Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
History 
In 1896 when people saw the first motion picture someone played music to go along with it. This was the era of the silent movie meaning only that the actors did not speak. A musician played different music to show drama, the character types and the storyline. There was music to introduce war, indians, cowboys and other types to the scenes. There was special music to introduce the hero. Even the villain had his own musical pieces to identify him. Finally, in 1927 moviemakers figured out how to include a soundtrack on the film. The movie The Jazz Singer was the first musical where the audience could hear Al Jolson perform.

References 

Movie terminology
Sound
Fear of Flying is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Mýa, released April 25, 2000 on Interscope Records. It features the hit single "Case of the Ex."

Track listing

Original release

Re-release

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Tour

Nominations

Personnel

Musicians

Robert Aaron – horn
Michael Cain – keyboards
Joe Davi – acoustic guitar
Rick Davies – horn
Traci Hale – backing vocals

Norman Hedman – percussion
Sean Hurley – bass guitar
Elijah Joy – voice-over
Maiesha Rashad – voice-over
Marlon Williams – guitar

Production
Production

Mýa – vocals (lead and background), producer, executive producer
Jerry Duplessis – producer
A. Islam Haqq – producer, executive producer
Wyclef Jean – producer
Rodney Jerkins – producer
Kandi Burruss – producer
Pro-Jay – programming, producer
Chris "Tricky" Stewart – keyboards, programming, producer
Swizz Beatz – producer
Robin Thicke – programming, producer
Anthony Dent – programming, producer
Jordan Knight – performer
Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes – performer
Beenie Man – performer
Jadakiss – performer
Brandon Abeln – engineer
Ralph Cacciurri – engineer
Keith Cohen – engineer
Kevin Crouse – engineer
Chris Frame – engineer
Brad Gilderman – engineer
Jason Groucott – engineer, mixing engineer
Tal Herzberg – engineer
Adam Holmstead – engineer
Ricco Lumpkins – engineer
Michael Sherman – engineer
Brian "B Luv" Thomas – engineer
Darrel Thorpe – engineer
Richard Travali – engineer, mixing engineer
Dylan Vaughan – mixing engineer
Kieran Wagner – engineer
Doug Woulson – engineer
Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing, mixing engineer
Glen Marchese – mixing
Manny Marroquin – mixing
Tony Maserati – mixing
Chris Athens – mastering

Release history

References

Other websites
 MyaMya.com — Mýa's official site

2000 albums
R&B albums
Interscope Records albums
Liberation is the fourth studio album by Mýa. It was going to be her first release with her then new record label Universal Motown. Before moving to Universal, she had begun work on an album for her previous label, Interscope, called Control Freak. and was originally going to be released in summer 2005. It was later renamed to Liberation.

The album was released only in Japan. It was released only as a downloadable album. The album features rappers Snoop Dogg and Lil Wayne.

Track listing

Notes
  signifies a co-producer

References 

2007 albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Sugar & Spice is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Mýa. It was her first studio album to be released by Manhattan Recordings. It was released on December 3, 2008, after she left Universal Motown in early 2008. The album has a cover of the reggae song "Shy Guy" by Diana King.

Track listing

Chart

Release history

References

Other websites
 MyaMya.com — official site

2008 albums
Hip hop albums
Reggae albums
R&B albums
Jentina Rose Rees (née Chapman) (born 6 March 1984 in Woking, England) known simply as Jentina, is an English rapper, singer, songwriter and model. She also is of Romani people descent.

Music career
Jentina got her first record deal at the age of nineteen. She was working in a computer shop at the time. She then came to fame in 2004 with her first single "Bad Ass Strippa". It was a rap song that sampled "For the Love of Money" by R&B group the O'Jays. It reached number twenty two in the UK. Her follow up single "French Kisses" was more R&B than hip hop sounding and reached number twenty. Her third single "Mysterious" didn't chart in the UK and was only released in Italy. Her album Jentina was released in Italy in 2005. "Bad Ass Strippa" was later sampled and turned into a diss song by fellow female rapper Lady Sovereign called "Sad Arse Stripah".
Modeling career
Apart from being a musician, Jentina was also a model. In November 2007, she modeled for the underwear brand Wonderbra. She was also featured in a jokey video of the chocolate bar Cadbury's Gorilla advert where a gorilla played the drums to a Phil Collins song called "In The Air Tonight".

Personal life
Jentina was born to a Romani family that consisted of fourteen children. When she was one year old, her family moved to West Molesey, Surrey. 

In 2011, Jentina was on the judging panel for "Travellers Got Talent". She also appeared in the eight-part documentary "A Gypsy Life For Me" which aired on Bio in November 2011. 

Jentina is married and has three children. They live in London.

Discography

Albums

Singles

1 - Released in the United Kingdom only.
2 - Released in Italy only.

References

1984 births
Living people
21st-century singers
English models
British R&B singers
English singer-songwriters
English hip hop musicians
English rappers
People from Woking
Hip hop singers
George Rosenkranz (born György Rosenkranz; 20 August 1916 – 23 June 2019) was a Hungarian-born Mexican scientist in the field of steroid chemistry. He used native Mexican plant sources as raw materials. He was born in Hungary, studied in Switzerland and emigrated to the Americas to escape the Nazis, eventually settling in Mexico.

Rosenkranz died on 23 June 2019 in Atherton, California, United States. He was 102.

References

1916 births
2019 deaths
Mexican centenarians
Mexican scientists
Scientists from Budapest
Louie is a comedy-drama on the FX network that began in 2010. It is written, directed and produced by the stand-up comedian, Louis C.K.. He also plays in the show as the main character who has two children in New York City. The show is often seen as being very well-done and popular. Louis C.K. has also won Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on the show.

