Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Live albums
 1986: Live (Platinum)
 1995: Live: Let's Work Together
 1999: Live in '99
 2004: 30th Anniversary Tour: Live
 2010: Live in Boston 1982

Compilations
 1992: The Baddest of George Thorogood and the Destroyers (Platinum)
 2000: Anthology
 2003: Who Do You Love?
 2004: Greatest Hits: 30 Years of Rock (Gold)
 2005: The Best Of George Thorogood and the Destroyers
 2007: Taking Care of Business (double disc of Ride 'Til I Die (w/ 2 bonus tracks) and 30th Anniversary Tour)

References

1950 births
Living people
American guitarists
Blues guitarists
American blues musicians
American rock musicians
Musicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Singers from Delaware
Japanese daimyo and shogunate administrator of the mid-Edo period.  He is famous for his financial reforms which saved the Shirakawa Domain. He also made similar reforms during his time as chief senior councilor (rōju shuza; 老中首座) of the Tokugawa Shogunate, from 1787 to 1793.

Early life 

Sadanobu was born in Edo on January 15, 1759, into the Tayasu branch of the Tokugawa clan. The Tayasu was one of the gosankyō. The Tayasu were the oldest members of the Shogun's family who still had the name Tokugawa. The other members of the family had the Matsudaira surname.
His father was Tayasu Munetake and he was the grandson of the eighth shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune. The Tayasu house held different beliefs than the others living in Edo Castle. They lived a lifestyle that was more strict. The Tayasu following the example set by Yoshimune. In Munetake's words, the praise of manly spirit (masuraoburi) as opposed to feminine spirit (taoyameburi). This set them apart from the rest of the family.  Munetake thought he would rule after his father died. This did not happen. Yoshimune's eldest son, Ieshige became ruler. Because of this, Sadanobu was raised under the belief that he would be the next heir to the title of Shogun. His education growing up was very good. He was taught along Confucian lines. By the time Sadanobu was in his teens, he had already learned much of the teachings of Confucius. As he grew older, many expected more strongly for Sadanobu do well because many members of the Tayasu house began to die young. The family tried many ways to make Sadanobu as the next shogun
. Their attempts were stopped by the political clique of Tanuma Okitsugu. Okitsugu was the chief rōjū at that time.
Career 

After the last failed try to get Sadanobu adopted by the shogun, Sadanobu was adopted by Matsudaira Sadakuni. Sadakuni was head of one of the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira houses. This was another part of the Tokugawa branch of the family. They ruled the Shirakawa Domain in southern (Mutsu Province.
Sandanobu took control of Shirakawa in 1783. As soon as he took control he had to deal with a very bad problem. The lands he controlled were said to be worth 110,000 koku. 1 Koku was the amount of rice needed to feed one person for one year. The land should have been able to create enough rice to feed 110,000 people for a year. But 108,600 Koku was said to be  "lost". Sadanobu worked constantly to fix the economic problem in Shirakawa. He work fixed the problems of the finances and economy of the lands. The changes he made, along with his political workings made him very famous. Because of this, he was named chief councilor of the Shogunate in the summer of 1787. He was also made regent to the 11th shogun Tokugawa Ienari early the next year.

Literary Skill
Literary Skill 

Sadanobu was also known as a writer. He wrote using the pen name Rakuō (楽翁). Some of his notable texts include Uge no Hitokoto, Tōzen Manpitsu, Kanko-dōri, Kagetsutei Nikki, Seigo, and Ōmu no Kotoba, among others. After his death, it was learned that he had written a satirical text parodying daimyo life. It was named Daimyō Katagi.

References
More reading 
 Backus, Robert L. The Kansei Prohibition of Heterodoxy and Its Effects on Education. In Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 39, No. 1. (Jun., 1979), pp. 55–106.
 Backus, Robert L. The Motivation of Confucian Orthodoxy in Tokugawa Japan. In Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2. (Dec., 1979), pp. 275–338.
 Hall, John Whitney. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
 Iwasaki Haruko. "Portrait of a Daimyo: Comical Fiction by Matsudaira Sadanobu" in Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 38, No. 1. (Spring, 1983), pp. 1–19.
 Matsudaira Sadanobu. "Daimyo Katagi" (English translation) in Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 38, No. 1. (Spring, 1983), pp. 20–48.
 Ooms, Herman. (1975). Charismatic Bureaucrat: A political biography of Matsudaira Sadanobu, 1758–1829. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
 Soranaka Isao. "The Kansei Reforms-Success or Failure?" in Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 33, No. 2. (Summer, 1978), pp. 151–164.
Totman, Conrad. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; reprinted by University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988.
Other websites 
Genealogy of the various ruling houses of Shirakawa, including the Matsudaira 
Japanese Diet Library page on Sadanobu 
Further information on Sadanobu 

1759 births
1829 deaths
Daimyo
Writers from Tokyo
Frank Billings Kellogg  (December 22, 1856 – December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician and statesman.  He served in the United States Senate and as United States Secretary of State. Kellogg was part of a group who wrote the Kellogg-Briand Pact also known as the World Peace Act. For this, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929. 

