Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Main PageThis is the front page of the Simple English Wikipedia. Wikipedias are places where people work together to write encyclopedias in different languages. We use Simple English words and grammar here. The Simple English Wikipedia is for everyone, such as children and adults who are learning English.

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The Chaldean Catholic Church or the Chaldean Church of Babylon (, ) is an Eastern particular church of the Catholic Church, maintaining full communion with the Bishop of Rome and the rest of the Catholic Church. The Chaldean Catholic Church presently has an estimated 600,000 - 700,000 Chaldean Christians.

References

Other websites

Official website for Chaldean Patriarchate of Babylon in Iraq 
Official website of Chaldean Diocese in Canada  
Official website of Chaldean in United States of America - Detroit
Chaldean Catholic Church  - from the website of the Catholic Near East Welfare Association.
 Chaldean Catholic Diocese of Saint Peter 
 Catholic Churches  (In German)
East Syrian Rite (Catholic Encyclopedia)
History of the Chaldean Church 

Eastern Catholicism
Chaldean Christians (, Keldayee; ) are adherents of the Chaldean Catholic Church. Chaldeans are the largest Christian community in Iraq, estimated at between 400,000–600,000. Chaldeans have generally been well integrated into Iraqi society. They have not actively sought establishment of a separate state. Many of their members are businessmen and technocrats, and a few have held high government positions. Chaldeans have always been an important part of Iraqi society. In addition to Iraq, migrant Chaldean communities are found in the United States, Turkey, Syria, Iran, and Lebanon.

Related pages
Assyrian people

References
Status astmathicus is a severe form of asthma bronchiale that does not respond to the usual treatments.

Related pages
 Asthma

Autoimmune diseases
Pulmonology
The Milwaukee Bucks are an American professional basketball team in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They play in the National Basketball Association. The current franchise owner is a group led by hedge fund managers Wesley Edens and Marc Lasry. They play their home games at the Fiserv Forum, which replaces their home of the last 30 seasons, BMO Harris Bradley Center, for 2018–19 and beyond. They won two NBA championships in 1971 and 2021.

In their 2019–20 season, the Bucks clinched a playoff berth after the team's 56th regular-season game, becoming the fastest team to clinch a playoff spot measured by the number of games played and by the calendar date (February 23) since the NBA changed its playoff format in 1984.

References

Other websites

Milwaukee Bucks Statistics 
Milwaukee Bucks History

National Basketball Association teams
Sports in Milwaukee
1968 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Wisconsin
Pidgin (also known as Gaim) is a instant messaging client that can work on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows. The software can use most instant messaging protocols, which will let the user log into different instant messaging services from one program.

The number of Pidgin users is thought to be more than 3 million in 2007.
Released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Pidgin is free software.

Supported protocols 

.NET Messenger Service
OSCAR (AIM/ICQ/.Mac)
XMPP (Jabber, Google Talk)
Gadu-Gadu
Internet Relay Chat
MySpaceIM
Novell GroupWise
SILC
Yahoo! Instant Messenger
Zephyr
Lotus Sametime
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (only chat at present)
Bonjour (Apple's implementation of Zeroconf)

History 

The program was made in or before 1999 by Mark Spencer, an Auburn University sophomore. It was made to give the features of AOL Instant Messenger for Linux.
Naming dispute 
The original name was GAIM, which stood for GTK+ AOL Instant Messenger. After pressure from AOL, the program was renamed to gaim.

However, on April 6 2007, the project development team announced the results of their talks with AOL. This included some name changes: gaim became Pidgin, libgaim became libpurple, and gaim-text became finch.

Due to the legal problems, version 2.0 of the software was stuck in beta stages. Following the talks, it was said that the first official release of Pidgin 2.0.0 was hoped to happen during the two weeks from April 8, 2007.  However, Pidgin 2.0 did not release on time, but on April 22, 2007.

Pidgin 2.0.0 was released on May 3, 2007. This was the first version to be called Pidgin. It also contained a completely new graphics design.

References

Other websites 

Pidgin website, with "Planet Pidgin"  (developer blog)
Pidgin project on SourceForge
#pidgin on freenode

Linux software
Cross-platform software
Instant messaging software
The San Diego Padres are a Major League Baseball team in San Diego, California. The Padres play their home games in a stadium called Petco Park. They have won the National League Pennant twice, in 1984 and 1998. They lost the World Series both times.

Team name
The word "padre" means "father" in Spanish, and is also something that Roman Catholics often call priests. The Padres baseball team is named after the "priest" meaning. There had once been a minor league baseball team called the San Diego Padres. The major league team was named for the old team.

References

Other websites
Official Website
Drew Allison Carey (born May 23, 1958) is an American actor, comedian and game show host. He gained fame when staring at his own sitcom, The Drew Carey Show. He is the current host of the game show The Price is Right. He is an owner of Seattle Sounders FC, a professional soccer team.

References

Other websites

 
 Drew Carey's blog
 

1958 births
Actors from Cleveland
American game show hosts
American television actors
Comedians from Cleveland
Living people
WWE Hall of Fame
The Books of Samuel (, Sefer Shmuw'el) are part of the Tanakh (part of the Hebrew Bible) and also of the Christian Old Testament.

