Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The album was made with $25,000 given to the band by Combat Records. Megadeth wanted more money, so they left Combat and joined Capitol Records. Capitol bought the rights to sell the album and hired producer Paul Lani to make the band's recordings sound better. Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? was released in late 1986. It had better lyrics and recording quality than Killing is my Business. The album had lyrics about social issues. People liked the album's music and lyrics. Megadeth became more popular.
1988–1989: So Far, So Good... So What! 
Capitol Records gave Megadeth a large amount of money to make more music. The band started making an album named So Far, So Good... So What!. It took almost half a year to record. There were many problems while making the album, such as Mustaine's drug addiction. Mustaine had arguments with the album's producer, Paul Lani. This was because Lani wanted Behler to record his drums and his cymbals at different times. Mustaine and Lani did not talk to each other when the album was being mixed. Michael Wagener replaced Lani. He mixed the album differently.
So Far, So Good... So What! was released in January 1988. Critics and people who listened to thrash metal liked the album. The album had a cover version of "Anarchy in the U.K." by the Sex Pistols. The cover had different lyrics than the original. Mustaine later said he heard the song's lyrics wrong when he was making it. After the album came out, Megadeth went on a world tour that lasted almost eight months. After, they had a North American tour with Warlock and Sanctuary and a European tour with other thrash metal bands.

In August 1988, Megadeth was at the Monsters of Rock festival in the United Kingdom. They played music for over 100,000 people there. For one show, Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich played with the band. Megadeth went on the Monsters of Rock European concert tour. They stopped playing after the first concert because of Ellefson's drug addiction. Ellefson was treated for his issues, and Testament replaced Megadeth for the rest of the tour.
The band could not find someone to replace Young quickly. 1989 was the first year since Megadeth was made that the band did not play at a concert. The band made a cover version of Alice Cooper's "No More Mr. Nice Guy". It was put on the soundtrack for Wes Craven's movie Shocker. In March 1989, Mustaine crashed into a police officer's car. He was arrested for driving under the influence and having illegal drugs. He got treatment for his drug addiction. He was drug-free for the first time in ten years.

1990–1991: Rust in Peace 

Megadeth tried to get someone to play the guitar for the band. Slash from Guns N' Roses had been playing with Mustaine and Ellefson. They thought he was going to join Megadeth. However, he stayed with Guns N' Roses. The band asked Dimebag Darrell from Pantera to join the band. He did not. This was because Mustaine did not let Darrell's brother, Vinnie Paul, play drums for the band. The band asked guitarist Criss Oliva to join. Oliva did not want to leave Savatage, so he did not join.
Marty Friedman joined Megadeth. He was the new main guitarist for the band. Mustaine let Friedman join after listening to his music. Mustaine and Ellefson liked how Friedman played guitar. They thought he could play the type of music Megadeth wanted to make. The band started recording music in March 1990 to make Rust in Peace. Mike Clink was the co-producer of the album. He was the first producer to make a full Megadeth album without being fired.
Rust in Peace was released in September 1990. It went to number 23 on the Billboard 200 music chart. It also went to number 8 in the United Kingdom. The songs on the album had longer guitar solos. Mustaine wrote the album's lyrics in a more complex way. The album made the band more important in rock and metal music. Rust in Peace had two singles: "Holy Wars... the Punishment Due" and "Hangar 18". These singles had music videos. They became songs that Megadeth played at every concert. Rust in Peace was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1991. It did not win the award.
In early 1990, Megadeth went on the Clash of the Titans tour in Europe with Slayer, Testament, Suicidal Tendencies, and many other American thrash metal bands. An American tour happened in 1991, with Slayer, Anthrax, and Alice in Chains. Clash of the Titans was one of the most successful heavy metal concert tours. Megadeth played with Judas Priest during Priest's North American concert tour for Painkiller in late 1990. In July 1991, the band made the song "Go to Hell". It was put in the soundtrack for the movie Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey.
1992–1993: Countdown to Extinction 
Every member of the band helped write songs for their fifth studio album. They wrote at two different times: first, after the Clash of the Titans tour; second, in late 1991, after a one-month break. Megadeth started recording the album in January 1992, at Enterprise Studios in Burbank, California. Max Norman, who mixed the music on Rust in Peace, produced the album. Megadeth took almost four months to make the band's best-selling album, Countdown to Extinction. 

The album came out in July 1992 at number 2 on the United States music charts. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1993 but did not win. Ellefson was disappointed that Megadeth did not win the Grammy. He said that "the amount of work it had taken to ramp up to that hopeful night was literally gone in a second".
A world tour for the album with Pantera and White Zombie started in late 1992. The tour came to North America in early 1993, where Stone Temple Pilots played as well. One month into the North American part of the tour, the rest of the concerts were cancelled because Mustaine was abusing drugs again. He went to the hospital. After seven weeks of getting help for his drug addiction, Mustaine came back to Megadeth. The band made the song "Angry Again". It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1994. The song was put on the soundtrack for the 1993 movie Last Action Hero.

