Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Meningitis happens when the brain's lining becomes inflamed. This lining is called the meninges. Aseptic meningitis occurs when there are signs of meningitis. However, when a sample of brain fluid is taken, bacteria do not grow. This condition is often treatable. In many cases, recovery takes 7–10 days.

Viral infection due to:
Enterovirus (e.g., Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease; Conjunctivitis)
Sexually transmitted disease (e.g., herpes, Syphilis, HIV and AIDS)
Other viruses, such as West Nile Virus
Parasitic infection (e.g., Lyme Disease)
Mycoplasma (a type of pneumonia)
Tuberculosis
Fungal infection
Bacterial Meningitis that has not been fully treated
Certain drugs
Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sarcoidosis, Behcet's Disease)
These factors increase the chance of developing aseptic meningitis:
Being exposed to someone with a viral illness 
Working in a daycare or healthcare setting
Having a compromised immune system
Taking certain drugs (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
Being a child or teenager (affects children and teens more often than adults)

Diseases and disorders of the brain
County Meath () is a county in Ireland. It is part of the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient Kingdom of Mide (in Gaelic Mide means "middle"). 184,135 people lived in the county according to the 2011 census. The county town is Navan, this is where the county hall and government are located. Trim used to be the county town. 

The River Boyne flows through the county.

Main towns 

  Navan 28,559 people
  Ashbourne 11,355 people
  Laytown-Bettystown-Mornington 10,889 people
  Ratoath 9,043 people 
  Trim 8,268 people 
  Dunboyne 6,959 people
  Kells 5,888 people
  Duleek 3,988 people
  Dunshaughlin 3,903 people
  Stamullen 3,130 people

History
The county is sometimes known by the nickname "The Royal County" because of its history as the seat of the High King of Ireland. 

County Meath formed the eastern part of the former Kingdom of Mide. The seat of the High King of Ireland was at Tara which is not far from Navan.
The archaeological complex of Brú na Bóinne is 5,000 years old. It includes the burial sites of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, in the north-east of the county. It is a UNESCO designated World Heritage Site.

Economy
The county has a lot of farms, mainly cattle, dairying, potatoes and grain. Meath is Ireland's leading county producer of potatoes, and a significant producer of beef, barley, milk, wheat, and root vegetables. Europe's largest underground lead-zinc mine, Tara Mines, has operated since 1977, at a location to the west of Navan.

Main roads in Meath
 The M1 motorway linking Dublin and Belfast
 The N2 / M2 motorway linking Dublin and Derry 
 The N3 / M3 motorway linking Dublin and Cavan
 The N4 / M4 motorway linking Dublin and Sligo
Places of interest
 The Hill of Tara, an ancient historical site.
 Castles at Trim, Slane (private), Dunsany (limited opening), Killeen (A Hotel).
 Religious ruins at Trim (two), Bective, Slane (two), Dunsany, Skryne (Skreen).
 2500-year-old mound structures of disputed origin at Teltown.  Teltown is home to Ireland's pre-Olympic Games, which some records date back to 1869 BCE.
 Brú na Bóinne Unesco World Heritage Site.
 Loughcrew, an ancient historical site.

References

Other websites

Meath County Council
Meath Tourism 
CSO Website
County Meath History Geography map guide 

Meath
The Eddington limit, or Eddington luminosity was first worked out by Arthur Eddington. It is a natural limit to the normal luminosity of stars. The state of balance is a hydrostatic equilibrium. When a star exceeds the Eddington limit, it loses mass with a very intense radiation-driven stellar wind from its outer layers.

Eddington's models treated a star as a sphere of gas held up against gravity by internal thermal pressure. Eddington showed that radiation pressure was necessary to prevent collapse of the sphere.

Most massive stars have luminosities far below the Eddington luminosity, so their winds are mostly driven by the less intense line absorption. The Eddington limit explains the observed luminosity of accreting black holes such as quasars.
Super-Eddington luminosities 
Eddington limit explains the very high mass loss rates seen in the outbursts of η Carinae in 1840–1860. The regular stellar winds can only stand for a mass loss rate of about 10−4–10−3 solar masses per year. Mass loss rates of up to 0.5 solar masses per year are needed to understand the η Carinae outbursts. This can be done with the help of the super-Eddington broad spectrum radiation driven winds.
Gamma-ray bursts, novae and supernovae are examples of systems exceeding their Eddington luminosity by a large factor for very short times, resulting in short and highly intensive mass loss rates. Some X-ray binaries and active galaxies are able to maintain luminosities close to the Eddington limit for very long times. For accretion powered sources such as accreting neutron stars or cataclysmic variables (accreting white dwarfs), the limit may act to reduce or cut off the accretion flow. Super-Eddington accretion onto stellar-mass black holes is one possible model for ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs).

For accreting black holes, all the energy released by accretion does not have to appear as outgoing luminosity, since energy can be lost through the event horizon, down the hole. Effectively, such sources may not conserve energy.

References 

Astrophysics
Maria Schneider (born Marie Christine Gélin, Paris, 27 March 1952 - 3 February  2011) was a French actress.  She was in many movies. She played Jeanne in the 1972 erotic movie Last Tango in Paris opposite Marlon Brando. Schneider died in Paris from cancer at age fifty-eight.

