Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Estuaries 

The most important brackish water habitats are estuaries, where a river meets the sea, mixing salt and fresh water.  The River Thames flowing through London is one of the most familiar of river estuaries.

Mangroves 
Another important brackish water habitat is the mangrove swamp or mangal.

Brackish seas and lakes 
Some seas and lakes are brackish. The Baltic Sea is a brackish sea adjoining the North Sea.

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest lake and contains brackish water with a salinity about one-third that of normal seawater. The Caspian is famous for its peculiar animal fauna, including one of the few non-marine seals (the Caspian seal) and the great sturgeons, the source of caviar.

Important brackish bodies of water 
Brackish seas
 Baltic Sea (the world’s largest pool of brackish water)
 Black Sea
 Caspian Sea (world’s largest lake)
Brackish water lakes
 Lake Charles in Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA
 Chilika Lake, Odisha, India
 Pangong Tso (Lake) in Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India 
 Lake Van, Turkey

Coastal lagoons, marshes, and deltas
 The Burgas Lakes near the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
 Kaliveli Lake, near Pondichery, India
 Kerala Backwaters, Series of lagoons and lakes in Kerala
 Lagos Lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria
 Lake Pontchartrain, north of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
 Pulicat Lake, north of Chennai, India
 The Rann of Kutch, on the border of India and Pakistan
 Parts of the Rhône Delta, France: An area known as the Camargue
Estuaries
 Amazon River, empties so much freshwater into the Atlantic Ocean that it reduces the salinity of the sea for hundreds of miles
 Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland, USA
 The Fleet lagoon, Dorset, England
 Hampton Roads, Virginia, USA
 Lower Hudson River, in New York and New Jersey, USA
 Lingding Yang, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China
 Port Royal Sound part of Beaufort County, South Carolina, USA  
 Saint Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers, the part downstream from Québec and Saguenay respectively
 The Thames Estuary in South East England

Related pages
 Salinity
 Desalination

Water
Flagellates are cells with one or more whip-like organelles called flagella.  Some cells in animals may be flagellate, for instance the spermatozoa of most phyla. Flowering plants and fungi do not produce flagellate cells, but the closely related green algae and chytrids do.  Many protists take the form of single-celled flagellates. They are found in most lines of eukaryotes, and it is likely that all surviving eukaryotes developed from them.

Related pages
 Ciliate cells have many cilia, which have the same structure as flagella, but are smaller

Protista
Sustainable energy is energy that is created in an environmentally friendly way.

It involves both energy efficiency and renewable energy. Both resources help to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. 

Efficient energy use allows energy demand to slow so that rising clean energy supplies can make big cuts in fossil fuel burning.  If energy use grows too fast, renewable energy development will chase a receding target. Likewise, unless clean energy supplies come online rapidly, slowing demand growth will only begin to reduce total emissions; reducing the carbon content of energy sources is also needed.
 
Any serious vision of a sustainable energy economy thus requires major commitments to both efficiency and renewables.

References

Energy
Sustainable development
Neoprene is the DuPont Performance Elastomers trade name for a family of synthetic rubbers based on polychloroprene (polymer form of Chloroprene).  Neoprene was invented by DuPont scientists after Dr. Elmer K. Bolton of DuPont attended a lecture by Fr Julius Arthur Nieuwland, a professor of chemistry at the University of Notre Dame.

Applications
It is used in a wide variety of environments, such as in wetsuits, laptop sleeves, cars, bombs, electrical insulation, and car fan belts.  Its chemical inertness makes it well suited for industrial applications such as gaskets, hoses, and corrosion-resistant coatings. It can also be used as a base for adhesives.

Uses
balls; diaphragms as in diaphragm valve
sheet: glove
foam: wetsuit; glove
adhesive: adhesive tape; liquid adhesive

Other websites
Information about Neoprene at DuPont Performance Elastomers 

Polymers
Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) was a NASA space probe to explore space and gather information. It was the second mission to visit Jupiter and the first mission to visit Saturn. The space probe was launched on April 5, 1973 and flew by Jupiter on December 2, 1974 and Saturn on September 1, 1979. 

In 1983, Pioneer 11 was predicted to be surpassed by Voyager 1 in the distace to the Sun and later by Voyager 2 around March 1988.

The probe was last heard on November 24, 1995 when the last communication between Earth and the probe ended due to power limitation and vast diatance, when it was 44.1 AU (4.1 billion miles or 7.5 billion km) from Earth.

By Nov. 5, 2017, Pioneer 11 was estimated to be about 97.590 AU (9.1 billion miles or 14.599 billion kilometers) from Earth.

Both Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 had plaques etched in gold. The plaques were designed by a team lead by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life should the spacecraft come into contact with it.
By 2027, Pioneer 11 is predicted to have exited the heliosphere and entered interstellar space.

Related pages
 NASA
 Voyager 1
 Cassini-Huygens

References

Other websites
Pioneer Project Home Page 
Pioneer 11 Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Ted Stryk's Pioneer 11 at Saturn page 
NSSDC Pioneer 11 page 
Pioneer Odyssey, NASA SP-396, 1977  - This is an entire book about the Pioneer 10 and 11 project, with all pictures and diagrams, on-line!  Scroll down to click on the "Table of Contents" link.

Pioneer program
Spacecraft launched in the 1970s
Medical Tourism is when patients visit other countries for medical care. The patients usually come from developed countries to find treatment at lower prices. Over 50 countries have identified medical tourism as a national industry.

Examples of common medical procedures done for medical tourists are surgeries like joint replacement, heart surgery, cosmetic surgery, weight loss, dental treatment, and addictions rehabilitation (or recovery from addiction).

