Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ruthenia
The term "Ruthenia" can refer to Kievan Rus', Novogrodian Rus', or Volynians and other Ruthenian, east Slavic countries and tribes. Paganism survived among the Eastern Slavs the longest time without being baptized. The baptism of Kievan Rus', toke from the hand of the Byzantines, didn't end Paganism in this country, although it caused paganism to become less popular, and a many people didn't admit to practicing Slavic beliefs. Vladimir the Great started the mass baptism of people in Dnieper, which didn't end paganism among people. The family of Vladimir was officially baptized, but still practiced paganism for  a long time. There still existed Ruthenian tribes that were pagan, for example Volynians or White Croats. The last pagans survived maybe even to XIII century.
Serbia
White Serbs, a Slavic tribe from White Serbia first settled in an area near Thessaloniki on the Balkans and in the 6th and early 7th century, established the Serbian Principality by the 8th century. The serbian rulers adopted the Byzantine Rite in 870. Serbians adopted well the new religion and, unlike in the countries above, there were not any pagan rebellions against the Christianity.

Related pages
 Slavic Native Faith

Sources
 Helmoldi presbyteri Chronica Slavorum : Helmold, Johann Martin Lappenberg , Georg Heinrich Pertz : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
 Full text of "The Russian Primary Chronicle"
 Chronicon; : Thietmar, von Merseburg, Bishop of Merseburg, 975-1018 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
 
 
 
 https://www.jassa.org/?page_id=10175

References 

Paganism
Slavic mythology
Dame Daphne du Maurier  (13 May 1907 – 19 April 1989) was a British author. She is best known for her books Jamaica Inn (1936), Rebecca (1938) and The Birds (1952).

1907 births
1989 deaths
Bisexual people
English novelists
English playwrights
English screenwriters
LGBT novelists
English LGBT writers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Writers from Cornwall
was a Japanese diplomat. He was the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) from July 2009 until his death in July 2019. Amano was an international civil servant for the United Nations. 

Amano died on 18 July 2019 at the age of 72.

References

1947 births
2019 deaths
Japanese diplomats
Kanagawa Prefecture
Donald Louis Mossi (January 11, 1929 – July 19, 2019) was an American major league pitcher from 1954 to 1965. He was a left-handed control pitcher. He played for the Cleveland Indians (1954–1958), Detroit Tigers (1959–1963), Chicago White Sox (1964) and for the Kansas City Athletics (1965). Mossi was born in St. Helena, California.

Mossi died on July 19, 2019, in Nampa, Idaho at age 90.

References

1929 births
2019 deaths
Cleveland Indians players
Detroit Tigers players
Chicago White Sox players
Kansas City Athletics players
Sportspeople from California
St. Helena ( ; Wappo: Anakotanoma, "Bull Snake Village") is a city in Napa County, California. The population was 5,430 at the 2020 census.

References 

Cities in California
Settlements in Napa County, California
Peter McNamara (5 July 1955 – 20 July 2019) was an Australian tennis player and coach. McNamara won five singles titles and nineteen doubles titles in his career. He won the 1980 and 1982 men's doubles championship at Wimbledon and the Australian Open doubles in 1979. McNamara's highest rank in doubles was No. 3. He was born in Melbourne.

McNamara died on 20 July 2019, at the age of 64, from prostate cancer in Sonthofen, Bavaria, Germany.

References

1955 births
2019 deaths
Australian Open champions
Australian tennis players
Cancer deaths in Germany
Deaths from prostate cancer
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Wimbledon champions
The Chicago Daily News was an afternoon daily newspaper in the midwestern United States, published between 1876 and 1978 in Chicago,  In 1984, Weston sold his rights to the Chicago Daily News trademark to Rupert Murdoch, who, at the time, was owner and publisher of the Chicago Sun-Times.

References

Newspapers in Chicago
Hugo Omar Cóccaro (4 May 1954 – July 21 2019) was an Argentine Justicialist Party (PJ) politician. He was Governor of Tierra del Fuego Province from 2005 to 2007. Cóccaro was born in Saladillo, Argentina.

Cóccaro died on 21 July 2019 in Buenos Aires at the age of 65. The cause was cancer.

References

1954 births
2019 deaths
Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina
Argentine politicians
Antonino Cuffaro (21 April 1932 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian politician. He was born in Sambuca di Sicilia, Italy. Cuffaro was a member of the Italian Parliament from 1976 to 1987 and again from 1994 to 1996. He was a member of the Italian Communist Party.

Cuffaro died on 20 July 2019 in Trieste, Italy at the age of 87.

References

1932 births
2019 deaths
Italian politicians
Italian communists
Paul Krassner (April 9, 1932 – July 21, 2019) was an American writer and satirist. He was the founder, editor and a contributor to the freethought magazine The Realist. Krassner became an important figure in the counterculture of the 1960s as a member of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters. He was a founding member of the Yippies. 

Krassner died on July 21, 2019 in Desert Hot Springs, California at the age of 87.

References

1932 births
2019 deaths
American political writers
American political activists
Writers from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Journalists from New York City
Desert Hot Springs, also known as DHS, is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. The city is located within the Coachella Valley region. The population was 32,512 at the 2020 census.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Riverside County, California
Lois Jean Wille (née Kroeber; September 19, 1931 – July 23, 2019) was an American journalist, editor, and author. She won her first of two Pulitzer Prizes in 1963 for her reports about how the Chicago local government’s failure to have good services to low-income women. 

