Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Studio albums
Turn Me Loose (1983) and (1994)
The Things That Matter (1985)
The Way Back Home (1987)
When I Call Your Name (1989)
I Never Knew Lonely (1990)
Pocket Full of Gold (1991)
I Still Believe in You (1992)
Let There Be Peace on Earth [1993] and (1999)
When Love Finds You (1994)
Souvenirs (1995)
Super Hits (1996)
High Lonesome Sound (1996) und (1997)
Vintage Gill (1997)
The Key (1998)
If You Ever Have Forever In Mind (1998)
Vince Gill & Friends (1998)
Let's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye (2000)
My Country Valentine (2000)
The Things That Matter (re-release) (2000)
Tis The Season with Olivia Newton-JohnHallmark Stores (2001)
Next Big Thing (2003)
The Notorious Cherry Bombs (2004)
Vintage Gill (2004)
All American Country (2004)
High Lonesome Sound (re-release) (2004)
Rock of Ages...Hymns & Faith with Amy Grant (2005)
These Days (2006)
"Oklahoma Risin'" Oklahoma Centinenal Song (2006)

Best of
The Best of Vince Gill (1989)
The Essential Vince Gill (1995) und (1996)
Platinum & Gold Collection (2003)
Christmas collections
Let There Be Peace On Earth - (1996) song from The Dillard's Christmas Collection 1996
Wrangler Cowboy Christmas (Volume VI) (1998) with Reba McEntire and Trisha Yearwood
Hallmark Presents The Spirit of Christmas (2001) with Amy Grant and London Symphony Orchestra
Breath Of Heaven: A Christmas Collection (2002)
Christmas Collection (2006)
Christmas Collection (?) with Barry Manilow and Diana Ross and The Supremes
Country Christmas (?) with Alan Jackson and Trisha Yearwood
Classic Country Christmas Volume Three (?) with Reba McEntire and Alabama
Compilations
Dark as a Dungeon (2002) song with The Chieftains on the album Down the Old Plank Road: The Nashville Sessions 
Once In A While - (2001) song from the Soundtrack to The Prince of Egypt (Nashville)
Did you hear what I hear - (1995) song from The Stars Come Out At Christmas
I Can't Tell You Why - (?) song from Common Thread: The Songs of The Eagles
(Maverick) Ophelia - (?) song from Hollywood Soundtracks (Blockbuster Exclusive)
House Of Love - (2001) song from Friends for Life - Men and Women United in Harmony
Let's Heal with Altan- (2005) song from Hands Across the Water - A Benefit for the Children of the Tsunami

Related pages
List of country musicians from Oklahoma

Other websites
Official Vince Gill UMG Nashville Artist Page
Vince Gill.com

Country musicians
Singers from Oklahoma
American songwriters
American guitarists
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Oklahoma
1957 births
Living people
People from Norman, Oklahoma
Events

Europe 
 The Oxford Parliament, led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, leads to the acceptance by King Henry III of England of the Provisions of Oxford.
 September – The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea at the Battle of Pelagonia, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.
 December 4 – The kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.
 The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed (the church and its murals are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).
 The German cities of Lübeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League.
 Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania and Poland.
Asia 
 August 11 – While conducting a siege against the Song Dynasty city known as Fishing Town in the province of Chongqing, China, the Mongol Khagan, Mongke Khan dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including succumbing to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, dysentery, and even cholera epidemic. His death sparks a succession crisis in the Mongol Empire, while his brothers Ariq Böke and Kublai soon convene their own kuriltai to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four year long civil war from 1260 to 1264. In the end, Ariq Böke surrendered to Kublai.
 While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo wrote in his Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou that the city of Qingzhou was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased gunpowder bomb shells a month, dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time.
Lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is founded by King Mengrai.
 The Goryeo kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces.
 The Chinese era Kaiqing begins and ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.
 The Japanese Shōka era ends, and the Shōgen era begins.
Births 
 Pietro Cavallini, Italian painter (died 1330)
 Demetre II of Georgia (died 1289)
 John II of Jerusalem (died 1285)
 Richard Og de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (died 1326)
 Infanta Branca of Portugal, daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal and Urraca of Castile

Deaths 
 May 29 – King Christopher I of Denmark (born 1219)
 October 7 – Ezzelino da Romano III, Italian ruler
 November 18 – Adam Marsh, English scholar and theologian
 Gojong of Goryeo
 Möngke Khan of the Mongol Empire
 Matthew Paris, English chronicler
 Thomas II of Savoy
Events 
 c. January – A giant volcano erupts. No one is sure where, but it may have been in a tropical location like El Chichón, Mexico or Quilotoa, Ecuador. Observed effects of the eruption include the following anecdotal accounts: dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a "harsh" spring in Northern Iceland; famine in England, Western Germany, France, and Northern Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and South-East Turkey.

 February 10 – Battle of Baghdad (1258) – Hulagu Khan's Mongol forces overrun Baghdad. The city was the center of Islamic culture and learning and capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Mongols burned the city to the ground, and killed many people.
Llywelyn the Last declares himself Prince of Wales. He is the last ruler of an independent Wales before its conquest by the English.
 King Henry III of England is forced by seven powerful barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford, effectively ending the absolute monarchy in England by requiring the calling of a parliament.
 The Chinese era Baoyou ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.
 Civil unrest in northern Italy starts the medieval musical form of Geisslerlieder, songs of repentance sung by wandering bands of Flagellants.
 Gissur Thorvaldsson is made Earl of Iceland by King Haakon IV of Norway.
 Korea surrenders to Mongols.

