Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Kenneth Charles Williams (22 February 1926 – 15 April 1988) was a British comedy actor and comedian. He acted in movies including 26 Carry Ons. He appeared in many television and radio shows and on stage.

Wiiliams was gay. He was born in North London and died there of a barbiturate overdose.

References

Other websites 

Actors from London
British radio actors
Comedians from London
Drug-related deaths in the United Kingdom
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English television writers
English voice actors
English LGBT writers
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
Writers from London
1926 births
1988 deaths
Edward Osborne Wilson (June 10, 1929 – December 26, 2021) was an American biologist, naturalist and author. He was an entomologist who studied ants, but to the public he is known for sociobiology, biodiversity and  conservation.

Wilson's writing has been very influential. He was a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction. He was known for his role as "the father of sociobiology", his environmentalism, and his secular humanist and deist ideas on religion and ethics.

He worked at Harvard University, and was a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. He was a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism. He was awarded the National Medal of Science (1977), and the Crafoord Prize (1990), which recognizes research in scientific fields not eligible for the Nobel Prize.
Career 
Wilson's work (and books) fell into at least four categories:
Ants. He was the twentieth century's leading expert on these insects.
Sociobiology. He created the term and wrote the book. He applies evolution and genetics  to the study of human nature. This part of his work has been highly controversial. The term is not as often used as it was before. The idea of evolutionary psychology is becoming more popular.
Biodiversity and conservation. This part of his work is agreed by many other experts.
Unity of knowledge. He argues that all knowledge – including humanities and social sciences – should be a kind of unified science. This is a philosophical view which has been put forward several times before.p228

Death
Wilson died on December 26, 2021 in Burlington, Massachusetts at the age of 92.
Books 
 1967. The theory of island biogeography, with Robert MacArthur. Princeton University Press. 2001 reprint: 
 1971. The insect societies. Harvard University Press. 
 1975. Sociobiology: the new synthesis. Harvard University Press. 25th anniversary edition, 2000: 
 1979. On human nature. Harvard University Press. 
 1981. Genes, mind and culture: the coevolutionary process. Harvard University Press. 
 1983. Promethean fire: reflections on the origin of mind. Harvard University Press. 
 1984. Biophilia, Harvard University Press. 
 1990. Success and dominance in ecosystems: the case of the social insects. Inter-Research. ISSN 0932-2205
 1990. The Ants, with Bert Hölldobler. Harvard University Press. , Winner of the Pulitzer Prize
 1992. The diversity of life Harvard University Press. ; The diversity of life: special edition. 
 1993. The biophilia hypothesis, with Stephen R. Kellert. Shearwater Books.
1994. Journey to the ants: a story of scientific exploration, with Bert Hölldobler. Harvard University Press. ,
 1994. Naturalist. Shearwater Books. 
 1996. In search of nature, with Laura Simonds Southworth. Shearwater Books. 
 1998. Consilience: the unity of knowledge. Knopf. 
 2002. The future of life, Knopf. 
 2003. Pheidole in the New World: a dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus. Harvard University Press. 
 2005. From so simple a beginning: Darwin's four great books. W.W. Norton, New York. Edited, with introductions by Edward O. Wilson.
 2006. The creation: an appeal to save life on Earth. W.W. Norton, New York. 
 2006. Nature revealed: selected writings 1949-2006. 
2009. The Superorganism: the beauty, elegance, and strangeness of insect societies, with Bert Hölldobler. W.W. Norton, New York. 
2010. Anthill: a novel. W.W. Norton, New York. 
2010. Kingdom of Ants: Jose Celestino Mutis and the dawn of natural history in the New World, with José María Gómez Durán. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
2011. The Leafcutter Ants: civilization by instinct, with Bert Hölldobler. W.W. Norton, New York. 
2012. The Social Conquest of Earth. Liveright, New York. 
2014. Letters to a Young Scientist. Liveright. 
2014. A Window on Eternity: A Biologist's Walk Through Gorongosa National Park. Simon & Schuster.  
2014. The Meaning of Human Existence. Liveright. 
2016. Half-Earth. Liveright.   
2017. The Origins of Creativity. Liveright.
Related pages
Daniel Clarence Quinn

References 

1929 births
2021 deaths
American biologists
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Harvard University alumni
Pulitzer Prize winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Scientists from Birmingham, Alabama
Humanists
American entomologists
Louis-Ferdinand Céline was a pen name of Louis-Ferdinand Destouches (Courbevoie, 27 May 1894 – Meudon 1 July 1961) was a French writer and physician. Céline was his grandmother's first name. He is thought to be one of the most important writers of the twentieth century. He created a new style of writing that modernized both French and world literature. His most famous work is Journey to the End of the Night. He is a controversial person because of his anti-Semitic pamphlets. He was married to dancer Lucette Destouches.

