Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The River Fleet is the biggest of London's subterranean rivers.

Other websites
 McRae, Andrew. ""On the Famous Voyage": Ben Jonson and Civic Space." Early Modern Literary Studies Special Issue 3 (September, 1998): 8.1-31 
 Sub-Urban.com — River Fleet 
 Reviewing the Fleet
 Photos From The River Fleet  
 Chesca Potter, "The River of Wells" 
 Map of River Fleet superimposed over map of modern London
 A psychogeographical film of the River Fleet
 Map showing Ray Street Bridge 

Geography of London
Rivers of England
The Angel was originally an inn near a toll gate on the Great North Road (at what is now the corner of Islington High Street and Pentonville Road). The term now informally refers to this part of Islington in London. The corner itself is actually in Finsbury which was a separate borough until 1965 when the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury merged with the Metropolitan Borough of Islington to form the London Borough of Islington.

Related pages
 Angel tube station

Other websites 
 Angel Islington info and directory 
 Islington Council
 Weather forecast for Islington 

London Borough of Islington
Areas of London
Blackfriars is an area of central London, which lies in the south-west corner of the City of London. It is also were Henry VIII sixth wife died and was buried

City of London
Areas of London
Kennington is an area of South London, England, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is a mixed class residential area, and is the location of The Oval, the well-known cricket stadium. 

London Borough of Lambeth
Areas of London
The Elephant and Castle is a major road intersection in inner south London, England, and is also used as a name for the surrounding district.

London Borough of Southwark
Areas of London
Transport in London
Battersea is a large district in southwest London, part of the London Borough of Wandsworth, England. It is centred 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of Charing Cross and extends along the south bank of the Thames Tideway. It includes the 200-acre (0.81 km2) Battersea Park.

References

Battersea
Wandsworth is an inner suburb of London on the south bank of the River Thames in south-west London.  Wandsworth takes its name from the River Wandle, which enters the Thames at Wandsworth. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.

References

Areas of London
London Borough of Wandsworth
People who are anti-abortion say that all humans, including the unborn, have a right to live. They say that having a human genome is enough for a developing organism to be called a living human being. Others say that an organism should be identified as a living human once a heartbeat has been detected. Pro-lifers say that abortion should be illegal. Many pro-lifers say pregnant women who do not want to raise a child should look for alternatives to abortion, such as adoption.

Many advocacy groups try to convince people that abortion is wrong. 

The pro-life movement is associated with conservative politics. In one poll in the United States, 66% of conservatives called themselves pro-life. It is also associated with the Catholic Church. Pope Francis has said that "Every child that isn't born, but is unjustly condemned to be aborted, has the face of Jesus Christ, has the face of the Lord."
Background 
In 2022, many countries have laws that say that abortion is possible for a certain amount of time, without penalty.

In 1973, the U.S. supreme court decided that the article in the laws of a state that banned abortion was unconsitutional. This decision is known as Roe v. Wade today which legalized abortion across all states. 

In 2022, the Supreme Court reversed the 1973 decision. They ruled that the consitution of the United States does not give the right to privacy under the 14th Amendment, and therefore abortion is not protected. The case that was heard is Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.

References

Social movements related to abortion
The Dunning–Kruger effect is a bias in thinking, usually where a person is unaware of how badly they grasp a subject, not understanding that they are failing at it. They mistakenly think that they are doing as well as "average" or even "above average".

It is a psychological effect in which people don't realize their level of knowledge or ability in a subject. People who know little about a subject will think that they know more than they actually know. People of low ability may not have enough intelligence to fully grasp how complicated something can be, causing them to overestimate their knowledge or ability. This can cause them to underestimate the intelligence of a high ability person who claims something is complicated when they falsely believe they understand it fully. 

This effect was shown in an experiment that was done by Justin Kruger and David Dunning at Cornell University.
The investigators said:
"The miscalibration of the incompetent stems from an error about the self, whereas the miscalibration of the highly competent stems from an error about others".

In 2000, Dunning and Kruger were awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in the field of psychology for their study.

Related pages
 Arrogance
 Confidence
 Megalomania
 Narcissism

References 

Cognition
Experiments
Interferometers are for measuring the interference properties of light waves. One of their purposes is to measure things precisely, for example in the Michelson interferometer.

Related pages 
 Atacama Large Millimeter Array

Optical devices
Christopher Arnold Terreri (born November 15, 1964 in Warwick, Rhode Island) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender who played for four professional teams of the NHL. He won the Stanley Cup two times with the New Jersey Devils. He is currently the goaltending coach of the New Jersey Devils of the NHL.

Other websites 

1964 births
Albany River Rats players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Living people
Maine Mariners (AHL) players
New Jersey Devils players
New York Islanders players
Sportspeople from Rhode Island
San Jose Sharks players
Stanley Cup champions
Utica Devils players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
People from Warwick, Rhode Island
American ice hockey goaltenders
Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy is a 2004 American comedy movie set in San Diego in 1975. It was produced by Judd Apatow and directed by Adam McKay. The movie is number 100 on Bravo's 100 funniest movies, and 113 on Empire's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. It was narrated by Bill Kurtis. It was released on July 9, 2004. A sequel, Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues was released on December 18, 2013.

