Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After people started to record events, first by drawing symbols (called pictographs) and then by writing, it became much easier to tell what happened, and history started. These records can tell us the names of leaders (such as Kings and Queens), important events like floods and wars, and the things people did in their daily lives. The time when prehistory ended and history started is different in different places, depending on when people began to write and if their records were kept safe or lost so they could be found later on. In places like Mesopotamia, China, and Ancient Egypt, things were recorded from very early times (around 3200 BC in Ancient Egypt) and these records can be looked at and studied. In New Guinea, the end of prehistory came much later, around 1900.

Timeline of Earth
Timeline of Earth 

 4.5 billion years ago – Earth formed out of smaller rocks flying around the sun
 3,500 million years ago – first very simple and tiny forms of life in the seas
 600 million years ago - first animals, also in the seas
 500 million years ago - first plants and animals on land
 230 million years ago – first dinosaurs appear
 65 million years ago – dinosaurs disappear; mammals take their place as dominant animals
 30 million years ago - first apes
 2.5 million years ago - first humans
Timeline of people 
 2.5 million years ago – Start of Lower Palaeolithic age, during which a type of early pre-human called Australopithecus lived. These people made tools out of bones and stones and made shelters out of branches.
 1 million years ago – A type of early human called Homo erectus lived. People made hand axes and wooden spears.
 250,000 years ago – First Homo sapiens (modern people). People make fire. People use bolas. People hunt elephants.
 100,000 years ago – Middle Palaeolithic age. Neanderthal people lived. People live in caves and make cave drawings. People begin to bury dead people.
 40,000 years ago – Upper Palaeolithic age. Cro-Magnon people lived. People make spears from antlers. People make houses from hides (animal skins). People paint cave drawings and make things out of clay. People make needles out of antlers. People make jewellery.
 10,000 years ago – The last Ice age ends.
10,000 BC – 4000 BC – Mesolithic age. In North-west Europe people make bows and arrows. People use dogs to hunt and to carry things.
 9,000 BC – Neolithic age. People in the Near East start to change from hunting and gathering food to growing crops and using farm animals.
 7,000 BC – People in South-west Europe begin using copper to make tools.
 6,000 BC – British Isles move away from Europe.
 2,580 BC – The Egyptians build the Great Pyramids in Giza. People in the Middle East use iron and make plows.
 2,400 BC – People make Stonehenge in England.
 3,300 BC – 1,200 BC – Bronze Age (in Britain). People make tools out of bronze. 
 1,200 BC – 400 AD – Iron Age (in Britain). People make tools out of iron. Roman Empire rises and falls.
The Early Middle Ages were a period in European history. They lasted from the 5th century to the 10th century. They were followed by the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages. These were called the “Middle” Ages because they came between ancient history and modern history. The Middle Ages are sometimes called the Medieval Age.

The early Middle Ages has also been called “the Dark Ages” because past scholars wrongly believed that there was very little culture, good literature, art, good architecture, technology or progress during this period.

The fall of Rome

The Early Middle Ages started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
In ancient history, the Western Roman Empire ruled much of Europe.  Eventually, that empire started to weaken.  In 410, Rome was sacked by Alaric, the leader of the Germanic tribe known as the Visigoths.  Rome survived, but had been weakened greatly.  In 476, when Rome was again invaded and sacked  by Odoacer, he was able to take the city for himself.  He made himself the king of Italy.  This ended the Western Roman Empire.  Europe entered the Early Middle Ages.

Life in the Early Middle Ages

As the Early Middle Ages began, Europe was experiencing the effects of the fall of the Western Roman Empire.  Before, the empire’s communication systems made it possible for people all over Europe to share ideas and facts.  Now these communication systems were no longer working.  This made it much more difficult to exchange knowledge and new ideas.
For many years, the Roman army had defended the empire and kept peace between different parts of Europe.  Now, wars became common as people all over Europe started to fight each other for territory and resources.

The Catholic Church was very powerful during the Early Middle Ages.  Most Europeans were Christian at this time.

References 
Middle Ages
KGB  is the Russian-language abbreviation for State Security Committee. It was the main internal security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991. It was formed in 1954 as a successor of earlier agencies, the Cheka, NKGB, and MGB just after Joseph Stalin died in March 1953 and Lavrentiy Beria who died in December 1953 . 

During the Cold War, the KGB suppressed "ideological subversion". This meant suppressing unorthodox political and religious ideas, and the people who held those ideas. It was Soviet policy for the KGB (and the secret services of the satellite states) to monitor public and private opinion, internal subversion and possible counter-revolutionary plots in the Soviet Bloc.

The KGB was instrumental in crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the Prague Spring of "Socialism with a Human Face", in 1968 Czechoslovakia. A record of some of its doings is contained in the Mitrokin Archive.
Different stages 
From 13 March 1954 to 6 November 1991, KGB was the main name for the main Soviet security agency, intelligence agency or spy agency, and the secret police agency.

