Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The University of Durham is a university in the City of Durham in the north of England.  It was founded in 1832.  It is one of the oldest universities in the United Kingdom. It is "long established as the leading alternative to Oxford and Cambridge".

References

Other websites

 University of Durham

1832 establishments
1830s establishments in England
Durham, University of
Buildings and structures in Durham, England
Gerrymandering is when a political group tries to change a voting district to create a result that gives them an advantage to hurt and reduce another political group's chances of winning. This can result in unfair election outcomes if successful. It is named after Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814).

Example 
If we have Group A and Group B both trying to win in a district. Group A has 40 votes and Group B has 50. In another district Group A knows Group B will win for sure. Group A changes the voting district so that 11 votes are moved to the other district. Now they will win 40 votes to 39.

Voting systems
Suffrage is the right to vote. Most countries allow citizens to vote once they are legally an adult. In the past not all people were allowed to vote. In general, most countries today do not stop people of a different race or sex from voting. 

Suffrage can also apply to states themselves. Article V. of the U. S. Constitution does not allow any amendment to take away the States' equal suffrage in the Senate.

Suffrage can also mean the right to be a public official. Some people call the right to run for office candidate eligibility.  Full suffrage means both the right to vote and the right to seek office.

Related pages 
Universal suffrage
Voting age
Women's suffrage

Voting
Democratic rights
(June 23, 1534 – June 21, 1582) was a Japanese daimyo. He was born in Owari Province. Akechi Mitsuhide killed him at a temple named Honno-ji. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was a follower of Nobunaga.

1534 births
1582 deaths
Daimyo
People from Aichi Prefecture
Windows Product Activation is a service built into all versions of Windows from Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 above to stop people downloading pirated copies. The user has 30 days to activate Windows and after 30 days, the computer will not run properly until it is activated.

Activation Process 
When Windows is first installed, there will be a little icon on the screen with a message asking for Windows to be activated.

Then an activation wizard will appear and the user has 2 options on activating Windows. Activation could be done on the Internet, or on the telephone. The quickest way to activate is by the Internet, but if that fails, then the user would need to call Microsoft for the activation ID. The activation ID would be read by the representative and then the user would type in the key on the activation Wizard screen.

Microsoft operating systems

de:Microsoft Windows XP#Produktaktivierung
An algorithm is a set of instructions for solving logical and mathematical problems, or for accomplishing some other task. 

A recipe is a good example of an algorithm because it says what must be done, step by step. It takes inputs (ingredients) and produces an output (the completed dish).

The words 'algorithm' and 'algorism' come from the name of a Persian mathematician called Al-Khwārizmī (Persian: خوارزمی, c. 780–850).

Informally, an algorithm can be called a "list of steps". Algorithms can be written in ordinary language, and that may be all a person needs.

In computing, an algorithm is a precise list of operations that could be done by a Turing machine.
For the purpose of computing, algorithms are written in pseudocode, flow charts, or programming languages.
Comparing algorithms 
There is usually more than one way to solve a problem. There may be many different recipes to make a certain dish which looks different but ends up tasting the same when all is said and done. The same is true for algorithms. However, some of these ways will be better than others. If a recipe needs lots of complicated ingredients that you do not have, it is not as a good as a simple recipe. When we look at algorithms as a way of solving problems, often we want to know how long it would take a computer to solve the problem using a particular algorithm. When we write algorithms, we like our algorithm to take the least amount of time so that we can solve our problem as quickly as possible.
In cooking, some recipes are more difficult to do than others, because they take more time to finish or have more things to keep track of.
It is the same for algorithms, and algorithms are better when they are easier for the computer to do.  The thing that measures the difficulty of an algorithm is called complexity.  When we ask how complex an algorithm is, often we want to know how long it will take a computer to solve the problem we want it to solve.

Sorting 
This is an example of an algorithm for sorting cards with colors on them into piles of the same color:

 Pick up all of the cards.
 Pick a card from your hand and look at the color of the card.
 If there is already a pile of cards of that color, put this card on that pile.
 If there is no pile of cards of that color, make a new pile of just this card color.
 If there is still a card in your hand, go back to the second step.
 If there is not still a card in your hand, then the cards are sorted. You are done.

Sorting by numbers
These are examples of algorithms for sorting a stack of cards with many different numbers, so that the numbers are in order.

Players start with a stack of cards that have not been sorted.

First algorithm 
This algorithm goes through the stack of cards, one card at a time. This card is compared to the next card in the stack. Please note that this position only changes in step 6.  This algorithm is called bubble sort. It is slow.
If the stack of cards is empty, or it only contains one card, it is sorted; you are done.
Take the stack of cards. Look at the first card (the top) of the stack.
The card you are looking at is card A. The position where card A currently, is in stack P.
If there are no more cards in the stack after card A, go to step 8.
The next card in the stack is card B.
If card B has a lower number than card A, swap the positions of cards A and B. Remember you did this. When you swap cards, do not change the position P. 
If there is another card in the stack after position P, look at it; go back to step 3.
If you did not swap the position of any cards in the last run, you are done; the stack of cards is sorted.
Otherwise go back to step 2.

