Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
P can look at any program and find out if it will run forever or not. We use P to make a new program that we will call Q. What Q does is look at another program and then answer the following question: "If we run this program and make it look at a copy of itself, will it run forever?". We can make Q because we have P. All we need to do is to tell Q to create a new program that is the old program looking at itself, and then use P to find out if the new program runs forever or not.

  def Q(F):
    return P(F, F);

Now we make another program R. R looks at another program and asks Q for its answer on that program. If Q answers "yes, if we run this program and make it look at a copy of itself it will run forever", then R stops. If Q answers "no, if we run this program and make it look at a copy of itself, it will not run forever", then R enters an infinite loop and runs forever.

  def R(F):
    if Q(F):
      return;                //terminate
    else:
      while True: continue;  //loop forever
Now we look at what happens if we make R look at a copy of itself. Two things can happen: it will either stop or run forever. 

If running R and making it look at a copy of itself does not run forever, then Q answered "yes, if we run this program and make it look at a copy of itself it will run forever". But Q said this when looking at R itself. So what Q actually said is: "yes, if we run R and make it look at a copy of itself it will run forever". So: If R running on a copy of itself does not run forever, then it does run forever. This is impossible. 

If running R and making it look at a copy of itself runs forever, then Q answered "no, if we run this program and make it look at a copy of itself it will not run forever". But Q said this when looking at R itself. So what Q actually said is: "no, if we run R and make it look at a copy of itself it will not run forever". So: If R running on a copy of itself runs forever, then it does not run forever. This is also impossible.
No matter what happens, we get an impossible situation. We did something wrong, and we need to find out what it was. Most of the things we did were not wrong. We can not say "making a program look at a copy of itself is wrong", or "looking at what another program said and then going into a loop if it said one thing, and stopping if it said another thing" is wrong. It does not make sense to say that we are not allowed to do those things. The only thing that we did that looks like it could be wrong is that we pretended that a program like P exists in the first place. And since this is the only thing that could be wrong, and something must be wrong, this is it. This is the proof that a program like P does not exist. There is no program that solves the halting problem.

This proof was found by Alan Turing in 1936.

References
 This is the paper where Turing defines Turing machines, formulates the halting problem, and shows that it (as well as the Entscheidungsproblem) is unsolvable.
Mathematical problems
Largentière () is a commune in the Ardèche department of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France. It is a subprefecture of the department.

Name
Its name, used since the thirteenth century in place of its more ancient name Segualeriae (Ségualières), refers to the silver mines in the area between the tenth and fifteenth centuries.

Geography 
The commune of Largentière is in the southern part of the Ardèche department, in the narrow valley of the Ligne river, a short right tributary of the Ardèche river.

The commune has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The distances from Largentière to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital - ;
 Lyon, the regional capital - ;
 Marseille - ;
 Strasbourg - ;
 Reims - ;
 Bordeaux - ;
 Toulouse - ;
 Montpellier - ;
 Nice - .

Largentière is surrounded by the communes:
Climate 
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Largentière is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

Population
The inhabitants of Largentière are known, in French, as Largentiérois (women: Largentiéroises).

With a population of 1,734, Largentière has a population density of  inhabitants/km2. It is the second smallest subprefecture in France after Castellane in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department that has only 1,541 inhabitants (2014).

Evolution of the population in Largentière

Administration 
Largentière is a subprefecture of the Ardèche department since 1800. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Largentière and is part of the canton Vallon-Pont-d'Arc.

It is part of the intercommunality Val de Ligne, officially named as Communauté de communes Val de Ligne.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Largentière
 Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Other websites
Other websites

 City council website 
 Val de Ligne Tourist Information Centre 

Communes in Ardèche
Subprefectures in France
Tucumcari is a city in the U.S. state of New Mexico. It was founded in 1901 and is the county seat of Quay County.

Other websites 
 City of Tucumcari
 Tucumcari Chamber of Commerce
 Eastern Plains Community Action Agency (Early Head Start and Head Start)
 Mesalands Community College

Cities in New Mexico
County seats in New Mexico
1901 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in New Mexico
Tauriers  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Gibson may refer to:
 Gibson Guitar Corporation, a guitar corporation established in 1896
 Gibson (surname), a surname
 Gibson, Iowa, a city in the U.S. state of Iowa
 Gibson City, Illinois, a city in the U.S. state of Illinois
 Gibsons, British Columbia, a city in Canada
Thueyts  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
The Gibson Les Paul is an electric guitar that has been made by Gibson since 1952. It is one of the most popular electric guitars of all time.

Guitars
Usclades-et-Rieutord is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Uzer is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Vagnas  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Valgorge  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Related pages

Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Vals-les-Bains is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Valvignères  is a commune in the Ardèche department in south France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Vernon is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Vesseaux  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Veyras is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Communes in Ardèche
Coucouron is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

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Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
The Scottish Fold (sometimes called Coupari by Canadian breeders) is a  breed of cat. Its distinctive ear fold is caused by a particular gene.

First known as Flops, for their "floppy" ears, Scottish Fold became the breed's name in 1966. Scottish Folds with long hair are known by a number of names. For example, it is called the Highland Fold by the ACFA, AACE, and UFO; the Scottish Fold Longhair by the TICA, NCFA, ACA, CCA, and CFA; and the Longhair Fold by the CFF.

