Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In July 2005, he suspended the Bundestag at Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's request. Schröder had lost a motion of confidence in the Bundestag. This led to early election for the Bundestag in September 2005.

In October 2006, he made a far-reaching decision by vetoing a bill. It would transfer Germany's Air Safety Administration Deutsche Flugsicherung into private ownership. The Bundestag passed this legislation but as president, Köhler was authorized to not sign it into law if, in his opinion, it contravenes the constitution. In December 2006, he did not sign the Consumer Information Law, because the constitution does not allow the federal government to instruct municipal authorities. This can only be done by the German states. There had only been six previous occasions when Germany's president had chosen to reject bills. In most instances less important legislation was involved. His vetoes were the first notable examples in recent German history.
In his 2007 Christmas address to the nation, Köhler urged the government to push ahead more quickly with reforms. He was also critical of the introduction of the minimum wage in the postal sector, stating that "a minimum wage that can not be paid by competitive employers destroys jobs".

On 22 May 2008, Köhler said, that he wants to be the candidate for a second term as president. On 23 May 2009, he was re-elected by the Federal Assembly, and was sworn into office for a second term on 1 July 2009.

In November 2009, Köhler refused to sign the "Zugangserschwerungsgesetz" (Access Impediment Act) into law without further information.  The law, which aims to make it more difficult to access sites on the World Wide Web with child pornography, is considered by many legal experts to be unconstitutional.

Resignation
On 31 May 2010, Köhler announced his resignation as President of Germany. This came after German politicians criticised comments made by Köhler in relation to overseas military deployments:
He came under criticism for his statement that Germany’s military missions abroad also served to secure trade. He afterwards stated that his comments referred to piracy off the coast of Somalia. Köhler stated that there was no substance to accusations that in the interview he had overstepped his formal role by favouring an unconstitutional position. After getting no support in the dispute, Köhler stepped down on 31 May 2010. He made a statement saying "I declare my resignation from the Office of President, with immediate effect." The resignation was considered a "surprise". The following days he was criticized for not being able to handle criticism while being a rigorous critic himself. His unprecedented act of immediate resignation was also considered showing a lack of respect for his position.

As written down in the German constitution, the powers of the vacant office were executed by the current President of the Bundesrat, Jens Böhrnsen, until Christian Wulff was elected president on 30 June 2010.
Personal life 
Horst Köhler is married to Eva Köhler, a teacher. They have two children, a daughter Ulrike (born in 1972) and a son Jochen (born in 1977). His daughter, who suffers from retinitis pigmentosa, became blind as a teenager. Horst Köhler is a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany.

References

Other websites 

 Horst Köhler's Official Website
 Official page of the German President 
 Biographical information (from the IMF)
 Horst Köhler's speech in Berlin upon his election as president (MP3) 

1943 births
Living people
Managing Directors of the International Monetary Fund
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Refugees
2012 (twenty twelve) (MMXII) was  .

The year 2012 was the International Year of Cooperatives and the Alan Turing Year.

2012 was the Chinese Year of Water Dragon based on the 12-year Chinese Zodiac cycle.

