Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 – 8 February 1804) was an English chemist, philosopher, clergyman, and teacher.  He is known as the discoverer of oxygen. He was a Unitarian.

On 1 August 1774, Priestly identified oxygen in his laboratory at Bowood House in Wiltshire, England.

The Priestley Riots 
The Priestley Riots (or the Birmingham Riots of 1791) took place from 14 July to 17 July 1791 in Birmingham, England. 

The rioters' main targets were religious dissenters, led by Priestley.  Both local and national issues stirred the rioters. But at the heart was the Dissenters' attempts to gain full civil rights, and their support of the French Revolution (though not its methods).
The riots started with an attack on the Royal Hotel, Birmingham. There a banquet was organised in sympathy with the French Revolution.  Then, beginning with Priestley's church and home, the rioters attacked or burned four Dissenting chapels, twenty-seven houses, and several businesses. Many of them were drunk. They had found liquor while looting, or with which they were bribed. A small core could not be bribed, however, and stayed sober. The rioters burned not only the homes and chapels of the Dissenters, but also the homes of people they associated with Dissenters, such as members of the scientific Lunar Society.

References

Other websites 
 The Priestley Society
A short biography  at the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
Memorial essay (1874) on Priestley

1733 births
1804 deaths
Unitarians
English chemists
English philosophers
Members of the Lunar Society
Vincent Kennedy McMahon, better known as Vince McMahon or Mr. McMahon (born August 24, 1945) is an American businessman, wrestling promoter, professional wrestler, and movie producer. He is the Chairman of the board and main owner of WWE, Inc.. McMahon has been both the ECW World Champion and the WWE Champion.

Forbes estimates his net worth to be around $2 billion.

Career
McMahon started his wrestling career in 1971 as an announcer. He worked for the "World Wide Wrestling Federation" (WWWF) which later changed its name to "World Wrestling Federation" (WWF). The name was changed again to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The company was originally owned by his father, Vince J. McMahon. McMahon bought the company from his father in 1984. McMahon took the business from a local promotion in the north eastern part of the United States and made it a global company.

McMahon played the role of an evil boss for many years.
Personal life 
McMahon married his wife, Linda McMahon, on August 26, 1966 in New Bern, North Carolina. They have two children: Shane and Stephanie. In 2016, President-elect of the United States nominated McMahon's wife Linda as Administrator of the Small Business Administration.

References

Other websites 
 WWE Corporate Bio 

1945 births
Businesspeople from North Carolina
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Professional Wrestling broadcasters
Sportspeople from North Carolina
WWE people
Frederic Ogden Nash (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet. His poetry is thought by many people to be very funny. Nash was born in Rye, New York on August 19, 1902. In 1932, he joined the staff of The New Yorker. He died of Crohn's disease on May 19, 1971 in Baltimore, Maryland.

References 

1902 births
1971 deaths
American poets
Disease-related deaths in Maryland
Writers from New York (state)
People from Rye, New York
The 1986 Atlantic hurricane season officially started on June 1, 1983, and ended on November 30. The season had a total of 6 named storms and 4 hurricanes.

Storms

Tropical Storm Andrew

Tropical Depression One formed on June 5 north of the Bahamas. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Andrew the next day. Andrew traveled along the East Coast of the United States, creating giant waves and high surf along the shore but with minor damages. Andrew dissipated south of Cape Cod. One person drowned off the North Carolina coast in high surf, but no major damages was reported.

Hurricane Bonnie

Tropical Depression Two formed south of the Louisiana coast on June 23 and quickly strengthened into a hurricane. Bonnie made landfall on the upper Texas coast near High Island. Streets were flooded throughout southeast Texas, mobile homes were destroyed, and three people were killed. Bonnie caused $2 million (1986 USD) in damage.

Hurricane Charley
Hurricane Charley

A tropical depression formed off the coast of the Florida and moved inland. The depression then travelled across Florida and exited the coast near Savannah, Georgia, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Charley. Charley continued moving up the coastline, and the storm strengthened into a hurricane before moving across the Outer Banks and Delmarva Peninsula. Charley then moved out into the sea, later became extratropical in the north Atlantic Ocean, and later brought bad weather across the British Isles on August 25 where it caused major damages.

Tropical Storm Danielle
On September 1, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa and moved west. The disturbance was below the 10 degree latitude as it developed into a tropical depression on September 7 and then strengthened into a tropical storm later that day. Danielle peaked as a 60 mph storm on September 8, while a Reconnaissance Aircraft reported gusts of up to hurricane force. After passing through the Lesser Antilles, Danielle came across vertical wind shear, and on September 10, it dissipated in the central Caribbean Sea. The remnants of Danielle continued to move west and eventually redeveloped in the Pacific Ocean as Tropical Storm Lester.

Hurricane Earl
Hurricane Earl

The strongest storm of the season began as a tropical wave off Africa on September 4. After moving across the tropical Atlantic Ocean it strengthened as Tropical Depression Five on September 10 while about 1240 miles (2000 km) east of Puerto Rico. The depression quickly strengthened and reached hurricane strength on September 11; Earl reached its strongest point on September 12, as a Category 2 hurricane as it travelled in a half circle.