Breed
Breed

Origin
The very first Scottish Fold was a long-haired barn cat with white fur, called Susie. She was found in 1961 at a farm near Coupar Angus in Perthshire, Scotland. Susie's ears had an unusual fold in the middle, making her look like an owl. When Susie had kittens, two of them were born with the distinctive folded ears. One was owned by William Ross, a nearby farmer and cat-lover. Ross registered the breed with the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy in Great Britain and started to breed Scottish Fold kittens with the help of Pat Turner. The breeding program ended up with 76 kittens in the first three years, 42 with folded ears. They suspected that the ear mutation was from a dominant allele. This means that if one parent has straight ears, and one parent has folded ears, half of the kittens will be Folds.
Susie's only fertile offspring was a female Fold named Sans, also white like her mother. A second kitten was neutered shortly after birth. Three months after Sans' birth, Susie was killed by a car. All Scottish Fold cats are related to Susie and Sans. This kind of ancestry is very rare, even among pedigreed animals.

Acceptance

The breed was not accepted for showing in Great Britain and Europe because people thought that they would be overly prone to ear problems such as infection, mites, and deafness, but the Folds were sold in America. The breed kept on growing using crosses with British Shorthairs and American Shorthairs. Despite the initial concerns, the Fold breed has not had the expected mite and infection problems. However, wax can build up faster than in the ears of other cats.

Popularity
Folds are very popular pets because of their unique look, and their reputation as particularly loving companions. Fold kittens are usually much more expensive to buy than kittens of more common breeds.
Characteristics

Ears
All Folds are born with straight, unfolded ears. Cats that have the Fold gene will start to show the fold before 21 days. The first cats only had one fold in their ears. With careful breeding, breeders have changed the fold to a double or triple fold. This causes the ear to lie totally flat against the head.

Body
Folds are a medium-sized breed of cat (9–13 lbs. for males and 6–9 lbs. for females). They have round bodies, round heads, and round faces. They have big round eyes. Their noses are short with a gentle curve. They have medium to short sized legs. Their heads are curved at the top. They have very short necks. The eyes have a big gap which gives the Scottish Fold a "sweet expression".

Coat
Scottish Folds can be either long- or short-haired. They may have nearly any coat colour or mix of colours (including white) except pointed colours. According to cat-fancy website Terrific-Cats.com:
Social
Scottish Folds, whether with folded ears or with normal ears, are normally good-natured and calm. They can adjust to other animals within a household very well. They tend to become very attached to their human caregivers. They are by nature quite loving. Folds receive high marks for playfulness, affection, and grooming. They are often clever, loyal, quiet, and do well in changing home situations.

Habits
Folds are also known for sleeping on their backs. Scottish Folds normally have soft voices. They can give a mix of meows and purrs not found in better-known breeds.

Health
Scottish Folds usually live for around 15 years.

Medical complications
Scottish folds can easily get polycystic kidney disease (PKD), osteochondritis, and cardiomyopathy.

Breeding
Because the ears fold nearly a month after birth, Fold kittens cannot be judged immediately as to their type or value, as the animal website PetFinder.com says:
Ethics
One special medical problem comes in the Scottish Fold if both parents have folded ears. In such a case, their kittens will be very likely (1:4 ratio, or usually at least one per litter) to have a painful joint disease that can fuse the tail, ankles and/or knees. Scientists think the disease is caused by the dominant (folded-ear) gene. It is more likely to affect Folds with the gene twice, than mixed single with one recessive (unfolded-ear) gene. This disease can also affect Scottish Folds with one copy of the gene, but usually not as often or as badly. For this reason the breed is not accepted by either the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy or the Fédération Internationale Féline. This is the reasoning behind the widely-held belief that the only ethical manner of breeding Folds is Fold/nonfold and not Fold/Fold (in the same way Munchkins are bred).

Literature
Literature

Biography
The Scottish Fold is one of the main focuses in the short novel The Cat Who Went to Paris by Peter Gethers. The book and its two sequels, A Cat Abroad and The Cat Who'll Live Forever: The Final Adventures of Norton, the Perfect Cat, and His Imperfect Human, talk about the life of Gethers and his Fold, Norton. It starts with their first meeting and ends with Norton's death and Gether's life after the loss.

How-to
Cat guides about the Scottish Fold breed can be found. For example Scottish Fold Cats: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual (), Guide to Owning a Scottish Fold Cat (), and Scottish Fold Cats (Cats Set III) ().

References

Cat breeds
Natural cat breeds
The Sims 3 is a computer game for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It was released on June 2, 2009 and is a sequel to the popular The Sims and The Sims 2 computer games. There have been versions of the game for consoles and mobile phones as well. The Sims 3 was a success right when it was released. The game has sold 1.4 million copies in its first week and over ten million copies worldwide to date.

