Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Cast 
 Marlon Brando as Vito Corleone: Don (crime boss/Godfather) of the Corleone family
 Al Pacino as Michael: Vito's youngest son
 James Caan as Sonny: Vito's eldest son
 Richard Castellano as Clemenza: a caporegime (captain in charge of a group of soldiers) in the Corleone crime family, Sonny's godfather
 Robert Duvall as Tom Hagen: Corleone consigliere (advisor to crime boss) 
 Sterling Hayden as Capt. McCluskey: a corrupt police captain who works for Sollozzo 
 John Marley as Jack Woltz: Hollywood film producer who is intimidated by the Corleones
 Richard Conte as Barzini: a crime boss of a rival crime family
 Al Lettieri as Sollozzo: an enemy who wants Vito to get into the drug business, supported by the Tattaglia family
 Diane Keaton as Kay Adams: Michael's girlfriend and, later, second wife
 Abe Vigoda as Tessio: a caporegime (captain in charge of a group of soldiers) in the Corleone crime family
 Talia Shire as Connie: Vito's only daughter
 Gianni Russo as Carlo: Connie's abusive husband
John Cazale as Fredo: Vito's middle son
 Rudy Bond as Cuneo: a Don (crime boss) of a rival crime family
 Al Martino as Johnny Fontane: singer
 Morgana King as Mama Corleone: Vito's wife
 Lenny Montana as Luca Brasi: Vito's enforcer (deals with threats)
 Johnny Martino as Paulie Gatto: a soldier (official member of a crime family) in the Corleone crime family
 Salvatore Corsitto as Bonasera: the funeral director 
 Richard Bright as Neri: soldier (official member of a crime family) in the Corleone crime family, later Michael's enforcer (deals with threats)
Production

Development 
The movie is based on the book The Godfather by Mario Puzo. The book was very popular. It was a New York Times best seller for 67 weeks. The novel takes place from 1945 to 1955. It tells the story of Vito Corleone from childhood to adulthood. Paramount Pictures wanted to make a movie about the novel. The studio gave Puzo money to finish the novel so it could be filmed. Paramount originally wanted to make the film for $80,000 and release it in 1971.

The film's main plot is the same as the book. However, a few things in the novel are not in the movie. Some subplots and backstories are not in the film. For instance, Johnny Fontane and Lucy Mancini are more developed in the book. The book also gives a background to the villain Jack Woltz. The childhood of Vito Corleone is not in the film. In the book, Johnny Fontane goes to Hollywood. In the end, Kay Corleone accepts Michael as the new boss over the family. She realizes how heartless her husband is.
Direction 
Paramount wanted Italian-Americans in the movie. Robert Evans and others from Paramount believed that their last film, The Brotherhood, was unsuccessful because there were no Italian-Americans. Paramount first wanted Sergio Leone to direct the film. The studio also went to Peter Bogdanovich, Peter Yates, Richard Brooks, Arthur Penn, Costa-Gavras, and Otto Preminger. All of them said no to the movie. Francis Ford Coppola, who would direct the film, said no at first. He thought the book was "cheap stuff". He changed his mind because of finances and advice from others.
Writing 
Both Puzo and Coppola worked on the screenplay separately. Paramount paid Puzo $100,000 to write the script. Puzo wanted to stick to his book. This was the first screenplay Puzo had written. Coppola wanted to emphasize the themes of culture, character, power, and family. Coppola created a booklet with pages from The Godfather and made notes on 50 scenes. The final script was completed on March 29, 1971 and was 163 pages long. The Italian-American Civil Rights League, led by Joseph Colombo, wanted words like "mafia" and "Cosa Nostra" not to be used in the film. Any of these words in the script were replaced with other words.
Casting 
Puzo and Coppola wanted to have Marlon Brando play Vito Corleone. Paramount was against this and wanted Ernest Borgnine. Other people considered for the role were George C. Scott, Richard Conte, Anthony Quinn and Orson Welles. Borgnine and Brando were the two finalists. Paramount would only cast Brando under certain conditions. Brando would have to do a screen test, earn less for the film, and was not allowed to cause any problems.

For Michael Corleone, Paramount wanted  Warren Beatty or Robert Redford. Robert Evans wanted Ryan O'Neal. Coppola wanted Al Pacino. Dustin Hoffman, Martin Sheen, and James Caan auditioned as well. At first, James Caan was to play Michael. Coppola convinced Evans to have Pacino play Michael. Paramount chose actors based on their heights. For instance, they chose Caan because he was short, like Pacino.
Al Martino was a singer. He wanted to play Johnny Fontane. Coppola removed him and replaced him with Vic Damone. Martino went to his crime boss. The boss published papers about Coppola switching the roles. Eventually, Damone gave up the part to please the mob. Robert De Niro originally wanted to play Paulie Gatto, but he quit. Johnny Martino took his place. The actors Diane Keaton, John Cazale, and Gianni Russo got their roles in the film. Coppola gave his family members roles. They included his sister Talia Shire, his daughter Sofia and his father, Carmine.

