Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Identity Thief is a 2013 comedy movie starring Jason Bateman and Melissa McCarthy. Bateman plays Sandy in this comedy. McCarthy plays Diana, the woman who stole Sandy's identity. Amanda Peet is also part of the cast.

This movie received negative reviews. Yet, it debuted at number one in the United States.

2013 comedy movies
English-language movies
American comedy movies
Manfred Maria Porsch (born 14 April 1950 in Vienna) is an Austrian composer and teacher. He composes Austrian contemporary worship music.

Manfred Porsch comes from the Focolare Movement. In 1971 and 1972, he toured with Gen Rosso. In 1983, he won first prize at the "Worldfestival of religious Song", the "Rassegna Mondiale della Canzone Religiosa Populare" in Rome. In 1987, Porsch founded "Musica e Vita Österreich" and started the festival series "Fest der Lieder". He has published about 200 songs.

In 2012, after a long break from writing music, Porsch published new songs with the producer Thomas Raber.

Songs 
 Melchior
 Wer schweigt, stimmt zu
 Messe (Ein Fest der Freude)
 Der Geist des Herrn ruht auf mir
 Du bist das Licht auf dem Weg
 Singen wir des Lied vom Frieden (produced by Thomas Raber, RATOM-Edition 2012)
 Eine Schule für coole (produced by Thomas Raber, RATOM-Edition 2012)

References

Other websites 
 www.manfredporsch.com
wordcat identities
Austrian composers
Teachers
Writers from Vienna
1950 births
Living people
Georg Bydlinski (born 30 May 1956 in Graz) is an Austrian writer.

Life 
Since 1982, Bydlinski has worked as a freelance writer in Mödling. In 1990, Bydliski took part in the Festival of German-Language Literature in Klagenfurt. Bydlinski writes novels, children's books and poems. He edits anthologies. He also translates. Bydlinski is a member of "IG Autorinnen Autoren", Grazer Autorenversammlung, ÖsterreicÖsterreichischer Schriftstellerverband,  "Literaturkreises Podium" and "Friedrich-Bödecker-Kreis Hannover".

Since 2013, he has worked with producer Thomas Raber.

Awards 

 1982 "Theodor-Körner-Förderpreis"
 1987 "Theodor-Körner-Förderpreis"
 1993 "Theodor-Körner-Förderpreis"
 1993 "Kinderbuchpreis der Stadt Wien"
 2001 "Österreichischer Staatspreis für Kinderlyrik"
 2005 "Österreichischer Staatspreis für Kinder- und Jugendliteratur"
 2005 "Dulzinea-Lyrikpreis"

Books
, Vienna u. a. 1980
 Distelblüte, Wean u. a. 1981
 Das Entchen und der große Gungatz, Vienna u. a. 1981 (together with Käthe Recheis und Alicia Sancha)
 Der Mond heißt heute Michel, Vienna u. a. 1981
 Die Sprache bewohnen, Vienna u. a. 1981
 Hinwendung zu den Steinen, Vienna u. a. 1984
 Schritte, St. Georgen an d. Gusen 1984
 ... Weil wir Heinzelmännchen sind, Vienna u. a. 1984 (together with Piotr Stolarczyk)
 Kopf gegen Beton, Mödling 1986
 Der himbeerrote Drache, Vienna 1988 (together with Piotr Stolarczyk)
 Landregen, Vienna u. a. 1988
 Satellitenstadt, Baden-Baden 1988
 Was sich Gott alles ausgedacht hat, Düsseldorf 1988 (together with Brigitte Smith)
 Ein Krokodil geht in die Stadt, Vienna u. a. 1990 (together with Piotr Stolarczyk)
 Guten Morgen, die Nacht ist vorbei, Vienna 1991 (together with Winfried Opgenoorth) 
 Im Halblicht, Vienna 1991
 Wurfparabel, Vienna 1991
 Die bunte Brücke, Freiburg u. a. 1992
 Der Hinzel-Henzel-Hunzelmann, Vienna 1992
 Ein Krokodil entdeckt die Nacht, Vienna 1992
Der Schattenspringer und das Monster, Vienna 1993
 Krok bleibt am Ball, Vienna 1994 (together with Piotr Stolarczyk)
 Bärenschüler, Vienna u. a. 1995 (together with Franz Hoffmann)
 Das Gespenst im Badezimmer, Vienna 1995
 Katzenpostamt, Vienna u. a. 1995 (together with Franz Hoffmann)
 Tierfeuerwehr, Vienna u. a. 1995 (together with Franz Hoffmann)
 Vogelzirkus, Vienna u. a. 1995 (together with Franz Hoffmann)
 Wintergras, Mödling 1995
 Die 3 Streithasen, Vienna 1996 (together with Marianne Bors) 
 Affentheater, Vienna u. a. 1997 (together with Franz Hoffmann)
 Hasenfußball, Vienna u. a. 1997 (together with Franz Hoffmann)
 Hundepolizei, Vienna u. a. 1997 (together with Franz Hoffmann)
 Krok geht in die Schule, Esslingen u. a. 1997 (together with Piotr Stolarczyk)
 Schweinchenexpress, Vienna u. a. 1997 (together with Franz Hoffmann)
 Immer diese Nervensägen!, Vienna 1998
 Bald bist du wieder gesund, Vienna u. a. 1999 (together with Birgit Antoni)
 Zimmer aus Licht, Vienna 1999
Daniel hilft wie ein Großer, Vienna u. a. 2000 (together with Birgit Antoni)
 Der dicke Kater Pegasus, Vienna 2000 (together with Carola Holland)
 Höre mich, auch wenn ich nicht rufe, Nettetal 2000
 Schneefänger, Vienna 2001
 Stadt, Rand, Nacht, Vienna 2002
 Wasserhahn und Wasserhenne, Vienna 2002 
 Sieben auf der Suche, Vienna 2003
 Lindas Blues, St. Pölten 2004
 Der Zapperdockel und der Wok, Vienna 2004 (together with Jens Rassmus)
 Ein Gürteltier mit Hosenträgern, Vienna 2005
 Hier ist alles irgendwie anders, Vienna u. a. 2005 (together with Birgit Antoni)
 Schattenschaukel, Vienna 2006
 Wie ein Fisch, der fliegt, Vienna 2006
 Das kleine Buch für gute Freunde, Düsseldorf 2007 (together with Katharina Bußhoff)
 Das kleine Buch zum Trösten, Düsseldorf 2007
 Die Bibel für Kinder und ihre Erwachsenen, Hörbuch, Vienna 2011 (together with Birgit Bydlinski)
As editor 

