Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Brazil

 The Corps of Naval Fusiliers (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais), with about 15,000 men, is part of the Brazilian Navy. The Marine Corps has an Operational Brigade and some Guard and Ceremonial Duty Battalions. The main unit is the brigade-sized Divisão Anfíbia (Amphibious Division).

Cambodia
 The Royal Cambodian Navy had a force of 2,000 marines in 2007.

Chile

 The Chilean Corps of Naval Infantry (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina) is a part of the Chilean Navy. They specialise in amphibious assaults and belong to the Chilean Special Forces Unit, along with the Combat Divers. The Corps has four units, organized along the Chilean territory. Each unit has its own anti-aircraft guns, artillery and landing craft.

China, People's Republic of
People's Liberation Army Marine Corps

China, Republic of
Republic of China Marine Corps
Colombia
 The 24,000-member Colombian Marine Corps is a single division with four brigades (one counter-terrorist and three river brigades), each with several battalions as well as small security units. It is a part of the Colombian Navy.

Croatia
 The Croatian Navy has a 200-man naval infantry corps headquartered in Split. The group has three companies divided between Pula, Šibenik and Ploče and the 4th Guards Brigade (based at Split), which was moved to the Croatian Navy as a naval infantry unit in January 2002.

Cuba
 The Cuban Revolutionary Navy (Marina de Guerra Revolucionaria or MGR) has a small marine battalion called the Desembarco de Granma.

Ecuador
 The 5,000-man Ecuadorian Navyhas a 1,700-man Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina) in Guayaquil. It was formed on 12 November 1962. It has two security battalions, one in the Amazon River area and the other on the Pacific coast. There is also a commando battalion based on the Galápagos Islands.
El Salvador
 The El Salvador Navy has two 600-man Marine Infantry Battalions (Batallon de Infanteria de Marina or BIM), and a 300-man Naval Commando Force. The BIMs were located at La Unión and Usulatan.

Finland

 The Finnish Uusimaa Brigade () in Ekenäs is part of the Finnish Navy and trains the Finnish Marine Commandos, known as coastal jaegers. It is the only Swedish-speaking unit in the Finnish Defence Forces.

France

 The Fusiliers Marins (Sailor-Riflemen) are navy sailors. They protect ships and coastal installations. Out of their ranks come the navy special forces Commandos Marine (Naval Commandos.)
Troupes de marine or "Marine Troops", are a part of the French Army. Troupes de Marine and the Foreign Legion are the only units of the French army permanently based in Africa, one regiment in Djibouti, one battalion in Senegal, one battalion in Ivory Coast (until 2009, now forming the core of Operation Unicorn), one battalion in Gabon, as well as bases in the French Overseas territories. The Troupes de Marine has infantry (Infanterie de Marine), paratroopers and light cavalry, and artillery (Artillerie de Marine). They provide the ground soldiers for French amphibious task forces and are specially trained for that purpose. The 9th Marine Brigade (9e Brigade Légère Blindée de Marine (9 BLBMa)) works with the 3 Commando Brigade of the Royal Marines, exchanging officers, sharing training and exercises.

Germany
Germany

The Spezialisierte Einsatzkräfte Marine (Naval Special Deployment Force) is a special operations group of the German Navy. The battalion includes the Kampfschwimmerkompanie (German commando frogmen), the Minentaucher kompanie and a boarding-company. The unit is based at Eckernförde.
The Marineschutzkräfte (Naval Protection Force) protects of naval bases and facilities. The battalion is based in Eckernförde and has five units: one staff and support company, three infantry companies and a military intelligence platoon.

Greece
The Greek 32nd Marine Brigade "Moravas" (32η Ταξιαρχία Πεζοναυτών Mοράβας) and the Amphibious Raider Squadrons (known as MAK) are naval infantry and maritime operations forces in the Hellenic Army and supported by the Hellenic Navy.

Honduras
 The Honduran Navy set up one 600-man marine infantry battalion (Batallón de Infantería de Marina or BIM) in 1982.
India
The Indian Navy has an elite special operations unit called "MARCOS" (Marine Commandos). They carry out secret activities and counter-terrorism, specializing in sea-based land warfare. Also, they provide support to Indian Army units in specialized areas, such guarding Jammu and Kashmir's Wular lake. This unit was established in 1986, and has about 2000 marines.
The Indian Army also has the 340 Independent Infantry Brigade (Amphibious), part of the 12 Corps (Jodhpur, Rajasthan) of the South Western Command.
Indonesia
The Indonesian Marine Corps (Korps Marinir TNI AL), is a part of the Indonesian Navy started on 15 November 1945, which has:
1. Two Marine Forces ("Pasukan Marinir"), a unit similar to a division, led by a Marine Brigadier General.
2. Three Marine Infantry Brigades (with nine Marine Infantry Battalions).
3. Two Marine Cavalry Regiments (with Marine Amphibious Tank and also Amphibious Artillery-bearer Landing Craft Battalions).
4. Two Marine Artillery Regiments (with Marine Rocket, Howitzer and Gun Battalions).
5. Two Marine Combat Support Regiments, with Marine Engineer, Military Police, Base Defense, Motorized Transportation, Amphibious-Reconnaissance and also Logistic Battalions.
6. Two Marine Bases in Jakarta and Surabaya.
7. Two Marine Hospitals.
8. An anti-terrorism unit called "Detasemen Jala Mangkara" (literally "Sea Ghost Detachment").
Iran
At the fall of the Shah in the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Imperial Iranian Navy had three battalions of marines. That force has since grown to 2,600 marines in two marine brigades each of three marine battalions. These two brigades have also been reported as three marine battalions in the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy (which may be part of the Iranian Army).
The Navy of the Revolutionary Guard Corps has several units with marine-type functions, with at least one 5,000 man brigade of three or four marine battalions. They also have a Takavar Naval Commando Battalion

