Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
First aid kits 
First aid kits may be kept in cloth bags or plastic or metal boxes.  They are often labeled with a symbol such as those on the upper right.  A first aid kit may contain many items, but basic items that can help with first aid include:
 Gloves for the helper's hands made of vinyl, latex or nitrile to protect the helper's hands from blood
 Dressings of cloth that can be put on wounds to stop bleeding, much like gauze pads or sanitary napkins
 Bandages of gauze or cloth which hold dressings tightly over wounds; but these are in rolls
 Rolls of tape to hold on dressings and bandages
 Scissors that can be used to cut tape, to open clothing and to make more bandages and dressings
 CPR masks or barriers to make it sanitary for a helper to breathe into someone's mouth, which is one part of CPR
 Blanket made of cloth or Mylar ("space blanket") to cover a sick or hurt person to keep them warm
 A small first aid book which shows how to do first aid and reminds people who have been trained
Adhesive strips (a small piece of tape with a bit of cloth in the center), special dressings such as moleskin for blisters, and antiseptic creams for small wounds
 Tweezers to remove stingers, splinters and thorns
More reading
 

Emergency medicine
Events 
 Helium is discovered.
 Louisa May Alcott's novel Little Women is published.

Births 

 Francisco Carreón
1814 was a common year.

Events 
 Iceland becomes a part of Denmark.

Births 
 May 9 – Adolf von Henselt, German pianist.
1846 was a common year in the 19th century.

Events
April 25 – The Mexican-American War starts.
May 17 – The Saxophone is patented.

Births
November 3 - Elizabeth Thompson, British painter
Wausau is a city in Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  It is the largest city in the county, and it is the county seat (where the government of the county works). According to the 2000 census (official count), 38,426 people lived in the city.

The Wisconsin River flows through the middle of the city.

Other websites 

City of Wausau

County seats in Wisconsin
Marathon County, Wisconsin
Cities in Wisconsin
Events 
While in debtor's prison, John Cleland writes Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure). Released from prison, the book was published in London. Immediately, the Church of England asked the British Secretary of State to "stop the progress of this vile Book, which is an open insult upon Religion and good manners." As a result, Cleland was arrested and charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."
 January 3 – Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
 April 27 – The first official performance of George Frideric Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks finished early due to the outbreak of fire.
 May 19 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.
 July 9 – Naval settlement of Halifax, Nova Scotia founded as British answer to Louisbourg.
 September 15 – According to mathematical calculations, Pluto moved outside Neptune's orbit to remain the outermost planet until 1979.
Books 
 Tom Jones by Henry Fielding
Year 1852 (MDCCCLII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.  It was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar.

Events
January–March 
 January 14 – President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte makes a new constitution for the French Second Republic.
 January 15 – Nine men from various Hebrew charitable organizations come together to form what will become the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.
 January 17 – The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Transvaal.
 February 3 – Battle of Caseros or Battle of Monte Caseros, Argentina
 February 11 – The first British public toilet for women opens in Bedford Street, London.
 February 15 – The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, admits its first patient.
 February 16 – The Studebaker Brothers Wagon Company is started.
 February 19 – The Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity is founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.
 February 25 – The HMS Birkenhead sinks near Cape Town, South Africa. Only 193 of the 643 on board survive.
 March 1 – Archibald William Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton is made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
March 2 – The first American steam fire engine was tested.
 March 4 – Phi Mu Sorority is founded in Macon Georgia 
 March 20 – Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is published.
April–June 
 April 1 – The Second Burmese War begins.
 April 18 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces begin the siege of Guilin.
 May 19 – Taiping Rebellion: The siege of Guilin is lifted.
 June 12 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces enter Hunan.

July–September 
 July 1 – United States statesman Henry Clay is the first to have the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda.
 July 4 – Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" in Rochester, New York.
 July 28 – Henry Clay steamboat disaster in Riverdale, Bronx, with several deaths including Stephen Allen.
 August 3 – The first Boat Race between Yale and Harvard, the first American intercollegiate athletic event, is held.
 September 24 – French engineer Henri Giffard makes the first airship trip from Paris to Trappes.
October–December 
 November 2 – U.S. presidential election, 1852: Democrat Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeats Whig Winfield Scott of Virginia.
 November 4 – Count Cavour becomes the Piedmontese prime minister.
 November 11 – The new Palace of Westminster opens in Britain.
 November 21–November 22 – The New French Empire is confirmed 
 December 2 – Napoleon III becomes Emperor of the French.
 December 23 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hanyang and begins the siege of Wuchang.
 December 29 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hankou.
Date unknown 
 Justin Perkins, an American Presbyterian missionary, makes the first translation of the Bible in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic.
 The Devil's Island penal colony opens.
 In Hawaii sugar planters bring over the first Chinese laborers on 3 or 5 year contracts.
 Queen Victoria embarks on a worldwide tour of the British Empire.
 Loyola College is chartered in Baltimore, Maryland.
 Germans are encouraged to move to Chile
 Antioch College is started. Its first president is Horace Mann.
 Mills College is started.
 Leo Tolstoy's first novel, Childhood, is published in book form.

