Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ant-mimicking spiders also modify their behavior to resemble that of the target species of ant, for example many adopt a zig-zag pattern of movement, ant-mimicking jumping spiders avoid jumping, and spiders of the genus Synemosyna walk on the outer edges of leaves in the same way as Pseudomyrmex. Ant-mimicry in many spiders and other arthropods may be for protection from predators that hunt by sight, including birds, lizards and spiders. However several ant-mimicking spiders prey either on ants or on the ants "livestock" such as aphids. When at rest the ant-mimicking crab spider Amyciaea does not closely resemble Oecophylla, but while hunting it imitates the behavior of a dying ant to attract worker ants. After a kill some ant-mimicking spiders hold their victims between themselves and large groups of ants to avoid being attacked.

 Reproduction and life cycle
Spiders reproduce sexually and fertilization is internal but indirect. In other words, the sperm is not inserted into the female's body by the male's genitals but by an intermediate stage. Unlike many land-living arthropods, male spiders do not produce ready-made spermatophores (packages of sperm). Instead, they spin small sperm webs on to which they ejaculate and then transfer the sperm to structures on the tips of their pedipalps. When a male detects signs of a female nearby he checks whether she is of the same species and whether she is ready to mate; for example in species that produce webs or 'safety ropes', the male can identify the species and sex of these objects by smell.

Spiders generally use elaborate courtship rituals to prevent the large females from eating the small males before fertilization, except where the male is so much smaller that he is not worth eating. In some species males mate with newly molted females, which are too weak to be dangerous to the males.
Males do get eaten in some species. Males of the genus Tidarren cut off one of their palps, and enter adult life with one palp only. The palps are 20% of male's body mass in this species, and detaching one of the two improves mobility. In the Yemeni species Tidarren argo, the remaining palp is then torn off by the female. The separated palp remains attached to the female's opening for about four hours. In the meantime, the female feeds on the palpless male. In over 60% of cases the female of the Australian redback spider kills and eats the male after it inserts its second palp into the female's genital opening; in fact the males co-operate by trying to impale themselves on the females' fangs. Observation shows that most male redbacks never get an opportunity to mate, and the 'lucky' ones increase the likely number of offspring by ensuring that the females are well-fed. However males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans
. Some even live for a while in their mates' webs.p176/212
Females lay up to 3,000 eggs in one or more silk egg sacs, which maintain a fairly constant humidity level. In some species the females die afterwards, but females of other species protect the sacs by attaching them to their webs, hiding them in nests, carrying them in the chelicerae or attaching them to the spinnerets and dragging them along.

 Development of young 
Baby spiders pass all their larval stages inside the egg and hatch as spiderlings, very small and sexually immature but similar in shape to adults. Some spiders care for their young, for example a wolf spider's brood cling to rough bristles on the mother's back, and females of some species respond to the "begging" behaviour of their young by giving them their prey, provided it is no longer struggling, or even regurgitate food.

Like other arthropods, spiders have to moult to grow as their cuticle ("skin") cannot stretch. Most spiders live for only one to two years, although some tarantulas can live in captivity for over 20 years.p232
Spiders and humans 
Of the 40,000 spiders, less than 12 are known to be dangerous to humans. Most of the time, being bitten by a spider is painful. Most spiders use venom to paralyse their prey; they kill it through eating, or through a bite. A few spiders have venoms that can be dangerous to weakened people and those allergic to it. Since 1927, 13 people have died, after a bite from a Atrax robustus spider from Australia.

The spider that kills the most people, the black widow and other spiders in the genus Latrodectus are around 1 cm. in body length. The Atrax and Phoneutria spiders, which are also capable of killing people, both average around 2.5 cm. or one inch, and even the Widow spiders are large enough to be easily noticed.

Even relatively small spiders like Phidippus audax can give a painful bite if you hurt them, but spiders are very helpful to human beings because they control insects that eat our crops.
Being afraid of spiders is a very common phobia (fear). The widow spiders (black widows and other members of their genus) never willingly leave their webs, so usually people get bitten when they touch the spider by mistake.

 Gallery Click on a picture to see it larger:'''

 References 

 Other websites 

 Platnick N.I. 20013. The world spider catalog''. Hosted by the American Museum of Natural History, and edited by Peter Merrett and H. Don Cameron.
The 1760s was a decade that began on 1 January 1760 and ended on 31 December 1769.

Events and trends

Events 
 King George III takes the British throne in 1760. The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) comes to an end. France gives Canada to Britain, but criticism of the government still grows, led by the controversial figure of John Wilkes. Meanwhile, there is increasing unrest in Britain's American colonies. King George III died later in 1820.

 Science and technology – development of the steam engine continues.

World leaders 
 Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien Lung) (China)
 King Frederick V (Denmark and Norway)
 King Christian VII (Denmark and Norway)
 King Louis XV (France)
 King Augustus III (Poland)
 King José I (Portugal)
 Czar Peter III (Russia)
 Czarina Catherine II (the Great) (Russia)
 King Carlos III (Spain)
 King Adolf Fredrik (Sweden)
 Sultan Mustafa III (Ottoman Empire)
 King George III (United Kingdom)

Births 
 Josephine de Beauharnais, Empress of France
 Michail Leontievich Bulatov, Russian military
Deaths 
 Pierre de Marivaux, French writer
Grass is a type of plant with narrow leaves growing from the base. Their appearance as a common plant was in the mid-Cretaceous period. There are 12,000 species now.

