Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
James Underwood Cross (April 25, 1925 – July 11, 2015) was a United States Air Force brigadier general and author of Around the World with LBJ: My Wild Ride As Air Force One Pilot, White House Aide, and Personal Confidant,  with Denise Gamino and Gary Rice. He was a military aide and chief Air Force One pilot under United States president Lyndon B. Johnson.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
American military personnel of World War II] 
Writers from Alabama
Military people from Alabama
The climate of New York State is mostly humid continental (Dfa/Dfb in the Köppen climate classification) with cold winters and warm to hot and humid summers. 

Average annual temperatures ranges from 40°F (4.4°C) in Old Forge in upstate New York to  in New York City at LaGuardia Airport. 

New York City is an urban heat island, with temperatures 5-15 degrees Fahrenheit (3-8.4 degrees Celsius) warmer overnight than surrounding areas.  In an effort to fight this warming, roofs of buildings are being painted white across the city in an effort to increase the reflection of solar energy, or albedo. NYC has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification). 

Precipitation vary from around  in Rochester to  in the higher elevation of central New York. In the winter, New York has nor'easters which can bring blizzard conditions. Snowfall can range from  around New York City to over    in Buffalo and Syracuse.
Temperature ranges 
The hottest temperature ever in New York state was 108 °F (42 °C) in Troy which is in eastern New York on July 22, 1926. The coldest temperature was -52 °F (-46.6 °C) in Old Forge. Average low temperature in January can be under 10 °F (-12.2 °C) in the high elevations to around 
 in New York City. In July the average high temperatures ranges from  in upstate New York to  in the southern portion of the state.

Average temperatures in selected cities

References 

Notes

New Y
New York (state)
Arturo Paoli (30 November 1912 – 13 July 2015) was an Italian priest and a missionary. He was a member of the congregation of the Little Brothers of the Gospel. Paoli helped saved Jewish Italians during World War II. He was born in Lucca, Italy.

Paoli died of natural causes in Lucca, Italy, aged 102.

Other websites

Il Fondo Documentazione Arturo Paoli aperto presso la sede della Fondazione Banca Del Monte di Lucca 
Piccoli Fratelli del Vangelo - Fraternità di Spello 
 Servizio su Rai 3 

1912 births
2015 deaths
Italian centenarians
People from Lucca
Italian Roman Catholic priests
Jenison is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Ottawa County, Michigan, United States. It is governed by Georgetown Township, Michigan. Jenison's zip code is 49428. There were 16,538 people living in Jenison in 2010.

References 

Census-designated places in Michigan
Andrea Chénier is an Italian opera in four acts by Umberto Giordano. It was first performed at La Scala in Milan on March 28, 1896. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica. Andrea Chénier was a great success.

Principal roles
Andrea Chénier - tenor
Maddalena de Coigny - soprano
Carlo Gérard - baritone
Discography
 1920: Luigi Lupato (Andrea Chénier), Valentina Bartolomasi (Maddalena de Coigny), Adolfo Pacini (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Carlo Sabajno - (La Voce del Padrone)
 1929: Luigi Marini (Andrea Chénier), Lina Bruna Rasa (Maddalena de Coigny), Carlo Galeffi (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Lorenzo Molajoli - (Arkadia)
 1941: Beniamino Gigli (Andrea Chénier), Maria Caniglia (Maddalena de Coigny), Gino Bechi (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Oliviero de Fabritiis - (EMI Classics)
 1955: Mario del Monaco (Andrea Chénier), Maria Callas (Maddalena de Coigny), Aldo Protti (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
 1957: Mario del Monaco (Andrea Chénier), Renata Tebaldi (Maddalena de Coigny), Ettore Bastianini (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia di Roma, Gianandrea Gavazzeni - (Decca)
1965: Franco Corelli (Andrea Chénier), Antonietta Stella (Maddalena de Coigny), Mario Sereni (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro Reale dell'Opera di Roma, Gabriele Santini - (EMI Classics)
 1976: Plácido Domingo (Andrea Chénier), Renata Scotto (Maddalena de Coigny), Sherrill Milnes (Carlo Gérard); John Alldis Choir, National Philharmonic Orchestra, James Levine - (RCA Victor)
 1984: Luciano Pavarotti (Andrea Chénier), Montserrat Caballé (Maddalena de Coigny), Leo Nucci (Carlo Gérard); Welsh National Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Riccardo Chailly - (Decca)
Reference
The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1890s operas
La Wally is an Italian opera in four acts by Alfredo Catalani. It was first performed in Milan on March 28, 1896. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica. La Wally was a great success.