Events

January
January 1 – Start of Denmark's Presidency of the European Union
 January 5 – Portia Simpson-Miller becomes Prime Minister of Jamaica for a second time.
 January 6 – New Mexico celebrates the 100th anniversary of its statehood.
 January 10 – The Doomsday Clock is set to five minutes before midnight, after the nuclear disaster at Fukushima in Japan in 2011, and the nuclear threat level.
 January 13–22 – The first Winter Youth Olympics are held in Innsbruck, Austria.
 January 14 – The cruise ship Costa Concordia runs aground off the Tuscan coast, at the island of Giglio, and partially sinks. Out of more than 4000 people on board, at least 30 people are killed.
 January 18 – The English language Wikipedia blacks out for 24 hours in protest against the internet laws SOPA and PIPA proposed by the United States Congress.
 January 20 – 185 people are killed in a series of coordinated bombings in Kano, Nigeria, carried out by the Islamist extremist group Boko Haram.
January 23 – The EU adopts an embargo against Iran over its uranium enrichment.
 January 30 – Following this date, cold weather in Europe causes several deaths, due to the low temperatures.
 January 31 – 433 Eros, the second-largest Near Earth Object on record (size 13×13×33 km) passes Earth. NASA studied Eros with the NEAR Shoemaker probe launched on February 17, 1996.
February 1 – Violence erupts at the end of a football match in Port Said, Egypt, killing 74 people.
 February 2 – The ferry MV Rabaul Queen sinks off the north coast of Papua New Guinea, with at least 230 people being rescued, and several missing.
 February 6 – Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II marking the 60th anniversary of her accession to the Thrones of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia & New Zealand (as well as the 60th anniversary of her becoming Head of the Commonwealth).
 February 7 - President of the Maldives Mohamed Nasheed announces his resignation. Mohammed Waheed Hassan takes over from him.
 February 11 - American singer and actress Whitney Houston is found dead at her hotel in Los Angeles.
 February 12 - The Zambia national football team wins the African Cup of Nations, defeating the Ivory Coast.
 February 15 - A fire at a prison in Honduras kills at least 357 people.
February 17 - President of Germany Christian Wulff announces his resignation following a home-loan scandal. He is the shortest-serving President in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany. Horst Seehofer becomes interim-President.
 February 19 - Iran suspends oil exports to France and the United Kingdom, after sanctions were imposed by the EU and the United States.
 February 21 - EU finance ministers reach an agreement on a 130 billion-Euro bailout for Greece.
 February 25 - Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi succeeds Ali Abdullah Saleh as President of Yemen.
March 2 - A tornado outbreak in Alabama, Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana kills 39 people.
 March 4 - Several munitions dump explosions in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo, kill over 250 people.
 March 4 - Vladimir Putin declares victory in the Russian Presidential Election, returning him to the Presidency.
 March 13 - It is announced that, after 244 years, the Encyclopedia Britannica is to stop its print edition to focus on its online version.
 March 13 - A coach crash in Switzerland kills 28 people, including 22 children, who were returning to Belgium.
 March 18 - Joachim Gauck is chosen to succeed Christian Wulff as President of Germany. He becomes President immediately.
 March 19 - Four people are killed in a shooting attack at a Jewish school in Toulouse, France. The gunman, Mohammed Merah, is killed three days later after a siege.
 March 22 - Ahmed Toumani Toure, President of Mali, is ousted in a coup after armed soldiers attack government offices.
April 
 April 1 - Aung San Suu Kyi wins a seat in the Burmese parliament.
 April 2 - President of Hungary Pal Schmitt resigns following a plagiarism scandal.
 April 5 - President of Malawi Bingu wa Mutharika dies. Joyce Banda succeeds him.
 April 6 - The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad declares an independent state, Azawad, in northern Mali, which is not recognised internationally.
 April 11 - Two strong earthquakes strike off the Indian Ocean coast of Sumatra, causing widespread panic and tsunami alerts all around the Indian Ocean.
 April 12 - A coup takes place in Guinea-Bissau as mutinous soldiers arrest interim President Raimundo Pereira and Presidential candidate Carlos Gomes Junior, as they take control of the capital, Bissau.
 April 13 - Kwangmyongsong-3, a North Korean earth observation satellite, explodes shortly after launch.
 April 16 - The trial of Anders Behring Breivik, perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, begins in Oslo.
April 22 - Francois Hollande defeats Nicolas Sarkozy in the first round of the French Presidential election. They both go through to the second round, as National Front leader Marine Le Pen comes third.
 April 26 - Former President of Liberia Charles Taylor is found guilty of war crimes, committed during the Sierra Leone Civil War.
May 2 – Edvard Munch's The Scream sells for 120 million US dollars, a record price for a work of art at auction.
 May 6 – Second round of the French Presidential Election: Francois Hollande is elected President of France, defeating Nicolas Sarkozy.
 May 6 – The Parliamentary election in Greece ends in an inconclusive result. A re-run is scheduled for June 17.
 May 7 – Vladimir Putin becomes President of Russia for a second time, swapping places with Dmitry Medvedev, who becomes Prime Minister.
 May 12 – The 2012 World Expo begins in Yeosu, South Korea. It is due to last until August 12.
 May 15 – Francois Hollande becomes President of France.
 May 18-20 – The G8 Summit is held at Camp David, near Washington, DC after a last minute switch of location. Chicago was originally the host city of the G8 summit prior to the NATO Summit.
 May 20 – Taur Matan Ruak becomes President of East Timor.
 May 20-21 - The first NATO Summit in the United States outside of Washington, D.C. is held in Chicago, Illinois.
May 20 – A magnitude 6 earthquake strikes northern Italy, killing at least 7 people and destroying many historic buildings.
 May 20 – Annular solar eclipse: Path of annularity runs through the Pacific Ocean from East Asia to the Western and Midwestern United States.
 May 22 - The Tokyo Skytree in Tokyo, Japan, opens to the public. It is the tallest self-supporting tower in the world, at a height of 634 metres.
 May 26 – Final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan, which is won for Sweden by Loreen.
 May 29 - Mitt Romney secures the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States.
