Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Monarchs are bad-tasting and poisonous because they contain a chemical known as cardenolide (cardiac glycoside). The chemical slows the heart-beat of vertebrates. Monarch caterpillars get this chemical when they feed on milkweed.

When the Monarch becomes a butterfly, it no longer eats milkweed, but it still has the chemical in its body. The butterfly shows that they are not good to eat with their bright orange and black wings. This is warning coloration. A bird may try to eat a Monarch, but it will become sick and vomit after eating it. After this experience, the bird learns not to eat another Monarch, and also any other butterfly which is similar in appearance.
The Viceroy is similar looking to the Monarch, but does not have the milkweed poison in its body. Birds that have had the bad experience of eating a Monarch will usually not eat a Viceroy. It is an example of Batesian mimicry. Or so it was thought; but recent work has challenged this. The difficulty in doing this kind of research is that a butterfly may be toxic in one part of its range, and good to eat in another part. A lot depends on the plants on which the eggs are laid.

The Queen 
The Queen is one of many insects that derives chemical defenses against its predators from its food plant. Most of the toxic cardenolides that make queens so unpalatable to its predators are sequestered from larval host plants. Basically, the Queen shares a Müllerian mimicry with the Monarch. However, the extent of its toxicity varies a great deal in different parts of its range. Micro-geographic differences in the environment lead to variation in the dynamics of mimetic relationships even at a local level.
Flight period
The Queen can be seen all year in Texas, Arizona, and southern Florida. It is seen from February to December in northern Florida. It is seen from April to November in southern California and southern Nevada.

Habitat
This butterfly can be found in open places such as open woodlands, fields, deserts, marshes, and forest edges.

Life cycle

The female lays her eggs singly. They are laid on the leaves, stems, and flowers of the host plant (the host plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The egg is pale green. The caterpillar is banded with yellow and black. There are three pairs of black body extensions. The first pair is near the head. The second pair is on the thorax. The third pair is near the end of the body. The chrysalis is green. It has gold spots. There is a black and gold band on the abdomen. It is very similar to the Monarch's chrysalis. It has three or more broods (a brood is a group of offspring) per year.
Host plants
Here is a list of host plants that the Queen caterpillar feeds on:

Asclepias albicans - White-stem Milkweed
Asclepias amplexicaulis - Clasping Milkweed
Asclepias asperula - Antelope Horns
Asclepias curassavica - Scarlet Milkweed
Asclepias erosa - Desert Milkweed
Asclepias fascicularis - Narrow-leaf Milkweed
Asclepias humistrata - Sandhill Milkweed
Asclepias nivea - Caribbean Milkweed
Asclepias subulata - Rush Milkweed
Asclepias tuberosa - Butterfly Weed
Calotropis procera - Apple of Sodom
Cynanchum angustifolium - Sand Vine
Matelea carolinensis - Maroon Carolina Milkvine
Matelea hirsuta
Sarcostemma clausum - White Vine
Sarcostemma cynanchoides - Vining Milkweed
Sarcostemma hirtellum - Rambling Milkweed

References

Danaus
The 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season ran through all of 2006. Though most storms in this area start between April and December. This was the first year the cyclones got named in the northern Indian Ocean. There was about $6.7 million in damage and about 192 people got killed in 2006 because of the cyclones.

Storms

Deep Depression ARB 01

Deep Depression ARB 01 or Tropical Cyclone O1A stared on January 13 to the south of India. It died on the next day.

Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala

Mala started as Tropical Cyclone 02B on April 25 and became Cyclonic Storm Mala later on that day. It headed northeast and later it became a very sever cyclonic storm. Mala made landfall in Myanmar on April 29, the winds were close to 115 mph. The cyclone died over Myanmar later that day. Mala killed about 22 people.

Deep Depression BOB 02

Tropical Cyclone 02 started on July 2 near India. The cyclone made landfall in India later that day and it survived until July 5.

Deep Depression BOB 03
This Deep Depression was Tropical Cyclone 03 and started on August 2. By August 5 it had died.

Depression BOB 04

The fifth depression in 2006 started on August 12 and it died on August 13.

Depression BOB 05

This depression lasted from August 16 to August 18.

Depression BOB 06

This depression started on August 29 and it died on September 1.

Depression BOB 07

Depression BOB 07 started on September 3 and died by the next day.

Depression BOB 08

This depression started on September 21. It later made landfall near the India and Bangladesh border. It died on September 24. The cyclone killed about 170 people.

Severe Cyclonic Storm Mukda

Mukda started in the Arabian Sea on September 21. It became a strong tropical storm over the next few days. It died on September 24.

Depression BOB 09

This depression started on September 28. On September 29 it made a landfall in India. The cyclone died on the next day over India.

Cyclonic Storm Ogni
Ogni was the final cyclone that started on October 29 as a deep depression. It moved very slowly and made a landfall in India. Cyclonic Storm Ogni died on October 30, after it killed at least 35 people.