The hurricane weakened to a Category 1 on September 16 and bounced back the way it came. Earl then turned north and became extratropical southeast of Newfoundland on September 19. At its strongest point, Earl had sustained winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 979 mbar.

Hurricane Frances
Hurricane Frances

Tropical Depression Six formed on November 18 and quickly strengthened into a tropical storm. The storm curved northeast and strengthened further, reaching hurricane strength on November 20. However, a high pressure system to the north caused the storm to fall apart. Frances was later destroyed by an extratropical low on November 21.

Storm names
These were the names set aside to be used in 1986 Atlantic hurricane. In the Atlantic, the names are used again every six years, so many of these names were used in 1980 and again in 1992. The names that did not get used are marked with .

Retirement
No names were retired from the 1986 Atlantic hurricane season.

Related pages
 List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
1980s in weather
Abidjan is the largest city and former capital of Ivory Coast. It is the commercial and banking center of Ivory Coast as well as the de facto capital. Yamoussoukro is the official capital. The city is in Ébrié Lagoon. It is built on many peninsulas and islands which are connected by bridges. There are an estimated 4 to 5 million people living in the metropolitan area.

History 
The city grew after the construction of a new wharf in 1931. It was made the capital of the French colony in 1933. In 1983, Yamoussoukro was made the capital of the country, but most government offices and foreign embassies are still in Abidjan.

References

Other websites 
 Photos from Abidjan 
 Map of Abidjan 

Capital cities in Africa
Cities in Ivory Coast
1931 establishments
20th-century establishments in Africa
Accra is the capital city of Ghana.  It has a population of about 1,970,400 (2005).  The city is Ghana's largest city. It is also the administrative, communications, and economic center of the country. The main economic activities in Accra are financial and government services, communications, construction, transportation and agriculture (mostly fishing). Most of Ghana's ability to make things is in the capital area.

History of Accra 

Accra was founded by the Ga people in the late 1600s. The word Accra comes from the word Nkran meaning ants. This is because of the many anthills seen in the countryside around Accra. During part of its history, Accra was a very important place for trade with the Portuguese. The Portuguese built a fort in the town. Many other countries also built forts at Accra during the 17th century. These countries included Sweden, the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom and Denmark.
The location that is Accra today grew into a large town around the original Ga town. As the city grew, the British, Danish and Dutch forts and the small communities that formed around the forts were made added to the city.

In 1877, at the end of the second Anglo-Asante War, Accra replaced Cape Coast as the capital of the British Gold Coast colony. After a railroad was built between Accra and the inland locations of mines and farms, Accra became the economic center of Ghana.  Large areas of the city were destroyed by earthquakes in 1862 and 1939, but the city rebuilt around a seaport and later a brewery. Each time it rebuilt, the city was made larger.

The Accra Riots in 1948 started people in Ghana fighting for independence. This led to the Ghana's independence from the United Kingdom and it becoming a country in 1957.

Today, Accra is  one of the richest and most modern cities in the African continent. It has a high quality of living by African standards.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Map of Accra 
 Google Earth image of Accra, Ghana

Cities in Ghana
National capitals in Africa
15th-century establishments in Africa
César Franck (born Liège, 10 December, 1822; died Paris, November 8, 1890), was a composer, organist and music teacher of Belgian and German origin who lived in France.  He was one of the great musicians of his time. He was organist at the church of Sainte Clotilde in Paris for more than 30 years, and he taught many talented young musicians.  Most of the music for which he is famous was composed when he was already quite old.

Life

César Franck was born in Liège, a town which is now in Belgium. His father came from near the German-Belgian border and his mother was German. Because his father wanted him to be a concert pianist, he was sent to study at the conservatoire in Liege before going to the Paris Conservatoire in 1837.  In 1842 his father made him come back to Liège so that he could practise for his career as a virtuoso pianist. He went back to Paris in 1844 and stayed there for the rest of his life.  He told his father he did not want to be a concert pianist.  This made his father very angry.
During his first years in Paris, Franck made his living by teaching and playing the organ. In 1848 he married.  His parents came to the wedding although they were still angry with him for not wanting to be a pianist.

In 1858 he became organist at a new church called Saint Clotilde Basilica.  He stayed there for the rest of his life.  He decided to improve his organ playing, in particular in the use of pedals and in improvisation.  At that time changes were being made in France to the pipe organ.  Aristide Cavaillé-Coll was a very famous organ builder.  He built an organ for Saint Clotilde Basilica and Franck gave the first recital on the new instrument in December 1859.  Franck became famous for the way he improvised on the organ after the services.  However, for many years he did not compose much.
Franck was becoming known as a teacher of organ and composition.  His group of pupils became known as the bande à Franck (the Franck band).  They included Henri Duparc, who introduced him to Alexis de Castillon.  Franck became organ professor at the Paris Conservatoire.  The students he taught included Vincent d'Indy, Ernest Chausson, and Louis Vierne. His organ works, especially the Grande Pièce Symphonique, were some of the best organ pieces to come from France (or anywhere else) in over a century.  They helped to prepare for the French symphonic organ style, which was to include many famous composers from the late 19th century onwards: people such as Vierne, Charles-Marie Widor and Marcel Dupré.

