Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Chelicerata are a sub-phylum of the Arthropods. The sub-phylum consists of only two classes: the Arachnids and the Merostomata.

The Merostomata are the extinct Eurypterids and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). The horseshoe crabs are a small, ancient group which has survived relatively unchanged for millions of years. Groups like this are often called living fossils. The Arachnida is the huge and successful terrestrial (air-breathing) group of spiders and their relatives.

The chelicerates originated as marine animals. The first confirmed chelicerate fossils, the eurypterids, date from 445 million years ago in the late Ordovician period. Although only four marine species survive, all of them horseshoe crabs, there are over 77,000 species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.
The pycnogonids may or may not be Chelicerates. This is in dispute, as genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods. There are 1,300 species of  these 'sea spiders'.

The life-style of chelicerates is largely carnivorous, or other kinds of heterotroph.

References
A cameraman or camera operator, is the person who takes motion pictures of the actors in a movie with a motion picture camera. They also are the people who work the cameras for television shows and news.

Entertainment occupations
The wire-crested thorntail (Discosura popelairii) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Their coloring is steel-blue, with white shafts, making a pretty sight when spread. The bird has a crest of bright green feathers. These birds feed on nectar from flowers using their long tongue or catch insects on the wing.

Hummingbirds
Birds of South America
Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a type of personality disorder, a long-term mental illness.

Symptoms 
People diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder are socially inhibited, meaning that they are shy and afraid of social situations. They feel that they are not good people and are afraid of people rejecting them. They are very sensitive to other people saying bad or negative things about them.
Diagnosis 
Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals diagnose people with avoidant personality disorder using a book called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). They look at a person's behaviour and how they are feeling. If the person has four or more of the following signs, the DSM-IV-TR says that they have AvPD.
 Avoids jobs or activities that involve a lot of contact with other people because of being very afraid of rejection or being criticised by other people
 Does not want to get involved with people unless they are sure that the other person likes them
 Is restrained or reserved in relationships and does not let people get too close because of being afraid of being made to feel bad
 Spends a lot of time thinking about being criticised or rejected in social situations
 Feels inhibited when meeting new people because of feeling not as good as other people
 Thinks that they are not good with people, not attractive, or not as good as other people
The symptoms of AvPD are much more serious than ordinary shyness.

References

Other websites 
 

Personality disorders
Cassiopeia was a woman in Macedonian mythology. She was the wife of Cepheus who was king of Ethiopia. They had a daughter called Andromeda. Cassiopeia was very beautiful but also very arrogant and vain. She thought that she was better than other people. One day, Cassiopeia said that her daughter Andromeda was more beautiful than all of the Nereids. The Nereids were sea-nymphs. When the sea-god Poseidon heard what Cassiopeia had said, he was very angry. He sent floods and a sea monster called Cetus to destroy Ethiopia. Cassiopeia and her husband Cepheus asked an oracle what to do. The oracle said that they must sacrifice their daughter so they chained Andromeda to a rock. A hero named Perseus came and rescued Andromeda. Later, they got married.

Poseidon was still angry with Cassiopeia and wanted to punish her. He placed her in the sky. There is a constellation called Cassiopeia named after her.

References 

People in Greek mythology
Cassiopeia (or Kassiopeia) can mean:

 Cassiopeia (mythology), a woman in Greek mythology
 Cassiopeia (constellation), a constellation in the northern sky
A branch line is a secondary railway line. It links to a more important route, usually a main line. A very short branch line may be called a spur line. David Blyth Hanna, the first president of the Canadian National Railway, said that although most branch lines cannot pay for themselves, they are essential to make main lines pay.

References

Transport infrastructure
Atlantic Records (Atlantic Recording Corporation) is a major record label. It sold rhythm & blues, rock and roll, and jazz. It was founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. Some of its groups included Cream, Led Zeppelin, Yes, and Foreigner.

Recording artists

Related pages
Jazz
Rock and Roll
Record label

References 

American record labels
1947 establishments in the United States
The amazilia hummingbird (Amazilia amazilia) is a species of hummingbird. The loja hummingbird (A. alticola) has less tan-brown underparts. It is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the amazilia hummingbird.

The amazilia hummingbird lives in western Peru and Ecuador. It is mostly common, and can be seen in big cities such as Lima and Guayaquil. It likes dry, open or partly-open habitats, but also lives in forests.

References 
 Schulenberg T. et al 2007. Birds of Peru. Christopher Helm. 

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
The Wikimedia Foundation is an American non-profit foundation. Their main headquarters is in San Francisco in the United States. The Wikimedia Foundation runs many projects using the wiki idea and the MediaWiki software. These projects include Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, and Meta-Wiki.

There are many other wikis related to the foundation, but these are mostly smaller projects. They include the Wikimedia Foundation wiki, the MediaWiki wiki, the Test Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Incubator, Bugzilla, and the Wikimania wiki.

The foundation's creation was officially announced by Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales, who was running Wikipedia within his company Bomis, on June 20, 2003.
The foundation gets most of its funds from donations, as it is a nonprofit. It also looks for grants. Some companies have helped Wikimedia by giving free computer hardware, and by hosting servers. Since people can write the wikis, Wikimedia projects are free to use. Funds are used to run computer servers and to pay staff. The Foundation had 160 employees in 2013.