Storm names
These three names got used in the 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season:

Related pages
2006 Atlantic hurricane season
2006 Pacific hurricane season

Other websites 
 WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones Thirty-fourth session 

North Indian Ocean cyclones
These are lists of seasons for the List of North Indian Ocean cyclone. A North Indian Ocean cyclone season lasts an entire year. It covers the North Indian Ocean to the north of the Equator, it also covers the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

2000s 
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008  2009

2010s
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018  2019

2020s
2020

Weather lists
North Indian Ocean cyclones
The 2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season ran through all of 2005. Though most storms in this area start between April and December. This season was tied for the season with the second highest number of cyclones. The damage is unknown but there were about 1,227 people got killed in 2005 because of the cyclones.

Storms

Tropical Depression 01B

A tropical depression started on January 7. It moved to the north and pass by Sri Lanka before it had died on January 10.

Cyclonic Storm Hibaru

Cyclonic Storm Hibaru was the first cyclone that got named in 2005. It started on January 13 and it moved around for a few days until it died on January 17.

Deep Depression

This deep depression started on July 29, it caused rain in India which killed almost 1,050 people. The deep depression died on July 31.

Cyclonic Storm Pyarr
Cyclonic Storm Pyarr started on September 17 as a depression. It became a tropical storm by the next day. Pyarr made landfall in India on September 19, and it died on September 21. The cyclone killed at least 49 people.

Tropical Storm 03B

This tropical storm started on October 1, made landfall in India on October 2, and it died on October 3. This tropical storm killed no one.

Deep Depression (04B)

This deep depression started on October 26 and made landfall in India by October 29. The deep depression died later that day. It killed about 100 people.

Cyclonic Storm Baaz

Cyclonic Storm Baaz started on November 28 and cross the Bay of Bengal. It died on December 2 near India.

Cyclonic Storm Fanoos

Cyclonic Storm Fanoos started on December 6. It moved to the west and crossed the Bay of Bengal. Fanoos passed to the north of Sri Lanka and caused some damage. Later, Fanoos made landfall in Inda before it died on December 10.

Deep Depression (07B)
This deep depression started on December 15. It moved around in the Bay of Bengal for a week, and it passed near Sri Lanka. The deep depression died on December 22.

Other storms
There were also five depressons. The first one started on June 21 and died on June 22. While the second started on June 27 and died on July 5, after it killed about 34 people in India. The third started on September 12 and died on September 16. Fourth, it started on September 14 and died on September 16. The last depression started on November 20 and died on that same day.

2005 storm names
These four names got used in the 2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season:

Related pages
List of North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
2005 Pacific hurricane season

North Indian Ocean cyclones
The India Meteorological Department (IMD), also referred to as the Met Office, is a weather forecasting organization run by the Government of India, it also tracks and forecast tropical cyclones, similar to the National Hurricane Center. The headquarters in New Delhi, India.

Sources

Other websites
IMD website 

Government of India
New Delhi
1875 establishments in Asia
1870s establishments in India
Sauropodomorpha is the suborder of dinosaurs with massive, quadrupedal herbivores with extremely long necks and tails. 

Sauropodomorpha are divided into prosauropods and sauropods. Among the sauropods were the largest land animals ever known: Seismosaurus, Diplodocus, Apatosaurus (popularly known as Brontosaurus), and others.

Description 
Only the modern blue whale is larger than these creatures; no land animal comes close. Argentinosaurus, with a vertebra over 1.59 metres long, is the largest.

See Sauropod for the full account.

Taxonomy 
 Suborder Sauropodomorpha
Panphagia
Saturnalia?
Thecodontosaurus
Infraorder Prosauropoda
Family Massospondylidae
Family Plateosauridae
Family Riojasauridae
Infraorder Sauropoda
Family Vulcanodontidae
Family Omeisauridae
Division Neosauropoda
Family Cetiosauridae
Family Diplodocidae
Subdivision Macronaria
Family Camarasauridae
Infradivision Titanosauriformes
Family Brachiosauridae
Cohort Somphospondyli
Family Euhelopodidae
Family Titanosauridae

References
Marginocephalians (meaning "fringed heads") are a group of Ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs. 

They can be briefly described as "herbivores which defend themselves with armoured heads". They are in two groups: the thick-skulled Pachycephalosauria and the horned Ceratopsia. They are all herbivores. 

The Pachcephalosaurs had very thick skulls which (it is supposed) they used for defence. They developed in the mid-Jurassic, and are common in Cretaceous rocks. 

The Ceratopsia had horns, and we know they used them on predators. Triceratops is the key example.

Some of their features are not so obvious: They have a  unique palate (part of the mouth) and a short pubis (part of the hip). 

Ornithischia
This is the title history of the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship. Before, it was called the WWE Tag Team Championship and was a SmackDown championship. That ended when it was made into one with the World Tag Team Championship of Raw in 2009 and the WWE Brand Extension ended in 2011. The brand extension was brought back in July 2016. Then, the title became a Raw championship and was renamed the Raw Tag Team Championship.

Title History

Names

Reigns

Combined Lengths

By team

By wrestler

References

Other websites
 WWE Tag Team Title History

Lists of professional wrestlers
Tag Team Championship reigns by length
Yunnan (; ) is a province in southwest province of the People's Republic of China. The area of Yunnan Province is . It spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 45.7 million (2009). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Vietnam, Laos and Burma.

