Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Members of Congress
 Senator Amy Klobuchar
 Senator Tina Smith
 U.S. Representative (1st District ) – Tim Walz
 U.S. Representative (4th District ) – Betty McCollum
 U.S. Representative (5th District ) – Keith Ellison
 U.S. Representative (7th District ) – Collin Peterson
 U.S. Representative (8th District ) – Jim Oberstar

Current leadership
 Chair – Brian Melendez
 Associate Chair – Donna Cassutt
 Treasurer – Lori Sellner
 Secretary – Sue Rego
 Affirmative Action Officer – Frank Brown

Related pages
 United States presidential election, 1984

References

Other websites
 Official Minnesota DFL Party website
 Official Dodge County DFL Party website 
 Minneapolis City DFL Party website
Further reading
 Delton, Jennifer A. Making Minnesota Liberal: Civil Rights and the Transformation of the Democratic Party. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002.
 Haynes, John Earl. Farm Coops and the Election of Hubert Humphrey to the Senate. Agricultural History 57, no. 2 (Fall 1983).
 Haynes, John Earl. Dubious Alliance: The Making of Minnesota's DFL Party. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
 Henrickson, Gary P. Minnesota in the 'McCarthy' Period": 1946–1954. Ph.D. diss. University of Minnesota, 1981.
 Lebedoff, David. The 21st Ballot: A Political Party Struggle in Minnesota. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969.
 Lebedoff, David. Ward Number Six. New York: Scribner, 1972. Discusses the entry of radicals into the DFL party in 1968.
 Mitau, G. Theodore. The Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party Schism of 1948. Minnesota History 34 (Spring 1955).
Organizations based in Minnesota
Political parties in the United States
Democratic Party (United States)
1944 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in Minnesota
Minnesota was admitted to the Union on May 11, 1858.
As of July 7, 2009, Minnesota has had 40 senators serve in the US Senate.

Class I

Class II

All living senators
Rudy Boschwitz
Dean Barkley
Norm Coleman
David Durenberger
Mark Dayton
Amy Klobuchar
Al Franken

Related pages
Classes of United States Senators

References

Other websites
Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
Chronological list of U.S. Senators

Minnesota
The Governor of Minnesota is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Minnesota, leading the state's executive branch. Thirty-nine different people have been governor of the state. State governors are elected to office by popular vote. The current governor of Minnesota is Democratic Tim Walz.

Cabinet
The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state departments.  The governor appoints these department heads, who are usually called commissioners.  Cabinet-level departments include:
Department of Administration
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Department of Corrections
Department of Education
Department of Employee Relations
Department of Employment and Economic Development
Department of Finance
Department of Health
Department of Human Rights
Department of Human Services
Iron Range Resources (Also known as the IRRB [pronounced "eye-triple-r-b"])
Department of Labor and Industry
Bureau of Mediation Services
Metropolitan Council
Department of Military Affairs
Minnesota Higher Education Services Office
Minnesota Housing Finance Agency
Department of Natural Resources
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Department of Public Safety
Department of Revenue
Department of Transportation
Department of Veterans Affairs

Residence
The Minnesota Governor's Residence is located in Saint Paul, at 1006 Summit Avenue.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Website of the governor and lieutenant governor
Minnesota Constitution, Article V
is a town in Greater Metropolitan Tokyo, Japan.

Geography
Okutama has an area of 225.63 km². Mount Kumotori, Tokyo's highest peak at 2017 m, divides Okutama from the Okuchichibu region of the neighboring Saitama and Yamanashi Prefectures. Tokyo's northernmost and westernmost points lie in Okutama, as does Lake Okutama, an important source of water for Tokyo, located above the Ogōchi Dam in the town.

References

Other websites
 http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/english/index.html ;   

Towns in Japan
Tokyo Metropolis
The Flag of Minnesota is the state seal on a  blue background. The flag that people use now was made in 1957 and the state seal on the flag was changed in 1983. In the past, people used a different flag that looked like the one that Minnesota uses now, but it had different colors on the front and back of the flag. Some people don't like the flag because they think it is too complicated and they think it should be simpler.

Related pages
Minnesota
Flag

Minnesota
Minnesota
The Great Seal of the State of Minnesota is the insignia that the Secretary of State affixes to government papers and documents to make them official.

Related pages
Flag of Minnesota

Minnesota
Minnesota
Sweet corn (Zea mays convar. saccharata var. rugosa; also called Indian corn, sugar corn, and pole corn) is a variety of maize with a high sugar content and prepared as a vegetable.

Related pages
 Cornbread

References

Vegetables
Maize
Alternative country (sometimes called alt-country, or Americana) is a type of country music. It has singers or bands that sound very different from mainstream or pop country music. "Alternative country" has been used to describe country music bands and artists that have influences such as roots rock, bluegrass, rockabilly, Americana, honky-tonk, alternative rock, folk rock, or punk.

