Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis
Almost every type of hepatitis can be vertically transmitted.  Hepatitis C, D, and E can be spread during pregnancy or childbirth.

Hepatitis B cannot be spread during pregnancy.  However, it can be spread during childbirth if the infant touches its mother's blood or other body fluids.

Group B streptococcal infection
In developed countries, Group B streptococcal infection is the most common cause of bacterial infections in newborns.  It can cause infections that are very dangerous to newborns, like meningitis, septicaemia, and pneumonia.  These infections can kill a newborn or cause serious long-term health problems.

Other examples
Other examples

 Toxoplasmosis
 This disease is caused by a parasite.  It can cause miscarriage and stillbirth.  In newborns, it can cause intellectual disability and problems with the central nervous system
 Chickenpox
 Especially if the mother gets chickenpox in the first 7 months of her pregnancy, chickenpox can cause birth defects
 Measles
 Rubella (German measles)
 Especially if the mother gets rubella early in her pregnancy, rubella can cause deafness, heart problems, intellectual disability, and many other problems in her baby
 Listeriosis
 This infection is usually spread by contaminated food and dairy products.  It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, and infections of the central nervous system in newborns
 Dengue fever
 Zika fever
 Scientists think Zika fever causes microcephaly (a smaller head than usual) in newborns

How these infections spread
There are two main ways that infections can be spread during pregnancy or childbirth.

Through the placenta
The placenta surrounds and protects the fetus during pregnancy.  It keeps the mother's blood from mixing with the fetus's.  However, some infections can cross the placenta and infect the fetus.  This is called perinatal infection.

These infections are especially dangerous because they affect the fetus while it is still developing.  This is why many vertically transmitted infections are most dangerous to the fetus early on in a pregnancy.  All of the fetus's important organs start to grow by the time the fetus is nine weeks old, and they grow the most early on in the pregnancy.  If the fetus gets an infection while important parts of its body are developing, the infection can cause problems in the way those parts of the body grow.
These infections are also dangerous because a fetus does not have an immune system of its own.  It depends on its mother's immune system.  If the mother has an infection that has not been treated, and her immune system cannot fight off the infection, the fetus will not be able to fight off the infection either.

During childbirth
During pregnancy, the placenta protects the fetus from its mother's blood.  However, during childbirth, the placenta stays in the womb while the baby travels through the birth canal.  While it is being born, the mother's blood and other body fluids get on the baby, and the baby also touches its mother's genitals.  Because of this, infections that are carried in the blood, in body fluids, or in sores on the mother's genitals can infect the baby.
Infections are usually more dangerous for newborns and infants than for adults.  This is because it takes about six months for an infant's immune system to develop completely.  Until the infant's immune system is fully grown, it will not be able to fight off infections as well as an adult could.

Sometimes, medical treatment, like antibiotics, can prevent a baby from getting infections that spread during childbirth.

Prevention
Some vertically transmitted infections can be prevented if the mother gets vaccines before getting pregnant.  These infections include HPV, chickenpox, measles, and rubella.  However, while these vaccines are common in developed countries, many people in developing countries do not have good medical care and cannot get vaccines.

Other vertically transmitted infections, like syphilis, can be cured with antibiotics before the mother gets pregnant.

Sexually transmitted infections can often be prevented by having safer sex.
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests these ways of preventing vertically transmitted infections:
 Before getting pregnant, a woman should get tested for chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections
 A woman's doctor should teach her how to eat safely to prevent getting listeriosis or toxoplasmosis
 To avoid getting toxoplasmosis, pregnant women should not clean cat litter boxes and should wear gloves when gardening (the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis can be spread through cat feces)

The World Health Organization says that mothers with HIV can lower their baby's risk of getting vertically transmitted HIV to 2% if:
 The mother takes HIV medications during pregnancy
 The infant gets HIV medications for 4–6 weeks after being born
 The mother does not breastfeed her baby (HIV can spread through breast milk)

Related pages
 Infectious diseases
 Sexually transmitted infections
 Congenital disability

References

Infectious diseases
This list of earthquakes in Azerbaijan, is a list of notable earthquakes that have affected areas within the current boundaries of Azerbaijan.

References

Science-related lists
Azerbaijan
Events in Azerbaijan
VX is a type of chemical weapon called a nerve agent.  It is a very toxic chemical.  Because it is so toxic, it cannot be used as anything other than a chemical weapon.  The United Nations classifies VX as a weapon of mass destruction.

VX is the most toxic nerve agent ever created.  The Council on Foreign Relations says: "A fraction of a drop of VX, absorbed through the skin, can fatally disrupt the nervous system."

The Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, an international law, made it illegal for countries to use chemical weapons like VX.  It also made it illegal to make or keep more than 100 grams of VX.  It allows some scientists to make and use amounts under 100 grams only if they are trying to create an antidote, or doing medical research.
Creation
VX is one of the "V-series nerve agents" which were made in the 1950s by the United Kingdom's military researchers.  Nobody agrees on why these nerve agents are called "V-series."  Different people say the "V" stands for "Victory" or "Venomous" (poisonous), or "Viscous" (thick liquid).

VX as a weapon
VX is a liquid that cannot be smelled or tasted.  It is a thick liquid with the texture of motor oil.  As a weapon, it can be used as a liquid or an aerosol.  It could be spread by air, through water, or through food.

