Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A pastel is an art colour in the form of a stick. It is made of pure powdered pigment and a 'binder' which holds it together. Pastels have been used by artists since the Renaissance.

The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all kinds of coloured art. The effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process. Chalk may be added to the pastel to tone down the more vivd colours.

An artwork made using pastels is called a pastel, pastel drawing or pastel painting. As an adjective the word 'pastel' means pale in colour.

References 

Art materials
Holmes Osborne (born November 7, 1947) is an American actor, best known for starring in Richard Kelly's movies Donnie Darko (2001), Southland Tales (2007), and The Box (2009). He has also starred in That Thing You Do! (1996), Affliction (1997), Bring It On (2000), Cheaper by the Dozen (2003), and Larry Crowne (2011).

Career
In 1996, Osborne played the father of Tom Everett Scott's character in the musical comedy-drama movie That Thing You Do!. In 1999, he guest starred, along with Lance Henriksen (reprising his role as Frank Black), in an episode of The X-Files as a necromancer for the Millennium Group. In 2000, he starred as Kirsten Dunst's father in the teen comedy Bring It On.
Osborne then starred as Eddie Darko, the main character's father, in the science fiction drama movie Donnie Darko (2001). He then appeared in the family comedy Cheaper by the Dozen (2003). The following year, he co-starred in the comedy movie Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy. In 2006, Osborne starred as the main villain in the Disney movie Air Buddies. In 2007, he reunited with Donnie Darko director Richard Kelly on the dramedy thriller movie Southland Tales, and again in 2009 on the psychological thriller movie The Box. Also in 2009, he co-starred in the comedy movie All About Steve.

In 2011, he has a supporting role in the Tom Hanks movie Larry Crowne. He has made appearances on television series such as House M. D., Cold Case, CSI: Miami, Rules of Engagement, Dharma & Greg, and had a recurring role on the ABC science fiction series Invasion.

References

Other websites

1947 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
A solicitor general is a specific job in common law places.  Solicitors general in different countries may have different jobs or powers.  Usually, the solicitor general is the government's lawyer.

In the United States, the solicitor general is the government's lawyer in Supreme Court cases.  Congress created the job in the 1870s.  About two thirds of the cases in the Supreme Court involve the government.  The solicitor general does not always argue them personally.  He or she can send an assistant or other government lawyer to do it. When the government loses a case in the lower court, the solicitor general decides whether or not to appeal it and make it a Supreme Court case.

In Australia, the solicitor general also acts as the government's lawyer and represents the country in international cases.

References

Government ministers
Law occupations
A mass shooting took place on November 7, 2018, in Thousand Oaks, California, at the Borderline Bar and Grill, a country-western dance club. Many college students would go to the bar. Thirteen people were killed, including a police officer and the shooter, while twenty-five were injured. 

The attacker, identified as 28-year-old Ian David Long, was found dead inside the bar, having shot himself dead.

References

2018 in California
2018 mass shootings in the United States
2018 murders in the United States
2010s crimes in California
Attacks on bars
Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States
Mass murder in 2018
Mass murder in California 
Mass shootings in California
Murder-suicides in California 
Murders by firearm in California
November 2018 events
Suicide in 2018
Suicides by firearm in the United States 
Ventura County, California
Francis Albert Lai (; 26 April 19327 November 2018) was a French  composer, who worked mainly in movie scores. He was born in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes. He was known for his works in A Man and a Woman, Rider on the Rain and Love Story. For his work in Love Story, Lai won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1971.

Lai died on 7 November 2018 in Paris at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 
 Official Site 

Academy Award winning composers
1932 births
2018 deaths
20th-century French composers
People from Nice
An independence referendum was held in New Caledonia on 4 November 2018. Voters were given the choice of remaining part of France or becoming an independent country. 

Announced in the evening of polling day, the result was 56.4% for against leaving and 43.6% for independence.  The turnout was 80% of the 174,995 voters eligible to vote in this referendum.  

A second one was held in 2020, with 53.26% of voters choosing against Independence.

References

November 2018 events
New Caledonia
Tobias "Toby" Sheldon (born Tobias Strebel; October 3, 1980 – August 21, 2015) was a German songwriter who became a television reality star noted for having paid considerable amounts for plastic surgery (he himself estimated the total cost at over $100,000) in order to resemble singer Justin Bieber.  He appeared on the television shows Botched on the E! network and My Strange Addiction on TLC. Some experts argued that Sheldon's obsession was a case of body dysmorphia.  This topic was discussed in depth during his appearance alongside Justin Jedlica ("The Human Ken Doll") on the talk show Bethenny.
On August 21, 2015 Sheldon was found dead in a room at a Motel 6 in the San Fernando Valley. Drugs were reportedly discovered at the scene.  Sheldon was 34. He had last been seen in West Hollywood on August 18, 2015 and some reports have indicated that his disappearance may have been triggered by a break-up with his boyfriend.  In July 2016, a coroner confirmed his death was triggered from multiple drug intoxication.

