Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
</center>

Clans
Within each of the six nations, people are divided into a number of matrilineal clans. The number of clans varies by nation, currently from three to eight, with a total of nine different clan names.

Population history
It is difficult to figure out exactly how many Iroquois there are today. About 45,000 Iroquois lived in Canada in 1995. In the 2000 census, 80,822 people in the United States said they were Iroquois, with 45,217 of them claiming only an Iroquois background. There were about 30,000 tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the United States in 1995.

Grand Council

The Grand Council of the Iroquois League is an assembly of 56 Hoyenah (chiefs) or Sachems, a number that has never changed. Today, the seats on the Council are distributed among the Six Nations as follows:
 14 Onondaga
 10 Cayuga
 9 Oneida
 9 Mohawk
 8 Seneca
 6 Tuscarora
When anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan studied the Grand Council in the 19th century, he thought it was a central government. This interpretation became influential, but some scholars have since argued that while the Grand Council served an important ceremonial role, it was not a government in the way that Morgan thought. According to this view, Iroquois political and diplomatic decisions are made on the local level, and are based on what the local communities think.  A central government that makes policy and puts it into practice for the people at large is not how the Iroquois handle government.

In 1855, Minnie Myrtle saw that no Iroquois treaty came into effect unless it was approved by 75% of the male voters and 75% of the mothers of the nation. 
The women held real power, particularly the power to veto treaties or declarations of war.
Councils of the mothers of each tribe were held separately from the men's councils. The women used men as runners to send word of their decisions, or a woman could appear at the men's council to speak, presenting the view of the women. Women often were the ones who suggested new laws.

References
Notes
Bibliography
Fenton, William N. The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. .
Jennings, Francis. The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: the Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744. New York: Norton, 1984. .
Jennings, Francis, ed. The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy: An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1985. .
Richter, Daniel K. The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. .
Richter, Daniel K., and James H. Merrell, eds. Beyond the Covenant Chain: the Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America, 1600–1800. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. .
Shannon, Timothy J. Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier. New York: Viking, 2008. .
Snow, Dean R. The Iroquois''. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994. .
This is called a paradox because no stretching or bending of the parts takes place and no new material is added, yet by the end the volume can be doubled. This goes against our geometric intuition. However, it is mathematically possible and it turns out that in this case our intuition is not correct.

Other websites 
 The Banach-Tarski Paradox

Mathematical paradoxes
Barney William Irwin (born September 17, 1954 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American professional wrestler who is known for the ring names, Wild Bill Irwin and The Goon and for wrestling for WWF and WCW. Irwin recently appeared on the 15th-anniversary of WWE Raw special on December 10, 2007, where he wrestled and participated in the 15th Anniversary Battle Royal.

Other websites
Barney Irwin's OWOW profile 

1954 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Minnesota
People from Duluth, Minnesota
Annette Bening (born May 29, 1958) is an American movie actress. She was born in Topeka, Kansas. She has been nominated four times for an Academy Award.

Achievements 
Bening is a four-time Oscar nominee for her roles in The Grifters, American Beauty, Being Julia, and The Kids Are All Right, winning Golden Globe Awards for the latter two films. She won a BAFTA and a SAG award for her performance in American Beauty.

In 1995, Bening appeared in The American President, playing Sydney Wade, a PR (public relations) consultant who dates the President, played by Michael Douglas.

Personal life 
From 1984 to 1991, Annette was married to J. Steven White. On March 3, 1992, she married Warren Beatty. They have four children.

References

Other websites 

1958 births
Living people
Actors from Kansas
American movie actors
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Screen Actors Guild Award winners
The Dodge Nitro was a compact SUV that was built by Chrysler's Dodge brand. The Nitro has had 2 generations with the second one being built in 2011. The Nitro has been built since 2006 and made its debut in February of 2005 at the Chicago Auto Show. The Nitro was designed by Dennis Myles. The Nitro was discontinued in 2012.

Other websites

Dodge Nitro at dodge.ca 

Dodge automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Dodge Journey is a mid-size crossover SUV that is built by Chrysler's Dodge brand. The Journey has had one generation during its time. The vehicle has replaced the Dodge Caravan. The Journey has been built since 2008 and made its debut in 2007 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The Journey was designed by Ryan Nagode. The Journey can seat five or seven people depending on the wheelbase length.

Other websites

Dodge Journey at dodge.ca 

Dodge automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Nissan Cube was a Mini MPV built by the Nissan Motor Company. The first Cube arrived in 1998. It entered its second generation in 2002. The third generation launched in 2008 and ended production without a replacement in December 2019. The assembly for the Nissan Cube was in Oppama, Japan. They were sold in Japan and North America, and additionally Europe for one year in 2010.

