Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Antti Kalevi Hyry (20 October 1931 – 4 June 2016) was a Finnish writer. He won the Eino Leino Prize in 2005. For his 2009 book Uuni (Oven), Hyry won the Finlandia Prize, Finland's premier prize for literature.

Hyry was born in Kuivaniemi. He is married to Maija Hyry. He died in Espoo, aged 84.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
Finnish writers
Lois Duncan Steinmetz (April 28, 1934 – June 15, 2016), known as Lois Duncan, was an American writer of children's books. She was best known for young-adult novels of suspense. She wrote two early novels under the pen name Lois Kerry.

Duncan won the 1992 Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association for her contribution in writing for teens.

On June 15, 2016, at the age of 82, Duncan died at home in South Sarasota, Florida from complications of a stroke.

References

1934 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American children's writers
Writers from Philadelphia
Writers from Florida
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be got.  

Ores with high quantities of hematite or magnetite (more than about 60% iron) are known as "natural ore" or "direct shipping ore". They can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces.

Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant rock-forming elements. It makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust. It is the second most abundant and widely distributed metal (Aluminium is the most common). People have used it for more than 3,000 years. However, its use only became widespread in the 14th century, when smelting furnaces (the forerunner of blast furnaces) began to replace forges.

Iron is made in the runaway fusion and explosion of type Ia supernovae. It was picked up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded. All higher elements on Earth have this origin.
Iron is abundant on the ancient continents, but not so on island chains formed by volcanoes (Japan, Hawaii). That reflects the difference between the continental crust (which has many rare and common elements), and the island chains formed by volcanism (oceanic islands). They have basalt, and very little else. Islands which were once part of a supercontinent usually carry heavy element ore. The classic example is the British Isles, which are a snapped-off part of the large ancient continent, the Old Red Sandstone Continent (Larussia). Consequently, the British Isles has a very wide range of metallic ores, whereas Hawaii and the Japanese archopelago do not.

The main source of ore for the steel used in modern Japan comes from Western Australia.

Iron ores 
The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red. 

magnetite (, 72.4% Fe)
hematite (, 69.9% Fe)
goethite (, 62.9% Fe) 
limonite ()  
siderite (, 48.2% Fe)

References
References 

Iron compounds
Ores
Beijing Guoan F.C. (Chinese: 北京国安; Pinyin: Běijīng Guó'ān) is a Chinese professional association football club based in the Chaoyang District of Beijing, China. The club currently plays in the Chinese Super League. Beijing Guoan also plays in the Workers' Stadium (which has a capacity of 66,161 people).

The club was formed professionally on 29 December 1992 as the Beijing Football Club, and they have won many titles since.

Honours 

All-time honours list including semi-professional Beijing period.
 Chinese Super League
Winners: 2009
Runners Up (2): 2011, 2014
 Chinese Jia-A League
Winners (5): 1957, 1958, 1973, 1982, 1984

 Chinese FA Cup
Winners (4): 1985, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2018

 Chinese FA Super Cup
Winners (2): 1997, 2003

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Stats on Sohu  
 Stats on Sina 
 Beijing Guoan Youth Football Development

References 

Chinese football clubs
1992 establishments in Asia
Sport in Beijing
1990s establishments in China
Shandong Luneng Taishan Football Club (Chinese: 山东鲁能泰山;Traditional Chinese: 山東魯能泰山; Pinyin: Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān) is a Chinese professional association football club based in Jinan, Shandong, China. The club currently plays in the Chinese Super League. Shandong Luneng Taishan also plays in the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium (which has a seating capacity of 56,808 people).

The club was formed professionally on 2 December 1993 and was previously called the Shandong Provincial team. The club has since won many domestic titles.

Honours 

Chinese Super League(2004- ):
 Winners (3): 2006, 2008, 2010
 Runners Up: 2004,2013
 Third Place: 2005,2007,2015
Chinese Jia-A League (1994-2003) 
 Winners: 1999

Cup
Chinese FA Cup Winners: 
 Winners (5): 1995, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2014
Chinese Super League Cup
 Winners (1): 2004
Chinese FA Super Cup
 Winners (1): 2015

Other websites 

 Official Site

References 

Chinese football clubs
1993 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in China
The 2015 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League (Chinese: 2015中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛) was the 12th Chinese Super League season and was won by Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao.

Clubs

Table 

Below shows the results of the tournament.

