Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Sue Gardner (born May 11, 1967) is the former Canadian executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in San Francisco from 2007 to 2014. She was the director of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's website and online news outlets. She is currently the executive director of The Markup.

Life and journalism career 
Gardner grew up in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada. She is the daughter of an Anglican minister and school principal. Gardner earned a degree in journalism from Ryerson University. She began her career on Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) radio in 1990. She worked on the program As It Happens at first. Gardner  worked for more than a decade as a producer, reporter and documentary-maker for CBC Radio current-affairs. She also worked for Newsworld International. Her time at Newsworld dealt mainly with pop culture and social issues.

In March 2006, she replaced Claude Galipeau as Senior Director. She was in charge of 150 people who worked on CBC.ca, the CBC website.
Wikimedia and recent work 
In May 2007, Gardner left CBC. Soon after that, she started working with the Wikimedia Foundation. She helped as an advisor on how the foundation worked and how it was governed.

In December 2007, she was hired as the Foundation's Executive Director.  Over the next two years, the number of employees of the foundation grew. This included the addition of a fundraising team. She also guided the foundation as it moved its office from Tampa to San Francisco.

In October 2009, the Huffington Post said Gardner was as one of ten 'media game changers of the year'. They said this because of the affect she had on new media because of her work for Wikimedia.

References

Other websites 
 Sue Gardner's personal blog
 "Sue Gardner to lead Wikipedia"  Canadian Broadcasting Company
 Radio documentary by Gardner about Al Purdy, Canadian poet, for This Morning Sunday
 "Wikipedia struggles with funding" , United Press International
 Wikipedia's Librarian to the World Fast Company interview
Interviews
 Video interview with Gardner on CNET News 
 Audio (RAM-file) interview with Gardner  on radio station Sounds Like Canada, April 8, 2008
 Interview  with Gardner on the Wikipedia Weekly community podcast from Wikimania 2008
 Journalism is going to look different (CanadaEast.com)

1967 births
Living people
Canadian businesspeople
Wikipedia people
Chiba Lotte Marines are the baseball team in Chiba, Japan. Their stadium, QVC Marine Field, is placed in Makuhari, Chiba Prefecture.

History
They were founded in 1950 as the "Mainichi Orions". In 1958, they changed their name to the "Daimai Orions", the "Tokyo Orions" in 1964, the "Lotte Orions" in 1969, and finally the Chiba Lotte Marines since 1992. Chiba Lotte Marines has been a Pacific league champion six times, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1974, 2005, and 2010. Then, 4 times they won Japan series, 1950, 1974, 2005, and 2010.

Players
Tsuyoshi Nishioka entered into Chiba Lotte Marines in 2002 and played for 8 years in Japan. He was a captain of Chiba Lotte Marines in the 2010 season. He transferred to the Minnesota Twins after Chiba Lotte Marines won the Japan series in 2010. He is well known as switch hitter and recorded high averaged hitting in WBC-2006.

Baseball teams in Japan
Organizations based in Chiba Prefecture
1950 establishments in Japan
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Na+/K+-ATPase}}

Na+/K+-ATPase is an enzyme found in the plasma membrane.  It is sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, also known as the 'Na+/K+ pump', 'sodium-potassium pump', or simply 'sodium pump', for short. It was first discovered by Jens Christian Skou who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997.

The enzyme moves Na+ (sodium) ions out of the cell and replaces them with K+ (potassium) ions. This keeps the Na+ ions outside of the cell membrane, and keeps the K+ ions on the inside of the cell membrane. The process works in the opposite direction of diffusion.

For every three sodium ions that get pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions get pumped into the cell. One phosphate group is still bound to the pump.

Sources 

Enzymes
Man Bites Dog is a 1992 Belgian mockumentary crime movie. It was released in 1993 in the United States. This movie is rated NC-17 due to strong graphic violence.

The story of the movie is a crew of movie makers who follow a serial killer. They record his horrific crimes for a documentary they are making. At first they are only watching. Then they find themselves caught up in the increasingly chaotic and nihilistic violence. Since its release the picture has become an international cult film.

References

Other websites

1992 crime movies
1992 comedy movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
Belgian crime movies
Belgian comedy movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
NC-17 rated movies
Obscenity controversies
1992 independent movies
Movies set in Belgium
A geological basin is a large low-lying area. It is often below sea level.

Geological basins are one of the two most common places inland which collect sediment (the other is lakes). The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent. The geology is of interest to oil prospectors, hydrologists and palaeontologists.

Causes 
One cause is stretching of the lithosphere (crust + upper mantle). Examples: North Sea; Nevada basin; Death Valley; Red Sea.
Overthrusting of a continental plate, at a plate boundary, causes the plate to flex. Part goes up, and part goes down. The downward part becomes a foreland basin. Examples: the Ebro basin next to the Pyrenees in Spain; the Molasse and Po River basins next to the Alps.
Rifting can cause basins, as with the Dead Sea rift.

Death Valley example
Starting around 16 million years ago in the Miocene, and continuing into the present, a large part of the North American Plate has been stretched by being pulled apart.p611 The result has been the creation of a large and still-growing region of relatively thin crust; the region grew an average of  per year initially and then slowed to  per year in the last 5 million years. Geologists call this region the Basin and Range Province.

Pulling forces causes rock at depth to stretch like silly putty and rock closer to the surface to break along normal faults into downfallen basins called grabens.

