Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Pope Innocent IX (; 20 July 1519 – 30 December 1591), born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 231st Pope from 29 October 1591 to his death on 30 December of the same year.

Early life
Facchinetti was born in Bologna on 20 July 1519.

He entered the service of Alessandro Cardinal Farnese, brother of the Duke of Parma and grandson of Pope Paul III.  Farnese appointed Fasccinetti as the acting governor of Parma from 1556 to 1558.

Bishop
In 1560, Facchinetti was named Bishop of Nicastro in Calabria.

In 1562, Facchinetti as present at the Council of Trent.

Pope Pius V sent him as papal nuncio to Venice in 1566.

Faccinetti gave up his bishop's role when he was named Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1572.

Cardinal
Facchinetti was raised to the rank of Cardinal in 1583.

Pope
Facchinetti was elected pope in 1591;  and he chose to be called Innocent IX.  He died two months after his election.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent IX
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Facchinetti 

Italian popes
1519 births
1591 deaths
Pope Innocent X (;  6 May 1574 – 7 January 1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 237th Pope from 1644 to 1655.

Early life
Pamphilij was born in Rome in 1574.  He was a great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI

He graduated from the Collegio Romano before entering a career in the church.

Cardinal 
In 1629, he was raised to the rank of Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Pamphilij was elected pope in 1644; and he chose to be called Innocent X.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Borgia family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent X
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Pamphilj 

Italian popes
People from Rome
1574 births
1655 deaths
House of Borgia
Yuko Kavaguti , born November 20, 1981– ),  also known as , is a Japanese-Russian Olympic athlete and international ice skating competitor.

In December 2008, she became a Russian citizen and her Russian name is Kavaguti. Kawaguchi gave up her Japanese citizenship.

Early life 
Kawaguchi was born in Funabashi, Chiba in Japan.  She began skating at the age of five because her mother was a fan of ice dancing. 

She studied international relations at St. Petersburg State University, completing her degree in June 2007. In addition to her native Japanese, she is also fluent in Russian and English.

Career 
In international competition, Kavaguti is pairs skater.  She represents Russia with Alexander Smirnov.  

Kavaguti became a Russian citizen so that she would qualify for a spot on the Russian Olympic team. Japan does not allow dual nationality, so she was obliged to give up her Japanese citizenship in order to compete for Russia.
Kawaguchi
As a Japanese citizen, Kawaguchi competed as a singles skater. She switched to pairs after the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.

Kavaguti

As a Russian citizen, Kavagui has won many medals, including gold  at 2008 Skate Canada International. 

2010
Kavaguti was a partner in the pairs team which won the 2010 European Figure Skating Championships,  Kavaguti and Smirnov won the 2010 Cup of Russia,  They placed third in the 2010 World Figure Skating Championships.

2011
Kavaguti and her partner won the 2011 Cup of China  and the 2011 NHK Trophy.

Awards and titles
 Order of the President of the Russian Federation ’For services to the development of physical culture and sports, high athletic achievements at the XXI Olympic Games 2010 in Vancouver’ (March 5, 2010) 
 The Best in the Sport of St. Petersburg (February 2010) 
 Honored Master of Sports of Russia (2009)

Related pages
 Japan at the Olympics

References

Other websites 

   Yuko Kavaguti at International Skating Union (ISU)
1981 births
Living people
Japanese figure skaters
Russian figure skaters
Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture
Russian Olympians
Sugarland is a country music duo from the Southern United States. They've had many #1 hits on record charts in the United States. The lead singer is Jennifer Nettles.

Country bands
Musical duos
BIGBANG is a name of the album in Japanese released by Big Bang in Japan. Big Bang is a boy band that comes from South Korea. Bigbang sings hip hop and R&B. This album was released on August 19, 2009.

Track listing

References

2009 albums
Big Bang is the name of a scientific theory that explains how the Universe started and made the groups of stars, called galaxies, we see today.

The Big Bang is the name that scientists use for the most common theory of the universe, from the very early stages to the present day. The most commonly considered alternatives are called the Steady State theory and Plasma cosmology, according to both of which the universe has no beginning or end.
According to the theory the universe began as a very hot, small, and dense superforce (the mix of the four fundamental forces), with no stars, atoms, form, or structure (called a "singularity"). Then about 13.8 billion years ago, space expanded very quickly (thus the name "Big Bang"). This started the formation of atoms, which eventually led to the formation of stars and galaxies. It was Georges who first noted (in 1927) that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point. The universe is still expanding today, and getting colder as well.

As a whole, the universe is growing and the temperature is falling as time passes. Cosmology is the study of how the universe began and its development. Some scientists who study cosmology have agreed that the Big Bang theory matches what they have observed so far.