Step-by-step example 

Let us take a stack of the cards with the numbers "5 1 4 2 8", and sort it from smallest number to biggest one using this algorithm. In each step, the algorithm compares the elements written in bold. The top of the stack of cards is on the left-hand side.
First pass:
( 5 1 4 2 8 )  ( 1 5 4 2 8 ) Here, the algorithm compares the first two elements, and swaps them.
( 1 5 4 2 8 )  ( 1 4 5 2 8 )
( 1 4 5 2 8 )  ( 1 4 2 5 8 )
( 1 4 2 5 8 )  ( 1 4 2 5 8 ) These elements are already in order, so the algorithm does not swap them.
Second pass:
( 1 4 2 5 8 )  ( 1 4 2 5 8 )
( 1 4 2 5 8 )  ( 1 2 4 5 8 )
( 1 2 4 5 8 )  ( 1 2 4 5 8 )
( 1 2 4 5 8 )  ( 1 2 4 5 8 )
Now, the stack of cards is already sorted, but our algorithm does not know this. The algorithm needs one whole pass without any swap to know it is sorted.
Third pass:
( 1 2 4 5 8 )  ( 1 2 4 5 8 )
( 1 2 4 5 8 )  ( 1 2 4 5 8 )
( 1 2 4 5 8 )  ( 1 2 4 5 8 )
( 1 2 4 5 8 )  ( 1 2 4 5 8 )
Finally, the array is sorted, and the algorithm can stop.
History 
This is an easy-to-understand algorithm for sorting. Computer scientists called it Bubble sort, because smaller elements will rise to the top, changing their position in each run. Unfortunately, the algorithm is not very good, because it needs a long time (many passes through the stack of cards) to sort it.

Second algorithm 

This algorithm uses another idea. Sometimes solving a problem is difficult, but the problem can be changed so it is made of simpler problems that are easier to solve. This is called recursion. It is more difficult to understand than the first example, but it will give a better algorithm.

Basic idea
Basic idea 

 If the stack has no cards in it, or it only has one card, it is sorted, and you are done.
Split the stack of cards into two halves of about the same size. If there is an odd number of cards, one of the two stacks will have one card more than the other. 
Sort each of the two stacks using this algorithm (For each stack, start at item 1 of this list.)
Merge the two sorted stacks together, as described below.
The result is a sorted stack of cards. You are done.
Merging two stacks together 
This works with two stacks of cards. One of them is called A, the other is called B. There is a third stack that is empty at the start, called C. At the end, it will contain the result.
If either stack A or stack B is empty, put all the cards of the stack that is not empty on top of stack C; you are done, stack C is the result of the merge. (Note: take the whole stack, and put it on stack C; doing it card-by-card will change the order and will not work as it should.)
Look at the top cards of stack A and stack B. Put the one with the lower number on top of stack C. If stack C had no cards in it, it will now have one card.
If either stack A or stack B has cards left, go back to step 1 to sort them.

History 
John von Neumann developed this algorithm in 1945. He did not call it Sorting by numbers, he called it Mergesort. It is a very good algorithm for sorting, compared to others.

Third algorithm
Third algorithm 

The first algorithm takes much longer to sort the cards than the second, but it can be improved (made better). Looking at bubble sort, it can be noticed that cards with high numbers move from the top of the stack quite quickly, but cards with low numbers at the bottom of the stack take a long time to rise (move to the top).
To improve the first algorithm here is the idea:
Rather than comparing two cards that are next to each other, at the start a 'special' card is picked. All the other cards are then compared to this card.
We start out with a stack A. There will be two other stacks B and C, which will be created later.
If stack A has no cards, or it only has one card, we are done sorting.
A card is picked from stack A, if possible at random. This is called a pivot.
All the remaining cards of stack A are compared to this pivot. Cards with a smaller number go to stack B, those with an equal or bigger number go to stack C.
If there are any cards in stacks B or C, these stacks need to be sorted with the same algorithm (Start at pos 1 of this list for both stack B and stack C in turn.)
Done. The sorted stack of cards first has the sorted stack B, then the pivot, and then the sorted stack C.

History 
This algorithm was developed by C. A. R. Hoare in 1960. It is one of most widely used algorithms for sorting today. It is called Quicksort.
Putting algorithms together 
If players have cards with colors and numbers on them, they can sort them by color and number if they do the "sorting by colors" algorithm, then do the "sorting by numbers" algorithm to each colored stack, then put the stacks together.

The sorting-by-numbers algorithms are more difficult to do than the sorting-by-colors algorithm, because they may have to do the steps again many times. One would say that sorting by numbers is more complex.

Related pages
The Euclidean algorithm was found over 2000 years ago. It is able to find the greatest common divisor of two numbers.

Other websites 
 Algorithm -Citizendium 

 
Recursion
John Caesar (1764 – 15 February 1796), known as Black Caesar, was the first Australian bushranger. He was also the first black person with an African background to come to Australia. He was the first bushranger to have a reward offered for his capture.