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Louie on IMDb

References 

American comedy-drama television series
English-language television programs
The IRT Lexington Avenue Line is one of the lines of the New York City Subway. It is the most often used line on the system, with 1.3 million people using it every day. It opened in 1904, and its service bullets are colored apple green. There are four services:

Services
  4: An express service from Woodlawn in The Bronx to Utica Avenue in Brooklyn.
  5: An express service that runs from Dyre Avenue in The Bronx to Flatbush Avenue in southern Brooklyn on weekdays, or to Bowling Green in Manhattan on evenings and weekends. The Bronx end is East 180th Street at late nights. At rush hour it runs from Nereid Avenue, Bronx to Utica Avenue or New Lots Avenue, Brooklyn.
  6: This service is actually two services grouped together: a local service (circle) and an express service (diamond). It runs from Pelham Bay Park in Bronx to Brooklyn Bridge in Manhattan.

1904 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in New York (state)
The IRT Flushing Line is a line of the New York City Subway. Services on it are colored purple. There is only one service on this line:
  7: This service runs from Main Street to 34th Street. It is famous for passing through areas of different cultures.
Vista (Spanish: View) is a city in northern San Diego County, California, United States. As of 2020, the city has a population of 98,381 people. It was incorporated (became a self-governing entities under state laws) on January 28, 1963. The city is seven miles away from the Pacific Ocean. In 2008, Vista was called the seventh-best place to live in the United States because of its job opportunities, education, climate and cost of living.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Settlements in San Diego County, California
Cities in California
1963 establishments in California
Palomar College is a community college that is in San Diego County, California, United States. The main campus is in San Marcos, and the others are in Escondido, Camp Pendleton, Mt. Carmel High School, Fallbrook High School, Pauma Indian Reservation and at Ramona High School.

A proposal in 2006 allowed millions of dollars to be given to the school from the state of California. There are currently 26,606 students at the college (2014).

Academics 

Palomar College has more than 250 associate's degree and certificate programs, and also offers students transfer programs, which would allow them to go to different four-year universities.

Below is a list of the programs that are being offered at the college
Arts, Media, Business, and Computer Science
Business Administration
Communications Department
Computer Science and Information Systems Department
Graphic Communications Department
Performing Arts Department
Career, Technical, and Extended Education
Cooperative Education Department
Design and Consumer Education Department
Emergency Medical Education Department
Occupational and Noncredit Programs
Public Safety Programs
Trade and Industry Department
Languages and Literature
English Department
English as a Second Language Department
Reading Services Program
Speech Communication / Forensics / ASL Department
World Languages Department
Arabic
Chinese
Foreign languages
French
German
Italian
Japanese
Spanish
Mathematics and the Natural and Health Sciences
Chemistry Department
Dental Assisting Program
Earth, Space, and Aviation Sciences Department
Life Sciences Department
Mathematics Department
Nursing Education
Physics/Engineering Department
Social and Behavioral Sciences
American Indian Studies Department
Behavioral Sciences Department
Child Development Department
Economics/History/Political Science Department
Kinesiology, Health, and Recreation Department
Library
Multicultural Studies Department
Tutoring
Other websites 

 Official website
 Palomar College club list

References 

California Community Colleges
San Diego County, California
The Cal State San Marcos station is a Sprinter light rail line that is served by North County Transit District. It is next to California State University San Marcos.

Platforms and tracks

Other websites 

Map of the station on Google Maps

North County Transit District stations
2008 establishments in California
Jentina is the self-titled debut studio album by English rapper Jentina, it was released by Virgin on September 9, 2005 in Italy. As of 2015 it is her only album that she has ever released, it features "Bad Ass Strippa" and "French Kisses" both which reached the top 30 in the UK and "Mysterious" which was only released in Italy.

Track listing
"Mysterious"
"Bad Ass Strippa"
"Wonderful Day" (featuring Dolamite)
"French Kisses"
"Feels Good"
"Gone"
"Here I Come"
"Sneakers"
"Eenie Meenie" (skit)
"Smoke"
"Baby"
"Hard Times"

Other websites
 Jentina at IBS Store

2005 albums
Debut albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Virgin Records albums
Winter Gardens is a census-designated place in San Diego County, California, United States. The population was 22,380 in 2020. The United States Census Bureau says that the CDP has a total area of 4.4 square miles.

References 

Census-designated places in California
Settlements in San Diego County, California
"French Kisses" is the second single by English rapper Jentina. It was released in 2004. It was the last song by Jentina to chart. It is also the last song by her to be released in the United Kingdom. The song reached number 20 in the UK. It ranked two places higher than her first song, "Bad Ass Strippa". It is different to "Bad Ass Strippa" as it is more of a R&B song and has less of a hip hop influence.

Track listings
CD 1
"French Kisses"
"French Kisses" (E-Smoove Radio Edit)

CD 2
"French Kisses"
"French Kisses" (Switch's Jack The Box Remix)
"French Kisses" (Search & Destroy Remix)

12"
Side 1
"French Kisses"
"French Kisses" (E-Smoove Remix)
Side 2
"French Kisses" (Switch's Jack the Box Remix) {Side 2}

Chart performance

2004 songs
Jentina songs
Hip hop songs
Electro-R&B songs
"Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)" is a song by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. The song, a remix of "Ain't It Funny", features additional vocals from Ja Rule (Jeffery Atkins) and Cadillac Tah as well as backing vocals from fellow R&B singer Ashanti. The song is about a relationship where a man plays around and cheats on a woman.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

References 

2002 songs
Hip hop songs
Hip hop soul songs
R&B songs
Jennifer Lopez songs
"I'm Real" is a song by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez from her second album J.Lo.  It is an electropop and R&B song.  It samples the 1978 song "Firecracker" by Yellow Magic Orchestra. Fellow singer Mariah Carey was going to use this sample for her single "Loverboy", but "I'm Real" was released first.

