Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Credits

Directed by 
 Peter Hewitt

Produced by 
 John Davis

Written by 
 Joel Cohen
 Alec Solokow

Music by 
 Christophe Beck
 Tim Boland

Visual Development Artists 
 Seth MacFarlane
 Angus MacLane
 Michael Maltese
 Mike Manley 
 Jeff "Swampy" Marsh
 Glenn McCoy
 Craig McCracken
 Christopher McCulloch
 Tom McGrath 
 Patrick McHale 
 Will Meugniot
 Harold Michelson
 Chris Miller 
 Greg Miller 
 Dan Mills
 Mike Milo
 Tom Minton
 Zac Moncrief
 Lauren Montgomery
 Jesse Moynihan
 Kevin Munroe
 Adam Muto
 Raymie Muzquiz

Story Atists 
 Izzy Ellis
 Peter Emmerich
 Darrel Rooney
 Andy Engman
 Joseph L. Erbr

Additional Story Artists 
 Paul Fierlinger
 Dave Filoni
 Will Finn
 Christine Lawrence Finney
 Dave Fleischer
 Lou Fleischer
 Max Fleischer
 Greg Ford
 Ernie Fosselius

Other websites
2004 animated movies
2004 comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies about cats
Movies about dogs
Movies about missing people
Movies set in Los Angeles
20th Century Fox movies
American animated movies
Movies directed by Pete Hewitt
American comedy movies
Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties is a 2006 British-American live-action/animated comedy movie that was produced by John Davis, Michele Imperato and Brian Manis and was directed by Tim Hill. Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties was released on June 16, 2006 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 37 out of 100 from Metacritic.

This movie is a sequel to Garfield: The Movie.

Cast 
 Bill Murray as Garfield (voice)
 Tim Curry as Prince (voice)
 Billy Connolly as Lord Dargis
 Breckin Meyer as Jon Arbuckle
 Matthew Lillard as Edward Arbuckle (Jon's brother)
 Jennifer Love Hewitt as Dr. Liz Wilson
 Bob Hoskins as Winston (Voice)
 Ian Abercrombie as Smithee
 Roger Rees as Mr. Hobbs
 Lucy Davis as Ms. Abby Westminister
 Rhys Ifans as McBunny (Voice)
 Oliver Muirhead as Mr. Greene
 Vinnie Jones as Rommel (Voice)
 Joe Pasquale as Claudius (Voice)

Odie is play by a real dog despite Garfield is animated with the computer motion capture.
Other websites
Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties' Official website 
 

2006 animated movies
2006 comedy movies
2000s sequel movies
American animated movies
American comedy movies
British animated movies
British comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about cats
Movies about dogs
Movies set in palaces
Movies set in England
Movies about royalty
20th Century Fox movies
Ritchie Blackmore (born 14 April 1945) is an English guitarist. He is former member and founder of British hard rock band Deep Purple.

Early life 
Blackmore was born in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. His family moved to Heston, Middlesex when he was two.

Career
Career 

In the 1950s, Blackmore played with small bands. In 1968, Blackmore, with keyboardist Jon Lord, singer Rod Evans, bassist Nick Simper and drummer Ian Paice created the band Deep Purple. Deep Purple had a hit song in the United States with "Hush". Although they were doing well, Ritchie Blackmore and Deep Purple decided to get a different singer. They replaced Evans with Ian Gillan from the band Episode 6. They also replaced the bass player (Nick Simper) with  another Episode 6 member, Roger Glover. The band's album Deep Purple In Rock was released in 1970. In 1972, Deep Purple made the album Machine Head. It included one of their most popular songs, "Smoke on the Water. In 1972, they recorded the live album Made in Japan. Gillan and Glover left the group in 1973. They were replaced with singer David Coverdale and bassist Glenn Hughes. The new Deep Purple released two albums Burn (1974) and Stormbringer (1974). Blackmore left the band soon after these albums were released.
In 1984, Blackmore got back together with Gillan, Glover, Lord and Paice and made the album Perfect Strangers. The album had many successes with the songs "Knocking at Your Back Door" and "Perfect Strangers". After recording the album The Battle Rages On, Blackmore left the band in 1993.

The Rainbow  

In 1975, Blackmore founded the band The Rainbow. The band included Ronnie James Dio as singer, Craig Gruber on bass, Micky Lee Soule on keyboards, and Gary Driscoll on drums. The band's first album, Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow, was released August 4, 1975. It was followed by Long Live Rock 'n' Roll in 1978, with Cozy Powell in drums. On Difficult to Cure (1981), The band included the vocalist Joe Lynn Turner, replacing Dio. After several changes in its members, Blackmore disbanded the band in 1997.