Early life
Caesar was most likely born in Madagascar, in about 1763. He was a slave on a sugar plantation (farm) in the West Indies. He ran away and went to London. On 17 March 1786, he was in court at Deptford, Kent for stealing 240 shillings. He was sent to the new country called Australia as a convict for seven years. He left on the Alexander, a convict transport ship in the First Fleet, in May 1787 and arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788.
Convict life for Black Caesar
On 29 April 1789 he was caught stealing food. Two weeks later he escaped into the bush, taking food, an iron cooking pot, and a musket (gun) taken from a sea army officer (Marine) named Abraham Hand. He could not catch enough animals to eat, and he began to steal food from the settlement. On 26 May he stole food from a brick making gang at Brickfield Hill and was nearly caught. On June 6 he tried to steal food from Zachariah Clark, who was the assistant in charge of the new colony's food supplies. Caesar was caught by a convict named William Saltmarsh.
 
In July 1789, David Collins, the colony's Judge-Advocate, said that John Caesar was the hardest working convict in the new colony. He said that he was a large man with a lot of muscles, but he was always hungry. He would eat food meant to last two days in one meal, and would then need to steal more food from others. All his thefts were about getting more food.
After he was captured, Collins said Caesar was a "wretch" (a miserable person) who did not care if he died. Caesar told Collins that he would make it if was hanged, he would turn into a joke by playing a trick on the executioner. Governor Arthur Phillip however, thought Caesar would be more use working and sent him to Garden Island, where he would work in with his legs tied with iron chain. He was well behaved and the chains were soon taken off.

Escape
Caesar soon escaped again; on 22 December used a canoe to get off the island, taking a week's worth of food. He stole a musket, and lived by taking food from gardens and taking the food of Aboriginals after scaring them away with his gun. After he lost the gun at Rose Hill, and was attacked by the Aborigines, leaving him wounded in several places. He gave himself up on the 31 December to an officer at Rose Hill.
On 6 March 1790, Caesar was sent to Norfolk Island. There he had one daughter, later named Mary Ann Fisher Power, to Ann (e) Power. He was taken back to Sydney in 1793, and began stealing from the farms and huts again. He was caught and then flogged (hit 500 times with a whip). This did not make any difference; Caesar said that "all that would not make him better."

Bushranger
In 1795 Black Caesar ran away for the last time, and formed a gang of runaways. On 29 January 1796, a reward of five gallons of rum was offered by Governor John Hunter for his capture. Every day there were reports of missing things, but he was able to avoid being captured until 15 February. A man named Wimbow, who had been searching for days, found him in an area of thick bush called Liberty Plains and shot him. He died soon after.

References

Other websites
 Negro Convicts in Australia 
 First Fleet - John Caesar 
 First Fleet stories - John Caesar 

1763 births
1796 deaths
Bushrangers
Slaves
SliTaz GNU/Linux is a software project started by Christophe Lincoln in 2006. It is one of the smallest desktop  Linux distributions available  It can be loaded entirely into RAM or be installed to a hard drive.

History 

SliTaz 1.0 was released on March 22, 2008. SliTaz shares many common goals with Damn Small Linux, but is smaller and based on the more recent Linux 2.6 kernel.

Issues

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 SliTaz GNU/Linux official website

Linux distributions
A musket is a muzzleloading, smoothbore firearm, which is meant to be fired from the shoulder. 

The musket is the weapon that replaced the arquebus, and was then replaced by the rifle. But the word musket is also used to describe a number of different weapons including:
 a long, heavy weapon with a matchlock or wheellock and loose powder fired with the gun barrel resting on a stand
 a lighter weapon with a flintlock or percussion cap firing mechanism, with a bayonet.
Musket calibres ranged from  to . A smoothbore musket, firing at a single target, was only accurate to about  to . Rifled muskets in the 1850's were much better, able to hit a man sized target at up to . The advantage of this longer distance was shown at the Battle of Four Lakes, where Springfield Model 1855 rifled muskets killed Indian warriors before they could get close enough with their smoothbore muskets. However, in the Italian War of 1859, French forces were able to defeat the longer range of Austrian rifle muskets by quick, small attacks and bayonet attacks at close range.

References

Other websites 
 History of Muskets
 Infantry Tactics During the Napoleonic wars - Musketry
 http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Campground/8551/ 

1500s
Firearms
The ALPHA Collaboration is a group of physicists from about 11 universities who work together (or "collaborate") to try to trap neutral antimatter. The neutral antimatter they are working to trap is antihydrogen. This is the antimatter version of hydrogen, the first atom in the periodic table. Antihydrogen, like hydrogen, has two oppositely charged particles. Hydrogen has a proton and an electron, and so antihydrogen would have an antiproton and a positron. A positron is the common name for the antielectron.

CERN 
The ALPHA collaboration has its experiment at CERN in Geneva in Switzerland. CERN is the only place in the world that can provide "slow" antiprotons that can be easily captured by ALPHA. ALPHA then brings these antiprotons into contact with positrons and form antihydrogen.
This is a difficult process. The magnetic forces on these atoms are quite weak, so the trap can only contain antihydrogen atoms of very low motional (kinetic) energy, that is at very low temperature. The current state-of-the-art ALPHA trap can contain antihydrogen atoms in their ground state if they are colder than about 0.5 Kelvin (i.e. 0.5 degrees above absolute zero). ALPHA is currently working on making such cold antihydrogen.
Nuclear physics

en:Antiproton Decelerator#ALPHA collaboration
Forestle was a search engine, or website for finding all kinds of information on the internet. Forestle gave money to save the rain forest and reduce the total carbon dioxide (CO2) production. It also offered special features, for example a preview of the websites found during a search. It was invented in 2008.

