Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
2007–08: New management 
After a string of losses in the local championship and the Copa Libertadores, there were renewed calls for Muñoz to resign. Coach Troglio felt the burden of responsibility and quit his post on April 2, 2007. Gimnasia hired first famed Colombian trainer Francisco Maturana, and then Julio César Falcioni, both with limited success.

In the December 2007 election, Muñoz did not run, and the candidate he supported lost to the opposition. New club president Walter Gisande hired former player Guillermo Sanguinetti as team coach and tried to convince former players, notably Diego Alonso and Guillermo Barros Schelotto, to return to Gimnasia. Only Alonso, who was playing in China, made the leap.

Sanguinetti quit after a string of bad results that left Gimnasia in serious danger of relegation. Under new coach Leonardo Madelón, team results improved markedly, and as of the beginning of the 2009 Clausura tournament, Gimnasia is better positioned to stay in the Primera level.
The new management also campaigned for a return to its traditional ground at El Bosque. Starting April 2008, the stadium underwent a structural engineering evaluation after all security measures requested by authorities were put in place. On June 2008, Gimnasia was allowed to play again at El Bosque; the return took place in a match against Lanús, the last game of the Clausura 2008 championship. Mayor Pablo Bruera has indicated that the city will let Gimnasia buy or lease some city-owned lands for erecting a sports complex.

Records and curiosities
Gimnasia is the oldest club participating in the Argentine Football League, as it was founded on June 3, 1887.
 Gimnasia was the first South American team to defeat Real Madrid C.F. on Spanish soil. The match was played on January 1, 1931 and ended with a score of 3–2 for Gimnasia.
 Gimnasia was the first Argentine club to hire a foreign manager in the professional era:  Emérico Hirschl.
 Between August 12, 1932 and September 9, 1934 Gimnasia won five consecutive La Plata derbies, the longest run of victories in that derby to date.
 Gimnasia best score was an 8–1 victory against Racing Club on November 22, 1961. Curiously, Racing Club was the champion on that year.
 Gimnasia has the record for the fastest goal in the Argentine league: Carlos Dantón Seppaquercia scored against Club Atlético Huracán after five seconds, on March 20, 1979.
 At the reinauguration of Boca Juniors' stadium (La Bombonera) on May 5, 1996, Gimnasia defeated the home team by 6–0.
Shield or Logo 

The shield of the Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata is a wreath in which top part is outlined a helmet with a heraldic crest. At the center, on enamel and with the colors of the club (white and navy blue), the club monogram appears in relief. In the top cantons, like a guard, there appear the hilts of a saber and a foil, with their sharp points emerging at lower part of the shield. To the sides of the center a rama of laurels spreads the helmet, for every side.

Since its inception, the club shield has undergone some modifications. From 1887 until 1928, the shield used was devised by Emilio Coutauret, and it was characterized by a handcrafted and adorned design. In 1964, following a reform of the foundational statute, Gimnasia's shield adopted a simpler form, while still keeping the essence of the original one. This is the logo in current use, and often displayed on the team's jerseys.
There have been some minor changes introduced in the past few years. During Héctor Domínguez's presidency, the abbreviation at the center of the shield was changed, replacing the historical CGE (Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima), for the GELP (Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata), modification that persisted during the mandates of Gliemmo and Muñoz. Since the beginning of Walter Gisande's presidency, it was decided to return to the original abbreviation of 'CGE'.

Kit / Team jerseys 
The official historical uniform of Gimnasia y Esgrima is based on the colours displayed in the club shield, as established in the institutional statute.
 Official uniform ("camiseta titular"): a white jersey with a single horizontal navy-blue stripe over the chest, white (or blue) trousers, white (or blue) socks.
 Alternative uniform: a navy-blue jersey with a horizontal white stripe over the chest, navy blue trousers, navy blue socks.

Kit Evolution
Kit Evolution 

In the first years of life of the institution, the colors adopted were the white and light blue, seeking of this form to highlight the fact that it was an Argentine club. The first vest used by the team had vertical white and light blue stripes.

Later, in 1905, it was decided to change the colors to make it distinct from Racing Club. This resulted in a vest with vertical stripes of white and navy-blue color.

Finally, from 1910, the design was modified, changing the vertical stripes into the horizontal band of navy-blue color over a white jersey, which has been used ever since.

Apparel and Sponsor 

(Last updated: February 14, 2009)

The following table details chronologically the providing companies of apparel and the sponsors that it has had Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata from the years 1980 and 1990 respectively:
During the year 2009, the apparel of Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata will be provided by the company "Kappa", the one who will provide from uniform sports up to the extra-sports clothes. In turn, jersey will be supported by the company "La Nueva Seguros", of which it will take the name written in the principal band.

Supporters

Fan base 

Within the city of La Plata and its environs, the Gimnasia fan base used to be identified with the working class, contrasting with the mostly middle class Estudiantes constituency. This characterization is no longer true. Most of Gimnasia y Esgrima fans are from the Greater La Plata area.

The fans' collective name for itself is "La 22", after 22nd street in La Plata where many famous fans lived, notably Marcelo Amuchástegui. Known as Loco Fierro, Amuchástegui was famous for his exploits, such as hanging a 100-meter Gimnasia flag in the Bombonera stadium. He was shot to death by Rosario police in a murky episode on May 28, 1991, allegedly during an armed robbery.
As it is the case with some other clubs in the Argentine First Division, the fans celebrate with a large party and outside gathering the "Worldwide Day of Gimnasia's Fans" on each December 10.