In 2013, Sue Gardner was the executive director.

In 2015, Patricio Lorente was the Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board.

In 2016, Katherine Maher became the executive director.

In 2018, María Sefidari is chair of the board.

Projects

Content projects
 Wikimedia has many content projects. These include:
Wikipedia: An online encyclopedia.
 Meta-Wiki: A place for talking about ideas about Wikimedia projects.
 Wikibooks: A collection of educational books.
 Wikidata: A shared collection of data that can be accessed by other projects.
 Wikifunctions: A collection of code.
 Wikimedia Commons: A shared collection of free images, videos, and sounds. Things there can be used by other projects.
 Wikinews: A collection of news articles.
 Wikiquote: A collection of quotes.
 Wikisource: A library of source texts and documents.
 Wikispecies: A taxonomic collection of species.
 Wikiversity: A collection of educational materials.
 Wikivoyage: A travel guide.
 Wiktionary: A dictionary.

Infrastructure projects
There are other projects that help the Wikimedia movement's infrastructure and interface. They do this by making them work smoothly. These include:
Kiwix: A community project that allows offline access to the content projects.
 MediaWiki: The open-source platform that powers the Wikimedia projects.
 Toolforge: A community space that hosts software projects.
 Volunteer Response Team: A community group that handles email inquiries.
 Wikimedia Cloud Services: A platform for shared cloud computing, based on OpenStack.
 Wikitech: A group of developers with a wiki and mailing list.

The different boards

Board of Trustees 

The Board of Trustees in charge of all the affairs of the Foundation has ten members:

 four who are appointed by the Board itself;
 three who are selected by the community of all the different Wikimedia projects;
 two who are selected by the local chapters and thematic organizations;
 and one emeritus for the foundation's founder, Jimmy Wales.

The Signpost reported that two new trustees were elected in 2019:
 Nataliia Tymkiv, user:antanana  (English or Ukrainian)
 Shani Evenstein, user:Esh77 i(English or Hebrew)
Advisory Board 
The Foundation also has an Advisory Board, an international network of experts who have agreed to give the foundation meaningful help on a regular basis in many different areas, including law, organizational development, technology, policy, and outreach.

References

Other websites 
 
 Governance wiki

 
Non-profit organizations of California
Companies based in San Francisco
David Chalmers was born in 1966. He has lived in Australia all of his life.

Since 2004 he has been a professor of philosophy at the Australian National University.

He has challenged other philosophers to solve the "Hard Problem of consciousness". This is the problem of explaining the relationship between physical and mental states. For example, the brain has a physical way of processing information and this makes an experience, a mental state.

Other websites
 Hard problem of consciousness

1966 births
Living people
20th-century philosophers
21st-century philosophers
Atheists
Australian academics
People from South Australia
Australian philosophers
The Australian giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama) is the biggest species of cuttlefish.

It grows up to  in mantle length length and over  pounds in weight. Australian Giant Cuttlefish live in the southern coast of Australia, from Brisbane in Queensland to Shark Bay in Western Australia. It lives in rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and sand or mud seafloor to a depth of 100 meters. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have been seen to eat them.

References

Cephalopods
Panpsychism is the theory that everything in the universe is somewhat sentient or conscious. They are all connected parts of the whole. 

Panpsychists believe  that all matter in the universe has some degree of consciousness.In other words the substance of the universe is composed entirely of mind or consciousness. This is not to say that rocks have a mind but that the individual atoms and other particles in the rock have some sort of awareness and are aware of each other. Panpsychism is opposed to materialism or any doctrine that argues that the reality of the universe is composed solely of matter. Panpsychism needs no supernatural miracle to explain consciousness, it is consciousness. In other words we are all part of a grand communication scheme which is the glue that holds the universe together.

References
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
 Catholic Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Other websites 
 Panpsychism.net 

Philosophical movements and positions
The Plateosaurids or Prosauropods were a group of early herbivorous dinosaurs that lived during the later Triassic and early Jurassic periods. 

They were the largest herbivores in their environment, and quickly reached (6 to 10 meters long). All prosauropods had a long neck and small head, forelimbs shorter than the hindlimbs, and a very large thumb claw for defense. They were originally thought to be the ancestors of the sauropods, but are now considered by some as a parallel lineage.

Taxonomy 
Infraorder Prosauropoda
?Yimenosaurus
Meroktenos
?Mussaurus
Family Riojasauridae
Eucnemesaurus
Riojasaurus
Family Plateosauridae
Plateosaurus
Sellosaurus
?Unaysaurus
Family Massospondylidae
?Adeopapposaurus
Coloradisaurus
Lufengosaurus
Massospondylus
Yunnanosaurus
Jingshanosaurus
Admiral is the highest rank in a navy. The term is used internationally by many countries. It derives originally from the Arabic word emīr (= commander), and came to English by way of Old French and Latin. 

Variations on the term are:
Admiral of the Fleet: originally, the Admiral in charge of an operational fleet, later used to designate senior status.
Vice-Admiral: step lower in rank than Admiral.
Rear-Admiral: two steps lower in rank than Admiral.
Admiralty: the department of government which administers the navy.
Admiralty Board: committee of the Ministry of Defence (UK)
Admiral: a butterfly of vivid colour belonging to the Nymphalid family.

