Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Bunyan was released in January 1672, when Charles II issued the “Declaration of Religious Indulgence” which meant that people were free to worship God in the way they wanted. The king had done this mainly because he wanted the Catholics to have less power. Non-conformist sects could register and get a license. Bunyan became pastor (priest) of the Bedford church. In March 1675, he was again imprisoned for preaching (because Charles II withdrew the Declaration of Religious Indulgence). This time he seems to have been in the Bedford town gaol on the stone bridge over the river Ouse. After a few months, he was let out. He was a very popular preacher, so he was not arrested again. His book The Pilgrim's Progress was published in 1678. He also wrote several other books about religion, but The Pilgrim's Progress was the one that became extremely popular. Because Bunyan did not have a formal education he wrote in a very direct style which ordinary people could understand
. A passage from Part Two of The Pilgrim's Progress beginning "Who would true Valour see" is sung regularly as a hymn.
On his way to London, in 1688, he caught a severe cold from rats and bats, and died a painful death. His grave is in the cemetery at Bunhill Fields in London.

1628 births
1688 deaths
Baptists
Christian ministers
English Christian writers
English Protestants
English theologians
Puritanism
A smith, or metalsmith, is a person who makes things from metal.

Metal smiths were very important before industrialisation because they made metal tools for farming (especially the plough) and weapons for fighting in wars. Because of the importance of smiths, the name of their craft ('Smith') turned into a surname.

Etymology of smith 
The word smith means "to hit" or "to strike". Originally, smiths made things from metal by using a hammer.

As an English suffix, -smith at the end of a word means a craftsmen.  For example, a "locksmith" makes locks.

Types of smiths
Types of smiths include:
an arrowsmith forges arrow heads;
 a blacksmith works with iron and steel;
 a bladesmith forges knives, swords and other blades;
 a coppersmith, or brownsmith, works with copper;
 a fendersmith makes and repairs the metal fender before fireplaces, protecting rugs and furniture in mansions and fine estates, and often looks after the fires as well;
 a goldsmith works with gold;
 a gunsmith works with guns;
 a locksmith works with locks;
 a pewtersmith works with pewter;
 a silversmith, or brightsmith, works with silver;
 a tinsmith, or tinner, works with light metal (such as tinware) and can refer to someone who deals in tinware;
 a swordsmith is a bladesmith who forges only swords;
 a whitesmith works with white metal (tin) and can refer to someone who polishes or finishes the metal rather than forging it.

Artisans and craftpersons
The ancient traditional tool of the smith is a forge or smithy, which is a fire which allows compressed air (through a bellows) to heat the inside of the forge until it is hot enough for metal to become more malleable so that it can be hammered into the shape that is required.  Smith or smithy refers to the hammering onto the metal using an anvil to support the work.  Anvils come in many sizes and shapes. 

The term, metalsmith, often refers to artisans and craftpersons who practice their craft in many different metals, including gold, copper and silver. Jewelers often refer to their craft as metalsmithing, and many universities offer degree programs in metalsmithing, jewelry and blacksmithing as part of their fine arts programs.

A tinker is a metalsmith who mends kettles, pots and pans.  They were often poor, itinerant workers (walking from place to place looking for jobs).

Machinists
Machinists 

Machinists are metalsmiths who produce high-precision parts and tools. The most advanced of these tools, CNC machines, are computer controlled and largely automated.
Metalworking occupations
An allegory is a term for a figure of speech.  It is a story or picture with a hidden meaning. The characters in allegories are symbols which represent particular ideas.  The story has a figurative meaning, not just a literal one.

Allegory is an example of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be a story in language. It may be something to look at, such as a painting or sculpture.

An allegory is like a long metaphor.  People have to use their imagination to understand what it is trying to say.  A  fable or parable is a short allegory with one basic idea (a moral).

Sometimes people say that stories have meanings which the author, in fact, did not intend. For instance, many people have suggested that The Lord of the Rings was an allegory for the World Wars, but, in fact, it was written well before the outbreak of World War II, and J.R.R. Tolkien said that it was not an allegory.  In this way people sometimes change the author’s ideas.  Sometimes they do it for their own political reasons.
Examples
Allegory has been a favourite form in the literature of nearly every nation. It is often used as a way of criticizing things or people where it would not be possible to do so directly.

In classical literature Plato and Ovid wrote allegories. Dante Alighieri wrote allegories in The Divine Comedy. In the Middle Ages Everyman was a morality play. John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim's Progress tells the story of a man trying to lead a Christian life. Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels, which tells about the strange customs of (made-up) faraway countries, but he was really criticizing things about his own country, the United Kingdom. Animal Farm by George Orwell is another example of an allegory, this time of the Soviet Union during Josef Stalin's era and the Russian Revolution. Some of the characters can be directly linked to figures during that time.
Songs may also include allegories. "Waist Deep In The Big Muddy" tells a story of American soldiers in the 1800s, ordered by their commander to march into the Mississippi River, which they could never cross on foot. In truth, it told the story of soldiers fighting in the Vietnam War in the 1960s, and being expected to do the white guy's bidding.

Allegories still continue to be popular today. Pictures, movies and plays can be allegories. William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies also has allegorical meaning. Star Trek used a great deal of allegory, to look at social conditions and moral values in the present, while telling stories based in the future. Alien races were often a reflection of Earth's own races and countries.

