Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After the war Arnhem was rebuilt, including the Eusebiuskerk (Eusebius Church). The bridge crossing the Rhine is now called John Frost Bridge after the famous UK general, since 1978.

Museums and other attractions
 Burgers Zoo (address: Schelmseweg 85) - One of the major Dutch zoo's, with a replica of a tropical rainforest.
 Nederlands Openluchtmuseum (address: Schelmseweg 89) - Dutch Open Air Museum in which are many old buildings, farms and factories.
 Eusebiuskerk (address: Kerkplein 1) - The rebuilt Eusebius Church, which tower can be visited.
 Bronbeek (address: Velperweg 147) - A home for Dutch ex-soldiers (originally KNIL-soldiers only), and also a museum about the history of the Dutch in Indonesia.
 Arnhems Oorlogsmuseum 40-45 (address: Kempenbergerweg 780) - Arnhem Warmuseum 1940-1945

References

Other websites 
 Arnhem's official website
 Webcam in the center of Arnhem
KNIL is the abbreviation for a Dutch army. This army was in what is now called Indonesia. The official name is Koninklijk Nederlandsch-Indisch Leger (Royal Dutch-East Indies Army)

Indonesia was a Dutch colony from 1800 to 1949. It was then called Nederlandsch Indië (Dutch East Indies). The KNIL taskforce was sent there to maintain order.

When Indonesia declared itself independent in 1945 the Dutch fought a war to keep the colony. This war was won by the Indonesians. The Dutch government accepted Indonesia's independence in 1949, and the KNIL ceased to exist.

Army
History of the Netherlands
Bronbeek is a former Royal palace in Arnhem, the Netherlands. It is now a museum and a home for elderly soldiers.

Bronbeek was built early 19th century. In 1845 the Dutch King William III bought Bronbeek. He donated it to the Dutch state in 1859. William wanted it to be a home for disabled KNIL soldiers. The inhabitants took their collections of 'souvenirs' with them. This turned into a museum about the Dutch East Indies.

In 2004 50 former soldiers have their home in Bronbeek.

Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Arnhem
David Robert Jones OAL (8 January 1947 – 10 January 2016), known professionally by his stage name David Bowie, was an English rock musician and actor.

Early life
Bowie was born on 8 January 1947 in 40 Stansfield Road, Brixton, London.He grew up in Bromley, Kent. He played the saxophone. He was a singer in London blues bands. He used the alias David Bowie because David Jones sounded too much like Davy Jones (of The Monkees). He took the name Bowie from Jim Bowie, who invented the Bowie knife.

Bowie became known to the public with the 1969 song "Space Oddity". This single was released when man first landed on the moon. The song's title is based on the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey by Stanley Kubrick. In 1970, Bowie won an Ivor Novello Award for "Space Oddity".

Career

Ziggy Stardust
Bowie's album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars was released in 1972. It is one of his best-known albums. As a result of his performance, Bowie became a leader of glam rock.
Ziggy Stardust became Bowie's second personality (alter ego). For a press conference, he would show up as Ziggy. Bowie let Ziggy Stardust come to an end during a live concert in the Hammersmith Odeon theatre on 3 July 1973. In 1983, this show was released as movie and soundtrack (Ziggy Stardust – The Motion Picture). Bowie also produced Lou Reed's "Transformer". He released "Aladdin Sane" (his first number one album in the United Kingdom).
Los Angeles and Berlin
In 1974, after releasing the album "Diamond Dogs", Bowie settled in Los Angeles. He experimented with drugs, especially cocaine. In 1975, "Fame" (from the Young Americans album) a song co-written with John Lennon, was number 1 on the United States charts. Bowie played an alien in the movie The Man Who Fell To Earth. A new second personality was The Thin White Duke. This was introduced on the Station to Station album in 1976. The song "Golden Years" scored high in the pop charts. In 2003, the album was ranked number 323 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.
After releasing Station to Station, Bowie moved to Berlin. He was interested in German music. He wanted to end his drug abuse. In Berlin, he started to work with producer Tony Visconti and with Brian Eno, the "king of oblique strategies". Bowie was a producer for Iggy Pop too. The Berlin Trilogy Albums are Low (1977), Heroes (1977) and Lodger (1979), although only Heroes was recorded entirely in Berlin.

1980s
Bowie left Berlin in 1980. In 1980 he recorded and released the album Scary Monsters And Super Creeps, featuring the United Kingdom number 1 single "Ashes To Ashes". In 1981, he had a big hit with "Under Pressure", together with Queen: it peaked at number 1 on United Kingdom charts. In 1983, Bowie released Let's Dance, his biggest selling album. The title track peaked at number 1 in the United Kingdom and the United States Of America.
In 1984, Bowie won a Brit Award as Best Male Artist. In 1985, he won a Grammy Award for Best Video (Short Form). Yet in 1985, David Bowie and Mick Jagger released the charity single "Dancing In The Street". In 1986, Bowie released the hit-single "Absolute Beginners".

Tin Machine
In 1989, Bowie formed the band Tin Machine. This was his first real band since the 1970s. With this band, Bowie recorded three albums: Tin Machine (1989), Tin Machine II (1991) and Oy Vey, Baby (1992).

1990s–2010s
By the 1990s, Bowie had become more interested in soul, jazz and hip hop. This was first noticed on the album Black Tie, White Noise.

Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 17 January 1996.

