Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Melvin James "Sy" Oliver (born December 17, 1910 in Battle Creek, Michigan; died May 28, 1988 in New York City) was a jazz arranger, trumpeter, composer, singer, and band leader. His mother was a piano teacher and his father was a multi-instrumentalist who made a name for himself demonstrating saxophones at a time that instrument was little used outside of marching bands.

Oliver left home at 17 to play with Zack Whyte and his Chocolate Beau Brummels and later with Alphonse Trent. He sang and played trumpet with these bands, becoming known for his "growling" horn playing.

Sy arranged and conducted many songs for Ella Fitzgerald from her years with Decca Records. As a composer, one of his most famous songs was "T'ain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)" which he co-wrote with Trummy Young.
After leaving Dorsey, Oliver continued working as a free-lance arranger. One of his more successful such efforts was the Frank Sinatra album I Remember Tommy, a combined tribute to each man's former boss---and as music director for Decca Records.

In later years, up until 1980, he led his own jazz band, for which he took up the trumpet again.

References 

1910 births
1988 deaths

American jazz musicians
20th-century American composers
American jazz composers
American trumpeters
Musicians from Michigan
People from Battle Creek, Michigan
The Aristolochiaceae, or Birthwort family, are a family of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is Aristolochia L.

Description 
They are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, woody vines or even lianas.

The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. There are no stipules.

The bizarre flowers are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical.

Classification 
The Aristolochiaceae are magnoliids, a basal group of angiosperms which are not part of the large categories of monocots or eudicots.

Some newer classification schemes place the family Aristolochiaceae in the order Piperales.
Phytochemistry 
Many members of Aristolochia and some of Asarum contain the toxin aristolochic acid, which defence against predators, in this case herbivores. It is known to be carcinogenic in rats. Aristolochia itself is carcinogenic to humans.

Ecology 
Pipevine swallowtail butterflies lay their eggs on pipevine (Aristolochia species), and the larvae dine on the plant but are not affected by the toxin, which then offers the adult butterfly protection against predators.

References

Piperales
Plant families
"Not Myself Tonight" is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album Bionic. The song was written by Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones, Ester Dean, Jason Perry and Greg Curtis. It is a uptempo electropop song that using synthesizers and tribal drums. Its lyrics refer to adopting a different persona on the dancefloor. It was released on April 13, 2010 as the first single from Aguilera's Bionic album. "Not Myself Tonight" was a hit single in Asian area.

2010 songs
Christina Aguilera songs
Whistler may mean:

 Someone who whistles
 Whistler, British Columbia, known for skiing
 James Abbott McNeill Whistler, who painted Whistler's Mother
Context in language is what surrounds a word or piece of text. In order to understand what words mean, we have to know something about the situation where they are used. In print, a word, phrase or sentence has other text around it. This helps the reader to understand the piece in question. In speech, the social setting as well as the language help the listener to understand what is said.

Something like: "You can take it whenever you need to" might refer to almost anything. However, if it is said by a doctor to a patient, then the context is clear, and the listener can guess it refers to some kind of medication. So the context is what goes with a text (written or spoken) which helps the reader (or listener) understand the communication.
However, to understand what is really going on, we may need to go beyond what is said or written. A simple phrase, such as "I hate you" can mean exactly the opposite. All kinds of clues are needed to understand what has been said. Along with verbal communication comes non-verbal communication.

Human communication
Linguistics
The 2011 Sindh floods occurred in August and September 2011 because of a lot of rain in Sindh, Eastern Balochistan, and Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The floods caused a lot of damage. 270 people were killed, and 5.3 million people were affected. 1.2 million homes were flooded. At least 1.7 million acres of land were ruined by the flooding. It was the worst flooding in Pakistan since the 2010 floods.

Causes 
In July, Pakistan had low monsoon rains, however in August and September the country received "above normal" monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered the areas of Sindh from the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat in August and gained strength with the passage of time and caused heavy downpours. The four-week long continuous rains have created floods in Sindh that have never been seen before.

2011 disasters in Asia
2011 floods
2010s disasters in Pakistan
August 2011 events
Floods in Pakistan
2011 floods
September events
Being is a mini-album by singer Ella Koon. The album was made by well known music producers Eric Kwok (Chinese) and Yanagiman (Japanese). 

Popular hits include: "Coral Island" (珊瑚島), "Incomplete Thoughts" (殘念), and "Silent Paper Kite" (響不了的紙鳶).

Track listing
1. 珊瑚島
2. 殘念
3. 響不了的紙鳶
4. 簡單美
5. 歐遊
6. Dare To Be
7. 砂之迷路 (珊瑚島 日本版)
8. 殘念 (Piano Version)

DVD Extras
1. 殘念 MV
2. 珊瑚島 MV
3. Dare To Be MV
4. Making of 殘念 MV

2010 albums
Take a Shine To... is an album by Ella Koon, released in July 2011. It was released a year after her well-received 2010 mini-album Being. Hit songs include Ella’s first self-composed song “Reluctant to Part (依依)”, which is produced by hitmaker Chiu Tsang Hei with lyrics penned by Siu Hak. The album also contains RICOH camera CM song “A Moment of Interaction (一刻感應)” and the latest plug “Let Him Go (由他去)”.

