Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Yoshi eats a rabbit and unlocks a door to the castle and explores the castle and its courses to find his friends. Scattered throughout the castle are paintings and secret walls, which act as portals to other worlds where Bowser's minions guard Power Stars. By recovering the stars and defeating bosses, Yoshi acquires keys to other areas of the castle and rooms holding his friends captive. He first defeats Goomboss to free Mario who assists him as the two continue searching the castle and collecting Power Stars. Mario  then defeats King Boo to free Luigi who then uses his invisibility power to get to Wario's key by defeating Chief Chilly. During the course of the adventure, they tackle three obstacle courses leading to a battle with Bowser.
Defeating him the first two times earns them a key that opens other levels of the castle. After collecting 80 stars and solving the mystery of the endless stairs, Mario accesses the top room of the castle to defeat Bowser. Once he is defeated, Peach is freed and appears in front of the castle. To thank the four protagonists, she kisses Mario and bakes them the cake that she had originally promised. The game finishes with Mario, Luigi, Wario, Yoshi, and Peach standing at the front of the castle waving goodbye to the player as Lakitu films and then flies away.

Characters
Each of the characters have special abilities and their own strength and weaknesses.
Waluigi
Just like how there were many rumors of Luigi and Wario (who are now playable in this game) being playable in the original game, but did not appear, there were rumors of Waluigi being in this game, but he did not appear in either game. Yoshi makes an unplayable cameo appearance on the roof after the original game is finished giving Mario 100 lives and a sparkling triple jump.

References

Nintendo DS games
3D platform games
Mario platform games
2004 video games
Virtual Console games for Wii U

ja:スーパーマリオ64#スーパーマリオ64DS
Epistemology  is the philosophy of knowledge. It seeks to answer the questions "What is knowledge?" and "How is knowledge acquired?"

Epistemologists are philosophers who are interested in questions such as whether it is possible to have knowledge, what kind of knowledge there is, and how people come to know things.

One of the first philosophers to make a clear statement on these questions was Xenophanes (570–470 BC). The following saying was, and still is, famous:
"Certain truth has no man... for even if he ever succeeds in saying what is true, he will never know it".
This is an early kind of skepticism.

Some questions 

 What is knowledge?
 How can we know anything?
 What is science?
 What is truth?
Some positions 
 Knowing how vs. knowing that: This was an idea of Gilbert Ryle. Moral questions, for example, may come down to knowing how to behave. Science could be about knowing that something is the case.
 Rational vs. empirical knowledge: Rational knowledge (if it exists) is knowledge built up from a person's internal thought. Empirical knowledge is built up from what is received through the senses.
 Error: Knowledge cannot err vs. the possibility of making mistakes is an essential part of knowledge (Ludwig Wittgenstein).

There are other debates of this kind.

Related pages
 Epistemic community
 Philosophy of science

References
The Ford Focus is a small car made by Ford Motor Company from 1998 to the present day.

First generation (1998–2004) 
Ford created the first generation Focus in late 1998 with 3 and 5-door hatchbacks, saloon and estate versions. The older Escort was produced alongside it until 2000 (vans until 2002). In late 2001, the model was facelifted at the front and inside, It had new front lights, new bumper and different seats as well as new diesel engines. It was very popular thanks to its styling and fun handling which resulted in being the UK’s best-selling car during its time in production.

Second generation (2004–2011) 
Ford created the second generation Focus in late 2004 with the same versions as the previous generation. In early 2008, the model was facelifted at the front and back, it had new front lights, new bumper and new grille. This was the only generation to include a hard-folding convertible model.
Third generation (2011–2018) 
Ford created the third generation Focus in early 2011 with 5-door hatchback, saloon and estate versions, a 3-door hatchback is no longer offered. In late 2014, the model was facelifted at the front and back, It had new front lights, new bumper and new grille. The third generation Ford Focus was also available in the RS Trim, a sport version of the normal Focus and sold for a higher price.

Fourth generation (2018–present) 
Ford created the fourth generation Focus in Summer 2018 with hatchback, saloon and estate versions. It appeared exactly 20 years after the original Focus launched. It was facelifted in late 2021. A fourth generation Focus RS was planned, but ultimately was scrapped due to the cost of developing a hybrid powertrain.

References

Other websites
2000s automobiles
Focus
Friends was a American comedy television show that ran from September 22, 1994 to May 6 ,2004. It is about 6 friends who lived in Manhattan, New York City. They were in their 20s and 30s. The names of the "friends" were: Monica, Chandler, Rachel, Ross, Phoebe and Joey.

Friends got positive reviews through most of its run. It is one of the most popular sitcoms of all time. The series won many awards and was nominated for 63 Primetime Emmy Awards. TV Guide ranked it #21 on their list of the 50 greatest TV shows of all time.

The series was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions, in association with Warner Bros. Television. At first, the executive producers were Crane, Kauffman and Kevin Bright. Other producers were brought in during later seasons. In all, there were 236 episodes. There is a spin-off to this show named Joey.
The series finale aired on May 6, 2004, and was watched by around 52.5 million American viewers, making it the fifth most-watched series finale in television history, and the most-watched television episode of the 2000s decade.

