafts, crankshafts, timing belts, valves and more. All parts of an engine need to be fully functional for it to work and all parts have a separate role. An engine works by first sending power from the car battery to the ignition coil which then causes an engine spark. The spark then ignites combustion in the cylinders and the combustion starts the engine.
Mechanics 
The car is started using a powerful electric motor, called a starter motor. The car is started using a key which is connected to the starter solenoid (a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy or movement) and when the key is turned into the start position, the ignition switch verifies the key belongs to the car normally using an immobilizer system and then connects a circuit, sending power to the starter relay. It then sends 2 jolts of electricity into the solenoid, the larger burst being directly from the battery pack in the car and the other being from the ignition. The magnetic field created from the solenoid connects two metal (metal being a conductor to electricity) contact points, one being the solenoid plunger, together which then relays the electricity into the starter motor. The plunger also engages a fork which pushes the pinion gear (connected to the starter motor) to engage the flywheel automatically, starting the engine.
Forced induction and cooling
For extra power, more air is needed to increase the energy evolved per unit of fuel. This is where forced induction must take place. There are some ways of creating forced induction such as turbochargers and superchargers. Turbochargers rely on the volume and velocity of the exhaust to spin the turbine wheel in the middle of the turbocharger. Turbochargers should consume less power from the engine than superchargers and therefore suffer bad throttle response. This delay can also be referred to as turbo lag. Smaller turbochargers spool quickly and deliver more boost pressure at lower engine speeds but suffers at higher RPMs. On the contrary, bigger turbochargers can deliver more power at higher revs but suffers low throttle response. There can be many turbochargers in a car, but the most common amount being 1 and 2. Superchargers on the other hand, have close to no lag time as the compressor is constantly spinning proportionally to the engine speed. However, they require torque from the engine to operate
. Some common types of superchargers are the Roots-type supercharger, a Screw-type supercharger, and a Centrifugal-type supercharger. In a Roots-type supercharger there are paddles on two drums that are continuously rotating, that forces air into the intake. The Roots-type supercharger is a positive displacement device and therefore has the advantage of producing the same pressure ratio at any engine speed. A Screw-type supercharger, like the Roots-type supercharger, is a positive displacement device. They consist of 2 screws that compresses the air and are more efficient than roots type as they create a cooler air output than a roots supercharger but are more difficult to manufacture. A centrifugal-type supercharger, is not a positive displacement device. Although it looks like a turbocharger, they are very different as the power source of the centrifugal supercharger is horsepower from the engines crankshaft whereas a turbocharger uses the exhaust gas to spin the compressor.
When using forced induction, the air temperature rises dramatically. To cool the air at higher temperatures, an intercooler is needed. An intercooler cools the air before it enters the cylinder (combustion chamber) using air or water. When hot air enters the combustion chamber, it decreases the fuel efficiency as warm air holds less oxygen than cool air. An air to air intercooler uses the cool air from outside to cool the existing hot air as it enters the intercooler. The more surface area the intercooler has the cooler the air can get. There are 2 types of air to air intercooler, the bar and plate intercooler and the tube and fin intercooler. Bar and plate intercoolers can cool the air to lower temperature but a tube and fin intercooler can cost less and also weight less. In air to water intercoolers, instead of using air from outside, it uses a cool liquid to cool the air as it passes though and then uses a radiator to cool the cooling liquid
. Air to water intercooler are more complex, heavier and more expensive than air to water intercoolers but can be more efficient than them.
Electrical accessories 
The car battery is used to power important electrical components such as components used to start the car and stabilize the voltage that keeps the engine running by converting chemical energy into electrical energy.
The cars internal computer, also know as the Electric Control Unit (ECU) decides many things some of which include the fuel injection, exhaust system requirements and throttle response and for petrol engines it also can control the spark plug timing to ignite the mixture of air and fuel in the cylinder. It is primarily powered by the alternator but before the car is started, it must be powered by the battery as it decides the fuel injection and spark timing which are one of the key factors in getting a car started. The internal battery of the car also works as a surge protector (protecting the ECU from AC voltage spikes that typically last from 1 to 30 microseconds and can reach over 1,000 volts) for the ECU.

