Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Military bases 
Virginia Beach is home to several United States Military bases. These include the United States Navy's NAS Oceana and FTC Dam Neck, and the United States Army's Fort Story at Cape Henry. NAB Little Creek is mostly in the city of Virginia Beach but has a Norfolk address.

NAS Oceana is the largest employer in Virginia Beach. It is said to the largest naval airbase in the world.

Sister cities 
Virginia Beach has three Sister Cities:

  Bangor, Northern Ireland
  Miyazaki, Japan
  Moss, Norway

References

Other websites 
 Official Government Website 
 Tourism Website Since 1995 www.va-beach.com
 Convention & Visitors Bureau 
 Virginia Beach City Page  Virginia is for Lovers
 Map of Virginia Beach 
 Pictures of Virginia Beach 
 City of Virginia Beach Online Geographic Information

Beaches of the United States
Rose Tattoo is a hard rock band from Sydney, Australia. The band was formed in 1976. The band is led by singer Angry Anderson. Among their best known songs are "We Can't Be Beaten", "Scarred for Life", "Rock 'n' Roll Outlaw" and "Bad Boy for Love". Their first 4 albums were produced by Harry Vanda and George Young who also worked with AC/DC. 

Other bands have played Rose Tattoo songs including Guns N' Roses (Nice Boys), L.A. Guns (Rock'N'Roll Outlaw), Nashville Pussy (Rock'N'Roll Outlaw and Nice Boys), Brass Tacks (Nice Boys), Public Toys (Nice Boys), Lower Class Brats (We Can't Be Beaten) and Canadian punk rock band Youth Youth Youth (We can't be beaten).

Members 
 Angry Anderson - singer
 Mick Cocks - guitar
 Peter Wells - slide guitar
 Ian Rilen - bass guitar
 Dallas Royal - drums
Discography
Rose Tattoo – (1978, Albert Productions)
Scarred For Life (Unreleased Album) (1980, Albert)
Assault & Battery – (1981, Albert)
Scarred for Life – (1982, Albert)
Southern Stars – (1982, Albert)
Beats from a Single Drum – (1986, Mushroom Records)
Pain – (2002, SPV)
Blood Brothers – (2007)

Other websides 
 www.rosetattoo.com.au

1970s Australian music groups
1980s Australian music groups
1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
Australian hard rock bands
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from Sydney
Patriots' Day (sometimes spelled Patriot's Day or Patriots Day) is a legal holiday in Massachusetts. The holiday remembers the American men and women who fought during the Revolutionary War.

In the past, Patriots' Day was on April 19.  This was done in honor of Lexington and Concord.  These were the first battles of the American Revolutionary War that were fought on that date in 1775.  Since 1969, however, the holiday has been on the third Monday in April.

The Boston Marathon is run on this day every year. The Boston Marathon bombings happened on this day in 2013. The Boston Red Sox have played a home game at Fenway Park on this day every year since 1960.

Holidays of the United States
Massachusetts
Woodside is a neighbourhood in Croydon, in the London Borough of Croydon, England. Woodside Racecourse opened in 1866 on a park called Stroud Green Farm, it has now closed and is now the site of Ashburton Learning Village, closing in 1890. Woodside station opened to serve visitors to the racecourse, but not a lot of people used it when the course closed so it was replaced to make way for a tram line.

Woodside is close to South Norwood and Addiscombe.

London Borough of Croydon
Sofia is the capital and the largest city of Republic of Bulgaria. It has 1.3 million people. It is the 15th largest city of the European Union. Sofia is in the west of Bulgaria.

Sofia is one of the oldest capital cities in Europe; the history of Sofia dates back to the 8th century BC. 

Many of the major universities, cultural institutions, and businesses of Bulgaria are concentrated in Sofia.

At 550 m (1,800 ft) above sea level, Sofia is the third highest capital in Europe (after the Andorran capital Andorra la Vella and the Spanish capital Madrid). It has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

References

Other websites 

 Sofia complete accommodation guide 

 
8th century BC
A burette is a vertical tube-like instrument, used to measure and separate known amounts of liquids in laboratories. Burettes are very precise and one can measure the volume of a fluid with the precision of ±0.05 mL with them.

History 
Francois Antoine Henri Descroizilles developed the first burette on 1791. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac invented a more complete burette later.

References 

Laboratory equipment
The Maghen Abraham Synagogue is the oldest synagogue in Beirut, the capital of Lebanon.

History 
This synagogue was very important to Jewish Lebanese in the early twentieth century. It was built in 1925. It was then named after the son of Abraham Sason. It was used as a place to stay for illegal travelers. Some of the people who traveled without legal papers stayed in the synagogue while going to Palestine. Today, it is now called Israel.

In 1976, a year after the civil war began, Joseph Farhi took the Torah scrolls from the synagogue to Geneva. Most of them were sent to Sephardic synagogues in Israel.
Israel attacked its enemies in Lebanon. This brought anger by other people towards Lebanese Jews. Lebanese Jews became targets to Islamic militant groups since 1984. But even during the fighting, Yasser Arafat's PLO forces and the Christian Phalangists did protect Wadi Abu Jamil during the 1982 Lebanon War. But, the presence of Palestine Liberation Organization forces in the area brought Israeli attacks that damaged the synagogue itself.