A common kind of grass is used to cover the ground in places such as lawns and parks. Grass is usually the color green. That is because they are wind-pollinated rather than insect-pollinated, so they do not have to attract insects. Green is the best colour for photosynthesis.

Grasslands such as savannah and prairie where grasses are dominant cover 40.5% of the land area of the Earth, except Greenland and Antarctica.

Grasses are monocotyledon herbaceous plants. They include the "grass" of the family Poaceae, which are called grass by ordinary people. This family is also called the Gramineae, and includes some of the sedges (Cyperaceae) and the rushes (Juncaceae). These three families are not very closely related, though all of them belong to clades in the order Poales. They are similar adaptations to a similar life-style.
With about 780 genera and about 12,000 species, the Poaceae is the fifth-largest plant family. Only the Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae have more species.

The true grasses include cereals, bamboo and the grasses of lawns (turf) and grassland. Uses for graminoids include food (as grain, shoots or rhizomes), drink (beer, whisky), pasture for livestock,  thatch, paper, fuel, clothing, insulation, construction, sports turf, basket weaving and many others.

Many grasses are short, but some grasses can grow tall, such as  bamboo. Plants from the grass family can grow in many places and make grasslands, including areas which are very arid or cold. There are several other plants that look similar to grass and are referred to as such, but are not members of the grass family. These plants include rushes, reeds, papyrus and water chestnut. Seagrass is a monocot in the order Alismatales.
Grasses are an important food for many animals, such as deer, buffalo, cattle, mice, grasshoppers, caterpillars and many other grazers. Unlike other plants, grasses grow from the bottom, so when animals eat grass they usually do not destroy the part that grows. This is a part of why the plants are successful. Without grass, soil may wash away into rivers (erosion).

Evolution of grass 
Grasses include some of the most versatile plant life-forms. They became widespread toward the end of the Cretaceous. Fossilized dinosaur dung (coprolites) have been found containing  grass phytoliths (silica stones inside grass leaves). Grasses have adapted to conditions in lush rain forests, dry deserts, cold mountains and even intertidal habitats, and are now the most widespread plant type. Grass is a valuable source of food and energy for many animals.

Grass and people 
Lawn grass is often planted on sports fields and in the area around a building. Sometimes chemicals and water is used to help lawns to grow.
People have used grasses for a long time. People eat parts of grasses. Corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice and millet are cereals, common grains whose seeds are used for food and to make alcohol such as beer.

Sugar comes from sugar cane, which is also a plant in the grass family. People have grown grasses as food for farm animals for about 4,000 years. People use bamboo to build houses, fences, furniture and other things. Grass plants can also be used as fuel, to cover rooves, and to weave baskets.

Language 
In English, the word "grass" appears in several phrases. For example:
"The grass is always greener on the other side" means "people are never happy with what they have and want something else". 
 "Don't let the grass grow under your feet" means "Do something".
 "A snake in the grass" is about a person that will not be honest and will trick others.
 All flesh is grass: Old Testament book of Isaiah, chapter 40, verses 6–8. A very true observation of the present-day ecology. See the Miocene for the ecological relevance.
 Grass is a slang term for cannabis (pot, weed, or marijuana). Cannabis looks like a grass, but it is actually a rosid.

References

Related pages 
Grassland
Cereals
Fertilizer
Bamboo
Thatching

Basic English 850 words
Poales
The cacao tree is a small tree originally grown in tropical South America. It only grows to 4 to 8 meters in height. Its seeds are called cocoa and are used to produce cocoa butter, chocolate drinks, and chocolate. Now the trees are grown in plantations in many tropical countries.

Cultivation
Cacao is planted on over 70000 square kilometres worldwide with 40% of production coming from Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Indonesia. Each country produces about 15%, with smaller amounts coming from Brazil, Nigeria, and Cameroon.

A tree begins to bear fruit when it is 4 or 5 years old. In one year, when mature, it may have 6,000 flowers, but only about 20 pods. About 300-600 seeds (10 pods) are required to produce around 1 kg of cocoa paste.
There are three main cultivar groups of cacao beans used to make cocoa and chocolate. The most prized, rare, and expensive is the Criollo Group, the cocoa bean used by the Maya. Only 10% of chocolate is made from the Criollo, which is less bitter and more aromatic than any other bean. The cacao bean in 80% of chocolate is made using beans of the Forastero Group. Forastero trees are significantly hardier than Criollo trees, resulting in cheaper cacao beans. Trinitario, a hybrid of Criollo and Forastero, is used in about 10% of chocolate. For details of processing, see cocoa.

Cacao beans were commonly used as currency in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. In some areas, such as Yucatán, they were still used in place of small coins as late as the 1840s.

Other websites 
The food of the Gods - the nature, growth, cultivation, manufacture and history of Cocoa, by Brandon Head, from Project Gutenberg

Malvaceae
Mahabad and Piranshahr (, ); (Old name: سابلاخ: Sablakh, which may be of Mongolian origin) is a city in Iran. It is in the north-west of the country, in the region of Iranian Kurdistan and the province of West Azarbaijan. The city is south of Lake Urmia in a narrow valley 1,300 metres above sea level. There are about 162.434 people who live in the city. Mahabad is connected by road with Tabriz 300 km north, Urmia 150 km north and Arbil, in Iraqi Kurdistan.