Statistics

Top scorers

References 

Football in China
2015 in association football
Graben, Switzerland is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Villages
Baumgarten, Burach, Gsoll, Hubel, Kleinholz, Schörlishäusern, Schwendi and Stadönz.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Grafenried was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Grafenried, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

Other websites

Former municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Haute-Ajoie is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Chevenez, Damvant, Réclère and Roche-d'Or merged into the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Rocourt merged into the municipality of Haute-Ajoie.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2009 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities in Porrentruy
Silenen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

Villages
Amsteg, Bristen, Dägerlohn, Dörfli, Maderanerthal, Ried and Rusli.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Uri
Sisikon is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .Sisikon, the gateway to Canton Uri, lies on the delta of the Riemenstalderbach stream on the eastern shore of the Urnersee, the southernmost arm of the Vierwaldstättersee.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities of Uri
Spiringen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Uri
Unterschächen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It is in the upper Schächental. It has an area of .

Villages
Urigen, Schwanden, Schwandenbergen, Brunni and Klausenpass.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities of Uri
Wassen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities of Uri
Cyrus Kurtz Holliday (April 3, 1826 – March 29, 1900) was a prominent Kansas businessman who was part of the free-state movement during the period called Bleeding Kansas. Holliday was one of the founders of the city of Topeka, Kansas and was its first president. He was also the founder of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. He served in the Kansas Senate. Holliday was president of the Merchants National Bank and also the Excelsior Coke and Gas Company, both of Topeka. In 1890, he was the president of the Kansas State Historical Society. In 2012, Holliday was inducted into the Kansas State Hall of Fame.

Early career 
Holliday was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania on April 3, 1826. His parents were David and Mary (Kennedy) Holliday. Holliday attended public school and in 1852 graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He intended to become a lawyer but instead became a businessman. Holliday made a considerable profit of $20,000 in a short-line railroad in Pennsylvania.

Career in Kansas
Career in Kansas

Political 
In 1854, when Kansas Territory was opened up for settlement, he became one of the first settlers. His wife, Mary Dillon Jones, remained behind in Pennsylvania until after the birth of their two children, Lillie and Charles. Holliday settled first at Lawrence, Kansas and became active in the Free State movement. Believing Kansas would become a free state, he and several business associates decided to establish the town of Topeka as the capital of the new state of Kansas. He was Topeka's delegate to the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention in July 1859. That same year he was elected to the first of several terms as mayor of Topeka. He helped found the Kansas Republican Party. Holliday was a member of both the  territorial and state legislatures.
Railroad 
He obtained a charter for a new railroad to run from Atchison, Kansas to the state capital at Topeka in 1859. In 1863, Holliday decided to extend the railroad along the route of the Santa Fe Trail to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Once there he intended it to go all the way to the Pacific Ocean in California. The name of the railroad was changed to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company (AT&SF). A severe drought followed by the Civil War starting in 1861 prevented the railroad from making much progress. The line was completed through Kansas by December 1872. By 1880, the line was completed to Santa Fe. The railroad experienced hardships in 1893 and almost had to declare bankruptcy. Holliday was able to refinance and reorganize the railroad. He remained president of AT&SF until his death on March 31, 1900.
Military 
In 1855, he supervised a regiment of Free-Staters in the Wakarusa War during the violent period known as Bleeding Kansas. For this he was given the honorary title of colonel which he used for the rest of his life. During the Civil War he served as the adjutant general of Kansas.

References

Other websites 
 Cyrus K. Holliday diary
 The Iconic Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
 Cyrus K. Holliday Papers, 1854-1934; Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas

1826 births
1900 deaths
Bleeding Kansas
History of Kansas
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Jerry Fulton Cantrell Jr. (born March 18, 1966) is an American singer. He is best known as the lead guitarist of the rock band Alice in Chains. He was born in Tacoma, Washington.

1966 births
Living people
American guitarists
American rock singers
Alice in Chains members
Singers from Tacoma, Washington
Musicians from Tacoma, Washington
Grandval is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Jura bernois
Sean Howard Kinney (born May 27, 1966) is an American musician. He is best known as the drummer of the rock band Alice in Chains. He was born in Renton, Washington.

1966 births
Living people
American drummers
Musicians from Washington
Alice in Chains members
Alvaschein () is a former municipality of the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Alvaschein, Alvaneu, Brienz/Brinzauls, Mon, Stierva, Surava and Tiefencastel merged into the new municipality of Albula/Alvra.

Other websites

 Official Website  

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Andeer () is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Clugin and Pignia merged into the municipality of Andeer.

