Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Charles William "Billy" Haines (January 2, 1900 – December 26, 1973) was an American movie actor and interior designer. He was a popular star of the silent movie era. In 1933, MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer fired the gay actor because he did not want to enter into a marriage of convenience. Haines never returned to movies. Instead, he started a successful interior design business with his lifelong male partner Jimmie Shields.

Early life 
Haines was born Charles William Haines on January 2, 1900 in Staunton, Virginia. He sang in the choir of Trinity Episcopal Church. He spent much time in the local movie theater. Haines ran away from home at 14 with his boyfriend. They opened a dance hall in Hopewell, Virginia. The Haines family found their son. He returned home to help support his sick father. He found his way to New York City. He joined the gay community in Greenwich Village. He did some modelling. He was discovered by a talent scout who sent him to Hollywood.
Hollywood 
Haines played bit parts in silent movies. His first good role was in Three Wise Fools in 1923. The critics liked him. MGM began promoting him as a future star. He generally played arrogant young men who are humbled at the end of the movie. 

He took a trip to New York in 1926. He met James "Jimmie" Shields, probably as a pick-up on the street. Haines convinced Shields to move to Los Angeles. He promised to get Shields work as an extra. The two were soon living together. They viewed themselves as a committed couple.

In 1933 he was arrested in a YMCA with a sailor he had picked up in Los Angeles. MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer told Haines to choose between a marriage with a woman or Jimmie Shields. Haines chose Shields. They stayed together for almost 50 years. Mayer fired Haines and ended his contract.
Haines had many movie hits. He was a top-five box office star from 1928 to 1932. A 1930 survey of film exhibitors listed Haines as the top box office attraction in the country. The Marines are Coming was his last movie. It was made in a Poverty Row studio in 1934. Haines was blacklisted in Hollywood for moral corruption.

Interior design 
Haines and Shields began careers as interior designers and antique dealers. Hollywood celebrities went to their businesses. In 1936, neighbors accused the two men of seeking sex with their son. Members of the Ku Klux Klan dragged Haines and Shields from their home. They were beaten. Their close friends wanted them to prosecute. They declined.  Haines served in World War II. The couple settled into the Hollywood community in Brentwood. Their business made money and  they retired in the early 1970s.
Death 
Haines and Shields remained together for the rest of their lives. Joan Crawford described them as "the happiest married couple in Hollywood." Haines died from lung cancer in Santa Monica, California at the age of 73. Soon afterward, Shields, who suffered from what many believe to have been Alzheimer's disease, put on Haines' pajamas, took an overdose of pills, and crawled into their bed to die. They were buried side by side in Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery.
Legacy 
William Haines Designs is still in operation. Its main offices are in West Hollywood with showrooms in New York, Denver, and Dallas. Haines's life story is told in the 1998 biography Wisecracker: The Life and Times of William Haines, Hollywood's First Openly Gay Star by William J. Mann. Haines's designs are the subject of Peter Schifando and Haines associate Jean H. Mathison's 2005 book Class Act: William Haines Legendary Hollywood Decorator. World of Wonder produced Out of the Closet, Off the Screen: The Life of William Haines It aired on HBO in 2001. Haines has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7012 Hollywood Boulevard.

References

Other websites 

1900 births
1973 deaths
Actors from Virginia
American LGBT people
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Deaths from lung cancer
Gay men
LGBT actors
Martine McCutcheon (born Martine Kimberley Sherrie Ponting on 14 May 1976) is a British actress and singer. She was born in Hackney, London. She played Tiffany Mitchell in EastEnders from 1995 to 1998. She played Natalie in Love Actually.

Other websites 
Official website 

1976 births
Living people
Actors from London
British child actors
English movie actors
English pop singers
English stage actors
English television actors
People from Hackney
Singers from London
Love Actually is a 2003 British romantic comedy-drama movie. The large majority of it is set in London, with parts of it set in Marseille, France and Wisconsin, United States. It features several interlinked stories of love. It was written and directed by Richard Curtis. It stars Hugh Grant, Liam Neeson, Colin Firth, Laura Linney, Emma Thompson, Alan Rickman, Keira Knightley, Martine McCutcheon, Bill Nighy and Rowan Atkinson.

Release Dates

Sources

Other websites 

2003 comedy-drama movies
2003 romantic comedy movies
2003 romantic drama movies
British comedy-drama movies
British romantic comedy movies
British romantic drama movies
2000s English-language movies
French-language movies
Marseille
Movies set in France
Movies set in London

Movies set in Wisconsin
Saint-Cyr-l'École is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is 21.4 km (13.3 mi) from the center of Paris.

In 2006, about 16,365 people lived here.

Education 
From 1993 to 1996, the main campus of the Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique was in the commune.

Communes in Yvelines
A floodplain is the flat area around a river that is covered in times of flood.  A floodplain is a very fertile area due to the rich alluvium (fine sediment) deposited by floodwaters. This makes floodplains a good place for agriculture. A build-up of alluvium on the banks of a river can create levees, which raise the riverbank.

Wetlands
Landforms
Waterways
Flood control
Satch Boogie is the fifth track from Joe Satriani's 1987 album Surfing With The Alien. The piece is a hard driving rock boogie in shuffle time. The solo is a mixture of A pentatonic blues and Dorian mode, the chord sequence is: A D F# A. The tapping solo uses Satriani's signature Pitch Axis Theory composition style, the central pitch in this case is A and the broken chords revolve around this note.