In 1872 he wrote an oratorio Rédemption.  It was not a success when it was first performed, but this was mainly due to the instrumental parts which had been badly copied, and by the famous conductor Edouard Colonne who conducted it very badly.  The work became popular years later after Franck had died.
Franck was now starting to compose the works which made him really famous.  He wrote a very large oratorio called Les Béatitudes.  Later he wrote a Piano Quintet and the symphonic poems Le chasseur maudit and Les Djinns.  His piano music included Prélude, choral et fugue and the Variations symphoniques.  In 1885 he was awarded the cross of the Legion d’honneur.  A year later he became president of the Société Nationale de Musique.  He wrote a Violin Sonata (1886) and a Symphony (1888), which are probably his two most famous compositions now.

In 1890, Franck was knocked down by a horse tram while crossing the road. He died shortly afterwards, although he still managed to compose his Trois chorals for organ just before he died.
His music
Many of Franck's works use "cyclic form", a way of making a long work with several movements sound like one piece by making the main theme or themes come back in later movements.  He wrote in a Romantic style which was partly influenced by the music of Wagner and Liszt.  Franck had big hands and when he wrote for the piano he often made the pianist play chords with very wide stretches.

He remains famous for just a small number of compositions written in his last years.  One of his best known shorter pieces is the motet Panis Angelicus, which was originally written for tenor solo, but is more often heard sung by a soprano or treble.

Other websites

Free Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Free Scores  at the Choral Public Domain Library
International César Franck Society  

1822 births
1890 deaths
Belgian composers
19th-century French composers
French organists
People from Liège
Romantic composers
Addis Ababa (spelled Addis Abeba by the Ethiopian Mapping Institute, also called Finfinne) is the capital city of Ethiopia. It is also the political capital  of the African Union and the Oromia region of Ethiopia.

History

Addis Ababa is both a city and a state. The city has people living in it from as many as 40 different countries speaking 80 different languages. There are many different communities in the city including Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities. Addis Ababa is about 2,500 m above sea level. It has about five million people.

The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul. The city was founded in 1886 by her husband, Emperor Menelik II.  The city is at the foot of Mount Entoto. In 1935 the city (renamed Addis Abeba) was conquered by the Italians and was made the capital of their empire in eastern Africa until 1941. Italians made huge improvements and modern projects to the city.
The city has grown since World War II and is now a huge metropolis that has nearly 09.98 million people living there as of 2019.

Addis Ababa University is in the city. Addis Ababa University was formerly known as Haile Selassie I University. It was named after the former Emperor of Ethiopia, who gave his palace to be used the main campus of the university in 1961.

References

Bibliography

Related pages
 Italian Mogadiscio
 Piccola Roma
 Italian Tripoli

Other websites 

 Addis Ababa City Administration 
 Addis Ababa City Council 
 Introduction to Addis Ababa 
 Picture of Addis Ababa 

1886 establishments
 
19th-century establishments in Africa
Regions of Ethiopia
In computing, a home directory is a special directory (or location in the File system, Apple calls directories folders). Very often, there is one such home directory per user. Some users, which were created by the system and usually do not log in, do not have such a home directory.

A home directory is used to store personal files of the respective user, including written document and settings for programs.

Different Implementations

Unix and Linux
On Unix and Linux-like operating systems, the directory is usually called like the username. It is usually in the /home hierarchy. A user fred would therefore his home directory in /home/fred.

It can be written as ~.
Microsoft Windows
Since Windows 95 there is a directory called My Documents. It was introduced together with My Computer. It helps the users locate their files. Since Windows 2000 it is in the user's profile directory Documents and Settings\username. So a user fred will find his files in Documents and Settings\fred\My Documents. In Windows Vista the directory has lost the My, and is simply called Documents.  Other directories, which are similar, may exist. They are called My Music, My pictures and My videos. Since Windows 7 files of a user can be found at \Users\(username)\.

Mac OS X
In Mac OS X, the home directory is in /Users.

Software
background
Nowruz has been celebrated by people from different ethnic communities and religious backgrounds for thousands of years. It started in Persia in one of the capitals of the Achaemenid Empire in Persis (Fars). It has been registered by UNESCO as The "International Day of Nowruz" a cultural and spiritual heritage of mankind on October 29, 2009. UN General Assembly also registered Nowruz as an Iranian heritage in its calendar. UN General Assembly described it as a festival celebrated for more than 3,000 years. Nowadays more than 300 million people celebrate it all over the world .UN document explained on March 23rd 2010.
Iran hosted celebrating Nowruz in the United Nations and UNESCO for the first time in 2012. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also issued a message on the occasion.
According to the book Documents on the Persian Gulf's name, Nowruz was originated in ancient Persia. This celebration is attributed to the mythical king Jamshid. Iranians celebrated Nowruz continuously at least since 500 BC .Historically the ethnics residing in geographical civilization of PERSIA have celebrated changing of the seasons or solar rotations, the equinoxes (March ( 21st) and September (about 23rd) and the solstices in June (20th or 21st) and December (21st or 22nd). they in fact were honoring and welcoming sun developments and return of spirit of the dead in this special days.
there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year.
Gallery

Sources

Persian culture
Religious holidays
New Year
The Earth's mantle has two layers. There is a rigid upper layer and a softer layer. It is between the Earth's crust and the Earth's outer core.

