Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Demographics

Almost 250,000 Syrians lived in Khartoum in 2019, representing 5% of all of the people in the city. Most of the population are young men who have fled war in Syria. Sudan was the only country in the world to accept travelers that has a Syrian passport but didn't have a visa.

References

Related pages
2023 Sudan conflict
Konkani is a language from India. Konkani belongs to Indo-Aryan family of languages. It is the official language of Goa, a state in India. 

Some people from the part of India known as Konkan speak Konkani language. Konkan is on the west coast of India.

The name Konkani means "from the Konkan". The word Konkan means corner (kona) and piece/part of earth (kana). The name of the language comes from the place where it is spoken.

Writing systems
People write Konkani in many different scripts (writing systems or alphabets). People from different regions use different scripts. Hindu Konkani people from Goa and Maharashtra use Devanagari script. Konkani people from Karnataka use Kannada script. Christains in Goa use Roman script. Konkani Muslims use Arabic script. Konkani people from Kerala use Malayalam script. Devanagari is the official script.

References

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of India
A trench is a long, narrow ditch.

Trench warfare has often been used in defense. Entrenched soldiers can be somewhat safe from enemy fire.  Trench warfare made World War I longer than expected.  The trench coat got its name from there.

Several kinds of trench exist:
 Utility trench has pipes, wires, or other infrastructure
 Road trench carries vehicles
 Military trench provides shelter for soldiers shooting at each other
 Oceanic trench: For example, the Mariana Trench
Rift valley
  Archaeological trench dug by archaeologists
Landforms
War
A trench coat (or trenchcoat) is a type of outdoor clothing. Trenchcoats are long coats made from stiff material, like heavy-duty cotton. They were invented for soldiers to wear in The First World War to keep them warm. Most trench coats also protect the wearer against rain.

As a fashion
In the 1950s, trench coats became a popular fashion item. In the 1980s and 1990s, trench coats were worn by punk rock musicians and gothic rock musicians. There have been many remodels of it.

Protective clothing
A trumpet is a brass instrument used mainly in Classical music and jazz music. The most common type of trumpet is a B♭ trumpet, meaning that if the player plays a C, it will sound like a B♭ in  concert pitch. The trumpet is played by blowing into the mouthpiece and making a "buzzing" sound. There are three keys called valves that the player can press to change the pitch.

History 

The trumpet has been around for about 3000 years. An early example of a brass instrument like a trumpet is called a shofar, which is still used in religious ceremonies. Eventually people started making trumpet-like instruments with wood (for example, the cornetto), and later, with brass. Modern bugles are similar to early metal trumpets.
Many years ago, when the use of instrumental music was growing, trumpets became very important. Trumpets were long and without valves. This meant a player had to control the pitch of the sound with only his mouth, which was very difficult. Everyone respected trumpet players because trumpets were just so difficult to play.

The chromatic trumpet was developed in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, good valves made it easier to play notes on the trumpet. Still, trumpet is a difficult instrument to master.

Music for trumpet 
Classical music is written for solo trumpet, and trumpets are included in orchestras. Trumpets play an important part in Jazz music, and other various popular genres. Sometimes, they also play short parts to emphasize sections in rock songs.

Trumpet players 
Some famous classical trumpet players are Adolph Herseth, Sergei Nakariakov and Maurice Andre.
Some famous jazz trumpet players are Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong, Arturo Sandoval, Wynton Marsalis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Maynard Ferguson.

Other websites

Brass instruments
Jazz instruments
A microwave is a high-frequency radio wave. They are broadly defined as having a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 1 meter, or narrowly between 3 mm and 300 mm. Microwaves have many uses including radar, radio astronomy, and to heat food in a microwave oven. Unlike longer radio waves, they do not bend around land obstacles but go in line of sight. Still, they are much used for communication because they can have a high bandwidth. Almost all spacecraft communicate by microwave radio.

When something moves, it almost always has a wave pattern to its movement - this can be seen in water most easily, in ripples and ocean waves. A very common type of wave in the universe is electromagnetic waves. Light is an example of an electromagnetic wave, and so is a microwave, for example the cosmic microwave background radiation. We can only see electromagnetic radiation in the visible light spectrum (which is why it's called the visible light spectrum), so microwaves are invisible.
Microwaves were among the first radio waves discovered, in the late 19th century, by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.

Microwave Ovens 
Microwave ovens work because microwaves make polar molecules (molecules that act like tiny magnets) all face the same direction - to visualize it, imagine that the microwave oven is telling all of the molecules to face left, then right.  Heat is just the movement of molecules, so when the molecules do a great amount of moving, they are hot.  

Like other heat sources, microwave radiation can cause burns. They can go through skin and muscles. If vital organs are burned, the burns can kill. This is why a microwave oven does not work with the door open.

References

wave physics
Electromagnetic radiation
A microwave oven (commonly called a microwave) is a machine that cooks food using microwaves, a type of radio wave. The idea was invented when a scientist who was experimenting with radio waves saw his chocolate bar, which was in his pocket, had melted. He then knew that radio waves could cook food and invented the microwave oven.