Iraq
The Iraqi Navy is a small force with 800 sailors and six platoons of marines designed to protect the shoreline and inland waterways. The navy also protects offshore oil platforms. The navy will have coastal patrol squadrons, assault boat squadrons and a marine battalion. The force will consist of 2,000 to 2,500 sailors by 2010.
Israel
 The Givati Brigade is an amphibious force and is one of the infantry brigades in the Israel Defense Forces.
 Shayetet 13 is the elite commando unit of the Israeli Navy. It carries out special operations at sea, sea-to-land missions, maritime intelligence gathering, and counter-terrorism operations.

Italy

Italian Navy
The San Marco Regiment is a marine unit of the Italian Navy (Marina Militare).
COMSUBIN (Commando Raggruppamento Subacquei ed Incursori Teseo Tesei) is the elite combat frogman force of the Navy and one of the Italian special forces.
Italian Army
The Serenissima Regiment is the marine infantry unit of the Italian Army (Esercito Italiano). Its soldiers are called Lagunari.

Japan
The JSDF has brigades operated similar to marines:
JGSDF 13th Brigade
JGSDF Western Army Infantry Regiment (Ranger), in Sasebo
South Korea
 The Republic of Korea Marine Corps is the marine corps of the Republic of Korea, and is the second largest marine corps in the world with approximately 30,000 men in regular service and thousands more in reserve. Though theoretically it is under the direction of the Chief of Naval Operations, the Marine Corps operates as a distinct arm of the South Korean forces, unlike most other marine branches, which generally operate as part of the country's navy. It was founded as a reconnaissance force just prior to the start of the Korean War.  The ROKMC also saw combat during the Vietnam War while stationed in Da Nang, occasionally fighting alongside US Marines and Navy SEALs. The ROKMC has hovercraft of Russian and American origin, 107 tanks including the indigenous K1 and an upgraded variant of the M48A5, various utility vehicles and ships, and a variety of helicopters (notably the AH-1 Cobra). Their motto is '귀신 잡는 해병대'. (Loosely translated 'Ghost-catching/killing Marines)
North Korea
 The NKPA's Light Infantry Training Guidance Bureau has two or more amphibious light infantry/sniper brigades. These brigades are believed deployed to Wonsan on the east coast and Namp'o and Tasa-ri on the west coast. In organization and manpower, they are reduced versions of the regular light infantry brigades with a total strength of approximately 5,000 men organized into ten battalions. Each battalion has about 400 men organized into five companies each. Some amphibious brigade personnel are trained as frogmen.
Mexico
 The Mexican Naval Infantry (Spanish: Infantería de Marina) of the Mexican Navy consists of 20,000 marines spread in a brigade of three battalions, plus a battalion attached to the Presidential Guard Brigade, three regional battalions with headquarters in Mexico City, Acapulco and Veracruz, and thirty-five independent companies (mainly In Celaya) and detachments distributed among ports, bases and zonal headquarters. The marines are responsible for port security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways. The marines have light arms, heavy weapons and armored amphibious vehicles. The Navy has ceded most of its riverine responsibilities to the Army, and has reduced the size of the marine force, putting them back aboard ships where they play a vital role in drug interdiction and boarding of suspect vessels in territorial waters.
Myanmar
 The Myanmar Navy raised a naval infantry battalion of 800 men in 1964, followed by a second battalion in 1967. Two more battalions may have also been raised. They were deployed mainly to the Arakan and Tenasserim areas, and to the Irrawaddy delta, to assist in counter-insurgency operations, but also performed other security duties.
Netherlands
 The Royal Netherlands Navy naval infantry unit is the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps (Korps Mariniers), founded in 1665 as an infantry regiment to the Dutch Navy. Today, it is a brigade approximately 3500 marines strong, consisting of three marine infantry battalions (one of which is in Aruba and Curaçao), one amphibious combat support battalion and one logistical battalion. The Dutch Marine Corps is an elite light infantry unit, operating as a rapid-reaction force, deployable anywhere in the world within 48-hours notice. Dutch Marines train in all possible geological and climate conditions for their role.  Enlisted marine recruit training lasts 30 weeks, and marine officers train up to five years (including naval academy time).

Norway
 The Coastal Ranger Command (Kystjegerkommandoen or KJK) of the Norwegian Navy is an amphibious unit trained to operate in littoral combat theatres, as naval infantry and coastal artillery.

Pakistan
Pakistan

 The Pakistan Marines division of the Pakistani Navy was re-established on April 14, 1990 with about 2000 men and plans to expand the force significantly by 2015. The marines are based at PNS Qasim naval base. The Pakistan Marine Corps assisted in the recovery efforts following the country's floods in 2010.

Paraguay
 The Paraguayan Marine Corps (Cuerpo de Fusileros Navales) is a battalion-sized organization consisting of four company sized brigades.

