Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
GJ 3021 - 3.37 MJ
 HD 80606 - 3.90 MJ
 HD 195019 - 3.43 MJ
 HD 213240 - 3.7 MJ
 GJ 86 - 4 MJ
 Tau Boötis - 3.87 MJ (0.25-AU)
 HD 50554 - 4.9 MJ
 HD 190228 - 4.99 MJ
 HD 168443 - 7.2 and 17.1 MJ
 HD 222582 - 5.4 MJ
 HD 28185 - 5.6 MJ
 HD 178911 B - 6.47 MJ
 HD 10697 - 6.59 MJ
 70 Virginis - 6.6 MJ (0.5AU)
 HD 106252 - 6.81 MJ
 HD 89744 - 7.2 MJ
 HD 141937 - 9.7 MJ
 HD 114762 - 11 MJ (0.5-AU)
confirmed extrasolar planets
Planets
Many sports are played in water.
The following is a list of water sports, divided by category. This list is not complete. Some of the sports include only one part 

 to swimming, as for example Triathlon.
In the water (13)
Swimming
Triathlon - Usually a combination of swimming, cycling and running
Modern pentathlon includes épée fencing, pistol shooting, swimming, a show jumping course on horseback, and a cross-country run.
Rescue swimming - Swimming with the goal to rescue other swimmers or the practice thereof.
Surf lifesaving - A competitive sport which evolved from the training activities of lifeguards at Australian surf beaches.
Water polo - A team ball sport played in water.
Synchronized swimming - A hybrid of swimming, gymnastics, and ballett.
Fin swimming - Swimming with fins
Water aerobics - Aerobics in the water
Water gymnastics - Gymnastics in the water
Snorkeling - The practice of swimming at the surface (typically of the sea) with a mask and a short tube called a snorkel.
Diving off springboards or off platforms
A water slide  - A slide with water flowing down it
Underwater water (6)
Diving
Scuba diving - Swimming under water using a (self contained) breathing apparatus
Free-diving - The aim to maximize the depth dived using no breathing apparatus
Apnea - The practice of not breathing for extended times.
Underwater rugby - Rugby played under water with a ball that has been rendered neutrally buoyant. Surfacing to breathe is only allowed without the ball.
Underwater hockey - Hockey played under water with short wooden curved sticks and a heavy puck. Players wear diving masks, snorkels, and fins, and must surface to breathe while team mates continue the game on the pool bottom.
Near the water (20)
Boating - The use of boats
Bodyboarding - Similar to surfing, but the board is smaller and the person lies down on the board
Canoeing
Canoe Polo - Polo using a canoe
Dragon Boat Racing - A team paddling sport on water
Fishing - The recreation and sport of catching fish
Hydroplane racing
Jet sprint boat racing
Kayaking
Kite surfing - on flat water using a kite for propulsion
Motor boating
Offshore powerboat racing
Parasailing - A person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat) while attached to a parachute
Rowing - Propels a boat by means of oars
Sailing - Using the wind for propulsion
Surfing - The sport or pastime of riding a wave towards the shore while standing or lying on a surfboard.
Wakeboarding - Similar to water skiing, but using only one board attached to the feet
Wake skating - Similar to wakeboarding, but the board is NOT attached to the feet
Water skiing - Using skis to slide over the water while being pulled by a boat or other device
Overall, there are a total of 39 water sports.

Sports lists
The list of waterways is a link page for any river, canal, estuary, or firth.

Albania

Australia
Swan River
Port Jackson
Botany Bay

Belgium
Ghent-Terneuzen Canal

Brazil
Amazon River
Tocantins River

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosna
Buna
Drina
Neretva
Una
Vrbas

Canada 
Lachine Canal
Rideau Canal
Saint Lawrence Seaway, (Canada and USA)
Trent-Severn Waterway
Welland Canal

China
Amur
Chang Jiang (Yangtze)
Grand Canal of China
Huang He (Yellow River)
Lingqu Canal
Mekong
Songhua River
Tumen River
Yalu River

Egypt 
Nile River
Suez Canal

France
Aa River
Aude River
Canal du Midi
Cher River
Dordogne River
Gironde River
Loire River
Meuse River
Moselle River
Rhone River
Saône River
Seine
Têt River
Var River

Germany
Elbe River
Main River
Mittellandkanal
Neisse River
Rhine River
Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (Rhein-Main-Donau-Kanal)
Oder River
Weser River

Greece
Corinthian Canal connected the Gulf of Corinth with the Aegean Sea,
India
Agra canal
Brahmaputra
Ghaggar River
Ganges River
Godavari River
Hakra River (dried-out)
Indus River
Krishna River
Saraswati River
Vedic Saraswati River

Italy
Po River
Isonzo (Soca)
Tevere (Tiber)
Ticino River

Netherlands
Afgedamde Maas
Amsterdam-Rhine Canal
Beneden Merwede
Bergse Maas
Boven Merwede
Canal through Walcheren
Canal through Zuid-Beveland
Ghent-Terneuzen Canal
Gooimeer
Haringvliet
Hollands Diep
IJssel
Linge
Meuse river
Nieuwe Maas
Nieuwe Merwede
Nieuwe Waterweg
North Sea Canal
Oude Maas
Rhine
Scheldt
Scheldt-Rhine Canal
Volkerak
Waal

New Zealand
List of rivers of New Zealand

North Korea
Taedong River

Panama
Panama Canal

Poland
Bydgoszcz Canal
Notec
Nysa
Oder (Odra)
Vistula
Warta River

Republic of Ireland
Grand Canal
Royal Canal
River Shannon

Romania
Danube-Black Sea Canal

Russia
Amur
Lena
Irtysh
Ob
Volga
Yenisei

Slovenia
Bednja
Drave (Drava)
Dravinja
Hudinja
Krka
Ljubljanica
Ložnica
Mirna
Mislinja
Mur (Mura)
Savinja (old English name Sann)
Soča
Sava
Voglajna
South Korea
Geum River
Han River
Nakdong River

Sweden 
Göta Kanal

United Kingdom
Rivers of the United Kingdom
Waterways in the United Kingdom

United States
Rivers in the United States
Canals in the United States

Geography-related lists
This is a list of wave topics, by Wikipedia page.

