Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Music 

Many Native American flutes have a musical scale called the pentatonic scale
in a minor key.
This musical scale is used in most Native American flute music.
However, some makers of Native American flute now use different musical scales.
Also, many makers of Native American flutes tune flutes carefully so that they
sound good when played with other instruments such as guitars and pianos.

Native American flutes may be large or small and have a wide range from very low notes to very high notes.
From the largest flutes (lowest pitch) to the smallest flutes (highest pitch),
they span a range of about three and a half octaves,
from C2 to A5.

Early recordings of Native American flutes are available from several sources.

Fingering 

Most Native American flutes have either five finger holes or six finger holes.
However, a flute may have no finger holes or as many as seven finger holes, including a hole for the thumb.
Different makers employ different musical scales and fingerings for their flutes.
Written Music 

Written music for the Native American flutes is often in the key of F-sharp minor, although some music is scored in other keys.
However, music written for the Native American flute uses a key signature of four sharps.
This is known as "Nakai tablature".
Many pieces of written music adds finger diagrams below the notes to show which finger holes to cover for that note.

The use of a standard key signature for written music that can be used across Native American flutes in a variety of keys classifies the instrument as a transposing instrument.

Revival 

There were few Native American flute players before 1960.
However, use of the Native American flute increased in the late 1960s.
Many people began playing Native American flutes, such as Doc Tate Nevaquaya,
John Rainer, Jr.,
Sky Walkinstik Man Alone, and
Carl Running Deer.
The music of R. Carlos Nakai became popular in the 1980s.
The album "Canyon Trilogy" was issued in 1989.
In 1998 it was the first Native American music album certified as a Gold Record
by the Recording Industry Association of America.
Canyon Trilogy was certified as a Platinum Record
on July 8, 2014.

Mary Youngblood won two Grammy Awards in the Native American Music category for her Native American flute music
in 2002 and 2006.
Today, Native American flutes are being played and recognized by many different peoples and cultures around the world.

Community Music 

Groups of players of the Native American flute meet every month or two.
These groups are known as flute circles.

These organizations help flute circles within their country:

 WFS — World Flute Society (U.S.A.)
 RNAFF  — Renaissance of the North American Flute (U.S.A.)
 JIFCA — Japan Indian Flute Circle Association (日本インディアンフルートサークル協会) (Japan)

Documentaries
Documentaries 

Songkeepers (1999, 48 min.).  Directed by Bob Hercules.  Produced by Dan King.  Lake Forest, Illinois: America's Flute Productions.  Five distinguished traditional flute artists - Tom Mauchahty-Ware, Sonny Nevaquaya, R. Carlos Nakai, Hawk Littlejohn, Kevin Locke – talk about their Native American flutes and their songs and the role of the flute and its music in their tribes.
Journey to Zion (2008, 44 min.). A documentary by Tim Romero. Santa Maria, California: Solutions Plus. A film about Native American flute players attending the Zion Canyon Art & Flute Festival located in Springdale, Utah, the gateway to Zion National Park.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Renaissance of the North American Flute 
World Flute Society
Native American flute music sheet 
Flutopedia Flutopedia - an Encyclopedia for the Native American Flute.
Flute Tree Native American Flute Informational Web Site.
NAF Music  and NAF Music Songs  Two Yahoo! newsgroups with collections of sheet music for Native American flutes.
List of archives containing Native American flutes 
Finger Diagram Fonts for writing out Native American flute music.
Native American Flute Tablature
Native American Flute References — over 3,100 citations for the Native American flute.

Flutes
Native Americans
The Central Politburo of the Communist Party of China is a group of 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. It is formally called the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee. It was previously called the Central Bureau () before 1927. Unlike politburos (political bureaus) of other Communist parties, power within the politburo is centralized in the Politburo Standing Committee. The members of the Politburo are nominally elected by the Central Committee.

The power of the Politburo is mostly due to the fact that its members generally also hold positions within the government of the People's Republic of China. It also appoints people to high-ranking jobs. The topics for discussion at the meetings appears to be controlled by the General Secretary. Decisions are made by consensus rather than by majority vote.

Political organizations in the People's Republic of China
The State Council is the cabinet of the People's Republic of China. Currently, the council has 35 members: the premier, four vice premiers, five state councilors (of whom two are also ministers), and 25 additional ministers and chairs of major agencies. Constitutionally, the State Council is the same as the Central People's Government since 1954 (particularly in relation to local governments).

In the politics of China, the Central People's Government forms one of three interlocking branches of power, the others being the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army. The State Council directly oversees the various subordinate People's Governments in the provinces, and in practice maintains membership with the top levels of the Communist Party of China.

References

Political organizations in the People's Republic of China
The National People's Congress (usually abbreviated NPC) is the national legislature of the People's Republic of China. It had 2,987 members in 2013. It is the largest parliament in the world. Under China's current Constitution, the NPC is unicameral; it is not divided into a lower house and an upper house. It the power to legislate, to oversee the operations of the government, and the power to elect the major officers of state.
China

Political organizations in the People's Republic of China
Unicameral legislatures
A laser pointer (or laser pen) is a small device that shines a low-powered laser light. The pointer is usually powered by a battery. It contains a laser diode that emits a very narrow laser beam of visible light. When pointed at an object, it shines a small bright spot of colored light. The pointer is held in a hand. It is used to highlight something of interest. Power is restricted in most jurisdictions not to exceed 5 milliwatts.