Sediment 
Because the basin is low-lying, it collects sediment. Rivers may run down into the basin from surrounding mountains. Floods or lakes may form with no outlet to the sea. Evaporation occurs; more sediment arrives, and so on. The strata which forms gives clues as to the palaeoclimate.
Other terms that are used to describe a basin are: drainage basin, catchment, catchment area, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin, water basin, endorheic basin and watershed.

Drainage 
Some basins, such as the Great Basin, do not drain to the sea. The water may drain into underground aquifers, or evaporate to form salt lakes.

Most basins, however, are drainage basins with rivers bringing their water into the sea. Many such rivers meander through a web of islands at the river delta, and bring along a huge amount of sediment in the form of mud, clay and sand. The Amazon and the Mississippi river systems are like this. The strata which form are quite different from inland basin lakes.

References 

Landforms
Auger electron spectroscopy is a way of telling what chemical elements are at the surface of an object.

When an electron is removed from a core level of an atom, a higher energy level electron may fall in the vacancy. If the energy released by the fall is transferred to another electron, the latter (called Auger electron) will be emitted from the atom, in what is called the Auger effect, after the French physicist who discovered the phenomenon, Pierre Auger. The kinetic energy levels of the Auger electrons depend on the type of the atoms from which the electrons were ejected, and the chemical environment of the atoms. AES consists of bombarding a sample with energetic electrons and measuring the energy of the Auger electrons, obtaining a spectra that can be used to get information about the identity and environment of the emitting atoms.

Spectroscopy
Lee Joseph Fogolin (born February 7, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Thunder Bay, Ontario), is a retired defenceman who played in the National Hockey League.  He played for the Buffalo Sabres and the Edmonton Oilers, playing in 924 NHL regular season games between 1974 and 1987, winning the Stanley Cup in 1984 and 1985.

Background and early career
Fogolin was born in Chicago while his father, Lee Fogolin Sr., was a member of the Chicago Blackhawks. His son, Michael Fogolin, played for the Prince George Cougars in the WHL and died in his sleep on May 26, 2004 of a possible heart condition.

Fogolin played from 1972–1974 with the Oshawa Generals of the OHA, scoring 52 points in 102 games with 240 PIM.  He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, of the 1974 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres.

Although Fogolin was raised in Canada, he was chosen to play for Team USA in the 1976 Canada Cup, since he was born in the U.S..  He was invited again in 1984, but this time chose not to play.
NHL playing career
Fogolin played his first professional season (1974–75) in Buffalo, but played parts of the next season with the Sabres and the AHL Hershey Bears. He was acquired by the Edmonton Oilers for the 1979–1980 season.

Fogolin played seven full seasons with Edmonton, and was named as captain for the 1981–82 season. He would be the first of four captains to lead the Oilers to the Stanley Cup finals, in 1983, where they lost to the New York Islanders. While a solid defenceman in his own right, he was overshadowed by many of the young stars on the Oilers' roster, most notably scoring superstar Wayne Gretzky. Fogolin gave up the captaincy to Gretzky for the 1983–84 season onwards. Fogolin was a member of the Oilers' Stanley Cup wins in 1984 and 1985. Fogolin also played in the 1986 National Hockey League All-Star Game.

Fogolin was re-acquired by the Sabres near the end of the 1986–87 season, and retired after completing the season with them.
Awards and achievements
1983–84 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
1984–85 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
1985–86 - National Hockey League All-Star Game

Career statistics

Other websites

Oilers Heritage biography.
Fogolin's profile at hockeydraftcentral.com

1955 births
American ice hockey defensemen
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Edmonton Oilers players
Living people
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Sportspeople from Chicago
Ontario Hockey League players
Anthony J. "Tony" Hrkac () (born July 7, 1966 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre currently playing for the Houston Aeros of the AHL.

Awards and achievements
 Hobey Baker Award (top player in NCAA): 1986–1987 season
  Led the IHL in points scored (132) and was named league MVP as a member of the Indianapolis Ice in 1992–93.
  Hrkac's #26 was retired by the AHL's Milwaukee Admirals on March 14, 2008.

Career statistics

References

Other websites
 
 Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com
1966 births
Living people
Atlanta Thrashers players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Dallas Stars players
Edmonton Oilers players
Halifax Citadels players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
Milwaukee Admirals players
New York Islanders players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Quebec Nordiques players
St. Louis Blues players
San Jose Sharks players
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover is a 1989 British independent movie starring Richard Bohringer, Alan Howard, Michael Gambon and Helen Mirren and directed by Peter Greenaway. This movie was originally tagged by the MPAA under an X rating, due to which commercial distribution of this movie was limited. The X rating was then surrendered, and this movie was released with no rating. It was later released onto video with two versions, one rated NC-17, and the other under an R rating.

Other websites 

1989 crime drama movies
1989 romantic drama movies
Adultery in movies
British crime drama movies
British romantic drama movies
1980s English-language movies
NC-17 rated movies
French crime movies
French romance movies
French drama movies
Dutch romance movies
Dutch drama movies
Movies directed by Peter Greenaway
1989 independent movies
Howard Zinn (August 24, 1922 – January 27, 2010) was an American historian and professor from Brooklyn, New York. Zinn considered himself to be a radical. In 1980 he wrote A People's History of the United States, which is a book that tells the history of the United States from the perspective of common people instead of people who were in power. This included people who were oppressed. As of the time of Zinn's death, the book had sold almost two million copies.

