Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Miss Saigon opened in London in 1989, where it played for ten years. Miss Saigon opened on Broadway in 1991. The play was a "megahit," meaning it was very popular. It made over $10 million dollars by the time it opened in Chicago, Illinois a year later. After a worldwide search, Kwan was asked to play Kim. She was still in high school.

She acted in commercials and on television shows like Beverly Hills, 90210.  She also had modeling jobs. She acted in a miniseries called Wild Palms. In California Dreams, Kwan plays Samantha Woo, a foreign-exchange student that is very boy crazy. Recent live-action appearances were on New Girl and Entourage. Jennie Kwan has also appeared in many other movies, TV shows, and plays.
She has become a well-known voice actor. She played "Suki" in the Avatar: The Last Airbender television show and video game. She voiced "Satoko Houjou" for the 2007 TV show When They Cry. Kwan also voiced "Mayuko Nise" for the 2021 television show, High-Rise Invasion. She was also in Raya and the last dragon, and Onward!

Accomplishments 
Jennie Kwan has starred in multiple shows that helped her get fame, including  Kwan has also been in plays including Miss Saigon, where she plays Kim, a bar girl from Vietnam. Kwan has also voiced many anime and cartoons! Kwan can sing too, and wants to sing more in her future.

Filmography
Little Shop
California Dreams
Beverly Hills, 90210
Family Matters
The Nanny
Trojan War
Bare: A Pop Opera
Faces of America
Fear of a Punk Planet
Avatar: The Last Airbender
Avenue Q
Random! Cartoons
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon
Music
In 2001, Jennie left acting for a while to join the girl group Nobody's Angel. However, with its popularity quickly declining, the group split up just one year later.

References

Other websites

1973 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
André Sogliuzzo (born August 10, 1966) is an Italian-American voice actor. He is known for doing many voices for many characters. These include additional voices in Open Season, voices in Avatar: The Last Airbender, American Dad!, Jackie Chan Adventures, and McSquizzy in Open Season 3.

Filmography

Animated roles
 American Dad!
 Avatar: The Last Airbender
 Brandy & Mr. Whiskers
 Boog and Elliot's Big Adventure
 Celebrity Deathmatch
 Family Guy
 Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law
 Jackie Chan Adventures
 Random! Cartoons
 SpongeBob SquarePants
 [[Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series)|Star Wars: Clone Wars]] The Batman Wolverine and the X-Men

Movie roles
 Open Season
 Open Season 3
 Open Season 4
 The Polar Express
 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
 You've Got Mail
The Lion King 1½
Video games
 Crysis
 Age of Empires III
 Call of Duty United Offensive
 Company of Heroes
 Condemned 2: Bloodshot
 Crash Nitro Kart
 Destroy All Humans!
 Eat Lead: the Return of Matt Hazard
 EverQuest II
 Fantastic Four
 Final Fantasy X
 Final Fantasy XIII
 Ghostbusters: The Video Game
 Ratchet: Deadlocked
 Scarface: The World Is Yours Shrek 2 Shrek the Third SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Fireteam Bravo 3 Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly Spyro: Year of the Dragon Star Wars: The Clone Wars Tak: The Great Juju Challenge Tales of Symphonia The Scorpion King: Rise of the Akkadian X-Men Legends GTA: San Andreas''

Other websites
 

1966 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American voice actors
Soundtrack.Net is a website dedicated to movie and television music.

History
The website was founded in 1997 by David A. Koran and Dan Goldwasser at Carnegie Mellon University. In November 2005, Time Magazine listed SoundtrackNet as one of the "Top 20 Music Websites of 2005". In October 2011, the site was acquired by Box Office Mojo cofounder Sean Saulsbury.

References

Other websites
  Soundtrack.Net

Entertainment websites
Avatar Airbender is an roller coaster made after the end of TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender at Nickelodeon Universe in the Mall of America. 

Avatar: The Last Airbender
Roller coasters
Hungerford Bridge, often called Charing Cross Bridge, is a railway bridge. It crosses the River Thames in London from Charing Cross station across to the south, near Waterloo station.

The bridge lies between Waterloo Bridge and Westminster Bridge. It is a steel bridge with two more recent pedestrian bridges on either side. These were named the Golden Jubilee Bridges, but are really just footpaths alongside the railway bridge. Each footpath has steps and lift access.

The north end of the bridge is Charing Cross station. It is near Embankment Pier and the Victoria Embankment. The south end is near Waterloo station, County Hall, the Royal Festival Hall, and the London Eye.

The first version of the bridge was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and opened in 1845. The bridge and the walkways have been reworked and expanded at various times.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

Steel bridges
The Upper Deck Company, LLC (colloquially as Upper Deck and Upper Deck Authenticated, Ltd. in the UK), founded in 1988, is a private company primarily known for producing trading cards.

Books
Williams, Pete. Card Sharks: How Upper Deck Turned a Child's Hobby into a High-Stakes, Billion-Dollar Business. Macmillan General Reference, May 1995.

References
General
Hoover's Upper Deck Company, LLC Fact Sheet
Beckett.com company profile 
Specific

Other websites
 Upper Deck official website
 Upper Deck Entertainment website
 Upper Deck Kids website
 Upper Deck U website
 Upper Deck International website

1988 establishments in the United States
Companies based in California
Publishing companies of the United States
The Car of the Century (COTC) was an international award given to the most important car of the Twentieth Century.  The election was run by the Global Automotive Elections Foundation. The winner was the Ford Model T. It was announced at an awards event on 18 December 1999 in Las Vegas, Nevada.