Track listing
1. 由他去 (Let Him Go)
2. 依依 (Reluctant to Part)
3. 夜潛者 (Night Invader)
4. 一刻感應 (A Moment of Interaction - RICOH Camera 2011 CM Song)
5. 母忘你 (Unable to Forget)

2011 albums
Jungle green is a color that is a rich tone of medium green.

The specific tone of the color jungle green called "jungle green" by Crayola was formulated by Crayola in 1990.

The first recorded use of jungle green as a color name in English was in 1926.

Meaning of jungle green
 The colors jungle green or tropical rain forest are often used by cartographers to represent the tropical rain forest on a natural vegetation map.

 In the United States Army, jungle green is the color used for the uniforms and berets of the United States Army Special Forces or "Green Berets".  (The shade of jungle green used in the uniforms and berets of the U.S. Army Green Berets is closely equivalent to the color shown above as deep jungle green.)

Tones of jungle green color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Rohypnol is the common name for a drug or Benzodiazepine called flunitrazepam. A slang term for it is roofies. The drug is sold illegally, and it has many medical uses. It is a strong hypnotic (a drug that causes sleep); a sedative (causing relaxation and sleepiness); an anticonvulsant (fighting seizures); an anxiolytic (relieving anxiety); amnestic (causing forgetfulness); and skeletal muscle relaxant.  Most often, it is used as a treatment for sleep disorders like insomnia. It is thought to be one of the most effective hypnotic medications.

Like other hypnotics, flunitrazepam should be used only on a short-term basis or in those with serious insomnia on an occasional basis.

Flunitrazepam is often called a date rape drug because it is very powerful, has strong effects, and can cause strong amnesia (causing a person to forget what happened after taking the drug).
History
Benzodiazepines were created in 1957 by Roche, a healthcare and pharmaceutical company. Roche started selling flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) in 1975. At first, hospitals used the drug when a patient needed a deep sleep.  It was sold commercially in 1975 in Europe, and in the 1990s in the United States.  The drug was given the brand name Rohypnol.

Effects
Rohypnol is usually taken by mouth.  It has a long active period  its effects can last 18 to 26 hours, and it can be found in urine and blood tests.  This means that the day after taking the drug, a person may keep feeling tired and having trouble with thinking and balance. Even after a full day, driving a car may still be dangerous.
The drug is often involved in drug intoxication, including overdoses. Overdose of flunitrazepam may cause long-term sedation, poor balance, and poor speech. In serious overdoses, people may have breathing problems, coma, and possibly death. The overdose will be worse if flunitrazepam is taken with depressants, like alcohol or opiates. Flunitrazepam overdose can be treated.

Other names
Some of the street names for Rohypnol are:
beans (ZA)
 rophy
 ruffles
 roachies
 roofies
 ruffies
 ruff-up
 rib
 roach 2 (R2)
 roche
 rope
 ropies
 circles
 circes
 forget it
 forget-me-pill
 forget-me-now
 Mexican Valium.
 Magic date
 date-rape

Sources 

Drugs used in psychiatry
Organonitrogen compounds
Organofluorides
Sponge cake is a cake made of flour (usually wheat flour), sugar, and eggs.

Victoria sponge 
The Victoria sponge cake was named after Queen Victoria, who ate a slice of sponge cake with her afternoon tea. It is usually called simply sponge cake. A traditional Victoria sponge cake has raspberry jam and whipped double cream or vanilla cream. If there is only jam, it is called 'jam sponge' and not a Victoria sponge. The jam and cream are between two sponge cakes; the top of the cake is not iced or decorated.

Other names for the Victoria sponge are Victoria Sandwich and Victorian Cake, although 'Victorian Cake' is not used often.

Bakers must be careful when it comes to cooking times and temperatures. Because of that, oven factories often use a Victoria sponge recipe to test their ovens.

Related pages
 Castella

References 

Cakes
Metabolic syndrome is a combination of several medical issues. They increase the risk for heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. 25% of people of the United States have metabolic syndrome. 

The term "metabolic syndrome" dates back to at least the late 1950s, but came into common usage in the late 1970s to describe various associations of risk factors with diabetes mellitus that had been noted as early as the 1920s.

Associated health issues 
Related health matters include but aren't limited to:
 Raised cholesterol
 Raised blood sugar
 Insulin resistance
 Reduced HDL cholesterol
 Raised triglycerides
 Central obesity
 High blood pressure

Syndromes
Me Against the World is the third studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. Me Against the World was released on March 14, 1995. The album was released when 2Pac was imprisoned and it debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200. By having this happen, it made him the first artist to have an album debut at number one on Billboard 200 while serving time in prison. It was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 1996 Grammy Awards. The album's first single "Dear Mama" was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance.

Songs

1995 albums
Tupac Shakur albums
Hip hop albums
Gangsta rap albums
R&B albums
A palatal consonant is a consonant that is pronounced with the body (the middle part) of the tongue against the hard palate (which is the middle part of the roof of the mouth). There is only one palatal consonant in English which is , which is the sound for "y" in the English word "yes". The most common palatal consonant used in the world is .

Palatal consonant in IPA
These are the palatal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet:

Consonants
An approximant consonant is a consonant that sounds in some ways like a vowel. For example, lateral approximants like the sound for "l" in the English word "like", the sound for "r" in the English word "right", and semivowels like the sound for "y" in "yes" and the sound for "w" in "wet" are all approximants. These sounds are pronounced by bringing two parts of the mouth, for example the tongue and the roof of the mouth, close to each other. However, it is not close enough to cause the air to be blocked, like in a fricative consonant. Also, the parts are not far apart enough to become a vowel.