"Big Bang" may also refer to:

 Big Bang (band) - South Korean music group
 BIGBANG - Big Bang (band) second Japanese album
 BIGBANG 2 - Big Bang (band) third Japanese album
The list consists of blues musicians whose main or only instrument is the harmonica.

Blues harmonica players

Lists of musicians
Boron carbide is a chemical compound with the formula B4C. It is an extremely hard ceramic. It is often used as an abrasive, as armor, as a scratch-proof coating, as a neutron absorber in the control rods of nuclear reactors, and as an additive in the cut-resistant shackle in some padlocks.
Carbon compounds
Armour
Boron compounds
Numerical Control (NC) is a way to automate machines. In numerical control, the commands these machines get come from a storage medium; they are not controlled and operated manually. The first such machines were Jacquard looms controlled by punched cards. Machine tools for cutting metal were built in the 1940s and 1950s. They used punched tape instructions. Soon, the tools were changed, to use computers. Numerical control with computers is known as Computer Numerical Control, or CNC.

Nowadays, it is possible to make a program that can run on such machine tools, based on a CAD drawing of the piece to be produced.

Attempts to automate machines in the 19th century, for example copying-lathes, used cams. These are basically wheels that change the position of notches to control a machine. The basic difference to modern NC is that these cams only automated one given task; modern NC and CNC machines can be programmed to a greater extent.
History of the NC 
The invention of numerical control has been due to the pioneering works of John T. Parsons in the year 1940, when he tried to generate a curve automatically by milling cutters by providing coordinate motions.  In the late 1940s Parsons conceived the method of using punched cards containing coordinate position system to control a machine tool.  The machine directed to move in small increments and generate the desired finish.  In 1948, Parsons demonstrated this concept to the US Air Force, who sponsored the series of project at laboratories of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  After research MIT was able to demonstrate first NC prototype in 1952 and in the next year they were able to prove the potential applications of the NC.

CNC Milling Materials 
One of the most usual material types for milling are metals, and there are many to select from.
Aluminum - Perhaps the most widely used CNC milling material, for both mechanical and aspect components.  Aluminum is generally able to be machined quicker than other metals, making it the most economically viable. 
 Stainless Steel - Stainless steel alloys can be heat treated and supply corrosion resistant properties.  Uses include surgical equipment, electronics hardware, and other parts that need formability and weldability.
 Titanium - What makes titanium unique is its high temperature melting point, making it useful for many industries and applications.  It’s considered to be corrosion resistant, and impervious to ductile, salt, and water.  Despite being biocompatible and lightweight, titanium material provides strength and sturdiness that makes it well-suited for applications like medical implants, aircraft components, and even jewelry.
Examples of CNC machines 
 Multi-spindle machine - Type of screw machine used in mass production. Considered to be highly efficient by increasing productivity through automation. Can efficiently cut materials into small pieces while simultaneously utilizing a diversified set of tooling. There are two types of attachments for these drill heads, fixed or adjustable, depending on whether the center distance of the drilling spindle needs to be varied.
 Wire EDM - Also known as wire cutting EDM, wire burning EDM, or traveling wire EDM, this process uses spark erosion to machine or remove material from any electrically conductive material, using a traveling wire electrode. The wire electrode usually consists of brass- or zinc-coated brass material. Wire EDM allows for near 90-degree corners and applies very little pressure on the material. Since the wire is eroded in this process, a wire EDM machine feeds fresh wire from a spool while chopping up the used wire and leaving it in a bin for recycling.

References
References 

Tools
A bolt cutter is a tool that is used for cutting bolts, chains, rebar, padlocks, screws, nails, and many other objects. It is similar to a pair of cutting pliers, but is much larger.

Cutting tools
A crowbar is a metal tool used mainly to pry things open. It is usually hook shaped. Sometimes the bottom is slightly curved to allow for better leverage. Some crowbars have a notched an end for removing nails. Crowbars are often made of carbon steel. They can also be made of titanium which is lighter and non-magnetic. The first known use of the word was somewhere in the 1400s where they were simply called crows or iron crows.

It is used as a lever either to force apart two objects or to remove nails. Crowbars are commonly used to open nailed wooden crates. Common uses for larger crowbars are: removing nails, prying apart boards, and generally breaking things. Crowbars can be used as any of the three lever classes but the curved end is usually used as a first-class lever, and the flat end as a second class lever. In mining, crowbars are used to break blasted rocks and to remove loose rock on roof sides and the working face, but not much in modern mining.

Tools
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is where seafloor spreading takes place in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. It is part of a world-wide system of mid-ocean ridges. These ridges make up the longest mountain ranges in the world, all underwater except for short stretches like Iceland. On Iceland, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge reaches the surface.

