Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Members
Current members
Monte Yoho – drums, percussion (1969, 1970–1979, 2005–present)
Henry Paul – guitars, vocals (1972–1977, 1983–1986, 2005–2006, 2008–present)
Steve Grisham – guitars, vocals (1983–1986, 2013–present)
Chris Anderson – guitars, vocals (1986–1989, 2005–present)
Dave Robbins – keyboards, backing vocals (2005–2006, 2010–present)
Randy Threet – bass, vocals (2005–present)

Former members

Hughie Thomasson – guitars, vocals, pedal steel guitar, banjo (1967–1996, 2005–2007)
Frank Guidry - Founding member - guitar (1967–1971)
Herb Pino - guitar, vocals (1967–1970, 1971–1972)
David Dix - drums, percussion (1967–1969, 1970, 1977–1987, 2005–2007)
Phil Holmberg - bass (1967)
Hobie O'Brien - guitar (1967)
Frank O'Keefe – bass, guitar, vocals (1967–1973, 1974–1976)
Tommy Angarano - Hammond B3, vocals (1968)
Ronny Elliot - bass (1968–1969)
Dave Graham - guitar, piano, vocals (1970)
Billy Jones – guitars, keyboards, vocals (1971, 1972–1981)
Buzzy Meekins – bass (1973–1974)
Rick Birkbeck - bass (1974)
Harvey Dalton Arnold – bass, vocals (1976–1980)
Freddie Salem – guitars, vocals (1977–1983)
Rick Cua – bass, vocals (1980–1983)
Mike Duke - keyboards, vocals (1980–1981)
Bob Jenkins - guitar, vocals (1983)
Chuck Glass – bass, keyboards, vocals (1983–1987)
Roy McDonald – bass (1987)
Anthony "Nino" Catanzaro – bass, vocals (1987, 1989–1990, 1992–1993)
Barry "B. B." Borden – drums, percussion (1987–1995)
Steve Kaye - bass (1988)
Rich Parks - guitars, vocals (1988; guest - 1991–1992)
Ean Evans - bass, vocals (1988–1989, 1992)
David Lane - guitar (1989), violin (guest - 1982)
Billy Yates - guitars, vocals (1989–1991)
Billy Greer - bass, vocals (1990)
Chris "Hitman" Hicks – guitars, vocals (1990–1996)
Rob Carroll – bass, vocals (1990–1992)
Timothy Cabe - guitars, vocals (1992–1993)
Eric Wynne - bass (1992)
Jeff Howell – bass, vocals (1993–1996)
Billy Davis – guitars, vocals (1993–1994)
Sean Burke - drums, percussion (1995)
Frank Thomas- stand-in drummer (1995)
Kevin Neal - drums (1995–1996)
Steven Elliot - stand-in guitarist (1996)
Ric Toole - guitar (2006)
Billy Crain – guitars, vocals (2008–2013)
Jon " Squirrel" Coleman - keyboards, backing vocals (2008–2010)
Brett Cartwright - bass (2008)

Discography
Discography

Studio albums
Outlaws (recorded as The Outlaws, 1975)
Lady in Waiting (1976)
Hurry Sundown (1977)
Playin' to Win (1978)
In the Eye of the Storm (1979)
Ghost Riders (1980)
Los Hombres Malo (1982) - This was the group's last studio album with the label Arista Records. 
Soldiers of Fortune (1986)
Diablo Canyon (1994)
So Low (2000)
It's About Pride (2012)
A Matter of Pride (2015)
Dixie Highway (2020)

Live albums
Bring It Back Alive (1978)
Hittin' the Road (1993)
Extended Versions (2002)
Live Los Angeles 1976 (2015)

Compilations
Greatest Hits Of The Outlaws...High Tides Forever (1982)
Best of the Outlaws: Green Grass and High Tides (1996)
Super Hits (2009)

Billboard Hot 100 singles
 "There Goes Another Love Song" (1975) - US No. 34
 "Breaker Breaker" (1976) - US No. 94
 "Hurry Sundown" (1977) - US No. 60
 "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky" (1980) - US No. 31

References

1972 establishments in the United States
Southern rock bands
Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. is Hawai'i's largest airline and the eighth largest airline in the United States.  The airline's name comes from its headquarters, which are in Honolulu, Hawaii. The airline flies between the major Hawaiian islands.  These are Kaua'i, O'ahu, Moloka'i, Maui, Lanai, and the Big Island of Hawai'i.  Hawaiian also flies to more distant locations, such as the U.S. mainland, Japan, Korea, and Australia.  These flights arrive and depart from Oahu and Maui.

Hawaiian is the oldest U.S. airline without a fatal accident. It is also the oldest U.S. airline that has never had a plane destroyed or damaged beyond repair.

History

Inter-Island Airways
Hawaiian was incorporated as Inter-Island Airways on January 30, 1929.  It gave sightseeing tours over Oahu.  On November 11, 1929, it began flying between Honolulu and Hilo. Inter-Island began flying two Sikorsky S-38  amphibious flying boat. Each carried eight passengers. They added larger Sikorsky S-43s six years later for more passengers and mail service.

Name change to Hawaiian Airlines
In 1941 Inter-Island Airways Ltd. changed its name to Hawaiian Airlines.  In 1966, Hawaiian started using jets to fly between the islands.  The jets were much faster and quieter than the propeller planes it was using.  In 1984, Hawaiian began flying between Honolulu and the South Pacific.  It also started flying between Honolulu and the U.S. West Coast.
Aircraft and logo change
In 1966, Hawaiian added all-jet aircraft, the McDonnell Douglas DC-9. Flying time between islands was reduced to 20–30 minutes. In 2002-03, Hawaiian replaced its planes with better ones.  The new planes used less fuel to fly the same distances.  It also changed the design on the tails of its planes.  The airline also started flying to more locations. Today it flies approximately 212 flights a day.