0-9

21 cm line

A
Abbe prism
Airy disc
Alfvén wave
amphidromic point
amplitude
amplitude modulation
analog sound vs. digital sound
atmospheric diffraction
atmospheric wave
atmospheric waveguide
audience wave

B
Babinet's principle
bandwidth limited pulse
beat
Berry phase
Bloch wave
blueshift
Brillouin scattering

C
carrier wave
chirp (frequency)
circular polarization
closed waveguide
coherence (physics)
coherence length
collimated light
Compton effect
continuous wave
cutoff wavelength

D
decollimation
delta waves
dielectric waveguide
diffraction
dispersion (optics)
dispersion relation
dominant wavelength
Doppler effect
Doppler radar

E
E-skip
echo (phenomenon)
electromagnetic wave
electromagnetic wave cut-off
Elliott wave
elliptical polarization
evanescent wave

F
F wave
frequency
frequency modulation
fundamental frequency

G
Gaussian beam
geometric optics
gravity wave
groundwave
group delay
group velocity

H
harmonic
holography
Huygens' principle
I
in phase
interferometry
inverse scattering

K
knife-edge effect

L
linear elasticity
linear polarization
longitudinal wave
longwave

M
Mach wave
Mach-Zender interferometer
mediumwave
megatsunami
microwave
microwave auditory effect
microwave oven
microwave plasma
microwaving
Mie scattering
Millimeter Cloud Radar
monochromator

multipath propagation

O
optical waveguide
out of phase
overtone

P
phase (waves)
phase difference
phase inversion
phase modulation
phase velocity
plane wave
polarization
pressure wave
pulse-density modulation

Q
quadrature
quadrature amplitude modulation
quantum optics
quantum tunneling

R
radar
radar astronomy
Radar gun
radio propagation
radio waves
Rayleigh scattering
Rayleigh-Jeans law
redshift
reflection coefficient
relativistic Doppler effect
ring modulation
ring wave guide
ripple tank
Rossby wave
S
sample (signal)
sawtooth wave
Seiche
seismic wave
seismograph
seismology
Sellmeier equation
shock wave
shortwave
sine wave
single-sideband modulation
skywave
soliton
sonar
square wave
standing wave
standing wave ratio
surface-wave-sustained mode
surfing
Synthetic aperture radar

T
tidal power
transverse mode
transverse wave
triangle wave
trigonometric function
tsunami

U
ultraviolet catastrophe
Underwater wave

V
vestigial-sideband modulation
voltage standing wave ratio

W
wave drag
wave equation
wave front
wave model
wave period
waveform
waveform monitor
waveguide
wavenumber
wavenumber-frequency diagram
waverider
wave velocity
wave-particle duality
wavefunction
wavefunction collapse
wavelength
wavelength-division multiplexing
Wien's law

X
X-band radar

Z
zero-dispersion slope
zero-dispersion wavelength

Science-related lists
This is a list of waterfalls.

Africa 
 Boyoma Falls (Stanley Falls) - Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Mutarazi Falls
 Sipi Falls - Uganda
 Tugela Falls
 Victoria Falls - widest in the world

North America

Canada 
 Bow Glacier Falls - Banff National Park
 Della Falls - highest in Canada
 Emperor Falls - Mount Robson Provincial Park
 Hunlen Falls
 Montmorency Falls, Quebec - 83 m (272 ft)
 Takakkaw Falls - Yoho National Park
 Twin Falls - Yoho National Park
 Canadian Falls, Ontario - part of Niagara Falls, with a 53 m (173 ft) drop

Mexico 
 Basaseachic Falls
United States 
(in order of vertical drop)
 Yosemite Falls, California - highest waterfall in North America with a 436 m (1430 ft) drop followed by a 206 m (675 ft) cascade and another 98 m (320 ft) sheer drop
 Sulphide Creek Falls, Washington, cascades 2182 ft (665 m)
 Ribbon Falls, California - 491 m (1612 ft) drop when flowing
 Silver Strand Falls, California - 357 m (1170 ft) drop when flowing
 Feather Falls, California - 195 m (640 ft) high when flowing
 Bridalveil Falls, California - 189 m (620 ft) sheer drop when flowing
 Multnomah Falls, Oregon - 189 m (620 ft) drop in two steps of 165 m and 21 m (542 ft then 69 ft), flowing year-round
 Taughannock Falls, New York - 66 m (215 ft) single, vertical drop, flowing year-round
 American Falls, New York - part of Niagara Falls with a drop of 52 m (170 ft), flowing year-round
 Burney Falls, California - spring fed, 39 m (129 ft) drop, 4 m&sup3/s (150 ft&sup3/s) constant flow rate.
 Great Falls of the Passaic River, New Jersey - 23 m (77 ft) drop.
Cumberland Falls, Kentucky - 21 m (69 ft) drop, home to moonbows when the moon is full, flowing year-round
 Indian Chimney Falls, New York - 18 m (60 ft) drop, at Indian Chimney Farm
 Tahquamenon Falls, Michigan - 15 m (50 ft) drop, 61 m (200 ft) wide
 Saint Anthony Falls, Minnesota - highest waterfall on the Mississippi River until replaced by dams in the 19th century'''
South America