A reunion special was released in May 2021 on HBO Max.
The Friends 
 Monica Geller (Courteney Cox) - She used to be fat, is a control freak, and is compulsively organized. She is Ross' sister and in season 7, marries long-term boyfriend Chandler and adopts 2 babies (Jack and Erica) in the last episode of the series.
 Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry) - Early in the series, he was a self-confessed commitment-phobe, but in season 7 finale, he marries Monica, his girlfriend of three years. One of his most famed traits is his finely-tuned sense of humour. His father is a transsexual, and works in Las Vegas and his mother is a renowned adult book writer.
Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc) - He's the 'stupid' one, and is a struggling actor, but scored a break in season 2 in the soap opera Days Of Our Lives, and then again in season 7. He remained on Days of Our Lives until the end of the series. He had a lot of sexual partners and flings throughout the series, but had strong feelings for a fellow actress in season 3 and fell in love with his roommate, Rachel, in season 8. Post-finale he was the main character in the spin-off, Joey.
 Phoebe Buffay (Lisa Kudrow) - She's quirky, flakey, and fun-loving. She got married to Mike in season 10, but before this relationship she had never had a serious commitment. She also plays guitar and is a masseuse. Phoebe is known to have lived on the streets as a young adult after her mother committed suicide.
Rachel  Green (Jennifer Aniston) - She first moved to New York in the first episode after running off from the altar. She is perhaps the character who has made the most development (going from spoiled, rich Daddy's girl to an independent and confident woman). She had a famous on-off relationship with Ross, which spanned the entire series. She has a daughter with Ross named Emma.
 Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) - A paleontologist. He had a famous on-off relationship with Rachel, who he had a crush since he was 15. He has been married three times, once to Carol, once to Emily and once to Rachel, in a drunken Vegas wedding. He is not married at the end of the show, but has two children- Ben, to his first wife and Emma, to Rachel. He and Rachel seem to be back together at the end of the show.
Other key characters 
 Janice - Portrayed by Maggie Wheeler, An on-off girlfriend of Chandler's who has a shrieking nasal voice and is most famous for her 'oh - my - god' catchphrase, and her loud, annoying laugh. 
 Gunther - Portrayed by James Michael Tyler, The bleached blonde haired guy who works in 'Central Perk'. He appears in the majority of episodes. Gunther is madly in love with Rachel, who does not find out until the very last episode.
 Treeger - Portrayed by Mike Hagerty, The superintendent for the apartment building most of the friends live in. His most active role is in the episode where Joey practices dancing with him because he is too afraid to dance with girls.
Mike- Portrayed by Paul Rudd, he was one of Phoebe's significant boyfriends. He and Phoebe meet when Joey and Phoebe decide to set each other up with blind dates, but Joey forgets on the day of, and ends up bringing a random person who happens to have the name Mike (Joey told Phoebe that was his name before he found Mike). They decide to move in together, but on moving day, broke up due to Mike not wanting to marry again after his painful divorce. They end up getting back together, and marrying. In the finale, it is revealed that they will have a baby together.
 Jack Geller - Portrayed by Elliott Gould, The father of Ross Geller and Monica Bing; the grandfather of Ben and Emma Geller. 
 Judy Geller- Portrayed by Christina Pickles, The mother of Ross Geller and Monica Bing, also the grandmother of Ben and Emma Geller.
Guest stars  
Many guest stars of the show include: Hank Azaria, Cosimo Fusco, Larry Hankin, Tom Selleck, Jennifer Grey, Morgan Fairchild, Lauren Tom, Marlo Thomas, Aisha Tyler, Anna Faris, Christina Applegate, Bruce Willis, George Clooney, Greg Kinnear, Dakota Fanning, Danny DeVito, Ralph Lauren, Phil Leeds, Julia Roberts, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Brooke Shields, Ben Stiller, Jon Favreau, Robin Williams, Billy Crystal, Shelley Berman, Susan Sarandon, Bob Balaban, Phill Lewis, Denise Richards, Winona Ryder, Sean Penn, Eddie Cahill, Michael Chiklis,  Kathleen Turner, Malin Åkerman, Jason Alexander, Maggie Baird and Brad Pitt.

References
References

1994 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
1990s romance television series
2000s American sitcoms
2000s romance television series
Manhattan in fiction
NBC network shows
Romantic comedy television series
Television series about friendship
Television series about siblings
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Seinfeld is an American situation comedy television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David, and ran from 1989 to 1998.

The show is about four friends in New York City living their day-to-day lives. This show follows a strict policy of "no hugging, no learning" which means the episodes do not end with characters learning a lesson or feature any dramatic scenes such as fighting, arguing, or crying which is why the series is joked about being the "show about nothing".

