Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
2011 crime movies
2011 horror movies
2010s sequel movies
Body horror movies
Dutch crime movies
Dutch horror movies
British crime movies
British horror movies
English-language movies
Movies about abduction
Movies about murderers
Rape in movies
Obscenity controversies
The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence) is a 2015 English-language Dutch body horror movie written and directed by Tom Six. It is the third and final installment in Six's Human Centipede trilogy. It was confirmed to be in production in May 2013.

Starring Dieter Laser and Laurence R. Harvey, the leading actors from the first two movies, in new roles. It also stars Eric Roberts as The Governor. The Human Centipede 3 was released both theatrically and on video on demand on 22 May 2015.

References

2015 horror movies
2010s sequel movies
Body horror movies
Dutch horror movies
American horror movies
English-language movies
Prison movies
Donald "Don" Howe (12 October 1935 – 23 December 2015) was an English football player, coach, manager and pundit. He was born in the Springfield area of Wolverhampton.

Career
Howe spent most of his playing career at West Bromwich Albion.
Howe joined the West Bromwich Albion ground staff after leaving school, joining the club as a youth player in December 1950. He turned professional in November 1952, but did not make his debut until 1955, against Everton. 

A full back, he played nearly 350 games for the Baggies in twelve years, as well as becoming a regular in the England team; he played in the 1958 FIFA World Cup, and won 23 caps in total.

Howe was signed by Billy Wright's Arsenal in 1964, and was made club captain. However, in March 1966 he broke his leg playing against Blackpool and never recovered well enough to play in the first team again.
Later life
Howe retired from coaching in the summer of 2003 after more than 30 years. He occasionally wrote as a pundit for the BBC Sport website. He also had a regular column in the official Arsenal magazine. Right up until his death he ran youth coaching schemes across the United Kingdom.

Howe died, aged 80, in December 2015.

References

Other websites

Englandstats.com profile

1935 births
2015 deaths
1958 FIFA World Cup players
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Arsenal F.C. players
English footballers
English football managers
English writers
Sportspeople from Wolverhampton
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
The Pazyryk rug is one of the oldest carpets in the world, dating around the 4th–3rd centuries BC. It is now in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. The Pazyryk rug was found in 1949 in the grave of a Scythian nobleman in the Bolshoy Ulagan dry valley of the Altai Mountains in  Kazakhstan. The Pazyryk rug had been frozen in the ice and it was very well preserved. The rug has a ribbon pattern in the middle, and a border which has deer, and warriors riding on horses. All parts of the rug are made of wool, including the pile and the base.

Being produced either in Ancient Armenia, Persia, or Central Asia, this carpet has 3600 symmetrical double knots per dm² (232 per inch²), in modern terminology also called "Ghiordes knot (or "Turkish knot"). The design and the systematic motifs of the Pazyryk rug would later be found in similar Turkmen carpets, carpets of the early Seljuq period, and subsequently modern Turkish carpets and kilims.
The origin of the rug is unknown. There are different theories regarding the origin of the carpet. While a number of scholars presume a Oghuz-Turkic origin, Volkmar Gantzhorn assumes a Urartian and Armenian origin of the rug. A Persian theory also exists, but has not been further elaborated; The rug may have originated between the Iranian-Altaian corridor through ancient contacts. Some authors assume that the wool, the artistic conception, as well as the workmanship, may have been provided by Armenians of the Near East; The rug itself is considered as a Sakic funeral accessory. Although a previous study in 1983/1985 did not support an involvement of Armenian cochineal, a Soviet-based conference held in Riga (1987) still maintained the claim that the red threads of the rug resemble those of the Armenian cochineal type
. Later it was found by an American research center (Bard Graduate Center, 1991) that the bluish-red color used for the rug and other felts was actually made from Polish cochineal (Porphyrophora polonica), a scale insect native to Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Western Siberia, or from one of the Porphyrophora species recently discovered in Kazakhstan: P. Altaiensis, P. Turaigiriensis (Jashenko, 1988), P. Akirtobiensis (Jashenko, 1988), P. eremospartonae (Jashenko, 1989), and P. matesovae (Jashenko, 1989). Armenian authors, however, still insist in the Soviet-based perception of 1987. Further confirmation on the nature of Ararat Kermes of the Armenian cochineal gained by the analysis of Porphyrophora hameli insects in 1990 by Harald Böhmer, has shown that the Pazyryk rug cannot have been dyed with this insect.
The numerical values of the carpet show striking genealogical parallels to the Oghuz-Turkic legend, perhaps based on an older version of the Massageteans. This genealogy is shown in the way the pattern is divided into 24 tribes. On the left and right their are groups of 12 tribes in each. According to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the founder of the Oghuz tribes had six sons, with each having four sons. As mentioned in the “Shiji” (“Historical Records”) of Sima Qian this scheme was a result of the military administrative reform of the Xiongnu leader Modu Chanyu in 209/206-174 BC which in turn originated from the Turkic primordial ancestor Oghuz Khagan. Many Turkic cultures today use his legend to describe their ethnic origins. Historian Sergei Tolstov writes that this scheme “..
...was preserved by the Aral foreland Huns, the Kidarites-Hephthalites, and was inherited by their descendants, the tribes of the Oghuz alliance in the 10th – 11th centuries AD and, finally, by the Turkmens of the 19th century AD – beginning of the 20th century AD.”
Armenian interpretation
Gantzhorn supports the view that the Pazyryk rug is of Armenian origin. He put forward the hypothesis that the rug is actually not depicting Scythians, but Armenians. He found similarities at the ruins of Persepolis in Iran where various nations are depicted as bearing tribute, the horse design from the Pazyryk carpet is the same as the relief depicting part of the Armenian delegation. Gantzhorn and Schurmann further stated, that the rug is weaved with the armenian double knot technique, and the red filaments color was made from Armenian cochineal.