References 

1980 births
2015 deaths
Participants in American reality television series
German songwriters
People from Nuremberg
Drug-related deaths in the United States
German LGBT people
LGBT musicians
Surgery
Theodore Paul Budd (born October 21, 1971) is an American businessman and Republican politician. He is the junior United States Senator from North Carolina since 2023. In 2017, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives.

On April 28, 2021, Budd announced his candidacy for the 2022 United States Senate election in North Carolina to replace retiring Republican Senator Richard Burr. He won the Republican nomination in May 2022 and later defeated Cheri Beasley in the general election.

References

1971 births
Living people
People from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
United States senators from North Carolina
United States representatives from North Carolina
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Wallace Triplett (April 18, 1926 – November 8, 2018) was a professional American football player. He was born in La Mott, Pennsylvania. Triplett was the first African-American to be drafted by and play for a National Football League team. 

For that reason, his portrait hangs in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. He played for Detroit Lions and the Chicago Cardinals.

Triplett died on November 8, 2018 at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
Video: "Wally Triplett: My Penn State Football Story" , October 14, 2008.
Cheltenham High School Hall of Fame
Wally Triplett Penn State African American Chronicles profile and interview

1926 births
2018 deaths
Detroit Lions players
Arizona Cardinals players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Beverly LaHaye (born April 30, 1929) is an American Christian conservative activist and author. She was born in Detroit, Michigan. LaHaye founded Concerned Women for America (CWA) in San Diego, California in 1979 and is the organization's current chair.

She was the wife of Tim LaHaye, the late evangelical Christian minister and prolific author of the Left Behind series.

References

Other websites
 The Beverly LaHaye Institute 
 About Beverly LaHaye
 
 
 Norwood, Arlisha. "Beverly LaHaye". National Women's History Museum. 2017.

1929 births
Living people
American Baptists
American Evangelicals
American political writers
Bob Jones University alumni
American Christian writers
Republicans (United States)
Writers from Detroit
Writers from San Diego, California
Gamma Tauri is a multiple star system located in the constellation Taurus. It is also called Prima Hyadum. Gamma Tauri A is a yellow giant star. Gamma Tauri A is 13.4 times larger than the Sun.

Related pages 
 Aldebaran

References

Star systems
The Lega Nord (English: Northern League) is an Italian political party. In December 2013, Matteo Salvini was elected to be the leader of the party.

After the 2018 elections, Lega Nord formed a coalition with the Five Star Movement.

Since 2014, the party has been a member of the right-wing to far-right Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom group in the European Parliament.

References 

Political parties in Italy
Conservative parties
Eurosceptic parties
P Cygni is a blue supergiant star located in the constellation Cygnus. It is 76 times larger than the Sun and 30 times more massive. P Cygni is a luminous blue variable (or LBV for short) star, maybe even the first one discovered.

Related pages 
 WR 102ka
 LBV 1806-20

References

Supergiants
Hypergiants
Variable stars
Northern League may refer to:

Politics 

 Lega Nord, (Italian for Northern League) a Eurosceptic political party in Italy

Sports 

 Northern League (baseball), an independent baseball league founded in 1993. The league had teams from the United States and Canada.
The Assiniboine River is a river in Manitoba, Canada. It meets the Red River of the North at Winnipeg. It starts in the United States and drains into Lake Winnipeg.

Sources
 

Rivers of Canada
Rivers of the United States
The Confederation Bridge is a 2-lane bridge in Canada that connects the provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. It is part of the Trans Canada Highway and is 12.9 kilometers long.

About
The Confederation Bridge was built from October 1993 to May 1997 and cost $1.3 billion. The bridge was officially opened on May 31, 1997.

Tolling
As of January 1, 2020, the toll for motorcycles is $19.25, $48.50 for two-axle cars, $4.50 for pedestrians, $9 for cyclist. Pedestrians and cyclist that cross the bridge are required to board a shuttle.

References

Bridges in Canada
New Brunswick
Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance (Hungarian: Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség; often shortened to Fidesz) is a nationalist political party in Hungary.

Fidesz is in an alliance with the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP). The KDNP is often called a satellite party (meaning that it is strongly influenced by another party) of Fidesz.

Viktor Orbán has led the party continuously since 2003.

Fidesz has been the most popular party in Hungary since the 2010 elections.

References

Notes 

Conservative parties
Nationalist organizations in Europe
Political parties in Hungary
Sheree North (born Dawn Shirley Crang; January 17, 1932 – November 4, 2005) was an American actress, dancer and singer. She was one of 20th Century Fox's intended people to succeed the late Marilyn Monroe.

