Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Colchagua Province () is one of three provinces of the central Chilean region of Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins (VI).

Its capital is the city of San Fernando.

Geography
The Colchagua province has an area of , the second largest and the most southern province of the O'Higgins region.

Colchagua is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered to the north by the Cachapoal province, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Curicó province (Maule region) and to the west by the Cardenal Caro province.

The Tinguiririca volcano is in this province near the border with Argentina, in the Andes. It was near this volcano that the Uruguayan Air Force Flight 57 crashed in 1972 with its survivors lost for seventy-two days.

Population
The people from the province are called Colchagüino (women: Colchagüina).

 (last national census), there were 196,566 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
The largest city of the province is San Fernando, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 49,519 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, Cachapoal is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 10 communes (comunas). The city of San Fernando serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

Related pages
 Provinces of Chile

References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de O'Higgins Official website 
 Province of Colchagua website 

Provinces of Chile
O'Higgins Region‎
Azov is a town at the mouth of the Don River in Rostov Oblast. It is on the east end of the Sea of Azov and about 80 thousand people live there. It was a Greek colony in the third century BC. 

Cities and towns in Rostov Oblast
Neudorf was a municipality of the district Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Neudorf merged into the municipality of Beromünster.

Former municipalities of Lucerne
Neuenkirch is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

Villages
Sempach Station, Hellbühl, Nellen, Werligen, Klosterhöfli, Klösterli, Lippenrüti, Trutigen, Sellenboden, Neuhus, Weiherhüsli, Rippertschwand, Helfenstegen, Moosschür, Wartensee, Adelwil, Gottsmännigen, Mettenwil and Brämenstall.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Sursee
Filippo Juvarra was an architect from Italy who lived from 1678 to 1736. He was born in Messina. He designed many famous buildings, especially churches and palaces.

Works 
Here is a list of some buildings he designed:
 The Royal Palace of Madrid
 The front of the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso, in Madrid
 Some parts of the Royal Palace of Aranjuez, in Madrid
 The gate of the Sanctuary of Oropa, in Biella
 The Basilica of Superga in Turin
 He finished the Santa Cristina, which is also in Turin
 He rebuilt the church of San Filippo Neri which is also in Turin
 He also designed the inside of the church of Santa Teresa (which is in Turin)
 The Palace of Stupinigi, which is six miles outside of Turin.
 The front of the Palazzo Madama which is in Central Turin.
 He also fixed the Palace of Venaria which had been damaged in the War of the Spanish Succesion. This building is located 8 km northwest of Turin.
 The Royal Palace of Turin. (Which is in Turin)
1678 births
1736 deaths
Italian architects
People from Messina
Nottwil is a municipality of the district Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

It is on the southern shore of Lake Sempach (Sempachersee).

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Sursee
Hurricane Matthew was an Atlantic hurricane. This storm developed on September 28, 2016. It threatened Jamaica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and the Bahamas. Matthew hit Haiti on October 4, 2016. It struck Cuba later that evening.

The storm was the first Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic since 2007's Hurricane Felix. Its peak winds were 160 miles per hour.

Matthew was forecast to affect the Southeastern United States from Florida to eastern North Carolina. It was also forecast to threaten New England at first. The forecast changed and later excluded New England.

The storm caused more than 1,600 deaths in Hispaniola and the Caribbean. In the United States, there were 49 deaths. The Dominican Republic had four deaths from Matthew.

Damage in Haiti was estimated at just over $1 billion (2016 USD).

References
References

September 2016 events
2016 Atlantic hurricane season
2010s in Jamaica
2010s in Cuba
21st century in the Dominican Republic
2010s in the Bahamas
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
Oberkirch is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

It is located southwest of Lake Sempach (Sempachersee).

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Sursee
Pfeffikon is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Pfeffikon merged into the municipality of Rickenbach.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Lucerne
Villages in Lucerne
A life simulation game is a kind of role-playing game or RPG where the player takes on a god-like perspective of the game. Unlike most RPGs, which progress at the player's speed, a life simulation game continues automatically. SimAnimals is an example of a life simulation game.

References 

Role-playing games
Video game genres
Zenón Díaz was an Argentinian football player. He was the first native footballer in Argentina national football team. He played all his career in Rosario Central.

Club career Max 
He started as a goalkeeper in 1903. Later, Díaz played as a defender, becoming in one of the most famous footballer of amateur era. He played around 150 games and scored 8 goals. He won 4 national titles and 7 locals titles with the canallas. He also worked at the Central Argentine Railway.

National team career 
He was the first native player in Argentina national team. His first match was in 1905 versus Nottingham Forest. Later he played in several cups against Uruguay, and participated in the first South American Championship (1916).