Births 
 Arghun, fourth Ilkhanate ruler of Iran (approximate date; died 1291)
 Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire (died 1326)
Deaths 
 February 20 – Al-Musta'sim, last Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
 August 18 – Theodore II Lascaris, emperor of Nicea (Byzantine Emperor in exile)
 Hong Bok-won, Goryeo commander who later served the Mongol Empire
 Meinhard I of Gorizia-Tyrol (born c. 1200)
 Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili, Moroccan spiritual leader (born 1175)
 Clement of Dunblane,13th-century Dominican friar who was the first member of the Dominican Order in Britain to become a bishop

Notes
Events 
 Robert de Sorbon founds the Collège de Sorbonne at Paris, giving a formal college (and still-common name) to the already existing University of Paris in France.
 Matthew Paris, English historian, personally interviews King Henry III of England for a week straight while compiling his major work of English history, Chronica Majora.
 King Henry III of England orders the production of an twenty pence English coin of pure gold, the first high-denomination coin minted in England and the first to use gold. Unfortunately for King Henry, the bullion value of the coins was about 20% higher than the nominal face value, leading to poor circulation as coins were melted down by individuals for their gold content.
 The second Genoese War breaks out between Genoa and Venice in Outremer known as the War of Saint Sabas.
 The city of Kraków is rebuilt by Boleslaus V of Poland after being nearly destroyed in the Tatar invasions in 1241.
 The Japanese Kōgen era ends, and the Shōka era begins.
Mongols take Annam (northern Vietnam).
 Aberdeen Grammar School opened.
Births 
 October 14 – King Przemysł II of Poland (d. 1296)
 Beatrice of Burgundy (died 1310)
 King Sancho IV of Castile and León (died 1295)

Deaths 
 June 4 – Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland
 August 15 – Saint Hyacinth
 December 24 – John I, Count of Hainaut (born 1218)
Events

Europe 
 May 4 – Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull Licet ecclesiae catholicae constituting the Augustinian monastic order at Lecceto Monastery.
 The city of Lviv, in present-day Ukraine, is founded by Danylo King of Rus.
 Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), successfully concludes a military campaign started a year earlier to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians.
Abingdon School is founded.
Roger Bacon becomes a Franciscan Friar.

Asia 
 October – Mongol commander Baiju (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) leads his forces in a victory over Kay Ka'us II of the Sultanate of Rüm, thereby capturing Anatolia.
 December 15 – Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran.
 Hulagu Khan establishes the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia, which will become one of four main divisions of the Mongol Empire.
 The Japanese Kenchō era ends, and the Kōgen era begins.
Births 
 January 6 – Gertrude the Great, German mystic
 Robert, Count of Clermont, French founder of the House of Bourbon (died 1317)

 Ibn al-Banna, Arab Mathematician (died 1321)

Deaths 
 January 28 – William II, Count of Holland, King of Germany
 June 13 – Tankei, Japanese sculptor (born 1173)
 September 1 – Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (born 1218)
 October 14 – Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (born 1239)
 William of Kilkenny, Lord Chancellor of England
 Johannes de Sacrobosco, English scholar
Events

Europe

Western Europe 
 August – The final Cathar stronghold in southern France falls, eliminating the last refuge of the heretical Cathars after the Roman Catholic Church engaged in a program to crush the sect, starting in 1209 with the Albigensian Crusade.
 The death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln prompts persecution of Jews in England on accusations of blood libel.
 Lisbon becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal.
 The Gothic cathedral at Bourges, France, is completed. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 A survey of royal privileges is conducted, which is included in the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086; the Hundred Rolls is later completed with two larger surveys in 1274/1275 and 1279/1280.
Central and Eastern Europe 
 May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia, his efforts having been unsuccessful.
 Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) is founded in Prussia.
 Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), conducts a military campaign to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians. He concludes the task successfully a year later in 1256.
 The Duchy of Bavaria is split into Upper and Lower Bavaria
 The German state of Nassau is divided, not to be reunited until 1806.
 King Béla IV of Hungary grants Banská Bystrica municipal rights of a royal town.

Asia 
 Hulagu Khan is dispatched by his brother Möngke Khan to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia.
Births 
 Albert I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1308)
 William de Ros, 2nd Baron de Ros, claimant to the crown of Scotland (died 1317)
 Duccio di Buoninsegna, Sienese painter (died 1319)
 Grand Prince Andrey of Gorodets (approximate date; died 1304)
 Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans (approximate date; died 1298)

Deaths 
 May 1 – Walter de Gray, English prelate and statesman
 Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln (born 1247)
 Jarler, Archbishop of Sweden
 Sundiata Keita, semi-historical hero and founder of the Mali Empire. (approximate date; born c. 1190)
 Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Blue Horde.
Glen Phillips (born December 29, 1970) is an American songwriter, singer and guitarist. He is best known as the singer and songwriter of 1990s alternative rock group Toad the Wet Sprocket.

