Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Corinthians is the name of different things:

 Two books in the New Testament. They are letters by Saint Paul to the church at Corinth.  They are called the First Epistle to the Corinthians and the Second Epistle to the Corinthians.

A Brazilian football team from São Paulo. It is very famous in Brazil and have the second biggest number of football supporters in this country.
Corinth is a city in Greece. It gave its name to the Corinth Canal. This is in the middle of the Isthmus of Corinth, a narrow strip of land which joins the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece. It has a castle called the acrocorinth. Corinth is in the north of Peloponnese. It is a coastal city. It had 60,000 people at the 2011 census.

History 
During antiquity, Corinth was one of the most important Greek cities. It was often the opponent of Athens and these two cities competed with each other. It founded many colonies in south Italy and Sicily such as Siracusa. Corinth was conquered by Romans in 146 B.C. Two epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthian Christians are in the Bible.
The modern city of Corinth is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of the ancient ruins. Since 1896, the Corinth excavations by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens have revealed large parts of the ancient city. Recent excavations by the Greek Ministry of Culture have brought to light important new discoveries.

During Middle Ages, it was an important city with a fortification. In 1460 it came under Turkish rule and it was liberated in 1830, after the Greek War of Independence.
 

Cities in Greece
A cross is a symbol, which is used for many things.

Crosses in religion 
the Christian cross
the Ankh, an Ancient Egyptian symbol for life
the Swastika, a symbol in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, but also used in many cultures at different times.

Other crosses 

the Swastika, also known as Hakenkreuz used as a symbol of Nazism. This sign is thought to be insulting by many people in the West.
the Cross of Saint Peter, an upside down Latin cross, used by Catholics and also associated with Satanism.
the Red Cross, used by medical and humanitarian groups

Symbols
The Peloponnese is a large peninsula in Greece. It is the part of Greece which is south of the Isthmus of Corinth.

The Peloponnese has many mountains and a long jagged coastline. The highest part is Mount Taygetus in the south. 

There are four south-pointing peninsulas within the Peloponnese. They are called Messenia, the Mani Peninsula, Epidaurus, and the Argolid.

There are also two groups of islands near the Peloponnese. In the east there are the Argo-Saronic Islands and in the west there are the Ionian Islands. There is also the island of Kythira, which is near to the Epidaurus peninsula. Kythira is often thought of as part of the Ionian Islands.

The Peloponnese has had people living on it since prehistoric times. Its name means Island of Pelops. Pelops was a person from Greek mythology, who took over the island. During the Middle Ages and the Ottoman Empire, the peninsula was known as the Morea.

Peninsulas of Europe
Peripheries of Greece
The Isthmus of Corinth is a narrow bit of land which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece.  It is near to the city of Corinth. The narrow Corinthian Canal cuts through the isthmus, connecting the Aegean Sea to the Gulf of Corinth.

Geography of Greece

hr:Korintski kanal
Tripoli is a city in northwest Libya.  It is the capital of the country.  More than three million people live in the metropolitan area. 

Originally a Phoenician colony, Tripoli became in turn part of Greek and Roman Cyrenaica, a pirate port, a part of the Ottoman Empire, and the capital of the Italian empire in North Africa.

References

Phoenician colonies
Argos is a city in south Greece, the capital of Argos-Mycenae Municipality. It is in the Argolis prefecture, which is on the Peloponnese peninsula. It is named after the child of Zeus and Niobe in Greek mythology. It is the biggest city in Argolida prefecture but the capital of prefecture is Nauplion. Argos is very historical city. The first residents arrived more than 7,000 years ago. It is considered the oldest city in Greece from ancient Greek writers. 

The city houses numerous archaeological monuments. Agriculture is an important sector of the local economy. 

Cities in Greece
Sparta was a Greek city-state. It is the capital of the Laconia prefecture. It is in the south of Peloponnese peninsula. During antiquity, it was extremely powerful. Today, it is a small city. 16,726 people lived there according to the 2001 census. 

It was also known as Lacedaemon.

The word Spartan is used to describe somebody who lives a simple life or somebody who suffered a lot without crying or showing that they suffered. It can also mean a life of simplicity, without anything fancy or costly.

Sparta is in the mountainous region of Laconia. This is in the south-east of the Peloponnese. Ancient Sparta was built on the banks of the Evrotas River. The river flows through a valley with mountains on each side. To the west is the Taygetus Range (highest point 2407 m) and to the east is the Parnon Range (highest point 1935 m).  Because the ancient Spartans had such good natural defenses, they did not need city walls.
Ancient Sparta 
In Ancient Greece, Sparta was a city-state with a very strong army and a government that was well led.  Sparta was known as one of the strongest city-states in Greece.  Only the strongest survived in Sparta, male or female.  The Spartans killed weak children.  If they believed that a baby was too weak, they left it out to die of exposure beside a slope on Mount Taygetus.  This place was called the Apothetae, which meant 'the place of rejection'.
Sparta had a government with checks and balances.  The executive branch was led by two kings.  The legislative branch was led by the citizens. and the judicial branch was controlled by the elders.  There was also a committee of five men who were in charge of the education process that young boys and girls went through.  Boys and girls were taken from their parents at the age of 7.  Boys went to live in barracks with other boys their age.  Girls went to school to learn gymnastics, wrestling, and other activities, so they could become strong, healthy mothers for future soldiers.