Etymology 
The term medical tourism can also be called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare. It was initially developed by travel agencies and the mass media to describe the rapidly-growing practice of travelling across international borders to obtain health care.mainly it is for curing people and a lot of countries believe on this.

Countries 
Countries that are popular for Medical Tourism are:
 Canada
 Cuba
 Thailand
 India
 Singapore
 Brazil
 Mexico
 Taiwan
turkey
somalia
Cost savings 
To get an idea of the potential cost savings from medical tourism, in Denver, Colorado, USA, a person without health insurance who needs a hip replacement will pay about US $60,000 (EUR 44751). In comparison, in Cuba, going through medical tourism firm Choice Medical Services, the same procedure costs about US $8000 (EUR 5967) or about an 80 percent savings.

Risks 
People who are obese may get medical treatment to lose weight.  In Britain there are long waiting lists for weight loss surgery. It is very easy to get this surgery in Turkey.   Seven Britons have died after having weight loss surgery there since 2019 and many more have had serious problems.

References

Other websites 
"Canadian Firms Offer Cuban Healthcare to US, Canadian Patients", Miami Herald, Oct. 7, 2007

Tourism
Medicine
The burrowing parakeet (binomial name Cyanoliseus patagonus), also known as the Patagonian conure or burrowing parrot. is a species of parrot in the Psittacidae family. It is found in Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and Uruguay. It lives in subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and pastureland.

Other websites 

Birds of Chile postage stamps

Parakeets
Birds of South America
An aquifer is an underground  layer where the material contains water. That can be less solid material like sand, gravel, clay or silt, but it can be rock as well, as long as the rock allows water to get in (that means that it is water-bearing).
Groundwater can be taken out of the ground by digging a well. The study of water in aquifers is called hydrogeology.

Groundwater in rock formations 
One kind of groundwater is found in underground rivers in caves where water flows freely underground. This may occur in eroded limestone areas known as karst topography, but those are only found in small parts of the Earth.

Usually, groundwater is found in the pore spaces, or tiny openings, of rocks under the ground.  The pores in the rocks are saturated, or filled up, with water, much like a kitchen sponge.  The groundwater  can be pumped out for agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses.
If a rock unit of low porosity is highly fractured, it can make a good aquifer (via fissure flow), if the water can get through it. Porosity is important, but, alone, it does not make an aquifer. The Deccan Traps (a flood basaltic lava) in west central India are good examples of rock with high porosity but low permeability, so they are poor aquifers. The (Upper Cretaceous) Chalk of south east England has a reasonably high porosity, but low grain-to-grain permeability. Much of its good water-yielding characteristics being due to micro-fracturing and fissuring.
Examples 
The Great Artesian Basin in Australia is arguably the largest groundwater aquifer in the world. (over 1.7 million km²). It plays a large part in water supplies for Queensland and remote parts of South Australia.
The Guarani Aquifer with an area of 1.2 million km² is shared by Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
The Ogallala Aquifer of the central United States is one of the world's great aquifers. It underlies portions of eight states, contains primarily fossil water from the time of the last glaciation.  Annual recharge, in the more arid parts of the aquifer, is estimated to total only about 10 percent of annual withdrawals.
The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is the world’s largest known fossil water aquifer system.
Exploitation 
Aquifers can occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be exploited for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them which can be exploited as groundwater resources. If more water is taken out than get in again one speaks of over-harvesting. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as Libya and Israel, population growth has led to over-population which has caused the lowering of water table and the subsequent contamination of the groundwater with saltwater from the sea (saline intrusions). In these cases the aquifer contains brackish water.

When water seeps (comes slowly) out of the ground, it is called a seep or "spring (water)". It usually means there is an aquifer under the ground.

References
AFI is an acronym that can mean:

 AFI (band)
 American Film Institute
Voyager 2 is a space probe. It was used by NASA to explore Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.  It is the only spacecraft that has come near to Uranus and Neptune.  Because of this, most pictures of these two ice planets are from this spacecraft.  It was identical in form to its sister space probe, Voyager 1.  The space probe is currently moving away from the Solar System. It is heading out into interstellar space.

Voyager 2 was launched on August 20, 1977. It is now in an extended mission. Its encounter with the largest natural satellite of Neptune, Triton sent it on a hyperbolic trajectory out of the Solar System. It was moving at about . This is much faster than escape velocity.

Both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 hold the Voyager Golden Record. This is a recording of sounds and images of life on Earth.  It was designed by a team led by Carl Sagan. The Golden Record is to communicate with extraterrestrial life.
Voyager 2 is the second spacecraft to exit from the Solar System and enter into the interstellar space. It did so 6 years after Voyager 1. In 2018, NASA said that Voyager 2 had reached the heliopause on 5 November 2018. On July 18, 2023, Voyager 2 overtook Pioneer 10 to become the 2nd farthest spacecraft from the Sun, at a distance of 133.917 AU (nearly 12.45 billion miles or approximately 2034.00 billion km) from the Sun.

