Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1940, he was made Reichsmarschall (Marshal of the Empire) by Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler. In 1941, Göring ordered Heydrich to make a plan for the Holocaust. In 1942, he gave Fritz Sauckel the order to use the Russian population for industry-work. In 1943, Göring had an expensive birthday party for his 50th birthday. On 20 April 1945, he left Hitler's birthday party and went to Berchtesgaden. He told Hitler that he had very important things to do in south Germany. From Berchtesgaden, Göring sent a telegram to Hitler in Berlin. In the telegram Göring asked about taking over the affairs of state. Towards the end of the war, after the telegram, he started to talk with the Allies. Because of this, Hitler wanted to put Göring in prison. Göring then went to the Americans.

On 29 April 1945 Hitler removed Göring from all his offices, stripped him off his party membership and ordered his arrest. He wrote this down in his testament.
Göring surrendered in Bavaria on 9 May 1945. The Nuremberg Trials started on 20 November 1945.  On 18 March 1946, Göring was questioned by the Allies. After this, he was imprisoned in Nuremberg. He was the third-highest-ranking Nazi official tried at Nuremberg. Only Reich President (former Großadmiral) Karl Dönitz and former Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess had higher ranks than Göring.  The judges decided he was guilty. Because of this on 1 October 1946 the court reached a verdict that he was to be hanged. One day before he was to be hanged, he committed suicide by taking a tablet of cyanide. It is not known how Göring got the cyanide or how long he hid it but there was a claim that he was given it by an American soldier who was in love with a German woman who was in touch with him. It is not known if this is the truth. He was infamous for his quote "Of course the people don't want war
. But after all it's the leaders of the country who determine the policy, and it's always a simple matter to drag the people along whether it's a democracy, a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship."
References

Bibliography

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 

1893 births
1946 deaths
German aviators
German generals of World War II
German military personnel of World War I
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Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Prime Ministers of Prussia
Nazis who committed suicide
People who committed suicide in prison custody
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Nazi Party
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Recipients of the Knight's Cross
Sturmabteilung people
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Germany
Walther Emanuel Funk (18 August 1890 in Trakehnen - 31 May 1960 in Düsseldorf) was a German journalist. During the time of the Third Reich he was a minister for economics and the president of the Reichsbank.

Funk was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sent to prison for life, but was set free in 1958.

1890 births
1960 deaths
German bankers
German journalists
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Franz Seldte (29 June 1882 in Magdeburg – 1 April 1947 in Fürth) was the co-founder of the Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten. He was a member of the NSDAP. He was also a minister of the Third Reich.

1882 births
1947 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People from Magdeburg
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Franz Gürtner (26 August 1881 in Regensburg - 29 January 1941 in Berlin) was a German jurist and politician. Between 1932 and 1941 he was the minister of justice of the Third Reich. In this time he was also a member of Adolf Hitler's Cabinet.

In the First World War, he got the Iron Cross.

1881 births
1941 deaths
German judges
German lawyers
German military personnel of World War I
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
People from Regensburg
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Louis Rudolph Franz Schlegelberger (23 October 1876 in Königsberg – 14 December 1970 in Flensburg) was a German politician and judge. In the time of the Third Reich, he was a minister of justice. He was an accused of the Judges' Trial in Nuremberg.

1876 births
1970 deaths
German academics
German judges
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Weimar Republic politicians
Otto Georg Thierack (19 April 1889 in Wurzen – 26 October 1946 in Sennelager) was a German politician and jurist.

He served in the First World War as volunteer and got the Iron Cross.

1889 births
1946 deaths
German judges
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Nazis who committed suicide
People who committed suicide in prison custody
Politicians from Saxony
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Germany
Werner Eduard Fritz von Blomberg (2 September 1878 in Stargard - 14 March 1946 in Nuremberg) was a German leader of the military until 1938. He was also a member of Hitler's Cabinet.

He got in the First World War the Iron Cross.

1878 births
1946 deaths
German generals
German military personnel of World War I
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Morristown is a town of Morris County in the state of New Jersey, United States.  About 18,500 people were living in Morristown as of the year 2000.  It is the county seat of Morris County.  Morristown has an area of 3 square miles. During the American Revolutionary War it was twice the winter quarters of George Washington and his Continental Army.

