Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The critical flaws of the late Bronze Age are its centralization, specialization, complexity and top-heavy political structure. These flaws then revealed themselves through revolts, defections, demographic crises (overpopulation), and wars between states. Other factors which could have placed increasing pressure on the fragile kingdoms include the aggression of the ‘Sea Peoples’, the effect of pirates on maritime trade, drought, crop failures, and famine.

References

Further reading
Oliver Dickinson 2007. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: continuity and change between the twelfth and eighth Centuries BC Routledge, London. 

Ancient Greece
Mesopotamia
2nd millennium BC in Egypt
12th century BC
Archaeology
Hittite Empire
Washington University in St. Louis (WashU or WUSTL) is a private research university in St. Louis County, Missouri. It was founded in 1853. The university is named after George Washington. Washington University is one of the top universities in the United States.

The school is the academic home for most of the university’s undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. The campus is bordered by Forest Park and the cities of St. Louis, Clayton and University City. The university also has a West Campus in Clayton, North Campus in the West End neighborhood of St. Louis, and Medical Campus in the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis.

The school has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. Washington University has seven graduate and undergraduate schools. The phrase "in St. Louis" was added in 1976.

References

Other websites
Official website of Washington University in St. Louis
Colleges and universities in Missouri
Association of American Universities
1853 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Missouri
The Lions Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is one of Canada's National Historic Sites.

References

Bridges in Vancouver
Steel bridges
Suspension bridges
Andray Blatche (born August 22, 1986 in Syracuse, New York) is an Filipino-American basketball player that currently plays for the Washington Wizards of the NBA. On September 25, 2005, Blatche was shot in a carjacking in Alexandria, Virginia and recovered successfully. Blatche has played for the Washington Wizards for 5 seasons. Blatche became a naturalized Filipino in 2014. He plays for the Philippine national basketball team.

1986 births
Living people
Filipino basketball players
Washington Wizards players
Sportspeople from New York (state)
People from Syracuse, New York
African-American basketball players
National Basketball Association high school draftees
American basketball players
Evgeni Vladimirovich Malkin (born July 31, 1986) is a Russian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and serves as their alternative captain. He was selected 2nd overall by the Penguins in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.

He plays on Team Russia in the Olympics.

Malkin won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2009.

Other websites 

1986 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Calder Trophy winners
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Russian ice hockey players
Stanley Cup champions
Ice hockey centres
Drew Doughty (born December 8, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He plays for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected 2nd overall by the Kings in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

He plays on Team Canada in the Olympics where he won a gold medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Doughty was named to the all-rookie team in the 2008-09 NHL season. He won the Stanley Cup with the Los Angeles Kings in 2012.

Other websites 

1989 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Ice hockey people from Ontario
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
People from London, Ontario
Los Angeles Kings players
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Stanley Cup champions
Ontario Hockey League players
Adolph Borsdorf (born Dittmansdorf, Saxony, 25 December 1854; died London, 15 April 1923), was a German player of the French horn.

Borsdorf was born in Saxony in 1854.  He studied the French horn at the Conservatoire in Dresden and played in a military band.  In 1879, he moved to England where he stayed for the rest of his life, becoming the most important horn player in England.  The conductor Hans Richter offered him at job in the orchestra at Covent Garden.  In 1904, he joined the newly formed London Symphony Orchestra.  The four horn players in that orchestra were excellent players and were often called “God’s Own Quartet”.

Borsdorf and his colleague Franz Paersch had learned to play on horns that were made in Germany.  These had a wide bore (the hole through the tube).  However, both players changed to playing instruments made in France by a horn-maker called Raoux.  These instruments had a narrower bore.  They were not quite as powerful but gave a particularly clear sound.
Borsdorf became professor at the Royal College of Music when it was founded in 1882.  He also taught at the Royal Academy of Music.  He soon became the best horn player in London.  He was playing principal horn in the orchestra which Henry Wood conducted at the very first Promenade Concert in the Queen’s Hall in 1895 (the fourth horn was A.E.Brain, grandfather of Dennis Brain).  He was also in the orchestra when Richard Strauss’s Till Eulenspiegel was given its first performance in England in 1896 with the composer conducting.

In 1913, he became ill and had to have teeth removed.  There was also another problem for him: World War I broke out in 1914 and there was a lot of anti-German feeling in England.  After the war he rarely played in public.
Borsdorf died in 1923.  He had done more than anyone else to improve the standard of horn playing in England.  He taught many talented pupils, including A.E.Brain Jr., Aubrey Brain, Frank Probyn and his own three sons: Oskar, Francis and Emil who all became professional horn players.

References
Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
 Pettitt, Stephen. Dennis Brain: A Biography. London: Robert Hale, 1976. ISBN 0-7091-5772-X

1854 births
1923 deaths
Classical horn players
German musicians
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
A mute is an object used to make a musical instrument quieter.