Other websites
 DOCUMENTARY FILM: THE BEAUTY, WOVEN OF MYSTERIES is a 2018 documentary film directed by Emir Valinezhad about The World's Oldest Carpet Story

References

Textile arts
Siberia
4th-century BC works
George Clayton Johnson (July 10, 1929 – December 25, 2015) was an American science fiction writer. He was most famous for co-writing the novel Logan's Run with William F. Nolan, the basis for the 1976 movie. 

He was also known for his television screenplays for The Twilight Zone (such as "Nothing in the Dark", "Kick the Can", "A Game of Pool", and "A Penny for Your Thoughts"), and the first episode of Star Trek, "The Man Trap". He also wrote the story on which the 1960 and 2001 movie Ocean's Eleven were based.

Johnson died of bladder and prostate cancer on December 25, 2015 at a hospital in North Hills, Los Angeles, California at the age of 86. His death was falsely reported on December 22.

References

Other websites

All of us are dying, but writer George Clayton Johnson is still living it up  (scifi.com)
1929 births
2015 deaths
American science fiction writers
American screenwriters
American television writers
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from prostate cancer
People from Cheyenne, Wyoming
Jason Myers (born May 12, 1991) is an American football placekicker for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He was born in Chula Vista, California. He played college football at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, NY. In 2014 Myers played for the Arizona Rattlers and the San Jose SaberCats of the Arena Football League. On March 3, 2015, Myers signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars. On August 31, 2015, the Jaguars announced that Myers had earned the placekicker role on the team. Veteran Josh Scobee was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers.

References

1991 births
Living people
American football placekickers
People from San Diego County, California
Sportspeople from California
Jacksonville Jaguars players
The Malmö tramway is a former tramway network in the city Malmö of Sweden. It remains a network about 2 km as a historic line.

History 
The Malmö tramay existed between 1887 and 1973. It started service as a horse car. The horse cars had been replaced by electric trams since 1906. The last electric tram has been replaced by bus in 1973.

Lines 
 line 1 (red) from 1907 till 1967
 line 2 (blue) from 1907 till 1940
 line 3 (white) from 1906 till 1964
 line 4 (yellow) from 1907 till 1973
 line 5 from 1915 till 1928
 line 6 from 1916 till 1919 and from 1924 till 1949
 line 7 from 1918 till 1949
 line 8 from 1928 till 1930

Cars 
Originally the service had been provided by two-axle motor cars. From 1949, they had been replace by newer ones.

Museum Line 
At a length of 2 km, there still remains a line for historical purpose, it starts at Malmöhus and ends at the museum.

Literature 
 Andersson, Per Gunnar; Forsberg, Anders; (2006); Malmö elektriska spårväg 100 år; Stockholm: Trafiknostalgiska Förlaget
Other websites 

 Tram Malmö

Malmo
Malmo
Transport in Sweden
Freda Meissner-Blau (March 11, 1927 – December 22, 2015) was an Austrian politician and activist. She was an important figure in the Austrian environmental movement. She was a founder and the federal spokesperson of the Austrian Green Party. She was born in Dresden, Germany.

Meissner-Blau died in Vienna, Austria from complications following a stroke at the age of 88.

References

Other websites

Biography of Meissner-Blau by Wiener Zeitung 
2002 Interview with Meissner Blau  (2002)
2007 Nuclear-Free Future Lifetime Achievement Award: Freda Meissner-Blau 

1927 births
2015 deaths
Environmentalists
Austrian politicians
Greens politicians
Politicians from Dresden
Politicians from Saxony
Jean-Marie Pelt (24 October 1933 – 23 December 2015) was a French biologist, botanist and pharmacist with degrees in both Biology and Pharmacy. He was professor at the University of Lorraine. As municipal councilor of Metz between 1971 and 1983, Jean-Marie Pelt pioneered a policy of urban ecology. Pelt was born in Moselle, France.

Pelt died in Metz, France from a heart attack, aged 82.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2015 deaths
French botanists
Metz
Pharmacists
People from Moselle
Nils Lennart Johansson (5 November 1929 – 4 June 2019) was a Swedish sports official. He was the fifth and, to date, the longest serving president of UEFA, the Union of European Football Associations, from his election at UEFA's Malta Congress in 1990 until his retirement in 2007. He was made honorary president shortly afterwards.

