Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Related pages
 Earth phase
 Environmentalism
 Spaceship Earth
 World Environment Day
 World Population Day
 Greenwashing

References

Other websites

Holidays
The parables of Jesus can be found in Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, and in some of the gospels not in the Bible. They are found mostly in the three synoptic gospels. They are a key part of the teaching of Jesus: they form about one third of his recorded teachings. Christians place emphasis on these parables, since they are believed to be the words of Jesus.

Jesus' parables are seemingly simple and memorable stories, often with imagery, and each conveys a message. Scholars have commented that although these parables seem simple, the messages they convey are deep, and central to the teachings of Jesus.

Many of Jesus' parables refer to simple everyday things, such as a woman baking bread (parable of the Leaven), a man knocking on his neighbor's door at night (parable of the Friend at Night), or the aftermath of a roadside mugging (parable of the Good Samaritan); yet they deal with major religious themes, such as the growth of the Kingdom of God, the importance of prayer, and the meaning of love.
In Western civilization, these parables formed the prototype for the term parable and in the modern age, even among those who know little of the Bible, the parables of Jesus remain some of the best known stories in the world.

Roots and sources
As a translation of the Hebrew word מָשָׁל mashal the word parable can also refer to a riddle. In all times in their history the Jews were familiar with teaching by means of parables and a number of parables also exist in the Old Testament. The use of parables by Jesus was hence a natural teaching method that fit into the tradition of his time. The parables of Jesus have been quoted, taught, and discussed since the very beginnings of Christianity.

Canonical gospels
Canonical gospels

The three synoptic gospels contain the parables of Jesus.  The Gospel of John contains only the stories of the Vine and Good Shepherd, which some consider to be parables, else it includes allegories but no parables. Several authors such as Barbara Reid, Arland Hultgren or Donald Griggs comment that "parables are noticeably absent from the Gospel of John".

The Catholic Encyclopedia states: "There are no parables in St. John's Gospel. In the Synoptics ... we reckon thirty-three in all; but some have raised the number even to sixty, by including proverbial expressions." The Gospel of Luke contains both the largest total number of parables (24) and eighteen unique parables; the Gospel of Matthew contains 23 parables of which eleven are unique; and the Gospel of Mark contains eight parables of which two are unique.
In Harmony of the Gospels, Cox and Easley provide a Gospel harmony for the parables based on the following counts: Only in Matthew: 11, only in Mark: 2, only in Luke: 18, Matthew and Luke: 4, Matthew, Mark and Luke: 6. They list no parables for the Gospel of John.

Other documents
Parables attributed to Jesus are also found in other documents apart from the Bible. Some of these overlap those in the canonical gospels and some are not part of the Bible. The non-canonical Gospel of Thomas contains up to fifteen parables, eleven of which have parallels in the four canonical Gospels. The unknown author of the Gospel of Thomas did not have a special word for "parable," making it difficult to know what he considered a parable. Those unique to Thomas include the Parable of the Assassin and the Parable of the Empty Jar.
The noncanonical Apocryphon of James also contains three unique parables attributed to Jesus. They are known as "The Parable of the Ear of Grain", "The Parable of the Grain of Wheat", and "The Parable of the Date-Palm Shoot".

The hypothetical Q document is seen as a source for some of the parables in Matthew, Luke, and Thomas.

Purpose and motive
In the Gospel of Matthew (13:10-17) Jesus provides an answer when asked about his use of parables:

The disciples came to him and asked, "Why do you speak to the people in parables?" He replied,
"The knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of heaven has been given to you, but not to them. Whoever has will be given more, and he will have an abundance. Whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him. This is why I speak to them in parables:
Though seeing, they do not see; though hearing, they do not hear or understand."
While  and  may suggest that Jesus would only speak to the "crowds" in parables, while in private explaining everything to his disciples, modern scholars do not support the private explanations argument and surmise  that Jesus used parables as a teaching method. Dwight Pentecost suggests that given that Jesus often preached to a mixed audience of believers and non-believers, he used parables to reveal the truth to some, but hide it from others.

Christian author Ashton Axenden suggests that Jesus constructed his parables based on his divine knowledge of how man can be taught:

This was a mode of teaching, which our blessed Lord seemed to take special delight in employing. And we may be quite sure, that as "He knew what was in man" better than we know, He would not have taught by Parables, if He had not felt that this was the kind of teaching best suited to our wants.
In the 19th century, Lisco and Fairbairn stated that in the parables of Jesus, "the image borrowed from the visible world is accompanied by a truth from the invisible (spiritual) world" and that the parables of Jesus are not "mere similitudes which serve the purpose of illustration, but are internal analogies where nature becomes a witness for the spiritual world".

Similarly, in the 20th century, calling a parable "an earthly story with a heavenly meaning", William Barclay states that the parables of Jesus use familiar examples to lead men's minds towards heavenly concepts. He suggests that Jesus did not form his parables merely as analogies but based on an "inward affinity between the natural and the spiritual order."
Themes
A number of parables which are adjacent in one or more gospels have similar themes. The parable of the Leaven follows the parable of the Mustard Seed in  Matthew and Luke, and shares the theme of the Kingdom of Heaven growing from small beginnings. The parable of the Hidden Treasure and parable of the Pearl form a pair illustrating the great value of the Kingdom of Heaven, and the need for action in attaining it.