The late former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri wanted to rebuild the synagoge, but that never happened. The Talmudic school next to it was broken down. This was to keep view of the beach nearby.

Related pages
 Deir el Qamar Synagogue (Mount Lebanon)
 Beth Elamen Cemetery
 History of the Jews in Lebanon
 Wadi Abu Jamil

Notes and references

Sources
 Karam, Dima (October 2003), Beirut Synagogue is a Reminder of a Departed People , Daily Star. 
 Hendler, Sefi (August 19 2006), Beirut’s last Jews, Ynetnews.
Synagogues
Beirut
Buildings and structures in Lebanon
1925 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Lebanon
Georg Franz Danzer (born October 7, 1946 in Vienna, died June 21, 2007, in Asperhofen) was an Austrian musician. He wrote and sang many songs. Many people think of him as the father of Austropop. This is because he usually sang his songs in the local dialect. He died of lung cancer at age 60.

Austrian singer-songwriters
1946 births
2007 deaths
Bentheuphausia amblyops is a species of krill. Krill are small shrimp-like crustaceans living in the ocean.

B. amblyops is the only species within its genus, which in turn is the only genus within the family Bentheuphausiidae. All the 85 other species of krill known are classified in the family Euphausiidae.

B. amblyops can be found in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It occurs in latitudes south of 40° N, and also in the southern seas of the Atlantic, in the Indian Ocean and in the Pacific. It is a bathypelagic krill that lives in deep waters below 1,000 m. It is distinguished from the Euphausiidae by several morphological features. The features most easily used to tell it apart are  that the animals  are not bioluminescent and that their first pair of pleopods is not modified as copulatory tool organs. Also, their eyes are smaller than those of the Euphausiidae. Adults reach a length of 4 to 5 cm.
References 
Taxonomy of Bentheuphausia amblyops from ITIS.
 Distribution data set of Bentheuphausia ambylops from OBIS.
 Australian Faunal Directory entry for Bentheuphausia amblyops.
Mauchline, J.: Euphausiacea: Adults , Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 1971.
Sars, G. O.: Bentheuphausia amblyops, in Rep. scient. Results Voyage H.M.S. Challenger 1873-76, 13(3), 1885.

Krill
Grosse Ile Township is a town in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The township is coterminous with the island in the Detroit River called Grosse Ile. The name comes from French, meaning "Big Island". The population was 10,894 at the 2000 census. It is part of the collection of communities known as Downriver.

References

Townships in Michigan
The Malacostraca (Greek: "soft shell") are the largest subgroup of crustaceans. They include decapods (such as crabs,  lobsters and shrimp), stomatopods (mantis shrimp) and krill. There are 22,000 members in this group. It represents two thirds of all crustacean species. The first malacostracans appeared in the Cambrian period.

The classification of crustaceans is currently being debated. Some think Malacostraca is a class and others think it is a subclass.

Morphology 

Malacostraca have heads with six segments. They have a pair of antennules and a pair of antennae. They also have mouthparts. There are appendages near the mouthparts, called maxillipeds. They have five pairs of walking legs. The first pair is formed like a pincer. There are eight thoracic segments. There are six abdominal segments. They are used for swimming. Members of Malacostraca have compound stalked or sessile eyes. They have a two-chambered stomach and a centralized nervous system.

Classification
Classification 

Class Malacostraca Latreille, 1802 
 Subclass Phyllocarida Packard, 1879 
 †Order Archaeostraca
 †Order Hoplostraca
 †Order Canadaspidida
 Order Leptostraca Claus, 1880 
 Subclass Hoplocarida Calman, 1904 
 Order Stomatopoda Latreille, 1817 (mantis shrimp)
 Subclass Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892 
 Superorder Syncarida Packard, 1885 
 †Order Palaeocaridacea
 Order Bathynellacea Chappuis, 1915 
 Order Anaspidacea Calman, 1904
 Superorder Peracarida Calman, 1904
 Order Spelaeogriphacea Gordon, 1957 
 Order Thermosbaenacea Monod, 1927 
 Order Lophogastrida Sars, 1870 
 Order Mysida Haworth, 1825 
 Order Mictacea Bowman, Garner, Hessler, Iliffe & Sanders, 1985 
 Order Amphipoda Latreille, 1816 
 Order Isopoda Latreille, 1817 (woodlice, slaters)
 Order Tanaidacea Dana, 1849 
 Order Cumacea Krøyer, 1846 
 Superorder Eucarida Calman, 1904
 Order Euphausiacea Dana, 1852 
 Order Amphionidacea Williamson, 1973 
 Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802 (crabs, lobsters, shrimp)
Decapoda is an order of crustaceans in the class Malacostraca. Many familiar groups, such as crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns and shrimp are in this order. Many decapods are scavengers - they eat dead plants and animals. Crabs are mixed feeders, taking algae and  shellfish such as molluscs. Lobsters eat mostly live prey.

Anatomy
As their name suggests, all decapods have ten appendages. 

The last five pairs of appendages on the front half of the body, the cephalothorax, are used for walking. 

In many decapods, the front pair of appendages carry large pinching claws. The claws are called chelae, so these appendages may be called chelipeds.

The front three pairs of appendages on the thorax are used as jaws, and called maxillipeds.