 Weißt du, daß die Bäume reden, Vienna u. a. 1983 (together with Käthe Recheis)
 Der Wünschelbaum, Vienna u. a. 1984
 Freundschaft mit der Erde, Vienna u. a. 1985 (together with Käthe Recheis)
 Mödlinger Lesebuch, Mödling 1985
 Angst hat keine Flügel, Mödling 1987
 Auch das Gras hat ein Lied, Vienna u. a. 1988 (together with mit Käthe Recheis)
 Die Erde ist eine Trommel, Freiburg u. a. 1988 (together with Käthe Recheis)
 Unter der Wärme des Schnees, Mödling u. a. 1988 (together with Franz M. Rinner)
 Zieh einen Kreis aus Gedanken, Vienna 1990 (together with Käthe Recheis)
 Ich höre deine Stimme im Wind, Freiburg im Breisgau u. a. 1994 (together with Käthe Recheis)
 Übermalung der Finsternis, Mödling u. a. 1994 (together with Franz M. Rinner)
 Kreisender Adler, singender Stern, Munich u. a. 1996 (together with Käthe Recheis)
 Der neue Wünschelbaum, Vienna 1999
Translations 
 Guck-Guck, Vienna u. a. 1996 (together with Debi Gliori)
 Gute Nacht, Vienna u. a. 1996 (together with Debi Gliori)
 Ich hab dich lieb, Vienna u. a. 1996 (together with Debi Gliori)
 Ein Löffel für dich, Vienna u. a. 1996 (together with Debi Gliori)

References

Other websites
 http://www.georg-bydlinski.at
 http://www.literaturhaus.at/autoren/B/G-Bydlinski/bio.html

1956 births
Living people
Austrian poets
Writers from Graz
The Antarctic Peninsula is the largest peninsula in Antarctica. The peninsula is the northernmost part of the mainland of Antarctica. It is 1300 km and reaches from Cape Adams (Weddell Sea) and a point on the mainland south of Eklund Islands. The northern tip is about 1000 km (600 miles) from Tierra del Fuego. There are many research stations as well as multiple claims of sovereignty on the Antarctic Peninsula.

Average temperatures on the peninsula have risen by nearly 2°C in the past 50 years which makes the Antarctic Peninsula one of the fastest warming places on Earth.

References

Geography of Antarctica
Peninsulas
Elizabeth Vargas (born September 6, 1962 near Paterson, New Jersey) is an American journalist. She first worked at the NBC network. She has worked on ABC programs, including 20/20. Before that, she was an anchor for Dateline NBC and The Today Show.

1962 births
American journalists
Living people
People from New Jersey
The classification of brachiopods is being discussed at present. The following is an overview of the different schemes which are proposed.

The "traditional" classification was defined in 1869. Two further approaches were established in the 1990s:
In the "traditional" classification, the Articulata have toothed hinges between the valves, while the hinges of the Inarticulata are held together only by muscles.87–93
A classification devised in the 1990s, based on the materials of which the shells are based, united the Craniida and the "articulate" brachiopods in the Calciata, which have calcite shells. The Lingulida and Discinida, combined in the Lingulata, have shells made of chitin and calcium phosphate.
A three-part scheme, also from the 1990s, places the Craniida in a separate group of its own, the Craniformea. The Lingulida and Discinida are grouped as Linguliformea, and the Rhynchonellida and Terebratulida as Rhynchonelliformea.
Principles 
Underlying the discussion are some basic principles:
Traditional phylogeny (and hence taxonomy) was based on:
overall body architecture, the idea of a body 'plan'.
the idea that evolution went from simple to complex.
certain basal features of embryology.
Phyla (et cetera) are man-made concepts which are meant to mirror our understanding of the reality we see. However, we now know that morphological characters (traits) are more changeable than was previously thought.
Molecular data are more objective, and can be decided with more certainty than data on morphology. Much more is now known about molecular sequences than is known about the evolution of morphology. Thus, evidence from molecular sequencing is used to develop classifications which better reflect evolution.

About 330 living species are recognized, grouped into over 100 genera. The great majority of modern brachiopods are rhynchonelliforms (Articulata, but excluding Craniida).

