Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
sporadic (sCJD):
This is the most common type of CJD.  85% of cases of CJD are sporadic CJD.  Nobody knows what causes sCJD; it seems to happen randomly.

 familial (fCJD): 
Most of the other 15% of cases of CJD are familial CJD.  This is a form of CJD runs in families.

 iatrogenic: 
This form of CJD is usually caused by a medical procedure where a person gets blood or tissue from someone with CJD.  For example, if a person can get iatrogenic CJD if they get a blood transfusion or a cornea transplant from someone who has CJD.

Signs and symptoms
The first symptom of CJD is dementia, which gets worse very quickly. dementia causes memory loss, personality changes, and hallucinations.

Other common mental symptoms include:
 Anxiety
 Depression
 Paranoia
 Obsessive-compulsive symptoms
 Psychosis
Physical symptoms of CJD often include:
 Trouble speaking (aphasia)
 Jerky movements (myoclonus)
 Trouble with balance (ataxia)
 Trouble walking
 Shaking or being stiff
 Vision problems
 Trouble swallowing, which can make eating difficult or impossible
 Trouble coughing, which can cause aspiration pneumonia
 Movements that the patient cannot control (dyskinesia)

Most people with CJD die within six months after their first symptoms appeared.  Often, they die of pneumonia caused by trouble coughing. This is called aspiration pneumonia.  About 15% of patients survive for two or more years.  Some patients have lived 4–5 years with mostly mental symptoms until the disease gets worse and causes more physical symptoms.  Once this happens, people usually die within a year.

The symptoms of CJD are caused by the death of more and more of the brain's nerve cells.  When scientists look at brain tissue from a CJD patient under a microscope, they can see many tiny holes where whole areas of nerve cells have died.
Diagnosis
Doctors may suspect CJD when a person has certain symptoms.  For example, dementia usually gets worse slowly.  Dementia that gets worse very quickly is unusual.  Along with symptoms like jerky movements, these symptoms may point to possible CJD.
Tests can then be done to show whether the person has CJD.  These tests include:
 Electroencephalography (EEG): This test shows the electrical activity in the brain.  A doctor will often be able to see changes in the EEG that are common in people with CJD.  The type of changes that show on the EEG will depend on the type of CJD the patient has, and how far along their disease is.
 Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): This test makes it possible to study cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord), looking for a specific protein ("14-3-3 protein")
 MRI of the brain: A test that uses a very strong magnet to take pictures of the brain
Biopsy: To do a biopsy, a doctor uses a needle to take a small piece of tissue from the body, so doctors can look at it under a microscope.  vCJD can be diagnosed with a biopsy of the tonsils.  For all of the other types of CJD, a biopsy of the brain is the only way to tell for sure if a person has CJD.  However, since a biopsy of the brain can cause brain damage, a brain biopsy is usually not done if other tests have already shown that a person probably has CJD.
Treatment
As of 2016, there is no treatment that cures CJD or even slows down its effects.  Many experiments are being done to try to find treatments.

Today, the only treatments for CJD are medicines that treat the disease's symptoms and help patients be more comfortable. These treatments do not provide a cure. For example, patients who have seizures may be given anticonvulsant medications.  Benzodiazepines can make muscle jerks happen less often.

Patients may also choose to have medical procedures to help with bad symptoms.  For example, CJD may cause so much trouble swallowing that a person cannot eat.  Some people with CJD choose to have a feeding tube put in when they can no longer eat.  This is a tube that goes into the stomach, so that special liquid can be given right into the stomach to give the person hydration and nutrition.

Related pages
 Prion
 Prion disease
 Terminal illness

References

Diseases and disorders of the brain
Infectious diseases
Samira Khalil () is an activist from the Homs region of Syria. She was in prison for four years, from 1987 to 1991, because she opposed the Bashar al-Assad government in Syria. She disappeared in the city of Douma on December 9, 2013, with activists Razan Zeitouneh, Wael Hamada, and Nazem Hammadi. They are called the "Douma 4".

Work 
After prison, Khalil operated a publishing house. Then she worked with families of detainees. She wrote about detention in Syria. Before her kidnapping, she worked to help women in Douma to start small projects to make money. She stayed in Douma to start two centers for women.

Film 

Khalil and her husband Yassin al-Haj Saleh were in a documentary film called Baladna Alraheeb (Our Terrible Country). The film was about the period in their lives before Khalil's kidnapping in 2013.

Awards 

Khalil received the Petra Kelly Prize from the Heinrich Böll Foundation in 2014. This was for her work at the Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria.

References
References

Other websites 
 #Douma4 hashtag on Twitter

Missing people
Syrian activists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
The Last Dragonlord is the first book in a series written by Joanne Bertin. It is a story about Linden Rathan, who is the only Dragonlord (a mythical half-human who can change into a dragon) without a "soultwin" (the other half of his dragon-human soul). The story takes place in a fictional place called Cassori.

Summary

Linden Rathan is the last Dragonlord to have been born in more than 600 years. He is sent to mediate a regency debate between Prince Peridaen and Duke Beren. He is sent along with a soultwinned pair named Kief Shaeldar and Tarlna Aurianne, both Dragonlords as well.