Clubs

Honours

With Rosario Central 
 Copa de Competencia La Nación: 1913
 Copa Ibarguren: 1915
 Copa de Competencia Jockey Club: 1916
 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires: 1916
 Copa Nicasio Vila: 1908, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919
 Federación Rosarina de Football: 1913
With Argentina national team 
 Copa Lipton: 1906
 Copa Honor Argentino: 1913
 Copa Newton: 1916
 Copa Honor Uruguayo: 1916
 Copa Círculo de la Prensa: 1916

References 

1880 births
1948 deaths
Argentine footballers
Ronssoy is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.

Geography
Ronssoy is  north of Saint-Quentin, on the D6 road.

Communes in Somme
Acheux-en-Amiénois is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

In 2010, the population was 569.

Communes in Somme
Agenville is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

In 2006 the population was 106.

Communes in Somme
Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

In 2006 the population was 881.

Communes in Somme
Ailly-sur-Somme is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The town is 5 miles to the west of Amiens. It is in the valley of the Somme River.

Communes in Somme
Airaines is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is  northwest of Amiens, about  south of Abbeville.

Communes in Somme
Aizecourt-le-Bas is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is  northwest of Saint-Quentin.

Communes in Somme
Aizecourt-le-Haut is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is  northeast of Saint-Quentin.

Communes in Somme
Albert is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

It is about halfway between Amiens and Bapaume.

Communes in Somme
Allaines is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is about  northeast of Saint-Quentin.

Communes in Somme
Allenay is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is about 5 km from the English Channel. It is on the border of the departments of the Somme and Seine-Maritime.

Communes in Somme
Allonville is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is  north of Amiens.

Communes in Somme
Andainville is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is  south of Abbeville.

Communes in Somme
Andechy is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is  southeast of Amiens.

Communes in Somme
Argœuves is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is  north of Amiens. The Somme River is  away.

Communes in Somme
Arguel is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is  west of Amiens.

Communes in Somme
Battlefield 1 is a first-person shooter video game made by EA DICE and published by EA. This is the fourteenth battlefield game. The game was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, on October 21, 2016.

This game is a first-person shooter which is built around teamwork. This game is set in World War I and is based on historic events. The player uses weapons from World War I. DICE changed how melee combat worked and added new weapons. The player can also use many vehicles used in World War I.

The campaign, according to Daniel Berlin the game's designer, is larger with more open environments, with more option in the levels. The player controls multiply people during the game, when the character they play as dies, they will become another.

The game's multiplayer is planned to allow 64 players. The new squad system will allow a group of players to join and leave games together. Multiplayer maps are based on World War I location. The game will launch with nine maps and six game modes.
Classes and Battle pickups
Assault - The demolition man of BF1 uses submachine guns and shotguns and is the best for anti-armor and close range firefights.

Medic - The healer of BF1 uses semi-auto/Fully automatic Rifles] and can revive dead teammates and Healing them

Support - Suppressor of BF1 uses Light/Heavy machine guns] can Resupply people (uses mortars and repair tool and limpet_mines

Sniper - the heavy hitter of BF1 uses long range/short range rifles] can detect people {uses spot flares and trip wires and k bullets}

References

Other websites
 

Battlefield video games
Shooter video games
PlayStation 4 games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Video games developed in Sweden
Permanent neutrality 
An example of permanent neutrality would be the Vatican City. It declared itself permanently neutral in the 1929 Lateran Treaty.
 
Having a long history of remaining neutral, Switzerland became a favorite place for the headquarters of many organizations. The International Red Cross established itself at Geneva during the mid-19th century. Switzerland was recognized as remaining neutral in a 1920 declaration by the League of Nations, also headquartered in Geneva. When the League was disbanded after World War II it was replaced by the United Nations. While Switzerland did not join the UN, in addition to recognizing its neutrality it was also given permanent observer status.

Neutral countries

Note: Whether a state that is a member of the European Union may be considered neutral is a point of debate. This is discussed in the section below.

Neutral European Union members

Claim to be neutral

References

Relating page 
Demilitarized zone
Peace treaty
Other websites 
 Which Countries Are Neutral?

International politics
English law is unique in that it is based on applying legal precedent  to present and future decisions made by judges. A judge must follow past legal decisions made by higher courts but not necessarily those made by lower courts. English law is not based on a constitution and there is no codification of laws. However, there are unofficial publications that provide organized lists of current laws. Parliament has the power to create laws which are automatically considered valid and may not be reviewed by the courts. Only Parliament has the power to change a law.

