Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Scorpion I was a king of  Upper Egypt during the Predynastic Period, or the period before egypt was united. His name may refer to the scorpion goddess Serket.

He is believed to have ruled in Thinis one or two centuries before the rule of the better known King Scorpion II.  To him belongs the U-j tomb found in the royal cemetery of Abydos where Thinite kings were buried.

In contemporary fiction
William Golding's novel The Scorpion God is loosely based upon this period of Egyptian history.
The 2001 adventure film The Mummy Returns features a fictionalized account of the "Scorpion King" of Egypt, a character who went on to have his own spin-off in the 2002 film, The Scorpion King.

Predynastic Pharaohs
Thesh, or Tjesh, Tesh etc., was a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Nile Delta. He is mentioned in the Palermo Stone inscriptions among a small number of kings of Lower Egypt

References

Predynastic Pharaohs
Ford Cortina was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1962 to 1982. It was named after the Italian ski resort of Cortina d’Ampezzo. From 1970 onwards, it was almost identical to Ford Taunus. It was a very popular and common car in the UK during its time. It was still selling well by the time the Sierra replaced it in 1982, but sales of the remaining stocks of the Cortina continued for a while afterwards.

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
Cortina
In computer science, a closure is a function that has an environment of its own. In this environment, there is at least one bound variable (a name that has a value, such as a number). The closure's environment keeps the bound variables in memory between uses of the closure.

Peter J. Landin gave this idea the name closure in 1964. The Scheme programming language made closures popular after 1975. Many programming languages made after that time have closures.

Anonymous functions (functions with no name) are sometimes wrongly called closures. Most languages that have anonymous functions also have closures. An anonymous function is also a closure if it has an environment of its own with at least one bound variable. An anonymous function with no environment of its own is not a closure. A named closure is not anonymous.
Closures and first-class functions 
Values may be numbers or some other type of data, such as letters, or data structures made up of simpler parts. In the rules of a programming language, the first-class values are values that can be given to functions, returned by functions, and bound to a variable name. Functions that take or return other functions are called higher-order functions. Most languages that have functions as first-class values also have higher-order functions and closures.

For example, take a look at the following Scheme function:
; Return a list of all books with at least THRESHOLD copies sold.
(define (best-selling-books threshold)
  (filter 
    (lambda (book) (>= (book-sales book) threshold))
    book-list))
In this example, the lambda expression (lambda (book) (>= (book-sales book) threshold)) is part of the function best-selling-books.  When the function is run, Scheme must make the value of the lambda. It does this by making a closure with the code for the lambda and a reference to the threshold variable, which is a free variable inside the lambda. (A free variable is a name that is not bound to a value.)

The filter function then runs the closure on each book in the list to pick which books to return. Because the closure itself has a reference to threshold, the closure can use that value each time filter runs the closure. The function filter itself might be written in a completely separate file.

Here is the same example rewritten in ECMAScript (JavaScript), another popular language with support for closures:
// Return a list of all books with at least 'threshold' copies sold.
function bestSellingBooks(threshold) {
  return bookList.filter(
      function(book) { return book.sales >= threshold; }
    );
}
ECMAScript uses the word function here instead of lambda, and the Array.filter method  in place of the filter function, but otherwise the code does the same thing in the same way.

A function may create a closure and return it.  The following example is a function that returns a function.

In Scheme:
; Return a function that approximates the derivative of f
; using an interval of dx, which should be appropriately small.
(define (derivative f dx)
  (lambda (x) (/ (- (f (+ x dx)) (f x)) dx)))

In ECMAScript:
// Return a function that approximates the derivative of f
// using an interval of dx, which should be appropriately small.
function derivative(f, dx) {
  return function(x) {
    return (f(x + dx) - f(x)) / dx;
  };
}
The closure environment keeps the bound variables f and dx after the enclosing function (derivative) returns. In languages without closures, these values would be lost after the enclosing function returns. In languages with closures, a bound variable must be kept in memory as long as any closure has it.
A closure need not be formed using an anonymous function. The Python programming language, for example, has limited support for anonymous functions but does have closures. For example, one way the above ECMAScript example could be implemented in Python is:
# Return a function that approximates the derivative of f
# using an interval of dx, which should be appropriately small.
def derivative(f, dx):
    def gradient(x):
        return (f(x + dx) - f(x)) / dx
    return gradient
In this example, the function named gradient makes a closure together with the variables f and dx. The outer enclosing function named derivative returns this closure. In this case, an anonymous function would work also.def derivative(f, dx):
return lambda x: (f(x + dx) - f(x)) / dxPython must often use named functions instead because its lambda expressions may only contain other expressions (code that returns a value) and not statements (code that has effects but no value). But in other languages, such as Scheme, all code returns a value; in Scheme, everything is an expression.
Uses of closures
Closures have many uses:
 Designers of software libraries can allow users to customize behavior by passing closures as arguments to important functions.  For example, a function that sorts values can accept a closure argument that compares the values to be sorted according to a user-defined criterion.
 Because closures delay evaluation–i.e., they do not "do" anything until they are called–they can be used to define control structures.  For example, all Smalltalk's standard control structures, including branches (if/then/else) and loops (while and for), are defined using objects whose methods accept closures.  Users can easily define their own control structures as well.
 Multiple functions can be produced which close over the same environment, enabling them to communicate privately by altering that environment (in languages that allow assignment).