EA released a sequel, The Sims 4, in September 2, 2014.
The Sims 3 is made with the same idea as the games before it. The player controls their own Sims in activities and relationships in a similar manner to real life. The game play is open-ended and has no limits. Sims houses and neighborhoods are in one huge map. The developers stated, "What you do outside your home now matters as much as what you do within." The game includes an optional feature called "Story Progression", which allows all Sims in the neighborhood to continue on their own as if the player were controlling them, such as grow up, get married, get jobs and promotions, have children, and build or buy their dream house while the player is not playing. The Sims 2 used a reward system called Wants and Fears. This is replaced with a new system called Wishes in The Sims 3. Completing a Sim's wish helps the Sim's Lifetime Happiness score and mood. Some wishes, such as "Go to the Park", may add little points to their lifetime happiness while "Have A Baby Boy" may add thousands of points
. In The Sims 2, Wants and Fears also contributed to a Sim's "Aspiration" meter, the same to current self-esteem. In The Sims 3, Aspiration is removed entirely, replaced with "Moodlets", which contribute good or bad values to the original Motivation meter. Moodlets can be inspired by physical events, such as having a good meal or comfort from sitting in a good chair, as well as emotional events like a first kiss or a break-up. Most moodlets last for a set amount of time, but some bad Moodlets can be cured (such as the one caused by a need to use the bathroom) and some positive ones rely on the Sim's surroundings and traits.
References 

The Sims
2009 video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Bradford Phillip "Brad" Delson (born December 1, 1977 in Agoura Hills, California) is the lead guitarist of alternative rock band Linkin Park.

Early life
Brad went to Agoura High School with fellow member of Linkin Park Mike Shinoda.

1977 births
Living people
American guitarists
Extras
Linkin Park members
Musicians from Los Angeles
Charlton Heston (October 4, 1923 – April 5, 2008) was an American actor and political activist. He had many big roles, such as playing Moses in the movie The Ten Commandments, astronaut Colonel George Taylor in Planet of the Apes (1968) and Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), the dystopian The Omega Man (1971), and Soylent Green (1973). Heston played Judah Ben-Hur in the Academy Award-winning Ben-Hur.

Early life
He was born in Wilmette, Illinois on October 4, 1923. He was raised in St. Helen, Michigan. Heston studied at New Trier High School and at Northwestern University.

Political views
Heston was also known for his politics. When he was young he held liberal views and marched with people such as Martin Luther King, Jr. for civil rights in the 1960s.
It was rare for a Hollywood actor to be for such causes at that time. Later in his life, he was for conservative causes such as gun rights. He was president of the National Rifle Association of America, a group that is for the rights of gun owners, from 1998 to 2003.

In July 2003, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House from President George W. Bush.

Death
Late in his life, Heston had Alzheimer's disease. He died of pneumonia, aged 84, in Beverly Hills, California.

References

Other websites 

Hollywood.com entry
Reel Classics
BBC News Obituary
Obituary and public tribute 
'From Our Files: An Interview with Charlton Heston' by Phil Elderkin, The Christian Science Monitor, November 4, 1959
1923 births
2009 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Illinois
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Deaths from pneumonia
People with Alzheimer's disease
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Republicans (United States)
Democrats (United States)
Ambush marketing is a form of marketing. Many events, especially in sports have sponsors. These sponsors pay money, which makes it possible to hold the event. In return for this, they get publicity and media coverage. Ambush marketing is a name given to marketing campaigns that are also done around the event, but where no money is paid for the event.

There are many major events where one company will pay money to become the exclusive sponsor of the event (or in a category of the event).  This blocks other brands or companies.  These other brands then seek to promote themselves in connection with the same event.  They do not pay the sponsorship fee.  Even if they wanted to, they could not, because one brand is the exclusive sponsor. 

Ambush marketing is not illegal, and many people do it.  Examples in sport include FIFA World Cup, Olympic Games, and the Super Bowl.

Anti-ambush marketing regulations have become controversial for restricting freedom of speech and self-promotion.
Famous "ambush marketing" 
 1984 Summer Olympics; Kodak sponsors TV broadcasts of the games as well as the US track team even though Fujifilm is the official sponsor.
 1988 Summer Olympics; Fujifilm sponsors the games, but Kodak is the official sponsor.
 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona; Nike sponsors press conferences with the US basketball team despite Reebok being the official sponsor. During ceremonies, the players covered their Reebok logos.
 1994 Winter Olympics; American Express sponsors the games despite Visa being the official sponsor.
 1996 Atlanta Olympics; sprinter Linford Christie wore contact lenses embossed with the Puma AG logo at the press conference preceding the 100 metres final, despite Reebok being the official sponsor.
 1996 Atlanta Olympics; Messages On Hold strategically infiltrates a banner within the camera frame as US runner Jon Drummond prepares for the opening leg of 4x100 relay final. The moment is broadcast live across the world.
1996 Cricket World Cup; Pepsi ran a series of advertisements titled "Nothing official about it" targeting the official sponsor Coca Cola.
 1998 World Cup; Nike sponsored a number of teams competing in the Cup despite Adidas being the official sponsor.
 2000 Sydney Olympics; Qantas Airlines’ slogan "The Spirit of Australia" sounds strikingly similar to the games’ slogan "Share the Spirit." despite Ansett Air being the official sponsor.
 2002 Boston Marathon; as Adidas-sponsored runners come off the course Nike are treated to spray-painted messages honoring the day of the race, but not the race itself.
 2003 Cricket World Cup; Indian players threatened to strike over concerns that the anti-ambush marketing rules were too strict. Of particular concern was the length of time before and after the cup that players were not allowed to endorse a rival to one of the official sponsors. Players argued that if they had pre-existing contracts that they would be in breach of them if they were to accept the ICC's rules.
Al-Mustansir II of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt, for the Mamluk Sultans between 1261 and 1262.

