Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Birth defects involving the brain are the most common problems. They concern about 10 per 1000 live births, compared to heart problems, at 8 per 1000, kidney problems at 4 per 1000, and limbs at 1 per 1000. All other physical anomalies together occur in 6 per 1000 live births. The human brain has had changes and expansion fairly recently in evolutionary terms. 

Birth defects of the heart have the highest risk of death during childhood. They are the cause of 28% of infant deaths due to birth defects. chromosomal abnormalities and respiratory abnormalities each account for 15%, and brain malformations about 12%. About 10% of deaths in children are because of a genetic disease. This is (in modern times) more than the number of deaths caused by infectious diseases.

China Birth Deformity Monitoring Centre says that one baby with birth defects is born every 30 seconds in China.
Miscarriages 
Pregnancies which do not come to term (miscarriages) have similar causes to birth defects. Many will be due to failures in the genetics controlling development of the embryo.

Most clinically apparent miscarriages (two thirds to three-quarters in various studies) occur during the first trimester. Chromosomal abnormalities are found in more than half of embryos miscarried in the first 13 weeks.

A pregnancy with a genetic problem has a 95% probability of ending in miscarriage. Genetic problems are more likely to occur with older parents; this may account for the higher miscarriage rates observed in older women.

Related pages 
 List of genetic disorders

References
Scrambled eggs is a dish made from beaten whites and yolks of  eggs (usually chicken). The dish often contains other ingredients.  Cream, butter, milk, water or oil (used in China) will dilute the egg proteins to create a softer texture.

Sample recipe
The eggs and a large piece of butter are put into a saucepan over a low heat.  The egg whites and egg yolks are then "scrambled" or mixed together.   The mixture should be mixed together all the time they are being cooked.

When cooked a little créme frâiche is added.  This is because the eggs will be hot enough to carry on cooking themselves.  Adding a cool liquid will stop the eggs from overcooking. Some salt and pepper or other seasoning can be added to taste as well.

In the home the eggs can be mixed together first and then poured into a pan.  The créme frâiche does not need to be added if the eggs will be eaten almost immediately.
Properly made, the eggs should be moist and creamy consistency.  If any liquid is coming from the eggs, it means the eggs have been overcooked or that the add the vegetables were undercooked.

Other methods of preparation
Using a double boiler  or bain-marie means that the heat is constant, and does not to be adjusted  to make sure the eggs do not brown or burn.  The baine marie method is slower than cooking directly in a pan over a heat but makes it easier to  cook the eggs perfectly. The eggs must be taken out of the bain marie when cooked, otherwise they will carry on cooking and spoil.

Scrambled eggs may also be made in a  microwave oven by put the ingredients in a glass bowl and cooking for 30 seconds then whisking, then cooking and whisking again until the desired consistency is achieved.

Variations of Scrambled Egg Dishes
Many things can be added to scrambled eggs.  Often the end result can have a different name, for example:
scrambled eggs à l'arlésienne (Scrambled eggs as made in the town of Arles, France)- add the diced, cooked pulp of courgettes (zucchini), a little garlic, and tomato fondue.  Put the cooked eggand vegetable mixture into the hollowed, cooked courgettes shells, on an oiled gratin dish sprinkled with Parmesan cheese and brown the oven.

scrambled eggs à l'américaine scrambled eggs in the American way - Add cubes of smoked bacon fried in butter to eggs.

scrambled eggs Rossini named after the composer Rossini- Cook some scrambled eggs.  Sauté some thin slices of foie gras in butter.  Cook some sliced truffle in butter.  Plate the scrambled eggs on a serving dish, garnish with foie gras and truffles, then coat with a very reduced Madeira demi-glace sauce.

Related pages
List of egg dishes

Notes
Notes

References
Escoffier, Georges Auguste. Escoffier: The Complete Guide to the Art of Modern Cookery. Translated by H. L. Cracknell and R.J. Kaufmann. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York: Scribner, 2004.
Robuchon, Joël, Members of the Gastronomic Committee. Larousse Gastronomique. New York: Clarkson Potter/Publishers, 2001.

Other websites
An article on cooking scrambled eggs
Scrambled eggs recipe

Egg dishes
Breakfast foods
Elizabeth of Bohemia (born Elizabeth Stuart, August 19 1596 to February 13 1662) was a Scottish born Queen of Bohemia. As well as being Queen of Bohemia, she was also titled Electress of Palatine and Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland Elizabeth was the oldest daughter of King James VI of Scotland (later, James I of England) and his wife, Anne of Denmark. Her brother was Charles I. She was Queen of Bohemia only for a few months so she is sometimes called "The Winter Queen".

Childhood
Elizabeth was born at Falkland Palace in Fife, Scotland. Her father gave her the name Elizabeth to make Queen Elizabeth I of England happy. The Queen had no children. James wanted her to choose him to be King of England when she died. She later agreed and James VI became King James I of England (as well as Wales and Ireland) in 1603. Elizabeth Stuart now had a higher status. This meant meant that more important men would want to marry her.