Discography
Discography

Deep Purple 
Studio albums
 Shades of Deep Purple (1968)
 The Book of Taliesyn (1968)
 Deep Purple (1969)
 Deep Purple in Rock (1970)
 Fireball (1971)
 Machine Head (1972)
 Who Do We Think We Are (1973)
 Burn (1974)
 Stormbringer (1974)
 Perfect Strangers (1984)
 The House of Blue Light (1987)
 Slaves and Masters (1990)
 The Battle Rages On... (1993)

References 
 Legends of rock guitar: the essential reference of rock's greatest guitarists, by Pete Prown,Harvey P. Newquist,Jon F. Eiche
 The British Invasion: The Music, the Times, the Era, by Barry Miles

Other websites
 The Official Ritchie Blackmore and Blackmore's Night website
 1975 Interview with Ritchie Blackmore on Modern Guitars Magazine 
 Interview with Ritchie Blackmore
 Interview with Ritchie Blackmore about acoustic renaissance work 
 First Ritchie Blackmore Fanclub on the net in English with many infos and a community 

1945 births
Living people
British rock musicians
English guitarists
English songwriters
People from Middlesex
Clinton Darryl "Clint" Mansell (born 7 January 1963 in Coventry, England) is an English musician, composer, and was also the lead singer and guitarist of the band Pop Will Eat Itself. He is known for scores on movies. Some of the most famous movies that he has scored are Requiem for a Dream, The Fountain, Moon, Smokin' Aces, The Wrestler, and Black Swan. His composition has become very popular and has been used in many advertisements and movie trailers.

Scoring credits
Mansell has scored many movies:

Other websites
Clint Mansell at the Internet Movie Database

1963 births
Living people
English composers
English rock musicians
Entertainers from Coventry
Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing application (program). It is made by Microsoft and it is part of Microsoft Office. Publisher is similar to Word except that it places the emphasis on page layout and design (rather than writing text and proof reading). With Publisher, you can create a variety of publication types. For example, you can make brochures, newsletters, postcards and  greeting cards as well as normal, 'Word-like' documents. Publisher's file extension is .pub.

References and notes

Publisher
The Daily Express is a British newspaper. It is published daily and it is a tabloid. It was founded in 1900.

Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
LGBT human rights are not respected in the People's Republic of Bangladesh, and there appears to be no organized movement to advance such human rights. And such acts of homosexuality will lead to life in prison, or even face the death penalty.

Constitutional & Criminal Code
The Constitution has several provisions that could apply to LGBT citizens;
 Part II Article 19 – Promises equal opportunity for all citizens.
 Part III Article 27- Promises equality before the law for all citizens.
 Freedom of religion and the press are both promised, but subject to restrictions based on "decency or morality".
 A citizen is not eligible to be a member of Parliament if they are convicted of a "criminal offence involving moral turpitude."

According to Section 377 A of the British Indian penal code of BPC, adult homosexual sex acts are illegal and will be punished with deportation, fines and/or up to 10 years, sometimes life imprisonment. This legal prohibition extends to any sort of LGBT-human rights organization.
BPC Section – 377A. Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation : ” Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section.

Social status
Hijras are discriminated against a lot. Many hijras do sex work because people will not give them jobs. Since On the 11th of November in 2013, hijras in Bangladesh have been allowed to choose 'hijra' as a gender on their passports. Before this they had to choose 'male' or 'female'. Hijras have their own language called Hijra Farsi. It is also known as Koti. In 2000, Shabnam Mausi was the first hijra to be elected into Indian parliament.
Public opinion
According to a 2017 poll carried out by ILGA, a plurality of 47% of Bangladeshis agreed that gay, lesbian and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as straight people, while 38% disagreed. Additionally, 50% agreed that they should be protected from workplace discrimination. 49% of Bangladeshis, however, said that people who are in same-sex relationships should be charged as criminals, while 38% disagreed. As for transgender people, 44% agreed that they should have the same rights, 50% believed they should be protected from employment discrimination and 40% believed they should be allowed to change their legal gender.

Additionally, according to that same poll, a third of Bangladeshis would try to "change" a neighbour's sexual orientation if they discovered he/she was gay.

Summary table

Related
 Boys of Bangladesh

References

Politics of Bangladesh
Bangladesh
A History of Violence is the sixth studio album by American hip hop group, Jedi Mind Tricks. It was released on November 11, 2008. The producer of the album was Stoupe. The first single off the album is "Monolith".

Songs

References

2008 albums
Jedi Mind Tricks albums
Sindhis (; Sindhī) are a Indo-Aryan ethnic group of people originating from the Sindh province of Pakistan. Today Sindhis mostly practice Islam, but historically they practised Hinduism and a large minority of them still do today. The original inhabitants of ancient Sindh were believed to be aboriginal tribes speaking languages of the Indus Valley civilization around 3000 BC. This population then mixed with the Aryan invaders that arrived later on which created the modern Sindhi ethnic group.