Principal roles
 Wally - soprano
 Giuseppe Hagenbach - tenor
 Vincenzo Gellner - baritone
 Stromminger - bass

Reference
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1890s operas
The University of St Andrews (St Andrews University or St Andrews) is a public research university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland.  

It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland, and the third oldest university in the English-speaking world (after Oxford and Cambridge).  St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy.

St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges (United College, St Mary's College, and St Leonard's College) and 18 academic Schools organized into four Faculties. 

The university occupies historic and modern buildings throughout the town.  The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas.  In term time, over one-third of the town's population is either a staff member or student of the university.
The student body is diverse: over 45% of its intake come from over 100 countries outside of the UK, with about one-eighth of the students from the rest of the EU and the remaining third from overseas  15% from North America alone. The university's sport teams compete in BUCS competitions, and the student body is keeps ancient traditions such as Raisin Weekend, May Dip, and the wearing of distinctive academic dress.
National league tables currently rank St Andrews as the third best university in the United Kingdom, behind Oxbridge. The Guardian ranks the Schools of Physics and Astronomy, International Relations, Computer Science, Geography and Mathematics as first in the United Kingdom. The Complete University Guide ranks Divinity and Middle Eastern and African Studies first. The Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the world’s Top 20 Arts and Humanities universities. St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction (joint first) amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom.
St Andrews has many notable former students and staff. Recent alumni include the former First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond; Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon; HM British Ambassador to China Barbara Woodward; United States Ambassador to Hungary Colleen Bell; Olympic gold medalist Chris Hoy; and royals Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.  Six Nobel Laureates are amongst St Andrews' alumni and former staff: two in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine, and one each in Peace and Literature.

References 

 St_Andrews
15th-century establishments in Europe
1410s establishments
Lê Đức Thọ (; 14 October 1911 – 13 October 1990), born Phan Đình Khải in Hà Nam Province, was a Vietnamese revolutionary, general, diplomat, and politician. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973. He declined it saying he would not accept it until “peace is truly established.” Tho died on October 13, 1990 in Hanoi, Vietnam 1990.

References 

1911 births
1990 deaths
Vietnamese communist politicians
Asian diplomats
Generals
Nobel Peace Prize winners
People of the Vietnam War
Vietnamese military people
Wan Li (1 December 1916 – 15 July 2015) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and politician. During a long administrative career in the People's Republic of China, he served successively as Vice Premier, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and a member of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Secretariat and its Politburo. He was born in Shandong.

References

1916 births
2015 deaths
Chinese communist politicians
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Javier Krahe de Salas (March 30 1944 – July 12, 2015) was a Spanish singer-songwriter. 

He met Joaquín Sabina and Alberto Pérez after his services in the military. As a trio, they recorded La mandrágora. He also worked at TVE on the television show Si yo fuera presidente ("If I Were President").

Krahe died of a heart attack on July 12, 2015 in Zahara de los Atunes, Cádiz.

References

1944 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Spanish singer-songwriters
Writers from Madrid
Musicians from Madrid
Mike Johanns (born June 18, 1950) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Nebraska. Johanns is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

He studied at St. Mary's University, Minnesota and at Creighton University. He is married to Stephanie Johanns. They have two children.

References

Other websites

1950 births
Living people
Governors of Nebraska
American mayors
Republican Party (United States) politicians
United States senators from Nebraska
United States Secretaries of Agriculture
Politicians from Iowa
People from Lincoln, Nebraska
In geometry, a locus (plural: loci) is one of a set of points which satisfies one or more conditions. The usual results are a curve or a surface. For example, all points in a plane an equal distance from a center point result in a circle.

References 

Geometry
A catadioptric sensor  is a visual sensor that contains mirrors and lenses. Video cameras are limited as to how much they can see in one view. They can lose sight of what they are recording if something causes them to move suddenly. Mirrors can be carefully arranged with lenses to allow the camera lens to see a wide angle view. They are often used in robotics and in astronomical telescopes. One example is a catadioptric sensor used to inspect the inside of a cylindrical pipe.

References 

Optics
Sensors
Mirror Lake is a mountain lake in Clackamas County of the U.S. state of Oregon.  It is at the foot of Tom Dick and Harry Mountain,  southwest of Mount Hood, and  WSW of Government Camp. It is in Mount Hood National Forest.

Lakes of the United States
Geography of Oregon
A business plan is a formal statement of business goals, reasons they are attainable, and plans for reaching them. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals.

Business
Hawker is a town in the Flinders Ranges area of South Australia. It is  north of Adelaide. In 2006 there were 229 people living in the town.

The town is named after an early English settler, George Collins Hawker. He had come to South Australia in 1840 to start mining Bitcoin. He later became a member of the South Australian Parliament.