The gunpowder plot
The gunpowder plot

At this time, there was strong fighting between Catholics and Protestants in England. King James was a devout Protestant, and many Catholics did not like him because he persecuted many papists by levying taxes against them, banning Mass, and even executing people for being heretics and witches if they didn’t denounce Catholicism. In 1605, a group decided to try to blow up the English Parliament with gunpowder when King James was there. This is called The Gunpowder Plot. The group planned to kidnap Princess Elizabeth from Coombe Abbey, in Warwickshire. They wanted to make her the Queen. Because she was only nine years old, important Catholics would have the real power over her kingdoms. In the end, the group were found before they could kill King James.
Marriage
On February 14 1613, Elizabeth married Frederick V. He was the Elector of the Palatinate. She moved to his court at Heidelberg. Frederick was the leader of an important group of Protestant princes, called the Evangelical Union. James wanted Elizabeth to marry someone from this group so he could have a stronger friendship with them.

Queen of Bohemia
In 1619, Frederick was asked to become King of Bohemia. He and Elizabeth moved to Prague. There was also strong fighting between different religious groups there. After only a few months of being King, Frederick had to leave the country. Because she was queen for such a short time, Elizabeth is sometimes called ‘The Winter Queen’. She was also called ‘Queen of Hearts’ because many people liked her.
Exile and death
Elizabeth and Frederick lived in exile in The Hague. They could not return to Bohemia. Frederick died in 1632 and Elizabeth lived in Holland for most of the rest of her life. After her brother’s son, Charles, became King of England and Scotland, she went to London to see him. She died there in 1662, when she was 65 years old.

Children
She had thirteen children in total. Charles I Louis, became Elector of the Palatine in 1648. Her other children were: Frederick Henry von der Pfalz, Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Palatine, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Louise Marie of the Palatinate, Prince Maurice von Simmern, Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern and Sophia of Hanover. After the 1701 Act of Settlement, Electress Sophia and her children were made heirs to the English and Scottish thrones. This means that all Kings and Queens of Great Britain after George I are Elizabeth’s descendants.
Legacy
The Elizabeth River in Southeastern Virginia was named in honour of the princess. Cape Elizabeth a peninsula and, today, a town in the U.S. state of Maine was also named for her. John Smith explored and mapped New England.  He gave names to places mainly based on the names used by Native Americans. When Smith showed his map to Charles I, he said that the king should feel free to change the "barbarous names" for "English" ones. The king made many such changes.  Only four survive today.  One of which is Cape Elizabeth.

References

1596 births
1662 deaths
House of Stuart
Kings and Queens consort
Electors and Electresses
Bohemia
Salah ad Din () is a province in north of Iraq. The province has an area of 24,751 km². The capital is Tikrit where Saddam Hussein was born and 1,147,000 people live in the province. The majority population is Sunni. In 2011, the province declared autonomy.

References 

Provinces of Iraq
LATAM Airlines Brazil () is Brazilian airline. LATAM was founded in 1961, but since 2000 it has grown fast. It's now the biggest airline in Brazil and all of Latin America.

History
TAM Airlines began in 1961, with the name Taxi Aereo Marília (Marília Air Taxi). In 1971, one of the airline's pilots buys 33% of the airline's shares. In 1976, the pilot founds an airline with the name Transportes Aereos Regionais (Regional Air Transport).  Both TAM and TAR Airlines were combined in 2000.  This formed the TAM Airlines. In 2010, LAN Airlines and TAM Airlines were also combined. They formed the LATAM Airlines Group.

Gallery

References

Star Alliance
Airlines of South America
Economy of Brazil
1961 establishments in Brazil
Al-Qādisiyyah () is a province in south of Iraq. The capital is Al Diwaniyah.

Provinces of Iraq
A limb is a part of the body of a living creature, which extends from its trunk. Examples are the branches of a tree, and the legs of a man.

In normal human body, there are four limbs: two upper limbs (arms) and two lower limbs (legs). Each limb has several joints.

Limbs and extremities
Holloway was scheduled to fly home later on May 30, but failed to appear for her flight. She was last seen by her classmates outside Carlos'n Charlie's, a Caribbean chain restaurant and nightclub in Oranjestad, in a car with locals Joran van der Sloot and brothers Deepak and Satish Kalpoe. When questioned, the three men said they dropped her off at her hotel and denied knowing what became of Holloway. Upon further investigation by authorities, Van der Sloot was arrested twice on suspicion of involvement in her disappearance and the Kalpoes were each arrested three times. Due to lack of evidence the three men were released without charge after each arrest.

Holloway background
Disappearance 
On Thursday, May 26, 2005, Holloway and 124 fellow graduates of Mountain Brook High School, located in a wealthy suburb of Birmingham, Alabama, arrived in Aruba for a five-day, unofficial graduation trip. The graduates were accompanied by seven chaperones. According to teacher and chaperone Bob Plummer, the chaperones met with the students each day to ensure nothing was wrong. However, Jodi Bearman—the chaperone who organized the trip—has stated, "the chaperones were not supposed to keep up with their every move".
Police Commissioner Gerold Dompig, who would head the investigation from mid-2005 until 2006, described the behavior of the Mountain Brook students, stating there was "wild partying, a lot of drinking, lots of room switching every night. We know the Holiday Inn told them they were not welcome next year. Natalee, we know, she drank all day every day.
Holloway was last seen by her classmates leaving the Aruban bar and night club Carlos'n Charlie's around 1:30 a.m. on Monday, May 30. Holloway left with 17-year-old Joran van der Sloot, a Dutch honors student living in Aruba and attending the Aruba International School, and his two Surinamese friends, 21-year-old Deepak Kalpoe and 18-year-old Satish Kalpoe, in Deepak Kalpoe's car. Holloway, who had been scheduled to fly home later on May 30, did not appear for her return flight.