References

Other websites

 Official Website  

Municipalities in Hinterrhein
Grossaffoltern is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Villages
Ammerzwil, Kaltenbrunnen, Kosthofen, Ottiswil, Suberg, Vorimholz and Weingarten.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Seeland
"This Is What You Came For" is a song written and produced by Scottish DJ Calvin Harris.  It features Rihanna.  The song was released on May 1, 2016, via digital outlets.  The song has reached number one in Canada and Australia, number two in the United Kingdom, and the top five in the United States.  In the U.S., "This Is What You Came For" entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number nine.  It later reached number three there and was certified triple-Platinum by the RIAA.  The song is Rihanna's 28th top-ten song in the U.S.  The song reached number 17 on the year-end Hot 100 of 2016 in the US.

Harris' ex-girlfriend, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, co-wrote the song under the name Nils Sjöberg.  BMI, which publishes a list of songwriting credits, changed the name to Swift's real name.
Music video 
The music video for the song was released at midnight (Eastern daylight time) on June 17, 2016.  It shows Rihanna wearing a black ponytail and a large gray sweater. She dances inside of a white cube with changing backgrounds.  The scenes of fields are similar to those that are in the music video for "We Found Love", which is also a collaboration between Rihanna and Harris.  Some critics viewed the changing colors and cube background to be similar to the music video for Canadian rapper Drake's 2015 single "Hotline Bling".

The music video won the award for Best Male Video at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28, 2016.

References

2016 songs
Calvin Harris songs
Dance songs
Rihanna songs
Grosshöchstetten is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Schlosswil merged into the municipality of Grosshöchstetten.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Gsteig bei Gstaad is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Obersimmental-Saanen
Hotel for Dogs (1971) is a children's novel by Lois Duncan. It was made into a movie of the same name by Nickelodeon Movies for DreamWorks Pictures. When the book was originally released in 1971, Andi's name was Liz, and Friday's name was Sadie. The book was re-released December 1, 2008, to promote the movie with the names changed.

Two sequels were released: News for Dogs in 2009 and Movie for Dogs in 2010.

1971 books
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction where the substances reacting release energy as heat. An example of this is combustion. Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings. The reaction that does the opposite (it absorbs heat) is an endothermic reaction.

The energy is usually transferred as heat energy, causing the reaction mixture and its surroundings to become hotter. The temperature increase can be detected using a thermometer, and the thermal energy by a calorimeter. Some examples of exothermic reactions are: 
burning
respiration
neutralisation reactions between acids and alkalis
the reaction between water and calcium oxide

Related pages 

 Heat of combustion

Thermodynamics
Chemical reactions
An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings. The opposite of an endothermic reaction is an exothermic reaction. Reversible reactions are where the products can react to remake the original reactants. The energy is usually transferred as heat energy: the reaction absorbs heat. The temperature decrease can sometimes be detected using a thermometer. Some examples of endothermic reactions are:

 Photosynthesis
 Reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate
 Dissolving ammonium chloride in water
 Thermal decomposition

Chemical reactions
A banana split is a type of dessert. It is made with ice cream, sliced bananas, and usually toppings. The toppings often include flavored sauces, whipped cream, nuts, and most notably a cherry on top of the dessert.

One banana split has 893 calories.

History

There are a few different stories about the first banana split. People in Chicago, Illinois; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Wilmington, Ohio say that the first banana split was made in their city. However, most people say that David "Doc" Strickler made the first banana split in the city of Latrobe, Pennsylvania in 1904. He sold the first banana splits for ten cents. Many students at St. Vincent College, a school in Latrobe, liked the banana splits and told their friends in other cities about them. After a few years, the banana split was popular in many cities in the United States.

References

Other websites

Ice cream
The following is a list of the 47 comuni of the Province of Ancona, Marche, in Italy.

References
Hawthorn Football Club, known as the "Hawks", is a team in the Australian Football League. They won four premierships in 2008, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Their home ground is the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The coach Alastair Clarkson, is a former student at Ballarat and Clarendon College.

Club song
We're a happy team at Hawthorn
We're the Mighty Fighting Hawks.
We love our club and we play to win,
Riding the bumps with a grin at Hawthorn.
Come what may, you'll find us striving
Team work is the thing that talks,
One for all and all for one
Is the way we play at Hawthorn.
We are the Mighty Fighting Hawks.

Australian Football League
Australian rules football clubs
Andiast was a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018, the former municipalities of Andiast and Waltensburg/Vuorz merged into the municipality of Breil/Brigels.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Andiast
 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Ardez () is a former municipality of the district of Inn in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Ardez, Ftan, Guarda, Sent and Tarasp merged into the municipality of Scuol.