In Scheme

(define foo #f)
(define bar #f)
(let ((secret-message "none"))
  (set! foo (lambda (msg) (set! secret-message msg)))
  (set! bar (lambda () secret-message)))

(display (bar)) ; prints "none"
(newline)
(foo "meet me by the docks at midnight")
(display (bar)) ; prints "meet me by the docks at midnight"

 Closures can be used to implement object systems.

Note: Some speakers call any data structure that binds a lexical environment a closure, but the term usually refers specifically to functions.

References

Computer science
Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land and water. About 25% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. Agriculture accounts for about 23% of GDP and employs about 44% of the labor force. Pakistan is one of the world's largest producers and suppliers of the following according to the 2005 Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations and FAOSTAT given here with ranking:

 Chickpea (2nd)
 Apricot (4th)
 Cotton (4th)
 Sugarcane (4th) (National Juice of Pakistan)
 Milk (5th)
 Onion (5th)
 Date Palm (6th)
 Mango (7th) (National fruit of Pakistan)
 Tangerines, mandarin orange, clementine (8th)
 Rice (8th)
 Wheat (9th)
 Oranges (10th)

Pakistan ranks fifth in the Muslim world and twentieth worldwide in farm output. It is the world's fifth largest milk producer.
Agriculture is the back bone of Pakistan's economy. Agriculture has also been the main source of population growth in Pakistan.

References
References

Pakistan
Economy of Pakistan
Gwadar Bay is near the maritime border of Pakistan and Iran. The name is from Persian, Khalij-e Gavader or 'Gulf of Gwadar' on Arabian Sea. It is an inlet of the Arabian Sea indenting the sandy Makran coast at the Iran–Pakistan border. It is about 20 miles (32 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide. The Dashtiari River flows into it from the northwest, and the Dasht River from the northeast. The town of Gwadar, Pakistan, is on the Arabian Sea coast about 30 miles (48 km) east of Gwadar Bay.

Balochistan (Pakistan)
Bays
Huntly () is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, formerly known as Milton of Strathbogie. It has a population 4,460   2004 and is the site of Huntly Castle.

Huntly was the home town of the writer George MacDonald. Some of his novels, especially the Robert Falconer and Alec Forbes of Howglen play partly in Huntly, even if the name of the town is changed. So they give a rather good introduction to the life in Huntly in the 19th century.

The local football team is Huntly F.C..

Other websites 
 Huntly website.
 Huntly at Undiscovered Scotland

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Clerkhill is an area of the town of Peterhead in north east Scotland. Surrounded by the areas of Meethill, Dales Park and Coplandhill, it is one of the smaller areas of the town.

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Ellon is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, approximately 16 miles north of Aberdeen, lying on the River Ythan (pronounced eye-than) which has one of the few undeveloped river estuaries on the eastern coast of Scotland. It is in the ancient region of Formartine.

Famous people from Ellon
 Paul Sturrock, footballer
 Teddy Scott, footballer, coach and kit man for Aberdeen
 Evelyn Glennie, percussionist

References

Other websites 
 Ellon Tourism Group website 
 Ellon AAC Website
 Ellon Academy website
 Ellon Webcam, local picture galleries and historic info

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Fraserburgh (Scots: The Broch) (Scottish Gaelic: A' Bhruaich) is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland with a population recorded in the 2001 Census at 12,454. It lies at the northeast corner of Aberdeenshire, around  north of Aberdeen, and  north of Peterhead. It is the largest shellfish port in Europe and a major white fish port and busy commercial harbour.

Politics 
 UK Constituency: Banff and Buchan — Alex Salmond, SNP, (1987–), Party leader (1990–2000, 2004–), First Minister of Scotland (2007-)
 Scottish Parliament Constituency: Banff and Buchan — Stewart Stevenson, SNP, (2001–) Minister for Transport, Infrastructure and Climate Change (2007-)
 Aberdeenshire Council Ward: Fraserburgh and District - 3 SNP councillors and 1 independent councillor.

Sports 
Fraserburgh golf club is the fifth oldest club in Scotland and seventh oldest in the world. It has both an 18 hole and a 9 hole course, and a modern clubhouse.
Notable people
 George Bruce (1909-2002): Poet of the Scottish literary renaissance
 Bill Gibb (1943-): born in Fraserburgh; became international fashion designer
 Steve Fairnie (1951-1993) : Fraserburgh born musician, painter, sculptor, actor, board game designer, chicken hypnotist, frontman of the post-punk band Writz and half of the Techno Twins.
 Thomas Blake Glover (1838–1911): born in Fraserburgh, where his father worked for the coastguard, moved to Japan and founded Mitsubishi Company.  Known as the Scottish Samuri. He has a local chip shop named after him.
 Robertson Macaulay (1833-1915): one time president of Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada).
 Dennis Nilsen (1945–): Serial killer; born at Academy Road, Fraserburgh.
 James Ramsay (1733–89): born in Fraserburgh; anti-slavery campaigner.
 Sir George Strahan (1838–87): born in Fraserburgh; British colonial governor.
 Joseph Watt (1887-1955): Gardenstown born; recipient of the Victoria Cross 15th May, 1917
Twin Town
Bressuire, France

Other websites
 Fraserburgh: Scotland's Leading Light
 Fraserburgh Heritage Centre 
 Banff and Buchan College 
 Cairness House
 Buchan hillwalking club 
 Web Historian's pages on the fishing villages of the North East

References

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Rosehearty (Gaelic: Ros Abhartaich), Rizarty in the local dialect, is a village in Scotland. It is on the Moray Firth coast, four miles west of the town Fraserburgh, in the county of Aberdeenshire.

