Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A push-pull aircraft is a type of aircraft whose principle is a twin engine. The first engine is propulsion. The second is tractive. The first push and the second pull. On the outside, these aircraft are noticeable by their two propellers: one in front and one in back.

Aircraft
October is the second album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 12 October 1981. The album is about spirituality. It got mixed reviews and it was not played much by radio stations.

Recording
After touring for Boy, U2 began to write new songs. The band started recording in the studio in July 1981. Then Bono lost his notebook with the lyrics after a show in Portland, Oregon. He had to make up the words to songs as he was singing on the microphone. His lost notebook was returned many years later, in 2004. Bono said its return was "an act of grace".

Reception 
When it was released, October got more mixed reviews than their first album, Boy.

Dave McCullough of Sounds magazine praised the album. He said: "A kind of zenith pop then, no half measures. It all breathes fire... 'Gloria' being possibly Their Finest Moment and 'Tomorrow', low and muted, gently oozing emotion". McCullough also said, "This October will last forever".
Adam Sweeting of Melody Maker also gave a good review. He said: "Their whole musical sensibility is shaped by a strong emotional bond to their homeland and its traditions. It gives them a completely different frame of reference from most groups...

But, NME gave a negative review. Barney Hoskyns talked about the "excessive plaintiveness of Bono's voice and the forced power of U2's sound".  He also said: "Obviously rock doesn't expire just because groups run out of ways to change it... U2, I guess, will continue to 'move' in live performance, but they will only move on the lightest surface. Their music does 'soar'... But then 'God' knows, there are other religions".

Track listing

All of the songs were written by U2, and all of the lyrics were written by Bono.

 Gloria - 4:14
 I Fall Down - 3:39
 I Threw a Brick Through a Window - 4:54
 Rejoice - 3:37
 Fire - 3:51
 Tomorrow - 4:39
 October - 2:21
 With a Shout (Jerusalem) - 4:02
 Stranger in a Strange Land - 3:56
 Scarlet - 2:53
 Is That All? - 2:59
People 
 Bono – lead vocals
 The Edge – guitar, piano, backing vocals
 Adam Clayton – bass
 Larry Mullen Jr. – drums

References 

U2 albums
1981 albums
Island Records albums
Rock albums
Punk albums
Pornainen is a municipality in southern Finland. About 5,162 people lived there in 2013. Nearby municipalities are Askola, Mäntsälä, Porvoo and Sipoo.

Other websites 

 Municipality of Pornainen – Official website 

Municipalities of Uusimaa
Alavus () is a city in Finland. As of 31 May 2013, 12,349 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Alajärvi, Kuortane, Seinäjoki, Virrat and Ähtäri.

Other websites 

 The official page 

Municipalities of South Ostrobothnia
Virrat is a city in Finland. As of 31 May 2013, 7,344 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Alavus, Keuruu, Kihniö, Mänttä-Vilppula, Ruovesi, Seinäjoki, Ylöjärvi and Ähtäri.

Some villages
Härkönen (Virrat) 
Jäähdyspohja 
Ikkala (Virrat)
Killinkoski 
Lahdenkylä (Virrat)
Liedenpohja
Rantakunta
Vaskuu
Vaskivesi
Äijänneva

Population growth

References

Other websites 

 The official page 

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Pirkanmaa
The Southeast Division is one of three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association, along with the Atlantic Division and the Central Division. The five teams in this division are the Atlanta Hawks, Charlotte Hornets, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic, and the Washington Wizards.

References

National Basketball Association divisions
The Piaggio P.180 Avanti is an Italian twin-turboprop civilian aircraft. It can carry between seven and nine passengers. It is used for executive transport.

Civil aircraft
Italian aircraft
The Battle of Shiloh was a battle in the American Civil War. It was fought on April 6 and April 7, 1862, in Tennessee. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War.

Background
The Union Army of the Tennessee was commanded by Ulysses S. Grant. Grant had captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in western Tennessee during the early months of 1862. This forced the Confederate Army to leave Kentucky, western Tennessee, and central Tennessee.

Grant wanted to capture the city of Corinth, Mississippi, next. But his superior, Henry W. Halleck, didn't want Grant to go any further south until other Union soldiers joined him. So Grant moved his army to a place called Pittsburg Landing, which was on the Tennessee River. There was a church near the landing called Shiloh Church. His army stayed there for several weeks.
General Albert Sidney Johnston commanded the Confederates. Johnston's second-in-command was P. G. T. Beauregard. Beauregard came up with a plan to recapture western Tennessee. Confederate soldiers from all over the Western theater gathered in Corinth. Then, starting on April 3rd, they marched north toward Grant's army. The Confederate Army was ready to attack on the morning of the 6th.