References

}

Year of birth unknown
1262 deaths
Cairo
Egyptian Muslims
The University of Texas at El Paso is a public university in El Paso, Texas, United States.  It has about 20,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1914.

References

Other websites
The University of Texas at El Paso

University of Texas
Conference USA
El Paso, Texas
1914 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Texas
The Achaemenid Empire, or Persian Empire, (550–330 BC) was the first Persian Empire to rule over significant portions of Greater Persia (or Iran). It followed the Median Empire as the second great empire of the Iranian peoples. At the height of its power, the Achaemenid Empire had about 7.5 million square kilometres and was territorially the largest empire of classical antiquity.
The empire was forged by Cyrus the Great. It spanned three continents, including parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan; parts of Central Asia, Asia Minor, Thrace; much of the Black Sea coastal regions; Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon and Syria; and all of the significant population centres of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya. The empire was the foe of the Greek city-states of the Greco-Persian Wars. It freed the Israelites from their Babylonian captivitya nd instituted Aramaic as the its official language. Because of the empire's vast extent and long endurance, Persian influence upon the language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law, and government of nations around the world has lasted ever since.

History 
The empire began as a tributary state of the Medes but ended up conquering and enlarging them and includiong Egypt and Asia Minor. Under Xerxes, it came very close to conquering Ancient Greece. The Achaemenids were overthrown by Alexander the Great, who conquered it in 330 BCE.
Kings and leaders
Teispes of Anshan, son of Achaemenes
 Cyrus I of Anshan, son of Teispes
 Cambyses I of Anshan, son of Cyrus I
 Cyrus II, the Great, son of Cambyses I, ruled from c.550-530 BCE (ruler of Anshan c. 559 BCE – conquered Media 550 BCE)
 Cambyses II, son of Cyrus the Great, ruled 529-522 BCE
 Smerdis (Bardiya), alleged son of Cyrus the Great, ruled 522 BCE (Possibly a usurper)
 Darius I, the Great, brother-in-law of Smerdis and grandson of Arsames, ruled 521-486 BCE
 Xerxes I, son of Darius I, ruled 485-465 BCE
 Artaxerxes I Longimanus, son of Xerxes I, ruled 465-424 BCE
 Xerxes II, son of Artaxerxes I, ruled 424 BCE
 Sogdianus, half-brother and rival of Xerxes II, ruled 424-423 BCE
 Darius II Nothus, half-brother and rival of Xerxes II, ruled 423-405 BCE
 Artaxerxes II Mnemon, son of Darius II, ruled 404-359 BCE (see also Xenophon)
 Artaxerxes III Ochus, son of Artaxerxes II, ruled 358-338 BCE
 Artaxerxes IV Arses, son of Artaxerxes III, ruled 338-336 BCE
Related pages
 Persian Empire
 Cyrus the Great, Founder of Achaemenid dynasty and King of Persia.
 Darius I, King of Persia.
 Sassanid Empire

References

Sources
 Stronach, David "Darius at Pasargadae: a neglected source for the history of early Persia," Topoi
 Stronach, David "Anshan and Parsa: early Achaemenid history, art and architecture on the Iranian Plateau". In: John Curtis, ed., Mesopotamia and Iran in the Persian period: conquest and imperialism 539–331, 35–53. London: British Museum Press, 1997.

Further reading 

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Pierre Briant, Eisenbrauns: 2002,

Other websites
Other websites 

 Achemenet The major electronic resource for the study of the history, literature and archaeology of the Persian Empire
 Persepolis Before Incursion (Virtual tour project)
 Musée achéménide virtuel et interactif (Mavi)  a vast "Virtual Interactive Achemenide Museum" of more than 8000 items, dedicated to the inheritance of the Persian Empire, from Cyrus to Alexander the Great, is now accessible on the Internet thanks to the initiative of a College de France professor, Pierre Briant.
 Livius.org on Achaemenids
 Livius.org on Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions 
 Cyrus' Charter of Human Rights
 Achaemenid art on Iran Chamber Society (www.iranchamber.com)
 Persepolis Fortification Archive Project
 Photos of the tribute bearers from the 23 satrapies of the Achaemenid empire, from Persepolis
A vexilloid has the same functions as a flag but it looks different. Vexilloids are characteristic of traditional societies and ancient empires (Flags did not come into general use until medieval times.).  A vexilloid consists of a staff held upright with a cloth banner that hangs down vertically on the staff and on top of the staff is an emblem, such as a carved animal.

