Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In poetry, meter (British English spelling: metre) means the rhythmic patterns in a verse.

Fundamentals

The units of poetic meter, like rhyme, vary from language to language and between poetic traditions. They can involve arrangements of syllables into repeated patterns called feet within a line. English meter is founded on the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. In Latin and Greek verse, on the other hand, while the metrical units are similar, not syllable stresses but syllable lengths are the component parts of meter.

Poetry
In poetry a verse is technically a single line in a poem. A poem is a "metrical composition".

However, in common use, a verse is a group of lines in a poem which make up a paragraph. It consists of several lines, either in print for reading, or in a song. In the poems and theatre of Ancient Greece these units were called strophes.

Related pages 
Poetry
Blank verse
Free verse
Verse-chorus form
Ballad
Rhyme
Stanza
Ode

Poetry forms
Line or lines could mean:
 Line, a type of geometric figure that is made up of an endless number of points.
 a length of rope, cable or chain when put to use (such as a clothesline, anchor line)
 a line or queue of people waiting in a queue area
 a line of text in writing 
Lines (punishment), punishment by forced writing of text
 relationships in genetics and genealogy, such as Lineage (evolution) and kinship and descent
 lines of cocaine
 Lines (video game)
A one-, two- or three-line whip, a notice issued by a Chief Whip in the UK parliament

People:
Dick Lines (born 1938), former Canadian baseball player
Richard D. Lines, American amateur astronomer
In science and technology:
 Line (electrical engineering), a circuit or loop
 a power line for electric power transmission
 Telephone line
 Line (video), a measure of video display resolution or image resolution
 line, former name of the unit of magnetic flux, the Maxwell (unit)
 Line (length), an obsolete unit of length equal to one-twelfth or one-tenth of an inch

In transport:
 a railway line
 Shipping line, a company engaged in sea transport
Airline
 A bus line, see List of bus operating companies

In business:
 Line function, a business activity
 Product lining, in marketing

In the military:
 Line (formation), a standard tactical formation of forces
Line infantry, a line formation of infantrymen who were part of the "Line Regiments"
 Line of battle, in naval warfare, a line of warships, hence "ship of the line"
In sport:
 The point spread in spread betting
 in cricket, the direction of a delivery, see line and length 
 Offensive line or defensive line in American football
 Line (racing), in auto racing, a path taken through a corner

In the arts:
Line (play), a long-running play written by Israel Horovitz
Lines (Emily Brontë poem), written in December 1837
"Lines", abbreviation for "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour. July 13, 1798," a poem by William Wordsworth

The abbreviation LINE could mean:
 Marine Corps LINE combat system, a martial arts system
 LINEs, a type of retrotransposon in the human genome

Related pages
Division of Lyne, Australian electorial district
Lyne (surname)
Lyne, Denmark (town)
Liner (disambiguation)
is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

 is about 1 kilometre in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,858,000 km in 752.839 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.276.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References

Jupiter's moons
In fluid dynamics dynamic pressure depends on density and velocity of the fluid. 

It is defined by the following equation:

where (using SI units):

 = dynamic pressure in pascals
 = fluid density in kg/m3 (such as the density of air)
 = fluid velocity in m/s

Physical meaning 

Dynamic pressure is closely related to the kinetic energy of a fluid particle, since both quantities are proportional to the particle's mass (through the density, in the case of dynamic pressure) and square of the velocity. Dynamic pressure is in fact one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which is essentially an equation of energy conservation for a fluid in motion.

Related pages
 Pressure

Other websites 
 Definition of dynamic pressure on Eric Weisstein's World of Science

Fluid mechanics
Lichtenberg was a borough in Berlin. Since the boundary changes of 2001, it has been a district of the new borough of Lichtenberg-Hohenschönhausen.

From 1945 to German Reunification Lichtenberg was part of East Berlin.
Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1751, – September 14, 1836) was an American politician, Revolutionary War hero and the third vice president of the United States (1801 – 1805). He was born in Newark, province of New Jersey.
Burr fought in the American Revolutionary War, reaching the rank of Colonel.
After the war, Burr was a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party and served in the New York State Assembly, as New York State Attorney General, and as a United States Senator before serving as Vice President.

Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804, when Burr was still Vice President.

Burr conspired to form a new country in Mexico. He wanted to be present if and when Spain and Mexico went to war. Some people, including President Thomas Jefferson, who had picked a different vice president for his second term, saw Burr's actions as treason. However, in 1807 Burr was found innocent of the charges. He was often thought of by his enemies as unreliable. Burr died in 1836.
1756 births
1836 deaths
American revolutionaries
Politicians from New York (state)
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
Charlotte Karin Lindström (born August 9, 1984 in Sollentuna, Sweden) is a former waitress, promotion model, convicted criminal and former prisoner. 
She was arrested on May 26, 2007, and had to spend three years in jail in Sydney, Australia. When she was arrested, people suspected she was trying to hire a hitman to kill two men who were about to testify against her boyfriend Steven Spaliviero in court.

