Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Between 15 and 20 cities were thought of to host the event, with fewer than half of the people thought of invited to explain why they should hold the event at WWE's headquarters at Stamford, Connecticut. Atlanta's main rival to hosting the event was the city of Miami, Florida who wanted to host the event at Sun Life Stadium along with WrestleMania Axxess at the Convention Center and the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony at the American Airlines Arena. Miami was later given WrestleMania XXVIII.

Attendance record controversy 
During the pay-per-view, Justin Roberts announced a new Georgia Dome entertainment attendance record of 71,617. But a Billboard.com article claims a Backstreet Boys concert had 73,337 people in attendance. WWE says in their official press release that the Backstreet Boys concert only had 65,658 people in attendance. WWE's number was later confirmed by officials at the Georgia Dome.

Matches

References

Other websites 
 The Official Website of WrestleMania
2011 in professional wrestling
Sports in Atlanta
WrestleMania
21st century in Atlanta
2011 in the United States
2010s in Georgia (U.S. state)
Enthalpy is a concept used in science and engineering when heat and work need to be calculated. The name comes from the Greek word "enthalpos" (ενθαλπος), meaning "to put heat into". The idea and the word were made up by the Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1909.

When a substance changes at constant pressure, enthalpy tells how much heat and work were added or removed from the substance.

Enthalpy is similar to energy, but not the same. When a substance grows or shrinks, energy is used up or released. Enthalpy accounts for this energy. Because of this, scientists often calculate the change in enthalpy, rather than the change in energy.

Consider a system containing a fixed amount of gas. Any heat energy entering the system will:

1) Increase the Internal Energy of the gas

or
or

2) Lead to some work being done to expand the system.
The work done is the product of pressure and volume. Enthalpy takes both these factors into account, therefore:
    Enthalpy (H)= Internal Energy (E) + (Pressure(P) x Volume (v)); H = E + (P x V)

Enthalpy and chemical reactions
When a chemical reaction happens, a substance can become warmer or colder. As a result, heat will flow from the substance to things around it, or from things around it to the substance, until its temperature is the same again. If the pressure stays the same, this amount of heat tells how much the enthalpy changed.

For example, if gasoline is burned in the open air, heat is released by the gasoline. If we suppose 100 kilojoules of heat were released, then the enthalpy of the gasoline was reduced by 100-kilo joules. Therefore the change in enthalpy for this reaction was ∆H = –100 kJ.
If a chemical reaction gives off heat (warming its surroundings), then the enthalpy of the reaction is said to have decreased. The value of ∆H is negative. This kind of reaction, like the example above, is called exothermic.

If a chemical reaction absorbs heat (cooling its surroundings), then the reaction's enthalpy has increased. The value of ∆H is positive. This is called an endothermic reaction.

Related pages
Thermodynamic potential
Entropy
Gibbs free energy

Thermodynamics
HVAC
MRSA is a strain of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. This is a bacterium which causes infections in different parts of the body. It is tougher to treat than other strains of Staphylococcus aureus – or 'staph' – because it is resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. In fact, it is now resistant to all forms of penicillin and cephalosporin.

The symptoms of MRSA depend on where the infected is. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, causing pimples, boils or pus. However, it can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract.

Though most MRSA infections are not serious, some can be life-threatening. Many public health experts are alarmed by the spread of tough strains of MRSA. Because it is hard to treat, MRSA is sometimes called a "super bug".
Causes 
Garden-variety staph are common bacteria which may live on our bodies. Plenty of healthy people carry staph without being infected by it. In fact, 25-30% of us have staph bacteria in our noses.

But staph can be a problem if it manages to get into the body, often through a cut. Once there, it can cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections. Usually, these are minor and don't need special treatment. Less often, staph can cause serious problems like infected wounds or pneumonia.

Staph can usually be treated with antibiotics. But over the decades, some strains of staph -- like MRSA -- have become resistant to antibiotics that once destroyed it. MRSA was first discovered in 1961. It's now resistant to methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and many other antibiotics.

While some antibiotics still work, MRSA is constantly adapting. Researchers developing new antibiotics are having a tough time keeping up.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
A colony in biology refers to a life-style or habit where members of the same species live together. 

Usually the members of a colony are genetically linked by common heredity. Sometimes, as in bryozoa, they are genetically identical clones, sometimes as in eusociality, they are members of an extended family. Sometimes, as with the Portuguese Man o' War, the members of the colony are joined together as one individual, which operates as a single unit.

Most of the colonies in the groups listed below build a common structure or nest. Sometimes they are linked only by their behaviour. The close integration of termites, ants, bees and wasps is called eusocial.

The term applies mostly to animals, though there are some protists and prokaryotes which live as colonies.