Cast 
 Will Ferrell as Ron Burgundy
 Christina Applegate as Veronica Corningstone
 Paul Rudd as Brian Fantana
 David Koechner as Champion 'Champ' Kind
 Steve Carell as Brick Tamland
 Fred Willard as Ed Harken
 Chris Parnell as Garth Holladay
 Vince Vaughn as Wes Mantooth

Other websites 

 AnchormanMovie.com – Official Website
 
 
 
 

2004 comedy movies
American comedy movies
DreamWorks Pictures movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Adam McKay
Movies set in San Diego, California
Movies set in the 1970s
A tic is a sudden body movement that a person can't control.  It might be a jerking movement of the hand, or blinking a lot, or a throat sound.  Even if the person is told that they are doing it, they usually can't stop. Sometimes if they try really hard, they can make the tic go away for a little bit, but they can't make it go away all the time. It's kind of like when you have something in your throat, eventually you just have to cough.

Tics can be either "motor tics" or "phonic tics." If they are "motor tics" it means they're movements, like blinking or shrugging shoulders. If they are "phonic tics" it means they're sounds, like clearing your throat, sniffing, or yelling.
Tics are common in childhood, four to twelve percent of all children have tics. Very often this is transitory, tics rarely last longer than six months. Boys have tics more often than girls. About three times more boys than girls have tics. Sometimes, people can have a "tic" in the family, meaning that more than one member has a tic, or that a parent used to have a tic.

Some tics can be treated, usually with behaviour therapy. In cases where the tic is difficult to treat, antipsychotics are sometimes used.

Tics are part of the obsessive-compulsive complex of behavioural disorders,

References 

Medical signs
Human behavior
Boards of Canada (commonly abbreviated BoC) are a Scottish electronic music duo of two brothers Mike Sandison (born June 1, 1970) and Marcus Eoin (born July 21, 1971). They are signed with Warp Records and have released several works on that label with little advertising and few interviews, while also having a secret, privately released back-catalogue of albums on their self-run Music70 label. They have also recorded four tracks under the alias Hell Interface.

Musical style
Boards of Canada's music is part like the warm, analog sounds of 1970s media and contains themes of childhood, nostalgia and the natural world. Mike and Marcus have mentioned the documentary movies of the National movie Board of Canada, from which the group's name is derived, as a source of inspiration.

History
History

Early years (1986–1995)
Growing up in a musical family, brothers Mike and Marcus Eoin began playing instruments at a young age.  They experimented with recording uses at around the age of 10, using tape machines to layer cut-up samples of found sounds over compositions of their own. In their teens they went in a number of amateur bands; however, it was not until 1986 when Marcus was invited to Mike's band that Boards of Canada was born. By 1989, the band had gone down just to Sandison and Eoin. In the early 1990s, a number of collaborations took place and the band put on small shows among the "Hexagon Sun" collective.
In early 2000, the website for the band, Music70.com, removed the early discography of Boards of Canada, although some information has been preserved by fans. Early tape releases by Boards of Canada include Play By Numbers, Acid Memories, Hooper Bay, and the earliest known release by the band is titled Catalog 3. None of the material from those days is readily available, and since official Boards of Canada sources deny the existence of these albums, there seems to be little chance for this early material ever to be seen publicly.

References

Scottish musical groups
Musical groups established in 1986
1986 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
Jonathan Niven "Jon" Cryer (born April 16, 1965) is an American actor, screenwriter and film producer. He is the son of David Cryer (born 1936) and Gretchen Cryer (née Kiger, born 1935). He played Alan Harper in the sitcom Two and a Half Men from 2003-2015. He has won an Emmy Award and has three Emmy nominations for Two and a Half Men.

Cryer went to London to study acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts.

Film and television credits

Other websites

References

1965 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winners
Movie producers from New York City
Owl City is an American pop music project by Adam Young.

He had a hit with a song called Fireflies in 2010. It was the number one song in United States of America  for two weeks.  He has written several songs, including Vanilla Twilight. In 2012 he had a hit song with Carly Rae Jepsen, called Good Time.

Band members
Current members
 Adam Young – lead vocals, programming, keyboards, piano, synthesizers, guitars, bass guitar, drums, percussion, vibraphone
Current touring members
While Young writes, composes, records, and produces all of Owl City's music (not including The Midsummer Station, which was mostly written by other people), during live performances he is accompanied by a group of supporting musicians:
 Breanne Düren – keyboards, backing vocals 
 Jasper Nephew - Guitar, Synth
 Gabriel Hagen - Drums
Discography
Extended Plays
Of June (2007)
Shooting Star (2012)
 The Midsummer Station Acoustic (2013)
Studio albums
Maybe I'm Dreaming (2008)
Ocean Eyes (2009)
All Things Bright and Beautiful (2011)
The Midsummer Station (2012)
Mobile Orchestra (2015)

References

2000s in music
William Bateson (Yorkshire, 8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was a British zoologist, a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge University. He was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel, after their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns.