The Battle
The battle started around dawn on April 6th. The Confederates surprised the Union Army. After fighting all day, Grant's army retreated back to Pittsburg Landing. Johnston was killed during the battle, and Beauregard took over the Confederate Army.

More Union soldiers arrived at the battlefield during the night. They were part of the Army of the Ohio, commanded by Don Carlos Buell.

Grant attacked the Confederates the next morning. The two armies fought all morning and during the afternoon. By 4 p.m., Beauregard decided to retreat back to Corinth.
Aftermath
The Confederates lost 10,698 casualties during the battle. Union soldiers buried the Confederate dead on the battlefield. The Union Army lost about 14,500 casualties during the battle.

References

References

Sources
 
 

Shiloh, Battle of
19th century in Tennessee
1862 in the United States
April events
Ulysses S. Grant
The Panavia Tornado is a twin-turbojet attack and electronic warfare aircraft. It was built by three European countries: Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Its first flight was in 1974. Its introduction was in 1979. The Royal Air Force used it in the Gulf War, war in Afghanistan, and war in Libya. Saudi Arabia also uses this aircraft.

The Tornado ADV is a fighter variant.

British military aircraft
German military aircraft
Italian military aircraft
Electronic warfare is all military techniques for aerial reconnaissance, spying, and radar jamming. In electronic warfare, missiles like AGM-45 Shrike or AGM-88 Harm can be used to destroy radar or communication systems. Examples include deciphering encrypted messages, such as the messages decoded due to the British reverse engineering of the German Enigma.

Military
The Nippon Sei Ko Kai is the Japanese branch of the Anglican Communion.

Other websites
Anglican Church in Japan

Anglicanism
A hearse is a car used to transport a coffin. It is usually used to go to a cemetery. Hearses are usually black or gray. They are driven by a mortician.

Automobiles
Death customs
Shfela (, Shephelah, also called , Shfelat Yehuda, "Judean foothills") is a region in Israel. It is between the Judaean Mountains and the south coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

Other websites 

 Soils of the Coastal Plain and the Shefela

Regions of Israel
Brunel University London (BUL) is a public research university in London, England. It is named after Isambard Kingdom Brunel. In June 1966, Brunel College of Advanced Technology was given a royal charter and eventually became Brunel University London. The university is often described as a British plate glass university.

Brunel University London is sorted into three colleges. It is this way because of a major internal reorganization in September 2014. The University has over 16,150 students and 2,500 staff. They had a total income of £237 million in the 2019–20 school year. 30% of this income came from grants and research contracts. Brunel University London has three constituent academic colleges: The College of Business, Arts and Social Sciences; The College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences; and The Colleges of Health, Medical, and Life services. Brunel University London is part of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, and Universities UK.
Other websites
Brunel University London's official website

References

Brunel University
1966 establishments in the United Kingdom
The Sharon plain ( HaSharon) is a region in Israel. It is on the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea between Tel Aviv and Haifa. It starts at the Yarkon River in Tel Aviv and ends at Mount Carmel.

Regions of Israel
Plains
Hassan Ahmed Ademov (), (born 24 January 1953), is a Bulgarian politician of Turkish origin.

References

Other websites 
 Bulgarian Parliament  

1953 births
Living people
Bulgarian politicians
Sarah Alice (Addams) Haldeman (June 5, 1853 – March 19, 1915) was a United States craftswoman, banker and philanthropist. She was the sister of social activist Jane Addams.

She was born in Cedarville, Illinois. Haldeman died from pneumonia. She outlived her husband and managed his bank after his death.

References

1853 births
1915 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Philanthropists from Illinois
Businesspeople from Illinois
Charles Brenton Huggins (September 22, 1901 – January 12, 1997) was a Canadian-born American physician, physiologist, and cancer researcher at the University of Chicago specializing in prostate cancer. He was awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers.

Huggins was born on September 22, 1901 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He studied at Acadia University and at Harvard University. Huggins died on January 22, 1997 in Chicago, Illinois from natural causes, aged 95.

Other websites
 Nobel biography
 Prostate Cancer
 Ben May Department for Cancer Research 

1901 births
1997 deaths
Canadian physicians
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American physicians
Medical researchers
Scientists from Chicago
People from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Canadian Nobel Prize winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Hugh Dempster (August 3, 1900 – April 30, 1987) was a British theatre and movie actor.

Dempster was born on August 3, 1900 in London, England. 

He starred in Vice Versa, Anna Karenina, The Winslow Boy, The Fan, Scrooge, The House Across the Lake, and in The Ghost Train. 

Dempster died from pneumonia on April 30, 1987 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 86.

