Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Membership is the heads of the three collection agencies—the Secret Intelligence Service, Security Service and GCHQ—the Chief of Defence Intelligence, Deputy Chief of Defence Intelligence Staff, the Chief of the Assessment Staff, representatives of the Ministry of Defence, Foreign and Commonwealth Office and other departments, and the Prime Minister's adviser on foreign affairs.

Function 
The JIC has three functions:
Advising the Prime Minister and Cabinet Ministers on intelligence collection and analysis priorities.
Directing the collection and analysis effort of the Secret Intelligence Service, Government Communications Headquarters, the Security Service and the Ministry of Defence based on those recommendations.  The direction to the Ministry of Defence is implemented by Defence Intelligence.
Assuring the professional standards of civilian intelligence analysis staff across all the  intelligence-related activities in Her Majesty's Government.
Requirements and priorities
The JIC drafts the annual Requirements and Priorities for collection and analysis, for approval by Ministers.  These support the strategic national security objectives of the UK:
Protect UK and British territories, and British nationals and property, from a range of threats, including from terrorism and espionage;
Protect and promote Britain's defence and foreign policy interests;
Protect and promote the UK's economic well-being; and
Support the prevention and detection of serious crime.

History
The JIC was founded in 1936 as a sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence. This was the advisory defence planning agencyat the time. During World War II, it became the senior intelligence assessment body in the UK. In 1957 the JIC moved to the Cabinet Office. Its assessments staff prepare draft intelligence assessments for the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
The JIC is monitored by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament and supported by the Joint Intelligence Organisation.

Foreign involvement 
Ever since World War II, the chief of the London station of the United States Central Intelligence Agency has attended the JIC's weekly meetings. One former US intelligence officer has described this as the "highlight of the job" for the London CIA chief. Resident intelligence chiefs from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand may attend when certain issues are discussed.

References

Other websites
UK Intelligence Community 
 Sir Edward Peck – Daily Telegraph obituary

Government of the United Kingdom
British intelligence agencies
Tony Dungy (born 1955, Jackson, Michigan) is a former American football coach. He won the Super Bowl in 2006 with the Indianapolis Colts. He now talks about football on NBC. He is an African-American.

Dungy is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
Official page 

American football coaches
1955 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Michigan
People from Jackson, Michigan
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum (commonly called Oakland Coliseum) is a stadium in Oakland, California. The stadium is a multi purpose stadium.This means it can be used to play different sports. The stadium was used as the home field for the Oakland Raiders  of the National Football League before they moved to Las Vegas. The stadium is still being used by the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball.

The stadium first opened in 1966. It can seat more than 55,000 people for football games. It seats 45,000 when it is used for baseball.

References

Other websites

Stadium site on oaklandathletics.com 
Official Site

Stadiums in the San Francisco Bay Area
Major League Baseball venues
Football stadiums in the United States
Oakland Athletics
Sports in Oakland, California
1966 establishments in California
George Armitrage Miller (February 3, 1920 – July 22, 2012) was one of the founders of cognitive psychology in the 20th century. He studied thinking, language, and memory.

Miller found out that if you ask people to remember a list of words or numbers, most people can remember only between five and nine words or numbers. His paper The magical number seven, plus or minus two explained this as a limitation in human short-term memory.

Once a behaviorist, Miller moved to cognitive psychology. In 1991, Miller was awarded the National Medal of Science. Miller revolutionized the world of psychology by showing that aspects of the human mind could be observed and tested in a laboratory setting.
Early life 
Miller was born in Charleston, West Virginia. In 1940 he received his bachelor's degree from the University of Alabama, where he majored in English and speech. In 1946, Miller received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Harvard University. During his life, he taught as a professor at Princeton, Harvard, and Rockefeller University. He died in Plainsboro, New Jersey at the age of 92.
The first concept introduced by Miller is known as chunking. Chunking is a way developed to help people remember a certain number of words or numbers. It is known to help with both short-term memory and long-term memory. When he asked subjects to perform memory tasks in various experiments, he noticed that most subjects recalled about seven units from a list regardless of the list topic. Miller said that the short-term memory could only hold 5-9 chunks of information (plus or minus two) and is also a way to increase the capacity of short-term memory. A chunk can refer to digits, words, faces, or any type of meaningful unit. Chunking is when a person groups multiple words together to help with memory tasks. This technique can help people with recalling specific groups of words. Remembering is much easier when the chunking technique is used. An example of chunking would be trying to remember a long sequence of digits
. For example, 2 4 5 6 1 4 2 7 0 could be remembered by chunking those numbers into smaller meaningful units such as 245 614 270.
The magical number seven 
"The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information" was a paper published originally in The Psychology Review. This paper remains Miller's most famous and cited piece of work in the history of psychology. It outlines the number of items, numbers, or objects an average human memory can hold. Miller states in his paper, "This number assumes a variety of disguises, being sometimes a little larger and sometimes a little smaller than usual, but never changing so much as to be unrecognizable" (Miller 1956). He did a series of memory tasks that led him to believe that 7 was the number. The paper goes into depth stating how the memory span is a complicated source and how it can hold a lot of information.
Wordnet
Miller began working on Wordnet in the mid 1980s. It is a large database of English nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms which represent a specific concept or idea. It resembles a thesaurus since it groups words together based on their meanings. Miller wanted to use Wordnet as a tool to test psycholinguistic theories on how people use and understand words.