Lawyers from Minnesota
United States senators from New York (state)
United States Secretaries of State
American Nobel Prize winners
Politicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
1856 births
1937 deaths
Lawyers from New York (state)
Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
Peter C. Doherty (born October 15, 1940) is an Australian veterinary surgeon.  He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Rolf M. Zinkernagel in 1996 for their work on the human immune systems.

Related pages
List of scientists

Australian Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Brisbane
1940 births
Living people
Australian medical doctors
Veterinarians
Australian of the Year Award winners
Havlíčkův Brod is a district town in the center of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the Sázava river. Its population is about 24,000 people.

History 
Settlement in Brod has been documented as far back as the 12th century. There was an easy passage across the Sázava river (brod means "ford" in English). In the 13th century, silver was found near the town. After that Smil of Lichtenburg invited German miners to settle the area. The town which was first called Brod and later Smilův Brod (Ford of Smil), was renamed to Německý Brod (German Ford). At the beginning of the 14th century, the stone city walls were built, but later during the Hussite Wars in 1422 the city was burned down by Jan Žižka. The town was resettled in 1429 by Czech people. In 1637 Německý Brod was promoted to royal city. After The Second World War, the city was renamed to Havlíčkův Brod (Ford of Havlíček), after Karel Havlíček Borovský, famous writer and journalist.
Interesting places 
The Old Town Hall in the square is Renaissance style. There is a skeleton under its clock. According to a story this skeleton was the traitor Hnát.

Havlíček´s house is built in the New-Gothic style. It is connected with life of Karel Havlíček Borovský. In this house, Havlíček was arrested and taken to exile. Today Havlíček´s Museum is there.

The Church at the corner of the square in Baroque style. It is famous for one of the oldest bells in Bohemia.

On the square is Plague column and fountain with statue of Triton too.

Today the city has a medical hospital, mental hospital, brewery, sport area with hockey arena, gym and swimming pool.

Cities in the Czech Republic
The Russian Space Forces was one of the 6 branches of the Russian Military that is responsible for space operations. The branch controls many space stations throughout Russia. The branch is also part of the Ministry of Defence. The main tasks are to inform officials about incoming missile attacks, anti-missile defense, and to create orbit space vehicles. The Russian Space Forces was replaced by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces on 1 December 2011.

History 

In 1967, the Troops of Anti-Missile and Anti-Space Defence by the Soviet Union. The branch was then named Ministry of Defence Space Units in 1982. Then in 1991, the Soviet Union broke up. So the new Russian Military created the Russian Space Forces. The branch was abandoned in 1992, but brought back in 2001. General Vladimir Popovkin took the lead of the branch in 2004, after the previous leader, Colonel General Anatoly Perminov.
Spaceflight
Russian military organizations
Contemporary art means modern art done after Pop Art and Conceptual Art. Another term, which really means the same thing, is postmodern art. Yet another term, which goes wider than art, is Postmodernism.

This problem of labelling comes about because the word 'modern' in art was used for some art from the mid-Victorian period through the whole 20th century. It covers a wide range of styles and movements. So when art critics wanted to describe post-WWII art they had to use a different word. Thus, in art, 'contemporary' (which really means 'at the same time as') comes to mean 'modern', and modern comes to mean 'earlier'.                   ...

Related pages 
Conceptual art
Street art

Art movements
The Russian Ground Forces (), also known as the Russian Army (, ), are the land forces of the Russian Armed Forces.

The main responsibilities of the Russian Ground Forces are the protection of Russia's borders, combat on land, and the defeat of enemy troops. The President of Russia is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The Main Command of the Ground Forces is based in Moscow.

History 
As the Soviet Union dissolved, Soviet officials tried to keep the Soviet Armed Forces as a single military for the new Commonwealth of Independent States. The last Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union, Marshal Yevgeny Shaposhnikov, was made supreme commander of the CIS Armed Forces in December 1991. Once it became clear that Ukraine (and possibly the other republics) was going to form their own armed forces, the new Russian government moved to form its own armed forces.
Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree creating the Russian Ministry of Defence on 7 May 1992. This created the Russian Ground Forces and the other branches of the military.

Post-Soviet reform plans 
The Ministry of Defence newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda published a reform plan on 21 July 1992. The General Staff turned further towards conservatism. This caused a lot of problems. The reform plan wanted a change from an Army-Division-Regiment structure to a Corps-Brigade structure. They wanted the new structures to be better in a situation with no front line.

Few of the reforms planned in the early 1990s actually happened. This was for three reasons: Firstly, there was not enough help or support from the government, with President Yeltsin mainly interested in making sure that the Armed Forces were controllable and loyal, rather than reformed. Secondly, there was not enough funding. Finally, there was no consensus in the military about what reforms should happen.
Crime and corruption in the ground forces 
The new Russian Ground Forces also got a growing crime problem from their Soviet predecessors. As draft resistance grew in the last years of the Soviet Union, the authorities put people with criminal records and who spoke little or no Russian in the army. Crime rates grew quickly. Weapons disappeared or were stolen more as well.

In March 2011, Military Prosecutor General Sergei Fridinsky reported that crimes had been rising in the Russian Ground Forces for the past 18 months, with 500 crimes reported in the period of January to March 2011 alone.

