Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After a summer with large protests against the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City, the Mexican Armed Forces shot multiple unarmed civilians, killing an unknown number in the hundreds. The shooting happened in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in the Tlatelolco section of Mexico City, and is considered part of the Mexican Dirty War. The massacre happened ten days before the opening ceremony of the Olympics.

The head of the Federal Directorate of Security reported that 1,345 people were arrested. At the time, the Mexican government and media claimed that the Armed Forces had been provoked by protesters shooting at them. However in government documents released in 2000, it said that snipers had been hired by the government. The actual death toll range from 300 to 400, with eyewitnesses reporting hundreds dead.

References

1968 Summer Olympics
Massacres in North America
The Mexican Dirty War () is about an internal conflict in the 1960s and 1980s between the Mexican PRI government under the presidencies of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Luis Echeverría and José López Portillo and left-wing student and guerrilla groups. They were supported by the United States. During the war, government forces carried out disappearances, about 1,200, torture, and executions.

In March 2019, the President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador, publicly released the archives which had new information about the Dirty War. López Obrador said that "We lived for decades under an authoritarian regime which limited freedoms and persecuted those who struggled for social change" and issued an official apology on behalf of the Mexican State to the victims.

References

1970s in Mexico
1960s in Mexico
1980s in Mexico
The Corpus Christi Massacre or El Halconazo ( was a massacre of student protestors during the Mexican Dirty War in Mexico City on 10 June 1971. It happened the day of the Corpus Christi festival. Nearly 120 protesters were killed.

On 29 November 2006, former President Luis Echeverría Álvarez pleaded guilty and was put on house arrest. In 2009, charges were dropped because of lack of evidence.

References

1970s in Mexico
Massacres in North America
Adolfo López Mateos (; 26 May 1909 – 22 September 1969) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was President of Mexico from 1958 to 1964.

López Mateos died while in a coma on 22 September 1969 at a Mexico City hospital from problems caused by multiple intracranial aneurysms, aged 60.

References

1909 births
1969 deaths
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
Presidents of Mexico
Mexican lawyers
Recipients of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
Adolfo Tomás Ruiz Cortines (; 30 December 1889 – 3 December 1973) was a Mexican politician. He was 54th president of Mexico from 1952 to 1958.

Ruiz Cortines died on 3 December 1973 in Veracruz, Mexico from heart failure caused by arteriosclerosis, aged 82.

References

1889 births
1973 deaths
Presidents of Mexico
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from arteriosclerosis
Atizapán de Zaragoza is a city, in State of Mexico in Mexico. The area of the city is 91.07 km². In 2010, the population was 489,937.

References

Cities in Mexico
Settlements in Mexico (state)
Père Lachaise Cemetery ( ; formerly , "Cemetery of the East") is the largest cemetery in Paris, France (). More than 3.5 million people visit here every year. It is the most visited necropolis in the world.

The Père Lachaise is in the 20th arrondissement and was the first garden cemetery, as well as the first municipal cemetery in Paris. There are three World War I memorials in the cemetary.

References

Cemeteries
Buildings and structures in Paris
1804 establishments in Europe
(; born 6 January 1981) is a Belgian actor. He acted in Brotherhood of the Wolf (2001) and the 2012 movie My Way. He played Pierre Bergé in the 2014 biopic Saint Laurent.

References

1981 births
Living people
Belgian movie actors
Belgian television actors
Belgian voice actors
Belgian stage actors
Actors from Brussels
This is a list of Austrian women football teams as they play in the 2021/22 season in the 3rd level of Austrian women soccer.

Vorarlbergliga (women)
 	RW Rankweil (women)
SPG Leiblachtal 
FFC Vorderland 1c 	
		FC Alberschwende (women)
	SPG SW Bregenz/FC Dornbirn Damen 1b 	
			SK Bürs (women)
		SPG Schlins/Nenzing (women)

Tiroler Liga (women)
SV Innsbruck
SV Angerberg
SPG FC Stubai/Matrei  
SPG Rinn/Tulfes/Wattens
FC Schwoich 
SVG Erl
SK Wilten
FC Vomp
SPG Alpbachtal 
SV Haiming

Salzburger Frauenliga
USK Hof
SC Leogang (women)
SG Tennengau 
FC Schladming 	 
FC Pinzgau Saalfelden (women)
Union Mondsee (women)
USC Eugendorf (women)

Oberösterreichische  Frauenliga
LASK 
 SPG Steyr Damen
SPG Weilbach/Antiesenhofen
 Union Nebelberg
SPG UNION Kleinmünchen/FC Blau-Weiß Linz 1b
SPG Hagenberg/Schweinbach
SPV Kematen-Piberbach/Rohr-Neuhofen
SV Högl Taufkirchen

Kärntner Frauenliga
ASKÖ Wölfnitz
ATUS Ferlach
Austria Klagenfurt
Carinthians Junior Hornets
SC Landskron
SC St. Veit
SF Rückersdorf
SV Eitweg
Steirische Frauenlandesliga
FC Preding 	
 USV Seckau 	
 Sportunion Hitzendorf 	
 Union Birkfeld 	
TSV Kirchberg 	
UDFC Hof bei Straden 	
SVU Murau 	
SV Strassgang 	
SPG Rottenmann/Lassing 	
 Wildcats Krottendorf Juniors 	
FC Vogau Killerbienen 
USV Ottendorf

Niederösterreich Frauen Landesliga
SV Weikersdorf 	
FSG Stetteldorf/Großweikersdorf 	
SVg Breitenau/Schwarzau 	
SV Paudorf 	
 SK Ernstbrunn 	
ASV Schrems 	
FSG Traiskirchen 	
 SC Melk 	
 USVG Großrußbach 	
 SV Horn  II

Wiener Frauenliga
SU Schönbrunn
Wiener Sport-Club 1b 	
1.Simmeringer SC 	
FK Austria Wien 1c
Altera Porta 
Mariahilf 	
DSG Dynamo Donau 	
First Vienna FC 1894 1c 	
GST Mönchhof 
USC Landhaus 1b

Burgenland
The Burgenländischer Fußballverband has no league.