Allegorical artworks include Sandro Botticelli's La Primavera (Allegory of Spring) and Jan Vermeer's The Allegory of Painting.

Related pages
 Trope

References

Genres
Literary terms
Newport Pagnell is a town in England. It is in the borough of Milton Keynes.

History 
The town was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Neuport, which is an Old English word meaning New Market Town. At that time it was fairly new, having been founded by Norman invaders. The suffix "Pagnell" came later, when the manor passed into the hands of the Pagnell (Paynel) family.

At one time Newport Pagnell was one of the largest towns in the County of Buckinghamshire but today the new town of Milton Keynes has made it much less important. 

Tickford Bridge, over the River Ouze, was built in 1810. It is the only iron bridge in Britain that still carries main road traffic. This is the oldest iron bridge in the world that is still in constant use. There is a plaque near the footbridge on the side that gives details of its history and construction. A large set of sluice gates used to control downstream flooding of the River Great Ouse is near the bridge.
Since 1954, Tickford Street in Newport Pagnell has been the home of the Aston Martin site, where all Aston Martin cars were built, until the recent opening of the new Ford Motor Company luxury division plant for Aston Martin built at Gaydon, Warwickshire.

The modern civil parish of Newport Pagnell stops at the M1, but the ecclesiastical parish extends to include Broughton and Caldecote. The parish church is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.

Other websites 

 The unofficial town website with historical pictures, pictures of the town carnival and a message board for locals and ex pats to keep in touch

Towns in Buckinghamshire
Swear or Swearing may refer to:
making a solemn promise: Oath
using bad language: Profanity
SWR'ing, adjusting a radio transmission aerial to resonate on its usual transmission frequency
The amniotes are a taxonomic group of animals: all the tetrapods except the amphibians.

They are the land vertebrates which lay cleidoic eggs.

Two super-groups make up the amniotes: the Synapsida (Pelycosaurs, Theriodonts and mammals) and the Sauropsida (all reptiles, including dinosaurs and birds).

The embryos of amniotes are either laid as eggs or develop in the female. These embyros are protected by several membranes, and have a much larger food supply than amphibian eggs.

The 'invention' of the cleidoic egg, and its embryonic membranes, is the main reason why the eggs of an amniote do not need to be laid in water.

Thus, as distinct from the amphibians, amniotes are truly terrestrial. Secondarily, many reptiles and mammals returned to water, and mammals bear the young live, as do some reptile groups. This evolutionary flexibility is much less common in amphibians.
Evolutionary history
The first amniotes, such as Casineria, looked like small lizards. They evolved about 340 million years ago, in the Mississippian or Lower Carboniferous. Their eggs could survive out of the water. This let amniotes move into environments that had less water. The amniotes moved across the Earth. Most vertebrates that live on land are amniotes, as are most of the air-breathing animals of the sea.

Very early in the evolutionary history of amniotes, they split into two main lines, the synapsids and the sauropsids, both of which persist into the modern era.

The oldest known fossil synapsid is Protoclepsydrops from about 320 million years ago, while the oldest known sauropsid is probably Paleothyris, in the order Captorhinida, from the Middle Pennsylvanian epoch (about 306–312 million years ago).
Eggs
One can assume the ancestors of the amniotes laid their eggs in moist places, as such modest-sized animals would not have difficulty finding depressions under fallen logs or other suitable places in the ancient forests, and dry conditions were probably not the main reason why the soft shell emerged.

In fish and amphibians there is only one inner membrane, also called an embryonic membrane. In amniotes the inner anatomy of the egg has evolved further and new structures have developed to take care of the gas exchanges between the embryo and the atmosphere, as well as dealing with the waste problems. To grow a thicker and tougher shell required new ways to supply the embryo with oxygen, as diffusion alone was not enough.
After the egg developed these structures, further sophistication allowed amniotes to lay much bigger eggs in much drier habitats. Bigger eggs allowed for bigger offspring, and bigger adults could produce bigger eggs, so amniotes grew bigger than their ancestors. Real growth was not possible, however, until they stopped relying on small invertebrates as their main food source and started to eat plants or other vertebrates, or returned to the water. New habits and heavier bodies meant further evolution for the amniotes, both in behavior and anatomy.

Three groups 
There are three main lines of amniotes, which may be distinguished by the structure of the skull and in particular the number of temporal fenestrae (openings) behind the eye. In anapsids (turtles) there are none, in synapsids (mammals and their extinct relatives) there is one, and in most diapsids (non-anapsid reptiles, including dinosaurs and birds) there are two.
The skeletal remains of amniotes have at least two pairs of sacral ribs, a sternum in the pectoral girdle (shoulders area) and an astragalus bone in the ankle.

Classification
A simplified phylogeny of tetrapods goes like this:
Vertebrates
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
Tetrapods
Amphibia
Stem-group Amniotes
Synapsids (therapsids, mammals)
Sauropsids (all reptiles, birds)

This is perhaps better than the older taxonomy, which lists recent branches like birds and mammals as classes on mere traditional grounds.

Traditional taxonomy
Tetrapoda
Amniota
Class Synapsida – Mammal-like "reptiles"
Class Mammalia – Mammals
Class Sauropsida – Reptiles
Subclass Anapsida
 (unranked) Eureptilia
 Family Captorhinidae
 Family Protorothyrididae
Subclass Diapsida
Class Aves – Birds

Related pages
Casineria

References

Other websites

Out of the Swamps 

Tetrapods
Evolutionary biology
The  is the First Mayor of Hamburg, Germany. He is the president of the Senate (government) of Hamburg. The Erster Bürgermeister is Hamburg's Minister President.