Argentina/Brazil 
 Iguaçu Falls

Brazil 
 Tabuleiro Falls

Brazil/Paraguay 
 Guaira Falls

Guyana 
 Kaieteur Falls
 King Edward VIII Falls

Venezuela 
 Angel - highest waterfall in the world, at 979 m (3,212 ft)
 Cuquenan Falls

Asia

India 
 jog Falls

Japan 
 Nachi Falls - highest in Japan, over 122 m (400 ft) high
 Kegon Falls - third highest in Japan, 97 m (318 ft) high

Laos 
 Khone Falls

Sri Lanka 

 Bambarakande Falls - highest in Sri Lanka 263 m high
 Diyaluma Falls - most famous in Sri Lanka 220 m high
 Dunhida Falls
 Lakshapana Falls
 Bopath Ella

Europe

France 
 Gavarnie Falls

Finland 
 Hepoköngäs
 Kiutaköngäs
 Korkeakoski

Greenland 
 Qorlortorsuaq

Iceland 
 Aldeyjarfoss
 Barnafoss
 Dettifoss - most powerful in Europe
 Fjallfoss
 Gjáin
 Glymur
 Goðafoss
 Gullfoss - largest in Europe
 Hafragilsfoss
 Háifoss
 Hengifoss
 Hraunfossar
 Selfoss
 Seljalandsfoss
 Skógafoss
 Svartifoss
Norway 
 Espelandsfossen
 Kjell Falls
 Lower Mar Valley Falls
 Monge Falls
 Tyssestrengene Falls
 Upper Mar Valley Falls
 Utigord Falls
 Vettis Falls

Slovenia 
 Klonte Falls
 Lehnjak Falls
 Rinka Falls
 Waterfalls of Triglav national park
 Mostnice Falls
 Peričnik Falls
 Savica Falls

Switzerland 
 Engstligen Falls - Adelboden
 Giessbach Falls - Brienz
 Reichenbach Falls - Meiringen
 Rhine Falls
 Staubbach Falls - Lauterbrunnen
 Trümmelbach Falls - Lauterbrunnen

United Kingdom

England 
 Gaping Gill - "highest" waterfall in England, with water falling 110m from the surface into an underground cavern
 High Force - highest above-ground waterfall in England
 Low Force - downstream from High Force

Scotland 
 Eas Coul Aulin - 200 m (658 ft), highest waterfall in Britain
 Gray Mares Tail

Wales 
 Hendryd Waterfall
 Pistyll Rhaeadr - highest waterfall in Wales

Oceania

Australia 
 Jim Jim Falls
 Montezuma Falls
 Tin Mine Falls
 Twin Falls
 Wallaman Falls
 Wollomombi Falls
 Gunlom Falls
Hawaiian Islands 
 Akaka Falls
 Kahiwa Falls - 530 m (1,750 ft)
 Kahuna Falls
 Olo'upena Falls - 900 m (2953 ft) total drop. Moloka'i North shore.
 Papalaua Falls
 Rainbow Falls
 Wailua Falls
 Waipoo Falls

New Zealand 
 Sutherland Falls - highest waterfall in New Zealand
 Browne Falls - might also be the highest

Tahiti 
 Fachoda Falls

Geography-related lists
The list of tunnels is a link page for any road tunnel,  railway tunnel, or waterway tunnel anywhere in the world.

Australia
Sydney Harbour Tunnel

Austria
Tauern Tunnel

Canada
Detroit-Windsor Tunnel

France
Channel Tunnel
Mont Blanc Tunnel

Iceland
Hvalfjörður Tunnel
Vestfirðir Tunnel
Múlagöng Tunnel

Italy
Fornaci Tunnel
Mont Blanc Tunnel

Japan
Seikan Tunnel

Netherlands
List of tunnels in the Netherlands

New Zealand
Tunnels in New Zealand

Spain
Alfonso XIII Tunnel

United Kingdom
Channel Tunnel
Tunnels in the United Kingdom
United States
Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, Alaska
Allegheny Tunnel, Pennsylvania Turnpike
Big Walker Mountain Tunnel, Virginia
Blue Mountain Tunnel, Pennsylvania Turnpike
Brooklyn Battery Tunnel, New York
Caldecott Tunnel, Orinda, California to Oakland, California
Callahan Tunnel, Boston
Cascade Tunnel, Washington
Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel
Cumberland Gap Tunnel, Kentucky to Tennessee
Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, United States and Canada
Downtown Tunnel, Portsmouth, Virginia to Norfolk, Virginia
East River Mountain Tunnel, West Virginia to Virginia
Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel, Colorado
Flathead Tunnel, Montana
Fort McHenry Tunnel, Baltimore, Maryland
Fort Pitt Tunnel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel, Hampton, Virginia to Norfolk, Virginia
Harbor Tunnel, Baltimore, Maryland
Holland Tunnel, New York
Kittatinny Tunnel, Pennsylvania Turnpike
Liberty Tubes, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Lincoln Tunnel, New York
Midtown Tunnel, Portsmouth, Virginia to Norfolk, Virginia
Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel, Newport News, Virginia to Suffolk, Virginia
Posey Tube, Alameda, California
Queens Midtown Tunnel, New York
Squirrel Hill Tunnel, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Sumner Tunnel, Boston
Ted Williams Tunnel, Boston
Transbay Tube, San Francisco Bay
Tuscarora Tunnel, Pennsylvania Turnpike
Webster Tube, Alameda, California
This is a list of tallest structures in the world, past and present of any type. Most of the structures are television broadcasting masts.  There are also the taller tower-type structures (like the CN Tower) and the taller high rise buildings (like the Sears Tower). 

The list also includes some other structures like oil platforms, electrical towers, bridge towers, etc. List is organized by absolute height since it includes many different classes of structures.

