Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Challenges 
Some people strongly believe that dry toilets are the best way deal with excrement, others argue that they cannot be done everywhere, and others simply do not want to change their habits. Dry toilets reduce water consumption and pollution, recover valuable nutrients for agriculture, and (when managed properly) eliminate diseases and chemicals efficiently. 

It has been difficult to install and manage many dry toilets in cities (for example, in the Erdos Eco-City of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China). Designs need to be fine-tuned and we need to be very careful during construction and management. The users also need to learn about the benefits of dry toilets and how to properly use them.

History 
Further information: Toilet § History (in English Wikipedia)

Nearly all toilets were dry toilets, and excrement was valued in agriculture, until flush toilets were invented.
Great Britain 
In Britain, dry toilets were still used in some areas (including cities) until the 1940s. It seems that these were often emptied directly onto gardens, where the excreta was used as fertiliser.[6] Sewer systems did not come to some rural areas in Britain until the 1950s or later.

Australia 
Brisbane, Australia, was largely unsewered until the early 1970s, with many suburbs having dry toilets (called "dunnies") behind each house.

Related pages
 Sanitation
 Waste management

References

Other websites 
 Global Dry Toilet Association of Finland  
 Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Discussion Forum
 Dry toilet publications in the library of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
 InodoroSeco Blog of experiences and ideas about dry toilets (in Spanish and English)

Toilets
Lumbrein was a municipality of the district Surselva in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The municipalities of Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn, Vella, and Vrin merged on 1 January 2013, into the new municipality of Lumnezia.

Other websites

 Official Website

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Karl Ravens (June 29, 1927 – September 8, 2017) was a German politician.

Ravens was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He served as the Federal Minister of Regional Planning, Construction and Urban Development for West Germany from 1974 to 1978. 

He was also a member of the synod of the Evangelical Church in Germany from 1979 to 1981.

Ravens was born in Achim, Lower Saxony, and died in Hanover, at the age of 90.

References

1927 births
2017 deaths
Members of the German Bundestag
German Lutherans
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from Lower Saxony
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Hansje Bunschoten (3 May 1958 – 1 October 2017) was a freestyle swimmer and television presenter from the Netherlands. She competed for her native country at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. As a member of the Dutch Relay Teams she finished in fifth place, both in the 4 × 100 m medley and the 4 × 100 m freestyle.

Bunschoten was born in Hilversum and died of complications from breast cancer in Berlin on 1 October 2017 at the age of 59.

References

Other websites

1958 births
2017 deaths
1972 Summer Olympics
Cancer deaths in Germany
Deaths from breast cancer
Dutch journalists
Dutch Olympians
Dutch swimmers
Dutch television presenters
Sportspeople from Hilversum
Sports commentators
Sportswomen
Edmond Maire (24 January 1931 – 1 October 2017) was a French labor union leader. He was the secretary general of the French Democratic Confederation of Labour from 1971 to 1988. He was dismissive of strike actions and supported a more equal division of labour.

Maire died on 1 October 2017 in Paris at the age of 86.

References

Other websites 
 

1931 births
2017 deaths
Trade unionists
Politicians from Paris
A plant community (sometimes "photosynthesis" or "photosynthesis") is a collection or association of plant species within a designated geographical unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of different vegetation types.

Plants
Ecology
Larisa Ilinichna Volpert (30 March 1926  – 1 October 2017 ) was a Soviet-Russian chess Woman Grandmaster and Soviet-Russian-Estonian philologist of Jewish descent.

She was three times  Soviet women's chess champion (1954, 1958, and 1959). She earned the Woman International Master title in 1954 and the Woman Grandmaster title in 1977.

Volpert was born in Leningrad and died in Tallinn, Estonia at the age of 91.

References

1926 births
2017 deaths
Soviet academics
Estonian scientists
Jewish sportspeople
Jewish writers
Russian chess players
Russian Jews
Soviet chess players
Soviet writers
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Robert Elsie (June 29, 1950 – October 2, 2017) was a Canadian scholar who specialized in Albanian literature and folklore. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He was known for his works Albanian Literature : A Short History and The Highland Lute (Lahuta e Malcís): The Albanian National Epic. As a translator, Elsie offered the reader “a selection of songs from the best known cycle of Albanian epic verse”.

Elsie died of complications from ALS in Bonn, Germany on October 2, 2017 at the age of 67.

References

Other websites
Elsie's personal site.

1950 births
2017 deaths
People from Vancouver
Canadian translators
Writers from British Columbia
Arthur "Art" Janov (; (August 21, 1924 – October 1, 2017) was an American psychologist, psychotherapist, and the creator of primal therapy, a treatment for mental illness that involves repeatedly descending into, feeling, and experiencing long-repressed childhood pain. He was born in Los Angeles, California. 

Janov directed a psychotherapy institute called the Primal Center in Santa Monica, California. Janov was the author of many books, most notably The Primal Scream (1970).

