Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Sri Lankan Tamils (Tamil: இலங்கை தமிழர், ilankai tamiḻar or ஈழத் தமிழர், īḻat tamiḻar), also known as Ceylon Tamils or Eelam Tamils, are Tamils from the South Asian island country of Sri Lanka. Most Sri Lankan Tamils are living in the Northern Province and Eastern Province.

References 

Sri Lankan people
Tamil people
Meltek Sato Kilman Livtuvanu (born 30 December 1957) is a Vanuatuan politician. He was the Prime Minister of Vanuatu,  from 4 September 2023 to 6 October 2023.  Kilman was previously Prime Minister from December 2010 to April 2011 and from May to June 2011, though his premiership was subsequently annulled by a court of law, and again from June 2015 to February 2016.

References

1957 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Vanuatu
Sri Lankan Moors are the third largest group in Sri Lanka. They are 9.23% of the population. Almost all of them follow Islam and speak Tamil as their mother tongue. They are thought to be from Arab traders who came to Sri Lanka between the 700 and 1400. Many Arabic words are mixed in their dialect, the way they talk.

References 

Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka
Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are Tamil people from India living in Sri Lanka. They are also known as Malayaga Tamilar, Hill Country Tamils, Up-Country Tamils or Indian Tamils. They come from the workers sent from Southern India to Sri Lanka in the 19th and 20th centuries to work in coffee, tea and rubber plantations by British people. Some also came to Sri Lanka on their own as business people. These Tamil people mostly live in the middle part of Sri Lanka, also known as the Malayakam or Hill Country and in the Northern Province. Most Indian Tamil people who are living in Hill Country are children from the lower working castes of South India.

References 

Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan English (SLE) is the English language dialect, or different type of English that is used in Sri Lanka. Not many people like Sri Lankan English being called a dialect of English. English in Sri Lanka is used by one quarter of Sri Lanka's population. Sri Lankan English is the mother-tongue language for 5,000 people.

Sri Lankan words in English 
Some English words are taken from Sinhalese. A list of these words is in: A Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon in the East Indies. The words are about flora, different types of plants, and fauna, different types of animals:

 anaconda
 betel
 rattan
 wanderoo

References

Dialects of English
An anaconda is a large, non-venomous snake found in tropical South America.

Anaconda may also refer to:

 "Anaconda" (song), a 2014 song by Nicki Minaj
 Anaconda (movie), a 1997 American horror movie
 Anaconda (installer), an installer program for the Red Hat Linux and Fedora operating systems
 Anaconda Plan, an strategy for controlling the South in the American Civil War
 Anaconda, British Columbia, a ghost town in Canada
 Anaconda, Missouri, an unincorporated community in the US
 Anaconda, Montana, a small community in the US
 Anaconda, New Mexico, a mining community in the US
The Burghers are a mixed small group of Eurasian people in Sri Lanka created by the mixed marriage of local women with Portuguese, Italian , British and other European men who came to Sri Lanka. Most of the Burghers are found in Sri Lanka. Today, even though their mother tongue is English or other European languages, they also speak many local languages. Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole is one of the most common languages they speak.

References 

Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Malays are the Malay or southeast Asian people living in Sri Lanka. They are Sri Lankan citizens from Indonesia, Malaysia, or Singapore. Also people from Brunei and the Philippines are called Malays in Sri Lanka. The 2011 Census said that the population of Sri Lankan Malays is 40,000 people. They came to Sri Lanka during 1796-1948 when both countries came to control of the British Empire.

References 

Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka
Chinese people in Sri Lanka or Sri Lankan Chinese (; ), are Sri Lankan citizens who came from China and are born or living in Sri Lanka. Most Sri Lankan Chinese people are Hakka and Cantonese people from the southern sea areas of China. Others are Han people from Hubei and Shandong who came to Sri Lanka in 1600-1800.

It is common for Sri Lankan Chinese people to marry Sinhalese people so many have a little bit of Sinhalese ancestry.Approximately 80% of Sri Lankan Chinese live in Colombo, the capital city.

References 

Ethnic groups in Sri Lanka
Theravada Buddhism is the main, or official religion in Sri Lanka. Based on the 2012 Census, 14,222,844, or 70.2% of people practice Buddhism. People who practice Sri Lankan Buddhism is mostly the Sinhalese population.

Sri Lanka Constitution Article 9 says that Buddhism is the main religion in Sri Lanka. This is because people who practice it wanted Buddhism to have a high position like before colonisation. Buddhism has been inside Sri Lanka for thousands of years.

References 

Sri Lankan culture
Buddhism
Islam is practiced by 9.7% of people in Sri Lanka . Based on the 2012 census, 1,967,227 people practice Islam. The Muslim community consists of four groups which are Sri Lankan Moors, Indian Muslim and Malay people. Each group has its own culture, their way of living and praying. Most Sri Lankan Muslim people talk in Tamil language.

References
Christianity is a small religion in Sri Lanka. People think that Christianity came to Sri Lanka, which is close to India, when Christianity came to India in 52 AD.  Christian traders came to in Sri Lanka in 500AD and created a church. Roman Catholicism came to Sri Lanka by the Portuguese in 1505. People were converted by the Dutch people in the 17th century. Christians increased by 10% of the population. This number has fallen after Dutch people left. Christians in Sri Lanka are from Tamil, Sinhalese and Parangi groups.