References 

 
Military ranks
Drosera, sometimes called Sundews, are carnivorous plants. They use a thick gluey goo called mucilage to trap and digest their prey.The mucilage is attached to special hairs called trichomes. They are one of the most common carnivorous plants. They have at least 188 species. They are found everywhere in the world except Antarctica. Many sundews species usually live for two or more years. Others live for only one year and reproduce by seed. Some sundew species can live for 50 years.
Description 
Its scientific name is from the Greek δρόσος: "drosos" = "dew, dewdrops". Its English name is sundew, from Latin ros solis, meaning "dew of the sun". Both names describe the sweet-smelling, sticky mucilage (goo) that comes down the ends of tentacles on each flower stalk. This mucilage rolls down the plant, attracting sugar-loving insects day and night. The mucilage has enzymes which digests them so that the plants can get the nitrogen it needs from it. Like all plants, the sundew makes its own food, and just uses insects for nitrogen and other nutrients. These tiny flowering plants are about  tall, about as tall as an adult's hand, though some climbing sundews can be much taller. One species of sundew, the Drosera erythrogyne, grew up to . Sundew roots are not very strong. They are usually simply for taking in water and keeping the sundew firmly planted to the ground.

What they eat
A fly, butterfly, or other nectar-loving insect will find the sweet smell of the mucilage that oozes from the plant. Landing on the colorful tip, the insect will immediately be stuck. The plant has cells that make more mucilage in the place where the insect is. The gooey mucilage will completely surround the insect. Then, the sundew plant wraps its outside tentacles around the insect, absorbing its nutrients. It curls its tentacles around the insect quite quickly: in some species this takes only a few seconds. Some species, like Drosera glanduligera can curl its tentacles towards its prey in less than a second. Many sundews can bend parts of themselves so that the prey will be as sticky as possible. One species, Drosera capensis, actually wraps its leaf around the prey in 30 minutes, as seen in the picture on the right. The prey usually dies in about 15 minutes. The sundew will then eat the entire insect except the outside exoskeleton
. When the plant has finished eating, it opens up its tentacles and drops the exoskeleton to the ground.
Other uses 
Sundews have also been used in herbal medicine for a long time. Today they are still used to stop coughs, asthma, and lung infections.

Because they are carnivorous (eat living things), and because of the beauty of the dew-like mucilage on their tentacles, sundews are also popular as ornamental plants. However, they can be quite hard to grow: they need lots of water (their soil usually has to keep on being very wet), and this water has to be pure (without minerals inside it), because this can stop them from growing or even kill them.

Parts of sundews were also eaten by Australian Aborigines.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 A key to Drosera species, with distribution maps and growing difficulty scale 
A virtually exhaustive listing of Drosera pictures on the web
 International Carnivorous Plant Society
 Carnivorous Plant FAQ
 Listing of scientific Drosera articles online (terraforums.com) 
 The Sundew Grow Guides 
 Sundew images from smugmug
 Botanical Society of America, Drosera - the Sundews 
An editor's website

Caryophyllales
Carnivorous plants
The bee hummingbird or zunzuncito (Mellisuga helenae) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Cuba's Isla de la Juventud.

A newly hatched bee hummingbird chick may weigh about a fingernail clipping. Its weight is less than a tenth of an ounce (2 g). Because of this, it is the smallest living bird as well as the smallest theropod dinosaur on record. Females grow to up to  long, weighing around . Male bee hummingbirds grow to be  long, weighing around .

Male hummingbirds have a red throat and head, with long neck feathers. They have a light underside,    spotted blue wing tips and black tipped tail feathers.  The rest of the feathers are blue or green. Females have green parts and white tips to the tail feathers. After mating season, the birds become dull and gray in color.

When flying, bee hummingbirds beat 80 times a second. During courtship flight, they beat up to 200 times per second.
When they are hatched, they are blind and nearly naked. The mother feeds the hatchlings by  regurgitating for 20-40 days while she stays over the nest. Only after their wing feathers are grown will the hatchlings leave the nest (around 23 days after hatching).

References 

Hummingbirds
Birds of Central America
The blue-capped hummingbird or Oaxaca hummingbird (Eupherusa cyanophrys) is a species of hummingbird. It is endemic to subtropical moist forest in the southernmost part of the Sierra Madre del Sur in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Its tiny range is threatened by habitat loss.

Like the White-tailed hummingbird, it is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the more common Stripe-tailed hummingbird.

References
 BirdLife International 2004.  Eupherusa cyanophrys.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Birds of North America
Hummingbirds
Cwmbran is a town just outside of Newport. In 2001, about 47,254 people lived there. It has the second biggest undercover shopping center in Wales. Cwmbrân was created under the New Town Act of 1946 to house employees of the nearby steelworks. It has different industries, including the production of car parts, nylon yarn, and cookies.

References 

Towns in Wales
Raje Maratha Caste Title () is the honorary title for a king or nobleman (i.e. "your Majesty") in India. In India, south Indian states were ruled by the royal Indian Maratha dynasty. The rulers were addressed by the people as Raje.