References 

Actors from Paris
French movie actors
1952 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
French television actors
Cancer deaths in France
Bisexual people
The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) is a medium-sized water frog. The name Rana pretiosa means "precious frog". It comes from the Pacific Northwest area of North America. It can be found in the Puget Trough/Willamette Valley province and the Cascade Mountains of south-central Washington and Oregon. It is a rare frog and is listed by the IUCN as a vulnerable species.

References

Frogs of North America
Spiritualism is a belief that humans can communicate with the spirits of the dead. It was popular in the nineteenth century up to the 1930s. The main centres were in America and Europe, with the Caribbean and South America, where it is usually called Spiritism.

Spiritualism did not have a book with authority, but it had pamphlets, meetings and mediums. A medium is a person, often female, who acts as a go-between between the living and the dead. 

At its peak, spiritualism was very popular, and its followers formed Spiritualist churches.

Occult
New religious movements
Debra Jo Rupp (born 24 February 1951) is an American actress. She appears in television and movies. She played Kitty Forman in That '70s Show. She played Alice in Friends. Debra was born in Glendale, California. She was raised in Massachusetts.

Other websties
 

Actors from Glendale, California
American television actors
1951 births
Living people
Rita Rudner (born September 17, 1953) is an American actress and comedian. She appeared in August 2012 as Melissa's Mom in Melissa & Joey. Rita Rudner was born in Miami, Florida.

Comedians from Miami
1953 births
Living people
Actors from Miami
Wrestling Brewster (ca. 1614 - ?) was a passenger on the ship Mayflower in 1620 when it sailed from England to North America. He was born in Leiden, The Netherlands about 1614 to William and Mary Brewster. He was alive during the 1627 Division of Cattle at Plymouth, and was listed in his father's household at that time. He is not mentioned again in any record, or in his father's will of 1644, or in the inventory of his father's estate. He did not marry. It is probable that he died some time between 1627 and 1644.

Correction, according to
http://genealogytrails.com/mass/mayflower.html

Under William Brewster is shows,
16. WRESTLING, b. --- ; m. Mary --- .
So Wrestling Brewster may have married a woman named Mary

References

Mayflower passengers
1614 births
17th-century deaths
Vasodilation is where blood vessels widen. It results from relaxation of muscle cells within blood vessel walls. The process is essentially the opposite of vasoconstriction, which is  the narrowing of blood vessels. 

When vessels widen, blood flow is increased. This in turn decreases blood pressure. Drugs that cause vasodilation are called vasodilators.

References

Blood vessels
Love Brewster was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620. He was born about 1611 in Holland to William and Mary Brewster. 

He married Sarah Collier at Plymouth, Plymouth Colony in 1634, and sired four children upon her. He was active in the community, and died at Duxbury, north of Plymouth, about 1651.

Early life
Love was born in Leiden, The Netherlands about 1611 to Mary and William Brewster. On 15 May 1634, he married Sarah Collier at Plymouth. They had four children: Sarah, Nathaniel, William, and Wrestling.

Plymouth Colony
Brewster became a freeman (able to vote and hold land) in Plymouth Colony on 2 March 1636. He volunteered to fight in the Pequot War (1634-1638), but saw no action because Plymouth's volunteers were not needed.

In 1642, Thomas Granger, Brewster's 16-year old servant, was caught committing bestiality upon Brewster's livestock. He admitted his transgression, and was executed with the animals, as the Bible commanded in Leviticus 20:15.
Later life and death
Brewster and his family moved to Duxbury, Plymouth Colony, north of the settlement at Plymouth. He served in the militia under Myles Standish. Brewster died at Duxbury between 6 October 1650 (when his will was written) and 31 January 1651 (when the will was probated).

References

 

Mayflower passengers
1611 births
1650s deaths
Ocean County is a county in New Jersey that contains most of the Jersey Shore. The county seat is Toms River, and the population is 576,565.

References

17th-century establishments in New Jersey
1850 establishments in the United States
Oliver White Hill, Sr. (May 1, 1907 – August 5, 2007) was an American civil rights lawyer from Richmond, Virginia. His work against discrimination helped end "separate but equal". This was a reason used to support segregation in the United States. He also helped win important legal decisions, such as equality in pay for black teachers, access to school buses, voting rights, jury selection, and employment protection. He retired in 1998 after practicing law for almost 60 years. Along with his other awards, he earned the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This was given to him by President Bill Clinton in 1999. During the 1940s and 1950s, Hill was unsafe because of what he did. Because people called to threaten Hill, Hill's young son was not allowed to answer the telephone. A cross was burned on the Hill family's lawn. Still, Hill continued to work for civil rights. Hill died at the age of 100 in 2007 in Richmond, Virginia.

References 

1907 births
2007 deaths
Lawyers from Virginia
American civil rights activists
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (which is also known as B-cell and T-cell lymphomas) is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and glands spread throughout the body. It is also part of the immune system. Clear fluid called lymph flows through the lymphatic vessels and contains infection-fighting white blood cells known as lymphocytes.

