Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Andromeda XIX is a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy, and is part of the Local Group, like the Milky Way Galaxy. Andromeda XIX is said to be "the most extended dwarf galaxy known in the Local Group", and has a half-light radius of 1.7 kiloparsec (kpc). It was found by the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, and it is a dwarf galaxy.

History 
The MegaPrime/MegaCam 1 deg2 (camera) on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) had mapped the M31 stellar halo (one quarter) up to ~150 kpc.  The observation, which had proved the uneveness of Andromeda's stellar halo, had shown that multiple other dwarf galaxies exist. They are: Andromeda XI, XII, XIII, XV, XVI, XVIII, XIX, and XX.

Related pages
Andromeda Galaxy
Local Group

References 

Local galaxies
Dwarf galaxies
Brussels Airlines is the main Belgian airline. It flies from Brussels Airport to destinations in Europe, Africa and North America.

History 
Brussels Airlines was created as the result of the merger of SN Brussels Airlines and Virgin Express in March 2006. SN Brussels Airlines had been created from Sabena, the former Belgian flag carrier, that had ceased operations on 7 November 2001. SN Brussels Airlines started its operations only five months later. Virgin Express was a low-cost airline, owned by the Virgin Group. In 2004, SN Airholding took over Virgin Express, and in 2006 it was announced that both companies would merge and fly under the Brussels Airlines brand. In 2008, the Lufthansa group bought 45% of Brussels Airlines' shares, and Brussels Airlines joined the Star Alliance.

Fleet 
Brussels Airlines has the following aircraft in its fleet:

Cooperation 
It is a member of the Star Alliance.
The company has codeshare agreement with many companies such as Air Canada, Air Malta, All Nippon Airways, Austrian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Croatia Airlines, EgyptAir, Etihad Airways, Hainan Airlines, Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, TAAG Air Angola, TAP Portugal, TAROM, Thai Airways, United Airlines and others.

In 2019, Brussels Airlines made agreements with Africa World Airlines and  Aeroflot Russian Airlines.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

Official website

2006 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Star Alliance
Companies of Belgium
Transport in Belgium
Brussels
IATA members
Castel Goffredo is a city in north of Italy. Castel Goffredo is in the province of Mantua, Lombardy Region. About 12,000 people live in Castel Goffredo.

References

Other websites

Cities in the Province of Mantua
Polandball, also known as Countryballs, is an  internet meme. The meme began on the /int/ board of Krautchan.net in 2009. The meme takes the form of large number of online comics. In the comics, countries flags are drawn as a circle shape.  The balls interact in broken English, often referred to as "Engrish", (except for those countries who have English as their main language) and ridicule national stereotypes and international relations.

Polandball has its roots in an August 2009 'cyberwar' between Polish Internet users and the rest of the world on drawball.com. Drawball.com allows Internet users to draw whatever they want. It also allows people to draw over others drawings. On the Polish flag internet, an idea was raised to draw the flag of Poland on the ball. Thousands of Poles managed to take over the drawball. The painting consisted of white on top of red. In the middle, the word "POLSKA" was written. After co-ordination from 4chan, this was then covered over by a giant Nazi swastika.
Krautchan.net is a German-language imageboard. Its /int/ board is frequented by Russian-speaking netizens. The beginning of the Polandball meme is credited to Falco. Falco is a British user on /int/. In September 2009 Falco created the meme using MS Paint. The meme was made in an apolitical way to troll Wojak. Wojak is a Pole on the same board and contributes in broken English. Afterwards, Polandball cartoons were enthusiastically drawn by Russians.

Themes

A description of Polandball is found on the subreddit /r/Polandballball, which reads "Wiggly mouse-drawn comics where balls represent different countries. They poke fun at national stereotypes and the "international drama" of their diplomatic relations. Polandball combines history, geography, Engrish, and an inferiority complex. The comic series first became popular on a well known German image board /int/."
Some Polandball comics are based on the premise that Russia can fly into space. This premise also includes Poland cannot fly into space. One of the most popular Polandball cartoons begins with the premise that Earth is going to be struck by a giant meteor. All countries with space technology leave Earth and go into orbit around the planet. At the end of the cartoon, Poland is still on earth and is crying. In broken English, Poland says their famous catchphrase "Poland cannot into space". In this humorous way, Russians stop discussion with Poles on which country is superior. Another Polandball comic delves into historic-political satire. Poland is seen to be boring other countryballs. Poland proclaims "So when we crushed Russia and the turks [sic] were were the biggest country in the world... and..". This leads other countryballs to laugh at it. Poland, by now irritated, utters kurwa. Poland holds up a sign saying "Internet serious business"
. This is an internet slogan used to deride others who treat subjects with disdain. Then, in Polandball convention, Poland finishes by crying.
Polandball meme in culture
In 2014, released a game about Polandball for Android. In this game, Poland can into space and the player's goal as long as possible to keep Poland there. There is also the opportunity to play for other countryballs.

Other polandballs

Polandball can also include comics on other countries. By convention these comics are usually still referred to as Polandball. They can also be called countryballs. According to Lurkmore.to, Bavaria has its own ball. Other balls have been created for U.S. states, Brazil, Catalonia and Siberia. Singapore and Bermuda are drawn as a triangle and called Tringapore and Bermudatriangle, respectively. Israel takes the form of a hypercube (in reference to Jewish physics). Kazakhstan takes the form of a brick. Britain is shown wearing a top hat and monocle. The United States is shown wearing sunglasses. Nepal, Ohio, and Tampa are shown as animals with teeth almost like a tiger.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Polandball at Knowyourmeme.com
 Polandball at militaryphotos.net
 Polandball - A Case Study
 Android Game "Poland can into space!" 
 Polandball Miraheze Wiki

Internet memes
Yugoslavs  is a national name used by a small number of South Slavs across the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Some say this name is for all people of South Slav heritage, including those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and the presently disputed region of Kosovo, Slovenia, and North Macedonia.

