Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The littoral zone refers to that part of a sea, lake or river which is close to the shore. In coastal environments the littoral zone extends from the high water mark, which is rarely under water, to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged. It always includes this intertidal zone and is often used to mean the same as the intertidal zone. However, the meaning of "littoral zone" can extend well beyond the intertidal zone.

In oceanography and marine biology, the idea of the littoral zone is extended roughly to the edge of the continental shelf.

Oceanography
Habitats
Collective animal behaviour describes and analyzes the behaviour of groups of animals. In these groups, the animals are often all of the same species. As an example, a school of fish will be made of mostly the same type of fish and a flock of birds will have the same type of bird. A herd is a large group of hoofed, herbivorous mammals.

Animals tend to behave in such a way because this behaviour offers them a benefit. The group of animals also behaves differently from a single animal. Collective animal behaviour is about finding the rules each animal follows; how it communicates with other members of the group and how a decision to do something is reached in the group.
Scope of the term 
Full-time colonial animals fall into this category in principle, but in practice the species of interest here are those who form temporary groups. Colonial animals have been researched for many years, and are usually based on some kind of family relationship. Temporary collective behavior is a well-known phenomenon, but little researched until now.

Different functions
Different functions have been proposed, as follows:
1. Protection from predators.
1.1 A school of fish is better protected from predation than a single fish: see shoaling and schooling. One method by which fish schools or bird flocks may thwart predators is the ‘predator confusion effect’. This theory is based on the idea that it becomes difficult for predators to pick out individuals from groups, because the moving targets create a sensory overload of the predator's visual channel.
1.2 A second potential anti-predator effect of animal aggregations is the ‘many eyes’ hypothesis. As the size of the group increases, the task of scanning the environment for predators is spread out over many individuals. This gives a higher level of vigilance, and allows more time for individual feeding.
1.3 A third possibility is the ‘encounter dilution’ effect. Hamilton proposed that the aggregation of animals was due to a “selfish” avoidance of a predator, and was a form of cover-seeking. Another formulation of the theory was combining avoidance and dilution. It was suggested that potential prey might benefit by living together since a predator is less likely to chance upon a single group than a scattered distribution. About attack, it was thought a predator is less likely to eat a particular animal when a greater number of individuals are present. In sum, an individual has an advantage if it is in the larger of two groups (assuming that the probability of detection and attack does not increase disproportionately with the size of the group).
2. Better foraging: A school of fish or a group of animals is better at foraging. 

3. Easier movement: Groups of animals moving together (such as fish or birds) save energy. Many of the larger birds fly in flocks. Flying in flocks helps in reducing the energy needed. Many large birds fly in a V-formation, which helps individuals save 12–20 % of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red Knots Calidris canutus and Dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km per hour faster in flocks than when they were flying alone.

4. Social interaction: This can be seen with fish, such as herring. If an animal is separated from the group, it will feel stressed.
5. Special factors come into play with migrating birds, or birds which gather in huge flocks, such as starlings. Bird behavior has a larger component of learning than fish. In addition to factors listed above is the possibility that migrating bird flocks are good at teaching first-year birds how to do the migration successfully. The specific routes may be genetically programmed or learned to varying degrees. The routes taken on forward and return migration are often different.

Swarms 
The usual term for insects which are not always in a fixed colony, but move in large numbers is swarm. There are many good examples: army ants for instance. The best researched is the locust.

Locust swarming
Locust swarming 

Locusts are the swarming phase of short-horned grasshoppers of the family Acrididae. These are species that can breed rapidly under suitable conditions. Then they come together in large groups and become migratory. They form bands as nymphs and swarms as adults—both of which can travel great distances, rapidly stripping fields and greatly damaging crops.

There is no taxonomic difference between locust and grasshopper species, and in English the term "locust" is used for grasshopper species that change morphologically and behaviourally on crowding, to form swarms or hopper bands. These changes, or phase polymorphism, were first thought of as separate species.
Modelling large groups 
Often, animals in a herd are thought to follow simple rules, such as
Move in the same direction as your neighbour
Stay close to your neighbours
Do not collide with your neighbours
Recent studies have shown that an animal only picks five to seven other animals, and aligns with them. This seems to be independent of the distance. Another approach is when all animals within a certain distance are noted for alignment.

Small social groups 
Primates are a good example of animals which almost always live in small groups. The groups are based on a family, a group of families, or females 'owned' by a dominant male, together with offspring.

References

Related pages
Sociobiology

Zoology
Ethology
Chromium(II) chloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CrCl2. It is a white crystalline chemical. It dissolves in water to produce a bright blue solution. It is a strong reducing agent. If the water has a little acid in it, hydrogen is produced. If the water has a little base in it, chromium(II) oxide is produced. The water needs to be very pure. 

It is made by reacting chromium(III) chloride and hydrogen at a high temperature. It can also be made by reduction of chromium(III) chloride with zinc. It is used in science research.

Related pages 
Chromium(III) oxide
Chromium(VI) oxide

Chlorine compounds
Chromium compounds
Sodium dichromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Cr2O7. It consists of sodium and dichromate ions. It is an orange crystalline solid. It is an intermediate in making chromium. It is used to make leather. It is also used in making organic chemical compounds. It is a strong oxidizing agent and a toxic carcinogen.

