Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Research analyst Kalli Raptis in her book Nagorno-Karabakh and the Eurasian Transport Corridor wrote: "'In July 1918, the First Armenian Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh declared the region self-governing and created a national Council and government. In August 1919, the Karabakh national Council entered into a provisional treaty arrangement with the Azerbaijani government in order to avoid military conflict with a superior adversary'. Azerbaijan's violation of the treaty culminated in March 1920 with the massacre of the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh's capital, Shushi (called Shusha by the Azerbaijanis)".

Other websites 
United Nations document
 Shoushi Massacres of Armenians
Publications 
 Vahram Atanesian: 20,000 Armenians Died In Shushi Massacres of 1920 http://www.nkrusa.org/newsletter/montly_newsletter/2002/march_april/page4.html
 (in Russian) М. Григорян, "Из 35 тысяч армян не осталось в Шуши ни одного..." // "Голос Армении", 24 Марта 2007 г., http://www.golos.am/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5213

References

Massacres in Azerbaijan
1920 in Asia
20th century in Azerbaijan
Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam (also spelled Mandelshtam, ; January 15, 1891 – December 27, 1938) was a Russian poet and essayist.

Mandelstam was born in Warsaw, to a rich Jewish family. In 1900 Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishevsky school, which also counts Vladimir Nabokov and other significant figures of Russian (and Soviet) culture among its alumni. His first poems were printed in the school's almanac in 1907.

In April 1908 Mandelstam decided to enter the Sorbonne to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the University of Heidelberg. In 1911, in order to continue education in the University of St. Petersburg, he converted to Methodism (which he did not practice) and entered the university the same year.
Mandelstam's poetry, acutely populist in spirit after the first Russian revolution, became closely associated with symbolist imagery, and in 1911 he and several other young Russian poets formed the "Poets' Guild" (Russian: Цех Поэтов, Tsekh Poetov), under the formal leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov and Sergei Gorodetsky.

In 1922 Mandelstam arrived in Moscow with his newlywed wife Nadezhda. At the same time his second book of poems, Tristia, was published in Berlin. For several years after that, he almost completely abandoned poetry, concentrating on essays, literary criticism, memoirs (The Din Of Time, Russian: Шум времени, Shum vremeni; Феодосия, Feodosiya – both 1925) and small-format prose (The Egyptian Stamp, Russian: Египетская марка, Yegipetskaya marka – 1928). As a day job, he translated (19 books in 6 years), then worked as a correspondent for a newspaper.

Mandelstam died in 1938 in prison.
Mandelstam's non-conformist, anti-establishment tendencies always simmered not far from the surface, and in the autumn of 1933 they broke through in the form of the famous "Stalin Epigram".

Bibliography
 Osip Mandelstam: "Poems", chosen and translated by James Greene. Elek Books, 1977; revised and enlarged edition, Granada/Elek, 1980.
 Osip Mandelstam: The Noise of Time: Selected Prose (European Classics) (Paperback), translated by Clarence Brown Northwestern University Press; Reprint edition, 2002. 
 Coetzee, J.M. "Osip Mandelstam and the Stalin Ode", Representations, No. 35, Special Issue: Monumental Histories. (Summer, 1991), pp. 72–83.

References 

1891 births
1938 deaths
Jewish writers
Methodists
Polish Jews
Prisoners
Russian Christians
Russian Jews
Russian poets
Russian writers
Soviet Jews
Writers from Warsaw
The Forestry Commission is a UK Government agency that was set up in 1918.

The commission is  responsible for many forests and woodlands in Great Britain. Its job is to protect and expand Britain's forests and woodlands and increase their value to society and the environment.

Some of its forests are pine trees which the commission manages and carefully cuts down trees for wood and paper making.  The money from this helps the commission to maintain it other forests which are not farmed but which are used for recreation, by people wanting to visit the countryside, and also to fund some scientific research into the ways to grow trees and to keep them healthy.

The Forestry Commission looks after a lot of the forests in the list of Forests in the United Kingdom

Departments of the United Kingdom Government
Government agencies of the United Kingdom
Forests of the United Kingdom
Forestry
is a prefecture of Japan. It is part of the Tōhoku region on the island of Honshu. The capital city of the prefecture is Fukushima.

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is in this prefecture. The power plant had a meltdown in March 2011. It forced many people in Fukushima to move away from their homes, especially in the Futaba District.

History
Until the Meiji Restoration, Fukushima prefecture was known as Mutsu Province. In 1871, the territories of eleven clans were combined into three prefectures: Fukushima, Wakamatsu and Iwaki. On August 21 in 1876, they were united to form the current Fukushima Prefecture.

Geography 
Fukushima is the prefecture that is furthest south in the Tōhoku region. It is the part of Tōhoku closest to Tokyo. Tokyo is about 300 kilometres further south. Fukushima located between 37 and 38 degrees north latitude.
Fukushima is divided by mountain ranges into three regions: (from west to east) Aizu, Nakadōri, and Hamadōri. Hamadōri is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and is the flattest and most temperate region. Nakadōri is the most important farming part of the prefecture. The capital city, Fukushima, is in this area. Aizu is a tourist destination and has many mountains, scenic lakes, forests, and snowy winters.