Filming 
Actors could practice the script for two weeks before filming. The two weeks ended with a dinner, where everyone had to play their roles. Most of the film was shot in real locations in New York City and Sicily. Filming was in New York City from March 29, 1971, to July 2, 1971, and in Sicily until August 6, 1971. After filming, scenes from the film were removed. Most of these scenes did not add to the plot.
Music 
Coppola hired Nino Rota to be the composer for the film. He wrote several pieces, including the "Love Theme." Rota used some of his music from Fortunella (1958). Evans did not like the music, but Coppola convinced Evans to keep it. Coppola thought the music made the film more Italian. Coppola's father, Carmine Coppola, also composed some music. Other music in the film include Cherubino's aria, "Non so più cosa son" from Le Nozze di Figaro by Mozart and "C'è la luna mezzo mare", a Sicilian song.

Release 
The Godfather was first released in theaters at Loews's State Theatre in New York City on Tuesday, March 14, 1972. The Godfather was also on television on NBC. The first half was on November 16, 1974 and the second half on November 18, 1974. The Godfather: The Coppola Restoration restored the original video and was released in 2008.

Reception
Reception

Box Office 
The movie was a financial success. It was the highest-grossing film in 1972. On its first day in theaters, the film made about $58,000. Tickets were about $3 to $4.00. In the opening weekend, the film made about $241,000 in New York and about $300,000 in total. The film made about $10 million in one week. This was a record at the time. It made over $100 million in 18 weeks. This was another record. It was the fastest film to reach that number. The Godfather was the number one film for over 23 weeks. The film would eventually make about $134,000,000.
Critical response 
The Godfather received very positive reviews. The film has a 97% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Critics said the movie went beyond expectations and created new standards for cinema. They praised the cinematography and said it was revolutionary. Roger Ebert wrote that the film is completely absorbing and has many complex character interactions. Critics and other directors praised the cast. They said it was one of the best. Many said that Coppola should get the most praise.  The film has a 100 out of 100 on Metacritic with "universal acclaim".

Awards 
At the Golden Globe Awards, the film got nominations for Best Picture – Drama, James Caan for Best Supporting Actor, Al Pacino and Marlon Brando for Best Actor – Drama, Best Score, Best Director, and Best Screenplay. The film went on to win Best Screenplay, Best Director, Best Actor – Drama (Brando), Best Original Score, and Best Picture – Drama.
The film got 11 nominations at the Academy Awards. They included: Best Picture, Best Costume Design, Marlon Brando for Best Actor, Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola for Best Adapted Screenplay, Pacino, Caan, and Robert Duvall for Best Supporting Actor, Best Film Editing, Nino Rota for Best Original Score, Coppola for Best Director, and Best Sound. The movie won Best Actor for Brando, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Picture. 

The film got five nominations at the British Academy Film Awards, including Pacino for Most Promising Newcomer, Rota for the BAFTA Award for Best Original Music, Duvall for Best Supporting Actor, and Brando for Best Actor, the film's costume designer Anna Hill Johnstone for Best Costume Design. The film won for Film Music.
Recognition 
The Godfather was chosen to be part of the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 1990. The film is on several lists of the American Film Institute. It is number 3 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, number 11 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, number 5 in AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores and number 1 in AFI's 10 Top 10 Gangster Film. In Sight & Sound director's poll, the film got 6th place in 1992, 2nd place in 2002 and 7th place in 2012. In a 1998 Time Out poll, the film was ranked the best movie ever. In 1999, Entertainment Weekly named the film the best of all time. The National Society of Film Critics voted the film No. 39 out of the top 100 essential movies. Time magazine named the film one of the top 100 films of all time. The film got second place in BBC's 100 Greatest American Films list.

Legacy and influence
Sequels and other movies 
A sequel, The Godfather Part II, was released in 1974 and won another Best Picture Oscar. It was the only sequel to do so until 2003's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. The third movie in The Godfather trilogy, The Godfather Part III, came out in 1990. The critics thought it was not as good as the other two movies.      

Many films about the Italian-American Mafia came after The Godfather trilogy. One notable film is Goodfellas by Martin Scorsese. A study found that over 81 percent of all films about Italian-American mobsters were created after The Godfather. There are about ten films each year on the subject.
The Godfather Effect
In 2012, the book The Godfather Effect showed the influence of The Godfather trilogy. The book was a critical success. The study shows how the films changed views on Italian-American immigrants. It also changed how Americans saw their own national identities.  The movies changed how Hollywood showed Italians. They removed stereotypes about Italian-Americans. The films tried to show the Mafia realistically and from the criminals' perspective. The Godfather trilogy changed the gangster genre. The family is central in the movies. There are no reckless and brutal criminals, but criminals who protect and support the family. The movies were also about the failures of the American Dream. The Godfather opens with the words, "I believe in America". The movie shows the corruption of American business. The films reflected public opinion. People were unhappy with events like the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal. The film also showed the darker side of the American Dream and conflicts between family and business.
In other media 
Other movies and TV shows have referenced or parodied The Godfather. Brando himself played Vito in the parody comedy film The Freshman (1990). In Saturday Night Live, John Belushi played Vito Corleone in a therapy session. The Sopranos referenced quotes from the film. The Simpsons refers several times to the film like the scenes of the beheaded horse and Sonny's murder. Modern Family parodied the baptism scene. The arctic shrew Mr. Big in Zootopia is a parody of Vito Corleone. The 2006 video game The Godfather is based on the movie. The Offer is a TV show with ten episodes. It is based on the development of The Godfather. Francis and The Godfather will be a film about the making of The Godfather. It will star Oscar Isaac as Francis Ford Coppola.