Women's football in Austria
Austrian women football teams
women football
Ignace Van Der Brempt (born 1 April 2002) is a Belgian football player. He plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as right back.

Club career
He made his Belgian First Division A debut for Club Brugge on 14 September 2019  against Cercle Brugge. In February 2022 he went on to FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. He signed a contract till June 2026.

Honours
Club Brugge
 Belgian Pro League: 2020, 2021
 Belgian Super Cup: 2021

Red Bull Salzburg
Austrian Bundesliga: 2021-22
Austrian Cup: 2021-22

References

Other websites
 
 Belgium profile at Belgian FA

2002 births
Living people
Belgian footballers
Association football defenders
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Austrian football champions
The Borealis Basin, or the North Polar Basin, is a large depression or basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars.  The North Polar Basin takes up 40% of the Martian surface. It has a diameter of about 9,500 km (5,900 miles), but is slightly stretched, or elliptical, meaning its true size is closer to 10,600 km (6,600 mi) by 8,500 km (5,300 mi).

An explanation for the basin's low, flat and relatively crater-free structure is that the basin was formed by a single large impact.

Simulations suggest that a body of about 0.02 Mars masses (~0.002 Earth masses, about the size of Pluto) can produce a sizable debris disk in Martian orbit, on the order of 500 quadrillion tonnes, with much of the material remaining close to Mars. Scientists think this could have formed Phobos and Deimos.

Analysis of Mars Global Surveyor data found mineral deposits similar to terminal moraines on Earth along the southern rim of the northern low land, giving evidence that an asteroid caused a tsunami in the basin.
Even though it's so large, the basin is not yet called an impact basin by the IAU because scientists aren't sure if it's actually the site of an impact. The basin is one of the flattest areas in the Solar System. The landing site of the Viking 1 lander is a bay that opens into the basin.

References 

Mars
The Kop van Overijssel (literally in English: Head of Overijssel) is a region in the north of the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands.

It consists of the municipality of Steenwijkerland and three municipalities which are also considered being part of the region of Salland: Kampen, Staphorst, and Zwartewaterland.

Related pages 
 Salland
 Twente

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

 
Regions of the Netherlands
Juanita's earless tree frog (Charadrahyla juanitae) is a frog that lives in the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains in Mexico.  Scientists have seen it between 750 and 1080 meters above sea level and between 580 and 1530 meters above sea level.

Appearance

The adult male frog is 27.7 to 35.8 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 37.6 to 39.8 mm long.

The adult frog is light gray or green or brown in color with dark gray or brown marks like a saddle or hourglass on its back.  It has a narrow white stripe.  It has a narrow dark brown stripe behind its eyes.  There are three or four thick stripes across its ront legs and three, four, or five on the back legs.  The belly and throat are white with a few darker marks.  The skin on its throat is smoothest.  There is only a small amount of webbing on its feet.

Home
Home

This frog lives in pine-oak forests in two different parts of the Sierra Madre del Sur, both on the west side.  That is the side nearest the Pacific Ocean.  This frog lives in the same places as other frogs:  Charadrahyla altipotens, Charadrahyla pinorum, Ecnomiohyla miotympanum, Megastomatohyla pellita, Plectrohyla pentheter, Plectrohyla thorectes, and Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei.

Reproduction

The male frogs go to streams and sits on plants 40 to 120 cm tall.  Then they sing for the female frogs.  The female frogs lay eggs all the way underwater.  The eggs stick to rocks or to wood.  They lay fewer than 100 eggs at a time.  The eggs are about 2 mm long.

Threats
Threats

This frog is called "near threatened." It is not officially in danger of dying out but there are fewer of them than there were.  This is because human beings change the forests where it lives, cutting down trees for lumber and to build towns.  Diseases also kill this frog.  Scientists think the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis kills this frog.

Name

This frog is named for Juanita Snyder.  She is the wife of scientist David Snyder, who wrote the first formal paper about this frog.

References

Frogs of North America
Kamil Piatkowski (born 21 June 2000) is a professional footballer from Poland. He plays for Austrian Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg and the Poland national team as center back.

Club career
Piątkowski started in the youth teams of  Karpaty Krosno and Zagłębie Lubin.  In the 2019-20 season he went on to Raków Częstochowa. He debuted in August 2019 in the first league versus Lechia Gdańsk. He came in in min. 86 for  Sebastian Musiolik. 2021 he went on to  FC Red Bull Salzburg where he signed till June 2026. In Januyry 2023 he was loaned to KAA Gent . For the 2023-24 season he came back to Salzburg.

International career
Piątkowski made his debut for Poland on 28 March 2021 in a World Cup qualifier against Andorra.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Polish Cup: 2021
Ekstraklasa  Young Player of the Season: 2021
Ekstraklasa Young Player of the Month: March 2021, April 2021
 Austrian Champion:   2022
 Austrian Cup:   2022

References
References

2000 births
Living people
Polish footballers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Association football defenders
Austrian football champions
Pleinfeld is a Franconian municipality and market town in Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen in Bavaria. It is in the Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg and in the Franconian Lake District.