North played a chorus girl in Here Come the Girls (1953). Next, she acted in the musical Hazel Flagg. She won a Theater World Award for her acting in the Broadway musical.

From 1954 to 1958, North acted in movies made and distributed by Fox. After 1958 her career stalled.

In her later years, North acted in the 1959 television series The Untouchables, Gunsmoke and The Fugitive (a 1960s TV series).

North was born in Los Angeles, California. She died of complications from cancer surgery.

Some sources say North was born in 1932. Others say she was born in 1933.

References

American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1932 births
2005 deaths
A balikbayan box (literally "repatriate box") is a corrugated box filled with items given by Filipinos overseas to their family back home. 
Most of the time the box is sent to its destination by people who work as "freight forwarders" who know a lot about shipping balikbayan boxes by sea, the boxes can be brought by Filipinos returning to the Philippines on air flights.

History 
The balikbayan box was invented sometime in the 1980s, in the United States because there were a lot of overseas Filipino workers in the country. The first freight forwarder to give balikbayan box services was Rico Nunga who founded REN International in Los Angeles, California in 1981.

In 1982, Ramon Ungco, a Filipino living in New York City, founded Port Jersey Shipping International. Many people think these two companies are the “pioneers” of door-to-door delivery of balikbayan boxes, which back then they had to pay import duties when the boxes got into the Philippines.
On 30 June 1987, the President of the Philippines Corazon Aquino at that time, started Executive Order No. 206. This order changed Section 105 (f) and added a new subsection (f-1) to Republic Act No. 1937, which some people also know as the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines, which became law on 22 July 1957 by former president Carlos P. Garcia. 

The now-changed Section 105 of the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines gives duty- and tax-free privileges to balikbayan boxes taken to the Philippines by overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in recognition of the large impact of their contribution and sacrifices outside of the Philippines as well as bringing a lot of foreign exchange annually that helped the national recovery effort at that time. 

This let tax-free entry of personal goods in the country from Filipinos overseas. People then started sending balikbayan boxes through friends and their co-workers who were going back to the Philippines.
After the September 11 attacks in the US and the passage of the Patriot Act by the US Congress, the United States Department of Homeland Security's Out-Bound Exam Team started searching balikbayan boxes.
It was so long and strict, the boxes arrived up to three weeks late at the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement inspection facility. 

This made it take longer to get a box through, from 21 days to 30 plus days. The inspections also had balikbayan boxes opened, and people were angry about pilferage and mishandling. The Philippines Bureau of Customs also did 100% inspections which caused the deliveries to arrive really late. 

The inspections had to happen because of some individuals who use balikbayan boxes to get commercial items through without paying taxes or smuggle contraband. Since balikbayan box shipping is consolidated, even one illegal item will affect all 400 or so items inside the container. The inspection was made better using high performance X-ray machines.
In 2012, these delays were made even worse since the City Of Manila decided to stop trucks from driving along the route to and from the Port of Manila, causing long delays in releasing and transporting not only balikbayan boxes but all cargoes, domestic and international. 

Most balikbayan box companies, which are based in Parañaque City close to the airport, couldn’t operate because of the truck ban until it was settled.
 The industry was scrutinized by the Philippine Senate in 2015 after lots of complaints were brought to the attention of the public through social media after the Philippine Customs Commissioner Albert Lina said that the inspectors would open the balikbayan boxes for inspection and would include more taxes.
This caused the passage of the Customs Modernization Act, which had been waiting to be passed for years, and also had the Balikbayan Box Law added into the act, increasing the tax-exemption ceiling from PHP 500 (US$9) to PHP 150,000 (US$2,938). This included items being brought home by Filipino tourists from trips abroad, pasalubong or gifts, and returning resident shipments.
 
To protect consumers, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), using its Philippine Shipper's Bureau, does regular accreditation of international freight forwarders and tells consumers not to use the services of unaccredited and incredibly cheap shipping companies.

 The Door to Door Consolidated Association of the Philippines, says there are 400,000 balikbayan boxes that get into the Philippines every month.
Description 
Balikbayan boxes may have things the sender thinks the recipient wants, regardless of whether the things can be bought in the Philippines, such as non-perishable food, toiletries, household items, electronics, toys, designer clothing, or things hard to find in the Philippines for cheap prices. A balikbayan box meant for airplanes is designed to follow to airline luggage restrictions and many Filipino stores sell them. Some boxes are sold with a cloth cover and side handles. Others are secured with lots of tape or rope, and so, the shippers don’t confuse it with an ordinary moving box that is lightly wrapped. The balikbayan boxes come in three standard sizes which are: 
 Medium: 18 x 16 x 18 inches 
 Large: 18 x 18 x 24 inches 
 Extra large: 24 x 18 x 24 inches. 
Shipped boxes are taken straight away to the recipient, usually the family of the overseas Filipino.
Cultural significance 
Part of the attraction of the balikbayan box is because it is important to the economy, which allows cheaper bulk shipment of items versus sending them one at a time or in smaller boxes through postal services. The bad thing though is it takes longer to reach it’s destination by container ship, which most of the time needs several weeks, along with there being no certain delivery date. The balikbayan box is a modern version of the general Philippine practice of pasalubong, where travellers within or outside the country are culturally expected to bring home gifts to family, friends and colleagues. The balikbayan box gives connections between family inside the Philippines and those who are abroad, and give goods to the family within the Philippines.