The two books 
The Books of Samuel were originally one book. The first Greek translation was split in two because it is unusually long. Other languages followed.

The first book of Samuel tells the history of Israel from the birth of Samuel until Saul's death. It discusses the failure of Saul to be a good king as a result of his pride and sin, and includes Samuel anointing David as the next king after Saul died.
The second book of Samuel tells the story of King David of Israel, who establishes Jerusalem as Israel's capital city (2 Sam 5:7). David begins well because he prays and is humble, but later sins and has an affair with a married lady called Bathsheba, who then gave birth to Solomon. As a result of this affair, David's children go mad, including a brother who rapes his sister as well as murder among the siblings, which leads to the end of David as king. This ends 2 Samuel. The next book in the Bible is 1 Kings, which begins with Solomon as King, who builds the Temple in Jerusalem, which God had earlier forbidden David from doing as a result of his sin.

Information about Samuel 

Samuel was a Jewish priest, prophet, and judge over Israel in the Old Testament. His story is told in 1 Samuel. His name suggests "Heard of God" (1 Samuel 1:20), because his mother's prayer to have a child was heard by God and answered.

Birth
Birth 

We cannot be sure when exactly Samuel was born. However, we do know from the Old Testament that his father was "a Zuphite from the hill country of Ephraim, whose name was Elkanah son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephraimite."  His mother was Hannah. Hannah did not have any children, but Elkanah's other wife, Peninnah, had children, and this made her so sad she wept. Hannah prayed to God, "O Lord Almighty...if you will only...remember me, and not forget your servant but give her a son, then I will give him to the Lord for all the days of his life..."  God gave her a son, and naming him Samuel, she kept her promise to God by giving him to the Lord (making him serve in the temple). There, "...the boy Samuel grew up in the presence of the Lord."  At that time there was a priest named Eli: his sons were not good and sinned, but Samuel "...continued to grow in stature (height) and in favor with the Lord and with men."

Calling
Calling 

One day, when Samuel was a young boy still in the temple, he heard someone calling. He thought it was Eli, but Eli told him that God was talking to him. So Samuel went back and listened, and when he heard God calling, "Samuel! Samuel!" he said, "Speak (talk), for your servant is listening."  Then the Lord told Samuel that he would destroy Eli's family because of Eli's sinful sons. Samuel told everything to Eli, and "...all Israel from Dan to Beersheba recognized (realized) that Samuel was...a prophet of the Lord. The Lord...revealed himself to Samuel through his word."

Ministry 

Samuel made the people in Israel be sorry for their sins until he died. He also anointed Saul after the Israelites demanded a king to rule over them, and once Saul failed to be good, Saul anointed David to be the king after him.

References 

Old Testament books
Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Books of the Hebrew Bible
11th century BC
6th-century BC books
Genesis could mean:

Gaming
 Sega Genesis, a gaming console
 X-COM: Genesis, a computer game

Transportation

Vehicles
 Bertone Genesis, a concept car
 GE Genesis, a locomotive
 Genesis class, a class of Royal Caribbean cruise ships
 Hyundai Genesis and Hyundai Genesis Coupe

Spacecraft
 Genesis (spacecraft), a NASA probe that collected solar wind samples
 Genesis I, a private spacecraft produced by Bigelow Aerospace
 Genesis II, the twin spacecraft to Genesis I

Music
 Genesis (band), an English band
 Genesis (album)
 Genesis (Busta Rhymes album)
 Genesis (Colombian rock band)
 Genesis (Job for a Cowboy album)
 Genesis (Rotting Christ album)
 Genesis (Talisman album)
 Genesis (The Gods album)
 The Genesis, a 2002 album by Yngwie J. Malmsteen
 Genesis, a 2000 album by Coprofago
Literature
 Book of Genesis, the first book of Jewish and Christian Bibles
 Genesis (DC Comics), a major 1997 crossover of DC Comics
 Genesis (comics), a Marvel Comics villain
 Genesis (Final Fantasy), a character in Final Fantasy VII
 GENESIS (science fiction), a fictional laser in the Gundam metaseries
 Genesis Planet, a fictional planet in the Star Trek universe
 Genesis, a fictional comics character who possesses Jesse Custer
 Genesis, a novel by Paul Chafe
 "Genesis" (story), a 1951 story by H. Beam Piper
 "Genesis", a 1995 story by Poul Anderson
 Genesis (novel), a 2000 expansion by Anderson of the 1995 story
Television
 "Genesis" (Heroes), the pilot episode of Heroes
 "Genesis" (Quantum Leap episode)
 "Genesis" (Sliders), an episode of Sliders
 "Gensis" (Survivors), an episode of Survivors
 "Genesis" (TNG episode), an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation
 Genesis Awards, some television awards
 Genesis Entertainment, a News Corporation subsidiary
 Genesis Television Network, an American religious network
 TNA Genesis, a professional wrestling pay-per-view program
 Zoids: Genesis, the fifth anime installment of the Zoids franchise
 Genesis (Air Gear), a fictional Air Trek team in Air Gear

