Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Nobel prizes 
 Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian doctor, won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1857)  (d. 1940)

Births

January 

 January 3 – Mario Lanfranchi, Italian movie directors (d. 2022)
 January 30 – Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1986)

February 

 February 7 – Juliette Gréco, French singer and actress (d. 2020)
 February 20 – Sidney Poitier, Bahamian-American actor (d. 2022)
 February 21 – Hubert de Givenchy, French fashion designer (d. 2018)

March 

 March 6 – Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian writer, journalist and Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2014)
 March 17 - Patrick Allen, English actor (d. 2006)
 March 31 – Cesar Chavez, American labor union leader (d. 1993)

April
April 

 April 1 – Ferenc Puskas, Hungarian footballer (d. 2006)
 April 6 – Gerry Mulligan, American musician (d. 1996)
 April 10 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American biochemist, won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (d. 2010)
 April 16 – Pope Benedict XVI (d. 2022)
 April 18 – Tadeusz Mazowiecki, 1st Prime Minister of Poland (d. 2013)

May

June 

June 6- Shefqet Nebih Gashi, Serbian politician
 June 10 – László Kubala, Hungarian footballer (d. 2002)
 June 15 – Hugo Pratt, Italian author and illustrator (d. 1995)

July 

 July 4 – Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress
 July 4 – Neil Simon, American playwright, writer, academic (d. 2018)
 July 6 – Janet Leigh, American actress (d. 2004)
 July 13 – Simone Veil, 12th President of the European Parliament (d. 2017)

August 

 August 18 – Rosalynn Carter, First Lady of the United States
 August 21 – Thomas S. Monson, American religious leader, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 2018)

September
September 

 September 16 – Peter Falk, American actor, (d. 2011)

October 

 October 14 – Roger Moore, English actor (d. 2017)
 October 16 – Günter Grass, German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, and sculptor (d. 2015)
 October 18 - George C. Scott, American actor (d. 1999)

November 

 November 3 – Odvar Nordli, Prime Minister of Norway (d. 2018)
 November 7 – Hiroshi Yamauchi, Japanese businessman, 3rd president of Nintendo (d. 2013)
 November 8 - Patti Page, American singer (d. 2013)
 November 8 – Ken Dodd, English comedian (d. 2018)
 November 8 – Nguyen Khanh, South Vietnamese Prime Minister (d. 2013)
 November 23 – Angelo Sodano, Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 2022)

December 

 December 3 – Andy Williams, American singer (d. 2012)
 December 5 – Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (d. 2016)
 December 10 - Harvey Glatman, American serial killer (d. 1959)
 December 12 – Robert Noyce, American inventor (d. 1990)
 December 25 – Ram Narayan, Indian musician
Events 
 January 4 – The Battle of Monte Cassino begins.
 January 5 – Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk
 January 17 – British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River.
 January 17 – Meat Rationing ends in Australia
 January 20 – The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin; the U.S. Army 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido River.
 January 22 – Allies begin Operation Shingle, the assault on Anzio, Italy. The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months.
 January 27 – The two year Siege of Leningrad is lifted.
 January 29 – The Battle of Cisterna takes place.
 January 30 – United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands.
 January 31 – American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.
Births 
 January 9 - Jimmy Page, English guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
 February 23 – Johnny Winter
 March 1 - Roger Daltrey, English singer (The Who)
 March 28 – Ken Howard (d. 2016)
 April 7 – Gerhard Schröder
 April 9 – Leila Khaled
 May 8 – Gary Glitter
 May 14 – George Lucas
 May 19 – Peter Mayhew (d. 2019)
 June 4 - Michelle Phillips, American singer and musician (The Mamas & the Papas)
 July 13 – Ernő Rubik
 July 19 - Tim McIntire (d. 1986)
 August 21 - Peter Weir, Australian director
 September 10 – Judit Pogány, Hungarian actress
 September 18 - Veronica Carlson, British actor (d. 2022)
 October 9 - John Entwistle, English bass guitarist (The Who) (d. 2002)
 October 24 – Ray Downs
 November 2 - Michael Buffer, American ring announcer
 November 2 - Keith Emerson, English keyboardist (Emerson, Lake & Palmer) (d. 2016)
 November 10 - Sir Tim Rice, English lyricist
 November 25 – Ben Stein
Deaths 
  7 January 1944  – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States
  21 July 1944   – Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, German army officer
  14 October 1944  – Erwin Rommel, German army officer
  26 October 1944  Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom Princess Henry of Battenberg youngest daughter and youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha
New books 
An American Dilemma – Gunnar Myrdal
Au rendez-vous allemand – (To the German Rendezvous) – Paul Éluard
A Bell for Adano – John Hersey
Beyond the Palisade (poetry) – James K. Baxter
The Book of Imaginary Beings – Jorge Luis Borges
Book of Naturalists – Charles William Beebe
The Case of Mrs. Wingate – Oscar Micheaux 
Dangling Man – Saul Bellow 
The Dawn Appears – Annie Greene Nelson
Friday's Child – Georgette Heyer
The Golden Fleece – Robert von Ranke Graves
The Horse's Mouth – Joyce Cary
Johnny Tremain – Esther Forbes
The Lost Weekend – Charles R. Jackson
Our Lady of the Flowers – Jean Genet 
The Razor's Edge – W. Somerset Maugham 
The Tall Book of Nursery Tales – Feodor Rojankovsky
Terras do Sem Fim (The Violent Land) – Jorge Amado
Thou That Dwellest in the Gardens – Hayyim Hazaz
Two Frontiers (poetry) – Edwin James Bradley