Groups with colonial species 
Bryozoa
Choanoflagellata
Cnidaria
Corals
Portuguese Man o' War
Entoprocta
Graptolites
Insecta
Isoptera
Hymenoptera
Ants
Bees
Wasps
Phoronida
Sponges
Tunicates

Zoology
Samson was the last of the Judges of the ancient Children of Israel mentioned in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and the Talmud. He is described in the Book of Judges chapters 13 to 16.
The Book of Samson also appears in Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews, written in the last ten years of the 1st Century AD, as well as in works  slightly earlier. Samson has been the subject of rabbinic, Islamic, and Christian commentary.  

Samson is known for being given great strength by God to use against those who do not like him and to do great things that regular people cannot do: killing a lion with his bare hands, defeating a whole army with only a donkey's jawbone to fight with, and making a temple fall down.

He is believed to have been buried in Tel Thora in Israel above the Sore valley. There stand two large gravestones of Samson and his father Manoah. Nearby stands Manoah’s altar (Judges 13:19-24). It is located between the cities of Zora and Osthol.

Biography
Biography

Early life
Samson's father Manoah, and his wife had been trying to have a baby for many years when an angel showed up in front of their house. The angel told them that they were to have a son, who was to be a Nazarite. The child was to never cut his hair, drink wine, or touch a dead person. A while later, Samson was born, and he obeyed the Nazarite laws just as the angel said.
First marriage and the lion
Samson saw a pretty Philistine woman while he walked through Tinman, a Philistine town. He went to ask permission from her father to marry her. The Philistines at the time were the enemies of the people in Israel, so Samson did not know how his father would react once he told him the news. While he was on his way home, a lion jumped on him. He killed the lion with his bare hands. After this, he told the Philistine woman that he wanted to be her husband. At their wedding, Samson gave the Philistine guests a riddle about the lion. However, his wife told them the answer because she was threatened by the men, and Samson realized he could not trust her. After the wedding, she was given to another man. Later, Samson's wife and father-in-law were burned to death.
Delilah
After his first wife died, Samson found another good-looking Philistine woman. Her name was Delilah. Little did he know that she would betray him to the Philistines. She tried many times to get the secret behind his great strength. This made Samson very annoyed with her. After a long time, Samson told Delilah that he would become weak if his hair was cut.

His capture
After getting the secret to his strength, Delilah told the Philistine army about it. She sang him to sleep at her feet, and called a man to shave Samson's head. After getting his haircut, Samson was tied up while still asleep. He woke up and tried without success to break free from the ropes he was tied down with. The Philistines grabbed him, poked his eyes out with their swords and took him to Gaza, where he was put in prison.
Samson's death 
While in prison, Samson worked on a treadmill, a machine used to grind grain.  He didn't do this work for a few months until his hair grew long again.  Next, he was taken to a temple honoring the Philistine demon, Dagon to perform for the people worshipping Dagon.  While on stage, Samson told a young boy nearby to move him in between two pillars.  He pushed the pillars apart with his full strength.  This caused the temple's roof to fall down on top of himself and his Philistine audience.  Samson died, along with twelve thousand of his enemies, including their highest leaders.  He defeated more Philistines with his death than during his life.

Etymology of name
Samson, Shimshon (), Standard Šimšon Tiberian Šimšôn; meaning "of the sun" – perhaps proclaiming he was strong, or "[One who] Serves [God]" or Shamshoun  or Sampson

Other websites 

'Samson' by Solomon Solomon

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
A scale model is a copy of an object that is bigger or smaller than the real size of the object. Very often the scale model is smaller than the real object and used as a guide to making the object in full size. Scale models are made or collected for many reasons. You can also use it with math. 

Architecture
Modeling
"Give It All" is a song by the punk band Rise Against. It was released as a single from the album, Siren Song of the Counter Culture, in 2004. It is a fast paced song with a slower, chant-along bridge, running at two minutes and fifty seconds. It got to number thirty-seven on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart.

Rise Against
The Bavarian State Library  (Bayrische Staatsbibliothek, BSB) in Munich is the state library of Bavaria. It is an important universal library. In mid 2012, there were about 9.3 million books in the library. The oldest of them are from the Middle Ages.  

There are also about 90,000 manuscripts in the library. Among these are the Codex Aureus, an illustrated gospel book from the 10th century, one of the three surviving versions of the Nibelungenlied, and the Carmina Burana. It also contains about a third of the surviving early prints, known as Incunables. Among them is the Gutenberg Bible. 

A law was introduced in 1639. This law says that two copies of each book published in Bavaria must be given to the state library for free.

Buildings and structures in Munich
Libraries in Germany
Christopher Ryan Hardwick is an actor/comedian. He is best known for performing with Mike Phirman in Hard 'n Phirm, hosting Singled Out, Wired Science, Web Soup, and The Nerdist Podcast, and the current voice of Otis in Back at the Barnyard. He often shows up at G4TV studio as a guest on Attack Of The Show. He also does the Nerdist podcast which is a podcast discussing daily life, comedy, pop culture, and includes interviews with other celebrities. In 2011 he began hosting a live half-hour talk show on the AMC network, Talking Dead.

