Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Torture

Uday was also well known for torturing anyone who disagreed with him.  For example, he once beat an army officer unconscious when the man refused to allow Uday to dance with his wife.  The man later died of his injuries. Uday also shot and killed an army officer who did not salute him.

Uday was reported to have his own private torture chamber.  He used many different ways of torturing people, including an iron maiden.

According to a family friend who spoke to Time magazine:

Illegal trading 
Uday gained millions of United States dollars by running fake corporations and illegally trading with Iran (Iraq's sworn enemy).  At this time, the United Nations did not allow Iraq to trade with other countries.  By using fake corporations, Uday was able to get around this rule.  From Iran, he was able to get almost anything he wanted.
When U.S. troops captured his mansion in Baghdad, they found a personal zoo with lions and cheetahs; an underground parking garage for his collection of luxury cars; Cuban cigars inscribed with Uday's name; and millions of dollars worth of fine wines, liquor, and heroin.  They also found an HIV testing kit.

Death 

On 22 July 2003, Task Force 20 and the United States Army 101st Airborne Division raided a home in Mosul, Iraq.  They surrounded Uday, Qusay, and Qusay's 14-year-old son, Mustapha.  They had been told by an Iraqi that Uday and Qusay were in the home.

United States soldiers got Uday to show himself by hot-wiring Uday's Lamborghini.  After Uday appeared, a gunfight started.  As many as 200 American soldiers, along with OH-58 Kiowa helicopters and an A-10 "Warthog", surrounded and fired upon the house.  They killed Uday, Qusay, and Qusay's son. After about four hours of battle, soldiers entered the house and found four bodies, including the Hussein brothers' bodyguard.
Dental records proved that two of the men killed in the house were Uday and Qusay, according to the United States Military. They also announced that the person who gave them the tip about where Uday and Qusay were staying would get a $30 million reward.

The United States Military released graphic pictures of the Hussein brothers' dead bodies. Many people said this was wrong.  When criticized, the U.S. Military's response was to point out that these men were no ordinary combatants.  The Military also said they released the pictures to prove that Uday and Qusay were dead, and that they hoped this would bring closure to the Iraqi people.

Uday was buried in a cemetery near Tikrit alongside Qusay and Mustapha Hussein.  After his execution in 2006, Saddam Hussein was buried in the same cemetery.

That night, and several nights following Uday and Qusay Hussein's death, celebratory gunfire could be heard throughout Baghdad.
In popular culture 
Uday has been portrayed in several movies and books.  Latif Yahia has written three books about Uday: I Was Saddam's Son; The Devil's Double; and The Black Hole.  In these books, Yahia says he was forced to be a body double for Uday.  The Devil's Double was made into a movie, starring Dominic Cooper as Uday.  The National Geographic Channel also produced an episode of Locked Up Abroad that tells Lahia's story.

Uday was played by Philip Arditti in House of Saddam.

In his book Separation of Power, Vince Flynn describes Uday's behavior.  In the book, the main character, Mitch Rapp, pretends to be Uday.

References

Other websites
 GlobalSecurity.org: Uday Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti
 DesertVoice.net: Saddam's sons 
 Album of Photos taken of the raid that killed Uday et al.—Militaryphotos.net
 Revenge for killing Saddam's sons
 Movie: The Devil's Double (2010)
1964 births
2003 deaths
Deaths by firearm
Iraqi military people
Iraqi politicians
Iraq War
Military people killed in action
Iraqi murderers
Rapists
Torture
People from Tikrit
Reginald Roy "Reg" Grundy (4 August 1923 – 6 May 2016) was an Australian entrepreneur, and media and television mogul. He was one of the pioneers and most successful television businessman in Australia. He was born in Sydney.

He was also the creator of many TV hits starting with game shows like Wheel of Fortune and Blankety Blanks and later soap operas Neighbours, Prisoner, Sons and Daughters and The Young Doctors.

Grundy died at his home in Bermuda on 6 May 2016, aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Television producers
Australian businesspeople
People from Sydney
Richard Esko "Riki" Sorsa (26 December 1952 – 9 May 2016) was a Finnish pop singer. He started his career in 1974 as the lead singer in the band The Zoo. He represented Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1981 with the song "Reggae OK". 

Sorsa died of cancer on 10 May 2016, aged 63.

References

1952 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Finland
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Finnish singers
Pop singers
Anne Jules de Noailles, 2nd Duke of Noailles (5 February 1650 - 2 October 1708) was a French nobleman from the House of Noailles. A well regarded military man of his day, he was a general under King Louis XIV of France and was later the subject of a painting by the famous court painter Hyacinthe Rigaud.

Family
Son of Anne de Noailles and his wife, Louise Boyer, he acceded to the title of Duke of Noailles on his father's death in 1678. He was married to Marie Françoise de Bournonville, with whom he had children. One of the chief generals of France towards the end of the reign of Louis XIV, and, after raising the regiment of Noailles in 1689, he commanded in Spain during both the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession. He was made a marshal of France in 1693. He died on October 2, 1708.