Publications
 Miller G.A. 1956. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63 (2): 81–97
 Miller G.A; Galanter E. & Pribram K.H. 1960. Plans and the structure of behavior. Adams Bannister Cox.

Institutions 
 Princeton University
 Harvard University
Awards 
 Distinguished Scientific Contribution award from the American Psychological Association, 1963
 Distinguished Service award from the American Speech and Hearing Association, 1976
 Award in Behavioral Sciences from the New York Academy of Sciences, 1982
 Gold Medal from the American Psychological Foundation, 1990
 National Medal of Science from the White House, 1991
 Louis E. Levy Medal from the Franklin Institute, 1991
 International Prize from the Fyssen Foundation, 1992
 John P. McGovern award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2000
 Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology award from the American Psychological Association, 2003
 Antonio Zampolli Prize from the European Languages Research Association, 2006

References

1920 births
2012 deaths
American psychologists
Scientists from West Virginia
Writers from West Virginia
People from Charleston, West Virginia
Phrases
Astrophytum is a genus of cacti.

References

Other websites

Astrophytum at Cacti Encyclopedia 
Astrophytum at Cactus Art

Cactaceae
GRU  is in the military intelligence service of the Russian Federation, (formerly the Red Army of the Soviet Union).

"GRU" is the English version of the Russian acronym ГРУ, which means Main Intelligence Directorate.

The GRU is Russia's largest foreign intelligence agency. In 1997 it had six times as many agents in foreign countries as the SVR (The SVR is the successor to the KGB's foreign operations directorate). The GRU commanded 25,000 Spetsnaz ('special') troops in 1997.
History 
The GRU's first predecessor in post-tsarist Russia was created on October 21, 1918 under the sponsorship of Leon Trotsky, who was then the civilian overseer of the Red Army. It was originally known as the Registration Directorate (Registrupravlenie, or RU). In his history of the early years of the GRU, Raymond W. Leonard writes:"As originally established, the Registration Department was not directly subordinate to the General Staff [of] the Red Army... In 1921... it was elevated in status to become the Second (Intelligence) Directorate of the Red Army Staff.

It was given the task of handling all military intelligence, particularly the collection of intelligence of military or political significance from sources outside the Soviet Union.  The GRU operated residencies all over the world. They ran with the SIGINT (signals intelligence) in Cuba, and throughout the former Soviet bloc countries, especially in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.
The GRU was well known in the Soviet government for its fierce independence from the rival "internal intelligence organizations", such as NKVD and KGB.  At the time of the GRU's creation, Lenin infuriated the Cheka (predecessor of the KGB) by ordering it not to interfere with the GRU's operations.  Nonetheless, the Cheka infiltrated the GRU in 1919.  This planted the seed for a fierce rivalry between the two agencies, which were both engaged in espionage. The rivalry was even more intense than that between the FBI and CIA.

The existence of the GRU was not publicized during the Soviet era. Documents about it became available in the West in the late 1920s, and it was mentioned in the 1931 memoirs of the first OGPU defector, Georges Agabekov. Walter Krivitsky, the most senior Red Army intelligence officer ever to defect, described it in detail in his 1939 autobiography (I was Stalin's agent).
It became widely known in Russia, and the West  during perestroika. Viktor Suvorov (Vladimir Rezun), a GRU agent who defected to Great Britain in 1978, wrote about his experiences in the Soviet military and intelligence services.  According to Suvorov, even the General Secretary of the CPSU could not enter GRU headquarters without going through a security screening.

The GRU is still a very important part of the Russian Federation's intelligence services, especially since it was never split up like the KGB.  The KGB was dissolved after aiding a failed coup in 1991 against the then Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. It has since been divided into the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) and the Federal Security Service (FSB).

The GRU was officially dissolved on 7 May 1992. It continues as the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces.

References
References 

Russian intelligence agencies
Soviet intelligence agencies
1918 establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Russian military organizations
A balaclava (or ski mask) is a type of clothing worn over the head. It has holes for eyes, the mouth and the nose. They are normally worn to protect from cold weather, and is often worn by skiers.

The name "balaclava" comes from the town of Balaklava, near Sevastopol in Crimea, Russian Federation.

References 

Protective clothing
John Cale Comes Alive is the second live album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was recorded in January 1984 and released in September of the same year on ZE Records label. Cale is also the producer of this album.

Track listing 
"Ooh La La"
"Evidence"
"Dead or Alive"
"Chinese Envoy"
"Leaving It Up To You"
"Dr. Mudd"
"Waiting for the Man"
"Heartbreak Hotel"
"Fear Is a Man's Best Friend"
"Never Give Up On You"

Personnel 
 John Cale − vocals, keyboards, guitar
 David Young − guitar
 Andy Heermans − bass guitar
 David Lichtenstein − drums

Comes Alive
1984 albums
Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy) is the second studio album by multi-instrumentalist Brian Eno. It was released in November 1974 on Island Records label. It was produced by Eno.

