Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Myoglobin is a protein that is able to bind oxygen. Myoglobin, which is similar to haemoglobin, is the main oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissues. Like haemoglobin, it has a porphyrin ring with an iron atom at its centre. It is in the muscle tissue of most mammals. Seals and other marine mammals have more myoglobin in their muscles than land animals. 

In humans, increased level of myoglobin in the serum of the blood can be an indication of myocardial infarction. Other factors for a higher level can be damage to the muscles, epileptic seizures, polytrauma. If the value is much too high, this can lead to kidney failure.

Myoglobin belongs to the globin superfamily of proteins, and as with other globins, consists of eight alpha helices connected by loops. Myoglobin has 153 amino acids.

References 

Proteins
Iron compounds
A proxy marriage is when two people are getting married separately, but are getting married to one another. It was common for European kings and nobles to be wed by proxy marriage. Napoleon I of France was wed by proxy marriage to Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma. Catherine of Aragon wed Prince Arthur by proxy. A famous 17th-century painting by Peter Paul Rubens shows the proxy marriage of Marie de Medici. 

Today, this form of marriage is illegal in most countries, or it requires a special permit. It is still legal in some US states, and in a few Islamic countries

References

Other websites 

Marriage
Hyperkalemia is a medical term to indicate that the level of potassium in the blood is too high. Depending on the level of potassium in the blood, this can be a medical emergency. A level that is too high can lead to abnormal hearth rhythms. 

Many medications can cause hyperkalemia, and it is much more likely to occur in people kidney problems.

Although hyperkalemia often doesn't cause symptoms, doctors worry about hyperkalemia because it can cause a sudden change of heart rhythm in people who had not been having any symptoms.  These abnormal heart rhythms can be deadly.

In the cases where death penalty is carried out using lethal injection, a hyperkalemia may be provoked atificially. Some of the mixtures used in the injections contain potassium chloride which will raise the level of potassium in the blood considerably.

Blood disorders
Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (4 September 1557, Wismar – 14 October 1631, Nykoping) was a German queen of Denmark and Norway. She was the mother of King Christian IV of Denmark and Anne of Denmark.

Family
Family 

She was the daughter of Duke Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Princess Elizabeth of Denmark (a daughter of Frederick I and Sophie of Pomerania). Sophie married her cousin, Frederick II of Denmark, when she was 14. He was 37. The marriage was arranged by the Danish Council, who wished the King to marry. Though their ages were very different, their marriage was usually quiet and even happy. Queen Sophie was a loving mother, nursing her children herself when they were ill. Because her husband drank lots of wine and led an unfaithful life, she sent her three oldest children to live with her parents in Güstrow when they were young. She showed a great interest in science and visited the astronomer Tycho Brahe. She was also interested in the old songs of folklore. Her daughter, Anne of Denmark, would marry James VI of Scotland and become Queen Consort in 1589. She arranged the marriage against the will of the Council.

She died on 4 October 1631 at Nykøbing, Jylland, Denmark.

References
References 

1557 births
1631 deaths
Kings and Queens of Denmark
Kings and Queens consort
Frederick II (1 July 1534 – 4 April 1588), was the king of Denmark-Norway and duke of Schleswig from 1559 until his death. He was the son of King Christian III of Denmark and Norway and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg. He is often seen as the typical Renaissance ruler of Denmark. As a person Frederick was described as hot-headed, proud, brave, and ambitious. He loved hunting, wine and feasts. At his death lots of people thought that he had drunk himself to death.

He built Kronborg castle in Elsinore again between 1574 and 1585. In 1567 he began Fredrikstad in Norway. This was a time of wealth and growth in Danish history.

Reference 

1534 births
1588 deaths
Kings and Queens of Denmark
Kings and Queens of Norway
was the 11th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider Emperor Suinin to be a legendary person; and the name Suinin-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. 

The Gukanshō records that Suinin he ruled from the palace of Tamaki-no-miya at Makimuku in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

Traditional history
Suinin is almost certainly a legend; but the Kojiki and Nihonshoki record his name and genealogy. He was the third son of Emperor Sujin.

Events of Suinin's life
The limited information about Suinin does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.
One of Suinin's daughters was Yamatohime-no-mikoto.  She established a site for  ceremonies honouring the Shinto sun goddess (Amaterasu Omikami).  In the region of Ise, she founded the Ise Shrine. She became the first Saiō at Ise.

The records of Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji describe events in this time frame. The earliest Shinto ceremonies in honour of Konohanasakuya-hime were in the 3rd year of the reign of Emperor Suinin (垂仁天皇3年).

Nihonshoki describes a wrestling match during his era.  This was the origin of Sumo wrestling.

After his death 

This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Suinin. 

