Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Career

Feature and animation movies
While still working on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Benson wrote, directed, produced, edited, and acted in a movie called Chance (2002). The movie also featured her Buffy co-star James Marsters. After her time on Buffy, Benson began working on a series of animated movies for the BBC with co-creator Christopher Golden and animation company Cosgrove Hall. Ghosts of Albion: Legacy (2003) and its sequels are available on the BBC Cult website (http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/ghosts/legacy/). In 2006, Benson released her second movie Lovers, Liars and Lunatics through her own production company, Benson Entertainment. The movie was partly paid for by the sale of special action figures of her character Tara from the Buffy episode Triangle.
Benson also writes novels and comic books. She usually writes these with Christopher Golden. In 2003, Benson worked with Golden, Terry Moore, and Eric Powell of Dark Horse Comics to create the Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Willow and Tara comic book titled WannaBlessedBe. During the same year, she worked with Christopher Golden and AJ (Ajit Jothikaumar) of Dark Horse Comics to create the Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Willow and Tara comic books titled Wilderness #1 and Wilderness #2. In 2005, Benson worked with artist Jamie McKelvie on a short story for the Image Comics collection Four Letter Worlds. In 2006, Benson worked with artist Ben Templesmith on Demon Father John’s Pinwheel Blues published by IDW. Benson and Golden have also worked together on two supernatural thrillers: Ghosts of Albion: Accursed and Ghosts of Albion: Witchery. These books follow the stories of Tamara and William Swift, characters from the BBC computer animated web movie Ghosts of Albion: Legacy
. In September 2007, Benson signed a three-book deal with Penguin Books. The first book is believed to be titled Death's Daughter.
Career: miscellaneous
In 2003, she worked with director James Kerwin to produce her play, Albert Hall, in Hollywood.

Benson sang in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer musical episode "Once More, With Feeling". She sang on the songs "I've Got a Theory / Bunnies / If We're Together", "Under Your Spell" (her solo), "Walk Through the Fire", "Standing/Under Your Spell (Reprise)" and "Where Do We Go From Here?" She also sang "Toucha Toucha Touch Me" (aka "Creature of the Night") at VH-1's celebrity karaoke tribute to The Rocky Horror Picture Show.

Personal life 
On the November 11, 2000 episode of the radio show Loveline, Amber (at age 23) said that she did not have a driver's license, that her mother drove her to the studio. As of 2007, Benson resides in Los Angeles, California. She is a vegetarian.
Filmography 
 King of the Hill (1993 movie; not the TV series) - as Ella McShane
 The Crush  (1993) - as Cheyenne
 S.F.W.  (1994) - as Barbara 'Babs' Wyler
 Imaginary Crimes (1994)  - as Margaret
 Bye Bye Love (1995)  - as Meg Damico
 Can't Hardly Wait (1998)  - as Stephanie, the Stoned Banana-holding Girl (scenes deleted from the final cut)
 Take It Easy (1999)  - as Justy
 Deadtime (1999) - as Patty
 The Prime Gig (2000) - as Batgirl
 Hollywood, Pennsylvania (2001) - as Mandy Calhoun
 Don's Plum (2001) - as Amy
 Taboo (2002) - as Piper
 Chance (2002) - as Chance
 Latter Days (2003) - as Traci Levine
 Intermedio (2005) - as Barbie
 Race You to the Bottom (2005) - as Maggie
 Lovers, Liars & Lunatics (2006) - as Justine
 Angst (2006) - as Julia
 Simple Things (2006) - as Sally
 Tripping Forward (2006) - as Gwen
 Strictly Sexual (2006) - as Donna
 Girltrash! (2007) - Svetlana 'Lana' Dragovich
 Kiss the Bride (2007) - as Elly
 One-Eyed Monster (2007) - as Laura
 Shifter (2008) - as Kimi
Television 
(Includes made-for-TV movies and TV series)
 Jack Reed: Badge of Honor (1993) TV movie - Nicole Reed
 Jack Reed: A Search for Justice (1994) TV movie - Nicole Reed
 Jack Reed: One of Our Own (1995) TV movie - Nicole Reed
 Promised Land (1998) TV series  - Amy Farnsworth (episode titled "Out of Bounds")
 Cracker (1999) TV series  - Amy (episode titled "The Club")
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer (in 1999-2002 seasons) TV series - Tara Maclay
 The Enforcers (2001) TV miniseries - Abby
 Cold Case (2004) TV series  - Julia Hoffman (episode titled "Volunteers")
 The Inside (2005) TV series - Allison Davis (episode titled "The Perfect Couple")
 Supernatural (2006) TV series  - Lenore (episode titled "Bloodlust")
 Holiday Wishes (2006) TV movie - Danni Hartford
 Gryphon (2007) TV movie - Princess Amelia of Lockland

Books in print
Books in print

Ghosts of Albion
 Accursed (with Christopher Golden) (Del Rey, 2005)
 Witchery (with Christopher Golden) (Del Rey, 2006)
 The Ghosts of Albion Roleplaying Game (with Timothy S. Brannan and Christopher Golden) (Eden Studios, 2007)

Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Willow & Tara (2003)
 WannaBlessedBe (with Christopher Golden)
 Wilderness, Part 1 (with Christopher Golden)
 Wilderness, Part 2 (with Christopher Golden)

Other
 Shadowplay #1-4 (with Ben Templesmith) (2006)
 The Seven Whistlers (with Christopher Golden) (2006)

Footnotes

Other websites 

 
 Amber Benson - amberbenson.net 
 Interview at Flames Rising (October 2005)
 Interview at LesbiaNation.com  (May 2007)
 Interview at SlayerLit 

1977 births
Living people
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
American Jews
American movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
American television actors
Whedonverse
Writers from Alabama
Walter Scheel (8 July 1919 – 24 August 2016) was a German politician (FDP).

