Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Bad Beginning is a book by Lemony Snicket. It is the first book in a series called A Series of Unfortunate Events. The book was released in 1999.

Plot 

Violet, Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire were enjoying a day at Briny Beach. Mr. Poe, a banker and friend of the family, went to the beach to them that their parents had died in a fire which also destroyed their home. Mr. Poe is the executor of the Baudelaire fortune. It is his responsibility to put the children with a guardian and take care of their money until Violet turns eighteen (the legal age to handle money).
Olaf's theatre troupe was coming to his house that night to practice. Olaf told the children that they had to make dinner for everyone. There was no food in the house, so the children went to the marketplace with Justice Strauss to buy the ingredients for Pasta Puttanesca. Count Olaf complained that he wanted roast beef but he had never told them this. He became very mad and hit Klaus across the face. The children went to Mr. Poe at his bank in order to get help. Mr. Poe told them that Olaf may raise them however he wants. He then called Olaf to tell him of the Baudelaires' visit. When they got back to their home, Olaf told the children that he was sorry. He also told them that they would be in an upcoming play, called The Marvelous Marriage written by Al Funcoot. Olaf would play the groom, Violet would be the bride, and Klaus and Sunny would be people in the audience.
The play was performed. Olaf stopped it after the wedding scene to say that he and Violet were now married. Justice Strauss said that Violet could not marry because she was not old enough. Olaf said that she could be married if her parent or guardian allowed it. As her guardian, he allowed to get married. Sunny was returned to them. Violet said that she was right-handed but signed the document with her left hand. Judge Strauss said that this made the marriage not legal. Olaf escaped when one of his henchmen turned off the theater's lights. Just as Violet was about to turn the lights back on, Olaf quietly said that he would always be after them, and that when he got their fortune, he would kill them with his own hands. Justice Strauss was willing to adopt the Baudelaires, but Mr. Poe told her that their parents' will said a relative must care for them. They got into Mr. Poe's car and it drove away as Justice Strauss waved goodbye.

Other websites

A Series of Unfortunate Events
1999 books
American novels
Count Olaf is the principal villain, antihero and primary character from Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events. His main goal throughout the series is to inherit or steal the Baudelaire fortune. He attempts numerous acts to try to get that fortune, such as trying to marry Violet, kidnap Sunny, and trip Klaus to have him fall and break his glasses (Miserable Mill) etc. He has a tattoo of an eye on his left ankle. He is one of the Baudelaire's extended family member.

A Series of Unfortunate Events
Characters in written fiction
Fictional characters introduced in 1999

ja:世にも不幸なできごと#オラフ伯爵一味
Warhammer 40,000 also called 40K is a table-top game. Model armies fight each other on miniature terrain. The armies include: Necrons, Tyranids, Space Marines, Chaos Space Marines, Eldar, Dark Eldar, Tau and Imperial Guard. Players roll dice to find out which armies win battles. A ruler shows how far a unit moves. Two or more players are needed for a game. Each player takes it turns to move, shoot, then assault. 

Each army has different kinds of weapons. Weapons have different strength and armor piercing value (AP). Each army has different kinds of units. Each unit has a rating for strength, toughness, armor save, leadership, weapon and combat skill. These ratings are important for winning or losing.

Hobbies
Hauptwil-Gottshaus is a municipality in the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Official website 

Municipalities in Weinfelden
Hefenhofen is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Arbon
Herdern is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Hohentannen is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Weinfelden
Homburg is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Horn is a municipality in Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Arbon
Termen is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities in Brig District
Zwischbergen is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
Goldminen Gondo 

Municipalities in Brig District
Daspletosaurus ("frightful lizard") was a tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaur that was 26-33 feet (8-10 m) long and weighed perhaps 2-3 tons (3000 kg). 

It had tiny horns behind its eyes and its arms were a bit longer than those of T. rex. It may have been an ancestor of Tyrannosaurus. This bipedal meat-eater lived in marshes by streams in what is now Alberta, Canada, during the Upper Cretaceous period, 76-72 million years ago. It may have preyed upon Triceratops. It was named by D.A. Russell in 1970. The type species is D. torosus.

Other websites 
It is possible to buy an original skeleton legally. Dinosaur sanctuary.  

Tyrannosaurids
Year 1447 was a common year starting on Sunday.

Events of 1447 
March 6 – Pope Nicholas V succeeds Pope Eugene IV as the 208th pope.
December – Vlad II Dracul, ruler of Wallachia and his eldest son Mircea are assassinated. Vladislav II succeeds him with the assistance of John Hunyadi.