The upper mantle 

Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the outer levels of the mantle have produced a very thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface, where we live. The gases evolved during the melting of Earth's mantle have a large effect on the composition and size of Earth's atmosphere.

Uppermost mantle 
The top of the mantle is the  Moho at the base of the crust. The base of the crust varies from about 10 to 70 kilometers deep. Oceanic crust is generally less than 10 kilometers thick. "Standard" continental crust is around 35 kilometers thick, and the large crustal root under the Tibetan Plateau is about 70 kilometers thick.
A thin crust, the lower part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75 km thick. There are two main zones in the upper mantle. The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of perhaps 200 km, of which the uppermost mantle is 120 to 50 km thick.

Asthenosphere 
Below the lithosphere the upper mantle becomes notably more plastic. It is called the asthenosphere, and is composed of flowing rock in the state of plasticity, about 200 km thick.

Lower mantle 
The lower mantle is much thicker than the upper mantle. It is made of magma, under great pressure, and so is thicker (higher viscosity) and flows less easily. The lower mantles temperature has a max of about 4,000 °C (7,000 °F). 

The chemical composition of the mantle is heavily biased towards three elements: oxygen 44.8% by weight; magnesium 22.8%; silicon 21.5%. Compounds are oxides: silica SiO2 46%; magnesium oxide MgO 37.8%.
Place with no crust 
In 2007 a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook went to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle has no crust covering. The anomaly is mid-way between the Cape Verde Islands and the Caribbean in the Atlantic Ocean, at or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is about three kilometres under the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres.

Other such 'Oceanic Core Complexes' (OCCs) were found later. Many have active hydrothermal vents.

References

Other websites 
 Information on the Mohole Project 

Structure of the Earth
Robert Burns (25 January 1759  1796) was a famous poet born in Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland. Some of his most famous poems include To A Mouse, Auld Lang Syne, and Tam o Shanter. Burns is seen as the national poet of Scotland. Much of his work is written in broad Scots, a sister language to English. His poem and song A Man's A Man For A' That was sung at the opening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. "To A Louse, On Seeing One on a Lady's Bonnet at Church" is a 1786 Scots poem by Robert Burns.

Burns died at 37, and is buried in the graveyard of St Michael's Church, Dumfries, Scotland.

Notes

References

 
 
 
 Dietrich Hohmann: Ich, Robert Burns, Biographical Novel, Neues Leben, Berlin 1990 (in German)

Other websites

Modern English translations of poems by Robert Burns

Robert Burns website at National Library of Scotland
Legacy of Robert Burns – National Archives of Scotland website 
 Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, p. 57
A recital of Tam o Shanter a Tale
 A recital Address to the Unco Guid
 A recital of Address to a Haggis

 A Recital Holly Willie's Prayer including Epitaph on Holly Willie

1759 births
1796 deaths
People from Ayrshire
Scottish poets
Infectious disease deaths in Scotland
A book club is a club where people regularly meet to discuss a book that they have read and talk about their opinions, likes, dislikes of the characters and plot. Book clubs meet in private homes, libraries, bookstores, pubs, cafes or restaurants over meals, etc.

Books

Cultural organizations
VRS or Video Relay Service is a service by which deaf people can use sign language on phone calls. In some countries it has largely replaced the use of TTY for this purpose.

VRS uses a video camera and a high-speed Internet connection, to let people call friends, family, and business associates. A deaf or hard of hearing person can use a remote control and call an interpreter. When interpreter comes on their screen, the caller can call any hearing person and have a phone conversation through the interpreter.

VRS was invented in the 1990s in Sweden. In the early 21st century it became available in the United States. A person in the United States, can make calls to, or receive calls from, anybody in the world via VRS.

Other websites
 Pinky tells the Real Story Video Relay Service VRS 
 Proud Geek presents: List of Video Relay Services

Electronics
The Florida Panthers are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They play in Sunrise, Florida at FLA Live Arena. They were named for the Florida panther, a type of cougar that is considered an endangered species.

The Panthers have made it to the Stanley Cup Finals twice in 1996 and 2023 when they lost to the Colorado Avalanche in four games (1996) and the Vegas Golden Knights in five games (2023).