Nicknames: The Wolf, and others 

Since the 1960s, Gimnasia has been known as El Lobo (short for "El Lobo del Bosque", Spanish for "the wolf in the Forest") after the story of "Red Riding Hood", since its historical football field is in the middle of La Plata's main park, known as El Bosque ("the forest"). Many other Argentine clubs also called "Gimnasia y Esgrima" adopted later the nicknames of "El Lobo" after the La Plata team.

Another nickname, mensanas, derives from the Latin motto used in the shield: Mens sana in corpore sano (a healthy mind in a healthy body).
An original nickname was (and still is) triperos ("tripe" or "gut-handlers"). This name has its origin in the fact that many of Gimnasia's original supporters worked in the meat-processing plants of nearby Berisso. In newspaper caricatures from the early 1900s, Gimnasia was accordingly depicted as a "butcher", instead of the current "wolf". Yet, still today, Gimnasia is often greeted into the stadia by its fans with a resounding "Tripa corazón!" (Spanish for "Go Tripe Go!"). Curiously, the same nickname is applied when referring to the population of Porto in Portugal, although the meaning of the nickname in Portuguese is closer to "tripe-eaters".

Another nickname is basureros ("garbage or waste collectors"), acquired during the presidency of Mr. Venturino in the 1970s, who also managed the private company dealing with trash pickup in La Plata.
Stadium 
The Stadium Juan Carlos Zerillo, known as El Bosque (Spanish for "the forest", because it is in the La Plata park of the same name) has a capacity of 31,460 and was used continuously until 2005.

When a new city stadium was built for La Plata, both Gimnasia and Estudiantes initially chose to stay at their respective fields, but this arrangement collapsed when both fields were closed down due to new security regulations. In the 2006 Clausura tournament, Gimnasia began to use the city stadium for home games.

Beginning on March 2008, Gimnasia made various reforms to its old stadium, seeking to secure the permit for its use at selected games. Finally on June 2008, the "El Bosque" grounds were reapproved for First Division competitions. On Saturday June 21, 2008, on the occasion of the last game of the Clausura 2008 championship, Gimnasia returned to its old home in a match against Lanús.

Achievements

Amateur Era
Amateur Era

National Official Tournaments 
 Primera División:
 Winners (1):1929
 Runners-up (1): 1924
 División Intermedia del Fútbol Argentino:
Winners (1): 1915

National Friendly Tournaments 
 Copa Competencia Adolfo J. Bullrich (1): 1915
 Copa Campeonato Intermedia (1): 1915

Professional Era

National Official Tournaments 
 Primera División:
 Runners-up (5): Clausura 1995, Clausura 1996, Apertura 1998, Clausura 2002, Apertura 2005
 Copa Centenario de la AFA (1): 1994
 Segunda División:
 Winners (3): 1944, 1947, and 1952
 Runners-up (1): 1946

National Friendly Tournaments 
 Copa Amistad (2): 1977 y 2006
 Copa Ciudad de Mar del Plata (1): 2009
 Copa Municipalidad de La Plata (2): 1999 and 2001

International Friendly Tournaments 
 Copa Gobernador Alende (1): 1960
 Copa Colonia del Sacramento (1): 1998
 Cuadrangular de Asunción (1): 1975
 Copa Cristal (1): 2005
 Second place of Sanwa Bank Cup (1): 1994

Other sports
Other sports

Volleyball 
GELP has a female volleyball team. They are the only one of the nine founder clubs from the Federación de Voleibol y Pelota al Cesto

, still playing volleyball and in the highest division. The federation is now Federación Metropolitana de Voleibol (FMV).

Basketball 

Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata is also known for several excellent campaigns in basketball. The GELP basketball team peaked during the 1978 and 1979 campaigns, when they won twice in a row Argentina's premier basketball championship (Metropolitano titles). In both cases, they prevailed over favorite Obras Sanitarias, Argentina's powerhouse at the time. The team included players such as "Gallego" González, "Finito" Gehrmann, Peinado, as well as some Americans: Michael Jackson, Lawrence Jackson Jr., and the team leader and star, point-guard Clarence Edgar Metcalfe, chosen as the league MVP in 1979. The twice-champions were coached by Rolando Sfeir.
Former sports 
In addition to the aforementioned sport activities, Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata participated in other disciplines throughout its history. The following sports are no longer practiced in the club:
 Rugby football: In 1933, the "Unión de Rugby del Río de la Plata" decided not to allow the affiliation of clubs that participated professionally in other sports (e.g., football). As a result, the mens sana team playing rugby was forced to rename itself distinctly as "Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata Rugby Club". Four years later, however, it was decided to channel rugby activities through an independent institution, thereby creating what is today "La Plata Rugby Club".
 Table tennis: The "Asociación Platense de Tenis de Mesa" ("La Plata Association for Table-tennis", part of the Argentine Federation of the sport) existed between 1945 and 1951. Gimnasia was a founding member of the Association, and it obtained the majority of the tournaments organized during these six years.
Fencing: From its creation, the practice of fencing was an important activity at the club. The sport reached its peak during the first two decades of the XX century. Between 1914 and 1924, it was dominated by the outstanding performances of Horacio Casco, then president of the club, and Carmelo Merlo, both Argentine representatives in the 1924 Paris Olympic Games. At the end of the 1940s, the practice of this discipline was discontinued.
 Greco-Roman wrestling: Between 1924 and 1928 the club had a team of Greco-Roman wrestling.
 Field hockey: In 1949, the club starts informally the practise of Field Hockey, and it affiliates formally on April 1949. The hockey field was in the Stadium Juan Carlos Zerillo, at the "El Bosque" grounds.
 Gymnastics: During the 1930s, the practice of gymnastics played a central role in the club's activities. Members of the Gimnasia team were part of the Argentine delegation that competed in the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. This discipline was discontinued after 1976.
Other activities were available at the club at various periods, namely: water polo, boxing, cycling, petanque, auto racing, judo and tennis, among others.