People
People

Main Characters 
 Jerry Seinfeld (played by himself) - The main protagonist of the show. He is a comedian. He lives in a rented apartment in New York City. Jerry always gets into strange situations and funny events with his friends.
 George Costanza (played by Jason Alexander) - A real estate agent, Jerry's best friend. He is very neurotic and always afraid that nobody likes him.
 Elaine Bennes (played by Julia Louis-Dreyfus) - Elaine is Jerry's ex-girlfriend. But they are still friends and always spend time together. Elaine always has trouble finding a good boyfriend.
 Cosmo Kramer (played by Michael Richards) - He lives in the apartment next to Jerry's. Kramer is very tall and his hair always stands upwards. He is a strange sort of person and always has ideas nobody else has.
Recurring Characters 
 Newman (played by Wayne Knight) - The main antagonist of the show who's a very close friend of Kramer, but he and Jerry almost never get along with Newman trying to take Jerry down. Newman is a lazy mailman who works for the United States Postal Service. 
 Susan Ross (Heidi Swedberg) - George's girlfriend in season 4 and his fiancée in season 7. George hates being with her.
 Frank and Estelle Costanza (Jerry Stiller, Estelle Harris, and John Randoplh) - George's parents, whom he hates.
 Morty Seinfeld (Barney Martin) - Jerry's father.

DVDs 
 Seasons 1 & 2
 Season 3
 The Regift Edition Boxed Set

Other websites 
 
 

1990 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
1990s American comedy television series
American sitcoms
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
NBC network shows
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
 
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Joey was a 2004-2006 American television series. It was a sitcom on the NBC network. The series was a spin-off of the series Friends. It starred Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani, his character from Friends. It consists of Joey, his sister, and his nephew.

Cast 
 Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani
 Drea de Matteo as Gina Tribbiani (Joey's sister)
 Paulo Costanzo as Michael Tribbiani (Joey's nephew; Gina's son)
 Jennifer Coolidge as Bobbie Morganstern
 Andrea Anders as Alex Garrett

Joey stopped broadcasting after the episode "Joey and the Snowball fight" because fewer than 4.1 million viewers tuned in, compared to 18 million who tuned into see the pilot episode. Joey Season 2 on DVD rocketed to over £35 in some cases because so few were made, and they were only released in Canada.

Related pages 
 Friends
 Episodes

Other websites 
 
 Eipsodes on Imdb
2004 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2000s American comedy television series
American sitcoms
NBC network shows
Television series about families
Television series set in Los Angeles
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Church, is a Christian church. Their type of Christianity is also called Orthodox Christianity or Orthodoxy. Their members are called Orthodox Christians, although there is another group of Churches called Oriental Orthodox that is not in communion with the Orthodox Church. There are about 300 million Orthodox Christians in the world. Most Orthodox Christians are found in Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

The Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that it is the Church started by Jesus Christ in his instructions to the Apostles. It practices what it understands to be the original Christian faith and maintains the sacred tradition passed down from the apostles.

The worship service is known as the Divine Liturgy. The beliefs and rituals of the service are similar to the Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church.
History 
In 395, the Roman Empire was split into a western part and an eastern part. The western part lasted to the 5th or 6th century. Τhe exact dates are a point of debate. The eastern part, which is commonly called Byzantine Empire, lasted until the 15th century. The split of the Roman Empire also affected the church, which developed differently in both parts. In 1054, there was the Great Schism. The western part developed what is now the Roman Catholic Church, and the eastern part is now called Eastern Orthodox Church. In the west, there is the Patriarch of Rome, who is commonly called the Pope. In the east, there is the Patriarch of Constantinople. Because of historical developments, many Eastern Orthodox churches also have a local Patriarch. In the west, the Pope is an absolute leader. The Patriarch of Constantinople is the "first among equals"; his power is not absolute, as seen when meeting with other Patriarchs. His power is the same of all bishops.
Important things to know about the Orthodox Churches 
Some holidays include Christmas and Easter.
Orthodox believe in everything in the Nicene Creed:
I believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth and of all things visible and invisible.
And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all ages.
Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten not created, of one essence with the Father through whom all things were made.
For us men and for our salvation He came down from heaven and was incarnate with the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary and became man.
He was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and He suffered and was buried.
On the third day He rose according to the Scriptures.
He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father.
He will come again in glory to judge the living and dead. His kingdom shall have no end.
And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of life, who proceeds from the Father, who together with the Father and the Son is worshiped and glorified, who spoke through the prophets.
In One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church.
I acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.
I expect the resurrection of the dead.
And the life of the ages to come. Amen.
In summary, they believe in one God. He has three parts (Father, Son & Spirit) which are one and the same (of one essence). As the Son (Jesus), he arrived from Heaven, died, and resurrected. He will eventually return as a Judge for all of humanity, as mentioned in the Bible.
The Church Today 

The many churches of the Orthodox Church are distinct in terms of administration and local culture, but for the most part exist in full communion with one another. Most of these churches are led by patriarchs. Most patriarchs recognize the Patriarch of Constantinople as their spiritual leader.

The following listing contains a selection of Eastern Orthodox Churches. Unless otherwise stated, they are in communion:
 Mount Athos (a community of monasteries)
 Albanian Orthodox Church
 Antiochian Orthodox Church
 Bulgarian Orthodox Church
 Greek Orthodox Church
 Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria
 Church of Mount Sinai (one monastery)
 Russian Orthodox Church
 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
 Romanian Orthodox Church
In the 17th century a group of people split from the Eastern Orthodox Church because they did not agree with some changes that were introduced. These people are known as Old Believers today. There are two big groups of Old Believers and a few smaller ones. Old Believers are not in communion with the other Eastern Orthodox Churches.

