Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
It requires more 'brains' to control an unstable craft than it does a stable one. And the same principle applies to pterosaurs, birds and bats. Early birds, bats, pterosaurs and insects were all more stable, with tails or (insects) long abdomens. This helped the flying animal to keep on track, which is what we mean by 'stable'. 

All species in the group have teeth. The group died out at the end of the Jurassic, which suffered a minor extinction event.p270

Taxonomy 
This classification is simple, but unfortunately it is paraphyletic, because the two suborders are not sister groups. But there is not enough evidence to see which earlier group the pterodactyloids arose from. So this is the best we can do: 

Pterosauria
Rhamphorhynchoidea
Dimorphodontidae
Anurognathidae
Rhamphorhynchidae
Scaphognathinae
Rhamphorynchinae
Pterodactyloidea

References 

Pterosaurs
Zhejiangopterus is a pterosaur that was found in China. It lived in the late Cretaceous. 

At least six specimens of adults have been found. Zhejiangopterus was a moderately large pterosaur. Its wingspan was first estimated at five metres (16.4 feet). Later estimates reduced this to about 3.5 metres (11 feet). 

Its skull was long, low, perfectly arched, and lacked a "keel" or any other crest sometimes seen in related species. The beak was long, thin, sharply pointed, and lacked teeth. The cervical vertebrae were elongated. The first six dorsal vertebrae had fused together. This helped the chest keep stable against the forces generated by the wings.

Several pairs of belly ribs were preserved. Its upper leg bone was half the size of its upper arm bone, and strong and thin. The wings were short but robust

References 

Pterosaurs
Tupuxuara was a pterosaur that lived 112 million years ago. It was found in the Santana Formation, the remains of an inland sea. 

Some species were quite small, but the largest skull (length 130 cms) suggests a wingspan of 5.5 metres. It was an Azdarchid pterosaur, the same group as  Quetzalcoatlus.

Pterosaurs
Anurognathus was a genus of small rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs which lived 150 million years ago, in the Upper Jurassic period. It had a short head with pin-like teeth for catching insects. It was found in the Solnhofen limestone, the same place as Archaeopteryx. They grew up to 35 cms wingspan.

Although it is in the long-tailed pterosaur group Rhamphorhynchoidea, its tail was comparatively short. This was an adaptation which made it more manoeuvrable in hunting. According to Döderlein the reduced tail of Anurognathus was similar to the pygostyle of modern birds. 

With an estimated wingspan of fifty centimetres (20 inches) and a nine centimetre long body (skull included), its weight was limited: forty grammes for a specimen with a 35 centimetre wingspan.
Later a second, smaller, specimen was found, probably of a subadult individual. Its slab and counterslab are separated and both were sold to private collections. This second fossil is more complete and better articulated. It shows impressions of a large part of the flight membrane and under UV-light remains of the muscles of the thigh and arm become visible. It provided new information on many points of the anatomy. The skull was shown to have been very short and broad, wider than long.

References 

Pterosaurs
The Thirty-Nine Articles are the historic statements of Anglican beliefs. The Articles were not meant to be a complete statement of the Christian faith.  They are a statement of the position of the Church of England against the Roman Catholic Church and against Protestants.

History
The articles were made in 1563, under the direction of Archbishop Matthew Parker, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. They are based on the Forty-Two Articles written under the direction of Thomas Cranmer in 1552 and passed under Edward VI of England in 1553. They are printed in the Book of Common Prayer and other Anglican prayer books. Priests, deacons, and bishops of the Church of England have to take an oath that what is said in the Articles is "agreeable to the Word of God." Other Anglican churches do not make such a requirement.
The Thirty-Nine Articles were needed because at that time in English history it was not possible to find an agreement about Protestantism. Rather than have the church become divided, they needed a way to list the essentials of what the Church of England believed. John Henry Newman (one of the leading Tractarians in the mid 19th century), before he converted to Roman Catholicism, tried to show that the Articles could be seen in a way less hostile to Catholic belief.

Acceptance of the Articles
Outside the Church of England, Anglican opinions of the Thirty-Nine Articles vary. The Episcopal Church in the United States of America sees them as an historical document but does not make its members follow them. Anglican priest John Wesley changed the Thirty-Nine Articles for use by American Methodists in the 18th century. These new Articles of Religion are still the official United Methodist Church doctrine.

Other websites
Other websites 

Articles of Religion
 Anglican Communion resources relating to the Book of Common Prayer, including the articles of religion 
 facsimile of a 1762 printing  from the above site
  The revised 1801 version adopted by the US Episcopal Church
Christian creeds
Protestant Reformation
1563
1560s works
Teal can mean many things, such as:
 A type of duck,
 Ringed teal,Callonetta leucophrys
 Common teal, Anas crecca
 Green-winged teal, Anas carolinensis
 Black teal, Aythya novaeseelandiae
 Brown teal, Anas aucklandica
 Silver teal, Anas versicolor
 Cape teal, Anas capensis 
 Marbled teal, Marmaronetta angustirostris
 Blue-winged teal, Anas discors
 teal (color), a bluish green color
 Claud Eustace Teal (a.k.a. Mr. Teal), a person seen in the books of Leslie Charteris
Ojiya (Japanese: 小千谷（おぢや）市;-shi) is a city in Niigata, Japan. As of July 16, 2003, 40,342 people lived in the city. Ojiya's total area is . The Lord Mayor of Ojiya is Yasuo Yatsui

An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 struck Ojiya on October 23, 2004 at 17:56 local time. The earthquake killed 51 people.  4,795 people were injured. 16,910 buildings and houses were destroyed. The amount of damage was 3,000,000,000 Yen ($32.5M US).

