Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Chamorro or CHamoru people are the indigenous people of the Mariana Islands. They are divided between the U.S. territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. The Chamorros also have large populations in several U.S. states, specifically those on the West Coast. The Chamorro are a mainly Austronesian people, but some may also have other ancestries such as Spanish or Japanese.

Language 
The Chamorro language is the native language of the Chamorro people. It contains many loanwords from Spanish because of the Spaniards' colonial history on Guam and the Mariana Islands.

Notable Chamorros
Notable Chamorros 

 Theresa H. Arriola, cultural anthropologist from the Northern Mariana Islands
 Zach Banner (born 1993), American NFL football offensive tackle for the Pittsburgh Steelers
 Manny Crisostomo (born 1958), Chamorro Pulitzer Prize winner
 Joe Duarte (born 1983), mixed martial artist
 Peter Gumataotao, first Chamorro two-star flag officer in the United States military
 Siobhon McManus, teacher & activist
 Susan Pangelinan, Chamorro-American member of the United States Air Force
 Frank Camacho, martial artist
 Jon Tuck, martial artist

Related articles 

 History of Guam
 History of Oceania
 History of the Pacific Islanders
 Native Hawaiians

References 

Northern Mariana Islands
Guam
Ethnic groups in Oceania
Ethnic groups in the United States
Zeek Afridi (Pashto: زيک آفريدى‎; born Zahid Noor Afridi on 1 April 1979 in Peshawar) sang Bibi Shirini and became succsesstul.

Early life and career  
Afridi belongs to the Afridi tribe of Tirah. He was raised and educated in Peshawar. He attended F.G. Boys Public School and Government College Peshawar. After graduating, he obtained a Master's degree from University of Peshawar. He starts singing from his college life, he often won first prize in singing competitions. After completion of his Master's degree in 2001, he released his first album "Bibisherinay" – it was a selection of folk songs in Pashto and later he released Urdu versions of the album. He has also sung an official anthem for the Peshawar Zalmi named "Zalmi Tarana" or "O Da Pekhawar Zalmi.

Awards and nominations  
2017 – Pride of Peshawar – Won

References  

 
Pakistani singers 
Living people 
1979 births
People from Peshawar
Phoner and PhonerLite was an telephone pubilc software has founded in late 1998, after Phoner software has running in Windows 98 Second Edition. It was running platform such like Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 10 running PhonerLite.

In old version of Phoner was discontinued in April 10, 2013, in July 29, 2015. After release Windows 10, Phoner has renamed is PhonerLite.

Development 
Development of Phoner software has pubilc running in 1995 is ''Phoner Beta'' has running for Windows 95 OSR 2, in 1996. Phoner has released new version is 2.55, it was discontinuation on January 20, 1997. In early 1998, Phoner has running in Windows 98 First Edition and Second Edition in 1999. After the old version running Windows 95 has discontinued, replacing the Phoner.
In late 2006, PhonerLite Beta has released for Windows Vista build 5300, later has running Windows 10 in 2015. In 2007, Windows Vista RTM has running PhonerLite and Phoner software. In April 10, 2013, the security software issue for Phoner has discontinued.

In July 29, 2015. Windows 10 pubilc has released PhonerLite, after replacing names PhonerLite Beta was discontinued on July 19, 2015.

Related pages 
 Software
 Windows Live Essentials

Microsoft Windows software
The 2021 South African unrest is a series of ongoing riots and protests in the South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng. It began on 9 July and then spread to Gauteng on the evening of 11 July. 

The riots began as a protest following the arrest and detainment of former President Jacob Zuma. As of 16 July, 117 people have died due to the unrest, and 2,200 have been arrested. As of 17 July, 212 people have died due to the unrest, and 2,300 have been arrested. As of 22 July,  337 people have died due to the unrest, and 2,300 have been arrested.

References

2021 crimes in Africa
2020s murders in Africa
2021 riots
2021 unrest
Arson

July 2021 events
Looting
Mass murder in 2021
Mass murder in Africa
2021 protests

Gauteng
KwaZulu-Natal
Rosa Elena García Echave (born 16 September 1964), better known as Rossy de Palma, is a Spanish actress and model. She is well known for her roles in movies directed by Pedro Almodóvar. She appeared in Law of Desire, Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, Kika, The Flower of My Secret, and Julieta.

References

Other websites

1964 births
Living people
Spanish television actors
Spanish movie actors
Spanish stage actors
Spanish voice actors
Spanish models
The Bogeyman is a mythical creature punishing children for misbehavior.

This creature exists in the cultures of most European countries. Its undefined appearance make him more terrifying.  

In Germany he is known as Schwarze Mann (Black Man). He lives under the children bed, in the night forest and in the wardrobe. In Germany the tag game  Black Man is very popular. A similar game is British Bulldog.

References 

Legendary creatures
Monsters
Uday Chopra (born 5 January 1973) is a Bollywood actor, producer, screenwriter and assistant director. He is the son of the late Yash Chopra and brother of Aditya Chopra. His sister-in-law is the actress Rani Mukerji and his cousins are film director Karan Johar and film producer Vidhu Vinod Chopra. Chopra worked as an assistant director on a number of his father's and brother's films under the Yash Raj Films banner. Chopra is the owner-manager (CEO) of YRF Entertainment and manager of Yash Raj Films along with his mother Pamela Chopra and his brother Aditya Chopra, who owns the company.  