References

Other websites 
Morristown municipal website

County seats in New Jersey
Towns in New Jersey
Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel was in 22 September 1882 and he is 7 year’s older then Adolf Hitler . He was born in Helmscherode in the State Of Germany Duchy Of Brunswick (Today Lower Saxony) he joined the Imperial German Army in 1901 at age 19 just 13 year’s before World War 1 in July and August 1914
. After Archduke Franz Ferdinand was Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo in Bosnia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (later part of Yugoslavia in 1918 and today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia for the  assassination and the German Empire lead by Kaiser Wilhelm II  declared war on Russia for supporting Serbia and later declared war on France while Japan declared war on the German Colonies and Germany launch the Schlieffen Plan (planned by Alfred Graf Von Schliffen in 1905-1906) in August 1914 at the Battle of the Marne but failed in September 1914 Wilhelm Keitel was on the Western Front in World War 1 he took part in Flanders fighting in Belgium (lead by King Albert I of Belgium after King Leopold II of Belgium died in 1909) . Keitel was wounded as a German Soldier in WW1 from 1914-1918
. After the end of the Great War in 1918 and the Collapse and defeat of the German Empire ,Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (except Bulgaria) in 1918 by Britain,France,Italy and America he joined the Reichswehr in 1919 during the Weimar Republic Era Germany until 1933 when Adolf Hitler,along with Ernst Röhm,Hermann Göring,Rudolf Hess,Joseph Goebbels,Heinrich Himmler,Reinhard Heydrich,Adolf Eichmann,Hans Lammers,Ernst Kaltenbrunner,Martin Bormann,Rudolf Höss,Hans Frank,Alfred Rosenberg,Joachim von Ribbentrop,Kurt Daluege and the Nazi Party and all the other Nazi Officals came to power and took over Germany on 30 January 1933 . In May 1945 Admiral Karl Donitz surrendered Nazi Germany to the Soviet Union,the United States,France,and Britain Germany was a occupied country until 1949 when it got split into the Federal Republic Of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
. During the Nuremberg Trials in 1946 Keitel was convicted as a Nazi War Criminal and was executed on 16th October 1946 aged 64 for War Crimes . Wilhelm Keitel also appeared in the movie Downfall (2004 movie) .
1882 births
1945 deaths
Executed German people
German generals of World War II
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People executed by hanging
Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach (9 February   1875 in Wahn am Rhein - 25 August 1943 in Linz am Rhein) was minister of mail and minister of transport.

1875 births
1943 deaths
German military personnel of World War I
German nobility
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Politicians from Cologne
West New York is a town of Hudson County in the state of New Jersey, United States.  About 46,800 people were living in West New York as of 2000.  West New York has an area of 1.3 square miles.

References

Other websites 
West New York Town website

Towns in New Jersey
Julius Dorpmüller (24 July 1869 in Elberfeld - 5 July 1945 in Malente) was the German minister of transport between 1937 and 1945. He was a member of the Cabinet Hitler. From 1926 to 1945, he was the Director-general of the "Deutsche Reichsbahn".

1869 births
1945 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Haim Michael Revivo (; born February 22, 1972 in Ashdod) is a former Israeli football player. He played for Maccabi Haifa, Celta Vigo, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray. He was best known for his free kick goals and his  celebrations after these goals. He was a member in the Israeli national team.

He currently lives in Los Angeles.

References

1972 births
Living people
Israeli footballers
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
Karl Wilhelm Ohnesorge (8 June 1872 in Gräfenhainichen - 1 February 1962 in Munich) was a German politician. From 1937 to 1945, he was the minister of mail. He was also a member of Hitler's Cabinet.

1872 births
1962 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Richard Walther Darré (born as Ricardo Walther Oscar Darré, 14 July 1895 in Belgrano, Buenos Aires - 5 September 1953 in Munich) was a leader of the German SS. He was also a member of the Cabinet Hitler. From 1933 to 1942, he was the minister of food and agriculture.

1895 births
1953 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Politicians from Buenos Aires
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
WWE No Mercy was a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The video game WWF No Mercy was based on the event. The event was succeeded by WWE Hell in a Cell.

Events

WWE No Mercy
Bernhard Rust (30 September 1883 in Hanover – 8 May 1945 in Berne, Lower Saxony) was the German minister of education, science and national culture, between 1934 and 1945. He was also a member of the Hitler Cabinet during the Third Reich.

References

1883 births
1945 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Nazis who committed suicide
Politicians from Hanover
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Politicians who committed suicide
Suicides in Germany
Fritz Todt (4 September 1891 in Pforzheim,Grand Duchy Of Baden, Germany– 8 February 1942 in Kętrzyn,East Prussia, Germany) was a German Engineer and Senior Nazi and was responsible for the German roadworks. In 1940, he became the minister for munitions and armaments. Todt was also a member of the Cabinet Hitler.

References 

1891 births
1942 deaths
German civil engineers
German generals of World War II
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Sturmabteilung people
.44 Magnum is a large revolver caliber. It is also used in some carbines and rifles. It is common in action movies such as Dirty Harry.

References 

Firearms
Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer (19 March 1905 in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg Germany – 1 September 1981 in London, England) was a leading German architect in the Third Reich. Speer was born on 19 March 1905 in Mannheim, Baden, Germany. He joined the Nazi Party in 1931 and was Adolf Hitler's chief architect before he became the minister for munitions and armaments in 1942, replacing Fritz Todt in the Cabinet.   

After World War II he was convicted of slavery and spent 20 years in prison. After being released he wrote two autobiographical books. He portrayed himself as a well educated and apolitical architect who regretted failing to know the bad things Hitler and the Nazis were doing.  