History
In the 1990s the term alternative country (which is like the term alternative rock, which was becoming popular at the same time), began to be used to talk about different groups of musicians and singers who did not follow the same traditions of regular country music, and who had a different sound. Many of them did not follow the high production values (such as spending a lot of money in the recording studio) of the big country music industry at the time, which was mostly based in Nashville, Tennessee.
Lyrics in alternative country might be depressing or about social issues, and often from the heart. They do not follow the clichés sometimes used by mainstream country musicians as often. In other ways, the sounds of alternative country artists do not always have much in common. They can include traditional American folk tunes, bluegrass, and other types of sounds. It can be music that does not sound like mainstream rock or country. This has become even more confusing with "alternative country artists" saying that they do not want to be called alternative country, with more mainstream artists saying they are alternative country, and with people saying that older musicians or musicians from the past are alternative country. No Depression, the most popular magazine about alternative country, said that it covered "alternative-country music (whatever that is)".
In the 1980s, in southern California, some musicians tried to make some music that had parts of country and parts of punk. This was called the "cowpunk scene". It had bands like Jason and the Scorchers. These styles came together in Uncle Tupelo's popular album No Depression, which came out in 1990. Many people think it was the first alternative country album. A magazine called No Depression later came out that was written about alternative country. The magazine was named after Uncle Tupelo's album. The band made three more important albums and joined a big record label. The band broke up in 1994. Musicians in the band and people around the band later started three other important alternative country bands: Wilco, Son Volt and Bottle Rockets. Bottle Rockets signed, along with acts like Freakwater, The Old 97's and Robbie Fulks, to the Chicago-based indie record label, Bloodshot. They played a type of alternative country called insurgent country
. The bands Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, Blood Oranges and Drive-By Truckers  kept going in this direction before most began to move more in the direction of rock music in the 2000s.
Notes

Sources
 Alden, Grant; & Blackstock, Peter (1998). "No Depression: An Introduction to Alternative Country Music. Whatever That Is". Dowling Pr. .
 Goodman, David (1999).  "Modern Twang: An Alternative Country Music Guide and Directory". Dowling Pr. .

 Kasten, Roy (April 29, 2008), Fifteen Things You Might Not Know about The Bottle Rockets, on Their Fifteenth Birthday , Riverfront Times.
 Hogeland, William (March 14, 2004),  Emulating the Real and Vital Guthrie, Not St. Woody, New York Times.

Other websites
"Radio Heartland ~ Streams online with Alternative Country, Americana, Blue Grass and more "
Joe Sixpack's alternative country music guide 
"So what is insurgent country anyway?"
alt.country: what is this stuff? from American Studies at the University of Virginia
Americana-UK UK Homeplace for alt.country / americana

Country music
The Upper Midwest is a region of the United States with no agreed-upon boundaries, but it almost always lies within the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwest region, which includes the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana.

Other websites 
The History of the Upper Midwest: An Overview
USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center 
U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Upper Midwest Mineral Resources Program

Midwestern United States
The Animikie Group of sediments were deposited between 2.5 and 1.8 billion years ago, within the Animikie Basin. This group of formations are divided into the Gunflint Range, the Mesabi and Vermilion ranges, and the Cuyuna Range.

Geology
Mountain ranges of the United States
Mountains of the United States
Mountains of Canada
"Hail! Minnesota" (also simply called "Minnesota" in early years) is the state song of Minnesota. It began at the University of Minnesota in the early 1900s when some students decided to honor their graduating class with a new song. In 1945, the Minnesota State Legislature approved the tune as the state song.

Lyrics

Minnesota, Hail to Thee!
Hail to Thee, our state so dear,
Thy light shall ever be
A beacon bright and clear.
Thy sons and daughters true
Will proclaim Thee near and far.
They shall guard thy fame and adore thy name;
Thou shalt be their Northern Star!

Like the stream that bends to sea,
Like the pine that seeks the blue;
Minnesota, still for Thee
Thy sons are strong and true!
From thy woods and waters fair,
From thy prairies waving far.
At thy call they throng with a shout and song;
Hailing Thee their Northern Star!

References

Other websites
Minnesota Secretary of State  with sheet music and recording.

Minnesota
1900s establishments in Minnesota
United States state songs
Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible mushrooms closely related to the cup fungi. These appear honeycomb-like in that the upper portion is composed of a network of ridges with pits between them.

China produces cultivated morels.

Morels are the state mushroom of Minnesota, USA.

References

Other websites

 MushroomExpert.com's Morel section
 Healing-mushrooms.net's Morel page
 Morel Satisfaction: Stalking the Wild Mushroom from National Public Radio
 Morel Mushroom Discussion Forum 

Edible fungi
Mushrooms
Cypripedium reginae, also known as he Showy Lady's-slipper, the Pink-and-white Lady's-slipper, or the Queen's Lady's-slipper, is a rare temperate lady's-slipper orchid native to northern North America. It grows white flowers, with pink labella.