Births 
December 9 – Chenghua Emperor of China (died 1487)
date unknown
Piero Capponi, Italian soldier. (died 1496)
Philippe de Commines, Flemish historian (died 1511)
Catherine of Genoa, woman mystic (died 1510) 
Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, Italian sculptor (died 1522)
Bayezid II, Ottoman Sultan (died 1512)

Deaths 
February 23
Pope Eugene IV (born 1383)
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (born 1390)
March 12 – Shah Rukh, ruler of Persia and Transoxonia (born 1377)
April 11 – Henry Cardinal Beaufort, Lord Chancellor of England (born 1377)
August 13 – Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (born 1392)
December – Vlad II Dracul, Prince of Wallachia
date unknown 
John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (born 1395)

1447
Events

Europe
War and politics 
 February 18 – The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are defeated by Dovmont of Pskov in the Battle of Rakovor.
 October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic church.
 King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.
 The county of Wernigerode become a vassal state of the margrave of Brandenburg.
 The House of Bourbon first rises to prominence with the marriage of Robert, Count of Clermont to King Louis IX of France's daughter, Beatrice of Burgundy, heiress to the lordship of Bourbon.
 New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families.
Culture 
 Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit at the Duomo di Siena.
 The carnival in Venice is first recorded.
 In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.
 In Slovakia, Guta was founded (currently Kolárovo).

Asia 
 May 18 – The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Antioch; Baibars' destruction of the city of Antioch was so great as to permanently negate the city's importance.
 The Battle of Xiangyang, a six-year battle between the Chinese Song Dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.
 An earthquake in Cilicia kills about 60,000 people.

Births 
 Mahaut of Artois (died 1327)
 Emperor Duanzong of China (died 1278)
 Philip IV of France (died 1314)
Deaths 
 October 29 – Conradin, Duke of Swabia (executed) (born 1252)
 October 29 – Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (executed) (born 1249)
 November 29 – Pope Clement IV
 December 9 – Vaisvilkas, Prince of Black Ruthenia
 Barral of Baux, Grand Justiciar of Sicily
 Henry de Bracton, English jurist
 Peter II of Savoy (born 1203)
Mitte was the most central locality of Berlin (Mitte is German for centre). It was set up in 1920, when Groß-Berlin was set up, and in 2001 it was joined with Wedding and Tiergarten to make a new borough called Bezirk Mitte.

Mitte was in East Berlin, and had a lot of Berlin's historic sites. The Pergamon Museum, Unter den Linden and the Brandenburg Gate were in Mitte.

In 2001 Mitte was joined with two boroughs from West Berlin. This helped to break down the idea of a divided city, and put the important tourist centre of Berlin under one local government.

Related pages
 Berlin-Mitte
Groß-Berlin or Greater Berlin was created by an act of the Prussian parliament made on 27 April 1920. The act was called the Greater Berlin Act () for short. Its full name was the "Law Regarding the Reconstruction of the New Local Authority of Berlin" ().

The act said that on 1 October 1920 Greater Berlin should be taken away from the Province of Brandenburg and become a new district.

The new district was made up of:
 The city of Berlin (Alt-Berlin);
 7 towns that surrounded Berlin:
 Charlottenburg,
 Köpenick,
 Lichtenberg,
 Neukölln,
 Schöneberg,
 Spandau and
 Wilmersdorf;
 59 rural areas and 27 estate districts from the surrounding districts of Niederbarnim, Osthavelland and Teltow;
 and the grounds of the Berliner Stadtschloss (the Royal Palace) which had formed an estate district in its own right.
The new Berlin was 13 times bigger than the old. Its area went from  to  and the population doubled from approximately 1.9 million to near 4 million, with almost 1.2 million of these new inhabitants coming from the 7 surrounding towns alone.

Groß-Berlin was divided into 20 boroughs (Verwaltungsbezirke):
 from Alt-Berlin:
 Mitte,
 Tiergarten,
 Wedding,
 Prenzlauer Berg,
 Kreuzberg and
 Friedrichshain;
 one borough for each of the 7 previously-independent towns:
 Charlottenburg,
 Köpenick,
 Lichtenberg,
 Neukölln,
 Schöneberg,
 Spandau and
 Wilmersdorf;
 7 new boroughs named after the largest village in the old areas:
 Pankow,
 Reinickendorf,
 Steglitz,
 Tempelhof,
 Treptow,
 Weißensee and
 Zehlendorf

Apart from minor changes, the city boundary defined in the law is the same as today, except for some changes made during the time of the Berlin Wall. During the 1970s and 1980s three new boroughs were made in East Berlin when other boroughs were split up.

Other websites
 text of the law (in German)
A pardon is a decision that absolves a convicted person of a criminal conviction. A pardon may be full or partial:

A full pardon removes all of the consequences of conviction.
A partial pardon does not fully absolve a person of the conviction. For example, a partial pardon may not set aside a finding of guilt, or may not fully restore the rights of the person who received the pardon.

Pardons are sometimes given to people who are wrongly convicted. In that case, the person is cleared of that conviction, as if never convicted.

The practice varies greatly between countries. In the United States a pardon for a federal conviction may be granted by the President, while pardons for state convictions may be granted by state governors.

References

Criminal justice
Medellín is a village in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. It is notable as the birthplace of Hernán Cortés in 1485 and the site of the Battle of Medellín, during the Peninsular War.  

The city was named after the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius who founded it as a military base for his operations in western Iberia.  It was originally called Metellinum.