Musical instrument construction
Alfred Edwin Brain (born Turnham Green, London, 4 February 1860; died London, 25 October 1929), was an English player of the French horn.  He was the founder of a great school of English horn playing.  His grandson Dennis Brain became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.  He is known as A.E .Brain Sr. (Senior) because one of his sons, who also was a famous horn player, had the same name.

A.E. Brain was born in 1860.  His father fought in the Crimean War and was invalid. Alfred was not well educated.  When he was 12 he joined the Scots Guards and played the horn in the band.  He married in 1880 and had seven children.  Two of the children became great horn players: Alfred and Aubrey.
He played in several orchestras, including the Philharmonic Society, the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and Covent Garden.  He played a lot for Henry Wood in The Proms.  In orchestras he nearly always played fourth horn, so his nickname was “George IV”.  In 1904 he became a founding member of the London Symphony Orchestra.  The four horn players in that orchestra: Adolf Borsdorf,  Thomas Busby,  Henri Van der Meerschen and A.E. Brain, were often called “God’s Own Quartet” because they blended together so well.

He died in 1929 after a short retirement.

References
Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
 Pettitt, Stephen. Dennis Brain: A Biography. London: Robert Hale, 1976. 

1860 births
1929 deaths
British classical horn players
Musicians from London
Alfred Edwin Brain Jr. (born London, 24 October 1885; died Los Angeles, 29 March 1966) was an English player of the French horn.  He came from a family which included many famous horn players, including his nephew, Dennis Brain who became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.

Life
A.E.Brain Jr (Junior, to distinguish him from his father who had the same name) was born in 1885.  His father, Alfred Edwin Brain Sr. was a well-known horn player.  Alfred started to learn the trumpet when he was six, but when he was twelve he changed to the French horn and learned from his father.  He studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Adolf Borsdorf and also learned the piano from G.D.Cunningham who was to teach his nephew the organ some forty years later.  His first professional job was with the Scottish Orchestra.  He then played in the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra.
When World War I broke out he joined the Scots Guards, but later, in 1917, he did a lot of dangerous work in France where the fighting was taking place.  After the war he was awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his bravery.

When he returned after the war he got jobs with several of the London orchestras, including Covent Garden where he played for Sir Thomas Beecham.  His brother Aubrey, also an excellent horn player, returned from the war after him.  By this time Alfred had got all the best horn jobs in London, so it was difficult for Aubrey to find the best jobs.

In 1923 he emigrated to the United States.  He played in the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and later for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.  In his later years he recorded a lot in movie studios, including for 20th century Fox.

References
 Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
 Pettitt, Stephen. Dennis Brain: A Biography. London: Robert Hale, 1976. ISBN 0-7091-5772-X
1885 births
1966 deaths
British classical horn players
Musicians from London
Skimboarding is a form of shallow water surfing. 

When the waves at shallow water were poor, surfers would often attempt to surf in shallow breaking water. This led to the making of smaller, lighter boards, named skimboards for the way they allow the user to skim across the surface of the water. Lifeguards were quick to adopt these new boards and used skimboarding as a way to quickly move up and down the beach in shallow water. Skimboarding has progressed and is now a recognized sport. Competitions are held each year around the world and produce large amounts of revenue for the market interested in this sport. These competitions also allow skimboarders to exhibit maneuvers that technology, evolution and skill have made possible.

Surfing
Arminius, also known as Armin or Hermann (b. 18 BC/17 BC in Magna Germania; d. AD 21 in Germania) was a chieftain of the Cherusci. He was able to unite a group of Germanic tribes together to fight the Romans. They destroyed a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. This was the greatest military disaster the Romans had ever suffered.

After the battle, Arminius immediately sent Varus' severed head to Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, the other most powerful Germanic ruler. Arminius offered an anti-Roman alliance. Marobod declined the offer, sending the head on to Rome for burial, and remained neutral throughout the ensuing war. Only later did a brief, inconclusive war break out between the two Germanic leaders.

Rome's response 
Later, in 14 AD, the Roman general  Germanicus, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, led a huge 8-legion army (a legion was up to 5,000 men) into Germania against the coalition of tribes led by Arminius.
After visiting the site of the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where 15/20,000 Romans had been killed in 9 AD, and burying their remains, he launched a massive assault on the heartland of Arminius' tribe, the Cheruscans. 

Arminius initially lured Germanicus' cavalry into a trap and inflicted minor casualties, until successful fighting by the Roman infantry caused the Germans to break and flee into the forest. This victory, combined with the fact that winter was fast approaching, meant Germanicus's next step was to lead his army back to its winter quarters on the Rhine.

In spite of doubts on the part of his uncle, Emperor Tiberius, Germanicus managed to raise another huge army and invaded Germany again the next year, in 16. He forced a crossing of the Weser near modern Minden, suffering heavy losses. Then he met Arminius' army in an engagement often called the Battle of the Weser River.
Germanicus's superior tactics and better trained and equipped legions inflicted huge casualties on the German army, with only minor losses. One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall west of modern Hanover, repeating the pattern of high German fatalities, forcing them to flee. 