Some movies
 The Great Well (1924)
 Lord Babs (1932)
 Music Hath Charms (1935)
 Marigold (1938)
 Three Silent Men (1940)

Other websites
Hugh Dempster at the Internet Movie Database
Hugh Dempster at the Internet Broadway Database

1900 births
1987 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
British movie actors
British stage actors
British television actors
British voice actors
Actors from London
James Bolesworth Bradwell (April 16, 1828 – November 30, 1907) was an American lawyer, judge, and a representative from Illinois.

Bradwell was born April 16, 1828, at Loughborough, England to American parents. He was raised in Utica, New York and in Jacksonville, Illinois. In 1852, he married Myra Colby. They had four children. Bradwell died on November 30, 1907 in Chicago, Illinois from pneumonia, aged 79.

Other websites
 Biography on rootsweb
 Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1908, pp. 329-330.

1828 births
1907 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Lawyers from New York (state)
American judges
United States representatives from Illinois
People from Utica, New York
Lawyers from Illinois
Thomas Reed (1817–1878), was a Danish architect.

He was born in the 19th century in the Saint Croix Island (in the time when it was a dependent territory of the Kingdom of Denmark) in 1817.

He studied in Germany and England, and arrived to Colombia in 1847. In Bogotá he was contracted to build the Colombian National Capitol by the president Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera. He also designed the Panopticon prison which was adapted in 1975 for the Colombian National Museum.

Reed died in 1878 in Guayaquil, Ecuador, aged 61.

Other websites
 Biography of Thomas Reed , Banco de la República.

1817 births
1878 deaths
Architects
Danish businesspeople
Reading is a way of getting information that is written.

It may also refer to:
Reading, Berkshire
Reading F.C.
Reading and Leeds Festivals
Reading railway station
Reading, Pennsylvania
Glenn E. Plummer (born August 18, 1961) is an American actor. He was born in Richmond, California. He has acted in many movies and TV series. He married DeMonica Santiago-Plummer in 2001. They have two children. Santiago-Plummer filed for divorce in February 2013.

Television and movie roles

References

Other websites

Actors from Contra Costa County, California
1961 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
People from Richmond, California
Jacqueline Ruth "Jacki" Weaver (born 25 May 1947) is an Australian actress.

Career
Weaver played in many movies, TV productions and theater performances since the 1970s. In 1971, she got an Australian Film Institute Award for her performance in the movie Stork as Anna. She got an award in the category supporting role for her performance in Caddie in 1976.

In 2010, she was best known for her role as "Janine Cody" in Animal Kingdom. She got many prizes for it, including the Australian Film Institute, the National Board of Review Award, the LAFCA-Award and the Satellite Award in the category supporting actress.

In 2012, she played in the movie Silver Linings Playbook. For this performance, she got an Academy Award nomination in the category supporting actress.

Television and movie roles

References

Other websites

Jacki Weaver at the National Film and Sound Archive

Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian stage actors
1947 births
Living people
Actors from Sydney
Glasnost () was a policy that called for increased openness in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. It was introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s. Glasnost is often paired with Perestroika (restructuring), another reform instituted by Gorbachev at the same time. The word "glasnost" has been used in Russian at least since the end of the 18th century.

The word was often used by Gorbachev for policies he believed might reduce corruption at the top, and moderate the abuse of power by the Central Committee. Russian human rights activist and dissident Lyudmila Alexeyeva explained glasnost as a word that "had been in the Russian language for centuries. It was in the dictionaries and lawbooks as long as there had been dictionaries and lawbooks. It was an ordinary, hardworking, nondescript word that was used to refer to a process, any process of justice of governance, being conducted in the open".
Glasnost can also refer to the specific period in the history of the USSR during the 1980s when there was less censorship and greater freedom of information.

References 

Mikhail Gorbachev
1980s in the Soviet Union
Politics of Russia
The nerve cord is a bundle of nerve fibres which run the length of an animal's body. In invertebrates it runs along the ventral side under the gut. In chordates it runs along the dorsal side above the gut.

In vertebrates it runs inside the backbone, and is called the spinal cord.

Anatomy of the nervous system
Ion Creangă (1 March 1837, Humulești, Romania – 31 December 1889, Iași) was a Romanian writer.  He wrote all kinds of stories including his autobiography  (English: Childhood memories).

Related pages
List of Romanian social scientists

Romanian writers
1837 births
1889 deaths
Autobiographers
Romanian social scientists
Vasile Alecsandri (21 June 1821, Bacău – 22 August 1890, Mircești) was a Romanian poet, politician, minister, and diplomat. He founded the Romanian Academy and Romanian Theatre.

Romanian politicians
Romanian poets
Romanian diplomats
1821 births
1890 deaths
Tower of Saviors is a video game which is developed in Hong Kong. Since July 2013, this game has been downloaded over 5,000,000 times. Seventy-five percent of players are Taiwanese.

