Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
One particular type specimen may have any number of scientific names attached to it. For example the names Fabaceae (family), Faboideae (subfamily), and Faba (genus) all have the same specimen as the type. For any one circumscription, position, and rank of a taxon only one name can be correct (for a genus that includes the type specimens of the names Vicia and Faba, both, the correct name will be Vicia).

A type specimen is only one of several possible kinds of type. For example, the type of the name of a genus of animals is a type species. But the type specimen is the most famous kind of type.

Taxonomy
Gene flow or gene migration is the name for the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another. The most usual cause is the movement of animals or (with plants) the movement of seeds or fruits.

Various barriers to gene flow can occur. The most usual is a geographical barrier of some kind. The beginnings of speciation often depends on the separation of populations which were once interbreeding (panmictic).

Genetics
The List of Sanfrecce Hiroshima players is evolving.  The history of the team is created by its players.

Sanfrecce Hiroshima  is a Japanese professional football club in Hiroshima.

List
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Toshihiro Aoyama
 Kota Hattori
 Shinichiro Kuwada
 Tadanari Lee
 Tomoaki Makino
 Kazuyuki Morisaki
 Kōji Morisaki
 Kohei Morita
 Ryota Moriwaki
 Hirotsugu Nakabayashi
 Koji Nakajima
 Shusaku Nishikawa
 Hisato Satō
 Takashi Shimoda
 Ilian Stoyanov
 Yojiro Takahagi
 Issei Takayanagi
 Kazuyuki Toda
 Satoru Yamagishi
 Masato Yamazaki

Select list of players by position 
GK
Kazuya Maekawa

DF
Dan Calichman
Hayden Foxe
Yūichi Komano
Ryuji Michiki
Yoshiro Moriyama
Marcus Tulio Tanaka as Brazilian.
Michel Pensée
Oleg Pashinin
Tore Pedersen
Tony Popovic
Kenichi Uemura
Hiroshige Yanagimoto

MF
Beto
Steve Corica
Chikara Fujimoto
Ivan Hašek
Yosuke Kashiwagi
Yahiro Kazama
Hajime Moriyasu 
Noh Jung-Yoon
César Sampaio
FW
Graham Arnold
Tomislav Erceg
Tatsuhiko Kubo
Yasuyuki Moriyama
Marcelo
Serhiy Skachenko
Takuya Takagi
John van Loen
Aurelio Vidmar
Toshihiro Yamaguchi

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams

References

Other websites

  Sanfrecce Hiroshima website 
 J.League Club Guide 

Sanfrecce Hiroshima
Nuclear fusion is when two atoms merge to form a new one. This reaction with plasma generates energy. The idea behind a fusion reactor is to build a nuclear power plant that uses this process to produce electricity. Nowadays,  nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce energy. Nuclear fission is not the same as nuclear fusion. 

Nuclear fusion is the same type of process the Sun uses to generate heat. The most powerful nuclear weapons also use fusion.

As of 2012, there are no commercial power plants that use this technology; there are a few academic ones; these include the Joint European Torus, in England. This reactor uses a principle called Tokamak. A tokamak uses magnets that are shaped like a doughnut to squish the atoms together.

References

Nuclear energy
The List of Gamba Osaka players is evolving.  The history of the team is created by its players.

Gamba Osaka is a Japanese professional football club in Osaka.

List
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Cho Jae-Jin
 Yasuhito Endō
 Yosuke Fujigaya
 Takahiro Futagawa
 Yoichi Futori
 Hideo Hashimoto
 Shoki Hirai
 Kenta Hoshihara
 Akira Kaji
 Kohei Kawata
 Atsushi Kimura
 Tomokazu Myojin
 Sota Nakazawa
 Hayato Sasaki
 Lucas Severino
 Takumi Shimohira
 Kazumichi Takagi
 Satoshi Yamaguchi
 Michihiro Yasuda
 Shigeru Yokotani

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams

References

Other websites

 http://www.gamba-osaka.net/en/index.html ; 
  J.League Club Guide 

Gamba Osaka
The First Coast is a region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is in the northern part of the state. The First Coast includes five counties around Jacksonville: Duval, Clay, Nassau and St. Johns. Its name comes from a marketing campaign in the 1980s. It is also called Florida's First Coast.

Geography of Florida
is a Japanese professional football club in Tottori Prefecture.

History
The club was founded in 1983.
1983-1988 Tottori Teachers SC
1989-2006 SC Tottori
2007-present Gainare Tottori

League position
2001 : Football League - 16th
2002 : Football League - 13th
2003 : Football League - 10th
2004 : Football League - 14th
2005 : Football League - 12th
2006 : Football League - 11th
2007 : Football League - 14th
2008 : Football League - 5th
2009 : Football League - 5th
2010 : Football League - 1st
2011 : J2 League - 19th
2012 : J2 League - 20th
2013 : J2 League - 22nd
2014 : J3 League - 4th
2015 : J3 League - 6th
2016 : J3 League - 15th
2017 : J3 League - 17th
2018 : J3 League - 3rd
2019 : J3 League - 7th
2020 : J3 League - 5th

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Gainare Tottori players

References

Other websites

 Gainare Tottori websitge 
  J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Tottori Prefecture
The Matukituki River is found in the Southern Alps of New Zealand's South Island. It flows for 30 kilometres from Mount Aspiring National Park into the southwestern edge of Lake Wanaka.

References 

Rivers of Oceania
Bodies of water of New Zealand
The Buddhist Crisis was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam. The crisis was characterized by a series of discriminating acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of civil resistance mainly led by Buddhist monks.