Related pages
 Christianity
 Eastern Christianity
 History of Christianity
 Old Calendarists
 Oriental Orthodox Church

References 
The Orthodox Church; 455 Questions and Answers. Harakas, Stanley H. Light and Life Publishing Company, 1988. ()

The Orthodox Church New Edition Publisher: Penguin (Non-Classics); 2 edition

Other websites

 OrthodoxWiki
 Orthodox Research Institute
 List of most patriarchates 
 Directory of Orthodox Internet Resources 
 PATRIARCHIA.RU
Lisgar Collegiate Institute is in Ottawa, Canada. It is the oldest secondary school in Ottawa and possibly Ontario. It was named after a former Governor General of Canada. It was established in 1874 and has been formerly known as the Ottawa Collegiate Institute and the Dalhousie District Grammar School. It celebrated its 160th anniversary in 2004. 
Lisgar houses about 1000 students. It has a gifted program.

Schools in Ontario
1874 establishments
1870s establishments in Canada
Organizations based in Ottawa‎
Aberdeen is a city on the north east coast of Scotland where the rivers Dee and Don flow into the North Sea. It was the capital of the Grampian region of Scotland, but it is now one of Scotland's Unitary Authorities. Aberdeen is the third largest city in Scotland. Its population is nearly 200,000. It is the coldest city in the UK. The city's motto is Bon Accord.

History 
In the 8th AD, Aberdeen was founded as a settlement for fishing. It grew into a town in the early 12th century. By 1264, Aberdeen already had a castle.

Places
Aberdeen is famous for its buildings made from granite. Because of grey colour of the stone, Aberdeen is called the "Silver City by the Golden Sands". Aberdeen has two universities, the University of Aberdeen which was founded on 10 February 1495 by Bishop William Elphinstone and Robert Gordon University which was founded in 1910 but has a history dating back to the 1800s.

Dialect
The local people sometimes speak in a dialect called Doric. They are called Aberdonians.
Sports
Aberdeen has its own football team, Aberdeen F.C.. The team plays in the Scottish Premier League.

Festival
Each year in August, Aberdeen hosts the Aberdeen International Youth Festival. This is one of the most important annual events in Scotland. Hundred of groups of young performing artists come to Aberdeen each year for the festival.

Gallery
Aberdeen shares its name with Aberdeen, Idaho and Aberdeen, Washington in this Gallery.

References 

 
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Psoriasis is a skin condition where cells grow at a faster rate than they can be shed, causing excess skin to build up and form scaly patches on the body. 

The condition: 
It appears to be a buildup of dry skin on your body.  You can have it at any age, but normally as you get older.  It starts with the skin cracking as a paper cut on your fingertips. This skin would begin to die, flake, peal and itch. As your itch the area, it begins to get red and then it begins to blister, flake and peels to raw skin.  It appears most often on hands, toes, the inside arch of your feet and on your heels.  It is also shows up in callus, by cracking.  When washing hands it has a burning effect.
Living in moist humid climate appears to delay the condition for appearing.  Dry arid climates seem to aggravate the condition.  Washing your hands has a drying affect, which triggers the condition.  When washing, water removes oils from our body, and has a drying effect on our hands.  Washing with Psoriasis removes the dry skin, but then the skin underneath is raw.  Hard water appears to worsen the condition in dry climates, but not as much in humid areas.  Soft water appears better. 

Skin problems
Jurassic Park is a 1990 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton. It was made into a movie in 1993 directed by Steven Spielberg.

As a story, Jurassic Park is a "going back in time" story, without actually going back in time. It's impossible, but like H.G. Wells's 
many books, or Conan Doyle's  The Lost World, it is futurist but imaginary.

Plot 
The plot of this story is of a theme park that is filled with dinosaurs. The park seems like a great idea to the people building the park. John Hammond, the man who built the park, invites several people, including his grandchildren and the paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant, to visit the park. During the tour, Nedry (a computer worker for the park) shuts down the entire park to try to steal some dinosaur embryos, in order to earn a fortune from another company. Now the guests must try to restart power for the park. Complications arise since some dinosaurs escape because of the power failure, and other try to eat the humans.
Main characters 
 Dennis Nedry — Jurassic Park's main programmer
 Dr. Henry Wu — Chief Geneticist
 Dr. Alan Grant — Paleontologist
 Dr. Ellie Sattler — Paleobotanist
 John Hammond — Owner of InGen
 Ray Arnold — Engineer
 Robert Muldoon — Park Warden
 Donald Gennaro — Financial Advisor

Related pages 
 Jurassic Park (movie)

Other websites 

 Jurassicpark.com 
 Jurassic Main Frame News 

20th-century American novels
Jurassic Park
American science fiction books
1990 books
Dinosaurs in fiction
Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English writer. He was born in Bromley, Kent. He studied biology under Thomas Henry Huxley. 

Wells wrote about 50 books. He was one of the inventors of science fiction, and also wrote novels and utopias. He wrote books such as The Invisible Man, The Time Machine, The Island of Dr. Moreau, and The War of the Worlds. He also explained how the things he wrote about could actually happen. Some of his books have been made into movies. 

Wells had diabetes. He died on 13 August 1946, aged 79, at his home in London. On 16 August 1946, his body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.

Works

Biology 
 The science of life. London: Cassell (1933). Co-writers: Julian Huxley and G.P, Wells.