References

Sri Lankan culture
The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (, ) is the constitution of Sri Lanka after its first public use by National State Assembly of Sri Lanka since 7 September 1978. It has been properly changed 21 times.

It is Sri Lanka's second constitution since turning into a Republic and third constitution since independence from the United Kingdom.

References
The G4 countries are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. They want each other to get Permanent Seats in the United Nations Security Council. Their economic and political influence has increased in the past 10 years similar to the current Permanent members. But the G4 is not liked by the Uniting for Consensus group who are against the G4 countries getting a UN permanent seat.

Comparison

Opinions

Support 
The United Kingdom and France have supported the G4 wish for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. Japan has got support from the United States and the United Kingdom.

Against 
China is against Japan, and North Korea, Russia and South Korea think that Japan has to make very serious changes and apologise for war crimes they had done during World War II.

References

Articles containing Japanese-language text
Articles containing Hindi-language text
Articles containing German-language text
Articles containing Portuguese-language text
Uniting for Consensus (UfC), also known as the Coffee Club, is a group that was created in the 1990s against the possible expansion of Permanent Seats in the United Nations Security Council. Italy started this group with help from Canada and Pakistan and wanted to be against giving the permanent seats wanted by the G4 countries (Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan). The UfC wants a consensus, or agreement before any decision is formed on the United Nation Security Council.

Comparison 

Spain is not part of the Uniting for Consensus group but was permanently invited.

References
Robert Hale (August 22, 1938 – August 23, 2023) was an American opera singer and a bass-baritone, who at first spent a decade as a leading baritone at the New York City Opera. With Beverly Sills, he mostly performed in Mozart operas and in the revival of belcanto opera such as Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

He then shifted to more difficult roles, performing the title role of Wagner's Der fliegende Holländer first in 1978 at the Opernhaus Wuppertal, Germany. After his success there, people wanted him to perform the role at leading opera houses in Europe and the United States. He went further and tackled the role of Wotan in Wagner's Ring cycle, which he first performed in Wiesbaden in 1984, then at the Deutsche Oper Berlin in 1986. It became his signature role, performed and recorded worldwide, and he regarded the Berlin company as his artistic home for almost two decades. He died on August 23, 2023, a day after his 85th birthday.

1938 births
2023 deaths
American opera singers
The 2000 Sri Lanka cyclone (IMD designation: BOB 06 JTWC designation: 04B) was the strongest tropical cyclone to hit Sri Lanka since 1978. It is the fourth tropical storm and the second very dangerous storm in the 2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It formed from an area of disturbed weather in the Bay of Bengal on December 25, 2000. It moved west, and quickly became very strong under conditions that were liked by the cyclone. It got to a top wind speed of . The cyclone hit east Sri Lanka at the highest strength, then became weak slightly while crossing the island. It ended in on 28 December. The storm closed into a low stage later, before  joining with a trough on the next day.

References

2000 in Asia
Tropical cyclones in Asia
The Ministry of Education (; ) is a ministry, or a high-level part of the Government of Sri Lanka that directs the creation and use of rules related to primary, secondary, and higher education in Sri Lanka.

References

Articles containing Tamil-language text
Articles containing Sinhala-language text
An education ministry is a national or part of the government that directs education in a country. Many other names are commonly used to name these types of ministries, such as Ministry of Education, Department of Education, and Ministry of Public Education, and the leader of this type of group can be a minister of education or secretary of education. These groups take care of problems in educating children in a country like the quality of schools.

References

Ministries
Education
The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organization with seven member countries in South Asia and South East Asia. The member countries of this organization are Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Nepal and Bhutan. All these are countries are around the Bay of Bengal.

Lead 
Each country leads the organization for two in alphabetical order. It started with Bangladesh in 1997-1999.

Member countries

References
Les' Copaque Production Sdn Bhd is a 3-dimensional animation creation organization with MSC status based in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 
Les Copaque not only works in the field of animation but even becomes a full-fledged production organization which also involves idea submission, sound recordings and post-publishing that are included with the animation work.

This studio involves a lot of workforce from young talents.

History
Les' Copaque was founded by Haji Burhanuddin Md Radzi and Hajah Ainon Ariff as publishers.
They named their studio for a Malay language network "last kopek" which means "last chance" and changed the spelling to look like French. 
Les Copaque's logo is a little frog named Si Polan. 
This symbol was born from the Malay proverb like a frog under a shell, which means someone with broad insight, ignorance, and a person whose vision is not broad, the breadth is like a shell.
and succeeded in earning an income from the cinema of around RM 6.3 million, making it among the Malaysian films that achieved the highest citation in history. 
Nizam and Safwan who created the characters Upin and Ipin have left Les' Copaque and have opened a new animation company called Animonsta Studios where they are working on a new animation called BoBoiBoy. Even so, Les' Copaque still publishes the animated series Upin & Ipin.

Filmography

Full-screen films
Geng: The Adventure Begins(2009)
Upin & Ipin: The Lone Gibbon Kris (2019)

TV series
Upin & Ipin (2007–present) 
Upin & Ipin Iqra 
Upin & Ipin: The Helping Heroes 
Pada Zaman Dahulu
Puteri
DaDuDiDo
Ingat!