Making VX is difficult and very dangerous.  Many toxic and dangerous chemicals are used in the process.
VX works the same way other nerve agents do.  It blocks nerve signals from getting from the brain to the body.  Normally, a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) called acetylcholine tells the body's muscles to tighten up when they need to.  When it is time for the muscles to relax, an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase destroys acetylcholine, so the muscles stop getting the signal to relax.

VX blocks acetylcholinesterase.  Acetylcholine builds up, because it is not getting destroyed by acetylcholinesterase.  The muscles get tighter and tighter, because the extra acetylcholine keeps telling them to.  The extra acetylcholine also signals the parasympathetic nervous system to work extra hard.  These changes in the body cause the signs and symptoms of VX poisoning.
Signs and symptoms
The earliest symptoms of VX poisoning depend on how a person was exposed to VX.  If VX got on a person's skin, their first symptoms might be sweating or twitching muscles near where the VX was.  If the person breathed in VX, their first symptoms might be a runny nose and trouble breathing, caused by the bronchi (the tubes that bring air to the lungs) getting narrower.
All nerve agents have the same symptoms, because they work the same way.  They make the parasympathetic nervous system work too hard.  They also keep signals from the brain from getting through to the body, so the brain cannot tell the muscles to relax.  This causes a group of unique symptoms:
 The person's nose will run, tears will come out of their eyes, and they will drool because their body is making so much extra saliva (spit)
 As the brain loses control over the body's muscles, the person will not be able to stop themselves from urinating and defecating
 The person will have nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
 The person's heart rate will be slow
 The bronchi will get narrower, causing trouble breathing
 The body will make a lot of extra mucus, which can build up in the lungs and make breathing even harder

People with VX poisoning can have seizures and go into status epilepticus.  They can die because their breathing muscles get so tight that they do not work.
Treatment
 
If a person got VX on their skin, the first step is to wash away the VX with bleach and water.  This is called decontamination.  Removing clothing that the VX touched is also part of decontamination.p.30

There are antidotes for nerve agent poisoning.  They have to be given together.
 Atropine keeps extra acetylcholine from having any more effects on the body
 Pralidoxime (2-PAM) reverses the effects of VX.  It does this by attaching to the VX in the body.  With pralidoxime attached to it, VX cannot keep blocking acetylcholinesterase.  Acetylcholinesterase starts working again, and can destroy the extra acetylcholine that has built up in the body.

However, nerve agents like VX work very quickly.  Antidotes usually have to be given within a few minutes after a person was exposed to VX.  If pralidoxime is not given soon enough, it cannot reverse VX's effects.p.6

Usually, a sedative like diazepam (Valium) is also given.  This will help the body's muscles relax, and can prevent seizures.
Related pages
 Nerve agents
 Chemical weapons
 Weapons of mass destruction

References

Nerve agents
Organonitrogen compounds
Organosulfur compounds
Central Zazaki (in Zaza language: Zazakiyê Merkezi or Zazakiyê Miyani; means Middle Zazaki) is one of three main dialects of the Zazaki language. This is spoken by the Zaza people in central parts of Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Central Zazaki is spoken by over 1 million people in the eastern cities of Turkey, such as Elazığ, north of Diyarbakır, west of Bingöl and east of Malatya.

References 

Zazaki
Iranian languages
Central Anatolia Region
Mawlif of the Nebi (in Zazaki language: Mewlıdê Nebi, or in modern Zazaki, Biyayışê Peyğamberi) is the first book written in the Zazaki language. It was written by Ahmed el-Hasi in Diyarbakır in 1899 and was published on March 25, 1899. The book is a religious book and includes stories about the birth of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The title of the book means "Birth of the Prophet".

It was originally written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, which uses the Arabic script. Zazaki turned to using the Latin script in 1928 and the Mawlid was rewritten in this writing system, using the Zazaki alphabet.

References

Zazaki
1890s books
1899
Me and My Gang is the fourth studio album by American country music duo Rascal Flatts. The album was released on April 4, 2006, through Lyric Street Records. It debuted as No. 1 on Billboard 200. It held that position for three weeks. Me and My Gang had the highest sales of any album in 2006. RIAA certified it as five times platinum.

On April 25, 2007, Rascal Flatts performed "My Wish" on American Idol as part of fundraising for charities. The campaign was named Idol Gives Back.

References 

2006 albums
Country albums
Yucatan is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, Missouri, United States.

References 

Callaway County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri
Portland is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, Missouri, United States. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located at  (38.710161,-91.717166) on Route 94 about twenty miles northeast of Jefferson City.

History
The village was laid out in 1831. Its location on the Missouri River made it a popular shipping point for the farms and plantations of Callaway County. The name Portland stems from that activity.

References

Callaway County, Missouri
Unincorporated communities in Missouri
Toledo is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

History
A post office called Toledo was established in 1887. It operated until 1905.