With his main objectives reached and with winter approaching Germanicus ordered his army back to their winter camps, with the fleet occasioning some damage by a storm in the North Sea. However, only a minute number of Romans died due to this storm. After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of two of the three legion's eagles lost in 9, Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command.
Death of Arminius 
Five years later, Arminius was killed on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs. Although Arminius could not keep unity among the Germanic tribes, the loss of Roman legions in the Teutoburg forest had a far-reaching effect on the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire. Germanicus' campaign was the last major Roman  military effort east of the Rhine.

References

Germanic peoples
History of Germany
Ancient Rome
Rebellions in Europe
20s deaths
10s BC births
Doctor of Medicine (MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine") is a doctoral degree for physicians (medical doctors). The degree is given by medical schools.

It is a professional doctorate / first professional degree (qualifying degree) in some countries, including the United States and Canada. Students need to have completed 90 to 120 credit hours of university level work  (see second entry degree) and in most cases should already have a Bachelors Degree.

In other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, the Doctor of Medicine is an advanced academic research degree similar to a PhD or a higher doctorate.  In Britain, Ireland, and many Commonwealth nations, the qualifying medical degree is the Bachelor of Science in Medicine, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BMBS, BM BCh, BM, MB BCh BAO, or MB ChB) and is the same as the M.D. degree in the U.S. system.
In these countries it is illegal to prescribe scrips (prescriptions) and perform operations without the basic degree; also usual is the membership of appropriate medical and/or surgical societies. The societies (such as the British Medical Association) act as a kind of sophisticated trades union for doctors. In the British system, the General Medical Council has legal authority for the medical register of doctors licensed to practice medicine. They can and do hold tribunals to decide whether doctors accused of misdeeds should be struck off the medical register. Therefore, to practice it is necessary not only to hold the medical degree(s), but also to be on the register.

References

Academic degrees
James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist and zoologist.

Watson is of British ancestry. He is best known as one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick in 1953.

Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".

He studied at the University of Chicago and Indiana University and later worked at the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory. He met Crick at the Cavendish and they became friends.

Watson has received 19 honorary doctorates.

Criticism of Watson 
Watson has always been a controversial figure, especially in the United States. The main cause is a long-running argument as to what causes the small difference in the average IQs of black and white people in the U.S.A.
Watson has repeatedly said that differences in average measured IQ between blacks and whites are due to genetics.  Watson said his intention was to promote science, not racism

An excerpt from Watson's memoir, Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science page=102 goes as follows:
"As we find the human genes whose malfunctioning gives rise to such devastating developmental failures, we may well discover that sequence differences within many of them also lead to much of the observable variation in human IQs. A priori, there is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically. Our desire to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so".
An editorial in Nature said that his remarks were "beyond the pale". Because of the controversy, the Board of Trustees at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory suspended Watson's administrative responsibilities. Watson issued an apology, then retired at the age of 79 from CSHL after what the lab called "nearly 40 years of distinguished service". Watson attributed his retirement to his age and to circumstances that he could never have anticipated or desired.

Books 
Watson has published a number of books.
1968. The double helix: a personal account of the work with Francis Crick  2018: later version.
2002. Genes, Girls, and Gamow: after the double helix (autobiography) 
2003. DNA: The secret of life. Knopf.
2003. The molecular biology of the gene, 5th ed.   (co-author with five others)
2007. Avoid boring people: lessons from a life in science (autobiography) 
The molecular biology of the cell
Recombinant DNA: a short course. 1983 to 2017 editions.

References
References

1928 births
Living people
American molecular biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Scientists from Chicago
The 1707 Hōei earthquake happened at 14:00 local time on 28 October 1707. It was one of the largest earthquakes in Japanese history.

Background
The southern coast of Honshu runs in the same direction as the Nankai Trough. This marks the place where the Philippine Sea Plate moves under the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this boundary causes many earthquakes; some of them are megathrust earthquakes. The Nankai megathrust has five parts (A-E) that can break one by one. The different parts have broken either one at a time or all together many times over the last 1,300 years. This kind of quake often happens in pairs with a relatively short time between them. In addition to the two earthquakes in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. Each time, the north-eastern part broke before the southwestern part. In 1707, the earthquakes were either at the same time, or close enough together so that writing from that time do not describe them separately.
Damage
29,000 houses were destroyed and more than 5,000 people were killed. The earthquake caused at least one major landslide in Shizuoka. This landslide was one of the three largest in Japan and is called the Ohya Landslide. It covered an area of 1.8 km2 with an estimated volume of 120 million m3. In the Nara Basin, the earthquake made the soil behave like a liquid.