In lymphoma, these lymphocytes start to multiply in an abnormal way. A lot of them appear in certain parts of the lymphatic system, such as the lymph nodes (glands). The affected lymphocytes lose their infection-fighting properties making you more vulnerable to infection.

The most common symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a painless swelling in a lymph node, usually in the neck, armpit or groin.

The usual way to know that a person has non-Hodgkin lymphoma is to do a biopsy (testing a sample of affected lymph node tissue).

Cancer
Mary Brewster (ca. 1569 - 17 April 1627) was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620 when the ship sailed from England to the New World. She was probably born in England, but her exact birthdate, birthplace, and birth surname are not known with certainty. She married William Brewster about 1592, and bore him six children. 

She lived in The Netherlands several years before emigrating to North America with her family.  She survived her first harsh winter of 1620 in the New World, and was one of the four women still alive in 1621 to observe the first Thanksgiving. She died in Plymouth Colony in 1627.

Early life and marriage

Mary was born in England about 1569, probably in Doncaster, Yorkshire or Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. Her maiden name is not known with certainty. Wentworth, Wyrall, Stubbe, Love and others have all been proposed, but none have been proven to be her surname.
She married William Brewster about 1592. It is not known if she was Brewster's first or second wife. She bore him six children: Jonathan, Patience, Fear, an unnamed child who died young, Love, and Wrestling.

The Netherlands
Mary's husband was the leader of a Separatist congregation near Scrooby. The law required Englishmen to attend the Church of England, but these people secretly met in the Brewster home to worship in their own way. 

The authorities persecuted them for their unconventional religious beliefs and for flouting the law. In 1608, Mary Brewster and her family went to Leiden, The Netherlands to escape the persecution and to practice their religion in peace.

Plymouth Colony
Unhappy with life in Leiden, the Brewster family decided to emigrate to North America. Mary sailed on the Mayflower in 1620 with her husband and her two youngest children, Love and Wrestling. Son Jonathan arrived in Plymouth in November 1621, and daughters Patience and Fear in 1623.
Last years and death 
Mary Brewster was one of only five women to survive the first winter in the New World, and one of only four women who were still alive for the first Thanksgiving in 1621. She died on 17 April 1627 at Plymouth. Her resting place has not been found.

References

Mayflower passengers
1569 births
1627 deaths
Dorothy Eaton (? - probably no later than 1624) was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620. She was John Carver's maidservant. Her maiden name is unknown. William Bradford  wrote of Carver's maidservant, "[she] married, and died a year or two after here in this place." She may have been Francis Eaton's second wife.  A 1626 apprenticeship record from Bristol, England, mentions Francis Eaton, carpenter in New England, and his wife Dorothy.

References

Mayflower passengers
1622 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Dorothy is a female given name. It comes from the Greek Δωροθέα (Dōrothéa) meaning "God's Gift", from δῶρον (dōron), "gift" + θεός (theós), "god". There are also male names in English such as "Dorie" from the Greek word Δωρόθεος (Dōrótheos). Also, the given names Theodore and Theodora come from the same two Greek words as Dorothy, but in the reverse order.

Dorothy became one of the most popular girl's names in the United States between 1904 and 1940. It was ranked among the top 10 most popular names given to American newborn girls. The name was in the top 100 most popular names for American girls until 1961. In 2006 it was ranked 986 in the top 1,000 most popular names for American newborn girls. There were 235 newborn American girls given the name in 2010.
Famous people named Dorothy 
Dorothy Allison, American writer
Dorothy Arnold, American socialite who disappeared mysteriously
Dorothy Dandridge, actress
D. C. Fontana (Dorothy Catherine), screenplay writer
Dorothy Garrod, British archaeologist
Dorothy Gish, American actress
Dorothy Hamill, figure skater
Dorothy Hodgkin, British biochemist and winner of Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dorothy Lee, 1930s American actress-comedian
Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, American astronaut
Dorothy Parker, American poet
Dorothy L. Sayers, English writer
Dorothy Scharf, English philanthropist
Dorothy Stang (1931-2005), Catholic nun of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur
Dorothy Sterling, American writer
Dorothy Vest, American female tennis player
Dorothy Wordsworth, sister of William Wordsworth
Dorothy Faye Dunaway, American actress
Dorothy Bush Koch, daughter of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush  and sister of George W. Bush, the 43rd President
In fiction:
Dorothy Catalonia, a character from the Gundam Wing anime series
Dorothy Gale, the little girl who was blown to the Land of Oz by a cyclone in L. Frank Baum's 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and the classic 1939 movie adaptation The Wizard of Oz and Oz the Great and Powerful
 Dorothy Michaels, name used by the female impersonator in the 1982 comedy film Tootsie, played by Dustin Hoffman
Dorothy Zbornak, played by Bea Arthur on the long-running TV sitcom The Golden Girls
R. Dorothy Wayneright, female android in the anime series Big O
Dot Branning, fictional character on the television show  EastEnders

References
Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.) was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632. He is known in English as Gustavus Adolphus.

He is often said to have made Sweden a great power. (). He is also said to be one of the best military leaders of all time. Gustav led Sweden to be a military power during the Thirty Years' War and spent most of his reign fighting.

