Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Mountain man

Carson traveled through many parts of the American West to gather furs. Men at the time wore hats made of beaver fur. He trapped beaver for the fur trade and sometimes worked with famous mountain men like Jim Bridger and Old Bill Williams.

Career
Carson's career as a mountain man began in 1829, when he joined Ewing Young's trapping expedition to the Rocky Mountains. Mountain men worked mostly in the Rocky Mountains for themselves, sometimes with a partner or two, or for a large trading organization like the Hudson's Bay Company.

A mountain man's life was not easy. He sometimes had to walk into deep cold water to get a trapped beaver. He then had to remove the hide with the fur, yhe pelt. The mountain man kept the beaver pelts for many months and then sold them in St. Louis, Missouri, or at a mountain man rendezvous. With the money that he collected, he bought fish hooks, flour, tobacco, and the other things that he needed for life in the mountains.

Hazards and hardships
Grizzly bears
Grizzly bears were one of the mountain man's greatest enemies. Carson stated in his Memoirs that he was hunting an elk alone in 1834. Two grizzly bears chased him up a tree. One bear tried to make him fall by shaking the tree. The bear was not successful and finally went away. Carson returned to his camp as fast as he could. He stated that the incident had been the scariest moment of his life: "[The bear] finally concluded to leave, of which I was heartily pleased, never having been so scared in my life."

Rendezvous
Rendezvous

Mountain men met every year in the second quarter of the 19th century for an event called a rendezvous. The first rendezvous was held in 1825. Those events were held in remote areas of the West like the banks of the Green River in Wyoming. A mountain man had a good time at those lively events. Native Americans often joined the gathering. Everyone played card games, danced, sang, told stories, made jokes, and had much to eat and drink. Sometimes, mountain men married Native American women at a rendezvous. The last rendezvous was held in 1840.
Decline of fur trade
About 1840, the fur trade began to drop off. Well-dressed men in London, Paris, and New York City wanted silk hats instead of beaver hats. In addition, the mountain men had very nearly killed almost every beaver in North America. Trappers were no longer wanted or needed. The mountain man Robert Newell told Jim Bridger: "[W]e are done with this life in the mountains  done with wading in beaver dams, and freezing or starving alternately  done with Indian trading and Indian fighting. The fur trade is dead in the Rocky Mountains, and it is no place for us now, if ever it was."
Meat hunter at Bent's Fort
Carson knew that it was time to find other work. He stated in his Memoirs, "Beaver was getting scarce, it became necessary to try our hand at something else." In 1841, he was hired at Bent's Fort in Colorado. The fort was one of the greatest buildings in the West. Hundreds of people worked or lived there. Carson hunted buffalo, antelope, deer, and other animals to feed the hundreds of people. He was paid one dollar a day. He returned to Bent's Fort several times during his life to again provide meat for the fort's residents. In April 1842, Carson went back to his childhood home in Missouri. He made the trip to put his daughter, Adaline, in the care of relatives.
Indian fighter/"Injun killer"
Carson found much pleasure in killing Native Americans. He did not respect them and thought that those who committed outrages like murder, theft, and rape deserved the worst punishment possible. Carson's thoughts about Native Americans softened over the years, as he found himself more and more in their company. He became an Indian agent and a spokesman for the Utes.

First years
First years

Carson was 19 when he set off with Ewing Young's expedition to the Rocky Mountains. In addition to furs and the company of free-spirited rugged mountain men, he sought action and adventure. He found what he was looking for in killing and scalping Native Americans. Carson probably killed and took the scalp of his first Native American when he was 19 years old, during Ewing Young's expedition. Carson was known to most 19th+century Americans as an "Injun killer," chiefly through newspaper accounts and dime novels. Many of the works gave Carson's deeds and life a romantic cast. Excitement and thrills were heightened through exaggeration.
Crow tribe
Carson's Memoirs are replete with stories about Native American encounters with the memoir writer. In January 1833, for example, warriors of the Crow tribe stole nine horse from Carson's camp. Carson and 11 other men found the Crow camp after dark and quietly led the horses away. The men who owned the horses wanted to return to their own camp at once. Although Carson and two other men had not lost any horses, the three wanted to punish the Crows. Carson and his men fired their guns into the Crow camp and killied almost every Crow. Carson wrote in his Memoirs: "During our pursuit for the lost animals, we suffered considerably but, the success of having recovered our horses and sending many a redskin to his long home, our sufferings were soon forgotten."

Blackfoot nation
Blackfoot nation

The Blackfoot nation was a hostile tribe and posed an ever-present threat to Carson's safety. A Blackfoot warrior once injured Carson in the shoulder. That was the worst injury he received in his life. He hated the Blackfeet and killed them at every opportunity. The historian David Roberts wrote: "It was taken for granted that the Blackfeet were bad Indians; to shoot them whenever he could was a mountain man's instinct and duty." The Blackfeet did not like whites, Who, they were convinced were trying to take over their hunting grounds. In addition, the Blackfeet wanted the valuable horses that were owned by the whites.
Carson had several encounters with the Blackfeet, but his last battle with them took place in spring 1838. He was traveling with about 100 mountain men, led by Jim Bridger. In Montana Territory, the group found a teepee with three Native American corpses inside. The three had died of smallpox. Bridger wanted to move on, but Carson and the other young men wanted to kill the Blackfeet.

