Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
1914 births
1981 deaths
African-American boxers
African-American military personnel
American military personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Nevada
Sportspeople from Alabama
Military people from Alabama
Larry Holmes (born on November 3, 1949) was an American boxer. He held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1978 to 1985. Holmes fought out of Easton, Pennsylvania. He was nicknamed the "Easton Assassin."

Holmes won the vacant World Boxing Council championship from Ken Norton in 1979. He defended that title, and later the International Boxing Federation title, twenty times. Some notable fighters he beat in defense of his championship were Muhammad Ali, Leon Spinks, Gerry Cooney, and Tim Witherspoon. He lost his championship to Michael Spinks in 1985.

Holmes later fought Mike Tyson and then Evander Holyfield to try and win back the championship. Tyson knocked him out in the fourth round and Holyfield beat him by a twelve-round decision.

Holmes continued to fight until 2002.

Other websites
 Boxing Record 

American boxers
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
1949 births
Living people
Skiing is either sportive or recreational activity using skis for sliding over snow. Skis are used with special boots connected to them with a binding. There are two different types of skiing: downhill skiing and cross country skiing.

Downhill skiing 
Downhill skiing is a sport. Skiers ski down a trail (also called a "run") on the side of a mountain or hill. Each trail is marked with a sign that shows how difficult that particular run will be. Three different colors are used to rate the difficulty of the trail. They are: green, blue, and black. Green trails are easiest, blue trails are more difficult, and black trails are rated most difficult. The colors which represent a trail will also be seen in a shape.
The most common ratings for trails are:
 Green circles are the easiest trail. They have a very shallow slope, and the runs are very smooth. They are very wide, and are easily accessed. They are used by beginner skiers to learn.
 Blue square trails are more difficult. The trail will go down a steeper part of the mountain. Sometimes, the trails are narrower, and they may be bumpy. These are advised for beginner skiers wishing to improve.
 Red trails are more difficult. The trail is often longer and steeper and sometimes are less smooth than other runs. These are advised for more advanced skiers.  Red trails are rare. Different ski resorts call them different things, such as double blue square trails.
 Black diamonds are very difficult trails on the mountain. They are often covered in ice or large bumps designed often to challenge skiers. These are advised for very good skiers only.
Double black diamonds are for expert skiers only. They may have unmarked obstacles and may be very thin runs. They sometimes have to be accessed by hiking up to them, being too steep, rocky, or unused to put in a lift.
 Rarely, there are extreme terrain trails, represented by two black diamonds, one with an E and the other with an X in the center.  These are almost always accessed by hiking, and are for expert, extremely experienced skiers ONLY.
 There are also terrain parks for skiers who want to person stunts and tricks. It consist of tubes, flip courses, and obstacles.
Trail ratings are often relative to the rest of the terrain at the ski resort- for example, the difficulty of a black diamond trail at a small ski area may be a rated as a blue square at a bigger resort with harder trails.

Cross country skiing 
Cross country skiing is a sport of endurance. Skiers ski anywhere where there is snow. This is usually through a scenic forest or town.

Alpine skiing 
Alpine skiing is a contest of speed. Racers go through the course with red and blue gates and go down to the goal as fast as they can.  There are four disciplines in alpine skiing: downhill, super giant slalom, giant slalom and slalom.

Ski gate
Ski gate

A ski gate is two sticks on a skiing race course that a skier needs to pass between. Ski gates are used in alpine skiing in downhill, Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super-G races. Downhill races have not many ski gates so skiers can be safe when they are going very fast. If a skier does not go between a ski gate, the judges say they are removed from the race. First in the 1980s and now a lot of the time, ski gates have hinges near the snow. Some ski gates have flags at the top of the stick.

References

Other websites 

 Sports: Winter Sports: Skiing  Directory of skiing related links
 National Ski Patrol 
 Ski tips Tips for getting in shape and improving your skiing.
 Is Global Warming Affecting Skiing How Global Warming is Ruining Skiing

 
Winter Olympic sports
The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup. It was held in England from 11 to 30 July. England was chosen as hosts by FIFA to celebrate 100 years of football in England. England won the final beating West Germany 4-2. This was England's first (and so far only) World Cup win. England also became the first host to win since Italy won it in 1934. Later Germany, Argentina and France won it at their homes.

Participants 

The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.

AFC (1)
 
CAF (0)
 None participated
OFC (0)
 None qualified

CONCACAF (1)
 
CONMEBOL (4)
 
 
 
 

UEFA (10)
 
  (hosts)

Results

Round 1

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Round 2

Quarterfinals 
 Portugal 5-3 Korea DPR
 England 1-0 Argentina
 West Germany 4-0 Uruguay
 Soviet Union 2-1 Hungary

Semifinals 
 West Germany 2-1 Soviet Union
 England 2-1 Portugal

3rd place 
 Portugal 2-1 Soviet Union

Final 
 England 4-2 West Germany
England won the championship.

References 

 FIFA 
 Details at RSSSF
FIFA World Cup tournaments
1960s in England
1966 FIFA World Cup
July events
Football in England
1966 in the United Kingdom
1966 FIFA World Cup
Princess Taiping was a princess of Tang dynasty China. She was the daughter of Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu Zetian. She became an important figure during her mother's rule as Empress in the second Zhou dynasty 690-705 AD.

