Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Underclocking is the process of configuring a computer processor or other electronic circuit to operate at a lower speed than usual. This will reduce the speed of the computer, but it will usually make the battery last longer and the computer will produce less heat. Some computers automatically underclock themselves when the system is not doing a lot of work. For even further battery and heat savings a computer can be undervolted, where the processor is operated at a lower voltage than usual. Other devices such as video cards and smartphones can also be underclocked. The opposite of underclocking is called overclocking, and it is used to increase the speed of the computer but at the cost of battery life (if there is a battery) and heat output.

Computer hardware
Computer processors
Dame Margaret Mary Beckett DBE MP (née Jackson, born 15 January 1943) is a British Labour Party politician.

Beckett was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire. She went to the Notre Dame High School for Girls in Norwich, then to the University of Manchester Institute of Science of Technology.

She was the Member of Parliament for Lincoln from 1974 to 1979. She has been MP for Derby South since 1983. She was Leader of the Opposition from May - July 1994.

Other websites 
 Parliament 
 BBC 

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Lancashire
1943 births
Living people
John Smith may refer to:

John Smith (explorer) (ca. 1580-1631), English explorer
John Smith (Labour Party leader) (1938-1994), British politician
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is a 2011 British-French spy movie. It was directed by Tomas Alfredson.

The movie is based on the 1974 novel Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy by John le Carré. It is set in London in the early 1970s. The story follows the hunt for a Soviet double agent at the top of MI6.

The novel had also been the basis of a 1979 BBC Television miniseries with Alec Guinness in the lead role.

The 2011 movie stars Gary Oldman as George Smiley, with Colin Firth, Tom Hardy, John Hurt, Toby Jones, Mark Strong, Benedict Cumberbatch, Ciarán Hinds, David Dencik and Kathy Burke supporting. It is set in London in the early 1970s.

Related pages 
Kim Philby

Other websites
 

2011 movies
2010s spy movies
2011 thriller movies
British spy movies
British thriller movies
English-language movies
French thriller movies
German thriller movies
American thriller movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in London
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies directed by Tomas Alfredson
Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid. Its salts are known as glutamates. Glutamate are important neurotransmitters. They are important for long-term potentiation, learning and memory. Glutamates are also used as food additives: They make flavour better. The E numbers 620 to 625 have been assigned to the most important glutamates, for example monosodium glutamate. They are commonly found in Convenience food and Asian cuisine.

References

Amino acids
The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution was an addition to the United States Constitution that put a limit on how many times a person could be elected to be President. A person is limited to being elected twice, or once if they have already served more than two years as President. Congress passed the amendment on March 1947. It was ratified on February 27, 1951.

History
The President of the United States is elected to have that position for a period, or "term", that lasts for four years. The Constitution had no limit on how many times a person could be elected as president. The nation’s first president, George Washington chose not to try to be elected for a third term. This suggested that two terms were enough for any president. Washington’s two-term limit became the unwritten rule for all Presidents until 1940.
Criticism and problems
Since 1985, there have been many attempts to either change or remove this amendment. This began when Ronald Reagan was serving his second term as President. Since then, changes have been tried from both Democrats and Republicans. No changes have been made.

There is some debate about how this amendment works with the 12th Amendment. The 12th Amendment limits who can become Vice-President to only people who meet the requirements of being President. The central question in this debate is whether the 22nd Amendment is imposing requirements on eligibility for holding the office of President or if it is merely imposing requirements on being elected to the office of President.

One side of the debate argues that the 22nd Amendment explicitly uses the language "No person shall be elected" and is therefore issuing guidance on elections.  The existence of other means of assuming the office (as enumerated in the 20th Amendment, Section 3 and the 25th Amendment) lends support to this argument.
The other side of the debate argues that the 12th Amendment, in describing how elections are to be carried out, is enumerating additional requirement for holding the office of President.  In support of this side of the argument is the fact that the requirements for holding the office of President are not restricted to Article 2 (where the main requirements like age and citizenship are listed).  For example, impeachment is described in Article 1, Section 3 and upon impeachment, conviction, and removal from office a person becomes ineligible to hold the office in the future.  Similarly, the 14th Amendment establishes a requirement that a President must not have fought against the United States or given aid and comfort to its enemies. These amendments suggest a pattern of enumerating additional requirements for the presidency and proponents of this side of the debate would argue that the 22nd Amendment was intended to add yet another requirement.
Since no president who has served two terms has ever tried to be vice-president, this situation has not yet been decided by the courts.

People affected
Harry S Truman became President because of the death of Roosevelt. He served most of Roosevelt's last term as President. This would have limited him to being elected only one time, but he was not affected since the amendment did not affect the person who was the current President when the amendment was originally proposed by Congress. Since this provision could only have applied to Truman, it was an obvious effort not to limit him. Truman did win the election in 1948 but ended his try to be President in 1952 before the election began.

Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President in 1952 and won a second term in 1956. He therefore became the first President not allowed to run again because of the amendment.
Lyndon B. Johnson is the only president so far who could have served more than 8 years under this amendment. He became President in 1963 after John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He served the last 14 months of Kennedy's term. Because this was less than two years, he was allowed to be elected for two additional terms. He won the first term in 1964, but chose not to run for a second full term before the elections in 1968.

Richard M. Nixon became the second person not allowed to run again for President when he won the elections in 1968 and 1972, but he was forced to resign due to the Watergate scandal 19 months into his second term. Gerald Ford became President in 1974 after Nixon left office. Ford served the last 29 months of Nixon's term. This meant he could only be elected as president once, but he lost the election to Jimmy Carter in 1976 and did not try to become President again.

Ronald Reagan became the third President to be not allowed to run again after he won the elections in 1980 and 1984.
Out of the U.S. Presidents that are still alive as of , Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama cannot be elected again because of this amendment. All of them were elected twice. Jimmy Carter, Donald Trump and Joe Biden can be elected president again as they have been elected only once.

Text of the 22nd Amendment
 This section is the text of the amendment in its original English. It is not in Simple English.
Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

Section 2. This Article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

References 

22
Cats & Dogs is a 2001 family action comedy movie of Talking Aninals with CGI Moving Mouths. It had a sequel called Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore (2010).

Sources

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

2000s family movies
2001 action movies
2001 comedy movies
2001 movies
Movies about cats
Movies about dogs
American movies
Australian movies
Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore is a 2010 family action comedy movie. It was directed by Brad Peyton. It is the sequel to Cats & Dogs.

Sources

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 

2010 action movies
2010 comedy movies
2010s action comedy movies
Family movies
Movies about cats
Movies about dogs
American action comedy movies
A thermosetting polymer, also known as a thermoset, is polymer material that irreversibly cures. The curing may be done by: 
 heat (generally above ) 
 a chemical reaction (two-part epoxy, for example) 
 irradiation such as electron beam processing

Thermoset materials are usually liquid or malleable before curing, so they can be molded into their final form. Others are used as adhesives. Others are solids. Some solid thermosetting polymers are used as molding compound in semiconductors and integrated circuits (IC). Once hardened a thermoset resin cannot be reheated and melted back to a liquid form.
Process
The curing process transforms the resin into a plastic or rubber by a cross-linking process.  Energy and/or catalysts are added that cause the molecular chains to react at chemically active sites (unsaturated or epoxy sites, for example), linking into a rigid, 3-D structure. The cross-linking forms a molecule with a larger molecular weight, resulting in a material with a higher melting point.  During the reaction, the polymer's molecular weight increases to the point that its melting point is higher than the surrounding ambient temperature. So, the material forms into a solid material.

Uncontrolled reheating of the material results in reaching the decomposition temperature before the melting point is reached.  So, a thermoset material cannot be melted and re-shaped after it is cured.  This implies that thermosets cannot be recycled, except as filler material.
Properties
Thermoset materials are generally stronger than thermoplastic materials due to this three dimensional network of bonds (cross-linking). Thermoset materials are also better suited to high-temperature applications up to the decomposition temperature. However, they are more brittle. Many thermosetting polymers are difficult to recycle.

Related pages
 Vulcanization
 Fusion bonded epoxy coating
 Thermoplastic

References 

Polymers
Emperor Taizong of Tang (born Li Shimin, January 23, 599 – July 10, 649) was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China. He was the emperor who conquered all of China under Tang control. His ancestral name is Taizong. His rule of the Tang Dynasty earned him the nickname of "Rome of the East" by the Romans. His throne name was Zhenguan. This was considered one of the best times of rule in China. Taizong had three siblings: two brothers and a sister. They were: Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji and Princess Pingyang. 

599 births
649 deaths
Emperors of Tang Dynasty
The Death of General Wolfe is a painting by Anglo-American artist Benjamin West.  

The painting shows the death of British General James Wolfe during the Battle of Quebec of the Seven Years' War in 1759. The painting is an oil on canvas of the Age of Enlightenment. West made the painting in 1770. It is now in the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa.

Related pages
 The Death of the Earl of Chatham

References

1770s paintings
American paintings
The Polo Grounds was a sports stadium in New York City. It was actually the name of four different stadiums, which were all located in New York. The first Polo Grounds was the home of the New York Metropolitans baseball team from 1880 to 1885, and the New York Giants also played there. When this stadium was destroyed in 1889, the Giants moved to a new stadium, which they also called the Polo Grounds. Finally, in 1890, the Giants moved to the final version of the Polo Grounds, where they stayed until 1957. The New York Mets played at the Polo Grounds for two years after the Giants moved to San Francisco. The New York Giants and New York Jets football teams also played at the Polo Grounds, and the New York Yankees played there before Yankee Stadium was built. The Polo Grounds was torn down in 1964, and apartment buildings are now on the site.

