Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
When Major General Joseph Hooker took command of the Army of the Potomac he ordered Colonel George H. Sharpe to establish an intelligence unit. In 1863, they established the Bureau of Military Information. The information they gathered was amazingly accurate. They calculated the size of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia within 2% of the actual number. By war's end Sharpe knew more about the Army of Northern Virginia than many Confederate officers. One of the best sources of military information Sharpe's organization had was slaves who used the Underground Railroad to escape the South.

During World War I intelligence became better organized. For the first time Airplanes were used for intelligence gathering. An observer would fly with a pilot and diagram and map battlefields. They would also photograph intelligence targets and count troops. Operators at listening stations reported on enemy communications.

Climate
Climate 

Before the 20th century accurate weather information was not available. Military planners had no data on the climate of their target area. In many cases they didn't even have accurate maps of the area. In 1941, when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union they did not have any information on how harsh the Russian winters were. They did not have accurate maps of the roads. Between October 1941 and April 1942 the Germans lost between 100,000 and 112, 000 soldiers to frostbite. That is two-thirds of the number of soldiers who were killed in action or missing.

Terrain
Terrain 

General knowledge of terrain has always been important to military intelligence. But environmental factors sometimes went unnoticed. At the Battle of Agincourt mud was a major factor in the English victory. The extremely muddy ground slowed down the French and made them easy prey for English archers. In the 17th and 18th centuries army quartermasters, in addition to providing supplies, also scouted terrain and planned routes the army would take. One of the first major improvements in gaining scientific knowledge of terrain was during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). The Russians used geologists to do a detailed survey of Korea. They also used geologists to advise them in building fortifications.
Having little or no knowledge of terrain has proved costly to many battles in history. During the Pacific War in World War II, the United States forces had little knowledge of the terrain of the many Pacific islands they fought on. After the war, the United States Army Corps of Engineers contracted with the United States Geological Survey to provide detailed geological information on occupied islands.

Modern military intelligence 

In addition to intelligence gathering on other countries, terrorism is also a major concern of military intelligence. Intelligence gathering by examining communications signals has been a regular activity of military intelligence. Since 2005 military and other intelligence services have also monitored the Internet.
In some 21st century countries, military intelligence competes with civilian-led intelligence agencies. Often military and civilian intelligence gathering have different goals and objectives. Both gather their own intelligence and do not always share information. New methods of intelligence gathering, such as video imagery, satellites, reconnaissance aircraft and drones, produce tremendous amounts of raw data. Artificial intelligence is used to analyze this data for information.

References

Other websites 
 The Uncertain Oracle; Some Intelligence Failures Revisited (Pdf) 
 The History of the Intelligence Corps (Pdf) 
 The Mongol Intelligence Apparatus (Pdf) 

Espionage
Intelligence agencies
Military terminology
A casualty in military usage is a person in military service, who becomes unavailable for duty due to death or  injury. It also includes illness, capture, desertion, etc.; or a civilian casualty.

In civilian usage the word "casualty" is properly used for a person who is killed, wounded or injured by some event. It is usually used to describe multiple deaths and injuries due to violent incidents or disasters. Casualties is sometimes loosely used to mean fatalities, but non-fatal injuries are also casualties.

Reference 

Military terminology
Bryant Reeves (born June 8, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played six seasons with the Vancouver Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was nicknamed Big Country by his college teammate Byron Houston after he was amazed through his first cross-country flight over the United States, having grown up in the small town of Gans, Oklahoma.

Reeves played college basketball at the Oklahoma State University–Stillwater with the Cowboys. During his time with the Cowboys, Reeves led the team to the 1995 Final Four and averaged 21.5 points per game as a senior player.
After 1998, he began suffering from both weight-control problems and injuries. His production numbers had fell off severely. The Grizzlies were still using Reeves as their starting center but both his minutes per game dropped and his field goal percentage had dropped. When the Grizzlies were moved to Memphis in 2001, Reeves had to start the season on the injured list because of continuing back pain and he was never able to play another game after only playing two preseason games with Memphis. Reeves retired from playing professional basketball on January 29, 2002.

Since retiring, Reeves moved back to Gans, Oklahoma where he owns a large cattle ranch just outside of Gans and lives with his wife and three children.

References

Other websites
NBA profile

1973 births
American basketball players
Living people
Sportspeople from Arkansas
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
Vancouver Grizzlies players
Narratology is the study of structure in narratives. The theory of narrative or narratology was developed in the 1960s. Narratology is based on the idea of a common literary language. Narratives are found and told through oral and written language. Narratology has helped to make it easier to understand the how and why of narrative.

References

Other websites
http://wikis.sub.uni-hamburg.de/lhn/index.php/Main_Page  - The Living Handbook of Narratology
http://www.units.miamioh.edu/technologyandhumanities/narratology.htm  - Notes on Narratology
http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1975a-theonarreme.pdf - THBORIE DES NARRGMES ET ALGORITHMES NARRATIFS

Narratology
Redshirts or Red coats is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was an Italian revolutionary who unified Italy by conquering the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1861. 
The name came from the color of their shirts.

References 

19th century in Italy
Man Against Machine is the eleventh studio album by Garth Brooks. The album was released on November 11, 2014. It was Brooks' second studio album on his new label Pearl Records. It was his first studio album new material in nine years. Two of the singles, "People Loving People," and "Send 'Em on Down the Road" were released early and made available digitally on Brooks' official website and GhostTunes.com.