Light
Machines
Hu Chunhua (; born April 1963) is a Chinese politician born in Hubei Province.

In 1979, Hu was admitted to Beijing University. He graduated from Beijing University in 1983. After graduation, Hu volunteered to work in Tibet autonomous region. During 1988 ~ 1992 he worked in Tibet, Hu Jingtao was the local Communist Party chief. In 1997, he left Tibet and worked as leader in Communist Youth League of China.

In 2001, Hu Chunhua returned back to Tibet. This time he worked there as senior party and government official. After 5 years of rich experience, in December 2006, he was promoted to the chief of Communist Youth League of China in Beijing.

In March 2008, Hu was appointed as deputy party chief of CPC in Hebei province; and nominated to be the candidate of provincial governor. In April, he was appointed as Hebei governor; and officially elected as governor in January 2009.

In November 2009, Hu was appointed as CPC party chief on Inner Mongolia autonomous region.
In November 2012, Hu was promoted to the powerful Communist Party's Politburo. He was assigned the Communist Party Secretary of Guangdong province, the province's top political office. Hu and another Communist Party's Politburo member Sun Zhengcai Hu were seen as promising candidates in the 'sixth generation' of Chinese leadership. However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the traditional power transfer rule. While Hu was not as unfortunate as Sun who was charged and sentenced (in 2018) due to corruption, he failed to enter the leadership core of CPC - the Politburo Standing Committee.

References

1963 births
Living people
Chinese communists
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Politicians from Hubei
Upsala-Lenna Jernväg (ULJ) is a railway line in Sweden. It runs from the city of Uppsala to various small towns in Uppsala Municipality. It is  long. It is a part of the Roslagen network. It is a heritage railway.

Rail transport in Europe
Transport in Sweden
Corazón que miente (English: Lying Heart) is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced by Mapat L. de Zatarain for Televisa. It is a remake of the Mexican telenovela Laberintos de pasión, produced in 1999 by Ernesto Alonso. It is created by Cuauhtémoc Blanco and Maria del Carmen Peña. 

The series stars Thelma Madrigal as Mariela, Pablo Lyle as Alonso, Diego Olivera as Leonardo and Dulce María as Renata.

The series was first shown on Februaury 8, 2016, in Mexico on Canal de las Estrellas.
Cast  
 Thelma Madrigal - Mariela Salvatierra Morán (main protagonist, granddaughter of Manuel, in love with Alonso, Leonardo's love interest)
 Pablo Lyle - Alonso Ferrer Castellanos (main protagonist, son of Demián and Lucia, grandson of Sara, cousin of Renata, uncle of Rafaela and Padre Daniel, brother of Santiago and in love with Mariela)
 Diego Olivera - Leonardo Del Río Solórzano (co-lead protagonist, godson of Carmen and in love with Lucia, then with Mariela), killed by Demián, caused an accident.
 Dulce María - Renata Ferrer Jáuregui (antagonist, cousin of Alonso and Santiago, friend of Florencia, step niece of Rafaela, niece of Demián and Lucia, great granddaughter of Sara, in love with Santiago)  ends up with both of her legs amputated, caused an car accident 
 Alexis Ayala - Padre Daniel Ferrer Bilbatúa (priest, nephew of Alonso and Santiago, son in law of Sara, brother in law of Lucia and Rafaela, brother of Demián)
Alejandro Tommasi - Demián Ferrer Bilbatúa (main antagonist, father of Alonso and Santiago, husband of Lucia and then with Rafaela, uncle of Renata, brother of Padre Daniel, son in law of Sara), responsible for the death of Manuel, Leonardo and Lucía. Commits suicide in jail with Rogelio
 María Sorté - Carmen Oceguera Domínguez (godmother of Leonardo)
 Lourdes Reyes - Rafaela Del Moral Sáenz de Ferrer (main antagonist, stepmother of Alonso, Santiago and Renata, cousin of Lucia, husband of Demián and niece of Sara)
 Alejandro Ávila - Rogelio Medina Sánchez (villain, father of Cirilia), responsible of the death of Manuel and Florencia. Commits suicide in jail with Demián
 Gerardo Murguía - Eduardo Moliner Arredondo (husband of Karla, father of Lisandro and Florencia) responsible for the death of Rogelio.
 Arturo Muñoz - Lic. Céfiro Hidalgo (an attorney)
 Ricardo Margaleff - Cristian Mena Souza
 Alejandra Procuna - Elena Solís Saldívar (mother of Julio)
 Vanesa Restrepo - Denise Shapiro Berlanga
Alejandra Jurado - Amalia González de Valdivia (mother of Lety, wife of Noe)
 Jorge Ortín - Noé Valdivia Pérez (father of Lety, husband of Amalia)
 Fátima Torre - Leticia Valdivia González "Lety" (daughter of Noé and Amalia, in love with Santiago and Julio's love interest)
 Federico Ayos - Santiago Ferrer Castellanos (son of Demián and Lucia, grandson of Sara, cousin of Renata, uncle of Rafaela and Padre Daniel, brother of Alonso, lover of Florencia and in love with Renata and then with Lety)
 Emmanuel Palomares - Lisandro Moliner Bustos (son of Eduardo and Karla, brother of Florencia)
 David Palacio - Julio Solís Saldívar (son of Elena)
 Jessica Mas - Karla Bustos de Moliner (wife of Eduardo, mother of Lisandro and Florencia)
 Jessica Decote - Florencia Moliner Bustos (daughter of Eduardo and Karla, sister of Lisandro) killed by Rogelio
 Mónica Zorti - Marcia
 Jéssica Segura - Cirila Reyes 
 Benjamín Islas - Mario Preciado 
 Ricardo Vera - Dr. Fausto Ovalle 
 Iliana de la Garza - Eva
Ricardo Guerra - Sanabria
 Vicente Torres - Ponciano
 Lorena Álvarez - Martha 
 Helena Rojo - Sara Sáenz Vda. de Castellanos (mother of Lucia, mother in law of Demián and Padre Daniel, grandmother of Alonso and Santiago, great grandmother of Renata, aunt of Rafaela)
 Ricardo Crespo - Fabricio Orive
 Rubén Cerda - Antonio Miranda
 Eric del Castillo - Manuel Salvatierra Neri (Actuación especial) (grandfather of Mariela), dies from smoke inhalation after trapped in a burning house by Rogelio (caused by Demián)
 Mayrín Villanueva - Lucia Castellanos Sáenz de Ferrer (mother of Alonso and Santiago, wife of Demián, cousin of Rafaela, aunt of Renata, brother in law of Padre Daniel, daughter of Sara and love interest of Leonardo), accidentally shot and killed by Demián
 Valentina Hazouri - Mariela Salvatierra Morán (niña)
 Nikolas Caballero - Alonso Ferrer Castellanos (niño)
 Santiago Torres Jaimes - Santiago Ferrer Castellanos (niño)
 Montserrat Grm - Leticia Valdivia González "Lety" (niña)
References 

