Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Doctor explains to the patient what has happened; including identifies the sites and causes of pain. He makes clear that the pain will, in almost all cases, disappear over the time or at least will be greatly reduced. If there is a partner, doctor explains him also the causes and treatment and encourages him to be supportive. Doctor removes the source of pain when needed. He encourages the patient to learn about her body, to explore her own anatomy and learn how she likes to be caressed and touched. Doctor  encourages the couple to add pleasant, sexually exciting experiences to their regular interactions, such as bathing together (in which the primary goal is not cleanliness), mutual caressing without sexual act, and using sexual books, pictures, and videos. In couples where a woman is preparing to receive vagina act, such activities tend to increase both lubrication of vagina and its dilation, both of which decrease friction and pain
. Prior to sexual act, oral sex may also prove very useful to relax and lubricate the vagina (providing both partners are comfortable with it). Doctor prescribes very large amounts of water-soluble lubricant during sexual act. He discourages petroleum jelly. Moisturizing skin lotion may be recommended as an alternative lubricant, unless the patient is using a condom or other latex product. Lubricant should be liberally applied (two tablespoons full) to both the penis and the orifice of the vagina. A folded bath towel under the receiving partner's hips helps prevent spillage on bedclothes. Doctor instructs the receiving partner to take the penis of the penetrating partner in their hand and control insertion themselves, rather than letting the penetrating partner do it.
For those who have pain on deep penetration because of pelvic injury or disease, doctor recommends a change in sex positions to one admitting less penetration. In women receiving vaginal penetration maximum vaginal penetration is achieved when the receiving woman lies on her back with her pelvis rolled up off the bed, compressing her thighs tightly against her chest with her calves over the penetrating partner's shoulders. Minimal penetration occurs when a receiving woman lies on her back with her legs extended flat on the bed and close together while her partner's legs straddle hers.
 A manual physical therapy  treating pelvis and vagina sticking together may decrease or eliminate pain during sexual act.
Related conditions 
 Vaginismus
 Endometriosis

References

Other websites 
 Sandra Risa Leiblum, Ph.D. sexual act/ Sexual Pain Disorders - Painful sexual act
 WhenSexHurts - a support community for couples struggling with intimacy due to disability

Sexual acts
Neem  is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is native to India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Pakistan. It grows in tropical and semi-tropical regions. It was also the state tree of Hyderabad Deccan.

Neem is a fast-growing tree in India that can reach up to 15–20 m (about 50–65 feet) tall, and sometimes even to 35–40 m (115–131 feet). It is evergreen. It is found in some major parts of Tamil nadu like tuticorin,tirunelveli ,etc.

Uses 
Products made from neem have been used in India for over two millennia for their medicinal properties. They are said to be antifungal, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral, contraceptive and sedative. Neem products are also used in selectively controlling pests in plants. Neem is considered a part of Ayurvedic medicine.
Neem is also known as the' village pharmacy'. All parts of neem are used for preparing many different medicines, especially for skin disease.
 A compound from the Neem tree can be used as a spermicide .
 Neem oil is used for preparing cosmetics (soap and shampoo, ozone as well as lotions and others), and is useful for skin care such as acne treatment.  Neem oil has been used effectively as a mosquito repellent.
 Neem is useful for damaging over 500 types of insects, mites, ticks, and nematodes, by changing the way they grow and act. Neem does not normally kill pests right away, rather it slows their growth and drives them away. As neem products are cheap and not poisonous to animals and friendly insects, they are good for pest control
In the UK, plant protection products that contain azadirachtin, the active ingredient of neem oil, are illegal.

References

Meliaceae
Plants of Asia
Jun Suzuki can refer to:
 Jun Suzuki (footballer, born 1961) – Japanese footballer
 Jun Suzuki (born in 1989) – Japanese footballer
Jorge López Montaña (born 19 September 1978) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Real Zaragoza.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Logroñés||rowspan="2"|Segunda División||9||2
|-
|1998/99||5||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Villarreal||Segunda División||29||7
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|La Liga||35||8
|-
|2001/02||34||7
|-
|2002/03||36||8
|-
|2003/04||Valencia||La Liga||26||4
|-
|2004/05||Mallorca||La Liga||29||1
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Valencia||rowspan="2"|La Liga||5||0
|-
|2006/07||14||0
|-
|2007/08||Racing Santander||La Liga||35||6
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Real Zaragoza||Segunda División||38||7
|-
|2009/10||La Liga||||
295||50
295||50
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Mazarópi (born 27 January 1953) is a former Brazilian football player.