Track listing 
"Burning Airlines Give You So Much More" – 3:18
"Back in Judy's Jungle" – 5:16
"The Fat Lady of Limbourg" – 5:03
"Mother Whale Eyeless" – 5:45
"The Great Pretender" – 5:11
"Third Uncle" – 4:48
"Put a Straw Under Baby" – 3:25
"The True Wheel" – 5:11
"China My China" – 4:44
"Taking Tiger Mountain" – 5:32

Personnel 
 Brian Eno – vocals, electronics, snake guitar, keyboards
 Phil Manzanera – guitars
 Brian Turrington – bass guitar
 Freddie Smith – drums
 Robert Wyatt – percussion, backing vocals
 Portsmouth Sinfonia – strings
 Randi and the Pyramids – chorus
 The Simplistics – chorus
 Andy Mackay – brass
 Phil Collins – drums
 Polly Eltes – vocals
 Peter Schmidt – Oblique Strategies

1974 albums
Wrong Way Up is a studio album by multi-instrumentalists Brian Eno and John Cale. It was recorded between April and July 1990. It was released in October 1990.

Track listing 
 "Lay My Love" - 4:44
 "One Word" - 4:34
 "In the Backroom" - 4:02
 "Empty Frame" - 4:26
 "Cordoba" - 4:22
 "Spinning Away" - 5:27
 "Footsteps" - 3:13
 "Been There, Done That" - 2:52
 "Crime in the Desert" - 3:42
 "The River" (Brian Eno) - 4:23

Personnel 
John Cale − vocals, piano, keyboards, bass, harp, horn, dumbek, viola, strings, omnichord
Brian Eno − vocals, keyboards, rhythm bed, Indian drum, guitar, Shinto bell, bass, little Nigerian organ
Robert Ahwai − guitar
Nell Catchpole − violin
Rhett Davies − backing vocals
Daryl Johnson − bass
Ronald Jones − tabla, drums
Bruce Lampcov − backing vocals
Dave Young − guitar, bass

John Cale albums
1990 albums
Protective equipment  helps sport people not get hurt. They use it in skiing, inline skating, skateboarding, snowboarding, and other sports.  Types of protective equipment for these sports include wrist guards.  Inline skating protective equipment includes a helmet, knee pads, elbow pads, and wrist guards.  Skiing protective equipment includes helmets, and release bindings.  Snowboarding protective equipment includes wrist guards.

Protective equipment for Australian rules football includes headgear.

References 

Sports equipment
Mobility aids (or orthopedic aids) are devices that are designed to help people walk or move better. They can make people hurt less and feel less pain. An example is a wheelchair.

Types 
There are two types of orthopedic aids. One type means people can move part of the body less. The other type means people put less weight on their feet. Splints, knee braces, shoe adjustments, position aids and abduction casts are orthopedic aids.

Using 
Children with a disability are two times more likely than children who do not have a disability to use an orthopedic aid.

Around the world 
In Croatia, health insurance pays for orthopedic aids for people less than 18 years old, or people who got hurt while working.

Related pages 
 Prosthesis

References 

Disability
Medical equipment
A ski lift is a machine which can take people up and down a hill or mountain. There are different kinds of ski lifts. Some are like chairs. Some are like tram cars.

References 

 
Machines
Ski instructors are people who teach other people how to ski. Ski instructors need a license to teach skiing.

References 

Skiing
Sports occupations
Education occupations
The Kellogg–Briand Pact (also called the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War or the World Peace Act) was an agreement on peace signed on August 27, 1928, by several countries. Some of these countries were the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, and Germany. It was named after its authors, Frank B. Kellogg and Aristide Briand.
The pact said that war was wrong and should be banned, but said nothing about what to do with a country that went to war anyway. The pact was the result of a determined American effort to avoid involvement in the European alliance system. The Kellogg-Briand Pact was registered with the League of Nations on Tuesday 4 September , 1928.

War
1920s treaties
League of Nations
A guide skier is a person who helps skiers who cannot see by telling them where to go. They communicate by using a radio or talking to them. The guide skier can see.

Alpine skiing 
Skiers can use more than one guide during a race type. The guide can only win a medal if they raced with the same skier for the whole race type. Like the skier, the guide has to have an IPCAS Licence in order to compete in races. Guide skiers need to follow to anti-doping rules.

Biathlon 
Skiers follow the guide skier in the biathlon.

References

Sources 
 
  
 

Skiing
Ski goggles are goggles that help protect a skiers' eyes from the sun.

Lenses 
Ski goggle lenses are made from soft plastic. Ski goggles sometimes fog and it is not easy to see through the lens.

Using 
People who wear glasses can get ski goggles that can be worn over their glasses.

Storage 
Ski glasses are stored in soft bags.

References 

Skiing equipment
Protective clothing
Headgear
Eyeglasses
A ski suit is a piece of clothing.  It has one piece.  It does not have one shirt and one pair of pants. The ski suit protects the skier when they are racing.

References 

Skiing equipment
Protective clothing
Whistler Creekside is one of four neighborhoods in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada.

The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing races were at Whistler Creekside. The types of races at Whistler included downhill, Super-Combined, Super-G, slalom and giant slalom.

Photographs

References 

Ski areas and resorts in Canada
Settlements in British Columbia
The 2002 Winter Paralympics was the eighth Winter Paralympics. They were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, from 7 to 16 March 2002. A total of 416 athletes from 36 nations participated in the Games. They were the first Winter Paralympics in the American continent.