In 2013, after a ten years hiatus, Bowie released his twenty-fourth album, The Next Day. In 2014, he was nominated for Best Rock Album at the Grammy Awards  and won a Brit Award for Best Male Artist.
His last album, Blackstar, was released on 8 January 2016. That was his 69th birthday and two days before his death. After Bowie's death, Blackstar reached number one in the United Kingdom and in the United States: it was the only Bowie album to peak at number one in the United States. In 2017 "Blackstar" won 5 Grammy Awards. "Blackstar" also won a Brit Award for the Best Album and David Bowie also won a Brit Award for Best Male Artist.

Personal life
Bowie married Mary Angela Barnett in 1970. Their son, Duncan Jones was born in 1971. The couple divorced in 1980. Bowie married Iman in 1992. The couple's daughter, Alexandria Jones, was born in 2000.

Death
On 10 January 2016 after an 18-month battle with liver cancer, Bowie died in Manhattan, New York City, two days after his 69th birthday. His remains were later cremated on 14 January in a private ceremony in New York.
Genres 
Bowie covered many genres, including art rock, hard rock, glam rock, alternative rock, krautrock, protopunk, post-punk, electronica, Blue-eyed soul, new wave, industrial, techno, jazz, dance music, funk, disco, experimental rock, folk, instrumental, ambient and house.

Studio albums
Studio albums

 David Bowie (1967)
 David Bowie (also released as Man of Words, Man of Music in Usa and as Space Oddity' in 1972') (1969)
 The Man Who Sold the World (1970)
 Hunky Dory (1971)
 The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972)
 Aladdin Sane (1973)
 Pin Ups (1973)
 Diamond Dogs (1974)
 Young Americans (1975)
 Station to Station (1976)
 Low (1977)
 "Heroes" (1977)
 Lodger (1979)
 Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps) (1980)
 Let's Dance (1983)
 Tonight (1984)
 Never Let Me Down (1987)
 Tin Machine (1989) (with Tin Machine)
 Tin Machine II (1991) (with Tin Machine)
 Black Tie White Noise (1993)
 The Buddha of Suburbia (1993)
 Outside (1995)
 Earthling (1997)
 'Hours...' (1999)
 Heathen (2002)
 Reality (2003)
 The Next Day (2013)
 Blackstar (2016)
Filmography (selection)The Image (1969)The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) - Thomas Jerome NewtonJust a Gigolo (1979) - PaulMerry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983) - Maj. Jack 'Strafer' CelliersLabyrinth (movie) (1986) - Jareth, the Goblin KingThe Last Temptation of Christ (1988) - Pontius Pilate
"Basquiat" (1996)- Andy Warhol    Mr. Rice's Secret'' (2000) - Mr. Rice

References

1947 births
2016 deaths
Actors from London
Cancer deaths in New York City
 
Deaths from liver cancer
English movie actors
English rock singers
Musicians from London
Webby Award winners
Synth-pop singers
.