In August 2012, Prosecutor General Fridinsky again said that there was a rise in crime. Murders rose by more than half, bribery cases doubled, and drug trafficking rose by 25% in the first six months of 2012 compared to the same period in 2011. The Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia said the state of the Russian army was a "crime against humanity".
In July 2013, the Prosecutor General's office showed that corruption in 2013 rose 450% compared to 2012. This corruption cost the Russian government 4.4 billion rubles (US$130 million).

Chechen Wars

First Chechen War 

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Chechens declared independence in November 1991. They declared independence under the leadership of a former Air Forces officer, General Dzhokar Dudayev. Chechen independence was seen as lowering Moscow's authority. Chechnya was seen as a haven for criminals. Soon a group within the Kremlin wanted war. A Security Council meeting was held 29 November 1994 on the issue. Yeltsin ordered the Chechens to disarm, or else Moscow would invade. Defense Minister Pavel Grachev told Yeltsin that he would "take Grozny with one airborne assault regiment in two hours."
The operation started on 11 December 1994 and, by 31 December, Russian forces were entering Grozny, the Chechen capital. The 131st Motor Rifle Brigade was told to make a push for the centre of the city. However, it was almost fully destroyed in Chechen ambushes. After finally taking Grozny, Russian troops moved on to other Chechen strongholds. Chechen militants took hostages in the Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis in Stavropol Krai in June 1995. This caused hope for peace. However, the fighting continued. After this incident, the Chechen separatists were called insurgents or terrorists in Russia.
Dzhokar Dudayev was assassinated in a Russian airstrike on 21 April 1996. In that summer, a Chechen attack retook Grozny. Secretary of the Security Council Alexander Lebed began talks with the Chechen rebel leader Aslan Maskhadov in August 1996 and signed an agreement on 22/23 August. The agreement was that by the end of that month, the fighting would end. The ceasefire was signed in the Dagestani town of Khasavyurt on 31 August 1996.

Second Chechen War 

The Second Chechen War started in August 1999 after Chechen militias invaded Dagestan. After this was a series of four terrorist bombings across Russia. This caused Russian military action against the alleged Chechen culprits.

In the First Chechen War, the Russians bombarded an area with artillery and airstrikes before moving the land forces. Improvements were made in the Ground Forces between 1996 and 1999 and its performance during the Second Chechen War improved because of this.
The war started to slow down, however. Small-scale conflict continued to happen. As of November 2007, fighting had spread across other parts of the Russian Caucasus. The Second Chechen War officially ended on 16 April 2009.

Russo-Ukrainian War 
Russia started putting many troops on the Ukrainian border starting in late 2021.

On February 24, 2022, Russian troops began invading Ukraine. During this invasion, Russia lost many tanks to Ukrainian anti-tank systems. As of 6 May, at least 12 generals have been killed in Ukraine.

Equipment 

The Russian Ground Forces has lots of vehicles and equipment. A lot of these are older Soviet designs.

New equipment, like the Armata Universal Combat Platform, Bumerang, and Kurganets-25, has been brought in since 2015. They have begun replacing old tanks and armored vehicles such as the BMPs, BTRs like the T-72, T-90, BMP-1/2/3, and BTR-80s.

Equipment summary 
Figures listed as "Active" only include equipment that is in active service.

Ranks and insignia
The Russian Army kept most of the ranks of the Soviet Army, with some small changes.

References

Bibliography 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Scott, Harriet Fast & Scott, William F. Russian Military Directories 2002 & 2004
 
 

Russian military organizations
Susa () was an ancient Iranian city. It was part of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains. It is about  east of the Tigris River and is between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers. There is a modern Iranian town in the same place as Susa. It is called Shush.

References 

Cities in Khuzestan Province‎
The Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation are the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The ranks has changed very little since the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Table of Ranks

Notes

Related pages

 Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
 Military ranks of the Soviet Union

Military of Russia
Timmins is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Timmins was 43,165 in 2011. The mayor of Timmins is Tom Laughren. Timmins was founded in 1912 by Noah Timmins after there were gold discoveries in the Porcupine Camp, although South Porcupine and Schumacher were formed in 1911. Naoshima, Kagawa in Japan is a sister city to Timmins.

Media
CKGB 750

CHYK 104.1

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in Ontario
St. Charles (; Spanish: "San Carlos") is a city in St. Charles County, Missouri. In 2010 there were 65,794 people living in the city. St. Charles is the second largest city, and the county seat of St. Charles County. It is northwest of St. Louis, Missouri on the Missouri River. It is the third oldest city west of the Mississippi. It began in 1765 as Les Petites Côtes, "The Little Hills", named by Louis Blanchette, a French Canadian fur trader. The town was the starting point for the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804. The city served as the first Missouri capital from 1821 to 1826.  The Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne shrine is in Saint Charles. It is also the home of the St. Louis National Weather Service Forecast Office, serving central, east-central and northeastern Missouri, as well as west-central and southwest Illinois.

History
History

Louis Blanchette
Louis Blanchette was a French Canadian who went to the Americas for adventure. Blanchette settled in Saint Charles in 1769 under the authority of the Spanish governor of Upper Louisiana. He was the civil and military leader until his death in 1793. About 25 buildings were built. Although the settlement was under Spanish control, most settlers were French Canadians.