This list includes quite a few masts. A mast is a man-made support structure, commonly used on sailing ships as support for sails, or on land as radio masts and towers used to support telecommunication equipment such as radio antennas ("aerials" in the UK).
Terminology
There is often ambiguity between the terms tower and mast. A tower is a self-supporting or cantilevered structure, while a mast is held up by stays or guys. Both towers and masts have limited floor space and are non-building structures, as opposed to regular buildings which have greater floor space for occupancy. The terminology is further confused through misuse. Skyscrapers are often referred to as towers and some towers use the term mast. Ironically, skyscraper has some etymology from references to high sailboat masts.

List by height
List by height

Notes
 A minimum height limit of 350 m (1,148 ft) or 300 m (984 ft) for notable structures is used for practical purposes to keep the list to a reasonable length.
 Likely structures still missing from this list include masts used for the Russian navigation system RSDN-20.
 Structures no longer standing are in italics.
 For all structures the pinnacle height is given. So the height of skyscrapers may differ from the values at List of skyscrapers.
 Most of the taller masts are in the United States, where a prevalence of masts of around 2,000 feet (610 m) in height is the result of special rules in that country limiting structures and objects taller than 2,063 feet (629 m).
 Structures under construction are included in main list if its current height is over 350 m (1,148 ft).

Top 30 of all time

Other structures (past or present) taller than 550 m (1,804 ft)

Other structures (past or present) between 500 and 550 m (1,640 and 1,804 ft)
Other structures (past or present) between 450 and 500 m (1,476 and 1,640 ft)

Other structures (past or present) between 400 and 450 m (1,312 and 1,476 ft)

Other structures (past or present) between 350 and 400 m (1,148 and 1,312 ft)

Notable structures between 300 and 350 m (984 and 1,148 ft)
For practical purposes to keep the list to a reasonable length this part of list contains only notable structures.

Structures taller than 350 m (1,148 ft) under construction
This is an incomplete list of structures taller tha|N|1,148 feet (350 m) under construction. Please correct (by adding further one or by putting completed structures in the upper table, if current height is over 1,148 feet (350 m)).

Proposed radio masts taller than 600 metres

List by continent

Current
The following table is a list of the current tallest structures by each continent thus sea oil platforms are not included (listed by geographic size):
All time
The following table is a list of the all time tallest structures by each continent thus sea oil platforms are not included (listed by geographic size):

Related pages
 Radio masts and towers
 List of famous transmission sites
 List of European medium wave transmitters
 List of world's tallest bridges
 List of world's tallest dams

References

Other websites

 SkyscraperCity
 World Federation of Great Towers
 Skyscrapers diagrams and forum
 Skyscrapers database
 Search for Radio Masts and Towers in the U.S.

Lists of buildings
This is a list of graphical signs, icons, and symbols.

Religious and mystical symbols

Political symbols
 Fasces
 Hammer and sickle
 Swastika (as used by Nazis and neo-Nazis)
 Peace symbol
 List of political party symbols in India

Scientific and engineering symbols
 Astronomical symbols
 Chemical symbols
 Electronic symbols
 Hazard warning symbols
 Mathematical symbols

Other symbols
 Jolly Roger
 Skull and crossbones
 "No" symbol
 Chess symbols in Unicode

Other websites

Lists
This is a list of supermarkets around the world.

Australia
Coles
Bi-Lo
Woolworths
IGA Australia
Aldi Australia
Franklins
Foodworks
SPAR
5 Star
Supabarn

Austria
Hofer - Austrian name for Aldi
Zielpunkt
Billa
Penny
 Spar
 ADEG
 Nah und Frisch
 Lidl

Belgium
Albert Heijn
Aldi
Carrefour
Colruyt
Delhaize
GB
Lidl
Makro

Brazil
Bom Preco
Lojas Americanas
Pao de Acucar
Supermercados Bahama

Canada
Atlantic Superstore
Costco
Dominion (Newfoundland)
Extra Foods
Groupe GP Quebec only
Farm Boy (Ontario)
Food Basics (Ontario)
Foodland
Fortinos (Ontario)
FreshCo
Freshmart
IGA (Independent Grocers Association)
Loblaws / Loblaw GreatFood / Loblaws CityMarket
Longo's (Ontario)
Maxi / Maxi & Cie (Quebec)
Metro / Metro Plus
No Frills
Provigo (Quebec)
Safeway
Save-On Foods
Sobeys
Super Valu
T & T Supermarket
The Real Canadian Superstore
Thrifty Foods
Valu-mart (Ontario)
Walmart
Your Independent Grocer / Independent City Market
Zehrs (Ontario)

China
Wal-Mart
Madraswala Supermarket
Croatia
Konzum
Lidl
Mercator
METRO
SPAR
Billa
Velpro
Diskont Feniks
Getro

Czech Republic
Tesco, England
Albert (Ahold, The Netherlands)
Hypernova (Ahold, The Netherlands)
Billa (Rewe, Germany)
Delvita (Delhaize, Belgium)

Denmark
Coop
Netto

El Salvador
Despensa de Don Juan
Super Selectos

Finland
Citymarket
Lidl
Prisma
Seston Etujätti

France
Auchan
Carrefour
Casino
Champion
Coop
((Cora))
Ed or Mr Ed
Franprix
G20
Ifaprix
Inno
Intermarche
Leader Price
Lidl
Marks & Spencer - not any longer
Migros France
Monoprix
Parunis
Proxi
Super U
Uniprix

Germany
Aldi
Edeka
Extra
HL-Markt
Kaiser's
Kaufland
Krone
Lidl
Marktkauf
Minimal
Netto
Norma
Penny
Plus
Reichelt
Real
REWE
Safeway
Spar (Eurospar, Interspar)
Sky
Tengelmann
Tip
Wal-Mart