Events 
 January 8  – West Germany has 8 million refugees inside its borders.
 January 24 – Sudden heavy snowfall in Algeria.
  January 24 – Vincent Massey sworn in as first Canada-born Governor-General of Canada.
  Unknown date – Pakistan's first test match.
  Unknown date – The Asiatic cheetah was declared extinct in India
Births 
 January 18 - Michael Angelis, English actor (d. 2020)
 January 20 - Paul Stanley, American singer-songwriter and musician (Kiss)
 February 13 - Erik Yakovici, Croatian politician and Christian Democrat
 February 14 - Oktawjan Józefowicz, Polish politician and Minister of Health 
 February 23 - Brad Whitford, American guitarist (Aerosmith)
 March 10 - Mike O'Donnell, English musician and composer
 March 11 – Douglas Adams
 March 26 – Luka Oztürk, Croatian politician and Croatian judge
 April 4 – Gary Moore, Irish musician (Thin Lizzy) (d. 2011)
 April 16 - Dušan Pavél, Bosnian politicians and rugby union
 May 11 - Leart Enzo, Macedonian folk music
 May 13 – Wang Xiaobo, Chinese writer
 June 28 - John Patrick Lowrie, American voice actor
 June 30 - Dilfel Tadeo, Bulgarian musician and folk music
 July 1 – Dan Aykroyd, Canadian actor in TV series and movies
 July 3 - Levin Ante,  Croatian-Serbian politician and judge 
 July 6 - Grant Goodeve, American voice over artist
July 16 - Stewart Copeland, American drummer (The Police)
 August 7 - Gary Schwartz, American voice actor
 September 12 - Neil Peart, Canadian drummer (Rush) (d. 2020)
 October 1 - Ivan-Milan Kiraly, Croatian musician
 October 22 - Dennis "Fly" Amero, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans)
 October 31 - Aron Xavier, Croatian politician and judge 
 November 3 – Jim Cummings, American actor
 November 16 – Shigeru Miyamoto, Japanese game designer
 December 1 - Ellen McLain, American voice actress
 December 11 - Susan Seidelman, American director
Deaths 
 January 18 – Curly Howard, American actor and comedian
 February 6 – King George VI of the United Kingdom
 February 19 – Knut Hamsun, Norwegian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1859)
 February 22 – Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, first President of Finland
 March 7 – Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru
 March 22 – Uncle Dave Macon, country music performer
 March 31 – Wallace H. White, Jr., U.S. Senator from Maine (b. 1877)
 April 3 – Miina Sillanpää, Finnish union activist
 April 21 – Sir Stafford Cripps, British politician and Chancellor of the Exchequer 1947-1950
 May 6 – Maria Montessori Italian educator (cerebral hemorrhage) (b. 1870)
 May 8 – Walter Fox, American movie producer
 May 21 – John Garfield, actor
 June 17 – Krystyna Skarbek, SOE agent
 July 26 – Eva Perón, Argentine wife of Juan Perón
 September 29 – George Santayana, writer
 September 30 – Viscount Waldorf Astor, British businessman and politician
 October 28 – Billy Hughes, seventh Prime Minister of Australia
November 9 – Chaim Weizmann, chemist, first President of Israel (b. 1874)
 November 18 – Paul Eluard, French poet (b. 1895)
 November 23 – Aaro Hellaakoski, Finnish poet
 December 12 – Bedřich Hrozný, Czech orientalist and linguist
 December 28 – Fletcher Henderson, jazz musician (b. 1897)
Movies released 
 African Queen
 High Noon
 Monkey Business
 The Greatest Show on Earth
 The Snow of Kilimanjaro
New books 
 Adventures in Two Worlds – A.J. Cronin
 Arrow in the Blue – Arthur Koestler
 A Buyer's Market – Anthony Powell
 Charlotte's Web – E.B. White
 East of Eden – John Steinbeck
 La Formica Argentina – Italo Calvino
 Foundation and Empire – Isaac Asimov
 Giant – Edna Ferber
 Go Tell it On The Mountain – James Baldwin
 The Gown of Glory – Agnes Sligh Turnbull
 Heaven and Earth – Carlo Coccioli
 The Hidden Flower – Pearl S. Buck
 The Houses in Between – Howard Spring
 Invisible Man – Ralph Ellison
 Island of Desire – Edith Templeton
 Judgment Night – C. L. Moore
 A Many-splendoured Thing – Han Suyin
 Martha Quest – Doris Lessing
 The Old Man and the Sea – Ernest Hemingway
 The Power of Positive Thinking – Norman Vincent Peale
 The Rolling Stones – Robert A. Heinlein
 The Saracen Blade – Frank Yerby
 The Silver Chalice – Thomas B. Costain
 The Small Miracle – Paul Gallico
 Steamboat Gothic – Frances Parkinson Keyes
 Vermeer – Lawrence Gowing
 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader – C. S. Lewis
Hit Songs
 "All Of Me" – Johnnie Ray
 "Anytime" – Eddie Fisher
 "Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" – Vera Lynn
 "Be My Life's Companion" – The Mills Brothers
 "Botch-A-Me (Ba-Ba-Baciami Piccina)" – Rosemary Clooney
 "Christmas Roses" – Frankie Laine & Jo Stafford
 "Day Of Jubilo" – Guy Mitchell
 "Delicado" – Percy Faith & his Orchestra
 "The Glow-Worm" – The Mills Brothers
 "A Guy Is A Guy" – Doris Day
 "Half As Much" – Rosemary Clooney
 "Heart And Soul" – The Four Aces featuring Al Alberts
 "Here In My Heart" – Al Martino
 "High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)" – Frankie Laine
 "Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me" – Karen Chandler
 "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" – Jimmy Boyd
 "I Went To Your Wedding" – Patti Page
 "I'll Walk Alone" – Don Cornell
 "I'm Confessin'" – Les Paul and Mary Ford
 "I'm Just A Poor Bachelor" – Frankie Laine
 "I'm Yours" – Eddie Fisher
 "Kiss Of Fire" – Georgia Gibbs
 "A Kiss To Build A Dream On" – Louis Armstrong
 "Lady Of Spain" – Eddie Fisher
 "Lover" – Peggy Lee
"Maybe" – Perry Como & Eddie Fisher
 "My Favorite Song" – Georgia Gibbs
 "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" – Guy Mitchell
 "Please, Mr. Sun" – Johnnie Ray & The Four Lads
 "Ramblin' Man" – Frankie Laine
 "Rock Of Gibraltar" – Frankie Laine
 "Settin' The Woods On Fire" – Frankie Laine & Jo Stafford
 "A Sinner Am I" – Johnnie Ray
 "Slow Poke" – Arthur Godfrey
 "So Madly In Love" – Georgia Gibbs
 "Somewhere Along The Way" – Nat King Cole
 "Sugarbush" – Doris Day & Frankie Laine
 "Tell Me Why" – Eddie Fisher
 "Temptation" – Mario Lanza
 "Tenderly" – Rosemary Clooney
 "Tiger Rag" – Les Paul and Mary Ford
 "Till I Waltz Again With You" – Teresa Brewer
 "Tonight You Belong To Me" – Frankie Laine
 "Unforgettable" – Nat King Cole
 "Walkin' My Baby Back Home" – Johnnie Ray
 "Wheel Of Fortune" – Kay Starr
 "When I Fall In Love" – Doris Day
 "When You're In Love" – Frankie Laine
 "Why Don't You Believe Me" – Joni James
 "Winter Wonderland" – Perry Como
 "Wish You Were Here" – Eddie Fisher
 "You Belong to Me" – Jo Stafford
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini KSMOM GCTE (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who severed asPrime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943. He also was the leader of the National Fascist Party.

Biography

Early life

Benito Mussolini was named after Benito Juarez, a Mexican opponent of the political power of the Roman Catholic Church, by his anticlerical (a person who opposes the political interference of the Roman Catholic Church in secular affairs) father. Mussolini's father was a blacksmith. Before being involved in politics, Mussolini was a newspaper editor (where he learned all his propaganda skills) and elementary school teacher.