Telenovelas by Televisa
2016 television series debuts
2010s Mexican television series debuts
Sun Zhengcai (; born September 25 1963) was a Chinese politician and senior regional official before his fall from power in 2017. 

Sun joined Communist Party of China (CPC) in July 1988. He was a member of the CPC Central Committee since 2007. Since November 2012, Sun has been the Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, an interior municipality, and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China. Before that, he served as the Party Secretary of Jilin province, and Minister of Agriculture of China. 

Sun is the youngest member of the 18th Politburo, and one of only two members born after 1960, the other being Hu Chunhua. As such, Sun and Hu were considered to be a leading candidate for a top leadership position in the "6th Generation of Chinese leadership". However, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, changed the game by abandoning the successors designated by his predecessors.
In July 14, 2017, Sun was removed from the post of Communist Party Secretary of Chongqing, and investigated for wrong-doings. On July 24, the Chinese official news agency reported that Sun violated CPC's disciplines. On September 29, Sun was stripped of his CPC membership, fired from his government position, and charged for crime. On May 8, 2018, Sun was sentenced for life in prison.

References

1963 births
Living people
Chinese communist politicians
People from Jilin
One use of the standard was in Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946). In a 7-to-1 ruling, Associate Justice Stanley Forman Reed fashioned an "undue burden" test to decide the constitutionality of a Virginia law requiring separate but equal racial segregation in public transportation. "There is a recognized abstract principle, however, that may be taken as a postulate for testing whether particular state legislation in the absence of action by Congress is beyond state power. This is that the state legislation is invalid if it unduly burdens that commerce in matters where uniformity is necessary—necessary in the constitutional sense of useful in accomplishing a permitted purpose."
More recently, the standard has been used in cases involving state restrictions on a woman's access to abortion. The standard was applied by Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her dissent in City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, 462 US 416 (1983). O'Connor used the test as an alternative to the strict scrutiny test applied in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).

References 

United States Constitution
Castillo may refer to:

Places

Dominican Republic 
Castillo, Dominican Republic, a town in Duarte Province, Dominican Republic

Spain 
Castillo, Álava, a village in the Basque Country
Castillo-Albaráñez, a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha
Castillo de Garcimuñoz, a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha
Castillo-Nuevo, a town in Navarre
Montealegre del Castillo, a municipality in Albacete, Castile-La Mancha

Nicaragua 
El Castillo (municipality), a municipality in the Río San Juan department
El Castillo (village), a village in the Río San Juan department
Castillo-Albaráñez is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 28.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Castillo de Garcimuñoz is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 209.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
El Oasis is a rural community in Ojinaga Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico. It had a population of 475 inhabitants at the 2010 census. It is also situated at 1,204 meters above sea level.

References

Settlements in Chihuahua
The February 2016 Ankara bombing was a car bombing in Ankara, Turkey, in the afternoon of 17 February 2016. It set several vehicles alight. An operation was launched against the suspected attackers.