Related pages 
 List of Argentine football teams

References

Other websites 
 Official Web Site
 Historical table of the club at RSSSF
  AFA site
  Champions of the Primera División del Fútbol Argentino
  Champions of the Segunda División del Fútbol Argentino
  Directorio web de google sobre Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata 

Argentine football clubs
1887 establishments
1880s establishments in Argentina
Galatians may refer to
the Celtic inhabitants of Galatia, an ancient region of Asia Minor
Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians
The Province of Pesaro and Urbino () is a province in the Marche region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Pesaro.

The province is also known as "Riviera of Hills". It is mostly covered by hills and is popular for its beaches.

Geography

Pesaro and Urbino has an area of , the second largest province of the Marche after the Macerata province. The province is surrounded by the state of San Marino and Emilia-Romagna in the north, Umbria and Tuscany in the west, Ancona in the south and the Adriatic Sea on the east.

The main rivers in the province, from north to south, are (all of them flow to the east into the Adriatic Sea)ː
Conca - 47 km long; its mouth is between Cattolica and Misano Adriatico.
Foglia - 90 km long; its mouth is in Pesaro.
Metauro 121 km long; its mouth is in Fano.
Cesano - 62 km long; it forms partially the limit with the province of Ancona and its mouth is near Senigallia.

The highest mountain in the province is Monte Catria,() in the Apennines; it is  high.
Population
There are 360,711 persons living in the province (1 January 2017), for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population

Municipalities 
There are 54 municipalities (or comuni) in the province; they are:

 Acqualagna
 Apecchio
 Auditore
 Belforte all'Isauro
 Borgo Pace
 Cagli
 Cantiano
 Carpegna
 Cartoceto
 Colli al Metauro
 Fano
 Fermignano
 Fossombrone
 Fratte Rosa
 Frontino
 Frontone
 Gabicce Mare
 Gradara	
 Isola del Piano
 Lunano
 Macerata Feltria
 Mercatello sul Metauro
 Mercatino Conca
 Mombaroccio
 Mondavio
 Mondolfo
 Monte Cerignone
 Monte Grimano Terme
 Monte Porzio
 Montecalvo in Foglia
 Monteciccardo
 Montecopiolo
 Montefelcino
 Montelabbate
 Peglio
 Pergola	
 Pesaro
 Petriano
 Piandimeleto
 Pietrarubbia
 Piobbico
 San Costanzo
 San Lorenzo in Campo
 Sant'Angelo in Vado
 Sant'Ippolito
 Sassocorvaro
 Sassofeltrio
 Serra Sant'Abbondio
 Tavoleto
 Tavullia
 Terre Roveresche
 Urbania
 Urbino
 Vallefoglia
The largest comune is Urbino, with  and the smallest is Gabicce Mare, with . The comune with fewest people living in it is Frontino with 293 inhabitants.

Main comuni
The following table shows the 10 comuni with more inhabitants with their population, and their area and altitude.

Twinned and partner towns
The province of Pesaro and Urbino is twinned with:
 Wolfsburg, Germany

Gallery

Related pages
List of comuni of the Province of Pesaro and Urbino

References

Pesaro
Clarence House is the home of Charles, Prince of Wales in London. It is part of St James's Palace, and is on The Mall, close to Buckingham Palace (The Queen's home).

The Prince of Wales lives with his wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall there. The Prince of Wales' offices and staff are also based at Clarence House, and any announcements made by his staff are attributed to "Clarence House" as an entity, just like announcements from The Queen are said to be made by "Buckingham Palace".

Prince Charles has lived at Clarence House since 2003. The Queen Mother lived at Clarence House from 1953 (the year after the death of her husband (King George VI)) until 2002, when she died.

Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed buildings in London
Heal's ("Heal and Sons Ltd") is a British department store furniture and furnishing store chain with six stores. The stores sell an upmarket range of furniture, lighting, accessories, home and garden-wares.

It was founded in 1810 by John Harris Heal and his son.  At first the company made beds.

The work of Sir Ambrose Heal made the company famous.  He worked there for 60 years, from 1893 to 1953.  Ambrose Heal was one of the group of designers, industrialists and business people who founded the Design and Industries Association in 1915.  Their slogan was "Nothing Need Be Ugly".

Other websites
 Heals website

References

1810 establishments in Europe
1810s establishments in the United Kingdom
Retail companies of the United Kingdom
Department stores
Chain stores are retail stores which share a brand and central management, usually with standardized business methods and practices. They may all have the same owners or may be franchised. Many restaurants are also chains.