Other websites
Nissan Cube at nissan.ca 

Cube
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Nissan Juke is a Mini SUV that is built by the Nissan Motor Company. The Juke has had 2 generations during its time. The assembly for the Nissan Juke is in Oppama, Japan and Sunderland, United Kingdom. The Juke made its debut at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show in March, and made its North America debut at the 2010 New York International Auto Show. It entered its second generation in late 2019.

References

Other websites

Juke
2010s automobiles
Jacques Lucien Monod (9 February 1910 in Paris - 31 May 1976 in Paris) was a French biologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 for his discoveries about the genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis which he shared with François Jacob and Andre Lwoff.

Monod's best-known work explains how llife is the product of a combination of chance and necessity. It has been described as a "manifesto of materialist biology in the most reductivist sense", because Monod says that systems in nature can be explained without introducing any end-goal or purpose. He then argues that certain beliefs and ethics followed from his outlook on biology: atheism, rationalism, anti-Marxism.

During World War II he was a member of the French Resistance.

References

1910 births
1976 deaths
French biochemists
French academics
French atheists
French Nobel Prize winners
French people of World War II
French geneticists
Legion of Honour
Scientists from Paris
Paul Hermann Müller (January 12, 1899 – October 12, 1965) was an Swiss chemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 for his discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases. He was born on January 12, 1899 in Olten, Switzerland and died on October 12, 1965 in Basel, Switzerland.

References

1899 births
1965 deaths
Swiss chemists
Swiss Nobel Prize winners
Olten District
People from the canton of Solothurn
Max Theiler (January 30, 1899 – August 11, 1972) was an South African-American virologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for developing a vaccine against yellow fever. He was born on January 30, 1899 in Pretoria, South African Republic and died on August 11, 1972 in New Haven, Connecticut.

References

1899 births
1972 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African scientists
American virologists
White South African people
People from Pretoria
Jack William Szostak (London, November 9, 1952) is an Anglo-American biologist who was raised in Canada. Szostak is Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres. His co-winners were Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol Greider. Szostak is also credited with the construction of the world's first yeast artificial chromosome.

His lab has moved on to working on RNA. "By the year 2000, I started to pay more attention to fundamental questions related to the origin of life" (RNA world hypothesis). "Here the big question is whether RNA was in fact the first genetic polymer, or whether RNA was preceded by some simpler, easier to make or more robust genetic material". Recent work suggests that the RNA hypothessis is still alive.

References

1952 births
Living people
Scientists from London
American biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
British Nobel Prize winners
The hoopoe (Upupa epops), is a colourful bird that is found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive 'crown' of feathers.

It is the only living species in the family Upupidae. One insular species, the giant hoopoe of Saint Helena, is recently extinct, and the Madagascar subspecies of the hoopoe is sometimes elevated to a full species. The English name is derived from Latin upupa, which imitates the "hoop-oop-oop" call of the bird.

Taxonomy 
The hoopoe is classified in the Coraciiformes clade, a group that also includes kingfishers, bee-eaters, rollers, and woodhoopoes (forming a clade with this one according to Hackett et al. (2008)). A close relationship between the hoopoe and the woodhoopoes is also supported by the shared and unique nature of their stapes.

Subspecies
Subspecies 

Nine subspecies of hoopoe are recognised by the Kristin 2001 (in the Handbook of the Birds of the World). These subspecies vary mostly in size and the depth of colour in the plumage. Two more subspecies have been proposed, U. e. minor in South Africa and U. e. orientalis in north western India.

References 

Birds of Africa
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
Bucerotiformes

National symbols of Israel
Harald zur Hausen (11 March 1936 – 28 May 2023) was a German virologist and professor. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008 for his discoveries on the role of papilloma viruses which he shared with Luc Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi.

He was born in Gelsenkirchen. Zur Hausen died on 28 May 2023 in Heidelberg, Germany, at the age of 87.

References

1936 births
2023 deaths
German academics
German biologists
German Nobel Prize winners
People from Gelsenkirchen
Virologists
José Antonio Bautista (born October 19, 1980 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) is a Dominican Major League Baseball player. He has played for the Baltimore Orioles in 2004, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2004, Kansas City Royals in 2004, the Pittsburgh Pirates from 2004 to 2008 and the Toronto Blue Jays since 2008. Bautista plays as both an outfielder and third baseman. Most often, he plays right field. He is also one of 26 players in the 50 home run club. In both the 2010 and 2011 seasons, he hit more home runs than any other player. He hit 54 home runs in 2010 and 43 home runs in 2011.

Other websites 

 Jose Bautista's MLB player profile

1980 births
Living people
Baltimore Orioles players
Kansas City Royals players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Dominican Republic baseball players
Reproductive isolation refers to the situation where different species may live in the same area, but properties of individuals prevent them from interbreeding.  

The things which stop species or groups of organisms reproducing sexually are called isolating mechanisms.

Members of one species do not, in general, mate with members of another species, though there are many exceptions and variations to this. And, if such mating does take place, the offspring may not develop, or may not be fertile. 