Janov died in his sleep of respiratory arrest after suffering a stroke at his home in Malibu, California on October 1, 2017 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 Dr Arthur Janov's Primal Center
 Janov's Reflections on the Human Condition Arthur Janov's Blog
 Grand Delusions—Psychotherapies Without Feeling (2005)  unpublished manuscript available at the Primal Center's website
 Life Before Birth website

1924 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from respiratory arrest
Deaths from stroke
American psychologists
Writers from Los Angeles
Julie Payette (born October 20, 1963) is a Canadian businesswoman, former astronaut, engineer, and was the 29th Governor General of Canada.

Payette has completed two spaceflights, STS-96 and STS-127, logging more than 25 days in space. She served as chief astronaut for the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and has served as capsule communicator at NASA Mission Control Center in Houston.

She resigned on January 21, 2020. She was the first Governor General to leave office due to scandal.

References

1963 births
Living people
Governors General of Canada
Canadian businesspeople
Canadian astronauts
Canadian engineers
Politicians from Montreal
University of Toronto alumni
Aerospace engineers‎
The University of Texas tower shooting was a school shooting in the United States. It happened on August 1, 1966. It took place in Austin, Texas at University of Texas at Austin.

Sixteen people were killed in the incident. A 17th victim succumbed to his injuries in 2001.

Charles Whitman was the mass murderer. It has been suggested that Whitman's violent impulses, with which he struggled for years, were caused by a tumor on his brain. Whitman had killed his wife and his mother hours earlier.

After the shootings, the observation deck was closed. The many bullet holes were repaired. The tower was closed again in 1975 after four suicides. It reopened in 1999 after security features were put up.

References

1966 in the United States
1960s crimes in the United States
1960s in Texas
August events
Disasters in Texas
History of Austin, Texas
Mass murder in Texas
Massacres in the United States
Murder in the 1960s
Murders by firearm in the United States
University and college shootings in the United States
On the night of October 1, 2017, Stephen Paddock fired hundreds of bullets from his hotel room on the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States at a group of concert-goers across the road at the Route 91 Harvest music festival with AK-47s and AR-15s. From his 32nd floor balcony, Paddock fired over 1000 bullets into the festival. He killed 60 people and wounded 411 before committing suicide. The panic meant that the total injured increased to 867. It is the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the United States.

Background
Paddock also thought about attacking other events before Las Vegas. He had researched events in Boston since at least May 2017, and had reserved a room near the August 2017 Lollapalooza festival in Chicago, but did not use it.
Attack
After Paddock used a hammer to break two of the windows in both of his suites at the Mandalay Bay, he began shooting through them at 10:05p.m. He ultimately fired over 1,000 rifle rounds approximately  into the festival audience. He started out with a few single gunshots before firing in bursts that usually ranged from 80 rounds to 100 rounds. Many people in the crowd thought the gunfire was fireworks. During the shooting, a security fence stopped people from escaping the 15-acre concrete lot. The gunfire continued, with some short pauses, over the span of ten minutes and ended by 10:15p.m. During these pauses (during reload and while the assailant was confronting Campos), most people at the concert were able to escape the venue.

In addition to shooting at the concertgoers, Paddock fired eight bullets at a large jet fuel tank at Harry Reid International Airport  away.

At 10:12p.m., two officers on the 31st floor reported the sounds of gunfire on the floor above them.
Between 10:26 p.m. and 10:30p.m., eight additional officers arrived at the 32nd floor. At 10:55p.m., the officers finished evacuating guests. At 11:20p.m., police breached Room 32–135 with explosives. Paddock was found dead on the floor from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. At 11:27p.m., officers announced over the police radio that a suspect was down.

Shooter 
The shooter was identified as 64-year-old Stephen Craig Paddock, who lived in Mesquite, Nevada. Police, relatives and neighbors described him as a gambler. When police arrived at his hotel room, Paddock was found dead there; he had killed himself with a self-inflicted gunshot wound. His motive for the shooting is unknown and has not been discovered by investigators.
Reactions 
President Donald Trump posted on Twitter of his "warmest condolences and sympathies to the victims and families of the terrible Las Vegas shooting". In a public meeting with the press the next morning, he said the shooting was an "act of pure evil", a "senseless murder" and a "terrible, terrible attack". He praised the "miraculous" quick action of first responders. Later, he met with the victims on October 4, along with their relatives and police.

Notes

References

2017 mass shootings in the United States
2017 murders in the United States
21st century in Nevada

2017 shooting
Mass murder in 2017
Massacres in the United States
Murder-suicides in the United States
October 2017 events
St James's Park is one of the oldest parks in the City of Westminster in London. It is  large and is surrounded by buildings including two palaces: Buckingham Palace, Green Park, Queen's Gardens, the Victoria Memorial, Horse Guards, Birdcage Walk. It opens every day and welcomes more than five million visitors per year. In the park there is a small lake called St James's Park Lake with two islands: West Island and Duck Island (a duck reserve).

References

Geography of London
Stephen Craig Paddock (April 9, 1953 – October 1, 2017) was an American mass murderer.

Paddock killed 60 and injured 489 people during a country music festival on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada on October 1, 2017. After being discovered by the police in Mandalay Bay resort, he committed suicide by shooting himself.

According to police, Paddock acted alone. His motive remains unknown. There has been some discussion around brain pathology.