Other websites
Official website of Medellín 

Municipalities in Extremadura
Province of Badajoz
Sean Watkins (b. February 18, 1977) is an American guitarist. He is best known as a member of the Californian acoustic trio Nickel Creek.

Discography
Let It Fall (2001)
26 Miles (2003)
Blinders On (2006)

References

American guitarists
Singer-songwriters from California
1977 births
Living people
Sara Watkins (born June 8, 1981) is an American violinist. She is most famous as a member of Californian bluegrass band Nickel Creek.

Discography

References

American violinists
Singer-songwriters from California
1981 births
Living people
Elara  is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by  Charles Dillon Perrine at Lick Observatory in 1905 and is named after the mother by Zeus of the giant Tityus.

Elara did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as . It was sometimes called "Hera" between 1955 and 1975.

Elara belongs to the Himalia group, five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000 km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

New Horizons encounter
In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft to Pluto made a number of pictures of Elara, culminating in photos from a distance of five million miles.

References

Other websites
Elara Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Jupiter's moons
A crochet hook is a tool used for making crochet fabric.  The hook at the end is used to grab yarn.  The tool also has a flat part for fingers to hold during work.  Crochet hooks come in different sizes for different sizes of yarn.

Other websites
About crochet hook parts 
Using crochet hooks 

Needlework
Pterodaustro was a pterosaur. It is found in the Lower Cretaceous of South America. Pterodaustro most likely fed on tiny invertebrates: zooplankton and krill.

Pterodaustro was medium-sized, with an adult wing-span of about two meters. It has only been found in Brazil.

Paleobiology
Pterodaustro probably waded in shallow water like flamingos, straining food with its tooth comb, a method called "filter feeding". Once it caught its food, Pterodaustro probably mashed it with the small, globular teeth present in its upper jaw.
 
At least two specimens have been found with gizzard stones in the stomach cavity, the first ever reported for any pterosaur. These clusters of small stones with angled edges support the idea that Pterodaustro ate mainly small, hard-shelled aquatic crustaceans using filter-feeding. Such invertebrates are abundant in the sediment of the fossil site
In 2004 a Pterodaustro embryo in an egg was reported. The egg was elongated, six centimetres long and 22 millimetres across and its mainly flexible shell was covered with a thin layer, 0.3 mm thick, of calcite.

Comparisons between the scleral rings (bony ring round edge of eye) of Pterodaustro and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been nocturnal, and may have had similar activity patterns to those modern ducks which feed at night.

References 

Pterosaurs
Dsungaripterus ("Wing of Junggar Basin") was a pterosaur with a wingspan of 10 feet (3 m). It had an unusual bony crest running along its snout and long, narrow, curved jaws with a pointed tip. The crest may have acted as a rudder when flying or may have been a secondary sex characteristic.

Dsungaripterus's head and neck were together almost a metre long. Its most notable feature are its long, narrow, upcurved jaws with a pointed tip, making the animal look like a pair of flying tweezers. It had no teeth in the front part of its jaws, which were probably used to remove shellfish and worms from cracks in rocks or from sandy, muddy beaches. It had knobbly flat teeth more to the back of the jaw that were well suited for crushing shellfish.

References 

Pterosaurs
Himalia is the biggest non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Charles Dillon Perrine at the Lick Observatory on December 3, 1904. It is named after the nymph Himalia who bore three sons of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).

Name
Himalia did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as  or Jupiter Satellite VI, although calls for a full name appeared shortly after its and Elara's discovery; A.C.D. Crommelin wrote in 1905,
Unfortunately the numeration of Jupiter's satellites is now in precisely the same confusion as that of Saturn's system was before the numbers were abandoned and names substituted. A similar course would seem to be advisable here; the designation V for the inner satellite was tolerated for a time, as it was considered to be in a class by itself; but it has now got companions, so that this subterfuge disappears. The substitution of names for numerals is certainly more poetic.
The moon was sometimes called Hestia, after the Greek goddess, from 1955 to 1975.

Orbit
It is the biggest member of the group that bears its name, the moons orbiting between 11.4 and 13 million kilometers from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. The orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

Physical characteristics 
A day on Himalia is only about 7 3/4 hours long. Himalia appears grey, like the other members of its group, similar to a C-type asteroid. Measurements by Cassini confirm a featureless spectrum, with a slight absorption at 3 μm which could indicate the presence of water.

Exploration 
In November 2000, the Cassini spacecraft, going to Saturn, made a number of pictures of Himalia, including photos from a distance as close as 4.4 million km. The moon covers only a few pixels, but seems to be a stretched object with axes 150 ± 20 and 120 ± 20 km, close to the Earth-based estimations.
In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft to Pluto made a series of pictures of Himalia, culminating in photos from a distance of eight million km. Again, Himalia appears only a few pixels across.