Related pages
 Pioneer 10
 Pioneer 11
 Voyager 1
 Exploration of Neptune

References

Other websites
 NASA Voyager website
 Voyager Spacecraft Lifetime
 Voyager 2 Mission Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 Spacecraft Escaping the Solar System  - current positions and diagrams
 Mission state
 VOYAGER RECENT 6-HOUR HISTORY 
 Voyager 2 Detects Odd Shape of Solar System's Edge  23 May 2006

Voyager program
Spacecraft launched in the 1970s
Tony Curtis (born Bernard Schwartz; June 3, 1925 – September 29, 2010) was an American movie actor.  He was most popular during the late 1950s and early 1960s. He is famous for his light comic roles, especially his musician escaping from gangsters in Some Like It Hot (1959). He has also acted in more serious and dramatic movies, like The Defiant Ones (1958), for which he received an Academy Award nomination. He has appeared in over 100 movies since 1949, and made frequent television appearances. He was the father of actresses Jamie Lee Curtis and Kelly Curtis.
Early life
Curtis was born in The Bronx, New York. His birth name is Bernard Schwatz. He is one of three sons of Helen (née Klein) and Emanuel Schwartz. His parents were Hungarian Jewish immigrants from Mátészalka, Hungary. Hungarian was Curtis's only language until he was five or six, postponing his schooling. His father was a tailor and the family lived in the back of the shop—his parents in one corner and Curtis and his brothers Julius and Robert in another. His mother once made an appearance as a participant on the television show You Bet Your Life, hosted by Groucho Marx. Curtis said, "When I was a child, Mom beat me up and was very aggressive and antagonistic." His mother was later diagnosed with schizophrenia. His brother Robert was also institutionalized with the same mental illness.

Death
He died on September 29, 2010, aged 85 of cardiac arrest in Henderson, Nevada.
Movies
 Criss Cross (1949)
 Bedrock Across the River (1949)
 The Lady Gambles (1949)
 Take One False Step (1949) (scenes deleted)
 Johnny Stool Pigeon (1949)
 How to Smuggle a Hernia Across the Border (1949) (short subject)
 Woman in Hiding (1950)
 Francis (1950)
 I Was a Shoplifter (1950)
 Sierra (1950)
 Winchester '73 (1950)
 Kansas Raiders (1950)
 The Prince Who Was a Thief (1951)
 Meet Danny Wilson (1952) (cameo)
 Flesh and Fury (1952)
 No Room for the Groom (1952)
 Son of Ali Baba (1952)
 Houdini (1953)
 The All-American (1953)
 Forbidden (1953)
 Beachhead (1954)
 Johnny Dark (1954)
 The Black Shield of Falworth (1954)
 Six Bridges to Cross (1955)
 So This Is Paris (1955)
 The Purple Mask (1955)
 The Rawhide Years (1955)
 The Square Jungle (1955)
 Trapeze (1956)
 Mister Cory (1957)
 Sweet Smell of Success (1957)
 The Midnight Story (1957)
 The Vikings (1958)
 Kings Go Forth (1958)
 The Defiant Ones (1958)
 The Perfect Furlough (1958)
 Some Like It Hot (1959)
 Operation Petticoat (1959)
Who Was That Lady? (1960)
 The Rat Race (1960)
 Spartacus (1960)
 Pepe (1960) (cameo)
 The Great Impostor (1961)
 The Outsider (1961)
 Taras Bulba (1962)
 40 Pounds of Trouble (1962)
 The List of Adrian Messenger (1963) (cameo)
 Captain Newman, M.D. (1963)
 Paris, When It Sizzles (1964) (cameo)
 Wild and Wonderful (1964)
 Goodbye Charlie (1964)
 Sex and the Single Girl (1964)
 The Great Race (1965)
 Boeing Boeing (1965)
 Chamber of Horrors (1966) (cameo)
 Not with My Wife, You Don't! (1966)
 Arrivederci, Baby! (1966)
 Don't Make Waves (1967)
 On My Way to the Crusades, I Met a Girl Who... (1968)
 Rosemary's Baby (1968) (voice)
 The Boston Strangler (1968)
 Those Daring Young Men in Their Jaunty Jalopies (1969)
 You Can't Win 'Em All (1970)
 Suppose They Gave a War and Nobody Came? (1970)
 Mission: Monte Carlo (1974)
 Lepke (1975)
 London Conspiracy (1976)
 The Last Tycoon (1976)
 Casanova & Co. (1977)
 Sextette (1978)
 The Manitou (1978)
 The Bad News Bears Go to Japan (1978)
 Double Take (1979)
Double Take (1979)
 Title Shot (1979)
 Little Miss Marker (1980)
 It Rained All Night the Day I Left (1980)
 The Mirror Crack'd (1980)
 The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980)
 Othello, the Black Commando (1982)
 Where Is Parsifal? (1983)
 BrainWaves (1983)
 The Fantasy movie Worlds of George Pal (1985) (documentary)
 Club Life (1985)
 Insignificance (1985)
 The Last of Philip Banter (1986)
 Balboa (1986)
 The Passenger - Welcome to Germany (1988)
 Lobster Man from Mars (1989)
 Midnight (1989)
 Walter & Carlo In America (1989)
 Prime Target (1991)
 Center of the Web (1992)
 Hugh Hefner: Once Upon a Time (1992) (documentary)
 Naked in New York (1993)
 The Mummy Lives (1993)
 A Century of Cinema (1994) (documentary)
 The Immortals (1995)
 The Celluloid Closet (1995) (documentary)
 Hardball (1997)
 Brittle Glory (1997)
 Alien X Factor (1997)
 Stargames (1998)
 Louis & Frank (1998)
 Play It to the Bone (1999) (cameo)
 Reflections of Evil (2002) (narrator)
 Where's Marty? (2006)
 Funny Money (2007)
Funny Money (2007)
 The Blacksmith and the Carpenter (2007) (voice)
 David & Fatima (2008)
 Oceans 14 (2009)
References

Other websites

 
 
 Biography  and naval service  from the California Center for Military History website