Personal life
Hardwick gave up drinking alcohol in 2003. He dated singer Lisa Loeb in 2004. He was in a relationship with actress Janet Varney from 2004 until 2011. Hardwick is married to Lydia Hearst.

References

1971 births
Living people
Comedians from Kentucky
American voice actors
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
American television actors
American movie actors
Origin of the term 
The term "nontheism" was first used by G. J. Holyoake in 1852. He used it because of the bad associations with the term atheism.
"Mr. [Charles] Southwell has taken an objection to the term Atheism. We are glad he has. We have disused it a long time [...]. We disuse it, because Atheist is a worn-out word. Both the ancients and the moderns have understood by it one without God, and also without morality. Thus the term connotes more than any well-informed and earnest person accepting it ever included in it; that is, the word carries with it associations of immorality, which have been repudiated by the Atheist as seriously as by the Christian. Non-theism is a term less open to the same misunderstanding, as it implies the simple non-acceptance of the Theist's explanation of the origin and government of the world."
Nontheism in society 
Today, about 2.3% of the world's population describes itself as atheist. About 11.9% is described as 'nontheist'. Between 64% and 65% of Japanese describe themselves as atheists, agnostics, or non-believers, and up to 48% in Russia. The percentage of such people in European Union member states ranges between 6% (Italy) and 85% (Sweden).

Related pages 
 agnosticism
 atheism
 secularism
 antitheism
 theism

References 

Secularism
Philosophical movements and positions
The word inorganic is used to emphasise that the subject is not organic in origin.

Inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of elements other than carbon.
Inorganic compounds are chemical compounds other than carbon-based.
Inorganic matter is matter which was not part of a living organism.
is an anime series based on Tite Kubo's manga of the same name. It ran from 2004 to 2012 and has some episodes not based on the manga. The series is catched up on the books and was placed out for all episodes.

Anime
"Re-Education (Through Labor)" is the first single from the American punk rock band Rise Against's fifth studio album, Appeal to Reason. The single was released digitally to digital stores and radio stations on August 25, 2008. A music video was released on the same day.

A limited physical version of the single was released on 7" vinyl and can be gotten only by pre-ordering Appeal to Reason. This version also has a B-side titled "Minor Threat", which is a cover of the song with the same name by Minor Threat.

References

Rise Against
Appeal to Reason is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Rise Against. After touring in support of their last album, The Sufferer & the Witness, Rise Against began to record Appeal to Reason in January 2008 at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado. Recording and production were finished in June, and the album was released in North America on October 7, 2008. The album is the band's first release with current guitarist Zach Blair.

Appeal to Reason is Rise Against's highest-charting album, getting to number three on the Billboard 200 chart and selling 64,700 copies in its first week of release. It got mostly good reviews from critics. The album produced three singles: "Re-Education (Through Labor)", "Audience of One", and "Savior".

Track listing

2008 albums
Punk albums
Rise Against albums
"Audience of One" is a song by the American punk rock band Rise Against, written by the band's vocalist Tim McIlrath. It is the second single from their 2008 album Appeal to Reason. Getting to number four on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart, "Audience of One" is Rise Against's third-highest charting single, behind the last single from Appeal to Reason, "Re-Education (Through Labor)", which got to number three and the third single "Savior".

In mid-October 2008, the L.A. radio station KROQ began playing "Audience of One." Its video was told to be shot with director Brett Simon on December 9. On January 15, the video for "Audience of One" was first seen on MySpace. The single was released on CD and 7" vinyl on March 3, 2009 in the UK. The song is also used in Guitar Hero World Tour.

References

Rise Against
Tim McIlrath (born November 3, 1978) an American musician. He is the singer, rhythm guitarist, and main songwriter as well as co-founder of the punk rock band Rise Against. McIlrath is known to help animal rights and actively promotes PETA with his band. He follows the straight edge lifestyle, along with Rise Against bassist Joe Principe and guitarist Zach Blair.

Personal life
Tim McIlrath was born November 3, 1979 in Chicago, Illinois. At a young age he read books such as 1984 by George Orwell and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, which would inspire his later work. As a child he went to "Our Lady of the Wayside," where he was made fun of for having one brown eye and one blue eye. This is known as heterochromia. As an early teenager, all of Tim's friends were into snowboarding, so Tim saved up money until he had $400 to buy a snowboard. But instead of buying a snowboard, he bought a Gibson SG.
In college, Tim majored in English and Sociology. In his junior year he met Joe Principe at a "Sick of it All" concert show. Joe asked Tim to sing over a few tracks that he and Mr. Precision had taped. That is when Rise Against was formed, and Tim left college.

