Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
References 

 P. C. Thomas, M. J. S. Belton, B. Carcich, C. R. Chapman, M. E. Davies, R. Sullivan, and J. Veverka; The shape of Ida, Icarus, Issue 1, No. 120, pp. 20–32, 1996.
 M. E. Davies, T. R. Colvin, M. J. S. Belton, P. C. Thomas, J. Veverka, The Galileo Imaging Science Team, The North Pole Direction and the Control Network of the Asteroid 243 Ida, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 26, p. 1154, June 1994
 Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites, 2000
 The Asteroid Orbital Elements Database
 Minor Planet Discovery Circumstances
 IAUC 6082 announcing Dactyl's naming

Asteroids
Bironico was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010 the  municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino joined together to become a new municipality, Monteceneri.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
2010 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bissone is a municipality of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Lugano
Bodio is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 
 Official website
Bogno was a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Neighbourhoods in Lugano
Borgnone was a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the new municipality of Centovalli.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
The Principality of Khachen () was a medieval Armenian principality, in part of historical Artsakh (present-day Nagorno-Karabakh). The regions of Artsakh and Utik were provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia in Antiquity. From the twelfth century the Khachen principality dominated the region. The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII addressed his letters to the prince of Khachen with the inscription "To Prince of Khachen, Armenia." Today the region is recognised to be part of Azerbaijan.

Related pages
 Nagorno-Karabakh

References

Other websites 
 http://www.cilicia.com/History.htm 

History of Armenia
Therapy, in the medical field also called treatment, is what people do to try to solve or care for a health problem, physical or mental. When a person is ill or injured, a doctor may make a medical diagnosis and then recommend a therapy to try to make the person well.  The therapy can be, for example, medications (drugs), surgery or a change of diet.  Therapy may be offered at work to help people with stress.

A person who does therapy as a job is called a therapist. There are many kinds of therapists. for example:
 Group therapist
 Hypnotherapist
 Occupational therapist
 Physiotherapist
 Psychotherapist
 Speech therapist
Therapeutic effects 
Medical treatments may have four results:
 No effect at all.
 A therapeutic effect is a good result.
 An adverse effect is a bad result.
 A side-effect is an unwanted effect from therapy. For example, taking medications as tablets or injections may cause many sorts of side-effects. Examples are headaches, nausea, rash, constipation, blurred vision and others. Radiotherapy can also cause side effects of nausea, rash on the skin, and vomiting, for example.

Related pages
 Chemotherapy
 Pharmacotheraphy
 Radiotherapy

References

Other websites
"Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur, with the Commentary of Sillanus de Nigris" is an old book written in Latin. It was written in 1483. It has parts about therapy in it.
253 Mathilde is a main belt asteroid found by Johann Palisa in 1885. It has a fairly elliptical orbit that takes more than four years to circle the Sun. This asteroid has an unusually slow rate of rotation, taking 17.4 days to complete a 360° revolution about its axis. It is a primitive C-type asteroid, which means the surface has lots of carbon; giving it a dark surface that reflects only 4% of the light that falls on it.

This asteroid was visited by the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft during June 1997, on its way to asteroid 433 Eros.  The spacecraft took pictures of one side of the asteroid, finding many big craters that have gouged out depressions in the surface.  It is currently the biggest asteroid to be visited by a spacecraft, and the first C-type asteroid to be so explored.

Description
Description 

253 Mathilde is very dark. The asteroid has a number of very big craters, with the individual craters being named for coal fields and basins around the world. The two biggest craters, Ishikari (29.3 km) and Karoo (33.4 km), are as wide as the asteroid's average radius. The impacts appear to have blown big volumes off the asteroid, as suggested by the angular edges of the craters.
Mathilde's orbit is eccentric, taking it to the farther reaches of the Main belt. Nonetheless, the orbit lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter; it does not cross the planetary orbits. It also has one of the slowest rotation periods of the known asteroids — most asteroids have a rotation period in the range of 2 – 24 hours. Because of the slow rotation rate, NEAR Shoemaker was only able to take pictures of 60% of the asteroid's surface. The slow rate of rotation may been accounted for by a moon orbiting the asteroid, but a search of the NEAR images revealed none bigger than 10 km in diameter out to 20 times the radius of 253 Mathilde.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

Asteroids
Yōkai are creature in old Japanese stories, such as oni, kappa, or tengu. They have mysterious supernatural powers. There are thousands of yōkai. In the Edo period, yōkai were characters in story books. Recently, many new yōkai have been made. There is even a yōkai dictionary. The yōkai are monsters or ghosts in Japanese tradition. In the past people believed they caused disease, accidents, and natural disasters. People were often scared of them.