References 

 NatureServe (2006), "Cypripedium reginae", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1., Arlington, Virginia

 Gray's Manual of Botany of the Northern United States, American Book Company, 1889

Other websites 

Minnesota Secretary of State: State Flower , accessed January 31, 2004
US Geological Survey: Showy Lady Slipper, accessed January 31, 2004
Showy Lady's-slipper: Queen Lady's-slipper(botany.wisc.edu) , accessed Nov 19, 2005
NRCS: USDA Plants Profile: Cypripedium reginae

Orchids
The Lake Superior agate is a type of agate stained by iron and found on the shores of Lake Superior. Its wide distribution and iron-rich bands of color reflect the gemstone's geologic history in Minnesota. In 1969 the Lake Superior agate was picked by the Minnesota Legislature as the official state gemstone.

References  
 Minnesota's State Gem: The Lake Superior Agate

Gemstones
Wild rice (also called Canada rice, Indian rice, and water oats) is four species of grasses forming the genus Zizania, and the grain which can be harvested from them. The grain was historically gathered and eaten in both North America and China. While it is now something of a delicacy in North America, the grain is no longer eaten in China, where the plant's stem is used as a vegetable.

Other websites 
 Australian wild rice; information about cultivated wild rice in Australia 
 Zizania in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System
 Save Our Rice Alliance; information on wild rice harvest, management and distribution across the Upper Great Lakes Region
 Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne
 Asian Vegetables
 Zizania aquatica
 Jenks, Albert Ernest (1901). The wild rice gatherers of the Upper Lakes: a study in American primitive economics.

Rice
The Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) is a pine native to northeastern North America. The Red Pine grows in the area from Newfoundland west to southeast Manitoba, and south to northern Illinois and Pennsylvania, with a small outlying population in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. In the Upper Midwest of the United States it is sometimes known by the confusing name Norway Pine even though it is not native to Norway.
It is the state tree of Minnesota.

References

Other websites
Gymnosperm Database: Pinus resinosa
Flora of North America: Pinus resinosa
Red Pine Content: Pinus resinosa

Conifers
Plants of North America
L'Étoile du Nord is a French phrase meaning "The Star of the North". It is the motto of the U.S. state of Minnesota.  It was chosen by the state's first governor, Henry Hastings Sibley, and was adopted in 1861, three years after Minnesota became a state. Because of this motto, one of Minnesota's nicknames is The North Star State. The Minnesota North Stars chose the English translation for their name.

References

Minnesota
State mottos of the United States
French words and phrases
Grace is a 1918 photograph by Eric Enstrom. It depicts an old man, Charles Wilden, with hands folded, saying a prayer over a table with a simple meal. It was created in Bovey, Minnesota. In 2002, the Minnesota State Legislature established it as the state photograph.

References

Other websites
GRACE by Enstrom  - Website for Photograph

Photographs
1910s works
Walleye  (Sander vitreus) is a freshwater perciform fish native to most of Canada and to the northern United States. 

It is a North American close relative of the European pikeperch. 

The walleye is sometimes also called the yellow walleye to distinguish it from the blue walleye, which is an extinct subspecies formerly found in the southern Great Lakes.

References 
 
 Boyd Huppert (December 7, 2004). "Walleye or Zander? What are you really eating?" KARE.
 FishBase information on Walleye

Other websites 
 Nativefish.org article about the blue walleye 
 Information about Sander vitreus from the University of Minnesota 

Edible fish
Perciformes
Freshwater fish
Dakota may refer to:

Geography 

 American states:
 North Dakota 
 South Dakota

Other 
 Dakota people, a Native American tribe
 "Douglas Dakota", military aircraft C-47 Skytrain
 Earthbound character Mr. Saturn often utters the phrase "Dakota"

Related pages
  

sl:North Dakota
The Territory of Minnesota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1849, until May 11, 1858, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Minnesota.

Territorial Governors

Territorial Secretaries
Charles K. Smith, 1849–1851
Alexander Wilkin, 1851–1853
Joseph Rosser. 1853–1857
Charles L. Chase 1857–1858

Congressional Delegates
Henry Hastings Sibley, 31st Congress, 32nd Congress, 1849–1853
Henry Mower Rice, 33rd Congress, 34th Congress, 1853–1857
William W. Kingsbury, 35th Congress, 1857–1858

Other websites 

Minnesota historic documents (incl. Organic Act, Enabling Act, Act of Admission and territorial maps) 

1849 establishments in the United States
1850s disestablishments in the United States
1840s in the United States
History of Minnesota
1858 disestablishments
Former territories of the United States
Two other laws support the Australian Constitution. The first is the Statute of Westminster, as passed by the Commonwealth as the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942. The second is the Australia Act 1986, which was passed by the Parliaments of every Australian state, the United Kingdom, and the Australian Federal Parliament. Together, these Acts had the effect of cutting all constitutional links between Australia and the United Kingdom. Even though the same person, King Charles III, is the monarch of both countries, these are now separate countries.