The final results

References

Automobiles
Albert Bridge is a road bridge over the River Thames in West London. It connects Chelsea on the north bank to Battersea on the south bank.

History
Albert Bridge was designed and built in 1873 as a cable-stayed bridge, it proved to be structurally unsound. Between 1884 and 1887 Sir Joseph Bazalgette added some elements of a suspension bridge. More work was done in 1973. As a result, the bridge today is a hybrid of three different design styles.

Built as a toll bridge, it was unsuccessful. Six years after its opening it was taken into public ownership, and the tolls were lifted. The tollbooths remained in place, and are the only surviving examples of bridge tollbooths in London. Its nickname is 'The Trembling Lady' because of its tendency to vibrate when large numbers of people walked over it. Signs at the entrances warn troops from the nearby Chelsea Barracks to break step while crossing the bridge.
With a roadway only  wide, and with serious structural weaknesses, the bridge was ill-equipped to cope with motor traffic. Despite this, Albert Bridge has remained open to vehicles, apart from brief spells for repairs. It is one of only two Thames road bridges in central London which have never been replaced.

The strengthening work did not prevent further decay of the bridge's structure. Strict traffic control limits its use and prolongs its life. It is the least busy Thames road bridge in London except for Southwark Bridge. The bridge's condition continues to get worse as the result of traffic. Also, severe rotting of the timber deck is caused by the urine of dogs using it as a route to nearby Battersea Park.

In 1992 Albert Bridge was rewired and painted in an unusual colour scheme designed to make it easy to see, and avoid being hit by shipping. At night it is lit by 4,000 bulbs, making it one of West London's most striking landmarks.
In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.  The Royal Barge launched from the pier at Albert Bridge.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

 Daily Mail, Thames pageant graphic; 

Bridges in London
Concrete bridges
Steel bridges
Grade II* listed buildings in London
Suspension bridges
Lego Avatar: The Last Airbender was a Lego theme based on the Nickelodeon television show Avatar: The Last Airbender.

Sets
 Air Temple (3828) – Includes Aang (with glider), Momo, Sokka, a Firebender, and a Fire Nation soldier.
 Fire Nation Ship (3829) – Includes Aang, Katara, Zuko, Firebender, and a Fire Nation soldier. Aang's glider.

References

Other websites

 LEGO wikia Avatar page

Avatar: The Last Airbender
Moveable man of action or the action figure is a character figurine.They may be made from plastic or other materials.They are often based on characters from a movie, comic book, video game, or television program. One of the most famous action figures is G.I. Joe.

History
Before the 1960s, toys had little or no movement. The company Hasbro in 1964 came up with a new toy they called an action figure. This toy was G.I. Joe created by Stan Weston. G.I. Joe had a military look with changeable clothing and accessories ready for action. Action figures were made to give boys a toy since Barbie in 1959 was so popular with girls. Starting in the 1970s comic book superheroes were made into action figures. Marvel Comics and DC Comics began making their action figures to appeal to kids favorite superheroes.
Hasbro spent many years getting information and drawings of military weapons and vehicles for the use of their military action figures the G.I. Joes.The first African American G.I. Joe was made in the second year of the action figures. In 1967 the first female G.I. Joe was made, she was a nurse. G.I. Joe in 1985 got a cartoon TV show and in 2009 a movie was made.

Over many years Hasbro made "men of action" figures including people like: George Washington, Robert E. Lee, John F. Kennedy,Bob Hope, etc.

In the 1980s, the need for action figures got bigger with all the cartoons that started on TV. Shows like Masters of the Universe, G.I. Joe and Thundercats  which got the attention of young boys and gave a need for the action figures of their favorite shows. Hasbro got the idea for the Transformers we know today from a cartoon in Japan and brought it to the United States in 1984, cartoon episodes and then action figures soon came along.
By the 1990s action figures became toys for adults as well but for the use of collecting and value. These action figures came from movies, TV,and famous people like rock stars.

From the 2000s on, and up to these days, there was a transition made into movies, where popular movies would have action figures of their own characters. And not only movies, but also musicians, athletes and other figures of importance in the media.
Adult-action figure lines are often exclusive to specific chain stores rather than mass retail. Popular lines often have figures available exclusively through mail-in offers and comic conventions like comic con, which raises their value significantly. Ploys such as packaging "errors" and "short-packed" figures have also been used by toy companies to increase collector interest.

How they are made
Action figures are usually made of plastic. These toys are able to move and hold different poses. Making an action figure starts with the idea and drawing. Next, wire and clay models are made. When a figure is approved, it gets molded from a plastic. Paint and fabric complete the toy.
Changes over the years
Basic action figure: Started out with little movement. Only the arms and maybe the legs would move.
Moveable Action Figure: Had more areas of movement that included the head, wrists, knees, feet, hips, arms, and legs.
Removable/clip-on parts: Added clothing that you could take off or put on. Different guns and weapons. Even different faces.
Sound: Some action figures have sound effects like talking or gun sounds.

