Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The basic parts of the LC-6 were accepted. A group of changes to the design came afterwards. The improved version of the LC-6 was called the Ausführung'' "B". This improvement changed the hand guard so that it gave better protection against heat and a better grip when it was wet.

These tests showed many problems. They were fixed by Stange in April 1942. This other improved version was called the LC-6/II. The prototype was then given many tests. These tests were set up by the HWA. The prototype was changed even more, and finally it became the LC-6/III prototype. This became the FG 42.

50 rifles were made in early 1943. Six of these were sent away to be tested more. These weapons had some serious faults. One rifle failed after firing only 2,100 rounds. Also, a soldier was injured when he tried to fire a rifle grenade.
Production
Several other changes were made to the FG 42 before it was allowed to be made. The first Rheinmetall design used chrome-nickel steel a lot. It was used on many parts which were needed to make the weapon work. There was not much of this material around. When the Luftwaffe was allowed to make 3,000 rifles for some more testing, the weapon was changed and manganese steel was used instead of chrome-nickel steel. The Heinrich Krieghoff company was asked to make some FG 42s. This was because Rheinmetall was not large enough to make lots of FG 42s. The weapon was first used by commandos during Operation Eiche in 1943. Operation Eiche was the dangerous mission that some Fallschirmjäger went on. During this mission, they had to rescue Benito Mussolini. The Fallschirmjäger team was led by Otto Skorzeny.
The weapon kept being changed. Because its first design was changed many times and the Luftwaffe'' needed different things, many different types of FG 42 were made. Papers and books written after World War II usually say that there were three main versions of FG 42. However, the Germans never said that they were different models. The "Model I", "Model II" and "Model III" were never officially mentioned. German papers just call the weapon the "FG 42". It was always the latest version of FG 42 that was mentioned.

BD 42 
The BD 42/I is a semi-automatic copy of the early FG 42 rifle. The BD 42/II is a semi-automatic copy of the later FG 42. Both of these were made by HZA Kulmbach GmbH.

Design details

General information
The FG 42 was a selective fire weapon. It was cooled by the air. The FG 42 also had its magazine at the side. It was quite easy to control if it was being fired on fully automatic mode.
Feeding and firing
The FG 42 got its bullets from a box-shaped magazine. This magazine could hold 10 or 20 rounds.

The FG 42 was semi-automatic when it was being fired from a closed bolt. There was not very much movement when the weapon was being fired. This meant that firing single shots was more accurate. When the weapon was being fired in automatic mode, it was fired from an open bolt. When automatic mode was on, the bolt stayed open to keep the weapon cool.
Testing
The FG 42 was supposed to give some useful firepower to Nazi Germany. However, only a small amount were made. When it was tested, the paratroopers quite liked it. However, the FG 42 did have some issues. The FG 42 had a 20, or sometimes 10, round magazine which was put into the left side of the rifle. It was quite usual for submachine guns to have magazines on the side, but the bigger magazine with the heavier cartridges of a rifle quite unbalanced. Also, the end of the FG 42 rose into the air quite quickly when it was being fired in automatic mode. This made accurate automatic fire difficult. It also meant that automatic fire was not very useful. The U.S. M14 rifle had problems similar to these.

Weapons based on the FG 42
The American M41 Johnson LMG has many things that are similar to the FG 42. Both of these had their magazines on the left side. They also fired from an open bolt in automatic mode and closed bolt in semi-automatic mode. Although there are some things that are similar, there is no evidence that the designers of one weapon copied the design of another.

The last known weapons that were based on the FG 42 are the Sturmgewehr 52 and M60 machine gun.

Use

After around 2,000 FG 42s were made by Krieghoff, the manganese steel that many important parts were made from were moved away to be used for other things. This meant that the weapon had to be redesigned to use stamped steel. Soldiers using the FG 42 asked for many small changes to be made to the design. These changes can be seen on later FG 42s. The FG 42 also had a simple bayonet under the barrel. It was hidden by the bipod. In the later version of the FG 42, the bayonet was shortened. Before the update, it was . Afterwards, it changed to about .
References and notes

Bibliography

Other websites

Battle rifles
Light machine guns
8 mm firearms
Bioorganic chemistry is a science that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. Bioorganic chemistry expands organic chemistry towards biology. This differs from biochemistry, which studies biological processes using chemistry. When investigating enzymes and cofactors, bioorganic chemistry overlaps bioinorganic chemistry.

Biophysical organic chemistry is a term used when attempting to describe intimate details of molecular recognition by bioorganic chemistry. 

Bioorganic chemistry is that branch of life science, which deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods.