Cities 
There are thirteen cities in Fukushima Prefecture:

 Aizuwakamatsu
 Date
 Fukushima (capital)
 Iwaki
 Kitakata
 Kōriyama
 Minamisōma

 Motomiya
 Nihonmatsu
 Shirakawa
 Sōma
 Sukagawa
 Tamura

Towns and villages 

Towns and villages in each district:

 Adachi District
 Ōtama
 Date District
 Kawamata
 Kōri
 Kunimi
 Futaba District
 Futaba
 Hirono
 Katsurao
 Kawauchi
 Namie
 Naraha
 Ōkuma
 Tomioka
 Higashishirakawa District
 Hanawa
 Samegawa
 Tanagura
 Yamatsuri
Ishikawa District
 Asakawa
 Furudono
 Hirata
 Ishikawa
 Tamakawa
 Iwase District
 Kagamiishi
 Tenei
 Kawanuma District
 Aizubange
 Yanaizu
 Yugawa
 Minamiaizu District
 Hinoemata
 Minamiaizu
 Shimogō
 Tadami
 Nishishirakawa District
 Izumizaki
 Nakajima
 Nishigō
 Yabuki

 Ōnuma District
 Aizumisato
 Kaneyama
 Mishima
 Shōwa
 Sōma District
 Iitate
 Shinchi
 Tamura District
 Miharu
 Ono
 Yama District
 Bandai
 Inawashiro
 Kitashiobara
 Nishiaizu

National parks
National parks cover about 13% of the total land area of the prefecture. They include:
 Bandai-Asahi National Park

Economy 
The three main industries in Fukushima are manufacturing, commerce and farming.

Fukushima was the largest manufacturer in Tōhoku in 2008. The industry made about 5 and a half trillion yen (¥5,568,600,000,000). Manufacturers relied heavily on electrical power produced locally, much of it from nuclear power stations.
Trade, including retail businesses, was the second largest industry in 2008. It made 4.7 trillion yen (¥4,720,600,000,000).

In 2009, the prefecture produced ¥245,000,000,000 (245 billion yen) from farming products. About 40%, or ¥94,800,000,000 (94 billion yen), was from rice. Fukushima was the fifth largest rice producer in the country. It also produced large amounts of vegetables, meat, and fish. The two largest agricultural producers were the cities of Fukushima and Kōriyama. Those two areas accounted for more than 15% of agricultural production in the prefecture.
Fukushima bland product

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Nuclear accidents in Japan

References

 
1876 establishments
1870s establishments in Japan
Arara is a Brazilian city in the state of Paraíba. Its population in 2007 was 12,920 inhabitants. Its area is 89 km².

Other websites

Cities in Paraíba
1961 establishments in Brazil
Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga y Balzola (born Bilbao 27 January 1806; died Paris 17 January 1826) was an early 19th-century Spanish composer. He was still only 19 years old when he died. Like Mozart, he was a child prodigy and he might have become one of the world’s most famous composers if he had lived.

His life 

Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga was born in Bilbao, in the Basque Country in Spain. His father and older brother first taught him music. He started to compose when he was 11 years old, and by the time he was 15 he had already written 20 works. Many of these are now lost. He may have thrown them away, thinking that they were not very good. In 1921 he went to Paris where he studied the violin with Pierre Baillot, and counterpoint and harmony with François-Joseph Fétis at the Paris Conservatoire. He was so good that by 1824 he had become a teaching assistant in Fétis's class. 

Arriaga died in Paris at the age of nineteen, probably of a lung disease and exhaustion.

His music
His music 

Arriaga has been called “The Spanish Mozart”. His music, however, does not sound particularly Spanish. It has a more general European character, based on the style of Mozart and Beethoven. He wrote a symphony which sounds at times like Schubert. He also wrote an opera Los esclavos felices ("The Happy Slaves"), and three string quartets. The string quartets were the only works that were published while he was still alive.

1806 births
1826 deaths
Spanish composers
Romantic composers
Deaths from exhaustion
Deaths from lung disease
The Conservatoire de Paris (Paris Conservatoire) is a music conservatory where students can study dance, drama and music.  It has now been split into two "Conservatoires".  One is for Acting, Theatre and Drama and is called the Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique (CNSAD).  It is in the old building in the centre of Paris.  The other is called  Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris.  It is farther from the centre of the city.  This is where Music and Dance are taught.

The Paris Conservatoire has been famous for music since it was formed in 1795.  Nearly all famous French composers and performing musicians studied there, and many young musicians came from abroad to study.  It was, and still is, one of the best places to study music in the world.

Related pages
 Paris
 Conservatoire
 Prix de Rome

Music schools
Buildings and structures in Paris
1795 establishments
1790s establishments in France
The Prix de Rome was a scholarship (money prize) for art students in Paris. It was created in 1663 in France when Louis XIV was reigning. Every year the prize was given to promising young painters, sculptors, and architects. They had to finish a very difficult piece of work to show that they deserved to win the prize. The person who won the prize would get money so that he could go to Rome for a year to study. Sometimes they were allowed to stay longer if they were doing exceptionally good work.

In 1803, music was added to the subjects, and in 1804 engraving was added. Sometimes people won “second prize” which allowed them to study for a shorter period.
Many artists who won the Prix de Rome are now almost forgotten. On the other hand, there are many artists who became very famous but did not win the Prix de Rome. These people include Augustin Pajou Eugène Delacroix, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas and the composers Ernest Chausson and Maurice Ravel. Ravel tried five times to win it. There was a big argument about this at the Paris Conservatoire, and rules were reorganized after that.

