Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Beyoncé Knowles – lead vocals, producer, executive producer, vocal producer, songwriter
 Nat Adderley, Jr. – producer, arranger, electric piano, string arrangements
 Tawatha Agee – backing vocals
 Vincent Alexander – engineer
 Sanford Allen – concertmaster
 Chuckie Amos – hair stylist
 Skip Anderson – arranger, programming, additional keyboards
 Ray Bardani – string engineer, mixing
 Sherrod Barnes – producer
 Mark Batson – producer, arranger, instrumentation, conductor
 Carlos Bedoya – engineer, vocal engineer
 Big Boi – rap, additional vocal production
 Kevin Bird – prop stylist
 Craig Brockman – co-producer
 John "Jab" Broussard – additional guitar
 Al Brown – string contractor
 Dan Bucchi – assistant mix engineer
 Chris Carmouche – additional engineer
 Jim Caruana – engineer
 Demacio "Demo" Castellon – assistant mix engineer
 Tom Coyne – mastering
 Ian Cuttler – art director
 Dahlen – photography
 Jason Dale – assistant mix engineer
 Makeda Davis – backing vocals
 Delroy "D-Roy" Andrews – producer
Missy Elliott – rap, producer
 Focus... – producer, engineer, instrumentation
 Guru – engineer
 Phil Hamilton – guitar
 Ivan Hampden – drums
 Rich Harrison – producer, instrumentation
Andreao "Fanatic" Heard – producer
 Cissy Houston – backing vocals
 James Hunter – graphic artist
 Jay-Z – rap
 Bashiri Johnson – percussion
 Scott Kieklak – mixing
 Markus Klinko and Indrani – photography
 Mathew Knowles – executive producer
 Tina Knowles – stylist
 Brendan Kurtz – assistant mix engineer
 Tony Maserati – mixing
 Errol "Poppi" McCalla, Jr. – producer
 Byron Miller – bass
 Mr. B – producer
 Sean Paul – vocals
 Greg Price – assistant engineer
 Mally Roncal – make-up
 Dexter Simmons – mixing
 Sleepy Brown – vocals
 Matt Snedecor – assistant mix engineer
 Brian Springer – engineer
 Nisan Stewart – co-producer
 Scott Storch – producer
 Candace Thomas – backing vocals
 Pat Thrall – engineer
 Luther Vandross – vocals, vocal arrangement
 Luz Vasquez – assistant mix engineer
 Stan Wallace – engineer
 Brenda White-King – backing vocals
 Theresa LaBarbera Whites – A&R
 Bryce Wilson – producer
 Pat Woodward – assistant mix engineer
 Dan Workman – guitar, engineer

Charts

Weekly charts
Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Chart precession and succession

|-

|-

|-

Singles

Certifications
Awards
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Awards ceremony
!  style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|Year
! style="text-align:center;"|Nominated Work
! style="text-align:center;"|Award
! style="text-align:center;"|Results
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|BET Awards
|rowspan="3"| 2004
| rowspan="2"|"Crazy in Love" (Jay-Z) || Best Female R&B Artist || 
|-
|| Best Collaboration || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|BRIT Awards
| Dangerously in Love || Best International Female Solo Artist || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="6"|Grammy Awards
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2004
| rowspan="2"|"Crazy in Love" (with Jay-Z) || Best R&B Song || 
|-
|| Best Rap/Sung Collaboration || 
|-
|| "Dangerously in Love 2" || Best Female R&B Vocal Performance || 
|-
|| Dangerously in Love || Best Contemporary R&B Album || 
|-
||"The Closer I Get to You"|| Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|International Dance Music Awards
|rowspan="4"|2003
|rowspan="4"|2003
|rowspan="4"|"Crazy in Love" (with Jay-Z) || Best R&B/Urban Dance Track|| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="4"|MTV Music Video Awards
|| Video Music AwardsBest Female Video || 
|-
|| Video Music AwardsBest R&B Video  || 
|-
|| Video Music AwardsBest Choreography || 
|-
|| 2004 || "Naughty Girl" ||Video Music AwardsBest Female Video || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|MTV Europe Music Awards
|rowspan="2"|2003
|rowspan="3"| "Crazy in Love" (with Jay-Z) || Europe Music AwardsBest R&B Song || 
|-
|| Europe Music AwardsBest Song of the year|| 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|MTV Video Music Awards Japan
|| 2004 || Best Collaboration || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="6"|POP Music Awards
|rowspan="2"|2003 ||"03 Bonnie & Clyde" (with Jay-Z) || Most Performed Song || 
|-
|| "Crazy in Love" (with Jay-Z) ||Most performed song || 
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2005 ||"Baby Boy" (with Sean Paul)|| Most performed song  || 
|-
|| "Me, Myself and I" ||Most performed song  || 
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"|"Naughty Girl" ||Most performed song  || 
|-
|| Songwriter of the year || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|New Musical Express, UK (NME)
|rowspan="2"|2003
|rowspan="2"| "Crazy in Love" (with Jay-Z) || NME Rocklist (End-of-Year Review) || 
|-
||NME Record of the Year (Singles) || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
|rowspan="2"|2004
||"Crazy in Love" (with Jay-Z) || Favorite Female Performer || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Soul Train Music Awards, USA
|| Dangerously in Love|| Best R&B/Soul Album  || 
|-
| style="text-align:left;|Vibe Awards, USA
||2003 || "Crazy in Love" (with Jay-Z) || Coolest Collaboration || 
|-}
References

2003 albums
Beyoncé albums
Hip hop albums
Neo soul albums
R&B albums
Columbia Records albums
Until the End of Time is a R&B song written by Justin Timberlake, Tim Mosley, and Nate Hills and is the first single from the deluxe edition of his studio album FutureSex/LoveSounds. Although the song has not been officially released yet, it currently receives heavy radio airplay on Mainstream Urban stations. The Benjamin Wright Orchestra also appears on the song. The official date was November 26, 2006 for mainstream urban radio. The single version of the song featuring Beyoncé Knowles debuted onJune 5, 2007 on US radio and the official single release will be on November 13, 2007.

