Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Internet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties.

IKE builds upon the Oakley protocol.

History 
IKE was originally defined in November 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in a series of publications (Request for Comments) known as RFC 2407, RFC 2408, and RFC 2409. 
 RFC 2407 defined The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP.  
 RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)  
 RFC 2409 defined The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
IKE was updated to version two (IKEv2) in December 2005 by RFC 4306.  IKEv2 has been further expanded by RFC 4301 (Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol) through RFC 4310 (DNS Security Extensions Mapping for the EPP). More RFCs are being added all the time as the need arises to further develop the features of the protocol.

The parent organization of the IETF, The Internet Society (ISOC), has maintained the copyrights of these standards as being freely available to the Internet community.

Related pages
 Key-agreement protocol

References
References

Other websites
 RFC 2407 The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 RFC 2409 The Internet Key Exchange (IKE), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 RFC 4306: Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) (obsoletes RFC 2407, 2408, 2409)
 An architecture for the Internet Key Exchange Protocol
 Overview of IKE (from Cisco)
The following Open Source implementations of IKEv2 are currently available: 
 OpenIKEv2, 
 IKEv2, 
 Racoon2  from the KAME project.

Cryptography
In cryptography, a shared secret is a piece of data only known to the parties involved in a secure communication. The shared secret can be a password, a passphrase, a big number or an array of randomly chosen bytes.

The shared secret is either shared before parties start to communicate; in this case it can also be called a pre-shared key. Or it is created at the start of the communication session by using a key-agreement protocol, for-instance using public-key cryptography such as Diffie-Hellman or using symmetric-key cryptography such as Kerberos.

The shared secret can be used for authentication (for instance when logging in to a remote system) using methods such as challenge-response or it can be fed to a key derivation function to produce one or more keys to use for encryption and/or MACing of messages.

To make unique session and message keys the shared secret is usually combined with an initialization vector (IV).  An example of this is the derived unique key per transaction method.

References
References 

 Handbook of Applied Cryptography by Menezes, van Oorschot and Vanstone (2001), chapter 10 and 12.

Cryptography
Pagoda Tree or Chinese Scholar Tree (Styphnolobium) is a genus of flowering plants in the Fabaceae family. After the segregation of Sophora, this genus comprises 9 species.

References

Other websites
, 
 http://www.about-garden.com/a/en/3806-sophora-japonica-pendula-japanese-pagoda-tree/

Faboideae
Horsforth is a town and civil parish within the City of Leeds, in West Yorkshire, England, lying about five miles north-west of Leeds city centre. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 18,895 according to the 2011 Census.[1] Horsforth was considered to have the largest population of any village in the United Kingdom during the latter part of the 19th century. It became part of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974. In 1999 the community created a civil parish to cover the area, which voted to rename itself a town council. The area sits within the Horsforth ward of Leeds City Council, which also includes the southern part of Rawdon.

Towns in West Yorkshire
In cryptography, a pre-shared key or PSK is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it is used. Such systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. 

The characteristics of this secret or key are determined by the system which uses it; some system require that such keys be in a specific format. It can be a password like 'bret13i', a passphrase like 'Idaho hung gear id gene', or a hexadecimal string like '65E4 E556 8622 EEE1'. The secret is used by all systems involved in the cryptographic processes used to secure the traffic between the systems.  

The term is used in Wi-Fi encryption such as WEP or WPA, where both the wireless access points (AP) and all clients share the same key.
Since one weakpoint of the crypto system is the encryption algorithm's key, the key strength is important, and since the strength of a key is in part dependent on the key length, it is important to choose a key whose length is cryptographically secure (see password strength). There are several tools available to help one choose a strong key.  The Diceware method is one example.

Cryptography
Corse-du-Sud is a department in the south of France. Its prefecture is Ajaccio. As of 2006, about 125,000 people live there.

Related pages 

 Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

Corse-du-Sud
Haute-Corse is a department in the south of France. Its prefecture is Bastia. Haute-Corse has a population of about 148,000 (2006 estimation).

Haute-Corse
Côte-d'Or (literally, "Slope of Gold", "Golden Slope") is a department in the eastern France. It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution and one of the eight departments of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

Its prefecture (capital) is the city of Dijon. The inhabitants of the department are called Costaloriens (women:Costaloriennes) or Côte-d'Oriens (women:Côte d'Oriennes).

History 
Côte-d'Or is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was formed from part of the old province of Burgundy. It was divided in seven districts: Arnay-le-Duc, Beaune, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Dijon, Is-sur-Tille, Saint-Jean-de-Losne and Semur-en-Auxois.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the seven districts were changed into four arrondissements: Dijon, Beaune, Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois.
After the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), the department was occupied by the Austrian army from June 1815 to November 1818.