The Prix de Rome continued to be awarded until 1968 when it was stopped.

Other websites 
 The Prix de Rome Contests in Painting .

Art awards
Paris
Caulfield is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb Caulfield, on the Pakenham, Frankston and Cranbourne railway lines. At this station the Frankston line splits from the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines.

Caulfield is a Premium Station.

Location

The station is between Sir John Monash Drive (formerly Railway Avenue) and Normanby Road. The tram route 3 and some bus routes stop here. The Caulfield campus of Monash University and Caulfield Racecourse are close to the station.

Facilities
Facilities

The station has four platforms. Two platforms make an island in the middle of the station. Platform 1 has a large red brick building. Platforms 2&3 ( the island platforms) contain a large red brick building with a waiting room and a ticket office. Platform 4 has a large red brick building. Outbound V/Line (country trains) services leave from this platform. A large Metcard ticket machine is inside the waiting room. This machine is able to sell most tickets. It also accept notes and coins. Small Metcard machines are  at the entrances to platforms 1 and 4. A subway is located underneath the station. This allows people to get to the island platform. It has a  Coca-Cola Red Engine take away food shop.

History

Caulfield station was opened on Wednesday, 7th May 1879.

Premium Melbourne railway stations
1879 establishments
1870s establishments in Australia
Officer railway station is an ummanned railway station in Officer, Victoria. It is located in Metcard Zone 2.

Railway stations in Melbourne
The letter ß (also known as sharp S, German: Eszett or scharfes S) is a letter in the German alphabet. It is the only German letter that is not part of the basic Latin alphabet. The letter is pronounced  (like the "s" in "see") and is not used in any other language.

Origin 

Today's ß was created around the 1900s. (See w:en:ß and w:de:ß for details on the so-called "Sulzbacher Form".) It has two origins, one in Blackletter and one in Roman type (also called Antiqua).

The letter came from the long s (ſ) and the normal z. Written fast by hand, they over time joined together to form a single glyph.

Spelling 
The ß is used only in German and never at the start of German words. The uppercase ß (ẞ) exists only for typesetting, such as in a dictionary. Instead of lowercase ß, one can also write ss. As no words start with double s or ß, no uppercase ß is necessary.
However, not every ss can be written as ß. German often puts two or more words together to make a longer word. If the new word has ss, it cannot be written as ß.  For example, Voßstraße is two words joined together (Voß and straße). It can also be written as Vossstraße but not as Vosßtraße because sstraße (or ßtraße) is not a word, and the ß is in the word Voss (Voß).

The rules for German orthography have changed since 1996. Many common words that used to be written with ß are now written with ss. For example, Fluß (river) is spelled Fluss. When the preceding vowel is short, as in Fluss, ss is used. However, the ß is used when the preceding vowel is long as in Straße.

German language
Latin letters
General Motors Railway Station was a railway station in Melbourne, Australia. 

The station was opened on November 18, 1956 to service the General Motors factory near it. The station had two platforms and a footbridge into the factory.  In 1991, the General Motors factory closed. Since the main purpose of the station was to support the factory, the station was no longer needed, but the station stayed open for eleven years after the factory had been destroyed. It was estimated to be the least used station in the entire city network. It had an average of eight passengers using it a day. The last trains stopped at the station on July 28 2002.

Other websites 
 General Motors station photo gallery #1 (metf2nk)
 General Motors station photo gallery #2 (Station pix by Somebody)
 PTUA: Monty Python Bureaucracy Closes Railway Station
 Victorian Railway Stations - General Motors

Railway stations in Melbourne
1956 establishments
1950s establishments in Australia
2002 disestablishments in Australia
Agronomy is the study of soil in relation to how it affects plant growth. Agronomists work to make methods that will improve the use of soil and increase the amount of food and fiber crops.

Branches of botany
Subfields of ecology
This article is about the Melbourne public transport network. The same name is also used for public transport in Wellington.

Metlink is the marketing name  for all public transport operators' in Melbourne, Australia.

Introduction 
The Metlink brand was introduced in 2003.

Under the new branding, railway station signage and timetables are colour-coded blue, tram stop signs and timetables are green, and the bus network is orange. The regional train network is colour-coded purple.

Future role 

Metlink has also been active in the use of 'value Metcards' (like credit cards but work only for trains) and is known for running a "funny" campaign called BATBYGOBSTOPL (Buying A Ticket Before You Get On Board Saves Time Or Problems Later).  In July 2007, Metlink launched a new campaign, "I Highly Recommend You Get on the Bus", featuring musical comedian Frank Woodley, to improve bus services.  

While they do not have control, representatives of the Bus Association of Victoria and V/Line have helped Metlink.
Viclink
Victoria's regional bus and rail services will at some future date be brought under a similar brand to Metlink named Viclink. Signage upgrades at regional railway stations have started from October 2006 . The signage will be fully implemented when V/Line is re-privatized following the completion of the Fast Rail project.

Related pages
Railways in Melbourne

Other websites
Official Metlink website
Official Viclink website 
BATBYGOBSTOPL Metlink website 

Public transport in Melbourne
Intermodal transport authorities
Sanyo is a Japanese electronics company. They specialise in home appliances.