Case 
Lindström arrived in Sydney in 2003 working as a part-time model as well as a waitress in the exclusive nightclub Hemmesphere in Sydney.
Murder plot 
In MRRC Spaliviero allegedly met another inmate who offered him to get witnesses in Spaliviero's case killed. In relation to this Spaliviero phoned Lindström from MRRC telling her to meet a "solicitor" and give him money. 
Lindström started acting upon instructions from Spaliviero. When Lindström finally met who she thought was a hitman, but who in reality was an undercover policeman, she was arrested. The policeman on the case stated that Lindström wanted to have two men in the "cemetery" (i.e. dead). The price was agreed as AUD 100,000 for each contract.
Upon her arrest on May 26 Lindström was remanded in custody. Later an application for bail was made where Steven Spaliviero's mother, Dolores Spaliviero, offered to put up AUD 2,000,000 surety to get Lindström out from custody. In addition, Lindström's friend and employer, Justin Hemmes promising that if Lindström was set free on bail, he would let her continue her work at the Hemmesphere nightclub until trial.  The application for bail was denied due to flight risk and Lindström was remanded in custody.

On September 18, having had a deal made with the prosecutors, Lindström pled guilty to the charges. On December 21, she pled guilty again in another court in Sydney. Lindström appeared in a bullet-proof vest at her court hearings because of the alleged death threats against her life.
Lindström was initially sentenced to four years in jail being eligible for early parole on May 25 2009. Even though Lindström was given a hefty discount from her sentence because she had agreed to testify against Steven Spaliviero and two other men, the Crown appealed against the sentence as "manifestly inadequate". The criminal court of appeals heard the appeal on July 4 2008.

On 23 July 2008 her maximum sentence was increased from three years and 10 months to four years and nine months, making her eligible for parole in May, 2010.

On August 11 2008 Lindström started testifying against Spaliviero in his court case, among others reading a love letter to the court which she had written to him in February 2007 some months before her own arrest. Despite Lindström's extensive testimonies Spaliviero and two other defendants were found not guilty for the murder plot.
Lindström was released on parole from Long Bay jail in New South Wales on 25 May 2010 and deported the next day from Australia. Since her release from prison, Lindström has returned to her native home Sweden and is understood to have had ongoing threats against her life.

According to the Australian media, on 15 August 2010, Charlotte Lindström agreed to return to Australia to testify in the trial of her former boyfriend's associate. Due to an unspecified severe illness, she has not been allowed to travel to Australia. The upcoming trial has been postponed.

Latest development 
On 14 November 2010, Australian Channel 9 aired an exclusive interview of Charlotte Lindström named "Charlotte's web", in which she appeared with her face unobscured despite allegations that she is living under death threats.
On 6 September 2011, Channel 9 in Australia aired a documentary concentrating on Charlotte Lindström's murder plot. According to an article in the Sydney Morning Herald Charlotte Lindström "no longer has feelings for" Steven Spaliviero.

References 

1985 births
Living people
Swedish models
Criminals
Bilten was a municipality in the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the municipalities of Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden joined together to become the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

Other websites

Official website of Bilten 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Braunwald is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

Official website of Braunwald 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Elm was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

It is the municipality farthest south in the valley of the Sernf.

History 
Russian General Alexander Suvarov and his troops stayed the night in Elm before crossing Panix Pass to Pigniu on their retreat into Austria.

On September 11, 1881, an avalanche caused by too much mining of slate killed 114 people and buried 83 structures in the municipality.

Other websites

Website of the touristic region of Elm 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Engi was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites 

 Official website of Engi 
 The History of the Citizen Families of Engi (GL) and their Development 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Ennenda was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of the municipality Glarus 
 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Filzbach was a municipality in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

Website of Filzbach 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Glarus (German: ) is the capital of the Canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Glarus is on the Linth River. It is at the foot of the Glärnisch foothills.

History 
The first mention of the town is from 1178.

It became the capital of the Linth valley in 1419. In the 1700s and 1800s, the valley began to be industrialized.

In 1864, the first European labor law to protect workers was introduced in Glarus, prohibiting requiring workers to work more than 12 hours a day.

Since 1 January 2011, the municipality Glarus includes the former municipalities of Ennenda, Netstal and Riedern.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

Official Web site 

Municipalities of Glarus
Capital cities in Switzerland
Haslen was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On July 1, 2006, Haslen merged with the municipalities of Leuggelbach and Nidfurn. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Haslen, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Switzerland, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Linthal was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Linthal, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Luchsingen, Matt, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the municipality of Glarus Süd.

