Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Quarter-finals 
The first game of the last 8 saw Argentina and a Yugoslav side, reduced to 10 men after only half an hour, play out a goalless stalemate. The holders reached the semi-finals after winning the penalty shoot-out 3–2, despite Maradona having his penalty saved. A second Argentine miss (by Pedro Troglio) looked to have eliminated them until goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea – playing because first choice Nery Pumpido broke his leg during the group stage – rescued his side by stopping the Yugoslavs' final two spotkicks.

The Republic of Ireland's World Cup run was brought to an end by a single goal from Schillaci in the first half of their quarter-final with hosts Italy. West Germany beat Czechoslovakia with a 25th minute Lothar Matthäus penalty.
Semi-finals 
The first semi-final featured the host nation, Italy, and the world champion, Argentina in Naples. 'Toto' Schillaci scored yet again to put Italy ahead in the 17th minute, but Claudio Cannigia equalised midway through the second half, breaking Walter Zenga's clean sheet streak throughout the tournament. There were no more goals in the 90 minutes or in extra time despite Maradona (who played for Naples in Serie A at the time) in showing glimpses of magic, but there was a sending-off: Ricardo Giusti of Argentina was shown the red card in the 13th minute of extra time. Argentina went through on penalties, winning the shoot-out 4–3 after more heroics from Goycochea.
Third-place match 
The game saw three goals in a 15-minute spell. Roberto Baggio opened the scoring after a rare mistake by England's goalkeeper Peter Shilton, in his final game before international retirement, presented a simple opportunity. A header by David Platt levelled the game 10 minutes later but Schillaci was fouled in the penalty area five minutes later, leading to a penalty. Schillaci himself got up to convert the kick to win him the tournament's Golden Boot for his six-goal tally. Nicola Berti had a goal ruled out minutes later, but the hosts claimed third place. England had the consolation prize of the Fair Play award, having received no red cards and the lowest average number of yellows per match.

Final 
The final between West Germany and Argentina has been cited as the most cynical and lowest quality of all World Cup Finals. In the 65th minute, Argentina's Pedro Monzon was sent off for a foul on Jürgen Klinsmann, the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup Final.
With its third title (and three second-place finishes) West Germany – in its final tournament before national reunification – became the most successful World Cup nation at the time. West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain (in 1974) and manage a World Cup winning team, and only the second man (after Mário Zagallo of Brazil) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager. It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team.

Goalscorers

2 goals 
 Marius Lăcătuş
 Tomáš Shukravý
 Careca
 Lothar Matthäus

1 goal 
 François Omam-Biyik
 Bernardo Redín
 Carlos Valderrama
 Salvatore Schillaci
 Michal Bílek
 Ivan Hašek
 Milan Luhový
 Paul Caligiuri
 Tomas Brolin
 Jürgen Klinsmann
 Rudi Völler
 Davor Jozić

References 
 FIFA 

|
Francisco is the closest non-spherical moon of Uranus. 

Francisco was found by Matthew J. Holman, et al. and Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003 from pictures taken in 2001 and given the designation S/2001 U 3.
Confirmed as Uranus XXII, it was named after a lord in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

Related pages
 List of Uranus' moons

References 

 Ephemeris IAU-NSES
 Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 Francisco profile  by Solar System Exploration
 David Jewitt pages
 Scott Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
Warnings and watches are two levels of alert issued by national weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane strength. They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary. It is important that interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard it on the strength of the detailed forecast track. Tropical cyclones are not points, and forecasting their track remains an uncertain science.

Watch
A tropical storm watch is issued by the National Hurricane Center when tropical storm effects are a possible threat to an area within 48 hours. Tropical storm effects include winds from 39 to 73 mph (35 to 64 knots, 63 to 117 km/h). Maritime flags indicate this with a single square red flag.
Warning
A tropical storm warning is issued when tropical storm effects are expected within 36 hours or less.  Maritime flags indicate this with two square red flags.

Other websites
 NHC - watches and warnings

Tropical cyclones
The City of Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica. It is on the southeastern coast of the island country. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects Port Royal and the norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Western Hemisphere, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States, with a population of 651,880 (2001 census).

References

Other websites 

 Extract from Tour Jamaica by Margaret Morris
 Jamaica Library Service: brief history of Kingston 
 2001 Census 
 Accounts of 1907 Earthquake in The Times 
 Kingston City Guide 
 Jamaican Affairs - Kingston 
 Kingston Guide 

National capitals in North America
Cities in the Caribbean
Settlements in Jamaica
1693 establishments in North America
Establishments in Jamaica
Caliban is the second biggest retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.

Caliban was found on 1997-09-06 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars using the 200-inch Hale telescope together with Sycorax and given the designation S/1997 U 1.

Designated Uranus XVI it was named after the monster fictional character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Stephano to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.

The diameter is estimated at 72 km (assuming albedo of 0.04), making it the second biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus, half the size of Sycorax, the biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus.

The light curve suggests Caliban's rotation period is 2.7 hours.

Related pages
List of Uranus' moons

References

Ephemeris IAU-NSES
Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites
Caliban Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewiit pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
A tropical cyclone forecast model is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast where tropical cyclones will go and how strong they will be. Models use powerful supercomputers and mathematical modeling software. There are two general types: statistical and dynamic. There are two main types of forecasts: track and intensity.