Overview 
Sanyo was founded in 1947 by Toshio Iue.

Panasonic acquired it in 2011.

As of 2018, the company's revenue was ¥84.678 billion.

Other websites 
Sanyo on Panasonic website

References 
Technology companies of Japan 
Electronics companies of Japan
Celtic Frost was a thrash/black metal band from Zurich, Switzerland. The band was formed in 1984 and broke up in 1993. The reunited in 2001 and broke up again in 2008.

Discography 
Celtic Frost released 6 studio albums:

Albums
Morbid Tales (1984)
To Mega Therion (1985)
Into the Pandemonium (1987)
Cold Lake (1988)
Vanity/Nemesis (1990)
Monotheist (2006)

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Thrash metal bands
Death metal bands
Swiss heavy metal bands
Organizations based in Zürich
Musical groups established in 1984
1984 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Switzerland
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in Europe

2000s establishments in Switzerland
I
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in Switzerland
The Privy Council is a group of advisors to a Monarch. 

The Privy Council of the United Kingdom
The Queen's Privy Council for Canada
The Privy Council of Northern Ireland
Patterns called cables are created using special cable knitting needles.  The cables often look like braids.  They are typically used on sweaters, particularly on Aran sweaters from Ireland.

Cloth
The Maraghar Massacre happened on April 10, 1992, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Other websites 
 Photographs of the Maraghar Massacre   – Warning: Graphic Content
 Christianity Today Article 
 Ethnic cleansing in Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict
 UK House of Commons report
 Survivors of Maraghar massacre: It was truly like a contemporary Golgotha many times over

1990s in Armenia
1992 in Europe
Circular knitting or knitting in the round is a form of knitting that creates a seamless tube. It is done with circular or double-pointed needles. Socks, mittens, and sweaters can be made with circular knitting.

Cloth
Skills
Knitting machines are used to make knitted cloth for clothing or household items. They can make flat shapes or tubular shapes. The tubular shapes can be used for t-shirts.

Machines
The Kirovabad pogrom was an attack by Azeris against the targeted Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani town of Kirovabad  in November 1988. It is estimated that at least 130 people were killed.

References

Other websites 
Pogroms in Kirovabad - MIATSUM

1980s in Armenia
20th century in Azerbaijan
1988 in Asia
1988 in Europe
In the Book of Genesis, chapters two and three, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil was a tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden, along with the Tree of Life. God Told Adam and Eve) to never eat from this Tree. When Eve and Adam, ate the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, they discovered that they were naked, and were banished from the garden and forced to survive through farming.

Different views of the tree itself

In Judaism
According to the Jewish tradition, God telling Adam and Eve not to eat from the Tree was to give them free choice and allow them to earn perfection instead of getting it with a simple deed. According to this tradition, Adam and Eve would have become perfect and immortal had they not eaten from the Tree. After failing, they were sentenced to a long time of hard work to get themselves back into God's trust.

In Christianity 
In Christianity, the Tree of Knowledge is connected to the beginning of sin. By eating the fruit of the Tree, Adam and Eve tried to become like God.
Trees in other religions
In Buddhism, the Buddha became enlightened under a Bodhi tree. While the biblical tree is usually seen as representing pleasure, the Bodhi tree gave pure knowledge.

The symbol of the Tree
Symbolically, the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge tries to divide human action into Right or Wrong, Good or Evil and Lawful or Unlawful with privileges and punishments for each case.

Related pages

 Adam and Eve
 Knowledge
 Morality
 Original sin
 Pelagianism

Mythology
For the institution founded in London in 1719 for putting on performances of operas see George Frideric Handel.

The Royal Academy of Music is a conservatory in London where young people can study music. It was founded in 1822. Many musicians who became famous studied music at the Royal Academy of Music.

The Royal Academy of Music was officially founded (started) in 1822 and was opened the next year. King George IV was the patron of the conservatory. At first it had 21 students.

In 1830 it received its Royal Charter, but for many years it had financial problems and it was not until 1868, when the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone arranged for it to have a regular grant, that it began to do well. During the 19th century the academy was in Hanover Square, but in 1912 it moved to Marylebone Road near Regent's Park.
Since 1912 many changes and extensions have been made to the building. Many concerts are given in the Duke’s Hall and operas are performed in the Sir Jack Lyons Theatre. Many of the professors (teachers) at the academy come from other countries. The academy works together with King’s College, London where many of the students take a 4-year performance course. In 1997 they won some lottery money which helped them to get a new building for their collection of musical instruments. It has a large library which includes all the books and music which used to belong to the conductors Sir Henry Wood and Otto Klemperer.

Today the students come from over 50 countries. Students from abroad can attend a special “English for Musicians” course. There are over 600 students at the academy. The students have many opportunities to perform, both in the academy and in concerts in other places. Over 90% of the students find a career in music after they leave the academy.
The principal of the Royal Academy of Music is Jonathan Freeman-Attwood.