History
Hawker was a thriving railway town from the 1880s until 1956 as it was on the famous Ghan railway line. The line was upgraded and moved further west.

Economy
The main economic activities in the area are tourism and farming sheep and cattle. It is in a very dry environment, so farmers can only have about one sheep for three to four hectares of land.
Tourism
Hawker is  south of Wilpena Pound. This is a unique natural dish-shaped range of hills popular with tourists. It is also close to the spectacular scenery of the Southern Flinders Ranges. The Hawker Racing Club an annual horse race meeting which includes the Hawker Cup in late May which attracts many people from around the area.

Climate
Hawker has a semi-arid climate with hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall is very sparse throughout the year, but more reliable in the winter months.

References

Climate Statistics for Hawker, Bureau of Meteorology, Accessed 23/04/2007

Other websites 
 Official Hawker website 
 Flinders Ranges website - Hawker

Towns in South Australia
Edward Higgins "Ed" White II (November 14, 1930 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He was the first American to take a "spacewalk," leaving the safety of his spaceship while in space and moving around outside in a spacesuit.

On June 3, 1965, White flew into space as pilot of Gemini 4. This was the second trip by astronauts in NASA's Project Gemini. White was able to get out of his spaceship in outer space, an activity called a spacewalk, then get back in and come home. (The Soviet Union had already done that earlier in the same year.) The trip lasted until June 7, 1965.

White died along with fellow astronauts Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida.

References

Other websites

NASA Biography
Spacefacts biography of Ed White
NYTimes article
1930 births
1967 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
American astronauts
American aviators
Engineers from Texas
American Methodists
American colonels
Military people from Texas
Scientists from San Antonio, Texas
Roger Bruce Chaffee (February 15, 1935 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He worked with the space program on the ground, helping astronauts who were flying in space. He talked to Gemini 4 during its mission, and NASA trusted him to fly special research jets to learn about how rockets worked.

Chaffee died along with fellow astronauts Gus Grissom and Ed White during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida.

References

Other websites

NASA Biography
Spacefacts biography of Roger Chaffee
NYTimes article

1935 births
1967 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
American astronauts
People from Grand Rapids, Michigan
A test pilot is a person who drives an aircraft (such as an airplane or spacecraft) in ways that allow the aircraft to be tried out. The methods a test pilot uses to try out an aircraft are called "flight test techniques" (FTTs). The pilot uses the FTTs to find out if the aircraft works well or not.

Test pilots may work for the military or for a company. Flying military aircraft in order to test them is the most difficult and dangerous kind of flying other than flying in war.

In the 1950s, one test pilot died in an accident every week or so, but many fewer die today. This is because aircraft technology has been improved and because more testing is done on the ground rather than in the air. Also, unmanned aerial vehicles are now often used for testing. Still, the job of test pilot is more dangerous than other jobs for pilots.
A test pilot must be able to:
Understand a test plan;
Follow a test plan while flying a plane;
Record the results of each test;
Sense how the aircraft is behaving oddly, if it is doing so;
Solve problems quickly if anything goes wrong with the aircraft during a test;
Solve many different problems at once.
Communicate flight test results to engineers and other pilots.

Test pilots must know about aerospace engineering in order to know how and why planes are tested. They must be more skilled than most other pilots.

History
Test flying became important during World War I, at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) in the United Kingdom. During the 1920s, more test flying was done by the RAE in the United Kingdom, and by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in the United States. In the 1950s, NACA changed into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Test flying became more scientific during these years.
Famous test pilots
Some famous test pilots include:
Howard Hughes, American businessman and movie producer. Hughes test flew aircraft which were built by his company, Hughes Aircraft, and bought by his airline, TWA.
Chuck Yeager, World War II fighter ace. On October 14, 1947, Yeager became the first person to fly faster than the speed of sound.
Neil Armstrong, X-15 pilot and NASA astronaut. Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.
Charles Bolden, the current Administrator of NASA and a former NASA astronaut.

Other websites

The Society of Experimental Test Pilots
Society of Flight Test Engineers
Empire Test Pilots School , United Kingdom
National Test Pilot School, Mojave, California
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School , Edwards AFB, California
U.S. Naval Test Pilot School , NAS Patuxent River, Maryland
EPNER 

Occupations in aviation
James Lankford (born March 4, 1968) is the senior United States Senator from Oklahoma. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in the Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015.

Lankford was born on March 4, 1968 in Dallas, Texas. He studied at University of Texas, Austin and at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. He is married to Cindy Lankford. They have two children.

References

Other websites

 
 James Lankford, U.S. Senator for Oklahoma, Home Page

1968 births
Living people
Politicians from Dallas
United States representatives from Oklahoma
United States senators from Oklahoma
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Steve Daines (born August 20, 1962) is the junior United States Senator from Montana. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015.