Other websites
 Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide, Chapter 5 
 Model Analyses and Forecasts from NCEP 

Tropical cyclones
Villalba  (vee-YAHL-bah) is a municipality of Puerto Rico. It is in the central region, northeast of Juana Díaz; south of Orocovis; and west of Coamo. Villalba is spread over 6 wards and Villalba Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city).

References 

Municipalities of Puerto Rico
1917 establishments in the United States
Establishments in Puerto Rico
Stephano is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 1999, and given the designation S/1999 U 2. 

Confirmed as Uranus XX, it is named after the drunken butler in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

Related pages
 List of Uranus' moons

References 

 Ephemeris IAU-NSES
 Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 Stephano Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 David Jewitt pages
 Scott Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
Trinculo is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. It was found by Holman, et al. on 2001-08-13, and given the designation S/2001 U 1. 

Confirmed as Uranus XXI, it was named after the drunken jester Trinculo in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

Related pages
 List of Uranus' moons

References 

Ephemeris IAU-NSES
Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 David C. Jewitt pages
 Scott S. Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
Cabo Engaño is a cape near Punta de Agua, the easternmost point of the island of Hispaniola, in the Dominican Republic. The region around the cape is very dry where cacti grow.

Christopher Columbus saw the cape for the first time on 16 January 1493 and named it as Cape Sant Theramo (or Cape San Telmo).

Punta Cana International Airport, one of the busiest airport of the country, is to the south of the cape.

References

Geography of the Dominican Republic
Capes
Sycorax is one of Uranus' moons. It is the biggest retrograde non-spherical one of its moons.

Sycorax was found on September 6, 1997 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars. They found it using the 200-inch Hale telescope. They also found Caliban. Sycorax was given the designation S/1997 U 2.

Sycorax was confirmed as Uranus XVII. It was named after Sycorax, Caliban's mother in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.

Orbit 

Sycorax follows a far orbit, more than 20 times farther from Uranus than the farthest regular moon Oberon. Its orbit is retrograde, moderately inclined and eccentric.

The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Setebos and Prospero, to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.

The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde non-spherical moons of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.
Physical characteristics 
The diameter of Sycorax is estimated at 150 km (assuming albedo of 0.04) making it the biggest non-spherical moon of Uranus, comparable in size with Himalia, the biggest non-spherical moon of Jupiter.

The rotation period could not be estimated well (best fit ~4 h).

Related pages
 List of Uranus' moons

References 

Ephemeris IAU-NSES
Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 Sycorax Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 David Jewitt pages
 Scott Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
Wozzeck is an opera by the Austrian composer Alban Berg (1885-1935).  It was composed between 1914 and 1922 and first performed in 1925.

Berg wrote this opera before the period when he used serialism in his works.  His teacher Schoenberg had not yet developed the twelve tone system.  The music of Wozzeck has tonal music in the tradition of Mahler, but also some atonal music (music which is not based on any key) as well as melodies which are based on the whole tone scale.  The music sounded very modern at the time it was written.  Berg also writes for the voices in unusual ways: sometimes they have to half-speak, half-sing (this is called Sprechgesang).
The opera is based on a play called  Woyzeck by the German playwright Georg Büchner.  Woyzeck was an unusual drama because, instead of being a story about someone important such as a king or a god, it was about a poor man who is not very smart and is bullied and misused by other people.  When Berg wrote the opera nearly a century later, it was still an unusual story for an opera.  The heroes in operas were usually important people, while working people often had comic parts: they were often servants.  But Wozzeck is a simple man who cannot help what is happening to him.  In drama this is sometimes called an "anti-hero".

The story of the opera
Act I
Scene 1 (Suite): Wozzeck is working as a barber.  While he is shaving the Captain, the Captain tells Wozzeck that he thinks Wozzeck leads a bad life because he has had a child with a woman (Marie) without being married to her.  Wozzeck says that it is hard for him to be good because he is poor. He reminds the Captain that Jesus said "Let the little children come to me," (Mark 10:14).  The Captain is confused by this remark.

Scene 2 (Rhapsody and Hunting Song): Wozzeck and his friend Andres are cutting sticks as the sun is setting. Wozzeck has scary visions: he sees the sinking sun covering the world in flames.

Scene 3 (March and Lullaby): Soldiers march by outside Marie's room. Her neighbour, Margret, tells Marie she is bad because she is flirting with the soldiers. Then Wozzeck comes and tells Marie of the terrible visions he has had.
Scene 4 (Passacaglia): The Doctor tells Wozzeck that he should not cough in the street (Büchner wrote: “piss in the street”).  He says he is doing a medical experiment.  Wozzeck is so simple that he believes him.  The doctor is glad to hear about Wozzeck’s terrible visions.

Scene 5 (Rondo): Marie admires the Drum-major outside her room. He wants to love her.  At first she turns away from him, but then she gives in and they rush out together.

Act II
Scene 1 (Sonata-Allegro): Marie is telling her child to go to sleep while admiring earrings which the Drum-major gave her. Wozzeck arrives.  He asks her where she got the earrings.  She says she found them. Wozzeck does not know whether to believe her, but gives her some money and leaves. Marie knows her behaviour is wrong.
Scene 2 (Fantasia and Fugue on 3 Themes): The Doctor rushes by the Captain in the street, who tells him to slow down. The Doctor makes the Captain frightened by thinking of nasty illnesses that he might get.  When Wozzeck comes, they tease him by saying that Marie loves someone else.

Scene 3 (Largo): Wozzeck talks about it to Marie.  She admits that she has a boyfriend.  Wozzeck is furious.  He is about to hit her when she stops him, saying even her father never dared to hit her.  She says: "better a knife in my belly than your hands on me".  This gives Wozzeck an idea for revenge.