Some famous people who studied at the Royal Academy of Music
 John Barbirolli (conductor)
 Arnold Bax (composer)
 Richard Rodney Bennett (composer)
 Harrison Birtwistle (composer)
 Dennis Brain (French horn|horn player)
 William Crotch (first Principal of the Royal Academy of Music)
 Sir Clifford Curzon (pianist)
 John Dankworth (jazz composer)
 Lesley Garrett (soprano)
 Evelyn Glennie (percussionist)
 Myra Hess (pianist)
 Elton John (rock musician) Junior Academy
 Freddy Kempf (pianist)
 Philip Langridge (tenor)
 Felicity Lott (soprano)
 Moura Lympany (pianist)
 Joanna MacGregor (pianist)
 Michael Nyman (composer)
 Sir Simon Rattle (conductor)
 Arthur Sullivan (composer)
 Eva Turner (soprano)
 Christopher Warren-Green (conductor)
 Sir Henry Wood (conductor)

Royal Academy of Music
The Royal College of Music is a conservatory in London where young people can study music.  It was founded in 1882.  Many musicians who became famous studied music at the Royal College of Music.

The Royal College of Music was founded by Royal charter.  The president was the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII).  The president has always been a member of the royal family.  The first director was Sir George Grove and he was followed by Sir Hubert Parry.  The first building was opposite the west side to the Royal Albert Hall, but in 1894 the RCM moved to a larger building south of the Royal Albert Hall on Prince Consort Road.  The College is still there, but there have been many extensions and improvements to the building since then.
There are about 520 students at the RCM.  About 170 of these are post-graduate students.  The college can award degrees and diplomas in music.  Composers and performing musicians can study there.  There is a large museum of musical instruments.  Next to the main building is a 400-seater opera house, the Britten Theatre, opened in 1986.  There are now over 600 students from about 50 countries.

The director of the Royal College of Music is Dr Colin Lawson.
Some famous people who studied at the Royal College of Music 
Thomas Allen (born 1944), singer
Julian Anderson (born 1967), composer
Malcolm Arnold (1921 - 2006), composer
Arthur Bliss (1891 - 1975), composer
Rutland Boughton (1878 - 1960),  composer
Julian Bream (born 1933), guitarist and lutenist
Benjamin Britten (1913 - 1976), composer
George Butterworth (1885 - 1916), composer 
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor  (1875 - 1912), composer
Thurston Dart (1921 - 1971), performer and musicologist
 Andrew Davis (born 1944), conductor
Colin Davis (born 1927), conductor
James Galway (born 1939), flautist
Eugène Goossens (1893 - 1962), conductor
Charles Groves (1915 - 1992), conductor
David Helfgott (born 1947), pianist
Gustav Holst (1874 - 1934), composer
Herbert Howells (1892-1983), composer
 John Ireland (1879 - 1962), composer and pianist
Dame Gwyneth Jones (born 1936), Wagnerian soprano
Thea King (1925-2007), clarinetist
Constant Lambert (1905 - 1951), composer and critic
John Lill (born 1944), pianist
Hamish MacCunn (1868-1916), composer and conductor
Neville Marriner (born 1924), conductor
Francis Monkman (born 1949), rock, classical and film score composer
Peter Pears (1910 - 1986), singer
Trevor Pinnock (born 1946), harpsichordist and conductor
Edmundo Ros (1910—2011), band leader
Cyril Smith (1909 - 1974), pianist
Leopold Stokowski (1882 - 1977), conductor
Joan Sutherland (born 1926), singer
Michael Tippett (1905 - 1998), composer
Mark-Anthony Turnage (born 1960), composer
Fanny Waterman (born 1920), founder, chairman and artistic director of the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition musician
Andrew Lloyd Webber (born 1948), composer
Julian Lloyd Webber (born 1951), cellist
William Lloyd Webber (1914 - 1982), composer
Gillian Weir (born 1941), internationally-renowned organist
John Williams (born 1941), guitarist
Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872 - 1958), composer
Other websites
 Royal College of Music website 

Royal College of Music
An automated teller machine (ATM) is a machine that lets people take or deposit money that they have. It can also be used by someone to see how much money they have, or see and do other things with their bank account. In the United Kingdom, ATMs are often called cash machines, cashpoints or the hole in the wall.

ATMs may be found in stores and shopping malls. They can also be found in other places. Sometimes, they can be found in bars or restaurants. Other times, at special events, people may set one up so the guests can use the machine, like at a fundraiser.

People need a debit card or credit card in order to use an ATM. They also need to have a Personal Identification Number (PIN). A PIN is a code that lets them get into their account.
There are many scams with ATMs. In one scam, con artists look over the victim's shoulder and find their PIN. This is known as shoulder surfing. In another, they may put a video camera near the ATM to look at people using their PIN number. They then make cards using the PIN number and account number to be able to use that person's account.

In Germany, where people still use real money more than electronic money, there have been a lot of robberies from cash machines. 496 cash machines were blown up in 2022, with about €100,000 stolen each time.  Most of the thieves are Dutch men, say the German police.

In Japan old people are targeted by people who pretend to be members of their family in trouble.  In 2023 the National Police Agency were thinking about stopping people over 65 who had not used a machine for more than a year from using them.

References 

Money
Machines
A quilt is a type of blanket made of three layers: a top piece of cloth, a layer of insulating material often called batting, and a bottom piece of cloth for backing. The layers are joined together either by sewing or by tying the layers together with pieces of yarn, thread, or ribbon.