Princess Taiping supported saving the Tang dynasty and the Li family. After the death of Empress Wu Zetian in 705, Princess Taiping joined with her nephew Li Longji (later Emperor Xuanzong) to get power for the Tang dynasty again. In 710, she and Li Longji stopped Empress Wei's plan to gain power.

Relationship with Li Longji
Princess Taiping was also known for her beauty. In the Chinese history (mishi/秘史), it has been said that, after losing two marriages, Princess Taiping loved Li Longji. Mishi said that Emperor Xuanzong told of his love for his aunt in his autobiography. Li Longji confessed that he had fallen in love with Princess Taiping at first sight. He thought of her as a goddess-like figure. However, the truth is still unknown.
After Emperor Xuanzong became ruler in 712 AD, Princess Taiping's old age and power was seen as a threat to the young emperor, and she was given a death sentence to kill herself in 713 AD.

Chinese royalty
Princes and princesses
Horus was the Egyptian god of the Sky. He was the son of Isis and Osiris. After fighting his uncle, Set (Osiris and Isis' brother) he became the king of Egypt. During this fight, he lost his eye. The Eye of Horus became one of the most important symbols in ancient Egypt and Egyptian civilization. When Horus lost his eye, his eye set out on a journey of its own. When the other Gods tried to catch the eye, his eye began to cry. These tears became the first people of Egypt in Egyptian belief.
The Eye of Horus 
The Eye of Horus, also known as wadjet eye, wedjat eye or udjat eye, is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection, royal power, and good health. The Eye of Horus is similar to the Eye of Ra, which belongs to a different god, Ra, but represents many of the same concepts. According to Egyptian myth, Horus lost his left eye in a struggle with Set. The eye was magically restored by Hathor, and this restoration came to symbolize the process of making whole and healing. For this reason, the symbol was often used in amulets.

Worship 

Horus, was worshiped all over Egypt, especially in Pe, Bendet and Khem. There were many falcon gods before Horus, but eventually Horus represented all of them. He was worshiped until the end of the Pre-Dynastic period. In Upper Egypt (south), in the town of Edfu, was Ptolemaic, a temple for Horus. In Kom Ombo, there was another temple for Horus called the Kom Ombo temple. Horus was a good friend of Sobek. He was also worshipped as a guide to the pharaohs.
Physical appearance 

Horus was considered handsome and usually appeared as a falcon or a falcon headed man, although sometimes he appeared as a falcon headed crocodile. Sometimes he would take the form of a celestial falcon with his left eye the moon and his right eye the sun, his speckled breast feathers the stars, the down sweep of his wings creating the winds. He is sometimes shown with a copper knife. In addition, he normally wore the double crown to signify his rule over all of Egypt and to relate with the Pharaoh.

Purpose
Purpose 

Horus was the god of the sky and also the God of war. The pharaoh ruling at any given time of Egypt was always the living image of Horus.  When he died, that pharaoh became Osiris, the god of the dead and the father of Horus. The new pharaoh became Horus. His purpose was to protect the pharaoh. He was a protector god, who was a god who fought evil.  He represented justice and righteousness. He fought with Seth to avenge his father, Osiris, who was killed by Seth. When Horus defeated Seth, he conquered his father, Osiris', throne, and became protector.

References
References 

 Hinds, Kathryn. Religion and Life in Ancient Egypt     
 Hart, George. Ancient Egypt
Harris, Geraldine. Gods & Pharaohs from Egyptian mythology
Wilkinson, Richard. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt.
Nardo, Don. Egyptian Mythology.
Vernus, Pascal. The Gods of Ancient Egypt.
David, Rosalie. Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt.
“ Horus.” Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica
Harris, Geraldine and Pemberton, Delia. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.
Millmore, Mark.  Imagining Egypt. 
Remler, Pat. 'Egyptian Mythology From A to Z'
Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Gods And Goddesses Of Ancient Egypt
Other websites 
http://philae.nu/akhet/NetjeruH.htm/#Horus
http://greatscott.com/nicro/eye.htm
http://touregypt.net/featurestories/horus.htm
http://egyptianmyths.net/horus.htm
http://ancient-Egypt.org/index.htm
http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index..html
http://www.touregypt.net/edfut.htm.
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/horus.htm.
http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/a8215/1e9eb1/ 
http://www.mingl.org/.../egyptianmaths/egyptiangods.htm
http://www.ancient-Egypt.org
http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/horus.htm
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestopics/horus.htm
http://www.gydir.demon.co.uk                                                                                                                                     

Egyptian gods and goddesses
In Egyptian mythology, Set' (also spelled Sutekh, Setesh, Seteh, Seth) was a god of the desert (including desert storms), thunder, evil, pain and suffering. 

The word 'Seth' was first said as 'Set'. Because of changes in the Egyptian language over the 3,000 years that Seth was worshiped, the 't' in Set was pronounced so similarly from 'th' that the Greeks wrote it as Seth during the Ptolemaic period. Set was originally responsible for protecting Ra during his journey in the afterlife, personally slaying the great serpent Apep. Late period Set killed his brother Osiris, who had succeeded Ra as pharaoh, out of jealousy. Horus (Osiris and Isis' son) eventually defeated Set and claimed the throne. 