References

2016 disasters in Asia
2016 in Turkey
2010s explosions in Asia
2016 fires
2010s murders in Asia
February 2016 bombing
Car and truck bombings in Asia
Car and truck bombings in the 2010s
Crime in Turkey
Explosions in 2016
February 2016 events
2010s fires in Asia
Mass murder in 2016
Mass murder in Asia
Suicide bombings in Asia
Suicide bombings in the 2010s
Suicide car and truck bombings

Terrorist incidents in 2016
Terrorist incidents in Asia in the 2010s
April Winchell Foley (born January 4, 1960) is an American voice actress, writer, talk radio host, commentator and comedian. She is best known for voicing Clarabelle Cow in Mickey Mouse ClubHouse and various other Disney projects.

She is the daughter of comedian and ventriloquist, Paul Winchell.

She was married Mick Kuisel until they divorced. She has been married to John Foley since 2013.

Filmography

References

Other websites

1960 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American radio personalities
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Bursitis is a painful condition. Small sacs called bursae get inflamed. Bursae are pockets between your muscles and your bones. Your bursa help you move without pain. In bursitis, the inflammation is often caused by extra fluid in the bursae. The most common places to have bursitis are in your hip and shoulder. You can also have bursitis in your elbow, knee and toe.

Symptoms 
One of the most common symptoms of bursitis is pain. It can also cause stiffness and swelling. Pain happens when you move your joints.

Causes 
The most common cause of bursitis is moving your joints too much. Swelling can happen when the joint locks.

Treatment 
There are a few ways to treat bursitis. The best way to treat bursitis is to rest the joint and to lift it up. You can also put a medicine called cortisone into the hurt bursa. You should put it on ice for twenty minutes three to four times a day.

References 

Diseases
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal (23 September 1923 – 17 February 2016) was an Egyptian journalist. For 17 years (1957–1974), he was editor-in-chief of the Cairo newspaper Al-Ahram. He was a commentator on Arab affairs for more than 50 years. He was born in Cairo, Egypt.

Heikal died in Cairo, Egypt from renal failure on 17 February 2016. He was aged 92.

References

Other websites

Various articles, Al-Ahram Weekly

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Egyptian journalists
Writers from Cairo
Akbar Kakkattil (7 July 1954 – 17 February 2016) was an Indian short-story writer and novelist. He was born in Kerala state. His works are known for their unique narrative style which has been seen as full of humour. His work, "Sarga Sameeksha", a creative and critical interface of a young writer with the iconic writers of the old generation is perhaps the first of its kind among Indian languages.

Kakkattil died in a hospital in Kerala from lung cancer on 17 February 2016. He was aged 62.

References

Other websites
 The Hindu Thursday, February 26, 2009 : – Award for Malayalam writer Akbar Kakkattil 
 http://qa.in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail.html?news_id=46429 
 The Hindu Sunday, Feb 08, 2004-Akbar Kakkattil wins best novelist award 
 

1954 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Kerala
Andrzej Żuławski (; 22 November 1940 – 17 February 2016) was a Polish movie director and writer. He was born in Lwów, Poland (now Ukraine). 

In the late 1950s, he studied filmmaking in France. His second movie The Devil (1972) was banned in Poland, and Żuławski went to France. After the success of That Most Important Thing: Love in 1975, he returned to Poland where he spent two years making On the Silver Globe (1988). After that, Żuławski moved to France where he became known for controversial and violent art-house movies. Żuławski is also known for his work with actresses including Romy Schneider, Isabelle Adjani and Sophie Marceau.

Żuławski died of pancreatic cancer in Warsaw on 17 February 2016. He was aged 75.

References

Other websites

 
 Andrzej Żuławski atCulture.pl

1940 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Poland
Polish movie directors
Polish writers
Maria Antoinette "Mies" Bouwman (31 December 1929 – 26 February 2018) was a retired Dutch television presenter. She was born in Amsterdam. She started her career on the very first broadcasting evening of the Dutch broadcasting association KRO (Catholic Radio Broadcaster) on 16 October 1951.

Bouwman developed and hosted Eén van de acht. It was known in the UK as The Generation Game. She hosted many talk shows, as well as the Dutch version of This Is Your Life. She stopped her regular work after falling sick but has occasionally returned for special programs.

Bouwman died on 26 February 2018 in Elst, Netherlands of cardiomyopathy at the age of 88.

References

Other websites

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from cardiomyopathy
Dutch television presenters
People from Amsterdam
Ludwig is German name. It can be a given name for males or a surname. It is derived from the Old High German name Hludwig, which means "famous warrior." The name Ludwig has a strong and powerful meaning, making it an excellent choice for parents who want to give their child a name that will inspire strength and courage. The name is also associated with intelligence and creativity, making it a great choice for parents who want to encourage their child to pursue their passions and interests. The pronunciation of the name is [ luhd-wig, lood-vig, -wig; German loot-vikh, lood- ].  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

People 

 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, a German American architect
Ludwig von Mises, an Austrian economist
 Ludwig I of Bavaria, king of Bavaria (1825–1848)
 Ludwig II of Bavaria, king of Bavaria (1864–1886)
 Ludwig III of Bavaria, last king of Bavaria (1913–1918)
 Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827), German composer and pianist
 Ludwig Wittgenstein, Austrian philosopher
 Ludwig Erhard, a West German chancellor
 Ludwig Beck, a general in Nazi Germany
 Ludwig Leichhardt, a Prussian explorer
 Alexander Ludwig (born 1992), Canadian actor
 Ludwig Rellstab, German poet and music critic
 Ludwig Von Drake, Disney character

Related pages

References

Given names
German-language surnames
Casas may refer to:

People
Casas (surname)

Places

Argentina 
 Casas, locality in the province of Santa Fe.