Baseball stadiums
Former Major League Baseball venues
Sports buildings in New York City
New York Mets
San Francisco Giants
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
Framly Nainggolan (born in Jakarta, Indonesia, July 29, 1984) is an actor from Indonesia. He played in several movies such as Jenglot Pantai Selatan (2011). He is the winner of the competition of L-Men Of The Year 2005.

Filmography 
 Jenglot Pantai Selatan (2011)

References

Other websites 
 Profile at Indonesianfilmcenter.com 

1984 births
Living people
Actors from Jakarta
The Death of the Earl of Chatham is the title of a 1781 oil-on-canvas painting by Boston-born American artist John Singleton Copley. 

The painting shows the fallen body of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham on 7 April 1778, during a debate in the House of Lords on the American War of Independence. The painting includes fifty-five portraits.

Related pages
 The Death of General Wolfe

References

1780s paintings
American paintings
The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a model with four layers which is for both modelling current Internet architecture, as well as providing a set a rules that govern  all forms of transmission over a network. DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense,created it in the 1970s. It evolved from ARPANET, which was an early wide area network and a predecessor of the Internet. The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the Internet Model or less often the DoD Model.

This model was being made at the same time as the OSI Model was created. The TCP/IP model is not the same as the OSI Model, however it was influenced by the model, which is why many names of the different layers are the same.
The TCP/IP model describes a set of general design guidelines and implementations of specific networking protocols to enable computers to communicate over a network.  TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination.  Protocols exist for a variety of different types of communication services between computers.

TCP/IP has four abstraction layers as defined in RFC 1122: link layer, IP layer, transport layer and  application layer. People often compare this layer architecture with the seven-layer OSI Reference Model; using terms such as Internet reference model. This is incorrect, however, because it is descriptive while the OSI Reference Model was intended to be prescriptive, hence being a reference model.

The TCP/IP model and related protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

Internet protocols
Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine. A chiropractor is a person who went to school to learn chiropractic. Chiropractors may diagnose and treat many conditions relating to muscles, joints, and nerves of the body. They may give what is called an "adjustment" to the body. An adjustment is a fast short push to an area of the patient's spine or other joints to help their condition. Chiropractors do not use drugs to treat patients. They use natural treatments such as nutrition, exercise, physical therapy, adjustments, and massage in order to help their patients.

Chiropractic has changed since it was created over 100 years ago because chiropractors learn new facts and do new research. Chiropractors have many different ways to treat their patients. They all use drug free treatments. Chiropractic is best known for helping people with spine pain, but chiropractors can also help other problems. There has been a debate as to whether or not chiropractic is classified as Pseudoscience.

Alternative medicine
Christopher Alan "Chris" Pallies (November 7, 1957 – March 5, 2019) better known by his ring name, King Kong Bundy, was an American stand-up comedian, actor and professional wrestler. He was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation. He won a Slammy Award in 1987 for the Bobby "The Brain" Heenan Scholarship Award. While he was signed to the WWF, Bundy had numerous feuds with Andre the Giant, Hulk Hogan and The Undertaker.

Bundy died at his home in Glassboro, New Jersey on March 5, 2019, aged 61.

Championships
Bundy held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

AWA Superstars of Wrestling
AWA Superstars of Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Continental Wrestling Association
AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship  (1 time)
AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Rick Rude

Georgia Championship Wrestling
NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with The Masked Superstar

International Pro Wrestling
IPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Maryland Championship Wrestling
MCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

NWA New York
NWA New York Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Top Rope Wrestling
TRW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

World Class Championship Wrestling
NWA American Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
NWA American Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Bill Irwin (1) and Bugsy McGraw (1)

World Wrestling Federation
Slammy Award for Bobby "The Brain" Heenan  Scholarship Award (1987) with Haku, Tama, André The Giant, Hercules, and Harley Race
World Wide Wrestling Alliance
WWWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

References

Other websites
King Kong Bundy's WWE alumni profile

1957 births
2019 deaths
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Former WWE wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Apostatic selection is frequency-dependent selection by predators. It applies when prey are two or more forms (morphs) which look quite different. This is a kind of polymorphic species, where the predator learns to select the more common form. Then there is an advantage in looking different, and this advantage keeps the frequency above the mutation rate. The second form, or 'morph', becomes better known by predators as its number increases. So the population tends to have a kind of balance between the frequency of the two morphs.

Apostatic selection is similar to the idea of prey switching. Apostatic selection is the term used when the different forms are genetic morphs. In comparison, 'prey switching' is used when describing the predator's choice between different species.