Early investigation
On May 30, 2005, immediately following Holloway's missed flight, Jug and Beth Twitty traveled to Aruba with friends by private jet. Within four hours of landing in Aruba, the Twittys presented the Aruban police with the name and address of Van der Sloot as the person with whom Holloway left the nightclub. Beth Twitty has stated that Van der Sloot's full name was given to her by the night manager at the Holiday Inn, who supposedly recognized him on a videotape. The Twittys and their friends, with two Aruban policemen, went to the Van der Sloot home looking for Holloway. Van der Sloot initially denied knowing Holloway's name, but he then told the following story, with which Deepak Kalpoe, who was present, agreed. Van der Sloot related that they drove Holloway to the California Lighthouse area of Arashi Beach because Holloway wanted to see sharks, before dropping Holloway off at her hotel around 2:00 a.m. According to Van der Sloot, Holloway fell down as she exited the car but refused Van der Sloot's help
. He stated that she was then approached by a dark man in a black shirt similar to those worn by security guards as the young men drove away.
Arrests 
On June 9, 2005, Van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers were arrested on suspicion of kidnapping and murdering Holloway. Aruban law allows for arrest on serious suspicion from investigators; to continue holding the suspect in custody, an increasing evidentiary burden must be met at periodic reviews. According to Dompig, the focus was on these three suspects from the "get-go". Dompig stated that surveillance of the three began three days after Holloway was reported missing, and included surveillance, telephone wire taps, and even monitoring of their e-mail. Dompig indicated pressure from Holloway's family caused them to stop their surveillance prematurely and to detain the three suspects. On Monday, July 4, following hearings before a judge, Deepak and Satish Kalpoe were released, but Joran van der Sloot was detained for an additional sixty days.
On April 15, 2006 Geoffrey von Cromvoirt was arrested by Aruban authorities on suspicion of criminal offenses related to dealing in illegal narcotics that, according to the prosecutor, might have been related to the disappearance of Holloway. At his first court appearance, his detention was extended for eight days. However, Von Cromvoirt was released on April 25, 2006. In addition, another individual with initials "A.B." was arrested on April 22, 2006, but was released the same day.

On May 17, 2006 another suspect Guido Wever the son of a former Aruban politician, was detained in the Netherlands on suspicion of assisting in the abducting, battering, and killing of Holloway. Wever was questioned for six days in Utrecht. While initially Aruban prosecutors sought his transfer to the island, he was instead released by agreement between the prosecutor and Wever's attorney.
With Aruban investigators citing what was described as newly discovered evidence, Joran van der Sloot and Satish and Deepak Kalpoe were rearrested November 21, 2007, on suspicion of involvement in "manslaughter and causing serious bodily harm that resulted in the death of Holloway". Van der Sloot was detained by Dutch authorities in the Netherlands, while the Kalpoe brothers were both detained in Aruba. Van der Sloot subsequently returned to Aruba and was incarcerated.

In November 2007, Dave Holloway announced a new search for his daughter, probing the sea beyond the original  depths in which earlier searches had taken place. That search, involving a vessel called the Persistence, was abandoned due to lack of funds at the end of February 2008 with nothing of significance found.
Other case developments 
On January 31, 2008, Dutch crime reporter Peter R. de Vries claimed that he had solved the Holloway case. De Vries stated that he would tell all on a special television program on Dutch TV on February 3. Beth Twitty's attorney, John Q. Kelly, told ABC News that he had little faith that the supposed evidence would prove pivotal to the case and suggested that it would be quickly debunked.
On February 8, 2008, Van der Sloot met with Aruban investigators in the Netherlands. Van der Sloot denied that what he said on the tape was true, stating that he was under the influence of marijuana at the time. Van der Sloot indicated that he still maintains that he left Holloway behind on the beach.

On March 20, 2009, Dave Holloway flew a search dog to Aruba to search a small reservoir in northern Aruba, previously identified by a supposed witness as a possible location of Natalee's remains. Aruban authorities indicated that they had no new information in the case, but that Holloway had been given permission to conduct the search.
On February 23, 2010, it was reported that Joran van der Sloot had stated in an interview (first offered to RTL Group in 2009) that he had disposed of Holloway's body in a marsh on Aruba. New chief prosecutor Peter Blanken indicated that authorities had investigated the latest story, and had dismissed it. Blanken stated that "The locations, names, and times he gave just did not make sense".