Biography 
Scheel was born in Solingen.
During World War II, he became a member of the Nazi Party and served in the Luftwaffe, the last years of the war as a Radar operator on a Me 110 night fighter.

He was federal minister of economic cooperation and development (1961–1966), but he persuaded the FDP to leave Ludwig Erhard's coalition government in late 1966. This forced elections in Germany, and Kurt Georg Kiesinger became chancellor.
In 1969 his party formed a new coalition with the Social Democrats. He became Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor. With Willy Brandt his foreign policy meant the Federal Republic of Germany promised not to try and get back the parts of Germany given to Poland and the USSR. The treaty with Poland actually defined the western border of Poland, not the border between Poland and Germany. It is the same thing, but meant Poland could sign a treaty with West Germany that described the border of East Germany.

When Brandt resigned on 7 May 1974, Scheel, was acting chancellor, for about a week, until Helmut Schmidt was elected Chancellor.

A few weeks later, Scheel was elected Federal President of West Germany, a post he held from July 1974 until June 1979.

Like most ex German presidents, Scheel retired from political life term ended. He sometimes appeared on political talk shows or events. At the funeral of the murdered businessman Hanns Martin Schleyer in October 1977, Scheel gave a speech entitled shame.
Death
Scheel died on 24 August 2016 following a long illness. Having lived to  he holds the record as the longest-lived German head of state, either imperial or elected.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Members of the German Bundestag
German military personnel of World War II
Government ministers of Germany
Nazis
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Solingen
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Norman Kingsley Mailer (January 31, 1923 – November 10, 2007) was an American writer and journalist. He was born in Long Branch, New Jersey and raised in Brooklyn, New York City.

Along with Truman Capote, Joan Didion, and Tom Wolfe, Mailer writes creative nonfiction, sometimes called New Journalism, but which covers the essay to the nonfiction novel. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize twice and the National Book Award once on his journalism career. In 1955, Mailer, along with Ed Fancher and Dan Wolf, first published The Village Voice, which was shown to the Greenwich Village. In 2005, he won the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from The National Book Foundation.

Mailer died of renal failure in New York City.

Other websites
Other websites

 The Norman Mailer Society 
 Norman Mailer at Books and Writers 
 Norman Mailer on American Masters (PBS Broadcast)
 Norman Mailer's writing on the Huffington Post
 Norman Mailer New York Review of Books author profile and archive includes list of reviews, letters, and essays from over 40 years, along with a bibliography

1923 births
2007 deaths
American novelists
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Journalists from New Jersey
Journalists from New York (state)
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie directors from New York (state)
Movie producers from New Jersey
Movie producers from New York (state)
Pulitzer Prize winners
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Screenwriters from New York (state)
The Lion King is an animated movie made by Disney in 1994. It was the most successful animated movie of the 1990s. The movie is about a young lion prince who learns about his role as prince and in the circle of life. 

It is dedicated to Frank Wells. Wells was the president of The Walt Disney Company. He died shortly before the movie was released into theaters. The movie was the first full-length Disney movie with no human characters since Bambi. 

Most of the voice acting was done by well-known actors. This includes Matthew Broderick, Nathan Lane, James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin, Rowan Atkinson and Jonathan Taylor Thomas. 

The Lion King is a musical. The music for the songs was written by Elton John. The lyrics were written by Tim Rice. Computer animation was used a lot to make the movie.
Story
Many animals and birds gather to see Simba, who had just been born. Simba is the son of Mufasa and Sarabi, the King and Queen of the Pridelands (an area ruled by lions). The animals celebrate and rejoice. Scar, Mufasa's brother, is jealous because Simba will be king instead of him when Mufasa dies.

Scar lies to Simba about a called the Elephant Graveyard. Scar says that only brave lions go there. Simba and his best friend Nala find the Elephant Graveyard. They are chased by the three Hyaenas. Mufasa saves Simba and Nala and takes them both home. Mufasa talks to Simba alone. He explains to Simba that being brave is not about looking for danger.

Scar is angry with the hyenas because they did not kill Simba. It is shown that the hyenas are working for Scar. They plan to kill Simba and Mufasa so that Scar can become king and the hyenas can help him rule over the animals.
The next day, Scar takes Simba into a gorge. Scar has actually planned a wildebeest stampede. Simba is trapped in the gorge as the wildebeest run towards him. Scar tells Mufasa that Simba is in trouble. Mufasa rescues Simba but is left hanging on a cliff. Scar then throws Mufasa into the stampede and Mufasa dies. Scar blames Simba for the death of Mufasa and Simba runs away. 

Scar becomes king and tells everyone that Simba and Mufasa are dead. Simba runs to a desert and collapses. He is rescued by Timon the meerkat and Pumbaa the warthog. Timon and Pumbaa live in the jungle. Timon and Pumbaa look after Simba until Simba is an adult lion.