Discography

Studio albums
 Abulum (2000)
 Winter Pays For Summer (2005)
 Mr. Lemons (2006)

Live albums/EPs
 Live at Largo (2003)
 Unlucky 7 (2006)

Other websites
 Glen Phillips  The official site with news, tour dates and a message board.
 Glen's MySpace site   Glen's MySpace site with blog and information on any upcoming tour dates.
 ComeBackDownload.com
 Unofficial Glen Phillips FAQ
 Phillips on Archive.org
 PopGurls 20 Questions with Glen Phillips .
 Interview with Glen Phillips on The BackStage Pass Internet Radio Show 
  Glen Phillips JBTV interview on XNDTV.com 
  glenphillips.net

Singer-songwriters from California
American guitarists
1970 births
Living people
People from Santa Barbara, California
Jon Brion (born December 11, 1963) is an American rock and pop multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, composer and record producer. He was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey. His mother was a jazz singer, his father a band director at Yale, his brother is an arranger and sister a violinist.

The Bats
Brion and Bill Murphy began writing together in New Haven, Connecticut. They recorded some demo tracks in makeshift apartment studios, and worked out their arrangements at Yale University Campus. They enlisted the talents of bassist Don "Riff" Fertman to form The Bats (unlike the New Zealand band of the same name). In 1982, the trio created a imaginative set of pop songs in a small studio in Connecticut. A single called "Popgun" followed by an LP entitled How Pop Can You Get? were released on the independent label Gustav. The album failed to chart, and the group was disbanded.

Discography

Studio albums
How Pop Can You Get? (with The Bats, 1982)
Ro Sham Bo (with The Grays, 1994)
Meaningless (solo, 2001)
Film scores
 Hard Eight (with Michael Penn) (1996)
 Magnolia (1999)
 Punch-Drunk Love (2002)
 Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2003)
 I ♥ Huckabees (2004)
 The Break-Up (2006)
As producer
 Aimee Mann, Whatever, (1993)
 Aimee Mann, I'm with Stupid, (1995)
 Rufus Wainwright, Rufus Wainwright, (1998)
 Eleni Mandell, Wishbone, (1998)
 Robyn Hitchcock, Jewels for Sophia, (1998)
 Robyn Hitchcock, A Star for Bram, (1999)
 Fiona Apple, When the Pawn..., (1999)
 The Crystal Method - "Bad Stone" (1997), "Over the Line" (2001), "Realizer" (2004)
 Elliott Smith, From a Basement on a Hill, (unreleased version, recorded 2001)
 Brad Mehldau, Largo, (2002)
 Rhett Miller, The Instigator, (2002)
 Evan Dando, Baby I'm Bored, (2003)
 Fiona Apple, Extraordinary Machine, (unreleased version, recorded 2002-2003)
 Kanye West, Late Registration (as co-executive producer and co-producer on several tracks), (2005)
 Marjorie Fair, Self Help Serenade (as co-executive producer), (2005)
 Kanye West, Graduation (as co-producer), (2007)
 Spoon (band), "The Underdog," ''Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga, (2007)

Other websites
 Jon Brion Unofficial site 
 Jon Brion's Official Website
1963 births
Living people
Musicians from New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
Bruce Molsky (born in Manhattan, New York in 1955) is an American fiddler, banjo player, guitarist, and singer. He teaches the fiddle at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, as part of its American Roots program. He has been nominated for two Grammy Awards.

He has made several recordings, including:
 If It Ain't Here When I Get Back (2013)
 1865 - Songs of Hope and Home from the American Civil War
 Meeting Point Bruce Molsky, Aly Bain & Ale Möller: Live at The Liverpool Philharmonic (2012)
 Soon Be Time 
 The Hell Benders 
 Warring Cats 
 Fiddlers 4

Other websites
Bruce Molsky official site

References

American guitarists
Singers from New York City
American folk singers
American banjo players
American fiddlers
1955 births
Living people
Béla Fleck (born July 10, 1958 in New York City, New York) is an American banjo player. He is best known for his work with the band Béla Fleck and the Flecktones.

Discography

Solo/with other musicians
 Crossing the Tracks (Rounder Records, 1979)
 Natural Bridge (Rounder Records, 1982)
 Double Time (Rounder Records, 1984)
 Inroads (Rounder Records, 1986)
 Daybreak (Rounder Records, 1987)
 Drive (Rounder Records, 1988)
 Places (Rounder Records, 1988)
 Tales From The Acoustic Planet (Warner Brothers, 1995)
 The Bluegrass Sessions: Tales from the Acoustic Planet, Vol. 2 (Warner Brothers, 1999)
 Perpetual Motion (Sony Classical, 2001)
 Drive (Mobile Fidelity, 2004) (SACD reissue)

As part of a musical group
Tasty Licks
 Tasty Licks (Rounder Records, 1978)
 Anchored to the Shore (Rounder Records, 1979)