The crisis was started when the President Ngô Đình Diệm banned the flying of the Buddhist flag. That led to the shooting of nine unarmed civilians who were protesting a ban of the Buddhist flag on May 8 and suicide by burning of Thích Quảng Đức on June 11. The crisis ended when Ngô Đình Diệm was assassinated on November 2, 1963.
A survey said that about 70-90 percent of South Vietnamese people were Buddhist. The President called it biased. A member of the Catholic minority, his government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as in the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions etc. Diem once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that he was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) converted to Catholicism believing that their career prospects depended on it. Many were also refused promotion if they did not convert. Also, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel Viet Cong guerrillas was done so that weapons were only given to Catholics. Some Catholic priests ran private armies, and in some areas forced conversion and looting, shelling and demolition of pagodas
. Some Buddhist villages converted to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diem's regime. The Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions. In 1959, Ngô Đình Diệm dedicated the country to the Virgin Mary. The Vatican flag was usually flown in public services and events while the Buddhist flag was not allowed to be flown in public services and/or events.
Vietnam War
1960s conflicts
1960s in Asia
The News Corporation (or 'News Corp.') was an Australian, and later American, mass media corporation. It was based in New York City, New York. It was the world's second biggest media company in revenue in 2011, and the world's third largest company in entertainment in 2009.

News Corporation was founded in Adelaide in 1979, by Rupert Murdoch. It was incorporated under South Australian commercial law until 2004 when the company moved to the United States. It was re-incorporated under Delaware law after its shareholders approved the move on 12 November 2004. It was a publicly traded company listed on the NASDAQ. Murdoch remained the chairman and chief executive officer of the company until its end in 2013.
Among its major holdings were News Limited, News International (whose properties include The Times, The Sun, and the now-closed News of the World), Dow Jones & Company (which owned The Wall Street Journal), the book publisher HarperCollins, and the Fox Entertainment Group (owners of the 20th Century Fox film studio and the Fox Broadcasting Company).

News Corporation was split into two different companies on 28 June 2013. Both are publicly traded companies: 21st Century Fox consists mainly of television and media assets, while a new News Corp focuses on publishing.

Filmed entertainment
 20th Century Fox
 Fox Searchlight Pictures
 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment
 Blue Sky Studios
 20th Century Fox Español
 20th Century Fox International
 Fox Studios Australia
 Fox Studios LA
 Fox Television Studios
 Shine Group

Television
Television

Broadcast/production assets
 20th Century Fox Television
 20th Television
 Foxtel
 Fox Broadcasting Company
 Fox International Channels
 Fox International Channels Italy
 Fox International Channels Portugal
 Fox Sports Australia
 Fox Telecolombia
 Fox Television Stations
 Fox Television Studios
 Imedi Media Holding
 Latvijas Neatkarīgā Televīzija
 MyNetworkTV
 STAR TV
 TV5 Rīga

Cable assets
 Big Ten Network (49%)
 Fox Business Network
 Fox College Sports
 Fox Movie Channel
 Fox News Channel
 Fox Soccer Channel
 Fox Sports Enterprises
 Fox Sports en Español
 Foxtel (25%) -
 Fox Sports Net
 FUEL TV
 FX Networks
 Fox Reality Channel
 National Geographic Channel (50%)
 National Geographic Channel UK (50%)
 Speed Channel
 SportSouth
 LAPTV (Latin America — co-owned with Paramount Pictures/Viacom, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/MGM Holdings and Universal Studios/NBC Universal)
 Telecine (Brazil — co-owned with Globosat Canais, Paramount Pictures, MGM, Universal Studios and DreamWorks);
Television assets
 BSkyB [United Kingdom] (39.1%)
 Sky Deutschland [Germany] (49.90%)
 SKY Italia [Italy] (100%)
 SKY Network Television [New Zealand] (43.65%)
 Foxtel [Australia] (25%)
 Star TV [India & Greater China] (100%)
 Tata Sky [India] (20%)

Internet
 Fox Interactive Media
 AmericanIdol.com
 AskMen.com
 Fox.com
 Foxsports.com
 GameSpy
 Hulu.com
 IGN
 MyNetworktv.com
 Scout.com
 WhatIfSports
 News Digital Media
 Authonomy via HarperCollins
 MySpace (5%)
Magazines and inserts
All titles sourced from News Limited - NewsSource: Magazines  on 15 October 2010.
 Alpha
 Australian Football Weekly
 Australian Golf Digest
 Australian Good Taste (with Woolworths)
 Australian Parents (with Woolworths)
 Best of the Gold Coast Magazine
 Big League
 Chopper
 Country Style
 delicious. (with the ABC)
 donna hay
 Gardening Australia (with the ABC)
 GQ Australia
 Inside Out
 Lifestyle Pools + outdoor design
 Live to Ride
 MasterChef Magazine
 Modern Boating
 Modern Fishing
 Overlander 4WD
 SmartSource Magazine
 Super Food Ideas
 Tattoo
 Truck & Trailer Australia
 Truckin' Life
 Two Wheels
 Two Wheels Scooter
 Vogue Australia
 Vogue Entertaining + Travel

Newspapers and information services

United Kingdom
News International
The Sun
The Times
Sunday Times
Sun on Sunday

Australia
News Limited

Metropolitan newspapers, magazines and news distribution channels
National
The Australian including weekly insert magazine The Deal and monthly insert magazine (wish)
The Weekend Australian including insert magazine The Weekend Australian Magazine
Australian Associated Press (45%)
www.news.com.au National online news website

New South Wales
The Daily Telegraph
The Sunday Telegraph including insert magazine sundaymagazine
mX (Sydney)

Victoria
Herald Sun
Sunday Herald Sun including insert magazine sundaymagazine
mX (Melbourne)

Queensland
The Courier-Mail including weekly insert magazine QWeekend
The Sunday Mail
Brisbane News