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites
Other websites

Ise Shrine - Naiku, official website 

Emperors of Japan
Freudenberg can refer to several things:

Companies 
 Enterprise Group Freudenberg

Geography 
 Municipalities in Germany:
 Freudenberg, Westphalia, in the Siegen-Wittgenstein district, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Freudenberg, Bavaria, in the Amberg-Sulzbach district, Bavaria
 Freudenberg am Main, in the Main-Tauber district, Baden-Württemberg
 Municipalities in France:
 Freudenberg, Moselle, a village in the French département of Moselle
 the German exonym for the town Priekuļi, Latvia

People 
 James Freudenburg (1875-1944) Chairman of the Board at a Frankfurt subsidiary of Allianz. He was deported and murdered in Auschwitz in 1944
 Ute Freudenberg, musician
 Karl Freudenberg, professor of chemistry at Heidelberg University, 1926 onward.
 Graham Freudenberg, speechwriter for the Australian Labor Party.
 Hubertus Prinz zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
Lisa Della Casa (born Burgdorf, Switzerland, 2 February 1919 – 10 December 2012 Münsterlingen, Switzerland) was a Swiss soprano.  She was famous from the 1950s to the mid- 1970s for singing some of the great roles in the operas of Mozart and Richard Strauss.  She was known for the naturalness of her singing as well as for her beauty.

Life and career
Della Casa’s father was an Italian-Swiss doctor.  Her mother came from Bavaria.
She studied singing with Margarete Häser at the Zürich Conservatory.  Her first performance in opera was singing Madame Butterfly in Puccini's Madama Butterfly at Solothurn-Biel Municipal Theater in 1940. She joined the ensemble of the Zürich Municipal Opera House in 1943 and stayed there until 1950.
In 1946 Della Casa sang the part of Zdenka in  Richard Strauss's opera Arabella in Zürich, and again the following year when she sang for the first time at the Salzburg Festival where she was to sing many times during her career. After the performance, Richard Strauss himself said: "That girl will be the Arabella someday!"  In the same year, she sang for the first time at the Vienna State Opera House, singing Gilda in Verdi's Rigoletto. Soon she moved to Vienna and joined the ensemble of the Vienna State Opera House. In 1949, she sang at La Scala Opera House in Milan as Sophie in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier and Marcelline in Beethoven's Fidelio.  She was invited to move to Milan, but she chose to stay in Vienna.
Della Casa appeared in Britain for the first time singing the part of Countess Almaviva in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro at the Glyndebourne Festival.  She sang the part of Arabella for the first time at the Bavarian State Opera House in Munich in 1951.  She was to become most famous for this role.  She sang Eva in Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg at the Bayreuth Festival in 1952, but she did not like the atmosphere there with all the arguments, so she never returned to Bayreuth.   From 1953 to 1968 she sang regularly at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York where she was extremely popular.

When the Vienna State Opera House was restored in 1955 there was a special performance of Der Rosenkavalier.  She sang the part of the Marschallin, so she had sung all three famous soprano roles in that opera: the Marschallin, Octavian and Sophie.
She continued to sing many great operatic roles at the Salzburg Festival, including the part of the Marschallin in 1960 under the conductor Herbert von Karajan, celebrating the newly-built Salzburg Festspielhaus.

She sang a few dramatic roles, such as Salome in Salome at the Bavarian State Opera House in Munich in 1961, but mostly she sang lyrical roles.  When the famous soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf first sang at the Met she sang the part of the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier with Della Casa singing Octavian..

After singing Arabella in Salzburg in 1974, she surprised everyone by announcing her retirement.  She gave up her musical career and enjoyed a quiet, domestic life.
.
She made several complete opera recordings including her singing of Countess Almaviva in Le nozze di Figaro (Erich Kleiber conducting) and the role of Arabella in Arabella (Georg Solti conducting).  These recordings are still thought of as among the finest ever made.  She made a wonderful recording of Richard Strauss' Vier letzte Lieder (Four Last Songs) (Karl Böhm conducting) in 1953.

Personal life and death
In 1947, she married Yugoslavian-born journalist Dragan Debeljevic.  They had one daughter, who became very ill when she was young.  Her daughter says that, later in life, when Lisa had her own health problems, she was able to give back to her mother some of the love and care that she herself had received as a child. Casa died on December 10, 2012 in Münsterlingen, Switzerland from natural causes, aged 93. A black flag was hung in her honor.

References

Other websites
 With several pictures

1919 births
2012 deaths
European opera singers
Sopranos
Swiss singers
The Samoyed is a dog breed that are usually white in color but they can be grey or cream too. They can get between 2-3 feet in height. The Samoyed breed is known for having a curled tail, much like a Husky. They have a thick coat of fur to protect them from the cold because they were used to drag sleighs in the cold. Samoyeds are really friendly, so they will not make good guard dogs because they are too cute and fluffy and are really friendly.