Types of figures
 Military: G.I. Joe
 Comic Superheroes: Superman, Batman, etc.
 TV/Movie: He-Man, WWF/WWE superstars, Lord of the Rings, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, etc.
 Famous People: Kiss, US Presidents, Jackie Chan, Russell Crowe, etc.
 Women Action Figures: Catwoman, Wonder Woman, Sarah Michelle Gellar, etc.

Action figures and gender
Action figures were made to give boys a toy like Barbie. Unlike Barbie, G.I. Joe was meant to be manly and strong which is why a military toy was made.
Like Barbie, The action figure's body shows an almost unrealistic body image for boys. Some action figures like the WWE wrestler's body on the action figure have unrealistic muscles. These body images of strong wrestlers, superhero, and G.I. Joe tell boys that they too can grow up to be big and strong, which may not always be the case.

Today there are action figures for girls too. Movie character action figures like Edward Cullen from the movie Twilight are collected by girls.

References

 Toys and American culture by Sharon M. Scott
 Action Figure History
 History of the action figure
 Men and action figures: male body

Dolls
Ring of steel is the name people use for the security cordon around the City of London. Its purpose is to prevent terrorism. It was designed during the IRA 'troubles'. The city of Belfast was the first to get a ring of steel.

Roads entering the city are narrowed and have small chicanes to force drivers to slow down and be recorded by CCTV cameras. These roads have a concrete median with a sentry box where police can stand guard and monitor traffic. Tucked away out of sight may be police armed with submachine guns. City planners call these precautions 'fortress urbanism'.

Some roads have been closed to traffic entirely. Despite the term 'ring of steel', the roadblocks and chicanes are actually created with concrete blocks, sometimes plastic coated, that are wedged together.
The measures were introduced following a massive IRA bombing campaign in the City in the early 1990s such as the 1992 Baltic Exchange bombing and the 1993 Bishopsgate bombing. At this time the sentry posts were guarded by armed police almost continuously. Initially the ring of steel consisted of plastic cones and on duty policemen which the locals described as the 'ring of plastic'. It showed the public that the City authorities were taking seriously the threats by the IRA. This was replaced by more permanent structures consisting of concrete barriers, checkpoints and thousands of video cameras. After the IRA ceasefire the police guard was reduced.

Following the September 11 attacks, and the increased terrorist threats to the United Kingdom, security has been stepped up again. In December 2003, the Ring of Steel was widened to include more businesses in the city. Police thought a terrorist attack on the city was "inevitable".
Traffic entering London is also monitored and recorded at many places by an automatic number-plate recognition system (ANPR). It is watched all the time by police. The data is stored for five years for analysis and evidence.

Notes

References
 
 
 City of London Police: Counter-Terrorism , January 2005
 Coaffee, Jon 2003. Terrorism, Risk, and the City: the making of a contemporary urban. Ashgate Publishing. , 9780754635550.
 Coaffee, Jon 2004. Rings of Steel, Rings of Concrete and Rings of Confidence: designing out terrorism in Central London pre and post September 11th , International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol 28 Number 1 2004.
 Lipton, Eric (2005-07-24). To fight terror, New York tries London's 'Ring of Steel' New York Times, 24 July 2005

London infrastructure
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
10 Downing Street is the address of the London residence and office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The residence was presented by George II in 1733 to Robert Walpole, the first official Prime Minister of the country.

It is in Downing Street in the City of Westminster. The house is over 300 years old and has about 100 rooms.

The house is close to St James's Park, Buckingham Palace, and the Palace of Westminster (which is the meeting place of both houses of Parliament).

References

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Government buildings
Grade I listed buildings in London
The word toll has several meanings.

Road transportation infrastructure 
 "Toll" is sometimes used as a synonym for tariff
 A fee charged to use some roads and bridges
 Toll road, a road for which road usage tolls are charged
 Toll plaza, a facility where tolls are collected, on modern toll roads, tunnels, and bridges
 Toll bridge, a bridge for which road usage tolls are charged
 Toll tunnel, a tunnel for which road usage tolls are charged
 Toll house, a place where road usage tolls are collected
 Electronic toll collection, aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically
 High occupancy toll, a toll on single-occupant vehicles using high-occupancy vehicle lanes to reduce traffic congestion 
 Shadow toll, payments made by government to the private sector operator of a road based on the number of vehicles using the road
 Road toll, the number of deaths caused annually by road accidents
Other 
 Funeral tolling is the slow, solemn ringing of church bells at funerals
 Toll (gene), encode members of the Toll-like receptor class of proteins
 Toll-like receptor, a class of proteins which play a key role in the innate immune system
 Toll switching trunk, in telephone communications systems
 Toll (telecommunications), refers to connection charges, for instance note Trunk vs Toll charging and toll-free telephone numbers
The Alfa Romeo 164 is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It replaced the Alfa Romeo 90 in 1987 and was sold is the US between the 1991 and 1995 model years with the brand not returning there until the launch of the Giulia for the 2017 model year. It was discontinued in 1997 and replaced by the Alfa Romeo 166 in 1998.