He was born in Clinton, Iowa and grew up in Tucson, Arizona and Sun Valley, Los Angeles. He lived in Mesquite, Nevada, and was a retired accountant.

His father Benjamin Hoskins Paddock (1926–1998) was a bank robber.

References 

 NBC News

1953 births
2017 deaths
Accountants
American atheists
American aviators
American murderers
Businesspeople from Tucson, Arizona
Businesspeople from Iowa
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Criminals from California
Murderers who committed suicide
Suicide in 2017
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Paul Lawrence Modrich (born June 13, 1946) is an American biochemist. He is known for his research on DNA mismatch repair. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015, together with Aziz Sancar and Tomas Lindahl.

He was born on June 13, 1946, in Raton, New Mexico to Laurence and Margaret Modrich. He has a younger brother Dave. His father was a biology teacher and coach for basketball, football and tennis at Raton High School where he graduated in 1964.

His work 
He works primarily on strand-directed mismatch repair. His lab demonstrated how DNA mismatch repair serves as a copyeditor to prevent errors from DNA polymerase. Matthew Meselson previously proposed the existence of recognition of mismatches. Modrich performed biochemical experiments to study mismatch repair in E. coli. They later searched for proteins associated with mismatch repair in humans.

References

1946 births
Living people
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Stanford University alumni
Scientists from New Mexico
The Reich President (German: Reichspräsident) was the president (head of state) of the German Reich during the Weimar Republic (1919-1933) and Nazi Germany (1933-1945).

The Reich President was the successor of the German emperor. He had more power than the current Federal President (Bundespräsident).

The Reich President was elected for a seven-year term by the German people, and could be re-elected. He was the head of the army, appointed and relieved the Reich Chancellor (Reichskanzler), and could also send away the Reichstag.

The Reich President was supposed to exercise the legislative power with the Reichstag but due to the instable situation of the Weimar Republic, he was often bypassing the Reichstag by using special legislation. This was the case during the early years of the Reich Presidency and especially in the early 1930s. During the Hitler period the Reichstag was just show.

Presidents
Presidents

Weimar Republic:
 Friedrich Ebert (1919-1925, SPD, died in office)
 Hans Luther (1925, no political party, acting)
 Walter Simons (1925, no political party, acting)
 Paul von Hindenburg (1925-1933, no political party, re-elected in 1932)

Nazi Germany:
 Paul von Hindenburg (1933-1934, no political party, died in office)
 Adolf Hitler (1934-1945, NSDAP, killed himself) 
 Karl Dönitz (1945, NSDAP, imprisoned)

Presidential Standards

References 
Presidents and Assemblies, Chapter 4. Matthew Soberg Shugart, John M. Carey. Cambridge University Press. 1992.
Renens is a municipality of the district Ouest lausannois in the Swiss canton of Vaud.

It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne.

References

Other websites 

Renens Homepage 

Municipalities in Ouest Lausannois
Cities in Switzerland
Birsfelden (Swiss German: Birsfälde) is a municipality in Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Landschaft in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 

Municipalities in Arlesheim
Cities in Switzerland
Obersaxen Mundaun is a new municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Mundaun and Obersaxen merged into the new municipality of Obersaxen Mundaun.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Obersaxen Mundaun 

2016 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities in Surselva
BuzzFeed is an internet media company based in New York City. It has offices around the world. BuzzFeed was founded in 2006 by Jonah Peretti and John S. Johnson III.

Other websites 
BuzzFeed

References

2006 establishments in the United States
Entertainment websites
Obersaxen () was a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Obersaxen and Mundaun merged into the new municipality of Obersaxen Mundaun.

Villages
Platenga, Affeier, Egga, Misanenga, Miraniga, Meierhof, Giraniga, St. Joseph, Tschappina and St. Martin.

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Illtal is a new commune in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. It was incorporated on 1 January 2016 by the combination of the former communes of Grentzingen, Henflingen and Oberdorf.

References 

Communes in Haut-Rhin
2016 establishments in France
Oberdorf is a former commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Illtal.

References 

Former communes in Haut-Rhin
2016 disestablishments in France
Kœstlach is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Tokenism is the term used to describe the act of putting a person of a minority group (called a "token character") into something for the sole purpose of trying to be seen as inclusive to that minority group. This is often done only to avoid controversy, with little or no effort being put in to give said person a role other than being there to represent a minority. A "token character" is normally a woman or person of color, while other common examples include people with disabilities, different religions, different body types, or different political stances. Stereotypes are commonly used to portray token characters. 

Race
Charles Lewis "Chuck" Low (July 21, 1928 – September 18, 2017) was an American actor. He was born in New York City, New York. He was known for his role as Morris "Morrie" Kessler in the Martin Scorsese movie Goodfellas (1990). He has had small roles in other Robert De Niro movies, such as The Mission, The King of Comedy, and most notably in Sergio Leone's 1984 movie Once Upon a Time in America.

Low died on September 18, 2017 in Allendale, New Jersey at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

Chuck Low bio at TheSopranos.com 

1928 births
2017 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Eisleben is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is famous as the hometown of Martin Luther; because of this, its official name is Lutherstadt Eisleben. In 2015, Eisleben had a population of 24,198.