Copying issue 
The gameplay and characters are similar to Puzzle & Dragons, a Japanese game. The person in charge said that the game has referenced other games, such as Puzzle & Dragons.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Tower of Saviors

Mobile games
An outboard motor is traditionally an engine that is used with boats. With those is no need for oars. An outboard motor can be an electric motor, which doesn't pollute at all.

Motors
An interest rate is how much interest is paid by borrowers for the money that they borrow. It is usually a percentage of the sum borrowed. So, a simple 10% interest means that if one borrows $100, one pays back $110. 

Interest rates in a  country are usually guided by a base rate set by its central bank. The interest rate to businesses and citizens is always above the base rate .

Finance
Pirkka-Pekka Petelius (born 31 May 1953, Tornio) is a Finnish actor and singer. He started in the 1970s. He was born in Tornio. In 1975, he moved to Helsinki. He has released six albums.

Movies
1976: 
1986: 
1988: 
1999: 
2013:

Other websites
 

Finnish singers
1953 births
Living people
Finnish movie actors
John Preston Amis (17 June 1922 – 1 August 2013 ) was a British broadcaster, classical music critic, music administrator, radio and television personality, and writer. He was a writer for The Guardian and to BBC radio and television music programming.

Amis was born on 17 June 1922 in Dulwich, London, England. He studied at Dulwich College. Amis was the cousin of Kingsley Amis. In 1949, he married the violinist Olive Zorian. The marriage was dissolved in 1955 and Zorian died in 1965. Amis died on 1 August 2013 from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites
John Amis' official blog

1922 births
2013 deaths
British radio personalities
Music critics
Writers from London
Television personalities from London
"Invaders Must Die" is a song by the British electronic band The Prodigy. It was released on the band's website on 26 November 2008. It was the first single from the album Invaders Must Die.

2008 songs
The Junkers Ju 88 is a twin-engine military aircraft. It was built in Nazi Germany. It was used as a bomber, fighter, and reconnaissance in World War II. Its first flight was in 1936. It was first used in 1939. At least 15,000 were built. It was one of the major Luftwaffe aircraft. It was used for the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain.

World War II German aircraft
German military aircraft
The Grumman X-29 was an experimental United States aircraft. It aimed to test the technology of forward-swept wing and other technologies. It first flew in 1984. Tests were stopped in 1991. It was a single-turbojet aircraft. It was used by NASA.

NASA
X-29
The General Atomics MQ-1 Predator is an American unmanned aerial vehicle. It is used by the US Air Force and the CIA for reconnaissance and as light attack aircraft. It is a single-engine aircraft. It was used in Afghanistan and Iraq. Its main weapon is the AGM-114 Hellfire light missile.

Italy, Morocco, and UAE are foreign operators.

Unmanned aerial vehicles
United States Air Force aircraft
The Avro 504 is a British training aircraft. It was used for World War I. It is one of the first British military aircraft. It is a twin-seat and single-engine biplane. Some were used in Belgium, France, Portugal, and USA.

British military aircraft
World War I aircraft
Pica d'Estats (Catalan and Spanish: Pica d'Estats, French: Pic d'Estats) is a 3,143-m-high mountain in the Montcalm Massif, Pyrenees. on the Spanish–French border.

In France, it is the highest point in the Department of Ariège. In Spain, it is the highest point of the autonomous community of Catalonia and of the province of Lleida.

Geography
The summit of this mountain is on the border of the Regional Natural Park of the Pyrenees of Ariége (). The Pica d'Estats is in a group of mountains that forms the Massif du Montcalm, and is the highest of the mountains in the East-Central Pyrennes.

The summit has three peaks, all very close to each other:
 Central peak, or Pica d'Estats, ( 3,143 m)
 Western peak, or Pic de Verdaguer, (3,131 m)
 Eastern peak, or Punta Gabarró, (3,115 m); here there is a triangulation station.

The group of three peaks runs north-northwest to southeast along the Spanish–French border.

Geologie
The summit of Pica d'Estats is made of granite.
Climate
Even with its altitude, the Pica d'Estats does not have much snow.

History
The first ascent of this peak was made by Corabœuf & Jean-Jacques Testu in 1827. Henry Russell climbed this peak in June 1864.