On the abdomen are swimming appendages called pleopods, and the body ends in a tail fan.
Classification
Classification of the order Decapoda depends on the structure of the gills and legs, and the way in which the larvae develop. There are two suborders: Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata. Prawns (including many so-called "shrimp", such as the Atlantic white shrimp) make up the Dendrobranchiata. The other groups, including true shrimp, are the Pleocyemata.

The following classification  follows Martin and Davis, with some changes based on more recent structural and molecular studies.x

Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802  (Selection, not everything is listed)
 Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888  prawns

 Suborder Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963

 Infraorder Caridea Dana, 1852  true shrimp

 Infraorder Achelata Scholtz & Richter, 1995  spiny lobsters, slipper lobsters, and furry lobsters
 Infraorder Astacidea Latreille, 1802  lobsters and crayfish

 Infraorder Anomura MacLeay, 1838

 Superfamily Galatheoidea Samouelle, 1819  squat lobsters
Superfamily Paguroidea Latreille, 1802  hermit crabs
 Infraorder Brachyura Latreille, 1802  crabs

References

Other websites
Rafik Baha ad-Din Hariri (; November 1, 1944 – February 14, 2005) was a Lebanese billionaire and businessman. He was Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998, and he became Prime Minister again in 2000. But on October 20, 2004, he quit his job. He helped a lot in rebuilding Beirut, which was damaged from the fighting during the civil war.

Hariri was killed along with 21 other people on February 14, 2005. A thousand kilograms of TNT exploded in a van near his car. His car was passing through St. George Hotel in the Lebanese capital, Beirut. People are still trying to learn who did it, and the United Nations have helped to investigate. Serge Brammertz is leading this investigation. Many people in Lebanon said that the government of Syria and its allies did it. So far, Brammertz said that DNA evidence collected from the exploded area shows that the killing was done by a young man who blew himself up at the time.

References
References 

1944 births
2005 deaths
Assassinated Lebanese people
Billionaires
Lebanese businesspeople
Lebanese Muslims
Prime Ministers of Lebanon
An antenna (plural antennae) is one of a pair of feelers (appendages) connected to the front segments of crustaceans and insects. They are found on the first two segments of the head. The smaller pair are known as antennules.  

Antennae are jointed and extend forward from the head. They are sensory organs. The organ may sense touch, air motion, heat, vibration (sound), and especially smell or gustation (taste).

References 

Crustaceans
Insects
Animal anatomy
Josef "Sepp" Dietrich (May 28, 1892 in Hawangen,Bavaria, Germany- April 21, 1966 in Ludwigsburg,Baden-Württemberg, West Germany) was a German Waffen-SS general, and one of the closest men to Adolf Hitler. For his wartime services, he was one of only 27 men to be awarded the Knight's Cross with Oak leaves, Swords and Diamonds. Dietrich and other members of the Waffen-SS were tried for war crimes after WW2. He died in 1966 21 years after World War 2 ended in 1945 .

1892 births
1966 deaths
German prisoners
German war criminals
People from Bavaria
SS officers
Waffen-SS generals
Hue is one of the main properties of a color. 

It is defined as “the degree to which a stimulus is similar to, or different from, stimuli that are red, green, blue, and yellow” (the unique hues). 

The other main aspects of color appearance are colorfulness, chroma, saturation, lightness, and brightness.

Usually, colors with the same hue are distinguished with adjectives referring to their lightness and/or chroma, such as with "light blue", "pastel blue", "vivid blue".

Color
Freeview is free television service in the New Zealand, It is sent to people's home using a digital signal by either over the air or by satellite. It is planning to have more channels than analogue television provides. The service was put on air on 2 May 2007. The service was created as a local copy of the British digital television service, also known as Freeview.

Some TVs can receive Freeview automatically, but most people have to buy a special box to connect to their old TV or replace their satellite box, if they want to get by satellite.

Freeview (New Zealand)
Freeview (New Zealand)
2007 establishments
2000s establishments in New Zealand
Organizations based in New Zealand
A Burqa is a piece of clothing. It is worn by some Muslim women. They can wear it as an outer garment. It only leaves a semi-transparent mesh in front of the woman's eyes, so she can see. The rest of the body is covered by it. 

Other garments for Muslim women that cover less of their body are the hijab and the niqab. People often confuse the hijab and the niqab and call it burqa instead.

In Islamic texts
The Quran does not say that women need to cover their faces with a veil, or cover their bodies with the full-body burqa.

Burqas around the world

In France, Italy, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Bulgaria, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Tunisia, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands wearing a burqa (and the niqab) in public is illegal. And in more countries, it is illegal to enter a government building, public building, public transport, schools, or to drive a vehicle with a burqa (or a niqab).

Islamic dress
The Motion Picture Association film rating system is a system used by the MPAA. It is meant to help parents and movie-goers decide which movie is suitable for their families and children.

Ratings

MPA film ratings 
The MPA film ratings are as follows:

In 2013, the MPA ratings were visually redesigned, with the rating displayed on a left panel and the name of the rating shown above it. A larger panel on the right provides a more detailed description of the film's content and an explanation of the rating level is placed on a horizontal bar at the bottom of the rating.
History of Movie Ratings 
The MPA has made many changes to its movie rating system. When the film ratings were created in 1968, it consists of only four movie ratings. From 1968 to 1970, the four ratings were:
 Rated G - Suggested for general audiences.
 Rated M - Suggested for mature audiences. Parental discretion advised.
 Rated R - Restricted. Persons under 16 are not admitted unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian.
 Rated X - Persons under 17 will not be admitted.
In 1970, the M rating became replaced with "GP" because of the confusion as to whether "M-rated" movies would be appropriate for their children. In addition, the minimum age for R and X-rated movies were raised from 16 to 17. From 1970 to 1972, the movie ratings consisted of four new ratings:
 Rated G - General Audiences. All ages admitted.
 Rated GP - Guidance Parental. May contain some suggestive content.
 Rated R - Restricted. Persons under 17 are not admitted unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian.
 Rated X - Persons under 17 not admitted.