An underwater photograph taken by an American tourist while snorkeling in October 2009 was publicized in March 2010 after the photographer stated that the image depicted something on the sea bed which resembled human remains. Aruban authorities indicated that they would send a dive team to examine the site.
Beth Twitty's involvement 
Beth Twitty alleged in televised interviews that Joran van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers know more than they have told, and that at least one of them sexually assaulted or raped her daughter. Twitty has stated that she has received copies of police statements stating that Joran van der Sloot admitted having sex with Holloway at his home and described intimate details of her. She has never released copies of the alleged statement, though she characterizes them as admissions of "sexual assault" and Vinda de Sousa, former Holloway–Twitty family Aruban attorney, has indicated that no such admission was made. In addition, Dompig has denied that any such statement was made, stating that Van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers consistently denied having sex with Holloway.
Following the airing of the De Vries program, Beth Twitty, adhering to the position that the tapes represent the way events transpired, told the New York Post that she believes her daughter might still be alive if Van der Sloot had called for help. She contends that Van der Sloot dumped Holloway's body, possibly alive, into the Caribbean. Twitty also alleges that the individual Joran van der Sloot supposedly called that evening was his father, Paulus, who, according to Twitty, "orchestrated what to do next". She, and Dave Holloway, alleged that Joran van der Sloot was receiving "special legal favors". After the court decision not to rearrest Van der Sloot was affirmed, Twitty stated, "I think that what I do take comfort in, his life is a living hell", later adding, "I'd be good with a Midnight Express prison anywhere for Joran.
Twitty's book Loving Natalee: A Mother's Testament of Hope and Faith,written under the name "Beth Holloway", which she has resumed following her divorce from Jug Twitty, was released on October 2, 2007. The release was accompanied by a number of TV appearances, including a full hour on On the Record. A television movie, titled "Natalee Holloway", based in part on Beth Twitty's book, was made by LMN (formerly the Lifetime Movie Network). Twitty has continued to make television appearances when there were new developments in the case.
In October 2008, the Lifetime Movie Network (LMN) announced plans to create a television movie, The Natalee Holloway Story, based on Beth Twitty's book Loving Natalee: A Mother's Testament of Hope and Faith. The senior vice president of original movies, Tanya Lopez, stated in the announcement that the network was "pleased to be working closely with Natalee's mother" and that they intended to tell the story of Holloway's disappearance "sensitively and accurately". The movie was expected to focus on Beth Twitty's involvement in the search for Holloway. The movie, which aired April 19, 2009, under the title "Natalee Holloway", stars Tracy Pollan as Beth Holloway, Grant Show as George "Jug" Twitty, and Amy Gumenick as Natalee Holloway. The movie brought in the highest television ratings in Lifetime's 11-year history, with average viewership of 3.2 million people and more than 1 million women in the 18-49 age bracket
. Although the movie set ratings records for Lifetime, the movie was not received well by critic Alec Harvey of The Birmingham News. Harvey called the movie "sloppy and uneven, a forgettable look at the tragedy that consumed the nation's attention for months".
Media coverage 

U.S. television networks devoted much air time to the search for Holloway, the investigation of her disappearance, and rumors surrounding the case. Greta Van Susteren, host of Fox News' On The Record, and Nancy Grace on CNN's Headline News were among the most prominent television personalities to devote time to the incident. Van Susteren's almost continuous coverage of the story caused On The Record to get its best ratings to date, while Grace's show became the cornerstone of the new "Headline Prime" block on Headline News, which ran two episodes (a live show and a repeat) every night during prime-time. As the case wore on, much of the attention was given to Beth Twitty and her statements. Aruban government spokesman Ruben Trapenberg stated, "The case is under a microscope, and the world is watching". Locally, the Aruban press published extensive news on the story in Dutch, English, and Papiamento.
The saturation of coverage triggered a backlash among some critics who argued that such extensive media attention validates the "missing white woman syndrome" theory, which argues that missing-person cases involving white skinned women and girls receive disproportionate attention in the media compared with cases involving white males or people of color. CNN ran a segment criticizing the amount of coverage their competitors gave to the story despite what they characterized as a lack of new items to report, with CNN news anchor Anderson Cooper calling the coverage "downright ridiculous".

Early in the case, political commentator and columnist Arianna Huffington wrote, "If you were to get your news only from television, you'd think the top issue facing our country right now is an 18-year-old girl named Natalee who went missing in Aruba. Every time one of these stories comes up, like, say, Michael Jackson, when it's finally over I think, what a relief, now we can get back to real news. But we never do".
In March 2008, El Diario commented, "But if doubts persist about cases involving missing Latinas, there are reasons why. These cases rarely receive the attention and resources we see given to other missing persons. The English-language media, for example, appear to be focused on the stories of missing white women, such as with the disappearance of Natalee Holloway in Aruba. Cases of missing Latina and African American women often remain faceless, when they are even covered".

References 

1986 births
Aruba
Missing American people
People declared dead in absentia
People from Alabama
Year of death unknown
Australophenida are a clade of mammals which has nearly entirely died out. Today, living specimen exist only in Australia and New Guinea with only five surviving species species, but fossils have been in Madagascar and Argentina. Species consist are of the platypus and echidnas.

This grouping includes the following animals:
 Monotremata 
 Kollikodontidae (extinct)
 Kollikodon
 Ornithorhynchidae (platypus)
 Obdurodon
 Steropodontidae (extinct)
 Steropodon
 Teinolophos
 Tachyglossidae (echidnas)

Monotremes
Steropodontidae was a family of monotremes that are known fossils from the Early Cretaceous in Australia.