Peru 
 The Peruvian Naval Infantry (Infantería de Marina del Perú) consists of around 3,000 naval infantrymen and includes an amphibious brigade of three battalions and local security units with two transport ships, four tank landing ships, and about forty Chaimite armored personnel carriers. Since 1982, IMAP detachments have been deployed, under army command, in counter-insurgency operations.

Philippines
Philippines

 The Philippine Marine Corps (PMC) has a strength of about 10,000 men divided into three brigades. The Philippine Marine Corps is considered the shock force of the armed forces and is the first unit to be involved in any amphibious or seaborne clashes.

Poland
 The Polish Navy maintains several naval infantry units responsible for port and coastal security.
 The Polish Army maintains the 7th Coastal Defense Brigade, which bears traditions of the disbanded 7th Coastal Defence Division (the Blue Berets), therefore it is sometimes referred to as the Marines of Poland. However, as of 2010 there are no plans by the Polish Army to create an active marine unit. Therefore, the 7th Brigade carries out only limited-scale exercises of amphibious assaults.
Portugal
 Since 1621, the Portuguese Navy has maintained a naval infantry corps, which is currently known as Corpo de Fuzileiros. The Portuguese Marine Corps consists of about 1500 men, including two naval infantry battalions, a naval police unit, a special operations unit and several support units (logistical, fire support, landing craft, etc.).

Romania
 The 307th Marine Battalion (Batalionul 307 Infanterie Marină) is the light infantry/reconnaissance unit of the Romanian Naval Forces. It is located in Babadag, Tulcea County, and was formed in the mid 1970s for the defence of the Danube Delta and Romanian Black Sea shore.

Russia

 The Russian Naval Infantry, () are the amphibious forces of the Russian Armed Forces. The naval infantry includes the 65th Naval Infantry Brigade of the Russian Pacific Fleet, the independent brigades of the Northern and Baltic Fleets and of the Caspian Military Flotilla, and the independent regiment of the Black Sea Fleet.
Saudi Arabia
 The Saudi Navy maintains two 1500-man marine brigades consisting of three battalions each. The brigades are assigned to the Western Fleet headquartered in Jeddah and the Eastern Fleet headquartered in Jubail. The brigades have 200 Pegaso BMR AFVs and HMMWVs.

South Africa
 The South African Navy's new Rapid Reaction Squadron is a marine type unit. It is planned that this squadron will eventually be a battalion sized unit. Currently it consists of roughly two companies. Members are sailors and use naval ranks. They are trained in infantry combat up to company sized operations. They are also used for crowd control and conduct peacekeeping operations. During peacekeeping operations they are meant to augment an army infantry battalion. Their role is very similar to the now disbanded South Africa Marine Corps.

Spain
Spain

 The Spanish Navy Marines (Infantería de Marina) are the oldest existing marine force in the world, as they were established on February 27, 1537, by Charles I when he permanently assigned the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles (Naples Old Sea Companies) to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons). Their red trouser stripes mark the Infanteria de Marina as part of the Royal Household Corps, an honor only shared with the Royal Guard, and were given by Charles III to the marines in reward for their fierce defence of the Castillo del Morro in Havana against the British fleet in 1763.
Sri Lanka
Special Boat Squadron is the elite special operations unit of the Sri Lanka Navy. It is capable of carrying out amphibious raids/operations, maritime counter-terrorism, reconnaissance and target indication, combat swimmer missions and small boat operations. As a special forces unit, its role is not limited to water-borne operations. It also conducts operations on land, either with ground combat units of the Navy and the Army, or separately.
Naval Patrolmen are naval infantry units of the Sri Lanka Navy. It may be 2-3 battalions strong. These units were formed primary as a protective force for base and port security, but has since been trained and deployed for amphibious and land combat operations. In addition to having light arms, the patrolmen have 60mm, 82mm mortars and operate Unibuffel light armored vehicles.
Sweden
 The Swedish Amphibious Corps (Svenska amfibiekåren) is an arm of the Swedish Navy. The Corps consists of six battalions, capable reconnaissance, amphibious assaults and combat on, over and under the surface of the sea.

Taiwan
 The Republic of China Marine Corps (traditional Chinese：) is responsible for amphibious combat, counter-landing and reinforcement of the main island of Taiwan, remote islands, defense of ROCN facilities, and also functions as a rapid reaction force and a strategic reserve.

Thailand
Royal Thai Marine Corps (RTMC)

Tonga 
Royal Tongan Marines in Tongan Navy (Tonga Defence Services)
Turkey
The Amphibious Marines Brigade (Amfibi Deniz Piyade Tugayı) of the Turkish Navy consists of 6,000 men based in Foça near İzmir, three amphibious battalions, an MBT battalion, an artillery battalion, a support battalion and other company-sized units.
The Su Altı Taarruz (SAT) of the Turkish Navy is a special operations force for underwater attack. The missions include the acquisition of military intelligence, amphibious assault, counter-terrorism and VIP protection.
The Su Altı Savunma (SAS) of the Turkish Navy is a special operations force for underwater defense.

Ukraine

The Ukrainian Marines was founded in 1993 from a unit of the former Soviet Naval Infantry.

United Arab Emirates
 The UAE Marines is a battalion-sized unit; it has BTR-3s.