Greece
see also, List of Greek supermarkets

Alpha-Beta Vassilopoulos
Carrefour - international chain
Champion Mariopoulos
Lidl - international chain
Metro Cash and Carry - international chain
Trofo (Tropho)
Veropoulos, a division of Eurospar, also known as HellaSpar
Hong Kong
Carrefour - not any longer
CitySuper
great
Marks & Spencer
Park'n Shop
Wellcome

Hungary
Metro Aruhaz
Tesco
CBA

Italy
Coop
Conad
Esselunga
Standa
Unisuper
PAM (Piu A Meno)

Japan
Spar

Korea
Wal-Mart

Mauritius
Spar

Mexico
Supermercados Gigante
HEB
Supermercados Internacional
Wal-Mart

Netherlands
Albert Heijn (part of Ahold)
Aldi
Bas van der Heijden
Basismarkt
Boni
C1000
Coop
Deen
Dekamarkt
Digros
Dirk van den Broek
Edah, Konmar, Super de Boer (all parts of Laurus/Casino)
Jan Linders
Jumbo
Golff
Hoogvliet
Lidl
Nettorama
Plus
Poiesz
Spar
Vomar
A&P (past, now?)
Jac Hermans (past, now?)

New Zealand
Big Fresh - owned by Progressive Enterprises
Countdown - owned by Progressive Enterprises
Foodtown - owned by Progressive Enterprises
New World - owned by Foodstuffs
Pak'n Save - owned by Foodstuffs
Price Chopper - owned by Progressive Enterprises
Woolworths - owned by Progressive Enterprises
Norway
Coop
Rimi
Rema 1000
Prix
Kiwi (supermarket)
Mega (supermarket)
Maxi (Hypermarket)
Smart Club (Hypermarket)

Poland
Makro (Metro AG)
Selgros (Fegro/Selgros)
Real (supermarket chain) (Metro AG)
Tesco
Auchan
Leclerc
Hypernova (supermarket chain) (part of Ahold)
Geant
Carrefour
Castorama (Kingfisher)
Nomi (Kingfisher)
Media Markt (Metro AG)
Ikea
Komfort
Office Depot
Adler
PSB
Intermarche
Albert (supermarket chain) (Ahold)
Minimal (supermarket chain)
Biedronka (Jeronimo Martins)
Netto
Plus (supermarket chain)
Avans

Portugal
Pao de Açúcar
Feira Nova
Pingo Doce

Puerto Rico
See United States

Republic of Ireland
Dunnes Stores
Tesco Ireland - formerly Quinnsworth
SuperValu
Centra
Aldi
Tesco

Romania
Angst
Metro Cash and Carry - international chain
Billa - international chain
XXL
Selgros
Carrefour - international chain
Gima
La Fourmi
Mega Image
Profi
Vox Maris
Pic
MARA SUPERMARKET Focsani / Vrancea
Singapore
Carrefour -recently closed down (2012)
Cold Storage
Isetan - Japanese chain
Giant Hypermarket
Jason's Supermarket
NTUC Fairprice
Sheng Siong
Shop 'n' Save

Slovenia
Mercator

Sweden
Coop
Hemköp
Netto
ICA
Lidl
PrisXtra
Spar
Willy:s

Switzerland
Migros
Coop
Denner
Aldi Suisse
Lidl Suisse

United Kingdom
For full list, see Supermarkets in the United Kingdom

United States and U.S. territories
For full list, see Supermarkets in the United States

Venezuela
Supermercado La Franco Italiana

Lists of companies
The article about certain properties of databases is at ACID
Sometimes acid is another name for the drug LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)

An acid is a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H+) (generally speaking, this will be a proton) to another substance. Acids have a pH less than 7.0. 
A chemical can donate a proton if the hydrogen atom is attached to an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine. Some acids are strong and others are weak. The weak acids hold on to some of their protons, while the strong acids let go of all of them. All acids will release hydrogen ions into solutions. The amount of ions that get released per molecule will determine if the acid is weak or strong. Weak acids are acids that partially release the hydrogen atoms that are attached. These acids, then, may lower pH by dissociation of hydrogen ions, but not completely. Weak acids generally have a pH value of 4-6 while strong acids have a pH value of 1 to 3.
A base is an acid's "chemical opposite." A base is a substance that will accept the acid's hydrogen atom. Bases are molecules that can  split apart in water and release hydroxide ions.
How acids work
Acids and bases typically exist together in equilibrium. This means that within a sample of an acid, some molecules will give up their protons and others will accept them. Even water is a mixture of an acidic ion, H3O+ (called a hydronium ion) and a basic ion, OH- (called a hydroxide ion). When acids are diluted (mixed in water) they release H+ ions. These H ions cannot exist independently, so they combine with water to form Hydronium ion.  A hydronium ion will give up its proton to a hydroxide ion, forming two molecules of H2O, which is neutral. This reaction happens continuously in a sample of water, but overall the sample is neutral because there are equal amounts of hydronium and hydroxide in the sample. For most reactions, however, the acids and bases are not present in equal amounts, and this imbalance is what allows a chemical reaction to occur.
Every acid has a conjugate base formed by removing the acid's proton. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), for example, is an acid and its conjugate base is a chlorine anion, or Cl-. An acid and its conjugate base are opposite in strength. Since HCl is a strong acid, Cl- is a weak base.

Properties 

Acids can have different strengths, some are more reactive than others. More reactive acids are often more dangerous.

Acids can have a lot of different properties depending on their molecular structure. Most acids have the following properties:

 taste sour when they are eaten
 can sting the skin when they are touched
 can corrode (or eat away at) metals and skin
 can be used as a reactant during electrolysis due to the presence of mobile ions
 turn blue litmus paper red
 turn red or orange on universal indicator
 conduct electricity
Acids can burn the skin, the severity of the burn depending on the type and concentration of the acid. These chemical burns require immediate medical attention.
Because acids donate hydrogen ions, all acids must have hydrogen in them.