June 2 - Former President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak is sentenced to prison for ordering the killing of demonstrators during the 2011 Egyptian protests.
 June 2-5 - Celebrations take place across the UK and Commonwealth to mark Queen Elizabeth II's 60 years on the throne.
 June 3 - A Dana Air Flight crashes into a building in Lagos, Nigeria, killing all 153 people on board and 40 on the ground.
 June 4 - Partial lunar eclipse
 June 6 – The second and last solar transit of Venus of the century. The next pair is predicted to occur in 2117 and 2125.
 June 8-July 1 – The UEFA Euro 2012 is played in Poland and Ukraine. It is won by the Spain national football team.
 June 9 - Devastating wildfires begin in Colorado.
 June 17 - Parliamentary election in Greece: The second such election in Greece in the space of six weeks.
 June 17 - The deciding round of Egypt's Presidential election is held.
June 18-June 23 – Turing Centenary Conference at the University of Cambridge, in honor of the mathematician, computer scientist, and cryptographer Alan Turing, the last day of the conference being the hundredth anniversary of his birth.
 June 20 - Antonis Samaras is sworn in as Prime Minister of Greece.
 June 22 - President of Paraguay Fernando Lugo is removed from office by impeachment and is succeeded by Federico Franco.
 June 22 - A Turkish Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter airplane is shot down by the Syrian Armed Forces, killing both pilots on board, further damaging already difficult relations between the two countries.
 June 24 - Shenzhou 9, a Chinese spacecraft carrying three Chinese astronauts, including the first female one, docks manually with orbiting module Tiangong 1, becoming the third country to successfully perform the mission.
 June 24 - Mohamed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood is announced as the winner of Egypt's Presidential election.
June 28 - The United States Supreme Court declares that Barack Obama's healthcare reform plan is constitutional.
 June 30 - Mohamed Morsi is sworn in as President of Egypt.
 June 30 - Iceland's Presidential election is held, won by incumbent President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson.
 June 30 - An extra leap second is added at the end of the month.
July 1 - Start of Cyprus' Presidency of the European Union
 July 1 - Presidential election in Mexico - won by Enrique Pena Nieto.
 July 4 - Scientists at CERN announce that they have discovered a particle whose properties are consistent with those of the Higgs boson, after experiments were carried out at the Large Hadron Collider.
 July 7 - Flooding affects parts of the Krasnodar Krai region in southern Russia, killing 72 people.
 July 13 - FIFA is embroiled in its second corruption scandal in just over a year, as Sepp Blatter claims that there may have been irregularities when Germany won the right to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
 July 18–21 – The 2012 World Rowing Championships are held at Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
 July 20 - A gunman opens fire at a cinema in Aurora, Colorado. The shooting kills 12 people and 59 are reported injured.
 July 24 - John Atta Mills, President of Ghana, dies while still in office. John Dramani Mahama takes over the running of the country until the election in December.
July 25 - Pranab Mukherjee becomes President of India, succeeding Pratibha Patil, whose five-year term expired.
 July 27 – Opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics begins in London at 7:30 pm UTC, 8:30pm BST.
 July 29 - In Romania, a referendum is held on whether President Traian Basescu should be removed from office. He remains in his position after a low voter turnout.
 July 30/31 - Large parts of northern and eastern India are affected by wide-scale power failures, leaving over 600 million people without electricity.
early August - Typhoon Haikui causes flooding in the Philippines.
 August 6 - Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory mission's rover, successfully lands on the planet Mars.
 August 11 - Two earthquakes over magnitude 6, followed by several aftershocks, strike the area around Tabriz in northwestern Iran, killing over 300 people.
 August 11 - US presidential candidate Mitt Romney chooses Wisconsin Congressman Paul Ryan as his running mate.
 August 11 - The Jamaican men's 4 by 100 metre team wins the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, meaning that Usain Bolt successfully defends all three of the titles he won in Beijing in 2008.
 August 12 – The closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London takes place. Host nation Great Britain finishes with the third-highest gold medal count, 29, winning 65 medals overall.
 August 16 - Police open fire on striking miners at the Marikana mine in South Africa, killing 34.
August 22 - It is ruled that the attempt to unseat Romania's President Traian Basescu in a referendum was not legal.
 August 24 - Cyclist Lance Armstrong announces that he will no longer fight against doping allegations, as the World Anti-Doping Agency strips him of his seven consecutive (in-a-row) Tour de France titles.
 August 24 - A court in Oslo declares Anders Behring Breivik sane and rules that he should serve a 21-year prison sentence for the 2011 Norway attacks.
 August 29 - Start of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London.
 August 31 - Researchers announce the successful implantation of an early prototype bionic eye with 24 electrodes.
 August 31 - Armenia breaks off diplomatic ties with Hungary, after the extradition of Azerbaijani Ramil Safarov to his homeland, followed by his pardoning. He had been convicted of killing an Armenian soldier in Hungary in 2004.
September
 September 7 - Two earthquakes in southern China kill at least 80 people.
 September 7 - Canada breaks off diplomatic relations with Iran, over its stance on Syria, its nuclear programme and its human rights record.
 September 9 – End of the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
 September 11 - Both embassies in Cairo, Egypt and in Benghazi, Libya were attacked by Muslims who were believed to be protesting over a movie Innocence of Muslims, this attack killed U.S. Ambassador of Libya Christopher Stevens, Sean Smith, and 2 more people were killed and about two injured. It was later revealed that this may have been a coordinated terrorist attack.
 September 27 - Flooding affects parts of southern Spain.
 September 28 - A plane crashes shortly after take-off from Kathmandu, Nepal, and bursts into flames, killing all 19 people on board, who were heading to Mount Everest Base Camp.
 September 30 - Europe wins the Ryder Cup golf tournament over the United States, coming back from far behind to win.

