Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Odontoceti is a suborder of the cetaceans. They are the toothed whales.

The Odontoceti includes  all the whales which eat prey larger than plankton. Examples are: sperm whales, beaked whales, dolphins, and others. As the name suggests, the suborder has teeth rather than the baleen of Mysticeti whales. This means they are predators of small to large sized prey. 

The Sperm Whale Physeter, the Killer Whale Orca and the Pilot Whale Globicephala all take large prey. By means of co-operation, Killer Whales can take prey larger than themselves, up to and including Blue Whale calves. Sperm Whales are specialist feeders on giant squid.

There are about 73 species.

Taxonomy
Superfamily Delphinoidea; Porpoises, Dolphins, Pilot Whales, Killer Whales, Narwhal
Superfamily Inioidea: some South American river dolphins
Superfamily Lipotoidea: Chinese River Dolphin
Superfamily Physeteroidea: Sperm Whales
Superfamily Platanistoidea: River Dolphins proper
Superfamily Ziphioidea: Bottlenose Whales, Beaked Whales
The Allen Telescope Array (ATA) was developed by the SETI Institute and the Radio Astronomy Laboratory (RAL) at the University of California, Berkeley to construct a radio interferometer that is dedicated to radio astronomy observations. At the same time, it is also used for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

The ATA is at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory,  northeast of San Francisco, California. The goal is to have 350 antennas. To start, 42 antennas (ATA-42) were put to work on 11 October 2007. However, a lack of money stopped operations in April 2011. In August 2011, ATA got short-term funding. In 2012 UC Berkeley quit the project.

It is named after Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft. Its old name was the One Hectare Telescope (1hT).

References
References

Other websites
 Official site at seti.org 
 Radio Astronomy Laboratory's ATA site 
 The Search Continues with the Allen Telescope Array. Mountain View, CA: SETI Institute. March 25, 2004.
 Radio Astronomy Laboratory, Univ of Cal, Berkeley: NSF proposal, June 15, 2005.
	
Astronomical observatories in California
Telescopes
SETI
2007 establishments in California
2011 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in California 
2011 establishments in California
2012 disestablishments in the United States
The herring gull (Larus argentatus or European herring gull) is a large gull (up to 26 inches or 66 cm long). It is the most abundant and best known of all gulls along the shores of western Europe. It breeds across Northern Europe, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic states. 

Some herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, e.g. in the British Isles, Iceland, or on the North Sea shores. European herring gulls are also abundant around inland garbage dumps, and some have even adapted to life in inland cities.

Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated, with different authorities recognising between two and eight species.
This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.

References 

Charadriiformes
Birds of Europe
The lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. It is a regular winter visitor to the east coast of North America, probably from the breeding population in Iceland.

This species breeds in colonies on coasts and lakes. It makes a lined nest on the ground or a cliff. Normally, three eggs are laid. In some cities the species nests in towns and cities, often with herring gulls.

They are similar in size but slightly smaller than the herring gull. The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated. Different authorities recognise between two and eight species. This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.
The only species it might be confused with in Europe is the great black-backed gull. Lesser is a smaller bird, with slimmer build, yellow rather than pinkish legs, and smaller white "mirrors" at the wing tips. 

The bill is yellow with a red spot. When the young peck the red spot, The adults feed them by regurgitation. This is an inherited behaviour called a fixed action pattern or releaser.

References 

Charadriiformes
Arab Indonesians are citizens of Indonesia. Their origin is Arab, and they are mainly from Hadrami. Until 1919, they were part of Dutch East Indies' law. Some people later gained economic power through real estate investment and trading. Currently, most of them can be found in Java and South Sumatra. They are almost all (generally orthodox) Muslims.

History
Indonesia has had contact with the Arab world for hundreds of years. This was even before the development of Islam in Indonesia. Most contact was with spice traders. The first Arab settlements in the archipelago may have started in the fifth century. These early communities took over much of the local culture. Some of them disappeared completely while others formed ethnic groups.
Modern Arab Indonesians are descended from Hadramis, who came to Indonesia during the Dutch colonial period. The men often married native women. They were classified as "foreign orientals" along with Chinese Indonesians. This class stopped them from going to certain schools and also restricted their travel. They were also only allowed to live in special Arab districts, called kampung Arab in Indonesian. These laws were removed in 1919.

The community elites began to build economic power through trade and real estate investment. They bought large amounts of real estate in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta), Singapore and other parts of this area. Arab Indonesians did charity work, and built and protected their social capital. Eventually, some Arab Indonesians joined the Volksraad, the people's council of the Dutch East Indies.
During the Indonesian National Awakening, Arab Indonesians began to oppose native Indonesians and the Dutch. This caused the formation of organizations which were only for Arab Indonesians in 1913. These organizations viewed the Arabian peninsula as their homeland. In 1934, Abdurrahman Baswedan founded an Arab Indonesian nationalistic movement, Persatoean Arab Indonesia.