If species arise by the splitting of ancestral species, it might be asked what stops the new species continuing to reproduce together. If they did, they would again become one species.

Isolating mechanisms 
A list as drawn up of isolating mechanisms:
Pre-mating mechanisms 
Factors which cause individuals to mate with their own species. 
Temporal isolation: Individuals do not mate because they are active at different times.  
Ecological isolation: Individuals only mate in their preferred habitat. They do not meet those with different ecological preferences.
Behavioral isolation: Individuals of different species may meet, but choose members of their own species. They may not recognize sexual cues given by other species. 
Mechanical isolation: Copulation may be attempted but transfer of sperm does not take place. The individuals may be incompatible due to size or morphology.
Post-mating isolating mechanisms 
Incompatibility of the two genomes stops normal development in the hybrid.
Gametes not compatible. Sperm transfer takes place, but egg is not fertilized. 
Zygote mortality: The egg is fertilized, but the zygote does not develop.
Hybrid inviability: Hybrid embryo forms, but dies.
Hybrid sterility: Hybrid is viable, but the resulting adult is sterile. 
Hybrid breakdown: First generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but further hybrid generations and backcrosses are inviable or sterile. 

There is still much debate as to whether the Dobzhansky/Mayr account is satisfactory. Modern researchers tends to avoid the general term 'isolating mechanisms' in favour of the more specific terms 'mate choice', 'hybrid incompatibility' and other forms of 'reproductive isolation'.

References 

Evolutionary biology
The Lancia Lybra is a car produced by Lancia. It replaced the Lancia Dedra in 1999 and was discontinued in 2005. It was replaced by the new Delta in 2008.

Engines 
 1.6 16V 76 kW (103 hp)
 1.8 16V 96 kW (130 hp)
 2.0 20V 110 kW (150 hp) and 113 kW (154 hp)
 1.9 JTD 77 kW (105 hp), 81 kW (110 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.4 JTD 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)

Lybra
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Alicedes Escobar (born December 16, 1986 in La Sabana, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan baseball player. He currently plays as an infielder for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Escobar formerly played for the Milwaukee Brewers from 2008-2010 before being traded along with Lorenzo Cain, Jeremy Jeffress, Jake Odorizzi for Zack Greinke and Yuniesky Betancourt.

Other websites 
 Alcides Escobar at mlb.com

1986 births
Living people
Venezuelan baseball players
Kansas City Royals players
Milwaukee Brewers players
is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a baseball player in Japan and in the American Major Leagues.

Career
In the US, Fukudome is currently part of the New York Yankees team.   He has played for the Chicago Cubs, the Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox.

In Japan, Fukudome formerly played for the Chunichi Dragons of the Central League from 1998 to 2007.

Fukudome was a member of the Japanese national baseball team which won a silver medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics, a bronze medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics.

References

Other websites
Kosuke Fukudome at mlb.com

1977 births
Living people
Japanese baseball players
Chicago Cubs players
Japanese Olympic bronze medalists
Japanese Olympic silver medalists
National League All-Stars
People from Kagoshima Prefecture
The Wyandotte Constitution is the constitution of the U.S state of Kansas. The constitution said that Kansas would be a state without slavery. However, the constitution did not give black people, women or Native Americans the right to vote. The Wyandotte Constitution was passed by a vote of 10,421 to 5,530 on October 4, 1859.

References

1859 in the United States
History of Kansas
State constitutions of the United States
1850s in Kansas
Ann Jillian (born January 29, 1950) is an American actress. She has been acting since the age of 10. She has starred in many situation comedies, television series and movies.

References

American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American musical theatre actors
Actors from Massachusetts
1950 births
Living people
Luis Ignacio Urive Alvirde (born December 22, 1982) is a Mexican Luchador enmascarado. He currently works for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) and World Wrestling League (WWL). Urive is best known for his time working with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) where he competed under the ring name Místico. During his time in CMLL, he was the biggest técnico (face) and was the biggest box office draw in all of Mexico.

Urive also worked for the WWE where he competed under the ring name Sin Cara (Spanish for "Without Face" or "Faceless"). During his time in the WWE, Urive had a hard time getting used to the WWE style of wrestling and would get injured a lot. He was released from his WWE contract on March 27, 2014. After his release, he continued to use the Sin Cara name in Mexican independent promotions before adopting the ring name Myzteziz after signing with AAA in February 2014.

