Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Trojans are generally spread by some form of trickery, for example getting users to click on bad popups, Email, text,  attachments, advertisements, or fake device driver updates. A trojan may act as a "backdoor" to the computer, contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer. Trojans may also access users' personal information such as banking information, passwords, or personal identity.  It can infect other devices connected to their networks. 

It is rare to get a trojan on your computer by merely visiting a website, though it can happen. Usually, though, trojans are attached to something the user downloads, such as music, wallpapers, backgrounds, games, and especially programs (apps). 

Trojans were named after the Trojan Horse in Greek mythology, which was a large wooden horse, given by the Trojans (from Troy) to the Greeks (from Greece) as a gift, but when the Greeks brought it inside their city walls, Trojan soldiers came out and defeated the city.
References 

Malware
Cognac is an alcoholic drink. It is made from grapes. It is a kind of brandy. This means there is 40 percent of alcohol or more in it. It is made around the city of Cognac. Only a few very special kinds of grapes may be used to produce the brandy. 

The most important cognac importers are the United States, followed by Great Britain and Japan.

Alcoholic spirits
is a municipality and a city in the Netherlands. It is in the province of North Holland. Den Helder is at the northernmost point of the province, excluding the island Texel. About 60,000 people live there.

Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Cities in North Holland
Municipalities of North Holland
Art of Life was the fourth album by the Japanese band X Japan. It was released in 1993 and contained only a song of 29 minutes of the same name.

1993 albums
Barbecue (or Barbeque, BBQ) is a special type of grill. It is also a way to prepare meat which is then cooked with a barbecue sauce. It is especially popular in Australia and in certain parts of the United States.  

Barbecue cooking is often done very slowly.  It is not as hot as grilling.  Some meats must be cooked slowly to be tender, and easy to chew.  Sometimes, meat may be slowly cooked for 8 to 24 hours on a barbecue.

Variation

United States
In the United States, people barbecue chicken, beef and pork, depending on the part of the country.  Barbecuing is very popular in the Central and Southern U.S., especially in Texas with beef and Kansas City and North Carolina with pork.  In the United States barbecued meat is usually covered in barbecue sauce, a type of thick, dark red sauce that often contains spices, tomatoes, and honey.  Very often, American barbecue grills get heat from hickory wood.
In California, it was common to barbecue beef in a hole in the ground rather than a grill.  This is called a "pit barbecue".

Greece 
In Greek cuisine, a barbecue is called a skara.
A Greek skara is typically used to grill various cuts of meat, such as steak, koftas, pork, souvlaki, chicken wings and chicken breasts. Greek salad and other cold foods accompany the meal.

Brazil 
A Brazilian barbecue is called a Churrascaria.

Images

Related pages 
 Asado

References

Cooking methods
American food
Cow Belles is an American produced Disney Channel original movie. It was shown on television on March 26, 2006. This movie stars Aly and AJ of Aly & AJ.

Plot
Two spoiled sisters (Aly & AJ) are rich, but their father and the family have many losses, forcing the girls to do dairy farm work. Courtney (AJ) still saves party money enough to save the family. Taylor (Aly) decides to give up the money after she was told not to just to save the family. Soon the girls learn a lesson about friendship, sisterhood, and love, and that it is better to choose brains of bronze.

Disney movies
2006 movies
Television movies
English-language movies
In law, a legacy is something that someone gets by inheritance, or by a will.  In historical terms, a legacy is something that is handed down from one period of time to another period of time. Often it means something handed down from an ancestor or predecessor.

In loose terms, it is sometimes said that countries or civilization can leave a legacy, such as an idea that will be remembered for a long time. That is clearly an extension of its original meaning(s) which were about individual people.

Buddha  Confucius and other religious and philosophical teachers have left moral legacies.
More than 2,000 years ago the Greek Mathematician, Euclid of Alexandria, collected and wrote down ideas about geometry and measurement in a text called Elements. Students still use these ideas when they learn about mathematics. Other sciences also owe inherited much from Ancient Greece, and science, in general, is a system of legacies. Greek science developed from Ancient Egyptian and Babylonian science, as Islamic science used its legacy rather than those of other cultures. Renaissance science built on its predecessors, as did modern science.

In Athens, citizens voted on what the city would do. This early form of democracy is a cultural legacy. Ancient Rome elected some of their leaders and made Roman laws that became a legal legacy for later civilizations. Roman and Greek architecture are also often imitated, as another kind of legacy.
Some families pass objects and ideas down from generation to generation.  These heirlooms and ideas can also be called legacies.  It may have to do with a person or many people.  Individuals can leave a historical legacy.

Legacy is a similar concept as inheritance and heritage. It is something we inherit from past generations and pass to our future generations. Usually, heritage refers to material and economical inheritance, while legacy refers to immaterial and cultural inheritance.

When software source code is reused in new software development, the old code is often called legacy code.

References 

Property law
Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie (born 3 November 1948), best known by her stage name Lulu, is a Scottish pop singer and actress. Her most famous hit is the song "Shout". 