The ridge separates oceanic tectonic plates, and moves the plates apart at about 2.5 cm per year.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes a deep rift valley which runs along the middle of the ridge along almost its entire length. At the rift, the boundary between tectonic plates, magma from the mantle reaches the seafloor. New magma emerges onto the ocean floor near the ridge axis. The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt and gabbro.
History 
The ridge was discovered during the expedition of HMS Challenger in 1872. A team of scientists on board discovered a large rise in the middle of the Atlantic. They were planning the future location for a transatlantic telegraph cable. The existence of such a ridge was confirmed by sonar in 1925

In the 1950s, mapping of the Earth’s ocean floors showed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to have valleys and ridges. Its central valley is seismologically active and the epicentre of many earthquakes. Ewing and Heezen discovered the ridge to be part of a 40,000-km-long essentially continuous system of mid-ocean ridges on the floors of all the Earth’s oceans. The discovery of this worldwide ridge system led to the theory of seafloor spreading and general acceptance of Wegener's theory of continental drift and expansion as plate tectonics.

Geology 
The ridge started forming in at the end of the Triassic period, and was responsible for the separation of the Americas from Africa and Europe with the breakup of Pangaea.
The ridge sits atop a geologic feature known as the Mid-Atlantic Rise which is a progressive bulge that runs the length of the Atlantic Ocean, with the ridge resting on the highest point of this linear bulge. This bulge is thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing up the oceanic crust and lithosphere.

References 

Atlantic Ocean
Plate tectonics
Geography of Iceland
Pope Innocent XI (; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 240th Pope from 1676 to 1689.

Early life
Benedetto Odescalchi was born at Como in 1611. He was the son of a Como nobleman, Livio Odescalchi

Cardinal
In 1645, Pope Innocent X raised Odescalchi to the rank of cardinal.

Bishop
In 1650, Odescalchi became Bishop of Novara.

Pope
Cardinal Odescalchi was elected pope on 21 September 1676; and he chose to be called Innocent XI.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes, chiefly with Louis XIV of France

In December 1688, Innocent received the diplomatic mission sent to the Vatican by Narai, the King of Siam.

After his death
After Innocent XI in 1689, he was buried in St. Peter's Basilica.

The process of canonization was begun in 1714 and suspended in 1744. Pope Pius XII announced his beatification in 1956.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Odescalchi
 Video footage showing the beatification of Pope Innocent XI

Italian popes
1611 births
1689 deaths
Beatified people
People from Como
The surface area to volume ratio of an object is the relationship between two measurements. It is the ratio of Surface area to volume.  It shows the comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside. Small or thin objects have a large surface area compared to the volume. This gives them a large ratio of surface to volume. Larger objects have small surface area compared to the volume so they have a small surface area to volume ratio. A large lump, for example, has a small ratio, and may be smashed into powder to give it a large surface to volume ratio.

Two common ways of writing it are sa/vol or SA:V. Either of these say to divide the surface area by the volume. This shows how much surface area is required for each unit of volume.

Example
 

Geometry
The Honda Accord is a midsize car that is built by the Honda company. The car has changed over time by design. It has had ten different basic designs. The Honda Accord has been made and sold since 1976. The car later spawned a station wagon crossover SUV called the Crosstour in 2009. However, very low sales made Honda discontinue the Crosstour in 2015. 

Honda automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
A punched card is a storage medium. It contains information in the form of holes, that are at precise locations on the card. In the 19th century, punched cards were widely used to control machines, such as looms and for census.  Fairground organs and related instruments still use punched cards, as do some voting machines.

Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a medium that could then be read by a machine. 

Data input
Sri Lanka first took part in the Olympic Games in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Sri Lanka is SRI.  In 1964, it was CEY for Ceylon.

History
Teams took part in all Summer Olympic Games since then, but not the 1976 Games.  Sri Lanka never took part in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Sri Lanka was formed in 1937 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.  The nation was called Ceylon until 1972.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Sri Lanka profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
National sports teams of Sri Lanka
Syria was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.  The nation came back to the Games in 1968.  They also missed the 1976 Games.  The nation has not been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Syria was formed in 1948.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Syrian Arab Republic profile at London2012.com 

Syria
Nations at the Olympics
Chinese Taipei has been in many Olympic Games.  The country first competed with the Chinese National Olympic Committee.  From 1960 to now the country now takes part as the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Taipei (Chinese Taipei) profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
National sports teams of Taiwan
Tajikistan was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1996.  They have been to every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has been at the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

Before, Tajik athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics until 1988. Tajikistan was part of the Unified Team in 1992.

The National Olympic Committee for Tajikistan was formed in 1992 and recognized  by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Tajikistan profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
National sports teams of Tajikistan
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste was first at the Olympic Games in 2000.  They have not won any medals.

The National Olympic Committee was formed in 2003.  It is called Comitê Olímpico Nacional de Timor-Leste.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste profile at London2012.com 

East Timor
Nations at the Olympics
Naypyidaw (), also known Nay Pyi Taw or Naypyitaw, is the capital city of Myanmar, also known as Burma. 

