Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Anglo Mysore Wars and death of Tipu Sultan 
Srirangapatnam, the island fortress was the capital of Mysore during the 19th century. It was so well organized with good trade routes that British feared terrible consequences. In addition, the ruler of Mysore had an army as effective as that of British. This led to four consecutive wars. Although the first two were won by the Ruler of Mysore, the third had dire consequences – Tipu’s two sons aged 8 and 10 were detained by the British forces. Finally, in the fourth, the British first besieged the fortress and then took it by storm. Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, was killed in the battle for Srirangapatnam.

References 

1750 births
1799 deaths
Indian monarchs
18th century in India
Indian Muslims
Barabbas is a person from the Bible who lived around the time of Jesus (33 AD). He has a bad reputation for being a liar, thief, insurrectionist and zealot. He was released by Pontius Pilate the Roman governor of Judea who presided over Jesus' trial. The most notable thing about Barabbas is that this name was his surname (last name), but his first name was also Jesus. So when Pilate — who was warned by his wife to leave this Holy man alone — offered to set free one of the prisoners, he was offering the crowd in Jerusalem two Jesuses to choose from: Jesus Barabbas or Jesus of Nazareth. Pilate released Barabbas and ordered Jesus, "King of the Jews", to be crucified.

References

New Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
Wolf–Rayet stars (WR stars) are evolved, massive stars (over 20 solar masses initially). They are losing mass rapidly by means of a very strong stellar wind, with speeds up to 2000 km/s. While our own Sun loses about 10−14 solar masses every year, Wolf–Rayet stars typically lose 10−5 solar masses a year.

Wolf–Rayet stars are extremely hot, with surface temperatures in the range of 30,000 K to around 200,000 K that make them look blue in color. They are also highly luminous, from tens of thousands to several million times the bolometric luminosity of the Sun, although not exceptionally bright visually since most of their output is in far ultraviolet and even "soft" X-rays.
Clarification of terms 
In astronomy, luminosity is not quite the same thing as brightness. Luminosity measures the <u/l>total amount of energy emitted</u/l> by a star or other astronomical object in SI units of joules per second, which are watts. A watt is one unit of power, and just as a light bulb is measured in watts, so is the Sun, which has a total power output of 3.846×1026 W. This number is the basic metric used in astronomy: it is known as 1 solar luminosity, the symbol for which is . 

Radiant power, however, is not the only way to conceptualize brightness, so other metrics are also used. The most common is apparent magnitude, which is the perceived brightness of an object from an observer on Earth at visible wavelengths. Other metrics are absolute magnitude, which is an object's intrinsic brightness at visible wavelengths, irrespective of distance. The measure of luminosity is  "bolometric magnitude", the total power output across all wavelengths.

References 

Types of stars
Star formation means the earliest stages in a star's life. Dense regions of particles exist in molecular clouds known as "stellar nurseries". The clouds collapse under gravitation into spheres of plasma to form stars.

Stellar nurseries

High density regions of the interstellar medium (ISM) form clouds, or nebulae, where star formation takes place.
Dense nebulae 
In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H2) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. The largest such formations, giant molecular clouds, have densities of 100 particles per cm3, diameters of , and masses up to 6 million solar masses, and an average interior temperature of 10 K. About half the total mass of the galactic ISM is found in molecular clouds. In the Milky Way there are about 6,000 molecular clouds, each with more than 100,000 solar masses. The nearest nebula to the Sun where massive stars are being formed is the Orion nebula,  away. However, lower mass star formation is occurring about 400–450 light years distant in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex.
A more compact site of star formation is the opaque clouds of dense gas and dust known as Bok globules; so named after the astronomer Bart Bok. The Bok globules are typically up to a light year across and contain a few solar masses. They can be seen as dark clouds against bright emission nebulae or background stars. Over half the known Bok globules have been found to contain newly forming stars.

Spiral galaxies 
A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars, the remains of stars (stellar remnants) and a diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) of gas and dust. The interstellar medium consists of 10–4 to 106 particles per cm3 usually of about 70% hydrogen by mass, with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium. This medium is chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime.
Elliptical galaxies 
In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within about a billion years. This hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through  mergers with other galaxies.

W75N(B)-VLA2 
This is a massive protostar about 300 times brighter than our Sun. Astronomers have caught a key stage in the birth of a very heavy star. They used two radio telescope views of the process 18 years apart. The young star is 4,200 light-years from Earth and is surrounded by a doughnut-shaped cloud of dust.

The first observation was in 1996. By 2015 its stellar wind changed from a compact spherical form to a larger, ionized  elliptical shape. This gave information about what happens as a massive star forms. Being able to observe its rapid growth is unique, according to Huib van Langevelde of Leiden University, one of the authors of a study of the object.

References
The Indulkana Range is a range of hills in the northwest of South Australia. It is sometimes called the Mount Chandler Range after its highest peak. It is located to the southwest of Indulkana, on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands. The mountains of the Indulkana area are part of the traditional country of the Yankunytjatjara and Antakarinya.