Laconophilia 

Laconophilia is love or liking of Sparta and of the Spartan culture. Sparta was often admired when it ruled. Long ago, "Many of the noblest and best of the Athenians always considered (thought) the Spartan state nearly as an ideal theory realised in practice".  Many Greek philosophers, especially Platonists, would often describe Sparta as a good state, strong, brave, and free.
Sparta was also seen as a model of social purity by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France.

Adolf Hitler thought Sparta was very good. He said in 1928 that Germany should be like them by making smaller "the number allowed to live". The Spartans had created "the first racialist state".

Customs 
Young Spartans boys were taken from their homes at the age of seven to begin a military life.  The Spartans became soldiers at age 20, citizens at age 30, and retired at age 60. Men trained hard to become warriors of the Spartan army.  Women were encouraged to keep healthy so that they could produce healthy, fit babies to grow up to be strong.  Spartans saw little moral value in the concept of childbirth; unless the child was fit to become a Spartan, he would die.
Spartan men married when they were 30 years old. Plutarch writes of the strange custom of the Spartans for their wedding night:
The custom was to capture women for marriage...The...'bridesmaid' took charge of the captured girl.  She first shaved her head...then dressed her in a man's cloak and sandals, and laid her down alone on a mattress in the dark.  The bridegroom...first had dinner...then would slip in...lift her and carry her to the bed.  The husband kept on visiting his wife in secret for some time after the marriage.  Only Spartans did these customs. Some people think that the cutting off of the wife's hair was a ceremony that showed she was going into a new life.

History 
Sparta conquered the people of Messenia and Lakonia (the surrounding countryside) at around 680560 BC. These people became known as the helots. They were not slaves: they were serfs. They had a lower position in society, like serfs in mediaeval Europe.
Helots spent their lives farming their Spartan masters kleros (land granted to Spartan citizens). The Spartan poet Tyrtaios says helots were allowed to marry and keep half the fruits of their labor. At most times, the helots outnumbered their Spartan masters 10 to 1. They rebelled often, but they were never able to overthrow their oppressors. 

Once a Spartan reached the age of 20, he or she would then become a homoios.  A homoios was a member of the ruling class (a citizen).  Both men and women were citizens.  Sparta was an unusual society for women's rights, because women were considered to be equal.  

The Spartan army used the phalanx formation.  This contributed to the many battles Sparta won.  Their most famous loss is the Battle of Thermopylae where 300 Spartans held off a large Persian army for a week.

References 
    

Cities in Greece
Ancient Greek cities
Former city-states
Olympia ( Olympía) was a place in ancient Greece. It was in Elis, which is now called Ilia; and is in the east of the city Pyrgos. It was the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, the most famous games in history. The Olympic Games were held every four years throughout Classical Antiquity, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. The first Olympic Games were in honour of Zeus.

History 

Olympia was a sanctuary, consisting of various buildings. These included a hippodrome, Palaestra, Gymnasium and several temples. The Olympic Games began here in 776 BC. They were founded by king Pelopas. They happened every four years, in the summers. All the ancient Greek towns competed. The winners of the Olympic games were important people. The Olympic games were abolished by emperor of Byzantium Theodosius I, in 394 AD.
During ancient history, Olympia was a powerful and rich town. It ruled over the west of Peloponnese. Olympia kept its strength and during Roman period. During the Middle Ages it was an unimportant city.

Gymnasium 
The Gymnasium at Olympia was a large, open air, quadrangle surrounded on all four sides by colonnades of the Doric order. Only the southern and eastern sides survive. They date to the second century BC. The River Kladeos has destroyed the western side. The gymnasium was used by runners and pentathlon athletes for training. Athletes trained in the nude. In bad weather, training took place under the eastern colonnade (210.51 meters) and the other three colonnades. Little of the gymnasium has been excavated. About 200 BC, a portico of the Corinthian order was built to join the gymnasium and the palaestra.
Hippodrome 
The Hippodrome was the site of horse and chariot races at Olympia, Greece. It was 1,153 meters long. It was south of the stadium, but none of it survives. It was washed away by the Alpheios River.

Palaestra

Footnotes

References 
 

Olympia
770s BC
390s
Pyrgos is a city in Greece.  It is the capital of the Ilia prefecture on the Peloponnese peninsula. Pyrgos is in the west of Peloponnese peninsula. It is in the south of Patras and in the north of Kalamata. It has 24,765 people. Near Pyrgos is the ancient town of Olympia. 