Other websites

 Official website of Linthal 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Luchsingen was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2004, the former municipalities of Hätzingen and Diesbach were merged into the municipality of Luchsingen.

Oberblegisee is in the municipality.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Matt was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Agno is a municipality of the district of Lugano, canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It is not far from the city of Lugano.

Lugano Airport is in this municipality.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
Airolo is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Airolo is also a small ski-resort with 30 kilometres of ski slopes.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Leventina
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Alto Malcantone is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was formed on 13 March 2005 from the earlier municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Alto Malcantone 

Municipalities in Lugano
2005 establishments in Switzerland
Balerna is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website
Castel San Pietro is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 
 Official website
Chiasso is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Sport 
 Football: FC Chiasso
 Ice hockey: HC Chiasso
 Road bicycle racing: GP Chiasso (UCI Europe Tour)

References

Other websites 

 Official municipality website 

Cities in Switzerland
Morbio Inferiore is a municipality of the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It is in the hills above Chiasso. It is in the district of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website
Caneggio was a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Cabbio was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Vacallo is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

The current population is almost 3,000 people. The coat of arms of Vacallo is a V with three bunches of grapes.  Each bunch of grapes symbolises the three parishes or 'frazione' of the municipality.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Vacallo
 Page with some pictures 
 Primary school
 SAV Basket team
Sagno is a former municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

References 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Aarwangen is a district in the northeast corner of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The district includes the following 25 municipalities and has an area of 154 km²:

 CH-4912 Aarwangen
 CH-4944 Auswil
 CH-4913 Bannwil
 CH-3368 Bleienbach
 CH-4917 Busswil bei Melchnau
 CH-4955 Gondiswil
 CH-4932 Gutenburg
 CH-4936 Kleindietwil
 CH-4900 Langenthal
 CH-4935 Leimiswil
 CH-4932 Lotzwil
 CH-4934 Madiswil
 CH-4917 Melchnau
 CH-4924 Obersteckholz
 CH-4943 Oeschenbach
 CH-4919 Reisiswil
 CH-4914 Roggwil
 CH-4938 Rohrbach
 CH-4938 Rohrbachgraben
 CH-4933 Rütschelen
 CH-4911 Schwarzhäusern 
 CH-4922 Thunstetten
 CH-4916 Untersteckholz
 CH-4937 Ursenbach
 CH-4923 Wynau

Former districts of Bern
The district of Aarau in the Swiss Canton of Aargau has the following municipalities: 

Aarau District
Baden is a district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital city is the town of Baden. The largest municipality is Wettingen. The district has 26 municipalities, an area of 153.07 km², and a population of 121,071.

Municipalities
Bremgarten is a Swiss district in the Canton of Aargau.

It has a total of 25 municipalities, listed below:

Bremgarten District
Brugg is a district in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, it is south of the Aare and the Aargauer Jura covers the district. The capital of the district is Brugg. 

It contains the following municipalities:

Localities of 

 Lauffohr

Brugg District
Kulm is an administrative district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is west of Lake Hallwil and covers parts of the Wyna and Suhre valleys. The principal town is Unterkulm; the largest municipality is Reinach. The district contains 17 municipalities, is 101.35 km² in area and has a total population of 36,700 people (2005).

Municipalities 

 

Kulm District
Laufenburg is a district of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Laufenburg.

It contains the following municipalities:

Laufenburg District
Carlos Ray "Chuck" Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an American actor. martial artist and celebrity. He served in the United States Air Force. He became famous as a martial artist and started his own school, Chun Kuk Do. Norris was cast in several action movies, such as Way of the Dragon. He was The Cannon Group's star in the 1980s. He played Cordell Walker in the action television series Walker, Texas Ranger from 1993 to 2001.

Norris is a political conservative.

He has written books on Christianity. In 2007 and 2008, he campaigned for former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, who was running for the Republican nomination for President in 2008. In the 2012 election he endorsed former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, and he supported Donald Trump in 2016. Norris also is a columnist for the conservative website WorldNetDaily.

Film

Television

Video game

References

Related pages

 Chuck Norris facts

Other websites 
 Official web site
 
 Official Chuck Kwon Do Website
 Chuck Norris at WorldNetDaily
1940 births
Living people
Actors from Oklahoma
American martial artists
American movie actors
American political activists
American screenwriters
American television actors
American Christian writers
Sportspeople from Oklahoma

Creationists
American Evangelicals
Writers from Oklahoma
Republicans (United States)
Libertarians
George Clinton (July 26, 1739 – April 20, 1812) was an American soldier and politician. He was the first (and longest-serving) governor of New York.  He then was Vice President of the United States under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (1805–1812).