Related pages

 List of supermarkets, contains a number of chain stores

Business organizations
Brescia is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Brescia
Como is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

Como
St. Augustine is the oldest city in the United States begun by Europeans and filled with people since it was started. The admiral from Spain, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, started St. Augustine in 1565. There was fighting between England and Spain in 1586, 1702, and 1740 over the city. Spain won each time. In 1763, St. Augustine was given to the English as part of the Treaty of Paris which ended the French and Indian War. After the American colonies became independent from England, another Treaty of Paris, this one in 1783, returned the area to Spain. In 1819, the Adams-Onís Treaty gave all of Florida to the United States.

The largest sign of the years under Spain is the Castillo de San Marcos, a large masonry fort built between 1672 and 1695. This fort still stands.

References

Other websites

St. Augustine
County seats in Florida
Jefferson Parish is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Most of the suburbs of New Orleans are in this parish. Because of this Jefferson parish has the second-most population in the state.

Other websites 
Official website
Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office
Jefferson Parish Convention and Visitors Bureau - Tourism 
Jefferson Parish Clerk of Court's Office
Jefferson Historical Society of Louisiana
East Jefferson Online Community  - current events, history and organizational information.

 
1825 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Louisiana
King's Lynn is a town and port in Norfolk, England. Over the years, the town has been known variously as Bishop's Lynn and Lynn Regis, while it is occasionally referred to by locals as simply Lynn—the Celtic word for lake. 

King's Lynn is the third largest settlement in Norfolk after the city of Norwich and the town of Great Yarmouth. Sandringham House, the Norfolk residence of the British Royal Family, is  north-east of King's Lynn.

Towns in Norfolk
Port cities and towns of England
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Peterhof (or Petergof), meaning "Peter's Court" is a town in Saint Petersburg on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland. It has a population of about 65,000. It hosts one of two campuses of Saint Petersburg State University. A series of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great, and sometimes called the "Russian Versailles", is also there. The palace-ensemble along with the city center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In the time of Peter the Great, the sea floor just north of the Petergof site and to the east toward St. Petersburg was too shallow for commercial ships or warships. But to the west of Petergof, the sea floor dropped off to be deep enough for sea vessels. Accordingly, when Peter the Great decided to build St. Petersburg at the eastern end of the Gulf of Finland, he built the commercial harbor for St. Petersburg and the Kronstadt fort across the 20 kilometers (12 miles) of shallow sea to supply and defend his Navy.

Saint Petersburg
Haltern am See (Haltern at the lake, before December 2001 only Haltern) is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is next to the Lippe River and the Wesel-Datteln Canal, approx. 15 km north of Recklinghausen.

Twin towns 
  Rochford, Essex, England
  Roost-Warendin, France
  Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria

References

Other websites 
 Livius.org: Roman fortress Haltern 

Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
Recklinghausen (district)
Rapides Parish () is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 130,023. The parish seat is Alexandria. Rapides is the French spelling of "rapids" and is pronounced ra-PEEDS (I.P.A. [ɹæ.pid͜z]). 

The parish was created in 1807 after the United States bought this territory in the Louisiana Purchase.

References

 
1807 establishments in the Territory of Orleans
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system. It controls the reflexes of the gastrointestinal system. 

Some treat the ENS as part of the autonomic nervous system.

References 

 "The Enteric nervous system (ENS)" at anaesthetist.com 

Nervous system
He was born in 1910 in Boston where his father, Thorvald Martin Tandberg I (1874-1970), managed a restaurant. Thorvald was born in Portland, Maine. Carl's mother was Alvilde Marie Naess (1875-1933) of Oslo, Norway. Carl married Alice Nazian Gonyer (1909-1992) of Orono, Maine in 1929 and they lived in Queens, New York. He worked with Shep Fields (1910-1981) and His Rippling Rhythm Orchestra; and The Jerry Blaine (1910-1973) Orchestra in 1937. While working at a music publishing company he met Glen Campbell and collaborated on several recordings. He worked with the Frankie Ortega Trio in Las Vegas and at the Balboa Bay Club in Newport Beach for 11 years. He moved to Burbank, California in the 1940s and worked as a musician in Alhambra, California at Dick White's Rickey's Lounge, starting in 1957 with Paul Peters and Stan Seltzer. He later became the maître d' at their restaurant.  After he retired from music he worked for a private security company at KTTV studios
. He later worked as the gate security guard at the home of Bob Hope. He died in Los Angeles in 1988 of a heart attack, and was buried in Eternal Valley Memorial Park. His maternal uncle was Alfred Næss, the Norwegian speedskater.
Discography
Glen Campbell; The Legacy, 1961-2002 (rereleased 2003) 
Frankie Ortega and His Group; Imperial IR 9025 (c1950)

References

1910 births
1988 deaths
American musicians
Personification is a figure of speech where non-living objects are described to seem like people.

In the arts, personification means representing a non-human thing as if it were human. Personification gives human traits and qualities, such as emotions, desires, sensations, gestures and speech, often by way of a metaphor.

Personification is much used in visual arts. Examples in writing are "the leaves waved in the wind", "the ocean heaved a sigh" or "the Sun smiled at us". In easy language personification is just giving an example of a living being for a non-living thing. "The wind shouted". In these examples, the nonhuman subjects are given human characteristics.

