Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In professional races, radios are used so that the team can talk to each other and the team director.  The team director often travels in a team car behind the race to monitor the whole race. The influence of radios on race tactics is controversial, and some people think radios have led to less exciting racing. In September 2009, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the governing body of pro cycling, voted to ban team radios in men's top level road racing.

Types of riders

Different cyclists have different strengths and weaknesses. Therefore a rider may prefer different events over particular courses, and perform different roles within a team.

The main types of rider in road bicycle racing are:
 Climber
 Puncheur
 Time trialist
 Sprinter
 Domestique
 All-rounder

Tactics

A number of tactics are used to win a race. Tactics can be different in single stage races and stage races.
Drafting
Tactics are based on drafting. This is where a rider can reduce the effort needed to pedal by following the rider in front very closely. Riding with others in the main field, called the peloton, can save as much as 40% of the energy needed to ride alone. Riders can help each other to ride at high speed, or one rider can sit on a competitor's wheel, forcing him to do more work and get tired earlier. Some teams have a leader, and the rest of the team let him or her draft them to save their energy for the important bit of the race. Drafting is not allowed in individual time trials.

Breaks
A small group of riders sometimes "breaks away" in front of the main group. When they work together a small group can sometimes go faster than the peloton, if the peloton does not organise to chase them. The riders in the breakaway try to win the race, and in the breakaway there are fewer rivals for the win.
Sprints
If a break does not succeed and the peloton catches up with them, a sprinter will usually win the race by sprinting faster than everyone else in the final few hundred metres. The team works together to make sure their sprinter is in a good position to win.

Climbs 
Climbs are very good places for a single rider to try and leave the others behind. If the finish of the race is at the top of the climb, or not far past the top, a single rider can stay in front of the peloton and win the race.

Tactics in stage races

In a stage race each day's stage is like a race within the bigger race. Each stage has a winner, either the first rider across the line, or in a time trial the rider or team with the quickest time. After each stage the general classification ranking is also worked out. The rider with the lowest total time for all the stages is the leader. The leader wears a special jersey for the next day's stage.
In multi-stage races, the GC leader will watch break-aways carefully if there is a rider close to him in the general classification. However often the GC leader will not react to a break-away. This happens if the escaping riders are a long way behind in the GC, and do not have a chance of taking the GC lead. Riders who are far behind often escapes because they want to win the stage or collect points for sprinting or climbing mountains. Riders may also go in a break-away to get television time for their team sponsors because the break-away often gets shown on the television coverage.

Important bicycle races

Grand tours (GT)
The most famous cycling race is the Tour de France, a stage race lasting three weeks. It takes place mostly in France, usually ending in Paris. Similar races are held in Italy (the Giro d'Italia) and Spain (the Vuelta a España). These three races make up the "grand tours".
UCI World Tour
Professional racing is controlled by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). In 2005 it started the UCI World Tour. The World Tour includes the Grand Tours and other large stage races such as Tour Down Under, Tour de Suisse, Paris–Nice and the Critérium de Dauphiné Libéré.

Some one day races are also part of the World Tour: Milan – San Remo (Italy), Tour of Flanders (Belgium), Paris-Roubaix (France), Liège–Bastogne–Liège (Belgium) and Amstel Gold Race (Netherlands) in the spring, and Clásica de San Sebastián (Spain), HEW Cyclassics (Germany), Züri-Metzgete (Switzerland), Paris–Tours (France) and Giro di Lombardia (Italy) in the autumn season.

Olympic Games
Cycling has been at the Olympics since 1896. There are usually road race and individual time trial events for both men and women.
World championships
The other important one-day race is the World Championships. The World Championships is held on a different course each year and ridden by national rather than sponsored teams. The winner wears a white jersey with coloured bands (often called "rainbow bands") around the chest.

Season

In Europe and in the United States, cycle racing on the road is a summer sport. The season can start in early spring and end in autumn.

Bicycle championships
 Olympic Games
 Commonwealth Games
 World Cycling Championship

References 

Cycle races
Pinewood is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England.

References 

Villages in Suffolk
Pope Leo II (611 – 28 June 683) was pope of the Catholic Church from 17 August 682 until he died in 28 June 683. He put an end to attempts by the Ravenna archbishops to get away from the control of the Bishop of Rome. He helped the deal for the Ravenna bishops by putting an end to the tax it had been usual for them to pay when they received the pallium. After Agatho died, Leo was elected pope. When Leo died, he was buried in his own monument. After a few years, his remains were moved to a tomb which contained the first four Pope Leos.

References

610s births
680s deaths
Leo II
People from Sicily
Bond girls are female characters in James Bond movies, books and video games. They play the love interest of Bond. There are no set rules on what kind of role a Bond girl plays. Some examples of Bond girls are Solitaire, Tatiana Romanova, and Vivienne Michel.

Bond girls are usually aged in their early-to-mid 20s, about 10 years younger than Bond. Their normal dress is conventional without much jewellery. The dress style, however, varies. 

There have been only two movies in which Bond falls in love with a Bond girl and actually marries one of them. The first was was On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969), where Bond falls in love with and marries Countess Tereza di Vicenzo played by Diana Rigg, who is shot dead during their honeymoon. The most recent of them was Casino Royale (2006), where Bond falls in love with Vesper Lynd played by Eva Green.
Ursula Andress played the character Honey Ryder in Dr. No (1962) and Vesper Lynd in Casino Royale (1967). Halle Berry's was a character in Die Another Day. Others who were Bond girls are Britt Ekland, Claudine Auger, Lois Chiles, Carole Bouquet, Tanya Roberts, Teri Hatcher, Gemma Arterton, Rosamund Pike and Léa Seydoux.
Vesper Lynd is a character in several James Bond movies and in the novel Casino Royale. She is a Bond girl. 