Clinton was born in the state of New York. Clinton fought with the British in the French and Indian War.

Clinton was a member of the Continental Congress and voted for the Declaration of Independence. He was a friend of George Washington and served with and supplied the Continental Army.

Clinton was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. Clinton was vice president under two different presidents. He is one out of two vice presidents who did this; John C. Calhoun served under two presidents as well. Clinton was also a candidate for president in the 1808 election and did receive six electoral votes.
DeWitt Clinton, his nephew, also became governor of New York. George Clinton is of no relation to the 42nd president, Bill Clinton, who took his stepfather's surname as a child. 

1739 births
1812 deaths
Governors of New York (state)
Founding Fathers of the United States
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
Saint Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus) (AD. 35-107) was the third Bishop or Patriarch of Antioch and a student of the Apostle John.  En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters, including one to Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, who had also known John. These letters are an example of the theology of the earliest Christians.  Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.

Ignatius' feast day is observed on 17 October in Western Christianity and 20 December in Eastern Christianity.

Ignatius became Bishop of Antioch after Saint Peter and Evodius, who died around AD 67.  
Besides the Latin name, Ignatius, he also called himself Theophorus ("God Bearer"), and tradition says he was one of the children Jesus took in His arms and blessed. Ignatius was most likely a disciple of the Apostle John.
Ignatius is generally considered to be one of the Apostolic Fathers (the earliest authoritative group of the Church Fathers) and a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Eastern Orthodox Church and Anglican/Episcopal Church who celebrate his feast day on October 17, and the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, who celebrate his feast day on December 20.  Ignatius based his authority on living his life in imitation of Christ.

Martyrdom 
Ignatius was arrested by the authorities and transported to Rome under trying conditions:

He died as a martyr in the arena. This was during the reign of Trajan. The Roman authorities hoped to make an example of him and thus discourage Christianity from spreading. Instead, he met with and encouraged Christians who flocked to meet him all along his route, and he wrote seven letters to the churches in the region and one to a fellow bishop.

References
References

Holy Letters and Syllables, the function and character of Scripture Authority in the writings of St Ignatius (Contains biography Ignatius as well. Doctoral thesis University of the Orange Free State 1997, Dutch, pdf)

Other websites 
 Early Christian writings: on-line texts of Ignatius' letters
 Catholic Encyclopedia: St Ignatius of Antioch; the manuscript traditions and the controversy over authenticity
 The Short Syriac Version  
The Ecclesiology of St. Ignatius of Antioch by Fr. John S. Romanides
Saint Ignatius 
 Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes

30s births
107 deaths
Christian saints
Eupheme is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003. It used to be called . It was named Eupheme in 2019.

Eupheme is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,622,000 km in 561.518 days, at an inclination of 146° to the ecliptic (146° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2507.

It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References

Jupiter's moons
Stephen or Steven (generally pronounced ) is an English masculine first name, comes the Latin form Stephanus and that from the Greek Στέφανος (Stephanos), which means "crown" or "wreath." This name was ranked #341 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

Other spellings are Stephan, Stefan, Stephaen, Stevie, and Stevon. Steve is the common short form and various diminutives such as Stevie are also found. Many family names come from Stephen: the most common are Stephens/Stevens and Stephenson/Stevenson (others include Stephen, Stephan, Stefan, Stevin, and Stever).

Equivalents of Stephen in various languages
 
 
 
 
 
  -Stefan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ("Estienne" is an obsolete spelling), Stéphane
 
  -Stefanos
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  -Stiibun, Stiibu
Korean: 스티븐
 
 
 
 
 Montenegrin: Стефан/Stefan, Стеван/Stevan, Шћепан/Šćepan
 
 
 
  
  -Stepan
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  -Stepan, Stefan (Степан [Stepan] is a more western Ukrainian usage)

Historical figures known by the name Stephen
Saints
 Saint Stephen, the first martyr of Christianity (The Feast of Saint Stephen is celebrated on December 26 in the Western Church and December 27 in the Eastern Church.)
 Saint Stephen, the first king of Hungary
 St. Stephen of Surozh, see Bravlin for details.
Stephen, one of the pair of Christian saints and martyrs Socrates and Stephen

