Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The German TV drama trilogy Heimat, directed by Edgar Reitz, examined the 20th-century life of a small fictional village in the Hunsrück.

Other websites 

Photos of HEIMAT- und HEIMAT3 - film locations at Hunsrück/Germany 

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Mountain ranges of Germany
The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, a very large satellite that people can live in for several months at a time. It was put together in Low Earth orbit up until 2011, but other bits have been added since then. The last part, a Bigelow module was added in 2016. The station is a joint project among several areas of the world: the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada. Other nations such as Brazil, Italy, and China also work with the ISS through cooperation with other countries.

Building the ISS began in 1998, when Russian and American space modules were joined together.
Origin 
In the early 1980s, NASA planned Space Station Freedom as a counterpart to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations. It never left the drawing board and, with the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War, it was cancelled. The end of the Space Race prompted the U.S. administration officials to start negotiations with international partners Europe, Russia, Japan and Canada in the early 1990s in order to build a truly international space station. This project was first announced in 1993 and was called Space Station Alpha. It was planned to combine the proposed space stations of all participating space agencies: NASA's Space Station Freedom, Russia's Mir-2 (the successor to the Mir Space Station, the core of which is now Zvezda) and ESA's Columbus that was planned to be a stand-alone spacelab.
Manufacturing 
The ISS components was manufactured in various factories all over the world, and were all shipped into the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center for last stages of manufacturing, machine assembly and launch processing. The components are made from stainless steel, titanium, aluminum and copper.

Assembly
The assembly of the International Space Station is a great event in space architecture. Russian modules launched and docked by their rockets. All other pieces were delivered by the Space Shuttle. The Bigelow Module was delivered with a Falcon 9. , they had added 159 components during more than 1,000 hours of EVA. Many of the modules that launched on the Space Shuttle were tested on the ground at the Space Station Processing Facility to find and correct problems before launch.
The first section, the Zarya Functional Cargo Block, was put in orbit in November 1998 on a Russian Proton rocket. Two further pieces (the Unity Module and Zvezda service module) were added before the first crew, Expedition 1, was sent. Expedition 1 docked to the ISS on 1 November  2000, and consisted of U.S. astronaut William Shepherd and two Russian cosmonauts, Yuri Gidzenko and Sergey Krikalev. Since then, it has continuously been home to astronauts and cosmonauts to the present day.

Life in space
Life in space

Bedtime 
People living in the space station have to get used to all kinds of changes from life on Earth. It takes them only 90 minutes to orbit (go around) the earth, so the sun looks as if it is rising and setting 16 times a day. This can be confusing, especially when one is trying to decide when they should go to bed. The astronauts try to keep a 24-hour-schedule anyway. At bedtime, they have to sleep in sleeping bags that are stuck to the wall. They have to strap themselves inside so they will not float away while sleeping.
:En:wikt:Strap
Zero gravity 
In orbit there is no G-Force (this is called free fall or zero gravity). To help prepare astronauts experience zero gravity, NASA trainers put the astronauts in water. Because water makes one float, this is a little like experiencing no gravity. However, in water they can push against the water and move around. In zero gravity, there is nothing to push against, so they just float in the air. Another way of training is going in a plane and making the plane fall to earth very quickly. This lets people experience zero gravity for a very short time. This training can make people quite sick at first. Astronauts feel as if there is no force acting on them.

In zero gravity, the astronauts do not use their legs very much, so they need to get lots of exercise to keep them from becoming too weak. Without gravity, astronauts can get big upper bodies and skinny legs. This is called chicken-leg syndrome. Astronauts must exercise hard, every day, to remain healthy.
Bathroom 
In space, the bathroom should probably be called the restroom instead, because one really can not take baths there. Instead, astronauts use squirt guns to take a shower. One person squirts himself with a gun while other people stand outside with a water vacuum to get rid of all the water that floats out of the shower. This is quite hard, so astronauts usually just take a "sponge bath" with a wet cloth.Toilets can be another problem. Toilets are supposed to use gravity to work. When one flushes a toilet, gravity makes the water go down. Since the astronauts on the ISS do not feel any gravity, the toilet must be attached to the astronauts and gently suck away all their waste.

References

Other websites 

 International Space Station -Citizendium

Space stations
Spacecraft launched in the 1990s
Kentwood is a small town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana near the Mississippi border. The population was 2,205 at the 2000 census. It is best known as the hometown of singer Britney Spears

References 

Towns in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana
"I'm with You" is one of Avril Lavigne's most popular songs. She played it at her wedding. The song was released in 2002 (North America) and 2003 (UK). It is on her first album, Let Go. The song was the top rated song in Mexico as well as reaching a rank in the top five in the United States, Ireland, and Italy. It also reached #7 in the UK. The song was a part of the soundtrack for the movie Bruce Almighty.

Formats and tracklistings 
These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "I'm with You".

CD single 
 "I'm with You"
 "I'm with You (Live)"
 "Unwanted (Live)"
 "I'm with You (Video)"

Charts

References 

Avril Lavigne songs
2002 songs
A somersault is an acrobatic move where a person moves the feet over the head whilst in mid-air. The somersault can be done forwards, backwards, or sideways and is similar to a flip (or, if performed backwards, a backflip). 
A backwards somersault while still moving forward is called a Gainer

The word comes from the old French word sombresault, which is no longer used.