United Kingdom
United Kingdom

 The Royal Marines (RM) were formed in 1664 and are a part of the UK Naval Service. They have the longest infantry training in the world, which stands at 32 weeks for an enlisted recruit and 64 weeks for an officer recruit. They include a commando brigade (3 Commando Brigade RM), a naval security unit responsible for guarding Britain's naval nuclear weapons and other security duties (the Fleet Protection Group RM), a landing craft and boat-training group which is also a parent unit for three landing craft units deployed on amphibious-support ships, a naval special forces unit (the Special Boat Service) and a naval band service (Royal Marines Band Service).

United States
United States

The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is the largest marine force in the world, responsible for many United States expeditionary operations.  They were created in 1775 to guard naval vessels during the American Revolutionary War.  While the USMC is a component part of the Department of the Navy in the military command structure, it is a military branch separate from the United States Navy.  The USMC also provides security guards at U.S. diplomatic posts throughout the world.  They also provide helicopter transportation for the President of the United States aboard Marine 1. Their motto is Semper Fidelis, "always faithful".  And mascot Chesty the Bulldog after receiving another title from the Germans after the battle of Belleau Wood "Teufelshunde" meaning Devil Dogs.

Uruguay
 The Uruguayan Marine Corps (Cuerpo de Fusileros Navales or FUSNA) is a battalion-sized organization consisting of four company sized brigades.
Venezuela
 The Venezuelan Marine Corps (Infantería de Marina) is a sub-division of the Venezuelan Navy. Headquartered in Meseta de Mamo, Vargas, the estimated numerical strength of this unit is approximately 8,000 men and women. Its mission is to "enlist and direct its units in order to form the disembarking force and/or support of amphibious or special operations; executing naval safeguarding and environmental policing, as well as actively participating in the national development".

Vietnam
 The Vietnam People's Navy maintains a naval infantry force. It once stood at eleven brigades each of several battalions. The first naval infantry unit was established in 1975 and was known as the 126th Brigade. Currently the Vietnam People's Navy maintains two naval infantry brigades which are the 101st Brigade and 147th Brigade.

Historical marine forces

Ancient Greece
The ancient Greek states did not possess specialized marine infantry, instead they used hoplites and archers as an onboard contingent (epibatai).
Ancient Rome
The Roman Navy used regular infantry as marines. Naval personnel were trained for raiding and also provided the troops for at least two legions (I Adiutrix and II Adiutrix) for service on land. The various provincial fleets were usually provided with marines from the adjacent legions.

Byzantine Empire
For several centuries, the Byzantine navy used the descendants of the Mardaites, who were settled in southern Anatolia and Greece, as marines and rowers for its ships. Emperor Basil I also established a separate marine regiment, 4,000 strong, for the central Imperial Fleet based at Constantinople. These were professional troops, and were counted among the elite tagmata.

In the 1260s, when emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos rebuilt the navy, he recruited the Tzakones (settlers from Laconia) and the Gasmouloi (men of mixed Greek-Latin descent) as special marine troops. Despite the progressive decline and virtual disappearance of the navy, they remained active until the late Palaiologan period.
Confederate States of America
The Confederate States Marine Corps (CSMC), a branch of the Confederate States Navy, was established by the Confederate Congress on 16 March 1861.

Denmark-Norway
Marineregimentet (The Marine Regiment) was the naval infantry of the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy.

Estonia
The Meredessantpataljon, was a short lived infantry battalion of the Estonian Navy. The battalion was created in 1919 from the crews of the Estonian surface warships and was based in Tallinn. The unit was mainly used on the Southern Front during the Estonian War of Independence. The unit was operational from March to June in 1919.

France
France

The Troupes de marine were founded in 1622 (as compagnies ordinaires de la mer) as land forces under the control of the Secretary of State of the Navy, notably for operations in French Canada. The Compagnies de la Mer were transformed in line infantry regiments by Napoleon, but became once more marine forces in 1822 (for the artillery) and 1831 (for the infantry). These Troupes de marines were in the 19th century the main overseas and colonial forces of the French military. In 1900 they were put under the orders of the War Ministry and took the name of Troupes Coloniales (Colonial Forces). In 1958 the designation of Troupes Coloniales was changed to Troupes d'Outre-Mer (Overseas Forces) but in 1961 it reverted to the original Troupes de marine. Throughout these changes in title these troops continued to be part of the French Army.

Gran Colombia
The Confederation of Gran Colombia Marines were formed in 1822 and were disbanded in 1829, Personnel were mostly from Venezuela.
Germany
German Empire: During the German Imperial era, three ‘sea battalions’ or Seebatallione based at Kiel, Wilhelmshaven and Tsingtao were maintained. These units served intermittently as colonial intervention forces. The III Seebatallion at the imperial navy’s east Asian station at Tsingtao was the only all-German unit with permanent status in a protectorate/colony. The battalion fought at the Siege of Tsingtao.
East Germany: The East German army's Nr29. Regiment ("Ernst Moritz Arndt") was a Motorized Rifle Regiment intended for amphibious operations in the Baltic Sea; while the Volksmarine Kampfschwimmer: Combat swimmer units were intended for support of amphibious operations and for raiding.

Iraq
The old Iraqi Navy maintained several marine companies.
The Iraqi Republican Guard maintained a Marine Brigade as part of its 8th As Saiqa Special Forces Division. The brigade had Brazilian made Engesa EE-11 Urutu wheeled armored personnel carriers.
Italy
The Blackshirts militia maintained an independent Marine Group with four MVSN battalions (24th, 25th, 50th and 60th).