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Jewish American actors
1925 births
2010 deaths
Movies 
The Lady Takes a Sailor (1949)
It Should Happen to You (1954)
Phffft! (1954)
Three for the Show (1955)
Mister Roberts (1955)
My Sister Eileen (1955)
Hollywood Bronc Busters (1955)
You Can't Run Away from It (1956)
Fire Down Below (1957)
Operation Mad Ball (1957)
Cowboy (1958)
Bell, Book and Candle (1958)
Some Like It Hot (1959)
It Happened to Jane (1959)
The Apartment (1960)
Stowaway in the Sky (1960)
Pepe (1960)
The Wackiest Ship In the Army (1960)
The Notorious Landlady (1962)
Days of Wine and Roses (1962)
Irma la Douce (1963)
Under the Yum Yum Tree (1963)
Good Neighbor Sam (1964)
How to Murder Your Wife (1965)
The Great Race (1965)
The Fortune Cookie (1966)
Luv (1967)
There Comes a Day (1968)
The Odd Couple (1968)
The April Fools (1969)
The Out-of-Towners (1970)
Kotch (1971)
The War Between Men and Women (1972)
Avanti! (1972)
Save the Tiger (1973)
The Police Can't Move (1974) (narrator)
The Front Page (1974)
Wednesday (1975)
The Gentleman Tramp (1975)  (narrator)
The Prisoner of Second Avenue (1975)
Alex & the Gypsy (1976)
Airport '77 (1977)
The China Syndrome (1979)
Portrait of a 60% Perfect Man (1980)
Tribute (1980)
Buddy Buddy (1981)
Missing (1982)
Mass Appeal (1984)
Macaroni (1985)
That's Life! (1986)
Dad (1989)
JFK (1991)
Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy (1992)
The Player (1992)
Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)
Luck, Trust & Ketchup: Robert Altman In Carver County (1993)
Short Cuts (1993)
Grumpy Old Men (1993)
The Grass Harp (1995)
Grumpier Old Men (1995)
Getting Away with Murder (1996)
My Fellow Americans (1996)
Hamlet (1996)
Out to Sea (1997)
Off the Menu: The Last Days of Chasen's (1997)
Puppies for Sale (1998)
The Odd Couple II (1998)
Tuesdays with Morrie (1999)
The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000)
References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Jack Lemmon's Gravesite

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1925 births
2001 deaths
Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn (20 June 1909 – 14 October 1959) was an Australian actor. He was known for his swashbuckler roles in movies like Adventures of Don Juan and The Sea Hawk.

Early years 
Errol Flynn was born in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. His father Theodore Thomson Flynn, was a lecturer (1909) and later professor (1911) of biology at the University of Tasmania. Flynn was born at the Queen Alexandra Hospital in Battery Point. His mother was born Lily Mary Young. She dropped the first names Lily Mary shortly after she was married and changed her name to Marelle. Flynn described his mother's family as "seafaring folk". This may account for his lifelong love of the sea and boats.
First movies
He became a naturalized American citizen in 1942. He is remembered for his successful on-screen partnership with Olivia de Havilland. They appeared together in eight movies: Captain Blood (1935, his first great success), The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Four's a Crowd (1938), Dodge City (1939), The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939), Santa Fe Trail (1940), and They Died with Their Boots On (1941). This partnership started rumors of romance. De Havilland denied these rumors. She said her relationship with Flynn was one of friendship only.
WWII years 
Flynn tried to enlist in every branch of the United States Armed Services during WWII. He was classified 4F because of numerous health issues. Hollywood executives kept his health issues a secret to protect his screen image. He never served and was criticized for this. As the years passed, Flynn's manly image diminished. He became an alcoholic, gained weight, and had a seedy appearance. Flynn wrote his autobiography My Wicked, Wicked Ways in 1959. He died of a heart attack at age 50. His last words were reportedly, "I've had a hell of a lot of fun and I've enjoyed every minute of it".

Marriages and children 
Flynn was married three times: first to actress Lili Damita from 1935 until 1942 (one son, Sean Flynn, 1941–70?); to Nora Eddington from 1943 until 1949 (two daughters, Deirdre born 1945 and Rory born 1947); and to actress Patrice Wymore from 1950 until his death (one daughter, Arnella Roma, 1953–1998).
Lifestyle
Flynn had a reputation for womanizing and freewheeling fun. His hedonistic lifestyle caught up with him in 1942 when two under-age girls, Betty Hansen and Peggy Satterlee, accused him of statutory rape. The two girls said that it happened at the Bel-Air home of Flynn's friend Frederick McEvoy. A group was organized to support Flynn. It was called the American Boys' Club for the Defense of Errol Flynn (ABCDEF). Its members included William F. Buckley, Jr. The trial took place in January and February 1943. Flynn was cleared of the charges.

References

Other websites 

 Errol Flynn at the National Film and Sound Archive 
 
 Map of where Errol died in Vancouver
 Profile for Errol Flynn at Find A Grave
 Errol Flynn on CBC's Front Page Challenge
 Wu Ming's "In Like Flynn" at Chicago Review
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in British Columbia
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Hobart
1909 births
1959 deaths
David Niven (March 1, 1910 – July 29, 1983) was an English actor. He won the Academy Award for "Best Actor" for his role in the movie Separate Tables in 1958. Originally, he was the actor who was to play the first James Bond, but the producers later decided to give the role to Sean Connery instead. Some of the movies that he was in include The Pink Panther, Around the World in 80 Days, The Guns of Navarone, and Casino Royale. 

Niven started his career as an extra. He died of motor neurone disease.

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1910 births
1983 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
Actors who played James Bond
Actors who played M
Deaths from motor neurone disease
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
English movie actors
English television actors
Extras
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Rudolph Valentino (May 6, 1895 – August 23, 1926) was an Italian actor of silent movies. He was born Rodolfo Alfonso Raffaello Piero Filiberto Guglielmi in Castellaneta, Italy. He became popular as one of the first sex symbols in Hollywood in the 1920s.

