Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Kerberos (pronounced  "kur-ber-uhs") is a computer network authentication protocol, which allows people communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. It is also a suite of free software published by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) that implements this protocol. Its designers aimed primarily at a client-server model, and it provides mutual authentication — both the user and the server verify each other's identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against spying and replay attacks.

Kerberos performs authentication as a trusted third party authentication service by using cryptographic shared secret under the assumption that packets traveling along the insecure network can be read, modified, and inserted. Kerberos builds on symmetric-key cryptography and requires a key distribution center. Extensions to Kerberos can provide for the use of public-key cryptography during certain phases of authentication.
History and development 
MIT developed Kerberos to protect network services provided by Project Athena. The protocol was named after the Greek mythological character Kerberos (or Cerberus), known in Greek mythology as being the monstrous three-headed guard dog of Hades. Several versions of the protocol exist; versions 1–3 used only internally at MIT.

Steve Miller and Clifford Neuman , the primary designers of Kerberos version 4 (which used the DES encryption algorithm with 56-bit keys),
published that version in 1989, although they had targeted it primarily for Project Athena. 

Version 5, designed by John Kohl and Clifford Neuman, appeared as RFC 1510 in 1993 (made obsolete by RFC 4120 in 2005), with the intention of overcoming the limitations and security problems of Version 4. The MIT makes an implementation of Kerberos Version 5 freely available, under a software license similar to that used by BSD license.
Several companies used Kerberos Version 5 in commercial software including:
 Microsoft's Windows 2000 and later use Kerberos as their default authentication method.Some Microsoft additions to the Kerberos suite of protocols are documented in RFC 3244 "Microsoft Windows 2000 Kerberos Change Password and Set Password Protocols".RFC 4757 documents Microsoft's use of the RC4 cipher. While Microsoft uses the Kerberos protocol, it does not use the MIT software. 
 Apple's Mac OS X also uses Kerberos in both its client and server versions.
 Red Hat Linux version 4 and later uses Kerberos in both client and server versions.
In 2005, the IETF Kerberos working group introduced a new updated specifications for Kerberos Version 5 . updates include:
 "Encryption and Checksum Specifications" (RFC 3961),
 "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Encryption for Kerberos 5" (RFC 3962),
 A new edition of the Kerberos Version 5 specification "The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)" (RFC 4120). This version obsoletes RFC 1510, clarifies aspects of the protocol and intended use in a more detailed clear explanation,
 A new edition of the GSS-API specification "The Kerberos Version 5 Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API) Mechanism: Version 2." (RFC 4121).

In 2007, MIT formed the Kerberos Consortium for continuation of development.
Protocol 
Kerberos uses as its basis the Needham-Schroeder protocol. It makes use of a trusted third party authentication known as "key distribution center (KDC)", which consists of two logically separate parts: an Authentication Server (AS) and a Ticket Granting Server (TGS). Kerberos works on the basis of "tickets" (called Kerberos tickets) which serve to prove the identity of users.

Kerberos database: The key distribution center (KDC) maintains a database of secret keys; each entity on the network — whether a client or a server — shares a secret key known only to itself and to the KDC. Knowledge of this key serves to prove the identity of each entity. For communication between two entities, the KDC generates a session key which they can use to secure their communications.
The term "Kerberos server" generally refers to the KDC. For reliability purposes, it is possible to have backup KDCs. These are referred to as "Kerberos slave servers". All slaves synchronize their databases from the master Kerberos server.

The term "Kerberized application server" generally refers to Kerberized programs that clients communicate with using Kerberos tickets for authentication. For example, the Kerberos telnet server is an example of a Kerberized application server . While the term "Kerberized applications" is used to referrer to the client side of Kerberized application server , For example, the Kerberos telnet client is an example of a Kerberized applications

The security of the protocol depends heavily on:
 Participants maintaining loosely synchronized time. 
 A Short-lived declaration of authenticity: the Kerberos tickets.
Simplified description of the protocol 
The following abbreviations will be used:
 AS = Authentication Server
 TGS = Ticket Granting Server
 SS or Server = Service Server (Server user requesting its service, such as a print server, a file server,etc...)
 TGT = Ticket Granting Ticket (Kerberos ticket for the TGS. Prepared by AS, then used to talk with TGS).

Briefly, the client authenticates to AS using a long-term shared secret and receives a ticket from the AS. Later the client can use this ticket to get additional tickets for SS using the same shared secret. These tickets can be used to prove authentication to SS.

The protocol in more detail 
User Client-based Logon Steps:

 A user enters a username and password on the client machine.
 The client performs a one-way function (mostly a Hash function) on the entered password, and this becomes the secret key of the client/user.