Speer died of a stroke in 1 September 1981 in London. His son, Albert Speer Jr. was also an architect.
1905 births
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Deaths from stroke
German architects
German prisoners
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People from Mannheim
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Sturmabteilung people
SS officers
German Protestants
20000 Varuna is a big Kuiper belt object (KBO). It could be a dwarf planet. Before it was named Varuna, it had the provisional designation .

Varuna is named after the Hindu deity Varuṇa.

Physical characteristics 
Varuna completes one rotation in about 3.17 hours (or 6.34 hours, depending on whether the light curve is single or double-peaked). Given the fast rotation, which is not common for objects so big, Varuna is thought to be a stretched spheroid, with a density around 1g/cm³ (close to the density of water).

The surface of Varuna is somewhat red and small amounts of water ice have been found on its surface.

References

Other websites 
  Site updated Reretrived on 2006-07-10
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Possible dwarf planets
Kuiper belt objects
Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (Born ; 12th January 1893 in Tallinn,Russia (Today Estonia)/Died ; 16th October 1946 in Nuremberg,Bavaria,Germany) was a German political philosopher from Baltic German origin.

Life
He was an intellectual member of the NSDAP, and also a member of the Cabinet Hitler. He was one of the major developers of the racist theories of the Nazis. His most important work was Der Mythus des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts (English: The Myth of the Twentieth Century, published in 1930), which became a standard for Nazi Germany.

During the war he was minister for Eastern Europe affairs.

Rosenberg was one of the 24 accused of the Nuremberg Trials and because of war crimes sentenced to death. In October 1946 he was hanged. At the Nuremberg Trials it appeared that none of the accused had read his above mentioned book.
1893 births
1946 deaths
20th-century German philosophers
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
19th-century German philosophers
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People executed by hanging
People from Tallinn
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Hanns Kerrl (11 December 1887 in Wolfsburg - 12 December 1941 in Berlin) was a German politician. He was a minister of church affairs. He was also a member of the Cabinet Hitler.

1887 births
1941 deaths
German military personnel of World War I
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Politicians from Lower Saxony
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Prussian politicians
Weimar Republic politicians
Hermann Muhs (16 May 1894 in Jühnde - 13 April 1962 in Göttingen) was a Secretary of State and minister for church questions. He was also a member of Hitler's Cabinet.

1894 births
1962 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Politicians from Lower Saxony
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Otto Meißner (13 March 1880 in Bischwiller – 27 May 1953 in Munich) was a German politician. He is well known for his work as head of the office of the presidents of Germany during the Weimar Republic, under Friedrich Ebert and Paul von Hindenburg. He was also a member of Hitler's Cabinet.

Meißner was tried at the Ministries Trial.  He was acquitted in April 1949, but in May 1949 was accused, and found to be a Mitläufer

1880 births
1953 deaths
German military personnel of World War I
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Weimar Republic politicians
Hans Heinrich Lammers (German ; Hans Heinrich Lammers ; Born ; 27 May 1879 in Lubliniec,Silesia,Prussia, Germany (Today Poland)–Died ; 4 January 1962 in Düsseldorf,North Rhine-Westphalia,West Germany) was a Nazi German politician and a cruel Nazi War Criminal  . He was a member of Hitler's Cabinet he was also a SS-Obergruppenführer in the Schutzstaffel/SS Secret Police . Hans Heinrich Lammers was on 27 May 1879 in Lublinitz in Silesia,Prussia in the German Empire (Now Today : Poland) he joined the Imperial German Army in 1914 during The Great War at age 35 when Germany and Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia,Russia and France after Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip a Bosnian-Serb . During World War I, he got the Iron Cross in 1914
. After World War 1 ended in 1918 and when Kaiser Wilhelm II was exiled to the Netherlands and stayed in the Netherlands until 1941 when Kaiser Wilhelm II died at age 82 just a year after the Battle of France in 1940 and 21 year’s after World War 1 ended in 1918 . Hans Lammers was sentenced 20 year’s but 10 years from 1949-1959 instead and he died in 1962 at the age of 82 just 17 year’s after World War 2 and the Holocaust ended in 1945 .
Hans Heinrich Lammers joined the Nazi Party in 1932 at age 53 during the Weimar Era Germany from 1918-1933 he was also involved in Night of the Long Knives in 1934 as well as Kristallnacht in 1938 . In 1940 at age 61 he became SS-Obergruppenfuhrer in the Schutzstaffel Secret Police under the command of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and deputy head of the SS and head of the Gestapo Reinhard Heydrich . He was in the SS as a SS-Obergruppenfuhrer until April 1945 he was arrested by Adolf Hitler and removed from power by the Waffen-SS possibly before Battle of Berlin . He was going to be sentenced 20 year’s in prison but 10 year’s instead from 1949-1959 since he was a Old aged man .    

1879 births
1962 deaths
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
Martin Ludwig Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945) was a Nazi German politician and member of the Nazi Party. He was the private secretary of Adolf Hitler. He was also a member of Hitler's Cabinet.