Children
Anne Jules de Noailles had many children
Marie Christine de Noailles (1672–1748), married (1687) Antoine de Gramont, Duke of Gramont;, Marshal of France (1671–1725)
Louis Marie de Noailles (°1675);
Louis Paul de Noailles (°1676), Count of Ayen;
Marie Charlotte de Noailles (1677–1723), married (1696) Malo, marquis of Coëtquen;
Adrien Maurice de Noailles (1678–1766), 3rd Duke of Noailles; married Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, niece of Madame de Maintenon;
Anne Louise de Noailles (°1679);
Jean Anne de Noailles (°1681); 
Julie Françoise de Noailles (°1682);
Lucie Félicité de Noailles (°1683), married (1698) Victor Marie d'Estrées (1660–1737), a Marshal of France;
Marie Thérèse de Noailles (°1684–1784), married (1698) Charles François de la Baume Le Blanc, Duke of La Vallière;
Emmanuel Jules de Noailles (1686–1702), Count of Noailles;
Marie Françoise de Noailles (°1687), married (1703) Emmanuel de Beaumanoir, marquis of Lavardin;
Marie Victoire de Noailles (1688–1766), married (1707) Louis de Pardaillan de Gondrin (1688–1712), then (1723) his half-uncle the Count of Toulouse;
Marie Émilie de Noailles (1689–1723) married (1713) Emmanuel Rousselet, marquis of Châteauregnaud;
Jules Adrien de Noailles (1690–1710), Count of Noailles;
Marie Uranie de Noailles (°1691), nun;
References

1650 births
1708 deaths
Dukes of Noailles
French military people
People from Paris
Guido van Rossum (; born 31 January 1956) is a Dutch programmer. He is best known for making the Python programming language.

References

1956 births
Living people
Dutch computer scientists
People from Haarlem
Ilkka Aulis Hanski (14 February 1953 – 10 May 2016) was a Finnish scientist. He worked in the field of ecology at the University of Helsinki. He is known for his research of metapopulation ecology.

Hanski died of a long-illness on 10 May 2016 at a hospital in Helsinki, aged 63.

Related pages
List of ecologists

References

1953 births
2016 deaths
Ecologists
Finnish academics
Louis Alphonse van Gasteren (20 November 1922 – 10 May 2016) was a Dutch movie director, movie producer, and artist. He was born in Amsterdam. He was known for his movies  Hans: Het Leven Voor De Dood (1983) and De prijs van overleven (2003). He won two Golden Calf Awards. His career began in the 1950s. At the time of his death, he was the oldest active filmmaker in the Netherlands.

Van Gasteren died in Amsterdam on 10 May 2016, aged 93.

References

Other websites

  
 

1922 births
2016 deaths
Dutch artists
Dutch movie directors
Dutch movie producers
People from Amsterdam
Philippe Beaussant (6 May 1930 – 8 May 2016) was a French musicologist and novelist. He was expert on French baroque music. He was born in Bordeaux, France.

He was the founder of the Centre de Musique Baroque de Versailles. He was the artistic adviser of 1987 to 1996. He has also been a producer of musical programs for Radio France since 1974. He was known for writing the biography of Jean-Baptiste Lully, Lully ou le musicien du soleil (Éditions Gallimard, 1992). 

Beaussant won the 1993 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française for his novel Héloïse.

He was elected to seat 36 of the Académie française on 15 November 2007. He died in Paris on 8 May 2016, aged 86.

References

Other websites
Biography of Beaussant at the French-language publisher Librairie Arthème Fayard 

1930 births
2016 deaths
French novelists
Writers from Bordeaux
Motiur Rahman Nizami (Bengali: মতিউর রহমান নিজামী; 31 March 1943 – 11 May 2016) was a Bangladeshi politician, preacher and the former leader of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. He was the Member of Parliament of Pabna constituency from 1991 to 1996 and again from 2001 to 2006. He also served as the Bangladeshi Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Industry. He is the third minister of Bangladesh to be hanged.

On 29 October 2014 he was sentenced to death for war crimes in 1971 liberation war of Bangladesh by the International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh. It has been though that he was the supreme commander of the militia group Al-Badr during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

He was hanged at Dhaka Central Jail on 11 May 2016, aged 73.

References

1943 births
2016 deaths
Muslim terrorists
People executed by hanging
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami politicians
Politicians from Rajshahi Division
Adrien Maurice de Noailles, 3rd Duke of Noailles (29 September 1678 – 24 June 1766) was a French aristocrat and soldier.   He also acted as the Foreign Minister of France in 1744. As a result of his efforts in war he was created a 1702, a Grandee of Spain in 1711, and a Knight of the Order of Saint-Esprit in 1724. As well as a Marshal of France in 1734 by Louis XV.

Family

Son of Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles on his father's death in 1708. He married Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, the niece and heiress of Louis XIV's wife Madame de Maintenon, with whom he had 4 daughters and 2 sons.