Construction in the planned city is on-going.

History
In 2005, the capital of Myanmar was officially moved inland and away from the Gulf of Martaban and the Andaman Sea.

Geography
The former capital, Yangon (Rangoon), is about 385 kilometers (240 miles) south of the new city.

The new capital is located between middle mountain range of Bago Yoma and eastern mountain range of Shan Yoma. Naypyidaw covers an area of 7,054.37 square-km.

References

More reading
  "Welcome to Naypyidaw, Madam Secretary; Hillary Clinton visits Myanmar's Potemkin capital,"  Foreign Policy (US). December 1, 2011.
 McElroy, Damien.  "Burma: welcome to Naypyidaw - the home of kings - and the world's weirdest capital city," The Telegraph (UK). 18 November 2011.

Other websites

  Global Security.org, Naypyidaw 
  "Naypyidaw, An Unconventional Capital," 2011 

Cities in Myanmar
National capitals in Asia
Metabolism is a kind of architecture that began in Japan around 1960. This way of designing buildings came out of the rebuilding of Japan after World War II. Members of the group include: Kiyoshi Awazu, Noboru Kawazoe, Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Masato Otaka, and Kenzō Tange. They wrote a short book in English and Japanese called "The proposals for a New Urbanism" for the World Design Conference in 1960. Many Metabolist projects or designs were very large city plans called megastructures. The members thought of cities as living things that changed over long periods of time.
These architects were interested in building housing for large numbers of people. They often planned buildings that could be changed. One example is the Nakagin Capsule Tower by Kurokawa (1972). Each apartment was a rectangular block with one round window. These blocks could be added, moved, or removed as needed. It was a "plug-in building". Kurokawa planned for new, better capsules to be added to replace old ones. However, the tower was broken apart in 2022.

References

Architectural styles
The  is a building designed by architect Kisho Kurokawa. It has apartments and offices in it. The tower is in Shimbashi, Tokyo, Japan. Nakagin Capsule Tower is an example of the Metabolism style of architecture. It was the first modular capsule building.

Design and construction

The building is actually two towers. One is eleven and the other is thirteen floors. These towers are the utility cores. They have the elevators, stairs, electric, and water services in them. They also support the whole building. 140 capsules are attached to the two cores. Each capsule unit is one apartment or office. They are  ×  ×  and have one round window. Just four bolts connect each unit to a tower. The units are made from lightweight steel. They were built in Shiga Prefecture and brought to Tokyo on trucks. The capsules are not connected to each other, so any capsule can be removed or replaced without moving the others.
The towers are the permanent part of the building and the capsules were temporary. Kurokawa planned for new units to be built to replace old ones. As building technology improved, better units could be added. Also, units could be changed as people moved in or out. Capsules could even be moved from one building to another. This part of the plan never happened. No new capsules were ever built.

Residents plan to tear down the building. They say there are problems with asbestos and that the building is too old and has not been repaired well. Kurokawa and other architects want to keep the building as an historic example.

References

Towers in Japan
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword is a video game made in 2011 for the Wii. Unlike the other Legend of Zelda games, it focuses more on combat, keeping the role-playing and puzzle elements seen in earlier games. The story is connected with the rest of the Legend of Zelda series, and this game is about how the master sword was made. The player travels between two worlds: Skyloft, an area in the sky with floating islands which is the main area in the game, and Hyrule, which is located on the Earth. It makes use of the Wii MotionPlus add-on for the Wii Remote. The player uses the Wii Remote to swing Link's sword.

Link is the hero in this game. Zelda is Link's childhood friend, and the heroine in the story. Ghirahim: is the bad person who schemes to revive an ancient evil boss. In this game, you can go to four different "realms", such as the Faron Province, the Elden Province, and the Lanyuru Province, as well as Skyloft.
A limited edition bundle with a gold  Wii MotionPlus and a CD with orchestrated versions of the series' well-known music tracks was sold to mark the 25th anniversary of The Legend of Zelda.

A port, titled The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword HD, will be released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on July 16, 2021.

Skyward Sword
2011 video games
2021 video games
Adventure games
Nintendo video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with time travel
Wii games
Nintendo Switch games
Gary Mason (15 December 1962 - 6 January 2011) was a boxer. He was born in Jamaica, but later lived in England. He had been a British heavyweight champion. He had 37 wins in his career. 34 of those were knockouts. He lost only once. Lennox Lewis beat him in 1991. Mason died after being hit by a van while riding his bicycle in London.

References

1962 births
2011 deaths
Black British sportspeople
British boxers
British rugby league players
Jamaican sportspeople
Road accident deaths
Australia at the Olympics is a history which includes 45 games in 22 countries and 3,000+ athletes. Since 1895, Australia has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Australia is AUS.