Set had three siblings: his brother Osiris and his sisters Isis and Nephthys (who was also his wife).  He also had a nephew Horus.  Nephthys married Set and Isis married Osiris.  Set and Nephthys had a son named Anubis. His father and mother were Geb and Nut respectively.
His color is red which represented evil in Egypt. He also possessed people when he wanted to. Set's consort was Nephthys. Set also had foreign wives Anat and Astarte. Set was unified with the key of trouble and death towards Ancient Egypt which made him deadly.

Appearance 
Set is often shown as a mysterious and unknown creature called the Set Animal. The Set Animal had a curved snout, square ears, dog-like body, forked tail, red eyes and red hair. Set could control this animal and would use it to destroy his enemies.

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of thunder
Sankofa was found guilty of shooting Lambert in the parking lot of a Houston supermarket. He told police that he had done ten robberies that week, but did not kill Lambert. The government believed he has done as many as 22 robberies which had happened in that area during that time. One of these included Graham using a shotgun to rob a man who Graham gave a ride to when the man's car stopped working on the highway. During that robbery, the man tried to escape and was shot by Graham but he did live. While there was no physical evidence to link Graham to the murder, one woman was in the parking lot at the time and saw him do it. She said she heard the gunshot and turned on the lights of her car. She saw Graham as he started running and followed him out of the parking lot with her car. There were several other people inside the store but none of them saw the shooting
. Sankofa's supporters brought his case international attention, aruging that his conviction was based on the testimony of a single eyewitness who said she saw him for a few seconds in the dark parking lot committing the murder
Controversy 
Many people believe that Sankofa did not kill Lambert. They believe that his lawyers did not do a good job because they thought he was guilty. Sankofa was put to death on an evidence of one person alone. None of the people that saw the man in the store and said this man was 6 inches shorter and thinner than Sankofa were used in the court case. Sankofa's lawyer at the time of his execution believed that the only person who saw the crime was not to be trusted because of how the police dealt with how she identified him. A gun found with Graham when he was arrested a week later was not the murder weapon. Most controversial of all is the fact that weapon used to kill Lambert did not produce any Gary Graham's fingerprints.
Some groups still claim he did not do this crime. Sankofa's supporters brought his case international attention. They also say that it is against international law to put someone to death for a crime they did before they became an adult of 18 years of age.
Such unprecedented convictions based on sole witness are rare but they happen in USA, other known example was Larry Griffin who was executed in 1991. 

There are groups to this day trying to clear Shaka of murder.

Other websites 
Gary Graham's last statement 
News sites
CNN transcript  of an interview with Sankofa and others about the murder.
Support sights for Sankofa
Death by Technicality 
Shaka Sankofa support site 

1963 births
2000 deaths
African-American people
American murderers
American rapists
American robbers
Criminals from Texas
Executed American people
People executed by lethal injection
Juliusz Slowacki (September 4, 1809 - April 3, 1849) was a Polish poet. He was born on August 23, 1809, according to the Old Calendar. September 4 is often given as his birthday but the calculation between days was wrong by one day. Slowacki is thought of as being as good a poet as most of the famous Polish writers. These include Mickiewicz, Norwid, Reymont (author of Chlopi), Wybicki, Krasinski and Sienkiewicz. He is buried in Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. This is the same crypt as Mickiewicz. He is considred third most important Polish poet.

Works 
His work included romantic poems, plays and sonnets included "Balladyna", "My Testament", "King Ghost", "Fantazy", "Kordian", "Beniowski", "Agamemnon’s Tomb", "Silver Dream of Salomea", "Hymn", "Lilia Weneda" and "Anhelli".
Burial 
Slowacki was first buried on April 5 1849 in Paris's famous Montmartre cemetery. Because he was not popular at the time, only about 30 people went to his funeral. In 1927, General Joseph Pilsudski ordered his body be dug up. It was taken back to Poland and honorably reburied on June 28 1927 in Krakow in the famous Wawel crypt for Polish nobles. He was buried with full military honors as a Polish hero. Pilsudski said: "Time to forget Slowacki is over, as long as there is Polish language, Slowacki will live on forever!"

Other websites 
Prominent Poles

1809 births
1849 deaths
Polish poets
Mistreat is a hard rock/Oi!/Rock Against Communism band from Kouvola, Finland. The band was formed in 1988.

Current line-up 
 Muke (quitar, vocals)
 Pete (bass)
 Miika (quitar)
 Atte (drums)

Albums 
Mistreat-EP (1990)
Faith And Fury (1995)
The Flame From The North (1997)
Waffenbruder (1997)
Battle Cry (2000)
Ultimate Mistreat (2001)
Beer Bottles & Hockey Sticks (with Bound for Glory, 2001)
Best Of... (2002)
Unfinished Business (2003)
Never Forgive - Never Forget (2005)
Greatest Hits (2014)
Heartless Bastards (2018)
The Rough - The Rare & The Rock-O-Rama Recordings (2019)

Rock Against Communism
Punk bands
Finnish musical groups
A red dwarf is a kind of star. Red dwarf stars are smaller than half the size of the Sun. They are also cooler than most stars. Red dwarfs burn their fuel slowly, so they shine with less light (absolute magnitude) than hot stars.

