Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Quebec Nordiques (, pronounced  in Quebec French,  in Canadian English, meaning "Northmen" or "Northerners") were a professional ice hockey team from Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The Nordiques played in the World Hockey Association (1972–1979) and the National Hockey League (1979–1995). The team moved to Denver, Colorado in 1995 and changed their name to the Colorado Avalanche.

As the value of the Canadian dollar was failing, the Quebec Nordiques were compelled to sell their team. With the salaries of players rising and the arena in need of repairs, the ownership of the Nordiques was sold to a group of investors in Denver, Colorado. To make matters worse, during their first season in Colorado, the former Nordiques, now Colorado Avalanche, won the Stanley Cup.

1972 establishments in Canada
1990s disestablishments in Canada
1995 disestablishments
Defunct National Hockey League teams
Sport in Quebec City
World Hockey Association teams
The National Hockey League (NHL) went through an expansion for the 1967–68 NHL season. It added six new teams, which already had six teams in it. This marked the first change in the composition of the league since 1942. It was the end of the Original Six era in the NHL, which had happened since 1942.

The expansion process began in March 1965, when NHL President Clarence Campbell announced that the league proposed to expand its operations through the formation of a second six-team division. 

Before the expansion, there were six teams:
Boston Bruins
Chicago Black Hawks
Detroit Red Wings
Montreal Canadiens
New York Rangers
Toronto Maple Leafs

The six teams added in 1967 were:
California Seals
Los Angeles Kings
Minnesota North Stars
Philadelphia Flyers
Pittsburgh Penguins
St. Louis Blues

National Hockey League
NHL Expansion
St. Louis Blues
1967 in North America
The Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, originally known as the Lady Byng Trophy, is given each year to the National Hockey League "player adjudged to have exhibited the best type of sportsmanship and gentlemanly conduct combined with a high standard of playing ability". The Lady Byng Memorial Trophy has been awarded 84 times to 50 different players since it was first awarded in 1925. The voting is done at the end of the season by the members of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association.

Winners

National Hockey League trophies and awards
Christopher Claus Andersen (born July 7, 1978) is an American former basketball player. Andersen was born in Long Beach, California, grew up in Iola, Texas, and played one year at Blinn College. He was nicknamed "Birdman" by Junior Harrington, another former NBA player, for having wing tattoos on his inner biceps. He received a two-year ban from the NBA in 2006 for violating the league's drug policy, but was reinstated on March 4, 2008. During his 17-year, career, he played for the Denver Nuggets, New Orleans Hornets, Miami Heat, Memphis Grizzlies, and Cleveland Cavaliers and won a championship with the Heat in 2013. He also played for the Chinese Basketball Association. He now plays in the Big3 League.

References

Other websites
 

1978 births
Basketball players from California
Living people
Denver Nuggets players
New Orleans Hornets players
Miami Heat players
Memphis Grizzlies players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Sportspeople from Long Beach, California
Asclepias cordifolia (also known as the heart-leaf milkweed or purple milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant. It is not the same as Asclepias purpurascens, which is also known as purple milkweed.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to western North America.  Heart-leaf Milkweed is found in woodlands, rocky slopes, and lava flows.

Other websites

Asclepias cordifolia at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias cordifolia at Treatment from the Jepson Manual
Asclepias cordifolia at Plantaxa

c
Purple milkweed is a common name of two plants in the genus Asclepias:

Asclepias cordifolia, found in western North America and usually called Heart-leaf Milkweed
Asclepias purpurascens, found in eastern North America
Asclepias curassavica (also known as the scarlet milkweed, Mexican butterfly weed, or bloodflower) is a species of milkweed plant.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to Central America and South America.  It is now naturalized around the world.  It gets flowers from spring to fall.

References

Other websites

Asclepias curassavica at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias curassavica at Treatment from the Jepson Manual
Asclepias curassavica at FLORIDATA

c
Asclepias curtissii (also known as Curtiss's milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to Florida.

Other websites

Asclepias curtissii at USDA PLANTS Database

c
The assassination (murder) of Julius Caesar was the result of a conspiracy by forty Roman senators, the self-styled Liberatores. They were led by Cassius and Brutus.

Attack and death 
The senators stabbed Caesar to death in the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March, 15 March 44 BC. Caesar was the dictator of the Roman Republic at the time. He had been declared dictator perpetuo (dictator for life) by the Senate. This declaration resulted in many senators fearing that Caesar wanted to overthrow the Senate in favour of a tyranny. 

The assassination led to civil war. The Second Triumvirate led to the ascendancy of Caesar's adopted heir Octavian to the position of emperor, and the end of the Republic leading to the Roman Empire. In the end, by murdering Caesar, the Liberators caused the end of the Republic they supported.
List of conspirators 
The known members of the plot were:
Gaius Cassius Longinus
Marcus Junius Brutus
Servius Sulpicius Galba
Quintus Ligarius
Lucius Minucius Basilus
Servilius Casca
Gaius Servilius Casca (Servilius Casca's brother)
Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
Tillius Cimber
Caius Trebonius
Caecilius
Bucolianus (Caecilius' brother)
Rubrius Ruga
Marcus Spurius
Sextius Naso
Minucius Basilus
Pontius Aquila

44 BC
Ancient Rome
Julius Caesar
March events
Asclepias eriocarpa (also known as the woollypod milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant.  It is also known as Indian Milkweed and Kotolo.  It is in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to the western United States.  This species is found in dry, barren habitats.