He started as a leader in the sport of bandy in Sweden for his hometown team AIK. Johansson then came through the ranks in the Swedish Football Association, and served as the association's president between 1984 and 1991.

Johansson died on 4 June 2019 in Stockholm, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Lennart Johansson profile at uefa.com

1929 births
2019 deaths
Sportspeople from Stockholm
Presidents of UEFA
Bandy
Gustaf Peter Lundblad (26 August 1950 – 22 December 2015) was a Swedish singer and songwriter. He was known for his 1986 song "Ta mig till havet". Lundblad started his career in the band 'The most Remarkable Nailband'.

Lundblad died of prostate cancer on 22 December 2015 in Stockholm at the age of 65.

References

Other websites
Aftonbladet.se
Official website

1950 births
2015 deaths
Swedish singer-songwriters
Raymond Dyral Mathews (February 26, 1929 – December 20, 2015) was an American football running back and wide receiver in the National Football League for the Pittsburgh Steelers (1951-59) and the Dallas Cowboys (1960). He played college football for Clemson University. He was born in Dayton, Pennsylvania.

Mathews died at his house in Marion, Pennsylvania from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
Ex-Steelers Mathews keeps low profile

1929 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Dallas Cowboys players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates (opens up) the bronchi and bronchioles which increases airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be endogenous (originating naturally within the body), or they may be medications taken to treat breathing difficulties. They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common such conditions. They are also used to treat respritory blockages that usaully occur when you have the common cold. They are well prescribed by doctors and are really common in house holds. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis and Bronchiectasis.They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.
Types of bronchodilators 
Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. They are used along with inhaled steroids for control of asthma symptoms on a long-term basis. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are β2-agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics (short-acting), and theophylline (long-acting).

Common bronchodilators 
The bronchodilators are divided in short- and long-acting groups:

Short-acting bronchodilators 
Salbutamol/albuterol (Proventil or Ventolin)
Levosalbutamol/levalbuterol (Xopenex)
Pirbuterol (Maxair)
Epinephrine (Primatene Mist now withdrawn)
Racemic Epinephrine (Asthmanefrin, Primatene Mist Replacement)
Ephedrine (Bronkaid)
Terbutaline

Long-acting bronchodilators 
Salmeterol (Serevent)
Clenbuterol (Spiropent)
Formoterol
Bambuterol
Indacaterol

References 

Bronchodilators
Osmany Juantorena Portuondo (born 12 August 1985) is a Cuban volleyball player with Italian citizenship, a member of Cuba national volleyball team in 2003–2006 and current member of Italy national volleyball team and Italian club Cucine Lube, bronze medalist of the World League 2005.  He is a multiple winner of the CEV Champions League and Club World Championship with the Italian club Trentino.

References

Other websites
 FIVB profile

1985 births
Living people
Cuban volleyball players
Henri Ducard is a fictional character in the Batman comic book universe. He was created by Sam Hamm. Ducard's first appearance was in Detective Comics #599 (April 1989), part of the "Blind Justice" story arc that Hamm, the screenwriter of the 1989 Batman movie, was asked to guest-write for Detective Comics by Batman editor Denny O'Neil. 

The character was the undercover name of Ra's al Ghul which appeared in the movie Batman Begins played by Liam Neeson.

References

Batman characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989
Ron Jacobs (December 27, 1942 – December 24, 2015) was an American basketball coach. He was born in Marion, North Carolina. He coached for college basketball teams such as Loyola Marymount University and for Northern Cement. He also coached the Philippine national team.

Jacobs moved to Pasig City, Philippines during the 1980s. He suffered a major stroke in 2001 which left him in a wheelchair. Jacobs died in Makati, Philippines from complications following the stroke at the age of 72.

References

1942 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Carpetbagger is a term from the United States political history. A carpetbagger was a northerner  who moved to the South after the American Civil War. This period is called the "reconstruction era". 

White southerners feared they would loot the defeated South. Sixty carpetbaggers were elected to Congress. Among them were most Republican governors in the South during reconstruction. A historian said:

"Carpetbagger" referred to the cheap carpet bags (a form of luggage) which many of the newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders.  It is used today for a "parachute candidate": a political candidate for public office in an area far from home.

References 

Politics of the United States
Migration
American Civil War
The Sims is a series of sandbox games in which you have a life and job. The game developed by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts. The games also have expansion packs which you can download. If you download them you get extra content.

The Sims Games 
 The Sims (2000)
 The Sims 2 (2004)
 The Sims 3 (2009)
 The Sims 4 (2014)
There is also a series of SimCity games listed here

The SimCity Games 

 SimCity (1989)
 SimCity 2000
 SimCity 64
 SimCity 3000
 SimCity 4
 SimCity DS
 SimCity Societies
 SimCity DS 2
 SimCity Creator
 SimCity Social
 SimCity (2013)
The Battle of Cannae ( or ) was a major battle of the Second Punic War. It took place on 2 August 216 BC in Cannae, Apulia, in southeastern Italy. The army of Carthage, under Hannibal Barca, defeated a larger Roman army. The Romans were led by the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. Hannibal's victory was one the greatest tactical feats in military history and also one of the worst defeats in Roman history although they were outnumbered by the Carthaginians.