References

Related pages
The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time

Other websites
Other websites 

 The Godfather at IMDb
 The Godfather Quotes 
 The Godfather Screenplay/Script 
 The Godfather at AllMovie 
 The Godfather at Filmsite 
 The Godfather American Film Institute Catalog 
 The Godfather at Rotten Tomatoes 

1969 books
1972 crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
1970s English-language movies
American gangster movies
Italian-language movies
Mafia
Movies based on books
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies set in the 1950s
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola
The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a carnivorous plant (a plant that eats small animals, such as insects). Carnivorous plants grow in soil that has little nitrogen. They get nitrogen from the insects they trap. This nitrogen is used to make intravenous food like proteins and fats.

The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants that can snap shut very quickly. When an insect or spider crawls along the leaves and touches a hair, the trap closes only if a different hair is touched within twenty seconds of the first touch. The two-touch trigger means that little energy is wasted on things that are not food.
Appearance 
The Venus flytrap is a small plant, with small leaves. Its clam-shaped leaves look rather like flowers, and so they attract insects. When they are open, they are red and smell sweet. They have stiff hairs on each edge. Inside the leaves, there are very sensitive, tiny hairs which cause the leaves to snap shut when they are touched. Two hairs must be touched to make the leaves close. This makes it more likely that the thing that touched its hair is living.Then it secretes juices to digest the insect

Nutrition 
The Venus flytrap feeds on insects, such as ants, beetles, woodlice, worms, flies, grasshoppers, and moths.
First it traps the insect inside its leaves, and then lets out a liquid that helps digest the trapped animal. The plant consumes the insect and takes the nitrogen from the insect's body.
The Venus flytrap makes sugar by photosynthesis. The insects give it nutrients which it cannot get from the waterlogged soil. With the nutrients it can build up enzymes and other molecules which need trace elements as well as sugars and amino acids.

House plants 
Venus flytraps were first discovered in North America on the coast of North and South Carolina, where it grows wild near the Cape Fear River. However, people anywhere can grow Venus flytraps in pots. Venus flytraps in pots need water and soil without calcium or nitrogen in it. It is named after the Roman goddess of love, Venus.

References

Other websites
 Information about the Venus flytrap from the Botanical Society of America website
 website with information about the Carnivorous Plants of the world

Caryophyllales
Mimicry
Carnivorous plants
Rapid plant movement
A prime number is a natural number of a particular kind. Any natural number is equal to 1 times itself. If the number is equal to any other natural numbers multiplied, then the number is called a composite number. The smallest composite number is 4, because 2 x 2 = 4. 1 is not a composite number. Every other number is a prime number. The prime numbers are the numbers other than 1 which are not equal to  (except 1 times itself). The smallest prime number is 2. The next prime numbers are 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13. There is no largest prime number. The set of prime numbers is sometimes written as .

The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer can be written as a product of primes in a unique way, though the way the prime numbers occur is a difficult problem for mathematicians. When a number is larger, it is more difficult to know if it is a prime number. One of the answers is the prime number theorem. One of the unsolved problems is Goldbach's conjecture.
One of the most famous mathematicians of the classical era, Euclid, recorded a proof that there is no largest prime number. However many scientists and mathematicians are still searching to find it as part of the  Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search.

How to find small prime numbers 
There is a simple method to find a list of prime numbers. Eratosthenes created it. It has the name Sieve of Eratosthenes. It catches numbers that are not prime (like a sieve), and lets the prime numbers pass through.

The method works with a list of numbers, and a special number called b that changes during the method. As one goes through the method, they circle some numbers in the list and cross out others. Each circled number is prime and each crossed-out number is composite. At the start, all the numbers are plain: not circled and not crossed out.

The method is always the same:
On a sheet of paper, write all the whole numbers from 2 up to the number being tested. Do not write down the number 1. Go to the next step.
 Start with b equal to 2. Go to the next step.
 Circle b in the list. Go to the next step.
 Starting from b, count up b more in the list and cross out that number. Repeat counting up b more numbers and crossing out numbers until the end of the list. Go to the next step.
 (For example: When b is 2, you will circle 2 and cross out 4, 6, 8, and so on. When b is 3, you will circle 3 and cross out 6, 9, 12, and so on. 6 and 12 have already been crossed out. Cross them out again.)
 Increase b by 1. Go to the next step.
 If b has been crossed out, go back to the previous step. If b is a number in the list that has not been crossed out, go to the 3rd step. If b is not in the list, go to the final step.
 (This is the final step.) You are done. All of the prime numbers are circled and all of the composite numbers are crossed out
For example, one could carry out this method on a list of the numbers from 2 to 10. At the end, the numbers 2, 3, 5, and 7 will end up circled. These are prime numbers. The numbers 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 will be crossed out. These are composite numbers.

This method or algorithm takes too long to find very large prime numbers. However, it is less complicated than methods used for very large primes, such as Fermat's primality test (a test to see whether a number is prime or not) and the Miller-Rabin primality test.