In 2007, Pro fteenWrestling Illustrated ranked Místico #3 of the PWI 500.
Championships
Baja Star's Wrestling
BSW Intercontinental Middleweight Championship (1 time, current)
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
CMLL World Tag Team Championship (4 times) (with Negro Casas (2) and Héctor Garza (2))
CMLL World Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA World Middleweight Championship (2 times)
Torneo Gran Alternativa (2004) (with El Hijo del Santo)
Torneo Gran Alternativa (2007) (with La Sombra)
Leyenda de Plata (2006, 2007, 2008)
Festival Mundial de Lucha Libre
FMLL World Championship (1 time)
International Wrestling Revolution Group
IWRG Intercontinental Super Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Michinoku Pro Wrestling
Michinoku Trios League (2003) (with Hayate and Yamabiko)
New Japan Pro Wrestling
IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #3 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2007.
Toryumon Mexico
Sofia Cup (2005)
Universal Wrestling Entertainment
Trofeo Bicentenario (2010)
WWE
Slammy Award for Double Vision Moment of the Year (2011) (with Sin Cara Negro)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best Box Office Draw (2006)
Best Box Office Draw of the Decade (2000–2009)
Best Flying Wrestler (2006–2007)
Wrestler of the Year (2006)
References

Other websites
Místico's OWOW profile

1982 births
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Mexican professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Mexico City
Era (stylized as eRa) is a French New Age music project. The project was started by French composer Eric Lévi and has 12 members including himself. The project has sold over 12 million albums. The lyrics for their songs are written in Pseudo-Latin and English. They play in the Ambient, Chillout and New Age genres. Their song "Enae Volare Mezzo" was the theme song of mixed martial artist, Fedor Emelianenko as well as his brother Aleksander Emelianenko. Their song "Ameno" was also used as the entrance theme song by the Mexican wrestler Mistico.

Discography

Other websites
Official website 
Official UK website 

French musical groups
New Age music
The Sandwich Islands is Captain James Cook's name for the Hawaiian Islands in 1778.  He chose the name of his patron, the 4th Earl of Sandwich.

The name Hawaii is the Polynesian name of the islands. The first known inhabitants of Hawaii were from Polynesia in the first 1,000 years AD.

References

History of Hawaii
Jessica Tandy (June 7, 1909 – September 11, 1994) was an English-American actress. She was born in Hackney, London. She starred in many movies during her career, including Cocoon (1985), Driving Miss Daisy (1989), and Fried Green Tomatoes (1991). She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Driving Miss Daisy.

Tandy died of ovarian cancer in Easton, Connecticut.

Other websites 

1909 births
1994 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
British radio actors
Cancer deaths in Connecticut
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Emmy Award winners
English movie actors
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Golden Globe Award winning actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Tony Award winning actors
Thank Me Later is the first studio album by Canadian rapper and singer Drake. Thank Me Later was released on June 15, 2010. The album appeared at number 1 on the US Billboard 200 chart. It sold 447,000 copies in the United States in its first week. It received mostly positive reviews from music critics.

Songs

References

2010 albums
Debut albums
Drake (musician) albums
Hip hop albums
Pop albums
R&B albums
The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (), (sometimes shortened to Sovmin  or Soviet of Ministers) was legally the Soviet government.  It was the highest executive and administrative body of the Soviet Union. 

The council could issue declarations and instructions based the laws of the USSR, and all territories and republics within the Union had to follow them. However, the most important state issues were made bye joint declarations with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), which was de facto more powerful than the Council of Ministers.

It was replaced in 1991 by the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, which was dissolved only months later when the Soviet Union ceased to exist.

References

Politics of the Soviet Union
1946 establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Stockard Channing (born Susan Williams Antonia Stockard; February 13, 1944) is an American actress. She played Betty in Grease and First Lady Abbey Bartlet in the show The West Wing on NBC. She has also starred in many movies during her acting career. Channing was born February 13, 1944.

Channing won multiple Emmy Awards, a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award.

References

Drama Desk Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
1944 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television actors
The constellation Volans is a group of stars in the southern sky. It is in the shape of a flying fish. The name Volans is a shortened from of its original, Piscis Volans. Volans was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius. He made these constellations from observations by Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. Volans first appeared on a 35-cm diameter celestial globe published in 1597 (or 1598) in Amsterdam by Plancius with Jodocus Hondius. The first image of this constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603.

Stars and deep sky objects
There are two double stars in the constellation which can be observed using a small telescope, Gamma Volantis and Epsilon Volantis. There are also two galaxies that may be more difficult to see clearly, NGC 2442 and NGC 2434. The magnitudes of the Gamma Volantis stars are fourth and sixth, and of Epsilon Volantis fourth and eighth.

References
References

Other websites
http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/constellations/Volans.html 
http://www.maa.mhn.de/Maps/Stars_en/Fig/volans.html 
Starry Night Photography : Volans Constellation
Star Tales – Volans

Constellations
The word volans could mean:

 A constellation, or group of stars, called Volans
 A South African composer named Kevin Volans.
Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov ( trans : Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov) (8 January 1902 – 14 January 1988) was a Russian politician in the Soviet Union and the Premier of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin in March from 1953 to 1955. Makenkov joined the Communist Party in 1920. Malenkov served as the Premier (official head of government) of the country while Nikita Krushchev was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was all so involved in World War II when Nazi Germany lead by Adolf Hitler betrayed the Soviet Union in the Nazi Invasion of Russia. Malenkov was also involved in the Korean War just 5 year’s after World War II when Hitler and Mussolini both died in April 1945 and after Hirohito surrendered Japan in August 1945. When Stalin died in March 1953 Malenkov succeeded Stalin briefly until 1955.
He formed a team with Nikolai Bulganin, Vyacheslav Molotov, and Lazar Kaganovich, and together they tried to throw Khrushchev out of power. Krushchev eventually won the battle for power, and in 1957 Malenkov was forced to leave his position in the Party Politburo. In 1961, he was kicked out of the Party and forced to move to Kazakhstan.