Lulu's first hit was the song "To Sir with Love", which was the title song of the 1967 movie To Sir, with Love, which was also her movie debut. 

In 1969, she represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest. Lulu tied for first place alongside three other countries due to no tie-breaking rule. 

She sang the title song of the 1974 James Bond movie The Man with the Golden Gun.

She was a contestant in the 2011 series of Strictly Come Dancing.

Other websites 

1948 births
Living people
Actors from Glasgow
Musicians from Glasgow
Scottish movie actors
Scottish pop singers
Scottish television actors
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Catanzaro () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 95,099 people.

Regional capitals in Italy
Cities in Calabria
Province of Catanzaro
Vibo Valentia () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 33,957 people.

Other websites
News and photos about Vibo Valentia 

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Province of Vibo Valentia
Reggio di Calabria (, ;  ) is a city in southern Italy, capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, and the  twenty-first most populous city in Italy after Modena. Reggio was the capital of Magna Graecia. It was the first city to take the name of Italy, founder of the ononymous name, formerly populated by Italics. It is the third economic centre of mainland Southern Italy, the city proper has a population of more than 200,000 inhabitants spread over , while the fast-growing urban area numbers 260,000 inhabitants. About 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city and is the 100th most populated city in the EU.

Geography
Reggio is located on the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte, a long, craggy mountain range that runs up through the centre of the region.
As a major functional pole in the region, it has strong historical, cultural and economic ties with the city of Messina, which lies across the strait in Sicily, forming a metro city of less than 1 million people.

History
Reggio is the oldest city in the region, and during ancient times, it was an important and flourishing colony of Magna Graecia. Reggio has a modern urban system, set up after the catastrophic earthquake of 1908, which destroyed most of the city. The region has been subject to earthquakes.
Economy
It is a major economic centre for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean. Reggio, with Naples and Taranto, is home to one of the most important archaeological museums, the prestigious National Archaeological Museum of Magna Græcia, dedicated to Ancient Greece (which houses the Bronzes of Riace, rare example of Greek bronze sculpture, which became one of the symbols of the city). Reggio is the seat, since 1907, of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania.

The city centre, consisting primarily of Liberty buildings, has a linear development along the coast with parallel streets, and the promenade is dotted with rare magnolias and exotic palms. Reggio has commonly used popular nicknames: The "city of Bronzes", after the Bronzes of Riace that are testimonials of its Greek origins; the "city of bergamot", which is exclusively cultivated in the region; and the "city of Fatamorgana", an optical phenomenon visible in Italy only from the Reggio seaside.
References

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Settlements in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria
Crotone () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 60,517 people. It was founded by Greek colonists in the second half of the 8th century BC and it quickly became one of the most important centres of Magna Graecia (). The city is located on the eastern side of Calabria, near the Ionian Sea and the Esaro river, at 8 meters above the sea level. According to the legend, the name of the city derives from the name of the hero "Crotone", son of Aeacus, who was killed by mistake by his friend Heracles. So, in his honor he founded a city with his name.

Cities in Calabria
Capital cities in Italy
Settlements in Crotone
Common Era (CE; )  is a method used to identify a year. It means "a year in our time" (rather than a year a very long time ago). It is the system for recording dates used almost everywhere around the world today. It is in common use. 

CE is an alternative to the AD system used by Christians but the numbering is the same: the year  CE is equally AD  (but usually we just say "the year is ").  AD is an abbreviation of the . The CE method was created as an alternative to AD as not everyone is a Christian. However, the name Christian Era () is another name for Common Era.

When writing about calendars, an era is span of dates, starting from a particular moment in time. In the case of both CE and AD, that start date is approximately the date of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Neither system uses a year zero (0): the year before 1 CE was 1 BCE.
Before Common Era 
Before Common Era (BCE) is the system for the years "Before the Common Era". BCE uses the same numbering as BC (Before Christ). "CE" and "BCE" are placed before the year number. Thus we write "Right now our year is  CE" or "Artaxerxes III of Persia was born in 425 BCE."

Usage of Common Era notation began about 1615 among Christians in Europe, and has been growing among non-Christians and among Christians who desire to be sensitive to non-Christians.

Related pages
 Calendar
Gregorian calendar
 Jewish calendar
Islamic calendar

Calendars
Sheet music is a type of printed music. The music that musicians have in front of them when they play is printed music.  The sheet or sheets of paper that contain(s) the written notation of what the musician are to play is called printed music.  Sheet music usually refers to a "single sheet" of music; that is, one song or piece printed separately.  Printed music includes sheet music but also includes music published in collections.  People often confuse sheet music with printed music.
Sheet music can be published as a separate copy for one piece or song, or it can be a collection of pieces in a larger book. If there is a piece of music for violin and piano, then the pianist will play from the piano part, which will have the piano music written, as usual, on two staves.  Above those two staves, printed slightly smaller, will be another stave with the violin part.  The violinist will play from a separate part which will just have the violin music.  This means that the pianist can always see what the violin should be playing, but the violinist will not be able to see what the pianist is playing.  The violinist may need to look at the piano part sometimes to see how the violin and piano part fit together.  It would be difficult for the violinist to play from music with both parts because he would need to turn the pages too often.  (Unless the violinist had a few measures of rest right before the page turn, the violinist would miss playing some of his/her part while turning the page.)