The range consists of a series of parallel ridges running east to west. The southern side of the range ends in an escarpment, the most prominent point of which is Chambers Bluff. The rock is made up of quartzite and sandstone rock, resting on slates of kaolinised clay. At the eastern end of the range is Mount Chandler, which overlooks the settlement of Indulkana and the Indulkana Creek. It rises about  from its base. It is made up of quartzite, quartz sandstone and sandstone. Slightly north of the escarpment, and following its path from east to west, is a series of gorges that split the hills. The gorges contain several reliable springs.

References
References

Other websites
Geological details from Geoscience Australia:
Indulkana Shale
Mount Chandler Sandstone
Chambers Bluff Tillite 

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of South Australia
A hydrazone is the functional group with structure R1R2C=NNH2. They are like aldehydes or ketones, with an NNH2 group instead of the oxygen atom.

They are made by reacting hydrazines with ketones or aldehydes:

Hydrazones are very useful molecules to do some reactions. For example, a ketone can be reduced down completely if made into a hydrazine and then treated with sodium ethoxide (Wolff–Kishner reduction). Hydrazones are very important intermediates in many reactions, such as the Fischer indole synthesis. This makes indoles, groups which are found in many drugs.

Functional groups
Protest the Hero are a Canadian progressive metal band from Whitby, Ontario. 

Protest the Hero was formed in 2001 under the original name, Happy Go Lucky. They changed their name to Protest the Hero the next year and recorded their first EP, Search for the Truth. 

The band released their debut full-length album Kezia on August 30, 2005 in Canada and on April 4, 2006 in the United States. They released their second studio album Fortress on January 29, 2008. Their third studio album Scurrilous was released on March 16, 2011 in Japan and on March 22, 2011 in both Canada and the Unites States. The band announced that they were releasing their fourth studio album in Summer 2013. The band said that the album would be crowdfunded through Indiegogo. The album had a fundraising goal of $125,000 and was reached within 30 hours. The band eventually reached $341,146 in fundraising which nearly tripled their original set goal.
Band members 
Current
Rody Walker - lead vocals (2001–present)
Luke Hoskin - Lead guitar, piano, backing vocals (2001–present)
Tim Millar - Rhythm guitar, piano, backing vocals (2001–present)
Arif Mirabdolbaghi - Bass guitar, backing vocals (2001–present)
Moe Carlson - Drums (2001-present)

Discography

Albums
Kezia (2005)
Fortress (2008)
Scurrilous (2011)
Volition (2013)

References

Other websites 
Official website

2000s music groups
Musical groups established in 2001
2010s music groups
Canadian heavy metal bands
Metalcore bands
Progressive metal bands
A reaction intermediate or simply intermediate is a molecule that is formed during a chemical reaction. It is not the final product, but it is something that is more like the product than the reactants. After every step in a reaction mechanism, an intermediate is formed.

Intermediates usually stay around for a little time because they are very reactive. However, it is important not to confuse an intermediate with a transition state. The latter is at a point of maximum energy. An intermediate instead is at a point of minimum energy, i.e. it is a stable molecule. Intermediates can be isolated from a reaction if needed. 

For example, in the reaction:

A + B → X → C + D

X is the intermediate. In going from A + B to X and from X to C + D, the reaction will go through a transition state.

Chemical kinetics
The Gulf of Aqaba (, transliterated: ) or Gulf of Eilat (, transliterated: ) is a wide gulf between the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt and west of the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia. The gulf is an extension of the Red Sea. It is  long and  wide. At this northern end of the Gulf are three cities: Taba in Egypt, Eilat in Israel, and Aqaba in Jordan.

Other websites 

The Red Sea Marine Peace Park page on Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs - a joint Israel-Jordan initiative

Aqaba
Geography of Egypt
Geography of Israel
Geography of Jordan
Geography of Saudi Arabia
Erythema ab igne is a rash of the skin, which is usually caused by the long-term exposure to heat or infrared radiation, and which is not a burn. Usually the name is abbreviated EAI. Other names include hot water bottle rash fire stains, laptop thigh, granny's tartan and toasted skin syndrome.

Some people may complain of mild itchiness and a burning sensation. When a change in skin pigmentation can not be seen, it is often not noticed at all.

References

Skin problems
Ayalon River (, Nahal Ayalon, Nahr el barideh or Wadi Musrara, in Arabic) is a river in central Israel. The river starts in the Judaean Mountains and flows as a dry river from the mountains to the Ayalon Valley in the Shfela region. After this, it flows into a floodplain in the Ayalon Park and gets filled with water. After that it turns into a channel flowing alongside Road 20 in Tel Aviv and also a railway track beside it and flows to the Yarkon River inside the Yarkon Park at the end.

Other websites 

Rivers of Israel
Tel Aviv
Capella (α Aurigae, α Aur, Alpha Aurigae) is the brightest star in the constellation Auriga, the eleventh brightest star in the night sky and the third brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus and Vega.

Although it appears to be a single star to the naked eye, it is actually a star system of four stars in two binary pairs.  The first pair consists of two bright, large type-G giant stars, both with a radius about 10 times the Sun's, in close orbit around each other.  These two stars are thought to be cooling and expanding on their way to becoming red giants.

The second pair, around 10,000 astronomical units from the first, consists of two faint, small and relatively cool red dwarfs.  The Capella system is relatively close, at only  from Earth.

The system is a member of the Hyades moving group, a group of stars moving in the same direction as the Hyades cluster.