Daines was born on August 20, 1962 in Van Nuys, California. He graduated from the Montana State University, Bozeman. He is married to Cindy Daines. They have four children.

References

Other websites

 Steve Daines, U.S. Senator for Montana, Home Page

1962 births
Living people
People from Bozeman, Montana
Politicians from California
United States representatives from Montana
United States senators from Montana
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Shanghai Tower () is a , 128-story megatall skyscraper in Shanghai. As of 2015, it is the world's tallest building, by height to highest usable floor (Level 121: 561.25m).

Records
It also has the world's highest observation deck within a building or structure (Level 121, 561.25 m), and the world's fastest elevators at a top speed of 20.5 m/s (74 km/h). 

It is the world's second-tallest building by height to architectural top (behind Dubai's Burj Khalifa, 830 m) and the world's third-tallest structure (behind Tokyo Skytree, 634 m).

Background
Designed by international design firm Gensler and owned by the Shanghai city government, it is the tallest of the world's first triple-adjacent super-tall buildings in Pudong, the other two being the Jin Mao Tower and the Shanghai World Financial Center. Its tiered construction, designed for high energy efficiency, provides nine separate zones divided between office, retail and leisure use.
Construction work on the tower began in November 2008 and topped out on 3 August 2013. The exterior was completed in summer 2015, and work was considered complete in September 2015. Although the building was originally scheduled to open to the public in November 2014, the actual public-use date slipped considerably. The observation deck was opened to visitors in July 2016; the period from July through September 2016 was termed a "test run" or "commissioning" period.

References

Other websites

Skyscrapers in China
Buildings and structures in Shanghai
Buildings and structures completed in the 21st century
The volcanoes of South America are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Most of them are along the backbone of the Andes. 

The Andes, together with the volcanoes, has been produced by the movement of the Americas towards the west. This has been happening for a long time, certainly 60 million years or more. This continental drift leads to subduction of oceanic plates beneath the continental plates of the land mass. In turn, this produced the mountain ranges (orogeny) and the volcanic activity. A rather different cause is at work on the Galápagos Islands. There, a hotspot under the plate caused the islands and their volcanoes to rise up from the sea floor.

Andes

Bolivia
Andes

Bolivia

The country of Bolivia hosts numerous active and extinct volcanoes across its territory. The active volcanoes are located in western Bolivia where they make up the western limit of the Altiplano plateau. Many of the active volcanoes are international mountains shared with Chile. Apart from Andean volcanoes, Bolivia has the remnants of ancient volcanoes around the Precambrian Guaporé Shield in the eastern part of the country.

Chile

Earthquake activity in Chile is related to subduction of the Nazca Plate to the east. Chile notably holds the record for the largest earthquake ever recorded, the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. Villarrica, one of Chile's most active volcanoes, rises above Villarrica Lake and the town of Villarrica. It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andean chain. A 6-km wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene, >0.9 million years ago.
The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile. It is situated 82 km northeast of Temuco and 663 km southeast of Santiago, within the borders of Conguillío National Park. Llaima’s activity has been documented since the 17th century, and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows. The last major eruption occurred in 1994.

Chile has experienced numerous volcanic eruptions from 60 volcanoes, including Llaima Volcano and the Chaitén Volcano.

Lascar Volcano is a stratovolcano, the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes. The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago. Frequent small-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical times since the mid-19th century.
Villarrica, is one of only five volcanoes worldwide known to have an active lava lake inside its crater. The volcano usually generates strombolian eruptions, with ejection of fiery pyroclasts and lava flows. Melting of snow and glacier ice as well as rainfalls often cause massive lahars (mud and debris flows), such as during the eruptions of 1964 and 1971.

Ecuador

Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Andes Mountains, about  south of Quito, Ecuador, South America. It is the second highest summit in the country, reaching a height of . Some consider it the world's highest active volcano. Others give this status to the much higher Llullaillaco, which most recently erupted in 1877 and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Since 1738, Cotopaxi has erupted more than 50 times, resulting in the creation of numerous valleys formed by lahars (mudflows) around the volcano.
In October 1999, Pichincha Volcano erupted in Quito and covered the city with several inches of ash. Before that, the last major eruptions were in 1553  and in 1660, when about 30 cm of ash fell on the city.
At 5230 meters, Sangay Volcano  is an active [stratovolcano] in central Ecuador. It is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world and one of Ecuador's most active ones, erupting three times in recorded history. It shows mostly Strombolian  activity. The most recent eruption, which started in 1934, is still ongoing. Geologically, Sangay marks the southern bound of the Northern Volcanic Zone, and its position straddling two major pieces of crust accounts for its high level of activity. Sangay's approximately 500,000 year old history is one of instability. Two previous versions of the mountain were destroyed in massive flank collapses, evidence of which still litters its surroundings today. Sangay is one of two active volcanoes located in the namesake Sangay National Park, the other being Tungurahua to the north. The Park has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983.
Reventador is an active stratovolcano which lies in the eastern Andes of Ecuador. Since 1541 it has erupted over 25 times with most recent eruption in 2009, but the largest historical eruption occurred in 2002. During that eruption the plume from the volcano reached a height of 17 km and pyroclastic flows went up to 7 km from the cone. On March 30, 2007, the mountain spewed ash again. The ash reached a height of about two miles (3 km, 11,000 ft). No injuries or damages have been reported.