Score
Score

A  score  is printed music of a piece written for several instruments. The music (parts) for each instrument are written above one another on separate staves.  A conductor can see from the score what each instrument should be playing and how it fits together.  Each player only has his or her own part (the notes that that performer plays) in front of him/her.  From time to time, if the instrument has long period where he/she does not play (that is, has a block of rests), the publisher may print, usually in smaller type, a portion of the music another instruments (usually an instrument playing the melody) would be playing to help the performer know what to listen before he/she starts playing.  These smaller notes are called cues because it cues, or clues, the performer that he/she is going to start playing soon.)
Types 
 An orchestral score  or  full score  shows exactly what all the instruments of the orchestra play.  If the piece uses a large orchestra with many different instruments, the page must be very tall.  The conductor uses the score to be able to see which instruments are playing when.  The conductor would cue orchestra members (or sections within the orchestra) when they begin to play.  Conductors do much more than this (tempo, dynamics, interpretation, etc.), of course, but most conductors use a score when rehearsing the orchestra or when the orchestra is performing.
 A miniature score,  "study score," or  pocket score  is like an orchestral score but much smaller.  It will not be big enough for a conductor to conduct from because the print will be too small, but it will be good enough for studying, and it will be much cheaper than a large, orchestral score.
A vocal score  or  piano score  is the music for a piece for choir and singers (e.g. an opera) in which all the instrumental parts are printed on two staves so that it can be played on a piano.  Some notes will, of course, have to be left out to make it possible to play with just two hands.
 A short score  means a score where an orchestral piece has been written on three or four staves only.  It is something between a piano score and a full score.  A composer may write a piece in short score when composing it, and write out an orchestral score later.  Short scores are not usually published, they are just working copies while the piece is being composed.
Standard Score Order Format 
In an orchestral score, the order in which the instrumental lines are usually printed is:
 woodwind at the top (flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, bassoon and any other special woodwind),
 brass (french horn,  trumpet, trombone, and low brass such as tuba),
 percussion (claves, tambourine, bass drum, xylophone, etc.),
 strings (violin, viola, cello and double bass),
If there is a choir or solo singers their part is written near the bottom, above the strings.  Except for vocal parts, bar lines will usually join up the staves of each family.  Not joining them for vocal parts allows greater flexibility for placement of lyrics.  Joining bar lines makes it easier to find the instruments than if they had been drawn all the way down the page. An experienced conductor knows score order well enough to examine a score and very quickly see which instrument plays a given part, even if the instrument names are not there. Below is an example of score order for a standard orchestral score as it would be listed alongside the staves.

Orchestral Format
Orchestral Format 

 Piccolo
 Flute
 Alto Flute*
 Oboe
 Cor Anglais*
Clarinet in Eb or A*
 Clarinet in Bb
 Bass Clarinet in Bb
 Alto Sax in Eb*
 Bassoon
 Contrabassoons
 Horn in F
 Trumpets in Bb
 Trombones
 Bass Trombone
 Euphonium*
 Tuba
 Timpani
 Other Percussion (Triangle, agogo bells, tam-tam glockenspiel, xylophone, vibraphone, tubular bells, tenor drum, bass drum)
 Other Instruments
 Harp
 Piano & Keyboards
 Choir (SATB)
 Violin 1
 Violin 2
 Viola
 Cello
 Bass

*Indicates a non standard instrument, these are instruments that are used because the composer wants the tone in the ensemble only

Concert Band Format 
In a band score, the instruments will be listed differently. Below is an example of score order for a standard band score as it would be listed alongside the staves.
Piccolo
 Flute
 Oboe
 Bassoon
 Clarinet in Bb
 Alto Clarinet*
 Bass Clarinet in Bb
 Alto Saxophone in Eb
 Tenor Saxophone in Bb
 Baritone Saxophone in Eb
 Trumpet in Bb
 Horn in F
 Trombone
 Bass Trombone*
 Baritone/Euphonium
 Tuba
 Pitched Percussion
Unpitched Percussion

*Indicates a non standard instrument, these are instruments that are used because the composer wants the tone in the ensemble only

Related pages 

Musical note
Musicology

References

Other websites 
International Music Score Library Project, a public-domain sheet music library with original scores scanned to PDF.

Musical notation
Score or scorer may refer to:

Test score, the result of an exam or test

Business
 Score Digital, now part of Bauer Radio
 Score Entertainment, a former American trading card design and manufacturing company
 Score Media, a former Canadian media company

Mathematics
Score (statistics), a quantity in statistics
Score, the number twenty (20); see also vigesimal
Raw score, an original datum that has not been transformed
Score test, a statistical test
Scorer's function, solutions to differential equations
Standard score, a quantity derived from the raw score

Science and technology
Single colour reflectometry, an optical technique for monitoring biomolecular interactions

Arts, entertainment, and media 
Event score, written or printed instructions for a visual art performance
Musical score

Movies
 Score (1974 movie), an American adult movie
 Score (2016 movie), a documentary movie
 Score: A Hockey Musical, a 2010 Canadian musical movie
Music
 Movie score, original music written specifically to accompany a movie.

