Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Greyson Michael Chance (born August 16, 1997) is a musician and a pianist. He became famous for his cover (his version) of the song "Paparazzi" by Lady Gaga in a sixth-grade music festival. The cover reached about 700 million views on Youtube in April 2010. He was later discovered by Ellen DeGeneres and was a guest on her show 2 times. His first debut single is "Waiting Outside the Lines" which was released on October 2010. His first debut album called Hold on 'till the Night was later released on August 2, 2011.

Personal life
Personal life 

Chance was born on August 16, 1997 in Wichita Falls, Texas. He currently lives in Edmond, Oklahoma. He is the youngest child of Scott and Lisa Chance. He has a sixteen-year-old sister, Alexa, and a nineteen-year-old brother, Tanner. Both Alexa and Tanner also play music. Chance began playing the piano at the age of 8 and has had three years of piano lessons. He has never had vocal (singing) lessons. when he was at the age of 7 he moved to Jacksonville Florida and had been applied for the elementary school John N.C. Stockton.

References 

1997 births
Living people
American pianists
musicians from Texas
singers from Texas
An Eephus pitch is a kind of pitch in baseball. It is a kind of "junk pitch" (trick pitch). An Eephus pitch is very slow and is used to catch the batter off guard. The pitch was invented by Rip Sewell of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1940s. The name Eephus pitch comes from the Hebrew word , which means "nothing." Pirates manager Frankie Frisch claimed that the pitch was named by outfielder Maurice Van Robays. Van Robays explained that "Eephus ain't nothing, and that's a nothing pitch."

Common features  

The Eephus pitch is thrown overhand, like other pitches in baseball. It is unusually slow, and has a high arc trajectory (the ball travels along a high curve.) The trajectory (the path the ball travels) looks more like a pitch from slow-pitch softball than baseball. 

The Eephus pitch is unusually slow. It appears to move in slow motion. The ball travels  or less. Baseball pitches in Major League Baseball usually travel between . The Eephus pitch is considered a trick pitch because it is so slow.
Other names 
The Eephus pitch is sometimes called by other names. These names usually refer to an Eephus pitch thrown by a specific pitcher. Some of the most famous of these names are:
 Fossum Flip, thrown by Casey Fossum
 the folly floater, thrown by Steve Hamilton
 LaLob, thrown by Dave LaRoche
 Leephus, spaceball, and moonball, thrown by Bill "Spaceman" Lee
 the soap bubble, thrown by Vicente Padilla
 the Pascual Pitch, thrown by Pascual Perez
 the Dead Fish, thrown by Dave Stieb

Some other nicknames are bloop curve and gravity curve. It is sometimes also called the Bugs Bunny curve. This name comes from a Bugs Bunny cartoon called "Baseball Bugs." In the cartoon, batters swing three times at a very slow pitch before it reaches home plate.

Related pages
 Pitch (baseball)
 Pitcher (baseball)

References 

Baseball
The University of Antofagasta () is a university in Antofagasta, Chile. It is one of the universities in the north of Chile.

History 
It was founded in 1981 thanks to the fusion of the TUS of Antofagasta and the Regional Headquarter of the University of Chile, it was the point of start of the actual university.

Faculties 
 Basic Sciences
 Health Sciences
 Human Sciences & Education
 Engineering
 Medicine & Odontology
 Marine Resources
 Law and Social Sciences

References

Other websites 
 University of Antofagasta  

Antofagasta
1981 establishments in Chile
Antofagasta
Siméon Denis Poisson ( 21 June 1781 in Pithiviers - 25 April 1840 in Sceaux, near Paris) was a French mathematician and physicist. From 1798 he studied mathematics at the  École Polytechnique, where he met Pierre-Simon Laplace and Joseph-Louis Lagrange. In 1802 he became professor, in 1806 he took the position Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier had before him. Napoleon sent Fourier to Grenoble. Poisson was a disciple of Laplace. Poisson worked on the mathematical bases of wave theory, acoustics, elasticity, electricity and heat. He was also interested in the electric properties of solids. In 1812, he published his extension of Laplace's equation, which allowed its use for electric charge at the surface of solids. In the year 1818, he predicted the existence of a phenomenon called the Poisson spot, in the case that light should have the character of a wave. Poisson thought that was not the case and that it had the character of particles
. He had long discussions with Augustin-Jean Fresnel, who thought that light was indeed a wave. This discussion only ended when Fresnel could show the existence of the spot Poisson had predicted in an experiment. In 1838, Poisson published his ideas on probability theory, which also included what is now known as Poisson distribution. This distribution was already known to Abraham de Moivre.
The relation between pressure and volume in the adiabatic process is constant, this is known as Poisson's Law today. In thermodynamics, the same relation is formulated as a number of equations, which are known as Poisson's equations. Poisson's ratio which gives the amount an object is stretched under load, is also named after him. 

His name is one of 72 honored on the Eiffel tower.