In March 1953, Lavrenty Beria merged the MVD and the MGB into one agencythe MVD.  In December of that year, Beria and six associates were executed and the MVD split. The re-formed MVD retained its police and law enforcement powers, while the second, new agency, the KGB, did the internal and external security functions, and reported to the Council of Ministers.
On 5 July 1978 the KGB was renamed as the "KGB of the Soviet Union", with its chairman holding a ministerial council seat.  The KGB ended when its chief, Colonel-General Vladimir Kryuchkov, used the KGB's resources to help the August 1991 coup attempt to overthrow Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August 1991 Colonel-General Kryuchkov was arrested, and General Vadim Bakatin was appointed KGB Chairmanand mandated to dissolve the KGB of the Soviet Union. On 6 November 1991, the KGB officially ceased to exist, although Russia's new national security organisation, the Russian Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti (FSB), works in the same things that the Soviet KGB did.

Belarus is the only post-Soviet Union era country where the national security organization is still called "KGB". Belarus is where Felix Dzerzhinsky started a group called the Cheka, which was an organization in the Soviet Union before the MVD or the KGB was started.

Notes
Notes

Other websites 
 KGB Info from FAS.org
 Chebrikov, Viktor M., et al., eds. Istoriya sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti. (1977) 
 Committee for State Security -Citizendium

 
1954 establishments
1950s establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
The FSB (ФСБ) is an organisation in Russia that takes care of security of the country. It is the organisation that came after the KGB, relating to internal affairs inside the country.  It is usually simply called the FSB in English-language sources. 

Its main responsibilities are within the country. It does counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance. It also investigates some other types of serious crimes. Its headquarters are in Lubyanka Square, Moscow's centre, in the main building of the former KGB. The Director of the FSB since 2008 is army general Aleksandr Bortnikov.

Notes

Other websites 
 Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, official homepage in Russian
 Poison pins, rocks and fake logs: the secret arsenal of a long, silent war by Jeremy Page, The Times, March 02, 2006

Russian intelligence agencies
National security
Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Prussian astronomer. People know Copernicus for his ideas about the sun and the earth. His main idea was that our world is heliocentric (helios = sun). His theory was that the sun is in the middle of the solar system, and the planets go around it. This was published in his book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in the year that he died.

Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Thorn (Toruń) in Royal Prussia, a mainly German-speaking state that was ruled by the Polish king since 1466. He was the son of the merchant Niklas Koppernigk and his wife Barbara Koppernigk (born Barbara Watzenrode). His native language was German. He was taught first in Cracow and then in Italy, where he graduated as a lawyer of the church. He also studied medicine to serve his fellow clerics. Copernicus spent most of his life working and researching in Frauenburg (Frombork), Warmia, where he died in 1543.
Copernicus was one of the great polymaths of his age. He was a priest, mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, jurist, physician, classical scholar, governor, administrator, diplomat, and economist . During all these jobs, he treated astronomy as a hobby. However, his doctrine of heliocentrism that the sun, rather than the earth, is at the center of the solar system, is one of the most important scientific hypotheses in history. It was the beginning of modern astronomy.

Related pages
Copernicium

Other websites 

Primary sources

 

General
 Portraits of Copernicus: Portrait ; Nicolaus Copernicus 
 Copernicus and Astrology  — Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers.
 Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus
 'Body of Copernicus' identified — BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull
About De Revolutionibus
 The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus
 De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition — Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University
 The text of the De Revolutionibus 

Legacy
 Chasing Copernicus: The book nobody read — was one of the greatest scientific works really ignored? All things considered. NPR
 Copernicus and his Revolutions — A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus
 Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition

Notes

References 

1473 births
1543 deaths
Astronomers
A projection in geometry is something like finding a shadow that an object casts onto another object. When a three-dimensional sphere is projected onto a plane, its projection will either be a circle or an ellipse.

In higher mathematics, projections are more broad. A projection is an idempotent function from a set onto a subset. When a function is idempotent, it means that no matter how many (positive) times one uses the map, it is the same as using the map one time.

Often, projections pick coordinate from elements in a Cartesian product. For example,  can denote the map defined by .

Mathematics
Drizzle is the name given to light rain. The drop size of drizzle is smaller than that of rain, about 0.5 mm (millimeters) in diameter.

References

Precipitation

de:Regen#Sprühregen
sv:Regn#Duggregn
For the NHL team, see Tampa Bay Lightning
For the World War II fighter, see P-38 Lightning

Lightning is a very powerful electrical discharge made during a thunderstorm. The electric current makes the air very hot.  The suddenly heated air expands very quickly, which causes thunder.  Sometimes lightning happens between clouds.  Sometimes (in the rain) lightning goes from cloud to ground. If it goes from cloud to ground, it can strike a person. Around 2000 people are struck by lightning each year. A few of them are not killed.
About 50 to 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth every second. Lightning has hit the Empire State Building as many as 500 times a year.
When lightning strikes, the surface rubs electrons from the lightning, and a spark of electricity shoots from the lightning to the surface. In a thunderstorm, the lower cloud has as many as 100 million volts of electricity. This electricity is given out either within the cloud, to the ground, to another cloud, or into the air. Lightning has been known to travel from the ground upwards to the cloud. In 1993, scientists discovered lightning bolts that shot upward from the top of a cumulonimbus cloud.