Notes

References

Other websites

  Altituderando: Pic du Montcalm - Pic d'Estats - Pic Verdaguer
  Camptocamp.org

Pyrenees
Mountains of France
Ariège (department)
Province of Lleida
The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte was signed in the autumn of 911. It was a treaty between Charles the Simple and Rollo, one of the leaders of the Vikings living in Neustria. It was to protect Charles' kingdom from any new invasion by the "Northmen. In 911, a group of Vikings lead by Rollo besieged Paris and Chartres. After a victory near Chartres on 26 August, Charles decided to try to reach an agreement with Rollo. The talks were led by Hervé, the Archbishop of Reims. The result was the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. The treaty granted Rollo all land between the river Epte and the sea in exchange for his fealty. In addition, the treaty granted Rollo Brittany "for his livelihood". At the time, Brittany was an independent region which France had not been able to control. In exchange, Rollo promised the king his loyalty, which involved military assistance for the protection of the kingdom. As a token of his good will, Rollo also agreed to be baptised and marry Gisela a daughter of king Charles.
The territory covered by the treaty is nearly the same as today’s Upper Normandy down to the Seine river. It would later extend west beyond the Seine to form the Duchy of Normandy, named for the northmen who ruled it. The treaty was entered into after the death of Alan I, King of Brittany and at the time another group of Vikings occupied Brittany. Around 937 Alan I's son, Alan II returned from England to expel those Vikings from Brittany. This happened in 939. During this period the Cotentin Peninsula was lost by Brittany and gained by Normandy.

References

911
History of France
Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
10th century in Europe
The Epte is a river in Seine-Maritime and Eure, in Normandy, France. It is a tributary of the river Seine. It begins in Seine-Maritime department in the Pays de Bray, near Forges-les-Eaux.  The river empties into the Seine not far from Giverny.

In 911 the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte established the river as the historical boundary between Normandy and Île-de-France. This divided the traditional county of the Vexin into two parts. The Norman Vexin became a part of Normandy while the French Vexin remained a part of the Île-de-France. A series of castles were built on both banks of the Epte to guard this frontier. 

Claude Monet lived at Giverny near the river for more than forty years.  In his garden, by diverting a branch of the Epte, he established a water garden with its famous water-lily pond and a Japanese-style bridge. The river appears in several of his works, including Peupliers au bord de l'Epte (Poplars on the Banks of the Epte).

References
References

Other websites
http://www.geoportail.fr 
The Epte at the Sandre database

Rivers of Normandy
Puzzle & Dragons is a Japanese mobile game. It was developed by GungHo Online Entertainment. There is a role-playing game at the top where the player gets to fight dragons and other monsters. The lower part of the screen is a puzzle game. Players have to replace the gems and connect three gems of the same color.

Other websites 
 Official English website of Puzzle & Dragons

Mobile games
An electrostatic loudspeaker is a design of speaker. The sound is generated by force placed on a membrane suspended in an electrostatic field. The electrostatic loudspeaker is almost like magnetostatic loudspeaker but it does not use high currents, it uses high voltages. The membrane (a thin film) is controlled by voltage, and it moves between metal plates which are full of small holes.

The sound quality from modern models of electrostatic loudspeaker is good.

Audio technology
A public address system, commonly known as a PA system, is a network of sound devices that can play sound to several people. They are often used to make announcements in large buildings or neighbourhoods. In big spaces outdoors, amplifiers and loudspeakers have to be very loud. Otherwise the volume would be too small to be heard by everybody.

Electronics
Audio technology
Sound
Ion Luca Caragiale (1 February 1852, Haimanale, Romania – 9 June 1912, in Berlin, Germany) was a Romanian playwright, novelist, poet, theatre director and journalist.

Romanian writers
Romanian journalists
Romanian poets
1852 births
1912 deaths
Amazing Alex, which is developed by Rovio Entertainment, is a puzzle game.

Review 
In Google Play, this game is rated as 4.3 out of 5 stars.

In Pocket Gamer, Harry Slater, a player of this game, prefers Angry Birds to Amazing Alex. He said, "That's not to say that Amazing Alex isn't an addictive experience - it's just that compared to Angry Birds, there's less excitement involved. You rarely feel like throwing your arms in the air when you've completed a puzzle, for example, and the absence of any kind of antagonist reduces the stakes slightly."

Reference 

Puzzle video games
Tolleshunt Knights is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001, there were 1028 people living there. Tolleshunt Knights is located about 1 mile south-east of Tiptree.

References 

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Woodham Mortimer is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 502 people living in Woodham Mortimer.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Woodham Walter is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 583 people living in Woodham Walter.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Canewdon is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1477 people living in Canewdon. Canewdon is between Ashingdon, Paglesham and Stambridge.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Hullbridge is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 6445 people living in Hullbridge.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Rawreth is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1003 people living in Rawreth.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
La Rosaleda is a football stadium in Málaga, Spain. The Rosaleda Stadium was one of the seventeen host stadiums of the 1982 FIFA World Cup, hosting three matches.

Other websites 
 Stadium site 

Football stadiums in Spain
Málaga
Little Burstead is a village and civil parish in Basildon Borough, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 397 people living in Little Burstead.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Lyriel is a German band. The band plays folk rock.