Famous yōkai
The most famous yōkai are Tengu, Oni (Japanese ogre), and Kyubi no Kitsune (a fox with nine tails). When some people and animals are filled with hate, they became yōkai. For example, Sutoku. Sutoku (Japanese ancient emperor) died filled with hate. Then, he became a Tengu and caused a disaster. Also, a cat which lived too long time became Nekomata.

Yōkai as subculture
Recently, yōkai are familiar with people as subculture in Japan.
Yōkai in popular culture
In recent decades, the yōkai have been frequently depicted in Japanese fiction and media, particularly in horror or fantasy-themed works, such as in manga, anime and films, as well as in videogames, a notable example of this is the manga GeGeGe no Kitarō, written by mangaka Shigeru Mizuki, of which is entirely based on the yōkai myth. Other examples includes the manga series Death Note, Pet Shop of Horrors, Good Luck Girl!, light novel Ghost Hunt, the 2011 animated film A Letter to Momo and RPG videogame franchise Yo-kai Watch.

References
A stamp album is a book, often loose-leafed (with its papers not attached to the book, but hanging loose inside), in which a collection of postage stamps may be stored and displayed. There are also stamp albums in the form of binders.

Many collectors buy preprinted (already printed) albums and pages, which are made and sold. The usual format is to print a black-and-white picture of the stamp in each space.  Album pages are almost always one-sided pages.

Stamp hinges are used by stamp collectors to put postage stamps onto the pages of  the stamp album.

Other websites

 http://stamp-paradise.com/
 http://www.thestampweb.com/
Postage stamp album, and catalogue of British and foreign postage stamps, 1863
A.Golden Unique Handmade Books, see Stock Book

Philately
A stamp collector or philatelist collects postage stamps as a hobby. Stamp collectors normally keep the stamps in books called stamp albums. A philatelist can study various aspects of definitive stamps and other types of stamps, cancellations, and other philatelic materials.

Some philatelic terms 
 Backstamp
 Bisects and splits
 Cancellation
 Gutter
 Kiloware
 Label
 Philatelic expertisation
 Postage stamp block
 Revenue stamp
 Semi-postal
 War tax due stamp

Stamp collecting clubs 
There are many stamp collecting clubs around the world. Belonging to a stamp club or philatelic society has many advantages. For example, Royal Philatelic Society of Canada members receive magazines, can get help with questions through phone support, and purchase insurance for their collections at a discounted group rate.

Related pages 
 Philatelic materials
 Stamp album
 Soviet Philatelist
 Coin collecting

References 

Philately
Pansexual people are people attracted to people regardless of their sex or gender. This is similar to many bisexual people. The word pansexual comes from the Greek word 'pan-', meaning "all".    

Although the sexuality overlaps with bisexuality, both labels are accepted as long as the person is comfortable and respects the other equally. 

Originally, Sigmund Freud invented the word "pansexual", regarding the hypothesis "that regards all desire and interest as derived from [the] sex instinct".

Pansexuality is often described as ‘attraction to people regardless of gender (including those who may not identify as boys or girls or as men or women, or to those who are intersex, genderfluid, etc.) pansexuality can also be described as "gender blind".
Some may describe it as "gender blind" because those who identify as pansexual do not consider gender important when they are attracted to others. Pansexuality is considered the opposite of asexuality, as pansexuality means a person may be sexually attracted to anyone regardless of their gender identity, but asexuality means a person is sexually attracted to no one. However, pansexuals are not necessarily sexually attracted to everyone they meet, nor do they necessarily have strong sex drives.

The pansexual colors from the pride flag all have different meanings, pink meaning attraction to fem presenting people, blue attraction to masculine presenting people, and yellow for people (for an example) of a non-binary gender, such as agender, bigender or genderfluid.

Related pages
 Bisexuality
 Pansexual flag
 Panromanticism

Pansexuality
In medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect that results from a therapy like medication, chemotherapy, surgery or other intervention. An adverse effect may be called a "side-effect" (when it is less important than the therapeutic effect).

It may result from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or procedure (which could be caused by medical error). Some adverse effects happen only at the beginning or a change of a treatment.  Medical error was the third most common cause of death in the United States in 2019.

Reporting systems
In many countries, adverse effects have to be reported and researched in clinical trials and included into the patient information accompanying medical devices and drugs for sale to the public.  This is called pharmacovigilance.