Gymnastics
Lisa Donovan (born June 11, 1980) is an American actress, YouTuber, writer and comedian. She does sketches and impersonations of Lindsay Lohan, lonleygirl15 (another YouTuber) and many other. She is best known for her work on YouTube and the television program MadTV.

1980 births
Living people
Writers from New York City
Actors from New York City
Writers from Los Angeles
American television actors
American YouTubers
Comedians from New York City
Augite is a mineral. The mineral's name comes from the Greek word augites, meaning "brightness". However, augites only look shiny some of the time. Most augites have a dull (dark green, brown or black) color.
Augite is a pyroxene.

Related pages
List of minerals

Minerals
An onyx is a type of black rock mineral with white banded lines around it.

Related pages
 List of minerals
 Jewel
 Birthstone

Minerals
The opal is a fairly white rock mineral. It is the birthstone for the month of October. Opals are made from tiny spheres of silica (another mineral) and lots of water.

Related pages
List of minerals

Gemstones
Birthstones
An amethyst is a  mineral gemstone that comes from quartz. It is usually transparent and best known for its violet colour. Even though it is a form of quartz, it has more iron oxide (Fe2O3) than any other kind of quartz. Because of this, some experts think that its color comes from the iron in it. 

Heating the amethyst either takes away its color or changes it to a yellow hue. Amethysts are found in Brazil, Uruguay, Canada (Ontario) and America (North Carolina). The rock amethyst is the birthstone of the month February. In the Mohs scale, it has a hardness of seven.

Meaning and superstition 
Many people believe amethysts protect one from poison, evil, and getting drunk. This is where the name of this rock came from, The Greek word amethustos, means "without being drunken".
Also they are thought to be good for healing, recovering from headaches, good dreams, and more. Some Catholic popes also wear a rosary of amethyst around their necks. Some Roman women thought gems could keep their husbands faithful to them.

Amethysts are also worn because it is believed that it makes them look gentle. The “powers” of an amethyst also include healing, peace, love, more spirituality, courage,  protection from robbers, and happiness.

In the Book of Revelations the amethyst was one of the twelve foundation stones of New Jerusalem.

There are many stories and myths about amethysts. One of them tells how amethysts were supposedly created. According to the story, Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and partying, was angry because of something against him and wanted to get revenge. He ordered that the first person who was mortal to come across his path would be eaten by tigers.
Just at that moment a beautiful maiden named Amethyst came, on her way to worship the goddess Diana. Diana saw what was going to happen and she quickly made Amethyst into a stone to save her from the tigers. When Bacchus saw this, he repented and poured wine over the stone, making its color purple.

Decoration 
The amethyst is worn and used for fashion in a number of different ways. It is polished and shaped for rings, earrings, and cufflinks. It may be also used for brooches, sometimes being carved into a cluster of grapes. People like the way amethysts look, especially when they are put in gold and diamonds.

The amethyst is worn by royalty and nobility. This is because its royal color was purple. When it was found in the Minoan period in Greece (c. 2500 B.C.), it was polished and shaped into cabochons (dome-shaped stones). Then, it was set in gold.
During the 15th century, the French fleur-de-lis brooch could only be worn by the Royal family on special times. The fleur-de-lis design on it is put in with sapphires and amethysts.

References 

Gemstones
Birthstones
An emerald is a mineral gemstone and a variety of beryl. It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday is in the month of May. It is a green crystal. The emerald is one of the most valuable gems, along with the ruby, the opal, topaz, the diamond, and a sapphire.

Etymology 
The word emerald comes from Vulgar Latin. The word was Esmaralda/Esmaraldus, a different way of saying the Latin word Smaragdus, which came from the Greek,  (smaragdos; "green gem"). It first came from a Semitic word, izmargad (). This meant "emerald" or "green". The name could also be related to the Semitic word baraq (בָּרָק ;البُراق; "lightning" or "shine") (c.f.  bareqeth and , barq, "lightning"). It is where the Persian ( zomorrod), Turkish (), Sanskrit ( maragdam) and Russian (; izumrúd) words came from.

Related pages
 List of minerals
 Emerald (color)

References 

Gemstones
Birthstones
A garnet  is one kind of silicate mineral. There are many different kinds of garnets, containing different metals. Crystals of garnet are often large and pretty. Their most common color is red or purple, but they can be found in almost all colors and are often used in jewelry. In the United States, garnet is the birthstone for people born in the month of January.

Related pages
 List of minerals
 List of birthstones

Sources

Further reading
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, 
Color Encyclopedia of Gemstones

Other websites

http://www.gemstonemagnetism.com contains a comprehensive section about garnets and garnet magnetism.
USGS Garnet locations – USA
http://www.gemstone.org/gem-by-gem/english/garnet.html 
http://www.mindat.org/min-10272.html
 Blog post on garnets on the Law Library of Congress's blog

Gemstones
Birthstones
Ralph Macchio (born November 4, 1961 in Huntington, New York)was an American actor. He is best known for his roles in My Cousin Vinny, The Karate Kid, The Karate Kid Part II, and The Karate Kid Part III. He was also in the movie The Outsiders as Johnny.