Transmission 
Cars can also have gears. The gears all controlled by the transmission. They can either be manual, automatic or Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). Gear ratios

Intake and exhaust 
The intake manifold is where the car gets the oxygen to burn the fuel
Exhaust in a car is the fumes that come out of the pipe or pipes (normally in back of the car but can be on the sides)

Other information 
Engines need oil to make them slippery or the moving parts would grind together and stick. Parts of a car engine are measured to 0.01 of a millimetre and some engine parts fit together very tightly.

Most road vehicles use the internal combustion engine today, and most of those use the four-stroke engine.

Gas turbines are internal combustion engines that work continuously, not by strokes. Rocket engines and guns are internal combustion engines but they do not turn wheels.

Propulsion
Engineering
Motors
Motorcycles
Transport
Auto parts
Mass media are media like radio, television, internet or other things that reach many people.  Television is most used.  We can see and hear  news from around the world.  Radio also brings music and news.  Books supply older and more detailed material.  The internet is also important.  We can search for all the news and information.  Websites like Wikipedia and about.com give information about many things.  Libraries are also important.  In libraries we can read books and listen to music.

The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks, mass-circulation newspapers and magazines, although mass media (like books and manuscripts) were present centuries before the term became common.

Related pages 
 Journalism
 Media studies
 Associated Press
Rail or rails may refer to:

 Railway track
 The hot rolled steel profiles used on rail tracks or tramway tracks
 Railway rail
 Vignoles rail 
 Flanged T rail
 Grooved rail
 Barlow rail
 Rail transport
 Rallidae, the group of birds called rails
 A guard rail for safety or support
 Handrail on a stairway
 Rail (band), an American band
 Batten (theater), rail in theatrical lighting
 Power supply rail, a voltage rail. A single voltage provided by a power supply unit
Common rail, a fuel injection system
 R4!L or Rail: English/American disc jockey and producer
 A third rail used to provide electricity to a trains locomotive

Basic English 850 words
Kublai Khan (23 Sept. 1215 - 18 Feb. 1294) was a Mongol khan, or military ruler, who brought the Mongol Empire to its greatest height. He finished the invasion of China and was also the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. He lived during the 13th century AD. Kublai Khan was the grandson of the great Mongol king Genghis Khan.

Kublai Khan was born to Tolui Khan, and his wife Sorghaghtani. While growing up, he participated in campaigns with his father, until he was 17 when his father died. He had also participated in campaigns with his older brother. When his brother died in 1259, Kublai had to fight against his younger brother to become Great Khan even though he was next in line to rule. 

Kublai led armies against the Song Dynasty and took over most of China and much of Asia. As the first foreigner to rule all of China, he established the Yuan Dynasty, which had Chinese ideas but Mongolian roots.

References 

1215 births
1294 deaths
Mongol emperors
Bertrand du Guesclin (c. 1320 – 13 July 1380), was a French knight from Brittany who fought in the Hundred Years' War. He was Constable of France from 1370 to his death. He was important to the French successes in the war under Charles V of France.

1320 births
1380 deaths

Hundred Years' War
French military people
Knights
The Battle of Sluys (; ; 1340) was an early and important naval battle of the Hundred Years' War. The English attacked near the port of Sluis and destroyed most of the French fleet. This made it impossible for France to invade England. Nearly all the fighting afterward took place on land in France.

Sources

Sluys
Sluys
1340
1340s in England
1340s in France
June events
Zeeland
The Battle of Poitiers (1356) was one of the three most important victories for England over France in the Hundred Years' War. Edward, the Black Prince led the English who captured King John II of France during the battle. 

