Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A light microscope works like a refracting telescope except that the object is very close to the objective lens. An object to be studied, for example a tiny organism so small it looks like just a dot, is put on a slide, which is usually a flat piece of glass. The clips on the microscope's flat stage hold the slide in place. The stage can be adjusted to add more light.  It also moves to allow different layers of the object to be in focus.  The user looks through the microscope eyepiece.  A mirror at the bottom of the microscope reflects light rays up to the object through a hole in the stage. Objective lenses magnify the image which is made even larger when it is seen through the eyepiece lenses. Some light microscopes are actually digital cameras, made to photograph small things but having no eyepiece.
Many microscopes, often used in colleges and high schools, normally have a top magnification of 40x with the option of having 4x and 8x. This lets the microscope show basic cells and other items.  Others can magnify hundreds of times, or thousands.

Components 

All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path, listed here in the order the light travels through them. Also almost all microscopes have the same 'structural' components:
 Ocular lens (eyepiece) (1)
 Objective turret or Revolver or Revolving nose piece (to hold multiple objective lenses) (2)
 Objective (3)
 Focus wheel to move the stage (4 – coarse adjustment, 5 – fine adjustment)
 Frame (6)
 Light source, a light or a mirror (7)
 Diaphragm and condenser lens (8)
 Stage (to hold the sample) (9)
These entries are numbered according to the image on the right.
Alternatives 
Optical microscopes cannot show things that are smaller than light waves, because of the diffraction limit. Microscopes which can see smaller things include:
Atomic force microscope (AFM)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM)
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Ultraviolet microscope
X-ray microscope

Other websites 
Antique Microscopes.com A collection of early microscopes
Historical microscopes , an illustrated collection with more than 3000 photos of scientific microscopes by European makers 
The Golub Collection, A collection of 17th through 19th Century microscopes, including extensive descriptions
Molecular Expressions, concepts in optical microscopy
Online tutorial of practical optical microscopy
OpenWetWare
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: father of microscopy and microbiology

Microscopes
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (Leiden, 15 July 1606 – Amsterdam, 4 October 1669) was a famous Dutch painter and artist.

He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history, and the most important in Dutch history.p420 His contributions to art came in a period that historians call the Dutch Golden Age.

After his success as a young portrait painter, he had personal tragedy and financial hardships in his later years. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, and his reputation as an artist remained high.p427 For twenty years he taught nearly every important Dutch painter.p203

Rembrandt's greatest creative work is seen in his portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible. His self-portraits are a unique biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and with the utmost sincerity.p420
Personal life 
He went to the University Leiden but he liked painting better so he became a painter. In 1631 he went to live in Amsterdam, because people there had heard of him and wanted him to paint their portraits. He married a woman called Saskia van Uylenberg in 1634. They had four children, but three of them died very young. Only their fourth child, Titus, who was born in 1641, survived into adulthood. Saskia died in 1642 soon after Titus's birth, probably from tuberculosis.

During Saskia's illness, a nurse was hired, who probably also became Rembrandt's lover. She later charged Rembrandt with breach of promise and was awarded 200 guilders a year.p28 When Rembrandt learned she had pawned Saskia's jewellery, which Rembrandt had given her, he had her committed for twelve years to a poorhouse (a 'bridewell') at Gouda.
Rembrandt then lived with a young woman called Hendrickje Stoffels from Bredevoort who had been his maid. They had a daughter called Cornelia. Rembrandt died in Amsterdam on 4 October 1669.

Works 
Rembrandt painted many famous pictures. The portraits use light and dark colors; people sitting in the pictures are often shown in a calm or thoughtful appearance. He was such a good painter, that many of his pictures make people feel as if they are taking part in what is happening. Paintings by Rembrandt can be seen in art galleries all over the world.
Throughout his work Rembrandt used colour which darkens as it approaches the edge of the painting, and lighter towards the center. There is always a certain person, or event, or group of people that is near the center, and they are shown to be brighter than the rest of the picture. The dark backgrounds are painted to be very interesting and important. In most of his paintings, there are deep whites and blacks which shows contrast between different parts of the work.

References

Other websites

1606 births
1669 deaths
Dutch painters
Dutch Protestants
Artists from Leiden
Printmakers
Big Five are the United States's major movie production studios which also distribute their product. All of them have historic flagship production facilities near Hollywood.
All Big Five major studios (Walt Disney Pictures, Warner Bros. Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures, and Columbia Pictures) are parts of much larger business enterprises, with their corporate headquarters offices far from Hollywood.
The group of major studios long numbered seven, but was reduced to six with the fading from importance of MGM in the 1980s.
They became five when, on November 6, 2017 - Disney announced its deal to buy Fox for $52.4 billion.