References

Unincorporated communities in Missouri
Callaway County, Missouri
Toledo is an unincorporated community in Ozark County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

References

Unincorporated communities in Missouri
Fulton may refer to:

People 

 Fulton (surname), including list of people with the surname

Places

Canada 
 Fulton, Ontario, a community in West Lincoln, Ontario

United States 
 Fulton, Alabama
 Fulton, Arkansas
 Fulton, California
 Fulton, Illinois
 Fulton, Indiana
 Fulton, Kansas
 Fulton, Kentucky
 Fulton, Maryland
 Fulton, Michigan
 Fulton, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 Fulton, Mississippi
 Fulton, Missouri
 Fulton, New York,
 Fulton, Ohio
 Fulton, South Dakota
 Fulton, Texas
 George W. Fulton Mansion
 Fulton, Tennessee
 Fulton, Wisconsin, a town
 Fulton (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Related pages
 
 
 Fulton County
 Fulton Ferry
 Fulton Township
Songül Öden (born 1979 in Diyarbakır) is a Turkish actress. She is famous for her role as Gümüş Şadoğlu in Turkish series Gümüş. She graduated in theatre from the University of Ankara. She is an ethnic Zaza.

She is well-liked as an actress in the Middle East.

References

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
Turkish movie actors
Turkish television actors
Zaza
People from Diyarbakır Province
Fulton is a town in Missouri, United States. It is the county seat of Callaway County. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 12,790 in the 2010 census.

References

Other websites

 Fulton Area Chamber of Commerce 
 Fulton, Missouri tourism site 

Callaway County, Missouri
Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
1825 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Missouri
Callaway County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. In the 2020 U.S. Census, the county's population was 44,283. Its county seat is Fulton. It is named for Captain James Callaway, grandson of Daniel Boone.

References

Other websites
Callaway County official website

 
1820 establishments in Missouri Territory
The Kansas City metropolitan area surrounds the city of Kansas City, Missouri. It includes 15 counties in both Missouri and Kansas. With a population of 2.34 million people, it is the second largest metropolitan area in Missouri behind Greater St. Louis. However, the Kansas city metropolitan area is currently showing a 3.1 percent growth rate. The St. Louis metropolitan area is only growing at a rate of .7 percent.

References 

Kansas City, Missouri
Metropolitan areas of the United States
A choking agent, also called a pulmonary agent, is a type of chemical weapon.  Choking agents make fluid build up in the lungs, and can cause suffocation.

The most common examples of choking agents are chlorine and phosgene.  There are others, but they are not often used.

Phosgene

Phosgene is the most dangerous choking agent that is commonly used.

Phosgene can be a liquid or a gas.  As a gas, it is heavier than air, so it can stay near the ground (where people can breathe it in for long periods of time.  It smells like freshly cut grass or moldy hay.

Along with being a choking agent, phosgene is also a blood agent.  This means it keeps oxygen from getting into the body's cells.  Without oxygen, a person's cells will die, and the person will suffocate.

Phosgene usually does not cause its worst effects right away.  The worst symptoms do not happen until 12 hours after a person breathed in phosgene.  The person usually dies within 24 to 48 hours.
Chlorine
Chlorine is naturally a gas, but it can be made into a liquid or a solid.  Chlorine is used to make many different things, like plastics, and is used to clean swimming pools.

Chlorine gas is very dangerous if it is inhaled.  Chlorine can react with water in the lungs to make hydrochloric acid.  This is a very strong acid which can burn the lungs so badly that a person dies.

Signs and symptoms

The signs and symptoms of exposure to a choking agent depend on how the chemical got into a person's body.  

If a choking agent gets into a person's eyes or on their skin, it usually causes very bad burns.

If a choking agent is inhaled, it usually causes:
 Burning in the throat
 Coughing
 Vomiting
 Headache
 Chest pain

If a person got a high enough dose of a choking agent, they will eventually suffocate.

Use in World War I
Use in World War I

Phosgene and chlorine gas were both used as weapons during World War I.  Chlorine was used first.  It was the first chemical weapon that was used during the war to try to kill enemy soldiers.  (Before this, countries like France and Germany had used tear gas, which is not meant to kill people.)

Chlorine
Chlorine was used as a weapon for the first time by the German Army around January 1915, against the British Army.  At the time, German Major Karl von Zingler wrote: "[I]t has been said that our Chlorine is very effective. 140 English officers have been killed. This is a horrible weapon ...".
About four months later, the German Army used chlorine gas for the first time against French and Algerian soldiers.  These soldiers did not know about this new weapon, and they panicked and tried to run away.  However, running makes chlorine's effects worse.  In a few minutes, the gas killed more than 1,000 French and Algerian soldiers, and injured more than 4,000 others.  One soldier who survived said:

[I watched] figures running wildly in confusion over the fields. Greenish-gray clouds swept down upon them, turning yellow as they traveled over the country blasting everything they touched and shriveling up the [plants]. . . . Then there staggered into our midst French soldiers, blinded, coughing, chests heaving, faces an ugly purple color, lips speechless with agony, and behind them in the gas soaked trenches, we learned that they had left hundreds of dead and dying comrades.

In September 1915, the British Army used chlorine gas as a weapon for the first time.
The German Army used chlorine gas as a weapon many more times, against French, Canadian, and Russian soldiers.  In one attack on Russian soldiers in Poland, 9,000 Russian soldiers were injured by the gas, and more than 1,000 were killed.

However, soon soldiers learned that the effects of chlorine were not as bad if they stayed still, got as high off the ground as possible, and used a damp cloth to cover their mouths and faces.  Because chlorine gas is green, soldiers could see the chlorine coming and would have time to protect themselves.  This made chlorine gas less deadly, and both sides soon switched to using phosgene.