Career 

Bateson became famous as a mutationist who believed evolution took place by jumps. Later, Ronald Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane showed that discrete mutations were compatible with gradual evolution: see the modern evolutionary synthesis.
Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage with Reginald Punnett, and he and Punnett founded the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Bateson also coined the term "epistasis" to describe the genetic interaction of two independent traits. So important from 1900 to 1910, he was almost a bystander for the next ten years because he refused to accept the role chromosomes played in genetics. At last, in 1921, a visit to T.H. Morgan's fly lab convinced him, but by then he could no longer recover his influence.

References 

1861 births
1926 deaths
British zoologists
English geneticists
English science writers
A Beretta 92 is a pistol and is one of the most famous pistols of the Italian company Beretta. It fires 9x19mm cartridges and it can hold 15 of them. It is the standard side-arm of many police and military units and the United States Army. In the US Army, the pistol got the name M9.

After the US military ended its ban on foreign-made weapons, its allies in NATO pressured the US to adopt a 9mm handgun to replace the M1911 because NATO has a rule that all NATO countries must use weapons with the same kinds of ammunition.

Pistols
Law enforcement equipment
The Ice Climbers are a series of video games produced and developed by Nintendo. The series is about Popo and Nana, also known as the Ice Climbers. The games were first produced in 1985. The plot of the game was to get stolen vegetables back from a giant condor on 32 ice-covered mountains. Popo and Nana have also appeared in the Super Smash Bros. series.

Video game series
Nintendo video games
William Raymond Norwood, Jr. (born January 17, 1981), better known by his stage name Ray J, is an American singer, songwriter, actor, television personality, and rapper. He is the son of gospel singer Willie Norwood and Sonja Bates-Norwood, the cousin of rapper Snoop Dogg and the younger brother of R&B singer Brandy.

Career
Ray J was born William Raymond Norwood, Jr. in McComb, Mississippi and grew up in Carson, California. At age eight, he began auditioning for and appearing in television commercials; he played the foster son in The Sinbad Show.
1995–1999
Norwood was signed to Elektra Records in 1995 and recorded his debut album Everything You Want the next year. "Let It Go" appeared on the Set It Off soundtrack (Brandy also appeared on the soundtrack; and her song "Missing You" with Tamia, Chaka Khan and Gladys Knight peaked also at number 25). It peaked number 25 in the U.S. and number 11 in New Zealand. The second single peaked at number 54 on the U.S. R&B chart. In 1997, he performed in a television special with his sister Brandy but was dropped from the label. According to Bradley Torreano of allmusic, "his easygoing image and boyish looks appealed to the producers of Brandy's television show, Moesha", giving him a role on the UPN series starting in 1999 as Brandy's little cousin, D-Money. He produced, putting together the music for several commercials and a few of the demos for his second record.
2000–2004
Ray J recorded "Another Day In Paradise" with Brandy, which was a Top Ten success in Austria, UK, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Ireland, the Netherlands and number 11 in Australia and France. The song was the lead single of the R&B/Hip Hop tribute Urban Renewal, in which he co-produced and performed songs. Norwood also worked with The Neptunes, Rodney Jerkins and Lil' Kim, and several other producers and singers for his second studio album This Ain't A Game. The album was released in 2001. The lead single "Wait A Minute" peaked at #30 on the U.S. Hot 100 chart and #8 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "Formal Invite" followed at #54 on the R&B chart.
In 2002, Norwood appeared in the video for his sister's "What About Us", which was produced by Jerkins, and was released as her third album, Full Moon's lead single during the first quarter of 2002 (see 2002 in music). While "What About Us?" entered the Top 20 on the majority of the charts it appeared on, it reached the Top 10 in Australia, Denmark, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, the UK, and the United States.
2005–present
After a two year break, Ray J returned to recording studios, adding the finishing touches on his third studio album Raydiation with help from producers such as Rodney Jerkins, Timbaland, and R. Kelly. A joint venture by Sanctuary Records and Ray-J's own label, independent Knockout Entertainment, the album was finally released on September 27, 2005 in North America after several delays, debuting at number forty-eight on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 18,321 copies in the first week. Boosted by the album's lead single "One Wish," a top 20 success in Ireland, New Zealand, the UK, the U.S.. Raydiation eventually sold over 400,000 copies domestically.

In 2005, Norwood joined the cast of UPN's One On One, where he played the character of D-Mack for the final season.
Recently, Knockout Entertainment announced a multi-million dollar album deal with Koch Records and Shaquille O'Neal's "Deja 34" entertainment company. The first album for this deal is Ray J's fourth album All I Feel, which features The Game and Yung Berg among others. It was released on April 1, 2008. The album's first single is "Sexy Can I" featuring rapper Yung Berg peaked at number three on the Top Singles (Hot 100) for six weeks. A video for the track, directed by R. Malcolm Jones, was shot in December 2007.