The burgh has about 1,300 people, with about 25 per cent of pensionable age. There are two shops and three hotels in the village.

Other websites
 Community website
Rosehearty Golf Course

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Stonehaven (Steenhive in the Doric dialect of Scots) and Cala na Creige in Gaelic is a town with around fourteen thousand inhabitants (9,577 in the 2001 census) on the northeast coast of Scotland. It is the county town of the historic county of Kincardineshire or The Mearns and the present day county of Aberdeenshire. It grew around an Iron Age fishing village, now the "Auld Toon" ("old town"), and expanded inland from the Seaside.  As late as the 16th century, old maps indicate the town was called Stonehyve or Stonehive.

Famous People 
Stonehaven was the birthplace of Robert William Thomson, inventor of the pneumatic tyre and the fountain pen, of journalist James Murdoch and Lord Reith of Stonehaven, first Director-General of the BBC.

Stonehaven was a holiday retreat of the poet, Robert Burns.

The novelist Lewis Grassic Gibbon (James Leslie Mitchell) attended school at what was the old Mackie Academy (now Arduthie Primary). Mackie Academy now serves over 1000 pupils and they study his work.
Famous historical visitors include William Wallace and Mary Queen of Scots.

References

Other websites 

Undiscovered Scotland Dunnottar Castle
Stonehaven Online Directory 

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Turriff is a town and parish in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is approximately 166 feet above sea level. It is known locally as Turra in the Doric dialect of Scots. The name appears to be Scottish Gaelic in origin, from "torr" meaning a mound or round hill, or "tur" meaning a tower.

History 

The Knights Templar appear to have had a base in the area, and a nearby site is still known as "Temple Brae".

Early in 1639, the Marquis of Huntly assembled his forces here, and thereafter went to Kintore in lower Aberdeenshire, eventually marching from there to Aberdeen itself. The Marquis — being informed shortly after his arrival in Aberdeen that a meeting of Covenanters was to be held in Turriff on the fourteenth of February — resolved to disperse them, by occupying the town with 2000 men. The incident was known as the "First raid of Turray".

Other websites 
 The Turriff and District Tourism Action Group

References 

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Danko Jones is a three-piece hard rock band from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The band consists of Danko Jones (vocals/guitar), JC (also known as John Calabrese) (bass guitar), and Dan Cornelius (drums).

Canadian rock bands
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Canada
Abercrombie & Fitch () (A&F) is an American clothing retailer sold as a lifestyle brand. The company has four brands: the Abercrombie & Fitch brand, abercrombie kids, Hollister Co., and Gilly Hicks. The company also had another brand called RUEHL No.925 which closed in January 2010. Stores operate in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Italy, France, Denmark, and Japan. It was created by David Abercrombie and Ezra H. Fitch. Abercrombie & Fitch was created in 1892. In this year, David Abercrombie opened the first store in New York City.

References 

American clothing companies
1892 establishments in New York (state)
Companies based in Ohio
This article is about the village in Scotland. For other things with the name Abercrombie, please see Abercrombie.

Abercrombie (Gaelic: Obar Chrombaidh) is a small village in Fife, Scotland. It is around 1 mile north of the village of St Monans, and 10 miles south of the town of St Andrews. Abercrombie was the former name of the parish (church district) of St Monans, although both Abercrombie and St Monans had churches.

Villages in Fife
Jamestown is a hamlet in Fife, Scotland. The A90 road and the Fife Circle Line are two modes of transport in Jamestown. The nearest ferry is from Rosyth, and goes to Zeebrugge. Edinburgh Airport is the nearest airport.

Fife
Hamlets in Scotland
Bargeddie () is a small town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, east of the junction of the M73 and M8 motorways,  west of Coatbridge town centre. A location in the same area is named in Timothy Pont's map of 1595, but it appears to be originally spelt as Balgedy.

People
Former Scottish football player and Arsenal manager, George Graham was born at Bargeddie on 30 November 1944.

Towns in North Lanarkshire
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (; born 6 March 1937), is a Soviet retired cosmonaut. 

She was the first woman to fly in space, aboard Vostok 6 (one of Vostok rocket) on 16 June 1963. She and four others were chosen out of more than 400 other women to fly in space.

Social activity 
In 2011, she was elected to the State Duma of Russia from the United Russia party on the Yaroslavl regional list. Tereshkova, together with Elena Mizulina, Irina Yarovaya and Andrey Skoch, is a member of an inter-factional deputy group for the protection of Christian values; in this capacity, she supported the introduction of amendments to the Russian Constitution, according to which, "Orthodoxy is the basis of the national and cultural identity of Russia." Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Federal Structure and Local Self-Government since December 21, 2011.

