Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Mindon's city was  in size. There were rivers on each side. It had 144 square blocks in a grid. In the middle was a palace that was 16 square blocks in size.

The palace had four walls that were each  long. Around the walls was a moat that was  wide and  deep. Each wall had turrets (towers) for watchmen. These turrets were placed every . Each turret had a spire made of gold. Each side had three gates and five bridges across the moat.

The king also built some other buildings in the city. These buildings were the Kuthodaw Pagoda, the Pahtan-haw Shwe Thein upasampada hall, the Thudamma "Good Dharma" zayats (), and a library for the Pāli Canon. A zayat is a building where Buddhism is taught.

In June 1857, the king moved the royal palace to Mandalay. The palace had been in Amarapura. The building was taken apart. Each piece was moved by elephants to Mandalay. The palace was put back together and finished on 23 May 1859. The palace is now at the bottom of Mandalay Hill.
Mandalay was the capital for 26 years. It was the last royal capital of the Konbaung Dynasty. (The Konbaung Dynasty were the last rulers of the Kingdom of Burma before it was taken over by the British Empire.) On 28 November 1885, the British conquered Burma. This ended the Third Anglo-Burmese War. King Thibaw Min and Queen Supayalat were sent into exile.

Mandalay in British Burma (1885-1948) 

Mandalay was still an important city in British Burma. The city of Rangoon became the capital of Burma.

The British wanted to make Mandalay an important commercial city. They did not want it to be important for politics, education, or other reasons. Mandalay was connected to Yangon by railroad in 1889. The first college in Mandalay wasn't built until 1925.
The royal palace was looted by the British. All of the treasures were stolen. Some treasures can be seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The British changed the name of the palace to Fort Dufferin. British soldiers used the palace as a barracks (a place to camp.)

Mandalay was the most important city for Burmese culture during the time the British were in charge. It was also the most important place for Buddhist learning. The Burmese people saw Mandalay as a symbol. Between World War I and World War II, there were many protests in Mandalay against the British.

During the time the British were in charge, many people moved to Mandalay from India. (India was also a British colony.) From 1904 to 1905, a plague happened. About one third of the people of Mandalay left to get away from the disease.
During World War II, Mandalay was bombed by the Japanese. The British moved all of their airplanes to India. Mandalay had no defenses against the Japanese air raids. On 3 April 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed the city. Three-fifths (3/5) of the houses were destroyed. More than 2,000 civilians (people who are not military) were killed.

The Japanese soon invaded Burma. The Imperial Japanese Army took over the city of Mandalay. They were in charge from May 1942 until March 1945. The palace citadel was made into a supply depot. (A supply depot is a building that stores supplies like food and machines.)

The Allied forces bombed the city after the Japanese took it over. Much of the palace was destroyed. Only the royal mint and watch tower were not destroyed. The palace was rebuild in the 1990s.

Mandalay today (1948 - now) 

In 1948, the British left Burma. Mandalay was still the most important city for culture, education, and commerce in Upper Burma.
Until the 1990s, most students went to university in Mandalay. Until 1991, there were only three universities in Upper Burma: Mandalay University, The University of Medicine, Mandalay, and the Defense Services Academy. All of these universities are in Mandalay. Only some other cities had schools called "Degree Colleges." These were small schools that were part of Mandalay University. These colleges had classes in a small number of subjects.

From 1962 to 1988, Ne Win was in charge of the government. He was very isolationist. This means that he did not want Myanmar to be part of global trade or tourism. In the 1980s, Mandalay was the second biggest city in Myanmar. It looked like a town with low buildings, dusty streets, and more bicycles than cars.

During the 1980s, there were two big fires. In May 1981, a fire destroyed more than 6,000 buildings. 36,000 people were left homeless. On 24 March 1984, there was another fire. This fire destroyed 2,700 buildings. 23,000 more people were made homeless.
Fires are still a big problem. In February 2008, there was another big fire in Mandalay. It destroyed the Yadanabon Market. This was the second-biggest market in the city. In February 2009, a fire destroyed 320 houses. More than 1,600 people were made homeless.

The fires during the 1980s destroyed a lot of buildings. This made a lot of land empty. Many Chinese people in Burma bought this land. A lot of these people had come from Yunnan in China. Many Chinese people came to Upper Burma and Mandalay from Yunnan and Sichuan in the 1990s. 250,000 to 350,000 people from Yunnan came to Mandalay in the 1990s. Today, about 30% to 40% of the people of Mandalay are Chinese. The native Burmese people complain that Mandalay is now like a part of China.
The Chinese have rebuilt the parts of the city that burned down. They built apartment buildings, hotels, and shopping centers. They helped make Mandalay again an important city for trade and commerce. It now connects trade for Upper Burma, Lower Burma, China, and India.

Mandalay has grown much bigger over time. It now includes what used to be Amarapura. (Amarapura was where King Mindon's capital city used to be before he moved it to Mandalay.) Mandalay celebrated its 150th birthday on 15 May 2009 at 4:31:36 am.

Important places 
There are many important places and buildings in Mandalay.