Albums
 Score (Randy Brecker album), 1969
 Score (Paul Haslinger album), 1999
 Score (Carol Lloyd album), 1979
 Score (Dream Theater album), 2006
 Score (2Cellos album), 2017

Periodicals
 Score, a football comic which became Scorcher in 1971
 Score, a pornographic magazine by The Score Group

Sports and games
Score (game), a number of points achieved in a game
Score (sport), a number of points achieved in a sporting event
Scoring (cricket)
Score bug, a graphic displayed on a screen during sports game broadcasts to display the current score and other statistics
Herb Score (1933–2008), baseball player
A radian is a unit of measuring angles. It is shown by the symbol "rad" or, less often, c (for circular measure). The radian was once an SI supplementary unit, but was changed to a derived unit in 1995. A radians arc length is equal to the radii from the circle it is part of.

Usage
Most people who do mathematics or physics use radians, rather than degrees, because some kinds of calculations, mostly in trigonometry and calculus, are simpler when using radians rather than degrees. Thus, most calculations related to angular frequency (such as angular velocity) use radians per second. 

People who look through a telescope or sniper scope often use milliradians to describe distances as seen through it.

Conversion
1 radian is equal to about 57.3°. There are 2π radians (about 6.28 radians) in a full circle. The formula for turning radians to degrees and vice versa is:

or:

we can also say that:

.

Related pages 

 Steradian
 Tau, the measure of a full circle in radian
 Unit circle

References
References 

Angles
SI derived units
Taoyuan City () is a special municipality of Taiwan, Republic of China, in the northwestern part of the island, next to New Taipei City. Taoyuan District is in this municipality and serves as the seat of Taoyuan City.

"Taoyuan" means "peach garden," since the area used to have many peach blossoms. Taoyuan is the native home to the Pingpu tribe of Aborigines. It is now an important industrial region of Taiwan. Taipei Taoyuan International Airport, which serves Taipei, is inside this county.

Administrative divisions
Taoyuan City controls 13 districts.

Education 
Chien Hsin University

Related pages
List of counties of Republic of China

Other websites 
Official website 

Cities in Taiwan
Taoyuan
Tainan County (Chinese:台南縣; Taiwanese: Tâi-lâm-koān) is a county in Southern Taiwan .  The name "Tainan" means simply "Southern Taiwan".

Townships

Related pages
List of counties of Republic of China

Other websites 
Government website  | (English) 

Counties of Taiwan
Hsinchu County (Chinese:新竹縣; POJ: Sin-tek-kōan) is a county in northwestern Taiwan. The population is mainly Hakka; there is a Taiwanese aboriginal minority in the southeastern part of the county.

Management 
Hsinchu County controls one township-level city (縣轄市), three city-townships (鎮), and nine rural townships (鄉).

Related pages
List of counties of Republic of China

Other websites 
Government website  | (English) 

Counties of Taiwan
Xindian District (Chinese: 新店區; POJ: Sin-tiàm-khu) is a district in the southern part of New Taipei City of the Republic of China. It has been historically spelt as Sindian (Tongyong Pinyin) or Hsintien (Wade-Giles) and Xindian (Hanyu Pinyin) on road signs in Taipei City. Sindian is the Tongyong Pinyin spelling of the city's name.

Geography 
 Location: Latitude 24.57°N, Longitude 121.32°E
 Area : 
 Population: 300,283 people ()
 Households: 107,878

Attractions 
 Bitan (碧潭) 
 Bitan Bridge {碧潭橋)
 Chung-yiang villages (中央新村)
 Feitsui reservoir(翡翠水庫)
 Wulai (烏來)

Other websites 
 Household registration office 

Settlements in Taiwan
New Taipei
Apia, is the capital of Samoa. In 2001, it had 380,800 people. It is part of the Tuamasaga district. The city is on the northern coast of Upolu Island. It is the nation's major port and only city. Fish and copra are the country's major exports, and cotton goods, motor vehicles, meats, and sugar are the major imports.

Location 
Apia () is on a natural dock at the mouth of the Vaisigano River. It is on a narrow coastal plain with Mount Vaea (height 472 m) directly to its south. Two main ridges run south on either side of the Vaisigano River, with roads on each sides. The more western of these is Cross Island Road, the fewer roads crossing to the south coast of Upolu.

Other city 
Mulinu'u, the old capital, is the location of the Parliament House (Fale Fono) and the historic observatory, which is now the meteorology office. In 1983, the Apia Samoa Temple was built here by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Transport 

National capitals in Oceania
Samoa
The largest island is Fongafale. On this island, there are four villages, of which one is Vaiaku, where the government is. The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes given as Fongafale or Vaiaku, but the entire atoll of Funafuti is actually the capital.