Related pages 
Overseas Filipino
Padala
Pasalubong

References 
 

Filipino culture
Asia Bibi blasphemy case involves the conviction of a Pakistani Christian woman, Asia Noreen , for blasphemy by a Pakistani court. She was sentenced to death in 2010. However, she was acquitted by the Supreme Court in 2018.

Case background and Court verdict
In June 2009, while harvesting berries from a field, Asia was seen drinking water from a communal cup by some village women of that area. It was considered offensive by the women due to her religion, and the cup was labelled "contaminated". This resulted in an argument between them, and the women accused her of blasphemy.

In 2010, a judge in Sheikhupura sentenced Asia to death, which was upheld by the Lahore High Court. Petitions were sent for her release, including one sent by Pope Francis.

Noreen's husband appealed to the high court. Salman Taseer, the Governor of Punjab, supported Noreen throughout and requested President Asif Ali Zardari to pardon her.
Due to this support, Taseer was killed by his guard Mumtaz Qadri.
Several appeals were made during this period and the High Court upheld the decision. In October 2014, Lahore High Court rejected her appeal.
In November 2014, her lawyer appealed to the Supreme Court.

On 31 October 2018, the Supreme Court panel chaired by Justice Saqib Nisar, acquitted Asia Bibi. Although the majority supported the decision, it resulted in protests by the Islamic parties, mainly Tehreek-e-Labaik.

References

October 2014 events
October 2018 events
2014 in Pakistan
2018 in Pakistan
Geographical renaming is when a place's name gets changed. 

There can be several reasons for geographical renaming.

One such reason is countries joining together to form a new country. For example, after the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland joined together in 1701, they formed the United Kingdom. When Ireland joined in 1801, the unified country became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

A second reason is a country splitting apart to form new ones. For example, after Czechoslovakia split in 1992, it became two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Also, after Ireland gained independence from Britain, the region of Northern Ireland stayed in the UK. Therefore, the country's name changed from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to what it is today, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
A third reason could be a new government replacing or overthrowing the old one. After the Communist Party took overthrew the Russian Empire's emperor, the Tsar, and changed the country's name to the Soviet Union, the city of Saint Petersburg also changed to Leningrad. This was because the Communist Party wanted to honor its leader, Vladimir Lenin, and symbolize the Soviet Union's turning away from Russia's system of absolute monarchy, the Tsardom, that ruled before they did, since Saint Petersburg was named after Peter the Great, who was the Tsar that founded the city. When the city of New Amsterdam, founded by Dutch colonists in North America, was lost to the British Empire, it was renamed New York City after the Duke of York.

A fourth reason could be changing a place's name to replace a name given by former colonizers with the name given by native people, and many more. For example, after India gained independence from Britain, they changed the name of the city Bombay to Mumbai.
A fifth reason could be the change of standard spelling rules in the local language. When Pinyin was made the official romanization, or writing Mandarin Chinese using the Roman alphabet, in mainland China after the Chinese Communist Party took over, the spellings of many Chinese place names changed, including Peking becoming Beijing and Nanking becoming Nanjing. Even though the pronunciations of Chinese place names in Mandarin Chinese were not any different before the changing of spelling, the older spellings did not accurately show their pronunciation. Therefore, the pronunciation of Chinese place names in other languages, or their exonyms, were based on their spelling rather than the Mandarin pronunciation, which is why they sound so different from each other. In order to teach people how to correctly pronounce Mandarin Chinese, the CCP made Hanyu Pinyin the only accepted romanization in mainland China
. Even though Taiwan also speaks Mandarin, the spellings of Taiwanese place names, including Taipei and Kaohsiung, is according to the older spelling rules for Chinese place names. This is because many Taiwanese do not want to use Hanyu Pinyin, even though it is the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese worldwide, because it was created by the Communist Party of China.
FIFA 17 is an soccer game made by EA Sports.

2016 video games
FIFA
Sports video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Windows games
Izard County  is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,577. The county seat is Melbourne. It was founded on October 27, 1825.

References 

1825 establishments in Arkansas Territory
Arkansas counties
DeWitt is a city in the US state of Arkansas. It is one of two county seats for Arkansas County.

Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Jackson County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,755. The county seat is Newport. It was founded on November 5, 1829.