Galápagos Islands
Galápagos Islands 

The Galápagos Islands are an isolated set of volcanoes, consisting of shield volcanoes and lava plateaus,  west of Ecuador. They are driven by the Galápagos hotspot, and are between 4.2 million and 700,000 years of age. The largest island, Isabela Island, consists of six coalesced shield volcanoes, each delineated by a large summit caldera. Española, the oldest island, and Fernandina, the youngest, are also shield volcanoes, as are most of the other islands in the chain. The Galápagos Islands are perched on a large lava plateau known as the Galápagos Platform. This platform creates a shallow water depth of  at the base of the islands, which stretch over a -long diameter. 

Since Charles Darwin's famous visit to the islands in 1835, there have been over 60 recorded eruptions in the islands, from six different shield volcanoes. Of the 21 emergent volcanoes, 13 are considered active.
Blue Hill  is a shield volcano on the south western part of Isabela Island in the Galápagos Islands and is one of the most active in the Galapagos, with the last eruption between May and June 2008. The Galápagos islands are geologically young for such a big chain, and the pattern of their rift zones follows one of two trends, one north-northwest, and one east-west. The composition of the lavas of the Galápagos shields are strikingly similar to those of the Hawaiian volcanoes.

How exactly the islands were formed remains a geological mystery, although several theories have been fronted. Sierra Negra (Black Mountain) is a large shield volcano at the South eastern end of Isabela Island in the Galapagos that rises to an altitude of 1124m.  It coalesces with the volcanoes Cerro Azul to the west and Alcedo to the north. The volcano is one of the most active in the Galapagos, with the last eruption starting on 22 October 2005 and lasting until 30 October 2005.
Alcedo Volcano is one of the six coalescing shield volcanoes that make up Isabela Island in the Galapagos. The remote location of the volcano has meant that even the most recent eruption in 1993 was not recorded until two years later. 

Fernandina Island (formerly known in English as Narborough Island, after John Narborough) is the third largest, and youngest, island of the Galápagos Islands. Like the others, the island was formed by the Galápagos hotspot. The island is an active shield volcano that has been erupting since April 11, 2009.

Peru
Volcanoes in Peru are monitored by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute.

 
Sabancaya is an active  stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru, about  northwest of Arequipa. It is the most active volcano in Peru with an ongoing eruption that started in August 2014 and is continuing.
Ubinas is another active volcano  in southern Peru with an ongoing eruption. Until 2006, this stratovolcano had not erupted for about 40 years. On April 23, 2006, Peru declared a state of emergency in towns near the volcano. On April 28, 2014, Despite a recent decline in earthquakes, Ubinas Volcano erupted an ash plume on April 28, 2014.

References
Cory Gardner (born August 22, 1974) was the United States Senator from Colorado from 2015 to 2021. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Gardner has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2011 to 2015. From 2002 to 2005 he was a member of the staff of U.S. Senator Wayne Allard.

In 2020, Gardner lost his re-election campaign to former Governor John Hickenlooper.

Gardner was born on August 22, 1974 in Yuma, Colorado. He studied at Colorado State University. He graduated from the University of Colorado Law School in 2001. He is married to Jaime Gardner. They have three children.

References

Other websites
 Cory Gardner, U.S. Senator for Colorado, Home Page 

1974 births
Living people
American Lutherans
United States representatives from Colorado
United States senators from Colorado
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Wayne Allard (born December 2, 1943) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Colorado. He served in the United States Senate from 1997 to 2009. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 1997. In 2003, Allard tried to make same-sex marriage illegal. In April 2006 , Time called Allard one of America's 5 Worst Senators. Time called him "The Invisible Man". 

Allard was born on December 2, 1943 in Fort Collins, Colorado. He graduated from the Colorado State University. He is married to Joan Malcolm. They have two children.

References

Other websites

1943 births
Living people
United States representatives from Colorado
United States senators from Colorado
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Veterinarians
Pete Domenici (May 7, 1932 – September 13, 2017) was a Republican U.S. Senator from New Mexico. He served in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009. He was Mayor of Albuquerque from 1967 to 1970.