Births
Births

January–June 
 January 8 – James Milton Carroll, Baptist pastor, leader, historian, and writer (d. 1931)
 January 11 – Konstantin Fehrenbach, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1926)
 February 16 – Charles Taze Russell (Pastor Russell), prominent Protestant reformer and evangelist (d. 1916)
 March 1 – Théophile Delcassé, French statesman (d. 1923)
 April 1 – Edwin Austin Abbey, American painter (d. 1911)
 April 13 – F.W. Woolworth, American merchant and businessman (d. 1919)
 April 22 – Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1912)
 May 1 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1934)
 May 4 – Alice Pleasance Liddell, inspiration for the children's classic Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (d. 1934)
 May 31 – Julius Richard Petri, German scientist (d. 1921)
 June 25 – Antoni Gaudi, Spanish modernist architect (d. 1926)
July–December 
 July 12 – Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina (d. 1933)
 August 23 – Clímaco Calderón, President of Colombia (d. 1913)
 August 30 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1911)
 September 10 – Hans Niels Andersen, Danish businessman, founder of the East Asiatic Company (d. 1937)
 September 12 – Herbert Henry Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1928)
 September 15 – Edward Bouchet, American physicist (d. 1918)
 September 28
 John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British general, commander of the British Expeditionary Force in World War I (d. 1925)
 Henri Moissan, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)
 September 30 – Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish composer, resident in England (d. 1924)
 October 2 – William Ramsay, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
 October 9 – Hermann Emil Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)
 November 1 – Eugene W. Chafin, American politician (d. 1920)
November 3 – Prince Mutsuhito of Japan, the future Emperor Meiji (d. 1912)
 November 11 – Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1925)
 November 22 – Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1924)
 November 26 – Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, the 16th and 22nd Prime Minister of Japan, an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy
 December 15 – Henri Becquerel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1908)
 December 19 – Albert Abraham Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)
 December 21 – George Callaghan, British admiral (d. 1920)
Deaths

January–June 
 January 1 – John George Children, British chemist, mineralogist and zoologist (b. 1777)
 January 6 – Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind and inventor of braille (b. 1809)
 May 3 – Sara Coleridge, English writer and translator (b. 1802)
 March 4 – Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (b. 1809)
 April 17 – Étienne Maurice Gérard, Marshal of France and Prime Minister of France (b. 1773)
 June 7 – José Joaquín Estudillo, second alcalde of Yerba Buena (b. 1800)
 June 29 – Henry Clay, American statesman (b. 1777)
July–December 
 July 20 – José Antonio Estudillo, early California settler (b. 1805)
 July 22 – Auguste Marmont, French marshal (b. 1774)
 September 4 – William MacGillivray, Scottish naturalist and ornithologist (b. 1796)
 September 14
 Augustus Pugin, English architect (b. 1812)
 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British general and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1769)
 September 20 – Philander Chase, American founder of Kenyon College (b. 1775)
 October 13 – John Lloyd Stephens, American traveler, diplomat and Mayanist archaeologist (b. 1805)
 October 24 – Daniel Webster, American statesman (b. 1782)
 October 25 – John C. Clark, American politician (b. 1793)
 October 26 – Vincenzo Gioberti, Italian philosopher (b. 1801)
 November 2 – Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, Russian military hero (b. 1782)
 November 27 – Augusta Ada King (née Byron), Countess of Lovelace, early English computer pioneer (b. 1815)
 November 29 – Nicolae Bălcescu, Wallachian revolutionary (b. 1819)
November 30 – Junius Brutus Booth, English-born actor (b. 1796)
 December 16 – Andries Hendrik Potgieter, Voortrekker leader (b. 1792)
701 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Arab merchants introduce Oriental spices into Mediterranean markets.

Deaths 
 September 9 – Pope Sergius I
Year 1158 (MCLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Births 
 August 6 – Al-Nasir li-Din Allah, Abbasid caliph (d. 1225)
 September 23 – Geoffrey II, duke of Brittany (d. 1186)
 Albert I (the Proud), margrave of Meissen (d. 1195)
 Baldwin of Bethune, French nobleman (d. 1212)
 Ermengol VIII (or Armengol), count of Urgell (d. 1208)
 Fujiwara no Ietaka, Japanese (waka) poet (d. 1237)
 Giordano Forzatè, Italian religious leader (d. 1248)
 Henry I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1190)
 Henry I (the Elder), German nobleman (d. 1223)
 Jinul (or Chinul), Korean Zen Master (d. 1210)
 Margaret of France, daughter of Louis VII (d. 1197)
 Philip of Dreux, bishop of Beauvais (d. 1217)
 Satō Tsugunobu, Japanese warrior (d. 1185)
 Taira no Shigehira, Japanese general (d. 1185)
 Theobald I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1214)
 Valdemar Knudsen, Danish bishop (d. 1236)
 Yvette of Huy, Belgian anchoress (d. 1228)
Deaths 
 April 26 – Martirius, archbishop of Esztergom
 July 19 – Wibald, German monk and abbot (b. 1098) 
 July 27 – Geoffrey VI, count of Nantes (b. 1134)
 August 20 – Rögnvald Kali Kolsson, Earl of Orkney 
 August 31 – Sancho III, king of Castile (b. 1134)
 September 22 – Otto I, German bishop (b. 1114)
 December 15 – Frederick II, German archbishop
 Abu Jafar ibn Atiyya, Almohad vizier and writer
 Anselm of Havelberg, German bishop (b. 1100)
 Barthélemy de Jur, French bishop (b. 1080)
 Oda of Brabant, Belgian prioress and saint 
 Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson, Norwegian pirate
1201 (MCCI) was .