Before Linden gets to Cassori, he finds out that one of his friends, Bard Otter Henderson, will be there with him. Linden is teased by Otter about a person who wants to meet him, but he agrees to meet her. The person he meets is Maurynna Kyrissaean, who is also a Dragonlord, but has not Changed yet. Linden finds out that Maurynna is his soultwin after they meet and he begins to show love to her.
During the regency debate, a group called the Fraternity of Blood attacks the Dragonlords. They are trying to learn how to kill all the Dragonlords and let the Truehumans rule. Linden meets one of the members of the group named Sherrine Coltrane. She seduces him into being her lover in order to learn things about the Dragonlords. She falls in love with Linden and attacks his soultwin Maurynna. The attack makes Linden leave her and she poisons him with a farewell chalice.

After Linden is poisoned, he tries to leave. On the road, he is attacked by two people. During his attack, the poison makes him tell the two people secrets about the Dragonlords. Linden's soultwin Maurynna feels his sickness and saves him from the attackers. Linden is very depressed after the attack and refuses to leave his room.

Main Characters
Main Characters

Linden Rathan
Linden Rathan is the main character of the story. He is the last Dragonlord to have been born for 600 years. He is the target of a plot by the Fraternity of Blood to learn how to destroy the Dragonlords. His soultwin is Maurynna Kyrissaean.

Maurynna Kyrissaean
Maurynna Kyrissaean is the soultwin to Linden Rathan. She starts the story as a new captain of a merchant ship that is bringing goods to Cassori. During the story, she Changes from a human into a Dragonlord. Her Change comes very close to killing her.

Otter Henderson
Otter Henderson is a bard that travels with Maurynna Kyrissaean to Cassori. He is a very old friend of Linden Rathan. He introduces Linden to Maurynna and her family. Otter also protects Maurynna from a woman named Sherrine who attacks Maurynna after Linden stops a relationship between himself and Sherrine.
Sherrine Coltraine
Sherrine Colraine is the daughter of Anstella Colraine. She is a beautiful woman and a member of the Fraternity of Blood. Sherrine seduces Linden Rathan to learn secrets about the Dragonlords but ends up falling in love with him. After she attacks Maurynna, Linden stops being her lover. She and Linden share a poisoned farewell chalice, but she takes an antidote to be safe. Sherrine kills herself to save Linden and the prince from Kas Althume at the end of the story.

Kas Althume
Kas Althume is the steward to Prince Peridaen. He is also a wizard for the Fraternity of Blood. Kas poisons Prince Rann to try to put Prince Peridaen on the Casori throne. He also poisons Linden Rathan using a farewell chalice and tortures him for knowledge about the Dragonlords. Kas is killed when Sherrine Coltraine stops a ritual killing of Prince Rann.

Other Characters

Shan
Shan

Shan is Linden Rathan's horse. He is a breed that is very smart. He can understand human speech. Shan travels very far to find Linden in Cassori after he was left behind. He helps Linden get better after Linden gets depressed.

Kief Shaeldar and Tarlna Aurianne
Kief Shaeldar and Tarlna Aurianne are a soultwinned pair of Dragonlords sent with Linden Rathan to Cassori. They help Linden get better from a sickness he has after he drinks from a poisoned chalice.

Prince Peridaen

Prince Peridaen is one of the two people fighting to be regent of Cassori. He is a member of the Fraternity of Blood. He tries to win by putting a counterfeit writing in a chest owned by Duke Beren.

Duke Beren

Duke Beren is one of the two people fighting to be regent of Cassori. He is related to Prince Rann.

References 

Books by Joanne Bertin
Romance novels
1998 books
In humans, the respiratory tract is the parts of the body that help with respiration (getting oxygen into the body and getting rid of carbon dioxide).

Structure
The respiratory tract is divided into two sections: the upper airways and the lower airways.  These two sections are separated by the vocal cords.

Upper airways

The nose and nasal cavity 
The upper respiratory tract starts with the nose and the nasal cavity.  When a person breathes in through the nose, the air goes into the nasal cavity.  The nasal cavity is lined with mucous and little hairs called cilia.  These help filter things like dust out of the air a person breathes.  The nasal cavity also warms the air.

The pharynx
The pharynx 

Next is the pharynx.  The pharynx is a common pathway for air and food.  When a person breathes in, air goes through the pharynx on its way to the lungs.  When a person eats, food passes through the pharynx on its way to the digestive system.  There are three parts to the pharynx:
 The nasopharynx ends around the uvula.
 The oropharynx goes from the uvula to the base of the tongue.
 The laryngopharynx (or hypopharynx) ends by splitting off into two tubes.  These are the trachea and the esophagus.  The trachea is in the front of the throat, and carries air toward the lungs.  The esophagus is in the back of the throat, and carries food toward the digestive system.

The larynx
The larynx 

The next part of the upper airways is the larynx.  The larynx is sometimes called the "voice box" because it has the vocal cords in it, making it possible to speak.  The larynx also protects the trachea.  Important parts of the larynx include:
 The epiglottis: This is a leaf-shaped piece of cartilage which drops to protect the trachea when a person swallows food.  This keeps the food from going down the trachea and into the lungs.
 The thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
 The vocal cords

The vocal cords mark the end of the upper airways.

Lower airways
Lower airways

The larynx continues 
The larynx continues in the lower airways.  Important parts of the larynx that are in the lower airways include:
 The cricoid cartilage: This is a ring of cartilage which anchors the trachea.  The trachea begins at the cricoid cartilage.
 The trachea: This is a tube made of smooth muscle which brings air to the lungs.  Because it is made of muscle, the trachea needs cartilage, which is stronger than muscle, to protect it.  After the cricoid cartilage, many C-shaped pieces of cartilage surround the trachea to protect it and anchor it.