Semivowels
Semivowels are a type of approximant consonant, which sound like vowels if you pronounced them alone. However, many languages use them as consonants. Here are the common semivowels in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Central approximants
bilabial approximant  (usually transcribed )
labiodental approximant 
dental approximant  (usually transcribed )
alveolar approximant 
retroflex approximant  (a consonantal )
palatal approximant  (a consonantal )
velar approximant  (a consonantal )
uvular approximant  (usually transcribed )
pharyngeal approximant  (a consonantal ; usually transcribed )
epiglottal approximant  (usually transcribed )

Lateral approximants
In lateral approximants, only the centre of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth. So, air can only flow through the sides of the tongue, like the sound "l" in "like".

voiced alveolar lateral approximant 
retroflex lateral approximant 
palatal lateral approximant 
velar lateral approximant 
velarized alveolar lateral approximant

Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols

voiced labialized velar approximant  (a consonantal )
voiceless labialized velar approximant (a consonantal )
labialized palatal approximant  (a consonantal )

Notes 

Consonants
All Eyez on Me is the fourth studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. All Eyez on Me was released on February 13, 1996. The album was certified 10× Diamond in 2014. The album also featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles "How Do U Want It" and "California Love".

Songs

Book 1

Book 2

References

1996 albums
Tupac Shakur albums
Hip hop albums
Gangsta rap albums
R&B albums
Windows 8 is a no longer supported version of the Windows computer operating system, which was published by Microsoft. Windows 8 was released everywhere on October 26, 2012. The president of the Windows Division, Steven Sinofsky, said: "With this system we shall make the biggest change from Windows 95". Microsoft removed the "Start" button and designed a new tile-based user interface to replace the "Start" menu (which first appeared in Windows 95). Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows 8 on January 9, 2018 and extended support ended on January 10, 2023.

Several versions of Windows 8 were made available to software developers well before the final release. The first of these, the Developer Preview, came out in September 2011. On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released a beta version of Windows 8.0 known as the Consumer Preview. Anyone could register online to download this version for free. After the Consumer Preview, a final preview named "Release Preview" was released on May 31, 2012.
On October 26, 2012, Windows 8 became available to the general public. Windows 8 received negative reviews. Microsoft also released a version called Windows RT, which was adapted for devices using ARM processors. Windows RT could not run most Windows applications. On the same day, Microsoft also put new devices running Windows 8, including its newly-created Surface tablets up for sale in stores and online.

An update for Windows 8 was released on October 17, 2013, and it is called Windows 8.1. Windows 8.1 returns the normal "Start" button to the taskbar. During development, Windows 8.1 was known as "Blue".

Windows 10 was made to replace Windows 8 and 8.1, and it came out on July 29, 2015. Users who owned Windows 7 with Service Pack 1 installed, or Windows 8.1, were able to upgrade to Windows 10 for free until July 29, 2016.

As of August 2023, Windows 8 (i.e. 8.0) is used by 0.35% of PCs; with Windows 8.1, at  1% of PCs.

Features
Features 

One new feature in Windows 8 is the Windows Store. The Windows Store lets users buy new computer programs, or download them for free.

Windows 8 adds a new graphic user interface called "Modern" (also called Metro). Modern is meant to be suitable for smartphones, tablets, notebooks, and desktop computers. This interface shows “tiles”, which work as links and also as interactive widgets (tools you can look at, like RSS feeds, weather, e-mails). The Modern interface is best used with a touchscreen, but can be controlled by a mouse or keyboard. Windows 8 still offers the classic desktop interface through the "Desktop" tile.

Microsoft reworked the booting process, replacing the classic BIOS with a new system called UEFI. This provides Secure Boot, a feature that only lets the computer start by using software its manufacturer has allowed.

Windows To Go allows users to run the complete Windows system from a USB drive.
Although Windows 8 is faster than Windows 7, it demands more pixels on the screen. The minimum is 1366 x 768 pixels, which affects many laptops that have a maximum resolution of 1024 x 600 pixels. Some users with older hardware have continued to use Windows 7 for this reason. Windows 8 will work on resolutions lower than this, but some of its features will be unavailable.

File Explorer, formerly called Windows Explorer, has a new ribbon bar interface. It can stop and restart a file transfer, and makes it easier to save files that have the same name. 

Windows 8 lets users log in using face detection, voice control, or hand gestures using a camera.

Hardware requirements

PCs

Tablets and convertibles

Windows 8.1

Two months after Windows 8 was released, there were rumors that Microsoft was making a major update to be code-named "Blue". In May 2013, Microsoft announced that "Windows Blue" was going to be called "Windows 8.1".
On June 26, 2013, Microsoft released build 9431 as the Windows 8.1 Preview, which could be downloaded.

On August 14, 2013, Microsoft announced that Windows 8.1 would be released digitally on October 17, and released in stores and in new computers on October 18. It included greater customization, and new Modern apps, such as a calculator, sound recorder, and file manager.

In April 2014, Microsoft released an update for Windows 8.1 with improvements for keyboard and mouse users. This update pins the Windows Store to the taskbar by default. Each Modern app has a bar at the top and can be closed the same way desktop apps are closed.