The top layer of the quilt can be made from many pieces of cloth sewn together in patterns, known as patchwork. Other patterns can be made by running lines of stitching through the three layers.

Sometimes quilts are not used as bedding, but are works of art made to be hung on a wall (wall hangings) or used as decoration.

Quilting is done in many cultures, such as the Amish, in Hawaii, and in India.

Cloth
Textile arts
A ribbon is a thin, flexible band, usually cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal. 

Ribbons are mostly used for tying or decorating things. Ribbons can be used to tie a person's hair, decorate clothing or uniforms, or to tie up packages. A typewriter uses a cloth or plastic ribbon to hold the ink.

Cloth
The Garden of Eden is the place where the first man, Adam, and the first woman, Eve, lived after they were created by God. 

In the Christian Bible, the story of the creation of the world in the book of Genesis describes how Adam and Eve lived in Eden in peace with all of the animals. They tended the garden and could eat from any tree except the Tree of Knowledge. After they ate from the Tree of Knowledge, God punished Adam and Eve by making them leave the Garden of Eden forever.

The story is told in Book of Genesis 1-3 (in the old Testament of the Bible) and the Tanakh. The Tanakh translates the Garden of Eden as Paradise.
Where the name Eden is from 
In Sumerian, Eden is a name for the Steppe. Heavenly Eden is also mentioned. It refers to a place that appears to be fertile at first, but later changes to become infertile. Climatologists have said this is a good description of the climate change that happened in The Levant after the last ice age. The green steppe became dry. This meant that food was no longer available all year round, but only at certain times. This forced the people living at the time to start agriculture and to keep some of their food for the periods where there was none. Scientists have referred to this change as the Neolithic Revolution. This change of food is also mentioned in the story.

Babylonian mythology sees the main reason for the creation of man to grow food for the gods. This is different in the Bible. There, god created plants as food for humans, and animals to keep them company.
The beginning of the Book of Genesis has been seen as describing the state before a climate change in a certain region. >Because of this change, humans were condemned to growing crops and keeping some food in stock, to be able to eat it, during the times it did not grow. Genesis has been seen to only start when this region converted to agriculture (the Neolithic Revolution, mentioned above). This means that Genesis roughly covers the time from about 8000 - 6000 BC to about 2000 BC. 

The Location of the Garden of Eden is clear from the original source: the Book of Genesis.  It is located at the head waters of four Rivers. The first is the Pishon which flows through the land of Havilah.
Havilah is located according to Genesis 10:29-30 starting in Mesha going toward Sephar.   Mount Masius (Mesha) according to Strabo the Greek Geographer is in northern Mesopotamia near Nisiris. Sephar is the ancient city of Sippar near Babylon. The river which currently flows through this region is the Khabur.  Its origin is Mount Masius which is known as the Karaca Dag. The Karaca Dag also supplies water to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers as well as the Balikh river through karst springs which completes the complement of the Four Rivers of Eden. The town of Viransehir in the hills south of the Karaca dag was known as Telassar in the Byzantine era where  the Children of Eden were defeated by the Assyrians.  

Strabo volume 7 book 16 chapter 1

Having to leave the Garden
Judaism 
Judaism teaches that sin cannot be passed on from the parents to their children. There is a free will, everyone is responsible for their own sins only. Humans can do bad things and good things. God's commandments help them do good things. What exactly makes up the Commandments of God is not written down, but needs to developed by tradition. Sins are forgiven once a year during Yom Kippur. Unlike Christianity, Judaism has no personified evil.

Christianity 
Christianity believes that sin can be passed on from the parents to their children. This is known as original sin. Without Jesus, humans must live in sin. Augustine of Hippo formalized this belief, which is now a dogma in the Western Christian denominations (Catholicism and Protestantism).
Islam 
Islam sees Adam and Eve being chased away as a chance for a new start. Islam says the Christian concept of original sin is false. This means that them being chased away does not change the relationship between men and God. According to Islamic tradition, Adam and Eve were placed in different parts of the world. They first had to wander around before they found each other.

Related pages
 Fall of Man

Old Testament
The Wigmore Hall is a famous concert hall in London.  It is called a “recital hall” because it is designed for recitals: concerts given by one soloist, or sometimes a small group of musicians (chamber music). It is in Wigmore Street in the centre of  London, just north of Oxford Street.

The Wigmore Hall was built in 1901 by the German firm Bechstein who made pianos.  Originally it was called Bechstein Hall.  Bechstein’s showrooms were next door.  The hall was built in a Renaissance style, with alabaster and marble walls and a rectangular hall with a small, raised stage.  Above the stage the ceiling is in the form of a cupola which has a painting which shows the Soul of Music looking up at the Genius of Harmony: a ball of eternal fire whose rays are reflected across the world.  These are separated by thorns from the rest of the picture which includes a musician and, on the other side, Psyche inspiring a composer to write music.
The "Bechstein Hall" opened on 31 May 1901 with a concert given by the virtuoso pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and violinist Eugène Ysaÿe. During its early period many famous musicians played there, including Artur Schnabel, Pablo Sarasate, Percy Grainger, Myra Hess, Arthur Rubinstein and Camille Saint-Saëns.