Literature 
Whitney Smith, Flags Through the Ages and Across the World, 

Flags
The Dark Knight is a 2008 British-American superhero movie. It was directed, produced, and co-written by Christopher Nolan. Based on the DC Comics character Batman, the movie is the second installment of Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy and a sequel to 2005's Batman Begins. It stars Christian Bale and supported by Michael Caine, Heath Ledger, Gary Oldman, Aaron Eckhart, Maggie Gyllenhaal, and Morgan Freeman. In the movie, Bruce Wayne / Batman (Bale), Police Lieutenant James Gordon (Oldman) and District Attorney Harvey Dent (Eckhart) form an alliance to take down organized crime in Gotham City, but are menaced by an anarchistic mastermind known as the Joker (Ledger), who seeks to undermine Batman's influence and throw the city into anarchy.
Story 
The movie begins with the Joker and his gang of clowns robbing a mob bank. The other clowns shoot each other so that there are fewer people so they can get more money per person. The manager of the bank takes out his shotgun and shoots one of them. The Joker takes off his mask and kills the last clown, leaving all the money for himself. He then drives away in a school bus.

The crime mob in the city is very mad at the Joker for robbing the bank. The Joker comes to them and says he wants to kill Batman. Meanwhile, Gotham City's District Attorney Harvey Dent tries to shut the mob down by tracking down the money. A businessman named Lau finds out about this and takes the money out beforehand and goes to Hong Kong so that he cannot be caught. Batman, whose real name is Bruce Wayne, flies down there himself, kidnaps him, and takes him back to Gotham City.
The Joker says he wants Batman to take his mask off and show the world who he is, and that if he does not, people will die. Commissioner Loeb dies from drinking acid in his drink and the judge that was at the mob trials is killed. The Joker then hires some men to kidnap police officers and take their uniforms. At Loeb's funeral, Joker's men attempt to shoot the mayor. Police officer James Gordon tackles the mayor and is shot and apparently killed.

Dent then calls a press conference to ask the people there if he should reveal Batman. After they say yes, Dent says that he is Batman and has the police arrest him. They put him on a truck to send him to jail. The Joker and his men drive a truck that badly damages the truck Dent is riding in. The real Batman comes in and attempts to save Dent but wrecks his motorcycle-like Batpod when the Joker stands there, since Batman has a rule that he will not kill anyone. Gordon, who is revealed to have faked his death, arrests the Joker.
The Joker gets out of jail. He gets his phone call and dials a cell phone that is wired to a bomb, which blows up the police station. Afterwards, he visits the hospital where Dent is staying. Dent is driven crazy because of Dawes' death. The Joker frees Dent and tells him to take revenge. Dent goes around flipping coins and decides whether he will kill them or keep them alive. He starts going after the various police people who leaked information to the Joker to make it possible for him to kidnap and kill Dawes.

The Joker then announces that the city is his. The people in charge load up two ferries with people to get them out of the city. The Joker has wired both boats with explosives and has given each boat the detonator to the other one, saying that he will blow up both boats at midnight if one boat does not blow up the other.
At the end of the movie, Batman finds that Dent has kidnapped Gordon's family. When Batman arrives, Dent flips his coin to decide their fates. Before he can see the result of his next coin flip, Batman tackles Dent off the edge of the building, letting the vigilante plummet to his death. With Dent dead, Gordon says that if word gets out that Dent killed all these people, all the work he did will have been lost. Batman offers to take the blame for all the murders. Gordon, who is originally against it, agrees. He destroys the Bat-Signal and orders the police to hunt Batman down. Batman takes off into the night while Gordon's son does not understand the reasoning for why Batman must be hunted. But Gordon explains "because he can take it. Because he's not a hero. He's a silent guardian; a watchful protector; a Dark Knight."

Cast
Cast

 Christian Bale as Batman/Bruce Wayne
 Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth
 Heath Ledger as The Joker
 Gary Oldman as Commissioner James Gordon
 Aaron Eckhart as Two-Face/Harvey Dent
 Maggie Gyllenhaal as Rachel Dawes
 Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox
 Cillian Murphy as Scarecrow
 Eric Roberts as Sal Maroni
 Colin McFarlane as Gillian B. Loeb
 Nestor Carbonell as Mayor Anthony Garcia
 Anthony Michael Hall as Mike Engel
 Chin Han as Lau
 Joshua Harto as Coleman Reese
 Ritchie Coster as Chechen
 Michael Jai White as Gambol
 William Fichtner as Bank Manager
 Patrick Leahy as Gentleman at Party

Production
Warner Bros. initially created a viral marketing campaign for The Dark Knight, developing promotional websites and trailers highlighting screenshots of Ledger as the Joker. Ledger died on January 22, 2009, some months after he completed filming and six months before the movie's release from a toxic combination of prescription drugs, leading to strong attention from the press and movie-going public.
Technology 
The movie was the first mainstream feature to partially utilize IMAX 70 mm cameras, with Nolan using them for 28 minutes of the movie, including the Joker's first appearance.

Filming 
The movie was filmed in Chicago and in Hong Kong. Some scenes were shot in London. During the filming in Chicago, Nolan decided to blow-up an abandoned Brach's candy factory (which was Gotham Hospital in the movie).