References

Slavic peoples
A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question.  It is a question that is asked in order to make a point: it does not need a reply.

The question is used as a rhetorical device or tool.  The question is posed for the sake of persuasion, or to encourage the listener or reader to consider a message or viewpoint.

Suggested dialogue 
Rhetorical questions suggest a dialogue which does not really exist.  The speaker both asks and answers the question himself. A rhetorical question is often a statement in the form of a question.

For example, in "Can't you do anything right?", the words are not intended to start an investigation or to invite any response at all. What the words actually mean could change according to circumstance. It could be a little joke between friends, or it could be an insulting criticism. Generally, it would be taken to mean "You can't seem to do anything right".
The role of context is always important if someone asks "What does that mean". Consider this question: "Do you think this treatment is just?". There is no way of knowing whether this is a genuine question or not, because we do not know what the circumstances are. This is true of many kinds of communication, that what they mean varies according to circumstance.

On the other hand, "Is it right for a murderer to be allowed out of prison after only ten years?" clearly asks for the reply "No!". This is because the questioner has signalled what answer is expected. A neutral way to describe the situation might be: "A convicted murderer spends at least ten years in jail".

Related pages
Thought experiment

References

Other websites
What is a rhetorical question?
A short definition of the term

Rhetoric
was a  after Tenpyō-hōji and before Jingo-keiun.  This period started in January 765 and ended in August 767.   The reigning monarch was .  This was the same woman who had reigned as the former .

Events of the Tenpyō-jingo era

 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1, 2nd month): The empress raised the Buddhist priest Dōkyō  to the position of daijō-daijin zenji.
 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1): Fujiwara  no Toyonari died at age 62. He had held the office of Minister of the Right (udaijin).
 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1):  Former Emperor Junnin died in exile.
 766 (Tenpyō-jingo 2,  1st month): Fujiwara-no Matate is named uddaijin; and Kibi no Makibi becomes a major counselor (dainaigon).

Related pages
 Nara period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
765 establishments
760s establishments in Japan
8th-century disestablishments in Japan
767 disestablishments
was a  after Shōtai and before Enchō.  This period started in July 901 and ended in April 923.  The reigning emperors were .

Events of the Engi era
 1 February 901 (Engi 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an eclipse of the Sun.
 901 (Engi 1): The Sugawara Michizane "incident" developed; but more details cannot be known.  Emperor Daigo ordered that diaries and records were burned.
 May 905 (Engi 5, 4th month): Ki-no Tsurayuki presented the emperor with a collection of waka poetry called the Kokin Wakashū.
 909 (Engi 9, 4th month):  Fujiwara no Tokihira died at age 39. He had held the office of Miniser of the Left (sadaijin).

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
901 establishments
10th-century establishments in Japan
923 disestablishments
10th-century disestablishments in Japan
The President of Austria is the federal head of state of Austria. Even though the constitution says the President has a lot of power, in practice the President is mostly a figurehead. The President of Austria is elected once in every six years. His or her offices are in the Leopoldine Wing of the Hofburg Imperial Palace, in Vienna.

Many former Presidents have had a lot of popularity while in office.  No incumbent has ever lost a bid for re-election. Since 2017 the President has been Alexander Van der Bellen.
List of presidents
 Karl Seitz (10 November 1920 - 9 December 1920)
 Michael Hainisch (9 December 1920 - 10 December 1928)
 Wilhelm Miklas (10 December 1920 - 12 March 1938)
 Anschluss (1938-1945)
 Karl Renner (20 December 1945 - 31 December 1950†)
 Leopold Figl (31 December 1950 - 21 June 1951; Acting)
 Theodor Körner (21 June 1951 - 4 January 1957†)
 Julius Raab (4 January 1957 - 22 May 1957; Acting)
 Adolf Schärf (22 May 1957 - 28 February 1965†)
 Josef Klaus (28 February 1965 - 9 June 1965; Acting)
 Franz Jonas (9 June 1965 - 24 April 1974†)
 Bruno Kreisky (24 April 1974 - 8 July 1974; Acting)
 Rudolf Kirchschläger (8 July 1974 - 8 July 1986)
 Kurt Waldheim (8 July 1986 - 8 July 1992) 
 Thomas Klestil (8 July 1992 - 6 July 2004†)
 Andreas Khol (6 July 2004 - 8 July 2004; Acting)
 Heinz Fischer (8 July 2004 - 26 January 2017) 
 Alexander Van der Bellen (26 January 2017 - present)

Government of Austria
The Federal Chancellor is the head of government and chief executive of Austria. His or her deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the office was the same as Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is the de facto highest office in the state government.

The Chancellor is chosen by the President of Austria. The current Chancellor is Karl Nehammer since 2021.

References

Government of Austria
List of presidents of the National Council of Austria. 

Below is a list of office-holders in the First Republic:

Below is a list of office-holders in the Second Republic:

References
Parliament website

Government of Austria
Austria
presidents
Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (born March 28, 1941 as Jeffrey Lloyd Masson) is a psychotherapist and historian of psychotherapy who wrote a controversial book, The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory, about Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. In the book, Masson accuses Freud of hiding evidence that some patients were sexually abused by their parents.