References 

Classification
Taxonomy
Déborah François (born 24 May 1987) is an actress from Belgium. She lives in Paris, France.
She is best known for her role as in Belgian film L’Enfant (The Child) , French film La Tourneuse de pages  (The Page Turner), and she won a César Award for her role in a 2008 French film Le premier jour du reste de ta vie (The First Day of the Rest of Your Life).

She was born in Liège, Belgium which is in the French-speaking area. She is the daughter of a policeman and a social worker. She was awarded the Romy-Schneider Prize and Prix Suzanne Bianchetti.

Filmography
2005 : L'Enfant 
2006 : La Tourneuse de pages 
2007 : Les Fourmis rouges  
2007 : L'Été indien 
2008 : Les Femmes de l'ombre  
2008 : Le Premier Jour du reste de ta vie 
2009 : Unmade Beds 
2009 : Fais-moi plaisir 
2009 : My Queen Karo 
2010 : Memories Corner
2010 : Mes chères études
2011 : Le Moine - The Monk
2011 : Les Tribulations d'une caissière
2012 : Populaire

References

Other websites
Other websites

 

1987 births
Living people
Belgian movie actors
Belgian stage actors
Belgian television actors
Belgian voice actors
People from Liège
St. Ouen Football Club  is a association football club in Saint Ouen, Jersey, Channel Islands. The club was founded in 1919. In 1972, they played a game against Scottish Old Firm team, Celtic.

Sources

European football clubs
Jersey
1919 establishments in Europe
Organisations based in the Channel Islands
Fertilisation of Orchids is a book by Charles Darwin.

The book was published on 15 May 1862 under the full title On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing.

Darwin's previous book, On the Origin of Species, had briefly mentioned evolutionary interactions between insects and the plants they fertilised. This new idea was explored in detail for orchids. The field studies and practical scientific investigations were initially a recreation for Darwin, a relief from the drudgery of writing. The work developed into enjoyable and challenging experiments, and he was helped by his family, friends, and a wide circle of correspondents.
The book was his first detailed demonstration of natural selection. It explained how complex ecological relationships resulted in the co-evolution of orchids and insects. The view has been expressed that the book led directly or indirectly to all modern work on coevolution and the evolution of extreme specialisation. It influenced botanists, and revived interest in the long neglected idea that insects played a part in pollinating flowers. It supported his view that natural selection led to a  variety of forms through the important benefits achieved by cross-fertilisation. Although the general public showed less interest and sales of the book were low, it established Darwin as a leading botanist. Orchids was the first in a series of books on his investigations into plants.
The book describes how the relationship between insects and plants resulted in the beautiful and complex forms which had fascinated many naturalists. By showing how adaptations develop step by step, Darwin countered the view that beautiful organisms were the handiwork of a Creator. Darwin's painstaking observations, experiments, and detailed dissection of the flowers explained previously unknown features. such as the puzzle of Catasetum, three completely different kinds of flowers. Darwin discusses how the Sack-Shaped Catasetum (Catasetum saccatum), a tropical South American species, launches its sticky pollen sacs with explosive force when an insect touches a hair (seta). His friend Thomas Huxley said "Do you really think I can believe all that?"

In the book Darwin made some famous predictions, including his proposal that the long nectary of Angraecum sesquipedale meant there must be a moth with an equally long proboscis. This was confirmed in 1903 when Xanthopan morgani praedicta was found in Madagascar.
References 

Biology books
Books by Charles Darwin
1860s books
Cocker Spaniel is the name for two dog breeds of the Spaniel type: The English Cocker Spaniel and the American Cocker Spaniel. Originally, these dogs were bred in England for hunting Eurasian Woodcock. Cocker spaniels are popular family pets. The English version is usually brown and ginger in color. Their fur is very soft and their noses are big. They have very big floppy ears. There are two version of cocker spaniels, show dogs and hunters. They are the smallest of the sporting dogs. They are bred from an earlier 19th century dog called field spaniels. The smallest dogs in litters were called "cockers". This was because They were small enough to go under hedgerows where larger dogs could not go. They could also move through brambles and bushes to flush woodcocks into the open. The smaller dogs became the American cockers while the larger dogs became the English variety.

References 

Spaniels
The 2013 Southern California shootings were an incident that happened in Southern California. The victims were law enforcement officers and related families.

The incident began on February 3, 2013, around which point 28-year-old Monica Quan and her fiancé Keith Lawrence, in Irvine, were found dead. They were shot in Lawrence's car. The suspected perpetrator of the crime, Christopher Dorner, put out a manifesto one day after the crime. Dorner is a former officer of the Los Angeles Police Department. On February 7, the driver of a pickup truck fired a rifle onto two officers, grazing the head of one and killing another. The one that was killed was Michael Crain, who died shortly after the shooting. Dorner was later found by police on February 12 and hid in a wooden cabin. The cabin later caught on fire. Human remains was found with a wallet reading "Christopher Dorner".
Christopher Dorner's early life 
Christopher Dorner had many different identities in his lifetime. He was regarded as been an upstanding citizen, an athlete, a law enforcement officer and a decorated military veteran. Some people who knew him indicated that he was very intelligent and sensitive. In a photo released by the police, he was standing up straight with the police uniform, smiling warmly, and the background for this photo is the American flag. In 2008, he was dismissed from the LAPD (Los Angeles Police Department) on a charge of making false statements. His colleagues said this was the turning point for his life. He typed 6000 words and posted it on the Internet. He released his anger and bitterness because of a decision that was made five years ago. He believed and firmly believe the racism, twenty years after the beating of black suspect Rodney King by white officers unleashed waves of rioting in Los Angeles.
Overview of the case 
Dorner started his killing with a plan. First he had a package with some complaints, and sent it to Anderson Cooper, who is a television personality, and arrive at CNN on February 1, 2013. Then Dorner tailed after a couple and killed them into their car on February 3, 2013. In this murder case, the dead include the daughter for the LAPD (Los Angeles Police Department) captain who became his defence lawyer in the LAPD review board hearings of his allegations against his training officer. In the end, he posted many statements which had next target's name and threaten them lives. It cause the police to mount a widespread manhunt for Dorner, the area was from California to include Nevada and Mexico. The police said the need protected more than 40 potential targets of Dorner's. Thousands of police were patrol in Southern California's highways.
Details of the case 
On February 1, Anderson Cooper of CNN got a package. It contained a DVD and a challenge coin carve a notes "1MOA". It meaned that the coin was shot at 100 meters.