Other websites
 How to play Satch Boogie 

1987 songs
A monomer is a single atom or molecule which is able to join with other monomers to make new substances called polymers. The words come from the Greek language where mono means "one", poly means "many", and meros means "a part". A feature of monomers is that they have two carbon atoms which are joined, called a carbon double bond. The double bond allows the monomer to make the long chains of polymers. There are thousands of different monomers. Examples of monomers include monosaccharide which is simple sugar, glycerol, amino acid and nucleotide. The most made monomer is ethylene

References

Polymer chemistry
Polymers

hu:Molekula#Monomer
Anne Tenney (born 1954 in Sydney) is an Australian movie and television actress. She is best known for her role as Molly Jones in the television drama A Country Practice and as Sal Kerrigan in The Castle.

Career
Tenney started her career with guest roles in several Australian drama series, before becoming a part of the cast of A Country Practice in 1981. She left the program in 1985. 
She then got roles in many other television series. These include Police Rescue, Brides of Christ, E Street, Water Rats, Always Greener, All Saints and headLand.

She also appeared in 1997 movie The Castle.

Awards
In 1985 and 1986, Tenney won the 'Most Popular Actress' award at the Logies.

Personal
She is married to actor Shane Withington. He played her husband on A Country Practice.

References

Other websites
 

1954 births
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Actors from Sydney
Elio Di Rupo (born 18 July 1951) is a Belgian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Belgium from 2011 to 2014. He was the leader of Parti socialiste. He was born in Morlanwelz, Wallonia to Italian parents. Di Rupo is openly gay.

Di Rupo is the first openly gay man to lead a sovereign state. He was also the first openly gay man to win the position in his own right in an election.

Di Rupo is also mayor of Mons and previously alderman of the same city.

He is an atheist and a Freemason.

References

1951 births
Living people
Belgian atheists
Belgian chemists
Belgian educators
Belgian LGBT people
Belgian mayors
Former Roman Catholics
Freemasons
Gay men
Government ministers of Belgium
LGBT politicians
MEPs for Belgium
Socialist Party (Belgium) politicians
People from Hainaut (province)
Prime Ministers of Belgium
Walloon politicians
is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Kyoto.

History
In the Meiji period, Kyoto Prefecture was made from the area of the former Yamashiro Province.

From the 7th century through the late-19th century, the city of Kyoto was the Imperial capital of Japan.

Geography 
Kyoto Prefecture is almost in the center of Honshū and of Japan.  To the north, it faces the Sea of Japan and Fukui Prefecture. To the south, it faces Osaka and Nara Prefectures. To the east, it faces Mie and Shiga Prefectures. To the west, it faces Hyōgo Prefecture.

Cities
There are fifteen cities in Kyoto Prefecture.

Towns and villages

These are the towns and villages in each district:

Education
Education

Universities 
Kyoto University
Kyoto University of Education
Kyoto Institute of Technology
Kyoto University of Foreign Studies
Doshisha University
Ritsumeikan University
Kyoto Sangyo University (Kyoto Industrial University)
Ryukoku University
Bukkyo University
Otani University
Kyoto Gakuen University
Hanazono University

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 6% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
The Kamo Shrines (Kamigamo jinja and Shimogamo jinja) are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Kyoto Sanga F.C.

References

Other websites 

Official Kyoto Prefecture website (in English)
Kyoto Prefectural International Center 
Kyoto Prefecture Daily Living Guide 
Kyoto Tourism Federation 
Kyoto Visitors Guide
Batik  is an Indonesian method of dyeing cloth and making it resistant using wax. Such fabrics originally come from the island of Java. Nowadays, batik also can be found worldwide, mainly in Asia and Africa.

History of batik 

Batik is an ancient fabric wax-resist dyeing tradition of Java island (nowadays part of modern Indonesia). In the Ramayana—ancient Sanskrit epics dated 500 BC—, the island of Java is recorded as the island that already had seven kingdoms long before the story of Ramayana created, and Batik is one of the regarded clothes that have glorious value that originally made by the manufacturers within the kingdoms' environment itself. Batik is a part of an ancient Javanese tradition and has been taught for centuries, the art of batik is most highly developed in Java and some of the best batiks in the world still made there until today.

Due to the colonialism, batik also became popular in the Western countries,   especially since the Dutch colonial era.

Technique
Technique

To make a batik, they use the cloth as the paper, and they just start drawing hot wax over the cloth. And they said if we repeated the process, it will be more colorful. For the first step, make sure the cloth is washed. Batik patterns are drawn with pencil and later drawn again using a hot wax. The very common thing that people use is the pen-like instrument called a tjanting. After the cloth is dry, the areas keep their original color, and it also shows the pattern between the areas that have the color and do not have the color. It gives them a pattern. Then the artist repeats the process once for each color. A very traditional type of batik, called written batik, is drawn using only a tjanting. The cloth needs to be drawn on both sides and put in a color bath three or four times. The process may take up to a year.

References

Clothing
Textile arts
Cloth
Payment protection insurance (commonly abbreviated PPI) is a special insurance. People who get a loan  can get an insurance against dying, having an accident or becoming unemployed during the period of this loan. If the person taking the loan dies, the rest of the loan is paid by the insurance company; if they become unable to work because of an accident, or because of unemployment, the insurance company will pay the installments. 