South Australia
The Advertiser including the monthly insert the Adelaide* magazine
Sunday Mail

Western Australia
The Sunday Times

Tasmania
The Mercury
The Sunday Tasmanian

Northern Territory
Northern Territory News
Sunday Territorian

Community suburban newspapers
Sydney
Cumberland/Courier (NSW) newspapers
Blacktown Advocate
Canterbury-Bankstown Express
Central
Central Coast Express Advocate
Fairfield Advance
Hills Shire Times
Hornsby and Upper North Shore Advocate
Inner West Courier
Liverpool Leader
Macarthur Chronicle
Mt Druitt-St Marys Standard
NINETOFIVE
North Shore Times
Northern District Times
NORTHSIDE
Parramatta Advertiser
Penrith Press
Rouse Hill Times
Southern Courier
The Manly Daily
The Mosman Daily
Village Voice Balmain
Wentworth Courier
Melbourne
Leader (Vic) newspapers
Bayside Leader
Berwick/Pakenham Cardinia Leader
Brimbank Leader
Caulfield Glen Eira/Port Philip Leader
Cranbourne Leader
Dandenong/Springvale Dandenong Leader
Diamond Valley Leader
Frankston Standard/Hastings Leader
Free Press Leader
Heidelberg Leader
Hobsons Bay Leader
Hume Leader
Knox Leader
Lilydale & Yarra Valley Leader
Manningham Leader
Maribyrnong Leader www.maribyrnongleader.com.au
Maroondah Leader
Melbourne Leader
Melton/Moorabool Leader
Moonee Valley Leader
Moorabbin Kingston/Moorabbin Glen Eira Leader
Mordialloc Chelsea Leader
Moreland Leader
Mornington Peninsula Leader
Northcote Leader
Preston Leader
Progress Leader
Stonnington Leader
Sunbury/Macedon Ranges Leader
Waverley/Oakleigh Monash Leader
Whitehorse Leader
Whittlesea Leader
Wyndham Leader
Brisbane
Quest (QLD) newspapers
Albert & Logan News (Fri)
Albert & Logan News (Wed)
Caboolture Shire Herald
Caloundra Journal
City News
City North News
City South News
Ipswich News
Logan West Leader
Maroochy Journal
North-West News
Northern Times
Northside Chronicle
Pine Rivers Press/North Lakes Times
Redcliffe and Bayside Herald
South-East Advertiser
South-West News/Springfield News
Southern Star
The Noosa Journal
weekender
Westside News
Wynnum Herald
Weekender Essential Sunshine Coast

Adelaide
Messenger (SA) newspapers
Adelaide Matters
City Messenger
City North Messenger
East Torrens Messenger
Eastern Courier Messenger
Guardian Messenger
Hills & Valley Messenger
Leader Messenger
News Review Messenger
Portside Messenger
Southern Times Messenger
Weekly Times Messenger
Perth
Community (WA) newspapers (50.1%)
Advocate
Canning Times
Comment News
Eastern Reporter
Fremantle-Cockburn Gazette
Guardian Express
Hills-Avon Valley Gazette
Joondalup-Wanneroo Times
Mandurah Coastal / Pinjarra Murray Times
Melville Times
Midland-Kalamunda Reporter
North Coast Times
Southern Gazette
Stirling Times
Weekend-Kwinana Courier
Weekender
Western Suburbs Weekly

Darwin
Sun (NT) newspapers
Darwin Sun
Litchfield Sun
Palmerston Sun

Regional and rural newspapers

New South Wales
Tweed Sun'''
VictoriaEchoGeelong AdvertiserGeelongNEWSThe Weekly TimesQueenslandAyr AdvocateBowen IndependentCairns SunGold Coast BulletinGold Coast SunHerbert River ExpressHome Hill ObserverInnisfail AdvocateNorthern MinerPort Douglas & Mossman GazetteTablelander - AthertonTablelands AdvertiserThe Cairns PostThe Noosa JournalTownsville BulletinTownsville SunweekenderTasmaniaDerwent Valley GazetteTasmanian CountryNorthern TerritoryCentralian AdvocatePapua New GuineaPapua New Guinea Post-CourierUnited StatesNew York PostWall Street JournalCommunity Newspaper GroupThe Brooklyn PaperCourier-Life Publications
TimesLedger NewspapersBronx Times Reporter Inc.
The Corning Leader
International
Dow Jones & CompanyConsumer Media GroupThe Wall Street Journal - the leading US financial newspaper.
Wall Street Journal Europe
Wall Street Journal Asia
Barron's - weekly financial markets magazine.
Marketwatch - Financial news and information website.
Far Eastern Economic Review
Financial NewsEnterprise Media GroupDow Jones Newswires - global, real-time news and information provider.
Factiva - provides business news and information together with content delivery tools and services.
Dow Jones Indexes - stock market indexes and indicators, including the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Dow Jones Financial Information Services — produces databases, electronic media, newsletters, conferences, directories, and other information services on specialised markets and industry sectors.
Betten Financial News — leading Dutch language financial and economic news service.Local Media Group'
Dow Jones Local Media Group (formerly Ottaway Community Newspapers) - 8 daily and 15 weekly regional newspapers.
Strategic Alliances
STOXX (33%) - joint venture with Deutsche Boerse and SWG Group for the development and distribution of Dow Jones STOXX indices.
Vedomosti (33%) - Russia's leading financial newspaper (joint venture with Financial Times and Independent Media).
SmartMoney (50%)
FiLife.com (50%)

Books
 HarperCollins
 HarperCollins India (40%) joint venture with India Today Group
 Zondervan Publishing
 Youth Specialties — organisation helping youth workers worldwide through training seminars and conventions, resources and the internet.
 Inspirio — religious gift production.
 Kappa Books
 Modern Publishing
 Unisystems Inc.