Another commonly used personification is found in stories where animals and legendary creatures are attributed labels for recognition. This is called anthropomorphism.

Related pages
 Anthropomorphism
Death (personification)
Gaia (mythology)
Helios
National personification

Other websites
 Examples of personification in poetry

Prose
Metaphors
The Named is a fantasy book that was written by Marianne Curley.  It is the first book in the Guardians of Time Trilogy.

Other websites
Marianne Curley's website 
Bloomsbury Guardians of Time website 

2002 books
Guardians of Time Trilogy
The Dark is a fantasy book that was written by Marianne Curley.  It is the second book in the Guardians of Time Trilogy.

Other websites
Marianne Curley's website 
Bloomsbury Guardians of Time website 

2003 books
Guardians of Time Trilogy
The Key is a fantasy book that was written by Marianne Curley.  It is the third book in the Guardians of Time Trilogy.

Other websites
Marianne Curley's website 
Bloomsbury Guardians of Time website 

2005 books
Guardians of Time Trilogy
Marianne Curley, (born 20 May 1959) is an Australian writer of young-adult novels. She is the author of several fantasy books, including Old Magic and the three novels in the Guardians of Time series. She is most popular outside of Australia, and her books have been translated into several languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, German and Dutch.

Early life
Marianne was born in Windsor, in New South Wales. She is the youngest child of Joseph Michael and Mary Violet Mizzi. She spent her early childhood living in a house along the Hawkesbury River. When a flood destroyed the property, the family moved to a small farm on the edges of Sydney. Marianne developed a love for reading at an early age, and became a school librarian at the age of nine. She went to high school in western Sydney. The first novel that had an influence on her was Oliver Twist.
When she was nineteen, Marianne met John Curley and married him a few months later. The couple moved to Coffs Harbour and had three children. In 1991, Curley took courses at the local TAFE college and got a certificate in word processing. In the same year, she also got a certificate in teaching from Sydney Open College. Between 1991 and 1997, she worked several part-time jobs as a teacher.

Curley's first attempt at writing was a romance novel. After this was finished, she took several writing courses, but struggled to decide what she wanted to write about. She began writing young-adult novels after a conversation with her two teenaged daughters. They encouraged Curley to write something for their age group. According to Curley, it took many attempts before my writing was good enough to be published. She was rejected by publishers many times. While learning to write she taught computer studies at the TAFE college in Coffs Harbour.
Writing
Curley's first fantasy novel, Old Magic, was sold to the London-based Bloomsbury publishers in 2001. It is about a boy with supernatural powers and a girl who helps him to control them. The first book in her Guardians of Time Trilogy was published in 2002. It was called The Named, about a group of teenagers who travel through time to stop the Order of Chaos from changing the course of history. The book received positive reviews from several critics. Curley signed a 12-month contract with Warner Bros. with the idea of making a television series based on the books. They hired a producer, director and paid for a script of the first episode to be written. However, the WB eventually cancelled the deal. The second and third books, The Dark and The Key, were published in 2003 and 2004. Both received mixed reviews.

Between 2004 and 2012, Curley took a long break from writing due to bad health. She published Hidden in 2013, and began a new series called the Avena Trilogy.
Books written
Old Magic
Guardians of Time Trilogy
The Named
The Dark
The Key
Hidden

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Marianne Curley at AustLit
 Profile  at Bloomsbury Publishing
 Marianne Curley at the National Library of Australia

1959 births
Living people
Writers from New South Wales
The Guardians of Time Trilogy is a series of fictional books that are written by Marianne Curley. The books in this trilogy are The Named, The Dark, and The Key. The trilogy is about a group of people called the Guardians of Time (the Guard), going into history to save the world from the Order of Chaos (the Order), who are trying to history to give themselves more power. The books take place in Angel Falls, Australia

The Series 
 The Named
 Written in:
 Released: 2002
 
 The Dark
 Written in:
 Released: 2003
 
 The Key
 Written in:
 Released: 2005

Other websites 
 Marianne Curley's website
Ender's Game (1985) is one of the most famous books written by Orson Scott Card. It takes place in Earth's future where mankind has barely survived two attacks by the "buggers", a species of alien, and the International Fleet is getting ready for war. In order to find and train a leader for the next invasion, the world's smartest children, including Ender Wiggin, are taken into a place called Battle School at a very young age. The book takes place around the year 2135, and its sequels Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, Children of the Mind, A War of Gifts, and Ender in Exile: Ganges follow Ender to different planets as he travels far into the future.

The book was first a novelette that came out in the August 1977 issue of Analog Science Fiction and Fact. Card later made the novel longer and wrote sequels to create the Ender's Game series.

A new version was released in 1991 to keep facts accurate (such as the end of the Soviet Union).
Awards
Ender's Game won the Hugo Award for best novel in 1986 and the Nebula Award for best novel in 1985.  The next year, the sequel Speaker for the Dead also won both awards; Card is the only writer to have won both awards two years in a row.