Client Authentication Steps:
The client sends a cleartext message to the AS requesting services on behalf of the user.Sample message: "User XYZ would like to request services".Note: Neither the secret key nor the password is sent to the AS.
 The AS checks to see if the client is in its database. If it is, the AS sends back the following two messages to the client:
 Message A: Client/TGS Session Key encrypted using the secret key of the client/user.
 Message B: TGT (which includes the client ID, client network address, ticket validity period, and the Client/TGS Session Key) encrypted using the secret key of the TGS.
 Once the client receives messages A and B, it decrypts message A to obtain the Client/TGS Session Key. This session key is used for further communications with TGS. At this point, the client has enough information to authenticate itself to the TGS.Note: The client cannot decrypt Message B, as it is encrypted using TGS's secret key.

Client Service Authorization Steps:
When requesting services, the client sends the following two messages to the TGS:
 Message C: Composed of the TGT from message B and the ID of the requested service.
 Message D: Authenticator (which is composed of the client ID and the timestamp), encrypted using the Client/TGS Session Key.
 Upon receiving messages C and D, the TGS retrieves message B out of message C. It decrypts message B using the TGS secret key. This gives it the Client/TGS Session Key. Using this key, the TGS decrypts message D (Authenticator) and sends the following two messages to the client:
 Message E: Client-to-Server ticket (which includes the client ID, client network address, validity period and Client/Server Session Key) encrypted using the SS secret key.
 Message F: Client/Server Session Key encrypted with the Client/TGS Session Key.

Client Service Request Steps:
Upon receiving messages E and F from TGS, the client has enough information to authenticate itself to the SS. The client connects to the SS and sends the following two messages:
 Message E: from the previous step (the Client-to-Server ticket, encrypted using the SS secret key).
 Message G: a new Authenticator, which includes the client ID, timestamp and is encrypted using Client/Server Session Key.
 The SS decrypts the ticket using its own secret key to retrieve the Client/Server Session Key. Using the sessions key, SS decrypts the Authenticator and sends the following message to the client to confirm its true identity and willingness to serve the client:
 Message H: the timestamp found in client's Authenticator plus 1, encrypted using the Client/Server Session Key.
 The client decrypts the confirmation using the Client/Server Session Key and checks whether the timestamp is correctly updated. If so, then the client can trust the server and can start issuing service requests to the server.
Drawbacks 
 Single point of failure: It requires continuous availability of a central server. When the Kerberos server is down, no one can log in. This can be solved by using multiple Kerberos servers and emergency authentication mechanisms.
 Kerberos requires the clocks of all involved hosts to be synchronized. The tickets have a time availability period and if the host clock is not synchronized with the Kerberos server clock, the authentication will fail. The default configuration requires that clock times are no more than 10 minutes apart. In practice Network Time Protocol (NTP) is usually used to keep the all hosts synchronized.
 The administration protocol is not standardized and differs between server implementations. Password changes are described in RFC 3244.
 Since the secret keys for all users are stored on the central server, a compromise of that server will compromise all users' secret keys.
 A compromised client will compromise the user's password.
Related pages
 Identity management 
 Secure remote password protocol (SRP)
 Generic Security Services Application Program Interface (GSS-API)

References 

 SDK Team, "Microsoft Kerberos (Windows)", MSDN Library aa378747(VS.85) 
 B. Clifford Neuman and Theodore Ts'o, Kerberos: An Authentication Service for Computer Networks, IEEE Communications, 32(9) pp33–38. September 1994. 
 John T. Kohl, B. Clifford Neuman, and Theodore Y. T'so, The Evolution of the Kerberos Authentication System. Distributed Open Systems, pp78–94. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994.  (Postscript format)
 Cisco Systems Kerberos Overview- An Authentication Service for Open Network Systems

Other websites
Other websites 

 How Kerberos Authentication Works 
 Kerberos page at MIT
 Kerberos Working Group at IETF
 Kerberos Consortium at MIT
 White Papers and Specifications at MIT
 Kerberos How-to
 The Kerberos FAQ
 Heimdal Kerberos page  at KTH
 Shishi, a free Kerberos implementation for the GNU system
 Designing an Authentication System: A Dialogue in Four Scenes. Humorous play concerning how the design of Kerberos evolved.
 RFC 4120: The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)
 Description of Kerberos 5 in the SPORE library
 Kerberos Authentication in Windows Server 2003
 Kerberos Tutorial
 Novell Inc's Comment to the Proposed Settlement between Microsoft and the Department of Justice - Microsoft purposefully breaks Kerberos interoperability

Cryptography
Authentication methods
In cryptography, a key distribution center (KDC) is part of a cryptosystem intended to minimize the risks of exchanging keys and shared secrets.

KDCs often operate in systems when some users may have permission to use certain resources at some times but not at any times.

Benefits: Easier key distribution and scalability.
Drawbacks: A KDC can become a single point of failure and every user must trust the KDC administrators

Other websites
 Kerberos 5 KDC operation 

Computer networking
Cryptography
Alonzo Church (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. He is best known for the lambda calculus, Church's thesis and the Church-Rosser theorem.

1903 births
1995 deaths
American mathematicians
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
A software suite or application suite, is a collection of computer programs —usually application software or programming software— of related functionality, often sharing a more-or-less common user interface and some ability to smoothly exchange data with each other. .