In the middle of 1993, Megadeth and Metallica played music at many concerts in Europe. In July, Megadeth started touring with Aerosmith, but they stopped after three shows. After their cancelled North American tour, Megadeth made "99 Ways to Die", a song that was on the album The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1995.
1994–1995: Youthanasia 
In early 1994, Megadeth hired producer Max Norman to help make another album. Because three of the band's members lived in Arizona, Megadeth started working on the album at Phase Four Studios, a music studio in Phoenix. After the band worked on the album for a few days, they had problems with the studio's equipment. The band looked for another place to record. Mustaine wanted to record the album in Arizona, but the band could not find anywhere else in the state to do it. The band decided to build a studio in a warehouse, naming it "Fat Planet in Hangar 18". They started recording Youthanasia in this studio. The songs on Youthanasia had a slower tempo than Megadeth's other songs. The band focused on making music that more people liked, and could easily be played on the radio.
Youthanasia was released after eight months of work. It was released in November 1994. It came out at number four in the United States and made the top music charts in many European countries. To get more people to listen to the album, Megadeth did a concert in New York City on Halloween. It was named "Night of the Living Megadeth". It was shown on MTV. In November, the band played on the Late Show with David Letterman two times.

Megadeth started an eleven-month concert tour in South America in late 1994. In 1995, the band played in Europe and North America with many bands, such as Korn, Fear Factory and Corrosion of Conformity. The concert tour ended with the band playing at the Monsters of Rock festival in Brazil with Alice Cooper and Ozzy Osbourne. In July, Megadeth put out Hidden Treasures, an extended play with songs they made that were on movie soundtracks and non-Megadeth albums.
1996–1999: Cryptic Writings and Risk 
After finishing Youthanasia's long world tour, Megadeth took a break for most of 1996. It was the second time they did not play at any concerts for an entire year. During the break, Mustaine started playing with MD.45, a different band he made with singer Lee Ving. The two hired Jimmy DeGrasso, a drummer who played with Alice Cooper during the 1995 Monsters of Rock festival. Marty Friedman built a recording studio in his house in Phoenix, Arizona. He released an album in April 1996.

In September 1996, Megadeth went to London to make songs for a new album. The songwriting work was closely watched by Bud Prager, Megadeth's new manager. Prager gave the band many ideas for songs and lyrics. Many song titles and lyrics were changed because of him. They recorded the album in Nashville with producer Dann Huff. Huff had met Mustaine in 1990.
Cryptic Writings was released in June 1997. Its main single, "Trust", was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1998. All four singles from the album went into the top 20 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Cryptic Writings had mixed (good and bad) reviews from critics. The album had songs that were very different from each other. The Los Angeles Times wrote that the album was a "balance" between metal and experimental music. Mustaine said that the album had three parts. The first was angrier, faster metal, the next one was radio-friendly rock "like Youthanasia", and the last one was happier.
Megadeth went back to playing live in June 1997. They started a world tour with the Misfits. They also played in North America with Life of Agony and Coal Chamber. In 1998, the band played at Ozzfest. Menza found a tumor on his knee in the middle of the tour. He left to get surgery for it. Jimmy DeGrasso replaced him for the rest of the tour. DeGrasso joined the band after the tour. The band made Menza leave. Mustaine later said he thought Menza was lying about having cancer.

Megadeth worked with Dann Huff again for their eighth album. The band started writing songs for it in January 1999. Prager helped write five of the album's twelve songs. Prager got Mustaine to give Huff more control over how the album was recorded.

Risk was released in August 1999. It did not sell very well. Many fans thought it was a failure. While the albums Megadeth put out before it had rock and metal music, Risk did not have any thrash metal on it. Many people did not like this.
On July 14, 1999, Gar Samuelson died of liver failure in Orange City, Florida. Samuelson used to be the drummer of the band. He was 41 years old. When Megadeth was at Woodstock eleven days later, they played "Peace Sells" for Samuelson. The band started a world tour in September. They played with Iron Maiden in Europe. Three months into the tour, guitarist Marty Friedman left the band. Mustaine said that it was because he told Friedman that Megadeth should play more heavy metal music.

2000–2003: The World Needs a Hero, the band breaks up 
In 2000, Al Pitrelli from Savatage replaced Friedman. Megadeth started working on their ninth album in April. After a month, the band played on a concert tour with Anthrax and Mötley Crüe. Megadeth stopped working on the album to go on tour.
Megadeth left Capitol Records in July 2000. They were a member of the record label for 15 years. Mustaine said the band left because they were having problems with Capitol's managers. Capitol released a compilation album named Capitol Punishment: The Megadeth Years. In November, Megadeth joined Sanctuary Records. The band went back to working on its new album, The World Needs a Hero. Mustaine fired Bud Prager. He produced the album by himself. He did this because he knew people did not like Risk, which was an album Prager worked on.

The World Needs a Hero was released in May 2001. It was banned in Malaysia because the country's government did not like the album's artwork. Because of this, the band cancelled a concert they were going to play in Kuala Lumpur. The album had more metal music. It was heavier than Cryptic Writings and Risk.
In January 2002, Mustaine went to the hospital because he needed to get a kidney stone removed. After the surgery, he was given medicine to stop his pain, which made him addicted to drugs again. After leaving the hospital, Mustaine went to a treatment place in Texas to fix his drug addiction. He fell asleep with his left arm on the back of a chair. This hurt a nerve in his arm very badly. He could not control his left hand very well.