Japan

Both the Imperial Japanese Navy and Army maintained marine-type units. Both were dissolved at the end of World War II and Japan no longer has marines.
The Imperial Japanese Navy's Land Forces maintained several combat units.
Special Naval Landing Forces were the Empire of Japan's Marine Corps.
The IJN also maintained the Guard Forces (keibitai) and Defense Units (bobitai), both of whom also received amphibious assault and beach defence training. However, their performance was poor or average when they were used as assault troops.
 The Imperial Japanese Army's 3,500 man Sea-Landing Brigades (1st to 4th) were used to conduct amphibious assaults on an island, but afterwards they stayed to garrison that island.
Lebanon
The Lebanese Forces militia maintained a small elite marine unit until the LF was disarmed and disbanded the unit. The Marines were the navy of the militia and it maintained a force of small boats.
The Netherlands
The Corps was founded on 10 December 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War by the unofficial leader of the republic Johan de Witt and Admiral Michiel de Ruyter as the Regiment de Marine. Its leader was Willem Joseph Baron van Ghent. The Dutch had successfully used ordinary soldiers in ships at sea in the First Anglo-Dutch War. It was the fifth European marine unit formed, being preceded by the Spanish Marines (1537), the Portuguese Marines (1610), the French Marines (1622) and the English Royal Marines (1664). Like Britain, the Netherlands has had several periods when its Marines were disbanded. The Netherlands itself was under French occupation or control from 1810 until 1813. A new marine unit was raised on 20 March 1801 during the time of the Batavian Republic and on 14 August 1806 the Korps Koninklijke Grenadiers van de Marine was raised under King Louis Bonaparte. The modern Korps Mariniers dates from 1814, receiving its current name in 1817.
The battle honors on the Korps Mariniers' colors are: Raid on the Medway (1667), Kijkduin (1673), Sennefe (1674), Spain, Dogger Bank (1781), West Indies, Algiers (1816), Atjeh, Bali, Rotterdam (1940), Java Sea (1942), Java and Madoera (1947–1948), and New Guinea (1962).

Ottoman Empire
The role of Ottoman naval infantry originated in Orhan's conquest of the Karasi Beylik and the capture of its fleet. From then on Janissaries and Azaps were sometimes deployed as marines during the 14th Century. The Deniz azaps were used during the 16th Century; while troops called Levend (Bahriyeli) were raised on and off over the centuries - over 50,000 of them by the late 18th century. The last raised units were the Ta'ifat al Ru'sa (corsair captains militia) recruited from among the North African Arabs and indigenous Berbers. Ottoman marines were part of the Ottoman navy.
Portuguese Empire
Portugal raised numerous companies of Special Marines (Fuzileiros Especiais) and African Special Marines (Fuzileiros Especiais Africanos), both at home and in the African colonies of Guinea-Bissau, Angola and Mozambique, for service in Africa during the Portuguese Colonial Wars. The African Special Marines were all-black units.

Russia 
The Imperial Russian Navy used several regiments of marine equipage troops that fought as much on land as they served in ship detachments.  One battalion was formed within the Guard, and served on the Imperial family's ships.

The Ushkuiniks were medieval Novgorodian pirates who led a Viking-like life and often raided other Russian settlements.

Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Soviet Navy had a number of small battalion-sized naval infantry and coastal defence units that mostly served in the ports and bases before the Second World War. During the war, and building on the visuals of the mutinied sailors of Petrograd in 1917, the Stavka ordered formation of naval infantry brigades from the surplus to either ship or shore duty sailors, and forty brigades served in mostly ground troops roles until 1944 when they were used for amphibious operations in Norway and along the Black Sea coast.

South Africa
The South Africa Marine Corps was set up as a sub-branch of the South African Navy in 1979, with the primary purpose of protecting harbours. The Marines were disbanded in 1989, following a major restructuring of the Navy at the end of the South African Border War.
United Kingdom
 The Royal Marines date from the establishment of a Maritime Regiment of Foot in 1664. Six regiments of Marine Regiments for Sea were formed in 1702 but by 1713 they had been disbanded or taken into the army as regiments of foot. In 1755, a permanent Corps of fifty companies of marines was established for direct service under the Admiralty and this force has an unbroken descent to the Royal Marines of today. See History of the Royal Marines.
 The Royal Navy has since its beginning formed naval landing parties of seamen for action ashore, this being later formalised into the Naval Brigades. These brigades would often dismount guns from their parent vessels for use ashore, these guns often being the only artillery available. The most famous example of this form of land service was provided by the guns accompanying the forces relieving Ladysmith.
The Corps of Colonial Marines were raised from former slaves as auxiliary units of the Royal Marines for service in the Americas: Two of these units were raised and subsequently disbanded. The first was a small unit which existed from 1808 to 12 October 1810, the second was more substantial and existed from May 1814 to 20 August 1816.
The Royal Naval Division was part of the Royal Navy in the First World War. In 1914, the shortage of ground forces for the Western Front led to the creation of the Division, composed of two brigades of sailors and a brigade formed by the Royal Marines. The Division was part of the Royal Navy but for command purposes was integrated into the army's command structure. The sailors were initially disappointing as infantry, but eventually developed into one of the better divisions. The Division participated in the defence of the Belgian city of Antwerp in late 1914, and then served with heavy casualties at the Battle of Gallipoli. At different times the Division included various army units. The division ceased to exist after the end of the First World War.
United States
Gooch's Marines, the 61st Foot, raised in the American colonies for the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739. This was a 3,000 man American regiment of the British Army that served alongside British Marines. Among its officers was Lawrence Washington, half-brother of George Washington. It was disbanded as a regiment in 1742 and the remaining independent companies were merged with another regiment in 1746.
Nobel Jones' Company of Marine Boatmen of the Georgia militia also fought in the War of Jenkins' Ear, helping defeat a Spanish amphibious landing on St. Simons Island in the Battle of Gully Hole Creek and the Battle of Bloody Marsh.
American Colonial Marines were State Marines raised for the various state navies that came into existence shortly before the Revolutionary War.
The Continental Marines were the marine force of the American Colonies during American Revolutionary War. The Corps was formed by the Continental Congress on November 10, 1775 and was disbanded in 1783. The Continental Marines' first and only Commandant was Captain Samuel Nicholas.
Hillet Marine River Regiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War, this regiment consisted of 10 rifle companies, a Cavalry Battalion of 5 companies, and an artillery battalion of three batteries, all of whom operated from Mississippi River gunboats as part of the Mississippi River Squadron.
Republic of Vietnam
The forerunner of the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps (VNMC) was established by Ngo Dinh Diem, then prime minister of what was then the State of Vietnam on October 13, 1954. The Republic of Vietnam was established in October 1955 after Diem used a fraudulent referendum to topple Bao Dai. The VNMC became defunct on 1 May 1975 after the fall of Saigon.