Related works 
Nolan's inspiration for the movie was the Joker's comic book debut in 1940, the 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke, and the 1996 series The Long Halloween, which retold Harvey Dent's origin. The "Dark Knight" nickname was first applied to Batman in Batman #1 (1940), in a story written by Bill Finger.
Reputation
The movie is known as one of the best movies of its decade and one of the best superhero movies of all time. It got critical praise for its screenplay, visual effects, musical score, themes, performances (particularly Ledger's), cinematography, action sequences and direction. The movie also set numerous records during its theatrical run.

Records
The Dark Knight appeared on 287 critics' top-ten lists, more than any other movie of 2009 with the exception of WALL-E, and more critics (77) named The Dark Knight the best movie released that year. With over $1 billion in revenue worldwide, it became the fourth-highest-grossing movie at the time, and highest-grossing movie of 2009; it also set the record for highest-grossing domestic opening with $158 million, a record it held for three years.
Awards
At the 81st Academy Awards, the movie had eight nominations. It won the award for Best Sound Editing and Ledger was posthumously awarded Best Supporting Actor. The Dark Knight Rises, the final movie in the trilogy, was released on July 20, 2013.

References

Further reading

Other websites

 Official website
 Official site script
2000s English-language movies
2008 crime thriller movies
2000s superhero movies
British action movies
British crime drama movies
British crime thriller movies
2000s American action movies
American crime drama movies
American crime thriller movies
Batman movies
Movies based on comic book characters
IMAX movies
Movies shot in Chicago
Movies set in Hong Kong
Movies based on books
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
Movies directed by Christopher Nolan
Movies produced by Charles Roven
Movies featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
The Dark Knight Trilogy
American sequel movies
American superhero movies
Warner Bros. movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies about terrorism
Movies about security and surveillance
Movies about bank robbery
In Greek mythology, the Gorgons were female monsters that had fangs and serpents for hair with bronze claws. They were the daughters of Phorkys and Keto. The serpents in their hair were special: Everyone who looked at them was turned to stone. There were three Gorgons, named Stheno, Euryale and Medusa. Only Medusa was mortal. She was beheaded by Perseus. Medusa's head was brought to Athena. There are many motives showing Athena with an aegis, and a Gorgon's head on her chest. 

Homer only talks about one Gorgon. Hesiod names all three, Stheno, the powerful one, Euryale,who could jump far, and trouble-ridden Medusa, the queen. According to Hesiod, they lived at the edge of the known world, in the Atlas Mountains. At a later time, Libya is also named as their home.
With Hellenism came the myth that the Gorgo was a sister of Alexander the Great. In this myth, she is a neck, a water spirit. The sailors of each passing boat are asked whether he is still alive. If they answer no, she takes the boat and the sailors into the water. The answer that saves the lives of the seamen is "Yes, and he reigns as a king" (). 

The heads of the Gorgons are often found on shields, capes and amulets. These were believed to be magic. The magic that is used against bad spirits and bad luck is known as apotropaic magic.

References

Greek legendary creatures
As the World Turns (ATWT) is an American television soap opera that airs each weekday on CBS.

Set in the made-up town of Oakdale, Illinois, the show first went on TV on Monday, April 2, 1956 at 1:30pm EST. Before this show, all soaps were fifteen minutes in length; ATWT was the first half-hour soap opera.

At first, viewers were not excited about it, but ratings picked up in its second year, and reached the top spot in the daytime Nielsen Ratings by the fall of 1958. As the World Turns was the most-watched daytime drama from 1958 until 1978, with ten million people watching each day. At its height, the main actors such as Helen Wagner, Don MacLaughlin, Don Hastings, and Eileen Fulton became very well known in the United States.
The show went from black-and-white to color in the mid-1960s, with the final black-and-white episode shown on February 10, 1967. The show went from a half-hour in length to one hour starting on December 1, 1975. Also in 1975, they stopped doing the show live, and decided to tape it instead - that way, more than one episode could be taped in a day, and the actors would not have to work every day.

April 2, 2006 was the 50th anniversary of the soap opera on CBS. The show aired its 13,000th episode April 23, 2007; the 10,000th episode aired on May 12, 1995.  As the World Turns is well known for having been taped in New York City for all of its 52 years on television (43 years in Manhattan and nine years in Brooklyn).
On December 8, 2009, CBS announced that As the World Turns would air its last episode in September 2010. The series concluded on September 17, 2010.

References
References

Other websites 
ATWT Website 
Procter & Gamble Productions Forum 
CBS-TV: ATWT 
 "As the World Turns"  at Yahoo! TV
Soapdom: ATWT 
ATWT Information & Message Board

Soap Opera Network: ATWT
Soap Opera Network: ATWT Previews
ATWT Storyline Suggestions
As the World Turns (Dutch)  at RTL 4, Netherlands
Daytime Soap Operas As The World Turns- news, rumors, cast updates, polls
Official ATWT Dutch Fanclub
Full episodes of As the World Turns

CBS network shows
American drama television series
1956 television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
2000s American television series
Soap operas
English-language television programs
The Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi), also known as the lobo, is a species of wolf. It is one of the rarest subspecies of the grey wolf. It was once native to southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western Texas and northern Mexico. It is the smallest of North America's gray wolves.

Wolves
Mammals of North America
A Live USB is a USB flash drive that contains a full operating system so it can serve as a boot device.