Some clans of the Maratha Caste King put the name Raje before their original clan name. Examples of these include RajeBhosale, RajeShirke, RajeMahadik, RajeNimbalkar and RajeMane.

In states like Rajasthan, Rajput community chiefs are known by the titles that include Maharawal, Rana and Maharana. These mean the same thing as Raje or Maharaja.

Related pages 
 Raja

Titles
Indian royalty
The Flag of the State of Colorado has three horizontal stripes of the same width; the top and bottom stripes are blue, and the middle stripe white. On top of these stripes sits a circular red "C", filled with a golden disk. The blue is meant to represent the skies, the gold stands for the sunshine enjoyed by the state, the white represents the snowcapped mountains and the red represents the earth.

History
The flag was thought up by Andrew Carlisle Johnson in 1911 and adopted by the state's General Assembly on June 5 of the same year. 

However, the legislature did not specify the size of the "C" or the exact shade of blue or red. Because of this, some flags were in slightly different colors and had the "C" wholly within the center stripe. On February 28, 1929, the General Assembly added to the statement that the flag would be the same color blue and red as the flag of the United States.  On March 31, 1964, the legislature further dictated the diameter of the gold disc to be equal to the center stripe.
References

Colorado
Colorado
The amethyst woodstar (Calliphlox amethystina) is a species of hummingbird.Tiny, short-billed hummingbird of forests, forest edges, and savanna woodlands. Both sexes are green on the back with a white band across the rump. The  males have a pink throat and a forked tail. Females have a white throat, a short tail, and cinnamon flanks and undertail. 

It is found in most of central, and eastern South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname (the Guianas), Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. The bird's range surrounds the "Amazon countries" into the Andes foothills and higher heights of upstream river systems, but is not along the Amazon River proper in the central Amazon Basin, or the central upper Basin; it is in Brazil at the river's outlet, and upstream for about 500 km.

The amethyst woodstar's natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.

The amethyst woodstar was named after the amethyst crystal
References

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
The harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), also called the common seal, is a true seal. They are found in coastal waters of the northern Atlantic and Pacific ocean as well as Baltic and North Seas making them the most wide-ranging of the pinnipeds (walruses, eared seals, and true seals).

The females live longer than the males and females usually live to be 30 to 35, while males usually live up to 20 or 25 years old.

References 

Pinnipeds
A Merit badge is an award earned by youth members of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), based on things within an area of study by finishing a list of periodically updated requirements. The purpose of the merit badge program is to allow Scouts to find subjects to figure out if they would like to further pursue them as a career or . At first, the program also exposed Scouts to the life skills of contacting an Merit Badge Counselor they had not met before, arranging a meeting and then showing the Merit Badge Counselor their skills, kind of like to a job or college interview.

Merit badges are an important part of earning the high ranks in Scouting (Star, Life, and Eagle).  Eagle requires earning 21 merit badges, including 12 in specific areas such as camping, first aid, and citizenship; Life requires eleven and Star six.

At first, there were fifty-seven merit badges; today, there are 122.

Merit badges are also used as ways to move up in Scouting in other countries, such as Ireland.
List of Merit Badges
The following is a list of Boy Scout merit badges.  Merit badge that are required for Eagle are in italics

American Business
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American Heritage
American Labor
Animal Science
Archaeology
Archery
Architecture
Art
Astronomy
Athletics
Automotive Maintenance
Aviation
Backpacking
Basketry
Bird Study
Bugling
Camping
Canoeing
Chemistry
Cinematography
Citizenship in the Community
Citizenship in the Nation
Citizenship in the World
Climbing
Coin Collecting
Collections
Communications
Composite Materials
Computers
Cooking
Crime Prevention
Cycling
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Disabilities Awareness
Dog Care
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Electronics
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Energy
Engineering
Entrepreneurship
Environmental Science
Family Life
Farm Mechanics
Fingerprinting
Fire Safety
First Aid
Fish and Wildlife Management
Fishing
Fly Fishing
Forestry
Gardening
Genealogy
Geocaching
Geology
Golf
Graphic Arts
Hiking
Home Repairs
Horsemanship
Indian Lore
Insect Study
Inventing
Journalism
Landscape Architecture
Law
Leatherwork
Lifesaving
Mammal Study
Medicine
Metalwork
Model Design and Building
Motorboating
Music
Nature
Nuclear Science
Oceanography
Orienteering
Painting
Personal Fitness
Personal Management
Pets
Photography
Pioneering
Plant Science
Plumbing
Pottery
Public Health
Public Speaking
Pulp and Paper
Radio
Railroading
Reading
Reptile and Amphibian Study
Rifle Shooting
Robotics
Rowing
Safety
Salesmanship
Scholarship
Scouting Heritage
Scuba diving
Sculpture
Shotgun Shooting
Skating
Small-Boat Sailing
Snow Sports
Soil and Water Conservation
Space Exploration
Sports
Stamp Collecting
Surveying
Swimming
Textile
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Traffic Safety
Truck Transportation
Veterinary Medicine
Water Sports
Weather
Whitewater
Wilderness Survival
Wood carving
Woodwork

For 2010 Only
Carpentry
Pathfinding
Signaling
Tracking

Scouting
The blue-throated hummingbird, (Lampornis clemenciae), is a species of hummingbird. It is a good sized hummingbird, 11.5 to 12.5 cm (4½ to 5 inches) in length and 6 to 10 grams in weight. 

