Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Scene 3. (This scene is cut in modern performances.) A street. Zerlina threatens Leporello with a razor. A servant ties Leporello to a chair. When Leporello is left alone, he escapes. Zerlina comes back with Elvira and Masetto. They believe Don Giovanni must have helped Leporello escape. Elvira is left alone. She thinks of her love for Don Giovanni. She is certain he will be punished.

Scene 4. A cemetery in Seville. Don Giovanni and Leporello make jokes about Elvira. A strange voice is heard. It tells the two that justice is near. The voice is coming from a statue of the murdered Commendatore. Giovanni orders Leporello to invite the statue to dinner. The two leave to get dinner ready.

Scene 5. A room in Donna Anna's house. Anna is feeling great sorrow over her father's death. Ottavio says his love will comfort her. She is shocked with this suggestion. Ottavio says she is cruel to him. She asks him not to say such things. She tells him that her sorrow is so deep that she can think only of her dead father.
Scene 6. A room in Don Giovanni's palace. Don Giovanni is eating dinner. Elvira begs him to repent and change his way of life before it is too late. He laughs at her, and she leaves. Suddenly, the statue comes into the room. It orders Giovanni to repent. He refuses. Flames rise, and demons scream. The statue takes Giovanni's hand. Hell opens. The two disappear in the flames. Anna, Ottavio, Elvira, Zerlina, and Massetto come into the room with the police. They are looking for Don Giovanni. Leporello tells them that Giovanni has met his end. They are pleased, and make plans for happier days.

Background
Background 

Don Giovanni is based on a character in European folklore. This character is known as Don Juan. In 1581, the first play about Don Juan was written in Spanish by Juan de la Cueva. Other plays were also written. The most famous Don Juan play was The Playboy of Seville and His Stone Guest by a Spanish monk named Tirso de Molina. This play is the source of all the Don Juan stories and plays that were written after it. Da Ponte even used some words from it when he was writing Don Giovanni.

Traveling actors performed the Don Juan plays in France and Italy . The Don Juan character became well known. There were French, German, and Italian plays. Molière wrote Dom Juan in 1665, and Thomas Shadwell wrote an English play in 1676. Carlo Goldoni wrote an Italian play in 1736. Mozart and da Ponte probably knew the Goldoni play.
The first opera was a French one written in 1713. It was a comic opera. Gluck wrote a ballet for Vienna in 1761. Vincenzo Righini wrote an opera that was performed in Vienna and Prague in 1777  ten years before Don Giovanni. There were other operas written about Don Juan. The best known opera was one by Giovanni Bertati and Giuseppe Gazzaniga. It was performed in Venice in 1787. It was a great success. Da Ponte knew this opera. He made use of Bertati's libretto when he wrote Don Giovanni.

Mozart and da Ponte 

Mozart and da Ponte first met in Vienna in 1783. At that time, da Ponte promised to write a libretto for Mozart. Three years later, he adapted a French play called The Marriage of Figaro to an opera libretto for Mozart. In three months, Mozart had completed the music. The Marriage of Figaro had its first performance in Vienna on May 1, 1786. It was a great success.
In January 1787, Mozart went to Prague for the first performance of Figaro in that city. The opera was a wild success. The manager of the opera house hired Mozart to write an opera for Prague. In Vienna, Mozart asked da Ponte for a libretto. Da Ponte gave him Don Giovanni. Mozart started work on this new opera.

Mozart wrote most of Don Giovanni in the summer of 1787 in Vienna. Early in October, he went to Prague. He completed the opera in Prague at the Villa Bertramka, the home of friends. The first performance of the opera was postponed. The curtain rose on the world premiere of Don Giovanni at the National Theatre in Prague on October 29, 1787. The opera was a great success.
One critic wrote: "On Monday the 29th the Italian Opera performed Maestro Mozart's eagerly awaited Don Giovanni ... Music lovers and musicians say that nothing to equal it has every been seen before in Prague ... Mozart himself conducted and he was given three cheers ... The opera is uncommonly difficult to perform ... The crowd of spectators bears witness to its general acclaim."

There are many legends about the making of Don Giovanni. One legend says Luigi Bassi, the 22 year old singer playing Don Giovanni, wanted more music to sing. He was said to have forced Mozart to rewrite a duet five times. Another legend says Mozart flirted with all three sopranos in the opera. When one would reject his passes, he would simply move on to the next. Another legend says Mozart's wife Constanze kept her husband awake with funny stories the night before the first performance so he could complete the overture to the opera.

Vienna performance
Mozart left Prague for Vienna in November 1787. Music lovers in Vienna had heard  good reports of Don Giovanni. The Emperor ordered the opera to be produced at the Burgtheater. Mozart wrote some new music for the characters of Elvira and Ottavio. He also wrote a duet for Zerlina and Leporello. Don Giovanni was first performed in Vienna on May 7, 1788. Mozart's sister-in-law Aloysia Lange sang Donna Anna.