Nobel prizes
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Joseph Erlanger, American doctor, (1874-1965), and Herbert Gasser, American doctor (1888-1963)
The Rolling Stones are an English rock band that formed in London in 1962. The band members were: Mick Jagger (rhythm guitar and vocals), Keith Richards (lead and rhythm guitar and vocals), Brian Jones (lead guitar), and Bill Wyman (bass guitar). The band has been influenced by American blues and rock musicians like Howlin' Wolf,  Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Muddy Waters. In the beginning they had their first hits with covers versions of songs of those artists. Along with the Beatles and the Kinks, they helped to lead the British Invasion of the early to mid 1960s.

Their fame rose quickly in 1965 with the song "The Last Time." The song "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" became a world-wide hit for the band. It was followed up by songs like "19th Nervous Breakdown" and "Paint It Black". In the 1967 they experimented with a psychedelic music style. But in 1968 they went back to a harder rock style with songs like "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and "Honky Tonk Women."
In 1969, Brian Jones was fired from the band due to his growing drug addictions. A few weeks later Jones was found dead in his swimming pool. A highly respected young blues guitarist named Mick Taylor was named as his replacement. Taylor played on some of the band's most successful songs of the late 1960s and early 1970s including the hits "Brown Sugar", "Tumbling Dice", and "It's Only Rock n' Roll." Taylor left the band in 1974. Ronnie Wood was hired as Taylor's replacement and he has been with the band ever since. Long time bassist Bill Wyman retired from the band in 1992.

The band remained active as a consistently successful recording and touring act throughout the 1980s and 1990s and into the 2000s. In total they have released 30 studio albums, 33 live albums 121 singles, 29 compilation albums, 32 box sets, 48 video albums and 77 music videos.
In 1989 The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. And in 2004 they were ranked number 4 in Rolling Stone Magazines list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time."

In 2013 the group performed on the main stage at the Glastonbury Festival for the first time.

The Rolling Stones member Charlie Watts died in 2021.

Notable LP-albums
 England's Newest Hit Makers (1964)
 12 X 5 (1964)
 The Rolling Stones, Now! (1965)
 Out of Our Heads (1965)
 December's Children (And Everybody's) (1965)
 Aftermath (1966)
 Between the Buttons (1967)
 Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967)
 Beggars Banquet (1968)
 Let It Bleed (1969)
 Sticky Fingers (1971)
 Exile on Main St. (1972)
 Goats Head Soup (1973)
 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974)
 Black and Blue (1976)
 Some Girls (1978)
 Emotional Rescue (1980)
 Tattoo You (1981)
 Undercover (1983)
 Dirty Work (1986)
 Steel Wheels (1989)
 Voodoo Lounge (1994)
 Bridges to Babylon (1997)
 A Bigger Bang (2005)
 Blue and Lonesome (2016)
 Hackney Diamonds (2023)
References

Other websites
Hear the Rolling Stones on the Pop Chronicles

1960s British music groups
1962 establishments in England
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
2020s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1962
Musical groups from London
Black Sabbath were an English heavy metal band. They are considered to be the inventors of heavy metal. They helped start the genre in the late 1960s and early 1970s. They have sold over 70 million albums worldwide.
The original lineup for the band was Ozzy Osbourne (vocals), Tony Iommi (guitar), Terence "Geezer" Butler (bass) and Bill Ward (drums).
History 
Black Sabbath formed in 1968. The band was originally named Polka Tulk Blues Band. After that it was shortened to Polka Tulk. They decided after that to name themselves Earth which Osbourne hated. They played blues-rock music. Tony Iommi had a work accident that cut off the tips of his middle and ring finger on his right hand. He started tuning his guitar lower to make its strings looser. This made it easier for him to play the guitar. Because of this, his guitar had a darker, deeper sound. The band thought this made their music sound dark and scary. Their music also had unusual key changes and time signatures (metre). They released their first album, Black Sabbath, in 1970. Their most successful single, named "Paranoid" came from their second album of the same name, which was supposed to be named War Pigs. It was produced by Rodger Bain and released in 1970. After that album, they got a huge suitcase full of money so they could buy more drugs and they got more studio time.
Their third album was named Master of Reality. It was released in 1971. The album sounded even more doomy than the first two albums. Their fourth album in 1972 was meant to be named Snowblind, but their record label did not want to release an album named after a song that references cocaine. The record label named it Black Sabbath Vol. 4 instead. Their fifth album, Sabbath Bloody Sabbath, came out in 1973. It was the first of their albums to get good reviews from critics, although their opinion of the first four albums also changed to become much more positive over time.