Along with Krushchev, Malenkov was one of a few important members of Stalin's group of partners (called the "inner circle") who died a natural death, and was not executed.

Together with Lavrentiy Beria and Krushchev, Malenkov began the process of destalinization, completing the process from 1953-1961.

Carrer
On 23 December 1953, just months after Joseph Stalin died on 5 March 1953, Malenkov along with Nikita Khrushchev and Georgy Zhukov and other soviet officials executed Lavrentiy Beria in late 1953 who was the NKVD chief from 1938-1946 and the MVD from 1946-1953. In February 1955, Georgy Malenkov was replaced by Nikita Khrushchev.
Malenkov died in 1988, 33 year’s after being replaced by Khrushchev in 1955 and 3 year’s after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985.

References 

Heads of government of the Soviet Union
1902 births
1988 deaths
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria (, Russian: Лаврентий Павлович Берия) 9 March 1899: Merkheuli,Russian Empire (Georgia or Abkhazia)– 23 December 1953: Moscow, RSFSR Soviet Union). He was a Georgian-Bolshevik, Soviet politician.

Beria was born to a poor family in Georgia he joined the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in 1917 at age 18. 

Beria was leader of the secret police of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin's regime from 1938-1945 (head of the NKVD) 1946-1953 (Head of the MVD). In 1953, Nikita Krushchev plotted to have Beria executed.

Career 
Lavrenty Beria joined the Soviet Communist Party in 1917 during the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War. In 1938 He and Nikolai Yezhov executed NKVD Chief Genrikh Yagoda and Leninist Alexei Rykov during the Great Purge from 1936-1938. Genrikh Yagoda was executed with Alexei Rykov in 1938. In 1940 during World War 2 Joseph Stalin and Lavrenty Beria executed Nikolai Yezhov.
After Vladimir Lenin died in 1924 at age 53 Joseph Stalin replaced Lenin after his death and Lavrenty Beria joined the NKVD led by Genrikh Yagoda (1891-1938) from 1934-1936 and Nikolai Yezhov from 1936-1938 which both replaced Felix Dzerzhinsky (1877-1926) and Vyacheslav Menzhinsky (1874-1934) in 1926 and in 1934. On 1 December 1934 the NKVD killed Sergei Kirov and it led to the Great Purge in 1936-1938. But in 1939 during the start of World War 2 the NKVD was involved in the Invasion of Poland (1939).
Beria was a Soviet politician, Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator, chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus (NKVD) under Joseph Stalin during World War II, against the Nazis from 1941-1945 and First Deputy Premier in the post-war years (1946–53). On June 25 1950 just nearly five years after the Soviet-Japanese War (1945) ended in World War II in Asia, and after Korea was liberated from Japan, North Korea (lead by Kim Il-Sung) invaded South Korea (lead by Syngman Rhee) on June 25 1950 and started the Korean War. Stalin and his Eastern Bloc (East Germany,Czechoslovakia,Poland,Hungary,Romania and Bulgaria) along with Mongolia led by Khroloogiin Choibalsan, and China led by Mao Zedong all helped Kim Il-Sung. however Stalin died on March 5th 1953 at the age of 74 died of a stroke. Lavrentiy Beria with Vyacheslav Molotov, Georgy Malenkov, tried to replace Stalin
. Beria was arrested on June 26 and was executed on December 23 1953 at the age of 54 and numerous allegations arose of Beria being a serial killer for murdering men, women and children.
He administered vast sections of the Soviet state. He served as de facto Marshal of the Soviet Union in command of the NKVD field units responsible for anti-partisan operations on the Eastern Front during World War II. His troops also were a barrier against thousands of "turncoats, deserters, cowards and suspected malingerers". Beria administered the vast expansion of the Gulag labor camps. He was responsible for overseeing the secret defense institutions known as sharashkas, critical to the war effort. 

Beria also played the decisive role in coordinating the Soviet partisans, who developed an impressive intelligence and sabotage network behind German lines. He attended the Yalta Conference with Stalin, who introduced him to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as "our Himmler". After the war, he organized the communist takeover of the countries of Central Europe and Eastern Europe.
Beria's uncompromising ruthlessness in his duties and skill at producing results led to his overseeing the Soviet atomic bomb project. Stalin gave it absolute priority and the project was completed in under five years. To achieve this, Beria's NKVD organised Soviet espionage against the West.