Characteristics

Earthquake
There were two other very large earthquakes: the 1854 Ansei-Tōkai and Ansei-Nankai earthquakes. The 1707 was stronger than both. Several observations show that the Hōei earthquake was bigger. At Cape Muroto, Kōchi, a cliff was raised up about 2.3 m in 1707, but just 1.5 m in 1854.  In the Kawachi Plain area, the earthquake was around 6 - 7 on the JMA scale. Also, the amount of damage and height of the water from tsunami showed the strength of the earthquake. There are also records of tsunami at distant locations, such as Nagasaki and Jeju-do, South Korea.
Tsunami
The tsunami that followed the earthquake raised water along the coast. Along the southwestern coast of Kōchi, the average increase in sea level was 7.7 m. In some places it rose up to 10.2 m

Connection to Mount Fuji eruption
Changes in stress caused by large earthquakes may be enough to cause volcanic eruptions, when the magma system of the volcano is close to a critical state. The great earthquake in 1707 may have changed pressure in the magma under Mount Fuji and might have caused the last eruption of Mount Fuji 49 days later.

Related pages
Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

References

Tsunamis
1707
Earthquakes in Japan
18th century in Japan
1700s in Asia
Henri Marie La Fontaine (22 April 1854 – 14 May 1943), was a Belgian lawyer. He is most well known for receiving the Nobel Prize of Peace in 1913. He devoted himself to international peace. He was responsible about making education better and about foreign affairs.

Life 
La Fontaine was born in Brussels in April 11, 1854. In 1895, he became a senator, and in the following years, he submitted a bill on mine inspection. He also became the President of the International Peace bureau at 1907, and finally received the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1913. He died before Belgium was liberated.

References

Other websites

1854 births
1943 deaths
Belgian lawyers
Belgian Nobel Prize winners
Belgian politicians
Freemasons
Nobel Peace Prize winners
People from Brussels
Publius Quinctilius Varus (46 BC in Cremona, Roman Republic - AD 9 in Germania) was a Roman politician and general under Emperor Augustus. He is mainly remembered for having lost three Roman legions and his own life when attacked by Germanic leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.

46 BC births
9 deaths
Roman generals
People from Cremona
Dumbledore's Army (often referred to as the D.A.) is an association in the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling. It is started in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and continued in the last book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by member Neville Longbottom. This is an association created to prepare some pupils for beating Voldemort.

The leader, Harry Potter, teaches his friends how defend themselves against the Dark Lord. The idea for the D.A. came from Hermione Granger, who wanted the students to learn defensive spells which were not being taught by the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, Delores Umbridge.
Members:
Hannah Abbott,
Katie Bell,
Susan Bones,
Terry Boot,
Lavender Brown,
Cho Chang,
Michael Corner,
Colin and Dennis Creevey,
Marietta Edgecombe,
Justin Finch-Fletchley,
Seamus Finnigan,
Anthony Goldstein,
Angelina Johnson,
Lee Jordan,
Neville Longbottom,
Luna Lovegood,
Ernie Macmillan,
Padma Patil,
Parvati Patil,
Zacharias Smith,
Alicia Spinnet,
Dean Thomas,
Fred Weasley (later killed) and George Weasley,
Ginny Weasley..
Charles de Tornaco (June 7, 1927 - September 18, 1953) was a race car driver from Belgium. He drove in Formula One World Championship Grands Prix. He died of a car accident in 1953. The accident happened in Modena, Italy while he was practicing for the race. De Tornaco rolled his car over the barrier. There was no medical help available for him there, and he died on the way to a hospital in a private Mercedes-Benz C-Class. He was 28.

Deaths in sport
Belgian racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
1927 births
1953 deaths
Photo editing or image editing is the changing of images. These images can be digital photographs, illustrations, prints, or photographs on film). Traditional editing, such as airbrushing, is done by hand. Now photo editing is done by programs such as Photoshop, Gimp and Microsoft Paint. 

Photo editing is done for many reasons. Many photos of models are edited to remove blemishes or make the model "better".  This is usually called retouching, airbrushing or Photoshopping, even if Photoshop or airbrushes are not used.  Other reasons to edit a photo include fixing errors (red eye, contrast, brightness, etc.), practical jokes, and to trick people. Photo editing is also used to make completely new images. Photo editing is sometimes called photo manipulation, a term which sounds negative.
History 
The first known example of photo editing happened in the 1860s to a photo of President Abraham Lincoln. Before the invention of computers, people had to edit images by hand. Some editing was done by pasting photos together. People also used tools like ink, paint and airbrushes. Enlargers made bigger pictures, and allowed adjustments such as brightening or darkening different parts. 

In the 1980s, photo editing computer programs for personal computers were made.  The first version of Adobe Photoshop was released in 1987. 
In 2011 the first photo editing mobile apps were released on App Store Other apps have been made for other mobile operating systems. These apps allow editing and photo sharing by smartphone and tablet computer.