References 

Binary stars
Yarkon River (, ) is a river in central Israel that flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The river starts in the Yarkon National Garden near Rosh HaAyin and flows past the city of Petah Tikva. After then it flows through the Yarkon Park in the north of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area beside the cities of Bnei Brak and Ramat Gan, and then flows through Tel Aviv and into the Mediterranean Sea next to the Yarkon River Peninsula and the Tel Aviv Port.

The Yarkon River has a written history of 2000 years. It is described in the Hebrew Bible as a border of the Tribe of Dan of Israelite.

Other websites 

  Yarkon River Authority 

Rivers of Israel
Tel Aviv
Mountifort Longfield Conner was a South Australian politician. He represented the electorates of Light (1871—1873) and Albert (1875). In 1874 he was a made a Commissioner of the Goldfields Commission, which supervised mining leases in the Northern Territory. Mount Conner in the Northern Territory was named after him by explorer William Gosse in 1873.

References

Politicians from South Australia
The Kishon River is a river in northern Israel. It is the second biggest river of the shores of the Mediterranean Sea in Israel. The river starts in the Samaria Mountains. It goes through the Jezreel Valley. It goes north beside Mount Carmel. It flows to the Mediterranean sea.

The Kishon River is in the Jewish Bible book of Book of Judges.

For many years, this the river was very polluted from of the factories around it. It was the biggest polluted river in Israel. In 2010 the Israeli government started a project to clean the river. It built a big public urban park that will be finished within 10 years.

Other websites 

Kishon River Authority (Hebrew)
Greenpeace Press Release on Kishon River 
Eco Park For A Green Peace

Rivers of Israel
Haifa
Going the Distance may also mean:

 Going the Distance (2004 movie)
 Going the Distance (2010 movie)
Wolf 359 is a red dwarf in the constellation Leo first measured in 1919 by Max Wolf. About 7.8 light years from the Earth, it has an apparent magnitude of 13.5 and can only be seen with a large telescope. 

Wolf 359 is one of the nearest stars to the Solar System. Only the Alpha Centauri system (including Proxima Centauri), Barnard's Star, and WISE 1049-5319 are closer. It is mentioned in several works of fiction.

Wolf 359 is one of the faintest and lowest-mass stars known. At the light-emitting layer called the photosphere, it has a temperature of about 2,800 K, which is low enough for chemical compounds to form and survive. The absorption lines of compounds such as water and titanium(II) oxide are in the spectrum.
The surface has a magnetic field which is stronger than the average magnetic field on the Sun. As a result of magnetic activity caused by convection, Wolf 359 is a flare star that has sudden increases in luminosity for several minutes. These flares give off strong bursts of X-ray and gamma ray radiation. Wolf 359 is a relatively young star with an age of less than a billion years. No companions or disks of debris have been detected in orbit around it.

References 

Red dwarfs
Annihilator are a Canadian thrash metal band from Ottawa, Ontario.

Annihilator was formed in 1984 by lead singer Jeff Waters. He met John Bates and they recorded the song Annihilator together. Waters and Bates recruited drummer Paul Malek and bassist Dave Scott into the band but Bates and Scott left a year later.

The band released their first studio album Alice in Hell on April 17, 1989. They released their second studio album Never, Neverland on September 12, 1990. Both Alice in Hell and Never, Neverland are considered masterpieces of Canadian heavy metal.

Annihilator is the highest selling heavy metal artist in Canadian history, even though most of the sales have not been in the band's home country.

Band members 
Current
Jeff Waters - lead vocals, guitar, bass guitar (1984–present)
Dave Padden - vocals, guitar (2003–present)

Live
Alberto "Al" Campuzano – bass (2010–Present)
Mike Harshaw – drums (2012–Present)
Former
John Bates – Lead vocals (1984–1985)
Dave Scott – Bass guitar (1984–1985)
Paul Malek – Drums (1984–1985, 1986)
Richard Death – Drums (1985)
Dennis Dubeau – Lead vocals (1987–1989)
Ray Hartmann – Drums (1987–1992, 1999–2001)
Randy Rampage – Lead vocals (1989, 1998–2000)
Dave Davis – Guitar (1989–1991, 1993–2001)
Wayne Darley – Bass guitar(1989–1993)
Coburn Pharr – Lead vocals (1990–1992)
Neil Goldberg – Guitar (1992–1993)
Aaron Randall – Lead vocals (1992–1994)
Mike Mangini – Drums (1993, 2004–2005, 2007)
Randy Black – Drums (1993–1996, 2002–2003)
Cam Dixon – Bass guitar (1994–1995)
Lou Bujdoso – Bass guitar (1995–1996)
Dave Machander – Drums (1996)
Russell Bergquist – Bass guitar (1999–2003, 2005–2007)
Joe Comeau – Lead vocals (2000–2003)
Curran Murphy – Guitar (2002–2005)
Sandor de Bretan – Bass guitar (2004)
Rob Falzano – Drums (2004)
Tony Chappelle – Drusm (2005)
Alex Landenburg – Drums (2007)
Brian Daemon – Bass guitar (2007)
Carlos Cantatore - Drums (2010)

Discography
Discography

Albums
Alice in Hell (1989)
Never, Neverland (1990)
Set the World on Fire (1993)
King of the Kill (1994)
Refresh the Demon (1996)
Remains (1997)
Criteria for a Black Widow (1999)
Carnival Diablos (2001)
Waking the Fury (2002)
All for You (2004)
Schizo Deluxe (2005)
Metal (2007)
Annihilator (2010)
 Feast (2013)
 Suicide Society (2015)
 For the Demented (2017)
 Ballistic, Sadistic (2020)

References

Other websites 
Official website

1980s music groups
Musical groups established in 1984
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Canadian heavy metal bands
Canadian thrash metal bands
Speed metal bands
Progressive metal bands
Gloria Loring (December 10, 1946) is an American actress and singer. She began her career at the age of 14. She starred in the soap opera Days of Our Lives. She has also carried several hit songs. 