In his book Kitab-ul-Hind, the Persian scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (Al-Beruni) declared that even before the advent of Islam into Sindh (711 A.D.), the Sindhi language was prevalent in Sindh.
Sindh was the first place in the Indian subcontinent to not only be conquered by a Muslim state but also the first to have a significant Muslim population. Islam arrived in Sindh after the Umayyad conquest and annexation of Sindh in the year 711 AD led by the Arab general Muhammad ibn Qasim. After this, Sindh became the easternmost province of the Caliphate. The second significant religion of the Sindhis is Hinduism which is the historical religion of Sindhi people as it was the major religion practised in the region before the Muslim conquest. Today, Sindhi Hindus make up about 20% of the total ethnic Sindhi population worldwide. Sindhi Hindus also revere the Sikh gurus and especially the first Sikh guru, Guru Nanak. Every year for 30 years during the early 20th century, Sikh missionary groups were sent to work among Sindhis. Because of this, the number of Sindhi Sikhs increased from 1000 in 1901 to over 39,000 in 1941
. During the Partition of former British India in 1947, a lot of Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs left for India. They settled in Mumbai, New Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat. Later, a small number of them decided to settle in the Punjab State of India. Their main centers of pilgrimage are Sadhu Bela, an Udasi sect shrine built in 1823 in Sukkur District. And they also visit the Sikh shrines of Nankana Sahib, Panja Sahib, and Dehra Sahib in Punjab Province of Pakistan. Today, there is still a large Sindhi Hindu minority in the Sindh province of Pakistan however majority of the Sindhi Hindus live in India as their forefather migrated there during partition in 1947.
Notes

References 

Ethnic groups in Sindh
The Persian language influenced the formation of many modern languages of the Greater Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asian regions, including Urdu. 

Following the Turko-Persian Mahmud of Ghazni's Ghaznavid conquest of South Asia, an influenced language of Turkish, Arabic and Persian and local dialects began to form, one that would eventually be known as Urdu. This language was called Zaban-e-Ordu ('language of the army'), the court language, and was later shortened to just Urdu. In the indigenous literature and spoken name, it was/is called Lashkari or Lashkari Zaban in the long form. It grew from the interaction of Persian and Turkish speaking Muslim soldiers and the native peoples. Under Persian influence from the state, the Persian script and Nasta'liq form of cursive writing was adopted, with additional figures added to accommodate the Indic phonetic system. The national anthem of Pakistan is highly Persianized.
Urdu is a morpho-syntax/grammatically a Persian-Turkish written in the Persia-Arabic script, and contains literary conventions and specialised vocabulary largely from Persian. Some grammatical elements peculiar to Persian, such as the enclitic ezāfe, and the use of the takhallus, were readily absorbed into Urdu literature both religious and secular.

Urdu soon gained distinction in literary and cultural spheres because of the hybrid nature of the language. Many distinctly Persian forms of literature, such as Ghazal, Qasida, Marsia and Nazms, caried over into Urdu literature, producing a distinct melding of Iranian and South Asian heritages. A famous cross-over writer was Amir Khusro, whose Persian and Urdu couplets are to this day read in South Asia-Central Asia.

References

Languages of Pakistan
Persian language
Urdu language
Pure-bred organisms are homozygous for the desired characteristics that a breeder wants. The offspring of a pure bred organism will always show the desired phenotype. The type is often got by inbreeding. Standard laboratory white rats are so genetically similar that they will accept skin grafts from other rats of the type. See strain (biology) for a fuller discussion.

Classical genetics
A diagnosis is an accurate and precise account of the nature or cause of something. 

Medical diagnosis is the best-known field, but diagnosis can be applied to any subject. Whereas a doctor diagnoses what is wrong with a patient, a motor mechanic can diagnose the fault in a car. In all cases they replace a vague query, such as "My car will not start", with an exact analysis, such as "It's out of petrol". Notice the diagnosis is precise enough so the solution can be seen.

These ideas work even in more subtle cases. A boy brings an insect in a box to a natural history museum. He asks an expert "What is this?" The expert says "You mean, apart from it being a beetle?" When the boy nods, the expert looks at the insect under a magnifying glass, or a binocular microscope. Chances are, it is a common beetle, and the expert can give the boy quite a lot of information about it.
But if it is not known to the expert, a much longer study is needed. Large reference books will be consulted; trays of similar insects will be taken out of store to be compared. A full diagnosis needs at least the genus and species. If the species is unknown, the detailed work of description is needed for publication.

Related concepts 
Mostly, in biological taxonomy, the adjective "diagnostic" is used for any distinctive trait which places the specimen in a precise category. For example, A single bone making up the lower jaw is diagnostic of a mammal.

"Diagnostics" is the name given to procedures which spell out what to do to find the cause of a fault. This term is used a lot in computer systems.

Related pages
Symptom
Medicine
Causality
Agoraphobia is a medical condition that causes anxiety. Sufferers are afraid of large open spaces, crowds, and new places. Many doctors believe that people with the condition are afraid of becoming anxious. Places that make them feel unsafe and increase their feelings of anxiety and panic. They may be afraid they might lose control and embarrass themselves. They worry that they may not be able to get away, or find help if they have a panic attack. The word agoraphobia means "fear of the market place". People with agoraphobia often believe that their home is the only safe place. Extreme sufferers may be unable to leave their homes for months or in some cases years.