History 

In 1945, the heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was accidentally discovered by Percy Spencer, an American self-taught engineer from Howland, Maine. Hired by Raytheon at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a chocolate bar he had in his pocket. First, Spencer deliberately cooked popcorn with a microwave oven. And the second time, he cooked an egg, which exploded in the face of one of the experimenters.
To prove his finding, Spencer created a high-density electromagnetic field by feeding microwave power from a magnetron into a metal box from which it had no way to escape. When food was placed in the box with the microwave energy, the temperature of the food rose rapidly. On 8 October 1945, Raytheon filed a United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing.

How it works
How it works 

The microwave oven uses a magnetron, which is a type of vacuum tube. This is similar to a radio transmitter. It makes very short radio waves which go into the food to a depth of about 2.5cm (one inch). This makes water molecules twist about 2.5 billion times a second. This heats up the molecules around it. As they heat up the heat goes to the inside of the food.  This process is called conduction. This also happens in a normal oven, but microwave energy goes deeper so that the food cooks much faster. In an ordinary oven, the energy stays mostly near the surface, so it takes more time.
The microwave oven also has a waveguide, turntable, and a timer switch. When we place the food inside the chamber and turn the timer switch on, it sends a signal to the magnetron to send microwaves, as well as to the turntable to start turning. The microwaves of microwave ovens can heat foods containing polar molecules, such as water, as polar molecules are prone to the vibration effect caused by the microwaves. To heat the food evenly the microwave's turntable spins the food around. 

Metals will cause sparks in microwaves, instead of heating. This is because metals like to give away electrons, so when the microwaves "push" at their magnet-like electrons, instead of turning, they just give the electrons away. A bunch of electrons running off of metal is called electricity, and we see it in the form of sparks.  Dry foods like ramen will sometimes burn and start fires in microwave ovens if water is not used with the food.

Related pages 

 Frozen dinner
 Induction heating

References
References

Other websites 
 Metamaterials for microwave shielding 

Wave physics
Cooking appliances
Home appliances
Commercial kitchen equipment
Microwave technology
Cobalt (chemical symbol Co) is a chemical element. It has an atomic number of 27 and an atomic mass of about 59. It is a metal.

Properties

Cobalt is a transition metal. It is shiny and conducts electricity. It is magnetic. It is a hard metal. It is moderately reactive. Iron is more reactive and copper is less reactive. It dissolves slowly in acids. This reaction makes hydrogen and a salt of cobalt. Cobalt is normally in its +2 oxidation state as an ion. Some chemical compounds contain cobalt ions in its +4 oxidation state. Cobalt(II) chloride is one of the most common cobalt compounds. Many cobalt compounds are blue or pink. One of them is black.

Chemical compounds
Cobalt comes in two oxidation states, +2 and +3. Most soluble cobalt compounds are red. They can also be green, blue, brown, and black.
Cobalt(II) compounds
Cobalt(II) chloride, red solid, most common cobalt compound
Cobalt(II) fluoride, used in dentistry, red solid
Cobalt(II) hydroxide, red or green-blue solid
Cobalt(II) oxide, black solid
Cobalt(II) sulfate, reddish solid, used in pigments

Mixed oxidation state
Cobalt(II,III) oxide, black solid, oxidizing agent

Cobalt(III) compounds
Cobalt(III) fluoride, brown solid, strong oxidizing agent
Cobalt(III) oxide, black solid

Occurrence and preparation
Cobalt is too reactive to occur as a pure element in the earth. It is found in certain minerals. It is found with copper and nickel deposits. Normally the three metals are bonded to arsenic and sulfur. The majority of cobalt mining is in central Africa. 

It is found as a byproduct (left over substance) when copper and nickel are produced. It is made by reaction with the sludge from copper and nickel processing.

Uses
Uses

Cobalt is used in some types of steel. It hardens the steel.  It is also used to make very strong tough alloys.  These alloys are known as superalloys.  Some cobalt compounds are used in the lithium-ion battery.  Cobalt compounds were used as an artificial food coloring until 1971.  It was discovered that it has harmful effects.  It is used to make glass blue.  It is also used as a catalyst, and in some medicines, and for ink, pigments, dyes, and varnishes.

The human body needs small amounts of cobalt for certain vitamins. Cobalt compounds are used to stop cyanide from poisoning the body.

Safety
People need cobalt compounds in small amounts, but cobalt is toxic in large quantities. Sometimes cobalt compounds were added to beer, and people that drank it were poisoned. It can cause skin irritation when touched.

References 

Transition metals
Canidae is a family of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals of the order Carnivora. Animals that belong to the family Canidae are called canids. The family Canidae is divided into two tribes: Vulpini ("true foxes"), and Canini ("true dogs").
Canids of the tribe Vulpini (foxes) are called "vulpines". Canids of the tribe Canini (wolves, dogs, coyotes and others) are called "canines". Some people call all these canids, including Vulpini, "canines", but this is wrong.