Personal life
In 2007, a sex tape was released of Norwood and then-girlfriend Kim Kardashian.
Norwood recently starred in his own VH1 reality dating show, For the Love of Ray J.
The show premiered on February 2, 2009. For his show on March 24, 2009 he released the soundtrack/studio album called For The Love Of Ray J. He dated Cocktail for several months before they split, partly due to rumors of Ray J dating Tila Tequila.  On November 2, 2009 a second season of the show, For the Love of Ray J (season 2), premiered.

Discography 

 Everything You Want (1997)
 This Ain't a Game (2001)
 Raydiation (2005)
 All I Feel (2008)
 Raydiation² (TBA)

Filmography

Movies
 " The Enemy Within" (1994)
 Mars Attacks! (1996)
 Steel (1997)
 Christmas at Water's Edge (2003)
 A Day in the Life (2009)

Television
 The Sinbad Show
 Moesha
 One on One
 Black Sash
 BET Countdown
 All That, guest singer
 Wild N Out
 For the Love of Ray J

References

Other websites
 Official website
1981 births
American R&B singers
Rappers from Mississippi
Living people
Singers from Mississippi
Actors from Mississippi
Singers from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram or Wat Phra Kaew, the "Temple of the Emerald Buddha", is one of the most sacred Buddhist temples in Thailand. It is in the grounds of the Grand Palace. It is the only temple in Bangkok that does not have monks. This temple is famous for the statue of Buddha, which is really made from jade, not emerald. The king of Thailand is the only person allowed to go near the Emerald Buddha. The king changes the clothes on the Buddha three times every year. In summer the Buddha is dressed in a crown and jewelry; in winter he wears a golden shawl, and  in the rainy months he wears a gold robe and headdress.
The temple was started in 2325 B.E. during the reign of King Rama I and finished in 2327 B.E. The temple was built to hold the Buddha statue which is believed to have been made in Thailand in the 14th century. Captured by the Cambodians in 1552, the statue was kept in Laos for 214 years until King Rama I recaptured it. He brought it with him when he moved his capital to Bangkok in 1784. The design of this temple was copied from Wat Phrasrisanphet in the Ayudhaya period. Because Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram is important, it is renovated every 50 years.

References

Buddhist temples in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
Establishments in Thailand
3rd millennium BC buildings and structures‎
The colossal squid, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, is the biggest squid in the world, 9–10 metres (30–33 feet) long.

The colossal squid is bigger than a giant squid. Its body is reddish brown and it lives up to 2000m below the surface of the Southern Ocean. It is the main food eaten by sperm whales. The colossal squid has ammonium chloride in its body, so it tastes bad for humans.

It is believed to feed on prey such as chaetognatha, large fish like the Patagonian toothfish and other squid in the deep ocean using bioluminescence.

The colossal squid is thought to have a slow metabolic rate, requiring only around 30 g of prey daily. Estimates of its energetic demands suggest that it is a slow-moving ambush predator, using its large eyes primarily for predator detection rather than active hunting.
The eye is 27 cm (10.63 in) wide, with a lens 12 cm across. This is the largest eye of any known animal. These measurements are of the partly collapsed specimen: when living the eye was probably 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) across.

The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is displaying this specimen in an exhibition which opened in 2008. A website on the squid specimen is also available.

References 

Cephalopods
James Morrison, born November 11, 1962, is famous Australian jazz musician. He has played with people such as B. B. King and Ray Charles. 

He was born Boorowa, New South Wales. He started playing trumpet at the age seven. He also plays trombone, euphonium, flugel horn, tuba, saxophones, and piano. In 1979, aged 16, he performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival, and graduated from the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music the next year. He was given the Mo Award, for the Australian Performer of the Year in 1990. In 2000 he played the opening fanfare for the Sydney Olympic Games.

References

Other websites 
 James Morrison's official website 

1962 births
Living people
Jazz musicians
Musicians from New South Wales
Trumpeters
I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! is a television show where a group of celebrities get together as they sky dive down to the jungle. For a few weeks, they have to cope with jungle creatures such as snakes, spiders, cockroaches and more. 

The UK version of the show takes place in Queensland, Australia and airs every November-December on ITV1 in the UK. The current presenters are Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly. The previously hosts is Holly Willoughby.

Format 
A group of celebrities (usually between 8 and 12) are sent into a jungle in Australia. They must live there in a camp for three weeks and may come across many bugs and creatures.
Bushtucker trial 
Every day, someone has to do a task known as a "bush trucker trial". The public has to vote on which celebrity has to do it apart from in the first two or three days. Sometimes, near the end of the series the celebrities decide who participates in the trail. To make the trials more challenging, they put some creepy crawlies with them. All trials have stars, and they earn stars for meals back at the camp. If a celebrity doesn't win any stars, they will be given rice instead of a meal.

Eliminations and winner 
In most versions of the show, the public get to vote for which celebrity they want to stay in the jungle. The celebrity with the least votes is eliminated. This happens until only one remains.