Under Australia's common law system, the High Court of Australia and the Federal Court of Australia have the power to decide what the constitution actually means.

History
The history of the Constitution of Australia began with moves towards federation in the 19th century. The Australian colonies joined together to form the Commonwealth of Australian in 1901.

Federation.
Federation.

In the mid-19th century, the Australian colonies needed to work together on things that affected them all, especially tariffs between the colonies. This cooperation led to plans to join the colonies together in a single federation. The push to do this came mainly from Britain and there was little local support. The smaller colonies thought they would be taken over by the larger ones. Victoria and New South Wales did not agree about the need to protect local industry, as opposed to allowing everyone to trade freely. The then-recent American Civil War also weakened the case for federalism. These difficulties led to the failure of several attempts to bring about federation in the 1860s and 1850s.
The British government made one change before the Bill was passed. The Chief Justices of the colonies wanted the right to appeal decisions of the High Court to the Privy Council on constitutional matters. They were worried that the limits of the powers of the Commonwealth or States could be changed by parliament. The British Parliament passed the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act in 1900. Western Australia finally agreed to join the Commonwealth in time for it to join the Commonwealth of Australia, which officially began on 1 January 1901.

In 1990, the Public Records Office in London loaned the original copy 1900 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act to Australia. The Australian government wanted to keep the copy. The British parliament agreed by passing the Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990.
The Statute of Westminster and the Australia Acts
Although Federation made Australia independent of Britain, legally the Commonwealth was a creation of the British Imperial Parliament, through the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Imp), which applied to Australia. As a result, there was continued uncertainty as to whether British Imperial laws still applied to the Commonwealth. This was fixed by the Statute of Westminster 1931, adopted by the Commonwealth via the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942. The Statute of Westminster freed the Dominions, including the Commonwealth, from Imperial laws and controls. Legally, this is the moment of Australia's national independence.
However, British laws were still more important in Australian states. This was fixed by the Australia Act 1986, which was passed by the parliaments of Australia, the United Kingdom, and each of the states. This law stopped the British Parliament's power to make laws over Australian states. It also stopped appeals from the Australian courts to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. As this was a very important document, Queen Elizabeth II travelled to Australia to sign the proclamation of the law.
One result of these two laws is that Australia is now a fully independent country. The Constitution is now different from the original Act, as the Australian people can change the Constitution, by referendum. However, the original Act remains on the UK's law book with a note saying, "The Constitution is not necessarily in the form in which it is in force in Australia". Even if the United Kingdom Parliament were to remove the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, it would have no effect on Australia.

Articles
The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Imp) contains a Preamble, and nine sections. Sections 1– 8 are the laws to set up the Commonwealth. Section 9, starting with the words "The Constitution of the Commonwealth shall be as follows ...", contains the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Constitution itself is in eight chapters, with 128 sections.
The Parliament
Chapter I sets up the Parliament of Australia. This has three parts:
 the Sovereign (King or Queen) of Australia, who is represented by the Governor-General of Australia
 the House of Representatives
 the Senate.

Section 1 says that legislative power belongs to the Parliament. It is the most powerful part of government.

Part II of Chapter 1 is about the Senate. Senators are to be "directly chosen by the people of the State", voting as a single electorate. Each State is to have the same number of senators. Currently, there are 12 senators for each State, and 2 each for the mainland territories, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.
Part III of Chapter 1 is about the House of Representatives. Section 24 says the House must have twice as many members as the Senate, each elected by a single electorate. This is called the 'Nexus'. It designed to prevent swamping of the senate's power in the case of a joint sitting (see Section 57 below). The number of electorates in a State is to be based on its share of the national population.

Part IV of Chapter 1 says who can vote, who can be elected to the parliament, how much members can be paid, parliamentary rules and related matters.
The Executive Government
Chapter II sets up the executive branch of government. Executive power is to be exercised by the Governor-General, advised by the Federal Executive Council. The Governor-General is the commander in chief. He or she may appoint and dismiss the members of the Executive Council, ministers of state, and all officers of the executive government. These powers, along with the powers to dissolve (or refuse to dissolve) parliament (Section 5, Section 57), are termed "reserve powers". The use of these powers is by convention. Generally, the Governor-General acts only on the advice of the Prime Minister. There has been only one instance of the Governor-General not taking the Prime Minister's advice. Governor-General Sir John Kerr, acting on his own, dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis.
Reserve powers in all Westminster nations are only extremely rarely exercised outside of the understood conventions.  However, in contrast with the constitutions of other Commonwealth Realms such as Canada, which formally grant extensive reserve powers to the Monarch, even the formal powers of the Queen of Australia are extremely limited, and most powers can be used only by the Governor-General.