They found the Blackfoot village, and killed ten Blackfeet warriors. The Blackfeet found some safety in a pile of rocks but were driven away. It is not known how many Blackfeet died in that incident. The historian David Roberts wrote that "if anything like pity filled Carson's breast as, in his twenty-ninth year, he beheld the ravaged camp of the Blackfeet, he did not bother to remember it." Carson wrote in his Memoirs that this battle was "the prettiest fight I ever saw."
Change of beliefs
Carson's notions about Native Americans softened over the years. He found himself more and more in their company as he grew older. His thoughts about Native Americans became more understanding and more humane. He urged the government to set aside lands, called reservations, for their use. As an Indian agent, he saw to it that those under his watch were treated with honesty and fairness and were clothed and fed properly. The historian David Roberts believes that his first marriage to an Arapaho women, named Singing Grass, "softened the stern and pragmatic mountaineer's opportunism."
Manifest Destiny
In killing Native Americans, Carson was making America safe for settlers heading west to build their homes, farms, and villages. He had the approval of the US government and its citizens. In addition, Senator Thomas Hart Benton, the United States Congress, and President James K. Polk had developed and were working under a concept called Manifest Destiny, which stated that it was the will of God that the United States push America's western boundary to the Pacific Ocean at all costs. That spurred the movement of American settlers to the West.

Personal life

thumb|upright=1.5|left|A rendezvous on the banks of the Green River, Wyoming in 1847. It was at such a rendezvous that Carson met his first wife, Waanibe. (Alfred Jacob Miller, about 1847)
Carson was married three times. His first two wives were Native Americans. His third wife was Mexican. He was the father of ten children. Carson never wrote about his first two marriages in his Memoirs. He may have thought he would be known as a "squaw man". Such men were not welcomed by polite society.

Waanibe

In 1836, Carson met an Arapaho woman named Waanibe (Singing Grass) at a mountain man rendezvous. This rendezvous was held along the Green River in Wyoming. Singing Grass was a lovely young woman. Many mountain men were in love with her. Carson was forced to fight a duel with a French trapper named Chouinard for Waanibe's hand in marriage. Carson won, but he had a very narrow escape. The French trapper's bullet singed his hair. The duel was one of the best known stories about Carson in the 19th century.
Carson married Singing Grass. She was a good wife. She tended to his needs, and went with him on his trapping trips. They had a daughter named Adaline (or Adeline). Singing Grass died after giving birth to Carson's second daughter. This child did not live long. In 1843, she fell into a kettle of boiling soap in Taos. Waanibe died about 1841.

Carson's life as a mountain man was too hard for a little girl. In 1852, he took Adaline to live with his sister Mary Ann Carson Rubey in Saint Louis, Missouri. Adaline was taught in a school for girls called a seminary. Carson brought her West when she was a teenager. She married and divorced. In 1858, she went to the California goldfields. Adaline died in 1860.

Making-Out-Road
Making-Out-Road

In 1841, Carson married a Cheyenne woman named Making-Out-Road. They were together only a short time. Making-Out-Road divorced him in the way of her people. She put Adaline and all Carson's property outside their tent. Making-Out-Road left Carson to travel with her people through the west. Historian David Lavender writes: "[Making-Out-Road] was spoiled. She had put most of the Cheyenne bachelors and half the white men at the fort in a slow burn, and they had showered her with gifts. Now that they were married she expected Kit to keep her in expensive foofaraw (finery). She ignored her household chores and neglected little Adaline ..."

Josefa Jaramillo
Josefa Jaramillo

About 1842, Carson met Josefa Jaramillo. She was the beautiful daughter of a wealthy Mexican couple living in Taos. Lewis Garrard wrote: "Her style of beauty was of the haunting, heartbreaking kind ... such as would lead a man with a glance in his eye, to risk his life for one smile." Carson wanted to marry her. He left the Presbyterian Church for the Catholic Church. Thirty-three-year old Carson married 14-year-old Josefa on February 6, 1843. They had eight children.

Travels with Frémont
First expedition, 1842
In 1842, Carson guided Frémont across the Oregon Trail to Wyoming, their first expedition into the West. The purpose of the expedition was to map and describe the Oregon Trail as far as South Pass, Wyoming. A guidebook and maps would be printed for settlers. Frémont praised Carson in his government reports and so Carson became well known across the United States. He became the hero of many cheap popular books called dime novels.

Second expedition, 1843
During the expedition, Frémont went to the Mojave Desert. Frémont's party met a Mexican man and boy. The two told Carson that Native Americans had ambushed their party of travelers. The male travelers were killed; the women travelers were staked to the ground, sexually mutilated, and killed. The murderers then stole the Mexicans' 30 horses. Carson and a mountain man friend, Alexis Godey, went after the murderers and took two days to find them. They rushed into their camp and killed and scalped two of the murderers. The stolen horses were recovered and returned to the Mexican man and boy. That selfless and generous deed brought Carson even greater fame. It confirmed his status as a western hero in the eyes of the American people.