History
History 

Written in about 602, the Law of Æthelberht (Athelbert of Kent) is the oldest example of Anglo-Saxon law, or of law in any Germanic language. Anglo-Saxon law was based on Ancient Germanic law which was a system of laws based on kinship. The kinship group was responsible for the acts of their members as well as for their protection. Wrongs against another were paid by Weregild, a value placed on every person and piece of property. By the 10th century these had changed into a system of hundreds. No longer based on kinship, they organized themselves to protect others in the hundred and to enforce the laws. A hundredsmann was in charge of a hundred and was responsible to see that all disputes were settled.
In 1066, the Norman conquest of England brought with it many changes in the law. While much of Anglo-Saxon law was kept, new laws were added over time by the Normans. Before the Norman invasion, most laws in England were local laws and enforced by local courts. Royal courts were introduced They did not take over local laws right away, but did so over a period of time. The royal courts took the best of the local laws and used them throughout England. This established English common law, or a system of laws common to the entire country. By this time a second court system developed known as equity and administered by the Court of Chancery. Equity addressed situations not covered by common law. Examples of equity decisions include imposing a lien, correcting a property line or ordering someone to do something to prevent damage.
The 18th century legal scholar, William Blackstone, wrote a four-volume Commentaries on the Laws of England which for the first time provided a complete overview of English law. Originally published 1765–1769, it has since been republished many times. Used well into the 19th century, his Commentaries were the main instruction tool in learning the law in both England and America. Abraham Lincoln read Blackstone's Commentaries as part of teaching himself the law.

The jury system 
The jury system probably came to England just after the Norman conquest. At first, jurors acted as witnesses in court. But over time, certainly by the reign of Henry II of England, they became the trier of fact in a court case. Juries began to deliberate the evidence provided by the parties in a dispute. Over time, jurors were told less and less about a case before a trial and learned what they needed to make a decision in court.
Unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland, Wales is not a separate jurisdiction in the United Kingdom. The old laws of Wales within the Kingdom of England were abolished by King Henry VIII's Laws in Wales Acts. This brought Wales into legal conformity with England. Between 1746 and 1967, any reference to England in legislation included Wales. This ceased with the enactment of the Welsh Language Act 1967. The jurisdiction is now commonly referred to as "England and Wales". Although Wales has a degree of political autonomy, it did not have the ability to pass primary legislation until the Government of Wales Act 2006 came into force after the 2007 Welsh general election. Even so, the Welsh legal system remains English common law. This is different from the situation of Northern Ireland. It did not stop being a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended. A major difference is also the use of the Welsh language, as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in the rest of the United Kingdom
. The Welsh Language Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales with regard to the public sector. Welsh may also be spoken in Welsh courts.
Sources of English law 
In England, there is a hierarchy of sources, as follows:

 European Union law (a primacy challenged by Britain's Brexit)
 Legislation (primary and secondary)
 The case law rules of common law and equity, derived from precedent decisions
Parliamentary conventions
General customs
Books of authority

Related pages 
 Adversarial system
 Canon law
 Civil law
 Common law
 Constitutional law
 Inquisitorial system
 International law
 Maritime law
 Roman law
 Salic law
 Scots law
 Welsh law

References

Other websites 
 The Legal System part 1; YouTube
 Lecture 1 Part 2 : What is the Common Law?; YouTube

Legal terms
English law
Travis County is a county in south central Texas. The population was 1,290,188 at the 2020 census. It is the fifth-most populous county in Texas. Its county seat is Austin. Austin is also known as the capital of Texas.

The county was established in 1840. It is named for William Barret Travis. Travis was the commander of the Republic of Texas at the Battle of the Alamo.

Travis County is part of the Austin-Round Rock Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located along the Balcones Fault. The physical boundaries of Austin are the Edwards Plateau to the west and the Blackland Prairie to the east.

References 

Texas counties
Rickenbach is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Pfeffikon merged into the municipality of Rickenbach.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Sursee
Ruswil is a municipality of the district Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

Villages
Merzenberg, Hunkelen, Ziswil, Holz, Grofenhusen, Buholz, Rüediswil, Sigigen, Werthenstein-Unterdorf.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Sursee
There are 2 arrondissements in the Alpes-Maritimes department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Alpes-Maritimes are:
History
Since its creation, the Alpes-Maritimes department has had some changes:
 1793 : creation of the department with three districts: Menton, Nice and Puget-Théniers; the capital was Nice.
 1794 : the district of Menton became the district of Fort-d'Hercule (Monaco).
 1800 : creation of three arrondissements: Nice, Monaco and Puget-Théniers.
 1805 : creation of the arrondissement of San-Remo; the arrondissement of Monaco is eliminated.
 1814 : the department became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
 1860 : the department is created again with the County of Nice and the arrondissement of Grasse that was part of the Var department. That year, the department was divided in three arrondissements: Nice, Grasse and Puget-Théniers.
 1926 : the arrondissement of Puget-Théniers was eliminated.

Related pages
Arrondissement of Grasse
Arrondissement of Nice
List of arrondissements of France

References

Alpes-Maritimes
The arrondissement of Grasse is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-Maritimes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Grasse.

History
When the Alpes-Maritimes department was created on 1793, Grasse was part of the Var department. It became an arrondissement of the Alpes-Maritimes department in 1860.