Sometimes software "suites" are at a lower price than buying each of "suite" programs.

Examples
Office suite
SeaMonkey

Software
Ayin is the sixteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Hebrew alphabet
Dalet (also spelled  or Daleth) is the fourth letter of the Hebrew alphabet. In set theory, mathematicians originally intended to use daleth to represent the fourth transfinite cardinal numbers. The name "dalet" is connected to the word "delet", meaning "door". It also corresponds to the letter "delta" in the Greek alphabet.

Related pages 

 Hebrew numerals

References 

Hebrew alphabet
Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet. It is represented by "ב".

In set theory, the letter  is used to represent a series of infinite cardinal numbers (called beth numbers).

The Hebrew alphabet is often called "aleph-bet", because of its first two letters.

Related pages 

 Aleph
 Hebrew numerals

References 

Hebrew alphabet
Gimel is the third letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek gamma (Γ), the Latin C, G and F, and the Cyrillic Г.

In set theory (particularly in the theory of infinite cardinal numbers), the  symbol is used to represent the gimel function. The Hebrew gimel corresponds to the letter G in English.

Related pages 

 Hebrew numerals

References 

Hebrew alphabet
He or ה is the fifth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Hebrew alphabet
Waw (, also spelled vav or vau) () is the sixth letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Its symbol in Ancient Hebrew writing is an arm raised up. Its symbol in Modern Hebrew writing today is a line going from top to bottom (ו). It makes the sounds of many letters, but usually makes the [v] sound.

Hebrew alphabet
A pornographic actor/actress or a porn star is somebody who appears in pornographic movies.

Jenna Jameson, Ron Jeremy, Marilyn Chambers and Linda Lovelace are some famous porn stars.

 
Entertainment occupations
Friend Like That is a Pop punk song released by the band Hawk Nelson. Made available on Christmas Eve on iTunes and other websites.

It's a song with simplicity and slightly silly but meaningful lyrics and the second song you will hear from their new album.

Music video 
The music video for Friend Like That shows the band in a cartoon world. The singer, Jason Dunn is running while other members of the band wait patiently for him to reach them. Then they get into the bus and drive. During the breakdown, some of them are singing in the van. They get off the van and go through a door, to find themselves playing a live concert on stage.

2008 songs
Nonviolence is a philosophy that rejects the use of physical violence. People who practice nonviolence when expressing their beliefs may use methods like education, persuasion, civil disobedience, and conscientious objection to military service. 
A demonstration  by a group of people in a public place, to show their support or to protest, is permitted on the condition that it remain nonviolent. Sometimes the demonstrators are nonviolent but other people who oppose them will come to the demonstration and behave violently to show their opposition.

Some religious movements, such as the Society of Friends (Quakers) and Jainism with Ahimsa, are known for the practice of nonviolence. There are people who adopt nonviolence in midlife, such as St. Francis of Assisi. 

People who eat a vegetarian or vegan diet, and those who support animal rights, usually oppose any violence by humans against animals.

Famous leaders who practiced nonviolence
Mahatma Gandhi
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Related page
Anti-war movement
Pacifism
Peace
Satyagraha

Virtues
Ethics
Civil disobedience
Abolitionism was a movement that wanted to end the practice of slavery in Europe and in America. It was mainly active during the 18th and 19th centuries.  Until the 18th century, few people criticized slavery. But thinkers of the Enlightenment started to criticize it, because in their opinion slavery was against human rights. Communities like the Quakers thought that slavery was contradicting with Christianity.

In the early 19th century several countries abolished the transatlantic slave trade, and later in the century they abolished slavery itself.

Slavery in the Americas 
Race-based slavery was established in the early 16th century in the Portuguese and Spanish Empires. It soon spread to the parts of British North America, New France, and Spanish America that would become the U.S. in the 18th century. By the beginning of the 18th century, enslavement of black Africans was powering the economy in these areas. Most opposition to slavery was from enslaved people themselves.
During the American Revolution, beginning in 1775, the Virginia Governor, Lord Dunmore promised freedom to slaves and indenture servants "able and willing to take up arms" with the British.  This proclamation would give freedom to the indentured servants and slaves held by the rebelling colonists, and wouldn't effect the loyalists. Many of the former slaves would die of disease, in fact 8 times as many blacks died of disease than died in battle.  When the war ended, most slaves who decided to fight with the British were returned to servitude. Some black Loyalists were taken to Canada and elsewhere.

The American Army of the revolution contained many blacks, most of them coming from New England.  The most significant black regiment was the 1st Rhode Island.  The Regiment was created in 1778 and consisted of mostly blacks.  Upon joining the regiment, the commander, Colonel Christopher Greene, would release any slave from servitude.
Following drafting, and signing of the new United States Constitution, blacks in the country were completely disenfranchised, and most remained slaves.  Slavery began to decline.  Most northern states outlawed its practice shortly after the Revolution, and in the south, Tobacco, the primary cash crop, was losing value In 1794, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. This new invention helped to increase the profitability of cotton by mechanically removing its seeds.  After 1800 the amount of cotton produced in the United States would double every 10 years.  By the middle of the century, the United States produced three quarters of the worlds cotton.