Her stories led to a number of important policy changes in women’s healthcare, public housing, and the juvenile court systems. She was born in Chicago.

In 1989, she received her second Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing.

Wille died on July 23, 2019 in Chicago from a stroke at the age of

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Pulitzer Prize winners
Journalists from Chicago
The Republic of China (ROC) was a country that existed between 1912 and 1949. It is now the People's Republic of China. It was created in January 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing dynasty. The Republic's first president was Sun Yat-sen. Sun's party, the Kuomintang (KMT) won the parliamentary election in December 1912. 

But Sun soon gave the position to Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang Army. The Beiyang Army also controlled the Beiyang government (which controlled Mongolia). 

Between late 1915 and early 1916, Yuan Shikai called himself the Emperor of China. But people did not like it (National protection war). 

After Yuan died in 1916, the Beiyang government was further weakened by a brief restoration of the Qing dynasty.  Various groups in the Beiyang Army claimed independence and fought with each other during the Warlord Era.

In 1921, the KMT created a rival government in Canton, supported by the Communist Party of China (CPC).
North China was overtaxed and had too many fighting warlords. So its economy died between 1927 and 1928. 

General Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) became the KMT leader after Sun's death. Jiang started the Northern Expedition in 1926 and overthrew the Beiyang government in 1928. In April 1927, Jiang created a nationalist government in Nanjing and massacred Communists in Shanghai. This forced the CPC into armed rebellion, starting the Chinese Civil War.

China experienced industrialization and modernization but suffered conflicts between the Nationalist government in Nanking, the CPC, warlords, and the Empire of Japan. 

Eventually the Chinese unified to fight against their common enemy: the Japanese. In 1937 the Imperial Japanese Army invaded China in 1937. The Second Sino-Japanese War began.

In 1945 Japan surrendered at the end of World War II.

In 1946, the Chinese Civil War between the KMT and CPC restarted. 

In 1949, the CPC defeated the KMT and started the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Jiang Jieshi and the KMT fled to Taiwan.

Notes 

Former polities of the Cold War
20th century in China
Pages with unreviewed translations
Former countries in Asia
Chinese is a branch of the Han-Tibetan language family. It has hundreds of local languages, many of which are not mutually understandable. There is more variation in the mountainous southeast. There are main seven groups: Mandarin, Wu, Min, Xiang, Gan, Hakka and Yue. But more research is being done.

Chinese varieties differ most in their phonology (sounds), but have similar vocabulary and syntax (grammar). Southern varieties tend to have fewer initial consonants but more often preserve the Middle Chinese final consonants. All have tones. Northern varieties have fewer tones. Many have tone sandhi (biandao). Zhejiang coast and eastern Guangdong has some of the most complex patterns.

Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect. Its vocabulary is based on Mandarin group and grammar based on literature in the modern written vernacular. It is the official language of China, one of the four official languages of Singapore, and one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
History 
In 2nd millennium BC, a form of Chinese was spoken in around the Huanghe. It then expanded east across the North China Plain to Shandong and then south towards the Yangzi river valley. It replaced former languages in the south.

During times of unity, people wanted to use a common standard language to make communication easier between people.

Evidence for dialectal variation is found in texts from the Spring and Autumn period (722–479 BC).  At that time, the Zhou still defined a standard speech.  The Fangyan (1st century CE) studies the differences in vocabulary between regions. Texts from the Eastern Han period also discuss local differences in pronunciation. The Qieyun rhyme book (601) noted wide variation in pronunciation between regions. It wanted to define a standard pronunciation for reading the classics. This standard is called Middle Chinese.

The North China Plain was flat and easy to move around. So people in the north pretty much spoke the same language.
But South China had many mountains and rivers. So it had six major groups of Chinese languages, with great internal diversity, particularly in Fujian.

Modern Standard Chinese 
Until the mid-20th century, most Chinese people spoke only their local language. But the Ming and Qing dynasties defined a common language based on Mandarin. It was known as Guānhuà (官話, "speech of officials").  Knowledge of guanhua was essential for a career as a government official.

Until the 20th century, Classical Chinese was the written standard.

The Republic of China replaced as the written standard by written vernacular Chinese, which was based on northern dialects. In the 1930s a standard national language was adopted, with its pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect, but with vocabulary also drawn from other Mandarin varieties.  It is the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China.
Standard Mandarin Chinese now dominates public life. The only other Chinese that may be commonly taught in colleges is Cantonese.