Works
Works 

 1932: Journey to the End of the Night (Voyage au bout de la nuit)
 1936: Death on Credit  (Mort à crédit)
 1936: Mea Culpa 
 1937: Trifles for a Massacre (Bagatelles pour un massacre 
 1938: School for Corpses (L'École des cadavres), 
 1941: A Nice Mess (Les Beaux Draps)
 1944: Guignol's Band
 1949: Cannon-fodder (Casse-pipe) 1949
 1952: Fable for Another Time (Féerie pour une autre fois) 
 1954: Normance: Fable for Another Time II (Normance - Féerie pour une autre fois II) 
 1955: Conversations with Professor Y (Entretiens avec le Professeur Y) 
 1957: Castle to castle (D'un château l'autre), 
 1960: North (Nord)
 1964: London Bridge: Guignol's Band II (Le Pont de Londres − Guignol's band II
 1969: Rigadoon (Rigodon)

1894 births
1961 deaths
French novelists
French physicians
Writers from Hauts-de-Seine
People from Courbevoie
Sociobiology is a field of scientific study which is based on the assumption that social behaviour has resulted from evolution. It attempts to explain and examine social behaviour in that way.

A branch of ethology and sociology, sociobiology  draws from anthropology, evolution, zoology, archaeology, population genetics, and other disciplines. As a study of human societies, sociobiology is allied to Darwinian anthropology, ethology and evolutionary psychology.

Ethology investigates collective animal behaviour, such as mating patterns, territorial fights, pack hunting, and the hive society of social insects. It argues that selection pressure led to the genetic evolution of advantageous social behaviour. In other words, a typical behaviour  pattern is inherited because it has raised the inclusive fitness of individuals as compared to other behaviours. This is mainstream biology. Its extension into human social behaviour is for ethologists absolutely normal, but for others it may be controversial.
While the term "sociobiology" can be traced to the 1940s, the concept did not get recognition until 1975 with the publication of E.O. Wilson's book, Sociobiology.

Sociobiology is based upon two fundamental premises:
 Certain behavioural traits are inherited,
 Inherited behavioural traits have been honed by natural selection.
 Therefore, these traits were probably adaptive in the species` original environment.
 Humans are animals
 Therefore, their behaviours have been modified by natural selection
 Therefore, the root of human behaviour is inherited, and our ability to change it by social means has limits. Humans are not blank slates.

It is this last point which is most controversial.
Criticism 
Wilson's book had almost 700 pages, which were almost entirely devoted to social behaviour in animals. His ideas on the evolution of human behaviour was in a short section of 30 pages at the end of the book. Yet because of this section, the (apparently) new field of sociobiology became the subject of heated controversy. The criticism was driven by political events of the day.

"The mid-1970s were years of intense political activity on campuses, much of it initiated by left-wing professors and their students who opposed the war in Vietnam. At Harvard University [Wilson's employer] the war... came under fire from a number of scholars of the Marxist or semi-Marxist persuasion... Marxist philosophy is founded on the premise of the perfectability of human institutions through ideological prescription. Therefore, persons with Marxist views were particularly unreceptive to the notion that an evolved 'human nature' exists".
Criticism by Richard Lewontin and Stephen Jay Gould, and the Sociobiology Study Group hinted that there was some relationship between these ideas and some of the worst events in history. The main concern of the critics seemed to be the idea that sociobiology provided aid and comfort for those who would maintain social injustice and inequality.p545

Actually, there was no political content in Wilson's last chapter, and Wilson himself was and is a liberal thinker. In the 25th anniversary edition of his book Wilson gives his own account of the controversy.

To avoid some of the controversy, though their ideas are rather similar to Wilson's, some psychologists and anthropologists founded the related field of evolutionary psychology. This shares with sociobiology a belief in the evolutionary origin of behaviour patterns. However, it is more aimed at human behaviour, where sociobiology arose out of experiments on animal behaviour (ethology).
A human case study 
Why do men have standards of beauty which they apply to women? This is a question to which a typical femininist sociologist would reply: it is culturally determined, a belief system which serves to keep males dominant over females.

To this, John Alcock asks: "What are the actual data? Are the standards of beauty in Western culture arbitrary?" The standards of beauty are consistent with youth and good health. Young, healthy women are more likely to become pregnant and give birth successfully than older or unhealthy women. Alcock asks:
"How likely is it that millions of years of natural selection on humans... would produce a male psyche... indifferent to the cues associated with fertile women? The answer is obvious".p137

