Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
February 4 – Ceylon (later renamed Sri Lanka) becomes independent within the British Commonwealth. King George VI becomes King of Ceylon.
 February 18 – Éamon de Valera, head of government since 1932, loses power to an opposition coalition. John A. Costello is appointed Taoiseach of Éire (formerly called the Irish Free State) by President O'Kelly.
 February 24 – The Communist Party seizes control of Czechoslovakia.
 Works begins on the Crazy Horse Memorial.
 May 13 – First Kashmir War between India and Pakistan
 April-May – Israel's independence day.
Births 
 January 9 - Asztalos Lajos, Hungarian politician and priest
 January 14 – Carl Weathers, actor
 January 14 – T-Bone Burnett, producer, musician
 January 16 – John Carpenter, director
 January 24 – Elliot Abrams, deputy national security adviser
 February 5 – Barbara Hershey, actress
 February 19 - Tony Iommi, English guitarist (Black Sabbath)
 February 20 – Jennifer O'Neill, actress
 March 6 - Stephen Schwartz, American lyricist
 March 12 - James Taylor, American folk guitarist
 March 22 – Andrew Lloyd Webber
 March 26 - Fodor Cseh, Hungarian politician and Shepherds
 March 26 - Steven Tyler, American singer (Aerosmith)
 May 5 - Bill Ward, English drummer (Black Sabbath)
 May 12 – Ivan Kral, Czech-American musician
 May 13 – Leon Coetzee, loverboy and attorney
 May 26 - Stevie Nicks, American singer (Fleetwood Mac)
 May 31 - John Bonham, English drummer (Led Zeppelin) (d. 1980)
 June 22 – Todd Rundgren, singer, songwriter, producer
 July 4 - Jeremy Spencer, English guitarist (Fleetwood Mac)
July 8 - Raffi, Canadian children’s musician
 July 21 - Cat Stevens, English folk musician
 July 23 - John Hall, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans)
 July 30 – Jean Reno, actor
 August 5 - David Hungate, American bass guitarist (Toto)
 August 6 - Alan Howarth, American sound designer
 August 20 - Robert Plant, English singer (Led Zeppelin)
 August 30 – Victor Skumin, professor, philosopher, writer. 
 September 20 - Chuck Panozzo, American bass guitarist (Styx)
 September 20 - John Panozzo, American drummer (Styx) (d. 1996)
 September 26 - Olivia Newton-John, Australian entertainer (d. 2022)
 September 29 – Theo Jörgensmann, German jazz clarinet player
 October 9 – Jackson Browne, songwriter
 October 17 – Margot Kidder, Canadian actress
 October 25  – Diana Burrell, English composer
 November 6 - Glenn Frey, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles) (d. 2016)
 November 14 - King Charles III, British monarch
 November 28 – Agnieszka Holland, Polish director and script writer
December 3 – Ozzy Osbourne, singer/songwriter (Black Sabbath)
 December 10 - Abu Abbas, terrorist
 December 22 - Rick Nielsen, American guitarist (Cheap Trick)
 December 27 – Gérard Depardieu, French actor
Deaths 
 January 21 – Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, composer
 January 30 – Mohandas Gandhi, Leader of Indian Non-Violent Independence movement (assassinated)
 January 30 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers, co-inventor of the airplane
 February 2 – Bevil Rudd, South African athlete
 February 11 – Sergey Eisenstein, movie director
 March 6 – Ross Lockridge, Jr., novelist
 March 10 – Zelda Fitzgerald (Mrs. F. Scott Fitzgerald)
 March 10 – Jan Masaryk, Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia
 March 31 – Egon Erwin Kisch, journalist and writer
 April 9 – Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Colombian politician (b. 1903)
 April 17 – Suzuki Kantaro, Japanese admiral and prime minister
 May 15 – Father Edward J. Flanagan, priest, founder of Boys Town
 May 28 – Unity Mitford, British friend of Hitler
 June 25 – William C. Lee, Maj, General United States Army (b. 1895)
 July 23 – David Wark Griffith, movie director
 August 12 – Harry Brearley, inventor of stainless steel
 August 16 – Babe Ruth, Baseball Hall of Famer
September 11 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, first Governor-General and founder of Pakistan.
 October 24 – Franz Lehár, composer
 November 28 – D.D. Sheehan first independent Labour MP. in Ireland
 December 23 – Kenji Doihara, Koki Hirota, Seishiro Itagaki, Heitarō Kimura, Iwane Matsui, Akira Mutō, and Hideki Tōjō, Japanese war leaders (hanged)
 December 31 – Sir Malcolm Campbell, land and water racer (b. 1885)
Movies Released
 Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein
 Scott of the Antarctic
New Books 
 Ape and Essence – Aldous Huxley
 Catalina – W. Somerset Maugham
 Concluding – Henry Green
 Cry, the Beloved Country – Alan Paton
 The Foundling – Georgette Heyer
 The Golden Warrior – Hope Muntz
 Guard of Honor – James Gould Cozzens
 The Heart of the Matter – Graham Greene
 The Hearth and the Eagle – Anya Seton
 The House of Sleep – Anna Kavan
 Ides of March – Thornton Wilder
 John Aubrey and His Friends – Anthony Powell
 Joseph and His Brothers – Thomas Mann
 Last Of The Conquerors – William Gardner Smith
 The Living Is Easy – Dorothy West
 The Mask of Circe – C. L. Moore
 Melissa (novel) – Taylor Caldwell
 My Glorious Brothers – Howard Fast
 The Naked and the Dead – Norman Mailer
 Parris Mitchell of King's Row – Henry Bellamann
 Raintree County – Ross Lockridge, Jr.
 Seraph On The Sewanee – Zora Neale Hurston
 Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose – Dr. Seuss
 The Twenty-One Balloons – William Pène du Bois
 The White Goddess – Robert Graves
 The World is Not Enough – Zoe B. Oldenbourg
Hit Songs 
 "Buttons and Bows" – Dinah Shore
 "Confess" – Doris Day & Buddy Clark
 "Confess" – Patti Page (the first multi-tracked song)
 "Deck Of Cards" – Phil Harris
 "Don't Have To Tell Nobody" – Frankie Laine
 "Gloria" – The Mills Brothers
 "I Love You So Much (It Hurts Me)" – The Mills Brothers
 "I'm Looking Over a Four-Leaf Clover" – Frankie Laine
 "I'm Looking Over a Four-Leaf Clover" – Art Mooney
 "I'm My Own Grandpa" – Guy Lombardo & The Guy Lombardo Trio
 "Is It True What They Say About Dixie" – Al Jolson & The Mills Brothers
 "It's Magic" – Doris Day
 "Little White Lies" – Dick Haymes & The Four Hits And A Miss
 "Love Somebody" – Doris Day & Buddy Clark
 "Mañana" – Peggy Lee
 "Monday Again" – Frankie Laine