Chopra made his acting debut in the notable 2000 musical romantic drama Mohabbatein and featured in several other notable films including Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai (2002), Dhoom (2004), Dhoom 2 (2006) and Dhoom 3 (2013). In July 2012, Chopra founded his own company, Yomics, which creates comics about famous Yash Raj Films including Hum Tum, Dhoom and Ek Tha Tiger.
Career  
In 1994 Chopra produced Yeh Dillagi starring Akshay Kumar, Kajol and Saif Ali Khan. He made his acting debut in the movie Mohabbatein. Chopra has mostly done films under his father's production house.

He starred in 2004 in the action thriller Dhoom and in its sequels Dhoom 2 and Dhoom 3, released in 2006 and 2013 respectively. Although praised for his performance as Ali in the first instalment, a role he reprised in both the sequels, the sequels were met with mixed reviews.

References

Other websites  

 Uday Chopra at IMDb
 Uday Chopra at Bollywood Hungama

 
Indian actors 
Living people 
1973 births 
Movie directors
People from Bombay
Eve Aline Plumb (born April 29, 1958) is an American actress. She portrayed the middle daughter Jan Brady on the 1969-1974 television series sitcom The Brady Bunch.

Other websites

1958 births
Living people
Actors from Burbank, California
Fryderyk Buchholtz (16 May 1792 Olsztynek (Hohenstein, Prussia) – 15 May 1837 Warsaw) was a Polish piano and organ maker.

Life 
After he finished studying piano making in Vienna in 1815, Buchholtz came back to Warsaw and founded a piano factory at 1352 Mazowiecka street. One of his pianos was owned by Chopin's family. The composer was also a frequent guest of Bucholtz's home art salon and a factory store. Buchholtz died in 1837, but his wife and later their son Julian continued with the business. Only a small number of pianos made by Buchholtz factory survived until XXI century. In 2017 there was made a replica of a Buchholtz piano, which was later used in the first International Chopin Competition on Period Instruments in 2018.

References

Other websites 

 The Fryderyk Chopin Institute. Buchholtz’s instrument store
 Buchholtz's pianos in Polish collections
 Piano – the main attraction of the Polish salon during Maria Szymanowska time

1792 births
1837 deaths

Piano makers
Organ builders
Susan Marie Olsen (born August 14, 1961) is an American actress, singer, voice actress, animal welfare advocate, artist and former radio host. known for portraying the youngest daughter Cindy Brady on the ABC 1969-1974 television series sitcom The Brady Bunch.

Other websites

1961 births
Living people
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American voice actors
Johann Peter Fritz was a Viennese piano maker of the XIX century. He was building instruments for famous composers along with Conrad Graf, Anton Walter and Johann Baptist Streicher.

Fritz started producing pianos in Vienna, but moved his workshop to Graz after 1837. He died in 1834 and was buried in Vienna.(5) After Fritz's death, his son Joseph continued the family business. (5) Fritz's pianos were good quality instruments and they were valued for melodiousness. Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi had one of the Fritz's pianos and used it (Viennese 6 pedal piano) from 1851 to 1871. This piano is displayed in Villa Verdi in the Province of Piacenza in Italy.(3) Some of other Fritz's instruments are presented in The Museum of Musical Instruments in Milan, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and The Finchcocks Charity for Musical Education in Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Salviamo Villa Verdi. Lanciata una campagna di raccolta fondi online (in Italian)
 Johann Fritz Fortepiano. Min-on Concert Association.
 A modern replica of Fritz piano ca. 1812

1834 deaths
Piano makers
People from Vienna
Johann Baptist Streicher (3 January 1796 in Vienna – 28 March 1871 in Vienna) was an Austrian piano builder.

Streicher learned the piano making craft from his parents, Nannette Streicher and Johann Andreas Streicher who were well-known German-Austrian piano makers. He became a partner in the family business in 1823. Composer Johannes Brahms owned one of the Streicher's pianos and was very fond of it. He expressed his admiration in a letter to a German pianist Clara Schumann: "There [on my Streicher] I always know exactly what I write and why I write one way or another”. In 1896 Streicher's son, Emil, sold the family business to the brothers Stingl. Since the end of the XX century the interest in period instruments have been growing, and contemporary piano makers started creating replicas of Streicher's pianos.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Streicher, Familie (in German)
 Clavier Salon Göttingen, Flügel von Johann Baptist Streicher, Wien (in German)
 Johann Baptist Streicher und Sohn Grand Piano (Vienna, 1863), Andrzej Szwalbe Collection, Ostromecko Palace near Bydgoszcz, Poland

1796 births
1871 deaths
Piano makers
People from Vienna
Robert Anthony Rist (born April 4, 1964) is an American movie, television and voice actor. He is known for playing Cousin Oliver in The Brady Bunch and Martin in Grady. Rist is also a prolific voice actor, who most famous voice roles are: Stuffy in Doc McStuffins, Whiz in Kidd Video, Star in Balto, Maroda in Final Fantasy X, Choji Akimichi in Naruto and Michelangelo in the 1990 movie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

Other websites

1964 births
Living people
American voice actors
The Canelos tree frog (Boana appendiculata) is a frog that lives in Brazil, Ecuador, and Colombia.  Scientists have seen it between 14 and 1050 meters above sea level.