Economy 
Ojiya has many types of industries. Electronics companies Sanyo electric, and Panasonic are located in the city. It also has textile companies. The main agricultural crop in the city is rice. Ojiya is the largest miner of natural gas in Japan.

Events 
There are several festivals each year in Ojiya.

Events Ojiya festival (August 24 and 25)
Katakai festival (September 9 and 10) - (The  Katakai festival is known to set off the biggest fireworks display in the world)
Balloon festival (February 25 and 26)

Cities in Niigata Prefecture
Tantalus was a mortal king in Greek mythology. He did many bad things against the gods and goddesses. At a banquet, he tried to feed people the flesh of his son Pelops. He had asked the gods and goddesses to come to this banquet. When they learn what he had planned, they punished Tantalus in not only this world (the world of the living), but the next as well (the world of the dead). Tantalus's punishment while he was alive was the ruin of his kingdom. His punishment when dead in the Tartaros of the Underworld was much worse.

He was made to stand in a pool of water up to his chin for all time. During this, he would always be hungry and thirsty. Each time Tantalus lowered his head to drink the water he was standing in, the water would lower. Over his head hung branches of trees filled with fruit. When he would try to get them, wind would blow them out of his reach. He was "tantalized" with food and drink. This is where the word tantalize comes from.
His daughter is Niobe. And his son, Pelops, was made alive again by the gods. He went to Greece and became the ruler of the peninsula which still has his name, the Peloponesus.

References 

People in Greek mythology
, meaning "Way of the Warrior", is a Japanese code of conduct and a way of life, more or less similar to the European code of chivalry. It comes from the samurai moral code and gives great importance to certain virtues like frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery and honour until voluntary death, seppuku. Bushidō was created between the 11th to 14th centuries and took form as a code from the 12th to 16th centuries.

Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, Bushidō became official Japanese Feudal Law.
Honor codes are still used in modern times; for example, as part of the kamikaze beliefs.

Related pages
 Japan
 Kendo - Japanese Martial Art - The Way of Sword
 Samurai
 Seppuku
 Shogun
 Virtue
 Warrior
 Zen

References 

History of Japan
Samurai
Akbar (Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud Son of Virat Kohli. Akbar, 25 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), also known as Akbar the Great was the 3rd Mughal Emperor.ref name="iranica"></ref> He was born in Umerkot (now Pakistan). He was the son of 2nd Mughal Emperor Humayun.

Akbar became the de jure king in 1556 at the age of 13 when his father died. Akbar was too young to rule, so Bairam Khan was appointed as Akbar's regent and chief army commander. Soon after coming to power Akbar defeated Himu, the general of the Afghan forces, in the Second Battle of Panipat. After a few years, he ended the regency of Bairam Khan and took charge of the kingdom. He initially offered friendship to the Rajputs. However, he had to fight against some Rajputs who opposed him. In 1576 he defeated Maharana Pratap of Mewar in the Battle of Haldighati. Akbar's wars made the Mughal empire more than twice as big as it had been before, covering most of the Indian subcontinent except the south (excluding the Deccan Plateau).

Administration
Administration 

Akbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the Delhi Sultanate, but the functions of various departments were reorganised with detailed regulations for their functioning
 The revenue department was headed by a wazir, responsible for all finances and management of jagir and inamdar feudal lands.
 The head of the military was called the mir bakshi, appointed from among the leading nobles of the court. The mir bakshi was in charge of intelligence gathering, and also made recommendations to the emperor for military appointments and promotions.:)
 The mir saman was in charge of the imperial household, including the harems, and supervised the functioning of the court and royal bodyguard.
 The judiciary was a separate organization headed by a chief qazi, who was also responsible for religious beliefs and practices. in
Religious policy 
Akbar was a Muslim. He realized that to establish a strong empire, he had to gain the confidence of his Hindu people who were the majority in India.

Din-i-ilahi (Religion of God) was a religious path suggested by Akbar. It was a code of moral conduct which reflected Akbar's secular ideas and he desire to achieve peace, unity, tolerance in his empire. Belief in one god, worship of source of light, non-killing of animals, Having peace with all were some features of Din-i-ilahi. It didn't have any rituals, holy books, temples or priests.

Male circumcision was not to be done before the boy was 12 years old, and after that it was optional. It was a Jewish custom adopted by Islam. Akbar's rule was that it should be made optional and should be done, if at all, at an age when boys could understand what it was. Here Akbar gave every man a choice and opportunity to have a play of his reason. Indeed, the boy of reason as he was, he could not deny it to others.
When he was at Fatehpur Sikri, he held discussions as he loved to know about others' religious beliefs. On one such day, he got to know that the religious people of other religions were often bigots (intolerant of others religious beliefs). This led him to form the idea of the new religion, Sulh-e-kul meaning universal peace. His idea of this religion did not discriminate other religions and focused on the ideas of peace, unity and tolerance. This gesture of his made the Hindus and people of other religions call him with different names and start loving him.