Cities in Greece
Thessaloniki is the second-largest city in Greece after Athens. There were 325,182 people at the census of 2011. Including the suburbs, there were 1,110,312 people. It is in the region of Macedonia in northern Greece. It is the capital of the Thessaloniki prefecture and it is the capital of the periphery of central Macedonia. It is the largest city in the geographical region of Macedonia. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification). The average rainfall is relatively low, due to the rain shadow from the Pindos mountains. Unlike in Athens, there are frequent frosts and snow every winter.

History 

Thessaloniki was established by King Cassander of Macedon, friend of Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. He named the city after the sister of Alexander the Great, princess Thessalonike, which in Greek means victory over Thessaly.
Thessaloniki was a part of Ottoman Empire for approximately 500 years and in 1912 it became part of Greece when Greece acquired Macedonia following the Balkan Wars. Many famous people have lived or were born here, such as the Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero, many saints like Cyril and Methodius, who invented the Cyrillic alphabet, and Saint Demetrius, who is the patron saint of the city, and many politicians, such as the founder of modern-day Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Most of the city was completely destroyed in a large fire in 1917 and was rebuilt in the 1920s. Thessaloniki was place to both the Salonica and Macedonian fronts during World War 1, this fronts were made of French, Serbian, English, Italian, and a Russian division. This fronts were key in 1918 to the Entente victory over both Bulgaria and Austria. It was later occupied by Nazi Germany during the Second World War, during the Greek Invasion.

Sights of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki has many sights. The most famous sight in Thessaloniki is the white tower. The White tower was a part of Thessaloniki's ancient walls that were built many times through the ages. Thessaloniki was the second-most well-fortified city in the Byzantine Empire, after Constantinople (Istanbul). The walls can still be seen above the city today and despite the many earthquakes, they are still standing. The city was home to a Roman imperial palace and mausoleum. The palace ruins can be seen today but the mausoleum together with a Roman arch can be still seen standing today. Very important sights of Thessaloniki are the medieval churches such as Agios Dimitrios, Agios Georgios and Agia Sofia. Agios Dimitrios it the largest and oldest Basilica in Greece. Thessaloniki's Christian monuments are part of the UNESCO World Heritage initiative. The city also has many Ottoman monuments, such as the Bey Hammam and the old district of the city near the walls, with its distinctly Turkish architecture
. Many museums are in the city and some of them are: Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, Museum of the Macedonian Struggle, Jewish Museum, Ethnological Museum of Macedonia and others.
Florina is a city in Greece in the region of Macedonia.  It is the capital of the Florina prefecture. Its population is 15,265 inhabitants. Florina is build at the foot of Varnus mountain. It is built at an altitude of 600 meter approximately. Around Florina there are many forests. 

Cities in Greece
Argolis is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  It is on the Peloponnese peninsula.  The capital of Argolis is the Nafplio.

Prefectures of Greece
Ilia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  It is on the Peloponnese peninsula.  The capital of Ilia is the Pyrgos.

Prefectures of Greece
Achaea is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Achaea is Patras.

References 

Prefectures of Greece
Arcadia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Arcadia is Tripoli.

Prefectures of Greece
Laconia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Laconia is Sparta.

Prefectures of Greece
Pella is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Pella is the Edessa and the largest town is Giannitsa. It is also the site of the ancient city of Pella, the capital of the kingdom of Macedon where Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon lived.

Prefectures of Greece
Attica is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Attica contains Athens, the capital of Greece. In ancient period was the area of ancient Athenian state. Attica today is the prefecture with the largest number of people in Greece being the area where Athens, the capital of Greece, is. There are about 3,500,000 people.

Geography
Attica is in the south of Greece. It is a peninsula between Peloponnese and Euboea. Its the southest point is the cape Sounion. Attica has five mountains with an elevation over 1000 meters, Parnitha (the highest of all), Penteli, Hymettus, Pateras mountain and Kithairon. Attica has borders with Boeotia prefecture  to the north and Corinthia prefecture to the west. Attica is surrounded by the sea of Saronic gulf to the west and South Euboean golf to the east. These seas are a part of Aegean sea.
Kastoria is a Greek city, and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece in the region of Macedonia. Kastoria it is built on the bank of Lake Orestiada. There are 17,038 people living in the city. Kastoria has an old neighbourhood which is picturesque, and it is named Doltso. It has nice old houses with particular local architecture.

The name Kastoria means "place of the beavers" which used to live in the lake. These have all been hunted and killed for their fur.

References

Cities in Greece
Kozani is a city in northern Greece. It is the capital of Kozani Prefecture and of the region of Macedonia. The population of the city is 38,591, according to 2001 census. In district of Kozani products the main amount of electrical energy of Greece. 

Cities in Greece
Magnesia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Magnesia is the Volos.

Prefectures of Greece
Messinia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Messinia is the Kalamata.

Prefectures of Greece
Chalkidiki, also known as Halkidiki or Chalcidice, is one of 51 prefectures of Greece in the region of Macedonia. It is the area of the ending of Central Macedonia which accesses deeply in the Aegean Sea forming three small peninsulas. The capital of Chalcidice is the Polygyros.