Other websites

 Official website of Ardez

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Arosa is a municipality and a ski resort in the district of Plessur in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Calfreisen, Castiel, Langwies, Lüen, Molinis, Peist and St. Peter-Pagig merged into the municipality of Arosa.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Arosa 

Municipalities in Plessur
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Gsteigwiler is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Guggisberg (Bernese German: Guggishbärg []) is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Arvigo was a municipality in the district of Moesa in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Arvigo, Braggio, Cauco and Selma merged into the new municipality of Calanca.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Eli Thayer (June 11, 1819 – April 15, 1899) was an educator, reformer, legislator and founder of the New England Emigrant Aid Company. He was instrumental in the politics of Kansas during the period known as Bleeding Kansas. When Congress passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854, the question of whether Kansas would become a slave-state or free state was left to the voters of Kansas. pro-slavery supporters, abolitionists and free-staters all rushed to settle in the Kansas Territory. All were trying to gain power so as to determine the status of slavery in Kansas. Thayer is best known for his work in the New England Emigrant Aid Company. Their purpose was to rush as many Free-Staters as possible to settle in Kansas. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857 to 1861. After serving in Congress Thayer became a businessman. Thayer died in Worcester, Massachusetts on April 15, 1899.
Early life and education 
Thayer was born in Mendon, Massachusetts on June 11, 1819. He attended the local public school, then Bellingham High School. He attended the Academy of Amherst and in 1840 graduated from Worcester Academy. In 1845 he graduated from Brown University as salutatorian. Thayer returned to his college preparatory school, Worcester Academy, to teach.

He was soon promoted to headmaster. From 1847 through 1849, Thayer was the principal of the academy. In 1849 he left Worcester Academy to found a women's college, Oread College (now Oread Institute).
Political career 
Thayer had been admitted to the Massachusetts Bar Association, but never practiced law. He was an alderman in Worcester from 1852 to 1853. He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1853 and 1854. While there he devised and obtained a charter for the New England Emigrant Aid Company. The purpose of the company was to finance people from New England to settle in Kansas. Under the popular sovereignty doctrine they could vote it free of slavery if and when it became a state. Thayer received a percentage of all the money collected by the company.

Thayer was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives where he served two terms (March 4, 1857-March 3, 1861). He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to Congress in 1872.
Bleeding Kansas 
Thayer and his New England Emigrant Aid Company played a key role in the border war on the Kansas-Missouri border that became known as Bleeding Kansas. The term was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune. It described the violence happening in the Kansas territory during the mid to late 1850s.
Thayer promoted the idea of “business antislavery”. The idea behind Thayer's Emigrant Aid Company was to level the playing field with the southern pro-slavery advocates. The company was chartered under the laws of Massachusetts for the purpose of "assisting emigrants to settle in the West." Thayer's idea worked to both settle New Englanders in Kansas to prevent slavery and to remove the surplus of New Englanders and Immigrants. The plan was for settlers to start new businesses that would profit the company. The towns of Lawrence, Topeka, Manhattan and Osawatomie, Kansas were all settled by or with help from the Emigrant Aid Company. Thayer realized there was more money available in the North than in the South. By forming the Company he felt settlers would be well rewarded with the "comforts of civilization". The company would be well rewarded with a good dividend on their investments. It was a win-win situation
. He thought once Kansas was free, their attentions could be turned south and colonize it in a similar manner. By investing in the Company it would be the "snort of the steam engine instead of the crack of the blacksnake (whip)". Thayer's slogan became "Saw-mills and Liberty!" and was widely proclaimed in the New England press. Between 1854 and 1856, Thayer's Company sent about 2,000 emigrants to Kansas Territory. By May 1857 many members of the Company felt it had reached its goals in Kansas. Thayer began other projects. He helped found the free labor colony of Ceredo, Virginia (now West Virginia). But after John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry many investors and potential settlers were scared away. The outbreak of the Civil War ended the project.
In the North, Thayer was credited with helping to make Kansas a slave-free state. He was also called a villain by others for having caused the bloodshed and violence that followed sending immigrants to Kansas. In the South, the company was often called "Eli Thayer & Co.," and a price was placed on Thayer's head in more than one place. In Missouri and the South, Thayer was charged with the "crime" of making Kansas a free state. In 1887, Thayer wrote a book A History of the Kansas Crusade: Its Friends and Its Foes where he claimed a good deal of the credit for Kansas becoming free of slavery.

References

Other websites 
 Eli Thayer papers; Kansas Historical Society
 Eli Thayer, A History of the Kansas Crusade: Its Friends and Its Foes (full text)

1819 births
1899 deaths
Bleeding Kansas
United States representatives from Massachusetts
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Educators from Massachusetts
Gündlischwand is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Breggia is a new municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 25 October 2009 when the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged to form the new municipality of Breggia.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2009 establishments in Switzerland
Cugnasco-Gerra is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2008, the former municipalities of Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged into the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra.