Miscellaneous
 National Rugby League
 Fox Music
 Jamba! - Mobile Entertainment/Mobile Handsets Personalisation/Games.
 Maximedia Israel (67%)
 Mosgorreklama (50%) - Russia sign and marketing material manufacturer
 NDS Group (49%) - DRM and conditional access company.
 Wireless Generation - Software for Education
Dormant or shuttered News Corporation businesses
The following companies are subsidiaries of News Corporation that either are no longer active or have been absorbed into another part of the company.
 Four Star Entertainment (1952–1989)
 Fox Kids (1990–2002)
 Gillett Communications (1979–1991)
 Gold Key Entertainment (1969–1984)
 New World Entertainment (1970–1997)
 News of the World (1843–2011)
 SCI Television (1991–1993)
 Storer Communications (1927–1983)

References

Other websites
 News Corp website 

 
 
1979 establishments in the United States
2013 disestablishments in the United States
is a city in the Aizu region of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

Education

Universities and colleges
University of Aizu 
Junior Collage of Aizu

Sister cities

Japanese sister cities
 Mutsu, Aomori (Since September 23, 1984)
 Naruto, Tokushima (Since October 30, 1999)
 Ina, Nagano (Since September 24, 2000)
 Yokosuka, Kanagawa (Since April 17, 2005)

International sister cities
 Jingzhou (Since June 15, 1991)
 Saipan (Since September 22, 2006)

References

Other websites

 Aizuwakamatsu official website  
 Aizuwakamatsu official website 

Cities in Fukushima Prefecture
Concorde was a passenger airplane that flew faster than the speed of sound. It was made by the French company Aérospatiale and the British company British Aircraft Corporation. Concorde carried passengers from 1976 to 2003. Twenty aircraft were built.

Concorde flew across the Atlantic Ocean in a little less than 3.5 hours. Other airplanes take about eight hours.

When Concorde was being developed, orders from airlines to buy the plane were high. At the time, passenger planes that flew faster than the speed of sound were considered to be a big technological leap.
Some people did not like the sonic booms caused by Concorde flying faster than the speed of sound. They also complained of the noise Concorde made when taking off and landing. It was twice as loud as conventional passenger jets. Concorde was not allowed to fly over certain countries because of this. There were also concerns that having many Concordes in the air at once could damage the ozone layer. The price of fuel increased many times in the 1970s, but the Concorde also consumed much more fuel than a conventional passenger jet.

Many airlines later thought Concorde was too expensive for the cost and were no longer interested in the plane. They cancelled their orders. Another supersonic airliner, the Boeing 2707 was cancelled for similar reasons.
The first scheduled flights were on 21 January 1976. Concorde flew between several different cities in Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. Concorde initially did not make a profit because of the high costs to run the plane. From the 1980s onwards, ticket prices became much higher. Concorde was mainly used by rich people who could pay the high ticket price.

The high running costs, the crash of Air France Flight 4590 in 2000 and the September 11 attacks caused Concorde to be retired in 2003.

Concorde is considered to be an engineering marvel and a symbol of pride for Britain and France.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 British Airways Concorde page
 Braniff Airways Concorde page 
 Design Museum (UK) Concorde page
 Concorde Experience at the National Museum of Flight, Scotland
 Pathé film of 002's maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1967 

British aircraft
French aircraft
is a city in northern Fukushima, Japan.

There were nine towns in Date District, Fukushima. On January 1, 2006, five towns in Date District joined together and became the city of Date. These five towns were Hobara, Yanagawa, Date, Ryōzen, and Tsukidate. Hobara was in the center.

The Date family
The Date clan was a powerful group during the Edo period. They controlled Miyagi and southern Iwate. After the Edo period, in the Meiji period, many samurai lost their land during the Meiji Restoration. The Date clan also lost their land. Part of the family went to Hokkaidõ. They started another city, Date, Hokkaidõ. The family name of Date clan came from Fukushima.

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Date is about 60 km north-west of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Date is outside the area people are not allowed to live. However, radiation in the city made people, especially schoolchildren, stay indoors more.

References

Other websites

Date official website  

Cities in Fukushima Prefecture
Canyoneering or canyoning is a dangerous sport. A person who goes canyoneering is a canyoneer. A canyoneer is a person who walks, swims, or rappels (climbs down ropes) into canyons. Sometimes these canyons are very deep and very narrow. Canyons that are very narrow are called "slot canyons".

Dangers 
Canyoneering can be dangerous. Sometimes canyons flood (fill with water) when it rains. Accidents can also happen when a canyoneer is climbing down ropes. The rope can break or the canyoneer can slip. Sometimes canyons are too narrow to walk through, so you have to go back. Also, sometimes the water in canyons is so cold you can get sick. Many people have died in canyons.

Sports
Canyons
Logan Wade Lerman (born January 19, 1992) is an American actor. He played Percy Jackson in the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, directed by Chris Columbus. He also played "Charlie" in a movie of the book Perks of Being a Wallflower. Lerman's other movie roles include Hoot (2006), 3:10 to Yuma, a western (2007), Gamer (2009), and The Three Musketeers (2011), as d'Artagnan. He starred on the series Jack & Bobby (2004 to 2005).

Lerman was born in Beverly Hills, California. His parents are both Jewish. He has two siblings, both older, and is a self-described "film geek". He would like to direct and write films in the future.

Other websites 
 

1992 births
Living people
Actors from Beverly Hills, California
American movie actors
William Ernest Powell Giles (7 July 1835 – 13 November 1897), best known as Ernest Giles, was an Australian explorer. He led three long expeditions in central Australia.