Geography
The arrondissement of Grasse is the most southern of the Alpes-Maritimes department. It is bordered to the north by the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, to the east by the Nice arrondissement, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and to the west by the Var department.

The arrondissement of Grasse is the smallest in area of the two arrondissements of the department, , but the one with a higher population (560,045 inhabitants).

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
In the arrondissement of Grasse, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement: Nice-3 and Vence. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Grasse has 62 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aiglun (06001)
 Amirat (06002)
 Andon (06003)
 Antibes (06004)
 Auribeau-sur-Siagne (06007)
 Biot (06018)
 Bouyon (06022)
 Briançonnet (06024)
 Bézaudun-les-Alpes (06017)
 Cabris (06026)
 Cagnes-sur-Mer (06027)
 Caille (06028)
 Cannes (06029)
 Carros (06033)
 Caussols (06037)
 Châteauneuf-Grasse (06038)
 Cipières (06041)
 Collongues (06045)
 Conségudes (06047)
 Courmes (06049)
 Coursegoules (06050)
 Escragnolles (06058)
 Gars (06063)
 Gattières (06064)
 Gourdon (06068)
 Grasse (06069)
 Gréolières (06070)
 La Colle-sur-Loup (06044)
 La Gaude (06065)
 La Roquette-sur-Siagne (06108)
 Le Bar-sur-Loup (06010)
 Le Broc (06025)
 Le Cannet (06030)
 Le Mas (06081)
 Le Rouret (06112)
 Le Tignet (06140)
 Les Ferres (06061)
 Les Mujouls (06087)
 Mandelieu-la-Napoule (06079)
 Mouans-Sartoux (06084)
 Mougins (06085)
 Opio (06089)
 Peymeinade (06095)
 Pégomas (06090)
 Roquefort-les-Pins (06105)
 Roquestéron-Grasse (06107)
 Saint-Auban (06116)
 Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne (06118)
 Saint-Jeannet (06122)
Saint-Laurent-du-Var (06123)
 Saint-Paul (06128)
 Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey (06130)
 Sallagriffon (06131)
 Spéracèdes (06137)
 Séranon (06134)
 Théoule-sur-Mer (06138)
 Tourrettes-sur-Loup (06148)
 Valbonne (06152)
 Valderoure (06154)
 Vallauris (06155)
 Vence (06157)
 Villeneuve-Loubet (06161)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Alpes-Maritimes department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Grasse
The arrondissement of Nice is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-Maritimes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Nice.

History
When the Alpes-Maritimes department was created on 1793, Nice was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Nice is the most northern of the Alpes-Maritimes department. It is bordered to the northeast and east by the Piedmont region (Italy), to the southeast by the Liguria region (Italy), to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, to the southwest by the Grasse arrondissement and to the west by the Var department.

The arrondissement of Nice is the largest in area of the two arrondissements of the department, , but the one with fewer people living in it (523,267 inhabitants).

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
In the arrondissement of Nice, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement: Nice-3 and Vence. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Nice has 101 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Ascros (06005)
 Aspremont (06006)
 Auvare (06008)
 Bairols (06009)
 Beaulieu-sur-Mer (06011)
 Beausoleil (06012)
 Belvédère (06013)
 Bendejun (06014)
 Berre-les-Alpes (06015)
 Beuil (06016)
 Blausasc (06019)
 Bonson (06021)
 Breil-sur-Roya (06023)
 Cantaron (06031)
 Cap-d'Ail (06032)
 Castagniers (06034)
 Castellar (06035)
 Castillon (06036)
 Châteauneuf-Villevieille (06039)
 Châteauneuf-d'Entraunes (06040)
 Clans (06042)
 Coaraze (06043)
 Colomars (06046)
 Contes (06048)
 Cuébris (06052)
 Daluis (06053)
 Drap (06054)
 Duranus (06055)
 Entraunes (06056)
 Falicon (06060)
 Fontan (06062)
 Gilette (06066)
 Gorbio (06067)
 Guillaumes (06071)
 Ilonse (06072)
 Isola (06073)
 L'Escarène (06057)
 La Bollène-Vésubie (06020)
 La Brigue (06162)
 La Croix-sur-Roudoule (06051)
 La Penne (06093)
 La Roquette-sur-Var (06109)
 La Tour (06144)
 La Trinité (06149)
 La Turbie (06150)
 Lantosque (06074)
 Levens (06075)
 Lieuche (06076)
 Lucéram (06077)
 Malaussène (06078)
 Marie (06080)
 Massoins (06082)
 Menton (06083)
Menton (06083)
 Moulinet (06086)
 Nice (06088)
 Peille (06091)
 Peillon (06092)
 Pierlas (06096)
 Pierrefeu (06097)
 Puget-Rostang (06098)
 Puget-Théniers (06099)
 Péone (06094)
 Revest-les-Roches (06100)
 Rigaud (06101)
 Rimplas (06102)
 Roquebillière (06103)
 Roquebrune-Cap-Martin (06104)
 Roquesteron (06106)
 Roubion (06110)
 Roure (06111)
 Saint-André-de-la-Roche (06114)
 Saint-Antonin (06115)
 Saint-Blaise (06117)
 Saint-Dalmas-le-Selvage (06119)
 Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat (06121)
 Saint-Léger (06124)
 Saint-Martin-Vésubie (06127)
 Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes (06125)
 Saint-Martin-du-Var (06126)
 Saint-Sauveur-sur-Tinée (06129)
 Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée (06120)
 Sainte-Agnès (06113)
 Saorge (06132)
 Sauze (06133)
 Sigale (06135)
 Sospel (06136)
 Tende (06163)
 Thiéry (06139)
 Toudon (06141)
 Tourette-du-Château (06145)
 Tournefort (06146)
 Tourrette-Levens (06147)
 Touët-de-l'Escarène (06142)
 Touët-sur-Var (06143)
 Utelle (06151)
 Valdeblore (06153)
 Venanson (06156)
 Villars-sur-Var (06158)
Villefranche-sur-Mer (06159)
 Villeneuve-d'Entraunes (06160)
 Èze (06059)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Alpes-Maritimes department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Nice
Schenkon is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the Swiss canton of Lucerne.