Dog breeds originating in Russia
FCI breeds
was the 18th emperor of Japan,  according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Hanzei to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Hanzei-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history 
According to Nihonshoki and Kojiki, he was a son of Emperor Nintoku.  The eldest son would become known as Emperor Richū.

Hanzei was the brother of Richū.  Hanzei's enthronement by-passed Richū's two sons.  Few other details have survived.

Events of Hanzei's life 
Very little is known about the events of Hanzei's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.
Hanzei's reign is described as a time of peace. He died quietly in his palace.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Hanzei.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun) at Sakai.  Hanzei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References

Other websites

Emperors of Japan
The title role in a play or an opera is the role (the part) which is also the title of the play or opera. 
We say that the actor, singer or dancer who performs that part has the title role.  For example: in the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet the part played by the girl called Carmen is the "title role".  We may say that a singer took the title role in the opera Carmen.  That means that she sang the part of Carmen in the opera.

The title role is not necessarily the most important role in the play or opera, although it often is.

A few other well-known examples in which the performance is named after one of the characters include the operas Aida (by Giuseppe Verdi), Madame Butterfly (by Giacomo Puccini) and Peter Grimes (by Benjamin Britten), the ballets Coppélia (by Léo Delibes) or Petrushka (by Stravinsky), or the plays Othello or Hamlet (by William Shakespeare).
The title character is the  character whose name is in the title (or suggested in the title), such as Harry Potter in Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling, or Simba in Disney's The Lion King (Simba is the Lion King).

"Title character" always refers to a character.

Related pages
Character actor
Role (performing arts)
Leading actor
Supporting actor

Performing arts
A character actor is an actor who plays a particular kind of character in a play, movie, television program, opera or ballet.  The character actor is not the main part.  He is not the lover or hero.  He has a character which helps to support the main characters and therefore the story.

Character roles may be roles such as: the faithful servant, the maid, the villain, the mother-in-law, the priest etc.  They may or may not be comic characters.

For example, in The Wizard of Oz the main character is Dorothy.  The Scarecrow, the Lion and the Tin Man are character roles.

Some actors or singers prefer character roles to main roles.  It may be because this kind or role suits their personality or their singing voice.  Some people nearly always play the same kind of character role.  We say that people like that are "typecast".  Some actors are happy to remain typecast.  Others may wish to broaden their repertoire and take on different roles.

Related pages
Title role

Entertainment occupations
Giulio Caccini (born Rome, 8 October 1551; died Florence, 10 December 1618), also known as Giulio Romano, was an Italian composer and singer. He lived at the very end of Renaissance period and the beginning of the Baroque period. It was the time when opera was starting, and he was one of the first composers to write an opera. His daughter, Francesca Caccini, also became a composer.

Life 
We do not know much about his life. He was born in Rome. His father was a carpenter. He learned to play the lute, the viol and the harp, and soon became known as a singer. In the 1560s, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Florence, was impressed with his talent, so he took him to Florence to study.
By 1579, Caccini was singing at the Medici court. He was a tenor, and he was able to accompany himself on the viol or the archlute; he sang at weddings and other important occasions. He worked closely with the Florentine Camerata, a famous group of people who met at the home of Count Giovanni de' Bardi, and tried to bring the tradition of Greek dramatic music back to life. They liked monody, which means a tune with a simple accompaniment. This was different from polyphony in which several things are being sung at once. Monody made it easy to tell a story because the words could be heard clearly. This was necessary for opera, where it became heard in a simple form called recitative.

Caccini went to Rome, but in Rome the musicians were not so interested in change.
Caccini often got involved in arguments because he was envious and jealous. He often got people into trouble, and he rushed his own opera Euridice into print before Peri's opera on the same subject could be published, while telling his own singers not to have anything to do with Peri's opera.

He died in Florence and is buried in the church of St. Annunziata.

 Ave Maria by Coro Universitario Complutense Madrid

References 
 Article "Giulio Caccini", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2001. 
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. 
 Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947. 
 Giulio Caccini, Le nuove musiche, tr. John Playford and Oliver Strunk, in Source Readings in Music History. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1950.

1551 births
1618 deaths
16th-century Italian composers
Baroque composers
The Free Soil Party was, for a short duration, a political party in the United States. It was active in the 1848 and 1852 president elections, and in some state elections. It got lots of its strength from New York. Most of the important party members were former anti-slavery  members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was stopping slavery from spreading into the western lands, arguing that free men on free soil had a morally and economically better system than slavery.  Also, many workers feared that slave labor would take away work for white workers.

The party membership was largely taken over by the Republican Party in 1854.

Further reading 
Frederick J. Blue; Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics 1987 
Frederick J. Blue. The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848-54 (1973) 
Martin Duberman; Charles Francis Adams, 1807-1886 1968. 