Islands in Funafuti 
There are at least 33 islands in the atoll. The biggest is Fongafale, followed by Funafala. At least three islands are inhabited, which are Fongafale, Funafala and Motuloa. 

 Amatuku
 Avalau
 Falaoigo
 Fale Fatu (or Falefatu)
 Fatato
 Fongafale
 Fuafatu
 Fuagea
 Fualefeke (or Fualifeke)
 Fualopa
 Funafala
 Funamanu
 Luamotu
 Mateika
 Motugie
 Motuloa
 Mulitefala
 Nukvalevale
 Papa Elise (or Funangongo)
 Pukasavilivili
 Te Afuafou
 Te Afualiku
 Tefala
 Telele
 Tengako (peninsula of the island of Fongafale)
 Tengasu
 Tepuka
 Tepuka Vili Vili
 Tutanga
 Vasafua
 And at least 5 other islands

Bays and streets in Funafuti 
 Te Ava Pua Pua
 Te Ava Tepuka Vili
TeNamo Lagoon 
The lagoon surrounded by the atoll is TeNamo. It has a vertical length of more than 20 km. 

National capitals in Oceania
Geography of Tuvalu
Atolls
Cantonese is an East Asian language which comes from Canton, southern China. Often, people use the word 'Cantonese' to refer to the Guangzhou dialect, Hong Kong dialect, Xiguan dialect, Wuzhou dialect and Tanka dialect of Yue. However, linguists prefer to keep the name 'Cantonese' for the Yue dialect of Guangzhou (Canton) and Hong Kong. Using this classification, Cantonese is the prestige dialect of Yue.

Cantonese is spoken by people in Southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia and Singapore, as well as places with many overseas Chinese who came from Cantonese-speaking parts of China, such as Melbourne. It is also the most common language of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and North America. It is said that over 100,000,000 people speak Cantonese. It is a tonal language with 6 kinds of tones. While Cantonese is only the third most spoken dialect of Chinese, only behind Mandarin and Wu, its official status in Hong Kong and Macau make it widely known among other Chinese dialects.
Even though Cantonese is called a dialect of Chinese, Cantonese is so different from Mandarin, the most spoken dialect of Chinese, that they are mutually unintelligible, meaning that a speaker of one language cannot understand the other language without learning it beforehand. It is said that Cantonese is more closely related to Classical Chinese or the Traditional Chinese than Mandarin.

Cantonese is from the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.

Hong Kong and Macau
In Hong Kong, the official languages are English and Chinese, according to the Basic Law of Hong Kong. The vagueness of listing Chinese as the official language allows for the wide use of Cantonese, as it is called a dialect of Chinese. In Hong Kong, many people speak Cantonese instead of Mandarin, and some may even get offended if you speak Mandarin. Most schools in Hong Kong teach in Cantonese, rather than the language that they speak in Mainland China.
In Macau, the majority speak Cantonese and it is also the official language with the other being Portuguese. But here the people speak lots of other languages as it is popular with tourists because of its casinos.

References

Sino-Tibetan languages
Languages of China
A skirt is a piece of clothing that hangs downwards from the waist.
Different skirts have been worn in many different cultures at different times. There are skirts that are clothing for women, for men, or for both.

In modern Western / European culture skirts are usually worn by women. An exception is the kilt and the fustanella, which are traditional skirts for men that are still worn today.

Skirts are worn at semi-formal occasions, and sometimes at formal events, although a dress is more common.

The bottom part of a dress can also be called a skirt.

History 

Skirts have been worn by people for a very long time in the past.

A skirt made out of straw from 3.900 BC was found in Armenia. In ancient Egypt, men and women have worn skirts.

In the Bronze Age, the people in the South of West and Central Europe used clothes that go around the body like dresses. In Northen Europe, people wore skirts and blouses.
In the Middle Ages, men and women also used clothes like dresses. The bottom part of the dress for men were shorter than the dresses that women wore.

Today, skirts are still used by men and women. Such skirts are the lungi, lehnga, kanga, sarong which is used in South Asia and Southeast Asia. The kilt is used in Scotland and Ireland.

The Chinese were one of the early societies who wore miniskirts, which are short skirts.

1900s 

In the 1900s, the dresses worn by Western women had more types than other years. The waistline of the dresses moved from under the breasts to the natural waist. Skirts were narrow at first, but they slowly became wider, particularly in the 1860s.

The "rainy daisy" skirt came in the 1980s, where the bottom of the skirt stopped touching the floor. This would give idea to the modern skirts with shorter lengths.

In the 1920s, short skirts had become famous. The longer skirts came back in 1930, before shorter skirts were used in war times because there were limits on fabric.
In the years of 1967 to 1970, skirts became very short, where the bottom of the skirt was up to the bottom of underwear.