At first, Mussolini was a socialist, but when he wanted Italy to join the First World War, he was thrown out of the socialist party. He 'invented' a new ideology, Fascism, much out of Nationalist and Conservative views.

Rise to power and becoming dictator
In 1922, he took power by having a large group of men, "Black Shirts," march on Rome and threaten to take over the government. King Vittorio Emanuele III gave in, allowed him to form a government, and made him prime minister. In the following five years, he gained power, and in 1927 created the OVRA, his personal secret police force. Using the agency to arrest, scare, or murder people against his regime, Mussolini was dictator of Italy by the end of 1927. Only the King and his own Fascist party could challenge his power.

Fascism as practiced by Mussolini

Mussolini's form of Fascism, "Italian Fascism"- unlike Nazism, the racist ideology that Adolf Hitler followed- was different and less destructive than Hitler's. Although a believer in the superiority of the Italian nation and national unity, Mussolini, unlike Hitler, is quoted "Race? It is a feeling, not a reality. Nothing will ever make me believe that biologically pure races can be shown to exist today".
Mussolini wanted Italy to become a new Roman Empire. In 1923, he attacked the island of Corfu, and in 1924, he occupied the city state of Fiume. In 1935, he attacked the African country Abyssinia (now called Ethiopia). His forces occupied it in 1936. Italy was thrown out of the League of Nations because of this aggression. In 1939, he occupied the country Albania. In 1936, Mussolini signed an alliance with Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany.

Fall from power and death
In 1940, he sent Italy into the Second World War on the side of the Axis countries. Mussolini attacked Greece, but he failed to conquer it. In 1943, the Allies landed in Southern Italy. The Fascist party and King Vittorio Emanuel III deposed Mussolini and put him in jail, but he was set free by the Germans, who made him ruler of the Italian Social Republic puppet state which was in a small part of Central Italy. When the war was almost over, Mussolini tried to escape to Switzerland with his mistress, Clara Petacci, but they were both captured and shot by partisans. Mussolini's dead body was hanged upside-down, together with his mistress and some of Mussolini's helpers, on a pole at a gas station in the village of Milan, which is near the border  between Italy and Switzerland.

After death
After the war, several Neo-Fascist movements have had success in Italy, the most important being the Movimento Sociale Italiano. His granddaughter Alessandra Mussolini has outspoken views similar to Fascism.

Legacy
Legacy

Mussolini's legacy is complex; he played a significant role in Italian history, but his association with fascism and authoritarianism has left a controversial mark. His policies had lasting effects, but they were often accompanied by suppression of dissent and human rights abuses.

Sources

Other websites 
  Mussolini's "Last Will", April 22, 1945 (in Italian). From 'Il Giornale' newspaper 

1883 births
1945 deaths
Deaths by firearm in Italy
Former dictators
Former members of the Order of the Bath
Italian journalists
Italian generals
Italian atheists
People executed by firearm
Politicians from Emilia-Romagna
Prime Ministers of Italy
World War II political people
Antisemitism

Fascists
Province of Forlì-Cesena
A puppet state is a country that is officially independent but is not so in practice. Puppet governments are usually kept in power by military force provided by an occupying country and are strongly controlled. Puppet states are generally not internationally recognized by most countries, except by the countries which control them and by a few other countries.

It is a biased term and is used in criticizing the government of the alleged puppet state.

See also
 Banana republic
 Satellite state

References
A banana republic is a politically unstable country whose economy depends on the export of one product in limited supply, such as agricultural products like bananas or minerals. A banana republic has social classes that are divided by wealth. These include a large, poor working class and a small ruling class (elite) made up of the businessmen, politicians, and the military. The ruling class controls and exploits the country's economy. 

Characteristics of a Banana Republic
The way the phrase banana republic is used has evolved since it was introduced more than a century ago. It is no longer limited to countries in Central America or the tropics. Key characteristics of a banana republic in the modern world include:
 Widespread government corruption
 Tyrannical government
 Unstable government
 Civil unrest 
 Coup attempts/insurgency
 Economic dependency on exporting a limited natural resource (which may or may not be bananas)
 Infrastructure owned/supported by out-of-country interests
 Overall economic dependency on foreign investment or business entities
 Widespread poverty
 Significant stratification of social classes
 Enormous gap between the haves and have nots
 Lack of a middle class

Examples of Banana Republics

In the modern world, whether or not a country could accurately be described as a banana republic government is a matter of opinion. A number of countries have been described as banana republics at some point.
Bangladesh
 United States
 Botswana
 Costa Rica
 Colombia
 Cuba
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Nicaragua
 Nigeria
 Panama
 Zambia

A country that at some point might exhibit all of the characteristics of a banana republic could change, which would mean that the term would no longer apply. The fact that someone refers to a country as a banana republic does not mean that the country really is one. The phrase is a derogatory description rather than an actual type of government.

Related pages
 Puppet state

References

Country classifications
Banana Republic is a clothing and accessories retailer. The retailer is owned by Gap Inc.. The restaurant was created by both Mel and Patricia Ziegler in 1978. The first store they opened was a two-store safari and travel themed clothing company. Banana Republic was acquired by The Gap, Inc. in 1983 and was rebranded as a mainstream luxury clothing retailer.