Eisleben has two parts old town and new town (Altstadt and Neustadt). The new town was created for Eisleben's miners in the 14th century.

Eisleben was the capital of the district of Mansfelder Land and is the seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ("collective municipality") Lutherstadt Eisleben.

History
History

Eisleben was first written about in 997 as a market called Islebia, and in 1180 as a town. The counts of Mansfeld governed the area until the 18th century. In 1780, Eisleben came directly under the Electorate of Saxony. After the Napoleonic Wars, Eisleben became part of the Kingdom of Prussia. The Prussian Province of Saxony became part of the Free State of Prussia in the German Reich after World War I. After World War II, Eisleben became part of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) until Germany's reuinification in 1990.

Helfta
Helfta

In 1229, the Counts of Mansfield started a convent for women. At first, it was on the grounds of their castle. Then they built a separate convent at Helfta near Eisleben, which opened in 1258. It was governed under either the Benedictine or Cistercian model. It became known for its powerful and mystical abbesses, including Gertrude of Hackeborn, Gertrude the Great and Mechtild. However, Duke Albrecht of Brunswick destroyed the convent in 1342. It was rebuilt the next year. It closed in 1524, but later reopened on a smaller scale until 1542

In 1542, it came under the control of local farmers. In 1712 it became a farm run by the Prussian state. In 1994, the Catholic Diocese of Magdeburg bought the property and began restoring the building. Cistercian nuns from Seligenthal in Bavaria moved in starting in approximately 1999.

Martin Luther
Martin Luther

The Protestant reformer Martin Luther was born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483. His father, Hans Luther, was a miner. Luther's family moved to Mansfeld when he was only a year old; he lived in Wittenberg most of his life. Luther preached his last sermon and died in Eisleben in 1546.

Eisleben started preserving its Luther memorials in 1689.

In 1997, Eisleben's "Birth House" and "Death House" were added to the World Heritage List. Also, Luther was baptised in Eisleben's St. Peter and Paul Church. He preached his last sermons at St. Andreas Church.

Historical population 
The population has been declining since the mid-1960s due to declining birth rates and people moving away. The municipal area has been enlarged several times by merging with neighboring districts.

* population as of 31st December, except for 1964–1981: census

People
People

 Gertrude the Great (1256–1301), mystic, saint of the Catholic Church
 Martin Luther (1483–1546), Protestant reformer, author and professor of theology
 Johannes Agricola (1494–1566), Protestant reformer
 Michael Teuber (1524–1586), lawyer
 Caspar Schütz (around 1540-1594) German historian
 Friedrich Koenig (1774–1821), printer
 Ludwig Geyer (1779–1833), painter, playwright and actor
 Friedrich August von Quenstedt (1809–1889), geologist and paleontologist
 Carl Fischer (1841–1906), worker and author
 Max Schneider (1875–1967), music historian
 Hermann Lindrath (1896–1960), CDU politician and minister
 Egbert Hayessen (1913–1944), major and resistance fighter of 20 July 1944
 Ute Starke (born 1939), gymnast, Summer Olympics 1960, 1964 and 1968
 Gudrun Berend (1955-2011), hurdler
 Thomas Lange (born 1964), two-time Olympic champion in rowing
 Timo Hoffmann (born 1974), boxer

Twin town
 Wycliffestead Lutterworth, United Kingdom, since 2015

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Official homepage
 Luther Sites in Eisleben
 3D - model of the Birthplace Luther 

Landmarks in Germany
Martin Luther
World Heritage Sites in Germany
Philippe Rahmy (5 June 1965 – 1 October 2017) was a Swiss poet and writer. He was born in Geneva, Switzerland. He was a founding member of the prominent French literary site remue.net which focused on promoting contemporary literature over the Internet and through live events. He also worked as a photographer and as a director of award-winning independent short movies.

In 2017, he won the Swiss Literature Award.

Rahmy died of complications from brittle bone disease in Geneva on 1 October 2017 at the age of 52.

References

Other websites
 Bibliothèque cantonale universitaire 
 articles by Philippe Rahmy on remue.net
 texts by Philippe Rahmy on remue.net
 poetry books edited by Cheyne Editeur 
 rahmyfiction.net Philippe Rahmy's blog

1965 births
2017 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
Swiss poets
Swiss novelists
Swiss photographers
Writers from Geneva
The Spanish Fighting Bull (Toro Bravo, toro de lidia, toro lidiado, ganado bravo, Touro de Lide) is an Iberian heterogeneous cattle population. 

It is primarily bred free-range on extensive estates in Spain, Portugal, France and Latin American countries where bull fighting is organized. Fighting bulls are selected primarily for a certain combination of aggression, energy, strength, and stamina.

References

Other websites

Cattle breeds

National symbols of Spain
Victorino Martín Andrés (6 March 1929 – 3 October 2017) was a Spanish Fighting Bull cattle rancher. He was born in Madrid, Spain. In 2011, he received the Order of the Second of May, a high honor in Spain. He was known for breeding many Fighting Bulls which were later used for bullfighting in venues in Spain and France.