References

Biochemistry
A carbocation is an ion with a positively-charged carbon atom. The charged carbon atom in a carbocation is a "sextet" (that is, it has only six electrons in its outer valence shell instead of eight valence electrons.) Carbon atoms with eight valence electrons have the maximum stability (octet rule). Therefore, carbocations are often reactive, seeking to fill the octet of valence electrons as well as regain a neutral charge. Logic would say that carbocation have sp3 hybridization with an empty sp3 orbital giving positive charge. However, the reactivity of a carbocation more closely resembles sp2 hybridization with a trigonal planar molecular geometry.
Definitions
A carbocation was previously often called a carbonium ion but chemists question the exact meaning. In present-day chemistry, a carbocation is any positively charged carbon atom. Two special types have been suggested: carbenium ions are trivalent and carbonium ions are pentavalent or hexavalent. University level textbooks only discuss carbocations as if they are carbenium ions, or discuss carbocations with a fleeting reference to the older phrase of carbonium ion or carbenium and carbonium ions. One textbook to this day stays with the older name of carbonium ion for carbenium ion and reserves the phrase hypervalent carbenium ion for CH5+.
History
In 1891, G. Merling reported that he added bromine to tropylidene (cycloheptatriene) and then heated the product to obtain a crystalline, water soluble material, . He did not suggest a structure for it; however Doering and Knox convincingly showed that it was tropylium (cycloheptatrienylium) bromide. This ion is predicted to be aromatic by the Hückel Rule.

In 1902, Norris and Kehrman independently discovered that colorless triphenylmethanol gave deep yellow solutions in concentrated sulfuric acid. Triphenylmethyl chloride similarly formed orange complexes with aluminium and tin chlorides. In 1902, Adolf von Baeyer recognized the salt-like character of the compounds formed.

He called the relationship between color and salt formation halochromy of which malachite green is a prime example.
Carbocations are reactive intermediates in many organic reactions. This idea, first proposed by Julius Stieglitz in 1899 was further developed by Hans Meerwein in his 1922 study of the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement. Carbocations were also found to be involved in the SN1 reaction, the E1 reaction, and in rearrangement reactions such as the Whitmore 1,2 shift. The chemical establishment was reluctant to accept the notion of a carbocation and for a long time the Journal of the American Chemical Society refused articles that mentioned them.
In 1962, Olah directly observed the tert-butyl carbocation by nuclear magnetic resonance as a stable species on dissolving tert-butyl fluoride in magic acid. The NMR of the norbornyl cation was first reported by Schleyer et al. and it was shown to undergo proton-scrambling over a barrier by Saunders et al.

Properties
In organic chemistry, a carbocation is often the target of nucleophilic attack by nucleophiles like hydroxyl (OH−) ions or halogen ions.

Carbocations are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the ionized carbon. Primary carbocations have one or zero carbons attached to the ionized carbon, secondary carbocations have two carbons attached to the ionized carbon, and tertiary carbocations have three carbons attached to the ionized carbon.
Stability of the carbocation increases with the number of alkyl groups bonded to the charge-bearing carbon. Tertiary carbocations are more stable (and form more readily) than secondary carbocations; primary carbocations are highly unstable because, while ionized higher-order carbons are stabilized by hyperconjugation, unsubstituted (primary) carbons are not. Therefore, reactions such as the SN1 reaction and the E1 elimination reaction normally do not occur if a primary carbocation would be formed. An exception to this occurs when there is a carbon-carbon double bond next to the ionized carbon. Such cations as allyl cation CH2=CH–CH2+ and benzyl cation C6H5–CH2+ are more stable than most other carbocations. Molecules which can form allyl or benzyl carbocations are especially reactive.
Carbocations undergo rearrangement reactions from less stable structures to equally stable or more stable ones with rate constants in excess of 109/sec. This fact complicates synthetic pathways to many compounds. For example, when 3-pentanol is heated with aqueous HCl, the initially formed 3-pentyl carbocation rearranges to a statistical mixture of the 3-pentyl and 2-pentyl. These cations react with chloride ion to produce about 1/3 3-chloropentane and 2/3 2-chloropentane.
Some carbocations such as the norbornyl cation exhibit more or less symmetrical three centre bonding. Cations of this sort have been referred to as non-classical ions. The energy difference between "classical" carbocations and "non-classical" isomers is often very small, and there is generally little, if any activation energy involved in the transition between "classical" and "non-classical" structures. The "non-classical" form of the 2-butyl carbocation is essentially 2-butene with a proton directly above the centre of what would be the carbon-carbon double bond.  "Non-classical" carbocations were once the subject of great controversy. One of George Olah's greatest contributions to chemistry was resolving this controversy.

Specific carbocations
Cyclopropylcarbinyl cations can be studied by NMR:
In the NMR spectrum  of a dimethyl derivative, two nonequivalent signals are found for the two methyl groups indicating that the molecular conformation of this cation not perpendicular (as in A) but is bisected (as in B) with the empty p-orbital and the cyclopropyl ring system in the same plane:

In terms of bent bond theory, this preference is explained by assuming favorable orbital overlap between the filled cyclopropane bent bonds and the empty p-orbital.

References

Other websites 
 Press Release The 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Nobelprize.org.9 Jun 2010

Www.ncertnic.in

Chemistry
An isodesmic reaction is a chemical reaction where the type of chemical bonds broken in the reactant are the same as the type of bonds formed in the reaction product. This type of reaction is often used as a hypothetical reaction in thermochemistry.