Events 

 The town of Riga was chartered as a city.
 Boniface of Montferrat is elected leader of the Fourth Crusade, after the death of Theobald III of Champagne.
 Innocent III supports Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor, against Philip of Swabia.
 The Fourth Crusade besieges Zara.

Births 
 August 9 – Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler (d. 1274)
 October 9 – Robert de Sorbon, French theologian and founder of the Sorbonne (died 1274)
 Theobald IV of Champagne (died 1252)
 Ladislaus III of Hungary (died 1205)
 Danylo King of Rus (died 1264)
 Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (died 1221)

Deaths 
 March 21 – Absalon, Danish archbishop
 May 24 – Theobald III of Champagne
 July 29 – Agnes of Merania, queen of Philip II of France
 September 5 – Constance, Duchess of Brittany (born 1161)
 Bohemund III of Antioch (born 1144)
 Joachim of Fiore, founder of monastic order of San Giovanni (born 1135)
Heads of states 
 England – John I, King of England (reigned 1199 – 1216).
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223).
 Pope – Innocent III (pope from 1198 to 1216)
Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation is an animated movie from 1986, made by Canada's Nelvana Limited and distributed by Columbia Pictures. A follow-up to the first Care Bears Movie, it tells of the beginnings of the Kingdom of Caring, and of the Care Bears' first Caring Mission, which takes place at a summer camp.

The movie made $8.5 million in the United States during its original run at theatres. Only one more addition to the original Care Bear trilogy, Adventure in Wonderland, would premiere on the big screen the next summer.

A New Generation is a prequel to the Nelvana television series that would be shown on the ABC network the following September.
Synopsis
In this second movie, the Great Wishing Star helps True Heart Bear and Noble Heart Horse start the Care Bear Family, as they try to save them and the Kingdom from a demon villain named Dark Heart. A camper named Christy makes a deal with the villain that makes her a success at anything she never did before, even cartwheels. In turn, he plans to forever capture the Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins, one at a time, inside a magic red bag, and them trap them all inside a secret location somewhere at camp.

Christy's two friends, Dawn and John, later join the Care Bear Family so that they can put an end to his evil doings.

Facts
An episode of DiC's Care Bears show also took place at a summer camp. But the storyline of A New Generation does not borrow from it.

This was one of only two Care Bear movies to have Harmony Bear as a character; the other one was 2005's Big Wish Movie. Her second and final 1980s appearance was in the animated series' "Great Race" episode.
Related pages
The Care Bears Movie, the original movie from 1985

Other websites 

Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation at Rotten Tomatoes

1986 animated movies
1980s family movies
1980s sequel movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
English-language movies
35 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Nonianus.

Events 
 Pliny the Elder is brought to Rome before this year
 Tiridates III becomes king of Parthia

Births 
 Ban Zhao, Chinese historian (or 45 AD) (d. 116)
 Quintilian, Roman rhetorician (approximate date) (d. 100 AD)

Deaths 
 Epaticcus, prince of the Catuvellauni
 Artaxias III, king of Armenia (b. 13 BC)
 Mahajabeen II, King of Esbee

35
1025 (MXXV) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-fifth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events
 Emir Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis of the Zirid dynasty in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) attempts to retake Sicily but fails.

Births 
 August 28 - Emperor Go-Reizei of Japan

References
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (;  – 1 July 1876) was a Russian anarchist and revolutionary. He became an anarchist in the 1860s, and was one of the first people in the movement. Before that he was part of the left-wing of pan-Slavism. He is also known as the father of Russian nihilism.

History 
Mikhail was born in the Russian Empire to a family of Russian nobles. As a young man he was a junior officer in the Russian army, but he quit his commission in 1835.  He went to school in Moscow to study philosophy and began to attend radical groups where he was greatly influenced by Alexander Herzen.  Bakunin left Russia in 1842 for Dresden, and eventually Paris where he met George Sand, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Karl Marx
He was eventually deported from France for speaking against Russia's oppression of Poland.  In 1849 he was arrested in Dresden for being involved in the Czech rebellion of 1848.  He was turned over to Russia where he was imprisoned in Peter-Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg.  He remained there until 1857, when he was sent to a work camp in Siberia. He escaped to Japan, the U.S. and finally ended up in London for a short time, then Switzerland and Italy.

In 1868, Bakunin joined the socialist International Working Men's Association, a group of trade unions and workers' organizations. A disagreement with Marx, an important person in this organization, ended with Bakunin kicked out for having a "secret organisation within the International".
The bigger Bakuninist organization lasted longer than its small Marxist rival, which was only in New York. Bakunin promoted the basic ideas of syndicalism and of anarchism. From 1870 to 1876, Bakunin wrote some of his longer writings, such as Statism and Anarchy and God and the State.