Children
Children

 Françoise Adélaide de Noailles (1 September 1704 – January 1776), married Charles, Count of Armagnac in 1717, son of Louis of Lorraine, Count of Armagnac and had no issue; divorced in 1721;
Amable Gabrielle de Noailles (18 February 1706 – September 1742), married Honoré Armand de Villars, Duke of Villars and had one daughter. 
Marie Louise de Noailles (8 September 1710 – 22 May 1782), married in 1737 to Jacques Nompar de Caumont, Duke of La Force and divorced in 1742; had no issue;
Louis de Noailles, Duke of Ayen, Duke of Noailles (21 April 1713 – 22 August 1793), married Catherine Françoise Charlotte de Cossé-Brissac and had issue;
Philippe de Noailles, Count of Noailles, Duke of Mouchy (27 December 1715 – 27 June 1794), married the famous Anne d'Arpajon (Lady-in-waiting to Marie Antoinette); Louis and his wife were executed in the Revolution;
 Marie Anne Françoise de Noailles (12 January 1719 – 29 June 1793), married in 1744 Ludwig Engelbert de La Marck (1701–1773), Count of Schleiden.
Dukes of Noailles
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Marshals of France
Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit
People from Paris
1678 births
1766 deaths
Joseph-Georges-Gilles-Claude Lamontagne (; April 17, 1919 – June 14, 2016) was a Canadian retired politician. He served as  the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec from March 28, 1984 through August 9, 1990. Before, he served as Mayor of Quebec City from December 1, 1965 through December 1, 1977. He retired in 1990.

Lamontagne was born in Montreal. He fought during World War II. Lamontagne fought as a bomber pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force. He ended his air force service in the rank of flight lieutenant in 1945. In 1949, he married Mary Schaefer. They would remain married until her death in 2006. They had four children.

In 1990, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2000, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec and in 2005, a member of l'Ordre des Grands Québécois. He is an honorary member of the Royal Military College of Canada.

Lamontagne died on June 14, 2016 in Quebec City, aged 97.

References
References

1919 births
2016 deaths
Canadian mayors
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Politicians from Montreal
Kanyakumari ();  "The Virgin Princess" (also known as Cape Comorin) is a town in Kanyakumari District in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The town is at the southern tip of Indian subcontinent. The As southernmost town in India, it is sometimes called 'The Land's End'.

Kanyakumari is a popular tourist destination in India. It is famous for its ocean sunrise, sunset and moonrise. It also has the  Thiruvalluvar Statue and Vivekananda Rock Memorial off the coast. The town is a pilgrimage centre. Kanyakumari is bordered on the west, south and east by the Laccadive Sea. It has a coastal line of  stretched on the three sides.

The town is  km south of Thiruvananthapuram city. It is about  south of Nagercoil, the headquarters of Kanyakumari District.
On the shores of the town is a temple dedicated to Goddess Kanyakumari (the virgin Goddess). That is how the  town got its name. Kanyakumari has been a city since the Sangam period. It and has been referred to in old Malayalam literature and in the writings of Ptolemy and Marco Polo.

References

Kanyakumari district
Petrykivka painting is a traditional Ukrainian decorative painting. It originates from the Petrykivka village in Dnipropetrovsk oblast of Ukraine. 

In 2013 it was included to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Gallery

References

Painting
Ukrainian culture
Pesse is a village located in the Dutch province of Drenthe in the Netherlands. The Pesse canoe is known as the world's oldest boat is located in Pesse.

Settlements in Drenthe
Hoogeveen
John Dukes Schroeder (July 12, 1961 – May 7, 2016), known professionally as John Stabb, was an American punk rock singer. He was best known as one of the founding members of the hardcore punk band Government Issue. He also sang in the bands Betty Blue, The Factory Incident, Stabb, Stain, Emma Peel, Weatherhead, and History Repeated.44

Stabb was born in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Rockville, Maryland. While living in Rockville, he attended Colonel Zadok A. Magruder High School. Stabb occasionally acted. He was also a freelance writer for  Washington City Paper and Forced Exposure.

Personal life
Stabb married his long-time partner Mina Devadas on St. Patrick’s Day 2016 while he was at Holy Cross Hospital (Silver Spring). After a 112-day battle with stomach cancer, he died at a hospice in Rockville, Maryland, on May 7, 2016, at 54.

References

Other websites
Official Artist Page - John Stabb Schroeder website
John Stabb Schroeder - Discogs Discography catalog
1961 births
2016 deaths
American rock singers
Cancer deaths in Maryland
Deaths from stomach cancer
Musicians from Maryland
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
People from Rockville, Maryland
Nico de Bree (16 September 1944 – 6 May 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. De Bree started his professional career at local club Elinkwijk. He moved to N.E.C. in 1966. 

After playing 204 matches for the Nijmegen club, he moved to play in Belgium and won the 1975 league title with RWDM. He won the 1978 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup with Anderlecht. He also played for Winterslag and Beerschot.

He died of cancer in Vienna on 6 May 2016, aged 71.

References

1944 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Austria
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Utrecht (city)
Gene Gutowski, born as Witold Bardach, (July 26, 1925 in Lwów, Poland, now Ukraine – May 10, 2016 Warsaw) was a Polish-born American movie producer. He produced many of Roman Polanski's movies. He was known for producing The Pianist, The Fearless Vampire Killers, Cul-de-sac. 

Gutowski died of pneumonia in Warsaw, Poland on May 10, 2016, aged 90.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Poland

Polish movie producers
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme found in nerve synapses, including nerve-to-muscle junctions. Its function is to end  transmission across a synapse.

It breaks up neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, and allows us to extend our muscles after contraction.

Related pages 
Nerve impulse

Enzymes
John James Warr (16 July 1927 – 9 May 2016) was an English cricketer. He was a successful county player for Middlesex County Cricket Club. He played two Test matches for England. With his Test bowling average remains the worst of any retired English player.  Warr was known for his sense of humour and made many humorous after dinner speeches. He was born in Ealing, Middlesex, England,

Warr died on 9 May 2016, aged 88.