These were the first Paralympic Winter Games for Andorra, Chile, the People’s Republic of China, Croatia, Greece and Hungary.

Para-alpine skiing 
At the 2002 Winter Paralympics, women's downhill and men's unable to see downhill were on day 1. Men's standing and being seated downhill were on day 2. Men's standing and  being seated Super-G was on day 3. Men's unable to see and women's Super-G was on day 5. Men's standing and  being seated Giant Slalom was on day 7. Women's and men's unable to see Giant Slalom was on day 8. Men's standing and being seated Slalom was on day 9. Women's and men's unable to see Slalom was on day 10.

Sledge hockey 
The United States came in first in sledge hockey.

References

Sources
Sources 
  

Paralympic
Winter Paralympic 2006
 
21st century in Utah
The 2010 Winter Paralympics were the 10th Winter Paralympics. They were held in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia, Canada from 12 to 21 March 2010. The Opening Ceremony was held in BC Place Stadium in Vancouver. The Closing Ceremony was in Whistler.

Para-alpine skiing 
The 2010 Winter Paralympics para-alpine skiing races were at Whistler Creekside. The types of races at Whistler included downhill, Super-Combined, Super-G, slalom and giant slalom.

Sledge hockey 
The United States came in first in sledge hockey.

References

Winter Paralympic 2010
The 2006 Winter Paralympic Games was the ninth Winter Paralympics. It was held in Turin, Italy from 10 to 19 March 2006. These were the first Winter Paralympic Games to be held in Italy.

Para-alpine skiing 
At the 2006 Winter Paralympics, a new classification system was used. It made 14 classes into three groups and used factored results for each of three groups. At the 2006 Games, in the Super-G, there were 55 male competitors compared to 18 women in the standing group.

Sledge hockey 
The United States came in third in sledge hockey.

References

Sources 
  
  

Paralympic
2006 Winter Paralympics
2000s in Italian sport
Winter Paralympic 2006
March 2006 events
History of Turin
Paraplegia is paralysis of the legs and lower half of the body. It happens when the spinal cord is damaged. Sometimes, they are kept alive by a life-support machine. It sometimes happens to people because they get a disease.

Superior paraplegia is a type of paraplegia where people cannot use their arms and the top of their body.

A person who has paraplegia is sometimes called a paraplegic.

References 

Disability
Disorders
International Ski Federation () (FIS) is the sport organization for skiing. 

The organization started in Norway in 1910. It was first named the International Ski Commission. It changed its name to the Fédération Internationale de Ski in February 1924. When it changed its name, it became the world organization for skiing.

Ski disciplines
The federation organises the following ski sport disciplines, for which it oversees World Cup competitions and World Championships:

Alpine skiing

Nordic skiing

Freestyle skiing

Snowboarding

Others

Unofficial

Note: The discipline of Biathlon, which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, has its own organisation, the International Biathlon Union (IBU).

Main Events

World Cup
 Main Article : FIS World Cup (disambiguation)

World Championships
 Main Article : FIS World Championships
Nordic Ski consist of cross-country skiing, ski jumping and nordic combined.
http://www.fis-ski.com/inside-fis/about/fis-history/snowsports/index.html 
 https://allsportdb.com/Competitions/FIS-Freestyle-Junior-World-Ski-Championships-575
 https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/event-details.html?event_id=41014&cal_suchsector=GS
 https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/event-details.html?event_id=33189
 https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/event-details.html?event_id=41012
 https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/event-details.html?event_id=41244
 https://data.fis-ski.com/grass-skiing/results.html
 https://data.fis-ski.com/grass-skiing/cup-standings.html
 FIS Freestyle Junior World Ski Championships was not held in 2004,2005,2008 and 2009.
 FIS World Criterium Masters Alpine Skiing for veterans : age from 55 to 90 in 7 age group for men and women (14 category).
 https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/event-overview.html?catcode=FMC&sectorcode=MA
 https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/event-overview.html?catcode=WC&sectorcode=MA
https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/event-overview.html?catcode=WJC&sectorcode=SB&Submit=SEARCH 
 https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/event-overview.html?catcode=WJC&sectorcode=FS&Submit=SEARCH 
 https://www.skiinghistory.org/history/evolution-ski-shape
 https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/event-details.html?event_id=40994
 https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/event-details.html?event_id=33782&cal_suchsector=AL
 https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/event-details.html?event_id=22015
 http://www.skiroll.it/WorldCup/WorldCup.htm
 http://www.skiroll.it/WorldCup/archive/WorldCupRollerski.htm
 https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/overview-top-ranked-in-all-competitions.html?&category=ROLWSC&sector=CC&place=Solleftea&gender=ALL 
 https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/event-overview.html?catcode=ROLWSC&sectorcode=CC&Submit=SEARCH
 https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/event-overview.html?catcode=ROLWJC&sectorcode=CC&Submit=SEARCH
https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/event-overview.html?catcode=WJC&sectorcode=CC 
 https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/event-overview.html?catcode=WJC&sectorcode=CC 
 FIS Roller Skiing Junior World Championships 2000 was not official. (Not official world Championships)
 https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/event-overview.html?catcode=WSC&sectorcode=GS&Submit=SEARCH
 https://data.fis-ski.com/global-links/statistics/event-overview.html?catcode=WJC&sectorcode=GS&Submit=SEARCH
References 

Skiing
Punial was a princely state of the British Raj. The British called it a "Special Political District" of the Gilgit Agency. It was located in the northwest part of the former Northern Areas. It existed until 1974. This area and other neighbouring states were never ruled directly by Kashmir and Jammu.