Engines 
 2.0 Twin Spark 105 kW (143 hp), 106 kW (144 hp), 107 kW (146 hp) and 109 kW (148 hp)
 2.0 Twin Spark Turbo 129 kW (175 hp)
 2.0 V6 Turbo 148 kW (201 hp)
 3.0 V6 132 kW (180 hp), 135 kW (184 hp), 141 kW (192 hp) and 147 kW (200 hp)
 3.0 V6 24V 154 kW (210 hp), 168 kW (228 hp) and 171 kW (232 hp)
 2.5 TD 86 kW (117 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)

164
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Snog Marry Avoid? is a British reality TV show. The first four series were hosted by Jenny Frost. From the fifth series Ellie Taylor has presented it. Its format is related to the fashion industry. It is shown on BBC Three. It was shown from 2008-2013. It stars POD (The "Personal Overhaul Device") who gives make-unders to people to try to show their natural beauty without makeup or fake tan.

Other websites 

2008 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2000s reality television series
2010s British television series
2010s reality television series
BBC Television programmes
British reality television series
English-language television programs
Romy and Michele's High School Reunion is an American comedy movie. It stars Lisa Kudrow, Mira Sorvino, Janeane Garofalo and Camryn Manheim. The movie is about a 10 year high school reunion at which Romy and Michele are planning to impress their former school classmates. The movie was released in April 1997.

1997 comedy movies
1990s buddy movies
American buddy movies
American comedy movies
Buddy comedy movies
English-language movies
Female buddy movies
Movies set in Arizona
Movies set in Los Angeles
Tucson, Arizona
The Millennium Bridge, also known as the London Millennium Footbridge, is a footbridge across the River Thames in London. It is a steel suspension bridge which links Bankside with the City. Its position is between Southwark Bridge (downstream) and Blackfriars Railway Bridge (upstream). The bridge opened on 10 June 2000. It is the newest bridge across the Thames. 

Londoners nicknamed the bridge the Wobbly Bridge after people on a charity walk felt an uncomfortable swaying motion. The bridge was closed later that day. After two days of limited access the bridge was closed for almost two years. Expensive and complicated changes were made to eliminate the wobble. It was reopened in 2002.

The southern end of the bridge is near Globe Theatre, the Bankside Gallery and Tate Modern, the north end next to the City of London School below St Paul's Cathedral. The bridge is aligned so that a clear view of St Paul's south side can be seen from across the river, framed by the bridge supports.
Design
In 1996, the Southwark council organized a competition to design the bridge. The winning entry was by Arup, Foster and Partners and Sir Anthony Caro. 

The eight suspension cables are tensioned to pull with a force of 2,000 tons against the piers set into each bank. The cables are strong enough to support a working load of up to 5,000 people on the bridge at the same time.

The bridge's closure only three days after opening attracted considerable public criticism. It was seen as another high-profile British millennium project that had suffered an embarrassing setback, similar to how many saw the Millennium Dome. There was some astonishment that engineers had not foreseen the problem, as computer modelling is such a standard technique today. However, modifications to the bridge did eliminate the wobble. The wobble has not reocurred since the bridge reopened in February 2002.

Resonance
Resonance

The bridge's movements were caused by a 'positive feedback' phenomenon. The natural sway motion of people walking caused small sideways oscillations in the bridge. In turn, this caused people on the bridge to sway in step, increasing the amplitude of the bridge oscillations and reinforced the effect.

The  bridge opened on an exceptionally fine day, and it was included on the route of a major charity walk. On the day of opening the bridge was crossed by 90,000 people, with up to 2,000 on the bridge at any one time.

The lateral vibration problems of the Millennium Bridge are very unusual, but not entirely unique.  Other bridges which have seen similar problems are:
 Birmingham NEC Link bridge, with a lateral frequency of 0.7 Hz
 Groves Suspension Bridge, Chester, in 1977 during the Jubilee River Regatta
 Auckland Harbour Road Bridge, with a lateral frequency of 0.67 Hz, during a 1975 demonstration
After extensive analysis by the engineers, the problem was fixed by fitting 37 dampers (energy dissipating) to control horizontal movement and 52 (inertial) dampers to control vertical movement. This took from May 2001 to January 2002 and cost £5M. After a period of testing, the bridge was successfully re-opened on 22 February 2002. The bridge has not been subject to significant vibration since. In spite of the successful fix of the problem, the affectionate 'wobbly bridge' epithet remains in common usage amongst Londoners.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

Steel bridges
Suspension bridges
Where the Truth Lies is a British-Canadian crime drama movie starring Kevin Bacon and Colin Firth. Also starring are actresses Alison Lohman and Rachel Blanchard. The movie was directed by Atom Egoyan. The movie was originally rated NC-17, though the movie's producers decided to release the movie unrated. The movie was released during 2005. The movie is based on the novel by Rupert Holmes. It is a murder mystery set in the 1957 and 1972. It explores the bad side of fame and fortune.

References

Other websites

2005 crime drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
2005 mystery movies
British crime drama movies
British mystery movies
British LGBT movies
Canadian crime movies
Canadian drama movies
Canadian mystery movies
Canadian LGBT movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in the 1970s
NC-17 rated movies
Movies directed by Atom Egoyan
Rubidium chloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is RbCl. It is composed of rubidium and chloride ions. It is similar to other alkali metal halides, such as sodium chloride. It is made by reacting rubidium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. It has several medicinal uses, including fighting cancer and depression, medical research, and medicine.

Related pages
Rubidium oxide
Potassium chloride
Rubidium nitrate

Chlorine compounds
Rubidium compounds
Warren Griffin III (born November 10, 1970 in Long Beach, California) is an American rapper, DJ, and producer.