Valentino did not live long enough to see movies with sound replace silent movies. He died of peridontis on August 23, 1926, at the age of 31.
Movies 
 My Official Wife (1914)
 The Quest of Life (1916)
 The Foolish Virgin (uncredited) (1916)
 Seventeen (uncredited, extra) (1916)
 Alimony (1917)
 A Society Sensation (1918)
 All Night (1918)
 The Married Virgin (or Frivolous Wives; 1918)
 The Delicious Little Devil (1919)
 The Big Little Person (1919)
 A Rogue's Romance (1919)
 The Homebreake (1919)
 Out of Luck (1919)
 Virtuous Sinners (1919)
 The Fog (1919)
 Nobody Home (1919)
 The Eyes of Youth (1919)
 Stolen Moments (1920)
 An Adventuress (1920)
 The Cheater (1920)
 Passion's Playground (1920)
 Once to Every Woman (1920)
 The Wonderful Chance (1920)
 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921)
 Uncharted Seas (1921)
 Conquering Power (1921)
 Camille (1921)
 The Sheik (1921)
 Moran of the Lady Letty (1922)
 Beyond the Rocks (1922)
 Blood and Sand (1922)
 The Young Rajah (1922)
 Monsieur Beaucaire (1924)
 A Sainted Devil (1924)
 Cobra (1925)
 The Eagle (1925)
 The Son of the Sheik (1926)

References
References

Other websites
 Rudolph Valentino homepage
 
 Rudolph Valentino Yahoo discussion group 
 Rudolph Valentino photo gallery  at Silent Gents .
 Audio history (MP3, 17:23). Emily Leider, author of Dark Lover: The Life and Death of Rudolph Valentino
 Affairs Valentino.
 Valentino biography in Spanish, Italian & English 
 Rudolfo Valentino at tricolore.net 

1895 births
1926 deaths
Italian actors
Silent movie actors
Jo Raquel Tejada (September 5, 1940 – February 15, 2023), usually called Raquel Welch, was an American actress and model. She became famous during the 1960s as one of the most beautiful women in Hollywood. She won the Golden Globe Award in 1975.

On February 15, 2023, Welch died from cardiac arrest caused by Alzheimer's disease at her home in Los Angeles, California at the age of 82.
Movies 
 A House Is Not a Home (1964)
 Roustabout (1964)
 A Swingin' Summer (1965)
 The Queens (1966)
 Fantastic Voyage (1966)
 One Million Years B.C. (1966)
 Shoot Loud, Louder... I Don't Understand (1966)
 Think Twentieth (1967) (short subject)
 The Oldest Profession (1967)
 Fathom (1967)
 Bedazzled (1967)
 The Biggest Bundle of Them All (1968)
 Bandolero! (1968)
 Lady in Cement (1968)
 100 Rifles (1969)
 Flareup (1969)
 The Magic Christian (1969)
 The Beloved (1970)
 Myra Breckinridge (1970)
 Hannie Caulder (1971)
 Bluebeard (1972)
 Fuzz (1972)
 Kansas City Bomber (1972)
 The Last of Sheila (1973)
 The Three Musketeers (1973)
 The Four Musketeers (1974)
 The Wild Party (1975)
 Mother, Jugs & Speed (1976)
 The Animal (1977)
 Crossed Swords (1978)
 Trouble in Paradise (1989)
 Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult (1994) (Cameo)
 Chairman of the Board (1998)
 What I Did for Love (1998)
 Tortilla Soup (2001)
 Legally Blonde (2001)
 Jim Brown: All American (2002) (documentary)
 Forget About It (2005)
References

Other websites 

 
 
 Raquel Welch video clips

American movie actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Chicago
1940 births
2023 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American stage actors
Models from Chicago
Margarita Carmen Cansino, usually called Rita Hayworth (October 17, 1918 – May 14, 1987), was an American actress of Spanish and Irish origin. She became famous as the greatest sex symbol of the 1940s.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Obituary, New York Times, May 16, 1987 - Rita Hayworth, Movie Legend, Dies
 Rita Hayworth Biography.
 Find-A-Grave profile for Rita Hayworth
 The All-American Love Goddess  Rita Hayworth: 1918-1987   Time Magazine 1987 obituary.
 California Carmen  Hayworth's November 10, 1941 Time Magazine cover story article.
 Cultural Studies essay on Rita 
 

1918 births
1987 deaths
Actors from Brooklyn
American dancers
American movie actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Tommy Lee Jones (born September 15, 1946) is an American actor and movie director. He won the Academy and the Golden Globe awards in 1993 for his role in the movie The Fugitive.

Early life
He was born in Texas in 1946. His mother, Lucille Marie (née Scott), was a police officer, school teacher, and beauty shop owner, and his father, Clyde C. Jones, was an oil field worker. The two were married and divorced twice. Jones has stated that his grandmother was of Cherokee ancestry. He was raised in Midland, Texas. Jones was given an athletic scholarship to go to a school in Dallas, Texas. After finishing school he worked on the oil rigs before going to Harvard University to study English.

He finished university in 1969 and moved to New York to be an actor. His first role was in the Broadway play, A Patriot For Me. He had many small parts until he got the main role in the movie JFK. He won the Academy Award for the best actor in a supporting role for the movie The Fugitive.

Other websites

References
References

People from Midland, Texas
American movie actors
American movie directors
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Actors from Texas
1946 births
Living people
James Garner (born James Scott Bumgarner; April 7, 1928 – July 19, 2014) was an American movie and television actor. He acted in several television series in a career of more than fifty years, including his roles as Bret Maverick in the popular 1950s western-comedy series, Maverick and Jim Rockford in the popular 1970s detective drama, The Rockford Files. He also acted in many movies, including The Great Escape (1963) and Paddy Chayefsky's The Americanization of Emily (1964).