Other websites
 Official website

References 

1993 establishments in Florida
 
Ice hockey teams in the United States
National Hockey League teams
{{Infobox NHL team
| team_name = Carolina Hurricanes
| current = 2022–23 Carolina Hurricanes season
| bg_color = background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#CC0000 5px solid; border-bottom:#000000 5px solid;
| text_color = #000000
| logo_image = 
| conference = Eastern
| division = Metropolitan
| founded = 1972
| history = New England Whalers1972–1979 (WHA)Hartford Whalers1979–1997 (NHL) Carolina Hurricanes1997–present
| arena = PNC Arena
| city = Raleigh, North Carolina
| uniform_image = 
| team_colors = Red, white, gray, black   
| media_affiliates = Bally Sports SouthESPN The Fan (99.9 FM)The Buzz (620 AM)
| owner = Thomas Dundon
| general_manager = Don Waddell
| head_coach = Rod Brind'Amour
| captain = Jordan Staal
| minor_league_affiliates = Chicago Wolves (AHL)Norfolk Admirals (ECHL)
| stanley_cups = 1 (2005–06)
| conf_titles = 2 (2001–02, 2005–06)
| presidents'_trophies = 0
| division_titles = ''5 (1998–99, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2020-21, 2021-22)
| website = 
}}
| website = 
}}
The Carolina Hurricanes''' are an ice hockey team that plays in the  NHL. The team's home arena is PNC Arena, in Raleigh, North Carolina. They won the Stanley Cup during the 2005-2006 season by beating the Edmonton Oilers. They play in Raleigh, North Carolina, but they moved in 1999 from Hartford, Connecticut, where they were known as the Hartford Whalers. They play in the Metropolitan Division of the NHL.
The name "Hurricanes" was chosen because the eastern part of North Carolina is often hit by hurricanes during tropical storm season.

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1972 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in North Carolina
Dakar is the capital city of Senegal. It is on the country's Atlantic coast on the western edge of Africa. The city is a trade seaport for items leaving Africa. Dakar has a population of 1,030,594 people. The metropolitan area has about 2.45 million people living in it.

The National Assembly of Senegal and Senegal Presidential Palace are in Dakar.

History 

The area that is now Dakar was first settled around the 15th century. In 1444, Portuguese created a colony there. By 1536, the colony was being used to as part of the slave trade. Between 1588 and 1677, the area was fought over by many countries. During this time it was under the control of the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and finally the French.

In 1857, the French built a military base here. This base was called Dakar. It was made the capital of French West Africa in 1902. Dakar was one of the major cities of the French Empire during this time. It was very important in terms of trade, military, and communications to the empire until World War II.
The city was the capital of the Mali Federation from 1959 to 1960. It then became the capital of Senegal.

Education 
 Kedge Business School

References

Other websites 
  dakarville.sn  - City of Dakar official website.
 African Photos  Photos from Dakar

Cities in Senegal
National capitals in Africa
IRCAM stands for Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (Institute for Research and Coordination of Acoustic Music).  It is an institute in Paris for composing electronic music.  IRCAM is housed underneath the Pompidou Centre which is a very large building devoted to the arts, and named after the former French president Georges Pompidou. 

In 1970 Georges Pompidou asked the composer Pierre Boulez to start an institution for music research.  Boulez was in put in charge of the institute.  It was opened in 1977. Composers were able to work there, composing music, without having to finish pieces by any particular date.  They were given plenty of time to experiment.  Many modern composers such as Harrison Birtwistle, Jonathan Harvey and George Benjamin have worked there or were influenced by the music that was being composed there.  Today musicians working in IRCAM continue to provide many interesting new ideas in electronic music.

Other websites 
 The official site of IRCAM
Music technology
Organizations based in Paris
Yaoundé is the capital city of the Republic of Cameroon. It is the second largest city in the country after Douala.

History 
Yaoundé was founded in 1888 by German traders. It was created to be used as a base for the ivory trade and an agricultural research station. The city was under the control of Belgian troops during World War I. After the war, it became the capital of French Cameroons. It has remained the capital of the Republic of Cameroon until the present day.

References

 
1888 establishments
19th-century establishments in Africa
Asmara is the capital city of Eritrea. It is the largest settlement in the country. Asmara has a population of about 579,000 people. Textiles and clothing, meat, beer, shoes, and ceramics are the major industrial products of the city.

History 
Asmara grew from four villages founded in the twelfth century. It is said that there were four clans living in the Asmara area. The women of these tribes told them men to join together to fight bandits who had been attacking the area.  After they defeated the bandits, a new name was given to the place, Arbaete Asmara. This name, in the Tigrinya language, meant the four females united. Arbaete was later dropped and the name was made Asmara.
In 1889, Asmara became an Italian colony. It was made the capital of the country in 1897 and was called Asmara italiana. The city was damaged during earthquakes in 1913 and 1915. During the 1930s, the Italians made many chances to how Asmara looked. Many new buildings were created during this time and the city was mainly populated by Italian colonists (in 1940 there were 57000 Italian residents on a total population of 98000).

These buildings were built in the same style as Italian buildings. This gave Asmara the look of an Italian city. Today many of the buildings and stores in Asmara still have Italian names.

During World War II, after the defeat of Italy in Africa, Asmara was under British rule. In 1952, the United Nations placed the country and Asmara under Ethiopian control. In the 1960s, the Eritrean people started fighting for independence from Ethiopia.

This bloody war lasted until 1991. Asmara was given back to the Eritrean people on May 24, 1991.
In July 2017 Asmara has been declared World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.