The song was later released as a remix featuring rapper Ja Rule, called "I'm Real (Murder Remix)". It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and the top ten in the UK and Canada.

I'm Real (Murder Remix) 

"I'm Real (Murder Remix)" is a remix of "I'm Real" featuring rapper Ja Rule.  It is featured on the J.Lo album and her first remix album, J to tha L-O!: The Remixes. The song samples "All Night Long" by R&B girl group The Mary Jane Girls and "Mary Jane" by R&B singer Rick James. It is different from the original version because it is slower and has a more hip hop-sounding style. The song also got some bad press with Lopez saying the word "niggas" doing the third verse.

Charts

Year-end charts
Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

|}

References

Other websites

 

2001 songs
Jennifer Lopez songs
Dance-pop songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Billboard Rhythmic Songs number-one singles
Blurred Lines is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Robin Thicke. It was released on July 12, 2013. It features the hit single, "Blurred Lines", the album's title track.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

Notes

  Gaye was not credited as a songwriter, but a court later ruled that the song plagiarized Gaye's song "Got to Give It Up".

References

2013 albums
Pop albums
Funk albums
Neo soul albums
Blue-eyed soul albums
R&B albums
"This Used to Be My Playground" is a soft rock ballad from American singer Madonna. The song is about memories of childhood dreams. The song was featured in the credits of the movie A League of Their Own in 1992. It is, however, not on the soundtrack album. 

The song spent one week at #1 on Billboard Hot 100 in summer 1992.

The longest version of the song is just over six minutes in length.

1992 songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Madonna (entertainer) songs
Exclusive is the second studio album by American recording artist Chris Brown. It was released on November 6, 2007, by his own record label CBE, with Jive Records. In 2008 the album was re-released under the name Exclusive: The Forever Edition.  Much like his first album Chris Brown released in 2005, the album features a hip hop and R&B sound and features a wide range of guest appearances from different acts from the hip hop and R&B world like T-Pain, Keri Hilson, will.i.am, Lil Wayne and Big Boi.

Track listing

UK/Japanese Edition bonus tracks
 "Get At Ya" – 3:18
 "Mama" (E. Hudson) – 4:24
 "Nice" (featuring The Game) – 4:32
 "Down" (featuring Kanye West) – 4:17
 "Fallen Angel" - 5:34 (Japan only)

Limited Edition DVD
 Journey to South Africa – 15:00
 Behind the Scenes of "Wall To Wall" – 15:00
 "Wall To Wall" (Video) – 5:20
 Behind the Scenes of "Kiss Kiss" – 12:37
 "Kiss Kiss" (Video) – 4:25
Special Edition DVD
Chris Brown On Tour (Documentary)
Completing the Forever Edition package is a bonus DVD with a special montage of performances from his recent Up-Close & Personal sold-out tour and never before seen behind the scenes footage. Being a guest of the Keyshia Cole Just like You sold-out tour.

Japanese Limited Edition DVD
 Wall To Wall (Video)
 Kiss Kiss (Video)
 With You (Video)
 Forever (Video)
 Chris Brown On Tour (Documentary)

UK/Japanese CD Edition
 Standard 16 tracks as above
 "Fallen Angel" - 5:34
 "Forever" (C. Brown, A. Merritt, M. Grant. R. Allen, J. Jones) – 4:38
 "Superhuman" (featuring Keri Hilson) (J. Fauntleroy II) – 3:39
 "Heart Ain't a Brain" – 3:40

There are two versions of the Forever Edition, one with the DVD and one without. These are sold separately. In UK, only the CD edition is available. However, in many countries (e.g. Germany, Australia) both editions are available.

BET Bonus DVD

Confirmed by Wal-Mart.
Production
 Album mastered by Chris Athens at Sterling Sound, NYC
 A&R Administration: Shay Young
 A&R Coordination: Leticia Hilliard
 Zomba Production Coordination: Cara Hutchinson
 Clearances: David Schmidt, Kobie "The Quarterback" Brown, Donato Guadagnoli, Mattias End and Lisa Pinero
 Art Direction and Design: Courtney Walter
 Photography: Dave Hill & Mark Mann
 Styling: Mike Bogard for Blynn Group
 Executive Producers for CBE: Chris Brown, Tina Davis & Mark Pitts
 Executive Producers for Jive/Zomba: Clive Calder & Phineas Kelly
 Management: Tina M. Davis and Joyce Hawkins for The Tina Davis Company

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2007 albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Graffiti is the third studio album by American recording artist Chris Brown. It was released on December 7, 2009 by CBE and Jive Records. It is his first album after being arrested for beating up his ex-girlfriend Barbadian R&B singer Rihanna earlier in 2009.

Track listing

 (co.) signifies a co-producer.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

2009 albums
Dance albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
F.A.M.E. is the fourth studio album by American recording artist Chris Brown, first released on March 18, 2011 by CBE Jive Records. It was his last album to be released by Jive as the label closed down later on that year.

Track listing 

 (co.) Co-producer

Notes
 Track 14, "Bomb" (featuring Wiz Khalifa), was on iTunes Stores for a limited time only.