Other websites 

1961 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York (state)
The French Armenian Legion, was made with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916), was a foreign legion unit within French Army. The Armenian legion was made for the goals of the Armenian national liberation movement and was an armed unit besides the Armenian volunteer units and Armenian militia during World War I which fought against the Ottoman Empire.

Related pages
 Armenian Legion

20th century in Armenia
1916 in France
Vahan M. Kurkjian (; Aleppo, 1863 – New York City, 1961) was an Armenian writer, historian, teacher, and community leader.

Other websites 
History of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian, full text of the book.

Armenian historians
1863 births
1961 deaths
Aleppo
Northern India, also known as Hindustan, is a land and cultural region of India. In traditional Indian geography, India is pieced into five major zones: North India, North-east India, East India, West India and South India.

As a linguistic-cultural and political region, North India consists of six Indian states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan also The National Capital Territory of Delhi is also a part of northern India. It shares some of its cultural, historical, musical, and linguistic heritage with neighboring Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, which was part of British India empire prior to the 1947 Independence. The North Indian Plain is a large part of it.

Related pages
Church of North India

Other websites
 Ampur: A Virtual Village 
 More Info about Northern India 
 North India - New Delhi (Capital) City Guide

Regions of India
The Yalta Conference (sometimes called the Crimea Conference) was held from 4 to 11 February 1945, a few months before the end of the Second World War in Europe. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill), the President of the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met in Crimea and talked about what to do with Germany. The Yalta Conference was important in European history.

Agreements
Agreements 

The allies agreed at Yalta :
 Germany would be completely disarmed.
 A new world organisation would be set up, the United Nations.
 Stalin would join the war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany.
 Germany would be split up into four different pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom.
 Berlin would also be split up into four different areas
 Germans who committed war crimes would be judged and sentenced.
 A Soviet-dominated government would be set up in Poland
 Eastern Europe would be under Soviet influence.
 Free elections would be held in countries free from German rule.
 Planning would start on war reparations by Germany and how much money it would owe the other countries.

Related pages
 Potsdam Conference
Other websites
 A revision site for IGCSE students
 The Yalta Betrayal 
 In Depth information on Yalta, not recommended for Simple Wikipedia Users 
 The Aims of The Allies at the Yalta Conference in depth

World War II
The first conference was held at Yalta, but the Allies did not agree on anything very important. However, a lot had happened since the Yalta Conference. Firstly, the United States had a new president, Truman, who was much tougher on communism than the previous president, Franklin Roosevelt, had been, which was a problem for Stalin. Also, Winston Churchill had been voted out in the United Kingdom and replaced by Clement Attlee. Stalin saw himself as far more experienced than the new leaders and also caused trouble, as some of what the allies agreed on at Yalta was that Poland should have a neutral government. Stalin had killed the neutral government leaders and replaced them others, who did what he wanted. That caused many problems at Potsdam since other countries no longer trusted the Soviets.

The agreements
The agreements 

The allies talked about and agreed:
 Germany would be temporarily split into four pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, one by the Soviet Union, one by the United States, and one by the United Kingdom.
A large piece of eastern Germany would become Polish, and the Germans in it would be expelled.
 Nazi criminals would be judged and sentenced.
 Germany would be demilitarised.

The disagreements 
The allies talked about but did not agree on the following:
 How to separate Germany
 How much money Germany would pay to the winners of the war
 How Stalin was treating Poland
 How much land Poland would have

Related pages
 Potsdam Declaration
 Yalta Conference

Other websites
 A revision site for IGCSE students
 The Aims of The Allies in depth - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
 The events of Potsdam in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
 A CNN webpage on Potsdam, very in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
1945 in Germany
Potsdam
World War II
The Nahe is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary to the Rhine. It is also a famous wine region of Germany.

The name Nahe comes from the Latin word Nava, which is of Celtic origin and means the wild river. The Nahe separates the northern part of the Palatinate from the Hunsrück.

It rises in the area of Nohfelden (Saarland), flowing through Rhineland-Palatinate and joining the Rhine river in Bingen. Its length is . Towns along the Nahe include Idar-Oberstein, Kirn, Bad Kreuznach and Bingen.

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of Germany
The Palatinate (germ.:Pfalz), historically also Rhenish Palatinate (lat.: palatinatum Renensis; germ.: Rheinpfalz), is a region in south-western Germany. It occupies more than a quarter of the German federal state (Bundesland) of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz).

Geography
The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. The highest point is the Donnersberg () near Kirchheimbolanden. The Palatinate forest (Pfälzerwald) covers more than a third of the region and is the largest uninterrupted forest in Germany. The eastern part is lower, and is a well known wine region, the Palatinate wine region through which passes the German wine road (Deutsche Weinstrasse). Most of the cities of the Palatinate (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the Rhineplain in the east.