References 

1829 establishments in Arkansas Territory
Arkansas counties
Perry County is the name of ten counties in the United States:
Perry County, Alabama 
Perry County, Arkansas 
Perry County, Illinois 
Perry County, Indiana 
Perry County, Kentucky
Perry County, Mississippi 
Perry County, Missouri 
Perry County, Ohio 
Perry County, Pennsylvania 
Perry County, Tennessee
Perry County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,019. The county seat is Perryville. Perry County was founded on December 18, 1840, and named for Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, naval hero in the War of 1812.

References 

1840 establishments in Arkansas
Arkansas counties
Lake City is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Cities in Craighead County, Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Ferrero is an Italian food company that produces chocolate and confectionery. It was founded in 1946 in Alba, Piedmont, Italy, by Pietro Ferrero.

Nutella is the brand name of chocolate-hazelnut spread. In addition to Nutella, Ferrero produces many other products, for example Ferrero Rocher, Pocket Coffee, Mon Chéri, Giotto, Confetteria Raffaello, Tic Tac and more. Kinder is the Famous product line, which includes Kinder Surprise, Fiesta Ferrero, Kinder Chocolate tiles, Kinder Happy Hippo, Kinder Maxi, Kinder Délice and Kinder Bueno.

Other websites 

 Ferrero Group official website

Food companies of Italy
Piedmont
1946 establishments in Italy
Cash is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Cities in Craighead County, Arkansas
Lizard (often confused with the peninsula The Lizard) is a village on the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is about  south of Helston, and is mainland Britain's most southerly settlement. Lizard is a tourist centre and its large village green is surrounded by cafes and gift shops.

The name comes from the Cornish Lis for 'place' and Ard for 'high'. The village is in the civil parish of Landewednack, the most southerly parish on the British mainland.

References 

Villages in Cornwall
CKY (also known as Camp Kill Yourself) is an American band formed in 1998. In 2002, they were signed to The Island Def Jam Music Group and released Infiltrate•Destroy•Rebuild, which entered the Billboard 200 at number 99.

Discography 
 Volume 1 (1999)
 Infiltrate•Destroy•Rebuild (2002)
 An Answer Can Be Found (2005)
 Carver City (2009)
 The Phoenix (2017)

References

American rock bands
John Dennis Hodge (10 February 1929 – 19 May 2021) was a British-born aerospace engineer. He worked for the CF-105 Avro Arrow jet interceptor project in Canada.

In 1959, he became a member of NASA's Space Task Group, which later became the Johnson Space Center. During his NASA career, he worked as a flight director and planner.

When he returned to NASA in the 1980s, he worked as a manager on the Space Station Freedom project, which later became the International Space Station. He also was an administrator at the United States Department of Transportation.

Hodge died on 19 May 2021 in Herndon, Virginia, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1929 births
2021 deaths
British engineers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Essex
American aerospace engineers
Crystal Marie Reed (born February 6, 1985) is an American actress, best known for playing Allison Argent on the Teen Wolf television series.

References

Other websites
 

1985 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Models from Michigan
Actors from Michigan
Roseville is a city in Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a part of the Metro Detroit area. The population was 47,299 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Michigan
Thomasville is the county seat of Thomas County, Georgia, United States. The city is the second largest in southwest Georgia after Albany. The population was 18,881 at the 2020 United States Census.

References

County seats in Georgia
Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Matthew George Whitaker (born October 29, 1969) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the Acting United States Attorney General from November 7, 2018 until February 14, 2019. He was appointed by President Donald Trump after Jeff Sessions resigned at Trump's request. 

Whitaker was a U.S. Attorney during the Bush Administration and was Chief of Staff to Sessions from September 2017 to November 2018.

References

1969 births
Living people
United States Attorneys General
Lawyers from Iowa
Politicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Erin Richards (born 17 May 1986) is a Welsh actress. She was born in Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. She is best known for playing Molly Hughes in the television series Breaking In and Barbara Kean in the television series Gotham.

References

1986 births
Living people
Welsh movie actors
Welsh television actors
Welsh voice actors
Welsh stage actors
Zabryna Guevara (born January 12, 1972) is an American television and theater actress. She is known for playing the role of Melania Ortiz in 3 lbs and Sarah Essen in Gotham. She is also known for her stage role as Yazmin in Water by the Spoonful, an award-winning play by Quiara Alegría Hudes, at the Second Stage Theater in New York City.

References

1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Victoria Luz Cartagena is an American actress. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cartagena is known for her role as Zoe Lopez in The Bedford Diaries and as Renee Montoya in Gotham.

References

Other websites
 

Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Philadelphia
Bernard "Bernie" Glassman (January 18, 1939 – November 4, 2018) was an American Zen Buddhist roshi. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. Glassman was the founder of the Zen Peacemakers. In 1996, he co-founded the Zen Peacemaker Order with his wife Sandra Jishu Holmes. 