In 1975, Sabbath released Sabotage, which featured some longer more progressive songs, and had a less doomy sound. This change in sound continued with 1976's Technical Ecstasy, which received mixed reviews. Osbourne lost interest in the band and left for a short time. After that ex-Fleetwood Mac singer Dave Walker was the lead vocalist. Osbourne decided to rejoin in time their eighth album titled Never Say Die!. It got ok reviews.
Ozzy was fired from the band in 1979 because of his drug and alcohol addiction. Ronnie James Dio had just left Rainbow (band) and met Sharon Osbourne at a bar. He ended up replacing him. The band recorded two studio albums and one live album with him. The first studio album of the two, Heaven And Hell, was considered a return to success and musical form. drummer Bill Ward left midway through the Heaven & Hell tour due to alcohol addiction. Carmine Appice almost replaced him, but decided to let his younger brother Vinny Appice join instead as he was a huge fan of Sabbath. Carmine later joined Ozzy’s solo band replacing drummer Tommy Aldridge. Appice stayed for another album and tour. Dio and Appice got upset with the other members of the band due to the mixing of Live Evil. Dio and Appice left Black Sabbath in 1982 and formed Dio. Ward rejoined for next album, Born Again. He did not tour with the band for the supporting tour of the album
. The drummer hired for the tour was ex-Electric Light Orchestra drummer Bev Bevan. The band hired ex-Deep Purple singer Ian Gillan for Born Again. Gillan reunited with Deep Purple, effectively ending this lineup of Sabbath
In 1987, The Eternal Idol was released with the same lineup but with vocalist Tony Martin on vocals. This lineup lasted for another album, than Dio rejoined. This lineup than would last till Cross Purposes with original bassist Butler on bass. Iommi reunited the Tyr lineup for Forbidden.

In 1992, Ronnie James Dio and Vinny Appice rejoined the band for another album and tour. After that, Tony Iommi reunited the Tyr lineup for another album but with original bassist Butler. In 1994, Butler left the band during the production of Forbidden. In 1997, the original line up reformed and continued to perform occasionally until 2006, when the band went to go do a greatest hits album with Dio. That ended up with a reunion tour and a new album and supporting tour.

In 2005, Black Sabbath were inducted into the "UK Music Hall of Fame". In 2006 the band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
In 2011, the original line up announced they were getting back together to tour and record a new album. However, in February 2012, Ward announced he wouldn't tour and record with them unless he received a good contract for him. He never ended up getting his contract. They went on the road with Tommy Clutefos and for the studio used Rage Against the Machine Drummer Brad Wilk. They were ready to go tour when Tony Iommi got diagnosed with lymphoma. They cancelled all the dates on the reunion tour but one. That tour got replaced by Ozzy and Friends. After Tony Iommi recovered, they went out on a reunion tour. After that ended,they went on a supporting tour for their recently released album, 13. In 2016 they announced that they would embark on a farewell tour called The End tour. It lasted from 2016 to 2017.The band retired after the tour ended. It ended after the last show in Birmingham
. They reunited for a one-off show at the Commonwealth games in Birmingham with touring drummer, Clutefos, keyboardist Adam Wakeman, original lead vocalist Osbourne, and lead guitarist Iommi.
Discography
Studio albums
 Black Sabbath (1970)
 Paranoid (1970)
 Master of Reality (1971)
 Vol. 4 (1972)
 Sabbath Bloody Sabbath (1973)
 Sabotage (1975)
 Technical Ecstasy (1976)
 Never Say Die! (1978)
 Heaven and Hell (1980)
 Mob Rules (1981)
 Born Again (1983)
 Seventh Star (1986)
 The Eternal Idol (1987)
 Headless Cross (1989)
 Tyr (1990)
 Dehumanizer (1992)
 Cross Purposes (1994)
 Forbidden (1995)
 13 (2013)

References

English heavy metal bands
Doom metal bands
Musical groups from Birmingham
English rock bands
1968 establishments in the United Kingdom
2017 disestablishments in Europe
1960s music groups
1970s music groups
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
The watt (symbol: W) is the SI unit of power. It is named in honour of the physicist James Watt (1736–1819).

Definition 

The watt is a method of measuring the rate of energy transfer of an appliance. A one watt lightbulb, for example, will change one joule of electrical energy into light energy (and some heat/sound) every second, thus "consuming" it. It is a measure of an appliance's power (appetite for joules).

The watt is the rate a source of energy uses or produces one joule during one second, so the same quantity may be referred to as a joule per second, with the symbol J/s. It can also be written as kg·m2·s−3. The more watts, the more energy used per second. That is why a higher-watt electrical appliance works faster than a lower-watt appliance.

It is equivalent to one volt ampere (1 V·A) or 1/746 of a horsepower. The power of a light bulb is measured in watts. LEDs have much smaller consumption of power. Example small led can be used by  what can be also written 15 milliwatts.
Watt is a unit of power, joule is a unit of work and energy, and time is a unit of time. An equation for solving Power, Work and Time is Power = Work ÷ Time, Work = Power × Time, or Time = Work ÷ Power.

Kilowatt
1000 watts is called a kilowatt, written as kW. It is also known as (103) watts. In many countries, electric bills are based on how many kilowatt-hours are being used.

Megawatt
1000000 watts is called a megawatt, written as MW. It is also known as (106) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed by a large town.