The adult male frog is 38.5 to 51.9 mm long from nose to rear end.  The adult female frog is 53.5 to 72.6 mm long.  It has skin the color of coffee on its back.  It has a yellow or orange belly.

This frog lives in forests with different kinds of plants growing in it and streams with fast-moving water.  Because people have seen it in secondary forest and places where humans have cut down trees, scientists think this frog may be able to live even if humans bother it a litte.

References

Frogs of South America
OnePath Network is a non-profit Australian Islamic Dawah-video production studio and media outlet in Sydney, Australia. It was launched in 2014.  It publishes videos, articles, news, and interviews. It produced the short movie Last Chance.

References

2014 establishments
2010s establishments in Australia

Non-profit organizations of Australia
Noren is a traditional Japanese curtain. Noren is hung  in doorways or in windows and on walls. Noren is made of many different materials.

Usage 
Noren are used by service locations as protection from sun, wind and dust.

References 
Textile arts
Japanese culture
Jamia Millia Islamia is a central university located in New Delhi, India. It established at Aligarh, United Provinces (present day Uttar Pradesh, India) during the British Raj in 1920, it moved to its current location in Okhla in 1935. It was given the deemed status by University Grants Commission in 1962. On 26 December 1988, it a central university.

Najma Heptulla served as the 11th Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia on 26 May 2017 and Najma Akhtar served as the 15th Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia in April 2019.

In 2020, Jamia Millia Islamia was ranked first among all central universities in the country in rankings released by Ministry of Education of India.

References

Buildings and structures in New Delhi
1920 establishments in Asia
Colleges and universities in India
Alienware M11x is a laptop made by Alienware. It has a  screen, up to Intel Core i5 or i7 and 8 or 16 gigabytes of RAM.

References

Laptops
Shiney Ahuja (born 15 May 1975) is an Indian film actor, who won the Filmfare Best Male Debut Award for Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi in 2005 and then followed with several hit films like Gangster, Woh Lamhe, Life in a Metro, Bhool Bhulaiyaa, and Welcome Back.

Early life  
Shiney Ahuja was born 15 May 1975 in New Delhi India.

Ahuja studied at St. Xavier's School, Ranchi.

Ahuja attended Hansraj College, Delhi University. Later, he joined the theatre group 'Tag' where he met Barry John. Shortly thereafter, he joined Barry John’s Acting School in Delhi.

Career  
Thereafter, he played the lead role in Mahesh Bhatt's Gangster, a popular commercial movie genre and Woh Lamhe opposite Kangana Ranaut. Other films followed including Life in a Metro, Bhool Bhulaiyaa. Two of his films, Ek Accident with co-star Soha Ali Khan and Har Pal with Preity Zinta are yet to be released.
He was seen in the horror film Ghost (2012), which was a flop at the box office. After three years he came in a cameo appearance in Welcome Back (2015)

In 2015, Shiney was cast in Anees Bazmee's Welcome Back co-starring John Abraham, Shruti Hassan, Anil Kapoor, Nana Patekar, Naseeruddin Shah, Dimple Kapadia and Paresh Rawal.

Other websites  

 Shiney Ahuja at IMDb
 Shiney Ahuja at Bollywood Hungama

References  

Indian movie actors
Living people 
1975 births 
Actors from New Delhi
The St Mark's Basilica (fully Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mark) is one of the most important cathedral of Venice, Italy. It overlooks St. Mark's Square.

This cathedral is a rare example of Byzantine architecture in Western Europe.

History 
Originally this cathedral was to be an extension of the Doge's Palace. It was begun in 829 and ended in 832 as building for the remains of St. Mark that had been brought from Alexandria.

References 

Cathedrals in Italy
Roman Catholic cathedrals
Venice
9th-century buildings and structures‎
Mount Sinai Hospital is one of the oldest, and biggest hospitals in the United States. It was founded in 1852. It is in Manhattan, next to Central Park. The hospital also operates other sites in the State of New York. It has about 7,500 physicians, and about 3,800 beds. Over 16,000 babies are born at the hospital, each year. In 2020, it had the 14th place among the over 5,000 hospitals in the United States. It is a teaching hospital, which offers courses to the future doctors. When it was founded, it was called "The Jewish Hospital".

1850s establishments in New York (state)
1852 establishments in the United States
Hospitals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
The University of Leipzig Medical Center () is one of the oldest university hospitals in Germany. With 1,450 beds and over 6,000 workers (including the medical faculty) in 29 clinics and polyclinics, eight institutes and seven departments, it is the largest hospital in Leipzig, Saxony.