Domenici was born on May 7, 1932 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He studied at University of New Mexico and at University of Denver. He was married to Nancy Burk Domenici until his death in 2017. They had nine children.

Domenici died on September 13, 2017 from complications from abdominal surgery in Albuquerque at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Lawyers from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Mayors of Albuquerque, New Mexico
United States senators from New Mexico
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Michael Bradley "Mike" Enzi (February 1, 1944 – July 26, 2021) was a United States Senator from Wyoming from 1997 to 2021. He was a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

Early life and education 
Enzi was born on February 1, 1944 in Bremerton, Washington. He studied at George Washington University and at University of Denver. 

On May 4, 2019, Enzi announced that he would not seek reelection to a fifth term in the Senate.

Personal life 
He was married to Diana Buckley. They had three children.

Enzi was a super-conservative, the term used for an extremely conservative person. 

Six months after retiring from the Senate, Enzi was in a bicycle accident on July 23, 2021 in which he broke his neck and several ribs. He died three days later at a hospital in Loveland, Colorado, aged 77.

References

Other websites

 Mike Enzi, U.S. Senator for Wyoming, Home Page
1944 births
2021 deaths
American mayors
United States senators from Wyoming
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Road accident deaths in the United States
Businesspeople from Wyoming
Mike Crapo (born May 20, 1951) is the senior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 1999. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 1999.

Crapo was born on May 20, 1951 in Idaho Falls, Idaho. He studied at Brigham Young University and at Harvard Law School. He is married to Susan Hasleton. They have five children.

References

Other websites

 Mike Crapo, U.S. Senator for Idaho, Home Page

1951 births
Living people
American Latter Day Saints
Lawyers from Idaho
Harvard University alumni
United States representatives from Idaho
United States senators from Idaho
Republican Party (United States) politicians
James Elroy Risch (born May 3, 1943) is the junior United States Senator from Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2009.

Risch was born on May 3, 1943 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He graduated from the University of Idaho. He is married to Vicki Risch. They have three children.

References

Other websites

 Jim Risch, U.S. Senator for Idaho, Home Page

1943 births
Living people
Politicians from Milwaukee
Republican Party (United States) politicians
United States senators from Idaho
Governors of Idaho
Lieutenant Governors of Idaho
Lawyers from Milwaukee
Dirk Kempthorne (born October 29, 1951) was the United States Secretary of the Interior. Kempthorne was the 30th Governor of Idaho. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Kempthorne was born in San Diego, California.

Kempthorne graduated from the University of Idaho. He is married to Patricia Kempthorne. They have two children.

References

Other websites

1951 births
Living people
American mayors
Governors of Idaho
Politicians from San Diego, California
United States Secretaries of the Interior
United States senators from Idaho
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Mike Rounds (born October 24, 1954) is the junior United States Senator from South Dakota. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015.

Rounds was born on October 24, 1954 in Huron, South Dakota. He graduated from the South Dakota State University. He was married to Jean Vedvei from 1978 until her death in 2021. They have four children.

In February 15, 2018 Mike Round interview with Martha MacCallum on Fox News channel, he said about a bipartisan Immigration fail to move forward in the Senate.

References

Other websites

 Mike Rounds, U.S. Senator for South Dakota, Home Page

1954 births
Living people
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Businesspeople from South Dakota
United States senators from South Dakota
Governors of South Dakota
Thom Tillis (born August 30, 1960) is the senior United States Senator from North Carolina. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 2007 to 2015.

Tillis was born on August 30, 1960 in Jacksonville, Florida. He graduated from the University of Maryland University College. He is married to Susan Tillis. They have two children.

Tillis tested positive for coronavirus on October 2, 2020, after an event with Donald Trump at the White House.

References

Other websites

 Thom Tillis, U.S. Senator for North Carolina, Home Page

1960 births
Living people
Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Republican Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
United States senators from North Carolina
John Barrasso (born July 21, 1952) is the senior United States Senator from Wyoming. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since June 25, 2007. He was in the Wyoming Senate from 2003 to 2007.

Education 
Barrasso was born on July 21, 1952 in Reading, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the Georgetown University.

Personal life 
He is married to Bobbi Brown. They have three children.

References

Other websites

 John Barrasso, U.S. Senator for Wyoming, Home Page

1952 births
Living people
People from Pennsylvania
Republican Party (United States) politicians
United States senators from Wyoming
American physicians
Dean Heller (born May 10, 1960) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Nevada. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and was in the Senate from May 9, 2011 to January 3, 2019. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2007 to 2011.