Scene 4 (Scherzo): Wozzeck sees Marie dancing with the Drum-major in a crowd. Andres asks Wozzeck why he is sitting by himself. A drunkard gives a sermon, then an idiot goes up to Wozzeck and says he can smell blood.

Scene 5 (Rondo): In the barracks at night, Wozzeck cannot sleep. He is keeping Andres awake. The Drum-major comes in.  He is drunk.  He gets Wozzeck out of bed to fight with him.
Act III
Scene 1 (Invention on a Theme): In her room at night, Marie reads to herself from the Bible. She wants to be forgiven.

Scene 2 (Invention on a Single Note (B)): Wozzeck and Marie are walking in the woods by a pond. Marie wants to leave, but Wozzeck stops her. The moon is shining bright red.  Wozzeck becomes determined that if he can not have Marie, no one else can, and he stabs her.

Scene 3 (Invention on a Rhythm): People are dancing in a pub. Wozzeck enters, and when he sees Margret, he dances with her and pulls her onto his lap.  He insults her, and then asks her to sing him a song.  She sings, but then notices blood on his hand and elbow; everyone begins  to shout at him, and Wozzeck rushes out.
Scene 4 (Invention on a 6-Note Chord): Wozzeck goes back to the place where he killed Marie.  Wozzeck thinks that the knife he killed Marie with will prove that he is the murderer.  He  throws the knife into the pond. When the blood-red moon appears again, he walks into the pond to try to wash the blood of his body, but he drowns. The Captain and the Doctor, passing by, hear Wozzeck moaning and rush off in fright.

Intermezzo (Invention on a Key (D minor)): This interlude leads to the finale.

Scene 5 (Invention on an Eighth-Note moto perpetuo, quasi toccata): The next morning a group of children are playing in the sunshine.  People are telling one another that Marie's body has been found.  The children all run off to see.  Marie and Wozzeck’s little boy has been playing on a toy horse.  He stops and runs after the other children to the pond.
History of the opera
Berg saw Büchner's play Woyzeck in 1914.  It was the first time it had been performed in Vienna.  The play had been advertised as Wozzeck because people could not read Büchner’s handwriting.  This is why Berg uses this spelling for his opera.

Berg knew at once that he wanted to make the play into an opera. Büchner, who had died in 1837 at the age of 23, had left the play unfinished. Berg took fifteen scenes from the play and made them into an opera with three acts.  He composed music with a particular form for each scene so that the music develops in a very organised way.  He made changes to the libretto himself.
Though Berg began work on the opera in 1914, he was serving in the army during World War I, so he did not have time to continue working on it until 1917.  He finished the opera in April 1922.  Erich Kleiber conducted the first performance at the Berlin State Opera on December 14, 1925. It quickly became famous and was performed in all of the big opera houses in Europe.  It was so successful that Berg was able to live off of the money he earned from it.

Musical style
Wozzeck was the first major opera written in a modern 20th century style.  A lot of the music is atonal (not in any key) so Berg was able to use this to express the madness of Wozzeck.  Sometimes the music becomes more tonal, especially when the story is telling about love and humanity.  He also bases some of the music about the soldiers on folksong which he treats in his own special way.
Another musical technique he uses is the leitmotif, in which particular characters or things are linked to particular themes or musical ideas.  This technique can be very useful to suggest certain things.  For example, there is a leitmotif for the earrings which the Drum major has given to Marie.  When the major makes love to Marie we hear this leitmotif.  The music makes us realize that he is not forcing her to love him but that she is willing.  In another place, the military music tells us that Marie is thinking of the Drum major.  

Another leitmotif is the chord we hear when Wozzeck, near the beginning of the opera, talks about "poor folk like us".  The chord we hear is used in other parts of the opera when characters are not strong enough to change their situation in life.

Compositions by Alban Berg
1920s operas
1925 works
The unit of measurement is at gram
In Norse mythology, Gram is the name of the sword of Sigurd (Siegfried). He used it to kill the dragon Fafnir. It was forged by Weyland the Smith and originally belonged to his father, Sigmund, who received it in the hall of the Volsung after pulling it out of a log into which Odin had stuck it–nobody else could pull it out.  The sword was destroyed and reforged at least once. After it was reforged, it clove an anvil in half. See Sigurd for more details on the story of Siegfried and Fafnir.

In the Nibelungenlied, Siegfried's sword is called Balmung; in Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle, it is called Nothung (Notung in more modern German).

Norse mythology
Mythological swords
Sigurd or Sigur is a male name used in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Iceland. It comes from Old Norse Sigurðr (from sigr "victory" and varðr "guardian"). Other forms of this name are Sigvard and Siward. A short form of the name is Sjur.

Sigurd can be:

 Sigurd, Utah, a town in Sevier County, Utah, United States
 Sigurd (opera), an opera by Ernest Reyer

Several figures from Norse mythology and legend:
Sigurd, a hero from the Völsunga Saga
 Sigurd Hring, the legendary Danish king and father of Ragnar Lodbrok
Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, the Viking warlord and son of Ragnar Lodbrok

People
Sigurd Hart, a king of Ringarike
Sigurd Syr, petty king of Ringarike and father of Harald III of Norway
King Sigurd I of Norway, also known as Sigurd Jorsalfar (the Crusader).
King Sigurd II of Norway

Several earls of Orkney:
Sigurd Eysteinsson, late 9th century
Sigurd Hlodvirsson (d. 1014), killed at the Battle of Clontarf
Other figures from Scandinavian history:
Sigurd Haakonsson (d. 962), Earl of Lade
Saint Sigurd of Växjö, also known as Sigfrid
Siward, Earl of Northumbria
Sigurd Jonsson of Sudreim, Regent of Norway on two occasions in the 15th century. Offered the throne in 1448, but said "no".
Sigurd Ibsen, politician and son of Henrik Ibsen.