The parables of the Lost Sheep, Lost Coin, and Lost (Prodigal) Son form a trio in Luke dealing with loss and redemption.

The parable of the Faithful Servant and parable of the Ten Virgins, adjacent in Matthew, involve waiting for a bridegroom, and have an eschatological theme: be prepared for the day of reckoning. The parable of the Tares the parable of the Rich Fool, the parable of the budding fig tree, and the parable of the barren fig tree also have eschatological themes.
Other parables stand alone, such as the parable of the unforgiving servant, dealing with forgiveness; the parable of the Good Samaritan, dealing with practical love; and the parable of the Friend at Night, dealing with persistence in prayer.

Parables of the Kingdom of Heaven: hearing, seeking and growing

Parables of loss and redemption

Parables about love and forgiveness

Parables about prayer

Eschatological parables

Other parables

Art
Of the thirty or so parables in the canonical Gospels, four were shown in medieval art almost to the exclusion of the others, but not mixed in with the narrative scenes of the Life of Christ.  These were: the Ten Virgins, the Rich man and Lazarus, the Prodigal Son and the Good Samaritan.  Artists famous for depicting parables include Martin Schongauer, Pieter the Elder Bruegal and Albrecht Dürer.  The Workers in the Vineyard also appears in Early Medieval works.  From the Renaissance the numbers shown widened slightly, and the various scenes of the Prodigal Son became the clear favorite, with the Good Samaritan also popular.  Albrecht Dürer made a famous engraving of the Prodigal Son amongst the pigs (1496), a popular subject in the Northern Renaissance, and Rembrandt depicted the story several times, although at least one of his works, The Prodigal Son in the Tavern, a portrait of himself as the Son, revelling with his wife, is like many artists' depictions, a way of dignifying a genre tavern scene
.  His late Return of the Prodigal Son (Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg) is one of his most popular works.
Poetry and hymns
As well as being depicted in art and discussed in prose, a number of parables form the inspiration for religious poetry and hymns. For example, the hymn "The Ninety and Nine" by Elizabeth C. Clephane (1868) is inspired by the parable of the Lost Sheep:

There were ninety and nine that safely lay
In the shelter of the fold.
But one was out on the hills away,
Far off from the gates of gold.
Away on the mountains wild and bare.
Away from the tender Shepherd’s care.
Away from the tender Shepherd’s care.

Similarly, "My Hope Is Built" (Edward Mote, c. 1834) is inspired by the parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders, and "How Kind the Good Samaritan" (John Newton, c. 1779) is inspired by the parable of the Good Samaritan.
Harmony of parables
A sample Gospel harmony for the parables based on the list of key episodes in the Canonical Gospels is presented in the table below. For the sake of consistency, this table is automatically sub-selected from the main harmony table in the Gospel harmony article, based on the list of key episodes in the Canonical Gospels. Usually, no parables are associated with the Gospel of John, just allegories.

Parallels outside the canonical gospels
A number of parables have parallels in non-canonical gospels, the Didache, and the letters of Apostolic Fathers . However, given that the non-canonical gospels generally have no time sequence, this table is not a Gospel harmony.

Related pages
 Gospel harmony
 Miracles of Jesus
 Parable
 Parables in the Qur'an

References
References

Further reading
 
 Lisco, Friedrich Gustav and Fairbairn, Patrick, 1850. The Parables of Jesus Daniels and Smith Publishers, Philadelphia
 
 Oxenden, Ashton, 1864. The parables of our Lord William Macintosh Publishers, London.
 
 Snodgrass, Klyne, 2008. Stories with Intent: A Comprehensive Guide to the Parables of Jesus William B Eerdmans Publishing Co
 Sumner, John Bird, 1850. The parables of our lord and saviour Jesus Christ C. Cox Publishers, London.
 
 Trinder, William Martin, 1816.  Sermons on the parables of Jesus Christ Baldwin, Cradock and Joy Publishers, London.

Other websites

 List of biblical parables 
 Another list, slightly different and only of the synoptic Gospels
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Parable
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Parable
 PBS: Frontline: From Jesus to Christ: The Parables
 Parables of Jesus at WikiChristian

Christian genres
The Parable of the Barren Fig Tree (Luke 13:6–9) written in the New Testament is a parable of Jesus.  It is a parable about a fig tree which does not produce fruit, unlike the parable of the budding fig tree.

What Jesus said 
Then he told this parable:

What it means
The owner of the vineyard represents God.  The fig tree is a symbol for Jerusalem (and also for Jesus's church).  The vineyard where the tree was planted is the earth.  The tree was meant to bear the good fruit of the Holy Spirit and the gardener (vinedresser) is Jesus. Fig trees are often planted in vineyards.

The parable indicates Jesus is giving his hearers one last chance to repent their sins. "These three years" refers to the period of his ministry on earth. The parable is connected to the miracle of cursing the fig tree. Richard Whately commented that this parable "is one which our Lord may be said to have put before his hearers twice; once in words, once in action."

Related pages
 Figs in the Bible

References

Barren Fig Tree
The Parable of the Budding Fig Tree is a parable of Jesus.  It is written in the New Testament in Matthew 24:32-35, Mark 13:28-31 and Luke 21:29-33.  The parable compares the Kingdom of God with a budding fig tree, the opposite of the barren fig tree.