 "My Happiness" – The Pied Pipers
 "My Happiness" – Jon and Sondra Steele
 "Nature Boy" – Nat King Cole
 "Nature Boy" – Sarah Vaughan
 "On A Slow Boat To China" – Kay Kyser, Harry Babbitt & Gloria Wood
 "Red River Valley" – Jo Stafford
 "Red Roses For A Blue Lady" – Vaughn Monroe
"Rosetta" – Frankie Laine
 "So Tired" – Russ Morgan
 "Someday You'll Want Me To Want You" – Vaughn Monroe
 "The Things We Did Last Summer" – Georgia Gibbs
 "A Tree In the Meadow" – Margaret Whiting
 "Twelfth Street Rag" – Pee Wee Hunt
 "Underneath the Arches" – Andrews Sisters
 "What Could Be Sweeter" – Frankie Laine
 "Wrap Your Troubles In Dreams" – Georgia Gibbs
 "Woody Woodpecker" – Kay Kyser
 "You Call Everybody Darlin'" – Al Trace
 "You Can't Be True, Dear" – Ken Griffin
Events 
 January 20 – Harry S. Truman proposes Point Four program to help world's less developed areas.
 February 22 – Grady the Cow, a 1,200-pound cow gets stuck inside a silo on a farm in Yukon, Oklahoma and garners national media attention.
 April 4 – Twelve nations sign the North Atlantic Treaty establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).
 April 18 - Ireland Act 1949 comes into effect and ceased being in the British Commonwealth.
 May 11 – Siam changes its name to Thailand.
 September 21 – The German Federal Republic (West Germany) established.
 October 1 – The founding of the People's Republic of China is announced by Mao Zedong.
 October 7 – The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is established.
 December 27 – Indonesia's independence is recognised by the Netherlands.
Births 
 January 12 – Murakami Haruki, Japanese writer
 January 12 – Ottmar Hitzfeld, German football manager
 February 5 – Kurt Beck, German politician
 February 22 – Niki Lauda, Austrian racecar driver
 February 24 – John Belushi, American actor (d. 1982)
 March 28 - Kevin Lloyd, British actor (d. 1998)
 April 7 - Wells Kelly, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans) (d. 1984)
 April 11 – Bernd Eichinger, German movie producer
 April 19 – Joachim Sauer, husband of German chancellor Angela Merkel
 April 20 – Jessica Lange, American actress
 May 9 – Billy Joel, American singer
 May 13 – Zoe Wanamaker, actress
 May 23 – Alan Garcia, President of Peru (d. 2019)
 May 26 – Jeremy Corbyn, English politician
 June 6 – Robert Englund, American actor
 June 18 – Jaroslaw Kaczynski, Polish politician
 June 18 – Lech Kaczynski, President of Poland (d. 2010)
 June 20 – Lionel Richie, American singer and musician
 June 22 – Meryl Streep, American actress
 July 4 – Horst Seehofer, German politician
July 17 - Geezer Butler, English bass guitarist (Black Sabbath)
 July 22 - Alan Menken, American pianist and theatre composer
 July 26 – Thaksin Shinawatra, Thai politician
 July 26 – Roger Taylor, British musician (Queen)
 August 1 – Kurmanbek Bakiyev, former President of Kyrgyzstan
 August 15 – Ivan Boldirev, Russian ice hockey player
 August 20 - Phil Lynott, Irish bass guitarist (Thin Lizzy) (d. 1986)
 August 25 - Gene Simmons, American singer-songwriter and musician (Kiss)
 August 31 – Richard Gere, American actor
 September 9 – Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia
 September 13 - Dennis Pendrith, Canadian bass player
 September 19 – Twiggy, British model
 September 23 – Bruce Springsteen, American singer and musician
 October 3 - Lindsey Buckingham, American guitarist (Fleetwood Mac)
 October 4 - Armand Assante, American actor
 October 8 – Sigourney Weaver, American actress
 October 9 - Bob Leinbach, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans)
October 13 - Rick Vito, American guitarist (Fleetwood Mac)
 October 21 – Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli politician
 October 25 - Ross Bagdasarian, Jr., American voice actor
 November 14 - James "J.Y." Young, American guitarist (Styx)
 December 1 – Pablo Escobar, Colombian drug lord (d. 1993)
 December 12 – Marc Ravalomanana, former President of Madagascar
 December 21 – Thomas Sankara, President of Burkina Faso (d. 1987)
 December 22 – Maurice Gibb, singer (Bee Gees) (d. 2003)
 December 22 – Robin Gibb, singer (Bee Gees) (d. 2012)
 December 25 – Sissy Spacek, American actress
 December 26 – Jose Ramos Horta, President of East Timor
Deaths 
 January 6 – Victor Fleming, American director (b. 1883)
 January 11 – Nelson Doubleday, American publisher (b. 1889)
 January 14 – Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (b. 1882)
 January 28 – Jean-Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (b. 1908)
 February 12 – Imam Hassan al Banna, Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (b. 1906)
 March 30 – Friedrich Bergius, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884)
 April 19 – Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
 May 6 – Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
 May 9 – Louis II, Prince of Monaco (b. 1870)
 May 22 – James Forrestal, U.S. Secretary of Navy and Defense (suicide) (b. 1892)
 May 22 – Klaus Mann, German writer (suicide) (b. 1906)
 June 10 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882)
 June 14 – Russell Doubleday, American writer and publisher (b. 1872)
 July 9 – Fritz Bennicke Hart, English-born composer (b. 1874)
 July 12 – Douglas Hyde, first President of Ireland (b. 1860)
July 18 – Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer (b. 1870)
 August 18 – Paul Mares, American musician (b. 1900)
 August 30 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (b. 1877)
 September 8 – Richard Strauss, German composer (b. 1864)
 September 13 – August Krogh, Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1874)
 September 19 – Will Cuppy, American humorist (b. 1884)
 September 19 – Nikolaos Skalkottas, Greek composer (b. 1901)
 October 27 – Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (plane crash) (b. 1916)
 October 27 – Ginette Neveu, French violinist (plane crash) (b. 1919)
 December 6 – Leadbelly, American musician (b. 1885)
 December 11 – Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, Indian philosopher (b. 1875)
 December 16 – Sidney Olcott, Canadian movie director (b. 1873)
 December 28 – Hervey Allen, American writer (b. 1889)
 December 28 – Jack Lovelock, New Zealand athlete (b. 1910)
Awards