Beria was promoted to First Deputy Premier, where he carried out a brief campaign of liberalization. He was briefly a part of the ruling "troika" with Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov. Beria's overconfidence in his position after Stalin's death led him to misjudge other Politburo members. 

There was a coup d'état led by Nikita Khrushchev with the military forces of Marshal Georgy Zhukov. Beria was arrested on charges of treason during a meeting in which the full Politburo condemned him. This was all planned by Krushchov. The NKVD was powerless because Zhukov's troops were there. After interrogation, Beria was taken to the basement of the Lubyanka and shot, as were six of his associates.

References
References 

1899 births
1953 deaths
Directors of Soviet intelligence agencies
Marshals of the Soviet Union
People executed by firearm
Politicians from Georgia (country)
A secret police force is an agency most often used in dictatorships. It is used to scare people living under a dictatorship into agreeing with the dictator's policies. Not all dictatorships, however, use a secret police force. Fidel Castro's Cuba and Mao Zedong's China were able to maintain a dictatorship without using secret police.

Historical secret police agencies

Notes 

Secrecy
Police
Intelligence agencies
The National Fascist Party was the ruling party of the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 to 1943. It was a far-right party and followed the ideology of fascism.

Benito Mussolini founded the party in 1919 and served as its chairman (Italian:Presidente del Partito Nazionale Fascista) from 1919 to 1943. The party came to power after Mussolini led thousands of Blackshirts on a march in Rome and forced King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint him as Prime Minister. Mussolini then banned all other political parties and established a one-party police state, which lasted until he was thrown out of power by his own citizens and ordered to be arrested by the King in 1943. After Mussolini's arrest, the National Fascist Party was destroyed.

Later parties
Later parties

Republican Fascist Party 
However, Mussolini was rescued from prison by German soldiers sent by Adolf Hitler in 1943, and was made the head of state (this time a member of the newly created Republican Fascist Party) of the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state whose real laws were made by the Nazis.

Mussolini was killed by Italian citizens in 1945 and the Republican Fascist Party was dissolved and banned after World War 2 ended in 1945 .

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Mary Frances Reynolds, better known as Debbie Reynolds (April 1, 1932 – December 28, 2016), was an American actress and singer. Reynolds was born in El Paso, Texas. She starred in many television programs and movies. She also had many songs and albums during her career. 

On December 28, 2016, Reynolds died at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from a cerebral hemorrhage with hypertension being a factor, aged 84. This was one day after her daughter Carrie Fisher died.

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Gerald Jermaine Wallace (born July 23, 1982) is an American professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays the position of small forward. He has been nicknamed "Crash" for his aggressive style of play, and is known as one of the better defensive players in the league.

Early career
Wallace played high school basketball at Childersburg High School in Childersburg, Alabama. He then played college basketball for one year at the University of Alabama, then entered the 2001 NBA Draft.
NBA career
The Sacramento Kings chose Wallace with the 25th pick of the 2001 NBA Draft. Wallace was on the Kings for three seasons, but did not play much. His chance came in 2004. The Charlotte Bobcats were a new NBA team, and had a chance to choose players from other teams in an expansion draft. The Bobcats chose Wallace, who became an important part of the team over the next six years. In 2010, he was chosen to represent the Bobcats in the NBA All-Star Game, which made him the first Bobcats player to play in the All-Star Game. He also made the NBA All-Defensive First Team for that season.

On February 24, 2011, Wallace was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers.

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Thelma & Louise is a 1991 American adventure crime road movie starring Geena Davis as Thelma and Susan Sarandon as Louise. Also starring in the movie are Michael Madsen, Harvey Keitel and Brad Pitt. It was among the highest-grossing movies of 1991.

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Dorothy Faye Dunaway (born January 14, 1941 in Bascom, Florida) is an American actress. She has starred in Bonnie and Clyde, Chinatown, The Thomas Crown Affair and Mommie Dearest. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in Network. Duanaway is a convert to Roman Catholicism.

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During World War II, the gaol was used as a military prison for Australian soldiers. After the war it became a storage building for the Victoria Police. Some of the buildings were pulled down to allow for the building of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, now Victoria University. In 1972 the buildings were taken over by the National Trust as a museum.

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Leukodystrophies are disorders which affect the white matter of the brain and the nervous system. Nerves are surrounded by fatty cover of a substance called myelin. In a leukodystrophy, there are problems with the growth or the development of  this cover. This affects the function of the respective nerve. Myelin is made of at least ten different chemicals. Leukodystrophy is a gene defect. As a result of this defect, one of the molecules that make up myelin cannot be synthesized as it should. 

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The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the Great Indian Event of 1857, the Indian Mutiny, the Sepoy Mutiny, India's First War of Independence, or India's First Struggle for Independence, began on 10 May 1857 at Meerut as a mutiny of sepoy of the British East India Company's army. Sepoy in the Presidency of Bengal revolted against their British officers.