Locations 

Most of the facilities at the University Hospital are located on their own premises southeast of the city center in the Zentrum-Südost district - the Medical Quarter or Clinic Quarter on Liebigstrasse. The boundaries are Johannisallee, Sternwartenstrasse, Nürnberger Strasse and Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse. The clinics can be reached by local public transport operated by LVB and by S-Bahn from the Bayerischer Bahnhof, Ostplatz and Johannisallee stops. Other locations include Semmelweisstrasse and Härtelstrasse.
The medical faculty of the Leipzig University was founded in 1415, a few years after the university itself was founded in 1409. As at all European universities, medical knowledge was initially disseminated in a purely theoretical manner. The first step towards modern, scientifically based medicine was taken in 1704 with the establishment of the first anatomical theater (Theatrum anatomicum) by Johann Christian Schamberg. In 1799 the "Institute for Clinical Education" was founded in the Jakobshospital, where patient examinations, surgical demonstrations and dissection exercises took place for the first time. Johann Christian August Heinroth was appointed to the world's first chair for "psychological therapy" (psychiatry) in 1811. The current main location of the medical faculty in Liebigstrasse was founded in 1871 by Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich and Carl Thiersch as the “St. Jakob Municipal Hospital”. In 1889 the landmark of the medical district was opened with the “Red House”. In the period from approx
. 1880 to the Second World War, medicine experienced its greatest heyday at the University of Leipzig. With researchers like Paul Flechsig, Carl Ludwig and Wilhelm His, Leipzig was one of the world's leading centres of scientific teaching and research. In 1891 Otto Heubner founded the University Children's Clinic. Large parts of the medical district were destroyed during World War II. The first post-war building was opened in 1956 with the Institute for Anatomy; all other institutes were gradually rebuilt. In 1953 the St. Jakob Hospital was transferred to the university. The department for inpatient psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine, founded in 1953, was one of the first in Germany. Almost all clinics and institutes have been built or completely renovated since 1990
. The hospital, which founded the first clinic for cardiovascular surgery in Europe in 1961, no longer has its own cardiac surgery department, as the private heart center in Leipzig in the Probstheida district has been a university clinic since 1994, according to a contract between the State of Saxony and Rhön-Klinikum AG. Up to the opening of the Center for Conservative Medicine in November 2008, around 350 million euros had been invested in the Liebigstrasse location. By around mid-2009, all departments moved from the old ward block to the new clinic buildings.
The hospital building built in 1983 was demolished in 2013, and new buildings will later be built on the area.

Medical treatment 
It is a maximum care hospital. It has 1,350 fully inpatient and 101 part inpatient beds. In 2018, 374,020 outpatients and 56,591 inpatients were treated. The turnover in 2018 was 457 million euros. The hospital has several certified treatment units: the largest stroke unit in Saxony (12 beds), a colon cancer center  and one of the first skin cancer centers in Germany.   The José Carreras Transplant Unit at the Department of Hematology and Internal Oncology is one of the best-known funding beneficiaries of the German José Carreras Leukemia Foundation .
Research 
The main research areas of the University Hospital are neurosciences, endocrinology, immunology, molecular oncology and psychosocial medicine. There are collaborations with a number of local research institutes such as the Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Neurosciences, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, the Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ and Bio City Leipzig.
Blood bank 
In 1962 the district institute for blood donation and transfusion was founded, which in 1991 merged with the university blood donation service to form today's institute for transfusion medicine. The blood bank brand was introduced in 2002 to differentiate the institute from other blood donation services. With currently 92 employees, it has two branches in Grünau and Paunsdorf in addition to the institute's location in the clinic district (center) and an acceptance point in the north (Gohlis Park). There are also around 160 external appointments in the region every year. As the largest university facility for transfusion medicine in Germany, the blood bank collects 55,000 whole blood donations, 12,000 plasma donations and 5,400 platelet donations every year.
Organ donation scandal 
At the beginning of January 2013 it became known that there had been irregularities in the allocation of donor organs in 2010 and 2011 at the hospital. The investigative commission of the German Medical Association and the internal auditing department of the hospital found that the health status of at least 37 of 54 patients had been deliberately shown worse in the context of liver transplants, so that they could be assigned a replacement organ more quickly. In the course of the investigation, the chief physician of transplant surgery and two senior physicians were given leave of absence for the time being.  In July 2015, after the investigation was completed, the Leipzig public prosecutor brought charges against the two senior physicians, as they allegedly manipulated patient files in 2010 and 2011. The preliminary investigation against the clinic's chief physician was discontinued without any conditions; no involvement was proven.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 

Buildings and structures in Leipzig
Hospitals
The Gadsden Purchase was a area of land sold by Mexico to the United States in 1854. It is now part of Arizona and New Mexico, south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande. Its size was . The United States paid Mexico 10,000,000 dollars, which is worth 230,000,000 dollars in 2019 money. This trade was officially called the Treaty of Mesilla.

Background
The Mexican-American War had ended in 1848. The United States won the war. Both countries agreed to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave the United States a very big part of Mexico: the Mexican Cession, an area of more than . In return, the United States paid Mexico 15,000,000 dollars.
Establishment of purchase
A treaty was signed on December 30, 1853. This treaty would have given  to the United States and 15,000,000 dollars to Mexico. Many US Senators did not agree with this: they wanted to buy less land. On April 25, 1854, the US Senate accepted the new, smaller purchase. President Franklin Pierce signed the treaty, and then sent it to President Santa Anna, who signed it on June 8, 1854. Many Mexicans were angry with Santa Anna after he signed the treaty.