History
The Australia National Olympic Committee was formed in 1895.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1895.

Afghanistan's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Australia has sent athletes to almost all of the modern Olympic Games.  Australia has competed in every Summer Olympic Games, and most Winter Olympic Games.

In 1908 and 1912, Australia competed with New Zealand under the name Australasia.

Host country

Australia has hosted the Olympics twice:

The 1956 Summer Olympics were at Melbourne in Victoria.

The 2000 Summer Olympics were at Sydney in New South Wales.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport (both Summer and Winter)

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Australian Olympic Committee 
 Australia profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Australia at multi-sport events
The Citroën Saxo is a car produced by Citroën. It is based on the Peugeot 106. It replaced the Citroën AX in 1996 and featured 3 and 5 door versions. It received a facelift in late 1999. It was replaced by the Citroën C3 and C2 in 2002 and 2003 respectively.

Engines 
 1.0i 33 kW (45 hp) and 37 kW (50 hp)
 1.1i 40 kW (54 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.4i 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6i 65 kW (88 hp) and 72 kW (98 hp)
 1.6i 16V 87 kW (118 hp)
 1.5 D 40 kW (54 hp) and 42 kW (57 hp)

Saxo
Front wheel drive vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
The Arab Spring (, ) is a wave of protests and demonstrations that happened in the Middle East and North Africa starting on 17 December 2010.  The self-immolation of Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi ignited the Tunisian Revolution, which quickly spread all over the MENA region.

Almost all Arab countries were affected by the Arab Spring, through varying degrees of social and political unrest. In Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Bahrein and Syria, the influence of the Arab Spring is the most notable. However, major protests also occurred in many other Middle Eastern states.

People went to protest out of anger against corruption and their often oppressive and authoritarian leaders. The demands of the protester were similar throughout the region. Common demands were freedom, justice, equal rights, economic opportunities, and democracy.
Protestors were very efficient in mobilising people, communicating, and providing information. The methods they used strongly contributed to the course of the Arab Spring. Moreover, pan-Arab TV programmes, social media and other forms of pan-Arab Internet networks contributed to the high degrees of synchronisation of the protests.

The Arab Spring heavily altered the political environment of the Middle East. By 2012, most of the governments involved had either been defeated and replaced or had suppressed the protests. However, in most countries, the demands of the protestors were not met, leaving them discontent and leaving the country in a state of unrest and instability.
Events 
On 17 December 2010, the self-immolation of the Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi, sparked the Tunisian Jasmine Revolution.This revolution was the first of many revolutionary protests and demonstrations in the Middle East and North Africa. We know this wave of revolts, protests, and uprisings, as the Arab Spring. Protests occurred all over the Arab World. The Arab Spring resulted in conflicts in Tunisia, Algeria, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Yemen, Djibouti, Sudan, Palestine, Iraq, Bahrain, Libya,  Kuwait, Morocco, Mauritania, and at the borders of both Lebanon and Israel. 
The outcomes of the Arab Spring differ per country, depending on a variety of factors. Such as the regime's response to the events, the attitude and involvement of security forces, foreign intervention, ethnic and sectarian divisions, and the existing state structure.
In six of the twenty-two states of the Arab League, the Arab Spring dramatically transformed the political environment and led to major political changes. In Tunisia, Libya and Yemen, popular protests forced the authoritarian rulers out of power. In Egypt, this occurred twice. In Bahrein and Syria the demonstrations evolved into civil uprisings. In Syria, the civil uprisings against the regime of Bashar al-Assad led to a full-scale civil war. Civil wars also arose in Libya and Yemen, as a result of the Arab Spring.

Other major protests occurred in Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Morocco and Sudan.

Minor protests occurred in Jordan, Mauritania, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Western Sahara, Palestine and in several non-Arab countries.
There were border clashes in Israel. Protests in Iranian Khuzestan by the Arab minority occurred in 2011. Weapons and Tuareg fighters returning from the Libyan civil war had encouraged a conflict in Mali in North Africa. The clashes in Lebanon were described as a spillover of violence from the Syrian uprising.

Causes 
The protests of the Arab Spring resembled a 'chain effect'. Many protests all around the Middle East and North Africa arose, following the example of the Tunisian Revolution. Despite the many events related to the Arab Spring, a great number of similarities in the causes of the protests and in the demands of the protestors can be identified.

Five major causes which lead to the Arab Spring, and revolutionary protests in general, are:
A demographic shift, with a rapid expansion of the youth share in a country's population, contributing to political instability. 
 Authoritarian regimes, which aim to control all aspects of society. 
 Resentment against the regime, often caused by corruption and poor economic performance. 
 The combination of feelings of discontent and a strong aspiration for change.
 Destabilisation by external actors.