Phosgene

Phosgene was first used by the German Army to attack the British Army in 1915.  After that, phosgene was used often during World War I.  Countries on both sides of the war - including Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States - used phosgene to attack enemy soldiers.  Often they mixed it with chlorine, with the goal of killing more people.
In World War I, phosgene caused about 85% of the 100,000 deaths caused by poison gas during the war (a total of about 85,000 deaths).

Use after World War I
After people saw the effects of poison gases during World War I, these gases were not used often after that war.

However, the Imperial Japanese Army used phosgene against China many times during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).

In 2007, Iraqi insurgents used chlorine bombs to attack soldiers and civilians.  Over 350 people got sick from the first attack. In two other attacks, more than 30 people died in each attack.

Related pages
 Chemical warfare
 Chemical weapons in World War I
 Chemical Weapons Convention

References

Chemical warfare
In statistics the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann. 
It was first defined and used in physics (in particular in statistical mechanics) for describing particle speeds in idealized gases. In an idealized gas the particles move freely inside a stationary container without interacting with one another, most of the time. Sometimes they collide and exchange energy and momentum with each other or with their thermal environment. Particle in this context refers to gaseous particles (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium.
While the distribution was first derived by Maxwell in 1860 on heuristic grounds, Boltzmann later carried out significant investigations into the physical origins of this distribution.
A particle speed probability distribution indicates which speeds are more likely: a particle will have a speed selected randomly from the distribution, and is more likely to be within one range of speeds than another. The distribution depends on the temperature of the system and the mass of the particle.
The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution applies to the classical ideal gas, which is an idealization of real gases. In real gases, there are various effects (e.g., van der Waals interactions, vortical flow, relativistic speed limits, and quantum exchange interactions) that can make their speed distribution different from the Maxwell–Boltzmann form. However, rarefied gases at ordinary temperatures behave very nearly like an ideal gas and the Maxwell speed distribution is an excellent approximation for such gases. For this reason, it forms the basis of the Kinetic theory of gases, which provides a simplified explanation of many fundamental gaseous properties, including pressure and diffusion.

References
Jessye Mae Norman (September 15, 1945 – September 30, 2019) was an American opera singer. She was a dramatic soprano. She often sung works by Richard Wagner. Norman was in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. She won Grammy Awards. She received a Spingarn Medal. She also got a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a National Medal of Arts.

In 1970, she performed in Italy for the first time. There she sang in Handel's Deborah. The following year, she performed at the Maggio Musicale for the first time. There she sang in L'Africaine. 

Norman was born in Augusta, Georgia. She died on September 30, 2019 at a Manhattan hospital from multiple organ failure and sepsis caused by a spinal cord injury at the age of 74.

References

1945 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Deaths from sepsis
African-American singers
American opera singers
Grammy Award winners
People from Augusta, Georgia
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight ( ) is an Islamic sex manual, similar to the Hindu Kama Sutra, written in the 15th century by  Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nefzawi, also known simply as "Nefzawi". It is written in Arabic. The Perfumed Garden is an example of erotic literature and contains sex among humans (heterosexual and homosexual) and animals.

The book was first translated into English by Richard Francis Burton in 1886. He translated it through a French translation. He could not complete his translation because the book was not widely acceptable because of its content. After him a new French translation by René R. Khawam was published in 1976. In 1923, the English composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji wrote Le jardin parfumé: Poem for Piano Solo.

References
References

 The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight, Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nafzawi, translated by Jim Colville, 1999, Kegan Paul International, , 82 pages.
 La prairie parfumée ou s'ébattent les plaisirs, Umar Ibn Muhammad Nafzawi , translated by René R. Khawam, 1976, .
 The Perfumed Garden, Shaykh Nefwazi , translated by Sir Richard Francis Burton, Benares, 1886.  Many reprintings including:
 
 
 Full text online

Books about sexuality
15th-century books
Hértevin language (in Hértevin: ܣܘܪܬ Sôreth) is an Aramaic or Syriac language that was originally spoken in a group of villages in the southeastern part of Turkey. It is especially in Siirt Province. Speakers of Hértevin Aramaic have moved mostly to Western countries, and are now scattered and isolated from one another. A few speakers remain in Turkey.

References

More reading
 Jastrow, Otto (1990). Personal and Demonstrative pronouns in Central Neo-Aramaic. In Wolfhart Heinrichs (ed.), Studies in Neo-Aramaic, pp. 89–103. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. .
 Maclean, Arthur John (1895). Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul. Cambridge University Press, London.

Semitic languages
Languages of Turkey
Abdul Hamid II (21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was the last sultan to have complete control over the Empire. He was responsible of the Hamidian massacres. Killing between 100.000 - 300.000 Armenians. He witnessed many revolutions and wars. Abdul Hamid II ruled from 1876 to 1909, until he was overthrown by a group of people calling themselves the "Young Turks".  

He modernized the Empire during his reign, by for example building many railways, schools and hospitals. He also seeked to unify the Muslims in the Empire under Pan-Islamism as opposed to others wanting to unify the Empire under Ottomanism which meant to unify both the Muslim and non-Muslim subjects of the empire.

Although the Empire was beginning to fall, he at least gave the Empire a lift in his reign. 

