Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Hong Kong at the Olympics is a history which began in 1952.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Hong Kong was HOK. It is now HKG.

History
Hong Kong was first at the Olympic Games in 1952, then as a British colony.  Hong Kong has been at every Summer Olympic Games since then except for the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

The National Olympic Committee (NOC) for Hong Kong was formed in 1950 as the Amateur Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, and is now known as the Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China.

After the sovereignty of Hong Kong was passed to the People's Republic of China in 1997, the NOC has been named Hong Kong, China. Hong Kong is separate at the Olympics by its own choice.

In 2008, Hong Kong was the site of the equestrian venues for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

Medalists
Competitors from Hong Kong have twice won Olympic medals:
Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Hong Kong profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Hong Kong
Nations at the Olympics
India at the Olympics is a history which includes 32 games in 19 countries and 800+ athletes. Since 1900, India has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for India is IND.

History
The Indian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1927.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1927.

India's team first competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.

For a period of time, India's men's field hockey team was strong in Olympic competition.  The team won eleven medals in twelve Olympiads between 1928 and 1980.

In the 2012 Summer Olympics at London, India won two silver medals and four bronze medals.

Medalists

Summer games

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 Arjuna Award

References

Other websites
 Indian Olympic Association 
 India profile at London2012.com 

Sport in India
Nations at the Olympics
Indonesia first competed in the Olympic Games in 1952.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Indonesia is INA.

History
Indonesia was first at the Olympic Games in 1952.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1964 and 1980.  Indonesia has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Indonesia was formed in 1946 and recognized in 1952.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 
 Indonesia profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Indonesia
Nations at the Olympics
Iran was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1980 and 1984.  Iran has also been in some Winter Olympic Games since 1956.

The National Olympic Committee for Iran is the National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran.  It was formed in 1947.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 
 Islamic Republic of Iran profile at London2012.com 

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
The Ciudad del Motor de Aragón, also known as Motorland Aragón, is a  race circuit located near Alcañiz, Spain.

The circuit was designed by the German architect Hermann Tilke. He worked with the British architectural firm Foster + Partners. Formula One driver Pedro de la Rosa helped with the project. He provided technical and sporting information.

The facility includes a technology park, a sports area, and a leisure and culture area. The technology park will be based around the motor industry. The sports area will include the racing circuit, a karting track, and various gravel circuits. The leisure and culture section will feature a hotel, business and shopping areas.

It was announced on May 26, 2008 that the circuit will host a round of the World Series by Renault.

On 18 March 2010, Motorland Aragón was announced as a replacement for the Balatonring on the 2010 MotoGP schedule. On 19 May 2010, it was announced that the circuit will hold a round of the Superbike World Championship.

References
References

Other websites 
Official site:
Project profile at Fosters and Partners: 
Renault-Sport official site:

Auto racing
Luiz Tadeu Razia Filho (born April 4, 1989 in Barreiras) is a Brazilian racing driver.

Career

Early career 
Razia began his single seater career in 2005 in the South American Formula 3 championship. He finished sixth in the championship. He also took part in the Brazilian Formula Renault 2.0 series, finishing the year tenth in the standings.

For 2006, Razia remained in South American Formula 3 and won the title. He also became a rookie driver for A1 Team Brazil in the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season.

Euroseries 3000 
The next year, Razia moved to Europe to race in the Euroseries 3000 championship. He finish third in the Euroseries standings and fourth in the Italian championship. Razia also ran four races in the 2007 World Series by Renault.

In 2008, he remained in Euroseries 3000, partnering Frenchman Nicolas Prost, the son of four-time Formula One World Champion Alain Prost. In the Italian Formula 3000 standings he finished the season in fourth place. He won his first race win at Misano.

GP2 Series
GP2 Series 

On October 2, 2008, it was announced that Razia will race for Team Arden in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season. In the final race of the season in Bahrain, Razia claimed his first win.

He signed for Fisichella Motor Sport to compete in the main GP2 Series in 2009 season. At the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Razia led from pole to take his first GP2 win.

Razia joined the Barwa Addax Team for the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series season,. He was replaced before the second round, but returned for the final round in Bahrain.

He remained with Rapax for the 2010 season. He finishing eleventh in the drivers' championship. His team-mate, Pastor Maldonado, became the series champion. Razia helped Rapax to claim the teams' title.

As part of his Formula One testing deal with the Lotus team, Razia signed to drive for the new AirAsia team in 2011. He scored no points in the 2011 Asia series.
Formula One 
On December 15, 2009, it was officially announced that Razia would join the new Virgin Racing team as a test driver. In March 2011, Razia was confirmed as reserve and test driver for Team Lotus for the 2011 season. At the  Chinese Grand Prix, Luiz Razia drove in Free Practice Session 1 for Team Lotus, replacing Jarno Trulli.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

Other websites 
Luiz Razia official site
Luiz Razia career details

1989 births
Living people
Brazilian racecar drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Vespoidea is a superfamily of the insect order Hymenoptera in class of insects. The members of this group are wasps and ants.