References 

Evolutionary biology
The term above mean sea level (AMSL) is the elevation or altitude used by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach.  It is also used in aviation, where most heights are recorded and reported in AMSL (see flight level), and in the atmospheric sciences.
Definition
A "mean sea level" is imaginary. It is not possible to know the average sea level for the entire planet. The sea level also changes over time when measured in the same place. The sea moves, high and low pressure zones affect the height, tides change the sea level, and local difference in gravity all affect the sea level. People can only pick a spot and calculate the mean sea level at that point and use it as a datum. For example, the British Ordnance Survey uses a datum based on the measurements of mean sea level at a gauge at Newlyn, Cornwall from 1915 to 1921 for their maps of Great Britain. This datum is actually about 80 cm different from the mean sea level reading on the other side of the country. An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire earth. GPS and other satellite systems do this. In aviation, the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define mean sea level.  Another alternative is to use a geoid based datum such as NAVD88.
References

Physical geography
Geodesy
The protozoan Trichomonas gallinae is a cosmopolitan parasite found in birds. It most often infects pigeons and doves, but can also affect other birds such as domestic and wild turkeys, chickens and birds of prey. The disease in pigeons is commonly called canker. A similar parasite in falcons is called "frounce".

References

Parasites
Protozoa
Only Connect is a British television quiz show. It was first shown on BBC Four on 15 September 2008. It is presented by Victoria Coren Mitchell. The programme is in the form of a tournament. Teams have to find connections between clues. Radio Timess listings describe it as "a game of patience and lateral thinking".

The phrase "only connect" was first used as the epigraph to E. M. Forster's 1910 novel Howards End.

Format
Each programme has two teams of three people. They have four rounds of gameplay. In the first three series, clues in Rounds 1 and 2 and the connecting walls in Round 3 are were shown by Greek letters. From series 4 Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs have been used instead. Coren joked that this was because the Greek letters were too pretentious.
Round 1: Connections
Teams are given up to four clues. They then try to understand the connection between them. Teams are allowed 40 seconds to guess. The team is first shown one clue. They may ask for the other three clues at any time within the 40 seconds. The team may press their buzzer to guess after the first clue for 5 points, the second for 3, the third for 2, or the fourth for 1. If the team guesses wrong, or fails to buzz within the 40 seconds allowed, the question is given to the other team for a bonus point. The other team will be shown all the clues. There is often one puzzle out of the six with pictures. Another puzzle will use pieces of music.
Round 2: Sequences
Each set of clues is now a sequence. Teams must try to work out the fourth item in the sequence. They do this with as few clues as they can. They must tell Coren the last item in the sequence. They will score points even if their theory for the connection is wrong. Like in the first round, each team will play three sets. Like in the first round, if one team fails to guess, it is given to the other team. They can see any clues there are left and earn one point by guessing correctly. There's one puzzle in this round that uses pictures and more recently music clues have been used in this round.
Each team is given a wall of 16 clues and must work out the solution, which will be four groups of four connected items. The puzzles are designed to suggest more connections than actually exist. Some clues look like they fit into more than one category. Teams score 1 point for each group found within 2 minutes 30 seconds. They may make all the guesses they want until they have identified two of the four groups, but have only three guesses for the remaining connections. Teams can then score 1 additional point for identifying the connection within each group, even if they did not spot them earlier. Two bonus points, for a total of ten, are earned for getting everything right. On 1 March 2010, an interactive online version of this round was put on the Only Connect website. In the Summer of 2011, the website let viewers put their own connecting walls up. Not all good connecting walls are put on the website. Connecting walls are now put on the website at the same time as they are shown on the television
. The Connecting Wall is the most popular round on the show.
Round 4: Missing Vowels
In a final buzzer round, the teams are shown a series of word puzzles. Each puzzle is a word or phrase with the vowels removed and the spaces moved to disguise the original words. The connection between the puzzles is told before the puzzles are shown.

Teams score 1 point for each puzzle they get right, but lose 1 point for guessing wrong or don't give an answer if they buzz in. After a wrong answer the other team can take a guess. The team with the most points at the end of the game goes on to the next round of the tournament. If teams are tied, then a single puzzle is given to the captains of each team with no category given. If a captain correctly buzzes in with the correct answer first then their team wins, but an incorrect answer automatically loses the game.