References

Additional reading 
 Gradidge, J.M. The Convairliners story. 1997. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd .
 Gradidge, Jennifer. DC-1, DC-2, DC-3 - The First Seventy Years. 2006. Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. .

Other websites

Hawaiian Airlines official website

1929 establishments in the United States
Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Hawaii
Honolulu
Grimsås is a locality in Tranemo Municipality in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. In 2010, 721 people lived there.

References 

Settlements in Vastra Gotaland County
Önnestad is a locality in Kristianstad Municipality, in Skåne County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,378 people lived there.

References 

Settlements in Skane County
Väderstad is a locality in Mjölby Municipality in Östergötland County in Sweden. In 2010, 583 people lived there.

References 

Settlements in Ostergotland County
Mjällby is a locality in Sölvesborg Municipality in Blekinge County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,254 people lived there. Mjällby is in the Listerlandet peninsula.

References 

Settlements in Blekinge County
The Swedish Free Church Council () is an association of free churches in Sweden. The association is part of the Christian Council of Sweden (). The Swedish Free Church Council was established in 1992.

Members
Following denominations are members.
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Evangelical Free Church
Salvation Army
Uniting Church in Sweden
Swedish Alliance Mission
Pingst: fria församlingar i samverkan
Vineyard Sweden

References

Other websites
Official website  

1992 establishments in Sweden
Protestantism in Sweden
Livets ord, literally Word of Life, is a congregation within the Swedish Word of Faith movement. It was founded in Uppsala by Ulf Ekman on 24 May 1983. Ulf Ekman left in March 2014 to join the Roman Catholic Church. Between 1994 and 2014 the congregation ran its own seminary.

References

Other websites
official website 

Protestantism in Sweden
Uppsala
1983 establishments in Sweden
The Örebro Mission () was a Protestant denomination in Sweden. It was founded in the town of Örebro in 1892 It was part of the Baptist Union of Sweden until 1936. In 1997 the denomination became part of the Evangelical Free Church in Sweden.

References

1892 establishments in Europe
1997 disestablishments in Sweden
Protestantism in Sweden
Örebro
1890s establishments in Sweden
Mia Marianne och Per Filip is a Swedish Christian music duo consisting of Mia Marianne Waldenstad and Per Filip Waldenstad. The dueo has scored album chart successes in Sweden.

References

Swedish musical groups
Christian music bands
Lisbet Jagedal, born 17 July 1964, is a Swedish singer who participated at Melodifestivalen 1990 with the song Varje natt. The song ended up third in that contest.

She has also scored Svensktoppen hits as a solo singer with the song "Varje natt" (1990) Also she has scored hits as together with Pools orkester. The song "Du har det där" charted in 1993 In 1994, the song "För varje andetag" charted.

References 

1964 births
Swedish singers
Living people
Pools orkester was a dansband from Sweden. The band scored successes by the early 1990s. That was when Lisbet Jagedal used to sing with the band.

Discography

Albums
"Lisbet Jagedal & Pools orkester" - 1990
"Himlen är nära" - 1994

Svensktoppen songs
"Du har det där" - 1993
"För varje andetag" - 1994

References 

Dansbands
Swedish musical groups
"Without Me" is the first single off American rapper Eminem's fourth studio album The Eminem Show. The song was released in May 13, 2002. 

Without Me is one of Eminem's most popular songs. It was able to peak at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. 

In 2003, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Record of the Year at the 45th Annual Grammy Awards but it lost to "Don't Know Why" by the Norah Jones. This made was the first song by Eminem to be nominated for a Grammy in a major category. The song was also nominated for Best Male Rap Solo Performance but lost to Nelly's "Hot in Herre". The music video for the song won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video.

References

Other websites
 "Without Me" on YouTube
 

2002 songs
Eminem songs
Grammy Award winning songs
Triad was a Swedish pop trio. The trio consisted of Janne Bark, Lasse Lindbom and Niklas Strömstedt. They mostly became famous for scoring a 1987-1988 Swedish number-one single hit with the Christmas song Tänd ett ljus

Discography

Albums
1988: Triad

Singles
1987: "Tänd ett ljus"

References

1988 disestablishments in Europe
Swedish musical groups
Swedish pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical trios
1987 establishments in Sweden
1980s disestablishments in Sweden
Brigadier is an army rank, the seniority of which depends on the country. In the British tradition, this officer commands a brigade, which is one-third of a division. As well as the British Army and the Royal Marines, this also applies to the Australian Army, the Indian Army, the New Zealand Army and the Pakistan Army. The rank is above Colonel and below Major-General. The badge on the uniform is three pips with a national symbol on top.

In other countries it is a non-commissioned rank (e.g. Spain, Italy, France, the Netherlands). Instead, these countries use Brigadier general as equivalent. All NATO forces use OF-6 as the equivalent rank.

Army
Åsa Tindra Jinder Otter, born 9 October 1963 in Danderyd, Sweden, is a Swedish nyckelharpa player, composer, producer, songwriter, author and lecturer. She has scored chart successes at the Swedish album chart.

References

Other websites
Åsa Jinder's website 

Swedish musicians
1963 births
Living people
Swedish writers
Cajsa Stina (CajsaStina) Åkerström, born 16 August 1967 in Stockholm, Sweden, is a Swedish singer, songwriter and author.  She is the daughter of singer Fred Åkerström.