Masson was research director of the Sigmund Freud Archives in New York City. He was removed from the job after saying Freud was responsible for "the present-day sterility of psychoanalysis throughout the world."

References

1941 births
Living people
American psychologists
American historians
Writers from Chicago
Scientists from Chicago
Barbara Prammer (11 January 1954 – 2 August 2014) was an Austrian politician. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria. 

She was President of the National Council of Austria serving from 30 October 2006 until her death in 2 August 2014. She was its Vice President from 2004 to 2006. Prammer was Federal Minister for Women Affairs and Consumer Protection from 1997 to 2000.  She was elected to the National Council in 1999.

She had two children.

Prammer died of pancreatic cancer on 2 August 2014.

Honours 
 Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria

References

Other websites 
 Barbara Prammer

1954 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Austria
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Government ministers of Austria
People from Upper Austria
Social democrats
The Republic of Austria is the period of Austrian history after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of September 1919. It went through the settlement after the end of World War I which put an end to the Republic of German-Austria. It continued up to World War II. Austria was a de-facto republic, but its official name was the Federal State of Austria. 

This period was had a lot of conflict between the left and the right. The July Revolt of 1927 was an example. The Constitution of Austria was started in 1920 and changed in 1929. The Federal State (sometimes called the First Republic) came to an end with the Anschluss to Nazi Germany in 1938.  Some people say the end came with the start of the Austro-fascist dictatorship in 1933/34 following the Austrian Civil War. 

1919 establishments in Europe
1934 disestablishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Austria
Former republics
The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro.  The euro is the official money of the Eurozone in the European Union (EU). The international three-letter code for the euro is EUR.

The old currencies that were replaced by the Euro was marks, pesetas, francs, lira, escudos and guilders.

References

Currency symbols
This article is about the use of telephone numbers in Austria.

Country Code: +43
International Call Prefix: 00
Trunk Prefix: 0

There are no standard lengths for either area codes or subscribers' numbers in Austria.  So some subscribers' numbers may be as short as three digits. Larger towns have shorter area codes allowing longer subscriber numbers in that area.

Special / Service codes

References 
Austrian Numbering Plan

Austria
Austria
Austrian Sign Language (German: Österreichischer Gebärdensprache or ÖGS) is the sign language used by the Austrian deaf community. There are about 10,000 people who use it and it was legally recognized by the Austrian Parliament on September 1, 2005. Learning ÖGS is based on the German spoken language in Austria and shares a similar grammatical structure to German Sign Language.

Sign languages
Austrian culture
The Second Viennese School is a group of composers.  It was made of Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils and close associates in early 20th century Vienna.  Schoenberg lived and taught there between 1903 and 1925. Their music was first like late-Romantic.  Later it was a totally chromatic expressionism without firm tonal centre. Later still was Schoenberg's serial twelve-tone technique. 

The main members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were Alban Berg and Anton Webern.

Austrian composers
20th century in Austria
The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia and consists of the area of Korea.

It has an area of 220,847 km², and is governed by both North and South Korea.

The whole Korean Peninsula is claimed by both countries on the peninsula.

Peninsulas of Asia
Oskar Kokoschka (1 March 1886 – 22 February 1980) was an Austrian artist, poet and playwright.  He is best known for his intense expressionistic portraits and landscapes.

Kokoschka's first jobs were postcards and drawings for children. In his early career he did portraits of Viennese celebrities. He was in the Austrian army in World War I and was wounded. At the hospital, the doctors said he was mentally unstable. He traveled across Europe and painted the landscape.

Kokoschka had an affair with Alma Mahler. She stopped the relationship.  He continued to love her his entire life. One of his greatest works  The Bride of the Wind (The Tempest), is a tribute to her. His poem Allos Markar was about this relationship.