On February 3, 28-year-old Monica Quan, and her fiancé, 27-year-old Keith Lawrence, were killed into a white car. Quan, an assistant women's basketball coach at Cal State Fullerton, was the daughter of Randal Quan. The crime scene was outside their condominium, in the city of Irvine.

On February 5, This information was for military sources that Dorner checked into Naval Base Point Loma in San Diego. However, he didn't checkout when he left.

On February 7, Two LAPD officers found Dorner at a gas station in Corona, they got a drastic shooting, and one officer, Michael Crain, died after the shooting.
On February 10, The government offered a $1 million reward for information about Dorner. Some people said he was hidden somewhere in the San Bernardino Mountains. In February 13, It was reported that they found Dorner's body in the mountain cabin.

References 

 Hanna, Jason. "Police: Man kills 3, himself in Southern California shooting spree". CNN. Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 5 February 2015.

2013 in California
2013 murders in the United States
2010s crimes in California
February 2013 events
Murder-suicides in California
Murders by firearm in California
Suicide in the 2010s
The Super Game Boy is a special video game cartridge released for the Super NES in 1994. It allows players to play Game Boy and some Game Boy Color games on a television screen. When played on the Super Game Boy, games are colored. There are 32 colors available. Players can switch colors with the L and R buttons. Some games, such as Donkey Kong, have features exclusive to the Super Game Boy. New features include better sound effects and multi-player. Some games also have a custom border when played on the Super Game Boy. In 1998, a new model, the Super Game Boy 2, was released in Japan. It has more borders and link cable support.

Game Boy
Nintendo hardware
"The Lost Wand" is a fairy tale written by Jean Ingelow and published by The Wonder Box Tales in 1902 The story revolves around Hulda, a lucky young girl in Norway who receives the opportunity to be granted a wish after finding a ring in her slice of cake.

Summary
All the children were in awe of the beautiful cake Hulda's grandmother made, and they were all aware of the magic it held. Between the fairy disguised as a flower on the top of the cake, and the ring hidden within it, the children were able to make a wish for whatever they pleased if they were lucky enough to find it. After receiving the magical ring in her slice, Hulda is given the opportunity to make a wish. A fairy appears from the flower on top of the cake, and tells Hulda she will give her anything she wishes for. Unknowing of what her wish would bring, she asks for the fairy's wand. After handing Hulda her beautiful gold wand, the fairy is stripped of her powers and will ultimately be held at the will of her enemy if she doesn’t one day retrieve the wand. It could not be returned immediately, it had to be on a midsummers day. Until then, the fairy requested that Hulda keep it safe for her while she was gone. Days passed and the fairy had never returned, this left Hulda believing that the fairy had died
. A dishonest guest paid a visit to Hulda and convinced her to trade the wand for a piece of his beautiful jewelry. After trading the wand for a bracelet with a bird clasp, Hulda realizes her visitor was actually a gnome. The gnome was the enemy the fairy had been worried about; with the wand in his possession he would make the fairy his slave. Hulda was aware she made a mistake, and did not rest until she retrieved the gold wand and returned it to the fairy. Not only did she give the fairy her powers back, but also in turn she saved her own life.
History and Origin 

A Lost Wand was written in the mid 1800s, pinpointing the date is difficult, but most publication of her work was done in 1865. The poems and tales she wrote are the reason why her fame is at the point of where it is now. A lot of Ingelow’s literature was influenced by the writings of Lewis Carroll and George Macdonald, and her stories were written specifically for children, not so much to teach a lesson; but for entertainment, which was a relatively new concept during this time period.

Characters

Hulda
Characters

Hulda 

Hulda begins the story as a young girl at a party one winter’s night in Norway at her home. Her parents bring out a grand cake with a small ring baked into it, the person who gets the ring receives one wish from a fairy. Hulda receives this wish, she wishes for the wand the fairy has. But is then upset when she found out because of her wish the fairy loses her powers. Hulda spends the rest of her childhood guarding the wand until a poor peddler comes along and wants to trade it for one of his beautiful bracelets. Because Hulda had not seen the fairy in a long time she assumed that she has died, and proceeds to trade the wand to the peddler. She finds out that the peddler was actually a gnome who only wanted to get the wand in the first place. She spends the rest of her childhood looking for the peddler to try and get back her mother ring which he also stole that day she met him.