Mandalay Palace 

The royal palace in Mandalay is a very important building. A lot of it was burned down during World War II. The royal mint and watch tower did not burn down. The rest of the buildings were rebuilt.

The Mandalay Palace's name in Burmese is Mya Nan San Kyaw ( ; "The Famed Royal Emerald Palace"). It is also called  (), or the "Great Golden Royal Palace".
Today the palace is an important symbol of Mandalay. Many tourists and visitors come to see it.

Atumashi Monastery 

The Atumashi Monastery is a Buddhist monastery. A monastery is a building where monks (holy men) live, work, and pray. This place is a kyaung, a special kind of monastery. The name means "inimitable vihara."

The monastery burned down in 1890. Only the plinth (bottom platform) did not burn. The government decided to rebuild the monastery. They started building on 2 May 1995. It was finished being built in June of 1996.

Mandalay Hill 

Mandalay Hill is a big hill in Mandalay. It is a holy hill. There is a legend about the hill. The Buddha visited the hill and made a prophecy. He said that some day a great city would be built at the bottom of the hill.

The hill is  tall. There is a road to the top. There are many temples, monasteries, and pagodas built on the hill.

Kuthowdaw Pagoda
Kuthowdaw Pagoda 

The Kuthodaw Pagoda is a very large pagoda. It was built by King Mindon in 1857. It was designed to look like the Shwezigon Pagoda in Nyaung U.

There are 729 rocks around the pagoda. Each rock is smooth and has writing on it. The writing are the words of the Tipiṭaka. (The Tipiṭaka are the Buhhdist holy books.) These stone rocks are the "world's largest book."

Mahamuni Buddha Temple 

The Mahamuni Buddha Temple is one of the most important Buddhist temples. It has an important Buddha statue. The statue was made during the life of the Gautama Buddha. The Gauthama Buddha hugged the statue seven times. This caused the statue to come to life.

Buddhists believe that the statue is alive because of this. They call it the Mahamuni Sacred Living Image. This makes the Mahamuni Temple the most holy pagoda in Mandalay.

The temple was built by King Bodawpaya in 1784. The Buddha is sitting. It is  tall.

Other places
Other places 

Near the bottom of Mandalay Hill is the Kyauktawgyi Pagoda. It was built by King Mindon from 1853 to 1878. It was carved out of one big block of marble. Around it are 80 arahants.

The Yadanabon Zoological Garden is a small zoo in Mandalay. It is in between the palace and Mandalay Hill. It is the only zoo in the world that has Burmese roofed turtles.

The Shwenandaw Monastery (, ; lit. "Golden Palace Monastery") is an important Buddhist monastery. It was built by King Thibaw Min in 1880. It is made from teak, a kind of wood. Inside of it are many carvings on the walls and roofs. The carvings show Buddhist myths.

People 

In 2007, the United Nations (UN) guessed that there were about 1 million people living in Mandalay. In 2014, the Myanmar government counted all of the people in the country for a census. They found that there were 1,225,133 people living in Mandalay then. The UN thinks that there will be 1.5 million people in Mandalay in 2025.
Mandalay has always been an important city for the Bamar people. Most of the people who have lived in Mandalay are Burman people. Lots of Chinese people have been moving to Mandalay. The Chinese have been coming for the past 20 years. Now there are more Chinese people than Burman people in Mandalay.

Today, 40-50% of the people in Mandalay are Chinese. About 30% of Mandalay's people are Yunnanese. The rest of the people in Mandalay are probably Burman. There are also a lot of Burmese Indians in Mandalay. (These are Indian people who live in Myanmar.)

People in Mandalay speak the Burmese language. A lot of people also speak the Standard Chinese language. The Chinese language is used a lot in markets like Zegyo Market. People who have a lot of money and education also speak the English language.

Place 

Mandalay is in the country of Myanmar. It is by the side of the Irrawaddy river. Its coordinates are 21.98° North, 96.08° East.
The city is  above sea level. It is in the same time zone as the rest of Mandalay: Myanmar Standard Time (MST), UTC+6:30.

Mandalay is on a tectonic fault. This means that there are two tectonic plates that come together underneath the city. (A tectonic plate is a big piece of earth.) The tectonic fault underneath Mandalay is called the Sagaing Fault. It is where the India Plate and the Sunda Plate meet.

A lot of earthquakes happen on tectonic faults. The biggest earthquake in Mandalay happened in 1956. That one was a magnitude 7 earthquake. That earthquake did a lot more damage to the city of Sagaing, which is nearby. It is now called the "Great Sagaing Quake."

Weather 

Mandalay has a tropical savanna climate. This means that the city has a wet season and a dry season. There is a lot of rain during the wet season. There is very little rain during the dry season. The wet season is from May to October. The dry season is from November to April.
The coldest month is January. The average temperature is . The hottest month is April. Then, the average temperature is .

It is very hot in April and May. Most days it is hotter than . Some days it is hotter than .

The hottest temperature ever in Mandalay was . The coldest temperature ever was .