She participated at Melodifestivalen 2014 in the third semifinal. Her song was called "En enkel sång".

References

Other websites
Official website 

1967 births
Swedish singers
Swedish writers
Living people
"The Way I Am" is the second single off American rapper Eminem's third studio album The Marshall Mathers LP. The song was released in December 27, 2000. The song is also featured on his 2005 greatest hits album Curtain Call: The Hits.

The Way I Am was able to peak at #58 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. 

The song features Eminem being angry at people who he feels are putting too much pressure on him. This includes obsessive fans and record executives. The song contains the lyrics "When a dude's gettin bullied and shoots up his school...", which is a reference to either Eric Harris or Dylan Klebold, the two students that committed the Columbine High School massacre which took place the year before. The song was remixed by Danny Lohner featuring Marilyn Manson, who has also performed the song with Eminem live on stage. In 2008, Eminem released an autobiography which was titled The Way I Am.

References

Other websites
 "The Way I Am" on YouTube
 
 Full lyrics of this song  at MetroLyrics
2000 songs
Eminem songs
Eva Charlotte Dahlgren ( in English; born 9 June 1960 in Umeå, Sweden) is a Swedish pop singer and songwriter.

Discography
(In parentheses, peak positions in Swedish Albums Chart) 

1978: Finns det nån som bryr sig om (#23)
1980: Eva Dahlgren (#25)
1981: För väntan (#2)
1982: Tvillingskäl (#8)
1984: Ett fönster mot gatan (#2)
1984: Känn mig
1987: Ung och stolt (#2)
1989: Fria Världen 1.989 (#3)
1991: En blekt blondins hjärta (#1)
1992: Eva Dahlgren (English language version of En blekt blondins hjärta)
1992: För minnenas skull (double CD) (1978–1992) (#10)
1995: Jag vill se min älskade komma från det vilda (#2)
1999: Lai Lai (#1)
1999: LaLaLive (#5)
2005: Snö (#2)
2007: En blekt blondins ballader (1980–2005) (#1)
2007: Petroleum och tång (#3)
Compilation albums
2012: Tid - Urval av sånger 1980 till nu
2012: Original Album Classics

Singles
(In parentheses, peak positions in Swedish Singles Chart)
1989: "Ängeln i rummet" (#4)
(English-language version: "Angel in My Room")
1991: "Gunga mig" (#40)
1991: "Vem tänder stjärnorna"	(#4)
(English-language: "I'm not in Love with You")
1991: "Kom och håll om mig" (#27)
(English-language: "Just Want You to Love Me")
1994: "Tro på varann" Uno Svenningsson and Eva Dahlgren (#22)
1999: "Underbara människa" (#41)
2005: "När jag längtar" (#17)
2006: "Äventyr" (EP) (#58)
2008: "Himlen är inget tak" (Eva Dahlgren and Peter Jöback) (#36)

References

Other websites

Eva Dahlgren Online  
Official website 

1960 births
Living people
Swedish pop singers
Swedish songwriters
People from Umeå
Molly Sandén (born July 3, 1992) is a Swedish pop and R&B singer, host and voice actress. She has scored chart successes in Sweden. Her sisters Frida and Mimmi Sandén are also singers.

Discography

Albums 
2009: Samma himmel
2012: Unchained

Singles 
2006: Det finaste någon kan få (Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006)
2007: Allt Som Jag Kan Ge (Stage Junior 2007)
2007: Du Är Musiken I Mig (You Are The Music In Me) feat. Ola (High School Musical 2)
2008: Just Här, Just Nu (Right Here, Right Now) feat. Brandur (High School Musical 3)
2008: Keep on (Movin')
2009: Så vill stjärnorna (Melodifestivalen 2009)
2011: Spread a Little Light
2012: Why am I Crying (Melodifestivalen 2012)
2012: Unchained/Mirage
2014: Freak

Featured in

Artists collaboration 
2006: "Julens tid är här" with Magnus Carlsson (Spår i snön)
2012: "A Little Forgiveness" feat. Christopher (Unchained)
Filmography and Swedish-language dubbing 
2007: High School Musical 2 as Gabriella Montez (song)
2008: High School Musical 3 as  Gabriella Montez (song)
2010: Tangled as Rapunzel (voice and song)
2012: Good Luck Charlie as Teddy Duncan
Television
2011: Lemonade Mouth as Olivia White

Radio and TV programmes 
 2010 – My Camp Rock Scandinavia 2
 2012 – Lilla Melodifestivalen 2012
 2013 - "Ja'mie: Private School Girl"

Awards and nominations 
2012: Blog Awards - Won "Blog rocket of the year"
2012: Rockbjörnen - Nominated "Female live artist of the year" - Lost against Loreen

References

Other websites

 Official Site  

1992 births
Living people
Singers from Stockholm
Actors from Stockholm
Siv Pettersson, born 3 March 1955 in Saint Matthew Parish, Stockholm, Sweden, dead 12 January 1975 in Eriksfält Parish, Malmö, Sweden was a Swedish singer. She scored a major 1972-1973 Christmas hit with the song "Låt mig få tända ett ljus (Schlafe, mein Prinzchen, schlaf' ein)". In 1974 she socred aa minor success with Evert Taube's song "Så länge skutan kan gå". She died in a road accident.