Official links
Official website

Prefectures of Greece
Euboea is an island of Greece. It is also one of the 51 prefectures of Greece. Euboea is the second largest island of Greece. Its total area is 3,655 km2. It is to the east of Boeotia and Attica prefectures. The island is surrounded by the Aegean Sea. The capital of Euboea and the biggest city on the island is Chalkida.

Prefectures of Greece
Islands of Greece
Grevena is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Grevena is a small city which is in the west of Macedonia. Its population is 12,037 inhabitants according to 2001 census. It is built at a height of 500 meter approximately. West of Grevena is the mountain range of Pindos with many forests and with a ski center which it is named Vasilitsa. This ski center has a lot of snow throughout the winter.

Geography 
Greneva has a total area of 1,860 square kilometers. 

Prefectures of Greece
Arta is a Greek city. It is the capital of Arta Prefecture, one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Its population is 24,725. Arta is known because of Arta's bridge. It is an old bridge on the Arachthos river. 

Cities in Greece
Trikala is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Trikala is in the center of Greece in the Thessaly periphery. According to the 2001 census, 57,914 people lived there. Trikala is built on a large plain. This plain is one of the biggest plain in Greece. In the west of Trikala is the Pindus range. Trikala is crossed by Litheus river.

Cities in Greece
Lesbos, also called Lesvos, is an island in Greece. It is in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Lesbos is the Mytilene. According to Classical Greek mythology, Lesbos was the patron god of the island. 

The word 'lesbian' comes from Lesbos. An ancient poet, Sappho, lived on Lesbos. Many of her love poems are written to women.

Prefectures of Greece
Islands of Greece
Samos is a Greek island. It is the eighth largest Greek island. It is in the east of Aegean sea. Opposite Samos is the west coasts of Turkey. Samos is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The prefecture in addition includes the Ikaria island and Fournoi Island. The capital of Samos is Samos City, commonly referred to by the locals as Vathi. The area of the island is 478 km squared.  It is separated from Asia Minor, by the approximately 1 mile wide Mycale Strait. While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains. A great portion of the island is covered with vineyards, from which wine is made. The island of Samos is a lush, very green island with forests and with many places to visit. It is also the birthplace of the mathematician Pythagoras. Today Samos is an island which attracts tourists from all over the world for the wonderful nature, the impressive mountainous and verdant landscape and the plethora of archaeological sites.
Places of interest 
The most interest sight of Samos is the ancient aqueduct. It was construct by the ancient Greek mechanic Eupalinos, so it is called "Eupalinio Orygma" in Greek. It is a big tunnel which is  long. It had been constructed to carry water in the town of ancient Samos. Other important places is the ancient town which is in the south of island and the contemporary beautiful villages of Samos.

Prefectures of Greece
Islands of Greece
Evros is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Evros is Alexandroupoli.

References 

Prefectures of Greece
Evritania is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Evritania is the Karpenisi.

Prefectures of Greece
Cyclades is an island group in Greece. The group of Cyclades includes many islands. The larger islands of the group is Naxos, Andros, Tinos, Mykonos, Paros, Milos, Thira (or Santorini), Syros, Amorgos, Ios, Kythnos, Kea, Sifnos, Serifos, Sikinos, Folegandros and Anafi. The group, also includes many others small islands and islets. Also Cyclades is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Cyclades is the Ermoupolis in the island of Syros.

References

Prefectures of Greece
Serres is a Greek city. It is also one of 51 prefectures of Greece. There are 56,400 people in Serres. Serres is built on the large plain. It is in the north of Greece, in the region of Macedonia. It is near the Strymonas river.

Other websites 
Serres Prefecture Official Website 

Cities in Greece
Kilkis is a Greek town and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is in the north of Greece, in the region of Macedonia. Kilkis is built on the large plain. It is an agricultural city. It has 19,247 people.

Cities in Greece
Chania is a Greek city which is the capital of Chania prefecture. It is in the west of Crete. 55,838 people live there. Chania has an important port which connects Chania with the port of Piraeus.

History 
Chania had an significant development from 13th century till 17th century. Then it was under Venetian rule. After the Venetians, ruled the Ottomans until 1912. This year Crete was liberated and it is united with Greece.

Cities in Greece
Xanthi is a Greek city and its one of 51 prefectures in Greece. Its population is 46,464 inhabitants. It is located in the north-east of Greece, in the district of Western Thrace. Many Muslims live in Xanthi. So this city has an oriental color.

References 

Cities in Greece
Batha was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The area is part of the Batha Region since 2002.

Prefectures of Chad
Biltine was one of fourteen prefectures, or areas, of Chad.  The capital of Biltine is Biltine. In 1993, it had a population of 148,807 people and an area of 46,850 square kilometers of land.

As of 2002, the area is now part of Wadi Fira Region

Prefectures of Chad
Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti was Faya.

Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Faya-Largeau is the largest city in northern Chad. 9,867 people were living there in 1993. It is the capital of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture.

The town was first called Faya, then it was renamed Largeau after Chad became a colony of France in 1900.  When Chad won independence from France in 1960, the town changed its name to Faya-Largeau.

Cities in Chad
Chari-Baguirmi was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of was Ndjamena. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

References

Prefectures of Chad
Guéra was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital city of Guéra was Mongo. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Kanem () was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Kanem was Mao. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Lac is one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Lac is the Bol.

Prefectures of Chad
Logone Occidental was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital city of Logone Occidental was Moundou. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Logone Oriental was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Logone Oriental was Doba. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

}

Prefectures of Chad
Mayo-Kébbi was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Mayo-Kébbi was Bongor. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Moyen-Chari was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Moyen-Chari was Sarh. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Ouaddaï was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Ouaddaï was Abéché. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Salamat was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Salamat was Am Timan. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Tandjilé was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad.  The capital of Tandjilé was Laï. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.

Prefectures of Chad
Abéché is a city in Chad. It is the capital city of the Ouaddaï prefecture.

Cities in Chad
Mongo is a city in Chad.  It is the capital city of the Guéra prefecture.

Cities in Chad
Ronald William Howard (born March 1, 1954) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter.

Ron Howard was born in Duncan, Oklahoma. His father is actor Rance Howard. He started acting as a young child. As an actor he was best known for his roles on television, as Opie Taylor on The Andy Griffith Show and Richie Cunningham on Happy Days. He appeared in movies like The Music Man (1962) and American Graffiti (1973).

He later quit acting and became a director. Some of the movies he has directed are: Splash (1984), Cocoon (1985), Willow (1988), Parenthood (1989), Apollo 13 (1995), How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), A Beautiful Mind (2001), and Cinderella Man (2005).

His father Rance Howard, brother Clint Howard and daughters Bryce Dallas Howard and Paige Howard are also actors, as was his mother, Jean Speegle Howard.

Recently, he returned to television and made the TV show Arrested Development.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Actors from Burbank, California
Actors from Oklahoma
American child actors
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Writers from California
Writers from Oklahoma
1954 births
Living people
Playboy was a monthly American men's magazine. It was founded by Hugh Hefner in Chicago, Illinois in 1953. Marilyn Monroe was the magazine's first cover model. The logo was created by Art Paul.

The magazine featured articles about men's interests including clothing, sports, consumer goods, men's health, politics, and public figures.  The magazine always showed large pictures of nude women, except for one year in 2016–2017.

In each issue, a provocatively posed "Playmate of the Month" was featured in a pictorial several pages in length at the center of the magazine with an accompanying "centerfold" photograph. Unlike traditional pin up art, Playboy humanized their models by describing their real world jobs, accomplishments, and goals.

In 1963 Hefner was arrested for obscenity in Chicago after publishing nude photos of actress Jayne Mansfield that were taken on the set of Promises! Promises!  He was acquitted at trial by a hung jury.
Starting with the March 2016 issue, the magazine no longer had pictures of nude women. According to the company, "times change." Times changed again in February 2017 when nudity returned. In March 2020 the company announced that it would stop publishing the magazine on paper and only use digital copies instead. Between 1970 and 1985 Playboy was also printed in braille. It is also one of the few magazines whose microfilm format was in color, not black and white.

References

1953 establishments in the United States
American men's magazines
Nudity
Magazines published in Chicago
Births 
 February 25 – George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918)
 March 27 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physician and Nobel Prize Laureate
 10 March - Alexander III of Russia , Czar of Russia and father of Czar Nicholas II .

New Books 
Queen Margot by Alexandre Dumas, père
Events 
 The city of Jimmy is founded.

Birthdays 
 Ibn Arabi

References 

1165
1817 was a common year.

Events of 1817

January – March 
 January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina to free Chile and then Peru.
 February 12 – The Argentine/Chilean patriotic army defeats the Spanish in the Battle of Chacabuco.
 March 3
The Alabama Territory is created by splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, 9 months before Mississippi becomes a U.S. state.
President James Madison vetoes John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill.
 March 4 – James Monroe succeeds James Madison as the President of the United States of America.
April – June 
 April – Earthquake in Palermo, Italy
 April 3 – Princess Caraboo appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire, England.
 April 15 – The first American school for the deaf opens in Hartford, Connecticut.
 April 17 – Martin Van Buren passes Erie Canal bill.
 April 28 – Rush-Bagot Treaty is signed.
 May – The General Convention of the Episcopal Church founded General Theological Seminary while meeting in New York City.
 June 5 – First Great Lakes steamer, the Frontenac, is launched.
 June 25 – Large prison riot in Copenhagen prison – army is sent for to quell it.