The constitution of 28 September 1860 says that the state is to be governed by the ten-member Senate headed by the First Mayor as the President of the Senate. His deputy is the Second Mayor. Until 1997 the First Mayor was elected by the Senate. Now he is elected by the Bürgerschaft (the city's parliament) and the Erster Bürgermeister has appointed and dismissed other Senators.
List of mayors 
 Friedrich Sieveking: 1861-1862
 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller: 1863-1864
 Friedrich Sieveking: 1865
 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller: 1866-1867
 Friedrich Sieveking: 1868
 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer: 1869
 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller: 1870
 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer: 1871-1872
 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller: 1873
 Hermann Goßler: 1874
 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer: 1875
 Carl Friedrich Petersen: 1876-1877
 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer: 1878
 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber:1879
 Carl Friedrich Petersen: 1880
 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer: 1881
 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber: 1882
 Carl Friedrich Petersen: 1883
 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer: 1884
 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber: 1885
 Carl Friedrich Petersen: 1886
 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer: 1887
 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann: 14 March 1887 - 1888
 Carl Friedrich Petersen: 1889
 Johann Georg Mönckeberg: 1890
 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann: 1891
 Carl Friedrich Petersen: 1892
 Johann Georg Mönckeberg: 1893
Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann: 1894
 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann: 1895
 Johann Georg Mönckeberg: 1896
 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann: 1897
 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann: 1898
 Johann Georg Mönckeberg: 1899
 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann: 1 January 1900 - 15 September 1900
 Gerhard Hachmann: 19 November 1900 - 1901
 Johann Georg Mönckeberg: 1902
 Johann Heinrich Burchard: 1903
 Gerhard Hachmann: until 11 July 1904
 Johann Georg Mönckeberg: 11 July 1904 - 1905
 Johann Heinrich Burchard: 1906
 Johann Otto Stammann: 1907
 Johann Georg Mönckeberg: until 27 March 1908
 Johann Heinrich Burchard: 3 April 1908 - 1909
 Max Predöhl: 1910 - 1911
 Johann Heinrich Burchard: 1912
 Carl August Schröder: 13 September 1912 - 1913
 Max Predöhl: 1914
 Werner von Melle: 1915
 Carl August Schröder: 1916
 Max Predöhl: 1917
 Werner von Melle: 1918 - 1919
Weimar Republic 
 Werner von Melle: 31 March 1919 - 31 December 1919
 Gustav Sthamer: 1 January 1920- 1 February 1920
 Arnold Diestel, DDP: 2 February 1920 - 31 December 1923
 Carl Petersen, DDP: 1 January 1924 - 31 December 1929
 Rudolf Ross, SPD: 1 January 1930 - 31 December 1931
 Carl Petersen, DDP: 1 January 1932 - 7 March 1933

Third Reich 
 Carl Vincent Krogmann, NSDAP: 8 March 1933 - 3 May 1945 (The real head of the government was the Reichsstatthalter (regional governor) Karl Kaufmann)

Appointed by the British occupation forces 
 Rudolf Hieronymus Petersen, CDU: 15 May 1945 - 22 November 1946
Democratically elected after World War II 
 Max Brauer, SPD: 22 November 1946 - 2 December 1953
 Kurt Sieveking, CDU: 2 December 1953 - 4 December 1957
 Max Brauer, SPD: 4 December 1957 - 31 December 1960
 Paul Nevermann, SPD: 1 January 1961 - 9 June 1965
 Herbert Weichmann, SPD: 9 June 1965 - 9 June 1971
 Peter Schulz, SPD: 9 June 1971 - 4 November 1974
 Hans-Ulrich Klose, SPD: 12 November 1974 - 22 May 1981
 Klaus von Dohnanyi, SPD: 24 June 1981 - 8 June 1988
 Henning Voscherau, SPD: 8 June 1988 - 8 October 1997
 Ortwin Runde, SPD: 12 November 1997 - 31 October 2001
 Ole von Beust, CDU: 31 October 2001 - 25 August 2010
 Christoph Ahlhaus, CDU: since 25 August 2010 - 7 March 2011
 Olaf Scholz, SDP: 7 March 2011 - incumbent

Other websites 

 All mayors of Hamburg since 1293

Hamburg
Mayors
Synapsids are one of the two major groups of vertebrates which evolved from basal amniotes. 

'Synapsids' means 'fused arch', and refers to their skulls. The group includes mammals and earlier groups related to mammals. They were originally called "mammal-like reptiles", which is a bit confusing.

Synapsids are one of the two major groups of amniotes.  Both groups evolved from early amniotes about 345 million years ago during the early or mid Carboniferous period. The other is the sauropsids, the group which includes reptiles and birds. 

Synapsids include the Pelycosauria (Pennsylvanian to Permian), and the Therapsida (Lower Permian to present).

The pelycosaurs were dominant on land in the Permian, and many species became extinct at the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The therapsids were still dominant on land in the Lower Triassic, but by the Upper Triassic the dinosaurs had taken over.
Primitive and advanced synapsids 
Synapsids have a primitive group and an advanced group. These are known, respectively, as pelycosaurs and therapsids. Pelycosaurs are a paraphyletic group of six primitive families of synapsids.120 They were all rather lizard-like with sprawling gait and possibly horny scutes. 