Spectrum
 Opening Roll (Rounder Records, 1981)
 Too Hot For Words (Rounder Records, 1982)
 Live in Japan (Rounder Records, 1983)
The New Grass Revival
 On the Boulevard (Sugar Hill 1984)
 New Grass Revival (EMI 1986)
 Hold to a Dream (Capitol 1987)
 Live, (Sugar Hill 1989)
 Friday Night in America (Capitol 1989)
 Anthology (Capitol 1989)
 Deviation (Rounder Records, 1984) [billed as Bela Fleck with the New Grass Revival—sometimes considered a solo album]
 Best of New Grass Revival (Liberty 1994)
 Grass Roots: The Best of the New Grass Revival (Capitol 2005)
Béla Fleck and the Flecktones
 Béla Fleck And The Flecktones (Warner Brothers, 1990)
 Flight of the Cosmic Hippo (Warner Brothers, 1991)
 UFO Tofu (Warner Brothers, 1992)
 Three Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (Warner Brothers, 1993)
 Live Art (Warner Brothers, 1996)
 Left of Cool (Warner Brothers, 1998)
 Greatest Hits of the 20th Century (Warner Brothers, 1999)
 Outbound (Columbia Records, 2000)
 Live at the Quick (Columbia Records, 2002)
 Little Worlds (Columbia Records, 2003)
 Ten From Little Worlds (Selections from Little Worlds, Columbia Records, 2003)
 The Hidden Land (Columbia Records, 2006)
One-off collaborations
 Fiddle Tunes For Banjo with Tony Trischka and Bill Keith (Rounder Records, 1981)
 Snakes Alive! as part of The Dreadful Snakes (Rounder Records, 1983)
 Telluride Sessions as part of Strength In Numbers (MCA Nashville Records, 1989)
 Solo Banjo Works with Tony Trischka (Rounder Records, 1992)
The Great Dobro Sessions (Sugar Hill Records, 1994)
 Tabula Rasa with Jie-Bing Chen and Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (Water Lily Acoustics, 1996)
 Uncommon Ritual with Mike Marshall and Edgar Meyer (Sony, 1997)
 Music For Two with Edgar Meyer (Sony, 2004)
 The Sparrow Quartet with Abigail Washburn, Casey Driessen, and Ben Sollee (Nettwerk Records, 2005)
 The Enchantment with Chick Corea (Concord Records, 2007)
As a guest musician
Sam Bush
 Late as Usual (Rounder Records, 1984)
Curandero
 Aras (Silver Wave, 1996)
Dave Matthews Band
 Before These Crowded Streets (RCA, 1998)
 Live Trax Vol. 1: 12.8.98 Centrum Centre, Worcester, MA (2004)
 Live Trax Vol. 7: 12.31.96 Hamptom Coliseum, Hampton, VA (2006)
Eddie From Ohio
Looking Out the Fishbowl (Vriginia Soul Records, 1999)
Jimmy Sturr & His Orchestra
Let's Polka 'Round (2003)
Jorma Kaukonen
 Blue Country Heart (2002)
Nitty Gritty Dirt Band
 Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two (MCA Records, 1989)
Charlie Peacock
 Full Circle (2004)
Phish
Hoist (Elektra Records, 1994)
Farmhouse (Elektra Records, 2000)
Keller Williams
 Dream (2007)

Other websites
Béla Fleck and the Flecktones World Headquarters Web Site
Béla Fleck - The Official Website

1958 births
Living people
Musicians from New York City
Warner Bros. Records artists
Tift Merritt (born January 8, 1975) is an American singer, guitarist and songwriter. Born in Houston, Texas, Merritt moved to Raleigh, North Carolina at a young age.  She has been compared to songwriters like Joni Mitchell and Emmylou Harris.

In 2009, Merritt married Zeke Hutchins, her band's drummer and her long-time partner.  They live in New York City.

In addition to Austin City Limits, Merritt has been on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and the Late Show with David Letterman.  Her music has been in The L Word, Men In Trees, United States of Tara and the movie New in Town.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Video

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 MySpace.com site
 Americana Music Association

Singer-songwriters from Texas
American rock guitarists
Singers from Houston
Musicians from Houston
Writers from Houston
Country musicians from North Carolina
1975 births
Living people
Singers from North Carolina
Musicians from North Carolina
Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
Steven Paul "Elliott" Smith (August 6, 1969 – October 21, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He grew up in Duncanville, Texas. He died of stab wounds to his chest in 2003 when he was 34 years old. It is not known if it was suicide or murder. At the time of his death, Smith had been making his sixth album From a Basement on the Hill. It was released on October 19, 2004. In 2007 another album called New Moon was released.

Partial discography

Other websites 
 SweetAdeline.net - Official Elliott Smith website
 SweetAddy.com - Official discussion forums
 Cavity Search Records
 Kill Rock Stars

References 

1969 births
2003 deaths
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
Deaths by blade weapons
Writers from Omaha, Nebraska
Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Singers from Omaha, Nebraska
Sugar Hill Records is a folk music record label. Some of the artists who have released albums with the label are Nickel Creek, Allison Moorer, Sam Bush and Dolly Parton.

Folk music
Independent record labels
1251 was a common year.

Events
Europe 
 April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.
 December 26 – King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England, precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs.
 Andrew de Longjumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, meets the king in Palestine, with reports from the Mongols and Tartary; his mission is considered a failure.
 Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized, in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253.
 Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.
 King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV.
 The German city of Berlin, founded some fifty years earlier, receives its city charter.
 Ottokar II of Bohemia, later to become King of Bohemia, is elected Duke of Austria.
Asia 
 Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
 Carving of the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed.

Births 
 Hōjō Tokimune, 8th regent of the Kamakura shogunate (died 1284)

Deaths 
 Bohemund V of Antioch
 Peter I, Duke of Brittany (born 1190)
 Eljigidei, Mongol commander of Persia
 Isobel of Huntingdon (born 1199)
 Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine
1240 was a leap year.

Events 
 Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kiev.
 Mandinka prince Sundiata Keita defeats Sosso king Soumaoro Kanté at the Battle of Kirina, beginning the Mali Empire.
 July 15 – Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, saving Russia from a full-scale enemy invasion from the North.
 End of the civil war era in Norway.
 Saint Maurice is started to be portrayed as Moor.