Yugoslavia
The 12th Naval Infantry Brigade (Mornaricka Pesadijska Brigada) of the Yugoslavian Navy consisted of 900 to 2,000 men in three battalions. A multi-ethnic unit, the brigade was broken up during the dissolution of the Yugoslav federation and saw little action.

Related pages
Navy (Simple English)

References

Other websites

 An Insider's Guide to USMC Bases

Marines
Military occupations
Pope Paul I (; 700 – 28 June 767) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 94th Pope from May 29, 757 to June 28, 767.

Early life
He was the brother of Pope Stephen II.

Deacon
Paul was ordained as a Roman deacon.

Pope
After Pope Stephen's death, Paul was elected in 757.

Paul's papacy was troubled by disputes with the Lombards.  He had good relations with Pepin, who was king of the Franks.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Paolo 

700 births
767 deaths
Paul 1
Richard John "Rick" Santorum (born May 10, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as the United States senator of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2007. He ran for President of the United States in 2012 and in 2016.

Early life
Santorum was born in Winchester, Virginia. He is of Italian American descent.  He was raised in West Virginia, Butler, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.  He went to college and to law school at Penn State University.  Soon after, he became a lawyer in Pittsburgh.
U.S. senate (1995-2007)
Santorum served in the House of Representatives from 1991 to 1995.  With the 1994 elections that elected many Republicans, he was elected to the United States Senate.  He served in the Senate for two terms, from 1995 to 2007.  In the Senate, Santorum was known for having very conservative views about abortion and gay marriage.  Santorum lost in the 2006 election for a third term as a Senator to State Treasurer Bob Casey, Jr and C. Richard Semple II.  After being in the Senate, he worked in a think tank and for Fox News.

2012 presidential campaign
In 2011 and 2012, Santorum ran for President of the United States in the Republican primaries. He based his campaign on social issues. He dropped out of the race in 2012. Today, Santorum writes a political column for the conservative news website World Net Daily.

2016 presidential campaign
Santorum announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election on May 27, 2015. He dropped out of the race on February 3, 2016 after poor polling numbers and loosing the Iowa caucuses. He later announced his endorsement for Marco Rubio.

Personal life
Santorum married Karen Garver in 1990. Together, they have seven children.

References

Other websites

 Rick Santorum for President
 Column archives at Townhall.com

Lawyers from Virginia
American political commentators
American Roman Catholics
Politicians from Virginia
United States representatives from Pennsylvania
United States senators from Pennsylvania
2012 United States presidential candidates
2016 United States presidential candidates
1958 births
Living people
Lawyers from Pennsylvania
Pope Paul II (;  23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born Pietro Barbo,  was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 212th Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471.

Early life  
Pietro Barbo was born in Venice.  He was a nephew of Pope Eugene IV.

Cardinal 
Barbo became a cardinal in 1440.  He was sometimes called the Venetian cardinal.

Pope 
Barbo was elected Pope on 30 August 1464; and he chose to be called Paul II.  

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

The Cardinals' right to wear the red biretta was granted by Paul II.

After his death
The accounts of histories written soon after his death were unfavorable.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

More reading
 Pastor, Ludwig. (1894).  The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages, Vol. IV, Chapter I.  London, J. Hodges. OCLC 64083707

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul II
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Barbo ; "The election of Pope Paul II (1464)"
1417 births
1471 deaths
Paul 2
Rechtsstaat is an idea in continental European thought. It is that in a country, the state's power is limited by the laws. This might either be the laws agreed upon, or natural law.  It is similar to the idea of the rule of law. 

Law in Europe
A chatterbot is a computer program that responds to input in a natural language. An example is ELIZA.  ELIZA was one of the first chatterbots.  Every year, there is a contest for chatterbots called the Loebner prize.

References 

Software
The Loebner prize is an award given out every year to a chatterbot.  The winner is chosen by a Turing test: Each judge talks (text-based) to a chatterbot and to a human.  The judge guesses which is which.  The contest started in 1990 by Hugh Loebner.  The first winner was "Whimsical Conversation".