Legend says the performance in Vienna ended with Don Giovanni going to Hell. The final scene for Anna, Elvira, Zerlina, Ottavio, Masetto, and Leporello was probably cut. Mozart wrote some new music for the Vienna performance. He may have had to cut the last scene to keep the performance within a certain length of time. The opera was not as successful in Vienna as it was in Prague. It was dropped at the Burgtheater after fifteen performances.
Other performances 
Don Giovanni was performed all over Germany. It was performed in Poland in 1789. It was performed in German in Amsterdam and St Petersburg. The opera was popular in France, in both Italian and French versions. The first performance of Don Giovanni in Italy was at Bergamo in 1811. It was performed in Rome the same year. Its first performance in England may have been an amateur performance. In 1817 though, it was presented in both English and Italian. Lorenzo da Ponte produced the first American performance of Don Giovanni in New York City in 1826.{{sfn|Sadie|2006|pp=155-156}

Joseph Losey's movie 

In 1979, Joseph Losey made a movie of the opera. Baritone Ruggero Raimondi played Don Giovanni. Edda Moser, Kiri Te Kanawa and Teresa Berganza played the three ladies in the opera. The movie was made in Venice instead of Spain. It used Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio's Villa Capra near Venice as its setting.
Vincent Canby wrote in the New York Times on November 6, 1979: " ... the climactic confrontation between the Don and the Commendatore is surprisingly tepid visually. I've seen better descents into hell at our own Metropolitan Opera and in any number of Hammer horror pictures. Mr. Losey and his associates haven't destroyed "Don Giovanni," but then they haven't illuminated it either. Their film is a busy, disorienting spectacle, superbly sung ... "

Modern responses to the opera 

The Earl of Harewood writes: "Don Giovanni is too full of arias, many of them famous, for its own dramatic good. Perhaps it is a problem with most eighteenth-century opera. Singers demanded them, the public expected them; and of course the aria ... is a potent operatic weapon, the moment for the composer to comment in depth on the drama he has set going. But ... arias hold up the action in a way it is sometimes hard to defend, because you feel it was the singer who wanted it so."
He points to Ottavio's "Il mio tesoro", his "Dalla sua pace", and Anna's "Non mi dir" as each being a "magnificent opportunity for singer", but wonders how much they actually contribute to the drama. But Zerlina's "Batti, batti" and Anna's "Or sai chi l'onore" are quite different. These arias contribute to the drama and move it forward.

Nicholas Kenyon writes: "The power Don Giovanni unleashes is almost too great; if it is an uneven work then it is only imperfect in the way that King Lear is imperfect, from an excess of feeling. As Abert summarized it, in spite of the finale, 'the point of the opera is not to proclaim a universal moral, but to depict the decisive battle between two tremendous forces.
"We sense the ultimate connection between even the most restless, passion-ridden human existence and the whole universe.' Like Figaro, Giovanni has held the stage from its premiere through to the present; it has fitted the nineteenth-century's wish for a Romantic, powerful Mozart and the twentieth-century's for a politicised, critical Mozart".

Notes

References

Other websites
 Metropolitan Opera: Synopsis 

1780s operas
Operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
The Magic Flute (German: Die Zauberflöte, K. 620) is an opera in two acts with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a German libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder. 

It premiered in Vienna on 30 September 1791 at Schikaneder's theater, the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden. The story has traditional fairy tale themes and Masonic elements.

Roles

The story of the opera

Act One
Prince Tamino has got lost in the forest and now finds himself in a country which is ruled by the Queen of the Night. A huge monster chases him and he is very frightened. He falls down in a faint. Three ladies who work for the Queen of the Night come and kill the monster. Then they see the handsome prince and they argue about which one of them will stay to look after him.
The three ladies give the Prince a magic flute which will protect him if he finds himself in danger.  They promise Papageno that he, too, will find a lovely wife for himself if he goes with Tamino.  They take off his padlock and give him a set of magic bells which will help him if he is in danger.  They are told that three lovely boys will show them the way.

In the next scene we see Princess Pamina who is being guarded by a cruel Moor called Monostatos.  He has tied the princess up.  Papageno arrives and both men are frightened of one another.  Monostatos runs away, Papageno unties the rope around the princess and tells her about the prince who is on his way to rescue her.
In the next scene Tamino finds himself in a holy place.  The three boys have guided him there.  They tell him he must be patient and silent.  He meets a priest who tells him he must not think that Sarastro is cruel.  He tells him that Pamina is alive.  Tamino is very happy to hear this, takes his flute and plays.  The animals from the forest come round him.  Pamina and Papagena are caught by Monostatos.  He is about to tie them up, but Papageno plays his magic bells and, when they hear the music, Monostatos and all the animals cannot help dancing and they disappear, still dancing.  Sarastro enters.  He tells Pamina once more that she must stay with him to learn how to live a good, virtuous  life.  She must not become evil like her mother.  Monostatos enters with Tamino whom he has caught.  Tamino and Pamina see one another and embrace.  Sarastro says that Monostatos must have a beating.  He says that Tamino and Pamina cannot have one another yet
.  First they will have to go to the temple and go through some trials to show that they are good.
Act Two

Sarastro explains to the priests that Tamino and Pamina will have to go through the trials to show that they are worthy of one another.  If they can do this then they will be able to defeat the evil power of the Queen of the Night.