Members
Jessica Thierjung (singer)
Linda (cello)
Oliver (guitar)
Joon (violin)
Marcus Fidorra (drums)
Martin (keyboard)
Sven (bass)

2000s establishments in Germany
2003 establishments in Europe
German rock bands
Musical groups established in 2003
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
2000s German music groups
2010s German music groups
Ramsden Bellhouse is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 730 people living in Ramsden Bellhouse. Ramsden Bellhouse is located between the towns of Wickford and Billericay.

References 

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Kelvedon Hatch is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 2563 people living in Kelvedon Hatch.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Mountnessing is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1132 people living in Mountnessing.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Stondon Massey is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 748 people living in Stondon Massey. The word 'Stondon' means stone hill’ and the word Massey is comes from Serlo de Marci.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
West Horndon is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1482 people living in West Horndon.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Shelland is a village and civil parish in Mid Suffolk, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 39 people living in Shelland. Shelland has a church called King Charles the Martyr.

References 
 GENUKI

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Richmond is a town and civil parish in Richmondshire, North Yorkshire, England. In 2011 there were 8413 people living in Richmond.

References 
 GENUKI

Towns in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Bishop Auckland is a town and civil parish in County Durham, England. In 2011 there were 16,276 people living in Bishop Auckland.

References 
 GENUKI

Towns in County Durham
Civil parishes in County Durham
Todmorden is a town and civil parish in Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England. In 2011 there were 15481 people living in Todmorden. The town hall is found in the middle of the settlement overlooking the main market area. The market attracts many visitors. Wednesday, Friday and Saturday are the main days to find traders on the outdoor stalls. However, the indoor market is open six days a week.
There is also a park that usually has two ice-cream vans. There are seven primary schools in Todmorden. In Todmorden there are three churches, but only one is still functional. There are many monuments in Todmorden, including Stoodley Pike, the John Fielden Statue and The Lucky Dog. The Lucky dog sits in the left hand back corner of what used to be the old Todmorden Hospital that was used in the war to treat injured soldiers and citizens.

References 
 GENUKI
 

Towns in West Yorkshire
Civil parishes in West Yorkshire
William Clito (1102–1128), was the Count of Flanders and titular Duke of Normandy. His epithet "Clito" was a Latin term meaning the same as the Anglo-Saxon "Aetheling". Both "Clito" and "Atheling" signified a "man of royal blood", or the modern term "prince".

History and family

Youth
Youth

William was the son of Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, and his wife Sybilla of Conversano. She was the daughter of Geoffrey, Count of Conversano (in southern Italy). His father, the Duke of Normandy was defeated and captured by his brother Henry I of England at the Battle of Tinchebrai in (1106). Robert Curthose went with Henry I to Falaise where Henry met his nephew the young William Clito for the first time.  Henry placed his nephew in the custody of Helias of Saint Saens, Count of Arques. Helias had married a daughter of Duke Robert, his friend and lord. The boy William stayed under the care of Helias until August 1110. At that time the king suddenly sent agents to demand the boy be handed over to him.  At the time Helias was away from home. But his servants hid the boy and smuggled him to their master. Helias fled to safety among Henry's enemies.

First Norman Rebellion, 1118–19
William’s first refuge was with King Henry’s great enemy, Robert de Bellême, who had extensive lands south of Normandy. When Robert of Bellême was captured in 1112, William and Helias fled to the court of the young Count Baldwin VII of Flanders who was another of William’s cousins.  In 1118 a number of Norman counts and barons were tired enough of King Henry to ally with Count Baldwin. They took  up William Clito’s cause and started a dangerous rebellion.

The Norman border counts and Count Baldwin were too powerful for the king to fight. They seized much of the north part of Normandy. But the campaign quickly ended when count Baldwin was injured at the siege of Arques (September 1118). The next year the cause of William Clito was taken up by Louis VI of France. He invaded Normandy down the river Seine. On 20 August 1119 the French king was met by the troops of King Henry at the Battle of Brémule. Louis and his army were defeated.
William Clito was riding as a knight with the French king’s guard that day. He narrowly escaped capture when the French lost the battle. The next day his cousin, King Henry’s son, William Adelin, sent him back the horse he had lost in the battle with other "necessities" as a matter of chivalry. The rebellion collapsed, but the French king continued to support him. Louis brought his case to the pope’s attention in October 1119 at Reims, and forced Henry I to give reasons for his harsh treatment of the exiled boy.