References

Sources
Windows 8 news microsoft.com
Computer Magazine
Technet.cz
Microsoft Windows 8 preview microsoft.com
Windows 8 system requirements microsoft.com

 

Microsoft operating systems
Windows To Go is a feature in Windows 8 and later that allows the entire system to run from a USB flash drive or external USB Hard Drive.

In September 2011 Microsoft officially announced Windows To Go at the Build Conference, and gave out bootable USB Flash drives. These could hold 32GB of information. They also had Windows To Go pre-installed.

Related pages 
 Live USB
 List of tools to create Live USB systems
 Live CD
 Portable applications

References

Other websites 
Running Windows from an external USB drive with Windows To Go - Official Microsoft Presentation at BUILD 
Windows Developer Preview Guide (Windows To Go in page 36) 

Microsoft Windows software
Dardistan (Perso-Arabic: داردستان) is a name for the northern Pakistan, and Kashmir in the upper Indus valleys and parts of north-eastern Afghanistan. It is inhabited by the Dards speaking Dardic languages.

Regions of Pakistan
Geography of Afghanistan
Kashmir
Lahore Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited (LSE) is Pakistan's second-largest stock exchange after the Karachi Stock Exchange. It is in Lahore.

Stock exchanges in Asia
Economy of Pakistan
Lahore
Companies of Pakistan
The M25 motorway, or London Orbital, is a  orbital motorway around Greater London.

The motorway was first suggested early in the 20th century, and a few sections were built in the early 1970s. The M25 was completed in 1986: is one of the world's longest orbital roads.

It is one of the busiest and most congested parts of the British motorway network. 196,000 vehicles were recorded in a single day near London Heathrow Airport. The M25 is a crucial link between the four main London airports: Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton.

Bearing in mind that no motorways go through the centre of London, the M25 is a main route connecting north with south, and east with the west of England.

The motorway was originally built with only six lanes (three each way), despite research which suggested eight lanes were necessary. Now a fourth lane exists over most of the motorway, and more in special sections (see diagram). Plans were scaled back in 2009 in response to rising costs, but work is still going on.
Planning 
Public enquiries continued through the 1970s and 1980s. Each section had its own enquiry, where local citizens and interest groups could question the plans. In all, "39 public inquiries before independent Inspectors were held, taking over 700 sitting days – with many more working days (and nights) preparing evidence". Objectors could put forward alternatives, and each of these had to be answered with presentation of evidence. Evidence included predictions of traffic and events which would affect growth of traffic. Enquiries and evidence were open to public scrutiny and debate.

Some enquiries lasted a day, and one one lasted 97 sitting days over 13 months. Proposals had to go before Parliament, and a special Act was needed to authorise the crossing of the northern tip of Epping Forest by the route in tunnel.
Operational history
As predicted by research, soon after the motorway opened in 1986 traffic levels exceeded maximum designed capacity. In 1990 the Secretary of State for Transport announced plans to widen the whole of the M25 to four lanes. By 1993 the motorway that was designed for a maximum of 88,000 vehicles per day was carrying 200,000. 15% of UK motorway traffic volume was on the M25 and there were plans to add 6 lanes to the section from Junction 12 to 15 as well widening the rest of the motorway to 4 lanes.
Costs 
The road cost £1 billion (in 1980s money) and took 11 years to build. It used two million tons of concrete and 3½ million tons of asphalt.