Because it was owned by a German firm, the hall was seized as enemy property during World War I. The hall with over 130 pianos was sold at an auction to Debenhams for a very small amount of money, and was re-opened as Wigmore Hall in 1917.  Musicians who have performed there since include Sviatoslav Richter, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Victoria de los Ángeles, Sergei Prokofiev, Shura Cherkassky, Paul Hindemith, Andrés Segovia, Julian Bream, Peter Pears, Benjamin Britten and Francis Poulenc.

Today the Wigmore Hall seats 540 people.  Many concerts are broadcast on BBC Radio 3.  Famous musicians perform there, as well as young musicians who are just starting their career.
The Wigmore Hall publishes on its own record label "Wigmore Hall live" recordings of concerts that were given by famous musicians.  The pianos in the Wigmore Hall today are made by Steinway.

The Wigmore Hall's director is John Gilhooly.  His future plans include having lots of music by living composers

Other websites
 Official Wigmore Hall Web Site

Concert halls in London
The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music or ABRSM is an organisation that arranges music examinations.  The organisation is based in London, but they arrange examinations in places all over the world.  Many people, especially children, who learn instruments take examinations of the ABRSM as it helps them to become better players because it gives them something to work for.  People of any age can take the exams.  Those who pass an exam get a certificate.  Over 620,000 candidates take the ABRSM examinations every year in over ninety countries.

The organisation is called  “Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music” because it is organised by a group of four music conservatoires:  
Royal Academy of Music
Royal College of Music
Royal Northern College of Music
Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama

Graded Exams
Graded Exams

Exams can be taken on many different instruments.  In nearly each case there are eight grades, numbered from 1 to 8.  For example, someone who has learned the piano for a short while may take Grade 1 once he or she can play pieces such as a simple minuet, and play a few scales with separate hands.  By the time they take Grade 8 they will need to be able to play movements from sonatas by composers such as Beethoven, play all 24 scales in various ways very fluently and be good at sight-reading.

The marks are given out of 150.  The pass mark is hundred.  Below hundred marks is a “Fail”.  one hundred and twenty marks to one hundred and twenty nine is called a “Merit” and one hundred and thirty and above is a “Distinction”.
Although some students take each of the grades as they get better at their instrument, it is not necessary to have passed earlier grades in order to take a higher grade.  For grades 6 and above it is necessary to have passed Grade 5 Theory or Practical Musicianship or Jazz.  This is to make sure that students have a good knowledge of music.

The examiners are people who are professional musicians.  Many of them are music teachers.  They have a wide experience of music and they are trained by the ABRSM so that they all mark in the same way.

The ABRSM also publish a lot of music, including the music set for their exams.

There are four kinds of exams:

Practical Exams
These are by far the most commonly taken exams. Available for over 35 instruments, these exams consist of 4 different sections:
Set Pieces. The student will need to play three pieces which he or she will have practised and can play well.  There is a choice of pieces: students must choose one from each of three groups of pieces.  For some instruments a selection of these pieces are published together in a book.  The pieces will change every two years (or with some instruments every four years).
 
 Scales.  These will include scales, arpeggios and broken chords, depending on the grade and instrument.

 Sight Reading. The student is given a piece he has never seen before, and has 30 seconds to look at it or try it out, and then he must play it as well as he can. 

Aural Tests.  The student must listen to examples played by the examiner and answer questions on them.  He may, for example, have to sing the notes the examiner played, or clap the rhythm or say what kind of chords were played (depending on the grade).
Each section has a certain number of marks and all the marks add up to 150. 100 is a pass, 120 a merit and 130 a distinction.

There is also a Prep Test for those who are not yet ready to take Grade 1 but would like to have the experience of taking an exam.  Students who take a Prep Test are not given a mark.  It is a way to encourage young people and make them relaxed about the idea of taking exams.

Theory Exams
These are written papers about musical theory. They are marked out of 100: 66 or more is a pass; 80 or more is a merit; 90 or more is a distinction.

Practical Musicianship
These exams will test a student’s understanding of rhythm, melody, key and notation together with the ability to sing and play from memory, and improvise and to recognise changes to and answer questions about a score.
Jazz Exams
These are the newest types of exams.  Jazz piano was first offered in 1999. At the moment they are only available for flute, piano, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet and trombone. They are also only available from Grades 1-5. They are marked in the same way as practical exams. However many of the pieces include large sections where they have to improvise (make something up) using particular chords.

Diplomas
The ABRSM offer diplomas in three disciplines:
Music Performance
Music Direction
Instrumental/Vocal Teaching
For each discipline there are three levels of award:
DipABRSM (Diploma of The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music)
LRSM (Licentiate of the Royal Schools of Music)
FRSM (Fellowship of the Royal Schools of Music)
These are professional qualifications which allow a person to put the letters after his or her name.