Importance 
Acids are important. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA contain the genetic code. These molecules determine many characteristics of an organism, they are passed from the parents to offspring. DNA contains the plans how to build proteins which are made of amino acids.

Fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives are another group of carboxylic acids that play a significant role in biology. These contain long chains of hydrocarbons and a carboxylic acid group on one end. The cell membrane of nearly all organisms is primarily made up of a phospholipid bilayer, a micelle of hydrophobic fatty acid chains with polar, hydrophilic phosphate "head" groups.
In humans and many other animals, hydrochloric acid is a part of the gastric acid secreted within the stomach. It can help hydrolyze proteins and polysaccharides. It can also convert the inactive pro-enzyme, pepsinogen into the enzyme, pepsin. Some organisms produce acids for defense; for example, ants produce formic acid, and octopi produce a black acid called magneta.

Most acids can be found in nature. Some of these include the following:
 Vinegar is probably one of the best known; it contains acetic acid, which gives it its well known flavor.
 Nitric acid, NHO3 is known since about the 13th century.
 Citric acids, C6H8O7 can be found in many kinds of fruit. They were probably discovered by Geber in the 8th century.
 Lactic acid, C3H6O3 was found by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780. It can be found in sour milk products, such as Yogurt.
 Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 was probably discovered by Geber. Today it can be found in batteries.

References

Related pages
 Alkali
 Folic acid
Basic English 850 words
 
Chemistry
A white dwarf is a compact star. Their matter is squashed together. Gravitation has pulled the atoms close together, and taken off their electrons. The mass of a white dwarf is similar to the mass of the Sun, but its volume is similar to that of the Earth.

White dwarfs are the final evolutionary state of all stars whose mass is not high enough to become a neutron star. Over 97% of the stars in the Milky Way will become white dwarf stars.§1 After the hydrogen–fusing lifetime of a main-sequence star ends, it will expand to a red giant which fuses helium to carbon and oxygen in its core. If a red giant does not have enough mass to fuse carbon, around 1 billion K, inactive carbon and oxygen will build up at its center. After shedding its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, it will leave behind the core, which is the white dwarf.

The material in a white dwarf no longer undergoes fusion reactions, so the star has no source of energy. It is not supported by the heat of fusion against gravitational collapse.
A star like our Sun will become a white dwarf when it has run out of fuel. Near the end of its life, it will go through a red giant stage, and then lose most of its gas, until what is left contracts and becomes a young white dwarf.

History
White dwarfs were discovered in the 18th century. The first white dwarf star, called 40 Eridani B, was discovered on 31 January 1783 by William Herschel.p73  It is part of a three star system called 40 Eridani.

The second white dwarf was discovered in 1862, but was at first thought to be a red dwarf. It was a small star near the star Sirius. This companion star, called Sirius B, had a surface temperature of about 25,000 kelvin, so it was thought of as a hot star. However, Sirius B was about 10,000 times fainter than the primary, Sirius A.  Scientists have discovered that the mass of Sirius B is almost the same as that of the Sun. This means that once, Sirius B was a star similar to our own Sun.
In 1917, Adriaan van Maanen discovered a white dwarf which is called Van Maanen 2.  It was the third white dwarf to be discovered.  It is the closest white dwarf to Earth, except for Sirius B.

Radiation and temperature 
A white dwarf has low luminosity (total amount of light given off) but a very hot core. The core might be 107 K, while the surface is only 104 K.

A white dwarf is very hot when it is formed, but since it has no source of energy, it will gradually radiate away its energy and cool. This means that its radiation, which gives it a blue or white colour at the start, lessens over time. Over a very long time, a white dwarf will cool to temperatures at which it will no longer emit light. Unless the white dwarf gets matter from a companion star or some other source, its radiation comes from its stored heat. This is not replaced.
White dwarfs cool slowly for two reasons. They have an extremely small surface area to radiate this heat from, so they cool gradually, remaining hot for a long time. Also, they are very opaque. The degenerate matter that makes up the bulk of a white dwarf stops light and other electromagnetic radiation, so radiation does not carry away much energy.

Eventually, all white dwarfs will cool down into black dwarfs, so called because they lack the energy to create light. No black dwarfs exist yet because it takes longer than the current age of the universe for a white dwarf to cool down. A black dwarf is what will be left of the star after all of its energy (heat and light) is used up.

Re-ignition 
White dwarfs may re-ignite and explode as supernovas if they get more material.  There is a maximum mass for a white dwarf to remain stable. This is known as the Chandrasekhar limit.
A dwarf might pull in material from a companion star, for example, bringing it over the Chandrasekhar limit. The extra mass would start a carbon-fusion reaction. Astronomers think this re-igniting might be the cause of Type Ia supernovas.

References

Types of stars
A beach is a landform along the coast of an ocean, sea, lake, or river. It usually consists of loose particles, such as sand, gravel, shingle, or pebbles. The particles of a beach are sometimes biological in origin, such as mollusc shells or bits of coral and sometimes bits of igneous rock, but the most common mineral in beaches is quartz.

Beaches are natural landing and launching places for boats, and landing craft are specially made for beaches.

People often use beaches for recreation. They swim, bask in the sun, or just relax. The most popular beaches have fine white or light-colored sand and warm water to swim in. Beaches are also used for diving or for seeing marine life.