Section 68 says that the Command in chief of Australia's naval and military forces "is vested in the Governor General as the Queen's representative". The Commander in chief of the Australian Defence Force is now Her Excellency Quentin Bryce as the Governor General of Australia. The Queen of Australia is not in command of the military.
The Judicature
Chapter III sets up the judicial branch of government. Section 71 gives judicial power to a "Federal Supreme Court" called the High Court of Australia. The Parliament can also make new federal courts or give other courts federal powers. Such courts, called "Chapter III Courts", are the only courts that can use federal judicial power. Sections 73 and 75-78 outline the original and appellate jurisdiction of the High Court. Section 74 explains how an appeal can be made to the Queen in Council. Section 79 allows Parliament to limit the number of judges able to exercise federal jurisdiction and section 80 guarantees trial by jury for indictable offences against the Commonwealth.
Finance and Trade
Chapter IV deals with finance and trade in the federal system. Section 81 says that all Commonwealth revenue shall form the Consolidated Revenue Fund. Parliament can make laws as to the how its money is spent (Section 53). Unlike most other powers of the parliament, laws made under this power cannot usually be challenged. Section 90 gives the Commonwealth exclusive power over duties of custom and excise.

Section 92 provides that "trade, commerce, and intercourse among the States shall be absolutely free". The precise meaning of this phrase is the subject of a considerable body of law.
Section 96 gives the Commonwealth power to give money to States "on such terms and conditions as the Parliament thinks fit". This power is not limited by any other part of the Constitution, such as Section 99 that forbids giving preference to one State or over another State. It is subject only to Section 116, freedom of religion, and possibly other such freedoms. This power, which was only meant to be used ("during a period of ten years ... and thereafter until the Parliament otherwise provides"), has been used by the Commonwealth to encourage cooperation by the States to various extents over the years.

Section 101 sets up an Inter-State Commission, a body which is no longer exists, but which was meant to have a significant role in the federal structure.

The States
Chapter V says what the States can do in a federal system. Sections 106-108 preserve the Constitution, the powers of the Parliament, and the laws in force of each of the States.
Section 109 says that, where a State law is different to a federal law, the federal law applies.

Section 111 says that a State can give up any part of its lands to the Commonwealth. This has happened several times. South Australia gave the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth.

Section 114 stops any state from having its own military force. It also stops the State or the Commonwealth taxing each other's property.

Section 116 sets out "freedom of religion", by stopping the Commonwealth from making any law to start a religion, to impose any religious observance, or to stop a religion, and by stopping religious discrimination for public office.

New States
Chapter VI allows new states to be made, or to join the Commonwealth. Section 122 allows the Parliament to provide for the representation in Parliament of any new territory. Section 123 says that changing the boundaries of a State needs the support of the Parliament of that State and must pass a referendum in that State.
No new states have joined the Commonwealth since federation.

Miscellaneous
Chapter VII says that the seat of government of the Commonwealth (now Canberra) shall be in New South Wales but no less than one hundred miles from Sydney, and that the Governor-General may appoint deputies. Section 127 first said that Aborigines cannot be counted in any Commonwealth or State census. This section was changed in 1967.

Alteration of the Constitution

Chapter VIII sets out how the Constitution can be changed. Section 128 says that changes must be approved by a referendum. A successful change needs:
 a majority in both houses of the federal parliament; and
 a majority of votes nationally in a referendum.
 a majority in a majority of states
The Governor-General must put the referendum bill to the people between two and six months after passing parliament. After the constitutional amendment bill has passed both the parliament and the referendum, it then receives Royal Assent from the Governor-General. This makes it the new law and the wording of the Constitution is changed.

An exception to this process is if the amendment bill is rejected by one house of Federal Parliament. If the bill passes the first house and is rejected by the second, then after three months the first house may pass it again. If the bill is still rejected by the second house, then the Governor-General may choose to still put the bill to the people's vote.

Changes
As mentioned above, changing the Constitution requires a referendum in which the "Yes" vote achieves a majority nationally, as well as majorities in a majority of states.
Forty-four proposals to change the Constitution have been voted on at referendums. Eight have been approved. The following is a list of changes that have been approved.
 1906– Senate Elections– changed Section 13 to change the length and dates of Senators' terms of office.
 1910– State Debts– changed Section 105 to give the Commonwealth power to take over state debts.
 1928– State Debts– added Section 105A to make sure the Financial Agreement reached between the  Commonwealth and State governments in 1927 was legal.
 1946– Social Services– added Section 51 (xxiiiA) to give more power to the Commonwealth government over a range of social services.
 1967– Aborigines– changed Section 51 (xxvi) to give power to the Commonwealth government to legislate for people of any race to Aborigines; repealed Section 127 which stated that "In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives shall not be counted."
 1977
1977
Senate Casual Vacancies– part of the political fallout of the constitutional crisis of 1975; formalised the convention, broken in 1975, that when a casual vacancy arises in the Senate, the relevant state parliament must choose the a new Senator from the same political party as the departing Senator (if that party still exists).
 Referendums– changed Section 128 to allow residents of the Territories to vote in referendums, and be counted towards the national total.
 Retirement of Judges– changed Section 72 to make judges retire at age 70 from federal courts.
The role of conventions
As well as the written Constitution and Letters Patent issued by the Crown, conventions are an important part of the Constitution. These have developed over the years and define how various constitutional mechanisms work in practice.