Related pages 
Potassium dichromate
Sodium chromate
Chromate

Sodium compounds
Chromium compounds
Chrome may refer to:

Materials 
Chromium, a chemical element
Chrome plating, putting a surface of chromium on metal objects
Chrome alum, a sulphate of chromium previously used in tanning leather

Computing 
Google Chrome, a web browser
Google Chrome OS, the operating system of the browser
Chromebook, the laptop that runs the operating system
Chrome plating is the coating of a metal object with a thin layer of chromium metal, also known as chrome. It is normally plated by electrolysis. It can be used to reduce corrosion or for a decorative effect.

Related pages
Electrochemistry
Decoration

Physical chemistry
Mount Carmel Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery in the Chicago suburb of Hillside, Illinois. The cemetery is near the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) at Wolf and Roosevelt Roads.  It is close to three other cemeteries. They are Queen of Heaven Cemetery, Catholic Cemetery, and Oakridge Glen Oaks Cemetery.

The cemetery is  in size.  There are over 226,275 people buried at Mount Carmel.

The Bishop's Mausoleum is in Mount Carmel Cemetery. It was designed by William J. Brinkmann. It is the burial place of the Bishops and Archbishops of Chicago. Cardinal Joseph Bernardin was buried there after his 1996 death. Also on the cemetery grounds are the burial places of some organized crime figures. There are over 400 family mausoleums on the cemetery grounds.

People Buried At Mt. Carmel
Below is a short list of people buried at Mt. Carmel Cemetery.
 Julia Buccola Petta - also known as "The Italian Bride"
Religious people
 Samuel Stritch
 John Cody
 Joseph Bernardin
 James Edward Quigley
 William Quarter
 Patrick Feehan

Criminals
 Al Capone
 Vincent Drucci
 Sam Giancana
 Joseph Giunta
 Genna Brothers - Sam, Vincenzo, Pete, "Bloody" Angelo, Antonio, and Mike "The Devil".
 Antonio Lombardo
 "Machine Gun" Jack McGurn
 Frank Nitti
 Dean O'Banion
 Frank Rio
 Roger Touhy
 Earl "Hymie" Weiss
 Phillipo Catalano

Other websites
 Catholic Cemeteries of Chicago
 Mount Carmel page on Graveyards of Chicago

Cemeteries in the United States
Buildings and structures in Chicago
Al Capone
Mercury(II) chloride, also known as mercuric chloride and corrosive sublimate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgCl2. It has mercury and chloride ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties 
It is a white crystalline solid.  It is very toxic. It can be made by reacting chlorine with mercury. It is not ionic, like most metal-nonmetal chemical compounds are. For example, it evaporates easily when heated, while ionic compounds like sodium chloride stay solid. It dissolves in water, but much better in hot water than in cold water. It also dissolves in chloride solutions. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with bases to make mercury(II) oxide.

Preparation 
It can be made by reacting mercury(I) chloride or mercury metal with chlorine. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with hydrochloric acid or by reacting mercury(II) sulfate with sodium chloride.
Uses 
It is used as a catalyst in making plastics. It is also used to make an amalgam with metals such as aluminum. It was used in the past to preserve various things and as a medicine. It is too toxic to be used as a medicine anymore. It was used in photography.

Related pages 
Mercury(I) bromide
Mercury(II) iodide
Mercury(II) sulfide

Mercury compounds
Chlorine compounds
Mercury(I) chloride, also known as calomel and mercurous chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2Cl2. It has mercury and chloride ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a white to pale yellow crystalline solid. It is toxic, but not as toxic as mercury(II) chloride because it does not dissolve in water. It turns back into mercury and mercury(II) chloride when reacted with ammonia or exposed to ultraviolet light. The black color that came from the reaction with ammonia gave its name "calomel" (beautiful black). It is a weak reducing agent. It is the most common mercury(I) compound.

Occurrence

Calomel is sometimes found as a mineral, but it is quite rare.

Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury with mercury(II) chloride. It can also be made by reacting mercury(I) nitrate with sources of chloride, such as sodium chloride.
Uses
It is used in electrochemistry as a reference electrode. Reference electrodes are used to find the electrode potentials (ability to be oxidized and reduced) of other chemical substances. Since it decomposes when light is shined on it, it is used to see how many photons are in a light beam. It was used as medicine in the past, although it was toxic.

Related pages
Chlorine
Electrolysis
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(I) bromide

Mercury compounds
Chlorine compounds
Mercury(I) nitrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2(NO3)2. It has mercury and nitrate ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a white solid. It is a weak reducing agent in air. It oxidizes to mercury(II) oxide and mercury(II) nitrate. It reacts slowly with water when it is dissolved in water. This makes a basic mercury(I) nitrate and some nitric acid. The basic mercury(I) nitrate is yellow. Mercury(I) nitrate can kill you if you eat or inhale it.

Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury with a dilute solution of nitric acid. A concentrated solution of nitric acid makes mercury(II) nitrate.