In 1927 he joined the Nazi Party and later joined the Schutzstaffel in 1937 and was ranked as SS-Gruppenfuhrer,until he became SS-Obergruppenfuhrer in 1942 . At this time, he became one of Hitler's closet advisors. Because he took part in a murder, he was convicted to one year in prison in 1924 by the German Staatsgerichtshof. In May 1941, he became a Reichsminister. This was after Rudolf Hess' flight to Scotland. In 1943, he became Hitler's private secretary. At the Nuremberg Trials, Bormann was convicted to death in 1946. This happened while he was not there.

References

Other websites
1900 births
1945 deaths
German atheists
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Nazis who committed suicide
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Politicians who committed suicide
SS officers
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Germany
Karl Hermann Frank (24 January 1898 in Karlovy Vary – 22 May 1946 in Prague) was a German politician and leader of the SS. He was also a member of the Cabinet Hitler.

1898 births
1946 deaths
Czech people
Czechoslovak politicians
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
German war criminals
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Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
People executed by hanging
SS officers
Waffen-SS generals
Maximum Ride is a young adult science fiction/fantasy series written by the award-winning American author, James Patterson, starting from April 19, 2005 and continuing to the present. Right now, there are six titles in the series: 
 The Angel Experiment
 School's Out - Forever
 Saving the World and Other Extreme Sports
 The Final Warning
 Max: A Maximum Ride Novel
 Fang: A Maximum Ride Novel
Each of the novels in the series has reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list.

The series focuses on six kids who are 98% human and 2% avian, Max, Fang, Iggy, Nudge, Gasman and Angel (also known as the Flock) who must escape from evil mad scientists from "The School". They are being hunted down by Erasers who are a human-wolf mix. The Flock work towards protecting the world from being ruled by strange figures, who have also shown an interest in their capture.
In January 2007 it was announced that a movie based on the Maximum Ride series would be made. The producer of it was Avi Arad, one of the producers of Spider-Man, X-Men and other Marvel movies. In an interview with James Patterson, it was told Arad had already planned out the first movie based on the series. On August 7, 2008, it was announced that Columbia Pictures bought the screen rights to the franchise, and that Don Payne would write the screenplay. The first Maximum Ride movie released in 2016.  However, when they were making the film in 2016, the writers of its screenplay were changed to Angelique Hanus and Jesse Spears.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Maximum Ride at James Patterson.com

Series of books
Science fiction books
The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is a monkey. It is mostly  native to Southeast Asia. It is also called the cynomolgus monkey, Philippine monkey, and the long-tailed macaque.

In 2018, scientists in China cloned the crab-eating macaque.  They named the two baby monkeys Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua.

References

Mammals of Asia
Old World monkeys
Juan  Carlos I (, full name: Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias, born 5 January 1938) is a member of the Spanish royal family. He was the King of Spain from 1975 until his abdication in 2014. In Spain, since his abdication, Juan Carlos has usually been referred to as the  ('King Emeritus'). 

During most of his 39-year reign, he was very popular. When he became king in 1975, he transformed Spain from dictatorship to democracy this made people consider him the champion of democracy. He was a popular king and was considered Spain's hero and savoir. He ruled effectively and that the Spanish people loved him. He made Spain more modern and improved relations with many countries. The Spaniards would always experience prosperity.
However in 2012, Juan Carlos' popularity started to decline as posted a photo of him hunting with an elephant in Bostwana. During this time, many Spaniards were struggling to make ends meet and when Juan Carlos posted this photo, his popularity started to decline. He also had a sex relationship with Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, his former mistress. One of the Spanish royal family members was also involved in a crime. All of this made him unpopular and he eventually abdicated the throne two years later in 2014 in favor of his son, Crown Prince Felipe who became king Felipe VI. In 2020, Juan Carlos fled the country and is now living in Abu Dhabi in the UAE.

Titles and styles
Titles and styles 

 5 January 1938 – 21 July 1969: His Royal Highness The Infante Juan Carlos of Spain
 15 January 1941 – 22 November 1975: His Royal Highness The Prince of Asturias
 21 July 1969 – 22 November 1975: His Royal Highness The Prince of Spain
 22 November 1975 – 18 June 2014: His Majesty The King of Spain
 18 June 2014 – : His Majesty King Juan Carlos I of Spain

References 

1938 births
Living people
Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens of Spain
People from Rome
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Donkey Kong may mean to:
 Donkey Kong (video game), the original arcade game
 Donkey Kong, one of the games main characters
 Donkey Kong (series), the series of video games that followed, including:
 Donkey Kong (Game Boy)
 Donkey Kong (Game & Watch)
 Donkey Kong (truck), a monster truck

de:Donkey Kong
The German National People's Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei and short: DNVP) was national-conservative party of the time of the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. This party was founded in 1918, after World War I. In June 1933, the DNVP merged with the NSDAP.