Science fiction 
 The Time Machine (1895)
 The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896)
 The Invisible Man (1897)
 The War of the Worlds (1898)
 The First Men in the Moon (1901)
Utopian books 
A Modern Utopia (1905)
New Worlds for Old (1908)
The World Set Free (1914)
The Shape of Things to Come (1933)
Guide for the New World (1941)
Mind at the End of its Tether (1945)

Novels 
Love and Mr Lewisham (1900)
Kipps (1905)
Ann Veronica (1909)
The History of Mr Polly (1910)

References 

1866 births
1946 deaths
English novelists
Writers from Kent
The Landseer (Continental-European type) is a dog breed.

Dog breeds originating in Canada
FCI breeds
Glasgow (Scottish: Glaschu, Lowland Scots: Glesga) is the biggest and busiest city in Scotland. It is on the banks of the River Clyde. People from Glasgow are known as "Glaswegians" (glas-wee-jans), which is a name also used for words that are used only in Glasgow - also known as "The Glasgow Patter".

The number of people living in Glasgow is 621,020 (2017 estimate) and 
626,410 (2019 estimate). Many more people live in the areas round the city. There are 1,209,143 people living in the Greater Glasgow urban area. The wider metropolitan area is home to over 1,670,000 people, about 33% of Scotland's population.
The number of people living inside the city proper used to be much higher. Starting in the early 1960s the old tenements were pulled down and new housing built further out (high-rise blocks were the fashion of the day). Now there is nowhere near the number of people living in Glasgow as during the famous times of the shipyards on the River Clyde. It was said to be the second biggest city in the world after London at one point in the 1800s. 

Many people from other countries visit Glasgow for holidays and trips; most of these people are from Europe France, America (the US and Canada) for weekend and week trips.

Two airports serve the city, Glasgow International Airport and Prestwick Airport. The main railway stations in the city are Glasgow Central and Queen Street stations. They provide rail links to the rest of Scotland, to the rest of the United Kingdom and Europe.
There are a number of theatres and concert halls in the city. These include the SECC (Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre), the Royal Concert hall, the King's Theatre, the Pavilion Theatre and the Theatre Royal.

Glasgow has several football teams - the best known are Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.. Partick Thistle, Clydebank, and Queens Park F.C. also play in the city.

Glasgow has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). The weather in Glasgow is almost always changing, and it is hard to say what the entire day's weather is like. Very often, the weather is worst in the morning when it is mostly damp and sometimes misty or even foggy; the Glasgow Patter also refers to dreich weather - damp and drizzly. However, the weather mostly improves through the afternoon and more often than not the weather stays dry and at an average temperature.
In summer it is popular as a base for tourists. They can stay in Glasgow and then travel to see Loch Lomond and the Western Isles. One of the oldest paddle-steamer boats is in Glasgow, and in the summer one can travel down the Clyde to visit other towns and islands.

Twinned cities 
  Marseille, France
  Havana, Cuba
  Turin, Italy 
  Bethlehem, Palestinian Territories
  Nuremberg, Germany
  Dalian, People's Republic of China
  Lahore, Pakistan
  Rostov-on-Don, Russia

References
Grampian was a government region in north east Scotland. It was named after the Grampian mountains which start in this region.

The capital city of the region was Aberdeen.

The region was created in 1974. It was removed in 1995 because local government in Scotland was  made simpler.

Local government in Scotland
Scottish Borders is a council area (region) in south Scotland. Its name is because it is on the border with England.

The name is usually shortened to    " the Borders".

It is made up of the counties of :-

 Berwickshire
 Peeblesshire
 Selkirkshire

The main town of the region is Newtown St Boswells.

Scottish Borders
Central was a government region in central Scotland between 1974 and 1995. After local government in Scotland was made simpler, it was replaced with smaller areas.

Local government in Scotland
Dumfries and Galloway is a council area in south west Scotland. In takes in three counties:

 Dumfriesshire
 Kirkcudbrightshire
 Wigtownshire

The main and biggest town of the region is Dumfries. Dumfries is 60 miles south of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.

Dumfries and Galloway
Fife is a county on the north coast of the Firth of Forth, Scotland. The county town is Glenrothes.

For local government, the county is a council area too.

The towns in Fife are:

 Buckhaven
 Kirkcaldy
 St Andrews
 Dunfermline
 High Vallyfield
 Dalgety Bay
 Kelty
 Hillend
 Dairsie
 Methil
 Leven
 Auchtertool
 Auchtermuchty
 Falkland
 Cowdenbeath
 Cardenden
 Cupar
The Highland (council area) is a local government region in north Scotland.  It covers most of the area which people call the Scottish Highlands.
Lothian was a region on the east coast of Scotland that was used for local government until the new municipalities were created. Lothian has been divided into four new council areas: Edinburgh, Midlothian, East Lothian and West Lothian.

Local government in Scotland
Strathclyde was a region in west Scotland. It is named after the River Clyde. The capital city of the region was Glasgow. 

A long time ago, Strathclyde was also the name of one of the kingdoms which united to form Scotland.

Geography of Scotland
Tayside was a government region on the east coast of Scotland. It was named after the River Tay. The capital city of the region was Dundee.

The region was created in 1974. It was removed in 1995 because local government in Scotland was made simpler.