References

Other websites
 Garth Brooks official website

2014 albums
Garth Brooks albums
Granada Cathedral (also called Cathedral of the Incarnation) is a cathedral in Granada, Spain. It is a Roman Catholic cathedral and is the seat of the Archdiocese of Granada. The site was once the center of Muslim Spain. In 1532 the Archbishop of Granada laid the cornerstone for the cathedral. The cathedral features a large number of paintings by the artist, sculptor and architect Alonso Cano.

References

Other websites

 Guide to monuments of Granada: the Cathedral 
 Granada Pictures
 Del arte árabe en España Book about Arab Art in Spain by Rafael Contreras y Muñoz, pages 1 to 7.
 Information on the Cathedrals of Granada on the Spain.info website. 
 History of the monuments of Granada in English 
 Detailed maps of Granada
 Information on the Cathedrals of Granada on a Nicaraguan website
 Tourist Guide to Granada Cathedral and other places of tourist interest in Spain. 
 Photo Gallery: Granada Cathedral of Incarnation ~ Spain
 Ixigo Granada Cathedral Photos
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Granada
16th-century buildings and structures
1561 establishments
On February 9, 2004, the Hawks traded Abdur-Rahim along with Theo Ratliff and Dan Dickau to the Portland Trail Blazers for Rasheed Wallace and Wesley Person. At the end of the 2004–05 NBA season, he became a free agent.

During the 2005 off-season, he was traded through a sign and trade agreement (in principle) to the New Jersey Nets for a first-round draft pick. On August 4, 2005, it was revealed that he failed a required physical because of scar tissue found in his knee. The trade was put on hold, pending a second opinion from other medical sources. On August 7, Abdur-Rahim was quoted as saying: "Right now I don't feel I want to be a Net".

On August 12, 2005, Abdur-Rahim signed a free-agent contract with the Sacramento Kings.
During his first season with the Kings, he averaged 16.0 ppg, 6.2 rpg and 3.0 apg as a starter. He shot .543 for field goal percentage, and almost .800 from the free throw line. The Kings were able to qualify for the 2006 playoffs. He made his postseason career debut against the San Antonio Spurs. At the same time, Abdur-Rahim ended a streak of having played the most number of games in NBA history without participating in the post-season.

On September 22, 2008, Abdur-Rahim announced that he was retiring from basketball because of a constant knee injury. The next week, he joined the Kings' coaching staff as an assistant. He was hired as the Kings' assistant general manager on October 7, 2010.

References

Other websites
 NBA profile
1976 births
African-American basketball players
American Olympic gold medalists
American Muslims
Atlanta Hawks players
Living people
Portland Trail Blazers players
Sacramento Kings players
Sportspeople from Atlanta
People from Marietta, Georgia
Vancouver Grizzlies players
American basketball players
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Memphis Grizzlies players
Achraf Baznani (born 1 January 1979) is a Moroccan artist, filmmaker and photographer. He was born in Marrakesh.

Biography 
Baznani got started in photography by chance. He received a Kodak Ektra Compact 250 camera for his birthday as a teen. Baznani is self-taught and has never taken photography classes. He has made several short films and documentaries. These include "Walk" in 2006 and "The Forgotten" in 2007. "The Immigrant" in 2007 received several national and international awards.

Baznani is best known for being the first artist in the Arab world to publish a photo-book based on surreal imagery. Both books, Through My Lens and Inside My dreams, are surreal. Baznani places himself within his photographs of everyday objects, scenes and amusing situations.

His works were featured in various magazines worldwide like PicsArt, National Geographic, Mambo, Photo+, Amateur Photographer, Fotografe Melhor, Digital Photo magazine.
During 2014, he completed his "52 Project ", a personal mission which he committed to taking a picture every week in a row for a year.

Claim of plagiarism 
On April 29th, 2015, Joel Robinson, a Canadian photographer, accused Achraf Baznani of plagiarism. His evidence was a long article, published both on his website and petapixel.com, that the Moroccan photographer used his work in a way that amounted to plagiarism.

Although Robinson did not mention Baznani by name, the nature of the case was said by Robinson to be as follows. Robinson's originals all had a photo of himself in the middle of a graphic design of some kind. In each case, Baznani removed Robinson's image and replaced it with one of himself.

Awards 
Achraf Baznani has won these awards:
Cinema 
 2006: Best Director: national educational film festival in Casablanca, Morocco. 
 2007: Best Director: national festival of the education thread in Casablanca, Morocco. 
 2008: Best Director: national festival of amateur short film Settat, Morocco.
 2008: Best Director: national festival of short film creators in Casablanca, Morocco. 
 2008: Best Director: the short film festival in Nador, Morocco. 
 2009: Best Director: national Educational Film Festival in Fes, Morocco. 
 2009: Jury Prize at the International Festival of Short and Documentary Films in Casablanca, Morocco. 
 2009: First prize in the short film festival in the Arab League.
Photography 
 2015: Best in the show in Park Art Fair International
 2015: Merit in Sydney International Exhibition of Photography
 2015: 1st Prize in B2zone art contest in Switzerland 
 2016: Honorable mention in Park Art Fair International  
 2016: 1st Place Winner – Golden Ribbon in Notindoor photography magazine contest 
 2016: Golden Orchid Grand Prize
 2016: International Prize Colosseo, Roma, Italy