Related pages

 Toxicology
Toxicology

Other websites
 Patient Safety Network. An extremely useful site, with a glossary and articles on all kinds of threats to patient safety, including adverse effects, drug reactions, medical error, iatrogenesis, etc.
 Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin  - published bimonthly by ADRAC
 Drugs of Concern  DrugIntel.com site for tort lawyers with up-to-date information on drugs that cause severe adverse effects)
 Medication Errors a FDA site.
 Medical Product Safety Information. MedWatch, a useful page from Food and Drug Administration, listing safety alerts for drugs, biologics, devices and dietary supplements, recalls, market withdrawals, public health advisories, links to the VAERS and MAUDE databases, etc.)
 Medical Devices Safety National Library of Medicine (Medline Plus, useful lists of conventional drug and medical device articles and websites)
 When Medicine Hurts Instead of Helps  - A special report by the Alliance for Aging Research on ADRs.

References

Medicine
Technosexuality is a word used to mean two things:
 
 Having a strong love of gadgets.  This is a joining of the two words "technophile" and "metrosexuality".  It was first used by Ricky Montalvo to describe someone who was in love with himself and his urban lifestyle, as well as gadgets such as mobile phones, PDAs, computers, software, and the web."
 A different word for robosexuality. This meaning of technosexuality is a join of "technophile" and "sexual".

Sometimes "technosexual" is used as an insult, implying that someone would prefer a sex toy to an actual sexual partner.

The Calvin Klein company trademarked the term technosexual in 2005.

i-wear
'i-wear' (or 'e-wear') is intelligent clothing that joins fashion with technology. i-wear was born out of the collaboration between European fashion designers and computer technicians. i-wear is a step made towards technologizing a person's fashion, and in this sense, a person can be more as a part of technosexuality.

Related pages
Robot
Robosexuality
Other websites
 Gore, Edward (2002). The Technosexuality, Pygmalionist & Mind Control Fetish FAQ 3.0 The Pygmalion Syndrome
Hughes, James (2003). The Future of Sex: What will happen when we can transcend erotic desire, romantic love and the human body?  Betterhumans
Miller, Katharine (2004). Enter the Technosexual  AlterNet
De Thézier, Justice (2006). Extreme Makeover Needed: Why and how transhumanists must transcend their nerdy aura  Transhumanity
Technosophy (2009) Technosophy Defined 
Technology vs Technosophy (2014) Sophia`s Children

References

Human sexuality
Technology
Antisexualism, sex-negativity or antisexuality is opposition or hostility towards sexual behavior and sexuality.

Religious
Some forms of early ascetic Gnosticism held all matter to be evil, and that unnecessary gratifications of the physical senses were to be avoided.  Married couples were encouraged to be celibate. The Skoptsys were a radical sect of the Russian Orthodox Church that practiced castration and amputation of sexual organs.  The Skoptsy believed that Christ had been castrated during his crucifixion, and it was this castration that brought about salvation.
The Shakers was a radical Protestant sect that opposed procreation and all sexual activity. The Shakers were more opposed to pregnancy than anything else.
John Harvey Kellogg, the inventor of corn flakes breakfast cereal, was opposed to all forms of sexual activity, especially masturbation. The Road to Wellville satirized his life and practices. Father Divine, founder of the International Peace Mission Movement, advocated religious abstinence from sex and marriage and taught that sexual objectification is a root cause of undesirable social and political conditions.

Non-religious
The Anti-Flirt Club, set up in the United States during the interwar period, was set up in order to protect women from unwanted advances from men.
A popular venue of antisexuals is the Antisex.info (Antisexual Stronghold) website founded by Yuri Nesterenko. He launched a FidoNet-based antisexual community in 1995.   While putting forward the slogan "Say No to sex", the spokesmen said that no sexual urges are so violent that they may not be deterred through mental reason, or else transformed through abstinence. Some members of the IAM say they have successfully overcome the desire for sex.

Fictional
 The Junior Anti-Sex League, in George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, was a group of young adult Party members devoted to banning all sexual intercourse.
 The film Demolition Man takes place in a future in which sexual intercourse is banned by the high-ranking "Evil Mr. Rogers" character, Dr. Cocteau. Reproduction is achieved clinically and the experience itself is simulated through virtual reality.

Related pages
 Asexuality
 Sexual intercourse

References 

Human sexuality
Nedward "Ned" Flanders is a character in the animated television series The Simpsons.