In science:
Sigurd Angenent, Dutch mathematician

Military:
Sigurd Kihlstedt, Swedish military surgeon
Sigurd Lagerman, Swedish Navy vice admiral

In politics:
Sigurd Agersnap (born 1993), Danish politician

References
Tantra (Sanskrit: तन्त्र "weave" meaning continuity), tantricism or tantrism is the name for a number of traditions from Indian religions. Tantra began to blossom as a movement within both Buddhism and Hinduism around A.D. 500, reaching its fullest flowering 500 to 700 years later. These traditions are usually esoteric in their nature. Tantra exists in Hindu, Bönpo, Buddhist, and Jain forms. Tantra in its various forms has existed in South Asia, China, Japan, Tibet, Korea, Cambodia, Burma, Indonesia and Mongolia. In the west, today, traditional Tantric practices can be found within the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, and via the Kundalini and Kriya yoga schools, all of which are right-handed paths.

Tantra is derived from 2 words - "Tanoti" (Liberation of energy) and "Trayati" (Expansion of consciousness).

Notes

References 

 
 Second Revised Edition
 First Indian Edition, Kant Publications, 2003.

 

 

 
 Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
Buddhism
Hinduism
The Sorbs are Slavic people. They live mostly in Germany and Poland. There are 60,000 Sorbian people in the world. About 25,000 people speak one of the Sorbian languages.  

In Germany and Poland Sorbs do not use the old fashioned words "Wends" or "Wendish" to describe themselves. American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves "Wends" or "Wendish". They think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.  

Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian dialects are protected languages in parts of Germany under the European Charter for Minority or Regional Languages
This is a list of Romanian writers.

Literature

Old literature

 Neagoe Basarab
 Dosoftei
 Miron Costin (1633-1691)
 Grigore Ureche (1590-1647)
 Ion Neculce (1672-1744)
 Nicolae Milescu (1636-1708)
 Antim Ivireanul (1650-1617)
 Dimitrie Cantemir (1673-1723)
 Gheorghe Asachi (1788-1869)

19th century

Romantic writers

 Ion Budai-Deleanu
 Dinicu Golescu
 Anton Pann
 Ion Heliade-Rădulescu
 Grigore Alexandrescu
 Constantin Negruzzi (1808-1868)
 Ion Ghica (1817-1897)
 Nicolae Filimon (1891-1895)
 Alexandru Odobescu (1834-1895)
 Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu (1838-1907)
 Iosif Vulcan (1841-1907)
 Petre Ispirescu
 Alexandru Odobescu
 Alecu Russo
 Alexandru Macedonski
 Barbu Delavrancea

The classics

 Vasile Alecsandri (1821-1890)
 Ion Creangă (1839-1889)
 Ioan Slavici (1848-1925)
 Mihai Eminescu (1850-1889)
 Ion Luca Caragiale (1852-1912)

Inter-war literature

Transition literature
Duiliu Zamfirescu
 Alexandru Davila
 George Coşbuc
 Ion Agârbiceanu (1882-1963)
 Gala Galaction (1879-1961)
 Constantin Stere (1865-1936)
 Nicolae Iorga
 Emil Gârleanu

Female authors

 Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu (1876-1955)
 Martha Bibescu (1886-1973)
 Elena Farago (1878-1954)
 Ioana Postelnicu (b. 1910)
 Elena Văcărescu (1864-1947)

Analytical prose 

 Anton Holban (1902-1937)
 Gib Mihăescu (1894-1935)
 Camil Petrescu (1894-1957)
 Mihail Sebastian (1907-1945)
 Ion Vinea

Realist prose
 Ion Agârbiceanu
 Adrian Maniu
 Ion Marin Sadoveanu
 Eugeniu Botez (1877-1933)
 George Călinescu (1899-1965)
 Eugen Lovinescu (1881-1943)
 Cezar Petrescu (1892-1961)
 Liviu Rebreanu (1885-1944)
 Mihail Sadoveanu (1889-1961)
 Vasile Voiculescu
 Mihail Sorbul
 Ion Al. Brătescu-Voineşti
 Alexandru Kiriţescu
 George Călinescu
 Alexandru Philippide
 Zaharia Stancu
 George Mihail Zamfirescu

Poetic novels

 Tudor Arghezi (1880-1967)
 Mateiu Caragiale (1885-1936)

Fantastic prose
Fantastic prose

 Mircea Eliade (1907-1986)
 Vasile Voiculescu (1884-1963)
 Gellu Naum (1915-2001)
 Vladimir Colin (1921-1991)

Others

 Tristan Tzara
 Urmuz (1883-1923) - experimental novels
 Benjamin Fundoianu
 Panait Istrati (1884-1935) - exotic prose
 Ionel Teodoreanu (1897-1954) - youth novels
 Victor Eftimiu
 Tudor Muşatescu
 George Ciprian
 Pavel Dan
 Geo Bogza
 Eugène Ionesco
 Emil Cioran