Third expedition, 1845
In 1845, Carson guided Frémont on their third and last expedition. They went to California and Oregon. Frémont made scientific plans, but the expedition appeared to be political in nature. Frémont may have been working under secret government orders. President Polk wanted the province of Alta California in the United States. Once in California, Frémont started to rouse the American settlers into a patriotic fever and so tne Mexican government ordered him to leave. Frémont went north to Oregon and camped near Klamath Lake. Messages from Washington, DC, made it clear that President Polk wanted California.

At Klamath Lake in southern Oregon, Frémont's party was attacked by about 20 Native Americans on the night of March 6, 1846. Three men in camp were killed. The Native Americans fled after a brief struggle. Carson was angry that his friends had been killed. He took an axe and avenged the death of his friends by chopping away at a dead Klamath's face. Fremont wrote, "He knocked his head to pieces."
Bear Flag Revolt
In June 1846, both Frémont and Carson participated in a California uprising against Mexico, the Bear Flag Revolt. Mexico ordered all Americans to leave California. They did not want to go and declared California an independent republic. American settlers in California wanted to be free of the Mexican government. The Americans found the courage to oppose Mexico because they had Frémont and his troops on board. He wrote an oath of allegiance. He and his men gave some protection to the Americans. He ordered Carson to execute an old Mexican man named Berresaya and his two adult nephews. The three had been captured when they stepped ashore at San Francisco Bay. They were executed to keep them from taking reports to Mexico about the uprising.
Massacre
Mexico ordered Frémont and Carson to leave the area. They left for Oregon. Along the way, Carson and most of the group attacked a Native American village and killed about 100 villagers. Carson thought that the massacre would discourage Native Americans from attacking white settlers. Frémont heard that the Klamath tribe had killed three of his men. Carson was sorry to have lost his friends. He attacked another Native American village and wrecked it.

Frémont worked hard to the win California for the United States and became its military governor. Carson took military records to the Secretary of War in Washington, DC. Frémont wrote, "This was a service of great trust and honor... and great danger also." In 1847 and 1848, Carson made two quick trips to Washington, DC, with messages and reports. In 1848, he took news of the California Gold Strike to the nation's capital.
Books and dime novels
Carson's fame spread throughout the United States with government reports, dime novels, newspaper accounts, and word of mouth. The dime novels celebrated Caron's adventures but were usually colored with exaggeration. A factual biography was attempted by DeWitt C. Peters in 1859 but has been criticized for inaccuracies and exaggerations.

Dime novels

In 1847, the first story about Carson's adventures was printed. Called An Adventure of Kit Carson: A Tale of the Sacramento, it was printed in Holden's Dollar Magazine. Other stories were also printed such as Kit Carson: The Prince of the Goldhunters and The Prairie Flower. Writers thought that Carson the perfect mountain man and Indian fighter. His exciting adventures were printed in the story Kiowa Charley, The White Mustanger; or, Rocky Mountain Kit's Last Scalp Hunt. In it, an older Kit is said to have "had ridden into Sioux camps unattended and alone, had ridden out again, but with the scalps of their greatest warriors at his belt."
Indian captive Mrs. Ann White
In 1849, Carson guided soldiers on the trail of Mrs. Ann White and her baby daughter. They had been captured by Apaches. No one paid attention to Carson's advice about a rescue attempt. Mrs. White was found dead. An arrow was in her heart. She had been horribly abused. She may have been passed among the Apaches as a camp prostitute. Her child had been carried away and was never found.

A soldier in the rescue party wrote: "Mrs. White was a frail, delicate, and very beautiful woman, but having undergone such usage as she suffered nothing but a wreck remained; it was literally covered with blows and scratches. Her countenance even after death indicated a hopeless creature. Over her corpse, we swore vengeance upon her persecutors."
Carson discovered a book about himself in the Apache camp. That was the first time that he found himself in print. He was the hero of adventure stories. He was sorry for the rest of his life that Mrs. White had been killed. He wrote in his Memoirs: "In camp was found a book, the first of the kind I had ever seen, in which I was made a great hero, slaying Indians by the hundreds.... I have often thought that Mrs. White read the same... [and prayed] for my appearance that she might be saved."

Memoirs
In 1856, Carson told his life story to someone who wrote it down. Tne book is called Memoirs. Some say Carson forgot dates or got them wrong. The manuscript was lost when it was taken east to find a professional writer who would work it into a book. Washington Irving was asked but declined. The lost manuscript was found in a trunk in Paris in 1905 and was later printed.
The first biography of Carson was written by DeWitt C. Peters in 1859. The book was called Kit Carson, the Nestor of the Mountains, from Facts Narrated by Himself. When it was read to Carson, he said, "Peters laid it on a leetle too thick."

Mexican-American War

The Mexican–American War was between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the defeated Mexico was forced to sell the territories of Alta California and New Mexico to the United States.

Carson was not a member of the US Army, but one of his best known adventures took place during the war. In December 1846, Carson was ordered by General Stephen W. Kearny to guide him and his troops from Socorro, New Mexico, to San Diego, California. Mexicans soldiers attacked Kearny and his men near the village of San Pasqual, California.
There were too many Mexican soldiers. Kearny knew he would could not win and so he ordered his men to take cover on a small hill. Kearny then sent Carson, a naval lieutenant named Beale, and a Native American scout to get help. The three left on the night of December 8 for San Diego. San Diego was  away. Carson and the lieutenant removed their shoes because they made too much noise. They walked barefoot through the desert.