What prime numbers are used for 
Prime numbers are very important in mathematics and computer science. Very long numbers are hard to solve. It is difficult to find their prime factors, so most of the time, numbers that are probably prime are used for encryption and secret codes. For example:
Most people have a bank card, where they can get money from their account using an ATM. This card is protected by a secret access code. Since the code needs to be kept secret, it cannot be stored in cleartext on the card. Encryption is used to store the code in a secret way. This encryption uses multiplications, divisions, and finding remainders of large prime numbers. An algorithm called RSA is often used in practice. It uses the Chinese remainder theorem.

 If someone has a digital signature for their email, encryption is used. This makes sure that no one can fake an email from them. Before signing, a hash value of the message is created. This is then combined with a digital signature to produce a signed message. Methods used are more or less the same as in the first case above.
Finding the largest known prime number has, over the years, become a sport of sorts. Testing if a number is prime can be difficult if the number is large. The largest primes known at any time are usually Mersenne primes, because the fastest known test for primality is the Lucas-Lehmer test, which relies on the special form of Mersenne numbers.

Related pages 

 Coprime
 List of prime numbers
 Palindromic prime
 Prime factorization
 Wilson prime

References

Other websites 

 GIMPS, a group that searches for Mersenne primes
An igloo  is a shelter (a place for people to stay warm and dry) made from blocks of snow placed on top of each other, often in the shape of a dome like half of a hollow ball. They were used in winter as temporary shelters by hunters when they were away from their regular homes.

They were most often built in places where a lot of snow covers the land for weeks or months at a time, such as the far north of Canada and Greenland. Most igloos are built by native Inuit people (sometimes called Eskimoes). As they learned to build them better, sometimes people would build larger igloos that would last longer and hold more people, even for dancing.

Accommodations
Dust is fine, solid particles of matter.

Dust may also mean:
Dust (band), a 70s hard rock group
Dust (His Dark Materials), a fictional form of matter in Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials
Dust (novel), by Charles Pellegrino
Dust (comics), a Marvel Comics character 
Dust (1985 movie), based on J. M. Coetzee's In the Heart of the Country
Dust (2001 movie) (Прашина), directed by Milčo Mančevski
Dust (Screaming Trees album)
Dust (Mourning Beloveth album)
Dust (Peter Murphy album)
Dust: A Tale of the Wired West, a PC adventure game

For articles on how the word dust is used as a technical term in physics, astronomy, cosmology, and
environmental science, see:
Dust Bowl
Cosmic dust, on intergalactic clouds
Interstellar clouds, on interstellar dust
Dust solution, a type of exact solution in general relativity
Dust (relativity), idealization of a cold gas
Mineral dust
The Phantom of the Opera () is a French novel by Gaston Leroux. It was published in 1910. An English edition came out a year later.

The book was adapted to a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber in 1986. The musical was made into a movie in 2004.

Movie versions include one starring Lon Chaney in 1925, one from 1943 with Claude Rains, another from 1962 with Herbert Lom, and The Phantom of the Paradise (1974). The story has been adapted to made for television movies several times.
The band iron maiden made a song name the phanTom of the Opera from their self titled album iron maiden.

1910 books
French novels
Fleet is a town in Hampshire, United Kingdom and tends to be a dormitory town serving London and Reading.

Fleet has one shopping center, and a music shop just off the High Street and many small, fun attractions.

There are a number of pubs there with some character, and even two small nightclubs. It has a lot of green, and is good for rambling but there is the danger of a field being an army firing range.

Working in Fleet
Its local business parks seem to be a focus for many CAD companies serving the local military in Fleet, Aldershot, and Farnborough. Notably there are AutoDesk and PTC.

There are also many good schools especially Heatherside Infant and Juniors and Court Moor!
Travelling in Fleet
It has its own train station on the London-Basingstoke line. It also has bus services running to and from local towns, including Reading. The local bus company did go bust a few times, notably at the same time as the major plague of train accidents and strikes in early 2002 - where combined with large snow deposits, made travel in or out of the town impossible or at least very unpleasant. Anyone who lived on the London-Basingstoke line will remember people being crammed into the guard-vans of the train after waiting 90 minutes, or being stuck between stations for what seemed like days.

Towns in Hampshire
Hentai is a Japanese word that literally means "strange appearance", but also means "perverted". Hentai, because of this, is a word used by countries outside of Japan to show porn and sex-related anime, manga and video games. The word is not used to mean this in Japan. In Japan, terms such as ecchi are used.

The word hentai is sometimes used to apply to cartoon characters that are not anime characters. Hentai is the anime version of porn. There is on screen sex, often very graphic and very imaginative. Since hentai is anime, the performers are not bound by physical laws. Makers of hentai often use this in very creative ways. Some of the acts performed in hentai would be physically impossible. Some of the performers are often impossible themselves. Fairies, monsters, and even new and strange creatures are stars of hentai.  Monsters and demons with tentacles are seen so often that “tentacle porn” is its own sub-category of hentai.
Most of the hentai (anime)-films in the late 1990s to the present day are based on Ero-Games, where the only actual goal is to date the girls in the game and have sex with one of them. The games feature various character-types, like a bookworm, a tough girl, a younger girl, and a tomboy. Ero-games can include highly taboo themes, such as coprophilia or dismemberment, pedophilia, and rape. Sometimes slightly less taboo subjects, such as incest. Some examples of these kind of game-to-hentai-anime conversions are Immoral Sisters, Isaku, Pia Carrot, Five Card, Bible Black, Words Worth, Night Shift Nurses, Huniepop, and Milk Junkies.