Movies released 
 Adam's Rib
 Kind Hearts and Coronets
 Samson and Delilah
 The Third Man
New Books 
 The Aleph – Jorge Luis Borges
 Alien Land – Willard W. Savoy
 The Angry Wife – Pearl S. Buck
 Beneath The Sky – Alfred Q. Jarrette
 Beyond Earth's Gates – C. L. Moore
 Bright Leaf – Foster Fitzsimmons
 Cannibal – John Hawkes
 Crooked House – Agatha Christie
 The Dream Merchants – Harold Robbins
 The Egyptian – Mika Waltari
 Father of the Bride – Edward Streeter
 The Golden Sequence – Martha E. Von Almedingen
 The Heat of the Day – Elixabeth Bowen
 King of the Wind – Marguerite Henry
 Let Love Come Last – Taylor Caldwell
 Love in a Cold Climate – Nancy Mitford
 Male and Female – Margaret Mead
 The Man with the Golden Arm – Nelson Algren
 Men of Maize – Miguel Angel Asturias
 The Miracles of the Red Altar Cloth – Hermann L. Hunter
 Nineteen Eighty-Four – George Orwell
 Pride's Castle – Frank Yerby
 A Rage To Live – John O'Hara
 The Second Sex – Simone de Beauvoir
 To Hell and Back – Audie Murphy
 Shane – Jack Schaefer
 The Sheltering Sky – Paul Bowles
 A Town Like Alice – Nevil Shute
The Trial – Franz Kafka
 Trouble with Harry – Jack Story
Events 
 January 5 – U.S. Senator Estes Kefauver introduces a law asking for the government to study crime in the U.S.
 January 9 – The Israeli government say's that the People's Republic of China is a country
 January 11 – Huk guerrillas attack the town of Hermosa in Bataan, Philippines.
 January 12 – British submarine Truculent crashes into a Swedish oil tanker in River Thames – 64 people died.
 January 13 – Finland is friendly with the People's Republic of China
 January 15 – Volcanic cloud kills 5000 in Mount Lamington, New Guinea
 January 17 – The Great Brinks Robbery – 11 thieves steal more than $2 million from an armored car in Boston, Massachusetts
 January 23 – The Knesset passes an agreement that says Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.
 January 24 – Cold War: Klaus Fuchs tells about his wartime espionage at Los Alamos to British interrogators – formally charged February 2
 January 28 – Somaliland is put under Italian rule
January 29 – Lord Balfour disagrees with the fact that rationing is still in force in Britain
 January 31 – President Harry S. Truman announces a program to develop the hydrogen bomb
 January 31 – Last Kuomintang troops surrender in continental China
 June 5- The Korean War begins
 October 2 – Charles M. Schulz publishes the first Peanuts comic strip.
Births 
 January 3 – Victoria Principal, Japanese-American actress
 January 17 – Richard L. Anderson, American sound editor
 February 25 - Neil Jordan, Irish director
 March 20 - Carl Palmer, English drummer (Emerson, Lake & Palmer)
 March 27 - Tony Banks, English keyboardist (Genesis)
 April 5 - Agnetha Fältskog, Swedish singer-songwriter and musician (ABBA)
 April 12 – Maia Danziger, American actress
 April 12 - Larry Kemp, American sound editor
 May 9 - Tom Petersson, American bass guitarist (Cheap Trick)
 May 10 - Emeric-László Kiss, Hungarian Musician
 May 13 – Stevie Wonder, American musician
 May 13 - Danny Kirwan, English guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2018)
 May 17 - Howard Ashman, American playwright and lyricist (d. 1991)
 May 22 – Bernie Taupin
 June 19 - Ann Wilson, American singer (Heart)
 June 21 - Joey Kramer, American drummer (Aerosmith)
 July 28 - Tom Cotcher, Scottish actor
 September 10 - Joe Perry, American guitarist (Aerosmith)
 September 28 - John Sayles, American filmmaker
October 1 – Randy Quaid, American actor
 October 2 - Mike Rutherford, English singer-songwriter and musician (Genesis)
 October 2 - Lucas Fuego, Slovak politician and doctor
 October 3 - John Curulewski, American guitarist (Styx) (d. 1988)
 October 25 - David Kaye, former American rabbi and convicted sex offender
 October 31 – John Candy, Canadian actor (d. 1994)
 December 18 - Gillian Armstrong‏‎, Australian director
 December 29 - László-Braun Rátót, Hungarian politician of German ethnicity
Deaths 
 January 21 – George Orwell, English writer (b. 1903)
 April 7 - Walter Huston, Canadian actor (b. 1883)
 November 2 – George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer (b. 1856)
 December 30 – Arthur Davidson, American business man (b. 1881)
 June 22 – Lonnie Moon