His reign ended as Young Turks revolted against him, effectively deposing him and putting their favored sultan, Mehmed V.

References
References

Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
1842 births
1918 deaths
People from Istanbul
Brain death means that the brain has stopped working. Brain death is permanent, and cannot be cured or reversed.  No treatment can help.  When a person is brain dead, there is no activity in any part of their brain. Every part of the brain is dead; no oxygen flows to the brain, and there is no electrical activity in any part of the brain.

The brain controls everything we need to do to stay alive. For example, it controls breathing, body temperature, heart rate, and many other important things. When a person is brain dead, their brain cannot control any of these things.  A brain-dead person cannot breathe on their own.  They will never be able to wake up or be aware of what is going on around them.
Sometimes, brain-dead people are kept alive with special machines and medications.  For example, doctors can put a tube down a person's throat and use a machine called a ventilator to pump oxygen into their lungs.  While these machines can keep the person's other organs alive for a while, they cannot help the brain get better.  Eventually, the person's other organs will stop working too.

Diagnosis

Doctors can diagnose brain death by examining the patient.  They will check for reflexes which are controlled by the brainstem, and see if the person can breathe on their own.  If the person is brain-dead, the doctor will find:
 The person has no reflexes (for example, they do not gag when the doctor touches the back of their throat)
 The person's pupils do not change size in bright light or in the dark
 The person does not move or react when the doctor does something painful (like pinching the person's skin)
 The person does not try to breathe on their own
Before diagnosing brain death, doctors will check for any other problem that could look like brain death (for example, a very low body temperature, or an overdose of sedatives).  They will usually wait six to 24 hours before checking again to make sure the person still has no signs of activity in the brain.  Then a second doctor is called in to do the same tests.  If both doctors agree, the patient can officially be diagnosed "brain dead."

Immediate diagnosis
Sometimes, doctors use other tests which can diagnose brain death right away.  These tests include:
 EEG, which records the electrical activity in the brain.  A brain-dead person will have no electrical activity in their brain.
 Brain scans like CT scans.  A brain-dead person will have no blood flowing to their brain.
Causes
Brain death happens because of an injury to the entire brain.  The most common causes are:
 A very bad head injury
 A stroke which cut off the brain's oxygen supply or caused bleeding in the brain
 Swelling in the brain, either from an infection like encephalitis, or from the brain not getting enough oxygen.  

Swelling or bleeding in the brain can cut off blood flow to the brain and push on the brainstem.  If it gets bad enough, it can crush the brainstem.

Other websites
 Understanding Brain Death (in Simple English)  from Brigham & Women's Hospital

References

Death
Diseases and disorders of the brain
Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera (born 25 April 1958) is a Costa Rican politician. He was the President of Costa Rica from 2014 to 2018.

References

Other websites 

1958 births
Living people
People from San José, Costa Rica
Presidents of Costa Rica
Interrogation (also called questioning) generally means formally or informally interviewing a person to gain needed information of some kind. Interrogations are used by military organizations, intelligence agencies and law enforcement agencies worldwide. Sometimes the interrogated person is suspected of committing a crime or thought to have a reason to hide the information. The questioner in criminal and military interrogations is often an officer trained in different interrogation techniques. Depending on how they view the person being questioned or the purpose of the interrogation, the methods used may vary widely. For example:
The person being questioned may be a witness and may give information freely.
The person being interrogated may be suspected of a crime and the goal is a confession.
The person being questioned is not a suspect, but may not want to give any information.
Interrogation questions 
An interrogation may often begin with several closed-ended questions. Examples would be "are you comfortable" or "would you like a cigarette"? The intent is for the interviewer to control the conversation and put the person being interrogated at ease. Let them think they are not in any trouble.

Next may follow asking narrative questions to find out what the person knows about a subject. Next, the interrogator may ask direct questions. Throughout the interview interrogators may ask "cross-questions". These are the same question asked in different ways and at different times during the interview to see if the person being questioned answers them the same every time.
The Reid technique 
A method taught to police interrogators since the 1970s is called the Reid technique. It was named for a Chicago police officer who developed it in the 1940s. It is widely used in North America because it gets confessions; sometimes false confessions. It is based on outdated psychology that maintains if a person shows stress they are lying. Unfortunately most people show stress when in stressful conditions. Suspects are questioned, often by teams of police officers. The Good cop/bad cop routine seen on police procedural shows is an example of the Reid technique. The police use this method to convince a suspect that confessing to the crime (whether they are guilty or not) is the best way out for the suspect. Many false confessions have been obtained this way resulting in false inprisonments.
Informal questioning 
A police officer may stop and question a person at any time. They do not need to give a Miranda warning before informal questioning or before making an arrest. But any information gained this way is not admissible at a trial against the person. Miranda required advising a person of their rights before being question in police custody. If the person asks the officer if they are free to leave, they are not in custody. That is one of the few things a police officer may not lie about. During questioning police may use trickery, lying or other forms of deception in order to get a confession from a suspect.
PEACE method 
A fairly new technique is being used in the UK, Denmark, New Zealand and other places. The word PEACE is an acronym for Preparation and Planning, Engage and Explain, Account, Closure and Evaluate. It is considered a more ethical model of police questioning. It is intended to prevent wrongful convictions by eliminating any coercion or deceptive methods. When tested in England and Wales, it resulted in the same percentage of convictions as the older methods produced. Peace is more of a journalistic approach. It assumes a liar will find it increasingly difficult to keep all the lies consistent and will eventually break down and confess.
Third degree 
A historic method of obtaining confessions is the applying of the so-called third degree. It consists of treating a suspect brutally, keeping them awake for long periods of time with no food or water. Beatings were given along with threats. Often a suspect confessed to stop the abuse. The suspect was then forced to sign a paper saying he was not intimidated or coerced into giving his statement. In 1937, the court threw out a confession upon learning it was not given voluntarily but the defendant had been hung from a tree and whipped until he confessed.