Carson wrote in his Memoirs: "Finally got through, but had the misfortune to lose our shoes. Had to travel over a country covered with prickly pear and rocks, barefoot." By December 10, Kearny believed that help would not arrive. He planned to break through the Mexican lines the next morning. That night, 200 mounted American soldiers arrived in San Pasqual, swept the area, and drove the Mexicans away. Kearny was in San Diego on December 12. Carson went back to Taos after the Mexican–American War to start a ranch.

Indian agent
Indian agent

In 1853, Carson became the US Indian agent to the Utes, people who lived across northern New Mexico. The Jacarilla Apaches and the Puebloans at the Rio Grande would also come under Carson's watch. His job was to keep the peace between the southwestern tribes and to hunt down and punish any who committed crimes. Carson was honest and fair as an Indian agent.
Carson came to realize that the hostilities between white Americans and Native Americans were the result of a great decrease in available wild game. That situation forced the Native Americans into raiding American farms, ranches, and herds of cattle. He also knew that the liquor available in towns and villages led the Native Americans into serious trouble. Carson wanted the government to put aside large areas of land far from white settlements. The lands would be called reservations and intended for the use of Native Americans only. He thought the Native Americans should be taught agriculture, but it would prove almost impossible to teach nomadic hunters to settle on one piece of land and farm it. He thought his plans would keep these peoples from becoming extinct. Carson resigned as Indian agent with the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861. He joined the Union Army to lead the 1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry.

Military life
Military life

Civil War
In April 1861, the American Civil War broke out. Carson left his job as an Indian agent and joined the Union Army. He was made a lieutenant and led the 1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry. He trained the new men. In October 1861, he was made a colonel. The Volunteers fought the Confederate forces at Valverde, New Mexico, in February 1862. The Confederates won that battle but were later defeated.

Campaign against Apaches
Once the Confederates had been driven from New Mexico, Carson's commander, Major James Henry Carleton, turned his attention to the Native Americans. The historian Edwin Sabin wrote that officer had a "psychopathic hatred of the Apaches." Carleton led his forces deep into the Mescalero Apache territory. The Mescaleros were tired of fighting and put themselves under Carson's protection. Carleton put those Apaches on a remote and lonely reservation east on the Pecos River.
Carson disliked the Apaches and wrote in a report that the Jicarilla Apaches "were truly the most degraded and troublesome Indians we have in our department.... [W]e daily witness them in a state of intoxication in our plaza." Carson half-heartedly supported Carleton's plans. He was tired and had suffered an injury two years before that gave him great trouble. He resigned from the Army in February 1863. Carleton refused to accept the resignation because he wanted Carson to lead a campaign against the Navajo.

Campaign against Navajos
Carleton had chosen a bleak site on the Pecos River for his reservation, which was called Bosque Redondo (Round Grove). He chose the site for the Apaches and the Navajos because it was far from white settlements. He also wanted the Apaches and the Navajo to act as a buffer for any aggressive acts committed upon the white settlements from the Kiowas and Comanches to the east of Bosque Redondo. He thought as well that the remoteness and desolation of the reservation would discourage white settlement.

The Mescalero Apaches walked 130 miles to the reservation. By March 1863, 400 Apaches had settled around nearby Fort Sumner. Others had fled west to join fugitive bands of Apaches. By middle summer, many of them were planting crops and doing other farm work.
Canyon de Chelly
Carson wanted to take a winter break from the campaign, but Carleton refused. Kit was ordered to invade the Canyon de Chelly. It was there that many Navajos had taken refuge. The historian David Roberts wrote, "Carson's sweep through the Canyon de Chelly in the winter of 1863-1864 would prove to be the decisive action in the Campaign."

The Canyon de Chelly was a sacred place for the Navajo. Believing that it would now be their strongest sanctuary, 300 Navajo took refuge on the canyon rim at a place called Fortress Rock. They resisted Carson's invasion by building rope ladders and bridges, lowering water pots into a stream, and keeping out of sight. The 300 Navajo survived the invasion. In January 1864, Carson swept through the 35-mile Canyon with his forces. He cut down the thousands of peach trees in the Canyon. Few Navajo were killed or captured. Carson's invasion, however, proved to the Navajo the white men could invade their country at any time. Many Navajo surrendered at Fort Canby.
By March 1864, there were 3,000 refuges at Fort Canby. An additional 5,000 arrived in the camp. They were suffering from the intense cold and hunger. Carson asked for supplies to feed and clothe them. The thousands of Navajo were led to Bosque Redondo. Many died along the way, and stragglers in the rear were shot and killed. In Navajo history, the horrific trek is known as the Long Walk. By 1866, reports indicated that Bosque Redondo was a complete failure, Carleton was fired, and Congress started investigations. In 1868, a treaty was signed, the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland, and Bosque Redondo was closed.