References

Other websites 
 

Science awards
Software
Tetration is the hyperoperation which comes after exponentiation.  means y exponentiated by itself, (x-1) times. List of first 4 natural number hyperoperations, the inverse of tetration is the super root shown in the example
Addition

 copies of 1 added to .
Multiplication

 copies of  combined by addition.
Exponentiation

 copies of  combined by multiplication.
Tetration

 copies of  combined by exponentiation, right-to-left.

The above example is read as "the nth tetration of a".

Examples
Examples 
 
 

{| class="wikitable"
! 
! 
! 
! 
|- align=right
| 1
| 1 (11)
| 1 (11)
| 1 (11)
|- align=right
| 2
| 4 (22)
| 16 (24)
| 65,536 (216)
|- align=right
| 3
| 27 (33)
| 7,625,597,484,987 (327)
| 1.258015 × 103,638,334,640,024
|- align=right
| 4
| 256 (44)
| 1.34078 ×10154 (4256)
|  (8.1 × 10153 digits)
|- align=right
| 5
| 3,125 (55)
| 1.91101 × 102,184 (53,125)
|  (1.3 × 102,184 digits)
|- align=right
| 6
| 46,656 (66)
| 2.65912 × 1036,305 (646,656)
|  (2.1 × 1036,305 digits)
|- align=right
| 7
| 823,543 (77)
| 3.75982 × 10695,974 (7823,543)
|  (3.2 × 10695,974 digits)
|- align=right
| 8
| 16,777,216 (88)
| 6.01452 × 1015,151,335
|  (5.4 × 1015,151,335 digits)
|- align=right
| 9
| 387,420,489 (99)
| 4.28125 × 10369,693,099
|  (4.1 × 10369,693,099 digits)
|- align=right
| 10
| 10,000,000,000 (1010)
| 1010,000,000,000
|  (1010,000,000,000 digits)
|}

References 

Hyperoperations
"Who Knew" is a single from American pop rock singer Pink, off her fourth album I'm Not Dead. It's about losing a friend due to abusing drugs. The song was released in 2006, although it was not until 2007 that the single became a hit after being released again following success of Pink's other song U + Ur Hand
2006 songs
Pink (singer) songs
Songs about drugs
Pope Paul IV (; 28 June 1476 – 18 August 1559), born Giovanni Pietro Carafa, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 23 May 1555 until his death.

Early life
Giovanni Pietro Carafa was born in Capriglia Irpina in a noble family of Naples.

Bishop
Pope Leo X sent Carafa as ambassador to England and then as papal nuncio in Spain.

In 1524, Pope Clement VII allowed Carafa to retire from diplomacy to head a monastery. 

Pope Paul III recalled him to Rome.

Cardinal
In 1536, Carafa was made Cardinal and Archbishop of Naples.

He reorganized the Roman Inquisition.

Pope
Cardinal Carafa was elected popein 1555; and he chose to be called Paul IV.  

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Pope Paul IV quarrelled with Philip II. of Spain, who sent the Duke of Alba with an army from Naples to invade the Papal States. At the gates of Rome, a peace was concluded in 1557.

In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope supported the Inquisition in Italy.
After his death
He was buried in St. Peter's Basilica but was later transferred to Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul IV
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Carafa 

1476 births
1559 deaths
Paul 04
Deans of the College of Cardinals
A hyperoperation is a generalization of addition, multiplication, exponentiation, tetration, etc.  They are often written using Knuth's up-arrow notation.  Natural number level hyperoperations can be defined recursively as a piecewise function:

Hyperoperations
"Marry the Night" is the fifth and final single off Lady Gaga's second studio album Born This Way. It was written and produced by Gaga. "Marry the Night" is a dance-pop song influenced by house and electropop. It additionally combines elements of disco and rock, with a funk rock-inspired breakdown. The song's lyrics are an homage to New York City and to the city's nightlife.  The song reached number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 11 on the Canadian Hot 100, and number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.  On March 27, 2012, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the song Gold for sales and shipments of over 500,000 copies in the US.

Music video 
The music video for the song has autobiographical elements, showing Gaga after she was dropped from Def Jam Records. The video starts off in a hospital, and shows scenes of the singer dancing on top of a car and with a dance troupe.

References 

2011 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Kylie Minogue songs
John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002), better known by his stage name, Joe Strummer, was the co-founder, lyricist, rhythm guitarist and lead vocalist of the British punk rock band The Clash.

He was also member of The 101ers, Latino Rockabilly War, The Mescaleros and The Pogues, in addition to his own solo music career. Strummer's work included acting, creating film scores, songwriting, radio broadcasting, and a position as a radio host. He is one of the most iconic figures of the British punk movement.

He died of heart disease at his home in Broomfield, Somerset, England.

1952 births
2002 deaths
British punk musicians
British rock musicians
English guitarists
English singers
The Clash
New wave singers
A premise is a statement which an argument claims will justify a conclusion. The proof of a conclusion depends on both the truth of the premises and the validity of the argument.

Aristotelian logic 
Aristotle held that any logical argument could be reduced to three premises and a conclusion. Premises are sometimes left unstated in which case they are called missing premises, for example:

Socrates is mortal, since all men are mortal.

It is understood that Socrates is a man.  The fully expressed reasoning is thus:

Since all men are mortal and Socrates is a man, Socrates is mortal.