Personality 
Akbar's reign was chronicled by his court historian Abul Fazal in the books Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari. Other sources of Akbar's reign include the wod Sirhindi. Akbar was an artisan, warrior, artist, armourer, administrator carpenter, emperor, general, inventor, animal trainer, technologist. He became emperor at the age of 13.
Navaratnas 
Akbar had Navaratnas (nine jewels in Sanskrit) in his court which include Abul Fazl, Faizi, Tansen, Birbal, Raja Todar Mal, Raja Man Singh, Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, Fakir Azizudin and Mohd Shakil Hasan

Akbarnama 
(Pronounced as Akbar-e-Namah)The Akbarnāma means the Book of Akbar. It is the official biographical account of Akbar written by Abu Fazl. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. It also includes the information about the flora, fauna, life of the people of his reign, and the places Akbar used to visit.

The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by Abul Fazl, one of the Navratnas (Nine Jewels) of Akbar's royal court. The book took seven years to complete. An illustration was done in the Mughal school of painting. A part of this is Ain-i-Akbari.
Death 
On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never recovered. Twelve days after his sixty third year he died on 27 October 1605, after which his body was buried at a mausoleum in Sikandra (Agra): Akbar's tomb.

References 

1542 births
1605 deaths
Akbar
Deaths from dysentery
Campaign is trying to do something. Some battles in wars are called campaigns. The word comes from "Campania", a region where the ancient Roman army often fought.

When someone in politics seeks election to a political office, that is called a "political campaign". Sometimes, a series of advertisements can be referred to as an "advertising campaign". A "blood drive", when the Red Cross or a hospital asks people to give blood, is also a campaign.

A campaign usually involves groups of people following a plan and working together in different ways to get what they want.

Voting
Military
Marketing
Manco Cápac (died circa 1230) was the first of the fourteen Inca rulers of Peru. He started the Inca empire. 

As he says it, his legend started at the waters of Lake Titicaca, when he was told by the sun god to go East to set up his empire. As they walked looking for a good place, Manco taught men to farm, hunt, and fish while Mama Ocllo, his wife taught women to work with wool and cotton. Near Cusco, as his sacred golden staff sank in the ground, Manco decided this was to be the capital city of his empire.

 

Year of birth unknown
1230 deaths
Inca rulers
Brazzaville is the capital city of the Republic of the Congo. One million people live there. Brazzaville is on one side of the Congo river, with Kinshasa on the other side. Brazzaville and Kinshasa are the nearest country capitals in the World.

References

National capitals in Africa
Settlements in the Republic of the Congo
The Yellow Sea is the northern part of the East China Sea. It is between Mainland China and the Korean peninsula. The northwestern part is called the Bohai Sea. The  name "Yellow Sea" comes from the silt particles that color its water. The particles come from the Yellow River. Smaller rivers include the Yalu and Han Rivers. 

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
The East China Sea is a marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1,249,000 km². In China, the sea is called the East Sea. In Korea, the sea is sometimes called "South Sea", but this is more often used to speak only of the area near South Korea's southern coast.

Geography 
The East China Sea is bounded on the East by Kyūshū and the Ryūkyū Islands, on the South by Taiwan, and on the West by mainland China. It is connected with the South China Sea by the Taiwan Strait and with the Sea of Japan by the Korea Strait; it opens in the North to the Yellow Sea.

Territories with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Mainland China.

Rivers 
The Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea.

Related pages
Disputed Islands
Other websites 
 Kosuke Takahashi. Gas and oil rivalry in the East China Sea  Asia Times Online. July 27, 2004.
 Chinese submarine enters Japanese waters. Wikinews. November 18, 2004. Retrieved March 7, 2006.
 Oil and gas in troubled waters The Economist. October 6, 2005.
 J Sean Curtin. Stakes rise in Japan, China gas dispute  Asia Times Online. October 19, 2005.
 Chinese Suyan Rock community 

Seas of the Pacific Ocean
The governor of California is the head of the state and government of the U.S. state of California and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor is also the head of the executive branch of the state government and is the chairman of the gubernatorial cabinet.

Gavin Newsom is the 40th and current governor of California, in office since January 2019.

Powers and duties 
The governor has the power to enforce state laws and the duty to either approve or veto bills passed by the California Legislature or the California Senate to assemble the legislature and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.

Eligibility & requirements 
Section 5 of the state's constitution states for a person to serve as governor must:

 be at least eighteen years old.
 be a permanent resident in California and the United States for at least five years.
Election process and gubernatorial terms 
The governor is elected by the people through the popular election to a four-year term, along with the lieutenant gubernatorial candidate or the incumbent lieutenant governor of California as their running mate. The gubernatorial candidate or incumbent governor must have the majority of the popular vote in order to win the election.

Under Section 5 of the state's constitution forbids anyone from being elected governor more than twice.

Governor-elect of California 
The governor-elect is the candidate who has won the state's gubernatorial election and is awaiting inauguration to become the governor.