Azyumardi Azra described Arab Indonesians as people who wish to remove local religious elements from Indonesian Islam. Indonesian critics of Arab influence in Indonesia point to the founding of the radical group Jemaah Islamiah (JI). Their leader is Laskar Jihad (LJ). After the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 and the 2002 Bali bombing, the community came under suspicion.

Identity
First generation immigrants are called wulāytī or totok. They are a small minority of the Arab Indonesian population. The majority, muwallad (plural form: muwalladīn), were born in Indonesia and may be of mixed heritage.
Distribution
The majority of Arab Indonesians live on Java, mostly in East Java. Some live in South Sumatra.

Religion

Arab Indonesians are almost all Muslim. According to the 2000 census, 98.27 percent of Arab Indonesians are Muslim, compared to 88.22 percent of the whole population. Historically, most have lived in kauman, or the area around mosques, but this has changed in recent years. The majority are Sunni, people who follow the Shafi'i school of Islamic law. The Shia are a growing minority. Children are often sent to madrasahs.

The Islam practiced by Arab Indonesians is more orthodox than the local, indigenous-influenced forms like abangan. Many Arab Indonesians try to convince local Muslims to follow a more orthodox form of Islam as well.

Notable Arab Indonesians
Ali Alatas, former Minister of Foreign Affairs 
Abdurrahman Baswedan, founder of Persatoean Arab-Indonesia 
Abu Bakar Bashir, suspected head of Jemaah Islamiyah

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

Ethnic groups in  Indonesia
Christina Aguilera is the first album by American singer Christina Aguilera, released on August 24, 1999. The success of this album made Aguilera the Best New Artist at Grammy Awards of 2000.

Track listing

References 

Christina Aguilera albums
Debut albums
1999 albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Dance-pop albums
R&B albums
Alien Hand Syndrome (also known as anarchic hand, AHS or Doctor Strangelove Syndrome) is a condition that seems to cause a person's hand to move on its own.

References 

Syndromes
This is the discography for Christina Aguilera. She has released six studio albums, twenty solo singles, four video albums, and twenty-seven music videos.

Aguilera, Christina
discography
My Kind of Christmas is a Christmas collection by Christina Aguilera, released on October 24, 2000.

Track listing

Bonus Track

Christina Aguilera albums
2000 albums
Stripped is the fourth studio album by American singer Christina Aguilera. The album sold over 13 million copies. Music critics gave it mixed reviews.

It was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2004 Grammy Awards.

"Dirrty" was released as the album's first single. The video was directed by Dave LaChapelle. It was protested in Thailand.
 The song was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 2003 Grammy Awards.

The album's second single "Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 2004.

The third single, "Fighter", got good reviews from music critics.

"Can't Hold Us Down" had Lil' Kim rapping in it. It was nominated a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 2004 Grammy Awards.

The album's last single "The Voice Within" was released	August 15, 2003.

Track listing

References 

2002 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Pop soul albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Back to Basics is the fifth studio album by Christina Aguilera. Released on August 9 2006.

Disc 1

Disc 2

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2006 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Keeps Gettin' Better – A Decade of Hits is the first greatest hits by American singer Christina Aguilera, released on 2008.

Track listing

References

2008 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Bionic is the sixth studio album by American pop singer Christina Aguilera, released on June 4 2010, the album was produced by new group of producers.

Track listing

 Deluxe Edition

 iTunes Bonus Track

2010 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Burlesque: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a soundtrack album by American singers Christina Aguilera and Cher. It was recorded for the movie Burlesque.

Track listing

2010 albums
Christina Aguilera albums
Cher albums
Pop albums
Blues albums
R&B albums
Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (Dorothea Sophie; 5 July 1670 – 15 September 1748) was a Countess Palatine of Neuburg by birth and later the wife of the two sons of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma. 

Married to the Hereditary Prince of Parma in 1690, she was the mother of two children including the future Queen Elisabeth of Spain. Her first husband died after just three years of marriage. Remaining in Parma she was engaged to her brother-in-law, the new Duke of Parma. 

Retiring from the court at the death of her last husband, her grandson the future Charles III of Spain conquered Parma after the extinction of the Farnese and Dorothea Sophie acted as regent of the state till his official majority in January 1735. She died aged seventy-eight just weeks before her second grandson Infante Felipe of Spain became the next duke of Parma.