The American major studios
Current
Majors
 Universal Pictures - NBCUniversal / Comcast
 Paramount Pictures - Paramount Global
 Warner Bros. Pictures - Warner Bros. Discovery
 Walt Disney Pictures / 20th Century Studios - The Walt Disney Company
 Columbia Pictures / TriStar Pictures - Sony Pictures Entertainment
Mini-Majors
 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer - Amazon
 Lionsgate Pictures - Lions Gate Entertainment
 Amblin Partners
 Amblin Entertainment
 DreamWorks Pictures
 ErosSTX
 Eros International
 STXfilms
Former
Major
 RKO Radio Pictures - Defunct since 1957.
 United Artists - acquired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1981.
 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer - filed for bankruptcy in 2010.
 20th Century Fox - bought by The Walt Disney Company in 2019 and renamed as 20th Century Studios in 2020.
Other
 Embassy Pictures - sold to Coca-Cola in 1985.
 Vestron Pictures - folded into Live Entertainment in 1991.
 New Line Cinema - acquired in 1993 by Turner Broadcasting System; TBS merged with Time Warner in 1996.
 Miramax Films 
 Artisan Entertainment - folded into Lions Gate Entertainment in 2003.
 DreamWorks Pictures - now became a label of Amblin Partners since 2015.
 The Weinstein Company
The European major studios
 Gaumont Film Company 
 Pinewood Studios
 Nordisk Film
 BBC Films
 Pathé Frères
 Constantin Film
 SF Studios
 Titanus - closed down in 1964; revived as a small studio in 1970.
 Sheperton Studios - sold to Pinewood Group in 2001.
 Rank Organisation - bought by The Rank Group in 1996; motion picture involvement ended in 2006.
 Optimum Releasing - bought by StudioCanal in 2006; later renamed as StudioCanal UK in 2011.
Movie studios
Culinary mustard is a condiment people use when making food. It comes from the seeds of the mustard plant.

Preparation 
Mustard is prepared by grinding the seeds of the Mustard plant, and mixing them with water or vinegar. Depending on which seeds are taken, and/or how much vinegar is added, the mustard may turn out hotter or less hot.

Use 
Most mustard is made available as a bottled condiment and can be spread on a slice of sandwich bread, salad, vegetables, meat or squirted onto a hotdog or a potato salad, along with ketchup, horseradish and other spices. It is often found in fast-food restaurants in the form of a small packet which the diner may open and squeeze into the dish of choice.

Related pages
 Condiment
 Ketchup
 Spice

Condiments
Vinegar is a liquid containing mainly water and acetic acid and used mostly in cooking. It can be made from wine or other liquids containing alcohol, like cider, fermented fruit juices, or fermented malt. Ethanol is oxidized from the liquid, resulting in vinegar.

Vinegar made from dates is a traditional product of the Middle East. It can also be made through the use of certain bacteria. Vinegar contains about 5% of Acetic acid. The acid makes it sour. 

In cooking, it is often used as a condiment to add to salad, fish, french fries and vegetables like pickles and cabbage.  It is much used in salad dressings.

The pH of vinegar depends on how much acid is in it.  Apple cider vinegar is typically between pH 4.25 and 5.00 if undiluted. Distilled vinegar has a pH of around 2.4.

References 

Condiments
An insecticide is a poison made to kill insects and spiders.

Insects are very tough animals that have adapted to a great variety of settings. Therefore, the poison used to kill them is also deadly to humans. There can be great danger of eating pesticide when you have vegetables. This is why often people will rub an apple on their jumper before eating it. This adds a nice shine to the apple and rubs away some of the pesticides. If you do not clean the jumper there is a risk pesticide might build up.
Paranoia is a mental health condition that affects a person's thoughts. A person with paranoia is called paranoid. Paranoia is a thought process heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion.

A paranoid person's thinking is shaped by fear and anxiety. For example, the person may fear that other people are "out to get them" or are planning to hurt them. They may believe that video cameras are watching them, or that a certain group (like the police or CIA) is following them. They may also believe that other people can control their thoughts or use magic to hurt them. Even if these fears seem strange or absurd to others, they feel very real to the person with paranoia. They truly believe that they are in danger.

Paranoia is different from phobias. In a phobia, someone has an irrational fear, but does not blame anyone for this fear. A paranoid person will often make false accusations and say that something was intentional, when it was just coincidence or an accident.
If a person is truly paranoid, their fears must not be explained by common beliefs, like their religion. For example, some religions say that people can use magic to hurt others. So a person from one of those religions should not be diagnosed as paranoid just because he/she has this belief. They would also have to have other paranoid beliefs - which could not be explained by religious beliefs - to be diagnosed with paranoia.

Very often, people with paranoia also have other thought disorders, or mood disorders. Paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses.

In everyday talk, people may use "paranoid" to mean more normal worries. For example, someone may call a friend paranoid for thinking that his teacher hates him.

References 

Psychosis
The psychiatrist Karl Jaspers created the first criteria for a belief to be considered a delusion:
 The person that has the delusion is completely convinced that it is true. 
 The delusion does not change even when it is proved to be wrong.
 The delusion is improbable or strange.
However, these guidelines have been criticized because none of the criteria are necessary to have a delusion. Studies show that delusions can change in intensity and confidence over time. Delusions also do not need to be false beliefs. Some religious beliefs cannot be proved false, so they cannot be used for a diagnosis.
A doctor or psychiatrist may say that a delusion is false because it seems to be improbable or strange. Because psychiatrists do not always investigate a person's claims completely, they will sometimes wrongly diagnose a patient as delusional. This is called the Martha Mitchell effect, which was named after the wife of the attorney general in the Nixon administration. Martha Mitchell said that illegal activity was happening in the White House. At the time, people thought she was mentally ill. However, after the Watergate scandal, she was proved right. 