Related pages
 Eritrea
 Piccola Roma
 Italian Mogadiscio

References

Bibliography

 Francesca Calace. Restituiamo la Storia – dagli archivi ai territori. Architetture e modelli urbani nel Mediterraneo orientale Gangemi editorial Rome, 2012 ISBN 978-88-492-2364-4
 Giovanni Godoli. Asmara: immagine di una città. Architettura e Potere da Ferdinando Martini all'Impero. Universita' di Firenze. Florence, 2012 ()
 Jochen Visscher. Asmara - The Frozen City Jovis ed. Berlin, 2006  ISBN 978-3-936314-61-8 ()

National capitals in Africa
12th-century establishments in Africa
Cities in Eritrea
Bamako is the capital and largest city of Mali. It is on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the Upper and Middle Niger Valleys, in the southwestern part of the country.

Other websites

National capitals in Africa
Cities in Mali
17th-century establishments in Africa
Lomé is the capital city of Togo. Lomé is the administrative and industrial center of the country. The city is also the main port of Togo. The city exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and palm kernels. The population of the city was estimated as around 700,000 people in 1998. It is estimated that more than 1 million people live in Lomé area at that time.

Lomé is on the Gulf of Guinea. It is in the south west of Togo, on the border between Togo and Ghana. Things to see in the city include Lomé Grand Market, the Togo National Museum in the Palais de Congrés, a fetish (voodoo) market, Lomé Cathedral, beaches and the former wharf.

History 
The city was founded in the eighteenth century by the Ewe people. In 1882, the village, known then as Bey Beach, became a major trading center for the British.

Bey Beach became the capital of Togo when the German rulers moved the capital from Aneho in 1897. The city then grew quickly until it was taken by the French Army in 1914 during World War I.

References
References 

Geography of Togo
National capitals in Africa
The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season was a buzzword used to reference all of the hurricanes happening in 2012. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30. In total, 12 named storms and 4 other hurricanes formed.

Because of an El Nino event happening in the Pacific Ocean, the season ended early on October 16 when the last storm died out. Although most of the season remained quiet, it was very active during the month of September and broke the record of the most number of storms forming in September. The most notable hurricanes were Hurricane Lili which was the strongest and deadliest storm of the season, and Hurricane Isidore which killed a total of 7 people in Louisiana.

Storms

Tropical Storm Arthur
Tropical Depression One formed offshore North Carolina. One became Tropical Storm Arthur. Tropical Storm Arthur crossed part of the Atlantic moving northeast. Arthur curved north after moving northeast. Arthur started dying but Arthur made landfall in Newfoundland before completely dying on July 16.

Tropical Storm Bertha

Bertha formed very quickly into a tropical storm from a tropical depression on August 4. Only two hours after that Bertha made landfall in Boothville, Louisiana. Over Louisiana it weakened to a tropical depression. Bertha went back into the Gulf of Mexico but did not become a tropical storm again. On September 9 Bertha made landfall again near Kingsville, Texas, Bertha died only ten hours later. Bertha left only $200,000 in damage and killed only 1 person.

Tropical Storm Cristobal
Tropical Storm Cristobal was a cyclone that formed in August 2002. It stayed away from land for most of its life. However, when it died out, what was left of the storm caused rain and wind on Bermuda. It also caused stormy seas that caused three people to drown near Long Island. No severe damage happened.

Tropical Storm Dolly

Tropical Storm Dolly formed on August 29 as Tropical Depression Four. Four became a Tropical Storm Dolly before dying on September 4. Tropical Storm Dolly did not affect land during her lifetime.

Tropical Storm Edouard

Edouard formed on September 1 as Tropical Depression Five. Five because a tropical storm. Edouard made a loop and weakened. Edouard made landfall in Ormond Beach, Florida on September 5 as a very weak tropical storm. Edouard died after crossing Florida. No one knows the damage and no one was killed by Edouard.

Tropical Storm Fay
Tropical Storm Fay

On September 5 Tropical Depression Six formed. It moved slowly and became Tropical Storm Fay the next day. On September 7 Fay made landfall near Port O'Connor, Texas. Fay moved over Texas into Mexico and did not completely die until September 11.

Tropical Depression Seven

Tropical Depression Seven formed from a tropical wave on September 7. It had a maximum wind speed of 35 mph and a minimum pressure of 1013 mbar. It moved usually west, and was later torn apart by wind shear on September 8. It did not have an effect on land.

Hurricane Gustav
Hurricane Gustav

On September 8 Subtropical Depression Eight formed. Eight became a subtropical storm and was named Gustav. After that Gustav became a tropical storm. Tropical Storm Gustav moved very close to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Gustav moved away and became a hurricane on September 11. Gustav then moved very fast and made landfall over Nova Scotia and Newfoundland before Gustav died on September 12. Since Gustav became a hurricane on September 11 it was the latest day ever for a tropical storm to become a hurricane in the Atlantic. Gustav killed 4 people and left $340,000 in damage.

Tropical Storm Hanna

Tropical Storm Hanna formed in the as Tropical Depression Nine. Nine quickly became Tropical Storm Hanna before making landfall near the border of Mississippi and Alabama on September 14. Hanna left $20 million in damage and killed 3 people.