Geography
Pleinfeld is in central Bavaria, in the south of the administrative region Middle Franconia. The municipal area borders on the neighbouring Bavarian district Roth. Neighbouring townships are Pfofeld, Ellingen, Ettenstatt, Höttingen, Absberg, Spalt, Heideck and Röttenbach. The landscape is hilly and forested.

Pleinfeld is on the rivers Swabian Rezat and Arbach,  north of Weißenburg in Bayern, and  south of Nuremberg. Other rivers in the municipality area are Brombach river and Banzerbach river, both tributary of the Swabian Rezat. The town's altitude is about  above sea level. The highest point of the municipality is near Dorsbrunn,  asl. Pleinfeld is the biggest town near the Großer Brombachsee, a lake in the Franconian Lake District. Pleinfeld  is also next to the most northern part of the Altmühl Valley Nature Park.
Administrative subdivisions 
Pleinfeld has 35 subdivisions:

 Allmannsdorf
 Banzermühle
 Birklein 
 Böschleinsmühle
 Dorsbrunn
 Engelreuth
 Erlingsdorf
 Gündersbach
 Heinzenmühle
 Hohenweiler
 Kemnathen
 Ketschenmühle
 Kleinweingarten
 Langweidmühle
 Mackenmühle
 Mandlesmühle
 Mannholz
 Mäusleinsmühle
 Mischelbach
 Pleinfeld
 Prexelmühle
 Ramsberg am Brombachsee
 Regelsberg 
 Reichertsmühle
 Roxfeld
 Sankt Veit
 Schloss Sandsee
 Seemannsmühle
 Stirn
 Utzenmühle
 Veitserlbach
 Walkerszell
 Walting
 Wurmmühle

Twin towns and cities
Pleinfeld is twinned with:
  - Killarney Ireland

Local Dialect
The local dialect of the region is East Franconian German, referred to in German as Fränkisch, with Pleinfeld being at the southern point of its extension. Traveling south, people speak Bavarian German and Alemannic German dialects.

Photogallery

References

Other websites

Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Mischelbach is a district of Pleinfeld in Bavaria, in Central Franconia and Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen.

Other websites
 Homepage from Mischelbach

Villages in Bavaria
Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Polsingen is a municipality  in Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen in Bavaria, Germany.

References

Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Raitenbuch is a municipality  in Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen in Bavaria, Germany.

References

Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Theilenhofen is a municipality in Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen in Bavaria, Germany.

Books about the Roman Camp
Dietwulf Baatz: Der Römische Limes. Archäologische Ausflüge zwischen Rhein und Donau. 4. Auflage, Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2000,  (German language)
 Heinrich Eidam: Das Kastell Theilenhofen. At: Ernst Fabricius, Friedrich Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey: Der obergermanisch-raetische Limes des Römerreiches B VII Nr 71a, Petters, Heidelberg, 1905 (German language)

References

Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Dietfurt, now part of the town of Treuchtlingen, is a German village in Middle Franconia, Bavaria. Earlier to 1853 it was for centuries the place of an important post station on the road between Augsburg and Nuremberg.

References

Other websites

Villages in Bavaria
Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Westheim is a municipality in Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen in Bavaria, Germany.

References

Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Hahnenkamm is a Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (federation of municipalities) in Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen in Bavaria in Germany. It has the following municipalities:
Gnotzheim 
Heidenheim
Westheim

Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Arzberg () is a town in Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is 13 km west of Cheb and 10 km northeast of Marktredwitz.

Sister city

References

 Singer, Friedrich Wilhelm: Arzberger Bilderbuch, Arzberg 1974  (no ISBN)
 Siemen, Wilhelm: 100 Jahre Porzellanfabrik Arzberg, 1887-1987, Schriften und Kataloge des Museums der deutschen Porzellanindustrie, vol. 9, Hohenberg an der Eger 1987  (no ISBN)

Other websites
Stadt Arzberg, official webpage

Wunsiedel (district)
Bad Alexandersbad is a municipality of Germany in Upper Franconia (Bavaria), in Wunsiedel. The municipality has the villages Dünkelhammer, Kleinwendern, Sichersreuth and Tiefenbach.

References

Wunsiedel (district)
Spa towns in Germany
Höchstädt im Fichtelgebirge is a municipality in Wunsiedel in Bavaria in Germany.

References

Wunsiedel (district)
Hohenberg an der Eger is a town in Wunsiedel, in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Eger, on the border with the Czech Republic, 11 km west of Cheb, and 14 km northeast of Marktredwitz.

References

Wunsiedel (district)
Kirchenlamitz () is a town in Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Fichtelgebirge, 13 km northwest of Wunsiedel and 19 km south of Hof.

References

Wunsiedel (district)
Marktleuthen () is a municipality in Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Eger, 10 km north of Wunsiedel and 11 km southwest of Selb.

References

Wunsiedel (district)
Marktredwitz () is a town in Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany, close to the Czech border. It is 22 km west of Cheb, 50 km east of Bayreuth and 50 km south of Hof/Saale. Marktredwitz station is at the junction of the Nuremberg–Cheb railway and the Munich–Hof railway.

References

Wunsiedel (district)
Badhaai Do () is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama movie.