Issue
Alessandro Ignazio Farnese (6 December 1691 - 5 August 1693) died in infancy.
Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 - 11 July 1766) married Philip V of Spain and had issue.
Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

5 July 1670 – 17 September 1690 Her Serene Highness Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
17 September 1690 – 6 September 1693 Her Highness the Hereditary Princess of Parma
6 September 1693 – 7 December 1696 Her Highness the Dowager Hereditary Princess of Parma
7 December 1696 – 26 May 1727 Her Highness the Duchess of Parma
26 May 1727 – 15 September 1748 Her Highness the Dowager Duchess of Parma

1670 births
1748 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
House of Farnese
The club was founded in 1997 as follow up team for FC Linz and SV Austria Tabak Linz. They played with the licence of SV Tabak in the Upper Austrian Landesliga (4th division). After three years they reached the title and were promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte. In the 2003/04 season the won this league but failed in the relegation matches versus  BSV Bad Bleiberg, so they stayed in the league. After this there was a decline they were even relegated to the Landesliga, but came back the following season. In the 2010/11 season they finished second behind the LASK Juniors, which were not allowed to promote. In the relegation matches they won versus WSG Wattens after penalty shooting and were promoted to the First League. 2012/13 they lost the Relegationmatches versus SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 and were relegatet into the Regionalliga Mitte. 2015/16 they were champions in the Regionalliga Mitte and were promoted again to the First League. In the 2020-21 season the became Champion of the 2. Liga
. Liga. They had not asked for a licence for the Bundesliga so they stayed in 2. Liga. In the 2022-23 season they were promoted to the Bundesliga
Since spring 2021 they play in the  Hofmann-Personal Stadion because the Donauparkstadion, their traditional homeground, will be new built till 2023. After almost two years of construction, the stadium was opened by the city of Linz with a celebration on 5 July   2023. The opening game between FC Blau-Weiß Linz and PSV Eindhoven (1:2) took place ten days later.

Fans
The club is thought as successor to the former club VOEST Linz.This team merged with LASK to FC Linz but soon was inhaled by LASK. The club colours blue and white are that of former VOEST Linz. Also the fans see themself in this tradition.

Current squad
as 19 October 2023

Coaching staff
 Gerald Scheiblehner Headcoach
 Ernö Doma Assistant coach
 Manuel Moser Goalkeeper coach
   Rudolf Mitterlehner Teammanager

Honours
 Champion Upper Austria: 2000, 2008
 Champion Regionalliga Mitte: 2003, 2016
 Promotion to the First league: 2011
 Champion 2. Liga: 2021, 2023

References

Other websites
Official Homepage
Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Upper Austria
Linz
Yinghuo-1 was a Chinese spacecraft. People planned for it to be China's first interplanetary mission. Yinghuo-1 was supposed to orbit and study the planet Mars. It was launched with the Russian spacecraft Phobos-Grunt. The spacecraft got into space, but something went wrong and it could not escape earth's gravity. 

The name Yinghuo means firefly in Chinese.

References 

Spacecraft
People's Republic of China
Mars
Aldershot () is a town in the English county of Hampshire, about 60 km (37 miles) southwest of London. The town is administered by Rushmoor Borough Council. The town has a population of 33,840, while the Aldershot Urban Area, a loose conurbation (which also includes other towns, such as Camberley, Farnborough, and Farnham) has a population of 243,344, making it the 30th-largest urban area in the UK

Aldershot is home to professional football team Aldershot Town who compete in the Football Conference. Prior to 1992 the local club was Aldershot, which folded on 25 March 1992, while playing in the Football League Fourth Division

Aldershot is known for its connection with the British Army. This led to rapid growth from a small village to a Victorian town. Today, Aldershot is known as the "Home of the British Army".

References

Towns in Hampshire
History
The first construction had a two storied front section with a one-story extension to the rear. The dining room and the winter kitchen were in the one-story section. Between 1839 and 1907 the house was owned by Dr. Philip Barbour Pendleton. He added a second floor to the rear part of the house and extended the main roof to cover the new rooms of the house. A later generation of Pendletons rebuilt the house in the Colonial Revival style after 1910. They added the present Neoclassical portico. The next owners, Anne Pendleton Forrest and Dr. William Mentzel Forrest, added to the back a design by architect Stanislaw J. Makielski of Charlottesville. The complex includes a number of outbuildings, including two separate doctor's office buildings, a garage, barn, a house for smoking, and the Pendleton family cemetery.
Description
Cuckoo is a house made of bricks. It has two floors and a center-hall which is divided into three parts. Single rooms are flanking the stair hall. The house has a porch on its entire front. A semicircular closet with a small window is between the fireplaces of the rooms to the right of the center hall. The fireplaces and chimneys are on both sides of the elevation. The Makielski addition to the back of the house has a porch that echoes the curve of the closet. The addition includes a back stairway.
Outbuildings
The small doctor's office was probably built in the early-to-mid 19th century for Dr. Robert Barret. It is to the north of Cuckoo, and was moved to Cuckoo by Dr. Philip Barbour Pendleton before the American Civil War. The large doctor's office was built around 1888 for Dr. Eugene Pendleton. It was expanded to also include his son's practice around 1908. It was moved to Cuckoo in 1910 when Eugene moved there. The office was moved again in 1972 when the highway was built, and was used as a medical office by Dr. Eugene Barbour Pendleton until 1979. A house for smoking was built in the late 19th century, and a barn in the early 20th century. A garage was built in the 1930s.