References

Other websites 

 Cugnasco-Gerra 
 
 

2008 establishments in Switzerland
Track listings
 UK and German CD single
 "The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) – 4:06
 "Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) – 4:49
 Australian and German CD maxi single
 "The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) – 4:06
 "Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) – 4:49
 "Wind It Up" (Robots to Mars Remix) – 3:34
 "The Sweet Escape" (video) – 4:05
 US 12" single
A1. "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) – 4:03
A2. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version) (featuring Akon) – 4:06
B1. "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Instrumental) – 4:03
B2. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Instrumental) – 4:06
B3. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Acappella) – 3:51
 Digital download – Konvict Remix
 "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) – 4:01

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape.
Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Akon – keyboards, production, programming, songwriting, vocals
 Yvan Bing – assistant engineering
 Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
 Bojan Dugic – recording
 David Emery – assistant engineering
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

 Mark "Exit" Goodchild – recording
 Keith Gretlein – recording
 Tony Love – guitar
 Kevin Mills – recording
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 Giorgio Tuinfort – co-production, keyboards, programming, songwriting

Charts

Weekly charts

References

2006 songs
Akon songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Doo-wop songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
Masada (in Hebrew: מצדה - metsada means: fortress) is an archaeological site, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Masada is an ancient fortification in the Southern District of Israel. It is on top of an isolated rock plateau, like a mesa. The rock is on the east of the Judaean Desert, and overlooks the Dead Sea.

Herod the Great fortified Masada between 37 and 31 BC, and built palaces for himself on the mountain. 

According to Josephus, the Sicarii, a splinter group of the Hebrew Zealots, held out against a Roman legion here.  This was the Siege of Masada at the end of the First Jewish–Roman War. The seige ended in the mass suicide of 960 people – the rebels and their families.

The hill is 63 meters above the sea level and 450 above the dead sea level near Mount Elazar.

References

Other websites 

Masada photos
Masada page on Israeli National Park website 

Archaeological sites in Israel
World Heritage Sites in Asia
1st-century BC buildings and structures
Southern District (Israel)
The Cave of the Patriarchs, also called the Cave of Machpelah (Hebrew: מערת המכפלה,  , trans. "cave of the double tombs") and known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham or the Ibrahimi Mosque (, ) is an archaeological site in Hebron, Israel. According to the Jewish tradition it is the site of the graves of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, Jacob and Leah. These graves have been buried under a church built in the Byzantine Period in Israel, and which is now used as a mosque.

Other websites 

 Official Website (Israeli) 
 Cave of the Patriarchs
 The Cave of Machpelah Tomb of the Patriarch Jewish Virtual Library
 Tombs of the Patriarchs Article and Photos Sacred Destinations
 Demands for Equal Rights for the Jewish People at Ma'arat HaMachpela  Hebron.org.il
 Aerial Photograph Google Maps
 
 Bible Land Library 
 Photos and Diagram of Underground at Caves of Machpela

Archaeological sites in Israel
History of Palestine
West Bank
1st millennium BC buildings and structures
Dongio is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2004 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Castro, Corzoneso, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco to form a new and larger municipality Acquarossa.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Leontica is a village and municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2004 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco to form a new and larger municipality of Acquarossa.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Fusio is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2004 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Broglio, Brontallo, Menzonio, Peccia and Prato-Sornico to form a new and larger municipality of Lavizzara.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
The Pottawatomie massacre happened on the night of May 24, 1856. John Brown and a number of volunteer Free-Staters attacked and murdered five men in a small settlement on the Pottawatomie Creek near Osawatomie, Kansas. The killings were particularly brutal. One by one, settlers were dragged from their homes and hacked to death with broadswords and shot. The victims were pro-slavery, but were not slave owners themselves. The murders were in response to pro-slavery Missouri Border Ruffians who burned and looted Lawrence, Kansas three days earlier. It happened just two days after the Caning of Charles Sumner, the Senator from Massachusetts on the floor of the United States Senate. The Pottawatomie massacre was one of the many bloody episodes in Kansas preceding the American Civil War. It marked the beginning of the period called Bleeding Kansas.