References

Selangor
Animation studios in Asia
FC Libertas Wien (Latin for freedom) was an Austrian football club from Ottakring, a district of Vienna. From 1932 to 1937 he played for a total of five seasons in the first division.

History
Libertas was founded in 1914 by some high school students. Among them were Josef Gerö, later ÖFB President, UEFA Vice President and Minister of Justice, and Karl Zankl, later WFV President. The rapid-enthusiastic students chose green and white as the colors of their club. The club played  in the lower Viennese leagues for several years. A brief merger in 1922 with the Josefstädter Sportfreunde broke up, until 1928 the club did not get beyond the third class. Nevertheless, the club produced two later internationally very successful players in Josef Horejs and Walter Nausch, who were able to win the Mitropapokal with Sparta Prague and FK Austria Wien.
In 1927 the club merged with the second-rate SC International Vienna to form the International Libertas. The  club appeared as FC Libertas Vienna from the following season in 1928/29. They reached the 2nd division championship in 1931/32 and were promoted to the 1st division. The first game in Austria's highest division took place in front of 16,000 spectators on 27 August  1932 against Rapid and ended 0-0. Libertas played the first few years against relegation. Since the Libertas sports field was too small for the 1st league, the club first played at Dornbacher Sport-Club-Platz and later at  Wacker Wien Schönbrunner Platz.
The 1934/35 season was the highlight of the club's history, and the club finished fifth behind Rapid, Vienna, Admira and Wacker. In 1936  the club was able to reach to the semi-finals of the ÖFB Cup. In 1937, due to the reduction of the league to ten clubs, the club was relegated. The outbreak of the Second World War meant that the Libertas merged with the district rivals SC Red Star Vienna in 1941 in order to be able to guarantee further game operations. This ended the history of the only Ottakringer first division club since there was no reactivation after the end of the war.

Famous players

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Vienna
Defunct football clubs
"What'd I Say" is a 1959 song by Ray Charles and is the title track to his fifth studio album What'd I Say. It was one of his first soul tracks and broke into mainstream pop music with this track. It has been covered by Jerry Lee Lewis, Cliff Richard and Elvis Presley as a B-side to his hit single Viva Las Vegas.

References

1959 songs
Soul songs
Jazz songs
Ray Charles songs
Jerry Lee Lewis songs
Johnny Cash songs
The Ronettes songs
Elvis Presley songs
Eddie Cochran songs
Eric Clapton songs
Roy Orbison songs
The Crickets songs
Ludwig Brousek (20 March 1908 – 14 August   1974) was an Austrian football player. He played mainly for FC Libertas Wien. He also played one match for the Austrian national football team.

Career
Ludwig Brousek began his career with the first division club SpC Rudolfshügel. After the club played in the VAFÖ, he moved to SC Altmannsdorf in the second division. After one season he went to  BAC . They were promoted to the 1st league without losing a single game. Because they were relegated in the following season he went to  FC Libertas Vienna-

With Libertas, Ludwig Brousek found a club with which he could play in the first division for a long time and also got along well with his right wing partner Josef Lebeda. They played together with club colleague Rudolf Schlauf in the international match on 6 October  1935 against Poland in Warsaw. Ludwig Brousek stayed with the club in the highest Austrian league until 1937. In early 1938 he moved to SV Wienerberg, where he played  until 1944.

References
References

1908 births
1974 deaths
Austrian footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
Puerto Rico uses electoral districts () for elections to both houses of the Legislative Assembly: the House of Representatives (the lower house) and the Senate (the upper house).

Puerto Rico also has an at-large congressional district that elects a Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives, though the Resident Commissioner is a non-voting delegate.

Congress

House of Representatives
 Puerto Rico's at-large congressional district

Legislative Assembly

House of Representatives

Senate

References
The House of Representatives of Puerto Rico has 40 single-memref representative districts (). They elect 40 of the 51 members of the House of Representatives, with the other 11 being elected at-large.

The boundaries of each district are changed every 10 years.

List

References

Representative
The Senate of Puerto Rico has eight senatorial districts (). They elect 16 of the 27 Senators (with the others being elected at-large.

List

References
Puerto Rico Senatorial district I is a senatorial district of Puerto Rico.

Election results

References

1
Puerto Rico Senatorial district II is a senatorial district of Puerto Rico.

Election results

References

2
Puerto Rico Senatorial district III is a senatorial district of Puerto Rico.

Election results

References

3
Pentti Vikström is an archer from Finland. He was born on 9 December 1951. Vikström competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

References 

1951 births
Living people
Finnish archers
Finnish Olympians
Puerto Rico Senatorial district IV is a senatorial district of Puerto Rico.

Election results

References

4
Puerto Rico Senatorial district V is a senatorial district of Puerto Rico.

Election results

References

5
Virginie Arnold is a Frenche archer. She was born on 24 December 1979. Arnold competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

References 

1979 births
Living people
French archers
French Olympians
Sportspeople  from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
People from Landes
Puerto Rico Senatorial district VI is a senatorial district of Puerto Rico.