Births 
 Abulafia, Maltese Jewish philosopher (died 1292)
 Pope Benedict XI (died 1304)
 Stephen V of Hungary (died 1272)
 Sigerus of Brabant, French theologian (died 1284)
 Albert the Degenerate, landgrave of Thuringia (approximate date; died 1314)

Deaths 
 April 11 – Llywelyn the Great, King of Gwynedd
 Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Arab philosopher
 Jacques de Vitry, French historian and theologian (born c. 1180)
 William de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (born 1166)
Monarchs/Presidents 
 Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
 Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
1237 was a common year.

Events 
 Thomas II of Savoy becomes count of Flanders.
 Elbląg, Poland is founded.
 Representatives of all 4 khanates lead 150000 Mongol, Turkish and Persian troops into Europe.
 The Mongols invade Russia.
 Gualdo Tadino, Italy, is destroyed by fire.
 The County of Artois is founded in France.
 Baldwin II becomes Latin Emperor of Constantinople.
 Conrad IV of Germany becomes King of Germany.
 The Livonian Brothers of the Sword unite with the Teutonic Knights.
 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Lombard League at Battle of Cortenuova
 A major fire destroys some 30,000 dwellings in the Chinese capital city of Hangzhou.

Births 
 Bohemond VI of Antioch, ruler of the principality of Antioch
Deaths 
 April 15 – Richard Poore, English ecclesiastic
 June 6 – John de Scotia, 9th Earl of Huntingdon
 John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem and Latin Emperor of Constantinople (born c. 1148)
 Jordanus Nemorarius, German scientist
 Pons de Capduelh, French troubadour
 September 23 – Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian, poet and politician (born c.1178)

Monarchs/Presidents 
 Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
 Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
 Joan, wife of Llwelyn the Great
Events 
 Foundation of the University of Naples.
 Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquers Latgallians and the stronghold of Tartu from Ugaunian and Russian troops.
 Last of Arabs expelled from Sicily.
 The Chichimecas capture Tula, Hidalgo.

Deaths 
 Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht (born 1153)
 Hōjō Yoshitoki, regent of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan (born 1163)

Monarchs/Presidents 
 Aragon – James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona (reigned from 1213 to 1276)
 Castile – Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile and León (reigned from 1217 to 1252)
 Holy See – Honorius III pope (from 1216 to 1227)
 Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
 Navarre – Sancho VII the Strong King of Navarre (reigned from 1194 to 1234)
 Portugal – Afonso II, the Fat, King of Portugal (reigned from 1212 to 1233)
 Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
Events 
 Middle Ages in Europe
 Fifth Crusade (1217-1221)
 Battle of Lihula in Estonia between Estonians and Swedes.
 Mongols first invade Abbasid caliphate – Bukhara and Samarkand taken
 End of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalry
 Dominican Order approved by Pope Honorius III
 Frederick II crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Honorius III
 Conrad of Masovia drives out the heathen Prussians from a Masovian territory of Chelmno Land
 Trial by ordeal abolished in England
 The German Hohenstaufen dynasty which had ruled Sicily since 1194, adopts Palermo as its principal seat
 Dordrecht receives city rights, making it the oldest city in the present-day Netherlands
 Ljubljana receives its town rights
The Islamic lands of Central Asia are overrun by the armies of the Mongol invader Genghis Khan (ca. 1155-1227), who laid waste to many civilizations and created an empire that stretched from China to the Caspian Sea. However, he failed to destroy the strength of Islam in Central Asia.
Architecture 
 Gothic architecture in Europe
 Rebuilding of the Cathedral of Chartres, which had been destroyed by a fire in 1194, is completed
 Rebuilding of the York Minster begins
 Building of the Salisbury Cathedral begins

Births 
 April 1 – Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (died 1272)
 November 11 – Alphonse of Toulouse, son of Louis VIII of France (died 1271)
 Thomas Ercildoun, Scottish minstrel (died 1297)
 Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
 Przemysł I of Poland (died 1257)
 Yaroslav of Russia, Grand Duke of Vladimir
 Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (died 1271)

Deaths 
 February 17 – Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine
 April 15 – Adolf of Altena, Archbishop of Cologne
 Michael Choniates, Byzantine writer and ecclesiastic
 Farid od-Din Mohammad ebn Ebrahim 'Attar, Persian mystical poet
 Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian (born 1150)
 Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford (born 1176)
 Mestwin I of Pomerania
 Queen Urraca of Portugal spouse of King Afonso II of Portugal (born 1186)
Office holders 
 List of state leaders in 1220
 List of religious leaders in 1220
Dot Branning (also Cotton) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by June Brown from 1985 to 1993 and 1997 to 2020. She worked in the laundrette and smoked Superkings.

References

EastEnders characters
Television characters
Fictional British people
Pat Evans  (also Beale, Harris, Wicks and Butcher) is a fictional character from the BBC One soap opera EastEnders. She was played by Pam St Clement from June 1986 until January 2012, with a guest appearance in May 2016.

EastEnders characters
Television characters
Fictional British people
The Middle Way or Middle Path is a teaching about a way of looking at things in Buddhism. This teaching advises a path of moderation, taking a middle way between extremes. In particular, the Buddha advises against taking a either an overly hard path or an overly easy path. He said that a person should not be either too self-indulgent or self-denying. The middle way is a different way of life.

According the Third Noble Truth, the way to stop suffering is to stop wanting things.  But if a person too strongly wants to stop wanting things, they are still wanting something. (to stop wanting things).  The middle way helps solve this problem. Buddha came to this idea after six years of extreme self-denial in the search for how to end suffering.