One day a female lion comes to the jungle and tries to kill and eat Pumbaa. Simba fights the lioness. Simba finds out that the other lion is his friend Nala. They are very happy to see each other and they fall in love. Nala wants Simba to go home and fight Scar because Scar is a bad king. Simba does not want go home because he thinks that he killed Mufasa.
Rafiki comes to the jungle and takes Simba to a field. In the sky above the field, Mufasa's ghost appears and tells Simba that he must go home because Simba is the true king. After this Simba goes home. Nala, Timon and Pumbaa follow him. When they get there, they see that the land is dry and the animals have gone because the hyenas have destroyed the food chain (Scar let them).

Nala gathers all of the lions and they fight Scar's hyenas. Simba attacks Scar. Scar does not want to die and so he lies to Simba that the hyenas are to blame for everything. This angers the hyenas and they attack and eat Scar alive. Rain starts to pour and the circle of life is restored.

Adaptations 
The movie was also made into an award-winning stage musical. The stage show first opened on November 13, 1997 in New York City. It has been a big success. A version opened later in London, England. It is one of the United Kingdom's biggest and most popular shows. Many other shows of The Lion King have been shown across the world.
This movie has a sequel called The Lion King II: Simba's Pride.

In 2019, a computer animated remake was released.

Characters 
 Simba - Mufasa's son, Scar's nephew, Nala's eventual husband, and the future king.
 Nala - Simba's eventual wife and the future queen.
Timon and Pumbaa - A meerkat and a warthog who adopt Simba as a cub.
 Mufasa - King at the start of the movie, Simba's father and Scar's older brother.
 Scar - Simba's arch-nemesis and uncle and  Mufasa's  younger brother.
 Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed - Three hyenas who are Scar's henchmen.
 Rafiki - A mandrill shaman.
 Zazu - A hornbill who serves as adviser to The Lion King.

Voices 

Singing voices

International Versions

Danish Dubbing år: 1994
Simba (Barn) – Andreas Hviid
 Simba (Voksne) – Peter Jorde
 Nala (Barn) – Amalie Ihle Alstrup
 Nala (Voksne) – Pernille Højgaard
 Mufasa – Aage Haugland
 Sarabi – Kirsten Olesen
 Scar – Stig Hoffmeyer
 Rafiki – Peter Belli
 Zazu – Peter Zhelder
 Timon – Henrik Koefoed
 Pumba – Lars Thiesgaard
 Shenzi – Lone Kellermann
 Banzai – Donald Andersen
 Ed/Ib – ?
 Sarafina – Ann Hjort
 Muldvarp – Kjeld Nørgaard

Choirs 

 Nicoline Møller
 Lise Nees
 Trine Dansgaard
 Pia Scharling
 Johnny Jørgensen
 Brian Grønbæk Jensen
 Søren Launbjerg

Box office performance 
When the movie was released, it was the most successful movie worldwide. It was behind Forrest Gump as most successful in the United States that year. The movie was the most successful animated feature movie of all time until Finding Nemo. , the movie has earned with over 1 billion dollars worldwide.
Awards and nominations 
The Lion King received many award nominations. These include the Academy Award for Best Original Score (by Hans Zimmer) and the Golden Globe award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. It won both. The song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" by Elton John and Tim Rice won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Golden Globe for Best Original Song, the BMI Film Music Award, and the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance Male.

Other awards include:
Academy Awards
 Best Original Score (Won)
 Best Original Song for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (Won)
 Best Original Song for "Circle of Life" (Nominated)
 Best Original Song for "Hakuna Matata" (Nominated)
 Golden Globe Awards
 Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy (Won)
 Best Original Score (Won)
 Best Original Song for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (Won)
 Best Original Song for "Circle of Life" (Nominated)
 Annie Awards
 Best Animated Feature (Won)
 Best Achievement for Voice Acting to Jeremy Irons for voicing Scar (Won)
 Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution in the Field of Animation (Won)
 Best Individual Achievement for Artistic Excellence in the Field of Animation (Nominated, lost to The Nightmare Before Christmas.)
 Saturn Awards
 Best Fantasy Film (Nominated, lost to Forrest Gump.)
 Best Performance by a Younger Actor to Jonathan Taylor Thomas for voicing young Simba (Nominated, lost to Kirsten Dunst for Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles.)
Best DVD Classic Film Release in 2004 (Nominated, lost to The Adventures of Robin Hood.)
 British Academy Film Awards
 Award for Best Sound (Nominated, lost to Speed.)
 Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music (Nominated, lost to Backbeat.)
 BMI Film & TV Awards
 BMI Film Music Award for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (Won)
 Most Performed Song from a Film "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (Won)
 Grammy Award
 Best Vocal Performance Male to Elton John for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (Won)
 Song of the Year for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (Nominated, lost to "Streets of Philadelphia" from Philadelphia.)
 Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (Nominated, lost to "Streets of Philadelphia" from Philadelphia.)
 Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media for "Circle of Life" (Nominated, lost to "Streets of Philadelphia" from Philadelphia.)
Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television (Nominated, lost to Schindler's List.)
 MTV Movie Awards
 Best Villain for Jeremy Irons (Nominated, lost to Dennis Hopper for Speed.)
 Best Song From A Movie for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (Nominated, lost to "Big Empty" from The Crow.)
 Kids' Choice Awards
 Favorite Movie (Won)
Sequels and spin-offs 
The Lion King was so successful that Disney created a  sequel called The Lion King II: Simba's Pride and a television series called The Lion King's Timon and Pumbaa. A second sequel, The Lion King 1½, was released on February 10, 2004. A preschool series called The Lion Guard was released on Disney Junior.