References

Other websites
 Himalia Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
 David Jewitt pages
 Scott Sheppard pages

Jupiter's moons
Brachychiton (also known as the bottletree or kurrajong) is a genus of 31 species of trees and large shrubs. They grow naturally in Australia and New Guinea. Fossils from New South Wales and New Zealand are believed to be 50 million years old. The name Brachychiton is comes from the Greek brachys, meaning "short", and chiton, meaning "tunic". This refers to its loose seed coverings.

They grow to 4–30m tall. All species have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. The female flowers have five separate carpels that can each form a woody fruit that has several seeds.

Malvaceae
Trees
Themisto or , is a small prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found in 1975, lost, and then refound in 2000.

Discovery and naming 

Themisto was first found by Charles T. Kowal and Elizabeth Roemer on September 30, 1975, reported on October 3, 1975 and designated . However, not enough observations were made to establish an orbit and it was subsequently lost.

Themisto appeared as a footnote in astronomy textbooks into the 1980s. Then, in 2000, a seemingly new moon was found by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Yanga R. Fernández and Eugene A. Magnier, and was designated . It was soon confirmed that this was the same as the 1975 object. The Sheppard et al. announcement was immediately correlated with an August 6 2000 observation by the team of Brett J. Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit, Hans Scholl, Matthew J. Holman, Brian G. Marsden, Philip D. Nicholson and Joseph A. Burns — an observation that was reported to the Minor Planet Center but not published as an IAU Circular (IAUC).
In October 2002 it was officially named after Themisto, daughter of the river god Inachus by Zeus (Jupiter) in Greek mythology.

Characteristics 

Themisto's orbit is unusual. Unlike most of Jupiter's moons, which orbit in groups, Themisto orbits alone, midway between the Galilean moons and the first group of prograde irregulars.

Themisto is about 8 kilometers in diameter (assuming an albedo of 0.04)

References 

 Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
 Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

Other websites 
 David Jewitt's pages
 Scott Sheppard's pages

Jupiter's moons
Thebe or , is the fourth of Jupiter's known moons (by distance from the planet). It was found by Stephen P. Synnott in images from the Voyager 1 space probe taken on March 5, 1979 and was given the designation . Later, it was found on images dating back to February 27, 1979. In 1983 it was officially named after the mythological nymph Thebe who was the daughter of the river god Asopus and a lover of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).

Orbit 
Thebe is the farthest of the inner Jovian moons. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~222,000 km (3.11 Jupiter radii). The orbit of Thebe has an orbital eccentricity of ~0.018 and an inclination of ~1.08° relative to the equator of Jupiter. These values are unusually high for a closer moon and can be explained by the past influence of the closest Galilean satellite Io; in the past, several mean motion resonances with Io would have passed through Thebe's orbit as Io gradually moved away from Jupiter, and these excited Thebe's orbit.
Physical characteristics 
Thebe is not a sphere, with the closest ellipsoidal approximation being 116x98x84 km. Its bulk density and mass are not known but assuming that it mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³) its mass can be estimated at ~4.3×1017 kg.

The surface of Thebe is dark and appears to be reddish in color.

Exploration 
Thebe was found in Voyager 1 images by Steve Synnott, a member of the Voyager navigation team. However, before the Galileo spacecraft arrived at Jupiter, little was known about it. Galileo imaged almost all of the surface of Thebe and put constraints on its composition.

References

Other websites 
 Thebe Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Jupiter's moons
An antagonist is the character in a story who stands in opposition towards the protagonist. As an example, in the Disney movie The Lion King, the main antagonist is Scar.

While the most common practice is for a hero to be the protagonist and the villain to be the antagonist this is not always the case. As an example in the manga/anime series Death Note protagonist Light Yagami was the villain as it was his goal to rid the world of criminals in order to create his own ideal "utopia" and rule it like a god while antagonist L was the hero as it was his goal to end Light's psychotic killing spree. Another example is Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street where the titular protagonist and the antagonist Judge Turpin were both villains.
A story may also have secondary antagonist, either a partner/accomplice of the main antagonist or an entirely separate threat altogether (though a lesser one). Just like the main antagonist they aren't always villains but they are obstacles towards the goal(s) of the protagonist(s).

It is possible for a protagonist to become an antagonist. A well-known example of this is in the Star Wars movie series, when Anakin Skywalker turns from a Jedi to a Sith, to become Darth Vader.

+
Joe Grant (May 15, 1908 - May 9, 2005) was an American animator, writer and illustrator. He worked for Walt Disney between 1933 and 1949 and again from 1989 until his death just a few days before his 97th birthday.

Joe Grant was born at 1908 in New York City. After school, he began his career as a caricaturist. In 1933, he was hired by Disney for the Mickey Mouse short movie Mickey's Gala Premiere. In the next years, he, Albert Hurter, Dick Huemer and Fred Moore were the studios' most important character animator. He created the witch in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). Grant and Huemer created books for Fantasia and Dumbo. Later, he was the head of the "Character Animation Department" at Disney. This department was closed in 1949 and Grant left Disney.
40 years later, in 1989, Grant began working for Disney again.  He created characters and sketches for Disney's Beauty and the Beast, (1991). The movie was the first animated movie which was nominated for the Academy Award for "Best Picture". He was the only person who worked on Fantasia (1940) and Fantasia 2000.