What Jesus said
He told them this parable:

What it means
This eschatological parable follows the Olivet discourse in Luke 21:5-28 (and Matthew 24 and Mark 13).  New buds appear on the branches of trees when Winter ends.  The buds open into blossoms and green leaves in Spring.  Fruit starts to appear as Summer arrives.  When  the signs of the end of the age start to happen, it means Jesus will return soon.

References

Budding Fig Tree
Christian eschatology
Counting the cost is the name of a pair of parables Jesus told.  The two parables are written in the New Testament in Luke 14:25-33.

What Jesus said
Large crowds were travelling with Jesus, and turning to them he said:

What it means
The disciples of Jesus gave up everything they had for the kingdom of God, even their lives.  To follow "God's salvific aim" meant to put family and possessions in second place. Christians believe the cost of being a disciple is worth the promised rewards.

References

Parables of Jesus
The Parable of Drawing in the Net is a parable of Jesus written in the New Testament in Matthew 13:47–52.  It is a parable about the final judgment.  It is the seventh and last parable in the chapter which began with the Parable of the Sower.

What Jesus said
The parable:

What it means
It is, like The Tares and the Wheat and The Sheep and the Goats, a parable about the final judgment. Here, the edible fish must be separated from the inedible fish after they caught with a net.

Four of his disciples were fishermen and Jesus spoke using imagery they understood. Because it is a parable about the end of the age, a modern interpretation can be considered, with the net representing the Internet. Jesus's next words about old and new treasures indicated he did have in mind a future time.  At that time, "true teachers of the kingdom display the kingdom's treasure for all to see."

References

Drawing in the Net, Parable of
The Parable of the Faithful Servant (or Parable of the Door Keeper) is a parable of Jesus written in the New Testament in Matthew 24:42-51, Mark 13:34-37, and Luke 12:35-48.

What Jesus said
The parable:

What it means
The parable immediately precedes the Parable of the Ten Virgins in the Matthew 25.  It means "be prepared and remain alert." The exact time of Jesus' Second Coming is unknown.

The bridegroom is Jesus Christ.  The wedding banquet is his wedding banquet.  The advice is for the church, his bride, while she waits for him.  He has chosen her.  "That privilege brings responsibility and that responsibility entails accountability."  Priests will be judged more severely than pagans who never heard of Jesus.

References

Faithful Servant, Parable of the
The Parable of the Friend at Night (Importunate Neighbour), is a parable of Jesus written in the New Testament in Luke 11:5-8.  A man refuses to help his neighbour during an emergency at midnight.  His neighbour persists in asking until he changes his mind.

What Jesus said
The parable:

Based on the Parable of the Ten Virgins, the unexpected arrival of the neighbour's guest at midnight could mean it is Jesus himself.

What it means
Jesus told this parable after he taught his disciples how to pray the Lord's Prayer. 
  The parable is therefore an incentive to pray.  The parable of the Unjust Judge has a similar meaning.

Depictions
The most famous depiction of this parable is The Importunate Neighbour (1895) by William Holman Hunt, kept at the National Gallery of Victoria, Australia.

References

Friend at Night, Parable of the
The Onon gol (Mongolian: Онон гол, Russian: Онон) is a river in Mongolia and Russia. It is 818 km long. Its watershed is 94,010 km2. It starts at the Khentii Mountains, on the Eastern slopes. 298 km of the river is in Mongolia. It has a confluence (the place where two rivers join together) with the Ingoda River. When they meet, it makes the Shilka River. People believe that Genghis Khan was born near the upper Onon and he grew up there. The rivers Onon—Shilka—Amur makes one of the world's ten longest rivers (their lengths, in order: 818 km, 560 km, 2,874 km).

Rivers of Russia
The Entscheidungsproblem (German, "decision problem") is a famous problem of mathematics. David Hilbert formulated the problem in 1928: Is there an algorithm that will take a formal language, and a logical statement in that language, and that will output "True" or "False", depending on the truth value of the statement? The algorithm does not tell how it reaches the answer, nor prove it, as long as the answer is always correct.

In 1936 and 1937, Alonzo Church and Alan Turing showed independently, that there can be no answer to the Entscheidungsproblem. They showed that it is impossible for an algorithm to decide whether statements in arithmetic are true or false. For this reason, there can be no solution for the Entscheidungsproblem. This was proven by Alan Turings "Turing Machine" which was created in the 1930s.
Turing's Proof 
Turing proposes a computer program that can determine for certain if any program fed into it will halt or not. He also proposes another program that halts if the input is loop, and loops if the input is halt. He says to make these two programs one new program. Then, he proposes to feed this new program's code into itself. This means the program thinks it will halt, so it will loop, but then it'll loop, so it'll halt, and so on and so forth. This is a paradox, which means for certain that you cannot write a program to determine if every program will halt or not.

References

Mathematical problems
Elizabeth "Bessie" Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926) was the first female African American pilot ever to hold an international pilot license. She fought discrimination to follow her dream of becoming a pilot.  She became a skilled barnstormer and aviation educator.

Early Life
Coleman was born in Texas in 1892. Her mother was African American and her father was Native American. She had two brothers and a young sister. Her parents were sharecroppers. When Coleman was two, her family moved to Waxahachie, Texas where Bessie went to school. She loved reading and was very good at math. Her father hoped to get a job.