Conventions play a powerful role in the operation of the Australian constitution because of its set-up and operation as a Westminster system of responsible government. Some important conventions include:
 The constitution includes a Prime Minister of Australia. This position began as the head of the cabinet. The Prime Minister is the head of government.
 While there are few constitutional restrictions on the power of the Governor-General, by convention the Governor-General acts on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The convention that, when the Senator from a particular State vacates his or her position during the term of office, the State government concerned would nominate a replacement from the same political party as the departing Senator. This convention was allegedly broken first by the Lewis government of New South Wales and then by the Bjelke-Petersen government of Queensland, who both filled Labor vacancies with, respectively, an independent and a Labor member opposed to the Whitlam government.
Note: The convention was written into the Constitution after the national referendum of 1977. The change means a new Senator has to be from the same party as the old one. This would have prevented the appointment by Lewis, but not that by Bjelke-Petersen. However, the change also says that if "before taking his seat [the chosen Senator] ceases to be a member of that party...he shall be deemed not to have been so chosen or appointed".  Bjelke-Petersen appointee Albert Patrick Field was expelled from the Labor Party before taking his seat and would not have been appointed under the changed Constitution.
 The convention that, when the Senate is controlled by a party which does not control the House of Representatives, the Senate would not vote against money supply to the government. This convention was allegedly broken by the Senate controlled by the Liberal-Country party coalition in 1975.
Interpretation
In line with the common law tradition in Australia, the law on the interpretation and application of the Constitution has developed largely through judgments by the High Court of Australia. In a number of important cases, the High Court has developed several doctrines which underlie the interpretation of the Australian Constitution. Some examples include:
 Separation of powers– The three separate chapters dealing with the three branches of government implies a separation of powers, similar to that of the United States, but unusual for a government within the Westminster system. Thus, for example, the legislature cannot purport to predetermine the legal outcome, or to change the direction or outcome, of a court case.
 Division of powers– Powers of government are divided between the Commonwealth and the State governments, with certain powers being exclusive to the Commonwealth, others being concurrently exercised, and the remainder being exclusively held by the States.
The vast majority of constitutional cases before the High Court deal with characterisation: whether new laws are part of the power granted to the Commonwealth government by the Constitution.

Criticism

Protection of rights
The Australian Constitution does not include a Bill of Rights. Some people at the 1898 Constitutional Convention wanted a Bill of Rights like the United States Constitution, but the majority felt that the traditional rights and freedoms of British subjects were enough. These would be protected by the Parliamentary system and independent judiciary which the Constitution would create. As a result, the Australian Constitution has often been criticised for not protecting rights and freedoms.
Some rights were included:
 Right to trial by jury– Section 80 creates a right to trial by jury for indictable offences against Commonwealth law. There are serious limits to this right however, since the Commonwealth is free to make any offence, no matter how serious the punishment, triable otherwise than on indictment. As Justice Higgins said in R. v. Archdall & Roskruge; Ex parte Carrigan and Brown (1928) 41 CLR 128: "if there be an indictment, there must be a jury, but there is nothing to compel procedure by indictment". In practice, however, no major issue of abuse of this loophole has been raised.
 Right to just compensation– Paragraph 51(xxxi) creates a right to just compensation for assets taken by the Commonwealth.
Right to freedom of religion– Section 116 creates a limited right to freedom of religion. It stops the Commonwealth (but not the states) from "making any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion." This section is based on the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, but is weaker in operation. As the states keep all powers they had as colonies before federation, except for those explicitly given to the Commonwealth, this section does not affect the states' powers to legislate on religion, and, in accordance with High Court interpretations, no Federal legislation on religion, short of establishing an official religion of Australia, would be limited by it either.
Right to freedom from discrimination against out-of-State residents -Section 117 stops disability or discrimination in one state against the resident of another state. This is interpreted widely (Street v Queensland Bar Association), but does not prohibit states from imposing residential requirements where they are required by the State's autonomy and its responsibility to its people.
In 1992 and 1994, the High Court of Australia found that the Constitution gave an "implied" right to freedom of political communication, in a series of cases including the Australian Capital Television case and the Theophanous case. This was seen as a necessary part of the democratic system created by the Constitution. The application of this "implied right" has, however, been restricted in later cases, such as Lange v ABC. It is in no way equivalent to a freedom of speech, and only protects individuals against the government trying to limit their political communication: it offers no protection against other individuals.
In 2007, the High Court of Australia in Roach v Electoral Commissioner said that sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution, by providing that members of the House of Representatives and the Senate be "directly chosen by the people", created a limited right to vote. This means that there is a universal franchise in principle, and limited the Federal Parliament's legislative power to change it. In the case, a legislative change to stop all prisoners from voting (as opposed to only those serving sentences of three years or more, as it was before the amendment) was rejected as breaking that right.