Life

Gustavus Adolphus was born in Stockholm. His parents were Charles IX of Sweden and his second wife, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp. When his father died in October 1611, while Gustavus was only 16 years old, he became King of Sweden.

Gustavus married Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg. Their daughter Christina later became Queen of Sweden.

In June 1630 he landed in Germany, starting the Swedish fight in the Thirty Year's War on the Anti-Imperial Protestant side, which was losing at the time. With Sweden's help the situation flipped so that the Protestants were winning.
Gustavus died in the Battle of Lützen in 1632 while leading a cavalry attack.

Gustavus Adolphus Day
Gustavus Adolphus Day is on 6 November. Every year it is celebrated in Sweden, Estonia and Finland. On this day only, a special pastry is sold that has a chocolate or marzipan medallion of the king.

Gustav 02 Adolphus of Sweden
1594 births
1632 deaths
People from Stockholm
Josh Adam Klinghoffer (born October 3, 1979) is an American musician. He is best known as being the guitarist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers from 2009 to 2019.

American guitarists
Red Hot Chili Peppers
1979 births
Living people
The Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions is a yearly tournament on the American television game show Jeopardy!. It features 15 players who have won the most games from the past season.  It started in 1964 when Art Fleming was host of the show; it is also played on the show with Alex Trebek as host until 2019, with Buzzy Cohen guest hosting the 2021 Tournament of Champions. Ken Jennings is now the host of the tournament starting with the 2022 Tournament of Champions. Winners of the College Championship (since 1989) and the Teachers Tournament (since 2011) also play in the Tournament of Champions.
Jeopardy!'''s Tournament of Champions takes two weeks. The first five games are the quarterfinals, with three new contestants each day. The winners of the five games move on to the semi-finals. The four players with the highest scores who did not win their quarterfinal game also move on as "wild card" players. If there is a tie at the end of a game, one final answer is given, and the first player to ring in with the correct response wins the game. If all three players have a score of zero, none of the players move on to the semi-finals, and another wild card spot is added. The next three games are the semi-final games. The three winners of the semi-finals move on to the finals, which happens over two games and two days. Unlike the quarterfinals, if all three players have a score of zero, one final answer is given, with the first player to ring in with the correct question wins the game
.  This rule change was first implemented in 2013 to avoid a repeat of the November 2012 taping of the Teen Tournament which made it unfair for contestants who played in the semifinal before the zero loss. In each finals game, the players start with zero scores; after the second finals game, each player's score is added to their score from the first game, with the highest score being the winner, or "Grand Champion." The other two players win smaller cash prizes or their two-day total, whichever is higher.
In 2022 (Season 38) the tournament took a new format which expanded the field to 21 contestants. The top three seeded contestants will qualify for the semifinal rounds; the remaining 18 contestants will play six quarterfinal games, with no wild-card spots given. The six winners will advance to the semifinals and join the top three seeds. The winners of the semifinal matches will advance to the finals, which will consist of a minimum of three and a maximum of seven games, similar to the Greatest of All Time'' tournament (see below). The first finalist to win three games will win the tournament and the $250,000 top prize. The second-place and third-place prizes will be determined first by number of wins, then by number of second-place finishes, and finally by total score across all games played, and will win $100,000 and $50,000, respectively.
From time to time, special Tournaments of Champions have been played. In 2002, the show held a Million Dollar Masters tournament. This was a two-week tournament where the winner won $1,000,000. It was taped at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. In 2005, the show held an Ultimate Tournament of Champions. It was a 15-week tournament with 145 players. The two players who made it to the finals would play against Ken Jennings for $2,000,000.  In 2014, the show held a Battle of the Decades to commemorate the show's 30th anniversary.  It was a 5-week tournament featuring 45 players; the field of contestants was broken up into three decades.  The first three weeks featured players from their respective decades.  Five winners from each decade advanced to the quarterfinals to compete for a $1,000,000 grand prize.

Prizes
Prizes

List of participants
The following is a list of contestants and where they placed in the tournament. Prize amounts for the non-winning finalists who won more than the minimum guarantees are as indicated in parentheses.

References

Other websites
 Official Jeopardy! website

Jeopardy!
The Jeopardy! Teen Tournament is a yearly tournament on the American television game show Jeopardy! It features middle school and high school students between the ages of thirteen and eighteen.
The tournament plays like the Tournament of Champions. 15 contestants play in a two week tournament. The first five games are the quarterfinals, with three new contestants each day. The winners of the five games move on to the semi-finals. The four losing contestants with the highest scores also move on as "wild card" players. If there is a tie at the end of a game, a Final Jeopardy!-type answer is given, and the first player to ring in with the correct response wins the game. If all three players have a score of zero, none of the contestants move on to the semi-finals, and another wild card spot is added. The next three games are the semi-final games. The three winners of the semi-finals move on to the finals. The last two games are the two-day finals. In both games, the contestants start with zero scores, and the contestants' final scores from the two days are added together to see who is the winner. The contestant with the highest score from the two days wins
. The other two contestants win smaller cash prizes.
Would-be contestants mailed postcards with their names and addresses to Jeopardy!. 1,200 teens were selected at random from the postcard entries and were invited to come (at their own expense) to one of four regional test centers (e.g. Houston, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles) to take a timed written qualifying examination with the 50 clues read by Alex Trebek on a video monitor at the front of an exam room. Passing scorers were invited back for an interview and mock game using an electronic buzzer system. Their photographs are taken for their files, and they are asked to fill out a short information sheet with interesting facts about themselves that may be later used by Alex Trebek during the interview portion of the show. Selected contestants and alternates were notified that they had been chosen to appear on the show one to two months later. They are then flown to Los Angeles to tape the show
. Taping occurs over a period of two days, with the five quarterfinals played on the first day and the three semifinals and two final games played on the second day. Accommodations were provided for the contestants at the Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, with taping taking place at the Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California.
2000s
Contestants registered on the Jeopardy! web site rather than submitting postcards. As before, a select number of registrants were invited to audition and take a written test at a regional audition. Accommodations for contestants are provided at the Hilton in Universal City, California.