History

Creation 

Ned Flanders and his son Todd first appeared in the season one episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", which was the series first episode. The first episode in which Flanders and his family were seen is season two's "Dead Putting Society", which also showed the first appearance of Maude and Rod Flanders.
Name 
Flanders was named after Flanders St. in Portland, Oregon, the hometown of Simpsons creator Matt Groening.  Groening wanted Flanders as "just a guy who was truly nice, that Homer had no justifiable reason to loathe, but then did." It was not until after the first few episodes that it was decided Flanders would be a faithful Christian.  Mike Scully said that Flanders is "everything Homer would love to be, although he'll never admit it."  Flanders had originally been meant to just be a neighbor that Homer was jealous of, but Harry Shearer used "such a sweet voice" and Flanders was planned to become a Christian and a sweet guy that someone would choose to live next to over Homer.
How he was received 
Ned's "unbearable niceness" has been described as "The Simpsons' worst comment about religion". Although Flanders was meant to be only a character making fun of the Christian right, he has since become a favorite of many Christian viewers.  He has been described as "[The United States]' most well-known evangelical." Dr. Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, declared himself as a Simpsons fan, and said he likes Flanders.

References

Other websites
 Ned Flanders at TheSimpsons.com
 

The Simpsons characters
Animated human characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989

de:Figuren aus Die Simpsons#Ned Flanders
pl:Postacie w serialu Simpsonowie#Ned Flanders
Mike Scully (born October 2, 1956 in West Springfield, Massachusetts) is an Emmy Award-winning American television writer best known for his work as show runner of the Fox series The Simpsons from 1997 - 2001 (Seasons 9-12).

Other websites 

1956 births
Living people
American screenwriters
Emmy Award winners
The Simpsons
writers from Massachusetts
George Meyer is an American producer and screenwriter for the television series The Simpsons. He is arguably the writer who has done the most to the series over the many years it has been made. In 2000, Meyer was called "the funniest man behind the funniest show on TV" by The New Yorker.

Other websites 
 
 Studio 360 episode "Cosmos, Spheres, Voyager" from January 12, 2002 featuring an original piece by Meyer on space collecting
  New Yorker Magazine article profiling George Meyer 

1956 births
Living people

American screenwriters
The Simpsons
writers from Pennsylvania
People have used religion in politics for thousands of years, and people in the United States have used religion for conservative politics in the United States for hundreds of years. For example, those who wanted a conviction in the Scopes trial, largely Democrats, would later be called the religious right. However, the term first came into use in the 1970s. Jerry Falwell was one of the first to use it. He and others felt that the country and institutions (such as schools and colleges) were run by left-wing intellectuals who did not believe in God. They thought that most people believed in God and did not care for left-wing intellectuals. The fight between left-wing intellectuals and the religious right is often called the "culture wars".

Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Donald Trump were elected in part due to support from the religious right.

As well as the Christian right, there is something called the Christian left. However, it is not as well-known or powerful.

Issues
Issues

Here are some issues that the Christian right feels strongly about:

Abortion
The Christian right became more popular again in the 1970s under Falwell due to abortion. This was in response to the Roe v. Wade decision made by the U.S. Supreme Court. Most members of the Christian right feel that life begins at conception. They think that killing a fetus is murder. Therefore, they think abortion should be illegal in most or all cases. This is called being "pro-life". Though the right has not until recently been able to get rid of Roe (and it is now considered to be a precedent by most judges), they have been successful in making it harder to get abortions in some states.
Sexuality
Many members of the Christian right believe that the Bible says it is bad to be homosexual (gay or lesbian). They used to support sodomy laws. Today, they are mostly against allowing gay marriage. They have had many laws and initiatives passed to stop gay people from marrying (such as California's Proposition 8). Some of these were found to be unconstitutional in the courts. To make stopping gay marriage constitutional, many have pushed for an amendment to the United States constitution to ban gay marriage.

Evolution
Many members of the Christian right do not believe in evolution, because it goes against the creation story of the Bible. They instead favor creationism or intelligent design. Most biologists believe that evolution is true and that arguments against evolution are weak. In a few places, they have been successful in teaching intelligent design alongside evolution in public schools.
Prayer in schools
Many members of the Christian right want to allow prayer in public schools and display of things related to Christ in public or government places. As with gay marriage, this has been questioned in the courts, usually due to the freedom of religion clause in the First Amendment.