The therapsids are the more advanced synapsids. They have a more erect posture (way of standing) and maybe hair, at least in some forms. They are the ancestors of mammals. So each of the two synapsid groups represent evolutionary grades: the pelycosaurs have given rise to the therapsids, who in their turn have given rise to the mammals.

Mammals and reptiles 
The therapsids ('beast face') used to be called mammal-like reptiles. This was a mistake, because they were never reptiles. The split between Synapsids and Sauropsids (the group which gave rise to reptiles) took place long before therapsids evolved.
There are a number of characteristics which cannot be seen on fossils, but which are of great importance. Mammals are distinguished from reptiles by fundamental differences in the development of the blood system. These differences are such that it would be almost impossible for mammals to be derived from reptiles.
"It is clearly quite impossible for the condition found in birds and modern reptiles to have arisen from that found in mammals or vice versa". Kermack.6
This supports the division of amniotes into the Sauropsida and the Synapsida.

Synapsid skull

Temporal openings 

Synapsids evolved a fenestra (hole) behind each eye orbit. It allows better attachment sites for jaw muscles than the original anapsid condition.

A parallel development took place in the diapsida, who evolved two rather than one opening behind each eye.

Originally, the opening in the skull left the inner cranium only covered by the jaw muscles, but in higher therapsids and mammals the sphenoid bone has expanded to close the opening.
Teeth 

Synapsids had differentiated teeth. These include the canines, molars, and incisors.

The trend towards differentiation is found in some labyrinthodonts and early anapsid reptilians. They have enlarged first teeth on the maxilla, forming a form of proto-canines. This trait was subsequently lost in the sauropsid line, but developed further in the synapsids. Early synapsids could have 2 or even 3 enlarged 'canines', but in the therapsids, the pattern had settled to one canine in each upper jaw half. The lower canines developed later.

Taxonomy
Note: in evolutionary terms, the mammals are entirely within the Synapsida. Their status as a separate class is traditional Linnaean taxonomy: as a clade they are a sub-group of the Therapsida.
Series Amniota
 Class †SYNAPSIDA *
 Order †Pelycosauria *
 Suborder †Caseasauria
 Suborder †Eupelycosauria *
 Order †Therapsida *
 Suborder †Biarmosuchia *
 Suborder †Dinocephalia
 Suborder †Anomodontia
 Suborder †Gorgonopsia
 Suborder †Therocephalia
 Suborder †Cynodontia *
 Class MAMMALIA

References
The Pilgrim's Progress is an English language book written by John Bunyan. It was published in two parts: the First Part in 1678, and the Second Part in 1684. Its full title is The Pilgrim's Progress from this World to that which is to come.  It is regarded as one of the most important books in English literature. It is a Christian allegory.

The book uses the dream story of a journey through the English county of Bedfordshire, to London. Bunyan uses this to tell the idea of Christianity from a Protestant point of view. Although the journey is imaginary, the places are based upon real places in 17th century Bedfordshire. The difficulties faced by Christian, the main character, is meant to be an allegory of the difficulties faced by a true Christian in keeping to the 'straight and narrow path'.  The author was jailed for preaching his opinions, yet after the book was published, it was translated into over 200 languages.
Writing of the book 
Bunyan started to write the book in jail. He got into trouble for preaching without a licence. Bunyan, who was a Reformed Baptist, did not qualify for a licence. Only ministers of the Church of England were allowed to preach. He spent 12 years in Bedford jail. He might have been freed if he had promised not to preach, but he refused. He was let out only when the law changed, in 1672. He was jailed again for a short time in 1677.

The book is divided into two parts, and is 108,260 words long. Each part is a continuous narrative, with no chapter divisions. When the first part was published in 1678, it immediately became extremely popular. Part Two was published in 1684. There were 11 editions of the first part during John Bunyan’s lifetime, and two editions of the second part.
Allegory 
The story is an allegory about a man called Christian, who goes on a journey, and meets many strange people. Christian is an 'everyman' character: he represents the reader or any ordinary person. Eventually he gets to the Celestial City. The strange people he meets are characters who represent good and bad things in life. The story is therefore an allegory of the life of a good Christian. To be precise, it is an allegory of the Protestant view of Christianity. It includes, as characters, the giants 'Pope' and 'Pagan', allegories of Roman Catholicism and paganism as persecutors of Protestant Christians. 'Pagan' is dead, indicating the end of pagan persecution, and 'Pope' is alive but decrepit (elderly), indicating the diminished power and influence of the Roman Catholic pope. The many indirect references to the Bible is a sure sign of Protestant belief. The Bible had not long been available in English, and its translation was opposed by the church in the reign of Henry VIII.
Many of the places Bunyan describes are based on places he knew in the Bedfordshire countryside. For example, the Slough of Despond is thought to be the marshes in Tempsford (now on the A1 road). House Beautiful is thought to be Houghton House (now a ruin), just outside Ampthill. The character of the Evangelist is that of his friend John Gifford, who was the leader of a non-conformist group at St John’s Church, Bedford. The heavy burden (the load), which Christian carries on his back, represents his sins: the things he has done wrong, and which trouble him. However, the burden is also based on the heavy anvil which he carried on his back as he walked from place to place. He worked as a tinker (someone who mends pots and pans).