The different Chinese languages
Mandarin 管
 spoken in northern and southwestern China 
 most speakers.  
 includes the Beijing dialect, basis for Standard Chinese 
 includes the Dungan language of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan (written in Cyrillic script).
 Wu 吴
 spoken in Shanghai, most of Zhejiang and the southern parts of Jiangsu and Anhui. 
 hundreds of different spoken forms, many of which are not mutually intelligible.
 use stops, affricates and fricatives.
 Gan 赣
 spoken around Jiangxi. 
 closely related to Hakka; used to be "Hakka–Gan dialects".
 Xiang 湘
 spoken in Hunan and southern Hubei. 
 some varieties significantly influenced by Southwest Mandarin.
 Min 闽
 Fujian and eastern Guangdong
 older than Middle Chinese.  
 most diverse  
 Varieties from the coast of Fujian around Xiamen have spread to Southeast Asia (where it is called Hokkien) and Taiwan (where it is called Taiwanese Hokkien).  
 also spoken in Hainan, Leizhou Peninsula, and throughout southern China.
 Hakka 客家
Hakka 客家
 The Hakka ("guest families") live in the hills of Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan, and many other parts of southern China. They have also moved to Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.
 words end with -m -n -ŋ and endings -p -t -k.
 Yue
 Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau
 migrate to Southeast Asia and many other parts of the world. 
 The prestige variety and by far most commonly spoken variety is Cantonese, from the city of Guangzhou (historically called "Canton")
 Cantonese is also the native language of the majority in Hong Kong and Macau.
 Use same endings as Hakka () 
 many tones.
Relationships between groups 
These are sometimes divided into three groups: Northern (Mandarin), Central (Wu, Gan, and Xiang) and Southern (Hakka, Yue, and Min).

Southern Group may come from the Yangzi river during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). This is sometimes called the Old Southern Chinese.

The Central group was transitional between the Northern and Southern groups.

Citations

Works cited 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Pages with unreviewed translations
Chinese language
Peter Hamm (27 February 1937 – 22 July 2019) was a German poet, author, journalist, editor and literary critic. He wrote many documentaries about Ingeborg Bachmann and Peter Handke. He wrote for the German weekly newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit. From 1964 to 2002, Hamm worked as contributing editor for culture for the broadcster Bayerischer Rundfunk. He was born in Munich.

Hamm was in a domestic partnership with actress Marianne Koch from 1970 until his death.

Hamm died on 22 July 2019 in Tutzing, Germany at the age of 82.

References

1937 births
2019 deaths
German poets
German journalists
German critics
Writers from Munich
Marianne Koch (born 19 August 1931) is a German actress. She is best known for her roles in spaghetti westerns and adventure movies of the 1960s. She later worked as a television host and as a physician. She was in a relationship with Peter Hamm from 1970 until his death in 2019. Koch was born in Munich. 

Koch is known for her roles in  Night People alongside Gregory Peck and in Sergio Leone's 1964 movie A Fistful of Dollars alongside Clint Eastwood.

References

Other websites
 

1931 births
Living people
German movie actors
German television actors
German stage actors
German doctors
German television presenters
Actors from Munich
Francisco Grau Vegara (22 January 1947 – 21 July 2019) was a Spanish musician, composer and General in the Spanish Armed Forces. He was born in Bigastro, Alicante. In January 2008, Grau became the first General of Music in the Spanish Armed Forces, having been made a colonel some years previously. From 1988 – 2008, he was also director of the Musical Unit of the Spanish Royal Guard.

Grau died on 21 July 2019, aged 72.

References

1947 births
2019 deaths
Spanish musicians
The Bologna massacre was the bombing of Bologna Centrale railway station in Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy by Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari. It happened on 2 August 1980. It killed 85 people and injured over 200 others. It is the most deadly terrorist attack in the history of Italy.

References

1980s building bombings
1980s explosions in Europe
1980 in Italy
1980s murders in Europe
August 1980 events
Massacre
Building bombings in Europe

Disasters in Italy
Mass murder in Europe
Mass murder in the 1980s
Terrorist incidents in Europe in the 1980s
Arthur Lanon Neville (December 17, 1937 – July 22, 2019) was an American singer-songwriter and keyboardist. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Neville was a part of The Neville Brothers. He was a founding member of The Meters. He also played with the spinoff group The Funky Meters.

Neville performed with singers Labelle (on "Lady Marmalade"), Paul McCartney, Lee Dorsey, Robert Palmer, Dr. John and Professor Longhair.

Neville died at the age of 81 on July 22, 2019 from a long-illness.

References

1937 births
2019 deaths
American singer-songwriters
American soul singers
American R&B singers
American funk musicians
American soul musicians
American R&B musicians
American pianists
Singers from New Orleans
Musicians from New Orleans
Writers from New Orleans
Hans Ture Lennart Lagerqvist (28 April 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a Swedish pole vaulter. He won a silver medal at the 1972 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Lagerqvist placed fourth at the 1971 European Championships and seventh at the 1971 European Athletics Indoor Championships and 1972 Olympics.

Lagerqvist was born in Gothenburg. He died on 22 July 2019 in Stockholm from brain cancer, aged 79.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
Swedish athletes
Swedish Olympians
Pole vaulters
Brigitte Kronauer (29 December 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a German writer. She was born in Essen, Germany. In 2005, she was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize for her literary works.

Kronauer died on 22 July 2019 in Hamburg from a long-illness at the age of 78.

References

Other websites
 Brigitte Kronauer in: NRW Literatur im Netz 

Writers from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Essen
1940 births
2019 deaths
Maxim Kaibkhanovich Dadashev (September 30, 1990 – July 23, 2019) was a Russian boxer. He competed in the light welterweight (63.5 kg) division. Dadshev was a participant of the 2015 European Games. 

Dadashev was a Russian amateur champion. He was born in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). Dadashev won the vacant NABF super lightweight title in June 2018.