Fort San Carlos
The first church, built in 1791, was dedicated to San Carlos Borromeo, and the town became known as San Carlos del Misuri: "St. Charles of the Missouri". This church was destroyed by a tornado in 1916. The Spanish Lieutenant-Governor Carlos de Hault de Lassus appointed Daniel Boone commandant of the Femme Osage District, which he served until the United States government bought the area in the Louisiana Purchase in 1804. The name of the town, San Carlos, was anglicized (turned into English) to become St. Charles.
State capital and growth
Missouri became a US state in 1821. The government decided to build a new state capital, the "City of Jefferson", in the center of the state on the Missouri River. A temporary capital was needed, and St. Charles beat eight other cities in a competition to be the temporary capitol. It offered free meeting space for the legislature in rooms above a hardware store.  This building is preserved as the First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site. It is open to tourists. The Missouri government met there until Jefferson City was ready in 1826.  

St. Charles, Missouri is where the first claimed interstate project started in 1956. A highway sign making this claim is placed off of Interstate 70 going westbound to the right of the first capital exit.

Education
The City of St. Charles school district has five elementary schools, two middle schools, two high schools, and the Lewis & Clark Tech Building.
Lindenwood Universitywas started in 1827 by Major George Sibley and his wife Mary as a women's school named Lindenwood School For Girls. The school is the is the second-oldest higher-education institution west of the Mississippi River.

St. Charles was also home St. Charles College (Missouri) (now closed).

Top employers
A financial report in 2009 listed the main employers in the city as:

Transportation
St. Charles was home to the first interstate highway project in the nation.
Major highways include Interstate 70, Interstate 64, Missouri 370, Missouri 94, and Missouri 364. The city is also served by the St. Charles Area Transit bus system.

Geography
Saint Charles is located at  (38.788698, -90.511764).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.8 square miles (54.0 km²), of which, 20.4 square miles (52.7 km²) of it is land and 0.5 square miles (1.2 km²) of it (2.30%) is water.

Notes

References
Notes

References 

 National Register of Historic Places - Nomination Forms
 
 
 St. Charles Historic District (Boundary Increase #1). #87000903

Other websites
Saint Charles City
Greater St. Charles Convention and Visitors Bureau
St. Charles City-County Library District
St. Charles Chamber of Commerce
 Historic maps of St. Charles in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection  at the University of Missouri

Missouri
Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
Lawrence Monsanto Ferlinghetti (March 24, 1919 – February 22, 2021) was an American poet, painter, liberal activist, and the co-founder of City Lights Bookstore. He was the author of poetry, translations, fiction, theatre, art criticism, and movie narration. Many of his works were inspired and about the city of San Francisco.

Poetry
Ferlinghetti’s poetry is based on lyric and narrative traditions. His themes are the beauty of nature, the tragicomic life of the common man, the situation of the individual in mass society, and the dream and betrayal of democracy.

Painting
Ferlinghetti began painting in Paris in 1948. In San Francisco he occupied a studio that he inherited from Hassel Smith. His first works show the influence the New York abstract expressionists. A more figurative style is apparent in his later works. Ferlinghetti’s paintings have been shown at various museums around the world.
60 years of painting, the exhibition held in Italy in 2010, is a creative journey through the twentieth century, reflecting on the role of the artist nowadays.

Death
Ferlinghetti died of lung disease on February 22, 2021 at his home in San Francisco at age 101.

Awards
Ferlinghetti received the Premio Taormina in 1973. He also received the Premio Camaiore, the Premio Flaiano, the Premio Cavour, among other honors in Italy. 

From 2009 he was on the Honour Committee of IMMAGINE&POESIA, the artistic literary movement founded in Turin, Italy, with the patronage of Aeronwy Thomas (Dylan Thomas's daughter).

Selected works
Pictures of the Gone World (City Lights, 1955) Poetry (enlarged, 1995) 
 A Coney Island of the Mind (  New Directions, 1958) Poetry
 Her (New Directions, 1960) Prose
 One Thousand Fearful Words for Fidel Castro (City Lights, 1961) Broadside poem
 These Are My Rivers: New & Selected Poems, 1955-1993 (New Directions, 1993) 
 City Lights Pocket Poets Anthology (City Lights, 1995) 
 A Far Rockaway Of The Heart (New Directions, 1998) 
 How to Paint Sunlight: Lyrics Poems & Others, 1997-2000 (New Directions, 2001) 
 San Francisco Poems (City Lights Foundation, 2001) Poetry 
 Life Studies, Life Stories (City Lights, 2003) 
 Americus: Part I (New Directions, 2004)
 A Coney Island of the Mind (Arion Press, 2005),  with portraiture by R.B. Kitaj
 Poetry as Insurgent Art (New Directions, 2007) Poetry
 A Coney Island of the Mind: Special 50th Anniversary Edition with a CD of the author reading his work (New Directions, 2008)
References