Related pages
Mercury(II) chloride
Mercury(I) chloride

References

Nitrogen compounds
Mercury compounds
An amalgam is a solution of a metal in mercury. Many metals can dissolve in mercury. Amalgams are used in tooth fillings. Platinum and iron cannot form amalgams. Gold can dissolve in mercury, which is used to separate gold from its ore. Aluminum forms an amalgam which can react with water because the thin oxide coating on the aluminum is dissolved.

Related pages
Chemical compound
Mixture

Chemicals
Mercury(II) nitrate, also known as mercuric nitrate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg(NO3)2. It contains mercury and nitrate ions. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties 
Mercury(II) nitrate is a white crystalline solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation 
It is made by reacting mercury with concentrated nitric acid; dilute nitric acid would make mercury(I) nitrate.

Uses 
It was used to make felt from fur. People would get poisoned when using it to make hats, making the term "mad hatter".

Related pages 
Mercury(I) iodide
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(II) chloride

\

Nitrogen compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury(II) iodide, also known as mercuric iodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgI2. It has mercury and iodide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties 
It is a red crystalline compound. It turns yellow when heated and turns red again when it is cooled. It is insoluble in water. It is highly toxic like all mercury compounds.

Preparation 
Mercury(II) iodide is made by reacting a mercury(II) salt such as mercury(II) chloride with a source of iodide ions. This makes a bright red precipitate.

Occurrence 
It is found as the very rare mineral coccinite.

Uses 
It was used as a medicine, but it poisoned people who took the medicine. It is also used to demonstrate how some things change color when heated and change back when cooled. It can be used to test for ammonia and as a semiconductor.

Related pages 
Mercury(I) iodide
Iodine
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(II) bromide

Mercury compounds
Iodine compounds
Mercury chloride can refer to either of the following chemical compounds:

Mercury(I) chloride, less toxic, insoluble
Mercury(II) chloride, more toxic, soluble
Mercury nitrate can refer to either of the following chemical compounds:

Mercury(I) nitrate
Mercury(II) nitrate, "mad hatter"
Mercury iodide can mean either of the following chemical compounds:

Mercury(I) iodide
Mercury(II) iodide
Mercury(I) iodide, also known as mercurous iodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg2I2. It has mercury and iodide ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a yellow solid. When light is shined on it, it breaks down (by disproportionation) to mercury(II) iodide and iodine. It is toxic, as are all mercury compounds.

Preparation and use
It is made by reacting mercury and iodine. It was once used as a medicine.

Related pages
Mercury(I) chloride
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(II) chloride

Mercury compounds
Iodine compounds
A stroopwafel () (English translation: syrup waffle or treacle waffle) is a waffle made from two thin layers of baked batter.  It has a caramel-like syrup filling in the middle.  They were first made in the town of Gouda in the Netherlands, in 1784. Bigger versions are sold in the streets as a snack.

References 

Sweet breads
Gouda
Dutch food
The Inline-four engine or Straight-four is an internal combustion engine with all four cylinders.  All four cylinders are mounted in a straight line along one crankshaft. It can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel and natural gas.

The single bank of cylinders may be in a vertical direction (straight up), or at an angle. When the cylinders are mounted at an angle, it is sometimes called a slant-four. When listed as an abbreviation, an inline-four engine is listed either as I4 or L4 (for longitudinal). L4 is often used to avoid confusion between the digit 1 and the letter I.
The inline-four layout is a mechanically simple engine. It has a natural basic engine balance. It is smoother than one, two, and three cylinder engines. This makes it popular for economy cars.  It does have a problem with secondary engine balance. This causes minor vibrations in smaller engines. These vibrations become worse as engine size and power increase. The more powerful engines used in larger cars use different an engine layout to avoid this problem.

Displacement 
This inline-four gasoline configuration is the most common in cars with a displacement (engine size) up to 2.4 L. Porsche used a 3.0 L four in its 944 S2 and 968 sports cars. Antique vehicles tended to have larger displacements to develop horsepower and torque. The Model A Ford was built with a 3.3 L inline-four engine.
Four-cylinder diesel engines are lower revving than gasoline engines. They often exceed 3.0 L. Toyota made a 4.1 L diesel engine that was used in the Toyota Mega Cruiser. Larger four-cylinder engines are used in industrial applications, are often made with displacements up to about 4.6 L.

Displacement can also be very small. Some cars sold in Japan have engines that are only 660 cc.

Racing use 

The 1913 Indianapolis 500 was won by Jules Goux driving a Peugeot. This car was powered by an inline-four engine designed by Ernest Henry. This design was big influence for racing engines. It was the first to use dual overhead camshafts (DOHC) and four valves per cylinder. This became the standard design for racing inline-four engines.
This Peugeot was sold to the American driver "Wild Bob" Burman. Burman broke the engine in 1915. Because of World War I, Peugeot could not deliver a new engine. Burman asked Harry Arminius Miller to build a new engine. With John Edward and Fred Offenhauser, Miller created a new engine. Its design was based on the Peugeot inline-four engine. This was the first version of the engine that would dominate the Indianapolis 500 until 1976. At first, the engine was named Miller. Later it became known as Offenhauser. The Offenhauser engines won five straight races at Indianapolis from 1971 to 1976. It was not until 1981 that engines such as the Cosworth V8 engine eliminated them.