References

Conservatism
Christianity in the United States
Tress MacNeille (born June 20, 1951) is an American voice actress best known for doing voices on the animated television series The Simpsons, Futurama, and Animaniacs, The Powerpuff Girls.  Her most famous characters on The Simpsons include Agnes Skinner, Brandine Spuckler and Lindsey Naegle, while her performance as Mom is her most notable Futurama role.
She also been the voice of the penguins in the Disney TV Series Club Penguin, and the voice of Daisy Duck.

Other websites
 
 

American voice actors
Actors from Chicago
The Simpsons
1951 births
Living people
Karl Wiedergott (born February 8, 1969) is a German-born American actor. He has regularly played various voice roles in the television program The Simpsons, beginning in 1998 and quitting the show in 2010. He has also worked on The Simpsons Movie which was released July 27, 2007.

Other websites
 Karl Wiedergott's Official Website 
 

1969 births
Living people
German movie actors
German television actors
German voice actors
The Simpsons
Actors from Berlin
Bill Oakley (born in 1966) is an American television writer, best known for his work on The Simpsons. Along with his writing partner Josh Weinstein, Oakley was the executive producer and showrunner during the seventh and eighth seasons. Before serving as the show's executive producers, the pair were hired onto the writing staff during the fourth season. Together, the two wrote episodes such as "Who Shot Mr. Burns?". After leaving The Simpsons, Oakley and Weinstein created Mission Hill, The Mullets, and served as consulting producers on Futurama.

Other websites
 
 Interview with Bill and Josh at TVDads.com 
 Interview with Bill and Josh at Morphizm.com
 Interview with Bill and Josh on NPR's On the Media 

American screenwriters
The Simpsons
Writers from Maryland
1966 births
Living people
David X. Cohen (born July 13, 1966), born David Samuel Cohen, is an American television writer. He has written for The Simpsons. He also runs and is the main writer for Futurama.

Other websites 
 
 
 IGN Interview With David X. Cohen 
 Interview with David X. Cohen about the return of Futurama
 An Interview About Math in Futurama with David X. Cohen, by Dr. Sarah Greenwald 

1966 births
Living people
American screenwriters
Writers from New Jersey
History 
The church was founded by Augustine of Canterbury in 597 AD. The present version was built on the remains of the old Saxon church by Lanfranc, starting in 1066. Lanfranc, the first Norman Archbishop, was put in position by William the Conqueror. His cathedral was dedicated in 1077. The architecture of the present cathedral is basically Romanesque, with many later repairs and additions. The nave (where the congregation sits) was rebuilt in the 14th century with newly discovered building methods. The new style of English Gothic architecture ('perpendicular') gave the building greater height and larger windows. Some of the stained glass in the cathedral is from the 12th century. It was probably made between 1130 and 1160. There was a great fire in 1174 and the people built most of the cathedral again. The fire did not destroy some of the old windows from the 12th century.
The cathedral area, called the precinct, has walls all around it. Canterbury also has defensive wall. Much of this wall is still standing. The cathedral precinct includes many other buildings: a school, a conference building, a number of houses and a palace. The Deanery is where the dean of Canterbury lives: he is the manager of the cathedral. The dean and chapter (a committee) take the decisions. The archbishop's job is to run the whole Anglican Church.

The cathedral costs £12,000 a day to run and repair, and there are no government grants. Because of this, fund-raising is one of the Dean's main jobs. The cathedral is a working church. On Sundays there are six services (of different kinds). On weekdays there are three services. These are free of any entry charge. Tourists visiting pay a fee to see the cathedral when there is no service.
It was where Thomas Becket was murdered by knights of Henry II, after the king asked, supposedly, "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" Beckett was the second archbishop of Canterbury to be murdered. The first was Alphege in 1012. The third was Thomas Cranmer, in 1533.

in 1988, UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee named Canterbury Cathedral, the ruins of St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church together as a World Heritage Site. As a group, they are buildings which show the development of Christianity in Britain.

Events of note 
1498 The great bell tower, called 'Bell Harry Tower', completed the cathedral more or less as it is today. 
1538 Becket's shrine destroyed by Henry VIII
1540 Monastery dissolved by Royal Command.
1660/1704 Repair after Puritan damage.
1790/1830s The original northwest tower was replaced during the 1830s. This was the last major structural alteration to the cathedral.
Literary references 
The Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century. The book is about a group of travellers who are going from London to Canterbury. As they travel along, each person tells a tale (a story).

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church

References

Other websites

 Cathedral website
 Canterbury Cathedral at SacredDestinations.com

Anglican cathedrals in England
Canterbury
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Kent
11th-century buildings and structures
Bosco Gurin or Bosco/Gurin (Walser German: Gurin / Guryn, Lombard: Bosch / Gürin) is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It is the only municipality in Ticino where German is a co-official language.