Chairman 
 1918 to 1924 Oskar Hergt (1869-1967)
 1924 to 1928 Kuno Graf von Westarp (1864-1945)
 1928 to 1933 Alfred Hugenberg (1865-1951)

References 

Former political parties in Germany
1918 establishments in Europe
1933 disestablishments
1910s establishments in Germany
Howler monkeys, genus Alouatta, are one of the largest New World monkeys. There are 15 species. They are native to South and Central American forests.

These monkeys are famous for their loud howls, which can travel three miles (4.8 km) through dense forest. They are the loudest monkey and may be the loudest land animal. Group males call at dawn and dusk, and at times during the day. The function of howling may relate to intergroup spacing and territory protection.

These social primates live high in the trees (the canopy) of the rain forests of Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Brazil, northern Argentina, and Bolivia. Howlers have a life span of about 20 years. They are in decline due to a loss of habitat.

References 

New World monkeys
Mammals of South America
Mammals of North America
In medicine a chronic disease or condition is one that takes a long time to heal (or go away), or one that comes again.  Many chronic diseases require special treatment, as this has to be done for a long time. A chronic disease can even last for a lifetime.

Related pages
Acute (medicine)

Medicine
The Turkish Wikipedia () is the Turkish-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition began in December 2002.

It is the 31th largest edition.

It has over 405,000 articles.

References

Other websites 
 Turkish Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
A wristband is a piece of clothing, plastic, metal or other material that is worn around the wrist of a person. There are different types of wristband such as those on watches and on the ends of the sleeves of a piece of clothing. Other types are the awareness bands and security bands used for music concerts and school dances.

Types of wristbands

Watch wristbands

There are many different types of wristband. Watches have wristbands that are often made of metal, plastic or leather. A metal wristband on a watch is often called a bracelet. A plastic or leather wristband on a watch is often called a strap.

Sports wristbands

Many people wear wristbands when they exercise or play sports to absorb sweat.

Hand Sweatbands
Hand Sweatbands

In 2009 a new Sweatband was invented, primarily designed for runners, called a sQoosh® band. This groundbreaking design completely changed the look of sweatbands. Worn on the hand to precisely wipe sweat from the eyes and face, these bands join moisture wicking material to stretch terry cloth. sQoosh brands revolutionized the old-fashioned sweatband market with a new favorite for runners in the 21st century. Similarly designed hand-sweatbands started appearing on the market in 2012.

Awareness wristbands
Charities and awareness organizations often make wristbands that are sold to people so that the money can help people who are sick or need other help, and to help other people learn about their charity or awareness organization. Some bands are those made for; Make Poverty History, Anti-bullying, disease awareness charities and to help people learn about religions (such as the Jesus Loves Me band). These bands are often made of plastic or silicone. The making of some of these bands has been in the news as some were made in sweatshops in China and poor countries. This is said to be very bad because these wristbands are made to help people and charities and by being made in these sweatshops they have hurt the people making them because these places are often not safe, and the people working in them do not get paid much money for work they do.

Awareness wristbands were first started by the Lance Armstrong charity Livestrong (see Other websites) in 2003.
Some of these wristbands are copied by criminals and sold to people without the money going to the organization they are trying to help.

Types of awareness bands
Some awareness bands:
yellow: Support Our Troops (also in camouflage green)
Blue: Anti-bullying, anti-Bush vote, tsunami relief, prostate cancer
Pink: Breast cancer
Red: Heart-disease, vote Bush, anti-tobacco, HIV
Purple: Cystic fibrosis, lupus (also orange), domestic violence
White: Jesus Loves Me, right to life
Orange: Asperger's, self-harm
Grey: Diabetes, brain cancer
Black & white: Anti-Racism in football games
Green: Ecology, leukaemia, organ donor
Gold: Childhood cancer
Black: Mourning or melanoma - also known as skin cancer
Security wristbands
Wristbands are often used at music events like concerts and sports event to show that the person wearing them has paid to be there. Some events let people leave and return during the event. Security wristbands allow the person to come back in to the event after they have given their ticket to the staff the first time they entered.

Child safety
Sometimes safety wristbands have been used to give to both a parent and child to make sure that only the parent can take the child home from an event. Both of their wristbands have the same number on them and this stops someone else from taking the child.

Identification wristbands

Hospitals also use wristbands on patients so that they know who they are because patients do not carry identification with them when they are in the hospital.

Alcohol wristbands
Some local governments have thought about using wristbands given to young people to let them buy alcohol in town pubs and bars.

Notes
Notes

Other websites
Livestrong - The Lance Armstrong charity
Make Poverty History 

Accessories
Identification documents
Doutzen Kroes (Pronounced Dow-tsen Croos) (born 23 January 1985 in Eastermar, Friesland) is a Dutch-Frisian model who has become internationally famous. In the Netherlands she is not only famous as a model, but also for her support for the Frisian language which is her first language. She is married and has two children.

Life
After she had finished school Doutzen sent a few holiday photos to a model agency Paparazzi in Amsterdam. She hoped she would be able to earn a little extra money. To her amazement she was so successful that in two years she had become a top model.