Tamino and Papageno go through the trials together.  Tamino remains calm and brave.  Papageno is frightened and finds it difficult to keep quiet, but he continues because he has been promised that a girl called Papagena will be waiting for him.
In the first trial the Three Ladies try to make them think that the dark place they are in will lead them to death.  In the second trial they see Monostatos about to rape Pamina.  The Queen of the Night explains why she wants power.  She says that Tamino and Pamina will be cursed unless Sarastro is killed.  Tamino realizes that this is all part of the trial and he must not do anything.  Papageno is given food and drink by Papagena who is disguised as an old lady.  Tamino plays his flute.  Pamina appears but turns her back on him. The Queen of the Night sings a very famous song in this section. It is famous because it reaches the highest ranges of a female voice.
Tamino and Pamina have to go through the last trial together.  Papagena enters and dances, then, when Papageno promises to be true, she throws off her disguise and disappears.  Pamina thinks her mother is going to use her dagger, but at the last moment the boys save her and take her to Tamino.  Tamino plays the flute as they go together through fire and water.  The chorus sing in triumph.

Papageno cannot call Papagena back with his shepherd pipe.  The three boys remind him about his magic bells.  He plays them and Papagena appears.  They are united.

In the last scene Monostatos and the Queen of the Night enter to do battle, but they are defeated.  Good triumphs over evil.

Masonic ideas in the opera
Mozart belonged to a group of Freemasons.  The Magic Flute is full of Masonic symbols.  For example: the number three is an important number in masonry and there are lot of things in the opera that happen in threes:  there are three long chords at the beginning of overture, and the three chords appear again in the scene in the temple.  Even the key is E flat major which has a key signature of three flats.  There are three ladies, three young boys and three trials.  The scenery used in the early productions make it look as if the story comes from Egypt or somewhere in the Orient.  Mozart and Schickaneder meant this to have a Masonic meaning. The trials are similar to the rituals in Masonic ceremonies.

Movie versions
Trollflöjten (1975), directed by Ingmar Bergman, in Swedish
The Magic Flute (2006) directed by Kenneth Branagh, set during World War I

Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1790s operas
1791
George Louis Chuvalo CM (born September 12, 1937), also known as Jure Čuvalo, was a Canadian heavyweight boxing champion and the multiple contender for the heavyweight title in the 1960s and 1970s.  He was never knocked off his feet in ninety-three professional fights between 1956 and 1979. On September 9 1957, George lost ten rounds bout to #2 hevyweight contender Bob Baker.

Chuvalo was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame in 1990 and the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1997. He was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1998 and was awarded a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in 2005.

He went to Sarajevo for the revealing of a statue in his honor in Ljubuški on Sunday, December 18, 2011.