The Lion King had a special edition that was released in IMAX cinemas.

Controversies

"SEX" 
In one scene of the movie, it looks as if animators had written the word "sex" into some of the frames of animation. However, they wanted to show the letters "SFX" (meaning "special effects"). In The Lion King DVD the word has been taken out.

Kimba the White Lion 
Kimba the White Lion is an animated television program from the 1960s. It was made in Japan by Osamu Tezuka. Some characters and parts of the story in The Lion King are similar to Kimba the White Lion but Disney has said that it was not done on purpose.
"The Lion Sleeps Tonight" 
In one scene with Timon and Pumbaa, they both sing "The Lion Sleeps Tonight". This has caused problems between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled "Mbube") in 1939. In July 2004, the family went to court, seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney. In February 2006, Linda's family reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music, who held the worldwide rights and had let Disney us the song.

Hidden racism 
Upon its release, some critics complained that the hyenas in the movie were negative (bad) racial stereotypes of African-American people and Hispanic people.
Hamas' propaganda 
In August 2007, the Hamas terrorist group made an animated propaganda movie that made fun of the style of The Lion King. The programme was shown on their television station, Al-Aqsa TV. Hamas was shown as a lion that chased and killed rats that looked like members of the secular Fatah group in Gaza. The programme was shown for a short time but was taken off the air for changes.

Songs 
 "Circle of Life"
 "I Just Can't Wait to Be King"
 "Be Prepared"
 "Hakuna Matata"
 "Can You Feel the Love Tonight?"
 "The Bait Song" (Timon & Pumbaa's Hula)

References

Other websites 

 
 
 Official Disney page
1994 animated movies
2010s 3D movies
American epic movies
American family movies
American musical movies
Disney animated movies
1990s English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies about animals
Movies about lions
Movies about dictators
Movies based on plays by William Shakespeare
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies composed by John Powell
Movies set in Africa
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
IMAX movies
The Lion King
3D re-releases
United States National Film Registry movies
Kelly Michelle Lee Osbourne (born 27 October 1984, in London) is an English singer and actress. She is the daughter of the singer Ozzy Osbourne.

Osborne is one of the co-presenters in the E! programme Fashion Police. She also presents a programme on BBC Radio 1 called The Surgery on Sunday evening. Her duet song with her father, singer Ozzy Osbourne, "Changes", received much praise.

Other websites 
The Official Kelly Osbourne Website 
Kelly Osbourne at bbc.co.uk

1984 births
Living people
English singers
English movie actors
English television actors
Participants in American reality television series
Marie Antoine (Antonin) Carême (8 June 1784 – 12 January 1833), was a French chef and author. 

He is well known for greatly simplifying and writing about the style of cooking known as haute cuisine, the high art of French cooking. He was known as "chef of kings and king of chefs", because he cooked for royalty, and is often thought of as the first celebrity chef.

Biography
Carême was born Paris, but was abandoned in 1792 because his parents were very poor. He worked as a kitchen boy at a cheap Paris cafe in exchange for a room and food. In 1798, he was apprenticed to Sylvain Bailly, a famous pâtissier (cake baker) with a shop near the Palais-Royal.
Carême gained fame in Paris for his cake centrepieces, which Bailly put in the pâtisserie window. The centerpieces were sometimes several feet high, and were only made out of foodstuffs such as sugar, marzipan, and pastry. He modelled them on temples, pyramids, and ancient ruins which he read about in the books he studied at the French national library (Bibliothéque Nationale). Some of his sugar works were so strong that court jesters could dance on them to entertain the king.

Carême also worked for other people, for example the French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, and other members of Parisian high society, including Napoleon. When he worked in the private kitchens he quickly learned about main courses.

Napoleon was not interested in having fancy food, but he knew of social contacts that were important for diplomats. In 1804, he gave Talleyrand money to buy Château de Valençay. When Talleyrand moved there, he took Carême with him.
Carême was set a test by Talleyrand: he had to create a whole year’s worth of menus, without repeating them, and use only food that was in season. Carême passed the test and finished his training in Talleyrand's kitchens. When Napoléon was defeated Carême went to London for a time and served as chef de cuisine to the Prince Regent, later George IV. He returned to Europe to work for Czar Alexander I in St. Petersburg, before returning to Paris, where he was chef to banker James Mayer Rothschild.

He died in Paris at the age of 48, and is buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Montmartre.

Influence
Talleyrand encouraged Carême to start a new refined style of eating.

Carême's is said to have started service à la russe (serving each course in the order printed on the menu) instead of service à la française (serving all dishes at once)

Major works

References
 Carême's career. 
 
 Paul Metzner, Crescendo of the Virtuoso (UC Press,1998.)