Later, the Land of Beulah is Middlesex County, the Very Deep River is the Thames, and the Celestial City is London.

Plot
Plot

Part One 
Part One tells how a man called Christian makes his way from the 'City of Destruction' (Earth) to the 'Celestial City' (Heaven) of Zion. Christian finds himself weighed down by a great burden which he gets from reading a book (obviously the Bible). He wonders what he can do to be saved. The character Evangelist appears several times during the story, pointing him in the right direction. Evangelist shows Christian the way to the 'Wicket Gate'. Christian tries to persuade his family to join him on the journey, but they refuse, so he leaves them behind.
  
The first person he meets is called Mr. Worldly Wiseman, who says he can be saved by looking at the law, and that Mr. Legality can help him. Evangelist stops him from going that way. He must go to the Wicket Gate.
At the Wicket Gate the gatekeeper, Goodwill, tells him to keep to the straight path. In the Second Part, Goodwill is shown to be Jesus himself. To Christian's query about relief from his burden, Goodwill directs him forward to the 'place of deliverance'.

Christian goes to the House of the Interpreter, where he is shown pictures and that show ideas of the Christian faith. Then he gets to the 'place of deliverance'. This is meant to be the hill with the cross where Jesus died. There his burden falls off his back, so he is very relieved. Three shining ones give him the greeting of peace. They give him new clothes and a passport to the Celestial City (heaven). This is like a Christian Baptism.
At the top of the Hill of Difficulty, Christian stops at the House Beautiful, which is an allegory of the local Christian congregation. Christian spends three days here. When he leaves he is wearing armour which protects him when he fights a battle with the monster Apollyon. Then he goes to the Shadow of Death. He is not afraid because his friend Faithful reminds him of the words of Psalm 23: Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. The sun rises as he leaves.

Just outside the Valley of the Shadow of Death he meets Faithful, who also used to live in the City of Destruction. They go together to Vanity Fair, where they are both arrested because they do not like the kind of business which is being done at the fair, all based on greed. Faithful is put on trial, and executed. Hopeful, who lives in Vanity, takes Faithful's place as Christian's companion for the rest of the way.
Together Christian and Hope have several adventures. They are captured by Giant Despair, who takes them to Doubting Castle, where they are imprisoned, beaten and starved. The giant wants them to commit suicide, but they refuse. Suddenly Christian realizes that a key he has, called Promise, will open all the doors and gates of Doubting Castle. Using the key, they escape.

They come to the Delectable Mountains where the shepherds show them some of the wonders of the place also known as 'Immanuel's Land'.

On the way, Christian and Hopeful meet a man called Ignorance. He thinks he can enter the Celestial City even though he does not believe. A ferryman called Vain Hope ferries Ignorance across the River of Death, but Ignorance is turned away from the gates of Celestial City and thrown into hell.

Christian and Hopeful eventually reach the Celestial City.
Part Two 
The Second Part of The Pilgrim's Progress presents the pilgrimage of Christian's wife, Christiana; their sons and the maiden, Mercy. They visit the same places that Christian visited, but they take a longer time. This is because the story includes the marriage of his sons, and children for the four sons and their wives.

The story shows that women can be as brave as men. They visit the same stopping places that Christian did, but they take longer because they marry and give birth to children on the way. The hero of the story is Greatheart, the servant of the Interpreter, who is a pilgrim's guide to the Celestial City. He kills four giants, including Giant Despair, and helps to kill a monster that terrorizes the city of Vanity.
Reception 
Although the language of The Pilgrim’s Progress may seem old-fashioned now, Bunyan wrote in a simple and direct style. He gave his characters symbolic names, which may have sounded lively and imaginative to a 17th century audience. Bunyan was of humble origin, and had no higher education. He was, however, highly literate, and wrote in a way that ordinary people could understand.

The book includes a poem which became the popular hymn Who Would True Valour See (He Who Would Valiant Be in some versions).

Some phrases from the book have become part of the English language, just as many English expressions come from the Bible. We often talk of a 'Slough of Despond' (when we feel a problem is too big for us). The expressions 'Vanity Fair' and 'House Beautiful' are also quite familiar. There are a large number of references to the book in later literature, and Bunyan's idea of how to tell a story has been borrowed and adapted many times.
Christian context 
The explicit Protestant theology of The Pilgrim's Progress made it popular. Bunyan's plain style breathes life into abstract ideas such as 'greed', 'envy', 'pride'. These ideas are turned into imaginary people, whom Christian meets and talks to, on his way to Heaven. Samuel Johnson said that "this is the great merit of the book, that the most cultivated man cannot find anything to praise more highly, and the child knows nothing more amusing". Three years after its publication (1681), it was reprinted in colonial America, and was widely read in the Puritan colonies.
Because of its explicit English Protestant theology The Pilgrim's Progress shares the feeling of most English, in the 17th century, against the Roman Catholic Church. It was published over the years of the Popish Plot (1678–1681) and ten years before the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and it shows the influence of John Foxe's Foxe's Book of Martyrs. Bunyan presents a decrepit and harmless giant to confront Christian at the end of the Valley of the Shadow of Death that is explicitly named "Pope":Now I saw in my Dream, that at the end of this Valley lay blood, bones, ashes, and mangled bodies of men, even of Pilgrims that had gone this way formerly: And while I was musing what should be the reason, I espied a little before me a Cave, where two Giants, Pope and Pagan, dwelt in old times, by whose Power and Tyranny the Men whose bones, blood ashes, &c. lay there, were cruelly put to death
. But by this place Christian went without much danger, whereat I somewhat wondered; but I have learnt since, that Pagan has been dead many a day; and as for the other, though he be yet alive, he is by reason of age, and also of the many shrewd brushes that he met with in his younger dayes, grown so crazy and stiff in his joynts, that he can now do little more than sit in his Caves mouth, grinning at Pilgrims as they go by, and biting his nails, because he cannot come at them.
When Christian and Faithful travel through Vanity Fair, Bunyan adds the editorial comment:But as in other fairs, some one Commodity is as the chief of all the fair, so the Ware of Rome and her Merchandize is greatly promoted in this fair: Only our English Nation, with some others, have taken a dislike thereat.