In 2008, it got the Margaret Edwards award for its long term effect on science fiction.
Translations
  ("Ender's Game"), 2003.
  ("Ender's Game"), 2007.
  ("Ender's Game").
  ("Ender's Strategy"), 1990.
  ("Ender's Tactic").
  ("Ender's Game"), 2000.
  ("Ender"), 1990.
  ("The Ender Strategy"), 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001.
  ("The Big Game"), 1986, 2005.
  ("Ender's Game").
  ("Endgame"), 1991.
  ("Ender's Game").
  ("Ender's Game"), 1992, 2000 (two editions).
  ("Ender's Game"), 1987.
  ("Ender's Game"), 1999.
  ("Ender's Game"), 1994.
  ("The exterminator's game") (Brasil).
  ("The final game") (Portugal).
  ("Ender's Game").
  ("Ender's Game"), 1995, 1996, 2002, 2003 (two editions).
  ("Ender's Game").
  ("Ender's Game"), 1991, 1998.
  ("Ender's Game"), 1988.
  ("The game that change the world"), 2007.
  ("Ender's Game").

References
References

Other websites
 About the novel Ender's Game from Card's website 
 The original short story from Card's website
 Intergalactic Medicine Show: Online science fiction magazine published by Orson Scott Card. Features a new Ender's world story in every issue.
 Marvel Entertainment's press release regarding the Ender's Game Comic Book Series

1985 books
Ender's Game (novel series)
Hugo Award winning books
Nebula Awards
Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is a popular American writer, critic, political writer, and speaker. He is best known for his science fiction books. Both his novel Ender's Game and its sequel, Speaker for the Dead, won the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award. That makes Card the only writer (as of 2007) to win both of science fiction's top prizes two years in a row.

Card is an English professor at Southern Virginia University. He has written two books on creative writing. Card teaches other people about writing. He is also a judge in the Writers of the Future competition. His great-great-grandfather is Brigham Young, who was a leader for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Card is also a member of it.

Card still writes many fiction works. He has also produced writing about church, politics, and society in his columns and books.

Early Life
Early Life

Card is the son of Willard Richards Card and Peggy Jane (maiden name Park). He is the third of six children. Song-writer Arlen Card is his younger brother.  Card was born in Richland, Washington. He grew up in Santa Clara, California, Mesa, Arizona, and Orem, Utah. He went on a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Brazil. Card graduated from Brigham Young University (BYU) and the University of Utah. He also spent a year in a Ph.D program at the University of Notre Dame. 

For part of the 1970s Card worked as an associate editor of the Ensign, which is an official magazine of the LDS Church.

Card lives in Greensboro, North Carolina. Greensboro has greatly affected Ender's Game and many of his other works.

Fiction
Fiction

Card started his writing career as a poet. He studied with Clinton F. Larson at Brigham Young University, in Utah.  Card studied about the theater and started turning books into plays and then started writing his own full-length plays.  Many of his plays were produced by theater directors at BYU. He also started writing fiction. The fiction stories that he wrote in college later became The Worthing Saga.

At BYU, Card started a theater company, which produced plays at "the Castle," an outdoor stage in Provo. His company's plays were the first plays ever produced at the Castle. Card also got a part-time job as a proofreader at BYU Press. Later, he got a full-time job copy editing. In 1976, Card got a full-time job as an assistant editor at the Ensign, a church magazine. He moved to Salt Lake City. There, Card published his first piece of fiction, a short story called "Gert Fram." It was printed in the July 1977 fine arts magazine under the pen name Byron Walley.
Science fiction
Card wrote a short story called "Ender's Game" while he worked at the BYU Press. He sent it to several publications. The story is about a school in which boys can fight in space. He later turned the short story into a novel, also called Ender's Game.
Both Ender's Game and the second book in the same series, Speaker for the Dead, were given the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award. That made Card the only author () to win both of science fiction's top awards two years in a row.  The series also includes the books Xenocide, Children of the Mind, Ender's Shadow, Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, "First Meetings in the Enderverse", Shadow of the Giant, Shadows in Flight, A War of Gifts, and Ender in Exile. Ender in Exile takes place in between Ender's Game and Speaker for the Dead. Card has said he plans to write a book, Shadows Alive, to link the Shadow series and the Speaker series together.   He has also written three books that take place before Ender's Game: Earth Unaware, Earth Afire, and Earth Awakens. The trilogy tells the history of the character Mazer Rackham and other things. In 2013 the novel Ender's Game was made into a movie.  Asa Butterfield played the character Ender ,and Gavin Hood directed the movie.
Some of Card's other science fiction books include The Tales of Alvin Maker, Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus, The Homecoming Saga, and Hidden Empire.

Other genres
Card has branched out into other areas of fiction with books such as Lost Boys, Treasure Box and Enchantment. He wrote a novel about the James Cameron film The Abyss and the comic book Ultimate Iron Man for a Marvel Universe series. In the early 1990s, Card wrote the narration in three video games: Loom, The Secret of Monkey Island, and The Dig.

In 1983, Card published the novel Saints. It is a fiction book about one of Card’s ancestors, who joined the LDS Church in its early days. Card writes about his ancestor's life until Utah became a state.

In 2000, Card published the first book in The Women of Genesis series. The books tell the story of the women in the Bible.  They are 'Sarah (2000), Rebekah (2002), and Rachel and Leah (2004).
In 2005, Card started a magazine, Orson Scott Card's InterGalactic Medicine Show. He edited the first two issues, but he was too busy to keep up with it. Edmund R. Schubert was one of Card's former students. Schubert took over the magazine and became the editor in 2006.
Card also wrote the dialog and the screenplay for the Xbox video game Advent Rising'’.