Treating delusions is hard, but sometimes antipsychotics can be used. If the delusions are dangerous to the person or other people, the person may also be treated against their will.

References

Psychosis
Paganism is a term that covers a great number of spiritual and religious beliefs, and someone who follows one of these beliefs is known as a Pagan. Some of those in ancient times, who are called Pagans today, believed there was not just one god but a number of gods and goddesses.  The stories from Greek mythology are famous examples from a pagan religion. Pagans usually focus on spirituality and nature, rather than on doctrines and dogma. Not all pagans are polytheists (belief in more than one god). Some of them are monotheists (belief in only one god).
   
The word pagan (without a capital P) is often used to describe anyone who holds religious beliefs that differ from the main world religions. A similar term is heathen. Today Pagan, with a capital P, often refers to people who follow Neo-Pagan religions that honour the Earth. The best known Neo-Pagan religion is Wicca. Another well-known neo-pagan faith is Druidism, but there are many other Neo-Pagan religions with different beliefs.
Some pagan and neo-pagan religions 
Ancient Meitei paganism
Asatru
Baltic paganism
Greek religion
Dodekatheism (Hellenism)
Celtic reconstructionist paganism
Druidism
Finnish paganism
Germanic paganism
Kemetism
Slavic paganism
Tengrism
Tenrikyo
Wicca

Surviving religions of earlier cultures 
Enough has survived of the ancient religions of cultures from pre-modern Africa, South America, New Guinea and Japan to give us quite a clear picture. Since African slaves were taken to both South America and the United States, it is no surprise that their beliefs and practices still survive. Not, of course, as the main religion, but they do survive.

In a similar way, but much less well documented, are the ancient religions of other groups such as the Ainu in Japan, the tribes in New Guinea, the many tribes in Amazonia, and the fractured remnants of traditional religions in African countries.
All these groups have one thing in common: they are not part of farming revolution which happened in the Middle East, and which spread quickly to Eurasia. The religions which started there are called the religions of the book because their original beliefs were written down. Of course, writing was one of the original inventions of a settled people, one able to invest time and energy into activities which would be far more difficult for more traditional peoples.

References

Other websites 

 Usenet newsgroup for Pagans
 The Witches Voice, a networking and education site
Events 
 January 31 – Battle of Gemblours – Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. Don John begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands
 August 4 – Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir – The Moroccans defeat the Portuguese. King Sebastian I of Portugal is defeated and killed in North Africa, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal.
 October 1 – Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, succeeds Don John as Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands.
 Martin Frobisher held the first celebration of Thanksgiving by Europeans in North American at Newfoundland by the Frobisher Expedition.
 Tibet – Sonam Gyrso receives from prince Atlan Khan the title of "Talaï" and becomes the third Dalai Lama.
 Battle of Wenden – The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk.
 The Ottoman Empire conquers Abkhazia.
 Sixth and so far the last outbreak of the sweating sickness in England
1504 was a year of the Gregorian calendar, that started on a Friday.

Events 
January 1 – French troops surrender Gaeta to the Spanish under Cordoba.
January 31 – France cedes Naples to Aragon.
February 29 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies.
Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti) finishes his sculpture of David – August 8 it is erected in Florence.
Moldavia, Stephan III the Great fights against Turkey and Poland.
Baber besieges and captures Kabul.
Ferdinand II of Aragon becomes King of Naples as Ferdinand III.
Christopher Columbus return to Spain from his fourth voyage where he and his younger son, Ferdinand, explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama.
Aldo Manuzio publishes Demosthenes.
Grünenwald: "Crucifixion".
Voyage of Juan de la Cosa to South America.
A Funj leader, Amara Dunqas, founds the Black Sultanate (As Saltana az Zarqa) at Sennar. (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah))
Births 
August 6 – Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1574)
Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian writer

Deaths 
November 9 – King Frederick IV of Naples
November 26 – Queen Isabella of Castile (born 1451)
Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer
Events 
George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject.
Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels.
The city of Montevideo was established.
Mary Toft allegedly gives birth to 16 rabbits in England, later revealed to be a hoax.
The Gujin tushu jicheng, an immense Chinese encyclopedia, is printed using movable copper type.

Births
 June 23  Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia (d. 1796)
 April 5  Benjamin Harrison V, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)
 June 3  James Hutton, Scottish geologist (d. 1797)
 June 11  Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of Philip V of Spain (d. 1746)
 June 20  Louise Henriette de Bourbon, mother of Philippe Égalité (d.1759)
 September 1  François-André Danican Philidor, French chess player (d. 1795)
 December 1  Oliver Wolcott, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1797)
 December 3  George Wythe, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1806)
Deaths 
 August 8 - Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden, Duchess of Orleans (b. 1704)
A person has Courage if they do something even though they are afraid. Courage can be doing things that other people think should be scary. A person has courage if they put themself in danger to save another person (this is called mental strength). If someone has courage, it is said that they are courageous, standing up for what you believe in (also called moral strength).