An example of an isodesmic reaction is 

CH3- + CH3X → CH4 + CH2X- (1)
       
X = F, Cl, Br, I
Equation 1 describes the deprotonation of a methyl halide by a methyl anion. The energy change associated with this exothermic reaction can be calculated using a computer. The energy change increases going from fluorine to chlorine to bromine and iodine. This shows that the CH2I- anion is the most stable and least basic of all the halides. Each of these reactions are isodesmic. The energy change in each example also depends on the difference in bond energy of the C-X bond in the base and conjugate acid. In other cases, the difference may be due to steric strain (the blocking of atoms by other atoms). The steric strain is small in fluorine (which is a small diameter atom) but large in iodine (in favor of the anion). So, the energy change grows between each example halide despite the fact that C-F bonds are stronger than C-I bonds.
The related term homodesmotic reaction also takes into account orbital hybridization. Homodesmotic reactions also have the same number of carbon to hydrogen (C-H) bonds. An example of a homodesmotic reaction is:
c-(CH2)3 + 3 CH3-CH3 →  3 CH3CH2CH3

Other websites 
 Gold Book IUPAC definition

References

Further reading
 

Computational chemistry
The sawfish are a family of rays which have a long body, like a shark. One feature that separates a sawfish from other rays is its long, saw-like snout. On either side of this rostrum are little teeth like a saw. 

Sawfish have a mouth, nostrils, and gill slits under their body, just like a ray. Also, their pectoral fins are enlarged, like those of a ray. Also like rays, when they settle on the bottom, they take in water through two spiracles just behing the eyes. This gets water to the gills without sand.

Several species can grow to about .

Rostrum 
The sawfish's most distinctive feature is the saw-like rostrum. The rostrum is covered with motion- and electro-sensitive pores. These allow sawfish to detect movement and even heartbeats of prey hiding under the ocean floor. The rostrum serves as a digging tool to unearth buried crustaceans.
If a suitable prey swims by, the normally lethargic sawfish springs from the bottom and slashes at it with its saw. This generally stuns or injures the prey sufficiently for the sawfish to devour it. Sawfish also defend themselves with their rostrum, against predators such as sharks and intruding divers. The 'teeth' protruding from the rostrum are not real teeth, but modified tooth-like structures called denticles.

References 

Rays
Eagle rays are cartilaginous fish in the ray family Myliobatidae. They are mostly large species living in the open ocean rather than on the sea bottom.

Eagle rays feed on molluscs and crustaceans, crushing their shells with their flattened teeth, while devil rays and manta rays filter plankton from the water. 

They are excellent swimmers and are able to breach the water up to several metres above the surface. Compared with other rays, they have long tails, and well-defined diamond-shaped bodies. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to up to six young at a time. They range from  to  in length.

The tail looks like a whip and may be as long as the body. It is armed with a sting. Eagle rays live close to the coast in depths of 1 to 30 metres and in exceptional cases they are found as deep as 300 m. The eagle ray is commonly seen cruising along sandy beaches in very shallow waters.
Classification 
In Nelson's Fishes of the World, the eagle rays are a subfamily, and are joined by the manta rays and the eagle rays. As Nelson sees it, there are seven genera in the family, in three subfamilies. In our classification, the three groups are families in the suborder Myliobatoidei.

References 

Rays
Glasgow Prestwick Airport   is the second airport serving Glasgow. It also serves the Greater Glasgow area. It is  northeast of the town of Prestwick in South Ayrshire. It is 32 miles from the city centre of Glasgow.

Prestwick is Scotland's largest airport by size. However, Edinburgh Airport, Glasgow International and Aberdeen Airport all handle more passengers. The year with the most passengers passing through Prestwick was 2007. Since 2007, a lot less passengers pass through Prestwick. 1.3 million passengers passed through the airport in 2011. This was 22% reduction from 2010.

Douglas Fowler McIntyre and the Duke of Hamilton owned the airport at first. These people were the first to fly a plane to the top of Mount Everest in 1933. During and after World War II it was a Royal Air Force base. In 1952 it was made a United States Air Force base.
The airport was made bigger in the early 1960s: the runway was made longer and a new terminal building was made. The new, bigger airport opened in 1964. Today, Glasgow Prestwick is mostly used by Ryanair.

On 8 March 2012, Infratil, the company which owns Prestwick, said that they had placed the airport up for sale. The Chief Executive Marco Bogoievski said that he does not regret selling the airport.

The Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm uses part of the airport. It has 3 Sea King helicopters there for search and rescue. They cover Ben Nevis, the Lakes, Northern Ireland and 200 NM (370 km; 230 mi) past the Irish coast. This force is often called 'HMS Gannet'. 15 officers, 11 ratings, 28 civil servants and 50 civilian staff work at the base.

References 

Airports in Scotland
South Ayrshire
Shamarpa or more formally Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche is Tibetan Buddhis teacher. Together with Karmapa he is the second lineage holder of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Shamarpa is regarded as manifestation of Amitabha Buddha. He also is the second lama who consciously incarnates in subsequent order of Buddhist teachers. 
The first Shamar Rinpoche Khedrup Drakpa Senge (1284–1349) was the principal disciple of the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorje.

Present Shamarpa
The present (14th) Shamarpa is Mipham Chokyi Lodro, born in Derge, Tibet in 1952.  At age four he was recognized by his uncle the 16th Karmapa.