Election results

References

6
Puerto Rico Senatorial district VII is a senatorial district of Puerto Rico.

Election results

References

7
Puerto Rico Senatorial district VIII is a senatorial district of Puerto Rico.

Election results

References

8
Charles Aubras was an archer from France. Aubras competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

References 

French archers
French Olympians
Lisa Barbelin is an archer from France. She was born on 10 April 2000. Barbelin competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

References 

2000 births
Living people
French archers
French Olympians
People from Moselle
Sportspeople from Grand Est
Marie-Josée Bazin is an archer from France. She was born on 3 May 1952. Bazin competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

References 

1952 births
Living people
French archers
French Olympians
Sportspeople from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
People from Avignon
The mata mata (Chelus fimbriata), also known as the matamata, is a type of freshwater turtle that lives in South America. It is one of two species in the genus Chelus, the other being Chelus orinocensis.

Description 
The mata mata is a large turtle with a flat head that is shaped like a triangle. It has many tubercles. The shell looks like a piece of bark, and its head looks like a leaf.

As pets 
Mata mata turtles can be kept as pets. Mata matas, however, are not active hunters and like the alligator snapping turtle, they need less space than a large, active species.

Related pages 

 Chelus orinocensis
 Desert tortoise

References 

 Giant fossil matamata turtles (matamatas part V) Archived 2011-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, Tetrapod Zoology
 Matamata, Chelus fimbriatus, California Turtle & Tortoise Club

Other websites 

 Mata mata on English Wikipedia

IUCN Red List least concern species
Turtles
Reptiles of South America
Animals of South America
"Arms Around You" is a song by American rappers XXXTentacion and Lil Pump. The song was released on October 25, 2018. Columbian singer Maluma and American rapper Swae Lee also appear on the song. The song was produced by American electronic dance music producer Skrillex.

The song was able to make it to #9 on the Rhythmic, #16 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. It was also certified 3× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

The original version of the song was made in 2017 for X's second studio album ?. After X was murdered, his label took the song and added features onto it. X's mother was asked by Lil Pump if he could join the song so he could "honor his legacy". Skrillex first teased the song in a tweet but later deleted it.

The song is about wanting to hold close and protect the one that you love.

References

Other websites

2018 songs
XXXTentacion songs
Swae Lee songs
Dancehall songs
Electronic dance music songs
Hip hop songs
Apulia is a constituency of Italy. It represents the Apulia region. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
Basilicata is a constituency of Italy. It represents the Basilicata region. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
Calabria is a constituency of Italy. It represents the Calabria region. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
Emilia-Romagna is a constituency of Italy. It represents the Emilia-Romagna region. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
Liguria is a constituency of Italy. It represents the Liguria region. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
Marche is a constituency of Italy. It represents the Marche region. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
Molise is a constituency of Italy. It represents the Molise region. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
Sardinia (, ) is a constituency of Italy. It represents the region and island of Sardinia. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol is a constituency of Italy. It represents the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

Source: Ministry of the Interior 

PR vote in Trentino

PR vote in South Tyrol

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
Tuscany () is a constituency of Italy. It represents the Tuscany region. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
Umbria is a constituency of Italy. It represents the Umbria region. It was created in 1993.

Members

Election results

References

Chamber of Deputies constituencies in Italy
"Man of Steel" is a 1984 song by country singer Hank Williams Jr. and is the title track from his 36th studio album Man of Steel. It went to number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country songs chart and number 4 on Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart. The shorter version appears on his greatest hits album Hank Williams Jr.'s Greatest Hits, Vol. 2.

References

1984 songs
Hank Williams Jr. songs
Elton Mulenga (born November 29, 1994), who goes by the stage name Yo Maps, is a singer, songwriter, and music producer from Zambia. He started getting interested in music back in 2008 when he was still in high school at Chibombo. Then, in 2016, he made his first song called 'Njikata Kuboko.' But what really made him famous was a song he released in 2018 called 'Finally,' where he collaborated with another artist named Macky 2.

In his personal life, on April 23, 2022, Mulenga got married to someone named Kidist Kifle, and they have a daughter named Tendai.

Awards and nominations

References

Living people
1994 births
Musicians by nationality
Mulaza Kaira (born 10 October 1984), also known as Macky II, is a Zambian musician who makes hip hop music. He's also called Macky 2, MK Macky 2, DJ Bugar, and Flava Boy. He became famous when he took part in a TV show called Big Brother Africa and came in third place. He's from Chingola, Zambia, and he started a charity called the Macky 2 Hope Foundation to help kids who don't have parents.

Macky II got interested in music when he was a kid, after going to church. In 2011, he released an album called "Ndimupondo" in Lusaka. Two songs from that album, "I am The President" and "Number 1 Fan," were played on the radio and people liked them. He won an award in 2013 for his album called "Legendary."

References 

Living people
1984 births
Musicians by nationality
The 2023–24 Premier League is the 32nd season of the Premier League and the 125th season of top-level English football. The league announced the matches on 15th June 2023 at 09:00 BST. Manchester City has won the championship three times in a row and could be the first men's team to win four times in a row in English football history. 

The summer transfer window opened on 14th June 2023 and closed at 23:00 BST on 1st September 2023. The winter transfer window will open on 1st January 2024 and close at 23:00 GMT on 1st February 2024. The league will have a winter break between 14th and 30th January 2024, during which no Premier League games will be played.

