Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
IndyCar

May 29 – 95th Indianapolis 500 - Dan Wheldon

World Rally Championship

World Touring Car Championship

Multi-sport events
2011 Winter Universiade
2011 Summer Universiade
2011 All-Africa Games
2011 Pan American Games
2011 Asian Winter Games
2011 South Asian Winter Games
2011 Pacific Games
2011 South East Asian Games
2011 Military World Games
2011 Commonwealth Youth Games
2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games
2011 Island Games
2011 ALBA Games
2011 European Youth Winter Olympic Festival
2011 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival

Netball
 3–10 July: 2011 Netball World Championships in Singapore
2011
April
15th – 20th	National Netball Championships 17/U & 19/U

June
9th	Diamonds v Silver Ferns, Palmerston North

12th	Diamonds v Silver Ferns, Auckland

July
3rd – 10th	World Netball Championships 2011

12th – 17th	National Netball Championships 21/U

30th Jul – 18th Sep	Australian Netball League 2011

September
8th – 11th	NetFest 2011 – Netball on the Gold Coast
October
9th	Diamonds v England, Newcastle

12th	Diamonds v England, Canberra

16th	Diamonds v England, Sydney

23rd	Diamonds v Silver Ferns, Perth

26th	Diamonds v Silver Ferns, Adelaide

30th	Diamonds v Silver Ferns, Melbourne

Nordic Skiing
 February 22 - March 6 – FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 in Oslo
 March 29 - April 11 – 2011 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships in Khanty-Mansiysk

Rink Hockey
2011 Rink Hockey Asian Championship
2011 Ladies Rink Hockey European Championship
2011 Rink Hockey World Championship San Juan, Argentina
2011 Rink Hockey World Championship U-20, probably in Portugal
2011 Ladies Rink Hockey European Championship
Road bicycle racing
May 7 - May 29: 2011 Giro d'Italia
Alberto Contador sealed overall victory in the Giro d'Italia for the second time in his career.
July 2 - July 24: 2011 Tour de France
Australian Cadel Evans won the race, having gained the lead in a time-trial on the penultimate day.  He became the first Australian to win the race, and at 34, the oldest post-war winner.
August 20 - September 11: 2011 Vuelta a España
Spanish Juan José Cobo claimed his first major title. British Chris Froome and Bradley Wiggins on the podium.
September 19 - September 25: 2011 UCI Road World Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark
British Mark Cavendish became the first British male since Tom Simpson to win the road race title

Rowing
 August 28 to September 4 – 2011 World Rowing Championships will be held at Lake Bled, Bled, Slovenia.
Rugby league
 13 February; NRL All Stars Game
 23 February; World Club Challenge
 May; City vs Country Origin
 May; Australia vs New Zealand ANZAC Test
 25 May–6 July: State of Origin
  Queensland defeat  New South Wales 2–1 for their sixth consecutive series win.
 10 June: International Origin Match at Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds
 In the first of what is planned to be an annual affair, the Exiles, a team consisting of non-English Super League players, defeated  16–12.
 August; Challenge Cup final
 11 March to 2 October; National Rugby League season
 12 February to 2 October; 2011 Super League season
 November; Rugby League Four Nations
Rugby union
4 February – 19 March: Six Nations Championship
Winner: , 26th title.
20 May: Amlin Challenge Cup Final at Cardiff City Stadium, Cardiff
 Harlequins claimed the title with a 19–18 win over  Stade Français, becoming the first team to win the Challenge Cup three times.
21 May: Heineken Cup Final at Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
 Leinster won its second European title with a 33–22 win over  Northampton Saints.
IRB Sevens World Series –  clinched the series title at the London Sevens on 22 May, with the Edinburgh Sevens remaining to be played.
24 May–5 June: 2011 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy in Georgia
 ,   and  . This was the first title for Samoa.
10–26 June: 2011 IRB Junior World Championship in Italy
 ,   and  . This was the fourth title for New Zealand.
 9 July: Super Rugby Final at Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane
The  Reds claimed their first title in the competition's professional era with an 18–13 win over the  Crusaders.
 23 July–27 August: Tri Nations Series
  won its third title.
Domestic competitions
  English Premiership – Final, 28 May at Twickenham: Leicester Tigers vs. Saracens
Saracens defeated Leicester Tigers 22–18 for their first-ever Premiership title.
RFU Championship — Worcester Warriors. As the only side among the semifinalists that met the requirements for promotion, they replaced Leeds Carnegie in the 2011–12 Premiership.
  Top 14 – Final, 4 June at Stade de France: Toulouse vs. Montpellier
 Toulouse won 15–10 and lifted the Bouclier de Brennus for the 18th time.
 Rugby Pro D2 — Lyon won the championship and automatic promotion to the Top 14. Bordeaux Bègles won the promotion playoffs. The two clubs will replace La Rochelle and Bourgoin.
     Celtic League – Grand Final, 28 May in Limerick:
In an all-Irish affair, Munster won their third title against Leinster 19–9.
   LV Cup (Anglo-Welsh Cup) – Gloucester
  ITM Cup:
 Premiership – Final, 3 September in Hamilton: Waikato vs. Canterbury
Canterbury won 12−3 for their fourth consecutive title in the Air New Zealand/ITM Cup and ninth in the history of New Zealand provincial rugby.
 Championship: Final, 4 September in Palmerston North: Manawatu vs. Hawke's Bay
 Hawke's Bay won 35−30 and will replace Southland in the 2012 ITM Cup Premiership.
  Currie Cup: Season in progress
Other major events
 26 February: During the England–France match in the Six Nations, England's Jonny Wilkinson retakes the all-time lead for career Test points from New Zealand's Dan Carter.
 27 February: During the Scotland–Ireland match in the Six Nations, Ireland's Ronan O'Gara retakes the all-time lead for career points in the Championship from Wilkinson.
 19 March: During the Ireland–England Six Nations match, two Irish players reach major career milestones in the Championship:
 Brian O'Driscoll takes over the all-time lead for career tries in the Championship with his 25th try, breaking the record of Scotland's Ian Smith that had lasted since 1933.
 O'Gara makes his 56th appearance in the Championship, drawing level with countryman Mike Gibson for the Championship record.
 30 July: During New Zealand's Tri Nations opener at home to South Africa, Carter reclaims the all-time lead for career Test points from Wilkinson.
Tennis
2011 Australian Open (January 17 – January 30)
Men's final: Novak Djokovic defeats Andy Murray 6–4, 6–2, 6–3
Women's final: Kim Clijsters defeats Li Na 3–6, 6–3, 6–3
2011 French Open (May 17 – June 5)
 Men's final: Rafael Nadal defeats Roger Federer 7–5, 7–6, 5–7, 6–1
 Women's final: Li Na defeats Francesca Schiavone 6–4, 7–6(7–0)
2011 Wimbledon Championships (June 20 – July 3)
 Men's final: Novak Djokovic defeats Rafael Nadal 6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3
 Women's final: Petra Kvitová defeats Maria Sharapova 6–3, 6–4
2011 US Open (August 29 – September 12)
Men's final: Novak Djokovic defeats Rafael Nadal 6–2, 6–4, 6–7, 6–1
Women's final: Samantha Stosur defeats Serena Williams  6–2, 6–3
2011 WTA Tour Championships in Istanbul, Turkey. (October 24 - October 30)
2011 ATP World Tour Finals in London, United Kingdom. (November 20 - November 27)