Political divisions 
Yunnan Province is divided into eight municipalities (地级市) and eight autonomous prefectures (自治州).
 Kunming Municipality (昆明市) - Provincial capital
 Qujing Municipality (曲靖市)
 Yuxi Municipality (玉溪市)
 Baoshan Municipality (保山市)
 Zhaotong Municipality (昭通市)
 Lijiang Municipality (丽江市)
 Pu'er Municipality (普洱市)
 Lincang Municipality (临沧市)
 Dehong
 Nujiang
 Diqing
 Dali
 Chuxiong 
 Honghe
 Wenshan
 Xishuangbanna

Culture 
Yunnan's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. It is famous for ethnic minority groups, Yuanmou Human archaeological findings, ancient Tea Horse Road legends, Puer teas and Yunnan Baiyao medicines.
Tourism 
 Dali, the historic center of the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms.
 Chuxiong, the first stop on the way to Dali and Lijiang. Home of the Yi ethnic minority and their respective ancient town.
 Jinghong, the center and prefectural capital of the Xishuangbanna Dai minority autonomous prefecture.
 Lijiang, a Naxi minority city. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
 Xamgyi'nyilha County (also known as Shangri-La and formerly Zhongdian), an ethnic Tibetan township and county set high in Yunnan's northwestern mountains.
 Shilin (Stone Forest), a series of karst outcrops east of Kunming.
 Yuanyang, a Hani minority settlement with vast rice-terraced mountains.
 Xishuangbanna, a national scenic resort, noted for its natural and cultural attractions.

References

Other websites 
Yunnan Travel Guide

 
Provinces of China
A Deluge myth or Flood myth is a mythical story about a flood. Usually this flood is sent by a deity to destroy a civilisation as a punishment. The theme can be found in many cultures. Well-known examples that are believed to be myths include the story of Noah's Ark in the Bible, the Hindu Puranic story of Manu, Deucalion in Greek mythology or Utnapishtim in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Theology
Mythology
The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither  be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.  Thus, the amount of matter cannot change. Sir Antoine Lavoisier promoted this idea. 

This law says that when a chemical reaction rearranges atoms into a new product, the mass of the reactants (chemicals before the chemical reaction) is the same as the mass of the products (the new chemicals made). More simply, whatever you do, you will still have the same amount of stuff.  

The law is accurate for all chemical reactions. However, certain nuclear reactions (fusion and fission) can convert a small part of the mass into energy. But if this energy is turned back into mass, you will have the same amount of mass.
History 
The principle of conservation of mass was first outlined by Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) in 1748. He proved it by experiments—though this is sometimes challenged. Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) had expressed these ideas in 1774. Others whose ideas pre-dated the work of Lavoisier include Joseph Black (1728–1799), Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), and Jean Rey (1583–1645).

Other conservation laws 
The law of conservation of mass is one of the conservation laws of physics. Each of these laws says that something is never created or destroyed.

References 

Laws of physics
Matter
NY can mean
 New York, a US state
 New York City, a city in New York and the biggest city in the United States
Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, PC (c. 1485 – 28 July 1540) was an English statesman and lawyer. He was King Henry VIII's chief minister (like Prime Minister) from 1532 to 1540. He held many important posts, ending as Lord Chamberlain. Cromwell did not come from a rich or noble family: he rose in life by his work and merit.

Cromwell tried to modernize government, but this meant that both the nobility and the church would have less power. Because of this he was seen as an upstart. He was one of the strongest supporters of the English Reformation, the English Church's break with the papacy in Rome. Henry VIII was made the head of the Church of England by Parliament in 1534. Cromwell helped control the new Church with his two new jobs; Vicegerent for spirituals and Vicar general.

Downfall and execution
Cromwell had supported Henry VIII in disposing of Anne Boleyn and replacing her with Jane Seymour. During his years as the King's chief minister, Cromwell created many powerful enemies for himself.
His final downfall was caused by the haste with which he encouraged the king to marry Anne of Cleves. This was a marriage that Cromwell hoped would put the English Reformation back on track after the recent setback with the Six Articles. The enterprise became a disaster when King Henry told Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage. Henry told Cromwell to get him out of the marriage by legal means, but the king was obliged to go ahead with it or risk the vital German alliance. The king's marriage to Anne of Cleves was a disaster for Cromwell. It was the opportunity that Cromwell's opponents (most notably the Duke of Norfolk) needed to press for his downfall.

Cromwell was executed at Tower Hill, near the Tower of London, on 28 July 1540, the same day that the king divorced Anne of Cleves and married Catherine Howard.p60 After his execution, Thomas Cromwell's head was boiled and then set upon a spike on London Bridge, facing away from the City of London.
Henry came to regret Cromwell's execution. About eight months afterwards, Henry accused his ministers of bringing about Cromwell's downfall by false charges.p496 Henry spent the rest of his life lamenting the fact that Cromwell had been executed.