Awards

Movies released 
 All About Eve
 Annie Get Your Gun
 Cinderella
 King Solomon's Mines
 Sunset Boulevard
Hit songs 
 "A-Razz-A-Ma-Tazz" – Georgia Gibbs
 "All My Love (Bolero)" – Patti Page
 "Are You Lonesome Tonight?" – Al Jolson
 "Ballin' The Jack" – Georgia Gibbs
 "Ballin' The Jack" – Danny Kaye
 "Be My Love" – Mario Lanza
 "Bewitched" – Doris Day
 "Black Lace" – Frankie Laine
 "Boo-Hoo" – Guy Lombardo & The Lombardo Trio
 "A Bushel And A Peck" – Perry Como & Betty Hutton
 "Can Anyone Explain? (No, No, No!)" – The Ames Brothers
 "Chattanoogie Shoe Shine Boy" – Red Foley
 "Cry Of The Wild Goose" – Frankie Laine
 "Daddy's Little Girl" – The Mills Brothers
 "Dear, Dear, Dear" – Frankie Laine
 "Dream A Little Dream Of Me" – Frankie Laine
 "A Dreamer's Holiday" – Buddy Clark & The Girlfriends
 "Enjoy Yourself" – Guy Lombardo (Kenny Gardner& The Lombardo Trio vocals)
 "Goodnight, Irene" – The Weavers with Gordon Jenkins
 "Harbor Lights" – Sammy Kaye
 "Here Comes Santa Claus" – Andrews Sisters
 "L'Hymne A L'Amour (Hymn To Love)" – Édith Piaf
 "I Can Dream, Can't I?" – The Andrews Sisters
"I Love You For That" – Patti Page & Frankie Laine
 "I Wanna Be Loved" – The Andrews Sisters
 "If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake" – Eileen Barton
 "I'm Moving On" – Hank Snow
 "It Isn't Fair" – Sammy Kaye (Don Cornell vocal)
 "Let's Go West Again" – Al Jolson
 "A Man Gets Awfully Lonesome" – Frankie Laine
 "Mona Lisa" – Nat King Cole
 "Music, Maestro, Please" – Frankie Laine
 "Music! Music! Music!" – Teresa Brewer
 "My Heart Cries For You" – Guy Mitchell
 "Nevertheless" – The Mills Brothers
 "No Other Love" – Jo Stafford
 "The Old Piano Roll Blues" Al Jolson & The Andrews Sisters
 "Patricia" – Perry Como
 "Play A Simple Melody" – Gary Crosby & Friend (Bing Crosby)
 "Rag Mop" – The Ames Brothers
 "Red Hot Mama" – Georgia Gibbs
 "The Roving Kind" – Guy Mitchell
 "Sentimental Me" – The Ames Brothers
 "Sleepy Ol' River" – Frankie Laine
 "Someday" – The Mills Brothers
 "Someday" – Vaughn Monroe
 "Sometime" – The Mariners
 "Stars & Stripes Forever" – Frankie Laine
"Swingin' In A Hammock" – Guy Lombardo (Don Rodney & The Lombardo Trio vocals)
 "The Tennessee Waltz" – Patti Page
 "There's No Tomorrow" – Tony Martin
 "The Thing" – Phil Harris
 "The Third Man Theme" – Anton Karas
 "The Third Man Theme" – Guy Lombardo
 "With My Eyes Wide Open I'm Dreaming" – Patti Page
New books 
 Across the River and Into the Trees – Ernest Hemingway
 The Adventurer – Mika Waltari
 Beetlecreek – William Demby
 Cabbagetown – Hugh Garner
 The Cardinal – Henry Morton Robinson
 The Child Who Never Grew – Pearl S. Buck
 The Disenchanted – Budd Schulberg
 The Door in the Wall – Marguerite de Angeli
 The Town and the City – Jack Kerouac
 Floodtide – Frank Yerby
 Florence Nightingale – Cecil Woodham-Smith
 The Grass Is Singing – Doris Lessing
 I, Robot – Isaac Asimov
 Joy Street – Frances Parkinson Keyes
 Jubilee Trail – Gwen Bristow
 Kon-Tiki – Thor Heyerdahl
 The Liberal Imagination – Lionel Trilling
 The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – C. S. Lewis
 The Little World of Don Camillo – Giovanni Guareschi
 The Martian Chronicles – Ray Bradbury
 Parade's End – Ford Madox Ford
 The Parasites – Daphne du Maurier
 Reading and Criticism – Raymond Williams
 Scenes from Provincial Life – William Cooper
 Star Money – Kathleen Winsor
 Summer In The Country – Edith Templeton
La vida breve (A Brief Life) – Juan Carlos Onetti
 The Voyage of the Space Beagle – A. E. van Vogt
 The Wall'' – John Hersey
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was a British philologist, university professor, and writer. Tolkien is best known for his most famous works, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Biography 
He was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa but his parents were both from England. He lost much of his family at an early age. He fought in World War I, and after the war he found a job helping to produce the Oxford English Dictionary. Tolkien was very interested in languages, and he had studied at Oxford University. Soon he became a professor of English Language at the University of Leeds. He was then a professor at the University of Oxford until 1959, when he retired. He also was good friends with many other writers and scholars, most notably C. S. Lewis, who wrote the Narnia books, The Screwtape Letters, and many essays on Christian theology. Tolkien himself was a devout Catholic.
Tolkien married Edith Mary Bratt on 22 March 1916 in England, at the age of 24. They had four children, three sons and a girl: John, Michael, Christopher, and Priscilla.