Gigawatt
1000000000 watts is called a gigawatt, written as GW. It is also known as (109) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed for a power grid.

Example 
If 1000kJ of energy was used to power one lightbulb of 100W, how long will the lightbulb last for using that energy?
Because Time is unknown, but you know the other two, the correct equation would be "Time = Work ÷ Power", then 1,000,000J ÷ 100W = 10000 seconds. Then convert it into proper time and you'll get 2 hours, 46 minutes and 40 seconds.

Units of power
SI derived units
Koblenz is a city in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany with about 107,000 inhabitants. It is the third biggest city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and one of its main centres. Koblenz is the base of the Campus Koblenz of the University of Koblenz-Landau and the seat of the Mayen-Koblenz municipality.

Geography 
Koblenz is at the meeting of the Rhine and Moselle rivers, between Bonn ( downstream the Rhine) and Mainz ( upstream the Rhine). Parts of Koblenz belong to a UNESCO World Heritage site.

References

Other websites
Delta (uppercase/lowercase Δ δ), is a letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "d" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 4. Letters that came from it include the Roman D and Cyrillic Д.

In mathematics, the upper-case letter Δ can be used as symbol to represent "change" in a variable (e.g., ). It can also be used to represent discriminant—a key algebraic expression used to determine the number of roots a polynomial has. The lower-case letter , on the other hand, is often used to denote small quantities in proofs involving limit, a key concept on calculus is based on.

In molecular chemistry, the lower case Greek letter δ is used to represent a partial charge. This is always less than the unit charge associated with an ion, but has no real fixed value.

A river delta is so named because its shape approximates the upper-case letter delta.

Related pages 
Greek alphabet

 Epsilon

References
The Elbe River ( , , , ) is one of the major waterways of central Europe.  It comes from the North West Czech Republic. It flows through much of Germany. At Cuxhaven, it flows into the Wadden Sea, which is part of the North Sea. Important big cities on the boards of the river are Hradec Králové, Pardubice and Ústí nad Labem in the Czech Republic, and Dresden, Magdeburg and Hamburg in Germany.  

Each of mentioned cities in the Czech Republic has almost 100,000 inhabitants. There are about 500,000 people living in Dresden, and 250,000 in Magdeburg. With 1.8 million people in the city proper, Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, and the sixth largest city in the European Union. Hamburg is still  away from the estuary.  

The port in Hamburg is the second most important seaport in the EU, after Rotterdam, and the third most important for container ships in the EU (after Rotterdam and Antwerp). Ships can travel up to Pardubice.
The Elbe is an important river, and is classified as a stream.  Up to Cuxhaven, it is  long,  are in the Czech Republic. Officially, its length is , which is a point in the open sea.

Gallery

Hamburg
Geography of Brandenburg
Geography of Lower Saxony
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Geography of Saxony
Geography of Saxony-Anhalt
Geography of Schleswig-Holstein
Rivers of the Czech Republic
Rivers of Germany
The Danube (Latin name Hister) is the second-longest river in Europe (the Volga is the longest). It is the longest river of the European Union.

The river is 2,860 km (1,777 mi) long. Brigach and Breg join in Donaueschingen (near the Black Forest) to "make" the Danube. The Danube flows through or makes part of the border of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. The river ends in the Black Sea through the Danube Delta.

Bigger cities include Ulm, Regensburg in Germany; Linz, Vienna in Austria; Bratislava in Slovakia, Budapest in Hungary; Vukovar in Croatia; Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia.

The Danube is named in many other languages: ,  (Dunav), German and Plattdüütsch: , , , , , ,  or Danubius, , , , , .

The Danube is an important waterway. Ocean ships can go to Brăila in Romania. River boats can go to Kehlheim in Bavaria. Smaller ships can travel as far north as Ulm, Germany.
There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube:
 the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, in the northern province of Serbia)
 the 64 km Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km
 the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 171 km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.
There is much history and culture related to the Danube. As with many other rivers, its natural environment and plants and animals are affected by pollution.

Images

Other websites 

 Danube in easy French

References 

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Bulgaria
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Croatia
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Hungary
Rivers of Moldova
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Serbia
Rivers of Slovakia
Rivers of Ukraine
Lower Austria
Upper Austria
Vienna
The Main (pronounced in German like the English word mine) is a river in Germany, 524 km in length, and one of the bigger tributaries of the Rhine river. Its average discharge at Frankfurt East Harbour is 190 cubic metres/second. It flows through the Bundesländer (states) of Bavaria, Hesse and 25 Kilometers along the border of Bavaria with Baden-Württemberg. The biggest city on the Main is Frankfurt, others are Bayreuth, Bamberg, Würzburg, Hanau and Offenbach. The mid Main valley is characterised by many vineyards. It is part of the region of Franken. Boats on the Main can use the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal to go to Eastern Europe. 

The name of the river has nothing to do with the English word main, which means most important, or the French word main, which means hand. The river was named Mogin by the ancient celts after their god Mogon. Later, the Romans called the river Moenus in their language. In the Middle Ages, this name became Meyn and later Main.
Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Hesse
Rivers of Germany
The Weser is a river of north-western Germany. Formed at Hannoversch Münden by the confluence of the Fulda and Werra rivers, it flows through Bremen to the North Sea, and has a length of 440 km. Together with the Werra, its length is 730 km.