Deemed a degenerate by the Nazis, Kokoschka left Austria in 1934 for Prague.  In 1938, when the Czechs were coming for Wehrmacht, he fled to the United Kingdom.  He stayed there during the war.
Kokoschka became a British citizen in 1946.  In 1978 he got back Austrian citizenship. He traveled to the United States in 1947.  Then he moved to Switzerland.  He lived there the rest of his life. He died in Montreux.
Artworks
1909: Lotte Franzos
1909: Martha Hirsch I
1909: Hans and Erika Tietze
1909: St. Veronica with the Sudarium
1909: Les Dents du Midi
1909: Children Playing
1910: Still Life with Lamb and Hyacinth
1910: Rudolf Blümner
1911: Hermann Schwarzwald I
1911: Egon Wellesz
1911: Crucifixion
1912: Two Nudes
1913: Landscape in the Dolomites (with Cima Tre Croci)
1913: The Tempest
1913: Carl Moll
1913: Still Life with Putto and Rabbit
1915: Knight Errant
1917: Portrait of the Artist's Mother
1917: Lovers with Cat
1917: Stockholm Harbour
1920: The Power of Music
1919: Dresden, Neustadt I
1921: Dresden, Neustadt II
1921: Two Girls
1922: Self-Portrait at the Easel
1923: Self-Portrait with Crossed Arms
1925: Amsterdam, Kloveniersburgwal I
1924: Venice, Boats on the Dogana
1925: Toledo
1926: Mandrill
1926: Deer
1929: Arab Women and Child
1932: Girl with Flowers
1934: Prague, View from the Villa Kramář
1937: Olda Palkovská
1938: Prague - Nostalgia
1940: The Crab
1941: Anschluss - Alice in Wonderland
1941: The Red Egg
1941: The Red Egg
1948: Self-Portrait (Fiesole)
1962: Storm Tide in Hamburg
1966: The Rejected Lover
1971: Time, Gentlemen, Please
Writings
Kokoschka's literary works are as odd and interesting as his art. His memoir, A Sea Ringed with Visions, is as wildly psychedelic as anything written by others under the influence of actual hallucinogens. His short play "Murderer, the Hope of Women" is often called the first Expressionist drama. His Orpheus und Eurydike (1918) became an opera by Ernst Krenek.
Bibliography
1908: Die traumenden Knaben (The Dreaming Youths) Vienna: Wiener Werkstätte (Originally published in an edition of 500 by the Wiener Werkstätte. Unsold copies numbered 1-275, were reissued in 1917 by Kurt Wolff Verlag.)
1909: Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen (Murderer, the Hope of Women) (Play)
1913: Der Gefesslte Columbus(Columbus Bound). [Berlin]: Fritz Gurlitt, [1913] known as Der Weisse Tiertoter (The White Animal Slayer).
1919: Orpheus and Eurydike, in: Vier Dramen: Orpheus und Eurydike; Der brennende Dornbusch; Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen; [and] Hiob. Berlin
1962: A Sea Ringed with Visions. London: Thames & Hudson  (Autobiography)
1974: My Life; translated (from "Mein Leben") by David Britt. London: Thames & Hudson
First productions of plays
 1907: Sphinx und Strohmann. Komödie für Automaten. 29 March 1909 at Cabaret Fledermaus, Vienna
 1909: Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen
 1911: Der brennende Dornbusch
 1913: Sphinx und Strohmann, Ein Curiosum. 14 April 1917 in the Dada-Galerie, Zürich
 1917: Hiob (an enlarged version of Sphinx und Strohmann, 1907)
 1919: Orpheus und Eurydike
 1923: new version as opera libretto; music by Ernst Krenek. 27 November 1926 at the  Staatstheater, Kassel
 1936–38/1972: Comenius

Tributes
 The Children's television show Hey Arnold! features a character named Oskar Kokoschka.  He is portrayed as a deadbeat in Arnold's families boarding house.
 A UK Midlands based 1980's pop group called themselves 'Oskar Kokoschka'.  In 1986 they released a 12 inch EP featuring the songs 'Waiting til it all Blows Over' and 'Letting the water out'.

References

1886 births
1980 deaths
Austrian painters
British painters
Austrian poets
Austrian playwrights
British poets
British playwrights
Ingeborg Morath (May 27, 1923 – January 30, 2002) was an Austrian photographer. In 1953 she joined the Magnum Photos Agency. She became a full photographer with them in 1955. In 1955 she published her first collection of photographs, of a total of 30 monographs during her lifetime.

Biography

Early years (1923-1945)
Ingeborg Morath was born in Graz, Austria. Her parents were scientists. They went to different laboratories and universities in Europe during her childhood. She first went to French-speaking schools. In the 1930s her family moved to Darmstadt, a German intellectual center. Then they moved to Berlin.

Morath's first encounter with avant-garde art was the Degenerate Art show by the Nazi party in 1937.  It was supposed to make people not like modern art. "I found a number of these paintings exciting and fell in love with Franz Marc's Blue Horse", Morath later wrote.
Morath went to Berlin University. At university, Morath studied languages. She learned French, English, and Romanian.  Later she added Spanish, Russian and Chinese.  Toward the end of World War II, Morath worked for factory service in Tempelhof, alongside Ukrainian prisoners of war. During an attack on the factory by Russian bombers, she ran on foot to Austria. In later years, Morath would not photograph war.

Middle Years (1945-1962)
After the Second World War, Morath worked as a translator and journalist. In 1948, she was hired by Warren Trabant. She worked for Heute. Morath met photographer Ernst Haas in post-war Vienna.  She brought his work to Trabant's attention. Working together for Heute, Morath wrote articles to go along with Haas' pictures. In 1949, Morath and Haas were invited by Robert Capa to join the newly founded Magnum Photos in Paris.
Morath was briefly married to the British journalist Lionel Birch.  She moved to London in 1951. That same year, she began to photograph during a visit to Venice.  Morath asked for an apprenticeship with Simon Guttman.  He was then an editor for Picture Post and running the picture-agency Report.

Morath divorced Birch and returned to Paris.  Her first jobs were stories that did not interest "the big boys." She went to London on an early job to photograph the residents of Soho and Mayfair. Morath's portrait of Mrs. Eveleigh Nash, from that job, is among her best-known works. During the late 1950s Morath traveled widely.  She covered stories in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the United States, and South America.  She worked for such publications as Holiday, Paris Match, and Vogue. In 1955 she published Guerre à la Tristesse, photographs of Spain, with Robert Delpire.  This was followed by De la Perse à l'Iran, photographs of Iran, in 1958. Morath published more than thirty monographs during her lifetime.
Like many Magnum members, Morath worked as a still photographer on numerous motion picture sets. She met director John Huston while she was living in London. Huston's Moulin Rouge (1952) was one of Morath's earliest jobs.  It was her first time working in a film studio.

Marriage and family
Morath married the playwright Arthur Miller on February 17, 1962.  They moved to the United States. Miller and Morath's first child, Rebecca, was born in September 1962. The couple's second child Daniel was born in 1966 with Down syndrome. He was institutionalized shortly after his birth. Today Rebecca Miller is a film director, actress, and writer.