Writing 
He created and worked on the fictional fantasy world of Middle-earth for most of his life, and his most famous books are set in that world. Because of his Middle-earth books he is often considered the "father of high fantasy" which made the fantasy genre very popular.

Tolkien wrote other books, for example Farmer Giles Of Ham, and also illustrated (drew the pictures and maps for) The Lord of the Rings. The Lord of the Rings was published in three parts and has been made into several motion pictures. The Lord of the Rings took 12 years to write.

Bibliography
Bibliography

Fiction and poetry 
 The Hobbit or There and Back Again,  (HM). (1937)
 Leaf by Niggle (1945, short story)
 Farmer Giles of Ham (1949, medieval fable)
 The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955)
 The Fellowship of the Ring: being the first part of The Lord of the Rings,  (HM). (1954)
 The Two Towers: being the second part of The Lord of the Rings,  (HM). (1954)
 The Return of the King: being the third part of The Lord of the Rings,  (HM). (1955)
 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book (1962)
 Smith of Wootton Major (1967)
 The Road Goes Ever On (1967)
 The Silmarillion (1977)
 Unfinished Tales (1980)
 The History of Middle-earth (1983–1996)
 Bilbo's Last Song (1990)
 The Children of Húrin (2007)
 The History of The Hobbit (2007)

Academic and other works 
 Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (1937)
 On Fairy-Stories (1947)
 Ancrene Riwle or Ancrene Wisse

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 HarperCollins Tolkien Website
 Tolkien Biography (The Tolkien Society)
 The Lord of the Rings Wiki
 Tolkien Gateway Wiki
 1952 recording of Tolkien reading part of The Two Towers (from "Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit") 
 The Tolkien Library - Tolkien news, articles, resource, bibliography, biography, collectors guide

1892 births
1973 deaths
 
Academics of the University of Oxford
People from Bloemfontein
Academics of the University of Leeds
English novelists
English Roman Catholics
Adolescence is the time between being a child and a mature adult, that is the period of time during which a person gradually grows into an adult, but is emotionally not mature. Adolescence in the English-speaking world usually corresponds to the teenager years of 13-19 which are so named because of the end of the English words "thirteen" to "nineteen".

The ages when one is no longer a child, and when one becomes an adult, vary by culture. In many cultures they are marked by rites of passage. The word comes from the Latin verb adolescere meaning "to grow up." During this time, a person's body, emotions and academic standing change a lot. When adolescence starts, in America, children usually finish elementary school and enter secondary education, such as middle school or high school.
During this period of life, most children go through the physical stages of puberty, which can often begin before a person has reached the age of 13. Most cultures think of people as becoming adults at various ages of the teenage years. For example, Jewish tradition thinks that people are adults at age 13, and this change is celebrated in the Bar Mitzvah (for boys) and the Bat Mitzvah (for girls) ceremony. Usually, there is a formal age of majority when adolescents formally (under the law) become adults.

References

Related pages 
Teenager
Adult
Youth

Other websites 
 Adolescence -Citizendium . 

Human life stages
KDE is a community that produces free software, including a desktop environment called KDE Plasma for operating systems based on Linux or UNIX. This replaces the console, which is simply a black screen with text on it. KDE Plasma is a popular piece of software for users of Linux and UNIX.

Plasma runs on top of the X Window System, which runs on top of any UNIX-like operating systems like Linux and Mac OS X. 
Since KDE SC 4.0, many KDE programs also runs on Microsoft Windows.

KDE releases 
The following table lists when each version of KDE was released.

Applications 

There are several major applications for KDE. These include:

 Amarok - Music player
 K3b - CD burner
 Kate - Text editor
 KDevelop - A program for making software
 Konsole - Terminal emulator
 Kontact - Personal information manager that has an e-mail client, a news client, a feed aggregator, To-do lists and more.
 Kopete - Instant messaging client
 Konqueror - File manager and web browser
 KOffice - Office suite
Dolphin - File manager
References

Other websites 

 Official KDE website
The United Kingdom Independence Party (often called UKIP, said "you-kipp") is a political party in the United Kingdom. Its policies promote conservatism, national conservatism, and Euroscepticism.

The party was founded in 1993, and they first won seats in the European Parliament in 1999. They won 3 seats in 1999, which was increased to 12 in 2004 and 13 in 2009. It is now 9. The party does not do well under Britain's 'First-past-the-post' system of elections and only had one seat in the British House of Commons, although they received 3.8 million votes (12.6% of the total vote) at the 2015 UK general election.

Supporters of UKIP mostly believe in the following things:
 The United Kingdom should leave the European Union.
 There should be more referendums on certain issues.
 British people should not have to carry ID cards.

In 2008 UKIP banned people who used to be members of the British National Party (BNP) from joining.
On 9 October 2014 Douglas Carswell became UKIP's first elected MP. Carswell quit the party in March 2017.

May 2014 local elections
In the May 2014 local elections UKIP got 30% of the vote in Sunderland. The party gained 155 local council seats across the country.

2015 general election
UKIP came third in the May 2015 general election, after the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. The party got 12.9% of the vote and gained one seat.

2017 general election
In the 2017 general election, UKIP's share of the vote went down to 1.8 and they didn't win any seats. The next day UKIP's leader Paul Nuttall resigned.

Current members 
There are currently over 20,000 people who are members of the UKIP.

Gerard Batten becomes leader (2018)
In February 2018 Gerard Batten become leader of the party firstly on an interim basis before winning the UKIP leadership election in April 2018 unopposed.
2018 UK local elections
In the 2018 UK local elections UKIP lost 124 of the 126 seats it was defending, and gained a single seat in Derby.