Hurricane Isidore
Hurricane Isidore

Isidore started as Tropical Depression Ten on September 14. Ten crossed Venezuela not long after forming. Because it stay over and near Venezuela Ten fell apart and was not a tropical depression after that. The remains became Tropical Depression Ten again on September 17. The next day Ten became Tropical Storm Isidore. Isidore later on became a hurricane and moved slowly over Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula. The storm made landfall in Louisiana as a tropical storm on September 26. Isidore fell apart again and was last seen on September 27 before it went into a frontal zone in Pennsylvania. Isidore left $1.3 billion in damage and 22 deaths. No one knows the damage in Cuba.

Tropical Storm Josephine

Tropical Storm Josephine was a weak tropical storm that formed on September 17 as Tropical Depression Eleven. It became a tropical storm later on before it died only two days later, which was September 19. Josephine did not cause damage or kill anyone.

Hurricane Kyle
Hurricane Kyle

Hurricane Kyle lasted more than 3 weeks. Hurricane Kyle started as a Subtropical Depression on September 20. It became a subtropical storm, then a tropical storm, and after that, a hurricane. It weakened back to a tropical storm and down to a tropical depression. It became a tropical storm again and made a landfall in McClellanville, South Carolina. Kyle made its second and last landfall in Long Beach, North Carolina on the same day. Kyle left only $5 million in damage and killed only 1 person.

Hurricane Lili

Hurricane Lili formed on September 21 as Tropical Depression Thirteen. It became a tropical storm on September 23, then it became a tropical wave on September and was not a tropical storm anymore. It reformed and became a tropical depression on September 28. Lili became a tropical storm again and a hurricane on September 30. Lili later made landfall in Cuba and Louisiana. Lili left almost $1 billion in damage and killed 15 people.

Tropical Depression Fourteen
Tropical Depression Fourteen formed from a tropical wave on October 14. It had maximum wind speeds of 35 mph, and a minimum pressure of 1002 mbar. For most of the time, it was predicted to become a tropical storm, and to go up through the Bahamas. However, strong wind shear from the northeast did not allow development, and after making landfall in southern Cuba on October 16, it was destroyed by a cold front. Although it created heavy rains, there was no damage.

Storm names
This is the list of names that were set aside for the Atlantic in 2002. Names that were not used are marked in .

Retirement

After the season the names Isidore and Lili were retired. In 2008 Ike and Laura were used instead.

Related pages

 List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

2002 Atlantic hurricane season
Wireless Markup Language (WML) is a programming language used for of wireless devices. It is similar to HTML. WML is a version of XML. This means that syntax is very important. Every tag needs to be properly nested and closed. WML can only be displayed in a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Browser.

Other websites 
 W3Schools WAP/WML Tutorial 

Markup languages
Maseru (pronounced "ma'seru") is the capital city of Lesotho. It is near Mohokare River. Maseru is on the border with South Africa, and is connected to it through Maseru Bridge. The nearest city to Maseru in South Africa is named Ladybrand.

The National University of Lesotho amd the international airport called Moshoeshoe International Airport are near Maseru.

Maseru is a sister city of Austin, Texas.

National capitals in Africa
Geography of Lesotho
Fandom (from the noun fan and the affix -dom, as in kingdom, dukedom, etc.) or fanbase is a name used for a group of people (called "fans") who are interested in something. A fandom can be about any interest or activity. Fandoms can be for example about hobbies, genres or fashions, book or movie series, or even individual celebrities.

Related pages
Fan fiction
Fictional universe
The New York Islanders are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were a great team between 1980 and 1983, winning four Stanley Cups and a record 19 consecutive playoff series. The Islanders have played for most of their history in Nassau County, New York on Long Island. They played from 1972 to 2015 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, then temporarily moved to Brooklyn and the Barclays Center starting with the 2015–16 season. However, Barclays Center proved to be less than desirable as a hockey venue, and the team returned to the Coliseum part-time in 2018–19 and 2019–20 and full-time in 2020–21.

In November 2021, the Islanders opened their current home of UBS Arena, next to the Belmont Park horse racing track in Elmont, a community next to the New York City borough of Queens.

References

Notes

Other websites
Official website
The Arizona Coyotes are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They play in Tempe, Arizona.

History
In 1996, the team moved to Phoenix from Winnipeg, Canada, where they were known as the Jets. The team moved to the suburb of Glendale in December 2003. They have never won a Stanley Cup. Their head coach is Rick Tocchet and their general manager is Bill Armstrong. Wayne Gretzky resigned as head coach on September 14, 2009. In May 2009, the Coyotes filed for bankruptcy protection.

They officially changed their name from the Phoenix Coyotes to the Arizona Coyotes on June 27, 2014.

References

Other websites
 Official website

 
1990s establishments in Arizona
The Buffalo Sabres are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League.

Other websites
 Official website

References

1970 establishments in New York (state)
 
Ice hockey teams in the United States
National Hockey League teams
Sabres
The Columbus Blue Jackets are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They are one of the newest teams in the NHL, created in 2000. The Blue Jackets first made the playoffs in 2009. The coach right now is John Tortorella. The Blue Jackets play at Nationwide Arena. They play in the Metropolitan Division.