People can make and study lightning with a Tesla coil or a Van de Graaff Generator.
Franklin experiment 
Benjamin Franklin experimented with electricity and was interested in lightning. He discovered many things about lightning. In 1772, he was the first to show that a thunderstorm lets out electricity. In his book he suggested an experiment to test it. Joseph Priestley said that Franklin flew a kite to prove the presence of electricity in the storm, using a dry silk string to protect himself from the electricity in the wet hemp kitestring.

Related pages 
 Ball lightning
 Helicopter-triggered lightning strikes

References

Other websites 

 Central Florida's "Lightning Stalker" photography 
 How Lightning Works at HowStuffWorks
 Positive lightning photography from Florida
 http://science1.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/essd18jun99_1/ 

Weather
Electricity
Roseau is the capital city of the Caribbean island of Dominica. It is home to more than fourteen thousand people.

National capitals in North America
Settlements in Dominica

Roseau (Dominican Creole: Wozo) is the capital and largest city of Dominica, with a population of 14,725 as of 2011.[1] It is a small and compact urban settlement, in the Saint George parish and surrounded by the Caribbean Sea, the Roseau River and Morne Bruce. Built on the site of the ancient Island Carib village of Sairi, it is the oldest and most important urban settlement on the island of Dominica.

It is on the west (leeward) coast of Dominica and has a combination of modern and colonial French architecture.
Roseau is Dominica's most important port for foreign trade. Some exports include bananas, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges, and cocoa. The service sector is also a large part of the local economy. There are several private institutions registered in Dominica, like Ross University, Ballsbridge University, international university for graduate studies, All Saints University, New World University, Western Orthodox University.

There is a prominent diocese called Roman Catholic Diocese of Roseau.
An event is something which happens or takes place. An event is brief, possibly extremely brief. Contrast with a process, which takes time. 

Alternate meaning: an important activity, an item in a program, or the program as a whole.

Culture
 A special occasion, such as a wedding or other party, is a social event.
Science 
 In physics (and in some kinds of philosophy), an event occurs at a point in time which can be distinguished because the state of the world changed.  Something was different before and after the event. 
 In special relativity (and general relativity), an event is a point in the spacetime continuum, i.e. it has a position in space and time.
 In experimental particle physics, an event refers to a set of elementary particle interactions recorded in a brief span of time.
 In probability a possible outcome of an experiment is called an elementary event, while a set of those (a subset of all) is called simply an event. (See event (probability theory).)
 In palaeontology, one speaks of extinction events.
Telecommunications 
 In information processing, an event is a change in the properties received by an observer after being transmitted from an object.
 In computer science, an event is a software message that indicates something has happened. See event-driven programming. A number of protocols, such as MIDI, are also event-based.
For the computer software named Paint, see Microsoft Paint
Paint is the general term for liquid that is used to add colour to the surface of an object by covering it with a pigmented (coloured) coating.  As a verb, painting means "applying paint" (putting paint onto something). Someone who paints is called a painter.

Paint is made from a coloured pigment which is usually a powder. The powder is made from different chemicals. Some of the pigments come straight from natural things like clay. The pigment must be made wet by mixing it with something that will make it stick onto the surface and not come off easily. The wet stuff is called the "medium" or "vehicle". Water-based paints are mixed with water. Other paints are mixed with oils or chemicals of different sorts. Most painters buy paint that is already mixed. House-painters use paint already mixed in large cans. Artists buy paint in tubes. Some artists buy dry pigment and mix it for themselves.
Paint must be allowed to dry. Some paints such as watercolour, dries in a few minutes. Other paints, such as artist's oil paint, can take days or even weeks to dry. Most other types of paints fit between these two. Many types of paint are best if they are put on in several layers. The painter must first prepare the surface so it is smooth, clean and dry. The first layer of paint is often an "undercoat" or "ground" which is smooth and sticks very well. The coloured paints are put on over the top. A house-painter who is using oil paint on a wooden window frame might used three layers of paint to give very good protection from the weather. Other types of modern house paint only need one layer, particularly on the inside. Artists using oil paint and tempera often use many layers to get just the right effect.

Uses of paint 

Paint has four important uses.
Protection 
Paint is used to protect all sorts of buildings and structures from the effects of water and sun. Wooden buildings such as houses are usually painted because a coat of paint prevents water seeping into the wood and making it rot. The paint also helps to prevent the wood from drying out in the hot sun.

Metal structures and objects of all sorts are painted to stop them from rusting. A very large steel structure such as a bridge must have a team of painters who keep the paint in good condition all the time.