Other websites

Asclepias eriocarpa at USDA PLANT Database
Asclepias eriocarpa at Treatment from the Jepson Manual

e
Asclepias erosa (also known as the desert milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to the southwestern United States.  It blooms from May to July.  This species is found in dry slopes.

Other websites

Asclepias erosa at USDA PLANT Database
Asclepias erosa at Treatment from the Jepson Manual

e
Asclepias exaltata (also known as the poke milkweed or tall milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant. It is in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.

The plant is found in eastern North America. It blooms from late spring to early summer. The flowers are green and white. Poke milkweed is found in moist woodland habitats. It grows well in moist soil and sunny or partly shaded places. It grows from 0.6 to 1.5 meters tall (2–5 feet).

References

Other websites

Asclepias exaltata at USDA PLANTS Database

e
Asclepias fascicularis (also known as the narrow-leaf milkweed or Mexican whorled milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to the western United States.  It blooms from June to September.  This species is found in dry areas and valleys.

Other websites

Asclepias fascicularis at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias fascicularis at Treatment from the Jepson Manual

f
Asclepias humistrata (also known as the sandhill milkweed or pinewoods milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to the southeastern United States. It blooms in early summer. The flowers are pink. It is found in sandy woodlands and sandy hills. Sandhill Milkweed grows well dry soil and sunny places. It grows from 0.3 to 0.9 meters tall (1–3 feet).

References

Other websites

Asclepias humistrata at USDA PLANTS Database

h
Asclepias incarnata is a species of milkweed plant.  It is also known as the swamp milkweed, the rose milkweed, the pink milkweed, the swamp milkweed, and white Indian hemp.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to North America.  It blooms from June to August.  The flowers are pink. Swamp milkweed is found in wet meadows, prairies, swamps, and marshes.  It likes moist soil and sunny or partly shaded places.  It grows to a height of .

References

Other websites

Asclepias incarnata at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias incarnata at Evergreen Native Plant Database

i
Brand New Eyes (written brand new eyes) is an album by the band Paramore. It was put out on September 29, 2009 in the United States and Canada. It has reached the top of the music charts in many countries, meaning many people bought the album.

References 

Paramore albums
2009 albums
Asclepias nivea (also known as the Caribbean milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.

Other websites

Asclepias nivea at USDA PLANTS Database

n
Asclepias physocarpa (also known as the swan plant, balloonplant, or balloon cotton-bush) is a species of milkweed plant. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It has been naturalized in Hawai'i and has also been naturalized in other parts of the world.

Other websites

Asclepias physocarpa at USDA PLANTS Database

p
Asclepias purpurascens (also known as the purple milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant.  The species Asclepias cordifolia is also sometimes called purple milkweed.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to North America.  It blooms from June to July.  The flowers are a pink-purple color.  This species is found in savannas, prairies, and meadows.  Purple Milkweed likes to grow in clay or sandy soil and in sunny or partly shaded places.  It grows to a height of 0.6 to 1.2 meters (2–4 feet).

References

Other websites

Asclepias purpurascens at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias purpurascens at USDA PLANTS Database

p
Asclepias speciosa (also known as the showy milkweed or Greek milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to western North America.  It blooms from May to July.  This species is found in savannas, prairies, meadows, and fields.

Other websites

Asclepias speciosa at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias speciosa at Treatment from the Jepson Manual
Asclepias speciosa at Evergreen Native Plant Database

s
Asclepias subverticillata (also known as the horsetail milkweed or whorled milkweed) is a species of milkweed plant. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to the western United States.

Other websites

Asclepias subverticillata at USDA PLANTS Database

s
Tortuga Island (, ) is a Caribbean island that forms part of Haiti. It is off the northwest coast of Hispaniola. Its Taíno name was Baynei.

During the 17th century, the island was an important centre for Caribbean piracy where pirates traded their stolen goods from ships and towns and stayed for days before going out to try to capture other ships.

Geography 
In geology, it is considered as the western end of the region of the Cordillera Septentrional ("Northern mountain range") of the Hispaniola island, even if Tortuga Island is separated from the main island.

Tortuga Island is separated of the north coast of Haiti by an 8.9 to 15 km strait called the Canal de la Tortue ("La Tortue Channel"). The island is 37.5 km long and about 7 km wide, with an area of 193 km². There are not high mountains but most of the land is between 240 and 300 metres high; the highest point is Morne La Visite (340 m).
The island is a commune (like municipality), in the Nord Department. It is part of  the Port-de-Paix arrondissement, part of a department like a district.