Protestors of the Arab Spring took the stree ts out of anger towards their authoritarian, oppressive rulers and the corruption tied to their rule. Demands were generally concerned with freedom, justice, equal rights, economic opportunities, and democracy. These demands were heard all over the MENA region, among all members of society. Participation to the protests exceeded gender, age, religion, and education.
Methods 
The Arab Spring has been very influential, at least to a great extend because of the methods used by protestors and the high degree of synchronisation of the protests. The protests incorporated some techniques of civil resistance in sustained campaigns such as strikes, demonstrations, marches, and rallies. Protestors were also effective at using social media to organize, communicate, and raise awareness of state attempts at repression and Internet censorship. The protests of the Arab Spring occurred all over the Arab world, despite the different contexts of the different countries, the protests arose almost simultaneously. Four major factors can be identified which contributed to this synchronisation:
First, pan-Arab Internet networks played a great role considering exchanges and communication between Arab youth all over the Arab World. 
 Pan-Arab TV channels were also greatly influential, as they contributed to spreading information on the protests. 
 The global wave of agricultural inflation (agflation) and the corresponding world food price crisis of 2010 - 2012.
 The rapid rise of the average level of education in the workforce of many Arab countries, and the non-correspondence of the demands of the labour market. Which resulted in great numbers of highly educated unemployeds.
Outcomes 
The self-immolation of the Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi on 17 December 2010 sparked a wave of revolutions and protests, which re-shaped the political environment of the MENA Region. The outcomes of the Arab Spring are of a wide variety and they differ per country. As the context and factors such as the regime's response to the events, the attitude and involvement of security forces, foreign intervention, ethnic and sectarian divisions, and the existing state structure strongly influence the outcomes of the revolutionary events of the Arab Spring.

Outcomes per country 
The Arab Spring is responsible for many changes regarding Middle Eastern society and political structures. In almost all countries of the Arab League, changes occured. However, in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Bahrein and Syria, these changes were more substantial and disturbing, they strongly altered the political environment of these countries.
Tunisia 
The Arab Spring began in Tunisia, following the self immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi. In Tunisia, the Arab Spring resulted in a revolution, the Tunisian Revolution, als called the Jasmine Revolution. This revolution began on 17 December 2010, with calls against governmental corruption and economic stagnation, and ended on January 14th, 2011, with the ousting of president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali  and his autocratic regime. In Tunisia, the Arab Spring was caused mainly by economic stagnation, lack of political legitimacy, involvement of Tunisian youth and civil society, Islamism, and the growing influence of social media. The overthrow of Ben Ali's regime allowed for more political freedom and democratization in Tunisia. The succes of the Tunisian Revolution ignited many other revolutionary acts in the MENA region.
Egypt 
In Egypt, the protests started on January 25th, 2011, following the Tunisian example. The Egyptian revolution was influenced by similar factors as the Tunisian Revolution. Egyptians protested against police brutality, the state-of-emergency laws, and economic factors, such as unemployment, agricultural inflation, and low wages. They also demanded more political and civil freedoms.The main goals of the revolution are reflected in one of the main slogans of the protesters, namely “Bread, Freedom, Social Justice and Human Dignity”, relating to the poor political and economic situation of Egypt, characterised by poverty, oppression, corruption, and economic inequality. The Egyptian revolution resulted in the ousting of the Mubarak regime. After the toppling of Mubarak's regime, Egyptian politics remained unstable.
Yemen 
On 27 January 2011 protests commenced in Yemen. Yemeni Protestors initially demanded less unemployment, better economic conditions, an end to governmental corruption, and adjustment to the Yemeni constitution. However, quickly the protesters began demanding the end of Ali Abdullah Saleh's presidency. The predominantly peaceful protests were met with violent responses from the government. On 27 February 2012, President Abdullah Saleh resigned, and democratic presidential elections were held, following a long period of GCC-led diplomatic negotiations.
Libya 
In Libya, the first protest began on 15 February 2011. The uprisings of the Arab Spring erupted into a civil war, between Muammar al-Gaddafi's regime and the anti-Gaddafi rebels. On March 21st 2011, a NATO-led coalition military intervened in the Libyan Civil War, to protect Libyans against aggression of the government. On 23 August 2011, Muammar al-Gaddafi and his government were overthrown. However, this was followed with a period of great social, political, and military unrest.