References 
Local government in Scotland
Dundee is a city on the east coast of Scotland where the River Tay flows into the North Sea. It is the fourth largest city in Scotland.  It was famous as the city of "Jute, jam, and journalism", because jute and jam were made there, and several newspapers were printed in the city.

Dundee has a population of 148,260 people. It is the fourth largest city in Scotland.

There are two universities in Dundee. They are called the University of Dundee and the University of Abertay Dundee.

It also is home to two professional football teams. Dundee F.C. and Dundee United F.C., who both play in the Scottish Premier League. Unusually, their stadiums (Dens Park and Tannadice) are very close together, in the same street.

Dundee Airport serves the area.

References 

 
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Oxford is a city in England. It is on the River Thames. It is a very old city. It is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom. Some of its buildings were built before the 12th century. It is famous for its university, Oxford University, which is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.

About 150,200 live in Oxford. Two rivers run through the city, the Cherwell and the Thames. These two rivers meet south of the city centre.

Besides its university, there are some buildings famous for their architecture (the style in which they were built), like the Radcliffe Camera. There are also lots of museums and other places for tourists to visit.

The south and east of the city are less wealthy and have fewer students. Cowley used to be a separate town and has a large car factory, and Blackbird Leys is an area of mainly council housing.

Transport

Rail 
Oxford has a station in the centre of the city and a station on the outskirts of the city.

References

Other websites 
 Oxford - Citizendium
George VI (born Albert Frederick Arthur George Windsor; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom from 11 December 1936 until his death on 6 February 1952. He became king when his older brother, Edward VIII, abdicated in 1936 to marry Wallis Simpson. George was married to Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon from April 1923 until his death.

He was succeeded as monarch by his elder daughter, Elizabeth.

George had a stutter. This made it very difficult for him to carry out many of the public duties of a king which required him to make speeches. He was treated by an Australian speech and language therapist called Lionel Logue. The story of this part of George's life was made into a movie in 2010 called The King's Speech. Colin Firth played the role of George, and Geoffrey Rush played the role of Logue.
George became a very popular king throughout the British Empire. He won admiration during World War II (19391945), in which he stayed at Buckingham Palace during the most intense months of the Blitz. The Palace was bombed more than twice but he still remained, becoming a symbol of resistance and "fighting spirit". He enjoyed a close working relationship with his wartime Prime Minister Winston Churchill, inviting him to join the Royal Family on Victory in Europe Day (1945) to celebrate the defeat of the Nazis.

After World War II ended, his health began to decline which meant he couldn’t do many duties as king so Princess Elizabeth took them on in his place. A heavy smoker, George died of lung cancer and was given a state funeral. He was 56 years old.

British Prime Ministers
 Stanley Baldwin (1935–1937)
 Neville Chamberlain (1937–1940)
 Winston Churchill (first term, 1940–1945)
 Clement Attlee (1945–1951)
 Winston Churchill (second term, 1951–1952)
Family 
George VI was the son of King George V and Queen Mary. He was the younger brother of Edward VIII, who gave up the throne to marry an American divorced woman, Wallis Simpson. In April 1923, George married his beloved wife Elizabeth, who later became known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. They had two children, Princesses Elizabeth (later Elizabeth II) (19262022) and Margaret (19302002).

Death and funeral 
George VI died on 6 February 1952. Crowds began to gather in London in the early hours of the morning of the funeral. Thousands saw the event on television. Shortly after 9:00am, the funeral procession arrived at Westminster Hall. More than 300,000 people paid their respects to his body which lay in state for three days.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

1895 births
1952 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from lung cancer
English Anglicans
English royalty
House of Windsor
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom
People from Norfolk
Elizabeth II
Anatolia, also called Asia Minor (from Ancient Greek: 'Άνατολή, Turkish: Anadolu), is a peninsula that forms the center and the west of modern Turkey.

It has an area of . Most of it is a plateau. that averages   above sea level. Its climate is continental and semi-arid in the interior, temperate along the northern coast, and subtropical along the southern and the western coasts. Most of its people speak Turkish.

Anatolia is surrounded by the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. It is between Christian Europe and Asia. This has lead to people of many different cultures living there. 

Many great historical peoples have lived in or occupied Anatolia; They include the Hittites, Lydians, Greeks, Persians, Armenians, Romans, Goths, Minoans, Byzantines and Ottomans.  The Roman Empire had a province called Asia that was also called Phrygia. People later started to call the entire continent Asia. Because of this, the peninsula became called Asia Minor (Little Asia).
Troy is the most famous of the many cities that used to exist in Anatolia. 

Middle East
Peninsulas of Asia
Zoroastrianism is an Iranian religion created by Zoroaster, who lived in eastern ancient Iran around 1000 BC.  Other names for Zoroastrianism are Mazdaism and Parsiism. It is the ancestral religion of the Persians.

Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion. The Zoroastrian god is called Ahura Mazda.   The holy book of Zoroastrianism is the Zend Avesta.

Zoroastrianism is also dualist. Zoroastrians believe Ahura Mazda created the good spirits (Spenta Mainyu), and Angra Mainyu the demons. Zoroastrians believe people are free to choose between good and bad.  Choosing good will lead to happiness, and choosing bad will lead to unhappiness. So it is the best to choose good. Therefore, the motto of the religion is "Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds".