Production
It is written by Suman Adhikary and Akshat Ghildial, and directed by Harshavardhan Kulkarni. The film is produced by Junglee Pictures. It serves as a spiritual sequel to the 2018 film Badhaai Ho. It stars Rajkummar Rao and Bhumi Pednekar as a couple in a lavender marriage. The principal photography began on 5 January 2021 in Dehradun. Badhaai Do theatricallly released on 11 February 2022.
Cast 
 Rajkummar Rao as Shardul Thakur, a policeman
 Bhumi Pednekar as Suman "Sumi" Singh, a physical education teacher
 Chum Darang as Rimjhim Jongkey, Suman's girlfriend
 Seema Pahwa as Shardul's taiji
 Sheeba Chaddha as Mrs. Thakur, Shardul's mother
 Gulshan Devaiah as Guru Narayan, Shardul's boyfriend
 Loveleen Mishra as Mrs. Singh, Suman's mother
 Nitesh Pandey as Prem Singh, Suman's father
 Vyom Yadav as Naman Singh, Suman's brother
 Abhay Joshi as DSP
 Durga Sharma as DSP's wife
 Shireesh Dobriyal as Tau Ji
 Sarita Rana as Sho
 Nindhi Bhati as Naaznin
 Krishan Kumar as Sirohi, Police Constable
 Gurleen Kaur as Urvasi
 Chetan Dhawan as Raju
 Karuna Prakash as Priya Masi
 Babita Anand as Priya Masi's Friend
 Ananya Gaur as Pigu
 Mitisha Arora as Sarita
 Arti Shahi as Udita
 Prabhu Bhatt as Priyanshu
 Shashi Bhushan
 Deepak Arora as Kabir, Shardul's ex-boyfriend
 Apeksha Porwal as Komal, Suman's ex-girlfriend

References

2022 comedy-drama movies
2020s Indian movies
Hindi-language movies
2022 movies
Raima Islam Shimu (mononymously known as Shimu) was a Bangladeshi actress, model and TV producer, who has starred in 25 films and numerous TV dramas since 1998.

Disappearance and the discovery of her body 
Shimu went missing on January 16, 2022, and her dismembered body was discovered in a sack the following day on January 17, 2022. Shimu's husband Sakhawat Ali Nobel was depressed due to various reasons including closure of business. He gradually became suspicious of his wife being unfaithful. This led to marital quarrels, which eventually led to her death by her husband. Shimu reported her husband being abusive to the police sometimes earlier her death. Her husband and his friend planned and executed the murder, and later confessed to the police on January 19.

References 

2022 deaths
Bangladeshi movie actors
People from Barisal Division
Murder in 2022
Mark Tseitlin (; ; 23 September 1943 – 25 January 2022) was a Soviet-born Israeli chess player. He was awarded the title of International Master in 1978 and that of Grandmaster in 1997. Tseitlin was born in Frunze, Kyrgyz SSR, Soviet Union.

Tseitlin died in Beer Sheva, Israel on 25 January 2022, at the age of 78.

References

1943 births
2022 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Kyrgyzstani people
Israeli sportspeople
Michael Eamon Beahan  (21 January 1937 – 30 January 2022) was a British-born Australian Labor politician. He was the 19th President of the Australian Senate from 1 February 1994 to 30 June 1996. He was a Senator representing Western Australia in the Australian Senate from 1987 to 1996. Beahan was born in London, England.

Beahan was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia on Australia Day 2011.

Beahan died on 30 January 2022 in Melbourne, Australia, nine days after his 85th birthday.

References

1937 births
2022 deaths
Presidents of the Australian Senate
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Politicians from Western Australia
Politicians from London
A failed coup d'état happened in Guinea-Bissau on 1 February 2022. Gunfire was heard coming from the government house in Bissau. 

A few hours later, president Umaro Sissoco Embalo said the coup over, he said that "many" members of the security forces had been killed in a "failed attack against democracy."

References

2022 in Africa
Coups d'état
February 2022 events
2022 coup d'état attempt
Wolfgang Schwanitz (26 June 1930 – 1 February 2022) was a East German communist official. He was the last head of the Stasi from 1989 until 1990. He did not hold the title "Minister of State Security", but held the title of "Leader of the Office for National Security".

Schwanitz died on 1 February 2022, at the age of 91.

References

1930 births
2022 deaths
Directors of German intelligence agencies
Politicians from Berlin
Politicians of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Stasi people
Erich Fritz Emil Mielke (; 28 December 1907 ; Wedding, Berlin, Brandenburg, Prussia, Imperial Germany – 21 May 2000 ; Berlin, Germany) was a East German communist and possibly a former Nazi Party official in the SS or the Wehrmacht . He was head of the East German Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatsicherheit – MfS), better known as the Stasi, from 1957 appointed by Walter Ulbricht who was leader from 1950-1971 until shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 lead by Erich Honecker .

Mielke died on 21 May 2000 at a nursing home in Berlin at the age of 92 just almost 11 year’s after the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 .

References

1907 births
2000 deaths
Directors of German intelligence agencies
German criminals
German generals
Government ministers of East Germany
Politicians from Berlin
Politicians of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
Stasi people
John Ngu Foncha (June 21, 1916 – April 10, 1999) was a Cameroonian politician who was the Prime Minister of British Cameroons from February 1, 1959 to October 1, 1961, then Prime Minister of West Cameroon from independence (October 1, 1961) to May 13, 1965. He later became an opponent, close to the separatists of the Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC).

KNDP
He created the Kamerun National Democratic Party (KNDP) in 1955 and became the Prime Minister of British Cameroons on 1 February 1959. He occupied this position until 1 October 1961, when the region was joined with French-speaking Cameroon to form a federation.