Discography

Albums
Siv Pettersson - 1972
I dur och moll - 1973
Låt mig få tända ett ljus, compilation album (1977)

Singles
Vår egen bit av världen/Vem är du och vem är jag - 1972
Sommar kom, vinter gå/Jag går i tusen tankar - 1973
Qua la linta/Jag fallre för trumpet - 1973
Nu är det din tur/Så länge skutan kan gå - 1974
Jag längtar bara efter att få komma hem/Det måste finnas någon värld - 1974

Svensktoppen songs
Låt mig få tända ett ljus (Schlafe, mein Prinzchen, schlaf' ein) - 1972-1973
Det måste finnas någon värld - 1974
Så länge skutan kan gå - 1974

References
References 

1955 births
1975 deaths
Singers from Stockholm
Road accident deaths
"Hit 'Em Up" is a diss song by rapper 2Pac featuring his group the Outlawz. It was released on June 4, 1996. The song is the B-side for the song "How Do U Want It". It is from 2Pac's fourth studio album All Eyez on Me.

The song attacks many East Coast rappers and mainly attacks 2Pac's former friend and rival The Notorious B.I.G.. The song was a big part in causing the rivalry between East Coast and West Coast hip hop to become worse. "Hit 'Em Up" is considered to be one of the greatest "diss songs" ever recorded because of the explicit lyrics and the seriousness of violent intent by 2Pac and his friends towards their rivals.
Producer Johnny "J" said that Shakur was first fueled by his anger against Biggie and Bad Boy Records because he thought that they had a part in the November 30, 1994 attack on Shakur. Shakur was also angry at Biggie's release of another diss song "Who Shot Ya?" only months after the shooting happened. Even though it did not mention his name, Shakur believed that it was directed towards him. It was not. Shakur admitted that he had released "Hit 'Em Up" as a response to "Who Shot Ya?", almost two months after the 1994 attack.

References

Other websites
"Hit 'Em Up" on YouTube

1996 songs
Tupac Shakur songs
Hip hop songs
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The US state of Maryland decided to tax all banknotes by banks not chartered by the state of Maryland. The only bank in Maryland at the time that did not have a state charter was the Second Bank of the United States. The bank was a branch of the federal bank established in 1816.

Background 
The United States Constitution did not provide for judicial review of laws and court decisions. It was a power the US Supreme court assumed (took) for itself with its first landmark decision. In the decision Marbury v. Madison (1803) the court established its "power to say what the law is". The court gave itself the right to interpret the constitution.
The decision 
There were two questions the court needed to decide. Did Congress have the power to charter a federal bank? The next question was did Maryland have the right to tax a branch of the federal government. Was this constitutional? The court ruled that the federal government did have the power to set up a federal bank. Also, that a state did not have the right to tax the federal government.

Results of the decision 
For the Second Bank of the United States, the decision was short-lived. In 1828 Andrew Jackson was elected President of the United States. It was a victory for states' rights. Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the bank. But the Civil war effectively ended states rights. The constitutional changes that followed favored a strong federal government. In the 20th century, McCulloch v. Maryland was the basis for the federal government being strongly involved in the economy. It set the legal precedent that the federal law was more important than state law in all matters.

References
References 

United States Supreme Court cases
United States law
1819
1810s in the United States
Mauveine was also known as aniline purple and Perkin's mauve. It was the first synthetic organic chemical dye, discovered by accident in 1856.

History

In 1856, William Henry Perkin, then 18, was given a challenge by his professor to synthesize quinine. His professor, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, was the first director of the Royal College of Chemistry in London.

In one attempt, Perkin oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate. This failed, but cleaning the flask with alcohol, Perkin noticed the alcohol had turned purple.

The dye turned out to be suitable for silk and other textiles. It was patented by Perkin, who the next year opened a dyeworks mass-producing it at Greenford on the banks of the Grand Union Canal in London.
It was originally called aniline purple or Tyrian purple, the name of an ancient natural dye got from a mollusc.  In 1859, the colour got the name mauve in England from the French name for the mallow flower, and chemists later called it mauveine. By 1870, the huge demand dropped when other colours were launched in the synthetic dye industry. Mauvine was the first of many.

The structure of mauveine was not fully identified until 1994.

References 

Chemical compounds
Chennai Express is a 2013 romantic action comedy movie. It was directed by Rohit Shetty. It was produced by Red Chillies Entertainment.

The film received mixed reviews from critics and it broke several box office records in India and abroad, becoming the quickest film to collect  net domestically. The film surpassed 3 Idiots (2009) to become the highest-grossing Bollywood film worldwide at that point. It is the 22nd highest grossing Indian film of all time.

At the 59th Filmfare Awards, Chennai Express received 7 nominations, including Best Film, Best Director (Shetty), Best Actor (Khan) and Best Actress (Padukone).

Plot
Rahul's (Shah Rukh Khan) trip to fulfill his late grandfather's last wish turns into an unexpected adventure when he meets a unique young woman (Deepika Padukone) from southern India.
Cast
 Deepika Padukone as Meenalochni "Meena" Azhagusundaram
 Shah Rukh Khan as Rahul Mithaiwala
 Nikitin Dheer as Tangaballi
 Sathyaraj as Durgeshwara Azhagusundaram
 Priyamani as herself (special appearance in "1 2 3 4 Get on the Dance Floor")
 Mukesh Tiwari as Inspector Shamsher
 Kamini Kaushal as Rahul's grandmother
 Puvisha Manoharan as Meenalochni`s cousin
 Lekh Tandon as Rahul's grandfather
 Yogi Babu as Sri Lankan smuggler
 Jasper as Henchman
 King Kong as a passerby
 Rakesh Kukreti as Bobby, Rahul's friend

References

Other website

  (archive)
 

2010s Indian movies
2013 action movies
2013 romantic comedy movies
Rohit Shetty is an Indian movie director. He has created a number of movies like the Golmaal films, Singham, and more. His most successful movie has been Chennai Express.

Personal life
He was born to Ratna Shetty, a Bollywood junior artiste, and M. B. Shetty. He has four siblings.