Post-war period

Mainstream prose
Mainstream prose

 Radu Tudoran
 Eugen Jebeleanu
 Emil Botta
 Aurel Baranga
 Horia Vintilă
 Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu
 Gellu Naum
 Horia Lovinescu
 Ion D. Sârbu
 Marin Preda
 Ştefan Augustin Doinaş
 Petru Dumitriu
 Constantin Chiriţǎ
 A. E. Baconsky (1925-1977)
 Eugen Barbu (1924-1993)
 Nicolae Breban (b. 1934)
 Alexandru Ivasiuc (1933-1977)
 Fănuş Neagu (b. 1932)
 Dumitru Radu Popescu (b. 1935)
 Marin Preda (1922-1980)
 Dinu Săraru (b. 1932)
 Zaharia Stancu (1902-1974)
 Constantin Ţoiu (b. 1923)
 Ioan Alexandru
 Ştefan Bǎnulescu
 Teodor Mazilu
 Titus Popovici
 Dumitru Solomon
 Dumitru Ţepeneag (b. 1937)

Prose

 Geo Bogza (1908-1993)
 Rodica Ojog-Braşoveanu (1939-2002)
 Constantin Chiriţă (1925-1991)
 Brenda Stress (b. 1983)
 Radu Tudoran (1917-1992)
 Haralamb Zincă (b. 1923)
 Doru Davidovici (1945-1989)

Poetry
Poetry

 George Bacovia
 Gheorghe Bajenaru
 Ion Barbu
 Mihai Beniuc
 Lucian Blaga
 Dan Botta
 Leonid Dimov
 Carmen Firan
 Octavian Goga
 Nicolae Labiş
 Ion Minulescu
 Ion Pillat
 Marin Sorescu
 Nichita Stanescu
 George Topîrceanu
 Dorin Tudoran
 Elena Liliana Popescu
 Ilarie Voronca

Romanian diaspora

 Cristian Petru Bălan (b. 1936)
 Matei Călinescu (b. 1934)
 Andrei Codrescu (b. 1946)
 Dan Dănilă (b. 1954)
 Virgil Gheorghiu (1916-1992)
 Paul Goma (b. 1935)
 Leonard Oprea (b. 1953)
 Dumitru Ţepeneag (b. 1937)

Contemporary writers
Gabriela Adameşteanu (b. 1942)
 Duşan Baiski (b. 1955)
 Carmen-Francesca Banciu (b. 1955)
 T. O. Bobe (b. 1969)
 Rodica Bretin (b.1958)
 Augustin Buzura (b. 1938)
 Mircea Cărtărescu (b. 1956)
 Mircea Ciobanu (1940-1997)
 Ioan Mihai Cochinescu (b. 1951)
 Virgil Duda (b. 1939)
 Ion Hobana (b.1931)
 Mircea Nedelciu (1950-1999)
 Alexandru Paleologu (1919-2005)
 Octavian Paler (1927-2007)
 Dora Pavel (b. 1946)
 Elena Liliana Popescu (b. 1948)
 Camelian Propinatiu (b. 1951)
 Răzvan Rădulescu (b. 1967)
 Leonard Oprea (b. 1953)
 Ion Vianu (b. 1934)

Essays and philosophy

20th century

 Lucian Blaga (1895-1961)
 Emil Cioran (1911-1995)
 Ioan Petru Culianu (1950-1991) 
 Mircea Eliade (1907-1986)
 Nae Ionescu (1890-1940)
 Adrian Marino (1921-2005)
 Constantin Noica (1909-1987)
 Nicolae Steinhardt (1912-1989)
 Petre Ţuţea (1902-1991)
 Mircea Vulcănescu (1904-1952)

Contemporary

 Sorin Antohi (b. 1957)
 Gabriel Liiceanu (b. 1942)
 Horia-Roman Patapievici (b. 1957)
 Andrei Pleşu (b. 1948)
 Mihai Şora (b. 1916)
Literary criticism
 Titu Maiorescu (1840-1917)
 Eugen Lovinescu (1881-1946)
 George Călinescu (1889-1965)
 Tudor Vianu (1897-1964)
 Şerban Cioculescu (1902-1988)
 Eugen Simion (b. 1933)
 Nicolae Manolescu (b. 1939)
 Virgil Nemoianu (b. 1940)

Drama 
 Ion Luca Caragiale (1852-1912)
 Constantin Rădulescu-Motru (1868-1957)
 Eugen Ionescu (1909-1994)
 Mihail Sebastian (1907-1945)
 Tudor Muşatescu (1930-1980)
 Marin Sorescu (1936-1997)

writers
Lists of writers by nationality
Almazán is a city in Castilla y León, in Spain. The city name comes from Arabic. There it means The fortified place. It is located about 32 km south of the capital of the province (Valladolid), and about 192 km from Madrid. Today, about 5.700 people live there.

The city has a long history. In it, the Pedro IV of Aragon and Enrique II of Castilla signed the truce between Castillla and Aragon. Juan Hurtado de Mendoza was the majordomo of king Enrique III. The king Enrique IV of Castilla gave the city to him. He also got to supervise the city. Later the duchy was divided into two different parts.

The city itself was governed by the Alcalde Mayor. He was helped by a committee of people from the city (3 noblemen, and 3 from the Hidalgo class).

The city belonged to the county of Altamira. The counts descended from Hernando de Mendoza.
Diego Laínez was a Jesuit monk who was born in the city. He was a companion to San Ignacio de Loyola. He also succeeded him as head of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order. Laínez later had a large influence in the Council of Trent.

Most of the city is built in a Romanesque style. There are also some examples of Baroque, Renaissance and Gothic art styles.