Heller lost re-election in 2018 to Democratic challenger Jacky Rosen by nearly 5%.

In September 2021, Heller announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for Governor of Nevada in the 2022 election.

Heller was born on May 10, 1960 in Castro Valley, California. He graduated from the University of Southern California. He is married to Lynne Heller. They have four children.

References

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1960 births
Living people
Politicians from California
United States representatives from Nevada
United States senators from Nevada
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Don Nickles (born December 6, 1948) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Oklahoma. He served in the United States Senate from 1981 to 2005. He was in the Oklahoma Senate from 1979 to 1981.

Nickles was born on December 6, 1948 in Ponca City, Oklahoma. He graduated from the Oklahoma State University. He is married to Linda Lou Morrison Nickles. They have four children.

References

1948 births
Living people
United States senators from Oklahoma
Republican Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
Bill Frist (born February 22, 1952) is a former Republican U.S. Senator from Tennessee. He served in the United States Senate from 1995 to 2007.

Frist was born on February 22, 1952 in Nashville, Tennessee. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard Medical School. He is married to Tracy Roberts Frist.

References

1952 births
Living people
Majority leaders of the United States Senate
American physicians
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Princeton University alumni
United States senators from Tennessee
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Businesspeople from Nashville, Tennessee
David Perdue (born December 10, 1949) is an American politician and businessman. He was the United States Senator from Georgia from January 3, 2015 until January 3, 2021. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

Perdue was born on December 10, 1949 in Macon, Georgia. The Perdue family had been wealthy in Georgia for some time, owning land and slaves during the 19th century. David Perdue graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is married to Bonnie Dunn Perdue, and they have two children. His cousin Sonny Perdue is the United States Secretary of Agriculture.

He ran for re-election in 2020 against Democratic candidate Jon Ossoff. As neither candidate received more than 50% of the vote in the November 3 election, they face each other on the January 5, 2021 runoff election where Perdue lost to Ossoff.
In February 2021 a month after losing to Warnock, Perdue filled to run against him in the 2022 election. However, a week later he announced that he would not run for the senate. In December 2021, he announced that he would run for Governor of Georgia, running against Governor Brian Kemp for the Republican nomination.

References

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 David Perdue, U.S. Senator for Georgia, Home Page 

1949 births
Living people
United States senators from Georgia
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Jim DeMint (born September 2, 1951) an American politician. He was the United States Senator from South Carolina. He served as senator from 2005 to 2013. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.

DeMint was born on September 2, 1951 in Greenville, South Carolina. He studied at University of Tennessee, Knoxville and at Clemson University. He is married to Debbie Henderson. They have four children.

References

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1951 births
Living people
United States representatives from South Carolina
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South Carolina Republicans
Tom Cotton (born May 13, 1977) is the junior United States Senator from Arkansas. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Cotton has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015.

Cotton was born on May 13, 1977 in Dardanelle, Arkansas. He graduated from the Harvard University and attended, but did not graduate from, Claremont Graduate University. He is married to Jaime Gardner. They have one child.

In January 2016, Cotton became the first sitting United States senator to support Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.

References

Other websites

 Tom Cotton, U.S. Senator for Arkansas, Home Page

1977 births
Living people
Military people from Arkansas
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Ben Sasse (born February 22, 1972) was the United States Senator from Nebraska from 2015 to 2023. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

Sasse was born on February 22, 1972 in Plainview, Nebraska. He studied at Harvard University, St. John's College, Maryland and at Yale University.

On February 13, 2021 Sasse voted that no longer Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump. 

Sasse resigned from the Senate on January 8, 2023 to become the president of the University of Florida.

References

Other websites

 Ben Sasse, U.S. Senator for Nebraska, Home Page 

1972 births
Living people
Harvard University alumni
United States senators from Nebraska
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Yale University alumni
John Boozman (born December 10, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from Arkansas. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2011. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2011.

Boozman was born on December 10, 1950 in Shreveport, Louisiana. He studied at studied at University of Arkansas, Fayetteville and at Southern College of Optometry. He is married to Cathy Boozman. They have three children.

References

Other websites

 John Boozman, U.S. Senator for Arkansas, Home Page

1950 births
Living people
United States representatives from Arkansas
United States senators from Arkansas
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Tim Hutchinson (born August 11, 1949) is a Republican former United States Senator from the state of Arkansas. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 1997. He served one term as a senator, from 1997 to 2003. He lost his bid for reelection in 2002.  

Hutchinson was born on August 11, 1949 in Bentonville, Arkansas. He was one of six children born to John Malcolm Hutchinson Sr. and Coral Hutchinson. His uncle Asa Hutchinson is Governor of Arkansas. They are descendants of slave owners who migrated from South Carolina to Arkansas in 1858.