The blue-throated hummingbird is darkish green on the top of its body, blending to medium gray on its belly. It has a bright white stripe behind its eye and a narrower stripe reaching backward from the corner of its bill, bordering a blackish cheek patch. Its tail feathers are iridescent blue-black with broad white tips on the outer two to three pairs. 

The species gets its name from the adult male's iridescent blue throat patch (gorget). The female does not have this. Instead it has a plain grey throat. Males sing two types of songs: a simple "peep song", which sounds like a squeaky wheel, and a quiet but hard "whisper song". The female is also thought to sing during the breeding season to attract males.

Birds of North America
Hummingbirds
The Elephant Seal is a huge seal of the genus Mirounga. There are two species, one in each hemisphere. The southern elephant seal, is found in Antarctic waters, while the northern elephant seal lives on islands of California and Mexico. The elephant seal is the largest amphibious animal. The bulls have a huge proboscis, and may weigh 750 lbs, and 8 ft in length at maturity although old males can approach 11 ft long and weigh 1,375 lbs in rare cases.

Behaviour

On land 
Outside the breeding season, elephant seals come ashore only to shed their skin, a process known as moulting. In late summer, hundreds of seal gather on beaches and wallow in muddy pools of water. They lie close to gather while they gradually shed patches of hair and skin. Eventually, the old skin replaced by a new coat of sleek fur, and the seal return to water.

Mating is preceded by fights between males, who throw their huge bulk against each other. Winners get to mate with females.
Diving 
Elephant seals dive to 1550 metres beneath the ocean's surface: the deepest recorded dive of an Elephant seal is  . The average length of their dives is around 20 min for females and 60 min (1 hour) for males, as they search for their favorite food. Their diet includes skates, rays, squid, octopus, eels, penguin (Southerns only), and small sharks. Their stomachs also often contain gastroliths (stomach stones).

They are surprisingly good on land, faster than humans when moving over sand dunes.

References 

Pinnipeds
James Thomas Humberstone (July 8, 1850 - June 12, 1939) was an English chemical engineer. In 1872, he founded the Peru Nitrate Company in the Tarapacá Province of Peru (now part of the Tarapacá Region of Chile). He introduced the Schanks System and other innovations to the industry.

Life 
 
Humberstone was born in Dover, England. His grandfather had been director of the band of the Scottish Guard. His father worked in a post office. 

His family moved to London when he was young. Humberstone worked for the London and North Western railway when he was 17. While he worked there, he learned about mechanics and chemistry. Later, he joined the Royal School of Mines in London. He was a very good student.

When he  was 25, he was hired by The Tarapaca Nitrate Company and moved to South America. Humberstone arrived at the Peruvian port of Pisagua on January 6, 1875, where he commenced working as a chemist and engineer.
In 1878 he implemented the Shanks system to make sodium carbonate. He also made other changes such as the transfer of waste water to avoid losing the materials in the gravel. 

In 1879 the Chilean army landed in Pisagua, and consequently, many office workers went to the Pampa for safety. Humberstone, his wife, his mother and his two daughters went with them.
When they got to Tarapaca, the governor said they should go to Arica because the military was coming. They crossed the desert because they did not want to be near the coast. It took them twenty days to get get to Arica . When the war ended, and Tarapaca became part of Chile , Humberstone continued working in the Agua Santa office. 

In 1936, King George VI made him a member of the Order of the British Empire. Humberstone died in Iquique on June 12, 1939 and is buried in the British Cemetery, Tiliviche, Chile.

1850 births
1939 deaths
British chemical engineers
People from Kent
The brown inca (Coeligena wilsoni), is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Unlike most hummingbirds, the brown inca are not brightly colored. Instead they are plain brown with a white patch on the shoulder and an iridescent purple throat if seen in the best light.

References 
  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Nairobi National Park is the smallest park in Kenya.

The park has lots of different kinds of animals.

The park has a lot of educational programmes for teaching visitors about the different species of animals, their habitats and their diet.

The park has an area called the Orphanage where orphaned and abandoned animals are looked after.
National parks in Africa
Geography of Kenya
"Como La Flor" became one of her signature songs after it got to number six on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart in 1992. The next year, Selena Live! won a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/American Album. In 1994, Amor Prohibido was released and five of the singles became number one hits. Selena became the first Hispanic singer to do this. The album became the fastest-selling Latin album of all time. Amor Prohibido and the song of the same name were nominated for a Grammy Award. In late 1994, Charles Koppelman, the chairman of EMI Latin, believed that Selena was ready to release a cross over album. Selena would then begin recording songs in English instead of Spanish, which would expand her career.
On March 31, 1995, Selena was murdered by Yolanda Saldívar, a friend and former manager of her Selena Etc. clothing stores. Selena's death affected people in Hispanic communities. Many as other memorials from fans. Two weeks later, Governor of Texas at the time, George W. Bush, made April 16 "Selena Day" in Texas. Her crossover album Dreaming of You, which was not finished, was released on July 18, 1995. In 1997, Warner Bros. released a movie about her life. Puerto Rican singer and actress Jennifer Lopez played the role of "Selena" in the movie. The role Jennifer Lopez become famously as role "Selena the movie in 1997".
In 2005, a tribute concert called Selena ¡VIVE! premiered on Univision. The show had the highest ratings in the channel's history. It was also the most-watched Spanish-language show in the history of American television. It was watched by more than 37 million people in the United States. In 2006, a Selena museum was built in Q-Productions. Mirador de la Flor, a bronze life-sized statue, was created in memory of Selena. These memorials are in Corpus Christi, Texas. The statue is visited by hundreds of fans every week. As of 2012, Selena has sold over 60 million albums worldwide.