On the reverse of McIlrath's white Les Paul guitar are the words Out of Step. This is a reference to Minor Threat's album Out of Step. Tim is now married and he and his wife Erin have two daughters, Blythe and Scarlet. They live with him in Arlington Heights, Illinois.
Baxter
Tim McIlrath began his musical career in his teenage years. Tim was very active in the Chicago local alternative rock/punk scene. His first band was the post hardcore band Baxter. They formed in 1995 along with future The Lawrence Arms drummer Neil Hennessy and future Killing Tree and Holy Roman Empire bassist Geoff Reu.
Their first release was a full length, self released, cassette, Troy's Bucket, which was released in 1996. Troy's Bucket was met with good reviews from reviewers, and Baxter became a popular band in the Chicago underground scene.
In 1997 they released a 7" EP Lost Voices on Static Station Records. After some local touring, the band split up. Tim played bass and sang backup for The Honor System. He sang on their demo and on some songs on their first album Single File. He and drummer Neil Hennesy could also be found in a brief lineup of the grind band Yellow Road Priest, whose members went on to form Pelican. Following the band's breakup in 1997, Tim formed metalcore band Arma Angelus, along with singer Pete Wentz, who was to become bassist in mainstream pop punk/emo band Fall Out Boy. McIlrath played bass with the band until 1999 when he quit to form Transistor Revolt, which would soon become Rise Against.
Rise Against
In 1999 Tim formed the band that would become Rise Against with former 88 Fingers Louie bassist, Joe Principe, guitarist Dan Precision (Mr. Precision), and drummer Toni Tintari under the name Transistor Revolt. Drummer Brandon Barnes did not come into the picture until 2001 along with the band name Rise Against. They recorded their first album The Unraveling on Fat Wreck Chords in 2001. 

In 2003 guitarist Mr. Precision left, and Todd Mohney filled in. Later that year they released their second album Revolutions Per Minute which was greeted with great success. They toured the United States a lot that year, though by the end of it, Todd left. In order to replace him, former Reach the Sky guitarist Chris Chasse joined in 2004 and they released their first album on Geffen records, Siren Song of the Counter Culture.
With the release of the singles "Give it All", "Swing Life Away", and "Life Less Frightening", Rise Against became more popular with fans, but still kept their underground feeling. After more touring (like a European tour and spots on the Vans Warped tour), the band went back to the studio and recorded their fourth album The Sufferer & the Witness, which had eight singles ("Ready to Fall, "Prayer of the Refugee", "The Good Left Undone", "Behind Closed Doors", "Drones", "Survive", "Injection", and "Under the Knife".)

They had ended their tour and were back in the studio in the process of making their next album, when Chris Chasse left the band to start a family life.
Rise Against recorded their latest album Appeal to Reason with the help of guitarist Zach Blair, who is now a member and has known the band for many years. Appeal to Reason was released on October 7, 2008. The band recorded it at The Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado with Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore, who helped make Revolutions Per Minute and The Sufferer & the Witness.

References

Rise Against
American guitarists
Singers from Chicago
American composers
Musicians from Chicago
American punk musicians
1979 births
Living people
People from Arlington Heights, Illinois
Kris King (born February 18, 1966 in Bracebridge, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey left winger that played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Washington Capitals, New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Phoenix Coyotes and the Winnipeg Jets.

Other websites

1966 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Rangers players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–96) players
Ontario Hockey League players
Biography
Joe started his musical career at age 15, learning to play by ear and influenced during his formative years by Bad Religion, Minor Threat, Bad Brains, the Descendents and other similar bands. Starting out in Chicago punk band 88 Fingers Louie. After 6 years of touring and releasing records with the band, Joe made Rise Against with singer/guitarist Tim McIlrath, former 88 Fingers Louie guitarist Mr. Precision, and drummer Brandon Barnes. In 2002, Mr. Precison left and was replaced by Todd Mohney, who was replaced by Chris Chasse in 2004, who was later replaced by guitarist Zach Blair in 2007. Rise Against released their first two records (The Unraveling, and Revolutions Per Minute) on Fat Wreck Chords, and their next two (Siren Song of the Counter Culture, and The Sufferer & the Witness) on Geffen.

References

Living people
1974 births
Rise Against
Bassists
Musicians from Chicago
A colonel is a rank of officer in the military. It is usually the highest or second highest rank before General and Field Marshal, but many of the countries represents this post as the highest military officer like Gambia, Libya, Niger, Suriname etc. A colonel is usually in charge of a regiment.

The word comes from the Latin word columnella which means column, but it was first used in Italy as the name for the officer in charge of a column. It came into English from French. It is usually said like the word kernel.

Military ranks
Cyril James Thomas (August 5, 1926 – January 2, 2009) was a Welsh NHL ice hockey winger who played 2 seasons for the Chicago Blackhawks and Toronto Maple Leafs.

Other websites

1926 births
2009 deaths
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Welsh ice hockey players
Denis Joseph Savard (born February 4, 1961) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. Savard played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

He was drafted with the 3rd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He was known for his trademark move, the 'Savardian Spin-o-rama', a move where Savard whirled around with the puck in a full rotation which allowed him to beat defenders and goaltenders. The term was actually coined by Danny Gallivan, referencing the move performed by Serge Savard.