Zinn died of a heart attack while swimming on January 27, 2010 in Santa Monica, California, aged 87.

References

Writers from New York City
Democratic socialists
American playwrights
American socialists
American activists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths by drowning
American historians
1922 births
2010 deaths
Charles Emmanuel III (27 April 1701 – 20 February 1773) was the Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia from 1730 until his death.

Biography

He was born a Prince of Savoy in Turin to Victor Amadeus II of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans. His maternal grandparents were (Prince) Philippe of France and his first wife Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Queen Henrietta Maria.

At the time of his birth, Charles Emmanuel was styled the Duke of Aosta as his older brother Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont was the Heir apparent. His older brother, the Prince of Piedmont died in 1715 and then Charles Emmanuel became Heir apparent.
In 1730 his father abdicated on 3 September leaving the throne to Charles. He was not loved by Victor Amadeus, and consequently received an incomplete education. He however acquired noteworthy knowledge in the military field along his father. A god ruler, he married three times and had eleven children in total. Charles Emmanuel died in Turin in 1773. He was buried in the Basilica of Superga.

Marriages and issue

He married three times, but his three wives all died before their 30th birthday. There were plans for him to marry Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans but his mother declined the offer. Amalia d'Este was also a candidate, daughter of Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena.

Anne Christine of Sulzbach (1704–1723), daughter of Theodore Eustace of Sulzbach and Maria Eleonore of Hesse-Rotenburg. She died a few days later after giving birth to a son:

Prince "Vittorio Amedeo" Theodore of Savoy (1723–1725) died in infancy;
Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg (1706–1735) She was the daughter of Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg and his wife Maria Anna of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort. Polyxena was the aunt of the famous princesse de Lamballe. The couple married on  20 August 1724 in Thorn. Polyxena bore him six children:

Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (1726–1796); married Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain and had children. They were the ancestors of Henri, Count of Chambord;
Princess Eleonora Maria Teresa of Savoy (1728–1781), unmarried.
Princess Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy (1729-d.1767), a nun.
Princess Maria Felicita of Savoy (1730–1801), unmarried.
Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Duke of Aosta (1731–1735) died in infancy;
Prince "Carlo" Francesco Romualdo of Savoy, Duke of Chablais (1733-1733) died in infancy;
Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (1711–1741) daughter of Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (niece of Louis XIV of France) and Leopold, Duke of Lorraine. The couple married in 1737. Elisabeth Therese was a younger sister of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, Elisabeth Therese bore him three children:

Prince "Carlo" Francesco Maria Augusto of Savoy, Duke of Aosta (1738–1745) died in infancy;
Princess Maria "Vittoria" Margherita of Savoy (1740–1742) died in infancy;
Prince "Benedetto" Maria Maurizio of Savoy (1741–1808), Duke of Chablais (-1796) and Marquis of Ivrea (1796–1808). He married his niece Princess Maria Anna of Savoy (1757–1824), daughter of  his older half-brother Victor Amadeus III, no children.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

27 April 1701 – 22 March 1715 His Highness the Duke of Aosta
22 March 1715 – 3 September 1730 His Royal Highness The Prince of Piedmont
3 September 1730 – 20 February 1773 His Majesty the King of Sardinia
1701 births
1773 deaths
People from Turin
Kings and Queens of Sardinia
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Dukes and Duchesses of Savoy
Princes and Princesses of Piedmont
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
Rickettsia is a unique genus classified between a virus and a bacteria. The organism is unique in that it has a cell wall and exists only in living cells like a virus, but is susceptible to antibiotics like bacteria.

The method of growing Rickettsia in chicken embryos was invented by Ernest William Goodpasture and his colleagues at Vanderbilt University in the early 1930s.

Gram-negative bacteria
Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke (April 24, 1941 - December 13, 2010) was an American diplomat. He became well-known when he helped broker the Dayton peace agreement, together with Carl Bildt. This agreement of 1995 helped end the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

He died of a torn aorta on December 13, 2010.

Early life
Holbrooke was born to Dan and Trudi Holbrooke on April 24, 1941 in Manhattan, New York. He had a brother, Andrew, who

He attended Scarsdale High School, before going to Brown University and the Princeton University.

References

1941 births
2010 deaths
American diplomats
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from New York City
Deaths from aortic dissection
Maria Theresa of Spain (; ; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683), was by birth Infanta of Spain and Portugal (until 1640) and Archduchess of Austria as member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Queen of France.

She was the daughter of Philip IV, King of Spain and Elisabeth of France. She was Queen of France as wife of King Louis XIV and mother of Le Grand Dauphin. During her lifetime in Spain, she was painted by the renowned painter, Diego Velázquez. Married to Louis XIV in 1660 following the Franco-Spanish War she played little part in politics during her lifetime. The Bourbon Claim to the Spanish Throne which sparked of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1700 stems from her. She also acted as regent of France for her husband at least once during her tenure as queen consort.