Causes

Long term 
The causes of the rebellion are hard to pin down and have been much argued about. Before the rebellion, 50,000 British troops and 300,000 sepoy served in the East India Company army. 
  
The forces were divided into three presidency armies: Bombay, Madras, and Bengal. Those armies had a make-up that varied from region to region.
The Bengal Army recruited higher castes such as Rajputs and Bhumihar brahmins and reduced the enlistment of lower castes in 1855. In contrast, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army were “more localized, caste-neutral armies” that “did not prefer high-caste men”. The domination of higher castes in the Bengal Army has been blamed in part for the initial mutinies that led to the rebellion.

There were some changes in the terms of their service, which may have created resentment. As the  East India Company expanded, soldiers were now expected  to serve in less familiar regions, such as in Burma, and to make do without the “foreign service” remuneration that they used to have. Another financial grievance stemmed from the General Service Act, which denied retired sepoy a pension. That applied only to recruits, but older sepoy suspected that it might apply to those already in service. Moreover, the Bengal Army was paid less than the Madras and Bombay Armies, which increased its members' fears over pensions.
Short term 
The immediate event that angered the sepoy was the ammunition for the new Enfield rifles, which they had to use. The cartridges that were used in the new rifles had to be bitten open. The Muslims were angry because they thought that the paper cartridges had pig fat in them. Hindu soldiers were angry because they believed the cartridges had cow fat in them. On January 27, Colonel Richard Birch ordered that no cartridges should have grease on them and that sepoy could grease them with whatever they wanted.

During the 1850s, the British rulers continued to take some regions forcibly that had been ruled by Indians. For example, the British, under the decision of Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, seized in 1856 the kingdom of Agra and Oudh, which is now part of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. That went against Indian customs and did not give any respect to old royal houses of India like the Mughals, the nominal Indian emperors, and the Peshwas, the most powerful Maratha rulers.

Events
Events

The rebellion broke out after a soldier, called Mangal Pandey, attacked a British sergeant and wounded an adjutant while his regiment was in Barrackpore. General Hearsey ordered another Indian soldier to arrest Mangal Pandey, but the soldier refused. Later, the British arrested Mangal Pandey and the other Indian soldier and hanged both of them for treachery. All other soldiers of that regiment lost their places in the army. On May 10, 1857, cavalry troops doing parade at Meerut broke rank, freed the soldiers of the 3rd Regiment and moved towards Delhi. Soon, many Indians of northern India joined the soldiers; entered the Delhi Fort, where Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II lived; and made him unwillingly become the leader of the rebellion.
At first, the British were slow to respond, but they later took rapid action with heavy forces and brought their regiments from the Crimean War to India. They also redirected many of the regiments that were going to China to India. The British forces reached Delhi and surrounded the city from July 1 to August 31, 1857. Eventually, street-to-street fighting broke out between the British troops and the Indians. Ultimately, the British took control of Delhi. The massacre at Kanpur (July 1857) and the Siege of Lucknow (June to November 1857) were also critical.

Battle of Gwalior 
The last decisive battle was at Gwalior (now in Madhya Pradesh) in June 1858 in which the Rani of Jhansi was killed. A few days later, the British retook the fortress of Gwalior. They had now practically suppressed the rebellion, but some guerrilla fighting in many places continued until early 1859. Tantia Tope was captured and executed in April 1859.
British reactions 
The rebellion was an event of great importance in the front of history of modern India. The British Parliament withdrew the right of the British East India Company to rule India in November 1858. The British started ruling India directly through its representative, Governor General, also called the Viceroy, and formally made India part of the British Empire. The British promised “the Princes, Chiefs, and People of India” equal treatment under British law. In 1877, Queen Victoria took the title of Empress of India and the Viceroy of India ruled India for her.
The British sent Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal Emperor, out of India and kept him in Rangoon (now called Yangon), in Burma (now called Myanmar), where he died in 1862. The Mughal dynasty, which had ruled India for about 400 years, ended with his death.
 