Decoration 
Paint is used to decorate all sorts of objects. Since pre-historic times, people have painted the inside walls of their houses to make them look attractive. Painting and decorating the exterior (outside) and interior (inside) of houses is an important industry in many countries. There are many types and colours of paint to chose from.
All sorts of other objects are painted to make them attractive. This includes furniture, toys, tools and utensils, and street fittings. Sometimes things made of wood such as furniture are painted in decorative patterns. In some countries, many people enjoy decorating furniture and other small things like trays and boxes. This is one form of what is often called Folk Art. In other countries such as Japan, painting furniture is a very skilled profession and an antique piece of decorated furniture is very valuable. 
Other people enjoy the hobby of painting small objects such as model planes or soldiers.

Art 
 
Paintings are pictures that are done in paint. Many different types of paint are used for paintings. They include tempera, oil paint, gouache, watercolours and acrylic paints. The paintings are usually done on board, canvas or paper. Many other famous paintings are done on the walls and ceilings of buildings, such as the Sistine Chapel ceiling which was painted by Michelangelo.
Many artists are famous for their painted pictures. Old, beautiful and famous paintings are very valuable and are sometimes sold for millions of dollars. Famous painters include Giotto, Leonardo da Vinci, Titian and Rembrandt.

Information 
Paint is a very good way to give important information to people, using painted signs. Painted signs include lane markings on the road, street signs of all sorts, advertising signs and warning signs.

Related pages
 Tempera 
 Oil paint
 Oil painting 
 Watercolour

References

Other websites 

 History of Paint 

Basic English 850 words
For the American singer, see Marc Anthony.

Mark Antony (Latin: Marcus Antonius, 14 January circa 82 BC – 1 August 30 BC), was a Roman patrician from an upper-class family. He became a general and politician. He was an important supporter of Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator.

Enemy of the state, and the second triumvirate

After Caesar's assassination, Antony, left as sole Consul, surrounded himself with a bodyguard of Caesar's veterans. He forced the senate to transfer to him the province of Cisalpine Gaul, at the time administered by Brutus, one of the conspirators. Brutus refused to surrender the province and Antony set out to attack him in the beginning of 43 BC, besieging him at Mutina. 

Encouraged by Cicero, the Senate denounced Antony. In January 43 they granted Octavian imperium (commanding power), and sent him to relieve the siege. In April 43, Antony's forces were defeated at the battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina, forcing Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul.
News came that Brutus and Cassius were assembling an army in order to march on Rome. Antony, Octavian and Lepidus joined as allies, in November 43 BC, to stop Caesar's assassins. The trio were the Second Triumvirate. Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Antony and Octavian at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC. After the battle, a new arrangement was made: while Octavian returned to Rome, Antony went on to govern the east of the Republic. Lepidus went to govern Hispania (Spain) and the province of Africa. The triumvirate's enemies were subjected to proscription, including Mark Antony's archenemy Cicero, who was killed on 7 December 43 BC.

Egypt 
Antony followed in Caesar's footsteps by going to Egypt and becoming Cleopatra's lover. They had three children together. His absence from Rome allowed the intelligent Octavian to build up support.
The triumvirate broke up in 33 BC, and disagreement turned to civil war in 31 BC. Antony was defeated by Octavian at the naval Battle of Actium and then at Alexandria. He committed suicide, as did his lover, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, in 30 BC.

William Shakespeare wrote a play "Antony and Cleopatra" based on this historical event.

References 

Antony, Mark
83 BC births
30 BC deaths
Digg.com is a social news, sharing, discovering, bookmarking and rating information website. Digg started out as a popular technology news sharing destination.

Topics  

Digg allows users to submit 3 types of topic:
News Article
Image
Video

How Digg Works 

The Digg website works by allowing users to vote topic up (Digging);then displays popular stories on the front page of Digg.

Other websites 
 Digg.com

Websites
A crossword, or crossword puzzle, is a popular type of puzzle that uses words. They are usually found in newspapers, magazines, and in books which contain a collection of them. They can also be played over the Internet and using mobile apps.

The first crossword puzzle was created by Arthur Wynne, a journalist from Liverpool. It first appeared in the December 21, 1913 issue of the New York World. Today, there are many newspapers and magazines that are known for their crossword puzzles, such as the New York Times.  A different crossword is typically printed every day or in every issue, and the answer (or solution) is either found somewhere else or often is not seen until the next day or issue.
How to play
A traditional crossword is made up of black and white squares, called a grid. All the white squares appear in horizontal rows or vertical columns, but are not always separated with black squares. Another way to say this is that every white square must have at least one other white square touching it on any side. The kind of crossword that appears in newspapers and magazines, such as the one in the image, often has lots of white squares beside each other.

The goal of solving the puzzle is to write different words, letter-by-letter, in the white squares. Next to the grid is a list of clues. The answer to each clue is a word or sometimes a phrase. The place in the grid where the answer to each clue should go is shown by a number and the direction in which the answer appears, for example, "1 Across" or "15 Down". Many computer programs have been created to find the answers to these clues.
There are many types of crosswords. Straight (or Quick) crosswords are usually made up of simple definitions - which means that other words are used to describe the answer. Some crosswords, called cryptic crosswords, use riddles and word play and are usually more difficult than straight crosswords.