Cemetery
The Pendleton cemetery is in an oak grove at the top of a small rise about 1/4 mile from the house. It is surrounded by a low stone wall. The cemetery has three gravestones and several unmarked graves.
Recent history
Cuckoo was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1994. The house was damaged in the 2011 Virginia earthquake. The tall chimneys broke down.

References

National Register of Historic Places
Buildings and structures in Virginia
1819 establishments in the United States
1810s establishments in Virginia
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) are a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services.  CDC main office is in Druid Hills, a neighborhood in northeastern Atlanta, Georgia.   It works to protect public health and safety. It provides information to enhance health decisions. It promotes health as a partner with state health departments and other organizations. When an infectious disease or bad food can cause health problems, the CDC will tell the nation how to fight it. The CDC works on environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and education activities designed to improve the health of the people of the United States.

Foundation
The CDC Foundation is separate from CDC as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization. It is incorporated in the State of Georgia. Section 399F of the Public Health Service Act created the foundation to help the CDC work with the private sector.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 The CDC Homepage
 CDC Online Newsroom
 CDC Health Topics A to Z
 CDC Public Health Image Library
 CDC Global Communications Center
 CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory– Atlanta, Georgia 
 Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Meeting Notices and Rule Changes  from The Federal Register RSS Feed 
 Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

United States Department of Health and Human Services
Maria Anna of Austria (Maria Anna Josepha; 7 September 1683 – 14 August 1754) was an Archduchess of Austria as she was a daughter of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. She would become Queen consort and regent of Portugal by her marriage to John V of Portugal. She was the Regent of Portugal from 1742 until 1750 during the illness of her spouse.  In Portugal she was commonly known as Mariana.

Life

The fifth of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperors children by Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, she was baptised Maria Anna Josepha. She was born in Linz as the Austrian royal family had to flee Vienna from the Turkish army which destroyed the capital. Maria Anna was a sister of two future Holy Roman Emperors Joseph I and Charles VI. Through Charles VI, she was an aunt of Empress Maria Theresa. Her first cousins included Elisabetta Farnese as well as Charles II of Spain.

Marriage
Marriage

On 27 October 1708 she married her first cousin John V of Portugal. Both of their mothers were sisters. Maria Anna thus became Queen of Portugal as the wife of the ruling king. She was the mother of six children:

Regency 

In 1742 Maria Anna took over power as regent after her husband suffered a stroke, which left him partially paralyzed. When John V died on 31 July 1750 she gave up power to their eldest son Joseph I of Portugal. She died at he Palace of Belém in 1754. Her body was buried in Lisbon, her heart was brought to Vienna and buried there in the imperial crypt.

Children
Children

 Maria Barbara of Portugal (4 December 1711 – August 27, 1758) married Ferdinand VI of Spain.
 Pedro of Portugal (19 October 1712 – 24 October 1714) Prince of Brazil.
 Joseph I of Portugal (6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777) married Mariana Victoria of Spain.
 Carlos of Portugal (2 May 1716 – 30 March 1730) died unmarried.
 Peter III of Portugal (5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786) married Maria I of Portugal had issue.
 Alexander of Portugal (24 September 1723 – 2 August 1728) died in infancy.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

7 September 1683 – 27 October 1708 Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria
27 October 1708 – 31 July 1750 Her Most Faithful Majesty The Queen of Portugal
31 July 1750 – 14 August 1754 Her Most Faithful Majesty The Dowager Queen of Portugal

Related pages

Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Habsburg Dynasty
1683 births
1754 deaths
House of Braganza
Regents
Kings and Queens consort of Portugal
In the Zone is the fourth studio album by Britney Spears, released on November 13, 2003. She wrote or co-wrote some songs of the album: "Me Against the Music", "Showdown", "Early Mornin", "Touch of My Hand", "The Hook Up", "Shadow", "Brave New Girl" and "Everytime".

Track listing

 Latin American Bonus Track

 Australian, European & Japanese bonus tracks

References

2003 albums
Britney Spears albums
Brooklyn Botanic Garden (BBG) is a park in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. The park has many different plants from many parts of the world. It is near the Prospect Heights, Crown Heights, and Park Slope neighborhoods. The area of the garden is . It includes several special gardens or plant collections. The Steinhardt Conservatory which has the C.V. Starr Bonsai Museum is also there. The garden was founded in 1910.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Botanical gardens in the United States
Brooklyn
1910 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in New York (state)
Sportklub Niederösterreich St. Pölten is a football club from St. Pölten the capital of the Austrian federal state Lower Austria. St. Poelten plays in the Austrian Football First League, the second division in the Austrian football league system.