Red dwarf stars are the most common in our galaxy, at least near our sun. However, since red dwarf stars are cool and small, none can be found with the naked eye. The closest star to the Earth is named Proxima Centauri. The Latin word proxima means "nearest to". Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf.

Life and death 
Red dwarfs can live trillions of years, much longer than brighter stars. A red dwarf dies when it burns all of its fuel. To start with, the fuel is the chemical element hydrogen. At present, no red dwarf star is known which has gone beyond this stage.
Red dwarfs are small stars that are around 0.2 solar mass (the sun is equal to 1 solar mass). This is small for a star but is still 60,000 times the mass of the Earth. They are formed in nebulas, as all stars are, and originally they were protostars. They start their nuclear fusion about 100,000 years after being formed. This gives them their red glow. These stars burn at less than 4,000°K.

Even smaller stars are called brown dwarfs.

References 

 
Types of stars
Ali Hosseini Khamenei (علی حسینی خامنه‌ای;`Ali Ḥusaynī Khaminayī; born 19 April 1939) or Ali Khaminayi is the current Supreme Leader of Iran. He was the president of Iran from 1981 to 1989.

References

Other websites 
 Personal Website

1939 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Iranian clerics
Iranian Muslims
Azerbaijani people
Dictators
History of Iran
Holocaust deniers
Iranian poets
People from Mashhad
Presidents of Iran
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
Canon law is the term used for the internal Ecclesiastical law of many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion of churches.

Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the Western World. It is older than the common and European civil law traditions.  What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles themselves at the Council of Jerusalem in the First Century led to a highly complex and original legal system that included norms of the New Testament, of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions with thousands of years of human experience.

References
References

Further reading
  Baker, J.H. (2002) An Introduction to English Legal History, 4th ed. London : Butterworths, 
  The Episcopal Church (2006) Constitution and Canons , together with the Rules of Order for the Government of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, otherwise known as The Episcopal Church, New York : Church Publishing, Inc.
  Robinson, O.F.,Fergus, T.D. and Gordon, W.M. (2000) European Legal History, 3rd ed., London : Butterworths,

Other websites
Other websites

Catholic
Code of Canon Law (1983) : non-official but approved IntraText edition with concordance in English (only the Latin version is official), hosted by the Vatican
gender discrimination attorney
Code of Canons of Oriental Churches, IntraText Digital Library
Code of Canon Law, IntraText Digital Library, organized in a Table of Contents outline format for easy search: Does not contain 1998 code updates
Catholic Encyclopedia: Canon Law : outdated, but useful
1911 Encyclopedia Britannica Article 
Canon Law Wiki: Notes, commentary, discussion and bibliography.

Anglican
"Canons of the Church of England"
"Canon Law in the Anglican Communion" 

Types of law
Roman Catholicism
Life in the Soviet Union 
Mstislav Rostropovich was born in Baku in Azerbaijan which was then part of the Soviet Union. His family were very musical. His mother played the piano and his father played the cello. He had studied with Pablo Casals.

During the Second World War the family moved to Orenburg. He went to the Children’s Music School there and started playing in concerts. In 1943 he went to the Moscow Conservatory to study the cello and composition. His composition teacher was Dmitri Shostakovich. They were lifelong friends and Shostakovich wrote a lot of cello music for him.

Rostropovich won all the best prizes at the Conservatory and was soon very famous. Lots of Russian composers wrote music for him: Reinhold Glière, Aram Khachaturian, Nikolai Myaskovsky, Dimitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev.

In 1955 he married Galina Vishnevskaya who was a famous soprano in the Bolshoi Opera. Rostropovich was a brilliant pianist and accompanied his wife when she sang recitals.
When he was 29 he became a Professor of Cello at the Moscow Conservatory. Shortly after that he played for the first time in England, performing the Cello Concerto by Dvořák at the Royal Festival Hall. A month later he played at the Carnegie Hall in New York. People had not yet heard of him and the hall was nearly empty. However, the next time he played there the hall was sold out in a few hours.

In 1960 he gave the first British performance of Shostakovich’s Cello Concerto no1. He met Benjamin Britten and they became great friends in spite of the fact that they could not speak one another’s language. Britten wrote cello music for him, including the Cello Symphony and a Sonata for Cello and Piano. He performed a lot at the Aldeburgh Festival where Britten lived.

He started conducting in 1968. He conducted Tchaikovsky’s opera Eugene Onegin with his wife singing the main part of Tatyana. Some people thought his conducting was too full of emotion.

Exile
Exile 

In 1970 he got into trouble with the Soviet politicians because he wrote a letter to the papers saying that the writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn was being unfairly treated. Solzhenitsyn had written about the injustices in the Soviet Union and about life in the labour camps. Solzhenitsyn was not allowed to write any more. Rostropovich let Solzhenitsyn live in his home. The Soviet politicians were angry, so Rostropovich and his wife left the Soviet Union and lived in London, Paris and New York. The Soviet politicians said that they were no longer Soviet citizens. In Switzerland they were allowed to have Swiss passports.