Sample credits
 Track 5, "She Ain't You", samples "Human Nature" as written by John Bettis and Steve Porcaro, and "Right Here" as written by Brian Morgan.
 Track 7, "Yeah 3x", contains elements of "I'm Not Alone" as written by Calvin Harris.
 Track 14, "Bomb" (feat. Wiz Khalifa), samples "Bam Bam" as written by Winston Delano Riley.

Personnel 
Credits for F.A.M.E. adapted from Allmusic.
Afrojack – producer
 Nasri Atweh – producer
 Derrick "Bigg D" Baker – producer
 Mark Beaven – assistant
 Alessandro "Alle" Benassi – producer
 Marco "Benny" Benassi – producer
 Timothy Bloom – producer
 David Boyd – assistant
 Chris Brown – creative director, executive producer, producer
 Kweli Calderon – grooming
 Kenneth Cappello – photography
 Antwoine "T-Wiz" Collins – producer
 Michael Congdon – assistant, engineer
 Tom Coyne – mastering
 Michael Daley – assistant
 Tina Davis – executive producer
 Diplo – producer
 Lamar Edwards – keyboards
 Ron English – cover painting
 Dustin Faltz – assistant
 Iain Findlay – assistant
 Justin Franks – producer
 Free School – producer
 Jesus Garnica – assistant
 Serban Ghenea – mixing
 Dabling Harward – engineer
Justin Henderson – producer
 Andrew Hey – engineer
 Ghazi Hourani – assistant
 Jaycen Joshua – mixing
 Marcus Johnson – assistant
 K Mac – producer
 Ryan Kelly – assistant
 Brian Kennedy – producer
 Mike Layos – assistant
 Lonnie-Smoek-Stinson – grooming
 Justin Merrill – assistant
 Adam Messinger – producer
 The Messingers – producer
 Mark Pitts – executive producer
 Harmony Samuels – producer
 Brian Springer – engineer, mixing
 Brian Stanley – mixing
 Amber Streeter – background vocals
 Anthony Taglianetti – assistant
 Team Breezy – art direction, creative director, design, executive producer, stylist
 Tha Bizness – producer
 David Thomas – stylist
 The Underdogs – producer
 Courtney Walter – art direction, creative director, design
 Christopher Whitacre – producer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References 

2011 albums
Dance albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Fortune is the fifth studio album by American recording artist, Chris Brown, released on June 29, 2012. The album is Brown's first release through RCA Records, following the closure of Jive Records in October 2011.

Track listing

(*) Denotes co-producer

Sample credits
"Party Hard / Cadillac (Interlude)" contains a portion of "Computer Love", written by Shirley Murdock, Larry Troutman and Roger Troutman.

Personnel 
Credits for Fortune adapted from Allmusic.
Adonis – producer
 Alle Benassi – producer
 Benny Benassi – producer
 Boi-1da – producer
 Delbert Bowers – assistant
 Chris Brown – creative director, executive producer, producer
 Kweli Calderon – grooming
 Dan Cohen – engineer
 Tom Coyne – mastering
 Greg Curtis – keyboards
 Danja – producer
 Tina Davis – executive producer, management
 Alex Delicata – electric guitar, guitar arrangements
 Alex Dilliplane – assistant
 Iain Findlay – assistant
 Andre Frappier – guitar
 Free School – producer
 Fuego – producer
 Chris Galland – assistant
 Doug Geikie – assistant
 Serban Ghenea – mixing
 Steven Gomillion – photography
 John Hanes – mixing engineer
 Jerome "J Roc" Harmon – producer
 Trehy Harris – assistant
 Andrew Hey – engineer
 Tommy Hitz – producer
 Is – guitar
 Dayvi Jae – producer
 Jaycen Joshua – mixing
 Michael "Mike J" Jiminez – background vocals
Dante Jones – producer
 Brian Kennedy – producer
 Dennis Leupold – photography
 Lonnie-Smoek-Stinson – grooming
 Manny Marroquin – mixing
 Kevin McCall – background vocals, producer
 The Messengers – producer
 The Monarch – producer
 William Orbit – producer
 Jason "JP" Perry – producer
 Mark Pitts – executive producer
 Polow da Don – producer
 Georgia Reign – background vocals
 The Runners – producer
 Jacqueln S. – photography model
 Sajata S. – photography model
 Harmony "H Money" Samuels – producer
 Phil Seaford – assistant engineer 
 Adonis Shropshire – background vocals
 Bradford Smith – assistant
 Brian Springer – engineer
 Amber Streeter – background vocals
 Sviatlana – photography model
 Team Breezy – art direction, creative director, design, executive producer, management, stylist
 Tha Bizness – producer
 David Thomas – stylist
 The Underdogs – producer
 Jeff "Supa Jeff" Villanueva – pro-tools
 Courtney Walter – art direction, creative director, design
 Andrew Wansel – producer
Dewaine Whitmore, Jr. – background vocals
 Siraaj Amnesia James - arranger
Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

2012 albums
Dance albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Hard Core is the debut studio album by American rapper Lil' Kim. It was released on November 12, 1996 by Undeas Recordings and Big Beat Records.

Track listing
Track listing

Sample credits
"Big Momma Thang" contains a sample of Sylvester's "Was It Something I Said".
"No Time" contains a sample of Vicki Anderson's "Message from the Soul Sisters" and Lyn Collins's "Take Me Just As I Am"  and The Notorious B.I.G.
"Crush On You" contains excerpts and a sample of Jeff Lorber's "Rain Dance" and  Average White Band's "If I Ever Lose This Heaven"
"Drugs" contains a sample of Soul Mann & The Brothers "Bumpy's Lament".
"Queen Bitch" contains a sample of Roberta Flack's "Hey, That's No Way to Say Goodbye".
"Dreams" contains a sample of Lyn Collins's "Think (About It)" and Jimi Hendrix's "Who Knows".
"M.A.F.I.A. Land" contains a sample of Bert Kaempfert's "Only a Fool".
"We Don't Need It" contains a sample of Lou Donaldson's "Ode to Billie Joe" and Shirley Murdock's "The One I Need".
"Not Tonight" contains a sample of George Benson's "Turn Your Love Around".
"Not Tonight (Ladies Night Remix)" contains a sample of Kool & the Gang's "Ladies Night".