History 
SKN St. Poelten was founded in June 2000.  The new club took over all belongings of the predecessor, FCN St. Poelten .Most important was the ownership  of the Bundesliga junior center.  Through this the club did not enter in the lowest class but was allowed in the 2nd League West, the fifth level of Austrian football.
The next two seasons they won the championships and reached the Regionalliga Ost(3rd division).In the 2003/04 season the club reached the 4th place. The following season the club reached sixth place in the league reached in the Austrian Cup the quarter-finals. They won over SV Wörgl (3-0), SW Bregenz (2–1) and a sensational 5-1 victory overAustria Salzburg in the third round.  In the quarter-finals, St. Poelten, was beaten by Austria Wien 6-0.
In autumn 2009 the club could present the plans for the new stadium which is currently built in the Ratzersdorf district of St.Pölten.

In the 2007/08 season they won the Regionalliga and were promoted to the First League. In the summer of 2016, they were promoted to the Bundesliga. In the 2020/21 season they were relegated to the 2. Liga.

Current squad

Coaching history (21st century)

Notable players 
 Zlatko Kranjcar (1990)
 Frank Schinkels (2002–04)
Youth work 
The SKN St. Poelten currently has ten youth teams for children from the age of 7 to 15, with a total of 150 children and youths. In addition to the junior teams, the club has a second team (SKN II), which plays their games in the Mid Western League, with the squad mostly consisting of squad players under the age of 18.

Other websites

References 

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Lower Austria
Sankt Pölten
The Bourbons of Parma are a royal family who ruled the Duchy of Parma from 1748 till 1860 when Italy was created. The family was founded by the Infante Philip of Spain, third son of Philip V of Spain and Elisabetta Farnese. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) ended the War of the Austrian Succession, and gave the land to Philip.

Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France and the present pretending duke of Parma (Carlos/Carlo of Parma) is a direct descendant. The duchy was taken by the House of Savoy when the state of Italy was created.

 
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
The history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to today. Over this period, English poets have written some of the longest-surviving poems in Western culture. The language and its poetry have spread around the world.

The earliest surviving poetry from the area now called England was probably transmitted orally (or passed from person to person by mouth, without being written down). It was then written down in versions that do not now survive. Because of this, it is difficult to say which poems were the earliest. There is a lot of controversy over this issue.

A number of major national poetries have developed. These include American, Australian, New Zealand, Canadian and Indian poetry. It may be controversial to describe Irish literature as English or British, even though it is in the English language.

Related pages
Beowulf
Blank verse

References 

Poetry
English literature
A rearrangement reaction are organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged. The result is a structural isomer of the original molecule. Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon atom 1 to carbon atom 2:
 

Intermolecular rearrangements also take place. 

Sometimes chemists draw diagrams with arrows that show how electrons are transferred between bonds during a rearrangement reaction.  Many organic chemistry text books have such diagrams.  But they do not tell the full story of the reaction mechanism. The actual mechanism of a rearrangement with an alkyl group moving is for the group to slide smoothly along a bond, not ionic bond-breaking and forming. One example of this is the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:
In pericyclic reactions, the orbital interactions are important. The reactions can not be explained by a series of simple discrete electron transfers. But, the curved arrows showing a sequence of discrete electron transfers can give the same result as a rearrangement reaction.  Yet, the diagrams are not necessarily realistic. In allylic rearrangement, the reaction is ionic.

Three important rearrangement reactions are 1,2-rearrangements, pericyclic reactions and olefin metathesis.

1,2-rearrangements
A 1,2-rearrangement is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift, the substituent moves between two adjacent atoms. But moves over larger distances are possible. Examples are the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

and the Beckmann rearrangement:
Pericyclic reactions
A pericyclic reaction is a type of reaction with multiple carbon-carbon bond making and breaking. The transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry. The reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Examples are hydride shifts

and the Claisen rearrangement:

Olefin metathesis
Olefin metathesis is a formal exchange of the alkylidene fragments in two alkenes. It is a catalytic reaction with carbene. It has transition metal carbene complex intermediates.

References
Computational chemistry is a type of chemistry that uses computer science to help solve chemical problems. These programs help scientists learn about molecules and solids. Computational chemistry is often used with chemical experiments to get more information. It can predict chemical phenomena that have not yet been seen. It is widely used to design new drugs and materials.

Computational chemistry can predict the structure of molecules. It can help find where a molecule's atoms are. It can also find absolute and relative (interaction) energies, electronic charge distributions, dipoles and higher multipole moments, vibrational frequencies, reactivity or other spectroscopic quantities, and cross sections for collision with other particles.
Computational chemistry looks at both static and dynamic systems. In all cases, as the size of the system being studied grows, the computer time and other resources (such as memory and disk space) used also grows. That system can be a single molecule, a group of molecules, or a solid. Computational chemistry methods range from highly accurate to very approximate. Highly accurate methods are typically feasible only for small systems.