References

Other websites 

 Official site
Brione is a former municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Brione sopra Minusio is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
Brissago is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

Comune di Brissago
Brusino Arsizio is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Lugano
Bruzella was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
The Second-in-Command (2i/c or 2IC) is the second commander, the person that is in charge after the commander, of any British Army or British Royal Marines unit/group. He or she is the same as an Executive Officer in the United States Army. This term or word is also used in many other Commonwealth militaries.

The Second-in-Command of a group is usually a Major. The Second-in-Command of a smaller group is usually a Captain (although infantry groups' Second-in-Command's were usually Lieutenants until after the Second World War), the Second-in-Command of an even smaller group is the Sergeant of the group, and the Second-in-Command of a section is usually a Lance Corporal.

In the Royal Navy the second-in-command of a vessel or ship is known as the First Lieutenant or Executive Officer.

Other meanings/uses 
"Second-in-command" is a term/word used, usually as a joke, for any deputy or person that is right below the commander. Its basic meaning is "someone that relieves a commander".

Military ranks
Cademario is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

References

Other websites 

 Official site

Municipalities in Lugano
Cadempino is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
Cadenazzo is a municipality of the district of Bellinzona, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Bellinzona
Cadro was a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Neighbourhoods in Lugano
Calpiogna is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Camignolo was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010 the former municipalities  Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino joined together to become one new municipality called Monteceneri.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
2010 disestablishments in Switzerland
Camorino was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district of Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bellinzona
Campello is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Chara could mean:
 Geography
 Chara (town), a town in east Russia and Chara Airport
 Astronomy
 CHARA array, a telescope
 Beta Canum Venaticorum, a star
 Biology
 A genus in Charales, an order of green algae also known as Stonewort
 Ethnic group
 Chara people, an ethnic group in Ethiopia
 People
 Zdeno Chara, NHL player
 Chara (singer), J-Pop singer
Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (29 January 1867-28 January 1928) was a Spanish realist novelist writing in Spanish, a screenwriter and occasional film director.

Works translated to English

1867 births
1928 deaths
Spanish screenwriters
Spanish movie directors
Pistoia is a city in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the province of Pistoia. The city is about  west and north of Florence.

History 
Pistoria, the old Latin name of Pistoia, was a Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan city. After the city became a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, it was a place for activities or trades. Near the end of the 6th century, the city was captured by troops of the Lombardic king. The city did very well under the control of the Lombards. In 1177, Pistoia chose to become a free commune. In the following years, it became an important political centre. It built walls and several public and religious buildings.

In 1254 Pistoia was captured by troops from Florentine. Pistoia stayed a Florentine city except for few years in the 14th century, when Castruccio Castracani captured it for Lucca. It was annexed to (made a part of) Florence in 1530. During the 14th century Ormanno Tedici was one of the Lords of the city.
Dante mentioned the town in his Divina Commedia. Michelangelo called the people of Pistoia the "enemies of heaven".

Notable features

Duomo Square and Bishops' Palace 

The large Piazza del Duomo is connected near to other famous buildings, for example the  Palazzo del Comune and the Palazzo del Podestà. In July, the Giostra dell'Orso ("Bear Joust") takes place in the square. At the joust, horsemen try to strike a target held by a dummy shaped like a bear. The 14th century Baptistry, in Gothic style is also in the square.

The Palazzo dei Vescovi ("Bishops' Palace") includes a loggia in gothic style.
.
Other important buildings 
 Church of the Madonna dell'Umiltà (1509), finished by Giovanni Vasari with a high cupola.
 Church of San Bartolomeo in Pantano (12th century).
 The Romanesque church of San Giovanni Fuoricivitas (12th-14th century).
 The Monument in Honour of Brazilians (Soldiers and Pilots) killed in action on Italian Campaign (World War II)
 Church of San Domenico
 Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie
 Church of San Pietro Maggiore
 Church of San Paolo
 Church of 'La Vergine"
 the Baroque church of Santissima Annunziata, famous for its Chiostro dei Morti ("Dead's Cloister").
 "Ospedale del Ceppo" ("del Ceppo Hospital") '(13th century).
 The 14th century walls. These had originally four gates: Porta al Borgo, Porta San Marco, Porta Carratica and Porta Lucchese. All were destroyed at the beginning of the 20th century.
 The Medici Fortress of Santa Barbara, built in the 16th century by the Florentines.
 The ancient Pieve San Michele in Groppoli, in the neighbourhood of the city.
Famous people born in Pistoia 
 Enrico Betti
 Mauro Bolognini
 Licio Gelli
 Cino da Pistoia
 Ippolito Desideri
 Pope Clement IX
 Christian Orlandi
 Marino Marini
 Filippo Pacini