Charts and certifications
Chart

Certifications

Personnel
Lil' Kim - vocals, rapping
Technical personnel
Stretch Armstrong, Corn Bread, Andraeo "Fanatic" Heard, Carlos Broady, Stevie J., Fabian Hamilton, Ski - producer
Sean Combs, Christopher Wallace - executive producer, additional vocals
Kenny Ortiz, Phil Tan - engineer
Jermaine Dupri - producer, engineer
Tony Black - engineer, mixing
James Cruz, Herb Powers, Jr. - mastering
Junior M.A.F.I.A., Jay-Z - additional vocals
LaMarquis Mark Jefferson - bass
Art personnel 
Michael Lavine - photography

Certifications

References

1996 albums
Debut albums
Hip hop albums
Lil' Kim albums
Italian Sign Language (Italian: Lingua dei Segni Italiana, LIS) is the sign language of the Italian deaf (3,525,000).

References

Sign languages
British Sign Language (English: British Sign Language, BSL) is the sign language of the British deaf (3,525,000.

The language makes use of space and involves movement of the hands, body, face and head.

References

Sign languages
English language
French Sign Language (, LSF) is a sign language for deaf people. It is used in  France. There are approximately 3,506,800 people living in France who are deaf. LSF differs from American Sign Language (ASL) although there are many common signs.

History 
Sign languages have existed in many places in the past. They came about naturally with deaf people and their relatives. But sign languages have existed among hearing peoples also. They were used by hunters to silently communicate around game animals. Native American peoples had a sign language that could be understood by Native Americans speaking as many as 40 different languages. Christian monks used sign language while living under code of silence. Factory workers and others in extremely noisy places use sign languages.
Charles-Michel de l'Épée is considered the father of sign language. In 1771 he started the first free school for the deaf in Paris. He took in deaf students from many different places. Some came from Martha's Vineyard in the United States. There was a good deal of hereditary deafness there and the residents adopted their own sign language. Many came who used a local sign language. L'Épée combined all these into a standard sign language. His sign language eventually developed into the French Sign Language and is widely used all over Europe.

References

Sign languages
French language
The resplendent quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) is a bird from Central America. It is well known for its colorful plumage.

It plays an important role in Mesoamerican mythology. The resplendent quetzal is the national bird of Guatemala. It is represented on the country's flag and coat of arms. It is also the name of its local currency.

References

Birds of Central America
Trogoniformes
National symbols of Guatemala
The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), is a New World vulture, the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 (all remaining wild individuals were captured), but has been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion National Park), the coastal mountains of central and southern California, and northern Baja California. It is the only surviving member of its genus.

In 1970 there were only a few dozen left. In 1987 there were only 10 left. Currently there are 400 individuals, with about 200 left in the wild and the others in captive breeding.

References

Birds of North America
Vultures
Cathartidae
Jörg Schneider (7 February 1935 – 22 August 2015) was a Swiss stage and movie actor. He usually starred in Swiss German language cinema and television and stage productions. He was known for his Kasperle, Pumuckl and fairytale-radio plays records and adapted plays for the Swiss German language.

Schneider died in Wetzikon from cancer, aged 80.

References

Other websites
  
 
 Jörg Schneider on the website of the Swiss television SRF 

1935 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Switzerland
Actors from Zürich
Radio personalities
Swiss stage actors
Swiss movie actors
Merl Reagle (January 5, 1950 – August 22, 2015) was an American crossword constructor. He was best known for his family-friendly themes.

For 30 years, he constructed a puzzle every Sunday for the San Francisco Chronicle (originally the San Francisco Examiner), which he syndicated to more than 50 Sunday newspapers, including the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, the Philadelphia Inquirer, the Seattle Times, The Plain Dealer, the Hartford Courant, the New York Observer, and the Arizona Daily Star.

Reagle died August 22, 2015, after being hospitalized two days earlier for acute pancreatitis in Tampa, Florida, aged 65.

References

Other websites

Reagle's Sunday Crosswords website

1950 births
2015 deaths
Crossword makers
American inventors
Writers from New Jersey
Businesspeople from New Jersey
Mariem Hassan (‎; 1958 – 22 August 2015), was a Sahrawi singer and lyricist from Western Sahara. She usually sang in Hassaniyya, an Arabic dialect spoken mostly in Western Sahara and Mauritania.

Hassan died of bone cancer in a Sahrawi refugee camp in Tindouf, Algeria on 22 August 2015.

Other websites
 Bio of Mariem Hassan on her label website 
 Mariem Hassan MySpace
 Bio of Mariem Hassan 

1958 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from bone cancer
Singers
Erhard Eppler (9 December 1926 – 19 October 2019) was a German Social Democratic politician. He was the founder of the GTZ. During most years between 1970 and 1991 Eppler belonged to the SPD's National Executive Committee. He also chaired an SPD commission on tax reform, and a commission for formulating the party's basic values.

References

1926 births
2019 deaths
German Lutherans
Government ministers of Germany
People from Ulm
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
The palm-nut vulture (Gypohierax angolensis) is a bird found throughout most of Africa. It feeds mainly on the fruit of the oil palm. Like many African vultures, it is quite approachable and can be seen near habitation.