Note 
Oliver Cromwell, the revolutionary leader who overthrew the British monarchy and led a short-lived republican government in the 17th century, was a descendant of Thomas Cromwell's sister, Catherine Cromwell (born circa 1482).

References 

1480s births
1540 deaths
English politicians
English Earls
British lawyers
People from Middlesex
Executed English people
Photolithography is the combination of photography and lithography. Its uses include the mass printing of photographs. Microphototolithography is the use of photolithography to transfer geometric shapes on a photomask to the surface of a semiconductor wafer for making integrated circuits.

Manufacturing 

Photolithography makes integrated circuits such as memory and central processing units.
 
A special light-and-shadow pattern is shone through a photomask, onto a sheet or wafer of silicon that had been covered with a material called a photoresist. The light hardens the photoresist. When the board is dipped into a special acid, the parts that had no light on them are dissolved away. 

Memory chips have thousands or millions of identical cells. Because is much easier to make than a CPU, (a large die with a non-repetitive structure), RAM chips are far less expensive than processors.

Technology
Electronics
A Christian liturgy is a set of steps or rituals done by Christians as a form of worship, done by Christian denomination. The liturgy or form of worship has changed over time, and different groups also have different prescriptions on how such a celebration should be done. The worship on a Sunday might be different from that which is done on Easter.

Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words "the liturgy", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist or Communion. Liturgy may mean an elaborate formal ceremony such as the Catholic Mass. The open or waiting worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events.
Liturgical churches are those that use a well-defined liturgy, in which many of the words and music used follow basic patterns each time the service is conducted. The liturgy may date to the second century or earlier. Most Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches are liturgical, most other churches to a far lesser extent. Non-liturgical churches usually follow a common worship sequence from one service to the next, with several elements common to many such services. These elements often include readings from the Bible, hymns, a sermon, offerings of money, and at certain times, Communion.

Notes

Related pages
Christian calendar

References
Bowker, John, ed. (1997) Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. .
"What Do Quakers Believe?". Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.

Liturgy
A Booby prize is a prize of low value or a joke prize. It is sometimes given for a terrible performance or last-place finish. Booby prizes are sometimes humorously and jokingly seen as an object of pride as being noticed for doing something special - losing or coming in last-place. A booby prize is usually awarded and received with pleasant humor and understanding, it is not seen as a sign of disgrace.

Examples 
If a contestant playing the Monty Hall problem does not win a car, then the goat that he wins instead is considered a booby prize.
Traditionally, the cadet graduating a military academy with the lowest academic record was given a silver dollar (booby prize) by each of his classmates.
A red lantern (booby prize) is given to the cyclist who finishes last in the Tour de France.
Jerilderie is a town of 768 people in the southern Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia.  It is the only town in the Jerilderie Shire Council Local Government Area.

It can be found along the Newell Highway  south-west of Sydney and  north of the Victorian state border. Jerilderie's post code is 2716.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Ned Kelly
Macropods are marsupials belonging to the family Macropodidae. That family includes kangaroos, wallabies, tree-kangaroos, pademelons, quokkas and others. They are native to Australia, New Guinea, and their surrounding islands. Before European settlement, there were about 65 species of macropods. Six species have since become extinct. Another 11 species have been greatly reduced in numbers.

Physical description

Modern macropods are herbivores. They have specialized teeth made for grinding up fibrous plants. Macropods usually have a row of broad, straight front teeth, no canines, and a gap before their large molars. 

The stomachs of the macropods contain lots of bacteria that help them to digest their food by breaking it down for them. Macropods have a certain blend of bacteria in their stomachs that lowers the amount of methane produced.
Macropods come in all different sizes. Almost all have a powerful tail and large back legs. The word 'macropod' comes from the Greek for 'large foot'. Their long legs allow macropods to move quickly, and for long distances.

Gestation lasts about one month. In larger species, it lasts a little longer. Usually a single offspring is born. It attaches itself to a teat inside the mother's pouch. The offspring is able to leave the pouch after 5-11 months. It is sexually mature at 1-3 years old, depending on the species.

Fossil record

Marsupials evolved about 160 million years ago during the Jurassic period. They reached Australia in the Palaeocene about 50 million years ago. The oldest macropod fossil found is about 12 million years old. 

 
Marsupials of Australia
Shengzhou is a city of Zhejiang Province in China. It is a part of Shaoxing Municipality. Its population (including suburbs) is about 735 000. Yueju Opera, which is a Chinese opera popular in China, originated in Shengzhou.

Cities in China
Zhejiang
Yueju Opera (),is a Chinese opera popular in China. It originated in Shengxian County(namely Shengzhou). The word "Yue" in Chinese means Zhejiang province and the regions around it. "ju" means (Chinese) opera. At present, Yueju Opera is the second most popular opera in China, after the Beijing Opera.

Chinese culture
Zhejiang
Harbin, is the capital city of Heilongjiang, a northeast province of China. In recent years, Harbin is well-known worldwide for Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival, Harbin Summer Music Festival and  Harbin International Beer Festival.