Famous hentai films include:
 Cream Lemon (1984)
 Urotsukidôji (1987)
 La Blue Girl (1992)
 Night Shift Nurses (2000)
 Bible Black (2001)
 Boku No Pico (2006)

Pornography
Hentai
Rapping is a type of vocals, like singing. It is different to singing because it is more like talking, but timed with rhythm over music. Someone who raps is called a rapper, or sometimes an MC. That stands for Master of Ceremonies.

Rapping can be done over music of many types (or genres), including jazz, house, reggae and many more. One genre of music that includes a lot of rapping is hip hop. What people think of as rapping today, was started by African Americans in New York City, USA, in the 1970s. People would talk over disco music DJs at parties, and this gradually evolved into rapping. But, the start of the art of rapping is even older. Reggae artists in Jamaica used a similar style to rapping from the 1950s. Going back further than that, the West African Griots (travelling musicians and poets) would also rap over tribal drums in the 1400s.

Today rapping is a very popular style of vocals. Many of the best selling artists in the world use it in their music.

References

Vocal music
Snowboarding is a sport that is much like skiing. A person stands on a snowboard and rides down a mountain covered with snow. A snowboard is a flat board with bindings that hold your feet in place while gliding down the mountain. It is different from skiing because both feet are on one board - like surfing.

Some snowboarders like to ride over jumps and do tricks.

Origin 
The snowboard was born in the seventy's through the imagination of several different Americans.

The original idea was born in 1965 through Sherman Poppen. He invented the ‘’snurfer ‘’, which was made of two skis fixed together, as a gift to his daughter. It soon became very popular, so he licensed it to the Brunswick Corporation who sold about a million over the next 10 years.

In the mid-1970s Dimitrije Milovich created a snowboard inspired by the surfing board called the 'Winterstick'. Finally, in 1977 Jake Burton Carpenter helped by Tom Sims and Chuck Barfoot created the first snowboard model, which made them very rich.
During the eighty's, the sport became very popular. In 1982 the first National Snowboard race was held in Vermont at Suicide Six. The number of windsurfering and snowboarding stations grew very fast everywhere there was snow and mountains.

Snowboarding was first recommended to join the Olympic program in 1996 by the Olympic council in Atlanta. Two years later, some competitions like the Big slalom and the Half-pipe took place in The Olympic Nagano games.
Equipment 
Snowboarders must wear hot and good quality clothes against the cold temperature. They wear also some ski goggles to protect their eyes from reflection of the sun on the snow, against the snow and the wind that can be very hurtful. It is essential to have a good view during the ride. The board that they used has to be fitted by squares on all its length that allow snowboarders to practice this sport even if there is not a lot of snow. Also, the snowboard is equipped with binding to provide snowboarders solidity and stability. The security attach have to be firmly tied on the binding and clip on one of your boots adapted to this sport. Wearing a helmet is strongly recommended.
Positions 
There are two possible positions on the board. First of all, there is the regular one. With this position, your right foot is placed in the back. The second one is called goofy where you have to put your left foot in the back. The choice between those two positions is personal to everyone. Contrary to what everybody can thinks, goofys are not necessary left-handed or regulars right-handed. In fact, seventy-five percent of the people are regulars. Because the board make a curve in the front and in the back, it can glide on the two sides. In addition, the board called twin-tips is perfectly symmetric, so it allows windsurfers to glide in switch (when the favorite foot is in the back) or in normal-foot (when the favorite foot is in the front).

References 

Winter Olympic sports
Winter sports
Board sports
Aquamarine is a gemstone, named for its blue-green color, which looks like some shallow seas. It is a type of beryl. The color aquamarine is named for the gemstone. It is considered as a birthstone of March.

Other websites

Gemstones
Birthstones
Trinitrotoluene (Abbreviated TNT) (/ˌtraɪˌnaɪtroʊˈtɒljuiːn/) more specifically 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, is a powerful nitroaromatic explosive, occasionally used as a reagent in chemical synthesis.

History 
TNT was first made in 1863 by Julius Wilbrand and originally used as a yellow dye. It was not recognized as an explosive for 28 years, until the chemist Carl Häussermann discovered it's explosive properties in 1891.

The German military started filling artillery shells with TNT 1902. TNT-filled shells would explode after they had broken through the armour of ships, whereas the British Lyddite (Picric acid)-filled shells exploded when they hit the armour, wasting energy outside the ship. The British started replacing Pciric acid with TNT in 1907.

Uses 
TNT is one of the world's most commonly used explosives, in the military, mining, and industrial operations.

TNT is often blended with other explosives to get desired properties.

References 

Explosives
Organonitrogen compounds
Spores are the way fungi and some non-seed plants (ferns and mosses) reproduce. They are also made by bacteria for long-term survival. Some protozoa also make long-term survival spores.

The spores of seed plants are single cells that grow into a pollen grain or the gametophyte inside the ovule. The structure of seeds in higher plants is more complicated than spores. The main 'innovation' of seeds is their nutrition for the developing embryo, which spores do not have.