The city is one center and symbol of the Kurdish nationalism. The reason is  because in 1945 it was the capital of the newly founded people's Republic of Mahabad. The republic was conquered by Iranian forces on 16 December 1946.  The president was Qazi Muhammad. The majority of the population is Kurdish. During the revolution in Iran, on 3 September 1979 the city was bombed and occupied by Iranian forces. After the death of Shivan Qaderi, a student and opposition activist in July 9 2005, the Kurdish population protested against the Iranian government.
Mahabad also a branch of the Islamic Azad University.

The region of Mukrian consists of Piranshahr and Mahabad.

Cities in West Azerbaijan Province
Kurdistan
Shivan Qaderi (or Sivan Ghaderi or Schuaneh Ghaderi; died 9 July 2005 in Mahabad) was a student and opposition activist in Iran. After his death in 2005, the Kurds protested and the Iranian government had to send more than 100,000 soldiers to this region. The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran reported, that about 50,000 people had protested after his death on the Chuwarchira Square. Humans Rights First say that, after he was shot, Iranian soldiers tied Ghaderi's body "to a military vehicle and dragged it through the city, obviously trying to frighten the population so that they would not organize any more protests."

Related pages
 Anti-Kurdism

References

Other websites 
Amnesty International 
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor with the Bureau of Public Affairs Washington, DC: Iran: Voices Struggling To Be Heard 3.11.2005

Qaderi, Shivan
20th-century births
2005 deaths
History of Iran
In cooking, a sauce is a liquid mixture added to another food for flavour. Sauces are not normally eaten by themselves; they add flavour, moisture, and visual appeal to another dish. Sauces are an essential element in cuisines all over the world.

The main sauces of French cuisine are built on a basis of roux, which is just flour and the liquid part of butter. Examples from Italian cuisine are the egg, cheese and ham sauce called Carbonara; the ground meat sauce called bolognese, and the herbs and garlic sauce called pesto.

Bottled sauces can be poured over food when it is served. An example would be the tomato-based sauce that is usually poured over spaghetti. Gravy is a brown sauce served with meat.

Sauce is a French word taken from the Latin salsus, meaning salted. Possibly the oldest sauce recorded is garum, the fish sauce used by the Romans.

Sauces need a liquid component, but some sauces (for example, pico de gallo salsa or chutney) may contain more solid elements than liquid.
Sauces may be used for savoury dishes or for desserts. They can be prepared and served cold, like mayonnaise, prepared cold but served lukewarm like pesto, or can be cooked like bechamel and served warm or again cooked and served cold like apple sauce.

Some sauces are commercial products like Worcestershire sauce, HP sauce, soy sauce or ketchup. In French cuisine they are freshly prepared by the chef. Sauces for salads are called salad dressing. A cook who specializes in making sauces is a saucier.

French cuisine

Sauces in French cuisine date back to the Middle Ages. There were hundreds of sauces in the culinary repertoire, and were a major defining characteristic of French cooking of the 19th and 20th centuries, until nouvelle cuisine.
In the 19th century, the chef Antonin Carême classified sauces into four families, each of which was based on a mother sauce (Also called grandes sauces). Carême's four mother sauces were:
 Béchamel, based on milk, thickened with a white roux.
 Espagnole, based on brown stock (usually veal), thickened with a brown roux.
 Velouté, based on a white stock, thickened with a blonde roux.
 Allemande, based on velouté sauce, is thickened with egg yolks and heavy cream.
In the early 20th century, the chef Auguste Escoffier updated this classification to five mother sauces. They are:
 Sauce Béchamel, Milk based sauce, thickened with a white roux.
 Sauce Velouté, White stock based sauce, thickened with a roux or a liaison.
 Sauce Tomate, Tomato based sauce, thickened with a roux.
 Sauce Espagnole, Roasted veal stock based sauce, thickened with a brown roux.
 Sauce Hollandaise, an emulsion of egg yolk, butter and lemon juice or vinegar. Béarnaise sauce (sauce béarnaise) is a "child" of hollandaise, meaning it is a variation on the theme.

A sauce which is based on one of the mother sauces is sometimes called a small sauce, minor sauce, or secondary sauce. Most sauces commonly used in classical cuisine are small sauces, or derivatives of one of the above-mentioned mother sauces.
Mother sauces are not commonly served as they are; instead they are augmented with additional ingredients to make small (derivative) sauces. For example, Bechamel can be made into Mornay by the addition of Gruyère or any cheese one may like, and Espagnole becomes Bordelaise with the addition and reduction of red wine, shallots, and poached beef marrow.

References
Spaghetti is a long, string-shaped kind of pasta.

The word spaghetti was first used in 1849 as sparghetti in Eliza Acton's Modern Cookery. It comes from Italian spaghetto, which means "string".

Spaghetti is made from wheat noodles, which are boiled in water for a short time. Spaghetti can either be served as a side dish, or as a main dish. As a main dish, a sauce is added. There are many different kinds of sauces. Simpler ones are made of butter, more complicated ones include tomatos, garlic, olive oil and various other herbs. Different varieties with mussels, fish or meat also exist. Ground Parmesan cheese is often added. 

In Italy the sauce is usually mixed with the spaghetti while they are being prepared. Usually, spaghetti are eaten only with a fork, or with a fork and a spoon. Sometimes, they are cut with a knife for small children. Many Italians see using a knife to eat spaghetti as bad manners, except to prepare them for small children.
In the United States, there is a kind of spaghetti called "Alvaro's spaghetti" which is served with alfredo sauce. In some countries,like United States or Canada, meatballs are often in the spaghetti sauce.