On July 19, 2019, Dadashev lost to opponent Subriel Matías at MGM National Harbor in Oxon Hill, Maryland. When leaving the ring, Dadashev collapsed. He had brain surgery and placed in a medically induced coma. Dadashev died from his injuries on July 23 at a hospital in Cheverly, Maryland at the age of 28.

References

1990 births
2019 deaths
Deaths in sport
Russian sportspeople
Boxers
Oxon Hill is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in southern Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. Oxon Hill is a suburb of Washington, D.C.. As of the 2010 census Oxon Hill had a population of 17,722.

References

Unincorporated communities in Maryland
Census-designated places in Maryland
Cheverly is a town in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. It is located near Washington, D.C.. The town was founded in 1918, and it was incorporated in 1931. Cheverly had 6,173 residents as of the 2010 Census.

References

Towns in Maryland
"Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us" is a Facebook event that was planned for September 20, 2019 at Area 51, a United States Air Force (USAF) base. The purpose of the event was to raid the site in search for aliens while they "Naruto run". The event was created by Matty Roberts as a satire event. Roberts posted the event on June 27, 2019. About 3,000,000 people responded "going" or "interested" on the event's page.

Air Force officials and Nevada state officials warned the group members not to raid the area or otherwise they would use executive force.

Copycat events such as plans to storm a secret vault of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Loch Ness, and the Bermuda Triangle have also been created.

References

June 2019 events

Internet memes
Arcadia Group plc  is a British multinational retailing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It owns the high street clothing retailers Burton, Dorothy Perkins, Evans, Miss Selfridge, Topman, Topshop, Wallis and the out of town chain Outfit, which sells lines from the other group chains. The group has more than 2,500 outlets in the UK, concessions in UK department stores such as Debenhams, Selfridges, as well as several hundred franchises in other countries.

The company is majority owned by Taveta Investments, itself owned by Tina Green, the wife of Sir Philip Green, who is himself the chairman of the Arcadia Group. Philip Green has been involved in a number of controversies during his career, including the payment of generous dividends to Richard Caring, Tom Hunter, and Philip Green's family prior to the demise of BHS.
In April 2019, it was reported that the Arcadia group, controlled by Philip Green's family, had recorded a £300m deficit into its pension fund, while the Green family had cashed out £1.2bn in dividends from Arcadia in 2005.

British MP Frank Field, who previously investigated the BHS pension deficit, has publicly criticised Philip Green for paying huge dividends to his family and friend Richard Caring "when things are going well", and making his employees pay "when things are not going well".
Retail companies of the United Kingdom
SABMiller plc was a multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in London, England. It is the world's second-largest brewer measured by revenues (after the Belgian-Brazilian-American Anheuser-Busch InBev) and is also a major bottler of Coca-Cola. Its brands include Fosters, Grolsch, Miller, Peroni and Pilsner Urquell. It has operations in 80 countries world-wide and in 2009 sold around 21 billion litres of beverages.

SABMiller's origins date back to the foundation of South African Breweries in 1895 as to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. From the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to London. In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc.
SABMiller has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a market capitalisation of approximately £42 billion as of 24 October 2015, the 6th-largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

In October 2015, Anheuser-Busch InBev  announced plans to acquire SABMiller for £69 billion ($104 billion).

Other websites 

 Official website

1895 establishments in the United Kingdom
2016 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Beer
Companies based in London
Home Retail Group plc is one of the UK's leading home and general merchandise retailers. It is the parent company of Argos and Habitat. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

Home Retail Group owns a number of well-known brands, including Alba, Bush, Chad Valley, Challenger, Cherokee, Cooksworks, Habitat, Heart of House,  Hygena, Schreiber, and Sovereign.

References

Other websites 
 

2006 establishments in the United Kingdom
2016 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Retail markets
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Milton Keynes
Veles is a Slavic god of wealth, undergrounds and trade. It is very important in Pomeranian Slavs religion.

Slavic gods and goddesses
Marzanna (in Polish), Marena (in Russian), Morana (in Czech, Bulgarian, Slovene, and Serbo-Croatian),  or Morena or Kyselica (in Slovak), Kiszehajtás (in Hungarian), Morena (in Macedonian), Maslenitsa (in Russia) and also Mara (in Belarusian and Ukrainian), Maržena, Moréna, Mora or Marmora, Morė (in Lithuanian) is the goddess of death and winter in Slavic paganism. In many Slavic countries, it is very popular to burn a doll, that represents Marzanna, when it's beginning of spring.

Slavic gods and goddesses
Gerovit is a god of war in Slavic beliefs. Almost everything we know about him, we know thanks to German bishops, who visited Slavic countries.

Slavic gods and goddesses
Zhangzhung (Tibetan: ཞང་ཞུང; Tibetan pinyin: Xangxang; Chinese: 象雄; pronounced Shangshung) was a kingdom of western China (Tibet) and northern India before the 7th century. The religion of Zhangzhung is Bon, and the people are sometimes called Bonpo. The Bon religion influenced Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism. The Zhangzhung are mentioned frequently in Tibetan texts as the original rulers of central and western Tibet.

We are still trying to learn more about them.