Professional boxing record
|-
|align="center" colspan=8|73 Wins (64 knockouts, 9 decisions), 18 Losses (2 knockouts, 16 decisions), 2 Draws  
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| George Jerome
|TKO
|3 
|11/12/1978
|align=left| St. Lawrence Market, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Earl McLeay
|TKO
|TKO
|1 
|08/12/1977
|align=left| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Bob Felstein
|KO
|9 
|07/03/1977
|align=left| North York Centennial Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Mike Boswell
|KO
|7 
|30/10/1973
|align=left| Twin Rinks, Cheektowaga, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Tony Ventura
|TKO
|3 
|25/09/1973
|align=left| Twin Rinks, Cheektowaga, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Charlie Boston
|KO
|2 
|05/09/1972
|align=left| Port-au-Prince, Haiti
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Tommy Burns
|KO
|1 
|10/08/1972
|align=left| Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Muhammad Ali
|UD
|12
|01/05/1972
|align=left| Pacific Coliseum, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Jim Christopher
|KO
|2 
|21/02/1972
|KO
|2 
|21/02/1972
|align=left| Winnipeg Arena, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Charley Chase
|TKO
|6 
|28/01/1972
|align=left| Pacific Coliseum, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Cleveland Williams
|UD
|10
|17/11/1971
|align=left| Astrodome, Houston, Texas, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Jimmy Ellis
|UD
|10
|10/05/1971
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left|Charles Couture
|KO
|2 
|11/12/1970
|align=left| Austintown Fitch High School Gym, Youngstown, Ohio, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Tony Ventura
|TKO
|4 
|05/11/1970
|align=left| Forum, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Tommy Burns
|KO
|1 
|24/10/1970
|align=left| Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Mike Bruce
|KO
|2 
|15/08/1970
|KO
|2 
|15/08/1970
|align=left| Kosevo Stadium, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| George Foreman
|TKO
|3 
|04/08/1970
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Charlie Reno
|KO
|3 
|30/06/1970
|align=left| Seattle, Washington, D.C., United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Gino Ricci
|TKO
|1 
|10/05/1970
|align=left| Kimberley, British Columbia, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Willie Tiger
|KO
|10 
|01/05/1970
|align=left| Fairgrounds, Detroit, Michigan, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Jerry Quarry
|KO
|7 
|12/12/1969
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Leslie Borden
|TKO
|3 
|16/11/1969
|align=left| Kimberley, British Columbia, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Stamford Harris
|TKO
|3 
|08/09/1969
|3 
|08/09/1969
|align=left| Exhibition Pavilion, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Buster Mathis
|UD
|12
|03/02/1969
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Dante Cane
|TKO
|7 
|12/11/1968
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Manuel Ramos
|TKO
|5 
|26/09/1968
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Vic Brown
|TKO
|3 
|17/09/1968
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Levi Forte
|TKO
|2 
|03/09/1968
|align=left| Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Johnny Featherman
|KO
|1 
|30/06/1968
|align=left| Penticton, British Columbia, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Jean-Claude Roy
|UD
|12
|05/06/1968
|UD
|12
|05/06/1968
|align=left| Exhibition Stadium, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Joe Frazier
|TKO
|4 
|19/07/1967
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Archie Ray
|TKO
|2 
|22/06/1967
|align=left| Adams Field House, Missoula, Montana, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Willi Besmanoff
|TKO
|3 
|27/05/1967
|align=left| Cocoa, Florida, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Willi Besmanoff
|TKO
|3 
|04/04/1967
|align=left| Auditorium, Miami Beach, Florida, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Buddy Moore
|KO
|2 
|20/03/1967
|align=left| Four Seasons Arena, Walpole, Massachusetts, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Dick Wipperman
|TKO
|3 
|22/02/1967
|align=left| Armory, Akron, Ohio, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Vic Brown
|KO
|4 
|16/01/1967
|KO
|4 
|16/01/1967
|align=left| Four Seasons Arena, Walpole, Massachusetts, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left|Willie McCormick
|KO
|3 
|16/12/1966
|align=left| Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Dave Russell
|TKO
|2 
|28/11/1966
|align=left| Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Boston Jacobs
|TKO
|3 
|21/11/1966
|align=left| Cobo Arena, Detroit, Michigan, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Dick Wipperman
|TKO
|5 
|12/10/1966
|align=left| Paul Sauve Arena, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Bob Avery
|TKO
|2 
|15/09/1966
|align=left| Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Mel Turnbow
|KO
|7 
|16/08/1966
|align=left| Paul Sauve Arena, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Oscar Bonavena
|MD
|12
|23/06/1966
|MD
|12
|23/06/1966
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Levi Forte
|TKO
|2 
|15/05/1966
|align=left| Miner's Forum, Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Muhammad Ali
|UD
|15
|29/03/1966
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Eduardo Corletti
|PTS
|10
|25/01/1966
|align=left| Olympia, Kensington, London, United Kingdom
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|
|align=left| Joe Bygraves
|PTS
|10
|07/12/1965
|align=left| Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London, United Kingdom
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Ernie Terrell
|UD
|15
|01/11/1965
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|33-9-2
|align=left| Orvin Veazey
|KO
|2 
|17/08/1965
|align=left| Exhibition Stadium, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|32-9-2
|align=left| Dave Bailey
|KO
|KO
|3 
|30/06/1965
|align=left| Exhibition Stadium, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|31-9-2
|align=left| Ed Sonny Andrews
|TKO
|1 
|07/06/1965
|align=left| Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|30-9-2
|align=left| Bill Nielsen
|TKO
|8 
|19/04/1965
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|29-9-2
|align=left| Floyd Patterson
|UD
|12
|01/02/1965
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|29-8-2
|align=left| Calvin Butler
|KO
|3 
|10/11/1964
|align=left| Hull, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|28-8-2
|align=left| Doug Jones
|TKO
|11 
|02/10/1964
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|27-8-2
|align=left| Don Prout
|TKO
|3 
|27/07/1964
|align=left| Sargent Field, New Bedford, Massachusetts, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|26-8-2
|Win
|26-8-2
|align=left| Hugh Mercier
|KO
|1 
|18/03/1964
|align=left| Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|25-8-2
|align=left| Zora Folley
|UD
|10
|17/01/1964
|align=left| Arena, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|25-7-2
|align=left| Tony Alongi
|PTS
|10
|08/11/1963
|align=left| Miami Beach, Florida, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|25-7-1
|align=left| Mike DeJohn
|MD
|10
|27/09/1963
|align=left| Convention Center, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|24-7-1
|align=left| Lloyd Washington
|KO
|2 
|18/05/1963
|align=left| Central High Field House, Battle Creek, Michigan, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|23-7-1
|align=left| Chico Gardner
|KO
|4 
|29/04/1963
|align=left| London, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|22-7-1
|align=left| James Wakefield
|TKO
|6 
|22/04/1963
|align=left| Arena, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|-align=center
|Win
|21-7-1
|align=left| Rico Brooks
|TKO
|2 
|15/03/1963
|align=left| Arena, Detroit, Michigan, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|20-7-1
|align=left| Joe Erskine
|DQ
|5 
|02/10/1961
|align=left| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|20-6-1
|align=left| Bob Cleroux
|SD
|12
|08/08/1961
|align=left| Delormier Stadium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|20-5-1
|align=left| Willi Besmanoff
|TKO
|4 
|27/06/1961
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|19-5-1
|align=left| Alex Miteff
|SD
|10
|27/03/1961
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|18-5-1
|align=left| Bob Cleroux
|UD
|12
|23/11/1960
|align=left| Forum, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|17-5-1
|align=left| Bob Cleroux
|SD
|12
|17/08/1960
|align=left| Delormier Stadium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|17-4-1
|Loss
|17-4-1
|align=left| Pete Rademacher
|UD
|10
|19/07/1960
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|17-3-1
|align=left| Yvon Durelle
|KO
|12 
|17/11/1959
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|16-3-1
|align=left| Frankie Daniels
|TKO
|7 
|14/09/1959
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|15-3-1
|align=left| Pat McMurtry
|UD
|10
|17/10/1958
|align=left| Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, United States
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|15-2-1
|align=left| James J Parker
|KO
|1 
|15/09/1959
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw
|14-2-1
|align=left| Alex Miteff
|PTS
|10
|16/06/1958
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|14–2
|align=left| Howard King
|KO
|2 
|21/04/1958
|align=left| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|13–2
|align=left| Julio Mederos
|UD
|10
|27/01/1958
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|12–2
|align=left| Bob Baker
|UD
|10
|09/09/1957
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|12–1
|align=left| Joe Schmolze
|KO
|4 
|06/06/1957
|align=left| Fort William, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|11–1
|align=left| Emil Brtko
|TKO
|2 
|04/22/1957
|align=left| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|10–1
|align=left| Moses Graham
|KO
|2 
|25/03/1957
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|9–1
|align=left| Walter Hafer
|KO
|3 
|04/03/1957
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|8–1
|align=left| Sid Russell
|KO
|1 
|14/01/1957
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|7–1
|Win
|7–1
|align=left| Bob Biehler
|UD
|8
|19/11/1956
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Loss
|6–1
|align=left| Howard King
|SD
|8
|22/10/1956
|align=left| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|6–0
|align=left| Joe Evans
|KO
|1 
|10/09/1956
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|5–0
|align=left| Johnny Arthur
|UD
|8
|11/06/1956
|align=left| Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|4–0
|align=left|Ed McGee
|KO
|1 
|23/04/1956
|align=left| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|3–0
|align=left|Ross Gregory
|KO
|1 
|23/04/1956
|align=left| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|2–0
|align=left| Jim Leonard
|KO
|2 
|23/04/1956
|align=left| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|-align=center
|Win
|1–0
|align=left| Gordon Baldwin
|TKO
|2 
|23/04/1956
|align=left| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|align=left|
|align=left|
|-align=center
References