Other attempts to find other "implied rights" in High Court cases have not been successful.
Preamble
While a pro forma preamble prefaces the Imperial Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, the Australian Constitution itself does not have a preamble. There have been some calls to add one to express the spirit and aspirations embodied in the constitution. However, there has been fierce opposition, usually on the basis of the content of the preamble, as well as possible legal ramifications of this text. In 1999, a proposed preamble, written by John Howard, the then Prime Minister, was defeated in a referendum held concurrently with the Republic referendum. The "Yes" vote (in favour of the insertion of the preamble) did not achieve a majority in any of the six states.
There have been many people who have wanted Australia to become a republic. On 6 November 1999, Australians did not support a law to remove the Queen and replace the Governor-General with a President. The President was to be appointed by a two-thirds majority of the members of the Commonwealth Parliament. Opinion poll results said that the majority of Australians were in favour of some form of a republic. Many voters who voted against the 1999 referendum wanted to be able to vote for a President. In research and polling following the 1999 referendum, people said that an appointed President would not be able to act independently of the Parliament. By being able to appoint the President, rather than having the people elect a President, many felt that too much power was being given to Parliament with no check or balance on that power. Support for holding another referendum in the near future seems to be growing, and another referendum may be held
. Former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said the current (2012) situation "no longer reflects either the fundamental democratic principles that underpin the Australian nation or its diversity". He was thinking about a referendum for an independent, elected President. He went on to say that "over the next year there would be an "accelerated public debate" about the monarchy question".
Commemoration
Constitution Day is celebrated on 9 July, the date the Constitution became law in 1900. The date is not a public holiday. Constitution Day was first held on 9 July 2000 to mark the centenary of the Constitution as part of the Centenary of Federation. The celebrations were not big and have not been widely held after 2001. Constitution Day was revived in 2007 and is jointly organised by the National Archives of Australia, which holds the original Constitution documents, and the Department of Immigration and Citizenship.

Notes

References

Related pages
Constitutionalism
Other websites
 Official text (PDF) as changed and in force today within Australia, from ComLaw
 
 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, 1900 . The history, development, and structure of the Australian constitution at Documenting a Democracy.
 Full text (HTML) file of the Constitution . From the Parliament of Australia web site.
 Royal Commission of Assent  enacting the Constitution and founding of the Commonwealth of Australia. From the National Archives of Australia web site.
 The Australian Constitution: a First Reading , John Kilcullen, Macquarie University, 2004
 Final Report of the Constitutional Commission Summary: 1988 

Law of Australia
Australia
Wildlife management is a general term for the process of keeping wild species at desirable levels as determined by wildlife managers. Wildlife management can include game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control.  Wildlife management has become an integrated science using disciplines such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to gain the best results.

Wildlife conservation aims to halt the loss of species. It does this by taking using ecological principles to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people. Most wildlife is concerned with the preservation and improvement of habitats. Techniques can include reforestation, pest control, irrigation, coppicing and hedge laying.
Game keeping is the management or control of wildlife for the wellbeing of game birds. It may include killing other animals which share the same niche or predators to maintain a high population of the more profitable species, such as pheasants introduced into woodland. In his 1933 book Game Management, Aldo Leopold, one of the pioneers of wildlife management as a science, defined it as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use".

Pest control is the control of real or perceived pests and can be used for the benefit of wildlife, farmers, gamekeepers or human safety. In the United States, wildlife management practices are often implemented by a governmental agency to uphold a law, such as the Endangered Species Act.

There are two general types of wildlife management:
Manipulative management acts on a population, either changing its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by the indirect means of altering food supply, habitat, density of predators, or prevalence of disease. This is appropriate when a population is to be harvested, or when it slides to an unacceptably low density or increases to an unacceptably high level. Such densities are inevitably the subjective view of the land owner, and may be disputed by animal welfare interests.
Custodial management is preventive or protective. The aim is to minimize external influences on the population and its habitat. It is appropriate in a national park where one of the stated goals is to protect ecological processes. It is also appropriate for conservation of a threatened species where the threat is of external origin rather than being intrinsic to the system. Feeding of animals by visitors is generally discouraged.