Inauguration 
The governor-elect, or incumbent governor immediately began their four-year team on inauguration day every four years in the month of January, along with the incumbent lieutenant governor and lieutenant governor-elect.
Gubernatorial line of succession 
If the governor dies, reigns, or is impeached, the lieutenant governor ranks first in the succession will assume the gubernatorial office and duties.

Residence 

The California Governor's Mansion is the official residence of the governor of California. It has been the official residence of every governor since 1903.

List of governors of California 
1. Peter Burnett

2. John McDougal

3. John Bigler

4. J. Neely Johnson

5. John Weller

6. Milton Latham

7. John Downey

8. Leland Stanford

9. Frederick Low

10. Henry Haight

11. Newton Booth

12. Romualdo Pacheco

13. William Irwin

14. George Perkins

15. George Stoneman

16. Washington Bartlett

17. Robert Waterman

18. Henry Harrison Markham

19. James Budd

20. Henry Gage

21. George Pardee

22. James Gillett

23. Hiram Johnson

24. William Stephens

25. Friend Richardson

26. C. C. Young

27. James Rolph

28. Frank Merriam

29. Culbert Olson

30. Earl Warren

31. Goodwin Knight

32. Pat Brown

33. Ronald Reagan
33. Ronald Reagan

34. Jerry Brown

35. George Deukmejian

36. Pete Wilson

37. Gray Davis

38. Arnold Schwarzenegger

39. Jerry Brown

40. Gavin Newsom

List of living former governors of California 
 Jerry Brown
 Pete Wilson
 Gray Davis
 Arnold Schwarzenegger
 
Sacramento, California
A hymn is a religious song of worship in Christianity, or a sacred song. Collections of hymns are known as hymnals.
Hymns are often sung by the entire group at church. Sometimes they are sung only by a special group called a choir. A piano or organ often plays the music while people sing. Most hymns are written in four-part harmony. They also often use a common meter. Thus, they tend to have a traditional sound.
Many early hymns were taken from the Psalms. Later hymns began to include  ideas from other parts of the Bible.  Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley wrote many hymns. In in more modern times, Fanny Crosby wrote many more. Some hymns are prayers to God. Others tell about God. Songs which describe God or how people relate to Him are also called "gospel songs" instead of hymns.
 
One of the most famous hymns is Amazing Grace which also became a popular song. It was written by John Newton who was an evil person who later became a Christian. The hymn tells how God saved him from sin even though he was unworthy.  This is an example of God's grace.

In Hinduism, a hymn is a shloka.

Christian music
Musical forms
Scarlett O'Hara is the main charcater in Margaret Mitchell's book Gone with the Wind with the movie adaptation, and Scarlett by Alexandra Ripley. She is one of the residents of Georgia who had histrionic personality disorder.

Reference

Characters in written fiction
Fictional American people
Fictional people with personality disorders
Histrionic personality disorder in fiction
Movie characters
Vivien Leigh (; 5 November 1913 – 8 July 1967; born Vivian Mary Hartley and styled as Lady Olivier after 1947) was an English actress. She is best known for playing Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind in 1939, and Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire in 1951. Leigh won Academy Awards for both of these roles.
Leigh was considered to be beautiful and this sometimes meant that she thought that she was not taken seriously as an actress. However her ill health was often a bigger problem. Leigh suffered from bipolar disorder and often had tuberculosis. These meant that her career went through period of decline and that she was sometimes considered difficult to work with. She died of tuberculosis in London.

References

Other websites 
 

Deaths from tuberculosis
English movie actors
English stage actors
Infectious disease deaths in London
People of British India
People with bipolar disorder
1913 births
1967 deaths
The prayer to the Sacred Heart of Jesus is a Roman Catholic devotion. A devotion is something that people do or say to show their love for God and Jesus. Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque wrote the prayer. When Roman Catholics pray to the Sacred Heart of Jesus they are praying for a part of Jesus that they believe is divine. The devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus  is also popular among some Anglo-Catholic Anglicans (Anglicans who use many of the same practices as Catholics).