References 

 Rich et al. 2001. Monotreme nature of the Early Cretaceous mammal Teinolophos. Acta Paleontologica Polonica. 46:113-118

Monotremes
Steropodon galmanii was a prehistoric species of monotreme, or a egg-laying mammal, that lived during the Mesozoic, in the Lower Cretaceous period. It is the second-earliest known relative of the platypus: the earlist is called Teinolophos.

References 
Archer M. et al 1985. First Mesozoic mammal from Australia – an early Cretaceous monotreme. Nature 318: 363-366.

Monotremes
Kollikodon ritchiei is a fossil monotreme species. It is known from an opalised teeth fragment, with one premolar and two molars in situ. The fossil was found al Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia.

References 

 Flannery, T.F., Archer, M., Rich, T.H., Jones, R. (1995) "A new family of monotremes from the Cretaceous of Australia". Nature 377: 418-420.

Monotremes
Fossils
Teinolophos trusleri was a prehistoric species of monotreme, or egg-laying mammal. It is known from a lower jawbone found in Flat Rocks, Victoria, Australia. It lived during the Lower Cretaceous, about 123 million years ago (mya).

References 

Monotremes
Obdurodon is a extinct monotreme genus. Obdurodon differed from modern Platypuses in that it still had teeth (except for juveniles, the modern platypus does not have teeth).

References 
 Archer, et al. "Description of the skull and non-vestigial dentition of a Miocene platypus (Obdurodon dicksoni) from Riversleigh, Australia, and the problem of monotreme origins".
 Augee, M.L. "Platypus and Echidnas". Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales.  1992. Pages 15–27. (O. dicksoni).
 Pascual, et al. "First discovery of monotremes in South America". Nature 356 (1992), Pages 704-706 (Monotrematum).
 Woodburne and Tedford. "The first Tertiary Monotreme from Australia." American Museum. Novitates Number 2588. 1975. Pages 1–11.  (O. insignis).

Monotremes
Mario is a Nintendo video game character.  Mario or Mario Son may also mean:

People
Mario, a male given name
Mario Gómez
Mario R. Capecchi
Mario Jeckle

Video Games
Mario (series), the video games with Mario in them
The Curtiss P-40 (also called the Tomahawk, Warhawk, and Kittyhawk) was a fighter aircraft that could also be used for attacking things on the ground. It was made by Curtiss. It first flew in 1938 and saw combat during World War II. It was not as fast high up as the German Luftwaffe fighters, but was used a lot in other places. It was used not only the United States Army Air Force, but also a mercenary air force called the "Flying Tigers." They put the mouth of a shark on their P-40s. It could fly to 360 miles per hour. In 1948, the United States Air Force stopped using it.

References

United States Army aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft
Australian military aircraft
World War II American aircraft
The Flying Tigers was a group of American fighter pilots from the United States Army Air Force, the United States Navy, and the United States Marine Corps. Claire Lee Chennault commanded it.

History 

During 1937, Claire Lee Chennault retired from the American military and became the military advisor to China. He to looked at their air force. It was bad, and could not fight their enemy, Japan. In 1938, Chennault was going to make the Flying Tigers. In late 1941, after Pearl Harbor, the Flying Tigers started fighting the Japanese.

The airplane they used was the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk. There were about 100 of the fighter aircraft. They could not turn with the Japanese fighters, such as the A6M Zero, Ki-43 Oscar, and Ki-27 Nate, but the P-40 was tough, had more guns, and was faster in a dive.

The Flying Tigers stayed in World War II for the whole time.

Things the Flying Tigers were famous for
The Flying Tigers are well known for things. One thing was their airplane paint, which had a shark face on the sides. They were also known for fighting hard during the war. Franklin D. Roosevelt had said they were good.

List of aces 

The following are flying aces from the Flying Tigers, with their air-to-air victory credits: (In alphabetical order).

 Percy Bartelt (5.0)
 William Bartling (5.0)
 Charles Bond (7.0)
 George Burgard (10.0)
 Robert Hedman (6.0)
 David Lee "Tex" Hill (10.25)
 Frank Lawlor (7.0)
 Robert Little (10.0)
 William McGarry (8.0)
 Robert Neale (13.0)
 John Newkirk (7.0)
 Charles Older (10.0)
 Edmund Overend (5.0)
 Robert Prescott (5.5)
 Joseph Camille Rosbert (6.0)
 Richard Rossi (6.0)
 Robert Sandell (5.0)
 Robert H. Smith (5.0)
 Robert T. Smith (8.9 kills)

References 

World War II
United States military aircraft
United States Army
United States Navy
United States Marine Corps
Shusha () or Shushi () is a city in Azerbaijan. The city is a major centre of Azerbaijani culture and music.

History  
Shusha was founded in 1750-1752 by Panah-Ali khan Javanshir (r. 1748-1763), the founder and the first ruler of the Karabakh Khanate (Qarabağ xanlığı - in Azerbaijani). The first capital of the Karabakh khanate was the castle of Bayat, built in 1748 in the district of Kebirli. However, soon afterwards Panah Ali khan realized that in order to secure himself and his newly established khanate from external threats, he needed to build a new more reliable castle. Shusha was turned into the capital of the Karabakh khanate.