Loring was born in New York City. She was married to Alan Thicke from 1970 until they divorced in 1984. The couple had two sons, Brennan and Robin.

References

Other websites 

1946 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American television actors
Cao Yuan (; born February 7, 1995 in Beijing) is a Chinese diver. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Men's synchronized 10 metre platform, winning the gold medal.

References

1995 births
Living people
Olympic gold medalists
Chinese Olympic medalists
Divers
Pedro Almodóvar Caballero (born 25 September 1949) is a Spanish movie director, producer and screenwriter. His movies include: All About My Mother and Talk to Her.

Almodóvar is openly gay.

Pedro Almodóvar is known for bold colors, complex characters, taboo themes, and nonlinear narratives.

Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT directors
LGBT producers
LGBT screenwriters
Spanish movie actors
Spanish movie directors
Spanish movie producers
Spanish screenwriters
Old Town is a part of the city of Oslo, Norway. It is the original town settlement of Oslo. The Norwegian royal family previously lived here. Here were also several churches and the home for the Bishop of Oslo. Today there are still ruins left of the old town, protected in parks.

Oslo
A feral organism is a plant or animal which has changed from being tame or cultivated to being wild. 

A feral animal is one which has escaped from a domestic or captive status and is living more or less as a wild animal. Animals which were wild before they escaped from captivity are not regarded as feral. For example, a lion which has escaped from a zoo is not a feral animal. Some common examples of animals with feral populations are goats, cats, and pigs.  

Domesticated plants that revert to wild are usually known as escaped, introduced or naturalized rather than feral. However, the changes seen in plants that go wild is similar to those of animals.

Some species go feral easily and successfully. Other species usually do not usually survive in the wild.
The introduction of animals or plants to new areas may break down ecosystems. In some cases it has caused the extinction native species. However, returning lost species to their environment can have the opposite effect, bringing damaged ecosystems back into balance. However, sometimes feral species may control other problem species such as rodents, harmful insects, or aggressive plants.

Examples of feral animals 

Dogs can change to feral animals easily, becoming successful hunters. 

The cat can easily become feral. Feral cats are pests in both rural and urban areas. They have seriously damaged bird, reptile and mammal populations. As feral cats breed quickly, it is difficult to control their populations. In rural areas,  feral cats are often shot. More recently, the "Trap-Neuter-Return" method has been used as an alternate means of managing the feral cat population.

The goat is one of the oldest domesticated animals, yet easily goes feral and does quite well on its own.
The dromedary camel, which has been domesticated for well over 3,000 years, will also readily go feral. Feral camels, descended from pack animals that escaped in the 19th and early 20th centuries, thrive in the Australian interior today.

Sheep are vulnerable to predation and injury, and do not usually survive as feral animals. However, in places where there are few predators, they get on well, for example in the case of the Soay sheep.

Water buffalo are found in the wetter parts of Western and Northern Australia. The Australian government encourages the hunting of feral water buffalo because of their large numbers.
Horses and donkeys, domesticated about 5000 BCE, are feral in open grasslands worldwide (see feral horse). In Portugal, feral horses are called Sorraia; in Australia, they are called Brumbies;  in the American west, they are called Mustangs. Other isolated feral populations exist, including the Chincoteague Pony and the Banker Horse. They are often referred to as "wild horses," but this is not correct. There are truly "wild" horses that have never been tamed, most notably Przewalski's Horse. While the horse was originally indigenous to North America, the wild ancestor died out at the end of the last Ice Age. In both Australia and the Americas, modern "wild" horses have come from domesticated horses brought by European explorers and settlers that escaped, spread, and thrived.
The pig has feral populations all over the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the United States, New Guinea and the Pacific Islands. Pigs were introduced to the Melanesian and Polynesian regions by humans from several thousand to five hundred years ago, and to Australia and the Americas within the past 500 years. While pigs were brought to New Zealand by the original Polynesian settlers, this population had become extinct by the time of European settlement. All feral pigs in New Zealand today have come from European farm animals. Many European wild boar populations are also come from escaped domestic pigs and are technically feral animals, although they live in the native range of the ancestral species.

Rock doves are kept for their meat or as racing animals, and have established feral populations (called "feral pigeons") in cities worldwide.
Colonies of honey bees often escape into the wild. Their behavior, however, is no different from their behavior "in captivity", until and unless they breed with other feral honey bees of a different genetic stock, which may lead them to become more docile or more aggressive (see Africanized bees).