2006–2019
All web site registrants take a 50-question timed online test at one set test time, usually late February. The test is given using Adobe Flash and takers are given 15 seconds per clue to type in their responses. A random selection of those who pass the test are invited to attend regional auditions in November at 4 locations around the United States at which another 50-question written test is given, followed by interviews and mock games. The number of students selected for the regional auditions is usually around 300, from which 15 are selected for the show.

Prizes
Other prizes
 Until 2000, all Teen Tournament winners were invited to participate in the Tournament of Champions. When eligible, eight Teen Tournament winners made the Tournament of Champions semifinals, but none ever advanced to the finals.
 In 1999 and again from 2001 to 2003, the Teen Tournament winner was awarded a new car (a Chevrolet Cavalier in 1999, a Chevrolet Tracker in 2001, a Mitsubishi Eclipse GS Convertible in 2002, and a Volkswagen New Beetle in 2003).
 Contestants in the 2005 Teen Tournament were awarded a computer package.
 Some Teen Tournament winners were later invited to Jeopardy!'s "all-time best" tournaments.
 1989 winner Eric Newhouse was a Super Jeopardy! semifinalist in 1990, a Million Dollar Masters finalist in 2002, and received a bye to the second round of 2005's Ultimate Tournament of Champions.
All but 2 Teen Tournament winners to that point competed in 2005's Ultimate Tournament of Champions, with 1992 winner April McManus & 1995 winner Matthew Zielenski both advancing to the quarterfinals.
 1991 winner Andrew Westney competed in the 1980s round of 2014's Battle of the Decades tournament (after being voted in as the fan favorite amongst past champions from the 1980s in an online vote), but lost in his match.
 2013 winner Leonard Cooper competed in 2019's All-Star Games tournament as a member of Team Austin Rogers. His team wound up competing in the wildcard match where they were eliminated, collecting and splitting $75,000.
List of participants
The following is a list of contestants and where they placed in the tournament. Winners and runners-up who earned more than the minimum guarantees are as indicated in parentheses.
Amanda Goad and Derek Bridges were tied for first place at the end of the 1996 Teen Tournament. The tie was broken in a special tiebreaker round. The category was U.S. Cities and the answer was "A November 1995 Bosnian peace accord is named for this city". The correct response, given by Amanda, was "What was Dayton, Ohio?". The 2012 Teen Tournament also ended in a tie in the last quarterfinal match between Evan Eschliman and Gabriela Gonzales. The category was Literary Characters and the answer was "Although he doesn't actually appear in 1984, his presence is everywhere—on posters, coins & telescreens". The correct response, given by Evan was "Who is Big Brother?" (Evan advanced to the semifinals, but Gabriela did not have enough money to make it via wildcard). Jeff Xie and Alan Koolik were tied for first place at the end of the 2014 Teen Tournament. The tie was broken in a special tiebreaker round
. The category was the Civil War and the answer was "The battles of Shiloh and Collierville were fought in this state". The correct response, given by Jeff, was "What is Tennessee?". Avi Gupta and Jackson Jones were tied for first place at the last semifinals of the 2019 Teen Tournament. The tie was broken in a special tiebreaker round. The category was American History and the answer was "Types of it you could find in Boston Harbor on December 16, 1773 included Souchong & Bohea". The correct response given by Avi was "What is Tea?".
Owing to a questionable judges' ruling in Final Jeopardy!, Milo Dochow was brought back for the Winter 2000 Jeopardy! College Championship; however, he failed to advance to the semifinals.

 Peter Morris in 1989 and Muffy Marracco Morris in 1992 were the first pair of siblings to appear in the Teen Tournament; they are brother and sister. Peter Morris appeared again in the 1998 Teen Reunion Tournament. Wen Shen in 1990 and Gwen Shen of 1995 were also brother and sister. Lauren Sager (1991) and Deborah Sager (1995) are sisters.  Jay Schrader (2008) and Rob Schrader (2012) are brothers.
Leonard Cooper in 2013 is the only contestant in Jeopardy! tournament history (all tournaments combined) to lose his semifinal but win the tournament. A triple-zero score in the second semifinal necessitated the use of the wild card option in the semifinals, similar to the first round. In the third semifinal, Nilai Sarda ($30,400) defeated Cooper ($30,200) and Emily Greenberg ($24,400). The only other non-zero semifinal score was Irene Vazquez ($100) from the first semifinal.  Since then, all Jeopardy! tournament semifinals require a winner.  A triple-zero score will now require a tie-breaker.