Some of the notable buildings are:

St. Michael's church, an example of Romanesque architecture
St. Vincent's church, as an example of Romanesque architecture. It has been converted. It is a culture hall today.
The hermit's place of Jesus of Nazareth

Other websites 
 El Románico de la ribera del Duero 
 Recorrido fotográfico por San Miguel de Almazán 

Municipalities in Castile and León
Settlements in Soria
Ratnasambhava is one of the five Dhyani Buddhas. 

His mandala is yellow and is in the southern direction. Ratnasambhava embodies Dharma that changes pride, miserliness and avarice into equanimity. He is shown with his right hand extended down, palm facing outwards. His left hand holds a precious jewel in his lap.  He is associated with changing poverty into wealth. Ratnasambhava’s blessings allow us to overcome pride and miserliness, thereby developing inner calm. The wealth-giving Buddhas or Jambhalas are associated with the family of Ratnasambhava.

Buddhas

de:Adibuddha#Ratnasambhava
Hydrangea, common name Hortensia,  is a genus of 70-80 species of flowers. The earliest kinds of hydrangea came from southern and eastern Asia. 

The colour of the flowers can tell you how much acid is in the soil the plant is growing in. 

For example alkaline ones produce pink colored flowers.

Other websites 

Flora of China at efloras.org

Flowers
Asterids
A Mandala is a symbol of either a man or a woman in the world.

Uses 
The Mandala acts as a support for anyone in meditation. The Mandala itself is often illustrated as a palace with four gates, facing the four corners of the Earth. It is a symbol that represents wholeness, and can be seen as a model for the structure of life itself. There are generally symbols within it that represent something.

Meditation
Religious symbols
Margaret is the only prograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.  It was found by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2003 and given the designation S/2003 U 3.

Confirmed as Uranus XXIII, it was named after the servant of Hero in William Shakespeare's play Much Ado About Nothing

Orbit

Margaret stands out as the only prograde non-spherical moon of Uranus. The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of Margaret, unique  among the non-spherical moons of Uranus, with inclination on the vertical axis and the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

Related pages
List of Uranus' moons
https//ifarley.net

References

 Ephemeris: IAU-NSES
 Mean orbital parameters: NASA JPL

Other websites
Margaret Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Uranus' moons
Joanot Martorell (1413 – 1468) was the Valencian author of the novel Tirant lo Blanch, which is written in the Valencian dialect (Martorell calls it "the Valencian vernacular" "vulgar llengua valenciana" used in the Crown of Aragon). First published in Valencia in 1490, it was reprinted in Barcelona in 1497, and some consider it the first modern novel in Europe. 

It deals with the adventures of a knight in the Byzantine Empire with echoes of the real-life Catalan Company. Miguel de Cervantes in the book burning scene of Don Quixote considers it the best knight novel. Martorell himself was a chivalrous man and suffered an early death due to court intrigue, leading to a colleague, Marti Joan de Galba, finishing the novel.

Other websites
Tirant lo blanc, by Joanot Martorell (Lletra, espai virtual de literatura)

Spanish writers

1413 births
1468 deaths
People from the Valencian Community
St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in Hertfordshire, England. It is 22 miles (35 km) north of London. St Albans is the former Roman town of Verulamium.

History 
It was originally named Verlamion by the Celtic Catuvellauni tribe, and Verulamium by the Romans. It was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north.

Many of the Roman walls were knocked down by William the Conqueror and used to build St Albans Abbey, otherwise known as St Albans Cathedral. The town had many notable buildings but most were knocked down by Henry VIII. The only building left is the abbey. Though many other buildings have been built nearby Ye Old Fighting Cocks, which claims to be the oldest pub in the UK, a Roman amphitheatre and hypocaust floor, a disused bear baiting square in Verulamium Park, and the imposing Rats Castle at the top of Hatfield Road as well as Roman Verulanium Museum
The bones of St. Alban, the first English martyr, were kept in the Abbey in a shrine, but were stolen during the 19th century.They were smuggled out of the country into Munich. A few years ago The German Cathedral sent the shoulder bone of St. Alban and it is kept in the shrine behind a curtain

Now, due to its proximity to London, St. Albans is a commuter town.

St Albans School 
St Albans School is a public school. It occupies a site to the west of the Abbey, which includes the 14th century Abbey Gateway. The school was founded in AD 948 and is the only school in the English-speaking world to have educated a Pope. Adrian IV was the only Englishman to become Pope.
Important people from St Albans 
 Nicholas Breakspear (or Breakespeare, c.1100–1159), later Pope Adrian IV, was born in Abbots Langley, and attended school in St Albans.
 Nicholas Bacon (1509–1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under Queen Elizabeth I, built Old Gorhambury House.
 Francis Bacon (1561–1626), noted philosopher, scientist and statesman, lived at Old Gorhambury House. Bacon was styled 'Viscount St Albans' from 1618.
 Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (1660–1744), wife of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and close friend of Queen Anne, was born in St Albans.
 Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe (Lord Grimthorpe) (1816–1905), lawyer, amateur horologist, and architect; best known locally for rebuilding the west front of St Albans Cathedral in 1880-1885 at his own expense, but also designed Big Ben. Lived at Batchwood Hall.
Cuthbert Thicknesse (1887–1971), 4th Dean of St Albans Cathedral 1936–1955, objected to the use of nuclear weapons in August 1945, and refused to let the cathedral's bells be rung on VJ Day.
 Stanley Kubrick (1928–1999), film director, lived in Childwickbury Manor, to the north-west of the town, from 1978 until his death
 Stephen Hawking (b 1942), theoretical physicist, was educated at St Albans School.
 Sir Stephen Lander (b 1947), former head of MI5, has lived in St Albans for many years.
Other websites 
 St Albans - Official website

References
The City of Lancaster (2002 population: 133,914) is a local government district in Lancashire, England. Its main town is Lancaster, from which it obtained its city status. Other towns in the district include Morecambe, Heysham, Slyne, and Carnforth.

