Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
References

Other websites
 Sample from the BBC
 NPR 100: Barber's Adagio
 The Impact Of Barber's Adagio by All Things Considered
 Special on the selection of the 1938 broadcast debut of Adagio for Strings to the 2005 National Recording Registry

Orchestral works
Paleography is the study of ancient handwriting. Using paleography, it is possible to understand communication between people.

Writing

History
A zombie walk is a trek made by people costumed as zombies. These people may also act as starving zombies. They pretend to be looking for human brains to eat. Some people create characters for themselves such as zombie brides, clowns, or mad scientists.

These walks are community events. They are sometimes held near Halloween. There are day walks and night walks. People of all ages join the walk. Sometimes professional make up artists help walkers prepare their faces. Variants on the walk format include zombie pub crawls and zombie runs. 

A walk might be held to raise money for a community concern such as local hunger. Sometimes walkers bring packaged and canned foods for the local food bank.  Zombie Walks are held around the world. They may attract thousands of zombie walkers. 

In October 2013, the annual New Jersey Zombie Walk had the largest crowd of zombies ever at 9,592. This crowd walked along the Asbury Park boardwalk. This Zombie Walk is in the Guiness World Record.

References

Monsters
Festivals
An integron is a type of transposon, a mobile genetic element. It is a two-part genetic system found in bacteria, and maybe more widely. It is the way antibiotic resistance is passed on so rapidly. It is found in plasmids and chromosomes. Although the first function discovered was antibiotic resistance, other bacterial functions (traits) can be transferred by integrons.

Transposons are the gene "capture and expression elements" which put  the small mobile elements known as gene cassettes in place and make them work. Usually,
each cassette has only a single gene and a specific
recombination site. The cassettes carry the DNA coding (= 'a gene') for antibiotic resistance (for example). Typically, the DNA would code for an enzyme which cleaves (cuts) the antibiotic molecule up.
The first part of an integron is a gene which codes for an enzyme which captures cassettes. The second is a site on the genome where the cassettes are inserted, and a promoter which drives expression of cassette-associated genes. "Integron" describes such structures both when no cassettes are present and when there are integrated cassettes. Cassettes can be inserted at the site, they can be cut out, and they can undergo horizontal gene transfer.

References

Further reading 
Hall R.M. 2002. Integrons. In  Encyclopedia of Genetics, S. Brenner & J.H. Miller (eds), vol 2. London: Academic Press.
Hall R.M. 2002. Gene cassettes and integrons; moving single genes. In Horizontal Gene Transfer, pp. 19–28. M. Syvanan & C. Kado (eds). London: Harcourt.
Recchia G.D. & Hall R.M. 1995. Gene cassettes: a new class of mobile element. Microbiology 141, 3015–3027. FREE Full Text 

Horizontal gene transfer
Bacteria
Philip Short (born on 17 April 1945) is an English journalist. He studied at Queens' College, Cambridge. After his graduation, he spent from 1967 to 1973 as a freelance journalist, first in Malawi, then in Uganda. He then joined the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) as a foreign correspondent. He is an author of many books, such as biographies of Mao Zedong, Mao: A Life, and of Pol Pot, Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare. He now lives in France. Putin is published by Bodley Head in June 2022.

Reference 

1945 births
Living people
English writers
Pointless is a British quiz show on BBC One. Who gets the answer that was the said the least gains the point. The team with the highest number of points loses. It is presented by Alexander Armstrong and Sally Lindsay. It now has 10 series and many episodes. In each game there are four teams of two.

Other websites 

2009 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
BBC Television programmes
British television game shows
Television quiz shows
English-language television programs
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke ( 1146 — 14 May 1219), sometimes called William, the Marshal or simply the Marshal amd also William Marshal I and nicknamed the Great or the Fearless was an English knight and a nobleman who served four kings of England during his time as a knight: Henry II, Richard I, John, and Henry III. He was the Regent of England during the childhood of King Henry III from the king's ascending to the throne in 1216 until William's death in 1219. 

During his time, he was one of the most important persons in the monarchy next to the Royal family itself. He was noted for his superior combat skills, his continuing loyalty to his Kings and his great ability in diplomacy. Marshal began his life as a “landless” knight to become the Earl of Pembroke and one of the wealthiest men in the country.
Shortly after his death in 1219 at the age of 73, his oldest son, William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, commissioned a biography of the life of his father. Though biographers often embellish their subjects, many of the events of William's life stated there are clearly recorded elsewhere in historical records. Five of his sons succeded William as the Earl of Pembroke: William, Richard, Gilbert, Walter, and Anselm.

William had a great reputation. He was considered to be one of the greatest and most loyal knights in history. William was very active fighting in battles even in his old age. He successfully defeated the French at the Battle of Lincoln in 1217. William led his army to victory and thus, resulted in winning the First Barons' War for King Henry III and resisting the French invasion.
Childhood 
William Marshal’s  father,  was John Marshal, called John the Marshal.  He was the Lord of Newbury Castle located in County Berkshire in England.  When William was a young boy, there was a fierce civil war in England between King Stephen, grandson of William I, also called William the Conqueror and Henry I's daughter, Empress Matilda. When William I died, both Stephen and Matilda believed they were the true successor to the Crown.  This period  in history was known as the time of The Anarchy because there was much lawlessness and violence in the Kingdom.   Many barons and Earls would "change sides" when it benefited them to do so and John Marshal was no exception.  At first he pledged his fealty or loyalty to King Stephen but later changed it to Empress Matilda.  This act helped to turn the tide in the civil war.
Early life as a knight 
At an early age, William was sent to William de Tancarville to learn the skills of knighthood.  He was knighted in 1166.  He then crossed the channel to Normandy and went to serve under his uncle, Patrick, the Earl of Salisbury. He fought in Ponthieu in 1168 when greatly outnumbered, his uncle was killed and William was taken prisoner.  Marshal's great skill and bravery was noticed and he was ransomed by Queen Eleanor of England. 

As a young adult, Marshal went to many tournaments.  These were contests and mock (imitation) wars where Knights competed for great prizes. Tournaments were an opportunity for a knight to acquire valuable possessions such as money, a horse, armor and weapons.  They were dangerous and it was not unusual for a knight to be killed during a tournament.
William and Henry, the young king 
William had become a very skilled knight and after his ramsom he became part of Henry II’s household, teaching men to fight.   He became tutor, guardian, protector and friend to the son of Henry II, known historically as Henry the Young King.  When young Henry was crowned, Marshal was assigned to serve him as captain of the guard and chief of the knights.  It was Marshal who would knight the young King Henry.  Marshal also accompanied young Henry on many tournaments.  In 1173 young Henry argued with his father.  He wanted to assume the throne of England even though his father was still alive.  He left England and took his brother Richard with him to his mother's lands in Aquitaine.  In 1174, Henry II and his son made peace.  William continued on to win fame in tournaments.  The young king became ill and died of a sudden disease at Martel on 11 June 1183.
On crusade and fighting under Henry II  
On his deathbed young Henry ordered Marshal to go on Crusade on his behalf. With Henry II's permission, William went on Crusade for two years and his superior fighting skill was recognized by the Knights Templar.  When he returned, Henry II at once took him into high favor, and made him a member of his household.  Marshal then fought for Henry II against the French King Louis VII of France and in skirmishs against Henry's other sons now in rebellion.

Richard (called Lionhearted) was Henry II’s second son and he also wanted to be King of England and did not want to wait until his father died.  After a skirmish, Marshal came upon Richard and instead of killing him, killed his horse.  Shortly thereafter, Henry II became ill and retreated to Chinon where he died in 1189.
William with Richard I 
Richard did not forget Marshal’s act of bravery and loyalty and when he became King, he took Marshal to fight against the King of France.  After a time, Richard decided to go on Crusade and left Marshal in England as the Justiciar of England who acted for the king in his absence and presided over the king's courts during his absence.

Richard I reaffirmed his father's promise to William and gave him the heiress of the Earldom of Pembroke, Striguil and the lands that came with her as was promised to him by Henry II shortly before Henry's death.  Marshal at once became one of the richest men in the Kingdom.  He acquired property in four countries.

Marshal fought valiantly for Richard against the King of France and was there when the peace treaty was made.  In 1199 King Richard was wounded and died of his wounds.  At that point there was another dispute about who would next be King of England, Arthur or John.
Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, was another son of Henry II and would have been the next in line to be King but he died on either the 19 or 21 August 1186, at the age of 27.  The more common version is that he was trampled to death in a jousting tournament.  Geoffrey had a son Arthur I, who became the next Duke of Brittany.  Arthur felt that he was also heir to the throne of England. Marshal believed that as a brother to King Richard, and in accordance with Norman custom, John, Geoffrey’s brother, should become the next King.  It was resolved in John’s favor and he became the next King of England.
William and King John 
William fought alongside King John and after a time, John made William the Marshal of England.
King John was a man who was disliked by many of his barons and Earls.  He knew this and distrusted them.  When Marshal went over to protect his lands in Ireland the King made him give one of his sons as hostage to make sure that Marshal was not disloyal to him.  King John sometimes took lands away from Marshal and at other times gave them back.  There was strife all during the reign of King John but Marshal remained loyal to the King throughout.

King John died on 18 October, 1216.  At that time his son, Henry III was too young to rule the kingdom.  Marshal was appointed as Regent to Henry III to make decisions on Henry’s behalf until he came of age.

William and Henry III 
Marshal was quite old by then but managed the affairs of Henry III as Regent and even fought in combat at the Battle of Lincoln.  He was approximately 70 years of age. On 14 May 1219 Marshal died at Caversham.
Death of William Marshal 
When he knew he was dying he took on the robe of a Knights Templar and after his death he was buried in the Temple Church in London. William Marshal’s effigy can still be seen at the Temple Church, London, with his son next to him.

References 

1100 births
1200 deaths
English knights
Crusaders
People from Berkshire
Samuel Osmond Barber II (March 9, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was an American composer of orchestral, opera, choral, and piano music. Barber is well-known because of his 1936 work Adagio for Strings. It received positive reviews. Barber won two Pulitzer Prizes for his works.

Barber was born on March 9, 1910 in West Chester, Pennsylvania. He studied at the Curtis Institute for Music. Barber was gay. He lived with Gian Carlo Menotti for 30 years.

Barber died on January 23, 1981 in New York City, New York from cancer. He was 70. He is buried in West Chester, Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites

 Heyman, Barbara B (1992). Samuel Barber: The Composer and His Music. New York: Oxford University Press. 
 Wittke, Paul. Samuel Barber. G. Schirmer Inc.
 Brévignon, Pierre. 2011. Samuel Barber, un nostalgique entre deux mondes.  Paris: Editions Hermann. .
 Samuel Osborne Barber. IHAS. PBS.
 Smith, Patricia. Barber, Samuel . glbtq.com
1910 births
1981 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York City
LGBT composers
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
Gay men
Pulitzer Prize winners
Rara Lake () is the biggest natural lake of Nepal. It is in Rara Village Development Committee, Mugu District, Karnali Zone in the Mid-Western region.

The lake has a slightly oval shape and is entirely in the Rara National Park, about  north-west of the capital, Kathmandu.

Features
Lake Rara is at an altitude of  above sea level covering an area of . The lake has a length of  and a width of  with a maximum depth of . It flows into the Karnali river via the Nijar river (Nijar Khola).

The lake was classified as oligotrophic (an environment that offers little to sustain life) in limnological terms, meaning that is very slightly polluted.

Climate
The climate of the Rara National Park, where the Lake Rara is, is a temperate climate with temperatures between  in summer and  in winter.

Animal life
In the Lake Rara there are three endemic fish species (Schizothorax macrophthalmus, S. nepalensis and S. raraensis), and one endemic frog (Paa rarica).
Many waterfowl spend the winter months in Lake Rara; some of them are gadwall, mallard, northern shoveler, Eurasian teal, tufted duck, common goldeneye, goosander, Eurasian coot and solitary snipe.

References

Other websites
Rara lake, West-Nepal
Trek to Rara Laka - Details and Photo Feature 

Lakes of Nepal
Captain Phillips is a 2013 action thriller movie based on the true events of the Maersk Alabama hijacking in 2009. It stars Tom Hanks, Faysal Ahmed and Barkhad Abdi. The movie is based on the book by Captain Richard Phillips A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy SEALs, and Dangerous Days at Sea (2010). It was released to positive reviews on October 11, 2013. Barkhad Abdi received an Oscar nomination.

Release Dates 

2013 movies
American action movies
American thriller movies
Pirate movies
Movies based on books
12 Years a Slave is a 2013 British-American historical biographical drama movie based on the book 12 Years a Slave. It is directed by Steve McQueen. It stars Chiwetel Ejiofor, Michael Fassbender, Benedict Cumberbatch, Paul Giamatti, and Brad Pitt. It was composed by Hans Zimmer. It was released on November 1, 2013 in the United States. 

The film was first shown at the Telluride Film Festival on August 30, 2013. It will be released in the UK in January 2014.

On October 20 2013 McQueen won Hollywood Breakout Director Award at the Hollywood Film Awards for the film. On November 14 he won Bronze Horse for Best Film - Special Mention at the Stockholm International Film Festival.

Movie critics gave the film good reviews.

Rolling Stone, Entertainment Weekly, Washington Post, and The New York Times called 12 Years a Slave the best movie of 2013.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
Best Picture Oscar
Academy Award winning movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
2013 drama movies
2010s American biographical movies
2010s American drama movies
British biographical movies
2010s British drama movies
Movies about slavery
Movies about racism
Movies based on books
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies set in Louisiana
Movies set in New York (state)
Movies set in the 19th century
American independent movies
2013 independent movies
World War Z is a 2013 action-thriller movie. It was based on the book of the same name. It stars Brad Pitt and Matthew Fox. It was about a former United Nations investigator who must travel the world to find a way to stop a zombie-like pandemic. It was released to positive reviews on June 21, 2013.

Reference

2013 action movies
2013 thriller movies
American action movies
American thriller movies
British action movies
British thriller movies
Maltese movies
Movies based on books
Apocalyptic movies
Movies directed by Marc Forster
Movies set in Philadelphia
Movies set in New Jersey
Movies set in South Korea
Movies set in Israel
Movies set in Canada
Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom is a 2013 British biographical movie based on the life of Nelson Mandela. It is based on Mandela's autobiography Long Walk to Freedom (1994). It stars Idris Elba and Naomie Harris. It was released on November 29, 2013 to mixed reviews. Nearly a week later, Mandela died on December 5.

Soundtrack
U2 made a song for the soundtrack called "Ordinary Love". The song won the prize for Best Original Song – Motion Picture at the Golden Globes.

References

Other websites
 
 Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom  at the ComingSoon.net

2013 drama movies
2010s biographical movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
French drama movies
South African movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies about Apartheid
Movies about Nelson Mandela
Subject ( "lying beneath") may refer to:

Education 
 Subject (school), a course of academic instruction

Library and information science 
 Subject (documents) (subject classification; subject indexing; subject searching)
 Subject term or index term, descriptor of a document used in bibliographic records

Philosophy 
Subject (philosophy), a being that has subjective experiences, subjective consciousness, or a relationship with another entity
Subject–object problem, the issue of how actors or observers relate to things that are observed or acted upon

Linguistics 
 In general, any topic currently under consideration; see subject (school)
 Subject (grammar), who or what a sentence or a clause is about
 Subject case or nominative case, one of the grammatical cases for a noun

Computing 
 Subjects (programming), core elements in the subject-oriented programming paradigm

Music 
 The melodic material presented first in a fugue
 Either of the two main groups of themes (first subject, second subject) in sonata form
People 
A subject is an individual subjected to the rule by an elite, see feudalism
subjects in medieval feudalism, see commoners
subjects in modern constitutional monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, see British subject

Statistics and psychology 
 A subject is someone or something that undergoes testing in a scientific experiment.
An effigy is a representation of a specific person, especially in the form of sculpture or some other three-dimensional medium.  Effigies are common elements in art of the dead. They are usually made of stone or metal and placed on a tomb.

References 

Death customs
Sculpture
Monuments and memorials
The Green Party of the United States (GPUS) is a left-wing political party in the United States. The Green Party nominated Dr. Jill Stein as its candidate for President of the United States in 2012, and again in 2016. The party focuses on issues such as social justice and environmentalism. It is the fourth largest party, following the Libertarian Party.

Related pages
 List of political parties in the United States
 Ajamu Baraka
 Cynthia McKinney
 Jill Stein
 Howie Hawkins
 Angela Nicole Walker
Green Party official website

References

 
2001 establishments in the United States
Particle board, also known as particleboard and chipboard, is a wood product made from chips of wood or sawdust. It is mixed with resin or glue (both adhesives), then, under pressure and heat, pressed into uniform sheets. Particle board is used in building construction and furniture making. It is cheaper to make than plywood but not as strong. Type 1 particle board expands when exposed to moisture. For that reason it is not usually recommended to be used outdoors. Type 2 particle board uses waterproof glues and can be used outdoors.

References

Related pages

 Plywood
 Engineered wood
 Oriented strand board
 Waferboard

Other websites

 Composite Panel Association: Particleboard 
 European Panel Federation: Particleboard      

Wood
Guttermouth is an American punk rock band. They formed in 1988 in Huntington Beach, California. They are signed to Hopeless Records. They have released nine full-length albums and two live albums. They are infamous for their outrageous lyrics and deliberately explicit behavior. This behavior has resulted in high-profile problems for the band, such as being banned from performing in Canada for eighteen months and leaving Warped Tour in 2004 due to conflicting political views and attitudes towards other musicians.

References 

American punk bands
1988 establishments in California
Musical groups from Huntington Beach, California
Musical groups established in 1988
Dwarf may refer to:
Dwarf (mythology), a type of legendary creature from Germanic mythology and folklore
Dvergr, creatures in Norse mythology
A person or animal with dwarfism

Other uses
Dwarf planet
Dwarf galaxy

Related pages
Gnome
 (including many names of plants or animals)
Morien is a character from Arthurian legend. He is the main character of Morien (or Moriaen), a 13th-century Arthurian romance in Middle Dutch. He is the son of one of the Knights of the Round Table, whose name was Aglovale.

Arthurian legend
Characters in written fiction
Oriented strand board, commonly called OSB, is a type of particle board which is made of carefully positioned strands of wood. Aspen and other similar woods are cut into long strands parallel to the grain of the wood. It is manufactured into sheets made up of wood strands, wax, and resin adhesives. Sheets are formed under pressure and heat. The finished sheet size varies by country. OSB is very strong making it ideal for building construction. Its most common uses in construction are for covering walls, floors and roofs before the finish products are applied. 

 OSB-2 is specially designed OSB for load-bearing purposes. It is for use in dry areas.
 OSB-3 is designed the same, but is for use in wet areas.

OSB can also be made from trees from areas burned over by forest fires.

References

Related pages

 Plywood
 Engineered wood
 Particle board
 Waferboard

Other websites

 APA - The Engineered Wood Association: OSB 
 Kronospan Worldwide: OSB     

Wood
Emilia Plater was a Polish-Lithuanian noblewoman and revolutionary.  

Plater led soldiers in several engagements during the November Uprising in the Polish-Russian Wars of 1830-1831.  She became ill toward the end of the Uprising and died.

Though she did not fight in any large battles, her story inspired many works of art and literature. She is a national heroine in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus, all formerly parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Other websites

1806 births
1832 deaths
Polish military people
Lithuanian people
Polish nobility
In law, affinity is the kinship relationship that exists between two or more people as a result of somebody's marriage. It is different from consanguinity (blood relationship). Affinity is the relationship which each party to a marriage has to the relatives of the other partner to the marriage. But affinity does not cover the marital relationship of the parties to the marriage themselves.

Affinity laws
Under the law, such relatives by marriage are known as affines. More commonly, they are known as , as affinity is usually signified by adding  to a degree of kinship.

In law, affinity may be used to prohibit incestuous sexual relations. It may also be relevant in preventing some couples from marrying. Which relationships are prohibited varys from country to country, and from time to time. In some countries, especially in the past, the prohibited relationships were based on religious laws.  In earlier laws, affinity was used in the same degrees as consanguinity in prohibiting marriages.
Though laws vary considerably, affinity does not always cease with the death of one of the marriage partners through whom affinity is traced. It does not always end with the divorce of the marriage partners. In addition to kinship by marriage, "affinity" can sometimes also include kinship by adoption and step relationship.

Related pages
 Affinity (canon law)
 Consanguinity
 Kinship

Notes

References

Other websites
 Can In-laws marry in the Church?

Marriage
Relationships
Consanguinity ("blood relation", from the Latin consanguinitas) means being of the same kinship as another person. Consanguinity also means being descended from the same ancestor as another person.  The laws of many jurisdictions set up degrees of consanguinity when prohibiting sexual relations and marriage. Rules of Consanguinity are also used to determine heirs of an estate. These are according to laws that govern intestate succession. These vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

History 
Most cultures have prohibited marriages between individuals who are closely related by blood (consanguinity). There were some exceptions. Brothers and sisters, as well as fathers and daughters, often married in ancient Egypt. These were primarily limited to the royal family from the earliest times. Some theories hold that it strengthened a King's claim to the throne. In biblical history, Abraham married his (half-)sister Sarah.
Most early societies had rules or laws that limited consanguineous marriages. So the dangers of inbreeding must have been known to them.

Roman civil law  
In ancient Rome, marriage was governed by civil laws. Under Roman civil law couples were forbidden to marry if they were within four degrees of consanguinity. The Germanic peoples also had rules against such marriages but were not as strict.
In the 5th century, after the Roman empire collapsed, the church took over regulating marriage. At first they did not have a great deal of influence. The Church's power over marriage grew gradually. At first the Church followed Roman civil law. In the ninth century the church raised the number of prohibited degrees to seven. They also changed the method by which they were calculated. The nobility of Europe usually married from within their own social class. Eventually they became too interrelated to marry by the Church's rules. Many found it necessary to defy the Church. In 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council reduced the number of prohibited degrees of consanguinity from seven back to four. The pope had the power to waive the rules for particular couples.  Frequently, papal dispensations were given allowing closely related couples to marry. These were almost always reserved for the royalty and nobility
. Sometimes the Church used consanguinity to block marriage as in the case of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. In 1049 Pope Leo IX refused to allow the marriage. He did not give a reason but the two were cousins. They married anyway. Ten years later, in 1059, Pope, Nicholas II finally granted a dispensation for their marriage. Despite restrictions and laws, up to the 20th century consanguineous marriages were not uncommon in Europe.
Common ancestor 
The degree of consanguinity can be illustrated with a consanguinity table. Each level of lineal consanguinity (i.e., generation or meiosis) appears as a row. Individuals with a collaterally consanguineous relationship share the same row. Consanguinity (blood relationship) is different from Affinity (relationship through marriage) but have been prohibited in the same degrees in the past.

Genetic definitions

Related pages 
 Incest
 Kinship
 Affinity
 Cognatic kinship
 Cousin
 Inbreeding
 Endogamy

Notes

References 

Marriage
Relationships
F.K. Bačka is a football club which plays in Bačka Palanka, Serbia.

History
The club was founded in 1945. Its stadium, Vava Slavko Maletin, can hold 5,500 people.  It opened on 7 July 1951. The first time Bačka was ranked in the Second Federal League was in the 1959/1960 season, and again in 1988/1989. One of their best seasons was when they were in the Yugoslav Cup quarterfinal in 1969, losing to Hadjuk Split 2:1. The club has also taken part in the national finals, the most recent time being in 1993/1994 when they lost to Nis Workers.

References

Serbian football clubs
1945 establishments in Europe
Hurricane Emily was a category 3 hurricane. It spread from Africa to Puerto Rico and the Outer Banks and lasted from August 22, 1993 to September 6, 1993. It caused flooding, wind, and a lot of rain. Hurricane Emily broke two records.

Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes
1993
1990s in weather
LSD: Dream Emulator is a video game made for the first PlayStation. The video game was released in Japan during the year 1998 and it is a hard to get this video game with a small number of copies made. The game was made by Osamu Sato in the year 1998. He also made other video games, but they are also hard to get. The game was inspired by a dream diary that was written by a woman called Hiroko Nishikawa, she worked in a company called Asmik Ace Entertainment. This game can only be played by one person.

PlayStation games
1998 video games
The Socialist Party of America was a socialist political party in the United States from 1901 to 1972. In early 1919, it had 100,000 members. In the 1920s they temporarily stopped running their own candidates.
They opposed the New Deal by Roosevelt. They held a pacifist position on World War II. In the 1960s, they permanently stopped running their own candidates. Key figures included Eugene V. Debs, Norman Thomas and Max Shactmann.

1901 establishments in the United States
1972 disestablishments in the United States
Political parties in the United States
Socialist organizations in the United States
The Socialist Party of Great Britain is a British socialist political party started in 1904. It opposed World War I and World War II and all subsequent wars. It opposed the Soviet Union.

Political parties in the United Kingdom
1904 establishments in the United Kingdom
Socialist organisations in the United Kingdom
The World Socialist Party of the United States (WSPUS) is a socialist political party founded in 1916 in the United States. It split from the Socialist Party of America. It opposes all war and opposed the Soviet Union.

Political parties in the United States
1916 establishments in the United States
Socialist organizations in the United States
The  is a university for women in Tokyo. It is a Catholic university. Empress Michiko is a former student.

Other websites
Sacred Heart University  

Colleges and universities in Tokyo
Darren Robert "Panger" Pang (born February 17, 1964) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender and hockey media personality.

Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Pang played for the Belleville Bulls and Ottawa 67's of the OHL. He played 1 game with the Chicago Blackhawks and then played 3 seasons in the IHL for the Milwaukee Admirals and Saginaw Generals. He also played 7 games with the Nova Scotia Oilers of the AHL. Standing at 5'5", Pang was the 2nd shortest goalie behind only Roy "Shrimp" Worters to play in the NHL.

He returned to the Blackhawks during the 1987-88 NHL season and played with them for 2 seasons before ending his playing career in the IHL after playing 2 seasons with the Saginaw Hawks and 7 games with the Indianapolis Ice.

After retiring he became the assistant coach for the University of Notre Dame for 3 years and was the goalie coach for the Indianapolis Ice for 2 years.
Broadcasting
He is currently a color commentator for the St. Louis Blues TV broadcasts and a part-time analyst for TSN. Before becoming the color commentator for the Blues, Pang was the color commentator for the Phoenix Coyotes. He is also an "Inside the Glass" reporter for regular season and playoff action for NHL on NBC. Pang also contributes to Home Ice, XM Satellite Radio's all-hockey channel. He was a former top analyst for ESPN National Hockey Night and NHL on ABC which he broadcast over 95 Stanley Cup Finals games on National TV.

References

Other websites 

1964 births
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
National Hockey League broadcasters
Nova Scotia Oilers players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ontario Hockey League players
Lawrence Robert Klein (September 14, 1920 – October 20, 2013) was an American economist of Jewish descent. He became a well-known economist for his work in creating computer models to forecast economic trends in the field of econometrics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1980 for his discovery.

Klein was born on September 14, 1920 in Omaha, Nebraska. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania. and at the University of California, Berkeley.

Klein married Sonia Adelson during the 1950s. They had three daughters and one son. Klein died on October 20, 2013 in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania from natural causes, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 Lawrence Klein
 Economists for Peace and Security
 IDEAS/RePEc

1920 births
2013 deaths
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Omaha, Nebraska
Educators from Omaha, Nebraska
Robert Merton Solow (born August 23, 1924) is an American economist. He is known for his work on the theory of economic growth that grew in the exogenous growth model. It was named after him. He was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal (in 1961) and the 1987 Nobel Prize in Economics. He won the Nobel Prize for studying how countries grow economically.

Solow was born on August 23, 1924 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Harvard University. Solow married Barbara Lewis in 1945. They had two sons and one daughter.

References

Other websites
 Video Interview with Solow from NobelPrize.org
 Articles written by Solow for the New York Review of Books
 Robert M. Solow – Prize Lecture
 Solow in the Tropics. By John Toye. History of Political Economy, 41, 1: 221–240
 IDEAS/RePEc
 Robert M. Solow Papers, 1951–2011 and undated. Rubenstein Library, Duke University.
1924 births
Living people
American economists
Educators from New York City
American military personnel of World War II
American Nobel Prize winners
Harvard University alumni
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Scientists from Brooklyn
Douglass Cecil North (November 5, 1920 – November 23, 2015) was an American economist. He is known for his work in economic history. In 1993, he received the Nobel Prize in Economics.

In the words of the Nobel Committee, North and Robert Fogel were awarded the prize "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change."

North was one of 20 Nobel Laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.

North was born on November 5, 1920 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Washington University in St. Louis, and Stanford University, at the University of Washington, and at Cambridge University. North has three sons from a failed marriage. 

North died on November 23, 2015 at his summer house in Benzonia, Michigan the age of 95 from esophageal cancer.

References
References

Other websites
 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics 
 CNISS 
 Hoover Institution homepage
 Douglass C. North – Autobiography
 IDEAS/RePEc
 http://www.edegan.com/pdfs/North%20(1991)%20-%20Institutions.pdf
 http://www.getcited.org/pub/101883793 

1920 births
2015 deaths
University of Washington faculty
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Scientists from Massachusetts
Thomas Crombie Schelling (14 April 1921 – 13 December 2016) was an American economist and professor of foreign affairs, national security, nuclear strategy, and arms control.

After 1953, he left government to join the economics faculty at Yale University, and in 1958 he was appointed Professor of Economics at Harvard University. In 1969 he joined the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard.

In 1993, Schelling received an award from the National Academy of Sciences. He also received an honorary doctorate from Yale University in 2009 as well as an honorary degree from the University of Manchester.

He was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economics (shared with Robert Aumann) for "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis".

Personal life
Schelling was born on 14 April 1921 in Oakland, California. He studied at the University of California, Berkeley, at Harvard University, and at Yale University.
Schelling married Corinne Tigay Saposs in 1947. They had four children. They divorced in 1991. Then, Schelling married Alice M. Coleman in 1991. They had four children.

Schelling died on 13 December 2016 in Bethesda, Maryland from complications following a hip fracture, aged 95.

Major works

The strategy of conflict (1960)  
Schelling's most famous work grew out of the post-war interest in game theory and the Cold War. The book covers an area known as strategic bargaining, about how the United States could deal with the Soviet Union after World War II. It is thought to be one of the hundred books that have been most influential in the West since 1945. Many studies at the RAND Corporation and Herman Kahn's Hudson Institute were along similar lines. All these people knew each other and gave advice and seminars at the Pentagon and other U.S. government departments.
Arms and influence (1966) 
Schelling's theories about war were extended in Arms and Influence. The blurb states that it "carries forward the analysis so brilliantly begun in his earlier The Strategy of Conflict... and makes a significant contribution to the growing literature on modern war and diplomacy".

Micromotives and macrobehavior (1978) 
In 1969 and 1971, Schelling published widely cited articles dealing with what he called "a general theory of tipping". In these papers he showed that a preference that one's neighbors be of the same color, or even a preference for a mixture "up to some limit", could lead to total segregation. This explained the phenomenon of complete local separation of distinct groups. 
Once a cycle of such changes has begun, it may have a self-sustaining momentum.
Global warming
Schelling has been involved in the global warming debate since chairing a commission for President Jimmy Carter in 1980. He believes climate change poses a serious threat to developing nations, but that the threat to the United States has been exaggerated. Drawing on his experience with the Marshall Plan after World War II, he has argued that addressing global warming is a bargaining problem; if the world is able to reduce emissions, poor countries will receive most of the benefits but rich countries will bear most of the costs.
List of books 
1951. National income behavior: an introduction to algebraic analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1958. International economics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
1960. The strategy of conflict. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
1961. Strategy and arms control. (with Morton H. Halperin) New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, and reissued with a new preface, A Pergamon-Brassey's Classic, 1985.
1966. Arms and influence. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
1978. Micromotives and macrobehavior. New York: W.W. Norton.
1979. Thinking through the energy problem. Committee for Economic Development.  
1984. Choice and consequence. Harvard University Press.

References

Other websites
 Nobel Prize Announcement
 Schelling Nobel Prize Lecture
 IDEAS/RePEc

1921 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from fractured hip
American economists
Educators from Oakland, California
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Scientists from Oakland, California
American Nobel Prize winners
Harvard University faculty
The Viking invasion of Britain in 865 AD is sometimes called 
the Great Heathen Army, or Great Danish Army or the Great Viking Army. Previous invasions were for loot, but this one led to semi-permanent settlement.

A large force of Danish Vikings attacked Anglo-Saxon England. This army appeared in East Anglia in 865. Unlike earlier Vikings who made brief raids on England, the Great army stayed for many years in an attempt to conquer all of England.
Early Viking raids 
The first recorded Viking attack in England was in 793 at Lindisfarne. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported " the havoc of heathen men miserably destroyed God's church at Lindesfarne." There were many reasons that Vikings began attacking England. The populations of Norway had been growing between the 7th and 9th centuries. The Vikings were pagans who often had several wives and many sons. These young men filled the ranks of armies and joined ship's crews to go on adventures. The beginning of trade between Europe and England had opened up great trading centers. Vikings were traders but at the same time resorted to piracy when it suited them. This was especially true when they found new lands and people who were not well protected.
The Great Army 
In 865 the Danish Vikings changed their tactics. A large army made up of many smaller bands landed in East Anglia. For over a decade they remained in England destroying entire kingdoms as they went. The Danes spent the winter in East Anglia. The local people bought peace with the Vikings by supplying them with horses. After a year they moved northwards to Northumbria now a mounted army. They captured York and defeated two Northumbrian kings, Aella and Osbert, who joined forces to attack the Danes. Both kings were killed. In 867 they appointed a client-king named Ecgberht over the Northumbrians.  In the fall of that year they moved south into Mercia. The Danes made their winter camp at Nottingham. In 868 Burgred, the King of Mercia, asked King Ethelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred for their help against the Danes. The Danes did not fight but allowed the Mercians to pay them for peace.
The Vikings later withdrew to York. The next year, 871, the great Viking army grew much larger. After twelve months in York, the great army moved south again into East Anglia. Setting up winter quarters at Thetford they defeated King Edmund of East Anglia. Next, in the fall of 870 they moved to Reading. Athelred with his brother Alfred arrived with their army to meet the new threat. In the battle that followed, the Battle of Reading, both sides suffered many casualties. Athelred's army was defeated. Four days later the two armies met again at the Battle of Ashdown. This time the West Saxons won the victory and the Vikings retreated to Reading. Two weeks later Athelred and Alfred led the West Saxons against the Danes at Basing where the Danes won. Two months passed without any fighting between them. The next battle was at a place called Merantun. After a day long battle which the English were winning, the Danes were able to regain their lost ground. Just after mid-April in 871, Athelred died
. At this point Wessex was the last remaining kingdom that hadn't been destroyed by the Vikings. Within a month, Alfred, who replaced his brother as king, was defeated at Wilton. There were nine more battles between the West Saxons and the Danes in the next year. Wessex finally paid the Vikings for peace which ended the fighting. Alfred remained on the throne. Of the two known leaders of the Danes, Ivar the Boneless disappeared from the records after 871. His brother Halfdan Ragnarsson was still the leader when the Danes withdrew from Wessex to winter in London the same year.
The Danelaw 
  
In 874 Halfdan took his followers north to camp at the mouth of the River Tyne. They raided the Picts and Britons in Strathclyde for the next year. But there was little gain in raiding these poorer areas. The Danes had plundered the wealth of most of England and little was left. Halfdan began settling his men in the area of York. The other army led by Gutheram, Oscytel and Arnuld was still fighting against Wessex at the time. By 876 they had concluded a peace with Wessex. In late 878 Guthrum's band withdrew to Cirencester in Mercia. In 879 they moved to East Anglia. The leader Guthrum, known by his Christian name Aethelstan, reigned as king until his death in 890. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 'they occupied the land and shared it out.' In 878 a new Danish army was camped at Fulham. But by 879 they had left England for the Low Countries.
The settling of a large part of conquered England by the Danes became known as the Danelaw. It became the part of England where the laws and customs were Danish not English. At this point England became divided into three parts. These were Wessex, English Mercia and the Danelaw. The Danelaw was a mixture of the native populations and the members of the great army who settled there. Many placenames were Danish. Many of the words in the English vocabulary have Danish origins. As late as the 11th century when a Scandinavian came to England he did not feel out of place. The languages was the same and the customs were the same. This was true until the Norman conquest of England in 1066 when French was introduced into England.

Notes

Related pages
 Danelaw
 Viking Age
 History of England

References

9th century in England
History of Denmark
860s
870s
History of the Netherlands
Kenneth Joseph Arrow (August 23, 1921 – February 21, 2017) was an American economist. He won the Nobel Prize in Economics with John Hicks in 1972. Until 2019, he was the youngest person to have received this award, at 51.

Early life
Arrow was born on August 23, 1921 in New York City, New York. He studied at the City College of New York and at Columbia University. Arrow married Selma Schweitzer in 1947. They had two sons.

Career
In economics, he was thought be an important figure in post-World War II neo-classical economic theory. Many of his former graduate students have gone on to win the Nobel Prize themselves. 

Arrow was active on the international scene through a variety of initiatives including trustee of Economists for Peace and Security and a member of the Advisory Board of Incentives for Global Health, the not-for-profit behind the Health Impact Fund.

Death
Arrow died on February 21, 2017 from natural causes at his home in Palo Alto, California, aged 95.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Collected Papers of Kenneth J. Arrow
 Kenneth Arrow  at stanford.edu
 Autobiography  at nobel.se
 Kenneth Arrow  Profile at cepa.newschool.edu
 Social Choice and Individual Values
 Photos of Kenneth Arrow
 IDEAS/RePEc
 Kenneth J. Arrow: Nobel Prize in Economics Recipient by Seymour "Sy" Brody, Florida Atlantic University Libraries

1921 births
2017 deaths
American economists
Jewish American academics
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Stanford University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Robert Dale Maxwell (October 26, 1920 – May 11, 2019) was a former United States Army soldier from Idaho. 

He is a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. He received this honor for his actions in World War II. After the death of Nicholas Oresko on October 4, 2013, Maxwell became the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient.

Maxwell was born on October 26, 1920 in Boise, Idaho. He studied at Bend Senior High School. Maxwell now lives in Bend, Oregon, and is the only living Medal of Honor recipient in that state.

In 2011, at the age of 90, he received his High School Diploma from Bend Senior High. In 2012, he suffered a minor stroke, but recovered after only a few short days with only minor loss of functionality of his right hand.

Maxwell died on May 11, 2019 in Bend, Oregon at the age of 98.

References

Other websites
 CNN iReport Interview 
 Interview at the Pritzker Military Library

1920 births
2019 deaths
Military people from Idaho
People from Boise, Idaho