Location 

Zhang Zhung had three different regions:

 sGob-ba, the outer; Western Tibet, from Gilgit in the west to Dangs-ra khyung-rdzong in the east, next to lake gNam-mtsho, and from Khotan, Xinjiang in the north to Chu-mig brgyad-cu rtsa-gnyis in the south.
 Phug-pa, the inner; The inner region is said to be sTag-gzig (Tazig) [often identified with Bactria, Central Asia]
 and Bar-ba, the middle, not yet identified.

It was an independent kingdom and covered all of Western Tibet.
The capital was Khyunglung, the "Silver Palace of Garuda", southwest of Mount Kailash, with palaces found in the upper Sutlej Valley.

History

Iron Age 
Scientists dug stuff in the Chang Tang plateau and found iron. These may be the Zhangzhung's iron.

Unification of Tibet 

The Tang Annals say that the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo conquered and unified the Zhangzhung. In 634, Yangtong (Zhang Zhung) and various Qiang tribes, "altogether submitted to him." Gampo then united the Yangtong to defeat the 'Azha or Tuyuhun and conquer two more Qiang tribes. He then threatened Songzhou (China) with an army of more than 200,000 men. He then sent gifts of gold and silk to the Tang emperor to marry a princess. At first the Emperor Gaozong of Tang refused so Gampo attacked Songzhou. But Gampo later gave up and apologized so the emperor married him to Princess Wencheng.
Language 
There are some Zhangzhung texts and 11th century bilingual Tibetan documents. The Zhangzhung language was related to Kinnauri, a Sino–Tibetan language.

The Bonpo claim that the Tibetan writing system is derived from the Zhangzhung alphabet. However Tibetan script comes from a North Indian script. Non-Bon Tibetan texts agree.

A modern Kinnauri language of the same name (pronounced Jangshung) is spoken by 2,000 people in the Sutlej Valley of Himachal Pradesh, India. They claim to be descendants of the Zhangzhung.

Zhangzhung's influence in India 
Bonpo religion was founded by a Buddha-like person named Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche. Tonpa's teachings are very similar to Gautama Buddha. Bonpos claim that Tonpa lived 18,000 years ago and visited Tibet from the land of Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring (modern Tajikstan) or Shambhala.

The Bonpo claim that during this time Lord Tonpa's teachings entered the Indian subcontinent and helped develop the Vedic religion (Hinduism).
An example of this link between Bon and Hinduism is Mount Kailash, the center of Zhang Zhung culture and also most sacred mountain to Hindus. As a result, the Bonpos claim that Hinduism owes its origin to Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche.

References 

Pages with unreviewed translations
History of China
Ancient India
Former countries in Asia
Video assistant referee (VAR) is a system that helps referees to decide better about players fouls, if a goal was valid, red card decisions, etc. in soccer matches.  When the referee is going to review a play on the field at the VAR box, they outline a square with their hands, as if showing the outline of a TV screen. It was used for the first time in the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup.  It was used for the first time for international matches in the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup.  The first time VAR was used in the FIFA World Cup was in the 2018 World Cup.

In March 2018, the VAR was permanentely written into the Laws of the Game by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).

There are 3 categories of decisions that can be reviewed:
Goal/No Goal: if the ball went inside or did not go inside of the goal, ball went out of play, foul, offside, or handball.
 Penalty/No Penalty: ball went out of play, dive, foul was in or outside the box, handball, or foul was not penalised.
 Red/Yellow Card: violent conduct, hitting/spitting/kicking/punching another player, coach, or referee, mistaken identity or incorrect card given, or decision to award a yellow or red card.

The referee can review the play on the field by going to the VAR box, listen to the VAR's recommendation, or completely ignore the VAR advice. The referee can only review the play on the field with recommendation of the VAR to prevent the referee from relying on it too much.

Criticism 
The VAR system has been criticised by many people, mostly because of how much time is used up in reviews, overly relying on it, and causing confusion. Manager Mauricio Pochettino said "it made everyone confused". He also said that he felt sorry for the fans and for the referee after an FA Cup match.
References 

2018
2018 FIFA World Cup
Football (soccer) terminology
Nir is a city in Iran. It is located in the north west of Iran in the Ardabil Province. it is a part of the Nir County.

References 

Cities in Iran
Ardabil Province
Slavic Naitive Faith is modern pagan religion, which is related to Slavic paganism. It is sometimes called Rodnovery.

References

Paganism
Religions
Slavic mythology
The  is Japan's largest Asian studies library. It is one of the world's five largest libraries. It is located in Tokyo. 

It contains around 950,000 documents, written in Asian, Western and Japanese languages.

It was started by Mitsubishi Motors and opened in 1924.

References 

Libraries in  Japan
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
is a Japanese university. It has buildings in Hakusan, Asaka, Kawagoe, and Itakura.

Other websites 

 

1880s establishments in Japan
1887 establishments
Colleges and universities in Tokyo
Oyanagi Shigeta (小柳司気太, 1870 December 24 - 1940 July 18 ) is a Japanese scholar of Chinese literature and Taoism. He is from Niigata Prefecture and graduated from Tokyo Imperial University. His mom's last name is Kumakura (熊倉).

References

1940 deaths
1870 births
Epigraphy is the study of writings, inscriptions (epigraphs) on things like rocks, clay, stone, paper, etc. It is used to study writing; often for learning about languages of the past.
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
Writing media
Writing
Mokosh () is a Slavic goddess of fate and the protector of women in childbirth.