Dartford 
Traffic bottleneck at the Dartford Crossing in the east is the greatest problem on the motorway at present, even though the crossing is technically not part of the M25. At present the crossing is by bridge from the north, and by tunnel from the south. There are usually long tailbacks in both directions.
Consequences 
On its 25th birthday the BBC listed some of its effect on life near the capital:
 Built business empires and spread business from the capital. A new commercial property market has developed. In the M25 area there is 130 million square feet of extra commercial space. Compare this with the City of London, where the total is about 170 million square feet. The M25 is a  big catchment area in terms of employment.
 Increased house prices. Before the M25, areas just outside London were a mixture of small rural farms and commuter belt. Its arrival helped those commuters get on their way faster, pushing house prices in such areas higher. "We know from our research that house prices generally have gone up about 300% since the M25 opened in 1986," says Anthony Wardell from Knight Franks estate agents. On the western side of London, house prices have gone up nearer to 400%, he adds.
Changed the way people plan their lives. M25 expert Chris Marshall says "You can get around London in ways that you couldn't do before and it doesn't just change the lives of people who lived around it before, or who worked around it before, you find that actually it changes the way that people plan their lives. So now not only does someone who lived in Harlow when it was opened have the opportunity to work somewhere else, but someone say who works say in Heathrow can buy a house on the other side of London."
Junctions
{| class="wikitable"
|-  style="background:#00703c; text-align:center; color:#ffd200; font-size:120%;"
| colspan="6" | A282 (Dartford Crossing)
|-
!scope=col| miles
!scope=col| km
!scope=col| Clockwise exits (A carriageway)
!scope=col| Junction
!scope=col| Anti-clockwise exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col| Opening date
|- style="text-align:center;"
|0.0
|0.0
|style="background:#dcdcfe;"| Dartford Crossing South(Queen Elizabeth II Bridge)
! scope=row| RiverThames
|style="background:#dcdcfe;"| Dartford Crossing North(Dartford Tunnels)
| November 1963 (west tunnel)May 1980 (east tunnel)October 1991 (bridge)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3.5
|5.7
| Erith A206
! scope=row| J1A
| Erith A206, Swanscombe (A226)
| September 1986
|- style="text-align:center;"
|4.7
|7.5
| Dartford A225
! scope=row| J1B
| Exit via J2 – Dartford (A225)
| September 1986
|-  style="background:#0080d0; text-align:center; color:white; font-size:120%;"
| colspan="6" | M25
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5.5
|8.8
|5.5
|8.8
|  London (SE & C), Bexleyheath A2 (W), Canterbury (M2) A2 (E) Ebbsfleet International, Gillingham
! scope=row| J2
|  London (SE & C), Bexleyheath A2, Canterbury (M2), Dartford (A225) Ebbsfleet International, Bluewater, Gillingham  Gillingham A2  Dover, Chnl Tnl (M20)  M25(S) (M23)  Rochester A2
|September 1986 (northbound)April 1977 (southbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|8.7
|14.0
| London (SE & C) A20 Maidstone, Channel Tunnel, Folkestone M20 Swanley B2173
! scope=row| J3
| Maidstone, Channel Tunnel M20 London (SE & C), Lewisham A20
|April 1977 (northbound)February 1986 (southbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12.2
|19.6
| Bromley A21 Orpington A224
! scope=row| J4
| Bromley, London (SE & C) A21 Orpington (A224) Hayes
| February 1986
|- style="text-align:center;"
|16.316.4
|26.226.4
| Sevenoaks, Royal Tunbridge Wells, Hastings A21
! scope=row| J5
| Maidstone, Channel Tunnel, Dover M26 (M20)  Sevenoaks, Hastings A21
| July 1980
|- style="text-align:center;"
|21.0
|33.8
|21.0
|33.8
|Clacket Lane services
! scope=row| Services
|Clacket Lane services
|July 1993
|- style="text-align:center;"
|25.8
|41.6
| East Grinstead, Eastbourne, Caterham, Godstone A22Redhill, Westerham (A25)
! scope=row| J6
| East Grinstead, Eastbourne, Caterham, Godstone A22Redhill, Westerham (A25)
| November 1979 (eastbound)February 1976 (westbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|28.6
|46.0
| Gatwick Airport, Crawley, Brighton, Croydon M23
! scope=row| J7
| Gatwick Airport, Crawley, Brighton, M23(S), Croydon M23(N)
| February 1976
|- style="text-align:center;"
|31.9
|51.4
| London (S & SW), Reigate, Sutton A217 Kingston (A240)
! scope=row| J8
| London (S & SW), Reigate, Sutton A217 Kingston (A240)
| February 1976 (eastbound)October 1985 (westbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|38.539.5
|62.063.5
| Leatherhead A243, Dorking, (A24)
! scope=row| J9
| Leatherhead A243, Dorking (A24)
| October 1985
|- style="text-align:center;"
|42.643.2
|68.669.5
| Cobham services
! scope=row| Services
|Cobham services
|Cobham services
|September 2012
|- style="text-align:center;"
|45.0
|72.4
| London (SW & C), Guildford, Portsmouth A3
! scope=row| J10
| London (SW & C), Guildford, Kingston A3
| October 1985 (eastbound)December 1983 (westbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|49.8
|80.2
| Chertsey A317, Woking A320
! scope=row| J11
| Woking A320, Chertsey A317
| December 1983 (southbound)October 1980 (northbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|52.1
|83.8
| Basingstoke, Southampton, Richmond M3
! scope=row| J12
| Basingstoke, Southampton, Richmond M3
| October 1980 (southbound)December 1976 (northbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|55.2
|88.8
| London (W & C), Hounslow, Staines A30
! scope=row| J13
| London (W & C), Hounslow, Staines A30
| November 1981 (southbound)August 1982 (northbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|57.0
|91.8
| Heathrow Airport (Terminals 4, 5 and Cargo) A3113
! scope=row| J14
| Heathrow Airport (Terminals 4, 5 and Cargo) A3113
| August 1982 (southbound)September 1985 (northbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|59.0
|95.0
| The WEST, Slough, Reading, London (W & C), Heathrow Airport (Terminals 2 and 3) M4
! scope=row| J15
| The WEST, Slough, Reading M4(W)  London (W & C), Heathrow Airport (Terminals 2 & 3) M4(E)
| September 1985
|- style="text-align:center;"
|63.8
|102.6
|  The NORTH, Birmingham, Oxford, Uxbridge, London (W & C) M40
! scope=row| J16
|  Birmingham, Oxford M40(W)  Uxbridge, London (W & C) M40(E)
| September 1985 (southbound)January 1985 (northbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|68.7
|110.5
| Rickmansworth, Maple Cross (A412)
! scope=row| J17
| Rickmansworth, Maple Cross A412
| January 1985 (southbound)February 1976 (northbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|69.9
|112.5
| Chorleywood, Amersham A404
! scope=row| J18
| Chorleywood, Amersham A404
| February 1976
|- style="text-align:center;"
|71.5
|116.4
| Watford A41
! scope=row| J19
| Exit via J20 – Watford A41
| September 1976
|- style="text-align:center;"
|73.5
|118.2
| Hemel Hempstead, Aylesbury A41
! scope=row| J20
! scope=row| J20
| Hemel Hempstead, Aylesbury, Watford A41
| August 1986
|- style="text-align:center;"
|76.3
|122.8
| The North, Luton & Luton Airport M1
! scope=row| J21
| The North, Luton & Luton Airport M1
| August 1986
|- style="text-align:center;"
|76.9
|123.7
| Watford A405 Harrow (M1 South)
! scope=row| J21A
| St Albans A405 London (NW & C) (M1 (South))
| August 1986
|- style="text-align:center;"
|80.6
|129.7
| London Colney A1081
! scope=row| J22
| St Albans A1081
| August 1986
|- style="text-align:center;"
|83.3
|134.0
| Hatfield A1(M), London (NW & C) A1, Barnet A1081South Mimms services
! scope=row| J23
| Hatfield A1(M), London (NW & C) A1, Barnet A1081South Mimms services
| August 1986 (westbound)September 1975 (eastbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|85.9
|138.2
| Potters Bar A111
! scope=row| J24
| Potters Bar A111
| September 1975 (westbound)June 1981 (eastbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|91.4
|147.1
| Enfield Town, Hertford A10
! scope=row| J25
| Enfield, Hertford, London (N & C) A10
| June 1981 (westbound)January 1984 (eastbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|94.9
|152.7
| Waltham Abbey, Loughton A121
! scope=row| J26
| Waltham Abbey, Loughton A121
| January 1984
|- style="text-align:center;"
|99.2
|159.7
| London (NE & C), Stansted Airport, Harlow, Cambridge M11
! scope=row| J27
| London (NE & C) M11(N), Stansted Airport, Harlow, Cambridge M11(S)
| January 1984 (westbound)April 1983 (eastbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|107.1
|172.4
| Chelmsford, Witham, Colchester A12 Brentwood A1023
! scope=row| J28
| Chelmsford, Romford A12 Brentwood A1023
| April 1983
|- style="text-align:center;"
|109.9
|176.8
| Romford, Basildon, Southend A127
! scope=row| J29
| Basildon, Southend, Romford A127
| April 1983 (northbound)December 1982 (southbound)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|115.2
|185.4
| Tilbury, Thurrock, Lakeside A13(E), London (E & C) A13(W) Thurrock services
! scope=row| J30
| London (E & C), Barking, Tilbury, Basildon, Dagenham, Rainham A13
| December 1982
| December 1982
|-  style="background:#00703c; text-align:center; color:#ffd200; font-size:120%;"
| colspan="6" | A282 (Dartford Crossing)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|115.9
|186.6
| Exit via J30 – Purfleet (A1090), South Ockendon, Thurrock services A1306
! scope=row| J31
| Thurrock (Lakeside), Thurrock services A1306, Purfleet (A1090), West Thurrock (A126)
| December 1982
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
|
|style="background:#dcdcfe;"| Dartford Crossing South(Queen Elizabeth II Bridge)
! scope=row| RiverThames
|style="background:#dcdcfe;"| Dartford Crossing North(Dartford Tunnels)
| November 1963 (west tunnel)May 1980 (east tunnel)October 1991 (bridge)
|-
|colspan=6|Notes
 Distances in kilometres and carriageway identifiers are taken from driver location signs/location marker posts. Where a junction goes across several hundred metres and the data is available, both the start and finish values for the junction are shown.
|-
Notes