In China, spaghetti is often made by hand. In Italy, spaghetti is made with a machine so that large amounts can be made quickly. Italy is the biggest producer and consumer of spaghetti in the world. 

It is also a popular dish in Libya.

Spaghetti is called by other words when it has a different thickness: "spaghettini (n. 3)", "spaghetti (n. 5)", and "spaghettoni (n. 8)".

Usually, spaghetti leftovers last in a fridge for around 3 to 5 days, while spaghetti in a freezer will last more than one month.

References

Other websites 

Pasta
Italian food
The Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is a penguin that lives in Antarctica. It is the tallest and heaviest penguin. They are the only birds that can lay their eggs on ice.

Emperors are the biggest of the 18 species of penguin found today, and one of the largest of all birds. Emperor penguins are about  tall, weigh up to  and have a wingspan of . Emperor Penguins are black and white like all penguins, and the sides of their neck and chest are golden. They can dive deeper than any other bird, including other penguins. Emperor penguins are also the largest penguins in the world. Emperors are the biggest of the 18 species of penguin found today and one of the largest of all birds. There are approximately 595,000 adult Emperor penguins in Antarctica. Emperor penguins do not build nests they lay their eggs on the ice through their legs. Like other penguins, emperors leap into the air while swimming, which is called porpoising.
Life 
They eat mostly crustaceans, such as krill, and fish but also eat cephalopods, such as squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses.

Emperors live in the coldest climate on earth. Temperatures can drop as low as -140 degrees Fahrenheit (-95.6 °C) on the Antarctic ice. They breed at the beginning of the Antarctic winter (March and April), on the ice all around the Antarctic continent. They live in large groups, called colonies, that can have up to 20,000 birds. They huddle close together to keep warm. Emperor penguins live for about 20 years, although some have been known to live for 40 years. They dive at their food and they stay in small groups
The shape of their body helps them to survive. They have short wings that help them swim and to dive up to  to catch larger fish. The deepest dive recorded is . They can swim up to  for a short time, which lets them escape their main enemy, the leopard seal. They can stay warm because they have a thick layer of blubber. The layer of downy feathers trap air that keeps the body heat in and cold air and water out. They also have large amounts of body oil that help in keeping them dry in the water.

While they are very fast in the water, on land the birds can only walk very slowly. On ice they can lie on their stomachs and use their wings to slide along, like a sled.
Breeding 
Emperor penguins spend most of their time in the water, coming to the shore to breed. There is nothing on the ice to make a nest, so after the female lays her one egg in winter, the male puts the egg on his feet to keep it warm until spring. This can be from 65 to 75 days. He has a special fold of skin on his stomach which can fold over and cover the egg to keep it warm. This is a difficult action to swap the egg from the female to the male; if it sits for too long on the ice it will freeze. He does not eat during this time, and can lose up to half his weight. To keep warm, all the male penguins huddle together. Those on the outside of the group will slowly shuffle their way into the middle; the group is always moving and can move as much as  in 24 hours. The female comes back in spring when the egg hatches, while the male will go back to sea to eat, but comes back to help look after the chick. The chick lives on its parents feet for about 50 days until it becomes strong enough to survive the cold.
Movies 
The Australian movie Happy Feet was based on the story of an emperor penguin who is unable to sing and get a mate because he was left for too long on the ice when still an egg.

The documentary March of the Penguins is about emperor penguins moving across the ice to lay eggs.

Other websites 
 Emperor Penguin photos

References 

Penguins
Animals of Antarctica
The Snares penguin (Eudyptes robustus), is a crested penguin. It is probably a subspecies of the Fiordland penguin. It is a penguin from New Zealand. It is between 50 and 70 centimetres in height and weighs between 2.5 and 4 kilograms.

It breeds on The Snares, a small island group south of New Zealand's South Island.

Penguins
Chuar-chira Square (, ) (meaning Square of the four candles), is a known square in center of city of Mahabad where after Iranian invasion in 1947, Qazi Muhammad the president of Republic of Mahabad was hanged in public as well as other leaders of the republic in Mahabad and Bukan. In 2005 the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran reported that about 50.000 persons had demonstrated against the Iranian gouverment. The reason was the death of Shivan Qaderi. 

It is now officially called Shardari Square. This square is one of the oldest places of Mahabad city.

Other websites 
 Photo of the Chuwar Chira Square 

Buildings and structures in Iran
History of Iran
A complex number is a number, but is different from common numbers in many ways. A complex number is made up using two numbers combined. The first part is a real number, and the second part is an imaginary number. The most important imaginary number is called , defined as a number that will be -1 when squared ("squared" means "multiplied by itself"): . All the other imaginary numbers are  multiplied by a real number, in the same way that all real numbers can be thought of as 1 multiplied by another number. Arithmetic functions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can be used with complex numbers. They also follow commutative, associative and distributive properties, just like real numbers. The set of complex numbers is often represented using the symbol .
Complex numbers were discovered while attempting to solve special equations that have exponents in them. These began to pose real problems for mathematicians. As a comparison, using negative numbers, it is possible to find the x in the equation  for all real values of a and b, but if only positive numbers are allowed for x, it is sometimes impossible to find a positive x, as in the equation .

With exponentiation, there is a difficulty to be overcome. There is no real number that gives −1 when it is squared. In other words, −1 (or any other negative number) has no real square root. For example, there is no real number  that solves the equation . To solve this problem, mathematicians introduced a symbol i and called it the imaginary unit. This is the imaginary number that will give −1 when it is squared.