Examples of canids are dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, and jackals.
Taxonomy 
 Tribe Vulpini, True foxes
 Genus Vulpes
 Indian Fox, Vulpes bengalensis
 Blanford's Fox, Vulpes cana
 Cape fox, Vulpes chama
 Corsac fox, Vulpes corsac
 Tibetan fox, Vulpes ferrilata
 Pale fox, Vulpes pallida
 Rüppell's Fox, Vulpes rueppelli
 Swift fox, Vulpes velox
 Kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
 Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes
 Fennec, Vulpes zerda
 Genus Alopex
 Arctic Fox, Alopex lagopus
 Genus Urocyon
 Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
 Island fox, Urocyon littoralis
 Genus Otocyon
 Bat-eared fox, Otocyon megalotis
 Tribe Canini, True dogs
 Genus Dusicyon
 Falkland Island Fox, Dusicyon australis†
 Genus Pseudalopex
 Culpeo, Pseudalopex culpaeus
 South American Grey fox, Pseudalopex griseus
 Darwin's fox, Pseudalopex fulvipes
 Pampas fox, Pseudalopex gymnocercus
 Sechura fox, Pseudalopex sechurae
 Hoary fox, Pseudalopex vetulus
 Genus Atelocynus
 Short-eared dog, Atelocynus microtis
 Genus Cerdocyon
 Crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous
 Genus Speothos
 Bush dog, Speothos venaticus
 Genus Chrysocyon
Genus Chrysocyon
 Maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus
 Genus Nyctereutes
 Raccoon Dog (Tanuki), Nyctereutes procyonoides
 Genus Cuon
 Dhole, Cuon alpinus
 Genus Lycaon
 African wild dog, Lycaon pictus
 Genus Canis
 Grey Wolf, Canis lupus
 domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris
 Red Wolf, Canis rufus
 Coyote, Canis latrans
 Golden Jackal, Canis aureus
 Black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas
 Side-striped jackal, Canis adustus
 Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis
 Eastern wolf, Canis lycaon
Gallery

Other websites 

 canids.org
Nickel (chemical symbol Ni) is an element. It has an atomic number of 28 and an atomic mass of about 58.69amu. It has 28 protons. It is a transition metal.

Properties

Physical properties
Nickel is a silver-white metal. It is easily polished (made shiny). It is magnetic. It is not magnetic when heated above . It is not soft like many other metals. It can be stretched into wires easily. It is not radioactive.

Chemical properties
Nickel is not a reactive metal. It dissolves slowly in acids. It does not rust like iron. It makes a thin coating of nickel(II) oxide which stops more corrosion. Aluminium does a similar thing.

Chemical compounds
Chemical compounds

Nickel is found in two oxidation states: +2, nickel(II); and +3, nickel(III). Nickel(II) is more common. Nickel in its +2 oxidation state is green. Nickel(II) chloride is a common +2 oxidation state compound. Nickel(II) oxide is normally dark green, but sometimes it is gray. This is because some of the nickel is in the +3 oxidation state (nickel(III). Nickel(III) compounds are oxidizing agents. They also are grayish. Nickel compounds can be green, blue, gray, or black.

Nickel(II) compounds
Nickel(II) compounds are not highly reactive. They are normally green or blue. They are toxic and irritate skin. Some of them are carcinogens.
Nickel(II) carbonate, green
Nickel(II) chloride, greenish
Nickel(II) hydroxide, light green
Nickel(II) nitrate, greenish
Nickel(II) oxide, gray or light green
Nickel(II) sulfate, blue-green

Nickel(III) compounds
Nickel(III) compounds are black or gray.
Nickel(III) oxide
Isotopes
The isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from 48Ni to 78Ni. Nickel that is found in nature is made up of five stable isotopes; 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni.

At least 26 radioisotopes of nickel have been found. The most stable radioisotope is 59Ni which has a half-life of 76,000 years. Nickel also has one meta state.

History 
Nickel was found when an ore that looked like copper did not make copper metal. Later it was found that the ore actually had a new metal, called nickel. Nickel was isolated as a metal and classified as a chemical element by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751. At first, the copper colored nickel ore was the only source. Later, it was made as a byproduct of cobalt blue making.

Occurrence
Occurrence 

Nickel is normally found as a mineral, and not as a metal in the ground. Sometimes meteorites have nickel and iron metal in them.  The most common nickel mineral is pentlandite. Most of the nickel on Earth is thought to be in the Earth's Earth's outer and inner cores. There are sulfidic and lateritic nickel ores. Philippines mines the most nickel. Other major mining countries are Russia, Canada and Australia. All the older rocks on Earth have some rare metals. They are got by mining where the ores are most plentiful.

Preparation 
Nickel is found in both laterite and sulfide ores. They are heated to melt them and concentrate them. They are also separated by oils. Nickel is made from its sulfide by heating it in air. This oxidizes the sulfide to sulfur dioxide, leaving liquid nickel behind. This nickel is not yet pure and not ready for use.
Pure nickel with a nickel content greater than 99% is made in an electrolytic process. In this process, the nickel is dissolved in bath of sulfuric acid. When the pure nickel sticks to cathodes hanging into the bath, the impurities remain in the sulfuric acid or at the bottom of the bath. These impurities are very interesting, as they can contain precious metals.

Production 

Nickel is got by mining: the ore is roasted and reduced. This gives a metal of over 75% purity. In many stainless steel applications, 75% pure nickel is usable.

Uses

Sixty-eight percent of all nickel produced is used to make stainless steel. Nickel is also used in nichrome, a name for a nickel-chromium alloy, and other alloys. Nickel is used in magnets. Nickel is used in special expensive alloys called superalloys.
Nickel sulphate is used in rechargeable batteries. A lithium ion battery contains up to 15% of nickel while the lithium content is less than 1%. A nickel cadmium battery also uses nickel. Nickel compounds are also used to electroplate nickel on items. Nickel and some of its compounds are also used as a catalyst. Nickel is used in stainless steel. It is also used in some nonferrous alloys. It is used in electroplating.