References 

Motorways in England
Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist. His pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934. He played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, and he had ideas on the development of organic life from non-living matter.

Biography
Urey earned a degree in zoology from the University of Montana and a Ph.D. in chemistry, studying thermodynamics under Gilbert N. Lewis at the University of California, Berkeley. 

At Berkeley, Urey was influenced by the work of physicist Raymond T. Birge and soon joined Niels Bohr in Copenhagen to work on atomic structure at the Institute for Theoretical Physics.
On his return to the U.S. and between 1924 and 1928, he taught at The Johns Hopkins University as 'Associate in Chemistry', and then at Columbia where he assembled a team of associates. He wrote (with Arthur Ruark), Atoms, quanta and molecules, one of the first English texts on quantum mechanics and its applications to atomic and molecular systems.
He discovered deuterium, isolating it by repeatedly distilling a sample of liquid hydrogen. In 1931, he and his associates went on to demonstrate the existence of heavy water. Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for this work.
 
During World War II, Urey's team at Columbia worked on a number of research programs that contributed towards the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb for the United States. Most importantly, they developed the gaseous diffusion method to separate uranium-235 from uranium-238. In autumn 1941, Urey, with G.B. Pegram, led a diplomatic mission to England to establish co-operation on the development of the atomic bomb.
Isaac Asimov, a student at Columbia at this time, remembers Urey lamenting, perhaps too strongly, how pained he was that he could do nothing to help the war effort. Asimov pointed out innocently that perhaps the enriched uranium kept at Columbia may have had something to do with the war effort. Urey reddened and changed the subject. Urey had worried about the German atomic bomb while working on uranium separation at Columbia during the war, and now referred to the most dangerous situation that humanity has ever faced in all history.
In later life, Urey helped develop the field of 'cosmochemistry' and is credited with coining the term. His work on oxygen-18 led him to develop theories about the abundance of the chemical elements on Earth and of their abundance and evolution in the stars. This work was among the pioneering paleoclimatic research. Urey summarised his work in the book The planets: their origin and development (1952). Urey speculated that the early terrestrial atmosphere was probably composed of ammonia, methane and hydrogen; it was one of his Chicago graduate students, Stanley L. Miller, who showed that, if such a mixture be exposed to electric sparks and to water, it can interact to produce amino acids, commonly called the "building blocks of life" (see Miller-Urey experiment).