Early life 
Giles was born in Bristol, England. He moved to Adelaide, South Australia when he was 15. He was one of the first Europeans to explore the empty desert of central Australia during the 1870s. Giles was the first European to explore Lake Amadeus and The Olgas. He named them after Amadeus, King of Spain Olga, Queen of Wurttemberg.

Career 
He has written works about his journeys. In 1880, he published The Journal of a Forgotten Expedition, an account of his third expedition. In 1889, he wrote Australia Twice Traversed: The Romance of Exploration, the story of his five main expeditions. Giles died of pneumonia on 13 November 1897. Mount Giles, the third highest mountain in the Northern Territory was named after him.

References
References

Other websites
 Australia Twice Traversed: The Romance of Exploration  at eBooks @ Adelaide 
 
 William Ernest Powell Giles at Flinders Ranges Research

1835 births
1897 deaths
English explorers
People from Bristol
Deaths from pneumonia
William Christie Gosse (1842–12 August 1881) was an explorer. He was born in Hertfordshire, England. He moved to Adelaide, Australia with his father in 1850. Gosse was one of the first Europeans to explore central Australia. He spotted Uluru on 19 July 1873 and named it Ayers Rock after Sir Henry Ayers, the Chief Secretary of South Australia. Gosse was not the only explorer in the region at the time. Due to the construction of the Overland telegraph Line, the area was opened up to exploring, and Ernest Giles was also looking for a path to the West. Giles failed on his first attempt and Gosse succeeded by following Giles original track. 

Gosse died of a heart attack on 12 August 1881, aged 38, after being sick for a long time.

References

1842 births
1881 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English explorers
People from Hertfordshire
German wines are those produced in Germany, one of the oldest wine producing region, and are considered to be among the best wines in the world. Wine is a popular beverage in Germany. Depending on the vintage, Germany is the world's eight largest producer of wine. Grapes are grown only in the sout-western parts of Germany in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse an Baden-Württemberg, with more than 102,000 hectares vineyards under cultivation. 

German food
Rhineland-Palatinate
Hesse
Baden-Württemberg
Adolphe Charles Adam (24 July 1803 – 3 May 1856) was a French composer and music critic. He composed many operas and ballets. He is best known today for his ballets Giselle (1841) and Le corsaire (1856, his last work), and his operas Le postillon de Lonjumeau (1836), Le toréador (1849), and Si j'étais roi (1852, often regarded as his finest work). He also composed the popular Christmas carol "Minuit, chrétiens!" ("O Holy Night") (1847). Adam was also a  teacher. Léo Delibes was among his pupils.

References 

1803 births
1856 deaths
19th-century French composers‎
Writers from Paris
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
Sir Henry Ayers GCMG (1 May 1821 – 11 June 1897) was the Premier of South Australia five times between 1863 and 1873. 

Ayers was born at Portsea, Hampshire, England. He moved to Australia in 1840 with his wife, Elizabeth. He worked in the mining industry. His copper mine became very important to the economy of South Australia. Ayers later went into politics. He was elected to the South Australian parliament on 9 March 1857. He stayed a member for more than 36 years. Ayers first became premier on 15 July 1863.

Ernest Giles, an explorer, named Ayers Rock after him in 1872. In the same year,  Ayers was knighted KCMG and raised to GCMG in 1894. He died in Adelaide on 11 June 1897.

References

Other website
SA Parliament - Ayers 
Daguerreotype of Sir Henry Ayers, c.1848, State Library of South Australia

1821 births
1897 deaths
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Portsmouth
Premiers of South Australia
By the end of the 19th century, there were only less than 100.000 Aboriginal people. Since the arrival of the settlers, the native population died from new diseases, alcohol and poverty, as their native land was taken away from them. They had to move to places where they could not live in their traditional way. Most of their languages died out. Until the 1960s, children were taken away from their families and forced to live in children's homes („Stolen Generation“). The idea was to make them „good“ Australians by educating them „properly“.

References

Other websites
 Bush tucker , from Travel Northern Territory
 Australian Bushfoods magazine

Indigenous Australian culture
Australian food
Station is the term for a big agricultural property (owned land) that is used for raising livestock. The word is used in Australian and New Zealand English. The owner of a station is called a grazier. They are also sometimes called pastoralists. Its workers are called stockmen. The stations may be called sheep stations or cattle stations, depending on what type of animal it raises.

Related pages
Ranch

References

Agriculture in Australia
Australian culture
Farms
Mikhail Fokine ( – 22 August 1942) was a Russian choreographer and dancer. He was born in St Petersburg, the son of a prosperous middle-class merchant. At the age of nine, he was accepted into the St Petersburg Imperial Ballet School. In 1898, on his 18th birthday, he debuted on the stage of the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in Paquita, with the Imperial Russian Ballet. In 1902, he became a teacher with the ballet school.
Fokine hoped to go beyond the older ballet traditions. To him virtuoso ballet techniques were not an end in themselves, but a means of expression. He believed that many of the ballets of his time used costuming and mime which did not reflect the themes of the ballets. Therefore, he tried to strip ballets of their artificial miming and outdated costumes. In addition, as a choreographer, he started a reform that took ballerinas out of their pointe shoes. Also, he experimented with a freer use of the arms and torso. He presented his reformist ideas to the management of the Imperial theatre, but did not get their support. Some of his early works include the ballet Acis and Galatea (1905) and The Dying Swan (1907), which was a solo dance for Anna Pavlova, choreographed to the music of Saint-Saëns' Le Cygne.
In 1909, Sergei Diaghilev invited Fokine to become the choreographer of his Ballets Russes in Paris. Fokine broke off the collaboration in 1912, jealous of Diaghilev's close relationship with Vaslav Nijinsky. He moved to Sweden in 1918 and later established his home in New York City, where he founded a ballet school and continued to appear with his wife, Vera Fokina. He became a United States citizen in 1932. Fokine died in New York on 22 August 1942.