Alcock gives the evidence that the signs of youth and beauty are consistent with high reproductive value.p138
An avian case study 
In some ways, it is easier to study the behaviour of other animals because our own experiences and prejudices are not involved. And we can do experiments on them which might not be possible with humans.
Songbird species almost always have a song which is characteristic of the species. In most cases the details of the song are not inherited. Instead, they inherit an ability to learn at a certain age. If a young male White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) is raised in isolation from the sound of other members of the species, it cannot sing their song. Eventually, it produces a song which is only vaguely like the proper song. But if the experimenter plays a tape of the adult male song, the young will later produce the complete and perfect song when they get to the right age. However, if the young bird is made deaf, it cannot learn the song. From this we learn
 that the capacity to learn is inherited rather than the song itself
 that hearing the adult song triggers the learning process
 that the young bird has to compare the sound it makes to the model song
 a young bird offered two or more songs on tape always learns the one characteristic of its own species.
but if the young male is only allowed to meet a mature male of another species, it does learn the "alien" song.
This allows us to be sure that the song, as such, is not inherited, but there is inherited a strong learning bias, which makes sense. In order to live and reproduce successfully, it pays for a male to attract a female of the same species, and defend its territory against other males of its species. The right song does both these jobs.p163/5
Sociobiology today 
In recent years the supporters of sociobiology have claimed to be "winning". They feel its basic ideas are quite sound. We are not blank slates, and our human nature is as much a product of evolution as the rest of us. Even our widespread love of pet animals may be explained by their improving our survival in a prehistoric past.p35/9

Books

Related pages 
 Adaptive unconscious
 Blank slate
 Evolutionary psychology
 Human nature
 Nature vs nurture
 Sociobiology: the new synthesis

References 

Ethology
Subfields of sociology
Evolutionary biology
Hamid Karzai (, ; born 24 December 1957) is a former President of Afghanistan. He served from 22 December 2001 to 29 September 2014. He was the first democratically elected leader of the country.

He is ethnic Pashtun from Kandahar and can speak several different language, including English, French, Persian, Urdu and his native Pashto language. He was educated in Afghanistan and India. He lived in Pakistan before becoming popular in late 2001. He has many family members and relatives living in the United States.

References 

1957 births
Living people
Presidents of Afghanistan
Pashtun people
The 1570 Concepción earthquake occurred at 9:00 (13:00 UTC), on February 8, 1570. The earthquake destroyed the town of  Concepción. A tsunami was caused and aftershocks were reported for months after the earthquake.

References 

1570
Concepción
Earthquakes in Chile
History of Chile
16th century in South America
February events
Parma is a city in Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Parma.

Things about the city of Parma
 The Duchy of Parma, an earlier name for the area around Parma
 Parma River, which divides the city and flows into the Po river
 Parma F.C., the football (soccer) team from Parma
 The Charterhouse of Parma, an 1839 novel by Stendhal that mostly happens in Parma

Places in the United States
 Parma, Idaho
 Parma, Michigan
 Parma Township, Michigan
 Parma, Missouri
 Parma, New York
 Parma, Ohio
 Parma Heights, Ohio

Other uses
Parma, Tibet
Parmigiana, a food dish
Monbetsu is a city in Hokkaido, Japan. It is on the shore of the Sea of Okhotsk.

Other websites

Cities in Hokkaido
Catatonia means a person is awake, but does not move, talk, or react to anything but pain. The person can stay stiff and still for hours. A person with catatonia may look to be in a stupor (being mentally numb and in a daze).  The cause is in the nervous system; the brain and nerves. This problem was first written about in 1874 in Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein.

Causes 
Catatonia can sometimes happen with mental disorders. It can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression. Catatonia may also happen when a person abuses drugs or overdoses by taking too much of a drug.

Catatonia can also be caused by many different medical disorders. Some causes are infections, such as encephalitis; autoimmune diseases; damage to the brain from strokes; and metabolic problems. 

A person can also get catatonia from benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, which happens if the person quickly stops taking benzodiazepine medications.
Treatment 
Doctors can treat catatonia. They usually start with medicines such as benzodiazepines. If those medicines do not work; doctors may use shock therapy. Antipsychotic medicines can also be used, but with safety in mind. Sometimes they can make catatonia worse or have bad side effects. A group of anesthetic drugs called NMDA antagonists may be helpful when benzodiazepines don't work.

References

Other websites
 Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders - Catatonic Disorders

Mental illnesses
Vinessa Elizabeth Shaw (born 19 July 1976) is an American actress and model. Shaw was born in Los Angeles, California. She has starred in many movies since the early 1990s. These include Hocus Pocus, Ladybugs, the 2006 remake of The Hills Have Eyes, and Two Lovers.

References

Models from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1976 births
Living people
The Science Museum is one of the three large museums on Exhibition Road, London. It is part of the National Museum of Science and Industry. The museum is a big tourist attraction in London. The science museum is a great place.

It has been free to enter the Science Museum since 1 December 2001. This is because it is paid for by the government. People may have to pay to enter the temporary exhibitions.

Start and history
Bennet Woodcroft started a museum in 1857. He used items from the Royal Society of Arts and the Great Exhibition. It included some machinery which became the Museum of Patents in 1858, and the Patent Office Museum in 1863. In 1883, the things held in the Patent Office Museum were moved to the South Kensington Museum. In 1885, the Science Collections were renamed the Science Museum. In 1893, the Science Museum got a separate leader. The Art Collections were renamed the Art Museum, which later became the Victoria and Albert Museum.
When Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone for the new building for the Art Museum, she said that the museum must be renamed after herself and her dead husband. The whole museum was named after them, but when that new building opened ten years later, the name was only for the Art Collections and the Science Collections were renamed. On June 26, 1909 the Science Museum, as an independent entity, came into existence. The Science Museum’s home today, designed by Sir Richard Allison, were opened to the public over time between 1919–28. This building was known as the East Block, building of which began in 1913 and was stopped during World War I. As the name suggests it was intended to be the first building of a much larger project, which was never made.