French mathematicians
1781 births
1840 deaths
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhoea. Most of the time only children who are younger than five years old get the disease. The signs of the disease are severe diarrhoea and vomiting, which start suddenly and last for two or three days. Rotavirus also causes diarrhoea in animals. A vaccine, which prevents children from getting the disease is available in many countries.

Like most viruses, rotaviruses are made from RNA and protein. The RNA carries the genes that are used to make more rotaviruses. They are called rotaviruses because they sometimes look like little wheels and "rota" is the latin word for "wheel". Rotaviruses get into the body through the mouth and are not present in the air unlike the viruses that cause colds. The disease is often spread by dirty hands and things used for cooking, but the viruses can dirty water. Rotaviruses are very small. They are a lot smaller than bacteria and can only be seen using an electron microscope.
Children who have not been vaccinated usually get infected more than once. But when children are about five years old they are usually immune and cannot get it any more. This is because their bodies have become resistant to the viruses.

Rotaviruses infect the cells that the small intestine is made from. This makes it difficult for the body to digest food. Children usually make a complete recovery from the infection. But it is very important to make sure they drink enough water to replace what they are losing. In many countries the medicine used is called "oral rehydration solution". This comes in a small packet that is added to drinking water. It contains salt and sugar, which helps the body take up the water.
Rotaviruses were discovered in the 1970s.  Since then doctors and scientists have shown that they are a problem to children all over the world. More than 500,000 children die from rotavirus infection each year and almost two million more become severely ill.  The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation are helping to pay for rotavirus vaccines in countries that cannot afford to buy them. Between 2006 and 2011 it gave more than 82 million US dollars.

References

Other websites
Preventing gastroenteritis in children, National Health Service, UK

Diseases caused by viruses
Viruses
The Croatian National Resistance () was a terrorist Ustaše emigrant organization. The goal of this organization was to destroy Yugoslavia and to establish an independent Croatia, following the vision of Ustaše leader Ante Pavelić and ideology of Mile Budak.  It was founded in 1955 by escaped Ustaše war criminal Vjekoslav Luburić, a chief  guard of the Jasenovac concentration camp.
While Luburić was the head of this organization, Odpor maintained regular contacts with associations of Nazi war veterans in Germany and Spain. Very close relations were established with fascist Spanish "Blue Guard" veterans. Odpor had stated that:
"[We] regard Yugoslavism and Yugoslavia as the greatest and only evil that has caused the existing calamity [...] We therefore consider every direct or indirect help to Yugoslavia as treason against the Croatian nation [...] Yugoslavia must be destroyed - be it with the help of the Russians or the Americans, of Communists, non-Communists or anti-Communists - with the help of anyone willing the destruction of Yugoslavia: destroyed by the dialectic of the word, or by dynamite - but at all costs destroyed."

Odpor had its Australian branch based in Melbourne. It was linked to the Odpor headquarters in Spain and to other arms of the Ustashe movement around the world. The Australian branch was led by Ustashe Srecko Blaz Rover.
Odpor was heavily involved in racketeering, attempted murder, extortion, hijacking, terrorist bombing, and other violent crimes. After Luburić's death, his successors on the organization commanding post, sought out criminal organization ties with La Cosa Nostra, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and the Croatian Mafia in San Pedro.

Odpor most spectacular action was the 10 September 1976 hijacking of Trans World Airlines flight, en route from New York to Chicago. Odpor's five hijackers diverted the plane to Newfoundland, from there to Iceland, and ultimately to Paris with  passengers aboard. The terrorists had planted a bomb in Grand Central Station. After authorities met the terrorists' demands, the bomb location was revealed. The bomb deactivation killed one policeman and another three injured, when they tried to deactivate it. After terrorists learned that the bomb in New York had exploded and killed a policeman, they surrendered to French police.
The leaders of the hijackers of TWA Flight 355, Zvonko Bušić and his wife, Julienne Bušić, were both convicted on U.S. federal charges of air piracy and murder in May 1977 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Julienne Bušić was released from prison on lifelong parole in 1989. Zvonko Bušić briefly escaped from prison on 16 March 1987 but was quickly captured two days later. Julienne Bušić was appointed by President Franjo Tudjman to the diplomatic post of adviser to the Croatian ambassador to the United States. This appointment of a convicted terrorist to a diplomatic post within the United States drew protests in December 1994 from the New York Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association as well as from Kathlyn Murray, the widow of the police officer killed by the bomb in Grand Central Station in 1976.

Her husband, Zvonko Bušić, was paroled in July 2008 and expelled from the U.S. to Croatia.
In 1980s Odpor carried out five bombings in the United States. Bombed were (causing no injuries):
the U.S. office of a Yugoslavian bank (17 March 1980); 
the home of the acting Yugoslavian ambassador (3 June 1980); 
the Manhattan New York State Supreme Court (23 January 1981, pipe bomb) for which prior notice was given by the group;
the Yugoslavian Airlines office in New York City (4 July 1981);
a travel agency office in Astoria, New York (4 July 1982, pipe bomb).