Merchandising
A console game based upon the Teen Tournament was released in the mid 1990s for the Nintendo Game Boy.

Teen Reunion Tournament
The Jeopardy! Teen Reunion Tournament was a special one-week tournament held in November 1998 at the Boch Center in Boston, Massachusetts that invited back 12 former Teen Tournament contestants from the first three tournaments on Jeopardy!
Format
Twelve former Teen Tournament contestants competed three at a time in four qualifying round matches. Winning contestants who were among the top three scorers would play in the final match for $50,000. Losing qualifiers took home $5,000, while the non-playing finalist took home $7,500. The third-place finisher took home a minimum guarantee of $10,000, while the second-place finisher was entitled to a minimum guarantee of $15,000. The highest scoring player in the finals took home $50,000.

The two nonwinning finalists also received the board game Game of the Year by University Games as well as a Tigris Pyramid and Movana.
Results
Qualifying round
 November 16, 1998: Dana Venator defeated Peter Morris and Creswell Formey.
 November 17, 1998: David Javerbaum defeated Amy Wilson and Sascha Dublin.
 November 18, 1998: Eric Newhouse defeated Stefanie Wulfestieg and Julie Robichaux.
 November 19, 1998: Chris Capozzola defeated Stanley Wu and Samantha Moeschler.
Capozzola, Javerbaum, and Newhouse advanced to the finals.
Finals
 November 20, 1998: Newhouse defeated Javerbaum and Capozzola.

References

Other websites
 Official Jeopardy! website

Jeopardy!
The Jeopardy! College Championship is a yearly tournament on the American television game show Jeopardy! It features full-time undergraduate college students who have not yet gotten a degree.
The Jeopardy! College Championship is one of the traditional tournaments held each season on the TV quiz show Jeopardy! Contestants in this tournament are full-time undergraduate college students with no prior degrees and traditionally wear a sweater bearing the name of their college or university during their appearances. The existence of this tournament does not disqualify college students from auditioning for the regular shows, but tournament participants cannot later compete in regular play. The tournament began during the 1988-89 season (Season 5) and has been played every season (except for seasons 31, 35, and 37), always during any one of the three traditional sweeps ratings periods (November, February, or May) with the exception of being held in April 2018 due to Alex Trebek's brain surgery and April 2020 due to The Greatest of All Time Tournament
. Some contestants for the inaugural tournament were selected through contestant searches held in Daytona Beach, Florida, and Palm Springs, California, during the Spring break season in 1989.
Format
The College Championship uses a ten-game format similar to that used for the Tournament of Champions and the Teen Tournament: 15 players, in groups of three, play in five quarterfinal games; the winners of those five games and the four highest-scoring nonwinners as wild cards become the nine semifinalists who compete in three games, with no two players rematching each other in the semifinal round. The three semifinal winners advance to the two-day final round, in which contestants play two separate matches, with the contestants' combined scores for both matches determining the champion (contestants start with $0 each day).

Prizes

Cash
All College Championship contestants receive cash prizes, based on their progress through the tournament. Contestants eliminated prior to the finals receive fixed payouts, while contestants in the finals receive guaranteed minimums, but can earn more. Over time, the prizes have increased in value, as shown below:
Trophies
Winners also receive a small replica trophy of the larger College Championship trophy, which is retained by Jeopardy! in Southern California. On the larger trophy are engraved the names of every year's winner.

Vehicles
From 1993–2004, the winner also won a new car (Dodge from 1993–1994, Volvo from 1995–2003, and Volkswagen in 2004), and the company who manufactured the car matched each finalists' totals and set up scholarships in those amounts earned for the finalists' schools.

Other Prizes
 Participants in the Season 17 College Championship received custom Jeopardy! jackets by L.L. Bean.
 Participants in the Season 27 College Championship received a Nintendo Wii and the Jeopardy! Wii game.
Tournament of Champions
In addition to the above-mentioned winnings, the winner earns an automatic position in the next Tournament of Champions, though two winners (Vinita Kailasanath in 2001 and Joey Beachum in 2008) deferred their berths in their intended tournament until the following installments due to scheduling conflicts. Three College Champions have made the Tournament of Champions finals (Tom Cubbage in 1989, Jeff Stewart in 1994, and Cliff Galiher in 2007), but only Cubbage won the event.
Many college champions have been invited to later Jeopardy! "all-time best" tournaments as well, with varying degrees of success:
1989 winner Tom Cubbage competed in the next year's Super Jeopardy! tournament, losing his opening quarterfinal match.
Every College Championship winner to that point competed in 2005's Ultimate Tournament of Champions, with 2000 winner Pam Mueller advancing to the semifinals, and 1996 winner Shane Whitlock advancing to the quarterfinals.
Cubbage, Mueller, Whitlock, 1993 winner Phoebe Juel, and 2001 winner Vinita Kailasanath all competed in 2014's Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades, with both Cubbage & Mueller advancing to the semifinals. Whitlock, 2008 winner Joey Beachum, and November 2010 winner Erin McLean were among the past champions in the fan favourite online voting to earn one of three slots in the tournament, but only Whitlock won the fan vote for his decade.
2017 winner Lilly Chin was the alternate of the All-Star Games appearing in the audience on Facebook Live.
Mueller and 2012 winner Monica Theiu both competed as team members in 2019's Jeopardy All-Star Games; Mueller was drafted to team Colby Burnett while Theiu was drafted to team Ken Jennings. Both teams advanced to the finals with Theiu's team finishing second and Mueller's team finishing third.
List of participants
The following is a list of contestants and where they placed in the tournament. Finalists who earned more than the minimum guarantee are as indicated.   