On June 29, 1990, the Chicago Blackhawks traded Savard to the Montreal Canadiens for star defenceman Chris Chelios and a second-round pick (Mike Pomichter). The trade was considered to be largely in the Blackhawks' favor as Chelios would produce some of his best seasons as a Blackhawk while Savard's career was on the decline. Savard won the Stanley Cup with the Canadiens in 1993.
In the Summer of 1993, he signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Lightning, where he played 1½ seasons. On April 6, 1995, he was traded back to the Blackhawks, for a 1996 sixth-round pick (Xavier Delisle). He retired from playing professional ice hockey on June 26, 1997. His jersey number #18 was retired by the Chicago Blackhawks on March 19, 1998 and he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 13, 2000.

After he retired, he became the 36th head coach in Chicago Blackhawks history on November 27, 2006. He was fired in 2008.

References

Other websites

1961 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Juniors players
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Sami Helenius (born January 22, 1974 in Helsinki, Finland) was a professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Pelicans of the SM-liiga and has played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks, Dallas Stars, Calgary Flames, Tampa Bay Lightning and the Colorado Avalanche. He was the team captain of the SM-liiga team Jokerit.

1974 births
Living people
Calgary Flames players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Colorado Avalanche players
Dallas Stars players
Finnish ice hockey players
Hershey Bears players
Sportspeople from Helsinki
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Utah Grizzlies (AHL) players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ice hockey defencemen
Jeff Hackett (born June 1, 1968 in London, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Blackhawks, New York Islanders, San Jose Sharks, Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins and the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Other websites

1968 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Islanders players
Ontario Hockey League players
People from London, Ontario
Philadelphia Flyers players
Philadelphia Phantoms players
San Jose Sharks players
Springfield Indians players
5150: Home 4 tha Sick is the first EP by American rapper, Eazy-E. It was released on December 28, 1992. The producers of the album were Naughty by Nature, Cold 187um and Bobby "Bobcat" Ervin. The EP was certified Gold on February 9, 1993 by the RIAA. The EP is now out of print and all the songs that were included the EP are on the remastered version of Eazy-Duz-It. The only single released on the EP was "Only If You Want It".

Songs

References

1992 albums
Eazy-E albums
The Latin Kings is an organized Hispanic street gang based in Chicago and New York City.  The gang was founded by Puerto Ricans in Chicago, Illinois in 1954.

References

Gangs
Criminals from Chicago
People from New York City
The Hitler Youth was an organization in Nazi Germany for children from ages 10 to 18. The boys split off from the Hitler Youth when they were 14 to join The League of German Men. All German children between these ages whom Adolf Hitler considered to be "pure-blooded" Germans, were required to join, and parents who stopped their children from joining could be sent to prison for a  long time. In order to get rid of any distractions or other groups that might keep children from being involved with the Hitler Youth, Hitler banned all other youth groups or clubs. The Hitler Youth also prepared girls for the army and taught them how to use weapons.

The purpose of the Hitler Youth was to train children to accept values such as duty to the Nazi Party and to Hitler, and to teach them to be prepared even to give their lives for their country.  Many children died because of the Hitler Youth, because they became soldiers, which was one of its main purposes.

References 

http://www.wolfhildehitleryouthdiary.com
Other websites 
History of the Hitler Youth

Nazism
Youth organizations
1922 establishments in Europe
1945 disestablishments in Germany
1920s establishments in Germany
A cookie cutter is a piece of equipment to cut dough from cookie dough to cut the dough into pieces to make cookies.

Shapes 
Many cookie cutters have a shape. Most of them are shaped like a square, star, or a triangle. Also, cookie cutters may come in a circle shape.

Foods 
Cookie cutters can also be used to make foods other than cookies.They can be used to make small sandwiches, square crackers, and others.

Sizes 
Most cookie cutters are small. There are some that may be big. On November 8, 2019, it was announced Target had started selling big cookie cutters. Cookie cutters in bigger sizes can cut more things like cookie dough. Small cookie cutters are often 2 inches long. Medium-sized cookie cutters are often 3 inches long. Big-sized cookie cutters are often 4 inches long. Walmart also sells big cookie cutters. Smaller cookie cutters cost less, while bigger cookie cutters cost more.

References 

Kitchenware
Esa Oke is a town in the African country of Nigeria.

Other websites
http://www.oscotech.edu.ng/ 
http://www.maplandia.com/nigeria/osun/obokun/esa-oke/

Towns in Nigeria
A beating heart cadaver is the body of a dead person that has been connected to a medical ventilator. This will keep the organs of the dead body, including the heart, functioning and alive for a few days. Such a body still functions physically, but the person it belonged to is dead by the law and medicine's definition because there is no longer any conscious brain function possible.