Death
Ingeborg Morath Miller died of cancer in New York City in 2002, at the age of 78.
Honors and legacy
2003, her family established the Inge Morath Foundation.
2002, members of Magnum Photos made the Inge Morath Award in honor of their colleague as an annual award.  It is administered by the Inge Morath Foundation, and is given to a woman photographer under the age of 30, to support her work towards the completion of a long-term project.
 1992 Great Austrian State Prize for Photography.
 1984 Doctor Honoris Causa Fine Arts, University of Connecticut, Hartford, USA.
 1983 State of Michigan Senate Resolution NO 295; Tribute to Inge Morath.
Selected One-Person Exhibitions
 2008 Well Disposed and Trying to See: Inge Morath and Arthur Miller in China, University of Michigan Art Museum, Ann Arbor, USA.
 2004 Inge Morath: The Road to Reno, Chicago Cultural Center, Illinois, USA.
 2004 Inge Morath: Chinese Encounters, Pingyao International Photography Festival, Pingyao, China.
 2003 Exposition, Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation, Paris, France.
 2002 Inge Morath: Danube, City Gallery of Russe, Russe, Bulgaria.
 2002 Inge Morath: New York, Galerie Fotohof, Salzburg, Austria; Stadt Passau, Europäische; Wochen, Germany ESWE Forum, Wiesbaden; Esther Woerdehoff Galerie, Paris, France; Amerikahaus Tübingen, Germany.
 1999 Retrospective, Kunsthalle Wien, Austria; FNAC Etoile, Paris, France; FNAC, Barcelona, Spain.
 1999 Spain in the Fifties, Museo del Cabilde, Montevideo, Uruguay.
 1998 Inge Morath: Danube, Festival of Central European Culture, London, UK; Museen d. Stadt Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
1998 Retrospective, Edinburgh Festival, Edinburgh, UK; Museum of Photography in Charleroi, Belgium; Municipal Gallery, Pamplona, Spain.
 1998 Celebrating 75 Years Leica Gallery, New York, USA.
 1997 Retrospective Kunsthal, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
 1997       Inge Morath: Danube, Keczkemet Museum, Esztergom Museum, Hungary
 1997       Photographs 1950s to 1990s, Tokyo Museum of Photography, Tokyo, Japan
 1996       Women to Women, Takashimaya Gallery, Tokyo, Japan
 1996       Inge Morath: Danube, Neues Schauspielhaus, Berlin, Germany; Leica Gallery, New York, USA; Galeria Fotoforum, Bolzano, Italy.
 1995       Spain in the fifties, Museo de Arte Contemporaneo, Madrid, Spain; Museo de Navarra,Pamplona, Spain.
 1994       Spain in the fifties, Spanish Institute, New York, USA
1992/94    Retrospective, Neue Galerie Linz, Austria ;America House, Frankfurt, Germany; Hardenberg Gallery, Velbert, Germany; Galerie Fotogramma, Milano, Italy; Royal Photographic Society, Bath, UK; Smith Gallery and Museum, Stirling, UK; America House, Berlin, Germany; Hradcin Gallery, Prague, Czech Republic.
 1991       Portraits, Kolbe Museum Berlin, Germany; Rupertinum Museum Salzburg, Austria
 1989       Portraits, Burden Gallery, Aperture Foundation, New York, New York, USA; Norwich Cathedral, Norwich, UK; American Cultural Center, Brussels, Belgium.
 1988       Retrospective, Union of Photojournalists, Moscow, Russia; Sala del Canal Museum, Madrid, Spain; Rupertinum Museum, Salzburg, Austria.
 1984 Salesman in Beijing, Hong Kong Theatre Festival.
 1979 Inge Morath: Photographs of China, Grand Rapids Art Museum, Michigan, USA.
 1964 Inge Morath: Photographs, Gallery 104, Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Selected Monographs
 2009       Inge Morath: First Color. Steidl, Germany. 
 2009       Inge Morath: Iran. Steidl, Germany. 
 2006       The Road to Reno. Steidl, Germany. 
 2003 Inge Morath: Last Journey Prestel. 
 2002       New York. Otto Müller/Verlag, Austria. 
 2000       Saul Steinberg Masquerade. Viking Studio, USA. 
 1999       Inge Morath: Life as a Photographer. Kehayoff Books, Germany. 
 1999       Arthur Miller:  Photographed by Inge Morath. FNAC, Spain.
 1999       Inge Morath: Portraits. Verlag, Austria.
 1996       Woman to Woman. Magnum Photos, Japan.
 1995       Donau. Verlag, Austria. 
 1994       Inge Morath: Spain in the Fifties. Arte con Texto, Spain.
 1992       Inge Morath: Photographs 1952 to 1992. Otto Müller/Verlag, Austria.
 1991       Russian Journal. Aperture Foundation, USA. 
 1986       Portraits. Aperture, USA. 
 1984       Salesman in Beijing. with Arthur Miller. Viking Press, USA. 
 1981       Bilder aus Wien: Der Liebe Augustin. Reich Verlag, Switzerland.
1979       Chinese Encounters. with Arthur Miller. Straus & Giroux, USA.
 1979       Inge Morath: Photographs of China. Grand Rapids Art Museum, USA.
 1977       In the Country. Viking Press, USA.
 1975       Grosse Photographen unserer Zeit:  Inge Morath. C.J. Bucher Verlag, Switzerland.
 1973       East West Exercises. Simon Walker & Co., USA.
 1972 In Russia Penguin. 
 1969       In Russia. Viking Press, USA.
 1967       Le Masque (Drawings by Saul Steinberg). Maeght Editeur, France.
 1960       Bring Forth the Children: A Journey to the Forgotten People of Europe and the Middle East. McGraw-Hill, USA.
 1958       De la Perse à l'Iran. Robert Delpire, France.
 1956       Venice Observed. Reynal & Co., USA.
 1956       Fiesta in Pamplona. Universe Books, USA.
 1955       Guerre à la Tristesse. Robert Delpire, France.
References