Since the end of Q1 2011, there are 642 stores in operation in 32 countries, shipped to 20 countries through company owned websites, and they had the ability to ship to more than 50 countries through a 3rd party.

References

Other websites
Official website

1978 establishments in California
American clothing companies
Companies based in San Francisco
The Kingdom of Holland was a country that existed from 1806 to 1810. It was in Central and North Netherlands and East Friesland in Germany. It was a puppet state created by France. The king of Holland was Louis Bonaparte.

Related pages
Holland

Former monarchies of Europe
19th-century establishments in the Netherlands
19th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
1806 establishments in Europe
1810 disestablishments
Puppet states
Victor Emmanuel III (11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was king of Italy from 29 July 1900 to 9 May 1946. He was the son and successor of King Umberto I. He was a member of the House of Savoy.

Early life
Victor was born in Naples. His mother was Queen Margherita of Savoy. He became king in 1900, at age 31, after his father was killed by Gaetano Bresci.

History
After World War I, Benito Mussolini started the March on Rome and Victor Emmanuel III supported him. Mussolini became the Prime Minister and dictator. Because people said Victor Emmanuel III had worked together with Mussolini too much, Italy became a republic in 1946.

Titles and styles
 11 November 1869 - 29 July 1900: His Royal Highness The Prince of Naples
 29 July 1900 - 9 May 1946: His Majesty The King of Italy
 9 May 1936 - 5 May 1941: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor of Ethiopia
His Majesty The King of the Albanians
 9 May 1946 - 28 December 1947 His Majesty'' King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy

References

Other websites
Other websites

Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
King Vittorio Emanuele III

1869 births
1947 deaths
Kings and Queens of Italy
World War II people
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
An alter ego (from Latin, "other I") is another self — a second personality within a person. It is also called leading a double life. The term "alter ego" was first used in the 19th century. It was inventory by psychologists in talking about dissociative identity disorder.

For example, in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Mr. Hyde was Dr. Jekyll's evil alter ego (same person, different personalities).

In literature
The term is also used in popular fiction, like comic books, for the secret identity of a superhero, vigilante, or crimefighter. The character would do this so people won't know that he or she is fighting crime. Examples of characters using alter egos include:

 Superman's alter ego is Clark Kent,
 Bruce Wayne’s is Batman,
 Peter Parker’s is Spider-Man

Music
Sometimes an artist uses an alter ego, like:

 Ziggy Stardust was an alter ego from David Bowie
 Marilyn Manson is the stage name of Brian Warner
 Slim Shady is the alter ego from rapper Eminem
Latin words used in English
Psychology
Human behavior
Ziggy Stardust is a fictional character. Ziggy was created and used by David Bowie, from 1970 to 1973.

Bowie used Ziggy Stardust as a second personality (alter ego). Ziggy appeared to be neither male nor female.

Ziggy's band was The Spiders From Mars. They recorded a couple of albums:
The Rise And Fall Of Ziggy Stardust And The Spiders From Mars (1972)
Aladdin Sane (1973)

Ziggy's 'life' came to an end in a live concert at Hammersmith Odeon, on July 3, 1973. This show was in 1983 released in a movie: Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture. A 30th anniversary edition was released in 2003.

Fictional LGBT people
David Bowie
The Spiders from Mars was a Rock band from 1970 to 1973. It was a project from David Bowie. Bowie himself was the lead-singer. He created a secondary personality (alter ego) for this purpose: Ziggy Stardust. Ziggy's 'life' came to an end in a live concert at Hammersmith Odeon, on July 3, 1973. This show was in 1983 released in a movie: Ziggy Stardust - The Motion Picture. A re-release of this movie was in 2003: 30th Anniversary Edition.

Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders from Mars recorded a couple of albums:

 The Rise And Fall Of Ziggy Stardust And The Spiders From Mars (1972)
 Aladdin Sane (1973)

Personnel
 Trevor Bolder - Bass guitar
 David Bowie - Guitar, Keyboards, Saxophone, Vocals
 Mick Ronson - Guitar, Piano, Vocals
 Mick "Woody" Woodmansey - Drums

Related pages
Ziggy Stardust

Other websites 
The Ziggy Stardust Companion

English rock bands
David Bowie
Michael Schumacher (born 3 January 1969 in Hürth, near Cologne) is a German Formula 1 driver. He is widely considered the greatest Formula 1 driver of all time. He has won seven world championship titles and has the most Grand Prix victories in the world. This champion, nicknamed campionissimo by Italian fans of Ferrari, is considered the most popular German personality in the world. Michael's younger brother Ralf is also a Formula 1 driver. When he was small, his father gave him a little kart. It had a small motor bike engine in it. He started getting interest from that time.

Pre-F1 career 
In 1984 Michael won the German Kart Championship and went on to win many more. In 1987 he won the German and European Kart Championship. Schumacher signed up with Will Weber's Formula 3 race team and won the 1990 championship.

F1 career

Jordan (1991)
Jordan (1991)

Debut 
He made his debut in the Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August. He impressed many fans as he qualified 7th on a track where he had never previously(before) driven with an inferior car. At the start he burnt the clutch and retired.