First Battle of Adobe Walls
On the morning of November 25, Carson discovered and attacked a Kiowa village of 176 lodges. After the destruction, he moved forward to Adobe Walls. Carson found other Comanche villages in the area and realized that he would face a very large force of Native Americans. A Captain Pettis estimated that 1,200 to 1,400 Comanche and Kiowa began to assemble. The number would swell to possibly 3,000. Four to five hours of battle ensued. When Carson ran low on ammunition and howitzer shells, he ordered his men to retreat to a nearby Kiowa village, which they burned Along with many fine buffalo robes. His Native American scouts killed and mutilated four elderly and weak Kiowas. Their retreat to New Mexico was then begun. There were few deaths among Carson's men. General Carleton wrote to Carson: "This brilliant affair adds another green leaf to the laurel wreath which you have so nobly won in the service of your country
." The battle is considered by some to be Carson's finest moment and is thought to be one of the factors that made the Kiowas and the Comanches sue for peace in 1865.
Some of those who have studied the battle believe that Carson was correct in ordering his troops to retreat. Only one Comanche scalp was reported to ne taken by Carson's soldiers. The First Battle at Adobe Walls would be the last time the Comanche and Kiowa forced American troops to retreat from battle. Adobe Walls marked the beginning of the end of the Plains tribes and of their way of life.

A decade later, the Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27, 1874, between 250 and 700 Comanche and a group of 28 hunters defending Adobe Walls. After a four-day siege, the hundreds of Native Americans withdrew. The Second Battle led to the Red River War of 1874–1875, which that resulted in the final relocation of the Southern Plains Indians to reservations in Oklahoma.

Death
Death

Carson left the army on November 22, 1867. He moved his family to a small settlement on the Purgatoire River called Boggsville, Colorado. He had no money and sold his house in Taos. He wanted to build a ranch. In January 1868, he was made superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Colorado Territory. He was called to Washington, DC, in February 1868 with Ute chiefs and other men to make a treaty. Carson was seriously ill and doubted that he could make the journey, but he felt a responsibility to the chiefs and made the journey. He asked doctors on the East Coast about his health (they gave him little hope of recovery) and toured New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston. His last photograph was snapped in Boston.
He returned home in April 1868. Josefa had given birth to their last child, Josefita. It was not an easy birth, and Josefa died within two weeks on April 23, 1868. Carson missed her greatly. His health grew worse. He needed chloroform to ease the pain. Carson made his will on May 15, 1868 at Fort Lyon and named Thomas Boggs his administrator. Any monies realized from his estate would be used to support his children. Carson had been diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm. The aneurysm broke; Carson's mouth gushed with blood. His doctor and his best friend Thomas Boggs were present when he died. Carson's last words were "Doctor, goodbye. Compadre, adíos." He died on May 23, 1868 at Fort Lyon, Colorado. He was 58 years old.

The wife of an officer offered her wedding dress to line Carson's casket, and the women of the fort took the cloth flowers from their hats to decorate his coffin. Carson and Josefa were first buried in Boggsville. Both were disinterred in 1869 and buried in Taos, New Mexico.

Legacy
Legacy

Carson's home in Taos is today a museum maintained by the Kit Carson Foundation. A monument was raised in the plaza at Santa Fe by the New Mexico Grand Army. In Denver, a statue of a mounted Kit Carson can be found atop the Mac Monnies Pioneer Monument. Another equestrian statue can be seen in Trindad. A national forest in New Mexico was named for Carson as well as a mountain and a county in Colorado. A river in Nevada is named for Carson as well as the state's capital, Carson City. Fort Carson, an army training post near Colorado Springs, was named for him during World War II by popular vote of the men training there.
In the 1960s and the 1970s, Carson came under the scrutiny of revisionist historians. He had been regarded as an American hero, but as the tide turned, he became an archvillain in the genocidal campaign against the Native Americans. Clifford Trafzer's 1982 Kit Carson Campaign: The Last Great Navajo War found fault with both Carleton and Carson, but Trafzer completely ignored Carson's many acts and deeds that humanized the Long Walk.
In time, views of Carson returned to their former glory. David Roberts wrote, "Carson's trajectory, over three and a half decades, from thoughtless killer of Apaches and Blackfeet to defender and champion of the Utes, marks him out as one of the few frontiersmen whose change of heart toward the Indians, born not of missionary theory but of first hand experience, can serve as an exemplar for the more enlightened policies that sporadically gained the day in the twentieth century."

Footnotes
Footnotes

References
 A Brief History of the Bear Flag Revolt 
 Cleland, Robert Glass. 1963. This Reckless Breed of Men. Knopf.
 Kit Carson Biography
 Guild, Thelma S., and Harvey L. Carter. 1984. Kit Carson: a pattern for heroes. University of Nebraska Press.
 "Kit Carson: the legendary frontiersman remains an American hero". Published by Wild West
 Roberts, David. 2000. A Newer World: Kit Carson, John C. Fremont, and the claiming of the West. Simon & Schuster.
 Sides, Hampton. 2006. Blood and Thunder: an epic of the American West. Doubleday.
 Volpe, Vernon. 2013. "Kit Carson". Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia.
 World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 3. 2012. Scott, Foresman.