For example, someone may be said to have courage if they fight a lion, or save a baby from a burning building. 

Courage is the opposite of fear and can also be called bravery.

Emotions
Virtues
The 1710s was a decade that started on 1 January 1710 and ended on 31 December 1719.

Events 
The Great Northern War

World leaders 
King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715)
King Louis XV of France (1715–1774).
Queen Anne of Great Britain (1702–1714).
King George I of Great Britain (1714–1727).
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (1705–1711).
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1711–1740).
Husayn, Shah of Persia during the Safavid dynasty
Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725).
King Philip V of Spain (1700–1746).
King Charles XII of Sweden (1697–1718).
Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden (1719–1720).
A fan or fanatic is someone who like a thing, a person, or an idea. Things that fans might like are hobbies, sports (often a team), music, a kind of movie or book, or almost anything. There are lots of kinds of fans, including science fiction fans and fans of popular music stars, like The Beatles. Fans will meet with each other to talk about and share their interest, often in large groups called conventions.

The word fanatic can also be used to talk about people who care a lot about politics, religion or their own group of people. Some fanatics can hurt other people whom they dislike, or who disagree with them.
In British English, supporter is their word for a person who likes and supports a sportsperson or a team. Many teams of some sports have thousands of supporters, for example, the football team Real Madrid. In American English, supporter is more often used to talk about people in politics. Supporters of a politician, a political party, or an idea such as a particular law may like their subject very much, but usually are not violent.

Sports
Fandom
Formula 1 is a type of motorsport.  Teams compete in a series of Grand Prix races, held in different countries around the world. Some of the most popular races are held in Monaco, Singapore, Italy and Britain. The formula one  cars are very fast, they reach speeds of up to 351.7 km/ hour (218.5 mph). The championship has been won by many different teams, including McLaren, Ferrari and Williams. Teams can have as many as 600 people. The teams all come together every race weekend. They use the expertise of each member try to win the race. The winning driver and team each get twenty-five points towards the Drivers' and Constructors' Championship. Teams consist of drivers, test drivers, a team principal, mechanics, engineers, and designers. Winning a race is affected by a good starting position, strategy, skill in pitstops and a fast car. The person with the most pole positions (fastest time set in qualifying) during a season gets a trophy. This was added in 2014.
The body that runs Formula One, the FIA. It  is based in France. Although Formula One is a 'billion dollar business', a drop in viewership and attendance figures at races has caused the FIA to make rule changes in recent years. These changes are meant to make the races more interesting, so more people watch F1 on television.

Safety 
Drivers are paid large salaries to risk their lives every time they drive an F1 car. Like all types of motor racing, the dangers with Formula One are great. Because of this, there are many safety measures. Drivers wear 4 layers of flameproof overalls. They are  made of a fire resistant material called Nomex. A drivers helmet must be able to resist an 800 °C flame for at least 45 seconds. They must also resist large G forces. The helmets are very strong. They can be driven over by trucks with no damage being done to them.
Cars 
Carbon fibre is the ideal material for the body of Formula One cars. It is light and strong. Because of this, the cars are very expensive to build and repair. The design of cars differs from team to team. Each team has two entries into the championship. This means that each team must built and maintain two cars . F1 currently uses Pirelli tires (5 compounds of slick tyres and 2 compounds of non-slick tyres for wet weather) Differing weather conditions need different tires. Wet weather driving is considered a skill in Formula One.

In 2021, The specifications of an F1 car is 786kg minimum weight, 18 inch wheels and tires. Engines must be 1.6L V6 turbo hybrid intercooled and must reach higher than 3000rpm. The engine must be 4 stroke (Intake, Compression, Combustion and exhaust) and have a 90 degree angle between the V shape.

Related pages
 Formula One racing
 List of Formula One broadcasters

References
Abdullah Öcalan is the leader of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), an influential terrorist organization in Turkey. Turkey branded Abdullah Öcalan as a terrorist and has been imprisoned for the rest of his life for terrorist activities in 1999. "Öcalan" means, in Turkish, "he who takes revenge".

He was born on April 4, 1949 into a poor Kurdish peasant family in the village of Ömerli, in the district of Halfeti in Şanlıurfa Province.  He studied at vocational school and then pursued a course at the School of Political Science, Ankara University. He became involved in militant Maoist politics and was first arrested in 1973. In 1975 he went to Syria where he was one of the founder members of the PKK in 1978.  At the First Congress in November 1978 he was elected leader.  Although the organization was named the Kurdistan Workers Party, it never became a real political party and it was not registered as one, because it would have been rejected by Turkey which did not agree with its ideology.
Imprisoned in Turkey 
On February 15, 1999 Turkey succeeded in kidnapping or arresting him in Nairobi and quickly transported him to Turkey. The details of his capture remain unclear. On February 16, across Europe, Kurdish supporters responded with protests, acts of violence and terrorism. Öcalan was charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey on February 23.