T. C. Smith, Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest (New York, 1897)

Other websites 

Political parties in the United States
Upton Sinclair came to Chicago with hopes of writing The Jungle. When he came to the lobby of the Chicago Transit House, a hotel, he was quoted as saying, "Hello! I'm Upton Sinclair, and I'm here to write the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the Labor Movement!". He rented living quarters and immediately began walking its streets, talking to its people and taking pictures. One Sunday afternoon, he worked his way into a group of Lithuanian immigrants getting together for a wedding party, "Behold, there was the opening scene of my story, a gift from the gods". He was welcomed there and was with them until two in the morning.
The Jungle was first published in a series in 1905. "After five rejections", its first edition as a book was published by Doubleday, Page & Company on February 28, 1906, and it became an immediate best seller and has been in print ever since.

Plot
The main character is Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian man who emigrates to the United States with his fifteen year old fiance Ona Lukoszaite and their extended family. He marries her in Chicago and then soon gets a job at Durham's, a factory in Chicago. The factory mistreats him and Ona and their family. Eventually Ona dies of blood loss because the greedy midwife will not help her because the Rudkus family do not have enough money. Stanislovas, a child in the family who worked in a factory, is killed by an accident while working. Jurgus turns to drinking and Marija Barynczykas, a member of his extended family, becomes a prostitute.

References 

American novels
History of Chicago
1906 books
was the 12th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider Emperor Keikō to be a legendary person; and the name Keikō-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history
Keikō is almost certainly a legend; but the Kojiki and Nihonshoki record his name.

Events of Keikō's life
The limited information about Keikō does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.
In Kojiki, Keikō sent his one of his sons to Kyūshū to fight battles on his behalf. In Nihonshoki, Keikō fought and won these battles against local tribes. According to both sources, he sent Yamatotakeru to Izumo province and eastern provinces to expand his territory.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Keikō.

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.  The kami of  Emperor Keikō is also venerated at Anaho jinja in Anaho, Ōmi province.

Spouses and children
Empress (first): Harima no Inabi no Ooiratsume (播磨稲日大郎姫), daughter of Wakatakehiko (若建吉備津日子)
Prince Kushitsunowake (櫛角別王)
Prince Oousu (大碓皇子), ancestor of Mugetsu no kimi (身毛津君)
Prince Ousu (小碓尊), father of Emperor Chūai
Empress (second): Yasakairihime (八坂入媛命), daughter of Yasakairihiko (八坂入彦命)
Prince Wakatarashihiko (稚足彦尊) Emperor Seimu
Prince Iokiirihiko (五百城入彦皇子)
Prince Oshinowake (忍之別皇子)
Prince Wakayamatoneko (稚倭根子皇子)
Prince Oosuwake (大酢別皇子)
Princess Nunoshinohime (渟熨斗皇女)
Princess Iokiirihime (五百城入姫皇女)
Princess Kagoyorihime (麛依姫皇女)
Prince Isakiirihiko (五十狭城入彦皇子), ancestor of Mitsukai no Muraji (御使連)
Prince Kibinoehiko (吉備兄彦皇子)
Princess Takagiirihime (高城入姫皇女)
Princess Otohime (弟姫皇女)

Mizuhanoiratume (水歯郎媛), daughter of iwatsukuwake (磐衝別命), younger sister of Iwakiwake (石城別王)
Princess Ionono (五百野皇女) Saiō

Ikawahime (五十河媛)
Prince Kamukushi (神櫛皇子), ancestor of Sanuki no Kimi (讃岐公), Sakabe no Kimi (酒部公)
Prince Inaseirihiko (稲背入彦皇子), ancestor of Saeki no Atai (佐伯直), Harima no Atai (播磨直)

Abe no Takadahime (阿倍高田媛), daughter of Abe no Kogoto (阿倍木事)
Prince Takekunikoriwake (武国凝別皇子)

Himuka no Kaminagaootane (日向髪長大田根)
Prince Himuka no Sotsuhiko (日向襲津彦皇子)
Sonotakehime (襲武媛)
Prince Kunichiwake (国乳別皇子)
Prince Kunisewake (国背別皇子)
Prince Toyotowake (豊戸別皇子)

Himuka no Mihakashihime (日向御刀媛)
Prince Toyokuniwake (豊国別皇子), ancestor of Himuka no Kuni no miyatsuko (日向国造)

Inabinowakairatsume (伊那毘若郎女), daughter of Wakatakehiko, younger sister of Harima no Inabi no Ooiratsume
Prince Mawaka (真若王)
Prince Hikohitoooe (彦人大兄命)

Igotohime (五十琴姫命),　daughter of Mononobe no Igui (物部胆咋宿禰)
Prince Igotohiko (五十功彦命)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites
 Keikō's misasagi -- map 

Emperors of Japan
James, Prince of Wales (known as James Francis Edward Stuart; "The Old Pretender" or "The Old Chevalier"; 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766) was the son of James II of England (James VII of Scotland) and his second wife, Mary of Modena. Because of this, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III of England and Ireland and James VIII of Scotland) from the death of his father in 1701. He was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France. When he died in 1766 in Rome, his son, Charles Edward Stuart, followed him in the Jacobite Succession.