1937 births
Canadian boxers
Living people
Sportspeople from Toronto
Guest workers are people brought into a country to work in different industries.

They are used to fill a shortage in labour that most often cannot be done locally. Guest workers often do not have the same rights as normal workers. In some countries guest workers are not allowed to stay long periods of time. In Germany there are many guest workers from Turkey. Turkish guest workers have formed their own communities in the German cities where they live. Turkish guest workers have been in Germany since the 1950s.

Many Koreans in Japan came as guest workers early in the 20th century, and in Arab countries late in the century.

Related pages
 Migrant worker

Other websites
Other websites 

Foreign workers in Malaysia  - News update
The PBS newsmagazine NOW focuses on America's "Guest Workers" including interviews with actual guest workers who work in Montana's forests
Burma Migrant Worker Issues
Migrant labor activism in New York City from Dollars & Sense magazine
Migrant Workers Television(MWTV) in Seoul Korea
December 18 vzw - International Advocacy and Resource Center on Migrant Workers Rights  
Migrante International
No One is Illegal
Global Culture: essay on migrant workers 
Migrant Farmworkers and Their Children 

Employment
Immigration
Tropical Storm Lee was a weak tropical storm that hardly reached tropical storm status for a short time while over the central Atlantic Ocean during late August and early September 2005. Lee was the twelfth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.