Volleyball
Women's CEV Champions League 2010–11 November 23, 2010-March 20, 2011. Final Four in Istanbul, Turkey
 Champions  VakıfBank Güneş TTelekom,  Rabita Baku,   Fenerbahçe Acıbadem . MVP: 
 Men's CEV Champions League 2010–11 November 17, 2010 - March 27, 2011. Final Four in Bolzano, Italy.
 Champions   Trentino BetClic,   Zenit Kazan,   Dynamo Moscow. MVP: 
 2011 Montreux Volley Masters June 7–12 in Montreux, Switzerland
  ,   and  . MVP: 
2011 FIVB World League, May 27 - July 10, 2011, with the Final Eight in Gdańsk / Sopot, Poland
  ,   and  . MVP: 
2011 FIVB Women's Junior World Championship July 22 - July 31 in Lima and Trujillo, Peru
  ,   and  . MVP: 
2011 FIVB Men's Junior World Championship August 1 - August 10 in Rio de Janeiro and Niteròi, Brazil
  ,   and  . MVP: 
2011 FIVB World Grand Prix August 5 - August 28, with the Final Eight in Macau, China
  ,   and  . MVP: 
2011 Men's European Volleyball Championship September 10-September 18 in Austria and Czech Republic
 ,   and  . MVP:
,   and  . MVP: 
2011 Women's European Volleyball Championship September 22 - October 2 in Italy and Serbia
  ,   and  . MVP: 
2011 FIVB Women's World Cup November 4 - November 18 in Japan
2011 FIVB Men's World Cup November 20 - December 4 in Japan
References

Other websites 
 The-Sports.org
Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado  born April 6, 1963 in Guayaquil, was the 43rd President of Ecuador, and in 2009-2010 was the president pro tempore of the UNASUR.

Correa was elected President of Ecuador in late 2006 and took office in January 2007. In December 2008, he declared Ecuador's national debt illegitimate, based on the argument that it had been contracted by despotic prior regimes.

Correa's first term in office had been due to end on January 15, 2011, but the new approved constitution, written by the new National Assembly, called for general elections for April 26, 2009. In that election, Rafael Correa won in the first round with 51.9% of votes counted.

Early life
Early life

Rafael Correa was raised in a working class family from Guayaquil, the country's largest city. His father was Rafael Correa Icaza, born in the Province of Los Ríos, Ecuador, 23 March 1934, and deceased 10 June 1995. His mother is Norma Delgado Rendón, born 1 September 1939. His parents had three more children: Fabricio Correa, Pierina Correa and Bernardita Correa.

He attended primary and secondary school in San José-La Salle School in Guayaquil. During his youth he was a boy scout. Correa met his future Vice President, Jorge Glas while they were scouts as youth.

During his secondary studies he was president of the Lasallian Student Cultural Association ("ACEL" in Spanish). Afterwards and based on his academic achievements, he was given a scholarship to study at the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil (UCSG in Spanish), a private higher education institution in Guayaquil, Ecuador, where he obtained an undergraduate degree in economics in 1987.