Glassman was a Dharma successor of the late Taizan Maezumi-roshi, and gave inka and Dharma transmission to several people. Glassman was known as a leading figure of social enterprise, socially engaged Buddhism and "Bearing Witness Retreats" at Auschwitz and on the streets.

Glassman died on November 4, 2018 from complications of a stroke in Springfield, Massachusetts at the age of 79.

References

1939 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American Buddhists
American philanthropists
Writers from New York City
Writers from Massachusetts
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
Chinese place names are the names of places in China. Since the Chinese language has not had any sort of phonetic alphabet until only about a few hundred years ago (compared to the thousands of years the Chinese characters have been used), there has been a lot of confusion on naming places in Chinese. Since Chinese characters are a logographic writing system, meaning that the writing mainly shows the words' meaning rather than its pronunciation, it can be used to write down words in many different languages. On top of all this, the Chinese language is not one unified language, but an entire branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Many of the Chinese languages or dialects are mutually unintelligible, which means a speaker of one language or dialect cannot understand a speaker of another unless one of them already knew the other's language or dialect
. For example, Mandarin and Cantonese are both dialects of Chinese, but they are so different from each other than their speakers cannot understand the other unless at least one speaker knew both. Therefore, knowing which spoken dialect to use when writing out the name in the Roman alphabet, which is a phonetic writing system and not a logographic one, can be challenging. For example, while the name of the city is written as 北京 in Chinese, it is called Běijīng in Mandarin and Bak1 Ging1 in Cantonese.
In mainland China, most place names are in Mandarin Chinese, the country's official spoken language. Even though the sounds of Mandarin Chinese have not changed for a long time, there were many different ways to write Chinese place names in Mandarin using the Roman alphabet, or many different kinds of romanizations. This created a lot of confusion and misinformation for non-Chinese speakers on what to call Chinese place names. For example, Beijing was spelled Peking, Nanjing was called Nanking, Tianjin was spelled Tiantsin, and Qingdao was spelled Tsingtao. These many spelling systems caused confusion among non-Chinese speakers and therefore whatever name speakers of other languages called place names ended up sounding very different from Mandarin Chinese
. In order to teach people how to correctly pronounce Mandarin Chinese, to mainland Chinese and non-Chinese alike, the Chinese Communist Party made Hanyu Pinyin the only accepted romanization in official use and banned all other romanizations in official use in mainland China. Peking became Beijing, Nanking became Nanjing, Tiantsin became Tianjin, and Tsingtao became Qingdao. While the pronunciation of these place names stayed the same in Mandarin, it allowed non-Chinese speakers, especially English speakers, to say Chinese place names much more accurately to their Mandarin pronunciations.
In Taiwan, where Mandarin Chinese is also the official language, the spelling of place names tends to be inconsistent. The names of Taiwanese cities are usually in Chinese postal romanization. This is why the cities are spelled Taipei, Kaohsiung, and Taichung instead of Taibei, Gaoxiong, and Taizhong, which is how they would be spelled in Hanyu Pinyin. This is the case because many Taiwanese dislike using Hanyu Pinyin (even though it is the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese worldwide) because it was created by the Chinese Communist Party, which many Taiwanese do not like. While within northern Taiwanese cities most names of streets, districts, and subway stops are in Hanyu Pinyin (since Hanyu Pinyin is generally more accepted in the north), cities in southern Taiwan use many different spelling systems simply to resist using Hanyu Pinyin. In several cases, the exact same street can be spelled several different ways. For example, in Banqiao, Xinzhan Road (新站路) is spelled "Shinjann Rd
." on one section and "Sin Jhan Rd." on another.
References 

Chinese language
François N. Macerola (January 31, 1942 – November 8, 2018) was a Canadian lawyer and movie executive. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Macerola worked for the National Film Board of Canada and Telefilm Canada. His career began in 1976. 

Macerola dealt with the controversy surrounding the 1982 docudrama The Kid Who Couldn't Miss, about the life of fighter pilot Billy Bishop because the movie poorly depicted his life with accuracy.

Macerola died on the morning of November 8, 2018 in Montreal at the age of 76.

References

Other websites

1942 births
2018 deaths
Canadian movie producers
Canadian lawyers
People from Montreal
Irene Cara Escalara (March 18, 1959 – November 25, 2022) was an American singer-songwriter, actress and dancer. She co-wrote the song "Flashdance... What a Feeling" from the movie Flashdance. She won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for the song. For that same song, she also won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

Cara played Coco Hernandez in the 1980 movie Fame and recorded the song of the same name. Before that, she played Sparkle Williams in the 1976 musical-drama movie Sparkle.

In 1982 Cara earned an Image Award for Best Actress when she co-starred in NBC's Movie of the Week, Sister, Sister. 

Cara was born in The Bronx, New York City, New York.

Cara died November 25, 2022, at her home in Largo, Florida. She was 63 years old.