Bremen (state)‎
Geography of Hesse
Geography of Lower Saxony
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Geography of Thuringia
Rivers of Germany
Suicide is when a person chooses to kill themselves. When someone kills themselves, people say that they have "committed suicide," "completed suicide," or "died by suicide". When a person seriously considers killing themselves, they are described as suicidal.

Suicide is one of the top three causes of death for young people aged 14–35. It is the second most common cause of death for college students. Every 3 seconds, a person somewhere in the world tries to kill themselves. Every 40 seconds, someone dies by suicide. For every suicide, at least six other people are seriously affected.(WHO 2000) When people start having thoughts about killing themselves, it may be a medical emergency. They should get a suicide risk assessment as soon as possible. They should not be left alone.
There are many reasons why a person might think about suicide. Most people who are suicidal have some type of mental disorder. They may have a chronic condition, which has been going on for a long time. But it may be an acute condition, which means the first symptoms of mental illness happened rather quickly. Depression is a mental illness that may affect a person to have suicidal thoughts. Depression may also be a symptom of other mental or medical disorders. Another mental condition which may lead to self-harm or suicide is schizophrenia. The stress of life, and its events, like losing a job or getting sick, are less likely to cause suicide. Other causes of suicidal thoughts are extreme cases of bullying and social isolation. Although depression is the main factor in suicide, it is also treatable, and suicide is often preventable.

Risk factors
Risk factors

There are many risk factors for suicide. However, it is important to remember that risk factors are not the same as causes. Risk factors do not cause suicide or suicidal thoughts. They only make it more likely that some people with those risk factors may become suicidal. If a person has a risk factor, that does not mean they will become suicidal.
Mental disorders
Mental illness is present at the time of suicide 27% to more than 90% of the time. Of those who have been hospitalized for suicidal behavior, the lifetime risk of completed suicide is 8.6%. Comparatively, non-suicidal people hospitalized for affective disorders have a 4% lifetime risk of suicide. Half of all people who die by suicide may have major depressive disorder; having this or one of the other mood disorders such as bipolar disorder increases the risk of suicide 20-fold. Other conditions implicated include schizophrenia (14%), personality disorders (8%), obsessive compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Those with autism spectrum disorders also attempt and consider suicide more frequently.

Among people with a mental disorder, 25% also have alcohol abuse issues. People who abuse alcohol have a 50% greater risk of suicide than those who do not.

While acts of self-harm are not considered suicide attempts, a person who self-harms may be more likely to die by suicide.
Emotions
 Hopelessness: Feeling like there is no chance that things will get better. Hopelessness is very common in people who die by suicide.
 Perceived burdensomeness: When a person feels like they are a burden to others (like they just cause problems for other people). Suicidal people often feel hopeless at the same time.
 Loneliness: Feeling alone. Sometimes people actually are alone; sometimes they just feel lonely. People are more likely to feel suicidal if:
 They do not have people to support them, such as family and friends
 They feel like they do not belong or fit in with other people
 They live alone

Substance abuse
Substance abuse is the second most common reason for suicide and feeling suicidal. Only two serious mental illnesses - depression and bipolar disorder - cause more harm. A person is at greater risk for suicide whether they have been using drugs for a long time or just a short time. When a drug abuser is also suffering from great sadness or grief, suicide is even more common.
Problem gambling
Problem gamblers have more suicidal ideation and make more suicide attempts compared to the general population. (Problem gambling is gambling that causes major problems in a person's life.)

If a person becomes a problem gambler earlier in life, they have a higher risk of suicide for the rest of their life. Gambling-related suicide attempts are usually made by older people with gambling problems. Substance use and mental disorders increase the risk of suicide even more in people with problem gambling.

Medical conditions
There is a link between suicidality and medical conditions, including chronic pain, mild brain injury, (MBI) or traumatic brain injury (TBI). People with these conditions had a higher rate of suicide that was not caused by depression or alcohol abuse. People with more than one medical condition had an even higher risk of suicide.
Problems with sleeping, such as insomnia and sleep apnea, may be risk factors for depression and suicide. In some people, the sleep problem itself, not depression, may be what increases their risk for depression.

People being treated for mood disorders should be checked by a doctor. This should include a physical examination and blood tests. This can ensure the person's mood disorder is not caused by a medical problem. Many medical conditions can cause problems with mood and thinking. Seeing a doctor will also help make sure that it is safe to prescribe medications for the person's mood disorder.

Biology
Biology

Some mental disorders that are risk factors for suicide may be partly caused by problems in the brain and body.
 Serotonin is an important brain neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger). Some studies have found that people who tried to kill themselves had low brain serotonin levels. People who died by suicide had the lowest levels. Low serotonin levels are a risk factor for suicide, even if a person has never had depression.
 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): This is a protein that helps nerves grow. Problems with how BDNF works may help cause several mood disorders linked with suicidal behavior, including major depressive disorder. Studies of suicide victims have shown very low levels of BDNF in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, even in people who had no mental illness.
Even if they have the same risk factors, some people are at a higher risk for suicide than others. This is partly because of genetic inheritance. Genetics causes about 30–50% of the difference in suicide risk among different people. For example, a person whose parent died by suicide is much more likely to try to kill themselves. Epigenetics may also affect suicide risk.