Population 
In 2004, there were 30,000 people living in the Tortuga Island. There are only small towns; Aux Palmistes, in the southeast, is the biggest town in the island.

History 
Christopher Columbus saw this island on 6 December 1492 and visited it on 14 December. He called the island La Tortuga, Spanish for "The Turtle", because it has the shape, when seen from the sea, of a turtle.

Spanish people were not interested in Tortuga Island because they were trying to form a colony in the big Hispaniola island. And so this island was without people for most of the 16th century.
People from different European countries, mainly from England, came to live in this island. In 1625, French people came to this island from the Saint Kitts island. They lived on the southern part of the island where there are flat lands and tried to grow some crops like tobacco. They also went to Hispaniola, which they called la Grande Terre ("the Big Land") to hunt wild cows and pigs and, because they used a Taíno cooking technique with smoke known as "boucan", they were known as boucaniers ("buccaneers"). They sold the smoked meat and leather (dry skin used to make footwear and clothing) to those ships that came to the island.

The Spanish tried to get those people out of the island and they invaded the island several times but each time they went back to the Hispaniola and the Tortuga Island was taken again.
In 1640 a French engineer named Jean La Vasseur was sent to govern Tortuga. He built Fort de Rocher [1640]. La Vasseur opened the port to outlaws of all nations.
From Tortuga Island, people began to move to the northern part of the Hispaniola, mainly in the areas around the big plains, founding towns such as Port-de-Paix (1665), Cap-Français (1670) and Fort-Dauphin (1731). Then Tortuga Island lost its importance and very few people have lived here after those years, including today.

Tourism 
There are several good beaches in Tortuga Island; Point Saline, at the western tip, is considered by many to be the best beach of the island.

At Basse-Terre, on the southeastern coast, there are still some rests of the Fort de la Roche built in 1630 by the French.

There are several interesting caves such as La Grotte au Bassin, La Grotte de la Galerie and others.

References 

Geography of Haiti
A seizure response dog is a dog who is specially trained to help its owner during a seizure.  These dogs' jobs may include:
Getting help, by finding a human, hitting an alarm, or using a pre-programmed phone to call 911
Protecting their owner from getting hurt, either by pulling unsafe things away, or by blocking people who try to walk into obstacles and onto streets
Bracing the person having the seizure so they don't fall or hurt themselves, or turning the person on their side
Waking the unconscious owner during or after a seizure
Certain kinds of dogs are able to predict that a person is about to have an epileptic seizure.  This gives the person time to get to a safe place before the seizure starts.  Usually, people say that dogs develop this behavior spontaneously (on their own), or over some time. There have been some studies where dogs were trained to alert to seizures when they were given rewards for correctly predicting seizures - but these studies were only partly successful.  Some untrained dogs may help their owners during a seizure, but there are also reports of dogs that have reacted aggressively or even died as a result of witnessing or anticipating their owner's seizure.
References

Working dogs
Service animals
Asclepias syriaca (also known as the common milkweed, butterfly flower, silkweed, silky swallow-wort, and Virginia silkweed) is a species of milkweed plant. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to North America.  It blooms from June to August.  The flowers are green and purple.  This species is found in prairies, meadows, and fields.  Common Milkweed likes damp to dry soil and sunny or partly shaded places.  It is about 0.5 to 1.5 meters in height (1½-5 feet).

References

Other websites

Asclepias syriaca at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias syriaca at Evergreen Native Plant Database

s
Butterfly flower is a common name for different plants:

Asclepias syriaca, found across North America
Schizanthus, a plant genus
Silky Swallow-wort is a common name of two plants in the genus Asclepias:

Asclepias syriaca
Asclepias tuberosa
A guitar chord is made up of two or more notes, played on a guitar at one time. Chord voicings, that is the choice of individual notes in the chord, can be changed for many different purposes and playing styles.

The guitar is very capable and useful for playing chords; but it does have some differences with other instruments. Most guitars only have six strings. This means that for the very largest of chord-voicings it is often necessary to not use one or more tones from the chord. The layout of notes on the fretboard sometimes means that the notes in a chord are not played in tonal order, or make possible a chord that is composed of more than one note of the same pitch. Many chords can be played with the same notes in more than one place on the fretboard.
Guitars can vary both in the number of strings they have. They can also be tuned differently. Most guitars used in popular music have six-strings and are tuned: E-A-D-G-B-e. Usually the string with the highest pitch (the thinnest) is called the first string, and the string having the lowest pitch (the thickest) is called the sixth.

Guitars
Asclepias tuberosa (also known as the butterfly flower) is a species of milkweed plant.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to North America.  It blooms from June to September.  The flowers are orange, red-orange, or yellow.  This species is found in prairies, meadows, and fields.  It likes well-drained soil and sunny or partly shaded places.  Butterfly Weed grows from 0.3 to 0.9 meters tall (1–3 feet).

It has many other names, including the butterfly weed, the Canada root, the chigger flower (or chiggerflower), the fluxroot, the Indian paintbrush, the Indian posy, the orange milkweed, the orange swallow-wort, the Pleurisy Root, the silky swallow-wort, the tuber root, the yellow milkweed, the white-root, and the windroot.