References

Related pages
Buddhism

Buddhism
Story 
Three male bears"a Little, Small, Wee Bear ... a Middle-sized Bear ... and a Great, Huge Bear" live in a house in the woods. They each have a porridge pot, a chair, and a bed. One morning, they take a walk in the woods while their porridge cools. A little old woman"an impudent, bad old Woman"enters the house during the bears' absence. She eats the little bear's porridge, breaks his little chair, and falls asleep in his little bed. The bears come home, and discover the old woman asleep. She wakes, sees the bears, jumps out the window, and fall to her deathnever to be seen again.
Origin 
"The Story of the Three Bears" was written by English writer Robert Southey. It was published in 1837 his 4-volume collection of essays and stories called The Doctor. Southey probably heard a version of the story as a boy from his uncle William Tyler. It was this version that was probably the basis for the story Southey  included in The Doctor. It is unknown where or how his uncle learned the story. Southey had known the story for a long time before he published it. He had been telling it to family and friends since 1813. 

A very similar version of the story predates Southey's published one of 1837. In 1831, a lady named Eleanor Mure wrote the story in rhyming verse for her nephew's fourth birthday. In both Southey's and Mure's versions, the character who enters the bears' house is an ugly old woman. The two versions differ only in some small details: Southey's bears have porridge, for example, while Mure's bears have milk.
The same year Southey published the story, a rhyming version was written by William Nicol. Southey wrote on 3 July 1837 that he had received Nicol's version. He liked it. He thought it would bring the story more attention from children. Nicol's version was published in 1841 with illustrations. 

Some think the story of the three bears resembles parts of "Snow White", or a story from Norway about a princess and three princes dressed in bear skins.  Charles Dickens included a story about goblins in his 1865 novel Our Mutual Friend that also resembles "The Three Bears". A story called "Scrapefoot" may be the original for "The Three Bears". This story has a fox (not a human) as the intruder in the bears' house.
Goldilocks 
About 12 years after Southey's story was published, writer Joseph Cundall changed the old woman into a little girl in his book Treasury of Pleasure Books for Young Children. Cundall made this change because there were many children's books about old women at the time. Once the little girl entered the story, she stayed there. She was known over the years as Silverhair, Silverlocks, Goldenlocks, and other names. She finally became Goldilocks sometime in the early 20th century.  

In time, the three male bears of Southey's original became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear. What was once a scary little story about a nosy, ugly old woman and three male bears became a cozy little story about a nosy, pretty little girl and a family of bears. In versions of the story from the Victorian Era, Southey's "[T]here she sate till the bottom of the chair came out, and down came her's, plump upon the ground" was changed to read "and down she came" instead. All mention of the human "bottom" was wiped out.
Interpretations 

In The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales (2002), Harvard professor Maria Tatar writes that the story is sometimes regarded as a cautionary tale. It warns children about the dangers of wandering off into unknown places. She points out that the story is often presented today as one about what is "just right" for oneself. In earlier times however, the story was about interfering with someone else's property. 

In The Uses of Enchantment (1976), child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim discusses Goldilock's struggle to grow beyond her Oedipal issues to confront adolescent identity problems. The story does not encourage children to solve the problems of growing up, Bettelheim writes, and does not end with the traditional "happily ever after" promise for those who solve their Oedipal issues.  He believes the tale does not allow the child reader to gain emotional maturity.
Tatar writes, "[Bettelheim's] reading is perhaps too invested in instrumentalizing fairy tales, that is, in turning them into vehicles that convey messages and set forth behavioral models for the child. While the story may not solve oedipal issues or sibling rivalry as Bettelheim believes "Cinderella" does, it suggests the importance of respecting property and the consequences of just 'trying out' things that do not belong to you." 

The story supports a Freudian anal stage interpretation. In ""The Three Bears": Four Interpretations" (1977), Professor Emeritus of the University of California, David Alan C. Elms makes such an interpretation and points to the story's emphasis upon orderlinessone of the character traits Freud associated with the anal stage of human developmentas compelling evidence. Elms traces the story's anality to Southey and to his dirt-obsessed aunt who passed her obsession on to him in "somewhat milder form".
Adaptations 
The Walt Disney and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios have both made animated movies about the Three BearsDisney in 1922 and MGM in 1939. Coronet Films made a short live action movie in 1958 that had real bears and a real child playing the characters. Faerie Tale Theatre made a television version in 1984. It stars Tatum O'Neal as Goldilocks.

Kurt Schwertsik wrote a 35-minute opera called Roald Dahl's Goldilocks. Baby Bear is accused of assaulting Miss Goldie Locks. The tables are turned when the defense shows that the bears have had a lot of touble because of that "brazen little crook" Goldilocks. The was first presented in 1997 at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 
 "The Story of the Three Bears", versified by George Nicol, 2nd edition, 1839

Fairy tales
The Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice) (BGH) is the highest German court for civil and criminal law. It is one of the five Supreme Courts in Germany.
 The Bundesarbeitsgericht (Federal Labour Court),
 the Bundesfinanzhof (Federal Finance Court),
 the Bundessozialgericht (Federal Social Court) and
 the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court)

are the other supreme courts. They only hear cases about their areas of law. There is no appeal from any of the supreme courts, unless someone's human rights are affected which is a matter for the Bundesverfassungsgericht - the Federal Constitutional Court to decide.