References

Indian movie directors
Living people
1973 births
Comedy movie series navigational boxes
Indian movie producers
People from Mumbai
The Stockholm Sweden Temple () is a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sweden. It is located in Västerhaninge.

In April 1981 it was announced the temple would be built. It was opened on 2 July 1985.

References

Other websites
 
 Official Stockholm Sweden Temple page 
 Stockholm Sweden Temple page 

Churches in Stockholm
Sofia Albertina Church () a church building in Landskrona in Sweden. It belongs to the Landskrona Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was opened in 1788. However the two towers were not completed until 1816.

References

Other websites

 

Church of Sweden churches
18th-century buildings and structures‎
Amanda Tapping (born 28 August 1965) is an English-Canadian actress, producer and director. She is best known for portraying Samantha Carter in the TV series Stargate SG-1. She also played Helen Magnus in Sanctuary.

Tapping was born in Rochford, Essex and moved to Ontario at age three.

References

Other websites

1965 births
Actors from Essex
Actors from Toronto
Canadian television directors
Canadian television producers
Living people
Twin people from Canada
Angered is a locality in Gothenburg Municipality in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. It is located 12 kilometers north of the town of Gothenburg. In 2010, 950 people lived there.

References 

Settlements in Vastra Gotaland County
Joely Richardson (born 9 January 1965) is an English actress. She played Margrete in Shining Through. She also played Christine in I'll Do Anything. She is the younger daughter of actress Vanessa Redgrave.

She was born in London, England.

References

Actors from London
English movie actors
English television actors
1965 births
Living people
A Landmark decision, or Landmark court decision, establishes new precedents that establish a significant new legal principle or concept. Or it changes the interpretation of existing law. In Commonwealth countries, a reported decision is said to be a leading decision. This is when it has come to be generally regarded as settling the law of the question involved. 

A landmark decision is "a most important case which has establish a law firmly in an area, usually referring to a U.S. Supreme Court case." A landmark decision may have either long-term or short-term significance. Politics, economics or other changes in society may reduce the effects of a landmark decision. A landmark decision is one that changes an entire area of the law during a period of time.
The United States Constitution did not provide for judicial review of laws and court decisions. It was a power the US Supreme court assumed (took) for itself with its first landmark decision. In the decision Marbury v. Madison (1803) the court established its "power to say what the law is". The court gave itself the right to interpret the constitution.

References 

United States Supreme Court cases
United States law
Primer is an American science fiction drama movie. It is about friends who accidentally discover a way to time travel. The movie was released in 2004.

Shane Carruth, who made the movie by himself, also plays the starring role, because he could not find anyone else to do it. Some of his family members and friends are also in it.  The only actor he hired was David Sullivan.

Primer has a confusing plot. The dialogue is difficult to understand.  Carruth decided not to make the language simpler for the audience. The movie won the Grand Jury Prize at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival. It then played in a small number of theatres in the United States. It is also available on DVD. It is now popular as a cult movie. People still talk and write about how to figure out the plot.

Plot
Plot 

Four engineers, who are friends, work together during the day. At night, they run a side business from Aaron's (Shane Carruth) garage. With the money they make, they do research for their own inventions. Two drop out after an argument over what to work on next, leaving Aaron and Abe (David Sullivan).

Aaron and Abe work on a machine that will make an object weigh less. This would happen by changing the effects of gravity. The machine seems to work as planned, but it has a side effect. An object ( a Weeble) left in the machine uses 1300 times the amount of time the machine was turned on for. Abe thinks that objects inside the box travel over and over, from the time the box was turned on to the time it was turned off.
Thomas Granger is the father of Abe's girlfriend Rachel. Somehow he discovers that the time machines exist. He time travels, but because he does not do it correctly, he ends up in a coma.  Aaron thinks that, at some unknown time in the future, Granger entered the box (for unknown reasons). This changed the timeline in bad ways. Abe is frightened by this and decides that time travel is too dangerous to keep doing. He tries to stop his past self from using the machine any more, so he won't get any bad effects. He uses a "failsafe" machine, which he had already built secretly and kept running in a hidden location. He travels back farther in time than his first trip (four days) and before he had told Aaron about time travel. He thinks this will repair any problems.
Now, Abe and Aaron no longer trust each other, so their friendship is ruined. Aaron and Abe fight. Abe warns Aaron never to return or interfere with their doubles. Abe stays behind to continue to try to keep the original Abe and Aaron from ever using the machines for time travel. Aaron travels to France by air and begins to build a room-sized time machine with a group of workers there.

Making the movie 

Carruth has a college degree in mathematics and worked as an engineer.  While writing the dialogue, Carruth studied physics, so the conversations would sound real. He used the short phrases and jargon that scientists use when they are working. The time machine itself is a plain gray box. It has an electronic "hum" made with a mechanical grinder and a car engine. The movie was shot in industrial parks and little houses in the suburbs.
Primer was filmed near Dallas, Texas in 2001. The scenes in the public library where Abe and Aaron made their Internet stock trades were shot in the Richardson Public Library. The time machines were running in a storage facility. An airport scene was shot before the September 11 attacks in the United States. This is why the scene shows barely any security. The actors are allowed to walk to windows to watch planes leaving.

The movie was made for only $7,000 US  and a crew of five.  Carruth decided to play Aaron himself after having trouble finding any actors who could "break ... the habit of filling each line with so much drama". He also did all the production work on the movie, including writing the music.