Benetton (1991-1995) 
He was quickly snapped up by Benetton and finished in 5th place at the Italian Grand Prix.
He followed it up with 6th in both Portugal and at the then new Circuit de Catalunya in Spain. He then crashed out in Japan and spun in the torrential rain at the season finale in Australia. In the 6 races he entered, he scored 4 points and 14th in the championship.
1992  
He started the season off well with 4th in South Africa followed by his maiden podium finish in 3rd at the Mexican Grand Prix. He followed it up with another 3rd place in Brazil and 2nd in Spain. In San Marino he crashed out, then came 4th in Monaco and 2nd in Canada. He spun off in the rain at the French Grand Prix and finished 4th in Britain and 3rd in Germany. He retired again in Hungary but at Spa Francorchamps, where he made his debut, he won a rain-affected race. He came 3rd in Italy, 7th in Portugal, retired in Japan and came 2nd in Australia. He finished the season in 3rd place overall (in front of Senna) with a total of 53 points.

1993 
Williams dominated the season with its active suspension, and Benetton quickly made a similar one to match Williams. Schumacher won the Portuguese Grand Prix, and finished 9 times on the podium. However, with 7 retirements, he failed to finish 3rd in the championship.
Comeback 2010-2012
In 2010 Schumacher returned to F1 with the Mercedes team. In total he spent 3 years with the team in which he scored 1 pole in Monaco (but he was stripped of it due to a penalty), 1 fastest lap, and 1 podium. He was replaced by Lewis Hamilton for the 2013 season and retired from Formula One.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.
 Source: Hilton, Christopher (2006). Michael Schumacher: The Whole Story. Haynes. .

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Formula One records 
As of the end of the  Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Michael Schumacher holds the following Formula One records:
Record shared with Alberto Ascari ( Belgian Grand Prix– Argentine Grand Prix). Some sources credit Ascari with nine consecutive wins, disregarding the  Indianapolis 500 race, in which Ascari did not compete. The American race formed part of the world championship, but was not run to the same regulations as the other races and was very rarely attended by world championship drivers.

 Record shared with Alain Prost ( and ) and Kimi Räikkönen ().

 Record shared with Kimi Räikkönen ( and ).

2013 skiing accident
In December 2013, Schumacher sustained a head injury after a skiing accident in France.

References

Other websites 

1969 births
Living people
German Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
is a Japanese city in Kanagawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  

Yokohama is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture in the Kantō region. Yokohama is a neighbor city of Tokyo. It has been the second largest city of Japan since the 1980s. 

Yokohama has an international trade seaport.  It is the largest port in Japan.  Many cars and machinery are exported from the port.  The downtown area is around the port. Today, the area of Yokohama city includes its former suburb areas like Hodogaya or Totsuka.

In Minato Mirai, there are a lot of places for sightseeing. For example, there are amusement parks and shopping malls.

Yokohama was an entrance for foreign cultures for a long time. Still today Yokohama has the largest Chinatown in Japan.

The airports nearest to Yokohama are Tokyo International Airport and Narita International Airport. 

Many educational institutes are located in Yokohama, including Yokohama National University and Yokohama City University.
History
The Yokohama port was created in the middle of the 19th century for foreigners. It was five ports opened to foreign countries who demanded that Japan open its ports. And Yokohama was the nearest port to Tokyo, which was then called Edo.

In the Edo period, Hodogaya-juku was one of the fifty-three shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.  Two other Tōkaidō rest stops are within the boundaries of modern Yokohama—in Kanagawa ward and Totsuka ward.

Wards of Yokohama 
 Aoba-ku, Yokohama
 Asahi-ku, Yokohama
 Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama
 Isogo-ku, Yokohama
 Izumi-ku, Yokohama

 Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama
 Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama
 Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama
 Kounan-ku, Yokohama
 Midori-ku, Yokohama
 Minami-ku, Yokohama
 Naka-ku, Yokohama
 Nishi-ku, Yokohama
 Sakae-ku, Yokohama
 Seya-ku, Yokohama

 Totsuka-ku, Yokohama
 Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama
 Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama
Related pages
 List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
 Yokohama F. Marinos

References

Other websites

 City of Yokohama website 
 Kanagawa Prefecture Tourism website
 

19th-century establishments in Japan
Axis countries and Axis Powers are the names for some countries that fought together against the Allies during World War II.  The war ended in 1945 with the Axis powers losing and their alliances broken.

Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers 
The most important Axis countries formed an alliance called the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis Powers (1922 to 1945). They included:

 Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler
 Kingdom of Italy under Benito Mussolini
 Empire of Japan under Emperor Hirohito

All three countries had authoritarian governments, which were (and still are) often referred to as fascist.

Other countries

Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact
In addition to the main three countries, the less important Axis countries were: 
 Hungary under Miklós Horthy
 Romania under Ion Antonescu 
 Bulgaria under Tsar Boris III

Other countries that helped the Axis without being a part of them were:

Co-belligerent states 
 Finland fought against the Soviet Union and participated in the Siege of Leningrad.
 Iraq
 Thailand
Client states 
 Slovakia
 Philippines (Second Republic)
 Vietnam (Empire of Vietnam)
 Manchukuo (Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia)
 Reorganized National Government of China
 Independent State of Croatia
 Province of Ljubljana

Controversial cases 

 Denmark signed treaty of mutual non-aggression.
 Spain was neutral, but gave non-military assistance.
 Vichy France agreed not to resist after Northern France was conquered. Allowed (forced?) to allow Japan to occupy French Indochina.