Example
Here is a small example of a (British-style) straight crossword:

Across
1.  Sheep sound (3)
3.  Neither liquid nor gas (5)
5.  Humour (3)

Down
1.  Road passenger transport (3)
2.  Permit (5)
4.  Short for "Dorothy" (3)

The solution (answer) to this crossword is:

Related pages
Word games
Puzzles
Sudoku

Other websites 

The Crossword Centre
Daily crossword puzzles, Online crossword help and Crossword solutions
FindTheWord.info  Online crossword help

Puzzles
Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof,  (; born 5 October 1951) is an Irish singer, songwriter, and political activist. He was born in Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin. Geldof is a member of the band the Boomtown Rats. He also helped to organise the Live Aid and Live 8 events, and to form the Band Aid charity group. He also served as an actor for the Pink Floyd film The Wall, a musical about the album titled the same.

Geldof was married to Paula Yates from 1986 until they divorced in 1996. They had three daughters together, Fifi Trixibelle (born 1983), Peaches (1989-2014) and Little Pixie (born 1990). In 1996, Yates had a daughter called Tiger by her partner Michael Hutchence, who died in 1997. Yates died in 2000. Geldof adopted their daughter. He lives in Battersea, London with Tiger and his partner Jeanne Marine.

He has an honorary knighthood. Because he is not a British citizen, he may never be called "Sir." He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 and 2008.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Brit Award winners
Irish rock musicians
Irish singer-songwriters
Musicians from Dublin
Political activists
1951 births
Living people
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
New wave singers
Irish activists
Bullseye is a British television game show. It is hosted by Jim Bowen. In Bullseye, people play darts and answer questions to win money. The person who wins the most money has a chance to win Bully's special prize. It ran from 1981 to 1995 on ITV and there was another series in 2006 on Challenge, hosted by Dave Spikey. The series ran on ATN in Great Britain from 1987 to 1996, hosted by Robert Shukoff.

Other websites 
 

1981 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
1980s British television series
1990s British television series
2000s British television series
ITV game shows
Darts
English-language television programs
Coronation Street (commonly known as Corrie) is the longest-running television soap opera in the United Kingdom. It began on 9 December 1960. It is one of the two most popular soap operas in the UK, the other being EastEnders (since 1985). It has won many awards. It is set in Weatherfield, a fictional town based on inner-city Salford. It is currently filmed in Salford Quays, It used to be filmed at Granada Studios in Manchester from 1960 to 2014. William Roache has played Ken Barlow in it since the very first episode in 1960 by Tony Warren. He has acted in the show for longer than anyone else. Eileen Derbyshire, who played Emily Bishop, started in 1961 and departed in 2016 and returned for one appearance in 2019. Rita Sullivan played by Barbara Knox first appeared in one episode in 1964 and returned in 1972 and has continued as a regular cast member ever since. Gail Platt played by Helen Worth, who was at first meant to be a very small character, has appeared continuously since 1974
. There are six half-hour episodes a week: two on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. There have been more than 5000 characters in the show's history.
The soap opera is shown in many countries around the world. In the UK it is on ITV, the third television channel.

Compare The Market was the show's sponsor from 2012 until 2020. Since 2021, Argos has been the show's sponsor.

The video of the 1984 Queen single "I Want to Break Free" parodies the show's characters.

Characters

References

Other websites 

1960 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960 television series debuts‏‎
1960s British television series
1960s drama television series
1970s British television series
1970s drama television series
1980s British drama television series
1990s British drama television series
2000s British drama television series
2010s British drama television series
British soap operas
ITV television programmes
Television series set in Manchester
 
English-language television programs
European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) is the name for a kind of fish. They are a commercially important flatfish. They live on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf.  Its geographical range is from the Barents Sea to the Mediterranean. Plaice are characterised by their smooth, brown skin, red spots and bony ridge behind the eyes.
The fish  feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans and bivalves. They can be found down to about 200 m.

Gastronomy
In England they are often used as the fish in fish and chips.
In Danish cuisine they are one of the most commonly eaten fishes. Filleted, battered and pan-fried plaice is popular hot or cold as an open sandwich topping together with remoulade sauce and lemon slices. Battered plaice can also be served hot with french fries and remoulade sauce as a main dish; this fish and chips variant is commonly available as a children's special in Danish restaurants.  Breaded frozen plaice, ready to be baked or fried at home, are readily available in supermarkets.  Fresh plaice is also oven-baked.

Other websites 
 Information about plaice 

Flatfish
Edible fish
Plaice is the common name of three species of flatfishes:

 Alaska plaice, Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus.
 American plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides.
 European plaice, Pleuronectes platessa

Plaice can also mean:

 USS Plaice (SS-390), a Balao-class submarine
 PLAICE, an open source hardware FLASH programmer, memory emulator, and logic analyzer
In a group or society, a taboo is something that is not acceptable to talk about or do.  An activity or behavior can be taboo in one culture, but not in another.  Some things like cannibalism and sexual relationships between siblings are taboo in almost all societies.  Sometimes even talking about taboos is taboo.  Some taboos may also be against the law, and people who break them may be punished. Breaking taboos can seem rude, and can cause embarrassment or shame.