Care
The procedure for caring for a beating heart cadaver is the same as caring for a normal patient. The body must be monitored at all times, and if necessary, "life saving" procedures must be taken. Since the brain does not work, the hormone levels and blood pressure must be controlled by doctors to keep the organs alive. Measures must be taken to prevent infection and maintain normal tissue oxygenation.
Organ recovery
A beating heart cadaver is kept alive in order to keep its organs from decaying before they can be transplanted. Surgeons will remove the organs, one after the other, and give them to their patients.  The entire recovery process is usually completed within four hours.  This process was formerly known as an "Organ Harvest", but the name has since changed to the milder "Organ Recovery."  Many organs can be used, and many lives can be saved by one body.  The bodies are generally organ donors, who have agreed beforehand to donate their organs. Some donated organs are taken from non-heart-beating donors. Organs from brain deaths, however, have a better success rate, and currently most organ donation is from these deaths.

Social issues
A beating heart cadaver is often disturbing and confusing. Because the heart is beating and the body is warm, people may have difficulty believing it is dead.  Families often like to see the body once it has been removed from the machines and put to rest.
Related pages
 Organ donation

References

Medicine
Death
A free radical is a molecule with an unpaired electron. The molecule is reactive and seeks another electron to pair. Free radicals are involved in the mechanisms of damage associated with disease development. Examples are hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. 

A radical is an atom or group of an (?) which possesses electric charge. There are two types of radicals: Cation and anion. Cation are positively charged while anion are negatively charged. Examples of cation are Calcium (Ca2+), Potassium (K+), Hydrogen (H+). Examples of anion are Iodide (I-), Chlorine (Cl-) and Hydroxide (OH-).  

The need for antioxidants in peoples’ daily life is becoming more critical with increased exposure to free radicals. Pollution, cigarette smoke, drugs, illness and stress can increase our exposure.

References 

Chemistry
The Attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack by the Empire of Japan against the neutral United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This attack, on the morning of December 7, 1941, led the United States into World War II. 

The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation, Operation AI, and as Operation Z. 

The Japan wanted time to invade Southeast Asia.  Over the course of seven hours several places were attacked. The places governed by the US were Philippines campaign (1941–1942), Guam, and Wake Island. The places in the British Empire attacked were Singapore, Hong Kong and, later, Malaya.
The Plan Was Predicted In Some Detail 
Although the attack was a successful surprise, it should have been expected. It was predicted in detail. The prediction was in the form of a book originally published in 1925. This was The Great Pacific War: a history of the AmericanJapanese campaign of 1931. The author was Hector C. Bywater (18841940), a journalist whose speciality was naval warfare. 

The whole story is told in the more recent book Visions of Infamy by William C. Honan. And what is more, Bywater's book was translated into Japanese, so we know for certain that it was available to any and all concerned with planning the future of Japanese sea power.

One thing changed from Bywater's book: the U.S. fleet moved its Pacific base from the Philippines to Pearl Harbor. Of course this was known by Japan. When the Japanese got to the Philippines they landed on exactly the place predicted by Bywater except, of course, they had already bombed Pearl Harbor.
The attack started at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Time (18:18 GMT).  The base was attacked by 353 Japanese aircraft. These planes included fighters, level and dive bombers, and torpedo bombers. The planes attacked in two waves. The planes were launched from six aircraft carriers. All eight US battleships were damaged. All but  were later raised. Six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war. Being old, they served for shore bombardment. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer. A total of 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed. 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Important base installations were not attacked.  These facilities included the power station, dry dock, shipyard, maintenance facilities, fuel and torpedo storage facilities, submarine piers, and the headquarters building. Japan did not lose many people. Japan lost 29 aircraft and five midget submarines. 64 Japanese soldiers died
. Kazuo Sakamaki, who was in charge of one of the submarines, was captured. He was the first Japanese soldier taken prisoner by the United States.
Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire the same day. Due to an error, the British and Americans did not know until the next day. The British government declared war on Japan immediately after being attacked. On December 8th, the United States Congress declared war on Japan. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. The U.S. which responded with a 1941 declaration of war upon Germany and a declaration of war upon Italy. 

President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed December 7, 1941, "a date which will live in infamy". Attacking without declaring war is against the laws of war. As a result, the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime.

Background to Conflict
Diplomatic Background 
Japan and the US knew they might go to war.  They had been planning for war since the 1920's.  Japan was concerned about the new American control of Hawaii and the Philippines.  Japan thought those territories were within their sphere of influence.

Japan had taken a heated stance when the United States opposed the Racial Equality Proposal to amend the Treaty of Versailles.  Despite this, the two nations were still friendly and traded. Tensions seriously grew with Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931.  Over the next decade, Japan expanded into China. This led to the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.  Japan spent great effort trying to isolate China.  They also tried to gain independent resources to attain victory on the mainland.  The "Southern Operation" was designed to assist these efforts by conquering Southeast Asia.
Starting in December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay, the Allison incident, and the Nanking Massacre made Western citizens dislike Japan.. The U.S. unsuccessfully proposed a joint action with the British to blockade Japan. In 1938, U.S. companies stopped providing Japan with implements of war. This was due to an appeal by President Roosevelt.