Marriage
Marriage

María Teresa married Louis XIV of France by proxy on 3 June 1660 at Fuenterrabia. Her father Philip IV and the entire Spanish court accompanied the María Teresa to the Isle of Pheasants in Bidassoa, where Louis XIV and his court met her. On 7 June 1660, she departed from her native country of Spain. On 9 June she married Louis XIV in a religious ceremony at Saint-Jean-de-Luz in the Saint Jean Baptiste church, which had recently been rebuilt for the occasion. She had a six children with Louis XIV but he would never love her. Marie Thérèse lived a quiet life with her Spanish attendants and had to put up with her husbands various affairs, notably with Louise de La Vallière and Madame de Montespan. She is a direct ancestor of the present Spainish King Felipe VI.

Death and legacy
Death and legacy

During the last week of July 1683, Marie Thérèse fell ill.  She died a painful death on 30 July 1683 at Versailles in the arms of Madame de Maintenon. She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis outside Paris on 3 September 1683. Her tomb was destroyed during the French Revolution.

Children
Louis of France, Dauphin of France (1 November 1661 – 14 April 1711) Dauphin of France married Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria and had issue. Later married Marie Émilie de Joly in secret.
Anne Élisabeth of France (18 November 1662 – 30 December 1662) died in infancy.
Marie Anne of France (16 November 1664 – 26 December 1664) died in infancy or the Black Nun of Moret
Marie Thérèse of France (2 January 1667 – 1 March 1672) known as "Madame Royale" but died in infancy.
Philippe Charles of France (5 August 1668 – 10 July 1671) Duke of Anjou, died in infancy.
Louis François of France (14 June 1672 – 4 November 1672) Duke of Anjou, died in infancy.

Namesakes
Namesakes

 Her third daughter was named after her.
 As well as a "Princess of the French royal blood" Marie Thérèse, Princess of Conti.

References

Other websites

1638 births
1683 deaths
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Habsburg Dynasty
Kings and Queens consort of France
Portuguese royalty
Regents
Spanish infantes and infantas
Ryan M. Johnson (born June 14, 1976) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently a free agent in the National Hockey League. Johnson also played for the Florida Panthers from 1996 to 2000, the Tampa Bay Lightning in 1999 to 2001, another stint with the Florida Panther from 2001 to 2003, the St. Louis Blues from 2002 to 2008, the Vancouver Canucks from 2008 to 2010 and the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.

Career statistics

References

Other websites

1976 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
St. Louis Blues players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Vancouver Canucks players
Louis of France (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712) was the eldest son of Louis, Dauphin of France, known as le Grand Dauphin and, as such, was known as le Petit Dauphin. He became Dauphin of France upon his father's death in 1711.

Biography

Louis de France was born in the Palace of Versailles, the eldest son of Louis, le Grand Dauphin, and his wife Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. At birth, he received the  title of Duke of Burgundy.

Louis grew up with his younger brothers; Philippe, Duke of Anjou and Charles, Duke of Berry. 

At the age of 15, he married his second cousin, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans. This match had been decided as part of the Treaty of Turin, which ended Franco-Savoyard conflicts during the Nine Years' War. The marriage took place on 7 December 1697 at the Palace of Versailles. The two were in love with one another, a rarity at the court of Versailles.
Louis became Dauphin of France upon the death of his father in 1711. 

In February 1712, his wife contracted measles and died on the 12th of that month. 

The Duke of Burgundy, who dearly loved his wife and who had stayed by her side throughout the fatal illness, contracted the disease and died on 18 February, six days after her at the Château de Marly. Both of his sons also became infected, the eldest, Louis, Duke of Brittany, the latest in a series of Dauphins, succumbed to it on 8 March. The only one to survive was the two-year old Duke of Anjou, the future King Louis XV of France.

Children

Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
Louis XV of France (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
Titles and styles

16 August 1682 – 14 April 1711 His Royal Highness The Duke of Burgundy
14 April 1711 – 18 February 1712 His Royal Highness The Dauphin of France

Other websites

House of Bourbon
1682 births
1712 deaths
People from Versailles
Infectious disease deaths in France
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
History
Guy VIII, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and had been nicknamed le Dauphin (French for dolphin). The title of Dauphin of Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his signeurie, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assumed the title of le Dauphin and govern this territory. The Dauphin retained the title only. The estates belonged to the crown. On the death of the Dauphin, his eldest son inherits the title. If there is no son, his oldest brother succeeds him. If the king does not have a son the title does not go to anyone. It is never given to a brother of the king. The wife of the Dauphin was known as the Dauphine. The first French Dauphin was Charles V. The title is roughly equivalent to the English title Prince of Wales. The Dauphin was entitled to the use of the style of Royal Highness but this was only ever used in written form.

The title of Dauphin of Auvergne was used by the Count of Clermont.
Dauphins of France, 1349-1830 

 Charles V of France 1349–1364
 Charles, eldest son and heir of Charles V; future Charles VI 1368-1380
 Charles 1389
 Charles 1392–1401
 Louis, 1401–1415
 John, 1415–1417
 Charles VII of France  1417–1422
 Louis XI of France 1423–1461
 Charles VIII of France 1470–1483
 Charles Orland 1492–1495
 Charles 1496
 François 1497–1498
 François 1518–1536
 Henry II of France 1536–1547
 Francis II of France 1547–1559
 Louis XIII of France 1601–1610
 Louis XIV of France 1638–1643
 Louis, Grand Dauphin 1661–1711
 Louis, Petit Dauphin 1711-1712
 Louis 1712
 Louis XV of France 1712–1715
 Louis 1729–1765
 Louis XVI of France 1765–1774
 Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 1781–1789
 Louis XVII of France 1789–1791 (in 1791 his title was changed to "Prince Royal")
 Louis XIX of France 1824–1830

Related pages
Prince of Wales
Titles of European royal heirs

References 

 
Ranks in the old Kingdom of France
Titles in the old Kingdom of France
The plague doctor's costume was the clothes worn by a plague doctor to protect him from diseases spread through the air. The costume was made up of a coat which went down to the ankles and a mask. The mask looked like a bird's beak. The beak was often filled with things which smelled sweet or strong (often lavender). Along with this, gloves, boots, a hat and something else to go over the jacket was worn.