The Fairy
The Fairy 

The fairy appears first at the beginning of the story to grant the children one wish, when Hulda wishes for the fairies wand, she is stripped of her magical powers and can no longer grant wishes. She becomes dim and soon disappears, but before she goes away for good she asks that the child keep good care of the wand for one day she may be able tor return for it. When the fairy comes back in the middle of the story she finds out that the wand has been traded to the evil gnome who dressed up like a poor peddler and tricked Hulda into trading it to him for one of his bracelets. Hulda thought the fairy was dead so she gave the wand away, when in fact the fairy tells Hulda she was in Africa far away from Europe because the gnomes can only come up in Europe, she was staying away so that she was not kept as a slave of the gnome. Once Hulda returns the wand to the fairy at the end of the story she is not seen or heard of again.

The Peddler (Gnome)
The Gnome who also plays the character of the poor peddler appears in the story after Hulda has become a bit older. He comes in searching for the wand that he knew was lost some where in the area she lived.  He disguises himself as a poor man trying to sell off his jewelry and trinkets, when he comes to the door to find that Hulda’s parents are away from the home, he begins to spin a web of lies that Hulda gets caught in, and mistakenly winds up giving away the Fairies wand, because the peddler convinces her that because the sheen of the jewels is gone, it means the owner has died.  He is delighted when he trades her the wand for a bracelet, so he leaves to go back underground. Years later he resurfaces and finds out about Hulda’s bad health, he goes back away until he knows she has passed. However She does not pass, due to the hot weather in the south she makes a full recovery
. When the peddler goes to the garden area to try and sell some more jewelry, he is confronted by Hulda and runs back to go hind underground however he is stopped by Hulda, demanding her mothers ring back. He soon becomes confronted with not only Hulda but the Lizard as well, He seems frightened by the lizard and before she can even force him to give the wand and the ring back, Hulda has possession of them. He then disappears underground with the Lizard, never heard from again.
Significance and Interpretation of Symbols

The Cake 
Norway is full of incredible foods, of all different kinds. However, the most significant item displayed on the table is Hulda’s grandmother’s cake. It catches not only the eye if Hulda, but all the others who are present. The appearance of the cake is not what makes it special; the fairy taking the form of a flower on top of the cake is what makes it so magnificent. The lucky child who finds the ring in their slice, gets to make a wish. All wishes do not bring happiness; they can very well bring the opposite. Although the cake is beautiful, the wish that Hulda is granted is not what she thought it would be; beauty is not always what it seems.
The Bird on the Bracelet 
The bracelet would not have been Hulda’s first choice as a trade for her little gold wand; in fact she liked most of the items a lot more. But just like the cake, not everything is what it seems to be. The bird clasp on the lovely bracelet turned out to be a loyal companion that led her way to find the peddler and in turn, save the fairy. This shows that those who deserve it receive the loyalty they need and kindness does not go unrewarded. The peddler and his greedy ways however, do not go unpunished. In the end, Hulda’s genuine intentions are turned into good deeds while the peddler is locked away underground away from the sunlight for eternity. The most beautiful objects aren’t always the best choice.
The Lizard 
A lizard; an animal often-found in hot, dry climates. This is why it is not unusual that the master of the gnomes, who happen to like hot weather, is a lizard. Most reptiles are perceived as slimy, nasty creatures. In this case, the Lizard is fair and considerate of all situations. She rewards those who deserve it and prosecutes those who do not. Just like everything else, not all is what it seems.

The Wand 
Although it's small the power it contains is life saving, literally. Without it, the fairy cannot live her normal life. Her normal life is helping mortals, without that she does not want to live. Once it became dim and the jewels, which decorated it, were no longer beautiful, it still has power hiding behind it. To anyone else, it would be insignificant. To the fairy, it meant the world. It either meant her life would be back to normal, or turned into a life of misery and despair. Even the tiniest objects can have the biggest impact.

References 

Fairy tales
Jizya or jizyah was a tax imposed upon dhimmi, non-Muslim residents in Muslim countries, as in the Ottoman Empire. Jews and Christians were required to pay the jizya while others, depending on the different rulings of the four Madhhabs, might be required to accept Islam, pay the jizya, be exiled, or be killed.

References 

Taxation
Ottoman Empire
John Bayard Anderson (February 15, 1922 – December 3, 2017) was an American-Republican politician from Illinois.  He was a politician from the 1960s until the later 2000s.  He ran for president in 1980, but lost to Ronald Reagan as the main Republican candidate.  He then ran as an independent candidate, and lost again to Reagan in November, 1980.

Anderson was born on February 15, 1922 in Rockford, Illinois to a Swedish-American family. He studied at the University of Illinois, at the University of Illinois College of Law, and at the Harvard Law School. Anderson was married to Keke Machakos from 1953 until his death 2017.

Anderson died on December 3, 2017, in Washington, D.C., aged 95.

References

1922 births
2017 deaths
Independent politicians in the United States
1980 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Rockford, Illinois
The greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga), occasionally just called the spotted eagle, is a large bird of prey. Like all typical eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. In summer it lives in eastern Eurasia, and winters further south.

Description 
A medium-sized eagle, the greater spotted eagle only has white spots as a juvenile, when they extend in bands across the upperwing. By adulthood, the spots have faded leaving dark brown feathers across the head, body and wings, with slightly paler flight feathers on the upper side. In gliding flight, the greater spotted eagle holds the feathers at the tips of the wings downward.