Tibetan Buddhism
Nāropā (956–1041) was an Indian Buddhist teacher. He was the disciple of Tilopa and also brother and pupil of Niguma. Naropa was the main teacher of Marpa, the founder of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

Biography
Naropa was born a high status Brahmin and from an early age showed strong,  highly intelligent mind. At the age of 28 Naropa entered the famous Buddhist University at Nalanda where he studied both Sutra and Tantra. He had the reputation of a great scholar and debater. Later Naropa became studend of Tilopa and spent twelve years with him. While studying and meditating with his teacher Naropa met and overcame twelve minor and twelve major hardships. Eventually he reached full realization and become teacher of Marpa.

Buddhism
Iodine deficiency is when there is not enough iodine in the body.  Iodine is an essential trace element. The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine have iodine. In areas where marine food is not eaten, there is low iodine in the diet. This causes iodine deficiency which gives rise to
goiter (so-called endemic goiter), as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems.
The Lancet has said, "According to WHO, in 2007, nearly 2 billion individuals had insufficient iodine intake, a third being of school age. ... Thus iodine deficiency, as the single greatest preventable cause of mental retardation, is an important public-health problem."  Iodine deficiency causes diseases of the oral and salivary glands.
In these areas,small amounts of iodine to table salt in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and/or potassium iodate is added. This helps preventing iodine deficiency. This product is known as iodized salt. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foods. This includes flour, water and milk in areas of deficiency. Seafood is also a well known source of iodine. Thus, iodine deficiency is more common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in soil poor in iodine.

References

Other websites 
 International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders 
 Can Africa meet the goal of eliminating iodine-deficiency disorders by the year 2000? 
 

Nutrition problems
John Newton (born ) is an American actor.  He is best known for his work on the television series Superboy and Melrose Place.

1965 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from North Carolina
William Griffiths VC (1841–22 January 1879) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross.

1841 births
1879 deaths
Victoria Cross winners
Irish military people
The trachea, or windpipe, is the bony tube that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, and is an important part of the vertebrate respiratory system. In mammals, the trachea begins at the lower part of the larynx and continues to the lungs, where it branches into the right and left bronchi. Inflammation of the trachea can lead to other conditions, such as tracheitis, which is the inflammation of the linings of the trachea.

Invertebrate trachea 

The invertebrate trachea refers to the open respiratory system of terrestrial arthropods. It consists of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles that take metabolic gases to and from tissues.  The distribution of spiracles varies, but in general each segment of the body has only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it.
The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and diffuse water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gas may be moved actively or by passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their haemolymph.
This is one of the factors that may limit their size.

A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices. In the head, thorax, or abdomen, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as grasshoppers and bees, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a gill, or function as normal, via a plastron. Despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting (ecdysis).

References 

Animal anatomy
The Philadelphia Phillies traded Smith to the Atlanta Braves, along with Ozzie Virgil, Jr., for Steve Bedrosian and Milt Thompson. Smith made his major league debut on September 8, 1987 with the Atlanta Braves at age 21. In 1988, Smith pitched 3 shutouts, the season after his rookie year. The Atlanta Braves hoped Smith would turn into an ace pitcher as John Smoltz and Tom Glavine were becoming. But in 1989, Smith's earned run average (ERA) was at 4.75 at the end of the season, higher than his ERA in 1988 when it was at 3.69. He played the 1987-1993 seasons with the Atlanta Braves before being traded to the New York Mets for Dave Gallagher. With the New York Mets, Smith only played the 1994 season before being granted free agency on October 25 of that year. On December 1, 1994, Smith was signed as a free agent with the Cincinnati Reds. He played with the Cincinnati Reds for only half of the 1995 season before being traded to the Florida Marlins on July 1, 1995 as a free agent
. On December 23, 1995, Smith signed as a free agent with the San Diego Padres playing one season with them.
On June 9, 1998, Smith was traded to the Baltimore Orioles organization for minor leaguer, Eric Estes. He played his final game on September 24, 1998. He earned a career ERA of 4.55, striking out 640 batters. Smith also pitched 4 shutouts throughout his major league career.

References

Other websites 
 Baseball Reference
 Baseball Almanac
 Baseball prospectus statistics
 Sportsillustrated statistics
 Baseball Reference (Minor league) statistics through minor league career

1966 births
American baseball players
Atlanta Braves players
Baltimore Orioles players
Cincinnati Reds players
Living people
New York Mets players
San Diego Padres players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
Peter Luke Smith (born March 19, 1940) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played from 1962 to 1963 for the Boston Red Sox.

American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
1940 births
Living people
The trachea is a tube in animals that connects the mouth to the lungs.

Trachea might also refer to:
 Tracheids, long cells in the xylem of vascular plants
Urban Dictionary is a website which is a dictionary of slang words. The website was created in 1999 by California Polytechnic State University freshman, Aaron Peckham. The website was listed as #29 in Time's list of 50 best websites of 2008. The website has been featured on Tosh.0's "words of the week". As of January 2011, Urban Dictionary has a alexa rating of 688.

References

Other websites 
 Urban Dictionary

1999 establishments in California
American websites
The electric rays are a group of rays, flattened cartilaginous fish with enlarged pectoral fins. They are the order Torpediniformes. 

They can produce an electric discharge, ranging from as little as 8 volts up to 220 volts depending on species. There are 69 species in four subfamilies.