History

From 1897 to 1902, the Russian Empire built the Chinese Eastern Railway; A concession from Imperial China allowed that; Russia's administration of this railway and the Chinese Eastern Railway Zone - was from Harbin. The settlement founded by the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway, quickly turned into a boomtown, growing into a city within five years. The majority of settlers in Harbin came from southern Ukraine (in the Russian Empire).
Administration
Governing 12 districts and 10 counties, Harbin Municipality has a population of 9,873,743 and 4,754,753 of whom lives in the city proper of Harbin. 
Administrative divisions as below:
 Daoli District 
 Nangang District 
 Daowai District 
 Xiangfang District	 
 Pingfang District	 
 Songbei District 
 Hulan District	 
 Acheng District 
 Shuangcheng District

 Shangzhi	 
 Wuchang	 
 Yilan County	 
 Fangzheng County	 
 Bin County	  
 Bayan County	  
 Mulan County	  
 Tonghe County	  
 Yanshou County

References

Other websites
Harbin Travel Guide   
Harbin Ice Festival  

Cities in China
Sirach, by Ben Sira, which is also known as Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, the Wisdom of Ben Sira, or Ecclesiasticus, is a work from the early second century BC, its original version being written in Hebrew. It is part of the Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.

Quotes
"All wisdom is from the Lord
and with him it remains for ever. 
The sand of the sea, the drops of rain, 
and the days of eternity- who can count them?"
(Opening of first chapter, New Revised Standard Version)

Full text.
Sirach texts

Books of the Bible
An alveolus (plural: alveoli) is a word used in anatomy for hollow cavities, which are empty areas within a body.

Although there are many different types of alveoli in the body, the word alveoli is usually used to talk about small air sacs in the lungs of mammals. These are also called pulmonary alveoli. These alveoli are located at the ends of the air passageways in the lungs. They have very thin (one cell thick), wet walls and are surrounded with a network of small blood vessels, or capillaries. This allows gases to diffuse, or move across, the surface of the alveolus.

When a mammal breathes in, the concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveolus than in the red blood cells. Therefore, oxygen leaves the alveolus and enters the red blood cells. When a mammal breathes out, the opposite happens. The concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in the alveolus than in the red blood cells, so carbon dioxide leaves the red blood cells, enters the alveolus, and is exhaled.
In an average human lung, there are 480 million alveoli. Their total surface area is around 75 square meters.

Inside the alveoli is where a gas exchange happens. Gas exchange is how different gases (usually two) move in opposite directions across a specialised respiratory surface. Gases are constantly required and produced as a by-product of cellular and metabolic reactions so an efficient system to exchange them  is extremely important. It is linked with respiration in animals, and both respiration and photosynthesis in plants.

References 

Anatomy of the respiratory system
Parasitoids are parasites whose larvae develop inside another organism's body. This usually results in the death of the host, which sets them apart from 'traditional' parasites. There are twelve superfamilies of parasitic wasps which are entirely or mainly parasitoid. The largest family are the ichneumons, with over 80,000 species. 

In parasitoids the adult stage is free-living: it finds the 'host' for the next generation. The female parasitoid places the eggs, on or in the body of a host. The host is food for their growth. 
Normal parasites use vectors as the way of getting to other hosts.
In Hymenoptera there are many variations. The distinction between the 'parasitic' and the 'traditional' hymenoptera can run very thin. 
In Britain there are about 6500 species of Hymenoptera  more than in any other insect order  and just one parasitoid superfamily, the Ichneumonoidea, has nearly half of them. Most workers now recognise only two families in Ichneumonoidea. These are Ichneumonidae, with over two thousand British species, and Braconidae, with nearly 1200 representatives in Britain. They are, respectively, the largest and the second largest families of British insects. Only a beetle family, the Staphylinidae, is near the thousand mark. Ichneumonoids also include the largest parasitoids.
Hymenopteran parasitoids often have unique life cycles. In one family, the Trigonalidae, the female wasps deposit eggs into small pockets they cut into the edge of leaves with their ovipositor. A caterpillar chewing these leaves may swallow some of the eggs. When they get into the caterpillar's gut, they hatch and burrow through the gut wall and into the body cavity. Later they search the caterpillar's body cavity for other parasitoid larvae, and it is these they attack and feed on. Some trigonalids, once they are in a caterpillar or sawfly larva, need their host to fall prey to a social wasp. The wasp carries the caterpillar back to its nest, and there it is butchered and fed to the wasp's young. The young serve as host for the trigonalid, the eggs of which are in the butchered caterpillar.

Related pages 

 Botfly

References
In entomology, the imago is the last stage in the development of an insect. In an incomplete metamorphosis it comes after the last ecdysis. If the metamorphosis is complete, it comes after emergence from the pupa. This is the only stage where the insect is sexually mature and (if a winged species) has functional wings. The imago is often referred to as the adult stage.

References 

Insects
Jennifer Todd (born in 1969 in California) is an American movie producer. She and her sister Suzanne run a production company called "Team Todd".

They have helped make movies including the three Austin Powers movies, Boiler Room, Prime, Must Love Dogs, Memento, Across the Universe, and The Accidental Husband.

She won the 2001 Independent Spirit Award for best movie for Memento.