After the movie was made, Carruth took two years to edit Primer. He said he found this so difficult, he almost gave up several times. The movie was first shown to audiences and judges at the Sundance Film Festival in 2004.
Awards 
 Grand Jury Prize, Sundance Film Festival in 2004.
 Alfred P. Sloan Prize for movies dealing about science and technology, the 2004 Sundance Film Festival.
 Best Writer/Director (Shane Carruth) at the Nantucket Film Festival in 2004.
 Best Feature at the London International Festival of Science Fiction in 2005.

Time travel in Primer

References

Other websites 

 
 
 Primer at Allmovie
 
 
 
 Primer: The Perils and Paradoxes of Restricted Time Travel Narration
 The Primer Universe (Plot explanations)

2004 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
Award winning movies
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All Saints Church () a church building in Kortedala in Gothenburg in Sweden. It belongs to the Kortedala Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was opened on All Saints' Day, 3 November 1956.

References

Other websites

Church of Sweden churches
Churches in Gothenburg
All Saints Church () is a church building in the town of Lund in Sweden. It belongs to the Lund All Saints Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church was opened on Al Saints Day 1891. The church is located circa 600 meters north of the Lund Cathedral.

References

Other websites

Church of Sweden Lund - All Saints Church 

Church of Sweden churches
The All Saints Church or All Saints' Church may refer to:

All Saints Church, Gothenburg
All Saints Church, Lund
The Church of Our Lady () a church building in Kortedala in Gothenburg in Sweden. It earlier belonging to the Kortdeala Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was inaugurated on 19 March 1972. In 2007, the Church of Sweden stopped using it. In 2008 it was sold to the Serbian Orthodox Parish.

References

Other websites

Church of Sweden churches
Churches in Gothenburg
The Cecilia Church () a church in Vilhelmsro outside the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It was built between 1880 and 1881 as a church for the Vilhelmsro Nursing Home. It is named after Ebba Ramsay's youth friend Cecilia Willerding. The church was opened in 1903 by Diocese of Växjö bishop Herman Lindström. It later came under supervision by the Vicar of Jönköping. It was renovated in 1963. It later came under the Jönköping County Council. It was then transferred to municipal public housing in Vätterhem. Vätterhem would often rent it out for worship services, including weddings.

In 2014 it was purchased by the Romanian Orthodox Church of Sweden.

References 

Churches in Sweden
Jönköping
The Jönköping Pentecostal Church () is a church building in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to the Swedish Pentecostal Movement. Che current church is located near the Western Square. It was inaugurated on 1 February 1981.

References

Other websites

Churches in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Jönköping
Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh (born Sophie Helen Rhys-Jones; born 20 January 1965) is the wife of Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh. She assists her husband in his royal duties.

Rhys-Jones was born at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, the daughter of Christopher and Mary Rhys Jones. She was raised in Brenchley, Kent.  

She married Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh in 1999, they have two children, Lady Louise Windsor and James, Earl of Wessex. The family's country residence is Bagshot Park in Surrey.

Titles 

 19 June 1999-Her Royal Highness The Princess Edward, Her Royal Highness The Countess of Wessex, Viscountess Severn
 10 March 2019 In Scotland: Her Royal Highness The Countess of Forfar
 10 March 2023-present: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Edinburgh, Her Royal Highness The Countess of Merioneth, Baroness Greenwich

References

Other websites
 

House of Windsor
People from Kent
People from Oxford
British princesses
1965 births
Living people
Jenő Buzánszky (4 May 1925 – 11 January 2015) was a Hungarian footballer and coach. Buzánszky played as a right back for Hungary. During the 1950s he was a member of the legendary Hungarian national team known as the Mighty Magyars. 

He was the only member of the team not to play for either Honvéd or MTK Hungária FC. After 274 league games he retired as a player and became a coach. In 1996 he became a deputy chairman of the Hungarian Football Federation.

Other websites
 Hungary stats 

1925 births
2015 deaths
Hungarian football managers
Hungarian footballers
Frans Bolweg (30 March 1950 – 10 January 2015) was a Dutch sailor, scout, speaker, National Race Officer, and since 1995 International Judge. Bolweg was Amsterdam, Netherlands. Bolweg had a short career, in Clipper, Europe and Laser, as regatta sailor however developed himself into a race organizer.

Bolweg died of eye cancer in Monnickendam, Netherlands, aged 64.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in the Netherlands
Deaths from eye neoplasm
Sportspeople from Amsterdam

Dutch sailors
Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935May 2, 2009) was an American politician and a collegiate and professional football player. A Republican, he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993.

Kemp was known for being a top adviser to President Ronald Reagan. He helped Reagan pass the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. Some people say that he helped create the Reagan Revolution during the 1980s.

Kemp served nine terms as a congressman for Western New York's 31st congressional district from 1971 to 1989. He was the Republican Party's nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election, where he was the running mate of presidential nominee Bob Dole.

Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries.

Kemp died of cancer of unknown primary origin in Bethesda, Maryland, aged 73.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 NCAA's 100 most influential student-athletes
 Kemp Partners
 Excerpt from October 1996 Kemp-Gore Debate
 Remarks from Vice Presidential nomination acceptance
 Summary of political positions from his own words
 New York Times obituary
 Jack Kemp at Findagrave
 Obituary in the Baltimore Sun
 Jack Kemp - Daily Telegraph obituary

1935 births
2009 deaths
Cancer deaths in Maryland
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
Politicians from Los Angeles
Politicians from New York (state)
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Sportspeople from New York (state)
United States representatives from New York (state)
United States Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development
1988 United States presidential candidates
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Cecil "Chic" Littlewood (17 November 1930 – 11 January 2015) was a New Zealand television entertainer and actor. He appeared as a regular on Shortland Street in the role of Laurie Brasch from 1993 to 1996, and had occasional roles in such series as Mercy Peak. In 2007 he played Isaac Bulosan in the horror film 30 Days of Night, and had a small role as a security guard in Peter Jackson's remake of King Kong.