In 2008, Card's short book Hamlet's Father was published in The Ghost Quartet collection (Tor Books). It is a retelling of Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Awards
 1978; John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer; from the World Science Fiction Convention
 1981; Songmaster; Hamilton-Brackett Memorial Award 81
 1984; Saints; named Book of the Year by Association for Mormon Letters
 1985; Ender's Game; Nebula Award 85, Hugo Award 86, Hamilton-Brackett Award 86, SF Chronicle Readers Poll Award 86
 1987; Speaker for the Dead; Nebula Award 86, Hugo Award 87, Locus Award 87, SF Chronicle Readers Poll Award 87
 1987; "Eye for Eye"; Hugo award 88; "Japanese Hugo" 89
 1987; "Hatrack River"; Nebula finalist 86, Hugo finalist 87, World Fantasy Award winner 87
 1988; Seventh Son, Hugo finalist 88, World Fantasy finalist 88, Mythopoeic Society Award 88, Locus Award (best fantasy novel) 88
 1989; Hugo & Nebula Finalist; Red Prophet
 1991; Hugo Award; How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy (Writer's Digest Books, 90)
 1995; Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel; for Alvin Journeyman
References

1951 births
Living people
Nebula Award winning writers
Hugo Award winning writers
People from Mesa, Arizona
Writers from Arizona
Writers from Washington (state)
Writers from North Carolina
Genius Squad is a book that was written by Catherine Jinks in 2008.  It was published by Allen & Unwin, Australia. It is the second book in a series that follows the main character Cadel Piggot.

References

2008 books
Australian fantasy books
Science fiction books
Evil Genius is a book written by Catherine Jinks in 2005.  It was published by Allen & Unwin, Australia. The book is the first in a series that follows the story of Cadel Piggot.

Other websites
The Axis Institute website
Evil Genius series blog

2005 books
Australian fantasy books
Science fiction books
Catherine Jinks (born 1963 in Brisbane, Queensland) is an Australian writer. She has written over thirty books and has won many awards, including the Children's Book Council Of Australia Book of the Year Award three times, the Victorian Premier's Literary Award, the Aurealis Award for Science Fiction, the Australian Ibby Award, and the Davitt Award for Crime Fiction.

Books written

Children's books

The Secret of Hermitage Isle (1997)
The Horrible Holiday (1998)
The Stinking Great Lie (1999)
You'll Wake the Baby, illustrated by Andrew McLean (2000)
Daryl's Dinner (2002)
Kaite and Cleo Movie In, illustrated by Andrew McLean (2007)

Allie's Ghost Hunters series
Eglantine (2002)
Eustace (2003)
Eloise (2004)
Elysium (2007)

Young Adult books

This Way Out (1991)
The Future Trap (1993)
Witch Bank (1995)
Eye to Eye (1998)
Piggy in the Middle (1998)
What's Hector McKerrow Doing These Days? (2000)
The Rapture (2001)
Living Hell (2007)
Pagan Chronicles
Pagan's Crusade (1992)
Pagan in Exile (1994)
Pagan's Vows (1995)
Pagan's Scribe (1995)
Pagan's Daughter (2006)

Evil Genius series
Evil Genius (2005)
Genius Squad (2008)

Adult books

An Evening with the Messiah (1996)
Little White Secrets (1997)
The Inquisitor (1999)
The Notary (2000)
Bella Vista (2001)
The Gentlemen's Garden (2002)
Spinning Around (2004)
The Road (2004)
The Secret Familiar (2006)
The Deck  Free E-novel (2007)

References

Other websites
Catherine Jinks

1963 births
Living people
Australian children's writers
Australian science fiction writers
Australian novelists
Writers from Brisbane
Public speaking is speaking to a group of people in an organized way: to give information, influence or persuade, or to entertain the listeners. 

In public speaking there are five important questions, which are often expressed as "who is saying what to whom, using which medium, with what effects?" 

The Ancient Greeks called public speaking rhetoric; the Romans called it oratory. Until the late 20th century it was also called forensic speaking, or forensics.  Propaganda is an another name for speech for or against some point of view.  In George Orwell's words propaganda is a reflection of prejudices and beliefs that colors people's [or societies] aesthetic judgements. Often they are simply fallacies or conjectures.

Methods and techniques 
Professional public speakers may use storytelling techniques or humor as a communication tool. A public speaker who is strong at using comedy might have more success adding a joke into a speech than one who is weak in that area.
A speaker's guideline is given in TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking.
Their information includes:
 Try to make eye contact right from the start.
 Include humor to disarm the tension within the audience towards the subject. But no offensive jokes or corny puns.
 Drinking water avoids mouth getting dry from adrenalin and avoiding an empty stomach reduces anxiety.
 Keep a backup plan (notes or scripts) to use if the presentation technology goes wrong.
 It is better to avoid attempts to get applause. It is not about the speaker, but the idea the speaker is passionate about. 

Other guidelines exist.

Models
Models in public speaking.

The 6 I model of credibility for public speaking are:
AIDA Model 
The AIDA model is about designing the message and delivering it effectively to the target audience. It says the speaker should first get attention, hold the interest level of the audience, arouse desire for the solution or the objective (appeal, theme, etc.) desired to communicate, and finally obtain  action or actionable commitment from the audience.