Transmissions

Original series

Specials
Specials

The Wheelmen: Rev Richard Coles, Adam Hart-Davis and Grub Smith
The Larks: Michael Bywater, Sir Andrew Motion and Stuart Maconie
University Challengers: Alex Guttenplan, Jenny Harris and Josh Scott
The Treesome: Brian Sewell, Adam Hart-Davis and Grub Smith
Great Believers: Nick Hornby, Joan Bakewell and John Lloyd
Free Speakers: Ian Hislop, Simon Singh and John Sessions

Champions
Series 1: Crossworders (Mark Grant, David Stainer, Ian Bayley)
Series 2: Rugby Boys (Richard Parnell, Guy Dermody, Mark Labbett)
Series 3: Gamblers (Jenny Ryan, Dave Bill, Alan Gibbs)
Series 4: Epicureans (David Brewis, Katie Bramall-Stainer, Aaron Bell)
Series 5: Analysts (Paul Steeples, David Lea, William De Ath)
Series 1 vs. Series 2: Crossworders
Series 3 vs. Series 4: Epicureans
Champion of Champions (Series 1/2 winner vs. Series 3/4 winner): Crossworders

References

Other websites
Other websites

2008 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
BBC Television programmes
British television game shows
Panel games
Television quiz shows
English-language television programs
Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods. They are largely responsible for generating skin and eye color in cold-blooded animals.

Some species can rapidly change color so as to keep in camouflage, or to signal. They do this by moving pigment and reflective plates in chromatophores. This process is called physiological color change. Cephalopods such as octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this. The display is under central nervous control based usually on input from the eyes.

Vertebrates such as chameleons get a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals can be hormones or neurotransmitters. They may be started by changes in mood, temperature, stress or visible changes around the animal.

Cephalopod chromatophores
Colleoid cephalopods have complex organs which they use to change color rapidly. This is seen in squid, cuttlefish and octopuses. Each chromatophore unit is a single chromatophore cell and muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells. Inside the chromatophore cell, pigment granules are in an elastic sac. To change color the animal changes the sac form or size by muscular contraction. This changes its appearance. This differs from the mechanism used in fish, amphibians and reptiles, because the shape of the sac is being changed rather than pigment being moved in the cell. However, a similar effect is achieved.

Octopuses can operate chromatophores in complex, wavelike displays, giving rapidly changing color schemes. The nerves that operate the chromatophores are thought to be positioned in the brain in a pattern similar to that of the chromatophores they each control. This may explain why, as the neurons are activated one after another, the color change occurs in waves.
Like chameleons, cephalopods use color change for social interaction. They are also among the most skilled at camouflage, with the ability to match both the color and the texture of their local environment with remarkable accuracy.

References 

Physiology
UGK Records is an American record label. It was created by Chad Butler, rapper Pimp C, immediately following his release from prison in 2006. The music production company is named after Pimp C’s rap group UGK (UnderGround Kingz). The label was in the process of finalizing a distribution deal when Pimp C was found dead in his West Hollywood hotel room. UGK Records was managed by Pimp C’s mother, Weslyn Monroe, known as Mama Wes. The label is now being managed by Pimp C’s son.

Artists
Artists signed to the label include:

17 The Hogg
AZ Hustlerz
Bankroll Jonez
Big Bubb
Bryn King
Codaq
Da Underdawgz
Deezy
Dub-G
Hezeleo
Ivory P
Izzy
Lil Corey
Texodus
X-Mob

References

UGK Videos

American record labels
Tree ferns are a large group of ferns with tree-like form. They are part of a subclass of ferns which is monophyletic by DNA sequence analysis.

The tree-ferns and some other ferns with creeping rhizome stems make up the Cyatheales group of ferns (as a sub-class or order). The tree-like habit has evolved a number of times in this group. They can grow up to 20 metres tall, with their large fronds at the top. Many are much shorter, however. 

The coal forests of the Lower Jurassic were mainly formed by tree ferns and cycads. Tree ferns were probably food for Ankylosaurs in the Upper Jurassic, as were cycads.
Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas as well as temperate rainforests in Australia, New Zealand, and other island groups nearby. A few genera extend further, such as Culcita in southern Europe. Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores developed in sporangia on the undersides of the fronds. The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large, and multiple-divided fronds. The young fronds of ferns emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow.

Unlike flowering plants, tree ferns do not form new woody tissue in their trunk as they grow. Rather, the trunk is supported by a fibrous mass of roots that expands as the tree fern grows.

It is not certain how many species of tree fern there are but it is likely to be around a thousand. New species are discovered in New Guinea with each botanical survey. Many species must have become extinct in the last century as forest habitats were cut down.

References 

Pteridophyta
George Eastman (July 12, 1854 - March 14, 1932) was an American inventor and businessman.

Eastman was born in Waterville, New York. He founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film. This made photography popular and led to other men inventing film stock. His Kodak company still runs today, but more focused on printers and printing.

Eastman shot himself dead in Rochester, New York.

References 

American inventors
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Suicides by firearm in the United States
1854 births
1932 deaths
Pervasive developmental disorder is an autistic spectrum disorder. The full name for this condition is pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. It is also known as atypical autism.