References

1688 births
1766 deaths
British Roman Catholics
House of Stuart
Jacobite pretenders
Prince of Orange is a title of nobility.

The title is used by members of the House of Orange-Nassau, as heirs to the crown of the Netherlands. It also used by members of the House of Hohenzollern. At the moment, the title is used by Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (Orange-Nassau), Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (Hohenzollern) and Guy, Marquis de Mailly-Neslé, Prince d'Orange.

The history of the title

The title was at first related to a self-ruling state called the Principality of Orange. It lies in the south of what we now call France. The land was the property of the house of Orange and from 1544 of the house of Orange-Nassau. 

The last of the original princes, René of Nassau, left the principality to his cousin William the Silent after he died. William the Silent was not related to the original house of Orange, but was the legal heir.
In a war in 1673, Louis XIV of France  took over the lands of the principality and added them to his own royal domain. This was part of the war against the stadtholder William III of Orange. Louis XIV then gave the principality to Louis of Mailly-Nesles, marquis of Nesles (1689–1764), a very remote relation of the original princes of Orange.  His descendant still claims the title today. In 1714, Louis XIV allowed Prince Louis Armand of Bourbon-Conti to use the land of the Principality to make money. Prince Louis Armand died in 1727 and the principality was merged in the Crown in 1731.
William III died without legitimate children. This meant that the principality was seen as inherited by his closest cognate relative on the basis of the testament of Frederic-Henry, Frederick I of Prussia . He handed over the principality's lands but not the title to France in 1713.  France supported his claim. In this way, the territory of the principality was no longer a separate state, but became a part of France. Through the Treaty of Utrecht. A new "Principality of Orange" was created by the King of Prussia as part of the duchy of Gelderland.. The kings of Prussia and the German emperors styled themselves Princes of Orange till 1918.
John William Friso of Nassau was chosen as the heir to the princes of Orange in the Netherlands by the last will of William III.  John William Friso was also related to William the Silent through the female line. Several of his descendants became stadtholders. They claim the principality of Orange on the basis of agnatic inheritance (inheritance of lands to the brother rather than the sons of the king) . This way of inheriting is similar to the way William the Silent inherited from his cousin René. The claim to the title is also on basis of the testament of Philips William, Maurice and William III. Although they claimed the title "Prince of Orange", France never allowed them to obtain anything of the lands of the principality itself. It is from this tradition that later stadtholders of the Netherlands, and the present-day royal family of the Netherlands, also hold the title.

People with title Prince of Orange
As sovereign prince of Orange
Until 1340, it was customary for all sons of the prince of Orange to inherit the title. 
Only the direct line of descent to Raimond V is shown here.

House of Baux
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
!Picture
!Name 
!Birth
!Created Prince of Orange
!Stopped to be Prince of Orange
!Death
!Other titles while Prince of Orange
!PrincessofOrange
|-
|align="center"| 
|align="center"| Prince Bertrand I
|align="center"| 1110/1115
|align="center"| 1173<small>After the death of his brother-in-law, Raimbaut, Count of Orange, the County of Orange was made more important and became a principality and given to Bertrand I by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I.</small>
|align="center" colspan="2"| April/October 1180
|align="center"| Lord of Baux
|| Tibors de Sarenom
|-
|}

House of Baux-Orange

House of Châlon-Arlay (also House of Ivrea of Anscarid dynasty)

House of Nassau

House of Orange-Nassau (first creation)
As a personal title or as heir apparent
House of Orange-Nassau (second creation)
As personal title of nobility:

As royal title for the heir apparent:

House of Hohenzollern
 Frederick I of Prussia (1702–1713), a senior descendant in female line from William the Silent, who ceded his claims to the lands of Orange to France in 1713, and his descendants, currently Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia, Prinz von Oranje (1976-)

House of Mailly
 Louis de Mailly, Marquis de Nesle et de Mailly, appointed by the French king, and his descendants, currently Guy, Marquis de Nesle and of Mailly, Prince d'Orange.

House of Bourbon
 Louis Armand de Bourbon, appointed by the French king, and his descendants. Louis Armand was also the Prince of Conti.

Related pages
Prince of Wales

References
References

More reading
 Herbert H. Rowen, The princes of Orange: the stadholders in the Dutch Republic. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
 Reina van Ditzhuyzen, Het Huis van Oranje: prinsen, stadhouders, koningen en koninginnen''. Haarlem : De Haan, [1979].