Villages
 Tann
 Tannberg
 Zopfenberg
 Zollhus

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Sursee
Schlierbach is a municipality of the district Sursee of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Sursee
Sempach is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

It is the home to the Sempach Bird Observatory.

It is on Lake Sempach.

Steinibühlweiher is located above the town.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Vogelwarte Sempach 

Municipalities in Sursee
Cities in Switzerland
Sursee is a city of the Swiss canton of Lucerne. It is the capital of the district of Sursee.

It is at the northern end of Lake Sempach.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Sursee tourism 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Sursee
A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is a metal alloy that has several key characteristics. These include excellent resistance to high temperatures and corrosion or oxidation. The term was first used after World War II. They were developed for use in jet engines and gas turbines. About 75% of superalloys are used in aerospace engineering.

References 

Metals
The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 is a book by Eric Hobsbawm, published in 1994. In it, Hobsbawm comments on what he sees as the disastrous failures of state communism, capitalism, and nationalism. He is also skeptical of the progress of the arts and changes in society in the latter half of the twentieth century.

Hobsbawm calls the period from the start of World War I to the fall of the Soviet Union "the short twentieth century". This is to follow on "the long 19th century", the period from the start of the French Revolution in 1789 to the start of World War I in 1914. The Age of Extremes is the last in his series of books that include (The Age of Revolution: Europe, 1789-1848, The Age of Capital: 1848–1875, The Age of Empire: 1875–1914). In the United States, the book was published with the subtitle A History of the World, 1914–1991.

References 

1994 books
Triengen is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

History
On 1 January 2005, the former municipalities of Kulmerau and Wilihof merged into the municipality of Triengen. Since 2009, Winikon part of the municipality.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Triengen 

Municipalities in Sursee
ShelterBox is an international disaster relief charity that provides temporary shelter and life saving supplies to displaced families. ShelterBox sends a package that typically contains a tent designed to withstand extreme weather conditions. It also has a water purification kit, blankets, tools, and other things needed to help a family survive after a disaster. The contents of a ShelterBox are designed for the nature and location of the disaster.

References

Other websites 
 ShelterBox home page
Non-profit organizations of California
Charities of the United States
The Royal Château de Blois (French: "Château Royal de Blois") is a palace in France. It is in the center of the city of Blois in the Loir-et-Cher Department. It has been the home for several French kings. 

The château is made of several buildings constructed from the 13th to the 17th century around the main courtyard. It has 564 rooms and 75 staircases although only 23 were used frequently. There is a fireplace in each room.  There are 100 bedrooms.

The château is now owned by the town of Blois and is a tourist attraction.

Other websites

Official website

Palaces in France
Former royal residences
Museums in France
Blois
Winikon was a municipality of the district of Sursee in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

In 2009, it became part of the municipality of Triengen.

Former municipalities of Lucerne
Willisau is a district of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The capital is the municipality of Willisau.

It contains following municipalities:

 Alberswil
 Altbüron
 Altishofen
 Dagmersellen
 Ebersecken
 Egolzwil
 Ettiswil
 Fischbach
 Gettnau
 Grossdietwil
 Hergiswil bei Willisau
 Luthern
 Menznau
 Nebikon
 Ohmstal
 Pfaffnau
 Reiden
 Roggliswil
 Schötz
 Ufhusen
 Wauwil
 Wikon
 Willisau
 Zell
Altishofen is a municipality in Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020 the municipality of Ebersecken became part of Altishofen.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Willisau
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid or liquid containing nutrients. It is designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells, or small plants like moss.
There are different types of media for growing different types of cells.