Royalty
 Stephen of Armenia
 Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria
 Stephen of England
 Stephen I of Hungary
 Stephen II of Hungary
 Stephen III of Hungary
 Stephen IV of Hungary
 Stephen V of Hungary
 Stephen III of Moldavia
 Stefan Uros I
 Stefan Uros II
 Stefan Uros III
 Stefan Uroš IV
 Stefan Uros V
 Stefan Vladislav I
 Stefan Vladislav II
 Stefan Nemanja
 Stefan Prvovenčani
 Stefan Radoslav
 Stefan Lazarević
 Stefano de Renniko
 Stefan I Crnojevic - ruler of Zeta
 Stjepan Držislav - King Of Croatia
Church figures
 Patriarch Stephen I of Constantinople
 Patriarch Stephen II of Constantionople
 Pope Stephen I
 Pope-elect Stephen
 Pope Stephen II
 Pope Stephen III
 Pope Stephen IV
 Pope Stephen V
 Pope Stephen VI
 Pope Stephen VII
 Pope Stephen VIII
 Pope Stephen IX
 Stephanus I, bishop of Aquileia from AD 515
 Stephanus II Patriarch of Grado from AD 670
 Stephen, bishop of Zaragoza (Spain) in 1128-1130.

Other
 Stephanus of Byzantium
 Stephanus Med. and Stephanus, Phil, two 7th century physicians, see List of ancient doctors
 Henri Estienne (1528-1598), a printer and humanist generally now known by the Latin version of his name, Stephanus.
 Stephen, a character in the 1970s science fiction series The Tomorrow People
 "Steven", a long-running comic strip by cartoonist Doug Allen
 Stephen Hawking, British theoretical physicist, cosmologist and author (1942–2018)

References

Given names
Muri is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with the capital of Muri.

It contains the following municipalities:
A diminutive is a formation of a word used to express smallness of the object or quality that is meant with the word the diminutive is formed from.

Examples in English 

Diminutives are common in most dialects of English. Terms such as "undies" for underwear and "movie" for "moving picture" are frequently heard terms in English. 

Common diminutives are:
 -ey/-ie/-y: dearie, doggy, kitty (this also being the basis of the naming of Brittany i.e. Minor Britain in reference to its cultural ties to the Celts of Great Britain.)
 -ette: diskette, cigarette, kitchenette, suffragette (Suffrage)
 -let: piglet, chicklet, applet, eyelet, gauntlet, tablet
 -ling: duckling, gosling
 -s(y): "Wills", Becks
 -a: Macca, Gazza
 -o: smoko (smoking break)

Linguistics
Rheinfelden is a district of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The capital is Rheinfelden. 

It contains 14 municipalities:
Zofingen is a district in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is in the southwest corner of the canton. 

It contains the following municipalities:
is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,744,000 km in 610.362 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3185.

It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References

Jupiter's moons
Flavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius (c. 250 - 325) was Roman emperor from 308 AD to 324 AD.

Licinius went with his close friend the Emperor Galerius on the Persian expedition in 297.  After the death of Flavius Valerius Severus, Galerius declared Licinius emperor honorific in the West in 308. 

On the death of Galerius, in May 311, Licinius shared the entire empire with Maximinus Daia. The Hellespont and the Bosporus were the dividing line.

In 313 he married Flavia Julia Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, at Mediolanum (now Milan). Together with Constantine he issued the "Edict of Milan" that allowed Christianity to be professed in the empire. 
On April 30,  Licinius won against Maximinus at the Battle of Tzirallum. So he became master of the East, while his brother-in-law, Constantine, was master in the West.
In 314, a civil war began between Licinius and Constantine. Constantine won at Cibalae in Pannonia and again 2 years later in Thrace. Then followed a period during which they worked together. But in 324 Constantine attacked him again and Licinius had to give up. Because his wife, Constantine's sister, asked for his survival he was not killed immediately. In 325 Constantine accused him of starting a conspiracy with the barbarians and had him killed.

References

Other websites 
 De Imperatoribus Romanis website: Licinius
Socrates Scholasticus account of Licinius' end

250 births
325 deaths

4th-century Roman emperors
Zurzach is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with the capital of Zurzach. 

It contains the following municipalities:
 

Zurzach District
Aarau is the capital of the northern Swiss canton of Aargau. The city is also the capital of the district of Aarau.  Most of the people in the municipality speak German.  To the west of Aarau is the canton of Solothurn.  It is the third-largest city in Aargau after Wettingen and Baden.

Geography and Geology 

The old city of Aarau lies on a rocky cliff where the Aar river valley narrows at the southern foot of the Jura mountains.  Newer parts of the city can be found farther south of the river valley.
The neighboring municipalities are Küttigen to the north, Rohr and Buchs to the east, Suhr to the south-east, Unterentfelden to the south, and Eppenberg-Wöschnau and Erlinsbach to the west.
Aarau and the other municipalities have merged over the years.  The only exceptions are Unterentfelden and Eppenberg-Wöschnau to the south, whose places are divided from Aarau by the large forests of Gönhard and Zelgli.