Collections
Collections

Although called a museum of science, it is really more a museum of industry. It has working models and real equipment from the industrial revolution in the 18th century, the great Victorian engineering, the age of aeroplanes and space in the 20th century.
The museum houses some of the many objects collected by Henry Wellcome that have to do with medicine. The fourth floor exhibit is called "Glimpses of Medical History", with reconstructions and dioramas of the history of medicine.  The fifth floor gallery is called "Science and the Art of Medicine", with exhibits of medical instruments and practices from ancient days and from many countries.  The collection has a lot of items from clinical medicine, the biosciences, and public health.  The museum is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine.
The Science Museum has a dedicated library, and until the 1960s was Britain's National Library for Science, Medicine and Technology. It holds runs of periodicals, early books and manuscripts, and is used by scholars worldwide. It has for a number of years been run in conjunction with the Library of Imperial College, but in 2007 the Library was divided over two sites. Histories of science and biographies of scientists are still kept at the Imperial College in London. The rest of the collection which includes original scientific works and archives are now located in Wroughton, Wiltshire.

Some 170,000 items which are not on current display are stored at Blythe House in West Kensington. Blythe House also houses facilities including a conservation laboratory, a photographic studio, and a quarantine area where newly-arrived items are looked at.

Galleries

The Science Museum is made up of a number of galleries, some of which are permanent, and some of which are temporary.

Power: The East Hall
The East Hall is the first area that most visitors see as they enter the building, going up through three floors. On the ground, the area is mostly filled with famous steam engines of various sorts, including the oldest surviving James Watt beam engine, which together tell the story of the British industrial revolution. Up in the air, hung from the ceiling is a big metal ring, the inside of which is covered in white LEDs which form patterns and display messages typed into kiosks by visitors in the Energy gallery.

Exploring Space
Exploring Space is a historical gallery, filled with rockets and exhibits that tell the story of human space exploration and the benefits that space exploration has brought us (particularly in the world of telecommunications).

Making the Modern World
Making the Modern World is a relatively new gallery, in which some of the museum's most iconic objects, including Stephenson's Rocket and an Apollo spacecraft, are imaginatively displayed along a timeline chronicling man's technological achievements.

Flight
Flight is another longstanding gallery, up towards the western end of the third floor. Contained in the gallery are several full sized aeroplanes and helicopters, including Alcock and Brown's transatlantic Vickers Vimy (1919), Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, as well as numerous aero-engines and a cross-section of a Boeing 747.

Launchpad
One of the most popular galleries in the museum is the interactive Launchpad gallery.  Redesigned and reopened in November 2007, the new look gallery houses over 50 interactive exhibits illustrating many different concepts in physical science.  The gallery is staffed by Explainers who are available to demonstrate how exhibits work, conduct live experiments and perform shows to schools and the visiting public.
Touring exhibitions
The Science Museum has made many exhibitions that tour travel around the world. The Science Box modern science series toured venues in the UK and Europe in the 1990s and from 1995 The Science of Sport appeared in various venues, in different ways, around the world. In 2005 The Science Museum teamed up with Fleming Media to set up The Science of... who develop and tour exhibitions including The Science of Aliens, The Science of Spying and The Science of Survival .

In 2008, The Science of Survival exhibition opened to the public and allowed visitors to explore what the world might be like in 2050 and how humankind will meet the challenges of climate change and energy shortages.

Location
The museum is next to the Natural History Museum and used to be connected to it by a public corridor, which is now closed. The closest London Underground station is South Kensington; a subway connects the museums to the station.
At the front of the museum to the east is Exhibition Road. Directly to the south is Museum Lane and the Natural History Museum. At the back is Queen's Gate and to the north is Imperial College.

Transport connections

References

Other websites

Science Museum website
Albertopolis: Science Museum — architecture and history of the Science Museum
National Museum of Science and Industry  (NMSI) — a collection of British museums that includes the Science Museum
 Mapping the World's Science Museums from Nature Publishing Group's team blog 

Museums in London
National museums
Bezliudivka (; ) is a settlement in the Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. Situated on the river Udy (Seversky Donets Basin), 3 km south of Kharkiv, 3 km from the railway station Bezlyudivka. As of 2001, 9,693 people lived there.

References 
 

Villages in Ukraine
Joué-du-Plain is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The commune was mentioned in 1216 by the name of "Jeum". There are 201 people living there. It is  in size. The highest point in the commune is . The river l'Udon flows through the commune. The forest of Mancelliere is here. The community festival is 29 June.