Other websites
 Official ABRSM website

Music education
Punjab or Panjab may mean: 

 Punjab region, an area of South Asia spanning from eastern Pakistan to north-western India
 Punjab (India), a state of India
 Punjab (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan

In former countries, states and provinces:
 Punjab (British India), a former province
 Punjab Hill States agency, an administrative unit of British India
 Patiala and East Punjab States Union, a former state of India
 West Punjab, the part of the Punjab which became part of Pakistan
 East Punjab, the part of the Punjab which became part of the Republic of India.
In other:
 Punjab lasso, a weapon made of cat gut used to strangle people, mentioned in Gaston Leroux's novel The Phantom of the Opera
 Punjab, a character in the musical Annie
 Punjab (XMPP), an XMPP/Jabber server component for stateless applications and more

See also:
 Punjab Assembly (disambiguation)
House of Commons is the name of the lower house in several commonwealth parliaments

House of Commons of the United Kingdom
House of Commons of Canada

The House of Commons of Southern Ireland (1921-1922)
The House of Commons of Northern Ireland (1921-1971)
[[File:Hercules fighting the Centaurs.jpg|thumb|260px|Hercules fighting the Centaurs, engraving by Sebald Beham]]
Engraving is putting a design onto a hard, flat surface, by carving into it. The result may be a decorative piece in itself, as when silver, gold or steel are engraved, or may provide a printing plate of copper or another metal, for printing images on paper which are also called engravings. Engraving was an important method in history of making images on paper, both in artistic ways, such as making a decorative print, and also for printing books and magazines. It has long been replaced by photography in its commercial uses and, is nowadays much less common in printmaking, where it has been almost completely replaced by etching and other techniques.

The engraving process
Engravers use a steel tool called a burin to cut the picture or pattern into the surface, mostly a copper plate. Gravers come in a variety of shapes and sizes that give different line types when used. The burin gives us a line that is unique because of its steady appearance and smooth edges. The angle tint tool has a slightly curved tip that is commonly used in printmaking. Florentine liners are flat-bottomed tools with multiple lines on them, used to do work on larger areas. Flat gravers are used for doing work on letters, as well as most musical instrument engraving work. Round gravers are commonly used on silver as well as other hard-to-cut metals such as nickel and steel. 

History and usage
In ancient history, the only engraving that could be made were the shallow grooves found in some jewellery after 1000 B.C.
In the European Middle Ages goldsmiths used engraving to decorate metal. It is thought that they began to print impressions of their designs to record them. From this grew the engraving of copper printing plates to make artistic images on paper in Germany in the 1430s. The first and greatest period of engraving was from about 1470 to 1530, with such masters as Martin Schongauer, Albrecht Dürer, and Lucas van Leiden. 

Thereafter engraving tended to lose popularity to etching, which was a much easier technique for an artist to learn. By the nineteenth century, most engraving was for commercial picture-making. 

Before the invention of photography, engraving was used to reproduce other forms of art, for example paintings. Engravings continued to be common in newspapers and many books into the early 20th century, because they were cheap to use in printing.
When two sets of parallel line hatchings crossed each other for higher density, the pattern was known as cross-hatching. Claude Mellan is well known for his technique of using lines of different thicknesses. One example is his Sudarium of Saint Veronica, an engraving of the face of Jesus from a single spiralling line that starts at the tip Jesus's nose (pictured).

Modern engraving
Because of the high level of detail that can be done by a master engraver, faking engraved designs is almost impossible, and modern banknotes are almost always engraved, as are plates for printing money, checks, bonds and other papers that should not be faked. Engraving is so fine that a normal printer can not make the detail of hand engraved images properly. In the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, more than one engraver will work on the same printing plate, making it nearly impossible for any person to duplicate all the engraving on almost any banknote or document.
Many classic postage stamps were engraved, although the practice is now mostly confined to particular countries, or used when a more "elegant" design is desired and a limited amount of different colours is acceptable.

Engraving machines such as the K500 or K6 by Hell Gravure Systems use a diamond "pen" to cut cells. Each cell creates one printing dot later in the process. A K6 can have up to 18 engraving heads each cutting 8,000 cells per second to an accuracy of 0.1 µm and below. They are of course fully computer controlled and the whole process of cylinder making is fully automatic.

The engraving process with diamonds is state of the art since the 1960s. 

Now, laser engraving machines are being made and even today the mechanical cutting has proven its strength in economical terms and quality. More than 4,000 engravers make about 8 million printing cylinders worldwide per year.

Biblical references
The earliest allusion to engraving in the Bible may be the reference to Judah’s seal ring. (Genesis 38:18), followed by (Exodus 39.30). Engraving was commonly done with pointed tools of iron or even with diamond points. (Jeremiah 17:1). 

Each of the two onyx stones on the shoulder pieces of the high priest’s ephod was engraved with the names of six different tribes of Israel, and each of the 12 precious stones that adorned his breastpiece was engraved with the name of one of the tribes. The holy sign of dedication, the shining gold plate on the high priest’s turban, was engraved with the words: “Holiness belongs to Jehovah.” Bezalel, along with Oholiab, was qualified to do this specialized engraving work as well as to train others.—Ex 35:30-35; 28:9-12; 39:6-14, 30.

 References 
 A. M. Hind (1923, repr. 1963). History of Engraving and Etching. Dover.
 A. Gross (1970). Etching, Engraving, and Intaglio Printing. G. Duplessis (1989). Wonders of Engraving.''
Other websites 
 Engraving from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of Art History
 Blog on Old Master Engravings and Etchings

Printmaking
Ronald "Ron" Dennis CBE (born 1 June 1947) is the executive chairman of McLaren Automotive and McLaren Group.  He was the team principal of the McLaren Formula One team until 2009.

He was placed at number 648 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2006 with a wealth of £90 million. The Times put his wealth at £200 million in 2009.

References

1947 births
Living people
English businesspeople
Formula One people
People from Woking