Cut scenes
Like Big Brother, the show has a lot of cut scenes. One of them has a spider which catches a bug and spins it around and makes an amusing sound.

Series overview

References

Other websites
Other websites

2002 British television series debuts
2000s television series
2010s television series
Reality television competitions
English-language television programs
Crossing over is a basic concept of genetics and cell biology, often called recombination. It occurs during meiosis.

Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids during the production of gametes. The effect is to assort (shuffle) the alleles on parental chromosomes, so that the gametes carry combinations of genes different from either parent. This has the overall effect of increasing the variety of phenotypes present in a population.

The process can be seen directly in stained cells, and indirectly if there are genetic markers or not on the chromosomes. The visible crossovers are called chiasma (plural: chiasmata), which is Greek for a cross. F. A. Janssens was the first to suggest what chiasmata meant.

The large-scale effect of crossing over is to spread variation through a population. This is the main result of sexual reproduction compared to non-sexual modes of reproduction.
The main advantage to the parents is the greater variety in their offspring. This, it is thought, increases the chance that some of the offspring will survive and reproduce. This has been the subject of much investigation and discussion.

References 

Chromosomes
Chromatids are the daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome which are joined by a single centromere. When the centromere divides, the chromatids become separate chromosomes.

Each of the two daughter chromatids contains the same DNA and chromatin protein as its original chromosome. But in meiosis, crossing over (exchanges) take place between two of the non-sister chromatids. This has profound consequences: it produces genetic recombination, and increases the variability of gametes.

Reference 

Chromosomes
Wat Pho (more fully Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram) is the "Temple of the Reclining Buddha". It is the one of the most important Buddhist temples in Thailand. With 99 pagodas, this temple has the most pagodas in Thailand. It is the largest and oldest Buddhist temple in Bangkok, and home of Thailand's largest Buddha. It is the temple where the art of Thai massage was developed.

The important pagodas are the pagodas of King Rama I, King Rama II and King Rama IV. This temple was rebuilt from the old Wat Photaram from the Ayudhaya period by King Rama I in 1788. It took seven years and five months and 18 days to finish. King Rama I changed the name from “Photaram” to “Phracheatupon Vimonmungkrawat”. King Rama III (1824—1851) did a lot of repairs to the building. King Rama IV renamed this temple "Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram". Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram is a popular place for tourists.
The "Reclining Buddha" (Phra Buddhasaiyas) is  long and  high. It was made during Rama III's work on the temple. His body is covered in gold, his eyes and feet have mother-of-pearl decorations. The bottom of his feet have 108 scenes made from the shells on them in both Chinese and Indian style.

References

Buddhist temples in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
18th-century buildings and structures
Habbo, or Habbo Hotel, is a virtual game on the Internet which is for teenagers. It is played by lots of people at once so is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game. The chain of websites is owned by the Sulake Corporation and has been online since 2000. Habbo has services in many countries and have over 10 million unique visitors every month.

About 
Habbo is a popular online community for teens to chat with each other, and establish their own creative world. This site was founded and launched in Finland, the main location in the gaming system is known as a hotel lobby.

Habbo money is known as a “credit” which was be purchased in numerous ways, and in different currencies from other countries and can be paid for using a credit card, or registering with a mobile phone.

This gaming site became popular in a few international countries, not online including the United States but also in the UK, Finland, Japan, Switzerland, Spain, Italy and Sweden.

References

Other websites 
 

Online games
Kay is an American jewelry company that is all around the world. Its slogan is, "Every kiss begins with Kay". The tag line was written in 1997 by a Senior Art Director named Randall Herrera working for an agency called Stern Advertising in Pepperpike Ohio. It was one of several lines offered up to Kay Jewelers and is still going strong to this day.

Its headquarters are in Akron, Ohio.

References

Jewelry
Companies based in Ohio
Akron, Ohio
Marshal of the Royal Air Force Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard GCB OM GCVO DSO (3 February 1873 – 10 February 1956) was a British Army officer who commanded the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) from August 1915 to January 1918. The RFC was followed by the Royal Air Force (RAF), which was founded in March 1918.

Trenchard, who learnt to fly in 1912, eventually became Chief of the Air Staff in 1919. In that position he reorganised the Air Ministry, and laid the foundations of the Royal Air Force.