References
References 

1963 births
Living people
Politicians from Guayaquil
Presidents of Ecuador
Elissar Zakaria Khoury () was born on October 27, 1972 in Deir el Ahmar, Lebanon. She is known simply as "Elissa". She is a Lebanese singer.

Biography 
Elissa was born on October 27, 1972 to a Lebanese father Zakaria Khoury and a Syrian mother Youmna Suud. In 1992, she competed in "Studio El Fan" and won a silver medal. She released her debut album Baddi Doub in 1999 with EMI. In 2006, Elissa released Bastanak, her fifth studio album. Bastanak () became her most successful album. It peaked at number-one in eight Arab music charts. The album won the World Music Award for "Best Arabic Artist". She has done a lot of duets with famous Arab and international singers as well. She has done duets with Ragheb Alama, Cheb Mami, Fadl Shaker, Chris DeBurgh and Gypsy Kings.

Discography 
1999: Baddi Doub
2000: W'akherta Ma'ak
2002: Ayshalak
2004: Ahla Donya
2006: Bastanak
2008: Ayami Beek
2009: Tsadaq Bmein

Videography

References 

1972 births
Living people
Lebanese Christians
Lebanese singers
Bastanak (; in ) is the fifth studio album by Lebanese singer Elissa. The album won the World Music Award in 2007. Elissa was awarded "Best Lebanese Artist of the Year". The album peaked at number-one in eight Arab music charts.

Singles 
The lead single from the album was also called "Bastanak". The song became one of Elissa's signature songs, and helped Elissa to perform at more venues across the world. The song "Bastanak" peaked at number-one in several Arab music charts.

A conflict between Elissa and another female Arab singer began to get media attention. The other Arab singer accused Elissa of stealing the lyrics of the song from a composer that left the lyrics by mistake at her house. The composer was Elissa's friend who had helped her with writing songs for her albums. Elissa then stated that she was wrong and said that she indeed wrote the entire song by herself.
"Bastanak" is performed on E minor with 100 beats per minute. The song has folk fusion, roots reggae, R&B and Arabic pop music genres. The song talks about a lonely sad girl wishing to be with her boyfriend. In the song she states that each guy she has been has not been the same. She also states that she will wait for days, months and even years to be with him once again.

A music video, which was directed by Brandon Dickerson, was released in the summer of 2007. The music video starts off with Elissa in a restaurant enjoying her day with her friends. The video then turns to the next scene with Elissa in a angel outfit. The concept of the song was also in the music video. Elissa goes about her day feeling sad while guys hit on her.
Pepsi also released a commercial with Elissa singing the song. The commercial also had American singer Christina Aguilera singing a song from her album Back to Basics (2006). The video has Elissa singing the hook of the song to a guy during a snow storm and to two young Chinese girls in China.

Track listing 
"Bastanak" - (Waiting For You)
"Kermalak" - (Because of You)
"Fatet Sineen" - (Years Went By)
"Zanbi Ana" - (My Guilt)
"Baaich Ala Hissak" - (I Live on Your Voice)
"Tlob Itmana" - (Ask and Wish)
"Taal" - (Come)
"Matkhafch Minni" - (Don't Be Afraid of Me)
"Hikayti Maak" - (My Story With You)
"Law Basset Eddamak" - (If You Looked Ahead)
"Law Kan" - (If)
"Law Taarafou" - (If You Knew Him)

Charts 

2006 albums
The Order of the Solar Temple (or Ordre du Temple Solaire, International Chivalric Organization of the Solar Tradition) was a secret society that existed in the second half of the 20th century and that was based on the belief that the Knights Templar still existed. OTS was started by Joseph Di Mambro and Luc Jouret in 1984 in Geneva as l'Ordre International Chevaleresque de Tradition Solaire (OICTS) and renamed Ordre du Temple Solaire. OTS is considered to be a sect. The organisation was involved in mass suicides in France, Switzerland and Canada. The beliefs of the society were a mix of protestant Christianity and New Age philosophy; it also used and changed different Freemason rituals. 
 The sect was made in Schweiz at Joseph’s yard.

Secret societies
Organizations based in Geneva
Epistemic community is a large network of people who work towards a common knowledge-based goal—like the community of people who work together to create and maintain Wikipedia.

An epistemic community is a group of people who do not have any specific history together. They join to form a kind of community based on a similar focus on an information-based project.  

The community group can be made of people with a range of special interests.

This kind of community has four characteristics or typical features:
 a shared set of principles or value-based explanations for how the community functions
 a shared understanding of the way things happen, including problems and policies and outcomes 
 shared ideas about what is acceptable or valid according to specially defined ideas and evaluation practices
 a common enterprise or shared goals<ref>Compare K. Brad Wray,  "The Epistemic Cultures of Science and Wikipedia: A Comparison,"  'Episteme, Vol. 6, Issue 1, February 2009, pp. 38-51; retrieved 2012-1-25.</ref>
The shared explanations for how the community functions includes "the appalling silence of  good people", which encourages the growth of perverse incentives.

An example of a scientific epistemic community is the 1975 Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP).  This is a marine pollution control regime for the Mediterranean Sea developed by the United Nations.