Early devotion 
Early Christians, for example John the Evangelist and Paul of Tarsus, wrote the first devotions or prayers to the love of God. The earliest devotions to the Sacred Heart of Jesus were from the Benedictine or Cistercian monasteries. St. Bernard of Clairveaux from the Cistercian religious order was the first person to write a devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, but some people believe that the first person was St. Anselm.
The devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus started to be more popular between the 13th century and the 16th century. Some religious orders, for example the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Carthusians practised the devotion. But, the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was most common with individual Christians. For many the devotion was a mystical devotion - similar to an experience in mysticism.
In the sixteenth century, there was a change in the way people practised the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.  The devotion started to be part of Christian Asceticism and stopped being part of Christian Mysticism. In the sixteenth century, the devotion also started to use special written prayers and exercises. For example, the devotion used the writings of Lanspergius (d. 1539) of the Carthusians of Cologne and of Louis of Blois (Blosius; 1566), who was a Benedictine and Abbot of Liessies in Hainaut. The devotion also used or followed the writing of John of Avila (d. 1569) and St. Francis de Sales, who lived in the 17th century.
In the 17th century, writers who followed Christian Asceticism wrote about the devotion of the "Sacred Heart of Christian Jesus".  For example, Ascetic writers from the Society of Jesus wrote about the devotion many times. The image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus became very common. It was popular because many people used the image in the Franciscan devotion to the "Five Wounds" (explanation needed). The image also became popular because many Jesuits - members of the Society of Jesus- put the image on the first page of their books and on the walls of their churches.
But, the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus continued to be a private and mostly individual devotion. Jean Eudes (1602-1680) made it a public devotion, gave it a religious Office (needs explanation), and created a Feast for it. Père Eudes was the apostle of the Heart of Mary; but in his devotion to the Immaculate Heart there was a share for the Heart of Jesus. Little by little, the devotion to the Sacred Heart became a separate one, and on August 31, 1670, the first feast of the Sacred Heart was celebrated in the Grand Seminary of Rennes. Coutances followed suit on October 20, a day with which the Eudist feast was from then on to be connected. The feast soon spread to other dioceses, and the devotion adopted in various religious communities. It gradually came into contact with the devotion begun at Paray, and resulting in a fusion of the two.
Visions of St. Margaret Mary 
The most significant source for the devotion to the Sacred Heart in the form it is known today was a nun of the religious congregation of the Visitation of Mary Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque (1647-1690), who claimed to have received visions of Jesus Christ. There is nothing to indicate that she had known the devotion prior to the revelations, or at least that she had paid any attention to it. These alleged revelations were numerous, and the following apparitions are especially remarkable:

On December 27, probably 1673, the feast of St. John, Margaret Mary reported that Jesus permitted her, as he had formerly allowed St. Gertrude, to rest her head upon his heart. He then disclosed to her the wonders of his love, telling her that wanted them known to all mankind and to spread the treasures of his goodness, and that he had chosen her for this work.
A few days after the "great apparition", Margaret Mary reported everything she saw to Father de la Colombière, and he acknowledging the vision as an action of the spirit of God, consecrated himself to the Sacred Heart and directed her to write an account of the apparition. He also made use of every available opportunity to circulate this account, discreetly, through France and England.

At his death, February 15, 1682, there was found in his journal of spiritual retreats a copy in his own handwriting of the account that he had requested of Margaret Mary, together with a few reflections on the usefulness of the devotion. This journal, including the account and an "offering" to the Sacred Heart, in which the devotion was well explained, was published at Lyons in 1684. The little book was widely read, even at Paray.
Margaret Mary reported feeling "dreadful confusion" over the book's contents, but resolved to make the best of it, approving of the book for the spreading of her cherished devotion. Outside of the Visitandines, priests, religious, and laymen espoused the devotion, particularly a Capuchin, Margaret Mary's two brothers, and some Jesuits, among the latter being Fathers Croiset and Gallifet, who promoted the devotion.

The death of Margaret Mary, October 17, 1690, did not dampen the zeal of those interested; on the contrary, a short account of her life published by Father Croiset in 1691, as an appendix to his book "De la Dévotion au Sacré Cœur", served only to increase it. In spite of all sorts of obstacles, and of the slowness of the Holy See, which in 1693 imparted indulgences to the Confraternities of the Sacred Heart and, in 1697, granted the feast to the Visitandines with the Mass of the Five Wounds, but refused a feast common to all, with special Mass and Office.
Worship and devotion 
The Catholic acts of consecration, reparation and devotion were introduced when the feast of the Sacred Heart was declared. In his Papal Bull "Auctorem Fidei", Pope Pius VI praised devotion to the Sacred Heart. Finally, by order of Leo XIII, in his encyclical "Annum Sacrum" (May 25, 1899), as well as on June 11, he consecrated every human to the Sacred Heart. The idea of this act, which Leo XIII called "the great act" of his pontificate, had been proposed to him by a religious woman of the Good Shepherd from Oporto (Portugal) who said that she had supernaturally received it from Jesus. Since c. 1850, groups, congregations, and States have consecrated themselves to the Sacred Heart.

Peter Coudrin of France founded the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary on Dec 24, 1800. A religious order of the Roman Catholic Church, the order is best known for its missionary work in Hawaii.
Worship of the Sacred Heart mainly consists of several hymns, the Salutation of the Sacred Heart, and the Litany of the Sacred Heart. It is common in Roman Catholic services and occasionally is to be found in Anglican services.

The Feast of the Sacred Heart is a holy day in the Roman Catholic liturgical calendar, and is celebrated 19 days after Pentecost. As Pentecost is always celebrated on Sunday, the Feast of the Sacred Heart always falls on a Friday.
The Enthronement of the Sacred Heart is a Catholic ceremony in which a priest or head of a household consecrates the members of the household to the Sacred Heart. A blessed image of the Sacred Heart, either a statue or a picture, is then "enthroned" in the home to serve as a constant reminder to those who dwell in the house of their consecration to the Sacred Heart. The practice of the Enthronement is based upon Pope Pius XII's declaration that devotion to the Sacred of Jesus is "the foundation on which to build the kingdom of God in the hearts of individuals, families, and nations..."[4]

Institution names 
Sacred Heart is still a widely used name for many Catholic institutions, including schools, colleges, and hospitals in many countries around the world. It is also the name of many Catholic parishes, religious orders, and stores selling Catholic goods.
Sacred Heart imagery 
Religious imagery depicting the Sacred Heart is frequently featured in Catholic, and sometimes Anglican homes. Sometimes images display beneath them a list of family members, indicating that the entire family is entrusted to the protection of Jesus in the Sacred Heart, from whom blessings on the home and the family members are sought. The prayer "O Sacred Heart of Jesus, I place all my trust in Thee" is often used. One particular image has been used as part of a set, along with an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In that image, Mary too was shown pointing to her Immaculate Heart, expressing her love for the human race and for her Son, Jesus Christ. The mirror images reflect an eternal binding of the two hearts.