Pakistani princely states
Former subdivisions of Pakistan
1974 disestablishments
1970s disestablishments in Asia
Athelred or Æthelred (–) was King of Wessex from 865 to 871. He succeeded his brother Ethelbert at the time of the invasion of England by the "Great Heathen Army". He was the first of the four sons of Athelwulf not to rule as "under-king" before he became king of Wessex.

Career
Athelred was the fourth son of King Athelwulf and his wife Osburga. She was the daughter of Oslac, Athelwulf's butler.{{efn|The office of chief butler in an Anglo-Saxon royal household is most likely his title here. He would be a nobleman who held the honorary office of butler.<ref>Laurence Marcellus L's Household in England Before the Norman Conquest, Thesis (Ph. D.), University of Wisconsin (1902), p. 127</ref>}} While his father was in Rome and France, 855-856, his oldest brother Athelstan had died. Prior to his death two years later Athelwulf left a will. in that will the two eldest sons, Ethelbald and Ethelbert should have the kingdom. When Ethelbald died in 860, Ethelbert became the king of Wessex. But their father's will had made no provision for Athelred and Alfred, the two youngest sons, to be kings. Possibly for that reason Ethelbert did not appoint his brother Athelred King of Kent. He consolidated everything into the single kingdom of Wessex
. In 865 Vikings raided into Kent and the men of Kent agreed to pay them ransom. But the Vikings ravaged the eastern part of Kent despite the pending treaty.
King of Wessex 

Athelred had not expected to reign, but when his brother Ethelbert died in 866, Athelred became the king of Wessex. This was just after the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They gained control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham.
It was at this time his younger brother Alfred was given the title of Secundarius'' (Latin for secondary). This meant he was appointed as heir to the throne. In 868 Burgred, the King of Mercia, asked King Ethelred and Alfred for their help against the Danes (Vikings). When the Danes saw the combined English army against them they asked for peace. The Vikings withdrew to York where they managed a completely defeat. The next year, 871, the great Viking army grew much larger. They moved on Reading. Ethelred with his brother Alfred arrived with their army to meet the new threat. In the battle that followed, the Battle of Reading, both sides suffered many casualties. Athelred's army was defeated. Four days later the two armies met again at the Battle of Ashdown. This time the West Saxons won the victory and the Vikings retreated to Reading. Two weeks later Athelred and Alfred led the West Saxons against the Danes at Basing where the Danes won. Two months passed without any fighting between them
. The next battle was at a place called Merantun. After a day long battle which the English were winning, the Danes were able to regain their lost ground. Just after mid-April in 871,
Family 

His wife's name is not known (see note a below). He had two sons:

 Aethelheim
 Aethelwald (died 904)

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

845 births
871 deaths
Kings of Wessex
Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) was a French theologian. He is a Roman Catholic saint. He was an abbot in the Cistercian order. He was also the patron of the Knights Templar.

Related pages
The road to hell is paved with good intentions

Other websites
Bernard's entry at Catholic Encyclopedia

French Roman Catholics
Christian saints
French theologians
1090 births
1153 deaths
Aesculus indica (or the Indian or Himalayan Horse Chestnut) is a tree. It grows to about  with a spread of about . It best grows in -15°C (5°F), USDA zones 7-9. It is in flower from June to July. The seeds ripen in October. The flowers are hermaphroditic. There are many white blossoms during May and June. The plant is pollinated by bees. Its leaves are 10–20 cm long by 2–6 cm wide. The mature tree forms a round canopy.

References

Plants of Asia
Sapindaceae
A mini-bar is a small refrigerator in a hotel room with drinks in it. They are usually found in expensive and sometimes mid-range hotel rooms and may have things like soft drinks, wine and beer. The hotel usually charges to use it, and prices are usually very high.

Many mini-bars automatically charge money if drinks are removed, even if you do not drink them.

Machines
Alcoholic drinks
Rhododendron ponticum, called common rhododendron or pontic rhododendron, is a species of rhododendron. It is native to southern Europe and Asia. It is the state flower of Kashmir. It has become an Invasive species in North America. It is a dense,suckering, shrub or small Tree that usually grows to 5 meters tall,or rarely 8 meters.

Plants and animals of Kashmir
Rhododendron
Otto Sander (30 June 1941 – 12 September 2013) was a German actor. He was known for his roles in Wings of Desire, Das Boot, and in Faraway, So Close!. He was also known for his deep strong voice.

Sander was born on 30 June 1941 in Hanover, Germany. He was raised in Kassel, Germany. Sander graduated from Friedrichgymnasium in 1961. He was married to Monika Hansen until his death in 2013. Sander died on 12 September 2013 in Berlin, Germany from cancer, aged 72.

References

Other websites

1941 births
2013 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
German movie actors
German television actors
German voice actors
German stage actors
People from Hanover
274301 Wikipedia is an asteroid in the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory in 2008. It was named "Wikipedia" in January 2013.