League table

Results

References 

Premier League seasons
2023 in association football
2024 in association football
2023 in European sport
2024 in European sport
2023 in the United Kingdom
2024 in the United Kingdom
"Run It Back!" is a song by American rappers Craig Xen and XXXTentacion. The song was released on June 11, 2019.

The song was released on almost the one-year anniversary of XXXTentacion's murder. Xen describes X's verses as the final parts of his "half-blonde" era. During that era, X's songs were more violent and hardcore.

Xen said that the song was an "important piece to the culture because a lot of the new fans either don’t know about the roots of his sound or haven’t gotten into the older works".

In the song, Xen and XXXTentacion raps about the things they have and all the money they have. They also rap about hurting and killing the people who talk bad about them or their crew.
A music video for the song was released. It was directed by JMP. In the video, a man looks in the mirror and carries a gun out of his house. He enters a car filled with Xen and a crew. They all put on balaclavas and drive around the hood. They enter a auto parts shop and rob the people at gunpoint. The video goes ahead a few decades and an older Xen is telling a story to children outside of XXXTentacion's mausoleum.

References

Other websites

2019 songs
XXXTentacion songs
Hip hop songs
An odalisque (, ) was a chambermaid or a female attendant in a Turkish seraglio, particularly the court ladies in the household of the Ottoman sultan.

In orientalist art 
In western usage, the term came to mean the harem concubine. They were often shown in paintings.

They started a genre. In these pictures, a woman is shown  mostly or completely nude in a reclining position, often in the setting of a harem.

Original usage of the term 
In the original usage of the term, an odalisque was at the lower social levels of a harem. Odalıklar  did not serve the master of the harem. They served his wives and concubines as a chambermaid. Usually, odalikar were slaves, that were given to the Sultan by wealthy Turkish men. Most of the time, they were slaves from Georgia, or Circassia.

Generally, an odalık was never seen by the sultan but instead remained under the direct supervision of his mother, the Valide sultan.
If an odalık was very beautiful  or had exceptional talents in dancing or singing, she would be trained as a possible concubine. If selected, an odalık trained as a court lady and would serve the sultan sexually. Only after such sexual contact would she change in status, becoming one of the consorts of the sultan.

Note that the contacts between the sultan, his sons, and the girls and women of the harem were strictly regulated. Most members of the harem had to lead a life of sexual abstinence. In that way, a harem was more like a monastery. 

Culture
Ottoman Empire
Umm al-walad () was a title given to a slave-concubine who had given birth to her master's child.Since this concubine was the property of her master, she could be sold or given away, like any other slave. This was also the view of Muhammad. Umar had a different view: When he was caliph, he made a policy that prohibited owners from selling or gifting their umm al-walads. Also, when her owner died, the Umm-al-walad would be freed. Ali, who was Umar's cousin, and later a caliph, opposed this ruling. He said it was different from what Muhammad had said.

Shiism took Ali's view. It also introduced temporary marriages. Sunni Muslims take Umar's view.

As the child is a child of her owner, the child is considered freeborn, and legitimate. In 740, Zayd ibn Ali tried to overthrow the caliphate. This marked a turning point for caliphs with slave mothers. In 744, Yazid III was the first Umayyad caliph with a slave mother.The last three Umayyad caliphs, and most Abbasid caliphs had slave mothers.
If a slave had a child, and the slave owner did not say it legitimate, the slave was faced with zina charges. The usual penalty for zina is stoning.

Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
Vedaranyam is in the Vedaranyam assembly constituency which selects a person to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years. It is a part of the Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency) which selects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. The town is ruled by the Vedaranyam municipality, which rules an area of . The town had a population of 34,266 people in 2011. Vedaranyam was a part of Thanjavur District up to 1991. The town is a part of the Cauvery delta region which is very good for farming. Most people work to raise prawn and finding salt inside the sea. Roads are the most used way of movement to Vedaranyam. The nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli Airport and it is  from the town. On 17 November 2018 Vedaranyam was was badly hurt by cyclone Gaja.
Origin of word 
Vetharanyam is named after Vedaranyeswarar, the main deity, or god of the Vedaranyeswarar Temple. It is a Hindu temple that was created for Shiva. The place was also known as "Tirumaraikadu", this means that the oldest Hindu writing, or Vedas came from. The Saiva music work Tevaram by Appar and Tirugnanasambandar names the place as "Tirumaraikadu". Hindu writing says the Vedas practiced Shiva in this place and gave the name "Vedaranyam" to the place.

References 

CS1 errors: missing periodical
Harv and Sfn no-target errors
Coordinates on Wikidata
Towns in Tamil Nadu
Nagapattinam district
"Rush Rush" is a song by American singer and dancer Paula Abdul, taken from her second studio album, Spellbound (1991). It was released on April 24, 1991, by Virgin Records as the lead single from the album. It was a style departure for Adbul as her previous songs had been dance-pop, new jack swing and R&B heavy and "Rush Rush" is a ballad, her first one to be released as single.