References 

Photography
In Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia and in some other Latin American countries, piñatas are traditionally used only at children's birthday parties.  They are usually made of cardboard, colorfully decorated to match the birthday party theme and filled with candy, chocolates, small toys and confetti.  Colored strings (long enough to reach the ground) are attached to the bottom of the piñata, where a trap-door is hidden under the decoration.  The piñata is then hung somewhere where everyone can see, but the strings are kept out of the reach of children.  Toward the end of the party, usually after the cutting of the cake, an announcement is made that the piñata will be 'broken' and each child is given an empty party bag.  All the children get together directly underneath the piñata and each child is given a string to hold.  Then, at the count of three, the children pull their strings all at the same time
.  This opens the hidden trap-door (or 'breaks' the piñata) and the children receive a shower of candy and confetti while they rush to fill up their bags with the treats.
The  started on December 16, 1707 (23rd day of the 11th month of the year Hōei 4) and ended about January 1, 1708 (9th day of the 12th month of the year Hōei 4) during the Edo period.  There was no lava flow, but the Hoei eruption released at least 800 million cubic meters of volcanic ash. This ash spread over very large areas around the volcano. It even reached Edo almost 100 km away. Cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi provinces. This eruption of Mount Fuji might have been caused by the 1707 Hōei earthquake
49 days earlier.

The eruption was on Mount Fuji's east–north-east slope and made three new volcanic openings called No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Hōei vents. The danger of the eruption increased over the next several days. After the first earthquake and explosion of cinders and ash, another stronger explosion happened a few days later. This explosion threw out rocks and stones.  Mount Fuji has not erupted since; but scientists describe Fuji as an active volcano.
Hokusai's One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji includes an image of the small crater which developed from a secondary eruption site on the southwestern slope.  This was called Hōeizan (Mount Hōei) because the eruption happened in year Hōei 4.

Today the crater can be visited from Fujinomiya Trail  or Gotemba Trail  of Mount Fuji.

Related disasters
In the year after the Hōei eruption, another related disaster happened. The Sakawa River flooded. Sand from the volcano fell and widely covered the fields east of Mount Fuji. Farmers made sand piles by dumping the ash and sand from their fields. The rain washed away the sand piles from the dumping grounds and into the rivers again and again. This made some of the rivers shallower, especially the Sakawa. Enough ash had fallen to partly block the river. The ash made temporary dams. Heavy rainfall on August 7 and 8, 1708, caused an avalanche of volcanic ash and mud and broke the dams. The river flooded the Ashigara plain.
Related pages
Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji
1707 Hōei earthquake

References

Other websites
富士山火山防災協議会  (Council for Fuji volcano disaster reduction)
富士山宝永噴火（1707）後の土砂災害(PDF)(Distribution of sediment disasters after the 1707 Hoei eruption of Fuji Volcano in central Japan, based on historical documents)

Natural disasters in Asia
18th century in Japan
1707
1700s in Asia
1708
Forest of Secrets is the third book in the first Warriors series: Warriors: The Prophecies Begin. It was written by Erin Hunter. It was published on 14 October 2003.

Forest of Secrets takes place in a fictional forest populated by feral cats who live in groups called Clans. There are four Clans: ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats that live in these Clans call themselves warriors.

Plot 
Fireheart, a ThunderClan warrior, looks for a way to expose Tigerclaw, deputy (second-in-command) of ThunderClan, for being a traitor. Graystripe, Fireheart's best friend, is in love with a RiverClan warrior, Silverstream, despite relationships between cats of different Clans being against the rules the Clan cats live by.

Silverstream and Graystripe have kits, Featherkit and Stormkit, but Silverstream dies giving birth to them. Graystripe takes the kits to ThunderClan, where he is exposed for having a forbidden relationship. RiverClan is angry about this, and wants to take the kits back.
Fireheart and Graystripe find Ravenpaw, Tigerclaw's former apprentice, and get the true story of what happened in the battle where Redtail, the former deputy of ThunderClan, died. They find out that Tigerclaw's story of what happened that day was a lie, and that Tigerclaw killed Redtail. Fireheart tries to tell Bluestar about this, but she doesn't believe him.

Eventually, Tigerclaw brings a group of former ShadowClam cats into the camp, and tries to kill Bluestar during the confusion of the battle. Fireheart rescues Bluestar, and Tigerclaw is banished from ThunderClan. Fireheart is made deputy in his place, and Graystripe takes his kits to RiverClan. Bluestar's mental state begins to fail because of Tigerclaw's betrayal.

References 

Warriors books
Rising Storm is the fourth book in the first Warriors series: Warriors: The Prophecies Begin, written by Erin Hunter. It takes place in a fictional forest populated by four groups of feral cats that call themselves Clans. There are four Clans: ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats that live in these Clans call themselves warriors.

Plot 

Fireheart, now second in command to Bluestar, the leader of ThunderClan, must deal with Bluestar's failing mental state, as well as the rest of the Clan's needs. He also has to train his troublesome apprentice, Cloudpaw. Cloudpaw, having been born outside of the Clans, fails to follow the rules that the Clans live by, which gets him into trouble. He eventually tries to beg for food from humans, which results in him being captured and taken away.