References

Birds of Africa
Vultures
Accipitriformes
The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) — also called the sea eagle, erne, and white-tailed sea-eagle — is a large bird of prey. 

It is in the family Accipitridae, which includes other raptors, such as hawks and  kites. It is a close cousin of the bald eagle, but it lives in Eurasia.

Description

The white-tailed eagle is a very large bird. It measures  in length with a  wingspan. The wingspan averages about 7 feet. This is the largest of any eagle.

References

Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
Accipitriformes

National symbols of Poland
German Sign Language (german: Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS) is the sign language of the germans deaf (8,000,000).

References

Sign languages
German language
La Bella Mafia is the third studio album by rapper Lil' Kim, released March 4, 2003, on Atlantic Records. It was her third album to be certified platinum.

Track listing

Sample credits
"Juicytro" contains a sample of The Notorious B.I.G.'s "Juicy".
"Hold It Now" contains samples of Beastie Boys's "Paul Revere" and Kurtis Blow's "Christmas Rappin'".
"Can't Fuck with Queen Bee" contains an sample and interpolation from the hit Deniece Williams song "Free"
"Shake Ya Bum Bum" contains a sample of Saregama India Ltd's "Hum".
"The Jump Off" contains a interpolation from The Lost Boyz's "Jeeps, Lex, Coups, Bimaz, and Benz".
"This Is a Warning" contains a sample and interpolation of R. Kelly's "A Woman's Threat".
"Magic Stick" contains a sample of B.B. King's "The Thrill Is Gone".
"Get In Touch with Us" contains a sample of Saregama India Ltd's "Zindagi Ban Gaye To Tum".
"Heavenly Father" contains a sample of The O'Jays's "A Prayer".
"Came Back for You" contains a sample of Irene Reid's "Didn't We".
Leftover tracks
"Knock 'Em Out the Box" (featuring Method Man)
"Back Together Again" (featuring The Notorious B.I.G.)
"Flow So Sick" (featuring Ice Drake)
"What's The Word?" (featured bonus track on the Japanese album release)
Personnel
Executive Producers: Kimberly "Lil' Kim" Jones & The Notorious B.I.G.
Associate Producers: Hillary Weston & Jean Nelson
Queen Bee A&R: Jean Nelson & Dre Weston
Atlantic A&R: Huston "Hutty" Miller
Atlantic A&R Administrator: Lanre Gaba
Atlantic A&R Coordinator: Chris Wade
Queen Bee Project Manager: Jamel "Mann" Jackson
Atlantic Project Manager: Joi Brown
Album Assistant Engineer: Greg "Gee" Stewart
Management: Hillary Weston
Legal Affairs: L. Londell McMillan, P.C.
Business Affairs: David Berdon LLP & Co.
Album Sequencing: DJ 45 & Dan "The" Man
Cover Photo & Photos 1, 2: Vincent Soyez
Hair: Tre Major
Makeup: JJ
Styling: Derek Lee and Kimberly "Lil' Kim" Jones
Prop Stylist: Linda Keil
Jewelry: MiMi So
Additional Jewelry: Prestige Diamonds
Photos 3, 4: David LaChapelle
Hair: Cessy Lima
Makeup: Scott Barnes
Styling: Andrea Leiberman
Jewelry: Diamond Quasar
Art Direction: Lynn Kowalewski
Design: Kevin Wolahan

Charts and certifications

Charts

Certifications

References
References

2003 albums
Hip hop albums
Lil' Kim albums
Dance Remixes is the first remix album by American rapper Lil' Kim. It was released on June 6, 2006 by Atlantic Records. The album has dance remixes of the two singles "Lighters Up" and "Whoa" from Kim's fourth studio album The Naked Truth (2005). It also has two remixes of "Big Momma Thang" and a remix of "Queen Bitch" from Kim's debut album Hard Core (1996).

Track listing 
The official track listing for the album.

References 

2006 albums
Dance albums
Hip hop albums
Lil' Kim albums
Ms. G.O.A.T., is the first mixtape by American rapper Lil' Kim. It was released June 3, 2008 independently by Kim's own record label Queen Bee Entertainment. Lil Kim had never made a mix tape before, and in an MTV interview, she stated "I always wanted to do a mixtape... I used to see how 50 (Cent) used to do it so hard... Damn, it’s not a lot of girls doing it.". Ms. G.O.A.T. was her first own published release. The album features some new songs as well as remixes of several songs like Britney Spears' "Gimme More" and Alicia Keys' "No One".

Track listing

References

2008 albums
Hip hop albums
Lil' Kim albums
Black Friday is the second mixtape by American rapper Lil' Kim, released on February 14, 2011. The mixtape is a parody of fellow female rapper Nicki Minajs 2010 album "Pink Friday" in which Minaj takes shots at Kim on several songs such as "Roman's Revenge" and "Did it On 'Em". Kim's artwork features a picture of Kim with a sword that had just been used to behead Minaj. The title track also is a diss song aimed at Minaj as Kim imitates Minaj talking about Kim on her song "Roman's Revenge" in an interview. The album also includes vocals from Minaj and R&B singers Rihanna and Keri Hilson.

Track listing

2011 albums
Hip hop albums
Lil' Kim albums
Sex between two men was illegal in the UK until 1967, but no law was ever made regarding lesbian sexual activity. In 1967, sex between men was partially decriminalized in England and Wales. It was made legal for men over 21 years' old in 1967, with some very serious restrictions, legal for men over 18 in 1994, and equalized with the heterosexual age of consent in 2002. The bill in 2000 also introduced a lesbian age of consent for the first time too. In Scotland it was legalised in 1981 and in Northern Ireland it was legalized in 1982. However, the UK Parliament legislated for same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland, which is expected to come into force on or before 13 January 2020.