In 1926, the arrondissement of Montbard was made with the arrondissements of Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois.

Origin of name

Côte-d'Or is the only French department who was not named after a geographical feature: a river, a mountain, and so on. The name was chosen by Charles-André-Rémy Arnoult, member of the National Constituent Assembly of 1789, who suggested the name, inspired by the golden hue that took the vineyards of the region in the autumn.

The French word côte means, in this case, a slope that geologists usually name with the Spanish word cuesta.
Geography
Côte-d'Or is part of the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The department borders with 7 departments that are part of 2 regions:
 Grand Est region
 Aube (north)
 Haute-Marne (northeast)
 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
 Haute-Saône (east)
 Jura (southeast)
 Saône-et-Loire (south)
 Nièvre (southwest)
 Yonne (west)

The department has an area of . The highest point of the department is Mont de Gien (),  high; it is in the commune Ménessaire. The lowest point of the department,  high, is where the river Saône leaves the department, in the commune Chivres.
A chain of hills called the Plateau de Langres runs from north-east to south-west through the department to the north of Dijon and continues south-westwards as the Côte d'Or escarpment, which takes its name from that of the department (without the hyphen). It is the south-east facing slope of this escarpment which is the site of the celebrated Burgundy vineyards. To the south-east of the plateau and escarpment, the department lies in the broad valley of the middle section of the river Saône.

Rivers
The main rivers of Côte-d'Or are:
 The Seine, with its source in the southern end of the Plateau de Langres, in the commune Source-Seine.
 The Aube, right tributary of the Seine.
 The Armançon and the Serein, tributaries of the Yonne which is a left tributary of the Seine.
 The Saône, an important tributary of the Rhône. It flows through several communes of the Côte-d'Or department and some of the tributaries are Vingeanne, Tille, Bèze and Ouche.
 The Arroux is a right tributary of the Loire.
Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Dijon is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

The average temperature for the year in Dijon is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month, on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Dijon is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

In the Plateau de Langres, winters are long and cold with frequent frosts.

Administration
The department is managed by the Departmental Council of Côte-d'Or in Dijon. Côte-d'Or is part of the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Administrative divisions
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 23 cantons and 704 communes (municipalities) in Côte-d'Or.
The following is a list of the 23 cantons of the Côte-d'Or department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 Arnay-le-Duc (2101)
 Auxonne (2102)
 Beaune (2103)
 Brazey-en-Plaine (2104)
 Châtillon-sur-Seine (2105)
 Chenôve (2106)
 Chevigny-Saint-Sauveur (2107)
 Dijon-1 (2108)
 Dijon-2 (2109)
 Dijon-3 (2110)
 Dijon-4 (2111)
 Dijon-5 (2112)
 Dijon-6 (2113)
 Fontaine-lès-Dijon (2114)
 Genlis (2115)
 Is-sur-Tille (2116)
 Ladoix-Serrigny (2117)
 Longvic (2118)
 Montbard (2119)
 Nuits-Saint-Georges (2120)
 Saint-Apollinaire (2121)
 Semur-en-Auxois (2122)
 Talant (2123)

Demographics
Côte d'Or has a population, in 2014, of 531,380, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Dijon, with 373,574 inhabitants, is by far the one with more inhabitants. The other two, Beaune and Montbard, have respectively 97,107 and 60,699 inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Côte-d'Or

The main cities in the department are:

Gallery
Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Côte-d'Or department
 Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Other websites

 Departmental Council website  
 Prefecture website 
 Pays Beaunois 

Côte-d'Or
Côtes-d'Armor is a department found in the west of France. Its prefecture is Saint-Brieuc and its population is about 561,000 (). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Côtes-d'Armor has also 3 subprefectures: Dinan, Guingamp and Lannion.

Côtes-d'Armor
Creuse () is a department in central France in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is named after the Creuse river that flows through the department.

History
Creuse is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790. It was created mainly with lands of the old province of County of La Marche.

The new department had seven districts: La Souterraine, Guéret, Boussac, Évaux, Felletin, Bourganeuf and Aubusson. The capital (now prefecture) was Guéret alternating with Aubusson, but soon only Guéret remained as capital.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the seven districts were changed into four arrondissements: Guéret, Aubusson, Bourganeuf and Boussac.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Bourganeuf et Boussac were eliminated.

Geography

Creuse is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It has an area of .
The department is surrounded by 6 departments in 3 regions:
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Corrèze department
 Haute-Vienne department
 Centre-Val de Loire region
 Cher department
 Indre department
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Allier department
 Puy-de-Dôme department

The department is in the northwestern part of the Massif Central; the Millevaches plateau is in the southeastern part of the department. The highest point is in Forêt de Châteauvert (), "commune" of Saint-Oradoux-de-Chirouze, southeastern of the department and in northeastern Massif Central; it is   high; the lowest point is in the valley of the Creuse river,  high.