Martín died at his home in Portezuelo, Province of Cáceres, Spain of a stroke on 3 October 2017 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites

 Web de Victorino Martín
 Muere Victorino Martín

1929 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from stroke
People from Madrid
Ranchers
Rodney Kevan Bickerstaffe (6 April 1945 – 3 October 2017) was a British trade unionist. He served as President of the United Kingdom National Pensioners Convention. He was leader of Britain's largest trade union, UNISON until 2001. He was born in Hammersmith, London, England.

Bickerstaffe died in London on 3 October 2017 at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
 National Pensioners Convention website 
 Ken Gill Memorial Fund 

1945 births
2017 deaths
British activists
People from London
Evangelina Elizondo (28 April 1929 – October 2, 2017) was a Mexican actress, writer, painter and singer. She was born in Mexico City. She was known for her roles in Frontera Norte, El Castillo de los Monstrous, and in A Walk in the Clouds. She was also a singer known for "La sensacional Evangelina" and writer who wrote Pensamiento abierto.

Elizondo died in Mexico City on October 2, 2017 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 Elizondo's paintings
 

1929 births
2017 deaths
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican painters
Mexican writers
Actors from Mexico City
Singers from Mexico City
Astigmatism is defined as the eye creating two images instead of one image on the retina. This happens when the power of the eye isn't the same in all directions, often because the front of the eye (the cornea) is shaped more like the back of a spoon than a perfect sphere. Astigmatism does not affect the health of the eye, and eyes with astigmatism can be perfectly healthy.

The result is that objects look blurry, but how much blur is different in different directions, which is why people with astigmatism often have trouble reading some letters but not others.  It can also cause headaches and eyestrain. In most cases it is easily fixed with glasses, contact lenses, or surgery.

Diseases and disorders of the eye
Animal Jam is a beloved American children's puppet TV series that made its debut on the small screen on February 15, 2003, captivating the hearts of young viewers everywhere. This enchanting show was a collaborative masterpiece, brought to life through the combined efforts of industry giants like The Jim Henson Company, HiT Entertainment, and Discovery Kids.

From its very first episode, Animal Jam embarked on a remarkable journey, captivating young audiences with its imaginative storytelling and endearing puppet characters. Set against the backdrop of a vibrant and lively world, the show seamlessly blended entertainment with education, offering a unique and engaging experience for children.
Each episode of Animal Jam was a delightful exploration of the animal kingdom, where viewers were invited to join in on thrilling adventures, guided by a lovable cast of puppet characters. The captivating blend of puppetry, animation, and live-action segments created a visually captivating and educational experience, making it a cherished part of many children's television memories.

The show's partnership between The Jim Henson Company, known for its unparalleled expertise in puppetry and character design, HiT Entertainment's commitment to quality children's content, and the platform provided by Discovery Kids resulted in a series that left an indelible mark on the world of children's entertainment.

Animal Jam's legacy continues to endure, not only as a testament to the magic of puppetry and storytelling but also as a cherished piece of American television history, reminding us of the power of creativity and imagination in fostering learning and wonder in the hearts of children.
2000s children's television series
2003 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
Solomon Joseph "Solly" Hemus (April 17, 1923 – October 2, 2017) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager, and coach in Major League Baseball (MLB). Hemus was one of a select group of major league players to hold a role as a player-manager. He was born in Phoenix, Arizona. He played and managed for the St. Louis Cardinals and briefly played for the Philadelphia Phillies.

Hemus died on October 2, 2017 in Houston, Texas at the age of 94.

References

1923 births
2017 deaths
St. Louis Cardinals players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
Klaus Huber (30 November 1924 – 2 October 2017) was a Swiss composer and academic based in Basel and Freiburg. He became one of the leading figures of his generation in Europe, compared to Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen.

Among his students are Brian Ferneyhough, Younghi Pagh-Paan, Toshio Hosokawa, Wolfgang Rihm and Kaija Saariaho. He received the Ernst von Siemens Music Prize in 2009, among other awards.

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
Swiss composers
Swiss academics
People from Bern
Kim Un-yong or Un Yong Kim (3 March 1931 – 2 October 2017) was a South Korean sports administrator, Vice-President of the International Olympic Committee, and founding member of the WTF executive board. Kim Un-yong was elected the president of the Korean Taekwondo Association on 23 January 1971. He was born in Daegu, South Korea.

References

1931 births
2017 deaths
South Korean sportspeople
South Korean businesspeople
Sports executives and administrators
International Olympic Committee
Paul Stevens Otellini (October 12, 1950 – October 2, 2017) was an American businessman and onetime president and CEO of Intel. He was also on the board of directors of Google. He was born in San Francisco, California. On November 19, 2012, Otellini announced his intention to retire in May 2013.

Otellini died in his sleep on October 2, 2017 at his home in Santa Rosa, California at the age of 66.

References

Other websites

Intel website biography
Otellini talking about innovation.