Many cars produced for the pre-WWII voiturette Grand Prix motor racing used inline-four engine designs. These cars were rebuilt and reused after the war. They formed the beginnings of what is now Formula One.

Motorcycle use
Motorcycle use 

Modern inline-four motorcycle engines first gained their popularity with Honda's single overhead camshaft CB750 in the 1970s. The inline-four has become one of the most common engine configurations in street bikes The inline-four is common because of its relatively high performance-to-cost ratio. All of the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers offer motorcycles with inline-four engines.

References

Motors
Anthony Rolfe Johnson, CBE (born 5 November 1940; died 21 July 2010) was an English operatic tenor.  He was especially famous for singing the music of Monteverdi, Mozart and Benjamin Britten.  He sang many of the operatic roles which Britten had written for Peter Pears to sing.

Life

Anthony Rolfe Johnson was born in Tackley in Oxfordshire.  When he was a child he enjoyed singing, but did not think of taking it up as a career.  He started to work in farm management.  Then, in his late twenties, he decided to study singing at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He started his singing career by singing in operas in the chorus and in small roles at the Glyndebourne Festival between 1972 and 1976. His first big operatic part was Vaudémont in Tchaikovsky’s Iolanthe in 1973 with the English Opera Group.  Then he sang the part of Albert Herring in Britten’s opera.
In 1978, he joined English National Opera.  He sang several roles in Mozart and Monteverdi operas, then he sang the Male Chorus (a solo part) in Britten’s The Rape of Lucretia and Aschenbach in Death in Venice.  Later he sang the title role in Peter Grimes.   He sang in opera houses all over the world, including including the English National Opera, Royal Opera House, La Monnaie in Brussels, La Scala, Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, the Vienna State Opera, and the Paris Opera.

Rolfe Johnson sang other music besides operas.  He sang in several oratorios, and he sang the role of Evangelist in J. S. Bach's St John Passion and St Matthew Passion, as well as in Britten’s War Requiem.  He also sang on the concert platform, and he gave recitals of Lieder.  He helped find a group called “The Songmakers’ Almanac” who sang classical songs. .

He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1992. 

He died of Alzheimer's disease on 21 July 2010.
References
”Anthony Rolfe Johnson” – obituary in The Independent, 29 July 2010 viewspaper p. 9

1940 births
2010 deaths
British tenors
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English opera singers
Guildhall School of Music and Drama is a school for music and drama in London, England. It was founded in 1880. Students can study Music, Opera, Drama, Stage Management and Technical Theatre.

History
The first Guildhall School was in an old warehouse, but it was soon too small. A new building was especially built and opened in 1886. Before 1935 it was known as the Guildhall School of Music. Since 1977 it has been next to the Barbican Arts Centre in the Barbican Complex.

The Guildhall School does not just teach students at the school. They also organize music examinations in the whole of Britain for anyone learning musical instruments. In 2004 these examinations joined with those of Trinity College London to form Trinity Guildhall Examinations. Today, Trinity Guildhall offers qualifications in performing and teaching in music, speech and drama, and dance to external students (students who are not studying at the school).
Today the school has a 308-seat drama and opera theatre, concert hall, lecture / recital hall and a small studio theatre. The students of the school regularly perform all over London. In 2008 work began on a large extension to the School. It will cost about £90 million.

Famous musicians who studied there include the trumpeter Alison Balsom, the composer Thomas Adès, the flautist Sir James Galway, the pianist Paul Lewis, the violinist Tasmin Little and the singers Kate Royal and Bryn Terfel.

References

Other websites
 Guildhall School of Music and Drama website
 City selects preferred Milton Court developer  (June 2006)
 Guildhall School seeks new extension  (February 2006)
 Trinity Guildhall at the Trinity College, London 

Music schools
Colleges and universities in London
A mercury-vapor lamp is a kind of gas discharge lamp.  It makes light from mercury.  The mercury atoms release ultraviolet and visible light.  In some bulbs, the ultraviolet light shines on phosphors which make white light from it, although not all mercury-vapor lamps use phosphors. The EU wants to ban them because they contain large amounts of mercury and are not efficient like fluorescent bulbs. They last much longer though.
They are the bluish streetlights. Depending on the quality of the bulb, age of the bulb, phosphor used, and other chemicals added to the mercury, the color of the light can vary from blue-white to green-white, to almost pure white. A green tint usually indicates an older bulb, although it doesn't necessarily mean that the bulb is about to burn out. The metal halide lamp is an improved version of the mercury vapor lamp that contains a metal halide (usually sodium iodide) in addition to the mercury. The metal halide produces orange light, which combines with the blue-white light from the mercury to produce a very pure white light.

Related pages
Sodium vapor lamp
Incandescent bulb

Lamps
A sodium vapor lamp is a kind of gas discharge lamp. Streetlights are a major use. There are two types; the high pressure lamp and the low pressure lamp. The older low pressure one gives yellow light. It is still used where the ability to show different colors is not very important. The newer high pressure sodium vapor light emits a broader spectrum, often appearing orange but letting people see different colors. 