References

1937 births
Living people
Cosmonauts
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Yaroslavl Oblast
John Herbert Dillinger (June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an American bank robber in the American Midwest.

Early years

Dillinger was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He grew up in Mooresville, Indiana. His first robbery occurred in Mooresville in 1924. He went to prison until 1933. Later, he helped some convicts escape, and formed a gang of robbers with them.

Criminal career

In 1934, Dillinger was accused of killing a policeman. He was transported from Arizona to Indiana. He escaped from jail. His flight across state lines in a stolen vehicle made him a fugitive from the FBI. He formed a gang and robbed banks. He had several gun battles with the men of the FBI. By the middle of 1934, he had robbed 10 banks in four midwestern states.

Death
Death 

 
Dillinger was hiding in Chicago, Illinois, when he was betrayed by the madame of a brothel named Anna Sage. She accompanied him to the Biograph Theater wearing a red dress. This was done so the police could easily see her. Dillinger was gunned down by the FBI as he left the movie theater. Dillinger had chosen to see the Clark Gable gangster movie, Manhattan Melodrama. Anna Sage became known as "The Lady in Red".
Film depictions 
 Humphrey Bogart's played the gang leader Duke Mantee in The Petrified Forest, {1936} a character based on Dillinger.
 Lawrence Tierney starred in the first film dramatization of Dillinger's career; Dillinger (1945).
 In a parody of Dillinger's escape with a phony gun, Woody Allen tries the same stunt [and fails} in his 1971 movie, Take the Money and Run.
 Warren Oates's 1973's  Dillinger.  Another  dramatization version of the Dillinger gang comparable to the 1969 movie  "Bonnie and Clyde"
 A TV movie Dillinger was released in 1991, starring Mark Harmon.
 Director Michael Mann's 2009 film Public Enemies, is an adaptation of Bryan Burrough's book Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933-43 and features Johnny Depp as John Dillinger and Christian Bale as FBI agent Melvin Purvis.

References

1903 births
1934 deaths
American criminals
Criminals from Chicago
Criminals from Indiana
People shot and killed by law enforcement officers in the United States
SEAT Arosa was a car produced by SEAT from 1997 through 2014 with a facelift in 2001. It is a badge-engineered version of the Volkswagen Lupo and Škoda Lupo. Its successor appeared in 2012 as the Seat Mii.Skoda Lupo

Engines

Petrol 
 1.0 37 kW (50 hp)
 1.4 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.4 16V 74 kW (101 hp)
1.9 L F9Q1 TDI I4

Diesel 
 1.4 TDI 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.7 SDI 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.9 L F9Q'' DI-D I4
Kia
Arosa
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
SEAT Ibiza is a car produced by SEAT since 1984. It is currently in its fifth generation. The first generation appeared in 1984 while the second generation was the first based on the Volkswagen Polo and arrived in 1993 while it got a facelift in both 1996 and 1999. It entered its third generation in 2002 while the fourth generation appeared in 2008. The current fifth generation arrived in 2017 which is now 5-door only and there is also a small crossover model based on it called the Arona. The restyled version of the fifth generation of the Ibiza is presented in April 2021.

Ibiza
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Commedia dell'arte is a form of improvisational theatre. It began in Italy in the 16th century. The form continued to be popular during the 17th century and is still popular today.

The title is difficult to translate. A close translation is “comedy of craft”. This is shortened from commedia dell’arte all’improvviso, or “comedy of improvisation”.

The plays of Commedia dell'arte were often performed by a small group of actors who traveled around and performed in town squares. The actors would pass a hat around for people to put money in.

The earliest known group was in Padua in 1545. By the end of the seventeenth century, there were several troupes (group of actors). These included the Gelosi, Confidenti, and Fedeli. Some troupes were popular at courts outside of Italy. In France,  images from the commedia became a favorite theme of well-known artistlthough, most people think those are the least popular, the most important being ur mum. anyway  u useless fricc, ur uglys.
The actors often wore masks. The stories were often about people being cunning. Hunger, love and money were important in the stories. There were several characters who appeared in many of the stories. These are called "stock characters". Examples of stock characters from Commedia dell'arte are: Harlequin, Pantalone, Arlecchino, Colombina, Pulcinella, Pierrot, Scaramuccia.

Commedia dell'arte had a lot of influence on theatre plays in many countries. Punch and Judy shows, popular with children in Britain and other countries, are similar to Commedia dell'arte. They also have stock characters: Punch, Judy, the crocodile, the policeman etc.

Theatrical forms
Boddam is a coastal village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is  north of Aberdeen and  south of Peterhead. Sea cliffs rise to , south of the village: a coastal path leads along these to the Bullers of Buchan.

The adjoining settlement, on the Aberdeen to Peterhead road, was for many years known simply as Stirling: in 2004, it was renamed Stirling Village, to avoid confusion with the newly granted city of Stirling.

References

Other websites
 - Boddam Community Website
 - Buchan Ness Lighthouse (Northern Lighthouse Board website) 
 - Official Tourist Web Site 
 - Peterhead Area Business Directory 

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Blackburn is a rapidly growing commuter town in Aberdeenshire just northwest of Aberdeen, Scotland. It has an industrial estate.