History 
The district was made on April 1 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, when the boroughs of Lancaster and Morecambe and Heysham, along with Carnforth urban district, Lancaster Rural District and Lunesdale Rural District joined together.

Population

Twin Cities 
 Aalborg

Cities in North West England
 
1974 establishments in England
The Vice Chancellor is the deputy of the Federal Chancellor. He acts for the Chancellor if he cannot act, or if there is no chancellor. The Vice Chancellor is also a federal minister, and in a coalition government is usually the leader of the minority party.

List of Vice Chancellors

German Empire (Allgemeiner Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers)
Political Party:

Weimar Republic (Allgemeiner Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers)
Political Party:

Nazi Germany

Federal Republic of Germany
Political Party:

Related pages 
 Government of Germany

Lists of German politicians
Peripheral equipment (also called: input and output devices) connects a computer to other things. It gives a computer system more features. Input is anything that goes in and output is anything that goes out. Any device for the computer that the computer can work without is peripheral equipment. This equipment is always separated from the central processing unit (CPU) by a device controller.

Peripheral equipment is necessary for people to interact with a computer system. Some peripheral equipment displays information (such as a computer monitor). Some peripherals, such as touchscreens, work for both input and output.
Peripheral equipment is often labelled I/O device (Input/Output device). I/O devices are connected to a device controller which is connected to the electronics in the computer system. An example of an output device is a set of computer speakers. Computer speakers are plugged into a device controller called an audio device. The device is connected to the rest of the system inside. An example of an input device is a computer mouse. It is connected in the same way as an output device. Most peripherals connect by cable but some connect by Bluetooth radio.

One peripheral device can be connected to many systems. 

Sometimes extra memory devices such as a second hard disk can be called peripheral equipment. People who make computer programs call everything except the processor and main memory an I/O device. To an engineer working on the design of a processor, everything except the processor is called an I/O device.
Input devices
An input device is anything that puts information inside a computer. It is a hardware device that sends information into the CPU. Without any input devices a computer would simply be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, similar to a TV. Below is a listing of different types of computer input devices.

Examples 
 Computer mouse: The device for moving the cursor or arrow around the screen.
 Digital camera: A digital camera takes pictures to put into the computer. The pictures become information inside the computer.
 Image scanner: Digitizes a document or other two-dimensional object.
 Keyboard: The device for typing characters into the computer.
 Webcam
 Joystick

Output devices
An output device is anything to which the computer sends signals, for example things that display information from the computer or make sound from the computer.

Input/Output devices
 Hard disk: A data storage device
 Optical drive: Reads and writes CDs and DVDs
 Other data storage devices
 etc.
Computer hardware
Computer science
The Federal Ministry of Marshall Plan Affairs was one of the first ministries of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its job was to oversee the rebuilding of the new republic using money and aid given by the United States as part of the European Recovery Programme, which was usually called the Marshall Plan.

The only Minister for Marshall Plan Affairs was also the first Federal Vice Chancellor, Franz Blücher.

In 1953 the Ministry was renamed the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation.

Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan (officially called the European Recovery Program [ERP]) was a plan of the United States for rebuilding the allied countries of Europe after World War II. One of the main reasons this was done was to stop communism and the USSR.

The plan was named after Secretary of State George Marshall, but the plan was worked out by other people in the State Department.

The plan ran for four years beginning in April 1948. During that period US$ 13 billion in economic and technical help were given to help the recovery of the European countries that had joined in the Organization for European Economic Co-operation.

By the time the plan ended, the economy of every member state had grown well past pre-war levels.
In recent years some historians have said that another reason for the plan was to make the United States stronger, and to make the countries of western Europe need the United States. They also say that the United Nations (UN) Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which helped millions of refugees from 1944 to 1947, it also helped the European postwar recovery.

Alternatives to the Marshall Plan

Morgenthau plan
U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. said that if Europe needed money to rebuild what had been destroyed by the war, they should take it from Germany. This money was called war reparations. Morgenthau said it would also stop Germany from ever being rebuilt, and threatening to start another war. Taking money from Germany was done after World War I. It did not work. Instead of helping other countries it hurt them. This is because companies could not sell the coal and steel that they made because it was coming in free from Germany.
Monnet plan
Jean Monnet of France said that France should control the German coal areas of the Ruhr and Saar and use it to rebuild French industry. In 1946 the occupying powers agreed to put strict limits on how quickly Germany could reindustrialize. Limits were placed on how much coal and steel could be produced.

Level of industry agreement 
This was the first German industrial plan. It was signed in early 1946 and said that German heavy industry was to be cut down to half% of its 1938 levels by the destroying 1,500 manufacturing plants.
By the end of 1946 governments could see the problems of the plan, and the agreement was changed several times, the last time in 1949. But dismantling factories went on into 1950. Germany had been very important to the economy of Europe for a long time. This meant that a poor Germany was holding back European recovery, because other countries could not sell so many things to Germany. A poor Germany was also expensive for the occupying powers. They had to give Germany food and other things which it needed and could not grow or make for itself anymore.