Shusha was a popular mountainous-climatic recreation resort in Azerbaijan.

On May 8, 1992, the city was captured by the Armenian forces and all of the city's predominantly Azerbaijani population was either expelled or killed. It was recaptured by Azerbaijan on 8 November, 2020 during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, with the city's Armenian population fleeing beforehand.
References

Other websites 
 Shusha: from A to Z
 Shusha by Travel-images.com
 Shusha – the town of the dead. Photo-report.

Cities in Azerbaijan
Districts of Azerbaijan
Republic of Artsakh
1750s establishments
Establishments in Azerbaijan
Upper Karabakh Economic Region
Doritos (), is a brand of flavored corn (maize) tortilla chip snack. They have been made by the American food company Frito-Lay since 1966. They come in different flavors, including Nacho Cheese and Cool Ranch. They may be eaten with a dip such as salsa. They are made with a few different vegetables and are not fruit products.

In popular culture
 Disneyland made Doritos popular in the 60's selling their products
 On one of comedian Dave Chappelle shows, Chapelle said Doritos tasted like Penis

Other websites 

 Doritos America 

 Doritos Canada

 Doritos China 

 Pepsico France 

 Doritos Australia 

 Doritos Scotland

 Doritos Germany 

 Nutrition facts
Mount Silverthrone is a 20 km wide, deeply dissected caldera complex in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Most of its eruptions occurred during the last ice age. The products have since been heavily eroded. It is the highest peak in the Ha-Iltzuk Icefield, the largest icefield in the Coast Mountains south of the Alaska Panhandle.

References

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Mountains of British Columbia
The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a short-range air-to-air missile, which means it is shot from an aircraft to hit another aircraft. It is heat seeking, which means it locks on to something that is hot. It first flew in 1953, and went into air forces in 1956. It was used during the Vietnam War along with the AIM-7 Sparrow. The AIM-9 of that time was made for shooting at an enemy from behind and homing in on the engine. In Vietnam it hit only 10-20% of the time, and could be fooled. Sometimes it could lock on to the sun or other bogus heat source and not an enemy airplane.

Later versions are better. They can see the enemy aircraft from all directions, not just from behind. They have a good hitting rate and can hit from 11 miles. Sidewinders are carried on many different aircraft around the world.

References 

Missiles
Military aviation
The x-intercept of a line on a graph is where the line touches (intercepts) the x-axis.

Related pages
 y-intercept
 Algebra

Algebra
Functions and mappings
Liberty means the condition in which an individual has the ability to act following his or her own will and alternatively, achieve their potential, within the context of other words like political freedom.  It is a term that has contested meanings.

Communism and socialism claim to have something defined as liberty for them because of their social equality ideals. Libertarians and classical liberals think communism is against Liberty because communism is most of the times against the individual basic rights (life, freedom and property).
Classical liberalism conceptions of liberty conceive mainly of the freedom of the individual from outside compulsion in terms of freedom from restraint and social liberalist perspective, on the other hand, highlights the need for social and economic equality, as in the power and resources to fulfill one's potential.  As such, a social connects liberty (i.e. freedom) to the equal distribution of political power (i.e. democracy) in the sense of positive liberty. They argue that liberty without equality means the domination of the most powerful. Thus, freedom and democracy are seen as connected and ultimately, antagonistic.
John Stuart Mill, in his work, On Liberty, was the first to recognize the difference between liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as not being forced to do something.  Mill also sought to define the "nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual” and as such, he describes an inherent and continuous antagonism between liberty and authority and thus, the prevailing question becomes "how to make the fitting adjustment between individual independence and social control".

Types of freedom 
There are mainly ten types of Freedom. They are:

Freedom of association
Freedom of belief

Freedom of the press

Freedom of religion
Freedom from bondage and slavery
Freedom of movement
Freedom of education
Freedom of marriage
Freedom of rebellion
The civil constitutions of each country have different definitions of the freedoms allowed to the citizens. It has been argued that any law and any government limits freedom, since it sets limits on what people may do.
Related pages
 Human rights
 Justice
 Constitutional economics
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 European Convention on Human Rights

References

 

Social issues
Philosophy
Freedom
Liberty generally means the condition in which an individual has the ability to act following his or her own will.

Liberty may also refer to:

Inspiration
Freedom, or the more specific political freedom

The Arts
 Liberty (magazine) (disambiguation)
 Liberty - a 1929 short movie starring Laurel and Hardy
 "Liberty", a 1942 poem by Paul Éluard.
 On Liberty, a political philosophy paper written by John Stuart Mill
 Liberty!, a 1997 documentary about the American Revolutionary War
 Liberty Leading the People or La Liberté guidant le peuple, the most influential painting by Eugène Delacroix, 1830.
Military
USS Liberty, the name of multiple United States Navy ships
Liberty engine, a United States First World War V12 aero-engine also used in 1930s British tanks as the Nuffield Liberty
Mark VIII (tank), the Mark VIII or "Liberty", a Anglo-American development of the main British tank of the First World War.
Rolls-Royce AE 1107C-Liberty aeroengine
 Liberty or "Libo" refers to time off of work when a US Marine is allowed to do what he or she wishes.