Mandalay in writing 

There are some important books and poems that talk about Mandalay. Some of these are famous.

Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem called "Mandalay." He wrote it in 1890. This poem has a famous saying in it: "on the road to Mandalay."

In 1907, Oley Speaks wrote a song using the words of the poem. He called the song "On the Road to Mandalay." The song is very famous. Frank Sinatra sang the song and called it Come Fly with Me.
George Orwell wrote a novel called Burmese Days. He wrote it in 1934. Orwell was part of the Indian Imperial Police. He was stationed in Mandalay. The novel is about his experiences (what he did and saw.) He also wrote some non-fiction essays and short stories. Some of these are "A Hanging" (1931) and "Shooting an Elephant" (1936).

Twin towns 

Mandalay has three twin towns:
  Cirebon, Indonesia
  Kunming, China
  Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Sources

Books 

 

Cities in Myanmar
Myanmar
1857 establishments
1850s establishments in Asia
Establishments in Myanmar
An Act of Congress is a statute enacted by the United States Congress according to the powers granted to it by the Constitution of the United States. The term can be used in other countries with a legislature called a "Congress," such as the Congress of the Philippines. But most often the term is associated with the United States Congress. In the US, there are several steps from a bill or resolution becoming a law. It must first be passed by a majority of both of the houses of Congress. Then the bill or resolution is sent to get signed by the President. It becomes an Act of Congress by either the president's signature or, if the President does not return the bill or resolution within ten days.

US Constitution, Section 7
Bills 
Senators and Representatives create thousands of written proposals each year for new laws. Called bills, only a few few ever make it all the way through the process to become a law. The Constitution requires only three steps: passing the House, passing the Senate and approval by the President. The actual process has become much more complicated.
Resolutions 
In addition to bills, Congress also passes Acts of Congress called resolutions. There are three kinds: simple resolutions, joint resolutions and concurrent resolutions.

Simple resolutions 
These are resolutions concerning the operation of either house of Congress. They are not sent to the President for his approval. Resolutions by the House of Representatives which affect that house are designated "H.Res." followed by a number. Simple resolutions in the Senate are designated "S. Res." followed by a number.
Joint resolutions 
A joint resolution may start either in the House or Senate. They are essentially the same as a bill. The only difference is a joint resolution that proposes an amendment to the US Constitution. They require a two-thirds majority vote in each house. Like a simple resolution, they are not sent to the President for his signature. They become effective when they are ratified by three-quarters of the states. A joint resolution that began in the House of Representatives is designated "H.J.Res." followed by the number. A joint resolution started in the Senate is designated "S.J.Res.", followed by the number. Joint resolutions become law the same as bills.
Concurrent resolutions 
Concurrent resolutions start with either "S.Con.Res." (Senate) or "H.Con.Res." (House). They are numbered consecutively as they are introduced. Concurrent resolutions are those that affect the operations of both the House and Senate. They can also be used to create a temporary joint committee. Concurrent resolutions are not sent to the president for his signature and do not have the force of law.

References

Other websites 
 First Act of Congress, March 4, 1789
 The First Congressional Override of a Presidential Veto, March 3, 1845

United States federal legislation
Jeffrey "Jeff" P. Weaver (born 1966) is an American political adviser. He was the campaign manager for the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign in 2016. Weaver served as the campaign manager during Bernie Sanders' successful Senate run in 2006. Weaver also served as chief of staff in Sanders’ House and Senate offices.

Weaver was born in St. Albans, Vermont. He studied at Boston University, the University of Vermont, and Georgetown University.

References

1966 births
Living people
Boston University alumni
Politicians from Vermont
Asta Nielsen  (11 September 1881 – 24 May 1972) was a Danish silent movie actress. She was very popular in the 1910s. She was one of the first international movie stars. Nielsen was in 74 movies. 70 were in Germany where she was known simply as Die Asta (The Asta). She had large dark eyes, a face like a mask and a figure like a boy. Nielsen most often played strong and passionate women trapped by tragic lives. Her performances were erotic so Nielsen's movies were heavily censored in the United States. Therefore, she was not very famous there. Nielsen started her own movie studio in Berlin in the 1920s. She went back to Denmark in 1937 after Nazism became a problem. Later in life, Nielsen became a collage artist and an author.

1881 births
1972 deaths
Danish movie actors
Francis Lee Bailey Jr., commonly referred to as F. Lee Bailey, (June 10, 1933 – June 3, 2021) was an American criminal-defense lawyer. Bailey was born in Waltham, Massachusetts. He worked in Massachusetts and Florida.

Bailey represented Doctor Sam Sheppard on appeal after Sheppard was convicted of murdering his wife. Bailey managed to get Sheppard a retrial, in which Bailey was successful in getting Sheppard acquitted. Bailey was the lead lawyer in successfully defending Captain Ernest Medina in the court martial for the My Lai Massacre. Bailey, along with others, successfully defended O. J. Simpson in the trial where Simpson was accused of murdering his ex-wife, Nicole Brown.

In 2014, the Maine State Bar Association and the Maine Supreme Judicial Court denied Bailey's petition to have his law license reinstated.