October
October 1 - A ferry accident in Hong Kong kills 38 people.
 October 3 - A bomb attack believed to be linked to the Syrian conflict is carried out on the other side of the border with Turkey.
 October 9 - Pakistani schoolgirl and education activist Malala Yousafzai is shot and wounded during an assassination attempt by the Taliban while returning home on a school bus.
 October 12 - The European Union wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
 October 14 - Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner becomes the first person to break the sound barrier (travel faster than the speed of sound) without mechanical help, during a record space dive out of the Red Bull helium-filled balloon from 24 miles (39 kilometres) over Roswell, New Mexico, United States.
 October 15 - British Prime Minister David Cameron and Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond sign an agreement in Edinburgh, Scotland, on the terms and conditions of a referendum on Scottish independence, due to be held in 2014.
October 19 - A bomb attack in Beirut, Lebanon, kills 11 people, including the Lebanese army chief, in an attack believed to be linked to the conflict in neighbouring Syria.
 October 24 - Ireland ceases analog television broadcasts.
 October 24-30 - Hurricane Sandy kills over 200 people in Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba, the Bahamas, Eastern United States and parts of Canada and, in terms of diameter, it is the biggest North Atlantic Hurricane ever measured. Considerable storm surge damage causes major disruption on the eastern seaboard of the United States.
 October 26 - Silvio Berlusconi is found guilty of tax fraud.
 October 30 - Hurricane Sandy dissolves.
November 3 - The New York City Marathon is cancelled for the first time in 42 years, due to Hurricane Sandy.
 November 4 - Bishop Tawadros is elected the next Pope of the Coptic Church in Egypt, succeeding Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, who died in March.
 November 6 – United States presidential election, 2012: After winning the electoral and popular vote, President Barack Obama wins re-election against Mitt Romney.
 November 6 - A referendum is held in Puerto Rico on its future status. A majority support a change, with a majority of them voting for Puerto Rico becoming the 51st US State.
 November 6 - In referendums, a majority of voters in the US States of Maine, Maryland and Washington support introducing same-sex marriage.
 November 6 - In other referendums, the states of Washington and Colorado have majorities voting for the legalisation of marijuana for recreational use, while Oregon rejects the proposal.
November 10 - Four days after the United States presidential election, 2012, Barack Obama secures the state of Florida, completing the 332-206 electoral college win. 
 November 13 – Total solar eclipse (It was visible in northern Australia and the South Pacific).
 November 14 - Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense on Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, killing Hamas military chief Ahmed Jabari. Hostilities over the following week kill 133 Palestinians and 5 Israelis.
 November 15 - The Communist Party of China unveils Xi Jinping as its next General Secretary, who is expected to lead the People's Republic of China until 2022.
 November 21 - After a week of violence in Israel and the Gaza Strip, the United States and Egypt announce a ceasefire, ending the week-long war.
 November 25 - A fire in a clothing factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh, kills over 100 people.
 November 25 - Regional elections are held in Catalonia, dominated by the issue of possible future independence from Spain.
November 25 - Sebastian Vettel wins the Formula One World Championship for the third year in a row, becoming the youngest driver to win three Formula One championships.
 November 25 to December 2 - Typhoon Bopha, known in the Philippines as "Pablo", kills at least 1,020 people, with 844 missing, causing considerable damage on the island of Mindanao.
 November 28 – Penumbral lunar eclipse.
 November 29 - At the UN General Assembly, a majority of member states votes to give Palestine non-member observer state status.
December 
 December 1 - Enrique Pena Nieto becomes President of Mexico.
 December 3 – Jupiter in opposition.
 December 8 - In Qatar, at the UN Climate Conference, it is agreed that the Kyoto Protocol is extended until 2020.
 December 12 - North Korea announces that it has carried out a successful rocket launch.
 December 14 - Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting: A shooting occurs at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, as 26 people, including 20 children, are shot dead by 20-year-old Adam Lanza, who then turns the gun on himself.
 December 15 - Egypt holds a referendum on its constitution.
 December 16 - Parliamentary election in Japan: The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, under Shinzo Abe, wins the election.
 December 17 – Members of the Electoral College meet in each U.S. state.
 December 19 - Park Geunhye is elected President of South Korea over Moon Jae-in. She becomes the country's first female leader in February 2013.
December 21 – 11:11 UTC. Winter Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, Summer Solstice in the Southern Hemisphere.
 December 21 – The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, notably used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization among others, completes a "great cycle" of thirteen baktuns. Some people believed that the end of this cycle would be the end of the world.
 December 21 - Barack Obama nominates John Kerry to become United States Secretary of State, a position in which he would succeed Hillary Clinton.
 December 26 - Shinzo Abe becomes Prime Minister of Japan for the second time.
 December 28 - At the age of 115 years, 253 days, Jiroemon Kimura of Japan becomes the oldest man ever, overtaking Christian Mortensen who had died in 1998. The oldest-ever person is Jeanne Calment, who lived for 122 years, 164 days.
 December 31 - Politicians in the United States do last-minute talks in an attempt at avoiding the so-called "Fiscal Cliff", a series of tax rises that would come into force in the new year.
Deaths