Notes
Notes

Other websites
 NPR: Antonin Careme: The First Celebrity Chef - All Things Considered, May 25, 2004 - Biography Highlights Career of a 19th-Century Culinary Star

1784 births
1833 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French chefs
Writers from Paris
The X Window System is a set of protocols and programs. It is also known as X11, or simply X. It can manage windows, and other components of a graphical user interface (GUI) on a bitmap display. This way of doing graphics is most common in Unix-like operating systems.

X provides the basic components to build GUI environments: drawing and moving windows on the screen and interacting with a mouse or a keyboard. X does not say what the user interface should look likedifferent client programs handle this. Different X11-based environments have radically different designs. X is not a part of the operating system; instead, it is built as an additional program on top of the operating system.

Unlike display protocols from before, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on a display near the computer. X has network transparency: the machine where an application program (the client application) runs need not be the user's local machine (the display server).
X was developed at MIT in 1984. The current protocol version, X11, appeared in September 1987. The X.Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, version 11 release 7.7 (6 June 2012), available as free software under the MIT License and similar permissive licenses.

References 

Software
Mammaliaformes ("mammal-like") is a clade which contains the mammals and their closest extinct relatives.

Living members of the clade include the monotremes (Monotremata), marsupials (Marsupialia) and the eutherians (Placentalia).

Mammaliforms have highly specialized molar teeth, with cusps and flat regions for grinding food. This is a single inherited system in present mammals, but it seems to have evolved convergently in pre-mammals more than once. Instead of having many teeth that are frequently replaced, mammals have one set of baby teeth and later one set of adult teeth which fit together precisely. This may help to grind food, and make it easier to digest.

Lactation (milk) and fur, along with other features, also characterize the Mammaliaformes, though these traits are difficult to study in the fossil record. The fossilized remains of Castorocauda lutrasimilis are an exception to this.
Evolution of early mammals 
Fossils of Mesozoic proto-mammals are scarce. There were only 116 in 1979, but this has changed in recent times. There were about 310 in 2007, with an increase in quality: there are "at least 18 Mesozoic mammals [with] nearly complete skeletons".
Ecological niches in the Mesozoic 
There is still some truth in the "small, nocturnal insectivores" stereotype, but recent finds show that proto-mammals gradually developed a variety of lifestyles. For example:
Castorocauda, a member of Docodonta lived in the Middle Jurassic about 164 million years ago (mya). It was about  long, weighed , had limbs that were adapted for swimming and digging and teeth adapted for eating fish. Another docodont, Haldanodon, also had semi-aquatic habits. Aquatic tendencies were probably common among docodonts, since they lived in wetland environments.
Multituberculates are allotherians that survived for over 125 mya (from mid-Jurassic, about 160 mya, to late Eocene, about 35 mya) are often called the "rodents of the Mesozoic". They may have given birth to tiny live neonates rather than laying eggs.
Fruitafossor, from the Upper Jurassic about 150 mya, was about the size of a chipmunk. Its teeth, forelimbs and back suggest that it broke open the nest of social insects to prey on them (probably termites.
Spinolestes also had adaptations for digging, so it also might have had anteater-like habits. It is notable for quills like those of modern spiny mice.
Volaticotherium is from the boundary with the Lower Cretaceous about 125 mya. It is the earliest-known gliding mammal and had a gliding membrane that stretched out between its limbs, rather like a modern flying squirrel. This suggests it was active mainly during the day. It is not the only example of this type of locomotion.
Repenomamus, from the early Cretaceous 130 mya, was a stocky, badger-like predator that sometimes preyed on young dinosaurs. Two species have been recognized, the largest over a metre long.
Ichthyoconodon is known from mollariforms found in marine deposits. These teeth are sharp-cusped and similar in shape to those of piscivorous mammals. This has been taken to mean that it was a marine mammal, one of the few examples known from the Mesozoic.
This paints a picture of small-sized mammals being already quite successful and diversified in the Jurassic and early Cretaceous.

Taxonomy 
In some sources Class Mammalia takes the place of Mammaliaformes, and includes all members of that clade.

 MAMMALIAFORMES
 Branch Allotheria
 Sinoconodonta
 Morganucodonta
Morganucodon
Megazostrodon
 Haramiyida
 Docodonta
 Symmetrodonta
 Mammalia

References 

Theriodonts
The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland in the middle of the brain of humans and other vertebrates. It makes and releases the hormone named melatonin.

There is almost no melatonin in the blood in the daytime. At the end of the day, melatonin in the blood allows sleepiness in humans and other animals which sleep at night. There is melatonin in the blood all night, while the person or animal is sleeping. In the morning, there is less and less melatonin in the blood. When light enters the eyes, the melatonin of the blood goes away.

Some people have circadian rhythm sleep disorders which make them sleepy much earlier or much later than normal. The most common one is Delayed Sleep-Phase Disorder (DSPD, or Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome, DSPS). People with DSPD usually go to bed at 3 in the morning or later but they sleep normally for at least eight hours.

References
References 

 Eakin R.M 1973. The third eye. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Guyton A.C. & Hall J.E. 2001. Textbook of medical physiology. 10th ed, Saunders.

Sleep
Glands
Hormones
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, commonly shortened to GHB)  is a chemical substance. Small quantities of it can be found in the central nervous system of many animals. It can also be discovered in wine, beef and small citrus fruits. 