Track listings and formats

7-inch and cassette single
 "Rush Rush" (7-inch edit) – 4:19
 "Rush Rush" (dub mix) – 5:56

12-inch single
A1. "Rush Rush" (dub mix) – 5:56
B1. "Rush Rush" (album version) – 4:56 
B2. "Rush Rush" (7-inch edit) – 4:19

CD single
 "Rush Rush" (7-inch edit) – 4:19
 "Rush Rush" (album version) – 4:56
 "Rush Rush" (dub edit) – 5:56

Japanese mini-CD single
 "Rush Rush" – 4:20
 "Rush Rush" (dub mix) – 5:59

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications

Release history
Release history

Cover versions
 Eliana recorded the song for her album "Primavera" with the title "Como um Beijo em Noite de Luar" ("Like a Kiss on a Moonlight Night"). It was released as a single.
 Hong Kong singer Cass Phang (彭羚) recorded a Cantonese version "彷彿是初戀" (As If It's My First Love) released in 1992.
 MYMP covered the song on their 2008 album Now.
 Nicki Minaj used the strings piece from "Rush, Rush" in her song "Grand Piano".
 Tyra B interpolates the hook of the song in her 2007 song "Givin' Me a Rush".

See also
 List of European number-one airplay songs of the 1990s

References

1991 songs
Paula Abdul songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one songs
Pop songs
Pop ballads
R&B songs
R&B ballads
"The Promise of a New Day" is a song recorded by American singer and dancer Paula Abdul. Released as a single from her second studio album, Spellbound (1991). The song was written by Paula Abdul, Peter Lord and V. Jeffrey Smith. It became Abdul's sixth and final number-one hit on the US Billboard Hot 100.

Track listings

 US 7-inch and cassette single
 Canadian cassette single
 Australian 7-inch single
 Japanese mini-CD single
 "The Promise of a New Day" (7-inch edit) – 4:13
 "The Promise of a New Day" (West Coast 12-inch) – 5:35

 UK 7-inch and cassette single
A. "The Promise of a New Day" (7-inch edit) – 4:13
B. "The Promise of a New Day" (West Coast 7-inch edit) – 3:55

 UK and Australian 12-inch single
 UK CD single
 "The Promise of a New Day" (7-inch edit) – 4:13
 "The Promise of a New Day" (West Coast 12-inch) – 5:35
 "The Promise of a New Day" (extended club version) – 6:50
UK limited-edition 12-inch single
A1. "The Promise of a New Day" (West Coast 12-inch) – 5:35
B1. "The Promise of a New Day" (extended club version) – 6:50
B2. "The Promise of a New Day" (album version) – 4:32

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

1991 songs
Paula Abdul songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Dance-pop songs
New jack swing songs
R&B songs
The Cabinet of Sri Lanka is the Council of Ministers. It is part of the Government of Sri Lanka.  The President selects the people inside the Cabinet. The Cabinet meets a few times a week to talk about important issues in the government. 

The current cabinet is the Wickremesinghe cabinet, which has 15 members from August 2020. There are also 38 state ministers who are not part of the cabinet.

References
Bathala is a small Maldivian resort island in the Ari Atoll group. Tourists, or visitors to Maldives can come to this island for a short time. It is shaped like an oval and is approximately 150 m long and 300 m wide.

References

Coordinates on Wikidata
Before Islam started, there was slavery. Muhammad and his successors used slaves, and did not change slavery much. They also used slaves as concubines.

The work that slaves did, and the trading of slaves was important in Islamic society. In the 19th century, under the influence of colonialism, slavery was gradually abolished. Despite this, there are some conditions resembling slavery which continue to exist in some predominantly Muslim countries.

With the abolition of slavery, all Muslim countries have signed documents abolishing it. Some jihadist organizations continue to practice it, though.

Slavery
Islam
"Big Dreams in a Small Town" is a 1989 song by American country band Restless Heart and is the title track to their third studio album Big Dreams in a Small Town. It went to number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and number 5 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks charts.

References

1989 songs
Country songs
Restless Heart songs
The flag of Northern Province is the flag of the Northern Provincial Council, which is one of the nine provincial councils of Sri Lanka. It was first used on 22 May 2007.

The flag of Eastern Province is used for the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka since 22 May 2007.

History 

Provincial Councils were created in Sri Lanka because of an agreement between India and Sri Lanka. The Northern Province and the Eastern Province, which has mostly Tamil-speaking people, were joined together to form a Provincial Council called the North Eastern Provincial Council and it had a flag. In 2007, a Sri Lankan court said that the North and Eastern Province should be separate, so the Northern Provincial Council and the Eastern Provincial Council became two different Provincial Councils.

In 2007, two flags were created for the Northern Provincial Council and the Eastern Provincial Council. They were first used at a ceremony at Chief Secretariat in May 2007 in Trincomalee.

References

Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Trincomalee railway station is a railway station in Trincomalee in eastern Sri Lanka. It is owned by Sri Lanka Railways, the state-owned railway operator. The station is where the Trincomalee Line ends. This line connects Trincomalee District with the capital Colombo.

References 

Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing Sinhala-language text
Articles containing Tamil-language text
Pinkicha Vijay Aso! is an Indian Marathi language drama series airing on Star Pravah.