In the novel, she works for MI6 and assists Bond whilst gambling in France. She later turns out to be a double agent.
 
In the 1967 movie Casino Royale, she is a former MI6 agent who has an affair with a man named Evelyn Tremble. She later betrays him. 

In the 2006 movie Casino Royale, she is a foreign liaison agent. She is also a double agent working for a terrorist group named Quantum, which MI6 are trying to stop. She later falls in love with Bond. She embezzles money for Quantum, but Bond does not know that. She dies when an elevator she is in fills with water. 

Vesper Lynd is played by Ursula Andress in the 1967 movie and by Eva Green in 2006 movie.

Bond girls
Lo Que La Vida Me Robó (International Title: What Life Took From Me) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Angelli Nesma Medina for Televisa. It is a remake of Bodas de odio, produced by Ernesto Alonso in 1983. In 2003, Amor real, the first remake, was produced by Carla Estrada. Unlike Bodas de odio and Amor real, Lo Que La Vida Me Robó has been adapted to the present time.

Cast
Daniela Castro - Doña Graciela Giacinti de Mendoza.
 Angelique Boyer -  Monserrat Mendoza Giacinti.
 Sebastián Rulli - Alejandro Almonte Domínguez.
 Luis Roberto Guzmán - José Luis Álvarez.
 Lisset - Fabiola Guillén
 Sergio Sendel - Pedro Medina.
 Rogelio Guerra - Almirante Don Lauro Mendoza.
 Eric del Castillo - Padre Anselmo.
 Gabriela Rivero - Carlota Mendoza. 
 Grettell Valdez - María Zamudio.
 Francisco Gattorno - Sandro Narváez
 Alberto Estrella - Juventino Zamudio. 
 Ana Bertha Espín - Rosario Domínguez.
 Juan Carlos Barreto - Macario Peralta.
 Luis Uribe - Capitán Ignacio Robledo.
 Osvaldo Benavides - Dimitrio Mendoza Gianciti.
 Verónica Jaspeado - Josefina "Finita" "Josefa" Valverde.
 Margarita Magaña - Esmeralda Ramos.
 Carlos de la Mota - Refugio Solares. 
 Alejandro Ávila - Víctor Hernández.
 Alejandra García - Nadia Argüelles de Medina.
 Ferdinando Valencia - Adolfo Argüelles.
 Marco Uriel - Efraín Loreto.
 Isabella Camil - Amelia Betrand de Arechiga.
 Luis Xavier - Joaquín Arechiga.
Ilithya Manzanilla - Angélica Arechiga Betrand.
 Natalia Juárez - Virginia Arechiga Betrand.
 Alejandra Procuna - Dominga García.
 Luis Gatica - Bruno Gamboa.
 Rafael Amador - Teniente.
 Juan Romanca - Gaspar Zamundio.
 Ricardo Vera - Licenciado.
 Osvaldo de León - Sebastián de Icaza.
 Alfredo Adame - Don Benjamín Almonte.
 Alexis Ayala - Ezequiel Basurto.
 Raúl Buenfil - Antonio Olivares.
 Mauricio de Montellano - Marino.
 Lizzeta Romo - Violeta.
References 

2013 television series debuts
Telenovelas by Televisa
2010s Mexican television series debuts
Margarita Stāraste-Bordevīka (; born Margarita Barvikha (); 2 February 1914 – 18 February 2014) was a Russian-born Latvian author and illustrator. She was known for her books for children.

Her most popular books are "Balti tīri sniega vīri" (1942), "Ziemassvētku pasakas" (1943), "Zīļuks" (1961), "Pasaku ābece" (1969) and "Lācīša Rūcīša raibā diena" (1977). Her first book was published in 1942. She co-authored a collection of folk songs in Livonian. "Urū! Rurū!" (1994) was published in both Latvian and Livonian.

She was born Margarita Barvika on 2 February 1914 in Vladimir, Russian Empire. She was awarded the title as Commander of the Order of the Three Stars on 7 April 1999.

Margarita Stāraste-Bordevīka died on 18 February 2014, at the age of 100.

References

1914 births
2014 deaths
Centenarians
Children's writers
Latvian writers
Russian artists
Russian writers
Soviet writers
Illustrators
Israir Airlines Ltd. () is an Israeli airline. It is the second largest airline in Israel. It operates in North America, Europe and Asia. About 350 people work for Israir Airlines.

Airlines of the Middle East
Transport in Israel
Companies of Israel
Gremlins 2: The New Batch is a 1990 American comedy-horror movie. It is about gremlins who attack people in a high-rise office building. The gremlins get wet and are killed when an electric gremlin shocks them. A female gremlin survives and later marries. Phoebe Cates plays Kate Beringer. Howie Mandel plays Gizmo. Julia Sweeney plays Peggy. It is the sequel to Gremlins.

This movie was released in June 1990. The review from some critics was very positive. The box office was not good. The rating in the United States was PG-13.