Nickel is used to make many products like stainless steel, alnico magnet, coinage, rechargeable batteries, electric guitar strings, microphone capsules and plating on plumbing fixtures. It is used as a green tint in glass.

Nickel foam is used in gas diffusion electrodes for alkaline fuel cells.

Nickel and its alloys are used as catalysts for hydrogenation reactions. Nickel is used as a binder in the cemented tungsten carbide.
63Ni is used in krytron devices as a beta particle emitter to make ionization by the keep-alive electrode more reliable. Raney nickel is used for hydrogenation of unsaturated oils to make margarine.

Safety
Nickel can irritate skin. That is why jewelry that releases nickel ions is bad for some people. Some nickel salts are carcinogens. Nickel is not as toxic as other metals such as mercury but it is still toxic.

References

Related pages
Nickel compounds

Transition metals
A fox is a small mammalian carnivore. They hunt and eat live prey, mostly rabbits and rodents (squirrels and mice). They may also eat grasshoppers, birds' eggs, and even fruit and berries. Sometimes they eat carrion. Foxes are the smallest members of the dog family Canidae.

Twelve species belong to the Vulpes genus of monophyletic "true foxes". There are about another 25 living or extinct species which are sometimes called foxes.

The fox has pointed ears, narrow snout, and a bushy tail.

Foxes are swift and agile runners which live in family groups. A female fox is called a vixen, and a male is called a dog. Foxes' tails are multi-purpose organs. Their bushy tail helps them keep warm while they are sleeping in cold weather. It is also part of the animal's food store for wintertime. Foxes' plump, bushy tail is easily seen, and is used for sending signals to its family members. The tail is also used for balance while running.
Foxes are found on all continents (except Antarctica), mostly living in forest, shrubland, and desert regions. They were not native to Australia, but were introduced in some way. The most common fox species is the red fox. In the United Kingdom, it was a common sport for people to hunt foxes with horses and dogs. This is now banned.

"Most agricultural damage is caused by rabbits, and this can be considerable. Yet in lowland areas, rabbits comprise 45 to 70 per cent of the diet of foxes... One study estimated that, over its lifetime, each fox was worth between £150 and £900 in increased revenue to farmers... A strong argument against killing foxes".

True foxes 
The informal term 'true fox' refers to members of the Vulpes genus.
There are 12 species of Vulpus. They are:
 Bengal fox, Vulpes bengalensis
 Blanford's fox, Vulpes cana
 Cape fox, Vulpes chama
 Corsac fox, Vulpes corsac
 Tibetan sand fox, Vulpes ferrilata
 Arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus
 Kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
 Pale fox, Vulpes pallida
 Rüppell's fox, Vulpes rueppellii
 Swift fox, Vulpes velox
 Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (includes silver fox)
 Fennec fox, Vulpes zerda

The arctic fox is included in this genus as Vulpes lagopus. There is genetic evidence that shows it is probably a true fox.

Some species of true fox are extinct. Fossils have been found of:
 Vulpes hassini
 Vulpes praeglacialis Kormos
 Vulpes riffautae

References

Related pages 
The Fox and the Grapes

Foxes
A food pyramid is a chart that can be used to see how many servings of each food should be eaten each day. It is for having good health.

Grains give carbohydrates and some vitamins and minerals. Vegetables and fruits give a lot of vitamins, some minerals, and few fats, but fruits often have more calories and sugar. Dairy products (like milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.) have protein, some fat, and a lot of calcium, an element that helps build strong bones. Meat have protein, some fat, and B vitamins. Fats, oils, and sweets give calories, fats, and sugars but not a lot of nutrition.

Criticisms 
The food pyramid has been criticized for recommending huge amounts of grains as that is a lot of carbohydrates.

Related pages
Healthy diet

References

Nutrition
The torso also known as the trunk, is the part of the human body where the limbs are attached. Some people also call it the trunk. It is made of chest, back, and abdomen.

Related pages
Bodybuilding
Trapezius muscle
Trunk may be:
The nose of an elephant.
Trunk (botany), the main part of a tree.
Torso, a term for the human body without the head and limbs.
Trunk (luggage), a large case.
Trunk (automobile), a compartment on a car used for storage in American English, called a boot in British English.
Trunk (motorcycle), a case mounted above and behind a motorcycle seat, or the space under the seat
Trunk (telecommunications) has a number of closely related meanings.
Trunk (software)
Trunk build, the section for current development of software using version control
Age of Mythology is a real-time strategy computer game made by Ensemble Studios. The game has an expansion to it named Age of Mythology: The Titans. Age of Mythology is a spinoff of the Age of Empires game series.

Other websites 
Official Site 
Age of Mythology at HeavenGames.com

2002 video games
Real-time strategy video games
Mississauga, Ontario is the sixth-largest city in Canada and the third largest city in Ontario (after Toronto and Ottawa). It borders the largest city in Canada, Toronto. In fact, it is a part of the Greater Toronto Area. Toronto Pearson International Airport is in Mississauga.