Littlewood was born in London. He moved to New Zealand in 1964. He died in Auckland on 11 January 2015 after a long illness, aged 84.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2015 deaths
Actors from London
English movie actors
English television actors
New Zealand movie actors
New Zealand television actors
Harry V. Jaffa (October 7, 1918 – January 10, 2015) was Professor Emeritus at Claremont McKenna College and Claremont Graduate University and a distinguished fellow of the Claremont Institute.  He has written on  Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Winston Churchill, Leo Strauss, American constitutionalism, and natural law. His most famous work, Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, written in 1959, has been described as "the greatest Lincoln book ever."

References

1918 births
2015 deaths
Educators from New York City
American philosophers
Republicans (United States)
Writers from New York City
Writers from California
Educators from California
Walter Berns (May 3, 1919 – January 10, 2015) was an American constitutional law and political philosophy professor. He was a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and a professor emeritus at Georgetown University. Berns was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois.

Berns died on January 10, 2015 at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
Website and bibliography of Berns's scholarship
Berns's profile on the American Enterprise Institute website. 
Booknotes interview with Berns on Making Patriots, August 19, 2001. 

1919 births
2015 deaths
American philosophers
Educators from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Walter P. Kistler (1918 – November 5, 2015) was a Swiss-American physicist, inventor, and philanthropist. He was born in Biel, Switzerland.  Kistler is a life member of the Swiss Physical Society and a member of AIAA and ISA, which presented him the Life Achievement Award in 2000.

He held patents on more than 50 inventions in the scientific and industrial instrumentation fields, and has published a number of papers published in scientific and trade journals.

Other websites
Foundation For the Future 

'

1918 births
2015 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Swiss physicists
Swiss philanthropists
Swiss businesspeople
American physicists
Philanthropists from California
Businesspeople from California
People from Biel/Bienne
Searchlight is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated town in Clark County, Nevada, United States, at the topographic saddle between two mountain ranges. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 445.

References

Census-designated places in Nevada
Unincorporated communities in Nevada
Sir Basil John Mason, CB, FRCP, FRCPEd, FRFPS, FRS (18 August 1923 – 6 January 2015), better known as John Mason, was an expert on cloud physics and former Director of the UK Meteorological Office.  He was born in Docking, Norfolk.

References

1923 births
2015 deaths
British meteorologists‎
People from Norfolk
The Cher is a river in central France. It is a left tributary of the Loire River. It flows through several regions of France.

The Cher and Loir-et-Cher departments are named after this river.

Geography
The Cher is  long. Its drainage basin covers .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Tours, Indre-et-Loire (1966 - 2017), near its mouth.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Tours

Course
The Cher starts in the Massif Central, in the Mérinchal municipality, Creuse department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It starts at an altitude of about .

The Cher flows, in general, to the northwest. It goes through the following regions, departments and communes:
Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Creuse: Auzances.
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Puy-de-Dôme: Château-sur-Cher.
 Allier: Montluçon, Vallon-en-Sully, Meaulne.
 Centre-Val de Loire region
 Cher: Ainay-le-Vieil, Bouzais, Saint-Amand-Montrond, Châteauneuf-sur-Cher, Colombiers, Corquoy, Crézançay-sur-Cher, Drevant, Épineuil-le-Fleuriel, Farges-Allichamps, Foëcy, La Groutte, Lapan, Lunery, Méry-sur-Cher, Nozières, Orval, La Perche, Quincy, Saint-Florent-sur-Cher, Saint-Caprais, Saint-Georges-de-Poisieux, Saint-Georges-sur-la-Prée, Saint-Loup-des-Chaumes, Thénioux, Vallenay, Venesmes, Vierzon
 Loir-et-Cher : Angé, Bourré, La Chapelle-Montmartin, Châtillon-sur-Cher, Châtres-sur-Cher, Châteauvieux, Couddes, Faverolles-sur-Cher, Gièvres, Mareuil-sur-Cher, Mennetou-sur-Cher, Monthou-sur-Cher, Montrichard, Pouillé,Selles-sur-Cher, Saint-Aignan, Saint-Georges-sur-Cher, Saint-Julien-sur-Cher, Seigy, Thésée, Villefranche-sur-Cher.
 Indre : Chabris
Indre : Chabris
 Indre-et-Loire : Athée-sur-Cher, Azay-sur-Cher, Bléré, Chenonceaux, Chisseaux, Civray-de-Touraine, La Croix-en-Touraine, Dierre, Larçay, La Riche, Saint-Avertin, Saint-Genouph, Savonnières, Tours, Véretz, Villandry.
At its end, the Cher flows into the Loire River at the bec du Cher ("beak of the Cher") in the Regional nature park Loire-Anjou-Touraine (Parc naturel régional Loire-Anjou-Touraine) in Villandry. That is about  west of the city of Tours, in the Indre-et-Loire department, at  of altitude.

Main tributaries
The main tributaries, with a length greater than 50 km, of the Cher are:

Left tributaries:
 Tardes - 77.3 km;
 Arnon - 150.5 km;
 Fouzon - 59 km;

Right tributaries:
 Aumance - 56.3 km;
 Yèvre - 80.6 km;
 Sauldre - 183.1 km;

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

Notes

References 

Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Rivers of Centre-Val de Loire
Nine Months is a 1995 American romantic comedy movie based on French movie Neuf mois. The movie is about a child psychologist having a romance with a ballet teacher. Julianne Moore plays Rebecca Taylor. Hugh Grant plays Samuel Faulkner. Joan Cusack plays Gail Dwyer.