Mexico 
 Casas Municipality, Tamaulipas
 Casas Grandes, prehistoric archaeological site in Chihuahua
 Casas Grandes, Chihuahua
 Casas Grandes Municipality
 Nuevo Casas Grandes, Chihuahua
 Nuevo Casas Grandes Municipality

Spain

Andalusia 
 Benalup-Casas Viejas, municipality in the province of Cádiz;
 Casas Bajas, locality in the province of Granada.
Castilla-La Mancha 
 Casas de Juan Núñez, municipality in the province of Albacete
 Casas de Lázaro, municipality in the province of Albacete
 Casas de Ves, municipality in the province of Albacete
 Casas-Ibáñez, municipality in the province of Albacete
 Casas de Benítez, municipality in the province of Cuenca
 Casas de Fernando Alonso, municipality in the province of Cuenca
 Casas de Garcimolina, municipality in the province of Cuenca
 Casas de Guijarro, municipality in the province of Cuenca
 Casas de Haro, municipality in the province of Cuenca
 Casas de los Pinos, municipality in the province of Cuenca
Extremadura 
 Casas de Don Antonio, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas de Don Gómez, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas de Millán, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas de Miravete, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas del Castañar, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas del Monte, municipality in the province of Cáceres
 Casas de Don Pedro, municipality in the province of Badajoz
 Casas de Reina, municipality in the province of Badajoz

Other
 CASAS (testing organization)
Casas de Haro is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 910.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Casas de los Pinos is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 531.

References 

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Province of Cuenca
Casas de Guijarro is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 135.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Casas de Garcimolina is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 39.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Casas de Fernando Alonso is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 1,405.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Casas de Benítez is a municipality in Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 1,118.

Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Yacouba Sawadogo is a farmer from Burkina Faso, a country in West Africa. He has been using a traditional farming technique called Zaï to help soil damaged by drought. He is notable for spreading an improved soil and water conservation practice in Burkina Faso.

Early Life

He went to a religious school where the students often didn't have enough to eat. Since he was the smallest and youngest, he was the one who had to go without.

Background

The northern parts of Burkina Faso are very dry and often have droughts. The most recent big drought in happened in the 1970s, resulting in a famine (lack of food) which killed a lot of people.

The drought caused a lot of desertification. There were also other problems like overgrazing, bad land management, and overpopulation. These problems meant that a lot of land could not be used to grow food.
Together with Mathieu Ouédraogo, another local farmer, Yacouba Sawadogo tried different ways of fixing bad soil in about 1980. He uses simple traditional things: cordons pierreux (lines of stones) and zaï holes. Both Sawadogo and Ouédraogo have tried to get other people to do the same things.

Cordons pierreux (stone lines)
Cordons pierreux are thin lines of fist-sized stones laid across fields. They catch water. When rain falls, it pushes silt (special dirt) across top of the field. The rocks slow down the water so it soaks into the ground more. The silt also makes a good place for seeds of local plants to grow. The plants slow the water even more, and their roots break up the soil, so it's easier for more water to soak in.

Zaï holes
Zaï holes

Zaï holes are holes dug in the soil. They also catch water, but in a different way. They used to only be used a little bit to make land better for growing plants. Yacouba Sawadogo had the idea to fill the holes with manure and other things to make food for the plants. The manure attracts termites, whose tunnels help break up the soil even more. He also made the holes slightly bigger than the traditional ones. Zaï holes have been used to help cultivate trees, and crops like sorghum and millet.

Education
Yacouba Sawadogo holds "Market Days" to get other people to do these things, especially zaï holes. People come to share seeds and learn from each another.

Problems with Burkina Faso Government
Yacouba Sawadogo's work with zaï holes helped him make a forest of about fifty acres (20 hectares). The nearby city of Ouahigouya took the land to make money.  Sawadogo and his family members each get one tenth of  out of the plot, and don't get any other payment.
Sawadogo is trying to get $20,000 ( American dollars) to buy the land.

References

1945 births
Living people
Agriculture
Burkinabé people
Nigeria
Zaï is a technique used in agriculture. Holes are dug in the soil to catch water. They have been used in the western Sahel area to make soil healthier and grow more plants.

Yacouba Sawadogo, a farmer from Burkina Faso, is bringing back zaï holes. He came up with the idea of filling them with manure and compost as food for plants. The manure attracts termites, whose tunnels help further break up the soil. He also made the holes slightly bigger than the traditional ones. Zaï holes help trees, sorghum, and millet make up to 500% more food or wood.