The British also took many steps to employ members of Indian higher castes and rulers in the government and started to employ Indians in the civil services but only at the lower levels. The British stopped both taking the lands of the remaining princes and rulers of India and interfering in religious matters. They increased the number of British soldiers and banned others from handling artillery.
In Britain, newspapers focused on the violence of the mutiny. Charles Dickens wrote that the British should take revenge in his 1857 novella The Perils of Certain English Prisoners.
Chronology  
1857
May – after the mutiny in Meerut (10th), ther revolt starts and later develops into a wider mutiny  with outbreaks in Delhi, Ferozepur, Bombay, Aligarh, Mainpuri, Etawah, Bulandshahr, Nasirabad, Bareilly, Moradabad, Shahjahanpur and elsewhere. Sepoys are disarmed in Lahore, Agra, Lucknow, Peshawar and Mardan. The Delhi Field Force advances to Karnaul British Commander-in-Chief of General Anson.
June – Mutinies in Sitapur, Hansi, Hissar, Azamgarh, Gorakhpur and Nimach; in Gwalior, Bharatpur and Jhansi; in Kanpur, followed by the siege of the Europeans (4th-25th) and a massacre; mutiny in Banaras forestalled; mutinies at Jewanpur, Allahabad, Jullundur, Phillaur, Nowgong, Rhoni, Fatehgarh, Aurangabad (Deccan), Fatehpur and Jubbulpore; Indian units are forcibly disarmed at Nagpur and Barrackpore; mutinies at Faizabad, Sultanpur and Lucknow; order is restored in Lucknow but the district remains disturbed (Europeans take shelter in the Residency); British defeat at Chinhat (30rd) near Lucknow; siege of Lucknow begins. Battle of Badli-ki-Serai (8th); Delhi Field Force takes up position on the Ridge and begins operations against Delhi; further spreading of the revolt through the Ganges Plain, Rajputana, and Central India.
July – Mutinies in Indore and Mhow, Augur, Jhelum, Saugor, Sialkot, Dinapur and Agra; siege of the Lucknow Residency continues until July; operations against Delhi continue until July; General Barnard dies after commanding at Delhi (5th); General Havelock's force advances from Allahabad to the relief of Kanpur and arrives on the 17th, one day too late to save those massacred there; disarming of Indian units in Rawalpindi; Sialkot mutineers defeated at Trimmu Ghat (16th)
August – Mutinies at Kolhapur (Bombay Presidency), Poonamallee (near Madras), Jubbulpore, Bhopawar (near Indore), and Mian Mir (near Lahore); rebellion spreads through the Saugor and Narbada districts. Also disarmament of Indian units at Berhampur (1st); siege of the Lucknow Residency continues; Havelock's first attempt at relief fails.
September – Failure of an outbreak in Karachi (14th.); further outbreaks in the Saugor and Narbada districts; siege of Saugor begins; Delhi is assaulted and captured by the British (14th-20th); the Lucknow residency is relieved by Havelock and Outram (25th), but a new siege of the reinforced garrison begins
October – Mutiny at Bhagalpur (near Dinapur); unrest in Bihar, north Bengal and Assam; mutiny in Bombay City is forestalled (15th); revolt in Kotah state (15 Oct.)
November – Sir Colin Campbell relieves Lucknow (17th); the garrison is evacuated and the city and Residency are temporarily abandoned; General Windham is defeated outside Kanpur (28th)
December – Decisive Battle of Kanpur (6th); the armies of Rao Sahib and of Tatya Tope are routed by Sir Colin Campbell; campaign in the Doab; capture of Fatehgarh.
1858
January – General Sir Hugh Rose begins the Central India campaign; Sir Colin Campbell begins the campaign to recapture Lucknow
February – General Rose relieves Saugor; Campbell's Army of Oudh assembles on the Kanpur-Lucknow road, awaits Jang Bahadur's Gurkha Army from Nepal
March – Lucknow is recaptured on 21 March; Central India campaign continues
April – Battle of the Betwa; the nearby city of Jhansi is stormed and captured (3-6 April); Azamgarh  isrecaptured; advance on Kalpi (25 April); Campbell begins reconquering Rohilkhand; Koer Singh leads a rising in Bihar but is defeated and dies of his wounds
May – Battle of Bareilly, followed by its recapture; Battle of Kunch; recapture of Jagdispur; reoccupation of Kalpi; Battle of Mohamdi (24 May) and end of resistance in Rohilkhand; rebels begin guerrilla war in the jungle; Tatya Tope and the Rani of Jhansi outside Gwalior
June – Gwalior Army deserts to rebels and Tatya Tope; the Rani of Jhansi seize Gwalior; General Rose marches from Kalpi to Gwalior arrive on the 16th; Battle of Kotah-i-Serai on the 17th; Battle of Gwalior on the 18th in which Gwalior fortress is recaptured; guerrilla forces in Oudh, Bihar and along the Nepalese frontier are meanwhile suppressed
July to December – suppression of guerrilla forces except in Rajputana and Central India
1859
April – Trial (15th) and execution (18th) of Tatya Tope (Ramachandra Pandurang Tope), the last captured rebel leader; which ended the rebellion

References

Sources 
Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere Books; pp. 153–55 (events of the rebellion)

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Wars involving the United Kingdom
19th century in India
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1857
19th-century rebellions
Mutinies
Resistance to the British Empire
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William Clarke Quantrill (July 31, 1837 – June 6, 1865), was a Confederate leader during the American Civil War. Quantrill lead a Confederate unit along the Missouri-Kansas border in the early 1860s. Quantrill was a leader in the Lawrence Massacre in Lawrence, Kansas in 1863. Quantrill was killed in Kentucky in a  Union ambush in 1865.

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