Leadership
From 1 October 1961 to 13 May 1965, Foncha was both the 5th Prime Minister of Cameroon and Vice-President of the Federal Republic of Cameroon. He was Vice President of the Federal Republic of Cameroon until 1970.
Delegation
In 1994, he led a delegation of the Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC) to the United Nations to demand support for the movement for greater autonomy in Cameroon's two English-speaking regions. His grandson is Jean-Christian Foncha.

Death
He died in Bamenda on 10 April 1999 at the age of 82.

1916 births
1999 deaths
Prime Ministers of Cameroon
Tito Stagno (4 January 1930 – 1 February 2022) was an Italian journalist, television writer and presenter. Stagno started his career as a sports commentator in Radio Cagliari and as a reporter in Radiosera. In 1954 he began working for RAI. He is best known for being the commentator of the 1969 moon landing.

Stagno died on 1 February 2022 in Rome, at the age of 92.

References 

1930 births
2022 deaths
Italian journalists
Italian television presenters
The 1976 AFC Asian Cup was the 6th edition of the men's AFC Asian Cup. The finals were hosted by Iran between 3 and 13 June 1976. The field of six teams was split into two groups of three. Iran won their third title in a row. They beated Kuwait in the final.

References 

AFC Asian Cup tournaments
1976 in association football
1976 in Asia
Ezio Frigerio (16 July 1930 – 2 February 2022) was an Italian costume designer and art director. He was born in Milan, Italy. 

Frigerio created the sets for Liliana Cavani's movie Galileo e i Cannibali and Jean-Paul Rappeneau's Cyrano de Bergerac, which got an Oscar nomination in 1991.

He designed the grave of Rudolf Nureyev. Frigerio also worked with Italian costume designer Franca Squarciapino who was also his life partner.

Frigerio died on 2 February 2022 in Lecco, Italy, at the age of 91.

References

1930 births
2022 deaths
Italian costume designers
Artists from Milan
Set designers
Jean-Paul Rappeneau (born 8 April 1932) is a French movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Auxerre, Yonne, France. His career began in 1960. The first movie he wrote and directed was A Matter of Resistance in 1965. He began writing only for his movies with Le Sauvage in 1975. He is known for his 1990 movie Cyrano de Bergerac.

References

Other websites
 

1932 births
Living people
French movie directors
French screenwriters
People from Auxerre
Franca Squarciapino (born 1940) is an Italian costume designer. She won the Academy Award for Best Costume Design in 1990 for Cyrano de Bergerac. She was the official costume designer for the Burgtheater in Vienna, Royal Opera at Covent Garden, the Metropolitan Opera, the Vienna State Opera, and Zurich Opera.

Squarciapino worked with Ezio Frigerio many times, who was also her life partner.

References

Italian artists
Italian costume designers
Best Costume Design Academy Award winners
Living people
1940 births
People from Rome
Jalal () is a masculine given or family name. The name or word Jalal means majesty and is used to honor and venerate.

When the Arabic language spread across non-Arabic regions, Jalal has also become a name for some Arabic-speaking Christians, non-Arab Muslims, and non-Arabs and has been added to other language dictionaries with the majestic meaning.

Another form is Galal, where the first letter "ج" is pronounced like hard g /g/ in English. Galal might have other meanings in different languages. 

This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Examples 

The word Jalal could be found in many history, art, religious, and poetry books. For example:

 Jalal is used as a characteristic when addressing royals like kings and lords in history, myth, and formal occasion.
 Jalál the second month and the Saturday as a first day of the week in the Bahá’í calendar.
Given name 
 Jalal Agha (1945–1995), Indian actor and director
 Jalal Talabani, Iraqi politician (1933-2017)
 Jalal Dabagh, Iraqi politician
 Jalal Allakhverdiyev, Azerbaijani mathematician

Family name 
 Farida Jalal, Persian actor

Related pages 
 Jalil (disambiguation)

References
Noel Treacy (18 December 1951 – 2 February 2022) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Galway East constituency from 1982 to 2011. He was also the Minister of State for European Affairs between 2004 until 2007 during the Bertie Ahern government. He was also the Minister of State at the Department of Finance between 1987 until 1989 and again from 1992 until 1993. Treacy was born in Ballinasloe, Ireland.

Treacy died in County Galway, Ireland on 2 February 2022, at the age of 70.

References

1951 births
2022 deaths
Fianna Fáil politicians
Ramesh Deo (30 January 1929 – 2 February 2022) was an Indian actor. He was born in Amravati, then-British India. His career began in 1955. His best known movie roles were in Aarti, Anand, Aap Ki Kasam and Mere Apne.

Deo died of a heart attack in Mumbai, India on 2 February 2022, three days after his 93rd birthday.

References

1929 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Indian movie actors
Indian stage actors
Indian television actors
Actors from Mumbai
Dalip Tahil (born Dalip Tahilramani; 30 October 1952) is an Indian actor. Tahil is best known for his work in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988), Baazigar (1993), Hum hai rahi pyar ke (1993) and Raja (1995).

He studied at Sherwood College in Nainital, India. After attending Aligarh Muslim University for a year, he graduated from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai.