These lights contain sodium metal in them. They operate by a spark through a tube that contains the sodium. The sodium emits a yellow color, which produces the light. Because the lamp contains highly flammable sodium as well as toxic mercury, it should not be placed in the trash and must be disposed of properly at the end of its life.

Related pages 
 Mercury-vapor lamp

Lamps
A streetlight is a light bulb on a pole used for lighting streets. Streets can be lit for safety or visibility reasons, so people can see where they are walking at night. Streetlights are normally either orange or blue. The blue ones are mercury-vapor lamps. They are older and last longer. The orange ones are sodium vapor lamps. They are newer and more efficient.

Related pages
Incandescent bulb, rarely used in streetlights
Fluorescent bulb

Light sources
Aluminium oxide, also known as aluminum oxide, is a chemical compound made from aluminium and oxygen. Its chemical formula is Al2O3. It is a normally white, powdery solid. It does not exist in a particular form. It can dissolve in acids and bases. It is used as an abrasive (sandpaper is an abrasive). It comes in bauxite and corundum. It does not melt easily. It is dissolved in a cryolite melt and electrolyzed to make aluminium.

Natural occurrence
Corundum is the most common naturally occurring crystalline form of aluminium oxide. Rubies and sapphires are types of corundum. The reason why they have different colors is because there are other elements in it.

Properties

Al2O3 is an electrical insulator but it has a high thermal conductivity (). Aluminium oxide is insoluble in water. Its most common occurring crystalline form, called corundum or α-aluminium oxide.
Aluminium oxide is the reason why aluminium cannot corrode. When aluminium reacts with atmospheric oxygen, a thin layer of aluminium oxide (4 nm thickness) forms on any exposed aluminium surface. This layer protects the metal from more oxidation.

Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric substance, meaning it can react with both acids and bases, such as hydrofluoric acid and sodium hydroxide.

References

Related pages
Aluminium chloride
Calcium oxide
Corundum

Aluminium compounds
Oxides
An abrasive is something that is very hard. It is also rough. It is used to rub things so they get smooth. When abrasives are glued to paper, it makes sandpaper. Aluminium oxide is a common abrasive. Abrasives are used to make the ends of wood pieces smooth and to smooth the cut ends of metal. The hardest natural abrasive is diamond. Diamond is commonly used in saw blades designed to cut tile or stone.

Construction
Sandpaper is a piece of paper with an abrasive glued to it. Sandpapers come in various types. Some are very rough, while others are very smooth. They are used to clean wood and metal and make them smooth. Some sandpaper is made to go on a machine that rubs very fast, while other sandpaper is used by hand.

Construction
Corundum is a mineral. It is very hard, with a Mohs hardness of 9 (diamond is 10). It is usually clear. Its chemical formula is aluminium oxide, Al2O3. Sometimes some of the aluminium atoms get replaced with chromium atoms. It then becomes ruby. Other impurities can make sapphire.

Related pages 
Bauxite
Aluminium
Chromium(III) oxide

References

Minerals
Aluminium chloride (AlCl3), is a chemical compound. It is a white or yellow crystalline solid. It melts at a low temperature. It is made by reacting aluminium oxide with hydrochloric acid. The anhydrous (without water) form may be made by reacting aluminium and chlorine. It is used in the making of chemicals. It is also used in deodorants. It can cause slight irritation.

Related pages
Calcium chloride
Deodorant
Sodium bromide

Sources

Chlorine compounds
Aluminium compounds
The Salt Lake Tribune is a newspaper based in Salt Lake City, Utah. It was founded in 1871 and was known as Mormon Tribune by some former LDS Church members William Godbe, Elias L.T. Harrison and John Tullidge.

Other websites
Official website

Newspapers in the United States
Salt Lake City
1871 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Utah
Joey Ramone (born Jeffery Hyman, May 19, 1951 – April 15, 2001) was an American punk musician and founder member of the Ramones, in which he was lead singer, along with Dee Dee Ramone, Tommy Ramone, and Johnny Ramone.

Early life
Joey Ramone's mother encouraged both his and his brothers' interests in music. He was a fan of The Beatles, The Who, Iggy and The Stooges and David Bowie, among other bands. He was a fan of Phil Spector. He started playing the drums at 13 and played throughout his teen years. He idolized Pete Townshend of the Who.

Death
Joey Ramone died at the age of 49 on April 15, 2001 of lymphoma.

1951 births
2001 deaths
American drummers
American punk musicians
American rock guitarists
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Deaths from lymphoma
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
Rashad Anton Evans (born September 25, 1979 in Niagara Falls, New York) is an American mixed martial artist. He currently fights for the UFC and fights out of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Evans is a former UFC Light Heavyweight Championship and was the winner of The Ultimate Fight season 2 in the heavyweight division. Evans holds a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Gaidojutsu

Other websites
Rashad Evans' Official website

Sportspeople from New York (state)
American mixed martial artists
1979 births
Living people
Georges St-Pierre  (born May 19, 1981 in Saint-Isidore, Quebec) (often called GSP for short) is a semi-retired Canadian mixed martial artist that fights for the UFC and fights out of Montreal, Quebec. St-Pierre has won the UFC Welterweight Championship 3 times. St-Pierre is a 3rd degree black belt in Kyokushin, a black belt in Gaidojutsu and a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. On December 13, 2013, he announced that he was vacating the championship and was taking time off from MMA.