This form of insurance has often been criticised because it is expensive; also the insurance and the people selling the insurance usually have high margins on these kinds of insurance. 

Insurance
was a Japanese political activist and assassin. He killed Inejirō Asanuma, the head of the Japanese Socialist Party (JCP).  On October 12, 1960, the killing was broadcast live by NHK television.

Assassin
Yamaguchi was an assassin because he killed a politically active man. His reasons for the murder were political.

Yamaguchi was a member of a radical group. In 1960, he killed Inejiro Asanuma when he was at a public meeting. Soon after, Yamaguchi killed himself in a juvenile center. He wrote on the wall of the room in which he hung himself. His last words were written using a paste made from tooth powder and water. He wrote "Seven lives for my country ..." which was a reference to the last words of 14th century samurai Kusunoki Masashige.

Legacy
Yasushi Nagao captured the assassination in a dramatic photograph.  The image won the 1960 World Press Photo award.

Nobel Prize-winning writer Kenzaburō Ōe based his book Seventeen on Yamaguchi.
Related pages
 John Wilkes Booth
 Gavrilo Princip
 Lee Harvey Oswald
 Osama bin Laden
 Kim Gu

References

Other websites
  1960 World Press Photo by Yasushi Nagao

1943 births
1960 deaths
Anti-communists
People from Tokyo
Assassins
Japanese activists
West Hollywood (nickname: WeHo) is a city of Los Angeles County, California. It was made a city on November 29, 1984. The population was 35,757 at the 2020 census. According to a 2002 analysis, 41% of the city's population is made up of gays. West Hollywood and the neighboring city of Beverly Hills are surrounded by the city of Los Angeles.

References

Other websites
 West Hollywood Official Website
 West Hollywood General Plan Update (PDF)
 West Hollywood Marketing & Visitors Bureau
 Official site for gay travel in West Hollywood
 LA County Disaster Communications Service (DCS) West Hollywood Station 
 The Avenues Official Website
 The Sunset Strip Official Website
 West Hollywood Daily News Website 
 West Hollywood News Website 
 The Sunset Strip Music Festival
 LA Pride
 West Hollywood Halloween Costume Carnaval
 Official West Hollywood Filming Site
 West Hollywood Employers' Corporate Equality Index
 Los Angeles County Sheriff's Dept. – West Hollywood Station 
 La Cienega Design Quarter
Stephen L. "Steve" Reeves (21 January 1926 - 1 May 2000) was an American bodybuilder and actor. He was born in Glasgow, Montana. He moved to California with his mother at age 10. He trained as a bodybuilder. He joined the US Army and served in the Pacific during World War II. 

After the war, he pursued bodybuilding. In 1946, he won the title of Mr. Pacific Coast. Within the next four years he won the world's most famous titles, including Mr. America, Mr. World, and Mr. Universe. 

Reeves started acting. In 1954, he had some small parts in movies and was on television. In 1957, he made Hercules, a low budget movie based on the ancient Greek stories of the Golden Fleece. The movie was a great success. It made $5 million in the United States.
From 1959 through 1964, Reeves starred in many low budget peplum movies. In 1963, he married Aline Czarzawicz. The couple retired to Southern California in 1969. He wrote an exercise guide, Building the Classic Physique the Natural Way. He bought a ranch and bred horses. Reeves died from lymphoma in Escondido, California in 2000.

Movie list
Athena (1954) Hollywood movie directed by Richard Thorpe
 Jail Bait (1954) Hollywood movie directed by Ed Wood
 Hercules (1957) (Le fatiche di Ercole / The Labors of Hercules) released in Italy in 1958, released in US in 1959
 Hercules Unchained (1959) (Ercole e la regina di Lidia / Hercules and the Queen of Lydia) released in US in 1960
 Goliath and the Barbarians (1959) (Il terrore dei barbari / Terror of the Barbarians)
 The Giant of Marathon (1959) (La battaglia di Maratona / The Battle of Marathon)
 The Last Days of Pompeii (1959) (Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei / The Last Days of Pompeii)
 The White Warrior (1959) (Hadji Murad il Diavolo Bianco / Hadji Murad, The White Devil) directed by Riccardo Freda
 Morgan, the Pirate (1960) (Morgan, il pirato)
 The Thief of Baghdad  (1961) (Il Ladro di Bagdad / The Thief of Baghdad)
 The Trojan Horse (1961) (The Trojan War)
 Duel of the Titans (1961) (Romolo e Remo / Romulus And Remus)
 The Slave (1962) (Il Figlio di Spartaco / Son of Spartacus)
The Avenger (1962) (La leggenda di Enea / The Legend Of Aeneas) this was a sequel to "The Trojan Horse" (aka The Last Glory of Troy or War of the Trojans)
 Sandokan the Great (1964) (Sandokan, the Tiger of Mompracem) directed by Umberto Lenzi
 Sandokan, the Pirate of Malaysia (1964) aka The Pirates of Malaysia, aka Pirates of the Seven Seas; this was a sequel to Sandokan the Great, directed by Umberto Lenzi
 A Long Ride from Hell (1967) (I Live for Your Death!) spaghetti western directed by Camillo Brazzoni, produced and co-written by Steve Reeves
Other websites 
An Interview with Steve Reeves by Roy Frumkes, from The Perfect Vision Magazine, Volume 6, Issue #22, July 1994
How Steve Reeves Trained by John Grimek, Muscular Development November 1964 , account of how Reeves trained to prepare for the 1950 Mr. Universe competition at the York Barbell Club gym

Feature Films: Hercules
Feature Films: Hercules Unchained
Steve Reeves Gallery

Actors from Montana
American movie actors
American television actors
American bodybuilders
1926 births
2000 deaths
Hercules is a 1958 movie. It is based on the Ancient Greek tales of Hercules, Jason, the Argonauts, and the Golden Fleece. Steve Reeves stars as Hercules. A massive "saturation" promotional campaign was launched in the United States for the movie.