In 2005, Kroes was selected as "Model of The Year" on Vogue.com by readers and was featured as a supermodel on the cover of the May 2007 issue. Along with several of these models, she appeared in the 2008 Pirelli calendar.
Doutzen appears in shows for Versace and Dolce & Gabbana and has a contract with the cosmetic firm L'Oréal. This contract made her the highest paid Dutch model ever. In November 2007 she became one of Victoria's Secret angels. 

Doutzen’s first language is Frisian. She is very active in the campaign "Praat mar Frysk" ("Let’s speak Frisian") which helps to make the Frisian language popular. She earned a Frisian Press Prize for this work in December 2007.

In 2007 she was the 13th highest paid model in the world, having earned 3,8 million euro.

On 28 April 2008, Madame Tussauds added a wax model of Doutzen to the exhibition. The skirt she is wearing is said to be her favourite skirt. It is designed by Roberto Cavalli.

Doutzen spends most of her time in her apartment in New York.

In 2010 she married Sunnery James a DJ. Their first child, Phyllon, was born in January 2011. Their second child, a girl, was born in 2014.

References

Other websites 
 Profile at YES Model Management
1985 births
Living people
Dutch models
People from Friesland
A sweatshop  : is a place where people work, that is very crowded, where the work is very hard and the place is not safe to work in. Many sweatshops are in poor countries but sweatshops are also found in rich countries, where they often have people who are new to the country working in them, or people who are not legal residents. The amount of money people are paid in sweatshops is lower than the amount paid to workers in a richer country, but is often higher than the worker would earn in their old jobs on farms, or working in manual labour.  Children may also work in sweatshops. People in sweatshops often make clothes and shoes. Awareness wristbands for charities have also been made by sweatshops.

Related terms
Related terms 

 Assembly line
 Body Shops
 Child labour
 Contingent work
 Corporate abuse
 Economic development
 Emerging markets
 Exploitation
 Export processing zone
 Game sweatshop
 Globalization
 Maquiladora
 Precarity
 Race to the bottom
 SA8000 — Social Accountability Certification Scheme for Manufacturing Industry
 Slavery
 Sweating system
 Trafficking in human beings
 Union Organizer

Organizations working on the problem of sweatshops 
 Clean Clothes Campaign 
 International Labor Rights Fund
 International Labour Organization 
 National Labor Committee  
 Co-op America 
 Students & Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior
 United Students Against Sweatshops 
 Woo Harry
 Free the Children

References

Notes

Other websites

Activism 
SweatFree Communities– Local Action Against Sweatshops
United Students Against Sweatshops
National Labor Committee 
Story about Adidas sweatshops

Shopping 
Responsible Shopper Company Profiles
"Shop with a Conscience" Consumer Guide
More reading 
Discussion about the pros and cons of sweatshops (video) 
Fair Labor Standards Act
National Bureau for Economic Research paper: The Effects of Multinational Production on Wages and Working Conditions in Developing Countries
Matt Zwolinski on the definition, history, and morality of sweatshops
Academic Paper: "Sweatshops, Choice, and Exploitation"
Two Cheers for Sweatshops - New York Times, by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn
The Campus Sweatshop Movement - American Prospect
"Foreign owned businesses in Vietnam aren't sweatshops"  
Triangle Fire: Photographs from the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Immaculata High School Child Slave Labor News 
Article on worker takeover of sweatshop in El Salvador
Economist John Miller on sweatshops  in Dollars & Sense
Paradise Lost: sweatshop labor on the U.S. island of Saipan  - Ms. magazine
Rackets, muggings hit social networking sites: Online currency opens channels for money laundering - ComputerWorld
Fashion Victims  - War on Want
Manufacturing
Labor
Clothing
Clothing controversies
The Pirelli Calendar is a calendar (publication showing dates for the year) published by Pirelli company's UK subsidiary.

It started in 1964 and is now very famous because only a few calendars are published each year, and these are given to important people (VIPs) and Pirelli customers.  The calendars have photographs of female models including nudes.
After 1974 publication of the calendar was stopped because there was not enough money after the oil crisis.  Ten years later it was started again and has been published regularly ever since.  Many famous models have been photographed for the calendar including: Sienna Miller, Naomi Campbell, Gisele Bündchen, Sonny Freeman Drane, Kate Moss, Cindy Crawford, Selma Blair, Lauren Bush, Elsa Benitez, Laetitia Casta, Rachael Leigh Cook, Milla Jovovich, Doutzen Kroes, Heidi Klum, Sophia Loren, Penélope Cruz, Brittany Murphy,  Amy Smart, Julia Stiles, Karolina Kurkova, Caroline Trentini, Raica Oliveira, Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Bridget Moynahan, Shannyn Sossamon, Mena Suvari, Monet Mazur, Aurelie Claudel, Fernanda Tavares, Isabeli Fontana, Frankie Rayder, Angela Lindvall, Hilary Swank and Yamila Díaz.