Öcalan was held as the only inmate on the prison island of Imrali. He was tried before a military court on the island from May 31, 1999. The trial had six days of proceedings and he was sentenced to death on June 29. His appeal was rejected in November but the sentence was suspended while there was a review by the European Court of Human Rights. In September 2002 a Turkish court finally reduced his sentence to life imprisonment. The country had abandoned the death penalty in August 2002 as part of the process towards joining the European Union.
Since he was put in prison, Öcalan has had much more time to read and write. He has changed many of his views, and wants more peaceful solutions instead of violence. One of the authors who influenced Öcalan's changed thinking was Murray Bookchin, an American writer whose idea of "Libertarian municipalism" would lead Öcalan to develop Democratic Confederalism.

In 2023, media said that his lawyers have not seen Öcalan for 2 years; Furthermore, the lawyers are not sure if he still is being kept on Imrali (island).

References

Other websites 
 Homepage dedicated to Abdullah Ocalan, including some of his works in English
 BBC timeline, February 1999 - September 2002
 CNN article 'The Ocalan Trial' 

1949 births
Living people
Kurdish activists
Turkish politicians
Extradition
Terrorists
The Caribbean Community , or CARICOM, is a group of nations in the Caribbean Sea that have come together founded on 4 July 1973. They share their products, and they have a government to help organize the area. They are mainly together to help trade and their economies.

The full members are:

 Barbados 
 Belize 
 Dominica 
 Grenada 
 Guyana 
 Haiti
 Jamaica 
 Montserrat (a territory of the United Kingdom) 
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 
 Saint Lucia 
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 
 Suriname
 Trinidad and Tobago
 United States

 
1973 establishments
Events 
Afghanistan becomes independent from Persia.
February 11 – A combined French and Indian force, commanded by Coulon de Villiers, attacks British troops at Grand Pré, Nova Scotia.
 April 9 – The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat was beheaded by axe on Tower Hill, London, for high treason.
 May 14 – War of the Austrian Succession: First battle of Cape Finisterre.
 June 9 – Emperor Momozono rises to power in Japan, after Emperor Sakuramachi.

Births 
 January 15 – John Aikin, English doctor and writer (died 1822)
 January 19 – Johann Elert Bode, German astronomer (died 1826)
 January 26 – Samuel Parr, English schoolmaster (died 1825)
 February 19 – John "Walking" Stewart, traveller and philosopher (died 1822)
 February 21 – Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist (died 1795)
 May 5 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1792)
 July 6 – John Paul Jones, American naval captain (died 1792)
 October 8 – Jean-François Rewbell, French politician (died 1807)
 December 12 – Anna Seward, English writer (died 1809)
Deaths 
 January 16 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (born 1680)
 March 16 – Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst, father of Catherine II of Russia (born 1690)
 March 23 – Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French soldier (born 1675)
 April 2 – Johann Jacob Dillenius, German botanist (born 1684)
 April 7 – Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian field marshal (born 1676)
 May 28 – Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French writer (born 1715)
 May 31 – Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (born 1686)
 June – Nadir Shah, Persian leader (born 1688)
 June 19 – Alessandro Marcello, Italian composer (born 1669)
 July 9 – Giovanni Bononcini, Italian composer (born 1670)
 October 10 – John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury (born c.1674)
 November 17 – Alain-René Le Sage, French writer (born 1668)
 December 2 – Vincent Bourne, English classical scholar (born 1695)
Events 
 Ongoing
 Seven Years War (1756 - 1763)

Births 
 August 12 – King George IV of the United Kingdom, Prince of Wales (d. 1830)
 November 1 – Spencer Perceval, British politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1812)

Deaths
 Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher
1620 was a leap year.

Events 
The Pilgrim Fathers come to America
Events

Births

Deaths 
 Montezuma II (born 1466)
 Pier Gerlofs Donia (bron 1480)
 April 6 – Raphael (b. 1483)
This is a list of the towns in Greenland that have over 1,000 people living in them (the first name is in Greenlandic, the second is in Danish):

Nuuk (Godthåb) Pop. 14.501
Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg) Pop. 5.350
Ilulissat (Jakobshavn) Pop. 4.533
Qaqortoq (Julianehåb) Pop. 3.144
Aasiaat Pop. 3.100
Maniitsoq (Sukkertoppen) Pop. 2.859
Tasiilaq (Amassalik) Pop. 1.848
Paamiut (Frederikshåb) Pop. 1.817
Narsaq Pop. 1.764
Nanortalik Pop. 1.509
Uumannaq Pop. 1.366
Qasigiannguit Pop. 1.320
Upernavik Pop. 1.178

Pop. stands for population.

Greenland, towns
Qaqortoq, also known by its Danish name Julianehåb, is a town in southwestern Greenland. With a population of 3,100, it is South Greenland's biggest town. It is the fourth biggest town in Greenland. The name Qaqortoq is Western Greenlandic, and it means "white". Qaqortoq also is the seat of the municipality of Qaqortoq which apart from the town itself includes three small settlements. Qaqortoq was founded by Norwegian Anders Olsen in 1775. Near Qaqortoq are the Hvalsey ruins, the most famous Norse ruins in Greenland.

References 
"Greenland and the Arctic". By Etain O'Carroll and Mark Elliott. Lonely Planet 2005. .