Other websites 

1990 comedy movies
1990 horror movies
1990 thriller movies
1990s horror thriller movies
American comedy movies
American horror thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Joe Dante
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Sequel movies
Warner Bros. movies
Sir George Everest (; 4 July 1790 – 1 December 1866) was a Welsh surveyor and geographer. He was the Surveyor General of India from 1830 through 1843.

Everest was born on 4 July 1790 in Gwernvale Manor, just west of Crickhowell in Powys. He was baptised in Greenwich.

He was largely responsible for completing the section of the Great Trigonometric Survey of India along the meridian arc from southern India extending north to Nepal, a distance of about . This survey was started by William Lambton in 1806 and it lasted for several decades. In 1865, Mount Everest was named in his honour despite his objections by the Royal Geographical Society. This enormous peak was surveyed by Everest's successor, Andrew Scott Waugh, in his role as the Surveyor-General of India.

Everest died on 1 December 1866 in London, England. He was 76.

References

Other websites
 

1790 births
1866 deaths
British explorers
British geographers
Cartographers
Welsh people
Antonio "Toni" Ucci (13 January 1922 – 19 February 2014) was an Italian actor and comedian from Rome. He appeared in 86 movies between 1948 and 2000.

Ucci died from natural causes on 19 February 2014, aged 92, in his hometown of Rome.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Rome
Italian television actors
Italian movie actors
Italian stage actors
Italian comedians
The Volapük Wikipedia is the Volapük version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia.  See List of Wikipedias.

It is 54th largest edition by article count.

Some believe that Wikipedia should get rid of it, because most of the changes come from one bot user.

References 

Wikipedias
Pope Anicetus (ca. 155-166), was the tenth Pope of the Catholic Church, the official title is the Bishop of Rome.  During his time as Pope, Rome became a center of Christian knowledge with the teachings of St. Hegesippus, St. Justin Martyr and St. Polycarp, a follower of St. John the Evangelist.

During his time as Pope, there were many discussions of when, exactly, the feast of the Resurrection (Easter) should be celebrated.  This Pope favored the custom of celebrating Easter on a Sunday while others thought it should be celebrated on Passover, whatever day of the week that it should fall on.  Anacetus's practice of celebrating Easter on Sunday was maintained while members of the Eastern Church favored Passover.

His feast day is celebrated on April 17.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Abduwali Muse (born 1990) is a Somali pirate. In 2009, he captured a ship from the United States and took its captain Richard Phillips as hostage. He was sentenced to over 33 years in prison on 16 February 2011.

References

Somali people
Pirates
1990 births
Living people
Bileh is a Somali pirate. He acts as a spokesperson for his group. He is based in Eyl in Puntland. He operates in both the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean.

References

Somali people
Pirates
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
"American Idiot" is the first single and title track off American punk rock band Green Day's seventh studio album American Idiot. The song was released on 31 August, 2004. The song criticizes the United States around 2004. The song was nominated for 4 Grammy Awards for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, Best Rock Song, Best Short Form Music Video and Record of the Year. The band performed the song at the 2005 Grammy Awards.

Music video 
The video features Green Day playing in a warehouse in front of a green American flag. The band plays at different speeds in the middle of the video. The stripes of the flag melt onto the ground during the bridge. They are sprayed by a green liquid from amplifiers next to the flag. The end of the video shows the band dropping their instruments and leaving.

References

Other websites

2004 songs
Green Day songs
Malcolm Tierney (25 February 1938 – 18 February 2014) was an English actor. He began his career in 1964. He had many different roles in movies, television shows, and theatre. He was born in Manchester, which was then part of Lancashire.

Tierney died on 18 February 2014, at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 

1938 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Manchester
English television actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
Natalya Yevgenyevna Gorbanevskaya (; 26 May 1936 – 29 November 2013) was a Russian poet, journalist, translator of Polish literature and civil rights activist.

She was born in Moscow. She graduated from the Saint Petersburg State University in 1964. In 2005, she became a citizen of Poland.

Gorbanevskaya died on 29 November 2013 at her home in Paris, France. She was aged 77.

References

1936 births
2013 deaths
Civil rights activists
Polish writers
Russian poets
Russian translators
Writers from Moscow
Soviet dissidents
Russian activists
Jay Michael Leggett (August 9, 1963 – November 23, 2013) was an American actor, improvisational comedian, producer, director, and screenwriter. He was born in Tomahawk, Wisconsin. Leggett graduated from Tomahawk High School before he received his Bachelor's degree in fine arts from the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point.

After a day of deer hunting, Leggett died from a massive heart attack on November 23, 2013 in Lincoln County, Wisconsin. He was aged 50.

References

Other websites
 

1963 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Wisconsin
Comedians from Wisconsin
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Wisconsin
Writers from Wisconsin
Kristinestad () is a town in the Ostrobothia region of Finland. There were about 7,000 people living there in January 2014. It is next to the municipalities of Isojoki, Karijoki, Merikarvia, Närpes and Teuva. The people living in the town are bilingual; about 56% of the people speak Swedish. Most of the rest, about 42%, speak Finnish.

References

Other websites 

 Homepage
 Museums in Kristinestad 

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Ostrobothnia
Teuva () is a municipality in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. There were about 5,700 people living there on 31 January 2014. It is next to the municipalities of Karijoki, Kauhajoki, Kristinestad, Kurikka and Närpes. About 99% of the people living there speak Finnish. Teuva was established in 1868.