References

Other websites
 

1952 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Indian stage actors
Indian voice actors
Actors from Uttar Pradesh
Kambiz  is a Persian male given name meaning 'prosperous, fortunate'. The name is commonly used in Iran, Pakistan and Turkey.  Variants include Kami.   This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Notable people 

 Kambiz Qajar, Iranian Lawyer a cousin  of Mohsen Movaghar
 Kambiz Razaghi, General officer of USA Army, he served United States under Iraq War and Afghanistan war.
 Kambiz Hosseini, TV and radio host
 Kambuzia Partovi, Iranian film director and screenwriter

Related pages 
 Kami Name

References
Ellen Tiedtke (March 16, 1930 – February 1, 2022) was a Polish-born German actress, cabaret artist and singer. She was born in Biskupiec, present-day Poland. Her career began in the 1960s. She is known for hosting the children's television show Ellentie from 1983 until 1991. An actress, she appeared in Ohne Pass in fremden Betten and The Fiancee. She worked with DEFA during most of her career.

Tiedtke died on February 1, 2022 at a Berlin hospital from congestive heart failure, aged 91.

References

1930 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Polish movie actors
Polish television actors
Polish voice actors
Polish stage actors
Polish singers
German movie actors
German television personalities
German television actors
German voice actors
German stage actors
German singers
Nagel is a municipality in Wunsiedel in Bavaria in Germany.

References 

Wunsiedel (district)
Leon Theodore Silver (April 9, 1925 – January 31, 2022) was an American geologist. He was professor of geology at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He was an instructor to the Apollo 13, 15, 16, and 17 astronaut crews. He taught astronauts how to perform field geology and created lunar field geology.

He became a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1974. 

Silver died on January 31, 2022 in Arcadia, California, at the age of 96.

References

1925 births
2022 deaths
American geologists
Scientists from New York (state)
Scientists from California
California Institute of Technology faculty
Röslau is a municipality  in Wunsiedel in Bavaria in Germany.

References

Wunsiedel (district)
Nicolás Capaldo Toboas (born 14 September 1998) is an Argentine professional footballer. He plays as a midfielder for Austrian Bundesliga club Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Club career
Capaldo played in the youth of Deportivo Mac Allister. In 2015 he went on to the Boca Juniors academy.  Capaldo made his debut in professional football during a Argentine Primera División match against Defensa y Justicia on 24 February 2019. In June 2021 he went on to the Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg and signed a contract till 2026.

International career
In September 2019 he was called up in the  Argentina U23s national football team. He played his first match a few days later against Colombia and scored his first goal for the team against Chile in a 1–0 win.

Honours
Boca Juniors
Primera División: 2020
Copa de la Liga Profesional: 2020

Argentina U23
CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament: 2020

Red Bull Salzburg
Austrian Champion: 2022, 2023
Austrian Cup:  2022

References

Other websites
Other websites

1998 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Association football midfielders
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Austrian football champions
Richard White (born November 4, 1952) is an American businessman and Republican politician. White was elected a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 2020.

In February 2022, White was hospitalized under critical condition in Frankfort, Kentucky for internal bleeding.

References

Living people
1952 births
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Kentucky
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Frank Richard White (born 11 November 1939) is a Labour Party British politician. He was the Mayor of Bolton between 2005 until 2006. He was also a member of the British Parliament between 1974 until 1983. He represented Bury and Radcliffe. White retired from politics in 2009.

References

1939 births
Living people
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
British mayors
Labour Party (UK) MPs

Politicians from Greater Manchester
Bolton
Osteopenia, preferably known as "low bone mass" or "low bone density", is a condition in which bone mineral density is low. This makes the bones weaker which cause a higher risk of fractures, and some people may go on to develop osteoporosis.  In 2010, 43 million older adults in the United States had osteopenia.

References

Diseases and disorders of bones
Megaforce Records is an American independent record label. Jon Zazula and his wife Marsha Zazula started it in 1982 to sell the first works of Metallica. Its offices are in New York City and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The label is distributed in the United States by RED Distribution.

Megaforce artists that have appeared on the Billboard Top 200 chart include Metallica, Blue October, Anthrax, Overkill, Testament, Mushroomhead, Ministry, Bad Brains, and Meat Puppets.

References

American record labels
Beaubreuil is the largest outer district of Limoges (Haute-Vienne), extending over approximately 230 hectares, and one of the most populated. Completely separated from the central urban fabric of the city by the Bois de la Bastide, its architecture is typical of a concerted development zone from the 1970s to the 1990s, alternating large complexes, residential areas and commercial spaces.

The youth policy was completed in 2019: as part of the district's urban renewal program, the former day hospital was completely refurbished into a childhood center: the Sanfourche youth center inaugurated in 2018.

Places
The Cora shopping center (1988), formerly Radar (1972), which brings together other brands within the La Coupole shopping center, occupies an important place. Right next to the latter is also the municipal cultural center Jean Moulin.

References

Limoges
The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is in the boot sequence before the operating system and after the firmware. UEFI replaces the legacy BIOS firmware interface found in all IBM computers. Most UEFI implementations are backwards-compatible to the legacy BIOS. UEFI supports remote diagnostics and repairing of computers, even when there isn't an operating system.

Intel made the Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI). Some of the EFI's usage and formats mimic those of Windows. In 2005, EFI 1.10 (the final release) was deprecated.

History

Creation
The motivation for EFI came during early development of the first Intel–HP Itanium systems in the mid-1990s. Limitations had become too restrictive for the server platforms Itanium was looking for. The effort to address these restrictions began in 1998 and was first called the Intel Boot Initiative. It was renamed to Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI).
In July 2005, Intel discontinued its development of the EFI specification at version 1.10, and gave it to the Unified EFI Forum, which has developed the specification as the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). The original EFI specification remains owned by Intel, which exclusively provides licenses for EFI-based products, but the UEFI specification is owned by the UEFI Forum.