History 
It opened in 175 theatres alone in the New York City area. Hercules became a big hit as a result, and Steve Reeves became a big star. Hercules paved the way for dozens of flicks starring oily bodybuilders as mythological heroes battling monsters, despots, and evil queens.  The movie had a sequel called Hercules Unchained. It also starred Reeves.

Other websites 
 New York Times Tribute to Steve Reeves 
 

1950s epic movies
1958 movies
1950s fantasy movies
Italian fantasy movies
Spanish fantasy movies
Peplum movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
Hercules movies
Italian-language movies
Movies directed by Pietro Francisci
Sword and sandal movie is a movie  genre. They have an ancient Greek, Roman, or Biblical setting. Sometimes called "peplum" movies from the garment worn by the ancient Greeks and Romans.

The central character in these movies is usually a muscular hero like Hercules or Samson. He wears a short peplum and battles monsters, evil despots, and  kings or queens. This oil-slicked, nearly-nude hero is rewarded at the end of the movie with the cheers of his people, clan, or tribe  and the hand of a lovely princess.

These movies were mostly made in Italy and some in Spain. Italian moviemakers modelled peplum movies on the big budget Hollywood epics like Charlton Heston's Ben-Hur (1959) or Kirk Douglas' Spartacus (1960). The genre was very important in Italian moviemaking from 1957 to 1965, but was shoved aside in 1965 by the "Spaghetti Western".
Critics often thought peplum movies were poor stuff. They treated them with contempt. Italian director Vittorio Cottafavi called the genre "Neo-Mythology". Elizabeth Taylor's Cleopatra (1963) and Sophia Loren's The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964) are generally considered big-budget sword and sandal movies that mark the end of the genre.

References
Muscular Christianity is a term for a movement originating during the Victorian era. It stressed the need for active Christian activism and belief of vigorous masculinity. It is most associated with the English writers Charles Kingsley and Thomas Hughes, and in Canada with Ralph Connor, though the name was bestowed by others. Kingsley and Hughes promoted physical strength and health (at least for men) as well as an active pursuit of Christian ideals in personal life and politics.

Muscular Christianity has continued itself through organisations that combine physical and Christian spiritual development. It is influential within both Catholicism and Protestantism.

References

Other websites 
The Manly Christ: a New View. Robert Warren Conant. 1904.
The Masculine Power of Christ; or, Christ Measured as a Man. Jason Noble Pierce. 1912.

History of Christianity
19th century
The List of Omiya Ardija players is evolving.  The history of the team is created by its players.

Omiya Ardija  is a Japanese professional football club in the Ōmiya ward of Saitama.

List
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 An Yong-Hak
 Koji Ezumi
 Chikara Fujimoto
 Yoshihito Fujita
 Yuki Fukaya
 Hayato Hashimoto
 Naoki Ishihara
 Shin Kanazawa
 Takashi Kitano
 Kazuhiro Murakami
 Arata Sugiyama
 Daisuke Tada
 Shusuke Tsubouchi
 Tomoya Uchida

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams

References

Other websites

 Omiya Ardija website  
  J.League Club Guide 

Omiya Ardija
Sean Ali Stone (born 1984) is an American movie director, producer, cinematographer, screenwriter and actor. He is the elder son of Oliver Stone.

Filmography
 As actor
Salvador (1986) as Boyle's Baby
Wall Street (1987) as Rudy Gekko
Born on the Fourth of July (1989) as Young Jimmy Kovic
JFK (1991) as Jasper Garrison
The Doors (1991) as Young Jim Morrison
Heaven & Earth (1993)Natural Born Killers (1994) as KevinNixon (1995) (1997) as Donald Nixon
U Turn (1997)
Any Given Sunday (1999)
Fighting Against Time: Oliver Stone's Alexander (2005) himself as narrator
Resurrecting Alexander (2005) himself as narrator
Perfect Is the Enemy of Good (2005) himself as narrator
W. (2008)
Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (2010)
Nevo (2011) as Stephan
Graystone (2011) as Sean
American Road (2011) as Jack Kerouac
Don't Pass Me By (2012) as Josh Malek
As director, producer, cinematographer, screenwriter
Fighting Against Time: Oliver Stone's Alexander (2005) (as qriter, producer, director, cinematographer)
The Death of Alexander (2005) (as producer, director, cinematographer)
Resurrecting Alexander (2005) (as producer, director, cinematographer)
Perfect Is the Enemy of Good (2005) (as producer, director, cinematographer)
Nuremberg: A Vision Restored (2007) (as producer, director, cinematographer)
Singularity (2008) (as writer, producer, director)
Graystone (2011) (as writer, director)

References

Other websites

1984 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American movie producers
American Muslims
Movie directors from New York (state)
Machinima ( or ) is a type of animation and digital moviemaking style. It is the use of 3D computer graphics with a 3D video game or computer game to create the 3D animation. The creator who is making the video will record in-game animation and edit it with voice recordings. Machinima can be script-driven, meaning the cameras, characters, and effects are scripted for playback in real time. Unlike other types of animation, the scripting is driven by events and not keyframes.