Austrian artists
Cancer deaths in New York City
People from Graz
Photographers
European translators
1923 births
2002 deaths
Jean-Louis Vaudoyer (10 September 1883  20 May 1963) was a French novelist, poet, essayist, and art historian. He was administrator general of the Comédie-Française (1941–1944). He was a member of the Académie française (1950–1963). He wrote the libretto for Le Spectre de la rose, a ballet choreographed by Michel Fokine for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1911.

Other websites 
Académie française 

1883 births
1963 deaths
French novelists
French poets
French essayists
French historians
Librettists
Members of the Académie française
Léon Samoilovitch Bakst (10 May 1866 – 27 December 1924) was a Russian painter. He designed the sets and costumes for some of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes productions. These were Cleopatra (1909), Scheherazade (1910), Carnaval (1910), Narcisse (1911), Le Spectre de la Rose (1911), and Daphnis et Chloé (1912). Bakst died in 1924 in Paris. In late 2010, the Victoria and Albert Museum presented an exhibition of Bakst's costumes and prints.

Ballets Russes costume designs

Notes

Sources 
 Marc Chagall, My Life, St.-Petersburg, Azbuka, 2000,

Other websites
Other websites 

 Leon Bakst (official website) 
 Working for Diaghilev
 BAKST at www.rollins.edu
 Leon Bakst (1866 - 1924) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews  at wwar.com
 Works by Leon Bakst at the Russian Art Gallery
 youtube
 Art Signature Dictionary - See Léon Bakst's signature, although the police seizure of counterfeit
 Baskt theatre and performance collection  at the Victoria and Albert Museum
 Evergreen collections that include original stage sets, costume designs, and other related works. 

1866 births
1924 deaths
Russian artists
Russian painters
Set designers
Ballet shoes are lightweight shoes designed for and used in ballet dancing. They're usually made from soft leather or satin and have thin and flexible soles. Females are usually given pink colored shoes; males usually get black or white.

Pointe shoes are a special type of ballet shoe. They let dancers stand on their toes.

Related pages
Ballet flat

Footwear
Ballet
In animal science, cannibalism is where an animal eats its own species. Scientists have found more than 1500 species that do this. It is common with insects, spiders and scorpions. There, the male gets eaten by the female, after having sexual intercourse.  Many types of frogs will also eat other frogs of the same species. Even, vetebrates like hedgehogs eat their offspring if stressed.

References

Further reading 

 

Carnivores
Cannibalism
A curtsey (also spelled curtsy or courtesy) is a traditional gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman lowers her body by bending her knees. It is the female equivalent of male bowing in European cultures.  The word "curtsy" comes from "courtesy" which means "politeness".

According to Desmond Morris, the movements in the curtsey and the bow were similar until the 17th century. Only later did the difference between the female and the male gesture develop. The earlier, combined version is still performed by Restoration comedy actors.
When a curtsey is very formal, the girl/woman bends the knees outward (rather than straight ahead), often sweeping one foot behind her. She may also use her hands to hold her skirt out from her body. In Victorian times, when women wore floor-length, hooped skirts, they curtsied using the plié movement borrowed from second-position in classical ballet in which the knees are bent while the back is held straight. Both feet and knees point out so the body lowers straight down. In this way, the lady lowers herself evenly, not to one side.   

Traditionally, women and girls curtsey to people who are of higher rank (more important) than they are, just as men and boys bow. Today this practice has become less common. In European cultures it is traditional for women to curtsey in front of members of the Royal family.  This is sometimes called a "court curtsey" and is often very deep. Some female domestic workers curtsey for their employers.
Female dancers often curtsey at the end of a performance to show thanks or acknowledge applause from the audience. At the end of a ballet class, students will also curtsey or bow to the teacher and the pianist to thank them. According to Victorian dance etiquette, a woman curtseys before beginning a dance. Female Scottish highland dancers performing the national dances and the Irish jig also curtsey as well (at both the beginning and end for the national dances and at the end for the Irish Jig). Some female ballroom dancers will curtsey to their partners before beginning the Viennese Waltz. In some cultures females bow instead of curtseying.

Related pages
Bowing

References

Other websites

How to Curtsey 
The Lady's Courtesy in the Victorian Ballroom

Dance
Non-verbal communication
Isaac Butt (1813–1879) was an Irish nationalist political leader and president of the Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain, which sought to achieve Home Rule for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Irish politicians
1813 births
1879 deaths
Adam Nathaniel Yauch (August 5, 1964 - May 4, 2012) was an American rapper and movie director. He was a member of the Beastie Boys.

Yauch was born in Brooklyn, New York City. In 2009, he was diagnosed with salivary gland neoplasm. He died of the disease in New York City.

References 

1964 births
2012 deaths
American rappers
Deaths from salivary gland cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
Musicians from Brooklyn
Zoosemiotics is a branch of semiotics (and of biosemiotics) that studies sign processes and communication in animals.