The Paris Commune fitted many elements of Bakunin's anarchist programme – self-management, mandated delegates, a militia system with elected officers, and decentralisation. Even though he was old and sick, Bakunin also tried to join anarchists in Bologna, Italy, but was forced to return to Switzerland in disguise, where he lived in Lugano. He stayed active in the worker's and peasant's movements of Europe and he also influenced movements in Egypt and Latin America.
Bibliography 
 
 Bakunin on anarchism / edited, translated and with an introduction by Sam Dolgoff Mikhail Bakunin Reference Archive; preface by Paul Avrich.—New York : Knopf, originally published in 1971 as Bakunin on anarchy. Includes James Guillaume’s Bakunin—A Biographical Sketch.Michael Bakunin by James Guillaume
 Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, ed. A. Lehning. New York: Grove Press, 1974
 Statism and Anarchy, Cambridge University Press 1991
 No Gods No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism by Daniel Guérin
 Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939), ed. Robert Graham
 The Political Philosophy of Bakunin edited by G. P. Maximoff, including "Mikhail Bakunin—a Biographical Sketch" by Max Nettlau
 The Basic Bakunin: Writings 1869-1871, ed. Robert M. Cutler (New York: Prometheus Books, 1992)

Related pages 
 Nechaev

Other websites
Other websites 

 Bakunin archive at Anarchy Archives
 Bakunin Biography at Flag Blackened
 Writings of Bakunin at Marxist Internet Archive
 A biography by James Guillaume

References 

1814 births
1876 deaths
19th-century philosophers
Anarchist communists
Russian atheists
Freemasons
Russian political scientists
Russian political writers
Russian nobility
Russian philosophers
Russian politicians
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a chat system on the Internet.  People from around the world can use it to have conversations together. It can also be used for two people to chat privately.

The IRC chat rooms are also called IRC channels. These channels are on IRC servers, which you can connect to by finding that server's information. This information will often begin with "irc," then a period, the name of the server, then another period, and finally, .com .org or .net. An example would be 'irc.[Servername].org'

There are small IRC servers (for example, OperaNet) to medium IRC servers (freenode and DalNet, which have about 30,000 users) and big IRC servers (for example, EFNet, UnderNet, which have over 100,000 users).
Users of IRC need an IRC client. An IRC client is a computer program that works with IRC.  There are many clients. Some of these clients run in the web browser. Other clients run as an application.  Popular stand-alone clients include mIRC for Microsoft Windows, and XChat for Linux and Microsoft Windows. The Opera web browser has an IRC client built into the browser. ChatZilla is a chat client which is a plugin to Mozilla Firefox.

An IRC bot is a computer program that helps control and protect channels.

The name of an IRC channel usually begins with a hash (#).

Technical information 

IRC is an open protocol that uses TCP and optionally TLS. An IRC server can connect to other IRC servers to expand the IRC network. Users access IRC networks by connecting a client to a server. There are many client and server programs. Most IRC servers do not require users to log in, but a user will have to set a nickname before being connected.
IRC was originally a plain text protocol (although later extended), which on request was assigned network port 194/TCP by IANA. However, most servers now run IRC on 6667/TCP and nearby port numbers (for example TCP ports 6112-6119) so that the server does not have to be run with root privileges.

IRC clients

This is a list of some programs which allow users to connect to IRC.

 AmIRC
 Bersirc
 BitchX
 BnIRC
 ChatZilla
 Colloquy
 Coolsmile
 EPIC
 FlowChat
 HexChat
 HydraIRC
 IceChat
 Irssi
 Jmirc
 Konversation
 KVIrc
 Mibbit
 mIRC
 Pjirc
 SeaMonkey
 TinyIRC
 XChat
 Quassel
 Weechat

Related pages 
 Internet Relay Chat commands
 IRC bot
 Internet Relay Chat operator

References

Other websites 

 IRC.org - Technical and Historical IRC6 information; articles on the history of IRC.
 RFC 1459 - Technical Information about the IRC Protocol.

Internet communication
Spring is the season after winter and before summer. Days become longer and weather gets warmer in the temperate zone because the Earth tilts relative to its orbital plane around the Sun.  In many parts of the world it rains for hours.  This helps the plants grow and flowers bloom.  Often people with hay fever suffer more, because some plant pollens are allergens. Many animals have their breeding seasons in spring.  At the start of spring, people suffering from seasonal affective disorder will feel better.  The vernal equinox in springtime makes days and nights equally long in the temperate zone.

Holidays celebrated in spring include Passover and Easter.  In many countries, the period of school between early January and later May or early June is referred to as the “Spring Semester” or “Spring Term”.  Spring break is a vacation period in early spring at universities and schools in various countries in the world. 

Basic English 850 words
1862 was a year.

Events 
September 5-American Civil War: In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia into Maryland.