Families 
 Bradynobaenidae
 Formicidae - ants
 Mutillidae - velvet ants
 Pompilidae - spider wasps
 Rhopalosomatidae - rhopalosomatid wasps
 Sapygidae - sapygid wasps
 Scoliidae - scoliid wasps
 Sierolomorphidae - sierolomorphid wasps
 Tiphiidae - tiphiid wasps
 Vespidae - paper wasps, hornets, potter wasps, yellow jackets, and relatives

References 

Hymenoptera
Voyeurism is when a person gets sexual pleasure from the fact that they can see other people doing things that are normally private, These include getting undressed, being naked or having sex. The people being watched are usually not aware of the voyeur (watcher).  Voyerurism is an important concept in movies.  Some movies can be voyeuristic, even if they do not have sex or nudity in them.

Related pages 

 Exhibitionism

References

Psychology
Paraphilias
URL shortening is a technique on the World Wide Web in which a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) may be made substantially shorter in length and still direct to the required page. This is achieved by  using an HTTP Redirect on a domain name that is short, which links to the web page that has a long URL. For example, the URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_shortening can be shortened to https://goo.by/GvR7j. This is especially convenient for messaging technologies such as Twitter and Identi.ca, which severely limit the number of characters that may be used in a message. Short URLs allow otherwise long web addresses to be referred to in a tweet. In November 2009, the shortened links on one URL shortening service were accessed 2.1 billion times.

Problems 
URL shortening also has problems:
A long URL contains different parts, which allow a user to judge if the site or url is trustworthy. When shortening an URL this information is lost. The user will be redirected to a site which he or she does not want to visit, and perhaps isn't alllowed to visit.
 Companies who provide url shortening services ar open to attack, like regular sites.When this happens, all the shortened URL may suddenly point to another site, which contains Malware, for example.
 URl shortening is usually offered free of charge. If a provider decides to change its conditions, or goes out of business, all the URLs of this provider will become unusable. As they are shortened, the real domain they pointed to cannot be seen either.
 The sites forwarding the urls can create statistics and profiles on how they are used
 Usenet newsgroups contain messages that will stay up for a very long time. In such contexts, url shorteneing shouldn't be used, as the provider of the shortening service may not be up that long
There are special sites that allow to check where a shortened url points to, without ctually visiting it.
Andreas Heraf (born 10 September 1967 in Vienna) is an Austrian football manager and former  football midfielder.

Career
He started his career with SK Rapid Wien but played later for different clubs in Austria (Vienna, Austria Salzburg, Vorwärts Stteyr, FC Kärnten) and Germany (Hannover 96). He was member of Rapids team playing in the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost.

His first international match was in April 1996 a friendly match against Hungary. He was member of the 1998 FIFA World Cup team but did not play. His last international was an October 1998 World Cup qualification match against San Marino.

From 2001 till 2008 he was manager of different teams in Germany and Austria. Since 2008 he is coach of Austrias U20 national team, which qualified for the FIFA World Cup 2011 in Columbia.

Honours

as player
Austrian Football Bundesliga (2):
1987, 1988, 1996
Austrian Cup (3):
1987, 1995, 2001

as manager
Qualification for the FIFA U20 World Cup 2011
Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
1967 births
Living people
Floridsdorfer AC managers
SV Ried managers
Austrian football champions
Brian Jossie (born July 4, 1977) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the stage name, Abraham Washington. He made his WWE debut on June 30, 2009 on the now-defunct ECW where he had an in-ring interview segment called the Abraham Washington Show under his ring name, Abraham Washington. The shows set-up took place one the stage with Tony Atlas acting as a sidekick and announcer.

References

Websites
Abraham Washington's FCW profile

1977 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Texas
Tragic Kingdom is the third studio album by the American rock band No Doubt. It was released on October 10, 1995 on Trauma Records. It got No Doubt nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album at the 1997 Grammy Awards. It reached No.1 in the United States and stayed there for eight weeks. It was also No.1 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Canada, New Zealand, and Belgium. It was the second best-selling album of the year in the US, and the 22nd best-selling album of the 1990s.

Seven songs from it were released as singles: "Just a Girl", "Spiderwebs", "Don't Speak", "Excuse Me Mr.", Happy Now?", "Sunday Morning", and "Hey You!". "Hey You" was only released in the Netherlands, but a vide was made for it. "Just a Girl" was the first single released from the album. It was released in the UK in 1996 and reached number 38. "Don't Speak" reached No.1 there in February 1997. Then "Just a Girl" was re-released and reached number 3.
List of songs
 "Spiderwebs" (Gwen Stefani, Tony Kanal) – 4:28
 "Excuse Me Mr." (G. Stefani, Tom Dumont) – 3:04
 "Just a Girl" (G. Stefani, Dumont) – 3:29
 "Happy Now?" (G. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 3:43
 "Different People" (Eric Stefani, G. Stefani, Kanal) – 4:34
 "Hey You" (G. Stefani, Kanal) – 3:34
 "The Climb" (E. Stefani) – 6:37
 "Sixteen" (G. Stefani, Kanal) – 3:21
 "Sunday Morning" (Kanal, G. Stefani, E. Stefani) – 4:33
 "Don't Speak" (E. Stefani, G. Stefani) – 4:23
 "You Can Do It" (G. Stefani, E. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 4:13
 "World Go 'Round" (Kanal, G. Stefani) – 4:09
 "End It on This" (G. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal, E. Stefani) – 3:45
 "Tragic Kingdom" (E. Stefani) – 5:31