In 1972, the "GP" rating was renamed to "PG" and renamed to "Parental Guidance Suggested". From 1972 to 1984, the ratings were:
 Rated G - General Audiences. All ages admitted.
 Rated PG - Parental Guidance Suggested. Some material may not be suitable for pre-teenagers.
 Rated R - Restricted. Persons under 17 are not admitted unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian.
 Rated X - Persons under 17 not admitted.
In 1984, the "PG-13" rating was created after some parents were unhappy about some movies like Gremlins and Temple of Doom being rated PG and felt the content was given the wrong rating. They asked the MPAA to raise their ratings from PG to R. However, the MPAA felt neither films were strong enough to be given an R-rating so as a response, the MPAA introduced the PG-13 rating warning parents some material may be inappropriate for children under 13. From 1984 to 1990, the ratings were:
 Rated G - General Audiences. All ages admitted.
 Rated PG - Parental Guidance Suggested. Some material may not be suitable for children.
 Rated PG-13- Parents Strongly Cautioned. Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13.
 Rated R - Restricted. Persons under 17 are not admitted unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian.
 Rated X - Persons under 17 not admitted.
In 1990, the X rating had been discontinued and replaced with "NC-17" because some people incorrectly assumed "X" films meant the movie was pornographic. From 1990 to 1994, the ratings were:
 Rated G - General Audiences. All ages admitted.
 Rated PG - Parental Guidance Suggested. Some material may not be suitable for children.
 Rated PG-13- Parents Strongly Cautioned. Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13.
 Rated R - Restricted. Persons under 17 are not admitted unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian.
 Rated NC-17 - No one under 17 admitted.

In 1995, the minimum age for the NC-17 rating was raised from 17 to 18, and re-worded as "No one 17 and under" to exclude 17 year olds. In the mid-2010s, the NC-17 rating was titled "Adults only".
From 1995 to 2014, the ratings were:
 Rated G - General Audiences. All ages admitted.
 Rated PG - Parental Guidance Suggested. Some material may not be suitable for children.
 Rated PG-13 - Parents Strongly Cautioned. Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13.
 Rated R - Restricted. Persons under 17 are not admitted unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian.
 Rated NC-17 - No one 17 and under admitted.

Since 2014, the rating are:
 Rated G - General Audiences. All ages admitted.
 Rated PG - Parental Guidance Suggested. Some material may not be suitable for children.
 Rated PG-13 - Parents Strongly Cautioned. Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13.
 Rated R - Restricted. Persons under 17 are not admitted unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian.
 Rated NC-17 - No one 17 and under admitted.
NC-17 
The NC-17 rating is the highest rating (even higher than the R-rating) that a film can be given, and it means the movie is for adults only (ages 18 and older) and no one age 17 or younger will be admitted. This rating, prior to 1990, was previously rated X. As the 1980s was ending, the MPA announced that beginning in 1990, the X-rating will be replaced with NC-17.
The NC-17 rating is very rare because most retailers, newspapers, advertisers, streaming service providers (like HBO), and movie theaters refuse to stock, air, or premiere NC-17 rated content. For this reason, movie directors view the NC-17 rating as a death sentence because almost nobody will watch their film so what most directors do is they go back and edit their movies to which the MPAA told what scenes or content gave them the NC-17 rating so they would either cut the scene entirely or modify it to a lesser-form, and submit the movie for a classification again in which most of the time, they successfully get the R-rating. Some examples of NC-17 rated films include Henry & June (1990), Showgirls (1995) and Blonde (2022). Films are given the NC-17 rating primarily due to their use of sexual activity including nudity, whereas a few of them are given the classification because of their extreme violence that is too cruel to be allowed in an R-rated film.
Prior to 1995, NC-17 stood for "No Children under 17 admitted when 17 was the minimum age for admittance. In 1995, the MPA raised the minimum age from 17 to 18. Beginning with 1995, the rating was retitled for No one 17 and under admitted to exclude 17 year olds.

Difference between R and NC-17
The main difference between an R and NC-17 rating follows:
 R-rated films allows viewers of any age to be admitted to the feature. However, patrons under the age of 17 are required to be accompanied by their parent or legal guardian to be admitted. Otherwise, they will not be allowed in.
 NC-17 rated films only allow adults to be admitted to the feature. No one under the age of 18 is allowed admittance.

Related pages 
 Film rating systems

References 

Movie ratings
The Satanic Verses is a novel by Salman Rushdie.