Births 
 August 29 – Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
 September 25 – Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1952)
 December 23 - Henri Pirenne, Belgian historian (d. 1935)
Events 
 Great Britain is united with Ireland to make the United Kingdom.
Deaths 
 February 7 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
 March 21 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741)
 March 23 – Tsar Paul of Russia (b. 1754)
 March 25 – Novalis, German poet (b. 1772)
 March 28 – Ralph Abercromby, British general (b. 1734)
 April 2 – Thomas Dadford Junior, British engineer
 April 7 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (b. 1724)
 May 17 – William Heberden, English doctor (b. 1710)
 June 4 – Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1750)
 June 14 – Benedict Arnold, American Revolution hero and traitor (b. 1741)
 September 19 – Johann Gottfried Koehler, German astronomer (b. 1745)
 October 3 – Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, Marshal of France (b. 1724)
 November 4 – William Shippen, American physician and Continental Congressman (b. 1536)
 November 5 – Motoori Norinaga, Japanese philologist and scholar (b. 1730)
 November 24 – Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (b. 1725)
Births 
 January 3 – Gijsbert Haan, Dutch-American religious leader (d. 1874)
 February 1 – Thomas Cole, American artist (d. 1848)
 towards February 13 – János Kardos Hungarian Slovenes evangelic priest, teacher and writer (d. 1875)
 February 21 – John Henry Newman, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1890)
 May 11 – Henri Labrouste, French architect (d. 1875)
 June 1 – Brigham Young, American religious leader and colonizer (d. 1877)
 June 4 – James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871)
 June 14 – Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (d. 1868)
 June 30 – Frederic Bastiat, French philosopher (d. 1850)
 July 5 – David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
 July 29 – George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)
 October 12 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1873)
 November 3 – Karl Baedeker, German writer and publisher (d. 1859)
 November 3 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835)
 November 10 – Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872)
For the British musical group of the same name, see Muse (band).
Or for the fruit called the Euterpe see Açaí palm.

The Muses are goddesses representing different arts and sciences in Greek mythology. They are the daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus.

Most commonly the Muses are:
 Kalliope (or Calliope), the eldest and wisest, the muse of epic poetry, mother of Orpheus
 Euterpe, the muse of music and lyric poetry. She loved flute playing, and some even say she invented the double flute. Euterpe had a son named Rhesus, who was killed in the battle at Troy, according to Homer's Iliad. 
 Klio (also Kleio or Clio), the muse of history
 Erato, the muse of lyric/love poetry
 Melpomene, the muse of tragedy
 Polyhymnia, the muse of sacred poetry (hymn) and geometry
 Terpsichore, the muse of dance
 Thalia, the muse of comedy
 Urania, the muse of astronomy and astrology
The word muse is also sometimes used for a person who inspires somebody else, or any other type of inspiring object. Muse can also be used to describe one's creative thoughts, such as poetry or a musical composition.

Greek gods and goddesses
Yes are a progressive rock band that formed in London, England in 1968 that is among the most influential progressive bands of all time. The band has received wide critical praise for their work. Their best known songs include "Owner of a Lonely Heart", "Roundabout" and "I've Seen All Good People".

Discography
Studio albums
 Yes (1969)
 Time and a Word (1970)
 The Yes Album (1971)
 Fragile (1971)
 Close to the Edge (1972)
 Tales from Topographic Oceans (1973)
 Relayer (1974)
 Going for the One (1977)
 Tormato (1978)
 Drama (1980)
 90125 (1983)
 Big Generator (1987)
 Union (1991)
 Talk (1994)
 Keys to Ascension (1996)
 Keys to Ascension 2 (1997)
 Open Your Eyes (1997)
 The Ladder (1999)
 Magnification (2001)
 Fly from Here (2011)
 Heaven & Earth (2014)
 The Quest (2021)
 Mirror to the Sky (2023)

References
References

1968 establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups from London
Progressive rock bands
Yes (band)
Mason Williams (born August 24, 1938) is an easy listening guitarist. His most famous work is Classical Gas.

Also a photographer, Williams published a life-sized photo print of a Greyhound bus in the 1960s. He appeared with the print on the cover of his first album, The Mason Williams Phonograph Record. The print is now in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.

American guitarists
Musicians from Oklahoma
American classical musicians
American bluegrass musicians
American folk musicians
1938 births
Living people
A leaf is a green above-ground plant organ. Its main functions are photosynthesis and gas exchange. A leaf is flat so it absorbs the most light, and thin, so that the sunlight can get to the chloroplasts in the cells. Most leaves have stomata, which open and close. They regulate carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapour exchange with the atmosphere.

Plants with leaves all year round are evergreens, and those that shed their leaves are deciduous. Deciduous trees and shrubs generally lose their leaves in autumn. Before this happens, the leaves change colour. The leaves will grow back in spring. Leaves are normally green in color, which comes from chlorophyll found in the chloroplasts.  Plants that lack chlorophyll cannot photosynthesize.
 
Leaves come in many shapes and sizes. The biggest undivided leaf is that of a giant edible arum. This lives in marshy parts of the tropical rain forest of Borneo. One of its leaves can be ten feet across and have a surface area of over 30 square feet (~2.8 sq. metres).
However, leaves are always thin so carbon dioxide can diffuse quickly to all cells.

Anatomy 
A leaf is a plant organ made up of tissues in a regular organisation. The major tissue systems present are:
 The epidermis that covers the upper and lower surfaces
 The mesophyll (also called chlorenchyma) inside the leaf that is rich in chloroplasts
 The arrangement of veins (the vascular tissue)

Epidermis 
The epidermis is the outer layer of cells covering the leaf.  It forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external environment.