The bronchi 
The trachea then splits into the two main bronchi.  This split happens at a place called the carina, which is behind the middle of the sternum (breastbone).  The bronchi are two tubes which carry air into the lungs.  The main bronchi then split into smaller and smaller bronchi, which reach out into all the parts of the lungs like tree branches.  Finally, the smallest bronchi, called bronchioles, end in the alveoli.

Function
Function

The airways' job is to bring air to the lungs, so it can get to the alveoli.  At the alveoli, a very important process called "gas exchange" takes place.  Oxygen from the air breathed into the lungs goes into the blood.  The blood can then carry oxygen to every part of the body through the bloodstream.  During gas exchange, carbon dioxide goes from the blood into the lungs, so it can be breathed out.  If this exchange of gases did not happen, the body would not get enough oxygen to stay alive, and would also get poisoned by carbon dioxide.

Related pages
 Respiratory system
 Respiration
 Gas exchange
 Breathing

References

Anatomy of the respiratory system
Food drying is a method of preserving food. The food is dried (either dehydrated or desiccated). Drying stops the growth of bacteria and fungi by removing water. These micro-organisms, which cause food to spoil, need water to survive.

This method of preserving food has been used since ancient times. The earliest known practice is 12,000 BC by people in the Middle East and Asia.

Water is traditionally removed through evaporation by drying the food in the air, sun or in smoke. A great variety of drying techniques are now used.

Many different foods can be preserved by drying. Meat and fish are preserved through such traditional methods as drying, smoking and salting.

Related pages 
 Curing

References 

Cooking
Food preservation
In typography, a sans serif typeface is one that does not have the tiny feet called "serifs" at the end of strokes. 
The term comes from the French word sans, meaning "without" and "serif" from the Dutch word schreef  meaning "line".

Sans serif typefaces have been used since the 18th century, but became most used in the twentieth century as the modern art movement developed. Most designers of typefaces were artists. Some were outstanding in other artistic fields, and were part of the wider artistic culture of their times.

The apostle of sans serif was Jan Tschichold  (2 April 1902 Leipzig, Germany – 11 August 1974 Locarno, Switzerland), a German-Swiss graphic designer.   
Tschichold not only designed typefaces, he showed how they could be used in the design of book printing. He was a chief designer for Penguin Books after the Second World War.
Sans serif faces are most used for display signs, advertising and for headings in books. Although they seem to work well for the text in books, they are much less used for that purpose.

Other names for sans serif 
Egyptian
Antique
Grotesque
Doric
Gothic (not to be confused with blackletter)
Lineale, or linear
Simplices
Swiss

References 

Typography
Fonts
The fez (, plural fezzes or fezes from arabic "Fas" the main town in Morocco before 1927 ), as well as its equivalent, the tarboosh ( ṭarbūsh), is a felt hat.

There are two types One is a cone with a flat top, made of red felt. The other is a short cylinder made of kilim fabric. Both usually have a tassel attached to the top. The tarboosh and the modern fez, which is similar, owe much of their development and popularity to the Ottoman era.

References 

Hats
Fez may mean

Fez, Morocco
Fez (hat)
Fez (video game)
Dalkurd FF is an association football club in the town of Borlänge in Sweden. The club was founded by Kurds in Sweden 2004, and played its first Superettan season in 2016.

Other websites

 Official website

Swedish football clubs
2004 establishments in Sweden
The bowler hat is a hard felt hat with a rounded crown.

It was originally designed to protect the head from blows. One story is that  the British soldier and politician Edward Coke, the younger brother of the 2nd Earl of Leicester had it made in 1849. Its purpose was to protect his gamekeepers' heads from low-hanging branches while on horseback. The keepers had previously worn top hats, which were easily knocked off and damaged. 

The bowler hat was popular with the working class during the Victorian era, and later on with the middle and upper classes in Britain and the eastern United States. In Britain, they are worn as civilian dress by Guards officers.

Outside the United Kingdom
The bowler was the most popular hat in the American Old West. It was "the hat that won the West". Both cowboys and railroad workers preferred the hat because it would not blow off easily in strong wind while riding a horse, or when sticking one's head out the window of a speeding train. It was worn by both lawmen and outlaws, including Bat Masterson, Butch Cassidy, Black Bart, and Billy the Kid. In America the hat came to be commonly known as the derby, and Wild West outlaw Marion Hedgepeth was commonly referred to as "the Derby Kid".

The bowler, called a  in Spanish, has been worn by Quechua and Aymara women since the 1920s, when it was introduced to Bolivia by British railway workers. For many years, a factory in Italy manufactured the hats for the Bolivian market, but they are now made locally. Another region where the bowler hat is worn is the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.
Popular culture  
The bowler makes regular appearances. It was part of John Steed's outfit in The Avengers British TV series, and Oddjob's favourite weapon in the original Goldfinger film. It was worn by Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel in movies.

References 

Hats
In cosmology, the Steady State theory is a theory about how the universe began. It is an alternative to the Big Bang model. This theory says that the continuous decreasing of density, makes also a continuous creation of matter.

Cosmology
Astrophysics
A remote keyless system is a device used to control access to a building or car without using a traditional mechanical key.