Villages 
Horonkylä, Kauppila, Kirkonkylä, Korvenkylä, Komsi, Luovankylä, Norinkylä, Perälä, Riippi and Äystö,

Other websites 

 Municipality site 

Municipalities of South Ostrobothnia
Ilmajoki () is a municipality in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. There were about 12,090 people living there on January 31, 2014. It is next to the municipalities of Isokyrö, Jalasjärvi, Kurikka, Laihia and Seinäjoki. Most of the people speak Finnish.

Some villages 
 Ahonkylä 
 Huissi 
 Jouppila
 Könni 
 Pojanluoma
 Röyskölä
 Varpahaiskylä

Other websites 

 Municipality site 

Municipalities of South Ostrobothnia
Ostrobothnia () is a historical province in Finland. In terms of today's regions, it covered all of Kainuu, Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Northern Ostrobothnia, most of Southern Ostrobothnia and the southern part of Finnish Lapland, Peräpohjola.

History of Finland
Fuck the System is the eighth studio album by Scottish hardcore punk band, The Exploited. Fuck the System was released in January 2003. 

On 14 October 2003, 500 fans started a riot in Montreal, Quebec after an Exploited concert was cancelled because the band was not allowed into Canada. The band was then banned in Mexico City after city officials heard about the riot.

Songs

References

2003 albums
The Exploited albums
Punk albums
Beat the Bastards is the seventh studio album by Scottish hardcore punk band, The Exploited. Beat the Bastards was released on April 23, 1996. Allmusic rated the album 3 stars out of 5.

Songs

References

1996 albums
The Exploited albums
Punk albums
Death Before Dishonour is the fifth studio album by Scottish punk rock band, The Exploited. Death Before Dishonour was released on April 15, 1987. The album was re-released on June 19, 2001. The single "Sexual Favours" had a music video released for it. The album was ranked in the top 200 of the Britain Alternative Music list. The re-release of the album featured seven more tracks.

Songs

Re-release bonus tracks

References

1987 albums
The Exploited albums
Punk albums
Jalasjärvi is a former municipality in Southern Ostrobothnia, in Finland. There were about 7,950 people living there on January 31, 2014. It is next to the municipalities of Ilmajoki, Karvia, Kauhajoki, Kihniö, Kurikka, Parkano and Seinäjoki. Most of the people speak Finnish. Literally Jalasjärvi refers to water (järvi means "lake"), but only 1% of the area is water. On 1 January 2016, it was merged to the town of Kurikka.

Some villages 
Alavalli, Hirvijärvi, Ilvesjoki, Taivalmaa and Ylivalli.

Other websites 

 Villages  
 Municipality site  

Former municipalities of Finland
Luosto is a hill in Finnish Lapland, in the Sodankylä municipality. It is about 510 meters high. It is part of Pyhä-Luosto National Park.

Other websites
 Luosto-website
 webcams 

Geography of Finland
Hills of Europe
Horror Epics is the fourth studio album by Scottish punk rock band, The Exploited. Horror Epics was released on April 15th 1985. The album was re-released in 2004 on the Captain Oi! label. Allmusic rated the album 2 stars out of 5.

Songs
Side one

Side two

Re-release bonus tracks

References

1985 albums
The Exploited albums
Punk albums
Let's Start a War (also known as Let's Start a War... (Said Maggie One Day)) is the third studio album by Scottish punk rock band, The Exploited. Let's Start a War was released in 1983. It was re-released in 1998 on the Captain Oi! label. The name of the album refers to Margaret Thatcher's decision to go to war over the Falkland Islands in 1982. The reissue featured three songs from their Rival Leaders EP.

Songs
Side one

Side two

References

1983 albums
The Exploited albums
Punk albums
Korsholm () is a municipality in western Finland. It was founded in 1606. It is in the Ostrobothnia region. Most of the people living there speak Swedish.

Municipalities of Ostrobothnia
Troops of Tomorrow is the second studio album by Scottish punk rock band, The Exploited. Troops of Tomorrow was released in 1982. American heavy metal band Slayer and rapper Ice-T covered a medley called "Disorder" which was featured on the soundtrack to the 1993 movie Judgment Night. The song "UK82" was also used as the opening and closing theme for the 1983 movie Made in Britain starring Tim Roth.

The music video for the song "Fuck the USA" starts with a typed intro and says "And so... a Pandora's box of rejection and reaction was opened. Today, thousands carry on the greatest anti-movement of our age. Punk rock, the end of our dreams..." The lead vocalist Wattie Buchan starts shouting while the music starts. They play on stage while there are some clips of the band walking around the streets of Scotland and having fun. The song ends with an interview with the band.

Songs
Side one

Side two

References

1982 albums
The Exploited albums
Punk albums
Rukatunturi () is a hill (or fell) in Kuusamo, Finland. It is 490 metres (1,610 ft) high. There is a ski resort there.

Other websites
 Ski resort website

Hills of Europe
Ski areas and resorts
Geography of Finland
Skiing in Finland
Stephen P. Synnott is an American astronomer. He is also a scientist for the Voyager program. He discovered several moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

He discovered Metis, Puck, Larissa, Proteus, and Thebe.

The minor planet 6154 Stevesynnott was named after him.

References

American astronomers
Living people
1946 births
People from New Jersey
Punks Not Dead is the debut studio album by Scottish punk rock band, The Exploited. Punks Not Dead was released in April 1981. They made the album as a reaction to critics who thought that the genre was dead, and was also against popular trends such as New Wave, hardcore and post-punk. The album is regarded as one of the definitive Oi! albums. The album peaked at #20 on the UK charts in May of that year.