In this example, the first two independent clauses before the comma (namely, "all men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man") are the premises, while "Socrates is mortal" is the conclusion.
Mathematical logic 
In logic, an argument requires a set of two declarative sentences (or "propositions") known as the premises, with another declarative sentence (or "proposition") known as the conclusion. This structure of two premises and one conclusion forms the basic argumentative structure.

More complex arguments can use a series of rules to connect several premises to one conclusion, or to derive a number of conclusions from the original premises. An example of this is the use of the rules of inference found within symbolic logic.

Related pages
 Apples and oranges
 False dilemma
 Falsifiability

References 

Logic
Arturo Erasmo Vidal Pardo (born 22 May 1987) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Bayern Munich and the Chile national team.

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Santiago
Simone Pepe (born 30 August 1983) is an Italian footballer who plays for Serie A club Juventus.

1983 births
Living people
Italian footballers
A quill pen is a tool used for writing, made from a flight feather of a large bird. Quills were used for writing with ink before other pens were invented. They are still used in calligraphy sometimes. Today, most paper is made from wood plulp. Such papers use the quill rather rapidly.  The hollow shaft of the feather (the calamus) acts as an ink reservoir and ink flows to the tip by capillary action. 

Writing tools
The Flag of Kentucky was adopted on March 26, 1918. It has a blue background, with Kentucky's seal in the middle. The seal shows a picture of two men hugging each other. Legend says that the two men were Daniel Boone and Henry Clay. Above their heads says "United We Stand". By their toes says "Divided We Fall". The phrase "United We Stand, Divided We Fall" is Kentucky's motto.

References

Other websites
Kentucky's State Flag 

Kentucky
Kentucky
Illustrissimi (To the Illustrious Ones) is a book written by Pope John Paul I when he was Patriarch of Venice. 

The book is a collection of letters which were first published in the Italian Christian paper Messaggero di S. Antonio between 1972 and 1975.  They were reprinted in book form in Italy in 1976. 

The work was first published in English in 1978 when Cardinal Luciani was elected Pope, but it only reached the public after the death of John Paul I.

The letters
The 40 letters in all are addressed to people in Italian history and fiction, including
Charles Dickens
Mark Twain
G. K. Chesterton
Maria Theresa of Austria
Charles Peguy
Trilussa
St Bernard of Clairvaux
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
King David
Penelope
Figaro
The Pickwick Club
Pinocchio
Paolo Diacono
Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordova
St Bernardino of Siena
St Francis de Sales
St Romedio's Bear
P.I. Chichikov
King Lemuel
Sir Walter Scott
The Unknown Painter at the Castle
Hippocrates
St Thérèse de Lisieux
Alessandro Manzoni
Casella
Luigi Cornaro
St Bonaventure
Christopher Marlowe
St Luke
Quintilian
Guglielmo Marconi
Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli
Félix Dupanloup
Petrarch
St Theresa of Avila
Carlo Goldoni
Andreas Hofer
Jesus

References

1978 books
Something is self-similar if it is similar (or very close) to a part of itself.  For example, the Mandelbrot set is self-similar as it contains an infinite number of almost exact copies of itself.

References 

Fractals
The Space Launch System (SLS) is a NASA rocket. It is a super heavy-lift launch vehicle. It is the second most powerful rocket ever built, less powerful than Starship. The SLS is a replacement for the retired Space Shuttle.  Many parts are modified versions of parts designed for the Space Shuttle. Others are new designs.

The first crewed (carrying people) flight will be no earlier than November 2024. The planned flight is Artemis 3.

Types 

The Space Launch System comes in many different types meant to launch different kinds of missions.

Block 1 
The least powerful kind of the SLS is the Block 1. The core stage will use the parts of the Space Shuttle External Tank. It will also use four Space Shuttle Main Engines. The rocket boosters are connected to the sides are the 5-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. The top stage will use is the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS).
Block 1B 
Block 1B is similar to the Block 1. The top stage will change with Exploration Upper Stage (EUS). A crew version and a cargo version will be made.

Block 2 
Block 2 is similar to Block 1B. The 5-segment SRBs will be changed with advanced boosters.

Related pages 
 Artemis program
 NASA
 Orion (spacecraft)

References 

Artemis program
Orion program
Rockets
Knuth's up-arrow notation is a way of expressing very big numbers.  It was made by Donald Knuth in 1976.  It is related to the hyperoperation sequence.  The notation is used in Graham's number. 

One arrow represents exponentiation, 2 arrows represent tetration, 3 for pentation, etc.:
Exponentiation

a multiplied by itself, b times.
Tetration

a exponentiated by itself, b times. 
Third level 

etc.

This notation is used to describe the incredibly large Graham's Number.

References 

Hyperoperations
Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff (; April 29, 1938 – April 14, 2021) was an American former investor, former stockbroker and former non-executive chairman for NASDAQ Stock Market. He was the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme which is the largest financial fraud in United States history.

Ponzi scheme
In March 2009, Madoff pleaded guilty to 11 federal felonies and admitted to turning his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi scheme. Thousands of investors lost billions of dollars. Madoff said he began the Ponzi scheme in the early 1990s. However, federal investigators believe the fraud began as early as the 1970s. The people who are hunting for the missing money believe the investment operation may never have been legitimate. The amount missing from client accounts, including fabricated gains, was almost $65 billion. The court-appointed trustee estimated actual losses to investors of $18 billion. On June 29, 2009, he was sentenced to 150 years in prison, the maximum allowed.