Odpor was banned in Germany for terrorist activities and operated between legitimate emigre functions and a thuggish underworld. Its leaders tried to distance the organization from the acts of the so-called renegade elements that hijacked international flights and served prison sentences for extortion. It embraced a radical nationalist ideology that differed only marginally from Ustaše ideology.
A number of terrorist attacks against Yugoslavia were organized by this Ustaše organization. They were Miro Barešić's killing of ambassador Vladimir Rolović, bomb attacks in Belgrade cinemas, terrorist group actions in Krajina region during the Croatian Spring of 1971, and the JAT Flight 367 bombing of 1972.

The organization published its own magazine, Drina. Odpor was dissolved in 1991.

References

Nationalist organizations in Europe
Yugoslavia
20th-century establishments in Croatia
1955 establishments in Europe
1991 disestablishments in Europe
Karel Plíhal (born August 23, 1958 in Přerov, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech folk musician, singer, songwriter, poet and record producer.

Discography
 Karel Plíhal (1985)
 Imaginární hospoda (1986) – EP (with Slávek Janoušek and Nerez)
 Karel Plíhal…Emil Pospíšil… (1989)
 Karel Plíhal 1985-89 (1992) – compilation
 Takhle nějak to bylo… (1992)
 Králíci, ptáci a hvězdy (1996)
 Sova sněžná (2000) – single
 Kluziště (2000)
 Rok ďábla (2002) – soundtrack
 Nebe počká (2004)
 Karel Plíhal v Telči (2005) – live album
 Karel Plíhal v Olomouci (2005) – live album
 Vzduchoprázdiny (2012)

References

Other websites
 Official website 

1958 births
Living people
Czech musicians
Czech poets
Czech singer-songwriters
The D.C. United Academy is a program for young soccer players that is run by D.C. United, a pro soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer. The "Academy" trains these young soccer players to possibly one day play soccer either in a pro league or in college. 

D.C. United's Academy has several different levels, including, a U-23 team, a U-18 team, a U-16 team and then "Pre-Academy" teams. Pre-Academy teams are for players who are not yet part of the Academy on a normal schedule. 

The teams compete in the United States Soccer Federations' Development Academy league.

Other websites 
D.C. United Academy

Soccer in the United States
The two most popular bat-and-ball games in the world are cricket and baseball. Games like golf and hockey, which also use clubs, are not bat-and-ball games. (In golf, there are no teams. In hockey, the teams do not take turns "batting" and "fielding.")

Common parts 
Here are some things many bat-and-ball games have:
When a batter makes a mistake, or one of the players on the fielding team does something good, the batter can be "out", meaning they stop batting. Another player on the batting team will bat when this happens. (See "out" in baseball and wicket/dismissal in cricket). 
 If the ball is hit by the bat and caught by a fielder, the batter is out. (flyout or caught out) 
 If the ball is thrown close to the batter and they don't hit it, they could be out. (Such as in a baseball strikeout, or being bowled out in cricket). 
 When enough players on the batting team are out, this ends their turn to bat. (10 outs in cricket and 3 in baseball). 
 Batters run from one place to another to score runs (points). While running, if they are at some places, the batter is safe, but if they leave these "safe places", a player on the fielding team who has the ball can stop them from running. (In cricket, they run between 2 batsmen's grounds, and in baseball they run around 4 bases.)
This may happen if the ball goes to the safe place while the batter isn't near it (cricket run out or baseball force play), or the ball touches the batter themselves (baseball tag out).
 If the ball is hit to a certain place, or out of the field, then the batter scores points. (See home run in baseball and six runs in cricket).
Items used in game 

 Bat: can be a baseball bat or cricket bat. It could also be like a hockey stick or something else.
 Ball: A lot of the times it is the same size as a tennis ball.
 Some things can be worn to protect the batter and/or fielders, like helmets or gloves.

In the field, there may be:

 Things showing where the safe zones for runners are (such as bases, wickets, and lines like the crease (cricket))
 Something showing the "strike zone" near the batter (like the target in Vitilla)
 Something at the edges of the field (like the fence in baseball)
List of bat-and-ball games 
 Baseball
 Bat-and-Trap
 British baseball
 Brännboll
 Corkball
 Cricket
Test cricket
 First-class cricket
 Blind cricket
 Catchy Shubby
 Club cricket
 French cricket
 Gilli-danda
 Kilikiti
 One Day International
 Kwik cricket
 List A cricket
 Pro40
 Indoor Cricket
 Limited overs cricket
 Short form cricket
 Single Wicket
 Twenty20
 Street cricket
 Crocker (sport)
 Danish longball
 Lapta
 The Massachusetts Game
 Oina 
 Old Cat
 Over-the-line
 Pesäpallo
 Rounders
 Scrub baseball
 Softball
 Stickball
 Stool ball
 T-Ball
 Town ball
 Vigoro
 Wiffle Ball
 Wireball

References

Team sports
Virus classification is the way viruses are put into groups by scientists.
There are many different kinds of viruses. Scientists classify viruses to make it easier to learn about them. Classification also helps scientists to remember viruses and the diseases they cause. The International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is in charge of virus classification. 