The Haitian Revolution, a slave rebellion that lasted from 1791 to 1804, changed the whole direction of the slave system. In the next 100 years, slavery would be legally abolished in many of the colonies controlled by European empires.

References 

African-American history
Abolitionism
The Outsiders is a novel by S. E. Hinton, first published in 1967 by Viking Press. Hinton was 15 when she began writing the novel and 17 when it was published. The Outsiders is the life story of fourteen-year-old Ponyboy Michael Curtis. Hinton explores many themes in the story, such as friendship, and coming of age. They are seen by following two rival groups, the Greasers and the Socs (pronounced "soashes" by the author, short for Socials), who are separated by status.

The book's story is set in Tulsa, Oklahoma. This is never said in the book. The book was made into a movie in 1983. It was also made into a television series in 1990.
Summary
Ponyboy and Johnny ran away to the park, after Ponyboy was late for curfew and Darry hit him. Bob and Randy get drunk and find Ponyboy and Johnny then they try to kill Ponyboy and Johnny. Bob tries to drown ponyboy and then Johnny kills Bob.   Ponyboy and Johnny go hide in a church in another town with the help of Dally. While they are at a restaurant with Dally the church catches on fire and Ponyboy and Johnny go inside of the burning church and save the kids who are trapped inside. Johnny breaks his back in the church and goes to the Hospital and dies a few days later. Dally is so sad that Johnny is dead, that he robs a store.  He points an unloaded gun at the police and gets shot and killed by the police, as Ponyboy and the rest of the Greasers watch.

References 

American young adult novels
1967 books
Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical violence. It is one of the primary tactics of nonviolent resistance.

The American author Henry David Thoreau pioneered the modern theory behind this practice in his 1849 essay Civil Disobedience, originally titled "Resistance to Civil Government".

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as Mahatma Gandhi) used non-violent civil disobedience in South Africa in a campaign for civil rights for the people who came from India and lived in South Africa. This campaign was from 1893 to 1914. When Gandhi returned to India, he used civil disobedience in the campaign for the independence of India in 1930 from the British rule, when India was a British colony.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, and young activists in the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s also adopted civil disobedience techniques, during and after the Vietnam War.
Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817May 6, 1862) was an American author, naturalist and philosopher. His friend, Ralph Waldo Emerson had a great impact on him, and supported him in many ways. Emerson provided a place for Thoreau to live at Walden Pond, which inspired his book, Walden. He is best known for his book, Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.

Early life
Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. He spent his childhood with his three brothers and sisters: John, Helen, and younger sister Sophia. His father owned a local pencil factory, and his mother rented out parts of the family home to boarders - people who come from other places. Thoreau received his education at the public school in Concord, the private Concord Academy, and graduated from Harvard College.
How he became an author
One day in the summer of 1841, Henry David Thoreau was worried about money after leaving his job at his father's pencil factory. Suddenly, the most famous writer at the time, Ralph Waldo Emerson, knocked on his door. Emerson asked him to work as a live-in handyman at his house. During the days he lived with Emerson, Thoreau began to have dreams of becoming a writer.
Protest against the government 
As the government needed money for the Mexican-American War, Henry David Thoreau refused to pay a direct tax for the war. This was his first protest against the government. He thought war was a bad thing, so it was necessary to resist government.  That led to him being put into jail. Although people gave him advice to pay the tax, he still didn't pay it. He didn't fear the government and at the same time inspired other people to join this protest. The night in the jail allowed him to start writing his essay, Civil Disobedience, In the notes, he talked about the thought process of active, stated refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws or demands, orders of the state, and commands of a government. After twenty years, the notes were printed into a book by the same name, and read by many people, including Martin Luther King Jr.
Later years 
On May 6, 1862, Thoreau died of tuberculosis, a disease, which had been affecting him for many years. After he died, he left behind many unfinished notes. Some of them were later printed. When Thoreau died, Ralph Waldo Emerson said of him in his funeral speech: "The country knows not yet, or in the least part, how great a son it has lost.... His soul was made for the noblest society; he had in a short life exhausted the capabilities of this world; wherever there is knowledge, wherever there is virtue, wherever there is beauty, he will find a home."
He was first buried in the Dunbar family plot at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord, Massachusetts. However, in 1870, his grave was moved to Author's Ridge towards the back of the cemetery to be closer to the graves of his writer friends Emerson, Alcott, Hawthorne, and Channing.
Influence on American society 
Henry David Thoreau became successful because Ralph Waldo Emerson helped Thoreau spread his work in England. Thoreau's ideas were about nature. He was heavily influenced by Emerson, who also introduced him to transcendentalism . He set an example by doing things that inspired people during his lifetime. He is someone who didn’t follow normal social rules .His ideas made him stand out during that time. He also had concerns about the environment and helped to build a canal.