Music video 
A music video has been shot at the three major destinations: Philippines, Indonesia and Los Angeles (US) on October 24, 2007. The video was released on MTV, November 22, 2007.

Chart

References

Beyoncé songs
2007 songs
The Inquisition was the legal agent of the Catholic Church against heresy in the Middle Ages. It did two main things. First, it issued a list (the Index) of published books banned because they contained heresy. The faithful were forbidden to read such books. Second, it prosecuted individuals thought guilty of heresy.

Later versions of the Inquisitions had the power to use torture or the threat of torture to get confessions and religious conversions. It had the power to order executions. The standard method was to burn heretics alive, or to strangle them in public. The actual deed was done by the civil authorities.

The full name of the Inquisition was the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith () of the Catholic Church. It developed in stages. The first permanent Inquisition was established in 1229. It was run by the Dominicans in Rome. In 1478 Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile set up the Spanish Inquisition.
In 1542 Pope Paul III established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition as a tribunal staffed with cardinals and other officials. This version supervised the local Inquisitions in other countries, and also investigated important cases from Italy. The most famous case it tried was that of Galileo Galilei in 1633.

The word Inquisition comes from Latin quaerere. That means to turn, to ask a question.

Related pages 
Giordano Bruno
Galileo Galilei
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Spanish Inquisition

References 

Christianity of the Middle Ages
Catholicism
Courts (law)
Lahore () is the second biggest city in Pakistan. It is the capital of the province of Punjab. It is also known as the 'City of Gardens' because of its many parks and gardens. This city is known for its rich culture and lively atmosphere. Pakistan's major Urdu film industry Lollywood is based here at the "Cultural Heart of Pakistan". It is 60 km (35 mi) west of Amritsar, India. It has a semi-arid climate (BSh in the Köppen climate classification).

Origins
According to legend, the city was founded thousands of years ago by Lava or Lav, son of the deity Rama (hero of the Ramayana). Its original name was either 'Lav-garh' (Fort of Lav/Lava) or 'Lavapuri' (Place of Lava/Lav) which was later changed to 'Lavhur' or 'Lahor' and then 'Lahore'.
According to historians and archaeologists, Lahore was the capital of several Hindu dynasties from around 300-250 BC onwards. Probably the first of these dynasties was the 'Loh'(or Lav) dynasty of the Gujar tribe. Some people also believe that this city is the same one mentioned by Ptolemy in his Geographia.

The ancient 'Walled City' was the old, proper Lahore, which later expanded in different directions. Quite a lot of work was done on it by the kings of the Delhi Sultanate and then the Mughals. Most of the newer areas and suburbs of the city are from the later British Raj from 1849 to 1947.

Historical importance
Lahore is historically an important place in the South Asian Subcontinent. Famous buildings made here during the time of the Mughal Empire include the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort , and the Shalimar Gardens. It was the capital of the Sikh Empire of the early 19th century. Many of the city's old artifacts and historical treasures over the ages, can be seen at the famous Lahore Museum built later in the 19th century during British Indian rule.

Lahore is also important due to its role as a center of the Pakistan Movement later, and the famous Lahore Resolution of 1940 was passed here by the Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League, which eventually led to the making of an independent state of Pakistan in 1947. This event is commemorated by the Minar-e-Pakistan building in Iqbal Park.
To the north of Lahore, near the Ravi River, lies the old suburb of Shah Dara, which is also considered to be historically significant, as the tombs of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir and his wife Nur Jahan, are situated here. According to the early English traveler, Thomas Coryat, who visited Lahore in its 'Golden Age' during the reign of Jahangir, it was probably the finest city in the world at that time, and 'exceedeth evene Constantinople in greatnesse' (It was even greater than Constantinople).

Education
Lahore is Pakistan's top educational center. The old University of the Punjab has two campuses in the city. Other old and famous institutions of higher learning include the Government College University (GCU), the Forman Christian College , and the Kinnaird College for Women. The National College of Arts, a specialized fine arts institute, is also located here.
The city is also home to Pakistan's most prestigious high school and college,  Aitchison College Lahore. Other institutions include the Central Model School, St Anthony's School, the Beaconhouse School System, Lahore College of Arts and Sciences (LACAS), and the Lahore Grammar School, and the world-famous King Edward Medical University is also located in Lahore.