1950 births
2017 deaths
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Robert Yates (April 19, 1943 – October 2, 2017) was an American NASCAR engine builder and former owner of the Sprint Cup Series team Yates Racing, owned since 2007 by his son Doug. He purchased the team from Harry Ranier in 1988, with driver Davey Allison. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Yates won the NASCAR Winston Cup champion (1999).

Yates died at the age of 74 on October 2, 2017 from liver cancer.

References

Other websites
 Robert Yates Racing Engines
 YATES RACING team page at fordracing.com

1943 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
Businesspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
Engineers from North Carolina
NASCAR
Scientists from North Carolina
Muhammad Fuad Masum ( Muḥammad Fūād Ma‘ṣūm; Kurdish: , born 1 January 1938) was the seventh President of Iraq from 24 July 2014 through 2 October 2019.

Masum is a veteran Iraqi Kurdish politician and was elected as President following the 2014 parliamentary election. 

Masum is the second non-Arab president of Iraq, replacing Jalal Talabani, also Kurdish, and is a friend of Talabani.

References

1938 births
Living people
Presidents of Iraq
Prime Ministers of Iraq
Michel Valentin Marcel Jouvet (16 November 1925 – 3 October 2017) was a French neurobiologist and oneirologist. He was Emeritus Professor of Experimental Medicine at the University of Lyon. He was born in Lons-le-Saunier, Jura, France. Jouvet was the researcher who first developed the analeptic drug Modafinil. He was elected in 1977 to the French Academy of Sciences. He developed the idea and term of REM sleep.

Jouvet died in Lyon, France on 3 October 2017 at the age of 91.

References

1925 births
2017 deaths
French physicians
French neuroscientists
People from Jura
Lons-le-Saunier
Oneirology (; from Greek ὄνειρον, oneiron, "dream"; and -λογία, -logia, "the study of") is the scientific study of dreams.  

Current research seeks connections between dreaming and current knowledge about how the brain works, as well as understanding of how the brain works during dreaming as pertains to memory formation and mental disorders. The study of oneirology can mean from dream interpretation in that the aim is to quantitatively study the process of dreams instead of analyzing the meaning behind them.
Oneirology is about dreams and how they work. Most dreams happen in the REM [rapid eye movement] phase of their sleep. Dreams can have a good chance of coming true. Lucid dreaming is when the dreamer gains some control over their dream.

Related pages
 Rapid eye movement
More readings
 Aserinsky, E. and N. Kleitman. 1953. "Regularly Occurring Periods of Eye Motility and Concomitant Phenomena during Sleep." Science 118: 273-274.
 Dement, W.C. and N. Kleitman. 1957. "The Relation of Eye Movements during Sleep to Dream Activity: An Objective Method for the Study of Dreaming." Journal of Experimental Psychology 53: 339-346.
 Domhoff, G. William. 2003. The Scientific Study of Dreams. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 Gackenbach, Jayne and Stephen LaBerge, Eds. 1988. Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain. New York: Plenum Press.
 Hadfield, J. A. 1969. Dreams and Nightmares. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books.
 Hobson, J. Allan. The Dreaming Brain. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.

Sleep
Psychology
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (, , ; 29 September 1934 – 20 October 2021) was a Hungarian-American psychologist. He was known because of his work in the psychological concept of flow, a highly focused mental state. He was the Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Management at Claremont Graduate University.  

He was the head of the department of psychology at the University of Chicago and of the department of sociology and anthropology at Lake Forest College.

Csikszentmihalyi died on 20 October 2021 in Claremont, California from cardiac arrest at the age of 87.

References

1934 births
2021 deaths
Hungarian scientists
American psychologists
Academics from California
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Chicago
Scientists from California
University of Chicago faculty
Howard Earl Gardner (born July 11, 1943) is an American developmental psychologist and the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. He is currently the senior director of Harvard Project Zero. Since 1995, he has been the co-director of The Good Project.

Gardner was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He studied at Harvard College. He is married to Ellen Winner. They have a son, Benjamin.

Gardner has written hundreds of research articles and thirty books that have been translated into more than thirty languages.  He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences, as outlined in his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

References

Other websites

  The Good Project
The Official Howard Gardner Website
The Official Website of Multiple Intelligences Theory
Project Zero
Faculty Profile  — Harvard Graduate School of Education website
1943 births
Living people
American psychologists
Educators from Pennsylvania
Scientists from Pennsylvania
People from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Wilhelm Eduard Freiherr von Schoen (June 3, 1851 in Worms – April 24, 1933 in Berchtesgaden) was a German diplomat and politician.

Von Schoen was ambassador in Saint Petersburg and Paris. He handed the declaration of war to the French in 1914.

From 1907 to 1910 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Von Schoen wrote several non-fiction books, among others about World War I.

He died in the German Alps at the age of 81.

References 
  Friedrich Wilhelm von Schön. Eine biographische Skizze. Stadtverwaltung Worms: Städtisches Spiel- und Festhaus. Pages 31–43. Worms, 1966. Fritz Reuter.

1851 births
1933 deaths
Ambassadors of Germany
German nobility
German people of World War I
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
Government ministers of the German Empire
People from Worms, Germany
Politicians from Rhineland-Palatinate
Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von Bethmann Hollweg (November 29, 1856 in Hohenfinow (nowadays in Brandenburg) – January 1, 1921 in the same place) was a German independent politician. He was Reich Chancellor (Reichskanzler) of the German Empire during the greatest part of World War I.