Description
Description

The beak was held in front of the doctor's nose by straps. There were two holes in the mask, filled with glass at eye level, so that the doctor could see properly. The mask had two smaller holes for the doctor to breathe. It was a type of respirator which was often filled with strong, nice smelling things. Dried flowers (such as roses and carnations), herbs (such as mint), spices, camphor or a vinegar sponge could all be placed in the beak.  The mask was supposed to keep away bad smells. At that time, it was thought that bad smells caused infection. Doctors believed the herbs would take away the "evil" smells of the plague and stop them from getting it.
The costume had a wide brimmed leather hood to show that they were doctors. They used wooden canes to point out areas needing medical attention. This was also used to look at patients without touching them. The canes were also used to keep people away, to take clothes off plague victims without having to touch them and to take a patient's pulse.

Wearing these clothes actually helped make sure that the doctors were not infected by fleas or rats. Fleas could not bite through the leather jacket and infected people could not touch the doctor, which was also because of his leather jacket.
History 
Some modern writers have said that fourteenth-century plague doctors wore masks which looked like birds. However, medical historians say that the plague doctor costume was invented by Charles de Lorme. In 1619 he used the idea of full head-to-toe protective clothing. It was modelled after a soldier's armour. This was made up of a bird-like mask and a long leather (Moroccan or Levantine) or waxed-canvas gown. The gown went from the neck to the ankles. The clothing which went on top of the gown, as well as leggings, gloves, boots and a hat, were made of waxed leather. The garment was impregnated with similar fragrant items as the beak mask.
This poem was written in the seventeenth century. It describes the plague doctor's costume.
As may be seen on picture here,
In Rome the doctors do appear,
When to their patients they are called,
In places by the plague appalled,
Their hats and cloaks, of fashion new,
Are made of oilcloth, dark of hue,
Their caps with glasses are designed,
Their bills with antidotes all lined,
That foulsome air may do no harm,
Nor cause the doctor man alarm,
The staff in hand must serve to show
Their noble trade where'er they go.

Jean-Jacques Manget, in his 1721 book Treatise on the Plague,  written just after the Great Plague of Marseille, talks about the costumes that plague doctors wore at Nijmegen in 1636-1637. A picture of the costume is at the front of the book. The plague doctors of Nijmegen also wore beaked masks. Their robes, leggings, hats, and gloves were made of morocco leather.
This costume was also worn by plague doctors during the Plague of 1656. This plague killed 145,000 people in Rome and 300,000 in Naples. The costume made people very scared because it was a sign that they would die soon.

Culture 
The costume was worn by a commedia dell'arte character called Il Medico della Peste (the Plague Doctor). He wears a special plague doctor's mask. The Venetian mask was normally white. It was made up of a beak and round eye-holes. The eye-holes were covered with clear glass. It is one of the most unique masks worn during the Carnival of Venice.

Notes
References 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, Western European stages, Volume 14, CASTA, 2002,
 Dolan, Josephine,  Goodnow's History of Nursing , W. B. Saunders 1963 (Philadelphia and London), Library of Congress No. 16-25236
 
 Goodnow, Minnie,  Goodnow's history of nursing , W.B. Saunders Co., 1968, OCLC Number: 7085173
 
 
 Hall, Manly Palmer, Horizon, Philosophical Research Soceity, Inc., 1949
 Hirst, Leonard Fabian, The conquest of plague: a study of the evolution of epidemiology, Clarendon Press, 1953,
 Infectious Diseases Society of America, Reviews of infectious diseases, Volume 11, University of Chicago Press, 1989
 
 
 Nohl, Johannes, The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague, J. & J. Harper Edition 1969, Library of Congress No. 79-81867
 Manget, Jean-Jacques, Traité de la peste recueilli des meilleurs auteurs anciens et modernes, Geneva, 1721, online as PDF, 28Mb download
O'Donnell, Terence, History of life insurance in its formative years, American Conservation Company, 1936
 Paton, Alex, "Cover image", QJM: An International Journal of Medicine , 100.4, 4 April 2007. (A commentary on the issue's cover photograph of The Posy Tree, Mapperton, Dorset.)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Time-Life Books, What life was like in the age of chivalry: medieval Europe, AD 800-1500, 1997
 
 Walker, Kenneth,  The story of medicine , Oxford University Press, 1955
Other websites 

Medical equipment
History of medicine
Bust-A-Move 2 is the first sequel to Bust-A-Move, and is also known as Puzzle Bobble 2 outside Europe and North America. Released into the arcades in 1995, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64 and PC conversions followed. The game was included in Taito Legends 2, but the US arcade version was included on US PS2 version instead. The game is a spin-off from Bubble Bobble.