1919 births
2021 deaths
American poets
Beat Generation
People from Yonkers, New York
Columbia University alumni
Writers from New York (state)
Deaths from lung disease
Disease-related deaths in San Francisco
Writers from San Francisco
American essayists
American political activists
American painters
American centenarians
Ugo Nespolo (born at Mosso, Biella on August 29, 1941) is an Italian artist. He is well known for his artistic work with other people in theater, literature and advertising. His career started in the 1960s. His work was influenced by Pop Art, conceptual art, Arte Povera and Fluxus. These are movements that he appreciated when he went to the United States. He has been to the United States many times. He spent much time in the States during the 1980s. Transgression and irony characterize Nespolo's artwork. Ugo Nespolo has been in the Honour Committee of IMMAGINE&POESIA since 2010.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

Other websites 
 Official site

1941 births
Living people
Italian painters
Ecbatana was an ancient Iranian city. It was the capital city of the Median Empire. There is a modern Iranian city that was built in the same place as Ecbatana. It is called Hamadan.

References

Other websites

Official Ecbatana website 
Former national capitals
History of Iran
Hamadan Province
Many Chinese dynasties have ruled the country during its history. China is a society which has had a very long history. This history was affected by the dynasties which have ruled it. They have slowly changed China into its current form.

Dynasties

Xia dynasty
The Xia dynasty lasted from 2070 BC until 1600 BC. It was the first ruling dynasty in Chinese history. The Xia was probably created by emperor Yu the Great. It is not known for certain if the Xia dynasty actually existed. Many people think that the Xia dynasty is only a legend. This is because there is no evidence that can prove that there was some dynasty before 1600 BC. There were found some archaeological excavations from 1500 BC which may come from the Xia dynasty. For example one of the excavations causes archaeologists to believe that the foundations of China were created during the Xia dynasty. Also there are findings of the oldest Chinese calendar called a lunar calendar. Xia dynasty was ended by a dynasty named Shang.
Shang dynasty
The Shang dynasty lasted from 1600 BC until 1046 BC. It started when Tang took control from the last Xia emperor, Jie. The dynasty ended with the suicide of Di Xin.

The Shang dynasty was important for Chinese culture. The first Chinese character fonts were created at this time. They were mainly used by seers and shaman. People made their own ritual vessels, agricultural and craft tools and even weapons. Everything was made of cast bronze.

In agriculture, millets, wheats and rice were the main crops. Mulberries were also grown. They were used to feed mulberry silkworms.

Zhou dynasty
The Zhou dynasty lasted from 1045 BC until 256 BC. The Shangs had became weak because they were always fighting with a neighboring tribes. This was good for the less advanced Zhou. They defeat the Shang in the current town of An-yang. After that, the Zhou dynasty took the government. They ruled for the longest time of all Chinese dynasties.
Zhous were nomadic shepherds from the Shanxi province. The rulers of Zhou dynasty divided the country into four smaller areas. Each of these areas were controlled by relatives and members of aristocracy.  Princes controlled fortified towns with a peasant background. They also helped the rulers at times of war. This form of government allowed the Zhou rulers to control more area.

Notes

References
China Handbook Editorial Committee, China Handbook Series: History (trans., Dun J. Li), Beijing, 1982, 188-89; and Shao Chang Lee, "China Cultural Development" (wall chart), East Lansing, 1984.

Other websites
 Columbia University. Dynasties song sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques" that repeats the major Chinese dynasties in chronological order.

History-related lists
An ethernet hub is an electronic device that runs a computer network. It is a simple device and is easy to configure. A hub acts like a repeater: all data that arrives to one port is sent to all other ports (without looking at IP address for the data's destination). That means that all devices in this network will get all data. A hub is a very simple device and does not operate Ethernet traffic. In contrast, a switch hub has a lower latency. Many hubs have LED signal lamps to show the state of the hub (which ports are connected and if the hub is working). A "collision" happens when two or more devices on the same network try to send packets at the same time. When collisions happen all of the devices have to go through a routine to resolve the conflict.  The process is set in the Ethernet Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol.
Some hubs may also come with a BNC and/or Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) connector to allow connection to legacy 10BASE2 or 10BASE5 network segments.

There are three kinds of hubs:
 Hub - This one described here. The hub does not look at individual packets and copies them to all ports, used as connection between LAN Segments.
 Passive hub (intelligent hub) - The device monitors traffic going through the hub and all ports can be configured, also are called manageable hubs.
 Switching hub - reads the destination address of each packet and then forwards the packet to the just correct port.
Uses
Hubs can be used for:
inserting a protocol analyzer into a network connection, a hub is an alternative to a network tap or port mirroring.
 preventing a "loop" by accidentally connecting two ports together, which might be a big problem when switches are used.
 working on Physical Layer of OSI.
Historically, the main reason for purchasing hubs rather than switches was their price. Today few hubs are produced, because they are not an effective solution for building networks.

Computer networking
was the capital of Japan from 794 to 1868.  Heian-kyō is one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto.

In 794, Emperor Kammu established this city as Japan's capital.  The move from Heijō-kyō to Heian-kyo marks the beginning of the Heian period of Japanese history.

City planning
The design of Heian-kyō mirrored grid pattern of Chang'an, which was the Tang Dynasty capital of China.

Related pages
 Capital of Japan
 Heian period

References

Other websites

Kyoto
Former capitals of Japan
was the capital of Japan from 784 to 794. 
 