Trenchard was Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police from 1931 to 1935. The Commissioner is the highest ranking police officer in the United Kingdom, despite the fact that his authority is generally confined to Greater London.
Career 
As a boy Trenchard found learning difficult. He failed many tests and only just got into the British Army as an officer. Trenchard first went to India with the Army and he then asked to go to South Africa because he wanted to fight in the Boer War. During the fighting, Trenchard was shot in the chest and became unable to walk properly because of damage to his back. He returned to England where a doctor told him to go to Switzerland because the air was better than in England. Trenchard became bored and started to bobsleigh. After crashing on a fast bend, Trenchard was able to walk properly - because his back was fixed. After his health got better still, Trenchard returned to the war in South Africa.
In 1912, Trenchard learned to fly and joined the Royal Flying Corps. He became the second most important man at the Central Flying School in England and had several important jobs in the Royal Flying Corps during World War I. Trenchard was the man in charge of the Royal Flying Corps in France from 1915 to 1917. In 1918, he was the first man in charge of the Royal Air Force for a short time. He then went back to France to take over the Royal Air Force bombing attacks on Germany. Winston Churchill put him back in charge of the Royal Air Force in 1919. Over the next 10 years, Trenchard started Air Force training bases and made sure that it was used to enforce the law in parts of the British Empire. In the 1930s Trenchard was in charge of the London's police force (the Metropolitan Police) and as an older man he argued for keeping a big RAF. In modern times, some people say that Trenchard was one of the first people to argue for strategic bombing.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Air of authority - a history of RAF organisation - Marshal of the RAF The Viscount Trenchard of Wolfeton
 USAF Association Magazine - Trenchard at the creation 
 First World War.com - Who's Who: Hugh Trenchard
 History learning site - Hugh Trenchard
 British Ministry of Defence - Trenchard: father of the RAF 

British military people
Royal Air Force
Order of Merit
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
British aviators
Danaus is a genus of butterflies.  Danaus is in the family Nymphalidae.  Species in this genus are commonly known as Tigers or Monarchs.

Species
 Danaus affinis Fabricius, 1775 - Malay Tiger
 Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758 Plain Tiger
 Danaus cleophile Godart, 1819 - Jamaican Monarch
 Danaus eresimus Cramer, 1777 - Soldier
 Danaus erippus Cramer, 1775 - Southern Monarch
 Danaus genutia Cramer, 1779 - Common Tiger
 Danaus gilippus Cramer, 1775 - Queen
 Danaus ismare Cramer, 1780 - Ismare Tiger
 Danaus melanippus Cramer, 1777 - White Tiger
 Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, 1758 - Monarch.

Other websites

Danaus at www.funet.fi
Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr. (April 20, 1893 – March 8, 1971) was an American actor, comedian, and stunt performer who appeared in many silent comedy films.

His movies usually had "thrill" sections where Lloyd would be in fast chases and performed his own stunts. Lloyd did these dangerous stunts himself even though a movie accident had caused the loss of his right thumb and index finger.

Although Lloyd's movies were not as commercially successful as Chaplin's, Lloyd made a lot more money than Chaplin during their movie years. ($15.7 million to Chaplin's $10.5 million).

Lloyd died of prostate cancer.  

1893 births
1971 deaths
Actors from Nebraska
American movie actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from prostate cancer
Marc-Antoine Charpentier (born near Paris, 1643; died  Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 24 February 1704) was a French composer. He lived in the period known as the Baroque period.  His most famous music is his Te Deum.  This work begins with a prelude which today is extremely popular. It was the signature tune for the European Broadcasting Union where it was used to introduce programmes such as the Vienna New Year's Concert and the Eurovision Song Contest.  It is often used as a voluntary for weddings.

Life
We do not know much for certain about his early life.  He went to Italy where he learned a lot by studying the music of Italian composers.  He studied with the composer Giacomo Carissimi for several years.
When he returned to France he got a job as musician to the Duchess of Guise who was a rich lady who employed several musicians.  He worked for her for many years, both as a singer  (he had a high tenor voice known in French as an “haute-contre”), and as a composer.  When the great playwright Molière stopped working with Lully he asked Charpentier to work with him.  He wrote music for several plays by Molière including Le malade imaginaire. After Molière's died in 1673, Charpentier continued to write for other playwrights such as Thomas Corneille and Jean Donneau de Visé.  He often used more musicians than he was allowed (only Lully, the king’s composer, was allowed to use lots of musicians for his performances).  In the end Charpentier stopped writing music for plays.
In 1679, Charpentier was invited to compose for the king’s son, the Dauphin.  The Dauphin had a private chapel and Charpentier wrote religious music for him.  In 1683 he was given a royal pension.  In April of that year he became very ill and could not work for a time.

From late 1687 to early 1698, Charpentier was maître de musique to the Jesuits, Soon he stopped composing big works such as oratorios and concentrated on smaller works for church worship which were sometimes played by a large number of players.  He also was music teacher to the Duke of Chartres.
In 1698 he was made maître de musique at the  Sainte-Chapelle in Paris.  This was one of the top musical jobs in France (the only better job in sacred music in France was director of the royal chapel at Versailles).  He kept this job until his death in 1704.  After his death nearly all the works he wrote for the Chapel were destroyed.  This was the usual procedure when a maître de musique died.   His famous Mass Assumpta Est Maria has survived.  Perhaps that is because it was not composed for the Chapel.

His music
Charpentier’s compositions include oratorios, masses, operas, and many smaller works.  He also wrote a lot of music for plays.   Many of his smaller works for one or two voices and instruments he called air sérieux or air à boire if they are in French, but cantata if they are in Italian.