In 2005, his animation short movie Lorenzo was nominated for an Academy Award. Just a few weeks later, Joe Grant died while working with his drawing board at the age of 96 in Glendale, California.

1908 births
2005 deaths
American animators
Disney animators
Writers from New York City
American illustrators
Ganymede[p]  is the largest of over 66 moons of the planet Jupiter. It is also the largest moon in the Solar System. Ganymede is larger in diameter than the planet Mercury, but has only about half of its mass. Ganymede is much less dense. Ganymede is part of a group called the Galilean Satellites. These also include Io, Europa and Callisto.

Galileo Galilei discovered this moon in 1610. Simon Marius suggested the name "Ganymede" soon after. In Greek mythology, Ganymede was Zeus' cup-bearer. This name and the names of the other Galilean satellites were not favoured for a long time, and were not put into common use until the mid-20th century. Instead, it is simply referred to by its Roman numeral designation (a system that was introduced by Galileo) as  or as the "third satellite of Jupiter".  Ganymede is the only Galilean moon of Jupiter named after a male figure.
Structure 
Ganymede is composed of roughly equal amounts of silicate rock and water ice. Its body has an iron-rich, liquid core, and an internal ocean that may contain more water than all of Earth's oceans together. Its surface has dark regions, with impact craters dated to four billion years ago. This covers about a third of the satellite. Lighter regions, crosscut by grooves and ridges and only slightly less ancient, cover the rest. The cause of the light terrain's disrupted geology is not fully known, but was likely the result of tectonic activity caused by tidal heating.

Notes 
[p] ^ The name "Ganymede" is said as /Gan-ee-Meed/.

References

Other websites 
Ganymede 

Jupiter's moons
Callisto is a moon of the planet Jupiter. It was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and named after Kallisto. It is the second largest moon orbiting Jupiter, after Ganymede, and the third largest moon in the Solar System. 

Callisto is almost the same size as the planet Mercury, being 99% the diameter of the planet, but is much less massive. Of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, Callisto is the farthest out, with an orbital radius of about 1,880,000 kilometres. It does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites, Io, Europa and Ganymede. Like the Earth's Moon, Callisto rotates synchronously with its orbital period. This means that one side is always turned toward Jupiter, while the other side never sees the face of the planet. Callisto's surface is less affected by Jupiter's magnetosphere than the seven moons nearer the planet.
Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere made out of carbon dioxide and probably oxygen molecules. There is also a rather intense ionosphere. An ocean is thought to exist within Callisto. This may mean that life might exist. However, this is less likely than on nearby Europa. 

Various space probes from Pioneers 10–11 to Galileo and Cassini−Huygens have studied the moon. Callisto is considered the most suitable place for humans to settle for future exploration of the Jovian system.

References 

Notes

Footnotes

Jupiter's moons
Troyal Garth Brooks, commonly known as Garth Brooks, (born February 7, 1962) is an American country music singer and songwriter. He uses rock elements in his recordings and live performances. Brooks was successful in the country singles and country album charts and later also proved popular in the mainstream pop arena, exposing country music to a larger audience.

Brooks has had one of the most successful careers in popular music history, with over 70 hit singles and 15 charted albums to his credit. Throughout the 1990s he broke records for both sales and concert attendance. In 1999, looking to expand his career boundaries, Brooks began a multimedia project involving a fictitious alter ego known as Chris Gaines.
He started performing at bars while studying advertising in college and also working as a bouncer. In 2001, Brooks officially retired from recording and performing, after having conflicts between his career and family. During this time he has sold millions of albums through an exclusive distribution deal with Walmart and has released new singles from time to time. 

On November 6, 2007, The Ultimate Hits was released. Brooks came out of retirement in 2007 when he opened a new arena in Kansas City, Missouri. He left retirement again in 2013 to play at the Encore Casino in Las Vegas.

Discography
Studio albums
 Garth Brooks (1989)
 No Fences (1990)
 Ropin' the Wind (1991)
 The Chase (1992)
 In Pieces (1993)
 Fresh Horses (1995)
 Sevens (1997)
 Greatest Hits (1999)
 Scarecrow (2001)
 The Lost Sessions (2005)
 Man Against Machine (2014)
 Gunslinger (2016)
 Fun (2020)

Compilation and live albums
 The Garth Brooks Collection (1994)
 The Hits (1994)
 Double Live (1998)
 The Ultimate Hits (2007)
Christmas albums
 Beyond the Season (August 25, 1992)
 Garth Brooks and the Magic of Christmas (November 23, 1999)
 The Magic of Christmas: Songs from Call Me Claus (September 25, 2001)

Singles
"The Dance" (1990)
"Friends in Low Places" (1990)
"Unanswered Prayers" (1990)
"Rodeo" (1991)
"Shameless" (1991)
"Baby, Let's Lay Down and Dance" (2016)

References

1962 births
Living people
American country guitarists
Country musicians from Oklahoma
American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Oklahoma
Singers from Oklahoma
Baden is a historical state in south-west Germany.