References

Other websites
Georges St-Pierre's Official website 
Georges St-Pierre at ufc.com 

1981 births
Living people
Canadian mixed martial artists
Sportspeople from Quebec
Patricia Anne Stratigias (born December 18, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler, fitness model, and fitness guru, actress and television personality. She is best known for her time with the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) where she wrestled under the ring name, Trish Stratus. Stratus is a former one-time WWE Hardcore Champion, seven-time WWF/E Women's Champion and was named Babe of the Year from 2001 to 2004 and was also named Diva of the Decade. She returned to the WWE on February 20, 2011 after she made a surpise appearance at the 2011 Elimination Chamber pay-per-view. She will also be a trainer on the 2011 revival of Tough Enough.

She was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Stephanie McMahon in 2013. The next year, Stratus inducted Lita in the Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites 

Trish Stratus' Official website

1975 births
Sportspeople from Ontario‎
Canadian professional wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Living people
Models from Ontario
WWE Hall of Fame
José Alberto Rodríguez (born May 25, 1977) is a Mexican professional wrestler, former mixed martial artist and luchador enmascarado. He has wrestled in the WWE under the ring name Alberto Del Rio. He has also wrestled for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), Ring of Honor (ROH) and Lucha Underground (LU). He competeed in AAA under the ring name El Patrón Alberto ("The Boss Alberto") and in ROH and LU under the name Alberto el Patrón.

In 2006 Pro Wrestling Illustrated ranked Alberto Del Rio #45 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500. On January 30, 2011, Del Rio won the 2010 Royal Rumble by last eliminating Santino Marella.

On August 7, 2014, it was announced that Del Rio had been fired from the WWE after he slapped an employee who allegedly made a racist joke.
On August 17 at Triplemanía XXII, El Patrón and his father Dos Caras returned to AAA. He spoke about returning to AAA and he addressed the WWE, claiming that they were racist. They were interrupted by the Los Perros del Mal stable.

On December 11, 2014, Ring of Honor (ROH) announced that they had signed Rodríguez and that he would make his debut for them on January 3, 2015. In his debut match, he defeated Christopher Daniels.

On January 17, 2015, Lucha Underground announced that they had signed Rodríguez. He debuted for them at their television tapings in Los Angeles, California later that same day.

On October 25, 2015, Del Rio made a surprise return to the WWE at Hell in a Cell with Zeb Colter as his manager. At Hell in a Cell, Del Rio answered John Cena's United States Open Challenge. He defeated Cena to win the United States Championship.
Championships
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
AAA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Técnico of the Year (2014)
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre
CMLL World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
La Copa Junior (2006)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #6 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2011.
World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
World Heavyweight Championship (two times)
WWE Championship (two times)
WWE United States Championship (one time)
Money in the Bank (Raw 2011)
Royal Rumble (2011)
Bragging Rights Trophy (2010) (with Team SmackDown (Big Show, Rey Mysterio, Jack Swagger, Edge, Tyler Reks, and Kofi Kingston))
World Wrestling League
WWL World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
'''Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best Gimmick (2010)

References

Other websites

1977 births
Living people
Mexican professional wrestlers
Mixed martial artists
People from San Luis Potosí
Former WWE wrestlers
Christopher Todd Mordetzky (born January 8, 1983) is an American professional wrestler. As of 2023, he was signed to National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) under the ring name Chris Adonis. He is a former two-time National Champion in NWA. He is best known for his time in WWE, under the ring name Chris Masters. He is also known for his time in Impact Wrestling, under the ring name Chris Adonis. For Qatar Pro Wrestling, he is the QPW Tag Team Champions with Carlito.
After being trained in Ultimate Pro Wrestling, Mordetzky signed with WWE. He was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling for training. In 2005, he wrestled for the first time as "The Masterpiece" Chris Masters. He was a wrestler in a great body shape. Massters used "The Masterlock" as finishing move. It was a full nelson hold. During his career in WWE, the Masterlock was a submission no one could break. The Masterlock Challenge storyline ended after Bobby Lashley broke the hold on March 20, 2007. Masters was released in 2007. He worked on the independent circuit for two years before returning to WWE in 2009. Masters was released again in 2011. Since then, he has worked on the independent circuit. He has had notable stints in Global Force Wrestling (GFW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

References

1983 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Santa Monica, California
The starlings are a family of small to medium-sized birds, the Sturnidae. This family are passerine songbirds, whose best-known species is Sternus, the common starling.

Starlings occur naturally in the Old World, from  Europe, Asia and Africa. Species (usually the common starling) have been introduced to  North America, Hawaii and New Zealand. In these new areas they compete for habitat with native birds, and are considered as invasive species.

Starlings have strong feet, their flight is strong and direct, and they are very gregarious (social). Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They are omnivores. They eat insects and fruit. Several species live around humans. Many species search for food by opening the bill after probing it into dense vegetation; this behavior is called 'open-bill probing'. Plumage is usually dark with a metallic sheen and white flecks (spots). Most species nest in holes, laying blue or white eggs.
Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, are called mynas, and many African species are known as glossy starlings because of their iridescent plumage.