Large populations of feral parrots are present in various parts of the world. The Rose-ringed Parakeets, Monk Parakeets and Red-masked Parakeets (subject of the documentary movie, The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill) being particularly successful outside of their native habitats and adapting well to suburban environments.

Harmful and helpful effects of feral organisms

Ecological impact
A feral population can damage an ecosystem by eating vulnerable plants or animals, or by competition with indigenous species. Feral plants and animals are often invasive species, and can be a threat to endangered species.
Genetic pollution
Domestic animals can breed with native, wild animals. This interbreeding can threaten the existence of the original wild population. Examples include the mallard duck, wild boar, the rock dove or pigeon, the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) (ancestor of all chickens), carp, and salmon. Another example is the dingo, itself an early feral dog, which interbreeds with dogs of other origin. However it is unlikely that this will harm the ecosystems in which these dogs live and some regard the importance of this phenomenon as disputable. In some cases like rabbits, the interbreeding seems not to be noticed. There is much debate over the effect of interbreeding on changes to the genes of a wild species.
Economic harm
Feral animals compete for food with domestic livestock. They may damage fences, water sources, and vegetation (by overgrazing or introducing seeds of invasive plants). Though hotly disputed, some cite as an example the competition between feral horses and cattle in the western United States. Another example is of goats competing with cattle in Australia, or goats that damage trees and vegetation in environmentally-stressed regions of Africa. Accidental crossbreeding by feral animals may result in harm to breeding programs of pedigreed animals. Their presence may also excite domestic animals and push them to escape. Feral populations can also pass on diseases to domestic herds.
Economic benefits
Many feral animals can sometimes be captured at little cost and are therefore an important economic resource. Throughout most of Polynesia and Melanesia feral pigs are the main sources of animal protein. Prior to the Free-roaming Wild Horse and Burro Protection Act of 1971, American mustangs were often captured and sold for horsemeat. In Australia feral goat, pig and camel meat is exported. At certain times, animals were sometimes deliberately left to go feral, typically on islands, in order to be later recovered for profit or food use for travelers (particularly sailors) at the end of a few years.

Scientific value
Scientists can study populations of feral animals to learn about population dynamics, ecology and behavior (ethology) in a wild state of species known mainly in a domestic state. This can give useful information for farmers.
Genetic diversity
Feral populations sometimes have or develop characteristics which do not always exist in the fully domesticated equivalent. This helps domestic biodiversity and often deserves to be preserved, be it in their feral environment or as domestic animals. For example, feral species that are usually subjects of eradication in certain habitats could become the subject of study to determine if there is a need for their preservation.

Cultural or historic value
American Mustangs have been protected since 1971 in part due to their romance and connection to the history of the American West.

Related pages
Domestication
Invasive species

References

Other websites

National Wild Horse and Burro Program 
Feral Camels , Information from Australian Department of Agriculture regarding Australia's estimated 300,000 feral camels.
Alley Cat Allies, a feral cat advocacy organization

Animals and humans
Plants
The Panama Canal Zone () is a  former unorganized United States territory. It is now the country of Panama.

In 1903, the territory was controlled by the United States. As a part of the United States, the zone had several towns and military bases. 

The Zone was disestablished in October 1, 1979 as part of a treaty signed in 1977 by President Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos, the unofficial leader of Panama.

The Panama Canal was operated by the United States until December 31, 1999, when it returned to Panama.

History 
The treaty was approved by the provisional Panamanian government on December 2, 1903, and by the US Senate on February 23, 1903. While the treaty was approved, the Panamanians received US$10 million, much of which the United States required to be invested in that country. The Canal Zone was formally turned over by Panama on May 4, 1904, when American officials reopened the Panama City offices of the canal company and raised the American flag.
Notable people
 John McCain – U.S. Senator from Arizona and the Republican nominee for President for the 2008 US presidential election

References

1903 establishments in North America
1979 disestablishments in North America
20th century in Panama
20th century in the United States
The Wii Zapper is a light gun add-on for the Wii Remote made for the Wii game console. It was first released in Japan on October 25, 2007 with Ghost Squad. It was later released in a package with Link's Crossbow Training, a shooter video game based on The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess. It was released in North America on November 19, 2007, in Europe on December 7, 2007, and in Australia on December 13, 2007. It allows players to aim at the screen and hit targets. To hit targets, players have to point the device at the television and pull the trigger. It is mainly used for shooter games, including first-person shooters and third-person shooters. The name is a reference to the NES Zapper, a light gun accessory released for the Nintendo Entertainment System.