In 784, the Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara.

In 794, Kammu moved the capital to Heian-kyō.

References

Former capitals of Japan
Lancaster (Pennsylvania Dutch: Lengeschder) is a city in the south-central part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is the county seat of Lancaster County. It is one of the older inland cities in the United States. It has a population of 59,322. It ranks eighth in population among Pennsylvania's cities. The Lancaster metropolitan area population is 507,766. So, it is 101st among US metropolitan areas.

Lancaster was home to James Buchanan, the nation's 15th president, and to congressman and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens.

The city's primary industries include healthcare, tourism, manufacturing, and professional services. It also has the Park City Center shopping mall. A controversial, citywide video surveillance system includes the most outdoor cameras per capita of any US city.
History
It was first called Cuteanal Town. Its first leader, John Wright, renamed the city after his home English city of Lancaster. The city's symbol, the red rose, is from the House of Lancaster. Lancaster was part of the 1681 Penn's Woods Charter of William Penn, and was laid out by James Hamilton in 1734. It was incorporated as a borough in 1742 and incorporated as a city in 1818. When the British captured Philadelphia in the American Revolution, Lancaster became the capital of the colonies on September 27, 1777. After the Continental Congress met one day, they moved still farther away, to York, Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania government also moved from Philadelphia to Lancaster, but stayed in Lancaster until the British troops left Philadelphia. Lancaster was capital of Pennsylvania again from 1799 to 1812, after which the capital was moved to Harrisburg.
In 1737, the Lancaster County Prison was built in the city, styled after Lancaster Castle in England.  The prison remains in use. Public hangings were conducted there until 1912.

The first paved road in the United States was the former Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike (which makes up part of the present-day U.S. Route 30). The Turnpike opened in 1795. The Turnpike connected the cities of Lancaster and Philadelphia, and was designed by a Scottish engineer named John Loudon MacAdam.  Lancaster residents are known to use the word, "macadam", instead of "pavement" or "asphalt".  This name is a reference to the paving process used by MacAdam.
The city of Lancaster was home to several important figures in American history.  Wheatland, the estate of James Buchanan, the fifteenth President of the United States, is one of Lancaster's most popular attractions. Thaddeus Stevens, considered among the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives, lived in Lancaster as an attorney. Stevens gained notoriety as a Radical Republican and for his abolitionism. The Fulton Opera House in the city was named for Lancaster native Robert Fulton, who had designed the modern steamboat. 

After the American Revolution, the city of Lancaster became an iron-foundry center. Two of the most common products needed by pioneers to settle the Frontier were manufactured in Lancaster:  the Conestoga wagon and the Pennsylvania long rifle. The Conestoga wagon was named after the Conestoga River, which runs through the city.
In 1803, Meriwether Lewis visited Lancaster to be educated in survey methods by the well-known surveyor Andrew Ellicott. During his visit, Lewis learned to plot latitude and longitude as part of his overall training needed to lead the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

In 1879, Franklin Winfield Woolworth opened his first successful "five and dime" store in the city of Lancaster. The F. W. Woolworth Company is succeeded by Foot Locker.

Lancaster was one of the winning communities for the All-America City award in 2000.

Geography
Lancaster is located at 40°02'23" North, 76°18'16" West (40.039860, -76.304366), and is  above sea level.

The city is located about  southeast of Harrisburg,  west of Philadelphia,  north-northeast of Baltimore and  north of Washington, D.C.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and 0.14% is water.

Top employers
According to Lancaster's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
Green Roofs
Lancaster has one of the highest rates of green roof space per capita in the US.Lancaster now has  of green roofs for a city with a downtown population of 65,000.

Security Camera Controversy
Community discussion of rising crime rates sought to avoid a government- or police-operated system of cameras.  The Lancaster Community Safety Coalition (LCSC) was registered with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a nonprofit in 2004 to carry out the implementation and operation of a video surveillance system. Paid LCSC staff are background checked by the FBI and trained to monitor the network of 164 closed-circuit TV cameras in the city of Lancaster.
Although public opinion was initially mixed among Lancaster residents, statistical and anecdotal data suggest that the network of cameras is achieving the desired effect. In the fall of 2010, the Lancaster Community Safety Coalition was among several factors credited for a 13.7% drop in Lancaster's violent crime rate according to the FBI's Unified Crime Report (UCR). Property crime dropped 7.1% during the same period.  Neighboring cities have not experienced similar reductions in crime. Although in the year 2010, cameras only helped solve 28 of the 6,653 crimes committed in the city in the year 2010.  Although the year of 2009 received a reduction in violent crimes of over 13% and recorded 465 violent offenses, the following year of 2010 saw a rise in violent offenses.  Violent offenses jumped from 465 in 2009 to 511 in 2010.  Lancaster Community Safety Coalition had a success rate of preventing and helping police catch a suspect in
.037% of crimes committed and Lancaster has more unsolved homicides since the installation of the cameras.
Transportation

The Red Rose Transit Authority (RRTA) provides local bus transit to Lancaster City as well as surrounding areas in Lancaster County. RRTA is headquartered outside the City of Lancaster.