 Milo Dochow was a losing contestant in the Winter 1999 Teen Tournament but was invited to participate in the following year's College Championship after being potentially disadvantaged by a questionable judges' ruling in Final Jeopardy!.

 The first quarterfinal match of the 1992 College Championship ended in a tie, between Chris Montplasir and Ken Kansa. Chris won the tie-breaker to earn a spot in the semifinals and Ken earned enough money to earn a wildcard spot (although two other tie-breaker clues were given and correct responses were given for neither, resulting in editing out of the broadcast). The first semifinal match of the 1997 College Championship also ended in a tie, between Steven Beiver and Brian Chan. Steven gave the correct response to the tie-breaker clue to earn a spot in the finals.
Kevin ended up with $0 going into the Day Two Final Jeopardy!, and ineligible to play. He was kept to have his first day score tabulated for purposes of the final score in the two day total dollars format.

 Kate Laubscher, Hannah Norem, and Michael Sieja were tied at $14,400 in the quarterfinals at the end of Final Jeopardy. Hannah led going into Final Jeopardy, while Kate and Michael tied. Kate led going into Double Jeopardy, eliminating Michael for the last spot in the semifinals.

Stanford University is the only college to have two winners.

The only College Champions from Ivy League schools are Terry O'Shea of Princeton University in 2014 and Dhruv Gaur of Brown University in 2018.

References

Other websites
 Official Jeopardy! website
 Official Jeopardy! Season 34 College Championship website
 Official Jeopardy! Season 36 College Championship website

Jeopardy!
Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg (September 25, 1915June 19, 1953) and Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918June 19, 1953) were Americans accused of being spies for the Soviet Union. They were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage during a time of war. They were both executed. Their crime was related to giving information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.  At that time and even later, many people in many countries thought they were innocent and had tried to convince the U.S. authorities not to kill them. After the fall of the Soviet Union, evidence came out that showed that Julius Rosenberg had been a spy but that his wife had not.

Both Julius and Ethel were of Jewish descent.

References 

1915 births
1918 births
1953 deaths
American communists
Couples
Criminals from New York City
Executed American people
Jewish American criminals
People executed by electric chair
People from Manhattan
American spies for the Soviet Union
Bernard "Bernie" Sahlins (1922 – June 16, 2013) was an American writer, television and theatre director, and comedian. He was best known as a founder of The Second City improvisational comedy troupe with Paul Sills and Howard Alk in 1959. Sahlins also opened the Second City Theatre in Toronto in 1973.

Sahlins was born in 1922 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Chicago in 1943. On June 16, 2013, Sahlins died at his home from natural causes in Chicago, Illinois, aged 90.  He was survived by his wife, Jane Nicholl Sahlins.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2013 deaths
American television directors
American television producers
American stage actors
Writers from Chicago
Comedians from Chicago
Stanley Edward Lopata (September 12, 1925 – June 15, 2013) was an American professional baseball player. Lopata played in Major League Baseball as a catcher for parts of 13 seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies and Milwaukee Braves. A two-time all-star, he was the first National League catcher to wear glasses.

Lopata was born on September 12, 1925 in Delray, Michigan. He studied at Southwestern High School. Lopata died on June 15, 2013 from heart failure in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 Stan Lopata at the Society for American Baseball Research Biography Project

1925 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American baseball players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Atlanta Braves players
Sportspeople from Detroit
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
Sportspeople from Atlanta
Michael Mahon Hastings (January 28, 1980 – June 18, 2013) was an American journalist, writer and reporter for BuzzFeed. The son of doctors Molly and Brent Hastings, he graduated from Rice Memorial High School in South Burlington, Vermont in 1998, and New York University in 2002.

He was a regular writer for Gentlemen's Quarterly and a contributing editor at Rolling Stone magazine.  From 2002 - 2008, he was a journalist for Newsweek magazine, famous for his Iraq War coverage and book about the death of his fiancée Andrea Parhamovich I Lost My Love in Baghdad: A Modern War Story.

Hastings died in a 4:30am single-vehicle automobile crash in Los Angeles on June 18, 2013.

References

Other websites
 Michael Hastings of Rolling Stone on the Story that Brought Down Gen. McChrystal – video report by Democracy Now!
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Hastings, January 29, 2012
Michael Hastings on CNN debating the resignation of Gen. David Petraeus with Gen. Mark Kimmitt, Lt. Col. Rick Francona, and Piers Morgan
1980 births
2013 deaths
American journalists
People from Burlington, Vermont
Road accident deaths in California
Writers from Vermont
Carly Rose Sonenclar (born April 20, 1999) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. In 2012, Sonenclar finished in second place in season 2 of The X Factor USA.