References

1953 births
Living people
Brazilian association football goalkeepers
is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|NTT Kanto||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||19||0||||||1||0||20||0
|-
|1990/91||24||0||||||2||0||26||0
|-
|1991/92||Sumitomo Metal||JSL Division 2||15||0||||||2||0||17||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="6"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||2||0||6||0||8||0
|-
|1993||22||2||1||0||5||0||28||2
|-
|1994||30||1||1||0||1||0||32||1
|-
|1995||30||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|1996||1||0||0||0||10||1||11||1
|-
|1997||11||0||0||0||5||0||16||0
|-
|1998||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
153||3||7||0||32||0||192||3
153||3||7||0||32||0||192||3
|}

References

1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Kashima Antlers managers
Ayila Yussuf (born 4 November 1984) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Dynamo Kyiv and Nigeria national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="7"|Dynamo Kyiv||rowspan="7"|Premier League||1||0
|-
|2004/05||16||3
|-
|2005/06||14||3
|-
|2006/07||21||2
|-
|2007/08||15||1
|-
|2008/09||11||0
|-
|2009/10||||
78||9
78||9
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||3||1
|-
|2006||5||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||3||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||20||1
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
Nigerian footballers
Sportspeople from Lagos
Nigel de Jong (; born 30 November 1984) is a Dutch professional footballer. He is a midfielder for Italian Serie A club Milan and the Netherlands national team. He joined the Ajax youth academy when he was young and made the first team at age 17.

De Jong moved from Ajax in 2006 to join Hamburg. He then moved to Manchester City in January 2009 for around £18 million. He became an important part of Manchester City's midfield. He has earned a reputation of being combative and feisty player. This got him nicknames like "The Terrier" and "Lawnmower". He moved to Italian club Milan in August 2012.

Club career
Club career

Ajax
On 19 October 2002, de Jong played for the Ajax first team for the first time. He scored his first goal on 18 February 2003 in a 1–1 draw against Arsenal in the UEFA Champions League. He started playing in the first team often in the next season. In this season, Ajax won the Eredivisie. In 2004–05, de Jong was named Ajax Player of the Season. Later, after starting in midfield for quite a while, he found himself sitting on the bench more often than being one of the players at the start of a match. On 7 December 2005, it was announced that de Jong did not want to stay with Ajax. His contract with Ajax was due to finish in July 2006.
Hamburg
On 26 January 2006, de Jong signed a four and a half year contract at German Bundesliga club Hamburg. He moved there for about €1 million. He played for Hamburg for the first time two days later. In the match, Hamburg lost 2–1 to Nuremberg. In March 2006, de Jong scored the winning goal in Bayern Munich's first ever loss at the Allianz Arena. The week after, he got his first red card in a UEFA Cup match against Rapid Bucharest. He had to stop playing in April because he needed surgery on a knee problem. The injury also meant that he could not play for the Netherlands at the 2006 World Cup. However, after becoming fit again, he was put on standby.

Manchester City

On 21 January 2009, de Jong moved to Manchester City for around £18 million. He signed a four-and-a-half year contract. He played for the first time against Newcastle United on 28 January 2009. He appeared sixteen times in the Premier League.
De Jong was in the starting team against Arsenal on 12 September 2009. He was given Man of the Match by Sky Sports after Manchester City won 2-1 over Chelsea on 5 December 2009. By the end of the season, the fans liked him. He was one of Roberto Mancini's first picks as defensive midfielder as the team just missed out on the Champions League. De Jong scored his first goal for Manchester City when they won 2-1 against West Ham United on 1 May 2011.

Milan
On 31 August 2012, de Jong joined Italian Serie A club Milan. He signed a three-year contract.

International career
On 31 March 2004, de Jong played his first game with the Netherlands in a friendly against France. He was not picked to play in UEFA Euro 2004. He missed the 2006 FIFA World Cup because his knee was injured.

He scored his first goal for the Netherlands against Iceland on 6 June 2009 in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match. This match made the Netherlands go through to the 2010 World Cup.
De Jong was part of the Dutch team for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He was one of the starting players for their first match in the competition. In this match, they won 2–0 against Denmark. He was not allowed to play in the semi final against Uruguay because he got his second yellow card in a match against Brazil. He played in the Final, where the Netherlands lost 1–0 to Spain.

Career statistics

Personal life 
De Jong is married to Winonah. He has two children. His father is Jerry de Jong.

He owns a car dealership which exists in Europe and the Middle East.

De Jong is addicted to the game Angry Birds. He plays it in the dressing room before games.

Sponsorship
Puma SE sponsor de Jong. The deal began in January 2012.

References

Other websites

 www.transfermarkt.co.uk

1984 births
Living people
A.C. Milan players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Dutch footballers
Footballers from Amsterdam
Paulo Nagamura (born 2 March 1983) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Tigres UANL.

Club career statistics

References

1983 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Kevin Doyle (born 18 September 1983) is an Irish football player. He plays for Wolverhampton Wanderers and Republic of Ireland national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||Waterford United||First Division||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|2002/03||St. Patrick's Athletic||Premier Division||10||0||||||||||10||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Cork City||rowspan="3"|Premier Division||33||5||||||||||33||5
|-
|2004||31||13||||||||||31||13
|-
|2005||11||7||||||||||11||7

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="4"|Reading||League Championship||45||18||3||1||3||0||51||19
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Premier League||32||13||1||0||1||0||34||13
|-
|2007/08||36||6||0||0||0||0||36||6
|-
|2008/09||League Championship||42||18||0||0||0||0||42||18
|-
|2009/10||Wolverhampton Wanderers||Premier League||||||||||||||||
90||25||||||||||90||25
155||55||4||1||4||0||163||56
245||80||4||1||4||0||253||81
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||5||1
|-
|2007||10||4
|-
|2008||8||1
|-
|2009||9||1
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||32||7
|}