Forestle was discontinued and redirected to a similar search engine Ecosia on January 1, 2011.

Helping the environment 

Forestle saved 0.1 square meters (about 0.1 square yards) of rain forest per search. It earned money from showing advertisements along with the websites found, and Forestle guarantees to donate 90% of this money to buy areas of rain forest through its partner organization The Nature Conservancy.  As of October 2009, about  1,991,055 square meters of rain forest have been saved.
For searching the web using Forestle was also essentially CO2-neutral: Of course the server computers used by Forestle, the connection network, and the computer of the searching users need electric energy and thus create emissions of carbon-dioxide; but Forestle purchased an equivalent amount of renewable energy certificates. The certificates are purchased from a part of the 10% of money left after buying rain forest. This makes Forestle one of the few web search sites that are "green certified".

The number of search requests on Forestle.org grew significantly: There were 4000 search requests per day on average in December 2008, about 10000 per day in January 2009 and as of March 6, 2009 there were more than 20000 requests per day.

Forestle thus offered a simple alternative form of searching the web in a way that helps the environment.

How large the effects of using such a 'green' search method actually are is discussed.

Special properties
Special properties

Forestle offered a website preview that showed small versions of the websites found in each search. The search page offered by Forestle was very simple and only contains a window to type in words to be searched for, the search results, and a few links to check related services (for example Google Maps) as well as explanations about how Forestle works. Forestle meanwhile also provided several browser plugins, could be added to iGoogle and could be used in English and German (full versions) as well as in Spanish and Dutch (details partially in English).

Forestle search engine partners
Forestle used the search services of Google until Google forbid them to do that after four days of service; the reasons was that Google and Forestle had a fight: it was not clear whether Forestle broke the terms of service fixed in the contract between them. Forestle.org states that Google did not actually give reasons for stopping their service. The action by Google to not support Forestle any more immediately drew international attention.<ref
name=immediateattentionInquirer></ref>  Details about the conflict between Google and Forestle are debated. Forestle then became associated with Yahoo.

References

Other websites
Forestle.org
Proof for Saving Rain Forest 
Proof of reducing CO2  production 
Search engines
The Hebrew Wikipedia () is the Hebrew-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in July 2003.

As of October 2015, it is the 39th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.

By February 2012, it had over 130,000 articles, over 534,000 pages and over 33,500 files uploaded.

References

Other websites 
 Hebrew Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
Websites established in 2003
Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is a drug. It is used to prevent coughs in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. Dextromethorphan can also be used for pain relief or for psychological conditions. It is sold in syrup, tablet, and lozenge forms, manufactured under several different brand names and generic labels. In its pure form, dextromethorphan is a white powder.

Turning on the Sigma-1 receptor is believed to be how dextromethorphan helps with a cough. Dextromethorphan also prevents serotonin and norepinephrine from being absorbed again in the brain. When too much is inside a person's body or when they have been using it as a recreational drug, it can cause dissociative hallucinations, make a person feel good, change how you feel things, and other things. It does this by doing the things said before but also by blocking glutamate from turning on NMDA receptors in the brain, much like how Ketamine and Phencyclidine work as well.

References

Psychoactive drugs
Organonitrogen compounds
A metrosexual is a male who is overly concerned with their own physical appearance and grooming. Metrosexual men are known to act like the stereotypical homosexual man.

Men
Human sexuality
Roman à clef (said like it rhymes with "a don a day") means "novel with a key" in French.  It is a phrase used for talking about literature and movies.  A roman à clef is a type of story that's true for the most part except for details like the name of the main character.  The "key" part of the meaning–what someone needs to unlock the real story–changes from book to book.  For some books it is knowing that the main character is really a famous person.  For others it is knowing that the main character is really the author.

Authors usually write these types of stories (instead of telling the whole truth) to talk about a controversy or what happened during a crime so that the people involved can't sue them.  A couple of movies that are written like this are Citizen Kane (a movie about a man a lot like William Randolph Hearst) and Dreamgirls (a movie about a Motown group a lot like The Supremes).

Because it comes from French, the plural of roman à clef is romans à clef.