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
English cricketers
People from Ealing
John Thomas Young (February 9, 1949 – May 8, 2016) was an American professional baseball player. He also scouted and worked in the front office. Young played in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Tigers in 1971. He founded Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI), a youth baseball program aimed at increasing participation among African Americans in baseball. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Young died in Los Angeles, California from diabetes on May 8, 2016, aged 67.

References

1949 births
2016 deaths
African-American baseball players
Deaths from diabetes
Detroit Tigers players
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Karl Maramorosch (January 16, 1915 – May 9, 2016) was an Austrian-born American virologist, entomologist and plant pathologist. He was born in Vienna, and of Jewish descent. 

He got his Ph.D. at Columbia University.

He made research on viruses, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae and other micro-organisms and their transmission to plants through insect in many parts of the world. 

He was the co-author of a textbook on techniques in virology. He was the author of numerous papers on the biology and ecology of plant viruses, their hosts and vectors. He received the Wolf Prize in Agriculture in 1980 for his work to the study of crop pathogens.

Maramorosch died in Ithaca, New York on May 9, 2016, aged 101.

References
References

1915 births
2016 deaths
American botanists
American centenarians
Austrian Jews
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish centenarians
Jewish Wolf Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Polish Jews
Refugees from Nazism
Scientists from Vienna
American virologists
Educators from New York City
American entomologists
Pathologists
John Elliot Bradshaw (; (June 29, 1933 – May 8, 2016) was an American educator, counselor, motivational speaker and author. He hosted a number of PBS television programs such as Bradshaw On: Homecoming. He was active in the self-help movement. He was known for creating the idea of "wounded inner child" and the dysfunctional family. His books are mainly works of popular psychology. His most popular book is Homecoming: Reclaiming and Championing Your Inner Child. He was born in Houston, Texas.

On May 8, 2016, Bradshaw died of heart failure in Houston at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 
 Curriculum vitae 

1933 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Educators from Houston
American television presenters
Writers from Houston
Michael Ratner (1943 – May 11, 2016) was an American lawyer. He was the President Emeritus of the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) and president of the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR). Ratner was known for his human rights activism.

He was known as representing the Guantanamo Bay prisoners in the United States Supreme Court, where, in June 2004, the court decided his clients have the right to test the legality of their detentions in court.

Ratner died from complications of cancer on May 11, 2016, aged 72.

References

1943 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Lawyers from New York City
Educators from New York City
American human rights activists
Winston Anthony Lloyd "Tony" Cozier (10 July 1940 – 11 May 2016) was a Barbadian cricket writer. He was a commentator on West Indian cricket from 1958 until his death. Cozier was described as having an "encyclopaedic" knowledge of cricket. Cozier was born in Bridgetown, Barbados. He was known for his knowledge of statistics.

Cozier died on 11 May 2016 in Bridgetown from a long-illness, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 West Indies in India Nov 1974/Jan 1975 – Summary ESPNcricinfo – Excerpt from Cozier's book
 Tony Cozier Unplugged CaribbeanCricket.com, 20 April 2004 – Two-part interview with Cozier
 West Indies cricket needs Legends' clout Tony Cozier's last column for ESPNcricinfo published on 1 May 2016.

1940 births
2016 deaths
Barbadian cricketers
Barbadian writers
Peter Behrens (4 September 1947 – 11 May 2016) was a German drummer and actor. He was best known for being a member of the band Trio in the early 1980s, where he played the drums. After Trio ended in 1986, and after overcoming alcoholism and a drug problem he retired.

Behrens had two children. He died on 11 May 2016 from multiple organ failure in Wilhelmshaven, Germany, aged 68.

References

Other websites
 
 http://www.stephan-remmler.de/peter_behrens/peter_behrens.htm 
 http://www.taz.de/pt/2004/01/05/a0189.nf/textdruck

1947 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Actors from Lower Saxony
German drummers
The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is a painting by John Martin. Martin painted it in 1852.

John Martin was famous for painting landscapes in the style of Romanticism.   He painted pictures of the end of the world and events from the Bible.

The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was the last painting that Martin finished. He completed it in 1852 and sent it to the Royal Academy. In 1853 he started to paint The Last Judgment, The Great Day of His Wrath, and The Plains of Heaven, but he became sick. He died the next year.

The painting shows the destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah from the Bible. The picture shows Lot and his two daughters running from the city.  Lot's wife looked back and became a pillar of salt.  The painting has a red color and a storm in the sky, typical of Martin's work.

The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is in the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle, England.

References 

1850s paintings
Anne Willem van den Ban (28 February 1928 — 7 May 2016) was a Dutch scholar. His work is on Agricultural Extension. He was born in Leeuwarderadeel. He taught on how innovations can help farmers produce more crops. He helped create many new ways for farmers to produce crops in The Netherlands. 

Van den Ban was an adviser to the Executive Council of the International Society for Extension Education (INSEE). He received a Life Time Achievement Award in September 2008 for his "outstanding contribution in the field of Extension Education, Agricultural Development and Rural Development". from this organization

Van den Ban died at the age of 88 on 7 May 2016 in Wageningen.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch scientists
Dutch inventors
Subnautica is an open world survival game made by Unknown Worlds Entertainment. In the game, players gather resources and use vehicles to travel on an Ocean covered planet. Players can then craft tools from these resources, going forward in the plot as they go. It came out on Steam Early Access on December 2014, and the game officially came out for the Xbox One, Windows, MacOS, and the PlayStation 4 in 2018, with the PlayStation and Xbox versions coming out later in the year.