Machinima limits the controls of other animation types. This is according to Machinima.org. For example, Machinima videos can be shot live or scripted in real time. So it becomes much faster to produce than traditionally animated movies.
Machinima productions can remain close to their gaming roots and feature stunts or other portrayals of gameplay. Popular genres include dance videos, comedy, and drama. Alternatively, some filmmakers attempt to stretch the boundaries of the rendering engines or to mask the original 3-D context. The Academy of Machinima Arts & Sciences (AMAS), a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting machinima, recognizes exemplary productions through Mackie awards given at its annual Machinima Film Festival. Some general film festivals accept machinima, and game companies, such as Epic Games, Blizzard Entertainment and Jagex, have sponsored contests involving it.\
The Making of Machinima
The AMAS defines machinima as "animated filmmaking within a real-time virtual 3-D environment". In other 3-D animation methods, creators can control every frame and nuance of their characters but, in turn, must consider issues such as key frames and in-betweening. Machinima creators leave many rendering details to their host environments, but may thus inherit those environments' limitations. Because game animations focus on dramatic rather than casual actions, the range of character emotions is often limited. However, Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd state that a small range of emotions is often sufficient, as in successful Japanese anime television series.
Another difference is that machinima is created in real time, but other animation is pre-rendered. Real-time engines need to trade quality for speed and use simpler algorithms and models. In the 2001 animated film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, every strand of hair on a character's head was independent; real-time needs would likely force them to be treated as a single unit. Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd argue that improvement in consumer-grade graphics technology will allow more realism; For cut scenes in video games, issues other than visual fidelity arise. Pre-rendered scenes can require more digital storage space, weaken suspension of disbelief through contrast with real-time animation of normal gameplay, and limit interaction.
Like live action, machinima is recorded in real-time, and real people can act and control the camera. Filmmakers are often encouraged to follow traditional cinematic conventions, such as avoiding wide fields of view, the overuse of slow motion, and errors in visual continuity. Unlike live action, machinima involves less expensive, digital special effects and sets, possibly with a science-fiction or historical theme. Explosions and stunts can be tried and repeated without monetary cost and risk of injury, and the host environment may allow unrealistic physical constraints. University of Cambridge experiments in 2002 and 2003 attempted to use machinima to re-create a scene from the 1942 live-action film Casablanca. Machinima filming differed from traditional cinematography in that character expression was limited, but camera movements were more flexible and improvised. Nitsche compared this experiment to an unpredictable Dogme 95 production.
Berkeley sees machinima as "a strangely hybrid form, looking forwards and backwards, cutting edge and conservative at the same time". Machinima is a digital medium based on 3-D computer games, but most works have a linear narrative structure. Some, such as Red vs. Blue and The Strangerhood, follow narrative conventions of television situational comedy. Nitsche agrees that pre-recorded ("reel") machinima tends to be linear and offers limited interactive storytelling; he sees more opportunities in machinima performed live and with audience interaction. In creating their improvisational comedy series On the Campaign Trail with Larry & Lenny Lumberjack and talk show Tra5hTa1k with ILL Will, the ILL Clan blended real and virtual performance by creating the works on-stage and interacting with a live audience. In another combination of real and virtual worlds, Chris Burke's talk show This Spartan Life takes place in Halo 2s open multiplayer environment
. There, others playing in earnest may attack the host or his interviewee. Although other virtual theatrical performances have taken place in chat rooms and multi-user dungeons, machinima adds "cinematic camera work". Previously, such virtual cinematic performances with live audience interaction were confined to research labs which had powerful computers.
Machinima can be less expensive than other forms of filmmaking. Strange Company produced its feature-length machinima film BloodSpell for less than £10,000. Before using machinima, Burnie Burns and Matt Hullum of Rooster Teeth Productions spent US$9,000 to produce a live-action independent film; in contrast, the four Xbox game consoles used to make Red vs. Blue in 2005 cost $600. The low cost caused a product manager for Electronic Arts to compare machinima to the low-budget independent film The Blair Witch Project, without the need for cameras and actors. Because these are seen as low barriers to entry, machinima has been called a "democratization of filmmaking". Berkeley weighs increased participation and a blurred line between producer and consumer against concerns that game copyrights limit commercialization and growth of machinima.
Character and camera control
Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd list four main methods of creating machinima. From simple to advanced, these are: relying on the game's AI to control most actions, digital puppetry, recamming, and precise scripting of actions. Although simple to produce, AI-dependent results are unpredictable, thus complicating the realization of a preconceived film script. For example, when Rooster Teeth produced The Strangerhood using The Sims 2, a game that encourages the use of its AI, the group had to create multiple instances of each character to accommodate different moods. Individual instances were selected at different times to produce appropriate actions.
In digital puppetry, machinima creators become virtual actors; each crew member controls a character in real-time, as in a multiplayer game. The director can use built-in camera controls, if available. Otherwise, video is captured from the perspectives of one or more puppeteers who serve as camera operators. Puppetry allows for improvisation and offers controls familiar to gamers, but requires more personnel than the other methods and is less precise than scripted recordings. However, some games, such as the Halo series, (except for Halo PC and Custom Edition, which allow AI and custom objects and characters), allow filming only through puppetry. According to Marino, other disadvantages are the possibility of disruption when filming in an open multi-user environment and the temptation for puppeteers to play the game in earnest, littering the set with blood and dead bodies. However, Chris Burke intentionally hosts This Spartan Life in these unpredictable conditions, which are fundamental to the show
. Other works filmed using puppetry are the ILL Clan's improvisational comedy series On the Campaign Trail with Larry & Lenny Lumberjack and Rooster Teeth Productions' Red vs. Blue. In recamming, which builds on puppetry, actions are first recorded to a game engine's demo file format, not directly as video frames. Without re-enacting scenes, artists can then manipulate the demo files to add cameras, tweak timing and lighting, and change the surroundings. This technique is limited to the few engines and software tools that support it.
A technique common in cut scenes of video games, scripting consists of giving precise directions to the game engine. A filmmaker can work alone this way, as J. Thaddeus "Mindcrime" Skubis did in creating the nearly four-hour The Seal of Nehahra (2000), the longest work of machinima at the time. However, perfecting scripts can be time-consuming. Unless what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) editing is available, as in Vampire: The Masquerade – Redemption, changes may need to be verified in additional runs, and non-linear editing may be difficult. In this respect, Kelland, Morris, and Lloyd compare scripting to stop-motion animation. Another disadvantage is that, depending on the game, scripting capabilities may be limited or unavailable. Matinee, a machinima software tool included with Unreal Tournament 2004, popularized scripting in machinima.
Limitations and solutions
When Diary of a Camper was created, no software tools existed to edit demo files into films. Rangers clan member Eric "ArchV" Fowler wrote his own programs to reposition the camera and to splice footage from the Quake demo file. Quake movie editing software later appeared, but the use of conventional non-linear video editing software is now common. For example, Phil South inserted single, completely white frames into his work No Licence to enhance the visual impact of explosions. In the post-production of Red vs. Blue: The Blood Gulch Chronicles, Rooster Teeth Productions added letterboxing with Adobe Premiere Pro to hide the camera player's head-up display.
Machinima creators have used different methods to handle limited character expression. In the Halo video game series, helmets completely cover the characters' faces. To prevent confusion, Rooster Teeth's characters move slightly when speaking, a convention shared with anime. Some machinima creators use custom software. For example, Strange Company uses Take Over GL Face Skins to add more facial expressions to their characters filmed in BioWare's 2002 role-playing video game Neverwinter Nights. Similarly, Atussa Simon used a "library of faces" for characters in The Battle of Xerxes. In some cases, some game companies may provide such software; examples include Epic Games' Impersonator for Unreal Tournament 2004 and Valve Corporation's FacePoser for Half-Life 2. Another solution is to blend in non-machinima elements, as nGame did by inserting painted characters with more expressive faces into its 1999 film Berlin Assassins
. It may be possible to point the camera elsewhere or employ other creative cinematography or acting. For example, Tristan Pope combined creative character and camera positioning with video editing to suggest sexual actions in his controversial film Not Just Another Love Story.
References