References 

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Banff (Gaelic Banbh) and Macduff (Gaelic MacDhuibh) are neighbouring towns on Banff Bay, both of which are former burghs in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Until 1975 Banff was the county town of Banffshire.

Sport
Banff and surrounding areas have a local football team, Deveronvale F.C. and a rugby team, Banff RFC.
Duff House Royal Golf course is bordered by the River Deveron and Duff House.Some interesting holes which can be difficult depending on the wind.
Macduff also has a golf course known as Royal Tarlair. Built on land which ends on precipitous cliffs, lost balls really are lost.

Etymology
The name "Banff" is uncertain but may be derived from the Scottish Gaelic Banbh or Banbha, a sow, buinne, a stream, or a contraction of Bean-naomh, the holy woman (as is reflected in the town's coat-of-arms). Currently, the languages spoken in the town and in its vicinity tend to be the Doric dialect of Scots, and English.

Notable residents
 Sandi Thom
 Colin Newton
 Alex Salmond
 Richard Gordon

References
References

Other websites
 COAST festival 
 On Flikr photos of 600th Anniversary Celebrations
 On Flikr photos of BB's Festival of Britain 1951
 On Flikr photos of 1 Photos of Banff, Macduff and Surrounding Area

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Banchory (Scottish Gaelic: Beannchar, 'blessed place') is a burgh or town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, lying approximately 18 miles west of Aberdeen, near where the Feugh River meets the River Dee.

Other websites 
 Banchory Air Training Corps 
 Rotary Club of Banchory-Ternan
 Visit Banchory - Gateway to Royal Deeside
 Banchory Community Website
 Official Burnett Worldwide Website
 Banchory Ternan East Parish Church

References 

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Laurencekirk is a small town in the ancient county of Kincardineshire, modern county of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, just off the A90 Dundee to Aberdeen main road. It is the largest settlement in the Howe o' the Mearns area and houses the local secondary school; Mearns Academy, which was awarded the Charter Mark in 2003. The 2004 population is estimated at 3,596.

References

Other websites
 Laurencekirk 

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Inverurie is a Royal Burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, approximately 16 miles north west of Aberdeen on the A96 road and lies on the Northern Express Railway Route from Aberdeen to Inverness. The nearest airport is Aberdeen International Airport at Dyce.

Sports
Inverurie Loco Works F.C., playing their matches at Harlaw Park, are the local Highland League football team and Aberdeen F.C. is the nearest Scottish Premier League team. Rugby Union is played by the Garioch Rugby Football Club.

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Inverbervie (Ordnance Survey) is a small town on the north-east coast of Scotland, south of Stonehaven, in the Aberdeenshire council area.

The Inverbervie name derives from Inbhir Beirbhe, meaning Mouth of the River Bervie in Scottish Gaelic.

Notable residents
 John Arbuthnot, mathematician, physician, satirist and polymath
 Hercules Linton, designer of the Cutty Sark clipper ship
 Lewis Grassic Gibbon, author, lived in nearby Arbuthnott

References

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Insch is a town in Garioch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is about  from the city of Aberdeen. Auchleven and Premnay are villages associated with Insch.

Other websites
 Insch Community Website 
 Insch Golf Club 
 Loch Insch Fishery 
 Insch Primary School 

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Portsoy (Gaelic: Port Saoidh) is a burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, formerly in the county of Banffshire.

It is known for:
its local jewellery made from "Portsoy marble" (which is not marble, but rather serpentine)
its locally milled oatmeal which is sold around the world
its annual small boat festival.
its two historical harbours

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Peterhead is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is Aberdeenshire's largest settlement, having a population of 17,947 at the 2001 Census. Peterhead sits at the easternmost point in mainland Scotland. Peterhead is often referred to as 'The Blue Toon' and people who were born there as Blue Tooners. More correctly they are called Bloomogganners, supposedly from the blue worsted stockings that the fishermen originally wore.

Sport
Peterhead F.C. are a Scottish Football League side who currently play in the Second Division.

Twin town
 Ålesund, Norway

References

Other websites

 Peterhead's Official Website 
 The unofficial guide to Peterhead
 Photographs and forum live webcams showing life in a rural garden 
 Peterhead News Site
 Local Authority Covering Peterhead Area

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Maud (Gaelic: Am Mòd) is a small town in the Buchan area of the Scottish county of Aberdeenshire. Population 610 (2004). Located 13 miles west of Peterhead on the South Ugie Water, Maud rose to prosperity in the nineteenth century as a railway junction of the Formartine and Buchan Railway that ran through Maud to Fraserburgh and Peterhead, but has always been the meeting place of six roads. It has had a variety of names:
 Bank of Behitch
 Brucklay
 New Maud
the 'New' falling out of use leading to its current name.

References

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Kintore (Gaelic: Ceann Tòrr) is a town and former royal burgh near Inverurie in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, now bypassed by the A96 road between Aberdeen and Inverness.  The name Kintore comes from the Gaelic, Ceann-an-torr. Ceann means the head, or the end, and Torr means a round hill. So the name signifies that the town was at the head or end of a round hill. This probably refers to Tuach Hill to the south of the town. 

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Kemnay (Gaelic: Ceann a' Mhuigh) is a village 16 miles west of Aberdeen in Scotland. It has a population of about 7040 (2007).