Von Bethmann Holweg studied law at the University of Strasbourg, Leipzig University and the Humboldt-University of Berlin. He started working in the civil service of Prussia in 1882. He became president of the Province of Brandenburg in 1899. He was twice Minister of the Interior: of Prussia from 1905 to 1907, and of the German Empire from 1907 to 1909. He was also Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1907 to 1909.
He became Reich Chancellor in July 1909, succeeding Bernhard von Bülow. Before the war he tried in vain to improve relations with the United Kingdom. During the war he unsuccessfully opposed the launching of the U-boat warfare without any restrictions in March 1917. Because of peace efforts of the Reichstag he resigned in July 1917, and was succeeded by Georg Michaelis.

After the war he wrote his memoirs. Von Bethmann Hollweg died of pneumonia at the age of 64.

References 
 www.jstor.org

1856 births
1921 deaths
Chancellors of the German Empire
German autobiographers
Prussian nobility
German people of World War I
Government ministers of the German Empire
Members of the Reichstag (German Empire)
Politicians from Brandenburg
Prussian politicians
Vice Chancellors of Germany
There are 3 arrondissements in the Savoie department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Savoie are:

History
Since its creation in 1860, the Savoie department has had few changes:
 1860 : creation of the department from the southern part of the Duchy of Sardinia with four arrondissements: Chambéry, Albertville, Moûtiers and Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne. The capital was Chambéry.
 1926 : the arrondissement of Moûtiers was eliminated and its territory became part of the arrondissement of Albertville.
Related pages
 Arrondissement of Albertville
 Arrondissement of Chambéry
 Arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
 List of arrondissements of France

References
Carman is a town in the Pembina Valley Region of southern Manitoba. As of 2011 about 3,000 people lived there.

Towns in Manitoba
Michel Aoun (, ; born 18 February 1935) is a Lebanese politician. He is the 17th and current President of Lebanon. He was elected president on 31 October 2016 on the 46th electoral session of the Lebanese parliament, breaking a 29-month deadlock. He is a Maronite Christian and the founder of the Free Patriotic Movement.

References

Other websites

1935 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Presidents of Lebanon
Prime Ministers of Lebanon
Jesús Mosterín (1941 – 4 October 2017) was a Spanish philosopher and a thinker of broad spectrum, often at the frontier between science and philosophy. He was born in Bilbao, Spain. His works are based off Bertrand Russell’s History of Western Philosophy, whose foreword he composed, Some of the books of the series are devoted, for example, to Archaic thought, Aristotle and the philosophy of India.

References

1941 births
2017 deaths
Spanish writers
Spanish philosophers
People from Bilbao
Chittani Ramachandra Hegde (1 January 1933 – 3 October 2017) was an Indian artist. He was one of the most popular Yakshagana artiste from Honnavara, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka (his birthplace). He was awarded with Padma Shri award in 2012. His career lasted until his death in 2017. Hegde was the first artist performing Yakshagana, to receive Padmashri award and he dedicated the award to "Yakshagana".

Hegde died of a stroke complicated by pneumonia at a hospital in Mumbai, India on 3 October 2017 at the age of 84.

References

1933 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from pneumonia
Indian artists
Indian dancers
Davoud Ahmadinejad (13 March 1950 – 4 October 2017) was an Iranian politician and older brother of former Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Parvin Ahmadinejad. He was born in Aradan, Iran.

After the election of his brother as president in 2005, he was appointed as the head of the Presidential Inspection Commission.

In 2013, Ahmadinejad ran for President of Iran in the presidential election in 2013, but withdrew before the election was held. 

On 4 October 2017, Ahmadinejad died in Tehran of a heart attack at the age of 67.

References

1950 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Iranian Muslims
Iranian politicians
The arrondissement of Albertville is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Savoie département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital, and a subprefecture of the department, is the city of Albertville.

History
When the Savoie department was created in 1860, the arrondissement of Albertville was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Albertville is bordered to the north by the Haute-Savoie department, to the east by Italy, to the south by the arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne and to the west by the arrondissement of Chambéry.

It is in the north of the department and is the largest arrondissement with an area of , and the second in population, with 111,839 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Albertville, there are 5 cantons:
Albertville-1 (7303)
 Albertville-2 (7304)
 Bourg-Saint-Maurice (7305)
 Moûtiers (7313)
 Ugine (7319)