A cat named Ravenpaw finds Cloudpaw in a human house far away from the Clans. Ravenpaw comes to tell Fireheart where Cloudpaw is, and so he, Fireheart, and another cat called Sandstorm go to rescue Cloudpaw.
Later on, Fireheart realizes ThunderClan territory is on fire, and he warns the Clan. His early warning meant that most of the Clan could escape in time. However, Yellowfang, an old friend of Fireheart's, and several old cats die in the fire. ThunderClan takes shelter in RiverClan territory for a while, before returning to their own territory, to find it burnt and ruined. A few days later, Fireheart takes ThunderClan to a Gathering (a night when all four Clans meet to share news) and discovers that his old enemy, Tigerclaw is now the leader of ShadowClan.

References

Warriors books
Titanosaurs were a group of large sauropod dinosaurs. Together with the brachiosaurs and relatives they make up the larger clade Titanosauriformes.

They were the largest and heaviest creatures ever to walk the Earth. Titanosaurs included Saltasaurus, Isisaurus, and Paralititan. The group includes the largest land animals known to have existed. Patagotitan   ( long) – is now installed in the Natural History Museum in London. Its weight in life is estimated at .  

The comparably sized Argentinosaurus and Puertasaurus are from the same region, as is Abdarainurus and Aegyptosaurus. The group's name is from the mythological Titans of Ancient Greece.

The titanosaurs were the last great group of sauropods before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. They were the dominant herbivores of their time. The fossil evidence suggests they replaced the other sauropods: the diplodocids and the brachiosaurids died out between the Upper Jurassic and the mid-Cretaceous.
Original discovery 
Titanosaurus indicus was first one found, by British paleontologist Richard Lydekker in 1877. He only had two caudals (tail bones) and a femur collected on different occasions at the same place in India.

Skeleton 
Broadly, their skeleton was similar to earlier sauropods, but with a few key differences. The pelvis (hip area) was slimmer than some sauropods, but the pectoral (chest area) was much wider. This gave them a uniquely 'wide-gauged' stance: their front legs were wider apart, and usually longer than their hind legs. This can be seen very clearly in the Argentinosaurus. As a result, the fossilised trackways of titanosaurs are broader than other sauropods. Their vertebrae (back bones) were solid (not hollowed-out). Their spinal column was more flexible, so they were probably more agile than their cousins and better at rearing up.
Variety 
The group was quite varied.  Some of the smaller types did not have longer forelimbs (Epachthosaurus), and one Chinese find (Xinghesaurus) had an extremely long neck. These differences must reflect adaptations to differences in their habitats and life-style, but at present there is little known about this.  Many of these discoveries are quite recent.

Global distribution 
Titanosaurs were widespread.  Their fossils have been found in all continents, even Antarctica. Four well preserved skeletons of a titanosaur species were found in Italy. 

They were especially numerous in the southern continents (then part of the supercontinent of Gondwana). Australia had titanosaurs around 96 million years ago: fossils have been discovered in Queensland of a creature around 25 meters long (82 feet). Remains have also been discovered in New Zealand.
World record size 
Titanosaurs hold the world record for the size of a land animal.  One place in the Argentine had 150 bones from seven titanosaurs.  The largest were from an animal 40 metres (~130 feet) long and 20 metres (35 feet) tall. It would have weighed about 77 tonnes. A local farm worker stumbled on the remains in the desert near La Flecha, about 250km (135 miles) west of Trelew, Patagonia. The BBC flew a team out to record the event. David Attenborough follows the story of how experts found the world's largest dinosaur measuring 121ft  and its heart weighed more than three people.

Estimated size & weight:
Patagotitan 70,000 kg 
Argentinosaurus 70,000 kg
Dreadnaughtus 55,000 kg
Paleobiology 
As a group, titanosaurs were high browsers, eating leaves and branches from tall trees. This is in contrast to other herbivores like the Ceratopsia and Ankylosauria, which were low browsers, eating lower vegetation like ferns and cycads . As a general rule, high browsers can eat lower-growing plants, but low browsers cannot eat from tall trees. Like the earlier sauropods (e.g. Diplodocus) titanosaurs had peg-like teeth and no grinders. This means they used gastroliths to grind their food, and had a huge vat-like stomach.

Diet 
Fossilized dung found with late Cretaceous titanosaurids suggests a broad, unselective plant diet. Besides the plant remains that might have been expected, such as cycads and conifers, there were an unexpectedly wide range of monocotyledons, including palms and grasses (Poaceae), including ancestors of rice and bamboo. This has given rise to speculation that herbivorous dinosaurs and grasses co-evolved.