Accusations of embracing the far-right
Since the election of Batten as leader of the party there have been accusations that UKIP is embracing the far-right. Those saying the party was moving to the right began early in Battern's leadership when he began to focus the party around rejecting Islamic ideology and when a quote arose of Battern calling Islam a "death cult". In September 2018 Battern was also criticised for attending an anti-Muslim rally in Sunderland. These accusations grew much stronger after the far-right activist Tommy Robinson was appointed an advisor to Battern in November 2018. This led to many of UKIP's MEPs and former party leaders Nigel Farage and Paul Nuttall to leave the party, as well as the party's leader in Scotland.

Sources

Other websites 
 UKIP homepage
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
UK Independence Party
Nationalist organisations in the United Kingdom
Eurosceptic parties
Brexit
David Bowie's first big hit record was the single "Space Oddity" in 1969. This album though only really sold well when he became more famous in 1973. Many of the songs are very melodic, with good tunes, and are unusual.

The songs on this album are:
 Space Oddity
 Unwashed And Somewhat Slightly Dazed
 Letter To Hermione
 Cygnet Committee
 Janine
 An Occasional Dream
 Wild Eyed Boy From Freecloud
 God Knows I'm Good
 Memory Of A Free Festival

1969 albums
Rock albums
Folk albums
David Bowie albums
A saxophone is a type of musical instrument in the woodwind family. The saxophone uses a piece of wood, called a reed, to make sound. The player blows air into the mouthpiece, which vibrates the reed. The saxophone also uses keys to change pitch, and the player closes or opens holes to choose the note. Commonly, saxophones have about 22 keys.   

The saxophone is most commonly found in four voices: soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones. However, uncommon saxophones include the bass and contrabass saxophones (lower than a baritone saxophone), the C-melody saxophone (between the tenor and alto saxophones), and the sopranino saxophone (higher than a soprano saxophone).
It was invented in 1840 by Adolphe Sax and is used in classical, jazz, and occasionally in rock, pop, and other styles. The saxophone was originally created for military bands, but was commonly used in jazz big bands in the 1940s and 1950s. Famous saxophone players include Marcel Mule (classical music), John Coltrane (jazz music), and Charlie Parker (jazz music).

Woodwind instruments
Jazz instruments
Bryophytes are simple plants. They are the simplest plants that grow on land. There are three forms of bryophyte. These are mosses, liverworts and hornworts. 

Bryophyta is the formal term for this division of plants who do not have tissues to move water. In some modern classifications the word bryophyta only includes mosses. However, the term is still useful because mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share important traits. 

Scientists think that liverworts evolved from green algae. Then other plants, including moss and hornworts, evolved from liverworts.

A person who studies bryophytes is called a bryologist. The study of bryophytes is named bryology.

Life cycle
Life cycle 

Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycles with alternation of generations. A bryophyte has two forms that have different numbers of chromosomes. The haploid form has unpaired chromosomes. It is called a gametophyte. People often write "1n" for haploid. The other form is diploid and has paired chromosomes. It is called a sporophyte. People often write "2n" for diploid.
A bryophyte begins when its parent plant makes haploid spores that land on the ground. Each spore grows into a leafy gametophyte. This gametophyte is either male or female. Male gametophytes make haploid sperm. Female gametophytes make haploid eggs. Water moves the sperm to the egg. An embryo is made when they join. This embryo is diploid. It grows a tall stalk from the gametophyte. This stalk is often brown. A structure called the sporangium is at the top of the stalk. The sporangium is diploid too. It makes spores that are haploid in a process called meiosis. When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again. 

Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common.  Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte. They must get food from the gametophyte. Bryophyte sporophytes do not have branches. They make only one sporangium.

References
References

Other websites 
The British Bryological Society  

Bryophytes
Non-vascular plants
Kent is a county in England. It is just to the south-east of London and is on the coast. The sea to the East of Kent is the North Sea.  The sea south of Kent is called the English Channel by the British. France is opposite Kent on the other side of The Channel. At the most narrow point, between Dover, Calais and Cape Gris-Nez, The Channel is only 21 miles (34 km) wide. Dover is one of the main ports in Kent. From here many ferries sail to and from France.

Ports
Other main ports in Kent include Sheerness and Ramsgate.  The Channel Tunnel goes from Folkestone in Kent to France. It was built in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
History
Kent is a very ancient county. In the 6th and 7th centuries it was ruled by its own kings,  It is often called 'the garden of England' because its countryside is very green and because it produces much fruit. A lot of fruit such as strawberries are grown in Kent, and the county is famous for growing hops which are used to make beer. Maidstone is called the county town because the local government for Kent is based there.

Places
Another important town is the city of Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the head of the Church of England. Hundreds of years ago many Christian people would travel to the Cathedral at Canterbury from their homes in other parts of Britain. This was called making a pilgrimage. 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Gavrilo Princip, 25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918, was the Serb nationalist who shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the wife of the Archduke, Archduchess Sophie Chotek.

Princip was born in Obljaj a poor area of Bosnia. As a young man he joined a small group who wanted the Slavs in the south of Austria-Hungary to join with Serbia in a new country. They called themselves "Young Bosnia". A group of powerful people in Serbia decided to help them. Those powerful people were called the Black Hand. They gave 'Young Bosnia' guns and small bombs. 

When they heard that Franz Ferdinand was coming to Sarajevo, six of them took the bombs and guns and waited for Ferdinand to drive past. They were going to kill Ferdinand when he drove past. Every one of them failed. After they all failed, Princip went to a cafe to buy a sandwich.
When Princip came out of the cafe, he saw Ferdinand in his car. The driver of the car had driven his car the wrong way and he stalled the car while trying to turn. Princip walked up and shot Ferdinand. He wanted to shoot the general who was also sitting in the car, but Ferdinand's wife Sophie threw her arms around Ferdinand. She was in the way, and Princip shot her instead of the general.