Background
Background

The Territory 
In 1854, the Missouri Compromise, which had restricted the expansion of Slavery in the United States, was done away with by the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty, the federal government allowed the issue of slavery to be decided by those settling the Kansas Territory. By popular vote the people who lived there would decide whether Kansas would become a "slave-state" or be a "free-state" (free of slavery). Pro-slavery Missourians, Free-Staters and abolitionists all poured into Kansas. Soon, the different sides held their own elections and set up two opposing territorial governments. In May 1856, a drunken mob of pro-slavers sacked the town of Lawrence. Brown was enraged at this and wanted vengeance.
John Brown 
Brown was a deeply religious man who spoke his mind. As an abolitionist he found slavery in any form to be immoral. He fathered 20 children and with his wife moved to Kansas Territory to wage a war against slavery. He arrived on October 7, 1855, to help several of his sons who were already there to set up land claims. Along the way he got funds from other abolitionists and bought a large number of guns and swords for the fight he was sure would come. He had spoken out before against the Southern plantations and had called for the execution of slave catchers. Kansas, he thought, would be the perfect place to put his words into action.

When the town of Lawrence was sacked, Brown became extremely angry. He could not understand why the people of Lawrence had not decided to fight. He decided he and his followers would avenge the sack of Lawrence.
The massacre 
On the night of May 24th, 1856, Brown set out with seven others to the pro-slavery town of Pottawatomie Creek. They were armed with swords and rifles. One by one the victims were dragged out their beds and murdered by Brown and his followers. They attacked three different farm houses.
Aftermath 
After the massacre, pro-slavery forces launched a manhunt for Brown. They destroyed the Browns' property and Brown's son Frederick was shot and killed. Brown escaped Kansas and fled north. Together, the sack of Lawrence and the Pottawatomie massacre started a civil war in Kansas. Brown gained national attention and fame among abolitionists. He was able to gather men and arms for another "secret mission"; John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry.

In November 1859, as Brown was waiting to be executed for his raid on Harpers Ferry, he received a letter. It was from Mahala Doyle, whose husband and two sons Brown killed:

Notes

Reference 

1850s in Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
1856
Gurbrü () is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Arch is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Seeland
Nablus (  ,  , Biblical Shechem ISO 259-3 Škem,  Νeapolis) is a Palestinian city in the Samaria Mountains, in a Valley between "Mount Ebal (the mount of the blessing) in the south and "Mount Gerizim (the mount of the curse)" in the north. Nablus was the first Jewish city in the world and Joseph the son of Jacob was barried in the eastern side of the city. according to the Jewish tradition the city of Nablus was the first jewish City in the world.

the Samaritan 
a small comunity of Samaritan is living in the south of the city in a neighbourhood called: "Kiryat Luza" next to Mount Gerizim.

Gallery

Other websites
Other websites  

 
 A site explaining the reasons for the devastated Palestinian economy 
 Nablus the Culture, reviving cultural life in Nablus 
 Nablus after Five Years of Conflict December 2005 report by OCHA (PDF).
 Archaeological Remains Found in Nablus
 Picture showing Nablus from east (Panorama) 
 Picture showing east region of Nablus (Panorama) – The picture taken from Askar 
 Bahjat Sabri, "Urban Aspects in the City of Nablus in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century" An-Najah University Journal for Research - Humanities, Volume 6 (1992)

Cities in the West Bank
Purification is the process of rendering something pure. For example, clean of foreign elements and/or pollution. It may refer to:
 List of purification methods in chemistry
 Water purification
 Organisms used in water purification
 Purification of quantum state in quantum mechanics, especially quantum information
 Purification theorem in game theory and economics, a Nash equilibrium consisting of randomly mixed strategies
 Ritual purification, the religious activity to remove uncleanliness
 Purification of the Virgin, a Christian liturgical feast
 Purification Rundown in Scientology, a procedure that supposedly rids the body of toxins
 Purification, a 2002 Crimson Thorn album
 Sweat lodge
The Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture () is an archaeological museum in Ashdod, Israel. It explores the culture of the Philistines that lived in the area of the city. The museum is the only museum in the world dedicated to the Philistines culture. It was the first museum that opened in Ashdod in 1990.

Corinne Mamane was a Jewish student born in Casablanca in Morocco. She was killed in 1984 in a car accident in France during her university studies.

The museum has 3 floors. The first is an exhibition of the Philistines culture. The second is for changing exhibitions. The third floor is dedicated to the "Philistines Kitchen" by exploring the food culture of the Aegean sea.

Gallery

Other websites 

  Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture 

1990 establishments in Asia
Museums in Israel
1990s establishments in Israel
Southern District (Israel)
The Abraham's Well International Visitors Center is an archaeological museum and convention center in Beer Sheva, Israel. It was opened in 2013 on the site of Abraham's Well. The center is near the Old city of Beer Sheva and Nahal Beer Sheva on the road to Eilat. The well was discovered in the 19th century by Edward Robinson and Henry Baker Tristram. In 1897, a Beduin sheikh built an Arabian structure above the well to take over the place. In the Ottoman Period, a Bustan was grown next to the well. According to the Jewish Bible, in the place of the well Abraham signed a peace agreement with Abimelech, the king of the Philistines.