Cultural life
Lahore is Pakistan's cultural, literary, and artistic heart. It has some of the best food in the whole Indian subcontinent at the Gawalmandi Food Street, near the old Walled City; and several notable cultural centers like the Alhamra Theatre, the Punjab Arts Council, the Lahore Museum, the Shakir Ali Museum, the Fakir Khana museum, and the Rafi Peer Theatre Group. The Lawrence Gardens, Lahore are another site from British times that is worth visiting. The famed Heera Mandi in the old Taxali Gate area is also a part of Lahore's historic culture. The Anarkali Bazaar is also a great place for traditional shopping.
Lahore is also important in Pakistan as a center of cultural and religious tolerance. The city does not have many religious fanatics or extremists, unlike some other parts of this country. The main reason is because of the strong influence of many famous Sufi saints who lived here in the past.  The shrines (burial places) of some of them are still visited by many people.  The shrines of Hazrat Daata Sahib and Mian Mir Sahib are especially famous.

Quality of life

Air quality 
In 2022, Lahore had the worst air in the world.

Related pages
 List of notable Lahoris
Additional reading
 Griffin and Massey, Chiefs and Families of Note in Punjab, revised edition 1910-11.
 WG Osborne, The Court, and Camp of Runjeet Singh, London, 1846.
 Lady Emily Eden, Up the Country, new edition, London, 1983.
 Hakim Ahmad Shuja, Lahore ka Chelsea (Urdu), Lahore, 1969.
 Ian Talbot, Divided Cities: Lahore and Amritsar:1947-1957, Karachi, 2005 edition.
 FS Aijazuddin, Lahore: Illustrated Views of the 19th Century, Lahore, n.d.
 WJ Glover, Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City, Karachi, 2011.
 B. Gascoine, The Great Mughals, London, 1971.
 M. Athar Tahir, Punjab Portraits, Lahore, 1992.
 Isobel Shaw, Pakistan Handbook 1988.

References

Other websites 

 Metropolitan Corporation Lahore 

 
Capital of Pakistan
Punjab () is a province in Pakistan. The capital of Punjab is Lahore. Punjab has a population of about 120 million people and an area of 79,284 mi² or (205,344 km²). In terms of area the province of Punjab is greater in area than Kyrgyzstan but smaller than Belarus.

Etymology
The word Punjab is a combination of the Indo-Iranian words panj (five) and āb (water), and thus the (land of) five rivers. The five rivers are the Indus, Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi and Sutlej. Sometimes, in English, there can be a definite article before the name i.e. the Punjab. The name is also sometimes spelled as Panjab or Panjaab or Punjaab. The name Punjab was given to the region by Turkic Muslim conquerors and popularized during the reign of the Mughal Empire in the 17th century CE.
History 
Before 1947 both Pakistan and the Republic of India were ruled by the British. The Punjab province used to be a part of British Punjab. In 1947 the Muslim majority voted yes, Sikh minority voted yes, Hindu minority voted no to Partition thereon, the British province of Punjab was split between Pakistan and Bharat via the Radcliffe Line and the Ferozpur District and the sub-district of Gurdaspur awards were originally meant to go to the Pakistanis, however it was decided on August 18th to allocate them to East Punjab. Today India has a state called Punjab since 1966. A bus service was launched in 2006 connecting Lahore in Pakistani Punjab with Amritsar in the Republic of India, through the Wagah international border. This was the first bus service between the two Punjabs for almost 60 years.
Overview
Wagah, named Wahga in Pakistan, is a village through which the controversial Radcliffe Line, the boundary permanent Demarcation line dividing the Indian Punjab from Pakistani Punjab upon the Partition of India, was drawn.  The village was divided by independence in 1947. Today, the eastern half of the village remains in the Republic of India while the western half is in Pakistan.

It is particularly known for the elaborate Wagah border ceremony that happens at the International border gate before 5PM each day.

Since the 1950s, Punjab industrialized rapidly. New factories were established in Lahore, Multan, Sialkot and Wah. In the 1960s the new city of Islamabad was built near Rawalpindi.
Agriculture continues to be the largest sector of Punjab's economy. The province is the breadbasket of the country as well as home to the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, the Punjabis. Unlike neighbouring India, there was no large-scale redistribution of agricultural land. As a result, most rural areas are dominated by a small set of feudalistic Zamindaror the land-owning families.

In the 1950s there was tension between the eastern and western halves of Pakistan. In order to address the situation, a new formula resulted in the abolition of the province status for Punjab in 1955. It was merged into a single province West Pakistan. In 1972, after East Pakistan seceded and became Bangladesh, Punjab again became a province.
Punjab witnessed major battles between the armies of India and Pakistan in the wars of 1965 and 1971. Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta. It also hosts major military bases such as at Sargodha and Rawalpindi. The peace process between India and Pakistan, which began in earnest in 2004, has helped pacify the situation. Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common. Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib.

Starting in the 1980s, large numbers of Punjabis migrated to the Middle East, Britain, Spain, Canada and the United States for economic opportunities, forming the large Punjabi diaspora. Business and cultural ties between the United States and Punjab are growing.

About 120 million people live in Punjab, just over half of Pakistan's population of 225 million.
Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province at  after Balochistan and is located at the northwestern edge of the geologic Indian plate in South-central Asia. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important district cities include Multan, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and Rawalpindi. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad.This geographical position and a large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's outlook on National affairs and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories
. In the acronym P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N, the P is for PUNJAB.
The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can be found near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. The region contains the Thar and Cholistan deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from north to south.

The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well.

Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)

Related pages
 Provincial Government of Punjab (Pakistan)

References 

 
1972 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in Pakistan
Peshawar is a city in Pakistan, and it is the capital of  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. With a population of 1,970,042 according to the 2017 census, Peshawar is the largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the sixth-largest in Pakistan.