Related pages
List of tools to create Live USB systems
Windows To Go

Storage devices
A traffic collision, also known as a motor vehicle collision or car crash, is when a vehicle hits another vehicle, person or object. Pedestrians, animals, road debris or other objects may be involved.  Sometimes a trial occurs, in order to determine fault in a traffic collision.

Traffic collisions often result in injury, death, and property damage. They injure tens of millions of people every year, and kill usually a little more than a million.  

Road safety is partly a matter of design. Ideally, roads should be designed for the safety of all road users. This would mean providing adequate facilities for pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. Infrastructure measures such as footpaths, cycling lanes, safe crossing points, and other traffic calming measures can help reduce the risk of injury.

Other websites
US car deaths

References

Vehicles
Events
Malden is a suburban city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 56,340 at the 2000 census.

Geography 
Malden is located at . It is bordered by Melrose on the North, Everett on the south, Medford on the west, Revere on the east, and Saugus on the northeast.

Neighborhoods 

Like many communities in New England, many towns and neighborhoods are organized around "Squares" which are locations of crossroads and town commons dating from the colonial and early 19th century years. Many of the neighborhoods in Malden take their name and identity from the Square they are centered around.
Malden's squares include Malden Square (formerly Converse Square, and the location of downtown Malden), Oak Grove Square (at Oak Grove T Station, Bellrock Square (at the intersections of Cross, Main and Medford Sts.), Judson Square (near Ferryway Green/School), former Suffolk Square (at Cross and Bryant Streets, and the location of a thriving Jewish community until being claimed by urban renewal in the 1960s), Maplewood Square (at Lebanon, Maplewood and Salem Streets) and Linden Square.

Some of the neighborhoods in Malden include Faulkner (location of the former Suffolk Square) West End, Edgeworth, Linden, Ferryway, Forestdale, Maplewood, Bellrock, and Belmont Hill (located between Bellrock and Ferryway).

References

Other websites

Cities in Massachusetts
1640 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1640s establishments in Massachusetts
Gary Bettman (born June 2 1952) is the current commissioner of the National Hockey League. He has held this post since February 1 1993. He is unpopular among many hockey fans, who are still angry over the lockout a few years ago. He has become even more unpopular for leading the league into another lockout in September 2012.

1952 births
Living people
National Hockey League
Businesspeople from New York (state)
, is a role-playing video game series made by Nintendo, Ape, Inc., HAL Laboratory, and Brownie Brown. Shigesato Itoi was in charge of all three games. It has three main games in it, and started on the NES with Mother, and then it had EarthBound on the Super NES and Mother 3 on the Game Boy Advance. EarthBound is the only game of the three that came out in English, and it has a strong fanbase that wants the other two games in English too.

Plot

Setting
The series takes place by travelling in western directions for the most part, but it also goes to other places like deserts, a prehistoric world, and a dream world.

Games

Mother

Mother is the first title in the EarthBound series. It was made by Ape, Inc. and designed by Shigesato Itoi for the NES. It was going to be called EarthBound in the United States, and Nintendo of America completed the translation of the game, but they decided that role-playing video games were not worth releasing, and that it was too late in the NES' life to release.

EarthBound
EarthBound

EarthBound (known as Mother 2 in Japan) is the second title in the series. It's the most well known because it was the only one released outside of Japan. It was made by Ape, Inc. for the Super NES. It stars a boy named Ness, a girl named Paula, a boy named Jeff, and a boy named Poo, who have to work together to defeat an evil alien called Giygas, who conquers the Earth 10 years in the future.

Mother 3
Mother 3

Mother 3 is the third and latest EarthBound game. It was made by Brownie Brown and released for the Game Boy Advance. It started on the Nintendo 64 as EarthBound 64, but got canceled since the N64 was almost done. It was announced in 2003 that it was going to move to the Game Boy Advance, and came out in 2006. It changed from 3D to 2D, but it kept the same characters and story. It never came outside of Japan because of EarthBound's low sales in the United States, though there have been a lot of rumors, including one in Electronic Gaming Monthly about a game called Mother Compilation for the Nintendo DS which would include all three games. Mother 3 is about the adventures of a boy named Lucas and his dog Boney, who joins up with a princess named Kumatora and a thief named Duster who have to fight the Pig Mask Army. Shigesato Itoi, the creator, has no plans to make a sequel.
Other releases
Nintendo made a collection of Mother and EarthBound for the Game Boy Advance called Mother 1 + 2. It never came out of Japan. There has not been another re-release of any of the games since, but EarthBound was rated by the ESRB for a Virtual Console release.