In the central nervous system, GHB interacts with other neurotransmitters, such as gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA). 

Many countries have regulated it as an illegal drug, even though it can be used in medicine. It can be used as an anesthetic, and a sedative. In the past it has been used to treat insomnia and depression. It can also help people who have a problem with alcoholism or cataplexy. In patients with narcolepsy it has been used to treat sleepiness during the day. Athletes have used it to make their performance better.
The drug has been used as a recreational drug. This is because it can make a person euphoric. Many countries have made it illegal if it is not used as medicine. Its most common name as an illegal drug is probably liquid Ecstasy. However, ecstasy is a different drug that is unrelated to GHB.

GHB is naturally produced in the human body's cells. Its chemical structure is similar to that of ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate. As a supplement or drug, it is used most as a salt. GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation. Small amounts of the substance can be found in some beers and wines. 

GHB can cause 'GHB comas'. This is when people faint or become unconscious. This is what causes most deaths.
Use as an illegal drug
GHB is a depressant of the central nervous system. Its effects have been described as similar to those of alcohol or ecstasy. People feel in a good mood. They also lower their inhibitions. If the dose is increased, the symptoms include nausea, drowsiness, breathing problems, amnesia, unconsciousness and death. The effect of GHB lasts between 1.5 and 3 hours, but may be longer. The effect when alcohol is used together with GHB, can last longer than 3 hours.

Certain substances called "pro-drugs", are changed to GHB in the stomach. One such drug, is gamma-butyrolactone. Such products are also a problem. Lots of them are used in industrial processes. An example of this are paint strippers. What is fine for use in industry may be bad for humans.

Some street names, especially when mixed with other substances such as amphetamines, can be Soap, Water, Salty water, Blue water, and Grievous Bodily Harm.

References

Drugs used in psychiatry
Carboxylic acids
Illegal drugs
The Reichsmark (which was shown with the symbol RM) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until June 20, 1948. One Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig.

Banknotes images

Other websites 
 Coins of the Third Reich 

Former currencies of Europe
Economy of Germany
20th century in Germany
Plum is a color similar to purple. The name comes from the fruit called a plum.

The first written use of plum as a color name in English was in 1805.

Meaning of plum
 In business, the color plum represents a business deal that is profitable—a plum contract. A plum job is a job that one is assigned to that has a high salary or the job may be a sinecure with good pay but not much work to do. Thus, the color plum represents prosperity.

Tones of plum color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

References
The Co-operative Party is a small centre-left political party in the United Kingdom that supports cooperative ideas and values. Its candidates must be members of the Labour Party as well, and stand as "Labour and Co-operative Party" candidates.

The party today 
It is the political part of the wider British co-operative movement, and all members of the party must be members of a co-operative business. Those who want to stand for election must also be members of the Labour Party.
Most of the party’s money is from grants made by the retail co-operative societies, and from the fee charged for managing the political affairs of Co-operatives UK, formerly known as the Co-operative Union. Local parties are not based on constituencies, but around a major local retail society, which gives most of the money a local Party Council has. The Party council organises local  branches to organise local activity and liaise with Constituency Labour Parties.  Some Parties exist without Society support, known as voluntary parties.

At first the Co-operative Party was mostly concerned with the problems of the co-op movement. Since the 1930s it has become a more mainstream political, but it still wants better recognition and protection for co-operative business, the social economy, and to advance support for co-operatives and co-operation across Europe and the developing world. The party also stands for a sustainable economy and society.
The election agreement between the Co-operative and Labour Parties means that 30 candidates can stand as  "Labour Co-operative" candidates, and get money for election expenses from the Co-operative Party.  There are many other Labour MPs who are Co-operative Party members but are not sponsored. One of these was Gareth Thomas MP, chair of the Co-operative Party since 2001 and of the Co-operative Congress in 2003, who was invited to join the parliamentary group in 2003. The Party has not registered a logo with the electoral commission for use on ballot papers, as candidates use the Labour Party "Rose" logo.  Under UK law a party and a logo must be registered if either are to be used on a ballot paper in an election

The Party holds an annual conference. The 2006 conference was held in Sheffield in September 2006.

The current General Secretary is Michael Stephenson.

History
History

Joint Parliamentary Committee
The Joint Parliamentary Committee was set up in 1881 by The Co-operative Union.  It was not set up to get MPs elected, but to watch over what was happening in parliament, and to lobby sympathetic MPs. The Co-operative Union Annual Congress tried to get a regular party set up but the retail societies would not give any money.
The Great War
At the start of the war, the many retail societies in the Co-op movement grew, partly because they were  very public about "anti-profiteering".  Making a large profit in war time was seen as not being patriotic or helping the country.  When conscription (men were ordered into the army) was started and food and fuel supplies restricted, the co-op societies began to suffer.  The co-ops were started by ordinary workers, but the government distribution committees and draft tribunals were usually run by members of the upper classes and gentry.  Co-ops smaller amounts of food to sell, and coop managers were often drafted, whereas business opponents were able to have even clerks declared vital for the war effort.  Co-op Societies were also made to pay "excess profits tax" even though as co-operatives they made no profits.