Folklore 
Many members of the Carlist military forces of the 19th and 20th centuries in Spain wore detentes or amulets with an image of the Sacred Heart. These Catholic monarchists believed the image would protect them against wounding by the enemy firearms.
Criticism 
Some non-Catholics, including Charismatic Protestants, have criticized devotion to the Sacred Heart as idolatry in that worship is directed towards a body part. The response of Catholics is to contend that the Sacred Heart is a traditional symbol depicting Christ's holy blood as a fountain. Some Catholics have been critical of the overly sentimental nature of such devotion,[5] but most of these critics concede that the images essentially reflect the core Christian tenet of love.

Vatican endorsement 
Dates for the Feast of the Sacred Heart, 2002-2020
 Year Date
 2002 June 7
 2003 June 27
 2004 June 18
 2005 June 3
 2006 June 23
 2007 June 15
 2008 May 30
 2009 June 19
 2010 June 11
 2011 July 1
 2012 June 15
 2013 June 7
 2014 June 27
 2015 June 12
 2016 June 3
 2017 June 23
 2018 June 8
 2019 June 28
 2020 June 19

Other websites 
 Catholic Encyclopedia

Christian prayers
Marian prayers or Marian devotions are acts of asking for the intercession of the Mary, the mother of Jesus. It is mainly something done by Roman Catholics but it is also used by Anglo-Catholics. Marian prayer is not worship. It is asking Mary to pray, or intercede for you and/or other people. When asking for Mary's intercession, you are honouring her and not worshipping her. It is to ask her to help you communicate better with her son, Jesus. They are still following the second commandment, because they are not worshipping, only asking for intercession in their lives. Many novenas and prayers can be said in her honour. 
There are in fact many common ways in doing so but there is a simplistic yet symbolical prayer called the rosary, the reciting pray for the intervening of mother Mary. This is said in honour and praise of her as well as to ask of her help. Another example is yet commonly said during the rosary itself and is called the "hail holy queen". 

Christian prayers
William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American actor.  He is best known for playing the part of Rhett Butler in the 1939 movie version of Gone with the Wind.  Gable won an Academy Award for playing Fletcher Christian in the 1935 movie version of Mutiny on the Bounty.  He also starred in It Happened One Night with Claudette Colbert and Mogambo with Grace Kelly and Ava Gardner.

Gable was born on February 1, 1901 in Cadiz, Ohio. He was married five times. He had two children. The last movie that Gable starred in was The Misfits, in 1961.  This movie also starred Marilyn Monroe and was written by Arthur Miller. Gable died shortly afterwards in Los Angeles, California, after having had a fourth coronary thrombosis.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1901 births
1960 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Ohio
American movie actors
American radio actors
American silent movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from coronary thrombosis
Extras
Nyctosaurus was a pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It had a wing span of 1 meter and a very big crest. It was in the Pterodactyloidea and related to Pteranodon. 

Pterosaurs
Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 4, 1962) was an American actress, writer, model, singer and filmmaker. Famous for playing comic "blonde bombshell" characters, she became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s. 

Between 1946 and 1962, she made 44 movies. Although she was a top-billed actress for only a decade, her films grossed $200 million by the time of her unexpected death in 1962.

Early life 
Norma Jeane Mortenson was born on June 1, 1926 at LAC+USC Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, United States. When she was seven years old, her mother, Gladys (Monroe) Baker Mortenson, was hospitalized after being diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic, a severe mental condition. Norma was left in a series of foster homes and the Los Angeles Orphans' Home Society. The constant move from one foster home to another resulted in Norma's "sketchy" educational background.
After Norma's sixteenth birthday, her foster parents had to move from California. To avoid an orphanage or a new foster home, Norma chose to get married. On June 19, 1942, Norma married James Dougherty, but the marriage would all but end when he joined the U.S. Merchant Marines in 1943. Though her difficult childhood and early failed marriage would make Norma Jean a strong and resilient woman, these experiences would also add to her insecurities and flaws—things that would ultimately shape her into a great tragic figure of the twentieth century.

Movies 
Marilyn Monroe became famous, starring in a number of hit movies during the 1950s and early 1960s. She also became famous for modeling for photographers and singing in her musical movies. One time, she sang "Happy Birthday" to President John F. Kennedy. It turned out to be one of her last appearances.

Personal life
Personal life

Marriages
The 16-year-old Norma Jeane married James Dougherty on June 19, 1942. After the wedding, he joined the navy. At this time, Norma met an army photographer, David Conover. She began a career as a model. She changed her name to Marilyn Monroe. She and Dougherty divorced on September 13, 1946.