Etymology
Peshawar is derived from Purushapura which means city of men (In Sanskrit Purusha means Man and Pura means settlement). It is also locally pronounced as Pekhawar.

History 
Peshawar is in a valley near the historic Khyber Pass, close to the border with Afghanistan, Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE, making it the oldest city in Pakistan and one of the oldest in South Asia. Peshawar was the capital of the ancient Kushan Empire and also served as the capital for the Durrani Empire.

Geography
The city has always been very important as it served as a trading center during the Mughal Empire. It is connected to important places in the country by road, rail and air.
Demographics 
The main language spoken in Peshawar is Pashto while some speak Hindko. Urdu is understood throughout the city.

Religions
Peshawar is mostly Muslim which make 98.5% of the city's population in the 1998 census. Christians make up the second largest religious group with around 20,000 adherents, while over 7,000 members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community live in Peshawar. Hindus and Sikhs are also found in the city − though most of them migrated to India following the Partition of India in 1947.

Afghan refugees
In 2005, Peshawar district was home to 611,501 Afghan refugees — who made-up 19.7% of the district's total population and 20% of all Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

Crime
Peshawar has been attacked by Islamist terrorists many times. They include a car bombing at a market in 2009, a suicide bombing at a church in 2013 and a school massacre in 2014. Over 100 people were killed in each of those attacks.
B'Day is the second studio album by American R&B singer Beyoncé, released by Columbia Records on 1 September 2006 outside North America, on September 4, 2006 worldwide, and on September 5, 2006 in Canada and the United States. The album's title comes from the fact that September 4, the date of worldwide release, is Beyoncé's birthday (2006 being her 25th). B'Day won the award for "Best Contemporary R&B Album" at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards. A two-CD deluxe edition of the album, including previously unreleased material in English and Spanish, was released on April 3 2007. 6 singles were released from the album: "Déjà Vu", "Ring the Alarm", "Irreplaceable", "Beautiful Liar", "Get Me Bodied", and "Green Light". "Check on It" was also a single, but was released from the Destiny's Child album #1's.

Track listing

Deluxe edition
North American deluxe edition

On digital copies "World Wide Woman" is a non-hidden track placed at track 8, and other songs are pushed down the track order.
International deluxe edition

Notes
 "Suga Mama" samples "Searching for Soul" by Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers.
 "Upgrade U" samples "Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do" by Betty Wright.
 "Resentment" samples "Think (Instrumental)" by Curtis Mayfield.

Personnel
Jason Agel – assistant recording
 Omar Al-Musfi – Arabic percussion
 Roberto Almodovar –  recording engineering
 Allen "Al Geez" Arthur – horns
 Aplril Baldwin – artists and repertoire administration
 Aureo Baqueiro – vocal direction for Alejandro Fernández
 Reyli Barba – writing
 Robert Becker – viola
 Andres Bermudez – recording
 Angela Beyincé – writing
 Amund Bjorklund – writing
 Tim Blacksmith – Stargate management
 Aaron Brougher – artists and repertoire coordinator
 Denyse Buffum – viola
 Bun B – vocals (Rap-a-Lot)
 David Campbell – string arrangement and conducting
 Roberto Cani – violin
 Tim Carmon – keyboards
 Sean Carrington – guitar
 Jim Caruana – recording engineering
 Gustavo Celis – recording engineering
 Olgui Chirino – vocal production
 Fusako Chubachi – art direction, design
 Willie Clarke – writing
 Andrew Coleman – assistant recording
 Larry Corbett – cello
 Tom Coyne – mastering
 Jasmin Cruz – background vocals
 Scott Cutler – writing
 Danny D. – Stargate management
Lawshawn Daniels – writing
 Mario Deleon – violin
 Ian Dench – writing
 Robert "LB" Dorsey – recording
 Andrew Duckles – viola
 Bruce Dukov – violin (concertmaster)
 Nathan East – bass
 Paco "El Sevillano" – gypsy chant
 Mikkel S. Eriksen – writing, instruments
 Alejandro Fernández – vocals (Sony BMG Mexico)
 Jaime Flores – writing
 Paul Forat – artists and repertoire
 Sean Garrett – writing, production
 Amanda Ghost – writing
 Jason Goldstein – mixing
 Aaron "Goody" Goode – horns
 Erwin Gorosita – art direction
 Max Gousse – artists and repertoire
 Alan Grunfeld – violin
 Rich Harrison – writing, production, mixing
 Tor Erik Hermansen – writing, instruments
 Geraldo Hilera – violin
 Jean-Marie Horvat – mixing
 Dabling "Hobby Boy" Howard – recording
 Ty Hunter – styling
 ILoveDust – logo design
 Jun Ishizeki – recording
 Eric Jackson – guitars
 Quincy S. Jackson – marketing
 Jay-Z – writing, vocals (Roc-A-Fella/Def Jam)
 Rodney Jerkins – writing, production, mixing, music, horn arrangement
James Johnson – bass
 Jon Jon – assistant production, bass
 Ronald Judge – horns
 Suzie Katayama – cello
 Gimel "Young Guru" Keaton – recording
 Hannah Khoury – violin, viola
 Kimberly Kimble – hair
 Rob Kinelski – assistant recording, assistant recording engineering
 Beyoncé – writing, vocals, production, vocal production, executive production
Mathew Knowles – artists and repertoire, executive production, management
 Solange Knowles – writing
 Tina Knowles – styling
 Henry Krieger – writing
 Ricky Lawson – drums
 Jolie Levine – music contracting
 Espen Lind – writing, guitars
 Dave Lopez – assistant recording, Pro Tools editing
 Nathan Jenkins – recording
 Julia Knapp – artists and repertoire operation
 MK – writing
 Riley Mackin – assistant recording
 Makeba Riddick – writing
 Manny Maroquin – mixing
 Harvey Mason – percussion
 Curtis Mayfield – writing
 Vlado Meller – mastering
 Chuck Middleton – writing
 Colin Miller – assistant mixing, digital prep engineering, Pro Tools prep
 Walter W. Millsap III – writing, production, music, Pro Tools editing
 Mo Horns – horns
 Naser Musa – oud
 Candice C. Nelson – writing, co-production, music
 The Neptunes – production
 Ne-Yo – writing, co-production
 Sara Parkins – violin
 Dave "Hard Drive" Pensado – mixing
Rudy Perez – production, vocal production, arrangement, keyboards, programming, Spanish guitar, background vocals, vocal direction for Fernández
 Clay Perry – keyboards, programming, Pro Tools editing
 Denaun Porter – programming
 Anne Preven – writing
 Keli Nicole Price – writing
 Boujemaa Razgui – ney
 Clarence Reid – writing
 Aaron Renner – recording
 Geoff Rice – recording
 Michele Richards – violin
 Jared Robbins – assistant recording
 Jamie Rosenberg – assistant recording
 Kareem Roustom – violin arrangement, additional string arrangements
 Shakira – vocals (Epic Records), additional production, arrangement, vocal production, violin arrangement, remixing
 Haim Shtrum – violin
 Dexter Simmons – mixing
 Slim Thug – vocals (Star Trak/Geffen Records)
 Daniel Smith – cello
 Chris Spilfogel – recording
 Stargate – production, arrangement, recording engineering, programming
 David Stearns – assistant recording engineering
 Swizz Beatz – writing, production, additional production, mixing
Syience – writing, production
 Shea Taylor – writing, production
 Delisha Thomas – writing
 Stayve Thomas – writing
 Michael Tocci – recording
 Rene Luis Toledo – Spanish guitar
 Steve Tolle – assistant mixing
 Francesca Tolot – makeup
 The Underdogs – production
 Max Vadukul – photography
 Jeff Villanueva – recording
 Rommel Nino Villanueva – recording
 Visitante – programming
 Cameron Wallace – production
 John Weston – recording engineering, digital editing (strings)
 Pharrell Williams – writing
 John Wittenburg – violin
 Shane Woodley – recording, assistant recording
 Kenneth Yerke – violin
Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications

Awards

Notes 

Beyoncé albums
2006 albums
Hip hop albums
Funk albums
R&B albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Pop albums
Columbia Records albums
The Aldeburgh Festival is an English arts festival where classical music concerts take place during the summer.  Aldeburgh is in Suffolk in the south-east of England.  It is where the composer Benjamin Britten lived with his friend the tenor Peter Pears.  A lot of Britten’s music is played at the festival, but music by many other composers can be heard as well.  Most of the concerts take place in the Maltings, a concert hall in the village of Snape, not far away from Aldeburgh.
History of the Aldeburgh Festival 
The Festival was started in 1948 by Benjamin Britten, Peter Pears and the librettist Eric Crozier. They started the festival so that the English Opera Group would have a place to perform their operas, but soon the festival became bigger.  There were poetry readings, drama performances, lectures and art exhibitions.  The first festival was mostly held in Aldeburgh Jubilee Hall, a few doors away from Britten's house in Crabbe Street.  His opera Albert Herring was performed, as well as his St Nicolas Cantata.

Over the years the festival grew.  Some of the performances took place in the church, or in churches or other halls in nearby villages and small towns such as Orford and Framlingham. However, the festival needed a large concert hall.  In the 1960s the old malthouse (where barley used to be made) in Snape was changed into a concert hall. It was opened by the Queen on 2 June 1967, at the start of the twentieth Aldeburgh Festival.
Two years later, on the first night of the 1969 Festival, the concert hall was destroyed by fire. Only the main walls remained. For that year the Festival was moved to other local places, but by the next year the hall had been rebuilt and once again it was opened by the Queen, this time at the start of the 1970 Festival.

The Festival today 
The festival is now organized by Aldeburgh Music, which also runs the Britten-Pears Young Artist Programme which gives young musicians a chance to learn from famous music teachers and perform in concerts.

The festival has a nice atmosphere because it is in the country near the sea and marshes. New music is often performed.  In the past there have been first performances of several works by Britten: (A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1960; Death in Venice in 1973) and also Harrison Birtwistle's Punch and Judy in 1968.

The Festival's Artistic Director is now the composer Thomas Adès, who was appointed in 1999.
Classical music festivals
Music festivals in England
1948 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in England
Organisations based in Suffolk
Lanark could mean:

the town of Lanark in Scotland
Lanark: A Life in Four Books, a novel by Alasdair Gray

In Canada
Lanark County, Ontario
Lanark, Ontario
Lanark, Nova Scotia in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia
Lanark Highlands, Ontario

Also in Scotland
the county of Lanarkshire
the former Lanark district, later known as Clydesdale
the village of New Lanark, a World Heritage site
Sir Peter Neville Luard Pears  ( ; 22 June 19103 April 1986), was an English tenor and life-long partner of the composer Benjamin Britten.