Visitor attractions 
 Art Gallery of Mississauga, a free gallery in the Civic Centre showcasing local art
 Benares Historic House
 Bradley House Museum
 Living Arts Centre, a showcase for the arts
 Opera Mississauga
 Heritage Mississauga
 Portuguese Cultural Centre of Mississauga
 Renaissance Catering & Convention Centre

History 
On August 2, 1805, Toronto Township was formed when officials from York (what is now the City of Toronto) purchased 84,000 acres (340 km²) of land from the Mississaugas. In January 2010, the Mississaugas and the federal government settled a land claim. The aboriginal people received $145,000,000 from that.
In 1873, the Toronto Township Council was formed to oversee the events of the various villages that were unincorporated at that time. The council's responsibilities included road maintenance, and a police force. Most of present-day Mississauga was agricultural land: including fruit orchards, through much of the 19th and first half of the 20th century. Exceptions included small villages, some gristmills and brickworks served by railway lines,

In the 1920s, cottages were constructed along the shores of Lake Ontario for people who lived in the city. 17 years later in 1937, 1,410.8 acres of land was sold to build the Malton Airport (later known as the Pearson Airport). It became Canada's busiest airport which also put the end to the community of Elmank.
The township settlements of Lakeview, Cooksville, Lorne Park, Clarkson, Erindale, Sheridan, Dixie, Meadowvale Village, and Malton were combined in 1968 to form the Town of Mississauga. At the time, both Port Credit and Streetsville were left out and remained separate. The town name was chosen by voting. In 1974, Port Credit and Streetsville became part of Mississauga. In that same year, the Square One Shopping Centre opened.

On November 10, 1979, a freight train left its tracks on the Canadian Pacific rail line while carrying explosive and poisonous chemicals just north of the intersection of Mavis Road and Dundas Street. One of the tank cars carrying propane exploded. Since other tank cars were carrying chlorine, the decision was made to evacuate nearby residents. With the possibility of a deadly cloud of chlorine gas spreading through Mississauga, 218,000 people were evacuated. Residents were allowed to return home, once the area was safe. It was one of the largest evacuations in North American history.
Geography 

Mississauga covers  of land, with  of shoreline on Lake Ontario.

Statistics 
Mississauga is a quickly growing and multicultural city. Statistics Canada estimates that Mississauga now has 704,000 people, an increase of 150,000 from the previous decade and the population has almost doubled in the past twenty years.

Law and Government 
The city of Mississauga has only had four mayors in its past and it was created in 1974. This is because in Mississauga usually mayors serve for a very long time. For example, Hazel McCallion, 99, has been mayor from 1978. The current mayor is Bonnie Crombie who assumed office in December 2014.

Mayors
 Dr. Martin L. Dobkin 1974-1976
 Ron A. Searle 1976-1978
 Hazel McCallion 1978-2014
 Bonnie Crombie 2014-now
Council
Mississauga is split into 11 wards (parts) each of them having their own councillor.
 Ward 1 Stephen Dasko
 Ward 2 Karen Ras
 Ward 3 Chris Fonseca
 Ward 4 John Kovac
 Ward 5 Carolyn Parrish
 Ward 6 Ron Starr
 Ward 7 Dipka Damerla
 Ward 8 Matt Mohoney
 Ward 9 Pat Saito
 Ward 10 Sue McFadden
 Ward 11 George Carlson

Also, Mississauga is the largest city in Canada where there are more women in the council than men.
Federal and Provincial Ridings
Mississauga has six legislative (government) ridings that are the same for the Canadian government and the Ontario government. The Canadian government has people in charge of those ridings called M.P.'s (Member of Parliament) and the Ontario government has M.P.P.'s (Member of Provincial Parliament) in charge of them.
 Bramalea-Gore-Malton
 M.P.: Gurbax Malhi (Liberal)
 M.P.P.: Kuldip Kular (Liberal)
 Mississauga-Erindale
 M.P.: Bob Dechert (Conservative)
 M.P.P.: Harinder Takhar (Liberal)
 Mississauga-Brampton South
 M.P.: Navdeep Bains (Liberal)
 M.P.P: Amrit Mangat (Liberal)
 Mississauga East-Cooksville
 M.P.: Albina Guarnieri (Liberal)
 M.P.P.:
 Mississauga South
 M.P.:
 M.P.P.: Charles Sousa (Liberal)
 Mississauga-Streetsville
 M.P.: Gagan Sikand (Liberal, 2015-now)
 M.P.P.: Nina Tangri (PC, 2018-now)

References
Cambridge is a city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, just outside of Boston.

It is the home of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Wikimania
The second Wikimania was hosted in this city in 2006.

 
County seats in Massachusetts
1630 establishments in Massachusetts
Events 
 1282 – March – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother to Prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last, attacks an English castle; his brother feels compelled to support him despite poor preparation for war, quickly leading to the final English conquest of Wales by King Edward I of England.
 1286 – Prussians settled in exile in Serbia stage a famous uprising.
 1288 – June 5 – John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages — thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.
 1288 – August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.
Events 
 May 9 – The remains of Saint Nicholas were brought to Bari.
 September 9 – William II becomes king of England
 End of the formal reign of Emperor Shirakawa, but not of his cloistered rule
 Emperor Horikawa ascends to the throne of Japan
Events 
March 15 – Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence.
May 2 – John Maitland becomes Duke of Lauderdale and Earl of March.
 June 12 – French forces under king Louis XIV cross the Rhine to Netherlands
June 28 – William III of Orange appointed Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht.
August 20 – Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland is slaughtered by a mob in The Hague.
England, France, Münster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is known as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands.