Music
 Liberty, the former name of pop group Liberty X
 Liberty (album), a 1990 album by pop group Duran Duran
 "LIBERTY", a song by the Japanese rock band the pillows, from their album Turn Back
 Liberty Records, a former US record label
 Liberty & Lament, a record label
 Liberty Music Shop Records, a record label

Mythology
Liberty (goddess)

Places
Liberty (division), a mediaeval English administrative unit
The Liberties, a district in the south-west inner city of Dublin, Ireland
Liberty Stadium (disambiguation)
Liberty is the name of a number of places in the United States:
Liberty, Indiana
Liberty, Kentucky
Liberty, Mississippi
Liberty, Missouri
Liberty, New York (disambiguation)
Liberty, North Carolina
Liberty, Pennsylvania (disambiguation)
Liberty, South Carolina
Liberty, Texas
Liberty, Washington
Liberty, Wisconsin (disambiguation)
Liberty County (disambiguation)
Liberty Township (disambiguation)
Libertyville, Illinois
Other uses
Liberty (department store), founded in 1875 by Arthur Lasenby Liberty
Liberty (dog), golden retriever pet of Gerald Ford
Liberty (go term), an empty space adjacent to a group of stones in go.
Liberty (advocacy group) for the British human rights pressure group
Liberty (yacht), a 12-meter yacht that unsuccessfully defended the America's Cup in 1983
Liberty Medical Supply, a company that sells diabetes testers
Liberty ship, a class of cargo ship built in the United States during World War II
Liberty Alliance, a consortium developing standards for federated identity management and web services.
New York Liberty, women's basketball team
Liberty University, a Christian liberal arts university in Lynchburg, Virginia
Arthur Lasenby Liberty (1843–1917), founder of Liberty & Co.
Stile Liberty, an art style akin to Art Nouveau
Liberty Stadium (disambiguation)
Liberty Van Zandt, a character from the Canadian Television series Degrassi: The Next Generation
Liberty Central School District, a school district in Sullivan County, New York.
Jeep Liberty, an SUV manufactured by Jeep
Liberty, cheerleading stunt were the flyer stands on one leg with the other leg at Passé.
Liberty Baker, British Hotel Heir
Liberty Mutual Group, a large American insurance company.
Related pages
Statue of Liberty
Liberty Bell
Dignity in humans involves the earning or the expectation of personal respect or esteem.

"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood".
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
It is easy to show that many societies do not agree with this in practice. The civilised Greeks and Romans regarded other races as barbarians. A shocking example was Aristotle's advice to Alexander to be 'a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants'.p58 Many societies based on religion have treated persons of other religions harshly, with little dignity. And sometimes political movements have deliberately and openly talked about and treated some groups as not having human dignity. Nazi treatment of the Jews came after a long period of propaganda against their humanity and dignity.

Related pages
 Human rights
 Pride
 Self-esteem

References

Other websites
Dignity, article from Parenting For Everyone
Respect at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Emotional Competency Entry describing Dignity.

Social issues
Virtues
Dignity in humans involves the earning or the expectation of personal respect or of esteem.

Dignity could also mean:

In music:
 "Dignity" (Deacon Blue song), a song by Deacon Blue on their 1987 album Raintown
 "Dignity" (Bob Dylan song), a song by Bob Dylan on his 1994 album Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Volume 3
 Dignity (album), a 2007 album by Hilary Duff
 "Dignity" (Hilary Duff song), a song by Hilary Duff on the album
 The Dignity of Labour, a 1979 album by The Human League
 Dignity and Shame, a 2005 album by Crooked Fingers

Concepts:
 Dignitas, an ancient Roman political idea to do with the influence of a citizen
 Dignitatis Humanae, the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on religious freedom
 Four Dignities of Shambhala Buddhism
Relating to non-governmental organisations:
 Dignitas International, a medical humanitarian organisation that aims to increase access to life-saving treatment and prevention in areas overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS
 Dignité (Centrale des Syndicats Libres de Côte d'Ivoire), a trade union centre in the Côte d'Ivoire, Africa
 DignityUSA, an organisation that works for 'respect and justice' for LGBT people in the Catholic Church in the USA. It is an organization of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Catholics
 Dignity Village, a collective of homeless people that have created a shanty town near Oregon, USA

Political Parties:
 Dignity for Disabled, a minor South Australian political party
 Dignity, Democracy, Motherland, a minor Armenian political party
 Dignity (Ar-Namys) Party, a major political party of Kyrgyzstan
Dignity may also refer to:
 Dignity Battalions, paramilitary combatants under the Manuel Noriega Regime in Panama in the 1980s
 Dignity plc, a major UK funeral company formed by a management buyout of the UK interests of Service Corporation International
Association can mean:
 Voluntary association, a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to accomplish a purpose
 501(c) non-profit organization
 Association (statistics), comes from two variables that are related
 Association (psychology), something linked in memory or imagination with a thing or person
 The Association, a pop band
 Archaeological association, in archaeology, the relationship between objects found together
 HMS Association, a Royal Navy ship which sank in 1707
 Association (object-oriented programming), in object-oriented programming, a relationship between classes
 Association (ecology), a set of organisms which appear together and cover areas in a roughly uniform way
 Association (astronomy), combined or co-added group of astronomical exposures
 Professional association
 Alumni association, an association of former students of a college or university
 An industry trade group is also known as a trade association
 L'Association, a French comic book publisher
Related pages
 Interpersonal relationship
A voluntary association or union is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to work together for a purpose.