Early years

Selena Quintanilla was born on April 16, 1971 in Lake Jackson, Texas. Her mother, Marcella Ofelia Samora, is half Mexican American and half Cherokee Native American, while her father, Abraham Quintanilla Jr, is Mexican-American. Selena was raised as a Jehovah's Witness.

Abraham was a musician, but he abandoned his musical ambitions to support his family. Selena began singing along with Abraham's guitar picking.
Abraham organized his children into a band called "Selena y Los Dinos" ("Selena and The Boys"). 'Dinos' is a Spanish slang word.

In 1982, Abrahm opened a Mexican restaurant called "PapaGayos" (). However, the restaurant closed because of the recession of 1982. The family declared bankruptcy, and were evicted (forced to move from their home). They settled in Corpus Christi, Texas. Abraham asked people in town to hire Selena y Los Dinos. They needed money and played wherever they could get a gig. They performed at street corners, weddings, quinceañeras and fairs.

In 1984, Selena recorded her first LP record for Freddie Records. Selena learned Spanish by listening to others speak. The album was not sold in stores. Freddie Records did not believe a female singer could sell a record. Her father bought all of the original copies.
Selena was bullied in school by other girls. When Selena was in the eighth grade, her father took her out of school. Her performance schedule was getting bigger. Which was too hard for Selena to stay in public school. She completed and mailed homework on her tour bus. When she was 17, she earned a high school diploma from The American School of Correspondence in Chicago. She was also accepted at Louisiana State University.

In 1985, Selena recorded her second LP record, The New Girl in Town; The album was not sold in stores because of copyright problems. Selena became a music guest on the Johnny Canales Show. She sang "Oh Mama" from her second LP. In 1986, she released Alpha. The album became her first LP to be released successfully. It helped her to be discovered by Rick Trevi, the founder for the Tejano Music Awards. Selena won the Female Vocalist of the Year award in 1987. She won every year for eight years after that. She also released two more LPs: And the Winner Is... and Muñequito de Trapo.
Early success

In 1989, Selena signed a record agreement with EMI Latin. She became the first artist to sign with them. She also made Tejano music popular among younger people. Jose Behar said that he signed Selena because he thought he found the next Gloria Estefan. In the same year, Coca-Cola wanted Selena to become one of their spokespeople in Texas. Behar and Stephen Finfer asked EMI to begin Selena's cross over album. However, EMI did not want to start the crossover, while telling Selena that she needed a bigger fan base. She released her first album that same year. The lead single "Contigo Quiero Estar" got to number eight on the US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart in 1989.
In the same year, Chris Pérez, who was a rock guitarist, was asked to join Selena y Los Dinos. Abraham did not like Pérez because of his image and believed he would be a bad influence on his children. Selena's brother tried to tell Abraham that Pérez would change. Abraham agreed, because they were missing a guitarist. In 1990, Selena released Ven Conmigo. The album became the first album by a Tejano singer to reach gold status. Around this time, Pérez and Selena fell in love with each other. Abraham was angry about this and fired Pérez from the band. Selena was warned never to see him again by her father. The two eloped on April 2, 1992. Abraham accepted the relationship and Pérez into the family. He later said that he felt guilty. He said this because he thought that it was his behavior that Selena and Pérez eloped.
A registered nurse and fan named Yolanda Saldívar asked Selena's father to start a fan club in San Antonio, Texas. Saldívar had the idea after she had attended one of Selena's concerts. Abraham approved Saldívar's request. Abraham believed the fan club would bring in new fans. Saldívar soon became a close friend to Selena and the family. She was trusted and became the president of the fan club. In 1992, Selena released Entre a Mi Mundo. The song "Como La Flor" became Selena's signature song. The album and the single helped her to tour in Mexico. Selena recorded a duet with Salvadoran singer Alvaro Torres called "Buenos Amigos" in 1991. The song got to number one on the Hot Latin Tracks. This became Selena's first number one song. Because of this, Selena was asked to perform "Buenos Amigos" in El Salvador.
In 1993, Selena released Selena Live!. The album won a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/American Album. Around this time, Selena opened two clothing stores called Selena Etc. She hired Saldívar as the manager. Hispanic Business magazine wrote that Selena earned $5 million from her clothing stores. Selena also acted in a Spanish soap opera called Dos Mujeres, Un Camino in 1993. When her episode premiered, it had a record rating. In December 1993, Selena was signed with SBK Records to begin her cross over album. However, recording would not begin until late-1994.
Later success 
In 1994, Selena released Amor Prohibido. The album became the best-selling Latin album of all time. Five singles from the album reached number one on the Hot Latin Tracks chart. Selena was the first Hispanic artist to do this. The album was certified double platinum by the end of the year. She also won awards from Premio Lo Nuestro including Best Latin Artist and Song of the Year. Selena recorded a duet with the Barrio Boyzz called "Donde Quiera Que Estes". The song got to number one on the Hot Latin Tracks. This allowed Selena to tour in New York City, Argentina, Puerto Rico and Central America, where she was not well known. The album and the single of the same name were nominated for a Grammy Award. "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Mas" became the most successful singles of 1994 and 1995 on the Hot Latin Track charts, according to Billboard and Nielson SoundScan. She was then called the "Queen of Tejano music".
In late 1994, EMI chairman Charles Koppelman felt that Selena had succeeded her goals in the Spanish market. He wanted to release a cross over album with Selena. Grammy Award-winning composers began writing songs for her to record. Her goal was to become a pop icon like Donna Summer, Paula Abdul, Madonna and Mariah Carey. Selena continued on her Amor Prohibido Tour while EMI Latin prepared the album. In 1995, Selena made a cameo appearance in Don Juan DeMarco, which starred Marlon Brando, Johnny Depp and Faye Dunaway. In February 1995, Selena performed at the Houston Astrodome. She performed for a record-breaking audience of over 60,000 fans. This was more than country singers such as George Strait, Vince Gill, Clint Black and Reba McEntire. Meanwhile, she was planning to open two more clothing stores. One was scheduled to be opened in Monterrey, Mexico.
Charity work 
Selena visited local schools to talk to students about the importance of education. She spent her free time helping her community. She also worked with D.A.R.E.. She planned a fundraising concert to help AIDS patients. Selena also helped victims in Florida after Hurricane Andrew made landfall there in 1992.