Urey died at La Jolla, California, and is buried in the Fairfield Cemetery in DeKalb County, Indiana. While working at Columbia University, Urey was a resident of Leonia, New Jersey.

References
References

Publications
Urey H.C.; Grosse A V. & G. Walden.    "Production of D{Sub 2}O for use in the fission of Uranium", Columbia University, Manhattan Project, (June 23, 1941).
Urey H.C.    "Investigation of the photochemical method for Uranium isotope separation", Columbia University - Division of War Research, Manhattan Project, (July 10, 1943).

Suess H.E. & H.C. Urey. Abundances of the elements, Columbia University - Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, United States Geological Survey, (July 13, 1955).
Urey H.C.  Research on the natural abundance of deuterium and other isotopes in nature. Final Report for period ending September 30, 1958, University of Chicago, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (October 31, 1959).

Further reading
Further reading

Other websites
 Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
 National Academy of Sciences biography
  A biography

1893 births
1981 deaths
Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
American chemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Indiana
Columbia University faculty
German Reich () was the official name for Germany from 1871 to 1945. 

The history of Germany during the time of the German Reich is usually broken into three parts:
 the German Empire (1871–1918)
 the republic informally called the Weimar Republic (1918–33)
 the National Socialist state commonly known as the Third Reich or Nazi Germany (1933–45)
Trịnh Công Sơn (February 28, 1939 – April 1, 2001) was a Vietnamese composer, musician, painter and songwriter. 

He, along with Pham Duy and Van Cao, is widely considered one of the three salient figures of modern (non-classical) Vietnamese music.

1939 births
2001 deaths
This was a difficult task, however the assembly did agree on the "Objective Resolution" on 12 March, 1949. A special committee of 24 members of the Constituent Assembly worked on a constitution based on the ideas in the Objective Resolution. The Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, shut down the assembly on 24 October 1954, before the draft constitution could be presented. The President of the Assembly, took legal action as he believed that shutting down the assembly was illegal. He lost the case in the Federal Court.

A second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was formed on 28 May 1955. They wrote the new constitution which came into force on 23 March 1956.

References

Government of Pakistan
Parliaments
Pakistan Movement
Piranha 3D is a 3-D movie directed by Alexandre Aja. It stars Elisabeth Shue, Steven R. McQueen, Jessica Szohr, Jerry O'Connell, Kelly Brook, Riley Steele, Gianna Michaels, Christopher Lloyd, Ving Rhames, Roberto Chavira, Dina Meyer, Sage Ryan, Brooklynn Proulx and special starring Richard Dreyfuss.

Plot
In Lake Victoria, an earthquake forms a underwater fault line. Hungry piranhas come out. In the city of Lake Victoria (named for the lake), spring break has just started and some guys go into the lake celebrate and swim.
Cast
 Elisabeth Shue: Julie Forester - The sheriff of Lake Victoria
 Steven R. Mcqueen: Jake Forester - The son of the sheriff
 Jessica Szohr: Kelly - The girlfriend of Jake
 Jerry O' Connell: Derrick Jones - Director of porno movies
 Riley Steele: Crystal - A pornostar
 Gianna Michaels: Girl on a parachute
 Christopher Lloyd: Carl Goodman - Proprietary of the animal shop
 Ving Rhames: Agent Fallon - An agent
 Roberto Chavira: Sam - A sub
 Dina Meyer: Paula Montellano - Another sub
 Sage Ryan: Zane Forester - The another son of the sheriff
 Brooklynn Proulx: Laura Forester - The another son of the sheriff.

Sequel
Dimension Films has announced that a sequel will be released in November 2011 due to the success of this and the sequel will be called Piranha 3DD.

Cameo
Richard Dreyfuss makes a cameo in the movie when he sings the song "Show Me The Way To Go Home".
Dreyfuss sang the same song in Steven Spielberg's Jaws.

2010 movies
2010 3D movies
Movies about fish
English-language movies
"You Lost Me" is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album Bionic. The song was written by Aguilera, Samuel Dixon and Sia Furler. It's a slow melody pop-ballad song that talks about a cheating boyfriend, who has left the world in Aguilera's view as "infected". It was released on July 6, 2010 as the third single from Aguilera's Bionic album.

2010 songs
Christina Aguilera songs
Pop ballads
Songs about infidelity
The metric system is a number of different systems of measurement with length based on the metre, mass on the gram, and volume on the litre. This system is used around the world. It was developed in France and first introduced there in 1795, 2 years after the execution of Louis XVI. The metric units are based on decimal groups (multiples of ten). At first the metric system was based on two quantities: length and weight. The basic units were called the metre and the gramme.
In 1866, the United States started to use the metric system, and is widely used except by the public. By 1875, many countries in Europe and in Latin America had changed to using the metric system. In 1875, seventeen countries signed the Metre Convention agreeing to share responsibility for defining and managing the metre and kilogram standards. The prototype copies of the metre and of the kilogram were called the "international prototype metre" and "international prototype kilogram". A new organization called the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) was set up. The international prototype metre and kilogram were kept at the BIPM headquarters. In 1960, the rules for the metric system were revised. The revised system was called the "International System of Units" (which is often called  for short). The definition of SI also included rules for writing SI quantities. These rules are the same for all countries
. In the 1970s, many people in the United Kingdom and the rest of the Commonwealth started using the metric system in their places of work.
Description 