1995 albums
No Doubt albums
Return of Saturn is the fourth studio album by the American rock band No Doubt, released on Interscope Records on April 11, 2000. It was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 2001 Grammy Awards. Four tracks from it were released as singles. The album entered the US Billboard 200 at No.2. It also reached the top ten in Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Germany, and Canada.
List of songs
 "Ex-Girlfriend" (Gwen Stefani, Tom Dumont, Tony Kanal) – 3:32
 "Simple Kind of Life" (Stefani) – 4:16
 "Bathwater" (Stefani, Kanal, Dumont) – 4:02
 "Six Feet Under" (Stefani, Kanal) – 2:28
 "Magic's in the Makeup" (Stefani, Dumont) – 4:21
 "Artificial Sweetener" (Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 3:54
 "Marry Me" (Stefani, Kanal) – 4:38
 "New" (Stefani, Dumont) – 4:26
 "Too Late" (Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 4:16
 "Comforting Lie" (Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 2:52
 "Suspension Without Suspense" (Stefani) – 4:10
 "Staring Problem" (Stefani, Kanal, Eric Stefani) – 2:43
 "Home Now" (Stefani, Kanal, Dumont) – 4:34
 "Dark Blue" (Stefani, Dumont) – 10:30

2000 albums
No Doubt albums
University of São Paulo (Universidade de São Paulo, short USP) is a public university of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Established in 1934, it is the largest Brazilian university as well as one the country's most prestigious universities.

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Buildings and structures in São Paulo
1934 establishments
1930s establishments in Brazil
Phoneutria is a genus of spiders which are  dangerous to human beings. Their venom is more powerful, drop for drop, than other venoms. They are called "armed spiders" in Portuguese because their venom is a powerful weapon. Their body length goes from 17 to 48 mm (0.7–1.9 in).  

These spiders live in Central America and South America. They hide in the daytime and walk around looking for food at night. So in English they are called 'wandering spiders'. There are several species, and only Phoneutria fera can kill healthy adult humans. People who get bitten by Phoneutria spiders can be given an antivenom. In any event, their degree of toxicity has been challenged. The spiders may be able to control the amount of venom they inject.

There are about eight species in this genus.

References

Araneomorphae
Many tabloid newspapers use a photo of a topless or a naked girl to improve their sales. Very often, this photo is placed on page three of the newspaper; that is where the name of this feature is from. For this reason, the feature is referred to as Page Three or Page 3. The newspaper The Sun, who introduced this in 1970, holds a copyright on the name. The Sun showed a picture of a topless girl on page three. Other newspapers, such as the Daily Star and Daily Mirror had pictures of naked women; The Mirror changed for models in swimsuits after a few years.
Claire Short tried to stop this.She did not want to penalize the depiction of nude women, but she wanted to define a newspaper as a publication that did not show naked or topless men or women. This would have meant that British rainbow press would no longer have been newspapers. She received 3,000 letters supporting the idea. The Sun, and other papers fought against the bill, which was known as Page Three Bill. Eventually, the Bill failed, because it did not get enough support.

There are many women who want to appear as a page three girl. Most of them are unemployed, or come from the working class. Buying make-up and clothes to be able to run as a contestant is very expensive; most of the women can barely afford this alone. Very often, the whole family will help. The best motivation for these women is to be able to start a career as a starlet.

Many girls who started as a page three model later became well-known. Examples are Samantha Fox, Michelle Marsh, andr Lucy Pinder.
Other websites
Page Three girls – the naked truth from the BBC website

References

Newspaper publishing

no:Side 3-piken
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – 25 August 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian.

Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Natural History ("Naturalis Historia"), which became a model for many subsequent encyclopedic texts. 

Pliny the Elder died on 25 August 79 AD. He was attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The eruption had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Pliny's Natural History 
The Naturalis Historia is one of the largest works on natural history to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day. It claims to cover the entire field of ancient knowledge, based on the best authorities available to Pliny. He claims to be the only Roman ever to have undertaken such a work. It includes the fields of botany, zoology, astronomy, geology and mineralogy as well as the exploitation of those resources. It remains a standard work for the Roman period and the advances in technology and understanding of natural phenomena at the time. 

Some technical advances he discusses are the only sources for those inventions, such as hushing in mining technology or the use of water mills for crushing or grinding grain. Much of what he wrote about has been confirmed by archaeology. It is virtually the only work which describes the work of artists of the time, and is a reference work for the history of art.
The work became a model for all later encyclopedias in the breadth of subject matter examined, the need to reference original authors, and a comprehensive index list of the contents. The work is dedicated to the emperor Titus, son of Pliny's close friend, the emperor Vespasian, in the first year of Titus' reign. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published, lacking a final revision at his sudden and unexpected death in the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

The Natural History consists of 37 books. Pliny devised his own table of contents. The table below is a summary based on modern names for topics.

References 

1st-century books
Ancient Roman writers
23 births
79 deaths
Deaths from natural disasters
Encyclopedias
The Russian Organization for Intellectual Property VOIS () is collective management society for neighboring rights established by Russian performers and record labels in 2008.

Today VOIS unites more than 4,000 right-owners.

In 2009 Rosohrankultura (the Ministry of Culture Department) accredited VOIS as the sole society to collect and distribute remuneration for performers and phonogram producers within the territory of the Russia.

Total amount of collected remuneration in 2010 reached about 427 million rubles.

References

Intellectual property law
Economics organizations
2008 establishments in Asia
Organizations based in Russia
This page contains the languages listed as ISO 639-1.

ISO 639

la:ISO 639#ISO 639-1
nl:ISO 639#ISO 639-1
Loch is a Gaelic word for lake. It is commonly used in Scotland. The 'ch' at the end is pronounced with a guttural (back of throat) sound which does not occur in modern English. There are also lochs in Ireland, and the word is sometimes used in other countries.

The word is used both for lakes, and for "narrow or landlocked arms of the sea" (OED). The word comes from Proto-Indo-European *lókus ("lake, pool"). It is related to the Latin lacus ("lake, pond") and English lay ("lake").

Sometimes the term sea loch is used for saltwater lochs. Many other lochs are normal freshwater lakes, like Loch Lomond.

The spelling "lough" is often found in place names. In Lowland Scots and Scottish English, the spelling "loch" is always used. 

Biggest by surface area: Loch Lomond
Deepest and largest by volume: Loch Ness

References
Robinson Cano (born October 22, 1982) is a Dominican second baseman for the Seattle Mariners.  He started playing for the New York Yankees in 2005.  He has been named an All-Star three times.  For the last few years, he has been one of the best-hitting second baseman in the league. He recently won the 2011 Home Run Derby.

1982 births
Living people

New York Yankees players
Seattle Mariners players
A twin prime is a pair of prime numbers, where one prime is two bigger than the other. The smallest pair of twin primes is 3 and 5. Next comes 5 and 7. Then comes 11 and 13, and then 17 and 19.

Isolated prime
An isolated prime is a prime number p where neither p - 2 nor p + 2 is prime. In other words, p is not part of a twin prime pair. For example, 23 is an isolated prime since 21 and 25 are both not prime numbers.

The first few isolated primes are
2, 23, 37, 47, 53, 67, 79, 83, 89, 97, 113… 

Classes of prime numbers
Bryan Jesus Kelly (born August 20, 1981 in Burke, Virginia) is an American professional wrestling commentator and interviewer. He is also a former wrestler. He is signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Kelly is currently working  under the stage name Byron Saxton. He has also worked as a commentator for the now-defunct ECW brand where he worked alongside Josh Matthews. He was was a part of the fourth season of NXT. His pro was Chris Masters.

Dolph Ziggler became Saxton's pro on the January 4, 2011 episode of NXT. He was voted off. He returned on the fifth season of NXT where it was NXT Redemption and his pro was Yoshi Tatsu. He was the second rookie to be eliminated.

Other websites
Byron Saxton's WWE profile

1981 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Virginia
Non Phixion, pronounced non-fiction, was an American hardcore hip-hop group from New York City. Non Phixion had six members in the band; the band members were Ill Bill, Sabac Red, Goretex, DJ Eclipse, MC Serch and Necro.

Members 
 Former
 Ill Bill
 Sabac Red
 Goretex
 DJ Eclipse
 MC Serch
 Necro

Discography

Albums
Non Phixion made 2 studio albums:

 The Future Is Now (2002)
 The Green CD/DVD (2004)

Singles
Non Phixion had 15 singles:

 Legacy (1996)
 5 Boros (1997)
 5 Boros (Remix) (1998)
 I Shot Reagan (1998)
 2004 (1999)
 The Full Monty (1999)
 14 Years Of Rap (1999)
 Sleepwalkers (1999)
 Black Helicopters (2000)
 Rock Stars (2002)
 Drug Music (2002)
 Say Goodbye to Yesterday (2003)
 Caught Between Worlds (2004)
 We All Bleed (2004)
 Food (2004)

Hip hop bands
Musical groups from New York City
Masiela Lusha (born 23 October 1985) is an Albanian-American actress, author and humanitarian admired for her elegance and charm.
She was born in Tirana, Albania to parents Max and Daniela.

Early life 
She grew up in both Budapest, Hungary and Vienna, Austria. When she turned eight years old, she and her mother moved to Michigan, USA. There, she studied ballet, and began working as a model and appearing in small parts in local theatre.

Career 
She got her first major break in 2001, when she was chosen by Sandra Bullock and Bruce Helford to play one of the lead roles in the ABC sitcom George Lopez.

Works 
This led to her starring in other films, including: 'Time of the Comet' (2005) 'Blood: The Last Vampire' (2006) and 'Muertas' (2007) Her performances won her two Young Artist Awards for best actress.

As an author, Lusha wrote seven books in two languages. As a humanitarian, Lusha is an animal rights enthusiast and is a patron for a number of children's charities.

References
References

Other websites 
 
 Official web site by the Masiela Lusha Children's Foundation 

1985 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
People from Tirana
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Albanian actors
Rosidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Rosaceae.

Rosidae as governed by the ICBN is in the Cronquist system in 1981.

This definition includes Crossosomatales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Fabidae (Celastrales, Cucurbitales, Fabales, Fagales, Huaceae, Oxalidales, Malpighiales, Rosales and Zygophyllales), Malvidae (Brassicales, Huerteales, Malvales, and Sapindales) as they are defined in the APG III system.

Rosids
Manifest Destiny was the concept that the United States had a God-given right to claim territory across North America.  The phrase "Manifest Destiny" was created in 1845 by a newspaper writer named John L. O'Sullivan.  Quickly, the idea became very popular around America.

Definition

The idea of Manifest Destiny told Americans that they had a mission, a special job given only to Americans.  This mission was to make the United States bigger so the "borders of freedom" could be open to even more people.  Only Americans could make sure that people living in not-free countries across the world could learn how to govern themselves and live freely in America.

Use by President James Polk
In 1845, James K. Polk was elected President.  Polk believed very strongly in the idea of Manifest Destiny.  During his Presidency, the United States grew by a million square miles.
The Mexican-American War
Ever since he was running for President, Polk had talked about wanting the area that is now around Texas.  At that time, Mexico controlled that land.

In June 1845, the United States decided to add Texas to the United States.  President Polk sent the United States military to take over the area.  The two sides fought for two years.  Finally, Mexico surrendered.  On February 2, 1848, it signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war.  It also gave the United States all of the land above the territory.  This meant the United States had gained all of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico; parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado; and northern California.

A belief in Manifest Destiny helped convince Americans to support the war.  It told them it was all right to fight, kill, and take land from Mexicans or other non-Americans.  This was all right because they were only doing what God wanted.  They were doing what they were destined to do.
Settlement of the west
The belief in Manifest Destiny was also important in encouraging people to go to other parts of the west, like Oregon and southern California.

Growth of the country

Problems
The United States was very determined to take control of all of North America.  Unfortunately, the parts of North America they wanted were not empty.  They were places that Native Americans had always lived.

The United States government wanted these tribes to move outside the United States, to what is now Oklahoma.  The government was able to convince some of these Native American tribes to sign treaties saying they would leave their lands.

When some tribes refused to leave their lands, the United States government committed an ethnic cleansing against them.  In an ethnic cleansing, ethnic or religious groups are forced to leave an area by a more powerful ethnic group.  When the Cherokee Nation refused to leave their homes, United States President Martin van Buren ordered the military to make them leave.
About 15,000 Cherokee were forced to walk to Oklahoma and Arkansas.  Most historians think that about 4,000 of them died on the way.  This was one out of every four people in the Cherokee population.  Because so many people died, this forced migration is now called the Trail of Tears, and it is considered an ethnic cleansing.

References

1840s in the United States
Leopold Šťastný  (born 23 May 1911; died 14 May 1996) was a Slovak football player and coach. 

Šťastný  played before the Second World War for  1. ČsŠK Bratislava as defender. The club is named today Slovan Bratislava. The played in the Státní liga, the highest Czech league. In 1935 Bratislava reached the 5th place. In the same year Šťastný  played his first of two match es for the Czech team versus Austria. 

During the Second World War an independent Slovakian state existed with an own football league. Bratislava won the league in  1940, 1941, 1942 and 1944. He also played once in the national football team.
After the war he started his coaching career. He was three times (1949 - 1951, 1954 - 1957 and 1963 - 1965) coach of his former club Slovan Bratislava and won 4 times the Czech championship. 1966 he went to Austria and became coach of FC Wacker Innsbruck and led the club to national honours. 1968 he became coach of the Austrian  national football team.(15 W, 16 D, 18 L)  He stayed till 1975 when he retired due to health reasons. After this he was still working 4 years for the Austrian Football Assosciation. He was founder of the Austrian Schülerliga, a football competition for Austrian schools. 1980 he went to his son in Canada but came back to Austria each year to see the finals of the Schülerliga. To honour his work a small street in Vienna was named after him.

References

Slovak footballers
Austria national football team managers
Wacker Innsbruck managers
Richard Winters (21 January 1918 — 2 January 2011) was a US soldier who fought in World War II. His experience was made famous by a book and television series, Band of Brothers. Winters was a member of Company E, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. He led the company after the commanding officer was killed on D-Day in Normandy. Near the end of the war he led his company to capture Adolf Hitler's mountain retreat in Bavaria, Berchtesgaden. he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, Bronze Star and a Purple Heart.

After the war he worked in a plaster mill in New Jersey. In 1951 he bought a farm in Pennsylvania and established an animal feed business. 

In 1990 Winters was interviewed by author Stephen Ambrose who was able to use the records that Winters and others in E Company had written for his book. The title Band of Brothers, comes from a line in William Shakespeare's play, Henry V.

References

1918 births
2011 deaths
Military people from Pennsylvania
Purple Heart recipients
Tipu's Tiger (a.k.a. Tippoo's Tiger) is an 18th century moving model, musical instrument and an art object. It was made for Tipu, the ruler of Mysore in India. It shows a tiger killing a European soldier. It is in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

Description
It was made for Tipu Sultan of Mysore in about 1795. Tipu Sultan used the tiger as his emblem, The tiger was a symbol of power but it was also a symbol of royalty in India. Tipu was quoted as saying he would rather live two days as a tiger than 100 years as a sheep.

The turning of a handle powers mechanisms inside the model. Air is sent through a pipe that makes sound, like the cries of the victim. The pitch of the 'wail pipe' changes as the man's arm moves. Inside the tiger's head air is pushed through two pipes to make a tiger's roar. The ivory keyboard which operates an organ is hidden.
The type of brass shows it was made in India, but it may have been made by one of the Frenchman in Tipu's court. Some historians to suggest there was French input into the mechanism of this automaton.

The design is inspired by the death of Hugh Munro, son of General Sir Hector Munro, who had defeated Tipu in battle. Munro was killed by a tiger in 1792 on Saugor Island.< Tipu saw this as a sign because he was called the "Tiger".

The model was obtained when the British captured Tipu's capital and killed him in 1799.  Richard Wellesley wrote:
“In a room appropriated for musical instruments was found an article which merits particular notice, as another proof of the deep hate, and extreme loathing of Tippoo Saib towards the English.  This piece of mechanism represents a royal Tyger in the act of devouring a prostrate European. There are some barrels in imitation of an Organ, within the body of the Tyger. The sounds produced by the Organ are intended to resemble the cries of a person in distress intermixed with the roar of a Tyger. The machinery is so contrived that while the Organ is playing, the hand of the European is often lifted up, to express his helpless and deplorable condition.  The whole of this design was executed by Order of Tippoo Sultaun. It is imagined that this memorial of the arrogance and barbarous cruelty of Tippoo Sultan may be thought deserving of a place in the Tower of London.”
The East India Company decided not to give the Tiger to the Queen, but to keep it. It was displayed in the East India Company Museum in Leadenhall Street, London in 1808.  The poet John Keats saw it there and included it in his satirical verse, “The Cap and Bells”. In the poem, a Soothsayer visits the court of the Emperor Elfinan. He hears a strange noise and thinks the Emperor is snoring.

Replied the page: “that little buzzing noise….
Comes from a play-thing of the Emperor’s choice,
From a Man-Tiger-Organ, prettiest of his toys''''

Today
It is in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.  Visitors can no longer operate the mechanism. A small model of this tiger is in Tipu Sultan's wooden palace in Bengaluru.

References

 Other websites 

 Tippoo's Tiger on Victoria & Albert Museum website
 Sound and Movement animation at the Victoria & Albert Museum web site 
 Tiger - Decorative motif & symbol of Tipu Sultan 
 Tipu biography & Mysore history 
 Mechanical Music Digest
Further reading
 Stronge, Susan. Tipu's Tigers''. London: V & A Publishing, 2009. 

Woodwind instruments
The Mitsubishi Carisma is a car produced by Mitsubishi Motors between 1995 and 2004 with a facelift in 1999. It was related to the first generation Volvo S40/V40 and both cars were produced in the Netherlands.

Engines 
 1.3 60 kW (82 hp)
 1.6 66 kW (90 hp), 73 kW (99 hp) and 76 kW (103 hp)
 1.8 85 kW (115 hp)
 1.8 GDI 90 kW (122 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)
 1.8 MSX 103 kW (140 hp)
 1.9 TD 66 kW (90 hp)
 1.9 DI-D 75 kW (102 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)

Other websites 

Carisma
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Taseer was born in Simla, Punjab, British India. He studied accountancy in London and later joined Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party in 1967. He was elected to the Punjab Assembly in 1988 and was Deputy Opposition Leader. He was also elected to the National Assembly and held the position of Federal Minister for Industries, Production and Special Initiatives. In May 2008 he was made the Governor of Punjab. He was a close assistant to Benazir Bhutto.

He owned accountancy businesses, a telephone company, an English language newspaper and the first children's TV channel.

References

Assassinated Pakistani politicians
Pakistani businesspeople
Murders by firearm
Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan
People murdered in Pakistan
1944 births
2011 deaths
John McCarthy Roll (8 February 1947 - 8 January 2011) was an American judge.

Political career 
Roll was appointed as a judge by President George H.W. Bush in 1991. Roll had been an Arizona state attorney, a US attorney and a state court judge.

Roll had received death threats in the past. In 2009 he allowed a group of illegal immigrants to successfully sue a rancher, Roger Barnett. He had threatened, kicked and set his dogs onto the group. Barnett had argued they could not sue him because they had no legal rights in the US.

Assassination 
On January 8, 2011, Roll was shot dead at the Casas Adobes Safeway supermarket. He had stopped at an Arizona shopping center to meet Democrat Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords who was holding an informal meeting. A gunman attempted to assassinate Giffords, and Roll and four other people were killed. Another 12 people were wounded, Gifford surviving being shot in the head.

References
References

1947 births
2011 deaths
American judges
American murder victims
Murders by firearm in the United States
People from Pennsylvania
Skyland is a neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is next to Good Hope Road to the northeast, Alabama Avenue to the southeast, and Fort Stanton Park to the south and west. It is a part of the area called Anacostia.

The District government wants to rebuild the  Skyland Shopping Center at Alabama Avenue and Naylor Road, SE in Ward 7 into a mixed-used town center. Local residents asked the District government for help in the 1980s, because the current buildings were falling apart and many stores were empty.  The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development decided in 2005 that the District government could not use federal money to buy Skyland because of past mistakes.
The District is working with the Rappaport Cos. and the William S. Smith Cos. on a new plan for Skyland. They want to build  of retail space. They hope that the new buildings will be filled with  high-quality, national stores and locally-owned shops and restaurants. Torti Gallas & Partners are architects who are drawing the new plans. The new buildings will cost $260 million. On May 25, 2011, DC Mayor Vincent Gray told Wal-Mart officials that he would not allow them to build four other new stores in the District of Columbia unless Wal-Mart also opened a store in Skyland. However, Safeway holds the exclusive right to sell groceries in the development, which may block a Wal-Mart at Skyland.

The project will also include 420 to 470 units of housing. About 80 percent of the housing units will be owned by the people who live there and 20 percent will be rented.
People are fighting the plan in court. The land owners do not want to sell their land to Rappaport and Smith. The District wants to force the current owners to sell (eminent domain).

Rappaport and Smith filed a Planned Unit Development (PUD) application with the Zoning Commission in 2008.  The DC Council approved a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) package to loan money for the new buildings. In July 2010, the District's zoning commission approved the plan for the new buildings. Building will start in 2012. The new buildings are expected to open in 2014.

Skyland is a part of the Good Hope neighborhood.  Hillcrest to the east and Naylor Gardens to the southeast of the Good Hope neighborhood.

References 

Neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.
Sid started his career in 1989, hired by World Championship Wrestling. During these years, Sid competed  as one of the members of the team known as "The Skyscrapers" with "Mean" Mark Callous and then later with Dan Spivey; he used the powerbomb as his maneuver fight. After recovering from an injury, Sid returned to the ring in May 1990 as a member of the team of Ric Flair. After leaving WCW Sid was incorporated into the World Wrestling Federation, he made his presentation as Sid Justice on July 20, 1991 episode of WWF Superstars of Wrestling and was also was chosen as the referee for the main fight at SummerSlam that year in a tag team match between The Ultimate Warrior and Hulk Hogan versus Sgt. Slaughter and Col. Mustafa billed as "The Match Made In Hell." At the 1992 Royal Rumble he was one of the last two in the ring with Ric Flair when Hogan, who was already eliminated pulled Sid over the top rope with Flair assisting from behind helping Flair win his 1st WWF/E title
. His crowning moment came at WrestleMania VIII, where Sid was faced with Hulk Hogan, Sid lost the fight by disqualification when Papa Shango interrupted to help Sid. Sid return to WCW in May 1993. That year he teamed with Big Van Vader. After leaving WCW again, Eudy joined the United States Wrestling Association July 16, 1994, and faced with defeating Jerry Lawler and Sid getting the World Heavyweight Championship.
WWF Championship 
In 1995 Sid returns to the WWF/E on Monday Night Raw. Time after time he confronted Shawn Michaels for the title and at Survivor Series in 1996, where Sid applies a powerbomb to Michaels and gets the WWF/E Championship. At the 1997 Royal Rumble in Michaels' hometown of San Antonio, Texas the two fought again for the title with Michaels winning his 2nd title. One month later Sid captured his 2nd title by defeating Bret Hart on Raw,who had defeated Vader, Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker in a Fatal Four Way match the night before.  At Wrestlemania 13 in Chicago, Sid lost the title to the Undertaker. Sid's last match in the WWF/E was June 9, 1997.
After WWF 
After his separation from the World Wrestling Federation, Sid was hired by Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999). Soon after, he found himself back with his former company, WCW. There he joined his former colleagues of the WWF Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, Bret Hart, and new WCW superstars Bill Goldberg and Chris Benoit. His best moment was when he won the WCW championship by defeating Kevin Nash twice.

References 

 WrestleCrap: The Very Worst of Pro Wrestling by R. D. Reynolds,Randy Baer
 Billboard Oct 30 1999
 Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW by Scott E. Williams,George Tahinos,Shane Douglas

Other websites 
Sid in youtube
WWE Alumni Profile
Pro Wrestling Archive Profile 
HitTheRopes.com Interview 

Oct 30 2008 Audio Interview with In Your Head

1960 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Arkansas
The Music Man is a 1957 musical written by Meridith Willson.  It won a Tony Award for Best Musical.  In its original run, it starred Robert Preston, Barbara Cook, David Burns, Pert Kelton and Iggie Wolfington.  Two movies have been made of it, in 1962 and 2003.  It was also revived several times.