Sometimes different viruses have things in common. This is used in classification. For example, if they are made from DNA and protein, or RNA and protein. Other things that are taken into account are the size and shape of the viruses and the diseases they cause.

Similar viruses are first put into "families". Each family has a name. This family name always ends with "-viridae. For example, rotaviruses are in the Reoviridae family and herpes viruses are in the Herpesviridae family.

Viruses in any one family that are almost the same are then put in a smaller group called a "genus".
Another way of classifying viruses is called the Baltimore Classification. This is different from the ICTV one. Some scientists prefer the Baltimore Classification because it is based on how viruses grow in cells.

References

Viruses
Enteroviruses are a group of viruses that usually live in the gut of humans and other mammals. Most do not cause disease there. They can cause a mild form of meningitis, which is an infection near the brain. Some members of this group of viruses, such as poliovirus, can sometimes be more dangerous. They are viruses made for RNA and there are many different kinds of them.

References

Viruses
"Explode" is a song recorded by American musician Patrick Stump. The track is the opening song on his debut studio album Soul Punk. The song was leaked on his YouTube channel on May 6, 2011 for promotion towards his album.

Background 
On May 6, 2011, Stump updated his website and also posted to his Facebook and Twitter, announcing "I feel like I'm gonna explode 5.9.11". The phrase came from a song called "Explode", which Stump had premiered at a live show. The new song was revealed on May 9, 2011. Stump released the song on a website called Vulture. NyMag.com commented that the song is a lot like the music of Michael Jackson. They also said that it was similar to the music of Stump's old band, Fall Out Boy. The song's video caption, which read "Soul Punk: coming late Summer", was Stump's first official announcement to the public regarding Soul Punk'''s release date.Idolator'' reported that "Explode" features Stump's unique, recognisable vocals and the clever wordplay that used to be expected from Pete Wentz.
The Kingdom of Italy was a country in the past that started in 1861 after the Italian unification until the dissolution of the country in 1946. In 1946, the people decided to change how the country was governed, and the Kingdom became the modern day Italian Republic.

History

Unification 

Before 1861, Italy was not one country. Instead, there were many kingdoms and duchies (places ruled by dukes) in the Italian Peninsula. In 1861, the King Victor Emmanuel II, who was the king of the Kingdom of Sardinia wanted to unite Italy, and he invaded the countries. Later, They all became one country and King Victor Emmanuel II became the King of Italy.

Colonies 
Italy began their colonial empire in the 1880s, when they conquered Eritrea and Somalia. In 1912, they took Libya from the Ottoman Empire. In 1936, Italy also conquered Ethiopia, creating the colony of Italian East Africa. When they lost WW2, their colonies were lost to the British Empire and the French Empire.
Fascism 
Before WW1, Italy was friends with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. But Italy wanted parts of Austria-Hungary. In 1915, the United Kingdom promised the lands of South Tyrol, Istria and Dalmatia. But after Italy won WW1, they did not get all of the lands. In 1922, Benito Mussolini became Prime Minister. He was a fascist leader and didn't like Italy not getting all their promised land in WW1. He made Italy into a dictatorship without much liberty. 

When WW2 began, Mussolini's Blackshirts led Italy to be allied with Hitler, and the Axis powers. The Axis powers lost WW2. Mussolini's leadership ended in 1943, and he was killed in 1945. Nazi Germany controlled Italy at the end of WW2 , but they eventually were invaded by the Allies and when Hitler killed himself, The Nazis lost WW2. After Nazi Germany ceased to exist, Italy was independent again.
Aftermath of World War II 
After WW, Italy was left in huge debt, causing Italy to be poor. Many people from Italy emigrated to the United States to escape being poor. In 1946, People voted to get rid of the monarchy (kings) and establish the new Italian Republic. Slowly, the new government helped Italy get back up again into its current state. Also, dramatically, people stopped emigrating because life in Italy was becoming better.

List of monarchs 

 Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878)
 Umberto I (1878-1900)
 Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946)

 Umberto II (1946)

19th century in Italy
20th century in Italy
Fascism
Former monarchies in Italy
The New Jersey Turnpike is a toll road in New Jersey. The road runs from near the Delaware Memorial Bridge in the southern part of the state northeast to near the George Washington Bridge in the northern part of the state near New York City. The northern part of the road is a part of Interstate 95. The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the busiest toll roads in the United States.

References

Roads in the United States
Transport in New Jersey
Selectivity may refer to:

 Selectivity (electronic), in radio transmission
 Binding selectivity, in pharmacology
 Functional selectivity, in pharmacology
 Socioemotional selectivity theory, in social psychology
 Reactivity–selectivity principle, in chemistry
 Stereoselectivity, in organic chemistry
 Natural selection, in biology
 Sensitivity and specificity, in statistical theory
 Discrimination, the ability to distinguish small differences
 Choice, making a selection among options
Jordan at the Olympicsis a history which began in 1980.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Jordan is JOR.