Traditionally, the Palatinate is divided into the regions of Anterior Palatinate (Vorderpfalz), West Palatinate (Westpfalz), North Palatinate (Nordpfalz), and South Palatinate (Südpfalz).
Administratively, the following districts and independent cities are part of the Palatinate:

Independent cities:
Frankenthal
Kaiserslautern
Landau
Ludwigshafen
Neustadt an der Weinstraße
Pirmasens
Speyer
Zweibrücken

Districts:
Bad Dürkheim
Donnersbergkreis
Germersheim
Kaiserslautern (district)
Kusel
Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis
Südliche Weinstraße
Südwestpfalz

Other websites
Bayern-Pfalz-Stifung 
The royal palace in Edenkoben 
Rhenish Palatinate - Catholic Encyclopedia article

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Regions of Germany
The Taunus is a mountain range in Hesse, Germany. It is bounded by the river valleys of Rhine, Main and Lahn. On the opposite side of the Rhine, the mountains are continued by the Hunsrück. The mountains themselves span the districts of Hochtaunuskreis, Main-Taunus, Rheingau-Taunus, and Rhein-Lahn.

Not to be confused with the more famous and high Feldberg in Black Forest, the highest peak is the Großer Feldberg (878 m above sea level). It is followed by the Kleiner Feldberg and the Altkönig (798 m) with the remains of a late Iron Age hill fort (La-Tène A, ca. 400 BC) near the summit.

The Roman Limes was built across the Taunus. The Saalburg, a restored Roman castellum, now houses a museum. After the fall of the Limes (in 259/260 AD), the Alamanni settled here.

Highest mountains 
 Großer Feldberg (878 m), Hochtaunuskreis (district)
 Kleiner Feldberg (825 m), Hochtaunuskreis
 Altkönig (798 m), Hochtaunuskreis

Geography of Hesse
Mountain ranges of Germany
The Antonov An-225 Mriya  was a Russian/Ukrainian Aircraft, and the largest airplane by weight in the world. It had 6 engines, which was necessary for its sheer size. It was manufactured by a company called Antonov. The Mriya was designed to transport the Russian Shuttle, Space Shuttle Buran. The Buran only flew once, and was successful. However, the funding of Buran was insufficient, and, the project quickly ended. The remaining plane, registration UR-82060,  was used to  carry very large items that were not efficient by train, to be carried by the Antonov.
The company ownership was changed, due to the collapse of the Soviet Union. The ownership of Antonov was switched to the country of Ukraine, and all assets were shipped to Kyiv, or Kiev. It was modelled from the Antonov An-124 Ruslan. This plane is big enough to carry a Boeing 747's fuselage. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the last aircraft, UR-82060, was destroyed in the hangar of the airport of the Antonov Serial Production Plant in Ukraine.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 An-225 - buran-energia.com
 Payloads

Civil aircraft
Soviet & Russian aircraft
Edmund Burke (12 January 1729-9 July 1797) was an important Irish politician, and writer. He became a member of the British Parliament with the Whigs in 1765.

Burke supported the American Revolution. He opposed the French Revolution for killing Catholics and other dissenters. His most famous book was Reflections on the Revolution in France, which created many of the ideas in conservatism.

Other websites 

  (including his collected works in 12 volumes)

1729 births
1797 deaths
Irish philosophers
Irish politicians
People from Dublin
Members of the British House of Commons
Whig party (UK) politicians
Muslim occasions mainly celebrate events of the life of the Muslim prophet, Muhammad.

Festivals

Eid ul-Fitr 
Eid ul-Fitr begins the day after Ramadan is over and lasts three days. As soon as the Sun sets from the last day of Ramadan, Eid ul-Fitr starts and the Muslims feast. Muslims also say a special prayer called the Eid prayer and food and drink are passed around in Mosques.

Eid Al-Adha 
Eid Al-Adha means "The Feast of Sacrifice" and is to celebrate when a prophet called Abraham had to sacrifice his son to show that he was loyal to God. At the last moment, God said to Abraham that this was simply a test, and he did not have to sacrifice his son to Him. Muslims in this holiday sacrifice a goat or cow in His honour to show their gratitude for God saving Abraham's son's life.
The meat of the sacrificed animal is split up into three portions. One for the man who sacrificed the animal, one for the man's poor relatives and one for poor people in general, whatever their race or religion is.
Religious festive day

Friday (Jumu'ah) 
Muslims believe that on any Friday, at the end of the week, a good deed is worth more than if you did that same good deed on a different day. Muslims go to the Mosque to pray on that day, for they believe that it was on this day that Adam was created. They reject the idea that God rested after creating the world ("And on the seventh day, God rested", Genesis 2:2) and so this day should not be related to a Sabbath.

Ashura 
Ashura in Arabic means ten and is celebrated on the ninth and tenth day of Muharram. Muslims can choose to fast on this day (see fasting above). 
This is also the day when Muhammad's grandson, called Husayn ibn Ali, was killed.

Mawlid an-Nabi 
Mawlid an-Nabi means "The Birth of the Prophet" in Arabic, and celebrated the Prophet Muhammad's birthday on the twelfth day of the month of Rabi Al-Awwal. Poetry and prayer to both God and Muhammed are chanted on this day.