Sisters towns 
Pistoia is twinned with:
 , Pau, since 1975

Other websites
 Comune di Pistoia 
 Pistoia Tourist Consortium: lots of information and city map download
 Virtual Tour of the City 

Cities in Tuscany
Capital cities in Italy
Settlements in Pistoia
Seleute was a municipality, in the new municipality of Clos du Doubs and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Jura
Vendlincourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Porrentruy
Bassecourt is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged to form the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Jura
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Boécourt is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Delémont
Bourrignon is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Delémont
Châtillon is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Delémont
Trans fat is a type of unsaturated fat. Trans fat is often produced in higher amounts in factories when manufacturing certain processed foods such as margarine. Trans fat occurs in nature only very rarely, found in small amounts in meat and milk fat. When vegetable oils are heated or when they are "hydrogenated", trans fats are made. Hydrogenation is the process of bubbling hydrogen gas through the oil to change its consistency. The bubbling raises the melting point of the oil. As the hydrogen passes through, the oil begins to become solid. By stopping the hydrogenation part of the way through, manufacturers obtain "partially hydrogenated oil". This is similar to butter, but much cheaper to produce. It is sold as "margarine", "oleo" or "vegetable shortening".  The process allows cheaply adding a butter-like consistency to food products.
Trans fat is bad for human health and has been linked to a number of problems including: coronary heart disease,  cancer, diabetes, obesity, liver dysfunction, and infertility. Healthy oils are always liquid at the temperature of blood. Saturated and trans fats are not.
There has yet to be a study which shows that trans fat is good for human health in any way. Since scientists and nutritionists now know the health issues related to eating trans fats, trans fats are being used less but there are still some in commercial food products.
  
For some time, the US government's "Food and Drug Administration" allowed makers of food products to label their products as having "0 grams of trans fat per serving" as long as the amount of trans fat in the food product falls below 0.5 grams per serving. Since partially hydrogenated oils are the major source of trans fat, reading the "ingredients" label is the safest way to ensure that a food does not contain any trans fat at all. Fried foods will likely, but not necessarily, contain trans fat since fried foods are produced by using very hot oil.
2015–2018 phaseout in the United States 
In 2013, the Food and Drug Administration began to gradually stop the use of trans fats in all foods. It says there is no safe amount of trans fats that should be in food eaten by humans.

In June 2015, the FDA issued a final statement. It says there is no agreement by scientists that artificial trans fatty acids are safe for any use in human food. Trans fat must be taken out of all food production within three years (by June 2018). The FDA says the ban will cost the food industry $6.2 billion over 20 years. The food industry must use new formulas and recipes using ingredients without trans fat. The benefits will be about $140 billion over 20 years. This will be mostly from lower health care costs. Food companies can issue requests to the FDA for permission to use partially hydrogenated oils. The companies must prove the oils' use is safe.

References

Lipids
Nutrition
Cluny is a city in eastern France. It lies in the region of Burgundy. The city grew around the Abbey of Cluny in the 10th century. The town of Mâcon is about 30 km to the southeast. Lyon is about 60 km to the south. Today, about 4,400 people live in the city. The Cluniac Reforms started here. 

Communes in Saône-et-Loire
The integumentary system is everything covering the outside of an animal's body. This account is written mostly with people in mind, but it applies more widely.

The integument means skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucus). The name comes from the Latin integumentum, which means 'a covering'.

The integumentary system 
Skin, hair, scales, feathers and nails make up the integumentary system.

Skin 
There are two layers of skin: 
 Epidermis - This is the top layer of the skin and is made of dead cells. The cells are shed all the time, but new ones are always being made, so people never lose any skin. It has sweat pores.
 Dermis - This is the second layer of skin. It has touch receptors, and oil and sweat glands. It makes skin stretchy.
 Subcutaneous tissue (The subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin, but it is in the integumentary system)
Glands 
There are four types of glands
 Sweat glands - make sweat to control temperature
 Sebaceous glands - make oil
 Ceruminous glands - make ear wax
 Mammary glands - make milk and are only in women

Functions 
The integumentary system has lots of different functions. It:
 Protects the body’s internal organs
 Protects the body against bacteria
 Protects the body from dehydration
 Protects the body against sunburns
 Stores water, fat, and vitamin D

Problems 
Here is a list of skin problems:
 Acne, when pimples form on the skin
 Sunburn, when UV radiation from the sun burns your skin
 Skin cancer, caused by getting too many sunburns.
There are other skin problems that are less common.