References

Accipitriformes
Birds of Asia
Birds of Europe
Birds of Africa
James Robert Thompson, Jr. (May 8, 1936 – August 14, 2020) was an American Republican politician. He was the 37th Governor of Illinois from 1977 through 1991. He was part of the 9/11 Commission. A structure in Chicago is named after him, the James R. Thompson Center.

Thompson was born on May 8, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois to a Swedish-American family. He studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago, at Washington University in St. Louis, and at Northwestern University. He was married to Jayne Ann Carr Thompson. They had one child.

Thompson died of cardiac arrest at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago on August 14, 2020 at the age of 84.

References

Other websites

Thompson's biography from the 9/11 Commission
Thompson's biography from Northwestern University 
Receipt for Thompson's contribution for Friends of Hillary
National Governors Association 

1936 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Chicago
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Daniel "Dan" Walker (August 6, 1922 – April 29, 2015) was an American Democratic lawyer, businessman, and politician from Illinois. He was the 36th Governor of Illinois from January 1973 to January 1977. He was one of the four governors of Illinois to serve in jail. He went to jail because of bank fraud in 1988.

Walker was born on August 6, 1922 in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in San Diego, California. Walker studied at the United States Naval Academy and at Northwestern University. Walker died of heart failure in Chula Vista, California, aged 92.

References

Other websites
Oral History Project at the University of Illinois at Springfield. Dan Walker Oral History and Victor deGrazia Oral History

1922 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American fraudsters
Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Politicians from San Diego, California
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Lawyers from Illinois
Lawyers from San Diego, California
Otto Kerner, Jr. (August 15, 1908 – May 9, 1976) was an American politician. He was a Democrat. He was the Governor of Illinois from January 1961 to May 1968. He is best known for chairman of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders and for accepting bribes. He would later be charged with 17 felony charges and would serve time in jail. He was one of the four Governors of Illinois to be in jail. He would soon nominate Lyndon B. Johnson to be President.

Kerner was born on August 15, 1908 in Chicago, Illinois. His father was politician Otto Kerner, Sr.. Kerner studied at the Trinity College and at Brown University. He was married to Helena Cermak, the daughter of ex-Chicago mayor Anton Cermak who was assassinated. After leaving office, Kerner had suffered cancer and would later die from the disease on May 9, 1976 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 67. He was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery.

References

Other websites
 Otto Kerner marker at Arlington National Cemetery
1908 births
1976 deaths
Cancer deaths in Chicago
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Governors of Illinois
American fraudsters
Criminals from Chicago
Politicians from Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
James "Jim" Edgar (born July 22, 1946) is an American Republican politician. He was Governor of Illinois from January 1991 through January 1999. He was the Illinois Secretary of State from January 1981 through January 1991.

Edgar was a very popular governor. Even though Illinois is a Democratic state, he won in landslides as a Republican. He retired with high approval ratings.

Edgar was born on July 22, 1946 in Vinita, Oklahoma. He was raised in Charleston, Illinois. Edgar studied at Wabash College and at Eastern Illinois University. He is married to Brenda Smith.

References

Other websites
 Gov. Edgar reacts to the allegations against Gov. Rod Blagojevich  – link to speech, op-ed, and interview about the 2008–2009 Blagojevich scandal; from the University of Illinois Institute of Government and Public Affairs

1946 births
Living people
American Baptists
Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Oklahoma
Republican Party (United States) politicians
The Internet Marketing Conference, often named (IMC), is an international conference about some aspects of e-business. It was first hosted in Copenhagen in 2000. It has since then been hosted in Edinburgh, Stockholm, Las Vegas, Berlin, Vancouver, Montreal,  Gothenburg and New York. The conference was started by Lennart Svanberg.

Many guests have been helping with hosting this event, including Danny Sullivan (Search Engine Watch), Jeffrey Eisenberg (Future Now, Inc.), Jim Wilson (Jim World), Lucas Morea (LatinEdge), Mitch Joel (Twist Image), Scott Ferber (Advertising.com), Stephen Turner (ClickTracks), Matthew Colebourne (coComment), Brian Clifton (Google).

Topics discussed include: 

 web strategy
 social media
 onsite behavioral targeting
 competitive intelligence
 web analytics
 multivariate testing
 and all aspects of eMarketing (search marketing, affiliate marketing)

References

Other websites

Commerce
International organizations
John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an American government official. He was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States. He was chosen as director of the Bureau of Investigation because he helped start it. He was the director until his death in 1972 at age 77.

According to President Harry S Truman, Hoover transformed the FBI into his private secret police force. Truman stated that "we want no Gestapo or secret police. FBI is tending in that direction. They are dabbling in sex-life scandals and plain blackmail. J. Edgar Hoover would give his right eye to take over, and all congressmen and senators are afraid of him".

Hoover had the largest collection of pornography in history. Some adult movies included photos of Joan Crawford, Frank Sinatra, Warren Beatty, and Tony Curtis.

Hoover was born on January 1, 1895 in Washington, D.C. He studied at George Washington University. Many say Hoover was homosexual but he never admitted it.
It is unknown if Hoover and his second-in-command Clyde Tolson were ever in a relationship. Hoover died on May 2, 1972 in Washington, D.C. from heart failure, aged 77.