Slavic gods and goddesses
Luo Zhenyu (August 8, 1866 – May 14, 1940), courtesy name Shuyun (叔蘊), was a Chinese classical scholar, philologist, epigrapher, antiquarian. He supported the Qing dynasty, even after it fell.
1940 deaths
1866 births
Pages with unreviewed translations
Silesian or Upper Silesian (Silesian:  /  ; ; , , ; ) from the West Slavic language family. Some linguists say, that it is a dialect of Polish, because of big similarities between these languages. It's mostly spoken in Poland, but also in the Czech Republic and Germany.

References 

Languages of Europe
Poland
Slavic languages
Cen Chunxuan (1861 – 27 April 1933) was a Zhuang Chinese politician who lived in the late Qing dynasty and Republic of China. He wanted the Qing to become a monarchy based on a constitution (written set of laws). Empress Dowager Cixi supported him. He was a governor of Guangdong and became a warlord during the ROC but then Sun Yat-sen's government replaced his.

References

1933 deaths
1861 births
Politicians from Guangdong
Suzhou High School of Jiangsu Province (), is a Chinese public high school. It has over 1000 years of history. 

Many famous people graduated from there. It is in Suzhou, Jiangsu. In 1035, the Northern Song politician Fan Zhongyan founded it ().

Pages with unreviewed translations
High schools
Buildings and structures in China
Jiangsu‎
Fujita Toyohachi (Kanji: 藤田豊八；Hiragana: ふじたとよはち; 19 October 1869 - 15 July 1929) is a Japanese writer and professor in East Asian History. He is from Tokushima Prefecture. His (Chinese) pen name name was Jianfeng / Kenfou (劍峰).

He founded a school in Jiangsu, China. He was a teacher at Beijing University (the Imperial University, 京師大學堂), author of Secondary Education East Asian history《中等教育東洋史》and Research on the History of East-West Interactions《東西交涉史之研究（東西交渉史の研究）》。

He collected over 1700 Chinese books. After he died, those were sent to the Toyo Bunko (東洋文庫) and put into a section called Fujita's library「藤田文庫」。

Life 
In 1869, Fujita was born in Awa Province (Tokushima).

In 1895, he graduated from the University of Tokyo Liberal arts school with a degree in Chinese language studies.

After that he taught the history of Chinese literature at Waseda University, Toyo University, and other schools
In 1896, he cofounded the Dongya Xueyuan (東亞學院, East Asia College) with Oyanagi Shigeta and others. Fujita also founded the journal "Jiangsu Wenxue"《江湖文學》(Jiangsu Literature).

In 1897, he visited Shanghai.

In 1898, he helped create the Dongwen Xueshe (東文學社, East Asian literature society) with Luo Zhenyu.

After 1904, Cen Chunxuan (岑春煊) governor of Guangxi and Guangdong asked Fujita to help with education.

In 1905, he also helped create Suzhou high school (江苏师范学堂). He invited more than 10 teachers from Japan. The Qing dynasty then awarded him a medal. In 1909 Fujita became a professor at the prestigious Beijing University.

In 1912, Japan returned to Japan. He lived in Tokyo and researched the history of east–west interactions. In 1920 he got a PhD in literature.

In 1923, he was professor at Waseda University. He taught the history of east–west sea transportation and the history of the Western regions (China, Xiyu, modern day Xinjiang).
In 1925, he became professor at the imperial Tokyo University and first lecturer on East Asian history.

In 1928, he became a professor and Minister of culture and politics at Taibei Imperial University (臺北帝國大學). In May 1929 he returned to Tokyo to give a lecture on the history of the Xiyu again. But in July he died of kidney failure.

Works 
 東洋史　文学社, 1896－97
 先秦文学 支那文学史稿 東華堂, 1897
 東洋歴史物語 アルス (日本児童文庫), 1929
 東西交渉史の研究 南海篇 岡書院, 1932
 東西交渉の研究 巻上・下(南海篇,西域篇及附篇) 萩原星文館, 1943

Citations 

1929 deaths
1869 births
People from Tokushima Prefecture
Waseda University faculty
The Western Regions or Xiyu () refers to Central Asia, specifically west of the Yumen pass. It was used in Chinese between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD. 

It sometimes refers to Xinjiang or even northern parts of the Indian subcontinent (as in the novel Journey to the West).

Because it is located on the Silk Road, the xiyu have been important since at least the 3rd century BC.

History 
The Han–Xiongnu War (ended 89 AD) was fought there. In the 7th century, the Tang campaign against the Western Regions led to Chinese control of the region. 

The xiyu became an important place of exchange between East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Muslim world.

This was especially true during the Mongol Empire. Buddhism spread through the region to China. 

The Tang dynasty monk Xuanzang crossed the region on his way to study in India. When he returned to Chang'an, the influential Great Tang Records on the Western Regions was written.

References

Asia
Pages with unreviewed translations
Cologny is a municipality in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Geneva
Emperor Ming of Han (15 June 28 AD – 5 September 75 AD) was the second emperor of China's Eastern Han Dynasty.

He was born .

Emperors of Han Dynasty
20s births
70s deaths
The Kalman filter is an algorithm (a step-by-step process) that helps people remove errors from numbers. It is named for Rudolf E. Kálmán, a mathematician who helped to make it.