The main river in the department is the Creuse, a tributary of the Vienne river and that gives its name to this the deparment; it flows through the department from the southeast to the northwest.

Administration
The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Creuse in Guéret. Creuse is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
Administrative divisions
There are 2 arrondissements (districts), 15 cantons and 258 communes (municipalities) in Haute-Vienne.

The following is a list of the 15 cantons of the Creuse department (with their INSEE codes), in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 Ahun (2301)
 Aubusson (2302)
 Auzances (2303)
 Bonnat (2304)
 Bourganeuf (2305)
 Boussac (2306)
 Dun-le-Palestel (2307)
 Évaux-les-Bains (2308)
 Felletin (2309)
 Gouzon (2310)
 Le Grand-Bourg (2311)
 Guéret-1 (2312)
 Guéret-2 (2313)
 Saint-Vaury (2314)
 La Souterraine (2315)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Creuse are known, in French, as Creusois (women: Creusoises).

Creuse has a population, in 2014, of 120,581, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Guéret, with 83,458 inhabitants, is by far the largest. The other arrondissement, Aubusson, has 37,123 inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Dordogne

The main cities in the department are:

Gallery
Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Creuse department

References

Other websites

 Departamental Council website 
 Prefecture website 
 Tourism office of Creuse 

Creuse
Dordogne () is a department in the southwest of France. It is named after the Dordogne river that runs through the department.

The department is in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is between the valley of the Loire river and the Pyrenees. Its prefecture (capital) is Périgueux.

History
Dordogne was formed during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with parts of the old province of Périgord. It was divided into nine districts: Belvès, Bergerac, Excideuil, Montignac, Montpon, Nontron, Périgueux, Ribérac and Sarlat.

Bergerac, Périgueux and Sarlat-la-Canéda were alternatively the capital of the department but later it was decided that only Périgueux would be the capital.

Geography
Dordogne is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is the third largest department of Metropolitan France, after Gironde and Landes. It has an area of .
The department is bordered by seven departments in two regions:
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Charente
 Charente-Maritime
 Corrèze
 Gironde
 Lot-et-Garonne
 Haute-Vienne
 Occitanie region
 Lot

The main river in the department is the Dordogne that gives its name to the department. It runs from east to west through the department. Other rivers are the Isle and the Vézère, both tributaries of the Dordogne.

The highest point in the department is the southwestern summit of the Forêt de Vieillecour (), in northwestern Massif Central near the border with the Haute-Vienne department, with an altitude of . The lowest point is in the valley of the Dordogne river and is  high.

Administration
Dordogne is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is managed by the Departamental Council of Dordogne in Périgueux.

Administrative divisions
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 25 cantons and 520 communes (municipalities) in Dordogne.
The following is a list of the 25 cantons of the Dordogne department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 Bergerac-1 (2401)
 Bergerac-2 (2402)
 Brantôme (2403)
 Coulounieix-Chamiers (2404)
 Le Haut-Périgord Noir (2405)
 Isle-Loue-Auvézère (2406)
 Isle-Manoire (2407)
 Lalinde (2408)
 Montpon-Ménestérol (2409)
 Pays de la Force (2410)
 Pays de Montaigne et Gurson (2411)
 Périgord Central (2412)
 Périgord Vert Nontronnais (2413)
 Périgueux-1 (2414)
 Périgueux-2 (2415)
 Ribérac (2416)
 Saint-Astier (2417)
 Sarlat-la-Canéda (2418)
 Sud-Bergeracois (2419)
 Terrasson-Lavilledieu (2420)
 Thiviers (2421)
 Trélissac (2422)
 Vallée Dordogne (2423)
 Vallée de l'Isle (2424)
 Vallée de l'Homme (2425)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Dordogne are known, in French, as Dordognais (women: Dordognaises). They are also known as Périgordins or Périgoudins.
in 2014, the department of Dordogne had a population of 416,350, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Périgueux, with 189,301 inhabitants, is by far the largest. The other three, Bergerac, Nontron and Sarlat-la-Canéda, have respectively 111,875, 40,508 and 74,666 inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Dordogne

The cities in the department with more of 5,000 inhabitants are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Dordogne department
 Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Other websites

 Departamental Council of Dordogne 
 Prefecture official website 
 Comité Départamental du Tourisme de la Dordogne 

Dordogne
Doubs is a department in eastern France. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It is named after the Doubs river.

The largest city in the department, and its prefecture (capital), is the city of Besançon.

History
Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Besançon as its capital. It was formed from part of the old province of Franche-Comté.