Other websites 
'Official' Qaqortoq website  (limited information in English)
English version 

Settlements in Greenland
Sisimiut (also known by its Danish name 'Holsteinsborg') is a town in southwestern Greenland. With 5,247 people (as of 2005), it is the second biggest town in Greenland. It is 75 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, and is Greenland's most northern year-round port which has no ice.

Other websites 
 Municipality of Sisimiut 

Settlements in Greenland
The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth. This is the parallel of latitude that (in 2000) runs 66° 33' 39" north of the Equator. North of this line, the Sun never rises at the Winter Solstice and never sets at the Summer Solstice.

The Arctic Circle is one way to say what part of the Earth is in the Arctic. The North Pole is in the center of the Arctic Circle.

Countries which are partly within the Arctic Circle are:
Russia
Canada
Denmark (Greenland)
United States of America (Alaska)
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Iceland (less than 1 square kilometre)

The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed. It directly depends on the Earth's axial tilt. The axial tilt fluctuates within a margin of 2° over a 40,000-year period, mostly due to tidal forces from the orbit of the Moon. The tilt is currently diminishing, so the Arctic Circle is drifting northwards at a speed of about  per year.
Related pages 
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Circle of latitude 

Lines of latitude
Arctic
Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. 

According to a 2012 estimate, the population of the city was around 3,289,000. Ths includes Tajiks, Pashtuns, Hazaras and some other smaller ethnic groups. It is the 64th largest and the 5th fastest growing city in the world.

It is 1,800 meters, or 5,900 feet above-sea-level. Kabul is over 3,500 years old.

Districts

The city of Kabul is inside Kabul District - a district of Kabul Province. The city is also a municipality (shārwāli) - because it is also capital of a province; That municipality is divided into 22 administrative districts called municipal districts or city districts (nāhia); These districts (are the same, or) coincide with the official Police Districts (PD).

Related pages 
 Kabul Province
 Wahida Amiri, Afghan activist

References
Parfait is a type of food that is eaten as a dessert. It is a French word that means perfect.

Styles of Parfait
Parfaits are made differently in different countries.

French Parfait
A common parfait is the French kind. A French parfait mixes sugar, whip cream, an egg yolk, sauce, cold fruit and frozen ice cream. French parfaits are usually served on a plate not in a glass.

Japanese Parfait
Japanese parfait made mainly of ice cream and fruit with a sweet ingredient. It is served in a tall glass. It is a classic on a coffee shop menu. It is one of the more popular desserts.

Varieties
Fruit parfait
Chocolate parfait
Strawberry parfait
Mango parfait
Banana parfait
Custard pudding parfait
Green tea parfait

Ice cream
French food
Parrots are birds of the order Psittaciformes. There are about 372 species in 86 genera. They are found in most tropical and subtropical regions. The greatest diversity of parrots is found in South America and Australasia.

Parrots are intelligent birds. They have relatively large brains, they can learn, and they can use simple tools. Because some species have the ability to make sounds like human voices and have plumages with bright colors, many species are kept as pets. This includes some endangered and protected species.

Description 
They have a compact body with a large head and a short neck. Their beaks are short, strong and curved. The two parts of the beak are very strong and used to break fruits and seeds. The tongue is large and strong. Most parrots can fly, though some lost their powers of flight after they came to live on oceanic islands. The kakapo is an example.
Parrots have strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet (with two toes facing forward and two toes facing back) that are very useful to climb up trees. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. The plumage of cockatoos ranges from mostly white to mostly black, with a mobile crest of feathers on the tops of their heads.  Most parrots exhibit little or no sexual dimorphism.

Parrots are variably-sized. The smallest parrot is the pigmy parrot (Micropsitta pusio) with an adult weight of  and a length of . The hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) is longer than any other species of parrot, although half its length is tail.

Behavior 

Parrots eat seeds, nuts, buds and other plant material. A few species sometimes eat animals and carrion (dead animal carcasses), while the lories and lorikeets are specialised for feeding on floral nectar and soft fruits. Almost all parrots nest in tree hollows, and lay white eggs from which hatch altricial (helpless) young.
Parrots are among the most intelligent birds. The ability of some parrots to make sounds like human voices makes them popular as pets.

Conservation 
The capture of wild parrots for the pet trade, as well as hunting, habitat loss and competition from invasive species, has diminished wild populations, with parrots  being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of birds.  Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile  species have also protected many of the less charismatic species living in the same ecosystems.

Some parrots can live up to 80 years. Many parrots can imitate human speech; they can speak simple words if repeated a few times.

Origins and evolution 
Transposons in the genomes of passerines and parrots are similar, but those in the genomes of other birds are not. This is strong evidence that parrots are the sister group of passerines.
Europe is the origin of the first presumed parrot fossils, which date from about 50 million years ago (mya). The climate there and then was tropical. Several fairly complete skeletons of parrot-like birds have been found in England and Germany. On the whole it seems likely that these are not direct ancestors of the modern parrots, but related lineages which evolved in the northern hemisphere, and which have since died out.