Wikipedia
Maladolescenza is a 1977 romance-drama movie. It is about three children: Sylvia, Laura and Fabrizio. Fabrizio is a sinister and cruel boy. He kills one of the teenage girls so she will never leave him. This movie was very controversial in several countries. It was refused classification or banned in several areas, particularly Germany. Modern reviews have called the movie a strong artistic work, although some disapprove of the material inside this movie.

1977 romantic drama movies
Italian romance movies
Italian drama movies
German romance movies
German drama movies
Obscenity controversies
Crystallinity is a physical property of a solid that acts like a crystal. The degree of crystallinity of a crystal has a big influence on hardness, density, transparency and diffusion. 

Crystallinity can be measured using x-ray diffraction, but calorimetric techniques are also commonly used.

Physical quantity
Examples would include: sodium chloride (table salt)
Mint is a flavor frequently used in candy, chewing gum and ice cream. Famous brands of mints include Polos (made by Rowntrees, then Nestlé), Altoids, Cadburys After Dinner Mints, Fisherman's Friends, Trebor extra strong mints, Menthos and Wrigleys spearmint gum.

Other websites
The Trebor story
Fisherman's Friends 
 Polos
 Mentos

Candy
The Legend of Zelda: Hyrule Historia is a book about The Legend of Zelda video game series. It shows the timeline of the fictional events in the series as written by Nintendo. It also has artwork of games in the series, a short manga, and a foreword (a short piece of writing found at the beginning of a book) and afterword (a short piece of writing found at the end of a book) written by people who created the series.

It was first released in Japan on December 21, 2011. It was released for the series' 25th anniversary and the release of The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword. It was later released in English on January 29, 2013.

The book topped Amazon.com's list of best-selling books. It also topped The New York Times Best Seller list in the "Hardcover Advice & Misc." category.

References

Other websites
Official web page for the English version

2011 books
The Legend of Zelda
The Virgin Islands are part of the Leeward Islands, which are the northern part of the Lesser Antilles. They are between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

The eastern islands are the British Virgin Islands. The British Virgin Islands is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. It includes Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Jost Van Dyke and Anegada.

The western Virgin Islands are the United States Virgin Islands. It includes St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas and Water Island. The Virgin Passage separates the U.S. Virgin Islands from the Spanish Virgin Islands of Vieques and Culebra, which are part of Puerto Rico. The United States dollar is the official currency on both the British and U.S. Virgin Islands as well as the Spanish/Puerto Rican Virgin Islands.

Caribbean islands
Archipelagos
Raab is a market town in Upper Austria. The area of Raab is .

References 

Settlements in Upper Austria
Ray Milton Dolby OBEh (January 18, 1933 – September 12, 2013) was an American engineer and inventor of the noise reduction system known as Dolby NR. He was also a co-inventor of video tape recording while at Ampex.

He was the founder of Dolby Laboratories. He was also a billionaire and a member of the Forbes 400 with an estimated net worth of $2.9 billion in 2008 although as of September 2012 it was estimated to have declined to $2.4 billion.

Dolby was born on January 18, 1933 in Portland, Oregon. He studied at San Jose State University, at Stanford University, and at Cambridge University.

Dolby was married to Dagmar Dolby from 1966 until his death in 2013. They had two children.

Dolby died on September 12, 2013 in San Francisco, California from leukemia, aged 80.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Ray Dolby bio 
Dolby, R. (2002-05-11). Some Musings on Progress in Audio. Heyser lecture at Audio Engineering Society. Retrieved on 2007-03-26 from http://aes.org/technical/112Heyser.cfm .
2004 Interview With Dolby
Group photo of the Ampex VTR team including Ray Dolby

1933 births
2013 deaths
Businesspeople from Portland, Oregon
American inventors
People with Alzheimer's disease
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Deaths from leukemia
Délfor Amaranth Dicásolo, better known as Délfor (April 25, 1920 – September 13, 2013) was an Argentine actor, comedian, screenwriter, and artist. He was known for his radio work and comedic routines. His career has lasted for 57 years.

Dicásolo was born on April 25, 1920 in Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires, Argentina. His parents were from Naples, Italy. Dicásolo had two children. He lived in Buenos Aires with his family until his death in 2013. Dicásolo died on September 13, 2013 in his Buenos Aires home from natural causes, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 

1920 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Buenos Aires
Argentine artists
Argentine comedians
Argentine screenwriters
Writers from Buenos Aires
Coming to America is a 1988 comedy movie directed by John Landis. It is about an African prince who comes to the United States in hopes of finding a woman he can marry. It stars Eddie Murphy, Arsenio Hall, James Earl Jones, John Amos, Ralph Bellamy, and Don Ameche. It was released on June 29, 1988. A sequel, Coming 2 America, was released in December 2020.

Release dates

References

1988 movies
1988 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies directed by John Landis
Movies about royalty
Movies set in a fictional country
Movies set in Africa
Movies set in New York City
Nekromantik is a controversial 1987 horror movie. The subjects look at suicide and necrophilia. This horror movie was refused classification in Australia, Iceland, New Zealand and Norway due to its graphic and explicit content. It became a cult movie during the years after its release, however.