It was divided in six districts: Besançon, Baume-les-Dames, Saint-Hippolyte, Pontarlier, Quingey and Ornans. In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into four arrondissements: Besançon, Baume-les-Dames, Pontarlier and Saint-Hippolyte. In 1816, the subprefecture of Saint-Hippolyte is moved to Montbéliard.

After the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), the department was occupied by the Austrian army from June 1815 to November 1818.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Baume-les-Dames was eliminated.
Geography
Doubs is part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It has an area of .

The department borders with 3 departments of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region (Jura, Haute-Saône and Territoire de Belfort) and 3 cantons of Switzerland (Vaud, Neuchâtel and Jura).

The Doubs department is partially on the Jura Mountains, mainly the eastern part of the department on the border with Switzerland. The highest point in the department is Mont d'Or (),  high; it is on the border between the communes Jougne and Longevilles-Mont-d'Or at about  to the south of the city of Pontarlier. The lowest point is where the Ognon leaves the department,  high.

The main rivers in the department are the Doubs, that gives its name to the department, the Ognon and the Loue (tributary of the Doubs).

Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Besançon is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype Cfb.
The average temperature for the year in Besançon is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month, on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Besançon is . The month with the most precipitation on average is September with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

Administration
Doubs is managed by the Departmental Council of Doubs in Besançon. The department is part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

Administrative divisions
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 578 communes (municipalities) in Saône-et-Loire.

The following is a list of the 19 cantons of the Doubs department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Audincourt (2501)
 Baume-les-Dames (2502)
 Bavans (2503)
 Besançon-1 (2504)
 Besançon-2 (2505)
 Besançon-3 (2506)
 Besançon-4 (2507)
 Besançon-5 (2508)
 Besançon-6 (2509)
 Bethoncourt (2510)
 Frasne (2511)
 Maîche (2512)
 Montbéliard (2513)
 Morteau (2514)
 Ornans (2515)
 Pontarlier (2516)
 Saint-Vit (2517)
 Valdahon (2518)
 Valentigney (2519)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Doubs are known, in French, as Doubistes, or Doubiens (women: Doubiennes).

Doubs had a population, in 2014, of 534,710, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Besançon, with 248,199 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Doubs

The cities with more than inhabitants in the department are:

Places of interest
Some places of interest are:
 The Citadel of Besançon.
 The Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans.
 The castle of Montbéliard.
 The Fort de Joux.
 The village of Lods.

Gallery
Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Doubs department
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Other websites

 Departmental Council website 
 Prefecture website 
 Doubs Tourisme
Drôme () is a French department in southeastern France in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and named after the Drôme river. Its prefecture is the city of Valence.

History
Drôme is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790; it was made with part of the old French province of Dauphiné. It was divided in 6 districts: Romans, Valence, Die, Buis, Montélimar,and Crest. The capital was Chabeuil but in the same year the capital was moved to Valence.

With the creation of the arrondissements, the 6 districts became four arrondissements: Valence, Die, Montélimar and Nyons. In 1926, the arrondissement of Montélimar was eliminated.

Geography
Drôme is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, in southeastern France, with an area of .

The department borders with 5 other departments in 2 regions:
  Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
 Hautes-Alpes (east)
 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (southeast)
 Vaucluse (south)
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
 Ardèche (west)
 Isère ( north and east)
There are 5 natural regions in Drôme; they are, from north to south:
 A region with hills.
 The plain of Valence to the west.
 The Vercors Massif to the east.
 The central part of the department formed by the valley of the Drôme river and the highest mountains in the department.
 The Drôme provençale to the south.

The highest point in the department is Rocher Rond, (). It is  high it is on the border with the Hautes-Alpes department.

The main rivers of Drôme are:
 Rhône, in the western part of the department; in the department, it is only  long.
 Drôme river, a tributary of the Rhône.
 Isère river, another tributary of the Rhône.

Climate
The climate of the Drôme department, in the city of Valence, is an oceanic climate, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.
The average temperature for the year in Valence, at an altitude of , is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Valence is . The month with the most precipitation on average is September with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

Administration
Drôme is part of the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Drôme in Valence.

Administrative divisions
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 23 cantons and 353 communes (municipalities) in Drôme.

The following is a list of the 19 cantons of the Drôme department (with their INSEE codes), in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Bourg-de-Péage (2601)
 Crest (2602)
 Dieulefit (2603)
 Le Diois (2604)
 Drôme des collines (2605)
 Grignan (2606)
 Loriol-sur-Drôme (2607)
 Montélimar-1 (2608)
 Montélimar-2 (2609)
 Nyons et Baronnies (2610)
 Romans-sur-Isère (2611)
 Saint-Vallier (2612)
 Tain-l'Hermitage (2613)
 Le Tricastin (2614)
 Valence-1 (2615)
 Valence-2 (2616)
 Valence-3 (2617)
 Valence-4 (2618)
 Vercors-Monts du Matin (2619)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Drôme are known, in French, as Drômois (women: Drômoises).