Monroe married the baseball star Joe DiMaggio on January 14, 1954. The marriage lasted for nine months. She had met DiMaggio on a blind date, during the filming of the movie Monkey Business in 1952. The marriage was closely followed by the public. DiMaggio retired from baseball, and Marilyn became very famous. DiMaggio was sad that his career as a baseball star was ending, and was jealous of Marilyn for being admired. He spent most of his time watching television and Monroe found it boring. They separated on October 31, 1954. From 1961, they became friends again. DiMaggio said that he gave Marilyn a rose every week for 20 years.
Marilyn married Arthur Miller on June 29, 1956. She converted to Judaism. She had met him during the filming of As Young As You Feel in 1951. She was so happy with him and they tried to have children together. Marilyn had three miscarriages, because of her endometriosis. Miller wrote the screenplay for the movie The Misfits. The filming caused many problems between Marilyn and Arthur and they separated on January 20, 1961.

Death 
She died early from an overdose of barbiturates on August 4, 1962 in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, U.S. at 36 years old.
Filmography 
 Dangerous Years (1947)
 Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! (1948)
 Ladies of the Chorus (1948)
 Love Happy (1949)
 A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950)
 The Asphalt Jungle (1950)
 All About Eve (1950)
 The Fireball (1950)
 Right Cross (1951)
 Home Town Story (1951)
 As Young as You Feel (1951)
 Love Nest (1951)
 Let's Make It Legal (1951)
 Clash by Night (1952)
 We're Not Married! (1952)
 Don't Bother to Knock (1952)
 Monkey Business (1952)
 O. Henry's Full House (1952)
 Niagara (1953)
 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953)
 How to Marry a Millionaire (1953)
 River of No Return (1954)
 There's No Business Like Show Business (1954)
 The Seven Year Itch (1955)
 Bus Stop (1956)
 The Prince and the Showgirl (1957)
 Some Like It Hot (1959)
 Let's Make Love (1960)
 The Misfits (1961)
 Something's Got to Give (1962 - unfinished)

Awards and nominations
1951 Henrietta Awards: The Best Young Box Office Personality
 1952 Photoplay Award: Fastest Rising Star of 1952
 1952 Photoplay Award: Special Award
 1952 Look American Magazine Achievement Award: Most Promising Female Newcomer of 1952
 1953 Golden Globe Henrietta Award: World Film Favorite Female.
 1953 Sweetheart of The Month (Playboy)
 1953 Photoplay Award: Most Popular Female Star
 1954 Photoplay Award for Best Actress: for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire
 1956 BAFTA Film Award nomination: Best Foreign Actress for The Seven Year Itch
 1956 Golden Globe nomination: Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy or Musical for Bus Stop
 1958 BAFTA Film Award nomination: Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the Showgirl
 1958 David di Donatello Award (Italian): Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the Showgirl
 1959 Crystal Star Award (French): Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the Showgirl
 1960 Golden Globe, Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy or Musical for Some Like It Hot
1962 Golden Globe, World Film Favorite: Female
 Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 6104 Hollywood Blvd.
 1999 she was ranked as the sixth-greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute in their list AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars.
References

Sources

Other websites 

 The Official Marilyn Monroe Website 
 
 
 
 
 Gallery: The Life of Marilyn Monroe 
Marilyn Monroe Quotes 

1926 births
1962 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles
American autobiographers
American movie actors
Converts to Judaism
Drug-related deaths in the United States
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Hawthorne, California
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish American writers
Jewish models
Models from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
Former Roman Catholics
Eliot is an American town in the state of Maine. The population was 5,954 at the 2000 census.

The schools in Eliot are a part of MSAD35. It is around an hour away from Boston.

References

Towns in Maine
1810 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maine
Troodon (or Troödon) is a genus of relatively small, bird-like dinosaurs, from the later part of the Cretaceous period, 75 - 65 million years ago. The alternate spelling Troödon shows that the 'o's are pronounced separately, as in 'zoology'.

They were probably carnivorous, but details of their teeth are a bit unusual. Some experts suggest they may have included plant material in their diet, but this is not a majority view.

Discovered in central Montana in 1855, it was among the first dinosaurs found in North America. Its species ranged widely, with fossil remains recovered from as far north as Alaska, and the Judith River formation of Alberta, and as far south as Wyoming and even possibly Texas and New Mexico.
Troodon had a large brain in proportion to its body weight. It had a sickle claw, an enlarged and retractable second toe claw bone. Troodon had 122 teeth. The size and shape of the leg bones show that the Troodon would have been a fast runner. 
The view that Troodon was a predator is supported by its sickle claw on the foot and apparently good binocular vision.

Troodons size ranged widely. In general, individuals that lived further north were larger than those that lived in more southern areas. Troodons in Alaska were especially large, up to 12 feet long, 5 feet tall, and weighing up to 175 pounds. Meanwhile, Troodons that lived in more southern locations were only around 7 feet long, 3 feet tall, and weighed up to 50 pounds, about the size of a Velociraptor. Very likely Troodon had feathers, but no fossil evidence for feathers has yet been found.
There has been a lot of debate about which specimens, all very incomplete, should be called Troodon. The genus now includes specimens previously classified as Stenonychosaurus.