Several new or rebel governments that were created by the Axis during the war are:
 Burma (Ba Maw regime)
 India (Provisional Government of Free India)

Other websites 
 WW2DB: Tripartite Pact
 WW2DB: Axis Countries

World War II
Nazi Germany
20th century in Japan
20th century in Italy
Military alliances
Axis means several things:

 In mathematics, an axis (mathematics) is a straight line around which a geometric figure can be rotated, or the axis of a graph. 
 In anatomy, an axis (anatomy) is a vertebra.
 In history, the Axis countries were a group of countries that worked together in World War II.
 The Axis of Evil
Icelandic is the language spoken by the people of Iceland.

It is a Germanic language. It comes from the Old Norse language, the language spoken by the Vikings. Because Iceland is far away from other countries, the language has not changed much. Icelandic people can still read words from hundreds of years ago.

Icelandic uses four characters that are not used in English: þ (thorn), (like 'th' in thin), ð (edh), (like 'th' in this), æ (pronounced like I) and ö (pronounced like the French U). It can also be said that ð is a "softer" version of þ.

Some linguists say there are only two Nordic languages, Eastern-Nordic and Western-Nordic, which includes Icelandic and Faroese because of their similarity.

Icelandic is also one of the most difficult languages to learn.

References

North Germanic languages
Languages of Europe
Passu is a small village by the Khunjerab River in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It lies at an altitude of 2500m.  The Batura and Passu glaciers and the Karakoram Highway are close to the village. The people speak the Wakhi language and follow the Ismaili sect of Islam.

Other websites 
Passu village
around Passu Hunza pakistan
Passu mentioned on ExplorePak.com 

Geography of Kashmir
Villages in Pakistan
Settlements in Gilgit-Baltistan
The equator is a line which is not real drawn around a sphere or planet, such as the Earth. It is one of the lines known as a line of latitude, or circle of latitude. The name "equator" is Latin for "even-maker"; at equator the day and night are exactly the same length around the year.

The equator is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. There, the surface of the planet is parallel to the axis of rotation. The equator divides the surface into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.

Climate 
Unlike the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, countries around the equator do not experience the four seasons, and the climate is usually very humid.

Related pages

 Northern hemisphere
 Southern hemisphere
 Solstice and equinox
 Tropic of Cancer
 Tropic of Capricorn
 Arctic Circle
 Antarctic Circle
 Celestial equator

Lines of latitude
A rocket may be a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which is pushed by a rocket engine. Some big rockets are launch vehicles and some are manned (e.g. Saturn V). Other rockets, for example missiles, are unmanned.  ("Manned" means that a person is in it; "unmanned" means that the machine goes without a person.)

Most rockets can be launched from the ground of spaceport because exhaust thrust from the engine is bigger than the weight of the vehicle on Earth. Some are used to bring satellites into orbit. Some rockets such as ion thrusters are too weak and heavy to lift themselves. They work after other rockets bring them to outer space.

The rocket was invented by the Chinese while using gunpowder. The first rockets were shaped like arrows and were not very fast. Most rockets still work by fire. The fire makes hot exhaust gases that expand and shoot out the back. This makes the rocket go forward.
Most rockets still use solid fuel to make the fire. The biggest ones use liquid fuel because it makes a hotter fire so the rocket is more powerful. However, handling the liquid fuel safely is difficult and expensive. Some satellite launch vehicles use both.

Rockets are also used for fireworks and weapons and to control moves in outer space.

Manned rockets, similar to other manned flying machines, are designed to limit their acceleration and vibration to protect the crew. Unmanned rockets however are not bound by the limits of humans.

Some rockets go faster than the speed of sound (). Those that go into Low Earth orbit go .

Yuri Gagarin was a Soviet cosmonaut who, on 12 April 1961, became the first human to fly into outer space. He was in the R-7 rocket launched by the Soviet Union.

Pioneers 
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Robert H. Goddard
Wernher von Braun
Hellmuth Walter

References

 
Ballistics
An advisor (or adviser) is someone who gives advice. (Someone who advises.) The job of an advisor is to give good advice that helps the person that he or she is advising. Usually, only certain people, like businessmen or politicians, have advisors. This is because these kinds of people are usually very busy, and they do not have the time to make decisions alone.

In the United States, the President's advisors are called his "Cabinet." Some well-known cabinet members, current and former, from the Bush Administration are:

Donald Rumsfeld
Condoleezza Rice
Colin Powell

Occupations
macOS, named Mac OS X from 2001 to 2012 and OS X until 2016, is an operating system (OS) for computers made by Apple Inc. These are called Macintosh computers, or Macs. It differs from other computers, as macOS is supposed to run only on Macs and not on other computers. However, people have made macOS run on computers that are not Macs. This is called Hackintosh and violates macOS' license agreement.

macOS first came out in 2001, and is completely different from the "classic" Mac OS that it replaced. Unlike the first operating system, macOS (since OS X) is based on the UNIX operating system (current versions have UNIX 03 certification) and on technologies developed between 1985 and 1997 at NeXT, a company that Apple co-founder Steve Jobs created after leaving Apple in 1985. The "X" in Mac OS X and OS X is the Roman numeral for the number 10 and is pronounced as such. The core of macOS is an open source OS called Darwin, but Darwin itself cannot run macOS software.
macOS releases are named after kinds of big cats, or California landmarks, and have a version number that starts with 10. The latest versions of macOS is macOS Big Sur (11.0).

Development
Development 

Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to replace its classic Mac OS. The current macOS is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT from the 1980s until Apple purchased the company in early 1997. That company was also founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989 (the "classic" Mac OS is much older, as it came out in 1984). The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code from parts of Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the  programming language.