Garner died from a massive heart attack at his Los Angeles, California home, aged 86.
Movies
 Toward the Unknown (1956)
 The Girl He Left Behind (1956)
 Shoot-Out at Medicine Bend (1957)
 Sayonara (1957)
 Darby's Rangers (1958)
 Up Periscope (1959)
 Alias Jesse James (1959) (Cameo)
 Cash McCall (1960)
 The Children's Hour (1961)
 Boys' Night Out (1962)
 The Great Escape (1963)
 The Thrill of It All (1963)
 The Wheeler Dealers (1963)
 Move Over, Darling (1963)
 Action on the Beach (1964) (short subject)
 The Americanization of Emily (1964)
 36 Hours (1965)
 The Art of Love (1965)
 Grand Prix: Challenge of the Champions (1966) (short subject)
 A Man Could Get Killed (1966)
 Duel at Diablo (1966)
 Mister Buddwing (1966)
 Grand Prix (1966)
 Hour of the Gun (1967)
 Once Upon a Wheel (1968) (documentary)
 The Man Who Makes the Difference (1968) (short subject)
 How Sweet It Is! (1968)
 The Pink Jungle (1968)
 The Racing Scene (1969) (documentary)
 Support Your Local Sheriff! (1969)
 Marlowe (1969)
 A Man Called Sledge (1970)
 Support Your Local Gunfighter! (1971)
 Skin Game (1971)
Skin Game (1971)
 They Only Kill Their Masters (1972)
 One Little Indian (1973)
 The Castaway Cowboy (1974)
 HealtH (1980)
 The Fan (1981)
 Victor/Victoria (1982)
 Tank (1984)
 Murphy's Romance (1985)
 Sunset (1988)
 The Distinguished Gentleman (1992)
 Fire in the Sky (1993)
 Maverick (1994)
 Wild Bill: Hollywood Maverick (1996) (documentary)
 My Fellow Americans (1996)
 The Hidden Dimension (1997) (documentary) (narrator)
 Twilight (1998)
 Space Cowboys (2000)
 Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001) (voice)
 Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002)
 The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration (2003) (voice) (direct-to-DVD)
 The Notebook (2004)
 Al Roach: Private Investigator (2004) (short subject) (voice)
 The Ultimate Gift (2007)
 The Magic Shoe (2007)
 Terra (2008) (voice)
References

Other websites

Jim's bio @ the Museum of Broadcast Communications 
Archive of American Television Interview with James Garner March 17, 1999 on Google Video
Rockford Files site 

Actors from Oklahoma
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1928 births
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Anthony Quinn (April 21, 1915 – June 3, 2001) was an American actor. He was famous in the United States for his roles in two Hollywood films, the star role in Zorba the Greek and Viva Zapata!. He won two Academy Awards during his very long career.

Other websites 
 The Estate of Anthony Quinn
 Anthony Quinn's artwork 
 
 Directing Anthony Quinn 

Academy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American movie producers
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American television actors
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
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Infectious disease deaths in Massachusetts
Mexican movie actors
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1915 births
2001 deaths
Actors from Chihuahua (state)
Rock Hudson (November 17, 1925 – October 2, 1985) was an American movie and television actor. He is famous for his good looks and remembered as a romantic star during the 1950s and 1960s, especially several movies where he starred with actress Doris Day. 

Hudson was voted Star of the Year and Favorite Leading Man, by many movie magazines and was one of the most popular movie stars of the time. He made nearly 70 movies and acted in several television productions during a career of more than three decades, and he received the Golden Globe Award four times. 

Hudson was a closeted homosexual. He was one of the first major Hollywood personalities to die from AIDS.

Movies
Fighter Squadron (1948)
Undertow (1949)
One Way Street (1950)
I Was a Shoplifter (1950)
Peggy (1950)
Winchester '73 (1950)
The Desert Hawk (1950)
Shakedown (1950)
Tomahawk (1951)
Air Cadet (1951)
The Fat Man (1951)
Bright Victory (1951)
Iron Man (1951)
Bend of the River (1952)
Here Come the Nelsons (1952)
Scarlet Angel (1952)
Has Anybody Seen My Gal? (1952)
Horizons West (1952)
The Lawless Breed (1953)
Seminole (1953)
Sea Devils (1953)
The Golden Blade (1953)
Gun Fury (1953)
Back to God's Country (1953)
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953) (narrator)
Taza, Son of Cochise (1954)
Magnificent Obsession (1954)
Bengal Brigade (1954)
Captain Lightfoot (1955)
One Desire (1955)
All That Heaven Allows (1955)
Never Say Goodbye (1956)
Giant (1956)
Written on the Wind (1956)
Battle Hymn (1957)
Something of Value (1957)
A Farewell to Arms (1957)
The Tarnished Angels (1958)
Twilight for the Gods (1958)
This Earth Is Mine (1959)
Pillow Talk (1959)
The Last Sunset (1961)
Come September (1961)
Lover Come Back (1961)
The Spiral Road (1962)
Marilyn (1963) (documentary) (narrator)
A Gathering of Eagles (1963)
Man's Favorite Sport? (1964)
Send Me No Flowers (1964)
Strange Bedfellows (1965)
A Very Special Favor (1965)
Blindfold (1965)
Seconds (1966)
Tobruk (1967)
The Man Who Makes the Difference (1968) (short subject)
Ice Station Zebra (1968)
A Fine Pair (1969)
The Undefeated (1969)
Darling Lili (1970)
Hornets' Nest (1970)
Pretty Maids All in A Row (1971)
Showdown (1973)
Embryo (1976)
The Mirror Crack'd (1980)
The Ambassador (1984)
Other websites
 