Semiotics
Juri M. Lotman (28 February 1922 – 28 October 1993) was a semiotician and a professor in Russian literature, semiotics of and history of culture in the University of Tartu.

He established the semiotics school in Tartu, Estonia.

1922 births
Semioticians
1993 deaths
Świętochłowice is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 55,000 people and 13.31 km². The city is on the Rawa River.

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
A schnitzel is a traditional German and Austrian dish.  It is made out of boneless meat thinned with a hammer, coated in bread crumbs and fried. It is a popular part of Austrian cuisine. In Austria, the dish called Wiener Schnitzel is traditionally served with a slice of lemon and either Potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.  

The traditional Wiener schnitzel is made of veal.  It is now often made of pork. When made of pork, it is often called Schnitzel Wiener Art in Germany.  In Austria, by law it has to be called Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein to show it is different it from the original. In Austria and Germany, the term Wiener Schnitzel is protected by law.  Any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal. 

In Finland, watermelon is traditionally eaten with Schnitzel (pork Schnitzel is the most popular in the country). In New Zealand their beef Schnitzel meals are almost always eaten with a large serving of mashed potatoes and/or boiled vegetables.

References
References

German food
Austrian food
Meat dishes
Kaiserschmarrn is a well-known Austrian dessert.  It was popular in the former Austria–Hungary as well as in Bavaria. The Czech name is "trhanec" or "kajzršmorn". In Hungary it is called "császármorzsa" or simply "smarni".

Overview
Kaiserschmarrn is a light, caramelized pancake.  It is made from a sweet batter using flour, eggs, sugar, salt, and milk, baked in butter. Kaiserschmarrn can be prepared in different ways.  When making Kaiserschmarrn the egg-whites are usually separated from the yolk and beaten until stiff. Then the flour and the yolks are mixed with sugar, and the other ingredients are added.  The pancake is split into pieces while frying, shredded after preparation.  It is usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, then served hot with apple or plum sauce or various fruit compotes. Kaiserschmarrn is eaten like a dessert.

Traditionally Kaiserschmarrn is served with Zwetschkenröster, a fruit compote made out of Plums.

References

Austrian food
Desserts
Baked foods
Knödel or Klöße are large round poached or boiled potato or bread dumplings, made without yeast. They are normal parts of Austrian, German, Hungarian, Slovakian and Czech cuisine.  They come in many different forms. They can be made from flour, potatoes, old bread, semolina, etc. In most types, they are used as a side dish for meat. They can also be served as a dessert or in a soup.

Names and varieties
In Hungary, they are called gombóc; in the Czech Republic, knedlík; in Slovakia, knedľa, in Luxembourg, Kniddel(en), cnigle in Bukovina; and, in Italy, canederli. In some parts of the United States, klub is used to mean potato dumplings.
Klöße are large dumplings, steamed or boiled in hot water, made of dough from grated raw or mashed potatoes, eggs and flour. Similar semolina crack dumplings are made with semolina, egg and milk.  They are called Grießklößchen.
Thüringer Klöße are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons or ham. In Austria and Hungary they make large sweet dumplings or plum dumplings called Zwetschkenknödel. Gombotzen are made with flour & potato batter, by wrapping the potato dough around whole plums or apricots.  They then are boiled and rolled in hot buttered caramelized bread crumbs. Topfenknödel are  made with quark cheese (Topfen) and are traditionally topped with cinnamon sugar and served with apple sauce or with streusel.

Königsberger Klopse are not dumplings, they are made from ground meat and are related to Frikadeller.

References

German food
Austrian food
Hungarian culture
Czech culture
Tafelspitz is boiled beef in broth Viennese style.

The dish 
Tafelspitz - boiled tri-tip - is a typical Austrian dish. The beef is simmered with root vegetables and spices in the broth. It is usually served with roasted slices of potato and a mix of minced apples and horseradish or sour cream mixed with horseradish. 
Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, was a great lover of Tafelspitz.  Tafelspitz is said to be the national dish of Austria.

The cut

Tafelspitz is the name of the meat cut which is used.  It is usually from a young ox. The meat for Tafelspitz is well-aged pieces of beef, a cut of beef from the bottom sirloin primal cut.  This cut is typically known in the  United States as the tri-tip.
Austrian butchers gave almost every muscle of beef a separate name.  The hind leg alone is parted into 16 cuts.

References

Austrian food
Meat dishes
Schönbrunn Palace is a former imperial 1,441-room Rococo summer residence in Vienna, Austria. It is one of the most important cultural monuments in the country. Since the 1960s it has been one of the major tourist attractions in Vienna. The palace and gardens show the tastes and interests of Habsburg monarchs.

Early history
In the year 1569, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II purchased a large floodplain of the Wien river.  It was between Meidling and Hietzing. The emperor had the area to be fenced and put game there such as pheasants, ducks, deer and boar.  This was the court's recreational hunting ground. In a small separate part of the area, "exotic" birds such as turkeys and peafowl were kept. Fishponds were built, too.

The name Schönbrunn (meaning "beautiful spring") is from an artesian well from which water was consumed by the court.
During the next century, the area was used as a hunting and recreation ground. Eleonora Gonzaga, who loved hunting, spent much time there.  She was given the area as her widow's residence after the death of her husband, Ferdinand II. From 1638 to 1643, she added a palace to the Katterburg mansion.  In 1642 it was called "Schönbrunn" for the first time. The start of the Schönbrunn orangery seem to go back to Eleonora Gonzaga as well.