Important places
The church in the commune is dedicated to Saints Gervais and Portais.  The architectural elements are pointed arches, a Norman tower and Roman arches. The church was rebuilt in the Renaissance. Inside the church are sculptures of St. Gervais and Saint Portais made in the 18th century. Also, there is an 18th century sculpture of Saint Michael made in stone and painted. There are also sculpted wooden stalls, a statue of the Virgin Mary and a baptismal font made in the 18th century. The cemetery around the church has two 16th century entrances.

Another important place in the commune is Château de la Motte. The chateau is a 19th century building.
Legends
Joué-du-Plain has a legend that the lord of Chantelou killed his wife and her lover. The lord painted the front of his chateau with their blood. The farm called Baritaur is the former place of the lord called "Red House of Chante-lou"

References

Communes in Orne
Military taxonomy is an indexing tool or record-keeping template. It includes weapons, equipment, organizations, strategies, and tactics.  

Military taxonomy can be used to  analyze field missions and other activities. For example, a taxonomy of terrorism would include terms related to terrorists, terrorist groups, terrorist attacks, weapons, venues, and characteristics of terrorists and terrorist groups.

A taxonomy of terms that describes types of military actions is affected by how all elements are defined and used. Many military strategies can be analyzed using a taxonomy model.

References

Taxonomy
military
In chemistry, a polar bond is a type of covalent bond between two or more dissimilar atoms, in which electrons are shared unequally.  A covalent bond is the "strong" kind of bond that makes a molecule. 

Electrons are negatively charged. If the two atoms share the electrons equally, then the negative charge is evenly spread out over the entire molecule, balanced out by the positive charges of the protons in the atoms' nuclei. This makes the entire molecule neutral - a non-polar bond, making a non-polar molecule. However, if one of the atoms is particularly greedy for electrons (called electronegativity), then its side of the bond will have more electrons. Therefore, that side of the bond will have a slightly negative charge, and the other side will have a slightly positive charge.

This is important because it turns the bond into an electrical dipole. This dipole acts like a magnet, if other bonds that work as dipoles are nearby, it will react to them.
In some molecules, these polar bonds are lined up with each other. Then the entire molecule is a dipole, and attracts other dipoles. Water does this. You can see in the image that the hydrogen (small and white) is positively charged and the oxygen (big and red) is negatively charged. This picture shows how the little water dipoles line up with each other, in the same way that if you toss a bunch of little magnets into a box, they will line up with each other.

This is one of the most basic and important differences between bonds (and the resulting molecules) in chemistry.  This can be easily predicted (because the electronegativity of all the atoms in the periodic table is known).  It creates an enormous difference in how the molecules behave.

When the difference in electron negativity between the 2 atoms Is more in covalent bond the more electron negativity, atom acquire partial negativity charge and other atom acqiure partial positive charge.

Related pages 
 Covalent bond
 Electronegativity

References
References

Chemical bonding
Who Framed Roger Rabbit is a 1988 American fantasy-comedy-noir movie. It is set in 1947 in Los Angeles. The movie is based on Gary K. Wolf's novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?.  It was directed by Robert Zemeckis. The movie was released by Touchstone Pictures. The movie has both animation and live action parts. The cartoon characters interact directly with human beings.

Awards
Who Framed Roger Rabbit won Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing, Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing. Nominations included Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Sound. Richard Williams received a Special Achievement Award.

Roger Rabbit won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Direction for Zemeckis and Special Visual Effects. Bob Hoskins, Christopher Lloyd and Joanna Cassidy were nominated for their performances.  Alan Silvestri and the screenwriters also received nominations.
The movie was nominated for four categories at the 42nd British Academy Film Awards and won an award for its visual effects.

Roger Rabbit was nominated the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). Hoskins was also nominated for his performance.

The movie also won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie.

References

Other websites
 

1988 crime movies
1988 comedy movies
1988 fantasy movies
1988 mystery movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
American buddy movies
American fantasy movies
American mystery movies
American animated movies
American criminal comedy movies
American children's comedy movies
Film noir
Academy Award winning movies
Saturn Award winning movies
Movies about rabbits and hares
Movies about animals
Movies featuring Sylvester (Looney Tunes)
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis
Movies composed by Alan Silvestri
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Jean-François "J. F." Jacques (born April 29, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He plays for the EC KAC of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). He has also played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Edmonton Oilers and the Anaheim Ducks.

He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers with the 68th pick in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He has played in the NHL for the Edmonton Oilers for 5 seasons.

In the 2011-2012 season he played for the Anaheim Ducks.  In July 2012, he was signed to the Florida Panthers.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 

1985 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Baie-Comeau Drakkar players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Edmonton Oilers players
Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Living people
Oklahoma City Barons players
San Antonio Rampage players
Springfield Falcons players
Syracuse Crunch players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players
Rosside is a small hamlet on the outskirts of Ulverston, in North West England. The hamlet is about  in size. It contains approximately 15 houses. Rosside gains little income from tourism, unlike her neighbouring town of Ulverston, where people flock to the famous Laurel & Hardy museum, a true tribute to the great comedians.