References

19th century in Mexico
1850s in the United States
19th-century treaties
History of Arizona
History of New Mexico
Bronson is a 2008 British biographical crime movie directed by Nicolas Winding Refn and starring Tom Hardy, Matt King, James Lance, Kelly Adams, Amanda Burton, Jonathan Phillips, Mark Powley, Hugh Ross.

Other websites
 
 

2008 crime movies
2000s biographical movies
British crime movies
British biographical movies
American crime movies
American biographical movies
Danish biographical movies
Caymanian movies
Movies directed by Nicolas Winding Refn
Autoscopy is a term used for a sensation where a person perceives the environment from a different perspective, from a position "outside" of their own body. The term is derived from Ancient Greek:   (, "self") and  (, "watcher").

Autoscopy has interested people for almost as long as there are records: There are many stories in folklore and which involve autoscopy. This applies both to  ancient and modern societies.  Psychiatrists commonly come in contact with cases of autoscopy. According to neurological research, autoscopic experiences .

Factors 
Usually, the following is true:

 disembodiment: The person feels that their location is "outside the body"
 People see the world from a distanced perspective, from "above". Nevertheless, the focus is still on the person. 
 People also see their body from that perspective (which is called "autoscopy")
Theis made of  the Greek words  ("self") and  ("looking at"). The autoscopic phenomenon is classified in the following six typologies: autoscopic hallucination, he-autoscopy or heautoscopic proper, feeling of a presence, out of body experience, negative and inner forms of autoscopy.

The Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland, have reviewed some of the classical factors of autoscopy. These are sleep, drug abuse, and general anesthesia as well as neurobiology. They have compared them with recent findings on neurological and neurocognitive mechanisms of autoscopy; the reviewed data suggest that autoscopic experiences are due problems with processing information at the temporoparietal junction.
Related disorders 
Heautoscopy is a term used in psychiatry and neurology for the hallucination of "seeing one's own body at a distance". It can occur as a symptom in schizophrenia and epilepsy. Heautoscopy is considered a possible explanation for doppelgänger phenomena.

The term polyopic heautoscopy refers to cases where more than one double is perceived. In 2006, Peter Brugger and his colleagues described the case of a man who experienced five doubles resulting from a tumor in his left temporal lobe.

Another related autoscopy disorder is known as negative autoscopy (or negative heautoscopy). This is a  psychological phenomenonwere  the sufferer does not see their reflection when looking in a mirror. Although the sufferer's image may be seen by others, they claim not to see it.

References

Further reading
Further reading 

 Bhaskaran, R; Kumar, A; Nayar, K. K. (1990). Autoscopy in hemianopic field. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry: 53 1016–1017.
 Blanke, O; Landis, T; Seeck, M. (2004). Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain 127: 243–258.
 Brugger, P. (2002). Reflective mirrors: Perspective-taking in autoscopic phenomena. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 7: 179–194.
 Brugger, P; Regard, M; Landis, T. (1996). Unilaterally felt "presences": the neuropsychiatry of one's invisible doppelgänger. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology 9: 114–122.
 Devinsky, O., Feldmann, E., Burrowes, K; Bromfield, E. (1989). Autoscopic phenomena with seizures. Archives of Neurology 46: 1080–1088.
 Lukianowicz, N. (1958). Autoscopic phenomena. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 80: 199–220.

Other websites 
 Topic and releases – website

Neurology
Mental illnesses
Zion Silvan Shalom (, born 4 August 1958) is an Israeli politician who was a member of the Knesset for Likud between 1992 and 2015. He held a few big Minister positions, such as the Vice Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior. He resigned on 24 December 2015 following allegations of sexual harassment. Later on, the Attorney-General said these claims were false.

References 

1958 births
Living people
Jewish Israeli politicians
Likud politicians
Tel Aviv University alumni
Members of the Knesset
Deputy government ministers of Israel
Markook bread (), also known as khubz ruqaq (), shrak (), khubz rqeeq (), mashrooh (), and saj bread (), is a Middle Eastern type of unleavened flatbread. It is commonly eaten in the Levant and the Arabian peninsula. It is baked on a convex metal griddle (a saj) or in a tannour.

Markook shrek is a type of thin bread. The dough is unleavened and usually made with only flour, water, and salt. After it is rested, it is divided into round portions, flattened and spread across a round cushion until it is thin then flipped onto the saj. It is often folded in bags before it is sold.

It is commonly compared to another Middle Eastern bread known as pita, although it is much larger and thinner. In some Arab countries, such as Yemen, different names are given for the same flatbread, such as khamir, maluj and ṣaluf, depending on the regional dialects.

Etymology
Markook مرقوق comes from the Arabic word raqiq رقيق meaning delicate, and raqiq رقيق also comes from the Verb Raq رق.

Related pages 
 Gözleme
 Naan
 Pita
References

Lebanon
Palestinian culture
Syria
Middle Eastern foods
Jordan
Iraq
Israeli culture
Saudi Arabian culture
Flatbreads
Dom DiMaggio was a Major League Baseball player. He was born on February 12, 1917 and died on May 8, 2009. He was a center fielder. He played his entire career with the Boston Red Sox. He had two brothers, Joe and Vince that also played baseball. He was in the Navy.