Wii hardware
Pamela Suzette Grier (born May 26, 1949) is an American actress. Her movies include Jackie Brown. She was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

References

American movie actors
Actors from North Carolina
People from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
1949 births
Living people
Thatcher most commonly refers to:
 Margaret Thatcher (1925–2013), British stateswoman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1979–1990
 A professional who installs thatch as a roofing material, i.e. by means of thatching

Thatcher may also refer to:

People
 Thatcher baronetcy, a British baronetcy created for Denis Thatcher, the husband of Margaret Thatcher
Surname
 America Iglesias Thatcher (1907–1989), Puerto-Rican labor activist
 Ben Thatcher (born 1975), retired Welsh footballer
 Betty Thatcher (1944–2011), English writer and lyricist
 Carol Thatcher (born 1953), daughter of Margaret Thatcher
 Colin Thatcher (born 1938), former Saskatchewan cabinet minister and convicted murderer
 Denis Thatcher (1915–2003), husband of Margaret Thatcher
 Eva Thatcher (1862–1942), American film actress
 Frank Thatcher, Dean of St George's Cathedral, Georgetown, Guyana
 Frederick Thatcher (1814–1890), English and New Zealand architect and clergyman
 George Thatcher (1754–1824), American lawyer
 Heather Thatcher (1896–1987), English actress
 Henry Thatcher (1806–1880), American admiral
 Henry Calvin Thatcher (1842—1884), the first Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court
 James Thatcher (MP) ( 1536–1565), English politician
 James Thatcher, American horn player
 Joe Thatcher (born 1981), American Major League Baseball pitcher
J. T. Thatcher (born 1978), American football player
 Karen Thatcher (born 1984), American ice hockey player
 Kim Thatcher (born 1964), American politician
 Les Thatcher (born 1940), American wrestler
 Mark Thatcher (born 1953), son of Margaret Thatcher
 Maurice Thatcher (1870–1973), U.S. Congressman
 Moses Thatcher (1842–1909), American Mormon apostle
 Noel Thatcher, British paralympic athlete
 Richard Thatcher (1846–1909). American POW, and university president
 Roger Thatcher (1926–2010), British statistician
 Roland Thatcher (born 1977), American golfer
 Ross Thatcher (1917–1971), ninth Premier of Saskatchewan
 Samuel Thatcher (1776–1872), member of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
 Sophie Thatcher, American actress
 Torin Thatcher (1905–1981), English actor
Given name
 Thatcher Szalay (born 1979), American football player

Fictional characters
 Walter Parks Thatcher, a character in the film Citizen Kane
 Jeremy Thatcher, a character in the children's novel Jeremy Thatcher, Dragon Hatcher
 Judge Thatcher or Becky Thatcher, characters in Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain
 John Putnam Thatcher, a character in novels by Emma Lathen
 Justine Thatcher, a character in the BBC Scotland drama Monarch of the Glen
 Margaret Thatcher (Due South), character in the TV show Due South
 William Thatcher, protagonist in the film A Knight's Tale
 Mike Baker, codename Thatcher, playable character in the game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege
 Thatcher Grey, a character in the TV show Grey's Anatomy

Places
 Thatcher, Arizona, U.S.
 Thatcher, Colorado, U.S.
 Thatcher, Idaho, U.S.
 Thatcher, Nebraska, U.S.
 Thatcher Peninsula, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Other uses
 , the name of more than one U.S. ship
 Thatchers Cider, a drink
 C/1861 G1 (Thatcher), a comet
Barbara Ann Scott (May 9, 1928 – September 30, 2012) was a Canadian figure skater. Scott was born in Ottawa, Ontario. She was a champion in the 1948 Winter Olympics, a two-time World Champion and a four time Canadian national champion. She was known as "Canada's Sweetheart" when she returned. Admirers greeted her as she returned from the 1948 Olympic games, and March 9th was then declared Barbara Ann Scott Day. In that very same skating season, she dominated North American, European, and World championships, and did this all at a young age.

She was the only Canadian to win the Olympic ladies' singles gold medal, the first North American to win three major titles in one year and the only Canadian to win a European Championship. Long after her victory, sixty-one years later, Scott carried the Olympic torch into the chamber before the 2010 Vancouver Olympic games. Two months later, she carried the Olympic flag along with seven other Canadians into the Opening Ceremonies.
Barbara was a great figure skater. It is an honor to be able to carry both the Olympic torch and the Olympic flag. She was known well by all of the people in Ottawa, Ontario, where she was born. Barbara was truly a wonderful figure skater for Canada in ladies’ singles (skating by themselves).

Scott died on September 30, 2012 at her home in Fernandina Beach, Amelia Island, Florida at age 84. A local arena was named after her in Nepean, Ontario, as part of the Pinecrest Recreation Centre.

Notes

References 
 "Barbara Ann Scott." Almanac of Famous People. Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2014.
 "A shared history." Maclean's. 10 Mar. 2014: n/a. eLibrary. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.*

Canadian figure skaters
1928 births
2012 deaths
Sportspeople from Ottawa
Sonic the Hedgehog CD or Sonic CD is a platformer video game created by Sega. It is part of the Sonic the Hedgehog series. It was released for the Sega CD game console in 1993. In chronological order it is after the first game and "before the sequel."  The game involves the use of a time travel system that allows Sonic to travel to both the past and the future in a level. Each zone has four variants: the "past," the "present," the "good future," and the "bad future." Each has different graphics, music, enemies, and obstacles. The game introduces two characters to the Sonic the Hedgehog series: Amy Rose, a pink female hedgehog with a hammer as a weapon, and Metal Sonic, an evil robotic version of Sonic.

Development

Release and translation
Sonic CD was released in Japan on September 23, 1993. It was released in Europe in October 1993. The game was released in North America in November 1993.

Reception
Reception

Sonic CD received a lot of praise. The Sega CD version sold more than 1.5 million copies. It sold more copies than any other game on the Sega CD.