Drôme has a population, in 2014, of 499,159, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Valence, with 314,233 inhabitants, is by far the largest. The other two, Nyons and Die, have respectively 141,971 and 42,955 inhabitants.

The city with more people living in it is the capital, Valence (62,150 inhabitants). The subprefectures of Nyons and Die have, respectively, 6,641 and 4,516 inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Drôme

The 10 most important cities in the department are:

Gallery
Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Drôme department
 Communes of the Drôme department

References

Other websites

 Departamental Council website 
 Prefecture website 
 Drôme Tourisme
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a way of making Internet communications more secure and private.

IPsec is a collection of protocols for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating (and optionally encrypting) each IP packet of a data stream. IPsec also includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of the session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to be used during the session. IPsec can be used to protect data flows between a pair of hosts (e.g. computer users or servers), between a pair of security gateways (e.g. routers or firewalls), or between a security gateway and a host. RFC 2406
IPsec is an end-to-end security solution and operates at the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite, comparable to Layer 3 in the OSI model. Other Internet security protocols in widespread use, such as SSL, TLS and SSH, operate in the upper layers of these models. This makes IPsec more flexible, as it can be used for protecting all the higher level protocols, because applications do not need to be designed to use IPsec, whereas the use of TLS/SSL or other higher-layer protocols must be built-in the application.

The term "IPsec" is officially defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This definition includes the form of capitalization used for the term; it is often incorrectly spelled IPSec.

Related pages
 Virtual private network
Other websites 
 IP Security Protocol Official Charter, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 IPsec WG still has important active drafts
 All IETF active security WGs
 IETF BTNS WG (chartered to work on unauthenticated IPsec, IPsec APIs, connection latching)
 Securing Data in Transit with IPsec 
 IPsec at the Open Directory Project
 Microsoft IPsec Diagnostic Tool
 An Illustrated Guide to IPsec
 Data Communication Lectures of Manfred Lindner - Part IPsec
Standards 
 RFC 2367: PF_KEY Interface
 RFC 2401: Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol (IPsec overview)
 RFC 2403: The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP and AH
 RFC 2404: The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AH* RFC 2367: PF_KEY Interface
 RFC 2405: The ESP DES-CBC Cipher Algorithm With Explicit IV
 RFC 2409: The Internet Key Exchange
 RFC 2410: The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its Use With IPsec
 RFC 2411: IP Security Document Roadmap
 RFC 2412: The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol
 RFC 2451: The ESP CBC-Mode Cipher Algorithms
 RFC 2857: The Use of HMAC-RIPEMD-160-96 within ESP and AH
 RFC 3526: More Modular Exponential (MODP) Diffie-Hellman groups for Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
 RFC 3706: A Traffic-Based Method of Detecting Dead Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Peers
 RFC 3715: IPsec-Network Address Translation (NAT) Compatibility Requirements
 RFC 3947: Negotiation of NAT-Traversal in the IKE
 RFC 3948: UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets
RFC 4106: The Use of Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) in IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
 RFC 4301: Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol
 RFC 4302: IP Authentication Header
 RFC 4303: IP Encapsulating Security Payload
 RFC 4304: Extended Sequence Number (ESN) Addendum to IPsec Domain of Interpretation (DOI) for Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)
 RFC 4306: Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol
 RFC 4307: Cryptographic Algorithms for Use in the Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2)
 RFC 4308: Cryptographic Suites for IPsec
 RFC 4309: Using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) CCM Mode with IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
 RFC 4478: Repeated Authentication in Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol
 RFC 4543: The Use of Galois Message Authentication Code (GMAC) in IPsec ESP and AH
 RFC 4555: IKEv2 Mobility and Multihoming Protocol (MOBIKE)
 RFC 4621: Design of the IKEv2 Mobility and Multihoming (MOBIKE) Protocol
RFC 4718: IKEv2 Clarifications and Implementation Guidelines
 RFC 4806: Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) Extensions to IKEv2
 RFC 4809: Requirements for an IPsec Certificate Management Profile
 RFC 4835: Cryptographic Algorithm Implementation Requirements for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH)
 RFC 4945: The Internet IP Security PKI Profile of IKEv1/ISAKMP, IKEv2, and PKIX
Internet protocols
Cryptography
Eure is a department found in the northwest of France in the Normandy region. Its prefecture is Évreux. Eure has a population of about 557,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Eure
Eure-et-Loir is a department in north-central France in the Centre-Val de Loire region. It is named after the two main rivers that flow through the department: Eure and Loir.

Its prefecture is Chartres and there are three subprefectures: Châteaudun, Dreux and Nogent-le-Rotrou.