Books by genre
Ernst Kaltenbrunner (4 October 1903 in Ried im Innkreis, Austria - 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany) was an High Ranking Austrian SS Official During the Nazi Era and World War II he was an official of the NSDAP. He was the head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Head Office) and Interpol. Kaltenbrunner was the highest SS officer who was charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was found guilty of war crimes and executed by being hanged. He was also the Nazi Officer who replaced Reinhard Heydrich when Heydrich was assassinated on 27 May 1942 and died on the 4th June 1942 Ernst Kaltenbrunner was the Reich Protector Of Bohemia and Morovia and SS-Obergruppenführer from 1942-1945 when Czechoslovakia was liberated from Nazi Germany  by the allied forces in 1945 . Ernst Kaltenbrunner was born on 4th October 1897 in Ried im Innkreis joined the Nazi Party and the Schutzstaffel/SS in 1931 he also joined the Gestapo in 1933
. In June 1933 he was involved in the Night of the Long Knives to kill Ernst Röhm the head of the SA . He was also involved in Kristallnacht or Night Of The Broken Glass in 1938 . In 1942 during World War 2 he replaced Reinhard Heydrich as head of the Gestapo until 1945 when he was captured by the Allies .
1903 births
1946 deaths
Austrian lawyers
Austrian people of World War II
Austrian Roman Catholics
Austrian war criminals
Directors of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt
Executed Austrian people
Executed Nazis
Gestapo people
Holocaust perpetrators
Nazi leaders
People executed by hanging
SS officers
A typographical error or typo is a word that has been spelt wrong by accident. There are a few ways to make a typo:
 Hitting the wrong key while typing. Example: "Tom amd Jane are friends."
 Pressing the keys in the wrong order. Example: "Tom nad Jane are friends."
 Forgetting to press a key. Example "Tom nd Jane are friends."
 Holding a key too long, causing a letting to be typed twice. Example "Tom andd Jane are friends."

Typography
Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, was born on August 16, 1763. He was the second son of George III. He was the heir to the throne from 1820 to his death.

Ancestors 

British royalty
British Dukes and Duchesses
Irish nobility
1763 births
1827 deaths
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex was born (27 January 1773 – 21 April 1843), was the sixth son of George III and his consort, Queen Charlotte. He was the only son of the King and Queen to not pursue an army or navy career, but he did consider becoming a cleric in the Church of England.

Marriages

Augustus Frederick married twice, but neither was legal in the United Kingdom because under the Royal Marriages Act  he should have asked permission from the King first.

Ancestors

References

1773 births
1843 deaths
House of Hanover
Sussex
Princess Augusta Sophia (8 November 1768 – 22 September 1840) was second oldest daughter of George III and Queen Charlotte. She never married and had no children. She died at age 71 in 1840.

Ancestors 

1768 births
1840 deaths
People Buried in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle
British princesses
19th-century British people
Princess Elizabeth (22 May 1770 – 10 January 1840) was the 7th child of George III and Queen Charlotte. She married Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, in 1818. She had no children. She died at age 69. There were plans for her to marry the future Louis Philippe I, but the marriage never took place as he was a Catholic and her father had a deep dislike of Catholic people.

Ancestors 

1770 births
1840 deaths
British princesses
Princess Mary of the United Kingdom (25 April 1776 – 30 April 1857) was the fourth daughter and eleventh child of George III and Queen Charlotte. She was the last living child of George III, dying in 1857.

Ancestors

References

1776 births
1857 deaths
British princesses
House of Hanover
The Princess Sophia (Sophia Matilda; 2 November 1777 – 27 May 1848) was the fifth daughter of George III and Queen Charlotte.

Ancestors 

1777 births
1848 deaths
British princesses
Prince Octavius (23 February 1779 - 3 May 1783) was the eighth son of the British king George III and his queen, Charlotte. He died at the age of four. His father King George once said "There will be no heaven for me if Octavius is not there."

1779 births
1783 deaths

British royalty
Prince Alfred (22 September 1780 - August 20 1783) was the ninth and last son of George III and Queen Charlotte. He was the first son of George III to die, dying at age two years in 1783.

1780 births
1783 deaths
House of Hanover
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (19 May 1744 – 17 November 1818) was the queen of the United Kingdom as the wife of King George III. She was queen consort of the United Kingdom from her marriage on September 8, 1761 to to death, on November 18,1818. Charlotte and George III had 15 children, of whom 13 survived to adulthood. She was the longest consort, serving 58 years. She died in 1818, and George III died two years later.

Ancestors

1744 births
1818 deaths
People Buried in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle
Kings and Queens consort of the United Kingdom
Electors and Electresses
Kings and Queens of Hanover
Lewis County can be any of the following counties in the United States:

 Lewis County, Idaho 
 Lewis County, Kentucky 
 Lewis County, Missouri 
 Lewis County, New York 
 Lewis County, Tennessee 
 Lewis County, Washington 
 Lewis County, West Virginia

Related pages
 Lewis and Clark County, Montana
Egbert (also spelt Ecgberht) (–839) was King of Wessex from 802 until 839. In the 780s Egbert was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Egbert returned and took the throne. He was the father of Athelwulf of Wessex.