Gardens 

The sculpted garden space between the palace and the Sun Fountain is called the Great Parterre. The French garden, a big part of the area, was planned by Jean Trehet in 1695. It has a maze.

Western parts were turned into English garden style in 1828–1852. At the outmost western edge, a botanical garden was made in 1828.

Sculptures 
Lining the Great Parterre are 32 sculptures, which represent deities and virtues.

Recent history
After the end of the monarchy in 1918, the new Austrian Republic became the owner of Schönbrunn Palace.  They made it a museum.
Later it was used for important events such as the meeting between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev in 1961.

UNESCO catalogued Schönbrunn Palace on the World Heritage List in 1996, together with its gardens, as a remarkable Baroque ensemble and example of synthesis of the arts.

References

Gallery

Other websites

Palaces in Austria
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Museums in Europe
Former royal residences
Buildings and structures in Vienna
Hoher Dachstein is an Austrian mountain,.  It is the second highest mountain in the Northern Limestone Alps. It is at the border of Upper Austria and Styria in central Austria.  It  is the highest point in each of those states. Parts of it are also in the state of Salzburg.  Because of this it is sometimes called the Drei-Länder-Berg ("three-state mountain").

The Dachstein has a rich cave system. The Dachstein is famous for its fossils, including megalodonts.

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in Austria
Alps
Mountains of Austria
Styria
Upper Austria
The Salzkammergut is a resort area in Austria. It goes from City of Salzburg to the Dachstein mountain range. The main river of the region is the Traun. The name Salzkammergut means "Estate of the Salt Chamber".  This is from the Imperial Salt Chamber, the group who ran the precious salt mines in the Habsburg empire.

With its many lakes and mountains, the Salzkammergut has many opportunities for water sports, bathing, hiking, cycling and golf.

Parts of the area around Hallstatt were listed as a World Heritage Site in 1997. The World Heritage Site includes the towns Hallstatt, Obertraun, Gosau and Bad Goisern.

References

World Heritage Sites in Austria
Regions of Austria
Salzburgerland
Styria
Upper Austria
The Semmering railway is a railway in Austria.  It starts at Gloggnitz and leads over the Semmering to Mürzzuschlag.  It was the first mountain railway in Europe built with a standard gauge track. It is commonly called the world's first true mountain railway.  This is because of the very difficult terrain and the large altitude difference. It is still fully functional as a part of the South railway.

The Semmering railway was built between 1848 and 1854.  There were about 20,000 workers.  The director was Carl von Ghega. There are 14 tunnels, 16 viaducts and over 100 curved stone bridges as well as 11 small iron bridges. 

In 1998 the Semmering railway was added to the list of the UNESCO World Heritage sites.

World Heritage Sites in Austria
Transport in Austria
Rail transport in Europe
Eggenberg Palace in Graz is the most significant Baroque palace in Styria, Austria. Schloss Eggenberg is among the most valuable cultural assets of Austria.  It was the home of the House of Eggenberg.  In 2010, Schloss Eggenberg was recognized listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The palace is on the western edge of the Styrian capital of Graz in the Eggenberg (Graz) district. The northern corner of the palace grounds has the Planetary Garden and Lapidarium of Roman stonework.  There is a collection of over five centuries of European art history from the medieval to early modern period of European art history.  These are in the palace itself.

References

Museums in Europe
Castles in Europe
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Buildings and structures in Austria
Graz
15th-century buildings and structures
David Cronenberg (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian director, producer, screenwriter and actor. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He is of Jewish descent. 

Genre of his films is body horror. Many of them are considered classic of this genre. 

Cronenberg's work includes: Rabid, The Brood, Scanners, Videodrome, The Fly, Dead Ringers, Crash, A History of Violence, Eastern Promises and A Dangerous Method.

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Toronto
Canadian Jews
Canadian movie actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television actors
Canadian television directors
Cinematographers
Jewish actors
Jewish businesspeople
Movie editors
is a Japanese composer who makes video game music. She has worked with Capcom and Square Enix. She is best known for composing music for the Kingdom Hearts and Mario & Luigi series. Many of her works have been performed in video game music concerts. She left Square in 2002 and currently works as a freelancer but has or is working on six Kingdom Hearts games and the Mario & Luigi series. Shem is also working on Final Fantasy Versus XIII.
Video game Soundtracks 
 Samurai Sword (1988)
 F-1 Dream (1989)
 Final Fight (1989) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (uncredited))
 Adventures in the Magic Kingdom (1990)
 Mizushima Shinji no Daikoushien (1990)
 Code Name: Viper (1990) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (uncredited))
 Gargoyle's Quest (1990) (with Harumi Fujita (uncredited))
 Adventure Quiz 2: Capcom World (1990) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi, Manami Matsumae, Junko Tamiya, H. Takaoka, and G. Morita (uncredited))
 Mahjong School: The Super O Version (1990) (with Masaki Izutani (uncredited))
 Buster Bros. (PC Engine) (1991) (with Tamayo Kawamoto)
 The King of Dragons (1991)
 Street Fighter II (1991) (with Isao Abe (credited as Pii♪))
 Block Block (1991) (with Masaki Izutani)
 Varth: Operation Thunderstorm (1992) (with Masaki Izutani and Toshio Kajino)
 The Punisher (1993) (with Isao Abe, Toshio Kajino, Syun Nishigaki and  Nobu. Oouchi)
 Breath of Fire (1993) (with Bun Bun, Minae Fujii, and Mari Yamaguchi)
 Live A Live (1994)