1987 horror movies
German horror movies
A granary is a building or room (usually in a barn) that holds grain.  It keeps the grain dry so it does not spoil, and keeps it away from animals that would eat it.  They are an important part of a farm.  If the grain is lost, eaten by pests, or ruined, the farmers might starve or lose much money.

History 

Granaries have been around as long as humans have had agriculture and in some cases even before we planted crops.  The earliest ones are over 11,000 years old and stored grains that grew in the wild and were collected by hand.

Structure 

Granaries usually have few, if any, windows.  They are often built off the ground, to keep out water and mice. They will have a door near the bottom to get the grain out, and usually have an opening up high to put the grain in.

Related pages
 Silo
 Grain elevator

References 

Agricultural buildings
A silo is a building that holds silage.  Silage is green chopped plants (usually grass or corn stalks) that is kept wet (this is different than hay, which is stored dry). It ferments and can be kept all winter.  It makes good food for livestock, particularly dairy cows.

History 

The silo is a fairly recent part of the farmyard.  It was first widely used in the late 1800's.  They are still used today.

Structure 

While silage can be stored in many ways, the typical silo is a tall cylinder.  It usually has a cone or dome cap on top.  There is an opening at the top to put silage in, and doors running down one side to take it out.  Originally a farmer would climb the outside of the silo to the top of the silage, go inside, and shovel out the silage.  There is typically a chute on the outside, and the silage would fall down the chute, where it could be gathered and fed to the cows.  Now there is machinery that does that job.

References 

Agricultural buildings
The current flag of Kazakhstan () was adopted on 4 June 1992. It replaced the flag of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.

Historical flags

References 

Kazakh
Kazakhstan
The flag of the Republic of Kosovo was adopted after its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008.

The background of the flag is blue in color. A map of Kosovo and six stars are on the map.  Officially, the stars mean Kosovo's six major ethnic groups.

Reference 

Kosovo
Kosovo
Power County is a county of the U.S. state of Idaho. The area of Power County is .

Communities

Cities 
American Falls
Pocatello (partly)
Rockland

Census-designated place
Arbon Valley

Unincorporated communities 
Arbon
Neeley
Pauline
Roy

Idaho counties
1913 establishments in Idaho
The oil-paper umbrella () is a type of paper umbrella from China. It has spread to Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia, Burma, Thailand and Laos. People in these countries have developed the oil-paper umbrella with different features.

In China and Japan, in addition to use as providing shade, the oil-paper umbrella is used at weddings. In Ryukyu, it is also used at funerals.

Reference 

Chinese culture
Deontological ethics is a type of ethics and ethical theories.  It judges actions based on whether they follow certain rules. It is sometimes described as "duty" or "obligation" or "rule" -based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty". The Ancient Greek word deon is commonly translated as obligation or duty. Deontological ethics is different from consequentialism, which judges actions based on what happens because of them. It is also different from pragmatic ethics.
There are different fields of deontological ethics. Some of them are:
Immanuel Kant treated duty as very important. People call his ethics deontological ethics.
Some people believe that some actions are morally right (or morally wrong), regardless of other things, for example their consequences or the intentions behind them. People call this idea moral absolutism.
The term  divine command theory is used for several ideas that say that an action is right if God says that it is right. William of Ockham, René Descartes and eighteenth-century Calvinists all believed this, according to Ralph Cudworth, because they all stated that moral obligations arise from God's commands.

References

Ethics
Snow skin mooncake (Also known as Snowy mooncake, Ice skin mooncake or Crystal mooncake) is a Chinese food which is often eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival. A bakery in Hong Kong created snow skin mooncakes in 1989.

Snow skin mooncake is not baked. Traditional mooncakes are made with egg yolks and lotus seed paste. Therefore, there is a lot of sugar and oil in them.

References 

Chinese food
Cakes
Pragmatic ethics is a kind of ethics that focuses  on  the development in society: People such as John Dewey believe that the moral progress a society makes is related to the progress and level in science of that society. Scientists look at hypotheses and examine them; they can then act in such a way that they believe these hypotheses to be true. When science advances, future scientists can replace a hypothesis with a better one. 

Ethics
Jonathan (Jon) Philp (born 1960 in Bangkok) is an Australian diplomat and career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 

On 9 August 2012, Bob Carr announced Philp as the next Australian ambassador to Afghanistan. He presented his credentials to Afghan President Hamid Karzai on 31 January 2013. 

Before he was chosen as ambassador, Philp was the Assistant Secretary, International Organisations Branch and Assistant Secretary, Consular Operations Branch.

He has previously served overseas as Ambassador to Turkey; Deputy Head of Mission in Myanmar and postings to Saudi Arabia, Vientiane, London, Nairobi and Madrid.

Mr Philp holds a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) from the Australian National University. He speaks Arabic and French.