Related pages 
Rhetoric

References

Further reading
 
Werlich, Egon 1976. A text grammar of Eglish. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) is a university in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.  It was founded in 1789. UNC is one of three schools that claim to be the oldest public university in the United States. To be more exact, UNC is the first school in the U.S. to hold classes and graduate students as a public institution; it began teaching students in 1795 and graduated its first students in 1798. (The University of Georgia was founded in 1785, but did not start teaching classes until 1801; The College of William & Mary was founded in 1693 and taught students at that time, but did not become a public school until 1906.)

References

Other websites

Association of American Universities
Atlantic Coast Conference
Colleges and universities in North Carolina
1785 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in North Carolina
Michigan State University (or "MSU" for short) is a public university in East Lansing, Michigan.

Athletics 
The Michigan State Spartans are the athletic team of the university. The school's athletic program includes 23 varsity sports teams. The school colors are green and white. They play in NCAA Division I, with almost all of their teams playing in the Big Ten Conference.  In 2010, the MSU football team won a share of the Big 10 title, and played in the Capital One Bowl in Orlando, Florida. The men's ice hockey team plays in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, but will leave that conference in July 2013 when the Big Ten starts a men's hockey league.

School Facts 
Established in 1855, MSU was originally an agricultural college.  Students were known as "Aggies," but are now known as the "Spartans."  Currently, Michigan State University has the largest single campus student body of any university in the state of Michigan, and is one of the largest universities in the country.
Mascot 
The mascot of the university is called "Sparty". He is mostly shown as a muscular male Spartan warrior/athlete dressed in a stylish Greek costume.

References

Other websites 

Michigan State University website
Michigan State Spartans website 
 

Association of American Universities
Big Ten Conference
Central Collegiate Hockey Association
Colleges and universities in Michigan
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
1855 establishments in Michigan
Big Ten could mean:

Big Ten Conference
Big Ten Network
Big Ten Tournament
Major movie studios
Athletic could mean:
 Athletic (Kretschmer) — A physical/psychological type classification of Ernst Kretschmer.
 Athlete
 Physical exercise
 Physical fitness

 Athletic of Philadelphia - baseball team of the 1870s
 Oakland Athletics - American baseball club

 Charlton Athletic F.C. - English football club
 Oldham Athletic F.C. - English football club
 Wigan Athletic F.C. - English football club
 Alloa Athletic F.C. - Scottish football club
 Dunfermline Athletic F.C. - Scottish football club
 Forfar Athletic F.C. - Scottish football club
 Athletic Bilbao - Spanish football club 
 Atlético Madrid - Spanish football club

Related pages
Athletics (disambiguation)
The Big Ten Conference is the United States' oldest Division I college athletic conference. Most of its 14 member institutions are in the Midwestern United States.

Members

Associate member
The Big Ten gained its first "associate member"—i.e., a school playing only a small number of sports (in this case, one) in the conference—in 2014. The same school brought a second sport into the Big Ten in 2016. A second school became an associate member in 2017.

References
Asteroids are assigned a type based on spectral shape, color, and sometimes albedo. These types are thought to correspond to an asteroid's surface composition. For small bodies which are not internally differentiated, the surface and internal compositions are presumably similar, while large bodies such as 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta are known to have internal structure.

A list of types can be found at asteroid spectral classes.

Present-day classifications 
The present-day classification was initiated by Clark R. Chapman, David Morrison, and Ben Zellner in 1975 [1] with three categories: C for dark carbonaceous objects, S for stony (silicaceous) objects, and U for those which did not fit into either C or S. This classification has since been expanded and clarified.
A number of classification schemes are currently in existence [2][3], and while they strive to retain some mutual consistency, quite a few asteroids are sorted into different classes depending on the particular scheme. This is due to the use of different criteria for each approach. The two most widely used classifications are described below:

Tholen classification 
The most widely used taxonomy for over a decade has been that of David J. Tholen, first proposed in 1984. This classification was developed from broad band spectra (between 0.31μm and 1.06μm) obtained during the Eight-Color Asteroid Survey (ECAS) in the 1980s, in combination with albedo measurements [4]. The original formulation was based on 978 asteroids.
This scheme includes 14 types with the majority of asteroids falling into one of three broad categories, and several smaller types. They are, with their largest exemplars:
 C-group dark carbonaceous objects, including several sub-types:
 B-type (2 Pallas)
 F-type (704 Interamnia)
 G-type (1 Ceres)
 C-type (10 Hygiea) the remaining majority of 'standard' C-type asteroids. This group contains about 75% of asteroids in general.
 S-type (15 Eunomia, 3 Juno) silicaceous (i.e. stony) objects. This class contains about 17% of asteroids in general.
 X-group
 M-type (16 Psyche) metallic objects, the third most populous group.
 E-type (44 Nysa, 55 Pandora) differ from M-type mostly by high albedo
 P-type (259 Aletheia, 190 Ismene; CP: 324 Bamberga) differ from M-type mostly by low albedo
and the small classes:
 A-type (446 Aeternitas)
 D-type (624 Hektor)
 T-type (96 Aegle)
 Q-type (1862 Apollo)
 R-type (349 Dembowska)
 V-type (4 Vesta)
V-type (4 Vesta)
Objects were sometimes assigned a combined type such as e.g. CG when their properties were a combination of those typical for several types.