The Margraviate of Baden () was made in 1112. From 1190 to 1771, Baden was broken up into different smaller states. When the Holy Roman Empire ended in 1806, the Margraviate of Baden became the larger and more powerful Grand Duchy of Baden (). After World War I ended in 1918, the monarchy in Baden ended so Baden became a republic. 

After World War II ended in 1945, Baden was cut in half: the north half became part of Württemberg-Baden and the south half became South Baden. South Baden changed its name to "Baden" in 1947. Baden was one of the original states of the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1952, it joined with Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern to make the state of Baden-Württemberg.

Baden-Württemberg
Former states in Germany
1950s disestablishments in Germany
Hüttlingen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld, in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Hüttwilen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

The lakes Nussbaumersee, Hüttwilersee and Hasensee are found in the municipality.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Kemmental is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

History
The municipality was created on January 1, 1996 by mergxer of the formar municipalities of Alterswilen, Altishausen, Ellighausen, Lippoldswilen, Neuwilen, Siegershausen, Dotnacht and Hugelshofen.

Images

References

Municipalities in Kreuzlingen
Kesswil is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

The village was the birthplace of the psychiatrist Carl Jung.

References 

Municipalities in Arbon
Kradolf-Schönenberg is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Weinfelden
Langrickenbach is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Kreuzlingen
Lengwil is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Kreuzlingen
The Mitsubishi Model A is the only car built by the Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Company, a member of the Mitsubishi keiretsu which would later become Mitsubishi Motors, and the first automobile made in Japan. Based on the Fiat Tipo 3, it was a four-door seven-seat sedan powered by a front-mounted 26kW 2.8 litre straight-4 engine driving the rear wheels, and could drive as fast as 20 mph. 22 were built at the company's Kobe shipyard between 1917 and 1921.

Model A
Gopher is a protocol. It was designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet.  Gopher represented an early alternative to the World Wide Web.

The gopher protocol has some things HTTP-based clients do not have. It is based on menus. An item selected from a menu will either open another menu, or a document.
In the early stages of mobile Internet access, some suggested that the simple interface of Gopher would be a good match for mobile phones and Personal digital assistants (PDAs). Web-based solutions also won in the mobile space, with technologies like Wireless Markup Language (WML)/Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), DoCoMo i-mode, XHTML Basic or other adaptations of HTML and XML.  

Several server software packages are still maintained and updated for the Gopher protocol. For example, the PyGopherd Gopher server provides a built-in WML front-end to Gopher sites served with it. The Motsognir Gopher server provides PHP5 and Plugin support.

Many current web-browsers have stopped supporting the gopher protocol directly, such as Mozilla Firefox. But 3rd-party addons and plugins are still available to replace browser-based Gopher functionality.

References
References

Other websites
Gopher Jewels 2 (gopher link)
The Gopher Project
The state of Gopher support for common Web browsers
List of new Gopher servers since 1999 (gopher link)
List of Gopher servers
Gopher Clients 
An announcement of Gopher on the Usenet  Oct 8 1991
Old Gopher guide 
See what gopher looked like.
This is another website that looks almost like Gopher used to look. You can see what fun it is to move around on a simple website like this.

Internet
Computer protocols
The inner moons of Jupiter  are four small moons that orbit close to Jupiter. These moons are closely interconnected with the rings of Jupiter and serve as both sources and sinks of the ring's material. Their semi-major axes range between 128,000 and 222,000 km.

The members of the group are (in order from closest to farthest):
 Metis
 Adrastea
 Amalthea, the biggest, after which the group is sometimes named
 Thebe

Metis and Adrastea each orbit Jupiter in less than one Jovian day (the time it takes for Jupiter to rotate once).  Phobos, a moon of Mars, is the only other moon known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day.

Gallery of images

Related pages
List of Jupiter's moons

References

Jupiter's moons
The Galilean moons are the four satellites of Jupiter found by Galileo Galilei: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They are by far the biggest of the many moons of Jupiter.

Discovery
Galileo Galilei found what came to be known as the Galilean moons around December 1609 or January 1610. As a result of improvements he made to the telescope, Galileo was able to see celestial bodies better than ever before in human history. Using his improved telescope, Galileo was the first to see four moons of Jupiter.

On January 7, 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter’s moons. At the time, he only saw three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter. He continued to look at them from January 8 through March 2. In these observations, he found a fourth body, and also observed that the four were not fixed stars, but rather were orbiting Jupiter.
Galileo’s discovery proved the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers. It showed there were objects in space to be found, which were not seen by the naked eye. More importantly, the discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than the Earth dealt a blow to the then-accepted Ptolemaic world system. This held that the Earth was at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolved around it. That Jupiter has four moons while Earth has only one further undercut the near-universal belief that the Earth was the center of the universe both in position and in importance. Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger), which announced celestial observations through his telescope, does not mention Copernican heliocentrism, a theory that placed the Sun at the center of the universe. Nevertheless, Galileo believed in the Copernican theory.