In most of the cases no formalities are necessary to start an association. But in some jurisdictions, there is a minimum for the number of persons starting an association, in others the association must register with the police or other official body to inform the public of the association's existence. This is not necessarily a tool of political control but much more a way of protecting the economy from fraud.

Legal status
An unincorporated association has been defined as existing:

"...where two or more persons are bound together for one or more common purposes by mutual undertakings, each having mutual duties and obligations, in an organisation which has rules identifying in whom control of the organisation and its funds is vested, and which can be joined or left at will."
In most countries, an unincorporated association does not have separate legal personality, and nor do members of the association usually enjoy limited liability.  However, in some countries they are treated as having separate legal personality for tax purposes.

Associations that are organized for profit or financial gain are usually called partnerships.  A special kind of partnership is a co-operative which is usually founded on one man–one vote principle and distributes its profits according to the amount of goods produced or bought by the member. Associations may take the form of a non-profit organization or they may be not-for-profit corporations; this does not mean that the association cannot make benefits from its activity, but all the benefits must be reinvested. Most associations have some kind of document or documents that regulate the way in which the body meets and operates. Such an instrument is often called the organization's bylaws, regulations, or agreement of association.
Freedom of association
The freedom of association stands in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Article 20
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Related pages
 Society

Footnotes

Other websites
Law relating to unincorporated associations 
French Association of Epargne and Retraite 
Non-profit organizations
Annie helped Helen to learn how to communicate with other people. She taught her the names of things by writing the words on Helen’s hand. At first Helen didn't understand the meaning of the words. The first word Helen understood was "water". She learned this word when Annie put Helen's hand under some water and wrote W,A,T,E,R on her hand. Then she learnt the words and sentences with this method. In 1890, Helen’s family sent her to the Perkins Institute to learn how to speak and communicate. When she was nineteen years old, Helen went to Radcliffe College in Massachusetts. She graduated from Radcliffe in 1904. She was the first deaf and blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.

In 1903, Helen wrote a book about her life. It was called The Story of My Life. The movie The Miracle Worker, made in 1962, was based on Helen's book. She also wrote a book about Annie Sullivan called Teacher. She wrote twelve other books.
Helen tried to help poor people and other blind people during her life. She traveled to over 39 countries with Annie to talk about her life and experiences.  When Helen was in Japan, she met Hachiko, a famous Akita. She decided to adopt an Akita, and was the first person to bring an Akita to America.

Helen Keller wanted to get married. She fell in love with her secretary, but her mother didn't allow Helen to marry him. At that time, disabled people often could not marry. Helen Keller died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at Arcan Ridge in Connecticut.

References 

1880 births
1968 deaths
Blind people
Industrial Workers of the World
Nonviolence advocates
People from Tuscumbia, Alabama
Writers from Alabama
Deaf people
Pausanias (Greek: ) was a Greek traveller and geographer of the 2nd century A.D., who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. He is famous for his Description of Greece (), a lengthy work that describes ancient Greece from firsthand observations. He is a crucial link between classical literature and modern archaeology.
Biography 
Pausanias was probably a native of Lydia; he was certainly familiar with the western coast of Asia Minor, but his travels extended far beyond the limits of Ionia. Before visiting Greece he had been to Antioch, Joppa and Jerusalem, and to the banks of the River Jordan. In Egypt he had seen the Pyramids, while at the temple of Ammon he had been shown the hymn once sent to that shrine by Pindar. In Macedonia he had almost certainly viewed the traditional tomb of Orpheus. Crossing over to Italy, he had seen something of the cities of Campania and of the wonders of Rome. He was one of the first to write of seeing the ruins of Troy, Alexandria Troas, and Mycenae.
Work 
Pausanias' Description of Greece takes the form of a tour in Ionia on the coast of Asia Minor and in the Peloponnese and part of northern Greece. He constantly describes ceremonial rites or superstitious customs. He frequently introduces narratives from the domain of history and of legend and folklore, and it is only rarely that he allows the reader to see something of the scenery.

References

Other websites 

Description of Greece, tr. W.H.S. Jones and H.A. Ormerod (1918)
Description of Greece, Jones translation at Theoi Project
Bibliography (in French)

Further reading 

 Hutton, William 2005, Describing Greece: Landscape and Literature in the Periegesis of Pausanias (Cambridge). .
 Levi, Peter (tr.) 1984a, 1984b, Pausanias: Guide to Greece, 2 vols. (Penguin). Vol. 1 Central Greece ; vol. 2 Southern Greece .
 Pretzler, Maria. "Turning Travel into Text: Pausanias at work", Greece & Rome, Vol. 51, Issue 2 (2004), pp. 199–216.

Greek geographers
Ancient Greeks