Common names 
Butterfly Weed has many common names.  Here is a list of them:
 Canada Root
 Chigger Flower
 Chiggerflower
 Fluxroot
 Indian Paintbrush
 Indian Posy
 Orange Milkweed
Orange Swallow-wort
 Pleurisy Root
 Silky Swallow-wort
 Tuber Root
 Yellow Milkweed
 White-root
 Windroot

References

Other websites 

 Asclepias tuberosa at USDA PLANT Database
 Asclepias tuberosa at Evergreen Native Plant Database

t
Indian Paintbrush is a common name for different plants:

 Asclepias tuberosa, found across North America
 Castilleja, a plant genus
 Cichorieae, a plant tribe
Intel Core i7 is a name that the company Intel uses for the computer processors it makes for high-end desktop and laptop computers and tablets. Intel uses this name for the fastest processors that they think will be used to build the most powerful consumer devices. The 'Core' part of the name, which refers to the processor's core, has been used by Intel since 2006, but the first Core i7 processor was released 3 years later in 2009. 

There are different types of Core i7 processor. The name does not name a type. Instead, it is the name for all of the fast processors that Intel thinks should be sold to consumers. Intel uses two other "Core i-" names for its processors for consumers: "Core i5" and "Core i3." The "Core i5" processors are mostly as fast as i7 processors, but lack the Hyper Threading technology which allows each core to be used twice simultaneously giving the impression of doubling the cores.
Intel uses a different name, Xeon, for processors that Intel makes for "server" computers for businesses (and some rare laptops). Some of the "Core i7" processors are almost the same as some of the "Xeon" processors, but each of the Xeon processors is a little bit different than the "Core i7" processor, because a "server" computer is not the same as a consumer computer. Intel also makes other "Xeon" processors that are not the same as any "Core i7" processor. Unlike the Core i7, Xeon processors support ECC (error correcting) memory, and multiple CPUs on the same motherboard. However, Alder Lake processors have officially supported ECC memory if used with a W680 motherboard and ECC memory.

References

Intel Core processors
Asclepias verticillata (Whorled Milkweed or Horsetail Milkweed) is a particular kind of milkweed used as a medicinal plant. It is native to North America. It blooms in the summer. The flowers are white or pale green. It is found in fields, open woodlands, and prairies. Whorled Milkweed likes dry soil and sunny or partly shaded places. It grows from 0.3 to 0.9 meters tall (1–3 feet).

References 

v
Sacred dance is a kind of dance that encompasses all movements that are religious in nature.  An example of a sacred dance is the dance done by a whirling dervish.

Ritual dances
Population genetics is the branch of genetics which studies the genetic composition of populations. It brings together genetics, evolution, natural selection, breeding, statistics and mathematics. Mathematical and computer models are produced, and field research is done to test the models.

"Population geneticists spend most of their time doing one of two things: describing the genetic structure of populations, or theorizing on the evolutionary forces acting on populations.

A brief history 
Starting, perhaps, with G. Udny Yule's paper in 1902, population theorists tackled key issues in genetics and evolution. G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg showed that if a population had random mating, no selection, migration or mutation, then the proportion of alleles would remain the same generation after generation. This was the Hardy–Weinberg law, the first great result of this new field of research.
Population genetics made great progress from 1918 to 1937. During this period, Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright worked on the connection between evolution and genetics, using new mathematical techniques, such as statistical probability. E.B. Ford and Theodosius Dobzhansky did field research on the genetics of natural populations of lepidoptera and Drosophila, respectively. Broadly speaking, this work proved that the newly rediscovered Mendelian genetics could be reconciled with Darwinian evolution. This laid the groundwork for the modern evolutionary synthesis, which took place in the following years, from about 1937 to 1953.
In the second half of the 20th century, population geneticists tackled a range of complex evolutionary problems, such as the evolution of sex, sexual selection, kin selection (altruism), mimicry and molecular evolution. The key figures included John Maynard Smith, Motoo Kimura and William Hamilton. Techniques developed for population genetics help to decide what contribution heredity and environment make in developmental biology.

Genetic hitch-hiking and selective sweep 
These concepts apply when a mutation is strongly favoured and "pulls along" nearby genes on its chromosome. The genes pulled along are genes which are previously under little selection. In a selective sweep, positive selection causes the new mutation to reach fixation (be the only allele present at that locus in all members of the population) so quickly that linked alleles can "hitchhike" and also become fixed. Evidence is growing that this effect does happen.

References
References 

Classical genetics
Evolutionary biology
Fields of mathematics
Statistics
Crown flower (Calotropis gigantea) is a species of plant.  It is also known as Giant Milkweed.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadodeae.  It is native to southeast Asia.  It has been naturalized in Hawai'i.