July – September 
 July 4 – At Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins.
 August 22 – City of Araraquara, Brazil founded.
 August 23 – Earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of Helike results in 65 deaths.
October – December 
 October – President and Mrs. James Monroe move back into the White House, after restoration repairs.
October 31 – Emperor Ninkō accedes to the throne of Japan.
 November 20 – The first Seminole War begins in Florida.
 November 22 – Fredric Cailliaud discovers the old Roman emerald mines at Sikait, Egypt.
 December 10 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state, separated from the Alabama Territory.

Undated 
 Elgin Marbles are displayed in the British Museum.
 John Kidd extracts naphthalene from coal tar.
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge publishes Biographia Literaria.
 A Typhus epidemic occurs in Edinburgh and Glasgow.
 Outbreak of the Pernambucan Revolt.
January – June 
 January 6 – J. J. McCarthy, Irish architect (d. 1882)
 January 8 – Sir Theophilus Shepstone, British-born South African statesman (d. 1893)
 February 19 – King William III of the Netherlands (d. 1890)
 February 22 – Carl Wilhelm Borchardt, German mathematician (d. 1880)
 March 6 – Clémentine of Orléans, daughter of King Louis-Philippe of France and mother of Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (d. 1907)
 March 22 – Braxton Bragg, American Confederate general (d. 1876)
 May 15 – Debendranath Tagore, Indian philosopher (d. 1905)
 June 30 – Joseph Dalton Hooker, English botanist (d. 1911)
July - December 
 July 12 – Henry David Thoreau, American philosopher (d. 1862)
 July 24 – Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1905)
 August 3 – Archduke Albert, Austrian general (d. 1895)
 August 14 – Alexander H. Bailey, American politician (d. 1874)
 August 24 – Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1875)
 October 17 – Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur Founder of the Two Nation Theory for a future Pakistan (d. 1898)
 November 3 – Leonard Jerome, American entrepreneur and grandfather of Sir Winston Churchill (d. 1891)
 November 12 – Bahá'u'lláh, Persian founder of the Bahá'í Faith (d. 1892)
 November 17 – Benjamin Champney, American painter (d. 1907)
 November 30 – Theodor Mommsen, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1903)

Deaths
Deaths

January – June 
 January 12 – Juan Andres, Spanish Jesuit (b. 1740)
 January 16 – Alexander J. Dallas, American statesman and financier (b. 1759)
 April 4 – André Masséna, French marshal (b. 1758)
 April 12 – Charles Messier, French astronomer (b. 1730)
 June 24 – Thomas McKean, American lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1734)

July – December 
July 14 – Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, French writer (b. 1766)
July 18 – Jane Austen, English novelist (b. 1775)
July 19 – John Palmer, Bath architect (b. c. 1738)
October 16 – Manuel Piar, Venezuelan military leader (b. 1774)
November 14 – Policarpa Salavarrieta, Colombian spy and revolutionary who worked for the Independence of Colombia (b. 1795)
November 30 – Jean-Baptiste-Melchior Hertel de Rouville, Canadian politician (b. 1748)
December 7 – William Bligh, Captain of the Bounty, Governor of New South Wales (b. 1754)
Larry David (born July 2, 1947 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American actor and writer of Jewish descent.

He worked as a writer on Fridays and Saturday Night Live. He co-created the television series Seinfeld. He also created and stars in his own series called Curb Your Enthusiasm.  On the series, he appears as a caricature of himself.

References

Other websites 

1947 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
Movie producers from New York City
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Seinfeld
Writers from Brooklyn
Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam is a United States Navy and United States Air Force base in the U.S. state of Hawaii, on the south lagoon shore of Oahu. The navy base was started in 1899 and merged with the air force base in 2010. It is 8 miles (15 km) west of downtown Honolulu.

The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941, which was a surprise. The attack led to America's fighting in World War II. The reason the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor was to destroy the U.S. Navy (Seventh Fleet), and prevent the U.S. from stopping the Japanese expansion in Asia.

Other websites 
 WW2DB: Attack on Pearl Harbor

United States Navy
Buildings and structures in Hawaii
1899 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Hawaii
RPG may refer to:

 In the military, RPG means a rocket-propelled grenade, a weapon that launches explosive warheads.
 In entertainment, RPG means role-playing game, a game where the player plays the role of one or several characters.
Amsterdam is the capital and largest city in the European country of the Netherlands. Amsterdam is famous for its canals and dikes. Unlike in capitals of most other countries, the national government, parliament, government ministries, supreme court, royal family and embassies are not in Amsterdam, but in The Hague. The only diplomatic offices present in Amsterdam are consulates.

The city hosts two universities (the University of Amsterdam and the Free University Amsterdam) and an international airport "Schiphol Airport". About 2.2 million people live in the metropolitan area. The city of Amsterdam is the world's most multi-cultural city. It has people living there from 175 different countries. Like other big cities in the Netherlands and elsewhere in the world, Amsterdam is unfortunately subjected to many criminal activities.