Rostropovich became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, DC. He often conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra and lots of other famous orchestras. He was a great teacher who inspired lots of young cello students. He made a very large number of recordings.

Return to Russia
Return to Russia 

After the Soviet Union collapsed Gorbachov allowed them to return to Russia. They had homes in Moscow and St Petersburg where they started a foundation for children who were ill. Rostropovich became ill with cancer and died in Moscow on 27 April 2007.

1927 births
2007 deaths
Cellists
Russian conductors
Russian classical musicians
Soviet musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Baku
New Super Mario Bros. is a 2006 platformer video game made and sold by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It is the first Mario platform game in 2D on a handheld console since Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins in 1992. It was first sold in stores in North America on May 15, 2006, and was later sold in stores in Japan on May 25, 2006, in Australia on June 8, 2006, and in Europe on June 30, 2006. It is the first game in the New Super Mario Bros. series. An indirect successor, New Super Mario Bros. Wii for the Wii, was released in November and December 2009.

Story
Mario and Princess Peach are out for a walk when Bowser Jr. kidnaps Peach. Mario must go through eight worlds to save her from Bowser, and the new antagonist Bowser Jr.

List of Worlds
 Grass Land
 Desert Land
 Beach Land
 Forest Land (Secret World)
 Snow Land
 Mountain Land
 Sky Land (Secret World)
 Lava Land
Gameplay
The game uses many old features from the older Mario games. The countdown game clock is back; if Mario does not reach the castle at the end, he will lose a life. Mario also must jump and catch onto a flagpole at the end of the level and go into a castle, just like he did in Super Mario Bros. Before and after a level, Mario is on a world map, which was last used in Super Mario World.

Mario also has new powers from the 3D games (Super Mario 64 and Sunshine). He can do a ground-pound and a triple jump in the air. Both of these things first started in the 3D games.

References

2006 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Mario platform games
Galina Vishnevskaya (born Leningrad, October 25, 1926 - December 11, 2012) was a Russian opera singer and recitalist.

Birth
Vishnevskaya was born in Leningrad, the town which is now called St Petersburg.  In 1952 she won an important  competition singing a song by Rachmaninoff and an aria by Verdi.  She soon became a member of the famous Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.

Career
In 1960 she sang the part of in Aïda at the National Theatre in Sarajevo.  In 1961, she made her first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera as Aïda and the next year she sang in the Royal Opera House in the same role. In 1964 she sang Aïda at La Scala.
Vishnevskaya was married to the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich from 1955 until his death in 2007. Her husband, as well as being a great cellist and conductor, was also an excellent pianist and he accompanied her for her recitals.  They were very close friends of Shostakovich and Benjamin Britten and performed a lot of their works.  She made many recordings including the main part in Shostakovich's opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District and in Britten's War Requiem.  She had not been allowed to take part in the first performance of the War Requiem because the Soviet politicians would not let her sing together with the baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau because he was German.

Retirement
In 1974, they left the Soviet Union because they had criticized the Soviet government.  They settled in the United States and Paris. In 1982 she retired from singing in opera.  Her last role was in Paris where she sang Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin.
After the collapse of communism and the Soviet Union she and her husband were allowed to return from exile and live in Russia again.  In 2002 she opened her own opera theater in Moscow:  The Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Center.

Other websites 
 The Vishnevskaya-Rostropovich Foundation homepage

1926 births
2012 deaths
Russian opera singers
Russian singers
Sopranos
The voting system is a set of rules about the way people vote and how the votes are counted. Different countries have different voting systems. There are many different types of voting system. One of the first voting systems to be used is called "first-past-the-post". Under this system each voter writes an "x" next to their chosen candidate. At the end, the votes are counted. The candidate with the most votes wins. Some people think that first-past-the-post is unfair because they believe that many votes are wasted.

List of voting Systems 

 Additional member system
 Approval voting
 Instant Runoff Voting
 Plurality voting
 Proportional representation
 Single Transferable Vote
 Schulze method
 Supplementary vote
 First-past-the-post voting

Related pages
Election
Single transferable vote (STV for short) is a type of voting system that gives proportional representation. It is used to elect more than one person (though it becomes Instant Runoff Voting in one-winner elections), and voters rank the candidates when voting.

How to vote in an STV election

Write a number "1" next to your favourite candidate, a number "2" next to your second favourite, a number "3" next to your third favourite and so on.

How votes are counted

Each candidate needs a certain number of votes to be elected. This number depends on how many people are voting and on how many people are to be elected.
Then the number "1" votes for each candidate are counted. But it can happen that one candidate or several candidates have more than the needed number of votes. These candidates are elected. But since they have more votes than they needed, they pass on the votes which they do not need to other candidates. Which candidate or candidates get those "surplus" votes depends on the voters' number of "2" votes given on the ballots papers of the candidates that have already been elected. If those number "2" votes make another candidate win and give them too many votes, this new "surplus" is passed on again, using number "3" votes, and so on. 

If not enough candidates have been elected so far, the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded. Votes for this candidate are passed on to the candidate given as the next preference of each of his voters (the next higher number in each listing of candidates). This may help to elect another candidate. If not, the next candidate which now has the fewest votes is excluded.
Passing on the "surplus" votes and excluding the weakest candidates goes on until the needed number of candidates has been elected.