Artistic career

Exhibitions 

2015 "Colour brust", PH21 Gallery, Budapest, Hungary
 2015: Park Art Fair International 2015, Triberg, Germany
 2015: Gallery Globe, Adisson, Texas, USA
 2015: Digital Private Exhibition Louvre Museum, Paris, France 
 2015: My Small World, Solo Exhibition, Marrakesh, Morocco
 2016: International Surrealism Now, Coimbra, Portugal 
 2016: Park Art Fair International 2016, Triberg, Germany 
 2016: Männer, Gräfelfing, Germany 
 2016: Inside my Dreams, Solo Exhibition, Rabat, Morocco

Art books 
 2014: Through my lens, Art book, .
 2014: Inside my dreams, Art book, .
Magazine covers 
 PH magazine, Canada, issue 42, ISSN 1924-9424.
 FOTOdigital, Portugal, issue 17
 Magazine, US, issue 2, 
 PicsArt, US, issue 15
 Mambo, Spain, special edition December 2014
 One Shoot magazine, Mexico, issue 27
 Zarah magazine, US, October 2014
 Art Reveal Magazine, Issue 5, Finland, June 2015.
 Cultura Errante, Mexico, October 2015
 Artinzene, Issue 4, New Zealand, November 2015
 Knack magazine, Issue 31
 Convex Photography Magazine - February 2016, India

Movies 
 2006: Marche 
 2007: Emigrant 
 2009: Eyes

References

Other websites 

 Official site 
 IMDb 
 PH Magazine , Issue 42, pp 36–39 
 Achraf Baznani: Surreal, Inventive Digital Photographs

1979 births
Living people
Filmmakers
People from Marrakesh
Moroccan writers
Photographers
The Russian First Army was a World War I Russian field army that fought on the Eastern Front for two years.

August 1914 
It was commanded by General Paul Rennenkampf when Russia invaded East Prussia at the outbreak of war in 1914. They were accompanied by the Second Army commanded by General Alexander Samsonov. The plan was to trap the German army in a Pincer movement between the two armies. On 17 August the First Army engaged the Germans at Stallupönen. They fought the Germans again on 20 August at Gumbinnen and defeated them. Rennenkampf thought the Germans could be finished off by Samsonov's Second Army and did not move quickly enough to help them. In late August 1914 the German and Russian second army met at Tannenberg. The Second Army was encircled and suffered complete destruction.

September 1914
September 1914  

Let by General Paul von Hindenburg the Germans turned north to attack the Russian First army at First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in September 1914. The Russians fought hard but were driven back to the Russian border. Rennenkampf kept his troops in good order as they retreated. They set up defensive lines on the Russian border.

November 1914 

After another defeat near Silesia on November 11, Rennenkampf was dismissed. He was replaced by General Litvinov. The First Army again fought at Thorn and Lódź but there was no clear cut winner.

December 1914 

The First army evacuated Lódź and returned to their own lines for the remainder of the winter. The First Army served on the Northwestern front for the rest of the war.

References 

Armies

20th century in Russia
Russian military organizations
An offensive is an aggressive military operation usually aimed at an enemy force. It is also called an attack, an advance or an invasion. An offensive can be conducted on land, at sea or in the air. A common goal of an offensive is to engage the enemy in a battle. It can also be used to get an enemy to withdraw and avoid a battle.

A tactical offensive is an operation that is usually smaller or more limited. It often involves the use of special forces (or specialized forces). It often has a limited task such as the capture of a bridge or stronghold. A strategic offensive usually involves larger forces and usually has long-range goals.

References 

Military terminology
David Ewen Gilmour ( 1963 – 2 October 2014), commonly known as Ewen Gilmour, was a New Zealand comedian and television presenter. 

Gilmour began his comedy career in 1995. He shared the first Billy T Award with Cal Wilson in 1997. He won the Decade Award - Best Male Comedian - 2000 to 2010 at the 2010 NZ Comedy Guild Awards.  In 2012, he returned to the New Zealand International Comedy Festival "for the first time in a couple of years" with a one hour show called "S'Truth".

He has made many appearances on New Zealand television, including Pulp Comedy (1995),  Intrepid Journeys - Peru (2003), Celebrity Treasure Island (2003), Dancing with the Stars series one (2005), and  Comedy Christmas Cracker (2010). He was the host of the TV3 show "Road Madness", mainly about dangerous driving on New Zealand roads, which first aired in 2012.

On 3 October 2014 it was reported Gilmour died in his sleep, aged 51.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

1963 births
2014 deaths
New Zealand television presenters
Robert Flower (5 August 1955 – 2 October 2014) was an Australian rules footballer. He played with Melbourne Football Club. His first game was against Geelong in 1973. He captained the team from 1981 until his final game in 1987. He held the record for the number of games for his club, 272, until overtaken by David Neitz in 2006. Flower was born in Melbourne, Victoria.

Flower died on 2 October 2014, after a short illness.

References

1955 births
2014 deaths
Australian rules footballers
Disease-related deaths in Australia
People from Melbourne
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
Kevin Metheny (c. 1954 – October 3, 2014) was an American radio executive. He was played by Paul Giamatti in the 1997 movie, Private Parts. His final job in the radio industry was as operations manager of KGO-AM/KSFO-AM (San Francisco).