Songs
Side one

Side two

2001 Re-release

References

1981 albums
The Exploited albums
Punk albums
Schwartz–Jampel syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes muscles to be constantly tense.

Genetic disorders
SI, Si, or si may refer to:

Science 
 Silicon, chemical symbol Si
 International System of Units, abbreviated SI from its French name, Système International d'unités
 Self-injury
 Sexual intercourse, a medical abbreviation
 Suicidal ideation, a medical term for thoughts about suicide
 Small intestine, part of the digestive system
 .si, the Internet country code top-level domain for Slovenia

Places 
 Slovenia, a European country (from the ISO 3166-2 two-letter abbreviation)
 Solomon Islands, a Pacific island country
 South India, a region in India
 The South Island, one of the two main islands of New Zealand
 Southern Ireland, an old name for the Republic of Ireland
 Staten Island, a borough of New York City and an island in the Hudson River
 Province of Siena, an Italian province (two letter provincial code)
Other uses 
 Sí (album), an album by Julieta Venegas
 Smithsonian Institution, a research institute
 Socialist International, an organisation of socialist and labour political parties
 Societas Iesu, the Jesuits, a group within the Roman Catholic Church
 Sports Illustrated, a sports magazine
Igor Dmitrievich Kurnosov (; 30 May 1985 – 8 August 2013) was a Russian chess grandmaster. In 2008, he won the Arctic Chess Challenge. He was also the winner of 2008/9 Hastings Masters tournament.

Kurnosov died after he was hit by a car in the early hours of 8 August 2013 in his hometown of Chelyabinsk. He was aged 28.

References

Other websites

 Igor Kurnosov at Chess Games

1985 births
2013 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Russian chess players
Road accident deaths
Year 16 BC was either a common year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Monday or Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ahenobarbus and Scipio.

Events 
 Noricum is added the Roman Empire
 Caesar Augustus makes Trier the capital of German provinces

Deaths 

 Cornelia Scipio, daughter of Publius Cornelius Scipio Salvito and Scribonia (b. c. 46 BC)
 Empress Wang
Year 17 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Furnius and Silanus.

Events 
 Rome celebrates the Secular Games

Births 

 Arminius, German war chief (d. AD 21)
 Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, son of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Antonia Major (d. AD 40)
 Lucius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (d. AD 2)
Year 18 BC was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Lentulus.

Events 
 Caesar Augustus introduced the Lex Julia (Julian Laws)
 Onjo becomes the first ruler of the Korean kingdom of Baekje
Year 19 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday or Friday of the Julian calendar.  At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Saturninus and Vespillo.

Events
 Lucius Cornelius Balbus receives the honor of a Roman triumph for his victories over the Garamantes in Africa
 Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa completes the Aqua Virgo
 The Cantabrians are brought under Roman control

Births 

 Vipsania Julia Agrippina, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (d. c. AD 28)

Deaths 

 Virgil, Roman poet (b. 70 BC)
 Albius Tibullus, Roman poet (b. 54 BC)
Year 20 BC was either a common year starting on Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Appuleius and Nerva.

Events 
 Rome and Parthia make a peace treaty
 King Herod the Great begins to renovate the Temple in Jerusalem
 Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, is built (approximate date)
 Marcus Verrius Flaccus' dictionary De verborum significatu is published. It is one of the first great dictionaries in history.
 Shakas no longer control northwest India

Births 

 Gaius Caesar, grandson of Augustus Caesar (d. AD 4)
 Philo, the philosopher (approximate date) (d. AD 50)
Queen Alexandra's birdwing is a rare butterfly. It was named for Alexandra of Denmark. It lives only in the northern province of Papua New Guinea. The wingspan of this butterfly is 11 inches or more for an adult female. This makes it the largest butterfly. The abdomen is bright yellow. It has brightly colored wings, mostly light blue and black.

Papilionidae
Papua New Guinea

The Queen Alexandra's birdwing was discovered by Albert Stewart Meek
Year 21 BC was either a common year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lollius and Lepidus.

Events 
 Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divorces Claudia Marcella.  He then marries Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus.

Births 

 Naevius Sutorius Macro, Roman politician (d. AD 38)
Year 22 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Sunday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Arruntius.

Events 
 Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and Lucius Munatius Plancus are Roman Censors
 The Roman governor of Egypt destroys the Nubian capital of Napata
 King Artaxias II returns to Armenia and claims the throne. Artavasdes I escapes to Rome.
Year 23 BC was either a common year starting on Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Varro.

Events
 Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the eleventh time. His partner is Aulus Terentius Varro Murena.
 Augustus becomes very ill.  He gives Agrippa his signet ring.
 The Nubians, led by queen Candace Amanirenas, attack the Roman province of Egypt 
 Herod the Great builds a palace in Jerusalem 
 The as coin was struck in reddish pure copper, instead of bronze
 Ma'nu III Saphul becomes ruler of Osroene
 The Roman writer, architect and engineer Vitruvius finishes writing De Architectura.  It is perhaps the first book on architecture.
 Roman poet Horace publishes the first three books of Odes

Births 

 Dong Xian (d. 1 BC)
 Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria (d. AD 18)

Deaths 

 Marcus Claudius Marcellus, son of Octavia and nephew of Augustus (b. 42 BC)
Year 24 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Flaccus.