In 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina, They did this to try and stop the flow of supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline to Japan. Japan saw this as an unfriendly act. The United States did not stop oil exports. This was because Japan was dependent on US oil. Removing the oil would cause hostile relations.
Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during 1941. They were attempting to improve relations. Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina. They also offered to peace with the Nationalist government. Japan also offered to have a new neutral reading of the Tripartite Pact. They also agreed to stop trade discrimination. They promised to do these things if other nations did it as well. The U.S. government didn't accept these terms. Japanese Prime Minister Konoye offered to meet with Roosevelt. Roosevelt didn't want to meet before having an agreement. The U.S. ambassador to Japan told Roosevelt he should meet with Konoye. He was worried that if he didn't it might lead to war.  However, Roosevelt did not follow this recommendation. Konoye stopped being the Japanese prime minister the next month. He stopped because the Japanese military rejected the demand to leave China.
Military Planning
Planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor had been planned since early 1941. Isoroku Yamamoto came up with the plan in order to protect Japan's attack on Southern Asia. He got permission to plan and train for an attack. To do so, he had to argue with the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff. He only got permission because he threatened to quit his job. Full-scale planning started in Spring 1941. The planning was under the guidance of  Rear Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka, with assistance from Captain Minoru Genda. The planners looked to the 1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto for help. This was because the British had successfully attacked ships in port there.
Over the next several months, things progressed as planned. However,  Emperor Hirohito did not approve the attack plan until November 5. This is because he wanted to discuss the matter over a set of Imperial Conferences. Final approval was not given until December 1st. This was because a majority of Japanese leaders warned the emperor about the "Hull Note. They said it would, "destroy the fruits of the China incident, endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea".
By late 1941, many people thought war between the U.S. and Japan would come soon. A Gallup poll just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52% of Americans expected war with Japan, 27% did not, and 21% had no opinion. Many U.S. bases in the pacific were put on alert in this period. However, U.S. leaders doubted that Pearl Harbor would be attacked. They expected Japan to attack the Philippines. This was because the Philippines were in a important position in the Pacific. The islands had many air bases and a large naval port. These would threaten Japanese shipping in Southern Asia.  They also incorrectly thought Japan wasn't capable of multiple attacks at once.

Objectives

Ships Lost or Damaged
Twenty-one ships were damaged or lost in the attack. All of the ships except three were raised after the attack.
Battleships
  (Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd's flagship of Battleship Division One): hit by four armor-piercing bombs and exploded. 1,177 people were killed. The ship was judged to be too damaged for recovery.
 : hit by five torpedoes and sank. 429 people were killed. The ship was judged to be too damaged for recovery.
 : hit by two bombs and seven torpedoes before sinking. 106 people were killed. Returned to service July 1944.
 : hit by two bombs and two torpedoes before sinking. 100 people were killed. Returned to service January 1944.
 : hit by six bombs and one torpedo. Nevada was then steered into the island. 60 people were killed. Returned to service October 1942.
  (Admiral Husband E. Kimmel's flagship of the United States Pacific Fleet): Was in drydock with Cassin and Downes. Was hit by one bomb and pieces from Cassin. 9 people were killed. Remained in service after the attack.
 : Was hit by two bombs. 5 people were killed. Returned to service February 1942.
: Was hit by two bombs. 4 people were killed. This includes a plane pilot who was shot down. Returned to service February 1942.
Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship)
 : Was hit by two torpedoes before sinking. 64 people died. The ship was judged to be too damaged for recovery.

Cruisers
 : Hit by one torpedo. 20 people were killed. Returned to service January 1942.
 : Hit by one torpedo. Returned to service February 1942.
 : Was damaged mildly by a bomb that missed. Remained in service.