Part of it was inspired by the life of Muhammad. The title refers to Satanic verses. This is one of the interpretations of the Koran. This interpretation is what Ibn Ishaq did in the oldest surviving text of the work. Some Islamic and most non-Muslim Western historians and commentators on the Qur'an have accepted this story of Muhammad's momentary acceptance of the verses although there are no known sources confirming the presence of these verses in reality in Qur'an in olden times. A common Muslim viewpoint is that the existence of the verses is just a fabrication created by non-Muslims.
The novel caused much controversy when it was published. Many Muslims felt that it contained blasphemous references. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, a Shi'a Muslim scholar, issued a fatwa that called for the death of Rushdie and claimed that it was the duty of every Muslim to obey. As a result, Hitoshi Igarashi, the Japanese language translator of the book was stabbed to death on 11 July 1991; Ettore Capriolo, the Italian language translator, was seriously injured in a stabbing the same month. William Nygaard, the publisher in Norway, survived an attempted assassination in Oslo in October 1993. On 14 February 2006, the Iranian state news agency reported that the fatwa will remain in place permanently.

In the United Kingdom, however, the book was praised by a lot of critics. It was a 1988 Booker Prize Finalist, eventually losing to Peter Carey's Oscar and Lucinda.

References 

1988 books
English novels
Satanic verses is a name given to a number of verses of the Qur'an. These verses became famous because they were introduced into a version of the book. In a later version, they were taken out again. Different groups of people have different views about these verses. According to the first biography of Muhammad, Sīrat Rasul Allah, Life of the Apostle of God, by Islamic authors Ṭabarī (839-923) and al-Wāqidī (745-822), Muhammad, who struggled to convert the inhabitants of Mecca, was tempted by Satan (Iblis) while he was reciting the sūra al-Najm (considered - like all the Islamic sacred text - a divine revelation transmitted to him through the archangel Gabriel) who suggested a phrase (v. 21) after verses 19 and 20.

Other websites 
 Those are the High Flying Claims
 Story of the Cranes or "Satanic Verses"
 The Satanic Verses in Qur'an

Quran
National Democrats () is a minor political party in Sweden. It was formed in October 2001. The chairman of the party is Marc Abramsson.

Other websites
 Nationaldemokraterna  – official website

2001 establishments in Sweden
Nationalist organizations in Europe
Political parties in Sweden
Broad Green is a small area with a lot of houses at the centre of West Croydon in the London Borough of Croydon, England. The area is mostly filled with a triangle-shaped green space which includes stores and large houses. The green was built at the end of the 19th century. Most of West Croydon is in an electoral ward called "Broad Green", hence Broad Green library is some distance from the traditional Broad Green area. Parts of West Thornton and Selhurst wards are also in West Croydon. 

London Borough of Croydon
Villages in England
West Croydon might refer to:

West Croydon, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide
West Croydon railway station, Adelaide, South Australia
West Croydon station, Croydon, England
Kanji (漢字) is one of the three forms of Japanese writing. A kanji is an ideogram: that is, a type of simple picture. These are made to show a word's meaning. It is a symbol of an idea such as an object, thing or quality.

Kanji ideograms (or “characters”) were taken from Chinese characters, and many changed over time. The word “kanji” means “Han characters” (i.e. “Chinese characters”).

Kanji vs. kana 
There are two other systems used to write in Japanese. These systems are called hiragana and katakana (together they are called “kana”). They show how a word is pronounced because each character stands for a syllable (a, ka, sa, ta etc.). Each kanji could also be written in kana, indeed they are in children’s books or books for foreigners learning Japanese.
Japanese can have many homophones for one pronunciation, e.g. kami can mean “god”, “hair”, "paper", or "upper stream". Since each words is made of the same syllables, they are written using the same kana (かみ in hiragana and カミ in katakana), but since they all have very different meanings, the kanji character for each word is quite different. The kanji for "god" is 神, the kanji for "hair" is 髪, the kanji for "paper" is 紙, and the kanji for "upper stream" is 上. However, each kanji character can have several different pronunciations, according to which meaning (which “reading”) is intended.
Kanji was originally written to look like what it means, thus the Japanese symbol for mouth is 口 (which is said as kuchi), and looks like a mouth. Another word, 山 (said as yama) means mountain. The Japanese have for many words. Many can be shown with just one kanji, but sometimes two kanji characters are combined to make new words, such as 山口 (yamaguchi), "mountain-mouth", meaning a cave. (It is also a surname and the name of a prefecture).

Kanji is often combined with hiragana to show the grammatical meaning of the word. In English this would be done with endings (e.g. “act” (the verb), “action” (the noun) etc.)
Kun-yomi vs. on-yomi 
Most kanji characters can be pronounced at least two different ways according to whether the word is a native Japanese word (this is called the “kun” reading, or “kun-yomi”), or whether it came from Chinese (this called the “on” reading or “on-yomi”). Kanji that stand alone usually have kun-yomi, while kanji compound words usually have on-yomi. For example, 山 on its own is "yama" (the Japanese word for “mountain”). When it is combined with another word or name, it is pronounced  "san" e.g. “Fuji-san” (Mount Fuji).
However, there are many exceptions to these patterns. For example, some native Japanese words with two or more kanji (usually proper nouns) use their kanji's kun-yomi, like 山口, which is pronounced "yama-guchi", even though the on-yomi for the kanji would be "san" and "kō" in that order. Sometimes, kanji only have on-yomi and have no kun-yomi. For example, the kanji 毒, which means "poison", only has the on-yomi "doku". Sometimes, compound words mix on-yomi and kun-yomi together. For example, the word 金色, which means "golden", is pronounced "kin-iro", in which the first kanji uses its on-yomi, and the second-kanji uses its kun-yomi. Sometimes, the kanji in certain compound words may not even use their kanji readings at all, but are used only to show the word's meaning. For example, the word 煙草 is pronounced "tabako", which means "tobacco" in English
. This word was borrowed from Portuguese, and while the pronunciation of the word does not match either kanji, the meaning of the kanji are "smoke" and "grass" in that order, hinting at the word's meaning. There are even some words whose kanji can be used to only show a word's pronunciation and not its meaning. These are called ateji. For example, the word 亜米利加, which means "America", is pronounced "Amerika", but none of the kanji meanings have any obvious connection to America. Usually, however, words of the last kind are usually written in only katakana these days, though sometimes words like "sushi" still written in ateji, like 寿司, because Chinese tourists will recognize the ateji more easily, since the word is written the same way in Chinese.
Number of kanji 
Kanji characters are classed on the basis of how many brush strokes they are made of. The simplest kanji have one stroke and the most complex may have up to 30 strokes.