Coleman’s father was disturbed by the racial barriers in Texas. He believed that the family would be treated better if they moved to Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
Unable to convince his wife to accompany him, Coleman’s father left the family when she was nine. Around that time, her older brothers grew up and moved away. Coleman’s mother worked as a maid. Coleman helped take care of her younger sister. 

During the cotton harvest, everyone in the family worked in the fields to earn extra money. It was hot, boring work, and during the harvest, African American children could not go to school. Still, Coleman managed to finish all eight grades in the local school. Coleman decided that she wanted to go to college, so she saved her money. In about four years, she had enough money to begin college. A year later, she ran out of money.

At the age of 23, Coleman boarded a train and made the trip to Chicago. She moved in with her brothers and their wives. Coleman took class to learn to become a manicurist, and soon found a job at the White Sox Barber Shop on Chicago's Southside. But Coleman wanted to do something more with her life.

Flying
Flying

Her friend Robert Abbott told her that she could travel to France to fly.  She studied the French language after work at night. She got a new job managing a restaurant and saved her money. Robert Abbot and her friends helped her pay for the trip. In 1920, Coleman went to France on a ship.  She learned to be a pilot at the Caudron Brothers' School of Aviation. In 1921, Coleman became the first female African American pilot ever to hold an international pilot license.  She earned it from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.
Coleman went back to the United States to work as a barnstormer, performing tricks and stunts in her airplane.  Barnstormers like Coleman flew planes in loops and figure eights and other patterns while audiences watched.  Coleman performed in the United States and Europe.   In the 1920s, much of the United States still practiced racial segregation.  Coleman refused to perform at places that did not let African Americans watch equally. For one show in Texas, Coleman refused to perform unless the showrunners let everyone in the audience enter through the same gate instead of making one gate for white people and one for black people.  She also taught flying lessons and encouraged women to learn to be pilots.

Coleman wanted to open an aviation school in the United States where black students could learn to be pilots.
In April 1926, Coleman and her mechanic, William Will, were practicing for a performance the next day.  Will was piloting the plane, when it flipped over and started to dive.  Coleman fell out of the plane and was killed. She is buried in Chicago's Lincoln Cemetery.

Legacy

Coleman is in the Aviation Hall of Fame.

In 1929, William Powell started the Bessie Coleman Aero Club in her honor.  The Club promoted aviation among black Americans, and it allowed men and women to join.

In 1995, the U.S. Post Office issued a stamp in her honor. A Chicago street was named after her.

References

Bessie Coleman biography at pbs.org 
http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Coleman/EX11.htm

Other websites
Web site about Bessie Coleman
Picture of the stamp honoring Coleman 

1892 births
1926 deaths
American aviators
African-American people
People from Waxahachie, Texas
William James "Willie" Dixon (July 1, 1915 – January 29, 1992) was an American blues musician, singer, songwriter and bass player. He was one of the founders of Chicago blues. He wrote a lot of songs which are still standards of Chicago blues. (i.e. "Little Red Rooster", "Hoochie Coochie Man", "Evil", "Spoonful", "Back Door Man", "I Just Want to Make Love to You", "I Ain't Superstitious", "My Babe", "Wang Dang Doodle", and "Bring It On Home") The songs are from the 1950s when Dixon worked as producer for Chess Records. He also played upright bass on many of the label's records.

Life
Dixon was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi on July 1, 1915. He learned the blues during his time on prison farms in Mississippi as an early-teenager. Dixon sang bass for  The Jubilee Singers, a local gospel group that was often in the program of the local radio station WQBC. He began to change poems he wrote into songs which he sold to local groups.
1936 he went to Chicago like many others from the Mississippi delta. There he begun boxing and won the Illinois State Golden Gloves Heavyweight Championship (Novice Division) in 1937. During his boxing time he met Leonard "Baby Doo" Caston, who convinced him to a musical career. Before the Second World War Dixon sang in different vocal groups. After the war he reunited with Caston and formed the "Big Three Trio".

Dixon signed with Chess Records as a recording artist but soon was involved in the record business. By 1951 he was producer, talent scout, session musician and staff songwriter. He worked with Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Otis Rush, Bo Diddley, Joe Louis Walker, Little Walter, Sonny Boy Williamson, Koko Taylor, Little Milton, Eddie Boyd, Jimmy Witherspoon, Lowell Fulson, Willie Mabon, Memphis Slim, Washboard Sam, Jimmy Rogers, and others. By his work with Chuck Berry he was a link between blues and early rock and roll.
From the late 1960s until the middle 1970s, Dixon ran his own record label, Yambo Records. He formed different all star bands which often went on tours in Europe. He also became an advocate for the blues. He founded the Blues Heaven Foundation. The Foundation preserves the blues legacy and secures copyrights and royalties for blues musicians who were often exploited in the past.

In the 1970s and 1980s his health became weaker and weaker because of his diabetes. Dixon died of heart failure in Burbank, California on January 29, 1992.

Honors
Blues Hall of Fame (1980)
Grammy (1989) for Hidden Charms
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the "early influences" (pre-rock) category (1994)

Discography

Reading
Dixon, Willie; Snowden, Don (1989). I Am the Blues. Da Capo Press. .