Hamlets in England
Hamlets in Cumbria
Life After Death is the second and last studio album by American rapper The Notorious B.I.G.. It was released on March 25, 1997. It is a sequel to his first album, Ready to Die. Life After Death was going to be released sometime in 1996. It was pushed back for some reason. 

The album was nominated for three Grammy Awards in 1998, including Best Rap Album, Best Rap Solo Performance for the single "Hypnotize", and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for its second single "Mo Money Mo Problems" at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards. 

The album serves as his last studio album. It was released posthumously due to The Notorious B.I.G. being murdered in a drive-by shooting prior to its release. Life After Death was released as a double album. Allmusic gave the album 4.5/5 stars.

Track listing
Credits adapted from Life After Death liner notes.

Disc two

References

1997 albums
The Notorious B.I.G. albums
River Pinn is a river in West London. It starts near Pinner.

Related pages 
 List of rivers in England

Other websites 
Celandine Route - along the River Pinn 

Rivers of England
Geography of London
Lars von Trier (born 30 April 1956) is a Danish movie director and screenwriter. He has won many prizes. These include the Golden Palm, Grand Prize, and the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival. He has a prolific and controversial career, spanning over four decades. His latest movie The House That Jack Built was released in 2018.

Biography
After studying at the University of Copenhagen (1976-79), von Trier was educated at the Danish Film School (1979-82). In 1992, together with Peter Aalbæk, he established Zentropa, which plays a key role in Scandinavian film production.

Trier is a main figure in the international art film and has been the prime mover behind the boom of Danish films from the 1990s, especially because of his central role in Dogme 95.
He started producing small films from childhood, and as a young man made two half-hour long, privately-financed fiction films: The Orchid Gardener (1977) and Menthe la bienheureuse (1979). During film school, he made the short film Nocturne (1981), which won an award at the Filmschoolfest Munich 1981, and Liberation Pictures (1982), whose hypnotic modernist imagery is characteristic of Trier's early works. The so-called Europa trilogy, which revolves around the male idealist in a downfall universe, includes the feature film debut The Element of Crime (1984), the experimental low-budget Epidemic (1987) and the much-maligned melodrama Europe (1991). The television production Medea (1988) was based on Carl Th.
Trier gained international attention from the beginning. Both the debut film and Europe won awards in Cannes, but it was only with the television series The Kingdom (1994 and 1997) that he won a large audience. The black humorous series about ghosts at the National Hospital effectively blended horror and satire. It was also an experiment in simplifying the production process as well as a break with conventional perfectionism and in doing so formed the basis for the Dogme 95 manifesto, which Trier prepared in collaboration with Thomas Vinterberg and presented in Paris at a conference on the film's future, Le cinéma vers son deuxième siècle, on March 20, 1995, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the film media.
Together with Vinterberg, Søren Kragh-Jacobsen and Kristian Levring, Trier formed a dogma fraternity. At the turn of the millennium, the dogma brothers collaborated on a live recorded and broadcast television movie, D-Day (2001). With the "Ten Rules of the Chastity Lift", Dogme was an initiative to cleanse the film and film process of the superficial and superficial, which especially characterizes the commercial American film. As a kind of alternative artistic and technical method focusing on the modest equipment, the intense game and the strong history, Dogme 95 gained great international impact and put new Danish film on the international agenda. In total, ten Danish dogma films were produced.
Trier's next film, Breaking the Waves (1996), was not a dogma movie, but the intense melodrama of sexuality and religiosity was narrated with troubled handheld camera and led to an international breakthrough. The female suffering stories continued in the dogma movie The Idiots (1998) and especially in the musical Dancer in the Dark (2000), which won the Gold Palm at Cannes. Taken together, the three films form the so-called "Golden Heart" trilogy, named after a picture book Trier had as a child.

In The Five Obstructions (2003), Trier challenged his older colleague Jørgen Leth to remake the short film The Perfect Man (1967) based on changing playing rules. Dogville (2003), about society and the stranger, is played on a stage floor with white lines and selected props; it, together with Manderlay on freedom and slavery, is the never-ending trilogy about the United States during the '30s crisis.
After the comedy The Boss of It All (2006), which experimented with Automavision, the so-called "Depression Trilogy" marked a change of mood: Antichrist (2009), a bleak horror fable about women's nature; Melancholia (2011), about the downfall of the world; and the five and a half hour long Nymphomaniac (2013-2014), about sexuality as a destructive obsession. The House That Jack Built (2018) is his latest feature film and follows the serial killer Jack through a defining number of years.

In addition, Trier has written screenplays for Thomas Vinterberg's drama Dear Wendy (2005), about marginalized youth in an American mining town, and for Jacob Thuesen's The Young Years (2007), a comedy about Trier's film school years. He also created the concept for the theatrical performance The World Clock (1996), performed in the Arts Association in Copenhagen.