In April, Megadeth broke up because Mustaine could not play the guitar with his injury. For the next four months, he did physical therapy to heal his arm. To stay with Sanctuary Records, Megadeth released a compilation album named Still, Alive... and Well?. The first half of the album has songs recorded from one of the band's concerts. The second half is songs from The World Needs a Hero.

After a year of rest and therapy, Mustaine started making an album by himself. Later, he stopped working on it so he could remaster the eight albums Megadeth made with Capitol Records.
2004–2005: Band gets back together, The System Has Failed 

In May 2004, Mustaine started working on his solo album again. EMI, the band's European record label, said that the album had to be released by Megadeth. Mustaine wanted to get the band back together to release the album. He talked to Nick Menza, Marty Friedman, and David Ellefson about it. Nick Menza wanted to join Megadeth again, but Friedman and Ellefson did not. Menza did not stay with the band for a long time. Mustaine said Menza was not ready for a tour, and "it just didn't work out". The System Has Failed was going to be the band's first album without Ellefson. Chris Poland, who played guitar on Megadeth's first two albums, was hired to make guitar solos. This was the first time Poland and Mustaine worked together since the 1980s. Poland did not join the band because he wanted to work on his jazz project named OHM.
The System Has Failed came out in September 2004. Critics liked it. They thought it sounded similar to the original Megadeth albums. Mustaine said that it was going to be the band's last album. He also said Megadeth was starting their last concert tour. Mustaine said that after the tour, he wanted to work on his own music.

Megadeth started their tour in October. They hired bassist James MacDonough and guitarist Glen Drover. Menza was replaced by Shawn Drover, who stayed with the band. The band toured the United States and Europe with other metal bands. The tour went very well. It made a lot of money. When the band was playing at a festival in Argentina, Mustaine said that the band was going to keep making music.
2006–2008: United Abominations 
In February 2006, James MacDonough left the band because of "personal differences". Bassist James LoMenzo replaced him. In March, Capitol Records made a DVD named Arsenal of Megadeth. It had many of the band's music videos, interviews, and live concerts on it. The band went on tour in 2006. They went to North America and Australia with many other metal bands.

In May 2006, Megadeth said that their eleventh album, United Abominations, was almost done. It was supposed to be put out in October, but its release was delayed until May 2007. Mustaine said that the band was "putting the finishing touches on it". United Abominations was Megadeth's first album with James LoMenzo, Glen Drover, and Shawn Drover.

United Abominations came out at number eight on the Billboard 200. It sold 54,000 copies in the first week. In March, Megadeth joined Heaven & Hell on a North American tour. They also played in Europe in the summer and went on another tour in the United States.
In January 2008, Glen Drover left Megadeth. He was tired of going on tours. He wanted to be with his family more. He also had problems with the other members of the band. Guitarist Chris Broderick replaced Drover. Mustaine said Broderick was "the best guitarist Megadeth has ever had".

2009–2010: Endgame 
In May 2009, Megadeth made their twelfth album, Endgame. Megadeth started a tour for the album in October. The tour ended in December. In January 2010, the band was supposed to go on tour with Slayer and Testament, but the tour was cancelled. This was because Slayer bassist Tom Araya needed back surgery. A single from Endgame, "Head Crusher", was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2010.

In March, Megadeth started a tour for Rust in Peace. This was because the album was 20 years old. During the tour, the band played the whole album live at every concert. James LoMenzo left the band before the tour. David Ellefson, the band's original bassist, replaced him.
In September, the band made the song "Sudden Death". It was  on the video game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2011.

2011–2014: Thirteen and Super Collider 
Megadeth went to the studio they built in Arizona to make their next album. It was produced by John Karkazis. This was because the person who had produced United Abominations and Endgame was busy. The album was named Thirteen. They put a few songs they had already made onto the album, such as "Sudden Death" and "Never Dead". The album came out in November 2011. It went to number eleven on the Billboard 200. One of its singles, "Public Enemy No. 1", was nominated for a Grammy Award. It did not win.
In September 2012, Megadeth said they were going to put out a remastered version of Countdown to Extinction because the album was 20 years old. The band started a tour for Countdown. They played the entire album at every concert. Another song from Thirteen, "Whose Life (Is It Anyways?)", was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2013.

In August, Megadeth started working on their fourteenth album. Megadeth left Roadrunner Records at the start of 2013. They joined Mustaine's new record label named Tradecraft. In June, Megadeth released Super Collider. Many critics did not like this album. Shortly after Super Collider came out, Mustaine said he was already thinking about making another Megadeth album.

In November 2014, Drover left the band because he wanted to play his own music. Broderick left the band for the same reason. Ellefson said that Megadeth would not break up again. He said that he and Mustaine would still make new music.

2015–2018: Dystopia
Mustaine tried to get the band members that made Rust in Peace to join Megadeth again, but he failed. Instead, he hired drummer Chris Adler (who was a part of Lamb of God) and guitarist Kiko Loureiro. The band started working on a new album. The album was named Dystopia. It was released in January 2016. The band went on tour for the album in February and March. They played with bands such as Suicidal Tendencies and Children of Bodom. Adler was taken out of the band because he was having trouble being in both Megadeth and Lamb of God. He was replaced by Dirk Verbeuren from Soilwork. Another American tour happened from September to October. Nick Menza, who used to play the drums for the band, died of a heart attack on May 21, 2016.