The game builds on the original by adding a tournament style variation on the two player game for play against the computer and by adding a branching map to the one player game, allowing the player to periodically select one of two groups of five levels to play next, leading to different game endings. Some of the contestants in the new tournament mode are based on characters from Bubble Bobble, including variations on a Monsta and a Mighta.
Some versions of the game, including the PlayStation, feature time trial competitions in which a single player attempts to finish simple rounds quickly enough to beat previous time records or two players simultaneously attempt to beat the records and each other.

Completion of the single player game gives the player a code which can be entered to unlock 'Another World' for the single player game, which features subtle changes to the existing levels to increase their difficulty and changes to all backdrops to resemble levels from Bubble Bobble. The various enemies from Bubble Bobble also make an appearance in the background of the credits sequence.

Bust-A-Move 2X 
Taito later repacked Bust-A-Move 2 with an optional alternative set of levels and some new attract mode animations (including holiday-themed ones) as Bust-A-Move 2X (Also known as Puzzle Bobble 2X).
Ports of Bust-A-Move 2 to the PC and Sega Saturn are of Bust-A-Move 2X and additionally include a level editor/designer. A port of 2X was made to the PlayStation but was not released until some time after a port of Bust-A-Move 2 was released; therefore, it is not so well known.

Cover art
This game has become notorious for one version of its cover art. The original US version of the Saturn edition featured a picture of several large balls with screaming, blue, human faces with white sticks forcing their eyes open. This cover earned it a place on Gamespy.com's Top Ten Worst Covers list.

References

1995 video games
Arcade games
Game Boy games
Nintendo 64 games
PlayStation games
Puzzle video games
Sega Saturn games
Video games developed in Japan
Windows games
PlayStation Network games
Sally Margaret Field (born November 6, 1946) is an American actress, singer, producer, director, and screenwriter. She has been in many movies. These include Norma Rae, Murphy's Romance, Forrest Gump, Steel Magnolias, The Amazing Spider-Man, and Lincoln. She has also acted in television programs and won many awards for her movies and acting.

Personal life
Field married Steven Craig in 1968. The couple had two sons; Peter Craig, a novelist, and Eli Craig, an actor and director. Craig and Field divorced in 1975.

Sally Field was romantically involved with Burt Reynolds for many years.  During this time they co-starred in several movies. She married movie producer Alan Greisman in 1984. They had one son, Sam, in 1987. Field and Greisman divorced in 1993.

Field has osteoporosis.  She has become a vocal advocate for women's health issues, encouraging early diagnosis of such conditions through technology, such as bone density scans.

Filmography

Movie

Television

References

Other websites
Other websites

 

1946 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Academy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Pasadena, California
Singers from Pasadena, California
Writers from Pasadena, California
A staple is a fastener that is usually made out of metal and is used to fasten paper to other paper or paper to special walls called bulletin boards. Some large staples may be used for industrial uses, such as masonry, roofing, corrugated boxes and other heavy-duty uses.

Hardware (mechanical)
W and Z bosons are a group of elementary particles. They are bosons, meaning they have a spin of 0 or 1. Both had been found in experiments by the year 1983. Together, they are responsible for a force known as "weak force." Weak force is called weak because it is not as strong as the strong force. There are two W bosons with different charges, the normal W+, and its antiparticle, the W –. Z bosons are their own antiparticle.

Naming
W bosons are named after the weak force that they are responsible for. Weak force is what physicists believe is responsible for the breaking down of some radioactive elements, in the form of Beta decay. In the late '70s, scientists managed to combine early versions of the weak force with electromagnetism, and called it the electroweak force.

Creation of W and Z bosons
W and Z bosons are only known to be created under Beta decay, which is a form of radioactive decay.
Beta Decay
Beta decay occurs when there are a lot of neutrons in an atom. Simplified diagram hints that neutron corresponds to one proton and one electron. When there are too many neutrons in one atom nucleus, one neutron will split and form a proton and an electron. The proton stays where it is, and the electron will be launched out of the atom. Resulting Beta radiation is harmful to humans.

Weak force is believed to be able to change the flavor of a quark. For example, when it changes a down quark in a neutron into an up quark, the charge of the neutron becomes +1, since it would have the same arrangement of quarks as a proton. The three-quark neutron with a charge of +1 is no longer a neutron after this, as it fulfills all of the requirements to be a proton. Therefore, Beta decay will cause a neutron to become a proton (along with some other end-products).
W boson decay
When a quark changes flavor, as it does in Beta decay, it releases a W boson. On average, W bosons only last for 3x10-25 seconds before themselves decaying into other particles, which is why we had not discovered them until less than half a century ago. Surprisingly, W bosons have a mass of about 80 times that of a proton. Keep in mind that the neutron that it came from has almost the same weight as the proton. In the quantum world, it is not uncommon for a more massive particle to come from a less massive particle; the extra mass comes from stored energy via Einstein's famous formula, . After the 3x10-25 seconds has passed, a W boson decays into one electron and one neutrino. Since neutrinos rarely interact with matter, we can ignore them from now on. The electron is propelled out of the atom at a high speed. The proton that was produced by the Beta decay stays in the atom nucleus, and raises the atomic number by one.
Z boson decay
Z bosons are also predicted in the Standard Model of physics, which successfully predicted the existence of W bosons. Z Bosons decay into a fermion and its antiparticle, which are particles such as electrons and quarks which have spin in units of half of the reduced Planck constant.