References
References

1983 births
Living people
Irish footballers
People from the Republic of Ireland
Republic of Ireland at UEFA Euro 2012
Jun Suzuki (born 22 April 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for lithuanian Sūduva Club.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||4||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2008||18||1||0||0||18||1
|-
|2009||39||0||2||0||41||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||
61||1||2||0||63||1
61||1||2||0||63||1
|}

References

Links 
 alyga.lt svetainė
 Soccerway
 Transfermarkt
 national-football-teams

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Avispa Fukuoka players
Krassimir Balakov (born 29 March 1966) is a former Bulgarian football player. He has played for Bulgaria national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="5"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="5"|Portuguese Liga||18||4
|-
|1991/92||32||7
|-
|1992/93||32||11
|-
|1993/94||29||15
|-
|1994/95||27||6

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="8"|Stuttgart||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||34||7
|-
|1996/97||31||13
|-
|1997/98||31||11
|-
|1998/99||24||5
|-
|1999/00||30||6
|-
|2000/01||28||6
|-
|2001/02||30||4
|-
|2002/03||28||2
|-
|2005/06||Plauen||Oberliga||1||0
138||43
237||54
375||97
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1988||2||0
|-
|1989||7||0
|-
|1990||5||0
|-
|1991||5||0
|-
|1992||6||3
|-
|1993||6||0
|-
|1994||12||2
|-
|1995||7||2
|-
|1996||9||4
|-
|1997||4||1
|-
|1998||6||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||8||2
|-
|2002||6||2
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
!Total||92||16
|}

References

1966 births
Living people
Bulgarian footballers
Bulgarian football managers
Martin Jiránek (born 25 May 1979) is a Czech football player. He plays for Spartak Moscow.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="5"|Bohemians Praha||2. Liga||1||0
|-
|1996/97||Gambrinus liga||4||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|2. Liga||16||4
|-
|1998/99||18||0
|-
|1999/00||Gambrinus liga||16||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Slovan Liberec||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||13||0
|-
|2000/01||9||0

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Reggina||Serie A||14||0
|-
|2001/02||Serie B||30||3
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Serie A||29||0
|-
|2003/04||27||0

|-
|2004||rowspan="7"|Spartak Moscow||rowspan="7"|Premier League||12||0
|-
|2005||22||0
|-
|2006||26||2
|-
|2007||11||0
|-
|2008||26||0
|-
|2009||29||1
|-
|2010||||
77||4
100||3
126||3
303||10
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||8||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
!Total||31||0
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
Czech footballers
Fan Zhiyi (born 22 January 1970) is a former Chinese football player. He has played for China PR national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Shanghai Shenhua||rowspan="5"|Jia-A League||20||0
|-
|1995||22||15
|-
|1996||22||9
|-
|1997||22||5
|-
|1998||13||2

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Crystal Palace||rowspan="4"|First Division||29||2
|-
|1999/00||29||1
|-
|2000/01||28||1
|-
|2001/02||2||0

|-
|2001/02||Dundee||Premier League||14||1

|-
|2002||Shanghai Zhongyuan Huili||Jia-A League||12||4

|-
|2002/03||Cardiff City||Second Division||6||0

|-
|2003/04||Buler Rangers||First Division League||9||1

|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Shanghai Zobon||League One||22||6
|-
|2005||Super League||8||0

|-
|2005/06||Buler Rangers||First Division League||5||0
141||41
94||4
14||1
14||1
263||47
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1992||9||0
|-
|1993||12||0
|-
|1994||8||0
|-
|1995||1||0
|-
|1996||14||1
|-
|1997||25||8
|-
|1998||14||3
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||10||1
|-
|2001||12||4
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
!Total||109||17
|}
References

1969 births
Living people
Chinese footballers
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Kew Jaliens (born 15 September 1978) is a Dutch football player. He plays for AZ Alkmaar.

Jaliens was born in Rotterdam and is of Surinamese descent.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Sparta Rotterdam||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||2||0
|-
|1997/98||32||3
|-
|1998/99||32||0
|-
|1999/00||2||1
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Willem II||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||22||0
|-
|2000/01||31||2
|-
|2001/02||29||0
|-
|2002/03||32||1
|-
|2003/04||33||1
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|AZ Alkmaar||rowspan="6"|Eredivisie||22||1
|-
|2005/06||30||0
|-
|2006/07||28||1
|-
|2007/08||30||2
|-
|2008/09||24||1
|-
|2009/10||||
349||13
349||13
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||4||0
|-
|2007||6||0
|-
!Total||10||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Footballers from Rotterdam
Kang Hyun-Su (born 16 July 1984) is a North Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Kataller Toyama||Football League||17||0||1||0||18||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||34||1||0||0||34||1
|-
|2010||||||||||||
51||1||1||0||52||1
51||1||1||0||52||1
|}

References

Other websites
Kataller Toyama 

1984 births
Living people
North Korean footballers
Footballers from Osaka
Kosuke Nakamachi (born 1 September 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Avispa Fukuoka.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||11||0||3||0||14||0
|-
|2005||12||1||0||0||12||1
|-
|2006||34||1||0||0||34||1
|-
|2007||9||0||0||0||9||0
|-
|2010||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||||||||||||
66||2||3||0||69||2
66||2||3||0||69||2
|}

References
Avispa Fukuoka 

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Gunma Prefecture
Avispa Fukuoka players
Starstruck (also called StarStruck) is a 2011 Disney Channel Original Movie starring Sterling Knight, Danielle Campbell, Brandon Mychal Smith and Chelsea Staub. The movie was made in Los Angeles. It was released on Disney DVD on June 8, 2010 in the U.S.