Further reading

—Also as:

Other websites

 Academic machinima bibliography to 2007 
 Academic machinima bibliography to 2011
 Warcraft Movies, a resource for World of Warcraft machinima
 Machinima, a resource for all  machinima works
 Blue Entertainment , a resource for battlefield 2 machinima	
 T.O.M.B. The Online Motions Box, links to thousands of Machinima motions
 GamersTube, a resource for various machinima
 The Movie Vault, a competitive machinima video website
 Flight Sim Machinima , links to flight-sim machinima
 Machinination , a resource for machinima artists
 
 
 
 Machinima Central- Machinima Community/Resources 

Animation
Computer graphics
Oswald is an American children's animated television series co-produced by Decode Entertainment and HIT Entertainment. It originally aired on Nick Jr. and Noggin in the United States for the first and the second seasons in 2001. 26 episodes were produced. In the United Kingdom, the series got a British dub using the American voice actors by Skylark Sound Studios using the British with a British accents by The Character Development and The Sound Company Ltd. on Channel 5 and Milkshake! in 2001. Only the first 2 seasons were dubbed.

The series was added to Paramount+ (at the time CBS All Access) in January 2021.
Plot 
The series is set in Big City, a colorful world populated by anthropomorphic animals, mythological creatures and humanoid beings. Each episode follows the daily experiences of an anthropomorphic blue octopus named Oswald (voiced by Fred Savage), accompanied by his beloved pet hot dog Weenie, and their life in the cheerful and whimsically-designed community of Big City. Commonly, the program concentrates on Oswald's experiences with friends, acquaintances and neighbors, including Henry, a penguin, and Daisy, a flower, among others – and his patient methods of coping with or tolerating different situations and dilemmas, along with his thoroughly optimistic outlook on life.

Reception
The series received four out of five stars on Common Sense Media.