American frontiersmen and women
American generals
Military people from Kentucky
People from Missouri
People from New Mexico
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
1809 births
1868 deaths
San Juan is a city in Metro Manila, Philippines. It is the smallest city in the country in terms of land area.

Cities in the Philippines
Metro Manila
Mandaluyong, officially the City of Mandaluyong (), is a city in Metro Manila, Philippines. The city's nicknames are the Tiger City of the Philippines and the Shopping Capital of the Philippines.

References

Cities in the Philippines
Metro Manila
Valenzuela may refer to:

Places
Valenzuela, Paraguay
Valenzuela, Philippines
Valenzuela, Spain

Other
 Ricardo Valenzuela - birth name of the Mexican-American musician Ritchie Valens
Pasay, officially the City of Pasay (), is a city in Metro Manila, Philippines. It was one of the original four cities of Metro Manila.

Cities in the Philippines
Metro Manila
Metropolitan Manila (), commonly known as Metro Manila, is the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines. It is the seat of government. It has more people than most regions and metropolitan areas of the country.

Cities
There are 16 cities in Metro Manila. They include Manila, Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela, as well as the municipality of Pateros.

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Regions of the Philippines
Monoceros () is a constellation on the celestial equator. Its name is Greek for unicorn. It was described by 17th-century Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius. Orion is to the west of Monceros. Gemini is to the north. Canis Major is to the south. Hydra is to the east. Other constellations next to Monoceros are Canis Minor, Lepus and Puppis.

Notable features

Stars
Monoceros is hard to see with the naked eye. Its brightest star, Alpha Monocerotis, has a visual magnitude of 3.93. It is brighter than Gamma Monocerotis at 3.98.

Monoceros does have some interesting features to look at with a small telescope. Beta Monocerotis is a triple star system. The three stars form a triangle which looks to be in one spot. William Herschel commented that it is "one of the most beautiful sights in the heavens".

Monoceros also has Plaskett's Star. It is a big binary system. Its whole mass is said to be that of almost 100 Suns put together.

References

Further reading

Other websites
Other websites

 VISTA Reveals the Secret of the Unicorn — ESO Photo Release
 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Monoceros
 The Constellations Web Page - Monoceros
 Star Tales – Monoceros
 Monoceros Constellation at Constellation Guide

Constellations
Petrus Plancius (1552 – May 15, 1622) was a Flemish astronomer,  cartographer  and clergyman. He was born as Pieter Platevoet in Dranouter, now in Heuvelland, West Flanders. He studied theology in Germany and England. At the age of 24 he became a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church.

Cartography

In 1592 he published his best known world map named "Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica". He wrote journals and shipping maps. He made a new way for finding longitude. He was the first to use the Mercator projection for navigational maps.

He was one of the founders of the Dutch East India Company. He drew over 100 maps. 

Plancius knew Henry Hudson. Hudson was an explorer of the New World.

Plancius made the map, Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu, that was in Jan Huygen van Linschoten’s popular book, Itinerario (1596).

Maps

References
Maps

References

Other websites
 Star Tales – the constellations of Petrus Plancius
 Minor planet 10648 Plancius

1552 births
1622 deaths
Cartographers
Christian ministers
Dutch theologians
Dutch astronomers
Dutch Calvinists
People from West Flanders
Edward R. Hauser (August 29, 1916 – Spetember 8, 2014) was an American animal scientist. He was professor and chairman of the Department of Meat and Animal Science at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Hauser was born in La Crosse, Wisconsin.

Hauser died from natural causes in Fitchburg, Wisconsin, aged 98.

References

1916 births
2014 deaths
Scientists from Wisconsin
Academics from Wisconsin
Boris Petrovich Khimichev (Борис Петрович Химичев; 12 January 1933 – 14 September 2014) was a Ukrainian-born Russian actor. He was named a People's Artist of Russia in 1993. Khimichev was known for his roles in Aty-baty, shli soldaty..., The Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe, and in TASS Is Authorized to Declare....

Khimichev died at the age of 81 from a brain tumor.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Russia
Deaths from brain cancer
Disease-related deaths in Moscow
Russian movie actors
Ukrainian actors
Yitzhak Hofi (‎; 25 January 1927 – 15 September 2014) was an Israeli spy and general. He was a member of the Palmach. He was also the head of the  Israeli Northern Command and the director of Mossad. 

Hofi died on 15 September 2014, aged 87.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
Directors of Israeli intelligence agencies
Israeli generals
Mossad people
Military people from Tel Aviv
Gemini is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It was one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy. It is one of the 88 modern constellations today. Its name is Latin for "twins." It is from the twins Castor and Pollux in Greek mythology. Its symbol is  ().

Location

Gemini lies between Taurus to the west and Cancer to the east. Auriga and Lynx are to the north. Monoceros and Canis Minor are to the south.

Meteor showers
The Geminids are a meteor shower that can be seen best on December 13–14. People watching it see about 100 meteors per hour at most. It one of the richest meteor showers. The Epsilon Geminids peak between October 18 and October 29. They have only been recently confirmed. They overlap with the Orionids. This makes the Epsilon Geminids hard to see. Epsilon Geminid meteors move faster than Orionids.