Cast 
 Sharayu Sonawane / Aarti More as Pinky
 Vijay Andalkar as Yuvraj
 Adhokshaj Karhade as Banti
 Asha Shelar as Sushila
 Sunil Tawade as Gajraj
 Divesh Medge as Dolby
 Atul Kaswa
 Harshad Naybal
 Sarika Salunkhe
 Piyush Ranade
 Amita Khopkar
 Shantanu Gangane
 Ankita Joshi
 Swapnil Ajgaonkar
 Saisha Salvi
 Rohini Naik
The Sri Lanka Railway Department (also known to locals as Sri Lanka Railways (SLR)) (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය සේවය Śrī Laṃkā Dumriya Sēvaya; Tamil: இலங்கை புகையிரத சேவை Ilankai Pugaiyiradha Sēvai) is Sri Lanka's railway owner. It is looked after by Sri Lanka's Ministry of Transport. It was created in 1858 as the Ceylon Government Railway. It runs Sri Lanka's train service.

References 

Transport in Sri Lanka
Chandralekha is a 1948 Indian adventure movie. It was made by S. S. Vasan from Gemini Studios. The movie stars T. R. Rajakumari, M. K. Radha, and Ranjan. It tells the story of two brothers, Veerasimhan and Sasankan. They argue about ruling their dad's kingdom and marrying a village dancer named Chandralekha.

Development started in the 1940s. Vasan had two very famous movies. He said his next movie would be "Chandralekha."  Veppathur Kittoo, a storyboard artist, made a story from a chapter in George W. M. Reynolds' book Robert Macaire: or, The French bandit in England. T. G. Raghavachari was the original director but left midway because of disagreements with Vasan. Vasan then directed the movie himself for the first time.
Originally in Tamil and later Hindi, "Chandralekha" took five years to make (1943-1948). There were many changes in the script, or movie plan. It was India's most expensive, or costly movie at the time. Vasan used all his money and sold his jewelry to complete it. Kamal Ghosh and K. Ramnoth were the cinematographers. The music, influenced by Indian and Western classical music, was by S. Rajeswara Rao and M. D. Parthasarathy with lyrics by Papanasam Sivan and Kothamangalam Subbu.

"Chandralekha" released on 9 April 1948. The movie got good reviews but didn't make enough money. Vasan made a Hindi version with changes, new cast, and Hindi talking by Agha Jani Kashmiri and Pandit Indra. The Hindi version released on 24 December and did very well at the box office. This movie made South Indian cinema famous in India and gave a very good reason for South Indian producers to sell their Hindi films in North India.
Story 
Veerasimhan and Sasankan are the king's sons. Veerasimhan rides through a village. He meets Chandralekha, a dancer. They fall in love. Later the king decides to give the throne to Veerasimhan. Sasankan gets angry. He forms a group of thieves. They do crimes. Chandralekha's father is hurt and dies. Chandralekha becomes an orphan, someone with no parents. She joins a group of travelling musicians. Whilst they were travelling, Sasankan's gang attacks their caravan.

Sasankan tells Chandralekha to dance. She dances after Sasanken hits her, but then she escapes Sasankan captures Veerasimhan later. Chandralekha sees Sasankan's men put Veerasimhan in a cave and hide it with a big rock. Chandralekha saves him with circus elephants. They join the circus to hide from Sasankan's men. Sasankan goes back to the palace, locks up his parents, turns into a king, and sends a spy to find Chandralekha.
The spy sees Chandralekha at the circus. The spy tries to catch her. Veerasimhan saves her. They join gypsies. When Veerasimhan goes to try to get help, Sasankan's men find Chandralekha. They take her to the palace. Sasankan tries to get Chandralekha to love him. She pretends to faint. A circus friend comes as a healer and hides that she is a friend. They talk in secret. Sasankan is happy that Chandralekha is okay. Chandralekha pretends to be cured and agrees to marry Sasankan. She wants a drum dance at the royal wedding, and he agrees.

Large drums are in rows near the palace. Chandralekha joins the dancers on the drums. Sasankan is impressed by Chandralekha's dance. Veerasimhan's soldiers hide in the drums. The dance finishes, and they attack Sasankan's men. Veerasimhan and Sasankan do a long sword fight. Sasankan loses and is put in prison. Veerasimhan becomes the new king, and Chandralekha is the queen. His parents are set free.

Cast 

Cast from the the song book:

Production
Production

Development 
After the box office success of Bala Nagamma (1942) and Mangamma Sabatham (1943), producer S. S. Vasan of Gemini Studios wanted his next movie to be very big. He had no money limits. He asked K. J. Mahadevan, Kothamangalam Subbu, Sangu, Naina and Veppathur Kittoo—to write a screenplay, the movie story. They wanted a similar story to Mangamma Sabatham and Bala Nagamma because they were "heroine-oriented stories". The group shared Chandralekha's tale. She was strong. She tricked a mean bandit, cut his nose, and used hot red chili powder. Vasan didn't like the violence and rudeness. He said no but kept her name.
He announced Chandralekha without waiting for the story and advertised it a lot. But the story wasn't ready in three months. Vasan got impatient. He told the writers he would work on "Avvaiyyar" (1953) instead of "Chandralekha." After he gave them one more week, Kittoo found George W. M. Reynolds' book, Robert Macaire, or the French Bandit in England. In the first chapter, he read:

Vasan was very happy when Kittoo told him a story based on the chapter. He started the film, and named the heroine Chandralekha. Although the story was created by Kittoo, the praise went to all of Gemini's story team. T. G. Raghavachari was hired as director.
Casting 
The script had two main parts: princes in a kingdom. The older was the hero, and the younger was the villain. M. K. Radha got the role of Sasankan, the young prince. He usually did hero roles, so he didn't want to be a villain. So, he agreed to be Veerasimhan, the older prince. His wife Gnanambal asked Vasan to cast Radha in the role. K. J. Mahadevan (a member of Gemini's story team) was chosen by Vasan to play Sasankan. Some footage filmed of Mahadevan. His performance seen as "too soft." He was removed; but, he stayed on the project as a scriptwriter and assistant director. Raghavachari suggested Ranjan as Sasankan. Vasan was unsure at first, thinking Ranjan was too soft for the very serious villain role. But later, Vasan agreed. Ranjan was busy with another movie, Saalivaahanan, but Kittoo convinced him to try for Chandralekha. Ranjan got a few days off, did a test, and it went well. So, Ranjan got the role.
The struggling actor V. C. Ganeshamurthy wanted a small role in Chandralekha. He contacted Kittoo many times. Ganeshamurthy grew his hair long for a part as Veerasimhan's bodyguard. Kittoo introduced him to Vasan. Vasan watched his stage performance. Vasan rejected him for his movie, saying he was unfit. Vasan suggested Ganeshamurthy choose another profession. This caused a very long fight between Vasan and Ganeshamurthy. The role of the bodyguard went to N. Seetharaman, later known as Javar Seetharaman. Kothamangalam Subbu's wife, Sundari Bai, played a circus performer who helps Chandralekha escape from Sasankan.
T. A. Jayalakshmi, in one of her earliest movie roles, was there for a short scene as a dancer. Veppathur Kittoo played Sasankan's spy and was an assistant director. Studio staff, families, and passers-by joined as extra people. They played spectators, or viewers in circus scenes. Vasan introduced Chandralekha in the movie during her circus performance with a voice-over.
 Chandralekha started filming in 1943. Raghavachari directed most of the movie. But he had disagreements with Vasan about scenes at the Governor's Estate (now Raj Bhavan, Guindy). So, he left the project. Vasan then took over for his first time directing.
The movie didn't have circus scenes at first. Vasan added them later during production. The script changed for that scene. Hundreds of circus elephants were used to free Veerasimhan from a cave. Kittoo traveled South India and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). He saw 50+ circuses. He chose Kamala Circus and Parasuram Lion Circus; Vasan hired Kamala for a month. Circus scenes filmed by K. Ramnoth. Kittoo talked about the cameraperson's job:In those days, we had no zoom lenses and yet Ramnoth did it. One night, while Chandralekha is performing on the flying trapeze, she notices the villain's henchman in the front row. She is on her perch high up and he is seated in a ringside chair. Shock hits her and to convey the shock the camera zooms fast from her to the man. Today, with a fast zoom shot it can be done very easily, but there was no such lens forty years ago. Ramnoth did it using the crane. He planned it well and rehearsed the shot for long. He took the shot 20 times and selected the best "take".Raghavachari left
.Raghavachari left. The drum-dance scene he did stayed. It had 400 dancers. They rehearsed daily for six months. A. K. Sekhar designed it. Jayashankar choreographed it. Kamal Ghosh filmed it with four cameras. Randor Guy thought it cost ₹500,000 (about US$105,000 in 1948). Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai estimated it cost ₹200,000, which was the whole budget for a typical Tamil movie at that time. The scene included the Kathakali and Bharatanatyam classical dances and the Sri Lankan Kandyan dance. A. Vincent, who later became a famous cinematographer and director in Malayalam cinema, helped Ghosh in this film.
In post-production, Vasan asked Ramnoth about a scene with warriors saving Chandralekha. Others liked it, but Ramnoth worried about suspense. They talked, and Vasan told Chandru to edit as Ramnoth suggested. It worked well. C. E. Biggs was the audio engineer..

Chandralekha took five years (1943–1948) to make. The story, cast, and filming changed a lot, which caused delays and extra costs. The movie cost ₹3 million in 1948, making it the most expensive Indian movie at the time. Vasan used all his money, got help from The Hindu editor Kasturi Srinivasan, and sold his jewelry to complete the film. According to historian S. Muthiah, it was the first movie outside the United States with a budget of over a million dollars due to fluctuating exchange rates.
Themes and influences 
Chandralekha is not a historical movie even though it is a period film. It's based on Robert Macaire's first chapter. Sasankan is like Macaire, and Chandralekha is influenced by Western stories like Blood and Sand, The Mark of Zorro, Robin Hood, The Thief of Baghdad, and Ben-Hur. Jerzy Toeplitz said the characters act like gods in the Mahabharata. The story holds different episodes together like a circus. Uday Shankar's Kalpana inspired Chandralekha. In the 2003 Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema, it's called a "period extravaganza".

The ending sword fight between Veerasimhan and Sasankan is similar to the fight in the 1894 novel, The Prisoner of Zenda. In 1976, American movie historian William K. Everson said the comedians in Chandralekha were similar to Laurel and Hardy. French movie historian Yves Thoraval said that it "prefigured the dance that Chandralekha made famous the very next year."