Related pages
 Bioinformatics
 Statistical mechanics
 Theoretical chemistry
Other websites
NIST Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase  - Contains a database of thousands of computational and experimental results for hundreds of systems
American Chemical Society Division of Computers in Chemistry - American Chemical Society Computers in Chemistry Division, resources for grants, awards, contacts and meetings.
CSTB report Mathematical Research in Materials Science: Opportunities and Perspectives - CSTB Report
3.320 Atomistic Computer Modeling of Materials (SMA 5107) Free MIT Course
Technology Roadmap for Computational Chemistry 
Applications of molecular and materials modelling.
Impact of Advances in Computing and Communications Technologies on Chemical Science and Technology CSTB Report
MD and Computational Chemistry applications on GPUs

Computational chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Polymer chemistry (also called macromolecular chemistry) is  the science of chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. According to IUPAC recommendations, macromolecules refer to the individual molecular chains and are the domain of chemistry. Polymers describe the bulk properties of polymer materials and belong to the field of polymer physics (a part of physics).

The different kinds of macromolecules include:
Biopolymers produced by living organisms:
structural proteins: collagen, keratin, elastin and others
chemically functional proteins: enzymes, hormones, transport proteins and others
structural polysaccharides: cellulose, chitin and others
storage polysaccharides: starch, glycogen and others
nucleic acids: DNA, RNA
Synthetic polymers used for plastics—fibers, paints, building materials, furniture, mechanical parts, adhesives:
thermoplastics: polyethylene, Teflon, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyester, polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, rayon, celluloid, silicone and others
thermosetting plastics: vulcanized rubber, Bakelite, Kevlar, epoxy and others.
Polymers are formed by polymerization of monomers. Chemists describe a polymer by its degree of polymerization, molar mass distribution, tacticity, copolymer distribution, the degree of branching,  by its end-groups,  crosslinks,  and crystallinity. Chemists also study a polymer's thermal properties such as its glass transition temperature and melting temperature. Polymers in solution have special characteristics for solubility, viscosity and gelation.

History
History 

Polymer chemistry started by studying the long fibers in plants. The work of Henri Braconnot in 1777 and the work of Christian Schönbein in 1846 led to the discovery of nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose treated with camphor makes celluloid. Chemists dissolve celluloid in ether or acetone to make collodion. Doctors have used collodion as a wound dressing since the U.S. Civil War. Cellulose acetate was first prepared in 1865. In 1834, Friedrich Ludersdorf and Nathaniel Hayward independently discovered that adding sulfur to raw natural rubber (polyisoprene) helped prevent the material from becoming sticky. In 1844 Charles Goodyear received a U.S. patent for vulcanizing rubber with sulfur and heat. Thomas Hancock had received a patent for the same process in the UK the year before.
In 1922, Hermann Staudinger (a German chemist) proposed that polymers were long chains of atoms held together by covalent bonds. He also proposed to name these compounds "macromolecules". Before that, scientists believed that polymers were clusters of small molecules (called colloids), without definite molecular weights, held together by an unknown force. Staudinger received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1953.

Wallace Carothers invented the first synthetic rubber called neoprene in 1931. Neoprene was the first polyester. Carothers went on to invent nylon, a true silk replacement, in 1935. Paul Flory was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 for his work on polymer random coil configurations in solution in the 1950s. Stephanie Kwolek developed an aramid, or aromatic nylon named Kevlar, patented in 1966.
It took a long time before universities introduced teaching and research programs in polymer chemistry. 
An "Institut fur Makromolekulare Chemie was founded in 1940 in Freiburg, Germany under the direction of Hermann Staudinger. In America a "Polymer Research Institute" (PRI) was established in 1941 by Herman Mark at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (now Polytechnic Institute of NYU). Several hundred graduates of PRI played an important role in the US polymer industry and academia. Other PRI's were founded in 1961 by Richard S. Stein at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in 1967 by Eric Baer at Case Western Reserve University and in 1988 at the University of Akron.

References

Other websites
 Polymer Chemistry Hypertext, Educational resource 
 Graduate studies in macromolecular science and engineering

Polymer chemistry
In chemistry, chemical synthesis means using chemical reactions to get a product, or several products. This happens by physical and chemical manipulations. Often, several different chemical reactions are used; one after another. Chemists start to design a chemical synthesis by selecting compounds to combine.  These starting chemicals are known as reagents or reactants.  Chemists do various things to these reagents to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product.  This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel.  The vessel can be a chemical reactor or a simple flask.  Many reactions require some form of work-up procedure before the final product is isolated.

Related pages
 Chemical engineering
 Organic synthesis

References

Other websites
 The Organic Synthesis Archive
 Natural product syntheses
Organic synthesis is a special part of chemical synthesis. It builds organic compounds using organic reactions.  Organic molecules can have a higher level of complexity compared to inorganic compounds. So, the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most important parts of organic chemistry.  There are two main areas of research fields within the general area of organic synthesis: total synthesis and methodology.