The song "Dystopia" won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2017. This was the band's first time winning a Grammy. Before this, they were nominated for Grammys twelve times. Mustaine, Ellefson, Loureiro, and Verbeuren went to the awards show.
In 2018, Megadeth made a remaster of their first album, Killing is My Business... and Business is Good!. They made it because the band was 35 years old. The remaster was named Killing is My Business... and Business is Good!- The Final Kill.

2019–present: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead! 
In May 2019, Megadeth went to Tennessee to start working on their next album. They hired Chris Rakestraw to help produce it. Rakestraw was also the producer for Dystopia. On June 17, the band stated that the concerts they planned to play at would be cancelled. This was because a doctor told Mustaine he had throat cancer. Even with Mustaine's condition, the band said they would keep making the new album.
Megadeth was supposed to go on tour in the summer of 2020 with Trivium and In Flames. The tour was moved to a later date because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The tour happened in the summer of 2021. Hatebreed replaced In Flames for it. In mid-2020, Megadeth went back to making their album. They wanted to release it in 2021.

While talking to fans on Zoom, Mustaine said that the band's sixteenth album was going to be named The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!. He said that the name of it could change later. In May 2021, sexual videos of Ellefson were put on the internet. He was fired from the band later that month. Mustaine said that Ellefson could never join the band again.
In June, Mustaine said that the bass guitar recordings Ellefson made would not be on the new album. A different bassist was going to make new recordings. Mustaine did not say who this bassist was. When the band went on tour before the album came out, James LoMenzo played with them. LoMenzo was a bass guitar player for the band. Mustaine later said that Steve Di Giorgio, the bassist for Testament, played the bass on The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!. On May 31, 2022, Megadeth said that LoMenzo was rejoining the band.

In September 2022, Megadeth released The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!. Before it came out, the band put out three singles during the summer. They were named "We'll Be Back", "Night Stalkers", and "Soldier On!". "We'll Be Back" was nominated for a Grammy Award.
Legacy 
Megadeth is one of the few American thrash metal bands from the 1980s to be successful. Megadeth is thought of as one of the "Big Four" of thrash metal, along with Metallica, Anthrax, and Slayer. These bands were important because they made thrash metal much more popular. Loudwire ranked Megadeth the third-best thrash metal band of all time, behind Slayer and Metallica. Billboard said that Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? is a "landmark of the thrash movement". They thought that what the album was about is still important now.

Many people think Megadeth is one of the most influential bands from the 1980s. The band's music inspired other bands to make more types of metal, such as death metal and extreme metal. Megadeth sold 9.1 million albums in the United States between 1991 and 2014.

Band members 
See also: List of Megadeth band members
Current members
 Dave Mustaine - guitar, main vocals (1983–2002, 2004–present)
 James LoMenzo - bass, vocals (2006–2010, 2022–present)
 Kiko Loureiro - guitar, vocals (2015–present)
 Dirk Verbeuren - drums (2016–present)

Studio albums 
 1985: Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! 
 1986: Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? 
 1988: So Far, So Good... So What! 
 1990: Rust in Peace 
 1992: Countdown to Extinction 
 1994: Youthanasia 
 1997: Cryptic Writings 
 1999: Risk
 2001: The World Needs a Hero 
 2004: The System Has Failed 
 2007: United Abominations
 2009: Endgame
 2011: Thirteen
 2013: Super Collider
 2016: Dystopia
 2022: The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!

Other websites 
 Official website

References 

 
Thrash metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Roadrunner Records
Speed metal bands
American hard rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Grammy Award winners
The Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival is an annual four-day music festival held in Manchester, Tennessee.  It is held by Superfly Productions and AC Entertainment. It was first put together in 2002.  The show's main features are the multiple stages. The two main stages—the "What" stage and the "Which" stage—provide most of the performances.

The music that is heard comes in a wide variety, including world music, hip hop, jazz, americana, bluegrass, country music, folk, gospel, reggae, electronica, and other alternative music.

There was no festival in 2020 because of COVID-19 pandemic.

Music festivals in the United States
Tennessee
2002 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Tennessee
Pol'and'Rock Festival (formerly Przystanek Woodstock) is a weekend-long music festival in Poland that has been held once a year since 1995.  The festival is named for and was inspired by the Woodstock Festival (Przystanek Woodstock is Polish for Woodstock Station).  Its motto is "Love, Friendship and Music."  It is organized by a foundation called the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity.  Drugs are prohibited, but not everyone follows this rule.

The festival has been held in the town of Kostrzyn nad Odrą since 2004.

Other websites

Music festivals
1990s establishments in Poland
Festivals in Europe
1995 establishments in Europe
The  (Japanese : 大日本帝國) (Manchu Standard Chinese : 大日本帝国)  (Korean : 일본제국) (Russian : Японская Империя) also known as Imperial Japan was a historical Nation State and great power during the period from the Meiji Restoration to the Japanese defeat in World War II. It ruled the Home Islands of Japan and many other areas. The Emperors during this time, were Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito),from 1868-1912 and Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito) from 1912-1926 and Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito) from 1926-1989 . It is considered to go from the year 1868 to 1945. Hirohito was still emperor of Japan after the empire dissolved in 1947 . Hirohito was emperor of Japan until his death in 1989 .