The former city of Weesp has been part of Amsterdam since 24 March 2022. Because of this Amsterdam has about 905,000 people.
History 
A dam was built in 13th century in the river Amstel (that's why the city is called Amsterdam). The old harbor of the city, Damrak, is now one of the busiest streets in the city. The city was for the first time mentioned in 1275 by count Floris V, count of Holland and Zeeland who gave the people of Amsterdam some more freedom. The city got its city rights probably in 1306; at least soon after the year 1300. The city became a major trading port pretty soon, with a successful trading route to the Baltic Sea. The city grew fast in the 15th century. Because the city basically lies in swamp, the builders of the city had to dig canals to use the digging-ground for getting the living-ground higher. Homes were built on wooden poles, and the canals served as a pretty effective primitive sewer.
The 19th century was the time for the first trains and trams in Amsterdam. The first train ran from Amsterdam to Haarlem in 1839. The number of people was rising, with about 250,000 living in Amsterdam in 1850, and more than 500,000 in 1900. Amsterdam was a heavy industrialised city by then. Before the Second World War, there were about 140,000 Jews living in Amsterdam. Most of those people did not survive the war. After the war, Amsterdam became a centre of tolerance and culture; to be different is not abnormal in Amsterdam. It is expected that Amsterdam will grow 12.6% until 2025. It will then hold almost 900,000 people, and the metropolitan area will hold almost 2.5 million people by then.

Districts 

Amsterdam consists of eight districts:

 Centrum
 Noord
 West
 Nieuw-West
 Zuid
 Oost
 Zuidoost
 Westpoort

And one urban area: 

 Weesp

References

Other websites 

 Official website

 
Olympic cities
Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay (), is a small country in South America. It is landlocked, meaning that it is not next to the ocean. It is bordered to the North and East by Brazil, the West by Bolivia, and the South and Southeast by Argentina. The main languages are Spanish and Guaraní.
Paraguay's population is about 6 million. The ethnic makeup of the population is the following: Mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian) 80%, European 20%, unmixed Amerindian 1-3%, Asian 1-4%.

Over (20%) of the population lives below the poverty line.

Paraguay has two official languages, Spanish and Guaraní. Guaraní is recognized as a national language.

The capital city is Asuncion. Asuncion was founded in 1537 by a Spaniard named Juan de Salazar. Paraguay was a colony of Spain, but became independent in 1811.

From 1865-1870 Paraguay lost land and most of its male population in the War of the Triple Alliance against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. It gained land in the Chaco War against Bolivia in the 1930s.
Paraguay's main religion is Roman Catholicism.

The weather is humid in the east and dry in the west.

Government and politics

Administrative subdivisions
Paraguay has 17 departments and one capital district (Distrito Capital). The departments are formed by districts.

The departments are grouped in two geographic regions, separated by the Paraguay river:
 Occidental (Western) region or Chaco, to the north of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón and Presidente Hayes)
 Oriental (Eastern) region, to the south of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro and Ñeembucú; the capital district is part of this region)

References

Notes

 
Spanish-speaking countries
1811 establishments
1810s establishments in South America
Loch Ness is a loch in the Scottish Highlands. It is also on the Great Glen Fault and part of the Caledonian Canal.

Geography 
Loch Ness is 36 kilometres long and only 1.5 kilometres wide. It is the second largest Scottish loch by surface area at , after Loch Lomond. Because of its great depth, it is the largest by volume. Its deepest point is . This is deeper than any other loch except Loch Morar. 

It contains more freshwater than all the lakes in England and Wales combined, and is the largest body of water on the Great Glen Fault, which runs from Inverness in the north to Fort William in the south.

In popular legend, it is the home of the "Loch Ness Monster", a myth which was promoted by a faked photograph.

Other websites 

 Cryptozoology.com
 Fort Augustus near Loch Ness

References

Legends
Ness
Gary Burghoff  (born May 24, 1943) is an American actor, artist, and musician. He is probably best known for his role as Walter "Radar" O'Reilly, a company clerk that had extraordinary hearing, in the 1970 movie M*A*S*H and on the television series of the same name.  Burghoff also has a deformed hand which was hidden on the show by special camera tricks and he held it behind his back a lot.

Other websites

1943 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Connecticut
Events
 The book Wuthering Heights is published
 February 22 – The Battle of Buena Vista in the Mexican–American War
 March 29 – Veracruz is taken by General Winfield Scott
 May 7 – The American Medical Association is founded
 July 24 – The Mormon pioneers under Brigham Young arrive in Salt Lake City to begin settling Utah.
 July 26 – Liberia becomes a country

Births
 February 11 – Thomas Edison
 March 3 – Alexander Graham Bell
 April 10 – Joseph Pulitzer
 September 5 – Jesse James

Deaths 
 March 11 – Johnny Appleseed
 November 4 – Felix Mendelssohn
Fred Gwynne (born July 10, 1926 - July 2, 1993) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Herman Munster in The Munsters.  He played Francis Muldoon in Car 54, Where Are You?.  The Munsters and Car 54, Where Are You? were television situation comedies.  He also wrote children's literature.