American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Tama (多摩市, Tama-shi) is a city in the western part of the Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. 

Cities in Tokyo Metropolis‎
Bear is an unincorporated community in Garland County, Arkansas, United States.

Unincorporated communities in Arkansas
Time of the Gypsies (, Dom za vešanje, literally "Home for Hanging") is a 1988 Serbian fantasy crime drama movie directed by Emir Kusturica and starring Davor Dujmović, Bora Todorović, Ljubica Adžović.

Other websites

 

1988 comedy-drama movies
1988 fantasy movies
1988 crime drama movies
Serbian movies
Macedonian movies
Italian comedy movies
Italian crime movies
Italian drama movies
Italian fantasy movies
British comedy-drama movies
British crime drama movies
British fantasy movies
Movies directed by Emir Kusturica
Movies set in Serbia
Columbia Pictures movies
Wonder Wheel is a 2017 American period drama movie directed by Woody Allen and starring Kate Winslet, Juno Temple, Justin Timberlake, Jim Belushi, Tony Sirico, Debi Mazar, Thomas Guiry. It was distributed by Amazon Studios.

Other websites
 
 

2017 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Woody Allen
Rifkin's Festival is a 2020 American Spanish Italian comedy movie directed by Woody Allen and starring Wallace Shawn, Gina Gershon, Christoph Waltz, Elena Anaya, Louis Garrel, Sergi López, Douglas McGrath, Ken Appledorn, Steve Guttenberg.

Other websites
 

2020 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Spanish comedy movies
Italian comedy movies
Movies directed by Woody Allen
Movies set in Spain
The Matilda effect is a type of bias.  The Matilda effect is when a woman scientist does something but people think a man scientist did it.  Sometimes people do this on purpose, for example when a professor steals a female student's research and puts his own name on the paper.  Sometimes people do this without thinking about it.

History
Suffragist and abolitionist Matilda Joslyn Gage (1826–98) was the first person to write about this effect.  She wrote an essay, "Woman as Inventor." It was first published as a tract in 1870 and in the North American Review in 1883.  The term "Matilda effect" was started in 1993 by science historian Margaret W. Rossiter.
Rossiter wrote about several times the Matilda effect had happened in real life.  Trotula (Trota of Salerno), a 12th-century Italian woman physician, wrote books which, after her death, were rewritten with male authors' names on them.  Nineteenth- and twentieth-century cases of the Matilda effect include those of Nettie Stevens, Lise Meitner, Marietta Blau, Rosalind Franklin, and Jocelyn Bell Burnell.

Comparison
The Matilda effect was compared to the Matthew effect. The Matthew effect is when a famous scientist gets more credit than a less famous scientist even if they both did the same work.
Research 
In 2012, two woman researchers from Radboud University Nijmegen did a study.  They looked at men and women who were being picked to be professors at universities.  They found the people choosing who would become a professor were affected by whether the person they were looking at was a man or a woman. Another study in Italy Italian and another in Spain showed the same thing.
However, some other studies found no difference between the number of times men and woman researchers' papers had been named as sources in other papers.

Swiss researchers found that when people in mass media, for example newscasters, want to put a scientist on their show, they talk to male scientists more than to female scientists.