The first mathematicians to have thought of this were probably Gerolamo Cardano and Raffaele Bombelli. They lived in the 16th century. It was probably Leonhard Euler who introduced writing  for that number.
All complex numbers can be written as  (or ), where a is called the real part of the number, and b is called the imaginary part. We write  or  for the real part of a complex number . So, if , we write . Similarly, we write  or  for the imaginary part of a complex number ; , for the same . Every real number is also a complex number; it is a complex number  with .

A complex number can also be written as an ordered pair , where both a and b are real numbers. Any real number can simply be written as , or as the pair .

Sometimes,  is written instead of . In electrical engineering for instance,  means electric current, so writing  can cause a lot of problems because some numbers in electrical engineering are complex numbers.

Operations over complex numbers
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and exponentiation (raising numbers to exponents) are all possible with complex numbers. Division is also possible with complex numbers, as long as the divisor is not zero. Some other calculations are also possible with complex numbers.

The rule for addition and subtraction of complex numbers is pretty simple:

Let , then , and .

Multiplication is a bit different:

Another notable operation for complex numbers is conjugation. A complex conjugate  to  is .
It is pretty simple, but is important for calculations, because  is actually a real number for all complex :

.

Because of that, we can use it to do division:

Other forms of describing complex numbers
Complex numbers can be shown on a so-called complex plane. If you have a number , you can go to point a on the real axis and point b on the imaginary axis, and draw a vector from  to . The length of this vector can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem, and the angle of this vector is simply the angle between the positive real axis and this vector—going counterclockwise. The length of a vector for a number  is called its modulus or absolute value (written as ), and the angle is called its argument ().

This leads to the trigonometrical form of describing complex numbers: by the definitions of sine and cosine, it follows that for all :

This is closely connected to De Moivre's formula.

There exists even another form, called exponential form.

Conclusion
Conclusion

With the introduction of complex numbers to math, every polynomial with complex coefficients has roots in complex numbers. This introduction also helped to open a path to the creation of another kind of numbers, which could help resolve and explain many different problems. These include the hypercomplex numbers, sedenion, hyperreal numbers, surreal numbers and many others. For more, see types of numbers.

Related pages 

 Complex plane
 Mandelbrot set
 Riemann sphere

References

Other websites 
 A search for complex number at Wikibooks

 
Numbers
Frederick I of Prussia (), (11 July 1657–25 February 1713) of the Hohenzollern dynasty was the first King in Prussia (1701–1713).

1657 births
1713 deaths
Kings and Queens of Prussia
House of Hohenzollern
The Siege of Jerusalem took place from September 20 to October 2, 1187. It was part of the war called the Third Crusade.

Balian of Ibelin defended Jerusalem against the armies of Saladin. When he surrendered, the Muslims enslaved thousands of Christians but let many leave after they bought their freedom.

A fictionalized version of the siege (attack) is seen in the movie Kingdom of Heaven, directed by Ridley Scott.

Jerusalem (1187), Siege of
Crusades
1187
Reasoning 
Hitler chose to do this for many reasons. The Weimar Republic of Germany was weak because of fighting between right and left-wing parties. Inflation had also left the Weimar Republic with very little support from the people, or money to keep working (paying bills, or even paying pensions and wages). This happened because when Germany lost World War I, other countries made Germany pay for the entire war, and Germany had to make taxes very high so it could pay for the war. This hurt the economy of Germany.

The Nazi Party was getting very strong. Hitler was a strong leader. In 1923, the year when the Weimar Republic was least popular, the Nazi Party grew from 6,000 members to 55,000 members.

Hitler also wanted to copy Mussolini, who had taken power in Italy by marching into Rome.

Attempted coup
Attempted coup 

8 November 1923 - Hitler and his men charged into the Beer Hall and forced the people there to support him. Hitler's men, the SA, took over the Army Headquarters, but forgot to take over the telegraph office. This meant that anybody could call in the police.

9 November 1923 - 16 Nazis and 4 Bavarian State Police officers were killed in a gunfight between the Nazis and the police in Residenzstraße. Hitler was arrested two days later.

Results 
Hitler and several of his friends were taken to court for treason, because they took up arms against the government. In the end, Hitler was sent to prison for about eight months, and the Nazi Party broke up (however, it would later get back together).

More people learned about Hitler. Before this happened, he was unknown. But after this, he was a hero to many. Many Germans at that time wanted a strong leadership after the governments of the Weimar Republic.
Hitler also took the time he had to spend in prison to write a book, called Mein Kampf or "My Struggle". It sold millions and told people about his ideas. Mein Kampf also made Hitler popular. (Hitler did not actually write the words down himself. Instead, he told another Nazi, Rudolf Hess, what to write down, and Hess wrote the words down.)

Hitler also had to re-think his strategy. He realised he could not take power the same way that Mussolini had done. Instead, he had to get power through being elected.

Causalities 
The people who died during the Putsch are seen as the first to die for the Nazi Party and are mentioned in Mein Kampf as Martyrs.
 Felix Alfarth
 Andreas Bauriedl
 Theodor Casella
 William Ehrlich
 Martin Faust
 Anton Hechenberger
 Oskar Körner
 Karl Kuhn
 Karl Laforce
 Kurt Neubauer
 Klaus von Pape
 Theodor von der Pfordten
 Johann Rickmers
 Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter
 Lorenz Ritter von Stransky
 Wilhelm Wolf
Other websites
 A revision site for IGSCE students
 Events of the Putsch in detail
 Events of the Beer Hall Putsch before and after 

1923 in Europe
1920s in Germany
20th-century rebellions
Coups d'état
20th century in Munich
Nazi Party
Rebellions in Europe
November events
Adolf Hitler
Verona is a city in the Veneto region of Italy with 260,000 inhabitants. It is famous for being the setting for the Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet and because of the Roman Arena. This city is built on the Adige river. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification).