According to the A&E television series Biography, Selena's fans were minorities in the world. She encouraged them to be the best they can be. Her biggest fear was that no one would come watch her perform. At her peak, she continued to ask her father if anybody had showed up.

Selena was called the "Mexican Madonna", but unlike Madonna, Selena valued family and never cursed. She also was known for her "sexy stage costumes" that she wore while performing. Her friends and family called her a daredevil.

Murder and trial
Murder and trial 

Saldívar was an employee and manager for Selena's clothing stores and fan club. Saldívar was stealing money from these businesses and was eventually caught. Selena did not believe that her best friend could do something like that. She tried to maintain their friendship, but by March 1995, it began to get worse. Selena and her husband Pérez visited Saldívar on March 30, 1995 to get the documents that she had stolen. Saldívar did not give Selena all the documents. On the morning of March 31, 1995, Selena met up with Saldívar to collect paperwork and missing documents for tax preparations. At the hotel, Selena demanded that Saldívar give her the missing financial papers. Saldívar then claimed that she was raped in Mexico. Selena took her to a local hospital where doctors found that Saldívar was lying. This made Selena decide to end her friendship with Saldívar. When they returned to the hotel, they began arguing even more.
Saldívar pleaded not guilty. She said that the shooting was an accident. She said that she meant to shoot herself, not Selena. But prosecutor Carlos Valdez pointed out that Saldivar, a former nurse, did not call 911 or attempt to help Selena after she was shot. The jury sentenced Saldívar to life imprisonment. She has the right for parole in 2025. Reactions to Selena's death were compared to reactions to Elvis Presley and John Lennon's deaths. George W. Bush, Governor of Texas at the time, declared April 16 as "Selena Day" in Texas. Selena's death was called "Black Friday" in Texas. Most White Texans were offended that Selena Day would be celebrated on Easter. Many of them also wrote to the Brazosport Facts that "Easter is more important than Selena Day". Mexican Americans in Texas wrote negative replies to the comments that were made. One Mexican American wrote that some comments made were "rude". Radio host Howard Stern mocked Selena's funeral and death
. Many fans disapproved of such actions and held public boycotts.
Legacy