Education
Pears was at school at Lancing College.  He then studied music at Keble College, Oxford. He was organist at Hertford College, Oxford but left Oxford without taking his degree. He later studied singing for two terms at the Royal College of Music.

Music
He met Britten in 1934, when he was a member of the BBC Singers. Pears and Britten gave their first recital together in 1937 at Balliol College, Oxford.  In 1939 they went to America together because of World War II.  However, in 1942 they decided to return to their own country.  Back in England they performed Britten's song cycle Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo together at the Wigmore Hall in London (Britten was an excellent pianist), and then recorded them for EMI, their first recording together.
Peter Pears was a great inspiration for Britten’s vocal writing.  Many of Britten's operas have a main tenor role which was written for Pears to sing.  Britten also wrote over 100 songs with piano accompaniment.  Britten also wrote works for tenor and orchestra.  These include Les Illuminations,  Nocturne, the Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings and the Canticles.  In Britten’s operas he sang Peter Grimes and Albert Herring (title roles), The Beggar's Opera (Macheath),  Owen Wingrave (Sir Philip Wingrave), Billy Budd (Captain Vere), The Turn of the Screw (Quint), Death in Venice (Aschenbach) and the three Church Parables.
Pears helped to write the words for A Midsummer Night's Dream, based on the Shakespeare play.  In most of Britten’s operas Pears sang serious roles, but in A Midsummer Night’s Dream he had a comic role: the part of Flute the Bellowsmender.  In this role he was dressed up as a female and did a parody of the great opera singer Joan Sutherland singing the mad scene from Lucia di Lammermoor .

Pears’s voice was a lyrical tenor, not a heavy, operatic one.  Britten was extremely skilful in writing music for him which suited his voice very well.  He sang regularly at the Royal Opera House and many other opera houses in Europe and the United States.

He was also a great singer of Franz Schubert's Lieder, usually with Britten as accompanist, and he often sang the part of the Evangelist in Johann Sebastian Bach's Passions.
His last great role written for him by Britten was as Aschenbach in Death in Venice.  He sang this in 1973 at the Aldeburgh Festival, and the following year in the Royal Opera House.  Britten by then had heart disease and was too ill to go to the performances, dying in 1976.

Pears continued to live in the Red House, Aldeburgh.  After he retired from performing he continued to teach young singers at the Britten-Pears Foundation. He was awarded a CBE in 1955 and knighted in 1977.

Death
In his last years Pears also suffered from heart disease.  He died ten years after Britten. He is buried next to him in the churchyard of Saint Peter and Saint Paul's Church in Aldeburgh.

Recordings
There are many recordings of Pears’s singing including almost all the music that Britten wrote for him as well as the roles of the Evangelist in Johann Sebastian Bach’s St Matthew Passion and St John Passion  and Gerontius in Elgar’s Dream of Gerontius.

Related pages
Benjamin Britten
Snape Maltings
Aldeburgh Festival
1910 births
1986 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English LGBT people
Gay men
Knights Bachelor
LGBT singers
Singers from Surrey
English opera singers
British tenors
Me, Myself and I is an R&B/neo soul song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, and Robert Waller for Knowles' solo debut studio album Dangerously in Love (2003). In this laid-back, but strong-willed female-empowerment anthem, the song's protagonist comes to terms with a cheating boyfriend, and declares that in the world that there is only one person she can trust who never lets her down: herself. "Me, Myself and I" was the third single to be released from the album, in the last quarter of 2003. It reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, becoming Beyoncé's fourth consecutive top five single in the United States; it also reached eleven in the United Kingdom.
Official versions 
 "Me, Myself and I" (Acapella)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Instrumental)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Radio Edit)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Sexy Remix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Throwback Remix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Eastern Daylight Mix By Punjabi MC & Raj Asia)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Grizzly Mix - with Rap) (featuring Ghostface Killah)
 "Me, Myself and I" (J'TY Remix) (featuring Grafh)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Junior Vasquez Radio Edit)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Radio Mix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Marathon Mix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's World Club Mix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Tony Moran & Warren Rig Club Mix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (Warren Rigg Vocal Mix)
 "Me, Myself and I" (DJ Streetz/Street Mix)

2003 songs
Beyoncé songs
Songs about infidelity
Hip hop soul songs
R&B songs
Lanark: A Life in Four Books was the first novel of Scottish writer Alasdair Gray, and is still his best known. The book was written over a period of almost thirty years and was published in 1981. It has real and fantasy descriptions of Gray's home city of Glasgow.

The book has won the Saltire Society Book of the Year and David Niven awards, and has become a cult classic. In 2006, The Guardian said Lanark was "one of the landmarks of 20th-century fiction."

References

1981 books
Scotland in fiction
"Sexy Lil' Thug" is a remake by Beyoncé, of 50 Cent’s hit single "In da Club". Recorded and released just weeks after the original, it samples the original’s instrumental and melody, with Beyoncé singing her own, newly-added verses.