The movie was released in July 1995. It earned back USD$138 million. Critics did not like the movie.

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1995 romantic comedy movies
American movie remakes
American romantic comedy movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies set in California
Pregnancy movies
Movies directed by Chris Columbus
Marion Hugh "Suge" Knight, Jr. (born April 19, 1965) is the founder and chief executive officer of Black Kapital Records. He is the former CEO of Death Row Records. He worked with Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and other rappers on the Death Row Record label.

Knight was born in Compton, California.
 
Knight has been convicted of assault. He has been in prison for violating parole.

References

African American players of American football
American people convicted of assault
American record producers
Criminals from California
People from Compton, California
1965 births
Living people
Jack Thompson (born July 25, 1951) is an American activist and former lawyer. He is known for being an activist against sex and violence in video games. He has also fought against rap music, mainly because of its obscenity.

In July 2008, Thompson was permanently disbarred, meaning his license to be a lawyer was taken away. That was done because of bad behavior and saying things that were not true to tribunals.

Thompson was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

References

Lawyers from Cleveland
American activists
Businesspeople from Cleveland
1951 births
Living people
Brooklyn Decker (born April 12, 1987) is an American fashion model and actress. She appeared on Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in 2010. She played Samantha Shane in the 2012 movie Battleship. She also played the part of Sklyer in   What to Expect When You Are Expecting.

Decker was born in Kettering, Ohio.

References

American movie actors
Models from Ohio
Actors from Ohio
Actors from Charlotte, North Carolina
1987 births
Living people
Kaolinite or Kaolin is a clay mineral. It is in a group with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay.

The name is after Kao-Ling, a village near Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, China. The name entered English in 1727 from the French kaolin, used in a Jesuit priest's reports from Jingdezhen. In Africa, kaolin is sometimes known as kalaba or calaba.
Kaolinite is a soft, earthy, usually white mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicate clay). It is produced by the chemical weathering of aluminium silicate minerals like feldspar. In many parts of the world, it is colored pink-orange-red by iron oxide, giving it a distinct rust hue. Lighter concentrations yield white, yellow or light orange colors. Alternating layers are sometimes found, as at Providence Canyon State Park in Georgia, United States. Commercial grades of kaolin are supplied and transported as dry powder, semi-dry noodle or as liquid slurry.

Kaolinite is said to have a low shrink-swell capacity and a low cation-exchange capacity, which makes it ideal for various industrial applications.

Kaolin is a main ingredient in making porcelain. Its main industrial use now is in manufacturing paper, especially whiter high-gloss papers. It is also used in toothpastes, make-up and paint.

References 

Minerals
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Stockholm (; ) is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Sweden. The seat is in Stockholm. The diocese is the only Roman Catholic one in Sweden since the Protestant Reformation back in the 16th century.

In current form, the diocese has been around since 1953.

References 

Christianity in Sweden
Sweden
1953 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Sweden
The Diocese of Stockholm may refer to:

 Diocese of Stockholm (Church of Sweden)
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Stockholm
A royal chapel is a chapel that is used, or historical has been, by a monarch or royal court or royal family. A royal chapel is often located inside or near a royal palace.

Exanples
Royal Chapel of Dreux
Royal Chapel, Stockholm

Churches
Monarchy
Anna Stadling born 11 July 1970 in Sundsvall, Sweden is a Swedish musical artist. She contributes with background vocals and plays the guitar in the band Hovet. She has also played with Staffan Hellstrand. Also she has worked together with Idde Schultz. Anna Stadling has scored successes at the Swedish charts.

Discography

Solo
1999 - Det känns
2010 - E4 mot norr
2013 - Stadling/Cash (Anna Stadling covers Johnny Cash in English)

Anna + Idde
2005 - Anna + Idde (EP)
2006 - Vägar hem
2008 - Hjärtat fullt

Together with Karl-Magnus Fredriksson
2011 - Ögonblick och evighet

References

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Vuollerim is a locality in Jokkmokk Municipality in Norrbotten County in Sweden. In 2010, 732 people lived there.

References

Other websites

www.vuollerim.se 

Settlements in Norrbotten County
The Pyrenean Sheepdog is a medium-small breed of dog. It comes from the South of France, in the Pyrenees Mountains. The Pyrenean Shepherd is a herding dog.  The breed in the northern part of the mountains, where the climate is colder, was originally long-haired and all white.  In the Basque area of Spain, the smaller breed of the dog was primarily used to protect the sheep from bear and wolf attacks.

History 

They may have been a companion of Cro-Magnon man. Pictographs of a similar looking dog were found at Lascaux. They are an ancient and intelligent breed and the Phrenean Shepherd is one of the oldest existing dog breeds. They have been used since the middle ages to help with livestock.
  
The breed became popular for a time with French royalty. This is when the son of XIV was in Barèges, France and became fond of a Pyrenees. He took it back to live with him in Louvre in Paris.
In the 1880s, Queen Victoria owned one of the great white dogs.  It was at that time that the British Kennel Club recognized the Pyrenean Mountain Dog as a breed. In the 1930s two puppies were brought to Needham, Massachusetts and bred which helped to save the species. The Pyrenean Shepherds were used to carry packs during World War I.

Appearance 
The Pyrenean Shepherd has many different looks. The breed is either smooth-faced or rough-faced. One type, common today, is said to look like a cross between a Collie and a teddy bear.

References

Other websites 
 Pyrenean Shepherd PetGuide

Pyrenees
Dog breeds originating in France
Rare dog breeds
FCI breeds