Mythology
Mythology

In Babylonian astronomy, the stars Castor and Pollux were known as the Great Twins (MUL.MASH.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL). The Twins were thought of as minor gods. They were called Meshlamtaea and Lugalirra. These names meant 'The One who has arisen from the Underworld' and the 'Mighty King'. Both names can be understood as titles of Nergal, the major Babylonian god of plague and pestilence. He was king of the Underworld.

Visualizations

Castor and Pollux are the brightest stars in Gemini. They are two bright stars that appear very close together forming an o shape.

Astrology
The Sun appears in the constellation Gemini from June 20 to July 20. In tropical astrology, the Sun is in the sign Gemini from May 21 to June 22, and in sidereal astrology, from June 16 to July 15.

References
References

 
 H. A. Rey, The Stars — A New Way To See Them. Enlarged World-Wide Edition. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1997. .
 
 Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. . Princeton University Press, Princeton. .

Other websites

 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Gemini
 Astrojan Astronomical Picture Collection : The clickable Gemini
 WikiSky: Gemini constellation
 Ian Ridpath's Star Tales: Gemini
APOD Pictures of Gemini and Deep Sky Objects:
 [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090506.html A Spring Sky Over Hirsau Abbey]
 [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090503.html The Eskimo Nebula from Hubble]
 [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100612.html The Medusa Nebula]
 [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap031215.html Open Star Clusters M35 and NGC 2158]
 [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050319.html NGC 2266: Old Cluster in the NGC]
 Constellation Guide: Gemini Constellation

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Eugene Irving Gordon  (September 14, 1930 – September 15, 2014) was an American physicist.  He was Director of the Lightwave Devices Laboratory of Bell Labs.

Gordon was born on September 14, 1930 in New York City. He graduated from the City College of New York in 1952 with a B.S. in physics, and completed his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1957. 

He became director of the Lightwave Devices Laboratory of Bell Labs. He married Renate Albrecht on December 31, 1991. He died on September 15, 2014 in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, aged 84.

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
American physicists
Scientists from New York City
Lepus is a constellation south of the celestial equator. Its name is Latin for hare.  The hare is not from any figure in Greek mythology. Lepus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. It is one of the 88 modern constellations. It is below the constellation Orion (the hunter). It is known as a hare being chased by Orion.

This constellation should not be mixed up with Lupus, the wolf.

Notable features

Deep-sky objects
 IC 418 is a planetary nebula located about 1,100 light years away.
 There is one Messier Object in Lepus, M79. It is a globular cluster of magnitude 8.0, 42,000 light-years from Earth. It is one of the few globular clusters seen in the Northern Hemisphere winter.

References

Further reading
 
 
 
 
 Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. . Princeton University Press, Princeton. .

Other websites
Other websites

 Hundred metre virtual telescope captures unique detailed colour image — ESO's Organisational Release
 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Lepus
 Star Tales – Lepus
 Lepus Constellation at Constellation Guide

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Puppis is a constellation that can be seen in the southern sky. It is one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union.

Notable features

Argo Navis was sub-divided in 1752 by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, forming Puppis.

References

Other websites
 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Puppis
 Star Tales – Puppis
 Puppis Constellation at Constellation Guide

Constellations
The AFC Cup is a football competition run by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). It is available to clubs from AFC-affiliated countries that fall into the AFC's "developing nations" category per the Vision Asia document.

References

Football competitions in Asia
Sport in Asia
Jessica "Jessy" Schram (born 15 January 1986) is an American actress. She played Hannah Griffith in Veronica Mars. She also played Susan Davis in the Jane Doe television series on the Hallmark Channel.

Schram was born in Skokie, Illinois.

References

Actors from Skokie, Illinois
American television actors
American movie actors
1986 births
Living people
Dranouter is a village in the municipality of Heuvelland in West Flanders, Belgium.

References

Settlements in Belgium
West Flanders
South China Athletic Association (also known as South China, SCAA, ) is a Hong Kong sports club, best known for its football team. It is the most successful club in Hong Kong. They won a record 41 First Division League titles. They have also won a record 31 Senior Shields, a record 10 FA Cups and 3 League Cups.

Honours

Domestic
 Hong Kong First Division League
Winners (41): 1923–24, 1930–31, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1939–40, 1940–41, 1948–49, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1996–97, 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2012–13
Runners-up (16): 1928–29, 1946–47, 1953–54, 1955–56, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1972–73, 1980–81, 1984–85, 1988–89, 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2010–11

 Hong Kong Second Division League
Winners (5): 1917–18, 1925–26, 1933–34, 1951–52, 1952–53
Runners-up (?):
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield
Winners (31): 1928–29, 1930–31, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1948–49, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1964–65, 1971–72, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2013–14
Runners-up (?):

Hong Kong Viceroy Cup
Winners (8): 1971–72, 1979–80, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1997–98
Runners-up (7): 1973–74, 1974–75, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1995–96

Hong Kong FA Cup
Winners (10): 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2006–07, 2010–11
Runners-up (4): 1975–76, 1985–86, 1997–98, 2000–01

Hong Kong League Cup
Winners (3): 2001–02, 2007–08, 2010–11
Runners-up (2): 2014–15, 2015–16

 Hong Kong Junior Challenge Shield
Winners (9): 1947–48, 1950–51, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1966–67
Runners-up (?):

Hong Kong Community Shield
Runners-up (1): 2009
Asian
 Asian Cup Winners Cup
Runners-up (1): 1993–94
 AFC Cup
Group Stage: 2014

Football in Hong Kong
1904 establishments
1900s establishments in China
Asian football clubs
Organisations based in Hong Kong
Super Junior-M, often referred to as SJ-M, is a Mandopop boy band, under SM Entertainment. They are the first international music group in the Chinese music industry to have members of both Chinese and Korean descent.