Major works 
Walden was printed in 1854, and it seemed to be one of the most well-liked books during that time. The book is about his stay in the woods by a pond in 1845 for two years, two months, two weeks, and two days. During this time, he learned many things like how to get in touch with nature and spend time with himself. The books, The Maine Woods, A Week on the Concord, and Merrimack Rivers also supported these ideas of trying to have a more natural and non-material life-style.

References
References 

1817 births
1862 deaths
19th-century philosophers
American anarchists
American poets
Civil disobedience
Green anarchism
Green thinkers
Libertarians
Writers from Massachusetts
"Saying Sorry" is a song by Hawthorne Heights. It was released in 2006 from their second album, If Only You Were Lonely. It was their first single to reach the Top 10.

While in the music video the band all wears white, it can also be seen on the back of the album cover.

References

Other websites
 

2006 songs
The Love Parade was a big festival centered around Techno music in Germany. Trucks with loudspeakers and deejays played loud music and passersby danced to it. The festival began in Berlin in 1989. It had been held most years in different locations. In 2004 and 2005, there were no Love Parades. The first Love Parade was held with about 150 people in 1989. In 1999, there were about 1.5 million people. In 2007, there were 1.2 million people and in 2008, there were 1.6 million people. The last Love Parade was held in 2010, at which 21 people were crushed to death.

Similar events 
The following are similar events in Germany:
 Union Move in Munich
 Generation Move in Hamburg or Kiel
 Reincarnation in Hanover
 Vision Parade in Bremen
 Nachttanzdemo in Frankfurt am Main
 Zug der Liebe in Berlin

The following are similar events in other countries:
 Street Parade in Zürich
 Lake Parade in Geneva
 Techno Parade in Paris
 LovEvolution in San Francisco
There are also protest parades, like the Fuckparade in Berlin, and the Antiparade in Zürich.

1989 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Germany
2010 disestablishments in Europe
Festivals in Germany
Music festivals
2010s disestablishments in Germany
The Silence in Black and White is the first album released by Hawthorne Heights. it was released on June 1, 2004. It was released by Victory Records. On Monday, June 27, 2005 the 2 disc special edition CD/DVD was released. The CD contains acoustic versions of most of the songs. It also contains a DVD containing live performances and many other features. It was produced by Sean O'Keefe. The album takes its title from a line in the song Niki FM. The Silence in Black and White has sold 816,483 in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Tracks
 Life on Standby – 4:11
 Dissolve and Decay – 3:44
 Niki FM – 3:59
 The Transition – 4:04
 Blue Burns Orange – 3:19
 Silver Bullet – 4:03
 Screenwriting an Apology – 3:41
 Ohio Is for Lovers – 4:04
 Wake Up Call – 4:02
 Sandpaper and Silk – 3:36
 Speeding up the Octaves – 4:09
CD/DVD
CD
Life On Standby
Dissolve and Decay
Niki FM
The Transition
Blue Burns Orange
Silver Bullet
Screenwriting An Apology
Ohio Is for Lovers
Wake Up Call
Sandpaper and Silk
Speeding Up the Octaves
Silver Bullet (Demo)
Niki FM (Demo)
Speeding Up the Octaves (Demo)
Ohio Is for Lovers (Live Acoustic On Q101)
The Transition (Live Acoustic On Q101)
Silver Bullet (Acoustic In The Studio)
Apparently Hover Boards Don't Work On Water (As a Day In the Life)

DVD
Life On Standby (Live)
Silver Bullet (Live)
Niki FM (Live)
The Transition (Live)
Ohio Is for Lovers (Live)
Speeding Up the Octaves (Live)
Signing Footage
Interview With Hawthorne Heights
Yahoo! Music Interview
Yahoo! Music - Ohio Is for Lovers
Ohio Is for Lovers (Music Video)
Seven Commercial Spots
Speeding Up the Octaves (Demo Video)
Audio Commentary On Ohio Is for Lovers
Victory Van Raiders Featuring Silverstein
Bus Tour With J.T. of Hawthorne Heights
Fans of Hawthorne Heights Montage

References
References

2004 albums
Debut albums
Hawthorne Heights albums
Punk albums
The Gamblers is a German drama movie directed and written by Sebastian Bieniek. The movie was first released on June 20, 2007 in Shanghai.

Other websites 
 Official Webpage 
 

2007 drama movies
German-language movies
German drama movies
Dr. Maleeha Lodhi, HI, is a journalist, academic, and diplomat from Pakistan. Till recently, she was the high commissioner of Pakistan to the United Kingdom.  She was ambassador from Pakistan to the United States from 1994-1997 and 1999-2002.

At present she is a Fellow at the Institute of Politics, Kennedy School, Harvard University. She has also been a member of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament.