The graphics and sound were praised. Electronic Games said that the game looked similar to older games. They said it did not use the Sega CD's special features very much. However, they said that this did not make the game worse. They said the music was what made Sonic CD "stand above the crowd". The reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly (EGM) said the game's animated cinematics and sound were good. however, they said that the frame rate decreases during special stages.

The gameplay was liked. Sega Pro said the bigger environments and the time travel added to the replay value. They said that "the more you play Sonic CD the better it gets". However, they said they felt the game was too easy. In its debut issue, Sega Magazine said Sonic CD could be "a classic". They said the originality in the special stages and time travel was great.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Sonic the Hedgehog games
Platform games
1993 video games
Sega CD games
A card trick is something using playing cards that does not do what you think it should. People called magicians do card tricks. Some examples include finding a certain card in a deck of cards.

Magic
Card games
A fork bomb is a way of stopping a computer from running by making many copies of a program. A fork bomb copies itself into more than two copies, which then copy themselves into four copies. Then both the original and the copy will keep making copies until the computer can no longer handle it and crash.

For example, a simple fork bomb using the bash shell script is :

 :(){ :|:& };:

Here, a function is defined by the name " : ". Inside the curly braces, this function is called and its output is given again to the same function. The " & " is used to run the process in background. The semicolon (" ; ") marks end of the function. The last colon (" : ") calls the function for first time. After that the function keeps on calling itself until computer runs out of memory.

Computer security
Gregory IX (; c. 1145 – 22 August 1241), born Ugolino dei Conti di Segni, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 178th Pope from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241.

Early life
The Count of Segni lived in Anagni when his son Ugolino was born. The exact date of this birth is not known, but it was around 1145.  Ugolino was a nephew of Pope Innocent III.

Cardinal
He was created Cardinal in 1198.

Pope
Cardinal di Conti was elected pope in 1227.  He chose to be called Pope Gregory.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
   "Gregory IX", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Gregory IX
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Segni 

1140s births
1241 deaths
Italian popes
Tutu is a common name of Māori origin for plants in the genus Coriaria (Coriariaceae) found in New Zealand.

Six New Zealand native species are known by the name:
Coriaria angustissima
Coriaria arborea
Coriaria lurida
Coriaria plumosa
Coriaria pteridoides
Coriaria sarmentosa

They are shrubs or trees; some are endemic to New Zealand. Most of the plant parts are poisonous, containing the neurotoxin tutin.

Both the seeds and sap of tutu are highly poisonous, resulting in many cattle deaths in the early days of European settlement. After removing the poisonous seeds, Māori people prepared a drink from the fruit, which they often boiled with a type of seaweed (rimu). The resulting jelly (rehia) was then fermented.
Honey containing tutin can be produced by honey bees feeding on honeydew produced by sap-sucking vine hopper insects (Scolypopa australis) feeding on tutu. The toxin is in the sap of the Tutu bush. This sap is eaten by the hoppers, but not all is digested. The undigested sap which contains a lot of plant sugars as well as tutin is excreted as honeydew onto the leaves of the bush. Bees then gather the honeydew and toxic honey is the result.

The last recorded deaths from eating honey containing tutin were in Northland, New Zealand, in 1890, although sporadic outbreaks of toxic honey poisoning continue to occur. Poisoning symptoms include delirium, vomiting, and coma.

References

Cucurbitales
Plants of New Zealand
Melanie Ann Amaro (born June 26, 1992) is an American singer. She won the first season of The X Factor USA in 2011. For winning, she got a $5 million recording contract with Syco Music and Epic Records. Amaro was also the youngest contestant to win the competition.

Singers from Florida
1992 births
Living people
British Virgin Islands people
Musicians from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Ernest Frederick "Fritz" Hollings (January 1, 1922 – April 6, 2019) was an American politician. Hollings served as a Democratic United States Senator from South Carolina from 1966 to 2005, as well as the 106th Governor of South Carolina (1959–1963) and the 77th Lieutenant Governor (1955–1959). He served 38 years and 55 days in the Senate, which makes him the 8th-longest-serving Senator in history.

Following the death of John Glenn in December 2016, Hollings became the oldest living former United States senator.

Early life
Hollings was born on January 1, 1922 in Charleston, South Carolina. He studied at The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina and at the University of South Carolina School of Law.

Career
Career

Governor of South Carolina
As governor of South Carolina from January 20, 1959 to January 15, 1963, Hollings worked to improve the state's educational system, helping to bring more industry and employment opportunities to the state. His term in office saw the establishment of the state's technical education system and its educational television network. He also called for and achieved significant increases in teachers' salaries, bringing them closer to the regional average. At the 1961 Governor's Conference on Business, Industry, Education and Agriculture in Columbia, S.C., he declared, "Today, in our complex society, education is the cornerstone upon which economic development must be built--and prosperity assured."

He tried to win the Democratic nomination for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1962 but lost to incumbent Olin D. Johnston.