Gameplay
The player in a first-person view controls the lone survivor of a crashed ship. The objective is to explore the planet and collect resources to survive, the player must make sure to not run out of oxygen and keep fed and hydrated. The player can create bases and build vehicles. The game uses a day and night cycle.

Plot 
The universe of Subnautica takes place in the 22nd century.
The Sea Emperor was unable to communicate with the Precursors. Since it can communicate with Humans, it asks the player to aide it in collecting the ingredients to hatch their eggs. Once the player completes this task, the player is cured and is able to build a rocket to escape the planet, ending the game.

Development
Subnautica was announced by Unknown Worlds Entertainment on December 17, 2013.

They used Unity rather then Spark which they used for Natural Selection 2.

The development team chose to not include lethal weapons in the game. Charlie Cleveland, the game's director, described Subnautica as "one vote towards a world with less guns,".
Reception
Ian Birnbaum of PC Gamer said Subnautica was an "underwater Minecraft", saying that "with an experienced developer at the helm and a limitless variety of the oceans to play with, it’s going to take a lot for Subnautica to go badly wrong. As the toolbox gets deeper and the shape of the end-game gets set, Subnautica will be a unique example of the ways survival can be tense, rewarding, and fun." Marsh Davies of Rock, Paper, Shotgun liked the rewarding nature of exploring the world of Subnautica, but disliked that some of the in-game recipes were found by chance.

References

Windows games
2016 video games
MacOS games
Xbox One games
Louis de Noailles, 4th Duke of Noailles (21 April 1713 in Versailles – 22 August 1793 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye) He was a member of the influential House of Noailles and was a nephew of Marie Victoire de Noailles, daughter-in-law of Louis XIV of France. He refused to emigrate during the Revolution.

Background and early life
Given the title of Duke of Ayen at birth he was born in Versailles and was one of six children. His father Adrien Maurice de Noailles was a distinguished military man of the reign of Louis XIV. Louis' mother was Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, the niece and heiress of Madame de Maintenon (Louis XIV's second secret wife)

Marriage and children

On 25 February 1737 he married Cathérine Françoise Charlotte de Cossé, with whom he had four children
Jean de Noailles, Duke of Noailles (26 October 1739, Paris – 20 October 1824)
 Adrienne Catherine de Noailles (24 December 1741 – December 1813) married René de Froulay, Count of Tessé, last Marquis of Lavardin (1736–1814)
 Emmanuel Marie Louis de Noailles, Marquis of Noailles (12 December 1743 - September 1822) French diplomat who remained unmarried. 
 Philippine Louise de Noailles (1745-1791) married  Louis Antoine Armand de Gramont, Duke of Lesparre.

Titles
21 April 1713 - 24 June 1766 The Duke of Ayen.
24 June 1766 - 22 August 1793 The Duke of Noailles.

Marshals of France
1713 births
1793 deaths
People from Versailles
Louis
Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit
Dukes and duchesses of France
Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a way for a ship to send data by radio to tell other ships its position. AIS was made to avoid ships colliding and make it safer to travel by sea. AIS sends messages every few seconds, and these are received other boats and by stations on land and on some satellites.  A ship knows its position by using Global Positioning System (GPS). Since 2004, all ships above 300 tons and all passenger ships have to use AIS. It is now also used by many yachts and other leisure boats.

References

Technology
Rock crawling is an extreme form of off-road driving. Participants use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks).  In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain.  Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc.

Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful and precise driving, and high torque generated through large gear reductions in the vehicle's drivetrain.  Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Most vehicles used to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.
Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series.  A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about  long.  Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course. Usually a spotter (person who guides the driver) helps the driver through hard obstacles. Spotters may also use a rope to help prevent a vehicle from tipping over.

Rock crawling basics

The vehicles
Vehicles commonly used include Jeep, Nissan Patrol, Toyota Land Cruiser, Land Rover, Ford Bronco, Suzuki Samurai, International Harvester Scout. Also, vehicles like the Mercedes Unimog due to its portal axles and greatly increased ground clearance. These vehicles are outfitted with custom parts. Power is usually not an issue, as rock crawlers typically lower their gear ratios in order to drive more slowly over obstacles without stalling the engine. These custom parts can include:
locking differentials
taller off-road tires
upgraded suspension
four wheel steering
roll cage for driver protection
engine modifications for increased performance, mostly torque
lowered gearing in either or all of the transmission, transfer case (including often employing a second transfer case to reduce gearing even more), or axle differentials
winches
body armour (rocker panels, tube fenders, etc.)
beadlocks (locks tires to the rims for low tire pressures)
long-travel shock absorbers, drop shackles, spring-over conversions (to increase wheel travel), coil-over spring/shock combinations, and upgraded control arms
portal axles
Oversized, low-pressure, knobby, mud-terrain tires are used. Most vehicles have a low-geared transfer case to make the most torque in the low speeds used for rock crawling. Suspension-wise, rock crawling vehicles sometimes have aftermarket lift kits installed, raising the chassis and increasing suspension flexibility. Highly modified rock crawling vehicles are less suitable for driving on roads and highways.