Other websites

Calotropis gigantea at USDA PLANTS Database
Calotropis gigantea at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk
Calotropis gigantea at Purdue University: New Crop Resource Online Program

Apocynaceae
Apple of Sodom (Calotropis procera) is a species of plant.  It is also known as Roostertree.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  

It is native to North Africa, Central Africa, Western Asia, South Asia, and Indochina. It has been naturalized in Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Hawai'i, and southern California.

Other websites 

 Calotropis procera at USDA PLANTS Database

Apocynaceae
Plants of Asia
Sand Vine (Cynanchum laeve) is a species of plant.  It is also known as Honeyvine, Honeyvine Milkweed, Bluevine Milkweed, Climbing Milkweed, and Smooth Swallow-wort.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to North America.  It blooms from June to August.  This species is found in a variety of habitats such as edges of woodlands, near stream edges, gardens, and fields.  This vine can grow to be 6 or more feet long.

Other websites

Cynanchum laeve at USDA PLANTS Database
Cynanchum laeve at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses 

Apocynaceae
The Hardy–Weinberg law was developed independently by an English mathematician, G.H. Hardy, and a German doctor, Wilhelm Weinberg. This concept is also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, Hardy–Weinberg theorem or Hardy–Weinberg principle. Sometimes Weinberg's name is placed first. 

The law is a foundation of population genetics, and it is still taught to students today. It states that the proportions of alleles of all genes in any population will remain the same unless perturbed (disturbed). That applies to all loci on all chromosomes in the population. Possible perturbations are:
♦ gene mutation
♦ natural selection
♦ small population size where random effects like genetic drift and inbreeding may occur. H/W populations are assumed to be infinite in size.
♦ assortative mating instead of random mating. In effect, this would split the population down into small groups, see item above.
♦ migration into or out of the population under study.
It follows that any systematic change in the frequency of alleles in a population must be due to the effect of one or more of these causes. Of course, like all aspects of Mendelian inheritance, the expected proportions of alleles are probabilities. It was for that reason that statistical tests of significance, such as standard errors, were developed.

Although all changes must be due to perturbations, not all perturbations lead to changes. The classic case is balancing selection, such as heterozygote advantage: "Heterosis: the heterozygote at a locus is fitter than either homozygote". Balancing selection leads to an equilibrium population with Hardy–Weinberg proportions
Generalisation 
The law permits the prediction of genotype frequencies from a knowledge of gene frequencies. 
If alleles A and a are in the proportions p and q, the three zygotic types AA, Aa, and aa are in the proportions p2: 2pq: q2. 
Thus, equations can be written in terms of allele frequencies, and hypotheses about how phenotypes are inherited can be tested from population data.

References 

Classical genetics
Evolutionary biology
Geff Harold Hardy FRS (7 February 1877 Cranleigh, Surrey – 1 December 1947 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) was a famous English mathematician. He investigated number theory and mathematical analysis.

Hardy's classic text A course of pure mathematics was first published in 1908 and has been in print ever since. He wrote A Mathematician's Apology in 1940.

In 1908, unable to explain how a dominant gene would not become ubiquitous in a population, Reginald Punnett introduced his problem to Hardy, with whom he played cricket. Hardy went on to formulate what became known as the Hardy–Weinberg law.
Hardy had a long collaboration with J.E. Littlewood, which resulted in a partial solution to a famous unsolved problem in number theory:
"There are infinitely many primes p such that p+2 is also prime".
Hardy discovered the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, who was a brilliant student. Hardy saw his extraordinary intelligence and they worked together on many mathematical subjects. In an interview given to Paul Erdős, Hardy said that the discovery of Ramanujan was his (Hardy's) greatest contribution to mathematics and that their collaboration was "the one romantic incident in my life".

Related pages
Taxicab number

References

English mathematicians
1877 births
1947 deaths
British number theorists
White Vine (Sarcostemma clausum) is a species of plant.  It is also known as White Twinevine.  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to southeastern United States and Texas.

Other websites

Sarcostemma clausum at Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
Sarcostemma clausum at USDA PLANTS Database

Apocynaceae
Wilhelm Weinberg (1862 – 1937) was a German Jewish physician who became an important geneticist. He was a obstetrician and gynecologist, practising in Stuttgart. In 1908, he expressed the principle which would later come to be known as the Hardy–Weinberg law. Weinberg is also credited as the first to explain the effect of ascertainment bias on observations in genetics.

Life 
Weinberg was born in Stuttgart and studied medicine at Tübingen and Munich, receiving an M.D. in 1886. He returned to Stuttgart in 1889, where he remained running a large practice as a gynecologist and obstetrician until he retired to Tübingen a few years before his death in 1937. Much of his academic life was spent studying genetics, especially on applying the laws of inheritance in populations.

Hardy–Weinberg law
Weinberg developed the principle of genetic equilibrium independently of British mathematician G.H. Hardy. He delivered an exposition of his ideas in a lecture on 13 January 1908, about six months before Hardy's paper was published in English. His lecture was printed later that year in the society's yearbook. 

Weinberg's contributions were unrecognized in the English speaking world for more than 35 years. Curt Stern, a German geneticist who emigrated to the United States before World War II, pointed out in a brief paper in Science that Weinberg's exposition was both earlier and more comprehensive than Hardy's.