Bahrein 
14 February 2011 marked the beginning of the Arab Spring in Bahrein. A civil uprising arose, despite of the relative high degrees of prosperity and little corruption. The Arab Spring resulted in further polarisation of the Bahraini society, in which sectarian tensions were already high. The uprisings were met violently by the regime, after dialogue had failed. The Sunni-minority regime, supported by the military wing of the GCC, violently regained control over Bahraini society.
Syria 
In Syria, protests began on March 15th, 2011. Protests were directed against president Bashar al-Assad, who unlike many other Middle Eastern authoritarian leaders was not ousted during the Arab Spring. As the Syrian Revolution accelerated, governmental responses became increasingly violent and repressive. The Revolution of the Arab Spring transformed into a civil uprising, paving the way for a full-scale civil war, the Syrian civil war. The regime of Bashar al-Assad remains in power, even though opposition and resistance remains. Since 25 March 2011, more than 130 000 people have died and millions have been displaced, both internally and externally.
The term Arab Spring (, ) is used in the media for the revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world, however, not all participants of the protests were Arab. The first specific use of the term Arab Spring to signify these events may have been in the American political journal Foreign Policy. Marc Lynch, referring to his article in Foreign Policy, writes "Arab Spring—a term I may have unintentionally coined in a January 6, 2011 article". Joseph Massad on Al Jazeera said the term was "part of a US strategy of controlling the movement's aims and goals" and directing it towards American-style liberal democracy. Due to the electoral success of Islamist parties before protests began in many Arab countries, the events have also come to be known as "Islamist Spring" or "Islamist Winter"
. Moreover, Some observers compared the Arab Spring movements to the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred in Eastern Europe or the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, which are sometimes also referred to as "Spring" revolutions.
Related pages 
 Arab Winter
 Syrian civil war

References

History of the Middle East
Democracy movements
2010s protests
Guangzhou (;  or ; ) is the capital of Guangdong Province of southern China. Historically, it was known to Westerners as Canton, which is a misnomer, or a mistake in naming, since the name is an older English pronunciation for the entire region that the city is in, Guangdong. It is also called the City of Flowers. It is in the south of China and is one of the five biggest cities in China. In mainland China, Guangzhou is regarded as one of the three most popular cities with Beijing and Shanghai, which is called Bei-Shang-Guang for short. It is where the 16th Asian Games were held and it is famous for its food all over the world.

Geography
Geography

Guangzhou is the core city of South China. It is on the north of Zhu Jiang Delta (Pearl River Delta), where the Dong Jiang River (East River), Xi Jiang River (West River) and Bei Jiang River (North River) join together. On its South is the South China Sea. With its geographical advantages, Guangzhou has been a very important port in South China for hundreds of years. Today, it is the biggest and most important port for air, sea, and trains in China. The area of Guangzhou is about . The north part and middle part of Guangzhou are hills. The west part and south part are plains that have a lot of rivers and streams. Guangzhou is in the subtropics monsoon climate region. It has a lot of sunshine and rain. The average temperature is from 21.4 to 21.9 °C (about 71 °F) and the lowest temperature in winter is about . The rainy season lasts for almost six months and the typhoons in summer also bring lots of rain. The average humidity is about 77 percent.
Guangzhou has Baiyun Airport, which is one of the three most important parts of air transportation in the country. The passenger throughput ranks third in China and 19th in the world. It is also a very important harbor in China, second to Shenzhen in South China and the fourth one in the country. With the Jing-Guang Railway, Jing-Jiu Railway, Guang-Shen Railway and other railways, Guangzhou has become one of the four biggest railway passenger stations in China. A high speed railway has been built here.

Economy
Economy

Guangzhou has been the city famous for business for hundreds of years. It has been open to the world for nearly 2000 years. After the Reform and Opening Up in 1979, Guangzhou has gained great economic achievement. For example, Guangzhou's GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has grown about 14% per year. It ranks as the third economic city in China (not including Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao). In addition, Guangzhou has become a city with a sound industrial foundation and developed tertiary-industry. In September of 1993, Guangzhou was accepted as a member of the World Association of Metropolises.
The most important elements of Guangzhou’s economy are light manufacturing sector and foreign trade. They are the main reasons for Guangzhou’s economic achievement and its attraction to appeal people from all over the world to begin their own business in this city. Every year, the China Import and Export Commodities Fair (Guangzhou Fair) is held here. It has the biggest conference and exhibition center, Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center, in Asia. After 2000, Guangzhou began to change its industrial structure and increase its investment in the heavy manufacturing sector. Nowadays, the automobile industry, petrochemical industry, and the IT industry have been the three mainstay industries in Guangzhou.

Culture and Education
The education in Guangzhou began in the Western Han Dynasty. Now, Guangzhou is one of the cities with the most colleges and universities in the South China. It is one of the cities which has the most education resource in the country. The best comprehensive university here is Sun Yat-sen University. It is a university built in memory of Sun Yat-sen, who led the Xinhai Revolution and is regarded as the father of China.

 
Capital cities in Asia
Adela Noriega  (), born Adela Amalia Noriega Méndez on October 24, 1969, in Mexico City, Mexico, is a Mexican television actress. Noriega gained popularity as a teenager participating in telenovelas as a lead actress. Some of her most famous works include Quinceañera (1987), Dulce Desafío (1989), María Isabel (1997), El Privilegio de Amar (1999), El Manantial (2001) and Amor Real (2003). She is known as the "Queen of telenovelas".