History

The department is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790. The department was created mainly from parts of the former provinces of Orléanais (Beauce) and Maine (Perche), but also parts of the old Île-de-France.

The new department had six districts: Chartres, Châteaudun, Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais, Dreux, Janville and Nogent-le-Rotrou. The capital (now prefecture) was Chartres.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into four arrondissements: Chartres, Châteaudun, Dreux and Nogent-le-Rotrou.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Nogent-le-Rotrou was eliminated but in 1943 Nogent-le-Rotrou became again an arrondissement of the department.

Geography
Eure-et-Loir is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. It has an area of .

The department is bordered by the 7 departments in 4 regions:

 Centre-Val de Loire region
 Loiret
 Loir-et-Cher
 Île-de-France region
 Essonne
 Yvelines
 Pays de la Loire region
 Sarthe
 Normandy region
 Eure
 Orne

The highest point of the department is the Butte de Rougemont (), in the commune of Vichères, and that is  above sea level.

The rivers in the department are in two watersheds:
 The watershed of the Seine to the north of the department, with its tributary the Eure river.
 The watershed of the Loire river to the south of the department, with its tributary the Loir river.

Climate 
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Chartres is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype Cfb.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Chartres is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Chartres is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administration
The department is managed by the Departmental Council of the Eure-et-Loir in Chartres. Eure-et-Loir is part of the region of Centre-Val de Loire.

Administrative divisions
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 15 cantons and 375 communes (municipalities) in Eure-et-Loir.

The following is a list of the 21 cantons of the Eure-et-Loir department, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Anet (2801)
 Auneau (2802)
 Brou (2803)
 Chartres-1 (2804)
 Chartres-2 (2805)
 Chartres-3 (2806)
 Châteaudun (2807)
 Dreux-1 (2808)
 Dreux-2 (2809)
 Épernon (2810)
 Illiers-Combray (2811)
 Lucé (2812)
 Nogent-le-Rotrou (2813)
 Saint-Lubin-des-Joncherets (2814)
 Voves (2815)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Eure-et-Loir are known, in French, as Euréliens (women: Euréliennes).

Eure-et-Loir has a population, in 2014, of 433,762, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Chartres, with 207,869 inhabitants, is by far the largest.

Evolution of the population in Eure-et-Loir

The main cities in the department are:

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Eure-et-Loir department
 Communes of the Eure-et-Loir department

Other websites

 Departmental Council website 
 Prefecture website 

Eure-et-Loir
In cryptography, a key-agreement protocol is a cryptographic protocol by which two or more parties can agree on a key in such a way that both have an effect on the results.

Cryptography
Finistère is a department found in the west of France in the Brittany region. Its prefecture is Quimper. Finistère has a population of about 874,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Finistère
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s

The decade of 1800s featured the 1800–1809 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.

1800 Atlantic hurricane season 

I. A minimal hurricane that passed through the Leeward Islands on August 10 moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico to strike southeast Louisiana on August 18. 

II. On August 27 and August 28, a hurricane struck Exuma in the Bahamas. 

III. During September 9 and September 10 a hurricane impacted Bermuda. (from Beware the Hurricane)

IV. Between October 2 and October 5, a hurricane lingered across South Carolina.
V. The ship, Galgo, was sunk during a hurricane on October 9 over the southwest Atlantic. All 25 crew members were rescued.

VI. On October 31, a hurricane struck Jamaica before moving onward to Cuba and the southwest Atlantic. During November 4 and November 5, Bermuda experienced this hurricane. A lighthouse begun in 1795 on Wreck Hill was abandoned after this storm, as it was then determined to be an unsuitable site. (from Beware the Hurricane)

1801 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. Nassau, Bahamas experienced a hurricane on July 22. 120 sails were wrecked onshore. The system moved westward into the Gulf of Mexico.

II. On August 15 and August 16, this hurricane made landfall near Mobile, Alabama.

1802 Atlantic hurricane season 
A hurricane was spotted west of Jamaica between October 6 and October 10.

1803 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. In August, a hurricane hit the West Indies. It continued through Jamaica, moved northward, and eventually hit England later in the month. It caused 121 deaths.
II. A hurricane hit near the Chesapeake Bay on August 29, causing at least one death.

III. In addition, a minimal hurricane right on its heels hit near New Bern, North Carolina on August 31 and September 1. This type of tropical cyclone succession up the coast is similar to the Connie/Diane East coast landfalls of 1955.

IV. During October 2 and October 3, a hurricane reportedly impacted Norfolk, Virginia.

1804 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. During August 18 and August 19, a hurricane was noted in Jamaica. 

II. A hurricane was first spotted near the Leeward Islands on September 3. It moved northwestward, and hit Georgia as a major hurricane on September 7. It continued slowly through South Carolina and North Carolina, leaving the mainland on the 9th before striking New England on September 12. The hurricane caused 500 deaths.