Senator
For 36 years (until January 2003), he served alongside Republican Strom Thurmond, making them the longest-serving Senate duo ever.  This made him the longest-serving junior senator ever, even though he had more seniority than all but a few of his colleagues.  Thurmond and Hollings generally had a good relationship despite their sometimes sharp philosophical differences, and frequently collaborated on legislation and projects to benefit South Carolina. Only Thurmond, Robert Byrd, Ted Kennedy, Daniel Inouye, Carl Hayden, John Stennis and Ted Stevens served longer in the Senate than Hollings.
Hollings remained very popular in South Carolina over the years, even as the state became increasingly friendly to Republicans at the national level.  In his first three bids for a full term, he never dropped below 60 percent of the vote. In the 1992 election, however, he faced an unexpectedly close race against former Congressman Tommy Hartnett in what was otherwise a very good year for Democrats nationally.  Hartnett had represented the Charleston area in Congress from 1981 to 1987, thus making him Hollings' congressman.  His appeal in the Lowcountry — traditionally a swing region at the state level — enabled him to hold Hollings to only 50 percent of the vote.
In his last Senate race in 1998, Hollings faced Republican congressman Bob Inglis. One of the more heated and notable moments of the race was a newspaper interview in which Hollings referred to Inglis as a "goddamn skunk". Hollings was re-elected 52%-45%.

Presidential candidate
Hollings tried to seek the Democratic lead running mate during the 1984 Presidential race. He lost to Walter Mondale.

Personal life and death
Hollings was married to Martha Patricia Salley until they divorced. Then he was married to Rita Liddy from 1971 until her death in 2012. He had four children with Patricia. He lived in Charleston, South Carolina.

Hollings died on April 6, 2019 at his home in Isle of Palms, South Carolina. He was 97. At the time of his death, his was the oldest living former United States senator.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 The Papers of Fritz Hollings at the University of South Carolina
 "Fritz Hollings: In His Own Words," an online collection of documents from the Papers of Fritz Hollings at the University of SC
 https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/19/weekinreview/19bigp.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
 Center for Responsive Politics figures on Hollings' funding 

1922 births
2019 deaths
United States senators from South Carolina
Governors of South Carolina
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
People from Charleston, South Carolina
1984 United States presidential candidates
Lieutenant Governors of South Carolina
Lawyers from South Carolina
James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American novelist, essayist, playwright, and social critic.

Baldwin's essays, such as the collection Notes of a Native Son (1955), explore racial, sexual, and class matters in Western societies, mostly in mid-20th-century America. He looks at how these large things cause problems for, mostly but not only, African American individuals.

Baldwin was born on August 2, 1924 in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. He studied at DeWitt Clinton High School and at The New School. Baldwin was gay. He never married and had no children. Baldwin died on December 1, 1987 in Saint-Paul de Vence, France from esophageal cancer, aged 63.

Novels 
1953. Go Tell It on the Mountain (semi-autobiographical)
1956. Giovanni's Room
1962. Another Country
1968. Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone
1974. If Beale Street Could Talk
1979. Just Above My Head
Essays and short stories 
Many essays and short stories by Baldwin were published for the first time as part of collections. Others, however, were published individually at first and later included with Baldwin's compilation books. Some essays and stories of Baldwin's that were originally released on their own include:
1949. "Everybody's Protest Novel". Partisan Review (June issue)
 1953. "Stranger in the Village". Harper's Magazine.
 1954. "Gide as Husband and Homosexual". The New Leader.
 1956. "Faulkner and Desegregation". Partisan Review.
 1957. "Sonny's Blues". Partisan Review.
 1957. "Princes and Powers". Encounter.
 1958. "The Hard Kind of Courage". Harper's Magazine.
 1959. "The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American". The New York Times Book Review.
 1959. "Nobody Knows My Name: A Letter from the South". Partisan Review.
 1960. "Fifth Avenue, Uptown: A Letter from Harlem". Esquire.
 1960. "The Precarious Vogue of Ingmar Bergman". Esquire.
 1961. "A Negro Assays the Negro Mood". New York Times Magazine.
 1961. "The Survival of Richard Wright". Reporter.
 1961. "Richard Wright". Encounter.
 1962. "Letter from a Region of My Mind". The New Yorker.
 1962. "My Dungeon Shook". The Progressive.
 1963. "A Talk to Teachers"
 1967. "Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They're Anti-White". New York Times Magazine.
1976. The Devil Finds Work — a book-length essay published by Dial Press.
Collections
Many essays and short stories by Baldwin were published for the first time as part of collections, which also included older, individually-published works (such as above) of Baldwin's as well. These collections include:
 1955. Notes of a Native Son
 1961. Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son
 1963. The Fire Next Time
 1965. Going to Meet the Man
 1972. No Name in the Street
 1983. Jimmy's Blues
 1985. The Evidence of Things Not Seen
 1985. The Price of the Ticket
 2010. The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings.

Plays and audio
 1954 The Amen Corner (play)
1964. Blues for Mister Charlie (play)
1990. A Lover's Question (album). Les Disques Du Crépuscule – TWI 928–2.
Works with others 
 1964. Nothing Personal, with Richard Avedon (photography)
 1971. A Rap on Race, with Margaret Mead
 1971. A Passenger from the West, narrative with Baldwin conversations, by Nabile Farès; appended with long-lost interview.
 1972. One Day When I Was Lost (orig.: A. Haley)
 1973. A Dialogue, with Nikki Giovanni
 1976. Little Man Little Man: A Story of Childhood, with Yoran Cazac
 2004. Native Sons, with Sol Stein