Origins of the word 

The English word “taboo” comes from the Tongan word tapu or the Fijian word tabu. These words usually mean "not allowed", or "forbidden". In its current use in Tonga, the word tapu also translates to "sacred" or "holy", this means something that is protected by custom or by law.  For example, the main island in the Kingdom of Tonga, where the capital Nuku'alofa is located and most of the population resides, is called "Tongatapu".
Its first recorded use in English dates back to 1777. An English explorer, Captain James Cook, went to a place he named "the Friendly Islands" (now Tonga). Writing about the Tongans, he wrote:

Some Solomon Islanders say that their languages have a word tabu (said like "ta-boo") that means “holy.”  This word refers to places in the bush where holy spirits live.  Local customs say that nobody should disturb these places unless a ceremony or ritual is taking place.  As taboo, they are places that should not be touched.

Common taboos
Common taboos 

Many world religions have taboos about food.  Islam and Judaism both say there are some foods which people should never eat.  A halal diet does not include any of the foods that are taboo in Islam.  A kosher diet does not include any of the foods that are taboo in Judaism.  Other religions say that people should be vegetarians.  In these religions, eating meat is taboo. Many societies also have taboos about food.  For example, cannibalism is taboo in most societies in the world.

Some sexual activities, gender roles, and relationships are taboo in many religions, societies, and cultures.  For example, fornication, adultery, endogamy violations, miscegenation, homosexuality, incest, bestiality, pedophilia, necrophilia and other paraphilias are taboo in many groups.
In many societies, performing bodily functions in public is taboo.  Taboo activities in public might include burping, flatulence, defecation, urination, masturbation, nosepicking, and spitting.  In some societies, menstruation is taboo, and women are expected not to talk about it in public.

Some religions say that certain types of genitalia are taboo.   For example, Judaism says that boys should be circumcised.  In some societies, having sex reassignment surgery is taboo.

Pornography, nudity, drug addiction, alcoholism, slavery, and vulgarity are taboo in many societies.  Some cultures see certain gestures as taboo.

In some groups and societies, talking about race or racism is taboo.

Origin 
There are two major theories about why taboos exist.  The '’Anthropological approach’’ says that taboos are the result of history and culture.  The ‘’Psychoanalytical approach’’ says there are psychological reasons for why taboos exist.
Anthropological approach 
The anthropological approach says that taboos are the result of history and certain cultural experiences. Steven Pinker, A psychologist and writer, says that taboos have developed culturally from more basic instincts. He thinks that humans have a reflex to feel disgust when they see some things that carry disease (including dead bodies).  He says that people created taboos regarding the dead because of this natural disgust for dead bodies. He thinks that some actions can also cause this reflex of disgust. He says many people have a reflex of disgust about incest (sexual relationships between family members). For this reason, taboos about incest developed.
Psychoanalytical approach 
The psychoanalytical approach says that taboos exist because of people’s unconscious thoughts and feelings.  For example, Sigmund Freud thought that children naturally have sexual desires towards family members.  In his book ‘’Totem and Taboo,’’ Freud wrote that taboos about incest developed to make sure people would not act on these sexual desires.   Freud thought that incest and patricide are the only “universal” taboos (meaning these behaviors are taboo in almost all societies and cultures).  He said that these taboos formed the basis of modern societies.

German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt explains that taboos come from people’s fear of a "demonic" power.  When people think this demonic power lies hidden in an object, that object becomes taboo. Sigmund Freud disagreed.  Freud thought that Wundt’s ideas did not consider the psychological reasons for taboos. Writing about the history of taboos, Freud said:
"Taboos, we must suppose, are prohibitions of primæval antiquity which were at some time externally imposed upon a generation of primitive men; they must, that is to say, no doubt have been impressed on them violently by the previous generation. These prohibitions must have concerned activities towards which there was a strong inclination. They must then have persisted from generation to generation, perhaps merely as a result of tradition transmitted through parental and social authority."

Freud added: "Anyone who has violated a taboo becomes taboo himself because he possesses the dangerous quality of tempting others to follow his example."

Related pages

 Censorship

 Etiquette or manners

 Morality and ethics

 Paraphilia
 Prejudice
 Shunning
 Sin
 Social stigma
 Taboo food and drink
 Totem and taboo

References

Sources 
 
  Globus, 59: [181ff.]
  [562ff.]
 
 
 
  [1st ed., 1913.]
 