Second Norman Rebellion, 1123–24
On 25 November 1120 tragedy struck Henry I of England.  His son, William Adelin was among the nobles who drowned when the White ship sunk in the English Channel. The loss of King Henry’s only legitimate son, changed William Clito’s fortunes. He was now the obvious male heir to England and Normandy. A significant party of Norman nobles took up his cause. Henry's problems became worse. His his son William Adelin had been promised in marriage to Matilda of Anjou, the daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou. Fulk now wanted her dowry, including several castles and towns in Maine, returned. But Henry flatly refused. Fulk then promised his daughter Sibylla to William Clito, giving him the county of Maine as her dowry. King Henry then appealed to canon (Church) law and the marriage was eventually annulled (not legal) in August 1124. The William and Sibylla were too closely related under Church laws of the time to be married.
In the meantime, a serious rebellion broke out in Normandy in favour of William Clito. But this was defeated by Henry’s spy network. There was also very little organization among the leaders. They were defeated at the battle of Bourgtheroulde in  March 1124. Henry I also got his son-in-law, the Emperor Henry V, to threaten Louis from the east.  This kept king Louis VI distracted so he could not offer help.

Count of Flanders

In 1127, Louis VI was able to make great efforts to help William’s cause.  In January he gave him the royal lands in the French Vexin as a base to attack down the Seine into Normandy. Also he married the French queen’s half sister Joanna of Montferrat. The murder of Count Charles the Good of Flanders on 2 March 1127 gave King Louis a good chance to further William’s fortunes. The king marched into Flanders at the head of an army and on 30 March got the barons of the province to accept William as their new count.
William started out very well as count. By the end of May he had most of the county cooperating with him.  But English money and a new rival, Thierry of Alsace, led to a weakening of his position. In February 1128 Saint-Omer and Ghent said they would no longer accept him as their count. Bruges did the same in March. In May 1128 Lille too welcomed Thierry. This left William controlling little more than the southern fringe of Flanders. However, he struck back at Bruges. In the battle of Axspoele south of the town on 21 June, William with his Norman knights and French allies defeated Thierry.
At this point William was joined by his father-in-law, Duke Godfrey of Brabant.  Together their armies besieged Aalst on 12 July.  But during the course of the siege William was wounded in the arm in a scuffle with a foot soldier. The wound became gangrenous and William died at the age of twenty-five on 28 July 1128. His faithful brother-in-law, Helias of Saint Saens, was there with him.  William’s body was carried to the abbey of St Bertin in St Omer and buried there. He left no children and was survived by his father, a prisoner of Henry I, who died six years later.

Notes

References

1100s births
1128 deaths
Flanders
House of Normandy
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The former municipality of Lehtimäki was merged with Alajärvi on 1 January 2009.

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Jakobstad was established in 1652. The people speak two languages: Finnish and Swedish.

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Stavanger is city in Norway. About 129,191 lived there in 2013. It is in the southwest of Norway. It has a temperate oceanic climate.

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Geoffrey V (1113–1151), called the Handsome () and Plantagenet (), was the Count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine from 1129. He was the Duke of Normandy from 1144. By his marriage to the Empress Matilda, daughter and heiress of Henry I of England, Geoffrey had a son, Henry Curtmantle, who succeeded to the English throne. Geoffrey was the founder of the House of Plantagenet, so named for his nickname.

Early career
Early career

Geoffrey was the elder son of  Fulk V, King of Jerusalem and his wife Ermengarde of Maine. She was the daughter of Elias I of Maine.  Geoffrey, born 24 August 1113, was named after his great-grandfather Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais. He received his nickname, Plantagenet, from the yellow sprig of broom blossom (genêt is the French name for the planta genista, or broom shrub) he wore in his hat. King Henry I of England sent his royal legates to Anjou to arrange a marriage between Geoffrey and his daughter, Matilda. Consent was given by both parties. On 10 June 1128 King Henry I knighted the fifteen-year-old Geoffrey.

Marriage
Marriage

In 1128 Geoffrey married Empress Matilda, the daughter and heiress of King Henry I of England and widow of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. The marriage was meant to seal a peace between England/Normandy and Anjou. She was about eleven years older than Geoffrey, and very proud of her status as an Empress (as opposed to being a mere Countess). Their marriage was a stormy one with frequent long separations, but she bore him three sons and survived him.

Count of Anjou
The year after the marriage Geoffrey's father left for Jerusalem to marry the heiress of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Geoffrey became the sole count of Anjou. When King Henry I died in 1135, Matilda at once entered Normandy to claim her inheritance. The border districts submitted to her, but England chose her cousin Stephen of Blois for its king, and Normandy soon followed suit. The following year, Geoffrey gave Ambrieres, Gorron, and Chatilon-sur-Colmont to Juhel de Mayenne, on condition that he help obtain the inheritance of Geoffrey's wife. In 1139 Matilda landed in England with 140 knights, where she was besieged at Arundel Castle by King Stephen. In the "Anarchy" which ensued, Stephen was captured at Lincoln in February, 1141, and imprisoned at Bristol. A legatine council of the English church held at Winchester in April 1141 declared Stephen deposed and proclaimed Matilda "Lady of the English"
.  Stephen was subsequently released from prison and had himself recrowned on the anniversary of his first coronation.
During 1142 and 1143, Geoffrey secured all of Normandy west and south of the Seine, and, on 14 January 1144, he crossed the Seine and entered Rouen.  He assumed the title of Duke of Normandy in the summer of 1144. In 1144, he founded an Augustine priory at Chateau-l'Ermitage in Anjou. Geoffrey held the duchy until 1149, when he and Matilda conjointly ceded it to their son, Henry, which cession was formally ratified by King Louis VII of France the following year.