Starlings have varied and complex songs, and may copy sounds from their surroundings, including car alarms, and human speech. The birds can recognize particular individuals by their calls.

Flocks 
North-East European starlings migrate, but in southern and western Europe the birds are resident. Starlings are generally a highly social family. Most species associate in flocks of varying sizes throughout the year. These flocks may include other species of starlings and sometimes species from other families. This social activity is obvious in their roosting behaviour. In the non-breeding season some roosts can number thousands of birds. Flocks in Britain used to number millions of birds, though numbers are now fewer than they used to be.
Sternus vulgaris is a highly gregarious species in autumn and winter. Flock size is variable: huge flocks are a spectacular sight and sound. These flocks often attract birds of prey such as sparrowhawks. Flocks form a tight sphere-like formation in flight, frequently expanding and contracting and changing shape, seemingly without any leader.

Very large roosts, sometimes up to 1.5 million birds, can form in city centers, woodlands, or reedbeds, causing problems with their droppings.
Huge flocks of more than a million starlings are observed just before sunset in spring in southwestern Jutland, Denmark. There they gather in March until they leave for their breeding ranges by mid-April. Their flocking creates complex shapes against the sky, a phenomenon known locally as "Black Sun". To witness this spectacle, the best place are the seaward marshlands of Tønder and Esbjerg .
Flocks of anything from five to fifty thousand starlings form in areas of the UK just before sundown during mid winter. These flocks are commonly called a murmeration, sometimes a Starling Moot.(meaning meeting or council)

Collective animal behaviour

North America

Although there are approximately 200 million starlings in North America, they are all descendants of 60 birds released in 1890 (and 40 more in 1891) in Central Park, New York, by Eugene Schieffelin. He was a member of the Acclimation Society of North America, which  tried to introduce to North America every bird species mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare.
As an introduced species, European starlings are not protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Starlings are considered a nuisance species in North America. The birds, which travel in enormous flocks, often pose dangers to air travel, disrupt cattle operations, chase off native birds, and roost on city blocks. They leave behind corrosive droppings and hundreds of millions of dollars of damage every year. In 2008, U.S. government agents poisoned, shot and trapped 1.7 million starlings, more than any other nuisance species.

The starling family includes a lot of birds which look different to the common starling. One large group is called the mynas, which genetic analysis shows is not a natural group.

References 

Passeri
Mirko Filipović (born 10 September 1974 in Zagreb, Croatia) is a Croatian mixed martial artist who currently fights for the UFC. He is known by his nickname Mirko Cro Cop, which he gained when he was in the Lučko Anti-Terrorist Unit. Filipović also fought for the Pride Fighting Championships where he won a PrideFC 2006 Openweight Grand Prix Tournament.

Other websites
 

1974 births
Living people
Mixed martial artists
Sportspeople from Zagreb
Giancarlo Volpe (born 31 July 1974 in Tacoma, Washington) is an Italian American animator and director.  He graduated from the School of Visual Arts in 1997.  He started his career at Humongous Entertainment.

Career

Computer games 

"Pajama Sam"
Putt-Putt Enters the Race

Animated series 

King of the Hill
Avatar: The Last Airbender
Green Lantern: The Animated Series

Other TV series 

Star Wars: The Clone Wars

Other websites 
 MobyGames profile
 deviantART Profile

American animators
1974 births
Living people
People from Tacoma, Washington
Paramount Parks was an operator of theme parks and attractions. In 1994, the Paramount Parks became a part of Paramount Pictures.

Other websites  

Cedar Fair official website
Gilroy Gardens (Formerly Bonfante Gardens)
Canada's Wonderland
Coney Island
Carowinds
California's Great America
Kings Dominion
Kings Island
Star Trek The Experience

Viacom
1994 establishments in the United States
Companies based in North Carolina
Theme park companies
Burbank is a city in the southeastern end of the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles County, California. Located just 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Downtown Los Angeles, Burbank is well known for being home to Walt Disney Studios and Warner Bros Studios, as well as having the largest IKEA in the United States. The population at the 2020 census was 107,337.

Notable people
Sterling Beaumon (b. 1995), actor, musician
 Tyler Blackburn (b. 1986), actor, singer
 Kelly Blatz (b. 1987), actor, model
 Scott Borchetta (b. 1962), president/CEO of Big Machine Records
 Tim Burton (b. 1958), film director, producer
 Paul Cameron (b. 1932), football player
 Glenn Davis (1924–2005), football player, Heisman Trophy winner
 Debbe Dunning (b. 1966), actress
 Masiela Lusha (b. 1985), actress, writer, humanitarian
 Andrew Gold (1951–2011), singer-songwriter, born in Burbank
 Mark Harmon (b. 1951), actor
 Jason Hirsh (b. 1982), professional baseball player
 Ron Howard (b. 1954), actor, director
 Ryan Lavarnway (b. 1987), major league baseball catcher (Baltimore Orioles)
 Blake Lively (b. 1987), actress
 Chris Marquette (b. 1984), actor
 Cady McClain (b. 1969), actress
 Garry Marshall (1934–2016), director, actor
 Hayley McFarland (b. 1991), actress
 Sandy Neilson (b. 1956), Olympic swimming gold medalist
 Greg Plitt (1977–2015), fitness model, actor.
 Eve Plumb (b. 1958), actress
Debbie Reynolds (1932–2016), actress, singer
 Randy Rhoads (1956–1982), musician, guitarist
 Jason Ritter (b. 1980), actor, raised in Burbank
 John Ritter (1948–2003), actor, TV personality, born and raised in Burbank
 Adam Schiff (b. 1960), U.S. Congressman – House of Representatives
 Kendall Schmidt (b. 1990), actor, singer, formed band Heffron Drive in Burbank with Dustin Belt – part of Big Time Rush (band).
 Ryan Shore (b. 1974), film composer
 Daniel Steres (b. 1990), professional soccer player
 Frank Sullivan (b. 1930), Major League baseball pitcher-active 1953–63
 Wil Wheaton (b. 1972), actor
 Anton Yelchin (1989–2016), actor
References