Science can use the Kalman filter in many ways. One important use is steering airplanes and space ships. People also use the Kalman filter to make a model of how humans use nerves and muscles to move their bodies.

The Kalman filter has two steps. The first step is predicting (trying to say what you think will happen). The Kalman filter makes a first guess about what we think is true (an estimate) and how certain we are that it is true (uncertainty). Next, the Kalman filter makes a new guess by using a weighted average. More certain numbers are more important in this weighted average. After doing these two steps, we use the new guess to start these steps again.

References

Algorithms
An Shigao () lived from 148-180 CE. He was a Buddhist. And he helped translate Indian Buddhist texts into Chinese. According to legend, he was a prince of Parthia (modern Iran). He gave up being a prince to become a Buddhist missionary monk in China.

References

Buddhist monks
Translators
140s births
180s deaths
Thônex is a municipality of the canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It is in the east of the canton and shares a border with the French town of Ambilly.

History 
In 1869, the municipality was created when Chêne-Thônex split into two independent municipalities Chêne-Bourg and Thônex.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities of Geneva
Cities in Switzerland
As white settlers went west across America after 1780, the size, length of time, and intensity of conflicts increased between settlers and various Indians. The biggest came in the War of 1812, which resulted in the defeat of major Indian coalitions in the Midwest and the South. Conflict with settlers happened less, and treaties became more common. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 allowed the US government to remove natives from east of the Mississippi River to the west. The west was what the government believed to be empty American frontier. (Many tribes had a lot of territory in this area, however.) The federal US policy of removal was eventually changed in the West. It was changed to relocating Indian tribes to specially designated and federally protected reservations.

Other websites
Other websites

 Indian Wars National Association
 Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas by John Henry Brown, published 1880, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
 The Indian Wars and African American Soldiers, US Army
 Increase Mather, A Brief History of the War with the Indians in New-England, (1676) Online Edition
 www.history.com; American-Indian Wars
  Highlighting Native Nations in the War of 1812

Wars involving North America
History of Native Americans
The money tree (Chinese: 搖錢樹; yao qian shu; literally: shake money tree) is a holy tree that can give you money if you shake it.

It came from the Han Dynasty. Bronze qianshu are appear a lot in Sichuan graves.

References

Chinese mythology
Luck
A dry county is a county in the United States whose government does not allow the sale of any kind of alcoholic beverages. Some don't allow off-premises sales, some don't allow on-premises sale, and some don't allow both. Many dry counties exist in the United States. Most of them in the South. Some smaller jurisdictions also exist, such as cities, towns, and townships, which don't allow alcohol to be sold. These are known as dry cities, dry towns, or dry townships. Dry jurisdictions can be contrasted with "wet" (minimal alcohol prohibitions) and "moist" (fewer prohibitions than "dry" but more than "wet").

Local government in the United States
The Parliament of Finland (, ) is the unicameral supreme legislature of Finland. It was founded on 9 May 1906. It works with the Constitution of Finland. The power is vested in the Parliament. The Parliament is made up of 200 members, 199 of whom are elected every four years. In addition, there is one member from Åland.

Legislation may start by either the Government or one of the members of Parliament.

References

Government of Finland
Unicameral legislatures
Kucha (, ) was an ancient Buddhist kingdom in Xinjiang (East Turkestan). 

It was on the Silk Road.

References

History of China
Former countries in Central Asia
Jeremy Kemp (3 January 1935 – 19 July 2019) was an English actor. He was known for his roles in the miniseries The Winds of War, the movie The Blue Max and the TV series Z-Cars.

References

Other websites

1935 births
2019 deaths
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from Derbyshire
Michael English (24 December 1930 – 13 July 2019) was a British Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament for the British Parliament for Nottingham West from 1964 to 1983. 

English died on 13 July 2019 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 Peter Fry interview at History of Parliament Online

1930 births
2019 deaths
Labour Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
Politicians from Nottinghamshire
People from Nottingham
Politicians from Liverpool
Nicodemus is an unincorporated community in Graham County, Kansas, United States.  The community was created in 1877. it is named after the Biblical figure Nicodemus.

The Nicodemus National Historic Site is in Nicodemus. The place commemorates the only remaining western town created by African Americans during the Reconstruction Period. During the last weekend of July, former residents and their descendants return for celebrations and parades.

In 1976, Nicodemus was named a National Historic Landmark. As of 2018, its First Baptist Church, African Methodist Episcopal Church, and other historic buildings are in bad condition that they cannot be opened to the public.

Geography
The United States Census Bureau says that the Nicodemus township has an area of 32.4 square miles. The town is along Highway 24 in the Great Plains.