There are a wide range of growth media used in biology. Some of the basic types are:

Undefined versus defined media: with defined media we know exactly what chemicals are in them.
Selective media: for example, a medium with an antibiotic added. The only things which grow are those resistant to the antibiotic.
Differential media: these distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same plate.
Transport media: these have just enough to let organisms survive.
Enriched media: contain extra amino acids and other building blocks. Used to harvest a wide range of organisms from a particular source.

References 

Microbiology
Laboratory equipment
Cime du Gélas () is a  high mountain on the boundary between France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region) and Italy (Province of Cuneo).

It is the highest peak of the Mercantour National Park () and of the Alpes-Maritimes department, while on the Italian side it is part of the Maritime Alps Natural Park (Parco naturale delle Alpi Marittime).

Name

The name of the mountain comes from the Occitan verb gelà that means "to freeze" because the glaciers that are in the northern side; the glaciers have reduced their sizes during the late 20th century but they are still there.

Geography
Cime du Gelàs is part of the Maritime Alps, southeast France. Geologically, it is part of the Mercantour-Argentera massif, and is mostly formed by gneiss.
The peak is composed of two smaller ones, divided by a gorge called Sella del Gelàs. The highest peak is the northern one; it is the easier to climb and has, on the top, a small wood sculpture of the Madonna and a cross on the top that was built here by order of priests from Cuneo.

History
The first recorded ascension of the peak was made on 1864 by Paolo di Saint-Robert. in 1894, Victor de Cessole was the first to climb the mountain in winter.

References

Other websites

 Cime du Gélas at Altituderando.com 

Alps
Mountains of France
Mountains of Italy
Alpes-Maritimes
Province of Cuneo
John Martin (19 July 1789 – 17 February 1854) was an English romantic painter.

Biography 
John Martin was born in Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, on 19 July 1789. He was best known as an author of historical paintings. They were mostly inspirated by the Bible and poetical works. Martin's works were usually landscapes with little drawings of people. He was a friend of the poet Edwin Atherstone. They both liked to paint scenes of mass destruction. 

After the Belgian government bought The Fall of Ninevah, the Belgian Academy made Martin a member. He also was made a Knight of the Order of Leopold by the king of Belgium.

John Martin died in Douglas, Isle of Man on 17 February 1854.

Works
Works 

(A selection)
 Christ Stilleth the Tempest 
 The Calvary
 Belshazzar's Feast (1821)
 The Destruction of Herculanum and Poempeii (1822)
 The Deluge (1826) 
 The Fall of Nineveh (1829)
 The Fallen Angels Entering Pandemonium (1841)
 The Last Man (1849)
 The Great Day of His Wrath (1851-1853)
 The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (1852)
 The Last Judgement (1853)

 References 

 Bibliography 
 William Feaver, The Art of John Martin'', Oxford 1975.

1789 births
1854 deaths
People from Northumberland
English painters
The Siagne is a short river that flows through the Var and Alpes-Maritimes departments, in southeastern France.

Geography
The Siagne river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 8.75 cubic metres per second at Pégomas, near Cannes.

Course
The Siagne starts on the south side of the Audibergue mountain, in the commune of Escragnolles, Alpes-Maritimes department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the southwest through the departments of Alpes-Maritimes and Var. For much of its length, it forms the border between the two departments.

Finally, the river flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the city of Mandelieu-la-Napoule.
The Siagne flows through 2 departments and 13 communes, in one region:
 Alpes-Maritimes department: Escragnolles, Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey, Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne, Le Tignet, Peymeinade, Mandelieu-la-Napoule, Auribeau-sur-Siagne, Pégomas, La Roquette-sur-Siagne
 Var: Mons, Callian, Montauroux, Tanneron

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Siagne river are:

Left tributaries:
 Vallon de Nans - 11 km
 Moucharonne - 14 km

Right tributaries:
 Siagnole - 19.5 km
 Biançon - 24.6 km

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Rivers of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Lorenzo Ghiberti (Florence, 1378 - 1 December 1455, Florence), born Lorenzo di Bartolo, was a sculptor, painter, and architect.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

Bibliography 
(it) Giulia Brunetti, Ghiberti, Sansoni, Florence, 1966.
(it) Pierluigi De Vecchi ed Elda Cerchiari, I tempi dell'arte, volume 2, Bompiani, Milan, 1999. 

1378 births
1455 deaths
Italian sculptors
Italian painters
Italian architects
People from Florence
The Al Nahyan (pronounced 'an-nayāān) is the ruling family of Abu Dhabi and the senior rulers of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Royal dynasties
Emirati people
György Sándor Ligeti (28 May 1923 – 12 June 2006) was a composer from Hungary. He was an important composer of avant-garde music. His music influenced many other composers. Some of his most famous works are an opera called Le Grand Macabre, a piece for orchestra called Atmosphères, a piece for choirs called Lux Aeterna, and a Requiem. Stanley Kubrick used parts of  Atmosphères, Lux Aeterna, and the Requiem for the soundtrack of his movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. Many other movies use pieces of Ligeti's music on their soundtracks.