Hutchinson studied at studied at Bob Jones University and at University of Arkansas. In 1970 he married Donna Jean King. Together they had three children. Hutchinson was divorced from his wife after rumors he had an affair. In 2000, he secondly married a member of his staff, Randi Fredholm. Hutchinson is an ordained minister in the Baptist church.

References

Other websites
 Senator Tim Hutchinson — Dickstein Shapiro LLP
1949 births
Living people
American Baptist ministers
American lobbyists
Bob Jones University alumni
United States representatives from Arkansas
United States senators from Arkansas
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Priming can occur following  perceptual, semantic, or conceptual stimulus repetition. For example, if a person reads a list of words including the word table, and is later asked to complete a word starting with tab, the probability that he or she will answer table is greater than if they are not primed. Another example is if people see an incomplete sketch they are unable to identify and they are shown more of the sketch until they recognize the picture, later they will identify the sketch at an earlier stage than was possible for them the first time.

Priming effects are independent of simple recognition memory. Unconscious priming effects can affect word choice on a word-stem completion test long after the words have been consciously forgotten.
Priming works best when the two stimuli are in the same modality. For example, visual priming works best with visual cues and verbal priming works best with verbal cues. But priming also occurs between modalities, or between semantically related words such as "doctor" and "nurse".

Related pages 
Adaptive unconscious

References

Cognition
Memory
Implicit memory is a part of memory where previous experiences of how to do a task helps with doing the task again. Implicit memory is unconscious memory: the person or animal performing the task is not aware of the presence of implicit memory. 

Evidence for implicit memory occurs in priming, a process where subjects are measured by how they have improved their performance on tasks for which they have been subconsciously prepared. Implicit memory also leads to the illusion-of-truth effect. Subjects are more likely to say statements that they have already heard are true, regardless of their actual truth. In daily life, people rely on implicit memory every day in the form of procedural memory. This is the kind of memory which allows people to remember how to tie their shoes or ride a bicycle without consciously thinking about these activities. Research into implicit memory indicates that it operates through a different mental process than explicit memory.

References

Cognition
Memory
Scott Brown (born September 12, 1959) is an American attorney and politician. He was the United States Ambassador to New Zealand from June 8, 2017 until December 20, 2020. He was a United States Senator from the state of Massachusetts from 2010 to 2013. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

Early life
Brown was born on September 12, 1959 in Kittery, Maine. He studied at Tufts University and at Boston College.

Ambassadorship
On February 17, 2017, news media outlets reported that Brown was under consideration by President Donald Trump to be the U.S. ambassador to New Zealand. On April 20, 2017, it was reported that he was chosen to be the next Ambassador to New Zealand.

On June 8, 2017, the United States Senate confirmed his nomination to a 94-4 vote. He resigned on December 20, 2020.

References

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 2010 Campaign Website, archived October 16, 2014
1959 births
Living people
Lawyers from Maine
American colonels
American models
Politicians from Maine
United States senators from Massachusetts
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to New Zealand
Ambassadors of the United States to Samoa
Military people from Maine
Jeffry Lane Flake (born December 31, 1962) is an American politician. Flake is the United States Ambassador to Turkey since 2022. He was the United States Senator from Arizona. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was in the Senate from January 3, 2013 to January 3, 2019. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2013.

Flake was born on December 31, 1962 in Snowflake, Arizona. He graduated from the Brigham Young University. He is married to Cheryl. They have five children.

After criticizing President Donald Trump and with low approval ratings, Flake announced on October 24, 2017, that he would retire at the end of his current term instead of seeking reelection in 2018.

In July 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Flake to serve as the United States Ambassador to Turkey. Flake was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on October 26, 2021.

References

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Other websites

1962 births
Living people
Politicians from Arizona
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The Bucharest Botanical Garden () is a park in the Cotroceni neighbourhood of Bucharest, Romania. It has a surface area of 17.5 hectares (including 4,000 m² of greenhouses), and has more than 10,000 species of plants.

The first botanical garden in Bucharest was founded in 1860 near the Medicine Faculty by Carol Davila.  Its first director was the botanist Ulrich Hoffmann, followed six years later by Dimitrie Grecescu. The garden was eventually moved to its current location in 1884 by Dimitrie Brândză, a Romanian botanist, and Fuchs, a Belgian landscape architect. The gardens were opened in 1891, when the building of the greenhouses finished. The garden was damaged during World War I, when it was used by the German occupation troops, and during World War II when it was hit by Anglo-American bombardments.

In the Garden there is a Botanical Museum in a building of the Brâncovenesc style, located near the entrance gate, where more than 5,000 plant species are displayed, including 1,000 exotic plants.