Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
An unused organ usually degenerates, and becomes smaller or vanishes altogether. Thus amphibia living in dark caves lose their sight and their body colour. Mutations pile up. All structures need energy for their development, maintenance, and weight. This, and the risk of disease in the part (e.g., infection, cancer), provide some selection for the removal of parts which no longer help an organism's fitness.

The human appendix had selection against it because of deaths from appendicitis. Appendicitis was untreatable until modern times. The selection pressure was probably weak, because most cases occur after the age of peak fertility.
Observations on the cave-dwelling amphipod Gammarus minus showed active selection against their vestigial eyes. When mating, the males remain on their females for a week or so after fertilisation, guarding them against other males. The eye sizes of paired males were compared with those of unpaired males. The eye sizes of paired males were smaller than the unpaired ones. Obviously, on average, the paired males would have higher fertility than the unpaired males. The selection gradient was estimated as –0.30, which means the selection for small eyes was quite strong. The researchers supposed that the loss of sight freed more of the nervous system to process other sensory inputs.p310

Occasionally, selection turns vestigial organs to a new function. Thus the mammalian ear ossicles were once bones in the jaw of early proto-mammals, the Therapsida. The halteres of flies is a perfect example. The word exaptation was coined for this phenomenon.
Fitness 
All functions and structures develop and change because they affect the biological fitness of the organism. They make it more or less likely that individuals reproduce and contribute genes to the next generation. So, for example, an ability of a frog to survive the bite of its local venomous snake increases its fitness. But if it lives in an area where the snake does not, then it reduces its fitness. This is because it bears the "cost" of a complicated mechanism without getting any advantage in survival and reproduction. It works the other way round, too. Snakes which eat toxic prey have to use ways to survive the prey's toxins. The snake's digestion and metabolism is slower, and they move around more slowly. See rough-skinned newt and garter snake.

Everything has a cost: either it uses up energy or its structure occupies space that might be used differently.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Boscastle is a village and fishing port on the north coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom, and 14 miles (23 km) south of Bude and 5 miles (8 km) north-east of Tintagel.

The name of the village derives from Bottreaux Castle, a 12th-century fortress, of which little survives. There is no church in Boscastle but there are churches at Forrabury and Minster. Boscastle harbour is a natural inlet protected by two stone harbour walls built in 1584 by Sir Richard Grenville. The oldest part of Boscastle surrounds the harbour; more modern residential building extends up the valleys of the Rivers Valency and Jordan.

A flash flood on 16 August 2004, caused extensive damage to the village. Residents were trapped in houses and elsewhere as the roads turned into rivers. In the largest peacetime rescue operation ever launched in the UK, 91 people were rescued and there were no deaths.

References

Villages in Cornwall
Sir Richard Grenville (1542 – 1591) was an English sailor, sea captain and explorer. He took part in the early English attempts to settle the New World. He was in the fight against the Spanish Armada. He died in 1591 at the Battle of Flores, fighting against overwhelming odds, and refusing to surrender his ship, the Revenge, to the far more numerous Spanish.

Sir Richard Grenville was a British naval commander.
He was born of an old Cornish family in about 1541. 
His grandfather, Sir Richard, was a marshal of Calais during the time of Henry VIII.
Richard Grenville's father commanded and lost his life in the "Mary Rose" in 1545. 
At an early age Richard Grenville served in Hungary under the emperor Maximilian against the Turks.

1542 births
1591 deaths
English explorers
English sailors
Tintagel, formerly Trevena, is a civil parish and village on the Atlantic coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is about 5 miles from Boscastle and 6 miles from Camelford. The population of the parish is 1,820 people. The village and nearby Tintagel Castle are associated with the legends surrounding King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table. The village has, in recent times, become attractive to tourists from many parts of the world and is one of the most-visited places in Britain. The modern-day village of Tintagel was known as Trevena until the Post Office decided to call it 'Tintagel' in the mid 19th century (until then Tintagel had always been the name of the headland and of the parish).

In the village is the 'Old Post Office', which dates from the 14th century. It became a post office during the 19th century, and is now owned by the National Trust. There are three churches in Tintagel, the Anglican church of St Materiana on the cliffs, and Methodist and Roman Catholic churches in the village.
Scholars have found it hard to explain the origin of 'Tintagel' as a name: the most likely one to be correct is from Norman French, rather than from Cornish.

References

 

Villages in Cornwall
National Trust properties
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Camelford is a small town in north Cornwall, United Kingdom, in the River Camel valley northwest of Bodmin Moor. The town is about ten miles (16 km) north of Bodmin and is governed by a town council.

Lanteglos-by-Camelford is the ecclesiastical parish which includes the town. The A39 road goes through the town centre. Camelford railway station on the line to Padstow was some distance from the town and closed in 1966.

In July 1988, the water supply to the town and the surrounding area was contaminated when 20 tons of aluminium sulphate was poured into the wrong tank at the nearby Lowermoor Water Treatment Works on Bodmin Moor. An independent inquiry into the incident (the worst of its kind in British history) was started in 2002, and a draft report issued in January 2005, but there is still concern about long-term effects on the health of local people.

References

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Luke Boyd (born December 13, 1977), whose stage name is Classified, is a Canadian hip hop artist and producer from Enfield, Nova Scotia.

Discography

Singles

Music video chart positions

References

Notes

Other websites 
 Classified Official website
 Classified  official HalfLife Records website
 
 Classified article April 2009
 Canada.com 
 Muchmusic.com

1977 births
Canadian rappers
Canadian songwriters
Entertainers from Nova Scotia
Living people
Pseudonyms
Singers
Uppsala University is a research university in Uppsala, Sweden, and the oldest university in Scandinavia, founded in 1477. The university rose to importance during the rise of Sweden as a great power at the end of the 16th century and was then given relative financial stability by the large gift from King Gustavus Adolphus in the early 17th century. Uppsala also has an important historical place in Swedish national culture, identity and for the Swedish establishment.

Uppsala belongs to the Coimbra Group of European universities. The university has nine faculties in three 'disciplinary domains'. It has about 20,000 full-time students, and about 2,000 doctoral students. It has a teaching staff of 4,000 (part-time and full-time) out of a total of 6,000 employees.

References

Colleges and universities in Sweden
Uppsala
1477 establishments
1470s establishments in Europe
Schools in Sweden
Algeria was first at the Olympic Games in 1964.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Algeria is ALG.

History
Since 1964, there has been an Algerian team in every Summer Olympic Games since, except for the boycotted 1976 Summer Olympics. Algeria has also sent athletes to the Winter Olympic Games two times.

The National Olympic Committee for Algeria is the Comité Olympique Algérien started in 1963.

Medalists

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Algeria profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Algeria
Nations at the Olympics
Auguste Chabaud (born 3 October 1882 in Nîmes, Gard, died 23 May 1955 in Graveson, Bouches-du-Rhône) was a French artist and sculptor.

Chabaud was born in Nîmes. He began studying arts in Avignon, aged 14. In 1899, he went to Paris and continued studying arts. In his early phase, his paintings were fauvistic. In 1919, he moved to the village of Graveson and stayed there for the rest of his life. Since 1920, he only used Prussian blue for his paintings. In 1955, he died in Graveson. The Musée Auguste Chabaud was opened in this village in 1992.

Other websites 
 The Musée Chabaud Website

1882 births
1955 deaths
French painters
People from Nîmes
Kee Thuan Chye (born May 25, 1954; age ) is a well-known Malaysian actor, journalist and author. He has acted in theatre, movies and on television for more than 30 years and still do so. movie roles include: (1) Entrapment; (2) Anna and the King; (3) Marco Polo, a Hallmark TV-movie; and (4) Secrets of the Forbidden City for the BBC and the History Channel. 

Kee Thuan Chye received his Master's degree in drama from Essex University in 1988. He was given a British Council Fellowship to study in England. He wrote many plays and poems. Two of his plays have been shown at UK Festivals:
 The Big Purge was read at the Soho Theatre in 2005.
 The Swordfish, Then the Concubine was partly read at the Warehouse Theatre's 21st International Playwrighting Festival in November 2006. It was placed among the Top 5.
His play, 1984 Here and Now, is included in an international collection of poems called Postcolonial Plays. It was published by Routledge, United Kingdom. Kee's short story, A Sense of Home, is included in New Writing 10. This short story was published by Picador, also in the United Kingdom. 

Kee Thuan Chye is also a well-known civil rights fighter. Because the Malaysian government does not allow newspapers to criticize her, Kee would write what he wants to say in his plays when he cannot write them in newspapers. And because he dares to speak out, Kee was named as one of the The Annexe Heroes when The Annexe Heroes Freedom of Expression Awards was started in 2008.

In 2010, he was named the 34th Most Trusted Malaysian by Reader's Digest.

References

1954 births
Malaysian actors
Playwrights
Poets
Civil rights activists
Living people
Malaysian writers
Malaysian activists
Lust, Caution is a 2007 movie set mostly in Hong Kong during 1938 and in Shanghai during 1942. The movie depicts a group of students from a Chinese university who plot to murder a high ranking agent. The director of Lust, Caution is Ang Lee. This motion picture is rated NC-17 by the MPAA due to explicit sex scenes. This was released in the United States in September 2007.

Sources

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

2007 drama thriller movies
American drama thriller movies
American spy movies
Chinese movies
Taiwanese movies
Hong Kong movies
Movies directed by Ang Lee
Movies set in the 1930s
Movies set in the 1940s
Multilingual movies
NC-17 rated movies
Altarnun is a village and parish in Cornwall, United Kingdom, on the north-eastern edge of Bodmin Moor at .

The parish of Altarnun includes the village of Fivelanes and the hamlets of Bolventor, Treween and Trewint, and had a population of 976 according to the 2001 census. The moorland area of the parish is large and lies west of the village towards Rough Tor and southwards towards Dozmary Pool. The village is in the valley of the Penpont Water and the parish is divided by the A30 trunk road which passes through Fivelanes.

References

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Reader's Digest is a family magazine for general interest. It is published 10 times a year. Reader's Digest has 50 editions in 21 languages. Because of that, it has an additional 40 million readers in more than 70 countries. It is also published in Braille, digital, audio, and a version in large type called Reader's Digest Large Print. The magazine is small in size. Its pages is roughly half the size of most American magazines. Because of that, its U.S. edition adopted the motto, "America in your pocket", in 2005. However, it was then changed to "Life well shared" in January 2008. Reader's Digest has a total sales of 17 million copies, making it the largest paid circulation magazine in the world. Its headquarters was at first in Chappaqua, New York, but it is now in New York City. It was founded by DeWitt Wallace and Lila Bell Wallace in 1922. For many years, Reader's Digest was the best-selling consumer magazine in the United States until it lost to Better Homes and Gardens in 2009.
American magazines
Companies based in New York City
A master's degree is the certificate that students get after they complete their bachelor's degree and continue to study in a university in some specific field. In other words, a person must first get a bachelor's degree before they can get a master's degree. People with this degree are considered to possess more advanced knowledge of the field that they had studied, as compared to those who only get a bachelor's degree. There has recently been an increase in programs leading to these degrees in the United States. More than twice as many such degrees are now awarded, as compared to the 1970s. In Europe, most countries offer master's degrees in all fields.

Related pages 
Graduate school

Academic degrees
A bachelor's degree is the certificate given to a university student after he or she has succeeded in an end of course examination. In England and Wales the degree requires three years of study; in North America and some other countries four years are required. 

In many countries there are other qualifications after school attendance is ended. Most of these are below degree level, and based on practical skills, but details vary according to the country. 

In the British tradition there is a distinction between general degrees, and honour degrees or special degrees. In Scotland, for example, a general degree takes three years, while an honours degree takes four years.
The content of a bachelor's degree varies according to the Faculty, the part of the University which does the teaching. In a Faculty of Arts or Humanities a student studies for the Bachelor of Arts. Other traditional Faculties are those of Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and so on. Honours degrees are always labelled by their content, so BSc is a Bachelor of Science, BA a Bachelor of Arts, and so on. Medical degrees are labelled variously. London University awards MB, ChB (bachelor of medicine and surgery) as the basic degree; Edinburgh University awards the MD as the basic qualification.

Higher degrees than the bachelor are possible. Again, regulations vary, but often the next two steps are usually the Master's degree and the PhD degree.

Academic degrees
Angola has been in seven Summer Games and no Winter Games. They have never won an Olympic medal.

Summary

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Angola profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Angola
Nations at the Olympics
Benin has been in every Summer Olympic Games held since 1980.  Benin has never won an Olympic medal.  No athletes from Benin have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Benin is BEN.  In 1964, it was DAY for Dahomey.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Benin profile at London2012.com 
Benin at SportsReference.com 

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
The University of Essex is a university in Essex, England. It was started in 1963. The university's main campus is at Wivenhoe Park in Essex. It is less than one mile (1.6 km) from the town of Wivenhoe and 2 miles (3.2 km) from the city of Colchester. 

Apart from this main campus, there are also branch campuses in Southend, Loughton (home of the East 15 Acting School), and Ipswich. The University of Essex has 18 main teaching departments and 36 centres and institutes, teaching a wide range of subjects. Its motto is Thought the harder, heart the keener. The motto comes from the East Saxon poem, The Battle of Maldon.

Essex
1963 establishments in England
Botswana has been in nine Summer Olympics. The first time was in 1980. They have never been in the Winter Olympics. Botswana's first and only medal was won by Nijel Amos in 2012 in London.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Botswana profile at London2012.com 
 Botswana SportsReference.com 

Sport in Botswana
Nations at the Olympics
Burkina Faso has been in every Summer Olympic Games held since 1988.  Under its old name of Upper Volta, the country also was at the 1972 Summer Olympics.  Burkina Faso has never won an Olympic medal.  No athletes from Burkina Faso have been at the Winter Olympic Games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Burkina Faso profile at London2012.com 
 Burkina Faso at SportsReference.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Burkina Faso
Soho Theatre is a theatre in the Soho district of the City of Westminster in London, England. It presents new works of theatre, together with comedy and cabaret. The Soho Theatre was formed in 1969 by Verity Bargate and Fred Proud at Old Compton Street in Soho. It shifted many times before finally settling at Dean Street, also in Soho, in 2000. The present building has a 140-seat hall and an 85/100-seat studio. The theatre is also home to a Writers' Centre which helps to develop new writers to work in theatre, as well as film, television, and radio. The Centre accepts scripts from new writers.

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Theatres in the United Kingdom
Burundi was first at the Olympic Games in 1996.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Burundi was started in 1990 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Burundi profile at London2012.com 
 Burundi at Olympic.org

Burundi
Nations at the Olympics
Cameroon was first at the Olympic Games in 1964.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Cameroon is CAM.

History
There have been competitors from Cameroon in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation left the 1976 Summer Olympics after three days.  Cameroon has also been at the Winter Olympic Games  one time in 2002.

The National Olympic Committee for Cameroon was formed in 1963.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Cameroon profile at London2012.com 
 Cameroon at Olympic.org

Sport in Cameroon
Nations at the Olympics
History of Cameroon
Aims
The British Council was founded in 1934 as the British Committee for Relations with Other Countries. The idea came from Sir Reginald (Rex) Leeper who recognizes the importance of "cultural propaganda" in promoting British interests. He was encouraged by the success of the official cultural organizations of France, Germany and Italy. The British Council's 'sponsoring department' is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the British government, although it runs its day-to-day activities independently. In September 2009, its Director of Arts, Rebecca Walton, said: "We want people to become more inclined towards the UK and more sensitive to the positive benefits of the UK in the world".

References

Organisations based in London
Language education
Government of the United Kingdom
Routledge is a British publisher. It has changed names and owners many times since it was first formed by George Routledge (1812–1888) in 1836. The firm continued to grow until 1902 when it almost became bankrupt. However, it managed to recover after refinancing and began to buy up and merge with other publishing companies. From 1912 onwards, it increasingly focuses on academic publishing. It soon became well known for its books in humanities and social sciences. Taylor & Francis bought Routledge in 1998.

Publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Cut Bank is a city in Glacier County, Montana, United States. The population of Cut Bank was 2,869 in 2010.

The Cut Bank Creek flows past the city. The Cherokee Trail, which was a historic overland trail, ended in Cut Bank. The Blackfeet Indian Reservation is located just west of the city.

The mayor of Cut Bank is Dan Raemaeker. The city of Cut Bank turned 100 years old on May 11, 2011.

References

Other websites
Official city of Cut Bank website

Cities in Montana
County seats in Montana
1911 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Montana
Picador is an imprint (trade name) of Pan Macmillan in the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia, as well as of Macmillan Publishing in the United States. Both companies are owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. Picador was started in the UK in 1972 with the aim of publishing outstanding international writing in paperback. Picador authors have included Jonathan Franzen, Michael Chabon, Angela Carter, Thomas Pynchon, Bret Easton Ellis, and Salman Rushdie.

Other websites 
 Picador's official UK site
 Picador's official USA site

Publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Publishing companies of the United States
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies based in London
American Pie is a 1999 American teen sex comedy movie that was produced by Chris Moore, Chris Weitz, Warren Zide and Craig Perry and was the directorial debut for directors Paul Weitz and Chris Weitz. American Pie is set in Michigan.

It deals with a group of teenage boys deciding to try to lose their virginity before graduation from high school. It was released on July 9, 1999 in North America. The movie is the first in the American Pie movie series. It gained mixed reviews with a 58% on Rotten Tomatoes and a 58 out of 100 from Metacritic.

It was followed by American Pie 2.
Cast 
 Jason Biggs as Jim Levenstein
 Shannon Elizabeth as Nadia
 Alyson Hannigan as Michelle Flaherty
 Chris Klein as Chris "Oz" Ostreicher
 Natasha Lyonne as Jessica
 Thomas Ian Nicholas as Kevin Myers
 Tara Reid as Victoria "Vicky" Lathum
 Seann William Scott as Steve Stifler
 Mena Suvari as Heather Gardner
 Eddie Kaye Thomas as Paul Finch
 Eugene Levy as Noah Levenstein
 Jennifer Coolidge as Stifler's Mom
 Chris Owen as Chuck Sherman
 Clyde Kusatsu as English teacher
 Lawrence Pressman as Coach Marshall

Release dates

Other websites 

1999 comedy movies
1990s buddy movies
1990s coming-of-age movies
1990s high school movies
1990s sex comedy movies
1990s teen comedy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American high school movies
American Pie movies
American sex comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
American buddy comedy movies
Coming-of-age comedy movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies about virginity
Movies set in Michigan
Proms in movies
Teen sex comedy movies
American Pie 2 is a 2001 American teen sex comedy movie set in Michigan. It was produced by Chris Moore, Warren Zide and Craig Perry and was directed by James B. Rogers. American Pie 2 was released on August 10, 2001 in North America. The movie is the second in the American Pie movie series. It gained mixed reviews with a 52% on Rotten Tomatoes and a 43 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
Jason Biggs as Jim Levenstein
Shannon Elizabeth as Nadia
Alyson Hannigan as Michelle Flaherty
Chris Klein as Chris "Oz" Ostreicher
Natasha Lyonne as Jessica
Thomas Ian Nicholas as Kevin Myers
Chris Owen as Chuck "Sherminator" Sherman
Tara Reid as Victoria "Vicky" Lathum
Seann William Scott as Steve Stifler
Mena Suvari as Heather
Eddie Kaye Thomas as Paul Finch
Eugene Levy as Noah Levenstein
Molly Cheek as Mrs. Levenstein
Lisa Arturo as Amber
Denise Faye as Danielle
Eli Marienthal as Matt Stifler
John Cho as John
Justin Isfeld as Justin

Release Dates

Related pages 
 American Pie (movie)
 American Wedding
Other websites 
American Pie 2 Official website 
 
 

2001 comedy movies
2000s buddy comedy movies
2000s sequel movies
2000s sex comedy movies
2000s teen comedy movies
American Pie movies
American sequel movies
American sex comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
American buddy comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies set in Michigan
Teen sex comedy movies
Entrapment is a 1999 American crime thriller movie, starring Sean Connery and Catherine Zeta-Jones. It is directed by Jon Amiel.

Zeta-Jones plays a character who works for an insurance company. She is sent to help capture an art thief. The art thief is played by Sean Connery. But she herself is also a thief. Soon, the two of them worked together to pull off the biggest theft of the millennium.

Release dates

Other websites 
 
 
 
 

1999 crime movies
1999 thriller movies
1990s crime thriller movies
20th Century Fox movies
American crime thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Asia
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Scotland
Movies directed by Jon Amiel
This is a list of the 60 largest cities in Southern California by the number of people. This list includes Los Angeles, Ventura, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, San Diego, and Imperial counties. The numbers are from the 2020 census.

References 

California-related lists
San Diego County is a large county in the southwest area of California. The county borders Mexico. The population of San Diego County was 3,298,634 in 2020, which makes San Diego County the second most populated county in California.

San Diego County has about 70 miles (110 km) of coastline. Most people live near the coast, for example in San Diego, California.

Also in this county there are 16 military locations of the United States Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Coast Guard, including Naval Base San Diego, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, and Naval Air Station North Island.

Communities 

1. Per capita income (meaning the added up income of all residents divided by the population.)
1. Per 1,000 people (as of 2012)

References 

1. CALIFORNIA Offenses Known to Law Enforcement

 
1850 establishments in California
Anna and the King is a 1999 movie, loosely based on Anna and the King of Siam. The movie was directed by Andy Tennant and stars Jodie Foster and Chow Yun-fat. It was mostly shot in Malaysia. It was an Academy Award nominee in 2000 for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design. The movie tells the story of the romance between the King of Siam (now Thailand) and the widowed English schoolteacher, Anna Leonowens, during the 1860s. It is the true story of Anna Leonowens' experiences.

References

1999 drama movies
1990s historical movies
American drama movies
French drama movies
Malaysian movies‏‎ 
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Andy Tennant
Movies set in Thailand
Movies set in the 19th century
Marco Polo is a 2007 TV mini series, starring Ian Somerhalder, B.D. Wong, and Brian Dennehy. It is directed by Kevin Connor. Marco Polo is a Venetian trader who was imprisoned in Genoa in the 13th century. He tells a fellow prisoner who is dying about his days as a young man in China. He talks about his fantastic adventures, his rise to governorship in Kublai Khan's (Brian Dennehy) court in Mongolia, his love for a kidnapped bride, and his escape back to Italy as a rich man.

Miniseries
History is an international satellite and cable TV channel that broadcasts historical programs, both fictional and non-fictional. The TV channel is available in many countries. It is seen by more than 80 million households. 

Because it shows a lot of programs on World War II, it has been jokingly called "The Hitler Channel". It also broadcast programs that try to foretell the future. The History Channel was started by A&E Television Networks on January 1, 1995. A&E Television Networks is a joint-venture between:  
 Hearst Corporation; 
 Disney-ABC Television Group (the Walt Disney Company); and 
 NBC Universal (General Electric).
On March 20, 2008, The History Channel dropped "The" and "Channel" from its name to become simply "History".

References

American television channels
1995 establishments
Cable television
Niort is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a prefecture of the Deux-Sèvres department. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Niort.

Geography 
Niort is to the southwest of the Deux-Sèvres department on the left side of the Sèvre Niortaise river. The city is the main place to get into the Marais Poitevin, a large area of marshland in western France.

Niort is at about  from Parthenay and about  from Bressuire, the two subprefectures of the department.

The city is also at about  from Bordeaux,  from Paris,  from Marseille and  from Toulouse.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Niort is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Niort is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Niort is . The month with the most precipitation on average is September with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Niort is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Population
The inhabitants of Niort are known, in French, as Niortais (women: Niortaises).

With a population of 58,311, Niort has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Niort

Niort forms, with other 3 communes, the urban area of Niort with a population of 71,127 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Niort, formed by 76 communes with a population of 154,160 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Administration 
Niort is the prefecture of the Deux-Sèvres department, the capital of the arrondissement of Niort and the administrative centre () of three cantons:
 Niort-1, with 19,481 inhabitants (2014).
 Niort-2, with 18,806 inhabitants (2014).
 Niort-3, with 20,024 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Le Niortais ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Niort is twinned with:
  Atakpamé, Togo, since 1958
  Coburg, Bavaria, Germany, since 1974
  Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom, since 1977
  Springe, Lower Saxony, Germany, since 1979
  Tomelloso, Spain, since 1981
  Gijón, Asturias, Spain, since 1982
  Biała Podlaska, Poland, since 1995

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Niort
 Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

Other websites

 City Council website 
 CA du Niortais
The following is a list of the 305 communes of the Deux-Sèvres département, in France.

(CAN) Communauté d'agglomération de Niort, created in 2000.

Deux-Sevres
The following is a list of the 745 communes of the Seine-Maritime département, in France.

(CAR) Communauté d'agglomération Rouennaise, created in 2000.
(CAH) Communauté d'agglomération Havraise, created in 2001.
(CAE) Communauté d'agglomération Elbeuf-Boucle de Seine, created in 2000.
(CAD) Communauté d'agglomération de la région Dieppoise, created in 2003.

Seine-Maritime
Blisland is a village and parish in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is about five miles northeast of Bodmin. According to the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 565.

The parish is rural in character, the northeast being moorland and the southwest lower lying farmland. The parish is bordered to the north by St Breward parish; to the west by St Mabyn and Helland parishes; to the south by Cardinham, Warleggan, and St Neot parishes; and to the northeast by Altarnun parish.

References

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
St Breward is a parish and village in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is on the western side of Bodmin Moor about 6 miles (10 km) north of Bodmin.

The parish name derives from Saint Branwalader. In the 17th century St Breward was two separate villages, Churchtown (higher) and St. Breward (lower). More houses were built and slowly the villages merged into one. There are several main parts to the village: Churchtown, Rylands, Limehead, Wenford, Penvorder, Higher Penquite and Lower Penquite. The parish includes a moorland area which contains Rough Tor and Brown Willy, which is the highest point in Cornwall.

References

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
The following is a list of the 324 communes of the Tarn département in France.

(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération de Castres-Mazamet, created in 2000.
(CAA) Communauté d'agglomération de l'Albigeois, created in 2003.

Tarn
One-Unit was the title of a scheme launched by the federal government of Pakistan to merge the four provinces of West Pakistan into one homogenous unit, as a counterbalance against the numerical domination of the ethnic Bengalis of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The One Unit scheme was announced by Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra on 22 November 1954. On 5 October 1955 Iskander Mirza (Acting Governor General of Pakistan) passed an order unifying all of West Pakistan in what became known as the 'One Unit Scheme'.

History
History

The province of North Pakistan was created on 30 October 1955 by the merger of the provinces, states and Tribal Areas of the western wing. The province was composed of twelve divisions and the provincial capital was established at Lahore. The province of East Bengal, (now Bangladesh) was renamed East Pakistan with the provincial capital at Dacca. The federal government moved the country's capital in 1959 from Karachi to Rawalpindi (serving as provisional capital until Islamabad was finished), whilst the federal legislature moved to Dacca.

West Pakistan formed a single and united political entity but with marked linguistic and ethnic distinctions. The One Unit policy was regarded as an administrative reform that would reduce expenditure and help eliminate ethnic and parochial prejudices. However, with the military coup of 1958, trouble loomed for the province when the office of Chief Minister was abolished on July 1, 1970 by President General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan.

Politics of Pakistan
Bodmin Moor is a granite moorland in northeastern Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is  in size, and originally dates from the Carboniferous period of geological history.

Bodmin Moor is one of five granite plutons (underground masses of igneous rock) in Cornwall.

The name 'Bodmin Moor' is fairly recent, invented in 1813. It was formerly known as Fowey Moor after the River Fowey which rises within it. Since the mid 18th century Bodmin Moor has been crossed by the trunk road now known as the A30.

Geography
Dramatic granite tors rise from the rolling moorland: the best known are Brown Willy, the highest point in Cornwall at , and Rough Tor at . Considerable areas of the moor are poorly drained and form marshes (in hot summers these can dry out). The rest of the moor is mostly rough pasture or overgrown with heather and other low vegetation.
The Moor contains about 500 farm holdings with around 10,000 beef cows, 55,000 breeding ewes and 1,000 horses and ponies. Most of the moor is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and has been officially designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), as part of Cornwall AONB.

Rivers and inland waters
Bodmin Moor is the source of several of Cornwall's rivers: they are mentioned here anti-clockwise from the south.
 The River Fowey rises at a height of  and flows through Lostwithiel and into the Fowey estuary.
 The River Tiddy rises near Pensilva and flows into the River Lynher.
 The River Inny rises near Davidstow and flows southeast into the River Tamar.
 The River Camel rises on Hendraburnick Down and flows for about  before joining the sea at Padstow.
 The De Lank River rises near Roughtor and flows into the Camel south of Wenford.
 The River Warleggan rises near Temple and flows south to join the Fowey.
Inland waters on the moor include Dozmary Pool (Cornwall's only natural inland lake) and
three reservoirs, Colliford Lake, Siblyback Lake and Crowdy reservoir which supply water for a large part of the county's population.

References

Geography of Cornwall
The Amphipods are an order of malacostracan crustaceans. They have no carapace. 

The name amphipoda means "different-footed". Unlike isopods, where all the legs are alike, amphipods have different appendage types.  

Of the 7,000 species, 5,500 are classified into one suborder, the Gammaridea. The rest are in two or three other suborders. 

Amphipods range in size from  0.1 to 34 centimetres (0.04 to 13 inches) and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. They live in almost all aquatic environments; 750 species live in caves and the order also includes terrestrial animals and sandhoppers such as Talitrus saltator. The largest amphipods live on the sea floor, seven kilometres down.
Reproduction and life cycle
Mature females bear a marsupium, or brood pouch, which holds her eggs while they are fertilised, and until the young are ready to hatch. As a female ages, she produces more eggs in each brood. Mortality is around 25%–50% for the eggs. There are no larval stages; the eggs hatch directly into a juvenile form, and sexual maturity is generally reached after 6 moults.

References 

Malacostraca
A converter is a chemical reactor which turns raw iron into steel. 

Raw iron called pig iron which is the product of blast furnace, contains up to 4% of carbon. It is too hard and brittle for meaningful use. The carbon must first be burned off the iron to produce steel. This process is called conversion and the reactor a converter.

The first converter was invented by Sir Henry Bessemer in 1856. He built a pear-shaped large vessel with nozzles (tuyeres) for air in the bottom. Hot molten pig iron from blast furnace was poured in the converter, and then air was pumped in at the bottom with high pressure. The result was a loud noise and a flame of up to 20 metres off the mouth of the converter. After ten minutes all the pig iron had become steel. The Bessemer converter was the first successful reactor on converting pig iron into steel, and the era of steel began. Steel was now plentiful and cheap.
However, steel becomes better if only oxygen is blown in. Air contains nitrogen, which is harmful for some steel grades. A modern converter called basic oxygen furnace uses pure oxygen instead of air. It was invented 1949 in Austria.

The modern basic oxygen converter is a large pumpkin-shape vessel which is made from steel and lined with refractories such as calcium oxide and magnesium oxide line so the vessel can withstand the high temperature of molten metal.
Molten pig iron and scrap are loaded in the converter. The scrap usually is rusty and contains oxygen, so some of the rust reacts with the pig iron, burning the carbon away and creating heat which melts the scrap. Once all scrap has melted, a special pipe called "oxygen lance" is lowered in the pig iron, and a very fast and sharp blow of oxygen is blasted in. The oxygen burns all the carbon away and mixes the liquid steel thoroughly. Once all carbon has been burned away, some extra carbon is inserted to raise the contents to desired level. The result is liquid steel, which is then tapped away and taken to rolling mill to produce steel products.
Industries
Fellowship may refer to:
 An academic position:  see fellow;
 A scholarship based on merit or excellence, or a form of academic financial aid.
A tuning fork is a sound resonator which is a two-pronged fork. The prongs, called tines, are made from a U-shaped bar of metal (usually steel). This bar of metal can move freely. It resonates at a specific constant pitch when set vibrating by striking it against an object. It sounds a pure musical tone after waiting a moment to allow some high overtone sounds to die out. The pitch depends on the length of the two prongs. Its main use is as a standard of pitch to tune other musical instruments, and in some tests of hearing.

Description

The tuning fork was invented in 1711 by British musician John Shore. He was the Sergeant Trumpeter to the court, who had musical parts written for him by the composers George Frideric Handel and Henry Purcell.
The fork shape produces a very pure tone. Most of the vibrational energy is at the fundamental frequency, with very few overtones (harmonics). This is not the case with other resonators. The reason for this is that the frequency of the first overtone is about 52/22 = 25/4 = 6¼ times the fundamental (about 2½ octaves above it). By comparison, the first overtone of a vibrating string is only one octave above the fundamental. So when the fork is struck, little of the energy goes into the overtone modes; they also die out correspondingly faster, leaving the fundamental. It is easier to tune other instruments with this pure tone, when listening to compare with the tone of each other instrument.
Commercial tuning forks are normally tuned to the correct pitch at the factory, but they can be retuned by filing material off the prongs. Filing the ends of the prongs raises the pitch, while filing the inside of the base of the prongs lowers it.

The most common tuning fork sounds the note of A = 440 Hz. This is the standard concert pitch, used as tuning note by some orchestras. It is the pitch of the violin's second string, the first string of the viola, and an octave above the first string of the cello, all played open. Tuning forks used by orchestras between 1750 and 1820 mostly had a frequency of A = 423.5 Hz, although there were many forks and many slightly different pitches. Standard tuning forks are available for all the musical pitches within the central octave of the piano, and other pitches. Well-known manufacturers of tuning forks include Ragg and John Walker, both of Sheffield, England.
Calculation of frequency
The frequency of a tuning fork depends on its dimensions and the material from which is made:

, and, if the prongs are cylindrical, 
Where:
 f is the frequency the fork vibrates at in Hertz.
 A is the cross-sectional area of the prongs (tines) in square metres.
 l is the length of the prongs in metres.
 E is the Young's modulus of the material the fork is made from in pascals.
 ρ is the density of the material the fork is made from in kilogrammes per cubic metre.
 R is the radius of the prongs in metres

Uses
Forks have traditionally been used to tune musical instruments, although electronic tuners are replacing them in many applications. Tuning forks can be driven electrically, by placing electromagnets close to the prongs that are attached to an electronic oscillator circuit, so that their sound does not die out.
In musical instruments
A number of keyboard musical instruments using constructions similar to tuning forks have been made, the most popular of them being the Rhodes piano, which has hammers hitting constructions working on the same principle as tuning forks.

In watches
The Accutron, an electromechanical watch developed by Max Hetzel and manufactured by Bulova beginning in 1960, used a 360-hertz steel tuning fork powered by a battery as its timekeeping element. The fork allowed it to achieve greater accuracy than conventional balance-wheel watches. The humming sound of the tuning fork could be heard when the watch was held to the ear.

Medical uses

Tuning forks, usually C-512, are used by doctors to check a patient's hearing. Lower-pitched ones (usually C-128) are also used to check vibration sense as part of the examination of the peripheral nervous system.

Tuning forks are also used in alternative medicine, such as sonopuncture and polarity therapy.

Medical Tuning Fork 128 Hz
Radar gun calibration 
A radar gun, used to measure the speed of cars or balls in sports, is usually calibrated with tuning forks.
Instead of the frequency, these forks are labeled with the calibration speed and radar band (e.g. X-Band or K-Band) for which they are calibrated.

In gyroscopes
Doubled and H-type of tuning forks are used for tactical-grade Vibrating Structure Gyroscopes, like QuapasonTM and different types of MEMS.

Related pages
 Music
 Frequency

References

Other websites

 http://www.onlinetuningfork.com, an online tuning fork using Macromedia Flash Player.
 http://www.usneurologicals.com, numerous examples of medical uses of tuning forks.

1711
Musical equipment
St Neot is a parish and village in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is between the towns of Bodmin and Liskeard. The parish is named after the Saxon monk, Saint Neot (who also gives his name to St Neots in Cambridgeshire). On the northern side the parish includes part of Bodmin Moor and hamlets in the parish include Draynes, Ley and Pantersbridge.

During the English Civil War St Neot was staunchly Royalist. To commemorate this, each year on Oak Apple Day (29 May), an oak branch is mounted on the top of the church tower.

The early medieval church building must have been smaller than the one in existence today and the church was rebuilt in granite in the 15th century. The fine stained glass windows are from about 1500.
The stained glass is partly original and partly from a restoration done by John Hedgeland, ca. 1830.

References

More information

 St Neot Village website 

Villages in Cornwall
Lombe's Mill was the first successful silk throwing mill in England. It was built in an island on the River Derwent in Derby. John Lombe visited Piedmont in 1717 and studied details of the Italian silk throwing machines- the filatoio, and the torcitoio. Then, he returned to England with some Italian craftsmen, and built the mill. George Sorocold designed the building.

Location 
Lombe's Mill was built next to Thomas Cotchett's 1704 mill on the west bank of the River Derwent in Derby. At this point a weir had been constructed across the river and the mill was built on an island downstream, which separated the river from the tail race of three corn mills. Derby was an important place, because the river had a fast flow and A6 road (from London to Carlisle) crossed the river here.

History 

This mill is significant as it was the first successful silk throwing mill in England, and probably the first fully mechanized factory in the world.
Thomas Cotchett built the first mill in Derby in 1704, but it was unsuccessful. So John Lombe visited Piedmont in 1716 to see the successful silk throwing mill there. This was an early example of industrial spying. He returned to Derby with the knowledge and a group of Italians. He and his half brother Thomas Lombe (born 1685) instructed George Sorocold to build a mill to his design and fitted it with the new machines. It was built to the south of Cotchetts Mill. Thomas Lombe was given a 14 year patent to protect the design of the throwing machines he used. This displeased the King of Sardinia, and he stopped exporting suitable raw silk. It is speculated that he was responsible for John Lombes mysterious death six years later in 1722. His elder brother, Thomas Lombe took over the business. When the patents lost effect in 1732, other mills were built in Stockport and Macclesfield. To the north of the powered Italian Works an unpowered Doubling Shop was built- this happened before 1739
. The mill was sold in 1739 to Thomas Wilson, and an inventory of this time is  still exists.