 Related pages
 Epistemology
 Invisible College
 Royal Society
 Intensity of preference

 References 

Other websites
 UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan website 

 Dobusch, Leonhard and Sigrid Quack, [http://www.mpifg.de/pu/mpifg_dp/dp08-8.pdf  Epistemic Communities and Social Movements: Transnational Dynamics in the Case of Creative Commons,"]  Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Köln (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne), September 2008.
 Fallis, Don.  "Toward an Epistemology of Wikipedia," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 59, No. 10, pp. 1662-1674, 2008.
 
Community
Biosemiotics is a science where the models of sign processes are used to study living systems. Unlike biophysics, biochemistry and molecular biology, sciences where the quantitative physical laws are used to explain the living things, biosemioticians study the organisms and phenomena of life on the basis of qualitative semiotic principles.

Bibliography
Emmeche, Claus; Kull, Kalevi (eds.) (2011). Towards a Semiotic Biology: Life is the Action of Signs. London: Imperial College Press.

Systems theory
Semiotics
University of Tartu is the main university in Estonia. It is in Tartu. It is the second oldest university in Northern Europe. It was established in 1632.  The first pharmacology department in the world was set up here by Rudolf Buchheim in 1847.  

The university is particularly famous due to its semiotics school established by Juri Lotman.

References

Colleges and universities in Estonia
1632 establishments
1630s establishments in Europe
Marcel Elphege "Little Beaver" Dionne (born August 3, 1951) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings, Los Angeles Kings and New York Rangers. Dionne entered the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992.

References

1951 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
New York Rangers players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players
Infant mortality is a measure of how many babies die during the first 12 months after birth. It is usually measured as being a number of deaths for every thousand births. The rate of infant mortality in a given place is the total number of babies dying under one year of age divided by the total number of live births during the year, then all multiplied by 1,000. For example, in 2009 the infant mortality rate in the USA was 6.8. That means for every 1000 births, 6.8 babies will die before the age of one.

References

Death
Statistics
"What a Girl Wants" is a 1999 pop song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her first album Christina Aguilera. It peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 43rd Grammy Awards but lost to Macy Gray's "I Try".

Charts

References

1998 songs
Christina Aguilera songs
Billboard Rhythmic Songs number-one singles
Bryan John Trottier (born July 17, 1956) is a Canadian-American retired professional ice hockey centre who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Islanders and Pittsburgh Penguins. He won four Stanley Cups with the Islanders, two with the Penguins and one as an assistant coach with the Colorado Avalanche.

On August 4, 2014, Trottier was hired to be an assistant coach of the Buffalo Sabres.

References

Other websites

1956 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Calder Trophy winners
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Lethbridge Broncos players
Living people
New York Islanders players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Stanley Cup champions
Swift Current Broncos players
"Woohoo" is a song sung by Christina Aguilera and Nicki Minaj, from Aguilera's 2010 album Bionic. The song was written by Aguilera, Minaj, Claude Kelly, Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones and Ester Dean. It is a uptempo electrohop song with R&B and hip hop influences; lyrically it speaks of cunnilingus. The song was released on May 18, 2010 as the second single from Aguilera's Bionic album.

2010 songs
Christina Aguilera songs
Nicki Minaj
Songs about sexuality
The gold rushes happened when alluvial gold was found. Miners would quickly move there in the hope of being the first to find the surface gold. For example, miners rushing to Clunes, Victoria in August 1851, quickly changed their minds and went to Buninyong when they heard of a new gold discovery. Weeks later gold was found at Ballarat a few miles to the north and within six weeks there were more than 10,000 people digging. But by 1852 most miners had left Ballarat and rushed to the new goldfields at Bendigo.  In 1854, miners in Ballarat were angry and upset at paying for gold licences. They burned their licences and raised the Eureka Stockade flag in protest. The miners fought soldiers and police officers to protect their rights. This was called the Eureka Stockade. Many people died, but afterwards the miners didn't have to pay for their licences anymore.

The gold rush finished at the end of the 1850s, but gold was still found throughout Australia up until the 1890s.
Before the gold rush
Gold had been found in Australia before the 1851 gold rush. At first people would not believe the stories. A convict who found gold near Bathurst in 1823 was given 150 lashes with a whip as it was believed he must have stolen it. The explorer Count Paul Strzelecki found gold in the Australian Alps in 1839. The government kept it a secret as they did not want to lose control of the convicts if they went rushing off to search for gold. Gold was also found at:
 Strathloddon, Victoria in 1840
 Hartley, New South Wales in 1844
 Montecute, South Australia in 1846
 Glenmona Station, Victoria (near Maryborough) in 1849

Gold rushes in New South Wales
The first gold rush was in New South Wales. There were many others during the next 30 years.
 Ophir, New South Wales, north east of Bathurst, 12 February 1851.
 Hill End, 1851
 Tilba Tilba, 1852.
 Kiandra, January 1860
 Young, June 1860.
 Forbes, June 1861
 Parkes, 1862
 Gulgong in 1870
 West Wyalong, 1893

Gold rushes in Victoria
Clunes, 28 June 1851
 Warrandyte, at Anderson's Creek, July 1851
 Castlemaine, 20 July 1851
 Buninyong, 2 August 1851
 Ballarat, 8 August 1851
 Bendigo, October 1851
 Beechworth, February 1852
 Yackandandah, May 1852
 Eaglehawk, May 1852
 Omeo, 1852
 Heathcote 1852
 Walhalla, February 1853
 Maldon, June 1853
 Buckland River, July 1853
 Waranga, 3 August 1853
 Creswick, 1853
 Ararat, October 1854
 Daylesford
 Blackwood, February 1855
 St Arnaud, 1855
 Dunnolly
 Tarnagulla
 Moliagul
 Wedderburn, 1852
 Rheola
 Inglewood
 Kingower
 Stawell, 1857
 Chiltern 1858
 Barkly 1859
 Wood's Point, 1862
 Gaffney's Creek
 Jamieson
 Matlock