References 

Elementary particles
J/ψ mesons (pronounced jeɪ/saɪ, English jay/sigh) are subatomic particles made of one charm quark and one charm antiquark. Mesons are a family of composite particles which are made of one quark and one antiquark. It was discovered by Burton Richter. The discovery of J/ψ mesons was huge because it revealed the existence of the fourth known quark of the time, the charm quark. J/ψ mesons were used in an attempt to learn more about quark-gluon plasmas, but no conclusive results were found. The name J/ψ comes from the chosen names from the two labs that found them, one of which chose the letter J, while the other chose the Greek letter ψ (psi).

Subatomic particles
Toxic shock syndrome or TSS is a non-common, deadly infection caused by toxins from bacteria.

Toxic shock syndrome is usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, but it can also be caused by Streptococcus bacteria.

Symptoms

Symptoms of toxic shock syndrome can show up suddenly, and the disease can be deadly. The symptoms are different when the toxic shock syndrome is caused by different bacteria. When it is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, the symptoms are generally high fever, low blood pressure, confusion, and malaise. If the disease is not treated, someone with toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus can go into a coma.

When toxic shock syndrome is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, it usually is a rash that was already there getting worse. People with toxic shock syndrome caused by Streptococcus pyogenes have pain where the rash is, then the symptoms below happen very quickly. 

The symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include:

A high fever that starts quickly

Low blood pressure
Low blood pressure

Vomiting or diarrhea

A rash that looks like a sunburn, mostly on the palms of the hand and soles of the feet

Confusion 

Muscle pain 

Redness of the eyes, mouth, and throat

Seizures 

Headaches

Causes

Toxic shock syndrome can be caused by many things. The most common reasons are injuries to the skin that allow bacteria to get into the bloodstream and tampons.

Treatment

Many people with toxic shock syndrome have to stay in the hospital. If it is very bad, they might have to go to the intensive care unit so that doctors can make sure that they are getting good care. If the reason that they have toxic shock syndrome is because of tampon use, doctors will make sure that they take the tampon out. If the reason that they have toxic shock syndrome is an injury (an abscess or other infection), the injury has to be drained.

Antibiotics like cephalosporin, penicillin, and vancomycin are used to stop the bacteria from growing. Clindamycin and gentamicin stop the toxins from being produced.
Tampons and toxic shock syndrome

In 1978, Procter and Gamble (a United States company that sells many different products) started selling tampons called Rely. Rely tampons could be left in for a whole menstrual cycle, which is from 2 to 8 days. Women who used Rely tampons sometimes got toxic shock syndrome because of this. Other tampons that are left in for a long time can also cause toxic shock syndrome.

References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Charly B (born Charles Blanvillain, 28 September 1981) is a French reggae artist, author, composer, interpreter, performing internationally.

Biography

Early life
Born in Rome, Italy from a family of musicians, he is from French, German and Armenian origins. At the age of 4 he moves to Geneva (Switzerland) where he spends most of his childhood. Music is then everything to him, and he discovers reggae at the age of 15, when he spends one year in Jamaica at IONA High School, hosted in a Jamaican family, having obtained a scholarship from the American Field Service. Later on, after passing his international baccalaureate, he studies sound techniques at the School of Recording Arts, Canada and at the Sound and Audio Engineering School in Geneva, Switzerland.
He starts to be interested in Reggae music very early, and at the age of 15, he composes his first song. His musical studies in Canada, long stays in Jamaica, and time spent living in France near the Swiss border form the cultural triumvirate from which Charly B draws his artistic vision.  He has been singing with legends of dancehall like Capleton, Kiprich, De Marco and Anthony B.
In 2002, at the age of 21, he wins the first prize for the best Geneva (Switzerland) Singjay  In 2003, he writes a song for the movie Destination Jamaica by George Tait (Jungle George)  In 2004, his song "My Queen" appears in the DVD sold with the Austrian surfers' magazine Methodmag, published in 60,000 copies. In 2005 he wins the 1st prize for best Singjay in Switzerland organized by Giddeon Productions  Unfortunately, he cannot take advantage of the prize (concert on the main stage of Rototom Sunsplash Festival 2005) in Italy, as he is expected in Jamaica that summer, and therefore gives his prize to the number 2 in the competition, Elijah. In 2007, Eliane Dambre from the Ateliers du Funambule sponsored by Michel Fugain, which studios are based in Nyon, decides to present his candidacy to the Eurovision for Switzerland, against DJ Bobo to represent Switzerland, but his candidacy is too late to be retained
. More recently, in 2009, he has won the price for the best reggae song at the competition organized by Reggae Europe. He has deposited to SACEM over 100 titles entirely composed by him (music and lyrics), in French, English and Jamaican patois.
Encounter with Jon Baker
In summer 2009, he makes what he calls "a crucial encounter" with the producer Jon Baker, and records at Geejam Studios his album Forever, which will be released in 2011 under the label Geejam Recordings/ Forward Recordings. This encounter with Jon Baker is very important for the artist; the British producer (a friend of Chris Blackwell, founder of Island Records), has discovered many talents, among which recently the reggae singer Alborosie and The Jolly Boys. Moreover, he gains the confidence of Reggae Europe who partners with Geejam Recordings for the album Forever.
Start of tours and international invitations
At the end of 2009, he is invited in Germany (Leipzig) to meet with Pionear from Germaican records  then invited by Stylordz  in Toronto and New York for the anniversary of Zulu Nation.  In Toronto he shoots the clip of the song "Ooh No". In 2010, invited by the CAMA Festival in Hanoï, Vietnam, he makes a Vietnam tour (Hanoï and Ho Chi Minh City) and upon his return, attends the ROTOTOM Sunsplash Festival in August 2010. He is travelling between Jamaica and France, working on his last album Forever, which will be released in 2011.