Bailey died in Atlanta, Georgia on June 3, 2021, one week before his 88th birthday.

References

1933 births
2021 deaths
Lawyers from Massachusetts
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Stuffed animal fetishism (or plushophilia) is a sexual attraction to stuffed animals. People who have this fetish are sometimes called plushies. People who have a stuffed animal fetish are sometimes thought of as furries.

References

Sexual fetishism
Albert Einstein Square  (, Kikar Albert Einstein) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. it is located in the entrance of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities at the Talbiya neighborhood in Jerusalem.

Albert Einstein visited Palestine in 1923 for 12 days. He gave the first lecture at the Mount Scopus campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 

Einstein was in favor of the Hebrew University, as well as Zionism and education in general. This is the reason the square is named for him. Also, a statue of Einstein is nearby in the gardens of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

References

Other websites 

Albert Einstein
Town squares in Jerusalem
Ratified on February 3, 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to impose a  federal income tax. This allows the federal government to collect a tax on personal income, no matter where that income came from. The Sixteenth Amendment overturned the 1895 Supreme Court landmark decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. In Pollock, the Court ruled that a 2 percent tax on incomes over $4,000 was unconstitutional. This was because the law the ruling struck down did not allow for apportionment, the court ruled against it. The Sixteenth Amendment allowed Congress to levy a uniform direct income tax without being subject to apportionment.

Text
Text

Background 
When the framers of the Constitution were determining how the new government would be funded, they were trying to avoid a tax based on a person's income. In the Constitution, Article one, Sections 2 and 9 created the "rule of apportionment". On a practical basis this required Congress to tax the states based on each state's population instead of a tax on each person's income or property. For example, if a state made up four percent of the total population, they would be required to pay four percent of the total federal tax. The framers of the Constitution expected direct taxes to be used and defined the term broadly. However, they did not see that apportionment would cripple any attempt to collect direct taxes.
Before 1913, the bulk of federal revenues came from indirect taxes on goods. These include tariffs on goods imported into the country. They also included excise taxes on items like whiskey. Income taxes were not new in 1913. Congress had passed the Revenue Act of 1861 during the Civil War to help pay for the war. Ten years later it was allowed to lapse. The Confederate States of America also had an income tax. Starting in 1863, the tax exempted the first $1,000 and charged a 1% tax on the first $1,500 over the exemption. A 2% tax was levied on all income over that amount.

In 1894, Congress passed the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act which included a flat rate federal income tax of 2 percent. A year later, the Supreme Court handed down their decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.. They ruled the tax unconstitutional because it was a direct tax and not apportioned to the population of each state.
A constitutional income tax 
On June 16, 1909, President Taft sent a message to the Senate which read:
 After a debate on the floor of the House lasting five hours, the bill was passed 314-14 (1 vote as "present" and 55 not voting). It was then sent to the state legislatures for ratification. The amendment gave Congress the power to apply a direct tax, based on people's incomes, and not subject to the apportionment rule.

Effects of the Sixteenth Amendment 
The largest and most direct effect of the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment was it shifted power from the states to the national government. States had income taxes before the national government did. This kept the national government weaker due to having less revenue than the states. Without the Sixteenth Amendment, the national  government would find it far more difficult to extend its military power to other parts of the world.

Notes

References 

16
Taxation in the United States
Def Jam Vendetta is a 2003 professional wrestling video game published by Electronic Arts and developed by AKI Corporation and EA Canada. It was released for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube. Def Jam Vendetta was released on March 31, 2003 in North America, May 23, 2003 in PAL regions, and on August 21, 2003 in Japan. It featured hip hop musicians from the Def Jam Records label as fighters. The engine for the game was first designed for a sequel to EA's WCW Mayhem, but EA lost their WCW license when WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 8.9 out of 10. Jon Robinson of IGN said that the multiplayer was "smooth" and "slick". GameSpot rated the game 8.4 out of 10. Alex Navarro of GameSpot said "As a wrestling game, Def Jam Vendetta manages to succeed on most every level, providing surprisingly deep gameplay, quality graphics and sound, and a distinctive atmosphere".

References

Other websites
Other websites

2003 video games
Electronic Arts video games
Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Sports video games
Hassan 'Abd Allah al-Turabi (c.1932 – 5 March 2016) was a Sudanese religious and Islamist political leader in Sudan. He has been called "one of the most important figures in modern Sudanese politics". He was born in Kassala, Sudan. Al-Turabi was leader of what was called the National Islamic Front (NIF). He served as Speaker of the National Assembly serving from 1996 through 1999. He later served as Secretary General of the Popular Congress Party from 1999 until his death in 2016.

Al-Turabi died in Khartoum, Sudan on 5 March 2016. He was aged 84.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
African politicians
Muslims
Sudanese people
Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores (4 March 1971 – 2 March 2016) was a Honduran environmental activist and indigenous leader of the Lenca people. She was co-founder and coordinator of the Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH). She won the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2015.