 
Capital cities in Italy
Kyiv or Kiev () is the capital and largest city in Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine on the Dnieper River. Almost three million people live there.

It is not a part of any oblast. However, it is surrounded by Kyiv Oblast, and is the headquarters of Kyiv Oblast.

The city hosted the UEFA Euro 2012 final. Kyiv also hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 2017.

Kyiv has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Climate

Notable people 
 Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian writer and playwright
 Victor Skumin, Russian professor, philosopher, writer, psychologist, psychiatrist, psychotherapist, and medical doctor

References

Notes

 
5th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Ukraine
482 establishments
Harare is the capital of Zimbabwe. It is home to over 1.6 million people. It was known as Salisbury from its foundation on September 12, 1890 until April 18, 1982.

Harare is Zimbabwe's biggest and most important financial, commercial, and communications centre, and a trade centre for tobacco, maize, cotton, and citrus fruits. Manufactured goods include textiles, steel and chemicals, and gold is mined in the area. The city's suburbs include Borrowdale, Mount Pleasant and Avondale. The richest neighbourhoods are to the north. The University of Zimbabwe, the country's oldest university (founded in 1952), is in Mount Pleasant, about 6 km (3.7 mi) north of the city centre. The country's main Test cricket ground, Harare Sports Club is in the city. The Dynamos F.C. in Harare is Zimbabwe's most successful association football team.

References

National capitals in Africa
Cities in Zimbabwe
The Seventh-day Adventist Church came from the Millerite movement in the United States. This included people from many denominations. The Millerites started in the middle part of the 19th century. The Millerites were people who followed the teachings of William Miller. Miller preached that Jesus is coming very soon, in the Second Coming or Second Advent. The church name "Adventist" came from the word "Advent." The Seventh-day Adventist Church started in 1863.

In many ways, the religious teachings of the Seventh-day Adventist church are like evangelical teachings such as the Trinity and Biblical inerrancy. Teachings that are different include the doctrine of an investigative judgment, the unconscious state of the dead (which means that when people die, they will not wake up until Christ resurrects them), and that the wicked will be destroyed forever by fire (rather than forever burn in Hell).
The church is also known for its message on health.  It teaches that being healthy helps us to make good decisions, understand God’s Word, be productive in God’s service, and otherwise glorify God with our bodies as temples.  Adventists who eat meat typically do not eat meat from pigs, certain fish, and other animals that the Bible names as unclean. Many Adventists are vegetarian (no meat) or vegan (no animal products, such as milk or eggs).  They tend to stay away from smoking, drinking and other things known to be harmful or mind-altering. Exercise, being outdoors, resting, and drinking lots of water are other parts to healthy living usually taught by Adventists.  In 2005, a National Geographic cover story identified the Adventists living in Loma Linda, California, as one of five Blue Zones of people living longer than the rest of the world. 

The church also promotes religious liberty. When it comes to culture, it is more conservative.
Among the founders of the Church was Ellen G. White. She wrote many texts that are still thought to be very important in the church today. She was a dedicated Christian who believed she got visions from God about the end of the world and what heaven will be like.

At a world level, the Seventh-day Adventist Church is run by a General Conference. Smaller regions are administered by divisions, union conferences and local conferences.  It is present in over 200 countries and territories and is ethnically and culturally diverse. The church runs many schools, hospitals and publishing houses worldwide, as well as a famous organization that helps people in trouble, known as the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA). There are about 18.5 million people in the Seventh-day adventist church worldwide.

Organization 
The Seventh-day Adventist Church is organized with a representative form of church government and the world-wide Church has 13 Divisions.
The Seventh-day Adventist World Church Statistics shows a growing church with 15,660,347 members as of December 31, 2007.

The Adventist News Network reported  in June 2010 (during the 59th quinquennial General Conference Session of the Seventh-day Adventist Church held in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.) that Seventh-day Adventists reached a membership of 16,300,000, according to the church's Office of Archives and Statistics.  The world church Secretary stated that when counting unbaptized children and family members who attend services, the church numbers between 25 and 30 million.

Mainstream doctrine 
Seventh-day Adventists  believe in Protestantism.

Seventh-day Adventist believe in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs. This statement of beliefs was adopted by the General Conference in 1980, with an extra belief (number 11) being added in 2005.

References 

Protestant denominations
Lye is the name of different things:

Lye is a caustic solution used for glass and soap making. It may have in it:
sodium hydroxide (soda lye) or 
less commonly, potassium hydroxide (potash lye).
Lye, West Midlands is the name of a small town in England, between Dudley and Stourbridge in the Black Country, Dudley Metropolitan Borough, West Midlands (it was in Worcestershire).
Lye is a commune of the Indre département, in France.
Luck can mean:
 Something that happens to someone by chance
 A superstitious feeling that brings good fortune or success
Antony and Cleopatra is a play by Shakespeare. It is a tragedy. Shakespeare's source was Plutarch's Lives. The play was first performed between 1606 and 1607. It was probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623. The play describes the romantic love and suicides of Antony and Cleopatra.