Metheny died in San Francisco, California from a suspected heart attack, aged 60.

References

1954 births
2014 deaths
American radio personalities
American television presenters
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in San Francisco
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Raymond De Belser (17 June 1929 – 3 October 2014), pseudonym Ward Ruyslinck, was a Belgian writer. He was born in Berchem, Belgium. He was known for his book Wierook en tranen ("Incense and Tears"). He won the Prijs voor Letterkunde van de Vlaamse provincies for this work. In 1966, he wrote the bittersweet fairy tale Golden Ophelia.

Ward Ruyslinck retired in 1984. His wife committed suicide in 1980. Afterwards, he moved to Meise to live with his mistress Monika Lo Cascio. Ruyslinck and Cascio wrote the autobiographical novel De speeltuin ("The Playground") in 1992.

Ruyslinck, who had from Alzheimer's disease, died on 3 October 2014 in a retirement home in Meise.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Belgian autobiographers
Belgian novelists
Writers from Antwerp
Jean-Jacques Marcel (13 June 1931 – 3 October 2014) was a French international footballer. He played as a midfielder. He played for some of the French national teams of the 1950s. He played naturally in the FIFA World Cup 1954 and 1958. 

On 3 October 2014, it was announced by his former football club that Marcel died. He was 83.

References

1931 births
2014 deaths
Footballers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
People from Var
France at the 1954 FIFA World Cup
France at the 1958 FIFA World Cup
France at the 1960 European Nations' Cup
Jean-Claude Duvalier (), nicknamed "Bébé Doc" or "Baby Doc" (July 3, 1951 – October 4, 2014) was the President of Haiti from 1971 until his overthrow by a popular uprising in 1986. He succeeded François "Papa Doc" Duvalier, his father, as the ruler of Haiti.

Duvalier died of a heart attack on October 4, 2014, at the age of 63.

References

Other websites

1951 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Former dictators
Presidents of Haiti
The splake or slake (Salvelinus namaeycush X Salvelinus fontinalis) is a fish. It is the hybrid of a male brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and a female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush).  The name is a combination of speckled trout (another name for brook trout) and lake trout. The name may have been used as early as the 1880s. Hybrids of the male lake trout with the female brook trout (the so-called "brookinaw") have also been produced, but are not as successful.

References

Freshwater fish
Salmoniformes
Animal hybrids
Seville Cathedral is one of the famous Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain. It is in Seville state. It is the third largest cathedral in the world and the largest Gothic style cathedral. It was consecrated in 1507.  In 1987, UNESCO added this church as a World Heritage site. 

In the early 16th century, Hagia Sophia made the church into a mosque. At that time, the cathedral was the largest church or cathedral in the world. Christopher Columbus is buried in this church.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 Interactive 360° panorama from Plaza del Triunfo with Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo General de Indias (Java, highres, 0,9 MB)  
 acred-destinations 
 More information of Seville Cathedral as the monument of Spain 
 Great Building Website with more information about Seville Cathedral
 Bluffton University images and details pertaining to Catedral de Sevilla

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain
15th-century buildings and structures
Colac is a town in the western district of Victoria, Australia. It is about  south-west of Melbourne, on the southern shore of Lake Colac and the surrounding volcanic plains, approximately  inland from Bass Strait. Colac is the largest city in and administrative centre of the Colac Otway Shire. At June 2016, Colac had a population of 12,411.

History
The first people to live in the area were the Gulidjan people. They had lived in the grasslands around the lakes for at least 30,000 years.
 
European settlers moved into the area in 1837. Within three years, most of Gulidjan lands had been taken over by sheep farmers.

The first European settler was Hugh Murray. In 1848, the town was named "Lake Colac".
Brookhouse Mystery
In 1854 a shepherd, Thomas Brookhouse,  who  worked for Hugh Murray went missing. Another shepherd, Patrick McGeary left the town soon afterwards. Fifteen years later, Brookhouse's bones were found under a pile of rocks near Lake Corangamite. The skull had been crushed. It took police another two years to find McGeary, who was found guilty of murder and hanged in Melbourne in 1871. He had killed Brookhouse to stop him from telling Murray about his sheep stealing.

Town features
The Lake Colac Post Office opened on 1 July 1848. The name was changed to Colac in 1854.

Colac Botanic Gardens in Queen Street is next to the shores of Lake Colac. They were first planted in 1868, and remodelled in 1910 by William Guilfoyle. There is a large number of different of plants with many old and rare trees and a rose arbour.
A commemorative plaque on the southern side of the Memorial Square remembers two historic speeches given on consecutive nights in Colac. The two speeches declared Australia would join Britain to fight in World War I. On 5 September 1914 the Leader of the Opposition, Andrew Fisher said "...Australia will stand by the mother country to our last man and our last shilling". The next night, the Prime Minister Joseph Cook said that "...If the old country is at war, so are we".

Natural features
Lake Colac dried up during the drought of 2008-2009. It has now refilled.