References 

2010 movies
The Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) are a phylum of parasitic cycloneuralian animals. They look similar to nematode worms and live in similar environments, which is why their names are similar. They are sometimes called Gordiacea.

They range in size from  long and in extreme cases may be up to 2 meters long. They are  in diameter. Horsehair worms can be discovered in damp areas such as watering troughs, streams, puddles, and cisterns. 

About 326 species are known and an estimate suggests that there may be about 2000 species worldwide. 

Fossilized worms have been reported from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber 100–110 million years ago.

Life cycle
The adult worms are free living and, in North America, are usually found only in the summer months in or near shallow water.

The larvae are parasitic on arthropods: beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers and crickets. These are their final hosts, but since they do not live in water, the nematomorph life cycle has an extra stage.
A day or two after they come out of their hosts, the adult worms mate in the water, and then around mid-August or Mid-October, they lay their eggs in the water. It takes about a month for the larvae to develop inside the egg. Once the larvae hatch, they somehow get into gastropods (like snails and slugs), insects, or earthworms, which live in moist habitats. There they build a cyst, and grow. The animal they grow inside is called an interim (temporary) host, because a final host is still needed.

Next, developing nematomorph worms can be found in their final hosts (beetles, etc.). It is not clear how they get there, but probably the final host eats the interim host with the larvae inside them. After they appear in the final host, the nematomorphs begin to eat it from the inside.

The nematomorph may control the host, leading it towards water and even causing it to jump into the water. Then it breaks out of the beetle in or near the water and finds a knot of other worms. There it can mate.

References
The Burgess Shale Formation in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia is one of the world's most celebrated fossil sites, the best of its kind. It is famous for the exceptional preservation of the soft parts of its fossils. It is ~505 million years old (Middle Cambrian), one of the earliest soft-parts fossil beds.

The rock unit is a black shale, and crops out at a number of localities near the town of Field in the Yoho National Park.

The Burgess Shale was discovered by palaeontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1909, towards the end of the season's fieldwork. He returned in 1910 with his sons, and established a quarry on the flanks of Fossil Ridge. The fact that fossils were of soft-bodied forms, and the range of organisms new to science, led him to return to the quarry almost every year until 1924. At this point, aged 74, he had got over 65,000 specimens.
Describing the fossils is a vast task, pursued by Walcott until his death in 1927, and continued into the 21st century.  Walcott, led by scientific opinion at the time, attempted to categorise all fossils into living taxa. As a result, the fossils were regarded as little more than curiosities at the time. It was not until 1962 that a first-hand reinvestigation of the fossils was attempted, by Alberto Simonetta. This led scientists to recognise that Walcott had barely scratched the surface of information available in the Burgess Shale.
A second quarry (in the same geological formation) was opened. A thorough reassessment of the Burgess Shale showed that the fauna were much more varied and unusual than Walcott had realised. The Royal Ontario Museum now has the largest collection of Burgess Shale material in the world with over 150,000 specimens. Many of the animals present had bizarre anatomical features and only the slightest resemblance to other known animals. Examples include Opabinia, with five eyes and a snout like a vacuum cleaner hose; Nectocaris, and Hallucigenia. This last was originally reconstructed upside down, walking on its spines.

The Burgess Shale was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. It became part of the Canada Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site in 1984.

Related pages
 Cambroraster falcatus
 Lagerstätten

References 

Lagerstätten
Mountains of British Columbia
Cambrian
Geological formations
Sedimentary rocks
World Heritage Sites in Canada
The Solnhofen limestone is the world's most famous fossil site. It is a lagerstätte of Upper Jurassic limestone which has preserved many fossils in great detail. The specimens of Archaeopteryx are perhaps the world's most valuable fossils, because they are the earliest fossils of a bird capable of flight.

The Solnhofen beds lie in the German state of Bavaria (Bayern), halfway between Nuremberg (Nürnberg) and Munich (München). They were originally quarried as a source of roof and floor tiles, then for lithographic printing.

Paleoenvironment 
In the late Jurassic this area was an archipelago at the edge of the Tethys Sea. This included placid lagoons which had limited access to the open sea because they were surrounded by coral reefs. Water runoff from the land was low and, under the sun, evaporation was high. Salinity rose so high that the resulting brine could not support life, except at the top of the water column.
The lowest water was not only very salty, but hypoxic: very low in  oxygen. This was caused by the lack of water mixing. Many ordinary scavengers were absent from the lagoon floor. From the condition of the water, it follows that almost all of the fossilised animals were not living in the lagoon. They must have lived on land, in the air, or out to sea beyond the reef. Then when they died, they fell, drifted, or were washed into the lagoons from the air, ocean or land. Occasional storms at sea would have killed flying animals, and swept fish over the reef in a suspension of finely-dispersed lime. There the bodies sank into the dead zone and were preserved.