History

Prehistory
Prehistory 

A few artifacts from the Neolithic period were found in Aarau.  Near the location of the present train station, the ruins of a settlement from the Bronze Age (about 1000 BC) have been excavated.  The Roman road between Salodurum (Solothurn) and Vindonissa passed through the area, along the route now covered by the Bahnhofstrasse.  In 1976 divers in the Aar found part of a seven-meter wide wooden bridge from the late Roman times.

Middle Ages 
Aarau was founded around 1240 A.D. by the counts of Kyburg. The first certain reference to the city dates to 1256.  The town was ruled from the "Rore" tower, which has been incorporated into the modern city hall.
In 1273 the counts of Kyburg died out.  Agnes of Kyburg, who had no male relations, sold the family's lands to King Rudolf I von Habsburg.  He granted Aarau its city rights in 1283.  In the 14th Century the city was expanded in two stages, and a second defesive wall was constructed. A deep ditch separated the city from its "suburb;" its location is today marked by a wide street named "Graben" (meaning Ditch).

In 1415 Bern invaded lower Aargau with the help of Solothurn.  Aarau capitulated after a short resistance, and was forced to swear allegiance to the new rulers.  In the 16th Century, the rights of the lower classes were abolished.
In March 1528 the citizens of Aarau allowed the introduction of Protestantism at the urging of the Bernese.  A growth in population during the 16th Century led to taller buildings and more dense construction methods.  Early forms of industry developed at this time; however, unlike in other cities, no guilds were formed in Aarau.
Starting in the early 18th century, the textile industry was established in Aarau.  German immigration contributed to the city's favorable conditions, in that they introduced the cotton and silk factories.  These highly educated immigrants were also responsible for education reform and the enlightened, revolutionary spirit that developed in Aarau.

1798: Capital of the Helvetic Republic 
On December 27, 1797, the last Tagsatzung of the Old Swiss Confederacy was held in Aarau.  Two weeks later a French envoy continued to foment the revolutionary opinions of the city.  The contrast between a high level of education and a low level of political rights was particarly great in Aarau, and the city refused to send troops to defend the Bernese border.  By Mid-March 1798 Aarau was occupied by French troops.
On March 22, 1798 Aarau was declared the capital of the Helvetic Republic.  It is therefore the first capital of a unified Switzerland.  Parliament met in the city hall.  On September 20, the capital was moved to Lucerne.

Aarau as canton capital 
In 1803, Napoleon ordered the fusion of the cantons of Aargau, Baden and Fricktal.  Aarau was declared the capital of the new, enlarged canton of Aargau.  In 1820 the city wall was torn down, with exception of the individual towers and gates, and the defensive ditches were filled in.

The wooden bridge, dating from the Middle Ages, across the Aar was destroyed by floods three times in thirty years, and was replaced with a steel suspension bridge in 1851.  This was replaced by a concrete bridge in 1952.  The city connected to the Swiss Central Railroad in 1856.
The textile industry in Aarau broke down in about 1850 because of the protectionist tariff policies of neighboring states.  Other industries had developed by that time to replace it, including the production of mathematical instruments, shoes and cement.  Beginning in 1900, numerous electrical enterprises developed.  By the 1960s, more citizens worked in service industries or for the canton-level government than in manufacturing.  During the 1980s many of the industries left Aarau completely.

In 1802 the Canton School was established; it was the first non-parochial high school in Switzerland. It developed a good reputation, and was home to Nobel Prize winners Albert Einstein, Paul Karrer, and Werner Arber, as well as several Swiss politicians and authors.
The purchase of a manuscript collection in 1803 laid the foundation for what would become the Cantonal Library, which contains a Bible annotated by Huldrych Zwingli.  More newspapers developed in the city, maintaining the revolutionary atmosphere of Aarau.  Beginning in 1820, Aarau has been a refuge for political refugees.

The urban educational and cultural opportunities of Aarau have been extended through numerous new institutions.  A Theater and Concert Hall was constructed in 1883, which was renovated and expanded in 1995-96.  The Aargau Nature Museum opened in 1922.  A former cloth warehouse was transformed into a small theater in 1974, and the alternative culture center KIFF (Culture in the fodder factory) was established in a former animal fodder factory.
Origin of the name 
The earliest use of the place name was in 1248 (in the form Arowe), and probably referred to the settlement in the area before the founding of the city.  It comes, along with the name of the River Aar (which was called Arula, Arola, and Araris in early times), from the German Au, meaning floodplain.

Old city 

The historic old city forms an irregular square, consisting of four parts (called Stoecke).  To the south lies the "suburb", that is, the part of the town formerly outside the city wall.  One special characteristic of the city is its painted gables, for which Aarau is sometimes called the "City of beautiful Gables".
The buildings in the old city originate, on the whole, from building projects during the 16th century, when nearly all the Middle Age period buildings were replaced or expanded.  The architectural development of the city ended in the 18th century, when the city began to expand beyond its (still existing) wall.  Most of the buildings in the "suburb" date from this time.