Super Junior-M is the third subgroup of Super Junior and the most successful.

Members

Current members
Sungmin
Eunhyuk
Donghae
Siwon
Ryeowook
Kyuhyun
 Zhou Mi
Henry

Former members
Han Geng

Discography

Studio albums
Me (2008)
Break Down (2013)

Original Soundtracks
Skip Beat! (2012)

Extended plays
Super Girl (2009)
Perfection (2011)
Swing (2014)

References 

South Korean boy bands
Hip hop bands
R&B bands
2008 establishments in South Korea
Dree Hemingway (born December 4, 1987) is an American fashion model and actress. She is the daughter of Mariel Hemingway and niece of Margaux Hemingway. She did editorials for Harper's Bazaar and for Vogue.

Dree Hemingway was born in Idaho.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Models from Idaho
Actors from Idaho
1987 births
Living people
Han Geng (; Hangul: 한경; born February 9, 1984) is a Chinese Mandopop singer and actor. He was a member of South Korean boy bands, Super Junior and Super Junior-M.

Chinese movie actors
Chinese television actors
Chinese singers
1984 births
Living people
Timothy Adam Hudson (born July 14, 1975) is a retired American professional baseball player. He played the pitcher position.

The first professional team that Hudson played for was the Oakland Athletics. He has also played with the Atlanta Braves and San Francisco Giants.

Early life
Hudson attended Glenwood School in Phenix City, Alabama.  In his senior year, his team went to the 1993 AISA state championship.  He finished his high school year with 12 wins and one loss.  He had a 1.78 earned run average.  Even with his great statistics, Hudson was not drafted or offered a scholarship to a big college.  Hudson decided to go to a local two-year college.  He went to Chattahoochee Valley Community College (CVCC).

References

San Francisco Giants players
Living people
1975 births
People from Columbus, Georgia
Hamdeen Sabahi (, ; born 5 July 1954) is an Egyptian left-wing politician, journalist and poet. He is the leader of the Egyptian Popular Current. He also leads National Salvation Front with Amr Moussa. Sabahi is a Nasserist.

Early life
Sabahi was born in a small town to a peasant father.

1954 births
Living people
Egyptian Muslims
Egyptian politicians
Egyptian poets
Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
Wanderlei César da Silva ( ; ; born July 3, 1976) is a Brazilian retired mixed martial artist. He is nicknamed "The Axe Murderer" and "Cachorro Louco". Silva is best known for his time in Pride Fighting Championships and the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) promotions. He is the record holder for most wins, knockouts, title defenses, and longest winning streak in PRIDE history. He has a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and black prajied in Muay Thai. He is known for his aggressive fighting style with the most of his fights ending in either a knockout or referee stoppage because of strikes.
On 22 October 2013, he was announced as a coach for The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3, where he would compete against his long-time rival Chael Sonnen. Silva was suppose to have a bout with Sonnen, which was briefly attached to UFC 173. and then at The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3 Finale was expected to take place on July 5, 2014 at UFC 175. UFC president Dana White would later say that the fight had to be moved back when Silva injured his hand and back during a brawl with Sonnen which happened during the filming of the show. Silva was pulled from the fight entirely because he had failed to submit an application to fight in the state of Nevada, as well as him refusing to undergo a random drug test. Silva was replaced by Vitor Belfort. On June 10, 2014, Chael Sonnen was reported to have failed a drug test and was not allowed to fight on the UFC 175 card, due to his failed drug test, Sonnen announced that he was retiring from the sport the next day.
On September 19, 2014, Silva announced that he was retiring from mixed martial arts.

References

Other websites

Official website 
UFC profile

1976 births
Doping cases in sport
Living people
Mixed martial artists
Sportspeople from Curitiba
Brazilian martial artists
Lofa County is a county in Liberia.

The county is bordered by Bong County to the south and Gbarpolu County to the west. The northwestern parts of Lofa border the nation of Sierra Leone. The northeastern parts border Guinea. Mount Wuteve, the highest mountain in Liberia, is in the county.

Counties
1964 establishments in Africa
Geography of Liberia
John Mercer Langston (December 14, 1829 – November 15, 1897) was a dean at Howard University. He helped create the department of law at the university.

Langston was born a free black in Virginia. His mother used to be a slave. His father was English. He was elected town clerk in Ohio. This made him the first black person to hold a public office (a job where the people vote for you). In 1888, he was elected to the U.S. Congress. He was the first black congressman from Virginia.

1829 births
1897 deaths
Academics from Washington, D.C.
African American politicians
Ambassadors of the United States
Politicians from Virginia