References

1915 births
1992 deaths
American blues singers
Musicians from Mississippi
Chicago blues musicians
People from Vicksburg, Mississippi
The Legion of Honour () is the highest French award.

It was established by Napoleon Bonaparte on 19 May 1802.

The Order is the highest decoration in France and is divided into five degrees: Chevalier (Knight), Officier (Officer), Commandeur (Commander), Grand Officier (Grand Officer) and Grand Croix (Grand Cross).

The order's motto is  ('Honour and Country'), and its seat is the Palais de la Légion d'Honneur on the left bank of the River Seine in Paris.

References 

 
1802 establishments
1800s establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in France
Imperial College London (IC) is a large university in central London. It specialises in business, engineering, medicine and science.

Imperial College was a constituent college of the University of London. It became fully independent in 2007, the 100th anniversary of its founding.

Imperial is among the best universities. It ranks 2nd in the 2015 QS World University Rankings and 9th in the 2015 Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Imperial ranked 22 in the 2014 Shanghai world rankings.

Imperial's faculty and alumni include 15 Nobel laureates, 2 Fields Medalists, 70 Fellows of the Royal Society, 82 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 78 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences.

Facilities 
Imperial's main campus is in the South Kensington area of Central London. It is on the boundary between the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster. Its main entrance is on Exhibition Road.
IC has a number of other campuses in Central London. With 525,233 square metres, it has the largest working estate of any higher education institution in the UK.

Imperial has around 14,700 full-time students and 3,330 academic and research staff. It had a total income of £694 million in 2009/10, of which £297 million was from research grants and contracts.

Imperial is ranked 26th in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities, 7th in the world (and 4th in Europe) in the 2010 QS World University Rankings, and 9th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.

There are currently 14 Nobel Prize winners and two Fields Medal winners amongst Imperial's alumni and current and former faculty.

Imperial is a member of the G5, the League of European Research Universities, Oak Ridge Associated Universities and the Russell Group. It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities.
History 
Imperial was formed indirectly by Prince Albert. Under his guidance, the Crown bought land in South Kensington to establish educational and cultural institutions. The area was referred to as "Albertopolis" by sceptics. The area included the Natural History Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Science Museum, the Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. The Imperial Institute was opened by Queen Victoria, who laid the first brick.

References 
Annual Report and Accounts 2013–14. Imperial College London.  

Notes

Imperial College London
1907 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
The University of London is a university in London, England. It is a federal university made up of 31 affiliates. There are nineteen university institutions and twelve research institutes. 

The headquarters of the university, Senate House, is in Malet Street in the Bloomsbury area of Camden. This is near University College London and the British Museum.

The University of London is the largest university in the UK by number of full-time students, with 135,090 campus-based students and over 45,000 in the University of London International Programmes. 

The constituent colleges are responsible for the teaching, the research or the individual students and staff of the constituent colleges; the university is not.  The university is an administrative body responsible for standards, degree examinations and certification.
The university was first established by a Royal Charter in 1836, which brought together in federation London University (now University College London) and King's College (now King's College London).

Graduates of the University of London may use the post-nominal letters 'Lond.' or 'Londin.' (both from Londiniensis) after their degree abbreviations.

The university's biggest colleges are Birkbeck, Goldsmiths, King's College London, the London Business School, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway, SOAS, LSE and UCL.

History

Founded in 1836, the University at first comprised just two colleges. They were University College London (founded in 1826), which did not apply religious tests to its students, and King's College (founded in 1829), which admitted only members of the Church of England. Therefore, both University College and King's pre-date the University of London, which initially served solely as an examining body for the constituent colleges.
In 1858 the University expanded its role by offering the University of London International Programmes to candidates outside the colleges, the first of its kind in the country. A new headquarters at 6 Burlington Gardens, providing the university with exam halls and offices, was built to accommodate the new role. 

In 1878 the University became the first university in the UK to admit women on equal terms with men. Four female students obtained Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1880 and two obtained Bachelor of Science degrees in 1881, again the first in the country.

References 

1836 establishments
1830s establishments in England
University of London
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden
Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl von Hohenzollern   (New Palace, Potsdam ; 18 October 1831 - New Palace, Potsdam ; 15 June 1888) was the only son of Wilhelm I.

After his father's death on 9 March 1888 Friedrich Wilhelm became King of Prussia and German Emperor as Friedrich III, but he was already suffering from throat cancer and died after just 99 days on the throne.

On 25 January 1858 he married Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom, eldest child of Queen Victoria and Albert the Prince Consort. They had seven children. The oldest, Friedrich Wilhelm, followed him as King and Emperor.

Friedrich Wilhelm III died of throat cancer in Potsdam. He is buried next to his wife in the Mausoleum of the Friedenskirche in Sanssouci Park, Potsdam.

References 

1831 births
1888 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
Crown Princes and Princesses of Prussia
Deaths from throat cancer
German emperors
House of Hohenzollern
Kings and Queens of Prussia
People from Potsdam
King's College London (King's or KCL) is a large university in London, and a college of the federal University of London.

University College London (1826) was founded before it. However, King's (1829) was the third oldest university in England to get its royal charter.

In 1836 King's became, with University College, one of the two founding colleges of the University of London.

King's is arranged into nine Schools of Study, spread across four Thames-side campuses in central London and one in Denmark Hill, South London.