There are many different Kanji, the exact number is not known but it is around 50,000. However, not all 50,000 are taught in schools. The government of Japan has set up a 1,945 basic kanji list (Jōyō Kanji ) that those learning the language need to know. They are the ones most commonly used in newspapers and magazines, along with street signs and store signs. Kanji takes many years to learn.  By the end of his school years a pupil should know about 1,850 kanji. A university graduate would need to know about 3000. If someone does not know the kanji for a word, they can write it in kana and it will be understood, but it is usually not the proper way to write it, however kana can have many meanings for the same word, so unless the person writes in kanji, we will not know what they are saying.

References
References

New Japanese-English Character Dictionary ed J Halpern Kenkyusha 1990

Other websites 
 RomajiDesu Kanji Dictionary an easy to use Kanji dictionary with multiple radical and stroke order diagrams
 Kanji Explorer  Browse Kanji and Jukugo
 Real Kanji Practice kanji using different typefaces
 Kanji alive, an interactive tool for learning kanji in wide use at schools and universities
 Japanese Kanji Tutorials and History

Japanese writing system
Calligraphy
Chris Moyles (born 22 February 1974 in Leeds) is a British radio and television presenter. He presents a breakfast radio show on BBC Radio 1. His career in radio started at age 14, when he worked on a hospital radio. He worked at lots of different stations until he got a job at BBC Radio 1 in 1997. When he took over the Breakfast show from fellow DJ Sara Cox he quickly brought more listeners to the show. He won awards for his show.

Moyles wrote an autobiography called The Gospel According to Chris Moyles: The Story of One Man and his Mouth.

Other websites 

BBC radio presenters
British autobiographers
English radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Leeds
Television personalities from Yorkshire
1974 births
Living people
A libretto is the text (the words) which are set to music to make an opera.  A libretto can also be the words for an oratorio, cantata, mass or a musical.  The person who writes the libretto is called a librettist.  The word “libretto” (plural: “libretti” or “librettos”) is an Italian word which means “little book”.

Sometimes a composer writes his own libretti, but usually a composer likes to have a librettist who can write the words for him so that he can set them to music.

Some libretti are original stories by the librettist, but very often they are based on a book by another writer.
In the 18th century Metastasio was a very famous librettist.  Many of his libretti were set several times by different composers. Another 18th century librettist was Lorenzo da Ponte, who wrote the libretti for three of Mozart's greatest operas, as well as for many other composers. In the 19th century Eugène Scribe wrote a very large number of libretti that were set to music by composers such as Meyerbeer, Auber, Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini and Verdi. Two French writers called Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy wrote many opera and operetta libretti for the composers Jacques Offenbach, Jules Massenet and Georges Bizet. Arrigo Boito, who wrote libretti for, among others, Giuseppe Verdi and Amilcare Ponchielli, composed two operas of his own.  Hugo von Hoffmansthal wrote libretti for Richard Strauss.

Wagner and Tippett are two composers who wrote their own libretti.
Usually a libretto is written before the music, but sometimes composers wrote some of the music first and then looked for words to go with it. Composers, such as Mikhail Glinka, Alexander Serov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Puccini, and Mascagni all did this sometimes.

Musicals usually have lyrics (the words for the songs), and a separate "book" (the spoken dialogue and the stage directions).  Sometimes these two are by different authors, e.g. the musical Fiddler on the Roof has a composer (Jerry Bock), a lyricist (Sheldon Harnick), and the writer of the "book" (Joseph Stein).

Opera terminology
The words Hmong and Mong refer to an Asian ethnic group. Their homeland is in China, especially along the Yangtze and Yellow river. In the 18th century, Hmong people started moving to other Southeast Asian countries. Today, they live in all of China, northern Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. In 1975, communists took over Laos. After they took over, many Hmong people moved to the United States, Australia, France, French Guiana, and Canada. Hmong people divide themselves into the White Hmong, the Green Hmong, and other smaller groups.

History 

Hmong people have been living in southern China for at least 2,000 years.

Miao clans with Han origins
Some of the origins of the Hmong and Miao clan names are a result of the marriage of Hmong women to Han Chinese men, with distinct Han Chinese-descended clans and lineages practicing Han Chinese burial customs. These clans were called "Han Chinese Hmong" ("Hmong Sua") in Sichuan, and were instructed in military tactics by fugitive Han Chinese rebels. Such Chinese "surname groups" are comparable to the patrilineal Hmong clans and also practice exogamy.