Torture 
Even though it is a serious breach of most international agreements, torture is still used by some police, military and intelligence services. Torture is prohibited under international law, but it is still used. In 2014 the Senate Intelligence Committee found that the Central Intelligence Agency tortured terror suspects.

References 

Legal terms
Imprisonment and detention
Human communication
Trenton may refer to:

Places

Canada
Trenton, Nova Scotia
Trenton, Ontario
CFB Trenton, a Canadian Forces Base near Trenton, Ontario

United States
Trenton, New Jersey, the capital of the state of New Jersey and most well known city with this name
Trenton, Alabama
Trenton, Florida
Trenton, Georgia
Trenton, Illinois
Trenton, Indiana
Trenton, Kentucky
Trenton, Maine
Trenton, Michigan
Trenton, Missouri
Trenton, Nebraska
Trenton, New York
Trenton, North Carolina
Trenton, North Dakota
Trenton, Ohio
Trenton, South Carolina
Trenton, Tennessee
Trenton, Texas
Trenton, Utah
Trenton, Dodge County, Wisconsin, a town
Trenton, Pierce County, Wisconsin, a town
Trenton (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Trenton, Washington County, Wisconsin, a town

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Vargas State (, ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. It is named after Venezuela's first civilian president, José María Vargas. The state covers an area along the Caribbean coast in the north of Venezuela. It borders Aragua to the west and Miranda to the east. Caracas is to the south. Vargas contains the country's largest seaport and airport. The state's capital city is La Guaira.

The area was previously governed as part of Venezuela's Federal District. The governor was chosen by the federal government of Venezuela. In 1998 the government of Rafael Caldera made Vargas split Vargas from the Federal District. Shortly after this it became the 23rd state of Venezuela.

Other websites

 Government website  

States of Venezuela
Akron is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio.

Akron may also refer to:

Aviation
 USS Akron, a rigid airship of the United States Navy
 Akron (1911 airship), a semirigid airship that exploded in 1912

Entertainment
 Akron (movie), a 2015 independent, LGBT-themed movie, directed by Brian O'Donnell
 Akron / Family, a folk-influenced experimental rock band

Places

Canada
 Akron, Ontario

United States
 Akron, Alabama
 Akron, Colorado
 Akron, Indiana
 Akron, Iowa
 Akron, Kansas
 Akron, Michigan
 Akron, Missouri
 Akron, Nebraska
 Akron, New York
 Akron, Ohio
 Akron, Pennsylvania
 Akron, West Virginia
 Akron Township, Illinois
 Akron Township, Michigan
 Akron Township, Big Stone County, Minnesota
 Akron Township, Wilkin County, Minnesota
Other uses
 University of Akron, in Ohio
 Akron and Barberton Belt Railroad
 Akron Plan, an architectural plan for church buildings in the late 19th and early 20th century
 Acron Group, sometimes spelled Akron Group, a Russian chemical company
 Independence Akron, a German paraglider design
 The Akron (1948–1985), a Southern California-based imported goods and home decorating retail chain
 Akron / Family, American experimental folk group

Related pages
 Acron (disambiguation)
 Akron Airport (disambiguation)
Patrick Howard "Pat" Fraley (born February 18, 1949) is an American voice actor and voice-over teacher. He is best known as the voice of Krang, Casey Jones, Baxter Stockman and many other characters. He is also known for his voice roles in the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series. He also voiced Buzz Lightyear for actor Tim Allen in the early years in various video games, computer games, merchandise, attractions, and the Disney On Ice Disneyland Adventure.