Galileo also developed a method of determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the Galilean moons.
A Chinese historian of astronomy claims that Chinese astronomer Gan De observed one of Jupiter's moons in 362 BC, but without a telescope it is difficult to see how this was done.

Name
Galileo called his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ('Cosimo's stars'), in honour of Cosimo II de' Medici (1590–1621), grand-duke of Tuscany, whose patronage he wanted. At the grand-duke's suggestion, Galileo changed the name to Medicea Sidera ('the Medici stars'), honouring all four Medici brothers (Cosimo, Francesco, Carlo, and Lorenzo). The discovery was announced in the Sidereus Nuncius ('Starry Messenger'), published in Venice in March 1610, less than two months after the first observations.

Other names put forward, but the names which eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius. Marius claimed to have found the moons at the same time as Galileo: he named them after lovers of the god Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter): Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, in his Mundus Jovialis, published in 1614.
Galileo refused to use Marius's names and invented the numbering scheme that is still used nowadays, in parallel with proper moon names. 
The numbers run from Jupiter outward, thus I, II, III and IV for Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto respectively. Galileo used this system in his notebooks but never actually published it.

The Galilean moons are, in order from closest to Jupiter to farthest away:

Seeing the moons
Seeing the moons 

All four Galilean moons are bright enough that they could, if they were farther away from Jupiter, be seen without a telescope. They have apparent magnitudes between 4.6 and 5.6 when Jupiter is in opposition with the Sun, and about one unit of magnitude dimmer when Jupiter is in conjunction. The main thing that is hard in observing them is due to the fact that they are very close to Jupiter, and are masked by its brightness. Their maximum angular separations from Jupiter are between 2 and 8 minutes of arc, close to the limit of human visual acuity. Ganymede and Callisto, at their maximum separation, are the likeliest targets for possible naked-eye observation. The easiest way to observe them is to cover Jupiter with an object, e.g. a  tree limb or a power line that is perpendicular to the plane of moons' orbits.

Notes

Related pages
 List of Jupiter's moons

Other websites 
 Animation of Galileo's observation, march 1613
A Passion cantata is a cantata. The cantata takes its theme from the Passion of Jesus Christ, in other words his suffering until his death at the cross. Larger cantatas with this theme are known as oratorios.

Today, most of them are performed in the week before Easter.

Famous Passion cantatas

English
In the English repertoire, the two classics are The Crucifixion (1887) by Sir John Stainer and Olivet to Calvary (1904) by John Henry Maunder. Other works include Sir Arthur Somervell's The Passion of Christ (1914), Charles Wood's St. Mark Passion (1921), Eric Thiman's "The Last Supper" (1930) and William Lloyd Webber's "The Saviour" (1942).

German
The most famous Passion cantatas are probably the two composed by Johann Sebastian Bach: the St John Passion (1724) and the St Matthew Passion (1727).

Latin
One notable work in Latin is Arvo Pärt's Passio Domini Nostri Jesu Christi secundum Joannem (The Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ according to John) of 1982.

References 

Musical forms
Aberdeen Grammar School is one of the twelve secondary schools run by the government in the City of Aberdeen, Scotland. It is run by the Aberdeen City Council education department. It is the oldest school in the city. It is one of oldest grammar schools in the United Kingdom. It is around 750 years old. Lord Byron went to the Aberdeen Grammar School. A statue of him has been placed in front of the school. 

Aberdeen
Grammar schools in the United Kingdom
Schools in Scotland
The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a protocol. It was made to allow devices like mobile phones to access the internet. 

Internet
Computer protocols
The Himalia group is a group of prograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Himalia and are thought to have a common origin.

The known members of the group are (in order from closest to farthest from Jupiter):
 Leda
 Himalia (the biggest, which gives its name to the group)
 Lysithea
 Elara
The orbit estimate of the recently found moon S/2000 J 11 also qualified it as a member of the group (it appeared to have the same inclination, and a slightly bigger semi-major axis)
but its orbit is not known exactly and the mean orbital elements have not yet been calculated.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names in -a for the moons in this group.

Characteristics and origin
The objects in the Himalia group have semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) in the range of 11,150,000 and 11,750,000 km, inclinations between 26.6° and 28.3°, and eccentricities of between 0.11 and 0.25.
All moons in the group are grey similar to C-type asteroids. It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the main asteroid belt. The radius of the parent asteroid was probably about 89 km, only a bit bigger than that of Himalia, which retains approximately 87% of the mass of the original body. This indicates the asteroid was not heavily disturbed.

References

Jupiter's moons
[[File:thesos.jpg|thumb|right|Drawing of RMS Titanics captain and radio operator, titled "The S.O.S"]]SOS (· · · — — — · · ·) is a Morse code. It is used as distress code, to signal danger. It was introduced by the German government in radio regulations on April 1, 1905. It became the worldwide standard when it was included in the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention, which was signed on November 3, 1906. The convention became effective on July 1, 1908.