After recovering from their losses at Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), the Romans decided to fight Hannibal at Cannae. The Roman army had about 70,000 soldiers. The Romans massed their heavy infantry in a deeper formation than as usual. Hannibal attacked by using a double-envelopment tactic. That was so successful that the Roman army was destroyed as a fighting force by a Carthaginian army half its size.
About 45,500 Roman and allied soldiers were killed. Also killed were 2,700 Roman cavalry. About 17,000 were taken prisoner. Hannibal lost a total of about 4,000 men.

After the Roman defeat, many of Rome's allies changed sides and allied themselves with Carthage.

References 

210s BC
Punic Wars
Apulia
August events
Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini, (8 May 1906 – 3 June 1977), was an Italian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Rome. He was best known for his movies Rome, Open City (1945), Paisà (1946) and Germany, Year Zero (1948).

Rossellini died from a heart attack in Rome, Italy, aged 71.

Other websites

1906 births
1977 deaths
Italian movie directors
Italian movie producers
Italian screenwriters
Italian television directors
Television producers
Television writers
Writers from Rome
Job requirements 
To be a kicker in the NFL requires strong legs. The kicker also needs excellent concentration and coordination. A kicker is the only member of a team who can move the ball with their feet. But the kicker is often the smallest member of the team. Probably the most important requirement is "nerves of steel". You have to kick the ball perfectly while being rushed by the other team.

Hero or ? 
The kicker is the only player on a team who has the opportunity to score points each time he goes out on the field. Kickers today often use a soccer-style kick instead of a straight ahead kick. If he makes a great kick he is a hero. If he misses he is a chump|. An entire game can be won or lost by the kicker. A kicker cannot afford to miss too many field goals or they can find themselves traded off the team.

References

Other websites 
 The 10 Best Kickers of All Time
 NFL Career Field Goal % Leaders

American football placekickers
Canadian football
Ali Eid (14 July 1940 – 25 December 2015) was a Lebanese politician. He was the leader of the Alawite Community. He founded the Arab Democratic Party in 1972 and until his death served as General Secretary of the Arab Democratic Party. He was born in Tripoli.

On 25 December 2015, it was announced that Eid died in Damascus, Syria at the age of 75.

References

1940 births
2015 deaths
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese politicians
Coptic calendar (also known as Alexandrian calendar) is a calendar used by the Coptic Church in Egypt. It is based on the Egyptian calendar which was first introduced in 238 BC.

Related pages
Egyptian calendar
Coptic Church

Calendars
Egypt
Jacques Santer (born 18 May 1937 in Wasserbillig) is a Luxembourgian politician.

He was finance minister of Luxembourg from 1979 until 1989. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Luxembourg serving from 1984 to 1995. He was a member of the Christian Social People's Party, which has been the leading party in the Luxembourg government since 1979. 

As Prime Minister of Luxembourg he also led the negotiations on the Single European Act, which effectively set aside the 20-year-old Luxembourg Compromise. He was the President of the European Commission from 1995 to 1999.

References

Other websites

1937 births
Living people
European Commissioners
Government ministers of Luxembourg
Prime Ministers of Luxembourg
The ancient civil  Egyptian calendar was  a calendar used by the ancient Egyptians. At first it had a year that was 365 days long. The year was made up of 12 months each having 30 days. At some point during the First Dynasty five additional days were added (sometime around 3000 BC). Egyptian astronomers observed that the annual flood of the Nile River fell very close to the first visibility of the star Sirius in the morning sky just before sunrise. This calendar would drift by 1 day every four years. But this drift was not enough to cause any problems. Even if a person lived to be 60 years old the drift between solar and civil calendars would only be 15 days. In 238 BC the Decree of Canopus added a sixth day every four years to correct this. But it was largely ignored. In 30 BCE the Roman Emperor Augustus reformed the Egyptian calendar by adding a leap day to every fourth year. This brought the Egyptian calendar in line with the Julian calendar used at the time in Rome.

References 

Calendars
Ancient Egypt
The Ukrainian National Union () is nationalist paramilitary political party in Ukraine. Started as a political organization in 2009 and became a political party in 2013.

History
The organisation was founded in 2009 by Oleg Goltvyansky and a group of sympathisers. Since July 15, 2012 the head of organisation became Vitaly Krivosheev. In April 27, 2013, the Ukrainian National Union leaders proclaimed their intention to create a political party. Рarty is one of the organisers of the "Euromaidan". Activists of the Ukrainian National Union takes part in the war in Eastern Ukraine

Related pages
Nationalism
Euromaidan

References

Other websites
 Official site Ukrainian National Union 

Politics of Ukraine
Political parties in Europe
2009 establishments in Europe
Nationalist organizations in Europe
21st-century establishments in Ukraine
Organizations based in Ukraine
On 5 April 1986 three people were killed and around 230 injured when La Belle discothèque was bombed in West Berlin, West Germany. The entertainment venue was commonly used by United States soldiers, and two of the dead and 79 of the injured were American servicemen.