The epidermis is covered with pores called stomata.  Each pore is surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells, and two to four subsidiary cells. Opening and closing the stoma complex controls the exchange of gases and water vapor between the outside air and the interior of the leaf. This allows photosynthesis, without letting the leaf dry out.
Mesophyll
Most of the interior of the leaf between the upper and lower layers of epidermis is a tissue called the mesophyll (Greek for "middle leaf"). This tissue is the main place photosynthesis takes place. The products of photosynthesis are sugars, which can be turned into other products in plant cells.
In ferns and most flowering plants, the mesophyll is divided into two layers: 
An upper palisade layer of tightly packed, vertical cells, one to two cells thick. Its cells contain many chloroplasts. The chloroplasts move by a process called "cyclosis". The slight separation of the cells provides maximum absorption of carbon dioxide. Leaves in the Sun have a multi-layered palisade layer, while shade leaves closer to the soil are single-layered.
Beneath the palisade layer is the spongy layer. The cells of the spongy layer are more rounded and not so tightly packed. There are large air spaces between the cells. These cells contain fewer chloroplasts than those of the palisade layer. The pores or stomata of the epidermis open into chambers, which are connected to the air spaces between the spongy layer cells.
Plants with leaves all year round are evergreens, and those that shed their leaves are deciduous. Deciduous trees and shrubs generally lose their leaves in autumn. Before this happens, the leaves change colour. The leaves grow back in Spring.

Veins 

The 'veins' are a dense network of xylem, which supply water for photosynthesis, and phloem, which remove the sugars produced by photosynthesis. The pattern of the veins is called 'venation'. 

In angiosperms the pattern of venation differs in the two main groups. Venation is usually is parallel in monocotyledons, but is an interconnecting network in broad-leaved plants (dicotyledons).

Hairs 

Many leaves are covered in trichomes (small hairs) which have a wide range of structures and functions. Some trichomes are prickles, some are scaled, some secrete substances such as oil. Carnivorous plants secrete digestive enzymes from trichomes.
Waxy cuticle 
The waxy cuticle is the waterproof, transparent outer surface of the leaf. It is waterproof to reduce water loss (transpiration) and transparent to allow light to enter the palisade cell.

Shape 
What leaves look like on the plant varies greatly. Closely related plants have the same kind of leaves because they have all descended from a common ancestor. The terms for describing leaf shape and pattern is shown, in illustrated form, at Wikibooks.

Basic types 

 Lycophytes have microphyll leaves.
 Ferns have fronds
 Conifer leaves are typically needle-, awl-, or scale-shaped
 Angiosperm (flowering plant) leaves: the standard form includes stipules, a petiole, and a lamina
 Sheath leaves (type found in most grasses)
 Other specialized leaves (such as those of Nepenthes)

Arrangement on the stem
Different terms are usually used to describe leaf placement (phyllotaxis):
Alternate — succeessive leaves in alternate direction along the stem.
 Opposite — Two structures, one on each opposite side of the stem, typically leaves, branches, or flower parts.  
 Whorled — three or more leaves attach at each point or node on the stem.

Leaves form a helix pattern centered around the stem, with (depending upon the species) the same angle of divergence. There is a regularity in these angles and they follow the numbers in a Fibonacci sequence. This tends to give the best chance for the leaves to catch light.

Divisions of the blade
Two basic forms of leaves can be described considering the way the blade (lamina) is divided. 
A simple leaf has an undivided blade. However, the leaf shape may be formed of lobes, but the gaps between lobes do not reach to the main vein. 
A compound leaf has a fully subdivided blade, each leaflet of the blade separated along a main or secondary vein. Because each leaflet can appear to be a simple leaf, it is important to recognize where the petiole occurs to identify a compound leaf. Compound leaves are a characteristic of some families of higher plants, such as the Fabaceae. The middle vein of a compound leaf or a frond, when it is present, is called a rachis.

Petioles  

Some leaves have a petiole (leaf stem). Sessile leaves do not: the blade attaches directly to the stem. Sometimes the leaf blade surrounds the stem, giving the impression that the shoot grows through the leaf.
In some Acacia species, such as the Koa Tree (Acacia koa), the petioles are expanded or broadened and function like leaf blades; these are called phyllodes. There may or may not be normal pinnate leaves at the tip of the phyllode.

Stipules 
A stipule, present on the leaves of many dicotyledons, is an appendage on each side at the base of the petiole resembling a small leaf. Stipules may be shed or not shed.

Leaf adaptations 

In the course of evolution, many species have leaves which are adapted to other functions.
Thorns help protect the plant from being eaten.
 Vines help the plant to attach to surfaces, and helps to climb trees.
 Some leaves are used to store energy in bulbs. An example is the onion. 
 Many succulents store water in some of their leaves.
 Some plants (called epiphytes) grow on other plants. They do not have roots in the ground. They capture rainwater. 
 Carnivorous plants use leaves adapted  to capture their prey.
 Sliced leaves reduce wind resistance.
 Hairs on the leaf surface trap humidity in dry climates.
 Waxy leaf surfaces reduce water loss.
 Large surface area provides area for sunlight and shade for plant to minimize heating and reduce water loss.
 In more or less opaque or buried in the soil leaves, translucent windows let the light in.
 Succulent leaves store water and organic acids.
 Aromatic oils, poisons or pheromones produced by leaf borne glands deter herbivores (e.g. eucalyptus).
 Crystalline minerals may herbivores (e.g. silica phytoliths in grasses, raphides in Araceae).
Petals attracts pollinators.
 Tendrils allow the plant to climb (e.g. peas).
 Bracts and 'false flowers' replace normal flower structures when the true flowers are greatly reduced (e.g. Spurges).
References 

Basic English 850 words
Plant anatomy
The War on Terrorism, or War on Terror, was a campaign that the United States and some of its allies started to remove terrorist groups and to punish the states that sponsor terrorism. It replaced the Cold War. The former United States President Bush's argument was that the countries like North Korea, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Libya (also known as the Axis of Evil) were a direct threat to the United States and its allies. The term was typically used with a particular focus on militant Islamists and al-Qaeda.