Places that use STV 
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ireland
Malta
New Zealand
Australia
Northern Ireland
Scotland
India

Other websites

STV Action  a website that says STV should be used for all elections
VoteScotland.com a website about elections in Scotland

Voting systems
An individual savings account is called an ISA.  It is a special type of bank account in United Kingdom. It was started on 6 April 1999. Before that, Personal Equity Plans (PEPs) and Tax-Exempt Special Savings Accounts (TESSAs) were used. You can put £3600 or less in an ISA every year. It is special because you do not pay any tax on the  interest you get.

Money
Bound for Glory is a Neo-Nazi thrash metal/Rock Against Communism band from Minnesota, USA. The band was formed in 1989. They are one of the best known and oldest bands of their genre in the United States.

In October 2016, Bound for Glory planned to play a concert in Falkirk, Scotland. A public outcry by the Scottish people, including anti-racist groups like Hope Not Hate, caused the event to be cancelled.

Discography

Albums 
 1990: Warriors Glory 
 1992: When the Hammer Falls
 1993: Over the Top 
 1994: Bound for Attack (with Brutal Attack)
 1994: The Fight Goes On 
 1996: Behold the Iron Cross 
 1996: Never Again!
 1997: Glory Awaits
 1999: Hate Train Rolling 
 1999: Last Act of Defiance
 2002: Beer Bottles and Hockey Sticks (split album with Mistreat)
 2011: Feed the Machine
 2014: Death And Defiance
 2017: Ironborn

Singles & EPs 
 1990: 100%
 1990: Payback
 1991: Assassination
 2002: Russian Winter
 2014: Stuka Pilot
Live-Alben 	
 1998: Requiem
 2004: Rolling Through Europe
 2004: Us against the world (Live in Deutschland)
 2005: Live and Loud

References

Other websites 
Official Website 
Discography On Thiazi

American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Minnesota
Rock Against Communism
Thrash metal bands
Neo-Nazism means the ideology of some political groups who want to return to the beliefs and practices of Nazism after the end of World War II. Different groups have their own sets of beliefs and practices. Neo-Nazis believe in loyalty to Adolf Hitler, hating Jews (anti-Semitism), racism, belief in a Germanic master race, xenophobia (hating and fearing people from different countries), extremist nationalism, supremacy, militarism, and hatred of homosexuals (homophobia).  

Neo-Nazis often use the symbols of Nazi Germany such as the swastika. Neo-Nazism has been linked to far-right political parties in England such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party as well as being linked to the skinhead sub-culture.
Bengali might mean:

Anything related to Bengal, a region in south Asia
Bengali language
Bengali people
The Israel West Bank barrier is a wall built by the State of Israel to separate Palestinian territories from Israel. It is built mostly of fences and in some places it is built of high concrete walls. It is 708 kilometers (439 miles) long.

Construction
The barrier was built in the Second Intifada that began in September 2000. It is when the Israeli government argued that it necessary to stop the violence and suicide bombing attacks coming from the West Bank.

Arguments
There are many arguments about the barrier. People who want the barrier say it is needed to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian terrorism. Since the barrier was built, the number of attacks has gone down, especially in areas where the barrier has been fully completed. Israel says that it is necessary for the country's security.
People who are against the barrier say that it is against international law because Israel and the Palestinians have not agreed where the border between them should be and have not reached a consensus. While the Palestinian Authority is in charge for water sources, the economic system, etc. in the West Bank, Palestinians who travel to Israel for medical, educational or work purposes have said that the barrier has negative effects on daily life and gives them less freedom (due to checkpoints).

Other websites
Q&A: What is the West Bank barrier? on the BBC website
The Security Barrier on the ADL website

Arab–Israeli conflict
Buildings and structures in Israel
Buildings and structures in Palestine
Politics of Palestine
Defensive walls
West Bank
Joey Maxim (born Giuseppe Antonio Berardinelli March 28, 1922 - June 2, 2001) was an American boxer. He was the light heavyweight boxing champion of the world from 1951 to 1952. Archie Moore beat him by decision over 15 rounds for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. During Maxim's time as champion, he beat Sugar Ray Robinson in a title defense. He also tried to win the heavyweight championship during this time, but Ezzard Charles beat him by a unanimous decision.

In 1954, Maxim gave future world heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson his first pro defeat by unanimous decision in eight rounds.

Other websites 
Boxing record of Joey Maxim
 

1922 births
2001 deaths
American boxers
Sportspeople from Cleveland
The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French Groupe Islamique Armé; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة‎,  al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) was an Islamist terrorist organization based in Algeria. It wanted to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. The GIA adopted violent tactics in 1992 after the military government did not recognise the victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in the first round of elections held in December 1991. The Islamic Salvation Front was the largest Islamic opposition party at the time.
Between 1992 and 1998 the GIA led a violent campaign. They killed many civilians. Sometimes they wiped out entire villages in its area of operation (see List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s; notably the Bentalha massacre and Rais massacre, among others). After announcing its campaign against foreigners living in Algeria in 1993, the GIA killed more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country. The group used assassinations and bombings, including car bombs. It is known to have favored kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. The GIA was considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Algeria, France and the United States. Outside of Algeria, the GIA established a presence in France, Belgium, the UK, Italy and the United States.