Film
 Genesis (film), a 2004 documentary film
 Genesis (1986 film) a Hindi film by Mrinal Sen

Software
 GENESIS (software), GEneral NEural SImulation System
 Genesis3D, a software library
 Genesis LPMud, the original LPMud
 !Genesis multimedia application creator by Oak Solutions.
Other
 -genesis, a suffix that denotes creation
 Genesis (magazine), a pornographic magazine
 Genesis (Panavision), a high-definition camera by Panavision
 Genesis Rock, a sample of lunar crust retrieved by Apollo 15 astronauts
 Genesis Energy, a solar company

Related pages
 Project Genesis (disambiguation)
 Genesis II (film), a 1973 science fiction TV movie created and produced by Gene Roddenberry
 "Yenesis", a song performed by Michalis Hadjiyiannis (Cyprus) in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998
 "genesis of next", a 2001 song by globe
Sacrilege involves doing or saying something that goes against something sacred. This does not just apply to religious things, but any person, place, or thing which is considered too important to be criticised.

Related pages
Heresy
Profanity
Blasphemy
Taboo

Theology
Psychotherapy describes the way specially skilled people called psychotherapists help people who have problems and unhappiness in their lives or who want to improve the quality of their lives and relationships with others.

Psychotherapy means treatment of the mind. It aims to help the person feel better, be braver, happier and more in control of their lives. The main way they do this is by talking to the person who has the problems in a way that they begin to be able to understand themselves better. Some psychotherapists may work with a group of people such as a family who have problems and are unhappy.

Training 
Psychotherapists usually complete their training at the doctoral level through doctor of philosophy programs or medical school, although, some are trained at the master's level. Psychotherapists do not use surgery, or give drugs or electric shocks to the people they help. These methods are used by special medical doctors called psychiatrists, who may also sometimes give psychotherapy.
How it started 
Psychotherapy was started in the west in 1886 by Sigmund Freud, the first modern psychotherapist. Freud was a medical doctor who was trained in neurology. He became certain that hidden thoughts in the brain (which he called the Unconscious) could cause physical symptoms and strange behavior in some people. He believed that human behavior was not all caused by the brain, but by things that happened to people when they were babies and young children. His research of this theory -the idea he had- led him to create "talking therapy" , where he tried to figure out what could cause the mind to do things like this. Freud thought that his figuring things out and telling the patients what had caused the behavior would cure the patient. Unfortunately, it usually made no lasting changes.
This is why modern psychologists have gradually figured out many other ways of helping their patients and modified their techniques through methods other than psychotherapy. Hans Eysenck has suggested psychotherapy is discredited.

Psychology
Therapy
A Christian is person who believes in Christianity.

Christian may also mean:
Christian (given name), a given name. Both men and women can be named "Christian". The name comes from the Latin word Christianus, meaning "follower of Christ". It has been commonly used as a name since the Middle Ages - especially amongst females
Christian County, Kentucky
Christian, the protagonist in John Bunyan's novel The Pilgrim's Progress

People who are only known by this name
Christian (wrestler) (born 1973), ring name of Canadian professional wrestler Jason Reso
Christian IV of Denmark, the king of Denmark-Norway from 1588 until his death
Christian VII of Denmark (1749–1808), King of Denmark and Norway from 1766 to 1808, and the duke of Schleswig and Holstein. He was the son of King Frederick V of Denmark and Louise of Great Britain
Trousers (or pants in Canada, South Africa and the United States), are a kind of clothing. They are worn on the lower part of the body, to cover both legs apart (instead of cloth stretching across both as in skirts and dresses).  

Historically, in the West, trousers have been the lower-body clothing item for men since the 16th century; by the late 20th century, they were used sometimes by women as well. Trousers are worn up to the nose, and may be held up by your teeth.

Related pages 
 Breeches
 Jeans

Notes
Bibliography (Greek βίβλος = book γραφή = write) is the arrangement of printed books and articles according to author or subject, and the publication of lists of titles. Bibliographies are of many different kinds and may be annotated with information about their contents. Bibliographies may be organized in various ways, such as by authors, subjects or date of publication. Bibliographies without annotations are sometimes given the modest title of checklists.

Another meaning of Bibliography is the academic study of books as physical and cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology. This kind of bibliography is not concerned with the written content of books, but rather the "bookness" of books-–how they were designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted and collected.

Other websites 
 Modern Language Association Citation style 

Book terminology
Literature
The Epistle (or letter) to the Philippians is a short book in the New Testament. It is a letter to the church at Philippi in Macedonia from Saint Paul. It was written while Paul was in jail for telling people about Jesus.

Author

Most everyone thinks that Paul wrote what is in the book.  Some think it was a single lettter, but others think that it puts together three letters into one. The letter or letters were written in Greek in about 50 to 60 A.D.