References

Agriculture
William the Conqueror brought to England a system of having witnesses who had any knowledge of a crime, tell the court what they knew. They did this after first swearing an oath. The word juror in English comes from the French jurer (to swear). In the 12th century juries were used by the king to discover and present facts. Usually this was in answer to questions posed by the king or his ministers who made the final decision in the case. Eventually this led to a system where the jury made a verdict based on evidence. In the late colonial period, juries became a tool used to express American discontent with British rule. A series of Navigation Acts prohibited the American colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. As more and more trade restriction were imposed, the American colonists turned to smuggling. When smugglers were caught, they were brought before juries made up of other colonists. These sympathetic juries often acquitted their fellow colonists
. The king, angered at these lawbreakers going free, created new courts that did not allow juries. This was a breach of common law practice and infringed on their rights as British citizens. After the Revolutionary war, the Seventh Amendment's right to a jury trial was written to limit the powers of the executive and the Judicial branches of the new federal government.
Criminal trials 
Jury trials are changing worldwide. In 2008 Russia abolished jury trials in cases of treason and terrorism. Britain, where juries got their start, is using them less in cases of serious fraud and may ban them from some inquests. In many asian countries, their legal systems are moving towards using the jury trial more. In the United States jury trials are on the decline. In federal courts

Civil trials 
The right to a jury trial in civil cases is found in the United States but in very few other places. England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have all but done away with civil jury trials in favor of bench trials. Fewer than 1 percent of civil trials in the US are jury trials. The Seventh Amendment prevents judges from overturning a jury verdict in federal cases where the finding of fact is reasonably supported by the evidence. In addition, the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury in criminal trials.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 US Jury System 
 The Good, The Bad and the Ugly of a Jury Trial
 Why Trial by Jury is Usually a Better Choice than a Bench Trial
 Should I Waive a Jury Trial and Instead Have a Bench Trial?
Trials
The lacrimal bone is the smallest bone in the face; about the size of the little fingernail. It is at the front of the inside wall of the eye socket. 

The lacrimal bone is involved in crying. It is part of the tear duct, where tears drain from the eye. The lacrimal sac is where tears flow when you cry. The tears then go down a duct inside the nose. This is why you can get a runny nose from crying.

More images

References

Bones of the skull
The Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office is the official cat of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The cat works at 10 Downing Street. Only three cats, Humphrey, Sybil and Larry, have been given the title officially. Other cats have been given this title as a nickname, usually by the British press. There has been a Downing Street cat mouser and pet since the reign of Henry VIII.<ref>(archive not available)</small></ref>

Official records about these working cats only date back to 3 June 1929. These come from the Treasury and state the cost for taking care of the cat. Now, the mouser costs 100 GBP (about $140) a year for keep.

The cats do not always belong to the Prime Minister in residence. Only rarely do they serve for exactly the same time as a Prime Minister.The cat with the longest known time at Downing Street is Wilberforce. He served for eighteen years under Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Jim Callaghan, and Margaret Thatcher.
Incumbent 
The incumbent is Larry, since 15 February 2011. The last cat Sybil, was the first mouser after a ten-year gap. She began in September 2007 and left in January 2009. Sybil was owned by the Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling, who lived in 10 Downing Street. The Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, lived in the larger 11 Downing Street. It was reported that Sybil did not like living in London. She went back to Scotland to live with a friend of the Darlings until she died.
In January 2011, rats were seen in Downing Street, "scurrying across the steps of Number 10 Downing Street for the second time during a TV news report,",  as reported by Independent Television News . The Prime Minister's office first said there were "no plans" for a cat to be brought in. On 14 February 2011, it was reported that a cat named "Larry" had been brought in to get rid of the rodents. The London Evening Standard reported that the brown and white tabby cat had been chosen by David Cameron and his family, from those at Battersea Dogs & Cats Home.

In September 2012, it was reported that Prime Minister David Cameron had dismissed Larry from the post of Chief Mouser. He put in place Chancellor George Osborne's tabby cat, Freya, as the new Chief Mouser to patrol Numbers 10, 11, and 12. Some sources said the two cats would be "job sharing" to avoid any hurt feelings.  In November 2014 Freya was exiled from Downing Street, again leaving Larry as the Chief Mouser.
When Theresa May became new Prime Minister in July 2016, Cabinet Office staff said that Larry would still live at Downing Street and would be Chief Mouser under the new Prime Minister. However, The Daily Telegraph says maybe Cameron does not really like Larry. During David Cameron's final Prime Minister's Questions on 13 July 2016, the Prime Minister said to the House that Larry's role as Chief Mouser was secure even after the change of premier. Cameron also showed photos that prove he loves Larry. He spoke of his "sadness" that he cannot take Larry with him. 

Larry has also been through UK Prime Ministers Theresa May, Boris Johnson, Liz Truss and current minister Rishi Sunak. 

The British government voluntarily employees and feeds 100,000 cats to keep down mice on government property. By being chosen Chief Mouser, of course, Larry (and Freya) became quite pampered cats, living in royal luxury.
Larry's sixth year in Downing Street
Larry's birthday was celebrated on 15 February 2016. A month later Larry's importance to the UK was compared favourably to a team of dolphins being trained by the Russian Navy. In April Larry's ability to be a good mouser was again questioned.  So a new neighbour, Palmerston the cat, moved into the Foreign Office.  Just a week later Palmerston made his first kill, a mouse.