Ascertainment bias 
Weinberg pioneered studies of twins, and developed techniques to analyse phenotypic variation. His aim was to partition this variance into genetic and environmental components. In the process, he recognized that ascertainment bias was affecting many of his calculations, and he produced methods to correct for it.
Weinberg observed that proportions of homozygotes in familial studies of classic recessive genetic diseases generally exceed the expected Mendelian ratio of 1:4, and he explained how this is the result of ascertainment bias. In his work with albino children, he recognized that in some families where both parents carry a recessive mutation, by chance no albino child occurs. He reasoned that many carrier couples were not being counted, and he demonstrated methods for correcting results to produce the expected Mendelian ratios. 

He discovered the answer to several seeming paradoxes caused by ascertainment bias. For example, he explained that the reason that parents as a whole are more fertile than their children is because children must necessarily come from fertile parents.
By the same token, he recognized that ascertainment was responsible for a phenomenon known as genetic anticipation, the tendency for a genetic disease to manifest earlier in life and with increased severity in later generations. Weinberg recognized that this was because those later generations were the offspring of that selected group of earlier carriers that had successfully reproduced.

Additional contributions by Weinberg to statistical genetics included the first estimate of the rate of twinning. Realizing that identical twins would have to be the same sex, while non-identical twins could be either same or opposite sex, Weinberg derived the formula for estimating the frequency of MZ and DZ twins from the ratio of same and opposite sex twins to the total of maternities. Weinberg also estimated that the heritability of twinning itself was close to zero.

References

German geneticists
German doctors
Jewish German scientists
Scientists from Stuttgart
1862 births
1937 deaths
Obstetricians
Gynecologists‎
The Centre Georges-Vézina, called the Colisée de Chicoutimi at first, is an arena in Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada that has space for 4,651 pepple (including 3,683 seats). It where the Chicoutimi Saguenéens ice hockey team play. It is named for Georges Vézina, who played for the Montreal Canadiens as the goaltender and was from Chicoutimi. The arena was built in 1949 and has an ice surface of 200 feet by 100 feet, which is what the Olympics use.

Indoor arenas
Sports buildings in Canada
1949 establishments in Canada
Apocynum cannabinum (commonly known as Indian hemp) is a species of plant.  It is also known as Dogbane, Amy Root, Hemp Dogbane, Rheumatism Root, and Wild Cotton.  It is native to all of North America.  It blooms from June to August.  This species is found in moist lowlands, near stream edges, and near pond edges.  It likes to grow in sandy or gravelly soil.  Its height is 1–4 feet.

Other websites

Apocynum cannabinum at USDA PLANT Database
Apocynum cannabinum at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses 
Apocynum cannabinum at Evergreen Native Plant Database

Apocynaceae
Indian hemp can be any one of the following species of plants:

 Apocynum cannabinum
 Cannabis indica
 Sida rhombifolia
 Asclepias incarnata
 Hibiscus cannabinus
Wild Cotton can be one of two species of plants:
 Apocynum cannabinum
 Asclepias syriaca
The National Hockey League (NHL) is a professional ice hockey league with 32 teams founded in 1917. Each team can select a captain, who has the "sole privilege of discussing with the Referee any questions relating to interpretation of rules which may arise during the progress of a game". Each team is also allowed to pick alternate captains, who work when the captain is not on the ice. Captains have to wear the letter "C" on their uniform to show who they are; alternate captains wear the letter "A". Both letters are  in height.

Some teams in the NHL do not have a captain. Rule 6.2 of the 2008–09 Official NHL Rulebook says that "[only] when the Captain is not in uniform, the Coach shall have the right to designate three Alternate Captains. This must be done prior to the start of the game." Many NHL teams with a captain select more than two alternate captains and change who wears the "A" for different games during the season.
Goaltenders are not allowed to be captains during games. This rule was made in 1948 after teams did not like that it took Montreal Canadiens goaltender Bill Durnan too long to skate to talk with the officials and back to his crease. However, Vancouver Canucks goaltender Roberto Luongo was the team's captain, but because of the NHL rule against goaltender captains, the league did not allow Luongo to act as captain on-ice. Because of this, the Canucks were allowed to have three alternate captains in games, instead of two that most teams have. Two (of the three) alternate captains took care of Luongo's on-ice work: Willie Mitchell (then alternate captain) talked to the officials. Luongo was not allowed to wear the "C" on his jersey, but it was part of the artwork on the front of his mask. Other than Durnan and Luongo, five other goaltenders have been captain o their team: John Ross Roach of the Toronto St
. Patricks, George Hainsworth of the Montreal Canadiens, Roy Worters of the New York Americans, Alex Connell of the Ottawa Senators, and Charlie Gardiner of the Chicago Black Hawks.
When Connor McDavid was named captain of the Edmonton Oilers, he became the youngest permanent captain in NHL history. Gabriel Landeskog of the Colorado Avalanche and Sidney Crosby of the Pittsburgh Penguins, are the second- and third-youngest players to be named captain in NHL history, respectively. In 1984, Brian Bellows was named interim captain of the Minnesota North Stars when Craig Hartsburg was injured, and is the youngest player to captain a team in NHL history. However, because Bellows served only on an interim basis, McDavid retains the distinction of being the youngest permanent captain in the League's history. Mark Messier is the only player to captain two separate teams to Stanley Cup championships, those being the 1990Edmonton Oilers and the 1994 New York Rangers. Sidney Crosby also became the youngest captain to win the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2009
. The oldest permanent captain in league history was Mark Messier of the New York Rangers, who turned 43 years old, during his last NHL season, 2003–04. The longest tenure in league history was Steve Yzerman of the Detroit Red Wings, who served as captain of the Red Wings for (nineteen seasons) twenty years.
Key 
 Spent entire NHL career with team