Poitiers
1356
1350s in England
1350s in France
Guitar Hero is a popular series of music video games that allows players to pretend they are a rock star by playing a controller shaped like a guitar. The player has to play rock songs from the 1960s to present. There are 18 in the series, and the last one is 2010's Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. Since Guitar Hero World Tour, it has added different rock instruments, such as drums and microphone. Guitar Hero games can be played on most game consoles (which is the device it is played on, like the Xbox 360,the PlayStation 3 and the Wii. Many people around the world play this popular game.

After "Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock" did not sell well, Activision (the company that owns the "Guitar Hero" series) stopped making Guitar Hero games until 2015. Guitar Hero Live came to stores in October of that year.
Horse racing is a sport in which a race is held between racehorses (horses bred for racing).  Racehorses are most often thoroughbreds.  The Kentucky Derby is a major horserace that is held at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky every year.  The Kentucky Derby is part of the Triple Crown, which includes two other races.  Yonkers, New York is a major venue for harness racing.

Important races outside the US include Longchamp near Paris, the Dubai Gold Cup and the Melbourne Cup, held every year in Australia on the second Tuesday of November. Heralded as "the race that stops the nation," this one race alone keeps hatmakers in the city of Melbourne in business for an entire year. Every year, during the cup, over 11 million people from Australia and New Zealand tune in to listen to the race, starting at 3:00pm.
Racing is also popular in the UK and Ireland. Major races include Ascot, Newmarket and the Grand National. Racing also takes place at Epsom, Chepstow, Goodwood, York, Cheltenham and Punchestown, County Kildare.

In the Far East Japan, Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore are major race centres.

People often gamble on horse races. They will bet money on a particular horse. 

 
Gambling
The Treaty of Troyes (1420) tried to change the inheritance rule for the kings of France, but did not succeed at doing that. This treaty said that Henry V of England and his sons would become kings of France after the death of Charles VI of France. The treaty tried to disinherit the future Charles VII of France. The treaty did not work because Henry V and Charles VI died two months apart and Joan of Arc recaptured land for Charles VII.

Hundred Years' War
Troyes
1420
15th century in France
1420s in Europe
Troyes
The Kentucky Derby is a horse race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds held every year at the Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky on the first Saturday in May. The race is 1.25 miles long.

Returning home to Kentucky, Clark organized the Louisville Jockey Club for the purpose of raising money to build quality racing facilities just outside the city. The track would soon become known as Churchill Downs, named for John and Henry Churchill, who provided the land for the racetrack.Officially, the racetrack was incorporated as Churchill Downs in 1937.

The race is nicknamed "The Run for the Roses".

Other websites

Horse racing
Louisville, Kentucky
Charles VII of France (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461), was King of France from 1422 to his death. He was not crowned as king until 1429 because England controlled large parts of France. His father, Charles VI of France, had disinherited him. He was called “King of Bourges” because Bourges was one of the few places he still controlled.

Joan of Arc took back land for him, but she was burned at the stake after he refused to pay her ransom. The Hundred Years' War ended while Charles VII was king. The English were left with only a small area around Calais

1403 births
1461 deaths
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
House of Valois
People from Paris
Hundred Years' War
Kings and Queens of France
15th-century French people
The Madison Square Garden (frequently called The Garden or MSG) is an indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The arena is home of the New York Knicks NBA team and the New York Rangers of the NHL. It also is the site of many concerts and special events each year and a few college basketball games are played there There have been four arenas with the name Madison Square Garden at three different sites in Manhattan. The first was an open-air arena built in 1879 at East 26th Street and Madison Avenue, also known as Madison Square. It was torn down and replaced with an indoor arena at the same site in 1890. The third MSG, on Eighth Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, opened in 1925. The current Madison Square Garden opened in 1968. It is at 4 Penn Plaza, close to the intersection of 8th Avenue & 33rd Street in Manhattan, New York City. Was named after 4th President of the United States of America.