A bomb placed under a table near the disk jockey's booth exploded at 1:45 am CET instantly killing a Turkish woman, and a United States Army sergeant. A second US Army sergeant died from his injuries two months later. Some of the victims were left permanently disabled due to the injuries.

Libya was accused by the US government of sponsoring the bombing, and US President Ronald Reagan ordered strikes on Tripoli and Benghazi in Libya ten days later. The strikes reportedly killed 15-30 people, including Colonel Gaddafi's adopted daughter. Reagan's actions were condemned by the United Nations General Assembly.

A 2001 trial in the US found that the bombing had been "planned by the Libyan secret service and the Libyan Embassy."

References
References

1986 in Europe

1980s building bombings
1980s explosions in Europe
1980s in Germany
1980s murders in Europe
20th century in Berlin
20th century in Libya
April 1986 events
Attacks on buildings and structures in Germany
Attacks on nightclubs
Cold War
Explosions in 1986
Murder in Germany
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Terrorist incidents in Europe in the 1980s
Terrorist incidents in Germany
The Malta Summit comprised a meeting between U.S. President George H. W. Bush and U.S.S.R. leader Mikhail Gorbachev. It took place between December 2-3, 1989, just a few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall.  It was their second meeting following a meeting that included then President Ronald Reagan, in New York in December 1988.  

During the summit, Bush and Gorbachev would declare an end to the Cold War, although whether it was truly such is a matter of debate.

Other websites
CNN: Cold War Interviews, Episode 24: Transcripts from Malta Summit
 David Hoffman, "Bush and Gorbachev Hail New Cooperation", Washington Post (December 4, 1989)
 Richard Lacayo, "Turning Visions into Reality" , in Time (online): December 11, 1989
 Romesh Ratnesar, "Condi Rice Can't Lose" , in Time (online): September 20, 1999

1989 in Europe
George H. W. Bush
Mikhail Gorbachev
Cold War
Malta
1989 in the United States
1980s in the Soviet Union
December events
The Germany men's national volleyball team is the national team of Germany. It is governed by the DVV (Deutscher Volleyball-Verband). It takes part in international volleyball competitions. Germany won the gold medal in World Championship 1970 under East Germany. It won the bronze medal in the 2014 World Championships.

After German reunification, West Germany (1949–1990) was renamed Germany and they absorbed East Germany (1949–1990) with the records.

Other websites
Official website
FIVB profile

National volleyball teams
Sports organizations of Germany
The Italy men's national volleyball team is the volleyball national team of Italy. It dominated international volleyball competitions in the 1990s and early 2000s, by winning four World Championships (1990, 1994, 1998 and 2022), seven European Championships, one World Cup (1995) and eight World League (1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999 and 2000).

Other websites
Official website
FIVB profile

National volleyball teams
Volleyball
The Brazil men's national volleyball team is the national team of Brazil. It is governed by the Confederação Brasileira de Voleibol (Brazilian Volleyball Confederation) and takes part in international volleyball competitions. Brazil has two gold medal at the Olympic Games, won three times the World Champioship and nine times the World League. Brazil is the #1 team on the FIVB World Rankings. The team is often referred to as volleyball's "Dream Team" due to its success under coach Bernardo Rezende.

Other websites
Official website 
FIVB profile

National volleyball teams
Volleyball
The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization or PATCO was a United States trade union. It ran from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following an illegal strike that was broken by the Ronald Reagan Administration. The 1981 strike and defeat of PATCO was called "one of the most important events in late twentieth century U.S. labor history" by labor historian Joseph A. McCartin.

References

Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Dame Mary Eugenia Charles, DBE (15 May 1919 – 6 September 2005) was a Dominican politician and lawyer. She was the Prime Minister of Dominica serving from 21 July 1980 until 14 June 1995. She was Dominica's first, and to date only, female prime minister, as well as the nation's longest-serving prime minister. 

Charles died in Fort-de-France, Martinique from a pulmonary embolism caused by hip surgery that she had a few days before. She was 86 years old.

References

Other websites
 Caricom Biography 

1919 births
2005 deaths
Prime Ministers of Dominica
Lawyers
North American politicians
University of Toronto alumni
A cranial nerve is any nerve which is attached directly to the brain or brainstem. This is different from spinal nerves which are attached to segments of the spinal cord. Cranial nerves relay information more directly between the brain and body (mostly parts of the head and neck).

Each cranial nerve exists as a pair and is present on both sides of the central nervous system. All cranial nerves appear above the first vertebra in the neck (cervical vertebra).

In humans there are twelve cranial nerves pairs. They are numbered using Roman numerals I–XII based on their order from the front of the brain to the back, where the brainstem is.

Function
Cranial nerves provide motor and sensory stimulation mainly to places within the head and neck. This sensory stimulation includes sensations such as temperature, touch, taste, vision, smell,  balance and hearing.
Smell (I)
The olfactory nerve (CN 1) sends information about smells from the nose up to the brain. In the brain, this information is processed and becomes olfaction, or our sense of smell. The olfactory nerve is an is an afferent sensory nerve, meaning it takes in information from the outside world and sends it to the central nervous system.

Structure 
The olfactory nerve is the shortest cranial nerve. It is one of two cranial nerves that does not connect to the brain stem, the other being the optic nerve (CN 2).  

The olfactory nerve is not just one nerve, but a group of neurons working together to perform the same task. The olfactory neurons start branched out in the nasal cavity. From here, they reach up through the roof of the nasal cavity and connect to the olfactory bulb.

The olfactory nerve is unique because it is the only cranial nerve that can regenerate parts of itself if it is damaged.
Path of sensation  
Smell molecules called aromatics come up the nose and into the nasal cavity. Here, they are detected by olfactory neurons. These neurons are branched out along the lining of the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons take in the signal from the smell molecules and make electric signals called action potentials. The action potentials move up the olfactory neurons through the roof of the nasal cavity, also known as the cribiform plate. After passing through the cribiform plate, the olfactory neurons send the action potentials to the olfactory bulb. From here, signals are sent through the olfactory tract and out to different parts of the brain. For example, some signals are sent to the frontal lobe, where smells are identified and labeled.

Damage to this path can cause anosmia, or loss of the ability to smell.

Vision (II)
The optic nerve (CN II) transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
Eye movement (III, IV, VI)
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) controls most of the muscles related to the movement of the eye, including the eyelids and control of the pupil. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) and abducens nerve (CN VI) are each responsible for their own single eye muscles.

Facial sensation, jaw movement (V)
The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is called "trigeminal" because it is made of 3 parts. Together, all these parts are responsible for sensation in the face and larger facial movements such as biting and chewing.

Facial expression (VII)
The facial nerve (CN VII) controls the muscles of facial expression, and helps carry taste sensations from the back of the tongue and mouth.

Hearing and balance (VIII)
The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.

Oral sensation, taste, and salivation (IX)
The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is a mixed nerve that carries a wide range of sensory and motor information.
Control of heart and digestion (X)
The vagus nerve (CN X) allows for parasympathetic control of the heart and digestive tract. It is the longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system in the human body.

Shoulder elevation and head-turning (XI)
The accessory nerve (CN XI) is a cranial nerve that controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

Tongue movement (XII)
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech and swallowing.

Routes out of the brain 
After leaving the brain, the cranial nerves travel inside the skull. Some must leave this bony compartment to reach their destinations. Often the nerves pass through holes in the skull, called foramina. Other nerves pass through bony canals, longer pathways enclosed by bone. These foramina and canals may have more than one cranial nerve, and may also contain blood vessels.

Related pages 

 Neuron
 Central nervous system
 Brain stem

References 

Anatomy of the nervous system
Volleyball has been played at the Summer Olympics ever since the 1964 Summer Olympics. The history of Olympic volleyball can be traced back to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where volleyball was played as part of an American sports demonstration event. It was only added as an Olympic sport, however, after World War II. This was when the FIVB was founded and of some of the continental confederations. In 1957, a special tournament was held at the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria, to support such request. The competition was a success, and the sport was officially introduced in 1964. The Olympic Committee initially dropped volleyball for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests.

References

Other websites
FIVB
Olympic Volleyball History
IOC

Volleyball
Summer Olympic Games
John Adedayo B. Adegboyega (born 17 March 1992), better known as John Boyega, is a British actor. He is best known for playing Finn in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019). He has also appeared in Attack the Block (2011), Detroit (2017) and Pacific Rim: Uprising (2018). He won the 2016 BAFTA Rising Star Award.

Boyega was born in Peckham, London. His parents are Nigerian.

References

Other websites

1992 births
Living people
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Black British actors
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Peckham
Daisy Jazz Isobel Ridley (born 10 April 1992) is a British actress. She is best known for playing Rey in Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017) and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019). She also appeared in Casulty and Silent Witness.

Ridley was born in Westminster, London. Her great-uncle was Dad's Army actor Arnold Ridley.

Filmography

Movies

Television

References

Other websites

1992 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English television actors
Adriana Olguín de Baltra (born Luz Adriana Margarita Olguín Buche) (18 November 1911 – 24 December 2015) was a Chilean lawyer and politician. She was born in Valparaíso, Chile. Olguín served as Chile's Minister of Justice serving from 29 July 1952 through 3 November 1952 under the Gabriel González Videla administration. She was the first woman to hold a position in any presidential cabinet in Latin American history.

Olguín died in her home in Viña del Mar, Chile from natural causes at the age of 104.

References

1911 births
2015 deaths
Chilean centenarians
Chilean politicians
Chilean lawyers
People from Valparaíso
Daddy's Home is a 2015 American comedy movie directed and written by Sean Anders. It was produced by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay. It stars Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, Thomas Haden Church with John Cena. It was filmed in New Orleans, Louisiana, but the movie takes place in California. It was released to mixed reviews on December 25, 2015. It was rated M in Australia and New Zealand for violence, sexual references and offensive language.

Release Dates

Other websites
 
 
 
 

2015 movies
2010s comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in California
James Dalton Trumbo (December 9, 1905 – September 10, 1976) was an American screenwriter and novelist.

Trumbo was one of the Hollywood Ten, he refused to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1947 during the committee's investigation of Communist influences in the motion picture industry.

Career 
Trumbo won two Academy Awards while blacklisted; one (for Roman Holiday) was originally given to a front writer, and one (for The Brave One) was awarded to "Robert Rich", Trumbo's pseudonym.

On December 19, 2011, the Writers Guild of America announced that Trumbo was being given full credit for his work on the screenplay of the 1953 romantic comedy Roman Holiday, almost sixty years after the fact.

Actor Bryan Cranston plays Trumbo in the 2015 biopic Trumbo directed by Jay Roach.

Death 
Trumbo died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California on September 10, 1976 at the age of 70.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
 Dalton Trumbo at Library of Congress Authorities — with 20 catalog records
 Dalton Trumbo Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research. 

Academy Award winning writers
1905 births
1976 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American screenwriters
American communists
Writers from Colorado
"Run-Around" is a song by American jam band, Blues Traveler. It was released on the 1994 album Four. It won the band's first  Grammy Award in 1995, for "Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group.

The song was the band's first successful single, peaking at #8 on the Billboard Hot 100.

References 

1994 songs
Grammy Award winners
Trumbo is a 2015 American biographical-drama movie directed by Jay Roach. It was written by Michael London. The movie is about when screenwriter Dalton Trumbo is blacklisted as a communist for his support of the Communist Party of the USA during the 1950s. 

It stars Bryan Cranston as Trumbo with Diane Lane, Helen Mirren, Louis C.K., Elle Fanning, Michael Stuhlbarg, and John Goodman. It was released to positive reviews on November 6, 2015.

Other websites
 
 

2015 drama movies
2010s biographical movies
Movies directed by Jay Roach
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in Los Angeles
James Jerome "Jim" O'Toole (January 10, 1937 – December 26, 2015) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds (1958–1966) and Chicago White Sox (1967). He was left-handed.

O'Toole was born in Chicago, Illinois. He married Betty Wall on July 2, 1960. They had 11 children.

O'Toole died from cancer on December 26, 2015 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was 78.

References

Other websites

1937 births
2015 deaths
American baseball players
Cancer deaths in Ohio
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Sportspeople from Chicago
Dichen Lachman (born 22 February 1982) is a Nepalese-born Australian actress and movie producer. She is best known for her roles in the television series Neighbours, Dollhouse, NCIS: Los Angeles, Hawaii Five-0, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation.

Lachman was born in Kathmandu. Her mother is Tibetan and her father is an Australian of German ancestry. She grew up in Adelaide, South Australia. She moved to the United States in 2007 and lives in Los Angeles, California. She is married to Max Osinski and has one child.

References

Other websites

 

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Adelaide
Australian movie actors
Australian movie producers
Australian television actors
Actors from Kathmandu
Dami Im ( , , ; born October 17, 1988) is a South Korean singer who lives in  Australia. She is known for her song "Sound of Silence", which came second place in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016.

Career 
She is best known for winning the fifth season of The X Factor in 2013. Her first album was an ARIA number one. She has three studio albums, two extended plays, nine singles, two album appearances, and four music videos. 

She represented Australia at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2016 with the song "Sound of Silence". She won the jury vote but did not receive enough points from the public vote to win and finished in second place.

Personal life 
Im was born in Incheon. Her family moved to Australia when she was 9. She grew up in Brisbane, Queensland. She is married and lives in Daisy Hill, a suburb of Logan City, Queensland. She is a Christian.

References

Other websites
1988 births
Living people
Australian Christians
Australian pop singers
Australian singer-songwriters
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Musicians from Brisbane
R&B musicians
South Korean singers
The X Factor contestants
People from Incheon
Haskell Wexler, A.S.C. (February 6, 1922 – December 27, 2015) was an American cinematographer, movie producer, screenwriter and director. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography in 1966.

Wexler was known for his works One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (finished by Bill Butler), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Medium Cool, In the Heat of the Night, Days of Heaven and Matewan. He was said to be one of film history's ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the International Cinematographers Guild.

Wexler died in his sleep at the age of 93 on December 27, 2015 at his home in Santa Monica, California.

References

Other websites

 
 A documentary about Wexler's 1969 film Medium Cool 
 Haskell Wexler, ASC, Focuses on the Making of Matewan 
 John Patterson, "Through a lens darkly", The Guardian, interview, June 2, 2006
 Underground Album Details at Smithsonian Folkways
 Video interview  of Wexler about the film Medium Cool
1922 births
2015 deaths
Academy Award winning cinematographers
American cinematographers
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
David Lee Henderson (July 21, 1958 – December 27, 2015), nicknamed Hendu, was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Boston Red Sox, San Francisco Giants, Oakland Athletics, and Kansas City Royals during his 14-year career. He was born in Merced, California.

Henderson died of a massive heart attack in Seattle, Washington, one month after receiving a kidney transplant, at the age of 57.

References

Other websites
Retrosheet
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
Page at Baseball Library 
Baseball's 25 Greatest Moments: Dave Henderson's Home Run 

1958 births
2015 deaths
African-American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from surgical complications
Oakland Athletics players
Organ transplant recipients
San Francisco Giants players
Seattle Mariners players
Sportspeople from California
Jose Offerman was a Major League Baseball player who played for the Boston Red Sox among other teams.

Other websites 

The 100 Greatest Royals of All-Time- #42 Jose Offerman

1968 births
National League All-Stars
American League All-Stars
Living people
Philadelphia Phillies players
Minnesota Twins players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
New York Mets players
Kansas City Royals players
Boston Red Sox players
Seattle Mariners players
James John "Jim" Klobuchar (April 9, 1928 – May 12, 2021) was an American journalist, author, and tour guide. He wrote for the Star Tribune in Minneapolis for thirty years. He wrote an occasional column for the Christian Science Monitor. He was the father of U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar. He was born in Ely, Minnesota.

Klobuchar died in Burnsville, Minnesota on May 12, 2021 from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease, aged 93.

References

Other websites 
 

1928 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
American columnists
Writers from Minneapolis
Journalists from Minnesota
Mark Robert Warner (born December 15, 1954) is an American politician and the senior United States Senator from Virginia, in office since 2009. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Warner was the 69th Governor of Virginia, holding the office from 2002 to 2006.

References

Other websites

 Senator Mark Warner official U.S. Senate site
 Forward Together PAC 

 C-SPAN Q&A interview with Warner, November 6, 2005
 

1954 births
Living people
United States senators from Virginia
Governors of Virginia
Politicians from Indianapolis
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Ellsworth Kelly (May 31, 1923 – December 27, 2015) was an American painter, sculptor, and printmaker. He worked with hard-edge painting, Color Field painting and the minimalist school. His works showed unique techniques showing simplicity of form, similar to the work of John McLaughlin and Kenneth Noland. 

Kelly died in Spencertown, New York on December 27, 2015 of respiratory failure at the age of 92.

References

1923 births
2015 deaths
American painters
Artists from New York (state)
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in New York (state)
Gay men
LGBT artists
LGBT people from New York (state)
People from Newburgh, New York
The Babadook is a 2014 Australian-Canadian psychological horror drama movie, written and directed by Jennifer Kent as her directorial debut. It is about a woman and her son being tortured by an evil spirit based on a child's book. The movie stars Essie Davis and Noah Wiseman, while Daniel Henshall, Hayley McElhinney, Barbara West, and Ben Winspear appear in supporting roles.

The Babadook was produced by Causeway Films (Kristina Ceyton) and is based on the short movie Monster (2005), also written and directed by Kent. The movie was shown at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes' aggregation, it was ranked as the third most-liked movie of the year.

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 
 
 The Babadook trailer  at Fliks.com.au
 How Jennifer Kent made The Babadook at SBS Movies
2014 drama movies
2014 horror movies
2010s monster movies
2010s supernatural movies
Australian drama movies
Australian horror movies
Canadian drama movies
Canadian horror movies
English-language movies
Alfredo Alberto Pacheco (1 December 1982 – 27 December 2015) was a Salvadoran footballer. He played for FAS and the New York Red Bulls. He also had the record for most appearances for his national team, playing 86 times.

Pacheco was born in Santa Ana. He was married with five children and lived in the United States.

Pacheco was shot and killed on 27 December 2015 in Santa Ana, aged 33.

References

Other websites
 

1982 births
2015 deaths
Murders by firearm
Salvadoran footballers
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a group of mental and physical problems that can happen when a mother drinks alcohol while she is pregnant. A "syndrome" is a group of symptoms. "Fetal" means anything that has to do with a fetus. Fetal alcohol syndrome includes ways a fetus is hurt by alcohol while it is still in its mother's womb.

Cause
Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by a mother drinking alcohol while she is pregnant.  When a mother drinks while she is pregnant, the alcohol goes through the umbilical cord to the fetus.  This is why doctors say "when a [pregnant] woman drinks alcohol, so does her baby."

Alcohol is poisonous to a fetus and can cause brain damage.  This can cause many other problems once the baby is born.

Alcohol can cause problems with the way the fetus develops at any time during a pregnancy.  This includes the earliest part of pregnancy, when the mother might not even know she is pregnant.
A fetus is most likely to develop fetal alcohol syndrome if its mother:
 Binge drinks (has four or more drinks in a short time), even once; and/or
 Drinks a lot, regularly

It does not matter whether the mother drinks beer, wine, hard liquor, or any other kind of alcohol.  One kind is not safer than any other.  They are all equally likely to cause FAS.

Diagnosis
To be diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome, a child must have problems in three different areas.

Abnormal facial features
Having "abnormal facial features" means that parts of the child's face look different than a child without FAS.  To be diagnosed with FAS, a child must have:
 A smooth space between the nose and upper lip;
 A thin upper lip; and
 Eyes that are wide apart

Growth problems
Children with FAS do not grow as well as children without FAS.  These growth problems can start even before birth, so many babies with FAS are born weighing less than other babies.