Security
Automobiles
Edmonde Charles-Roux (17 April 1920 – 20 January 2016) was a French writer. She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine.

In 1946, she joined the staff of a magazine being created, a women's weekly: Elle, where she spent two years. From 1948, she worked for the French edition of Vogue, becoming the magazine’s editor-in-chief in 1954.

Charles-Roux died on 20 January 2016, in Marseille, France, at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
"Edmonde Charles-Roux", Academie Goncourt 

1920 births
2016 deaths
French journalists
Writers from Hauts-de-Seine
People from Neuilly-sur-Seine
Ronald Greenwald (January 8, 1934 – January 20, 2016) was an American Orthodox Jewish rabbi. He was a businessman and an educator. He was born in New York City.

Career 
Greenwald made a career of spy trading, international hostage mediation, and other forms of high-stakes diplomacy. He worked with Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan to help the Jewish community. He served as a community activist, chaired various civic boards, directed a high school a summer camp and was the chairman of Magenu.

Greenwald died in his sleep while on vacation in Florida from a possible heart attack on January 20, 2016 at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 
 .

1934 births
2016 deaths
American activists
American diplomats
Educators from New York City
American rabbis
Businesspeople from New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Jewish American writers
Writers from Brooklyn
Writers from Manhattan
Homayoun Behzadi (‎; 20 June 1942 – 22 January 2016) was an Iranian footballer and coach. He usually played as a striker. He played for Paykan, but most notably for the Iran national football team. For a very brief time, Behzadi was the coach of the Persepolis football team in 1975.

Behzadi suffered a heart attack in April 2013. He made a full recovery. Behzadi died in Tehran on 22 January 2016 at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
Homayoun Behzadi at TeamMelli.com
Interview with Homayoun Behzadi 

1942 births
2016 deaths
Iranian footballers
Iranian football managers
David Geddes Hartwell (July 10, 1941  January 20, 2016) was an American critic, publisher and editor of science fiction and fantasy. He was best known for work with Signet, Pocket and Tor Books publishers. He was also known as an award-winning editor of anthologies. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts.

Hartwell died in Pleasantville, New York from complications of a fall on January 20, 2016 at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
Excerpt from the LOCUS Online Interview with David Hartwell, 2004.
Interview with David G. Hartwell, SpaceWesterns.com, 2007
Profile of David Hartwell  by Michael Swanwick, 2009

1941 births
2016 deaths
American literary critics
Educators from Massachusetts
American journalists
Writers from Massachusetts
A kapo or prisoner functionary was a special type of prisoner in the Nazi concentration camps during The Holocaust. Kapos were chosen by the Schutzstaffel (SS) camp guards to help run the camps. Some kapos were in charge of other prisoners, who had to do forced labor. Other kapos did paperwork and kept records in the camps.

The Nazis used kapos for many reasons. With kapos helping to run the camps, the camps did not need as many SS guards. The kapos helped the SS control the other prisoners. This made it possible for a small number of SS to run large concentration camps. Also, because kapos were prisoners, they were not paid for their work, so this system also saved a lot of money.
Even though they were not paid, the kapos got special treatment. They did not have to do hard labor, and they were not physically abused like the other prisoners. They sometimes got extra food, cigarettes, alcohol, regular clothes, and private rooms. However, to keep this special treatment, the kapos had to keep the SS guards happy. If they did not control the other prisoners well enough, the kapos would lose their jobs. They would become regular prisoners again.

The SS often chose kapos who were members of violent criminal gangs. These kapos often abused other prisoners badly. The SS allowed this abuse to happen.

What did the kapos do?
The SS controlled the concentration camps. However, from day to day, the kapos helped keep the camps running. They made it possible for the camps to run with fewer SS guards. Sometimes, up to 10% of the prisoners at the camps were kapos. Without the kapos, the SS running the camps would not have been able to keep the camps running smoothly.
Kapos were often hated by other prisoners and were seen as Nazi henchmen. Sometimes, other prisoners would spit on the kapos. Some barracks leaders (blockälteste) secretly helped prisoners in their barracks get extra food or easier jobs. However, other kapos did more to help the SS, partly because they thought this would help them survive the camps.

Criminal kapos were called "professional criminals" by other prisoners . These kapos were known for being cruel and brutal to other prisoners. In fact, this was why the SS had chosen them to be kapos. According to former prisoners, kapos who were criminals were more likely to be helpful to the SS. Kapos who were sent to concentration camps for disagreeing with the Nazis' politics were more likely to be helpful to other prisoners.
In his Dictionary of the Camp, Oliver Lustig wrote:
Vicenzo and Luigi Pappalettera wrote in their book The Brutes Have the Floor that, every time a new transport of [prisoners] arrived at Mauthausen [concentration camp], Kapo August Adam picked out the professors, lawyers, priests and magistrates and cynically asked them: "Are you a lawyer? A professor? Good! ... I am a killer. I have five convictions on my record: one for manslaughter and four for robbery. Well, here I am in command. The world has turned upside down, did you get that? Do you need a dolmetscher, an interpreter? Here it is!" And he was pointing to his bat, after which he struck. When he was satisfied, he formed a [work group] with those selected and sent them to clean the latrines.
Domination and terror
The SS used domination and terror to control the many prisoners in the camps with just a few SS guards. Kapos were a very important part of this system, where prisoners were completely controlled and always had to be afraid of being hurt or murdered.
The Nazis used many different strategies to torture prisoners mentally and physically, and to keep them under control. These strategies included:
 Starvation: Even though prisoners were doing hard labor, they were not given enough food to survive
 Exhaustion: Prisoners were always weak and exhausted (very tired) from doing very hard work without enough food
 Physical abuse: The SS or the kapos could hit or hurt prisoners any time they wanted to. Prisoners never knew when they might be beaten, whipped, or tortured
 Humiliation: The Nazis ran the concentration camps in ways that were humiliating, on purpose. They treated prisoners like they were not even human.
 Strict camp rules
 If one prisoner did something the SS did not like, whole groups of prisoners would be punished
Kapos helped with all these things. Their job also included pushing the prisoners to work harder. Many kapos, especially the criminals, could be very cruel to prisoners, especially when SS guards were nearby, to show that they were doing their jobs and deserved their special treatment. They often beat prisoners, and some even killed prisoners. Some kapos sexually abused young boys and men.