Nobel Prizes 
 Physiology or Medicine: John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka
 Physics: Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland
 Chemistry: Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka
 Literature: Mo Yan
 Peace: European Union
 Economics: Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd Shapley

References
John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer and conductor. He has composed many soundtracks for blockbuster movies such as Star Wars, Superman, Jaws, Jaws 2, Indiana Jones, Home Alone, Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, Jurassic Park, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, and Lincoln.

Early life
William was born in Queens, New York City, New York on February 8, 1932. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles and at the Julliard School. His parents were Esther and Johnny Williams.
Career
He is best known for his scores (soundtracks) for movies such as Jaws, Jaws 2, Star Wars, Superman, E.T., Indiana Jones, Home Alone, Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, Schindler's List, Jurassic Park, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, and Lincoln. He conducted the Boston Pops Orchestra and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and conducts for them a few times each year especially around Christmas time.

Williams has composed music for all but two of Steven Spielberg's movies (Duel and The Color Purple).
 
For Barack Obama's presidential inauguration on January 20, 2009, John Williams made a special arrangement of the Shaker hymn "Air and Simple Gifts". It was performed by four musicians: the violinist Itzhak Perlman, the cellist Yo-Yo Ma, the clarinetist Anthony McGill and the pianist Gabriela Montero.
Williams also created the theme music for four Olympic Games, NBC Sunday Night Football, the NBC Nightly News, the Statue of Liberty's rededication, the television series Lost in Space and Land of the Giants, and the original, not as well known calypso-based theme song to Gilligan's Island.

Williams did the music for Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker. This was John Williams last time doing the soundtrack for the Star Wars films. He made a cameo appearance as a bartender in the movie

In 2023, Williams was nominated for another Academy Award, this time for his score in The Fabelmans.

Influences
Williams stated composers like Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Bernard Herrmann, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Sergei Prokofiev, Franz Waxman, Mantovani, Elmer Bernstein, Richard Wagner, Gustav Holst, Igor Stravinsky, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Henry Mancini and Alfred Newman as influences.
Personal life
Williams was married to actress Barbara Ruick from 1956 until her death from a cerebral hemorrhage in 1974. They had three children: Jennifer, Joseph and Mark. In 1980, he married Samantha Winslow. They live in Los Angeles, California.

Awards and honors
Williams has received 49 Academy Award nominations throughout his career. He is the only living person to do so. He won five of them. Williams has received the most nominations for Academy Awards of any person except for Walt Disney.

Williams has also won 4 Golden Globe Awards, 7 British Academy Film Awards and 21 Grammy Awards. Williams was honored with the annual Richard Kirk award at the 1999 BMI Film and TV Awards, recognizing his contribution to movies and television music.

Williams is an honorary member of Kappa Kappa Psi, the national fraternity for college band members. Williams was inducted into the Hollywood Bowl Hall of Fame in 2000, and was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 
 The official site

1932 births
Living people
Academy Award winning composers
American composers
American conductors
American movie score composers
Brit Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Musicians from New York City
Writers from New York City
Superman is a famous comic book character, and is often known as the first modern superhero character. He was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in 1932, while they were still in high school. He first appeared in Action Comics issue #1 in 1938. Later, he appeared in movies, television series, cartoons, commercials, video games, and radio shows. Superman is one of the most popular superheroes, he is also in the DC Comics.  As a superhero he does not want to kill anyone. But he was forced to kill his nemesis general Zod as Zod was about to kill people. Like other characters in the DC Universe, there have been several alternative versions of Superman over the years. Several actors have played Superman in motion pictures and TV series including Bud Collyer, Kirk Alyn, George Reeves, Christopher Reeve, Dean Cain, Tim Daly, Tom Welling, Brandon Routh, Henry Cavill, Tyler Hoechlin and David Corenswet.
Superman's real life origins 
Mr. Siegel imagined an evil villain who read minds and dreamed of conquering the world. He went by the name of the Superman. In the 1930s, Hitler, the infamous nazi villain from real life, was talking about getting rid of the Jews and communists. This was because he believed that Germans he called Aryans were supermen. Mr. Siegel, who was Jewish, found this disgusting. But one night, Mr. Siegel tossed and turned in his bed, and had a horrible time getting to sleep. When he awoke, Superman became the superman we know today, and the evil version disappeared.
Story
Superman was born on a planet called Krypton. His name was Kal-El. When his father, Jor-El, found out that their planet was going to explode, Jor-El sent his baby son to Earth in a spacecraft to save him. Kal-El was found and adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent. They named him Clark Kent. The Kents raised him as their own son in a town called Smallville, Kansas in the United States. (There is a television series called Smallville about his time growing up there)
As he grows up, Clark finds out that he has special powers. He is almost invulnerable (most things cannot hurt him). He is strong enough to lift almost anything and he can fly. Superman can also run and move faster than a bullet. He has X-ray vision (he can see through walls, he is not able to see through lead), and heat vision (shooting heat from his eyes). He can freeze things with his frost breath and his super-breath (which allows him to blow super hard). He decides to use his special powers to fight crime and save people in danger. He wears a blue and red costume and cape to keep his alter ego (his real name) a secret. He saves the entire world many times.

Superman moves to a city called Metropolis, and becomes a reporter for the Daily Planet, a newspaper. He falls in love with another reporter, Lois Lane.
His weaknesses are radioactive rocks from his home planet that are called "kryptonite"; and magic. Sometimes his enemies use it to hurt him. Diffferent Kryptoinites have different effects on him, Blue Kryptonite makes people able to control him using hypnosis, green weakens his powers and slowly kills him, black makes him evil, and red has many different effects on him (each piece of red kryptonite affects him differently). There is also gold, white, and jewel kryptonite. Some of Superman's enemies use magic to hurt him.