Legal summary

References

LGBT politics in the United Kingdom
Hard Core 2 (also known as Hard Core 2K14 and Hard Core) is the third mixtape by American rapper Lil' Kim; it was released independently by Kim on her International Rock Star (I.R.S.) label; which was originally called "Queen Bee Entertainment" before the release of 2011's "Black Friday mixtape." It is the first mixtape that Kim released after giving birth to her daughter Royal Reign on 9 June 2014.

The name of the mixtape pays homage to Kim's debut album "Hard Core" which was released in 1996.

The mixtape also includes two songs that are diss tracks aimed at Nicki Minaj; a reggae type song called "Dead Gal Walking" and a hip hop and R&B sounding song called "Identity Theft".

Track listing 

2014 albums
Hip hop albums
Lil' Kim albums
"Diamonds" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her seventh album, Unapologetic. It was the first song off of the album. It was Rihanna's twelfth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

Several rappers have rapped or made a remix to the song. They include Kanye West, Flo Rida and Eve.

Tracklist

CD single (RCA) (Sony Music)
 "Diamonds" (4:07)
 "Diamonds" (Live) (3:51)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Formats and track listing

 Digital download
 "Diamonds"  – 3:45
 CD single
 "Diamonds"  – 3:45
 "Diamonds" (The Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix)  – 6:16
 Digital remix single
 "Diamonds" (Remix) [feat. Kanye West]  – 4:48
Digital US remixes
 "Diamonds" (Dave Audé 100 Edit)  – 3:38
 "Diamonds" (Gregor Salto Radio Edit)  – 3:45
 "Diamonds" (The Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix)  – 6:17
 "Diamonds" (The Bimbo Jones Downtempo)  – 3:14
 "Diamonds" (The Bimbo Jones Vocal Edit)  – 3:14
 "Diamonds" (Congorock Remix Extended)  – 5:54
 "Diamonds" (Congorock Remix)  – 5:08
 "Diamonds" (Jacob Plant Dubstep Remix)  – 3:58

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic.
Locations
 Recorded at Roc the Mic Studios, New York City, New York; Westlake Recording Studios, Los Angeles, California
 Mixed at Ninja Club Studios, Atlanta, Georgia.

Personnel
Personnel

 Songwriting – Sia Furler, Benjamin Levin, Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen
 Production – Benny Blanco, StarGate
 Recording – Mikkel S. Eriksen, Miles Walker
 Recording assistant – Andrew "Muffman" Luftman
 Vocal Production – Kuk Harrell
 Vocal Recording – Kuk Harrell, Marcos Tovar
 Assistant Engineering – Blake Mares, Robert Cohen
 Mixing – Phil Tan
 Mixing assistant – Daniela Rivera
 Instrumentation – Benjamin Levin, Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications

Radio and release history

References

2012 songs
Rihanna songs
2010s ballads
Pop-soul songs
Electronic music
R&B songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
UK garage (sometimes shortened to UKG and simply Garage)  is a genre of electronic music originating from England in the early 1990s. It is made up of elements from Garage house, R&B, drum & bass, dance, reggae and hip hop music. It was very popular during the beginning of the 21st Century with teenagers and young adults listening to it. Some of its most popular musicians to perform UK garage are Mis-Teeq, Sweet Female Attitude, So Solid Crew, Shola Ama, Tinie Tempah, DJ Pied Piper, Craig David and Daniel Bedingfield. It is also a genre that blends with grime.

Electronic dance music
British music
Dance music
Sweet Female Attitude was a UK garage and R&B girl group, consisting of Leanne Brown and Catherine Cassidy, who are considered a one-hit wonder in the United Kingdom. The group's debut single "Flowers" was an instant hit and reached number two on the UK charts. Their follow up single "8 Days a Week" didn't reach the same success as "Flowers" and missed the top 40 and peaked at 43 on the charts. Their album "In Person" was only released in Germany.

Discography
In Person (2001)

References

R&B bands
British girl groups
Musical groups established in 1998
1998 establishments in England
2002 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
2000s disestablishments in England
Musical groups from Manchester
Once Upon a Time in Mexico (known also as Desperado 2) is a 2003 American action movie. It was directed by Robert Rodriguez and it was produced by Robert Rodriguez, Elizabeth Avellán, and Carlos Gallardo. Once Upon a Time in Mexico was released on September 12, 2003. It is the sequel to El Mariachi and Desperado. It is also the third and final movie in Rodriguez's Mexico Trilogy.

The movie got positive reviews from critics but was criticized for having a plot that was hard to follow. It has a 68% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the movie 3 stars out of 4 and said that "Like Leone's movie, the Rodriguez epic is more interested in the moment, in great shots, in surprises and ironic reversals and closeups of sweaty faces, than in a coherent story."
Cast 
 Antonio Banderas as El Mariachi
 Salma Hayek as Carolina
 Johnny Depp as Sheldon Jeffrey Sands
 Rubén Blades as Jorge Ramírez
 Mickey Rourke as Billy Chambers
 Enrique Iglesias as Lorenzo
 Marco Leonardi as Fideo
 Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. as President
 Willem Dafoe as Armando Barillo
 Eva Mendes as Ajedrez Barillo
 Danny Trejo as Cucuy
 Tony Valdes as Chicle Boy
 Gerardo Vigil as General Marquez
 Miguel Couturier as Dr. Guevera
 Cheech Marin as Belini
 Julio Oscar Mechoso as Nicholas

References

Other websites 

Official website

2003 action movies
2003 thriller movies
American action movies
American thriller movies
American musical movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
Miramax movies
Movies about revenge
Sequel movies
Spanish-language movies
Mexican action movies
Mexican thriller movies
Movies directed by Robert Rodriguez
Dorothy Mae Kilgallen (July 3, 1913 – November 8, 1965) was an American journalist and television game show panelist. She started as a reporter for Hearst Corporation's New York Evening Journal. In 1938, she began her newspaper column. It was later syndicated for more than 146 papers. Kilgallen was also a regular panelist on the television game show What's My Line in 1950.