Warren G has been nominated for two awards including Grammy Award for "Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group" for his song "Regulate" with Nate Dogg. He was also nominated for a Grammy Award for "Best Rap Solo Performance" for his song "This D.J." in 1995.

Studio albums
Warren G has released five studio albums:

References

Other websites
 Warren G's Official website

1970 births
Living people
20th-century American rappers
21st-century American rappers
Rappers from California
Record producers from California
American DJs
American hip hop record producers
Musicians from Long Beach, California
Gangsta rappers
Tomb Raider is a video game made by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive. It was came out in 1996 for the Sega Saturn, PC,  PlayStation. Tomb Raider was also released in the US PlayStation Network in 2009, and will be released on the EU PlayStation Network, September 1. Tomb Raider is about the adventures of Lara Croft, an English female archaeologist in search of ancient treasures. The game was very popular.

References

1996 video games
Sega Saturn games
PlayStation games
Action video games
PlayStation Network games
The following is a list of Formula One constructors. These are constructors which have competed or plan to compete in the FIA World Championship.

Terminology: constructors vs. teams 
In Formula One racing the terms "constructor" and "entrant" do not mean the same thing. A constructor builds a car or engine. An entrant is the person or corporate entity that enters a race. They register a car and driver with the FIA. They are responsible for making the car ready to race, and keeping the car in good condition during the race weekend. Because of the role and activity of the entrant, the term team is often used when talking about an entrant.
Constructors 
Under the FIA rules, "the constructor of an engine or chassis is the person (including any corporate or unincorporated body) which owns the intellectual rights to such engine or chassis." Basically, who ever builds an engine or a chassis in the constructor. The title of Formula One World Champion Constructor is given to the car make that scores the most points during the season. The "make" of a car includes both the chassis and engine. 

If a car's chassis and engine are made by the same entity, then the constructor is the car make. For example Ferrari makes both the chassis and the engine. So the make is Ferrari. If the chassis and engine are made by different entities, the car's make is both constructor names put together. For example McLaren builds a chassis that uses a Mercedes engine. So the make is McLaren-Mercedes. The name of the chassis constructor is always placed before the engine constructor.
Because both engine and chassis are included in the make name, chassis run with different engines are counted as two separate makes. For example, Lotus-Ford is a make different from  Lotus-BRM. Each make would be scored separately. The World Constructors' Championship title is awarded to the constructor of the chassis of the make that scores the most points. This list only shows chassis constructors for that reason. For more information on engines, see Formula One engines.
Teams 
Since the early 1980s, the FIA requires that Formula One entrants own the intellectual rights to the chassis that they enter. Basically, that means that teams must build their own chassis. Since this time, the terms entrant, constructor, and team now mean the same thing. Before this time, constructors were free to sell their chassis to other teams. Brabham and Lotus chassis were used by many other teams during the 1960s and 1970s. Several teams than compeated with the front-runners never built their own chassis. Rob Walker Racing Team was the most successful example. They earned the first victories in Formula One for both Cooper and Lotus. 

In those days, the concept of a "works" or "factory" team was the official team of the company producing the cars. Customer teams were entrants that purchased their cars off the shelf. In modern Formula One, the team must build their own car. The term customer only applies to engines now.
There have been some cases since the 1980s where one company built cars for another team. Lola designed and built cars for Larrousse and Scuderia Italia in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

2011 Constructors Statistics 

Key: 

 Constructor's name changed before the team entered a race.

Former Constructors Statistics 

Key:

Indianapolis 500 only 
Constructors whose only entry in the World Championship was in the Indianapolis 500 from 1950 to 1960. All were American-based.

Privateer teams 
The following teams never built their own chassis. They are not considered "constructors":

Related pages
 List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
 List of Grand Prix winners (constructors)
Notes 
a. Includes John Surtees' fastest lap in the  South African Grand Prix in a non-works McLaren.
b. In 1949 and 1950, AFM participated in the German Formula 2 championship.
c. Constructors' World Championship points not awarded prior to .
d. From  to , Alta was also an engine manufacturer for teams HWM, Cooper and Connaught.
e. Arrows was renamed Footwork for  to . In  they returned to Arrows.
f. In  and , ATS was an engine manufacturer for teams Derrington-Francis and Cooper, racing at the 1964 Italian and 1967 British Grands Prix with Mário de Araújo Cabral and Silvio Moser.
g. BAR was formerly Tyrrell; it later became Honda, then Brawn, then Mercedes GP.
h. Benetton was formerly Toleman; it later became Renault F1.
i. From  through  Benetton F1 Team had a United Kingdom license; from  through , an Italian one.
j. Coloni later became Andrea Moda.
k. The nationality of Eagle, Penske, Shadow and Wolf is questioned.
l. Frank Williams Racing Cars includes Politoys (), Iso Marlboro (-) and Wolf-Williams () cars. Prior to 1972 FWRC ran customer chassis. Later became Wolf. Williams Grand Prix Engineering, now WilliamsF1, was a new constructor established by Frank Williams and Patrick Head after Williams left Wolf-Williams.
m. Jaguar was formerly Stewart Grand Prix; it later became Red Bull Racing.
n. Jordan later became Midland F1 Racing, then Spyker, then Force India.
o. Does not include Kurtis' Indianapolis 500 (1950-1960) entries.
p. Leyton House was formerly March Engineering.
q. Ligier later became Prost Grand Prix.
r. Lola includes Larrousse () and Mastercard Lola () entries.
s. March later became Leyton House Racing. In  March returned for one final season.
t. Midland was formerly Jordan Grand Prix; it later became Spyker F1, then Force India.
u. Minardi later became Scuderia Toro Rosso.
v. Monteverdi was formerly Onyx Grand Prix.
w. Onyx later became Monteverdi.
x. Osella later became Fondmetal.
y. Prost was formerly Ligier.
z. Sauber later became the BMW works team as BMW Sauber. In  they returned to Sauber.
aa. Spyker was formerly Jordan Grand Prix and Midland F1 Racing; it later became Force India.
ab. Stewart later became Jaguar Racing.
ac. Toleman later became  Benetton Formula.
ad. Tyrrell later became British American Racing.
ae. Wolf was formerly Frank Williams Racing Cars.
af. In  and  Scuderia Platé built their own engines for the Maserati-Platé 4CLT.
References 
All statistics and other data drawn from:

Constructors
Formula One lists
The Genesis creation narrative, found in the first two chapters of the Book of Genesis in the Bible, describes a supernatural beginning of the earth and life, ending with the creation of humans in the image of God. This creation narrative is part of the Bible of Judaism and Christianity.

Chapter 1 tells of God's creation of the world, ending with the consecration of the seventh day as the Sabbath. Man and woman are created to be God's rulers over the new creation. Chapter 2 tells of God's planting a garden in which he places the first man, and from whose rib he creates the first woman. The chapter ends by saying marriage is holy.

References 

Creation myths
Old Testament
The nave is where the congregation sits in a church. It usually has long benches, called 'pews', or separate chairs.

Naves are found in humble Saxon churches, and in grand Romanesque and Gothic Christian Abbeys, Cathedrals, and Basilicas. 

The nave is the central approach to the high altar, the main body of the church. 'Nave' (Medieval Latin navis, "ship") was probably suggested by the shape of its vaulting resembling an upside-down hull (bottom of a ship).

 The nave of a church goes from the entry hall to the chancel. It is flanked by aisles separated from the nave by an arcade. If the aisles are high and of a width comparable to the central nave, the structure is sometimes said to have three naves.

References 

Architectural elements
Church architecture
Hexham Abbey is an Anglican church in the town of Hexham, Northumberland, dedicated to St Andrew. Since the Dissolution of the monasteries in 1537, the Abbey has been the parish church of Hexham.

The Abbey, which was a cathedral in Saxon times, is part of the Diocese of Newcastle. The diocese is based in Newcastle upon Tyne, and includes the historic county of Northumberland in northeast England.

History
There has been a church on this site for over 1300 years since Etheldreda, Queen of Northumbria, made a grant of lands c.674. The Benedictine abbey was built almost entirely of stones from nearby Roman ruins. The Saxon crypt still remains; as does a frith stool, a 7th/8th century 'cathedra' or throne.

In the year 875 Halfdene the Dane ravaged the whole of Tyneside and Hexham Church was plundered and burnt to the ground.
About 1050 one Eilaf was put in charge of Hexham, although as treasurer of Durham, he probably never came there. Eilaf was instructed to rebuild Hexham Church which then lay in utter ruin. His son Eilaf II completed the work probably building in the Norman style.

In Norman times, the old abbey was replaced by an Augustinian priory. The present church is from that period (c.1170–1250), in the Early English (Gothic) style of architecture. The choir, north and south transepts and the cloisters date from this period.

The east end was rebuilt in 1860, and the rest of the Abbey was largely rebuilt around 1900. This mammoth project involved re-building the nave, whose walls include some of the earlier church. The nave was re-consecrated in 1908. In 1996 an additional chapel was created at the east end of the north choir aisle. Named St Wilfrid's Chapel, it offers a place for prayer or quiet reflection.

References
References 

Anglican churches in England
Abbeys
Buildings and structures in Northumberland
12th-century buildings and structures
Edward Adlebert Doisy (November 13, 1892 - October 23, 1986) was an American biochemist. He won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Henrik Dam, for the discovery of Vitamin K.

References

American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Illinois
1893 births
1986 deaths
A biochemist is a person who studies biochemistry. This is the study of the chemicals in living things. It can include blood, proteins, and enzymes.

Famous biochemists include:
 Paul Karrer who won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 
Henrik Dam and Edward Doisy who won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering Vitamin K.
 Frederick Sanger who is won of only four people to win two Nobel Prizes, both in Chemistry.
 Roger D. Kornberg who won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discoveries about DNA.
 Isaac Asimov - science fiction writer

Science occupations

es:Bioquimico
List of church architecture terms. The terms used in church architecture were developed first for the Gothic architecture  cathedrals of the mediaeval era. The terms, with variations, are used for all kinds of Christian churches.