These Miao clans produced by Han Chinese men mating with Miao women introduced Han Confucian influence into Miao people despite culture in Miao society being transmitted maternally.
Han Chinese male soldiers who fought against the Miao rebellions during the Qing and Ming dynasties were known to have married with non-Han women such as the Miao because Han women were less desirable. The Wang clan, founded among the Hmong in Gongxian county of Sichuan's Yibin district, is one such clan and can trace its origins to several such marriages around the time of the Ming dynasty suppression of the Ah rebels. Nicholas Tapp wrote that, according to The Story of the Ha Kings in the village, one such Han ancestor was Wang Wu.  It is also noted that the Wang typically sided with the Chinese, being what Tapp calls "cooked" as opposed to the "raw" peoples who rebelled against the Chinese.
Hmong women who married Han Chinese men founded a new Xem clan among Northern Thailand's Hmong. Fifty years later in Chiangmai two of their Hmong boy descendants were Catholics. A Hmong woman and Han Chinese man married and founded northern Thailand's Lau2, or Lauj, clan, , with another Han Chinese man of the family name Deng founding another Hmong clan. Some scholars believe this lends further credence to the idea that some or all of the present day Hmong clans were formed in this way.

Jiangxi Han Chinese are claimed by some as the forefathers of the southeast Guizhou Miao, and Miao children were born to the many Miao women married Han Chinese soldiers in Taijiang in Guizhou before the second half of the 19th century.

From 1919 to 1921, the Hmong people were involved a war. The French called this war the War of the Insane.

From 1962 to 1975, the Hmong people were involved in the Laotian Civil War, also known as the Secret War.

Geography
Geography 

China has the largest population of Hmong people with 3 million Hmong people. Vietnam has 787,600 Hmong people, Laos has 320,000 Hmong people, and Thailand has 150,000 Hmong people. Some Hmong people live in Myanmar.

Outside of Asia, the United States has the most Hmong people; it has 186,310 Hmong people. France has 15,000 Hmong people, Australia has 2,000 Hmong people, and French Guiana has 1,500 Hmong people. Canada and Argentina have a total of 600 Hmong people.

References

Other websites 
Webquest for English Language Learners

Ethnic groups in Asia
Toplessness (or being topless) is a state of a woman not wearing any clothing above the waist, meaning the breasts are visible. The term used for a man is barechestedness or shirtlessness.

Because the female breast is often associated with sexuality, some countries consider it alright for men to be topless in public, but not women. However many countries consider it usual for women to be topless, even due to the natural heat.

Barechestedness
Barechested means not wearing a shirt. It usually refers to men.  It is very common in many societies.  Also very common in sports for a number of reasons.  Some reasons include, ease of movement, and cooling.  It is also common to go shirtless while working/doing labor. Before computerization of vehicles, it was common for young men to work on cars and trucks without a shirt.

Gallery

Related pages
Topfreedom

References

Other websites

Nudity
Westminster Cathedral in London, England, is a Roman Catholic cathedral. It is the mother church of the Roman Catholic community in England and Wales and the Metropolitan Church and Cathedral for the Archbishop of Westminster.

The cathedral is near Victoria in the City of Westminster. It is the largest Roman Catholic church in England and Wales. It should not be confused with Westminster Abbey.

The cathedral was opened in 1903. It was designed by John Francis Bentley and is in the style of Byzantine church architecture. The nave is the widest of any church in England. The sanctuary is higher than the nave, so that the altar can be seen from any part of the nave. A very large crucifix hangs from the chancel arch. The Archiepiscopal Throne or cathedra, of marble and mosaic, is modelled on the Papal Throne at the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. There are beautiful marble pillars which are all carved differently. In the crypt there are monuments to famous people.
Westminster Cathedral has a famous choir. The first Master of Music (choirmaster) was Sir Richard Runciman Terry. Since 2000, the Master of Music has been Martin Baker. Mass is sung every day.

The choir are famous for singing Gregorian chant and polyphony of the Renaissance. Composers such as Benjamin Britten and Ralph Vaughan Williams have written music for the choir.

All the boys of the Choir are boarders at the nearby Westminster Cathedral Choir School.

The organ is very large. It is in the west gallery (above the entrance). It was built by the organ builder Henry Willis III from 1922 to 1932. One of Louis Vierne's best-known organ pieces, "Carillon de Westminster," was composed for it and dedicated to the builder.

On 28 May 1982, the first day of his six-day visit to the United Kingdom, Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass in the cathedral.
In 1995, Cardinal Basil Hume invited HM The Queen. This was the first visit of a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom to a Catholic liturgy since 1688 when James II & VII was king.

Other websites 
 Westminster Cathedral official site

Cathedrals in England
Roman Catholic cathedrals
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Westminster
Cachoeira do Sul is a Brazilian city of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Its population is 89,669 and has an area of 3.765 km².

Cities in Rio Grande do Sul
In probability theory and statistics, the median of a data set , sometimes written as , is a number describing the data set. This number has the property that it divides a set of observed values in two equal halves, so that half of the values are below it and half are above.