Bieber Trailways (formerly Capitol Trailways) provides intercity bus transit from the Lancaster Train and Bus Station to King of Prussia, Philadelphia, and New York City to the east, and York and Harrisburg to the west.

Amtrak also serves the Lancaster Train and Bus Station, located on the northernmost edge of the city at 53 East McGovern Avenue. The Pennsylvanian, with service between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, as well as the Keystone Service, which runs from Harrisburg to New York via Philadelphia, both serve Lancaster.
The city is served by the Lancaster Airport, located six miles (10 km) north of downtown and just south of Lititz.

Lancaster is also a hub for automobile traffic, with so many major roadways passing through or around the city, including US-30, US-222, PA-283, PA-72, and PA-272.
The city of Lancaster hosts several museums that preserve its important contributions to society.  The Demuth Museum is in the former home of a well-known Lancaster painter named Charles Demuth.  Additional art museums include the Lancaster Museum of Art and the Philips Museum of Art on the campus of Franklin & Marshall College.  Art students at the state-of-the-art Pennsylvania College of Art and Design present their works at the academy's gallery that is open to the public.  Another newly constructed museum, completed in 2007, is the Lancaster County Quilts and Textile Museum that celebrates the hand-sewn quilts and other textile items produced by the region's Amish and Mennonite communities.  Lancaster also possesses two other museums showing Pennsylvania Dutch heritage with the Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society Museum and the Heritage Center Museum.  Children can have a hands-on experience with educational learning at the Hands-on House, also known as Children's Museum of Lancaster
.  Nature and geology-minded visitors can view the more earthly exhibits of the Louise Arnold Tanger Arboretum and the North Museum of Natural History and Science.  Upon completion, the Lancaster County Convention Center will incorporate the Stevens and Smith Historic Site, a museum that will include the preserved home of Thaddeus Stevens and his confidante Lydia Hamilton Smith.
Education
Education in Lancaster is provided by many private and public institutions. The School District of Lancaster runs the city's public schools. The local high school campuses are McCaskey and McCaskey East.  Established in 1836, it is the second oldest school district in Pennsylvania. Lancaster Catholic High School was founded in 1926. It currently falls under the jurisdiction of the diocese of Harrisburg. With a P-12 enrollment of more than 500 students, Lancaster Country Day School is one of the region's largest independent nonsectarian schools.  Founded in 1908 as the Shippen School for Girls, the school later became coeducational.
Lancaster area hosts several colleges and universities including: Consolidated School of Business, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster General College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Lancaster Theological Seminary, Lancaster Bible College, Pennsylvania College of Art and Design, Thaddeus Stevens College of Technology, Millersville University of Pennsylvania, Central Pennsylvania College,and the Harrisburg Area Community College.

References

Further reading
"Battle over city project moves to courtroom"  by Dave Pidgeon, Intelligencer Journal, July 13, 2006, retrieved July 14, 2006

Other websites
 from Wikivoyage
City of Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Downtown Lancaster
Pennsylvania Dutch Convention and Visitors Bureau 

Former capitals of the United States
Pennsylvania
Cities in Pennsylvania
County seats in Pennsylvania
1720s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1729 establishments
18th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
The Eurasian Union () is a project of political and economic union whose members are Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan and could include other countries from Europe and Asia, such as, for example, countries that were once part of the USSR.

The idea was suggested in October 2011 by the Prime Minister of Russia, Vladimir Putin, but the idea was first proposed by the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, in a speech, in 1994, in Moscow. On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement in which they agreed to create the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015. The agreement talked about the membership of candidate states and created the Eurasian Commission (which is based on the European Commission) and the Eurasian Economic Space, which both started work on 1 January 2012.

References
References

International organizations
Economics organizations
Political organizations based in Europe
Economy of Asia
Economy of Europe
Politics of Asia
Politics of Europe
Economy of Russia
Politics of Russia
Political organizations based in Asia
Organizations based in Russia
New Castle is a city in western Pennsylvania near the border of Ohio. It is northwest of Pittsburgh.

Cities in Pennsylvania
County seats in Pennsylvania
Wilkes-Barre is a city in northeast Pennsylvania next to Scranton, Pennsylvania. The city is part of Scranton/Wilkes-Barre area.

Cities in Pennsylvania
County seats in Pennsylvania
Electronic gear shifting is a way of shifting gears on a bicycle. It lets bicycle riders use a switch to shift gears, instead of a lever. Electronic gear shifting can be faster than shifting gears with a lever.

How it works

The standard system for gearing up and down works with bowdens. A bowden is special kind of wound steel cable, which connects levers to the shifter, derailleur or brakes. As the rider pulls or taps a lever, the bowden reacts at the same time. That causes the bicycle to change gear.
Electronic works without bowdens. The system is digital. There is no wound steel cable. Instead, there are multiple combinations of 0 and 1. A battery placed under the frame powers the system. Each battery should last for 1000 km depending on the manufacturer. Then it needs to be recharged.  Wires for data and power are hidden inside the frame. Parts of the shifting systems are connected to each other. Servomotors do the shifting. The shifter and derailleur have a pair of servomotors built into them.  There is a self-adjustable microchip in the derailleur. The system has its own logic, which keeps the chain from dropping. There is no need for maintenance because the derailleur adjusts itself using the microchip.