Fokine staged more than 70 ballets in Europe and the United States. His best known works were Chopiniana (later revised as Les Sylphides), Le Carnaval and Le Pavillon d'Armide. Among his works for the Ballets Russes were The Firebird, Petrushka, Le Spectre de la Rose and Daphnis et Chloé. Also, for the Ballets Russes, he created a ballet out of Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade. His pieces are still performed by the leading ballet troupes of the world.

References
References

 Beaumont C.W. Michel Fokine and his ballets. 
 Sunday NY Times, Jack Anderson (dance critic), September 7th, 1980

Other websites 
 Fokine, Michel, 1880-1942. Papers: Guide. in the Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library 
 Fokine, Michel (1880 - 1942) at Australia Dancing 
 The Fokine Estate archive
 

1880 births
1942 deaths
Russian choreographers
Ballets Russes
Lasseter's Reef was a legendary rich gold deposit that was said to be in remote central Australia. A prospector, Harold Bell Lasseter, claimed to have discovered the site in 1897. But Lasseter forgot the exact location of it. He died when he went back into the desert to look for it again. The gold's location remains a mystery—nobody even knows whether it really exists.

Lasseter told the story in 1929. He said that he had found the gold near the border of the Northern Territory and Western Australia. This area at the time was uncharted (no maps had been made of it). When he came out of the desert, he spent the next thirty years trying to get people to fund an expedition to go back and look for it. But people ignored him because people were already making fortune from the gold rush at Kalgoorlie in Western Australia. Nobody wanted to risk going into unchartered desert.
Now alone, Lasseter continued in the desert, but eventually became exhausted and dehydrated. He died from exhaustion and malnutrition in early 1931. He was on his way to Uluru or Kata Tjuta. His body was found in March 1931 by a bushman. The story of Lasseter's expedition is known from the stories of his travelling group. The later part of the story is known from Lasseter's diary, which was found on his body. No maps showing the location of the fabled gold reef were ever found. The tale of the reef has become legend. It is probably the most famous "lost mine" legend in Australia.

References 
 Account of the possible rediscovery of the reef 
 Reef Rediscovery & Planned Mining 

Australian folklore
History of Australia
An altar lamp, or sanctuary lamp, is the flame kept near the altar in a church or synagogue. The flame is always kept alive, so is commonly called an "eternal flame". It represents that God is always there with the people.

References 

Christian symbols
Judaism
Le Spectre de la rose () is a short French ballet. It is about a young girl who dreams of dancing with the spirit of a souvenir rose from her first ball. Jean-Louis Vaudoyer wrote the ballet story. He based it on a verse by Théophile Gautier.  

The dances were designed by Michel Fokine. The music is Hector Berlioz's 1841 orchestration of Carl Maria von Weber's piano music Aufforderung zum Tanz (). Léon Bakst designed the original sets and costumes. 

The ballet was first presented in Monte Carlo on 19 April 1911. Nijinsky danced The Rose and Tamara Karsavina danced The Young Girl. It was a great success. Spectre became internationally famous for the leap (jump) Nijinsky made through a window at the ballet's end.
Origin 
In 1911, Ballet Russes producer Sergei Diaghilev hoped to present Nijinsky's ballet L'Après-midi d'un faune (). It was not ready for the stage, so he needed another ballet to take its place. That ballet was the idea of writer Jean-Louis Vaudoyer. In 1910, he had sent an idea for a ballet to Ballets Russes set and costume designer Léon Bakst. His idea was based on Le Spectre de la rose, a verse by Théophile Gautier, and Aufforderung zum Tanz, a work for piano by Carl Maria von Weber. Diaghilev liked Vaudoyer's idea. He thought it could easily take the place of Faune. He put Vaudoyer's idea into development at once. Diaghilev liked the idea of a ballet based on Gautier's Spectre because it could be tied to the centennial of Gautier's birth.
Music 
In 1819, Carl Maria von Weber wrote a work for piano called Aufforderung zum Tanz. He also wrote a program for this work about a young man and woman who meet, dance, and part at a ball. The quiet music at the opening of Aufforderung leads to some beautiful (and busy) waltz tunes before the work ends with the opening music.  In 1841, Hector Berlioz orchestrated Aufforderung. This version of the music was used for a short ballet in Weber's opera Der Freischütz at the Paris Opéra. It was the Berlioz version that was used for the ballet Le Spectre de la rose.

Dance 
Michel Fokine completed the dance in three or four rehearsals. He later wrote that the ballet was almost an improvisation. Grace Robert writes in The Borzoi Book of Ballets that Spectre is a pas de deux, but not the sort of pas de deux that looks back to complex 19th-century technique and virtuosity. Instead, it is a forward-looking, modern dance of continuous movement and expressiveness.
Fokine dropped the port de bras (position of the arms) of classical ballet in designing the dances for Nijinsky. He used instead curving, tendril-like movements of the arms and fingers. Nijinsky became an androgynous character in this ballet, one showing masculine power in his legs and a feminine delicacy in his arms. Some of his gestures, Ostwalt writes in Nijinsky: A Leap into Madness, "lent a feminine aura (an invisible force)" to the character.