Events
 Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the tenth time. His partner is Gaius Norbanus Flaccus.
 Augustus founds the city of Nicopolis in Egypt
Year 25 BC was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Wednesday or Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Silanus.

Events 
 Imperator Caesar Augustus becomes Consul for the ninth time. His partner is Marcus Junius Silanus.
 The temple to Neptune on the Circus Flaminius is built
 Estimation: Rome becomes the largest city of the world
 Galatia becomes a Roman province
 Government in China gives tributary states 20,000 rolls of silk cloth and about 20,000 pounds of silk floss.

Births 

 Aulus Cornelius Celsus, author of De Medicina (d. c. AD 50)

Deaths 

 King Amyntas
Year 26 BC was either a common year starting on Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Taurus.

Events
 Imperator Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the eighth time. His partner Titus Statilius Taurus becomes Consul for the second time.
 Cleopatra Selene marries Juba II of Numidia. As a wedding present Augustus makes her the queen of Mauretania in her own right.
 Tiridates II invades Parthia
 Augustus starts battle against the Cantabrians in northern Hispania
 Dioteimus Alaieus is one of the Archons of Athens
 Abgar IV Sumaqa becomes ruler of Osroene
 In India the Andhra dynasty replaces the Kanva dynasty

Deaths 

 Gaius Cornelius Gallus, Roman politician and poet (b. 70 BC)
Year 28 BC was either a common year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Saturday or Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the First Consulship of Octavian and Agrippa.

Events 
 Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the sixth time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the second time.
 May 10 – The earliest dated record of a sunspot by Chinese astronomers.
 The Emilius comet is said to have crashed into modern day Pakistan.

Deaths 

 Mariamme, wife of king Herod the Great (b. 48 BC)
Year 29 BC was either a common year starting on Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavian and Appuleius.

Events
 Octavian Caesar becomes Roman Consul for the fifth time. His partner is Sextus Appuleius. 
 Octavian celebrates three Roman triumphs for his victories in Illyricum, Actium and Egypt
 Marcus Licinius Crassus battles successfully in the Balkans
 Sofia is conquered by the Romans
 Start of the Cantabrian Wars
Charlotte Dawson (8 April 1966 – 22 February 2014) was a New Zealand-Australian television presenter, model and activist. She was best known as a host on The Contender Australia and as a judge on Australia's Next Top Model.

She was born in Auckland, New Zealand. At age sixteen, she worked as a model in Europe and with Ford Models, New York in the United States. In 1999, she married Olympic swimmer Scott Miller. The couple divorced in 2000.

Dawson committed suicide by hanging on the morning of 22 February 2014 at her home in Woolloomooloo, Sydney, New South Wales. She was 47 years old. Police said they were called to the home at 11:18 a.m. and that there were no suspicious circumstances to the death. She had a long history of depression. She tried to commit suicide in August 2012, after a much publicised battle with Twitter trolls.

Prime Minister of New Zealand John Key said he was "shocked" and "saddened" by her death.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 

1966 births
2014 deaths
Australian activists
Australian models
Australian television presenters
Models who committed suicide
People from Auckland
Reality television participants
Suicides by hanging
Suicides in Australia
Dale Allan Gardner (November 8, 1948 – February 19, 2014) was an American NASA astronaut. He flew two Space Shuttle missions during the early 1980s. He was born in Fairmont, Minnesota.

Gardner died from a brain hemorrhage on February 19, 2014 in his Colorado home. He was aged 65. He was outlived by his two children.

References

Other websites

 Dale Gardner at Space Facts

1948 births
2014 deaths
American astronauts
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Scientists from Minnesota
The Cape Colony () was the name of a colony based around the Cape of Good Hope, in southern Africa. It was first established in 1652 by Jan van Riebeeck as a governorate of the Dutch East India Company. It was captured by the British in 1795 and returned to the Dutch in 1802. In 1806 it was again captured by the British. It united with three other British colonies in 1910 to form the Union of South Africa when it was renamed the "Cape Province". Its capital was Cape Town, the modern-day legislative capital of the Republic of South Africa.

Lists of Leaders

Notes

References

History of the Netherlands
Establishments in South Africa

1795 establishments
1910s disestablishments in South Africa
Former colonies in Africa
Athanasios "Sakis" Boulas (; 11 March 1954 – 21 February 2014) was a Greek singer, songwriter and actor. He made several studio albums and wrote songs for other musicians. He starred in several television shows and movies. His career has lasted for over 35 years. His career began in 1979. 

Boulas was born in Kilkis, Greece on 11 March 1954. He was raised in Piraeus. Boulas died of cancer in Athens, aged 59.

References

Other websites
 

1954 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Greece
Greek actors
Greek singers
Singer-songwriters
George Shephard "Shep" Houghton (June 4, 1914 - December 15, 2016) was an American actor and dancer. He is known for his role in Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz. At the time of his death Houghton was the oldest surviving crew member from both movies.

Early life
Houghton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah on June 4, 1914. He was born to a family of farmers. His parents were George Henry Houghton (1883-1958) and Mabell Viola Shephard (1883-1972). His family moved to Hollywood for business reasons in 1927.

Career
They settled not far from Paramount Pictures' studios. In 1927, Shep made his first movie. It was the Underworld. It was a silent movie. Houghton was a dancer during his early career. He once taught actress Greta Garbo how to waltz for a role in Conquest.