Upon its radio release in March 2003, the song quickly became a staple, receiving heavy airplay and high demand. It, in fact, became so popular that it started to outsell 50 Cent’s version – this caused him to force radio stations to stop playing Beyoncé’s version, and having his label, Interscope, intervene by issuing a cease-and-desist to Beyoncé and her team.
Consequently, this disallowed “Sexy Lil' Thug” from becoming a hit, since a full release was prohibited; however, it isn’t known if the song was actually meant to serve as the first single from Beyoncé’s upcoming solo album Dangerously in Love, or if it was put out simply for promotion. Yet, perhaps due to contractual reasons, Beyoncé’s father and manager Mathew Knowles did state to MTV News in April, that the song was just a buzz cut and would not appear on the album.

But despite the impending permission issues, the song managed to stay on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for 7 weeks, peaking at #67, as well as the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart for 4 weeks, where it also peaked at #67.

The song eventually received an official release in November 2005, on Beyoncé's Speak My Mind mixtape.

Charts

References

2003 songs
Beyoncé songs
An encore is an extra piece that is played at the end a performance. It is not on the programme, although the performer may have secretly planned it. A performer will play an encore if the audience claps a lot. Sometimes the audience shout "encore!" when they want an encore. The word "encore" is the French word for "again".

An encore is usually a short piece. Often it is a fast piece to finish the performance off happily, but if a musician has just played a very energetic, loud piece, then the encore might be a quiet piece. A concert given by a solo performer or small group of performers is more likely to finish with an encore than a concert with an orchestra, but a lot depends on the tradition from one country to another.

Performing arts
A cay (also spelled key; both pronounced alike as "key" ) is a small, low island made of mostly sand or coral and on top of a coral reef.

The English word cay comes from the Spanish word cayo and this from the Taíno word cayo meaning "small island". The English words key and quay (which means wharf) come from the old French kai meaning "sand bank". Because it is a Taíno word, "cay" (and the other forms) are used mainly in the Caribbean, but the type of island is in tropical seas where there are coral reefs.

Sand cays are built on the edge of the coral reefs, opposite the direction from which the wind blows most of the time. Because of that, cays are often elongated. Tides and wind (and sometimes sea birds) deposit coral debris. Weather affects the formation of cays greatly. Large tides bring much more debris onto the cay and make it larger, while a hurricane destroys a cay.
Some cays are very large; Cayo Coco, north of Cuba, is about 370 km2. Those large cays are being used for tourism because they have beaches with white sand and the presence of coral reefs.

Notes and references

Other websites

Montague, Artur, El elemento español en el vocabulario inglés: prolegómenos a una lista. AIH. Actas IV (1971). (in Spanish)
Online Etymology Dictionary

Islands
The Sarcopterygii  is a class of fish. They are lobe-finned fish, like the lungfish and coelacanths. They are a clade of bony fish which first appeared in the Silurian, 418 million years ago (mya). One line in this group gave rise to the tetrapods.

Characteristics 
These are bony fishes with paired rounded fins. These fins, being similar to limbs, suggest that these fish may be ancestors of land vertebrates. All sarcopterygians possess teeth covered with true enamel.

As a clade, the group includes all its descendants. This means it includes the Tetrapods, that is, all species of four-limbed vertebrates. The fin-limbs of sarcopterygiians are very similar to what people believe was the ancestral form of tetrapod limbs. The ancestors of tetrapods are to be found amongst the lobe-fins of the Devonian period. The term 'fishapod' is becoming used for this transitional group.
Evolution
Sarcopterygians and their relatives the Actinopterygii ('ray-finned fish') make up the super-class Osteichthyes,  the 'bony fish', which have a bony skeleton rather than cartilage. Otherwise, there are vast differences in fin, respiratory, and circulatory structures between the Sarcopterygii and the Actinopterygii.

The first sarcopterygians, found in the uppermost Silurian (about 418 mya), closely resembled the Acanthodii, the 'spiny fish' which went extinct at the end of the Palaeozoic era. In the early–middle Devonian (416–385 mya), while the predatory placoderms dominated the seas, some sarcopterygians came into freshwater habitats.
In the early Devonian (416–397 mya), the sarcopterygians split into two main lineages — the Coelacanths and the Rhipidistia. The former never left the oceans and their heyday was the late Devonian and Carboniferous, from 385 to 299 mya, as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic; coelacanths still live today in the oceans (genus Latimeria).
The first tetrapodomorphs, which included the gigantic rhizodonts, had the same general anatomy as the lungfish, who were their closest kin, but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the later Devonian epoch (385–359 mya), with the appearance of tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates). Tetrapods are the only tetrapodomorphs which survived after the Devonian.

Non-tetrapod sarcopterygians continued until towards the end of Paleozoic era, suffering heavy losses during the Permian-Triassic extinction event (251 mya).

Taxonomy and phylogeny 
 Sarcopterygii
 Coelacanthimorpha
 Coelacanthiformes
 Latimeriidae
 Rhipidistia
 Dipnoi
 Tetrapodomorpha
 †Rhizodontiformes
 Osteolepiformes
 Panderichthyida

Related pages
 Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes

References
The Actinopterygii is the class of ray-finned fishes.

The ray-finned fishes get their name from the fact their fins are webs of skin held by bony or horny spines ("rays"). This is different from the fleshy fins of the fish in the Sarcopterygii. Ray-finned fish  first appeared in the Silurian period.

Actinopterygians are the largest class of vertebrates. There are nearly 25,000 species. They can be found in both fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. 