Early Life
J. Edgar Hoover was born on New Year's Day in Washington, DC. His parents were Dickerson Naylor Hoover (1856-1921) and Anna "Annie" () Hoover. Dickerson Hoover's family was English and German. Annie Hoover's family was Swiss. J. Edgar Hoover was the youngest of four children. He never had a birth certificate until he was 43, even though Washington, D.C. required them. His childhood home was near Seward Square. The house no longer exists because a United Methodist church was built there. However, there is a stained glass window in the church that honors him.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 StraightDope.com  – 'The Straight Dope: Was J. Edgar Hoover a crossdresser?'
 FBI file on J. Edgar Hoover
 J. Edgar Hoover Appointment and Phone Logs 
 Time.com  – 'The Truth about Hoover', December 22, 1975
 Wall Street Journal – 'Hoover's Institution', Laurence H. Silberman, July 20, 2005
 Assassination Records Review Board – Final Report: 1998
 Zpub.com  – 'J. Edgar Hoover Biography'
 J. Edgar Hoover's Watching You  – slideshow by Life magazine
 

1895 births
1972 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Directors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Anti-communists
Monica Geller is a fictional character on American sitcom Friends, portrayed by Courteney Cox for 10 seasons. (1994-2004) She worked in a very fancy restaurant. She likes everything in her apartment to be clean. She is known to be a "clean freak". She is married to Chandler Bing. Her brother is Ross Geller. She has two adopted children. They are named Erica and Jack Bing. She has a complicated relationship with her parents. Monica often acts like the mother hen of the group which can be annoying. 

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1994
Friends characters
Chandler Bing is a fictional character on American sitcom Friends, portrayed by Matthew Perry. He works in an advertising company. He says that he uses humor as a way to defend himself. He is married to Monica Geller. Her brother is Ross Geller, his college roommate. He has two adopted children. 

Fictional American people
Friends characters
Ross Geller is a fictional character on the American sitcom Friends, portrayed by David Schwimmer. He works in a museum. He usually wants everyone to be right in facts or grammar. He was divorced three times. He has a son Ben and a daughter Emma. His sister is Monica Geller. In the series finale he ends up having a relationship with Rachel Green.

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1994
Friends characters
Rachel Green is a fictional character on the American sitcom Friends. She is portrayed by Jennifer Aniston. Green worked as a waitress at Central Perk. Then she worked in Bloomingdales as an assistant. Then she was a manager of a Ralph Lauren company. She was divorced two times, one she left her fiancé at the altar. She has a daughter Emma. In the series finale she ends up having a relationship with Ross Geller.

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1994
Friends characters
Phoebe Buffay is a fictional character on the American sitcom Friends. She is portrayed by Lisa Kudrow. Buffay sang terrible songs at Central Perk. Then she worked as a massage therapist. Her dad left her, her twin sister (Ursula), and her stepmother who would later commit suicide. She would later marry Mike Hanagan.

Fictional American people
Friends characters
Henry Horner (November 30, 1878 – October 6, 1940) was an American-Democrat politician. He was the 28th Governor of Illinois, serving from January 9, 1933 through October 6, 1940, when he died in office. Horner was the first Jewish governor of Illinois. A park is named after, Horner Park.

Horner was born on November 30, 1878 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Chicago. He later came back to Chicago five months later. He died in Winnetka, Illinois on October 6, 1940, aged 61.

References

Other websites
 
 Henry Horner Collection at the Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum 

1878 births
1940 deaths
Governors of Illinois
Jewish American politicians
Politicians from Chicago
University of Chicago alumni
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Tina Louise (b. Tina Black, February 11, 1934) is an American sitcom and movie actress. She is best known for playing Ginger Grant on the television series Gilligan's Island. She also played a doomed housewife in the 1975 movie The Stepford Wives, which was well received. She was born in New York City.

References

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
1934 births
Living people
GLONASS () is a radio-based satellite navigation system. It is operated by the Russian Defence Forces. It provides an alternative to the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS). These are the only two navigational systems with global coverage. Some receivers can use both systems, giving more accurate locations, more quickly.

References

Other websites 

 Official GLONASS web page 

Satellites
Russia
Quinquagesima is the Sunday before Ash Wednesday. In Catholicism it is now within Ordinary Time, but the word is still used in the Book of Common Prayer in Anglicanism.

Liturgical calendar
Aubrey O'Day (born February 11, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter and reality television actress and participant.  She was in the music group Danity Kane, from which she was fired in 2008. 

O'Day was born in San Francisco.

References

Actors from San Francisco
American television actors
1984 births
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from San Francisco
People's Sunday is a tradition in Malta on the first Sunday of Lent. Many people went on pilgrimage to Zabbar to a chapel devoted to Our Lady of Graces.

Malta
Notting Hill is an area of central London west of Westminster. It is known for its carnival each August, and for a movie set in the Portobello Road market starring Julia Roberts and Hugh Grant. The London Underground station Notting Hill Gate is on the Central line between Holland Park and Queensway.

Gallery

Related pages
Kensington

Notting Hill
Stefanie Powers (born November 2, 1942) is an American actress and singer. She stars mainly in television programs. She played as Jennifer Hart in the 1980s series Hart to Hart.

Powers was born near Los Angeles.

References

American television actors
Actors from Hollywood
1942 births
Living people
Luna Park, Tel Aviv is an amusement park complex in Tel Aviv Fairgrounds. It is managed by the "Israeli Entertainment Company" which also manages the Superland amusement park in Rishon Lezion.