Bibliography
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

1643 births
1704 deaths
17th-century French composers
Baroque composers
Geneviève Bujold (born 1 July 1942) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Anne Boleyn in the 1969 movie Anne of the Thousand Days.

Life and career

Bujold was born in Montreal, Quebec, into a Catholic French Canadian working-class family. She received a strict convent education for twelve years. After that, she entered Montreal's Conservatoire d'art dramatique. There she was trained in the great classics of French theatre. She made her stage debut as Rosine in Beaumarchais' Le Barbier de Séville in 1962.

Bujold got her first major break in 1965, while on a theatrical tour in Paris. She was noticed by French director Alain Resnais, who offered her a role in his movie La guerre est finie, opposite Yves Montand. This led to her staying in France for a time. There she appeared in two other movies: Philippe de Broca's Le Roi de Coeur, opposite Alan Bates, and Louis Malle's Le voleur, opposite Jean-Paul Belmondo.
Back in Canada, Bujold married screenwriter/director/producer Paul Almond in 1967. She starred in three of his movies; Isabel (1968), The Act of the Heart (1970) and Journey (1972). She won the Canadian Film Award for best actress for the first two. The couple divorced in 1973, but worked again together in Final Assignment (1980) and The Dance Goes On (1991). The latter also featured their son Mathew Almond (born in 1968). 

Bujold appeared in Michel Brault's Entre la mer et l'eau douce (1967). She appeared in Claude Jutra's Kamouraska (1973), and won her third Canadian Film Award for best actress for that role. 

Bujold made notable appearances on American television (Hallmark Hall of Fame, NBC) in George Bernard Shaw's classic plays; Saint Joan in 1967, and Caesar and Cleopatra in 1976, the later opposite Sir Alec Guinness. She also appeared in Jean Anouilh's Antigone in 1974 (Great Performances, PBS).
International recognition came in 1969, when Bujold portrayed Anne Boleyn in Charles Jarrott's movie Anne of the Thousand Days, opposite Richard Burton's Henry VIII. Her performance won her the Golden Globe Award for best actress in a leading role and an Academy Award nomination in the same category. The following year, she played Cassandra in Michael Cacoyannis's movie version of The Trojan Women, opposite Katharine Hepburn, Vanessa Redgrave and Irene Papas.

Bujold is fluent in both French and English. She has worked steadily in the United States, Canada and France. Notable movies have included; Earthquake (1974), L'incorrigible (1975), Swashbuckler (1976), Obsession (1976), Another man, another chance (1977), Coma (1978), Murder by Decree (1979), Monsignor (1982), Tightrope (1984), Choose Me (1984), Dead Ringers (1988), The Moderns (1988), Les noces de papier (1989), Mon amie Max (1994), The House of Yes (1997), Eye of the Beholder (1999), Finding Home (2003), etc.
In 1994, she was chosen to play the lead character in the popular television series Star Trek: Voyager. She made headlines when she quit after the first episode, finding the shooting schedule too demanding. 

Geneviève Bujold has lived in Malibu, California, since 1974. She has a second son, Emmanuel (born in 1980), with companion Dennis Hastings.

Awards

 1967 - Prix Suzanne Bianchetti for most promising actress in Le voleur
 1968 - Canadian Film Award for best actress in Isabel
 1969 - Golden Globe Award for best actress in Anne of the thousand days
 1970 - Canadian Film Award for best actress in The Act of the Heart
 1973 - Canadian Film Award for best actress in Kamouraska
 1979 - Genie Award for best supporting actress in Murder by Decree
 1990 - Prix Gémeaux for best actress in Les noces de papier

References

 The Canadian Film Encyclopedia, The Toronto Film Festival Group, November 2007.

1942 births
Actors from Montreal
Canadian movie actors
Living people
Andris Nelsons (born November 18 1978) is a Latvian conductor.  He is particularly known as the conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.

Life

Nelsons was born in Riga, Latvia. His parents were both musicians.  His mother started the first early music group in Latvia.  His father plays the cello and conducts choirs.

Nelsons learned to play the trumpet.  He played the trumpet with the Latvian National Opera. He had always wanted to be a conductor.  The conductor Mariss Jansons taught him to become a good conductor.  In 2003 Nelsons became principal conductor of the Latvian National Opera.  He stayed with them for five years.  In 2006, he became chief conductor of the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie of Herford, Germany, for three years.

1978 births
Living people
People from Riga
Latvian writers
Latvian conductors
FourCC (Four Character Code, 4CC) is identifier of length of four bytes used to identify type of data format (e.g. video codec used in AVI multimedia container).

The same video format can be (in dependency to used codec) denoted by several different FourCC codes. Even there is no exception to the rule to use more FourCC codes for that format by same codec. For example, some different DivX codec versions denote MPEG-4 ASP format by DIVX and DX50 codes. Therefore, selection of this code depends on used codec and thus on used multimedia framework.