If there are a finite number of elements, the median is easy to find. The values need to be arranged in a list, from the lowest to highest. If there is an odd number of values, the median is the one at position . For example, if there are 13 values, they can be arranged into two groups of 6, with the median in between, at position 7. With an even number of values, as there is no single number which divides all of the numbers to two halves, the median is defined as the mean of the two central elements. With 14 observations, this would be the mean of the elements at positions 7 and 8, which is their sum divided by 2.
Median and mean 
Median and mean are different in several ways. Mean is a better measure in many cases, because many of the statistical tests can use mean and standard deviation of two observations to compare them, while the same comparison cannot be performed using the medians.

Median is more useful when the variance of the values is not important, and we only need a central measure of the values. If the maximum value of a set of numbers changes while the other numbers of this set are kept the same, the mean of this set of numbers changes, but the median does not.

Another advantage of median is that it can be calculated sooner when we are studying survival data. For example, a researcher can calculate the median survival of patients with a kidney transplant, when half the patients participated in his study die. Calculating the mean survival requires continuing the study, and following all the patients until their death.
Example 
Suppose one wants to know how many jelly beans most people in the room have, and that there are five people in the room:

Person 1 (7 jelly beans), Person 2 (8 jelly beans), Person 3 (9 jelly beans), Person 4 (10 jelly beans), Person 5 (11 jelly beans)
To calculate the mean, one would add the total number of jelly beans (45) and divide by the number of people (5): the mean is 9 jelly beans per person.
To calculate the median, one would line up amounts of jelly beans (7, 8, 9, 10, 11), and choose the middle number: the median is also 9 jelly beans.
The results change a lot for numbers with larger ranges. Suppose that one has the following group of five people:
Person 1 (8 jelly beans), Person 2 (8 jelly beans), Person 3 (9 jelly beans), Person 4 (10 jelly beans), Person 5 (50 jelly beans)
To calculate the mean, one would add the total number of jelly beans (85) and divide by the number of people (5): the mean is now 17 jelly beans per person.
To calculate the median, one would line up amounts of jelly beans (8, 8, 9, 10, 50), and choose the middle number: the median is still 9 jelly beans.
In this second case, the mean gives a poor understanding of how many jelly beans most people have (10 or less), while the median gives a better idea of the number of jelly beans most people have. To divide up the number of jelly beans equally, however, one would use the mean. The median is basically the middle number.

Related pages 

 Average
 Mode (statistics)

References 

Statistics
In statistics, the mode of a set of data is the one that occurs most.  Very often, samples of data are collected. These might be measurements of some kind. In this context, the mode is the value that occurs most often. Unlike the median and the mean, the mode is not necessarily unique. There might be several different values that occur the same number of times. 

Statistics
S.S.C. Napoli (Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli) is an Italian football club.  The club plays in Serie A. Its home stadium is the Stadio San Paolo in Naples, Italy.  They team plays in light blue shirts, white shorts and light blue socks as uniforms.

History 
The club was formed in 1926 and it was in most of its history in Serie A. It was Diego Armando Maradona who put Napoli on the world soccer map, leading them to scudettos in 1987 and 1990 and the UEFA Cup in 1989. They also won the Coppa Italia in 1962, 1976, 1987, 2012, 2014 and 2020, a Coppa delle Alpi in 1966 and two Supercoppa Italiana in 1990 and 2014.

Napoli dropped to Serie B in 2001. With a debt of about 70 million euros, the club went bankrupt in August 2004. A new club, Napoli Soccer, was born. Napoli Soccer was renamed Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli in early 2006.
Honours 
 Serie A : 3
 1986/87, 1989/90, 2022/23
 Coppa Italia : 6
 1962, 1976, 1987, 2012, 2014, 2020
 Supercoppa Italiana : 2
 1990, 2014
 UEFA Cup : 1
 1989
 Cup of the Alps : 1
 1966
 Anglo-Italian League Cup : 1
 1976
 Thomas Lipton Trophy : 3
 1909, 1911, 1914

League position

Former position

Notable Players 
These are players who once played for Napoli and players who still do.

Managers

Other websites 
 SSC Napoli
 Serie A

Italian football clubs
Naples
1926 establishments in Italy
At War with Satan is the third album by English black metal band Venom. It was released on 16 April 1984.

Track listing 

Venom (band)
1983 albums
Heavy metal albums
In Christian beliefs, the Antichrist or Anti-christ (anti means opposite; christ means messiah) is used to speak about a person or image that implies evil, and more than one person. It is also said that antichrist is the devil himself.

The Biblical Book of Revelation refers to two "Beasts". One of them is often identified as the Antichrist, the counter-messiah of the devil.

Related pages 
 666 (number)

References 

New Testament
Christian eschatology
A baker is somebody who makes mainly bread. Some bakers also make cakes and desserts, but a traditional baker only makes bread. The place where a baker works is called a bakehouse or a bakery.

The first bread was made by the Egyptians in 8000 BC and in the Middle Ages most landlords had a bakery. They had a public oven and housewives brought the dough to the baker to cook.

Bread is now much sweeter than it was in the Middle Ages because a lot of corn syrup or honey is used.

Baking
A statistical hypothesis test is a method used in statistics. It helps you describe the results you get from an experiment. The hypothesis test tells you the likelihood that a specific result would happen by chance. 

Statistical hypothesis tests answer the question: Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of getting a value which is at least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?. 

So, for example, if the result would only happen by chance 5% of the time, then the experimental hypothesis is supported to the 95% level.

References

Other websites 

Statistical tests