In those years, Japan changed greatly. It became one of the most powerful countries in the world. Japan built a powerful army and navy, and changed from an agricultural to an industrial economy. The Japanese began to invade and occupy other near countries like Korea, Taiwan, Manchukuo and part of China to get natural resources
The Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945, after a long war against the Allied nations of World War II ending with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.  The Allies occupied the country and made many changes, including a new constitution.  Allied occupation and reconstruction of the country continued well into the 1950s.

Other websites 
 Imperial Japan 
 Death of the Father: Hirohito & Imperial Japan

References 

Notes

Empire of Japan
Fascism
A headband (also known as a headwrap) is an accessory. It is made to fit over or around the head, usually to hold hair away from the face or sweat out of the eyes. 

It may be made of many different materials, like plastic or elastic fabric. They come in many shapes and sizes and are used for both practical and fashion reasons.

Related pages 
Alice band

Headgear
The cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) is also called bachelor's button, or basket flower. It is an annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It originated in Europe, but has been taken to many other places like Australia. It bears flowers once a year.

It is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Several cultivars have been selected with varying pastel colours, including pink and purple. The flower gives its name to the characteristic blue colour.

Other websites 
Flora Europaea: Centaurea cyanus
UK Biodiversity Action Plan: Centaurea cyanus 

Flowers
Asteraceae
National symbols of Estonia
An Axel jump is a jump in figure skating. It is the most famous and recognizable skating jump. It starts with the skater going forward. It is the only jump that does and that helps people know that the jump is an Axel jump. Because all skating jumps are landed going backwards, the Axel jump has an extra half rotation (full circle) in the air than all other skating jumps.

History 
The jump was named after Axel Paulsen of Norway, who invented the jump.

Performances 
The first skater to do a double Axel in competition was Dick Button, and Carol Heiss Jenkins was the first woman to do it. The first skater to do a triple Axel in competition was Vern Taylor. The first woman to do it was Midori Ito.

The first pairs skater to do a throw triple Axel (he helps her with the jump) were Rena Inoue & John Baldwin. It is not known who did the first throw double Axel.
Methods 
The Axel can be a single Axel (1 and a half rotations in the air), a double Axel (two and a half rotations in the air), or a triple Axel (three and a half rotations in the air). Most junior and senior skaters do a double Axel.

Many senior-level male skaters do a triple Axel.

Only 15 female figure skaters have done a ratified triple Axel in competition: Midori Ito (the first one to do it), Tonya Harding, Yukari Nakano, Ludmila Nelidina, Mao Asada (the first one to land three triple Axels in one competition), Kimmie Meissner, Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, Rika Kihira, Mirai Nagasu, Alysa Liu, Ayaka Hosoda, Alena Kostornaia, Sofia Akatieva, Sofia Samodelkina, Young You, Kamila Valieva, and Hana Yoshida. Only 11 have done it in ISU-sanctioned international competitions (Kimmie Meissner, Sofia Akatieva, Sofia Samodelkina, and Ayaka Hosoda did triple axels at national championships).
Values 
According to the International Judging System, the base value of a triple Axel jump is 8.0, and that of a double Axel is 3.3.

Confusion 
Because the Axel is the most famous skating jump, many people make a mistake and call all skating jumps as Axel jumps. This has led to many mistakes in sports reporting of figure skating, for example a report in 2006 saying that Miki Ando was the first female skater to land a quad Salchow in an international competition, which is a different jump.

References 
 John Misha Petkevich, Figure Skating: Championship Techniques. .
 Nancy Kerrigan, Artistry on Ice. .
 Dr. J. Dedic, Single Figure Skating. ISU, 1974.
 United States Figure Skating Association Media Guide.

Figure skating
Kimmie Meissner (born 4 October 1989) is a figure skater from the United States. She won the World Championships in 2006 and the United States national championships in 2007. She is the second American woman and the sixth woman worldwide to do a triple Axel jump.

Life

Career

Early career 
Meissner was a very good skater as a child. In 2003, she won the Novice title at the United States nationals. In 2004, she won the Junior title. In 2005, she won the bronze medal at the Senior level. While this would normally have given her a spot to the World Championships, Meissner was too young to go.

Olympics 
In 2006, she went to the 2006 Olympics, where she placed 6th. At the Olympics, she was called the future of American skating. The future came quickly. The next month, she won the World Championships, placing ahead of the Olympic silver medalist Sasha Cohen.
Four Continents Figure Skating 
In 2007, Meissner won the United States championships and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe.

Popularity 
Meissner is a very popular skater, especially in Baltimore, where she is from. She has done shows in Baltimore and is a local celebrity. Meissner has many endorsements, which means she gets money from telling people she uses products. She is also involved with the Cool Kids, which is an organization to help kids with cancer.