Building a dedicated rock crawler can cost a lot of money. For rock crawling competitions, getting a sponsor can help to cover some of these costs.

Related pages 

Jeep
Land Rover
Toyota
Suzuki
Daihatsu
International Harvester Scout

References 

Transport
Nagapattinam is a town and headquarters of Nagapattinam District in Tamil Nadu state of India. One of the town which was severely hit by the 2004 tsunami.

Demographics
 The town has an area of 14.92km2.

 The population is 102,905.

 The density of the people living is 615.99/km2

Occupation
As Nagapattinam is nearby the sea, the main occupation of the people here is Fishing.

Nagapattinam district
Anne de Noailles, (1st) Duke of Noailles (born after 1613 - 15 February 1678) was a French noble whose two sons bought the House of Noailles to prominence at the French royal court. Prior to being created a duke in 1663, he was a count.

Brief biography

A son of François de Noailles who was created the "Count of Ayen" in 1663. He was eventually created the Duke of Noailles during the reign of Louis XIV in 1663.

Marriage and children

13 December 1645 he married Louise Boyer with whom he had six children with;
Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles (5 February 1650 – 2 October 1708) married Marie Françoise de Bournonville and bhad children.
 Louis Antoine de Noailles  (27 May 1651 – 4 May 1729) a bishop and cardinal, who remained unmarried. Known as the Cardinal de Noailles.
 Jacques de Noailles (9 November 1653 - 22 April 1712) died unmarried. 
 Jean François de Noailles (28 August 1658 - 23 June 1692), "Marquis of Noailles". Married Marguerite Thérèse Rouillé in 1687 and had children
 Louise Anne de Noailles (1662-1693) married Henri de Beaumanoir, Marquis of Lavardin. 
 Jean Baptiste Louis Gaston de Noailles (8 July 1669 - 15 September 1720) Bishop of Châlons.

Dukes of Noailles

Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit
1678 deaths
Dukes and duchesses of France
Elisa Mainardi (27 July 1930 – 8 May 2016) was an Italian stage, movie and television actress. She was born in Rome. She was known for her roles in Fellini Satyricon, Roma, and And the Ship Sails On. Mainardi was also known for being in movies directed by Federico Fellini.

Mainardi died in Rome, Italy on 8 May 2016, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 

1930 births
2016 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Actors from Rome
Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (Aleksandar Pavlov Karađorđević; 13 August 1924 – 12 May 2016) was the elder son of Prince Paul. His father served as Regent of Yugoslavia in the 1930s, and his wife, Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark. 

He was born in White Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey.

Alexander married Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of King Umberto II of Italy in 1955. Alexander and Maria Pia divorced in 1967. 

On 17 February 2008, Alexander said that he did not support the declaration of independence by Kosovo.

Alexander died on 12 May 2016 in Paris, aged 91.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2016 deaths
People from Surrey
Yugoslavian people
Joe Temperley (20 September 1929 – 11 May 2016) was a Scottish saxophonist. He has performed with many instruments but is most associated with the baritone saxophone and bass clarinet. He was born in Lochgelly, Scotland. Temperley played with The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra, but most famously with Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra.

Temperley suffered from cancer and died on 11 May 2016 in Manhattan, New York from kidney failure.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Scottish musicians
British saxophonists
British clarinetists
People from Fife
The arrondissement of Nantua is an arrondissement of France in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Nantua.

History
When the Ain department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Nantua was part of that original department.

Geography
It is found in the northern half of the department with an area of . It has 84,640 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Nantua is bordered to the north by the Jura department, to the northeast by the arrondissement of Gex, to the east by the Haute-Savoie department, to the south by the arrondissement of Belley and to the west by the  arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
In the arrondissement of Nantua,  there are only 2 cantons whose communes are in the arrondissement:   Nantua (18 communes) and Oyonnax (2 communes). The canton of Bellegarde-sur-Valserine  has 1 commune in the arrondissement of Belley, 2 in the arrondissement of Gex and 11 in the arrondissement of Nantua; the canton of Hauteville-Lompnes has 29 communes in Belley and 12 in Nantua; and the canton of Pont-d'Ain has 4 communes in the arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse and 20 in Nantua.