Death 
On March 2, 2016, two armed intruders shot Cáceres to death in her home in La Esperanza, Honduras, after years of threats against her life. She was 44 years old.

References

1973 births
2016 deaths
Environmentalists
Honduran people
Murders by firearm
People murdered in North America
A spaghetti strap is a support for clothing with  very thin straps. It is often used for garments such as swimwear, camisoles, crop tops, bras, cocktail dresses, and evening gowns.

Tops (clothing)
Alcohol by volume  (often shortened to ABV)  tells how much ethanol there is in an alcoholic drink. The quantity is measured at a temperature  of .
Common levels of alcohol are 3-5 percent for cider, 4-7 percent for beer, and 12-14 percent for wine. Distilled alcoholic drinks ( called spirits)  contain more than twenty percent ethanol.

A directive of the European Union of 1976 says that the alcohol content of alcoholic drinks must be measured using the ABV measurement described above.

Other ways of measuring alcohol content
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1777-1850) and Johann Georg Tralles (1763-1822) developed other means of measuring alcohol content. These units are usually measured in degrees, noted °GL, or °GT. The scale Gay-Lussac developed is almost equal to the ABV scale described above. There may be slight different, because Gay-Lussac measured the alcohol content at 15° centigrade, and not 20°.

Related pages
Alcoholic proof

References

Units of measurement
Alcoholic drinks
Yakutia Airlines ("Авиакомпания Якутия") is a Russian airline. It started in 1992 with the name "Sakha Avia". In 2002, the name was changed to "Yakutia Airlines". Today, Yakutia goes from Russia to Asia, Europe and the USA.

Gallery

References

1992 establishments in Russia
Airlines of Russia
Transport in Russia
Sakha Republic
Barren island is in the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands. India's only active volcano is there.

Islands of India
Territorial disputes of India
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Hanalei is a census-designated place in Kauai County, Hawaii, United States. The population was 450 at the 2010 census. Hanalei means "lei making" in Hawaiian. Hanalei also means "crescent bay," coming from the shape of Hanalei Bay.

Geography 

Hanalei is located next to Hanalei River on the north shore of the island of Kauai.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Hanalei has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), of which 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) is water. The total area is 20.73% water.

History

Imperial Russia
Imperial Russia 

People from the Russian Empire lived here in the 19th century. In 1815 the German physician Georg Anton Schäffer, who worked with the Russian-American Company, came to Hanalei to get goods taken by Kaumualii. Schäffer got involved in Hawaiian politics and heard of Kaumualiʻi's plan to take back his kingdom of Kauai from Kamehameha I with the help of the Russian Empire. Kaumualiʻi later signed a "treaty" granting Tsar Alexander I protectorate over Kauai. An area near Hanalei used to be part of Russian America.

Demographics 

At the 2000 census, there were 478 people, 193 households and 115 families residing in Hanalei. The population density was 736.7 per square mile (283.9/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 57% White, 18% Asian, 3% Pacific Islander, <1% from other races, and 21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.81% of the population.
There were 193 households of which 25% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40% were married couples living together, 10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40% were non-families.

The median household income was $34,375, and the median family income was $55,750. About 22% of families and 25% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.

Climate 

The climate of Hanalei is mild.

References 

Census-designated places in Hawaii
19th-century establishments in Hawaii
In probability and statistics, a probability density function is a function that characterizes any continuous probability distribution. For a random variable X, the probability density function of X is sometimes written as . The integral of the probability density function in the interval  yields the probability that a given random variable with the given density is contained in the interval provided. By definition, the probability density function is non-negative throughout its domain, on which the integral sums up to 1.

Probability density versus probability mass function 
The probability mass function is to a discrete probability distribution what the probability density function is to a continuous probability distribution. The probability density function is necessary to be able to work with continuous distributions.
A random variable with a continuous probability distribution can take on any value within that distribution. Casting a dice will give the numbers 1 to 6, with a probability of , but this is not a continuous function, as only the numbers 1 to 6 are possible. 

In contrast, two people will not have the same height or the same weight. Using a probability density function, it is possible to determine the probability for people between  and , or between  and , even though there are infinitely many values between these two bounds.

References 

Statistics
A model airplane is a small sized Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. It may be a replica of an existing airplane or an imaginary aircraft.

Model aircraft are generally divided into two basic types, flying and non-flying. Non-flying models are also called static, display, or shelf models. Flying models range from simple toy gliders to powered scale models. Some can be very large, especially when used to simulate the conditions of a real flight. Static models range from mass-produced toys to highly accurate models used for museum display.

Aircraft manufacturers and researchers use wind tunnel models. They are used for testing new designs and development of new ones. Sometimes only part of the aircraft is modeled.

Related pages
 Glow fuel

Aircraft
Toys
Heidi Suzanne Cruz (née Nelson; born on August 7, 1972) is an American investment manager at Goldman Sachs. She is the spouse of Republican Texas senator and 2016 U.S. presidential candidate Ted Cruz.

Personal life 

Heidi Suzanne Cruz was born on August 7, 1972 in San Luis Obispo, California, and grew up in a Seventh-day Adventist family. Cruz's interest in politics began when she traveled to Washington, D.C. with her parents when she was 8.