III. Between September 22 and September 24, a tropical storm tracked from Cuba northward to South Carolina.

Storm of October 1804
IV. Later in the season, a major hurricane moved northwestward across the Western Atlantic to the north of Puerto Rico. It hit near Atlantic City, New Jersey on October 9, and turned northeastward. As it crossed New England, cool air was entrained in the circulation, and it became extratropical. The storm brought heavy snow across the Northeast, in some areas up to 2–3 feet, and killed 8 people. This was the first observation of snow from a landfalling hurricane, but not the last.

1805 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. Between July 27 and August 1, a hurricane tracked through the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda.

II. On September 30, a hurricane struck Mantanzas, Cuba then moved northward into Maine by October 3.
1806 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. A tropical cyclone was noted near the northeastern Lesser Antilles on August 17. Moving west-northwest, the cyclone strengthened into a major hurricane which hit the southern North Carolina coast on August 23 and led to 42 deaths. It moved out to sea, disrupting British and French ships involved in the Napoleonic Wars.

II. A tropical cyclone moved through the Mona Passage on August 26 before moving just offshore the East Coast of the United States through September 3.

III. A hurricane hit Dominica on September 9, resulting in 457 casualties. The cyclone subsequently moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, striking Mississippi by September 18.

IV. On September 15, a hurricane hit northeast Florida, destroying several houses but leading to no deaths. 

V. On September 20, another hurricane hit Dominica, causing an additional 165 deaths.

VI. On September 28, a minimal hurricane hit the Outer Banks of North Carolina, destroying one ship.
VII. During October 2, a tropical cyclone was witnessed at Jamaica. Moving northward, it struck South Carolina by October 9.

1807 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. A tropical storm moved through the Lesser Antilles on July 25.

II. On September 1, another tropical cyclone moved through the Lesser Antilles, striking Trinidad de Cuba on September 5.

III. Between October 16 and October 20, this hurricane moved from the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea to the west of Jamaica.

1808 Atlantic hurricane season 
A minimal hurricane hit the Outer Banks on September 12, damaging the lighthouse there.

1809 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. A tropical cyclone struck Dominica, Guadeloupe, Tortola, and Montserrat between August 1 and August 3, killing 62 people.

II. Another hurricane hit Puerto Rico on August 17. It drifted over the island, and caused a "Great death toll".

III. A tropical storm affected the northern Leeward Islands between October 9 and October 13.

Related pages

List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
References

World Wide Web

Books

Other websites 
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadly.shtml
http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/
http://www.candoo.com/genresources/hurricane.htm 
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Chenoweth/chenoweth06.pdf

1800s
1801
1802
1803 in the United States
1804 in the United States
1805 in the United States
1806
1807
1808
1809
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s
The decade of 1810s featured the 1810–1819 Atlantic hurricane seasons. While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.

1810 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. On July 30 and 31, this tropical storm impacted Jamaica.

II. On August 12 a hurricane hit Trinidad, causing heavy damage. The system apparently moved to Jamaica by the 15th.

III. A tropical storm hit near Charleston, South Carolina between September 11 and 13, causing minor damage.

IV. A tropical cyclone impacts eastern Cuba on September 28.

V. The "Salty Storm" strikes Cuba on October 24 and 25 before continuing onward into the southwest Atlantic. The pressure at Havana falls to 29.35"
1811 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. A minor hurricane that impacted Cuba continued onward to Charleston, South Carolina on September 10, causing many deaths, tornadoes, and crop damage as it moved across the state.

II. On October 4 a major hurricane hit near St. Augustine, Florida. Many homes were destroyed, and 35 people drowned in the sinking of a U.S. Gunboat.

III. On October 11 a hurricane impacts Pensacola, Florida and Fort Stoddard, Alabama.

IV. A hurricane moved through the western Caribbean west of Jamaica to Cuba between October 20 and 25. On October 26 a Spanish ship is lost at Elliot Key from a hurricane.

1812 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. Between June 5 and 11, a tropical storm moved through the northwest Caribbean Sea.

II. A tropical cyclone impacted Puerto Rico on July 23.

III. On August 8, a tropical storm moved into South Carolina.
Great Louisiana hurricane 
IV. A tropical cyclone was sighted east of Jamaica on August 14. By August 19, it struck southeast Louisiana as a major hurricane after raking the Caribbean Islands. It passed just to the west of New Orleans, almost destroying the levee north of town. The hurricane caused severe flooding, damaged 53 boats, caused $6,000,000 in damage, and 100 deaths. The British fleet in the War of 1812 was disrupted.