Communes
The arrondissement of Nantua has 65 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Apremont (01011)
 Arbent (01014)
 Béard-Géovreissiat (01170)
 Bellegarde-sur-Valserine (01033)
 Belleydoux (01035)
 Bellignat (01031)
 Billiat (01044)
 Bolozon (01051)
 Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme (01056)
 Brénod (01060)
 Brion (01063)
 Ceignes (01067)
 Cerdon (01068)
 Challes-la-Montagne (01077)
 Champfromier (01081)
 Chanay (01082)
 Charix (01087)
 Châtillon-en-Michaille (01091)
 Chevillard (01101)
 Condamine (01112)
 Confort (01114)
 Dortan (01148)
 Échallon (01152)
 Géovreisset (01171)
 Giron (01174)
 Groissiat (01181)
 Injoux-Génissiat (01189)
 Izenave (01191)
 Izernore (01192)
 Jujurieux (01199)
 Labalme (01200)
 Lancrans (01205)
 Lantenay (01206)
 Leyssard (01214)
 Lhôpital (01215)
 Maillat (01228)
 Martignat (01237)
 Matafelon-Granges (01240)
 Mérignat (01242)
 Montanges (01257)
 Montréal-la-Cluse (01265)
 Nantua (01269)
 Neuville-sur-Ain (01273)
 Les Neyrolles (01274)
 Nurieux-Volognat (01267)
 Outriaz (01282)
 Oyonnax (01283)
 Peyriat (01293)
 Plagne (01298)
 Le Poizat-Lalleyriat (01204)
 Poncin (01303)
Poncin (01303)
 Pont-d'Ain (01304)
 Port (01307)
 Priay (01314)
 Saint-Alban (01331)
 Saint-Germain-de-Joux (01357)
 Saint-Jean-le-Vieux (01363)
 Saint-Martin-du-Frêne (01373)
 Samognat (01392)
 Serrières-sur-Ain (01404)
 Sonthonnax-la-Montagne (01410)
 Surjoux (01413)
 Varambon (01430)
 Vieu-d'Izenave (01441)
 Villes (01448)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ain department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Nantua
Delbert Leroy "Del" Latta (March 5, 1920 – May 12, 2016) was an American politician. He served as member of the United States House of Representatives from 1959 through 1989. He was a Republican. He was born in Weston, Ohio.

Latta died in Bowling Green, Ohio on May 12, 2016, aged 96.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2016 deaths
United States representatives from Ohio
Republican Party (United States) politicians
The Claw of Archimedes (also known as the "Iron Hand") was an ancient weapon. It was designed by Archimedes to defend the seaward part of Syracuse's city wall against amphibious assault. Although its exact nature is unclear, the accounts of ancient historians seem to describe it as a sort of crane equipped with a grappling hook. Apparently it was able to lift an attacking ship partly out of the water to capsize or suddenly drop it.

References 

3rd-century BC works
Archimedes

Weapons
Bowling Green is a city in and the county seat of Wood County, Ohio, United States.  The population was 30,028 at the 2010 census. It is near Toledo, Ohio. Bowling Green is the home of Bowling Green State University.

References

Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
was a Japanese theatre director. He was known for his Japanese language productions of Shakespeare plays and Greek tragedies. He has directed Hamlet differently eight times. He also directed Titus Andronicus, Coriolanus and Macbeth. He was also a movie director. He directed the 2003 movie Ao no Honō.

Ninagawa died of pneumonia at a hospital in Tokyo on May 12, 2016, aged 80.

References

Other websites 
 
 Ninagawa Studio website
 Yukio Ninagawa official website  

1935 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Japanese movie directors
Theatre directors
Haji Muhammad Abdul Wahhab (, Ḥājī Muḥammad ‘Abdul-Wahhāb; (January 1, 1923 – November 18, 2018) was a Muslim preacher of Islam and the Ameer of Tablighi Jamaat in Pakistan. He played an important role in the Tablighi Jamaat movement.

Biography 
Wahhab was born in Delhi, India. He studied at Islamia College in Lahore. 

In October 2013 it was reported that Haji Abdul Wahhab was suggested to head a Loya Jirga in preparation for peace talks with the Pakistani Taliban.

Wahhab died from complications of dengue fever on November 18, 2018 at the age of 95.

References

1923 births
Pakistani Muslims
2018 deaths
Yusuf al-Qaradawi (; 9 September 1926 – 26 September 2022) was an Egyptian-born Qatari Islamic scholar. He spent most of his life in Doha, Qatar. He is the chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.

He is best known for his programme, al-Sharīʿa wa al-Ḥayāh ("Sharia and Life"), broadcast on Al Jazeera, which has an audience of 60 million worldwide. He is also well known for IslamOnline, a popular website he helped found in 1997 and for which he now serves as chief religious scholar.

References

Other websites
Other websites

  
 onislam.net
 
 Al-Qaradawi's books translated into English and French 
 Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: Global Mufti al-Qaradawi, Webversion 12-2010
 "Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait of a leading Islamist cleric" , Ana Belén Soage, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 12/1 (March 2008), pp. 51–65.
 "Sheikh Yūsuf al-Qaradawi: A Moderate Voice from the Muslim World?", Ana Belén Soage, '[Religion Compass'', 4 (September 2010), pp. 563–575.
 Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Minorities: Learned Intolerance, Qantara.de
 Daily Assembly 14 September 2005, Mayor of London about Qardawi and Pope John XXIII, pp. 12–13, Greater London Authority

1926 births
2022 deaths
Egyptian Muslims
Qatari people
Muslim scholars
Catalogue of the Archbishops of Gniezno is a Polish manuscript.

References  

Art
Hal Patrick Riney (17 July 1932 – 24 March 2008) was an American advertising executive. He was born in Seattle, Washington. He was the founder of Publicis & Hal Riney. Riney was named #30 on the Advertising Age 100 people of the 20th century. He was added into the Advertising Hall of Fame in 2001. He was mostly known as for narrating Ronald Reagan's 1984 re-election ads "Morning in America" and "Bear in the Woods".

Personal life 
Riney died at age 75 on 24 March 2008 from cancer at his home in San Francisco, California, aged 75.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Businesspeople from Seattle
A television commercial known for its opening line "There is a bear in the woods" was created for the 1984 U.S. presidential re-election campaign of Ronald Reagan.  

