Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
For example, some rice strains are made by inserting new genetic material into a rice plant, all the descendants of the genetically modified rice plant are a strain with a unique genetic code that is passed on to later generations. The strain designation, a number or a formal name, covers all the plants that descend from the originally modified plant. The rice plants in the strain can be breed to other rice strains or cultivars, and if desirable plants are produced, these are further breed to stabilize the desirable traits; the stabilized plants that can be propagated and come true, are given a cultivar name and released into production to be used by farmers.

Rodents
A mouse or a rat strain is a group of animals that is genetically uniform. Strains are used in laboratory experiments. Mouse strains can be inbred or genetically engineered, while rat strains are usually produced by inbreeding.

Other websites
International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR)
Rat strain index

References

rank32
Classical genetics
Dr. Johannes Schäfer, born 2nd October 1965 in Göttingen, Germany, was the bass player of the German rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse from the beginning (1987) until 1996. Today (2008) he is a doctor.

Schäfer's first band was 1982 the punk band Defekt in Hanover, Germany, where he was singer and bass player. From 1985 until 1987 he played in the jazz rock band CIT., together with Mousse T. and at the same time he worked as a studio musician at the Stakkato Studio in Hannover.
In 1987 Schäfer founded the rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse together with Kai and Christian Wingenfelder, Rainer Schumann and Christoph Stein-Schneider. He played the bass in this band until 1996, when he was followed by Christian Decker. Together with his band Schäfer was awarded golden recording sales certifications for the Fury albums Fury in the Slaughterhouse (1988), Mono (1992), and the Hearing and the Sense of Balance (1995). Fury in the Slaughterhouse sold about three million recordings of albums made in their time with Hannes Schäfer (1987-1996).

After leaving Fury in the Slaughterouse Schäfer studied medicine and today (2008) he works as a doctor in the hospital Vinzenzkrankenhaus in Hanover.

Other websites
Homepage of Fury in the Slaughterhouse
the hospital Schäfer works at today

1965 births
Living people
German musical entertainers
The Prestige is a 2006 period movie directed by Christopher Nolan. The story follows Robert Angier and Alfred Borden, enemy stage magicians in fin de siècle London.  Obsessed with creating the best stage Magic, they take part in a competition with tragic results.
Cast and characters 
 Hugh Jackman as Robert Angier, a classy magician with a talent for performance.
 Christian Bale as Alfred Borden, a working-class magician who knows magic.
 Michael Caine as John Cutter, the stage engineer who works for Angier.
 Rebecca Hall as Sarah Borden, Borden's wife.
 Scarlett Johansson as Olivia Wenscombe, Angier's assistant and Borden's lover.
 David Bowie as Nikola Tesla, the inventor (Tesla was a real person) who creates a device for Angier.
 Piper Perabo as Julia McCullough, Angier's wife.
 Andy Serkis as Mr. Alley, Tesla's assistant.
 Ricky Jay as "Milton the Magician", an older magician Borden and Angier work for at the beginning of the story.
 Roger Rees as Owens, a solicitor working for Lord Caldlow.
 W. Morgan Sheppard as Merrit, the owner of a theater where Angier initially performs.

Release dates

Other websites 
 Official Website 
 
 
 Writer Christopher Priest's website 

2006 movies
American science fiction movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies based on books
Javon Ringer (born February 2, 1987, Dayton, Ohio) is an American football running back for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Michigan State University. He attended Chaminade Julienne High School, where he set many running records.

Other websites 
 Ringer's official site 
 Javon Ringer statistics, ESPN.com
 MSU Spartans Player Profile 
 CBS Player Page 

1987 births
Living people
American football running backs
Tennessee Titans players
Sportspeople from Dayton, Ohio
A running back (RB) is the position of a player on an American football team. They are the players who carry the ball the most. They receive handoffs, catch passes, and block for other runners.

References 
 Football 101: Basic Football positions 
 http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-the-running-backs-do-in-a-football-game.html

American football positions
The Heisman Memorial Trophy Award (often known simply as the Heisman Trophy or The Heisman), named after the former college football coach John Heisman, is awarded annually by the Downtown Athletic Club of New York City to the most outstanding player in collegiate football.

Other websites 

The Heisman Memorial Trophy Award website
StiffArmTrophy.com (attempts to project the Heisman Trophy winner through "exit polls" of actual Heisman voters)
HeismanPundit.com  (commentary and discussion)
New Home of the Heisman - Sports Museum of America
The place of birth is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Sometimes a person's place of birth decides the ethnicity of the person.

Human geography
Migration
Identification documents
Run Fat Boy Run is a 2007 British romantic comedy directed by David Schwimmer, written by Michael Ian Black and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg, Dylan Moran, Thandie Newton, Harish Patel, India de Beaufort and Hank Azaria. It was released in the UK on 7 September 2007, in Canada on 10 September 2007 and in the United States on 28 March 2008.

Characters and cast
 Simon Pegg as Dennis Doyle
 Thandie Newton as Elizabeth Olivia 'Libby' Odell
 Hank Azaria as Whit
 Dylan Moran as Gordon
 Harish Patel as Mr. Goshdashtidar
 India de Beaufort as Maya Goshdashtidar
 Matthew Fenton as Jake
 Simon Day as Vincent
 Ruth Sheen as Claudine
 Tyrone Huggins as Grover
 Nevan Finegan as Mickey

Guest appearances
 Chris Hollins (sports reporter)
 Peter Serafinowicz (reporter voice over)
 Denise Lewis (British athlete)
 Stephen Merchant (injured runner)
 David Walliams (customer in Libby's shop)

References

Other websites
 Official site
 
 
 
 
 
 Official Canadian site 
 Interview with director David Schwimmer at YouTube
2007 romantic comedy movies
2000s sports comedy movies

British romantic comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies set in London
And Now for Something Completely Different is a British movie spin-off from the comedy television series Monty Python's Flying Circus. The movie has favorite sketches from the first two seasons. The title was used as a catchphrase in the series.

Other websites 

 
 

1971 movies
British comedy movies
Abu Ghraib prison is a prison in Abu Ghraib, a city 32 km west of Baghdad, Iraq. It became known when Saddam Hussein tortured and executed dissidents there. After the United States had invaded Iraq, there was also a scandal where US forces tortured prisoners.

Prisons in Asia
Buildings and structures in Iraq
Torture
In professional sports, a trade is when one (or more) player's contract and/or draft picks is traded between sports teams. Cash is another thing that may be added with contracts and/or draft picks to make a trade.  Most often, trades are done between two teams, but there are times where trades are made between three or more teams.

Sports words
Jet is a hard rock band from Melbourne, Australia. They were formed in 2001. They have made two albums, Get Born and Shine On. Get Born sold over three and a half million copies worldwide.

References

Australian hard rock bands
2000s music groups
Australian alternative rock bands
Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in Australia
Get Born is the first album by Australian band Jet.  It was recorded in 2003. It was released on September 14, 2003.  The song "Cold Hard Bitch" reached the top spot on the Modern Rock charts.

Track Listing
 "Last Chance" – 1:52
 "Are You Gonna Be My Girl" – 3:34
 "Rollover DJ" – 3:17
 "Look What You've Done" – 3:50
 "Get What You Need" – 4:08
 "Move On" – 4:21
 "Radio Song" – 4:32
 "Get Me Outta Here" – 2:56
 "Cold Hard Bitch" – 4:03
 "Come Around Again" – 4:30
 "Take It Or Leave It" – 2:23
 "Lazy Gun" – 4:42
 "Timothy" – 4:32
 "Sgt. Major" – 4:04 *

(*) Bonus track in Limited Edition CD

References

2003 albums
Debut albums
Rock albums
Thomas Wentworth "Tom" Wills (19 August 1835 – 3 May 1880) was an Australian all-round sportsman who helped invent Australian Football and helped write the Laws of Australian Football.

Wills was born in south-east New South Wales, Australia either near Gundagai or Queanbeyan.  

From the age of 14 he went to Rugby School in England.  At school he played both rugby football and cricket very well. By his final year in England, he was captain of the Rugby XI and he was listed in Bells Sporting Life as being one of the most promising young cricketers in England.

In 1859, Wills was involved with others in creating a set of football rules that were like a cross between rugby, soccer and Gaelic football. He made up the game for cricketers to keep in shape during the off-season (winter). Wills had help from people who included his cousin Henry Colden Harrison, and W.J. Hammersly and J.B. Thompson.  This game is now Australian Rules Football.
Wills grew up with Indigenous Australians.  He spoke the language of the people who lived near him and played with the children.  It has been suggested that Australian Rules Football is based in part on Marn Grook, an Aboriginal game with some similar rules to Australian Rules Football. Because the indigenous people Wills played with as a child would have played Marn Grook, Wills would have been influenced by this game when creating the rules for Australian Rules Football.

Willis was an alcoholic. He committed suicide by stabbing himself in the heart.

References

1835 births
1880 deaths
Australian cricketers
Australian rules footballers
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides by blade weapons
Suicides in Australia
Simple Plan is the third, self-titled studio album by pop punk band Simple Plan.

Track listing
"When I'm Gone" - 3:49
"Take My Hand" - 3:51
"The End" - 3:22
"Your Love Is a Lie" - 3:42
"Save You" - 3:45
"Generation" - 3:02
"Time to Say Goodbye" - 2:56
"I Can Wait Forever" - 4:54
"Holding On" - 5:03
"No Love" - 3:15
"What If" - 5:54

2008 albums
Pop punk albums
Simple Plan albums
An N-type semiconductor is a type of material used in electronics. 

It is made by adding an impurity to a pure semiconductor such as silicon or germanium. The impurities used may be phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth or some other chemical element. They are called donor impurities. 
The impurity is called a donor because it gives a free electron to a semiconductor. The purpose of doing this is to make more charge carriers, or electron wires  available in the material for conduction. The final material is a lot more conductive than the original silicon or germanium.

Introduction
Semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium have four electrons in their outer shell. The outer shell of electrons is called the valence shell. The four electrons are used by the semiconductor atom in forming bonds with its neighbouring atoms. This leaves a low number of electrons available for conduction.
Pentavalent elements are those elements which have five electrons in their outer shell. To make the n-type semiconductor, pentavalent impurities like phosphorus or arsenic are added. Four of the impurities' electrons form bonds with the surrounding silicon atoms. This leaves one electron free. The resulting material has a large number of free electrons. Since electrons are negative charge carriers, the resultant material is called an n-type (or negative type) semiconductor. The pentavalent impurity that is added is called a 'dopant' and the process of addition is called 'doping'.

Manufacture
N-type semiconductors are manufactured by doping pure semiconductor material. The amount of impurity added is very small compared to the amount of semiconductor. The way this new semiconductor works is changed by controlling the quantity of the dopant.

Related pages
 Semiconductor
P-type Semiconductor

Other websites
 The Doping of Semiconductors - Hyperphysics

Electronic components
Pay television or premium television are subscription-based television services. They are found mainly on cable television or satellite television. Some parts of the world, like France and the US, have also offered encrypted analogue terrestrial signals, available if you pay a subscription.

Television technology
A plug-in hybrid car is similar to a conventional hybrid vehicle—both use a gasoline engine as well as an electric motor. A plug-in hybrid differs primarily in that it can be plugged in to charge the batteries, while a conventional hybrid relies solely on energy generated from braking, coasting or from the gasoline engine.

However, a plug-in hybrid uses larger battery packs that can be recharged by connecting to common household electricity. Plug-in hybrids can be driven for long distances—from a few miles to as much as 40 miles—without using any gasoline. Plug-in hybrid cars are also known as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or PHEVs. Plug-in hybrid cars that use a gas engine exclusively for recharging batteries—rather than directly powering the wheels—are also called Extended-Range Electric Vehicles or E-REVs.
Fueling a car with electricity is about 5 times cheaper than fueling it with gasoline. That is equivalent to buying gasoline at less than $1 per gallon. It also reduces greenhouse pollution and helps reduce crude oil imports. Also plug-in hybrids produced substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions than either conventional gasoline cars or unplugged hybrids. The reduction in emissions results from electric operation being much more efficient than gasoline operation.

Criticisms
Criticisms of the hybrid include the additional cost, weight, and size of a larger battery pack. But The extra weight of the batteries will be offset somewhat by the reduced weight of the gas engine.
It is obvious for most people that internal combustion engine cars cannot represent the future anymore because of the oil reserves that are estimated to be finished in forty or fifty years. Obviously, Plug-in vehicles cannot be considered a short term option because we lack the needed infrastructure and capable batteries for increasing the autonomy that is currently limited. The general opinion was that, at least for the next seven or eight years, Plug-ins are not going to become the standard in hybrid vehicles and that regular HEVs will have the biggest proportion on the market.

Green vehicles
"IEEE" redirects here. It is not to be confused with the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE).

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (or IEEE  for short) an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 400,000 members in more than 160 countries. About 45% of IEEE's members live outside the United States.

It was formed in 1963 by the merger of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE, founded 1912) and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE, founded 1884).
The IRE concerned mostly radio engineering. The major interests of the AIEE were wire communications and light and electric power systems. As technology developing, the IRE and the AIEE became difficult to distinguish. And people who belong to both group were increasing gradually. After World War II, the leadership of both the IRE and the AIEE merged the organizations on January 1, 1963.

IEEE says its purpose is "scientific and educational, directed toward the advancement of the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering, as well as computer science, the allied branches of engineering and the related arts and sciences." In pursuing these goals, the IEEE serves a major publisher of scientific journals, provides learning opportunities within the engineering sciences, research, and technology and so on.
IEEE consists of 150 countries, 350,000 members, 39 societies, organized around specialized technical fields, with more than 300 local organizations that hold regular meetings. Famous presidents of IEEE and its founding organizations include Elihu Thomson, Alexander Graham Bell, Ernst Weber. In 2008 the president of IEEE was Lewis M. Terman.

IEEE produces 30 percent of the world's literature in the electrical and electronics engineering and computer science fields, publishing well over 100 peer-reviewed journals.  The content in these journals and from several hundred annual conferences are available in the IEEE's online digital library.
Standards and development process 
IEEE is one of the leading standards-making organizations in the world.  The IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) makes and maintains standards for the IEEE.  IEEE standards affect a wide range of industries including: power and energy, biomedical and healthcare, Information Technology (IT), telecommunications, transportation, nanotechnology, information assurance, and many more.  In 2005, IEEE had close to 900 active standards, with 500 standards under development.  One of the more notable IEEE standards is the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN group of standards which includes the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard and the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networking standard (Wi-Fi).

References

Other websites 
 IEEE Conferences Template – For authors looking to submit to IEEE conferences
 IEEE format template - For authors looking to submit to IEEE journals

International scientific organizations
Electricity
Organizations in New York City
1963 establishments in New York (state)
Engineering organizations
A galvanometer is a type of ammeter. It is an instrument for detecting and measuring electric current. It is named after Luigi Galvani. It is an analog electromechanical transducer that produces a rotary deflection, through a limited arc, in response to electric current flowing through its coil. The term has been expanded to include uses of the same mechanism in recording, positioning, and servomechanism equipment.

Operation 
The most familiar use is as an analog measuring instrument, often called a meter. It is used to measure the direct current (flow of electric charge) through an electric circuit. The D'Arsonval/Weston form used today is constructed with a small pivoting coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet. The coil is attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale. A tiny torsion spring pulls the coil and pointer to the zero position.
When a direct current (DC) flows through the coil, the coil generates a magnetic field. This field acts against the permanent magnet. The coil twists, pushing against the spring, and moves the pointer. The hand points at a scale indicating the electric current. Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform, so that the angle of the pointer is proportional to the current. A useful meter generally contains provision for damping the mechanical resonance of the moving coil and pointer, so that the pointer settles quickly to its position without oscillation.

Tangent galvanometer
A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame. The frame is mounted vertically on a horizontal base provided with levelling screws. The coil can be rotated on a vertical axis passing through its centre. A compass box is mounted horizontally at the centre of a circular scale. It consists of a tiny, powerful magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of the coil. The magnetic needle is free to rotate in the horizontal plane. The circular scale is divided into four quadrants. Each quadrant is graduated from 0° to 90°. A long thin aluminium pointer is attached to the needle at its centre and at right angle to it. To avoid errors due to parallax a plane mirror is mounted below the compass needle.

Electricity
Measuring tools
Machines
Magnetic tape is a long and narrow strip of plastic that thin magnetic material is coated on. Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether used for recording audio or video or computer data storage.

Magnetic tape recording uses magnetic tape which moves on a recording head. Electrical signals are fed to the recording head, inducing a pattern of magnetization similar to the signal. A playback head can then pick up the changes in magnetic field from the tape and convert it into an electrical signal.

Devices that record and playback audio and video using magnetic tape are generally called tape recorders and videotape recorders respectively. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape can be called a tape drive, a tape unit, or a streamer. Autoloaders and tape libraries are frequently used to automate cartridge handling.
History
Magnetic tape was first invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany. Pfleumer's invention used an iron oxide(Fe2O3) powder coating on a long strip of paper.

Magnetic tape has been used for data storage for over 50 years. In this time, many advances in tape have been made. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes. 

Today, many other technologies like CD or DVD are replacing magnetic tape. However, innovation in the technology continues and tape is still widely used.

Strength and Weakness 
When storing large amounts of data, tape can be cheaper than disk or other data storage options. Tape storage has always been used with large computer systems. Modern usage is a high capacity medium for backups and archives. As of 2019, the highest capacity tape cartridge can store 330 TB of data without using compression.
Magnetic tape data storage uses the Sequential access method for reading data. Tape has a longer access time than disk for random accesses since the deck must wind the tape to move from one location to another.

Related pages
Audio cassette
Electrical engineering
Floppy disk

Other websites 

 History of Tape Recording Technology
 VidiPax Audio Format Guide

References

 
Storage devices
A cathode is a type of electrode through which electrons move. Electrodes are an electrical conductor (usually a metal) that is connected to something that is not a metal. Electric current is a flow of charges through a conductor. There are two theories; one theory is  conventional current flow and the other is actual current flow. The anode delivers conventional (or customary) current (which travels in the opposite direction as electrons) and the cathode receives that current. This means that electrons come out of the anode and electrons go into the cathode.  

This lets an electric current go into an electrical device such as a battery or other electrical cell. It can also end in a vacuum, like in a cathode ray tube. In this case, the electrons may go into open space.
In other words, a cathode is a positive electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell. Electric current is perceived as flowing in the opposite direction that the electrons are flowing. So electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of a battery, but electric current goes out. Electrons go into the + (positive) terminal of an electrolytic cell, but electric current goes out.

An electrode through which electrons flows out of the device is termed a cathode because it is negatively charged. A cathode is a negative electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell.

Related pages
Photocathode
Cold cathode

References
How to Define Anode and Cathode

Electronic components
The United States Army Reserve is the reserve force of the United States Army. People in the reserve forces are not full-time soldiers, they also have a civilian career. The reserve forces of the US Army are made of the US Army reserve and the Army National Guard.

The Army Reserve was formed in 1908 to provide a reserve of medical officers to the Army. After the First World War  Congress reorganized the U.S. land forces. The National Defence Act of 4 June 1920 authorized a Regular Army, a National Guard, and an Organized Reserve (Officers Reserve Corps and Enlisted Reserve Corps) of unrestricted size.  The Organized Reserve later became the Army Reserve.

References

United States Army
1908 establishments in the United States
1920 establishments in the United States
The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals. In general the term electrical telegraph refers to a signalling system where an operator makes and breaks an electrical contact with a telegraph key which results in an audible signal at the other end produced by a telegraph sounder which is interpreted and transcribed by a human operator.

Types of electrical telegraphs

Gauss-Weber telegraph and Carl Steinheil
Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber installed a 1,200m long wire above the town of Göttingen's roofs. They were allowed to do this on 6 May 1833.  Carl August Steinheil was able to build a telegraph network in 1835–1836. He installed a telegraph line along the first German railroad in 1835.

Schilling telegraph
The telegraph had a transmitting device which had a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys. These served for switching the electric current.
Alter and the Elderton Telegraph
Dr. David Alter created it one year before the much more popular Morse telegraph was invented. Alter demonstrated it publically.

Morse telegraphs
In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Morse created an electrical telegraph in 1837. His version was a design that could transmit over long distances using poor quality wire. Vail, his assistant, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse.

Related pages 
 Telegraph

Other websites 

1837 AD Samuel Morse Invents the Electric Telegraph
The Electric Telegraph (1838–1914)
Electrical telegraph 
Telegraphy
Knol is a Google project which aims to include user-written articles on a range of topics. The project was  announced on December 13, 2007 and opened in beta to the public on July 23, 2008. When it was opened, there were a few hundred articles mostly about health and medicine.

Knol pages are "meant to be the first thing someone who searches for this topic for the first time will want to read", according to Manber. The term knol, which Google defines as a "unit of knowledge", refers to both the project and an article in the project. Several experts see Knol as Google's attempt to compete with Wikipedia, while others point out the differences between the projects.
Content 
Anyone can create and own new knols. There can also be several articles on the same topic, each written by a different author.
Because multiple articles can have the same title, readers find a topic by searching, rather than just by title. The authors can say who can edit their articles: the public, other authors, or only themselves. They may also choose to include ads from Google's AdSense to their knols. Knol has a policy that specifies topics that are unacceptable for the project. Relevant nudity is allowed (in most countries), but pornography, commercial or otherwise, is forbidden. Also forbidden is discriminatory or violent content. Content designed to promote businesses, products or services is allowed, but articles devoid of substantive content and created solely to generate ad revenue are not.
Process 
Anyone who wants to contribute to Knol must first sign in, with a Google account. The users should give their real names. If permission is given, Google will check if the name is true. Google will do this by credit card or phone. Google "[believes] that knowing who wrote what will significantly help users make better use of web content". The company hopes that "knols will include the opinions and points of view of the authors who will put their reputation on the line".

Readers who are logged in with a google account can comment on entries, rate them or suggest changes. This works much like a blog. When the project was announced, Manber said that "Google will not serve as an editor in any way, and will not bless any content. All editorial responsibilities and control will rest with the authors."
All knols are licensed by default under the Creative Commons CC-BY-3.0 license. This license allows anyone to reuse the material as long as the original author is named, but authors may choose the CC-BY-NC-3.0 license (which prohibits commercial reuse) or traditional all rights reserved copyright protections instead.

Knol has "nofollow" outgoing links, using an HTML directive. This prevents links in its articles from influencing search engine rankings.
What people say about Knol 
People have described Knol as a rival to other encyclopedia sites such as Wikipedia and Scholarpedia. Sometimes people pointed out that the format was very different, and therefore it might be an addition to these sites. It might allow to get around some of the Problems of Wikipedia. The non-profit Wikimedia Foundation, which owns the name Wikipedia and the servers hosting the Wikipedia projects, welcomed the Google Knol initiative saying that "The more good free content, the better for the world." Wikipedia articles are written collectively under a "neutral point of view" policy,
There has been debate whether Google search results can remain neutral because of possible conflict of interest. According to Danny Sullivan, the editor of Search Engine Land, "Google’s goal of making Knol pages easy to find on search engines could conflict with its need to remain unbiased." Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Digital Democracy, raised similar concerns: "At the end of the day, there's a fundamental conflict between the business Google is in and its social goals. What you're seeing here, slowly, is Google embracing an advertising-driven model, in which money will have a greater impact on what people have ready access to."

References

Other websites 

Knol Homepage 

Google
Main criticisms 
 Anyone can change Wikipedia. Because of this, some articles may not be entirely correct or accurate. They may show false information.
 There is vandalism, where people make bad changes to articles on purpose, or with bad intents. 
 Some articles do not have good sources. Wikipedia needs good sources in order to show the information is correct.
 Sometimes one group of people change Wikipedia more than others. Because of this, that group's interests and views may be covered more on Wikipedia. This is called systematic bias. This is bad because Wikipedia needs to be open for everyone to read and change. 
 Wikipedia has images and content that may be gross or hurtful. Some of this is not good for children to see. There are articles about these things because Wikipedia thinks it is important to not censor information.
 There are many rules on Wikipedia. Some people think these rules are bad or confusing. These rules may stop new people from changing articles.
The people who change Wikipedia can argue and bother others.
 The people who run Wikipedia have a lot of power which is not correct.
 Wikipedia has a strong bias against women as editors and against content for or about women.
Critics of Wikipedia 
Wikipedia editors know that the site should not be used as a primary source for research. A librarian, whose name is Philip Bradley, said Wikipedia does not have authority. For a printed encyclopedia, the people writing it have to make sure the information is correct, or they could lose their job. Some people say calling Wikipedia an "encyclopedia" means that people trust it even when they should not trust it. Some librarians, academics, and writers of other encyclopedias do not like Wikipedia as a source of information. Many schools and universities do not accept Wikipedia as a source, except most of them do not want any encyclopedias used - they want primary sources instead.
Criticism of the Wikipedia community 
Kat Walsh, a person in the Wikimedia Foundation (which runs Wikipedia), said Wikipedia was easier when it was made. Today, there are many rules and it is more difficult for new people to change articles. Many people who change Wikipedia have stopped, and the number of article changers have gone down since 2006. In 2006, Jimmy Wales said most of changes on Wikipedia are made by about 500 people who "all know each other". But most of the changes are made by people who sometimes change articles, or who do not have Wikipedia accounts at all.

On some articles, many people bother each other. Sometimes good arguments are ignored because they are not popular with the article changers.
To stop vandalism, some people have administration powers. People with administration powers can delete articles, stop a change on an article, and stop users. There are special rules to stop people with administrative powers from taking too much control, but the ideas of people with administration powers can be over the ideas of other people.

Related pages
 Wikipedia administrators	
 Simple English Wikipedia

Notes

More reading 
 Andrew Keen. The Cult of the Amateur. Doubleday/Currency, 2007.  (substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects). Listen to: Does the Internet Undermine Culture?, NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.
 Sheizaf Rafaeli & Yaron Ariel (2008). Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia. In A. Barak (Ed.), Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications (pp. 243–267). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Other websites
Multiple-choice self-test as a review of your understanding of this article, and as part of a Wikiversity course about Wikipedia.
 Wikipedia is a real-life Hitchhiker's Guide: huge, nerdy, and imprecise - by Paul Boutin, Slate, May 3, 2005.
 A thirst for knowledge by Andrew Orlowski The Guardian April 13, 2006
 Wikipedia: magic, monkeys and typewriters - by Andrew Orlowski, The Register, October 24, 2005.
 Can you trust Wikipedia?  - by Elvira van Noort, Mail & Guardian (South Africa), November 7, 2005.
 Unreliable (adj): log on and see - by Rosemary Righter, The Times, December 9, 2005 (Subscription needed for full article)
 Online encyclopedias put to the test - by Stephen Cauchi, December 14, 2005.
 Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's - by Andrew Orlowski, The Register, December 16, 2005.
 Does Wikipedia win through the "wisdom of crowds"? by Jack Schofield Guardian Unlimited  December 19, 2005
Turf Wars: Wikipedia spars with a splinter site for truth  by Julian Dibbell The Village Voice May 2, 2006
 The Great Failure of Wikipedia (transcript ) by Jason Scott Sadofsky at Notacon 3 in Cleveland, Ohio
 Neil Gaiman: What Bears Do On the Lawn, May 11, 2006, criticism of Wikipedia by noted author and essayist Neil Gaiman.
Smile, it's the End of the World is the second album by pop punk band Hawk Nelson.  It was released on April 4, 2006.

Track listing 
"The One Thing I Have Left" – 3:07
"The Show" – 3:13
"Bring 'Em Out" – 3:23
"Everything You Ever Wanted" – 4:04
"Something On My Mind" – 4:19
"Is Forever Enough" – 3:22
"Zero" – 4:38
"Nothing Left To Show" – 2:54
"Head On Collision" – 4:07
"Hello" – 3:00
"It's Over" – 3:06
"Fourteen" – 4:50

2006 albums
Pop punk albums
Hawk Nelson albums
Letters to the President is the first album by pop punk band Hawk Nelson.  It was released on October 4, 2005.

Track listing
"California" – 2:52
"Things We Go Through" – 2:31
"Every Little Thing" – 3:07
"From Underneath" – 2:45
"Letters To The President" – 3:13
"Right Here" – 3:11
"Recess" – 0:50
"Take Me" – 3:30
"Someone Else Before" – 3:17
"First Time" – 2:37
"Like A Racecar" – 2:48
"The Show" – 1:53
"36 Days" – 3:42
"Long And Lonely Road" – 3:10

2004 albums
Debut albums
Pop punk albums
Hawk Nelson albums
Tonbridge Grammar School (or just TGS) is a well known grammar school in Tonbridge, Kent. It has about 1050 students who are 11-18 years old. The school was called Tonbridge Grammar School For Girls until 2002, when boys were allowed into the 6th form.

History 
Tonbridge Grammar School started in 1905 on the top floor of the Tonbridge Library with only 13 pupils. The teacher and headmistress was called Mrs Taylor. In 1913 the school moved to the site in Deakin Leas as the school was growing quickly and the library was not big enough.

Buildings 
These are the buildings found at TGS today:
 The Main Building/ The Hans Building
 The Technology Block ("The Tech Block")
The Old Building/The Science Building

Other websites 
 School homepage

Grammar schools in England
Schools in Kent
1905 establishments in England
A rechargeable battery, also called  a storage battery or a secondary cell, is a battery that can be recharged  over and over again with electricity.  A battery that is not rechargeable is called a primary cell or disposable battery. It is thrown away after it no longer works. The voltage of rechargeable batteries can be restored by passing an electric current through the battery. Car batteries, for example, work this way.. 

Rechargeable batteries are not always chosen.  Each battery costs more to make, and has more dangerous chemicals than disposable batteries.

Rechargeable batteries can be used for many smaller electronics such as MP3 players and flashlights.  Almost all mobile phones and laptop computers use them.  They are also used for car batteries.

Types of rechargeable batteries 
 Lead-acid battery
 Nickel-cadmium battery
 Lithium-ion battery
 Nickel-iron battery
 Nickel metal-hydride battery
 Nickel–zinc battery

Related pages 
Battery
Dry cell
Table of batteries

References 

Batteries
The 2005 Pacific hurricane season was a slightly inactive season that produced 17 tropical cyclones. It officially started on May 15 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The first  tropical cyclone, Hurricane Adrian, developed on May 17, while the last storm Tropical Depression Sixteen-E, dissipated on October 20. During the year, a total of 17 tropical cyclones, 15 tropical storms, 7 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes formed. The most intense hurricane, Hurricane Kenneth remained out over open waters for the duration of its existence. However, the remnants of the storm caused minor flooding on the Island of Hawaii. September was the most active month of the year, as 6 of the 17 tropical cyclones formed during this time.
The pre-season forecast from the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration called for 11-15 named storms and 6-8 hurricanes, of which 2-4 were expected to attain major hurricane status.

Very few storms impacted land throughout the season. Hurricane Adrian was the only landfalling system. It struck El Salvador as a dissipating tropical depression after rapidly weakening from hurricane status. Flooding in Nicaragua caused the only fatality during the season. Tropical Storm Dora and Hurricane Hilary brought tropical storm force winds to coastal Mexico, although no damage was reported. The remnants Tropical Depression One-C caused heavy rainfall on the Island of Hawaii, peaking at 8.8 in (223.52 mm). Hawaii was also affected by the remnants of Hurricane Kenneth which also caused heavy rains on the Island of Hawaii. The combined storms caused very little damage and only one fatality.

Pacific hurricane season
Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
Storms
Tropical Storm Alvin 
Tropical Storm Barbara 
Tropical Depression Three-E 
Tropical Depression Four-E 
Tropical Depression Five-E 
Hurricane Cosme 
Tropical Storm Dalila 
Tropical Storm Erick 
Hurricane Flossie 
Tropical Storm Gil 
Hurricane Henriette 
Hurricane Ivo 
Tropical Depression Thirteen-E 
Tropical Storm Juliette 
Tropical Storm Kiko

Storm names

Retirement

No names were retired in 2007.

References 

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
Pacific hurricane season
Government of Balochistan is based in the largest province of Pakistan in Quetta. The head of the province is the Governor, who is nominated by the President of Pakistan. While the head of the Government of Balochistan is the Chief Minister who is elected by the Balochistan Assembly.

Balochistan (Pakistan)
Government of Pakistan
The Klingon language (tlhIngan Hol, ) is a language that was made for the Klingons in the Star Trek universe. It is a constructed language, not one that developed naturally. Only a few people can speak the Klingon language well enough to talk in it. The Klingon Language Institute helps people learn Klingon.

History 
The first Klingon words were made by the actor James Doohan in 1979 for the first Star Trek movie. When they made the third movie in 1984, Gene Roddenberry wanted to have a real language for the Klingons. Marc Okrand, a linguist (a language scientist) made the Klingon language. He has written some books about the Klingon language.

Grammar 
Marc Okrand wanted the language to be as complicated as possible. He did this to make it sound very alien. The word order in a sentence is always object-verb-subject. This is the opposite of English's word order, which is subject-verb-object. The English sentence "I see the cat" is said as "the cat see I" in Klingon.
This language uses affixation to denote the subject and negation:

Writing 
When writing in Klingon, some letters are always in uppercase and some are lowercase. This never changes because the letters are spoken differently when they are written differently.

References

Star Trek
Fictional languages
A chief minister is the elected head of government of a sub-national or constituent federal state. Leaders with this role are usually elected in India or Australia.

References 

Heads of government
Government occupations
The Government of Punjab is a Provincial government in Pakistan. It is based in Lahore, the capital of the PUNJAB Province.

Punjab (Pakistan)
Government of Pakistan
The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is based in the city of Peshawar, the provincial capital of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.

Government of Pakistan
The chief minister of kpk is         ( Mahmood khan).
Chief secretary is M.Salim.
Governor of kpk is ( Shah Farman).
I.G kpk is ( M.Naaem Khan).
Chief Minister of Education is Shafqat Mehmood.
Judge of High court is Waqar Ahmed Saith.
The Government of Sindh is based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Other websites
 Government of Sindh 

Government
Government of Pakistan
Lentil soup ( shorbit adas or shurba al-'adas, ,  nezid adashim) is a soup. It is served hot and made with lentils. It is popular all over the Middle East.  Usually it is a vegetarian soup, but can also be made with meat stock. Red or green lentils may be used and in some recipes the lentils are boiled with vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, parsley and onion, and then pureed. Things commonly added include garlic, cumin, and lemon juice. Sometimes croutons are added to make it look good.

Lentil soup is mentioned in the Bible: In Genesis 25:34, Esau is prepared to give up his birthright for a pot of fragrant red lentil soup being cooked by his brother, Jacob. 

The ancient Greek dramatist, Aristophanes, mentions lentil soup in his plays: He describes it as the "sweetest of delicacies."

Lentil soup was once a food for the poor. Today, it is recognized as highly nutritious and provides a good source of protein, fiber, iron and potassium.

References

Soups
Blizzard of Ozz is the debut studio album by Ozzy Osbourne, recorded in Surrey, UK and released on September 20, 1980 in the UK and on January 15, 1981 in the U.S..

This is Ozzy's  first solo album. The tracks "Crazy Train" and "Mr. Crowley" were released as singles. "Crazy Train" peaked at #9 on the Mainstream Rock Charts.

Blizzard of Ozz remains Osbourne's highest-selling album to date, selling over 4.1 million copies in the U.S. alone.

The album reached #21 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart, and is on the list of the top 100 best-selling albums of the 1980s.

Track listing 
All songs written by Ozzy Osbourne, Randy Rhoads, and Bob Daisley except where noted.

Side one 
 "I Don't Know" – 5:16
 "Crazy Train" – 4:56
 "Goodbye to Romance" – 5:36
 "Dee" (Instrumental) (Rhoads) – 0:50
 "Suicide Solution" – 4:21

Side two 
 "Mr. Crowley" – 4:55
 "No Bone Movies" (Osbourne, Rhoads, Daisley, Lee Kerslake) – 3:53
 "Revelation (Mother Earth)" – 6:09
 "Steal Away (The Night)" – 3:28
Japanese bonus track (later used as a bonus track for the 2011 reissue
 "You Lookin' at Me Lookin' at You" – 4:16

Personnel 
 Ozzy Osbourne - Vocals, Harmony Vocals, Producer
 Randy Rhoads - Guitar, Producer
 Bob Daisley - Bass, Gong, backing vocals, Harmony Vocals, Producer
 Lee Kerslake - Drums, percussion, Bells, Tympani, Producer
 Robert Trujillo - Bass (2002 reissue)
 Mike Bordin - Drums (2002 reissue)

Additional personnel 
 Don Airey - Keyboards
 Rudy Sarzo - Bass
 Tommy Aldridge - Drums, Percussion

Production 
 Max Norman - Engineer

1980 albums
Debut albums
Heavy metal albums
Ozzy Osbourne albums
A nightgown or nightdress is a gown worn for sleeping. It is usually loose-fitting. There are different lengths, hip-length (called baby-doll), floor-length (called négligée) or knee-length.

Men wore them until about the 1940s when they changed to pajamas. Today, they are mostly worn by women.

Underwear
Bolted joints are very common in construction and machine design. They are cap screws or studs that grab and join other parts, and are secured by screw threads.

Hardware (mechanical)
Lyman  Hall (April 12, 1724– October 19, 1790) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia.  Hall County is named after him.

1724 births
1790 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from Connecticut
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Button Gwinnett (baptized: April 10, 1735 – May 19, 1777), was second of the signatories (first signature on the left) on the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia. He was also briefly the provisional president of Georgia in 1777, and Gwinnett County (now a major suburb of metro Atlanta) was named after him.

1735 births
1777 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Gloucestershire
William Ellery (December 22, 1727–February 15, 1820), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as one of two representatives from Rhode Island his signature is located 4 names below John Adams.  

Some of his descendants were William Ellery Channing, Richard Henry Dana, Edie Sedgwick and actress Kyra Sedgwick and Jadriene M. Ellery. Ellery Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island is named in his honor.

1727 births
1820 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from Rhode Island
Writers from Rhode Island
William Floyd (December 17, 1734–August 4, 1821), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York.

In honor
There are several places and institutions named after William Floyd, they include:
the William Floyd School District in present-day Brookhaven Town, which includes William Floyd Elementary, William Floyd Middle School and William Floyd High School.

William Floyd Parkway in the Town of Brookhaven.

The town of Floyd in Oneida County. General Floyd moved into the present day hamlet of Westernville, Oneida County before his death. His final resting place in the Westernville cemetery is marked with a simple stone plaque.

the General William Floyd Elementary School in the Holland Patent School District, Onieda County. 

Among his descendants are cinematographer Floyd Crosby and rock singer David Crosby. A second cousin twice removed was Abraham Lincoln.

References
References 

1734 births
1821 deaths
Signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence
Politicians from New York (state)
George Clymer (March 16, 1739 – January 23, 1813) was an American politician, Founding Father, war veteran and slave owner.

Independence 
He was one of the first Patriots to advocate complete independence from Britain in the United States of America.

Pennsylvania Representative 
As a Pennsylvania representative, Clymer was, along with only five others, a signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

Continental Congress 
George Clymer attended the Continental Congress and served in political office until the end of his life.