 Kulick and Willson, Taboo: Sex, Identity, and Erotic Subjectivity in Anthropological Fieldwork 1995
Other websites 
 Review of taboos around the world and their history
 Tolerance.org- December 2006 Controversial subjects in the classroom 
 Buddhists Against Reincarnation
 Did Sean Salisbury said "Jew" or "chew"? Ethnic slurs and terms are notably taboo in today's society. 
 Cinematical blog: Censoring "G-D" on airline movies? 
 Taboos in modern society 

Sociology
Society
Flatfish are a type of fish. There are several different kinds of flatfish. Some of them are fished commercially, like flounder, sole, turbot, plaice, and halibut.

All flatfish are rather flat, and are ray-finned fish. During their evolution, their eyes have moved so that they are on the same side, which the fish keeps uppermost. They swim like this, and can hide in the sand waiting for prey on the ocean floor. They have a capacity for dynamic camouflage, which is under nervous control, and can change in 'real time' to match their background.

The Order Pleuronectiformes is in the infraclass Teleostei. But it is best to look upon it as a group of fish which are adapted to the same habitat. They share those features which suit their life-style. They have both eyes on one side of the head: the upper side. This is their main adaptation to living on the seabed (benthos). Other distinguishing features are the protrusible eyes: they can stick the eyes up a bit to see round.

Evolution
Evolution 

The flatfish life-style or 'habit' evolved several times independently, and so the group is polyphyletic. Their young are perfectly symmetrical, but the head is remodelled during a metamorphosis. One eye moves to the other side, close to the other eye. Some species have both eyes on the left (turbot), some on the right (halibut, sole); all living and most fossil flatfish to date show an 'eyed' side and a 'blind' side.
Amphistium is a 50-million-year-old fossil fish which has been identified as an early relative of the flatfish, and as a transitional fossil. In Amphistium, the transition from the typical symmetrical head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top-center of the head. Paleontologists concluded that "the change happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution by natural selection.

Today a large number of fish from various groups are flatfish. One report says over 800 species in 16 families of fish are flatfish.

References 

 
Edible fish
Mimicry
Trey is a frequently used name for male children in the United States. It is a concise and straightforward name with a significant historical background. The name Trey is derived from the Latin term "tres," which translates to "three." It is commonly employed as a moniker for boys who are the third-born in their family or were born on the third day of the month. Nonetheless, the name Trey has evolved over time to have a wider connotation and is now frequently used as a standalone name.  The pronunciation of the name is [ trey ].  This name was ranked #653 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People
People

 Trey Anastasio, an American guitarist, composer and singer
 Trey Azagthoth, a guitarist for death metal band Morbid Angel
 Trey Gunn, a member of the band King Crimson
 Trey Junkin, a former American football player
 Trey Parker, creator of South Park
 Trey Spruance, an American musician
 Trey Teague, an American football player
 Trey Wingo, an American sportscaster
 Trey Gowdy, American television news personality, former politician, and former federal prosecutor
 Trey Songz, American R&B singer
 Trey Lyles, Canadian basketball player
 Trey Mancini, American professional baseball first baseman and outfielder
 Trey Lewis, NFL Defensive Tackle

Other
 Trey of Triforia, a character in Power Rangers: Zeo
 Trey, Vaud, a commune in Vaud, Switzerland
 Standard Anglo-American playing cards of rank three, as in "the trey of hearts"

References
A monopoly (from the Greek monos, one + polein, to sell) is when a product or service can only be bought from one supplier for a specific market.  If other firms serve the market, they may be too small compared to the largest, thus allowing the large firm to have a lot of market power. A monopoly usually happens when there is no economic competition to produce the product or service and there is no available substitutes to the product or service.

In economics, a monopoly is a single producer of a product or service. In law, a monopoly is a firm that has a lot of market power and is able to charge very high prices for a product or service. As long as the firm has a lot of market power, it does not matter if the firm is large or small, as size is not used to decide if a firm is a monopoly.
A monopoly can be formed by the government, by merging a few firms to form a large one, or form naturally to become a natural monopoly. In many places, utilities such as telephone service or cable television are monopolies, as it is very costly to build the infrastructure for another firm to compete in the market. Such natural monopolies is hence allowed by the government, but is usually strictly controlled to prevent the monopoly from charging a very high price for a product or service.

Many countries, including the United States, have laws to stop companies from having a monopoly or to limit the actions that they can do as a monopoly.
Features of a monopoly 
In classical economics, a monopoly does this:
 Profit maximization: Just like any other firm, a monopoly tries to make their profits as big as possible and will produce an output where the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves meet.
 Price setter: With a strong market power, the monopoly is able to set prices for their output based on the demand and supply of the market.
 High barriers to entry: There are things that stop other firms from entering the market. These things can be either "natural barriers" or "artificial barriers".

Monopoly model and efficiency 

A monopoly is a type of firm that wants to make its profits as big as possible, and as the market does not have any other large firms, the monopoly is able to set prices on their products or services. Hence, the monopoly would set a price that would maximize the profits that they gain, but cause the consumers to have to pay more for the same good.
Depending on the total cost that the monopoly has, a monopoly may be able to earn supernormal profits in the long run. This thus allows the monopoly to have money to do costly innovation or become more cost efficient in producing the products or services. However, there are people who believe that a monopoly may become complacent and not do innovation at all as there is no competition in the market.