These rays have battery-like electric organs on both sides of their heads, which can make a powerful electric shock. They use this shock to stun their prey and for their own self defense.

Electric rays are found from shallow coastal waters down to at least  depth. They are sluggish and slow moving, propelling themselves along with their tails, rather than using their disc-shaped bodies, as other rays do. They feed on invertebrates and small fish. They lie in wait for prey below the sand or other substrate, using their electricity to stun and capture it.
Classification 
The electric rays are regarded as monophyletic, though in detail the group has been classified in several ways. This is one way the order can be classified.
Family Narcinidae (numbfishes)
Subfamily Narcininae
Subfamily Narkinae (sleeper rays)
Family Torpedinidae (torpedo electric rays)
Subfamily Hypninae (coffin rays)
Subfamily Torpedininae

The word torpedo comes from a genus of electric rays in the sub-family Torpedininae, namely Torpedo, which in turn comes from the Latin "torpere" (to be stiff or numb).

Related pages
 Electric fish

References 

Rays
Krispy Kreme is the name of an international chain of doughnut shops that was made by Vernon Rudolph in 1937. The real parent company of Krispy Kreme is Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc.

While selling all types of doughnuts, Krispy Kreme's signature is a glazed doughnut that is traditionally served warm.

Loblaws supermarkets and Petro-Canada gas stations in Canada have Krispy Kreme. In the United Kingdom Tesco supermarkets, Tesco Extra and Moto service stations carry Krispy Kreme products.

Puerto Rico 
On May 6, 2008, the first Krispy Kreme shop in Puerto Rico opened, followed by two additional places in 2010 and one location in 2011.

Texas 
In 2002, Krispy Kreme opened a restaurant-style shop in the Amarillo area in Texas.
Canada 
The 18 stores that opened in Canada were reduced to four. Two of them are in Quebec while the other two stores are in Mississauga, Ontario and Delta, British Columbia. A small seasonal shop was recently opened in Wasaga Beach, Ontario. The Wasaga Beach receives its doughnuts from the Mississauga shop every morning. Another small store recently opened on November 3, 2010 in Toronto at Bathurst and Harbord Streets in the city's Harbord Village neighborhood.  This store got shipments from the Mississauga store. Krispy Kreme's Canadian assets were put up for sale in 2005 seven weeks after the U.S.-based doughnut company had the firm that owns the stores in Canada placed under bankruptcy protection.

Japan 
In Japan, over 27 shops of Krispy Kreme doughnuts opened around the country.

References 

1937 establishments in the United States
American food companies
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
1930s establishments in North Carolina
Companies based in North Carolina
Doughnuts
Infinite is the debut studio album by American rapper Eminem. It was released on November 12, 1996. It was produced by Jeff & Mark Bass, Denaun Porter, DJ Head, Eminem and DJ Rec. The album was given 2.5 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.

Track listing

References

1996 albums
Debut albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Hip hop soul albums
R&B albums
The Slim Shady LP is the second studio album and the major-label debut by American rapper, Eminem. It was released on February 23, 1999 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Mark & Jeff Bass, and Mel-Man. The album got critical and commercial success. It debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 charts. The first single from the album is "My Name Is". It earned Eminem a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and was included in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The three songs "If I Had", "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" (originally titled "Just the Two of Us"), and "Just Don't Give a Fuck" originated from Slim Shady EP.

Track listing
Track listing 

Notes
 signifies a co-producer.
 signifies a pre-production.
On the clean version of the album, "Bitch", "Cum on Everybody", "Just Don't Give a Fuck", and "Still Don't Give a Fuck" are respectively retitled "Zoe", "Come on Everybody", "Just Don't Give", and "Still Don't Give".
Some online platforms (such as Myspace) include an alternate clean version of the album which completely removes the song "Guilty Conscience".

References

1999 albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Comedy hip hop albums
Aftermath Entertainment albums
Gampopa Sonam Rinchen (1079–1153) is Tibetan Buddhist teacher - lama, holder of the Kagyu school, one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. 
He was the most important (or son like) student of Milarepa.  

In his young years Gampopa was a physician in Dagpo region of S. Tibet. Before studying under Milarepa, Gampopa had studied the Kadampa tradition, which belongs to gradual Mahayana path. He searched for, and eventually met Milarepa, and attained realization of ultimate reality under his guidance. 
Four of his disciples  founded the four "major" Kagyu schools:
 Barom Kagyu founded by Barompa Darma Wangchug
 Phagdru Kagyu founded by Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo
 Karma Kagyu, also known as the Kamtsang Kagyu School, founded by Düsum Khyenpa the 1st Karmapa
 Tsalpa Kagyu founded by Zhang Yudragpa Tsondru Drag

Tibetan Buddhist lamas
1079 births
1153 deaths
The Marshall Mathers LP is the third studio album by American rapper, Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP was released on May 23, 2000 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Mel-Man, Bass Brothers, Eminem and The 45 King. The Marshall Mathers LP 2, the sequel to The Marshall Mathers LP, was released on November 5, 2013.