2009–10 Season

References

Other websites
Official website
The Atlanta Thrashers were an American professional ice hockey team that played in Atlanta, Georgia. They played in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Thrashers played their home games at Phillips Arena. The team played in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference.

They only made the NHL playoffs once, in the 2006–2007 season.

On May 31, 2011, investors named True North Sports and Entertainment purchased the Atlanta Thrashers. The sale was approved by the National Hockey League on June 21, 2011.

2007–08 season 

The Thrashers did not qualify for the playoffs.

2008–09 season 

The Thrashers did not qualify for the playoffs.

2009–10 season

References

2011 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct National Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Sports in Atlanta
1999 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Rachael Ray (born August 25, 1968 in Glen Falls, New York) is an Emmy Award-winning television personality and author. Her family roots are from Sicily, Italy. Her TV shows include 30 minute Meals, $40 a Day, Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels and The Rachael Ray Show in September 2006 First Episode in Rachael Ray. In September 2010, Rachael Ray's Week In a Day began airing on the Cooking Channel. She has written 12 cookbooks. Plus Stay Home & More Episodes in Season 14/Season 15 Make Room For Season 16  

1968 births
Living people
Emmy Award winners
Writers from New York (state)
Sophora is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs. It is in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae. Many students see Sophora as three genera: Sophora, Calia (S. secundiflora) and Styphnolobium (S. japonica).

Related pages
 Sophora davidii
 Sophora macnabiana
 Kowhai
Māmane

Faboideae
Trees
Cyanobacteria are a taxon of bacteria which conduct photosynthesis. They are not algae, though they were once called blue-green algae. It is a phylum of bacteria, with about 1500 species. In endosymbiont theory, chloroplasts (plastids) are descended from cyanobacteria. Their DNA profile is evidence for this.

Cyanobacteria have an extremely long fossil record, starting  at least 3,500 million years ago. They were the main organisms in the stromatolites of the Archaean and Proterozoic eons.
Light detection 
Cyanobacteria have a way of detecting light. Conrad Mullineaux, of Queen Mary University of London, said, "It has a way of detecting where the light is; we know that because of the direction that it moves".
"In a single-celled pond slime, they observed how incoming rays are bent by the bug's spherical surface and focused in a spot on the far side of the cell. By shuffling along in the opposite direction to that bright spot, the microbe moves towards the light".

Related pages
 Ice algae

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Cell biology
Photosynthesis
A teletypewriter (TTY; also called a teletype or teleprinter) is a device that sends a typed message to another place. A teletypewriter has a typewriter keyboard, a local printer (so the user can see what has been typed) and a transmitter. Messages can be sent over wires or radio waves. Teletypes were used mostly in the early to mid-20th century. They were developed to improve telegraphs, some of which also used keyboards, though not typewriter keyboards.

Though teleprinters have been replaced by other technologies, TDDs (Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf), which are based on the idea and design of teletypes, are still used these days. Not all people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech-impaired have switched to using instant messaging or texting or other modern services. Many still type messages back and forth to one another by TDD.

Related pages
 Video Relay Service

Other websites
 About the TTY

Electronics
Writing

Telegraphy
of Montreal is an American indie pop band. The band was formed in Athens, Georgia. The lead singer of the band is Kevin Barnes. He started the group as the only member. It was one of the second wave of groups to come from The Elephant 6 Recording Company. They have released twelve studio albums.

Albums 
 1997: Cherry Peel
 1998: The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy
 1999: The Gay Parade
 2001: Coquelicot Asleep in the Poppies: A Variety of Whimsical Verse
 2002: Aldhils Arboretum
 2004: Satanic Panic in the Attic
 2005: The Sunlandic Twins
 2007: Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?
 2008: Skeletal Lamping
 2010: False Priest
 2012: Paralytic Stalks
 2013: Lousy With Sylvianbriar
 2015: Aureate Gloom
 2016: Innocence Reaches 
 2018: White Is Relic/Irrealis Mood
 2020: Ur Fun
Other websites 
Of Montreal's official site
Of Montreal's fan page
Of Montreal on Elephant6.com 
Artwork by David Barnes 
Of Montreal discussion board 
Of Montreal on National Public Radio
Lazy-i Interview from April 2004
View the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. commercials featuring music from Of Montreal
Listen to Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?
Interview with the Cornell Daily Sun 

American pop music groups
American rock bands
Funk bands
Musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
Indie rock bands
Alcalá de Henares is a city in the Community of Madrid, Spain. It is thirty kilometres from Madrid. It has about 200,000 people. There is a university. Miguel de Cervantes, an important Spanish writer, the author of the "Don Quixote", was born there.

Cities in the Community of Madrid
Municipalities in the Community of Madrid
The alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) is an amphibian. It is a  Salamander (Urodela or Caudata). The alpine newt is one of five newts in Germany.

Description 
Early in the year, alpine newts mate. During that time, the males have a blue color on their sides but not too much to overlap their white-black-spotted flank. Their belly is a bright orange.
The females are more camouflaged to their marshy environment. They are a mottled brown with barely visible, black spots.

The biggest of the males can reach up to nine, and the females up to twelve centimeters in length. After the mating season, they return to their natural color of the mottled brown.