One non-criminal kapo was Josef Heiden. He was an Austrian political prisoner (someone put in prison because they disagreed with the Nazis' political beliefs). Prisoners feared and hated him. He was known as a sadist - someone who liked hurting and torturing people. He killed several people while he was a kapo. He was set free from Dachau concentration camp in 1942, and joined the Waffen SS. Some kapos personally helped the SS mass murder other prisoners. Beginning in October 1944, the Nazis started transferring criminal kapos to the Dirlewanger Brigade of the Waffen SS.
Kapos had a bad reputation for helping the Nazis and often being cruel. However, a book written about Jewish kapos says that many kapos felt caught in the middle. They felt like victims of the Nazis, but at the same time they were helping the Nazis and hurting fellow prisoners. Many of them felt guilty about what they did, both at the time and after World War II ended.

Kapo ranks

In the capo system, there were different types of kapos, who had different ranks and different jobs.

The highest, most powerful job that a prisoner could get was called Lagerältester ("camp leader" or "camp senior"). He (or she) answered directly to the camp's commandant (commander). The Lagerältester had to make sure that everything ran smoothly in the camps every day.
The second-most powerful kapos were the Blockältester (block or barracks leader) and the Stubenältester (room leader). The Blockältester was in charge of the prisoners in the barracks, and making sure they followed the rules. The Stubenälteste was in charge of a specific room within a barracks. He had to force the prisoners to make the barracks neat and clean. He was also in charge of the room's hygiene, like killing lice (which spread diseases like typhus).

The Blockschreiber (registrar or barrack clerk) kept records. For example, he kept track of prisoners during roll calls (where prisoners were forced to stand and be counted over and over).

Work crews outside the camp were controlled by a Vorarbeiter (foreman), a Kapo, or Oberkapo (chief kapo). These functionaries pushed their fellow prisoners to work harder and harder, hitting and beating them, even killing them.
The moment he becomes a Kapo, he no longer sleeps with [the other prisoners]. He is held accountable for the performance of the work, that they are clean, that the beds are well-built. [...] So, he must drive his men. The moment we become dissatisfied with him, he is no longer Kapo, he's back to sleeping with his men. And he knows that he will be beaten to death by them the first night.—Heinrich Himmler, June 21, 1944

A kapo who the SS liked could have a camp "career" and be promoted from Kapo to Oberkapo and eventually to Lagerältester. However, he could also just as easily be sent to the gas chambers if he did something the SS did not like.

Related pages
 Nazi concentration camps
 The Holocaust
 World War II

References

Nazi Germany
World War II
Imprisonment and detention
Bogusław Kaczyński (May 2, 1942 – January 21, 2016) was a Polish classical music journalist.  He was born in  Biała Podlaska, Poland.

Career
He was the author of a classical recording series called The Golden Collection. He also hosted musical competitions, including the Frederic Chopin Piano Competition, the Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition, and the New Year's Concerts in Vienna.

He has been ranked among the top 10 Polish television personalities by the Polityka magazine.

Death
Kaczyński died in Warsaw, Poland of a stroke on January 21, 2016, aged 73.

References

Other websites

 Bogusław Kaczyński – Homepage
 Warszawa. Bogusław Kaczyński kończy 65 lat – e-teatr.pl

1942 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Polish writers
Polish journalists
Mrinalini Sarabhai (; 11 May 1918 – 21 January 2016) was an Indian classical dancer, choreographer and instructor. She was the founder of the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts in the city of Ahmedabad. She received many awards and citations in recognitions of her work to art. She trained over 18,000 students in Bharatnatyam and Kathakali. She was born in Kerala, India. She was married to renowned physicist Vikram Sarabhai.

Sarabhai was hospitalized in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India for pneumonia on 20 January 2016. She died the next day of respiratory failure at the age of 97.

References

Other websites

Biography of Mrinalini Sarabhai at the website of Darpana Academy 
Biography at mkgandhi.org 
Mrinalini Sarabhai's Blog
Download Mrinalini Sarabhai's autobiography from her blog

1918 births
2016 deaths
Indian choreographers
Indian dancers
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in India
People from Kerala
Malayali people
Germaine Damar (born August 31, 1929) is a Luxembourgian actress and dancer. She used the stage name Ria Poncelet. She was born in Petingen, Luxembourg. 