References
 Antony and Cleopatra

Plays by William Shakespeare
1600s plays
"Het Wilhelmus" (, ), fully known as "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe" ("William of Nassau"), is the national anthem of the Netherlands and the former national anthem of the Netherlands Antilles until 1964. Known since at least the 16th century – around the time of the Dutch Revolt – this song contains the oldest melody among all national anthems of the world. Its lyrics also date back to the 1500s, though the lyrics of "Kimigayo"—Japan's national anthem—are much older. Because "Het Wilhelmus" is so old, the origins of the composer(s) and author(s) are uncertain, but the melody has been arranged by Dutch composer Adrianus Valerius in the 1600s. It wasn't officially adopted as national anthem of the Netherlands until the 20th century.

Lyrics
Only the first and sixth verses are sung.

Dutch lyrics

Papiamento translation
Guillen di Nassau, desendiente
Un liña hulanda i bieu,
Mi ta dedik'inmortal
Fe den e tera aki mi.
Un lider ta, imperio,
Oraño, semper liber,
Na rei di Spaña a mi duná
Un fieldat ta na bida.
Mi intento biba na
E miedu di òrdu den Dios
I por ta asina a bira un impulso,
E hendenan, e siguridat i e tera,
Ma Dios, tin, mi ta cualifica
Di produkto prepará
Bai un dia mi ta establece
Mi gobernashon.

No laga e destrukshon lo tradicional,
Mi súbditos ta bèrdadero bai bon.
Señor siguridat bo ta warda
Maske awor bo pèrsiguími.
Esun ku veira direktamente
Mester pidi Dios di dia i anochi
Pa benta di poder riba mi
Manera campeón di bo derecho.

Bida i tur e demas
Ki ora mi ta mi a sakrifiká pa bo!
I mi rumannan damanan
Demostra su devoción tambe.
Conta Dolfi, mas pober,
Kai den e Prison refleha,
Bai riba e stat semper
Ta spera di dia di Huisio Caba.

Mi, movementu nasí, baha
Di famia imparsial.
E lider di un influensha, wardami
(Destino e choque di e bataya
Diariamente i sin motibu
Manera religioso mester cristian)
Ku e sanger di mi bida e incomparable
Evangelio di Dios Nos Señor.
Un eskudo i mi konfiansa,
O Dios, bo Semper bo ta.
Konfia den bo guia.
Mi No ta laga nos no sigur.
Pa mañan tabata un religioso
Sirbidó bo pa ai
Bai sali e malesanan ku nos pone man prueba
I opreshon leu.

Mi Dios, bo ta fabor, Salbami
Di tur e pèrsiguími
I mensahe ku esclavizarme,
Bo fiel sirbidó.
Tata, mi no sances
Di nada i kubrí diseño,
No laga ku ta laba man
Sanger ta inosente di mi.

O David, buscaste refugio
Di opreshon di Rei Saul.
Asta asina huí di e alte
I hopi Señor mi.
Ma Señor Dios a salba
Di exilio i su fièrnu
I, den Su kariño, a dun'é
Un reino di Israel.

No logra sin fin
E nubianan ta estadia na spears.
Ta spera ku e ta masha agradabel
Mi kurason prinsipio,
Bo ta ku mi ku honor
Topa ku e morto di e guera,
Bai partisipá den e shelu mi donate,
Di fiel uzá.

Nada move mi kompashon
Manera ta wak kla di e terenonan,
Kunuku, pueblo, pueblo i stat
Destruí na man fugitivo.
Òf ku e español lo vele,
Mi Hulanda asina dushi,
E idea pa mi are
Hasiendo mi kurason sanger.
Un nada di koral di Humor
Mi ta spera ku mi anfitrion
E yama e tirano e bataya,
Bo no ta trei di prisoner.
Pa, banda di March instala,
Temor e forsa ku mi ejercía.
Mi koredó mira un rbtt
Resientemente na e otro banda di tereno.

Si Al a deseá i,
Ora supla e faro tormento,
Mi ta lo calmado,
Òf ta bolbe su explosión di bo
Esun ku ta biba den e shelu,
Unda konsoladó tur nos bendishon,
Pa e motibu aki a duna di gradisimentu ai,
No tabatin asina.

Sigur mi kurason ta permanesé
Mi prosperidat
Mi balor prinsipio ta pensa
Tur e spir pa biba i ta.
Mi pasado e Señor mi skol
Ku un kurason ferviente i tenso
Pa salbami di desaster
I prueba mi inosensia.

Ai mi ta. Pa kòrta
Ta duru pa nos. Riba e bista.
Bo wardadó lanta, unda bo ta deseá
Plamá por biba,
Pidi Dios ku lo alivia.
Di evangelio ta bo cura.
Kana den e pasonan di Jesu
E bida aki no ta uno.
Señor nan poder
Mi ta rekonosé.
Mi no tin ningun or
Malu di Rei a papia.
Sinembargo, den Dios, esun di mas grandi
Di Mahestad ku mester
Obedensia promé i último,
Pasobra e hustisia asina ta nifiká.