Gallery

Other websites 

https://www.facebook.com/pg/AbrahamswellBR7/about/?ref=page_internal (May appear in Hebrew only)

Abrahams Well International Visitors Center  (Dead link as of 06 May, 2019)

Beer Sheba
Archaeological sites in Israel
2013 establishments in Asia
Museums in Israel
2010s establishments in Israel
The Esino () is a river in the Marche region of central Italy. It is one of the most important rivers in the region because the size of its drainage basin.

There is another river, but smaller, in the Province of Lecco, Lombardy.

Geography
The Esino river has a length of about  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Course
The source of the Esino is in the sides of the Monte Caffagio, comune of Esanatoglia (province of Macerata) near the border with the province of Ancona, at an altitude of about .

The river flows east past Esanatoglia and curves north by Matelica before crossing the border into the province of Ancona near Cerreto d'Esi. The river continues flowing north before curving northeast near Genga. It then flows near Serra San Quirico, Maiolati Spontini, Castelplanio, Castelbellino, Jesi, Chiaravalle and Montemarciano.

Finally, it flows into the Adriatic Sea in the Fiumesino near Falconara Marittima.
Its drainage basin is mainly in the province of Ancona but it also covers part of the province of Macerata and a small part of the province  of Perugia (Umbria).

Main tributaries
The main tributaries of Ensino river areː
 Giano (24 km long), that begins in the Fabriano comune and flows into the Ensino in Borgo Tufico, part of Fabriano
 Sentino, that begins in Umbria
 Esinante

Related pages
 List of rivers of Italy

References 

Marche
Rivers of Italy
Data corruption is errors in computer data that happens while the computer is reading, writing, storing, transmitting or processing the data. Such errors introduce unintended changes to the original data. 

If data corruption happens in a file, unexpected results will happen when accessed by the system or an application; such results may range from a minor loss of data to a system crash. For example, if a Microsoft Word file is corrupted, when a person tries to open that file with Microsoft Word, they may get an error message. That means that person will get either a file that cannot be opened or a file with a minor loss of data.

One of the ways this can happen is if a power shortage happens while saving the document, the computer cannot power down properly and the file becomes corrupted. 

Hackers can also corrupt data, be it accidentally or on purpose. 

Data input
Computer science
Anton Viktorovich Yelchin (; March 11, 1989 – June 19, 2016) was a Soviet-born American movie, television and voice actor.

Starring role in the 2013 movie, "Odd Thomas".

Early life
Yelchin was born in Leningrad, present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia. His family was Jewish. His family moved to Tarzana, California as refugees. He studied at Sherman Oaks Center for Enriched Studies and at the University of Southern California.

Career
His career began in 2000. He was in the movies Along Came a Spider and Hearts in Atlantis (both 2001). His role as Jacob Clarke in the Steven Spielberg miniseries Taken was his most famous role as a child actor. 

He later appeared on the television series Huff and starred in the movies Terminator Salvation (2009), Charlie Bartlett (2007), Fright Night (2011), Like Crazy (2011) and Only Lovers Left Alive (2013).
Yelchin was best known for portraying Pavel Chekov in the Star Trek reboot series, appearing in Star Trek (2009) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), and will appear in Star Trek Beyond (2016).

Death
On June 19, 2016, Yelchin was found by friends crushed between his car and the iron security gate of his Studio City, Los Angeles home. It was described as a "freak accident". He was pronounced dead at 1:00 am at the age of 27.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1989 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Actors from Saint Petersburg
Road accident deaths in California
Russian movie actors
Russian television actors
The sweat lodge (also called purification ceremony or simply sweat) is a hut, typically dome-shaped and made with natural materials. It used by Native Americans for ceremonial steambaths and prayer. Sweat lodges were largely a reaction to the influences of European culture with its negative effects on Native Americans. 

There are several styles of structures used in different cultures. These include a domed or oblong hut similar to a wickiup, a permanent structure made of wood and earth, or even a simple hole dug into the ground and covered with wood. Stones are typically heated and then water poured over them to create steam. In ceremonial usage, these ritual actions are accompanied by traditional prayers and songs.
Native Americans in many regions use the sweat lodge. For example, Chumash peoples of the central coast of California build sweat lodges in coastal areas in association with habitation sites. The ancient Mesoamerican tribes of Mexico, such as the Aztec and Olmec, practiced a sweat bath ceremony known as temazcal as a religious rite of penance and purification.