Horizontal layout 
Nave, where the congregation sits.
Aisles round the edges. The aisles may be quite grand, major features of the cathedral.
The transept makes the cross shape.
The crossing is where the transept crosses the nave.
The quire (choir) is the area between the nave and the 'sacred' area (the presbytery and sanctuary). The quire is separated from the nave by a 'rood screen'. It often has choir stalls where members of the choir sit.
Liturgical east end:
The presbytery is where the priest(s) conduct liturgy, such as Mass.
The sanctuary, not pictured here, is where the altar is.
The ambulatory (from the Latin 'to walk'), space for walking, with radiating chapels around the outer wall of the ambulatory.
Other terms 
Altar: any structure where offerings are made for religious purposes.
Apse: round (hemi-spherical) part at east end of church.
Chancel: space around the altar
Lancet window: tall, thin window, often pointed at top.
Reredos: decorated screen behind altar
Rood screen or chancel screen: decorated screen which divides the chancel from the nave.

Religion-related lists
Church architecture
Tomb Raider II is a video game in the Tomb Raider series and is the sequel to Tomb Raider. Made by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive, the game was released for PlayStation, Windows 95 in November 1997, Macintosh in 1998 and on the PlayStation Network in 2009.

1997 video games
Hydrogen sulfate, also known as bisulfate, is an ion. Its chemical formula is HSO4-. It is formed as part of sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

Chemical compounds containing this ion are known as bisulfates or hydrogen sulfates. An example would be sodium bisulfate. Hydrogen sulfates are acidic. They can be used as a weaker form of acid than sulfuric acid. It is a salt of sulfuric acid. In these compounds, sulfuric acid is deprotonated once. In the sulfate ion, it is deprotonated twice.

Related pages
Sulfur
Sulfite
Sulfurous acid

Sulfur compounds
Ions
Sodium bisulfate, also known as sodium hydrogen sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaHSO4. It is made of sodium and bisulfate ions. It is a white crystalline solid. It is an acid, though not as strong as sulfuric acid. It can be made by reacting smaller amounts of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. If too much sodium hydroxide is used, sodium sulfate is made instead. It is also made by reacting sodium chloride and sulfuric acid when heated. This reaction also makes hydrogen chloride. It is used to lower pH (made things more acidic).

Related pages
Sulfite
Sodium sulfite
Sulfate

Sodium compounds
Sulfur compounds
Potassium sulfate, also known as arcanite, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2SO4. It contains potassium and sulfate ions.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It dissolves in water easily. It does not dissolve in potassium hydroxide or concentrated ethanol. It can react with additional sulfuric acid to make potassium bisulfate.

Preparation
It is made by reacting potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reacting potassium chloride with sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reacting sulfur dioxide, oxygen, and potassium chloride with some water.

Uses
Potassium sulphate is an important salt in everyday life. It is primarily used: 

 As a plant/crop fertilizer 
 In the synthesis of glass 
 As a component of gunpowder 
 For medicinal purposes

Occurrence
Arcanite is the mineral form of potassium sulfate.

Related pages
Sodium sulfate
Potassium sulfite

Potassium compounds
Oleum is a chemical. It does not have a  chemical formula because it is a mixture, not a chemical compound. It is made by dissolving sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid. It is part of the contact process used to make sulfuric acid. It is a fuming (releases toxic fumes) liquid. It can be dissolved in some water to produce concentrated sulfuric acid.

Related pages
Sulfurous acid
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfate

Sulfur compounds
Acids
Ammonium sulfate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is (NH4)2SO4. It contains ammonium and sulfate ions. It is slightly acidic because ammonia is a weak base. It is made by reacting ammonia with sulfuric acid. It breaks down when heated. It is used in fertilizers to provide both sulfur and nitrogen to plants. It is banned in some parts of the Middle East because it was being used to make explosives.  

The ammoniacal nitrogen of ammonium sulfate does not leach out easily. Ammonium sulfate is an acid forming fertilizer, and hence used in neutral or alkaline soils. It rarely occurs in the ground.

References

Related pages 
Sodium sulfate
Sulfite
Potassium sulfate

Sulfur compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Smokey and the Bandit is a 1977 comedy movie produced by Mort Engelberg and directed by Hal Needham. It stars Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed and Mike Henry. The movie spawned with two sequels, Smokey and the Bandit II and Smokey and the Bandit 3.

Cast 
Burt Reynolds - Bo Darville ("Bandit")
Sally Field - Carrie ("Frog")
Jerry Reed as Cledus Snow ("Snowman")
Jackie Gleason as Sheriff Buford T. Justice ("Smokey Bear")

Other websites

1977 action movies
1977 comedy movies
American action movies
American comedy movies
Universal Pictures movies
Trucker movies
Movies set in Texas
Movies directed by Hal Needham
"Amor Prohibido"[p]  () is a song by American singer Selena. The song was written by Selena, her brother A.B. Quintanilla III, and Pete Astudillo. It became the lead single from the album of the same name (1994). "Amor Prohibido" is about the relationship between a man and a woman. Their love is put to the test. These include problems over money, and their parents not supporting their relationship because they both come from different places. Some music reviewers believe the song is similar to the Romeo and Juliet story because of its theme of forbidden love.