Among the world's most popular and well-known beaches are Aruba (Dutch Caribbean), Long Beach (Canada), Copacabana Beach (Brazil), Hot Water Beach (New Zealand), Megan Bay (St. Thomas), Kailua Beach (Hawaii), Zandvoort Beach (Netherlands), Jeffreys Bay (South Africa), Bondi Beach (Australia) and Lake Como beaches (Italy).
Taking holidays on the beach is something of a British cultural export. Early railways in the 19th century took people to places they had never seen before. This tourism was made possible by the industrial revolution. Whole seaside resort towns grew to support visitors, where before there were just villages. Vacations at the sea became common all over the world.

Beaches are never static. They are always being built up or eroded, more quickly than other landforms. Over time the boundary between the land and the sea changes. New Romney, a small town in Kent, is one of the Cinque Ports, a mile from the sea. In Henry VIII's time it was a port on the south coast of England. The growth of Dungeness has cut it off from the sea. Dungeness is a huge shingle beach.

References
A mental illness is an illness of the mind. The term includes psychiatric disorder, psychological disorder, mental disease, mental breakdown, nervous breakdown, mental health conditions. People with a mental illness may behave in strange ways  or have strange thoughts. Mental illnesses can affect the day-to-day functioning of a person.

Mental illnesses develop during the life of a person. This may be linked to genes and experience. What is considered as a mental illness has changed over time. What is considered to be a mental illness may not be one in a different culture. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) by the American Psychiatric Association is used around the world.

People with a mental illness sometimes have problems dealing with other people, or struggle with daily functioning. Treatment and certain medications can help people with daily functioning.
In some cases, mental illnesses change the way the brain works. Many conditions which affect the brain are not mental illnesses, as they do not change the way in which people think: Neither epilepsy nor Parkinson's disease is a mental illness, yet both affect the brain.

Common mental problems 
According to the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health in the United States, the most common type of disability in the United States is major mental illnesses (which include major depression, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder).

Thirty-three percent of North American adults will have a mental illness in a given year, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness. But in more than half of these cases, the mental illness is not bad enough to disrupt daily life activities.
Partly inherited 
There is a genetic basis which makes some people more likely to develop mental illness. A study published in The Lancet, a medical journal, found the same set of genetic markers in people with five different disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, major depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Treatment of mental illnesses 
Mental illnesses can be treated by:

 medication
 Therapy
 Psychoeducation
 Lifestyle changes

Some more controversial treatments include
 electroconvulsive therapy
 Lobotomy

Violence 
Even though the media show this differently, studies have shown that people with a severe mental illness are not necessarily violent. Statistically, violence is often caused by factors such as drug abuse, or those related to the personal, social and economic situation.
There are a few specific diagnoses which are defined by conduct problems and violence. These include conditions such as childhood conduct disorder, adult antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy. There are conflicting findings about how much specific symptoms are linked to an increase in violent behaviour. These symptoms include psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) that can occur in disorders such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder or mood disorder. The factors that lead to violent behaviour are more often demographic or economic in nature, such as being young, male, of lower socioeconomic status or of abusing drugs, including alcoholism, to which some people are particularly vulnerable.

Ableism

Some studies show that disabled people are sometimes treated badly. For example, people with mental illness may deal with ableism. An example of ableism is insults, for example calling a mentally ill person a retard.
High-profile cases have led to fears that serious crimes, such as homicide, have increased because people with certain mental illnesses are not treated in specialized institutions, but the evidence does not support this conclusion. Violence that does occur in relation to mental disorder (against the mentally ill or by the mentally ill) typically occurs in the context of complex social interactions, often in a family setting rather than between strangers. It is also an issue in health care settings and the wider community.

Related pages 
Mental state examination
Neurodiversity
Lunatic
 Common abbreviations for mental illnesses

References

Other websites 

 National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
Depression (also called major depressive disorder, unipolar depression or clinical depression) is a mental illness. Many people think that depression just means a person is very sad. However, depression can cause many symptoms in the body as well as mood problems.

Diagnosis

The ICD-10 is used around the world to diagnose people with illnesses like depression. According to the ICD-10, for a person to be diagnosed with depression, their symptoms have to last for at least two weeks. The symptoms must happen every day, or almost every day. These symptoms also have to cause problems in a person's life (like their work life, family life, social life, or other important parts of their life).

Usually, for depression to be diagnosed, a person must have five or more of these symptoms:
Depressed mood for most of the day (feelings of sadness, emptiness, and/or hopelessness)
 Teenagers may be irritable (they may get angry easily) instead of seeming depressed
 Feeling much less interested than usual in all, or almost all, activities; or not getting any pleasure from activities
 Significant weight loss (when not dieting) or weight gain (generally a change of 5% or more in body weight)
 Sleeping more than usual, or having trouble sleeping
 Moving around more than usual (psychomotor agitation) or moving more slowly than usual (psychomotor retardation)
 Feeling tired or not having energy, nearly every day
 Feeling worthless or guilty
 Not being able to think, concentrate, or make decisions normally
 Thinking a lot about death (not just being afraid to die)

Most people who have not had depression do not completely understand its effects. Instead, they see it as simply being sad. Since it is not understood, many people criticize people with depression for not helping themselves.
Some people with depression die by suicide. Depression is one of the mental illnesses that can cause a person to have suicidal thoughts.

Prevalence

It is impossible to get an exact number of how many people have depression. There are many reasons for this. For example:

 People may not admit to having depression, because of the stigma about depression.
 Some people may not be correctly diagnosed with depression.
 Different doctors and mental health workers may diagnose depression differently.
 The number of people diagnosed with depression is different in different cultures, and among men and women.

In different cultures

Major depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in the United States. In 2014, 15.7 million adults in the United States had at least one episode of major depression. This is about 6.7% of all adults in the United States.

Around the world, depression causes more disability than any other mental health or behavioral illness, according to the World Health Organization.
However, the prevalence of depression is different in different cultures and countries.