Filmography

Movies
Casper's Scare School – Narrator, Scare Center Hosts, Werewolf, Wolfie
Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure – Donkey
Chicken Little – Additional Voices
Crab Cove – Colonel Crab, Salty Seagull
Elysium – Oz, Gramps
Garfield Gets Real – Sid, Deliverly Gnome
Gargoyles the Movie: The Heroes Awaken – Brendan
Happy Feet Two – Additional Voices
Here Comes Peter Cottontail: The Movie – Chipmunk, Dad Mouse, Hawk
I Am Legend – President
Monsters, Inc. – Jelly Monster
Nine Dog Christmas – Santa, Number 2 Elf
Porco Rosso – Additional Voices
Princess Mononoke – Additional Voices
Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer – Lurky, On-X, Buddy Blue, Dog, Guard, Spectran, Slurthie, Glitterbot
Rockin' with Judy Jetson – Zilchy
Scooby-Doo Goes Hollywood – Brother, Guard, Announcer's Voice
Tales from Earthsea – Additional Voices
Tangled – Additional Voices
The Ant Bully – Ant Council #1
The Boxtrolls – Fragile, Sweets
The Fisher King – Radio Show Call-In 
The GLO Friends Save Christmas
The Good, the Bad, and Huckleberry Hound – Additional Voices
The High Crusade – Chief Alien 
The Lion King – Sable Antelope
The New Woody Woodpecker Show – Kid, Nash
The Snow Queen 2 – Rakhat
The Wild – Additional Voices
Toy Story 2 – Additional Buzz Lightyears
What's New, Scooby-Doo? –Uncle Karl
W.I.T.C.H – Marco
Yogi's Great Escape – Reporter, Cowboy Kid #1, Swamp Fox Kid
Adventures of the Gummi Bears – Additional Voices
Aladdin – Additional Voices
Alvin and the Chipmunks – Additional Voices
Barnyard Commandos – Additional Voices
Batman: The Animated Series – Bat-Mite, Jest
Bigfoot and the Muscle Machines
Biker Mice from Mars – Additional Voices
Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures – Additional Voices
Blondie and Dagwood – Daisy Bumstead
Blondie & Dagwood: Second Wedding Workout – Daisy Bumstead
Bobby's World – Meeker
Bonkers – Bucky Buzzsaw, Ma's Henchman, Toon Microphone Boom
BraveStarr – Marshall Bravestarr, Thunderstick
Bubsy – Arnold Armadillo, Virgil Reality
Camp Candy – Additional Voices
CBS Storybreak 
ChalkZone – Flatso, Jackie, Slippy, Genie, Big Toe Man, Mamma Bunny, Ken Spark
Cow and Chicken – Announcer #2, Cop
Crayon Shin-chan – Masked Muchacho, Principal Enzo, Shin's grandfather
Darkwing Duck – Additional Voices
Defenders of Dynatron City – Jeff Headstrong
Denver, the Last Dinosaur – Denver
Droopy, Master Detective – The Yolker
DuckTales – Sir Guy Standforth, Young Scrooge McDuck
Eek! The Cat – Additional Voices
Extreme Ghostbusters – Additional Voices
Fantastic Max – Additional Voices
Filmation's Ghostbusters – Jake Kong, Jr., Additional Voices
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero – Ace, Barbecue
Galaxy High – Coach Frogface
Galtar and the Golden Lance – Additional Voices
Garfield and Friends – Additional Voices
Gargoyles – Brendan, Jogger
Goof Troop – Wally
Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling – Hillbilly Jim
Invasion America – Additional Voices
It's Punky Brewster – Additional Voices
James Bond Jr. – Additional Voices
Jason and the Heroes of Mount Olympus – Hercules
King of the Hill – Customer
Kissyfur – Additional Voices
Lazer Tag Academy – Charlie Ferguson, Skugs
Level Up – Insect Slug
Little Clowns of Happytown – Awful BeBad, Geek & Whiner
Lucky Luke – Additional Voices
Men in Black: The Animated Series – Stadium Janitor, Bob the Twin, Worm Guys
Midnight Patrol: Adventures in the Dream Zone – Additional Voices
Muppet Babies – Additional Voices
Mr. Bogus – Dad, Molie
My Life as a Teenage Robot – Santa Claus, Captain, Skeeves
My Little Pony and Friends – Additional Voices
New Kids on the Block – Additional Voices
Ozzy & Drix – Brain Advisor, Pnemoniac, Nerve Cell General
Paw Paws – Additional Voices
Potsworth & Co. – Additional Voices
Pound Puppies – Sherlock Bones, Mouseketter 1, Pupnik, Fleaco, Santa Claus, Yapper
Problem Child – Additional Voices
ProStars – Additional Voices
Quack Pack – Gwumpki
Rainbow Brite – Lurky, Buddy Blue, On-X, Evil Force
Raw Toonage – Additional Voices
Red Planet – Willis
Richie Rich – Dollar the Dog
Robotix – Exeter Galaxon, Nomo
Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs – Fireball
Saturday Supercade – Bingo
Secret Mountain Fort Awesome – Additional Voices
Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo – Tiger Morris, Policeman
Shadow Strikers – Chameleon Man
Snorks – Additional Voices
Sonic the Hedgehog (SatAM) – Additional Voices
Space Cats – Sniff
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends – Gamesman
Super Friends – Additional Voices
Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show – Additional Voices
TaleSpin – Wildcat
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – Krang, Burne Thompson, Baxter Stockman, Casey Jones, Slash, Additional Voices
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – 80s Krang
The Addams Family – Cousin Itt
The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man – Hobgoblin
The Angry Beavers – Additional Voices
The Adventures of the American Rabbit – Tini Meeny
The Centurions – Max Ray, Dr. Wu
The Dukes – Additional Voices
The Fairly OddParents – Lance Thruster
The Flintstone Kids – Additional Voices
The Further Adventures of SuperTed – Spottyman (US dub)
The Glo Friends – Glo Worm
The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy – Squirrel, Cop, Schlub #1, Jeeves, Lil Porkchop, Announcer, Wiggy Jiggy Jed, Dr. Fear, Clortho, Sock Boy
The Incredible Hulk – Major Ned Talbot, Additional Voices
The Jetsons – Skyhawk Mike, Additional Voices
The Legend of Korra – Gombo
The Legend of Prince Valiant – Additional Voices
The Little Mermaid – Villain #2
The Littles – Slick the Turtle
The Moo Family – Chuck Steaker, Robin Hoof
The New Adventures of Zorro – Don Alejandro
The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show – Additional Voices
The New Yogi Bear Show – Additional Voices
The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show – Additional Voices
The Scooby & Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour – Additional Voices
The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs – Witchdoctor Clad
The Smurfs – Additional Voices
The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper – Logical, Order
The Super Hero Squad Show – Beta Ray Bill
The Mask: The Animated Series – Additional Voices
The Tick – Additional Voices
The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat – Additional Voices
The Tom and Jerry Kids Show – Kyle the Cat
The What-A-Cartoon! Show – Mad Bomber
The Wizard of Oz – Truckle
The World's Greatest Super Friends – Additional Voices
Time Squad – Kublai Khan
Timon and Pumbaa – Wolverine, Jumbo Jumbo
Tiny Toon Adventures – Travel Agent, Pen Pal, French Spoon
Toy Story Treats – Buzz Lightyear
Turbo Teen – Dr. Chase, Eddie
Twinkle, the Dream Being – Urg, Wishball
Vytor: The Starfire Champion – Windchaser, Air Mutoid Warrior, Land Mutoid Warrior
What-a-Mess – Arnold
Where's Waldo? – Additional Voices
Widget the World Watcher – Additional Voices
Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa – Marshall Moo Montana
Wing Commander Academy – Additional Voices
WWE Slam City – The Finisher (uncredited)
X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men – Pyro
Yo Yogi! – Additional Voices
Video games