History 

The Bundesgerichtshof was founded in 1950. Its headquarters were in the old Palace of the "Hereditary Grand Duke" (the heir apparent) of Hesse in Karlsruhe.
Another part, the 5th criminal division is based in the Villa Sack in Leipzig. The idea was to move all of the court there after the reunification. The judges did not want to move so instead only the 5th criminal division was moved from Berlin to Leipzig.

The 5th division used to meet in West Berlin so that appeal cases could be heard in the city without having to take criminals across the DDR. The Federal Administrative Court moved into the Villa sack as well on August 22nd, 2002.

Organisation 
The BGH is divided into "senates". Each Senate has a judges as chairman and four assessors.
There are
 twelve civil courts of appeal;
 five criminal courts of appeal (including the one based in Leipzig); and
 eight specialised senates . These deal with
 Farming matters;
 Advocates affairs (attorneys and lawyers);
 Notary affairs;
 Patent agent affairs;
 Accountant affairs;
 Tax consultant disputes, but not tax disputes, which are handled by the Federal Finance Court in Munich;
 Cartel senate;
 Matters about working for the federal government, except military service which is handled by the Federal Administrative Court.

Business distribution

Civil courts of appeal 
Which senate hears a case depends on what is being argued about.

I. Copyrights, trademark rights, dishonest competition

II. Company law

III. Government liability

IV. Law of inheritance and insurance

V. Law of property

VI. "Deliktsrecht" Compensation after illegal acts tort

VII. Planning and building laws and regulations and contracts

VIII. Consumer and rent law

IX. Acts by lawyers and tax consultants, insolvency law
X. Patent and registered design law, "kind protection" (that is, protecting types of plants a breeder has grown),

Xa. Patent law, Travel contract law

XI. Banking law, loans and stock exhange law

XII. Family law and business rents law

Criminal divisions 
The criminal senates hear cases from the 24 Higher Regional Courts . Which senate depends on which court the appeal comes from.

1. Bamberg, Karlsruhe, Munich, Nuremberg and Stuttgart as well as armed forces crimes and offence against the national defence, tax law;

2. Frankfurt am Main, Jena, Koblenz and Cologne;

3. Celle, Düsseldorf, Oldenburg and Schleswig as well as state security crimes;

4. Hamm, Naumburg, Rostock, Saarbrücken and Zweibrücken, as well as traffic crimes;

5. (based in Leipzig): Supreme Court of Berlin and the Higher Regional Courts of Brandenburg, Brunswick, Bremen, Dresden and Hamburg as well as tax and customs crimes.

Presidents of the Federal Court of Justice

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Karlsruhe
A category is a group of people or things that are the same in some way.

Category can mean:
Category (philosophy)
taxonomic category - Taxonomic rank
Category (mathematics)
Categories (Aristotle)
Category (Kant)
Categories (Stoic)
Categories (game), a game involving naming categories of things
Category (topology)
An entertainer is a person who is employed to bring joy, relaxation or happiness.

Features 
An entertainer can perform on stage or television or simply entertain children at parties.

Examples 
Examples of entertainers include:

Clowns
Magicians
Actors
Comedians
Musicians

Entertainment occupations
Benetice is a small village near the town Světlá nad Sázavou (in Czech Republic).

Key features

Historical features 
There was a glass factory in Benetice. It does not exist any more, but some local names of places are derived from the parts of the glass factory as name Na sušírnách or Sklárenský rybník (the name of a pond). There is recreation camp in Benetice. It was used as pioneer camp (pioneers were people organized in one group in Czech republic) and it was used for young people from Hungary, Poland and Germany.

Natural features 
A linden-tree grows on village green of Benetice. It was planted in 1945.

Structural features 
The castle Lipnice can be seen from Benetice.

History of the village name 
 1375 - Beneczicze
 1787 - Benetitz

Photos

Other websites 
 www.benetice.eu - pages about the village Benetice
 Czech page about Benetice 
 Map of Benetice

Villages in the Czech Republic
Gustavo Adolfo Domínguez Bastida, better known as Bécquer, (Seville, 17 February 1836 – Madrid, 22 December 1870) was a Spanish post-romanticist writer of poetry and short stories. He is considered one of the most important figures in Spanish literature. He adopted the alias of Bécquer  as his brother Valeriano Bécquer, a painter, had done earlier. He was associated with the post-romanticism movement and wrote while realism in literature was enjoying success in Spain. He was moderately well known during his life, but it was after his death that most of his works were published.

His best known works are the Rhymes and the Legends, usually published together as Rimas y leyendas. These poems and tales are essential to the study of Spanish literature and common reading for high-school students in Spanish-speaking countries.

His work approached the traditional poetry and themes in a modern way, and is considered the founder of modern Spanish lyricism.

People from Seville
Spanish poets
1836 births
1870 deaths
Tirso de Molina (October, 1571? - March 12, 1648) was a Spanish Baroque dramatist and poet.

Originally Gabriel Tellez, he was born in Madrid.  He studied at Alcalá de Henares, joined the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy on November 4 1600, and entered the Monastery of San Antolín at Guadalajara, Spain on January 21 1601. He was ordained a priest by 1610.

References

1571 births
1648 deaths
Spanish writers
Spanish poets
HotJava is a web browser from Sun Microsystems that can execute Java applets. It was the first browser to support Java applets, and is not available anymore and is not supported anymore.