In 1997, Warner Bros. released a movie about Selena's life. Jennifer Lopez played Selena. The role helped Lopez become famous. Music critic David Bauder believed that if Selena were alive, she would have broken the record sales of Madonna, Gloria Estefan, Paula Abdul and Whitney Houston. By 1996, Selena held the record for more wins at the Latin Music Awards than any other artist. In 2006, a Selena museum was built in Q-Productions. Mirador de la Flor, a bronze life-sized statue, was created in memory of Selena. These memorials are in Corpus Christi, Texas.
The Guinness Book of World Records named Selena as the "most dominating artist". Selena also became the first Hispanic singer to have an album sung mostly in Spanish to reach number one. She also became the first female to place five albums at the same time on the Billboard 200 chart. The only other artists to have done this were Elvis Presley, The Beatles and Garth Brooks. Billboard wrote that the release of Dreaming of You was "a historic day in Latin music history". The album helped Selena to become the second-fastest selling female artist that year, behind Janet Jackson. Dreaming of You became the second-highest debut that year, behind Michael Jackson.
People magazine released a tribute issue for Selena. It sold one million copies in one day. This was the only issue to have been sold out in stores across the United States. The company released three more runs, and all sold out in two weeks. This made the company to release People En Espanol. A musical called Selena Forever, starring Veronica Vasquez as "Selena", opened in Los Angeles. The American Bank Center in Corpus Christi renamed its 2,526-seat "Bayfront Auditorium" to "Selena Auditorium".
A tribute concert, Selena ¡VIVE!, premiered on Univision on April 7, 2005. The concert marked the 10th anniversary of Selena's murder. The show included other Latin artists performing covers of Selena's songs. The show was the highest rated and most-watched Spanish-language show in American television history. The show had about 37 million viewers, more than the number of viewers of that night's episode of American Idol. The show had the highest ratings in Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco and New York City.
Selena's fan base continues to stay strong. Selena is considered one of the most widely known Mexican-American artists and the most popular Latin artist in the United States. Documentaries are shown on Spanish-language television annually marking Selena's death anniversary. Billboard named Selena the "Best Selling Latin Artist of the [1990's] Decade" and "Top Latin Artist of the 90's". As of 2012, Selena has sold over 60 million albums worldwide.
Selena was also honoured in a collaboration with cosmetics company MAC, who worked with her sister Suzette to create 14 products, including lipstick and gloss, mascara, eyeliner, eyeshadow, and a compact.  “I am so excited that M.A.C Cosmetics will be releasing a collection in honor of my sister Selena," her sister Suzette says, “Helping to create this collection brings me back to all those late-night conversations on our tour bus when she spoke of having her own makeup line one day. If Selena were here she would be beyond ecstatic to have this happening. History is being made.”

Discography 

 Selena (1989)
 Ven Conmigo (1990)
 Entre a Mi Mundo (1992)
 Selena Live! (1993)
 Amor Prohibido (1994)
 Dreaming of You (1995)

Filmography

References 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thomas, Amanda (2016), Mac Cosmetics Launched A Selena Collection, Beauty RSVP, http://www.beautyrsvp.com/2016/10/03/mac-cosmetics-launched-a-selena-collection/

Other websites 

 Official website
 Selena at Find A Grave
1971 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American singers
Actors from Corpus Christi, Texas
American Protestants
Businesspeople from Texas
American movie actors
American murder victims
American pop musicians
American R&B singers
American television actors
Deaths by firearm in Texas
Grammy Award winners
Jehovah's Witnesses people
Latin singers
Murdered entertainers
Murders by firearm in the United States
Selena
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Tejano musicians
Salomon Wininger (13 December 1877, Gura Humora, Bukovina – December 1968, in Ramat Gan, Israel) was an Austrian-Jewish biographer.

Before World War I, Wininger lived in Chernivtsi and moved to Vienna during the war years, where he decided to write biographies of famous Jewish persons. This idea was pushed in order to counter the self-hating mood of Jewish youth in the city, created under the influence of Otto Weininger's works.

After his return to Chernivtsi in 1921, Shlomo Wininger wrote about 13,000 biographies and published them in seven volumes between 1925 and 1936. He survived the time of World War II in Chernivtsi and emigrated in 1951 to Israel.

Wininger is considered as one of the greatest Jewish biographers of all time.

Works 

 Große Jüdische National-Biographie ("Lexicon of Jewish National Biographies"). Chernivtsi 1925–1936.
 Gura Humora: Geschichte einer Kleinstadt in der Südbukovina ("Gura Humora: History of a Small Town in South Bukovina").
References 
 Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 16. Keter, Jerusalem 1971.
 Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert. Vol. 3, S-Z. Ed.: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien. K. G. Saur, München 2002

Austrian writers
1877 births
1968 deaths
Biographers
Indo-Canadians are Canadians whose family can trace back to India. The names "East Indian" and "South Asian" are used for people who originate from India, to tell them apart from the First Nations peoples of Canada who are often called Indian, and from the people of the Caribbean, who are sometimes called West Indian. Most Indo-Canadians call themselves "Indian", instead of "East Indian". This is because Christopher Columbus thought the Americas were India, and that Native Americans were Indian.

Most Indo-Canadians come from India, but some come from the Caribbean, South America, Africa, and the Middle East. They usually live in cities like Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, Calgary, and Vancouver. They are one of the fastest growing races in Canada, because of immigration.

References

Ethnic groups in Canada
Branko Mikasinovich (born November 6, 1938) is one of the foremost scholars of Yugoslav and Serbian literature and a noted Slavist. He has edited Introduction to Yugoslav Literature (Twayne, 1973), the most representative anthology of modern Yugoslav prose and poetry in English; Five Modern Yugoslav Plays (Cyrco Press, 1977), a unique collection of plays written between 1945 and 1980; Modern Yugoslav Satire (Cross-Cultural Communications, 1979). which was selected for "Best Titles of 1979" by Library Journal, and included in the Puschart Prize V: The Best of the Small Presses; Yugoslav Fantastic Prose (Proex, 1991), the first anthology of Yugoslav supernatural tales in English, and Yugoslavia: Crisis and Disintegration (Plyroma Publishing Co., 1994).