During President Obama's April visit to the UK, Larry got much coverage in American social media and news reports.

In June 2016 it was reported that Larry is undecided about the Brexit decision. Whether he gets to keep living at 10 Downing Street, he will still get his daily dinner.

List of chief mouser cats

References

Further reading
Further reading

Other websites 
 Gov.UK Prime Minister
 10 Downing Street official website
 Official Chief Mouser Page at 10 Downing Street Web Site
 Laura Kuenssberg@bbclaurak; Political Editor, BBC with video of meowing match between Larry and with Palmerston, the Foreign Office's cat

 
Politics of the United Kingdom
1515 establishments
1510s establishments in England
Civil cases 
Civil law is concerned with cases such as divorce, child custody and support and related lawsuits. Contract cases, tort cases (when someone is hurt and seeks compensation) and crimes which are tried in a criminal court and then tried in a civil case. Examples would be cases resulting from drunk driving or hit and run.

Civil cases use a lower preponderance of the evidence standard of proof whereas criminal cases use the higher standard of beyond a reasonable doubt. An example of the differences and that the same crime can result in both criminal and civil trials is the O. J. Simpson trials. In his criminal trial a jury decided the evidence did not meet the higher standard so he was acquitted of murder charges. But in the civil wrongful death trial he was found guilty.
Civil jury trials 
The right to a jury trial in civil cases is found in the United States but in very few other places. England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have all but done away with civil jury trials in favor of bench trials. Fewer than 1 percent of civil trials in the US are jury trials. Where juries are used, the presence of a jury has changed the form of civil proceedings. A jury has to be impaneled, they must hear witnesses and go over evidence before reaching a verdict. The verdict, in turn, must follow the instructions given by a judge.

Civil bench trials 
Bench trials in civil cases are usually conducted differently than jury trials. Judges usually prefer settlements to trials and prefer bench trials because they save time. A judge can streamline a case by asking for what he wants to see and hear, not what is presented for the benefit of a jury.
Bench trials have several advantages. They are usually much less formal than a jury trial. Attorneys for both sides can usually agree on the facts of a case before the trial starts. This can save a great deal of time otherwise spent on hearing witnesses and reviewing evidence. This can save on the costs of a trial. In a jury trial, the judge is required to give instructions to the jury before they deliberate. If a judge makes an error in his instructions, this is called a reversible error and can be used as a basis for an appeal. In a bench trial, the judge gives no instructions since there is no jury. This means the judge cannot be reversed due to an error in the instructions.

Related pages 
Civil code
Administrative law
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

References

Types of law
CBGB was a New York City music nightclub. The letters "CBGB" stand for country, bluegrass, blues. The club was opened in 1973 by Hilly Kristal. CBGB, soon afterward, became a place where new wave and punk rock bands played. These included Patti Smith Group, Blondie, Ramones and Talking Heads. From the early 1980s onward, CBGB was known for hardcore punk.

One store next to CBGB became the "CBGB Record Canteen", a record shop and café. In the late 1980s, CBGB Record Canteen was changed into an art gallery and second performance space. The name was "CB's 313 Gallery." CB's Gallery was played by artists of milder sounds, such as acoustic rock, folk, jazz or experimental music. On the other side, CBGB had a small cafe and bar in the mid 1990s. The cafe served classic New York pizza.
In October 2006, the original CBGB closed after its final concert. The concert was by Patti Smith. CBGB Radio started on the iHeartRadio platform in 2010. In 2013, its previous building, 315 Bowery, was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Bowery Historic District.

References

1973 establishments in New York (state)
2006 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in New York (state)
Entertainment venues
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
National Register of Historic Places
The 2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage began on 15 September and ended on 9 December 2015. A total of 32 teams competed in group stage to decide the 16 places in the knockout phase of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League.

Groups

Group A

Notes

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Notes

Group H

UEFA Champions League
2015 in association football
Wilberforce  was a cat who lived and worked at 10 Downing Street, the home of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He lived there between October 1973 and 13 November 1987.  His title was "Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office".

He served under four British Prime Ministers: Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Jim Callaghan, and Margaret Thatcher. His chief job was to catch mice. While he was alive, he was said to be "the best mouser in Britain" as fit his role.

He retired on 3 April 1987, and was succeeded by Humphrey who was born in 1988, the year Wilberforce died.

History and career 
Wilberforce was just a kitten when he was adopted from a London branch of the RSPCA in 1973.  This was while Edward Heath was Prime Minister. He was appointed the Office Manager's cat, with a living allowance for his care. The black-and-white cat turned out to be a terrific mouser. The policeman on security duty at the front door of Number 10 had to ring the bell for Wilberforce whenever he wanted to come in.
According to Bernard Ingham, the former press secretary to Margaret Thatcher, Wilberforce was a normal cat for whom Thatcher once bought "a tin of sardines in a Moscow supermarket". Ingham was allergic to cats and did his best to avoid Wilberforce. "Bloody Wilberforce used to sit under my desk and I would have a fit of sneezing. I hate cats", he said.