Versions
Versions

Public Beta: "Kodiak" 
On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $29.95 preview of Mac OS X to ask users what they think of the new operating system so far. Apple stopped the Public Beta in March 2001 because of the recent release of OS X 10.0.

Version 10.0: "Cheetah" 
On March 24, 2001 Apple released Mac OS X for the first time aka OS X v10.0 (codename Cheetah), but unfortunately, it was a failure due to its many computer bugs and glitches and its slow performance. Luckily this operating system version only stayed on the market up until September when it was moved up to a "higher level".
Version 10.1: "Puma" 
Due to many problems and complaints about Cheetah, Apple directly got to work on releasing Puma, the next big cat in Mac OS X. It was released on September 24, 2001. Apple gave 10.0 users a free Mac OS X v10.1 install CD to make up for the flawed operating system before. As of January 7, 2002, Apple said Mac OS 9 and other previous operating systems from Apple were "going in the computer scrapyard" by the end of the month (January 31, 2002) and OS X would be the default and only operating system available on all Macs.

Version 10.2: "Jaguar" 
Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar was released on August 24, 2002 and was the first to have its codename in the version branding. The Happy Mac (which formerly appeared when a Mac was starting up) was replaced with a large gray apple logo with the startup sequence of OS X 10.2 Jaguar.
Version 10.3: "Panther" 
Mac OS X 10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003 and was one of the biggest updates to OS X yet. It featured a new brushed metal interface, an updated Finder, and many more features from Jaguar the year before.

Version 10.4: "Tiger" 
Tiger was released on April 29, 2005 and as stated by Apple, featured more than 200 new features. Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automaton, Voice-over, Core Image and Core Video. Apple released the first Power Intel Macs for Tiger on January 10, 2006. Tiger ran swell on these computers. It was also the last operating system to support the Aqua color scheme.
Version 10.5: "Leopard" 
Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was completely redesigned featuring a 3D Dock, a new purple color scheme, and over 200 new features. It had both support for PowerPC and Intel Macs too. Leopard was the last release to have support for PowerPC.

Version 10.6: "Snow Leopard" 
Mac OS X Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009, and rather than featuring changes to the appearance, it featured "Under the hood" changes. Snow Leopard dropped support for PowerPC Macs too.

Version 10.7: "Lion" 
OS X Lion was first shown to the public at the "Back to The Mac" event in 2010, announced more at WWDC 2011, and released on July 20, 2011. It featured iOS like features such as a launchpad, the magic trackpad coming to MacBooks, and a new solar system color scheme. Apple also removed Rosetta making it impossible to use PowerPC.
Version 10.8: "Mountain Lion" 
OS X Mountain Lion was announced on February 18, 2012, and released on July 25, 2012. It adds more features from iOS 5 and 6 to the Mac such as notifications, messaging, game center, and gaming with people on iPhones, iPods, and iPads.

Version 10.9: "Mavericks" 
OS X Mavericks was announced on June 10, 2013 at the 2013 Worldwide Developers Conference. It adds the Maps and iBooks applications, as well as new Finder features, better multi-display support, power improvements, and a new version of Safari. It was released on October 22, 2013. It was the first macOS version that was free.

Version 10.10: "Yosemite" 
OS X Yosemite was announced in June 2014 at the 2014 Worldwide Developers Conference. It was in beta form for developers and those enrolled in the public beta programme to test until October 16, 2014 when it was released. It introduces a new flat design, following the aesthetic introduced with iOS 7.
Version 10.11: "El Capitan" 
OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015 after being announced on June 8, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as containing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance" rather than new features. Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to the Notes application, adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of System Integrity Protection. The Metal API, first introduced in iOS 8, was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012".

Version 10.12: "Sierra" 
macOS 10.12 Sierra was announced on June 12, 2016 and released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include the addition of Siri, Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes
Version 10.13: "High Sierra" 
The fall release of macOS 10.13 High Sierra was announced on June 5, 2017 at Apple's WWDC event. On September 12, 2017 at Apple's iPhone event, they announced its release to be September 25, 2017. Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a refinement-based update having very few new features. High Sierra uses the new Apple File System and includes enhancements to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.

Version 10.14: "Mojave" 
Released on September 24, 2018. There are many additional features to the existing macOS apps. Some highlights are Dark Mode (UI theme & appearance), time shifts reflecting the hour of the day (desktop background), file stacks, edit features in quick look, continuity camera and Group FaceTime features also adds the screenshot app.
Version 10.15: "Catalina" 
Released on October 7, 2019. This OS is included with lots of additional new features like sharing your screen to iPad (Sidecar) and is capable of running iPad apps. Catalina is the first version of macOS to exclusively support 64-bit applications. MacOS Catalina also split up iTunes into 3 apps: Music, Podcasts and Movies. Because of the removal of iTunes, syncing your devices is done in Finder.

Version 11.0: "Big Sur" 
Released on November 12, 2020, macOS Big Sur changes the version number from 10 to 11. It now supports the ARM64 instruction set architecture (ISA), as Apple is transitioning the Mac to its own Apple Silicon based on the ARM64 platform. It brings the biggest design changes since the introduction of macOS (then called Mac OS X).

Version 12.0: "Monterey" 
Released on October 25, 2021. macOS Monterey changes the version number from 11 to 12.

Version 13.0: "Ventura" 
Released on October 24, 2022, macOS Ventura changes the version number from 12 to 13.
Architecture 
At macOS's core is a POSIX-compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is macOS.