The commercial shows a grizzly bear wandering through a forest. The narrator of the ad, Hal Riney, talks about how the bear could be dangerous and that it would be smart to be prepared for that possibility. In the final scene a man appears and the bear takes a step back. The ad ends with a picture of Reagan and the tagline: "President Reagan: Prepared for Peace". 

The bear could have either signified with the massive inflation the United States was facing, Democratic challenger Walter Mondale or the growing tensions of the Soviet Union and the Cold War.

Reagan was elected in a massive landslide in the 1984 elections winning 49 of the 50 states.

Related pages
 "Morning in America"

References

Ronald Reagan
Political slogans
The arrondissement of Gex is an arrondissement of France in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital is the city of Gex. It corresponds approximately to the historical region of the Pays de Gex.

History
When the Ain department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Gex was not part of that original department; the arrondissement was created in 1815. In 1926, the arrondissement was eliminated but in 1933 it became again an arrondissement of the Ain department.

Geography
It is found in the northeastern part of the department with an area of , the smallest arrondissement of the department. It has 89,200 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Gex is bordered to the north and northwest by the Jura department, to the northeast and east by Switzerland, to the southeast by the Haute-Savoie department and to the southwest by the  arrondissement of Nantua.

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Gex,  there are 3 cantons whose communes are in the arrondissement:   Gex (7 communes), Saint-Genis-Pouilly (4 communes) and Thoiry (16 communes). The canton of Bellegarde-sur-Valserine  has 1 commune in the arrondissement of Belley, 2 in Gex and 11 in the arrondissement of Nantua.

Communes
The arrondissement of Gex has 27 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Cessy (01071)
Challex (01078)
Chevry (01103)
Chézery-Forens (01104)
Collonges (01109)
Crozet (01135)
Divonne-les-Bains (01143)
Échenevex (01153)
Farges (01158)
Ferney-Voltaire (01160)
Gex (01173)
Grilly (01180)
Léaz (01209)
Lélex (01210)
Mijoux (01247)
Ornex (01281)
Péron (01288)
Pougny (01308)
Prévessin-Moëns (01313)
Saint-Genis-Pouilly (01354)
Saint-Jean-de-Gonville (01360)
Sauverny (01397)
Ségny (01399)
Sergy (01401)
Thoiry (01419)
Versonnex (01435)
Vesancy (01436)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ain department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Gex
Oscar Malapitan (born June 14, 1955) is a Filipino politician. He is the mayor of Caloocan City since June 30, 2013. He helped to make Caloocan the most competitive city in the Philippines.

1955 births
Filipino politicians
Filipino mayors
Living people
Jemaa el-Fnaa (Arabic: ساحة جامع الفناء  saaHat jamaaʻ al-fanâʼ, also Jamaa el Fna, Djema el-Fna or Djemaa el-Fnaa) is a famous square in Old city of Marrakesh, Morocco.

2011 bombings 
On April 28, 2011 an explosion originated at the cafe "Aragana" in the square. 17 people were killed while 25 were wounded in the blast. According to local media reports, one source of the blast was a gas pipe.

Gallery

Panorama

Other websites 

 The Time Machine | Photography portfolio about Jamaa El-Fna 
 BBC news about preserving intangible patrimony
 A Night at Jamaa El-Fna - article in English with many high-quality pictures
 Torture to the beat of Jamaa al Fna drums 

Buildings and structures in Morocco
Marrakesh
Town squares
Different types 
 An open differential (OD) is the most common type. It is also the least expensive. An open differential allows the vehicle to go around corners without dragging the outside wheel. However, power is transferred to the wheel with the least amount of traction (grip on the road). If that wheel is on ice or other slippery surfaces, the vehicle will not move forward and the wheel with the power will simply spin. In vehicles with two-wheel drive, if they have an open differential in effect they have only a single drive wheel. In four-wheel drive vehicles using open differentials (usually standard from the factory), only one wheel on each axle powers the vehicle. Advantages include seldom breaking an axle, less tire wear, and they are free as most new vehicles come with open differentials.
A limited slip differential (LSD) overcomes this problem. Using a series of clutches (called a clutch pack), the LSD allows limited wheel slippage while maintaining power to both drive wheels. LSDs are popular in race cars, as there are oftentimes when they are coming out of turns and need to accelerate without losing power to one drive wheel.
A locking differential (locker) is able to lock the two drive wheels on an axle together. The advantage is that both wheels have power at all times. The disadvantage is that turning is much more difficult since both wheels must turn at the same rpms. So most lockers must be disengaged when making sharp turns. Lockers can also present the driver with some dangerous situations. For example, when traversing a slope (going crossways) if one drive wheel loses traction both lose traction and the vehicle may slide sideways down the slope. Drivers are often warned not to traverse a slope if the surface is loose or slippery. Lockers may be switched on or off mechanically, electronically (e-locker) or using compressed air (air locker). Lockers are desirable on off-road vehicles but are usually not useful on streets and highways.
A spool is an open differential in which the axles have been mechanically fastened together. This does not allow either wheel to go faster or slower around corners. It is cheap and adds little or no weight to the vehicle, but is usually limited to off-road competitions and trail driving. They are not desirable for driving on the street as they will "chirp" the tires when going around corners.
References

Other websites 
 How a Differential Works and Types of Differentials, YouTube
 How an air-locker works, YouTube
 Around The Corner - How Differential Steering Works (1937)

Auto parts