Once in the lagoon, bodies became buried in soft carbonate mud. Thus, many delicate creatures avoided consumption by scavengers or being torn apart by currents. The wings of dragonflies, the imprints of stray feathers, and terrestrial plants that washed into the lagoons were all preserved.
"The variety and number of fossils known is deceptive. The occurrence of fossils is quite low. Indeed, a worker can quarry for an entire day and find not a single one. The hundreds of years of quarrying are what make them seem so apparently common". 

The range of fossil species gives a comprehensive picture of a local Jurassic ecosystem. At times, the lagoons almost dried out, exposing sticky carbonate muds that trapped insects and even a few small dinosaurs. Over 600 species have been identified. Seven genera and up to 29 species of pterosaur have been found. This suggests that in this ecosystem pterosaurs were more common and diversified than birds. The pterosaur sizes ranged from that of a sparrow to 1.2 m (4 ft) in length.
The fine-grained texture of the mud silt forming the limestone is ideal for making lithographic plates for printing illustrations. Extensive quarrying in the 19th century revealed many fossil finds, as commemorated in the name Archaeopteryx lithographica, all the specimens of which come from these deposits. The closest modern analogue to the Solnhofen conditions is said to be Orca Basin in the northern Gulf of Mexico, though that area is much deeper than the Solnhofen lagoons.

The biota 
The Solnhofen biota is composed of the animals and plants which lived in the area. All were found in the limestone quarries.

Carbonate production 
The carbonate was produced mainly by: 
Cyanobacteria, and by single-celled protists such as
Coccolithophores (12 genera), and 
Foraminifera (five genera).
Both these groups produce calcium carbonate skeletal structures.
Plants 
Some of remains of the land plants got down into the lagoon. They were almost all gynmosperms.
Gymnosperms
Pteridosperms: three genera
Ginkgos: two genera
Conifers: four genera

Vertebrates 
Many fish

Reptiles (Sauropsida) 
Dinosaurs and birds: Archaeopteryx, Wellnhoferia and Compsognathus
Pterosaurs:
Rhamphorhynchoidea: Rhamphorhynchus (14 species)  
 Anurognathidae: Anurognathus 
 Pterodactyloidea: Aurorazhdarcho, Ctenochasma, Cycnorhamphus, Germanodactylus, Gnathosaurus, Pterodactylus (19 species, most of which may be age stages), Scaphognathus
Turtles: four genera
Plesiosaurs: one genus
Lizards: four genera
Rhynchocephalia: five genera
Crocodilia: seven genera

Invertebrates

Cnidarians 
Scyphozoa (jellyfish): seven genera
Hydrozoa: three genera
Corals (Anthozoa): one genera

Echinoderms 
Crinoids: Saccocoma (the most common fossil in the limestone), and three other genera
Starfish (Asteroidea), two genera
Sea urchins (Echinoidea), eight genera
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), seven genera
Molluscs 
Cephalopods: 
Squid and cuttlefish: Belemnotheutis and eight other genera
Belemnites: three genera
Nautiloids: one genus
Ammonites: ten genera
Bivalves: seven genera
Gastropods: five genera

Insects 
Mayfly (Ephemeroptera): one species
Dragonfly (Odonata): 13 genera
Cockroach (Blattaria): three genera
Ensifera (locusts and crickets): three genera
Cicadas: four genera
Lacewings (Neuroptera): four genera
Beetles (Coleoptera): 14 genera
Heteroptera (bugs and water scorpions): five genera
Hymenoptera: one genus
Caddis fly (Trichoptera): two genera
Flies (Diptera): two genera

Crustacea 
Malacostracans: 
Mysidae: two genera
Isopoda: two genera
Decapoda: 27 genera
Stomatopods
Barnacles (Cirripedia): two genera

Other 
Horseshoe crab: Xiphosura
Conclusions 
The data show some things about the biota of the region.
There was a great variety of life near the lagoon.
Beetles were already the most common kind of insect, and dragonflies were also common. Some other types of insect (hymenoptera and flies) were not so common as today.
 Pterosaurs were at the time much more successful than birds. They were much more common and diversified.
 The newly-evolved pterodactyls were already more diverse than the Rhamphorhynchoids, but the single genus Rhamphorhynchus was still very common.
No mammals were found here.

Other websites 

 University of California Berkeley offers a brief introduction.
 Another brief description.

References 

Bavaria
Fossils
Lagerstätten
Aenictogiton is a genus of ants. The genus has seven species. The genus is given its own subfamily, Aenictogitoninae. All of the species are known only from males from middle Africa and show a phylogenetic liking to the army ants (and are in the dorylomorph subfamilies). Nothing is known about the workers, queens and behavior of these ants. A few not described species are known to exist in a few collections in the world.