Most of the living species are teleosts, which are late-comers to the fish domain. The first teleosts are in the Mesozoic era, yet now they make up 96% of all fish.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy 

 Chondrostei (bichirs and sturgeons)
 Neopterygii
 Holostei (gars and bowfins)
 Teleostei
 Osteoglossomorpha
 Elopomorpha (eels) 
 Clupeomorpha (herrings, anchovies)
 Ostariophysi (goldfish, minnows, catfish, electric eels)
 Protacanthopterygii (salmon, trout, pike)
 Stenopterygii
 Cyclosquamata
 Scopelomorpha
 Lampridiomorpha
 Polymyxiomorpha
 Paracanthopterygii (cod, anglerfish)
 Acanthopterygii (mullets, flying fishes, sticklebacks, seahorses, flatfish, cichlids, mackerel, tuna, perch)

References
EP may refer to following:
 European Parliament
 Extended Play
 El Paso Corp.

Music
 EP (The 77s EP), a 1999 rock album
 EP (Childish Gambino EP), 2011 album from rapper Childish Gambino
 EP (The Fiery Furnaces album), a 2003 indie rock album
 EP (The Format album), 2002 work
 EP (Hope&Social EP), 2008 work
 EP (Luna EP), a 1996 indie pop/rock album
 EP (Matchbox Twenty EP), a 2002 album by Matchbox Twenty
 EP (Mogwai EP), a 1999 Scottish post-rock album
 Entity Paradigm, a Pakistani rock band
Extended play (EP) is a name given to CDs and records which contain more music than a single, but are too short to be called a music album. EPs usually have about 10 to 25 minutes of music, singles have less than 10 minutes and albums have about 25 to 80 minutes of music.

Related pages
 Album
 Single (music)

Albums
Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker  (15 April 1920 – 31 January 2015) was a German politician, and a member of the CDU party. He was President of Germany from 1984 to 1994.

Backgrounds 
He was born in Stuttgart, the son of the diplomat Ernst von Weizsäcker and brother of physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. His grandfather Carl von Weizsäcker had been Minister President of Württemberg

In World War II he served in the German Army. He was wounded in East Prussia in 1945 and was sent home to Stuttgart. Then he continued his study of history in Göttingen and eventually studied law.

As a law student he was a member of his father's defence team at the Eleventh secondary Nuremburg Trial aka the Ministries Trial. He took his first judicial state exam in 1950, the second in 1953, and in 1955 was promoted doctor juris. In 1953 he married Marianne von Kretschmann; they have four children.
From 1967 to 1984 he was a member both of the Synod and the Council of the Evangelical Church in Germany. He leaded the German Evangelical Church Assembly from 1964 to 1970.

Political career

Richard von Weizsäcker joined the CDU in 1954 and was a member of the Bundestag (German Parliament) from 1969 to 1981.

He was elected vice president of the Bundestag 1979-1981, but did not stand for re-election, because he became the Governing Mayor () of West Berlin (1981-1984).

He was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung (Federal Convention) in 1984, succeeding Karl Carstens. He was Germany’s first president after reunification.

After his presidency, he was involved in politics and charitable affairs. He was the chair of a commission installed by the then SPD-Bündnis 90/Die Grünen government for reforming the Bundeswehr.
He has served on many international commissions. He was chairman of the Independent Working Group on the future of the United Nations and was one of three 'Wise Men' appointed by European Commission President Romano Prodi to consider the future of the European Union.

Retirement and death 
He retired in 1994 and lived in Berlin. He wrote books during his retirement.

Richard von Weizsäcker died in Berlin, Germany, aged 94.

Books

Von Weizsäcker has written may books, including
 Von Deutschland aus
 Die deutsche Geschichte geht weiter
 Von Deutschland nach Europa
 Vier Zeiten

His autobiograghy is called From Weimar to the Wall: My Life in German Politics (1999).

References

Other websites

1920 births
2015 deaths
Members of the German Bundestag
German lawyers
German Lutherans
German writers
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Stuttgart
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidents of Germany
The Millennium Stadium is a stadium in Cardiff, Wales. It has a capacity of around 74,500.

Football stadiums in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Cardiff
Sport in Wales
Football in Wales
Cardiff
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a college sports organization in the United States. It was established on March 31, 1906. The NCAA has three levels of sports: Division I, Division II, and Division III.  Division I schools usually are the biggest college sports powers, with larger budgets, better sports facilities, and higher numbers of sports scholarships compared to Division II and III schools. Its headquarters are in Indianapolis, Indiana. The NCAA was started in 1906.

Related pages
 NCAA Award of Valor

 
1906 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Indiana
Musical groups established in 1980
1980 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
1993 disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
2000 disestablishments in Europe
2000s disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Musical groups established in 2012
2012 establishments in the United Kingdom
2010s establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups from Greater Manchester
Adidas AG is a major German sports apparel manufacturer, part of the Adidas Group, consisting of Reebok sportswear company, Taylormade golf company, Maxfli golf balls, and Adidas golf and is the second largest sportswear manufacturer in the world.

History 

Adidas was founded in 1948 by Adolf Dassler. The title of brand was named after the founder (Adi from Adolf das from Dassler). A year later, the basic form of Adidas logo Three stripes was made. Adidas products are still being made today. The Adidas group makes 600 kinds of shoes and 1,500 kinds of clothings every season.

Logos 
Adidas has three types of logos, which are originals, sports performance, and sports style. Each type follows the product design concept and shared inspiration. They imply the features of lots of products.