Damar started her career as an acrobat and played in nearly 30 German movies, including three movies in which she was the partner of Peter Alexander. Her best known movies are Mädchen mit schwachem Gedächtnis (1956), Die Drei von der Tankstelle (1955) and So ein Millionär hat's schwer (1958).

References

Other websites

1929 births
Living people
Luxembourgian people
Movie actors
Dancers
Derrick Todd Lee (November 5, 1968 – January 21, 2016) was a convicted American serial killer, nicknamed the Baton Rouge Serial Killer. He was born in St. Francisville, Louisiana.

He was linked by DNA to the deaths of seven women in the Baton Rouge and Lafayette areas in Louisiana, and in 2004 was convicted, in separate trials, of the murders of Geralyn DeSoto and Charlotte Murray Pace. The Pace trial resulted in a death sentence.  Newspapers have suggested Lee can be linked to other unsolved murders in the area, but the police lacked DNA evidence to prove these connections. 

Lee died on January 21, 2016 at the age of 47, of an undisclosed medical condition at the Louisiana State Penitentiary in the West Feliciana Parish, while awaiting execution.

References

Other websites
 "DNA Dragnet", CBSnews.com (multimedia presentation)
 "Louisiana Serial Killer Derrick Todd Lee Loses State Supreme Court Appeal" September 21, 2015 

1968 births
2016 deaths
American serial killers
People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Sudhindra Thirta (31 March 1926 – 17 January 2016), also known as Shri Sudhindra Thirtha Swamiji, was an Indian Hindu religious leader. He was the legal and spiritual head (mathadipathi) of the Kashi Math and the twentieth successive person called the swamiji of guru parampara. He was born in Ernakulam, Kerala, India.

Thirtha died in Haridwar, India from renal failure on 17 January 2016 at the age of 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Indian educators
Franklin Leal "Frank" Sullivan (January 23, 1930 – January 19, 2016) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Boston Red Sox (1953-60), Philadelphia Phillies (1961-62) and the Minnesota Twins (1962-63). He was born in Hollywood, California.

Sullivan was named to the American League All-Star team in 1955 and 1956, and was elected to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2008. 

Sullivan died in Lihue, Hawaii from pneumonia on January 19, 2016 at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
 Retrosheet
 SABR Project Biography

1930 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Boston Red Sox players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Minnesota Twins players
Sportspeople from California
Lawrence "Larry" Sanders (born April 25, 1935) is an American-born British academic and politician. He is a member of the Green Party. Sanders was born in Brooklyn, New York. He is the brother of United States senator and Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders.

Sanders moved to the United Kingdom in 1968. He was active in the Labour Party in Oxford in the 1980s. He left the Labour Party in 2001 because he felt that it had moved too far to the right under Tony Blair, and joined the Green Party. Sanders was a Green Party county councillor representing the East Oxford division on Oxfordshire County Council, until he retired from the Council in 2013. He was a candidate to be the Member of Parliament for Witney. He came in fourth place.

References

1935 births
Living people
Bernie Sanders
Academics of the University of Oxford‎
British Jews
English politicians
People from Brooklyn
Jess Q. Harnell (born December 23, 1963) is an American voice actor and singer. He is best known for his voice roles as Wakko Warner in Animaniacs, Jonny 2x4 in Ed, Edd n Eddy, Ironhide in the Transformers movie series, Chilly in Doc McStuffins and Crash Bandicoot in the video game franchise of the same name. He has been the voice of Br'er Rabbit in various Disney projects since 1989. He has been the announcer on America's Funniest Home Videos since 1998.

Personal life
Harnell and  his wife Cara were married on November 19, 2019.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Video games

Theme Parks

References

Other websites
 
 Jess Harnell at Behind The Voice Actors

1963 births
Actors from New Jersey
American voice actors
Singers from New Jersey
Umberto Raho (4 June 1922 – 9 January 2016) was an Italian stage, movie and television actor. He was born in Bari, Italy. Raho was known for his roles in The Bird with the Crystal Plumage, The Last Man on Earth, and Superfantagenio.

Raho died in Anzio, Italy from complications of Alzheimer's disease on 9 January 2016 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Actors from Bari
Mouthparts is a general term used in animal biology (zoology). It means the various bits and pieces around the opening of the alimentary canal (mouth). These mouthparts are used by animals to help get their food organised before they swallow it.

All animals have mouthparts except those which absorb their food through their epidermis. The main variations are chewing, sucking and dissolving

Anatomy
Animal anatomy
Shield bugs are the Acanthosomatidae, a family of Hemiptera. There are  55 genera, with about 200 species.
It is one of the least varied families of bugs. The number of species is quite low for beetles, and it is not known why this is so. Individually they are fairly common.

Shield bugs, like almost all bugs, live by sucking the sap of plants, usually flowering plants. They have a "layered" defence system. From a distance they are difficult to see because they are camouflaged. Then, they have a tough armoured back. Lastly, if touched, they give off revolting scents, rather like stink bugs (which are a related group).

References 

Hemiptera
Totterdown is a residential area in Bristol, England. It is just south of the city centre. It is a short walk from Bristol's main train station, Bristol Temple Meads.

Totterdown is known for its steep residential streets and its colourful houses. It has many cafes, bistros and pubs. It is popular for the arts. It hosts The Totterdown Front Room Arts Trail each autumn. The Totterdown Music Festival takes place in the summer. It has easy access to several parks and green spaces - School Road Park, Perrett's Park, Victoria Park and Redcatch Park.