IPA transcription
[ʋɪɫ.ˈɦɛɫ.mʏs vɑn nɑ.ˈsɑu̯.ø]
[bɛn ɪk vɑn ˈdœy̯t.sən blut]
[dɛn ˈvaː.dør.ˌɫɑnt ɣø.ˈtrɑu̯.ø]
[blɛi̯v ɪk tɔt ɪn dɛn doː(w)t]
[ən ˈprɪn.sø vɑn ˌoː(w).ˈrɑn.jø]
[bɛn ɪk frɛi̯ ˌɔn.vør.ˈveːrt]
[dɛn ˈkoː(w).nɪŋ vɑn ɦɪs.ˈspɑn.jø]
[ɦɛp ɪk ˈɑɫ.tɛi̯t ɣø.ˈeːrt]

[mɛi̯n sxɪɫt ˈɛn.dø bø.ˈtrɑu̯.ən]
[ˈzɛi̯t ɣɛi̯ oː(w) ɣɔt mɛi̯n ɦeːr]
[ɔp y zoː(w) ʋɪl ɪk ˈbɑu̯.ən]
[vər.ˈlaːt mɛi̯ ˌnɪ.mør.ˈmeːr]
[dɑt ɪk dɔx froː(w)m mɑɣ ˈblɛi̯.vən]
[yu̯ ˈdi.naːr ˈtɑ.lør stɔnt]
[dø ˌti.rɑ.ˈni vər.ˈdrɛi̯.vən]
[di mɛi̯ mɛi̯n ɦɑrt ˈdoːr.ʋɔnt]

References

 
National anthems
National symbols of the Netherlands
January 4 – William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat".
 January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans. They end completing the Louisiana Purchase.
 February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged, drawn and quartered for plotting to assassinate king George III and to destroy the Bank of England
 February 24 – The Supreme Court of the United States, in Marbury v. Madison, establishes the principle of judicial review.
 March 1 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state, retroactive from August 7, 1953.
 April 30 – Louisiana Purchase made by the United States from France.
 March 12 – Port Gibson, MS is chartered
 May 18 – The United Kingdom redeclares war on France after France refused to withdraw from Dutch territory.
 July 4 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
 July 5 – The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
July 23 – Robert Emmet's uprising in Ireland begins
 July 26 – The wagonway between Wandsworth and Croydon is opened, being the first public railway line of the world.
 August 3 – British begin Second Anglo-Maratha War against Sindhia of Gwalior
 September 20 – Irish rebel Robert Emmet is executed
 September 23 – The Battle of Assaye in India – British-lead troops defeat Maratha forces
 October 20 – Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States.
 November 30 – At the Cabildo building in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqués de Casa Calvo, officially transfer Louisiana Territory to French representative Prefect Pierre Clément de Laussat (just 20 days later, France had transferred the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase).
 
 Aargau, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino, Vaud become Swiss cantons.
 France – the Livre Tournois (Tours Pound) is replaced by the Franc.
Ongoing events 
 Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
Events 
January 6 – The fifth monarchy men unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London. George Monck's regiment defeats them.
 January 30 – The body of Oliver Cromwell is subjected to a posthumous execution.
 February 5 – The Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China dies and is succeeded by his son the Kangxi Emperor.
 February 14 – George Monck’s regiment becomes The Lord General's Regiment of Foot Guards (which later becomes Coldstream Guards)
April 23 – King Charles II of England, Scotland, Ireland crowned in Westminster Abbey. This is his second crowning.
April 28 – The University of Santo Tomas in Manila opens. It is Asia's first University.
 June 30 – The first Earl of Argyle is executed at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh for treason.
 August 6 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign the treaty of The Hague, whereby New Holland in present-day Brazil is ceded to Portugal.
 December 30 – Drottningholm Castle in Stockholm is destroyed by fire.
Dutch rule ends in Taiwan.
 First modern bank notes issued in Stockholm, Sweden

Births
January 30 – Charles Rollin, French historian (d. 1741)
 March 25 – Paul de Rapin, French historian (d. 1725)
 April 16 – Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, English poet and statesman (d. 1715)
 May 25 – Claude de Buffier, French philosopher and historian (d. 1737)
 June 6 – Giacomo Antonio Perti, Italian composer (d. 1756)
 June 9 – Tsar Feodor III of Russia (d. 1682)
 July 20 – Pierre Le Moyne, French founder of the Louisiana colony (d. 1706)
 September 2 – Georg Boehm, German organist (d. 1733)
 October 11 – Melchior de Polignac, French diplomat (d. 1742)
 November 1 – Florent Carton Dancourt, French dramatist and actor (d. 1725)
 November 4 – Karl Philip, Elector Palatine (d. 1742)
 November 6 – King Charles II of Spain (d. 1700)
 November 15 – Christoph Graffenried, Swiss settler in America (d. 1743)
 November 28 – Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, Governor of New York and New Jersey (d. 1723)
 December 5 – Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, English statesman (d. 1724)
January 19 – Thomas Venner, Fifth Monarchist
 February 2 – Lucas Holstenius, German humanist (b. 1596)
 February 5 – Shunzhi Emperor of China (b. 1638)
 March 1 – Richard Zouch, English jurist (b. 1590)
 March 9 – Cardinal Mazarin, French cardinal and statesman (b. 1602)
 April 4 – Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, Scottish soldier (b. 1580)
 April 7 – William Brereton, English soldier and politician (b. 1604)
 May 27 – Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, Scottish dissenter (b. 1607)
 August 7 – Jin Shengtan, Chinese editor, writer and critic (b. 1608)
 August 16 – Thomas Fuller, English churchman and historian (b. 1608)
 August 29 – Louis Couperin, French composer and organist (b. 1626)
 September 11 – Jan Fyt, Flemish painter (b. 1611)
 October 4 – Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy and sister of Blaise Pascal (b. 1625)
 October 28 – Agustin Moreto y Cavana, Spanish playwright (b. 1618)
 November 19 – Brian Walton, English clergyman and scholar (b. 1600)