Postings
Postings

 1986-1988 - Third Secretary, Australian Embassy in Riyadh
 1992-1995 - Deputy Head of Mission, Australian Embassy in Yangon
 1996-1998 - Director, Southeast Asian Issues
 1999 - Assistance Secretary, Diplomatic Security Branch
 2001-2004 - Ambassador, Australian Embassy in Ankara
 2004-2007 - Head of International Relations, Woodside Petroleum
 2008-2009 - Somalia Taskforce, Nairobi
 2009-2011 - Assistance Secretary, Consular Operations Branch
 2012 - Assistant Secretary, International Organisations Branch
 2013-present - Ambassador, Australian Embassy in Kabul

References

Living people
1960 births
Ambassadors of Australia
People from Bangkok
The Centre for Conflict and Peace Studies (abbreviated CAPS) is an independent research organization, which started in July 2006. Its office is in Kabul, Afghanistan. This office is a research centre, which means that it is an important place where people can do independent research.
Most of CAPS' research is about governance, security, and developmental challenges (difficulties) in Afghanistan. 

Most research centres in Afghanistan have foreign - non-Afghan - workers, but the people who work at CAPS are from Afghanistan. CAPS is a place where people can discuss ways to change Afghanistan. The workers from CAPS tell other Afghan people about their research. They also discuss their research with people from other countries. When people from other countries come to Afghanistan to work, they can learn how to live in Afghanistan from CAPS.

Other websites
 Official website 

Research organizations in Asia
2006 establishments in Asia
Politics of Afghanistan
Kabul
Organizations based in Afghanistan
Susan Cox is an Australian diplomat and is a career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 

On 28 September 2012, she was chosen as the new Australian ambassador to Croatia. She gave her credentials to Croatian President Ivo Josipović on 14 December 2012. 

She has previously served as Ambassador to the Federated States of Micronesia, Deputy High Commissioner in Vanuatu, and Australian Vice Consul in New Caledonia.

Previous jobs she held with the department include Director of Passport Communication and Training, Director of the Post Security Taskforce and Director of the Consular Policy and Crisis Management Section.

Cox holds a Bachelor of Arts (Administration) from the University of Canberra. She is currently completing an Executive Masters in Public Administration at the Australia and New Zealand School of Government. She was awarded the Order of Australia Medal for her role in the response to the 2002 Bali bombings.

References
References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Ambassadors of Australia
South Jeolla Province, or Jeollanam-do (hangul: 전라남도; hanja: 全羅南道; McCune-Reischauer: Chŏllanam-do; Revised Romanization: Jeollanam-do), is a province in the southwest of South Korea.

The province keeps partnerships with many cities and provinces around the world.

History
The South Jeolla province was formed in 1896 from the southern half of the former Jeolla province, remained a province of Korea until the country's division in 1945, then became part of South Korea.  Gwangju was the capital of the province, until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak, Muan County in 2005.

Symbols of the province
The symbols of the province are:
Tree: Ginkgo - 은행나무 (Ginkgo biloba)
Flower: Japanese camellia - 동백나무 (Camellia japonica)
Bird: Oriental Turtle Dove - 멧비둘기 (Streptopelia orientalis)
Fish: Red seabream - 참돔 (Pagrus major)

Geography
Geography

The province is part of the Honam region, and is bounded on the west by the Yellow Sea, on the north by Jeollabukdo province, on the south by Jeju Strait, and on the east by Gyeongsangnam-do province

The province has an area of  with a population, as for 2010, of 1,9404,55 and a density of  inhabitants per km².

There are almost 2,000 islands along the coastline, about three quarters of which are uninhabited. The coastline is about  long. Some of the marine products, in particular oyster and seaweed cultivation, are leading in South Korea.

The rivers Somjin, Tamjin and Yeongsam form plains that are very good for growing rice. The largest river is the Yeongsan,  long; it flows to the southwest and forms a estuary in the Yellow Sea at Mokpo.

Climate
In coastal areas, the climate is mild and humid, with annual rainfall of  and average temperatures of . Summer is wet, windy and dry winter. The west side of the Sobaek mountains receives heavy snowfall.
Administrative divisions
Jeollanam-do is divided into 5 cities (si) and 17 counties (gun).  Listed below is the name of each entity in English, hangul, and hanja.

References

Other websites

 Jeollanam-do provincial government English-language home page 
 Office of Tourism of South Jeolla  
 Official Korea Tourism Organization: Jeollanam-do 
 lonely planet: Introducing Jeollanam-do

Provinces of South Korea
The Cheka  was the first  Soviet state security organization. It was created on 20 December 1917, after a decree issued by Vladimir Lenin. Its first leader was Polish aristocrat-turned-communist Felix Dzerzhinsky.

History 
By late 1918, hundreds of Cheka committees had been created in the cities. Many thousands of dissidents, deserters, or other people were arrested, tortured or executed by Cheka groups.  After 1922, Cheka groups underwent many reorganizations, as did the NKVD.  

From its start, the Cheka was an important military and security arm of the Bolshevik communist government. In 1921 the troops of the Cheka numbered 200,000. These troops policed and ran the Gulag system; "requisitioned" food; tortured and executed political opponents; put down rebellions and riots by workers or peasants, and mutinies in the desertion-plagued Red Army.

Cheka was succeeded by OGPU in 1922, but its members were still called Chekists.
Name
The full name of the Cheka in 1918 was (in Russian) the "All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption".

A member of Cheka was called a "chekist" throughout the Soviet period, despite various official name changes. The term is still found in use in Russia today. For example, President Vladimir Putin has been referred to in the Russian media as a "chekist" due to his career in the KGB.

References 

Soviet intelligence agencies
1917 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in the Soviet Union