Pakistani journalists
Living people
Ambassadors to the United Kingdom
Ambassadors to the United States
Pakistani diplomats
Pakistani academics
Naturism (also called nudism) is a term used by individuals or groups who believe being nude with other people has many benefits, and should be allowed or promoted. Seeing members of the opposite sex allows people to learn that nudity is not just about sex. Seeing a variety of bodies of all types produces a more realistic and positive self-image. Some naturists want to be nude in places to which only other naturists have access, such as campgrounds or resorts. Others want areas of public property such as swimming beaches to be designated "clothing optional" without limiting access to non-naturists. Individuals who practice nudity in the home or other places where only family or friends are present are not generally thought of as naturists. The movement developed in Europe. Most followers of naturism can be found inn German-speaking countries, in France, and in Scandinavia. In general, the countries in the north of Europe are more tolerant towards nudity in public.

Semi-private naturism
History of naturism
Naturism began in the late 19th century in Germany. The movement to return to nature was opposed to the changes as more people began living in cities. In 1904, Paul Zimmermann opened perhaps the first camp or "nudist colony" near Hamburg, Germany. It was called Freilichtpark in German  (in English, "Free Light Park").
 
In the United States, German immigrant Kurt Barthel organized the first nudist event in the forest just outside of New York City. His club was called the "American League for Physical Culture" (ALPC) and started in the late 1920s. After Barthel, Ilsley Boone became president of ALPC. Boone had been a minister (religious leader) of a large church. He quit to become involved with naturism all the time. Also, he renamed the ALPC as the "American Sunbathing Association."
Current practices
Since 1995 the ALPC has been known as the "American Association for Nude Recreation" (AANR). "Nudist clubs" continue to attract those who want to be nude with others who think the same as they do, and avoid conflict with the general public that disapprove.

Public naturism

In the present, Germany has accepted naturism in everyday life. Many beaches have clothing optional areas, and nude sunbathing is allowed in the parks of major cities. Germans and other Northern Europeans have followed the Finnish tradition of the sauna, which is visited nude and may have no separation by gender.

In the United States, there are fewer clothing optional places and varying legal recognition. In some states nudity is no longer allowed at beaches that were nude in the 1960s and 70s. Some beaches are so isolated that they continue attract naturism when it is not legal.
Special events
 
Nudity is allowed in some places for events where it would not be otherwise. An example is the annual "World Naked Bike Ride", which is held in many cities around the world as a protest against cars and the use of fossil fuel.

The day before Lent is celebrated by Carnival, and some cities have street parades of performers in various states of undress.

Naturism and religion
Naturism is opposed by many based on religious beliefs. Islam and conservative Judaism have strict rules of modesty in clothing. In Christianity there are wide differences between groups. Conservative Christians also value modesty, but there are also Christian naturists. In India, Hinduism and Jainism include individuals who reject clothing along with all other worldly possessions.

Related pages 
 Body positivity - a movement to accept one's own body as it is

References 

Nature
Nudity
The Mediterranean region is the region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. This includes places from Europe and Africa and Asia. Most of the region has a Mediterranean climate with warm to hot dry summers and cool to mild wet winters. Plants that grow there are short trees and shrubs which survive the yearly drought during summer. It is a popular vacation spot.

Location

The Mediterranean Region is so called because the largest stretch of area here lies along the margins of the Mediterranean Sea.The regions having similarities with the Mediterranean Region are located on the western margins of continents in the latitudinal belt between 30° to 45° North and South latitudes . Therefore, these regions are known by the common name of the Mediterranean Region of the world .

Area
Area

 Europe: The margins of South Portugal, France, Greece, Italy and Spain.
 Asia: Cyprus, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and parts of western and southern coastal Turkey.
 Africa: The coastal area of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Libya. 

Regions of Africa
Regions of Asia
Regions of Europe
Mediterranean Sea
The Turkic languages are a language family of some thirty languages. They are spoken by Turkic peoples across an area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western and Northern China. Traditionally people think that they are part of the Altaic language family.

Turkic languages are spoken by some 200 million people as a native language; and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 230 million, including speakers as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is the Turkish language, or Anatolian Turkish. The speakers of this language are about 40% of all Turkic speakers.

History 

The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia spreads from Turkey in the West to the North-East of Siberia.

Classification
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

Languages by native speakers
The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35  documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

References

Further reading
 Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.
 Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.
 Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Other websites
Turkic Languages: Resources - University of Michigan
Map of Turkic languages
Classification of Turkic Languages
Online Uyghur-English Dictionary
Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (; 1 January 1863 – 2 September 1937) was a French teacher and historian. He was very interested in physical education and he loved the idea of a gymnasium as the ancient Greeks had, were young and old learned and sported together. He is the founder of the International Olympic Committee.