Zoroastrianism was the state religion of Persia starting in the 6th century BC, including the Sassanid dynasty. In the 7th century AD, Persia was conquered by Islamic Arabs, and most Persians became Muslim. There is no boy circumcision in Zoroastrianism.
Nowadays, there are about 2.6 million Zoroastrians in the world. Most of them live in Iran, Pakistan or India, where there called Parsi. In Pakistan and India, they are called Parsis. Many Zoroastrians now live in the United States.  Zoroastrian Fire Temples include one in Yazd City in Iran.

Basic beliefs 

These are the basic beliefs of Zoroastrianism:

There is one God, called Ahura Mazda.  He is the one Uncreated Creator.  Zoroastrians worship only him.

Ahura Mazda created everything. There is a conflict between order (which he created) and chaos (or disorder). Everything in the universe is part of this conflict, including humans.

To help fight the chaos, people need to: 
 Lead an active life; 
 Do good deeds; and 
 Have good words and good thoughts for others.

People also need to do these things in order to be happy.  This active life is the basis of what Zoroastrians call free will.  They do not believe people should live on their own to find God (for example, in monasteries).
The conflict will not last forever. Ahura Mazda will win it in the end. When this happens, everything that Ahura Mazda created will be together with him again -  even the souls of people who died or who were banished.

All bad things in the world are represented as Angra Mainyu, the "Destructive Principle". All good things are represented by Spenta Mainyu, the good spirit which Ahura Mazda created. Through Spenta Maniu, Ahura Mazda is in all humans.  In this way, the Creator interacts with the world.

When Ahura Mazda created everything, he made seven "sparks", called Amesha Spentas ("Bounteous Immortals"). Each of them represents a part of Ahura Mazda's creation. These seven sparks are helped by many "lesser principles",  the Yazatas. Each Yazata is "worthy of worship" and also stands for a part of the creation.

Some historians believe that the Three Wise Men (Magi) who visited Jesus after he was born were Zoroastrian priests.

References
References

Bibliography 
 Kulke, Eckehard: The Parsees in India: a minority as agent of social change. München: Weltforum-Verlag (= Studien zur Entwicklung und Politik 3), 
 Jivanji Jamshedji Modi: A Few Events in The Early History of the Parsis and Their Dates, 2004, 114 p
 Rustom C Chothia: Zoroastrian Religion Most Frequently Asked Questions, 2002, 44 p
 UNESCO Parsi Zoroastrian Project
 http://parsiana.com/

Other websites 
 Zoroastrianism -Citizendium
The Science Olympiad is a nationwide event in the United States that tests students' knowledge in science and technology. It started in 1982, and takes place every year.

Science Olympiad consists of twenty three events testing students in middle and high school on different science topics, such as astronomy and chemistry.

Science competitions
Events in the United States
1982 establishments in the United States
A bookstore is a store that sells books, and where people can buy them. A used bookstore or second-hand bookshop sells and often buys used books.

Some modern bookstore combine the books (including digital books) and coffee or CDs.

Related pages 
 Library
 Book

Booksellers
Books
Lemonade is a drink made with water, lemons or lemon juice, and sugar. 

There are two main types: cloudy, and clear, each known simply as "lemonade" in their home countries. Cloudy lemonade, generally found in North America and India, is a traditionally homemade drink made with lemon juice, water, and sweetened with cane sugar or honey. Clear lemonade is a lemon, or lemon-lime flavored, carbonated soft drink. This type is common in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand.

To make 8 cups of lemonade, mix the juice of 8 freshly squeezed lemons with 1/2 a cup of sugar and 5 cups of water and serve over ice cubes. A diced (cut up) lemon or lime can also be added to mixture. The sugar is sometimes replaced by maple syrup.

Pink lemonade can be made by adding some grenadine or another red juice, or using pink lemons. Some pink lemonades are lightly carbonated, including French brand Lorina lemonade.
In the United Kingdom, Australia, Switzerland, and New Zealand, the term 'lemonade' refers to a clear, carbonated, sweet lemon-flavored soft drink. In India it is commonly referred to as 'Nimbu paani' meaning "lemon water" or 'Shikanji'. It is sold by street vendors, especially in North India.

Lemonade stands are a small shops made by kids especially in the U.S. Children sell it to adults to learn the basics of business and to earn some money.

References 

Soft drinks
Melting is the process of changing something from a solid into a liquid (like metal into liquid metal). It is the opposite of freezing. The temperature at which something begins to melt is called its melting point. When an object is heated, the object's particles begin to move faster and faster until the structured particles are freed. Now it is a liquid. It is a solid that is turning into a liquid. Ice takes longer to melt it is in cold water, because the water is near the melting point. It melts more quickly in warm water, far from the melting point.

References

Related pages
Freezing
Sublimation

Matter
The terms "September 11" and "9/11" have been used by the media to refer to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon in the United States of America.