Gallery

Other websites 
  Luna Park, Tel Aviv website 

Theme parks in Israel
Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
Superland is an amusement park in Rishon LeZion, Israel. It was opened in 1991. In 1992 it opened as a park with a lake next to it. In the 2000s, a stadium was built in the park. In 2012, a movie theater was opened in the park.

Gallery

Other websites 

  Official website 

Theme parks in Israel
Rishon LeZion
The Great Giana Sisters is a 1987 platform game known for resembling Nintendo's Super Mario Brothers. The game was developed by Time Warp Productions and published by Rainbow Arts. Due to the game's similarity to Nintendo's Super Mario Brothers, Nintendo threatened the game's makers with a legal action, and the game was removed from stores.

Players control one of two protagonists Giana or Maria. Players defeat enemies and collect gems and powerups in order to increase their score. The player's objective is to advance through each level.

1987 video games
Commodore 64 games
Platform games
Prionosuchus is a genus of extremely large temnospondyl amphibians from the Middle Permian (270 million years ago). Its remains were found in Brazil.

Description
The fragmentary remains of this animal were found in the  Parnaiba Basin of northeast Brazil. With an estimated length of 9 m (30 ft), Prionosuchus is the largest amphibian ever found.

It had an elongated and tapered snout, numerous sharp teeth, long body, short legs, and a tail adapted for swimming. 

Cox and Hutchinson re-evaluated Prionosuchus in 1991 and thought it was synonymous with the genus Platyoposaurus from Russia. However, Platyoposaurus had a total length of only 2.5 meters (8.2 ft), which suggested that the two animals were at least different species. The age of the sediments suggested the two were not comtemporaries. Most paleontologists consider Prionosuchus  as a valid genus.

Paleoecology
Paleoecology

Prionosuchus lived in a humid and tropical environment as indicated by the petrified forest of the Pedra do Fogo formation in which the fossil was found. The strata of siltstones, shales and limestones were deposited in lagoonal and fluvial environments. Other animals discovered in the same rocks include fish (primitive sharks, palaeoniscids, and lungfish) and amphibians.

Its general appearance was similar to a modern crocodile, such as the gharial. It probably had a similar lifestyle as an ambush aquatic predator feeding on fish and other aquatic animals.

It was one of a group known as the Archegosaurs. The archegosaurs were a group of temnospondyls that occupied the ecological niche of crocodiles and alligators during the Permian. The smaller European genus Archegosaurus is typical. The group went extinct at the end of the Permian. In the Triassic, the niche was filled by other temnospondyls and by reptiles such as the phytosaurs.

References

Temnospondyls
Fossils
The fleur de lys or fleur de lis (plural: fleurs de lys or fleurs de lis) is a stylized depiction of the lily or the iris. It is decorative and has been used for centuries on flags and on coats of arms.

Symbols
Frans Hals the Elder (c. 1582 – 26 August 1666) was a Dutch painter. He is known for his loose brushwork. He helped introduce this lively style of painting into Dutch art. Hals was also instrumental in the evolution of 17th century group portrait painting.

1580s births
1666 deaths
Dutch painters
The Cube is a British game show that airs on ITV. It is presented by Phillip Schofield. It began on 22 August 2009 and ended on 8 August 2015. The show ran for 9 series.

Gameplay

Contestants play a seven games to win £250,000. Games take place inside of a cube. The contestant is given nine lives. Each time a contestant fails, he lose a life, and must play the game again. If a contestant loses all of their lives, they go home with nothing. Contestants may stop with the money they have so far before any game. Before each game, contestants are shown how to play it by a character named "The Body." A contestant has two helps available. The first one is Simplify. This allows a contestant to make a game easier. The other one is Trial Run. This allows contestants to play the game without the risk of losing their lives.

Games

There are seven games per contestant. The last game is a harder version of the game the contestant had the most trouble with. If a contestant wins all seven games, they win £250,000.
Other websites

ITV website for The Cube 

2009 British television series debuts
2015 British television series endings
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
British television game shows
ITV television programmes
English-language television programs
Pearl Mae Bailey (March 29, 1918 – August 17, 1990) was an American actress, entertainer, and singer. She was known for her roles in St. Louis Women, Hello, Dolly!, and in Cindy Eller: A Modern Fairy Tale. She won a Grammy Award in 1959, an Emmy Award in 1968, a Screen Actors Guild Award in 1976, and a Tony Award in 1986.

Bailey was born on March 29, 1918 in Southampton County, Virginia. She was married to John Randolph Pinkett from 1948 until they divorced in 1952. Then she was married to Louie Bellson from 1952 until her death in 1990. They had two children, one adopted. Bailey died on August 17, 1990 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was aged 72.

Other websites

Pearl Bailey at TVGuide.com
1918 births
1990 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
African American actors
Television personalities from Virginia
American radio personalities
Actors from Virginia
Singers from Virginia
Actors from Pittsburgh
Singers from Pennsylvania
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Robert Hegyes (May 7, 1951 – January 26, 2012) was an American actor who was known for his role as Juan Epstein in the 1970s comedy sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter.

Hegyes was born on May 7, 1951 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey to a Hungarian-Italian family. He was raised in Metuchen, New Jersey. Hegyes studied at Metuchen High School and at Glassboro State College. He was never married. Hegyes died on January 26, 2012 from a heart attack in Edison, New Jersey, aged 60.

References

Other websites

1951 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
Actors from New Jersey
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey