Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are 8 cantons in the arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle; 5 of them are completely in the arrondissement:

 Boulay-Moselle (5703)
 Forbach (5708)
 Freyming-Merlebach (5709)
 Saint-Avold (5719)
 Stiring-Wendel (5725)

and 3 are only parts of cantons:
 south of Bouzonville (5704)
 east of Faulquemont (5707)
 west of Sarralbe (5720)

Communes
The arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle has 169 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Adaincourt (57007)
 Adelange (57008)
 Alsting (57013)
 Altrippe (57014)
 Altviller (57015)
 Alzing (57016)
 Anzeling (57025)
 Arraincourt (57027)
 Arriance (57029)
 Bambiderstroff (57047)
 Bannay (57048)
 Baronville (57051)
 Barst (57052)
 Behren-lès-Forbach (57058)
 Béning-lès-Saint-Avold (57061)
 Bérig-Vintrange (57063)
 Berviller-en-Moselle (57069)
 Bettange (57070)
 Betting (57073)
 Bibiche (57079)
 Biding (57082)
 Bionville-sur-Nied (57085)
 Bisten-en-Lorraine (57087)
 Bistroff (57088)
 Boucheporn (57095)
 Boulay-Moselle (57097)
 Bousbach (57101)
 Boustroff (57105)
 Bouzonville (57106)
 Brettnach (57110)
 Brouck (57112)
 Brulange (57115)
 Cappel (57122)
 Carling (57123)
 Château-Rouge (57131)
 Chémery-les-Deux (57136)
 Cocheren (57144)
 Colmen (57149)
 Condé-Northen (57150)
 Coume (57154)
 Créhange (57159)
 Creutzwald (57160)
 Dalem (57165)
 Dalstein (57167)
 Denting (57172)
 Destry (57174)
 Diebling (57176)
 Diesen (57765)
 Diffembach-lès-Hellimer (57178)
 Ébersviller (57186)
 Éblange (57187)
Éblange (57187)
 Eincheville (57189)
 Elvange (57190)
 Erstroff (57198)
 Etzling (57202)
 Falck (57205)
 Farébersviller (57207)
 Farschviller (57208)
 Faulquemont (57209)
 Filstroff (57213)
 Flétrange (57217)
 Folkling (57222)
 Folschviller (57224)
 Forbach (57227)
 Fouligny (57230)
 Freistroff (57235)
 Frémestroff (57237)
 Freybouse (57239)
 Freyming-Merlebach (57240)
 Gomelange (57252)
 Gréning (57258)
 Grostenquin (57262)
 Guenviller (57271)
 Guerstling (57273)
 Guerting (57274)
 Guessling-Hémering (57275)
 Guinglange (57276)
 Guinkirchen (57277)
 Hallering (57284)
 Ham-sous-Varsberg (57288)
 Han-sur-Nied (57293)
 Hargarten-aux-Mines (57296)
 Harprich (57297)
 Haute-Vigneulles (57714)
 Heining-lès-Bouzonville (57309)
 Hellimer (57311)
 Helstroff (57312)
 Hémilly (57313)
 Henriville (57316)
 Herny (57319)
 Hestroff (57322)
 Hinckange (57326)
 Holacourt (57328)
 Holling (57329)
 Hombourg-Haut (57332)
 L’Hôpital (57336)
 Hoste (57337)
 Kerbach (57360)
 Lachambre (57373)
 Landroff (57379)
 Laning (57384)
Laning (57384)
 Laudrefang (57386)
 Lelling (57389)
 Leyviller (57398)
 Lixing-lès-Saint-Avold (57409)
 Longeville-lès-Saint-Avold (57413)
 Macheren (57428)
 Mainvillers (57430)
 Many (57442)
 Marange-Zondrange (57444)
 Maxstadt (57453)
 Mégange (57455)
 Menskirch (57457)
 Merten (57460)
 Metzing (57466)
 Momerstroff (57471)
 Morhange (57483)
 Morsbach (57484)
 Narbéfontaine (57495)
 Neunkirchen-lès-Bouzonville (57502)
 Niedervisse (57507)
 Nousseviller-Saint-Nabor (57514)
 Oberdorff (57516)
 Obervisse (57519)
 Œting (57521)
 Ottonville (57530)
 Petit-Tenquin (57536)
 Petite-Rosselle (57537)
 Piblange (57542)
 Pontpierre (57549)
 Porcelette (57550)
 Racrange (57560)
 Rémelfang (57567)
 Rémering (57570)
 Rosbruck (57596)
 Roupeldange (57599)
 Saint-Avold (57606)
 Saint-François-Lacroix (57610)
 Schœneck (57638)
 Schwerdorff (57640)
 Seingbouse (57644)
 Spicheren (57659)
 Stiring-Wendel (57660)
 Suisse (57662)
 Tenteling (57665)
 Téterchen (57667)
 Teting-sur-Nied (57668)
 Théding (57669)
 Thicourt (57670)
Thicourt (57670)
 Thonville (57673)
 Tritteling-Redlach (57679)
 Tromborn (57681)
 Vahl-Ebersing (57684)
 Vahl-lès-Faulquemont (57686)
 Vallerange (57687)
 Valmont (57690)
 Valmunster (57691)
 Varize (57695)
 Varsberg (57696)
 Vatimont (57698)
 Vaudreching (57700)
 Velving (57705)
 Viller (57717)
 Villing (57720)
 Vittoncourt (57726)
 Voimhaut (57728)
 Volmerange-lès-Boulay (57730)
 Vœlfling-lès-Bouzonville (57749)
 Zimming (57762)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Moselle department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Forbach-Boulay-Moselle
Bamburgh Castle is a castle on the coast at Bamburgh, Northumberland. It is a Grade I listed building. During WW2 the Royal Navy ship HMS Bamborough Castle was named after it.

History 
The castle is built on the remains of a fort of native Britons. The fort was destroyed by the Vikings in 993.

The Normans then built a new castle on the site. That forms the centre of today's castle. The castle became the property of the reigning English Monarch. Many think that Henry II ordered the creation of the keep.

During the Wars of the Roses, it became the first castle in England to be defeated by artillery, after a nine-month siege. The Forester family of Northumberland provided the Crown with governors of the castle for 400 years, before the Crown granted ownership to Sir John Forester. When the family became bankrupt, the castle was sold to a series of owners. Eventually it was bought by the Armstrong family, who still own it today. They opened it to the public.
Media and myths 
The castle has been used in movies including Macbeth (1971) and Robin of Sherwood (1984-6). It has also been featured in many books. The late medieval British author Thomas Malory suggested that it was Joyous Gard, the mythical home of Sir Lancelot from tales of King Arthur.

References 

Castles in England

Buildings and structures in Northumberland
Grade I listed buildings
11th-century buildings and structures
The arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins is an arrondissement of France, in the Moselle department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Sarrebourg.

History
The arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins was formed when the former arrondissements of Sarrebourg and of Château-Salins were merged on 1 January 2015 to form the new arrondissement.

Geography
The arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins is the most southern of the arrondissements of the Moselle department. It is bordered to the north by the Forbach-Boulay-Moselle and the Sarreguemines arrondissements, to the northeast and east by the Bas-Rhin department, to the south by the Meurthe-et-Moselle department and to the west by the Metz arrondissement.

The arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins has an area of . It is the largest of the 5 arrondissements of the department but the one with fewest people living in it, with 93,481 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are only 3 cantons in the arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins:
 Phalsbourg (5715)
 Sarrebourg (5721)
 Le Saulnois (5723) (partly)

Communes
The arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins has 230 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aboncourt-sur-Seille (57002)
 Abreschviller (57003)
 Achain (57004)
 Ajoncourt (57009)
 Alaincourt-la-Côte (57010)
 Albestroff (57011)
 Amelécourt (57018)
 Arzviller (57033)
 Aspach (57034)
 Assenoncourt (57035)
 Attilloncourt (57036)
 Aulnois-sur-Seille (57040)
 Avricourt (57042)
 Azoudange (57044)
 Bacourt (57045)
 Barchain (57050)
 Bassing (57053)
 Baudrecourt (57054)
 Bébing (57056)
 Bellange (57059)
 Bénestroff (57060)
 Berling (57064)
 Bermering (57065)
 Berthelming (57066)
 Bettborn (57071)
 Bezange-la-Petite (57077)
 Bickenholtz (57080)
 Bidestroff (57081)
 Bioncourt (57084)
 Belles-Forêts (57086)
 Blanche-Église (57090)
 Bourgaltroff (57098)
 Bourdonnay (57099)
 Bourscheid (57100)
 Bréhain (57107)
 Brouderdorff (57113)
 Brouviller (57114)
 Buhl-Lorraine (57119)
 Burlioncourt (57120)
 Chambrey (57126)
 Château-Bréhain (57130)
 Château-Salins (57132)
 Château-Voué (57133)
 Chenois (57138)
 Chicourt (57141)
 Conthil (57151)
 Craincourt (57158)
 Cutting (57161)
 Dabo (57163)
 Dalhain (57166)
Dalhain (57166)
 Danne-et-Quatre-Vents (57168)
 Dannelbourg (57169)
 Delme (57171)
 Desseling (57173)
 Diane-Capelle (57175)
 Dieuze (57177)
 Dolving (57180)
 Domnom-lès-Dieuze (57181)
 Donjeux (57182)
 Donnelay (57183)
 Fénétrange (57210)
 Fleisheim (57216)
 Fonteny (57225)
 Fossieux (57228)
 Foulcrey (57229)
 Francaltroff (57232)
 Fraquelfing (57233)
 Frémery (57236)
 Fresnes-en-Saulnois (57238)
 Fribourg (57241)
 Garrebourg (57244)
 Gelucourt (57246)
 Gerbécourt (57247)
 Givrycourt (57248)
 Gondrexange (57253)
 Gosselming (57255)
 Grémecey (57257)
 Guébestroff (57265)
 Guéblange-lès-Dieuze (57266)
 Guébling (57268)
 Guermange (57272)
 Guinzeling (57278)
 Guntzviller (57280)
 Haboudange (57281)
 Hampont (57290)
 Hangviller (57291)
 Hannocourt (57292)
 Haraucourt-sur-Seille (57295)
 Harreberg (57298)
 Hartzviller (57299)
 Haselbourg (57300)
 Hattigny (57302)
 Haut-Clocher (57304)
 Hellering-lès-Fénétrange (57310)
 Héming (57314)
 Henridorff (57315)
 Hérange (57317)
 Hermelange (57318)
 Hertzing (57320)
Hertzing (57320)
 Hesse (57321)
 Hilbesheim (57324)
 Hommarting (57333)
 Hommert (57334)
 Honskirch (57335)
 Hultehouse (57339)
 Ibigny (57342)
 Imling (57344)
 Insming (57346)
 Insviller (57347)
 Jallaucourt (57349)
 Juvelize (57353)
 Juville (57354)
 Kerprich-aux-Bois (57362)
 Lafrimbolle (57374)
 Lagarde (57375)
 Landange (57377)
 Laneuveville-lès-Lorquin (57380)
 Laneuveville-en-Saulnois (57381)
 Langatte (57382)
 Languimberg (57383)
 Lemoncourt (57391)
 Léning (57394)
 Lesse (57395)
 Ley (57397)
 Lezey (57399)
 Lidrezing (57401)
 Lindre-Basse (57404)
 Lindre-Haute (57405)
 Liocourt (57406)
 Lixheim (57407)
 Lhor (57410)
 Lorquin (57414)
 Lostroff (57417)
 Loudrefing (57418)
 Lubécourt (57423)
 Lucy (57424)
 Lutzelbourg (57427)
 Maizières-lès-Vic (57434)
 Malaucourt-sur-Seille (57436)
 Manhoué (57440)
 Marimont-lès-Bénestroff (57446)
 Marsal (57448)
 Marthille (57451)
 Métairies-Saint-Quirin (57461)
 Metting (57462)
 Mittelbronn (57468)
 Mittersheim (57469)
 Molring (57470)
 Moncourt (57473)
Moncourt (57473)
 Montdidier (57478)
 Morville-lès-Vic (57485)
 Morville-sur-Nied (57486)
 Moussey (57488)
 Moyenvic (57490)
 Mulcey (57493)
 Munster (57494)
 Nébing (57496)
 Neufmoulins (57500)
 Neufvillage (57501)
 Niderhoff (57504)
 Niderviller (57505)
 Niederstinzel (57506)
 Nitting (57509)
 Oberstinzel (57518)
 Obreck (57520)
 Ommeray (57524)
 Oriocourt (57525)
 Oron (57528)
 Pettoncourt (57538)
 Pévange (57539)
 Phalsbourg (57540)
 Plaine-de-Walsch (57544)
 Postroff (57551)
 Prévocourt (57555)
 Puttigny (57558)
 Puzieux (57559)
 Réchicourt-le-Château (57564)
 Réding (57566)
 Réning (57573)
 Rhodes (57579)
 Riche (57580)
 Richeval (57583)
 Rodalbe (57587)
 Romelfing (57592)
 Rorbach-lès-Dieuze (57595)
 Saint-Epvre (57609)
 Saint-Georges (57611)
 Saint-Jean-de-Bassel (57613)
 Saint-Jean-Kourtzerode (57614)
 Saint-Louis (57618)
 Saint-Médard (57621)
 Saint-Quirin (57623)
 Salonnes (57625)
 Sarraltroff (57629)
 Sarrebourg (57630)
 Schalbach (57635)
 Schneckenbusch (57637)
 Sotzeling (57657)
Sotzeling (57657)
 Tarquimpol (57664)
 Tincry (57674)
 Torcheville (57675)
 Troisfontaines (57680)
 Turquestein-Blancrupt (57682)
 Vahl-lès-Bénestroff (57685)
 Val-de-Bride (57270)
 Vannecourt (57692)
 Vasperviller (57697)
 Vaxy (57702)
 Veckersviller (57703)
 Vergaville (57706)
 Vescheim (57709)
 Vibersviller (57711)
 Vic-sur-Seille (57712)
 Vieux-Lixheim (57713)
 Villers-sur-Nied (57719)
 Vilsberg (57721)
 Virming (57723)
 Vittersbourg (57725)
 Viviers (57727)
 Voyer (57734)
 Walscheid (57742)
 Waltembourg (57743)
 Wintersbourg (57747)
 Wuisse (57753)
 Xanrey (57754)
 Xocourt (57755)
 Xouaxange (57756)
 Zarbeling (57759)
 Zilling (57761)
 Zommange (57763)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Moselle department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Sarrebourg-Chateau-Salins
The arrondissement of Sarreguemines is an arrondissement of France, in the Moselle department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Sarreguemines.

History
When the Moselle department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Sarreguemines was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Sarreguemines is in the northeast of the Moselle department. It is bordered to the north by Germany, to the east and south by the Bas-Rhin department, to the southwest by the Sarrebourg-Château-Salins arrondissement and to the west by the Forbach-Boulay-Moselle arrondissement.

The arrondissement of Sarreguemines has an area of , the smallest of the 5 arrondissements of the department. The population is 99,772 inhabitants and its population density is  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
There are only 3 cantons in the arrondissement of Sarreguemines:
 Bitche (5702)
 east of Sarralbe (5720) (partly)
 Sarreguemines (5722)

Communes
The arrondissement of Sarreguemines has 83 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Achen (57006)
 Baerenthal (57046)
 Bettviller (57074)
 Bining (57083)
 Bitche (57089)
 Blies-Guersviller (57093)
 Blies-Ébersing (57092)
 Bliesbruck (57091)
 Bousseviller (57103)
 Breidenbach (57108)
 Enchenberg (57192)
 Epping (57195)
 Erching (57196)
 Ernestviller (57197)
 Etting (57201)
 Frauenberg (57234)
 Goetzenbruck (57250)
 Gros-Réderching (57261)
 Grosbliederstroff (57260)
 Grundviller (57263)
 Guebenhouse (57264)
 Hambach (57289)
 Hanviller (57294)
 Haspelschiedt (57301)
 Hazembourg (57308)
 Hilsprich (57325)
 Holving (57330)
 Hottviller (57338)
 Hundling (57340)
 Ippling (57348)
 Kalhausen (57355)
 Kappelkinger (57357)
 Kirviller (57366)
 Lambach (57376)
 Le Val-de-Guéblange (57267)
 Lemberg (57390)
 Lengelsheim (57393)
 Liederschiedt (57402)
 Lixing-lès-Rouhling (57408)
 Loupershouse (57419)
 Loutzviller (57421)
 Meisenthal (57456)
 Montbronn (57477)
 Mouterhouse (57489)
 Nelling (57497)
 Neufgrange (57499)
 Nousseviller-lès-Bitche (57513)
 Obergailbach (57517)
 Ormersviller (57526)
Petit-Réderching (57535)
 Philippsbourg (57541)
 Puttelange-aux-Lacs (57556)
 Rahling (57561)
 Reyersviller (57577)
 Richeling (57581)
 Rimling (57584)
 Rohrbach-lès-Bitche (57589)
 Rolbing (57590)
 Roppeviller (57594)
 Rouhling (57598)
 Rémelfing (57568)
 Rémering-lès-Puttelange (57571)
 Saint-Jean-Rohrbach (57615)
 Saint-Louis-lès-Bitche (57619)
 Sarralbe (57628)
 Sarreguemines (57631)
 Sarreinsming (57633)
 Schmittviller (57636)
 Schorbach (57639)
 Schweyen (57641)
 Siersthal (57651)
 Soucht (57658)
 Sturzelbronn (57661)
 Volmunster (57732)
 Waldhouse (57738)
 Walschbronn (57741)
 Wiesviller (57745)
 Willerwald (57746)
 Wittring (57748)
 Wœlfling-lès-Sarreguemines (57750)
 Woustviller (57752)
 Zetting (57760)
 Éguelshardt (57188)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Moselle department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Sarreguemines
The arrondissement of Thionville is an arrondissement of France, in the Moselle department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Thionville.

History
The arrondissement of Thionville was formed when the former arrondissements of Thionville-Est and of Thionville-Ouest were merged on 1 January 2015 to form the new arrondissement.

Geography
The arrondissement of Thionville is in the northwest of the Moselle department. It is bordered to the northwest by Luxembourg, to the north by Germany, to the east by the Forbach-Boulay-Moselle arrondissement, to the south by the Metz arrondissement and to the west by the Meurthe-et-Moselle department.

The arrondissement of Thionville has an area of , the second smallest of the 5 arrondissements of the department but the second in population (264,858 inhabitants) with a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are 7 cantons in the arrondissement of Thionville:

 Algrange (5701)
 Bouzonville (5704) (partly)
 Fameck (5706)
 Hayange (5710)
 Metzervisse (5714)
 Thionville (5726)
 Yutz (5727)

Communes
The arrondissement of Thionville has 105 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aboncourt (57001)
 Algrange (57012)
 Angevillers (57022)
 Apach (57026)
 Audun-le-Tiche (57038)
 Aumetz (57041)
 Berg-sur-Moselle (57062)
 Bertrange (57067)
 Bettelainville (57072)
 Beyren-lès-Sierck (57076)
 Boulange (57096)
 Bousse (57102)
 Boust (57104)
 Breistroff-la-Grande (57109)
 Buding (57117)
 Budling (57118)
 Cattenom (57124)
 Clouange (57143)
 Contz-les-Bains (57152)
 Distroff (57179)
 Elzange (57191)
 Entrange (57194)
 Escherange (57199)
 Évrange (57203)
 Fameck (57206)
 Fixem (57214)
 Flastroff (57215)
 Florange (57221)
 Fontoy (57226)
 Gandrange (57242)
 Gavisse (57245)
 Grindorff-Bizing (57259)
 Guénange (57269)
 Hagen (57282)
 Halstroff (57286)
 Basse-Ham (57287)
 Havange (57305)
 Hayange (57306)
 Hettange-Grande (57323)
 Hombourg-Budange (57331)
 Hunting (57341)
 Illange (57343)
 Inglange (57345)
 Kanfen (57356)
 Kédange-sur-Canner (57358)
 Kemplich (57359)
 Kerling-lès-Sierck (57361)
 Kirsch-lès-Sierck (57364)
 Kirschnaumen (57365)
 Klang (57367)
 Knutange (57368)
 Kœnigsmacker (57370)
Haute-Kontz (57371)
 Kuntzig (57372)
 Laumesfeld (57387)
 Launstroff (57388)
 Lommerange (57411)
 Luttange (57426)
 Malling (57437)
 Manderen (57439)
 Manom (57441)
 Merschweiller (57459)
 Metzeresche (57464)
 Metzervisse (57465)
 Mondelange (57474)
 Mondorff (57475)
 Monneren (57476)
 Montenach (57479)
 Moyeuvre-Grande (57491)
 Moyeuvre-Petite (57492)
 Neufchef (57498)
 Nilvange (57508)
 Ottange (57529)
 Oudrenne (57531)
 Puttelange-lès-Thionville (57557)
 Ranguevaux (57562)
 Rédange (57565)
 Rémeling (57569)
 Basse-Rentgen (57574)
 Rettel (57576)
 Richemont (57582)
 Ritzing (57585)
 Rochonvillers (57586)
 Rodemack (57588)
 Rosselange (57597)
 Roussy-le-Village (57600)
 Rurange-lès-Thionville (57602)
 Russange (57603)
 Rustroff (57604)
 Serémange-Erzange (57647)
 Sierck-les-Bains (57650)
 Stuckange (57767)
 Terville (57666)
 Thionville (57672)
 Tressange (57678)
 Uckange (57683)
 Valmestroff (57689)
 Veckring (57704)
 Vitry-sur-Orne (57724)
 Volmerange-les-Mines (57731)
 Volstroff (57733)
Volstroff (57733)
 Waldweistroff (57739)
 Waldwisse (57740)
 Yutz (57757)
 Zoufftgen (57764)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Moselle department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Thionville
The Christmas truce was the widespread unofficial ceasefires along the Western Front of World War I around Christmas 1914. The truce happened five months after the war began. 

World War I
Christmas

References
Kellyanne Conway (born January 20, 1967) is an American Republican campaign manager and politician. She has appeared on CNN and Fox News. She has been a guest on shows like Good Morning America and Meet the Press.

On August 1, 2016, Conway became the campaign manager for Donald Trump.

Since Trump became president, Conway has had many problems. She said that there were "alternative facts" when talking about a "Bowling Green massacre" that never happened. She said that Michael Flynn had the full confidence of the president hours before he was fired. Members of Congress from both parties asked for an investigation of ethics violations after she publicly endorsed the president's daughter, Ivanka Trump's commercial products. In June 2019, the US Office of Special Counsel said that Conway should be fired for breaking the Hatch Act of 1939.

Conway was born in Atco, New Jersey.

In October 2020, Conway tested positive for COVID-19.
In 2001, she married George Conway. During Donald Trump's presidency, George became a prominent critic of Trump, even when his wife worked for him. In March 2023, George and Kellyanne announced that they were divorcing after 22 years of marriage.

References

Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from New Jersey
1967 births
Living people
The arrondissement of Metz is an arrondissement of France, in the Moselle department, Grand Est region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Metz.

History
The arrondissement of Metz was formed when the former arrondissements of Metz-Campagne and Metz-Ville were merged on 1 January 2015 to form the new arrondissement.

Geography
The arrondissement of Metz is in the west of the Moselle department. It is bordered to the north by the Thionville arrondissement, to the east by the Forbach-Boulay-Moselle arrondissement, to the southeast by the Sarrebourg-Château-Salins arrondissement and to the south and west by the Meurthe-et-Moselle department.

The arrondissement of Metz has an area of  and a population of 341,821 inhabitants with a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
There are 10 cantons in the arrondissement of Metz:

 Les Coteaux de Moselle (5705)
 Metz-1 (5711)
 Metz-2 (5712)
 Metz-3 (5712)
 Montigny-lès-Metz (5715)
 Le Pays Messin (5716)
 Rombas (5718)
 Le Sillon Mosellan (5724)
 The western part of Faulquemont (5707) (partly)
 The western part of Le Saulnois (5723) (partly)

Communes
The arrondissement of Metz has 140 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Amanvillers (57017)
 Amnéville (57019)
 Ancerville (57020)
 Ancy-Dornot (57021)
 Antilly (57024)
 Argancy (57028)
 Arry (57030)
 Ars-Laquenexy (57031)
 Ars-sur-Moselle (57032)
 Aube (57037)
 Augny (57039)
 Ay-sur-Moselle (57043)
 Le Ban-Saint-Martin (57049)
 Bazoncourt (57055)
 Béchy (57057)
 Beux (57075)
 Bronvaux (57111)
 Buchy (57116)
 Burtoncourt (57121)
 Chailly-lès-Ennery (57125)
 Chanville (57127)
 Charleville-sous-Bois (57128)
 Charly-Oradour (57129)
 Châtel-Saint-Germain (57134)
 Cheminot (57137)
 Chérisey (57139)
 Chesny (57140)
 Chieulles (57142)
 Coincy (57145)
 Coin-lès-Cuvry (57146)
 Coin-sur-Seille (57147)
 Colligny-Maizery (57148)
 Corny-sur-Moselle (57153)
 Courcelles-Chaussy (57155)
 Courcelles-sur-Nied (57156)
 Cuvry (57162)
 Ennery (57193)
 Les Étangs (57200)
 Failly (57204)
 Fèves (57211)
 Féy (57212)
 Fleury (57218)
 Flévy (57219)
 Flocourt (57220)
 Foville (57231)
 Glatigny (57249)
 Goin (57251)
 Gorze (57254)
 Gravelotte (57256)
 Hagondange (57283)
 Hauconcourt (57303)
Hayes (57307)
 Jouy-aux-Arches (57350)
 Jury (57351)
 Jussy (57352)
 Laquenexy (57385)
 Lemud (57392)
 Lessy (57396)
 Liéhon (57403)
 Longeville-lès-Metz (57412)
 Lorry-lès-Metz (57415)
 Lorry-Mardigny (57416)
 Louvigny (57422)
 Luppy (57425)
 Maizeroy (57431)
 Maizières-lès-Metz (57433)
 Malroy (57438)
 Marange-Silvange (57443)
 Marieulles (57445)
 Marly (57447)
 Marsilly (57449)
 La Maxe (57452)
 Mécleuves (57454)
 Metz (57463)
 Mey (57467)
 Moncheux (57472)
 Montigny-lès-Metz (57480)
 Montois-la-Montagne (57481)
 Ogy-Montoy-Flanville (57482)
 Moulins-lès-Metz (57487)
 Noisseville (57510)
 Norroy-le-Veneur (57511)
 Nouilly (57512)
 Novéant-sur-Moselle (57515)
 Orny (57527)
 Pagny-lès-Goin (57532)
 Pange (57533)
 Peltre (57534)
 Pierrevillers (57543)
 Plappeville (57545)
 Plesnois (57546)
 Pommérieux (57547)
 Pontoy (57548)
 Pouilly (57552)
 Pournoy-la-Chétive (57553)
 Pournoy-la-Grasse (57554)
 Raville (57563)
 Rémilly (57572)
 Retonfey (57575)
 Rezonville (57578)
 Rombas (57591)
 Roncourt (57593)
Roncourt (57593)
 Rozérieulles (57601)
 Sailly-Achâtel (57605)
 Sainte-Barbe (57607)
 Saint-Hubert (57612)
 Saint-Julien-lès-Metz (57616)
 Saint-Jure (57617)
 Sainte-Marie-aux-Chênes (57620)
 Saint-Privat-la-Montagne (57622)
 Sainte-Ruffine (57624)
 Sanry-lès-Vigy (57626)
 Sanry-sur-Nied (57627)
 Saulny (57634)
 Scy-Chazelles (57642)
 Secourt (57643)
 Semécourt (57645)
 Servigny-lès-Raville (57648)
 Servigny-lès-Sainte-Barbe (57649)
 Sillegny (57652)
 Silly-en-Saulnois (57653)
 Silly-sur-Nied (57654)
 Solgne (57655)
 Sorbey (57656)
 Talange (57663)
 Thimonville (57671)
 Tragny (57676)
 Trémery (57677)
 Vantoux (57693)
 Vany (57694)
 Vaux (57701)
 Vernéville (57707)
 Verny (57708)
 Vigny (57715)
 Vigy (57716)
 Villers-Stoncourt (57718)
 Vionville (57722)
 Vry (57736)
 Vulmont (57737)
 Woippy (57751)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Moselle department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Metz
Ashwaq Moharram (Arabic: أشواق محرّم ) is a doctor from Yemen. BBC named her on their list of 100 most inspirational and influential Women for 2016.

Life 
Ashwaq Moharram was born in Yemen. She received a bachelor’s degree in medicine and general surgery from Sana’a University in 1998.  In 2004, she received a diploma in reproductive health from Liverpool University in Britain.   In 2013, she received a master’s degree from the National University of Malaysia.

After the war started, Ashwaq's husband became sick.  He had a heart infection.  He needed medicine, but there was no medicine in the hospital.  He went to Jordan with their two children.

Work 
In 2000 Ashwaq went to work at the General Hospital in Hodeidah.  In 2001 she became the head of the department of obstetrics and gynecology.  In 2007 she became a lecturer at the Faculty of Health Sciences at Hodeidah University.  She is now the Deputy Director General of the Public Health and Population Office of the Directorate of Hodeidah.
Before the war, Ashwaq worked with international organizations to fight hunger.  In March 2016, after the war started, the organizations left Yemen. After the international organizations left, she gave food to people at her own expense, using her mobile clinic.

In July 2016, three youths sexually assaulted an 11-year-old girl in the Zahra neighborhood.  Ashwaq examined the child and the police arrested the three youths. In October 2016, Ashwaq was arrested by Houthis while giving people food.  The local people stood in front of them and forced them to free Ashwaq.

Awards 
 BBC named her one of their 100 Women of 2016.
 She was in a special BBC television program about starvation in Yemen.
 She was honored by the Arab Foundation for the Future and the League of Arab peoples in Egypt.
 She was nominated for a Nobel prize.

Other websites 
 On Facebook
 On Twitter

References 

Yemeni people
Living people
Physicians
BBC 100 Women
A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an operating system for smartphones, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs), or other mobile devices. While computers such as typical laptops are mobile, the operating systems usually used on them are not considered mobile ones, as they were originally designed for desktop computers that historically did not have or need specific mobile features.

Operating systems
Dunstanburgh Castle is a castle built in the 14th century. It is on the coast of Northumberland between the villages of Craster and Embleton. It is on a huge rock next to the North Sea. The castle is owned by English Heritage. The name Dunstanburgh means 'the fort' (burgh) 'of the town' (dun) 'by the rock' (stan).

History 
The castle was first built in 1313 by Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster. However Roman and Iron Age remains have been found there. It may have been an Iron Age fort. He was an enemy of King Edward II. Thomas only visited the castle once before he was killed. The castle was not used again until the War of the Roses. The Earl of Warwick attacked it twice and it was almost destroyed.

World War II 
The castle was defended in WW2 because it was a possible target for a German landing. Land mines were laid and a radar station was built near the castle. The beaches were guarded with barbed wire and concrete pillboxes were built nearby. The fort and other facilities were manned by soldiers.
It was not used again and is now in ruins. The area is now a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Related pages 
 Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
 List of castles in England

References

Other websites 
 Dunstanburgh Castle; YouTube
 Dunstanburgh Castle; English Heritage

Castles in England
14th-century establishments in England
1313 establishments
1310s establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Northumberland
14th-century buildings and structures
Oberstdorf is a municipality in southwest Germany. It is in the Allgäu Alps. Many people visit to go walking or skiing. It is one of the highest towns in Germany and is the town furthest south in Germany. It is next to Austria.

There are several mountains with good views, like the Nebelhorn and Fellhorn. There are many cable-cars to reach the top of mountains around Oberstdorf. In the centre of Oberstdorf there is a large church, with a tall spire.

It is also home to several ski jumps, which are used for many competitions. They were also used in the 2016 movie Eddie the Eagle.

References 

Ski areas and resorts in Germany
Oberallgäu
The Grand Tour is a British motor television series for Amazon Video. It is presented by Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May. It is produced by Andy Wilman. They agreed to make it after leaving the BBC. They also agreed to make 36 episodes over three years. One episode is released every week. The program can be watched in 200 countries. The first episode was the most popular first episode on Amazon ever.

Each episode has several parts made in a studio. This studio is normally a big tent that is moved around the world. The show has it's own test track. There is always a feature where Clarkson, Hammond and May discuss car related topics which is called "conversation street".

Season 1 started on 18 November 2016 and had 13 episodes. Season 2 was filmed a year later, but due to injuries to Richard Hammond, the release was delayed until 8 December 2017. In season 2 the tent stayed in the Cotswolds for all the episodes.

Episodes

Season 1

Season 2

References

Other websites
Other websites

British television series
English-language television programs
Doaa el-Adl (; born 6 February 1979 in Damietta) is an Egyptian cartoonist.  She was named one of the 100 most "inspirational and influential women" in the 2016 BBC 100 Women initiative.

Work 

Doaa el-Adl draws cartoons about controversial subjects like child brides and female genital mutilation.

Doaa worked as a cartoonist for the Egyptian newspaper Al-Dustour, the magazine Rose al-Yūsuf, Sabah El Kheir magazine, and the magazines Qatr El Nada, Alaa-El Din, and Bassem. Her cartoons now appear in the newspaper Al Masry Al Youm (Egypt Today).

Awards 

 Award of Journalistic Distinction in Caricature (2009)

References  

Living people
1979 births
Egyptian people
Cartoonists
BBC 100 Women
Jair Messias Bolsonaro (born March 21, 1955) is a Brazilian politician. He was the 38th President of Brazil from 2019 to 2023. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1991 until he became president in 2019. He was also a member of the Social Liberal Party (PSL) but left and joined the Liberal Party (PL)  in 2021. He is known for his right-wing populist political views. He narrowly lost re-election in the 2022 general election winning 49% of the vote.

2018 election
Bolsonaro was the PSL's presidential candidate in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election. He came in first place in the first round of the general election on 7 October 2018, with PT candidate Fernando Haddad coming in second place. The two candidates faced again on 28 October with Bolsonaro winning the election.
Assassination attempt
On September 6, 2018, Bolsonaro was stabbed multiple times while at a campaign rally in Juiz de Fora. Parts of Bolsonaro's liver, lung and intestine were damaged. He was hospitalized under "extremely stable" condition and released almost a month later on September 29.

Controversy
Bolsonaro was a open supporter of the military regime in Brazil in 1964. During the impeachment voting session of former President Dilma Rousseff, in his speech, Bolsonaro honored Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, a widely known military colonel in Brazil by have been a torturer of militants and protesters in the Brazilian military dictatorship period.

In a television interview in the 1990s for the popular magazine Veja, he also made controversial declarations about the Pinochet's military dictatorship in Chile, praising the Chilean dictator and stating that "the regime should have acted more violently to restore the country.".
Bolsonaro is also notorious for his public speeches, which are perceived as being intolerant. He already spoke against minorities in certain occasions, particularly the LGBT (gay) community. In an interview for the documentary Out There, made by British actor and comedian Stephen Fry, which deals with the rise of homophobia in the world, and aired on the BBC in 2013, the then congressman stated: "No father is proud to have a gay son... We, Brazilians, don't like homosexuals. Not to like isn't the same as to hate.", he added. In a comment about what he heard, Fry said:  "Bolsonaro is the typical homophobic that I found around the world, with his mantra that gays want to dominate society, recruit children or abuse them. Even in a progressive country like Brazil, its lies create hysteria among the ignorant, from where violence can arise."
As president, Bolsonaro has downplayed the deadliness of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. He said that the virus is no more deadly than the common flu. On 7 July 2020, Bolsonaro revealed that he had tested positive for COVID-19.

Since 2019, Bolsonaro has faced four separate accusations for crimes against humanity. He is under investigation before the International Criminal Court in The Hague for crimes against humanity, genocide of indigenous peoples and ecocide.

2022 election

Bolsonaro is running for re-election in the 2022 election, with his main opponent being former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Bolsonaro did not pick Hamilton Mourão as his running mate again, instead choosing General Walter Braga Netto. Throughout the election period, Bolsonaro has said that should he lose, the election would be corrupt and rigged against him. His actions have been compared to former U.S. President Donald Trump's attempts to overturn the results of the 2020 election.
On 2 October 2022, Bolsonaro advanced to the run-off election on 30 October against Lula. Lula won 48.43% of the vote against Bolsonaro's 43.20%.

Lula was elected in the second round on 30 October, with Bolsonaro becoming the first Brazilian president to lose re-election.

Post-presidency
When Lula was inaugurated on 1 January 2023, Bolsonaro left for the United States in Florida, skipping the ceremony.

On 8 January 2023, supporters of Bolsonaro stormed and invaded the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, taking over the offices of the Supreme Federal Court, National Congress of Brazil and the Palácio do Planalto. The Superior Electoral Court blocked Bolsonaro from seeking office until 2030 for his claims of voter fraud and his role in the 2023 congressional attack.He believes that Lula da Silva committed fraud in the 2022 Brazilian Presidential Election and that's why the 8 January Riots were in Brazil.
Political views
An ardent anti-communist, Bolsonaro's positions are often viewed as conservative, populist, nationalist, and are commonly associated with far-right politics, he, however, denies those statements, saying he's aligned with traditional moderate right-wing ideals. He has described himself as being a pro-life, pro-gun and anti-establishment politician.

Bolsonaro is a strong opponent of left-wing policies, most notably same-sex marriage, secularism, drug legalization, abortion and environmental preservation. Regarding economic matters, he has advocated for liberal and free-market policies.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Bolsonaro official web site 

1955 births
Living people
Presidents of Brazil
Anti-communists
Brazilian Roman Catholics
Politicians from Rio de Janeiro
Deportivo Independiente Medellín, also known as DIM, is a Colombian professional football club based in the city of Medellín. The club currently plays in the Categoría Primera A. They play their home games at Estadio Atanasio Girardot. That is part of the Atanasio Girardot Sports Complex.

They has won the Categoría Primera A six times: in 1955, 1957, 2002-II, 2004-I, 2009-II and 2016-I. Their best performance internationally was in 2003, when the team got third place in Copa Libertadores.

History
The team was created on 14 November 1913 as Medellín Football Club. The team played its first match against the amateur team Sporting of Medellin, that thrashed them 11–0. After some years, they joined professional football and played the first season of the league. Their first match was a 4–0 loss against América de Cali.

Colombian football clubs
1913 establishments in South America
1910s establishments in Colombia
Medellín
This is a list of attacks against territory held by the United States

Attacks on mainland U.S. or organized incorporated U.S. territories
American Revolutionary War 1775–1780
American Indian Wars 1775–1918
War of 1812 1812–1815
Thornton Affair April 26, 1846
Mexican–American War 1846–1848
Black Tom explosion July 30, 1916
Battle of Columbus 1916
Bombardment of Orleans 1918
Battle of Ambos Nogales 1918
Bombing of Naco  1929
Attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
American Theater (World War II) 1941–1945
Assassination of John F. Kennedy November 22, 1963
1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters January 25, 1993
1993 World Trade Center bombing February 26, 1993
September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda on New York City, New York; Arlington, Virginia; and Shanksville, Pennsylvania September 11, 2001

Attacks on U.S. unincorporated territories
Japanese invasion of the Philippines 1941–1945
Battle of Guam 1941
Battle of Wake 1941
Battle of Midway 1942

United States-related lists
History-related lists
100 Women is a BBC series started in 2013. It looks at the role of women in the twenty-first century. It organised events in London and Mexico.

After the women are named, the BBC has three weeks of information about women. Women from all over the world make comments on Twitter about the interviews and debates.

History
After the 2012 Delhi gang rape case, BBC Controller Liliane Landor, BBC editor Fiona Crack, and other journalists started a series about the issues and successes of women. Women told the BBC there was not enough information about issues women face. In March 2013, BBC received a "flood of feedback from female listeners" that asked for more information "from and about women."
The BBC started the series in 2013 because there were not enough women represented in the media. The BBC used a survey in 26 languages to choose women for the first program. There were programs for one month, then there was a conference on 25 October. Women from different countries talked about issues they shared. There were many subjects, like work, feminism, motherhood, and religion. The series looked at cultural and social problems women have in life.

After the first program, there were many other subjects, like education, health, equal pay, genital mutilation, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. The series tries to give women a place to talk about how to make the world better and stop sexism. Women on the list are from many countries and many professions. Some of the women are famous, and some are not well known.

Names of the 100 women

2016
The 2016 theme was Defiance. Part of the 100 Women festival was in Mexico City. The 2016 list was in alphabetical order.
2015
The BBC News 100 Women list in 2015 was made up of many notable international names, as well as women who were unknown, but who represent issues women face. The women of 2015, included representatives from 51 countries and were not necessarily those who would traditionally have been seen as role models—a woman suffering from depression, a woman who advocates for equal access to bathroom facilities, a woman who encourages other women to avoid make-up, and a reindeer nomad.

2014
The BBC News 100 Women list in 2014 continued the efforts of the first year's initiative.
2013
The 2013 event was a month-long BBC series that took place in October. The series examined the role of women in the 21st century and culminated in an event held at BBC Broadcasting House in London, United Kingdom on 25 October 2013 involving a hundred women from around the world, all of whom came from different walks of life. The day featured debate and discussion on radio, television and online, in which the participants were asked to give their opinions about the issues facing women.

The event held on 25 October 2013 featured 100 women from all walks of life.

Initiatives by year 
 2013: 
 2014: 
 2015: 
 2016:

Other participants

References

Other websites
 100 Women at BBC Online

2013 establishments in the United Kingdom
Riham El Hour (Arabic: ريهام الحر, born March 8, 1977), is a cartoonist from Morocco.  She was first woman to join the Union of Moroccan Professional Caricaturists. She was named one of BBC's 100 women of 2016. She uses her cartoons to speak for women and against male guardianship laws.

Life 

Riham was born in Kenitra in Morocco.  Her family is Palestinian.  She received a bachelor's degree in Arabic language and literature from the Faculty of Arts in Kenitra.

Work 

In 2000 Riham won UNESCO's Palestine Prize in an international competition.  In 2002, she participated in the national days of Moroccan caricature, as the first woman caricaturist of Morocco. In 2005 and 2006 she received a prize at caricatures exhibitions in Damascus, Syria. In 2007, she represented Morocco at the Santomera exhibition in Spain.
After she won the UNESCO competition, Riham met Larbi Sebbone, a well-known Moroccan caricaturist.  Larbi encouraged her to draw more. Her first drawings were in Al Alam, a Moroccan newspaper in the Arabic language, and in Al Mintaka, a local Kenitra newspaper. Then she drew for the women's magazine Citadines.  In 2006 she worked in the national press.  She worked with newspapers, magazines and women's magazines. By 2010 she was considered part of the "Syriacartoon family".  In October 2011, she started work with the Arabic version of Likolli Nissae. Finally she went to work for Rissalat Al Ouma, a newspaper in Casablanca.

References

Other websites 
Riham El Hour on Facebook

1977 births
Living people
Cartoonists
Moroccan writers
BBC 100 Women
Swissair Flight 111 was a scheduled flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Geneva Airport in Geneva, Switzerland. On the night of 2 September 1998, the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 flying the route had a fire in the cockpit while flying. It crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Halifax, Nova Scotia.

All 229 people on the plane died. It is the second-worst accident ever in the Halifax, Nova Scotia area. It is the worst accident involving the MD-11.

Flight timeline 
Swissair Flight 111 left John F. Kennedy International Airport at 20:18 EDT, and started flying to Geneva. Around 21:10, the flight crew smelled smoke and odor in the cockpit and called a flight attendant to investigate it. They thought that the odor was only in the cockpit, and not in the rest of the plane. The smoke and odor disappeared, and returned 45 seconds later. The crew thought it was from the air conditioning system.
The plane flew south so it could drop fuel. The crew turned off the plane's power because of the smoke. This turned off the air conditioning and fans in the plane, and let the fire spread into the cockpit. The plane's autopilot (machine used to control where a plane is going) turned off. At 21:24, both members of the flight crew declared an emergency at the same time. First Officer Lowe then told Moncton Center that they were starting their dump and had to land immediately. The last radio contact with Swissair 111 was made when the crew once more declared an emergency with the words "...and we are declaring an emergency now, Swissair one eleven".

The Cockpit Voice Recorder and Digital Flight Data Recorder stopped recording. Captain Zimmerman left his seat to fan back the flames with his clipboard, but was overwhelmed by the heat and smoke. He never returned to his seat. It is unclear if he died before or when the plane crashed.
First Officer Lowe continued to fly the aircraft without radios or avionics for 2 to 3 minutes. He was easily confused and under false pretenses, shut down the number three engine on the starboard side of the aircraft, and set the throttle for the number two tail engine to idle. 

At 21:31, Swissair Flight 111 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near Peggy's Cove in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The aircraft hit the water at a speed of 345 miles per hour. The aircraft was completely destroyed, and all 229 people on the plane died in the accident.

Passengers

References

Other websites 
 Swissair Flight 111 Re-creation; YouTube
 Swissair Flight 111 – St. Margarets Bay, Nova Scotia; Lost at Sea Memorials

1998 in North America
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 1990s
Disasters in Canada
September events
A unary function is a function that takes just a single argument. In contrast, a function that takes more than one argument is called a polyadic function.

This description of a function's arguments is known as its arity.

Mathematics
In logic, mathematics, and computer science, the arity of a function is the number of arguments that the function takes.

For example, a "nullary" function doesn't take any, a "unary" function takes one, a "binary" function takes two, and so on.

References 

Logic
Mathematics
Computer science
Institut catholique d'arts et métiers is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées (Southern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur ICAM (ICAM Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Master of Science & PhD
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ICAM.

Most of the 4500 graduate engineer students at ICAM live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports on a campus that is shared with 100,000 students from Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées.

References

Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in France
1898 establishments in France
Lille
Nantes
Toulouse
Two of the earliest fore-and-aft rigged sailing designs were the Chinese junk and the triangular lateen sails of the Egyptian Feluccas and dhows. The lateen sail was used by Greek ships as early as the 9th century. By the 11th century the fore-and-aft rig began to be used in the Italian city-states and the Mediterranean Sea. The generally gentle climate made its use practical. There seems to be no record of when it was first used in Northern Europe. The square rigged sails came first in the North. The Vikings used square rigged sails which became popular in Britain and Northern Europe. They certainly had seen its use in the course of trade and during the Crusades. The Renaissance changed this. Slowly the fore-and-aft rig came into common use on rivers and in estuaries in Britain, Northern France, and the Low Countries. The square rig remained standard for the harsher conditions of the open North Sea as well as for transatlantic sailing
. The lateen sail was more maneuverable and faster, while the square rig was clumsy but seaworthy.
Related pages 
 Square rig

References

Other websites 
 The Rigging of a Sailing Ship
 fore and aft; YouTube
 The Physics of Sailing; YouTube

Sailing
Boats