Animated Storybook: Toy Story – Buzz Lightyear
Bubsy – Arnold Armadillo, Virgil Reality
Kung Fu Panda: Legendary Warriors – Tai Lung
Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII – Additional Voices
Skylanders: SuperChargers – Additional Voices
Toy Story – Buzz Lightyear
Toy Story: Activity Center – Buzz Lightyear
Toy Story 2: Activity Center – Buzz Lightyear
Toy Story Racer – Rocky Gibraltar

Live-action

'Til Death – Mr. Harris, Poseidon

References

Other websites

Pat Fraley - Official website

1949 births
Living people
Actors from Seattle
American video game actors
American voice actors
Cornell University alumni
Joplin may refer to:

People
Janis Joplin, singer-songwriter
Scott Joplin, ragtime musician and composer

Places
Joplin, Missouri
The Church of God, International (CGI) is a denomination of Christianity. It is one of many denominations to come out of the Worldwide Church of God (WCG). The Worldwide Church of God was started by Herbert W. Armstrong.

Beginning
CGI was started in 1978 by four members of the Worldwide Church of God, with minister Garner Ted Armstrong (1930-2003) Garner Ted was excommunicated from the WCG by his father, Herbert W. Armstrong. They argued about beliefs and about how the church should be run.

CGI began in Tyler, Texas. Garner Ted also started the Garner Ted Armstrong Evangelistic Association.

Government
Garner Ted Armstrong led CGI until 1998. Church leaders tried to start a church where the ministers acted as servants to the people. They thought the ministers in the WCG had abused their power over the people. In 1998 Garner Ted Armstrong himself was forced to leave CGI by church leaders. He was accused of sexual assault. Mr. Armstrong left CGI and started the Intercontinental Church of God. Ronald L. Dart, an important leader in CGI also left to start a church called Christian Educational Ministries (CGI). After this, leaders in the CGI tried to move forward and continue "the work". Now, leaders and ministers share power with a "Ministerial Council". The chairman of the Council is elected every three years. Charles Groce served as Chief Executive Officer for the church until 27 June 2015. Then he retired. Vance Stinson is now chairman. The Council also started a program to train new leaders called MAP (Ministerial Apprentice Program)
. CGI tries to keep a good relationship with many of the other churches that left the Worldwide Church of God. It is a "Ministry Partnership" with a some of them.
Faith and worship

The CGI believes and worships like many other Christian churches, except:
The CGI believes that some Christian beliefs have been wrongly changed long ago, only a couple hundred years after Christ. It believes they were changed by people who tried to mix their own ideas with Christian beliefs. It believes they did this because they hated Jews, or were pagan, or Gnostics, or Greek philosophers. These wrong ideas turned into traditions. CGI tries to worship the way they believe Christ wanted. CGI believes that the pagans worshipped demons without knowing it. So, they don't worship holidays that started out as pagan, like Halloween and Christmas. This also includes Valentine's Day and New Year's Day.
 CGI does not believe in the Trinity. It believes the Holy Spirit is the spirit or power of God and of Jesus Christ. It does not believe the Holy Spirit is a person. It believes God "the Father" and Jesus Christ are two spirits in the "God family". It believes this was how the early church believed and worshipped.
Why mankind: CGI believes Christians can become part of the family of God. When they die, they will become spirit and a son or daughter of God. They believe this is because God is making spirits like himself.
 CGI does not believe the soul stays awake after a person dies. They believe the dead sleep until woken up by God at the resurrection. God will give them a new body. CGI believes this is how the early church believed.
 CGI believes Christ came to teach about his future kingdom. CGI does not believe people will go to heaven when they die., but will be resurrected to live and rule with Christ. This will happen during the Millenium, when Christ returns. CGI believes they will rule the universe with Christ in time, as part of the "God Family".