EarthBound has always been in the Super Smash Bros. series. In Super Smash Bros., Ness (from EarthBound) is a playable character, using special PSI moves and attacks from EarthBound. He appeared again in Super Smash Bros. Melee with some new moves, and was going to be replaced by Lucas because he was going to be the star of EarthBound 64, but since it was canceled, he kept Ness instead. Melee also added stages from EarthBound based on two of the towns from the second game, and collectible trophies of characters and items from it. Super Smash Bros. Brawl brought Ness back, but also added Lucas since Mother 3 came out. It also added a stage from Mother 3 and new trophies too.
Other websites
 Official Mother Website
 Official Japanese EarthBound Website
 Official Mother 1 + 2 Website
 Official Mother 3 Page
 Itoi's Mother 3 website
 EarthBound fansite
 Mother capture
 Mother Party

References

Mother series
2009 ARIA award winners
 Album of the year - Walking on a Dream - by Empire of the Sun
 Single of the year - "Walking on a Dream" - by Empire of the Sun
 Best Group - Empire of the Sun
 Best pop release - "Walking on a Dream" - by Empire of the Sun
 Breakthrough artist album - Ladyhawke - by Ladyhawke
 Breakthrough artist single - "My Delirium" - by Ladyhawke
 Best female artist - Sarah Blasko, for "As Day Follow Night"
 Best male artist - Daniel Merriweather, for "Love & War"
 Best rock album - Black Ice by AC/DC
 Best urban release - "State of the Art" by Hilltop Hoods
 Best dance release - "Talk Like That" by the Presets
 Best blues and roots album - Jungle Blues by C.W. Stoneking
 Best country album - I Love This Place by Troy Cassar-Daley
 Best independent release - Secrets and Lies by Bertie Blackman
 Best adult contemporary album - Chimney's Afire by Josh Pyke
 Best DVD - "TV Is My Parent" by Sia
 Best children's album - The Wiggles Go Bananas! by the Wiggles
Best comedy release - Unessential Listening by Hamish and Andy
 Highest selling single - "Running Back" by Jessica Mauboy
 Highest selling album - Black Ice by AC/DC
2010 Aria Award winners
Album of the Year - Down the Way by Angus and Julia Stone
Single of the Year - "Big Jet Plane" by Angus and Julia Stone
Best group - The Temper Trap

References

Organisations based in Australia
Music industry organizations
Australian music
Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel)  is a part of Microsoft Office. It is also available on Mac. It is made by Microsoft and it is proprietary software. It is used on the operating systems Microsoft Windows and macOS. It can do calculations and graphics. For example, it can make charts and other pictures from data tables. It also has a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Excel is part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2021 for Windows and 2021 for Mac.

Microsoft
Villeneuve-de-Berg is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Related pages

Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Astro Nusantara is a satellite television service in Indonesia. Astro Nusantara is operated by PT Direct Vision (found on 28 February 2006), a joint venture company between Astro All Asia Networks plc and PT First Media Tbk. subsidiary PT. Direct Vision. Currently, the service consists of 48 channels including 5 locally produced Indonesia exclusive channels were launched under the Astro brand.

Related pages
 Astro Malaysia
 List of TV Stations in Indonesia

Other websites 
Astro Nusantara official website 
Astro All Asia Networks plc official website
Astro (Malaysia) service website

Television
Oxnard is the largest city in Ventura County, California. Over 200,000 people live there. Founded in 1903. It is at the western edge of the fertile Oxnard Plain, and is one of the world's most important agricultural places, that has the strawberry and lima bean capital.

References

Other websites 

 City of Oxnard website
 Oxnard @ The Official Conejo Valley Website, a website with local history, events, and community information.

 
1903 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in California
This page lists and links to information on the various versions of Microsoft Windows, a major computer operating system developed by Microsoft.

Personal computer versions
In this section, a client version of Windows is a version that end-users or OEMs can install on personal computers, including desktop computers, laptops and workstations.

Server versions

Device versions

Appliances

Mobile devices
Mobile devices include smartphones, handheld tablet computers and personal digital assistants 
Windows 10
Windows 10 Mobile
Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise
Windows 10 IoT Mobile Enterprise
Windows Phone
Windows Phone 8.1
Windows Phone 8
Windows Phone 7.8
Windows Phone 7.5
Windows Phone 7
Windows Mobile
Windows Mobile 6.5
Windows Mobile 6.1
Windows Mobile 6.0
Windows Mobile 5.0
Windows Mobile 2003 SE
Windows Mobile 2003
Pocket PC 2002
Pocket PC 2000
Embedded devices
Windows Embedded
Windows Embedded 8
Windows Embedded Automotive
Windows Embedded Industry
Windows XP Embedded
Windows NT 4.0 Embedded – Abbreviated NTe, it is an edition of Windows NT 4.0 that was aimed at computer-powered major appliances, vending machines, ATMs and other devices that cannot be considered computers per se. It is the same system as the standard Windows NT 4.0, but it comes packaged in a database of components and dependencies, from which a developer can choose individual components to build customized setup CDs and hard disk boot images. Windows NT 4.0 Embedded includes Service Pack 5.
Windows Embedded Compact
Windows Embedded Compact 2013
Windows Embedded Compact 7
Windows Embedded CE 6.0 (2006)
Windows CE 5.0 (2005), with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Windows Mobile 5.0
Windows CE 4.2 (2004), with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Windows Mobile 2003 SE
Windows CE 4.1 (2003), with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Pocket PC 2003
Windows CE 4.0 (2002), with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Pocket PC 2002
Windows CE 3.0 (June 2000), with version for smart phones and PDAs sold as Pocket PC 2000
Windows CE 2.12 (1999 August)
Windows CE 2.11 (1998 October)
Windows CE 2.1 (1998 July)
Windows CE 2.0 (September 1997)
Windows CE 1.0 (November 1996)