Fungal spores 
Fungi (for example, mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have inside them the genetic material to make a whole new organism identical to its parent.

Conidia are asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus; they are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. They are haploid cells genetically identical to the haploid parent, can develop into a new organism if conditions are favorable, and serve in dispersal.
Asexual reproduction in Ascomycetes (the Phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive of a specific species and can therefore be used in identification of the species.

Germination
Sporangia

Bacterial spores 
Bacterial spores are extremely resistant. Spores of tetanus and anthrax, for example, can survive in the soil for many years. The origin of these spores was discovered in the 19th century, when a biologist noticed, under the microscope, a small, round, bright body inside bacterial cells. This survived even when the bacteria were boiled for five minutes. This killed the bacteria, but not the spores. They germinated when conditions were right.p186

Plant spores
Plants have alternation of generations. One of the generations is the sporophyte, which produces spores by meiosis, and the other is the gametophyte with produces gametes.

References
References 

Plant anatomy
Fungi
Bacteria
Biological reproduction
Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon, Oxfordshire. The lead singer and songwriter of the band is Thom Yorke, who also plays guitar and piano. Thom is known for his high voiced singing style. The band is known for their different style of rock music.

The band has five members, and three of them play guitar. In their early years, Radiohead was known for their layered and heavy guitar sound. In later years, the band began using other instruments too, and creating more electronic sounds. The band still performs live and attracts large crowds of fans to sold-out concerts, even though they play many different styles of music.

They have created nine albums so far, the most recent being A Moon Shaped Pool (2016).

History 
Radiohead started in 1985. The members of the band went to school together at Abingdon School, a boys' school in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. The band first called themselves "On a Friday". The band would usually rehearse on Friday in their school's music room.
On A Friday signed a contract with EMI, a large record label, in 1991. They changed their name to "Radiohead". This name came from the song "Radio Head" on the album True Stories by Talking Heads. They released their first EP, called Drill, in May 1992. It was not very popular. Radiohead started work on their first album. It was called Pablo Honey and it was recorded in 1992 in a studio in Oxford. They released their first single, "Creep", late in 1992. They released Pablo Honey in February 1993. Initially, the album was going to be released also in late 1992 but was delayed. The album did not become popular, but "Creep" did, and the band got a lot of fans because of it. At the time, Radiohead's style of music was not very popular, and people said it sounded like Nirvana, but was not as good. They said that other Britpop bands, like Suede, were better. "Creep" was played on the radio at a lot of colleges around the world, however
. When Radiohead went on tour in the United States in early 1993, the music video for "Creep" was being played frequently on MTV.
Radiohead made an EP in 1994. This was called My Iron Lung, and contained the title single, and seven songs known as B-sides (because they were not on a full-length album). The main song, "My Iron Lung", was about the way fans had reacted to their song "Creep". The band was happy the song had been a hit, because otherwise they might not have been able to continue the band. But the band, especially Thom Yorke, were reluctant to be celebrities. They were already disturbed by the workings of the music industry. They felt they had no control over things. "Creep" was popular, so they felt under pressure to make more similar songs. They hated the way "Creep" was the only Radiohead song anyone listened to at their concerts, yet it was all that was keeping them popular and afloat in the record industry. The "iron lung" was a metaphor for such a "life support".
Their second normal album, The Bends, came out in 1995. The album was going to released in late 1994 but was also delayed. The song "My Iron Lung" was on it, along with 11 new ones. The band released four more songs as singles: "Fake Plastic Trees", "High and Dry", "Just" and "Street Spirit [Fade Out]". None of these songs were as popular as "Creep" around the world. Radiohead was now a one-hit wonder to many people in America. Songs from The Bends did not get played on the radio very much there. But the album became very popular in Radiohead's home of the UK. It also got excellent reviews from music critics, unlike the band's first album. Many said it was one of the best rock records in memory. The album was produced by John Leckie, a veteran at EMI's Abbey Road studios. As a young man Leckie had assisted on Pink Floyd albums in the 1970s.
The band's lineup was the same for The Bends. Thom Yorke and Ed O'Brien played rhythm and auxiliary guitar; Thom sang and Ed sang backup. Phil Selway played drums and percussion. Colin Greenwood played bass guitar. Radiohead's lead guitarist was Jonny Greenwood, Colin's younger brother. Jonny was also younger than any of the other members. Jonny was the only member of the band who did not graduate from university. He was also the only member who had attended music school. Jonny had had to leave university after a few months to join Radiohead on a tour when they became popular. But he played in an orchestra when he was young, and he had a knowledge of classical and experimental music and jazz. Thus, Jonny became the band's musical expert. At this stage he already played many instruments, such as keyboard.
Radiohead's style of music had gotten more mature, according to most people, without changing too much. Some others felt their songwriting had improved so much it was no longer unrecognizable. The band used more keyboards and acoustic guitar this time, and made a more subtle atmosphere. But electric guitars were the main instrument used on the record. Some of Radiohead's influences this time were: the post-punk band Magazine, the singer-songwriter Jeff Buckley, Morrissey's (former Smiths singer) Vauxhall & I, and the music of R.E.M. That band had inspired Radiohead from the beginning. Radiohead would get a chance to tour with them in summer 1995, after releasing the album. Lead singer Michael Stipe became a friend and mentor to Thom, and also a public fan of Radiohead. In 1995 he said "they're so good, they're scary".