Sports
The golfer Paul Lawrie, who famously won the 1999 Open Championship is a former pupil of Kemnay Academy, as is Aberdeen FC footballer Darren Mackie.
Aberdeenshire Cricket Association

Other websites 

 Kemnay Village Community Web 
Kemnay Academy

Towns in Aberdeenshire
Portlethen is a town 7 mi south of Aberdeen, Scotland along the A90. It has expanded rapidly over the last 30 years. Portlethen has a population of about 7000, and more than 800 houses are, as of 2007, were being built on nearby farmland. To the east of Portlethen lie three fishing villages: Findon, Downies and Old Portlethen (now often referred to as Portlethen Village). Although Portlethen is a town in terms of population (and it has been granted official town status), it resembles a residential suburb without a clear 'town centre' or focal point.

References

Towns in Aberdeenshire
A lisp is a speech problem, linked to the misarticulation of 's'-sounds. This results in unclear speech. In many languages, these sounds are difficult to pronounce. There is a difference between lisping children who are in the process of learning to speak, and lisping adults. In many cases, lisping is easy to treat using specialized therapy. Some characters (especially in cartoons) lisp for a comic effect.

Speech disorders
Characters
For the first version, they used a green bird called Peedy that was created by Microsoft. In 2001, the company made their own character. They called it Bonzi. The character was a purple gorilla. When the program launched, the gorilla would surf onto their screen on a yellow surf board. In later versions, they changed Bonzi's entrance from a surf board to a jungle vine.

Virus issues

BonziBUDDY had a lot of spyware. It would bring out random advertisements, set the homepage to www.bonzi.com and slow down the computer. It was also rated 6th at PCWorld's annoying spyware products. It would also collect personal information about what people do on their computer and that was a legal issue about this software.

References

Malware
Free software
The Kansas Koyotes are a professional indoor football team based out of Topeka, Kansas. The Koyotes compete in the American Professional Football League (APFL). They began play in 2003.

American football
People from Topeka, Kansas
Playing for Pizza is a short novel by John Grisham, released on September 25, 2007.
The novel is about an American football player who can no longer get work in the National Football League. His agent, as a last resort, signs a deal for him to play for the Parma Panthers, in Parma, Italy. The quarterback's move to a small city in a foreign land leads to a series of cultural misadventures.

Other websites
 Panthers.it Official Site
 Share The Dream with Grisham Official Site

2007 books
20th-century American novels
The Grapes of Wrath is a novel written by John Steinbeck. It was published in 1939. The book won both the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature. It is often read in American high school and college classes. The title of the novel is from Book of Revelation 14:19.

The book is about the Joads, a family of farmers.  It takes place during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. Because of drought and changes in the agriculture industry, the Joads are forced to move from their old home to California's Central Valley to find work and land.

The book talks about the problems they face on the way, as they drive through the Dust Bowl to get to California. It also talks about the poverty, discrimination, exploitation and other problems they face once they get to California.

Related pages
 Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

1939 books
20th-century American novels
Books by John Steinbeck
Pulitzer Prize winners
California in fiction
Great Depression
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964) is a children's book by British author Roald Dahl.  This story of the adventures of young Charlie Bucket inside the chocolate factory of eccentric candymaker Willy Wonka is often considered one of the most beloved children's stories of the 20th century. It has been made into a movie not once but twice.

Plot 

Only five children were to win a golden ticket and to be allowed inside the Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. Those who won the lottery would get a magical tour and see all the mysterious machinery in the factory where the world's most wonderful sweets are made. The lucky five were the greedy Augustus Gloop, the spoiled Veruca Salt, the gum-chewing Violet Beauregarde, the smart-alecky Mike Teavee and the poor Charlie Bucket. One by one, the children break Wonka's rules by acting on a vice they possess, with Charlie ending up a hero of the story. The movie teaches about sins and virtues.

Characters
Characters

The main characters 
 Willy Wonka: Wonka is the owner of the chocolate factory
 Charlie Bucket: Charlie is the main character in the story. He enters a competition run by Wonka.
 Grandpa Joe: Charlie's grandfather

The other children
 Augustus Glop: Glop is a greedy boy, who is the first child to be sent away. He was not careful when he was drinking the Chocolate River. He fell into the in it as was sent to be made into strawberry-coated fudge.
 Veruca Salt: Salt is a girl who likes to get everything that she wants. She goes to the nut room and is found to be a "bad nut”. She is sent to the furnace.
 Violet Beauregarde: Beauregarde is a girl who is always chewing gum. She tries Wonka's everlasting gum. She grows bigger and bigger and ends up becoming a giant blueberry.
 Mike Teavee: Teavee is a boy who is likes to always watch television. He is shrunk by the Television Chocolate.
Other characters
 Oompa-Loompas: Midgets who work in the Factory. They are about  high   and they have strange hair cuts. They are paid in cacao beans. They come from Loompaland, which is a region of Loompa. Loompa is a small island in the Pacific Ocean. When the book was written, it said that they came from "the very deepest and darkest part of the African jungle where no white man had been before", but this was changed (see Problems section). They are the only people that Wonka trusts to work in the factory. When any of the children are taken away, the Oompa-Loompas sing a song about them.
 Mr. Slugworth: In the book, Slugworth is a chololate maker who is one of Wonka's rivals. In the 1971 movie, Slug worth is finally shown to be one of Wonka's workers who has been testing the children's loyalty.
 Prince Pondicherry: Wonka made a chocolate palace for the Prince. It melted in the sun.
Problems
 In early editions of the book, the Oompa-Loompas are described as African pygmies. This caused controversy and criticism. In later editions of the book, they have white skin and golden hair. (In the 1971 movie, they have orange skin).