Laylat ul Isra and Miraj
Laylat ul Isra and Miraj means "The Night of Power and Ascension". It is when Muhammad was taken to "the farthest Mosque" (it was in Jerusalem) and was taken to see God. It was here that Muhammad and God talked about how many prayers should be said a day. God said there should be fifty prayers a day, but Moses and Muhammad asked for less, since fifty was hard to do every day. Eventually, fifty was lowered to five prayers a day. If the prayers were done well, they were worth fifty prayers.

Laylat al-Qadr 
Laylat al-Qadr means "The night of Power" in Arabic and is celebrated near the end of Ramadan. It is a sacred and important holiday since it is when the Qur'an was first shown to the population.

Laylat ul Bara'ah 
Laylat ul Bara'ah means "The Night of Freedom from Fire" and is celebrated on the 14th and 15th of the month of Sha'ban. Here, Muslims pray and read the Qur'an all night.

Jumu'ah-tul-Wida 
Jumu'ah-tul-Wida is just before Eid ul-Fitr at the end of Ramadan and Muslims say special prayers.
Eid al-Ghadeer 
Eid al-Ghadeer is celebrated by Shi'a Muslims and is when Muhammad gave his last sermon at Ghadir Khumm during the month of Dhul-Hijjah. 
It is also to celebrate Ali ibn Abi Talib taking over from Muhammad when Muhammad died.

Cultural festive day

The New Year 
The first day of Muharram is the new year for Islam. It is not an official Islamic event but most Muslims have a ritual or celebration of some kind for it this is one of their favourite holidays

Open mosque day 
Some mosques are organizing “Open mosque days” with special program, Muslim culture, video show, discussion and finger foods for the visitors. In many western cities this is becoming a cultural social event.

Religious practice
Religious practice

Fasting 
Ramadan is celebrated in the month of Ramadan (the 9th month in the Islam calendar). Prayers are chanted all day and Muslims are forbidden to eat or drink after the sun has risen. When the sun goes down in the evenings they are allowed to eat and drink again. This is called fasting and breakfast comes from this word (break-fast or breaking your fast). This holiday is to teach Muslims patience.

The month of Ramadan changes every year because the Muslims follow the lunar calendar rather than the Christians' solar calendar.

Pilgrimage (in Makkah mecca)

Hajj 
Hajj is the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is currently the largest annual pilgrimage in the world, and is the fifth pillar of Islam. A religious duty that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so. The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to Allah.
Umrah 
Umrah is a pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, performed by Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year. In Arabic Umrah means “to visit a populated place”. It is sometimes called the 'minor pilgrimage' or 'lesser pilgrimage', the Hajj being the 'major' pilgrimage and which is compulsory for every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it. The Umrah is not compulsory but highly recommended.

Example Calendar 
Here is an example calendar taken from the Islamic lunar calendar and put into a solar calendar. In this case it is from 2000 to 2001 in years of the Christian era.
Certain events (such as Ramadan) happen at different times each year.

Other websites 
More information on the Muslim Holidays

Islamic festivals
Guys and Dolls is a 1950 Broadway musical. The music and lyrics were written by Frank Loesser, and the speaking parts were written by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. The story of Guys and Dolls is based on short stories written by Damon Runyon. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical.

What happens 

Nathan Detroit, a gambler in 1920's New York City, needs a place to hold his illegal dice game where he will not be caught by the police. He finds a place, but the person who owns it wants one thousand dollars to rent it for the night. Nathan thinks he is out of luck, until he hears that the famous gambler Sky Masterson is in town. He bets Sky one thousand dollars that he cannot get Sarah Brown, a missionary, to go to Havana, Cuba with him. Because Sarah is very religious and moralistic, Nathan thinks she will never agree to go with him.
Sky is still in love with Sarah, so he decides to keep his part of the deal. He makes a bet with all the gamblers. If he loses, he will give each of the gamblers a thousand dollars. If he wins, they will have to go to the prayer meeting. Sky wins the bet, and Sarah's mission is saved. Sarah realizes that he really does care about her.

Later, Sarah meets Adelaide. They talk about Nathan and Sky and realize that they are both in love. Sarah decides to marry Sky, and Adelaide decides to marry Nathan.

Broadway musicals
1950s musicals
1950 works
, real name  (born January 7, 1948 in Tokyo), is a Japanese singer, composer, voice actor and actor.  He is best known for his anime and tokusatsu such as Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger, Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series.

Ichiro Mizuki began his solo career in 1968. His first single "Kimi ni sasageru Boku no Uta" was  composed by Kanae Wada. Later, he started to sing his theme song during the 1970s. His first anime song called Genshi Shounen Ryuu was released in 1971 as the opening theme from the animated television series Genshi Shounen Ryuu. Then he released many other anime and tokusatsu songs from Super Robot, Science Fiction, Sports, Kamen Rider, Metal Hero and Super Sentai series. Ichiro Mizuki has sung more than 1000 songs since his debut.

From August 30 to August 31, 1999, he held a 1000-song concert for 24 hours. The success of his 1000-song concert has become a legend in Japan.
On July 19, 2000, he joined as a part-time member of the supergroup JAM Project with other members - Hironobu Kageyama, Masaaki Endoh, Eizo Sakamoto, and Rica Matsumoto.