Other websites 
Official Pirelli Calendar Site with Image Archives

Calendars
Bullying is hurting or threatening people who seem weak. The people who bully other people are called bullies. Anybody can be bullied, even a group of people. There are many different kinds of bullying. Bullying does not always mean hitting people. It can also be things that people say or do.

Bullying includes when people see what happens, but they don't do anything about it. When people who see bullying know what to do and they do it, they can help make a bad situation better.

It's also bullying when other people hide it from those who can help (teachers, bosses), when other people see it but ignore it, or when a person helps the bully to do it without getting in trouble.  

School teachers and staff have tried to learn ways to stop bullying. However, bullying can be easy to hide.

Some countries and regions have laws against it.

What happens

Bullying can happen almost anywhere. This includes at school, at work, at home, and on the internet (cyber-bullying).
A goal is part of what makes bullying what it is. There are many goals that bullies can have, including:
 intimidating  (to scare) tactics
 steamroller (determined) tactics
 devaluing  (to insult) tactics
 arm-twisting (threat or force) tactics

Bullying may be a mix of some of these tactics (ways of doing something). For example, Lance Armstrong said, "Yes, I was a bully. I was a bully in the sense that I tried to control the narrative and if I didn't like what someone said, I turned on them." In other words, when someone said something that Armstrong didn't like, he "ran [them] over" and bullied them.

Bullying also includes using power or position in the wrong way. This can mean making comments or threats about losing a job. The person that is getting bullied then feels insecure (not sure) about themselves.

Bullying also includes moving the goalposts by setting goals which subtly change in ways that cannot be reached.
Culture of bullying
Bullying happens for a reason. Most of the time, the bully is either not getting the attention they want or they are going through problems and want to get it through bullying. Another reason could be that the person does not feel good about themselves, so they bully others to make themselves feel stronger. Therefore, when the person wants to get attention and make others believe they are powerful, they may start saying mean things to other people or starting fights.

Bullying culture means, that it is normal to be bullied for the victim. It is about the abuse of social powers.

The culture of bullying includes daily activities and the way people relate to each other. A bullying culture emphasizes a win/lose way of thinking. It also encourages domination and aggression.
Response
Many people do not know how to deal with bullying. In school, the first thing one should do is to tell an adult that they trust. Someone who is bullied may want to keep friends around. If a bully comes to you, try to stay calm and get away safely.

Some charities (groups made to help people) are made to fight bullying and to help the people who are bullied. There are also laws against bullying in the UK, such as Section 89 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006.

Some cases of bullying have resulted in suicide.

Related pages
Aggression
Cyber bullying
Discrimination
Hazing
Social rejection

Further reading

References

Other websites
 Bully Free Zone (UK)
 Bullying. No Way! (Australian Education Authorities) 
 
 
  "Tips to Help the Bullying Bystander" at education.com

Videos
Make Poverty History is a British and Irish campaign that wants to stop people from being poor and to help richer people learn about the poor people of the World. The symbol of the campaign is a white "awareness wristband" made of cotton or silicone with the words written in dark black and the word 'poverty' written in light black (e.g.: 'MAKEPOVERTYHISTORY').

References

Other websites
Make Poverty History (UK) 
MAKEPOVERTYHISTORY(Republic of Ireland) 
BBC News - About Make Poverty History

Poverty
Political organisations in the United Kingdom
Saint James's Palace is a royal palace in the City of Westminster, in London. It is between Pall Mall and The Mall, two streets in Central London, and opposite St James's Park. It is a working royal palace, and it is not open to the public. It was the most important home of the British royal family until Queen Victoria moved to Buckingham Palace in 1837.

Henry VIII built the palace in the early 1530s. Charles I spent his last night here before his execution in 1649.

James
James's Palace, St.
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn was the fourth son of George III of the United Kingdom.

Edward Augustus married in 1818 Princess Victoria Duchess of Kent. He had one daughter, who was later Queen Victoria. He died when his daughter was six months old in 1819.

Ancestors

References

1767 births
1820 deaths
House of Hanover
British Dukes and Duchesses
Parlophone Records is a German-British major record label, which began in Germany in 1896. It is best known as one of the record labels who put out music by The Beatles in the 1960s. Parlophone's L-shaped logo began as the logo of the German Lindstrom label, which became part of Parlophone.

The company became part of EMI in 1931, and was known at the time especially for jazz and comedy records. They also issued records of "regional music", including works by Scottish and Latin recording artists. George Martin, staff producer, sometimes travelled to Scotland to record popular artists there.

The Beatles were signed to Parlophone in 1962, and released most of their albums on the label.

Parlophone continues today with artists like Coldplay, Lily Allen, and Radiohead.

In 2012, Universal Music Group bought EMI (the owner of Parlophone), but Universal chose to sell Parlophone to Warner Music Group. However, The Beatles’ catalogue still remains with UMG, through it’s Calderstone Productions label.
Fire-stick farming are words used by Australian archaeologist Rhys Jones in 1969. They describe the way that Indigenous Australians used fire regularly to burn the land. This helped hunting by herding the animals into particular areas, and also caused new grass to grow which attracted more animals. Over many years it changed the types of plants and animals that lived in an area.