Transport 

The railway reached the town in 1877. From 1883 the line was extended to reach as far as Port Fairy, in the south west of the state. The Irrewarra-Cressy line to Ballarat also ran from Colac between 1889 and 1953.  There was also a branch line to Alvie opened in 1923 and closed in 1954. A narrow gauge railway line began in Colac going south to the small towns of Beech Forest and Crowes. This line opened in 1902 and closed in 1962.
The local railway station is served by V/Line passenger services on the Warrnambool line. The train stops at Camperdown and Terang.

Colac is on the Princes Highway.

Events
Colac is the home of the annual "Cliff Young Australian 6-day race". The event has been going for over 20 years and is a running/walking event. It is held in the Memorial Square which is in the middle of Colac and attracts entries from all over the world.

Industry
The main industries are based on agriculture including dairy, beef, lamb and finewool merino industries, and a large timber industry. These include Bulla Dairy Foods, CRF Colac Otway Pty Ltd, Fonterra, Cororooke, and AKD Softwoods.

Media
Colac has its own newspaper, The Colac Herald, published on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Colac has a number of local radio stations: 3CS 1134AM, MIXX FM 106.3 MHz, and Otway FM 104.7 MHz& 99.1 MHz.

Television services are received via UHF from Ballarat Lookout Hill, as well as a local repeater on nearby Warrion hill.
FM radio services direct from Melbourne can be received in Colac but signal levels are low. Television services direct from Melbourne can be received in Colac but large antenna arrays must be used with mixed results.

Colac is serviced by Austar Subscription Television delivered by DTH satellite transmission, via Optus C1 Ku Band Satellite located at 156E.

Sport
Colac has two Australian Rules football teams competing in the Colac & District Football League, the Colac Imperials and South Colac. The Colac Tigers play in the Geelong Football League.

Colac has a horse racing club, the Colac Turf Club, which has around four race meetings a year including the Colac Cup meeting in February. It also has a picnic horse racing club, Colac St Patrick Picnic, which holds its one race meeting a year in March.

Golfers play at the Colac Golf Club on Colac - Lavers Hill Road, Elliminyt.

Colac also has a swimming club which trains swimmers and has athletes competing at Region, State and national competitions.
Colac also has a baseball club, the Colac Braves, which plays in the Geelong Baseball Association winter competition and the Pan Pacific Masters Games on the Gold Coast.

References

Other websites

Colac Otway Web 
Colac Otway Shire Council  information about local services, economic development and cultural activities in the Colac Otway Shire
Colac and District Family History Group
The Castle of Almansa () is a castle in Almansa, Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1921.

The Castle of Almansa was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites 
 Details about the castle 
 Images of castle

Castles in Spain
Castile-La Mancha
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Alcántara Bridge (also called Puente Trajan at Alcantara) is a Roman stone arch bridge. It was built over the Tagus River, Alcántara, Spain between 104 and 106 AD. The Roman emperor Trajan ordered this bridge built in 98 AD. The Alcántara Bridge was built at the expense of 12 local municipalities in Lusitania. The names were added on an inscription on the archway over the central pier.

The original length of this bridge was . It is now  long  The clear spans of the six arches from the right to the left riverside are , , , ,  and 

The Alcántara Bridge was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References
References

General references 
 David J. Brown, Bridges (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993), p. 25
 Manuel Durán Fuentes, La Construcción de Puentes Romanos en Hispania (Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia, 2004), pp. 194–200
 Vittorio Galliazzo, I ponti romani, Catalogo generale Vol. 2 (Treviso: Edizioni Canova, 1994), pp. 353–358 (No. 754)
 Bernhard Graf, Bridges that Changed the World (Munich: Prestel, 2002), pp. 20–21
 Colin O’Connor, Roman Bridges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 109–111 (SP21)

Other websites 

 
 
 

Bridges in Europe
Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Transport in Spain
2nd-century buildings and structures
Creationism is the idea that life on earth was created by God. This idea comes from a literal reading of scripture, very often the Bible.  Today, almost all scientists believe evolution is a good explanation. These scientists say that  the scientific method does not allow certain explanations, mostly those that include supernatural elements. For this reason, a movement called  Neo-creationism wants to re-state the ideas behind creationism and restart the discussion  over the origins of life. The followers want to do this in such a way that religious terms are not used, and that there are no references to scripture. This should make it easier to talk to other groups, such as the scientific community or the general public. 

Intelligent design
A cloud chamber is a sealed box with a supersaturated vapour of water or alcohol. When a charged particle (e.g. an alpha or beta particle) goes through it, the vapour is ionized. The resulting ions act as nuclei, around which a mist forms from the vapour.

The high energies of alpha and beta particles mean that a trail is left by ions produced along the path of the charged particle. These tracks have distinctive shapes (for example, an alpha particle's track is broad and shows more evidence of deflection by collisions, while an electron's is thinner and straight). When any uniform magnetic field is applied across the cloud chamber, positively and negatively charged particles will curve in opposite directions, according to the Lorentz force law.
The cloud chamber was invented by Charles Wilson (1869–1959), a Scottish physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for this work. The first cloud chamber was made in 1911. The invention was used in the early days of atomic physics. It is often called the 'Wilson chamber'. Since then a number of other types of particle detectors have been invented.

References 
 Das Gupta N.N. & Ghosh S.K. 1946. A report on the Wilson cloud chamber and its applications in physics. Reviews of Modern Physics. 18, 225–365.