References

Other websites and links
 Official Roald Dahl Website 
 The Willy Wonka Candy Company 

1964 books
English children's books
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise)
Be Kind Rewind is a 2008 American comedy movie starring Jack Black, Mos Def, Danny Glover and Mia Farrow. The movie's name is from a phrase commonly displayed on VHS rental tapes. It is set in Passaic, New Jersey.

Cast
 Jack Black as Jerry
 Mos Def as Mike
 Danny Glover as Mr. Fletcher
 Mia Farrow as Miss Falewicz
 Melonie Diaz as Alma
 Arjay Smith as Manny
 Paul Dinello as Mr. Rooney (court bailiff #1)
 Sigourney Weaver as Ms. Lawson (court bailiff #2)

Notes

Other websites
 Official site
 Official trailer
 
 
 
 
 
 The Internet (Sweded) Movie Data Base  at swededmovies.org
 Collection of fan 'swedes'  at SwededFilms.com
 Jack Black Be Kind Rewind Interview

2008 movies
2008 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New Jersey
Movies directed by Michel Gondry
The University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, also called the College of LS&A (or simply LS&A), is the liberal arts and sciences unit of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Started in 1841 with seven students and two teachers, the college is now the largest part at U-M in terms of the number of students. It is located on the university's Central Campus, which is shared with the Ross School of Business, the School of Information, the UM Law School, and other units.

University of Michigan campus
1841 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Michigan
Oakley is a village in Fife, Scotland.

Villages in Fife
Upper Largo or Kirkton of Largo is a small town in the East Neuk of Fife, Scotland.

Towns in Fife
Pat Benatar (born Patricia Mae Andrzejewski on January 10, 1953) is a four-time Grammy Award-winning American rock singer with seven platinum and three gold albums to her credit, as well as 19 Top 40 singles. Pat Benatar was eligible for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, she was nominated in 2020 and was not elected and chosen for the 2022 class.

Benatar is known for her mezzo-soprano vocal range.

References

Other websites 
 Pat Benatar Pictures 

American rock singers
Singers from New York City
Grammy Award winners
Mezzo-sopranos
1953 births
Living people
Eurythmics were a pop music band from England. Its two members were Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart. Their most famous song is "Sweet Dreams". Some of their other songs are "Here Comes The Rain Again", "Love Is a Stranger" and "Missionary Man".

The Eurythmics formed in London in 1980 and broke up in 1990. They recorded eight albums during that time. Eurythmics got back together in 1999 and made a ninth album. Then they released a greatest hits album and split again in 2005.

Albums

These are the albums made by Eurythmics.

 In the Garden (1981)
 Sweet Dreams Are Made of This (1983)
 Touch (1983)
 For the Love of Big Brother (1984)
 Be Yourself Tonight (1985)
 Revenge (1986)
 Savage (1987)
 We Too Are One (1989)
 Peace (1999)

References
References

1980 establishments in England
Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups disestablished in 1990
1990 disestablishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
2005 disestablishments in England
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
British rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups from London
New wave bands
Abingdon may mean:

In Australia :
 Abingdon, Queensland, a place in Northern Queensland

In England:
Abingdon, Oxfordshire

In Canada:
Abingdon, Ontario

In the United States:
Abingdon, Iowa
Abingdon, Illinois
Abingdon, Maryland
Abingdon, North Carolina
Abingdon, South Carolina
Abingdon, Virginia
Abingdon is a town in Washington County, Virginia, 133 miles (214 km) southwest of Roanoke.

References

Towns in Virginia
County seats in Virginia
1776 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Tri-Cities, Tennessee
Clinton can be any of the following:

People
 Bill Clinton, a former President of the United States
 Chelsea Clinton, daughter of Bill and Hillary
 DeWitt Clinton, politician and mayor of New York
 George Clinton, former Vice President of the United States
 George Clinton, Musician
 Sir Henry Clinton, British army general
 Hillary Clinton, United States Secretary of State, wife of Bill Clinton, and 2016 presidential candidate

Places
 Clinton, Arkansas
 Clinton, British Columbia
 Clinton, Illinois
 Clinton, Indiana
 Clinton, Iowa
 Clinton, Kansas
 Clinton, Kentucky
 Clinton, Louisiana
 Clinton, Maryland
 Clinton, Massachusetts
 Clinton, Mississippi
 Clinton, Dutchess County, New York
 Clinton, Oneida County, New York
 Clinton, North Carolina
 Clinton, Oklahoma
 Clinton, South Carolina
 Clinton, Tennessee

Related pages
Clinton County (disambiguation)
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest Lawrence from the University of California, Berkeley in 1930. It accelerates charged particles by whirling them in a circle. The first cyclotrons were the size of a hand. Some modern circular accelerators use a circle as wide as a city.