Communes
The arrondissement of Albertville has 74 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
Aigueblanche (73003)
 Aime-la-Plagne (73006)
 Albertville (73011)
 Allondaz (73014)
 Les Allues (73015)
 Les Avanchers-Valmorel (73024)
 La Bâthie (73032)
 Beaufort (73034)
 Les Belleville (73257)
 Le Bois (73045)
 Bonneval (73046)
 Bonvillard (73048)
 Bourg-Saint-Maurice (73054)
 Bozel (73055)
 Brides-les-Bains (73057)
 Césarches (73061)
 Cevins (73063)
 Champagny-en-Vanoise (73071)
 Les Chapelles (73077)
 Cléry (73086)
 Cohennoz (73088)
 Courchevel (73227)
 Crest-Voland (73094)
 Esserts-Blay (73110)
 Feissons-sur-Isère (73112)
 Feissons-sur-Salins (73113)
 Flumet (73114)
 Frontenex (73121)
 La Giettaz (73123)
 Gilly-sur-Isère (73124)
 Grésy-sur-Isère (73129)
 Grignon (73130)
 Hautecour (73131)
 Hauteluce (73132)
 Landry (73142)
 La Léchère (73187)
 Marthod (73153)
 Mercury (73154)
 Montagny (73161)
 Montailleur (73162)
 Monthion (73170)
 Montvalezan (73176)
 Moûtiers (73181)
 Notre-Dame-de-Bellecombe (73186)
 Notre-Dame-des-Millières (73188)
 Notre-Dame-du-Pré (73190)
 Pallud (73196)
Pallud (73196)
 Peisey-Nancroix (73197)
 La Plagne-Tarentaise (73150)
 Planay (73201)
 Plancherine (73202)
 Pralognan-la-Vanoise (73206)
 Queige (73211)
 Rognaix (73216)
 Sainte-Foy-Tarentaise (73232)
 Sainte-Hélène-sur-Isère (73241)
 Saint-Jean-de-Belleville (73244)
 Saint-Marcel (73253)
 Saint-Nicolas-la-Chapelle (73262)
 Saint-Oyen (73266)
 Saint-Paul-sur-Isère (73268)
 Saint-Vital (73283)
 Salins-Fontaine (73284)
 Séez (73285)
 Thénésol (73292)
 Tignes (73296)
 Tournon (73297)
 Tours-en-Savoie (73298)
 Ugine (73303)
 Val-d'Isère (73304)
 Venthon (73308)
 Verrens-Arvey (73312)
 Villard-sur-Doron (73317)
 Villaroger (73323)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Savoie department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Albertville
In Norse mythology, Vanaheimr (Old Norse for "home of the Vanir") is one of the Nine Worlds and home of the Vanir. The Vanir are the gods of fertility, wisdom, and the ability to see the future.

Vanaheimr is described in the Poetic Edda; which was put together in the 13th century from earlier stories. The Prose Edda and Heimskringla were both written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. In the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda, Vanaheimr is said to be the location where the Van god Njörðr was raised. In Norse cosmology, Vanaheimr is considered one of the Nine Worlds.

References 

Places in Norse mythology
Alfheim is a place in Norse mythology. It is the home of the Light Elves.

Places in Norse mythology
William Bradford Bishop Jr. (born August 1, 1936) is a former United States Foreign Service officer. He has been a fugitive from justice since allegedly killing five members of his family in 1976. On April 10, 2014, the FBI placed him on the list of its Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.

His last posting, which began in 1974, was at State Department Headquarters in Washington, D.C. as an Assistant Chief in the Division of Special Activities and Commercial Treaties.

Bishop was born in Pasadena, California. He studied at UCLA and at Yale University.

In 1976, after getting upset for not getting a work promotion, Bishop bought a sledgehammer and a shovel and murdered his wife and three children as they slept at their home in Bethesda, Maryland. With the bodies loaded into the station wagon, Bishop allegedly drove , about a six-hour drive, to a densely wooded swamp off North Carolina Highway 94, about  south of Columbia, North Carolina. He would later burn the bodies and bury them in near the swamp.
Bishop has been spotted several placed in Europe by former State Department employees in Italy, Stockholm and in Switzerland.

In 2011, it was believed that Bishop died in Hong Kong and later in France, these proved to be false. In 2014, the FBI exhumed the body of an Alabama man who was killed in a road accident in 1981, believing he was Bishop. After DNA of the man was tested it was revealed the dead man was not Bishop and that he remains alive.

References

1936 births
Living people
American murderers
Criminals from California
People from Pasadena, California
Exhumation is the act of digging up, especially a corpse. This is most often done to relocate a body to a different burial spot. 

Families may make this decision to locate the deceased in a more pertinent or convenient place. In shared family burial sites (e.g. a married couple), if the previously deceased person has been buried for an insufficient period of time the second body may be buried elsewhere until it is safe to move it to the requested grave. 

In most jurisdictions a legal exhumation usually requires a court order or permission by the next of kin of the deceased. Also in many countries permits are required by some governing agency like the board of health in order to legally conduct a disinterment.

References

Death customs
The arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Savoie département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital, and a subprefecture of the department, is the city of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne.

History
When the Savoie department was created in 1860, the arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Albertville, to the east by Italy, to the south by the Hautes-Alpes department, to the west by the Isère department and to the northwest by the arrondissement of Chambéry.

It is the most southern of the arrondissements of the department and is the second largest arrondissement with an area of , but the one with fewest people living in it with 43,438 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, there are only 3 cantons:

 Modane (7310)
 Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne (7317)
 Saint-Pierre-d'Albigny (7318) (partly)

Communes
The arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne has 56 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):