Agoraphobia is sometimes treated successfully with medication and cognitive behavioral therapy, but some people never recover.
Symptoms
People with agoraphobia may show these signs and symptoms:
 Anxiety in "unsafe" places
 Being short of breath
 Sweating
 Dizziness
 Fast heartbeat
 Nausea
 Feelings of extreme fear
 Feeling anxious if they know they will have to leave their safe place (such as their home)
 Low self-esteem
 Loss of self-confidence 
 Do not want to visit new places
 Depression

Causes of Agoraphobia 

 Although the precise causes of agoraphobia are unknown, there are some risk factors that could raise your risk of getting this disorder. They consist of:

 Having a different anxiety disorder, such as social anxiety or generalized anxiety disorder.
 One more phobia.
 A history of agoraphobia in the family.
 Maltreatment or trauma in the past.
 Cognitive chemistry.
 Depression or low self-esteem.
Moreover, learned associations may contribute to the emergence of agoraphobia.
 The concern that a panic attack may happen again in the future can develop after having one in a particular circumstance or place.
 In some circumstances, agoraphobia can be exacerbated by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
 Following a traumatic experience, PTSD can develop and cause feelings of anxiety and hypervigilance, which can trigger the development of agoraphobia.
 The risk of acquiring agoraphobia may be increased by prolonged solitude.
 For instance, the terror brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic paired with the isolation brought on by social exclusion and quarantines has made many Americans more anxious.
 According to mental health professionals, the effects of these incidents could continue for years and affect both grown-up and children's well-being.

References

Phobias
Anxiety disorders
The Russian Far East is a geographical term that describes the eastern section of Russia.

Although traditionally considered part of Siberia, the Russian Far East is categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes, which covers a smaller territory called the Siberian Federal District.

This was also true during the Soviet era when it was also categorized separately and called the Soviet Far East.

The Russian Far East covers the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District. The southernmost part is Primorsky Krai.

 

Geography of Russia
A Remington 700, also called an R700 is a bolt sniper rifle. It is called M24 by the United States Army.

Rifles
The Amur River is a river extending from northeastern China to the Russian Far East. It is the tenth longest river in the world.

Rivers of Russia
Rivers of China
A civilian in time of war is a person who is not a member of a country's military and any other fighting group. This is what the word means under the laws of war. Civilians are the opposite of soldiers and combatants, who fight in wars.

In an international armed conflict, civilians are generally protected by international humanitarian law from being harmed except: 

Nationals under their own state authority except for refugees of the occupying power living in occupied territory prior to hostilities as long they don't commit crimes after hostilities or that violate their own laws which are also ordinary criminal offenses under the law of the occupied state.

Nationals of a neutral state who find themselves in a recognized territory of a belligerent nation as long their state maintains diplomatic relations with a belligerent country

Nationals of a co-belligerent (i.e., allied) state as long their state maintains diplomatic relations with a belligerent nation
The treatment of protected civilians in an international armed conflict is covered by the Fourth Geneva Convention. Prisoners are covered by the Third Convention. These are based on humanitarian doctrines (ethical beliefs) and that most countries follow them as law.

In an international armed conflict, protected civilians have the right to defend themselves. If they participate in other fighting, they are usually called partisans, and they can be tried for war crimes.

In a non-international armed conflict, Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocol II protect civilians regardless of nationality from the harmful effects of war. They can also be tried for harboring non-state armed groups since rebellion is a crime under the domestic law of most nations.
The modern use of the word also has problems:
 Many modern wars are civil wars. In a civil war, it can be difficult to make the distinction between the different parties at war, and it can also be difficult to make a difference between a civilian and a soldier. 

 Guerilla warfare and terrorism rely on the fact that the people taking part cannot be distinguished from civilians; they look like civilians, and not like soldiers.
 Depleting the resources of the enemy has long been a method of war. Crops are burned and supplies blockaded so all, including enemy troops, will starve. In modern times strategic bombing may attack weapons factories, transport, and cities.

References 

People
, also known as the IJA, was the army of Imperial Japan from 1868 to 1945. The army was under the command of Emperor Meiji from 1868-1912, Emperor Taishō from 1912-1926 and Emperor Hirohito from 1926-1945 .

The IJA was started after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, replacing the Samurai. It was abolished at the end of World War II in 1945. 

The army was involved in many Wars : Boshin War (1868-1869) Invasion Of Taiwan (1874) Shinpuren Rebellion (1876) Satsuma Rebellion (1877) First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Invasion Of Taiwan (1895) Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) World War 1 (1914-1918) Siberian Intervention (1918-1922) Japanese Invasion Of Manchuria (1931) Soviet-Japanese Border Conflict (1932-1939) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Battle of Khalkhin Gol (1939) World War 2 (1941-1945)    .

Legacy
Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan prohibits the use of aggressive force as a means for settling international disputes.
In order to defend Japan, if necessary, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) was formed.

The ground-reach of JSDF is the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF).

Related pages
 Imperial Japanese Navy

References

Other websites

 AxisHistory.com, Japanese Army
 Imperial Japanese Army -Citizendium

Military of Japan
Armies
1871 establishments in Japan
1945 disestablishments in Asia
1940s disestablishments in Japan
Catastrophism is the idea that Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events. Catastrophes, possibly worldwide in scope, came between long periods of quiet inactivity. This was called 'catastrophism' by William Whewell in 1837.

Catastrophes were thought to be the main cause of the changes seen in the record of the rocks and fossils. This record appeared to show that the Earth had suffered occasional gigantic upheavals in what was otherwise a quiet planet.