History
Teams from Jordan have been in every Summer Olympic Games since.  It has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, no Jordanian athlete has ever won an Olympic medal. In the 1988 Seoul Games, Samer Kamal and Ihsan Abu Sheikha won bronze medals in Taekwondo. As this was Taekwondo's first time in the Olympics it was named a demonstration sport, not an official Olympic event. Ammar Fahed managed to get the third Jordanian bronze medal in Barcelona Olympic games 1992.

The National Olympic Committee for Jordan was formed in 1957 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1963.

Olympic table

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 
 Jordan profile at London2012.com 

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Kazakhstan was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994.  They have been in every Games since.  Prior to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazakh athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics, and were also part of the Unified Team in 1992.

Kazakh athletes have won a total of 52 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another six at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Kazakhstan was formed in 1990 and recognized in 1993.



Medalists

References
 

Nations at the Olympics
National sports teams of Kazakhstan
North Korea at the Olympics is a history which includes 17 games in 14 countries and 300+ athletes.  Since 1946, North Korea has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the North Korea was NKO.  It is now PRK.

History
The North Korean National Olympic Committee was formed in 1953.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1957.

North Korea's team first competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck .

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
 Democratic People's Republic of Korea profile at London2012.com 

Sport in North Korea
Nations at the Olympics
South Korea at the Olympics is a history which includes 32 games in 18 countries and 2,000+ athletes.  Since 1946, South Korea (KOR) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

History
The Korean National Olympic Committee was formed in 1946.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1947.

Korea's team first competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

Athletes from Korea did not take part in the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Winter Olympics.

Medal tables
Team highlights include the bronze medal in the men's football tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics.  The win against Japan resulted in Korea's first medal in this sport.

Summer games

Winter games

Host country

Korea hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics (XXIVth Olympiad) in Seoul.

The 2018 Winter Olympics will be held in Pyeongchang.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

  Korean Olympic Committee
 South Korea profile at London2012.com
Sport in South Korea
Nations at the Olympics
National sports teams of South Korea
Kuwait has been in 10 Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

In the 1992 Barcelona Games, Kuwait received a bronze medal in taekwondo.  It was only a demonstration sport that year so the medal was not official.

The National Olympic Committee for Kuwait was formed in 1957 and recognized in 1966.

Medalists

References

Sport in Kuwait
Nations at the Olympics
Kyrgyzstan has been in four Summer Games and four Winter Games as an independent state.  They have won three medals. The nation was part of the Soviet Union before 1992. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan was on the Unified Team.  Kyrgyzstan was at the 1994 Winter Olympics as their own country after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

List of medalists

References
 

Sport in Kyrgyzstan
Nations at the Olympics
Laos has been in seven Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. They have never won a medal. 

The National Olympic Committee of Lao was formed in 1975 and recognized in 1979.

References

Other websites
 

Laos
Nations at the Olympics
Lebanon at the Olympicsis a history which began in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Lebanon is LBN.

History
A team from Lebanon was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.  They have been in all but one Summer Olympic Games since then. Lebanon was one of three nations to boycott the 1956 Games in protest of the British and French involvement in the Suez Crisis.
Lebanon has also been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1948, missing only the 1994 and 1998 Winter Games.

Lebanon was at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games in Singapore.

The National Olympic Committee for Lebanon was formed in 1947.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1948.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Lebanon
Marie Carmichael Stopes (Edinburgh, 15 October 1880 – Dorking, 2 October 1958) was a British palaeobotanist, author and campaigner for birth control.

Stopes' newsletter Birth Control News, her book Married Love, and her organisation Marie Stopes International, were hugely important in Britain and throughout the British Empire. She was the founder of British family planning, and fought many battles in print with those whose opinions differed from hers.

Education 
Stopes was one of the most highly educated women of her time. Her parents, who were both well educated, kept her away from school until she was twelve. She went to University College London in 1900, and graduated in 1902 with double honours in Botany and Geology. She was awarded a year's scholarship for research.
Stopes next went to the University of Munich, where she got a PhD in palaeobotany (fossil plants). She took the viva voce in German. In 1905 she became DSc (Doctor of Science) of the University of London. She was then the youngest holder of the Doctor of Science degree in England.

Career

Botany 
Stopes published about 100 papers and books on botany, mostly on fossil plants. She was expert on fossil ferns, cycads and gymnosperms.

She held a lecturership in palaeobotany at the University of Manchester from 1904 to 1907; she was first female academic of that university.p12 In 1910, at the age of 30, she became a Fellow of University College London. She had reached the top of the tree. Not only was she a palaeobotanist, but she was an expert on the botany of the coal measures which were laid down in the Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous). Coal was the most vital source of energy at that time.
Stopes continued to publish on botany until 1935, but by about 1912 her interests began to change because of problems in her private life.

Birth control and female health 
After a disastrous marriage, Stopes became aware of how ignorant many people were about sex, and what troubles women had inside marriage. Her goals were: improved happiness through better knowledge, and the protection of female health by controlling the pregnancies which naturally occurred in marriage.