Early life
Ligeti was born in Transylvania. His family were Hungarian Jews. His father and his brother died in the Holocaust. After World War II he studied music in Budapest at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music. He was a music teacher at the Franz Liszt Academy from 1950 to 1956. He also composed music at that time. Much of his music then was influenced by Hungarian folk music. He was also influenced by the music of Béla Bartók, another Hungarian composer.
In 1956, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary. Ligeti decided to leave Hungary. He went to Vienna in Austria. He became a citizen of Austria but he also lived in Germany and in other countries. He composed his own music and he also taught other people how to compose music. He taught music composition in Stockholm, Sweden,  at Stanford University in America, and at an important music school in Hamburg, Germany called the Hochschule für Musik und Theater. He retired from the Hamburg  music school in 1989. Then he went back to live in Vienna. After 2000 his health was not good. Ligeti died in Vienna at the age of 83.

Ligeti was married two times. His first wife was Brigitte Löw. They were married in 1949. They were divorced in 1952. His second wife was Vera Spitz. He married her in 1952. She is a psychologist. Their son Lukas, born in 1965, is a composer.
Music
Some of Ligeti's important pieces of music are:
 Artikulation, electronic music.  He composed it in 1958
 Atmosphères, music for a full orchestra. He composed it in 1961
 Aventures and Nouvelles Aventures, music for singers and a small orchestra. The music has other strange sounds. The orchestra players also smash plates, bang on furniture, and pop paper bags. He composed these pieces between 1962 and 1965.
 Requiem, music for  solo singers (a soprano and a mezzo-soprano), two choirs of men and women, and an orchestra with many percussion instruments. He composed it in 1965.
 Lux Aeterna, music for a choir of 16 men and women. He composed it in 1966.
 Magyar Etüdök, music for a choir of 16 men and women.  The words are from Hungarian poems. He composed it in 1966.
 Continuum, music for harpsichord. He composed it in 1968,
 Le Grand Macabre, an opera. It was performed for the first time in Stockholm in 1978. It has been performed in many other countries. He made big changes to the opera in 1997.
Hamburg Concerto, a concerto  for a solo horn and a small orchestra with four more horns. It has six parts. He composed it in 1999
References

1923 births
2006 deaths
20th-century composers
21st-century composers
Hungarian composers
Geo is a microformat for marking up WSG84 geographical coordinates in (X)HTML.

Geo allows parsing tools to extract a location. The location can then be used in another website or mapping tool. It can also input into a GPS.

Internet
Geocodes
Njáls saga or "The Story of Burnt Njáll") is a thirteenth-century Icelandic saga which describes events between 960 and 1020. It's theme is Christianity - with the Althing one man one night ponder decision for Iceland's Constitutional Conversion to the New Christian Creed in 1000 AD - and also with the natural "Christian", Old Njal, a good and decent owner who has bad pagan Chlidren, innocent and accepting dying a protomartyr's death for goodness in his perpretrated burning wood-house.

The principal characters are the friends Njáll Þorgeirsson, a lawyer and a sage, and Gunnar Hámundarson, a formidable warrior. Gunnar's wife starts a feud. This leads to the death of many characters over several decades. The central event is the killing of Njál by fire.
The saga deals with blood feuds in the Icelandic peoples. It shows how honor could lead to minor events spiralling into destructive and prolonged bloodshed. There are insults where a character's manhood is called into question. Another characteristic of the narrative is the presence of omens and prophetic dreams. This might reflect a fatalistic outlook on the part of the author.

A key feature of the writing is the valedictory, which is a farewell statement. Just before death, the character speaks his last.

The work is anonymous, and there is speculation about the author's identity. The major events of the saga are probably historical. The material was shaped by the author, drawing on oral tradition, according to his artistic needs. Njáls saga is the longest and most highly developed of the sagas of the Icelanders. It is often considered the peak of the saga tradition.

References 

Icelandic sagas
13th-century works
The World Geodetic System (WGS) is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS.

It comprises a standard coordinate system for the Earth, a standard for raw altitude data, and a geoid that defines the nominal sea level. The latest revision is WGS 84.

Geocodes
Geodesy
The GfK Entertainment charts are the official music charts in Germany.

The charts are gathered and published by GfK Entertainment GmbH (formerly Media Control GfK International GmbH). GfK is an abbreviation  for "Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung". GfK provides weekly top 100 lists.

Record charts
Prometheus Global Media is a New York City-based media company.

The company owns and operates a number of major entertainment publications and their associated digital properties. These include Adweek, Backstage, Billboard, Film Journal International, and The Hollywood Reporter.