Meanwhile, Ichiro Mizuki has also acted in the tokusatsu TV series such as Jikuu Senshi Spielvan, Voicelugger and also the voice actor for anime such as Koraru no Tanken and Dangaioh (OVA).

Other websites

 Ichirou Mizuki Official Site
 Ichiro Mizuki Official English Language Website 
 Ichiro Mizuki at the Anison Database
 Ichiro Mizuki at the Anime News Network
 Ichiro Mizuki  at the Henshin Hall of Fame
 

Actors from Tokyo
Singers from Tokyo
Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese voice actors
1948 births
Living people
The Saalburg is a Roman fortification in the Taunus mountains in Germany and was a stronghold in the Upper Germanic Limes.

It was constructed about 90 CE and enlarged until about 210. Then the Romans left it after 260. It is estimated that it was home to a cohors equitata, about 500 cavalry and infantry, to protect the access to the Rhine-Main valley from the Germanic tribes in the North. Eventually it decayed, and its stones were used as a quarry.

In 1897 Wilhelm II ordered that it was rebuilt. Today the Saalburg houses a museum and is a center for Roman archeology. It is located between Bad Homburg and Wehrheim, some 30 km north of Frankfurt am Main.

As part of the Upper Germanic Limes the Saalburg belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage sites since 15. July 2005.

References

Other websites 
 Saalburgmuseum

Buildings and structures in Hesse
History of Germany
Kesha Wizzart (22 October 1988 – 12 July 2007) was an English singer. She was a contestant on the television programme Stars In Their Eyes. She was born in Manchester.

Wizzart was murdered on 12 July 2007, along with her mother Beverley and brother Fred. It happened in their home in Manchester. The investigators found injuries to their heads. The next day, a search for the suspect Pierre Williams was started. He was arrested on 14 July, convicted and received three life sentences.

References

Other websites 
TV show teenager is victim of triple murder – Retrieved from Sky News

1988 births
2007 crimes
2007 deaths
Black British musicians
British child singers
English murder victims
Musicians from Manchester
People murdered in England
English musicians
Naming very small numbers is the same as naming very big numbers, but with one important difference. There is a minus sign over what the 10 in the formula is raised to. So if one wanted to write 0.007 in shorthand form, they would write it 7 x 10−3 since 7 is the third digit after the decimal point (the zero in front of the decimal point does not count). Naming a very small number with lots of different numbers inside it is the same as doing it with a very big number, but again with that one difference of the minus sign. So 0.0000452 would become 4.52 x 10−5 (0.0000452 --> 4.52 x 0.00001 --> 4.52 x 10−5).

Some examples

Names of small numbers

Related pages
Names of large numbers

Other websites 
Names of large and small numbers 

Numbers
The Military of ancient Rome (known to the Romans as the militia) means all military forces of Ancient Rome from the founding of the city of Rome to the end of the Western Roman Empire. Originally there was only the Roman army, but a small navy was added during the Second Samnite War, around 320 BC.

The Roman military was an important part of the Roman state. Josephus describes the Roman people as "as if born ready armed". It has a history of more than 1300 years. Roman armies fought in Parthia as well as in Africa, and in - what was in that time the far north - the British Isles.
After a series of reforms, the army became highly trained, and was well equipped in the middle of the Roman Imperial period. The Romans also had a powerful navy that ruled the Mediterranean and the European Atlantic coast. In the late Imperial period the military's numbers were significantly increased to cover the borders and keep internal peace. The circumstances of the Empire had changed; the Western Roman Empire now relied heavily on units of mostly Germanic tribes living within the borders, who fought in the name of Rome during the Migration Period.

References

Other sources 
Primary sources 
Livy, The Rise of Rome, Oxford University Press, 1998
Polybius, History, Book 6
Tacitus, The Histories, Book V
Secondary sources 
Gibbon E., The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Penguin, 1985
Goldsorthy A., In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003
Grant, M., The History of Rome, Faber and Faber, 1993
Heather, P., The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History, MacMillan, 2005
Jones, The Later Roman Empire,Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964
Lane Fox, Robin, The Classical World, Penguin, 2005 
Luttwak, E., The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Johns Hopkins
Matyszak, P., The Enemies of Rome, Thames and Hudson, 2004
Santosuosso, A., Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire, Westview Press, 2001

Other websites
UNRV's Roman Military
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
 Military Resources 
 Armamentarium bibliography 
 The Ancient Warfare Articles of Smith's Dictionary, Bill Thayer's Lacus Curtius site.

Military of ancient Rome
A Roman legion  was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army in the period of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. It was roughly equivalent to the modern word division. In the plural, the legions, it may mean the entire Roman army.

A legion was about 5,000 men in several cohorts of heavy infantry (legionaries). It was usually accompanied by attached units of auxiliaries, who were not Roman citizens. They provided cavalry, ranged troops and skirmishers to complement the legion's heavy infantry.