In August 2022, it was announced that von Trier had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

References
References

1956 births
Living people
Danish movie directors
People with Parkinson's disease
Danish screenwriters
New Bedford is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts. It is  south of Boston,  southeast of Providence, Rhode Island, and about  east of Fall River. It is the sixth-largest city in Massachusetts.

Well-known people from New Bedford
 Frederick Douglass, 19th century abolitionist and editor.
 Quinn Sullivan, musical child prodigy

Sister cities
 Tosashimizu, Kōchi, Japan since 1987

References

Cities in Massachusetts
1640 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1640s establishments in Massachusetts
Peripheral vision is the ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision.

Functions
The main functions of peripheral vision are:
 recognition of well-known structures and forms with no need to focus by the foveal line of sight.
 identification of similar forms and movements (Gestalt psychology laws)
 delivery of sensations which form the background of detailed visual perception.

References

Vision
Slyudyanka (), is a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. The town is located on the southern coast of Lake Baikal. It sits at the foot of the Khamar-Daban mountain range. It is next to the confluence of the Slyudyanka River and Baikal. The town is divided into two parts by the Transsiberian Railway. Slyudyanka had a population of 19,242 in the 2002 census. In 2010. 18,542 people lived there. It is served by Slyudyanka-I and Slyudyanka-II railway stations. The Circum-Baikal Railway starts from the Slyudyanka-II station.

Slyudyanka was founded in 1647 by the Russian Cossacks. Because of its geographical position, the city grew quickly and became a large transit centre which connected Irkutsk with China and Mongolia. The town became a railway hub in 1905, when constructing of Transsiberian Railway had been finished. Also there is a marble deposit in the town.

Cities and towns in Irkutsk Oblast
"Karma Police" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead. It is from their 1997 album OK Computer.

1997 songs
Radiohead songs
Alternative songs
Professional Golfers' Association, (with or without the apostrophe), is the usual term for a professional association in men's golf. It is often abbreviated to PGA. There are several PGAs around the world. These include:

 Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain & Ireland)
 Professional Golfers' Association of America

The women's version is Ladies Professional Golf Association. It is commonly abbreviated to LPGA. The United States association is called the LPGA. Other women's bodies have names based on where they are located. For example, LPGA of Japan or LPGA of Korea. 

The organisations which run the world's two leading professional golf tours have the letters PGA in their names. They are now independent of the Professional Golfers' Associations that created them: 
 The PGA Tour runs the PGA Tour, Champions Tour and Nationwide Tour.
 The PGA European Tour runs the European Tour, Challenge Tour and European Seniors Tour.
At first, PGAs were the main groups for all forms of professional golf in their area. Now some of them, including those of the United States, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Ireland, are focused on the needs of the professional golfers who work as club or teaching professionals. They do not have as much to do with tournament professionals.

Golf
G
Fromage frais is a dairy product of French and Belgian origin.

Fromage frais is a creamy soft cheese. It is made with whole or skimmed milk and cream. It is like cream cheese, but with less fat (fewer calories and less cholesterol). When people need fromage frais but cannot get it, they can use low fat cream cheese.
Pure fromage frais has very little fat. Cream is often added to make it taste better. This adds more fat. 8% of the weight of fromage frais with cream can be fat.

there are two ways to serve fromage frais. It can be served as a dessert similar to yogurt, often with added fruit. It can be used in savory dishes. In restaurants it is often served with honey. Restaurants call this fromage blanc au miel.

References

Other websites 
What is fromage frais (with or without fat?)

French cheeses
Stupid may refer to:
Stupidity, a lack of intelligence
Stupid (art movement), a group of artists in Cologne, Germany, in the 1920s
"Stupid" (song), on Raven-Symoné's self-titled album
Stupid (Sarah McLachlan song), on the album Afterglow
Stupid!, a UK children's television show on CBBC
Stupid.com, a web site
"Stupid", a song by Swedish musician Per Gessle on his album The World According to Gessle
"Stupid" is a song written by Sarah McLachlan and produced by Pierre Marchand for McLachlan's eighth album Afterglow (2003). It was released as the album's second single in Australia and the United States in mid-2004.

The music video features McLachlan in different time periods and was directed by Sophie Muller.

The song became McLachlan's highest-charting single release in Australia, debuting at number thirty-seven in early June 2004. It spent seven weeks on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, two of which were in the top fifty.

A remix of the song, titled "The Mark Bell Mix" was featured on So You Think You Can Dance.

Track listing
CD single
 "Stupid" — 3:26
 "Stupid" (Hyper remix) — 3:26
 "World on Fire" (Junkie XL club mix) — 12:21
 Enhanced with "Stupid" music video

Charts

Release history

Notes

2004 songs
Sarah McLachlan songs
Stupid was a short-lived grouping of constructivist artists, formed in Cologne in 1919. The founding members were Willy Fick, Heinrich Hoerle and his wife Angelika Hoerle (1899–1923), Anton Räderscheidt and his wife Marta Hegemann, and Franz Wilhelm Seiwert.