On the BBC coverage of the 1983 UK general election, presenter Esther Rantzen was allowed to hold Wilberforce and introduce him to viewers.

Wilberforce retired in 1986, after 13 years of loyal service. He went to live with a retired caretaker from No. 10 in the country. He died in his sleep on 19 May 1988.

Further reading

References

Other websites 
 In pictures: animals at Downing Street: Wilberforce @ The Daily Telegraph

1970s births
1988 deaths
Chief Mouser
A delegate someone who is either chosen or elected to vote or act for others. In organizations like the United Nations, each country sends delegates to represent them.

Political delegates 
Before a general election in the US, the process to select candidates begins with delegates. At the state level each of the major political parties selects delegates to attend a national convention. The two ways delegates are selected are the caucus and the Primary election. Each state may have different ways to select delegates as do political parties. The Republican Party lets each state decide how to select delegates. The Democratic Party uses a proportional method for awarding delegates. The percentage of delegates each candidate is awarded depends on the caucus or how many are elected for each candidate. Candidate "X" may have 40 percent, candidate "Y" may have 20 percent while candidate "Z" may have 50 percent. Any remaining percent may be undecided votes or for other candidates.
A candidate becomes his or her party's presidential nominee after the delegates sent to the convention give that person a majority of the votes. Because there are often multiple rounds of votes taken to select a presidential candidate, delegates sometimes change their votes. But in recent elections that has become unnecessary. Since 1976, it was fairly clear who was the front-runner even before the first vote was taken.

References 

Politics
Glenwood is a village in northeastern Illinois, near Chicago. At the 2020 Census, about 8,662 people were living there.

References

Villages in Illinois
Settlements in Cook County, Illinois
Suburbs of Chicago
1903 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois
Pareidolia  ) is a word from Ancient Greek to describe the phenomenon, that the human mind often perceives familiar patterns in a stimulus, even when they are not there. 

Common examples are perceived images of animals, faces, or objects in cloud formations, the "man in the moon", the "moon rabbit", and hidden messages within recorded music played in reverse or at higher- or lower-than-normal speeds.

Pareidolia is a special case of clustering illusion. 

Psychology
Gillette is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Campbell County.

Cities in Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming
Charles Caldwell Ryrie (March 2, 1925 – February 16, 2016) was an American writer and Christian theologian. He served as professor of systematic theology and dean of doctoral studies at Dallas Theological Seminary. He also served as president and professor at what is now Cairn University. 

Ryrie was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was raised in Alton, Illinois. Ryrie studied at Haverford College and at University of Edinburgh. 

He was the editor of The Ryrie Study Bible by Moody Publishers. It contains more than 10,000 of Ryrie's explanatory notes. First published in 1978, it has sold more than 2 million copies. He was a notable advocate of classic premillennial dispensationalism.

Ryrie died in Dallas, Texas on February 16, 2016 from pneumonia. He was aged 90.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
American theologians
Deaths from pneumonia
Writers from Illinois
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri
Abdul Rashid Khan (19 August 1908 – 18 February 2016) was an Indian singer of Hindustani music. He performed khayal, dhrupad, dhamar and thumri.

Khan made several musical compositions. He was also a productive writer and poet. For his writing, he used the name Rasan Piya. He trained many students in his lifetime and became regarded as a "guru" at the ITC Sangeet Research Academy in Kolkata.

Khan died in 18 February 2016 from multiple organ failure. He was aged 107.

References

1908 births
2016 deaths
Indian centenarians
Indian musicians
Indian singers
Alexander Ilyich Gutman (; January 29, 1945 – February 17, 2016) was a Russian movie director of Jewish origin. His career began in 1986. Gutman made over 50 documentary movies, 13 of them as director. He won awards at several Russian and international movie festivals. His most famous movie is Journey Back to Youth. 

Gutman was born in St. Petersburg. He graduated from the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute (now known as St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University) (1968) and VGIK (1978). Gutman died in Moscow on February 17, 2016 from heart failure. He was aged 71.

References

Other websites

1945 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Jewish screenwriters
Russian Jews
Russian movie directors
Russian screenwriters
Soviet Jews
Writers from Saint Petersburg
The axillary nerve is a nerve in the armpit. It comes from the brachial plexus. It has nerve fibers from the C5 and C6 nerve roots. The axillary nerve goes through the quadrangular space. It is sometimes called the circumflex nerve.

Function
The axillary nerve sends and receives signals from three muscles in the arm: deltoid (a muscle of the shoulder), teres minor (one of the rotator cuff muscles) and the long head of the triceps brachii.  

The axillary nerve sends signals to two muscles in the forearm, and to muscles in the hand. The axillary nerve also sends signals to the brain from the shoulder joint, and from the skin.

Injuries and problems
The axillary nerve can get injured from shoulder dislocation, squashing the armpit using a crutch or a broken arm. Injury to the nerve results in:
Paralysis (meaning it can't move) of the teres minor muscle and deltoid muscle, resulting in trouble moving the arm. Paralysis of deltoid and teres minor muscles results in flat shoulder deformity.
Loss of feeling in the skin over a small part of the lateral upper arm.

References

Nervous system