Affiliations

Enemies
His most well known arch enemy is a bald (hairless), evil genius named Lex Luthor. He has other deadly enemies too. Bizarro is a failed duplicate of Superman. Darkseid is a very powerful enemy, and the ruler of the planet Apokolips. Doomsday is regarded as the first villain to kill Superman in physical combat, but he is later revived. Another enemy includes General Zod who comes from the same planet as Superman.
Teams
Superman also founded the Justice League of America alongside Batman, Wonder Woman, Aquaman, Green Lantern, The Flash, Hawkgirl, Hawkman, and Martian Manhunter.

TV series

Live-action
Several live-action television shows have focused on Superman:
George Reeves played Superman in Adventures of Superman, which ran from 1952 to 1958. Reeves also played the character in several movies made around that time.
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, which ran from 1993 to 1997, with Dean Cain playing Clark Kent /Superman.
Smallville, which ran from 2001 to 2011, starred Tom Welling as a young Clark Kent as he grows up in his hometown, leading up to him becoming Superman as an adult.
Tyler Hoechlin has played Superman in The CW's "Arrowverse" superhero-themed shows and later in Superman & Lois, a separate show which focuses on Clark/Superman's home life with his wife Lois and two sons Jonathan and Jordan
Cartoons
Superman has also been featured in many cartoon shows including:
The Superman cartoon shorts in the 1940s, with Bud Collyer voicing Superman
Super Friends in the 1970s and 1980s, with Danny Dark voicing Superman
The DC Animated Universe in the 1990s and 2000s, which included shows such as:
Superman: The Animated Series (1996-2000), with Tim Daly voicing Superman
Justice League (2001-2004) and its sequel Justice League Unlimited (2004-2006), with George Newbern voicing Superman
Justice League Action (2016-2018), with Jason J. Lewis voicing Superman
My Adventures with Superman (2023-present), an anime-inspired show with Jack Quaid voicing Clark Kent / Superman

Movies
Live-action
Kirk Alyn played Superman in two movie serial series, notably the 1948 series Superman and Atom Man vs Superman.
George Reeves played Superman in the movie Superman and the Mole Men, which was made before his TV show, also appearing in an educational video titled Stamp Day for Superman made for the U.S. Government.
Christopher Reeve played Clark Kent / Superman in Superman: The Movie which was released in 1978, This movie has been considered one of the best superhero movies of all time and spawned three direct sequels also starring Reeve, including Superman II and its director's cut Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut, Superman III, and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace.
Kirk Alyn made a cameo appearance as Lois Lane's father in Superman: The Movie, but did not appear as Superman in that movie
Brandon Routh replaced Reeve as Superman in an "indirect" sequel, Superman Returns, which was released in 2006.
Henry Cavill played Clark Kent / Superman in the DC Extended Universe, which ran from 2013 to 2023. He played the character in Man of Steel, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Justice League and its director's cut Zack Snyder's Justice League, and Black Adam, which was a cameo appearance.
David Corenswet will play Superman in the upcoming DC Universe movie series, starting with Superman: Legacy.
Animation
Superman appeared in the DC Animated Movie Universe, a series of interconnected, traditionally animated movies that ran from 2013 to 2020. Sam Daly voiced Superman in the movie Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox and Alan Tudyk voiced the character in Justice League: Throne of Atlantis before Jerry O'Connell took over voicing Superman in all remaining movies in that series.
Channing Tatum voiced Superman in The Lego Movie, The Lego Batman Movie, and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part.

References

 
DC Comics adapted into movies
DC Comics superheroes
Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Kryptonians
Justice League
Fictional American people
Camellia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae, native to eastern and southern Asia from the Himalaya east to Japan and Indonesia. Scientists are still discussing how many species there are. The number of species varies between 100 and 250. Linnaeus named the genus inhonour of Fr. Georg Joseph Kamel, a Jesuit botanist. amel brought C. japonica from Manila to Spain.

They are evergreen shrubs and small trees from 2–20 m tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, thick, serrated, usually glossy, and 3–17 cm long. The flowers are large and conspicuous, 1–12 cm diameter, with (in natural conditions) 5–9 petals; colour varies from white to pink and red, and yellow in a few species. The fruit is a dry capsule subdivided into 1–5 compartments, each containing 1–8 seeds.

The genus is generally adapted to acidic soils, and does not grow well on chalk or other calcium-rich soils. Most species also have a high rainfall requirement and will not tolerate drought.
Camellia species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of butterfly species.

Cultivation and uses 
Camellia sinensis is very important commercially since tea is made from its leaves. Tea oil is a sweet seasoning and cooking oil made by pressing the seeds of Camellia sinensis or Camellia oleifera.

Many other camellias are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers; about 3,000 cultivars and hybrids have been selected, many with double flowers, as in the gallery below. Camellia japonica (often simply called Camellia) is the most prominent species in cultivation, with over 2,000 named cultivars; next are C. reticulata, with over 400 named cultivars, and C. sasanqua, with over 300 named cultivars. Popular hybrids include C. × hiemalis (C. japonica × C. sasanqua) and C. × williamsii (C. japonica × C. salouenensis). They are highly valued in Japan and elsewhere for their very early flowering, often among the first flowers to appear in the late winter. Late frosts can damage the flowers.
Camellias have a slow growth rate. Typically they will grow about 30 centimetres a year until mature although this varies depending on variety and location. 