Gold rushes in South Australia
 Onkaparinga, October 1852 
 Teetulpa, 1886

Gold rushes in Western Australia
 Hall's Creek, 1885
 The Pilbara, 1888
 Southern Cross, 1888
 Coolgardie, 17 September 1892
 Kalgoorlie 14 June 1893
Gold rushes in Queensland
 Rockhampton, 1858
 Gympie, 1867
 Ravenswood, 25 December 1871
 Charters Towers, 1872
 Palmer River, near Cooktown, 1873
 Hodgkinson River, near Cairns, 1875
 Mount Morgan
 Cracow, Queensland, 1931-1939
 Coen, 1878
 Croydon, 1885

Gold rushes in the Northern Territory
 Pine Creek, 1871

References

19th century in Australia
Gold rushes
1850s
Romney Marsh is a coastal marshland of southern England. It runs from Hythe in Kent to Rye in East Sussex.  It covers about 100 miles2 (260 km2). Romney Marsh is one of three English wetlands, the others being The Fens of East Anglia and the Somerset Levels.

Much of the area has been reclaimed over the centuries, and is now flat farmland. Before the area was drained, it was a cause of malaria among the inhabitants. For much of its history, the Marsh was fringed by a lagoon, which was protected by a shingle beach at Dymchurch.

The Marsh still contains some water features, particularly the Royal Military Canal, completed in 1809, and the River Rother.

At Romney Marsh the coast is at its closest to France, and was several times the point of invasion. In AD 892, a Danish fleet of 250 ships sailed right into the River Rother and took the fortress at Appledore (allegedly built by King Arthur), which they destroyed.
The Romans used the Romney area for a salt industry. Pans of brackish water were left to evaporate, and the salt collected for use in food.

The marsh includes two of the ancient Cinque Ports, New Romney and Hythe, and two ancient towns, Rye and Winchelsea. New Romney was once a port, but is now a mile and a half from the sea. It is the main centre of population on the Marsh.

References 

Kent
Sussex
Wetlands
Padua Airport or Gino Allegri () , in Padua, Italy, is the principal airport serving Padua.

Sources

Other websites 

Airports in Europe
Buildings and structures in Italy
Padua
Transport in Italy
Toxaphene is a chemical substance that is very toxic. It is a persistent organic pollutant, and one of the twelve substances listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Its use is banned since 1993. It was used as an insecticide. It was mainly the cotton and soybean growers who used it. It was also used to treat Mange in cattle. The substance damages the lungs, the nervous system and the kidneys. It is a carcinogen and causes mutations and birth defects. Because it is very volatile, it travels easily through the environment. 

Organochlorides
Insecticides
Carcinogens
Eduard Strauss (b. Vienna, 15 March 1835, d. Vienna, 28 December 1916) was a Viennese composer of light music. He was also a conductor. He was the brother of the more famous composers Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss, the son of Johann Strauss I, and the father of Johann Strauss III.

Other websites 

 Eduard Strauss on the Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain 
 A complete list of Eduard Strauss' compositions 

1835 births
1916 deaths
Austrian composers
A jug is a type of container that holds liquid (e.g. water). It has an opening that is often small. This is where the liquid is poured from. Jugs nearly always have a handle.

Related pages
Harvest jug
Jug wine

Other websites

Containers
Paul Edward Goldschmidt (born September 10, 1987 in Wilmington, Delaware) is an American baseball player. He currently plays as a first baseman for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball (MLB). He debuted for the Diamondbacks on August 1, 2011 in a game against the San Francisco Giants.

References

Other websites
Paul Goldschmidt at mlb.com

1987 births
Living people
American baseball players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Sportspeople from Wilmington, Delaware
Dendritic cells (DCs) are white blood cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. They process antigen material from pathogens and put it on their surface. There it touches other cells of the immune system.  So, dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells. They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Dendritic cells are present in tissues in contact with the external environment. These tissues are the skin, and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. They can also be found in an immature and mature state in the blood.

Young dentritics 
Dedritic cells develop from monocytes, white blood cells which circulate in the body. Depending on the signal, monocytes turn into either dendritic cells or macrophages. The monocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow.
Immature dendritic cells constantly sample their surrounds for pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. This is done through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs).  

They eat pathogens and break down their proteins into small pieces and put these fragments on their cell surface using MHC molecules. Once activated, these cells move to the lymph nodes and become mature. They switch on cell-surface receptors which activate T cells and B cells to start and shape the adaptive immune response.

History
Dendritic cells were first described by Paul Langerhans (Langerhans cells) in the late nineteenth century. It wasn't until 1973, however, that Ralph Steinman and Zanvil  Cohn gave them the name 'dendritic cells'. For discovering the central role of dendritic cells in the adaptive immune response, Steinman was awarded the Albert Lasker Award in 2007, and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2011.