Climate
Summer is typically long and hot. Thunderstorms are common during summer. Spring and fall are usually short, while winter is cold.  The average precipitation is about 22 inches.
More reading
 Crockett, Norman I. The Black Towns. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1979.
 Hamilton, Kenneth Marvin. Black Towns and Profit: Promotion and Development in the Trans-Appalachian West, 1877–1915. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
 Hamilton, Kenneth Marvin. "The Origins and Early Promotion of Nicodemus: A Pre-Exodus, All-Black Town." Kansas History 5 (winter 1982): 220–242.
 Promised Land on the Solomon: Black Settlement at Nicodemus, Kansas. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Region, n.d.
 Schwendemann, Glen. "Nicodemus: Negro Haven on the Solomon." Kansas Historical Quarterly 29 (spring 1963): 10–31.
 Shaw, Bill & Daniel Chu. Going home to Nicodemus: The story of an African American frontier town and the pioneers who settled it. Morristown: Silver Burdett Press, 1994.
 Shortridge, James R. Peopling the plains: Who Settled Where in Frontier Kansas. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995
Athearn, Robert G. In Search Of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas 1879–80.  Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1978
 Ravage, John W. Black Frontiers: Images of the Black Experience on the North American Frontier.  Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1997.
References

Other websites

 Nicodemus National Historic Site
 Nicodemus Photo Tour
 Kansas State Historical Society, Portrait of Nicodemus
 A history of Nicodemus, Graham County, Kansas
 Nicodemus: Negro haven on the Solomon - 1971
 1877 Historic Flyer

Unincorporated communities in Kansas
Graham County, Kansas
Lengger is a traditional dance from the Banyumasan area of the Central Java, Indonesia.

Dances
Central Java
Ragged schools were free schools for poor children’s education in nineteenth-century Britain. The London Ragged Schools Union was established in April 1844. They gave free education, food, clothes and other services. The classes were sometimes held in stables, lofts and railway arches. Most teachers were volunteers but there were some who were paid. About 300,000 children went to London ragged schools between 1844 and 1881.

The context 
There was no legal structure which supported primary education in England until the second half of the 19th century. There were, however, Church of England schools.
Parliament did not lay down rules for education until 1870, the year of Forster's Education Act (Elementary Education Act of 1870). The Elementary Education Act 1880 (the Mundella Act) made school boards  enforce compulsory attendance from 5 to 10 years. Attendance officers might visit the homes of absent (truant) children. Children who were employed needed a certificate to show they had reached the educational standard. Employers of these children who could not show this were penalised.

The 1891 Elementary Education Act provided for the state payment of school fees up to ten shillings per head. This made primary education free. The Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893 raised the school leaving age to 11.

References

19th century in England
Education in England
Fedio (also spelled Fedyo; ) is a Syrian village located in Latakia Governorate. Fedio had a population of 4,065 in the 2004 census.

References

Villages in Asia
Syria
Chinese Pinyin is used for other languages besides Standard Mandarin and other Varieties of Chinese. In China different pinyin systems are used for Mongolian, Uyghur, Manchu, and Tibetan. 

The former State Administration of Surveying and Mapping, Geographical Names Committee and former Script Reform Committee created these pinyin methods. 

These have been used since 1978.

References

Romanization
Latakia Governorate ( / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat al-Lādhiqīyah) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is in western Syria, bordering Turkey. Its reported area varies in different sources from 2,297 km² to 2,437 km². The governorate population was 991,000 (2010 estimate). Members of the Alawite sect are the majority in the governorate, although Armenians, Turkmen, and Sunni Kurds form the majorities in the Kessab, Jabal Turkman, and Jabal al-Akrad regions respectively. The capital of Latakia had, by 2010 estimates, 400,000 inhabitants, 50% of whom were Alawites, 30% were Sunni, and 20% Christian.

Geography
Geography 

The Latakia Governorate borders Turkey to the north, Tartous to the south, Hama and Idlib to the east and the Mediterranean sea to the west. Although the western part of the governorate is mainly of coastal plains, the eastern parts are mountainous, with the Syrian Coastal Mountain Range running north to south, parallel to the coastal plains. Its highest peak, Nabi Yunis, is 1562 meters (5,125 ft) tall with the average elevation only about 1200 meters. The western areas of the governorate catch moisture-laden winds from the Mediterranean Sea and are thus more fertile and more heavily populated than the eastern slopes.
The Orontes River flows north alongside the range on its eastern verge in the Ghab valley, a  longitudinal trench, and then around the northern edge of the range to flow into the Mediterranean. Another important river is Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali, a river running from the Turkish border and to the southwest to flow in the Mediterranean with the 16 Tishreen dam, one of the most important in the region, being constructed to use the river power generation, storage of rain and river water, and the creation of Mashqita lake.

Climate

Cities 
The following cities are the administrative centres of the districts in Latakia Governorate (Population based on 2004 official census):

Districts 

The governorate is divided into four districts (manatiq):

 Al-Haffah
 Jableh
 Latakia
 Qardaha

These are further divided into 22 sub-districts (nawahi).

Economy
Economy 

The governorate is located on the Mediterranean Sea, which gave it great economic importance, most notably the capital of the governorate, Latakia, which serves as not only the governorate's but also Syria's main port. Its port was established on 12 February 1950.

Its imported cargo include clothing, construction materials, vehicles, furniture, minerals, tobacco, cotton, and food supplies such as lintels, onions, wheat, barley, dates, grains and figs, and in 2008, the port handled about 8 million tons of cargo.

The governorate is also a tourist destination for many Syrian locals, the Cote d'Azur Beach of Latakia is Syria's premier coastal resort, and offers water skiing, jet skiing, and windsurfing. The city contains eight hotels, two of which have five-star ratings; both the Cote d'Azur de Cham Hotel and Lé Meridien Lattiquie Hotel are located  north of the city, at Cote d'Azur. The latter hotel has 274 rooms and is the only international hotel in the city.