Births 
May 1 – Joseph Addison, writer and essayist
1684 was a leap year that started on Saturday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 

 July 24 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sails from France, again, with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.
  October 7 – Japanese Chief Minister Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shogun Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.
 December 10 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.
Undated 
 France under Louis XIV makes Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg) and Spain.
 Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland to liberate Europe from the Ottoman Turkish rule.
 The Japanese poet Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the Sumiyoshi Shrine at Osaka; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just count the verses.
 The British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at Canton. Tea sells in Europe for less than a shilling a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford.
 Smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
 England has its coldest winter in living memory; the River Thames and the sea as far as 2 miles out from land freezes over.
 John Bunyan writes The Pilgrim's Progress Part 2.
Births 
 January 1 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch classical scholar (died 1748)
 January 14 – Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French painter (died 1745)
 February 24 – Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (died 1738)
 March 15 – Francesco Durante, Italian composer (died 1755)
 March 19 – Jean Astruc, French physician and scholar (died 1766)
 April 15 – Catherine I of Russia (died 1727)
 June 22 – Francesco Manfredini, Italian composer (died 1762)
 September 18 – Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist, and composer (died 1748)
 October 10 – Antoine Watteau, French painter (died 1721)
 October 26 – Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian field marshal (died 1757)
 December 3 – Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian historian and writer (died 1754)
Deaths 
 April 1 – Roger Williams, English theologian and colonist (born 1603)
 April 5 – Lord William Brouncker, English mathematician (born 1602)
 May 4 – John Nevison, English highwayman (born 1639)
 May 12 – Edme Mariotte, French physicist and priest (born c.1620)
 July 2 – John Rogers, American President of Harvard University (born 1630)
 July 6 – Peter Gunning, English royalist churchman (born 1614)
 August 8 – George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer (born 1622)
 October 1 – Pierre Corneille, French playwright (born 1606)
 October 11 – James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven (born 1617)
1713 was a common year.

Events 
 First Orrery built by George Graham

Births 
 May 25 - John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1792)
 September 23 - King Ferdinand VI of Spain (d. 1759)
 October 13 - Allan Ramsay, Scottish painter (d. 1784)
 November 24 - Junipero Serra, Spanish Franciscan missionary (d. 1784)

Deaths 
 January 8 - Arcangelo Corelli, Italian composer (b. 1653)
 February 25 - King Friedrich I of Prussia (b. 1657)
 August 9 - Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany
1743 was a common year.

Events 
 February 14 – Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister
 February 21 – The premiere in London of George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson.
September 13 – Treaty of Worms (1743) – a treaty between Great Britain, Austria and Sardinia
 Battle of Dettingen
The coyote (Canis latrans) is a canid. It is also called the prairie wolf, brush wolf or American jackal.

The word "coyote" comes from the Náhuatl (Aztec) word cóyotl.

Appearance 
Coyotes are smaller than wolves. The color of the coyote's fur is a grayish brown to yellowish gray on the upper parts, while the throat and underside are a more white color. The forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown. The ears of the coyote are long and pointed.

Range 
Coyotes live mostly in North America and some areas of Central America but they are very adaptable and can live in almost any environment. They live in prairies, but also in cities, swamps, grasslands, forests and mountains. They normally live in dens about 6 feet wide and four feet tall.
Life 
The coyote is an omnivore and eats fruits, grasses, vegetables, rabbits, mice, shrews and voles. They also eat insects, worms, rats, fish, birds, deer, snakes, and lizards. In the city, coyotes find food easily. They dig up plants in gardens and eat food out of garbage cans.

Sometimes, they join small packs (groups), but normally hunt alone. Coyotes live in dens. They dig a tunnel under the ground and then dig out a larger area at the end of the tunnel where they sleep and have their babies or pups. They can have six pups at a time. Often a coyote den will have two entrances, with one that is hidden. Sometimes they dig more than one den, so they can move if an enemy finds the den.

Coyotes have a few enemies. Their predators are wolves, bears and, cougars, but there are not many wolves left in North America compared to the number of coyotes. The biggest enemies of the coyote are humans. Coyotes rarely attack people, but sometimes eat small pets such as cats.
Mythology 
The coyote is a character of many myths from Native American peoples. The coyote is often portrayed as a joker, and stories are told to explain things he does. The Pima regard him as the offspring of the moon. Coyote is always male with an overwhelming reference to his large penis which requires a pack to carry it in. He is a lustful creature with desire for Changing Bear Maiden and by attempting to have sex with women by becoming a baby. Coyote also has incestuous relations with his mother-in-law and daughter. He is credited for removing the teeth of vagina dentata or by moving the genitals to the correct location on the body in order to make sex pleasurable. Coyote has an appetite for menstrual blood and relates to Lakota girls' puberty rite.

Coyote is often responsible for the finality of death and introduces work and suffering. The Apache believe he created Europeans. The Zuni believe he created pubic hair. The Pomo say he stole the sun and made the world dark.
Coyote is curious and goes along with the crowd. He is a trickster, culture hero, and a feared shape-shifter.

References

Canids
Mammals of North America
A vole is a small mouse-like mammal. It is a rodent from a subfamily called the Arvicolinae. They live in woodlands and grasslands.

There are about 155 species of voles. There are species in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The closest relatives of voles are the lemmings and muskrats, which are in the same subfamily.

Adult voles, depending on the species, are 7.5 to 17.5 centimetres (three to seven inches) long. They eat seeds, grass or other plants, and insects.