King's is one of the largest centres for graduate and post-graduate medical teaching and biomedical research in Europe. It is home to six Medical Research Council centres, the most of any British university.

King's has around 18,600 full-time students and 5,030 staff and had a total income of £508 million in 2009/10, of which £144 million was from research grants and contracts.
There are 12 Nobel Prize winners amongst King's alumni and former faculty. King's is ranked 5th nationally and 19th in the world in the 2015 QS World University Rankings, 7th nationally and 27th in the world in the 2015 The Times Higher Education World University Rankings and 7th nationally and 55th in the world in the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities. In September 2010, The Sunday Times selected King's as its "University of the Year".
King's is a member of the European University Association and the Russell Group. It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities.

References 

University of London
City of Westminster
1829 establishments in Europe
1820s establishments in England
Ganggangsullae (Hangul: 강강술래) is a 5,000-year-old traditional Korean dance. It was first used to bring a good harvest and has become a cultural symbol for Korea. The females in Jeollanam-do usually dance this the most. Chuseok, the Korean style holiday a bit like the American Thanksgiving, is often known as the special day for this dance.

History 
The dance is thought to have come from about 5,000 years ago when the Koreans believed that the Sun, Moon, and Earth controlled the world. The people (almost always girls in hanboks) would dance under the brightest full moon of the year in order to bring a good harvest.

In the 16th century, when the Japanese were attacking Korea, Korea's Admiral Yi Sun-sin ordered women to do this dance. He told them to do this because he wanted to trick the Japanese into overestimating them. The women were said to have worn military uniforms and danced on Mount Okmae (옥매산).
On February 15, 1966, ganggangsullae was included in the list of the Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea #8.

Description 

Traditionally, this dance performed without any instruments. Young and old women dance in a circle at night under the moonlight. They go outside in hanbok, traditional Korean clothing, hold hands, make a circle, and start rotating clockwise. The lead singer sings a line. Then, the rest of the people all sing, 'ganggangsullae'. Then the lead singer sings another line, and the rest of the people reply, 'ganggangsullae'. This is probably where the name of the song came from. As the dance continues, the tempo of the song can get faster. They sing about their personal hardships, relationships, and wants. During the dance, the women also play some  games. The ganggangsullae can last until dawn.

References

Related pages
 Pungmul

Dances
The Easter Bilby is an Australian alternative to the Easter Bunny. Bilbies are an endangered species of Australian marsupials. Bilby shaped chocolates are sold in many Australian shops to raise money to help protect the bilbies. 

Author Rose-Marie Dusting wrote a book in 1979 called Billy, the Aussie Easter Bilby. Some of the money from each book sold goes to helping the bilbies.

The Foundation for Rabbit-Free Australia began to use the Easter Bilby concept in 1991. They wanted to show the damage that rabbits do to the Australian environment. The ideas was taken up by an Easter egg company, Darrell Lea. They give a portion of their profits to the foundation.

Australian children's book author and illustrator Irena Sibley produced three Easter Bilby books between 1994 and 2000 including the best selling The Bilbies' First Easter.

References

Easter traditions
Australian food
Sir John Richard Hicks (8 April 1904 – 20 May 1989) was a British economist. He contributed to the fields of consumer demand theory in microeconomics. In 1937, he developed the IS/LM model  which summarizes a Keynesian view of macroeconomics.  His book Value and Capital (1939) significantly extended general-equilibrium and value theory.  The compensated demand function is named the Hicksian demand function in memory of him.

He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1964.

In 1972 he received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (jointly)  for his pioneering contribution to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory.

Hicks died on 20 May 1989 at his home in the Cotswold village of Blockley at the age of 85.

References

1904 births
1989 deaths
British economists
Elizabeth "Libba" Cotten (January 5, 1895 – June 29, 1987) was an American blues and folk musician, singer, and songwriter.

Life
She was born as Elizabeth Nevills in Carrboro, North Carolina. She was the youngest of five children of a musical family. At the age of seven she started playing her older brothers banjo. In her early teens she bought her own guitar and started writing own songs. At the age of eleven she wrote a song called "Freight train", which was later her signature song. At the age of 15 she worked as maid along with her mother. Soon after her 15th birthday she married Frank Cotten. They had a daughter named Lillie and Libba gave up music for church and child. They went around in the USA but finally settled in the D.C. area.
After 25 years she became maid in the house of the composer Ruth Crawford Seeger and Charles Seeger. In this musical family she remembered her own guitar playing. Mike Seeger recorded her and the songs were later published as "Folksongs and Instrumentals with Guitar", which was released on Folkways Records. In the early 1960s during the folk revival she played shows with great names like  Mississippi John Hurt, John Lee Hooker, and Muddy Waters at venues such as the Newport Folk Festival and the Smithsonian Festival of American Folklife.

She went on touring and recording well into her 80s. In 1984 she won the Grammy Award for "Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording" for her album on Arhoolie Records, "Elizabeth Cotten Live". Her songs were covered by Peter, Paul, and Mary, Jerry Garcia, Bob Dylan, Devendra Banhart, Laura Gibson, Laura Veirs, His Name Is Alive and Taj Mahal.
Recordings on CD
Elizabeth Cotten. Freight Train and Other North Carolina Folk Songs and Tunes. Smithsonian Folkways.
Elizabeth Cotten. Shake Sugaree. Smithsonian Folkways.
Elizabeth Cotten. Live!. Arhoolie Records.
Elizabeth Cotten. Vol. 3: When I'm Gone. Folkways Records.