Types of skirts
An A-line skirt is a skirt which looks like the letter A. It is wider at the bottom.
 A bell-shaped skirt looks like a bell. It becomes wider nearer to the top.
 A circle skirt is a skirt made by cutting a circle in the middle of fabric for the waist of the person.
 Culottes are a pair of shorts, but looks like a skirt.
 Full skirts are skirts with much fabric in the waist part.
 Gored skirts are fit at the waistline. They become wider at the bottom.
 An inverted pleated skirt is a skirt made by putting together two parts of fabric in the middle of the skirt, at the front or the back.
 A pleated skirt is a skirt with folds in the waist part called pleats, which make it narrow at the top.
 Short skirts are skirts that end above the knee.
 A pencil skirt, or a straight skirt, is a skirt that is tight and near to the body. There may be a cut because it can be hard to walk in.
 An underskirt is a skirt that is put under a different skirt, called an overskirt, or drapery.
Fashions 

 Ballerina skirts are a wide skirt used in the 1950s.
 A broomstick skirt has many pleats (folds) made by twisting the skirt while it was wet.
 A bubble skirt, tulip skirt, or balloon skirt, is a skirt that looks like a bubble or because the bottom part is folded into the back.
 A cargo skirt has loops for wearing a belt, and many large pockets.
 A crinoline is a skirt held up by hoops or petticoats.
 A dirndl is a traditional Bavarian-Austrian style skirt, made out of straight material held together at the waist.
 Denim skirts are skirts made out of denim, which can be made to seem like jeans.
 A godet skirt is a skirt with triangular pieces of fabric put up from the hem to increase the wideness.
 A hobble skirt is a long skirt which is so tight that it causes the person wearing it to have difficulty in walking, the person hobbles.
 A kilt is a skirt with aprons in front and folds at the back.
 A leather skirt is a skirt made using leather.
Lehenga, a long skirt with folds. It often has embroidery. It is used as the bottom part of the Gagra choli, a traditional blouse in North India and Pakistan.
 Maxi skirts are skirts that end at the ankle, used in the 1960s against the miniskirt.
 Micromini skirts are extremely short skirts.
 A midi skirt ends between the ankle and knee, at the calf.
 Mini-crini, a smaller version of the crinoline, which is a steel hoop used to hold up a skirt.
 Poodle skirt, a circle skirt showing a poodle for decoration.
Puffball skirts are skirts which are held at the bottom to create a round look.
 Rah-rah skirts are short skirts with many levels of fabric.
 A sarong is a square or rectangular piece of fabric worn around the body. It can be worn by both men and women.
 A scooter skirt or a skort is a skirt which has a shorts joined. It can also be shorts with a piece of fabric joined in front to make it look like a skirt.
 Skater skirts are skirts which have a waist that is higher. The bottom ends on top of the knee. It is often made out of light fabric to make it look like skirts of a figure skater.
 A squaw dress is made out of one or two parts. It is based on Native American clothing and is popular in the 1940s and 1950s.
 A swing skirt is tight at the hips but wide at the bottom.
 A T-skirt is a skirt made from a T-shirt.
 Tiered skirts are made out of several levels, and each level gets more wide than the one above it.
 A prairie skirt has one or more than one levels.
Lengths of skirts

Gallery

References

Related pages 
Miniskirt
Trousers

Basic English 850 words
Bottoms (clothing)
Kaohsiung County (Chinese:高雄縣; POJ: Ko-hiông-kōan) was a county in southern Taiwan administered as part of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. It was combined with the former Kaohsiung City in 2010 to create a new Kaohsiung City.

District

City

Township

Related pages
 List of counties of Republic of China

Other websites 
 Government website  | (English)
Function  
The most important function of red blood cells is the transport of oxygen (O2) to the tissues. The hemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs. Then it travels through blood vessels and brings oxygen to all other cells via the heart. The blood cells go through the lungs (to collect oxygen), through the heart (to give all cells oxygen). They go back to the heart to be re-pumped to the lungs (to again collect oxygen), so the blood in your body travels in a double circuit, going through your heart twice before it completes one full circulation of the body.

Red blood cells are doughnut-shaped, but without the hole. This shape is called a bi-concave disc. However, hereditary diseases such as sickle-cell disease can cause them to change shapes and stop blood flow in capillaries and veins. Plasma is got from whole blood. To prevent clotting, an anticoagulant (such as citrate) is added to the blood immediately after it is taken.
Discovery 
Jan Swammerdam a scientist from the Netherlands was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, another scientist from the Netherlands, was the first to draw an illustration of "Red Blood Cells".

Discussion 
Mammalian RBCs are unique in that they have no cell nucleus in their mature form. These cells have nuclei during development, but push them out as they mature. This gives more space for haemoglobin. Mammalian RBCs also lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. All other vertebrates have nucleated red blood cells.

As a result of not having mitochondria, the cells use none of the oxygen they carry. Instead they produce the energy carrier ATP. Because they lack nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA. They cannot divide, and have limited repair capabilities. This also makes sure no virus can target mammalian red blood cells.
Transport of CO2 in the blood 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in blood in three different ways. The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood.
 Most of it (about 68% to 83%) is converted to bicarbonate ions  by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells. by the reaction CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + .
 5% – 10% is dissolved in the blood plasma.
 5% – 10% is bound to haemoglobin as carbamino compounds.