References

Other websites
 

American movie producers
1969 births
Living people
Christopher Paolini (born November 17, 1983 in Southern California) is an American writer. He is best known as the writer of the Inheritance cycle, which has the books Eragon, Eldest,  Brisingr, and the fourth book Inheritance (book) . He lives in Paradise Valley, Montana.

Paolini is famous for publishing his book, Eragon when he was only seventeen years old. He began writing the book when he was fifteen. His second book, Eldest, was released in 2005. His third book, Brisingr, was released in 2008. The final book of the Inheritance Cycle, Inheritance, was released on 8 November, 2011.

Writers from California
1983 births
Living people
Dougie Lee Poynter (born 30 November 1987) is a British musician. He was born in Corringham, Essex. He is the bass player and singer for British pop punk band, McFly. The band's first single, "Five Colours In Her Hair", reached number one in the charts, as did their first album, Room On The Third Floor. McFly were signed to Island Records before creating their own indie label, Super Records in December 2007. Poynter is the band's youngest member having joined the band at the age of 15.

Poynter won the 2011 UK series of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!.

Other websites 

1987 births
Living people
British bass guitarists
English pop singers
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants
McFly
Musicians from Essex
Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikritieh ( , 30 November 1941 – 25 January 2010) was an Iraqi minister. He was a member of the Baath Party. During his life, he was Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. He was also the governor of occupied Kuwait during the Gulf War.

He was a first cousin to the late President of Iraq Saddam Hussein. During the 1980s and 1990s,  he became notorious for his role in the Iraqi government's campaigns against internal opposition forces, namely the ethnic Kurdish rebels of the north, and the Shia religious dissidents of the south. Repressive measures included deportations of the population and mass killings; al-Majid was dubbed "Chemical Ali" by Iraqi Kurds for his use of chemical weapons in attacks against them.
Al-Majid was captured after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. He was convicted in June 2007 and was sentenced to death for crimes committed in the al-Anfal campaign of the 1980s. His appeal against the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007, and was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010. Al-Majid was executed by hanging eight days later.

References 

1941 births
2010 deaths
Iraqi politicians
People executed by hanging
People from Tikrit
Bamba () is an Israeli corn snack. It is a popular snack for children. 

Bamba has been made since 1963. Bamba makes up 25% of the Israeli snack market.

References

Snack foods
Bamba may refer to:

 Amadou Bamba, Muslim religious leader and founder of Mouridism
 Souleymane Bamba, French-Ivorian footballer representing Hibernian F.C. and the Côte d'Ivoire national football team
 Bamba snack, peanut butter snack food made in Israel
 La Bamba (song)
 Bamba, an Aruban musical instrument - see Music of Aruba
 Bamba, alternate spelling for Quechua word "Pampa", meaning plain.
 Bambera, a Spanish cante or song form associated with flamenco.

Places
 Bamba, Burundi
 Bamba, Congo, town in the Democratic Republic of Congo
 Bamba, Kenya, a small town in the Kilifi District of Kenya
 Bamba, Guinea
 Bamba, Mali, a town
 Bamba, Mopti a small town in Mali
 Bamba Crater, on the planet Mars, named after Bamba, Congo
This is a list of ChuckleVision episodes. ChuckleVision is a popular British children's television series.

Series 1 (1987)

Series 2 (1988-1989)

Series 3 (1989-1990)

Series 4 (1990) (The Last Series to be in Dolby Stereo and Last Music is 1987-1990 to Switch to 1990-2004)

Series 5 (1991-1992) (The First Series to be in Dolby Surround)

Series 6 (1992)

Series 7 (1993-1994)

Series 8 (1995-1996)

Series 9 (1996-1997)

Series 10 (1997-1998)

Series 11 (1998-1999)

Series 12 (1999-2000) (The Last Series to be in 4:3)

Series 13 (2000-2001) (The First Series to be in 16:9) 

All the episodes in Series 12-13 were originally 20 minutes in length, but in 2004 the BBC cut them down to 15 minutes in length to suit their schedule. The original length 20 minute episodes are very rarely broadcast.

Series 14 (2002) (The Last Series to be in Dolby Surround)

Series 15 (2003) 

2003 Christmas Specials

The Series

Series 16 (2004)

Series 17 (2005)

Series 18 (2006)

Series 19 (2007)

Series 20 (2008)
2008 Christmas Special

References 
All information in this article is sourced from "http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006w487/episodes". Due to the fact that not all episodes are displayed on this website at any one time, the information in this article was also confirmed as being correct from the BBC helpline - 03700 100 222.

Lists of television series episodes
A car stereo, also known as a head unit or car radio, is an essential component of any vehicle.

Usage
It is used to play music, make phone calls, and provide other audio services for the driver and passengers. Car stereos have many styles and sizes, with different features available depending on the model.

Types of car stereo 

Car stereos are typically divided into two categories: factory-installed or aftermarket. Factory-installed car stereos come with the vehicle and are usually of limited functionality, although some manufacturers offer premium systems that provide more features than standard models. Aftermarket car stereos are installed after the original purchase and can be customized to meet the driver's needs.