She started her career as an actress on Broadway in 2006, and she also played Gilda in the television show The Electric Company. She later became a singer, and sang the National Anthem at sporting events.

In 2012, Sonenclar auditioned for The X Factor USA season two, singing the song "Feeling Good", which gave her praise from the judges. During the season, Sonenclar was normally among the top two most voted contestants, along with Tate Stevens. In the finale, Sonenclar finished in second behind Stevens.

In 2013, Sonenclar signed with record label Syco Music.

Sources

Singers from New York City
1999 births
Living people
American child actors
Paul Martin Simon (November 29, 1928 – December 9, 2003) was an American politician from Illinois. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1985, and in United States Senate from 1985 to 1997. A member of the Democratic Party, he unsuccessfully ran for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination. Simon was famous for his distinctive appearance that included a bowtie and horn-rimmed glasses.

Simon was born on November 29, 1928 in Eugene, Oregon. He studied at the University of Oregon and attended Dana College.

Simon was married to Jeanne Hurley from 1960 until her death in 2000. Then he was married to Patricia Derge from 2001 until his death in 2003. He had two children with Jeanne. One of them was Lieutenant Governor of Illinois Sheila Simon.

Simon died on December 9, 2003 from surgical complications after undergoing heart surgery in Springfield, Illinois, aged 75.

References
References

Other websites
 Senator Paul Simon Papers  at Southern Illinois University Carbondale Special Collections Research Center
 Jeanne Hurley Simon Papers  at Southern Illinois University Carbondale Special Collections
 U.S. Senator Paul Simon Museum 
 Paul Simon Public Policy Institute 
 CNN obituary 
 Paul Simon Tribute in Daily Egyptian 
 Our Culture of Pandering , 
 
 http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/8465-1/Jeanne+Simon.aspx 
 Booknotes interview with Paul Simon on Advice and Consent: Clarence Thomas, Robert Bork and the Intriguing History of the Supreme Court's Nomination Battles, September 20, 1992. 

1928 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
1988 United States presidential candidates
Lieutenant Governors of Illinois
United States senators from Illinois
United States representatives from Illinois
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Eugene, Oregon
State legislators of the United States
"Eternal Flame" is a 1989 ballad by The Bangles. It is from their 1988 album Everything. It became a hit when it was released in February 1989 in the United States. It hit #1 in other countries, including Australia. With this song, the Bangles became the third girl group to have many number one songs in the United States, after The Supremes (twelve) and The Shirelles (two).

References

1989 songs
Pop songs
The Bangles songs
Atomic Kitten
Bonnie Tyler songs
The Tet Offensive was a military campaign during the Vietnam War that started on 30 January 1968. It was fought by the communist forces of the Viet Cong in South Vietnam, which were aided by North Vietnam, against the South Vietnamese government, aided by the United States and other allies.

Its purpose was to surprise the enemy with attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers in South Vietnam.

Eventually, the Americans and the South Vietnamese managed to fight off the communist forces for a military victory. However, the massive fighting during the Tet Offensive made most Americans go from supporting the fighting in Vietnam to opposing it. The military and the government had told the Americans that the their country was close to winning. After that was disproved by the offensive, the US was said to have won the battle but to have lost the war.

References
References

Other websites 
Bibliography: The Tet Offensive and the Battle of Khe Sanh
Photographic history of 1st Air Cavalry Division Lurp / Rangers in the 1968 Tet Offensive
"Saigon, Target Zero" (1968) Tet Offensive film from the USA National Archives and Records Administration
United States History: Tet Offensive
The Division of Darling Downs was an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was one of the original 75 divisions for the first Australian election in 1901. It was named for the Darling Downs region of Queensland. It included the city of Toowoomba and surrounding rural areas.

Members

Its famous members included Sir Littleton Groom, Cabinet minister and Speaker, and Arthur Fadden, Prime Minister of Australia in 1941.

The electorate's first member, William Henry Groom, died at the first Commonwealth Parliament meeting in Melbourne in 1901. His death led to Australia's first by-election, which was won by his son Littleton. The seat was abolished in 1984, largely being replaced by the Division of Groom.

Darling Downs
1901 establishments in Australia
1984 disestablishments in Australia
"A Hazy Shade of Winter" is a hit song performed by Simon and Garfunkel in the 1960s. It was covered by The Bangles two decades later. The song was released by itself at first, but was later released as part of the album Bookends, released in 1968. This single is about sadness during winter. The Bangles version was released in November 1987. Both versions became major hit singles. In the late 1980s, the Bangles' version became more popular than the first version.

1966 songs
Pop songs
Simon & Garfunkel songs
The Bangles songs
A siddur () is a Jewish prayer book. It has a set order of a list of Jewish prayers and blessings.

"Siddurs", which come from a Hebrew root meaning "order", have a very long history and so they can be found in a number of versions in different streams in Judaism.

References

Other websites
 Siddur Audio

Jewish literature