Kilgallen's columns had mostly gossip and news about show business. There was also news about organized crime and politics. 

Kilgallen was born in Chicago, Illinois. She died at age fifty-two in Manhattan, New York from a mix of alcohol and barbiturates.

References

1913 births
1965 deaths
Drug-related deaths in the United States
Journalists from Chicago
Martin Ritt (March 2, 1914 – December 8, 1990) was an American movie director and actor. He worked in both movies and theater. He directed many movies including The Long, Hot Summer (1958), Norma Rae (1979) and Stanley & Iris (1990).

Ritt was born in New York City. He died from heart disease in Santa Monica, California.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
American movie directors
Actors from New York City
1914 births
1990 deaths
77 is a natural number that comes after 76 and before 78. It is a palindromic number.

Science  
In science, 77 is:
The atomic number of iridium
The boiling point of nitrogen, in kelvins

References
     

                         
integers
The oriental turtle dove or rufous turtle dove (Streptopelia orientalis) is a member of the bird family Columbidae. That family includes doves and pigeons.

References

Birds of Asia
Doves
National symbols of the Maldives
Elliot's pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti) is a large pheasant. It is native to southeastern China.

References

Birds of China
Phasianidae
The African green pigeon (Treron calvus) is a bird native to Sub-Saharan Africa.

Adult birds have maroon shoulder patches. The shoulder patches are olive in immature birds. They reach a length of 25–28 cm.

Range 
Their range includes Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Eswatini, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

References 

Birds of Africa
Columbiformes
The Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) is a species of grouse. It is endemic to the Great Basin. It looks like the closely related greater sage-grouse but is about a third smaller. It has much thicker plumes behind the head. It also has a less elaborate courtship dance. It lives in the western half of Colorado and eastern Utah. It lives most in the Gunnison Basin region in Colorado.

References

Birds of the United States
Phasianidae
The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is the largest grouse in North America. It lives in the western half of the United States and the Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces. They are larger than a pheasant but smaller than a wild turkey.

They belong to the Phasianidae family. The Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) is the other species in the genus.

Populations 
At one time they numbered in the millions. Because of loss of the loss of sagebrush habitat there are now between 200,000 and 500,000 birds in the western US. They are now being considered for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). In Canada It is estimated their habitat range has been reduced by 90%. They are completely gone from British Columbia. It is estimated the population in Canada was reduced by 88% between 1988 and 2006.
Courtship 
In the spring, during their breeding season, male sage-grouse gather to do their courtship displays. They do this on areas called "leks". As the males dance they make a popping sound. This is done by inflating and deflating their two yellow throat sacs. They display their pointed tail feathers while they strut. As many as a dozen males may dance at the same time. Sometimes two males will fight with their wings. The hens will watch for several days before picking out a mate. They make their nests in the sagebrush. The males do not help with nesting or with raising chicks.

References

Other websites 
 Greater Sage-Grouse, Cornell University
 Greater sage-grouse strut display, YouTube

Birds of North America
Phasianidae
Omar Souleyman (born 1966) is a singer from Syria. 

He began singing professionally in 1994.  He has sung at Syrian weddings. He has made records of his music.  He has made more than 500 live albums.   His success and popularity in Syria led to performances in other countries, starting in 1977.  Those countries  were Canada, Australia, the United States,  and ones in Europe. 

Souleyman is backed by various bands with many different instruments.  "[H]is dizzying use of ululating keyboards, pounding synthesied beats and throaty vocals pays homage to dabke, a `middle Eastern line-dance synonymous with weddings and other celebrations."   According to reviewer Tshepo Mokoena, his songs are all about love and companionship.
Selected discography 
 2015: Bahdeni Nami (Monkeytown)
 2013: Wenu Wenu (Ribbon Music), his first studio recording 
 2011: Haflat Gharbia - The Western Concerts (Sublime Frequencies)
 2011: Leh Jani (2LP,  full-length Syrian tape reissue) (Sham Palace)
 2010: Jazeera Nights (Sublime Frequencies)
 2009: Dabke 2020  (Sublime Frequencies)
 2006: Highway to Hassake (Sublime Frequencies)

References

Other websites 

 
 Ribbon Music Wenu Wenu Artist Page

1966 births
Living people
Syrian people
Singers
Sharon Case (born February 9, 1971) is an American actress and a former model. At age 17, she began working as a model before getting into acting. She is best known for her roles on daytime soap operas. She played Dawn Winthrop in General Hospital. She also played Debbie Simon in As the World Turns. She played Sharon Newman on The Young and the Restless.

Case was born in Detroit, Michigan.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Michigan
1971 births
Living people
Chatsworth, Los Angeles is a neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.

Other websites

 Chatsworth Neighborhood Council
 Chatsworth Historical Society 
 California State Parks Dept. - official Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park website
 LAMountains.com - Santa Susana Pass Historic Park hiking website 
  official Los Angeles City Parks: Chatsworth Park South website 
 Chatsworth crime map and statistics 

Neighborhoods of Los Angeles