References

1959 births
2022 deaths
American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
Singers from New York City
Actors from the Bronx
Academy Award winning composers
Grammy Award winners
Richard Paul Conaboy (June 12, 1925 – November 9, 2018) was an American judge. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1992. He was appointed by President Jimmy Carter. From 1989 to 1992, he was Chief Judge of the court. He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Conaboy died on November 9, 2018 at a hospital in Scranton from a heart attack at the age of 93.

References

1925 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American judges
Politicians from Pennsylvania
People from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Manuel Lawrence Real (January 27, 1924 – June 26, 2019) was a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California. He was appointed in 1966 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. He was the last remaining federal judge in active service appointed by Johnson.

He was the longest-serving active federal judge until his retirement in 2018.

Real died on June 26, 2019 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 95.

References

1924 births
2019 deaths
American judges
Politicians from Los Angeles
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Jack Bertrand Weinstein (August 10, 1921 – June 15, 2021) was an American Senior District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. He was on the court from 1967 to 1993 after being appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. From 1980 to 1988, he was Chief Judge. Weinstein was born in Wichita, Kansas.

Weinstein died on June 15, 2021 in Great Neck, New York at the age of 99.

References

Other websites
 Findlaw Directory Listing

1921 births
2021 deaths
American judges
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Wichita, Kansas
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Alfred Theodore Goodwin (born June 29, 1923) is an American judge. He is the Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon. Goodwin was born in Bellingham, Washington. Goodwin was in the Ninth Circuit from 1971 to 1991 after being nominated by President Richard Nixon.

References

Other websites
 Law.com
 University of Oregon: Awards
 Appellate Consellor Judges 

1923 births
Living people
American judges
American military personnel of World War II
Politicians from Washington (state)
Republican Party (United States) politicians
William Joseph Nealon Jr. (July 31, 1923 – August 30, 2018) was an American jurist. He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Nealon Jr. was United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. He was the last judicial appointee from the Kennedy administration. He was on the court from 1962 to 1989.

Nealon Jr. was the longest-serving current federal judge at his death. On August 28, 2018, he became the longest serving federal district judge in history, two days before his death.

Nealon Jr. died in Scranton on August 30, 2018 from pneumonia at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
 

1923 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania
American judges
Politicians from Pennsylvania
People from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Dana George Mead (February 22, 1936 – October 31, 2018) was an American businessman and corporate director. He was born in Cresco, Iowa. Mead was chairman emeritus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Foundation's board of trustees, where he was chairman from 2003 through 2010.

Mead died in Boston, Massachusetts on October 31, 2018 at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 MIT Corporation homepage
 Pfizer Corporation homepage 
 Dana Mead Playlist Appearance on WMBR's Dinnertime Sampler  radio show April 28, 2004

1936 births
2018 deaths
American political scientists
Businesspeople from Boston
Writers from Boston
Writers from Iowa
Phyllis Ann George (June 25, 1949 – May 14, 2020) was an American businesswoman, former sportscaster and former Miss America. She was Miss America 1971. From 1979 to 1983 she was the First Lady of the U.S. state of Kentucky.

In August 1971, George traveled to Vietnam with several other contestants from the Miss America 1971 pageant. George and the other contestants participated in a 22-day United Service Organizations tour for American troops there.

In 1985, CBS chose George to be the permanent presenter for its morning news program, CBS Morning News. She interviewed a number of news makers, including then-First Lady Nancy Reagan.

In 2003, George created the company Phyllis George Beauty. The company markets a line of cosmetics and skincare products through the television network the Home Shopping Network. She appeared in the comedy movie Meet the Fockers.

George was born in Denton, Texas. She died of problems caused by a blood cancer in Lexington, Kentucky on May 14, 2020 at the age of 70.

References
References

Miss America winners
Models from Texas
American movie actors
Actors from Texas
Actors from Kentucky
Businesspeople from Kentucky
American sports commentators
American television news anchors
Businesspeople from Texas
1949 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from blood cancer
People from Denton, Texas
Jameed (, literally "hardened") is a form of dried yoghurt made made from goat's milk or sheep's milk.  It is made by draining thick yoghurt of its whey, shaping it into balls, and letting it harden.  Drying prevents spoilage. 

Jameed is eaten in Jordan, especially in Bedouin cooking. It is also common among the Bedouin in Palestine , Egypt, and even Syria.  It is also customary to add  to a sauces or soups.

Other websites  

Middle Eastern foods
Cheeses
Jefferson County is a county in the Arkansas Delta of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 67,260. Its county seat and largest city is Pine Bluff. Jefferson County was founded on November 2, 1829, and named for Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States (1801–1809).

References 

1829 establishments in Arkansas Territory
Arkansas counties
DeValls Bluff is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Little River County is a county located on the southwest border of the U.S. state of Arkansas, bordering a corner with Texas and Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,026. The county seat is Ashdown. The county was founded on March 5, 1867, and named for the Little River.