The Stupid group aimed to address sociopolitical issues through an art of proletarian character. Seiwert and Räderscheidt were at the time active in the local Dada scene. Räderscheidt's studio was their base of operations, but by 1920 he had abandoned the constructivist style. The group  exhibited together and issued a publication, "Stupid 1", before disbanding.

Notes

References
Dempsey, Amy (2002). Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements. New York: Harry A. Abrams. 
Michalski, Sergiusz (1994). New Objectivity. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. 
Anton Raederscheidt biography at www.raederscheidt.com 

Art movements
Worry is an emotion. It means that one feels stressful or he or she is panicking about something. It is felt as anxiety or concern about a real or imagined issue. Most people experience short periods of worry in their lives, but it is not normally a problem. In fact, a small amount of worrying may even have good effects, if it makes people take precautions or be more careful.

Emotions
Jiske Griffioen (born 17 April 1985 in Woerden) is a Dutch wheelchair tennis player. She was born with Spina bifida. Before she started her career as a wheelchair tennis player, she was a member of the national wheelchair basketball team at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney at the age of 14. Griffioen has won Grand Slam titles in doubles play at the Australian, French and US Opens and on four occasions has won the end of year Masters doubles.

References

Other websites
ITF Profile 
 Home page of Jiske Griffioen 

1985 births
Living people
Dutch Paralympic bronze medalists
Dutch Paralympic gold medalists
Dutch Paralympic silver medalists
Dutch wheelchair tennis players
Sportspeople from Utrecht (province)
Portia Lee James DeGeneres (born Amanda Lee Rogers; 31 January 1973), known professionally as Portia de Rossi (), is an Australian-American actress, model and philanthropist. She is best known for the television work on series such as Ally McBeal and Arrested Development.

Early life
She was born in Horsham, Victoria, Australia. She is the daughter of Margaret, a medical receptionist, and Barry Rogers. Her father died when she was nine. She grew up in Grovedale, a suburb of Geelong, Victoria. She modelled for print and TV commercials as a child. In 1988, at the age of 15, Rogers adopted the name Portia de Rossi, by which she remains best known; in 2005, she explained that she wanted to reinvent herself, using the given name of Portia, a character from William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice and an Italian last name.
Personal life
She wrote a book about her battle with anorexia called Unbearable Lightness: A story of loss and gain. At one stage she weighed only , was eating only 300 calories a day, and taking 20 laxative pills a day.

She is openly lesbian. She married comedian Ellen DeGeneres in Los Angeles in 2008.

References

1973 births
Living people
Actors from Victoria (Australia)
American LGBT people
American television actors
Australian LGBT people
Australian television actors
Lesbians
LGBT actors
People from Geelong
Animal color (or coloration) is produced by light reflecting from an animal's surface. The ways animals produce colors include pigments, chromatophores and other structures, and bioluminescence.

Since sight is usually so important to animals, and is so often used by predators as a long-range way to find prey, an animal's color must serve one or more functions. These functions, such as finding prey, or evading capture, or finding a mate, are absolutely essential for life and survival. Therefore, animal color is determined by natural selection because it affects the survival of animals and their offspring.
Some of the most obvious functions of color are:
 Camouflage: enabling an animal to remain hidden from view
 Signalling to other animals
 Warning coloration: signalling to other animals not to attack
 Mimicry: taking advantage of another species' warning coloration
 Sexual selection: finding a mate
 Other kinds of signalling
 Diversion
 Startle defence: unexpected flashes of color or eyespots
 Dazzle: confusing a predator by moving a bold pattern (such as zebra stripes) rapidly
 Physical protection: such as humans in tropical climates have dark skin pigments which protect against sunburn and skin cancer.
 Incidental coloration. This is common in plants, which have green leaves because chlorophyll is green. In animals it is rare, such as having red blood (haem, needed to carry oxygen, is red). However, when the red shows on the surface it is often due to selection, as in human red lips.
Overwhelmingly, the most common function of color is in predator-prey relationships. "Anti-predator adaptations occur in every biome of the world and in almost every taxonomic group".

Animal color has been a topic of interest and research in biology for a long time. According to Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of natural selection, features such as coloration evolved by providing individual animals with a reproductive advantage. For example, individuals with slightly better camouflage than others of the same species would, on average, leave more offspring.
Startle and dazzle defences 
Animals can have a camouflage defence at distance, but when faced by a predator they may switch to a 'flash' defence to gain time and distract the predator. The predator often blinks or turns its face away in self-defence. This is a reflex act which is there to protect its vital facial area. In the second the predator blinks, the prey flies or jumps, and lands in camouflage again. This pattern of color plus behaviour is quite common. It is called deimatic defence by textbooks, from the Greek for 'dread' or 'to frighten'.

Related pages 
Camouflage
Defence against predators
Mimicry
Sexual dimorphism
Warning coloration
Evolution of color vision

References 

Evolutionary biology