References 

Blood cells
Immunology
Ralph Marvin Steinman (January 14, 1943 – September 30, 2011) was a Canadian immunologist and cell biologist at Rockefeller University. He studied a kind of cell in the immune system and called them dendritic cells. He made these discoveries while working in the laboratory of Zanvil A. Cohn. He was of Jewish descent.

On October 3, 2011, the Nobel Committee announced that Steinman had received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity". The other half went to Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann, for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity". However, the committee did not know that Steinman had died three days earlier, on September 30, from pancreatic cancer. The committee considered what to do about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously.
The committee later decided that, as the decision to award the prize "was made in good faith", they would not change the award.

Steinman's daughter said that he had joked the previous week with his family about hanging on until the prize announcement. Steinman said: "I know I have got to hold out for that. They don't give it to you if you have passed away. I got to hold out for that".

Steinman had received numerous other awards and recognitions for his life-long work on dendritic cells, such as the Albert Lasker Award (2007), the Gairdner Foundation International Award (2003), and the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award (1998). In addition, he was made a member of Institute of Medicine (U.S.A.; elected 2002) and the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.; elected 2001).

References
References 

1943 births
2011 deaths
Canadian academics
Canadian Jews
Canadian Nobel Prize winners
Canadian physicians
Canadian biologists
Cell biologists
Harvard University alumni
Immunologists
Jewish academics
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Jewish scientists
People from Montreal
Scientists from New York City
Rockefeller University faculty
A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), or Residual Current Device (RCD) is a type of circuit breaker. This type shuts off electric power (or breaks the electrical circuit),   to protect people from an electric shock caused when some of the current travels through a person's body due to an electrical fault such as a short circuit, insulation failure, or equipment that is not working right. 

Standard  circuit breakers shut off power when the current is too high, like 10, 15, or 20 amps. This protects machinery, and is often good enough to prevent hurting people. 

The GFCI / RCD, however, breaks the circuit when it detects an imbalance of only 0.005 amps (0.030 amps in Australia and some European and Asian countries).  Even this small amount of current, 0.030 amps, going through one human body might possibly kill, by causing paralysis of skeletal muscles and stopping the human heart.
A standard circuit breaker protects the house electrical wires, receptacles and switches, and appliances and fixtures from dangerous conditions, which could contribute to overheating and possible fire.  A GFCI / RCD on the other hand, protects people from shock and electrocution and is often found in bathrooms or kitchens, but more specifically where electrical devices may be used near sources of water. While using electrical devices in these locations, someone's bare skin may be in contact with water or a wet floor or metal fixtures.  Any of these can provide an alternate path for current to travel in the case of an electrical fault. 

A GFCI / RCD can also prevent dangers from short circuits and other electrical faults that don't involve humans such as a low current short where the current never reaches the trigger point for a circuit breaker, e.g. a live wire falls in a tub of water or moist soil and only 1 or 2 amps of current flow.
Types 
GFCIs are available in two types: the circuit breaker that installs in an electrical panel, and the receptacle type that installs into an electrical box.

Regulations
GFCIs are a suitable replacement for two prong outlets without a grounded wire. The National Electric Code requires GFCI protection in dwelling on kitchen counter tops, bathrooms, unfinished basements not intended as habitable rooms, crawl spaces, garages, sinks where the receptacles are installed within 6 feet from the top edge of the bowl of the sink, boathouses, bathtubs or shower stalls where receptacles are installed within 6 feet from the edge of the bathtub or shower, laundry areas, outdoors except for receptacles that are not readily accessible and are supplied by a branch circuit dedicated to electric snow-melting, deicing, or pipeline and vessel heating equipment shall be installed in accordance with NEC 426.28 or 427.22 as applicable. (NEC 210.8 (A)) 

GFCI protection is required on construction sites.

References
References

Electrical wiring
Safety
Hardware (mechanical)
Calico cat is an American name for cats with three colors. Outside of North America they are usually called tortoiseshell cats or 'tortie-and-white'. A calico cat has a coat of orange or brown and black spots on a white background.  It is not a breed of cat.

Nearly all calico cats are female.  There are male calico cats, but they are very rare. Only one of every 3000 calico cats are male.

Genetics
A single X chromosome can have either a black allele of the coloration gene or an orange version, but not both. However, a female cat has two X chromosomes, so it can have both versions, black on one chromosome and orange on the other, making the cat a calico. A male cat usually has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. A Y chromosome does not have a color gene, so the cat can have either an orange or a black gene, but not both. Calico cats are often used as an example in biology classes when discussing sex chromosomes.
During the early stages of development, when the cat is still an embryo, in each cell one of the X chromosomes (either the black one or the orange one) deactivates. It is called X-inactivation. All cells that were copied from a cell with a deactivated X chromosome will also have the same X chromosome deactivated. This is what leads to formation of the spots. The earlier in development the X chromosomes deactivate, the larger the spots will be. Deactivation of one of the X chromosomes happens in all female mammals. The white coloring on a calico is from a separate gene unrelated to the orange or black genes. Whether or not a cat is a calico is determined by genetics, but the actual layout of the spots is not. The layout of the spots is almost random. It is not possible to selectively breed or clone calico cats: an attempt to clone a calico cat will produce a black and white cat or orange and white tabby cat
. The tortoiseshell cat is similar, although on a tortoiseshell cat the spots are usually smaller and closer together and there is less or no white.
Folklore
In Japan, calico cats are said to bring good luck. In many Japanese shops there is a calico Japanese Bobtail figurine called the Maneki Neko, which is said to bring good luck to the shop's owner.