Supporting this view was the greatest comparative anatomist and palaeontologist of the early 19th century. He was Georges Cuvier, Director of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris. Cuvier had shown that extinction of species had definitely taken place. His catastrophism was an explanation for the regular changes in species seen in the rock strata. He had no real explanation of why later species were different from earlier ones. He rejected the idea of evolution, but did not propose a religious solution.
The opposition  
James Hutton's Theory of the Earth (2 vols, 1795), followed lated by Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology (3 vols, 1830–33), painted a quite different picture.

This was uniformitarianism, also a word coined by Whewell. Hutton's basic idea was 'present-day processes also worked in the past'. The Earth's features had been shaped by same geological processes that could be observed in the present, acting gradually over an immense period of time.

Lyell developed these ideas, and presented a huge number of observations which could only be explained by gradual action. His book strongly influenced the young Charles Darwin, who took the first volume with him on the HMS Beagle, and had the second volume sent ahead to Rio de Janeiro.

The age of the Earth is a factor in the debate. In the 19th century it was thought the Earth was perhaps 100 million years old. Now, we know it to be about 4,560 million years old. That is definitely long enough for slow processes to take effect.
As a result, for a long period from 1840 to 1980, virtually all geologists were uniformitarians, believing 'the present is the key to the past'.

Synthesis 
Finally, it became clear that both slow processes and rapid disasters have played a part in Earth history.

A major reason for this is the realisation that asteroid impacts, and some other events, have influenced Earth history.

End of the dinosaurs 
Walter and Luis Alvarez suggested in 1980 that a  asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. 

The impact wiped out about 70% of all species, including the dinosaurs, leaving evidence of the K/T extinction event. In 1990, a  candidate crater marking the impact was identified at Chicxulub in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico.
The only debate now is whether the main extinction mechanism was the asteroid impact or widespread flood volcanism from the Deccan Traps (which occurred about the same time). Both mechanisms suggested are catastrophic in nature, though only the asteroid impact was sudden.

The observation of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 cometary collision with Jupiter illustrated that catastrophic events do occur as natural events.

Origin of the Moon 
The giant impact hypothesis is that the Moon was created out of the debris from a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet. This is the favoured scientific hypothesis for the formation of the Moon.

References 

History of science
Geology
Philosophy of science
Steve Harris (born 12 March 1956) is a bassist, keyboardist, and founder of the British band Iron Maiden.

Iron Maiden career
In 1975 Steve Harris quits his job and founded the heavy metal band Iron Maiden with guitarist Dave Murray. In 1980 Harris and Murrray recorded the first album of Iron Maiden, released 14 April 1980, completing the formation of Maiden was Paul Di'Anno - vocal, Dennis Stratton - guitar, Clive Burr - drums. The album had some success, and a very good job of Harris on bass. The second album Killers (1981), by Iron Maiden had better impactand the incorporation of guitarist Adrian Smith. In 1982, Iron Maiden vocalist change of the band joins Bruce Dickinson, with a more powerful voice, throw one of the best Maiden album The Number of the Beast, In 1983 Harris and Maiden drummer change and was elected Nicko McBrain. In 1990 Smith left the band and was replaced by guitarist Janick Gers. With the new Iron Maiden guitarist launches one of the best albums of his career Fear of the Dark (1992). In 1995 the band changes and enters vocalist Blaze Bayley in substitution of Dickinson
. Bayley did not fulfill all expectations and leaving Maiden after recording two albums. In 2000, Bruce Dickinson and Adrian Smith returned to the band, with the news that Janick Gers would remain a member of Iron Maiden Maiden, since then Maiden has three guitarists. Steve Harris is considered one of the greatest bassists of all time, he co-wrote most of the hits of Iron Maiden, and was the only member of the band will have been in all its formations.
Discography 
 Iron Maiden (1980)
 Killers (1981)
 The Number of the Beast (1982)
 Piece of Mind (1983)
 Powerslave (1984)
 Somewhere in Time (1986)
 Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988)
 No Prayer for the Dying (1990)
 Fear of the Dark (1992)
 The X Factor (1995)
 Virtual XI (1998)
 Brave New World (2000)
 Dance of Death (2003)
 A Matter of Life and Death (2006)
 The Final Frontier (2010)

References 
 Iron Maiden Members: Bruce Dickinson, Paul Di'anno, Nicko Mcbrain, Dave Murray, Blaze Bayley, Steve Harris, List of Iron Maiden Band Members, by General Books LLC
 Billboard Ago 3, 1985

Other websites 
 Official website of Iron Maiden

1956 births
Living people
British bass guitarists
British keyboardists
English rock guitarists
Iron Maiden members
Musicians from Essex
Robert James Ritchie, better known as Kid Rock, (born January 17, 1971) is an American singer, songwriter, and rapper. He has made songs with parts of many different styles of music, including rock, hip hop, heavy metal, and country.