In 1939, Houghton appeared in two movie classics, first as Ozmite and a Winkie Guard in the Wizard of Oz and as a Southern dandy in Gone with the Wind.
Houghton acted in many recurring roles, beginning with the Jack Benny Program in 1950. He worked on the program until 1965. He appeared in Star Trek: The Original Series, in which he appeared in only the first three episodes. In addition to these productions, he worked on the I Love Lucy show from 1951 to 1957. He also appeared on Wagon Train, Perry Mason, The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour, Mr. Lucky, The Untouchables, and The Twilight Zone.

The 1960s, he appeared in My Three Sons, The Andy Griffith Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show, and The Loretta Young Show. In movies, Houghton appeared as a slave in Spartacus and as a dancer in Hello, Dolly!. 

In the 1970s, he worked on The Mary Tyler Moore Show. His last role was as a juror in the final episodes of Ellery Queen. He retired from acting later that year.

Personal life
In 1935 he married Jane Rosily Kellogg. The couple divorced in 1945. He married actress Geraldine Farnum in 1946, but they divorced in 1948. Shep had two children.
In the early 1950s he worked for television, mostly as a dancer. He married Mel Carter in 1975.

He died on December 15, 2016 in Hoodsport, Washington.

References

Other websites
 

1914 births
2016 deaths
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American dancers
American centenarians
Actors from Salt Lake City, Utah
Fay McKenzie (February 19, 1918 – April 16, 2019) was an American actress. She was best known for her leading lady roles. She appeared in two movies with Gene Autry in 1941 and 1942. 

McKenzie was the daughter of the actor Robert McKenzie and actress Eva McKenzie. One of her first roles was at the age of six in The Dramatic Life of Abraham Lincoln (1924) where she played Sarah Lincoln. She married screenwriter Tom Waldman.

McKenzie was born on February 19, 1918, in Hollywood, California. She died on April 16, 2019 in Los Angeles, at the age of 101.

References

Other websites
 
 

1918 births
2019 deaths
American centenarians
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from Hollywood
Lassie Lou Ahern (June 25, 1920 – February 15, 2018) was an American former child actress and television actress. She was known for her role in Uncle Tom's Cabin. She made some guest appearances on television shows such as The Odd Couple. 

Ahern was born on June 25, 1920 in Los Angeles, California. She died of complications from influenza in Prescott, Arizona on February 15, 2018 at the age of 97.

References

Other websites
 

1920 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from influenza
Infectious disease deaths in Arizona
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Hanna Maron (; 22 November 1923 – 30 May 2014) was an Israeli actress and stage actress. Maron was known for her stage roles in Pygmalion, The Glass Menagerie and Hello, Dolly!, as well as several plays by Nathan Alterman.

Hanna (Meierzak) Maron was born in Berlin, Germany, and moved to Mandatory Palestine in 1933 after Hitler came to power.

References

Other websites

1923 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Berlin
German Jews
Israeli movie actors
Israeli stage actors
Israeli television actors
Jewish Israeli actors
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Refugees from Nazism
Mildred Kornman (July 10, 1925 – August 19, 2022), also known as Ricki VanDusen, was an American child actress.

Mildred was the leading lady of the silent movie Our Gang series. She was featured as a regular in the series from 1926–1928 and made more appearances from 1929 until 1935. She had no speaking roles and appeared when many children.

Kornman died on August 19, 2022 at the age of 97.

References

Other websites
 Mildred Kornman aka Ricki VanDusen home page
 
 

1925 births
2022 deaths
American child actors
American silent movie actors
Actors from Beverly Hills, California
John Richard "Dickie" Moore, Jr. (September 12, 1925 – September 10, 2015) was a former American child actor. He was known for his roles in Oliver Twist, Blonde Venus, and in Miss Annie Rooney. 

Moore was born on September 12, 1925 in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Photographs and literature
 "Fun with Dick and Jane" article w/photos 

1925 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from dementia
American silent movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Loni Nest (born Eleonore Nest; August 4, 1915 - October 2, 1990) was a German actress.

Early life
She was born in Berlin to American parents. At the early age of four weeks, she was first featured in a movie. She used the name Loni Nest instead of Eleonore Nest. Between 1918 and 1933, she starred in 41 movies, opposite such actors as Charles Boyer, Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich and Fritz Feld.

Disppearance
After more than 40 movies, she ended her movie career in 1928 at the early age of 13. In 1933 she played in one last movie in France.

Her whereabouts after 1933 remained unknown for several decades.

Death
She died at the age of 75 on October 2, 1990 in the French town Nice.
Hoax
In 2014, the website "Forever missed" published an obituary that ostensibly revealed that Nest had died on Hawaii in 2014 at the old age of 98. It also described details of Nest's life after she left Germany and moved to America. Various websites including the Internet Movie Database quickly adopted this information. However it was soon discovered, that both the time and location of her death as well as the details about her later life were completely made up.

According to the German newspaper Die Welt, German film historian Toni Schieck had discovered years before that Nest's sister Ursula had moved to the USA and died in Florida in 2007. Through her family, Schieck discovered that Nest had married and taken the last name Arnault. She moved to France where she died at the age of 75 in Nice.