Geoffrey also put down three baronial rebellions in Anjou, in 1129, 1135, and 1145–1151. He was often at odds with his younger brother, Elias, whom he had imprisoned until 1151. The threat of rebellion slowed his progress in Normandy, and is one reason he could not intervene in England.  In 1153, the Treaty of Wallingford allowed Stephen should remain King of England for life and that Henry, the son of Geoffrey and Matilda should succeed him.
Death
Geoffrey died suddenly on  7 September 1151. According to John of Marmoutier, Geoffrey was returning from a royal council when he was stricken with fever. He arrived at Château-du-Loir, collapsed on a couch, made bequests of gifts and charities, and died. He was buried at St. Julien's Cathedral in Le Mans France.

Children
Geoffrey and Matilda's children were:
Henry II of England (1133–1189)
Geoffrey, Count of Nantes (1 June 1134 Rouen- 26 July 1158 Nantes) died unmarried and was buried in Nantes
William X, Count of Poitou (1136–1164) died unmarried

Geoffrey also had illegitimate children by an unknown mistress (or mistresses): Hamelin; Emme, who married Dafydd Ab Owain Gwynedd, Prince of North Wales; and Mary, who became a nun and Abbess of Shaftesbury and who may be the poetess Marie de France. Adelaide of Angers is sometimes sourced as being the mother of Hamelin.

Notes

References

House of Plantagenet
Counts of Anjou
1113 births
1151 deaths
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The Ariège (; ) is a river in the south of France. It is  long. It is a right tributary of the Garonne. The Ariège department is named after this river.

Geography
The Ariège river is  long. It has a drainage basin of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Pinsaguel, near the confluence with the Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne department, for a period of 30 years.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Pinsaguel

Course
The source of the Ariège is in the Lac of Font Nègre, at the Pyrenees on the border between France and Andorra, just south of Pas de la Casa (Andorra) on the western side of the Pics Orientaux de Font Nègre, in the commune of Porta, Pyrénées-Orientales department, at an altitude of about .

In its first part, it flows to the north, forming the border between France and Andorra, up to Pas de la Casa, and then turns to the north-east.
After flowing through the Ariège plain, the river gets out of the department of Ariège and into the department of Haute-Garonne and, finally, joins the Garonne river at Portet-sur-Garonne, near the city of Toulouse.

The Ariège flows to the northeast, in general, and passes through the following regions, departments and communes:

Andorra
 Parish of Canillo: Pas de la Casa
France
 Occitanie region
 Pyrénées-Orientales : Porta, Porté-Puymorens
 Ariège : L'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre, Ax-les-Thermes, Les Cabannes, Tarascon-sur-Ariège, Montgaillard, Foix, Varilhes, Pamiers, Saverdun
 Haute-Garonne : Cintegabelle, Auterive, Venerque, Labarthe-sur-Lèze, Pins-Justaret, Pinsaguel

The Ariège river flows through a total of 58 communes.

Finally, it flows, as a right tributary, into the Garonne at Portet-sur-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne department to the south of Toulouse, at  of altitude.
Main tributaries
Some of the tributaries are:
 Right tributaries:
 Oriège (); its source is on the northern side of the peak Carlit and flows into the Ariége at Ax-les-Thermes.
 Lauze ().
 Hers-Vif or Hers (). It is the tributary more important of the Ariége; it joins the Ariége at Cintegabelle (Haute-Garonne).
 Aïse ().
 Left tributaries
 Aston ().
 Vicdessos (). It joins the Ariége at Tarascon-sur-Ariége.
 Courbière (). It joins the Ariège before Tarascon-sur-Ariège.
 Arget (). It joins the Ariège on the foot of the Foix castle. Its valley is named as la Barguillière.
 Lèze ().

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Fédération de pêche de la Haute-Garonne  
 Annuaire-Mairie-fr - Rivière L'ariége 
 Eauxvives - L'Ariége 
 History and real-time water heights of Ariege river, Garonne river, and other tributaries 

Rivers of Occitanie
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The four main relationships are Ezria (Ezra and Aria), Emison (Emily and Alison), Haleb (Hanna and Caleb) and Spoby (Spencer and Toby).
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