Autism
Pervasive developmental disorders
Eric Lloyd (born David Eric Lloyd Morelli on May 19, 1986) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his role as Charlie Calvin in The Santa Clause movie series.

Other websites 

Actors from Glendale, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
1986 births
Living people
Sonic Youth is an American rock band from New York City. The band was formed in 1981. In the beginning of their career, the band was associated with the underground art and music scene in New York City, No Wave. Sonic Youth was part of the first wave of American noise rock groups, but made their own interpretation of hardcore punk sound. Critics consider Sonic Youth as an important element in the rise of indie rock movements. The band members are: Thurston Moore (guitar and vocals), Kim Gordon (bass, vocals, and guitar), Lee Ranaldo (guitar and vocals), Steve Shelley (drums), and Mark Ibold (guitar and bass).

Discography
Studio albums
Sonic Youth (1982)
Confusion Is Sex (1983)
Bad Moon Rising (1985)
EVOL (1986)
Sister (1987)
Daydream Nation (1988)
Goo (1990)
Dirty (1992)
Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star (1994)
Washing Machine (1995)
A Thousand Leaves (1998)
NYC Ghosts & Flowers (2000)
Murray Street (2002)
Sonic Nurse (2004)
Rather Ripped (2006)
The Eternal (2009)

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Sonic Youth – official website 
Sonic Youth live recordings archive 

1980s establishments in New York (state)
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American punk bands
American rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from New York City
Leroy "Goldy" Goldsworthy (October 18, 1908 – March 16, 1980) was an American ice hockey player. He played 11 seasons in the NHL. Goldsworthy won the Stanley Cup while a member of the Chicago Black Hawks in 1934. Goldsworthy along with Rosario Couture were given the task of helping identify the body of their Black Hawks teammate Jack Leswick when Leswicks body was pulled out of the Assiniboine River in August 1934.

Other websites
 
 

1908 births
1980 deaths
American ice hockey right wingers
Boston Bruins players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Americans players
New York Rangers players
Stanley Cup champions
Sportspeople from Minnesota
The following is a list of the 34 communes of the Martinique overseas department of France.

(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération du Centre de la Martinique, created in 2001.

Martinique
The Jerk is a 1979 American comedy movie. It starred Steve Martin in his first movie role. Martin also wrote the movie with Carl Gottlieb and Michael Elias. The movie was directed by Carl Reiner.

Other websites 

1979 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Mississippi

St. Louis, Missouri
Movies directed by Carl Reiner
The Porsche 944 is a front engine four cylinder sports car. Porsche built the car from 1983 until 1991.

944
The Porsche 924 is a sports car built by Porsche of Germany. It was made from 1976 to 1988.

In 2017 a stolen 1979 Porsche 924 stolen in 1991 was found after 25 years

References

924
Jemaah Islamiah  (, al-Jamāʿat ul-Islāmíyatu, meaning "Islamic Congregation", frequently abbreviated JI), is a Southeast Asian militant Islamic organization. It wants the creation of an Islamic caliphate (Daulah Islamiyah)  in Southeast Asia. It would include Indonesia, Malaysia, the southern Philippines, Singapore and Brunei.  JI was added to the United Nations 1267 Committee's list of terrorist organizations linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban on 25 October 2002 under UN Security Council Resolution 1267.

References

Islamic organizations
Terrorism
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Organizations based in Indonesia
Smosh is a web-based comedy duo. The members are Ian Hecox and Anthony Padilla who have been on YouTube since 2005. Today they have over 5 different channels, over 300 videos on their main channel and over 10 million subscribers.

History
Smosh started as early as 2001 when Anthony created a website named smosh.com and started adding flash videos. Shortly after Ian joined him.

They both started their famous YouTube channel Smosh in November 2005 uploading the Pokemon Theme Song which eventually gained 25 million views which was, at the time, the most viewed video on YouTube, however six months later into the fame the video was removed for copyright reasons.

Later on in March 2007 though, a user named Andi2000 re-uploaded the video and today, it has 15 million views. Smosh also re-made the video in November 2010 changing the lyrics a little bit so it wouldn't be removed again.
In 2009 smosh.com had a major redesign. Adding a games section and an extras and bloopers for their skit. 2010 also a new iSHUT UP app available on the App Store and Google Play and three new web-series': Ask Charlie, Lunchtime with Smosh and Ian is Bored.

In January 2013 Smosh became the most subscribed channel on the internet beating Ray William Johnson.

Nowadays, their skits are more general and advanced.