References 
 Kardong, Kenneth V. 1998. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-115356-X/0-697-28654-1

Other websites 
 Aquatic Path  Details of the integumentary system of the fathead minnow
 An article written for children
The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense for hearing. The sense organ for hearing is the ear.

Structure of the ear

Outer ear 
The outer ear is the folds of cartilage surrounding the ear canal. They are called the pinna.

Middle ear 
Sound waves travelling through the ear canal will hit the tympanum, or eardrum.  Three tiny bones, the ossicles, convert the waves to high pressure vibrations.  They are then converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea.

Inner ear 
The inner ear is made mostly of the cochlea.  The cochlea is made up of three pieces, and is filled with liquid. It transforms sound waves to electric signals in neurons. The semicircular canals of the inner ear are used in equilibrioception, the sense of balance.

Other websites 
 Promenade 'round the cochlea 
 Washington University Neuroscience Tutorial - Auditory system 

Hearing
The northbridge is one of two basic chips on the motherboard of a computer. The other basic chip is the southbridge and together they create the computer chipset. Usually, north- and southbridge are on different ICs; it is rare for both of them to be on one chip.

Use 
Northbridge supports communication between CPU, RAM memory, AGP port or PCI Express bus and also supports connection with southbridge. There exist some chipsets which support two types of RAM memory and which are accessible during transition to new standard.

Significance 
Northbridge is a basic part of motherboard which establishes speed, types of processors, quantity of processors and kind of RAM memory. Other important factors are, for example, voltage regulation and number of connectors.

Progression 
Sequencers of RAM memory was, in AMD64 architecture, shifted directly into processor. Other producers (like Intel or IBM) also incorporated this change into their new processors.
The future 
A perspective to the future  is SOC (System On Chip). With it will also decrease the number of components on the motherboard. But bigger chips hold under universality of solution, they have more pins and they are more difficult. Present high-speed buses are series (PCIe, SATA) and they decline the complexity. In the future we can expect return to the standard interface of other circuits using bus (probably PCI express) and maybe they will be connected to the single Super I/O sequencer. Saved lads can be used for another integrated turn like SATA, USB, IDE, SDIO scanner of cards and sequencers of PCI.

Motherboard
Mitlödi was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Mitlödi, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.

Other websites

Website of Mitlödi 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Mollis was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Website of Mollis 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Mühlehorn was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municpalities of Mühlehorn, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

Other websites

Official website of Mühlehorn 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Näfels was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Netstal was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2011, Netstal is part of the municipality of Glarus.

Other websites

 Official website of Netstal 
 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Niederurnen was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in the country of Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Niederurnen, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

Other websites

Website of Niederurnen 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Oberurnen was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Oberurnen, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

Other websites

Website of Oberurnen 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Obstalden was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Obstalden, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen and Oberurnen merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord

Other websites

Official website of Obstalden 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Riedern was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2011, Riedern is part of the municipality of Glarus.

Other websites

Official website of Riedern 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Rüti was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

Website of Rüti 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Schwanden was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland. The lake Garichtisee can be reached by cable car.

Other websites

Official website of Schwanden 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Garichtisee is a lake on Mettmenalp in the Canton of Glarus, Switzerland. It is above the municipality of Schwanden. The lake's area is .

Other websites
Swissdams: Garichte 

Lakes of Switzerland
Appenzell Ausserrhoden is a canton of Switzerland. Appenzell Ausserrhoden is in the northeast of Switzerland, next to the cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell Innerrhoden.

History 

Settlement in Appenzell began in the 7th and the 8th century alongside the river Glatt.  In 907 Herisau is mentioned for the first time, the canton (Appenzell: abbatis cella) is named first in 1071.

The canton witnessed a number of battles, including the Battle of Vögelinsegg (1403) and the Battle at the Stoss (1405).

In 1513 Appenzell joined the Swiss confederation as the 13th canton. In 1597 the Protestant canton was divided for religious reasons from the former canton Appenzell, with the Catholic Appenzell Innerrhoden being the other half.

From the 16th century onwards linen production was established little by little. Larger textile businesses established themselves, later diversifying into weaving and embroidery. The textile industry collapsed between 1920 and 1939.