The size of a typical legion varied during the history of ancient Rome. It had a complement of 4,200 legionaries in the republican period of Rome. In the imperial period, the full complement was 5,500 men split into 10 cohorts of 480 men each. The first cohort was at double strength with 800 men. The remaining 220 were 120 cavalry plus technical staff.
Rome did not have a standing army until the reforms of Gaius Marius about 107 BC. Legions instead were created, used, and disbanded again. In the time of the early Roman Empire, there were usually about 25–35 standing legions plus their auxiliaries, with more raised as needed.

Organization

Greek phalanx 
The development of the early legion may be seen as a Roman version of the Greek phalanx formation. Until the 4th century BC the massive Greek phalanx was the mode of battle. Roman soldiers would have thus looked much like Greek hoplites. Tactics were no different from those of the early Greeks and battles were joined on a plain. Spearmen would deploy themselves in tightly packed rows to form a shield wall with their spears pointing forwards.

Republic 

There were now three lines of soldiers when in battle formation. Roman soldiers had to purchase their own equipment.

In the middle of the Republic, legions were composed of the following units:
Equites (cavalry): The cavalry was originally the most prestigious unit, where wealthy young Roman men displayed their skill and prowess, laying the foundation for an eventual political career. In a total of circa 3000 men, (plus the velites that normally enlarged the number to about 4200), the legion had only around 300 horsemen, divided into 10 units (turmae) of 30 men. These men were commanded by decurions. In addition to heavy cavalry, there would be the light cavalry. In battle, they were used to disrupt and outflank enemy infantry formations and to fight off enemy cavalry. In the latter type of engagement they would often (though not always) dismount some or all of the horsemen to fight a stationary battle on foot, an unusual tactic for the time, but one that offered significant advantages in stability and agility in a time before stirrups.
Velites (light infantry): The velites were mainly poorer citizens who could not afford to equip themselves properly. Their primary function was to act as skirmishers – javelin-throwers who would engage the enemy early in order either to harass them or to cover the movement of troops behind them.
Heavy infantry: This was the principal unit of the legion. The heavy infantry was composed of citizen legionaries that could afford the equipment composed of an iron helmet, shield, armour and pilum, a heavy javelin whose range was about 30 meters. After 387 B.C. the preferred weapon was the gladius, a short sword. Their hobnailed sandals were also an effective weapon against a fallen enemy. The heavy infantry was subdivided, according to experience, into three separate lines of troops:
 The hastati (sing. hastatus) consisted of raw or inexperienced soldiers, considered to be less reliable than legionaries of several years' service.
 The principes (sing. princeps) were men in their prime (late twenties to early thirties).
The triarii (sing. triarius) were the veteran soldiers, to be used in battle only in extreme situations; they rested one knee down when not engaged in combat. The triarii served primarily as reserves or barrier troops to backstop the hastati and principes. They had long hastae (spears) rather than the pilum and gladius. Thus armed, they fought in a phalanx formation. The sight of an advancing armored formation of triarii legionaries frequently discouraged exultant enemies in pursuit of retreating hastati and principes troops. To fall upon the triarii was a Roman idiom – meaning to use one's last resort.
Each of these three lines was subdivided into maniples, each consisting of two centuries of 60 men commanded by the senior of the two centurions. Centuries were normally 60 soldiers each at this time in the hastati and principes (no longer 100 men). The mid Republican legion had a nominal strength of about 4500 men.

Later on the legions were made up of 80 strong centuries. Each century had its standard and was made up of ten units of eight soldiers who shared a tent, millstone, a mule and cooking pot (depending on duration of tour).
Late Republic 
Throughout Rome's Late Republic, the legions played an important political role. By the 1st century BC the threat of the legions under a demagogue was recognized. Roman Governors were not allowed to leave their provinces with their legions. When Julius Caesar broke this rule, leaving his province of Gaul and crossing the Rubicon into Italy, he precipitated a constitutional crisis. This crisis and the civil wars which followed brought an end to the Republic and led to the foundation of the Empire under Augustus in 27 BC.

Early Empire (30 BC-284 AD) 
With each legion having 5,120 legionaries plus an equal number of auxiliary troops, the total force available to a legion commander during the Pax Romana probably ranged from
11,000 downwards. The more prestigious legions were stationed on hostile borders or in restive provinces tending to have more auxiliaries. Some legions may have been reinforced with units making the force near 15,000–16,000 or about the size of a modern division.
The legion was commanded by a legate. Aged about thirty, he would usually be a senator on a three year appointment. Immediately subordinate to the legate would be six appointed military tribunes. Five would be staff officers and the remaining one would be a noble heading for the Senate — originally this tribune commanded the legion. There would also be a group of officers for the medical staff, the engineers, record-keepers, the praefectus castrorum (commander of the camp) and other specialists such as priests and musicians.

Later 
Despite a number of reforms, the legionary system survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and was continued in the Eastern Roman Empire until around 7th century. The Eastern Roman/Byzantine armies continued to be influenced by the earlier Roman legions, and were maintained with similar level of discipline, strategic prowess, and organization.
Centurions 
Centurions were the glue which held a Roman legion together. They were the full-time professional officers of the Roman army. The basic centurion commanded (usually) 83 men rather than 100. They rose in rank by commanding ever more important centuries.