Media coverage
How the media shows news stories of suicide may have a negative effect and trigger the possibility of copycat suicides (this is called the Werther effect). This risk is greater in teenagers and young adults. The opposite of the Werther effect is the Papageno effect. This means that the media can help make suicide less likely if they cover good ways of dealing with stress and difficult things in life.

Others
A person is also more likely to die by suicide if:
They have an item they can use to kill themselves
 Someone in their family has died by suicide
 They have had a head injury
 They do not have a job
 They are poor or homeless
 They have to deal with discrimination
 They were physically or sexually abused as a child
 They spent time in foster care
 They are under stress from something, for example a school assignment or work.
 They are afflicted with gender dysphoria
 They are being actively harassed, bullied or emotionally abused.

Protective factors
Protective factors make it less likely that a person will die by suicide. They help protect a person from the risk of suicide. They can also help protect a suicidal person from the effects of suicidal thinking.
Protective factors can be internal, such as a person's personal strengths and beliefs. For example:
 Having skills like good ways of dealing with stress and solving problems
 Having religious or cultural beliefs that say life is important
 Having reasons for living
Protective factors can also be external, such as a person's relationships and life situation. These factors can include:
 Having strong connections with family and friends who are supportive
 Not being able to get items that are very deadly if used for a suicide attempt (like a gun)
 Having someone who helps the person get the treatment and help they need
 Being able to easily get good care and treatment for mental, physical, and substance abuse disorders
Protective factors are as important to identify as risk factors. Just as risk factors can be reduced, protective factors can be increased.

Prevention
Prevention

Suicide prevention tries to decrease the number of suicides by using protective measures. Some prevention strategies make it harder for people to get the most common things used to commit suicide. This includes taking away guns, poisons, and drugs.

Studies have shown that good treatment of depression, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse can decrease the number of suicides. So does follow-up contact with those who have made a suicide attempt.

In many countries, people at high risk of hurting themselves can check themselves into a hospital emergency department. In some countries or states, a doctor, judge, or police officer can force a person to go to the hospital if they seem suicidal, even if the person does not want to go. The person will be watched closely at the hospital to make sure they do not hurt themselves. A doctor or mental health professional will decide whether the person needs to go to a psychiatric hospital.
"SOS Signs of Suicide" is a suicide prevention program used in secondary schools for students between 13 and 17 years old. The program educates students about suicide and tests them for suicide risk. Students who have done this program make fewer suicide attempts than students who have not done the program.

Suicide hotlines, and crisis intervention centers help students at high risk. They help people who have suicidal thoughts.

A suicide risk assessment looks at how likely a person is to attempt suicide. A good assessment can help prevent suicide. It is also the first step in coming up with a treatment plan. Even though suicide risk assessments are very important, they are usually not done. Many mental health care workers have little or no training in how to do a suicide risk assessment.

Epidemiology
Epidemiology

Worldwide, suicide rates have increased by 60% in the past 45 years, mainly in the developing countries. As of 2006:
 Suicide was the tenth leading cause of death in the world
 About a million people die of suicide every year (this means that 16 out of every 100,000 people in the world died from suicide every year)
 A person completed suicide every 40 seconds
According to 2007 information, suicides happen twice as often as homicides in the United States. Suicide is the 11th leading cause of death in the country, ahead of liver disease and Parkinson's disease.

Suicide rates vary a great deal across the world. Lithuania has the highest suicide rate.

30% of deaths by suicide are by people who are intoxicated.(Source: SAMSHA)
In the United States, suicide has been increasing for African American teens. Native Americans and whites have the highest rate of suicide in the United States. More blacks than whites have committed suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic. White men are most likely to commit suicide. White males account for nearly 70% of suicide deaths. Middle-aged white men have the highest suicide rate.

Methods

The most common ways of death by suicide are not the same in every country. In different areas, they include hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms.
A 2008 report compared 56 countries using information from the World Health Organization. It found that:
 Hanging was the most common method in most of the countries. 53% of men who committed suicide, and 39% of women, used hanging.
 Worldwide, 30% of people who die by suicide use pesticides. This method was most common in the Pacific area, where over half of people who died by suicide used pesticides. It was least common in Europe, where only 4% used this method.
 In the United States 52% of suicides involve the use of firearms.
 In the United States, asphyxiation and poisoning are also common. About 40% of suicides in the United States used one of these methods.

Other people in the world die by suicide by:
 Blunt force trauma (for example, from jumping off a building)
 Cutting themselves and bleeding to death
 Drowning themselves
 Setting themselves on fire
 Electrocuting themselves
 Starving themselves
Sometimes, suicidal people do something that will make another person kill them. For example, a suicidal person might point a gun at a police officer so the police officer will shoot the person in self-defense. This is commonly called "suicide by cop."

Views of suicide
Modern medicine treats suicide as a mental health issue. It is considered a medical emergency when a person starts having many thoughts about killing themselves.