Versions
Version 2.0 of UEFI was released on 31 January 2006. It added cryptography and security.

Version 2.1 of UEFI was released on 7 January 2007. It added network authentication and the user interface architecture ('Human Interface Infrastructure' in UEFI).

The latest UEFI specification, version 2.9, was released in March 2021.

Open source
The first open source UEFI implementation, Tiano, was released by Intel in 2004. Tiano has since then been succeded by EDK and EDK2 and is now maintained by the TianoCore community.

Advantages 
UEFI firmware provides several technical advantages over a traditional BIOS system:
Being able to boot a disk containing large partitions (over 2 TB) with a GUID Partition Table (GPT)
 Flexible pre-OS environment, including network capabilities, a GUI, and multi language support
 32-bit (for example IA-32) or 64-bit (for example x64) pre-OS environment
 C language programming
 Modular design
 Backward and forward compatibility with the Legacy BIOS

Features

Services 

 Graphics Output Protocol (GOP) services
 The Graphics Output Protocol (GOP) gives runtime services; see also Graphics features below. The operating system is allowed to write to the framebuffer provided by GOP during runtime mode.

 Variable services
 UEFI variables provide a way to store data, in particular non-volatile data. Some UEFI variables are shared between platform firmware and operating systems. Variable namespaces are identified by GUIDs, and variables are key/value pairs. For example, UEFI variables can be used to keep crash messages in NVRAM after a crash for the operating system to get after a reboot.
Time services
 UEFI provides time services. Time services include support for someone's time zone and daylight saving fields, which allow the hardware's real-time clock to be set to local time or UTC. On machines using a PC-AT real-time clock, by default the hardware clock still has to be set to local time for compatibility with BIOS-based Windows, unless using recent versions and an entry in the Windows registry is set to indicate the use of UTC.

Applications 

Beyond loading an OS, UEFI can run UEFI applications, which stay as files on the EFI System Partition. They can be executed from the UEFI Shell, by the firmware's boot manager, or by other UEFI apps. UEFI apps can be developed and installed independently of the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).
A type of UEFI application is an OS boot loader such as GRUB, rEFInd, Gummiboot, and Windows Boot Manager; which loads some OS files into memory and executes them. Also, an OS boot loader can provide a user interface to allow the selection of another UEFI application to run. Utilities like the UEFI Shell are also UEFI applications.

Protocols 
EFI defines protocols as a set of software interfaces used for communication between two binary modules. All EFI drivers must provide services to others via protocols. The EFI Protocols are similar to the BIOS interrupt calls.

Graphics features 
The EFI 1.0 specification defined a UGA (Universal Graphic Adapter) protocol as a way to support graphics features. UEFI did not include UGA and replaced it with GOP (Graphics Output Protocol).
UEFI 2.1 defined a "Human Interface Infrastructure" (HII) to manage user input, localized strings, fonts, and forms (in the HTML sense). These enable original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or independent BIOS vendors (IBVs) to design graphical interfaces for pre-boot configuration.

Most early UEFI firmware implementations were console-based. Today many UEFI firmware implementations are GUI-based.

Boot stages

SEC – Security Phase 
This is the first stage of the UEFI boot but may have platform specific code. It is built as code written in assembly language for the specific architecture. It initializes temporary memory (often CPU cache as RAM) and serves as the system's software root of trust.
PEI – Pre-EFI Initialization 
The second stage of UEFI contains of a dependency-aware dispatcher that loads and runs PEI modules (PEIMs) to handle hardware tasks such as main memory initialization and firmware recovery operations. It's also responsible for the discovery of the boot mode and handling many ACPI S0ix/ACPI S3 operations. In the case of ACPI S0ix/ACPI S3 resume, it is responsible for restoring many hardware registers to a pre-sleep state. PEI also uses CPU cache as RAM.

DXE – Driver Execution Environment 
This stage are made of C modules and a dependency-aware dispatcher. With main memory now available, CPU, chipset, mainboard and boot devices are initialized in DXE and BDS.

BDS – Boot Device Select 
BDS is a part of the DXE. In this stage, boot devices are initialized, UEFI drivers or Option ROMs of PCI devices are executed according to system configuration, and boot options are processed.
TSL – Transient System Load 
This is the stage between boot device selection and hand-off to the OS. At this point one may enter UEFI shell, or execute an UEFI application such as the OS boot loader.

RT – Runtime 
The UEFI hands off to the operating system (OS) after  is executed. A UEFI compatible OS is now responsible for exiting boot services triggering the firmware to unload all no longer needed code and data, leaving only runtime services code/data, e.g. SMM and ACPI. A typical modern OS will prefer to use its own programs (such as kernel drivers) to control hardware devices.

When a legacy OS is used, CSM will handle this call making sure that the system is compatible with legacy BIOS expectations.
Criticism 
Many digital rights activists have protested against UEFI.
Some experts have blamed UEFI as an attempt to remove the ability of the user to control the computer. It does not solve the BIOS's long-standing problems of requiring two different drivers—one for the firmware and one for the operating system—for most hardware.

Open-source project TianoCore also provides UEFI interfaces. TianoCore doesn't have the specialized drivers that initialize functions, which are instead provided by coreboot, of which TianoCore is one of many payload options. The development of coreboot requires cooperation from CPU manufacturers to provide the specifications needed to develop initialization drivers.