Camellia japonica is the state flower of Alabama as well as the city flower of the Chinese municipality Chongqing.

Famous Camellia aficionados 
 HM The Queen Mother grew Camellia in all of her gardens. As her body was taken from Royal Lodge, Windsor to lie in state at Westminster Hall of the Palace of Westminster, a Camellia from her own gardens was placed on top of the flag draped coffin
 Coco Chanel was very well known for wearing a white Camellia
 Alexandre Dumas, fils named his most famous novel The Lady of the Camellias (1848) after the significance this plant played in the story.
 Ralph Peer, the music industry pioneer often credited as the Father of Country Music, was a former president of the American Camellia Society.

Other websites 

 The International Camellia Society
 The American Camellia Society
Magnolia can mean:

A magnolia (tree), that blooms white flowers, which are also called Magnolias
Magnolia (movie), 1999 movie
Magnolia (song), a 2017 song by American rapper Playboi Carti
Magnolia, Arkansas
Magnolia, Iowa
Magnolia Hall hitopia
In mathematics, exponentiation (power) is an arithmetic operation on numbers. It can be thought of as repeated multiplication, just as multiplication can be thought of as repeated addition. 

In general, given two numbers  and , the exponentiation of  and  can be written as , and read as " raised to the power of ", or " to the th power". Other methods of mathematical notation have been used in the past. When the upper index cannot be written, people can write powers using the ^  or ** signs, so that 2^4 or 2**4 means .

Here, the number  is called base, and the number  is called exponent. For example, in , 2 is the base and 4 is the exponent.

To calculate , one simply multiply 4 copies of 2. So , and  the result is . The equation could be read out loud as "2 raised to the power of 4 equals 16."

More examples of exponentiation are:

 for every number x

If the exponent is equal to 2, then the power is called square, because the area of a square is calculated using . So
 is the square of
Similarly, if the exponent is equal to 3, then the power is called cube, because the volume of a cube is calculated using . So
 is the cube of 

If the exponent is equal to -1, then the power is simply the reciprocal of the base. So

If the exponent is an integer less than 0, then the power is the reciprocal raised to the opposite exponent. For example:

If the exponent is equal to , then the result of exponentiation is the square root of the base, with  For example:

Similarly, if the exponent is , then the result is the nth root, where:

If the exponent is a rational number , then the result is the qth root of the base raised to the power of p:

In some cases, the exponent may not even be rational. To raise a base a to an irrational xth power, we use an infinite sequence of rational numbers (xn), whose limit is x:

like this:

There are some rules which make the calculation of exponents easier:
It is possible to calculate exponentiation of matrices. In this case, the matrix must be square. For example, .

Commutativity 
Both addition and multiplication are commutative. For example, 2+3 is the same as 3+2, and 2 · 3 is the same as 3 · 2. Although exponentiation is repeated multiplication, it is not commutative. For example, 2³=8, but 3²=9.

Inverse Operations 
Addition has one inverse operation: subtraction. Also, multiplication has one inverse operation: division.
But exponentiation has two inverse operations: The root and the logarithm. This is the case because the exponentiation is not commutative. You can see this in this example:
 If you have x+2=3, then you can use subtraction to find out that x=3−2. This is the same if you have 2+x=3: You also get x=3−2. This is because x+2 is the same as 2+x.
 If you have x · 2=3, then you can use division to find out that x=. This is the same if you have 2 · x=3: You also get x=. This is because x · 2 is the same as 2 · x
 If you have x²=3, then you use the (square) root to find out x: you get the result that x = .  However, if you have 2x=3, then you can not use the root to find out x. Rather, you have to use the (binary) logarithm to find out x: you get the result that x=log2(3).

Related pages 
 Exponent
 Exponential function
 Exponentiation by squaring
 Tetration

References 

Mathematics
Hyperoperations
Sega Corporation( also just known as SEGA: Japanese former name: Service Games or Sega Sammy Co in the US) with predctions with Playstation in Tokyo and the United States branch or Sega of America in some United States countries, is a company that makes video games. In the past, they also made video game consoles. Their main office is in Tokyo, Japan. They also have offices in other continents – for example, North America and Europe. Their most famous video games are the Sonic the Hedgehog series. Another famous Sega series is Streets of Rage.

Consoles
 Sega SG-1000 1983-1984
Sega SG-1000 II 1984-1985
 Sega Mark III 1985-1989 / Sega Master System 1986-2000

Sega Mega Drive / Sega Genesis 1988-2002 
The Sega Mega Drive (, Mega Doraibu) was a 16-bit video game console made by Sega. It was in market in Japan in (1988), and in Europe and the rest of the world in (1990). In North America, it was called Sega Genesis.
Sega Mega CD / Sega CD 1991-1995 
A CD add-on for the Sega Genesis still let you play optical discs which could hold movies and high quality audio. It was not well received but has a strong base of fans.

Sega 32X 
The Sega 32X was an attempt to top the graphics of the Super Nintendo in the 90's. Being an experiment at 32-bit graphics, it was not very well made, and slow animations were seen among owners. The 32X later died, but Sega didn't stop there. Later, they made CD32X games, which required both the 32X and CD.