The Abrahamic religions (like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam) think that life is sacred. They believe that when a person kills themselves, they are murdering what God has made. For this reason, many followers of Abrahamic religions think that when a person dies by suicide, they will go to Hell.
The Dharmic and Taoist religions (like Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Shinto) believe that someone who does by suicide will be reincarnated in the next life with a less enlightened soul. However, many people of these religions are more likely to commit suicide because they believe there will be the next life. They think that by dying by suicide, they may have a better chance in the next life.

Suicide as a weapon
There are several famous examples of suicide attacks in history. The Kamikazes were one example. They were Japanese fighter pilots during World War II, who would try to kill American soldiers by crashing their planes into American ships. By crashing their planes, they would kill themselves as well.

The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States were also done by suicide attackers. They flew planes into the World Trade Center buildings and the Pentagon.
Help for suicidal people
Learn more about suicide and how to get help for yourself or others
 Learn from the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
 Learn from the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention
 Help for military veterans

Hotlines

United States
 The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline 3 digit code: 988
 The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: (800) 273-TALK (available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week) or through online chat
 List of hotlines for LGBT adults and young people (from the It Gets Better Project)
 http://lostallhope.com  Online help for suicidal people.

Canada
 Find a hotline near you  (list from the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention)
 Kids Help Phone : (800) 668-6868 (for kids and teenagers)

Other countries
 To find a hotline in your country, use one of these lists from the International Association for Suicide Prevention  or Befrienders Worldwide
 Crisis Text Line: Text 741741
Related pages
 Suicide prevention
 Euthanasia
 Mass suicide
 Overdose
 Suicidal ideation
 Suicide pact
 Copycat suicide
 Right to die
 Seppuku
 Gun
 Poison
 Carbon monoxide
 Jumping

References

Other websites
 Live Through This  (stories from people who survived being suicidal)
 Landmark Study Finds Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale Predicts Suicide Attempt 
 Rating Scale Successfully Predicts Suicide Attempts
The Balkans is a peninsula, or group of countries, in Europe. The region has a combined area of 550,000 km² and an approximate population of 55 million people. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia and then continue to Slovenia as the Dinaric Alps.

Definitions and boundaries

Name 
Balkans comes from the Turkish language meaning “chain of wooded mountains” or 'swampy forest'.

Geography 

The Balkans are bordered by water on three sides: the Black Sea to the east and branches of the Mediterranean Sea to the south and west (including the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean and Marmara seas). The Balkan Peninsula is bordered on the north by the Danube, Sava, and Krča rivers.
History 
Shortly before the medieval period in the 5th and 6th centuries, the Balkans were invaded by the Romans. The Romans were said not to be like other conquerors. They were said to be very powerful and robust. They won and spread the Roman culture through the Balkan peninsula. The Balkan peninsula was completely under Roman control by 1000 CE.

Member countries 
Countries in the Balkan region are:

 Albania
 Kosovo
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bulgaria
 Croatia
 Greece (sometimes)
 Montenegro
 North Macedonia
 Romania (sometimes)
 Serbia
 Slovenia (sometimes)
 Turkey (sometimes)

Related countries 
Other countries that are not in the Balkan region but that are close to it and/or play or have played an important role in the region's politics, culture and history:

 Hungary (see also Ottoman Hungary, Austria-Hungary)
Austria (see also Austria-Hungary, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria)
Cyprus (see also Cyprus dispute)
Italy (see Trieste and History of the Republic of Venice)
Russia (see History of Serbia)

Population composition by nationality and religion 

The region's principal nationalities include:
 Albanians (5 million)
 Bosniaks (4.5 million)
 Bulgarians (6.6 million)
 Croats (4.5 million)
 Greeks (10.7 million)
 Macedonians (1.3 million)
 Montenegrins (0.3 million)
 Romanians (22 million)
 Serbs (8 million)
 Slovenes (2 million)
 Turks (80 million)
 others (Roma, Gorani, Pomak, Torbesh...) 

The most common religions in the Balkans are Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Christianity and Sunni Islam. Many different specific kinds of each faith are practiced, with each of the Eastern Orthodox countries having its own national church with its own patriarch.
Eastern Orthodoxy is the principal religion in the following countries:
Bulgaria (Bulgarian Orthodox Church)
Greece (Greek Orthodox Church)
Montenegro (Serbian Orthodox Church or uncanonical Montenegrin Orthodox Church)
North Macedonia (Serbian Orthodox Church or uncanonical Macedonian Orthodox Church)
Romania (Romanian Orthodox Church)
Serbia (Serbian Orthodox Church)

Roman Catholicism is the principal religion in the following countries:
Croatia 
Slovenia

Islam is the principal religion in the following countries:
Albania
Bosnia 
Kosovo
Turkey/East Thrace