Track listing 
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes and Tidal

Notes
 signifies a co-producer
 Dina Rae goes uncredited as being featured
 signifies a remixer

Reception
It was widely praised by music and hip-hop critics, and is considered one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time. The album was given 5 out of 5 stars by Allmusic/

References

2000 albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Comedy hip hop albums
Aftermath Entertainment albums
Interscope Records albums
A trill consonant is a consonant that is made by vibrating an articulator, or hitting it many times against something else. For example, the <rr> in the Spanish word "perro" is an alveolar trill, commonly known as a rolled r, where the tongue is hit many times against the alveolar ridge, or the place just behind the teeth. This vibration is caused by a flow of air.

There are three trill consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet. These are:

 - alveolar trill
 - bilabial trill, where the lips are trilled.
 - uvular trill, where the uvula is trilled.

Consonants
The Eminem Show is the fourth studio album by American rapper, Eminem. It was released on May 26, 2002 and was produced by Eminem, Jeff Bass, Dr. Dre, and Mr. Porter. The album was given 4 out of 5 stars by Allmusic. In 2022, the album was certified twelve-times-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over twelve million copies.

Track listing

Notes
 signifies a co-producer.
 signifies an additional producer.
Early clean versions of the album replace "Drips" with 4 seconds of silence. Later clean versions feature an edited version of the song.
Another censored version of the album did not allow the words "goddamn", "prick", "bastard", "piss", "bitch", "ass", "shit" and "fuck" to be left uncensored.
"Curtain Close (skit)" is performed by Ken Kaniff, who Eminem portrays at the end of the album before continuing on with the persona on Relapse in 2009, as displayed in the album booklet.

References
References

2002 albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Comedy hip hop albums
Alternative hip hop albums
Aftermath Entertainment albums
Interscope Records albums
Encore is the fifth studio album by American rapper Eminem. Encore was released on November 12, 2004 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Luis Resto, Mike Elizondo and Mark Batson. The album was given 3 out of 5 stars by Allmusic. It was nominated for Best Rap Album, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for the song "Encore" and Best Rap Solo Performance for "Mockingbird" at the 48th Grammy Awards.

Songs

References

2004 albums
Eminem albums
Hip hop albums
Comedy hip hop albums
R&B albums
Aftermath Entertainment albums
Interscope Records albums
Relapse is the sixth studio album by American rapper, Eminem. Relapse was released on May 15, 2009. It was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Dawaun Parker, Mark Batson, Trevor Lawrence, Doc Ish, Boi-1da. The album was given 4 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.

Songs

References

2009 albums
Eminem albums
Demersal animals live on or near the bottom of the sea or lakes. The term is usually applied to fish. 

They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks. In coastal waters they are found on or near the continental shelf, and in deep waters they are found on or near the continental slope or along the continental rise. They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as abyssal depths or on the abyssal plain, but they can be found around seamounts and islands. The word demersal comes from the Latin demergere, which means to sink.
 
Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column. Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four percent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 percent.

References 

Fish
S&M Airlines is the second studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. S&M Airlines was released on September 5, 1989. The producer of the album was Brett Gurewitz. The last track on the album is a cover of the Fleetwood Mac song, "Go On Your Way".

Songs

1989 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums
Ribbed is the third studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. Ribbed was released on March 26, 1991. The producer of the album was Brett Gurewitz. Ribbed was also the last album produced for the band by Brett Gurewitz.

Songs

1991 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums
Selena Etc. is American singer Selena's clothing store chain. She began designing and manufacturing in 1993 and opened two boutiques. The two stores were in Corpus Christi and the other in San Antonio. Both had beauty salons. Hispanic Business reported that the singer earned over $5,000,000 dollars from these boutiques. One was going to open in Monterrey, Mexico in 1995 but did not because of her death. In 2009, Chris Perez, widower of Selena, had to close the stores due to the recession of 2007.

Other websites
official website

References 
1993 establishments in the United States
2009 disestablishments in the United States
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Selena
Through the Years/A Traves de los Años is a album by American singer Selena. The album contained an unreleased song called "Feelings". The song was recorded when Selena was only 7 years old.

The album peaked at number 28 on the Top Latin Albums Chart and was certified Gold by the RIAA.

Track listing
 Feelings (unreleased)
 Como Te Quiero Yo A Ti
 Tu Solamente Tu
 Tu No Sabes
 Que
 Sukiyaki
 Amame, Quiereme
 Yo Te Amo
 Ya Ves
 Yo Te Sigo Queriendo
 Amame
 No Debes Jugar
 La Llamada
 Fotos Y Recuerdos
 Ya No
 Dreaming of You
 Puede Ser

Selena albums
2007 albums
Spanish-language albums
Wet 'n Wild is a chain of waterparks including Wet 'n Wild Orlando and Wet 'n Wild Hawaii. Orlando's Wet 'n Wild is across the street from Universal Studios Orlando. Wet 'n Wild is owned by Universal Parks in Orlando.