Fire-stick farming had turned scrub into grassland, which increased the number of grass eating animals such as the kangaroo. Scientists say that the changes caused by fire-stick farming caused the extinction of the Australian megafauna.

In the forests, fire-stick farming opened up clear areas and let more plants grow at ground level. This increased the number of animals that could feed on these plants, such as the herbivore marsupials.

Related pages 
 Slash-and-burn
References
Jones, R. 1969. Fire-stick Farming. Australian Natural History, 16:224
Miller, G. H. 2005. Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction. Science, 309:287-290

Indigenous Australian culture
Agriculture in Australia
History of agriculture‎
Derek and Clive were a comedy character duo made up by Dudley Moore and Peter Cook.  They can be seen as more offensive version of the earlier characters Pete and Dud.  They used many swear words and worked as lavatory attendants.

Albums
Derek and Clive (Live) (1976)
Derek and Clive Come Again (1977)
Derek and Clive Ad Nauseam (1978)

Film
Derek and Clive Get the Horn (1979)

Duos
Television characters
Peter Cook (17 November 1937 – 9 January 1995) was a English satirist, writer, actor and comedian. He was born in Torquay, Devon and became famous when he appeared in a stage show called Beyond the Fringe in 1960.

He later continued working with another star of Beyond the Fringe, Dudley Moore. Two of the things they did together were Not Only... But Also and later Derek and Clive. They also appeared in films like the original Bedazzled.

Cook later helped start the magazine Private Eye. He also was involved with comedy performances for Amnesty International.  

He died of liver disease in Hampstead, London. He is still regarded as a major influence in British comedy.

Other websites
Private Eye

1937 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from liver disease
Actors from Devon
English comedians
English movie actors
English screenwriters
English television actors
English television writers
Writers from Devon
Disease-related deaths in England
The Miocene is the last and final epoch of the first Neogene period and the fourth of the Cainozoic. It started about 23 million years ago and ended about 5.33 million years ago. The rock beds that mark the start and end are well known, but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are uncertain. The Miocene was named by Charles Lyell. The name comes from the Greek words  (, “less”) and  (, “new”) and means "less recent", because it has 18% fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene.

The animals at the end of the Miocene are quite different from those at the start. What happened was climate change. The biota becomes 'modern' because the climate has become more like it is today. That much is certain, but what is not certain is the exact cause of the climate change.
As the Earth cooled, it went from the Oligocene epoch, through the Miocene, and into the Pliocene. The Miocene boundaries are not set at any particular world wide event. They are set at regional boundaries between the warmer Oligocene and the cooler Pliocene epochs.

The plants and animals of the Miocene were not yet modern, and familiar present-day species had not yet evolved. Modern families of mammals and birds existed. Whales, seals, and kelp spread. Modern sharks appeared. Grasslands became more common. Mammalian browsers became less common, and grazer species became more common. About 100 species of ape lived at that time. They lived in Africa, Asia and Europe. Cetaceans were very common in the seas. The gigantic shark Carcharodon megalodon may have preyed on them.
The standard reason why the Earth's climate varies is that there are Milankovich cycles. They cause variations in the Earth's orbit. These changes affect the climate. Changes taking place at present have to consider the influence of humans as well. Over long periods the position of continents and the growth and decay of mountain ranges can also have big effects.

Climate 
The climate was warm in the Miocene, especially in the first half. 
Then the global climate rivalled that of the Oligocene. The diagram shows that throughout the Oligocene and the first half of the Miocene, climate remained very warm.

Lower temperatures 
The Miocene warm period began 21 million years ago and continued until about 14.5 million years ago. Then global temperatures took a sharp drop — it is called the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT) or Middle Miocene disruption.
Eight million years ago, the temperature dropped again, and the Antarctic ice sheet grew. Greenland may have had large glaciers as early as seven or eight million years ago. The climate for the most part remained warm enough to support forests well into the Pliocene.

Impact events 
A large impact event occurred during the Miocene. The date is very uncertain. The event formed the Karakul crater (52 km diameter), in Tajikistan which is estimated to have an age of less than 23 mya or less than 5 mya.

Later Miocene 
The large mountain ranges: the Himalayas, the Andes and the Cascades continued to go upwards. This was due to movements of continental plates grinding against each other. The movement of India into Asia, and the Americas moving against plates to the west caused all these area to buckle up into large ranges.
How would new mountain ranges lower global temperature? This has several possible causes. A falling CO2 would cause the temperature to drop, so the real question is, what would cause the CO2 to drop? One type of cause is CO2 being sequestered (hidden away) by, for instance, organic remains not being recycled. A quite different type of cause points to changes in the Earth's orbit or changes in the heat given out by the Sun (called "insolation").

Africa 
Africa (and elsewhere) was much more forested than today, and the herbivorous mammals were mainly browsers (eating leaves) rather than grazers (eating grass). The advantage was with browsers because Africa was generally forested.