Secure Boot
Secure Boot 

In 2011, Microsoft announced that computers certified to run its Windows 8 operating system had to release with Microsoft's public key enrolled and Secure Boot enabled. Following the announcement, Microsoft was accused by critics and free software/open source advocates (including the Free Software Foundation) of trying to use the Secure Boot functionality of UEFI to prevent the installation of alternative operating systems such as Linux. Microsoft denied that the Secure Boot requirement was intended to serve as a form of lock-in. They also clarified its requirements by stating that 32-bit-based systems certified for Windows 8 must allow Secure Boot to enter custom mode or be disabled, but not on systems using the ARM architecture. Windows 10 allows OEMs to decide whether or not Secure Boot can be changed by users of their 32-bit systems.
Concerns
Other developers concerned about the issues of implementing support for Secure Boot on Linux systems in general. Former Red Hat developer Matthew Garrett noted that conditions in the GNU General Public License version 3 may prevent the use of the GNU GRand Unified Bootloader without a distribution's developer disclosing the private key (however, the Free Software Foundation has since clarified its position, assuring that the responsibility to make keys available was held by the hardware manufacturer), and that it would also be difficult for advanced users to build custom kernels that could function with Secure Boot enabled without self-signing them. Other developers suggested that signed builds of Linux with another key could be provided, but noted that it would be difficult to persuade OEMs to ship their computers with the required key alongside the Microsoft key.
Several major Linux distributions have made different implementations for Secure Boot. Garrett himself made a minimal bootloader that allows the user to individually trust keys provided by Linux distributions. Ubuntu 12.10 uses an older version of shim pre-configured for use with Canonical's own key that verifies only the bootloader and allows unsigned kernels to be loaded; developers believed that the practice of signing only the bootloader is more feasible, since a trusted kernel is effective at securing only the user space, and not the pre-boot state for which Secure Boot is designed to add protection. That also allows users to build their own kernels and use custom kernel modules as well, without the need to reconfigure the system
. Canonical also maintains its own private key to sign installations of Ubuntu pre-loaded on certified OEM computers that run the operating system, and also plans to enforce a Secure Boot requirement as wellrequiring both a Canonical key and a Microsoft key (for compatibility reasons) to be included in their firmware. Fedora also uses shim, but requires that both the kernel and its modules be signed as well.
Disputes
It has been disputed whether the operating system kernel and its modules must be signed as well; while the UEFI specifications do not require it, Microsoft has asserted that their contractual requirements do, and that it reserves the right to revoke any certificates used to sign code that can be used to compromise the security of the system. In Windows, only the WHQL kernel driver is allowed if Secure Boot is enabled. In February 2013, another Red Hat developer attempted to submit a patch to the Linux kernel that would allow it to parse Microsoft's authenticode signing using a master X.509 key embedded in PE files signed by Microsoft. However, the proposal was criticized by Linux creator Linus Torvalds, who attacked Red Hat for supporting Microsoft's control over the Secure Boot infrastructure.
On 26 March 2013, the Spanish free software development group Hispalinux filed a formal complaint with the European Commission．It said that Microsoft's Secure Boot requirements on OEM systems were "obstructive" and anti-competitive.

Reports
At the Black Hat conference in August 2013, a group of security researchers presented a series of exploits in specific vendor implementations of UEFI that could be used to exploit Secure Boot.
In August 2016 it was reported that two security researchers had found the "golden key" security key Microsoft uses in signing operating systems. Technically, no key was exposed. However, an exploitable binary signed by the key was exposed. This allows any software to run as though it was genuinely signed by Microsoft and exposes the possibility of rootkit and bootkit attacks. This also makes patching the problem impossible, since any patch can be replaced (downgraded) by the (signed) exploitable binary. Microsoft responded in a statement that the vulnerability only exists in ARM architecture and Windows RT devices, and has released two patches; however, the patches do not (and cannot) remove the vulnerability, which would require key replacements in end user firmware to fix.

Support
Many Linux distributions support Secure Boot now, such as RHEL (RHEL 7 and later), CentOS (CentOS 7 and later), Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian (Debian 10 and later), OpenSUSE, and SUSE Linux.
Firmware problems 
The increased prominence of UEFI firmware in devices has also led to a number of technical problems blamed on their respective implementations.

Following the release of Windows 8 in late 2012, it was discovered that certain Lenovo computer models with Secure Boot had firmware that was hardcoded to allow only executables named "Windows Boot Manager" or "Red Hat Enterprise Linux" to load, regardless of any other setting. Other problems were encountered by several Toshiba laptop models with Secure Boot that were missing certain certificates required for its proper operation.
In January 2013, a bug surrounding the UEFI implementation on some Samsung laptops went public, which caused them to be bricked after installing Linux in UEFI mode. While potential conflicts with a kernel module designed to access system features on Samsung laptops were initially blamed (also prompting kernel maintainers to disable the module on UEFI systems as a safety measure), Matthew Garrett discovered that the bug was actually triggered by storing too many UEFI variables to memory, and that the bug could also be triggered under Windows under certain conditions. In conclusion, he determined that the offending kernel module had caused kernel message dumps to be written to the firmware, triggering the bug.

Notes

References

Further reading

Other websites
Other websites 

 
 UEFI Specifications
 Intel-sponsored open-source EFI Framework initiative
 Intel EFI/UEFI portal
 Microsoft UEFI Support and Requirements for Windows Operating Systems
 How Windows 8 Hybrid Shutdown / Fast Boot feature works
 Securing the Windows 10 Boot Process
 LoJax: First UEFI rootkit found in the wild, courtesy of the Sednit group
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