Nijinsky's costume
Nijinsky's leap 
The ballet became famous for Nijinsky's leap through one of the two large windows at the back of the stage. The height of the leap was an illusion though. Nijinsky took five running steps from the middle of the stage and leapt through the window on the sixth step. The skirting board (base board) under the window was very low, giving the illusion that the leap was higher than it was. Behind the set, four men caught Nijinsky in the air and put warm towels on him. No one saw Nijinsky land. It looked like he would fly on for all time. The illusion was helped by the conductor in the orchestra pit who held the next to the last chord. In doing so, the leap was given a sense of great length and height.
Story of the ballet 
The curtain rises on a girl's bedroom. The Young Girl comes into the room dressed in a white bonnet and ball gown. She has come home from her first ball. She holds a rose as a souvenir of the evening. She drops into a chair and falls asleep. The rose falls from her fingers to the floor. The Spirit of the Rose is seen at the window. He steps to the floor and nears The Young Girl. Still asleep, she rises and dances with him. He leads her back to the chair, kisses her, then leaps through the window and into the night. The Young Girl awakes and rises. She picks up the rose she dropped and kisses it. The curtain falls.

First night and what people thought
Spectre was first presented on 19 April 1911 by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in the Théâtre de Monte Carlo, Monte Carlo. Tamara Karsavina danced The Young Girl and Nijinsky danced The Rose. Grace Robert writes that Spectre was an "immediate success". Diaghilev was surprised; he thought Spectre a trifle not worth notice, but the little ballet became one of the most loved productions of the Ballets Russes.

After Nijinsky 
Many dancers attempted to match Nijinsky as The Rose, but failed. After all, the ballet had been designed for Nijinsky's very special talents.  The Young Girl has been called "the forgotten woman of ballet", and, as time passed, the part became routine. By the middle of the 20th century, Spectre had become nothing but a stunt ballet: people paid only to see the leap through the window.
Spectre was one of the first ballets Rudolph Nureyev danced in the West after leaving Russia. This was for German television in 1961. He first danced The Rose on stage (24 times) in New York City for the Joffrey Ballet's Diaghilev program in 1979. Spectre was the last ballet Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn danced together. That was in June 1979, when the ballerina was 60. He danced The Rose in Paris in 1981 and 1982, and last danced the part in August 1987 at the London Coliseum with the Nancy Ballet.

The ballet was first seen in Australia in 1936 when it was part of the Monte Carlo Russian Ballet program. In 1962, Margot Fonteyn danced The Young Girl as part of her 1962 tour of Australia. In 2006, The Australian Ballet presented the ballet as one of three showing the work of Fokine.

Notes

References 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 

Ballets choreographed by Michel Fokine
Ballets Russes productions
Ballets starring Nijinsky
is a Japanese professional football club in Machida in the Tokyo region.

History
The club was founded in 1989.

In 2010, Machida Zelvia formed a partnership with Major League Soccer's D.C. United.  This was the first partnership between a Japanese football club and American soccer club.

In 2012, the club was promoted to the J.League in its second division.

1989-1996 FC Machida Top
1997-present FC Machida Zelvia

League position
2009 : Football League - 6th
2010 : Football League - 3rd
2011 : Football League - 3rd
2012 : J2 League - 22nd
2013 : Football League - 4th
2014 : J3 League - 3rd
2015 : J3 League - 2nd
2016 : J2 League - 7th
2017 : J2 League - 16th
2018 : J2 League - 4th
2019 : J2 League - 18th
2020 : J2 League - 19th

Managers
 Minoru Moriya, 2002-2007
 Tetsuya Totsuka, 2008-2009
 Naoki Soma, 2010
 Ranko Popović, 2011
 Osvaldo Ardiles, 2012-

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of FC Machida Zelvia players

References

Other websites
Other websites

 http://www.zelvia.jp/ 
  J.League Club Guide 

Mac
1977 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in Japan
Dunscaith Castle (also called Dun Scaich, Dun Sgathaich Castle or Tokavaig) is a ruined castle on the Isle of Skye in Scotland. The castle is the legendary home of Queen Scáthach in Scottish mythology.

Castles in Scotland
Ruins
Buildings and structures in Highland
Inner and Outer Hebrides
This is about the Korean athlete born in 1981.  For the Japanese athlete born in 1974, see Pak Yong-Ho.

Park Yong-Ho (born March 25, 1981) is a South Korean  association football player. He was part of the South Korean team in 2004 Summer Olympics.

References

Other websites
 FIFA, Park Yong-Ho 
 NationalFootballTeams.com, Park Yong-Ho

1981 births
Living people
South Korean footballers
South Korean Olympians
People from Incheon
Willem Dafoe (born William James Dafoe, July 22, 1955) is an American actor. He was born in Appleton, Wisconsin. He played major roles in To Live and Die in L.A., Platoon, The Last Temptation of Christ, Mississippi Burning, Body of Evidence, Clear and Present Danger, Speed 2: Cruise Control, The Boondock Saints, Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man, Spider-Man: No Way Home and The Clearing. He  was also in the  2017 movie Justice League and 2018 movie Aquaman as Nuidis Vulko.

Other websites 

People from Appleton, Wisconsin
Actors from Wisconsin
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
1955 births
Living people
Les Sylphides () is a ballet choreographed by Michel Fokine to the music of Frederic Chopin. The music was orchestrated by Stravinsky among others. The scenery and costumes were designed by Alexandre Benois. 

The ballet was first performed by the Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 2 June 1909. It starred Nijinsky, Tamara Karsavina, Anna Pavlova, and Maria Baldina. The ballet is non-narrative. It does not tell a story. It is a series of dances meant to evoke the atmosphere and ambiance of a romantic ballet.

Les Sylphides was developed from a Fokine ballet called Chopiniana. This ballet was performed in St Petersburg on 21 March 1908. It was a series of imagined scenes from Chopin's life that included a Polish wedding and a ballroom polonaise. It was revised. All characters and any suggestion of a plot were dropped to create instead an evocation of the romantic ballet.
The revised ballet (still called Chopiniana) was performed in St Petersburg on 6 April 1908. This second version was costumed in the long white ballet tutu made famous by Marie Taglioni in La Sylphide.  Chopiniana was renamed Les Sylphides when it was presented in Paris.