Other websites
Many pictures of nuclear interaction and experiences
Video demonstration of a cloud chamber , Peter Wothers, Royal Institution, December 2012
Wilson's Original Apparatus 
Radiation tracks in Cloud Chambers 

Nuclear physics
Machines
Tools
Uric acid is a chemical compound that reptiles and birds excrete. It is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides. 

High blood concentrations of uric acid in people can lead to gout. The chemical is associated with other medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and the formation of kidney stones (ammonium acid urate).

Related pages 
Guano

Notes 

Organonitrogen compounds
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a museum of modern art.  It is in Abando, Bilbao, Spain. The museum was opened in 1997. It is one of the several museums belonging to Solomon R. Guggenheim foundation. This museum was designed by the architect Frank Gehry.  There are no flat surfaces in this building. The structure of the building is made of glass, titanium, and limestone.

"Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum Bilbao not only changed the way that architects and people think about museums, but also boosted Bilbao’s economy with its astounding success."
The museum has three aims in its mission. The museum wants to bring together and help the public to interpret the arts of our time. They want to encourage art education. They also want to increase the knowledge of the public's understanding of the arts. The collections at the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao have works by the some of the most famous artists of the past four decades. There are works of many genres including Minimalism, Pop Art, Conceptual Art and Abstract Expressionism. Spanish contemporary and Basque art are also displayed from some of the local and regional artists. 

There are over one hundred exhibitions in the museum. There have been approximately ten million visitors to the museum.

References

Other websites

http://www.guggenheim.org/bilbao  - Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20131218-when-the-museum-is-the-art - Guggenheim Museum Bilbao: Art inside and out

Art museums in Spain
Bilbao
12 Treasures of Spain
1997 establishments in Europe
Purines include two of the bases in DNA and RNA.

A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It is a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines are the most widely occurring nitrogen-containing heterocycles in nature.

Purines and pyrimidines are the two groups of nitrogenous bases, and the two groups of nucleotide bases.

Purines 
Adenine
Guanine
Hypoxanthine
Xanthine

References 

Organonitrogen compounds
Telecommunications in Azerbaijan is about television, radio, fixed and mobile telephones, and Internet in Azerbaijan.

Telephones
Telephones - main lines in use: 1,820,000 (2014)
Country comparison to the world: 64

Telephones - mobile cellular: 11,000,000 (2014)
Country comparison to the world: 75

Radio
As of 2014, Azerbaijan has 9 AM radio stations, 17 FM radio stations, and one shortwave radio station. There are also about 4,350,000 radios.

Radio broadcast stations: 26 (2014) 
Radio Respublika - FM 105.0 MHz
İctimai FM  - FM 90 MHz
Naxçıvan Dövlət radiosu (Nakhchivan State Radio) - FM 103 MHz
Naxçıvanın səsi (Voice of Nakhchivan) - FM 103 MHz
ARAZ FM     - FM 103.3 MHz
Antenn FM   - FM 101 MHz
ANS ChM     - FM 102 MHz
Avto FM     - FM 107.7 MHz
Azad Azərbaycan FM - FM 106 MHz
Bürc FM     - FM 100.5 MHz
Kəpəz FM    - FM 90.3 MHz
Lider FM    - FM 107 MHz
Media FM    - FM 105.5 MHz
Space FM    - FM 104 MHz
Xəzər FM    - FM 103 MHz
Radios: 175,000 (1997)
Television
Azerbaijan has a total of 47 television channels. Four of them are public and 43 are private. Twelve are national television channels and 31 are regional.

Television broadcast stations: 43 (2014)
Televisions: 170,000 (1997)

Internet
Internet service providers (ISPs): 15 (2005) 29 (2009)
Country code: AZE
Internet TLD: .az
Internet hosts: 46,856 (2011)
Country comparison to the world: 98
Internet users: 2.200,000 (2014)
Country comparison to the world: 70
Internet acess: 31.26% (2014)

Related pages
 Telecommunication
 Azerbaijan

Notes

References
CIA World Factbook

Further reading
 Sidorenko, Alexey: "The Internet in Azerbaijan" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 15 
 Kazimova, Arifa: "Media in Azerbaijan: The Ruling Family Dominates TV, the Opposition Has Some Papers" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 25

Other websites
Telecommunication Companies in Azerbaijan 
Azerbaijan Companies 

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Pyrimidines include three of the bases in DNA and RNA.

A pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound, similar to purine. It has nitrogens at positions 1 and 3 in the ring.

Pyrimidines 
The pyrimidine ring system occurs widely in nature.
Cytosine (C), 
Thymine (T), 
Uracil (U).
Thiamine (vitamin B1)
 
It is also found in many synthetic compounds such as barbiturates and the HIV drug, zidovudine. Uric acid is a pyrimidine derivative.

References 

Organonitrogen compounds
The State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan Republic () is a governmental agency within the Cabinet of Azerbaijan in charge of collection, processing and publishing statistical data on the economy, demographics and other sectors in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The State Statistics Committee was established on February 18, 1994 by President Heydar Aliyev. Its headquarters is located in the Azerbaijani capital city of Baku.