Captains 

Twenty-six of the thirty-one NHL teams currently have a captain. The five teams without a captain are the Detroit Red Wings, New Jersey Devils, New York Rangers, Ottawa Senators, and the Vegas Golden Knights. Of the twenty-six captains, twenty of them have been with their team for their entire career. The current longest-tenured captain in the League is Sidney Crosby of the Pittsburgh Penguins, who has served in the role since May 31, 2007.

Alternate captains
Alternate captains

Thirty of the thirty-one NHL teams have named at least the regulation two alternate captains. The one team having less than the regulation two named alternate captains is the Buffalo Sabres. Of the eighty alternate captains, forty-nine of them have been with their team for entire career. Teams that have named more than the regulation two alternate captains, excluding those without a captain, are required to rotate the two "A"s between those players by methods of their choosing. The current longest-tenured alternate captain in the League is Evgeni Malkin of the Pittsburgh Penguins, who has served in the role since October 3, 2008.

Notes
  Player is currently on the injured reserve list
  Player is injured and expected to miss the remainder of the season.

References

Lists of National Hockey League players
Outcrossing is a term used in genetics for the mating of unrelated individuals in a population or species. It was originally used for the crossing of an inbred strain with the wild type. Hybrid vigour is the great improvement in fitness which usually occurs as a result of outcrossing a previously inbred line.

Outcrossing leads to random mating, whereas mating of relatives leads to inbreeding.

References 

Classical genetics
The San Francisco Ballet (SFB) is a ballet company. It was founded in 1933 as part of the San Francisco Opera Ballet. The company is based in the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, California under the direction of Helgi Tomasson who has been directing it since 1985. SFB is the first professional ballet company in the United States.

References

Other websites 
 San Francisco Ballet website

1933 establishments in the United States
Companies based in San Francisco
1930s establishments in California
Corner Gas was a Canadian sitcom that was on television from 2004 to 2009. It was set in the fictional town of Dog River, Saskatchewan and was shot in Rouleau, Saskatchewan. It stared Canadian comic Brent Butt. On April 6, 2009, Saskatchewan premier Brad Wall declared that April 13 would be "Corner Gas Day" in Saskatchewan. The show has won numerous awards and nominations including: 9 Canadian Comedy Awards and 6 Gemini Awards, It has also been nominated for an International Emmy Award in 2004.

In 2014, Corner Gas: The Movie, a movie based off the show was released. A revival of the show Corner Gas Animated ran from April 2, 2018 until November 1, 2021.

References

Other websites
 Corner Gas' Official website
 Corner Gas' Comedy Network profile

2000s sitcoms
Saskatchewan
2000s Canadian television series debuts
2004 television series debuts
Spider monkeys are New World monkeys, genus Ateles. They are small monkeys, well suited to living in trees. In fact, they rarely come down to the ground. These monkeys move quickly through trees by swinging and jumping from branch to branch.

Spider monkeys are found in rainforests in southern Mexico to the northern part of South America. Spider monkeys live in groups or bands of 10 to 40 monkeys. Every band lives in its own territory and one band of monkeys will not enter the territory of another band. Spider monkeys have one offspring per year. They live between 20 to 27 years, or more.

Diet
Spider monkeys eat fruit, nuts, leaves, and small eggs.
Usually the leader female of the whole group is responsible for finding and gathering all the food for the rest of the group. When there is not enough food, they sometimes eat bark, or honey, or insects.
Physical description 
Spider monkeys are extremely quick, and they have long, thin fingers with almost no hair at all. Unlike other monkeys, they use their tail much more than their fingers, and their tails are longer than their bodies. These tails can grasp and pick things up.

They have long, spindly limbs, which explains the spider monkey's common name. Their tails are fully prehensile, meaning they can pick things up with it, and they can swing from it. The tail, which may be up to  long, is very flexible, with hairless tips and skin grooves similar to fingerprints. This adaptation to their strictly arboreal lifestyle serves as a fifth hand. They are clumsy on the ground.