Stopes' first book on family planning, Married Love: a new contribution to the solution of the sex difficulties, 1918, ran to 28 editions and over 150 reprints. It was translated into 14 languages, and braille. The English-language version sold over a million copies, and made her rich.
The social effects of the book were tremendous. No-one can say why social changes take place, yet attitudes to sex and marriage certainly changed during her life. Between the first edition of her book and the last, the women of the Europe and North America changed from almost no birth control to most using birth control. This was despite the opposition of the Catholic Church and other forces.

Also, there has been a continuous improvement in knowledge about sex and in medical attention to female needs in relation to birth. The availability of knowledge on all subjects relating to personal life has continued to improve.

Later in 1918 Stopes published a second book, Wise Parenthood: a sequel. This ran to 25 editions and many reprints. in 1919 came A letter to working mothers on how to have healthy children and avoid weakening pregnancies. The stream of books and pamphlets continued to the end of her life.
The Marie Stopes Clinic 
Stopes opened the UK's first family planning clinic at 61, Marlborough Road, Holloway, North London on 17 March 1921. In 1925 the Mothers' Clinic moved to Central London, where it remains to this day.

The parent body of Marie Stopes Clinics round the world is now called Marie Stopes International. It is especially strong in Bangladesh and Pakistan.

Personal life
Stopes had a relationship with Japanese botanist Kenjiro Fujii (or Fugii). They met at the University of Munich in 1904 whilst she researched her Ph.D. It was serious, and in 1907 she went to be with him in Japan. However, the affair ended there.

In 1911 Stopes married Canadian botanist and geneticist Reginald Ruggles Gates. It was a disaster which changed her life. She got a divorce on the grounds that the marriage was never consummated. Her marriage to Gates was annulled in 1914.

In 1918 she married Humphrey Verdon Roe. He was the financial backer of her most famous work, Married Love.
Stopes died at her home in Dorking, Surrey, UK from breast cancer.

References 

1880 births
1958 deaths
Alumni of University College London
British botanists
British feminists
British writers
Scientists from Edinburgh
École normale supérieure is the name for a number of French higher education bodies grand écoles, comparable to universities. In France, universities have to accept all students with a baccalaureat. This is different for the so-called Grandes Ecoles, which includes the Ecoles normales supérieures. These schools do not have the obligation to accept anyone, and only a select few can attend studies at these institutions, most of whom will become part of the elite in various areas. Universities have faculties, and each faculty is responsible for one branch of studies. the ENS usually group similar subjects at one school, and do not have faculties.

Notable Alumni 
 Louis Althusser
 Michel Foucault
 Jean-Charles Darmon (1982), French literary critic.
 Jacques Derrida
 Jean-Paul Sartre

Colleges and universities in France
Grandes Ecoles
Malaysia was first at the Olympic Games in 1956.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Malaysia was MAL.  It is now MAS.

History
Teams from Malaysia have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1956, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics.  Malaysia has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As the Federation of Malaya, the nation was namedMalaya (MAL) for the 1956 and 1960 Games.  North Borneo sent an independent team to the 1956 Games, and Singapore had also competed at the Olympics from 1948 to 1960.  After these British colonies formed an independent Malaysia in 1963, the nation competed under that name for the first time at the 1964 Summer Olympics.  Singapore regained independence from Malaysia in 1965 and competed once again as Singapore at the Olympics from 1968 onwards.

Malaysian athletes have won a total of six Olympic medals.  Most are in badminton.
The National Olympic Committee for Malaysia was formed in 1953 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1954.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Malaysia profile at London2012.com 

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
National sports teams of Malaysia
The Maldives were first at the Olympic Games in 1988.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2011, the Maldives has not won any medals at the Olympics. 

The National Olympic Committee for Maldives was formed in 1985 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

References 

 

Maldives
Nations at the Olympics
Mongolia at the Olympics is a history which began in 1956.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Mongolia is MGL.

History
A team from Mongolia was first at the Olympic Games in 1964.  They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except the boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics.

Mongolia has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1964.  They have missed only the 1976 Winter Games.

Mongolian athletes have won a total of nineteen medals, all in Summer Olympics competitions.

The Mongolian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1956 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1962.

List of medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Mongolia
Myanmar, also known as Burma, was first at the Olympic Games in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Myanmar is MYA.  In 1964, it was BUR for Burma.

History
Athletes from this country have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1976 Games.  The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.  Since the 1992 Games, the nation has been named Myanmar in Olympic competition.

As of 2011, no Burmese athlete has ever won an Olympic medal.

The National Olympic Committee for Myanmar was formed in 1947 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Myanmar profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Myanmar
Nations at the Olympics
Nepal at the Olympics is a history which began in 1963. 

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Nepal is NEP.

History
Nepal has been in eleven Summer Olympic Games, and in three Winter Olympic Games. 

The country has never won an official Olympic medal.  Bidhan Lama won a bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, when taekwondo was an exhibition sport.