V. There is record of another hurricane affecting Puerto Rico on August 21.

VI. Later in the season, a hurricane hit Jamaica on October 12, affecting the island into the 14th. It continued northwestward, hitting Cuba on the 14th before moving into the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda by October 17. It destroyed 500 houses and many ships.
1813 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. On July 22, a hurricane hit Barbados, killing 18 there. It continued through the islands, affecting Puerto Rico on the 23rd, causing more damage and deaths along its path. This is likely the same storm that struck the Bahamas as a major hurricane on July 26 and recurved west of Bermuda by July 29.

II. After moving through the Leeward Islands on July 29, this storm struck Jamaica from July 31 – August 1, leading to many lives lost. The hurricane was last seen moving into Belize on August 3.

III. Between August 3 and 7, a tropical cyclone passed nearby Bermuda, with a bulk of the impact occurring on August 4 and early August 5. It was the worst hurricane to impact the island since 1793 and forced the construction of a breakwater to prevent a similar harbor disaster from recurring; more than 30 ships were driven ashore by the "violent gale." Winds were estimated at  during the cyclone's passage. (from the book Beware the Hurricane)
IV. A powerful hurricane hit Dominica and Martinique beginning August 25, causing 3000 deaths. The cyclone moved south of Jamaica by August 28.

V. A system that affected the Caicos Islands on August 24 moved northwest to strike as a compact major hurricane near Charleston, South Carolina on August 27, causing many deaths due to drowning. The system passed northward through the Mid-Atlantic States by August 29.

VI. Northeast Florida/Southeast Georgia was hit by a major hurricane on September 16, causing strong storm surge and 50 casualties.

1814 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. A minimal hurricane hit South Carolina on July 1, causing 1 tornado.

II. A hurricane impacted Dominica and Puerto Rico between July 22 and 24.

III. A hurricane made landfall near Washington, D.C., including a tornado that "tore through the center", curtailing the Burning of Washington by the British.

III. A hurricane affected Bermuda for four days around October 10. (from Beware the Hurricane)
1815 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. Cape Lookout, North Carolina was hit by a major hurricane on September 3. It moved northeastward across the state, reaching the Atlantic Ocean near Maryland. It weakened over land to a tropical storm, but still brought gusty winds to New England. It caused at least 4 deaths.

II. Three weeks later, another major hurricane was located off the coast of Virginia moving northward. It hit Long Island, New York on September 23, causing damage and destruction throughout New England. At least 20 deaths occurred, though "The loss of life was so heavy that the newspapers did not have space enough to give all the details of the marine disasters."

III. A tropical storm was located off the coast of South Carolina on September 28, but did not make landfall.

IV. From October 17 until October 19 Jamaica was hit by a hurricane. It drifted over the island, causing 100 deaths.
V. A minor hurricane hit Saint Bartholomew on October 18. It turned northwestward, and moved up the Chesapeake Bay on October 24, delaying ships' arrivals.

1816 Atlantic hurricane season 
Records from ship logs have determined both 1815 and 1816 were active hurricane seasons, with at least 12 tropical cyclones ascribed to 1816 alone. 1816 was the Year without a Summer, and there is some evidence that a northward-displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone appears to be partially responsible for the increased 1816 tropical cyclone activity.

I. June 5–8: A hurricane brushed the Florida Keys, causing the loss of 5 ships. Interestingly, it appears to have been lured northward by an unusual June snowstorm across New England

II. Haiti, around Port-au-Prince, was struck by a hurricane on August 18

III. Martinique, eastern Cuba, and South Carolina were impacted by a hurricane between September 3 and 11.
IV. A tropical storm affected Virginia on September 18 before moving northeast into New York. The tropical storm caused heavy flooding in the James River area.

V. There is record of a hurricane moving by Dominica and Barbados on September 15 before devastating Puerto Rico on September 18. The cyclone then recurved between the United States East coast and Bermuda by September 25.

VI. On October 16–17, a severe gale was experienced in Dominica and Martinique. During the storm, an earthquake shook the region.
1817 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. A hurricane was first observed near Tobago on August 1 before continuing through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico by August 6. It crossed over Florida, and when it reached the western Atlantic, it paralleled the coastlines of Georgia and South Carolina. It moved inland over southern North Carolina, and brought heavy rain to the Norfolk, Virginia area, delaying mail delivery and causing flooding through the mid-Atlantic as it moved northward into Pennsylvania by August 9. Its track appears similar to that of Hurricane Charley of August 2004.

II. Barbados was struck by a hurricane on October 21, causing 250 deaths as it moved through the Lesser Antilles. The hurricane subsequently moved into Nicaragua by October 26.

1818 Atlantic hurricane season 
I. A hurricane passed through the central Atlantic east of Bermuda to south and east of the Azores between August 26 and September 5. It reportedly silted at Hamilton Harbor on Bermuda. (from Beware the Hurricane)