Other websites 
 FourCC.org – FourCC codes for video codecs and uncompressed formats

Computer file formats
Frederick Ralph Cornelius Penner, CM (born November 6, 1946) is a Canadian TV host who is famous as a children's entertainer. Penner does concerts and lectures across North America. From 1985 to 1997 he had his own television show called "Fred Penner's Place." It was shown on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television network. It was co-produced and shown on Nickelodeon in 1989 and 1990.

Fred Penner was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He began writing songs when he was only four years old. He taught himself how to play guitar. He learned that he could use his music to communicate and educate his sister who had Down Syndrome.

After he graduated from university he worked with mentally and physically challenged children by using music to comfort and entertain them. Penner recorded an album of the music he used to educate his mentally challenged students. The album was called "The Cat Came Back." He also recorded a song of the same name which became a very famous children's song.
He sang The Cat Came back on the popular children's TV show "Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show" in 1984. The following year the CBC network gave Penner his own TV show.

In 1991 he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. He was given this honour for his years of "using music and song to entertain and educate his young audience".

Notes

Other websites
 Fred Penner's Official Site

1946 births
Canadian guitarists
Living people
Entertainers from Winnipeg
Frasin is a town in Suceava County, Romania.  The Suceava River is 2 nautical miles to the northwest of Frasin, and Vama is 3.5 nautical miles west of Frasin.

References

Towns in Suceava County
Frasin can be any one of several places in Romania:

Frasin, a town in Suceava County
Frasin, a village in the Pleşoi commune in Dolj County
Frasin, a village in the Vladimir commune in Gorj County
MyWikiBiz is a wiki directory that lets people write about themselves. It began as a service creating Wikipedia articles for paying corporations. The site was founded by Gregory Kohs, a market researcher.

Gregory Kohs and his sister started the MyWikiBiz venture in Pennsylvania in July 2006, first as a paid editing service, writing content for Wikipedia and other  sites.  The legitimacy of the idea was supported by the English Wikipedia’s Reward Board, where interested parties would offer cash rewards or gifts to create or improve Wikipedia articles.

References

Other websites 
MyWikiBiz 

Wikis
History
The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener. A friend of Julius Caesar introduced Rome to the topiary. In Japan and China they have “cloud pruning” where they cut bushes into the shapes of clouds and “Karikomi”, where they cut large shrubs into curved shapes and objects. Bonsai is a form of topiary. During the 16th century in Europe, typical traditional topiary included geometric shapes: balls, pyramids, cones, and spirals. In the 20th century, Walt Disney used topiaries in the form of his cartoon characters to decorate his theme parks.

References

Gardening
Aldwych tramway station was a tram stop that was underneath Kingsway. The tramway station should not to be confused with Aldwych tube station. The stop is part of the Kingsway tramway subway.

Services running from Angel Islington to Aldwych started on 24 February 1906. Services from Highbury & Islington station to Tower Bridge and Kennington Gate started on 10 April 1908.

The station closed on 6 April 1952.

The Strand Underpass, which opened in 1964, comes to surface level part way through the former location of the Aldwych tramway station. No sign of the former station is visible on the surface or from the road tunnel however.

References

Other websites
Includes an illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003 
LCC Tramways 1914 Map showing routes south of Aldwych station

Transport architecture in London
Trams in London
The 1969–70 NHL season was the 53rd season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Twelve teams each played 76 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the St. Louis Blues four games to none in the final series.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1969 in North America
1970 in North America
The 1970–71 NHL season was the 54th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Fourteen teams each played 78 games. The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Chicago Black Hawks in seven games in the final series. The Buffalo Sabres and the Vancouver Canucks made their NHL debuts this season.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1970 in North America
1971
Francis I  (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was the consort of Maria Theresa of Austria. With his wife, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine, but lost Lorraine when he had to give it to France. He was the father of Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France.

Biography 

He married Maria Theresa of Austria for love. with the input of the Prince of Craon. They had sixteen children who are named here:
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1737-1740).
Archduchess Maria Anna (1738-1789).
Archduchess Maria Caroline (1740-1741).
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790)
Archduchess Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1742-1798)
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1743-1808).
Archduke Charles Joseph (1745-1761).
Archduchess Maria Amalia (1746-1804)
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747-1792)
Archduchess Maria Caroline (stillborn 1748).
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela (1750-1762).
Archduchess Maria Josepha (1751-1767).
Queen Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily (1752-1814)
Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre, born Maria Antonia (1755-1793)
Archduke Maximilian Francis (1756-1801)
Titles and styles
 8 December 1708 - 4 June 1723: His Highness Prince Francis Stephan of Lorraine
 4 June 1723 - 27 March 1729: His Highness The Hereditary Prince of Lorraine
 27 March 1729 - 12 July 1737: His Royal Highness The Duke of Lorraine
 12 July 1737 - 20 January 1745: His Royal Highness The Grand Duke of Tuscany
 20 January 1745 - 18 August 1765: His Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Emperors
Habsburg Dynasty
1708 births
1765 deaths
House of Lorraine
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Francis 2
18th century in Germany‎