At his trial, Princip said he did it because he loved his people. The Austrians thought it was a very bad crime, but they could not kill him because he was only 19 years old. The law in Austria-Hungary said only people older than 20 could be killed, even when the crime was as bad as killing royalty like Ferdinand. They said Princip must stay in prison for 20 years. During his time in the prison, one of his arms was amputated. He died in prison of tuberculosis and blood loss in 1918.
Because this crime happened, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia a list of things that Serbia had to do, later called the "July Ultimatum", to stop things like this from happening any more.  Serbia could not do all the things on the list fast enough, because the Austrians really wanted war with Serbia.  Their German allies also wanted a big war. This led to many of the European countries to start fighting.

References

1894 births
1918 deaths
Assassins
Deaths from tuberculosis
People who died in prison custody
Serbian people
World War I people
In mathematics and science, a formula is a rule or statement written in algebraic symbols. The plural of formula can be written in two ways: formulae or formulas - the choice is based on personal preference. 

Formulas use letters instead of words. A simple example of a formula is y = x. If x=1, the formula y=x would make the statement that x is the same thing as y, therefore, y=1. 

In mathematics, a formula can also be an identity which equates two mathematical expressions together. Some key formulas under this category include the Pythagorean theorem, binomial theorem, Euler's formula and De Moivre's formula. The expression "V=lwh", which relates the volume V to the length l, width w and height h of a rectangular box, is another example of a formula in geometry.

In science, one of the most well known formulas is the formula for energy, e = mc2, created by Albert Einstein. Here, e represents energy, m represents mass and c is the speed of light. Thus, energy = mass × speed of light 2.
The formula e = mc2 is also an equation. Every equation is a formula, but not every formula is an equation. For instance, the formula x≡y (x "is defined as" y) is not an equation, because no "=" sign is used.

Related pages 

 Inequality
 Scientific law

References 

Algebra
Independence and Democracy is a group in the European Parliament. It used to be called the Group of Europe of Democracies and Diversities. It has about 37 members in it. The members of this group either want their country to leave the European Union, or want to change it.

Members 
Vladimir Železný (Czech Republic) 
Junibevaegelsen (June Movement) (Denmark) 
Mouvement pour la France (Movement for France) (France) 
Popular Orthodox Rally (Greece) 
Lega Nord (Northern League) (Italy) 
ChristenUnie-SGP (Netherlands) 
League of Polish Families (Poland) 
Kathy Sinnott (Republic of Ireland) 
Junilistan (June List) (Sweden) 
United Kingdom Independence Party (United Kingdom) 

European Parliament
A musician is a person who plays a musical instrument like a guitar or a piano or a person that sings.

A musician is also someone who writes music, even if they write it for other people to play. People who write music are called composers.

Musicians can also make a group together to play songs.

Lists of musicians
Some famous composers and musicians
Johann Sebastian Bach (Composer)
Ludwig van Beethoven (Composer)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Composer)
Duke Ellington (Composer, plays the piano)
Bob Marley (Plays the electric guitar, also sings)
Paul McCartney (Singer, plays the bass and the guitar)
Michael Jackson (Singer)
Jimi Hendrix (Plays the electric guitar, also sings)
Cat Stevens (Singer)

Some famous bands
The Beatles
Jefferson Airplane
U2
Led Zeppelin

Some famous orchestras
The London Symphony Orchestra, The United Kingdom
The New York Philharmonic Orchestra, USA
The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Germany
The Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, Serbia 
The Cleveland Orchestra, USA

References
References

 
Entertainment occupations
The carrot (pronounced CARE-ot) is a type of plant. Many different types exist. The Latin name of the plant is usually given as Daucus carota. The plant has an edible, orange root, and usually white flowers. Wild carrots grow naturally in Eurasia. Domesticated carrots are grown for food in many parts of the world.

Carrots are grown in the ground, and carrots roots are a common edible vegetable. After cleaning, the roots may be eaten raw or cooked. They are served as part of many dishes. In Portugal, carrot jam is a speciality.

Images

Nutrition
Carrots are a moderate source of beta carotene, biotin, vitamin K1, vitamin B6, and potassium. Along with beta-carotene, carrots also have carotenoids another antioxidant helpful to enhance immunity functions and decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases, degenerative diseases and different types of cancers

References

Root vegetables
Apiaceae
Conservatism is a type of political belief that supports emphasis on traditions and relies on the individual to maintain society.  The term was first used by François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818, during the Bourbon Restoration, which wanted to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. The term is associated with right-wing politics. It has been used to describe a wide range of views. There is no single set of policies that are regarded as conservative because the meaning of conservatism depends on a given place and time, although most Conservatives oppose Modernism in some way and want to go back to old values.
In Western culture for example, Conservatives try to maintain things like organized religion, property rights, parliamentary government and family values.
Beliefs 
Conservatism tends to support the notion of faith, particularly in Abrahamic traditions in countries where those are the dominant religions. In England, the publication of Edmund Burke’s book Reflections on the revolution in France suggested people should be satisfied and advocated a caring government. The two ideas go together.

Some conservatives seek to keep things as they are, while others want a return to the way things were at an earlier time. This is often called reactionary conservatism. A conservative party in England formed which wanted better co-operation between rich and poor, democracy, and some aspects of a welfare state. This was also favored by conservatives in France and other parts of Europe.
Types 
 Gradualism: The process of change in a slow, gradual way.
 Liberal conservatism: Conservatism with the classical liberal view that the government should not control the economy.
 National conservatism: Conservatism that is focused more on culture and race without being a Nationalist or Far-right.
 Religious conservatism: Conservatism that applies a religion to politics.
 Social conservatism: Conservatism that focuses on social issues and traditions.

Conservatism in different countries

Brazil 
In Brazil, conservatism comes from its Portuguese roots, often being Evangelical, such as President Jair Bolsonaro.