According to one U.S. study, "although overt gender discrimination generally continues to decline in American society," "women continue to be disadvantaged with respect to the receipt of scientific awards and prizes, particularly for research."
Examples 
Examples of women to whom to the Matilda effect happened:
  Theano of Crotone, (6th century BC) - early philosopher who did work in mathematics, but people thought her husband, father, or teacher had done all the work (depending on the source)  Pythagoras
 Trotula (Trota of Salerno, 12th century) – Italian physician, author of works which, after her death, people said had really been written by men.  Some people were so against women being teachers and healers that they said Trotula had never really lived. At first, people said her husband and son wrote her work, but later, monks confused her name for that of a man. She is not in the "Dictionary of Scientific Biography"
Jeanne Baret (1740–1807) – French botanist, first woman to have traveled all the way around Planet Earth. Partner and collaborator of the botanist Philibert Commerson, she joined the expedition of Louis-Antoine de Bougainville disguised as a man. They collected the first specimens of Bougainvillea plants. Most botanical discoveries have been attributed to  Commerson alone, after whom about a hundred of species have been named. She was immortalized for the first much later with the description of  in 2012.
Nettie Stevens (1861–1912) – Discoverer of how chromosomes make living things male and female.   Her studies of mealworms showed for the first time that a living thing's sex is caused by its chromosomes and not by its environment. Stevens greatly influenced the scientific community's transition to this new idea: chromosomal sex determination. However, Thomas Hunt Morgan, a distinguished geneticist at the time, is generally credited with this discovery. Even though she did a great deal of work in genetics, Stevens' contributions to Morgan's work are often disregarded.
 Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) – Harvard University Discovered that stimuli that were given to a test subject at the same time as other stimuli would be easier for that person or animal to remember. She also found that subjects remembered things better if they saw or otherwise experienced them for a longer time. Georg Elias Müller and Edward B. Titchener used Calkins' research findings for their own work without giving her any credit.
Gerty Cori (1896–1957) – Nobel-laureate biochemist, worked for years as her husband's assistant, even though they were both equally qualified for the job.
 Rosalind Franklin (1920–58) – Now recognized as an important part of the 1953 discovery of DNA structure. Francis Crick and James Watson both won the 1962 Nobel Prize, and they did not tell people how they had used Franklin's research findings to help their own work. In 1968, Watson talked about how important Franklin was in his book The Double Helix).
 Marthe Gautier (born 1925) – She helped discover that Down syndrome is caused by a problem with the 21st chromosome. People used to think Jérôme Lejeune did it alone.
Marian Diamond (born 1926) – Working at the University of California, Berkeley, discovered brain plasticity.  Before that, scientists thought the brain was not plastic. When her 1964 paper was about to be published, she saw that the names of her two secondary teammates, David Krech and Mark Rosenzweig, had been placed before her name, and her name was only there in parentheses.  She protested that she had done the essential work described in the paper, and her name was then put in first place without parentheses.  This problem is in a 2016 documentary film, My Love Affair with the Brain: The Life and Science of Dr. Marian Diamond.
Harriet Zuckerman (born 1937) – Zuckerman was also credited by husband Robert K. Merton as co-author of the concept of the Matthew effect.
Programmers of ENIAC (dedicated 1946) – Several women did large parts of this project: Adele Goldstine, Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman, but most histories of ENIAC have not talked about what they did. Instead, they focus on hardware accomplishments rather than software accomplishments.
Times men scientists had Nobel Prizes when women scientists did not:
 In 1934, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to George Whipple, George Richards Minot, and William P. Murphy. They said their female co-worker, Frieda Robscheit-Robbins should have gotten it with them but didn't because she was a woman. Whipple shared the prize money with her because she was co-author of almost all of Whipple's scientific papers.
In 1944 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was given to Otto Hahn as the sole recipient. Lise Meitner had worked with Hahn and had laid the theoretical foundations for nuclear fission (she coined the term "nuclear fission"). Meitner was not recognized by the Nobel Prize Committee, partly due to her gender and partly due to her persecuted Jewish identity in Nazi Germany. She was affected by the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, which prohibited Jews from holding government-related positions, including in research. Initially, her Austrian citizenship shielded her from persecution, but she fled Germany after Hitler's annexation of Austria in 1938.
 In 1950, Cecil Powell received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and for the resulting discovery of the pion (pi-meson). Marietta Blau did pioneering work in this field. Erwin Schrödinger had nominated her for the prize along with Hertha Wambacher, but both were excluded.
In 1956, two American physicists Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang, predicted the violation of the parity law in weak interactions and suggested a possible experiment to verify it. In 1957, Chien-Shiung Wu performed the necessary experiment in collaboration with National Institute of Standards and Technology and showed the parity violation in the case of beta decay.  The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957 was awarded to the male physicists and Wu was omitted. She received the Wolf Prize in 1987 in recognition for her work.
In 1958, Joshua Lederberg shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George Beadle and Edward Tatum. Microbiologists Joshua Lederberg and his wife Esther Lederberg, along with Beadle and Tatum, developed replica plating, a method of transferring bacterial colonies from one petri dish to another, which is vital to current understanding of antibiotic resistance. However, Esther Lederberg was not recognized for her vital work on this research project; her contribution was paramount to the successful implementation of the theory. Furthermore, she did not receive recognition for her discovery of the lambda phage or for her studies on the F fertility factor that created a foundation for future genetic and bacterial research.
In the late 1960s, Jocelyn Bell Burnell (born 1943) discovered the first radio pulsar.  For this discovery, in 1974 a Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to her supervisor Antony Hewish and to Martin Ryle, citing Hewish and Ryle for their pioneering work in radio-astrophysics.  Jocelyn Burnell was left out.  A Ph.D. student at the time of her discovery, she felt the intellectual effort had been mostly her supervisor's; but her omission from the Nobel Prize was criticized by several prominent astronomers, including Fred Hoyle.  Iosif Shklovsky, recipient of the 1972 Bruce Medal, at the 1970 International Astronomical Union's General Assembly.
Other
Ben Barres (1954–2017), a neurobiologist at Stanford University Medical School.  Barres is a trans man, meaning Barres was raised with a female gender role. He began to live as a man when he was 42 years old.  Barres said people thought his research was better when they thought he was a man than when they thought he was a woman.  Someone even said "His work is much better that his sister's" because they thought "Barbara Barres" was his sister and not his own old name. This is one time when the Matilda effect worked on the same person at different times in that person's life.

Related pages
 History of science
 History of technology
 Logology (science of science)
 Matthew effect
 Sociology of science
 Women in science

References 

Feminism
Prisoner of the Mountains (, Kavkazskiy plennik), also known as Prisoner of the Caucasus, is a 1996 Russian Kazakhstani war drama movie directed by Sergei Bodrov and was based on the 1872 novella by Leo Tolstoy. It stars Oleg Menshikov, Sergei Bodrov Jr., Aleksei Zharkov, Aleksandr Bureev and was distributed by Orion Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1997.

Other websites

1996 drama movies
1990s war movies
Russian drama movies
Kazakhstani movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Sergei Bodrov
Christian Boltanski (6 September 1944 – 14 July 2021) was a French sculptor, photographer, painter, and filmmaker.  He was best known for his photography works and contemporary French Conceptual style. 