The metric system is a decimal-based system of measurement. The system has units of measure for each quantity. The names of most units of measure in the metric system have two parts. One part is the unit name and the other part is the prefix. For example, in the name "centimetre", the word "centi" is the prefix and the word "metre" is the unit name. Sometimes, as with metre, litre and gram, there is no prefix.
In the metric system, all units have a "symbol". Symbols are a shorthand way of writing the names of units. All the countries in the world use the same symbol for a unit, even though they might have different ways of writing out the unit name in full. For example
People write "kilometre" in the United Kingdom.
People write "kilometer" in the United States.
People write "quilómetro" in Portugal.
People write "một kí lô mét" in Vietnam.
People write "کیلومیتر" in Saudi Arabia.
People write "χιλιόμετρα" in Greece.
People write "километр" in Russia.
People write "公里", "千米", or "粁" in China.
People write "キロ" or "㌔"　in Japan.
People write "킬로미터" in South Korea.
Everybody uses the symbol "km" for "kilometre".
Unit names
The metric system was first developed in France during the French Revolution. A French law passed in 1795 defined five units of measure. Three of these names are still in use today. They are the metre which is the unit of length, the gram which is the unit of mass and the litre which is the unit of volume. Since then many other units of measure have been developed and many definitions changed. The metric system now has units of measurement for energy, power, force, electric current, radioactivity and many others.  The most commonly used units of measure in the metric system are listed below.

Length
In the metric system, length is measured in metres. The symbol for the metre is the letter "m". The metre was originally defined as being  of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator on the meridian that passed through Paris. In 1799, a platinum bar that was equal to this length was made and became the "prototype metre"
Volume
In the metric system, volume is measured in litres. The symbol for the litre is "L". In 1795 the French Government defined one litre as being the same volume as the volume of a cube which had sides that were .

Mass 
In the metric system, mass is measured in grams.  The symbol for the gram is the letter "g". In 1795 the French Government defined the gram as the mass of one cubic centimetre of water at the freezing point of ice. This was difficult to measure, so in 1799 the French Government made a "prototype kilogram" () mass.

Temperature
In the metric system, temperature is measured in degrees Celsius.  The symbol for degrees Celsius is "°C". Water freezes at "" and boils at "".

Time
In the metric system, the unit of time is the seconds. The second was first used as part of the metric system by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1832.
The definitions of the units are often being changed. In 1960 the definition of the metre was changed. Since then it has been defined in terms of the speed of light. In 2019, the kilogram is redefined in terms of the Planck constant.

Prefixes 
If the numbers are too big or too small, the metric system uses prefixes to make it easier to understand the numbers.

milli
The prefix milli is used to show that a measurement is  (or 0.001) of the base measurement:
There are 1000 milligrams (mg) in a gram.
There are 1000 millimetres (mm) in a metre.
There are 1000 millilitres (mL) in a litre.

centi
The prefix centi is used to show that a measurement is  (or 0.01) of the base measurement:
There are 100 centimetres (cm) in a metre.
There are 100 centilitres (cL) in a litre.

kilo
The prefix kilo is used to show that a measurement is 1000 times as large of the base measurement:
There are 1000 grams in a kilogram (kg).
There are 1000 metres in a kilometre (km).
There are a lot of other prefixes. Some of them are:
micro which means one millionth (). The symbol for "micro" is the Greek letter μ (called "mu").
deci which means one tenth (). The symbol for "deci" is "d".
mega which means one million (1,000,000). The symbol for "mega" is "M". Care must be taken not to get "m" (for "milli") and "M" (for "mega") mixed up.

How big

These tables will help one to estimate the size of different lengths or masses in the metric system. In these tables:
The word "Imperial" is short for Imperial units which are the units of measure that have traditionally been used in the United Kingdom.
The word "Customary" is short for U.S. customary units which are units of measure that have traditionally been used in the United States.

Length

Mass
Length

Mass

British and American spelling
Some names in the metric system are spelt differently in British English and in American English and Philippine English.
The word metre is used in British English while the word meter is used in American English.
The word litre is used in British English while the word liter is used in American English.
The word gram is used in both British English and in American English. The word gramme can also be used in British English, but many British people think that this is old-fashioned.

Administering the metric system

The Metre Convention
In 1875 representatives from the governments of twenty different countries met in Paris to discuss weights and measures. Seventeen of the countries signed a treaty about weights and measures. The treaty was called "The Convention of the Metre". The countries that signed were: Argentine Confederation, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, United States and Venezuela. They agreed: 
 To set up an inter-governmental organisation to administer the treaty. This organization was called the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). 
 France was to have responsibility for acquiring suitable premises for the BIPM. These premises would become neutral territory. The BIPM offices and laboratories would be located on the site.
To make 40 identical copies of the kilogram. One was chosen as the prototype (or primary) copy. This copy was known as the "International Prototype Kilogram". It replaced the Kilogramme des archives as the world's primary copy of the kilogram. The Kilogramme des archives would be kept at the BIPM premises.
 To make 30 identical copies of the metre. One was chosen as the prototype (or primary) copy. This copy was known as the "International Prototype Metre". It replaced the Metre des archives as the world's primary copy of the metre. The Metre des archives would be kept at the BIPM premises.
 To give one copy of the metre and one copy of the kilogram to each country. These would be called "national prototype metres" and "national prototype kilograms". 
 To compare the national prototype metres and kilograms against the international prototypes at regular intervals.  
 To promote the use of the metric system.