References 

Conservation
Drift velocity is the average velocity with which free particles, for example electrons, are pulled towards an electric field.

Velocity
A polar bear is an animal.

Polar Bear may also refer to:
Snow Patrol, a Scottish alternative rock band previously known as Polarbear
"Polar Bear", a song by Smile, later recorded by Queen
A make of undersuit for a diving drysuit.
A nickname for the ice-road truck driver Hugh Rowland in Ice Road Truckers
Alexander Auld (born January 7, 1981) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). Auld has also played for the New York Rangers, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Phoenix Coyotes, Boston Bruins, Ottawa Senators and Dallas Stars of the NHL. He has appeared internationally for Team Canada on three occasions – the 2001 World Junior Championships, the 2004 Spengler Cup, and the 2006 World Championships.

Awards
OHL Second All-Rookie Team - 1999
OHL Third All-Star Team - 2001
Cyclone Taylor Trophy (Vancouver Canucks MVP) - 2006
Molson Cup (Vancouver Canucks three-star selection leader) - 2006

Career statistics

International play
Played for Team Canada in:

2001 World Junior Championships (bronze medal)
2004 Spengler Cup (3rd place)
2006 World Championships (4th place)

Other websites 

Auld's biography at Hockeygoalies.org
1981 births
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Dallas Stars players
ECHL players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Living people
Manitoba Moose players
Ontario Hockey League players
Ottawa Senators players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Phoenix Coyotes players
San Antonio Rampage players
Vancouver Canucks players
A grove is a small group of trees with little or no undergrowth. For example: a sequoia grove, or a small orchard planted for the cultivation of fruits or nuts. Other words for groups of trees include woodland, copse, woodlot, thicket or spinney.

Related pages
 The National Grove of State Trees at the United States National Arboretum

Further reading 
 

Trees
Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (, tr. Ígor' Ivánovič Sikórskij; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972) was Russian and American  aviation pioneer in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. He built and improved upon the first helicopter that could be used.

Biography 
Igor Sikorsky was born on May, 25, 1889, in Kyiv.

Sikorsky graduated from the Marine Cadet Corps (1903–1906) in Saint Petersburg and the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (1907–1911). He studied at the Paris Technical School (1906).

On February 18, 1918, he emigrated to the French Republic (Paris), and in March, 1919 he moved to the United States. Until 1923, he had no his own income, sometimes he gave pilot lessons and lectured in secondary schools. But it was changed in 1923, when he founded an aviation company, later Sikorsky became the owner of the design and construction company "Sikorsky Aircraft". By 1939 he had built about 15 types of aircraft.

In 1925-1940, he developed a series of successful aircraft that brought many records to the United States.
Built in 1934 by Pan American World Airways, the Sikorsky S-42 set ten world records, and 10 S-42s became the world's first intercontinental passenger liners to operate regular flights across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

His helicopter was first shown to be useful when he added a winch on it. Soon after this, it saved the lives of two sailors during a hurricane.

He also started Sikorsky Aircraft, a huge helicopter manufacturing company which produces famous helicopters such as the Sea King and Skycrane.

He died on October 26, 1972 in Easton. Since his death, his office at Sikorsky Aircraft has been left.

Honours 
Igor Sikorsy has received more than 80 different high honors and a rare Wright Brothers Memorial Award.

He was named a Honorary Doctor of many universities around the world.

In 1979, the IAC immortalized the name of Igor Sikorsky in the name of a crater on the moon.

Since 1980, the American Helicopter Association has awarded the Sikorsky Prize.
In 1987, a square in the Primorsky District of St. Petersburg was named after Igor Sikorsky.

In August 2008, an exhibition dedicated to Igor Sikorsky was organized in the Lviv gallery.

On July 8, 2010 by the decision of the Kyiv City Council the name of Igor Sikorsky was assigned to the Aerospace Lyceum of the National Aviation University.

On October 27, 2011, Tankova Street in Kyiv was renamed by Kyiv City Council to Aviakonstruktora Igor Sikorsky Street.

In 2011, the main belt asteroid "10090 Sikorsky" was named in honour of Igor Sikorsky.

In 2015, one of the streets in Vinnytsia was named after Igor Sikorsky.

In 2016, Kyiv International Airport (formerly Zhulyany Airport) was named after Sikorsky.

In 2016, the National Technical University of Ukraine Kyiv Polytechnic Institute was named after Igor Sikorsky.

In 2016, the Museum of the Ukrainian Diaspora opened the first historical and memorial exhibition project "Our Sikorsky", which now operates on a permanent basis.
A monument to Igor Sikorsky was opened near the Sikorsky Airport in Kyiv on August 31, 2019, on Ukrainian Aviation Day.

References

People from Kyiv
1889 births
1972 deaths
Russian people
Aviators
Eastern Orthodox Christians
Russian inventors
American inventors