Publishing companies of the United States
2009 establishments in New York (state)
Companies based in New York City
When writing data to the disk, the data needs to be written to a certain position on the disk. This is done by a component called disk read/write head.

Computing
Dagmersellen is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2006, the former municipalities of Buchs and Uffikon merged into the municipality of Dagmersellen.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Willisau
Buchs is a former municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Buchs and Uffikon merged into the municipality of Dagmersellen.

Former municipalities of Lucerne
Villages in Lucerne
Uffikon was a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Buchs and Uffikon merged into the municipality of Dagmersellen.

Villages in Lucerne
Former municipalities of Lucerne
Ebersecken was a municipality in Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, Ebersecken became part of Altishofen.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Lucerne
Thomas Kyd (1558-1594) was an English playwright.

Kyd is the author of The Spanish Tragedy. It was the most popular play of the time and many playwrights imitated it. A character in The Spanish Tragedy likely influenced Shakespeare when writing Hamlet. Kyd was one of the first users of blank verse in English literature.
"extraordinary dramatic (if not poetic) genius".

References

Other websites
 Full text of The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd

1558 births
1616 deaths
English playwrights
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large-scale physics observatory which detects cosmic gravitational waves co-founded by Scottish physicist Ronald Drever. They were first funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and were conceived, built and are operated by Caltech and MIT. 
The NSF has funded improvements for LIGO to increase sensitivity, which allowed them to make the first detection of gravitational waves. LIGO is the largest and most ambitious project ever funded by the NSF.
LIGO is an interferometer. It fires a laser beam and splits it into two laser beams. Mirrors bounce them back towards a light detector and merge them. Normally, the two laser beams should cancel each other, so the light does not reach the detector, but any changes in space-time caused by gravity waves can change the laser beams, so that they don't cancel out fully. When this happens, the light detector will see some of the laser light, which it can then use to work out the size of the space-time distortion.

References

Other websites 
 Physicists Announce the Detection of Gravitational Waves; YouTube
 LIGO Gravitational Wave Observatory; YouTube

Physics
Emma Lazarus (22 July 1849 - 19 November 1887) was an American poet and playwright of Jewish origin.

Lazarus was one of seven children of Moses and Esther Nathan Lazarus. Her father's family came from Portugal. She became interested in Jewish tradition after reading Daniel Deronda by George Eliot. She never married, although she was considered a pretty woman. Emma Lazarus died of Hodgkin's lymphoma. 

Lazarus wrote many lyric poems. She used classic forms like rhyme royal and ottava rima (in the cycle named Epochs). She was especially good at writing sonnets. Her best known work is the sonnet The New Colossus. It was placed at The Statue of Liberty in New York. She also translated into English poems by romantic German poet Henrich Heine. As a journalist she always protested against any kind of discrimination.

References

Bibliography 
 Bette Roth Young, Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters. With a Foreword by Francine Klagsburn, The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 1995.
Other websites
 The Poems of Emma Lazarus,        Vol. I.
 ''The Poems of Emma Lazarus,        Vol. II.
 ''Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine. Translated by Emma Lazarus.  

1849 births
1887 deaths
Deaths from Hodgkin's lymphoma
American poets
American playwrights
American Jews
Algonquin Provincial Park is a provincial park in Canada. It is the oldest provincial park in the province of Ontario, opened in 1893. It is very large at 7,653 square kilometres (2,955 square miles), and is the third largest provincial park in Ontario after Polar Bear and Wabakimi. The park contains many streams, lakes, rivers, and other water sources. Its forests are a mix of deciduous and coniferous. The variety of environments in the park makes it home to many species of plants and animals, and it is an important park for wildlife research. It is a very popular park with campers because of its size and how close it is to large cities such as Toronto and Ottawa.

In 1992 Algonquin Park became a National Historic Site of Canada.
History 
Algonquin Park started as a logging area, where people would come to cut down trees. A group of loggers wanted to make the area a park because of how beautiful it was and to protect the animals that lived there. In 1892 a request was made by five members of the government asking for a park to be opened on the land. The next year in 1893 the park was officially made. It was the first provincial park in Ontario, but when it was opened it was called a national park. It was changed to a provincial park in 1913.

In 1896 a railway was built on the park. In 1898 cottages, lodges and camps started being sold to tourists, and in 1908 the first hotel in the park was built. The hotel was very popular. After that hotel opened others started being built.
Activities 
The park is a very popular place for outdoor activities all year. Many people camp in campgrounds on the park. Fishing, hiking, horse riding and canoeing are other popular things to do. In winter people skate on the lakes, and the park opens their own skating rink.

There is also a museum, called the Algonquin Logging Museum, on the park. This museum tells people about the history of the park as well as the logging that happens today. There is a book store, exhibits with information about the park and a remade version of a logging camp from the late 1800s.

References 

Parks in Canada
Geography of Ontario
1893 establishments in North America
1890s establishments in Canada