References 

 
Physiology
Chișinău (IPA /ki.ʃi.'nəu/), formerly known as Kishinev, is the capital city and industrial and commercial center of the Moldova. It is also largest city of Moldova. It is in the center of the country, on the river Bîc.

Geography 

The city is in the middle of the central area of Moldova. It is divided into five administrative districts. These are:
 Centru 
 Rîşcani 
 Botanica 
 Ciocana 
 Buiucani

History 
Chișinău was founded in 1436 as a monastery town. The city was part of the Moldavian Principality, which, starting with the 16th century fell under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 19th century it was a small village of 7,000 people. In 1812 it was occupied by Russia, who made it the centre of Bessarabia. By 1862, there were 92,000 people. By 1900, there were 125,787.
The First World War Period 
Following the Russian October Revolution the country declared independence from the fallen empire, before joining the Kingdom of Romania. With Moldova only autonomous in the new state, Chișinău lost its title as Capital and moved into the background.

Between 1918 and 1940 the center of the city undertook large renovation work. In 1927 a monument to the famous prince Stephen III of Moldavia, by the artist Alexandru Plămădeală was erected.

The Second World War 
In the chaos of the Second World War Chișinău was nearly completely destroyed. This began with the Soviet occupation led by the Red Army from 28 June 1940. As the city began to recover from the takeover, a devastating earthquake occurred on 10 November 1940. The epicenter of the quake, which measured 7.3 on the Richter scale, was in eastern Romania and subsequently led to substantial destruction in the city.
After scarcely one year the assault of modern-day Moldova by the German army began. From July 1941 the city suffered from large-scale shooting and heavy bombardments by Nazi air raids. The Red Army resistance held until Chișinău finally fell on 17 July 1941.

Following the occupation the city suffered from the characteristic mass murder of predominantly Jewish inhabitants. As had been seen elsewhere in Europe, the dwindling followers of Judaism were transported on trucks to the outskirts of the city. There they were then shot in partially dug pits. The number of Jews murdered during the occupation of the city is estimated at 10,000 people.

As the War drew to a conclusion the former capital was pulled once more into heavy fighting as German troops retreated. After nearly six months of fighting Chișinău finally fell on 24 August 1944 to the Red Army. By this point the city had lost 70% of its buildings and constructions - the earthquake of 1940 and the air raids contributing to the largest part of this.
After the war the head of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, claimed the area around Bessarabien, to be in his own nation's sphere of influence. With the war completed, Stalin reorangised the political landscape of Eastern Europe, giving nominal independence to Romania and incorporating Moldova into the USSR. Thus Chișinău was once more made capital of the now 'autonomous' republic.

Soviet Union 
In the years 1947 to 1949 the architect Alexey Shchusev developed a plan with the aid of a team of architects for the gradual reconstruction of the city.
The beginning of the 1950s saw a rapid increase in the number of people, with which the Soviets responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style of Stalinist architecture. This process continued under Nikita Khrushchev, who called for construction under the slogan "good, cheaper and built faster". The new architectural style brought about dramatic change and generated the style that dominates today, with large blocks of flats arranged in considerable settlements.

The period of the most significant development of the city was from 1971, when the Council of Ministers of the USSR has adopted a decision "About the measures for further development of Kishinev city", that secured more than one billon rubles of investments from the state budget, until 1991, when Moldova gained independence.
Administration 
Chișinău is governed by the City Council and the City Mayor, both elected once every four years. The current mayor is Dorin Chirtoacă. Ursu is the former vice-mayor, between August 1994 and April 2005 was Serafim Urechean. Under the Moldovan constitution, Urechean - elected to parliament in 2005 - was prevented from holding an additional post to that of an MP. The Democratic Moldova Bloc leader accepted his mandate and in April resigned from his former position. During his 11-year term, Urechean committed himself to the restoration of the church tower of the Catedrala Naşterea Domnului, as well as improvements in public transport. From 1994, Chișinău saw the construction and launch of new trolley bus lines.

Economy
Economy 

Chișinău is the most economically developed and industrialised city in Moldova. Chișinău is a major industrial and services centre; its main industries include consumer and electrical goods, building materials, machinery, plastics, rubber, and textiles. The main service fields are banking and shopping/commerce.

Education 
The city has thirty-six universities, and the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the city has become a relatively lively and well-provisioned capital, with a much higher standard of living than most rural areas.

People 
 Moldovan - 68.4%
 Russian - 13.7%
 Ukrainian - 8.4%
 Romanian - 4.4%
 Bulgarian - 1.2%
 Gagauzian - 0.9%
 Others - 2.9%

Well-known people 
 Avigdor Lieberman (b. 1958), Israeli politician
 Lewis Milestone (1895-1980), American movie director

Other websites
Other websites 

 Official site of Chișinău (in Romanian only)
 Kishinef(Kishinev), by Rosenthal, Herman & Rosenthal, Max, in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906)
 Chișinău Interactive Map: find addresses, streets, and places 

National capitals in Europe
Cities in Moldova
1436 establishments
1430s establishments in Europe
Jöns Jakob Berzelius (20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. He invented the modern chemical notation. Berzelius, John Dalton and Antoine Lavoisier are said to be the fathers of modern chemistry.