Pros and cons
Pros:
Speed of shifting       
Ease of shifting (no need to push hard, a tap is effective)                     
Self-adjusting derailleur
Less weight
Less maintenance
Comfort

Cons:
Price ($2000+)
Battery capacity
No option for multiple shifting

Manufacturers
Manufacturers

Shimano – Di2 Ultegra/Dura ace series (since 2009)
Campagnolo  - (since 2011)

References 

Human-powered vehicles
Mechanics
Lots of languages are used in Canada. English and French are used by most Canadians. Only New Brunswick uses both English and French as its official languages. Quebec's official language is French. English and French are recognized by the Constitution of Canada as "official languages." This means that all laws of the federal government are in both English and French and that federal government services can be available in both languages.

Many Canadians believe that the relationship between the English and French languages is important. 

To know how many people speak them, Canada's census collects a lot of kinds of information not collected in most other countries, including home language, mother tongue, first official language and language of work.
People speak other languages. About 18% of Canadians (about 6.1 million people, most are immigrants) have a language other than English or French as their first language or mother tongue. Nearly 3.5 million Canadians continue to use their other language most often, like when at home or in social settings. The biggest ones are Italian, German, Chinese, Punjabi, Arabic and Dutch.

Canada also has many native languages. But they are not spoken by many people (less than one percent of Canada), and fewer people speak them every year.

Languages of Canada
The Underground Railroad was a secret network of routes and safe houses in the United States. Black slaves used the Underground Railroad to escape from slavery. It was created in the early 1800s, and was at its biggest between 1850 and 1860. The term “Underground Railroad” also describes the abolitionists, both black and white, free and enslaved, who helped the slaves along the way. 

Routes on the Underground Railroad led to free states, Canada, Mexico and overseas. While traveling along these routes, slaves received help from abolitionists and those who had sympathy to their cause. British North America was another popular stopping point. Slavery was not allowed there, and its long border gave many points of access. More than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there using the network at its best, although U.S. Census statistics shows only 6,000.  

One statistic suggests that by 1850, about 100,000 slaves had escaped to freedom by the "Railroad".
The Underground Railroad fugitives' stories are recorded in the Underground Railroad Records.

Related pages
Harriet Tubman

References

 

19th century in the United States
African-American history
Slavery in the United States
is a Japanese city in Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.   It is the capital city of the prefecture.

Kagoshima is at the southwestern tip of Kyūshū.

It has been recognized as a core city since 1996.

History 
Kagoshima was the center of Satsuma Province and the land of the Shimazu clan.

Timeline
 1602 (Keichō 7): Shimazu build Tsurumaru castle
 1549 (Tenbun 18): Francis Xavier arrives in Japan
 1779 (An'ei 7): Sakurajima volcanic action
 1863 (Bunkyū 3):  Bombardment of Kyushu by British Navy
 1914 (Taishō 3): Sakurajima erupts
2013 Sakurajima erupts.

References

Other websites 

 Kagoshima Prefectural Visitors Bureau 
 http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/_1010/shimin/foreigner.html ; 
 Kagoshima Internationalization Council
 

Cities in Kagoshima Prefecture
is the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture in Japan.

Kumamoto is in the south central part of Kyushu. Kumamoto is an ordinance-designated city since April 1, 2012.

History
In 1600, Kumamoto Castle was built by Kato Kiyomasa; and the city grew around it.

References

Other websites 

 Official site of Kumamoto City 
 Kumamoto International Mailing List 
 

Cities in Kumamoto Prefecture
is the capital city of Miyazaki Prefecture in Japan.

Miyazaki is on the east coast of Kyushu.

It has been recognized as a core city since 1998.

History

Miyazaki is the traditional location of the first Imperial capital.

In 1940, the national government built the Hakkō Ichiu monument at the legendary site of Emperor Jimmu's palace.

References

Other websitess

 http://www.city.miyazaki.miyazaki.jp/gyousei/html/univ/en/index.html ;  
 Miyazaki Special Attack Base Monument, 1983 

Cities in Miyazaki Prefecture
is the capital city of Ōita Prefecture.

It has been recognized as a core city since 1997.

History 
In the 16th century, Ōita became a center for trade with the Portuguese.

Some famous places in Nishinomiya are Koshien Stadium, where the professional baseball team the Hanshin Tigers play, and Nishinomiya Gardens.

Timeline
 1562 – Funai Castle was built by Otomo Sorin
 2002 – FIFA World Cup

Geography
Ōita is on Beppu Bay in northeast Kyushu.

References

Other websites

 Ōita city  ; http://www.city.oita.oita.jp/en/index.html 

Cities in Ōita Prefecture
is the capital city of Saga Prefecture in Japan.

Saga is in northwest Kyūshū. Around 240,000 people live there.

History
Saga developed around Saga castle of the Nabeshima clan.

The city was the capital of Saga domain in the Edo period, and it was the capital of Hizen Province.

Every fall it holds the Saga International Balloon Fiesta.

References

Other websites 

 http://www.city.saga.lg.jp/en/ ; 
 Saga International Balloon Fiesta 

Cities in Saga Prefecture