Tropical Storm Lee formed east of the Lesser Antilles as a tropical depression on August 28. On the next day, the depression weakened into a tropical low. The low then moved north and became stronger. It became a tropical storm for a short time on August 31. Lee quickly weakened again into a remnant low and was absorbed by a cold front on September 2.

Storm history

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 24. It developed into an area of low pressure as it moved across the Atlantic Ocean. It strengthened into Tropical Depression Thirteen on August 28 while 960 miles (1550 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.
Because of wind shear, the depression began to fall apart. It quickly weakened into a tropical low late on August 29. It had been predicted that this was likely to happen, but the National Hurricane Center (NHC) instead chose to forecast a little bit of strengthening in the future.

The low slowly moved northwards, then turned to the northeast because of another non-tropical system. As it moved to the northeast, the low began to become organized and began to re-strengthen on August 31. That afternoon, the depression strengthened further into Tropical Storm Lee. 

It got to its strongest point with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h), in between Bermuda and the Azores. While Lee was thought to have been a tropical storm for only 6 hours originally, it was later learned that Lee stayed as a tropical storm for 12 hours instead.
Lee quickly weakened into a remnant low. It moved to the west of the non-tropical system that was near it. On September 1, the two systems began join together. Lee began to fall apart while it was being destroyed by the non-tropical system. By the next day, the remnant low was absorbed by a cold front.

Impact
Because Lee stayed far away from land, it did not cause any damage or kill any people.

Naming and records
When Tropical Storm Lee formed on August 31, it was the second earliest time in a season for the development of the 12th named tropical storm. It formed two days after the record held by Hurricane Luis in 1995.
This made it one of the few storms of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season to not hold a record for the earliest formation of the nth storm. Also while this was the first use of the name Lee to name an Atlantic storm, after the retirement of Hurricane Lenny in 1999, Lee had previously been used to name 3 storms in the Western Pacific Ocean. Because Lee did not cause any damages or kill any people, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites
 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Lee
 NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Lee

Atlantic tropical storms
The Lesser Antilles (also known as the Caribbees) are a group of islands between the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea and the western Atlantic Ocean. They are east and south of the Greater Antilles. Some of the islands are also just off the northern coast of South America.

References

Caribbean islands
Archipelagos
A cold front is a meteorological word that is used to describe the movement of a cooler air mass into an area of warmer air.  The air with greater density moves under the less dense warmer air, lifting it, which can cause a line of showers and thunderstorms, or a squall line to form when there is sufficient moisture. This upward motion causes lowered pressure along the cold front. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangles/spikes pointing in the direction of its movement. Cold fronts can also move up to twice as fast as warm fronts.

Notes 

Meteorology
A separating funnel (also called a separation funnel) is a piece of laboratory equipment. It is usually made of glass, and is used to separate two liquids, for example, oil and water. They always separate out, and this is how to remove one from the other:

Uses
For this example, oil and water will be used:

A mixture of oil and water is put into a separating funnel and then shaken and then left until it becomes stable again. The liquid with higher density, (in this case water), goes to the bottom of the separating funnel (because it is heavier than oil). When this is done, the bottom of the separating funnel is opened and the water flows out, leaving only the oil.

Structure

A separating funnel is a cone shape made from glass but has a half circle, or hemisphere, on top. It has a stopper at the top and tap or hole at the bottom. The size of one can be between 50 millilitres and 3 litres.

Related pages
Static mixer

Other websites
Use of a separatory funnel or "How to do an upscale extraction", UCLA
Plate readers, also known as microplate readers or microplate photometers, are laboratory equipment used to see any biological, chemical or physical change in samples of chemicals in microtiter plates.

Process 

Most of the time, a very bright lamp shines light to the microtiter well and the chemicals react in special ways which can be measured using special equipment.

Other ways to measure certain things are:
How much the chemicals absorb liquid
If they glow in certain areas
How long does a certain reaction go on for under special conditions

Today, plate readers come with tools for data analysis.

Uses 
Plate readers are used for:
To monitor cell growth 
Acid quantities in chemicals
Cell reactions
Enzyme activity
Cell toxicity
Amounts of chemicals in cells
Checking substances for drugs

Using these plate readers can help human scientists do their work more efficiently. Plate readers are used mostly in research, to find drugs, and to help test the purity of chemicals in pharmacies and laboratories.
Related pages
Microtiter plate

Laboratory equipment
A microtiter plate (sometimes called a microplate) is a flat plate with lots of "wells" used as small test tubes.

Structure 

A microtiter plate is used mostly in laboratories and pharmacies. A microtiter plate could have 6, 24, 96, 384 or even sometimes 1536 wells arranged in rows. Some microplates, used in the industry, have been built with 3456 or sometimes 9600 wells for maximum efficiency. Each well of a microplate can only hold very small amounts of liquid.

History 
The first microplate was made in 1951 by a Hungarian man called Dr. G. Takatsky, who made a microtiter plate with 6 rows of 12 wells (so 72 wells). Microtiter plates started being used in bulk in the late 1950s, a man called John Liner from USA had made a different, but better version. By 1990 more than 15 companies were making microtiter plates. 