Nesting
Nesting 
 

A large titanosaurid nesting ground was discovered in Auca Mahuevo, in Patagonia, Argentina. Another colony is reported in Spain. Several hundred female saltasaurs dug holes with their back feet, laid eggs in clutches averaging around 25 eggs each, and buried the nests under dirt and vegetation. The small eggs, about 11–12 cm (4–5 in) in diameter, contained fossilised embryos, complete with skin impressions. The impressions showed that titanosaurs were covered in a mosaic armour of small bead-like scales. The huge number of individuals suggests herd behavior which would have given protection against large predators such as Abelisaurus. Their primary protection was, of course, their size. It is difficult to imagine a predator tackling a fully-grown titanosaur, and probably none did. Young titanosaurs would need guarding, of course.

References
A crosshair is a circular range most commonly associated with telescopic sights for aiming firearms; often used in first-person shooter video games. It lets the player know what and where they are going to shoot.

Video game design
Optical devices
Chemical similarity or molecular similarity is a similarity between two different molecules. Two molecules with chemical similarity may do the same or a very similar thing in an organism. They might also have very similar chemical structures. It can be used to predict the properties of certain chemicals. 

Chemistry
The Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BC, was a battle in the second Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by Sparta, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I. It took place at the pass of Thermopylae. The battle was fought for over three days, at the same time as the naval Battle of Artemisium.

Context 
The Persian invasion was a delayed response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece.  In 500 BC the lonians settled in the western coast of Asia minor and rose up against Persian’s King Darius. After six years, the rebellion was ended. In 490 BC the Persians sailed to punish the Athens. Darius fought against Athens and promised to punish them because they went to Persian land to help The Ionians. This First Persian War was ended by the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon.

The preparation 
Xerxes had a huge army and navy, and in this Second Persian War set out to conquer all of Greece.
The Athenian general Themistocles suggested the Greek allies should block the Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae, and block the Persian navy at the Straits of Artemisium.

A Greek force of about 7,000 men marched north to block the pass in the summer of 480 BC. The huge Persian army arrived at the pass in late August or early September.

The battle 
Heavily outnumbered, the Greeks held off the Persians for seven days in total (including three of battle), before the rearguard was annihilated in one of history's most famous last stands.
During two full days of battle, the small force led by King Leonidas I of Sparta blocked the only road by which the massive Persian army could pass. After the second day of battle, a local resident named Ephialtes betrayed the Greeks by revealing a small path that led behind the Greek lines. Aware that his force was being outflanked, Leonidas dismissed the bulk of the Greek army, and remained to guard the rear with 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians (who refused to leave), 400 Thebans and perhaps a few hundred others. Most of them were killed.

The pass at Thermopylae was thus opened to the Persian army according to Herodotus, at the cost to the Persians of up to 20,000 fatalities. The Greek rearguard meanwhile, was annihilated, with a probable loss of 2,000 men, including those killed on the first two days of battle.
The Greek navy 
After this engagement, the Greek navy at Artemisium received news of the defeat at Thermopylae. Since their strategy required both Thermopylae and Artemisium to be held, and given their losses, the Greek navy decided to withdraw to Salamis. The Persians then captured the evacuated Athens. During the battle the Greek navy lured the Persians into a narrow pass and obliterated at least 200 Persian war ships, thanks to Themistocles.

Seeking a decisive victory over the Allied fleet, the Persian fleet attacked, but were defeated at the Battle of Salamis in late 480 BC. Fearing to be trapped in Europe, Xerxes withdrew with much of his army to Asia, leaving Mardonius to complete the conquest of Greece. The following year, however, saw a Greek army decisively defeat the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, thereby ending the Persian invasion.
Both ancient and modern writers have used the Battle of Thermopylae as an example of the power of a patriotic army of freemen defending native soil. The performance of the defenders at the battle of Thermopylae is also used as an example of the advantages of training, equipment, and good use of terrain as force multipliers and has become a symbol of courage against overwhelming odds.

Related pages 
 The 300 Spartans (movie)

References 

Achaemenid Empire
480 BC
Battles of ancient Greece
The Coriolis effect is a force that is found in a rotating object. Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis first described the Coriolis effect in 1835 using mathematics. The Coriolis effect can best be seen in hurricanes. In the northern hemisphere, they spin counter-clockwise (because the earth spins counter-clockwise), and in the southern hemisphere they spin clockwise.

One example of the Coriolis effect that is often described is that water flows down a drain in the opposite direction in the northern and southern hemispheres. However, in reality, the force of the Coriolis effect is not strong enough to see in such a small amount of water.

References

Force
Earth
The naval Battle of Artemesium took place at the same time as the Battle of Thermopylae, in 480 BC.

Approaching Artemisium towards the end of summer, the Persian navy was caught in a gale off the coast of Magnesia and lost around a third of their ~1,200 ships.

After arriving at Artemisium, the Persians sent a detachment of 200 ships around the coast of Euboea in an attempt to trap the Greeks, but these were caught in another storm and shipwrecked.