The Nepal Olympic Committee was formed in 1962 and recognized in 1963.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
om/olympics/countries/NEP/ Sports Reference
Home page

National sports teams of Nepal
Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Nepal
Oman at the Olympics is a history which includes 8 games in 7 countries and 30+ athletes. Since 1982, Oman has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Oman is OMA.

History
Teams from Oman have taken part in the Summer Olympic Games but not the Winter Olympic Games.  No Oman athlete has won an Olympic medal.

The Oman Olympic Committee was formed and recognized in 1982.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Oman profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Oman
Nations at the Olympics
Pakistan at the Olympics is a history which includes 17 games in 13 countries and 300+ athletes.  Since 1948, Pakistan  has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Pakistan is PAK.

History
The Pakistan National Olympic Committee was formed in 1948.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1948.

Pakistan's team first competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.

Pakistan's first time in the Winter Olympic Games was at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics.

Medalists

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Pakistan profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Pakistan
Nations at the Olympics
The University of Tarapacá (in Spanish: Universidad de Tarapacá) is a Chilean university with 3 headquarters located in Arica and one in Iquique. It's another university in the north of Chile.

History 
It was founded on 1981 but starts in 1982. This university derives from the old headquarter of University of Chile in Arica.

Faculties 
 Sciences
 Health Sciences
 Law & Social Sciences
 Education & Humanities
 Agronomical Sciences

Other websites 
 Universidad de Tarapacá 

Tar
1982 establishments
1980s establishments in Chile
Tarapacá Region
The ostracoderms are a class of extinct fish. They were bony-armoured jawless fish, the Osteostraci ("bony shields"). They lived in what is now North America, Europe and Russia from the Middle Silurian to Upper Devonian. They were the first fish to use gills just for respiration.

Ostracoderms were the first fossil fish to be discovered. They were found in the 1830s in the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. The genus Cephalaspis is quite a common fossil in these rocks.

The term "Ostracoderm" is polyphyletic, because it refers to groups which should not be lumped together.

References 

Extinct fish
Agnatha
Nancy Grace Augusta Wake (30 August 1912 – 7 August 2011) known as the "White Mouse", was an Australian who worked as a spy for the British in World War II. At one time she was on the top of the Gestapo's most wanted list. A novel by Sebastian Faulks based on her life called Charlotte Gray, was later made into a movie starring Cate Blanchett.

Wake was born in Wellington, New Zealand in 1912, and moved to Australia when she was two. She ran away from home at the age of 16, and in 1935 went to London. She learned to be a journalist and worked in Paris. She married a rich factory owner, Henry Fioca in 1939. When the war started she became an ambulance driver. She soon became a part of a group led by Pat O'Leary (real name Albert Guérisse) which helped British soldiers escape from France. The Gestapo soon noticed her activities and she fled to Spain. Her husband was captured, tortured and shot dead.
In England she joined the Special Operation Executive (SOE). In April 1944, Wake was parachuted into France to work with the French Resistance before the D-Day landings. She was involved in several major battles with the German army. She claimed to have once killed an SS soldier with her bare hands.

She was given several important medals for bravery including the British George Medal, the French Croix de Guerre (on three occasions), the Médaille de la Résistance and she was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur. The Americans gave her the Medal of Freedom. In 2004 Australia made her a Companion of the Order of Australia.
She was an unusual woman for her time. She had a reputation among the soldiers she worked with for being a heavy drinker. Major John Farmer said about her drinking that "...we just couldn't work out where it all went". When the Australian government offered her a medal she said they could "stick their medals where the monkey sticks his nuts". She sold her medals to support her income in her old age. She said "There was no point in keeping them, I'll probably go to hell and they'd melt anyway".

References

1911 births
2011 deaths

World War II people
Order of Australia
Spies
People from Wellington
In Greek mythology, the Erymanthian Boar (Greek: ὁ Ἐρυμάνθιοs κάπρος; Latin: aper Erymanthius) is a creature. It is known in connection with The Twelve Labours, in which Heracles, the enemy of Hera, visited all the other sites of the Goddess throughout the world to defeat every monster that nature could imagine, and return the early world to his Olympian father, Zeus, who would be its new master.

References

Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths 1955.
Kerenyi, Karl, The Heroes of the Greeks 1959.
Carl A. P. Ruck and Danny Staples, The World of Classical Myth, 1994.
Ovid, Heroides 
Apollodorus, ii.5.4ff
Diodorus Siculus iv.12
Apollonius of Rhodes i.122ff
Pausanias, Greece

Other websites 
 Greek Mountain Flora 
 Theoi Project : Erymanthian Boar, Giant boar of Arcadia

Greek legendary creatures
Pigs
Mount Tamalpais (, known locally as "Mount Tam") is a mountain in Marin County, California, United States. It is the highest mountain in the Marin Hills. It is often seen as a symbol of Marin County.

A lot of Mount Tamalpais is on protected public lands such as Mount Tamalpais State Park and the Mount Tamalpais Watershed. The elevation at the East Peak, its second highest point, is . The West Peak, the mountain's highest peak, is  above sea level.