Troodon nests full of eggs have been found in Montana. When scientists CAT-scanned them, they found baby Troodon skeleton embryos inside of them. They found skeletons of a small plant-eating dinosaur named Orodromeus with the eggs, as well as a skeleton of an adult Troodon. At first, it was believed that the eggs had belonged to the Orodromeus, and that the Troodon was there intending to rob the nest.

However, it was later discovered that the eggs belonged to the Troodon when baby Troodon embryos were found inside the eggs. It is now believed that the adults had killed the Orodromeus and brought them back to feed their babies. Troodons laid up to 24 eggs in their nests which were earth mounds. They were able to lay two eggs at a time, so large clutches would take two weeks to lay.
A 2017 description had redeemed the validity of Stenonychosaurus and had created a new genus from separate bones naming them Lateniventrix, limiting Troodon to a few teeth.

References 

Theropods
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Saurornithoides was a fast running dinosaur from 79 million years ago. It was related to Troodon. Its fossils have been found in Mongolia and China. 

Like its cousin Troodon, Saurornithoides was an intelligent predator, with large eyes and good vision. It had a retractable, sickle-shaped claw on the second claw of each foot that was used for attacking prey. Saurornithoides probably fed on small prey, such as lizards, frogs, insects, and small mammals. It may also have hunted in packs to bring down other dinosaurs. Saurornithoides was discovered in the Gobi Desert on an expedition in the 1920s. The dinosaurs Velociraptor, Protoceratops, and Oviraptor were also discovered during these expeditions to the Gobi Desert.

Theropods
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Reining is a competitive way of riding a horse. In reining, the horse performs spins, sliding stops, rollbacks and lead changes. Reining has twelve patterns the rider normally has to follow. The rider can perform freestyle where they make up their own pattern and ride it to music. This is all done under a western saddle.

History of the sport

Horses have been used by humans for thousands of years, and the skills associated with riding horses have been gradually developed throughout this history. The skills used today in reining originate from tasks done with work horses like to gather cattle together.

What is reining
In competition, the riders need to do many manoeuvres at a gallop. They need to guide precisely the horses with one hand through a complex pattern that includes stops, spins, rollbacks and circles. There are twelve different patterns. The rider and the horse are judged on various criteria. First, points can be given or removed for the obedience of the horse if it seemed easy and fluid for the rider to control him or if the horse showed some resistance. The show is also judged for the execution of the manoeuvres and the control of the rider. For example, if the manoeuvre was executed correctly no point are given and no point are removed, if the manoeuvre was executed badly the judge decides on how many points he removes and if the manoeuvre was executed I an excellent way, the judge can give points
. The rider executing is pattern and the judge evaluating it takes about five minutes and after that, the judge gives mark on a total of seventy points for the execution of the choreography by the rider and the horse.
Other websites 
 British Reining - the governing body for the sport in Great Britain
 National Reining Horse Association
 The American Quarter Horse Association.
 sample reining pattern 
 United States Equestrian Federation
 Video about Reining
 The American Quarter Horse Association of the United Kingdom

References

Horse riding
Lakshmana, the Rani of Jhansi (19 November 1828 — 18 June 1858) was an Indian queen and warrior.

She was one of the greatest leaders of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and, became for Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to British rule in India.
Manikarnika is born into a Maratha family. She was married to Gangadhar Rao, the Maharaja of Jhansi, in 1842, and became the Rani of Jhansi. After her marriage, Manikarnika became Lakshmibai, named in honour of the goddess Lakshmi. Before her marriage, she was known as Chabili (meaning "jolly ways"). In September 1851, Rani Lakshmibai had a son, Damodar Rao. He died at the age of four months. On the day before the Raja's death in November 1853, he adopted his cousin's child. His name was Anand Rao but, was renamed Damodar Rao, after their actual son. The Raja wrote a letter to the British government of India requesting that his widow should be recognised as the ruler of Jhansi after his death during her lifetime. After the death of her husband the head of the British government refused to allow her adopted son to become raja and Jhansi was ruled by the British
. This was done by the "Doctrine of lapse" - if an Indian ruler died without a male child his adopted son would not succeed him; but the personal property of that king goes to his adopted son.
After all the British in Jhansi had been killed by Indian troops in June 1857 the Rani took over the administration provisionally until the British returned. She had to form an army to defeat the invading forces of Orchha and Datia. In March 1858, British forces led by Sir Hugh Rose came to Jhansi to take back the city from the Rani who now wanted independence. Jhansi was besieged and taken after strong resistance. Many of the people of the city were killed in the fighting and afterwards. The Rani escaped to Kalpi and jointly with the Maratha general Tantya Tope then seized Gwalior. In the battle of Kotah ki Serai in which their army was defeated Rani Lakshmibai was wounded and died on 18th June 1858.

References

More information
Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year: the Indian Rebellion of 1857. London: Sphere; pp. 111-126
Meyer, Karl E. & Brysac, Shareen Blair (1999) Tournament of Shadows. Washington, DC: Counterpoint; pp. 138-145

Other websites
Other websites

Timeline from the birth of Lakshmibai until her death
Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi
Rani Laxmi Bai

Indian monarchs
People of British India
19th century in India
1828 births
1858 deaths
Marathi people