Prince (1968) found virtually no depression in most Asian and African countries. However, psychologists such as Zhang and Kleinman have found disorders with similar symptoms, but different names. For example, in the 1980s, Zhang found that in China, there was little mention of depression. However, instead, a disorder called Neurasthenia was far more common. When interviewing Neurasthenia patients, Zhang found that their symptoms matched the symptoms of depression by over 80%. While the term "depression" was practically unheard of in China, Neurasthenia could well have been a similar disorder – or the same thing.

It is also important to take in different cultures ways of classifying depression. For example, in China, many people believe doctors solve physical symptoms, not mental problems. This may have made it more likely for "depression" to be diagnosed as a medical condition like "Neurasthenia."

In men and women
In men and women

Typically, in most Western cultures, women are diagnosed with depression twice as often as men. However, men are often more likely than women to die by suicide.

In children
Depression in children can be harder to see. Children who are depressed may have a loss of appetite, meaning that they do not want to eat. They may also be clearly having more trouble in everyday life than before. For example, they may have sleep problems like nightmares; new problems with behaviour or grades at school; or be more irritable than usual.

Types of depression 

Major depressive disorder is also referred to as major, biochemical, clinical, endogenous, or biological depression. It may also be called unipolar affective disorder.
There are many subtypes of depression:
 Melancholia, or melancholic depression, is very severe (bad). It can cause many physical changes, like sleep and appetite changes. It can also cause a person to change their behavior - for example, by not wanting to be around other people.
 Psychotic depression is much like melancholia, but with hallucinations or delusions.
 Atypical depression causes anxiety and panic attacks.
 Chronic dysthymic disorder is a long-term, mild depression that lasts for at least two years. It often begins in adolescence and lasts for many years.
 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is when the depression seems to be related to the winter season. It usually starts in the autumn and goes away in the spring every year.  It is common in Alaska, Canada, and Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland), but not in Iceland.
Causes of depression 
As of 2016, scientists believe there is no one cause of depression. There is a lot of argument over whether depression is caused by biological, cognitive, or sociocultural factors:
 Biological explanations of depression focus on changes in brain chemicals (neurotransmitters).
 Cognitive explanations of depression focus on how the way we think (cognition) affects our mood. These explanations say that if a person thinks negatively, this thinking can make them feel negatively about themselves and the world around them.
 Sociocultural explanations of depression blame stressful things like divorce, losing a job, bullying, and poverty for causing depression.

The United States National Institutes of Health say that depression comes from the brain. However, scientists are still trying to find out exactly why it happens.
Possible causes
There are many theories about what causes depression.  These theories include:
 Heredity (someone's genes): Depression often runs in families. However, people can get depression even if they are not related to anyone else who has it.
 Physiology: The amounts of some chemicals in the brain. Serotonin is the main chemical in the brain that has to do with happiness. Many antidepressant medications work by balancing the amount of serotonin in the brain.
 Psychological factors: Low self-esteem and harmful thinking
 Early experiences: Events such as the death of a parent or guardian, abandonment or rejection, neglect, chronic illness, and severe physical, psychological, or sexual abuse.
 Life experiences: Losing a job, homelessness, problems with money, death of a loved one, relationship problems, separation from a partner, being a victim of crime, or other life problems can cause depression.
Medical conditions: Some illnesses, such as hypothyroidism, hepatitis, mononucleosis, or head injuries, may contribute to depression.
 Alcohol and other drugs: Alcohol can make people depressed. If a person abuses alcohol, benzodiazepine-based tranquillizers, sleeping medications, or narcotics, it can affect how long their depression lasts and how bad it is. Some medicines like birth control pills and steroids may also contribute to depression.
 Pesticides: Several scientific studies  have found statistical links between depression and some pesticides.
Some depressed people also have other mental disorders, such as personality disorders and anxiety disorders.

Treatment 
Depression is usually treated with a combination of medication and other therapy. Good exercise helps deal with depression, since exercise releases chemicals that put a person in a better mood. Having a supportive group of friends and doing outside activities can also help prevent or ease depression.

Medication 

There are many medications that can help with depression. Many of these are called antidepressants. Examples of medications used to treat depression include:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These are now the most commonly used type of antidepressant medicine. These drugs work by allowing the brain to have more serotonin. They have fewer side effects than older antidepressants. Examples include fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft).
Tricyclic antidepressants. These are an older type of antidepressant. They are not used often today because they have many bad side effects and do not work as well as SSRIs.  An example is nortriptyline (Allegron).
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). They may be used if other antidepressant medications do not work well. This kind of medicine cannot be taken with many different foods and other medications.

Sometimes, antidepressant medicine works better when it is used together with another drug that is not an antidepressant. These "augmentor" drugs include:
Tranquillizers and sedatives. These can help people sleep better and feel less anxious.
Antipsychotics. These can help keep stop mood swings. They can also make hallucinations better, or make them go away completely.
Lithium. This is a mood stabilizer often used for bipolar disorder, but it can also help people with depression.

If people with depression do not take their medicine the right way, the depression can get worse. A doctor must help when they want to change to another medication, or to take a different amount of a medication than before.

Psychotherapy 
Psychotherapy is often a helpful treatment for depression. In psychotherapy, a therapist helps a person to understand and solve problems which cause depression. The therapist also helps the person learn skills for dealing with their depression.
Psychotherapy can help a person make changes in the way they think, in order to help with life problems and understand what makes depression worse. The most effective psychotherapy for depression is Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This teaches a person to think in a more rational, positive, realistic manner.

Surgeries and procedures 
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also called electroshock therapy or shock therapy, is used to treat a small percentage of severely depressed people. ECT uses a small amount of electricity to cause an epileptic seizure while the patient is under anesthesia. This may cause some memory loss (amnesia) or other side effects.