 Transcript of CNN Larry King 7. june 2001, Special on Rock Hudson offscreen with Dale Olson
 Transcript of CNN Larry King 1. October 2003, 18th anniversary of Hudson's death
 Rock Hudson biography at TCM 
 Rock Hudson at AllExperts 
 Rock Hudson at classic movies - many links 
 fan page by LMScully
 Rock Hudson at Brian's drive-in theatre

Actors from Illinois
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Deaths from AIDS
Gay men
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Infectious disease deaths in California
LGBT actors
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People from Winnetka, Illinois
Stage names
1925 births
1985 deaths
Dame Olivia Mary de Havilland DBE (July 1, 1916 – July 26, 2020) was a British-American actress. She was one of two only living stars of Gone with the Wind, but there are also actors with smaller roles in said movie who are still alive. She has won the Academy Award two times. She is the sister of late actress Joan Fontaine, who also won the Academy Award. They did not get along ever since they were children.

De Havilland was born in Tokyo to British parents. She became an American citizen in 1941. She lived in Paris from 1956 until her death in 2020.

De Havilland died on July 26, 2020 at her home in Paris at the age of 104.
Films 
 Alibi Ike (1935)
 The Irish in Us (1935)
 A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935)
 Captain Blood (1935)
 A Dream Comes True (1935 - short subject)
 Anthony Adverse (1936)
 The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936)
 The Making of a Great Motion Picture (1936 - short subject)
 Call It a Day (1937)
 It's Love I'm After (1937)
 The Great Garrick (1937)
 Gold Is Where You Find It (1938)
 The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
 Four's a Crowd (1938)
 Hard to Get (1938)
 A Day at Santa Anita (1939 - short subject)
 Wings of the Navy (1939)
 Dodge City (1939)
 The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939)
 Gone with the Wind (1939)
 Raffles (1940)
 My Love Came Back (1940)
 Santa Fe Trail (1940)
 The Strawberry Blonde (1941)
 Hold Back the Dawn (1941)
 They Died with Their Boots On (1941)
 The Male Animal (1942)
 In This Our Life (1942)
 Show Business at War (1943 - short subject)
 Princess O'Rourke (1943)
 Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943)
 Government Girl (1943)
 To Each His Own (1946)
 Devotion (1946)
Devotion (1946)
 The Well-Groomed Bride (1946)
 The Dark Mirror (1946)
 The Snake Pit (1948)
 The Heiress (1949)
 My Cousin Rachel (1952)
 That Lady (1955)
 Not as a Stranger (1955)
 The Ambassador's Daughter (1956)
 The Proud Rebel (1958)
 Libel (1959)
 The Light in the Piazza (1962)
 Lady in a Cage (1964)
 Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)
 The Adventurers (1970)
 Pope Joan (1972)
 Airport '77 (1977)
 The Swarm (1978)
 The Fifth Musketeer (1979)
References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 Long obituary at https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/olivia-de-havilland-dead-gone-wind-adventures-robin-hood-star-was-104-720040
 1995 interview

1916 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Tokyo
American centenarians
American movie actors
American stage actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
British centenarians
British movie actors
British stage actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Early life
Allen was born at Mount of Eden Hospital in The Bronx, He was raised in Brooklyn, New York City. His parents were Nettie (born Cherrie; November 8, 1906 – January 27, 2002), a bookkeeper at her family's delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg (December 25, 1900 – January 13, 2001), a jewelry engraver and waiter. His family was Ashkenazi Jewish; his grandparents immigrated from Russia and Austria, and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German. Both parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Allen has a sister, Letty, who was born in 1943, and was raised in Midwood, Brooklyn.

Career
Allen started writing scripts for The Ed Sullivan Show, The Tonight Show and other television shows when he was 19. He started working as a comedian in 1961. His first movie, What's New Pussycat?, was released in 1965. In 1966 he wrote his first play, the Broadway play Don't Drink the Water. In 1986 Allen's movie Hannah and Her Sisters made $18 million.
Personal life
Allen is a vociferous atheist, but of Jewish descent.

Allen has had three wives. He dated Mia Farrow for 12 years. However, they never married and lived in different houses. Allen and Farrow adopted Dylan and Mosche Farrow together. Mia said in 1994 that Allen molested her 7-year-old daughter, Dylan Farrow. In February 2014 an open letter by Dylan was published by the New York Times. In the letter, Dylan said that Allen had molested her. Her brother Mosche, who is now known as Moses Farrow, said that Allen did not molest her. Allen said the allegations were "untrue and disgraceful". On February 7, 2014, Allen wrote a response to Dylan in the New York Times.

In 1992 Farrow realized that Allen was cheating on her with her adopted daughter Soon-Yi Previn. She found naked pictures of Soon-yi in Allen's house. Farrow and Allen broke up. In 1997 Allen married Previn. Previn and Allen have two adopted daughters.

Filmography

Movies

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 IMP Poster Gallery
 Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
 Woody Allen Movies
 La De Da: Annie Hall as Divine Tragicomedy  Essay Extended version of essay 
 Woody Allen in Barcelona. The shooting of a film.

1935 births
Living people
 
Academy Award winning directors
Academy Award winning writers
Actors from Brooklyn
Actors from the Bronx
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Comedians from New York City
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Movie directors from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
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Writers from Brooklyn
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Saint Maximus the Confessor (also known as Maximus the Theologian and Maximus of Constantinople) (born  580 – 13 August, 662) was a Christian monk, theologian, and scholar. In his early life, he was a civil servant. He was also an aide to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. However, he gave up this life to become a monk.