Channels

Smosh
The head channel where Padilla and Hecox post new skits every Friday.
IanH
IanH is their second channel which was originally just Hecox's personal channel for unscripted vlogs and such. It's now known for Ian is Bored, where the two do random things and sometimes also do mail times and foreign food tests, Lunchtime with Smosh, where Padilla and Hecox go out to various restaurants to eat different foods and answer twitter questions and Smosh Pit Weekly, a show that features different pieces and internet memes, hosted by the alternative worker, Mari Takahashi. Smosh Pit Weekly is posted every Saturday, while Ian is Bored is posted every second Monday with Lunchtime with Smosh during the other Mondays.

AnthonyPadilla
Padilla's personal channel, where he does unscheduled vlogs.

WatchUsLiveAndStuff
Padilla and his girlfriend Kalel made this channel on June 9, 2013 and have been posting vlogs on here since.
AskCharlie
Based on the January 2010 skit Charlie the Drunk Guinea Pig. This is a channel where Charlie answers questions asked by users. This show ran from January 2010 until December 2011 before he was killed off because it was too hard for Smosh to keep up.

ElSmosh
ElSmosh is the Spanish version of Smosh where Padilla and Hecox post the Spanish version of Smosh Pit Weekly, El Smosh Pit de la Semana, on Wednesdays, and post a Spanish skit on Sundays, both two days after the English version.

Shut Up! Cartoons
An animated web-series animated by different animators, post different videos Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday.

SmoshGames
Smosh's gaming channel, with two new videos every day except for Saturday when they only post one video.

SmoshCast

Podcast created by Smosh as part of being bought by Mythical Entertainment

References

American YouTubers
Comedians from California
Podcasters
Geophysics () is the physics of the Earth and its environment in space. It is also the study of the Earth by measuring things and collecting data. Sometimes geophysics means studying the geology of the earth such as its shape, gravitational and magnetic field, internal structure and composition. It may also mean how they create plate tectonics, magma, volcanism and rock formations.

Some geophysicists now also study the hydrological cycle including snow and ice. They study how the oceans and the atmosphere move. They study electricity and magnetism in the atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. How the earth and sun affect each other is also part of geophysics.
Geophysics was only recognized as a special area of study in the 19th century. But, there were geophysicists in ancient history. The first magnetic compasses were made in the fourth century BC and the first seismoscope was built in 132 BC. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox. Instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as parts of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean.

Studying geophysics may help with problems such as mineral resources, reducing natural hazards, and protecting the environment. Geophysical survey data help find petroleum reservoirs, mineral deposits, groundwater, and archaeological relics. Such data can also tell the thickness of glaciers and soils, and tell which areas have environmental damage that should be fixed and avoided to visit.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites 
 A reference manual for near-surface geophysics techniques and applications
 Commission on Geophysical Risk and Sustainability (GeoRisk), International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) 
 Study of the Earth's Deep Interior, a Committee of IUGG
 Union Commissions (IUGG)
 USGS Geomagnetism Program

subfields of geology
Subfields of physics
is the capital city of  Yamanashi Prefecture in Japan.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2000.

History

Kōfu's name means "capital of Kai Province". During the Sengoku period, it was the stronghold of Takeda Shingen.

Special places 
 Kai-Zenkō temple
 Maizuru Castle Park
 Takeda Shrine
 Yumura Spa
 Yamanashi Science Museum

People from Kōfu
 Hidetoshi Nakata, football player who last played with Bolton Wanderers in the Premier League. He retired following World Cup 2006.
 Naoko Takeuchi, Creator of Sailor Moon and other comics.

Sports
A J-League football team, Ventforet Kofu is based in Kōfu. Their home ground is the Kose Sports Stadium.

Sister cities
  Cheongju, South Korea
  Chengdu, China
  Des Moines, Iowa, USA
  Lodi, California, USA
  Pau, France, France
  Yamatokoriyama, Nara, Japan

References

Other websites
 Kōfu official website - Japanese
 Yamanashi International Association - English

Cities in Chūbu
Settlements in Yamanashi Prefecture
is a city on Awaji Island in Hyōgo, Japan. The city was founded on February 11, 1940.

Sumoto city is famous for many foods, for example: Awaji onions, Naruto oranges, and Kobe Beef.

Bicycle rental scheme
Sumoto runs runs a cheap electric bike rental program with Awaji and Minami Awaji. It is to help visitors stay for more than one day and explore the island.

References

Other websites
 Sumoto official website

Cities in Hyōgo Prefecture
The mourning collared dove (Streptopelia decipiens) is a pigeon that lives in Africa, south of Sahara. Despite its name, it is not a close relative of the North American mourning dove (Zenaida macroura). This species is found most near water.

References

Doves
Birds of Africa
A Diplôme d'études universitaires générales (DEUG) is the French certificate given to a university student after he has completed two years of study. It was created in 1973.

References 

Qualifications
Education in France
The Netherlands Bridge League (; NBB) is an association of bridge clubs in the Netherlands. It was founded in 1930.