She graduated with a B.A. in Economics and International Relations from Claremont McKenna College in 1994. She was active in Claremont McKenna's Republican group, but was asked to resign after spying on Bill Clinton's campaign for reelection. In 1995, she received a Masters of European Business from Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management in Brussels, Belgium and in 2000, she graduated with a M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.
Heidi married Ted Cruz on May 27, 2001. Heidi met Ted Cruz while the two were working together on George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign. In April 2008, Cruz gave birth to her first child, Caroline Camille Cruz. Her second daughter, Catherine Christiane Cruz, was born in 2011.

Career 

In 2003, she worked for the Bush administration on economic policy, eventually becoming the director for the Western Hemisphere on the National Security Council under National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice in 2003. She left Washington DC in 2004 to support Ted Cruz's run for elective office in Texas.

Cruz has worked for three investment banks, JP Morgan Chase, Merrill Lynch, and Goldman Sachs.

In 2005, she joined Goldman Sachs, serving as a private wealth manager and is currently the Region Head for the Southwest Region in the Investment Management Division of Goldman Sachs in Houston.

2016 presidential election
Ted Cruz said that the decision for him to run for president was difficult for his wife, because she was busy with her business career and raising their 2 children. She changed her mind after listening to a CD from her sister-in-law.

Cruz was involved in her husband's run for president. She made a few public appearances without him to help with the campaign. She also ran a lunch for Republican women in Reno, Nevada a few days before the Nevada primary.

References 

1972 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Businesspeople from California
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Businesspeople from Texas
American bankers
Politicians from Texas
Politicians from California
People from San Luis Obispo, California
Aki Kaurismäki  (born 4 April 1957 Orimattila, Finland) is a movie director and a screenwriter from Finland. In his movies he shows understanding of people who are not very successful in life. He writes in the style of black comedy.

Kaurismäki made his first movie in 1983. It was based on Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.

The Man Without a Past won the Grand Prix award in the  Cannes Film Festival in 2002. It was also an Academy Award nominee for best foreign language movie. The plot is about a man who lost his memory, but gets help from many people whom he meets.

Other Kaurismäki movies include Leningrad Cowboys Go America (1989), about a rock and roll band, and Drifting Clouds (1996) about how an unemployed couple manages in life.

References

Other websites 
Aki Kaurismäki by Orimattila Town Library.

Aki Kaurismaki on Eurochannel with A Film and Its Era: Le Havre

1957 births
Living people
Finnish movie directors
Finnish movie producers
Finnish screenwriters
Aleksis Kivi , born Alexis Stenvall, (10 October 1834 – 31 December 1872) was a Finnish writer. He wrote plays and poems and the first significant novel in the Finnish language, Seven Brothers (Finnish title: Seitsemän veljestä). He is considered one of the greatest authors in Finland.

Kivi was born in Nurmijärvi. He lived in time when all educated people in Finland spoke Swedish. He was the first professional writer who published his works in Finnish. Kivi, Mikael Agricola and Elias Lönnrot are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.

References 

1834 births
1872 deaths
Finnish people
Mani Raman (1 January 1971 – 6 March 2016), commonly referred to by his stage name Kalabhavan Mani, was an Indian movie actor and singer. Mani started his career as a mimicry artist with the Kalabhavan troupe. 

Mani was in over 200 movies. He was known for his character and villain roles.  He won the National Film Award and Kerala State Film Award in 1999 for his role as Ramu in Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum.He also acted in many Tamil films starring villain role.

Mani died in Kochi, Kerala on 6 March 2016. He had liver disease. Mani was aged 45.

References

1971 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from liver disease
Indian movie actors
Tamil actors
Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (April 23, 1941 – March 5, 2016) was an American programmer. He created the first email system on the ARPANET system in 1971. He used the @ sign to separate the user from their machine, which has been used in email addresses ever since. He was added into the Internet Hall of Fame. He was born in Amsterdam, New York.

Tomlinson died of a heart attack in Lincoln, Massachusetts. He was aged 74.

References

1941 births
2016 deaths
American inventors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Scientists from New York (state)
People from Amsterdam, New York
Albert Gustaf Aristides Edelfelt (21 July 1854 – 18 August 1905) was a Finnish painter. He painted a lot of history subjects and portraits.

Edelfelt studied and exhibited in Paris. He was invited to paint portraits of many famous people abroad. This way culture of Finland became famous many years before the country became independent.

Edelfelt was above all a painter, but he also worked as a graphic artist and illustrator. His famous works include the illustrations for Johan Ludvig Runeberg's  partiotic collection of poems, the 'Ensign Stål' stories (1894 - 1900).

Gallery

References

1854 births
1905 deaths
Finnish artists
Reinhold Richard "Reince" Priebus ( ; born March 18, 1972) is an American attorney and politician. He was the 27th White House Chief of Staff from January 20, 2017 through July 31, 2017. He has been the chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC) from January 20, 2011 to January 20, 2017.