In 1996, the Society for Biomolecular Screening (SBS) wanted to make the microplate have standards to live up to. And so in 2003, microplates had to have a certain diameter and depth.
Instrument companies have made plate readers which can detect specific biological, chemical or physical changes in chemicals in these plates.

Related pages
Plate reader

Other websites 
http://www.micronit.com/en/products/glass_microfluidic_chips/microtiter_plate.php 
http://www.freewebs.com/immunology/microtiter-plates.html

Laboratory equipment
Bulgarian (, [ˈbɤ̞lɡarski ɛˈzik]) is an Indo-European language. It is spoken mainly in Bulgaria and parts of North Macedonia, Serbia, Ukraine and Moldova. The Bulgarian language is similar to the Macedonian and the Serbian languages, which are part of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages. There are nearly 9 million people in 2011 who use Bulgarian as their main language.  

Bulgarian is a part of the so-called Balkan "Sprachbund" or linguistic group, which also includes Greek, Macedonian, Romanian, Albanian, and the Torlakian dialect of the Serbian language. This does not mean the languages are necessarily related, but that they share certain loanwords and grammatical characteristics due to frequent contact over the years.

Alphabet

Related pages
 Romanization of Bulgarian

References

Slavic languages
Languages of Europe
An Erlenmeyer flask or conical flask is a kind of flask with a base in the shape of a cone and a short neck. It was first invented in 1861 by a German chemist named Richard Erlenmeyer. Erlenmeyer Flasks are used in laboratories. 

This type of flask is used as a container for chemical substances, or to heat or boil liquids. It does not allow liquids to spill easily. It is also used in titration.

Laboratory equipment
A girlfriend is a term that usually means a female partner in a non-marital relationship. It is less common to use the word "girlfriend" to mean a female friend in a platonic relationship.

Related pages
Boyfriend

Basic English 850 words
Women
Native could mean:
Native person, see Indigenous peoples
Native (ecology), an animal or plant species that comes from a given place
In computing, native software is software that is written for a specific processor (see native on Wiktionary)
Native (processing), a CPU processing system
Native (comics), a character in the X-Men comics universe
Native (band), a contemporary French R&B band

Basic English 850 words
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius is an American computer animated television series. It was shown on the Nickelodeon television network until 2006 (with re-runs airing from April-June 2010 and again in January-May 2011) and currently on Nicktoons. It is a spinoff of the 2001 film, Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and later has its own spinoff starring Sheen Estevez called Planet Sheen which became its own series in October 2, 2010.

The series is about a young genius named Jimmy Neutron (James Isaac Neutron) who experiments with laboratory equipment which causes trouble to Retroville. He often has to undo the problems this creates.

Characters like jimmys mom
Main characters
 Jimmy Neutron (James Isaac Neutron) is the main character of the series. He is a ten year old genius with an IQ of 210. His friends are Carl Wheezer and Sheen Estevez
 Goddard is Jimmy's mechanical canine pet. He helps him on his destructive tasks he has accidentally done to Retroville.
 Carl Wheezer (Carlton Ulysses Wheezer) is an overweight friend of Jimmy who is obsessed with llamas.
 Sheen Estevez (Ramon Guevera Estevez) is one of Jimmy's best friends who is hyperactive with very little attention span. He is obsessed with a character known as Ultra Lord, even going so far as to write the entire Ultra Lord website on the Internet.
 Cindy Vortex (Cynthia Aurora Vortex) is Jimmy's rival and love interest. She constantly is rude to Jimmy and calls him names like "nerdtron". In the third and final season, they began to be with each other and love one another.
2000s American animated television series
2000s children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
Nicktoons
 
 
English-language television programs
2002 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
Concordia is a city in north-eastern Kansas, USA. It has been the county seat of Cloud County since 1871.

References

Cities in Cloud County, Kansas
County seats in Kansas
Indigenous people are the original people who lived in a region, before immigrants. Indigenous people are also called aborigines, native people, first people, first nations, and autochthonous. 

The United Nations likes to use the phrase Indigenous peoples because other phrases may sound bad (this is called a pejorative).

Many indigenous were oppressed in colonial times, they were treated very poorly.  Colonial settlers often robbed the indigenous treasures and take their lands.  Sometimes indigenous people were made slaves, or killed by colonial settlers.

Colonialism often wanted indigenous people to believe that they were lower social class than the new settlers.  This is propaganda. 
Indigenous people can grow up believing that they are lower social class, or less important.  Indigenous people sometimes have to fight for their own land, their own history, human rights and equality.