Side Performer Appearances and Compilations
1958 	Various Artists / Folk Music USA. Vol. 1 (Folkways FE 4530)
19??	Various Artists / Folk Song America, Vol. 2 (Smithsonian/Folkways CD 00462)
198? 	Mike Seeger / Second Annual Farewell Reunion (Mercury SRMI-685)
1986 	New Lost City Ramblers/ 20th Aniversery Concert (Flying Fish FF 090)
1991	Etta Baker / One-Dime Blues (Rounder CD 2112)
1990	Various Artists / A Fish That's a Song (Folkways CD 45037)
1993	Various Artists / Blues With a Feeling (VANGUARD VCD2-77005)
1996	Various Artists / Mean Old World: The Blues from 1940 to 1994 Smithsonian Blues Box (Smithsonian Institution Press 0003/ 0004)
1996	Various Artists / Smithsonian Folkways American Roots Collection (Smithsonian Folkways CD 40062)
1997	Various Artists / Close to Home Old Time Music from Mike Seeger´s Collection (Folkways CD 40097)
1998	Various Artists / North Carolina Banjo Collection (Rounder CD 439)
Videos und DVDs 
 Masters of the Country Blues: Elizabeth Cotten and Jesse Fuller. Yazoo Records, 1960.
 Elizabeth Cotten with Mike Seeger. Vestapool Productions, 1994.
 Legends of Traditional Fingerstyle Guitar. Cambridge, Mass.: Rounder Records, 1994.
 Mike Seeger and Elizabeth Cotten. Sparta, NJ: Stefan Grossman's Guitar Workshop, 1991.
 Jesse Fuller and Elizabeth Cotten. Newton, NJ: Yazoo Video, 1992.
 Me and Stella: A film about Elizabeth Cotten. New Brunswick, NJ: Phoenix Films and Video, 1976.
 John Fahey, Elizabeth Cotten: Rare Performances and Interviews. Vestapool Productions, 1969, 1994.
 Rainbow Quest with Pete Seeger. Judy Collins and Elizabeth Cotten. Shanachie Entertainment, 2005.
 Libba Cotten, an interview and presentation ceremony. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 1985.
 Homemade American Music. Mendocino California: Lawren Productions, 1980.
 Elizabeth Cotten in concert, 1969, 1978, and 1980. Vestapool Productions, 1969, 2003.
The Guitar of Elizabeth Cotten. Sparta, NJ: Stefan Grossman's Guitar Workshop, 2002.
 The Downhome Blues. Los Angeles, California: Distributed by Philips Interactive Media, 1994.
 Elizabeth Cotten Portrait Collection. Public Broadcasting System, United States, 1977-1985.
Other websites
 "Interview with blues and folk singer Elizabeth Cotten"  for the WGBH series, Say Brother 
  Find-A-Grave profile for Elizabeth Cotten
 Cotten Discography on Folkways 
  A clip of Elizabeth performing in 1969 
Remembering Elizabeth Cotten, Eclectica Magazine, Acoustic Guitar Magazine
 Elizabeth Cotten

1895 births
1987 deaths
American guitarists
Singers from North Carolina
Musicians from North Carolina
Piedmont blues
Blues guitarists
Grammy Award winners
Charles Entertainment Cheese is a franchise of arcades and restaurants. Their restaurants have small rides, pizza (a central focus), and arcade / skill games. It was previously called Charles Entertainment Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre (1977–1991).

In most of their stores, they operate animatronic robot characters which sing songs and play instruments.
Created in 1977 in San Jose, California by Atari founder Nolan Bushnell, it started out as Charles Entertainment Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre. In 1984, CEC got bought out by Then-competitor ShowBiz Pizza Place from Topeka, Kansas and changed their corporate name to "ShowBiz Pizza Time". In 1989, Brock Hotel Management(then owners of SPT) sold it's "Monterrey's Tex-Mex Cafe" brand to them and spun off SPT into a separate company. In 1991, all ShowBiz and Pizza Time stores re-branded as "Charles Entertainment Cheese's Pizza" and in 1998 SPT changed their corporate name to "CEC Entertainment". In 1999, CECE bought out their primary competitor, Discovery Zone and in 2014 they bought the "Peter Piper's Pizza" chain. In 2013, CECE got bought by Apollo Global Management as was / is put up for sale.

CECE's headquarters are in Irving, Texas and have 590 CEC store locations worldwide.
In September 2020, it was announced that Charles Entertainment Cheese is developing a live-action movie and an animated television series.

References

1977 establishments in  the United States
1970s establishments in California
American fast food restaurants
Companies based in Texas
San Jose, California
Robert John Arthur "Rob" Halford (born 25 August 1951) is an English singer-songwriter. He was born in Sutton Coldfield and raised in Walsall. He is best known as the lead vocalist for the Grammy Award-winning heavy metal band Judas Priest. He is nicknamed "Metal God". He is also credited as being the first openly gay mainstream heavy metal star when he came out as gay in 1998.

Rob almost exclusively now works with producer Mike Exeter when creating new music having met him whilst working on the Redeemer of Souls album with Judas Priest.