References 

Native Americans
Ceremonies
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry) was an effort by white abolitionist John Brown to start an  armed slave revolt in 1859. He attacked and captured the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's raid, accompanied by 21 men in his party, was defeated by a platoon of U.S. Marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him in his raid. Tubman was prevented by illness. Douglass declined because he believed Brown's plan would fail.

Background 
Brown came from a staunch Calvinist and anti-slavery family. He failed at most business ventures he tried and declared bankruptcy at age 42. He attended a meeting of abolitionists in Cleveland, Ohio in 1837 that changed his life. He publicly declared he would destroy the institution of slavery. By 1848 he was already making plans to start a rebellion.
Harpers Ferry 
Brown had planned to set up a base in the Blue Ridge Mountains. From there he and his followers would help runaway slaves and launch attacks on slaveholders. He described this plan to abolitionists who might fund this plan. But the plan changed. By 1858, with the money and men to proceed, a follower revealed Brown's plan. He was forced to go into hiding. After a year, Brown was ready to go again. He rented a farm in Maryland across the river from Harpers Ferry. But many of his followers had changed their minds or didn't believe the plan would work. He did have 21 men and on October 16, they set out for Harpers Ferry.
About 4 am on the morning of the 17th, Brown and his men arrived at Harpers Ferry. They cut the telegraph lines then captured the federal armory. Next they captured Hall's Rifle Works, a weapons supplier to the federal government. Then Brown and his men took 60 prominent citizens as hostages. Brown hoped slaves would join the fight but none came. Later that morning the local militia arrived and kept Brown and his men pinned down in the arsenal's engine house. Later in the afternoon, US Marines arrived commanded by Colonel Robert E. Lee. The Marines stormed the engine house killing several of Brown's men. They captured Brown. He was quickly put on trial for treason against the state of Virginia, murder and slave insurrection. Brown was sentenced to death and was hanged on December 2, 1859.

Aftermath 
Brown quickly became the Martyr for the Abolitionist cause. Many said he accomplished more by his death than he ever did in life.
Of the US Marines at Harpers Ferry:
 Robert E. Lee left the U.S. Army in the spring of 1861. He became the commander of the Confederate Army of America.
 Jeb Stuart became the Confederate Army Chief of Cavalry.
 Israel Greene also resigned from the army and joined the Confederacy. He became a Captain in the Confederate Marines and rose to the rank of Major.
 Major Russel was the only officer who did not join the Confederacy. He was Paymaster of the United States Marine Corps and died in 1862.

Notes

References 

1859 in the United States
Origins of the American Civil War
October events
Ponto Valentino is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2004 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta and Prugiasco to form a new and larger municipality of Acquarossa.

Villages in Ticino
Former municipalities of Ticino
Guttannen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Habkern is a municipality of the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Homepage of Habkern 

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Background 
Only a few of the Border Ruffians actually owned slaves. Most were simply too poor. What motivated them was hatred of Northerners and abolitionists. The Ruffians were driven by the rhetoric of leaders such as U.S. Senator David Rice Atchison of Missouri, who called Northerners "negro thieves" and "abolitionist tyrants."  He encouraged Missourians to defend the institution of slavery "with the bayonet and with blood" and, if necessary, "to kill every God-damned abolitionist in the district."

Ironically, most of the Free-State men in Kansas were not abolitionists. They opposed the presence of either free black people or slaves. "We want no slaves and we want no Negroes" was the prevailing sentiment reported by an abolitionist in 1854. Additionally, the presence of bands of both Kansan and Missourian combatants in the area made it difficult for families on the border to remain neutral.
Kansas Territory was created by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Kansas-Nebraska Act introduced the doctrine of popular sovereignty. That meant the people of Kansas would decide on the issue of slavery. At this time, many (probably most) of the settlers in Kansas opposed slavery. However, slavery advocates were determined to have their way no matter what. When elections were held in Kansas Territory, bands of armed Ruffians seized polling places. They prevented Free-State men from voting, and they cast illegal votes. On 29 November 1854, Border Ruffians elected a pro-slavery territorial representative to Congress. On 30 March 1855, the Ruffians elected a pro-slavery legislature. Despite these measures, far more Free-State settlers moved to Kansas than pro-slavery settlers. In 1857, pro-slavery settlers in Kansas proposed the Lecompton Constitution for the future state of Kansas
. The Ruffians tried to get the Lecompton Constitution adopted with additional fraud and violence. But by then there were too many Free-Staters there.