Other websites
 Wet 'n Wild website

References

Theme parks in the United States
Alice Stokes Paul (January 11, 1885 – July 9, 1977) was an American suffragist and activist. Along with Lucy Burns and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage. Her work resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Lucy Burns was part of the National American Woman  Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and she had been treated badly as Alice Paul was but she went to save the women rights by suffering. Lucy Burns met Alice Paul in the police station in London when both were arrested because they were protesting Parliament
Paul was the original author of a proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution in 1923. The ERA would not get to the Senate for a vote until 1972. That year, it was approved by the Senate and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. Approval by 38 states was required to ratify the amendment. Not enough states — only 35 — voted in favor before the deadline. However, people still work to have the states pass the ERA passed by Congress in the 1970s. Other people are working to add a new equality amendment to the US Constitution. Also, almost half of the U.S. states have adopted the ERA into their state constitutions. Alice paul was treated badly but she  stood up for the women rights.

References

Adams, Katherine H. and Michael L. Keene. Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign.  University of Illinois Press, 2007.  
Walton, Mary. A Woman's Crusade: Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot.  Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Other websites
 (Westfield Friends Burial Ground, Cinnaminson, New Jersey)
The Alice Paul Institute
Alice Paul  at Lakewood Public Library:  Women In History 
The Sewall-Belmont House & Museum—Home of the historic National Woman's Party 
Biographical sketch  at the University of Pennsylvania

1885 births
1977 deaths
Quakers
American activists
White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean is the fourth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean was released on November 5, 1992. The producer of the album was Donnell Cameron, NOFX. The original album title was going to be White Trash, Two Kikes, and a Spic but guitar player Eric Melvin changed it after feeling guilty. It is also the first album with guitar player El Hefe.

Songs

References

1992 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums
Punk in Drublic is the fourth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. Punk in Drublic was released on July 19, 1994. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. It is NOFX's most successful album and peaked at #12 on Billboard's Heatseekers chart.

Songs

1994 albums
NOFX albums
Punk albums
Lucerne (German: Luzern, Swiss German: Lozärn, French: Lucerne, Italian: Lucerna, Romansh: Lucerna) is a canton of Switzerland. It can be found in the centre of Switzerland. As of 31 December 2018, the canton has 409,557 people lived there. The capital is Lucerne.

Districts 
The Canton of Lucerne has six districts:
 Entlebuch
 Hochdorf
 Lucerne-Land
 Lucerne-Stadt
 Sursee
 Willisau

Municipalities 
The Canton of Lucerne has 82 municipalities ():

References

Other websites 

 Official Site 
 Public Records Office / State Archive 
 Official Statistics
 Geoportal  GIS
The Canton of Basel-Landschaft is a canton of Switzerland. The capital is Liestal.

Districts 
There are five districts:
 Arlesheim with capital Arlesheim
 Laufen with capital Laufen
 Liestal with capital Liestal
 Sissach with capital Sissach
 Waldenburg with capital Waldenburg

Municipalities 
There are 86 municipalities:

References

Other websites 

  
 Official statistics
Basel-Stadt is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. The capital is Basel. It is the smallest canton by area.

Municipalities 
There are three municipalities:

References

Other websites 

 
 Official statistics
Neuchâtel is a French-speaking canton in western Switzerland. As of 2018, 176,850 people lived there. The capital is Neuchâtel.

Geography 
To the northeast it borders the canton of Bern, to the northwest France (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté). Lake Neuchâtel lies southeast of the canton, while the canton of Vaud is southwest of the canton of Neuchâtel. The canton lies in the central area of the Jura Mountains.

Other websites 

 Official website
Official statistics
The  is a handheld game console made by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the replacement model to the PlayStation Portable. It was released in Japan on December 17, 2011. It was released in Europe, North America, South America and Singapore on February 22, 2012. It was released in Australia on February 23, 2012.

It competed with the Nintendo 3DS. It is part of the eighth generation of gaming.

It was discontinued on Amazon on October 12, 2017.

Notes

References

Sony
PlayStation
Sony consoles
La Salle University is a private, co-educational, Roman Catholic university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The university has about 7,554 students. It was founded in 1863. The current president of the university is Bro. Michael McGinniss.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Explorers. They have 23 varsity teams and they compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference.

Other websites
La Salle University's Official website
La Salle Explorers' Official athletics website

Atlantic 10 Conference
Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
Philadelphia
1863 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Pennsylvania
The George Washington University is a private, coeducational university in Washington, D.C.. The university has about 24,531 students. It was founded on February 9, 1821. The current president of the university is Steven Knapp.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Revolutionaries. They have 22 varsity teams and they compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference.

Other websites
George Washington University's Official website
George Washington Revolutionaries Official athletics website

Atlantic 10 Conference
George Washington University
1821 establishments in the United States
A feathered dinosaur is a dinosaur with feathers. It is now thought that all coelurosaurs, and perhaps all theropods, had feathers.

The possibility that dinosaurs are closely related to birds raised the possibility of feathers. Fossils of Archaeopteryx include well-preserved feathers, but it was not until the early 1990s that clearly non-bird dinosaur fossils were discovered with preserved feathers. About 40 genera of theropods are now known to be feathered.

Most of these fossils come from the Yixian formation in China. The fossil feathers of one specimen, Shuvuuia deserti, have been tested positive for beta-keratin in immunological tests. This is the main protein in bird feathers.