Further reading
Maximus Confessor: Selected Writings (Classics of Western Spirituality). Ed. George C. Berthold. Paulist Press, 1985. .
St. Maximus the Confessor: The Ascetic Life, The Four Centuries on Charity (Ancient Christian Writers). Ed. Polycarp Sherwood. Paulist Press, 1955. .
Maximus the Confessor and his Companions (Documents from Exile) (Oxford Early Christian Texts). Ed. and Trans. Pauline Allen, Bronwen Neil. Oxford University Press, 2004. .

Other websites 
 Selected works of Saint Maximus Confessor
 Maximus Confessor in the Catholic Encyclopedia
 Maximus Confessor  in the Catholic Forum
 Maximus Confessor in the Orthodox Church in America

Christian saints
The Torajans are an ethnic group, indigenous to a part of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. There are about 650,000 of them around the world. 450,000 of these still live in the regency of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja"). Most of them are Christian. Others of them are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as aluk ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognized this animist belief as Aluk To Dolo ("Way of the Ancestors").

References

Further reading

Other websites 
Tana Toraja official website .
Toraja on the Net - news and commentary.
batusura.de - A personal website containing photography and recorded music from Toraja.
Online Toraja information.
Ethnic groups in Indonesia
South Sulawesi
Backmasking (also known wrongly as backward masking) is a recording technique. In backmasking, a sound or message is recorded backwards onto a track that is meant to be played forwards. It was made popular by The Beatles. Some people think that backmasking causes subliminal persuasion.

References
References

Other websites
Jeff Milner's Backmasking Page—a Flash player with forward and backward versions of songs claimed to contain backmasking; the focus of the Wall Street Journal article
Backmask Flash—flash clips of possible backmasked messages from Albino Blacksheep
TalkBackwards.com —allows uploaded music to be reversed
Hidden and Satanic Messages In Rock Music—1981 radio interview with Michael Mills
Excerpt  with alleged backward messages by Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Queen
"Backwards Messages in Rock Music—Revealed! " podcast featuring The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, The Eagles, Rush, Jefferson Starship, Wings, Queen, Phil Collins, Britney Spears, Judas Priest, Pink Floyd, Iron Maiden, Electric Light Orchestra, Prince, and Information Society

Music technology
Separation of Powers means that the three branches of government are separated.

The three branches are as follows:
 the Legislative - the part that makes laws
 the Executive - the part that carries out (executes) the laws
 the Judicial Branch - the courts that decide if the law has been broken

Separation of Powers helps to protect freedom.  The executive branch carries out the laws but cannot make laws to make themselves powerful.  Also the judiciary is responsible for making sure that criminals are punished, so that members of the government or legislature cannot ignore the law as the judiciary can check on them.

Separation of powers is also called a system of checks and balances because the branches can check up on each other and if any of the branches get too strong, that branch will be balanced by the others.
In the United States the three branches of government are completely separate except for the Vice President who is President of the Senate. In the United Kingdom the three branches of Government are mixed but the checks and balances are provided by history and custom (the rule that says something should happen because that is how it has been done for a long time).  The King is Head of State (the executive), but is also part of Parliament (the legislative branch) and is the Fountain of Justice (the head of the judicial branch). But by convention he does not do anything without the advice of Ministers and never refuses to pass an Act of Parliament. The King has a lot of power but the power is controlled and balanced by the need to act in certain ways or only use the power at certain times.
In some countries the leaders of the executive branch are members of the legislature. This system is called responsible government.
The first to talk about separation of powers in the modern age was Charles-Louis Montesquieu. Montesquieu published his book De l'esprit des lois (The Spirit of Laws) in 1748.

Related pages
 Constitution
Constitution of the United States
 Mixed government

Constitutions
Forms of government
The Exclusionary rule is a rule in United States constitutional law. It says that evidence from people who were forced to talk is not allowed in court. Also, evidence taken from an illegal search of property may not be used in court.

United States law
Criminal investigation
Chitin is a semitransparent material that is the main component of the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans (e.g. crab, lobster and shrimp) and insects (e.g. ants, beetles and butterflies), of the cell walls of fungi, the radula of molluscs and the beaks of cephalopods (e.g. squid, and octopuses). Chitin has also proven useful for several medical and industrial purposes.

References

Other websites 
 Chitin Product Information from China GreatVista Chemicals 
 Horseshoe Crab Chitin Research 

Carbohydrates
Macromolecules
Polymers
Natural materials
The radula is the toothed chitinous ribbon in the mouth  of most molluscs. It can be compared with the tongue of human beings but, unlike our tongue, it is used for cutting and chewing food before it enters the esophagus.  

The radula is present in all molluscs except bivalves, and only in molluscs.  For example, Gastropods use it to graze and scrape diatoms and other microscopic algae off rock surfaces and other substrata.  Squid use it for cutting up their prey.

References

Other websites 
 Molluscan buccal structures and radula
 A Comparison of the feeding behaviour and the functional morphology of radula structure in Nudibranchs 

Molluscs
Animal anatomy
An exoskeleton supports and protects an animal's body from outside and not like  the internal endoskeleton - of, for example human beings - from inside.  

Many invertebrate animals (such as shelled mollusks) have exoskeletons in the sense of external hard parts. But if one speaks of an exoskeleton one mostly means that of arthropods (i.e. insects, spiders, myriapods and crustaceans). 

Exoskeletons contain rigid and resistant components that fulfil a set of functional roles including protection, excretion, sensing, support, feeding and (for terrestrial organisms) acting as a barrier against desiccation. Exoskeletons first appeared in the fossil record about 550 million years ago, and their evolution has been seen as critical as a driving role in the Cambrian explosion of animals that took place after this time.