Calico cats were, and still are, popular choices for a ship's cat. They are said to bring good luck to the ship's crew.

Famous calico and tortoiseshell cats 
 A calico cat named Venus was in the news. She is a chimera. Venus has a face that is exactly half-orange and half-black. She has one green eye and one blue eye. Venus is sometimes incorrectly called a chimera cat, but is actually a calico.
 In 1996, a calico cat saved her five kittens from a fire in an abandoned garage in New York City. The veterinarians who treated the cat's burns named her Scarlett.
 A calico cat named Tama was made honorary station master of a train station in Japan.
 Flossie, the current Guinness World Record holder for oldest cat, is a tortoiseshell.

Related pages
 Calico sheep

References
References

Other websites
 "How calico cats are formed" at Youtube.com

Cats
Chromosomes
Bruce Alan Beutler M.D. (born December 29, 1957 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American immunologist and geneticist of Jewish descent. Together with Jules Hoffmann, he received one-half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" (the other half went to Ralph Steinman for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity").

Beutler is currently Director of the Center for the Genetics of Host Defense at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas and Professor and Chairman of the Department of Genetics at The Scripps Research Institute, in La Jolla, California. His father, Ernest Beutler, a hematologist and medical geneticist, was also a Professor and Department Chairman at Scripps.
Scientific discoveries 
Beutler is best known for his pioneering molecular and genetic studies of inflammation and innate immunity. Interested in the mechanism by which lipopolysacchride (LPS) activates mammalian immune cells, Beutler identified the LPS receptor. Identification of the receptor hinged on the positional cloning (a method of gene identification) of the mammalian Lps locus, which had been known since the 1960s as a key gene for biological responses to LPS.
Beutler thus discovered the key sensors of microbial infection in mammals. He found that one of the mammalian toll-like receptors, TLR4, acts as the membrane-spanning component of the mammalian LPS receptor complex. The TLRs work in the perception of microbes. Ten are now known in humans. Each detects signature molecules produced early in an infection. These receptors also work in severe illness, including shock and systemic inflammation as it occurs in the course of an infection. They are also active in sterile inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The research on TLRs won him the Nobel Prize in 2011.

The positional cloning of Lps was completed in 1998. Beutler continued to analyse immunity in mammals. His work found numerous signalling molecules of the innate immune response, and helped to work out the biochemistry of innate immunity.

References
References 

1957 births
Living people
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicians
American immunologists
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Chicago
University of Chicago alumni
Jules A. Hoffmann (born 2 August 1941) is a Luxembourg-born French biologist. He is a research director and member of the board of administrators of the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) in Strasbourg, France. In 2007, he became President of the French Academy of Sciences. 

Together with Bruce Beutler, Hoffmann received one-half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity". Hoffmann discovered the function of the fruit fly Toll gene in innate immunity. Its mammalian homologues, the toll-like receptors, were discovered by Beutler. Toll-like receptors identify constituents of other organisms like fungi and bacteria, and trigger an immune response. This explains how septic shock can be triggered by bacterial remains.
Education
Hoffmann completed his PhD in biology at the University of Strasbourg in 1969. His post-doctoral training was at the Institut für Physiologische Chemie at Philipps-Universität in Marburg an der Lahn, Germany in 1973–1974.

Research
Hoffmann was a research assistant at CNRS from 1964 to 1968, and became a research associate in 1969. Since 1974 he has been a Research Director of CNRS. Between 1978 and 2005 he was Director of the CNRS research unit "Immune Response and Development in Insects", and from 1993 to 2005 he was director of the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of CNRS in Strasbourg.

Hoffmann is a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the French National Academy of Sciences, the Academia Europaea, the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences.

References 

1941 births
Living people
French Nobel Prize winners
French immunologists
Autoimmune disease is when the body's immune system attacks its own body. The function of the immune system is to recognise and reject foreign bodies like bacteria. Sometimes the system goes wrong, and the body itself gets damaged by its immune system. Examples are:

Crohn's disease
Graves' disease
Type 1 diabetes
Multiple sclerosis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (also called juvenile idiopathic arthritis)
Coeliac disease
Myasthenia gravis
Factoid is stating a fact that is not backed up by evidence.  The factoid may not be trusted because
(a) it is actually false, or
(b) because evidence to support it cannot be checked.
Factoids become widely treated as if they were true.   

In 1973, the term factoid was created and first used by Norman Mailer. 

A factoid is "an item of unreliable information which is repeated so often that it becomes accepted as a fact".  The most important thing is that the factoid is widely believed.  

A factoid refers to something that looks like a fact, could be a fact, but in fact is not a fact.

The term can also be used to describe partial information without context.

References

Philosophy
There are several allotropes of carbon.   Diamond and graphite are the most famous.  Graphite is a conductor, a semimetal (an element that is partially a metal and a nonmetal, such as black phosphorus and grey selenium). It can be used, for instance, as the material in the electrodes of an electrical arc lamp. Graphite is the most stable form of solid carbon ever discovered.