Other websites

The International Pierre De Coubertin Committee (CIPC) – Lausanne
Coubertin reader of Flaubert 
The Wenlock Olympian Society 
Discourse of Pierre de Coubertin at Sorbonne announcing the restoring of the Olympic games (in french, audio)  

1863 births
1937 deaths
French historians
French teachers
Presidents of the International Olympic Committee
Chamonix is a French commune next to Mont Blanc. It is in the Haute-Savoie department. The Winter Olympic Games were there in 1924.
"Charmonix" is actually French for dining room. it was named this for its irregular shape, which to many looks like a dining room

 
Olympic cities
Ski areas and resorts in France
Albertville is a French commune in the Savoie department. Its population is about 17,300 (1999 census). The commune hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1992.

Communes in Savoie
Olympic cities
Subprefectures in France
Shin (also spelled Šin (šīn) or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter of the Semitc languages, including Phoenician šīn 𐤔, Hebrew šīn (ש or שׁ), Aramaic šīn 𐡔, Syriac šīn ܫ, and Arabic sīn س . Its sound is a voiceless sibilant, [ʃ] or [s]. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Sigma (Σ) (which in turn gave and Cyrillic С), the Hebrew letter Sin שׂ (also can be spelled Seen) and the letter Sha in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts (Ш).

Hebrew alphabet
Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter in the Hebrew alphabet.

Hebrew alphabet
The Kansas Turnpike is a road in Kansas, part of the United States. The road is a turnpike—a payment must be made to use it. The road is 236 miles, or 380 kilometers, long. It starts at the line between Kansas and Oklahoma, and goes to Kansas City. It runs through many important cities in Kansas, including Wichita, Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City. The Kansas Turnpike is owned and repaired by the Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA), which is based in Wichita.

The Kansas Turnpike was built between 1954 and 1956. It was built before the Interstate Highway System. The turnpike was not part of the Interstate System at first. However, it became part of the system in 1956. Parts of the turnpike also are parts of four Interstate Highways: I-35, I-335, I-470, and I-70.
Around 120,000 people use the Kansas Turnpike every day. KTA helps users by running a radio station about the road. It has also built places called service areas where people can stop and rest, and buy gasoline and things to eat. One service area has a memorial to American football coach Knute Rockne, who died near the turnpike.

The Kansas Turnpike Authority does not need tax money to pay for repairs to the road. The payments from users are used to pay for the repairs instead.

References

Roads in the United States
Buildings and structures in Kansas
Calvin Klein Inc. is an American fashion brand founded in 1968 by Calvin Klein.

American clothing companies
Fashion houses
Companies based in New York City
1968 establishments in New York (state)
Merrie Melodies is the name of a series of animated cartoons distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures between 1931 and 1969. The sister series to Warner's Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies were originally one-shot musical cartoon shorts before gradually featuring recurring characters. 
By 1944, no distinctions existed between the two series.

Originally produced by Harman-Ising Pictures, Merrie Melodies were produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions from 1933 to 1944. Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. in 1944, and the newly renamed Warner Bros. Cartoons continued production until 1963, What's Up Doc? (1950)

Other websites 
 The Big Cartoon Database entry for Merrie Melodies 

Animated movies
1931 establishments
1969 disestablishments
John Dewey (20 October 1859 - June 1st 1952) was an American psychologist and philosopher. He was born in Burlington, Vermont. Dewey graduated from the University of Vermont. He later taught at many schools. In September 1882, Dewey went to the Johns Hopkins University and studied philosophy and psychology and published the paper, "The New Psychology" in the Andover Review in 1884.  Afterwards, he taught psychology at universities and later on, got married to his former student Alice Chipman.  In 1886, he started a new school which came to be known as the "Laboratory School" or "Dewey School".  This school taught pragmatism, which says that a school's curriculum should be based on everyday life, lessons, and focuses on hands-on activities to better help students learn. His wife Alice was principal of the "Dewey School" from 1901 to 1904.  After he retired as a teacher, he continued watching and figuring the society and politics.  John Dewey died in 1952.
Theory
John Dewey believed in the "theory of inquiry", which shows how animals survived in their environment. He used the theory in the way he taught.  He said that children learn best with real-life problems and hands-on activities.  His most well-known essay was "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896) which created the stimulus that became the response, which later became known as social behaviorism.  For example, a person focuses on something, decides what to do, then acts on the decision.

References

Other websites

1859 births
1952 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
American psychologists
People from Burlington, Vermont
Scientists from Vermont
Subscript is the text which a small letter/number is written after a particular letter/number. It hangs below its letter or number. It is used when writing chemical compounds. An example of subscript is N2.

Superscript is the small letter / number above a particular letter / number. An example of superscript is 25. The number 5 above the number 2 is an example of superscript. Superscript can be used for exponents in mathematics.

Typing subscripts
In word-processing computer programs like Microsoft Word, the shortcut key for subscripts is Ctrl+= .
You can use Subscript and superscript generators to turn regular text into super/subscript.

Typography
"The Middle" is a 2001 song released by Jimmy Eat World from their album, Bleed American. It is the third song from their album.

The song is not what is usually heard from the band. It is one of the more straightforward, upbeat songs, its also one of their most well-known singles.

There is electric guitar, drums and vocals used in this song, typical for a punk/rock song.