Musical settings and films 
The book was the basis of an opera by Ralph Vaughan Williams, first performed in 1951. Vaughan Williams also wrote a short anthem "Valiant for Truth". The story has been made into films and used in video games.

Retellings
Because modern English has changed from Bunyan's day, many authors have provided their own versions of the story.
The Aussie Pilgrim's Progress by Kel Richards. Ballarat: Strand Publishing, 2005.
John Bunyan's Dream Story: the Pilgrim's Progress retold for children and adapted to school reading by James Baldwin. New York: American Book Co., 1913.
John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress as retold by Gary D. Schmidt & illustrated by Barry Moser Published by William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan. 1994.
The Land of Far-Beyond by Enid Blyton. Methuen, 1942.
Little Pilgrim's Progress by Helen L. Taylor. This simplifies the vocabulary and concepts for younger readers, while keeping the story line intact. Published by Moody Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1993.
Pilgrim's Progress (graphic novel by Marvel Comics). Thomas Nelson, 1993.
The Pilgrim's Progress: a 21st Century re-telling of the John Bunyan Classic. Dry Ice Publishing
2008 directed by Danny Carrales. 
The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan every child can read. Edited by Jesse Lyman Hurlbut. Philadelphia: John C. Winston 1909.
Pilgrim's Progress in today's English: as retold by James H. Thomas   Moody Publishers, 1971.
The Pilgrim's Progress in words of one syllable by Mary Godolphin. London: Routledge, 1869.
Pilgrim's Progress retold and shortened for modern readers by Mary Godolphin 1884. Drawings by Robert Lawson. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott  1939. [A newly illustrated edition of the retelling by Mary Godolphin]
 The New Amplified Pilgrim's Progress, as retold by James Pappas. Published by Orion's Gate 1999. A slightly expanded and highly dramatized version of John Bunyan's original. Large samples of the text are available at http://www.orionsgate.org
 Pilgrim's Progress, Creative Commons, Modern English Version, by Scott Clous, Part 1, 2014.   The first version freely released in Creative Commons
References 

The Pilgrim's Progress from this World, to that which is to come. Penguin Books, edited with an introduction by Roger Sharrock, London 1965.

Other websites
 The Pilgrim's Progress (audio version)

17th-century books
English novels
1670s works
1680s works
The Need for Speed is a racing video game made by Electronic Arts. It is the 1st game in the Need for Speed series. It was released on the 3DO, PlayStation and Sega Saturn.

1994 video games
Need for Speed games
PlayStation games
Sports video games
Sega Saturn games
Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, (7th) Duke of Broglie, (August 15, 1892 in Dieppe – March 19, 1987 in Louveciennes) was a French physicist. He discovered that electrons are similar to both particles and waves. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929. 

1892 births
1987 deaths
Dukes and duchesses of France
French academics
French Nobel Prize winners
People from Seine-Maritime
French theoretical physicists
Las Galeras is a Dominican Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province. It is on the east coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the Rincón Bay that is found between Cabrón and Samaná capes.

Las Galeras, in English The Galleys (a galley was a war ship where prisoners and slaves were used to move the ship), because two galleys stayed here during the 16th Century.

Population
In the last national census (2010), the district had a total population of 6,929: 3,800 men and 3,129 women. The urban population was only 13.41% of the total population.

Economy
The most important economic activities of the province are agriculture, fishing and tourism.

The region is famous for its beautiful beaches with palms. There is a beach at the seafront of Las Galeras itself, as well as a white sand beach, "La Playita" ("The Small Beach") within walking distance from the town. It is possible to take a boat to visit "Playa Rincón" ("Rincón Beach"), another beautiful beach in the region.

References
References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
Intro (The Beyoncé Experience Fanfare)
 Crazy in Love (Crazy Mix)
 Freakum Dress
 Green Light
 Baby Boy (Reggae Medley)
 Beautiful Liar
 Naughty Girl
 Me, Myself and I
 Dangerously In Love (He Loves Me Mix)
 Flaws and All
 DC Medley (Cops and Robbers Intro)
 Independent Women Part I
 No No No Part 2
 Bootylicious
 Bug A Boo (H-town Screwed Down Mix)
 Bills, Bills, Bills
 Cater 2 U
 Say My Name
 Jumpin' Jumpin'
 Soldier (Soldier Boy Crank Mix)
 Survivor (Destiny's Child Reunion)
 Speechless
 Ring the Alarm Intro Skit (Jailhouse Confessions)
 Ring the Alarm
 Suga mama
 Upgrade U (feat. Jay-Z)
 '03 Bonnie & Clyde (Beyoncé's Prince Mix)
 Check on It (Special Tour Ver.)
 Déjà vu
 Get Me Bodied
 Welcome to Hollywood
 Deena/DreamGirls
 Listen
 Irreplaceable
 Beyoncé B'Day Surprise

References 

2007 albums
Beyoncé albums
Induno Olona is a city in northern Italy, in the Lombardy region, near Varese. It has 10,000 inhabitants.