The main action of the battle took place after two days of smaller engagements. The two sides fought all day, with roughly equal losses; however the smaller Allied fleet could not afford the losses.
After the engagement, the Allies received news of the defeat of the Allied army at Thermopylae. Their strategy was to hold both Thermopylae and Artemisium. So, given their losses, the Allies decided to withdraw to Salamis. The Persians overran Boeotia and captured the now-evacuated Athens. However, seeking a decisive victory over the Allied fleet, the Persians were later defeated at the Battle of Salamis in late 480

Other websites 
 Livius Picture Archive: the naval battle of Artemisium (480 BC)
 Reed Classics, extracts from Herodotus Book Eight

Achaemenid Empire
480 BC
Battles of ancient Greece
Louis Angelo Marcon (born May 28, 1935 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. His career included 60 games in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings.

Other websites

1935 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Moonrise is the second book in the second Warriors series: Warriors: The New Prophecy. It was written by Erin Hunter. It was published on 21 July 2005.

It takes place in a fictional forest populated by feral cats who live in groups called Clans. There are four Clans: ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The story also takes place in a mountain range populated by a group of cats called the Tribe of Rushing Water, and in a different forest around a lake, as well as the ocean shores.

Plot 

Brambleclaw and Squirrelpaw of ThunderClan, Crowpaw of WindClan, Feathertail and Stormfur of RiverClan, and Tawnypelt of ShadowClan are on their way home from a journey. They were on a journey to find a new home for their Clans, because their old home is being destroyed by humans.
On their way back, they go through a mountain range, where they meet the Tribe of Rushing Water. The Tribe is being preyed upon by a mountain lion called Sharptooth. However, their leader, Stoneteller, has received a prophecy that says "a silver cat will save their Tribe." The Tribe takes Stormfur hostage, believing he is the silver cat.

The Clan cats help Stormfur escape from the Tribe, but they end up going back to the Tribe, taking pity on them. Squirrelpaw comes up with the idea of hiding a dead rabbit in a cave, and stuffing it with poisonous berries, so that Sharptooth will eat the rabbit and die. But their plan backfires, and Sharptooth doesn't eat the rabbit. It attacks the Tribe cats, and it corners Crowpaw. It is about to kill him, when Feathertail sacrifices herself for Crowpaw. She jumps onto a sharp stone hanging from the cave ceiling, and impales Sharptooth with it. Sharptooth dies, and the Tribe is saved, but Feathertail also dies.
Meanwhile, back in the Clans, the forest is being destroyed even more by humans, and some Clan cats begin to go missing.

References 

Warriors books
Mitch Maunu (born July 30, 1986 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. Maunu was drafted by the Windsor Spitfires in the 1st Round, 10th overall in 2002. He went on to become their captain. After playing major-junior he played in the ECHL and American Hockey League before returning to his hometown of Thunder Bay to play for the Lakehead Thunderwolves.

References

1986 births
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players
Rudolph Joseph Migay (November 18, 1928 in Port Arthur, Ontario – January 16, 2016) was a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward. He began playing in the National Hockey League with the Toronto Maple Leafs during the 1949–50 NHL season and retired after the 1959–60 season, having never played with another team.

His brother-in-law, Pete Backor, was the first Stanley Cup winner of Slovak descent. He also was of Slovak descent, since both of his parents were born in what is today Slovakia.

Other websites

1928 births
2016 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Rochester Americans players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Northern Maine Regional Airport (Airport Code KPQI) is a public airport in the city of Presque Isle, Maine.

It was used as an Air Force Base called Presque Isle Air Force Base. The base closed in 1961.

US Airways Express flies between here and Boston, Massachusetts.

References

Buildings and structures in Maine
Airports in the United States
Transport in Maine
Palm Beach International Airport (airport code KPBI) is a public airport serving the city of West Palm Beach, Florida.

The Following Airlines Serve the airport:

Air Canada
Airtran Airways
American Airlines
Bahamasair
Continental Airlines
Delta Airlines
Direct Air (Hub)
JetBlue Airways
Southwest Airlines
Spirit Airlines
US Airways

References

Airports in Florida
Albany International Airport  is a public use airport six nautical miles (11 km) northwest of the central business district of Albany, in Albany County, New York, United States. It is owned by the Albany County Airport Authority. It is an airport of entry serving Albany. It is in the town of Colonie. It was built on the site of the Shaker settlement about 6 miles (10 km) north of Albany and stretching north to the hamlet of Verdoy. The airport is the seat of a class C airspace.

Airlines and destinations

Top Destinations

Airline share

Source:

References

Airports in New York (state)
Albany, New York
W. Arthur "Jakie" Nash (5 September 1914 in Thunder Bay, Ontario – 18 January 2000 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) was a Canadian ice hockey player who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics as a member of the Canadian ice hockey team, which won the silver medal.

Nash was a member of the 1936 Port Arthur Bearcats, which won the silver medal for Canada in ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics. In 1987 he was inducted into the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame as a member of that Olympic team.