Discography

Judas Priest
 Rocka Rolla  (1974)
 Sad Wings of Destiny  (1976)
 Sin After Sin  (1977)
 Stained Class  (1978)
 Killing Machine  (1978) (released as Hell Bent for Leather in the USA 1979)
 British Steel  (1980)
 Point of Entry  (1981)
 Screaming for Vengeance  (1982)
 Defenders of the Faith  (1984)
 Turbo  (1986)
 Ram It Down  (1988)
 Painkiller  (1990)
 Angel of Retribution (2005)
 Nostradamus (2008)
 Redeemer of Souls (2014)
 Firepower (2018)
Fight
K5 – The War of Words Demos (1992) (released in 2007)
War of Words (1993)
Mutations (1994)
A Small Deadly Space (1995)

2wo
Voyeurs (1998)

Halford
Resurrection (2000)
Live Insurrection (2001)
Crucible (2002)
Halford III: Winter Songs (2009)
Live in Anaheim (2010) (recorded in 2003)
Halford IV: Made of Metal (2010)

References

Other websites
Official website

1951 births
Living people
English LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from Birmingham
Musicians from Staffordshire
Judas Priest
The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1878. The Order includes members of three classes:

Knight Grand Commander (GCIE)
Knight Commander (KCIE)
Companion (CIE)

No appointments have been made since 1947, the year of Indian independence and the Partition of India. In 2010 the last surviving knight, The Maharaja of Dhrangadhra, died and the order became dormant .

The motto of the Order is , (Under the auspices of the Empress), a reference to Queen Victoria, the first Empress of India. The Order is the junior British order of chivalry associated with the Empire of India; the senior one is The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India.
History
The British founded the Order in 1878 to reward British and "native" officials who served in India. The Order originally had only one class (Companion), but a second class, Knights Commander, was added in 1887. The British authorities intended the Order of the Indian Empire as a less exclusive version of the Order of the Star of India (founded in 1861); consequently, many more appointments were made to the former than to the latter.

On 15 February 1887, the Order of the Indian Empire formally became "The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire" and was divided into two classes: Knights Commander and Companions, with the following first Knights Commander:
General Sir Frederick Sleigh Roberts
Edward Drummond
Sir Alfred Comyns Lyall
Bhagvatsingh of Gondal
Robert Anstruther Dalyell
Maxwell Melvill
Alexander Cunningham
Rana Shankar Baksh Singh
Dietrich Brandis
Sir Monier Williams
Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju, Maharaja of Vizianagram
Donald Campbell Macnabb
Honourable Nawab Sir Imam Buksh Khan Mazari, The Nawab of Mazari.Pakistan
Nawab Munir ud-Daula Salar Jang, the Prime Minister of Hyderabad
George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood
Ranjit Singh, Raja of Ratlam
Surgeon-General Benjamin Simpson
Albert James Leppoc Cappel
Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Bahadur, Nawab of Murshidabad
Lachmessur Singh, Maharaja of Darbhanga
Bapu Sahib Avar
Donald Mackenzie Wallace
Alfred Woodley Croft
Bradford Leslie

However, on 5 January 1888, a further proclamation regarding the Order was made; the Order was expanded from two classes to three - Knight Grand Commander, Knight Commander and Companion. Seven Knights Grand Commander were created; they were:
HRH The Prince of Wales
HRH The Duke of Edinburgh
HRH The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
HRH The Duke of Cambridge
The Lord Reay, Governor of Bombay
The Lord Connemara, Governor of Madras
General Sir Frederick Sleigh Roberts (promoted from a Knight Commander)

Normally the highest grade in British orders is Knight Grand Cross, but Knight Grand Commander was chosen for the two Indian awards because of the Christian symbolism of the cross.

Appointments to both Orders stopped after 14 August 1947. The Orders have never been formally abolished, and Queen Elizabeth II remains the Sovereign of the Orders to this day. Today, there are no living members of the order.
The last Grand Master of the Order, Admiral of the Fleet Louis Mountbatten, Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900-1979), died on 27 August 1979.
The last surviving GCIE, HH Maharaja Sri Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma (1912-1991), the Maharaja of Travancore, died on 19 July 1991 in Trivandrum.
The last surviving KCIE, HH Maharaja Sri Sir the Maharaja of Dhrangadhra (1923-2010), the Maharaja of Dhrangadhra-Halvad, died at Dhrangadhra on 1 August 2010.
The last surviving CIE, Vice-Admiral Sir Ronald Brockman (1909-1999), died on 3 September 1999 in London.

The fictional characters Purun Dass (invented by Rudyard Kipling) and Harry Paget Flashman (invented by George MacDonald Fraser) each held a KCIE; Kipling's engineer Findlayson in The Day's Work (1908) wants the CIE.
Composition
The British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order. The Grand Master held the next-most senior rank; the position was held, ex officio, by the Viceroy of India. Members of the first class were known as "Knights Grand Commanders" rather than "Knights Grand Cross" so as not to offend the non-Christian Indians appointed to the Order.

At the time of foundation in 1878 the order had only one class, that of Companion.  There could be any number of members. In 1887, the Order was divided into the two classes of Knights Commander (50 at any given time) and Companions (no quota). The following year the class of Knight Grand Commander (25 at any given time) was added; the composition of the other two classes remained the same.