Personal life 
Noriega was born in Mexico City, Mexico, on October 24, 1969. At the age of 12, she was discovered by a talent scout. She started working as a child model and appearing in commercials and music videos. Her father died when Noriega was in her early adolescence. Her mother died in 1995 from cancer. She has two siblings; an older sister, Reyna, and a younger brother, Alejandro. Noriega takes long breaks between projects and avoids publicity. She lives in the United States.
Career 
Noriega made her television debut at the age of 14 in the telenovela, Principessa. Soon after, she appeared in another telenovela, Juana Iris, and on a comic show, Cachún cachún ra ra!. In 1986, she got her first leading role in the telenovela Yesenia where she played a role of a young gypsy. Shortly after, she starred as a leading character of Quinceañera. Quinceañera is considered to be the first telenovela made for teenagers because it dealt with the problems of youth (drugs, date rape and gangs) for the first time in the television genre. A year later, she appeared in another teen drama, Dulce Desafío.
In 1993, Noriega signed a contract with the U.S. network, Telemundo, and starred in a successful telenovela, Guadalupe. In 1995, she moved to Colombia and played the leading role in Maria Bonita, co-produced by RTI Colombia and Telemundo network. Noriega returned to Mexico in 1997 and starred as the lead of María Isabel, where she portrayed an indigenous woman. A year after, she played the leading female character in El Privilegio de Amar, the highest rated television program in Mexico to date.

In 2001, Noriega played the leading role in El Manantial. In 2003, she portrayed an aristocrat, Matilde Peñalver y Beristáin, in Amor Real. This historical telenovela received critical acclaim and was highly successful.  In 2005, she played the leading role in La esposa virgen. Her most recent starring role was in the telenovela, Fuego en la sangre, from 2008.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

The following table shows some of the nominations and wins for Adela Noriega.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites
Adela Noriega  – official website 

Mexican television actors
1969 births
Living people
Actors from Mexico City
White rice is rice after the outer part of each grain has been removed.

Rice
Gas discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources (or lamps). These lamps produce light by sending electricity through an ionized gas. Most of these lamps use a noble gas (usually argon or neon gas), or a combination of noble gases, but they often contain other materials, such as mercury, sodium or metal halides. The gases in these lamps are ionized in operation. This means that there are free electrons. When an electric current is sent through the gas, electrons collide with atoms of the gas and the metals. This will mean that some reach a higher energy state. When they fall back into the lower energy state, they will emit the energy in the form of light. 

The fluorescent lamp is probably the best known gas discharge lamp. Sodium vapor lamps are commonplace as streetlights.
Gas-discharge lamps have a long life and a high efficiency, but they are more complicated to manufacture, which makes them more expensive to buy than incandescent lamps. Due to their greater efficiency, gas-discharge lamps replacing incandescent light bulbs for many purposes in the late 20th century. Early in the 21st century, light-emitting diodes improved, with even higher efficiency. They began to replace some gas discharge lamps.  

Lamps
A charged particle, also called an ion, is an atom with a positive or negative charge. This happens whenever something called an ionic bond forms. Two particles that have different numbers of electrons (the smallest particle in an atom which is negative) start reacting to each other. The particle that has the greater amount of electrons steals the other particle's electrons. One becomes positive because it lost an electron, and the other negative because it got another electron. The two particles become attracted to each other and mix together, making a new kind of particle.

References

Electromagnetism
Physics
A Germicidal lamp is a lamp that produces  a special type of ultraviolet light. This light can ionise oxygen and produce ozone. Ozone can kill many types of germs. There are different designs of such lamps; some are very similar to compact fluorescent lamps.

Lamps
Nineveh was an ancient Assyrian city on the eastern side of the Tigris River. It was the capital and a major city of the Assyrian empire. Its ruins are across the river from the modern-day city of Mosul, Iraq.

The ruins of Nineveh are surrounded by the remains of a massive stone and mudbrick wall dating from about 700 BC. The wall was bout 12 km in length. The stone retaining wall had projecting stone towers spaced about every . The stone wall and towers were topped by three-step parapets.

The city wall had fifteen monumental gateways. They were checkpoints for people entering and exiting the city. They probably had  barracks and armouries. With the inner and outer doors shut, the gateways were fortresses. The gateways had passages and interior chambers lined with finely cut stone. A stairway led from one of the interior chambers to the top of the mudbrick wall.
The city wall was destroyed by ISIS by February, 2015. The wall was destroyed during an effort to destroy historical buildings and monuments in the province by the jihadist rebel group.

References

Assyria
Archaeological sites in Iraq
Cities in Iraq
Mesopotamia
Ancient settlements
Nineveh Governorate