Other websites
 Treaty ceding the Principality to Louis XIV
 Treaty of Partition (1732)

Orange
States of the Holy Roman Empire
Daniel Charles  Jacobs, Jr. (born July 7, 1968) is an American actor, singer, voice artist, and comedian, best known as the voice of King Julien in the Madagascar franchise, substituting for Sacha Baron Cohen since 2008. In Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012), he provided Julien's singing voice in the soundtrack.

Early life
Jacobs was born Daniel Charles Jacobs, Jr. in Detroit, Michigan on July 7, 1968 to Danny Jacobs, Sr. (?–2011). He is the sixth of seven children.

College and Bishop Gallagher High School
Jacobs attended St. Matthew Elementary School and Bishop Gallagher High School (which later merged with St. Florian High School to become Trinity Catholic High School). For 2 years, he pursued business school at Wayne State University. In 1988, he transferred to the University of Arizona and switched his major to musical theatre.
Career
After graduating from the University of Arizona, Jacobs had acted in regional theaters across the country. He had established himself as a national voice-over talent with clients, including Bissel, Blockbuster, Bud Light, Ford Dealers, GMAC, and KFC, among others.

In 1999, Jacobs appeared in his first live-action role in Get the Hell Out of Hamtown.

In 2003, he began to tour the nation with "Triple Espresso: A Highly Caffeinated Comedy."

In Epic Movie (2007), Jacobs portrayed Borat Sagdiyev and made a cameo appearance as a Pirate with an Eye Patch. When portraying the role of Borat, he impersonated Sacha Baron Cohen, which was praised by the public.

Voice acting
In 1999, Jacobs landed a voice role as Curt in Full Blast, though he was not credited.
From 2008 to 2015, Jacobs was a substitute for Sacha Baron Cohen as the voice of King Julien in The Penguins of Madagascar, again as an impression of Baron Cohen; Jacobs also provided additional voices in the series. In 2011, he won a Daytime Emmy Award for the role. Jacobs reprised his role in Merry Madagascar (2009) and Madly Madagascar (2013). From 2014 to 2017, he returned to the role in All Hail King Julien. In Penguins of Madagascar (2014), Jacobs once again reprised his role as King Julien. He had also provided voice-overs in various commercials.
In addition to the performances that led to All Hail King Julien, Jacobs had been doing voice work for animated television series, including Phineas and Ferb (in which he provided additional voices) and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (in which he voiced Snake / Snakeweed), as well as several video games. He had said that animation, much like the theater, gives actors a chance to play a wide range of roles. He said:  He had personally stated that King Julien is his favorite voice role and would gladly reprise his role if ever asked. Jacobs' performance had received more recognition than the character's predecessor Baron Cohen. In Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012), he provided Julien's singing voice for the soundtrack.

He provided the voice of Raam and Yeppau in the Lego Star Wars franchise. On September 20, 2017, Jacobs and his co-star John DiMaggio (who voiced Baash) also appeared as guests on The Star Wars Show. He had a voice role in Teen Titans Go! as George Washington and Kiril in The Lion Guard.
Theatre
In 1993, Jacobs originated the role of Chico Fernández in Jeff Daniels' comedy The Vast Difference at the Purple Rose Theatre.

In 1996–97, he won acting awards in Michigan, Florida, and Wisconsin for his portrayal of Aram in Richard Kalinoski's "Beast on the Moon."

Personal life
On July 16, 2018, Jacobs paid tribute to his late cousin Michael Anthony Risk via a Facebook video.

Philanthropy
On July 13, 2015, Jacobs donated to Kids Kicking Cancer and had entertained some children with his King Julien voice.

Awards
Jacobs was nominated for the 2010 Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Television Production for his voice role of King Julien in Merry Madagascar (2009), but lost the award to Tom Kenny.

He won a 2011 Daytime Emmy Award and 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for his voice role of King Julien in The Penguins of Madagascar (2008–2015) and All Hail King Julien (2014–2017).
2010: Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Television Production – Nominated
 2011: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program – Won
 2015: Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program – Won

References

1968 births
Living people
American voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Comedians from Detroit
Actors from Detroit
The letter told William that if he were to land in England with a small army, they would rise up and support him. The Invitation shortly told him about their complaints against King James. They said that the King's son was not really the King's son and that the English people generally believed him to be false. They complained that William had sent a letter to James congratulating him on the birth of his son. It was carried to William in The Hague by Rear Admiral Arthur Herbert (the later Lord Torrington) disguised as a common sailor. It was read by a secret code.

The invitation made William decide to carry out his existing plans to land with a large Dutch army. This ended in the Glorious Revolution.  James was allowed to escape and was replaced by William and Mary as joint rulers.
The signatories 
Those who signed the invitation were: 
The Earl of Danby
The Earl of Shrewsbury
The Earl of Devonshire
The Viscount Lumley
The Bishop of London (Henry Compton)
Edward Russell
Henry Sydney (who wrote the Invitation)

References 
 Ashley, Maurice, The Glorious Revolution of 1688, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1966.  .
 Harris, Tim, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720, Penguin Books, Ltd., 2006.  .