Cities in Varese
Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), also known as broadbills in some countries, are large predatory fish with a long, flat bill.  They are a popular sport fish.  Swordfish are elongated, round-bodied, and lose all teeth and scales by adulthood.

The International Game Fish Association's all-tackle angling record for a swordfish was a 1,182 lb (535.15 kg) specimen taken off Chile in 1953.

They are the only member of their family, Xiphiidae.

Features 
The swordfish is named after its sharp bill, resembling a sword (Latin gladius), which together with its streamlined physique (smooth body) allows it to cut through the water with great ease and agility. Swordfish are fast predators of other fish.

The "sword" is not used to spear, but may be used to slash at its prey to injure the prey animal, to make for an easier catch.  

Mainly, the swordfish relies on its great speed and agility in the water to catch its enemy. It is among the fastest fish.

As food
As food 

Swordfish is a particularly popular fish for cooking. Since swordfish are large animals, meat is usually sold as steaks, which are often grilled. The color of the flesh varies by diet, with fish caught on the east coast of North America often being rosier.

However, many sources including the United States Food and Drug Administration warn about potential toxicity (how poisonous it is) from high levels of methylmercury in swordfish.

References 

 Michael Hopkin (2005): Swordfish heat their eyes for better vision. Nature, 10 January 2005
 Fritsches, Kerstin A., Brill, Richard W., and Warrant, Eric J. (2005): Warm Eyes Provide Superior Vision in Swordfishes .  Current Biology 15, 55−58 
 FDA Consumer:Mercury In Fish:Cause For Concern?

Other websites
Other websites 

 http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Swordfish/Swordfish.html 
 More info on FDA Mercury Advice from Oceana
 http://www.fenton.com/pages/3_ourwork/4_casestudies/environment/swordfish.htm 
 http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_SwordfishReport.pdf

Edible fish
Istiophoriformes
Born in Avilés in Asturias, he was the son of a painter with the same name, Juan Carreño de Miranda. His family moved to Madrid in 1623, and he trained in Madrid during the late 1620s as apprentice of Pedro de Las Cuevas and Bartolomé Roman. He came to the notice of Velazquez for his work in the cloister of doña María de Aragón y en la iglesia del Rosario, he was asked to help paint in the Royal Palace of Madrid with frescoes on mythological fables. He was named "Painter of the King" in 1669. In 1658 Carreño was hired as an assistant on a royal commission to paint frescoes in the Alcázar palace, now the Royal Palace of Madrid. In 1671 he was appointed court painter to the queen (pintor de cámara) and began to paint primarily portraits. In 1671, upon the death of Sebastian de Herrera, he was named chamber painter. He refused to be knighted in the order of Santiago, saying "Painting needs no honors, it can give them to the whole world". He is mainly remembered as a painter of portraits
. His main pupilswere Mateo Cerezo, Cabezalero, Donoso, Ledesma y Sotomayor. He died in Madrid.
1614 births
1685 deaths
Spanish painters
Late Old Japanese (中古日本語) is an old form of the Japanese language. It was used in the time known as the Heian Period, between 794 and 1185. The form of Japanese that was used before that is called Old Japanese.

Old Japanese was the first form of the Japanese language. The script (the way it was written) came from the Chinese script. This was all based on characters which were like little pictures (called kanji today, e.g. 中古日本語). During the Late Old period two new scripts were invented: Hiragana and Katakana. These were much simpler and described the sound of the syllables. It made reading and writing much easier. Famous books were written during this period such as The Tale of Genji, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, The Tales of Ise and many others.
Many changes took place to the way the language was pronounced during this period. Consonants that had been spoken through the nose became voiced, some long vowels were added, some consonants slid into one another. The syllables became simpler: instead of 88 there were only 66. Instead of two types of -i, -e, and –o there were only one. Some verbs ended in a consonant, others in a vowel. The changes in grammar included different ways that adjectives could be declined.

Related pages
 Old Japanese

Japanese language
Old Japanese (上代日本語, Jōdai nihongo) is the oldest known form of the Japanese language.

It is difficult to give a precise date when Old Japanese started.  The date when the Old Japanese period is said to have finished is 794.  It was the start of the Heian period. 

The Japanese writing system came from the Chinese.  Wooden tablets have been found with writing on.  The oldest extended piece of writing we know of dates from 712. This is the start of the Nara period (710-794).

The earliest texts found in Japan are written in classical Chinese. However, some of them show the influences of Japanese grammar (e.g. word order). Sometimes bits of Chinese characters are used to make the sound of the small Japanese words called “particles”. This helps us to make some guesses about how it used to be pronounced.

Many changes in the Japanese language took place over the centuries. The spoken form of Japanese changed much more quickly than the written form.

Related pages
 Late Old Japanese

References

Notes
References

Notes

Japanese language
Tom and Jerry is an American slapstick comedy animated short series and media franchise. The original cartoons were created in 1940, written and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. It is named after its two main iconic characters: a blue-grey cat named Tom and a brown house mouse named Jerry. Each cartoon shows the two characters getting into comedic fights or chases, in which they often get hurt cartoon-style.

A total of 114 Tom and Jerry shorts were produced by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio from 1940–1958, starting with Puss Gets the Boot. Seven of these cartoons won an Academy Award for Animated Short Film. 

Tom and Jerry still holds the record of the most awards in the Animated Short Film category, which is tied for first place with the Walt Disney musical production Silly Symphonies.
Later, Gene Deitch in Europe made 13 more cartoons for the series from 1961-1962. Then, Chuck Jones produced 34 more cartoons from 1963–1967. Finally, Hanna-Barbera worked with Warner Brothers Animation to make the last three Tom and Jerry cartoons: The Mansion Cat in 2001, The Karate Guard in 2005, and A Fundraising Adventure in 2014, making a total of 164 shorts and 863 episodes of the franchise, notable companies such as MGM, Hanna-Barbera Prouductions, Filmation, Warner Bros. Animation. Since then, the cartoon characters have made appearances in other media. notable animators like, Tom Ray, Iwao Takamoto, Jaime Diaz, Eddie Fitzgerald, Tom Minton, Charles M. Howell IV, Kent Butterworth, Cliff Voorhees, John Kricfalusi, Paul Sabella, Bill Proctor, Sandy Benenati, David Feiss, Butch Hartman, Scott Jeralds, Dan Haskett, etc. then the Tom and Jerry given rights by MGM in 1940 to 1990, Hanna-Barbera took over the franchise in 1974 to 2001, and now reinstated owned by Warner Bros
. Entertainment in 2000 and Turner in 1986.
Filmography
 
The following cartoons won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film:
 1943: The Yankee Doodle Mouse!
 1944: Mouse Trouble
 1945: Quiet Please!
 1946: The Cat Concerto
 1948: The Little Orphan
 1952: The Two Mouseketeers!
 1953: Johann Mouse

Other media 
The following lists are about the Tom and Jerry media which were not made for the original cartoon series.
Television shows
The following shows are re-launches of the original Tom and Jerry cartoons:
The Tom and Jerry Show (1975)
The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (1980–1982)
Tom and Jerry Kids (1990–1994)
Tom and Jerry Tales (2006–2008)
 The New Tom and Jerry Show (2014-2021)                                                                                                                             
 Tom and Jerry in New York (2021-present)                                                                                 
Tom and Jerry Time (2023)
Hurry, Hurry, Tom and Jerry (2023)
Spike and Tyke (1957)
Droopy, Master Detective (1993)
Tom and Jerry Special Shorts (2021)

Packaged shows and programming blocks
Tom and Jerry (CBS, 1965–1972)
Tom and Jerry on BBC One (1967–2000)
Tom and Jerry's Fun-house on TBS (1986–1989)
Cartoon Network's Tom and Jerry Show (1992–present)                                                           
Toon In With Me (2021–present)
Television specials
Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration (TNT, 1989)
Tom and Jerry: The Mansion Cat (Boomerang, 2001)
Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (2014)

Theatrical films
Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1992)
Tom and Jerry (2021)
Direct-to-video films
 Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002)
 Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2004)
 Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005)
 Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006)
 Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007)
 Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes (2010)
 Tom and Jerry and The Wizard of Oz (2011)
 Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse (2012)
 Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure (2013)
 Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon (2014)
 Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest (2015)
 Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016)                                                                                                                                                                                                             
 Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (2017) 
 Tom and Jerry: Cowboy Up (2022)
 Tom and Jerry: Snowman's Land (2022)
 Tom and Jerry: Haunting the Scooby-Doo (2023)
 Tom and Jerry: Meets the Powerpuff Girls (2024)

Related pages
 Tom Cat (Tom and Jerry character)
 Jerry Mouse
References

Academy Award winning movies
Fictional animals
Cartoon Network series
Kids WB series
Spacetoon shows
 
1950s American television series
1960s American animated television series
1980s American animated television series
1990s American animated television series
2000s American animated television series
2010s American animated television series
2020s American television series
Hanna-Barbera
2010s American comedy television series
2000s American comedy television series
1990s American comedy television series
1980s American comedy television series
1970s American comedy television series
1960s American comedy television series
Tynwald (), or more formally, the High Court of Tynwald () or Tynwald Court, is claimed to be the oldest parliament in continuous existence in the world, dating back over 1000 years.

Overview 
It rules the Isle of Man, and while the island is a Crown dependency, this ancient form of government enjoys a large amount of political power.  

Tynwald is separated into 2 houses (this is called a "Bicameral" parliament, meaning it has 2 chambers) - the House of Keys, which is elected by the people of the Isle of Man, and the Legislative Council, which is not directly elected - instead, other members of the Legislative Council elect members of the House of Keys (MHK's) to sit on it.
Both houses of Tynwald sit at the same time on Tynwald day, at the site of the original parliament - Tynwald Hill - in St. John's, a small village near Peel, and once a month at Parliament House in the Island's capital, Douglas.   The rest of the time, they sit separately at Parliament House, with the House of Keys making most of the laws, and the Legislative Council doing most of the work of changing and revising them. 

King Charles III  is acknowledged as the Lord of Mann.

Tynwald can trace its descent from the Viking and Norse that first colonized the Isle of Man.

Isle of Man
Parliaments
Devolved legislatures in the United Kingdom
Bicameral legislatures