The 1917 Congress in Swansea decided to set up a Co-operative Party, the decision was passed by 1979 votes to 201.
Central Co-operative Parliamentary Representation Committee 
An Emergency Political Conference was held on 18 October 1917.  As a result, the Central Co-operative Parliamentary Representation Committee was formed in 1917, with the objective of putting co-operators into the House of Commons.  This was soon renamed the Co-operative Party.

At first the party put forward its own candidates. The first was H J May, later Secretary of the International Co-operative Alliance.  He was unsuccessful at the 1918 Prestwich by-election.

Ten people stood in the 1918 general election. One candidate was elected: Alfred Waterson who became a Member of Parliament for the Kettering seat. Waterson took the Labour whip in Parliament. In 1919, 151 Co-operative Party local councillors. Waterson retired from Parliament in 1922, but four new Co-operative MPs were elected that same year, including A.V. Alexander.  All of them took the Labour whip. Six were elected in 1923 and five in 1924.
However, since the 1927 Cheltenham Agreement, the party has had an electoral agreement with the Labour Party, which allows for a limited number of Labour Co-operative candidates. This means that the parties do not waste resources by opposing each other.  The agreement has been changed several times, most recently in 2003.  The 2003 agreement was the first between the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party, instead of the Co-operative Societies. After the first formal agreement, nine Labour Co-op MPs were elected at the 1929 general election, and Alexander was made a cabinet minister. However, only one was returned at the 1931 election against the backdrop of a massive defeat for Labour.
The rise of the sister party
The Labour party recovered from the bad election of 1931 and was in government during World War II.  This helped the Co-operative Party through the formal election links.. In 1945, 23 Labour Co-op MPs were elected and two had high office in the Labour government - Alexander and Alfred Barnes, who had been chair of the Party.

After the war the co-operative movement declined  and so did the influence of the Party. By 1983 only eight Labour Co-op MPs were elected. However, in 1997, all 23 candidates won seats in Parliament and, in 2001, only one was defeated, Faye Tinnion who had stood against the Leader of the Conservative Party, William Hague. Gordon Brown is very interested in the co-operative principles of self-help, and this support allowed the co-operative movement to make representations, and sponsor important bills on updating company law, employee share ownership and micro-generation of energy.
Chairs of the Co-operative Party 
1918-1924  Mr W. H. Watkins
1924-1945  Alfred Barnes MP
1945-1955  William Coldrick MP
1955-1957  Mr A. Ballard
1957-1965  James, later Lord, Peddie
1965-1972  Mr H. Kemp CSD, JP
1972-1978  Mr A. J. Parkinson
1978-1982  Mr T. Turvey JP
1982-1989  Mr B. Hellowell
1989-1995  Mrs J. Carnegie
1995-1996  Mr P. Nurse
1996-2001  Jim Lee
2001-present  Gareth Thomas MP

Noted co-op politicians 
 Alfred Waterson - first Co-op MP
 Albert Victor "AV" Alexander (1885 - 1965)
 Alun Michael
 Stan Newens
 Ted Graham, Lord Graham of Edmondton
 Pauline Green - former Labour Co-op MEP, leader of the Party of European Socialists
 Ed Balls - Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, former economic adviser to Gordon Brown and MP for Normanton in West Yorkshire since May 2005

See UK Co-operative Party politicians and List of Labour Co-operative Members of Parliament for wider lists.
Nicholas Russell, the 6th Earl Russell (and grandson of the philosopher, 3rd Earl Bertrand Russell) is a strong supporter of the Co-operative Party and secretary of its Waltham Forest branch; he is vocal in his call for the abolition of the House of Lords.

References
The Co-operative Party - At a Glance (2003), John Blizzard & Richard Tomlinson, The Co-operative Party.

Other websites
Co-operative Party Website

Political parties in the United Kingdom
Co-operative movement
The Dominican city of San Francisco de Bánica, or simply Bánica, is a municipality of the Elías Piña province, on the border with Haiti and near the River Artibonite.

Origin of name
The name Bánica comes from the Taíno name of the region, Banique ("land of ebony trees").

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 2,112: 1,043 men and 1,069 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
The town was founded in 1504 by Diego Velázquez, who later went to conquest the island of Cuba, on the left side of the Artibonite river. It was an important town in those years but later it lost its importance. In the 18th century, the Spanish government moved the city to its present place, away from the river, and brought families from the Canary Islands to live there.
When the Haitian independence, most of the people moved to other places. When the Haitians occupied the eastern part of the island (the present Dominican Republic), they founded again the town as part of the Artibonite department.

After the Dominican Independence in 1844, the town was made a municipality of the Azua province. But again the town was abandoned by its inhabitants. After the "Restoration War" (1863 - 1865), some families from other towns near the Haitian border came to live in Bánica.

Bánica was made a municipality of the San Juan province in 1938 and then, in 1942, of the new province of Elías Piña.

Geography

Bánica is at  to the west of Santo Domingo and  to the northeast of Comendador.

The limits of the municipality are the municipality of Pedro Santana to the north, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Comendador to the south and Haiti to the west.