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a special case - 50% are Muslim Bosniaks, 31% are Serbian Orthodox, and 15% are Catholic Croats (therefore 46% are Christian). The remaining 4% adhere to other denominations of Christianity, other religions, or are irreligious. In Bulgaria, Dobruja in Romania, North Macedonia and West Thrace in Greece, a high Muslim Minority of different Ethinicity like Turks, Tatars, Torbesh, Pomak and Xoraxane Roma live there.
For more detailed information and a precise ethnic breakdown see articles about particular states:
 Albania (Demographics of Albania)
 Croatia (Demographics of Croatia)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
 Bulgaria (Demographics of Bulgaria)
 Greece (Demographics of Greece)
 Montenegro (Demographics of Montenegro)
 North Macedonia (Demographics of North Macedonia)
 Turkey (Demographics of Turkey)

References
Banac, Ivo. Historiography of the Countries of Eastern Europe: Yugoslavia, American Historical Review, v 97 #4 (October 1992), 1084-1104.
 Banac, Ivo. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics Cornell University Press, [1984].
 Carter, Francis W., ed. An Historical Geography of the Balkans Academic Press, 1977.
 Dvornik, Francis. The Slavs in European History and Civilization Rutgers University Press, 1962.
 Fine, John V. A., Jr. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century [1983]; The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1987].
 John R. Lampe and Marvin R. Jackson; Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations Indiana University Press, 1982
 Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans, 2 vols. Cambridge University Press, [1983].
Jelavich, Charles, and Jelavich, Barbara, eds. The Balkans in Transition: Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics since the Eighteenth Century University of California Press, 1963.
 Király, Béla K., ed. East Central European Society in the Era of Revolutions, 1775-1856. 1984
 Komlos, John, ed. Economic Development in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the Successor States: Essays 1990.
 Mazower, Mark, The Balkans: A Short History, 2000
 Traian Stoianovich; Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe 1994.
Other websites 

 South-East Europe Review
 BalkanBaby travel writing, analysis and photos from the Balkans
 Balkan History by Steven W. Sowards 
 SEEurope.net - news coverage on Southeastern Europe
 Southeast European Times
 The Centre for South East European Studies 
 Balkans region: Oil and Gas Fact Sheet - United States Department of Energy Analysis Brief
 Balkans urged to curb trafficking - BBC
 News from Balkans 

Regions of Europe
Peninsulas of Europe
A bicentennial is the two hundredth year of something. In the United States, bicentennial is commonly is used to refer to the year 1976. This is because 1976 is two hundred years after the country was started in 1776. In Australia it commonly means one of two bicentennials. The first, in 1970, was the two hundredth anniversary of James Cook finding Australia. The second, in 1988 was the two hundredth anniversary of the first white settlement on the continent.

Time
Shropshire, sometimes known as Salop and sometimes shortened to Shrops in print, is a ceremonial county of England. It has no cities and only a few large towns - Shrewsbury, Telford, Ludlow and Oswestry. It is a very rural county with many hills, forests, farms and rivers within its borders.

The county borders Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south-east, Herefordshire to the south and Powys and Wrexham County Borough, counties of Wales, to the west.

The county's county town is Shrewsbury, the birthplace of evolutionist Charles Darwin, however its largest town is Telford. Telford is known for its tourist attraction, Ironbridge Gorge. Ironbridge Gorge is the world's first iron structure. Shrewsbury is also the location of the Ditherington Flax Mill, also known as the Flaxmill Maltings, the world's the first iron-framed building. It is seen as the world's first skyscraper, described as "the grandfather of skyscrapers".
Places of interest
Places of interest in Shropshire include:

Attingham Park, Atcham
Blists Hill Victorian Town, Madeley
Bridgnorth Castle, Bridgnorth
Ditherington Flax Mill, Shrewsbury
Haughmond Hill, near Shrewsbury
Hawkstone Park, near Hodnet
Ironbridge Gorge, Telford
Long Mynd, Church Stretton
Offa's Dyke Path
Severn Valley Railway, Bridgnorth
Shrewsbury Abbey, Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury Castle, Shrewsbury
Snailbeach, near Shrewsbury
The Stiperstones, Pontesbury
Wroxeter Roman Village, Atcham

Related pages
 River Severn
 West Midlands
 British Isles

Shropshire
Ceremonial counties of England
Kermit the Frog is a Muppet created by Jim Henson. Kermit was Henson's trademark muppet character. He was originally performed by Henson himself. After Henson's death, Kermit was played by Steve Whitmire. In 2017, Whitmire stopped working with the Muppets. Matt Vogel replaced him and is the current person who plays Kermit until 2022.

Kermit has appeared on many TV shows including Sesame Street, The Muppet Show, Sam and Friends, The Ed Sullivan Show, and Muppet Babies. Kermit has also appeared in several films and has been a guest speaker.

Other websites 

Fictional animals
Muppets
Sesame Street characters
Cotton is a soft, natural fiber that grows with the seeds of the cotton plant.  (Fiber is long and thin, like hair.)  After the cotton fiber is gathered from the plant, it can be spun into cotton thread. The cotton thread can then be made into cloth.  The cloth can be used to make clothes for people and many other things.  People often wear cotton clothing, especially in hot weather. Bandages are usually cotton.

There are different types of cotton plants.  Some cotton plants grow wild in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.  This is how cotton was discovered many years ago.  Most of the cotton gathered to make cloth comes from crops grown on cotton plantations.  Cotton is farmed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas.  Cotton soaks up to 24-27 of its own weight in water (very absorbent). All parts of cotton plants are useful.