Plot
Harold Hill, a con man, goes to River City, Iowa and tries to make money by starting a boy's band.  He is helped by sidekick Marcellus Washburne.  Most of the town is taken in by him, including Winthrop Paroo, a boy with a lisp.  Hill also forms the school board into a barbershop quartet and organizes a lady's dance society led by town busybody Eulalie Shinn. However, some people are suspicious of him.  One of these people is Mayor Shinn, who owns the pool hall that Hill blames for the serious trouble River City is in.  The other is music teach and librarian Marian Paroo.  Hill tries to woo Marian, but has no luck.
In the second act, it's looking good for Hill.  He is actually getting somewhere with Marian, and it looks as though he will be able to collect his money and get out of town.  However, anvil salesman Charlie Cowell shows up and exposes him during the summer sociable.  Hill tries to leave, but he cannot because he is too in love with Marian.  Hill is arrested and is almost tarred and feathered before being forced to conduct the band.  Though the band is not very good, the townspeople are still very proud of it and let Hill go.

Musical numbers
These are the order the musical numbers appear in the musical:

Act One
 "Overture"
 "Rock Island"
 "Iowa Stubborn"
 "Ya Got Trouble"
 "Piano Lesson/If You Don't Mind Me Saying So"
 "Goodnight My Someone"
 "Columbia, Gem of the Ocean"
 "Seventy-Six Trombones"
 "Sincere"
 "The Sadder But Wiser Girl"
 "Pick a Little, Talk a Little/Goodnight Ladies"
 "Marian the Librarian"
 "My White Knight"
 "Wells Fargo Wagon"
Act Two
 "It's You"
 "Shipoopi"
 "Pick a Little, Talk a Little" (reprise)
 "Lida Rose/Will I Ever Tell You"
 "Gary, Indiana"
 "'Till There Was You"
 "Goodnight My Someone/Seventy-Six Trombones"
 "Finale"

1962 movie
In the 1962 movie, Preston reprised his role as Harold Hill (this after Cary Grant turned it down).  It also had Shirley Jones as Marian, Buddy Hackett as Marcellus, Hermione Gingold as Eulalie, Paul Ford as Mayor Shinn, and Ron Howard as Winthrop.  The movie is very similar to the musical, except that it replaces the song "My White Knight" with "Being in Love".

2003 movie
In 2003, a movie version of the musical was made starring Matthew Broderick as Harold Hill and Kristin Chenoweth as Marian Paroo.

Broadway musicals
1950s musicals
Tony Award winning musicals
1957 works
Otto von Habsburg (given names: Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius, ; 20 November 1912 4 July 2011), was the last Crown Prince of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father, Charles, was the Emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary. The murder of his great uncle, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was the event that led to the start of World War I. His family fled Austria in 1919 after the war.

During World War II he opposed the Nazis and Nazi Germany's takeover over Austria. Adolf Hitler ordered him to be put to death, but Habsburg left France and spent the war in the USA. Habsburg gave up his claim to the throne in 1961, and was allowed to return to Austria five years later. He was a member of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria and became a member of the European Parliament and pushed to get the former communist countries of Eastern Europe allowed into the European Union.
He was buried in the Imperial Tomb in Vienna, but his heart was buried at an abbey near Budapest, Hungary, as part of a tradition that goes back to medieval times. 

During his lifetime he was also known as Achduke Otto of Austria.

References

1912 births
2011 deaths
Austrian people of World War II
MEPs for Germany
People from Lower Austria
Politicians of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria
Princes and princesses
Guardian Media Group plc (GMG) is a company in the United Kingdom that owns various mass media businesses including The Guardian and The Observer. GMG is owned by the Scott Trust. It began as the Manchester Guardian Ltd in 1907 when C. P. Scott bought the Manchester Guardian from his cousin Edward Taylor. It became the Manchester Guardian and Evening News Ltd when it bought the Manchester Evening News in 1924, later becoming the Guardian and Manchester Evening News Ltd after the change in the morning paper's name. It became the Scott Trust in 1993.
GMG has many parts to it business: Guardian News & Media (the Guardian, the Observer); GMG Radio (regional radio stations under the Smooth, Real, and Rock Radio brands); Trader Media Group (the Auto Trader magazine and website), which it owns jointly with private equity firm Apax); GMG Property Services (estate agency software providers Vebra and Core, lettings software provider CFP Software, graphic design consultancy The Media Design House and consumer portal ThinkProperty.com); and Emap, the B2B events, data and publishing company, also jointly owned with Apax.

Guardian Media Group exists to support the main business of its owner, the Scott Trust: to keep the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian forever.

In March 2007 GMG sold 49.9% of Trader Media Group to Apax Partners, in a deal that valued Trader Media Group at £1.35 billion. In December 2007 GMG and Apax made a successful bid to buy Emap for around £1 billion.
In February 2010, the group sold its GMG Regional Media division (consisting of two companies MEN Media and S&B Media which operated 31 local and regional newspaper titles) to Trinity Mirror plc for £44.8 million. The sale ended the historic connection between The Guardian and the Manchester Evening News. The Manchester TV channel, Channel M, and two newspapers in Woking were not included in the sale.

References

Media in the United Kingdom
Carl Ferdinand Cori (5 December, 1896 — 20 October, 1984) was an Czech doctor. He won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with his wife Gerty Cori and Bernardo Houssay, for discovering the way the body processed glycogen and sugar.

References

Czechoslovak scientists
1896 births
1984 deaths