The earliest records of modern parrots date to about 23–20 mya and are also from Europe. Subsequently, the fossil record—again mainly from Europe—consists of bones clearly recognisable as belonging to parrots of modern type. The southern hemisphere does not have nearly as rich a fossil record for this period as the northern, and contains no known parrot-like remains earlier than the early to middle Miocene, around 20 mya. The first unambiguous parrot fossil (as opposed to a parrot-like one) is found in the Miocene. It is an upper jaw, identical that of modern cockatoos.
Related pages
True parrots
Lovebird

References

Other websites

 
 Animal Diversity Web - Psittaciformes - parrots
 ITIS Report - Psittaciformes
 Tree of Life - Psittaciformes
 World Birds Taxonomic List - Psittaciformes
Angel Cake is also the name of a doll in the Strawberry Shortcake series.

Angel food cake is an example of cake that became popular in the United States in the 19th century. It is also called angel cake. It is very light and fluffy. Because of this, it is named Angel cake because it is said to be "food for the angels."

Angel food cake needs the egg whites to be whipped until they are stiff, and carefully folded into the other ingredients. For this method of "leavening" to work well, it is helpful to have flour that has been made of softer wheat. This causes angel food cake to have a very light texture and taste.  Angel food cake should be cut with a serrated knife, as a solid blade tends to compress the cake rather than cut it.

Some people like to add aromatic spices to angel food cake.

References

Other websites

Cakes
A wrench (or spanner) is a tool used to provide grip and turn nuts and bolts, and similarly shaped objects.

In British English, spanner is the standard term. The most common shapes are called open-ended spanner and ring spanner. The term wrench is generally used for tools that turn non-fastening devices (e.g. tap wrench and pipe wrench), or may be used for a monkey wrench – an adjustable spanner.

What a wrench or spanner does is to grip. Pulling or pushing the handle to rotate gives mechanical advantage. It applies torque to turn objects – usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts – or keep them from turning.

Adjustable wrenches 
An adjustable spanner, or adjustable wrench, or crescent wrench in American English, is a tool. It may move its jaw to rotate nuts or bolts of different sizes. It was invented by Edwin Beard Budding (1795–1846), who also invented the lawnmower.

tools
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie  (born 19 June 1947) is an Indian-born British-American novelist and essayist. He is the author of Midnight's Children (1981), which won the Booker Prize. His best known work was The Satanic Verses (1988), which made him a controversial author and caused him to have many death threats.

Rushdie was born in India, but was sent to England to go to private school. He has lived in the United States since 2000. Rushdie is well known for writing stories which use "magic realism", which is similar to surrealism. This means that things in his stories happen which may be magic or impossible, such as falling from an aeroplane and floating down as gently as paper. He often writes about India, and his stories often are set in different parts of the world.
Fiction 
In 1988, Rushdie wrote a book called The Satanic Verses. The book included a fictional story about some characters with a made-up religion. Some people have said that it insults Muhammad, but others disagree. Rushdie said about the story: "his Prophet was not called Muhammad, lived in a city not called Mecca, and created a religion not (or not quite) called Islam. And he appeared only in the dream sequences of a man being driven insane by his loss of faith.". Because of this book, a fatwa was issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran. It called for Rushdie's execution.

Controversy 
The leader of the country of Iran talked on the radio about Rushdie. He said that Rushdie did not believe in Islam and that Rushdie should be executed because he thought the book was bad. This is called a fatwa. In the year 1989, the British government began protecting Rushdie. He says he has always been an atheist, but is still interested in religion.
Rushdie was knighted for services to literature in the Queen's Birthday Honours on 16 June 2007. Many nations with Muslim majorities were not happy with this. Pakistan's Religious Affairs Minister Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq said the knighthood was wrong. Then the Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto said this was not the way Pakistan thought. Their fathers Zia-ul-Haq and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto were in Rushdie's novel Shame.

The BBC said that "In 1998, the Iranian Government gave a public commitment it would not carry out the death sentence against Mr Rushdie", but some people such as "Iranian hardliners" don't agree.

Personal life
He has been married four times. His last marriage was to actress and model Padma Lakshmi; they divorced in 2007.
2022 stabbing attack
On 12 August 2022, Rushdie was stabbed multiple times by a man right before giving a speech at the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York. Rushdie was airlifted to hospital in Erie, Pennsylvania, where he underwent surgery. He was stabbed in the neck and was said to have lost an eye, had nerve damage in his arms, his liver was hurt and he was unable to speak. A day later, Rushdie was taken off the ventilator and was able to speak.