Other websites 
 HotJava Browser
 HotJava @ Evolt

Web browsers
Sun Microsystems
A mobile browser (also called a microbrowser or minibrowser) is a web browser made for use on a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA.  Mobile browsers are made to display webpages in the best way for small screens on mobile devices.

Web browsers
ABrowse is a free web browser for the Syllable operating system.

Other websites 
 Website

Web browsers
Shiira (シイラ, Japanese for the common dolphin-fish) is a free web browser based on Safari for the Mac OS X operating system.

Other websites
 Shiira Project 
Shiira: Open Source Web Browser based on Web Kit 

Web browsers
Ghostzilla is a web browser for Microsoft Windows based on Mozilla. The browser runs inside the window space of another program e.g. in Microsoft Outlook, where the page is made to look like the things one would expect in an email. It makes people think think the person they're reading an email. 

Between May 2004 and January 2005, the project was taken off the website because the person who made it felt it was bad to use it. It was later put back, but with warnings about the potential to use it for the wrong reason. Since February 2007, the site has been closed and is no longer available.

Features
 The Ghostzilla window disappears when the mouse cursor is moved away from it, letting the user easily hide it.
 The user can set the preferences to set security (hiding) levels. For example: He can display no images unless the mouse is put over it (they stand out, thus making it more easily recognized as the Web), or display plain grey text on a white background.

References
References

Other websites
 Last ever archived version of Ghostzilla site.

Web browsers
Mozilla
Swiftweasel is a free and fully open source build of Mozilla Firefox.

Other websites
 Swiftweasel site
 Swiftweasel on Softpedia
 Swiftweasel on Freshmeat
 Geektank Review

Web browsers
Mozilla
Charon is a web browser for the Inferno operating system.

Web browsers
The District of Bern is a district of the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It has an area of 233 km² and a population of 237,919 people (as of January 2005). The capital city is Bern. 

The district contains thirteen municipalities:

Other websites 
 Website of the city of Bern (in English)

Former districts of Bern
Biel is a small district in the Swiss canton of Bern. It contains 2 municipalities:

Other websites 
 Official Website of the city of Biel/Bienne
 Tourism Information for Biel/Bienne and Region 
 Portal with numerous trip suggestions in the Seeland region
 Portal with numerous trip suggestions in the Bern Jura region
 Events Calendar 
 Nightlife in Biel
 Watch Valley

Former districts of Bern
Rose Mary Byrne (born 24 July 1979) is an Australian actress.

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Bellikon is a municipality in Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Bellikon - Official website 
 Bellikon Rehab Clinic  

Municipalities in Baden District, Aargau
Benzenschwil was a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012 the former municipality of Benzenschwil merged into the municipality of Merenschwand.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Aargau
Bergdietikon is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The lake Egelsee is in Bergdietikon.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Baden District, Aargau
Egelsee is a lake at Bergdietikon, Aargau, Switzerland. The surface area is .  It is the largest natural lake in the canton.

Lakes of Switzerland
Baden District, Aargau
Berikon is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Bremgarten
998 was a common year.

Events 
 Otto III takes control the city of Rome and brings his cousin, Pope Gregory V, back to power.
 A Benedictine abbey is started at Sherborne.

Births 
 George I of Georgia

Deaths 
 Abu'l-Wafa, Iranian mathematician
995 was a common year.

Events 
 Erik Segersäll is replaces by Olof Skötkonung, the first baptized ruler of Sweden  (see Swedish monarchs).
 Basil II lifts the siege of Aleppo by bringing his entire army across Anatolia in sixteen days.
 Constantine III becomes king of Scotland.
 Boleslaus II of Bohemia kills the Slavnik's dynasty at Libice.
 Olaf Tryggvason is made king of Norway and builds the country's first church.

Births 
 Canute the Great (approximate) (d. 1035)
 Guido of Arezzo, Italian musician (d. 1050)
 Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and writer (d. 1077)
 Olaf II of Norway (d.1030)

Deaths 
 February 5 — William IV, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 937)
 Henry II, Duke of Bavaria (b.951)
 Kenneth II of Scotland (possibly murdered)
 Haakon Sigurdsson earl (and de facto ruler) of Norway
1177 was a common year.

Events 
 November 25 — Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon beat Saladin at the Battle of Montgisard.
 During the third year of the Angen era in Japan, a fire devastates Kyoto.
 Benedictus Abbas becomes abbot of Peterborough.
 Byland Abbey is started in Yorkshire by the Cistercians.
 Casimir II becomes duke of Poland.
 The Cham sack the Khmer capital of Angkor Wat.
 Roger de Moulins becomes Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.
 Moscow is burned down.
 Puigcerdà is founded by Alfonso II of Aragon.
 Leopold V becomes Duke of Austria.
 September 27 — Pope Alexander III sends a letter to Prester John, believing he is real.
 Treaty of Venice — Frederick I Barbarossa accepts Alexander III as Pope
 Estonians attack Pskov during winter.

Births 
 Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem (d. 1186)
 Robert de Ros, English baron (d. 1226)
 Philip of Swabia, enemy of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1208)
Deaths 
 January 13 — Henry II of Austria (b. 1107)
 William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon, father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. early 1140s)
 Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (b. 1095)

Heads of State 
 England — Henry II (reigned 1154–1189)
 France — Louis VII (reigned 1137–1180)
 Byzantine Empire — Manuel I Comnenus (reigned 1143–1180)
 Pope — Alexander III (pope 1159–1181)
 Song China – Song Xiaozong (宋孝宗) (reigned 1162–1189)