The "Schlössli" (small Castle), Rore Tower and the upper gate tower have remained nearly unchanged since the 13th century.  The "Schlössli" is the oldest building in the city.  It was already founded at the time of the establishment of the city shortly after 1200; the exact date is not known.  City hall was built around Rore Tower in 1515.
The upper gate tower stands beside the southern gate in the city wall, along the road to Lucerne and Bern.  The jail has been housed in it since the Middle Ages.  A Carillon was erected in the tower in the middle of the 20th century, the bells for which were provided by the centuries-old bell manufacturers of Aarau.

The town church was built between 1471 and 1478.  During the Reformation, in 1528, its twelve altars and accompanying pictures were destroyed.  The "Justice fountain" (Gerechtskeitbrunnen) was built in 1634, and is made of French limestone; it includes a statue of Lady Justice made of sandstone, hence the name.  It was originally in the street in front of city hall, but was moved to its present location in front of the town church in 1905 due to increased traffic.

Economy 
The people that give the most jobs in Aarau is the canton government; most of their offices can be found throughout the city.
One of the two head offices of the Aargauer Zeitung, Switzerland's fifth largest newspaper, can be found in Aarau.

Kern & Co., founded in 1819, was an internationally known geodetic instrument manufacturer based in Aarau.  However, it was taken over by Wild Leitz in 1988, and was closed in 1991.

More than half of the workers in Aarau live in the city's suburbs, or on the outskirts of the city.  Aarau gets some jams of cars and buses sometimes during rush hour (the time of day when everyone leaves work to get home).

Things made in Aarau are: bells, mathematical instruments, electrical goods, cotton textiles, chemicals, shoes, and other products.
Notable residents 
 Johann Kaspar Riesbeck (1754-1786), author and actor
 Johann Rudolf Dolder (1753-1807), politician
 Sebastian Fahrländer (1768-1841), politician, physician
 Johann Heinrich Daniel Zschokke (1771-1848), writer
 Ignaz Paul Vitalis Troxler (1780-1866), physician, politician, philosopher
 Carl Feer-Herzog (1820-1880), politician
 Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
 Charles Tschopp (1899-1982), writer
 Born in Aarau:
 Eugen Bircher (1882-1956), politician
 Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, (1770-1843), first director of the United States Coast Survey.
 Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner
 Urs Faes, author
 Friedrich Frey-Herosé (1801-1873), member of the Swiss Federal Council
 Hans Herzog (1819-1894), general
 Paul Hubschmid, actor
 Klaus Merz, author

Related pages
 Lenzburg (boasts a historical museum)

References

Other websites 
 http://www.aarau.ch
is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard et al. in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,731,000 km in 700.129 days, at an inclination of 164° to the ecliptic (166° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3438.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References

Jupiter's moons
Aarburg is a municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Aarburg - homepage 

Municipalities in Zofingen
Cities in Switzerland
Abtwil is a municipality in Muri, which is in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Muri
Ammerswil is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.  It is located 3 km south-east of the town of Lenzburg.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Lenzburg
The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in February, 313 AD and removed the persecution of Christians.

With the Edict of Milan there began a period when Constantine granted favors to the Christian Church and its members. The exact words of the edict are no longer known.

History 
The Edict of Milan was issued in 313 AD, in the names of the Roman Emperors Constantine I, who ruled the western parts of the Empire, and Licinius, who ruled the East. The two emperors were in Milan to celebrate the wedding of Constantine's sister with Licinius. 

There had been already an edict of toleration issued by the emperor Galerius in 311. They were granted an indulgence, not favors.
"Wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the commonwealth may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes."

But by the Edict of Milan the meeting places and other properties which had been taken from the Christians were to be returned: 
"...the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception..."

References

Other websites 
 Medieval Sourcebook – Galerius and Constantine: Edicts of Toleration 311 and 313
 The Roman Law Library, incl. Constitutiones Principis 

Ancient Christianity

Ancient Roman law
...
Bible History
Aristau is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Other websites

Municipalities in Muri
Arni is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the Swiss canton of Aargau.

References

Other websites

Arni website

Municipalities in Bremgarten
Religious toleration is people allowing other people to think or practice other religions and beliefs. In a country with a state religion, toleration means that the government allows other religions to be there. Many countries in past centuries allowed other religions but only in privacy. This has become rare. Others allow public religion but practice religious discrimination in other ways. It allow to follow and practice.