The Administration of former U.S. President Barack Obama used the term Overseas Contingency Operation.

Notes

References

Other websites
 

Terrorism
Foreign relations of the United States
Wars involving the United States
Al-Qaeda
Islamic State
21st century in the United States
Alkali metals are the chemical elements in group 1 of the periodic table. They are silver-coloured when pure, soft and have only one valence electron. They like to make reactions in which they give up this single electron and then have a charge of +1. They react strongly with water and because of this, they have to be stored in oil. Alkali metals are the first group in the periodic table. They are never found in nature uncombined because they are unstable and they react fast to other elements. They bond well with all elements except the noble gases. When they are in air, they quickly turn black.  

The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (sometimes written cesium, although caesium is preferred) (Cs), and francium (Fr). Lithium is the least reactive. Although it was thought before that francium would be the most reactive, though it is very rare, it was more recently predicted that caesium is in fact more reactive than francium due to relativity.
Lithium Is a very light metal. It is soft, silver and you can cut it with a knife. 

Sodium is the most important alkali metal. One of the most important salts of sodium is sodium chloride (NaCl) (common 'table salt'). It also forms a hydroxide, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is commonly called 'caustic soda'. It is a very strong base.

Potassium is commonly found in bananas. 

Rubidium is a metal that can make things like fireworks red.

Caesium is a very heavy, poisonous metal and is the most reactive metal.

Francium is a very dangerous, radioactive metal. Not much is known about it.
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is a 1991 movie from Walt Disney Pictures. It's the first film of the Pirates of the Caribbean movies.

It was positively welcomed from both audiences and film critics and became one of the highest-grossing movies in cinema history.

Story 

When the movie begins, a young girl named Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) is seen on a ship with her father, who is the major of a British colony in the Caribbean. Elizabeth sees a boy in the water. The crew of the ship saves him. He is named Will Turner (Orlando Bloom). Elizabeth finds a chain around his neck with a golden medallion. This leads her to believe that Will is a pirate. She takes the medallion and keeps it.

Eight years later, Elizabeth has grown up, and her father is now governor of Port Royal. James Norrington, a commodore in the Royal Navy, proposes to her. She accepts, despite the fact that she in love with Will Turner, who is her father's blacksmith.
When James Norrington proposes to her, she faints (seemingly overcome by Norrington's proposal, but she actually fainted because her corset was too tight, and she could not breathe.) and falls off the ledge into the water below. Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) sees her fall and rescues her. Despite this, James Norrington believes Sparrow should be arrested. Jack then threatens Elizabeth's life, and tries to escape. However, his escape fails due to Will Turner and Sparrow is taken to prison.

That night, the cursed crew of the Black Pearl attack Port Royal and kidnap Elizabeth. Jack Sparrow escapes his prison. He steals a ship to travel to Tortuga, a pirate port where he hopes to assemble a crew. Will Turner goes with him to rescue Elizabeth. Jack Sparrow went to Tortuga for the treasure, not for Elizabeth. On Will and Jack's journey to Tortuga, Will finds out his father was a pirate.
Elizabeth, on board the Black Pearl, learns that the crew is under the curse of a chest of Aztec gold. They need the blood of each crew member to break the curse. However, Bootstrap Bill was killed, and they still need his blood, or the blood of his descendant. They believe Elizabeth is his descendant. They plan to spill her blood on the chest of Aztec gold in hopes to break the curse.

Will secretly takes Elizabeth to safety while the zombies of the Black Pearl invade the British ship positioned not far from the land. There is an epic fight between the zombies and the British, Jack Sparrow and Captain Barbossa (Captain of the Black Pearl), and Will Turner/Elizabeth Swan and some left over zombies.

Jack Sparrow uses his one shot to shoot Captain Barbossa and Will puts his blood on the Aztec Gold, causing the bullet to cause damage to Captain Barbosa.
The British win the fight against the zombies that are now humans. Jack Sparrow is captured by the British but Will Turner saves him from lynching and Jack escapes with the Black Pearl. Before Barbossa, he use to be the Captain of the Black Pearl.

Cast 
 Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow
 Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann
 Orlando Bloom as Will Turner
 Jack Davenport as James Norrington
 Geoffrey Rush as Hector Barbossa
 Jonathan Pryce as Weatherby Swann

Related pages

 Pirates of the Caribbean
 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End

References

Curse of the Black Pearl
1991 fantasy movies
1991 adventure movies
American adventure movies
1990s American fantasy movies
Disney movies
Movies directed by Gore Verbinski
Movies set in the Dominican Republic‏‎
1866 was a year that started on a Monday.

Births 
 April 14 – Anne Sullivan, teacher of Helen Keller
 November 8 – Herbert Austin, automobile pioneer (Austin-Healey)
José Buenaventura Durruti Dumange (14 July 1896 – 20 November 1936) was a Spanish anarchist leader. He was born in the town of León. Durruti was a central figure of Spanish anarchism during the country's civil war of 1936-1939. He fought against fascism.