Arnos Vale Cemetery is located in Totterdown. 

Bristol
James "Jim" Bowie (pronounced BOO-ee; April 1796 – March 6, 1836) was a 19th-century American pioneer. He played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He died at the Battle of the Alamo. Stories of him as a fighter and frontiersman, both real and fictitious, have made him a legendary figure in Texas history. He is a folk hero of American history. The Bowie knife is named after Jim Bowie.

Early life 
Bowie was born in April 1796 in Logan County, Kentucky. He was the son of Reason and Elve Ap-Catesby (Jones) Bowie. Reason was a farmer and operated a Gristmill. The family moved in February 1800 to New Madrid, Missouri, then part of Spanish Louisiana. In 1801 they settled on farms in what is now Catahoula Parish, Louisiana. There Reason and his brothers swore allegiance to the Spanish government. Reason created a plantation there where he grew cotton and sugarcane. He also raised livestock and bought and sold slaves. This is where Jim and his brothers grew up.

Adult life
Adult life

Early career 
As a teenager Bowie floated lumber to market in the Avoyelles and Rapides parishes in Louisiana. He and his brother Rezin joined the army during the War of 1812. Their regiment was on its way to join Andrew Jackson at New Orleans when the war ended. After the war he and his brothers entered into the slave-trading business. During this time he developed a reputation as a deadly knife-fighter. He then got into land speculation. He bought large parcels of land and sold them whenever he could make a profit. Many of his land claims turned out to be fraudulent. He and his brothers moved to Arkansas where they soon were involved in new land speculation schemes.
In Texas 
In 1830 Bowie moved to Coahuila y Tejas  (now the Mexican state of Coahuila). There he swore allegiance to Mexico. He purchased land grants in Stephen F. Austin's colony. This, and the Cotton mill he bought, allowed him to become a Mexican citizen. He married Ursula de Veramendi in April 1831 and the couple settled at Saltillo, the capital of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1833 the capital changed to Monclova. When the two towns decided to fight over the issue, Bowie supported Monclova. Ursula and her parents died of choleria in Monclova in September of 1833.
The Alamo 
In January 1836 he joined William B. Travis as co-commanders of The Alamo. There they were joined by others including Davy Crockett, who arrived in February 1836. On February 23, 1836 Santa Anna arrived with an army of up to 6,000 soldiers. About 189 Texans held off the Mexican army for 13 days. The Alamo finally fell on March 6, 1836 with nearly all the defenders killed. One of the few survivors was Sarah the wife of captain Almaron Dickinson.

Bowie knife 

The knife Bowie was famous for may actually have been designed by his brother, Rezin P. Bowie. Rezin (pronounced "reason") gave his younger brother (Jim) the knife so he would always have a backup weapon. It became history after the sandbar fight on the banks of the Mississippi River in September 1827.
Physical description 
According to his brother John, Jim Bowie was a large man, about  tall and about . He had light colored hair, grey eyes and a fair complexion. He has been described as being mild mannered. But if insulted, he had a terrible temper that quickly came out.

Popular media 
There have been a number of movies about the Battle of the Alamo. Bowie has appeared as a character in many of them:

Movies 
 The Iron Mistress (1952) starred Alan Ladd as Jim Bowie, the main character. It was based on the novel of the same name by Paul I. Wellman.
 The Last Command (1955 movie) by Republic Pictures features (Sterling Hayden) as Jim Bowie. Bowie is the main character during the battle of the Alamo and the Texas War of Independence.
 The Alamo (1960) by United Artists starred John Wayne as Davy Crockett and Richard Widmark as Jim Bowie.
 The Alamo (2004) starred Jason Patric as Bowie.
Television 
 1956 to 1958, Bowie was the subject of a CBS television series, The Adventures of Jim Bowie. It was set in 1830s Louisiana, although later episodes ventured into the Mexican province of Texas. The show, which starred Scott Forbes as Jim Bowie, was based on the 1946 novel Tempered Blade.
 1995, Kenneth Tobey portrayed Bowie in the final installment of a Walt Disney miniseries titled Davy Crockett at the Alamo, which aired on ABC Television on February 23, 1955.

Music 
 Bowie also is the namesake of rock star David Bowie. He was born David Robert Hayward-Jones. Jones changed his name in the 1960s because he feared his name was too similar to Davy Jones, a member of the already famous The Monkees. He chose the surname Bowie because he admired James Bowie and the Bowie knife, although his pronunciation uses the "bo-e" variant.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 
 What became of Jim Bowie's famous knife?
1796 births
1836 deaths
American frontiersmen and women
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Slavers
Luminator Bernocchi is a type of floor lamp. It was designed by the architect Luciano Baldessari. The Italian entrepreneur Antonio Bernocchi commissioned the lamp. Bernocchi's main business was making textiles. He wanted a lamp which could light the fabrics on display without burning them. The lamp is made from metal. Its design was influenced by Futurism. The  prototype was  presented in 1929, first in the Bernocchi Pavilion  at the Milan Fair and then in the Italian Pavilion at the International Expo in Barcelona.

References

Other websites 
 Lombardia Beni Culturali Luminator Bernocchi

Design
Lamps
Miloslav Ransdorf (15 February 1953 – 22 January 2016) was a Czech politician. He served as a Member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia from 1 May 2004 until his death. In December 2015, he was arrested for his apparent role in a bank scandal in Switzerland. He was born in Rakovník, Czechoslovakia.