 Aenictogiton attenuatus - Santschi, 1919
 Aenictogiton bequaerti - Forel, 1913
 Aenictogiton elongatus - Santschi, 1919
 Aenictogiton emeryi - Forel, 1913
 Aenictogiton fossiceps - Emery, 1901
 Aenictogiton schoutedeni - Santschi, 1924
 Aenictogiton sulcatus - Santschi, 1919

Ants
Ketosis is when there are greater levels of ketone bodies in the blood or urine. It comes when ketone bodies are released into the bloodstream due to low glycogen levels in the liver. Ketone bodies are made by a process called ketogenesis. Ketosis can be understood as the use of body fat as a source of energy. Ketosis has 3 main sources of energy, also known as ketone bodies: acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyrate.

References

Metabolism
Melphalan is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of a variety of cancers, including melanoma and multiple myeloma.

References

Drugs
Cancer treatment
Organonitrogen compounds
Organochlorides
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that is most common in children.  Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancer that begins in muscle tissue - usually the muscles that are attached to bones to help a person move.

Rhabdomyosarcoma should not be confused with rhabdomyolysis, which is often called "rhabdo" for short.

There are three different kinds of rhabdomyosarcoma.

Types of Rhabdomyosarcoma

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS)
This is the most common type of rhabdomyosarcoma.  More than half of people with this cancer have ERMS.  It is most common in children under age 6.

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma usually happens in: 
 The head or neck;
 The genitals; or
 The urinary system.

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS)
This is the second most common type of rhabdomyosarcoma.  Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is more common in older children and teenagers, but it can also happen in younger children and adults.

ARMS usually happens in the big muscles in:
 The arms or legs;
 The chest; or
 The abdomen
However, it can also happen in the genitals or the area around the anus.

This type of rhabdomyosarcoma usually grows faster than embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and needs more treatment than ERMS.

Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma
Anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma does not happen very often.  When it does happen, it usually affects adults; is very rare in children.

This type of cancer usually grows quickly and needs a lot of treatment.

Treatment
The choice of how to treat rhabdomyosarcoma depends on many things.  For example:
 Where is the tumor?
 How big is the tumor?
 Has the tumor spread to other parts of the body?
 Can the entire tumor be taken out by surgery?
 What type of rhabdomyosarcoma does the person have?
 Has the cancer caused changes to the person's genes?
 How old is the patient?

Based on all of these things, the patient and their medical team can decide what treatment is best.  There are three types of treatments for rhabdomyosarcoma:
 Radiation
 Chemotherapy
 Surgery
Prognosis
The prognosis of a person with rhabdomyosarcoma also depends on many different things.  For example, adults with rhabdomyosarcoma usually have tumors that grow faster and are harder to treat.  Prognosis also depends on the type of rhabdomyosarcoma a person has, what kind of treatment they get, whether their cancer has spread, and many other things.

References

Cancer
Being underweight can have different causes:
Malnutrition, not eating enough, or eating the wrong kinds of foods. The right kinds may not be available, or they may be too expensive to buy.
 The weight of a person is also determined by genetic factors. One of these factors is that some people have a "lighter build" than others.
 Stress, anxiety and depression can influence weight.
 There are eating disorders that cause people to become underweight. The most common of these are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
 Sudden unexplained weight loss can point to a disease, such as cancer, tuberculosis, hyperthyroidism, type 1 diabetes or inflammatory bowel disease.
 Sometimes the use of drugs leads to weight loss.
 Organs of the digestive tract may not be working as expected.
 People who train sports too much may be using more energy than they get.
Problems
There are problems that are related to being underweight. Very often being underweight is not the first problem. Rather, it often is the effect of another condition or disease. Unexpected weight loss requires the attention of a doctor. There might be another disease. If that disease is treated, the weight problem also disappears.

Another problem underweight people face is that the weight problem affects their health: Their immune system is weakened, and they may get sick more often. People who are underweight because they cannot get or afford the right food need special attention. Women who are underweight may not have their menstruation and face difficult pregnancies.

Once they were being underweight, psychically, they may feel sad and worried about their health. Therefore, family and friends should support them to help them get rid of their unhappiness. 

Nutrition problems
Etihad Airways is one of two major airlines in the United Arab Emirates. It was created by royal decree in July 2003. It started carrying passengers in November 2003. Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, is the airline's hub and base of operations. Etihad Airways flies to 63 locations in 42 countries.

References 

Airlines of the Middle East
2003 establishments in Asia
Petrol Ofisi is Turkish petroleum company. It was created in 1941 by Turkey to make gasoline and oil available to the country of Turkey. The government sold the company in July 2000. More than 95% of the company is now owned by Doğan Holding and OMV. The remaining shares of the company are publicly traded stock.

References 

Companies of Turkey
The pot-in-pot refrigerator, also known as a Zeer  in Arabic, is a food cooling device. It works by using the evaporation of water. It needs no electricity.

It is made by putting a clay pot inside a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top. As the water evaporates it cools the inside, letting food stored in the inner pot to be kept fresh for some time. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated place for the water to evaporate to the outside.

Evaporative coolers perform poorly or not at all in climates with high humidity.