Natural monopoly 

A natural monopoly can happen when there is very high barriers to entry that it is not profitable for more firms to enter the market for the level of demand that is present in the market. A natural monopoly keeps getting increasing economies of scale for the level of demand in the market, and relatively high fixed costs. The average cost of production would then keep decreasing for the whole demand of the product or service. It is thus cheaper for a single firm to produce the product or service, as it would not be profitable for two or more firms to be in the market.
A natural monopoly is similar to a normal monopoly and can be inefficient. Hence, governments tend to make laws that controls what the natural monopoly does, mainly to set prices at an affordable level.

Related pages
 Constitutional economics
 Political economy

References 

Economic history
Economic theories
Macroeconomics
Market failure
Market forms
Pluto is a fictional dog that belongs to Mickey Mouse. He is a golden-yellow mutt with a green collar. He was introduced in the 1930s and got his name from the dwarf planet Pluto.

Pluto taught many kids lessons such as sharing, not to have jealousy, and many others.  Pluto was very energetic. Pluto was created by Walt Disney.

Filmography
Just Dogs
Mother Pluto
Pluto's Quin-puplets
Bone Trouble
Pantry Pirate
Pluto's Playmate
Pluto Junior
The Army Mascot
The Sleep Walker
T-Bone for Two
Pluto at the Zoo
Private Pluto
Springtime for Pluto
First Aiders
Dog Watch
Canine Casanova
The Legend of Coyote Rock
Canine Patrol
Pluto's Kid Brother
In Dutch
The Purloined Pup
Pluto's Housewarming
Rescue Dog
Mail Dog
Pluto's Blue Note
Bone Bandit
Pluto's Purchase
Cat Nap Pluto
Pluto's Fledgling
Pueblo Pluto
Pluto's Surprise Package
Pluto's Sweater
Bubble Bee
Sheep Dog
Pluto's Heart Throb
Pluto and the Gopher
Wonder Dog
Primitive Pluto
Puss Café
Pests of the West
Food for Feudin'
Camp Dog
Cold Storage
Plutopia
Cold Turkey
Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Fictional dogs
Mickey Mouse universe characters
An even number is an integer that can be divided by two and remain an integer or has no remainder. For example,  is an even number, because , and  is an integer.

Definition 
If an even number is divided by two, the result is another integer. Another way to say this is that even numbers are divisible by two. If  is an even number, we can write this as , which means " divides ".

An integer that is not an even number is an odd number. The quality of being odd or even is called the parity of a number.

Since even numbers are integers, negative numbers can be even. For example,  is an even negative number. Also,  is an even number, because .

Related pages

 Odd number

Numbers
Number theory
Arithmetics
Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday) is a festival held the day before Ash Wednesday (shrove Tuesday) which signifies the end of the Carnival season and the start of Lent. Many cities (especially those with large Catholic populations) like New Orleans are famous for their Mardi Gras. 

During Mardi Gras, almost everyone takes part in celebrating with lavish parades and parties. Many different people celebrate Mardi Gras in their own way, some people have small parties and eat many of the tasty pastries and some people have huge parties and celebrate in a big way. Some of the pastries they eat are called king's cake, hot cross buns, punchskis, tricolor scrolls and thick sugar cookies. There are many more things that other people eat but these are the usual American celebration food for mardi gras. There are so many different parades and kinds of celebrations.

In some countries, including the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, the day is called Shrove Tuesday, Fat Tuesday, Pancake Tuesday or Pancake Day.
Mardi Gras is also celebrated in French speaking countries. 

Festivals
Røldalsvatnet is a lake in Odda, Hordaland, Norway. The length around it is 20.64 km, its area is 6.99 km² and it is 380 meters above sea level.

Lakes of Europe
Bodies of water of Norway
Technorati was a search engine for weblogs.  As of August 2006, Technorati indexed over 55 million sites. 

Technorati was founded by Dave Sifry and its headquarters was in San Francisco, California, USA.

Other websites
Technorati

San Francisco
Search engines
Stuart is a city in the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat of Martin County, part of the Treasure Coast.

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
Astoria is a city in the American state of Oregon. It is named after John Jacob Astor, who started a fur trading post, there in 1811. Many movies have been filmed there like The Goonies, Kindergarten Cop, and Free Willy.

Cities in Oregon
County seats in Oregon
The Goonies is a 1985 American movie about of a group of children living in a part of Astoria, Oregon called The "Goon Docks", who go on a search for a pirate's treasure, to save their neighborhood from being bought and destroyed, to enlarge the (fictional) Astoria Country Club and golf course. The movie was produced by Steven Spielberg and directed by Richard Donner. It stars Sean Astin, Josh Brolin, Corey Feldman, Jonathan Ke Huy Quan, Martha Plimpton, Anne Ramsey, Robert Davi, Joe Pantoliano and Lupe Ontiveros.

Cast