Writing by Salman Rushdie

Fiction 
 Grimus
 Midnight's Children
 Shame
 The Satanic Verses
 Haroun and the Sea of Stories
 East, West
 The Moor's Last Sigh
 The Ground Beneath Her Feet
 Fury
 Shalimar the Clown
 The Enchantress of Florence
 Luka and the Fire of Life
 Je Moeder

Nonfiction 
 The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey
 Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism 1981-1991
 Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 1992-2002
Plays 
 Haroun and the Sea of Stories (with Tim Supple and David Tushingham)
 Midnight's Children (with Tim Supple and Simon Reade)

Screenplay 
 Midnight's Children

Anthologies 
 Mirrorwork: 50 Years of Indian Writing, 1947-1997 (coeditor)
 Best American Short Stories 2008 (coeditor)

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Contemporary writers: Salman Rushdie. British Council: Arts. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
 The Rushdie Experiment conducted in Tehran, Iran, in October/November 2006 to see if he has outlasted public hatred of him 
 Long interview with Rushdie in which he provides context for the fatwa and reflects on the rise of Islamic fundamentalism 
 Interview with Rushdie for Princeton Report on Knowledge about storytelling, freedom of expression and the 2004 US presidential election.
 Rushdie to teach at Emory 
 New York Times special feature on Rushdie, 1999
 The Rushdie death threat affair 
 Rushdie timeline 
 Summaries of all his novels and links to interviews with Rushdie
1947 births
Living people
Booker Prize winners
British atheists
British crime victims
English essayists
English novelists
Indian essayists
Indian novelists
Royal Society of Literature
Lilo & Stitch is a 2002 animated movie, released by Walt Disney Pictures and produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation. on June 21, 2002. The 41st animated movie in the Disney animated features canon, it was written by and directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois. It was the second of three Disney animated movies produced mainly at the Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida studio in Walt Disney World's Disney-MGM Studios in Orlando, Florida. The movie was rated PG for "mild sci-fi action". Lilo & Stitch was nominated for the 2002 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, which went to Hayao Miyazaki's movie, Spirited Away which also was released by Walt Disney Pictures and starred Daveigh Chase (in the English version).
The movie was so popular that it started a franchise. A direct-to-video sequel, Stitch! The Movie, was made. It launched a television series, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, and a second direct-to-video sequel, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, was released in August 2005. A third and final television sequel, Leroy & Stitch, was released in June 2006 and ended the TV series. Another television series, an anime called Stitch!, aired in Japan from 2008 to 2011, later gaining two post-series specials in 2012 and 2015. A third TV series, a Chinese animated series called Stitch & Ai, began airing in 2017. Both the later two series took out Lilo as a main character, separating Stitch from her and putting him into different countries on Earth where he makes new friends with other human girls and becomes part of their families.
The movie was released on VHS and DVD on December 3, 2002. In 2003, a 2-disc DVD version was announced to come out along with Alice in Wonderland and Pocahontas, which were released in 2004 and 2005. A 2-Disc Special Edition DVD of Lilo & Stitch was released in the UK on August 22, 2005, along with the UK release of Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, but a release in the US was affected by many delays. On March 24, 2009, Disney finally released the special edition DVD, which is called a 2-Disc "Big Wave Edition". This new DVD has everything that the original DVD had and adds an audio commentary, a 2-hour documentary, more deleted scenes, a number of behind-the-scenes featurettes, and some games. The original DVD is no longer available, with the new one having the same list price.
Plot 
An evil Dino-Bull-like Alien scientist named Dr. Jumba Jookiba creates "Experiment 626", a Koala-like Doguin-creature built to cause chaos and destruction. This is against the law of his planet, and he is arrested. 626 escapes the planet, flying a spaceship to Earth.

On Earth, a little human girl named Lilo adopts 626 (thinking he is a dog) and names him "Stitch". Lilo lives in Hawaii, a series of islands in the United States of America. Lilo's mother and father have died in a car crash, so her older sister Nani takes care of her.
Cast 
 Daveigh Chase as Lilo Pelekai
 Chris Sanders as Stitch, a blue koala/Goanna/Fossa/Wolfdog/Rabbit/Donkey/Butterfly-like hybrid Doguin-monster with the ability to create untold chaos.
 Paul Winchell as Stitch (howling)
 Tia Carrere as Nani Pelekai
 David Ogden Stiers as Dr. Jumba Jookiba, a purple Minotaur/Bear/Hippopotamus/lion/warthog/Rhinoceros-like Bull-alien.
 Kevin McDonald as Agent Pleakley a Cyclopes/Dragon-like alien. 
 Ving Rhames as Cobra Bubbles
 Zoe Caldwell as Grand Councilwoman a Old Witch-like alien
 Jason Scott Lee as David Kawena
 Kevin Michael Richardson as Captain Gantu, a grey-blue shark-like alien.
 Susan Hegarty as Rescue Lady
 Hans Zimmer as Male Officer
The original climax of Lilo & Stitch saw the heroes chasing down Gantu in a 747 they steal from a nearby airport. Stitch hijacks a Tsunami Air Boeing 747-400 and follows Gantu to the city of Honolulu. Stitch is the launched out of Tsunami Air Boeing 747-400 and lands on Gantu’s ship but he is blown off and lands on the road. Gantu is able to find Stitch by using his computer. He tries to shoot the alien but misses. A truck comes close to Stitch and he commandeers it. Stitch drives over a volcano and dumps the fuel into it. This shoots Stitch up like a rocket and he lands on Gantu’s ship. Crashes through the windshield into the cockpit, Furiously trying to pound Stitch with his fist, Grabs Gantu's hand. and throws him through the windshield onto the wing of Tsunami Air Boeing 747-400 below, Gantu tries to shoot Stitch, Stitch breaks the capsule with his head and takes Lilo out