Early career
Kid Rock grew up in Romeo, Michigan, which is near Detroit. He made his first album, Grits Sandwiches for Breakfast, in 1990. However, it did not gain many success. He made several more records over the next few years, but the albums did not make any sells either. By 1998, bands such as Korn and Limp Bizkit were becoming popular with music that had both rap and heavy metal. Because Kid Rock was making similar music, the record label Atlantic Records, signed Kid Rock to a contract. In 1998, his album Devil Without A Cause was released. Songs such as Bawitdaba and Cowboy were released, making Kid Rock a star.
Later career
In 2000, Kid Rock released The History of Rock, an album that mostly had old songs from before he became famous, along with two new songs. He released the album Cocky in 2001, Kid Rock in 2003, Rock n Roll Jesus in 2007, and Born Free in 2010.

Live performances
Kid Rock is a supporter of people in the United States Military. He has performed several concerts for soldiers, and gave soldiers free copies of his album Born Free.

In 2004, Kid Rock performed during the Super Bowl halftime show. Although the show was more controversial for an incident where one of Janet Jackson's breasts was seen on television, Kid Rock was criticized for playing while wearing an American flag.

United States Senate campaign, 2018
Kid Rock has been mentioned as a possible candidate for the 2018 U.S. Senate election in Michigan. On July 12, 2017, he shared a photo of a "Kid Rock for US Senate" yard sign on Twitter. He later confirmed that he is in fact running for the Senate.

Discography
Discography

Singles
"All Summer Long" (2008)

Studio albums
Grits Sandwiches for Breakfast (1990)
The Polyfuze Method (1993)
Early Mornin' Stoned Pimp (1996)
Devil Without a Cause (1998)
Cocky (2001)
Kid Rock (2003)
Rock n Roll Jesus (2007)
Born Free (2010)
Rebel Soul (2012)
First Kiss (2015)
Sweet Southern Sugar (2017)

References

1971 births
Living people
Singers from Michigan
American hip hop singers
American rock musicians
American country singers
American movie actors
Writers from Michigan
Politicians from Michigan
Rappers from Michigan
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Castro is a Chilean city with 39.366 inhabitants (2002 census).

History 
Castro was discovered by the Spanish conqueror Martín Ruiz de Gamboa on 1567.

Sights 

Castro is well known for its palafitos, traditional wooden stilt houses that are common on the Chiloé Island. Some of them are preserved in the west of the town in a bay named Fiordo de Castro.

In Gamboa, there is also an interesting wooden chapel.

References

Other websites 

Castro municipality 
History & Legends of Castro

Cities in Chile
Los Lagos Region
Puerto Montt is a Chilean city with 175,847 inhabitants (2002 census).

History 
The actual Puerto Montt was discovered by a thick forest man who founded the city as Melipulli on 1853.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Puerto Montt municipality  

Cities in Chile
Los Lagos Region
Capitals of Chilean regions
Temuco is a Chilean city with 245,347 inhabitants (2002 census).

History 
Temuco was founded by Manuel Recabarren naming the place Fuerte Recabarren(Fort Recabarren) during the Occupation of  Araucania on 1881.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Temuco municipality  

Cities in Chile
Araucanía Region
Capitals of Chilean regions
Talca is a Chilean city with 201.797 inhabitants (2002 census).

History 
Talca was founded like Villa San Agustín de Talca by the Spanish José Antonio Manso de Velasco on 1881.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Talca municipality 

Cities in Chile
Capitals of Chilean regions
Maule Region
Rancagua is a Chilean city with 214,344 people living there according to 2002 census.

History 
Rancagua was founded by the Spanish soldier José Antonio Manso de Velasco on 1743.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Rancagua municipality 

Cities in Chile
Settlements in O'Higgins Region
Capitals of Chilean regions
Coyhaique is a Chilean city with 50.041 inhabitants (2002 census).

History 
Coyhaique was founded like Baquedano on 1929.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Coihaique municipality 

Cities in Chile
Capitals of Chilean regions
Aysén Region
A grackle is a bird that lives around North and South America. They belong to the Icterid family.

Appearance 
Adult grackles measure from  from bill to tail and, have wings that are  long, and weigh . Common grackles are less sexually dimorphic (difference in looks between male and female) than other grackles, but the differences between male and females can still be noticeable. The males, are mostly larger than the female. Adults have a long, dark bill, pale yellowish eyes, and a long tail; their feathers appear black with purple, green, or blue on the head, and primarily brown shine on the body. Adult females, besides being smaller, are less shiny; their tails in particular are shorter, and are brown with no purple or blue shine. Juveniles are brown with dark brown eyes.

When grackles are in a group, they are called a "plague".

Other websites 
 Common Grackle at cornell.edu

Icteridae
Crystallography is the study of the arrangement of atoms in solids that are mostly in three dimensional pattern. 

Before the development of X-ray crystallography, the study of crystals was based on their geometry. This involves measuring the angles of crystal faces, and establishing the symmetry of the crystal in question.

X-ray diffraction 
Crystal structure is now found by analysis of the diffraction patterns of a sample targeted by a beam of some type.

The technique was jointly invented by Sir William Bragg (1862–1942) and his son Sir Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971), who jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1915. Lawrence Bragg was the youngest to become a Nobel Laureate. He was the Director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was made by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in February 1953.
X-rays are most commonly used, but for some purposes electrons or neutrons are used. Because of the different forms of interaction, the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies.

Technique 
Some materials studied using crystallography, proteins for example, do not always occur naturally as crystals. Normally such molecules are placed in solution and allowed to crystallize over days, weeks, or months.