His 1989 portrait, Monument to the Lycée Chases hangs at the University of Michigan Museum of Art. He had solo exhibitions at the New Museum (1988), the Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, the La Maison Rouge gallery, The Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme, and many others.

Boltanski died on 14 July 2021 at a Paris hospital from cancer, aged 76.

Gallery

References

1944 births
2021 deaths
French sculptors
French painters
French photographers
French movie directors
French movie producers
Writers from Paris
Artists from Paris
Cancer deaths in France
A galactic halo is a roughly spherical part of a galaxy. It extends beyond the main, visible part. Several components make up the halo:

References 

Astronomy
Cary Joji Fukunaga (born July 10, 1977) is an American filmmaker and television director. He directed the 2011 movie version of Jane Eyre. He also directed the first season of the HBO series True Detective. He became the first director of Asian descent to win the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series. 

He also directed the 2015 war drama Beasts of No Nation.

References

1977 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning directors
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Screenwriters from California
American cinematographers
American television directors
American television producers
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Carolco Pictures was an American independent film production, distribution and financing company, established in 1976 by Mario Kassar and Andrew Vajna. It produced the such hits as among others three first films of franchise Rambo (Rambo: First Blood, Rambo: First Blood II and Rambo III) and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. She suffered huge losses on such spectacular flaps as Showgirls and Cutthroat Island, which led the company to bankruptcy.

References

1976 establishments in the United States
American movie studios
The Seventh Continent () is a 1989 Austrian drama movie directed by Michael Haneke and starring Dieter Berner, Birgit Doll, Leni Tanzer.

Other websites
 
 

1989 drama movies
Austrian drama movies
Movies directed by Michael Haneke
Ariel Henry (born 6 November 1949) is a Haitian politician and neurosurgeon. He is the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Haiti of Haiti since 2021. Henry is also the acting President of Haiti. He was the Minister of Interior and Territorial Communities from 2016 until 2021.

Prime Minister
On July 5, 2021, he was selected as the next Prime Minister by President Jovenel Moïse. Two days later, the president was assassinated. At the time, then-Prime Minister Claude Joseph took control of the government. On 19 July 2021, Joseph announced that he would resign as prime minister to support Henry. Henry was sworn-in as the prime minister on 20 July.

Role in Moïse's assassination
In September 2021, an investigation into Moïse's assassination named Henry as a suspect. He was banned from leaving the country while the investigation is going on. As a result, he fired investigators in the Moïse assassination inquiry. Some prosecutors are seeking murder charges on Henry.

References
References

1949 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Haiti
Presidents of Haiti
Current national leaders
Surgeons
Joseph Lambert (born 5 February 1961) is a Haitian politician. He is the disputed acting president of Haiti. He is disputed with Claude Joseph since 9 July 2021, and the incumbent leader of the remaining Haitian Senate.

His claim to the presidency after the assassination of President Jovenel Moïse is disputed because there is not much constitutional rules to make him president and the fact that only ten elected senators remain in the legislative body.

References

1961 births
Living people
Presidents of Haiti
Factories and things made by machines are all called industry.  Industry refers to the manufacture of raw materials by machine, which are used in the daily life of human beings. There are three types of benefits of factories.  On the one hand, they meet human needs.  The second is the addition of human comfort.  And third, things can be made easily and quickly.  Different industries work together.  Which makes things less expensive to make.  At present, the production of industrial goods is increasing exponentially.
National development 
During the partition, Pakistan got those areas.  Which were more industrially backward.  Hindus were big industrialists and capitalists.  Where factories were not established in Muslim-majority areas.  When all the raw materials were available there at cheap rates.  Yet these areas were kept away from industry.
In East Bengal, the production of Puttsun was 50% of the total world production. However, not a single Puttsun factory was set up there.  On the other hand, in West Bengal, more than a hundred Puttsun factories were operating on the Hugli River Cup.
Cotton was grown in West Punjab.  However, textile mills were established in Mumbai and Ahmedabad, at the time of independence Pakistan there were cotton, sugar and a total of seven cement factories.  Therefore, Pakistan started its industrial development on a weaker basis.
The Pakistani government realized that the country was lagging behind industrially.  Therefore, special efforts were made to establish a strong industrial system.  An industrial policy was announced in 1948, which encouraged the private sector.  In 1972, the government nationalized ten types of factories.  At the time, the government's actions created uncertainty in the private sector.  Capitalists are now reluctant to invest in industry.  The subsequent government made state-controlled factories private in the same way.  In addition, the private sector paved the way for setting up new factories and investing in them.  As investors invest in Pakistan's industrial sectors.
Industries 
Industries in Pakistan are divided into the following categories
 (1) Domestic and small scale industries
 (2) Large industries
 (3) Defense industries

Small home industries 
Small and cottage industries are very important.  Because they provide employment at the local level.  They cost less to set up.  And the administrative structure is also small.  When the focus is on small and cottage industries, human migration from the countryside to the city will be reduced.  There are so many types it's hard to say.  Small and cottage industries have a significant role to play in Pakistan.  Thousands of people work in them.  Which strengthens the country's economy.

There are small and cottage industries in Pakistan