Many animals hunt voles, for example owls, hawks, coyotes, foxes, weasels, cats and snakes.

The average life of the smaller vole species is three to six months. These voles rarely live longer than 12 months. Larger species, such as the European water vole Arvicola, live longer. They usually die during their second winter. As many as 88% of voles die during the first month of life.

References 

rodents
An isthmus is a narrow strip of land, with water on either side, that connects two bigger landmasses. For example, the Isthmus of Panama connects the continents of The Americas. Separating two water bodies and joining two land bodies, an isthmus is the opposite of a strait.

Landforms
Rodents (from Latin rodere, "to gnaw"), are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.

Description 

Rodents comprise about 40% of all mammal species. They are native to all major land masses except for New Zealand, Antarctica, and several oceanic islands, though they have subsequently been introduced to most of these land masses by human activity.

Rodent species 

Rodent is the naming term of all members of Rodentia order of mammals and can be identified by their teeth. Their incisors (upper and lower) grow throughout their lives. Gnawing on hard material keeps the teeth worn down and sharp. Lagomorphs such as rabbits and hares are often mistaken for rodents. These animals have an additional pair of upper incisors that rodents lack, a very successful number of mammals that form the order Rodentia.
They have no more than 2 incisors. These keep growing, and must be kept worn down by gnawing (eroding teeth by grinding them on something hard); this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere, "to gnaw", and dent, "tooth".

Most rodents are small. Examples of commonly known rodents are mice, rats, chipmunks, and squirrels. Some other small rodents sometimes kept as pets are Guinea pigs, hamsters, and gerbils.
Examples of larger rodents are porcupines, beavers, and the largest living rodent, the capybara, which can grow to between 105 and 135 cm (40-55 in) in length, and weigh 35 to 65 kg (75-140 lbs).

Almost half of all mammal species are rodents. More examples of rodents are voles, prairie dogs, groundhogs, and chinchillas.

Rabbits, hares, and pikas are sometimes called rodents, because they also have teeth that keep growing. But in 1912 biologists decided to put them in a new, separate order, Lagomorpha, because they have two extra incisors in their upper jaw.
Shrews are sometimes called rodents, because they look like mice, but that is not correct. They are in the order Insectivora.

Taxonomy 
There are more families than these. The list includes the more common families.

 Order Rodentia
 Suborder Anumaluromorpha
 Family Anomaluridae
 Family Pedetidae
 Suborder Castorimorpha
 Family Castoridae (Beavers)
 Family Geomyoidea (Pocket gophers, Kangaroo rats and mice)
 Suborder Hystricomorpha
 Family Ctenodactylidae
 Family Hystricidae
 Family Myocastoridae
 Family Caviidae
 Family Chinchillidae
 Family Cuniculidae
Suborder Sciuromorpha
Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver
Family Gliridae (also Myoxidae, Muscardinidae): dormice
Family Sciuridae: squirrels, including chipmunks, prairie dogs, & marmots
 Suborder Myomorpha
 Superfamily Muroidea
 Superfamily Dipodoidea
 Family Dipodidae

Related pages 
 Josephoartigasia

Other websites 

 UCMP Berkeley: Introduction to the Rodentia
https://www.utep.edu/leb/pleistnm/taxaMamm/lagomorpha.htm
Titan (Ancient Greek: Τῑτάν) is Saturn's moon. It was found by Christiaan Huygens on 25 March 1655. Titan is a unique moon: it is the Solar System’s only moon to have an atmosphere.

Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second largest in the Solar System. Titan is larger than the planet Mercury, but it has less mass. Its equatorial diameter (width at the equator) is 5,150 km. It orbits 1,221,865 km away from Saturn. 

Titan is the only moon known to have an atmosphere and it is thicker than Earth’s. Humans could not breathe it: as it is very cold, and also poisonous. The air is made of nitrogen and methane. Titan is the only place in the Solar System, except Earth, that has lakes and much liquid on its surface. But the liquid is methane, not water.

Discovery
Discovery

Titan was discovered on 25 March 1655 by Christiaan Huygens, an astronomer from the Netherlands. Earlier, in 1610, Galileo Galilei had discovered four of Jupiter's moons. This inspired Huygens: he also wanted to discover new moons. Because Huygens had also improved the telescopes of the time, making them a lot better, he thought he might be able to discover a new moon.

Christiaan and his brother, Constantijn, started to build their own telescopes in 1650. Using the first telescope he ever built, Christiaan Huygens was able to see Titan. At first he called it "Luna Saturni", which means "Saturn's moon" (he did not know there was more than one). Through the years, lots of other moons have been discovered and today the moon is known as "Titan" or as "Saturn VI". The name "Titan", and all the names of Saturn's other moons, are from the Greek legends.

Structure
Structure 

Titan is the only moon in the Solar System that has a thick atmosphere (the gases that surround a planet or moon). After the spacecraft Voyager I visited the moon on 12 November 1979, it showed that Titan's surface (the ground level) is hidden under an atmosphere that is 900 km thick. Before this, everyone thought that Titan was the biggest moon in the Solar System. Now we know that it is the second biggest, after Ganymede, one of Jupiter's moons.
Even though it is smaller, Titan is close in size to Ganymede. It is also close in size to the slightly smaller Callisto, another of Jupiter's moons. Not only is Titan a big moon, it is even bigger than the planet Mercury, but it only has half as much mass (it is much lighter). Because Titan does not have a lot of mass, scientist think that Titan is made of matter that is not very heavy, specifically frozen water and ammonia. Some scientists think that there is a lot of liquid water and ammonia underneath the surface, enough to fill an entire ocean. These scientists think that there might be a form of life inside this ocean.