Once a crystal is obtained, data can be collected using a beam of radiation. Although X-ray equipment is commonplace, crystallography often uses special synchrotron light sources to make X-rays. They produce purer and more complete patterns. Synchrotron sources also have a much higher intensity of X-ray beams, so data collection takes a fraction of the time normally necessary at weaker sources. 

Producing an image from a diffraction pattern requires sophisticated mathematics.
The mathematical methods for the analysis of diffraction data only apply to patterns, which in turn result only when waves diffract from orderly arrays. Hence crystallography applies for the most part only to crystals, or to molecules which can be got to crystallize. 

In spite of this, a certain amount of molecular information can be deduced from the patterns that are generated by fibres and powders. For example, the double-helical structure of DNA was deduced from an X-ray diffraction pattern that had been got from a fibrous sample.

Electron diffraction 

Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The method was invented by Aaron Klug, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this, and his studies on virus structures and transfer RNA, in 1982.

The first electron crystallographic protein structure to achieve atomic resolution was bacteriorhodopsin in 1990.

Examples

Crystallography in materials engineering
Crystallography is a tool that is often employed in materials science. The understanding of crystal structures is needed to understand crystallographic defects. 

A number of other physical properties are linked to crystallography. For example, the minerals in clay form small, flat, platelike structures. Clay can be easily deformed because the platelike particles can slip along each other in the plane of the plates, yet remain strongly connected in the direction perpendicular to the plates. Such mechanisms can be studied by crystallographic texture measurements.

Crystallography includes the symmetry patterns which can be formed by atoms in a crystal.

Biology 
X-ray crystallography was the primary method for determining the 3-D molecular structure of biological macromolecules. The most important of these are enzymes, and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. In fact, the double helix structure of DNA was worked out from crystallographic data.
The first crystal structure of a macromolecule was solved in 1958  The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a freely accessible repository for the structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules. Computer programs can be used to help visualize biological molecular structures.

X-ray crystallography has now given way to electron crystallography for macromolecules which do not form large 3-D crystals.

References 

Technology
Branches of chemistry
Molecular biology
Subfields of physics
The Tea Party is an American populist political movement.  Most people say it is conservative and libertarian.

The Tea Party:
 has sponsored protests and supported political candidates since 2009,
 wants less government spending, 
 is against taxation in varying degrees, 
 wants to reduce the national debt and the federal budget deficit, 
 wants a strict interpretation of the United States Constitution, not changing its meaning to fit modern ideas and advances.

The name "Tea Party" comes from the Boston Tea Party, a protest by colonists who objected to a British tax on tea in 1773.  They demonstrated by dumping British tea taken from docked ships into the harbor.  Some say that the  Tea in "Tea Party" also stands for "Taxed Enough Already".

The Tea Party movement has caucuses (groups) in the House of Representatives and the Senate of the United States.  Many of the members of the Tea Party caucus were first elected in the 2010 midterm elections.  Some of them had never held any public office before.
The Tea Party movement has no central leadership but is composed of a loose linking of national and local groups that decide their own platforms and agendas. The Tea Party movement has been cited as an example of grassroots political activity, although it has also been cited as an example of astroturfing.

The Tea Party's most famous national figures include Republican politicians such as Sarah Palin, Ron Paul, and Michele Bachmann. As of 2010, the Tea Party movement is not a national political party, but has endorsed Republican candidates.
A Gallup poll shows almost 80% of Tea Partiers say they are Republicans. Commentators, including Gallup Editor-in-Chief Frank Newport, have suggested that the movement is not a new political group but simply a rebranding of traditional Republican candidates and policies. An October 2010 Washington Post canvass of local Tea Party organizers found 87% saying "dissatisfaction with mainstream Republican Party leaders" was "an important factor in the support the group has received so far".  Though many are opposed to GOP leadership, they are even more opposed to President Obama.  Some members believe that President Obama was not born in the United States (despite a birth certificate showing he was born in Hawaii).

One of the main positions the Tea Party took was against the debt ceiling (the amount of money the U.S. is allowed to borrow).  Many voted against any raising of the debt ceiling.  Others demanded large spending cuts and a balanced budget amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

References
References

Republican Party (United States)
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins CBE FRS (15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004) was a New Zealand-born English physicist and molecular biologist.

Wilkins was born in New Zealand to a family from Dublin. When he was six, he moved to Birmingham.

His research contributed to the understanding of phosphorescence, isotope separation, light microscopy and X-ray crystallography. 

He worked on the development of radar during World War II, and was a member of the Manhattan Project. 

He is best known for his work at King's College London on the structure of DNA. 

In recognition of this work, he, Francis Crick and James Watson were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". His obituary provides extensive information on the topics mentioned here.
Wilkins was the Assistant Director of the Biophysics Unit at Kings College, and responsible for work on the structure of DNA. Wilkins and a graduate student, Raymond Gosling, got the first X-ray diffraction photos of DNA in 1950. He introduced Francis Crick to the importance of DNA, and hired Rosalind Franklin on a three-year grant. Franklin made progress with the crystallography, and produced some better photographs of the structure. 