Ransdorf died from a stroke on 22 January 2016 in Prague, aged 62.

References

1953 births
2016 deaths
Czechoslovak communist politicians
MEPs for the Czech Republic
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in the Czech Republic
Robert Sassone (23 November 1978 – 21 January 2016) was a French racing cyclist. He was a member of the Cofidis cycling team. He rode is the men's madison at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. He also won the men's madison at the 2001 Track World Championships. He was banned in 2004 for doping. He was born in Nouméa, New Caledonia.

Sassone had cancer during the final years of his life. He killed himself on 21 January 2016, aged 37.

References

1978 births
2016 deaths
French cyclists
Sportspeople who committed suicide
People from New Caledonia
Munasinghe Kariyawasam Appuhamilage Don Somadasa Gunawardana (6 March 1947 – 19 January 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka for the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and later the United National Party. He was Minister of Land from 12 January 2015 until his death.

Gunawardana died on 19 January 2016 in Colombo from cancer, aged 68.

References

1947 births
2016 deaths
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Sri Lankan politicians
Nine Network, also known as Channel Nine or simply Nine, is an Australian commercial free-to-air television network. It is one of the three major television networks in Australia. It was launched on 16 September 1956.

Programming 
 Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000)
 Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019) 
 The Backyardigans
 ¡Mucha Lucha!: Gigante
 Looney Tunes
 Duck Dodgers
 DuckTales
 Thomas and Friends
 My Friend and Me
 Molly of Denali

Upcoming 

 Pinkalicious & Peterrific

References

Other websites
 

Australian television networks
Ambat Chacko Jose (; 5 February 1937 – 23 January 2016) was an Indian politician. He was Speaker of the Kerala Legislative Assembly. He also served as a Member of Parliament from Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency in Kerala three times between 1996 and 2004. He was born in Edapally, Ernakulam.

Jose died on 23 January 2016 in Kochi, aged 78.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Politicians from Kerala
is a Japanese politician. He is the current Governor of Aichi Prefecture since 15 February 2011. His father is Korean.

References

1960 births
Living people
Politicians from Aichi Prefecture
Governors of Japanese prefectures
Namaste Falls () is a waterfall located in Vedatar in Dhankuta district in Nepal. It is about  high. It is popular as a tourist destination.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Waterfalls
Bodies of water of Asia
Geography of Nepal
Dhankuta is a district in Nepal. It is in the Koshi Province. Its headquarters is Dhankuta.

Municipality and Village Development Committees (VDCs)

Related pages
Districts of Nepal
Zones of Nepal

References

Districts of Nepal
Dhankuta ( ) is a town in the hills of eastern Nepal. It is the headquarters of Koshi Zone. It is located in Dhankuta district. Nepali is spoken there, and English is also spoken in some offices.

Related pages
Zones of Nepal

References

Other websites

Municipalities of Nepal
Achham District () is a district in Nepal. It is in the Sudurpashchim Province. Mangalsen is the district headquarters of this district.

References

Other websites

Districts of Nepal
Seti () was a zone of Nepal. It was in the Far-Western Development region of Nepal.

Related pages
Development Regions of Nepal
zones of Nepal

Zones of Nepal
Mangalsen is a municipality in Nepal. It is the headquarters of the Achham District which is in the Seti Zone of western Nepal.

Related pages 
Development Regions of Nepal
zones of Nepal

References

Municipalities of Nepal
Lumbini was a zone of Nepal. It was in the Western Development Region. It is the birth place of Gautama Buddha, who became the founder of Buddhism.

Significance of Lumbini

Lumbini is one of the holiest place of Buddhists. The original name of Gautama Buddha was Sidhhartha Gautama. Lumbini is in the Terai region of Nepal. Lumbini has been listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is also a significant pilgrimage for Buddhists.

Interesting Places
The most sacred place to go in Lumbini is the Mayadevi Temple (Mayadevi is the name of Lord Buddha’s mother). One can also see the inscriptions on the Ashoka Pillar which say that the Buddha was born in Lumbini. Other than that, there are many other stupas built by countries like China, Japan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Germany and so on. There is also a museum where people can see and learn about the ancient history of Lumbini and Gautama Budhha. There are many other fascinating sites in Lumbini which makes it one of the important districts of Nepal. It is also a touristic site as many tourists come and visit there. Lumbini is most visited by Buddhists from all over the world. Many monks do their prayers everyday.

Related pages 
Development Regions of Nepal
Zones of Nepal

References

Zones of Nepal
Rapti ( ) was a zone, in the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal. It was named after the Rapti river.

Related pages 
Development Regions of Nepal
Zones of Nepal

References

Zones of Nepal
Karnali () was a zone in the Mid-Western Development Region of Nepal. Its headquarters was Jumla. It is a remote region with no roads in or out. Karnali is accessed by several airfields. It is one of the poorest regions in Nepal.

Related pages 
Development Regions of Nepal
Zones of Nepal

References

Zones of Nepal
Bheri () was a zone of Nepal. It was in the Mid-Western Development Region. Its administrative headquarters was Nepalgunj.

Related pages
Zones of Nepal

Zones of Nepal
Mahakali (), was a zone of Nepal in the Far-Western Development Region. It had an area of .

Related pages
Zones of Nepal

Zones of Nepal