Related pages 
 Freedom of religion
 Religious persecution
 Multiculturalism
 Ecumenism
 Islamophobia
 Toleration
 Pluralism

More reading

Other websites

History of Religious Tolerance 

Human rights
Religious ethics
Attelwil is a former municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, Attelwil merged into the municipality of Reitnau.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Aargau
Jupiter LXI, also known as , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003.

Jupiter LXI is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,709,000 km in 699.125 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1961.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Aigle is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities: 

 Aigle
 Bex
 Chessel
 Corbeyrier
 Gryon
 Lavey-Morcles
 Leysin
 Noville
 Ollon
 Ormont-Dessous
 Ormont-Dessus
 Rennaz
 Roche
 Villeneuve
 Yvorne

Aigle (district)
Aubonne was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was Aubonne.

It contained the following municipalities:

 Apples
 Aubonne
 Ballens
 Berolle
 Bière
 Bougy-Villars
 Féchy
 Gimel
 Longirod
 Marchissy
 Mollens
 Montherod
 Pizy
 Saubraz
 Saint-George
 Saint-Livres
 Saint-Oyens

Former districts of Vaud
Avenches was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Avenches. As of 2006 it is part of the Broye-Vully District.

It contained the following municipalities:

 Avenches
 Bellerive
 Chabrey
 Constantine
 Cudrefin
 Donatyre
 Faoug
 Montmagny
 Mur
 Oleyres
 Vallamand
 Villars-le-Grand

Former districts of Vaud
Cossonay was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Cossonay.

Former districts of Vaud
Echallens was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Echallens. As of 2006 it is part of the Gros-de-Vaud District.

It contained the following municipalities:

 Assens 
 Bercher 
 Bioley-Orjulaz
 Bottens
 Bretigny-sur-Morrens 
 Cugy
 Dommartin 
 Echallens 
 Eclagnens 
 Essertines-sur-Yverdon 
 Etagnières 
 Fey 
 Froideville 
 Goumoens-la-Ville 
 Goumoens-le-Jux 
 Malapalud 
 Morrens 
 Naz
 Oulens-sous-Echallens 
 Pailly 
 Penthéréaz 
 Poliez-le-Grand 
 Poliez-Pittet 
 Rueyres 
 Saint-Barthélemy
 Sugnens
 Villars-le-Terroir 
 Villars-Tiercelin 
 Vuarrens

Former districts of Vaud
Grandson was a district of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was the town of Grandson. As of 2006 it is part of the Jura-Nord vaudois District.

The district had the following municipalities:

 Bonvillars
 Bullet
 Champagne
 Concise
 Corcelles-près-Concise
 Fiez
 Fontaines-sur-Grandson
 Fontanezier
 Giez
 Grandevent
 Grandson
 Mauborget
 Mutrux
 Novalles
 Onnens
 Provence
 Romairon
 Sainte-Croix
 Vaugondry
 Villars-Burquin

Former districts of Vaud
Theodosius I (11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. He was a general in the Roman army and the son of another general, Theodosius the Elder. When the emperor Valens died in battle fighting the Goths, Valens' nephew, the emperor Gratian, made Theodosius emperor. Theodosius married Gratian's sister. While emperor, Theodosius overcame three civil wars in the empire. Gratian and his brother the emperor Valentinian II both died young, and Theodosius made his own sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors. Theodosius made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire and made other religions illegal.

Life

Early life 
Where Theodosius () was born is unknown. According to Hydatius and Zosimus, Theodosius was born in what is now Coca, Spain. However, Marcellinus Comes writes that he was from Italica, Hispania (now in Spain). His father was a military officer.
Death 
Theodosius died in Milan on January 17, 395. When he died he was made into a god. Parts of the Christian Church name Theodosius a saint.

Christianity as religion of Roman Empire 
Theodosius made the Nicene Creed the official belief system of the Roman Empire. Prior to that, many different creeds were believed. The Nicene Creed states that that Jesus, the Son, is equal to God the Father. Other people, such as Arius, said that Jesus was inferior to the Father. Theodosius affirmed the faith that the Council of Nicea agreed on.

References

Other websites 

 De Imperatoribus Romanis, Theodosius I 

347 births
395 deaths
4th-century Roman emperors
Lausanne is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Lausanne.

It contains the following municipalities:
 Belmont-sur-Lausanne
 Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne
 Crissier
 Epalinges
 Jouxtens-Mézery
 Lausanne
 Le Mont-sur-Lausanne
 Paudex
 Prilly
 Pully
 Renens
 Romanel-sur-Lausanne

Lausanne (district)
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was a polar explorer.

Shackleton led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration".  The Shackletons were originally from Yorkshire, but Shackleton was born in County Kildare, Ireland. Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban London when he was ten.