References 

American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Actors from New York City
1926 births
1993 deaths
Cannabis is a genus of plant. There are three species: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis.

The cannabis plant's flowers contain a chemical or drug known as THC (short for tetra-hydro-cannabinol). Smoking or eating the flower can make a person feel euphoric (very good) or sleepy. The plant is also used to make hemp fibre, and for its seeds and seed oil.

In its natural environment, THC's purpose was to protect itself against being eaten. There are many varieties of cannabis, and those low on THC production are selected for producing hemp and seeds.

Since the 19th century, Cannabis has become an illegal drug in many countries.  In the 21st century, some countries have made cannabis legal again.  Others allow cannabis to be used as medicine when people have certain medical conditions.
Ancient history 
Scientists believe that cannabis first grew somewhere in the Himalayas. Evidence of people smoking cannabis goes as far back as prehistory: archaeologists have found burnt hemp seeds at a burial site in what is now Romania. 
The most famous users of cannabis were the ancient Hindus, who called it ganjika in Sanskrit (ganja in modern Indian languages). According to legend, the Indian god Shiva told his followers to worship the plant. The ancient drug soma was sometimes associated with cannabis.

People in the Persian Empire (what is now Iran) would light giant campfires made of cannabis, exposing themselves to the smoke.  The ceremony was known as "the booz-rooz."

Cannabis was also known in ancient Greece, where magicians would burn its flowers in order to cause strange thoughts in the audience members'  minds. Historians think that the cult of Dionysus also began in ancient Greece and involved inhaling cannabis smoke.

Drug effects
Drug effects 

When a person inhales cannabis smoke or consumes cannabis, he or she may get a feeling called "getting high" or "getting stoned". Cannabis's most common effects include feeling happy, relaxed, tired, silly or scared; having many ideas about what to do; not being able to think clearly (or remember some things at all); and getting hungry (also called getting "the munchies"). Smoking cannabis changes how people think and feel, making it either harder or easier to solve some problems. Some people who take cannabis feel strange or paranoid (worried that something bad is going to happen).
Hashish (dried resin) is much more concentrated than cannabis (it includes both leaves and flowers).  Because of this, people who take large amounts of hashish may feel even stronger effects. They may also see things or hear things that do not exist (these are called hallucinations). They may also have strange thoughts. Some hashish users like the feeling of these visions and thoughts, while others may find them scary.  However, people rarely get hallucinations after smoking or eating cannabis.

Legal status
Legal status

Medical cannabis
In the 2010s many countries and some states in the United States made it legal for people with certain medical problems to use cannabis as a medicine.  Medical use of cannabis is legal in Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Israel, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom.  In March 2017 Germany legalised cannabis for medical use with treatment of pain and symptoms by chronic diseases.  Only a few companies and doctors in Germany willingly prescribe cannabis for medical uses.  Not much known about the broad spectrum of medical cannabis efficacy as the drug is still listed under the German narcotics act (in German "Betäubungsmittelgesetz" or abbr. "BtMG").

In the United States, as of February 2018, 30 states, plus Washington, D.C. and Guam, had legalized medical cannabis. However, using cannabis for any reason is still illegal under federal law.
According to a 1999 report by the Institute of Medicine, cannabis (especially THC) can decrease pain; control nausea and vomiting; and improve appetite.  As of June 2016, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures, "Further studies have found that cannabis [helps] some of the symptoms of HIV/AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, and multiple sclerosis.
Personal use
On December 11, 2013, Uruguay was the first country in the world to make it legal to grow, sell, and use cannabis for personal (or recreational) use. Other countries that allow people to have small amounts of cannabis (just enough for them to use personally) include Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, the Netherlands, Peru, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland. In the United States, on January 1, 2014, the states of Washington and Colorado made it legal for people aged 21 or older to buy cannabis. In November 2016, California did the same thing, and has been selling cannabis in stores since January 2018. As of October 17th, 2018, Canada has become the first G7 nation to make cannabis legal. Each province of Canada has its own legal minimum age to buy and use (either 18-years-old and older, 19-years-old and older, or 21-years-old and older) and how much of it is allowed to have at one time.

Health risks
Health risks 

Cannabis is one of the least dangerous of the commonly used illegal drugs. It is almost impossible to overdose on cannabis. A person would have to smoke their entire body weight in five minutes in order to overdose.

As of 1995, scientists had not shown that smoking cannabis causes lung cancer, even in people who smoke a lot of cannabis for a long time.

It is a common, yet false, belief that people who use cannabis are less interested in life and may not want to go to school or work (scientists call this "amotivational syndrome"). However, many reports show that people who use cannabis do just as well as non-users.

Driving while "stoned"

A person who is intoxicated ("high" or "stoned") from cannabis could get hurt or killed in an accident if they drive a car. It is not safe to drive under the influence of any intoxicant.  However, drivers who are "stoned" are much less likely to get into car accidents than drunk drivers and in some cases, sober drivers.

Addiction