From the beginning, the SOS distress signal has actually been a continuous sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits, all run together without letter spacing. In International Morse Code, three dits form the letter S, and three dahs make the letter O, so "SOS" became an easy way to remember the correct order of the dits and dahs. In modern terminology, SOS is a "procedural signal" or "prosign", and the formal way to write it is with a bar above the letters. It should be written SOS.
In popular usage, SOS became associated with phrases such as "Save Our Souls," "Save our Ship", and others. It is mostly known by "Save Our Ship". However, these phrases were a later development, most likely as a Mnemonic to help remember the correct letters—something known as a backronym.  In reality the signal SOS is not an acronym and doesn't stand for anything.

Many songs have been made of the distress signal SOS, such as Message in a Bottle by The Police, "SOS" by ABBA, "SOS" by Rihanna, "S.O.S." by the Jonas Brothers, "Stranger" by Gamma, "S.O.S" by The Suicide Machines, "S.O.S" by Ola Svensson and "SOS" by Avicii.
Early developments 
Before radio communication was developed in the early 1890s, seagoing ships had already adopted many different visual and audio distress signals. They used such things as semaphore flags, signal flares, bells, and foghorns. In the beginning, radio was called wireless telegraphy. It used Morse code, the dit-and-dah system originally developed for landline telegraphy.When radio communication was made available to ships, there was a need for standardized communication. Cooperation was somewhat limited by national differences and rivalries between different radio companies.
The first International Radiotelegraphic Conference was held in Berlin, Germany in 1903. At the time, Captain Quintino Bonomo, an Italian representative, discussed the need for common operating procedures. He also had the suggestion that "ships in distress... should send the signal SSS DDD at intervals of a few minutes", according to "The Wireless Telegraph Conference", in the November 27, 1903, issue of The Electrician. Question on how to do things were beyond the scope of the 1903 Conference. Although Article IV of the Conference's Final Protocol, signed August 13, 1903, said that "Wireless telegraph stations should unless practically impossible, give priority to calls for help received from ships at sea," no standard signal was adopted at the time.
Because there were no international regulations, each ship was left to develop its own practices. For example in 1905 the crew of a sinking lightship off Nantucket transmitted the word "HELP" to call for rescue. Perhaps the first international radio distress call adopted was "CQD" ( — · — ·    — — · —    — · · ).
This was announced on January 7, 1904 by "Circular 57" of the Marconi International Marine Communication Company. It became effective for Marconi installations on February 1, 1904. Another suggestion appeared in the 1906 edition of S. S. Robison's "Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians," published for use by the United States Navy. This stated that the standard visual flag signals, known as the International Code of Signals, would likely also be adopted for radio use. Therefore, the flag signal "NC" ( — ·     — · — · ), which stood for "In distress; want immediate assistance", would also likely become the radio distress call.
SOS created in Germany 
A third standard resulted in the creation of the SOS distress signal. The German government issued a set of national radio regulations. These were used from April 1, 1905. They introduced three new Morse code sequences, including the SOS distress signal:
 Ruhezeichen ("Cease-sending signal"), consisting of six dashes ( — — — — — — ). The signal was sent by shore stations to tell other local stations to stop transmitting.
 Suchzeichen ("Quest signal"), made of three-dits/three dahs/one-dit, all run together (· · · — — — · ). The signal was used by ships to get the attention of shore stations.
 Notzeichen ("Distress signal"), consisting of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits (· · · — — — · · · ), also in a continuous sequence, "to be repeated by a ship in distress until all other stations have stopped working".
SOS was developed from the general German radio call "SOE", with the 3 dits of a "S" easier to hear in static than the one dit of an "E". The string has no other meaning. It was also selected because it is easy to recognize and can be sent rapidly. Comparing SOS (di-di-di-dah-dah-dah-di-di-dit) with the older CQD (dah-di-dah-dit dah-dah-di-dah dah-di-dit) (— ·—· /—— ·—/—· ·) it is obvious how much simpler the new code is. It would not be mistaken for CQ,either. CQ is the radio code for "calling anyone" used in casual circumstances.
In 1906, the second International Radiotelegraphic Convention was held in Berlin. This convention developed many Service Regulations to be added to the main agreement, which was signed on November 3, 1906, and became effective on July 1, 1908. Article XVI of the regulations adopted Germany's Notzeichen distress signal as the international standard, reading: "Ships in distress shall use the following signal: · · · — — — · · ·  repeated at brief intervals". The first ship to transmit an SOS distress call appears to have been the Cunard liner Slavonia on June 10, 1909, according to "Notable Achievements of Wireless" in the September, 1910 Modern Electrics. However, there was some resistance among the Marconi operators about adopting the new signal, and, as late as the April, 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, the ship's Marconi operators intermixed CQD and SOS distress calls. But with the need for consistency for public safety, the use of CQD appears to have generally disappeared after this point.