On November 13, 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump announced that Priebus would serve as his White House Chief of Staff. Since the position does not need a full senate confirmation vote, Priebus became Chief of Staff on January 20, 2017.

On July 28, 2017, Trump fired Priebus with John F. Kelly as White House Chief of Staff, making him the shortest serving Chief of Staff in White House history.

Early life
Priebus was born in Dover, New Jersey. He was raised in Netcong, New Jersey and in Wisconsin. Priebus studied at the University of Wisconsin, Whitewater and at the University of Miami.
Chair of the Republican National Committee (2011–2017)
On December 5, 2010, Priebus stepped down as general counsel for the Republican National Committee (RNC). The next day he sent a letter to all 168 voting members of the RNC announcing his candidacy for chairman. On January 14, 2011, after seven rounds of voting, Priebus was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee.

Criticisms of Donald Trump

In December 2015, Priebus publicly criticized then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump's proposal to temporarily suspend Muslim immigration in response to terrorist attacks. "I don't agree", Priebus told The Washington Examiner.

White House Chief of Staff (2017)
On November 13, 2016, Trump announced his choice of Priebus for White House Chief of Staff.

He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on January 20, 2017.

On July 31, 2017 Priebus was replaced as Chief of Staff by President Trump with John F. Kelly.
Possible 2022 gubernatorial campaign
In February 2021, it was reported that Priebus was thinking about running for Governor of Wisconsin against Democratic Governor Tony Evers in the 2022 election.

Personal life
In 1999, Priebus married Sally L. Sherrow, whom he met in church when they were teenagers. They have two children. Priebus is a Greek Orthodox Christian.

References

Other websites

 
 
 File at PolitiFact Wisconsin

1972 births
Living people
American Eastern Orthodox Christians
Lawyers from New Jersey
Politicians from New Jersey
Politicians from Wisconsin
Republican Party (United States) politicians
White House Chiefs of Staff
Lawyers from Wisconsin
The Finnhorse or Finnish Horse  is a horse breed developed in Finland. The Finnhorse is the national horse breed of Finland. It is suitable both for riding and to pull vehicles in races and as a workhorse.

Studbook of Finnhorses was founded 1907.  The horse is 156 cm high. It has many colours, but the main colours are brown and black. The Finnhorse has often white markings on the face and the legs.

References

Other websites 

Horse breeds
National symbols of Finland
Kenneth Merwin Curtis (born February 8, 1931) is an American lawyer and former politician. He was born in Leeds, Maine.

Curtis, a member of the Democratic Party. He was the Secretary of State of Maine serving from 1965–1966. He became the 68th Governor in 1967. He held that office until 1975. Curtis served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1977 to 1978. He was the Ambassador to Canada from 1979 to 1981.

Curtis now lives in Florida. He is a superdelegate.

References

Other websites
 curtisthaxter.com  Kenneth Curtis biography
 

1931 births
Living people
Governors of Maine
Ambassadors of the United States
Lawyers from Maine
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Excise vs sales tax 
Excise taxes are different from sales tax in two important ways. First, excise is charged only on specific goods. Sales tax can apply to most things a person might buy although certain jurisdictions may exempt food or clothing. Excise taxes are usually applied to luxury goods or products linked to health issues such as tanning salons or cigarettes. Secondly, sales tax is charged as a percentage of the purchase price. An excise tax is usually a fixed amount added to the price. It can be hard to tell how much excise tax a person pays because it is part of the purchase price. Sales tax is added to the price and is usually shown on the receipt.
US excise taxes 
In the United States, excise taxes make up about 4 percent of all federal revenues. This is lower than many other countries. The Constitution refers to excise tax as an indirect tax. Some states in the United States have different names for excise taxes. For example, in the state of Massachusetts the excise tax charged on automobiles is called an "ad valorem tax".

References

Other websites 
 Difference Between Tax and Duty
 Seven ways Americans pay taxes

Taxation
Ratified on April 8, 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution 
changed the method by which United States Senators were elected. For the first 125 years Article 1, section 3 of the Constitution required US Senators to be elected by the state legislatures. A number of problems in the United States Senate created the need to change how Senators were elected from indirect to direct elections by the people of the United States.

Text
Text

Background 
When the Constitution was adopted in 1788, Senators were to be elected by the state legislatures. This remained in effect for 125 years. By the late 19th century it became clear there were many problems with this procedure. In addition to long vacancies that lasted for months and even years, political machines had gained control over state legislatures. This corrupted the process and the Senate was seen as a "millionaire's club" who served private interests instead of the people. Beginning in the 1890s, the House of Representatives passed several resolutions for a constitutional amendment which proposed Senators be elected by direct election. The Senate refused to even take a vote on these proposals.
At this point, many states changed their strategy. Article Five of the United States Constitution offers two methods for amending the Constitution. In addition to the common method of a two-thirds vote by both houses of Congress, was another method. It stated that if two-thirds of the state legislatures apply for one, Congress must call a constitutional convention. The method had not been used before. When it appeared two-thirds of the states wanted the change, Congress acted. 