Contents

In Chapters 1 and 2 of Philippians, Paul tells the Philippians that he is about to be tried in Rome. He says he is not afraid of death,. He tells the readers to be happy no matter what happens. He says that being in jail is helping to spread the Christian message, rather than stopping it.  He says that Epaphroditus is a hard worker and is a hero. The Philippian church had sent Epaphroditus to visit Paul and bring him gifts. Some time during his visit with Paul, Epaphroditus got sick. But he got better before being sent back to the Philippians.
In Chapter 3, Paul warns the Philippians about those Christians who insist that circumcision is necessary for salvation. Circumcision is the removal of skin from the male sex organ for religious reasons. It is practiced by Jews and Muslims.  He testifies that he once was a strong follower of this and other Jewish laws, but he now considers these things to be like trash compared to the gospel of Jesus. He says that being right with God comes from faith in Jesus and not by keeping religious laws.

In Chapter 4, Paul tells the Philippians to get along with each other. In the last part of the chapter, Paul thanks the Philippians for gifts they had sent him, and tells them that God will reward them for being kind to him.

Paul seems to feel happy in the letter and he is hopeful that he will get out of jail, and so he says he will send Timothy to the Philippians to help them, and thinks he will also pay them a visit.

Christ poem
Christ poem

Chapter 2 of the epistle contains a famous poem telling who Christ is and what he did to save us. Paul says we should follow this example of humble service.

Because of its style, scholars agree that this is an early Christian poem that was written by someone before Paul's writings, as early as the 40s AD. The Christ poem is important because it strongly suggests that there were very early Christians who understood Jesus to be a God like being who chose to take on human form, rather than a human who was later raised to a divine status.

References 

New Testament books
Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring is a 2001/2002 comedy-fantasy animated direct-to-video movie that stars Tom and Jerry. It is the first direct-to-video and the second animated film of Tom and Jerry animated movie to only be released only on video and never in a movie theater. Also, it was the final cartoon and the last Tom and Jerry cartoon to be co-executive produced by both, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, as Hanna died on March 22, 2001, a few days before the movie's release.

Other websites 

2002 animated movies
American animated movies
Warner Bros. movies
English-language movies
Tom and Jerry
Tom and Jerry movies
Sequel movies
Synoptic is from the Greek words συν (syn = together) and οψις (opsis = seeing), and tells about studies that tells about something of a certain kind.  It also has other meanings:
Synoptic scale meteorology
Synoptic gospels
SynOptics
Synoptic problem
Synoptic philosophy
Synoptic science
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
Julio Cesar Lugo (November 16, 1975 – November 15, 2021) was a Major League Baseball shortstop. He played for the Houston Astros, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Los Angeles Dodgers, Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Baltimore Orioles, and Atlanta Braves. He batted and threw right-handed.  

He was born on November 16, 1975 in  Barahona, Dominican Republic. Lugo was also the older brother of baseball pitcher Ruddy Lugo. 

Lugo died of a heart attack in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic on November 15, 2021 one day before his 46th birthday.

References

Other websites 

1975 births
Atlanta Braves players
Baltimore Orioles players
Boston Red Sox players
Dominican Republic baseball players
Houston Astros players
2021 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball shortstops
St. Louis Cardinals players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
The Requiem in D Minor, K. 626, is a piece of music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart which he composed in 1791. This requiem (a 'requiem' is a mass (church service) to remember people who have died), was Mozart's last composition. He wrote it as he lay dying. It seems that he did not manage to finish it before he died. It was finished by Franz Xaver Süssmayr, another composer.  We do not know exactly how much of the music is by Mozart, and how much Süssmayr had to add. There have been lots of stories and ideas about how the Requiem was composed, and it is still a problem that is often discussed by musicians.

Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Masses (music)
Maria Theresia may mean:

 Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria (1684-1696), daughter of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg
 Empress Maria Theresia of Austria (1717-1780), Holy Roman Empress
 Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria (1762-1770), daughter of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and Isabella Maria of Parma
Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria-Este (1773-1832), Queen of Piedmont-Sardinia
 Maria Theresia of Austria-Este (1849-1919), last Queen of Bavaria
 Maria Theresia of Tuscany (1767-1827), German queen consort
Gregorio Allegri (1582 – February 7, 1652),  was an Italian composer and priest. He wrote a large number of religious pieces, including motets and several settings of the Mass. His best known compositions is the Miserere mei Deus.

From 1591 to 1596 Allegri was employed in a church choir in Rome. In 1601 he became a tenor in the choir. He studied music and composing with the director of the choir, G. B. Nannio. He moved around to a number of different churches in Rome, before joining the choir at the Vatican in 1629. This was the choir that performed in the Sistine Chapel for the pope. he was made the director of the choir in 1650. Pope Urban VIII had rewritten some of the texts used in the religious services. Allegri was given the job of editing Giovanni da Palestrina's music so that it would fit with the new words. He was seen as an expert in the old style, even though some of his music was written in the new baroque style.