Berzelius was born in Linköping in Östergötland in Sweden. He graduated from Uppsala University as a physician. He became a professor in medicine and surgery at the Stockholm School of Surgery in 1807. In 1810, this became part of Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet (later the Karolinska Institute) and Berzelius became a professor of chemistry and pharmacy.
Not long after going to Stockholm, Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students. While doing experiments for the textbook, he found that inorganic compounds are made of different elements in proportion by weight. Based on this, in 1828, he created a table of relative atomic weights. On this table, oxygen was set to 100. The table had all of the elements known at the time. This work gave evidence of the atomic hypothesis that 
chemical compounds are made of atoms combined in whole number amounts. 

In order to help his experiments, Berzelius created a system of chemical notation. In this notation, the elements were given simple written labels, for example, O for oxygen, or Fe for iron. The proportions of the elements was shown by numbers. This is the same basic system used today. The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today (for example, H2O), Berzelius used a superscript.
Berzelius found the chemical elements silicon, selenium, thorium, and cerium. Students working in Berzelius laboratory also found lithium and vanadium.

Berzelius was the first person to show the difference between organic compounds (those made with carbon), and inorganic compounds. He helped Gerhardus Johannes Mulder in his analysis of organic compounds such as coffee, tea and many proteins. The term "protein" itself was created by Berzelius, after Mulder noticed that all proteins seemed to have the same formula and might be made of a single type of a (very large) molecule.

Berzelius wrote a great deal. He helped many leading scientists (such as Mulder, Claude Louis Berthollet, Humphry Davy, Friedrich Wöhler and Eilhard Mitscherlich), and many less-notable scientists.

Summary of achievements 
Law of definte proportions
Chemical formula
Discovered chemical elements
Recognised organic compounds; named proteins.
Sources 
Crosland M.P. 1962. Historical studies in the language of chemistry.  Chapter 4: The symbols of Berzelius. London: Heinemann.
von Meyer, Ernst 1906. A history of chemistry from the earliest times to the present day. p212 et seq: Berzelius: a survey of his work. London: Macmillan.
Partington J.R. 1964 History of chemistry, vol 4. London: Macmillan; pp. 142–77.
Leicester, Henry 1970–80. Berzelius, Jöns Jacob. In Dictionary of scientific biography, vol 2, p90–97. New York: Scribners. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9

1779 births
1848 deaths
Swedish chemists
Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are large Y-shaped proteins that can stick to the surface of bacteria and viruses. They are found in the blood or other body fluids of vertebrates. Antibodies are the key element in the adaptive immune system.

The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target called an antigen. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a structure (like a lock) that fits one particular key-like structure on an antigen. This binds the two structures together.

Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly. The production of antibodies is the main function of humoral immunity.

Each antibody is different. They are all designed to attack only one kind of antigen (in practice, this means virus or bacteria). For instance, an antibody designed to destroy smallpox is unable to hit the bubonic plague or the common cold.
Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, that small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable. This allows millions of antibodies with different tip structures to exist. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens.

Relationship Between White Blood Cells and Antibodies 
There are two types of white blood cells: Phagocytes and Lymphocytes.

Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell. Once the antibodies attach to the pathogen the phagocytes bind to and engulf the pathogens. Once the pathogen is surrounded, the phagocyte then breaks down the cell using enzymes in its body. Phagocytes rely on antibodies to flag down pathogens in the blood system.
The other type of white blood cell is called a Lymphocyte. These white blood cells are the ones that are in charge of producing antibodies. The Lymphocytes can detect what pathogen is in your body at that given moment and the Lymphocyte will produce a specific type of antibody to specifically attack that pathogen. These antibodies help group pathogens together into one mass so that the phagocytes can just engulf them whole, rather than going around and individually finding pathogens. They produce antibodies that are specific to the pathogen. It takes a while for lymphocytes to produce these specific antibodies. In addition, some lymphocytes produce toxins that counteract the effect of pathogenic exotoxins in the body.

Immunoglobulin diversity

Basic issue 
Although a huge variety of different antibodies is made in a single individual, the number of genes available to make these proteins is limited by the size of the genome.
There are a vast number of microbe strains, and so vertebrates need millions of different antibodies.  Actually, humans generate about 10 billion different antibodies, each capable of binding a distinct antigen site. This must be done with a very much smaller number of genes: the total human genome has only about 20,000 genes.

Several complex genetic mechanisms have evolved. These allow vertebrate B cells to generate a huge pool of antibodies from a relatively small number of antibody genes. The full details are not presented here, just a summary.

The variety of antibodies is got by combining segments from a pool of genes in many different ways. Then, hyper-mutations occur in the binding site area of the antibody gene. This creates further diversity.
Heavy chains 
Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different isotypes based on which heavy chain they possess. Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals. They  help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter.