Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Body positions
The four different body positions are tuck, pike, straight and free. 
Tuck – The body is bent at the waist and knees. The thighs are close to the chest and the heels of the feet are close to the buttocks.
Pike – The diver's legs are straight. Their body is bent at the waist. The position of the arms is chosen by the diver. They are often pointed towards the toes.
Straight – There is no bend in the body at all. There could be a small arch of the back depending on the type of dive. 
Free – The free position is not an actual body position. It is where the diver uses more than one position. It is usually used when doing a dive with a somersault or a twist in it

Dive Numbers
Dives are put into categories, based on the Direction the dive is in, and what Position it is in.
100's=Forward
200's=Backward
300's=Reverse
400's=Inward
A-Straight
B-Pike
C-Tuck
D-Free
Every Half flip the number on the end goes up by one
For example: *Front dive Tuck is a 101c

Related pages

Scuba diving
Swimming
Celle () is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is on the banks of the river Aller, a tributary of the Weser.

Geography

The town of Celle is in the glacial valley of the Aller, about  northeast of Hanover,  northwest of Brunswick and  south of Hamburg. With 71,000 inhabitants it is, next to Lüneburg, the largest Lower Saxon town between Hanover and Hamburg.

Expansion
The town covers an area of . Flowing from the northeast, the Lachte discharges into the Aller within the town's borders, as does the Fuhse flowing from the southeast. The Aller heads westwards towards Verden an der Aller where it joins the Weser.
Subdivisions
The town of Celle has the following 17 boroughs or Stadtteile, some of which were previously independent villages (population as at 1 January 2005): Altencelle (4,998), Altenhagen (922), Blumlage/Altstadt (8,526), Bostel (455), Boye (832), Garßen (2,978), Groß Hehlen (2,773), Hehlentor (7,974), Hustedt (736), Klein Hehlen (5,782), Lachtehausen (639), Neuenhäusen (8,082), Neustadt/Heese (10,887), Scheuen (1,165), Vorwerk (2,842), Westercelle (7,183) and Wietzenbruch (4,805).

Incorporation of municipalities
 1 April 1939: Altenhäusen, Klein Hehlen, Neuenhäusen, Vorwerk und Wietzenbruch
 1 January 1973: Altencelle, Altenhagen, Alvern, Bostel, Boye, Burg, Garßen, Groß Hehlen, Hustedt, Lachtehausen, Scheuen and Westercelle.

Twin towns – sister cities

Celle is twinned with:

 Celle Ligure, Italy
 Hämeenlinna, Finland
 Holbæk, Denmark
 Kwidzyn, Poland
 Meudon, France
 Mazkeret Batya, Israel
 Sumy, Ukraine
 Tavistock, England, United Kingdom
 Tulsa, United States
 Tyumen, Russia

Image gallery
Image gallery

References

Other websites

 Official municipal website 
 

 
Celle (district)
Towns in Lower Saxony
Aurich (; East Frisian Low Saxon: Auerk, West Frisian: Auwerk, ) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Aurich and is the second largest City in East Frisia, both in population, after Emden, and in area, after Wittmund.

Twin towns – sister cities
Aurich is twinned with:
 Appingedam, Netherlands

References

Other websites

 
Official German list of concentration camps Record of the concentration camp and its sub-camps 

Aurich (district)
Towns and villages in East Frisia
Cloppenburg () is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District and part of Oldenburg Münsterland. It is 38 km south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border.

Twin town
Cloppenburg is twinned with:
 Bernay, France

References

Other websites

Official website 

Towns in Lower Saxony
Cloppenburg (district)
Pulsars  are neutron stars which spin rapidly and produce huge electromagnetic radiation along a narrow beam. Neutron stars are very dense, and have short, regular spins. This produces a very precise interval between pulses that range from roughly milliseconds to seconds for an individual pulsar. The pulse can only be seen if the Earth is close enough to the direction of the beam. Similar to how you can only see a lighthouse when the beam is shining at your direction.

The pulses match the star's turns. The spinning causes a lighthouse effect, as the radiation is only seen at short intervals. Werner Becker of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics recently said,
"The theory of how pulsars emit their radiation is still in its infancy, even after nearly forty years of work. There are many models but no accepted theory".

Discovery
Discovery 

The first pulsar was discovered in 1967. It was discovered by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish. They worked at the University of Cambridge. The observed emission had pulses separated by 1.33 seconds. The pulses all came from the same place in the sky. The source kept to sidereal time. At first, they did not understand why pulsars have a regular change in the strength of radiation. The word pulsar is short for "pulsating star".

This original pulsar, now called CP 1919, produces radio wavelengths, but pulsars have later been found to produce radiation in the X-ray and/or gamma ray wavelengths.
Nobel prizes 
In 1974, Antony Hewish became the first astronomer to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. Controversy occurred because he was awarded the prize while Bell was not. She had made the initial discovery while she was his Ph.D. student. Bell claims no bitterness upon this point, supporting the decision of the Nobel prize committee. "Some people call it the No-Bell prize because they feel so strongly that Jocelyn Bell Burnell should have shared in the award".
Kinds of pulsars 
Astronomers know that there are three different kinds of pulsars:
 Rotation-powered pulsars, where the radiation is caused by the loss of rotational energy; radiation is caused by the neutron star slowing down in the speed in which it turns
 Accretion-powered pulsars (which are most but not all X-ray pulsars), where gas is accreted from (usually) a stellar companion in a binary star system and is channeled by the neutron star's magnetic field on to the magnetic poles producing two or more localized X-ray hot spots, similar to the two auroral zones on Earth.
 Magnetars, where an extremely strong magnetic field loses energy, which causes the radiation.
Although all three kinds of objects are neutron stars, the things that they can be seen to do and the physics that causes this are very different. But there are some things that are similar. For example, X-ray pulsars are probably old rotation-powered pulsars that have already lost most of their energy, and can only be seen again after their binary companions expanded and matter from them started falling onto the neutron star. The process of accretion (matter falling onto the neutron star) can in turn give enough angular momentum energy to the neutron star to change it into a rotation-powered :millisecond pulsar.

Uses 
Precise clock
For some millisecond pulsars, the regularity of pulsation is more precise than an atomic clock.
This stability allows millisecond pulsars to be used in establishing ephemeris time, or building pulsar clocks.
Timing noise is the name for rotational irregularities observed in all pulsars. This timing noise is observable as random wandering in the pulse frequency or phase. It is unknown whether timing noise is related to pulsar glitches.

Other uses 
The study of pulsars has resulted in many uses in physics and astronomy. Major examples include the proof of gravitational radiation as forecasted by general relativity and the first proof of exoplanets. In the 1980s, astronomers measured pulsar radiation to prove that the North American and European continents are drifting away from one another. This movement is evidence of plate tectonics.
Important pulsars 
 The magnetar SGR 1806-20 produced the largest burst of energy in the Galaxy ever seen in an experiment on 27 December 2004
 PSR B1931+24 "... looks like a normal pulsar for about a week and then 'switches off' for about one month before producing pulses again. [..] this pulsar slows down more rapidly when the pulsar is on than when it is off. [.. the] way it slows down must have to do with the radio energy and the things that cause it, and the extra slow-down can be explained by a wind of particles leaving the pulsar's magnetic field and slowing down the speed at which it turns.  
 PSR J1748-2446ad, at 716 Hz (times it turns per second), is the fastest spinning pulsar known.

References

Other sources 
 Lorimer D.R. & M. Kramer 2004. Handbook of pulsar astronomy. Cambridge Observing Handbooks for Research Astronomers.
Other websites 
 A pulsar discovery  - the detection of the first optical pulsar from the American Institute of Physics. Includes audio and teachers guides.
 The listing for the first pulsar (PULS CP 1919) in the Simbad database
 The ATNF Pulsar Catalogue
 Scientists can predict pulsar starquakes (SpaceDaily) Jun 07, 2006
 List of pulsars in binary systems
 XMM-Newton makes new discoveries about old pulsars (SpaceDaily) Jul 27, 2006

Variable stars
Astrophysics
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords is a RPG video game set in the Star Wars expanded universe. It was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and was released in December 2004 on Xbox video game console and in February 2005 on PC.

Description 
Developed with the Odissey Engine, the game is set five years after KotOR, or 3.951 BBY. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan left the Galaxy to find something in the unknown areas, something that could be a threat to the Old Republic. There are less than 100 Jedi left in the Galaxy after the brutal war against Darth Malak. They are killed, one by one, by Sith assassins who attack from the shadows.
The player takes the role of the "Jedi Exile", believed to be the last Jedi or one of the last.
The player will meet several companions who will join him in his quest depending on his alignment and on the gender the player has chosen for his character. The Exile can eventually meet up to 11 characters: Kreia, Atton Rand, Bao-Dur, The Handmaiden (if the player is set to male), The Disciple (if the player is set to female), Mira (if the player is set to light-side), Hanharr (if the player is set to dark-side), T3-M4, HK-47, G0-T0, and Mandalore.

Role-playing video games
Star Wars games
2004 video games
The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a play by William Shakespeare. It is about the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.  
Shakespeare based his play on stories in Plutarch's Life of Brutus and Life of Caesar. The play was probably written in 1599. It was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.

The play was probably one of Shakespeare's first plays to be performed at the Globe Theatre. The theatre had just been built. A Swiss traveller saw a tragedy about Julius Caesar at a London theatre on 21 September 1599. This was probably Shakespeare's play.

The play has been made into movies three times. In a 1950 movie, Charlton Heston played Mark Antony. In a 1953 movie, James Mason played Brutus and Marlon Brando played Antony.  In a 1970 movie, Jason Robards played Brutus, Charlton Heston played Antony again, and John Gielgud played Caesar.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Text of Julius Caesar, fully edited by John Cox, as well as original-spelling text, facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text, and other resources, at the Internet Shakespeare Editions
Julius Caesar Navigator Includes Shakespeare's text with notes, line numbers, and a search function.
No Fear Shakespeare  Includes the play line by line with interpretation.
All Julius Caesar  Provides a summary of the play, background on Shakespeare and Julius Caesar, including historical background on Julius Caesar, and a character analysis of Caesar.
 Julius Caesar – searchable, indexed e-text
Julius Caesar – from Project Gutenberg
Julius Caesar  – by The Tech
Julius Caesar – Searchable and scene-indexed version.
Julius Caesar in modern English
Lesson plans for Julius Caesar  at Web English Teacher
Quicksilver Radio Theater adaptation of "Julius Caesar", which may be heard online, at PRX.org (Public Radio Exchange).
 Julius Caesar study guide, themes, quotes, analysis, multimedia, & teaching guide
Plays by William Shakespeare
1590s plays
Twisted Sister is an American metal band. They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos We're Not Gonna Take it and I Wanna Rock. Originally a glam rock band influenced by New York Dolls, when Dee Snider came they moved to a heavy metal direction.

Albums 
 Under the Blade  (1982)
 You Can't Stop Rock 'N' Roll  (1983)
 Stay Hungry  (1984)
 Come Out and Play  (1985)
 Love Is for Suckers  (1987)
 Still Hungry  (2004)
 A Twisted Christmas  (2006)

References

Other websites 
 Official site
 Official Bent Brother site 
 Official Dee Snider site
 Official Eddie Ojeda site
 Official A.J. Pero site

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from New York City
The most important events 
 February 22 – Native American Quadequine shows popcorn to English colonists.
 March 22 – Massachusetts Bay Colony makes having cards, dice and gaming tables against the law.
 June 6 – Swedish warships leave Stockholm to go to Germany.
 June 26 – July 6 – Swedish troops controlled by Gustavus Adolphus go to Pomerania, Germany to help Protestants.
 July 6 – Success the last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, returns safely at Salem harbor, MBC.
 September 17 – The city of Boston, Massachusetts is first started.
 September 24 – The first ship of de Sauce's emigrants arrive at Southampton Hundred on the James River.
 November 10-November 11 – Day of Dupes – Marie de Medicis' tries to stop Richelieu but it does not work.
 Johann Heinrich Alsted's Encyclopaedia is published (printed as a book people can buy).
 The first story of the Childes Tomb is published.
 Many people from Great Britain go to live in Paramaribo, Suriname for the first time.
Puritan pamphleteer Dr. Alexander Leighton publishes "Zion's Plea Against Prelacy: An Appeal to Parliament." The book was against Anglican bishops, in London. He was sentenced by Archbishop William Laud's High Commission Court to being whipped in public, branding and having his ears cut off.
Births 
 January 11 – John Rogers the American President of Harvard (died 1684)
 February 19 – Shivaji the person who started the Maratha Empire (died 1680)
 April 28 – Charles Cotton the English poet (died 1687)
 May 29 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland (died 1685)
 August 1 – Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh the English statesman (died 1673)
 October 14 – Sophia of Hanover the heir (next person to become queeen) of Great Britain (died 1714)
 October – John Tillotson the Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1694)
 November 24 – Etienne Baluze a French scholar (died 1718)
 November 27 – Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria the regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (died 1665)
Deaths 
January 26 – Henry Briggs the English mathematician (born 1556)
February 12 – Fynes Moryson the English traveler and writer (born 1566)
February 26 – William Brade the English composer (born 1560)
April 29 – Agrippa d'Aubigné the French poet and soldier (born 1552)
July 16 – Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (born 1562)
September 17 – Thomas Lake the English statesman (born 1567)
September 18 – Melchior Klesl the Austrian cardinal and statesman (born 1552)
September 20 – Claudio Saracini the Italian composer (born 1586)
September 25 – Ambrosio Spinola, marqués de los Balbases the Spanish general (born 1569)
November 15 – Johannes Kepler the German astronomer (born 1571)
November 19 – Johann Schein the German composer (born 1586)
Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician. He is the President of Cameroon. He has been the country's president since 6 November 1982.

Biya was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon. At that time, the country was called French Cameroon. He studied in France, at the Sorbonne and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris, both in Paris. He graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in public law and a diploma in international relations.

After graduating, Biya returned to Cameroon and worked in the government. In 1975, the President Ahmadou Ahidjo gave the job of Prime Minister to Biya. When President Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982, Biya became president of the country. Shortly afterwards, Ahidjo and Biya began feuding, and Ahidjo was forced to leave Cameroon.
Biya was elected as the President of Cameroon in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2004, but other parties only have been allowed to enter the elections since 1992. The results many of these election results have been called fraudulent (achieved through unfair or illegal ways). 

Many international organizations, including Amnesty International, have criticized Biya's government for restricting the freedom of the people of Cameroon. These issues include control of the media (newspapers and radio and television stations)  and violations of human rights.  Biya's supporters point to the country's stability and high literacy rate.

Biya is currently the longest-ruling non-royal leader in the world and the oldest ruler in Sub-Saharan Africa after Robert Mugabe stepped down during the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état.

References

Other websites
 bbc.com's country profile on Cameroon
 Paul Biya's Biography (from the 2004 election) 
 Amnesty International press release from 17/25/97
1933 births
Living people
Presidents of Cameroon
Prime Ministers of Cameroon
Current national leaders
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: Comité international olympique, CIO) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece between 776 BC to 393 AD. Its membership is 203 National Olympic Committee. It is the committee to support and promote participation in sports throughout the world.

Presidents 
 Demetrius Vikelas (1894–1896)
 Pierre de Coubertin (1896–1925)
 Henri de Baillet-Latour (1925–1942)
 Sigfrid Edström (1942–1952)
 Avery Brundage (1952–1972)
 Lord Killanin (1972–1980)
 Juan Antonio Samaranch (1980–2001)
 Jacques Rogge (2001–2013)
 Thomas Bach (2013-present)

References

 
1894 establishments
The Confederation of African Football often referred to as just CAF, is the organization that controls African football.

Related pages
CAF Champions League

Other websites 
Confederation Of African Football official CAF site

Football organizations
1957 establishments in Africa
The Oceania Football Confederation, often referred to as just OFC , is the organization that controls Oceania football (soccer).

New Zealand is the OFC's biggest federation.

Since Australia left the OFC in 2006 to join the AFC, the members of the OFC are:
 American Samoa
 Cook Islands
 Fiji
 New Caledonia
 New Zealand
 Papua New Guinea
 Solomon Islands
 Samoa
 Tahiti
 Tonga
 Vanuatu

Related pages 
 OFC Nations Cup

Other websites 
 Oceania Football Confederation Official Site

Football organizations
1966 establishments in Oceania
Football in Oceania
Ludwigsburg is a district in Baden-Württemberg. 

It is the region Stuttgart in the Stuttgart Government Region. Seat of the district is the former württembergische Residenzstadt (Royal Württemberg City) of Ludwigsburg, the largest city of the district.

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Districts of Baden-Württemberg
The 1260s is a decade. It started on 1 January 1260 and ended on 31 December 1269.

Kublai Khan became the supreme leader (a title for their leader) of the Mongol Empire and moved his capital to Beijing. He was at war with the southern Chinese Song Dynasty. The Mongol Empire lost some of its battles. The first time it lost a battle with Kublai Khan as the leader was in Palestine when fighting the Mamluks of Egypt. The Empire also lost in the Caucasus. The Mamluks were led by their new sultan Baibars. The Mamluks were soon were more in control in the Middle East because they took control of a number of crusader states and also stopped the Mongol attacks from happening as much. The Empire of Nicaea took control of Constantinople and also the Latin Empire so it again became the Byzantine Empire.
Several important cultural achievements were made in the decade. Roger Bacon published important scientific work named Opus Majus. Also, Thomas Aquinas published Summa contra Gentiles. Important pices of architecture and sculptures were made in cathedrals in Europe. These include the Cathedral of Chartres and Nicola Pisano's pulpits for the Duomo di Siena and Pisa's Baptistery. In religion, the Sukhothai kingdom in Thailand adopted Buddhism as its official religion. In Europe anti-Semitism became worse because several authorities made laws which said that Jewish people must wear yellow badges so people knew who they were. Many Jewish people were killed in England and the Talmud was attacked and censored by the Catholic Church.

War and politics

Europe

War and peace
War and peace

North and West Europe 
 1260 – The Baltic Samogatians and Curonians won the Battle of Durbe against the Teutonic Knights.
 1263 – October – King Alexander III of Scotland won the Battle of Largs against the Viking armada (group of ships to fight a war) that was sent by King Haakon IV of Norway.
 1263 – The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to people to say that they that is was their duty to be loyal to the Norwegian king. This made the Icelandic Commonwealth stop and also stopped the Icelandic civil war.
 1266 – The war between Scotland and Norway ended because King Alexander III of Scotland and King Magnus VI of Norway agreed to the Treaty of Perth.
Central and South Europe 
 1260 – September 4 – The armed forces of King Manfred of Sicily with the Ghibellines won a battle agains the Guelphs at Monte Aperto.
 1260 – War started in the Valais (which is now in Switzerland) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy.
 1263 – Genoa takes the city of Chania on Crete from the Venetians.
 1264 – The Thuringian War of Succession stops.
 1266 – February 26 – In the Battle of Benevento an army led by Charles (Count of Anjou) won a battle against an armed force from Germany and Sicily whose leader was King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV makes Charles king of Sicily and Naples.
Iberian Peninsula (the land that is mostly Spain and Portugal) 
 1263 – King James I of Aragon wins a battle against the Moors and takes back control of Crevillente during the Reconquista.
 1264 – In Spain, King James I of Aragon takes back control the cities of Orihuela and Elx in Alicante from the Moors. This ends more than 500 years of Islamic rule.
 1265 – King Alfonso X of Castile takes control the city of Alicante, Spain from the Moors during the Reconquista.
 1267 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign a treaty to agree that the Guadiana River is the southern border between Portugal and Spain. This is the same as the border now.

Southeast Europe 
 1260 – King Otakar II of Bohemia takes control of Styria after winning the Battle of Kressenbrunn. King Bela IV of Hungary was in control.
 1261 – Bela IV of Hungary stops the Tatars coming to fight to take control of Hungry.
 1268 – King Stephen V of Hungary starts a war with Bulgaria.
England: The Second Barons' War 
 1261 – King Henry III of England gets a papal bull which lets him leave the Provisions of Oxford. This is part of the reason for civil war happening between the monarch and the aristocracy of England.
 1264 – Before May – Second Barons' War is an English civil war and it begins in this year.
 1264 – May 12 to May 14 – The Battle of Lewes is fought between Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and King Henry III of England in Sussex. At the end of the battle de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his brother (who is the future King Edward I) This made de Montfort the "uncrowned king of England" because he was now in control of England but people did not make him a real King.
 1265 – January 20 – In Westminster the first English parliament holds its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster. The Palace of Westminster is now known as the Houses of Parliament.
 1265 – Before August – Future King Edward I escapes from be held hostage by Simon de Montfort.
1265 – August 4 – The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire. The army of Edward won against the rebellious barons. the rebellious barons were led by Simon de Montfort. The army killed de Montford and several of the people that helped him. Sometimes the event is though of as the death of chivalry in England.
 1266 – October – The war gets better because persons that supported Simon de Montfort offer to make peace with the king. This is named the Dictum of Kenilworth.
 1267 – The Second Barons' War stops. The rebels and King Henry III of England agree to peace as was asked for in the Dictum of Kenilworth.
Political places 
 1260 – The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg. This is the end of the first Saxon state.
 1261 – The persons of Greenland accept the overlordship of the King of Norway.
 1262 – Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
 1262 – The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into a treaty joining them with Norway and accept the Norwegian King Haakon IV as the person in control.
 1264 – The state of Hesse becomes independent from Thuringia. It is then free state of the Holy Roman Empire.
 1265 – The Isle of Man is controlled by Scotland for ten years.
 1267 – Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gives the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily as a gift in the Treaty of Viterbo. He hopes his gift will make Charles help him return the Latin Empire to how it was before.
 1268 – The county of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the margrave of Brandenburg.
Births 
 1264 – Pope Clement V (d. 1314)
 1265 – May 14 – Dante Alighieri an Italian poet (d. 1321)

Deaths 
 1263 – November 14 – Alexander Nevsky the Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
 1264 – October 2 – Pope Urban IV
 1265 – February 8 – Hulagu Khan the Mongol khan (b. 1217)
 1265 – August 4 – Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester
 1266 – Berke the khan of the Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire
 1266 – Birger Jarl the Swedish regent and person who started Stockholm
 1268 – October 29 – Conradin the duke of Swabia and King of Jerusalem and Sicily (b. 1252)
Dessau is a town and former municipality in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. The next larger cities are Halle, about 40 km southwest, Leipzig, about 52 km south and Magdeburg, about 54 km northwest. The city became well known for its college of architecture Bauhaus (Architecture House or Building House related to the German verb for "build") founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In July 2007 it was merged with Roßlau to the new city of Dessau-Roßlau.

References

Other websites

Towns in Saxony-Anhalt
Urban districts of Saxony-Anhalt
Former municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt
Weißenfels was the capital city of the old Weißenfels Rural District in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, until the district changes of 2007. The King of Saxony used to live here. It is about  southwest of Leipzig.

Population 
Growth in number of people over the years:

Data source from 1990: Statistic national office Saxony-Anhalt
1 29. October
2 31. August
3 03. October

References

Other websites

Burgenlandkreis Rural District
The United States Constitution is the highest law of the United States of America. It was signed on September 17, 1787 by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  Later, it was put into effect, or ratified, by representatives of the people of the first 13 states. When nine of the states ratified the document, they created a union of sovereign states, and a federal government for that union. That government started on March 4, 1789, which took the place of the Articles of Confederation.

The Constitution of the United States is the oldest federal constitution now in use.

Since 1787, changes have been made to the United States Constitution 27 times by amendments (changes).  The first ten of these amendments are together called the Bill of Rights.

Articles of the Constitution 
When it was signed in 1787, the Constitution had a preamble and seven main parts, called articles.
Preamble 
The Preamble states:
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

The Preamble is not a law. It gives the reasons for writing the Constitution. The Preamble is one of the best-known parts of the Constitution. The first three words, "We the people," are used very often. The six intentions that are listed are the goals of the Constitution.

Legislative power 
Article One says that the United States Congress (the legislative branch) will make the laws for the United States. Congress has two parts, called "Houses": the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. This Article says who can be elected to each part of Congress, and how they are elected.
The House of Representatives has members elected by the people in each State. The number of members from each State depends on how many people live there. Each member of the House of Representatives is elected for two years.

The Senate has two members, called the legislators, from each state, no matter how many people live there. Each Senator is elected for six years. The original Constitution allowed the state legislatures to choose the Senators, but this was changed later by the Seventeenth Amendment.

Article One also says how the Congress will do its business and what kinds of laws it can make. It lists some kinds of laws the Congress and the states cannot make.

Article One also makes rules for Congress to impeach and remove from office the President, Vice President, judges, and other government officers.
Executive power 
Article Two says that the President, Vice President, and executive offices (the executive branch) will carry out the laws made by Congress. This article says how the President and Vice President are elected, and who can be elected to these offices. The President and Vice President are elected for four years by a special Electoral College chosen by the states.  The Vice President takes over as President if the President dies, resigns, or is unable to serve.

Article Two also says that the President is the Commander-in-Chief in charge of the United States military. He can make treaties with other countries, but these must be approved by two-thirds of the Senate. He appoints judges, ambassadors, and other officers, but the Senate also must approve these appointments. The President can also veto bills. However, Congress can override the veto and make the bill into a law anyway.
Judicial power 
Article Three says there will be a court system (the judicial branch), which includes the Supreme Court.  The Article says that Congress can decide which federal courts, besides the Supreme Court, are needed.

Article Three says what kinds of "cases and controversies" these courts can decide. It also requires trial by jury in all criminal cases, and defines the crime of treason.

States' powers and limits 
Article Four is about the states. It says that all states must give "full faith and credit" to the laws of the other states. It also says that state governments must treat citizens of other states as fairly as they treat their own citizens, and must send arrested people back if they have been charged with a crime in another state and fled.
Article Four also says that Congress can make new states. There were only 13 states in 1787. Now there are 50 United States. It says Congress can make rules for Federal property and can govern territories that have not yet been made into states. Article Four says the United States must make sure that each state has a republican form of government, and protect the states from invasion and violence.

Process of amendment 
Article Five gives two ways to amend, or change, the Constitution. 
Congress can write a change, if two-thirds of the members in each House agree. 
The state governments can call a convention to write changes, although this has NOT happened since 1787.
Any change that is written by Congress or by a convention must be sent to the state legislatures or to state conventions for their approval. Congress decides whether to send a change to the legislatures or to conventions. Three-fourths of the states must approve a change for it to become part of the Constitution.
An amendment can change any part of the Constitution, except one—no amendment can change the rule that each state has an equal number of Senators in the United States Senate.

Federal power 
Article Six says that the Constitution, and the laws and treaties of the United States, are higher than any other laws. It also says that all federal and state officers must swear to "support" the Constitution.

Ratification 
Article Seven says that the new government under the Constitution would not start until conventions in at least nine states approved the Constitution.

Amendments 
Since 1787, Congress has written 33 amendments to change the Constitution, but the states have ratified only 27 of them.

Bill of Rights 

The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights. They were argued over during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, but it wasn't until 1791 that they were ratified by two-thirds of the states. These ten additions or changes all limited the power of the federal government. They are:
Later Amendments 

After the Bill of Rights, there are 17 more changes to the Constitution that were made at different times.

Related pages

Related documents 
 Mayflower Compact
 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
 Massachusetts Body of Liberties
 English Bill of Rights
 Federalist Papers
 United States Bill of Rights

Related Authors 
 Alexander Hamilton
 Gouverneur Morris
 John Jay
 James Madison
 John Marshall
 Thomas Paine
References 
 
 Bailyn, Bernard, ed. The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification. Part One: September 1787 to February 1788 (The Library of America, 1993) 
 Bailyn, Bernard, ed. The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification. Part Two: January to August 1788 (The Library of America, 1993) 
 
 
 
  excerpt from (to be published) Constitutional Law for Enlightened Citizens.
 Finkelman, Paul "Affirmative Action for the Master Class: The Creation of the Proslavery Constitution," University of Akron Law Review 32 (No. 3, 1999): 423-70.
 Finkelman, Paul Slavery and the Founders: Race and Slavery in the Age of Jefferson (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996);
Finkelman, Paul "Slavery and the Constitution: Making a Covenant with Death," in Richard R. Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward C., Carter, II, eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987); 
 
 
 
 
 Marshall, Thurgood, "The Constitution: A Living Document," Howard Law Journal 1987: 623-28.
 
 
 
 
 Wiecek, William M., "The Witch at the Christening: Slavery and the Constitution's Origins," Leonard W. Levy and Dennis J. Mahoney, eds., The Framing and Ratification of the Constitution (New York: Macmillan, 1987), 178-84.
 Wiecek, William M., "'The Blessings of Liberty': Slavery in the American Constitutional Order," in Robert A. Goldman and Art Kaufman, eds., Slavery and Its Consequences: The Constitution, Equality, and Race (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1988), 23-34.
Other websites

National Archives 
 The National Archives Experience — Constitution of the United States
 The National Archives Experience — High Resolution Downloads of the Charters of Freedom
 Full text of U.S. Constitution
 Full text of The Bill of Rights
 Full text of the amendments

Official U.S. government sources 
 Analysis and Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States : Annotated constitution, with descriptions of important cases (official publication of U.S. Senate)
 United States Constitution and related resources: Library of Congress
 CIA World Fact Book
Non-government web sites 
 US Constitution in basic English
 US Law Dictionary 
 Audio version of US Constitution: free mp3 download
 The Constitution Society:  Research and public education on the principles of constitutional republican government
 Text of the constitution 
 Law about...the Constitution: An overview of constitutional law from the Legal Information Institute
 The U.S. Constitution Online: Full text of Constitution, with some history and annotation
 The U.S. Constitution Online: Record of ratifications by states
 National Constitution Center in Philadelphia: Museum and education center
 Education on the U.S. Constitution. ERIC Digest No. 39. : Study on the treatment of the Constitution in public education
 Free audiobook from librivox.org
 Annotated Constitution by the Congressional Research Service of the U.S. Library of Congress(hyperlinked version published by LII)
 Audio narration (mp3) of The United States Constitution  at Americana Phonic
Activist/advocacy web sites 
 SmallGovTimes.com: Site advocating small government and strict constitutional construction
 Thirty-Thousand.org: Site advocating an increase in the size of the House of Representatives. 
 Krusch, Barry (2003). Would The Real First Amendment Please Stand Up? Online book arguing that the Supreme Court's interpretation of the First Amendment has created a “virtual First Amendment" that is radically different from the true amendment.

References
Spacetime or  space–time is a mathematical model that joins space and time into a single idea called a continuum. This four-dimensional continuum is known as Minkowski space. 

Combining these two ideas helped cosmology to understand how the universe works on the big level (e.g. galaxies) and small level (e.g. atoms).

In non-relativistic classical mechanics, the use of Euclidean space instead of space–time is good, because time is treated as universal with a constant rate of passage which is independent of the state of motion of an observer. 

But in a relativistic universe, time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space. This is because the observed rate at which time passes depends on an object's velocity relative to the observer. Also, the strength of any gravitational field slows the passage of time for an object as seen by an observer outside the field.

Further aspects
Further aspects 
 

Wherever matter exists, it bends the geometry of spacetime. This results in a curved shape of space-time which can be understood as gravity. The white lines on the picture on the right represent the effect of mass on space-time.

In classical mechanics, the use of spacetime is optional, as time is independent of motion in the three dimensions of Euclidean space. However, when a body is moving at speeds close to the speed of light (relativistic speeds), time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space. Time, from the point of view of a stationary observer, depends on how close to the speed of light the object is moving.
Historical origin 
Many people link space-time with Albert Einstein, who proposed special relativity in 1905. However, it was Einstein's teacher, Hermann Minkowski, who suggested space-time, in a 1908 essay. 
His concept of Minkowski space is the earliest treatment of space and time as two aspects of a unified whole, which is the essence of special relativity. He hoped this new idea would clarify the theory of special relativity. 

Minkowski spacetime is only accurate at describing constant velocity. It was Einstein, though, who discovered the curvature of space-time (gravity) in general relativity. In general relativity, Einstein generalized Minkowski space-time to include the effects of acceleration. Einstein discovered that the curvature in his 4-dimensional space-time representation was actually the cause of gravity. 

The 1926 thirteenth edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica included an article by Einstein titled "space–time".
Literary background 
Edgar Allan Poe wrote an essay on cosmology titled Eureka (1848) which said that "space and duration are one".  This is the first known instance of suggesting space and time to be different perceptions of one thing.  Poe arrived at this conclusion after approximately 90 pages of reasoning but employed no mathematics.  

In 1895, H.G. Wells in his novel, The Time Machine, wrote, “There is no difference between Time and any of the three dimensions of Space except that our consciousness moves along it”. He added, “Scientific people…know very well that Time is only a kind of Space”.

Spacetime in quantum mechanics 
In general relativity, spacetime is thought of as smooth and continuous. However, in the theory of quantum mechanics, spacetime is not always continuous.

Related pages 

 Continuum (theory)
 Dimension
 Manifold

References
References

 Lorentz H.A; Einstein, Albert; Minkowksi, Hermann and Weyl, Hermann 1952. The principle of relativity: a collection of original memoirs. Dover.
Lucas, John Randolph 1973. A treatise on time and space. London: Methuen.

Relativity
Basic physics ideas
The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP; ; ) is a political party which was formed in 1998. It argues for socialism and Scottish independence.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1998 establishments in Scotland
Political parties in Scotland
Socialist organisations in the United Kingdom
Esztergom is a city in Hungary, 45 kilometers north of Budapest. 30 928 people live in Esztergom. It is the center of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary, and the Constitutional court is in the city. There are a lot of rich museums in the city.

Geography 
Esztergom is on the right side of the river Danube. There are big islands on the Danube. There are mountains to the east, that surround the city. The city is 100,35 km² big.

History
History 

The city was founded in 972 by Géza of Hungary. It is one of the oldest cities in Hungary. Until 1249 it was the capital of the country. The archbishops built many schools, churches, palaces, and the kings of Hungary built castles. In 1242 the city was attacked and destroyed by mongols, but the castle on the hill was not. After the attack king Béla IV. moved to Buda, and gave the city to the archbishop. In 1543 the city was taken by the Turks, who built many spas. The Hungarians tried to take back the city many times, so it was destroyed again in the wars. The Turks left Esztergom in 1683. In 1822 Alexander Rudnay, the archbishop started building a big temple called a basilica. It is the biggest temple and the tallest building in the country, and the third biggest temple in Europe.
Sister cities 
  Espoo (Finland) since 1974
  Štúrovo (Slovakia) since 1991
  Bamberg (Germany) since 1992
  Cambrai (France) since 1992
  Ehingen (Germany) since 1992
  Maintal (Germany) since 1993
  Gniezno (Poland) since 1994
  Mariazell (Austria) since 2002
  Canterbury (England) since 2004

Cities in Hungary
10th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Hungary
Public transport (public transportation in the United States) is the transport of passengers. Passengers don't need their own cars or other vehicles. Most public transport lets many people travel at the same time.

History
Ships have carried passengers since prehistoric times. Early public transport by land became important in some places in western Europe in the early 19th century. Around 1826 horsedrawn omnibuses operated in Nantes, France. Omnibuses were carts with seats for passengers to sit. About the same time, railroads began carrying passengers between towns in England. Ferries (public boats) also became bigger and more numerous then.
Types of public transport
The main vehicles for public transport are buses, trolleybuses, trams and trains. Trams were first used in the late 1860s and used to be pulled by horses. Now trams are electric and run on a line of cable. Buses drive on the road, like cars do. Trolleybuses are like buses, but they use electricity from two wires above the road. Trains run on a track and are very fast. Many places use trams and trains as a form of public transport.

Using public transport 
Many people who do not have cars use buses, trolleybuses, trams to go places near their house, and they use trains to go places far away. Long-distance transport is usually by airline or train or other public transport. Local transport is more often private.
When using public transport people may need a ticket or card to be able to get on. On trams they get a ticket that they put in a machine and it tells them when their ticket runs out. On buses and trolleybuses they buy their ticket from the driver and put it into a machine, and on trains they use a ticket to get onto their train. A timetable tells them when they come, since they can only go when and where the transport is going.

Public transport is also good for the environment. When many people use the same vehicle, fewer cars are on the road. Fewer cars make less pollution. Cost is low, because it is very cheap to catch public transport every day, which is why even people who own a car often use public transport.

Modern public transport 
Public transportation comes in many forms:

Road
Road 

 Share taxi including minibus and maxi-taxi
 Auto rickshaw
 Bus
 Bush taxi of West and Central Africa
 Trolleybus and electric bus
 Jitney or Songthaew
 Limousine
 Matatu, of East Africa
 Motor coach
 Paratransit
 Rickshaw
 Taxicab
 Transit bus
 Vanpool
 Vehicle for hire
 Velotaxi
 Combi of Peru

Rail 

 Automated guideway transit (AGT), also called Peoplemover
 Cable car on rails, used in mountains.
 Rack railway (or rack and pinion railway)
 Elevated railroad, such as the Chicago 'L'
 Light rail a tram-like system with no significant sections of the route shared with cars or pedestrians, such as the San Diego Trolley or the St. Louis Metrolink
 Magnetic levitation train (Maglev)
 Metro (also known as 'subway' or 'underground')
 Monorail
 Railway, including commuter train and high-speed rail
 Tram (tramway or streetcar)
 Cable car on rails, used in cities, a streetcar (tram) pulled by a cable

Water
 Ferry, including hydrofoil, catamaran and hovercraft
 Water taxi

Air
 Airliner
 Helicopter
Sloped or vertical
 Aerial tramway or the more basic Aerial lift are vehicles suspended from aerial cables
 Gondola lift
 Chairlift
 Conveyor transport (term includes escalators and horizontal or slightly inclined moving sidewalk - "Travolator")
 Escalator
 Elevator or lift
 Funicular, used in mountains, tram-like vehicle on rails pulled by a cable up and down a very steep slope.

Some of these types are often not for use by the general public, e.g. elevators in offices and apartment buildings, buses for personnel or school children, etc.

Emerging technologies
 Group rapid transit
 Dual mode transit
 Personal rapid transit
 Automated highway systems
 Bus rapid transit
 Maglev rapid transit

Stations

Stations are an important aspect of any public transportation system. Specific types include:
 Airport, Heliport
 Airport terminal
 Bus stop (including bus station, bus depot)
 Metro station
 Park and ride
 Ship terminal, ferry slip, pier or wharf
 Taxi stand
 Terminal station
 Railway station
 Tram stop