Single-DIN stereos

Single-DIN car stereos are the most common type of car stereo system. It refers to a standard size for radio and audio systems that measure 180 x 50 mm. They typically feature an AM/FM radio receiver and four pre-amp outputs for connecting external amplifiers and speakers.
Double-DIN stereos

As the name suggests, these stereo are double in size and comes with standard size
(180 mm × 100 mm or 7.09 in × 3.94 in) and offers more features than a single-DIN unit. Now a days most of the double din stereo comes with a larger display (7 to 10 inches) that allows users to easily see and navigate the menus, make selections, and access various audio sources. These units often include built-in CD/DVD players, GPS navigation systems, Bluetooth connectivity, and even hands-free calling.

Double-DIN stereos also feature advanced audio processing, such as multi-band equalization, surround sound, and digital signal processing. Additionally, they often come with DVD players or navigation systems built-in. Double DIN radios also compatible with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay.

Audio technology
Automotive technologies
Eudora Alice Welty (April 13, 1909 – July 23, 2001) was an award-winning American author who wrote short stories and novels about the American South.  Her book, The Optimist's Daughter, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973 and Welty was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among numerous awards.  She was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America.  Her house in Jackson, Mississippi, is a National Historic Landmark and open to the public as a museum.
Life
Welty worked as a publicity agent for the work progress administration. She had to travel around Mississippi for her job. In her own time, she took memorable photographs. These mostly show how different people from all economic and social classes coped with the Great Depression. Collections of her photograph were published as One time, One place (1971) and Photograph (1989). 
Very often, a photograph was the basis of one of her short stories, including Why I live at the P.O., which was inspired by a woman she photographed  ironing in the back of a small post office.

References

1909 births
2001 deaths
Writers from Mississippi
People from Jackson, Mississippi
O. Henry Award winners
A talisman is an amulet or other object considered to possess supernatural or magical powers. A talisman can have protective properties, turning away harmful or evil influences. It is a very sacred object said to give protection and good luck.

It is also said that when making an talisman the person intending to use it must craft it.             

Superstitions
Magic (paranormal)
Eagle Comics was a short lived comic book company that existed to reprinting comic serials from the UK's 2000 A.D. magazine for distribution in North American. They existed from 1983 to 1986 and were based in London, England, with product production and distribution in Canada.

History 
The company was formed by Nick Landau to republish stories from the comics anthology, repackaged into American comic book format (in the same way his Titan Books had been reprinting them as trade paperbacks). In 1986 the license, from IPC, passed to Quality Communications.

Titles 
The series they brought to American audiences included-
Judge Dredd (33 issues - continued by Quality Comics)
 Judge Dredd: The Judge Child Quest (5 issue mini-series)
 Judge Dredd's Crime File (6 issue mini-series)
 Judge Dredd: The Early Cases (6 issue mini-series)
 The Stainless Steel Rat (6 issue mini-series)
 Strontium Dog (8 issue mini-series)
 Robohunter (5 issue mini-series)
 Nemesis The Warlock (7 issue mini-series)
 2000 A.D. Monthly (6 issues)

Comic companies
Companies based in London
1986 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1983 establishments in England
1980s disestablishments in England
Saint Tikhon of Moscow was a  of Moscow in the beginning of the Soviet Union. His name, before he became a saint, was Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin(). He was  by the Synod of Bishops. It is possible that the character of the elder Zosimov in the Russian novel The Brothers Karamazov was influenced by him.

1865 births
1925 deaths
Patriarchs of Moscow
Russian Orthodox saints
Henry James OM (18431916) was an Anglo-American novelist. He was one of the most important literary people of the late 19th century. James was the son of Henry James Senior, a clergyman, and the brother of William James, the psychologist and philosopher. He grew up mostly in the United States but spent the majority of his life in England. He became a British citizen in 1915. His sister, Alice James, was also a writer.

Novels
In his novels, he wrote from the viewpoint of one of the characters. Some literary critics compared this to impressionist painting. In his own literary criticism, James insisted that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in how they looked at the world. He thought a text should be realistic, and its account of life be recognisable to its readers. Good novels, to James, show life in action and are interesting.
Other books
He published fictional books, articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime. His plays probably influenced his later novels and tales.

1843 births
1916 deaths
American novelists
British novelists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Order of Merit
Writers from New York City
Velupillai Prabhakaran (November 26 1954 — May 18 2009) was the leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. He fought the Sri Lankan Civil War to make an independent state for the Tamil people in the north of Sri Lanka. Under his leadership, the Tamil Tigers became one of the most deadly guerilla groups in the world.