Joint resolution 39 was passed by the House of Representatives in 1911 proposing a constitutional amendment to directly elect US Senators. The Senate accepted the resolution but since it included a change, it went back to the House. The amended Joint resolution was sent to the states for ratification a year later. The required three-quarters of the states ratified the amendment and the Seventeenth Amendment became official on April 8, 1913.

Clauses
Clauses

Clause 1 
The people of the United States are to elect two Senators from each state, for six years. Each Senator will have one vote in the Senate. There are 100 Senators and 100 votes. "The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures" means that anyone who can vote in a state election in their state, may also vote for a Senator. In the archaic language of the Constitution this was written in such a way to allow for states having different qualifications for persons eligible to vote for their Senator.

Clause 2 
The vacancies clause. Previously, when vacancies occurred, several state legislatures were not able to agree on who would fill the position. Before the Seventeenth Amendment, vacancies could last for months and even years in some cases. Under the Seventeenth Amendment, if a Senator dies or has to leave office, his state governor may appoint a temporary Senator until a special election can be held.
Clause 3 
This is a simple addition to prevent the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment from interrupting the election or term of any Senator chosen before the amendment was passed. The United States Senate elections, 1914 were the first nationwide popular elections for Senators.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 A Century Later: The Adoption of the 17th Amendment on Direct Election of Senators
 Thanks To The 17Th Amendment, Every Vote Will Count In Undecided Senate Races

17
Elections in the United States
1910s in the United States
Resolution may refer to:

General topics 
 Resolution (debate), the statement which is debated in policy debate
 Resolution (law), a written motion adopted by a deliberative body
 Resolution (logic), a rule of inference used for automated theorem proving
 Resolution (music), the move of a note or chord from dissonance to consonance
 New Year's resolution, a commitment that an individual makes at New Year's Day
 Resolution (beam engine), an early steam engine at Coalbrookdale
 Dispute resolution, the settlement of a disagreement
Measurement resolution 
 Display resolution, the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed on a display device
 Resolution (audio), a measure of digital audio quality
 Spectral resolution, the capability of an optical system to distinguish different frequencies
 Sensor resolution, the smallest change a sensor can detect in the quantity that it is measuring
 Resolution of a spectrometer, the ability to distinguish two close-lying energies (or wavelengths, or frequencies, or masses) 
 Resolution (mass spectrometry), the ability to distinguish peaks in a mass spectrum
 Image resolution, a measure of the amount of detail in an image
 Printing resolution, the number of individual dots a printer can produce within a unit of distance (e.g., dots per inch)

Business or organization 
 Corporate resolution, a legal document defining which individuals are authorized to act on behalf of a corporation
Places 
 Resolution Island (Nunavut), in the Arctic region of Canada
 Resolution Island, New Zealand, the largest (uninhabited) island in Fiordland, in the southwest of New Zealand
 Resolution, United States Virgin Islands

Vessels 
 HMS Resolution, any of several Royal Navy ships
 HMNZS Resolution (A14), Royal New Zealand Navy surveillance ship
 Resolution-class submarine, British Royal Navy
 Resolution (1793 ship), an American trading vessel whose crew were massacred in 1794

Mathematics 
 Resolution (algebra), an exact sequence in homological algebra
 Standard resolution, the bar construction of resolutions in homological algebra
 Resolution (logic), an inference rule for refutation-based theorem proving
 Resolution of singularities in algebraic geometry
Music 
 "Resolution", a John Coltrane (1926–1967) song from A Love Supreme
 "Resolution", by Romantic Mode, the second opening theme for the anime After War Gundam X
 "Resolution", a poem by Bertolt Brecht
 "Resolution", a Mahavishnu Orchestra song from the album Birds of Fire
WWE 2K16 is a 2015 professional wrestling video game published by 2K Sports and developed by Yuke's and Visual Concepts. It was released for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. It is the seventeenth game in the WWE games series. WWE 2K16 was released on October 27, 2015 in North America, October 30, 2015 in Europe, and on October 29, 2015 in Australasia. It will be released for Windows on March 11, 2016. Stone Cold Steve Austin is featured on the cover of the game.

It was announced by 2k that WWE 2K16 would have the "largest roster in the game's history", featuring over 120 playable characters, and almost double the 67 that were in 2K15.
Reception
The game received mixed reviews. IGN rated the game a 8.8 out of 10. Vince Ingenito of IGN said that the game was a "step in the right direction" for the series. He said that he liked the gameplay and the roster features, but did not like the overall inconsistency with the game. GameSpot rated the game a 4 out of 10. Don Saas of GameSpot said that he liked the 2K Showcase mode and the Jim Ross returning on commentary but also said that "Little else in the game makes much of a positive impression."

References

Other websites
Official website

2015 video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
Windows games
WWE video game series
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Kirby: Planet Robobot is an action platform video game. It was published by Nintendo and developed by HAL Laboratory. It was released for the Nintendo 3DS on April 28, 2016 in Japan and on June 10, 2016 worldwide.

The game was revealed during a Nintendo Direct on March 3, 2016.