Other websites 
Official website

1930 establishments in Europe
Bridge federations
Sport in the Netherlands
1930s establishments in the Netherlands
Organizations based in the Netherlands
Lugo is a city of the autonomous community of Galicia (Spain). It is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. Lugo is the only city in the world to be surrounded by completely intact Roman walls.

The city is in the northwest of Spain. It is capital city of the Province of Lugo. 

Capital cities in Spain
Municipalities in Galicia
Province of Lugo
World Heritage Sites in Spain
The Porsche 928 was a car built by Porsche in Germany. It had an aluminum V8 engine. It was made famous in movies such as Scarface, Risky Business and Leonard.

928
Milton "Milt, Curly" Brink (November 26, 1910 – October 31, 1999) was an American ice hockey player. He played 5 games in the NHL, all with the Chicago Black Hawks. Brink spent most of his ice hockey career in the American Hockey Association where he played a combined 5 seasons.

Career statistics

Other websites
 

1910 births
1999 deaths
American Hockey Association (1926–42) players
American ice hockey centers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Sportspeople from Minnesota
People from Hibbing, Minnesota
Andrew John Hilbert (born February 6, 1981) is an American former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League. He was drafted with the 37th overall pick by the Boston Bruins in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. Hilbert has also played 3 seasons with the Boston Bruins, 1 season with the Chicago Blackhawks, 1 season with the Pittsburgh Penguins and 1 season with the Minnesota Wild.

Other websites 

1981 births
Living people
American ice hockey centers
Boston Bruins players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Minnesota Wild players
New York Islanders players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Providence Bruins players
Sportspeople from Michigan
American Hockey League players
United States Hockey League players
A Hilbert space is a mathematical concept covering the extra-dimensional use of Euclidean space—i.e., a space with more than three dimensions. A Hilbert space uses the mathematics of two and three dimensions to try and describe what happens in greater than three dimensions. It is named after David Hilbert.

Vector algebra and calculus are methods normally used in the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and three-dimensional space. In Hilbert spaces, these methods can be used with any finite or infinite number of dimensions. A Hilbert space is a vector space that has the structure of an inner product that allows length and angle to be measured. Hilbert spaces also have to be complete, which means that enough limits have to exist for calculus to work.

The earliest Hilbert spaces were studied in the first decade of the 20th century by David Hilbert, Erhard Schmidt, and Frigyes Riesz. John von Neumann first came up with the name "Hilbert Space". Hilbert space methods made a big difference to functional analysis.
Hilbert spaces show up a lot in mathematics, physics, and engineering, often as infinite-dimensional function spaces.  They are especially useful for studying partial differential equations, quantum mechanics, Fourier analysis (which includes signal processing and heat transfer). Hilbert spaces are used in ergodic theory which is the mathematical basis of thermodynamics. All normal Euclidean spaces are also Hilbert spaces. Other examples of Hilbert spaces include spaces of square-integrable functions, spaces of sequences, Sobolev spaces made up of generalized functions, and Hardy spaces of holomorphic functions.

References

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 ; originally published Monografje Matematyczne, vol. 7, Warszawa, 1937.
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Other websites

 Hilbert space at Mathworld
 245B, notes 5: Hilbert spaces by Terence Tao

Calculus
Quantum mechanics
Christian Laflamme (born November 24, 1976 in St-Charles, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman that played a combined 10 seasons in the NHL. He was drafted with the 45th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. Laflamme played 3 seasons with the Chicago Blackhawks before being traded along with Daniel Cleary, Ethan Moreau and Chad Kilger to the Edmonton Oilers for Boris Mironov, Dean McAmmond and Jonas Elofsson. He only played 2 seasons with the Oilers before being traded along with Matthieu Descoteaux to the Montreal Canadiens for Igor Ulanov and Alain Nasreddine. After playing 2 seasons with the Canadiens, he signed a contract with the St. Louis Blues.

Other websites
Other websites 
 

1976 births
American Hockey League players
Beauport Harfangs players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Edmonton Oilers players
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Portland Pirates players
St. Louis Blues players
Verdun Collège Français players
Worcester IceCats players
Colson Baker born April 22, 1990), known professionally as Machine Gun Kelly (abbreviated as MGK), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, musician and actor. 

He is currently signed to Sean Combs' Bad Boy Records and Interscope Records. He was also named the Hottest Breakthrough MC of 2011 by MTV on December 14, 2011. His song "Invincible" featuring co-writer and singer Ester Dean is the official theme song of WrestleMania XXVIII.

Since May 2020, he has been in a relationship with actress Megan Fox. On January 12, 2022, Fox announced that the two were engaged.

Discography

Studio albums

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1990 births
Living people
Rappers from Ohio
Actors from Cleveland
Actors from Shaker Heights, Ohio
Pop rappers