Other websites

 U.S. Olympic Team bio
 U.S. Figure Skating biography 
 International Skating Union biography 

1989 births
Living people
American figure skaters
Sportspeople from Maryland
A flying ace or fighter ace is a military pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in air combat. Use of the term "ace" in military aviation began in World War I (1914–18). French newspapers called Adolphe Pegoud, as l'as (French for "ace") after he became the first pilot to shoot down five German aircraft. Many other pilots later became aces, and some are very famous today, like the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen who had 80 kills.

Erich Hartmann was the ace with the most kills; he had 352.

Some countries have recognized armor commanders as "tank aces" for destroying five enemies.

Other websites 
 Fighter ace list 

Occupations in aviation
A medal is a small metal object that is given as an award for doing something important or to commemorate something. There are medals for sports, military, academics, etc. Some medals have religious meaning.

Military decorations, service awards, and medals are often confused with one another. Decoration is the term for awards which require acts of heroism or achievement (such as the British Victoria Cross or American Silver Star). A service award or campaign medal is awarded for serving in a place and time (such as the Iraq Campaign Medal). In either case, an award or decoration may be presented as a medal.

Olympics
In the Olympic Games and many other sports competitions, medals are give to the top three people who took part in the competition. The winner of the competition is given the gold medal. The silver medal is given to the person who came second. The third placed person is given the bronze medal.
Other websites
Atlantic Provinces Numismatic Association
Official Medals of the Numismatic Associations and Clubs of the Atlantic Provinces 
Exonumia defined
Orders, Decorations and Medals  
Nobel prize
Most Comprehensive and Updated Listing of Orders, Decorations and Medals
Weiss Collection
Yours truly could mean:
 The ending of a letter, see Yours truly (letter)

In music, yours truly could mean:
 Yours Truly (Snow Crash), a character in the novel Snow Crash
 Yours Truly (Air Supply album), 2001
 Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album), 2013
 Yours Truly (Rick Braun album), 2005
 Yours Truly (Sick of It All album), an album by hardcore punk band, Sick of It All, 2005
 "Yours Truly (song)", a single by Blindspott
 Yours Truly (Sublime with Rome album), 2011
 Yours Truly, a 1991 album by Earl Thomas Conley
Motoori Norinaga (; 21 June 1730 – 5 November 1801) was a Japanese scholar and poet during the Edo period. Norinaga's most important works include the Kojiki-den (Commentaries on the Kojiki), created more than 35 years ago, and his comments on the Tale of Genji.

Motoori was born in what is now Matsusaka in Ise Province (now part of Mie Prefecture). At the age of 22, Motoori went to Kyoto to study medicine.  Although best known as a Kokugaku scholar, Norinaga worked as a doctor for 40 years in Matsusaka. 

He was the first to use the term Mono no aware, which is now an important concept in Japanese culture.

1730 births
1801 deaths
Japanese poets
People from Mie Prefecture
A valediction  is a phrase used to say goodbye at the end of a letter. It also refers to the act of saying goodbye to someone. It comes from the Latin vale dicere, which means "to say farewell". Valedictions are normally written before the signature in a written message. The words used usually express respect or regard for the person to whom the message is written.

English valedictions often contain the possessive pronoun "yours"; for example, Yours truly. In the United Kingdom, Yours sincerely or Yours faithfully are most common.

Versions

Old versions 
In old letters, Yours truly was often replaced with a longer sentence, for example:

I beg to remain, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,
A. Name

Modern versions 
Yours sincerely is used when the person sending the letter knows the name of the person receiving the letter.

Yours faithfully is used when the person who is receiving the letter is not known by name (i.e. the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam").
Drama and poetry 
 
Valedictions may be a prophecy, a warning or just a comment. In some types of literature, everyone is allowed a last word. In Njall's Saga, men tend to say things like "Oh, you have chopped off my arm", before dying. 

Stock characters tend to say predictable things. But in Shakespeare they are the way he moves the action along. Macbeth meets the three witches, who foretell his downfall without him realising it. They hail him as "Thane of Glamis and Cawdor", and that "he shall be King". He will not be defeated "until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane".

References

Other websites
 Google Answers list of Farewells

Writing
Traditions
Saburo Sakai (, Sakai Saburō, August 25, 1916 – September 22, 2000) was a Japanese naval pilot and fighter ace ("Gekitsui-O") of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. He was the 4th best Japanese pilot by number of enemy aircraft he shot down. He survived the war, and became a famous figure for his criticism of the War and the government of the Japanese Empire. He became a pacifist and a Buddhist and promised that he would never again kill another living thing, even a mosquito. Only months before his death, Sakai told reporters that he still prayed for the souls of the Chinese, American, Australian and Dutch pilots he had killed. He also helped Microsoft design the popular computer game Combat Flight Simulator 2.

Sakai claims he shot down 64 enemy airplanes. He shot down a B-32 Dominator on the last day of the war.