Early career
Egbert was the son of Ealhmund, King of Kent. He was descended from Ingeld, brother of Ine of Wessex. In 786 he made a bid for the throne of Wessex after the death of Cynewulf. Offa of Mercia however, made Beorhtric king instead. As a youth Egbert was seen as a problem for Beorhtric. He didn't want Egbert in England. While Beorhtric was negotiating to marry Offa's daughter he asked that Egbert be handed over to him. While Offa was considering doing just that, Egbert fled Mercia and at some point left England. He appears to have been welcomed at the court of Charlemagne for at least three years. This is at the time Frankish ports were closed to English ships and trading. Offa had offended Charlemagne by his son marry one of Charlemagne's daughters. While at the Frankish court Egbert married a noblewoman, Redburga. She was possibly a close relative of Charlemagne. Egbert and Redburga had a son born in Francia, Athelwulf, about 795. In 802 Beorhtric died
. Egbert returned to become King of Wessex, probably with military aid from Charlemagne.
His first few years as king are not well recorded. It is very probable that he used this time to reorganize his army and his administration. Egbert formed an alliance with Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 815 Egbert invaded Cornwall and brought it under his rule. He allowed sub-kings to rule it for him. In 825 the new king of Mercia, Beornwulf, invaded Wessex. Beornwulf had extended his authority over Kent, Essex and Middlesex. In what Frank Stenton called "one of the most decisive battles of Anglo-Saxon history" Egbert defeated Beornwulf. This was the end of the Mercian kings dominating England. Egbert sent his son Athelwulf with an army to overthrow Baldred, the Mercian sub-king. As a result, all of Kent, Surrey, Sussex and East Anglia submitted to Egbert. Beornwulf tried to recover East Anglia later the same year and was killed in the attempt. Kent, Surrey and Sussex remained a part of the kingdom of Wessex from this time on. Essex was later lost to the Danes
. Egbert appointed his son Athelwulf as sub-king of Kent which included all the new territories of Wessex.
Egbert then defeated all of Mercia in 829. The king of Northumbria submitted to him after the defeat of Mercia. He assumed the title  (King of Mercia). This title was also on coins made in the former Mercian port of London. In 830 Wiglaf returned to power in Mercia, but the gains of Kent and southwest England remained with Wessex. Egbert died 4 February 839. He left a territory larger than any other Wessex king since Ine. He was the bretwalda or overlord of Anglo-Saxon England until Wiglaf returned in 830. Even so, he remained the most powerful king during his time.

Family 

Together he and Redburga had:

 Athelwulf, who succeeded his father.
 Athelstan.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

770s births
839 deaths
Kings of Wessex
The axilla (also known as the armpit, underarm, or oxter) is the area on the human body right under where the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder. The axilla is one of the four places where a medical thermometer can be used to measure human body temperature. The other places are the rectum, mouth, and ear canal.

What is in the area of the axilla
In the area where the axllia is, the body parts that are found are the axillary vein, axillary artery, brachial plexus, lymph nodes, and fat.

Hair of the axilla

During puberty, hair will grow in the underarms. Many women choose to shave or remove this hair because it gives a neater and cleaner look when wearing some types of clothes, however some women do not shave and choose to have a natural look for cultural or symbolic reasons.

Body odor
Body odor occurs in the axilla due to microorganisms.

Due to this, many companies make deodorants to help remove the bad odor.

What the axilla is known for
Many people think of the axilla as being a ticklish spot.
Other words for axilla
In the U.K., the axilla is called the oxter.

Underarm, another word for axilla, only is the outside of the axilla.

Armpit, like underarm, refers to the axilla, but also means an object or place that is smelly or greasy.

Gallery

References

Body parts
Asyut is a city in Egypt. It is the capital of the current Asyut Governate.  There is an old city close by the newer city of Asyut.

Twin towns 
The following are the twin towns of Asyut:

 Iaşi, Romania

References  

Cities in Egypt
The word Ganz may mean:
 Ganz (tramcars), Hungarian maker of electric railway equipment.
 Ganz (toy company), a Canadian toy company known for Webkinz
 Ganz, Austria, a town in the district of Mürzzuschlag in Styria
 Ganz (surname), people with the surname Ganz
 Ganz HMG, a fictitious machine gun in Battlefield 2142
The Ganz (Ganz vállalatok, "Ganz companies") electric works  in Budapest is best known for making tramcars. It was also one of the first to use three-phase alternating current on electric railways. Ganz also made / makes: ships (Ganz Danubius), steel bridges (Ganz Acélszerkezet), high voltage electrical equipment (Ganz Transelektro). Famous engineers employed by Ganz were Kálmán Kandó and Ottó Bláthy. The company is named after Ábrahám Ganz.

Transport companies of Europe
Budapest
The Battle of Yorktown can be any of the following:

Battle of Yorktown (1781), American Revolutionary War battle	 
Battle of Yorktown (1862), Civil War battle
Tetraphobia is a fear of the number 4.  It is a superstition found most often in East Asian areas, for example China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

The Chinese word for four (, pinyin: sì, jyutping: sei3), sounds very similar to the word for death (, pinyin: sǐ, jyutping: sei2).

Chinese people take care not to use the number 4 during important holidays, or if someone in the family is sick. Numbers such as 14, 24, and so on, are not used because they also have the number 4 in them. Buildings sometimes do not have floors with these numbers, apartments and hotels do not have rooms with number 4, 14, 24 and so on. Table number 4, 14, 24, may be often left out in wedding dinners or other social activities in these countries. Where there are a lot of apartment buildings, buildings that should be 4, 14, 24, are called 3A, 13A, 23A, and so on.
In Hong Kong, some apartments such as Vision City and The Arch do not have the floors from 40 to 49. Immediately above 39/F is 50/F, leading many who do not know about tetraphobia to think that some floors are missing.