Mohammed Bah Abba of Nigeria patented the device in 1995 and was awarded a Rolex prize in 2000 for developing the “pot-in-pot preservation/cooling system”. However, the device was known at least as early as the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, as seen by the hieroglyphic kbb, "to cool".
Wine coolers 
Earthenware wine coolers work on the same principle. They are soaked in cold water for a while, then emptied and put on the table. The pores of the earthenware are now full of water. Evaporation from the earthenware keeps white wine cool enough for several hours.

Other websites 
 Rolex awards page on Mohammed Bah Abba
 The Zeer Pot  - a Nigerian invention keeps food fresh without electricity
 Passive Cooling and Zeer Pots
 The Shell Award for Sustainable Development 
 Zeer Pot - introduction and downloadable manual on manufacturing zeer pot refrigerators

Food preservation
Ankylosauridae is a family of any armoured dinosaur which evolved 125 million years ago and became extinct 65 million years ago during the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event. Ankylosauridae and their sister group, the Nodosauridae make up the infraorder Ankylosauria. 

They have been found in western North America, Europe and East Asia. Good specimens are rare; most are known only from fragments, and bits of their armour.

Scelidosaurus, whose remains had been found in England, was described by Richard Owen in 1861. Its exact position in the group is still not yet agreed. It was a largely quadrupedal armoured animal from the Lower Jurassic, feeding on low scrubby plants. This is pretty much a description of many dinosaurs in this group.
Taxonomy 
 Infraorder Ankylosauria
Family Ankylosauridae
Ahshislepelta
Aletopelta
Cedarpelta
Gobisaurus
Minotaurasaurus
Shamosaurus
Tatankacephalus
Subfamily Ankylosaurinae
Ankylosaurus
Akainacephalus
Euoplocephalus
Jinyunpelta
Nodocephalosaurus
Pinacosaurus
Saichania
Shanxia
Talarurus
Tarchia
Tianzhenosaurus
Tsagantegia
Subfamily Polacanthinae
Gargoyleosaurus
Gastonia
Hoplitosaurus
Hylaeosaurus
Mymoorapelta
Polacanthus
Ankylosaur

Ankylosauria
David Heiss is a convicted murderer from Limburg, Germany currently imprisoned for his killing of  Matthew Pyke after having persistently stalked Joanna Witton, the girlfriend of Matthew Pyke.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

German murderers
1987 births
Koichi Hashimoto (born 13 January 1969) is a former Japanese football player.

References

1969 births
Living people
Japanese footballers
Shun Ichimura (born 17 October 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Grulla Morioka.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="4"|New Wave Kitakyushu||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||13||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2007||20||1||colspan="2"|-||20||1
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Football League||10||0||2||0||12||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2010||Grulla Morioka||Regional Leagues||||||||||||
43||1||2||0||45||1
43||1||2||0||45||1
|}

References

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Shinji Suzuki (born 29 August 1986) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||Shimizu S-Pulse||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Rosso Kumamoto||rowspan="2"|Football League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

References

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Taiji Furuta (born 4 August 1982) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||11||0||1||0||12||0
|-
|2006||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||Banditonce Kobe||Regional Leagues||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||15||0||0||0||15||0
26||0||2||0||28||0
26||0||2||0||28||0
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Nara Prefecture
Koichi Hirono (born 16 April 1980) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2005||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2006||Yokohama||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2009||6||0||1||0||1||0||3||0||11||0
6||0||1||0||2||0||3||0||12||0
6||0||1||0||2||0||3||0||12||0
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Nara Prefecture
Shigeru Sarusawa (born 30 January 1960) is a former Japanese football player.

References

1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
The Jehol biota  includes all the living organisms – the ecosystem – of northeastern China between 133 to 120 million years ago (mya). This is the Lower Cretaceous ecosystem which left fossils in the Yixian Formation, some 125–121 mya, and the Jiufotang Formation. It is also believed to have left fossils in the Sinuiju series of North Korea. 

The ecosystem in the Lower Cretaceous was dominated by wetlands and numerous lakes (not rivers, deltas, or marine habitats). Rainfall was seasonal, alternating between semi-arid, and mesic conditions. The climate was temperate. The Jehol ecosystem was interrupted at times by ash eruptions from volcanoes to the west. The word Jehol was the name given during the Japanese occupation of North-East China, 1933–1946.

The Jehol biota is noteworthy for the many different fossils and the large numbers of individuals of each species that have been recovered.
Diversity 
The biota includes many species that were previously known only from the Upper Jurassic or earlier. These include the dinosaur Sinosauropteryx, and the pterosaur Dendrorhynchoides. There was even a primitive protomammal – a tritylodont therapsid – from Lower Cretaceous Japan. Tritylodonts were previously thought to have gone extinct in the Middle Jurassic. The biota also has the earliest and most basal (primitive) known members of groups which spread all around the world by the Upper Cretaceous, including neoceratopsians, therizinosaurs, tyrannosaurs, and oviraptors.
The forests around the lakes were dominated by conifers including members of the podocarp pine, araucaria, and cypress families. There were also ginkgos, bennettitaleans, ephedra, horsetails, ferns, and mosses. The leaves and needles of the trees show adaptations to a dry season, but some of the ferns and mosses are types that grow in very wet habitats. It is possible that the latter avoided dry conditions by growing very close to bodies of water. Archaefructus has been described as the earliest known flowering plant (Angiosperm), and it is reconstructed as a water plant.
Fossil preservation
The fossils have been found in several sites of exceptional preservation. The two most famous are the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations. The Yixian and Jiufotang Formations are Lagerstatten, meaning that they have exceptionally good conditions for fossil preservation. The fossils are numerous, but also very well preserved. They often have articulated skeletons (bones connected), soft tissues, colour patterns, stomach contents, and twigs with leaves and flowers still attached. 