References
References 

2001 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
Television series about animals
Animals in fiction
English-language television programs
Oswald may refer to:

Oswald (TV series), a television series from Nick Jr., or the title character of the show
Oswald (given name), a  given name
Oswald von Wolkenstein
Lee Harvey Oswald
Pelswick Oswald the Third
Oswald of Northumbria
Clara Oswald, a character from the British series Doctor Who
Jason and the Argonauts is a 1963 movie. It stars Todd Armstrong as Jason. The movie is about the quest for the Golden Fleece. It was directed by Don Chaffey. The special effects were the creation of stop-motion animation expert Ray Harryhausen. The movie is famous for its monsters and the battle with the skeletons.  Hercules is another movie on the Golden Fleece theme that was made about the same time. It stars legendary bodybuilder Steve Reeves. 

Peplum movies
1963 fantasy movies
1963 adventure movies
American fantasy movies
American adventure movies
1960s epic movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
Movies directed by Don Chaffey
Ulysses is a 1954 3-D Italian adventure movie. It is based on Homer's poem The Odyssey, and tells of Odysseus's attempts to return home to Ithaca after the Trojan War. Silvana Mangano plays two roles, as Penelope, the faithful wife of Ulysses and the sorceress, Circe. Kirk Douglas stars the Greek hero, Ulysses. Anthony Quinn plays Antinous.

Other websites 

1954 movies
1954 adventure movies
1950s epic movies
1950s fantasy movies
Italian movies
Italian-language movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
Peplum movies
Clash of the Titans is a 1981 movie. It is about the Greek hero Perseus. He is played by Harry Hamlin. The movie features the final work of stop motion artist, Ray Harryhausen. It made $41 million in the United States. It was the 11th highest money-making movie of the year.  Warner Bros. released a remake in 3D on April 2, 2010. Many big stars were in the movie including Laurence Olivier, Maggie Smith, and Ursula Andress.
Plot 
King Acrisius of Argos (Donald Houston) has his daughter Danaë (Vida Taylor) imprisoned in a tower, out of jealousy for her beauty. However, Zeus (Laurence Olivier), king of the Greek gods, impregnates her and the product of this affair is Perseus. Fearing that his grandson will one day grow up to kill him, Acrisius has both mother and child set out to sea in a wooden chest, in the hopes of killing them. However, out of revenge, Zeus has Acrisius killed and orders the sea god Poseidon (Jack Gwillim) to release the last of the Titans, a giant humanoid sea monster called the Kraken, to destroy Argos. Meanwhile, Danaë and Perseus miraculously survive and land on the island of Seriphos, where Perseus grows into a young man.
Calibos (Neil McCarthy) is a young man who is the son of the sea goddess Thetis (Maggie Smith) and due to be married to Andromeda (Judi Bowker), daughter of Queen Cassiopeia (Siân Phillips) and heiress to the throne of Joppa; however, he has killed off every living thing in the Wells of the Moon (which he was entrusted to guard), among them Zeus' sacred herd of winged horses (except for Pegasus). To punish him, Zeus transforms Calibos into a monstrous satyr and has him exiled by his people. In retribution, Thetis transports the adult Perseus (Harry Hamlin) to an abandoned amphitheatre in Joppa where he encounters the aged poet Ammon (Burgess Meredith) from whom he learns that Andromeda is under a curse and is unable to marry unless her suitors can correctly answer a riddle; those who fail are burned at the stake. To aid his son, Zeus sends Perseus an invisibility helmet from Athena (Susan Fleetwood), a magic sword from Aphrodite (Ursula Andress) and a shield from Hera (Claire Bloom)
. Wearing the helmet, Perseus manages to capture Pegasus and follows Andromeda to learn the next riddle. Calibos nearly kills Perseus, but he escapes, losing his helmet in the process and also managing to sever Calibos' hand.
The gods predict that Perseus and Andromeda will live happily for the rest of the lives and have children. Zeus also forbids the gods from pursuing vengeance against them. The constellations of Perseus, Andromeda, Cassiopeia  and Pegasus are created in their honor.

References 

Epic movies
1980s fantasy movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
1981 movies
Childhood is the period between birth and puberty.  Childhood ends when a human being begins puberty. The state or period of being a child is called childhood.  In many places, childhood ends at puberty, or legally at a fixed age of majority.  The child becomes an adult, sometimes with a rite of passage.  Another word for teenagers and adolescents is "youth".
Engen (延元) was a  of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kemmu and before Kōkoku.  This period started in February 1336 and ended in April 1340.  The monarchs during this time were  and .  The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .

Events of the Engen era
 17 May 1336 (Engen 1, 6th day of the 4th month): Former-Emperor Go-Fushimi died.
 19 September 1339 (Engen 4, 16th day of the 8th month): Emperor Go-Daigo died. 
 1340 (Engen 5): Sightings of a "broom star" (comet) are recorded.

Northern Court nengō
Kemmu, 1329-1338
Ryakuō, 1338-1342

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1336 establishments in Japan
1340 disestablishments
1340s disestablishments in Japan
Kōkoku (興国) was a  of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Engen and before Shōhei.  This period started in April 1340 and ended in December 1346.  The monarch during this time were was .  The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .

Events of the Kōkoku era
 1342 (Kōkoku 3):  was removed from his position as daijō daijin.
 1344 (Kōkoku 5): Shogun Ashikaga Takauji offered prayers at Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū.