The Chinese start numbering their military aircraft with the number 5, such as the fighter plane "Shenyang J-5". The Taiwanese and the South Korean navies do not use the number 4 when giving flag numbers to their ships.

In cities where East Asian and Western cultures come together, like Hong Kong and Singapore, it is possible in some buildings that both 13 and 14 are left out as floor numbers, along with all the other 4s.

In Korea, tetraphobia is not as important, but the floor number 4 is almost always left out in hospitals. In other buildings, the fourth floor is sometimes named "F" (Four) instead of "4" in elevators. Apartment numbers with a lot of the number 4 (such as 404) are hard to sell, and often they are not worth as much money.

References 

Superstitions
Phobias
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (30 November 1719 – 8 February 1772) was Princess of Wales between 1736 and 1751, and Dowager Princess of Wales thereafter. She was one of only three holders of the title who never became queen. Princess Augusta's eldest son succeeded as George III of the United Kingdom in 1760, as her husband, Frederick, Prince of Wales, had died nine years earlier.

1719 births
1772 deaths
Princes and Princesses of Wales
Princess Elizabeth (Elizabeth Caroline; 10 January 1741 – 4 September 1759) was a member of the British Royal Family, a grandchild of George II and sister of George III.

Ancestors

References 

1741 births
1759 deaths
British princesses
Claustrophobia is a fear of narrow or closed places. It is an anxiety disorder and often results in panic attack.

Phobias
The Palace of Whitehall was the main home of the English kings and queens in London, from 1530 until 1698, when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire. Before the fire, it was the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms (at one time it was the largest building in the world).

The palace gives its name—Whitehall—to the road on which many of the buildings of the UK government now stand. The word "Whitehall" can also refer to the central government itself.
History 
It became an official royal palace in 1530 when Henry VII was the king of England. He also included a recreation centre with a bowling green, tennis courts, a pit for cock fighting (now the site of 70 Whitehall) and a tiltyard for jousting. It is estimated that over £30,000 (approaching £11 million in 2007 values) were spent during the 1540s, 50% more than the construction of the entire Bridewell Palace. Henry VIII married two of his wives at the palace—Anne Boleyn in 1533 and Jane Seymour in 1536. It was also at the palace that Henry died. It was a lesser used palace during the reign of the next few monarchs.

Fire 
The palace of Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698. Many of the palace's wooden structures were destroyed in the fire. Michelangelo's Cupid is to believed to have been destroyed in the blaze. After this the remaining structures were torn down. Now Whitehall has government buildings on it.

References
References 

Whitehall, Palace of
Whitehall, Palace of
1560s establishments in Europe
1698 disestablishments
16th-century establishments in England
1560 establishments
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
The Romanian Wikipedia () is the Romanian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in June 2003.

It has  articles. This makes it the 30th largest edition.

References

Other websites 
 Romanian Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
A weekday is a day of the week that is not a part of the weekend. The weekdays are normally Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. Saturday or Sunday are not weekdays. These two days are the days of the weekend.

References

Days
Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American theoretical and applied mathematician. He was a child prodigy. His father was a teacher of languages.

Wiener founded cybernetics, the science of control and communication in animals and machines. It is a field that uses the notion of feedback, and is important for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society. The name of the science comes from his book, Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948).

"Information is information, not matter or energy". – Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics (1948, 155)

Wiener was born in Columbia, Missouri. He died in Stockholm, Sweden.
Books by Norbert Wiener 
1933: The Fourier Integral and certain of its applications. Cambridge Univ. Press; reprint by Dover.
1942: Extrapolation, interpolation and smoothing of stationary time series. A war-time classified report nicknamed "the yellow peril" because of the color of the cover and the difficulty of the subject. Published postwar 1949 MIT Press.
1948: Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine. Wiley, New York 1948. 2nd revised ed. 1961.  
1950: The human use of human beings: cybernetics and society. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
1953: Ex-prodigy: my childhood and youth. Autobiography of his younger years
1956: I am a mathematician. Gollancz, London. Autobiography.
1958: Nonlinear problems in random theory. MIT Press & Wiley.
1959: The Tempter. Random House. Fiction.
1964: Selected papers of Norbert Wiener. Cambridge Mass.  MIT Press & SIAM.
1966: Generalized harmonic analysis and Tauberian theorems. MIT Press.
1966: God & Golem, Inc.: a comment on certain points where cybernetics impinges on religion. MIT Press.
1966: Norbert Wiener 18941964. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 72(1). Also published in book form.
1976-84: The mathematical work of Norbert Wiener. Masani P (ed) 4 vols, Camb. Mass. MIT Press. This contains a complete collection of Wiener's mathematical papers with commentaries.
1994: Invention: the care and feeding of ideas. MIT Press.
1894 births
1964 deaths
American mathematicians
Scientists from Missouri
American autobiographers
Systems scientists
Erich Johann Albert Raeder (24 April 1876 in Wandsbek - 6 November 1960 in Kiel) was a naval leader in Germany before and during the Second World War. He was made a "Großadmiral" (, equivalent to Admiral of the Fleet) in 1939, which is the highest naval rank. Born in 1876 in Hamburg, Germany, Raeder joined the Imperial German Navy in 1894, rising through the ranks. Raeder played a significant role in planning naval strategy during World War I. After the war, he advocated for a powerful German navy. He played a key role in the buildup of the Kriegsmarine, advocating for submarine warfare. Raeder fell out of favor with Hitler later in the war. In 1943 he was replaced by Karl Dönitz in his position as head of the German Navy.