References
References

Other websites 
 The Last Samurai 
 "Saburo Sakai passed away September 22, 2000" 
 Memorial To Saburo Sakai 
 Copy of Sakai's New York Times Obituary 
 Excerpt from Samurai 
 WarbirdForum: An afternoon with Saburo Sakai
 Sakai's Mercy over Java 
 Interview with Sakai during the production of "Microsoft Combat Flight Simulator 2"
 "A new-found friend, the man who killed my father" 
 PBS: Secrets of the Dead 

1916 births
2000 deaths
Japanese military people
People from Saga Prefecture
Southern Cross Station is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is one of five stations in the mostly underground City Loop and the main hub for V/Line's services outside Melbourne, via Bus and Train. The station was called Spencer Street Station until December 13, 2005

References

Other websites 
Southern Cross Station project 

Railway stations in Melbourne
Flagstaff is a railway station in Melbourne, Australia

Railway stations in Melbourne
Melbourne Central is a train station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is one of three underground stations on the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop (City Loop).  The station is underneath Melbourne Central Shopping Center. Melbourne Central has four platforms and four tracks. It was known as Museum Station when the Melbourne Museum was at the State Library of Victoria, across the street. Melbourne Central opened on January 24, 1981.

Railway stations in Melbourne
1981 establishments in Australia
Parliament is an underground railway station in Melbourne, Australia. It is part of the suburban train network. It is one of the five stations on the City Loop. The city loop goes around the central business district.

Parliament has 4 platforms on two levels, like the other to underground stations on the city loop. Each level is for the trains leaving. The different levels are for trains going to the north and west suburbs or to the south and east suburbs. The station opened on January 22 1983.

Many people who work for the government use the station because it is underneath the Parliament House of Victoria. It is also at the intersection of Bourke Street and Spring Street. The tram routes 86, 95 and 96 on Bourke Street, tram routes 11, 12, 31, 42, 109, and 112 on Collins Street and the free City Circle tram stop near the station.

The lower platforms are 38 meters low. That means that they are the lowest in the city loop. Its escalators were the longest in the southern hemisphere, when the station opened.
Railway stations in Melbourne
1983 establishments in Australia
Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition when a living body does not get enough oxygen. If this condition lasts long enough it can lead to unconsciousness, brain damage and death.

Asphyxia can injure or kill people. This sometimes happens during suicide, torture, and in warfare. It can also be used as a capital punishment. It is also sometimes used nonfatally in martial arts, combat sports, and in some types of sex play. Because the need to breathe is controlled by the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, some victims may not experience an urgent need to breathe and may remain unaware of the shortage of oxygen in their body.

Medical emergencies
Breathing problems
Toy Story 2 (also known as Toy Story 2: Finding Woody) is a 1999 American computer-generated animation movie and a sequel to the 1995 movie Toy Story. It is the third Disney/Pixar full-length movie and was released to movie theaters by Buena Vista Pictures. It is about toys that come alive when people are not around. Woody is kidnapped by a toy collector so Buzz Lightyear and his friends go on a mission to save him. A sequel to this movie, Toy Story 3, was released in 2010.

Soundtrack
Woody's Roundup by Riders in the Sky
Hold On, I'm Comin' by The Neville Brothers
Wipe Out by The Surfaris
When She Loved Me by Sarah McLachlan
Pizza Planet Rocks! by Sum 41
You've Got a Friend in Me by Lyle Lovette
Cast
 Tom Hanks as Sheriff Woody
 Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear
 Joan Cusack as Jessie
 Mary Kay Bergman as Jessie's yodeling voice
 Kelsey Grammer as Stinky Pete the Prospector
 Frank Welker as Bullseye
 Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head
 Jim Varney as Slinky Dog
 Wallace Shawn as Rex
 John Ratzenberger as Hamm
 Annie Potts as Bo Peep
 Wayne Knight as Al McWhiggin
 John Morris as Andy Davis
 Laurie Metcalf as Andy's Mom
 Estelle Harris as Mrs. Potato Head
 R. Lee Ermey as Sarge
 Jodi Benson as Tour Guide Barbie, Amy's Barbie doll
 Jonathan Harris as Geri the Cleaner
 Joe Ranft as Wheezy, Heimlich
 Robert Goulet (singing voice of Wheezy)
 Andrew Stanton as Emperor Zurg
 Jeff Pidgeon as Aliens, Mr. Spell
 Lee Unkrich as Red Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robot
 John Lasseter as Blue Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robot
 Jack Angel as Rocky Gibraltar
 Corey Burton as Woody's Roundup Announcer
 Hannah Unkrich as Molly Davis
 Andi Peters as Luggage Handler 2
 Dave Foley as Flik

References

Other websites

 Pixar Wiki: Toy Story 2
1999 animated movies
1999 comedy movies
1990s computer-animated movies
2009 3D movies
American sequel movies
American comedy movies
Buddy movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Movies composed by Randy Newman
Pixar movies
Toy Story
3D re-releases
Movies directed by John Lasseter
Richmond station is a railway station in Richmond, Australia. Richmond is an inner suburb of Melbourne. 

The station is built on a bridge over Punt Road. It has ten platforms joined by three subways. All of Melbourne's eastern and south eastern railway lines meet here. These railway lines are:
 Frankston
 Glen Waverley
 Pakenham 
 Sandringham, 
 Cranbourne 
 Belgrave
 Lilydale 
 Alamein 

The station is  from Flinders Street Station which is Melbourne's central railway station. Richmond station is close to the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Punt Road Oval and Melbourne Park. It is very busy during sporting and other special events.

Tram route 70 goes past Richmond Station along Swan Street. 

Punt Road is under the station with a major interchange with Swan Street and Brunton Avenue.
History
Richmond station has been moved and rebuilt four times. The first station in Punt Road was at ground level and opened on 8 February, 1859. It closed the same year on 12 December, 1859. On the same day the new station opened in Swan Street.