Palaeontologists deduced two things from this. The first is that the land animals and plants were washed into the lakes very gently, or were already in the lakes when they died. They do not show the damage seen in fossils formed by large floods. Second, volcanic ash is commonly interbedded with lake sediments, and ashfalls seem to have quickly buried the fossilized organisms, created anoxic conditions around them, and prevented scavenging.
The biota probably extended as far as North Korea. Its earliest appearance may be in another Chinese lagerstätte, the Huajiying Formation.

Yixian Formation 
A geological formation in Liaoning, N.E. China. It has outstanding preservation. The deposits of siliclastic (SiO2) sediment alternate with basalt. It was first recognised by the Japanese when they occupied Manchuria ('Jehol'). The formation was laid down 125–121 million years ago. It contains the famous Confuciusornis beds.

Sinodelphys, the earliest metatherian mammal, was found in this formation.

Jiufotang Formation 
The Jiufotang Formation is a Lower Cretaceous geological formation in Liaoning. It has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, pterosaurs, and other organisms.
The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years, with estimates ranging from the Upper Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous. Argon radiometry confirmed a Lower Cretaceous age for the site, 120.3 +/-0.7 million years ago. Fossils of Microraptor and Jeholornis are from the Jiufotang.

Huajiying Formation 
Lower Cretaceous, but exact dates uncertain. This is probably the earliest of the Jehol biota lagerstätte sites. Contains sedimentary members interspersed with volcanic ash. Contains birds, dinosaurs and fish.

References 

Lagerstätten
Fossils
History of China
Geological formations
Kazuki Tsuda (born 26 July 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Machida Zelvia.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||3||0||3||0||6||0
|-
|2003||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="6"|Machida Zelvia||Prefectural Leagues||9||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Regional Leagues||14||6||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||6
|-
|2007||14||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||1
|-
|2008||11||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Football League||25||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
74||7||1||0||3||0||3||0||81||7
74||7||1||0||3||0||3||0||81||7
|}

References
Machida Zelvia 

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Tsuyoshi Tanikawa (born 25 April 1980) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2000||1||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||1
|-
|2001||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2001||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||20||0||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|-
|2002||Shimizu S-Pulse||J. League 1||0||0||1||0||1||0||1||0||3||0
|-
|2004||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||8||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||1
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Machida Zelvia||Prefectural Leagues||7||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||2
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||14||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||4
|-
|2007||12||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||12||1
63||9||4||0||1||0||1||0||69||9
63||9||4||0||1||0||1||0||69||9
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Oleksandr Shovkovskyi (born 2 January 1975) is a Ukrainian football player. He plays for Dynamo Kyiv and Ukraine national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||ZSU Kyiv||Second League||2||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="18"|Dynamo Kyiv||rowspan="18"|Premier League||0||0
|-
|1993/94||9||0
|-
|1994/95||25||0
|-
|1995/96||25||0
|-
|1996/97||24||0
|-
|1997/98||26||0
|-
|1998/99||24||0
|-
|1999/00||15||0
|-
|2000/01||19||0
|-
|2001/02||6||0
|-
|2002/03||15||0
|-
|2003/04||19||0
|-
|2004/05||23||0
|-
|2005/06||24||0
|-
|2006/07||24||0
|-
|2007/08||22||0
|-
|2008/09||10||0
|-
|2009/10||||
312||0
312||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||9||0
|-
|1998||5||0
|-
|1999||9||0
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||5||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||12||0
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||86||0
|}

References

1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kyiv
Ukrainian footballers
The New York Draft Riots (July 13 – 16, 1863; known at the time as Draft Week) were violent disturbances in New York City. They happened when anger with President Lincoln and his laws was highest. At first it just wanted to show anger at the draft. But the protests became violent and "a virtual racial pogrom, with uncounted numbers of blacks murdered on the streets". Major General John E. Wool said on July 16, "Martial law ought (should) to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient (enough) force to enforce it." The military stopped the mob using weapons. However, they had already destroyed many buildings, including homes and an orphanage for black children.

References 

1863 in the United States
American Civil War
History of Manhattan
Riots in the United States
Andrés Escobar (13 March 1967 - 2 July 1994) was a Colombian footballer. He played for Colombia national team.

Death
Escobar died after being shot in Medellín. It is believed that he was murdered because he scored an own goal against his team in the 1994 FIFA World Cup which caused the United States to win 2 – 1 and caused gambling losses to a lot of powerful drug lords.

International career statistics

|-
|1988||5||1
|-
|1989||16||0
|-
|1990||5||0
|-
|1991||8||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||1||0
|-
|1994||13||0
|-
!Total||50||1
|}

References

1967 births
1994 deaths
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
Colombian footballers
Murdered sportspeople
Murders by firearm