Raeder was arrested by the Allies in 1945 and was tried at the Nuremberg Trials, convicted of war crimes, and sentenced to life in prison. However, his sentence was reduced to 10 years. Raeder was released in 1955 due to health reasons and died in 1960.
1876 births
1960 deaths
Admirals
German military personnel of World War II
German prisoners
German war criminals
Nazi leaders
The Invasion of Grenada, codenamed Operation Urgent Fury, was an invasion of the nation of Grenada ordered by President Ronald Reagan. Grenada is an island in the Caribbean Sea, 100 miles north of Venezuela, and over 1,500 miles south east of the United States. It was invaded by the combined force of troops from the United States (nearly 10,000 troops), Jamaica and members of the Regional Security System (RSS) (approximately 300 troops).

1983 in the United States
History of Grenada
1980s conflicts
, taglined Legend of the Seven Stars, is a role-playing game made by Square Co. (now known as Square Enix) and published by Nintendo. The game was first out on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1996, and then on the Wii's Virtual Console service in 2008.

Gameplay
The gameplay of Super Mario RPG is like other Square role-playing games of Chrono Trigger and the Final Fantasy series. The characters fight enemies by taking turns in a battle-style area. The player controls Mario, Bowser, Princess Toadstool, Mallow and Geno. Each of those characters has special moves they can use on an enemy.

Reception
Super Mario RPG got very good scores, including an 88% average from Game Rankings. The game also sold 1.47 million copies in Japan, which was the third best selling game in that region of 1996.

References 

1996 video games
Mario roleplaying games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Virtual Console games
The Whopper is the signature hamburger line sold by the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King. Its Australian franchise is Hungry Jack's. The hamburger is well known in the fast food industry, with Burger King advertising itself as "the Home of the Whopper" and naming its kiosk stores the BK Whopper Bar. In response to the Whopper, Burger King's competitors have developed similar products to compete against it such as McDonald's Quarter Pounder.
Burger King sells different types of the Whopper that are either seasonal or made to local tastes or customs. To promote the product, the restaurant sometimes releases limited-time variants. It is often central to advertising promotions, product tie-ins, and corporate practical jokes and hoaxes. In the United States, a standard Whopper comes with a quarter-pound beef patty, pickles, onions, ketchup, tomatoes, and lettuce. Cheese can be added as well.You can have some more patty by having the Burger King stackers. Previously the Whopper was a part of a meme because of a song about it called Whopper Whopper.

History
The Whopper was introduced in 1957, the hamburger has undergone several changes over the years, including changes to portion size and bread used. When it was introduced it only cost 37 cents in the United States. In mid 2023 it was announced that Burger King would have to face a class action lawsuit due to the size of the Whopper changing.

References

Sandwiches
Fast food
Burger King
Direct memory access  (usually shortened to DMA) is a technology used in Computers and microprocessors. With it, certain hardware components can use parts of the main memory for their applications, without the need to ask the CPU. The CPU will request data from memory once and the DMA will continue to fetch the data, freeing the CPU to do other work. This way, the CPU does not have to request every byte.

Computing
5145 Pholus is a Centaur (minor planetoid) of the solar system running in a stretched orbit, with a perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) less than  Saturn's and aphelion (farthest approach from the Sun) farther than Neptune's. Close approaches of the object are not common: it has not come within one astronomical unit (about 150 million km) of a planet since 764 BC, and will not again until 5290. Astronomers think that Pholus started out as a Kuiper belt object.

It was found by David L. Rabinowitz, then of the University of Arizona's Spacewatch Project, and named after Pholus, the brother of the mythological Chiron, after which 2060 Chiron was named to follow the tradition of naming this class of outer planet crossing objects after Centaurs.

Pholus was the second Centaur type asteroid to be found and was quickly found to be very red in color. Because it's very red, it is sometimes called "Big Red". Astronomers think the color is because of organic compounds on its surface.
Unlike the first Centaur, 2060 Chiron, Pholus has shown no signs of cometary activity.

Astronomers think that Pholus' diameter is about 185±16 km.

References 

  SOLEX

Other websites 
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris HORIZONS Web-Interface

Asteroids
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain (; 11 July 1751 – 10 May 1775) Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1766 to 1772 and a member of the British Royal Family.

Life 
She was born in July of 1751.She was the last child of her father Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta. She married Christian VII of Denmark on 8 November 1766 at Christiansborg Castle. She did not know the groom was mentally ill. But the marriage did produce two children. The youngest daughter was thought to be the offspring of the king's doctor and the queen. Nothing was ever proven but the physician was killed and Caroline sent away. She died in May of 1775 at the age of 23.

1751 births
1775 deaths
British princesses