India 
Conservatives in India are pro-Hindu, anti-Pakistan, and are socially conservative. The Bharatiya Janata Party is the biggest conservative party in India, lead by Narendra Modi.
United States 
In the United States, conservatives worry about centralism, do not trust the welfare state, and consider business people trustworthy on wages and prices. During the 20th century the Republican Party became a Conservative political party in the United States.

Related pages 
 Political economy
 Conservative liberalism
 Liberalism
 Libertarianism

References

Other websites 
 Conservatism -Citizendium
A machine, otherwise referred to as an engine, is a thing that is created by people to make work easier. It is a tool or invention which multiplies the effect of human effort. The machine produces a mechanical advantage.

Some machines have many parts that move. Examples are bicycles and clocks.

Some machines do not have parts that move. Examples are computers and telephones.

People have used machines since before there was history.

Often a machine will change one form of energy to another form of energy. Simple machines increase or change the direction of a force.

Simple machine 
There are six 'simple machines'.  They are:
 the wedge, 
 the Inclined plane (ramp), 
 the screw, 
 the lever, 
 the pulley, 
 and the wheel and axle.

Compound machines are made up of two or more simple machines.

 
Basic English 850 words
Wario Land 4 is a video game released for the Game Boy Advance in 2001 as a part of the Wario video game series. It was later released for the Virtual Console for the Nintendo 3DS as an ambassador game in 2011

It was widely well received for it's exploration and escape type gameplay, and array of unique puzzles to tackle using Wario. Various items can affect Wario, from walking candles lighting him on fire, allowing him to break certain walls, or being turned into a spring after being hit by a hammer, allowing him to jump extraordinarily high, until he hits the ceiling.

In 2023, Pizza Tower was released, and is similar in gameplay to Warioland 4. This game swaps Wario for a chef named Peppino, and adds additional features like a display of Peppino's face, more levels, and better framerate. Various other games are currently in the works that mimic the play of Wario Land 4.
Plot
The main plot of this video game is to save a princess that has been turned into a cat and needs to be saved. Wario arrives and has to defeat a golden diva that has turned the princess in to a cat.

References

2001 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Wario
Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama movie, based on the novel Madame Doubtfire. It stars Robin Williams as Daniel Hillard, a divorced actor who disguises himself as a nanny since he desperately wants to be with his children.

Release dates

Plot
Daniel Hillard (Robin Williams) is a voice actor who quits his job over a smoking issue in a cartoon. Then, he throws his son Chris a birthday party, which is against his wife Miranda (Sally Field)'s wishes because Chris received bad grades on his report card. After a long argument, Miranda asks Daniel for a divorce.

Daniel has 90 days to get a job and a place to live. He later discovers that his wife wants a nanny. So, he makes several calls to his wife, using fake names and different accents, to be hired. Eventually, he gets the job.

Daniel Hillard goes to his gay brother Frank (Harvey Fierstein) and his partner Jack (Scott Capurro) to get a makeover. The makeover makes him look like a woman, which is exactly what Daniel had hoped for.
Miranda is later seen dating Stu Dunmeyer (Pierce Brosnan). Disguised as Mrs. Doubtfire, Daniel babysits his three children. When he, his family, and Stu go to Bridges Restaurant to celebrate Miranda's birthday, Daniel must switch in and out of costume repeatedly since he is also eating dinner with Jonathan Lundy (Robert Prosky). While drunk, Daniel ends up mixing up the two outfits. Later, when he saves Stu from choking (disguised as Mrs. Doubtfire), Daniel's face mask comes off, exposing him. Horrified and angered, Miranda immediately leaves with the children while Stu is confused, but thanks Daniel for saving him.

Afterwards, Miranda is awarded full custody of the children while Daniel can only see them with supervision. After realizing how easier it was having Mrs. Doubtfire around, Miranda calls the court and allows Daniel to pick up his children after school and unsupervised.
Cancelled sequel
In 2001, Bonnie Hunt began development on Mrs. Doubtfire 2, but Williams disapproved and claimed that the script was scrapped multiple times. On April 17, 2014, production on Mrs. Doubtfire 2 began. Williams' death in 2014, production on the sequel was cancelled. However, it is possible that Williams could have filmed scenes for the sequel when he was alive.

Other websites
 

1993 comedy-drama movies
1990s family movies
20th Century Fox movies
Academy Award winning movies
American comedy-drama movies
American family movies
Cross-dressing in movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies about entertainers
Movies about families
Movies about divorce
Movies based on books
Movies set in San Francisco
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award
Movies directed by Chris Columbus
Super Mario 64 DS is a 2004 platform game by Nintendo, and an enhanced remake of the 1996 video game Super Mario 64 for the Nintendo 64. A cancelled sequel, Super Mario 64 2 for the Nintendo 64DD (N64 Disk Drive) was planned, but it was cancelled, because of the commercial failure of the Disk Drive. Luigi was planned to appear in it too. It was first shown at E3 in 2004 and released for the Nintendo DS in Japan and in the United States in 2004, and in the PAL region in early 2005. The game received positive reviews and was the fifth best-selling video game on the weekly sales chart of the week of December 2004. It has rec room mini-games which are attained by catching rabbits and a multiplayer wireless VS. Mode, where 4 players can play to get the most stars and coins in 30 seconds, taken from 4 levels and there's three different colored Yoshis (red, blue, and yellow) the one with the card is Green Yoshi and other characters can get wings to fly. In the main game, only Mario can get wings.
Story
The game begins with a letter from Princess Peach inviting Mario to come to her castle for a cake she has baked for him. Mario travels to her castle, and is followed by his younger, twin brother Luigi and Mario's greedy counterpart rival Wario. Luigi accidentally starts a fight and after entering the castle, the three disappear, and Lakitu, the game's camera operator, finds Yoshi to inform him of the disappearance.