Misere mei Deus
Misere mei Deus

Miserere mei, Deus is a motet written to be sung by two choirs. One choir is five voices - soprano, alto, two tenors and bass. The second choir has two sopranos, alto and baritone. One choir sings a simple kind of tune called a fauxbourdon which is based on a plainchant. The other sings a more complicated version, with a top part which goes up to top C (the note two octaves higher than Middle C). The singers also improvised some parts of the music, making up elaborate ornamented parts. These improvisations were not written down, but were passed from singer to singer in the choir.

Allegri wrote the Miserere to be sung in the Sistine Chapel during the Easter celebrations. During the service, which started at 3.00am, there would be 27 candles burning. The Pope would gradually extinguish the candles until there was only one left burning. The Miserere was performed as the pope prayed at the altar with the single candle.
This piece of music became very popular, and the Vatican did not want anyone else to perform it. No one was allowed to take the music away from the chapel or make copies of it. The Vatican called for excommunication of anyone trying to make a copy. However by 1770 there were three known copies of the music. One of these was given to the Emperor Leopold I by the pope. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart visited the Sistine Chapel during a tour of Europe with his father in 1770. He was just 14 years old, but heard the piece and wrote all the music out from memory later the same day. A second visit enabled him to check that he had it written correctly.  It is believed that Mozart's copy of the music was sent to England where it was published by Dr Charles Burney. It would be assumed that Mozart would have written the improvisations in his copy. Burney's version lacks the improvisations, so it possible that he removed them, and destroyed Mozart's copy to avoid trouble with the church
. There were no copyright laws in those days, so there was nothing that the Vatican could do about it.
It is believed that the version of the Miserere mei Deus performed today, is very different to the work that Allegri composed.

References

1582 births
1652 deaths
Baroque composers
17th-century Italian composers‎
Musicians from Rome
Italian Roman Catholic priests
Chronology is a word meaning 'the study of time'. It comes from the Greek words chronos (time) and logos (word). The adjective is chronological.

Putting events in chronological order means: listing them in the order in which they happened.

There are many sciences which deal in different ways with chronology. General is sometimes called "periodization". Historical chronology can deal with history or with the geological history of the earth.

When things are put in chronological order it can sometimes be called a "timeline".  Adjective- (of a record of events) following the order in which they occurred (kind of like a timeline)

Related pages
 Annals
 Calendar
The Indre is a river in central France, left tributary to the Loire River. The Indre and Indre-et-Loire departments are named after this river.

Geography
The Indre river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of  of which 18.29% are forests and 77.86% are used for farming.

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Lignières-de-Touraine, Indre-et-Loire.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Lignières-de-Touraine

Course
The Indre starts in the Monts de Saint-Marien, southwestern Massif Central, in the commune of Saint-Priest-la-Marche, in the south of the Cher department near the border with the Creuse department, at an altitude of about .

The Indre flows to the northwest, and passes through the Indre and Indre-et-Loire departments, in the Centre-Val de Loire region, and a total of 58 communes, most of them in the Indre department; the main communes are:
Centre-Val de Loire region
 Cher: Saint-Priest-la-Marche
 Indre: Sainte-Sévère-sur-Indre, La Châtre, Ardentes, Châteauroux, Villedieu-sur-Indre, Buzançais, Saint-Genou, Châtillon-sur-Indre
 Indre-et-Loire: Loches, Montbazon, Azay-le-Rideau

Finally, it flows into the Loire River in Avoine, in the Indre-et-Loire department.

Main tributaries
The main tributaries of the Indre river are:

Left tributaries:
 Vauvre - 38.8 km

Right tributaries:
 Igneraie - 37.4 km
 Indrois - 59.5 km

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References 

Rivers of Centre-Val de Loire
This is a list of colleges and universities in the Oberlin Group of Libraries:

References
In Greek mythology, Pontus or Pontos (, Póntos - "Sea") was one of the primordial deities, the personification of the sea. He was a son of Gaia (the Earth), by whom he is the father of Nereus and Phorcys. He was also the consort of the goddess Thalassa. 

Pontus has a variety of strengths including using his titan staff, which can strike lightning.   

Greek gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of water
Pontus () is a historical region on the southern coast of the Black Sea. Today it is part of Turkey.

Related pages
Pontic Greeks
Amazons (mythological women warriors)

Places of Ancient Rome
Ancient Greek settlements
Homo floresiensis ("Flores Man", also called "hobbit") is a probable species in the genus Homo, to which humans belong.

The remains were found in 2004 on the island of Flores in Indonesia. Parts of the skeletons of nine individuals were found, including one complete cranium (the head). The most important and obvious identifying features of H. floresiensis are its small body, and small size of the space for the brain inside the skull. This is why the discoverers have called members of the species "hobbits", after J.R.R. Tolkien's fictional race of roughly the same height.

Discovery
The remains were discovered on the Indonesian island of Flores by an Australian-Indonesian team of archaeologists in 2003. Archaeologist Mike Morwood and colleagues were looking for evidence of the original human migration of H. sapiens from Asia to Australia. They were not expecting to find a new species. They were surprised at the discovery of a nearly complete skeleton of a hominin.
Excavations done after that found seven more skeletons, originally thought to be from 38,000 to 13,000 years ago. An arm bone which they think belongs to H. floresiensis was dated at about 74,000 years old. The specimens are not fossilized and have "the consistency of wet blotting paper"; once exposed. The bones had to be left to dry before they could be dug up.

However, more extensive stratigraphic and chronological work pushed the most recent evidence of their existence back to 50,000 years ago. Their skeletal material is now dated to from 100,000 to 60,000 years ago. Stone tools recovered alongside the skeletal remains were from archaeological horizons ranging from 190,000 to 50,000 years ago.

Researchers hope to find preserved mitochondrial DNA to compare with samples from similarly unfossilised specimens of Homo neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
This hominin is remarkable because it has a small body and brain. 
There are also a lot of stone tools found in the cave. The tools are of a size that could be used by the 1 meter tall human. They are dated from 95,000 to 13,000 years ago. They are found in the same archeological layer as an elephant of the extinct genus Stegodon. The hobbit might have hunted this elephant. The elephant would have been very common throughout Asia during the Quaternary. Other animals that lived on the island at that time were giant rats, Komodo dragons, and even larger species of lizards. Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago.

A new species or not? 
Archaeologist Mike Morwood and colleagues who found the remains say they think the individuals belong to a new species, H. floresiensis, in our human genus Homo. The discoverers also say that H. floresiensis might have lived at the same time as modern humans (Homo sapiens) on Flores.
Not everyone agrees that this is a new species. Indonesian anthropologist Teuku Jacob  suggested that the skull of LB1 was a modern human with microcephaly. This is a disorder that causes the bones of the head to stop growing. Another study says that perhaps the individuals were born without a working thyroid gland, which would result in the small size of the hominins because of a disorder called myxedema.
Two studies of the bones published in 2007 both reported evidence to support species status for H. floresiensis. A study of three bits of bones from the hand (carpals) showed that they were similar to the carpal bones of a chimpanzee or an early hominin such as Australopithecus. They were also different from the bones of modern humans. A study of the bones and joints of the arm, shoulder, and legs also concluded that H. floresiensis was more similar to early humans and apes than modern humans. In 2009, the publication of a cladistic analysis, and a study comparing body sizes, gave further support for the theory that H. floresiensis and Homo sapiens are separate species.

Extinction 
Archaeologists believe that the species has survived on Flores at least until 12,000 years ago. This makes it the longest lasting non-modern human. It also lived longer than the Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis), which became extinct about 24,000 years ago.
Because of a deep neighboring strait, Flores remained isolated during the last ice age. Because of this, the discoverers of H. floresiensis think that the species, or its ancestors, must have reached the isolated island by water transport around 100,000 years ago (or, if they are H. erectus, then about 1 million years ago).

Local geology suggests that a volcanic eruption on Flores approximately 12,000 years ago was responsible for the end of H. floresiensis and animals that lived on the island. The elephant Stegodon also became extinct at this time.
Stories of later survival 
There are local stories that a small race of people lived on the island. The Ebu Gogo were small, hairy, language-poor cave dwellers. It is said that they were there at the time of the arrival of the first Portuguese ships during the 16th century. These creatures are claimed to have existed as recently as the late 19th century. Gerd van den Bergh, a paleontologist working with the fossils, reported hearing of the Ebu Gogo ten years before the fossil discovery. On the nearby island of Sumatra, there are reports of a 1-1.5m tall humanoid, the Orang Pendek which might be related to H. floresiensis.

References

Further reading 

Linda Goldenberg 2007. Little people and a lost world: an anthropological mystery. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books. 
Maciej Henneberg & John Schofield 2008. The Hobbit trap: money, fame, science and the discovery of a 'new species'. Kent Town: Wakefield Press.
Other websites
 John D. Hawks. Blog of a professor of anthropology:
 
 
 
 Homo floresiensis - The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
 Hobbits in the Haystack: Homo floresiensis and Human Evolutions – Turkhana Basin Institute presentment at the Seventh Stony Brook Human Evolution Symposium

Hominins
Goran Ivanišević is a retired professional tennis player from Croatia. He is most famous for winning Wimbledon in 2001.

1971 births
Croatian sportspeople
Living people
Male tennis players
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Wimbledon champions
Pete Sampras (born August 12, 1971) is an American retired professional tennis player. He has won the Wimbledon Championships seven times and has won 14 Grand Slams overall, which was a record until Roger Federer broke it in 2009. He is said to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time.

Personal and family life
Sampras' mother is an immigrant from Greece; his father is an American whose father was Greek and mother was Jewish. Sampras' older sister, Stella, is the women's tennis head coach at UCLA. His younger sister, Marion, is a teacher in Los Angeles. His older brother, Gus, has been tournament director at the Scottsdale ATP event, but from 2007 he became president of the firm managing Pete's business activities.

In the late 1990s, he dated actress Kimberly Williams-Paisley.
On September 30, 2000, Sampras married American actress and former Miss Teen USA, Bridgette Wilson. On November 21, 2002, their son, Christian Charles, was born. On July 29, 2005, the couple welcomed their second son, Ryan Nikolaos. They live in Lake Sherwood, California.