Books
 Brief History of Burbank, California (Burbank Chamber of Commerce, 1961)
 Of Men and Stars, A History of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation (Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 1957–1958)
 Ranchos de Los Santos, The Story of Burbank (The Burbank Branch of the Security Trust and Savings Bank, 1927)
 The Story of Burbank from Her Eventful Pioneer Days (The Magnolia Park Chamber of Commerce, 1954)
 Your Burbank Home (Burbank Merchant's Association, 1928)

Other websites

 City of Burbank - official
 Burbank Water & Power - official
 Burbank Unified School District 
 Burbank Chamber of Commerce
 Bob Hope Airport - official 
 Burbankia (Burbank history and lore)
 Burbank.com - Your online guide to Burbank, California
 Burbank Community Book, 1944
 A History of Burbank, 1968
The NHS Alliance was a National Health Service group, which is made up of doctors, hospital managers and others working in health care in England, Scotland and Wales in the United Kingdom.  It is not a part of the government or a political party. It held an annual conference. Dr Michael Dixon was Chairman of NHS Alliance since 1998, with Michael Sobanja as its Chief Executive.

Other websites
NHS Alliance website

References

Medical and health organisations in the United Kingdom
Cryolite is a rare mineral that consists of sodium fluoride and aluminium fluoride bonded. It is used in the production of aluminium. It is first melted and then aluminium oxide is dissolved in it. Then the solution is electrolyzed. If it is immersed in water, it becomes invisible although it does not dissolve. It used to be found in large quantities in Greenland, but it has been all used up. Now it is made from fluorite artificially.

Related pages
Pyrolusite
Sodium chloride
Aluminium chloride

Minerals
Sodium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Aluminium fluoride, also known as aluminum fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AlF3. It is used to process aluminium. It can be made by reacting aluminium with hydrofluoric acid. It is also made by reacting hexafluorosilicic acid with aluminium oxide.

Related pages
Aluminium chloride
Sodium fluoride, the other part of cryolite
Fluoride

Fluorine compounds
Aluminium compounds
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. Its chemical formula is HF. It is a very dangerous acid, being very corrosive and extremely toxic. It can dissolve glass to make hexafluorosilicic acid. If it gets on the skin, it can kill you. It is made by reacting fluorite with sulfuric acid. It is used in the processing of petroleum. It is also used to make various other chemicals containing fluorine, such as teflon (the coating in a frying pan), freon (the cooling agent in an air conditioner), and fluorocarbons (used as propellants in aerosol cans). It is used to clean metals. It is very toxic because it bonds with calcium ions in the body and makes them so they cannot be used. As an acid, it can be deprotonated to produce fluorides, which are also the salts of hydrofluoric acid.

If someone gets hydrofluoric acid on them, medical attention is needed, as just small amounts are very toxic.
(Flesh eater)

Related pages
Hydrochloric acid
Fluoride
Hydrobromic acid

References
References

Other websites
 International Chemical Safety Card 0283
 National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet 
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
 Hydrofluoric Acid Burn, The New England Journal of Medicine Acid burn case study

Acids
Fluorine compounds
DR Movie is a Korean animation studio. It was organised in Seoul in 1990. It often works with Japanese companies on anime titles.

Other websites
 DRMovie official site
 

Anime
The New York Comic Con is a festival that takes place in New York City for fans of comics, graphic novels, anime, manga, video games, toys, movies, and television.

Past conventions

Gallery

References

Other websites
New York Comic Con website
NYCC YouTube page
Videos and photos from New York Comic Con 2007 
AMCTV.com's Sci-Fi Department's video coverage of the 2008 New York Comic Con 
Midtown Comics, New York

Entertainment in New York City
Festivals in the United States
Comics conventions
Hexafluorosilicic acid is a chemical compound that is an acid. Its chemical formula is H2SiF6. It is made by the reaction of hydrofluoric acid with silicon dioxide when the hydrofluoric acid is produced. It can be reacted with bases such as sodium hydroxide to produce a fluorosilicate salt such as sodium fluorosilicate. It is used to make artificial cryolite. It releases hydrogen fluoride when it is heated, so it is toxic like hydrofluoric acid. It is used in fluoridation of water.

Related pages
Silicate
Silicon
Fluoride

Acids