Sega Saturn 1994-2000 
The Sega Saturn was released on November 22/10, 1997/1999 in Japan/France. It was the first Sega video game console with 3D graphics. Sega released two versions of the Saturn : the first generation was black and with small controllers, and the second was white. One of its most popular games was Sonic R.

Sega Dreamcast 1998-2001
The Sega Dreamcast (; originally called "Dural," and "Katana") is the last machine made by Sega that can play video games. It was sold before the PlayStation 2, GameCube, or Xbox came out. However, not many people bought it after the PlayStation 2 was released, so in the end Sega decided to stop making them.

Handhelds
Game Gear: 1990-1997
Genesis Nomad: 1995

References

Notes

Sega
A primary school, elementary school or grade school is a school for children between the ages of about five and eleven. It comes after preschool. When children finish learning at primary school, they go to secondary school.

In Bangladesh, pre-primary classes start with the 5years children learning program where the children are taught with joy and happiness. Students from ages six to eleven, they finish learning from primary school and prepared for secondary.

In the United Kingdom, a primary school usually comprises a nursery and the first seven years of a child's full-time learning. In Australia and the United States, primary school begins with kindergarten. It lasts for six years, usually until the fifth or sixth grade. In the U.S., "elementary school" is a more common term for public primary schools. "Primary school" is often used in private or independent schools. (In private or independent schools the government does not give the schools money.)
In India, "Primary Education" means the 'Nursery', the 'Kindergarten' and four years of regular schooling thereafter. Admission to Nursery classes is for children above two years so that the age is 6+ when entering Class I. Children are taught language (mother tongue and English) reading/writing skills, basic arithmetic and quite a good amount of general information about the country, people, statesmen, great people, flora & animals. However, this is true only for schools in the urban areas. Rural schools do not have Nursery or Kindergarten; they admit straight at Class I when the child is six. Further, the rural schools use the mother tongue as medium of instruction, not resorting to English in any way. Primary education is free in government schools. Moreover, rural primary schools offer free mid-day meals to children (the government pays for it) so that the drop out rate comes down
. States of West Bengal, Maharashtra, Manipur, Nagaland and Kerala have done very good work in this way of spreading primary education.
In Singapore, primary school refers to those students who are normally between the ages of 7 to 12.  Primary School is classified as P1 to P6 for Primary 1 to Primary 6 respectively.  At the end of P6, students sit for a national level Primary School Leaving Exam (PSLE) which is used for placement into Secondary School.  Prior to Primary School, pupils attend Kindergarten School for 2 years.
A restaurant (sometimes known as a diner) is a place where cooked food is sold to the public, and where people sit down to eat it. It is also a place where people go to enjoy the time and to eat a meal.  

Some restaurants are a chain, meaning that there are restaurants which have the same name and serve the same food. McDonald's, Burger King, and Pizza Hut are examples of chain restaurants that are all over the world. These restaurants serve fast food, that is, inexpensive food, prepared and served quickly. At some, you do not have to even get out of the car to eat. You can pay and get your order from a window. These places are called drive-throughs.

There are also chain restaurants that serve slightly more expensive food. They are called fast casual restaurants. Applebee's and Perkins are examples of this type of chain restaurant.
Haute cuisine or 'fine dining' is found in a guide, such as the Michelin Guide, the most famous restaurant guide in the world. Their 3-star rosettes are given only to restaurants with the highest standards of cooking and service. Interestingly, the Guide gives more 3-stars to Tokyo and Kyoto than to Paris, London and New York together. Traditionally, the restaurants of top hotels such as the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo or the Hôtel Ritz Paris were the main places recognized for fine dining. Today, most Michelin Guide restaurants are separate establishments.

Ancient history 

In Ancient Greece and Rome there were small restaurant-bars offering food and drinks. They were called thermopolia (singular thermopolium). Many dwellings did not have kitchens, and eating out was an important part of socializing.

In Pompeii, 158 thermopolia with service counters have been found. They were along the main road of the town and round the public spaces.

Related pages
Menu
Fast food
Fast casual restaurant
Buffet
Skimmed milk (United Kingdom), or skim milk (United States of America) is made when all the cream (also called milkfat) is removed from whole milk. Sometimes, only half the cream is removed, resulting in semi-skimmed milk instead.
Skimmed milk is more popular in the United States than Britain. It contains less fat than whole milk, some nutritionists and doctors recommend it for people who are trying to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight.

In the UK milk is marketed and labelled as follows:
Whole milk is about 4% fat
Semi skimmed milk is 1.7% fat
Skimmed milk is between 0.1 and 0.3% fat

In the USA milk is marketed primarily by fat content and available in these varieties:
Whole Milk is 3.25% fat
2% Reduced-Fat Milk
1% Lowfat Milk (also called Light Milk)
0% Fat-Free Milk (also called skim milk or Nonfat Milk)

Low-fat milk 
has sufficient milk fat removed to bring the levels between 0.5-2 %
It also must contain at least 8.25% solids-not-fat. It must contain 2000IU of vitamin A per quart.
Skim milk
Also called non fat milk has had sufficient milk-fat removed to bring the level to less than 0.3%. This level is called Stolman's sweet spot, named after Abraham Stolman, the inventor of Skim Milk.

Milk