References

Mountains of California
Marin County, California
Barnard's Star, also known as Barnard's Runaway Star, is a very low-mass red dwarf star approximately six light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Ophiuchus (the Snake-holder). It is very old, and moving relatively fast.

In 1916, the American astronomer E. E. Barnard measured its proper motion as 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is the largest-known proper motion of any star relative to the Sun. At a distance of about 1.8 parsecs from the Solar System, or just under six light-years, Barnard's Star is the nearest known star in the constellation Ophiuchus, and the fourth-closest known individual star to the Sun, after the three components of the Alpha Centauri system. Despite its proximity, Barnard's Star, at a dim apparent magnitude of about nine, is not visible with the unaided eye; however, it is much brighter in infrared light than it is in visible light.
Details 
Barnard's Star has been the subject of much study, and it has probably received more attention from astronomers than any other class M dwarf star due to its proximity and favorable location for observation near the celestial equator. Barnard's Star is also notable as the target for Project Daedalus, a study on the possibility of fast, unmanned travel to nearby star systems.

At seven to 12 billion years of age, Barnard's Star is considerably older than the Sun, and it might be among the oldest stars in the Milky Way galaxy. Barnard's Star rotates just once every 130 days (compared with just over 25-30 days for the Sun). In 1998 astronomers saw an intense flare, showing that Barnard's Star is a 'flare star'. Barnard's Star has the variable star designation V2500 Ophiuchi.
The proper motion of Barnard's Star is 'sideways' relative to our line of sight to the Sun of 90 kilometers per second (km/s). The 10.3 seconds of arc it travels annually amount to a quarter of a degree in a human lifetime, roughly half the angular diameter of the full Moon.

The radial velocity of Barnard's Star towards the Sun can be measured by its blue shift. These measurements, combined with proper motion, suggest a true velocity relative to the Sun of about 140 km/s.

While Barnard's Star has the largest proper motion, the largest known true velocity of another star in the Milky Way belongs to Wolf 424 at 555 km/s.
Barnard's Star will make its closest approach to the Sun around AD 11,700, when it approaches to within about 3.8 light-years. However, at that time, it will not be the nearest star, since Proxima Centauri will have moved even closer to the Sun. Barnard's Star will still be too dim to be seen with the naked eye at the time of its closest approach, since its apparent magnitude will be about 8.5 then. After that it will gradually recede from the Sun.

References 

Red dwarfs
The Punjabi Language Movement (PLM) is a linguistic movement in Punjab (Pakistan) aimed at reviving the Punjabi language, art, culture and literature in Pakistan. The Punjabi people constitute the largest ethnic group in Pakistan though Urdu is the national language and Punjabi itself does not have an official status. The PLM's ideologies are based on Punjabi nationalism.

References

Punjabi language
Platanus orientalis, also called Oriental plane tree and chenar, is a large, deciduous tree of the Platanaceae family. It is known for its longevity and spreading crown. 

The species name derives from its historical distribution eastward from the Balkans, where it was recognized in ancient Greek history and literature. Following Greek usage it is called Platane or related names in Europe. It was equally as famous to the Iranian-speaking world and from  Turkey to Kashmir is called Chenar or related names, following the Iranian. 

The native range of the Oriental plane is Eurasia from the Balkans to as far east as at least Iran. Some accounts extend its native range to Iberia in the west, and to the Himalayas in the east. 

The oriental plane is found naturally in riverine settings, together with such trees as alder, willow and poplar. However, it is quite capable of survival and success in dry soils once it is established. In Kashmir it is recognised as the State tree of the region.

References
References

Trees
Proteales
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Koi (, Romaji: koi) or more specifically nishikigoi (, literally "brocaded carp"), are ornamental varieties of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor koi ponds or water gardens.

Koi varieties are distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, yellow, blue, and cream.

It is illegal to keep koi in Queensland, Australia because they are an invasive species.

References

Domesticated animals
Cypriniformes
Heathen Chemistry is the fifth studio album by English rock band Oasis, released in 2002. It was the final album with drummer Alan White who left in 2004. White was replaced with Zak Starkey.

Track listing

Band members

Oasis
Liam Gallagher – lead vocals, tambourine
Noel Gallagher – guitars, vocals
Gem Archer – guitars
Andy Bell – bass
Alan White – drums

Oasis (band) albums
2002 albums
Classical Chinese or literary Chinese is a traditional register of written Chinese. It is based on the grammar and vocabulary of ancient Chinese, so it is very different from any modern spoken form of Chinese. Classical Chinese was once used for almost all formal writing before and during the beginning of the 20th century in China, and during various different periods in Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Among Chinese speakers, Classical Chinese has been largely replaced by written vernacular Chinese, or 白话/白話 báihuà ("plain speech") after the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and therefore the end of Imperial China. Written Vernacular Chinese is a writing style very closely related to modern spoken Mandarin Chinese. At the same time, non-Chinese speakers have largely given up Classical Chinese, and use their local languages or dialects instead.