Related pages
 Statistics
 Azerbaijan

References

Other websites
Official website

Government agencies
1994 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in Azerbaijan
Statistics organizations
Organizations based in Azerbaijan
The Colbys was an American primetime soap opera. It was a spin-off of Dynasty. It aired on ABC from November 1985 to March 1987. The stars of the series included Charlton Heston, John James, Emma Samms, Maxwell Caulfield, and Stephanie Beacham. This show was focused on the fictional rich Colby family from Los Angeles, California.

Other websites 

1985 American television series debuts
1987 American television series endings
1980s American drama television series
Television series set in Los Angeles
English-language television programs
Paul Revere Dick (January 7, 1938 - October 4, 2014) was an American musician and organ player. In 1958, he and other musicians founded the group Paul Revere & the Raiders. They recorded many hits. He worked with the group until his death in 2014. Revere was born in Harvard, Nebraska.

Revere died from cancer in Garden Valley, Idaho, aged 76.

References

Other websites
 

1938 births
2014 deaths
American pianists
Cancer deaths in Idaho
Musicians from Nebraska
Musicians from Idaho
Alan Henning (15 August 1967 – c. 3 October 2014) was a British taxicab driver-turned-humanitarian aid worker. He was the fourth Western hostage killed by Islamic State (IS). Henning was captured during IS's occupation of the Syrian city of Al-Dana in December 2013, where he was helping with humanitarian relief.

The British Foreign Office withheld news of Henning's capture while they attempted to negotiate his release. Henning was shown at the end of David Cawthorne Haines's execution video, released on 13 September 2014, and referred to by "Jihadi John" as the next victim. A video of Henning's beheading was released by IS on 3 October 2014.

References

1967 births
2014 deaths
British people murdered abroad
English murder victims
Humanitarians
Kidnapped British people
Murders by blade weapons
People from Manchester
People murdered in Syria
Coleby Jason Lombardo (born September 7, 1978), is an American former child actor. He appeared in many movies and television series. The most popular of them was The Colbys. In that series, he played young Scott Cassidy. He was nominated for a Young Artist Award for that role.

Other websites
 

American television actors
American movie actors
American child actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1978 births
Living people
David Cawthorne Haines (9 May 1970 –  13 September 2014) was a British aid worker. He was captured by the Islamic State in early 2013. He was later executed by beheading in early September 2014.

References

1970 births
2014 deaths
British people murdered abroad
English murder victims
Humanitarians
Kidnapped British people
Murders by blade weapons
People from the East Riding of Yorkshire
People murdered in Syria
John J. Lloyd (1922 – October 4, 2014) was an American art director and production designer. He was known for his work on such movies as National Lampoon's Animal House, The Blues Brothers, The Thing, Big Trouble in Little China, and The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Lloyd died in Santa Monica, California, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2014 deaths
People from Detroit
Vaughn Olin Lang (November 10, 1927 – October 2, 2014) was an American lieutenant general in the United States Army. Lang began his service as 2LT at the Officers’ Basic Course at Ft. Monmouth, New Jersey in 1952. He served in the Radio-Radar Procurement Branch and in the European Trans-Atlantic Project. Lang was a general during the Vietnam War. Lang was born in Williamsburg, Pennsylvania.

Lang died on October 2, 2014, at his home in Vienna, Virginia, aged 86.

References

1927 births
2014 deaths
Military people from Pennsylvania
Fyodor Fyodorovich Cherenkov () (25 July 1959 — 4 October 2014) was a Soviet and Russian football midfielder. He played for Spartak Moscow (1977–90 and 1991–94) and Red Star Football Club (1990–91). Cherenkov made 34 appearances for USSR national football team, scoring 12 goals. He was born in Moscow, Russia.

Cherenkov died in Moscow, Russia, aged 55.

References

Other websites

  Fyodor Cherenkov's profile  at Spartak's official website
  Profile and interview

1959 births
2014 deaths
Russian footballers
Sportspeople from Moscow
Anna Przybylska (26 December 1978 – 5 October 2014) was a Polish actress and model. She was born in Gdynia, Poland. She was ranked high amongst the most beautiful Polish actresses. In 2004, she was chosen to be the Polish ambassador for the ASTOR cometics brand. Two years later, she became the European ambassador for ASTOR. She was known for her role as Jadzia in Kariera Nikosia Dyzmy (2002).

Przybylska died on 5 October 2014 from pancreatic cancer in Gdynia, Poland, aged 35.

References

1978 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Polish movie actors
Models
Jules Bianchi (3 August 1989 – 17 July 2015) was a French racing driver. He drove for the Marussia F1 team. He made his Formula One debut in 2013, driving for Marussia alongside Max Chilton. He previously raced in Formula Renault 3.5, the GP2 Series and Formula Three.

During the Japanese Grand Prix on 5 October, Bianchi's car crashed with a recovery vehicle which was helping to the car of Adrian Sutil, who had crashed the lap before. The race was cancelled after the crash. The FIA released a statement that CT scans have shown Bianchi suffered a "severe head injury" in the crash, and he will be transferred to intensive care following surgery. Bianchi died in Nice, France on 17 July 2015 from complications of his injuries at the age of 25.

References

Other websites

 
 Jules Bianchi career statistics at Driver Database

1989 births
2015 deaths
Deaths in sport
Racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Nice
Ilya (Elya) Zalmanovich Baskin (; ; born 11 August 1950) is a Soviet-American actor of Jewish descent. He is known for his roles in Moscow on Hudson, Air Force One, The Name of the Rose, 2010, October Sky, Spider-Man 2, and in Transformers: Dark of the Moon.