Professional Awards
 ATP Player of the Year: 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998.
 ITF World Champion: 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998.

References

1971 births
American Jews
American tennis players
Australian Open champions
Living people
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Andre Kirk Agassi (born April 29, 1970) is a retired professional tennis player from the United States. He was the first tennis player to have won all Grand Slam tournaments on four different surfaces. Later, Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal did the same. He is one of the most successful tennis players in history and was formerly ranked number 1 in the world. He is married to former women's number one tennis player Steffi Graf.

References 

1970 births
American autobiographers
American tennis players
Philanthropists from Nevada
Australian Open champions
French Open champions
Living people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Nevada
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Writers from Nevada
Narcissus (Narcissi) (often called a daffodil) is the botanic name for a genus of mainly hardy, mostly spring-flowering, bulbs in the Amaryllidaceae family. They are native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia.

Description 

It has bright perianths (petals) with a darker central trumpet (paracorolla or "corona"). The petals can be a variety of colours: bright yellow (the most common); white; pale yellow; or even peach. Usually, there is one flower on each stem, but sometimes there are more than one. The long, narrow leaves are slightly greyish in colour and rise from the base of the stem. 

During the winter, the flowering part of narcissi dies away, and the plant lives on underground in a bulb. A bulb is an onion-like structure, which is filled with food. The plant lives off this food during the winter, protected from the cold by the soil above.

Other websites 

American Daffodil Society
Gardening 

Asparagales
Dajabón is a Dominican province; it is in the northwestern part of the country, on the border with Haiti. Its capital city has the same name, Dajabón.

It was created on 1938 with the name Province Libertador. It got its present name in 1961. It was part of the Monte Cristi province before being elevated to the category of province

Name
The province takes the name from the Taíno name of the region, Dahaboon; it was also the name of the main river of the region, the Dajabón River.

Location
Dajabón is bordered to the north by the Monte Cristi province, to the east by the Santiago Rodríguez province and to the south by the Elías Piña province. To the west Dajabón borders the Republic of Haiti.
History
For a very long time, very few people lived in this region because it was on the border between two countries: first, between the French colony of Saint-Domingue and the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo and later between the two independent countries of Haiti and Dominican Republic. There were many fights here between the armies of the two parts of the island and some important battles were held close to the city of Dajabón during the Dominican Independence War.

In 1861, the Dominican Republic became again a colony of Spain. The Restoration War, or just the Restoration, started on 16 August 1863, in a hill near the hamlet of Capotillo. The Spanish army left the country in 1865.

After the Restoration, people came to live in this area and several towns were created.

When the province was created in 1938, it had three municipalities: Dajabón, Loma de Cabrera and Restauración. In 1996, Partido was made a municipality and later, in 2002, El Pino became another municipality.
The municipal districts of the province were created in:
 2002 : Manuel Bueno
 2005 : Cañongo and Capotillo
 2006 : Santiago de la Cruz

Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Dajabón province, and 38,225 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 14th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 65,519 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is Dajabón, its head municipality or capital, with a population (in 2010) of 25,245 inhabitants.

Geography

The Dajabón province has a total area of . It has 2.1% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 23rd (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province. The altitude of the city of Dajabón, provincial capital, is .
The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") is in the southern part ofthe province. The northern part is flat, with many savannas; it is part of the Yaque del Norte Valley (or Línea Noroeste).

There are two main roads in the province. One, from north to south, comes from the Monte Cristi province and goes through the cities of Dajabón, Loma de Cabrera and Restauración and then goes into the Elías Piña province. In some parts, the road marks the border with Haiti.

The second main road begins in Santiago de la Cruz and goes to the east through Partido and El Pino and then through the Santiago Rodríguez and Valverde provinces to end in the Carretera Duarte (Duarte National Road), one of the most important road of the country and that goes from Santo Domingo to Monte Cristi.
Rivers 
The only important river in the province is the Dajabón River, also known as Masacre (from French Massacre). This river marks the Dominican-Haitian border from the city of Dajabón to its mouth. Other rivers are very short and they are tributaries of the Dajabon or the Artibonite rivers.

Climate 
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains..

Municipalities
There are 5 municipalities and 4 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are:

Economy
As in all provinces on the Dominican Republic-Haiti border, there is little economic development. The trade with Haiti is very important, mostly in the city of Dajabón.

On the mountains, coffee and beans are important products. Rice and bananas are produced in the northern part of the province, and cattle raising is important around the city of Dajabón.

Related pages
 Provinces of the Dominican Republic

References
References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
1938 establishments in the Dominican Republic
First base, or 1B, is the first of four positions on a baseball diamond, in baseball.

First baseman

Hall of Fame first basemen 
Cap Anson
Ernie Banks (not listed at the Hall of Fame as such but played half his career at first base)
Jake Beckley
Jim Bottomley
Dan Brouthers
Orlando Cepeda
Frank Chance
Roger Connor
Jimmie Foxx
Lou Gehrig
Hank Greenberg
George Kelly
Harmon Killebrew
Buck Leonard
Willie McCovey
Johnny Mize
Eddie Murray
Tony Perez
George Sisler
Willie Stargell
Mule Suttles
Ben Taylor
Bill Terry

Notable current first basemen 

Lance Berkman
Wilson Betemit
Miguel Cabrera
Sean Casey
Carlos Delgado
Prince Fielder
Ryan Garko
Jason Giambi
Adrian Gonzalez
Todd Helton
Ryan Howard
Conor Jackson
Nick Johnson
Paul Konerko
Casey Kotchman
Adam LaRoche
Derrek Lee
James Loney
Doug Mientkiewicz
Kevin Millar
Justin Morneau
Lyle Overbay
Albert Pujols
Richie Sexson
Mark Teixeira
Kevin Youkilis

References 

Baseball positions
Outfielder is a position in baseball. Three players play this position. They are the farthest from the batter. 

Baseball positions
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian is a 2008 fantasy movie by Disney and Walden Media.  It was released on May 9, 2008. It is part of the Chronicles of Narnia movie series.

This movie is a follow-up of the 2005 movie The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe.

Other websites 

Official site

2008 movies
Prince Caspian
Movies about witchcraft
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Sobekhotep VIII was a Pharaoh of northern Egypt during the 16th Egyptian dynasty. He was one of the ancient Egyptian kings people have little knowledge about. Historians estimate that Sobekhotep VIII was their sovereign leader for 16 years.

It is most likely that Sobekhotep VIII. was the successor of Djehuti and followed by Neferhotep III.

References 

2nd-millennium BC pharaohs
This article is about the baseball player and manager.  For the violinist, see Albert Spalding (violinist).

Albert Goodwill Spalding (born September 2, 1850 in Byron, Illinois – September 9, 1915 in Point Loma, California) was a professional baseball player, manager and co-founder of A.G. Spalding sporting goods company.

Other websites 

 Official webpage of Spalding's company

19th-century American baseball players
Baseball executives
Major League Baseball players
Sports in Chicago
1850 births
1915 deaths
Businesspeople from Chicago
People from Rockford, Illinois
Charlie Waitt (born October 14, 1853 in Hallowell, Maine – October 21, 1912) was a professional baseball player. He was teased, taunted and called a "sissy" for wearing what was one of the first baseball gloves ever worn.

References

Other websites 

Baseball Reference
Baseball Almanac
Baseball Library 
Baseball Prospectus

American baseball players
Sportspeople from Maine
1853 births
1912 deaths
Douglas L. Allison (born July 12, 1846 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, died December 19, 1916 in Washington, DC) was a professional baseball catcher for the Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional baseball team.

Other websites 
Baseball-Reference.com - career statistics and analysis

19th-century American baseball players
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
1846 births
1916 deaths
Bill Doak (born January 28, 1891, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) played 11 years with the St. Louis Cardinals. In , he went 20-6 with a league leading 1.72 ERA. Doak won 20 games in . Doak led the National League in ERA again in 1921.  Doak was traded to the Brooklyn Robins in mid-1924.

Other websites 

American baseball players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Cincinnati Reds players
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
1891 births
1954 deaths
Teasing is a word with different meanings. With humans, teasing usually means either playful and hurtful. Teasing is often unkind, and is sometimes a type of harassment. It can have a sexual context as well, as to create sexual arousal in someone, for example.

Related pages
Bullying

Other websites 
Stories and advice on stopping teasing. 
The Art of the Teaser

Bullying
Human behavior
In baseball, the pitcher is the player who throws
the baseball from the pitcher's mound to the catcher to begin each play, trying to retire a batter who tries to get on base, usually by hitting the ball with their bat or by taking a walk.

Related pages
 Baseball

Baseball positions
Patton (UK: Patton: Lust for Glory) is a 1970 movie about United States Army General George S. Patton, and his role in the Second World War. Patton starred George C. Scott in the title role, and it was released by 20th Century Fox.  The movie became very popular, and won an Academy Award for Best Picture in 1971. A sequel, The Last Days of Patton, appeared in 1986, also starring Scott.

Beginnings 
Patton's widow was approached not long after her husband died (after an automobile accident), with an offer to make a Hollywood movie about Patton's life and career. His family did not agree right away, and it was many years before they approved a dramatic movie to be made. The movie's screenplay was based on a well-written biography of General Patton, Patton: Ordeal and Triumph, and A Soldier's Story, a  by General Omar N. Bradley, who served with Patton.
Storyline 
The story covers the time from the American defeat at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass in North Africa during 1943, when Patton was sent to take command, through his victories in Africa and Sicily, his time as a "" before D-Day, The Battle of the Bulge, and his last weeks, after the war was over in 1945.

The movie did not give much time to showing combat and battles, but explained Patton's role in several important battles and campaigns. It also showed his character as a person, as a soldier, and as a leader. Patton made good choices, such as appointing Omar Bradley to assist him, and bad choices, such as striking soldiers physically when they showed fear or cowardice, or giving his personal opinions to the media, when they differed widely from what the Allied commanders expected. The movie showed a mix of both bad and good things about Patton.