Filmography
1918: Dida Ibsens Geschichte
1919: Die Ehe der Frau Mary
1919: Opium
1919: Harakiri
1920: Kämpfende Gewalten oder Welt ohne Krieg
1920: Der Reigen – Ein Werdegang
1920: Patience
1920: Johannes Goth
1920: Der Golem, wie er in die Welt kam
1920: Die Schuld der Lavinia Morland
1920: Das wandernde Bild
 Man Overboard (1921)
1921: Ein Erpressertrick
1921: Schloß Vogelöd
 Violet (1921)
1921: Die Minderjährige – Zu jung fürs Leben
1921: Pariserinnen
1921: Der Sträfling von Cayenne
1921: The Pearl of the Orient
1921: Sturmflut des Lebens
1922: Versunkene Welten
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1922: Tabea, stehe auf!
1922: Sterbende Völker (2 parts)
1922: Aus den Erinnerungen eines Frauenarztes (2 parts)
1923: Quarantäne
1923: Tragödie der Liebe
1923: Fräulein Raffke
 The Little Napoleon (1923)
1923: Schwarze Erde
1924: Zwei Kinder
1924: Mutter und Kind
1924: Der Evangelimann
1925: Liebesfeuer
1925: Die Prinzessin und der Geiger
1925: Die freudlose Gasse
1925: Aus der Jugendzeit klingt ein Lied
The Saint and Her Fool (1928)
1928: Die Geschichte einer kleinen Pariserin (La storia di una piccola Parigina)
1933: L'Épervier
References

Other websites
 

1915 births
1990 deaths
German movie actors
People from Berlin
Helen Rowland, sometimes known as Baby Helen Rowland (born October 23, 1919) was an American child actress. She appeared in nine movies between 1922 and 1927. She was known for her role in Timothy's Quest.

Selected filmography
 Timothy Quest (1922)
 What's Wrong with the Women? (1922)
 The Daring Years (1923)

Other websites
 

1919 births
American child actors
American silent movie actors
Actors from New York City
1978 deaths
Clifton Garrick Utley (November 19, 1939 – February 20, 2014), better known as Garrick Utley, was an American television journalist. He reported about the Vietnam War and was one of the first full-time television correspondent covering the war from Vietnam.

He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from Westtown School in 1957 and from Carleton College in 1961. 

Utley died of prostate cancer on February 20, 2014 in New York City, New York. He was aged 74. He was outlived by his wife Gertje Utley (née Rommeswinkel).

References

Other websites
 

1939 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from prostate cancer
Journalists from Chicago
Sol Hurok (Solomon Isaievich Hurok; born Solomon Izrailevich Gurkov, Russian Соломон Израилевич Гурков; April 9, 1888 – March 5, 1974) was a world-famous 20th-century American impresario.

Hurok was born in Pogar, Chernigov Governorate, Russian Empire (in present-day Bryansk Oblast, Russia) on April 9, 1888. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1914. Hurok died on March 5, 1974 from a heart attack in New York City, New York, aged 85.

References

1888 births
1974 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Russian entertainers
Valeri Nikolayevich Kubasov (; 7 January 1935 – 19 February 2014) was a Soviet cosmonaut. He flew on two missions in the Soyuz programme. Firstly, as a flight engineer: Soyuz 6 and Soyuz 19 (the Apollo–Soyuz mission). Secondly, commanding Soyuz 36 in the Intercosmos programme.

He was born in Vyazniki, Vladimir Oblast, Russia SFSR, Soviet Union.

Kubasov died on 19 February 2014 in Moscow, Russia. He was aged 79. He was outlived by his wife Lyudmila Kurovskaya, daughter Ekaterina and son Dmitry.

References

Other websites

 

1935 births
2014 deaths
Cosmonauts
Soviet engineers
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Vladimir Oblast
Reghu Kumar (born P. K. Reghu Kumar Varma; 13 June 1953 – 20 February 2014) was a famous music composer from Kerala, India. His compositions have become famous across India since the 1980s.

He died on 20 February 2014, due to kidney failure, aged 60.

References

Other websites
 
 Facebook Page

1953 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Indian composers
Heart cancer is cancer that involves different regions of the heart. It is extremely rare. Many types of the disease includes myxomas, fibromas, rhabdomyomas, and hamartomas. 

In a study of 12,487 autopsies performed in Hong Kong seven cardiac tumors were found, most of which were not very harmful. According to Mayo Clinic: "At Mayo Clinic, on average only one case of heart cancer is seen each year."

References

Cancer
Đorđe "Đoko" Rosić (, Dzhoko Rosich, ; 28 February 1932 – 22 February 2014) was a Serbian-Bulgarian actor. He was a famous actor in Serbia and Hungary. He was known for his roles in Aesop, The Truck, Captain Petko Voivode, 681 AD: The Glory of Khan, and Time of Violence.

Rosić died on 21 February 2014 from complications after brain tumor surgery in Sofia, Bulgaria, aged 81.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Hungarian movie actors
Serbian actors
Kurikka is a city in Southern Ostrobothnia, in Finland. There were about 14,300 people living there on 31 January 2014. It is next to the municipalities of Ilmajoki, Jalasjärvi, Kauhajoki, Laihia, Malax, Närpes and Teuva.

The former municipality of Jurva was merged into Kurikka on 1 January 2009 and the former municipality of Jalasjärvi was merged into Kurikka on 1 January 2016.

About 98 % of the people living there speak Finnish.

Distances 

 Helsinki 346 km
 Tampere 169 km
 Turku 275 km
 Oulu 357 km
 Lahti 294 km
 Kuopio 340 km
 Jyväskylä 214 km
 Pori 153 km
 Vaasa 76 km
 Seinäjoki 32 km
 Lapua 57 km

Other websites 

 Official Kurikka site

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of South Ostrobothnia