Music video 

The band are featured in this music video. It also shows girls in their bikinis and a swimming pool, and someone goes into it during the guitar solo so for a moment its kinda faded out, but then he goes back to the surface. At the start of this video, two people in a car get out and go inside to the party.

2001 songs
Bleed American is the fourth album released by Jimmy Eat World and was made available in 2001. They had to change the title in stores to Salt Sweat Sugar because they were scared Bleed American would be taken the wrong way, possibly in an offensive way due to the September 11 attacks.

Songs

 Bleed American (some copies list it as "Salt Sweat Sugar")
 Praise Chorus
 The Middle
 Your House
 Sweetness
 Hear You Me
 If You Don't Don't
 Get It Faster
 Cautioners
 The Authority Song
 My Sundown

Trivia 

On the second song, "Praise chorus" they mention old songs such as our house in the middle of the street. Davey Von Bohlen from The promise ring does some of the vocals for the song.

"Hear you me" is believed to be written for two fans who died, it's also referring to the weezer song
"The authority song" makes certain references to the Pop culture - the dj never has it, j.a.m.c automatic, if those were roys headphones, you'd bet he play what goes on.
"Roy's headphones" is referring to Roy Miranda, a popular artist/dj in Arizona. 
2001 albums
The Blackpool tramway is a tramway that runs from Blackpool to Fleetwood, on the Fylde Coast in Lancashire, England. The tramway was built in 1885. It is one of the oldest electric tramways in the world and is the only one of the earliest tramways that is still in operation in the United Kingdom.

The tramway is owned by Blackpool Borough Council and is run by Blackpool Transport as part of the Metro Coastlines network.  The tramway runs for , and over 6,500,000 people travel on it each year.

History

The first part of Blackpool tramway opened on 29 September 1885. It was a conduit line. It ran from Cocker Street to Dean Street on the Blackpool Promenade. This was one of the first practical electric tramways built in the world. It opened six years after Werner von Siemens first showed electric traction. At the opening was Holroyd Smith, the person who created the system, and Alderman Harwood, the Mayor of Manchester, along with many other people.
The Blackpool Electric Tramway Company ran the line until 1892. At this point, the lease on the line finished, and Blackpool Corporation then ran the line. In 1895 another line was added. It ran from Manchester Square along Lytham Road to South Shore. In 1897 the tracks were extended to South Pier. A line was also built on Station Road that connected Lytham Road to the promenade.

The conduit system was changed to overhead wires in 1899. In 1900 the line was built more to the north to Gynn Square. It linked up the Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad there. The Marton loop opened in 1901. It connected Talbot Square and Central Station along Church Street, Devonshire Square, Whitegate Drive, Waterloo Road and Central Drive. At Whitegate Drive in Marton a new depot was built. Another line was added from Talbot Square along Talbot Road to Layton on 1902. The promenade line had got as far as the Pleasure Beach by 1903.
The Blackpool Corporation took over the Blackpool & Fleetwood Tramroad Company in 1920. The Corporation got eight miles of track and three depots from the take-over. Two depots were in Fleetwood and one was in Bispham. The small Bold Street Depot in Fleetwood was closed and a new loop was built at Fleetwood Ferry.

The depot at Blundell Street was replaced by a bigger one on Rigby Road in 1920. In 1925 the line to Fleetwood was made more direct between Rossall and Broadwater. The last extension was built in 1926. It went along the promenade to Clifton Drive at Starr Gate. A connection was made there with the Lytham St Annes tracks.
The first route closure took place in 1936. They were the Central Drive and Layton routes. In 1961 Lytham Road closed, and Marton closed one year later. The tramroad line on Dickson Road to North Station closed in 1963. Marton and Copse Road Depots closed in the same year. The depot at Bispham closed in 1966. All that was left was the track running from Starr Gate to Fleetwood. It is still there today. The running of the buses and tramway was handed over to Blackpool Transport Services Limited in 1986 by Blackpool Borough Council.

Network

Today the tramway runs from Starr Gate in Blackpool to the Ferry Terminus in Fleetwood. Most of the route runs along the Fylde Coast sea front. At Cleveleys the line turns inland for a few miles. It then returns to the coast in Fleetwood. There are four different types of track:
Street running, which is open to all traffic. This can be found along Lord Street and North Albert Street in Fleetwood and there is also a short amount on the Promenade in Blackpool behind the Metropole Hotel.
Paved reserved track alongside a road which is open to pedestrians but not toroad traffic. This is along most of the route between Starr Gate and Gynn Square.
Reserved ballasted track that is open to trams only. This can be seen from Gynn Square to Rossall, and along Radcliffe Road in Fleetwood.
The interurban style alignment which does not follow a road and is open to trams only can be found from Rossall to Radcliffe Road, Fleetwood.

On the line there are four turning loops. One is at Starr Gate, another is opposite the Pleasure Beach and two more are at Little Bispham and Fleetwood. There is also one that links into Rigby Road Depot.

Blackpool tramway today