"Amor Prohibido" became one of the most successful singles, along with "No Me Queda Más", of 1994 and 1995. It later became one of Selena's signature songs. The song won awards at the Tejano Music Awards and at the Premio Lo Nuestros in 1994 and for the next three years. "Amor Prohibido" reached number one on the U.S. Hot Latin Songs and number five on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay charts on Billboard.
Background and inspiration 
"Amor Prohibido" was written by Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla III. A former Selena y Los Dinos backup singer, Pete Astudillo, also helped. It was recorded at Q-Productions, a small studio label founded by Selena's father, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. It was mixed by Brian "Red" Moore, a family friend. "Amor Prohibido" was produced and engineered by Jorge Alberto Pino and Argentine composer and arranger Bebu Silvetti. "Amor Prohibido" was prepared by Joe Ojeda, and Chris Pérez, Selena's husband.
The song was written during Selena's Live! Tour in 1993. It began when Selena began to hum a melody in the tour bus. Her brother and Astudillo began writing down her melody lines. They wanted to write the entire melody into a song. "Amor Prohibido" was based on Selena's grandparents, Mexican immigrants, who were not allowed to be together. Their parents, Selena's great-grandparents, had forbidden them to love each other. This was because they were different from each other. When interviewed about the song, Selena said "Amor Prohibido" meant a lot to her and her family, and that it is one of her favorite songs. "Amor Prohibido" became the most successful single, along with "No Me Queda Mas", of 1994 and 1995.

The song was officially finished after she had won a Grammy Award for "Best Mexican/American Album" for Selena Live! (1993). "Amor Prohibido" had a lot of airplay after it was released as a promotional single on April 13, 1994. It became one of Selena's signature songs, and a fan favorite.
Selena promoted "Amor Prohibido" during her Amor Prohibido Tour. Fans in Denver, Colorado were the first crowd to watch Selena perform "Amor Prohibido" at the start of the tour on January 28, 1994.

Composition 
"Amor Prohibido" is a Spanish-language Tejano pop song mixed with modern Latin pop and South American rhythms. It is set in common time with a moderate beat tempo of 90 beats per minute. 

"Amor Prohibido" describes a relationship between a man and a woman. The song's message tells listeners to stick with their partner, no matter what may happen, even if their parents forbid them to love each other. Music critics have compared it to the story of Romeo and Juliet because it is also about forbidden love.

Critical reception
Selena was named the "Top Latin Artist of the '90s" and "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by Billboard. This was because she had fourteen top-ten singles in the "Hot Latin Songs" chart, including seven number one hits. Music Choice On Demand selected several Selena music videos, including "Amor Prohibido", as a tribute which was watched in over 42 million homes nationwide in 2010. The Daily Vault called "Amor Prohibido" a "seamless track", which made them wonder about Selena's father, Quintanilla Jr, and called him an "over-influential" on Selena. "Amor Prohibido" became one of the most successful singles, along with "No Me Queda Más", of 1994 and 1995.
Music video 
The music video was filmed in Joshua Tree, California by Tango Productions. It was directed by Cecilia Miniucchi, who directed most of Selena's music videos. Philip Holahan filmed the video, and Clayton Halsey edited the video after it was filmed. Filming began on February 6, 1994. The music video was released on all major Spanish-language television channels in America on Valentine's Day.
The music video begins with Selena running towards an open door in the desert. This symbolizes a new relationship. She then walks outwards from a wall, which shows videos of a couple who are in love. Selena begins singing the song while walking in the desert, with the wind blowing her hair around. She sings of how much she really wants to hear her boyfriend speak. The video then changes scenes to Selena at the open door dancing and singing along with the song. After Selena spins around once, she is seen looking out from a window, seeing herself and her boyfriend dancing. She tells him that their love should not be about money and that they should not worry about what their parents had told them. More love scenes are shown with Selena and her boyfriend laughing and enjoying each other's company. After telling him that their love should be based on how much they love each other, Selena looks at her reflection in a small puddle
. While looking out from the window, Selena tells her boyfriend that she is poor and that her love is all she can give to him. The video ends with Selena and her boyfriend running away from the world and going into a new one together.
Track listing 
U.S. Promo Single
Amor Prohibido - 2:50

Mexico Promo Single
Amor Prohibido - 2:50

Credits and personnel 

Selena – vocals, producer
Stephanie Lynn – additional vocals
Rick Alvarez  – additional vocals
Joe Ojeda – keyboards
Ricky Vela – keyboards
Chris Pérez – guitar
Henry Gomez  – guitar
Johnny Saenz – accordion
Suzette Quintanilla – drums
Rene Gasca  – trumpet

Gilbert Garza – trombone
Los Dinos – bajo sexto
A.B. Quintanilla III – writer
Pete Astudillo – writer
Jorge Alberto Pino  – executive producer
Bebu Silvetti  – producer, string arrangements
Brian "Red" Moore  – engineer, liner notes
Lisette Lorenzo  – art direction
Gregg Vickers  – concept

Source:

Charts, Awards and Certifications

Charts

Awards

Certifications and sales

Covers

Related pages 
List of Selena songs
Selena singles discography
Notes 
 [p] ^ "Amor Prohibito" is pronounced /ah-Moor pro-ee-Bee-Toe/ with a silent "h".
 A  The certification is for digital downloads and not for the number of shipments or copies the single sold in that country.
 B  "Amor Prohibido" sold 200,000 copies in late-1994 and in late-1995 the single had sold 400,000 copies in the United States. As of 2005, "Amor Prohibido" has sold more than 500,000 copies. According to Billboard, singles who have reached 500,000 copies are certified Gold, however, RIAA failed to provide a certification.
 C  Duet version with Selena and Mexican singer Samo.

References

Books and articles

Other websites 
Official Selena Website

1994 songs
Selena songs
Thalía songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
Dance-pop songs
Latin pop songs