Other websites

 The Organic Synthesis Archive
 Chemical synthesis database
 http://www.webreactions.net/search.html 
 https://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/
 Natural product syntheses
 Chemical synthesis semantic wiki 

Chemical synthesis
Organic chemistry
Alexander Morozevich  (born Moscow, 18 July 1977) is a Russian chess Grandmaster. He was ranked second, in the July 2008 FIDE rating list, but is now ranked ninth.

Morozevich has been one of the best chess players in the world for nearly a decade. He is famous for employing unusual openings, for example the Chigorin Defense (1. d4 d5 2. c4 Nc6), and more recently the Albin Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); both systems are hardly ever seen at the top level. He is also well known for preferring complicated rather than clear positions. Perhaps because of his style, which produces relatively few draws, Morozevich is popular among chess fans.
Among his most notable results are 7.5/10 at the 2000 Chess Olympiad (winning Bronze Medal for board 2) and 7/11 at the 2002 Chess Olympiad. He took first place in the overall standings at the Amber tournament in 2002, 2004 (shared with Kramnik) and 2006 (shared with Anand); first place in Biel tournament three times: 2003, 2004 and 2006; and twice winning the Russian championship (1998 and 2007).

References 

1977 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Peter Leko (; born 8 September 1979) in Subotica, Yugoslavia is the leading Hungarian chess grandmaster. 

He became a grandmaster in 1994 at the age of 14 years (a world record at the time). He was the challenger in the Classical World Championship 2004 against Vladimir Kramnik. He tied with Kramnik 7-7, so Kramnik kept his title. Leko's best world ranking was fourth, first achieved in April 2003.

References 

1979 births
Living people
Hungarian chess players
Chess grandmasters
The Abilene Ruff Riders are an American football team. They play their games at the Taylor County Expo Center in Abilene, Texas. Their team colours are red, black and white. The team logo (the picture they have on their shirts) is a cowboy on a horse. They have a team mascot called Rowdy the Ruffrider, who is a cowboy too.

History 

At first, the Ruff Riders were called the Katy Ruff Riders, because they played their games in a city called Katy, Texas. In 2008, they moved to Abilene and changed their name. They were part of the Intense Football League until 2010. For the 2010 - 2011 season, they were part of the Southern Indoor Football League, but now they are a part of the Lone Star Football League.

Other websites 
 Abilene Ruff Riders Website 
 Lone Star Football League Website 

American football
Abilene, Texas
Sports in Texas
The Association of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders persons in Morocco (KIFKIF) is a Moroccan non-profit organization working on improving the legal and social status of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. It was founded in 2005 in and is the first LGBT advocacy group in North Africa. Kifkif means equal in Arabic.

References

Other websites

LGBT
2005 establishments in Africa
Establishments in Morocco
Non-profit organizations of Africa
Jerry Koosman (born December 23, 1942) is a former baseball player with the New York Mets, Minnesota Twins, Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Phillies.  He was a pitcher.  He won more than 200 games in his career.  In 1969, he was on the Mets team that won the baseball championship the World Series.  Koosman won two games for the Mets in the 1969 World Series.

In 1968, Koosman finished 2nd by one vote to Johnny Bench in the voting for National League Rookie of the Year, given to the best first year player in the league.  In 1976, Koosman finished 2nd to Randy Jones in the voting for National League Cy Young Award, given to the league's best pitcher. Koosman won at least 20 games in both 1976 and 1979.

References

1942 births
Living people
New York Mets players
Minnesota Twins players
Chicago White Sox players
Philadelphia Phillies players
National League All-Stars
Thomas (Tom) William Cleverley (born 12 August 1989) is an English footballer. He was born in Basingstoke, Hampshire and grew up in Bradford, West Yorkshire.

Cleverley plays for Premier League club Everton and the England national team.

References

1989 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Basingstoke
Sportspeople from Bradford
Sportspeople from Hampshire
Premier League players
Johnny Bench (born December 7, 1947) is a former baseball player who played for the Cincinnati Reds.  He mostly played catcher.  He hit 389 home runs.  He was the National League Most Valuable Player in both 1970 and 1972.  He was also the National League Rookie of the Year, or best first year player, in 1968.  He was chosen for the All Star Game 14 times.  

He won the baseball championship, the World Series, with Reds in both 1975 and 1976, and was voted the Most Valuable Player of the World Series in 1976.  He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989.

Most analysts think either Bench or Iván Rodríguez is the greatest catcher of all time.

References

1947 births
Cincinnati Reds players
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National League All-Stars
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City
ALI AKISH (January 14, 1918, Hailar, China - July 17, 2011, Ankara, Turkey) is a famous journalist, one of the leaders of the Tatar nationalist movement, the Honorary President of the World League of Tatars.