References

Other websites
 

1950 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Latvian Jews
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Riga
Soviet Jews
Soviet movie actors
Soviet television actors
Latvian movie actors
Latvian stage actors
Latvian television actors
The Niagara Movement, was a civil rights group of African-American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. It was led by W. E. B. Du Bois. The movement opposed the Atlanta Compromise by Booker T. Washington.

Civil rights organizations based in the United States
Harvard is a city in Clay County, Nebraska, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 951.

References

Cities in Nebraska
The Division of Moncrieff is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. The division was created in 1984 and is named after Gladys Moncrieff (1892-1976), an Australian singer who lived in the area.

Moncrieff is located in south east Queensland, and includes the central area of the Gold Coast, including Surfers Paradise.

Members

Election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Moncrieff (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1984 establishments in Australia
Liverpool 8 is the fourteenth studio album by Ringo Starr. The album was released on January 15, 2008. It was his first and only studio album on the Capitol Records label.

Liverpool 8 is the postal district of the Toxteth area of Liverpool where Starr was born.

References 

2008 albums
Ringo Starr
Elissa's Quest is a children's fantasy novel written by Erica Verillo. The book was first published on June 26, 2007 and has been printed again twice since then on June 24, 2008 and March 12, 2009. 

The novel is the first in Verillo's The Phoenix Rising trilogy, and is followed by Elissa's Odyssey and World's End. The trilogy follows 13 year old Elissa in a fantasy world where she must team up with several other gifted youngsters and grant the phoenix another regeneration- but even she does not know this. Fate must show her.

The book also has cover art by Omar Rayyan and is aimed for children ages 9 to 12.

American children's books
Almansa is a Spanish town and municipality in the province of Albacete.  The municipality borders with Alicante, Valencia and Murcia. Almansa is famous for its Moros y Cristianos festival celebrated from the 1st to the 6th of May.

Almansa is built at the foot of a white limestone cliff. It has a Moorish castle at the top. It is in the middle of a fertile and irrigated plain. About  south of the town centre there is an obelisk to remind people of the Battle of Almansa. The battle was fought there on the 25 April 1707 during the War of Spanish Succession. The Duke of Berwick who the son of James II defeated the allied British, Portuguese and Spanish troops.

The Sierra del Mugrón is located in the Almansa city limits.

Main sights

The main sightseeing attraction is the 14th-century Castle of Almansa.
There are other important monuments, such as:
Assumption Church (16th-19th century)
Palace of Los Condes de Cirat (16th century), today the Town  Hall
Church of the Agustinas Convent (18th century)
The Convent of San Francisco (17th century)
Clock Tower (1780)

8 km from the city is the  reservoir of Almansa,  built in 1584. This reservoir is the oldest one in Europe. 12 km from the city is the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Belen (17th century).

References

Other websites

http://www.almansa.com/ Portal of Almansa

Towns in Spain
Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Province of Albacete
Hoot is a young adult novel written by Carl Hiaasen. It was originally published in 2002. Hoot won the Newbery Medal in 2003.

The novel is about a boy named Roy Eberhardt and his friends, Beatrice Leep and Mullet Fingers. They work to save a nest of burrowing owls at a construction site. 

The book was turned into a movie in 2006. The movie starred Logan Lerman as Roy, Brie Larson as Beatrice, Cody Linley as Mullet Fingers, Luke Wilson as David Delinko, Tim Blake Nelson as Curly Brannit, and Clark Gregg as Chuck Muckle.

Newbery Medal winning books
American young adult novels
2002 books
Dophin Song is a children's novel by Lauren St. John. It is the second in the Legend of the Animal Healer series. The other books in the series are The White Giraffe, The Last Leopard, and The Elephant's Tale.

Dophin Song was first published on August 1, 2007. It was published nine times from 2008 to 2010. 

The story is about a girl named Martine. She has the ability to heal animals. She has many adventures because of her that. In this book, she and several of her schoolmates get stuck on island out in the middle of nowhere. They have to learn to get along and survive alone.

References

English children's books
English novels
2007 books
The Beach of La Concha (, ) is a beach in the Bay of La Concha (Shell Bay, in Spanish, named for its shape) in San Sebastián, Basque Country. It is one of the most famous urban beaches in Europe.

The beach is sandy. The sand doesn't go very deep. The tide going in and out changes the amount of area that can be used. By the beach there is a long walkway. The beach is known as an urban beach in wide use.

"The Concha stretches out for a kilometre and a half, with the accent on elegance and delightful city views."

References

Other websites

- PLAYA DE LA CONCHA 

Beaches of Europe
Gipuzkoa
12 Treasures of Spain
The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela () is a cathedral in Galicia in Spain. It is in the World Heritage Site of Santiago de Compostela. People believe that Saint James the Great, one of the apostles of Jesus, is buried there. The building is a Romanesque structure with later Gothic and Baroque additions.

References

Other websites

 
 Reconstruction of the swinging motion of the Botafumeiro 
 Photographs of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain 
 Pictures of Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela 
 HyperSculpture - Pórtico de la Gloria 
The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (p. 175-183)
 Video clip in Youtube

12 Treasures of Spain
Santiago de Compostela
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
13th-century buildings and structures
1211 establishments