Early life
Prabhakaran was born in Valvettiturai, a fishing town, on the northern tip of Sri Lanka. His father worked for the government. After Ceylon became independent in 1948, life became very difficult for the small Tamil population. There were laws to limit their chance of getting to university or working for the government. In 1972, Prabhakaran started a group called the Tamil New Tigers (TNT). In July 1975 he shot dead Alfred Duryappa, the mayor of Jaffna. Duryappa was also a Tamil, but Prahbhakaran believed he had become too close to the Sri Lankan government.
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Prabhakaran went to India to escape from the police. He hid in the city of Madras (now Chenai), where he turned the TNT into the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Each member had cyanide (poison) carried in a necklace which they could swallow if they were captured. Other rules that Prabhakaran made for the LTTE were that members could not smoke, drink alcohol or have sex. The last rule was changed when Prabhakaran married Mathivathani Erambu. The LTTE secretly set up training camps in India. Other Tamil guerilla groups were taken over or destroyed by the LTTE.
The war
In July 1983, there were wide spread attacks against Tamils in Sri Lanka. Many Tamils left the country, and many young people went to the training camps in India. The LTTE fought against the government. They had their own navy, the Sea Tigers, and air force. In July 1987 Prabhakaran started a group called the "Black Tigers". These were a group of male and female suicide bombers. Their explosive belts have been copied by groups in Palestine, Chechnya and Iraq. India sent 100,000 peace keeping soldiers to Sri Lanka in July 1987. The Indian government and the Sri Lankan government signed an agreement, but Prabhakaran did not like it because it did not create a separate Tamil country. The Indian soldiers were soon fighting against the LTTE.
Tamil control
The Indian army left Sri Lanka in March 1990, having had 1200 soldiers killed. Prabhakaran became ruler of the northern part of Sri Lanka. He attacked everyone he thought was responsible for the war. In May 1991, female suicide bombers killed the former Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, during an election rally. Prabhakaran did not trust other people. He would only drink his own bottled water, he slept with a gun under his pillow. He thought his cousin, Mahattaya, was plotting against him. He had him and many others tortured and killed.

Ceasefire
In 2001, the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE asked Norway to help make a ceasefire to stop the war. This lasted for four years before the fighting started again. This led to increased attacks on the LTTE by the Sri Lankan army. The LTTE were slowly forced back into a very small area. Prabhakaran and his son, Charles Anthony, were killed in the fighting, and the LTTE were defeated.

References
References

1954 births
2009 deaths
Sri Lankan Civil War
Sri Lankan military people
Tamil activists
Mohs' scale of mineral hardness is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist. Mohs scale is ordered by hardness, determined by which minerals can scratch other minerals.

Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials. Gypsum is harder: it can scratch talc but not calcite, which is even harder. The hardness of a mineral is mainly controlled by the strength of the bonding between the atoms and partly by the size of the atoms. It is a measure of the resistance of the mineral to scratching, the Mohs scale is for natural minerals. For manufactured products other measures of hardness are better.
Diamond is always at the top of the scale, being the hardest mineral.  There are ten minerals in Mohs scale, talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and for last and hardest, diamond.  Because the Mohs scale was made long ago, it is not exactly correct - for example, several minerals are now known to be harder than the diamond.   The Mohs scale may not be perfect, but field geologists still find it very useful.

Relative hardness of some items 
2.5
Fingernail
2.5–3
Gold, Silver 
3
Copper penny 
4-4.5
Platinum 
4-5 Iron
5.5 Knife blade
6.5 Iron pyrite 
5.5 Glass
6.5 Hardened steel file

References

Other websites 
 http://www.mineraltown.com/infocoleccionar/mohs_scale_of_hardness.htm
 How to use the Mohs scale of mineral hardness 

Minerals 
Tests
Materials science
Chinglish is a word for English that is influenced by Chinese.  It often uses Chinese grammar and vocabulary that has been translated into English.  For example, "long time no see (we have not met for a long time)" is translated from Chinese "hǎojiǔbùjiàn".

The term Chinglish comes from a combination of the words Chinese and English.

Example 
One car come, one car go, two car pengpeng, one car die.

Proper english translation 
One car drove towards another; both cars crashed, and one of them was destroyed.

References 

English language
Chinese language
Friedrich Mohs (29 January, 1773 - 29 September 1839) was a German mineralogist.

Job and Career 
Scientist Mohs was born in Germany. He was a minerologist who studied minerals, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

He moved to Austria in 1801 where he found a job identifying minerals in a collection that belonged to a rich banker. He used physical characteristics of the crystals to determine what they were. One of the characteristics he used to identify minerals was their hardness. 

He knew that some of the minerals could scratch others and that if a mineral could make a scratch on another, it must be harder than the mineral that was scratched. He found that all minerals could scratch the mineral talc, so it must be very soft. He also found that diamonds were so hard that no other minerals could scratch them.
In 1812, Mohs made a scale from 1 to 10 to describe mineral hardness. He gave harder minerals larger numbers and softer minerals smaller numbers. Talc, the softest mineral, he assigned to 1, the smallest number on the scale. Diamond, the hardest mineral, he assigned to 10, the highest number on the scale.

This scale was called Mohs scale of mineral hardness, named after Friedrich Mohs.

Later Career 
In 1812, Mohs became professor in Graz, Austria. In 1817, Mohs replaced his mentor Werner, who had died, as a tutor at the mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, starting in 1818. In 1826, he was appointed as a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna. 

Mohs ended his remarkable career as a mining advisor at the Mining University in Leoban, Austria, and died aged 66, while holidaying in Italy.

References 

German scientists
1773 births
1839 deaths
Mineralogists