The very best centurions were promoted to become centurions in the First Cohort, called Primi Ordines, commanding one of its ten centuries and also taking on a staff role. The most senior centurion of the legion was the Primus Pilus who commanded the first century. Only eight officers in  a full legion outranked him. They were:
Five tribunes
The Camp Prefect
the Senior Tribune (second-in-command)
The Legate (commander)

Related pages
 Roman Empire 
 Roman Republic
References 
 History of the Art of War. Vol 1. Ancient Warfare, Hans Delbrück
 Roman Warfare, Adrian Goldsworthy
 History of Warfare, John Keegan
 The Roman Army and Greece and Rome at War, Peter Connolly
 The Encyclopedia Of Military History: From 3500 B.C. To The Present. (2nd Revised Edition 1986), R. Ernest Dupuy, and Trevor N. Dupuy.
 War, Gwynne Dyer.
 The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare, Trevor N. Dupuy.
 Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari (with English translation on-line)
 Julius Caesar, The Gallic War
 William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875.
 The Punic Wars, Adrian Goldsworthy.
 Carnage and Culture, Victor Davis Hanson
 The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, by Arther Ferrill, 1988
 The Complete Roman Army, by Adrian Goldsworthy
 The Military System Of The Romans, by Albert Harkness
 From the Rise of the Republic and the Might of the Empire to the Fall of the West, by Nigel Rodgers

Other websites
Other websites 

 The Roman Military Museum with ancient military equipment
 The Roman Army Page , Gary Brueggeman (pop-up ads)
 UNRV's Roman Military
 Essays on life in the Late Roman Army , troop types  etc. by members of the Comitatus Reenactmen and Living history group.
 The Roman Army at Roman-Empire.net
 Lego V Living History Group in Tennessee

References 

Military of ancient Rome
Armies
Legion may refer to:

Armed forces

Roman Empire
Roman Legion 
List of Roman legions (disambiguation page)
Legionary

United States

Legion of the United States

World War II

33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French) (French Legion)
Armenian Legion
Condor Legion
Ostlegionen

Foreign Legions
 Foreign legion
 French Foreign Legion
 Spanish Foreign Legion

Other legions
Arab Legion
Black Legion 
British Legion
Alpha helices in disease 
A prion is a protein that causes disease by changing the shape of another protein. It does this by changing some of the alpha helices, which are more common in normal cells, to beta sheets, which are more common in prions. 

Biochemistry
After World War II Nazi Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones. This had been agreed in London in September 1944.

They were occupied by the allied powers who defeated Germany (the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States) and by France. This was done for administrative purposes during the period 1945-1949.

In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe the American forces had actually pushed beyond the previously agreed upon occupation zone boundaries, sometimes by as much as 200 miles. After about two months of holding certain areas meant to be in the Soviet zone, the American forces withdrew during July 1945.

Related pages
 American occupation zone
 British occupation zone
 Soviet occupation zone

Other websites 
 Post-WWII commanders/governors of Germany

1949 disestablishments
1945 establishments in Germany
1940s disestablishments in Germany
Topaz is a silicate mineral. Along with silicate, it includes the chemical elements aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.

Color and varieties
Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but they usually have colors made by small impurities. The typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be made white, pale green, blue, gold, or pink (rare).

Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone for the US state of Utah.

Imperial topaz is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Some imperial topaz stones can fade if they are exposed too much in the sunlight.

Blue topaz is the US state Texas' gemstone.

Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated, making it rainbow-colored.

Gallery

Related pages
List of birthstones

References

Other websites
Other websites

Pink Topaz, Biblical Topaz References  Farlang – gem information and full text historical references
Topaz and other minerals found at Topaz Mountain, Juab County , Utah Geological Survey

Gemstones
Birthstones
Beautiful is a song from Christina Aguilera's fourth album Stripped. It was written by Linda Perry.

Aguilera sings about how people should not be ashamed to show pride in their differences.

It was released late in 2002. It was the second single from Stripped.

"Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2004, the character Damian sang the song at the school's talent show in Mean Girls.

Other websites 
 Music video for "Beautiful"

2002 songs
Christina Aguilera songs
The fundamental theorem of algebra is a proven fact about polynomials, sums of multiples of integer powers of one variable. It is based on mathematical analysis, the study of real numbers and limits. It was first proven by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. It says that for any polynomial  with the degree , where , the polynomial equation  must have at least one root , and not more than  roots altogether.
Some remarks: 
 the degree  of a polynomial is the highest power of  that occurs in it 
 some of the roots may be complex numbers
 it is possible to 'count' a root  twice, if  is still a root of the polynomial ; if you will 'count' the roots in this way, then the polynomial  with degree  has exactly  roots 
 it is not a theorem of pure algebra. It is not possible to prove this theorem without an element of analysis. This element has been reduced to the observation that, firstly, for polynomial functions  of odd degree the pair of values  and  has opposite positive and negative signs when  is large enough. And secondly, that any polynomial function  on the real line that takes positive and negative values for  has to cross  axis.

Related pages
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

Mathematical theorems
Algebra