History of Algeria
Islamic terrorism
Takfir wal-Hijra ( - Excommunication and Exodus) is a violent radical Islamist extremist group. The group that was founded in Egypt in the 1960s. Today Takfir wal-Hijra has members or supporters in several other countries, allied to Al-Qaeda. In Spain the group is also known as Martyrs for Morocco. 

Members of the group are radical Islamists. It looks like the members of the group are not bound by the usual Islamic religious constraints. They adopt non-Islamic appearances. They might  shave their beard or wear a tie. They do this to be hard to detect in crowds. Sometimes, even other Muslims have problems detecting them. They can drink alcohol and even eat pork to deceive their enemies. They believe that any means justify the end and, that killing other Muslims can be justified in their cause and that Western society is heathen and it is their duty to destroy it.
Little is known about the current organization or hierarchy of the group. Several groups which adhere to the same ideology have possibly used the name independently of each other.

References

1960s establishments
Islamic terrorism
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Islamic organizations based in Egypt
In Egyptian mythology, Ma'at, pronounced as 'Muh-aht', is goddess of law, morality, and justice. Ma'at was supposed the stars, seasons, and the actions of both people and gods. Her first role in Egyptian mythology was the weighing of words that took place in the underworld, Duat.

Purpose
Purpose 

Ma’at's purpose was to keep truth, balance, order, harmony, righteousness, hotness, morality, and justice. Ma’at weighed the heart of the deceased against her feather of truth on a scale during the journey to the afterlife.  She placed the dead man's heart on the other side while her husband Thoth wrote down the results of the scale to see if that person was good or bad and if they would have a happy afterlife or be eaten by the devourer. Without Ma’at, the universe would become chaos once again.   If the dead person’s heart was heavier than the feather, then it had done evil deeds like lying when it was alive.  When that happened, the heart was devoured by a monster and was not able to go to the afterlife.  If it was lighter than the feather, then it was allowed to go onto the afterlife.
Physical Description 
 
 
Ma’at had dark skin and hair. She was usually shown wearing a white linen dress. She, like Isis, was a winged goddess and she wore lots of armbands and necklaces made from gold and jewels. Her feather of truth was strapped to her head. Like the other gods and goddesses, she wore the black eye makeup around her eyes and on her eyebrows which is known as "kohl", which showed her high ranking status.

Law
The chief judge in charge of the Egyptian law courts was known as “The priest of Ma’at.” He began court hearings wearing the feather of Ma’at. The person that won his case got to have the feather of Ma’at. The guilty party had violated Ma’at, and it was assumed that he or she would suffer failure, poverty, sickness, blindness and deafness, with the final judgment waiting in the court of the dead. Tomb robbery was considered one of the most heinous crimes, and might involve 100 strokes of a cane, five bleeding cuts added or brands as a sign of permanent dishonor. Often, the entire family of the guilty suffered as well. For example; when individuals were sentenced into exile, their children were automatically outlawed with them. Ma’at represented truth, order, balance and justice in the universe. This concept said that everyone, not including slaves, should be viewed as equals under the law
. The king made sure that was carried out, and he/she would decide the case and the proper justice, maybe asking his viziers who often acted as judges. Even the lowliest fisherman was allowed to bring a legal case to the viziers.
Power and Magic 

All goddesses including Ma'at had power over the Egyptians, and different powers over the other gods. One of the powers Ma'at gave the gods was the ability to breathe air. Like the water of life, Ma'at's potion brought an afterlife after death to the peaceful and law-abiding people, but death to violent and cruel people.  Ma'at was very powerful, but she still had limits to her powers. She could not make the sun travel through the sky like Ra could, she could not control the netherworld like Osiris could, and she could not make the stars shine like Nut could but she still had her own unique powers like her potion.

Worship
Worship 

The Pharaohs prime task in governing was to uphold Ma’at and they often held seated images of Ma’at in their hand to the gods, which indicated that the Pharaoh represented the divine order. The words “I have done Ma’at", were spoken by several Pharaohs and several others called themselves, “Beloved of Ma’at.” Even the gods were sometimes shown praising Ma’at. People were interested in how they could please her but they also were afraid of her. It was said that a small image of Ma’at was more pleasing to the gods than piles of rich offerings. It was also said that a little truth was more welcome than huge bribes.

Temples 

There was only one temple for Ma'at in Karnak but she was still worshiped in all Egyptian temples. In every Egyptian temple one area was called the hall of two truths or the hall of Ma'at. In the hall of two truths Ma'at weighed a man's heart against the feather of truth to see if the man would have an afterlife or his heart would be eaten by, the devourer.
Ma'at as a principle 

Ma'at as a principle was at least partially codified into a set of laws, and expressed a ubiquitous concept of right from wrong characterized by concepts of truth and a respect for and adherence to a divine order believed to be set forth at the time of the world's creation. 