In 1953 Watson visited King's, and Crick got sight of a progress report. This report included useful information from Franklin about features of DNA she had deduced from her X-ray diffraction data.

Watson and Crick published their proposed DNA double helix structure in a paper in the journal Nature in April 1953. In this paper Watson and Crick acknowledged that they had been "stimulated by.... the unpublished results and ideas" of Wilkins and Franklin.
By this time Franklin was suffering from cancer of the ovary. She died in 1958, which explains why she was not included in the 1962 Nobel Prize. A controversy exists as to the relative contributions of her and Wilkins.

References 

1916 births
2004 deaths
British biophysicists
British Nobel Prize winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
New Zealand physicists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Birmingham
New Zealand Nobel Prize winners
Otto Adolf Eichmann (19 March 1906 in Solingen – 31 May 1962 in Ramla) was a German SS officer (he had the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer, comparable with lieutenant colonel). He died at the age of 56 on 1st June 1962 in Ramla Israel .

Eichmann was an important person of Nazi Germany during the Third Reich. As head of a subdivision of the Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, Referat IV B4) he was the architect of The Holocaust who organized the death camps, like the Auschwitz concentration camp, that were used to kill 11 million people during World War 2.
After the war he escaped and in 1960 was discovered to be living in Argentina. The Israeli secret service, the Mossad, kidnapped him and took him back to Israel. Eichmann was put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity. He was found guilty on 11 December 1961, and executed by hanging in Ramla. His body was cremated in an unusually hot furnace, and the ashes were scattered in the sea.  Eichmann is one of the few people to ever be executed by Israel.

The trial of Adolf Eichmann was broadcast on radio in Israel, and millions of people around the world watched it on television. This was the first time that victims of the Holocaust talked openly about what had happened. This was an event that helped bring together and unify the many people who had come to live in the new nation of Israel.
Early life and career 
He was born in Solingen,Germany on 19 March 1906 he later moved to Linz in Austria-Hungary in 1913 . He joined the Nazi Party/NSDAP on 1 April 1932 in the Austrian Branch of the NSDAP . He also joined the SS which was lead by Heinrich Himmler and deputy head Reinhard Heydrich . In 1941 when Heydrich created the Nazi Genocide known as the  Holocaust where he organised the Holocaust Trains from 1941-1945 during WW2 (1939-1945) in Poland by sending the Holocaust victims to Auschwitz concentration camp between 1942 and 1945 in Eastern Europe .

References

1906 births
1962 deaths
German colonels
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
Kidnapped people
Mossad
Nazi leaders
People executed by hanging
People from Solingen
RSHA people
SS officers
Gordon Allan "Phat" Wilson (December 29, 1895 – July 26, 1970) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey forward who won the Allan Cup three times as a member of the Port Arthur Bearcats.  Seen as one of the top amateur players of his time, Wilson was added into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

Hockey career

A native of Port Arthur, Ontario, Wilson did not even know how to skate when he joined the town's church league in 1914. Serving as a substitute, he improved his skating enough that he earned a full-time role on his team the following year and played two seasons of junior hockey before joining the Port Arthur War Veterans senior team at the age of 18.
Wilson moved to Iroquois Falls, Ontario, for a season to play in the Northern Ontario Hockey Association (NOHA) in 1921–22 before returning to Port Arthur a year later to play for the Port Arthur Bearcats. He was a top player in the NOHA, leading Port Arthur to an Allan Cup championship in 1925 as Canada's national senior champions.  Wilson and the Bearcats repeated as champions the following year and won a third Allan Cup in 1929. Professional teams took note of his play; teams from Calgary, Edmonton and Toronto all offered him but he declined, preferring to remain in his hometown.

He was an outstanding offensive defenceman who won several scoring titles during his career. He retired as a player in 1932 at the age of 37 and took on the dual role of coach and manager of the Bearcats. In recognition of his career in Port Arthur, Wilson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962 and the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in its inaugural class of 1982.
Off the ice
In addition to hockey, Wilson played baseball and served as a volunteer and executive in both sports. He was named the first president of Port Arthur's little league when it was founded in 1952 and helped found the community's girls hockey league, serving also as a coach and referee.

References

Notes

Other websites
 

1895 births
1970 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Benedict Francis Woit (January 7, 1928 – December 7, 2016) was a National Hockey League defenceman of the 1950s.

Playing career
Woit made his presence known as a junior while playing for the Port Arthur Flyers and Bruins of the TBJHL and the St. Mike's Majors of the OHA. He began playing for the Indianapolis Capitals of the AHL for the 1948–49 season. The Detroit Red Wings promoted him in 1951, and his defensive play would help them secure the Stanley Cup in 1952, 54, and 55. Woit was traded to Chicago Black Hawks following the 1954–55 season but never produced as he did with the Red Wings. He went on to play in the AHL and later the EHL, for the Clinton Comets as both a player and a successful head coach. In 334 NHL games Benny Woit recorded 7 goals and 26 assists for 33 points.

Awards and achievements
NHL All-Star Game (1954)
EHL First All-Star Team (1962, 1963)
EHL Second All-Star Team (1964)
EHL North First All-Star Team (1965)

Career statistics

References

Other websites