He robbed banks to use the money to help his friends escape prison. It is believed that he killed the bishop Juan Soldevilla. Some anarchists believed Soldevilla helped people who murdered people in labor unions.

He died in Madrid when he was killed by a person using a gun during the Spanish Civil War.

References

1896 births
1936 deaths
Assassins
Deaths by firearm
Military people killed in action
Spanish anarchists
Spanish Civil War
Chester is a city in the north-west of England. It is almost 2000 years old and was started by Romans. A person from Chester is called a Cestrian.

Chester is on the river Dee, and is the county town of the county of Cheshire. It is near to the country Wales. Almost 120,000 people live in Chester. It is just south of Liverpool.

During the Dark Ages, Chester came under attack from Viking raiders who sailed up the river in their longships. After the conquest of Britain by the Normans in 1066, William I created the first Earl of Chester who began the construction of Chester Castle.
By the Middle Ages, Chester had become a wealthy trading port: it was at this time that the Rows were built. However disaster befell the city during the English Civil War as Chester was besieged for two years before starvation forced its people to surrender. As the centuries passed, the harbour gradually silted up and by Georgian times the port was virtually gone. Today some of the original quay can still be seen near the Chester Racecourse.

During Victorian times the magnificent gothic-style Town Hall was built and the Eastgate Clock was erected in honour of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee.
Near to Chester is Chester Zoo, which is the biggest zoo in the United Kingdom. There are other interesting places in Chester, and many are connected to its history. For example, there is the old Roman amphitheatre. This is the biggest in the UK. The Rows are unusual shops. In the centre of the town, the main streets have two rows of shops, one on top of the other. The Rows have been part of Chester since the Middle Ages.Chester has oldest racecourse, Chester racecourse. The infamous Goteddsday football match took place on the field and was outlawed as a result in 1533.

Related pages

Chester city walls

References

 
County towns in England
The Secret of NIMH is an animated movie directed by Don Bluth and released by his studio United Artists in 1982. The movie was based on Robert C. O'Brien's children's book Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH. (The main character's name was changed to "Brisby", so that its audiences would not take its sound for the Frisbee toy.) Bluth began the idea of creating this movie after disagreement with Disney over The Fox and the Hound. Before that he worked with the previous Disney animated movie which was also about mice: The Rescuers. Later he made another animated movie about mice called An American Tail, which came out in 1986.
The story 
A widow mouse lives with her children (Martin, Teresa, Cynthia and Timothy). On her journey, she meets a comic, love-seeking crow, a group of rats and the National Institute of Mental Health. After the deaths of the enemy leader and magician, a magical amulet manipulates and restores a house shaped stone block from drowning in the mud. Bluth and Gold­man's next film, All Dogs Go to Heaven, also used digital coloring via CAPS.
Cast 
 Elizabeth Hartman as Mrs. Brisby*
 John Carradine as Great Owl
 Dom DeLuise as Jeremy
 Derek Jacobi as Nicodemus
 Arthur Malet as Mr. Ages
 Hermione Baddeley as Auntie Shrew
 Peter Strauss as Justin
 Paul Shenar as Jenner
 Aldo Ray as Sullivan
 Shannen Doherty as Teresa Brisby
 Danica McKellar as Cynthia Brisby
 Wil Wheaton as Martin Brisby
 Ian Fried as Timothy "Timmy" Brisby
 Tom Hatten as Farmer Paul Fitzgibbons
 Lucille Bliss as Mrs. Beth Fitzgibbons
 Joey Lawrence as Billy Fitzgibbons
 Edie McClurg as Miss Right
 Nipsey Russell as Councilman 1
 Dick Kleiner as Councilman 2
 Charles Champlin as Councilman 3

* It was Hartman's final movie.

Reception 
In spite of its critical success, this movie had a mediocre run at the box office, mostly because of a much bigger rival, Steven Spielberg's E. T. (Ironically, Spielberg saw the Bluth movie and asked its director to work on An American Tail.)
Many fans and critics have called NIMH Don Bluth's most important work and magnum opus and masterpiece. Even though this movie was not a big box office success, An American Tail and 1997's Anastasia became his most successful works in later years. The next day, however, Bluth approved of the idea for possible development, along with Rock-a-Doodle.

Sequel 

In 1998, MGM released a direct-to-video sequel called The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue. In the sequel, Timothy goes to a place called Thorn Valley because he wants to become a hero like his father. His brother Martin has turned evil (although he does not want to), and Timothy must fight him in order to save the Rats of NIMH. At Thorn Valley Timothy learns from a young girl mouse that the mice who were thought to have been killed during the escape from NIMH are still alive, so he and the rats try to rescue them.
The sequel was hated by the fans of the first movie and the movie critics because of its clichéd and familiar storyline, and because many people thought that the magic of Don Bluth's dark and original NIHM was destroyed by the sequel, because MGM toned down the darkness of the story.

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 The Secret of NIMH Archive

1982 movies
1980s animated movies
American animated movies
English-language movies
American family movies
Movies based on books
Movies about animals
Movies about mice
Movies about birds
Movies directed by Don Bluth
American independent movies