Because of this the Morgenthau and Monnet plans were rejected.

The Marshall Plan ended in 1952. Ideas to extend it were stopped because of the cost of the Korean War and rearmament. U.S. Republicans hostile to the plan had also gained seats in the 1950 Congressional elections.
Criticism
The Marshall Plan has been described as "the most unselfish act in history." However, this may not be the case. The United States benefited from the plan because part of the agreement for giving the aid was that the country would have to open up their economies to US companies.

"Historical revisionist" historians, such as Walter LaFeber, during the 1960s and 1970s said that the plan was American economic imperialism. That means, that it was an attempt to gain control over Western Europe just as the Soviets controlled Eastern Europe.

Tyler Cowen, economist, has said that nations receiving the most aid from the Marshall Plan (Britain, Sweden, Greece) saw the least returns and grew the least between 1947 and 1955. Those nations who received little (e.g. Austria) grew the most.
When he looked at West Germany's economy from 1945 to 1951, German analyst Werner Abelshauser decided that foreign aid was not needed to start the recovery or to keep it going. Cowen found that the economic recoveries of France, Italy, and Belgium, started before the Marshall Plan. Belgium relied heavily on free market economic policies after its liberation in 1944, and had the fastest recovery. It also did not have the severe housing and food shortages seen in the rest of continental Europe.

Related pages
 Alliance for Progress failed Central and South American Marshall Plan.
 GARIOA (Government and Relief in Occupied Areas) The precursor of the Marshall plan aid.
 Morgenthau plan Post-surrender plan for Germany
 The industrial plans for Germany
References
 Arkes, Hadley. Bureaucracy, the Marshall Plan, and the National Interest. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1972.
 Agnew, John and J. Nicholas Entrikin, eds. The Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor. Routledge. (2004) online version 
 John Bledsoe Bonds; Bipartisan Strategy: Selling the Marshall Plan Praeger, 2002 online version 
 Bothwell, Robert. The Big Chill: Canada and the Cold War. Canadian Institute for International Affairs/Institut Canadien des Affaires Internationales Contemporary Affairs Series, No. 1. Toronto: Irwin Publishing Ltd., 1998.
 Crafts, Nicholas, and Gianni Toniolo, eds. Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
 Djelic, Marie-Laure A.; Exporting the American Model: The Post-War Transformation of European Business.Oxford University Press, 1998 online version 
 Chiarella Esposito; America's Feeble Weapon: Funding the Marshall Plan in France and Italy, 1948 – 1950, Greenwood Press, 1994 online version
Fossedal, Gregory A. Our Finest Hour: Will Clayton, the Marshall Plan, and the Triumph of Democracy. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1993.
 Gaddis, John Lewis. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
 Grogin, Robert C. Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917 – 1991. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2001.
 Hogan, Michael J. The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947 – 1952. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
 Matthias Kipping and Ove Bjarnar; The Americanisation of European Business: The Marshall Plan and the Transfer of Us Management Models Routledge, 1998 online version 
 Mee, Charles L. The Marshall Plan: The Launching of the Pax Americana. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
 Milward, Alan S. The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945 – 51. London: Methuen, 1984.
 Schain, Martin, ed. The Marshall Plan: Fifty Years After. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
Stueck, William Whitney, ed. The Korean War in World History. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 2004.
 Rhiannon Vickers; Manipulating Hegemony: State Power, Labour and the Marshall Plan in Britain Palgrave Publishers, 2000 online edition 
 Wallich, Henry Christopher. Mainsprings of the German Revival. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955.
 Wasser, Solidelle F. and Michael L. Dolfman; "BLS and the Marshall Plan: The Forgotten Story: The Statistical Technical Assistance of BLS Increased Productive Efficiency and Labor Productivity in Western European Industry after World War II; Technological Literature Surveys and Plan-Organized Plant Visits Supplemented Instruction in Statistical Measurement," Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 128, 2005
 Wend, Henry Burke; Recovery and Restoration: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Politics of Reconstruction of West Germany's Shipbuilding Industry, 1945 – 1955. Praeger, 2001 online version
Further reading
 John Gimbel "The origins of the Marshall plan" (Stanford University Press, 1976). (reviewed here)
 Greg Behrman The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe (Free Press, 2007)

Notes

Other websites
The German Marshall Fund of the United States
 Economist Tyler Cowen questions the conventional wisdom surrounding the Plan 
 Truman Presidential Library online collection of original Marshal Plan documents from the year 1946 onwards 
 The Marshal Plan documents collection at MCE 
 Marshall Plan from the National Archives
 Excerpts from book by Allen W. Dulles 
 United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes famous Stuttgart speech, September 6, 1946 The speech marked the turning point away from the Morgenthau Plan philosophy of economic dismantlement of Germany and towards a policy of economic reconstruction.
 Marshall Plan Commemorative Section: Lessons of the Plan: Looking Forward to the Next Century 
 U.S. Economic Policy Towards defeated countries  April, 1946.
 "Pas de Pagaille!" , Time magazine July 28, 1947
"The Marshall Plan as Tragedy," comment on Michael Cox and Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, "The Tragedy of American Diplomacy? Rethinking the Marshall Plan," both published in the Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 7, no. 1 (Winter 2005) (text of comment on pdf ) (text of original article on pdf )
 Luis García Berlanga's critique of the Marshall Plan in a classic Spanish film: Welcome Mr. Marshall!
 Marshall Plan Still Working, 60 Years Later Cincinnati Enquirer December 10, 2006
Economic history
World War II