The doctrine of Ma'at is represented in the declarations to Rekhti-merti-f-ent-Ma'at and the 42 negative affirmations listed in the Papyrus of Ani:

Declarations to Rekhti-merti-f-ent-Ma'at 

1. Verily I have come to thee, I have brought to thee Ma'at.
2. I have not done iniquity to mankind.
3. Not have I done harm unto animals.
4. Not have I done wickedness in the place of Ma'at.
5. Not have I known evil.
6. Not have I acted wickedly.
7. Not have I done each day and every works above what I should do.
8. Not hath come forth my name to the boat of the Prince.
9. Not have I despised God.
10. Not have I caused misery.
11. Not have I caused affliction.
12. Not have I done what is abominable to God.
13. Not have I caused harm to be done to the servant by his chief.
14. Not have I caused pain.
15. Not have I made to weep.
16. Not have I killed.
17. Not have I made the order for killing for me.
18. Not have I done harm to mankind.
19. Not have I taken aught of the oblations in the temples.
20. Not have I purloined the cakes of the gods.
21. Not have I carried off the offerings of the blessed dead.
22. Not have I fornicated.
23. Not have I defiled myself.
24. Not have I added to, not have I diminished the offerings.
25. Not have I stolen from the orchard.
26. Not have I trampled down the fields.
27. I have not added to the weight of the balance.
28. Not have I diminished from the weight of the balance.
29. Not have I carried off the milk from the mouth of the babe.
30. Not have I driven away the cattle which were upon their pastures.
31. Not have I captured the birds of the preserves of the gods.
32. Not have I taken the fishes [with bait] of their own bodies.
33. Not have I turned back water at its season.
34. Not have I cut a cutting in water running.
35. Not have I extinguished a flame at its hour.
36. Not have I violated the times for the chosen offerings.
37. Not have I driven back the cattle of divine things.
38. I have not repulsed God in his manifestations.
I, even I, am pure. Times four.
1. Not have I done wrong.
2. Not have I despoiled.
3. Not have I robbed.
4. Not have I slain men: twice.
5. Not have I defrauded the offerings.
6. Not have I diminished [oblations].
7. Not have I despoiled the things of the god.
8. Not have I spoken lies.
9. Not have I carried off food.
10. Not have I afflicted [any]
11. Not have I committed fornication.
12. Not have I made to weep.
13. Not have I eaten my heart.
14. Not have I transgressed.
15. Not have I acted deceitfully.
16. Not have I desolated ploughed lands.
17. Not have I been an eavesdropper.
18. Not have I set my mouth in motion [against any man].
19. Not have I raged except with a cause.
20. Not have I defiled the wife of a man.
21. Not have I defiled the husband of a woman.
22. Not have I polluted myself.
23. Not have I caused terror.
24. Not have I committed offense
25. Not have I inflamed myself with rage.
26. Not have I made deaf myself to the words of right and truth.
27. Not have I caused grief.
28. Not have I acted insolently.
29. Not have I stirred up strife.
30. Not have I judged hastily.
31. Not have I been an eavesdropper.
32. Not have I multiplied my words upon words.
33. Not have I harmed, not have I done evil.
34. Not have I made curses of the king.
35. Not have I fouled water.
36. Not have I made haughty my voice.
37. Not have I have I cursed God.
38. Not have I committed theft.
39. Not have I defrauded the offerings of the gods.
40. Not have I carried away offerings from the beatified ones.
41. Not have I carried off the food of the infant, not have I sinned against the god of the town.
42. Not have I slaughtered the cattle divine.
Notes

References 
Budge, E. A. Wallis. The Egyptian Book of the Dead: (The Papyrus of Ani) Egyptian Text Transliteration and Translation. New York: Dover Publications, 1967. Originally published in 1895.
Budge, E. A. Wallis. The Gods of the Egyptians: Studies in Egyptian Mythology - Volume 1. New York: Dover Publications, 1969. Originally published in 1904.
Collier, Mark and Manly, Bill. How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Revised Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
Faulkner, Raymond. The Egyptian Book of the Dead. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1994.
Mancini, Anna. Ma'at Revealed: Philosophy of Justice in Ancient Egypt. New York: Buenos Books America, 2004.
Strudwick, Helen. The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Singapore: De Agostini UK, 2006.
Other websites 
Principles of Ma'at (negative confessions) 
Egypt: Law and the Legal System in Ancient Egypt by Mark Andrews
A list of the 42 Principles of Ma'at 
A series of discussions on the meanings of the 42 
http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/Maat.htm
http://www.philae.nulakhet/akhet/netjerum.htm#maat.htm
http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/maat.htm
http://www.aelives.com/gods.htm 
http://www.philae.nulakhet/religiond2.htm
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestones/law/.htm

Egyptian gods and goddesses
According to the Bible, the Sermon on the Mount was a speech that Jesus of Nazareth gave to his followers and a large group of people around AD 30. Jesus gave the speech on the side of a mountain. The most popular part of the speech is the Beatitudes, which are at the beginning. The Sermon also contains the Lord's Prayer. Other popular lines from the Sermon on the Mount are "turn the other cheek," "salt of the Earth," "light of the world," and "judge not, that ye be not judged." 

Many Christians believe the Sermon on the Mount is related to the Ten Commandments. They believe that both are very important in explaining how Christians should act towards others.  In choosing the mountain as the setting for this sermon, Jesus may have meant to show how His teachings were similar to those of Moses who brought the Ten Commandments down from Mount Sinai.

Beliefs about the Sermon's meaning