References 

New World monkeys
The Asian Boyz is a street gang in Los Angeles, California that formed after an attack by the Tiny Raskal Gang that killed four people. At first, the gang was made up of young Cambodian refugees. The gang wears navy blue colors. The age of the Asian Boyz is between age 10 – 40 years of age. Their enemies are the Tiny Raskal Gang, Latin gangs, and all of the blood gangs. The Urban Dictionary lists the Asian Boyz as being the second biggest gang of Asian people and the 12th biggest gang in the USA. 

In 1995 the Asian Boyz killed at least five people, including three teenagers who died in a car crash on the freeway after being shot at by the gang. In 1998, one of the gang members, Truong Dinh, gave evidence in court about several murders by the gang. To try and stop Dinh from talking in court, the gang shot dead his father on the day before the trial.

References

American criminals
People from Los Angeles
Peleus (, Pēleus) was  one of the early Greek heroes. Peleus was the son of Aeacus, king of the island of Aegina, and Endeïs, the nymph of Mount Pelion. Alongside his brother Telamon, he joined the hero Jason as one of the Argonauts on the quest to find the Golden Fleece. He was the husband of the Nereid Thetis, by whom he is the father of Achilles. 

People in Greek mythology
The Banker horse is a breed that used to be domesticated, but now roams wild on North Carolina's Outer Banks.

Footnotes

References 
 

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Horse breeds
Field research is research done in natural surroundings. It is used in biology to contrast with research done in the laboratory.

Field research is defined as a qualitative method of data collection that aims to observe, interact and understand people while they are in a natural environment. For example, nature conservationists observe behavior of animals in their natural surroundings and the way they react to certain scenarios. In the same way, social scientists conducting field research may conduct interviews or observe people from a distance to understand how they behave in a social environment and how they react to situations around them.

Field research encompasses a diverse range of social research methods including direct observation, limited participation, analysis of documents and other information, informal interviews, surveys etc. Although field research is generally characterized as qualitative research, it often involves multiple aspects of quantitative research in it.
Field research typically begins in a specific setting although the end objective of the study is to observe and analyze the specific behavior of a subject in that setting. The cause and effect of a certain behavior, though, is tough to analyze due to presence of multiple variables in a natural environment. Most of the data collection is based not entirely on cause and effect but mostly on correlation. While field research looks for correlation, the small sample size makes it difficult to establish a causal relationship between two or more variables.

Methods of Field research 
Field research is typically conducted in 5 distinctive methods. They are:

 Direct Observation
In this method, the data is collected via an observational method or subjects in a natural environment. In this method, the behavior or outcome of situation is not interfered in any way by the researcher. The advantage of direct observation is that it offers contextual data on people, situations, interactions and the surroundings. This method of field research is widely used in a public setting or environment but not in a private environment as it raises an ethical dilemma.

 Participant Observation

In this method of field research, the researcher is deeply involved in the research process, not just purely as an observer, but also as a participant. This method too is conducted in a natural environment but the only difference is the researcher gets involved in the discussions and can mould the direction of the discussions. In this method, researchers live in a comfortable environment with the participants of the research, to make them comfortable and open up to in-depth discussions.

 Ethnography
Ethnography

Ethnography is an expanded observation of social research and social perspective and the cultural values of an  entire social setting. In ethnography, entire communities are observed objectively. For example,  if a researcher would like to understand how an Amazon tribe lives their life and operates, he/she may chose to observe them or live amongst them and silently observe their day-to-day behavior.

 Qualitative Interviews

Qualitative interviews are close-ended questions that are asked directly to the research subjects. The qualitative interviews could be either informal and conversational, semi-structured, standardized and open-ended or a mix of all the above three. This provides a wealth of data to the researcher that they can sort through. This also helps collect relational data. This method of field research can use a mix of one-on-one interviews, focus groups and text analysis.

 Case Study
Case Study

A case study research is an in-depth analysis of a person, situation or event. This method may look difficult to operate, however, it is one of the simplest ways of conducting research as it involves a deep dive and thorough understanding the data collection methods and inferring the data.

References

Biology
Research methods
Edmund Brisco Ford FRS (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of natural selection in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in lepidoptera, the group of insects which includes butterflies and moths. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of ecological genetics. Ford was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 1954. Later, in 1968, he was awarded UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for the popularisation of science.

Career 

Specialising in genetics, he was appointed Oxford University Reader in Genetics in 1939 and was the Director of the Genetics Laboratory, 1952–1969, and Professor of Ecological Genetics 1963–1969. Ford was one of the first scientists to be elected a Fellow of All Souls College since the seventeenth century.
Ford predicted that human blood group polymorphisms might be maintained in the population by providing some protection against disease. Six years after this prediction it was found to be so, and furthermore, heterozygous advantage was decisively established by a study of AB x AB crosses. His magnum opus was Ecological genetics, which ran to four editions and was widely influential. He laid much of the groundwork for subsequent studies in this field, and was invited as a consultant to help set up similar research groups in several other countries.

Amongst Ford's many publications, perhaps the most popularly successful was the first book in the New Naturalist series, Butterflies. Ford also went on in 1955 to write Moths  in the same series, one of only a few to have authored more than one book in the series.