The band's influences had expanded once more by the time of their next album OK Computer.
With OK Computer (released in 1997), the band started the next section of their career. They started using more sounds from electronic music. They released the album Kid A (released in 2000, was initially going to release sometime in late 1999) which had a lot less use of guitar than on previous albums, but was still called one of their best albums (with some people calling it their best). An album of songs recorded during this time, but that did not appear on Kid A was released, called Amnesiac (released in 2001). In 2003 they released the album Hail To The Thief which was a return to a sound with more guitars and less use of electronic sounds. In 2007 they released In Rainbows. It was first released for free on the band's website, then released properly on January 1, 2008. The album was delayed two times. It was going to be released in late 2005, then it was going to be released sometime in 2006, before finally being released in 2007.
After this, they went on to release The King of Limbs (2011) and A Moon Shaped Pool (2016), which both garnered critical and popular acclaim. Additionally, they released TKOL RMX 1234567 (2011), an album of collaborations with the likes of Four Tet, Jamie XX, and Caribou and an remix of OK Computer named OK Computer OKNOTOK 1997 2017 (2017). Their most recent album is KID A MNESIA (2021), an extended and reworked version of Kid A which is over 2 hours long.

Discography 
 Pablo Honey (1993) (originally going to be 1992)
 The Bends (1995) (originally going to be 1994)
 OK Computer (1997)
 Kid A (2000) (originally going to be 1999)
 Amnesiac (2001)
 Hail to the Thief (2003)
 In Rainbows (2007) (originally going to be 2005 then 2006)
 The King of Limbs (2011) (originally going to be 2009 then 2010)
 (2016) (originally going to be 2014 then 2015)
KID A MNESIA (2021)

Awards

BRIT Awards 
Radiohead has been nominated five times at the BRIT Awards.
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1998 || Radiohead || Best Group || 
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| OK Computer ||  Best Album || 
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| "Paranoid Android" || Best Single || 
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| 1999 || "No Surprises" || Best British Video || 
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| 2001 || Radiohead || Best British Group ||

Grammy Awards 
Radiohead has received three awards from fourteen nominations at the Grammy Awards.
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|rowspan="2"| 1998 ||rowspan="2"| OK Computer || Best Alternative Music Performance || 
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| Album of the Year || 
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| 1999 || Airbag/How Am I Driving? || Best Alternative Music Performance || 
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| 2000 || Meeting People Is Easy || Best Music Video Long Form  || 
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2001 ||rowspan="2"| Kid A || Best Alternative Music Performance || 
|-
| Album of the Year || 
|-
| 2002 || Amnesiac || Best Alternative Music Performance || 
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004 || "There There" || Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group || 
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| Hail to the Thief || Best Alternative Music Performance || 
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2009 ||rowspan="3"| "House of Cards" || Best Rock Song || 
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| Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group || 
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| Best Music Video Short Form || 
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|rowspan="2"| In Rainbows || Album of the Year || 
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| Best Alternative Music Album || 
|-

Ivor Novello Awards 
Radiohead has received one Ivor Novello Award.

|-
| 2008 || In Rainbows || Album Award ||
Mercury Prize 
Radiohead has received four Mercury Prize nominations.

|-
| 1997 || OK Computer || Album of the Year || 
|-
| 2001 || Amnesiac || Album of the Year || 
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| 2003 || Hail to the Thief || Album of the Year || 
|-
| 2008 || In Rainbows || Album of the Year ||

MTV Video Music Awards 
Radiohead has received one award from ten nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards.

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|  || "Just" || Breakthrough Video  || 
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|  || "Paranoid Android" ||  Breakthrough Video  || 
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|rowspan="4"|  ||rowspan="4"| "Karma Police" || Best Group Video || 
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| Best Direction || 
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| Best Cinematography || 
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| Best Alternative Video  || 
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|rowspan="4"|  ||rowspan="4"|  "There There" || Best Art Direction || 
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| Best Special Effects || 
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| Best Editing || 
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| Best Cinematography ||

PLUG Awards 
Radiohead has received one nomination at the PLUG Awards.

|-
| 2008 || In Rainbows || Album of the Year ||

Q Awards 
Radiohead has received two awards from the Q Awards.
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| 2001 || Radiohead || Best Act in the World Today || 
|-
| 2002 || Radiohead || Best Act in the World Today ||

References

Other websites 

 Radiohead.com, official site

1985 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1985
Oxfordshire
Ladino (also called Judeo-Spanish) is a Jewish Romance language that is very close to the Spanish language. It has many old Spanish words and Hebrew words.

History
During the Middle Ages, many Jews lived in Spain. They were called Sephardic Jews or Sephardim (in Hebrew).  Forced to leave Spain after the country was taken over by Christians, they brought the old Spanish with them to their new countries. Some Sephardic Jews still speak Ladino in Israel, Turkey, Bulgaria, the United States, and other countries.

Like many other Jewish languages, Ladino is an endangered language, is in danger of language death. It could become an extinct language. Most native speakers are old because many of them who emigrated to Israel and did not pass on the language to their children or grandchildren. In some Sephardic Jewish communities in Latin America and elsewhere, there is a threat of dialect levelling by the extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish.
Writing
Ladino is usually written by using the Latin alphabet but in Israel, it uses the Hebrew alphabet.