International Vietnam Tour
Vietnam Tour Vietnam in May 2010, Hanoï and Ho Chi Minh City interview Cama Festival télé Hanoï

Discography
Discography

Albums
 2000 : Chu-chu Stylordz Production - Canada
 2001 : Move Stylordz Production - Canada
 2002 : Vengeance to God Ladies Party
 2003 : My Queen Pow Pow records - MethodMag - Europe
 2004 : Album Reality Redhemption Production
 2004 : Album More Reality Redhemption Production
 2005 : Album Thugz Style Severely III Production, La plus belle femme (Video clip on TVM3)
 2006 : Album Family Affair Redhumption Production, Several titles in album Hemp Higher Sound
 2007 : Album International Ting - Charly B and the Official Band
 2008 : Album Zulu Nation Stylordz Production - Canada (Amazon.com an E-music.com)
 2009 : Several titles in the album Redhemption Sound fi All Africans
 2010 : Album  Tomorrow is just another day (with Henry P.).
 Release in 2011:  Album Forever

Singles
 Rock and come in
 Le rêveur
 The dreamer
 Brown Eyes
Video clips
 Chu-chu - shot in Canada
 La plus belle femme - shot in Nyon, Switzerland
 On s'empare de la party - shot with La Dixion in Switzerland
 The way you wine- shot in Port Antonio in Jamaica by the studios Geejam
 Ooh No - shot in Toronto au Canada
 Deux vidéos documentaires - shot in Port Antonio en Jamaica
 Documentary video shot in New York nov. 2009 for the anniversary of Zulu Nation
 Vidéo of the radio interview in Toronto, Canada
 Forever - shot in Port Antonio, Jamaica in Sept. 2010.
 Video of the ROTOTOM Sunsplash festival concert in August 2010

TV Programmes
 "Spécial Charly B" sur TVM3 dans l'émission TRIBBU annimée par Philippe Morax  (diffusée le 1er nov. 2005 de 18h à 19h30).
Shows
 Summer 2003 - Sunrise Festival of Bagnols-sur-Ceze (France)
 7.1.2005 - Stadium of Sembrancher, Switzerland
 10.2.2005 - The Hacienda, Chambéry, France
 3.3.2005 - The Safari Bar - Chamonix, France
 22.4.2005 - No'Limit - Courchevel, France
 13.5.2005 Le matin bleu, Annecy, France
 4.6.2005 - Salzhaus - Winterthur, Switzerland - Singjay Contest 2005
 10.6.2005 - Schiffbau, Zurich, Switzerland
 14-20 nov. 2005 -Palexpo, Fair of Geneva, Switzerland (first part of Michel Fugain)
 15.6.2005 - Reggae Radio Zurich, Switzerland - Radio show - final - Swiss Singjay Contest
 27.8.2005 - Turatznurg - Zollikon, Switzerland
 9.9.2005 - Flon Jugendkulturraum - St. Gallen, Switzerland
 10.9.2005 - Salle du Séminaire - Porrentruy, Switzerland
 21.9.2005 - Doors 72 - Bienne, Switzerland
 18.11.2005 - Bist'rock café,  Geneva, Switzerland
 25.1.2006 - L'auberge du télé - Contamines, Montjoie, France
 7.1.2006 - Gaskessel - La Coupole - Bienne, Switzerland
 25.1.2006 - Contamines Montjoie, France
18.2.2006 - Alte Kaserne, Zürich,  Switzerland
 17.3.2006 - L'arcade -  Geneva, Switzerland
 6.4.2006 - Piment Rouge - Artamis,  Geneva, Switzerland
 28.4.2006 - Flon Jugendkulturraum - St. Gallen Switzerland
 29.4.2006 - Sputnik - Mettmenstetten, Switzerland
 27.5.2006 - Kulturzentrum Schützi - Olten, Switzerland
 30.9.2006 - La Coupole Bienne, Switzerland
 20.10.2006 - Ex-Cubitano, Zurich, Switzerland
 20.12.2006 - Le Chat Noir,  Geneva, Switzerland
 30.12.2006 Arcade,  Geneva, Switzerland
 5.1.2007 Piment Rouge,  Geneva(1st part of Yannis Odua), Switzerland
 6.1.2007 Cosy Bay, Lausanne, Switzerland
 13.1.2007 KBar  Geneva, Switzerland
 19.1.2007 Loft - Crans Montana, Switzerland
 26.1.2007 - Loft, Crans Montana, Switzerland
 2.3.2007 Thyon les Collons (VS) Switzerland
 9.2.2007 - Doors 72 - Bienne, Switzerland
 22.2.2007 Matin Bleu, Annecy, France
 24.2.2007, Gringo Club,  Villars, Switzerland
 2.3.2007 Kbar,  Geneva,  Switzerland
 9 mars 2007 - Jet d'eau - Le bateau  Geneva, Switzerland