References 

1860s establishments in Arkansas
1867 establishments in the United States
Arkansas counties
Lewisville is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Johnson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,749. The county seat is Clarksville. Johnson County was founded on November 16, 1833 and named for Benjamin Johnson, a Territorial Judge.

References 

1833 establishments in Arkansas Territory
Arkansas counties
Lamar is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Cities in Arkansas
Lafayette County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,308, The county seat is Lewisville. It was founded on October 15, 1827.

References 

1820s establishments in Arkansas Territory
1827 establishments in the United States
Arkansas counties
Jasper is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Mount Ida is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Logan County (formerly Sarber County) is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,131. The county seats are Booneville and Paris. It was founded on March 22, 1871.

References 

1871 establishments in Arkansas
Arkansas counties
Huntsville is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Harrisburg is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Cities in Arkansas
County seats in Arkansas
Lawrence County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,216. The county seat is Walnut Ridge. It was founded on January 15, 1815.

References 

1810s establishments in Missouri Territory
1815 establishments in the United States
Arkansas counties
Acrux, also known as Alpha Crucis is a star system in the Crux constellation. All stars are blue and hot. The stars are called Alpha Crucis A, Alpha Crucis B, and HR 4729. Alpha Crucis A is 25,000 times brighter than the Sun. Alpha Crucis B is 16,000 times brighter than the Sun.

References

Stars
Binary stars
HR 4729 is a hot blue star located in the Crux constellation. Many think it might be orbiting Alpha Crucis. The star is 5.5 times more big than the Sun.

References

Stars
Planet Nine may mean:
 Planets beyond Neptune
 Tyche (planet)
The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC; ) is a Canadian retail business group. A fur trading business for much of its existence, HBC now owns and operates retail stores in Canada, the United States and parts of Europe, including Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany.

References

Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Microsoft Plus! is a discontinued commercial operating system improvement product by Microsoft. The last edition is the Plus! SuperPack, which includes a variety of screensavers, themes, and games, as well as multimedia applications. The Microsoft Plus! product was first announced on January 31, 1994 under the internal codename "Frosting". The first version was   
an upgrade for Windows 95, Windows 95 Plus!

The features that make up Microsoft Plus! were generally developed by Microsoft itself. The Plus! packs also included games and software from third-party companies; for example, in Plus! for Windows XP, the HyperBowl game developed by Hyper Entertainment Inc. was included. Plus! features that enhance the base operating system or provide utility are generally included free of charge in the next release of Windows.

Microsoft Plus! was discontinued in favor of Windows Ultimate Extras in Windows Vista.

Other websites
Other websites 

 
 Download link for Microsoft Plus! for Kids!, Windows 95
 Microsoft Plus! for Modern Windows  (Windows 98+)

References 

Microsoft operating systems
ʻOumuamua () is an object from another star system that visited our solar system. Its official name is 1I/2017 U1.

ʻOumuamua is the first interstellar object that we know has passed through our solar system. Oumuamua was first discovered on 19 October 2017 using the Pan-STARRS1 telescope at the Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii.

Its appearance is long and narrow, and it had a dark red color, similar to objects in the outer Solar System.

References 

Astronomical objects
In ancient times, the present area of Chukotka was joined with North America by a land bridge known as Beringia. It was believed that humans first migrated to the Americas using this route. Later, the area was home to the Chukchi people and other natives. Some of these natives are related to the Inuit. By the 17th century, the Russians first arrive to gain control of the natives. At first, not much attention was given to the remote land of Chukotka. But its natural resources and the ability to use the area to attack land further away was soon discovered. The Russians then made multiple attempts to bring the natives under their control by force. However, these attempts failed. The Russians finally made peace with the Chukchis in 1778. Through the 19th and 20th centuries, other foreign powers also attempted to claim the land and resources in the region. They were instead driven away by the Russians. The Russians were increasingly worried about their presence
. During the Soviet Union, the natives were brought under state's control and made to resettle. Multiple gulags were also built in the area. Tin and much later gold was mined from the area after the start of World War II. The tin and gold were used to supply the war efforts. In 1991, at the collapse of the Soviet Union, Chukotka declared its separation to become a subject of Russia. It continues to remain as an autonomous okrug till today.
Geography
Chukotka is the eastern most point of Russia and mainland Asia. It is separated from Alaska, United States, by the Bering Strait and the International Date Line. Chukotka is found in the north-eastern part of Siberia. Because of this it has a polar tundra climate, which have long, cold winters, and short, mild summers. There is not a lot of rainfall in the area because of the climate. The ground is mostly frozen as well. The landscape is mostly barren, with limited animals and plants. The area however is rich in minerals. The Wrangel Island found north of Chukotka is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Demographics