Allotropes are different forms of the same chemical element. All elements are made up uniquely of their own atoms.  Any physical differences are because of how the atoms are joined together. Many elements show allotropy because there are a number of ways in which the atoms can be linked together. Also there are different ways in how the molecules can be arranged to make larger structures.
Diamond is one of the best known allotropes of carbon. Its hardness and high dispersion of light make it good for use in jewellery. It also has industrial uses. Diamond is the hardest known natural mineral. This makes it an excellent abrasive. A diamond also holds its luster well. Both diamond and graphite have extremely high melting point, which is unusual for nonmetallic element.

Carbon
SpySheriff, also known as  Brave Sentry, SpyAxe, SpywareSheriff,   Pest Trap,   SpyTrooper, Spywareno, and MalwareAlarm, is malware that pretends to be real anti-spyware program. SpySheriff tries to trick the user into buying the program by making false warnings and alerts. It is very difficult to remove SpySheriff from computers, since it hides its parts in "System Restore" folders. SpySheriff also blocks some parts of the computer's administrative tools. Like other rogue antivirus programs, SpySheriff asks the user to register when they click "Remove found threats". SpySheriff can be removed by real antivirus programs.

References 

Malware
Spyware
Lunokhod 1 was a lunar rover made by the Soviet Union. It was part of the Lunokhod programme. It was the first man made rover (vehicle) to land on another planet. It landed on the Moon on November 17, 1970. It drove around on the Moon for nearly a year, collecting information about the soil and landscape. The Lunokhod had only two speeds, 1 km/h or 2 km/h. It had four TV cameras and was controlled by a five person team on Earth.

It was lost for almost 40 years, but the space rocket which delivered the rover to the Moon was found in photos taken by the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Scientists were then able to follow the rover's tracks and found the rover about 10 km away.  They can now send laser beams to a reflector on the rover which will send them back to Earth. This will help them with measurements to find the exact centre of the Moon.

References

Soviet spacecraft
Moon
Planetary rovers
1970s in spaceflight
Salmonella enterica is a rod-shaped bacterium. It is a member of the genus Salmonella.

It causes typhoid fever. The symptoms of typhoid fever include nausea, vomiting, and fever. The main source of infection is from swallowing infected water. Food may also be able to pick up the bacterium if it is washed or grown with contaminated water.

Gram-negative bacteria
Microbiology
In biology, a medusa (plural: medusae) is a form of cnidarian in which the body is shaped like an umbrella. The other main body-form is the polyp. 

Medusae vary from bell-shaped to the shape of a thin disk, scarcely convex above and only slightly concave below. The upper or aboral surface is called the exumbrella and the lower surface is called the subumbrella; the mouth is on the lower surface, which may be partially closed by a membrane extending inward from the margin (called the velum). The digestive cavity consists of the gastrovascular cavity and radiating canals which extend toward the margin; these canals may be simple or branching, and vary in number from few to many. The margin of the disk bears sensory organs and tentacles.
In the class Hydrozoa, medusae are the sexual individuals of many species, alternating in the life cycle with asexual polyps. The medusa form of Hydrozoans are known as hydromedusae. A polyp is the form that attaches to a surface, while a medusa is the form that is free-floating; a species of cnidarian may take each form in a different phase of its life.

The medusa form predominates in the classes Scyphozoa (the common, colourful, large jellyfish) and Cubozoa. Except for freshwater hydrozoans like Craspedacusta sowerbyi, these are the only classes in which medusae appear.

Medusae may have many tentacles with which they catch their prey. Sometimes, people bathing in the ocean are touched by a medusa. Their tentacles are long and thin and covered in venomous stinging cells (known as nematocysts). They inject poison which immobilizes small fish. People who are stung should seek medical attention. There have been some deaths after severe medusa stings.

Related pages 
Jellyfish

Cnidarians
Cnidarians

en:Medusa (biology)
In economics an expenditure is when a company buys fixed assets that will create a benefit in the future, or when the company upgrades existing assets so that they can be used for a longer time. This constitutes an investment, as the benefits of the use usually last much longer than the fiscal year. Depreciation also happens: the cost that the company took to upgrade or buy the assets will usually not be deducted directly, in one year; depending on the form of calculation used, a part of the cost will be deducted each year, as a form of expense.

Economics
UN Women is an organization of the United Nations made in 2010. It was made from United Nations Development Fund for Women for equality of gender and women's rights. Michelle Bachelet was the president of the UN Women.

Related pages
Women's rights
United Nations Development Fund for Women

2010 establishments
United Nations
Organizations in New York City
Human rights organizations
Women
Ruslan "Rusty" Salei (Belarusian: Руслан Салей; November 2, 1974 – September 7, 2011) was a Belarusian professional ice hockey player. During 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) he played for the Detroit Red Wings, Colorado Avalanche, Florida Panthers and the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. On September 7, 2011, the Yakovlev Yak-42 passenger aircraft, carrying the entire Lokomotiv team including Salei crashed near Yaroslavl on its way to Minsk, Belarus.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

Other websites 
 

1974 births
2011 deaths
Aviation deaths
American Hockey League players
Baltimore Bandits players
Belarusian ice hockey players
Cincinnati Mighty Ducks players
Colorado Avalanche players
Detroit Red Wings players
Florida Panthers players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
Sportspeople from Minsk
Ice hockey defencemen