Destroyers
 : Was in drydock with Downes and Pennsylvania. Hit by one bomb and caught fire. Was rebuilt after the attack. Returned to service February 1944.
 : in drydock with Cassin and Pennsylvania. Caught fire from Cassin and burned. Was rebuilt after the attack. Returned to service November 1943.
 : Was moving to West Loch. Damaged by two missed bombs.; Continued patrol after attack. Put into dry-dock on January 15, 1942. Began sailing again on January 20, 1942.
 : Hit by three bombs. Returned to service June 1942.
Auxiliaries
  (minelayer): damaged by the torpedo that hit Helena and sank. Returned to service as a repair ship on February 1944.
  (repair ship): hit by two bombs. Also hit by the blast and fire from Arizona. Vestal was then steered into the island. Returned to service by August 1942.
  (seaplane tender): Hit by one bomb. Also hit by a crashed Japanese aircraft. 19 people were killed. returned to service January 1942. 19 dead.
  (harbor tug): Sunk by explosions and fire from Shaw. Returned to service August 1942.
  (yard floating dock): Was sunk by bombs. Returned to service January 25, 1942.
After the Attack 
The next day, United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a speech to Congress. In his speech, President Roosevelt said that December 7 was "a date which will live in infamy". Most Americans listened to the speech on the radio. A few minutes after the speech ended, Congress voted to declare war on Japan. Only one member of Congress, Jeanette Rankin, voted "no". Three days later, Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States.
Rumors started blaming Italian, German, and Japanese Americans for knowing about the attacks ahead of time and even helping. Many American citizens became afraid of Italian, German and Japanese Americans because Germany and Italy were allied to Japan. As a result, 110,000 Japanese Americans  31,000 German Americans and 3,000 Italian Americans were sent to internment camps starting in 1942. The government made the father of a famous baseball player, Joe di Maggio, move from the West coast because he was an Italian immigrant. Some Italian, German and Japanese Americans were interned as late as 1944. The government apologized for this to the Japanese Americans in 1988. German Americans and Italian Americans have never received an formal apology from the governmant.
Reason 
Behind the attack is a reason, and that reason is the shortage of raw materials in Japan (and similar island chains such as Hawaii). In such island chains there is a shortage of raw materials, particularly those of metals and coal. The shortage of metals is due to the island chains (such as Hawaii, Japan, Galapagos etc.) having a volcanic origin, rather than coming from an ancient craton. The United Kingdom, small as it is, has its origin in two ancient cratons which became part part of a much larger continent. Almost all the elements produced in stars are present in the UK in some amount, however small. Iron is there in plenty and many rare metals can be found.
Japan, on the other hand, is a typical island chain produced by comparatively recent volcanic action. It suffers from a shortage of rare elements. It is short of some minerals which are not rare: such as iron and coal. The lands it conquered have all the resources which Japan needed (and always will need). One example: Japan lacks iron. This is why traditional Japan makes such use of bamboo as a building material. But Western Australia has mountains virtually made of iron. This is where modern Japan gets most of its iron for making steel.

Related Pages
 List of attacks on U.S. territory
 History of Japan
 World War II
 History of the United States

Notes

References

Other Websites
 Franklin D. Roosevelt's "A day which will live in infamy" speech

1941 in the United States
20th century in Hawaii
United States Navy
World War II
1940s in Japan
Dracunculus is a genus of plants in the family Araceae. They have a large purple spathe and spadix, and a foul smell.

There are only three species of  Dracunculus. Dracunculus vulgaris grows in Southern Europe and Northern Africa. Dracunculus canariensis grows in Canary Islands and Madeira.

All of these plants are herbs with tubers. The individual flowers flowers are tiny: they are gathered in an inflorescence.

Common names for this plant are Snake Lily, Dragon Arum, Black Dragon, Voodoo Lily, Ragons, Black Arum, Dragonwort and Stink Lily.

Dracunculus vulgaris is cultivated as a garden plant.

References

Other websites 

 ITIS: Dracunculus
 NCBI: Dracunculus

Araceae
The Poughkeepsie Bridge (sometimes known as the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge or the Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge) is a cantilever bridge over the Hudson River. It goes from Poughkeepsie, New York on the east side to Highland, New York on the west side. It was built for trains and was completed on January 1, 1889. It closed down on May 8, 1974 after a bad fire. It became part of the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. On October 3, 2009, the bridge was opened to the public as a pedestrian bridge and New York State Park. It is now known as the Walkway Over the Hudson. It cost $39 million to improve it.

References

Bridges in New York (state)
Hudson River
Steel bridges
Cantilever bridges
Poughkeepsie, New York
1889 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in New York (state)
1974 disestablishments in the United States
1970s disestablishments in New York (state)
2009 establishments in New York (state)
A Shehnai  is a South Asian music instrument which is normally played at marriages and other ceremonies, rites and rituals. The word itself is of Turkish origin, combining 'Sheh' (or 'Shah') 'Royal' and '-Nai' or 'Ney', a type of Flute. A version of the Shehnai, the Surnai, is also played in the Northern and North-western areas of India and Pakistan, in particular at traditional Polo matches.

Also referred as Nadasvaram in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is usually made of wood and it has to be blown like a flute to play it. 

Ustaad Bismillah Khan is considered as the maestro of Shehnai.

References

Flutes
Verne Jay Troyer (January 1, 1969 – April 21, 2018) was an American actor, director, stuntman, voice artist, and comedian. He was  tall. He was best known for playing Mini-Me in the Austin Powers movies. Troyer also guest-hosted WWE Raw on November 30, 2009.

On April 21, 2018, Troyer died in Los Angeles, California while being hospitalized with alcoholism complications and a failed suicide attempt. His manner of death was ruled as suicide. His cause of death was alcohol poisoning.

References

Other websites

 Verne Troyer's Official website 

1969 births
2018 deaths
Drug-related suicides in the United States
American movie actors
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Actors from Michigan
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People with dwarfism