Ladin language
Ladino should not be confused with the Ladin language, which is related to the Swiss Romansh and Friulian languages and is mostly spoken in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region of Northern Italy.

References

Other websites 

 Socolovsky, Jerome. "Lost Language of Ladino Revived in Spain", Morning Edition, National Public Radio, March 19, 2007.

Romance languages
Languages of Europe
Guns N' Roses is a popular American hard rock band. The band was formed in Los Angeles, California, USA. The five original members of the band were Axl Rose (lead vocals), Slash (lead guitar, backing vocals), Izzy Stradlin (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Duff McKagan (bass, backing vocals), and Steven Adler (drums). The band's most known songs are Welcome to the Jungle, Paradise City, Sweet Child O'Mine, Patience, Live and Let Die, November Rain", Knockin' on Heaven's Door, Don't Cry, and Civil War.
In 1985, Guns N' Roses went to Seattle to perform. Tracii Guns and Rob Gardner couldn't attend the show. Axl called guitarist Slash and drummer Steven Adler, who were his friends. He asked them for help. They agreed, and became permanent members. On the way back to Los Angeles, the five members wrote the lyrics for 'Welcome to the Jungle' which became one of their most famous songs. Then in 1990, drummer Steven Adler got fired from the band because of his drug abuse. He was replaced by The Cult drummer Matt Sorum.

In November 1991, Gilby Clarke replaced Izzy on rhythm guitar. Gilby then left the band in October 1994 and was replaced by Axl's childhood friend Paul "Huge" Tobias.

Slash left the band in October 1996.

In April 1997, Matt got fired from the band due to fighting between him and Paul.

In August 1997, Nine Inch Nails' Robin Finck replaced Slash on lead guitar, while Duff also left Guns N' Roses.
In 1998, Josh Freese replaced Matt on drums on March, The Replacements' Tommy Stinson replaced Duff on bass on May, while Chris Pitman joined the band as a second keyboardist alongside Dizzy on October.

Robin left Guns N' Roses to rejoin Nine Inch Nails in August 1999.In 2000, Buckethead and Bryan "Brain" Mantia joined the band on March, with Buckethead replacing Robin, Brain replacing Josh. Robin then rejoined Guns N' Roses on October.

In July 2002, Richard Fortus (who was previously member of Love Spit Love and The Psychedelic Furs) joined Guns N' Roses, replacing Paul. Slash, Duff and Matt were in Velvet Revolver with Stone Temple Pilots frontman Scott Weiland and Wasted Youth guitarist Dave Kushner, until Scott died.
Buckethead left the band in March 2004. Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal then replaced Buckethead in May 2006. In October 2006, Frank Ferrer now joined the band, replacing Brain. In March 2009, Sixx:A.M.'s DJ Ashba joined Guns N' Roses, replacing Robin who returned to Nine Inch Nails. In June 2014, Tommy and Bumblefoot left Guns N' Roses. Bumblefoot now became a member of Art of Anarchy and Sons of Apollo. Ashba left the band in July 2015.

Since parting ways with the Appetite for Destruction lineup, Axl has remained a constant member and many lineups have changed since. The last studio album the band released was Chinese Democracy (2008), which had been delayed for over 10 years, to mixed reactions. In 2016, Slash and Duff rejoined the band, along with the band's first female member, Melissa Reese, who replaced Chris.

Band members

 Current lineup
Current lineup 

 Axl Rose – lead vocals, piano, percussion (1985–present)
 Duff McKagan – bass, backing and occasional lead vocals (1985–1997, 2016–present)
 Slash – lead and occasional rhythm guitars, backing vocals (1985–1996, 2016–present)
 Dizzy Reed – keyboards, piano, percussion, backing vocals (1990–present)
 Richard Fortus – rhythm and occasional lead guitars, backing vocals (2002–present)
 Frank Ferrer – drums, percussion, occasional backing vocals (2006–present)
 Melissa Reese – keyboards, synthesizers, sub-bass, programming, backing vocals (2016–present)
Former
 Tracii Guns – lead guitar, backing vocals (1985)
 Izzy Stradlin – rhythm and occasional lead guitars, backing and occasional lead vocals (1985–1991)
 Ole Beich – bass (1985; died 1991)
 Rob Gardner – drums, backing vocals (1985)
 Steven Adler – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1985–1990)
 Matt Sorum – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1990–1997)
 Gilby Clarke – rhythm and occasional lead guitars, backing vocals (1991–1994)
 Paul "Huge" Tobias – rhythm and occasional lead guitars, backing vocals (1994–2002)
 Robin Finck – lead and rhythm guitars, backing vocals, occasional keyboards (1997–1999, 2000–2008)
 Josh Freese – drums, percussion (1998–2000)
 Tommy Stinson – bass, backing and occasional lead vocals (1998–2014)
 Chris Pitman – keyboards, synthesizers, sub-bass, programming, percussion, backing vocals (1998–2016)
 Buckethead – lead and rhythm guitars (2000–2004)
 Brain – drums, percussion (2000–2006)
Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal – lead and rhythm guitars, backing and occasional lead vocals (2006–2014)
 DJ Ashba – lead and rhythm guitars (2009–2015)