Events
Up to 1900 
 9  The Battle of Teutoburg Forest finishes.
 1041  Fire destroys most of Bremen's Old Town.
 1297  Led by William Wallace, the Scots defeat the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.
 1390  The Teutonic Knights besiege Vilnius.
 1541  Santiago, Chile, is destroyed by indigenous warriors led by Michimalonko.
 1565  Ottoman Empire forces retreat from Malta, ending the Great Siege of Malta.
 1609  Henry Hudson arrives at the island of Manhattan.
 1649  Under orders from Oliver Cromwell, the Drogheda Massacre is committed in Ireland.
 1708  King Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to Moscow, by halting outside Smolensk, marking a turning point in the Great Northern War.
 1714  Siege of Barcelona: Barcelona, capital city of Catalonia, surrenders to French and Spanish Bourbon armies in the War of the Spanish Succession.
 1758  Seven Years' War: In the Battle of Saint Cast, France holds off a British invasion.
1775  American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold's expedition leaves Cambridge, Massachusetts, as part of the invasion of Quebec.
 1776  A British-American peace conference on Staten Island fails to stop the already started American Revolutionary War.
 1789  Alexander Hamilton becomes the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.
 1802  France annexes the Kingdom of Piedmont.
 1813  War of 1812: British troops arrive in Mount Vernon and prepare to march and invade Washington, DC.
 1814  War of 1812: Climax of the Battle of Plattsburgh, a major US victory in the war.
 1852  The State of Buenos Aires separates from the Argentine federal government, before re-joining on September 17, 1861.
 1857  Mountain Meadows massacre: Mormon settlers and Paiutes massacre 120 pioneers at Mountain Meadows, Utah.
 1877  British three-mast sailing boat collides with another vessel off the Isle of Portland, sinking shortly after, killing 106 people.
1901  2000 
 1906  Mahatma Gandhi coins the term Satyagraha for the non-violent rights movement in South Africa.
 1914  World War I: Australia invades the island of New Britain, defeating a German contingent at the Battle of Bita Paka.
 1914  World War I: A battle at what is now Lviv, results in a Russian victory over Austria-Hungary, a defeat that the Habsburg monarchy never fully recovers from.
 1916  The Quebec Bridge collapses, killing 11 people.
 1919  US Marines invade Honduras.
 1922  The Treaty of Kars is ratified in Yerevan, Armenia.
 1922  The British Mandate for Palestine begins.
 1930  The biggest-recorded eruption of the Stromboli volcano in Italy takes place.
 1931  Salvatore Maranzano is murdered by Lucky Luciano's hitmen.
 1941  Ground is broken for the construction of the Pentagon building.
 1943  Holocaust: Start of the liquidation of the Ghettos in Minsk and Lida by the Nazis.
 1944  An RAF bombing raid destroys the city of Darmstadt in Germany killing around 11,500 people.
1954  Hurricane Edna strikes New England, killing 29 people.
 1961  Hurricane Carla hits Texas.
 1961  The World Wide Fund for Nature is founded.
 1962  The Beatles record their first single, Love Me Do.
 1968  An Air France plane crashes in Nice, France, killing 95 people.
 1971  The Egyptian Constitution becomes official.
 1972  The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit system has its opening day of passenger service.
 1973  A military coup in Chile removes President Salvador Allende, who is subsequently killed in the event, from office. General Augusto Pinochet is installed in his place, and remains in power until March 11, 1990.
 1974  An Eastern Airlines plane crashes in Charlotte in North Carolina, killing 69 people.
 1974  Charles T. Kowal discovers Jupiter's moon Leda.
 1978  Janet Parker becomes the last person to die of smallpox.
 1978  Georgi Markov dies four days after being attacked in London.
 1985  Pete Rose breaks Ty Cobb's baseball record of most career hits when he hits his 4,192nd hit.
1989  Hungary opens the Iron Curtain for refugees from East Germany to travel to the West.
 1990  US President George H. W. Bush proclaims a "New World Order".
 1992  Hurricane Iniki hits the Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Kauai.
 1997  In a referendum, the people of Scotland vote in favour of a new Scottish Parliament.
 1997  NASA's Mars Global Surveyor reaches Mars.
 1997  Fourteen Estonian soldiers die in the Kurkse Tragedy, drowning in the Baltic Sea.
 1998  Beginning of the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the first time these games are held in Asia.
 1999  Tennis player Serena Williams wins her first Grand Slam, at the US Open.
2001  In the September 11 attacks, Islamic extremists destroy the World Trade Center in New York City and part of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia by crashing passenger planes into them. Another airliner crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Almost 3,000 were killed. The term "9/11" is often used to refer to these attacks.
 2003  Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh dies aged 46, following a knife attack the previous day. After Olof Palme in 1986, she is the second high-profile Swedish politician to be murdered.
 2004  A helicopter crashes in the Aegean Sea, killing 17 people, including Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria.
 2006  George Tupou V becomes king of Tonga, after the death of his father Taufa'ahau Tupou IV.
 2007  Russia tests a thermobaric weapon.
 2012  The US Embassy in Cairo, Egypt and Consulate in Benghazi, Libya are targeted in terrorist attacks by Islamic extremists. 4 Americans are killed in the attacks, including US Ambassador to Libya Christopher Stevens.
2012  A total of 315 people are killed in two garment factory fires in Pakistan.
 2015  A crane collapse at Mecca's Central Mosque kills over 100 people.
 2017  The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights says that a security operation targeting Rohingya people in Myanmar is a "textbook example of ethnic cleansing".