The average daily temperature in the city is 25.4 °C.
Administrative division
The municipality of Bánica has two municipal districts; these are:

Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. Commerce with Haiti is also an important economic activity in the city.
Places of interest
 Iglesia de San Francisco de Asís (Saint Francis of Assisi Church). It is a very interesting colonial Catholic church. It is not known when it was built but in 1740 the Bishop Domingo Pantaleón Álvarez Abréu wrote that in Bánica "there is a new church".
 Reloj de sol (Sundial). In one of his faces there is a date, "1795", that could be the date when it was built. There were only two sundials in the old Spanish colony: one in Santo Domingo and another in Bánica.
 Cerro de San Francisco (Saint Francis Hill). It is a rocky hill at  from the city. Here there is a cave visited by many people to pray to Saint Francis; they get wet with water that falls from the top of the cave and they put limestone dust in their faces so when they get back to town they are identified by their white faces. The hill is protected by law because here there is the only wild population of Pereskia marcanoi, a cactus with leaves and beautiful small purple flowers; its common name is Rosa de Bánica ("Bánica Rose").
References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1504 establishments in the Spanish Empire
Soap bark tree (Quillaja saponaria) is a tree of the family Quillajaceae. In commerce, it is known as Panama wood. The tree grows naturally from warm temperate central Chile north to Bolivia and Peru. It can grow to  to  high. The Soap bark tree gets its name because the inner bark can be made into a powder which can be used as soap. Its compounds are also used as foam in beer and other drinks. The tree also has medicinal uses.

Morphology
Quillay is an evergreen tree, with grey bark. Alternate leaves, glaber, acute apex and obtuse base, bright green, near entire margins with 4-8 teeth. Flowers light green or white, hermaphrodite, pentamer, radiate. Five petals, 5 sepals, 10 stamens and 5 pistils. Fruit: a star-shape capsule, with winged seeds.

References

Fabales
On December 2, 2022, Anderson was promoted to the honorary rank of brigadier general by Gen. CQ Brown Jr., the Air Force chief of staff at the Aerospace Museum of California

1922 births
Living people
Military people from California
United States Air Force
People from Oakland, California
American aviators
American centenarians
American military personnel of World War II
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
A Wild Weasel is a nickname for an aircraft in the United States Air Force that is supposed to destroy enemy anti-aircraft guns, surface-to-air missiles, and other ground attack weapons by seeking them out with radar and destroying them with missiles.

History 

The idea was first thought of in 1965 during the Vietnam War, because North Vietnamese surface-to-air missiles, or "SAMs" were destroying American aircraft. The first Wild Weasel airplane was the F-100 Super Sabre, a variant of the F-86 Sabre. In 1966, the F-105 Thunderchief took the job.

After that, a new kind of F-4 Phantom IIs, the "G" model was used as a Wild Weasel. During the Gulf War of 1991, Wild Weasel missions were done by the F4-G  and not theF-16 Fighting Falcon, a light fighter-bomber that can also battle enemy fighter aircraft. Currently, the F-16CJ does this. They were being used in the Iraq War.
Weapons used 
In the Vietnam War, the main missile used by Wild Weasels was the AGM-45 Shrike. Currently, some of the weapons used by the Wild Weasel planes includes the AGM-88 HARM and the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missiles. They can also have ALQ-131 and ALQ-184 pods that can mess up enemy radar.

References 

United States Air Force
Vietnam War aircraft
United States military aircraft
The F-105 Thunderchief was a bomber during the Vietnam War. It first flew in 1955, and was introduced in 1958. It was used as a bomber, but was later replaced by the F-4 Phantom II and the F-111 Raven. But it was still in service for a while as a Wild Weasel. It could carry an electronic counter-measures pod that could mess up the enemy radar.

United States Air Force aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
Labour Co-operative or Labour and Co-operative is the name used in the United Kingdom to describe politicians who are elected as members of the Co-operative Party.

The electoral agreement between the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party says that the Co-operative Party candidates must be members of the Labour Party as well.

Labour Party (UK)
Co-operative movement
A heraldic badge is not a part of an armiger's achievement of arms, but it is granted by the same body.

The badge is designed to be used by the supporters of an armiger.  A mediaeval knight would be granted arms by letter patent, but his supporters or followers would not be allowed to display that achievement, instead they would use a badge to help identify themselves to each other and to other people.

Today, many English towns and cities have an achievement of arms.  Usually the mayor and council are the only ones allowed to used the full coat of arms.  The departments of the council use a badge, and it is the badge which is painted on council vehicles etc. to identify them.

Badges, like the arms, can only be used with the permission of the person to whom they were granted.

The "Prince of Wales's Feathers" is the badge of the heir apparent of the British monarch.  The badge is used because the coats of arms of the prince and the monarch are very similar.

Heraldry
A Postal code is a series of numbers or letters and numbers used by a post office to help identify where a letter or parcel should be sent.
The code can be read by machines, this speeds up sorting mail.

In the United Kingdom the first part of the post code has one or two letters and one or two numbers. This identifies the post town and an area in the post town. The second part is used to identify an even smaller area, down to just one street or a few house in a long street.

The post town is the main town in an area. Sometimes this is a lot bigger than the real town. Ipswich, for example is the post town for most of east Suffolk.

In Europe most postal codes are all numbers. Often the one or two letter country code is put in front of the code to make sure that towns and cities are not mixed up, or for international post.
In France the first two numbers of the postal code relate to the department. Codes for Monaco start with 98 as if it was part of France, but has the letters "MC" instead of "F" for international mail.

Related pages
ZIP code
 Postal codes in the United Kingdom

Postal services