Fossil evidence 

After a century without clear evidence, well-preserved fossils of feathered dinosaurs were discovered during the 1990s, and more continue to be found. The fossils were preserved in a Lagerstätte — a sedimentary deposit exhibiting remarkable richness and completeness in its fossils — in  Liaoning, China.
The area had repeatedly been smothered in volcanic ash by eruptions in Inner Mongolia 124 million years ago, during the Lower Cretaceous. The fine-grained ash preserved the living organisms that it buried in fine detail. The area was teeming with life, with millions of leaves, angiosperms (the oldest known), insects, fish, frogs, salamanders, mammals, turtles, lizards and crocodilians discovered to date.

The most important discoveries at Liaoning have been a host of feathered dinosaur fossils, with a steady stream of new finds filling in the picture of the dinosaur-bird connection and adding more to theories of the evolutionary development of feathers and flight. Quill knobs were found an ulna of Velociraptor mongoliensis. These are associated with large, well-developed secondary feathers.
Behavioural evidence, in the form of an oviraptorosaur on its nest, showed another link with birds. Its forearms were folded, like those of a bird. Although no feathers were preserved, it is likely that these would have been present to keep eggs and juveniles warm.

Evidence in amber 
The feathered tail of a non-avialan (non-bird) theropod has been found preserved in mid-Cretaceous (∼99 mya) amber from Kachin State, Myanmar (Burma). The BBC describe it as "perfectly preserved". Lida Xing found it at an amber market in Myitkina, Myanmar. The amber was already polished for jewellery: the seller thought it was plant material. However, it was the tail of a feathered dinosaur about the size of a sparrow. The feathers were not flight feathers. Dr Paul Barrett, from London's Natural History Museum, called the specimen a "beautiful fossil", describing it as a "really rare occurrence of vertebrate material in amber".
Cretaceous period 
In 2011, samples of amber were discovered to contain preserved feathers from the Cretaceous period, with evidence that they were from both dinosaurs and birds. Initial analysis suggests that some of the feathers were used for insulation, and not flight.

Current knowledge

List of dinosaurs with evidence of feathers 

 

Many non-avialan dinosaurs are now known to have been feathered. Direct evidence of feathers exists for the following genera, listed in the order of when the evidence was first published.

The evidence consists of feather impressions, or convincing skeletal or chemical evidence. Skeletal evidence would be the presence of quill knobs (the anchor points for wing feathers on the forelimb) or a pygostyle (the fused vertebrae at the tail tip which often supports large feathers).

For comparison: Archaeopteryx (1861; avialan) definitely had working flight feathers with off-centre rachis (stem). Otherwise, apart from the front limbs, it was a typical small carnivorous dinosaur.
Avimimus portentosus (inferred 1987: quill knobs)
 Sinosauropteryx prima (1996)
 Protarchaeopteryx robusta (1997)
 GMV 2124 (1997).
 Caudipteryx zoui (1998)

 Shuvuuia deserti (1999)
 Sinornithosaurus millenii (1999)
 Beipiaosaurus inexpectus (1999)
 Caudipteryx dongi (2000)
 Caudipteryx sp. (2000)
 Microraptor zhaoianus (2000)
 Nomingia gobiensis (inferred 2000: pygostyle)
 Psittacosaurus sp.? (2002)
 Scansoriopteryx heilmanni (2002)
 Yixianosaurus longimanus (2003)
 Dilong paradoxus (2004)

 Jinfengopteryx elegans (2005)
 Juravenator starki (2006)
 Sinocalliopteryx gigas (2007)
 Velociraptor mongoliensis (inferred 2007: quill knobs)
 Epidexipteryx hui (2008) 
 Similicaudipteryx yixianensis (inferred 2008: pygostyle; confirmed 2010)
 Zhongornis haoae (2008)

 Tianyulong confuciusi? (2009)
 Concavenator corcovatus? (inferred 2010: quill knobs?)
Yutyrannus huali (2012)
 Microraptor hanqingi (2012)
 Ornithomimus edmontonicus (2012)
 Ningyuansaurus wangi (2012)
 Eosinopteryxbrevipenna (2013)
 Citipati osmolskae (inferred 2013: pygostyle)
 Conchoraptor gracilis (inferred 2013: pygostyle)
 Jianchangosaurus yixianensis (2013)
 Aurornis xui (2013; possibly avialan)
 Changyuraptor yangi (2014)
 Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus? (2014)
 Citipati osmolskae (inferred 2014: pygostyle)
 Conchoraptor gracilis (inferred 2014: pygostyle)
 Deinocheirus mirificus (inferred 2014: pygostyle)
 Yi qi (2015)

 Note, filamentous structures in some ornithischian dinosaurs (Psittacosaurus, Tianyulong) and pterosaurs may or may not be homologous with the feathers and protofeathers of theropods.

Related pages 
Avialae
Dinobird
Coelurosaur

References 

Coelurosaurs
Monoculture is growing a single crop in a large area.  Farmers decide what is the best crop, and grow only that. This is very common in modern agriculture, as it simplifies the farm and allows relatively few people to harvest large amounts.  Often the crop of a large area is not merely a single species, but a single variety.  Monocultures have problems, however: Pests and diseases that attack only one kind of plant can spread more easily when they only find that kind.  

Each kind of plant also needs particular nutrients from the soil.  Fertilizers are used to supply that nutrient.  Crop rotation is used in some areas.

Related pages 
Plantation

Agriculture