Cyclotrons use perpendicular magnetic field to bend electrons and particles through into a semicircular path by an applied electric field. The applied electric field accelerates electrons between the "D" electrodes(also called "dees") of the magnetic field region.

The accelerating electric field reverses just at the time the electrons finish their half circle, so that it accelerates them across the gap. With a higher speed, they move in a larger semicircle. After repeating this process several times, they come out the exit port at a high speed.

Cyclotron Frequency
A moving charge in a cyclotron will move in a circular path under the influence of a constant magnetic field. If the time to complete one orbit is calculated:

.

It is found that the period is independent of the radius. Therefore if a square wave is applied at angular frequency qB/m, the charge will spiral outward, increasing in speed.

When a square wave of angular frequency ω=qB/m is applied between the two sides of the magnetic poles, the charge will be boosted again at just the right time to accelerate it across the gap. Thus the constant cyclotron frequency can continue to accelerate the charge (so long as it is not relativistic).

References

Nuclear physics
Johanna Spyri (12 June 1827 – 7 July 1901) wrote stories for children in the German language. Her most famous book was Heidi.

Biography 
She was born Johanna Heusser in Hirzel, Switzerland. Her father was a doctor and her mother was a poet. 

She lived with her extended family: her grandmother, two aunties, and two cousins as well as her mother, father, two brothers and three sisters. This large household inspired her when she wrote Gritli's Children. 

She spent several summers around Chur in Graubünden when she was young. This setting was later used in her novels.

Her only education was her village school in Hirzel. She wrote poetry as a child.

She married Bernhard Spyri, an employee , when she was 25. They met when they were children. They lived in Zurich, Switzerland and had only one child, a son, Berhard Diethelm Spyri, in 1855. In Zurich, they were friends with the musician Richard Wagner and poet Conrad Ferdinand Meyer. Both her husband and son died of tuberculosis in 1884.

Writing
Writing 

In 1870, she started writing to help orphans and refugees of the Franco-Prussian War by describing their situation and giving money from her books to help them.

Her first stories were very popular, so she wrote another story about another orphan, Heidi. She published the first part of Heidi anonymously in 1881. It became popular, so she wrote the second part in 1882 using her own name. She became very famous, but preferred a quiet, private life.

She wrote more than forty stories for children in German. Most of these stories have been translated into English. Heidi is still her most popular book, with new editions still published today.

She died in Berlin on July 7, 1901, but is buried with her family Zurich.

References

Other websites 

 

1827 births
1901 deaths
Swiss writers
People from the canton of Zürich
Volvo S60 is a car produced by Volvo from 2000 to the present day. It entered its second generation in 2010.

Volvo S60 III (2019) 
Production will begin in late 2018 in Ridgeville, South Carolina. A 2.3 million square foot plant will build approximately 60,000 vehicles per year for the US and export markets. The capacity can go up to 100,000 vehicles per year if demand requires it. The plant is the sixth Volvo, which joins two European sites, two Chinese and one Malaysian. It is expected that about 2,000 workers staff the plant. In April 2017, the construction company completed the construction of the complex's hull.
The third-generation S60 will have the hybrid powertrain and will be one of the five new electric models launched in 2019 with the second generation V60 and a fully electric sports coupe. The third generation of S60 and V60 will also be available as Polestar models.
Production will begin in late 2018 in Ridgeville, South Carolina. A 2.3 million square foot factory will build approximately 60,000 vehicles per year for the US and export markets. The capacity can reach 100,000 vehicles per year if demand so demands. The plant is Volvo's sixth, linking two European sites, two Chinese and one Malaysian. It is expected that about 2,000 workers of the plant. In April 2017, the construction company completed the construction of the complex's hull.

The third generation of the S60 will have the hybrid powertrain and will be one of five new electric models launched in 2019 with the second generation of the V60 and a fully electric sports coupe. The third generation of the S60 and V60 will also be available as models.
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
S560
Volkswagen Lupo was a car made by Volkswagen from 1998 through 2005. The SEAT Arosa was a badge-engineered version of the Lupo.

Engines 
 1.0 37 kW (50 hp)
 1.4 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.4 16V 55 kW (75 hp) and 74 kW (100 hp)
 1.4 FSI 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.6 GTI 92 kW (125 hp)
 1.2 TDI 3L 45 kW (61 hp)
 1.4 TDI 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.7 SDI 44 kW (60 hp)

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Lupo
Guitar World is a music magazine. A new issue is made every month. Articles in the magazine are usually about guitar players. The magazine has interviews, reviews, and information on how to play songs on guitar or bass guitar. The magazine started in July 1980. Johnny Winter was on the first front cover.

Other websites 
Guitar World website

Music magazines
Volkswagen Jetta is a car produced by Volkswagen since 1979. It is currently in its seventh Generation. The Third Generation Jetta was called the Vento, the Fourth one Bora.

Jetta
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
June Tabor (born 31 December 1947) is an English folk singer.

Early life 
June Tabor wanted to sing after she heard an Anne Briggs record called Hazards of Love in 1965. "I went and locked myself in the bathroom for a fortnight and drove my mother mad. I learned the songs on that EP (extended play record) note for note, twiddle for twiddle. That's how I started singing. If I hadn't heard her I'd have probably done something entirely different."