Other websites 
 

17th century in England
1688
1680s in Europe
Válber da Silva Costa (born 6 December 1971) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||32||11||2||0||1||0||35||11
|-
|1997||31||20||0||0||10||5||41||25
|-
|1999||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||17||4||3||1||4||1||24||6
80||35||5||1||15||6||100||42
80||35||5||1||15||6||100||42
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
A royal house or royal dynasty is a family title, or family name of sorts. It is used by royalty.  It usually means the members of a family in old and young people, who are loosely related. Unlike most western people, a great number of the world's royal families do not have family names, and those that have them do not use them often.  They are referred to instead by their titles, often related to an area ruled or once ruled by that family. Royal Houses still exist today.

Deposed or extinct sovereign Houses
The majority of these nations are now republics or part of republics. The Princely Houses of Germany often have given their own names to the states they ruled.
 House of Saumell i Zafra Prince of Achaea. Aragon Dinasty    Dinastia Aragon  

Royalty
Andre Luis Neitzke (born 24 November 1986) is a Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||17||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||2
|-
|2007||20||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2008||11||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
48||2||1||0||0||0||49||2
48||2||1||0||0||0||49||2
|}

1986 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Yu Hasegawa (born 5 June 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 2||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2006||Gifu||Regional Leagues||4||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||1
|-
|2007||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||39||13||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||13
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||31||10||1||0||5||0||37||10
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
84||24||3||0||5||0||92||24
84||24||3||0||5||0||92||24
|}

References
Montedio Yamagata 

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Yamanashi Prefecture
Alexandro Marques de Oliveira (born 17 June 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||8||2||0||0||8||2
8||2||0||0||8||2
8||2||0||0||8||2
|}

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Leandro Cesar de Souza (born 6 July 1979) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||6||0||0||0||6||0
6||0||0||0||6||0
6||0||0||0||6||0
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Hirakawa was born in Kanagawa Prefecture on January 10, 1965. After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors (later Yokohama Marinos) in 1987. From 1988 to 1990, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup for two years in a row. During the 1990s, the club won the 1990 JSL Cup, 1991 and 1992 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the 1991–92 and 1992–93 Asian Cup Winners' Cups. Toward the end of his career, he played for Yokohama Flügels in 1995 and Consadole Sapporo in 1996. He retired in 1996.

In March 1985, Hirakawa was selected the Japan national team for 1986 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on March 21, he debuted against North Korea. After he joined Nissan Motors, he was selected Japan again in 1988 and 1989. In 1992, he also played 1 game for the first time in 3 years. He played 13 games for Japan until 1992.
Statistics

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|Nissan Motors||rowspan="5"|JSL Division 1||20||1||||||0||0||20||1
|-
|1988/89||12||1||||||5||2||12||1
|-
|1989/90||14||0||||||4||0||18||0
|-
|1990/91||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1991/92||22||0||||||3||1||25||1
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="3"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||9||1||9||1
|-
|1993||31||2||3||0||5||0||39||2
|-
|1994||11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|-
|1995||Yokohama Flügels||J1 League||13||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|1996||Consadole Sapporo||Football League||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
128||5||3||0||26||4||157||9
128||5||3||0||26||4||157||9
|}

|-
|1985||6||0
|-
|1986||0||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||4||0
|-
|1989||2||0
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||1||0
|-
!Total||13||0
|}

References

Other websites

1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Japan Soccer League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Yokohama Flügels players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Tezuka was born in Tochigi Prefecture on September 4, 1958. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries in 1981. The club won the league champions in 1981. He retired in 1991. He played 167 games and scored 42 goals in the league.

On June 11, 1980, when Tezuka was a Chuo University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against China. He played at 1986 World Cup qualification, 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 25 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1988.
After retirement, Tezuka started coaching career at Fujita Industries (later Bellmare Hiratsuka, Shonan Bellmare) in 1991. In 2003, he moved to Mito HollyHock and became an assistant coach. In 2005, he moved to Thespa Kusatsu and became a manager. In 2007, he signed with Japanese Regional Leagues club Fagiano Okayama. He promoted the club to Japan Football League in 2008 and J2 League in 2009. In 2010, he moved to Fukushima United FC and managed until 2011.

Statistics

|-
|1981||rowspan="10"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="9"|JSL Division 1||15||5
|-
|1982||10||3
|-
|1983||13||0
|-
|1984||14||6
|-
|1985/86||21||8
|-
|1986/87||21||5
|-
|1987/88||22||4
|-
|1988/89||11||1
|-
|1989/90||20||5
|-
|1990/91||JSL Division 2||21||4
167||42
167||42
|}

|-
|1980||2||0
|-
|1981||6||0
|-
|1982||0||0
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||0||0
|-
|1985||2||0
|-
|1986||4||0
|-
|1987||8||2
|-
|1988||3||0
|-
!Total||25||2
|}

References

Other websites
Other websites

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from Tochigi Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japanese football managers
Japan Soccer League players
Shonan Bellmare players
is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Tokyo||rowspan="5"|Football League||30||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|1995||27||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||0
|-
|1996||26||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|1997||8||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|1998||30||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Tokyo Gas||J. League 2||16||0||0||0||4||0||20||0
|-
|2000||J. League 1||1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
138||0||15||0||4||0||157||0
138||0||15||0||4||0||157||0
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Toshihiro Uchida (born 12 August 1972) is a former Japanese football player.

References

1972 births
Living people
Footballers from Nagasaki Prefecture
Kim Yong-Sik (July 25, 1910 - March 5, 1985) was a South Korean professional footballer and coach. He was a member of the Japan national team and the Korean national team. He competed in two Summer Olympic Games.

International career statistics
Kim was in the Japan team at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

|-
|1936||2||0
|-
|1937||0||0
|-
|1938||0||0
|-
|1939||0||0
|-
|1940||1||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

After Korean independence, Kim was a member of the Korean team at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

References

Other websites

 Japan Football Association
 Japan National Football Team Database

1910 births
1985 deaths
Japanese footballers
South Korean footballers
South Korean football managers
Japan international footballers
Footballers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Japanese Olympians
South Korean Olympians
In theater, an understudy is an actor or singer who studies the part of one of the main actors or singers in cases when they can't perform.

If a main performer is unable to perform, the understudy will take their place. The understudy is often a member of the chorus who might have had a small part in the performance anyway.  Sometimes an understudy is called a "standby".  A standby is usually not a member of the chorus or ensemble.  They may be required to be present in the theatre during the performance, or part of it, in case of a problem.

Sometimes an understudy will become famous when they unexpectedly have to perform instead of the usual lead person.

Theater
Opera
Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York (22 March 1638 – 31 March 1671) was the first wife of James, Duke of York (the future King James II of England and VII of Scotland). She was also and the mother of two queens, Mary II of England and Scotland and Anne of Great Britain.

Early years 
She was born on 12 March 1638 (Old Style) or 22 March 1638 (New Style), at Windsor, Berkshire of the Hyde family.

The royal family stayed in exile after the English Civil War. Anne's father served as the Royalist chief adviser to the future King Charles II of England, James's older brother. Anne was Maid of Honour to Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, sister of Charles and James. It was during this time that James seduced Anne while she was in his sister's service and Charles forced James to marry Anne. He said that her strong character would be a good influence on his weak-willed brother.
Duchess of York 
The couple went through an official marriage ceremony on 3 September 1660, in London, after the English Restoration of the monarchy. Anne was not a beautiful woman. In fact, Samuel Pepys slights her as being quite plain. However, the French Ambassador described her as having "courage, cleverness, and energy almost worthy of a King's blood".

References 

1638 births
1671 deaths
English royalty
The Bill of Rights (a short title) is an act of the Parliament of England. Its full name is The Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. It is often called the English Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament in December 1689. It provides many of the rights requested in the Petition of Right in February after the overthrow of James II of England in the Glorious Revolution, and is still in effect today.

References

Other websites 

17th century in England
British monarchy
Acts of the Parliament of England
1689
1680s in Europe
Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz (Prague, 17 May 1836 – New York, 12 August 1900) was an Austrian chess grandmaster who emigrated first to London, then to the USA.

He was the first undisputed World Chess Champion and held it from 1886 to 1894, unofficially from 1872.

Steinitz won the title by beating Johannes Zukertort in a match in 1886. He lost it to Emanuel Lasker in 1894. He also lost a rematch with Lasker in 1897.

Life & career 
Born a Jew in Bohemia, Steinitz studied mathematics at the Vienna Polytecnic, and won the Vienna chess championship in 1861 with a score of 31/32. After playing in the London 1862 tournament, he stayed in London as a professional player in clubs and coffee houses. He won a series of matches against all the best English and other players living in London. This established him as one of the best player in the world.

Steinitz beat Adolf Anderssen in 1866 and some think he should be regarded as world champion from this date however at the time Zukertort was the stronger player.
Apart from the chess, this match was a landmark in chess organisation. It was the first event to be timed by clocks.p82 The time for each move was recorded by hand. The totals for each player could then be added. This was the first practical step taken to make sure each player had the same total thinking time available. It had always been a problem that some players took much longer than others, unfairly so. Timing also helped to keep the total time for play within bounds. Eventually, special chess clocks were designed, and the idea has spread to other two-person games such as Go.

Steinitz beat Johannes Zukertort in 1872, and again later in 1886. This last match all agree was for the world championship. Zukertort was a brilliant and boastful player, who was also resident in London for many years. Both the men wrote for chess magazines, and there was a good deal of rivalry.