In 1885, a new station just north of Swan Street was opened. The new station was raised up and was not at ground level. It had six platforms. For some time, both the old and new stations were used, before the ground level Swan Street station was closed. 

By the 1940s the station had begun to fall apart. It was so bad that the council said it should be pulled down. A new station was not built for another 20 years. On 26 March, 1960 the new station was opened west of the old one. The bridges at each end of the station across Punt Road and Swan Street were also rebuilt to fit the ten tracks. The old station was pulled down.
Proposed redevelopment
The condition of Richmond station was a problem again in 2005. Melbourne held the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Richmond station was the gateway to many of the main venues. The station had a bleak appearance. The raised station did not have much shelter and could be windy and cold. It has poor access with steep ramps, stairs, and no lifts. This led the Victorian Government to think about building a new station. They decided it would cost too much money.

Movie 
The opening scene of the movie Romper Stomper was filmed in Richmond station. In the movie it was called Footscray station.

Premium Melbourne railway stations
The Bairnsdale railway line is a regional railway in Victoria, Australia. It continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line. The part as far as Warragul used to be run with  Melbourne electric trains, but only for a period during the 1990s. It has 24 stations.

List of stations

Bold stations are terminuses, italic stations are staffed at least part-time (this has been confirmed).

Continues from the Pakenham metropolitan line.

Pakenham
Nar Nar Goon
Tynong
Garfield
Bunyip
Longwarry
Drouin
Warragul
(Nilma, closed)
(Darnum, closed)
Yarragon
Trafalgar
Moe
(Herne's Oak, unmanned crossing loop)
Morwell
Traralgon
(Flynn, Closed)
Rosedale
(Kilmany, Closed)
(Fulham, Closed)
Sale
(Montgomery, Closed)
(Stratford Junction, Closed)
Stratford
(Munro, Closed)
(Fernbank, Closed)
(Lindenow, Closed)
(Hillside, Closed)
Bairnsdale
Branch lines went from Warragul to Noojee, Moe to Walhalla (a 2' 6" line), Thorpdale and Yallourn after the line from Hearne's Oak to Yallourn was closed to allow for a grater expansion of a brown coal mine, Morwell to Mirboo North, Traralgon to Stratford Junction via Maffra, which also included a branch line to Briagolong, and a short branch line from Bairnsdale to Bairnsdale Wharf, all of which have been closed.

As well, several timber tramways existed from many of the stations between Pakenham and Yarragon.

Other websites, maps, and timetables
Traralgon to Melbourne timetable 
Bairnsdale to Melbourne timetable 
Statistics and detailed schematic map at the vicsig enthusiast website

Victoria, Australia
Pakenham is a railway station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb of Pakenham, on the Pakenham railway line. It is in Metcard Zone 2. It is the end of the Pakenham line, as well as a stop for regional trains going to Traralgon and Bairnsdale. The station contains 2 platforms.

Premium Melbourne railway stations
1877 establishments in Australia
North Melbourne Railway Station is the gateway for all west and northwest bound train lines in Melbourne, Australia. North Melbourne Railway Station is mainly used as an interchange point. The station was converted to a premium station in 1996, and has a small kiosk and a staffed ticket office. The station is actually in West Melbourne, the station's main entrance, at its east, is at intersection of Ireland Street and Railway Place. The station also has a western exit however this leads only to the rail yards.

The number 216 and 219 buses stop nearby the station.

Redevelopment
On May 15, 2006, it was announced that the station is to be redeveloped. As part of the project, a new main entrance was created at the southern end of the station with new escalators, stairs and lifts installed for quicker access to other platforms and to help disabled passengers.

Other websites 

 Station to get $36m revamp

Premium Melbourne railway stations
The Shushi massacres  were anti-Armenian pogroms during the Armenian-Azerbaijani war, 1920, when Azeri and Turkish army soldiers with participation of Kurdish gangs attacked the inhabitants of Shusha (Shushi). The massacres took place on March 22-26, 1920, and resulted in more than
20,000 Armenian deaths and the destruction of the town of Shusha in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Background
On June 4-5, 1919, an armed Armenian-Turkish fight took place in Shushi. It was organized and started by Azeri Governor-General Khosrov beg Sultanov. The town was closed off by a blockade, and the Armenian population found itself needing food.

Massacres in Shushi on March 22-26, 1920
From the very start of 1920, Governor Sultanov, breaking the  temporary treaty agreement of August 22, 1919, continued the blockade around Karabakh. He increased the number of armed forces in strategically important locations and gave weapons to the local Azeri population.
In the early morning of March 23, 1920, the Azeri army soldiers and Kurdish gangs attacked the Armenian part of town and began a horrible massacre of the Armenian population, which finished in March 26, 1920.

Remembering
The famous Russian poet Osip Mandelstam, who was in Shushi in 1931, wrote a poem called "The phaeton driver" dedicated to this tragedy:

In July 1, 1997, the Baroness Caroline Cox gave a speech in the House of Lords, United Kingdom remembering the lives of Armenians who have been killed and specifically mentioned the occurrence in Shushi in 1920.