Northern Court nengō
 Ryakuō, 1338-1342
 Kōei, 1342–1345
 Jōwa, 1345–1350

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1340 establishments
1340s establishments in Japan
1346 disestablishments
1340s disestablishments in Japan
The Anglo-Saxon runes are runes that were used from the 5th to the 8th century. It extends Elder Futhark from 24 to between 26 and 33 characters. Like the Elder Futhark, it is named after the first few letters in the series: These transliterate to Futhorc in modern English. The script was used to record Old English and Old Frisian. Inscriptions using Futhorc are rare after the 9th century, and completely disappear after the Norman conquest.

Runes
Anglo-Saxons
5th-century establishments in Europe
8th-century disestablishments
For the Japanese era from 931 through 938, see Jōhei.

 was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōkoku and before Kentoku.  This period started in December 1346 and ended in July 1370.

The monarchs during this time were  and .  The Northern Court pretenders in Kyoto were ,  and .
Events of the Shōhei era 
 2 December 1348 (Shōhei 3, 11th day of the 11th month): Former-Emperor Hanazono died.
 1349 (Shōhei 4): Go-Murakami fled to A'no.
 1350 (Kannō 5): Yoshinori guarded Kyoto.
 1350–1352 (Shōhei 5–7): Armed conflict, variously known as the  or Kannō no Juran.
 1352 (Shōhei 7): Emperor Go-Murakami captured former-emperors Kōgon, Kōmyō and Sukō; and they were permitted to return to Kyoto in 1357 (Shōhei 12).
 1354 (Shōhei 9): Kitabatake Chikafusa dies.
 1358 (Shōhei 13): Death of Ashikaga Takauji; Ashikaga Yoshiakira was appointed as the new shogun.
 1361 (Shōhei 16): Snowfall was unusually heavy; and there was also a disastrous fire in Kyoto as well as a violent earthquake.
 1368 (Shōhei 23): Ashikaga Yoshimitsu became the third shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate.
 29 March 1368 (Shōhei 23, 11th day of the 3rd month): Go-Murakami died; and his oldest son received the succession.
Northern Court nengō
 Jōwa, 1345–1350
 Kannō, 1350–1352
 Bunna, 1352–1356
 Enbun, 1356–1361
 Kōan, 1361–1362
 Jōji, 1362–1368
 Ōan, 1368–1375

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1346 establishments
1340s establishments in Japan
1370 disestablishments
1370s disestablishments in Japan
Hercules Against the Moon Men is a 1964 Italian/French movie. It was directed by Giacomo Gentilomo. It stars Alan Steel (real name Sergio Ciani). The movie blends (mixes) elements from Roman, Greek, Cretan and Egyptian mythologies. In the original Italian language version, the hero was not Hercules. The hero was Maciste. Maciste was a hero in Italian silent movies. Its original Italian title was Maciste e la regina di Samar (Maciste and the Queen of Samar). Its French title was Maciste contre les hommes de pierre (Maciste Against the Men of Stone). The English distributors dubbed the hero Hercules, because Maciste was not well known to American audiences.
Story 
A race of evil moon men land on Earth. For years, they have terrorized the city of Samar. They have made the people of Samar give them children to be sacrifices. Now, the queen of Samar has made an pact with the moon men to take control of the world. She wants to become the most powerful woman alive. The people of Samar do not like all the chaos. They cheer when the mighty Hercules shows up to end it all.

1960s science fiction movies
Peplum movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
1960s fantasy movies
1960s epic movies
Italian movies
French movies
1964 movies
Italian-language movies
Kentoku (建徳) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Shōhei and before Bunchū.  The period started in July 1370 and ended in April 1372. The Southern Court monarch in Yoshino during this time was .  The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .

Events of the Kentoku era 
 1370 (Kentoku 1): Imagawa Sadayo sent to subdue Kyūshū.

Northern Court nengō
 Ōan, 1368–1375

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1370 establishments
1370s establishments in Japan
1372 disestablishments
1370s disestablishments in Japan
Bunchū (文中) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kentoku and before Tenju.  This period started in October 1372 and ended in May 1375.  The Southern Court monarch in Yoshino during this time was .  The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .

Events of the Bunchū era 
 1373–1406 (Bunchū 2–Ōei 13): Embassies between China and Japan.
 1374 (Bunchū 3): En'yū became the head of the Northern Court.

Northern Court nengō
 Ōan, 1368–1375

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1372 establishments
1370s establishments in Japan
1375 disestablishments
1370s disestablishments in Japan
Tenju (天授) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Bunchū and before Kōwa.  This period started in May 1375 and ended in February 1381.  The Southern Court monarch in Yoshino during this time was .  The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .

Events of the Tenju era 
 1375 (Tenju 1): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu visits Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū.
 1377 (Tenju 3): Goryeo diplomatic envoy Jeong Mongju met with the  in Kyūshū, Imagawa Ryōshun. The diplomats discussed steps to control pirates (wakō).
 1378 (Tenju 4): Yoshimitsu moved into his new home in Muromachi; and the luxurious house and grounds are called Hana-no-Gosho
 26 July 1380 (Tenju 6, 24th day of the 6th month): Former pretender Kōmyō died at age 60.

Northern Court nengō
 Eiwa, 1375–1379
 Kōryaku, 1379–1381

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References