Related pages
 Human rights
 Colonialism

Other websites
Other websites

Institutions
 UNEP Indigenous Knowledge Study 
 Survival International 
 Cultural Survival 
 Rural poverty and indigenous peoples on Rural Poverty Portal, powered by IFAD
 IFAD and indigenous peoples (International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD)
 UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UN PFII)
 Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP) 
 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)- Indigenous peoples
 UNESCO Actions in favour of Indigenous Peoples
 International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
 Asia Pacific Indigenous Youth Network (APIYN) 
 Development Gateway Indigenous Issues Topic Page 
 Human Rights Internet- Indigenous issues 
 Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation
 European Network for Indigenous Australian Rights (ENIAR)
 Indigenous Peoples' Center for Documentation, Research and Information (docip)
 Diplomacy Monitor - Indigenous Peoples 
 IPS Inter Press Service  News on indigenous peoples from around the world
Indigenous studies
 UNEP Indigenous Knowledge Study 
 University of Burgundy (France) Indigenous Studies (Formation Peuples Autochtones) 
 WWW Virtual Library- Indigenous studies resources 
 Center for World Indigenous Studies (CWIS)
 African Pygmies studies Anthropological fieldwork about Pygmies
 A History of Aboriginal Treaties and Relations in Canada This site includes contextual materials, links to digitized primary sources and summaries of primary source documents.
 Articles on Theory of Property Rights and the Environment

Indigenous peoples
A migrant worker is someone who regularly works away from home, if they even have a home.

The United Nations' use of this term overlaps with 'foreign worker'. In the United States, the term is commonly used broadly to describe people who move frequently to find work or, more narrowly, those who earn low wages performing manual labor in the agriculture field.

Migrant workers are often forced into poor situations. Some are illegal immigrants and can be expelled if found. They are supported by the International Labour Organization. In 1990, the United Nations also adopted the Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers to protect them.

Often migrant workers can boost regional economy by spending their wages there.

Open borders help migrant workers. In Europe for example countries that recently joined European Union have seen massive outflow of workers to the countries with higher wages. Some people who work in foreign countries are called "expatriates"'.
Canada 
In Canada, migrant workers are commonly referred to as foreign workers in general, and temporary foreign workers in particular.

It is through the Temporary Foreign Worker Program [TFWP] that the Government of Canada hires foreign nationals in order to fill temporary skills and labour shortages in the country. Temporary foreign workers can be hired by Canadian employers only when qualified Canadian citizens or Canada permanent residents are not available to fill the same vacancy.

Currently, there is a great labour gap in the Canadian market. Dealing with a declining birth rate on one hand along with many in the workforce retiring soon, Canada is finding it hard to fill the significant labour gap that it is facing. Immigration is regarded to hold the answer to a great extent.
With the TFWP, Canadian employers can easily hire international workers. At times, there might not even be the requirement to get someone from abroad. Canadian employers hiring through the TFWP might find qualified foreign workers that are already in the country.

Such skilled foreign workers already in Canada that can easily be hired by a Canadian employer might be about to complete a job contract with a different employer. Or, they might be working in Canada on an open work permit that allows them the freedom to work for any employer anywhere in Canada.

Usually, such temporary foreign workers or migrant workers in Canada are hired to address a specified short-term labour requirement. Nevertheless, certain foreign workers that had initially come to Canada for filling a temporary vacancy might transition to Canadian permanent residence, provided they meet specific requirements.
Canada’s immigration programs – like the Canadian Experience Class [CEC] and Provincial nominee Program [PNP] – provide pathways to Canada PR for migrant workers. As per the Government of Canada’s official website, “These routes exist to ensure that workers who have shown that their skills are in continuing demand and that they have already adapted well to life in Canada can build a future here.”

Since the imposition of COVID-19 special measure on March 18, Canada has been holding program specific draws from the Express Entry System. The latest draw to be held – Express Entry Draw No. 148 – was specifically for those candidates that had Canadian experience thereby qualifying them for the Canadian Experience Class [CEC] program.

While more than 192,000 temporary foreign workers came to Canada in 2011, around 29,000 foreign workers took up Canada permanent residency eventually.

References
References

Other websites 
 Dust bowl migrants  (Okies)
 In China, Filmmakers Get Involved with Migrant Workers
 China Labour Bulletin 
 Removals Services
 Beijing's Min Gong migrants

Occupations
Migration
Unicode is a standard, promoted by the Unicode Consortium, for encoding the text of most of the world's writing systems, using variable-width encodings, such as UTF-8. Its goal is to replace current and previous character encoding standards with one worldwide standard for all languages. It has already done that to a large degree; for example, it is dominant on the web, in the form of the UTF-8 encoding. UTF-16 is also common, for example, on Windows, while Microsoft recommends UTF-8. The standard supports emojis and other symbols that older standards did not support.

Older standards for (English) text could not represent all languages of the world, for example, Chinese or Japanese. They also could not represent languages such as Arabic or Hebrew, which are written from right to left—at least not when mixed with other languages that are written from left to right. Unicode supports such mixing. It also allows for sorting (collating), which is not easy when languages are mixed.