Les Sylphides generally includes the following musical numbers:
 Polonaise in A major, Op. 40, No. 1 ("Military", the Prelude in A major, Op. 28, No. 7 is sometimes substituted)
 Nocturne in A flat major, Op. 32, No. 2
 Waltz in G flat major, Op. 70, No. 1
 Mazurka in D major, Op. 33, No. 2
 Mazurka in C major, Op. 67, No. 3
 Prelude in A major, Op. 28, No. 7
 Waltz in C sharp minor, Op. 64, No. 2
 Grande valse brillante in E flat major, Op. 18

References 
 Balanchine, George. 1975. 101 Stories of the Great Ballets. Anchor Books. pp. 473-9.

Other websites 
NYCB website
Margot Fonteyn performing in Les Sylphides 
ExploreDance.com 
The Ballet Encyclopedia
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for Glazunov 
MusicWeb
Ballets choreographed by Michel Fokine
Ballets Russes productions
Ballets starring Nijinsky
Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon (; born 8 November 1935) is a French actor. He became famous quickly, and by the age of 23, he was already being compared to French actors like Gérard Philipe and Jean Marais. He was also compared to American actor James Dean. He was even called the male Brigitte Bardot. During his career, Delon has worked with many well-known directors. Some of these are Luchino Visconti, Jean-Luc Godard, Jean-Pierre Melville, Michelangelo Antonioni and Louis Malle. 

Delon was given Swiss citizenship in 1999. He has a company managing product company, and it is based in Geneva.

Early life
Delon was born in Sceaux, Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), Île-de-France, which is a suburb of Paris. His parents, Édith (née Arnold) and Fabien Delon, divorced when Delon was four. Both remarried, and Delon has a half-sister and two half-brothers. He went to a Roman Catholic boarding school. This was the first school he was removed from because of bad behavior.
When he was 14, Delon left school. He then worked for at his stepfather's butcher shop for some time. He joined the French Navy three years later. In 1953 and 54 he served as a fusilier marin in the First Indochina War. Delon has said that out of his four years of military service he spent eleven months in prison for being "undisciplined", meaning that his bad behaviour ended up getting him jailed. In 1956, he returned to France after being dishonourably discharged from the navy. He did not have any money, and lived on whatever money he could find.

Products
Since his perfume company was started, Delon has had many products sold under his name. Some of these are wristwatches, clothes, eyewear, stationery and cigarettes.
Delon's sunglasses brand became very popular in Hong Kong after actor Chow Yun-fat wore them in the 1986 movie A Better Tomorrow. He wore these in two movies after this. It is said that Delon wrote a letter to thank Chow for helping the sunglasses sell out in the region. The movie's director John Woo has said that Delon is one of his idols. He wrote a short essay on Le Samourai as well as Le Cercle Rou for the Criterion Collection DVDs.

Honours 
At the 45th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Honorary Golden Bear.
Delon is on the cover of the 1986 album The Queen Is Dead by The Smiths.
 He was made Officier (Officer) of the Ordre national du Mérite in 1995.
 He was made Chevalier (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur on 21 February 1991. He was promoted to Officier (Officer) in 2005.

Movies

References

Other websites

 alaindelon.ch , his official website
1935 births
Living people
Actors from Hauts-de-Seine
French movie actors
French movie directors
French movie producers
French screenwriters
French television actors
Swiss movie actors
Swiss screenwriters
Television producers
Writers from Hauts-de-Seine
Frederick George Peter Ingle Finch (28 September 1916 - 14 January 1977) was a British-born Australian actor. He was born in South Kensington, London. He was raised in Vaucresson, France and Sydney, Australia. He was married to ballet dancer Tamara Tchinarova.

Finch is best known for his role in Network, for which he won an Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe Award. He died of a heart attack in Beverly Hills, California.

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian radio personalities
Australian stage actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1916 births
1977 deaths
Depressants are a group of drugs that depress or slow down the activity of certain areas of the brain.  Functionally, depressants counter the effects of stimulants, which increase brain activity. Drugs of the depressant type are widely used around the world, as prescription drugs.  They can help with the following:
 Reduce feelings of anxiety or panic
 Reduce insomnia and other sleeping-problems, and help people sleep better
 As analgetics they reduce pain and fever
 To reduce convulsions and seizures, especially in the case of epilepsy
 Relax muscles, for those with muscle spasms  
 To boost the mood, and cause euphoria
 To reduce anxiety, that is help people who feel unwell in certain situations    
 To just calm down if needed
 In addition, they are used (often as illegal drugs)

Big groups
Among the big groups of depressants are:
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Opioids
Antipsychotics
Dissociatives

Psychoactive drugs
Barbiturates are a group of drugs that are derivates of Barbituric acid. Adolf von Baeyer was the first to produce Barbituric acid, in 1863. For many years, barbiturates were used as sedatives. Today, their use is very limited in many countries, mainly because they cause addiction and people soon develop a tolerance. People with a drug tolerance will need a higher dosage of the drug to get the same effect as before. After a while, the drug becomes useless for such people. This increased use often leads to physical dependence as the body becomes used to the constant presence of barbiturates. When the person abruptly stops taking the drug or reduces the dose, withdrawal symptoms may arise. 

Barbiturates were once used as a primary treatment for Epilepsy; this is especially true for the substance called Phenobarbitol or Phenobarbitone.  The sedative side effect of the drug made it increasingly unpopular, and it is now prescribed less for epilepsy, in favor of other drugs that do not have sedative effects.