At its centre, Titan has a rocky core that is about 3400 km thick. This core is made up of silicates and metals. The gravity (the force that keeps everything attached to the ground) is a lot weaker than here on earth. If you could jump 1m high on the Earth, you would be able to jump 7m high on Titan.
Movement  
It takes Titan 15 days and 22 hours to orbit (travel) around Saturn. This is almost the same time it takes Saturn to rotate or spin around its own axis - one full spin. This is known as "synchronous rotation", which means that the same side of Titan is always pointed to Saturn.

The path in which Titan moves, its orbit, is very close to a circle, but not quite. We use the word "eccentricity" to describe the path that a moon or planet travels in. An image with an eccentricity of 0 (zero) has a path that is a perfect circle. If the eccentricity is more than 0, the path is less round (see image below). Titan's eccentricity is 0.028, very close to zero.

Cassini-Huygens mission
In 2012 researchers at NASA discovered that Titan is giving off a faint glow of light. This is believed to be caused by complex chemical reactions occurring in Titan's atmosphere. This kind of light is called an airglow.

Related pages
 Lakes of Titan
 Shangri-La (Titan)

Further reading

References 

Saturn's moons
A computer number format is the way that computers and calculators represent numbers. Most computers use a system of binary which is composed of ones and zeros.

Other systems in use are the octal (0,1-7) or the hexadecimal (0,1-9,A,B,C,D,E,F) systems.

So we can use codes, which the computer understands only, as well as other number systems.

computer science
1550 was a common year.

Events 
 January 6 – Spanish Captain Hernando de Santana founds the city of Valledupar in what is now Colombian territory.
 February 7 – Julius III becomes Pope.
 The first book in Slovenian, Abecedarium, written by Protestant reformer Primoz Trubar, is printed in Tübingen, Germany.
 Nostradamus' first almanac is written.
 Helsinki, the capital of Finland, is founded by Gustav Vasa.
Columbus is the third largest city, in the U.S. state of Georgia. Coca-Cola and RC Cola (Royal Crown Cola) were first made here. It is south of Atlanta. It is about one hour and thirty minutes to two hours away from Atlanta.

References

 
County seats in Georgia
Carthage was an ancient city-state in what is now Tunisia.  It began as a Phoenician colony. At the height of its power, Carthage was the most important power in the Mediterranean and controlled parts of Spain, as well as Sicily, North Africa, and Sardinia. 

The Roman Republic destroyed Carthage during the Punic Wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In later centuries, Rome started a colony in the same place that became an important city of Africa Province. Eventually, the Vandals conquered the city and used it to attack Rome.
Punic Wars 
Carthage was a rival in the western Mediterranean for the Roman Republic, which wanted to take over the whole region. Carthage was a large obstacle and so in 264 BC, the Romans responded to a plea for help by some rebels in Messina and landed an army in Sicily. That started the First Punic War. The Romans then invaded the Carthaginian areas in Sicily, and the Carthaginian generals could not stop them. Even at sea, the Romans copied the Carthaginian bireme ships, with two oars on each side, and won several major victories on the sea. However, the Romans had not been a sea power, which the Carthaginians had been.
Finally, a general, Hamilcar Barca, took up to defend the Carthaginians and replaced of the older and less energetic Hanno. Hamilcar immediately realized the futility of meeting the superior Roman army in open battle and so he decided to use hit-and-run raids to wear down the Romans. That tactic was slightly more effective against the slow heavily-armored roman troops. Eventually, however, the Romans took Lilybaeum, the Carthaginians' main stronghold in Sicily. That ended Carthage's power in Sicily and ended the First Punic War. 

During the Second Punic War, Hannibal Barca led the Carthaginian Army through Spain, southern Gaul and across the Alps into Italy in 218 BC. There, he clashed with and stunningly defeated the Romans in three major battles: the Battle of the River Trebia, the Battle of Lake Trasmine, and the Battle of Cannae. He failed, however, to take Rome and eventually had to retreat to Carthage, where he was defeated by Scipio Africanis at the Battle of Zama.
The Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BC during the Third Punic War. The Carthaginians who survived, numbering about 50,000, were mostly sold into slavery.

References 

Phoenician colonies
Carthage
Events 
 Valencia is captured by the Almoravids.
 Henry I of England orders the tomb of Edward the Confessor opened; the body is found undecayed.
 Henry I of England takes possession of Arundel Castle.
 The Hohenbaden castle is built in Baden-Baden, Germany.
 Boleslav III becomes king of Poland.
 coronation of Coloman of Hungary in the town of Biograd, adding the Croatian duchies of Slavonia and Dalmatia to the crown of Hungary.
 Crusaders capture Caesarea Palaestina.
 Crusaders defeat an Egyptian invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem near Ascalon.
 Dagobert of Pisa is briefly deposed as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (and restored later in the year).
 Raymond IV of Toulouse begins to besiege Tripoli, and takes the nominal title of count of Tripoli.
 Raymond IV of Toulouse is imprisoned by Tancred, regent of the Principality of Antioch.