Ali Aksih was a preeminent leader of the Tatar nationalist movement in diaspora. He was born in the city of Hailar (Manchuria), where he attended a local Tatar elementary school before entering a Russian lycee. After completing the lycee in 1936, he went to study at Al-Azhar University in Cairo (Egypt), and in 1938, along with another young nationalist, Ahat Ginish, went to Poland. Akish and Ginish served as technical assistants to Ayaz Iskhaki at the Idel-Ural National Center, where the newspaper “Yanga Milli Yul" (New National Path) was published. Their work was interrupted by the invasion of Poland by the Nazi and Soviet forces.
In 1994, after reading Vladimir Zhirinovsky's book "Last Thrust to the South," he wrote an article for the Turkish newspaper "Milliyet" in which he denounced the Russian nationalists' imperial and anti-Turkish aspirations. The article was highly significant as one of the first published in Turkey critical of Zhirinovsky and his views.

He was able to visit Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. On his first visit to Kazan he brought, at his own expense, a computer that he donated to the Tatar Public Center. Akish dedicated his whole life to the liberation of the Tatar people from colonial oppression. The World Tatar League named him honorary president in recognition of his achievements. A school was named in his honor in the city of Chally (Naberezhniye Chelny) in Tatarstan.

References 

Tatars
In chemistry, yield (also called chemical yield or reaction yield) is the amount of product resulting from a chemical reaction.<ref name=vogel>Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. and P.W.G. Smith. Vogel's Textbook of Practical OrganicHall, 19936-3.</ref> The absolute yield gives the weight in grams, and the molar yield gives the number of moles.

The fractional yield, relative yield, or percentage yield shows how completely a synthetic procedure worked. It is calculated by dividing the amount of product by the theoretical yield (the unit of measurement for both must be the same):

To get the percentage yield'', one must multiply the fractional yield by 100% (e.g., 0.673 × 100% = 67.3%).
The ideal percentage yield of a chemical reaction is 100%, but it cannot be achieved because measurements are never completely accurate. Yields around 100% are "quantitative", yields above 90% are "excellent", yields above 80% are "very good", yields above 70% are "good", yields above 50% are "fair", and yields below 40% are "poor".

References

Chemistry
Impulse might mean:
 A feeling of wanting to do something.
 Impulse (physics)
 Specific impulse

Basic English 850 words
Alexis Alejandro Sánchez Sánchez (born 19 December 1988), is a Chilean footballer who currently plays for English club Manchester United FC and the Chile national team.

In July 2014, Sanchez signed for Arsenal on a long-term contract for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around £35 million. In January 2018, he joined The Red Devils after Henrikh Mkhitaryan swapped clubs with him to Arsenal FC.

Honors

Clubs

Colo-Colo 
 Chilean Primera División: 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura

River Plate 
 Argentine Primera División: 2008 Clausura

Barcelona 
 La Liga: 2012–13
 Copa del Rey: 2011–12
 Supercopa de España: 2011, 2013
 UEFA Super Cup: 2011 FIFA Club World Cup: 2011

Arsenal 
 FA Cup: 2014–15, 2016-17
 FA Community Shield: 2014, 2015

International

Chile 
 Copa América: 2015, 2016
 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017: Runner Up
Individual Awards 
 Copa América Golden Ball: 2016
 Arsenal's Player of the Season: 2014–15,2016-17
 Premier League Team of the Year: 2014–15
 Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2016
 FIFA Confederations Cup Silver Ball: 2017

Career Statistics

Clubs

International 
As of 15 November 2016

References

1988 births
Living people
Chilean footballers
People from Antofagasta Region
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Arsenal F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Dry cleaning (or dry-cleaning) is any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using a solvent (a liquid or gas that can dissolve some materials) without water. The solvent used is usually tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) which is very strong and can dissolve oils. The solvent is called "perc" in the industry and "dry-cleaning fluid" by the public. It is often used instead of hand washing delicate fabrics that cannot be washed by water because water would damage them. People use dry cleaning because it takes less work than hand washing.

History
History

The ancient Romans used a chemical called ammonia (derived from urine) and fuller's earth (a clay that can absorb grease and oil.) to clean their woolen clothes. Such laundries were very famous, with at least one in every town of any notability, and frequently the largest employer in a district. These laundries got their urine from farm animals, or from special pots situated at public bathrooms. The workforce made so much money that fuller's guilds (a group that works in solely one job, in this case, making fuller's earth, this special clay) were an important political force. Also, the government taxed the collection of urine and sent people to jail for wetting their pants.
Modern dry cleaning uses solvents that do not use water to remove dirt and stains from clothing. Jean Baptiste Jolly discovered that petroleum-based solvents (chemicals like gasoline or kerosene) can be used for dry-cleaning in the mid-19th century.  Jolly was a French dye-works owner. He noticed that his tablecloth became cleaner after his maid spilled kerosene on it. Because of this, he developed a service cleaning people's clothes this way, which became known as "nettoyage à sec" or "dry cleaning".

Early dry cleaners used petroleum-based solvents, such as gasoline (petrol) and kerosene. Fire concerns led William Joseph Stoddard, a dry cleaner from Atlanta, to develop Stoddard solvent as a slightly less flammable alternative to gasoline-based solvents. The government started to control dry cleaners because the highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions.