Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Remix albums
 Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic (2001)

Compilation albums
 The Hits/The B-Sides (1993)
 Girl 6 (1996)
 The Very Best of Prince (2001)
 Ultimate Prince (2006)

The New Power Generation albums
 Goldnigga (1993)
 Exodus (1995)
 Newpower Soul (1998)

Awards and nominations

Academy Awards
Prince won an Academy Award in 1985 for his song "Purple Rain".

Grammy Awards
Earning 33 nominations, Prince has won seven Grammys. He also has had two albums − 1999 and Purple Rain − awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

MTV Video Music Awards
The MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) is an award show by cable network MTV to honor the top music videos of the year. It was first held in September 1984. It was to be an alternative to the Grammy Awards in the video category.  Prince has won four awards from twelve nominations throughout his career.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Prince: chart history  at Billboard.com
1958 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Minneapolis
African-American movie actors
African-American singers
American activists
American composers
American funk musicians
American movie directors
Philanthropists from Minnesota
American funk singers
American pianists
American pop musicians
American pop singers
American Protestants
American R&B musicians
American R&B singers
American record producers
American rock guitarists
American saxophonists
American singer-songwriters
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Brit Award winners
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Golden Globe Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Jehovah's Witnesses people
Musicians from Minnesota
New wave musicians
 
Singers from Minnesota
Webby Award winners
Writers from Minnesota
Warner Bros. Records artists
Duane Eddy (born April 26, 1938) was a Grammy Award-winning American rock guitarist. Many people enjoyed his music and tried to play the same way as he did. He is best known for the music that he played without singing words. He is probably best known for his hit song Rebel Rouser (1958). Released in 1960, Eddy was the first rock and roller to have a signature model guitar.

References 

American rock guitarists
Grammy Award winners
1938 births
Living people
A nurse is a person who is trained to give care to people who are sick or injured. Nurses work with doctors and other health care workers to make patients well and to keep them fit and healthy. Nurses also help with end-of-life needs and assist other family members with grieving.

Nursing is a profession, like a doctor, but training for a nurse is different in how long a person must train and what kind of training they need. In some places, nurses may train for three to five years or more before they get a license as a nurse.

Nurses work in many places. Nurses work in hospitals, in doctor's offices, and in the community, and they even visit people at home if they can not get out.

Sometimes people decide to become nurses rather than doctors, because the nurses will be able to help patients directly, by talking to them, doing things they need, carefully watching that nothing goes wrong, and then seeing them as they get better.
Like doctors, nurses can choose what work they do. Some nurses train and work to help during surgery. Some nurses train to help people understand health problems like nutrition (what to eat), and disease (what can make people sick). Nurses can do many different jobs to help people.

Nurses are in demand across the world because there are not enough nurses to handle the growing number of people who need care Some nurses travel to another location to work for a few months in what is called travel nursing.  Many migrate to richer countries. The British National Health Service, like many others, has relied for many years on importing nurses from poorer countries because not enough were trained in the UK. In 2023 there were more Ghanaian nurses in NHS than in Ghana. Nursing associates  who have less training  were introduced in 2018. 7,900 nursing associates were working in the NHS in 2022 but only 391 have gone on to become a registered nurse
Titles 
Registered Nurse in some countries like U.S is a term for an officially registered nurse. In hospitals where nurses wear uniforms with caps, an R.N. is recognizable by the fact that the cap has two black stripes.

Nursing in Australia 
Nursing in Australia is done by Registered Nurses or Enrolled Nurses. Both must complete education past high school. An Enrolled Nurse must complete a course of study between 12 and 18 months. Registered Nurses need to complete a Bachelor's degree.

Gender-neutral titles 
Titles have changed because men as well as women can be nurses. It was, in most countries, a wholly female occupation. The titles were designed for females and have now been revised to be genderless. The exception to this is midwife, a term still used because it seems natural that a nurse helping a mother through childbirth should be a female. There are some males acting as midwives. The supervisory body for UK nursing is the Nursing and Midwifery Council.
Teams 
Some medical and surgical groups operate as teams. This means that senior surgeons always operate with the same group of people, so reducing the risk of mistakes, and allowing juniors to learn and understand the individual cases.

Also, moving around as a team allows specialist groups to serve more than one hospital. This is particularly useful when the amount of work in a speciality does not permit having a full team on site in each hospital.

References

Other websites 
 Online CNA Classes 
 American Nurses' Association
 Canadian Nurses Association 
 Nursing Documentation & Expressions Project  - aims to build the world's largest public repository of nursing documentation examples.
 National Council of State Boards of Nursing (USA)
 NMAP The UK’s Gateway to high quality Internet resources for Nurses, Midwives and Allied Professions
Charge nurse 
 When visiting a relative in hospital, you should identify the charge nurse (the highest ranking nurse in the room). As them how your relative is doing. That gives you an idea of what is going on.

Nursing
Healthcare occupations
Violent Femmes is a rock group. They formed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA in 1980.

American rock bands
American punk bands
People from Wisconsin
John Michael "Ozzy" Osbourne (born 3 December 1948) is an English heavy metal singer.

Osbourne was born in Marston Green Hospital in Marston Green, England. , He grew up in Aston, Birmingham, England. He has dyslexia. He was convicted of burglary when he was a teenager, for which he was fined. He was sent to prison for not paying the fine.

Osbourne was the lead singer for Black Sabbath between 1968 and 1978. He joined again in 1997 for occasional tours. Osbourne and Bob Daisley wrote a song called 'Suicide Solution', which was released on Blizzard of Ozz. It was heavily ridiculed claiming it was about suicide, which coincided with the words "shoot, shoot" whispered in the song. Osbourne stated in an interview that it was really a tribute to his friend Bon Scott, lead singer of AC/DC, who died of alcohol poisoning. However, Daisley states it's about Osbourne’s substance and alcohol abuse. He bit the head off of a bat on stage while on a solo tour in Des Moines, Iowa supporting the Bark at the Moon album.
He and his wife Sharon have three children together: Aimee, Kelly and Jack. He also has three children from his first marriage to Thelma Riley: Elliot, Jessica, and Louis.

Osbourne released his first solo album, Blizzard of Ozz in 1980.

He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2000, which he publicly revealed in January 2020.

Solo albums
 Blizzard of Ozz (1980)
 Diary of a Madman (1981)
 Bark at the Moon (1983)
 The Ultimate Sin (1986)
 No Rest for the Wicked (1988)
 No More Tears (1991)
 Ozzmosis (1995)
 Down to Earth (2001)
 Under Cover (cover album, 2005)
 Black Rain (2007)
 Scream (2010)
 Ordinary Man (2020)
 Patient Number 9 (2022)

Filmography
 Yakety Yak, Take it Back (1991) ... Himself

Other websites
 The Official Ozzy Osbourne Website
 Ozzy Osbourne - Discography
 Metal Storm - Ozzy Osbourne - Discography

References
References

British burglars
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Birmingham
Actors from Birmingham
Writers from Birmingham
English artists
English rock singers
English movie actors
English television personalities
People with Parkinson's disease
1948 births
Living people
 
People with dyslexia
WWE Hall of Fame
Dinah Shore (born Frances Rose Shore, March 1, 1916 - February 24, 1994) was an American singer and host of her own talk show.

Television talk show hosts
Singers from Tennessee 
1916 births
1994 deaths
Bryan Guy Adams  (born November 5, 1959) is a Canadian rock musician. He is known for the songs Summer of '69 and (Everything I Do) I Do It For You.  He has performed with many other musical artists such as Def Leppard, Tina Turner, Sting, Rod Stewart, Bonnie Raitt, Barbra Streisand and Melanie C. His best-selling albums are Reckless, Waking Up the Neighbours and 18 til I Die.

Discography

References

1959 births
Living people
 
Canadian rock musicians
Canadian singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Ontario
People from Kingston, Ontario
Roy Kelton Orbison (April 23, 1936 - December 6, 1988) was an American singer. In 1987, he was named into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Orbison was popular in the 1960s. He became less popular in the 1970s, but began to make a career comeback in the 1980s. However, as he was becoming more popular again, he died of a heart attack at the age of 52 in Henderson, Tennessee.

Discography
Singles

"Pretty Paper" (1963)

Studio albums
Lonely and Blue (1960)
King of Hearts (1992)

References

American rock singers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Singers from Texas
1936 births
1988 deaths
Taylor Dayne (born as Leslie Wunderman on March 7, 1962) is an American singer. She is best known for her song, "Tell It to My Heart".

1962 births
Living people
Singers from New York (state)
Stephen Arthur Stills (born January 3, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. He is most famous as a member of the groups Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills & Nash. In 2003, Rolling Stone listed him at #28 on a list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

References

Singer-songwriters from Texas
Singers from Dallas
Writers from Dallas

1945 births
Living people
SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated children's television series. It is made by marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg. The series began on July 1, 1999.

It's by far, Nickelodeon's most popular program. It has been made into many pieces of merchandise. The main character, SpongeBob is an adult sea sponge that acts like a child. He lives in a pineapple under the ocean. The series has three spin-offs: Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years, The Patrick Star Show and one with Squidward Tentacles.

Characters

The series gets its name from its main character, SpongeBob SquarePants, a male sponge. He looks more like a yellow kitchen sponge used for cleaning dishes than a sea sponge. His best friend is a starfish named Patrick Star. His grumpy neighbor is an octopus named Squidward Tentacles.
SpongeBob SquarePants is the main character and sea sponge that lives in a pineapple under the sea. He is a fry cook in the Krusty Krab. He is very cheerful and sometimes annoys his selfish neighbor, Squidward. His favorite things to do are jellyfishing (catching jellyfish with a net) and blowing bubbles. He is voiced by Tom Kenny.
 Patrick Star is a starfish and SpongeBob's best friend who lives under a rock. Patrick is goofy, but is a fun-loving character and eats a lot. He is unemployed but has worked at several places before. He is voiced by Bill Fagerbakke.
 Squidward Tentacles is an octopus and SpongeBob's next-door neighbor. He plays the clarinet and is not good at it, even though he thinks so. He works at the Krusty Krab as the cashier. He says he does not like SpongeBob, but SpongeBob thinks they are friends. Squidward is not friendly and thinks that he is better than almost everyone. He is voiced by Rodger Bumpass.
Mr. Eugene H. Krabs is a red crab who is the owner of the Krusty Krab restaurant and SpongeBob and Squidward's boss. He is a single father with one daughter, a whale named Pearl. He and Pearl live in a big anchor. He is very greedy and loves money. He never wants to spend a lot of his money, and sometimes cheats to make more of it. He is voiced by Clancy Brown.
 Sheldon J. Plankton is a green copepod. He is an evil genius and Mr. Krabs' rival. His goal is to steal the secret recipe for Krabby Patties. He runs a restaurant called the Chum Bucket with the help of his computer wife named Karen. The Chum Bucket is unpopular and they never get customers. He is always trying to steal the secret Krabby Patty Formula. He is voiced by Mr. Lawrence.
Karen Plankton is a talking computer who is Plankton's helper, sidekick, and wife. She gives him his evil plans to steal the Krabby Patty recipe. She lives in the laboratory of the Chum Bucket which is labeled from the outside as the "kitchen." Karen does not have a face, but her screen shows a wavy green line that moves when she talks. She is voiced by Jill Talley.
 Sandy Cheeks is a squirrel from the state of Texas. She lives in a glass house called a Treedome that lets her breathe underwater. When she is out of the dome, she wears a space suit and a fishbowl-like glass helmet around her head filled with fresh air. She is very athletic and works as a scientist. She is voiced by Carolyn Lawrence.
 Mrs. Puff is a pufferfish who is SpongeBob's teacher at the underwater driving school, Mrs. Puff's Boating School. She is old and easily scared. She wears a blue sailor hat and a yellow wig. SpongeBob really wants to pass Mrs. Puff's class, but he always fails his driving test. She is voiced by Mary Jo Catlett.
Pearl Krabs is a big gray sperm whale with blonde hair who is the daughter of Mr. Krabs. She is sixteen years old and has a job at the Bikini Bottom Mall. When she grows up, her dad will give his restaurant and his money to her. She wears a pink shirt with a dark pink letter P on the front, a purple skirt, and white boots. She is voiced by Lori Alan.
 Gary the Snail is SpongeBob's pet sea snail. He is voiced by Tom Kenny.
Episodes list

Episodes

Season 1 
 Help Wanted/Reef Blower/Tea at the Treedome
 Bubblestand/Ripped Pants
 Jellyfishing/Plankton!
 Naughty Nautical Neighbors/Boating School
 Pizza Delivery/Home Sweet Pineapple
 Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy/Pickles
 Hall Monitor/Jellyfish Jam
 Nature Pants/Opposite Day
 Sandy's Rocket/Squeaky Boots
 Culture Shock/F.U.N.
 MuscleBob BuffPants/Squidward, the Unfriendly Ghost
 Scaredy Pants/I Was a Teenage Gary
 SB-129/Karate Choppers
 Sleepy Time/Suds
 Valentine's Day/The Paper
 The Chaperone/Employee of the Month
 Arrgh!/Rock Bottom
 Texas/Rock Bottom
 Fools in April/Neptune's Spatula
 Hooky/Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy II
Season 2
 Something Smells/Bossy Boots
 Christmas Who?
 Dying for Pie/Imitation Krabs
 Big Pink Loser/Bubble Buddy
 Your Shoe's Untied/Squid's Day Off
 Wormy/Patty Hype
 Shanghaied/Gary Takes a Bath
 Survival of the Idiots/Dumped
 No Free Rides/I'm Your Biggest Fanatic
 Grandma's Kisses/Squidville
 Pre-Hibernation Week/Life of Crime
 Pressure/The Smoking Peanut
 The Secret Box/Band Geeks
 Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy III/Squirrel Jokes
 Sailor Mouth/Artist Unknown
 Jellyfish Hunter/The Fry Cook Games
 Squid on Strike/Sandy, SpongeBob, and the Worm
 Procrastination/I'm With Stupid
 Welcome to the Chum Bucket/Frankendoodle
 Graveyard Shift/Krusty Love
Main places
 The show takes place in a fictional city called Bikini Bottom, which is in the floor of the Pacific Ocean. The citizens are mostly fish who live in ship funnels and boatmobiles. It is based on the Bikini Atoll located in the Marshall Islands.
 SpongeBob's pineapple house is SpongeBob's home. It has many big rooms even though on the outside it looks just like a small pineapple. It has a large library with many books.
 The Krusty Krab is a restaurant in the city of Bikini Bottom. It is run by a crab, Eugene H. Krabs. SpongeBob SquarePants works there as a fry cook, and Squidward Q. Tentacles works as the cashier. The fast food items that are sold include the popular Krabby Patty (which is similar to aburger), fries, and drinks.
The Chum Bucket is a restaurant across the street from the Krusty Krab. It is owned by Sheldon J. Plankton and Karen Plankton, but it is very unpopular because the food is very bad. Plankton and Karen are always trying to steal the secret recipe for the Krabby Patty, which only Mr. Krabs and SpongeBob know how it is made.
 Mrs. Puff's Boating School is the driving school where SpongeBob often goes to try to get his driver's license. SpongeBob is normally not good at driving and can never get his license without help from a friend. Whenever he gets his license, he soon loses it for different reasons.
 Patrick's boulder is Patrick's home where Patrick lives and sleeps in. In some episodes, Patrick falls out of his boulder.
 Squidward's house, an Easter Island head owned by Squidward. In his house, Squidward practices his clarinet and paints pictures.
 Mr. Krabs and Pearl's anchor house, a hollow anchor with lots of paintings on the walls. Mr. Krabs and Pearl live inside of it.
Sandy's Treedome is where Sandy Cheeks lives, she needs a helmet to breathe underwater. However, in her treedome she does not. All sea creatures need a helmet in her treedome to breathe.
 Goo Lagoon is a popular beach. Even though the beach is underwater, the water on the beach is called "goo." In some episodes, it is just a lake but in some, it is an entire ocean.
 Patchy's House is the residence of Patchy the Pirate and Potty the Parrot. It is located at 6248 Agnes Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 91606. It first appears in the episode "Christmas Who?". It is in Encino, California.
Within its first month on air, SpongeBob SquarePants passed Pokémon as the highest-rated Saturday-morning children's series on television. It held an average national Nielsen rating of 4.9 among children aged two through eleven, denoting 1.9 million viewers. Two years later, the series had firmly established itself as Nickelodeon's second highest-rated children's program, after Rugrats. SpongeBob SquarePants was credited with helping Nickelodeon take the "Saturday-morning ratings crown" for the fourth straight season in 2001. The series had gained a significant adult audience by that point—nearly 40 percent of its 2.2 million viewers were aged 18 to 34. In response to its weekend success, Nickelodeon gave SpongeBob SquarePants time slots at 6:00 PM and 8:00 PM, Monday through Thursday, to increase the series' exposure. By the end of 2001, SpongeBob SquarePants boasted the highest ratings for any children's series, on all of television
. Weekly viewership of the series had reached around fifteen million, at least five million of whom were adults.
Controversies 
In 2009, several groups, including the American Family Foundation, attacked SpongeBob for being homosexual. The character had recently appeared on a music video with other kids' show characters to promote diversity and tolerance. However, the creator said in 2002 that SpongeBob is asexual, meaning that he does not seek sexual partners at all.

Decreasing quality 
Many fans and critics believe that after season 11 and the first movie, the series started to decline in quality. This was because many writers from the first three seasons left (although Doug Lawrence, Aaron Springer, Erik Wiese, and C.H. Greenblatt still stayed). Some of the later episodes were poorly received because the characters did not act the way they acted in the first three seasons. However, apparently, the show's quality improved once more after the second movie, when Stephen Hillenburg returned, until his death in 2018.

References 

Notes

Other websites
Other websites 

 
1990s American animated television series
American children's television series
1999 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Nickelodeon
Paul & Paula (Ray Hildebrand, born December 21, 1940, and Jill Jackson, born May 20, 1942) are a pop/rock singing duo. They charted three Billboard Top 40 singles in 1963.

Musical groups from Texas
Seafood is food made from fish or other sea animals such as shrimp and lobsters. The harvesting (collecting) of seafood is called fishing.

Seafood is rich in protein and is usually thought as healthy food.

Related pages 
Aquaculture

Seafood
Peer review is a process used when publishing documents where the work is reviewed by the author's peer group (someone in their field). It is a way of checking and reviewing a person's work. It is often used by scientists, scholars, medical professionals, engineers, and in some aspects of government.

For example, scientists report new discoveries through a peer review process. This means that they ask other knowledgeable scientists (peers) to review their report, and check for any problems. The problems must be fixed before the report is released to other scientists. This process helps to maintain the trustworthiness of scientific discoveries.

Related pages
 arXiv - This is a website that stores scientific papers before peer review approval

References 

Science
Puerto Rico, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (), is a U.S. territory in the Caribbean Sea. This means that it is part of the United States and citizens of Puerto Rico are citizens of the United States as well. Puerto Rico is not an independent country, but like all populated U.S. territories, it enjoys a greater degree of autonomy than U.S. states. There has been a movement for independence for almost two centuries. There have been protests, votes, and armed attacks for independence.
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico includes the largest, main island and a number of smaller islands, including Mona, Vieques, and Culebra. Of those three smaller islands, only Culebra and Vieques are populated all year. Mona is unpopulated, but employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources sometimes visit the island to inspect it and its wildlife. People can visit the island for hiking and camping by getting the permission needed. San Juan, on the northern side of the main island, is the island's largest city and the capital of the territory.

Puerto Rico means "rich port" in Spanish.

On May 3, 2017, Puerto Rico filed for bankruptcy after a massive debt and weak economy. It is the largest bankruptcy case in American history.
Status with respect to the USA 
Puerto Rico is one of the unincorporated territories of the USA. These are organized, self-governing territories with locally elected governors and legislatures. Because it is not a state, citizens cannot vote in U.S. national elections unless they have an address in one of the 50 US states. Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens and can move to or from the 50 states. Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner to the U.S. House of Representatives.

History 
The history of Puerto Rico began when the Ortoiroid people started living in the island between 3000 and 2000 BC. Other tribes, for example the Saladoid and Arawak Indians, lived in the island between 430 BC and 1000 AD. When Christopher Columbus arrived at the island in 1492 and named it San Juan Bautista, the people living there were the Taínos.
Since it is in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico formed an important part of the Spanish Empire from the early years of the exploration, conquest, and colonization of the New World. The Spanish spread race-based slavery across the island. In the 19th century, slave revolts and the abolitionist movement brought an end to legal slavery.

The island was a major military post during many wars between Spain and other European countries for control of the region in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. In 1898, during the Spanish-American war, Puerto Rico was invaded and became a possession of the United States.

During the 20th century, Puerto Rico's political status changed from time to time. The Foraker Act of 1900 created a civil government to replace the military government made after the Spanish–American war, and the Jones Act of 1917 gave Puerto Rican people United States citizenship. Afterwards, in 1952, the drafting of Puerto Rico's own Constitution and democratic elections were established.
In May 2022, Members of Congress sponsoring competing bills on how to resolve Puerto Rico’s territorial status and its relationship to the U.S. have come together to introduce new legislation combining both. The proposed legislation combines elements of the pro-statehood bill introduced by Rep. Darren Soto, D-Fla., and Rep. Jenniffer Gonzalez, Puerto Rico’s nonvoting member of Congress and a Republican, alongside the Puerto Rico Self-Determination Act from Reps. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Nydia Velázquez, both New York Democrats. The draft legislation says that a plebiscite to resolve Puerto Rico’s political status shall be held on November 5, 2023.

On December 15, 2022, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of the Puerto Rico Status Act. The act sought to resolve Puerto Rico's status and its relationship to the United States through a binding plebiscite.
Geography
Puerto Rico is an archipelago, with a main island where most of the population lives, two smaller islands (Vieques and Culebra) with residents, and many other smaller islands. The main island has a mountain range in the center, which covers most of the island. The highest point is 4,390 feet (1,338 meters)

Political parties
Puerto Rico has three main political parties: the Puerto Rican Independence Party, which favors Puerto Rico becoming an independent nation; the New Progressive Party, which supports Puerto Rico's transition to becoming a state of the U.S; and the Popular Democratic Party, which supports Colonialism.
Demographics
Puerto Rico is said to comprise a White majority, an extinct Amerindian population, persons of mixed ancestry, Africans and a small Asian minority. Recent genetic research, however, contradicts that information. According to the 2010 US Census, 99% of the population consider themselves of Puerto Rican descent (regardless of race or skin color), making Puerto Rico one of the most culturally unified societies in the world.

The population of Puerto Rico is nearly about 4 million people. The ethnic composition of the population is:
 70% White
 20% Mulatto
 10% Black

Culture
Culture

Literature 
Puerto Rico has a strong literary tradition. The most important playwrights are René Marqués (author of "The Oxcart") and Lin Manuel Miranda (creator of the Broadway musical "Hamilton"). The most famous poets are Julia de Burgos ("Yo fui mi ruta") and Giannina Braschi (author the poetry epic "Empire of Dreams"). Celebrated Puerto Rican novelists include Rosario Ferre (Eccentric Neighborhoods), Giannina Braschi (United States of Banana), and Esmeralda Santiago (When I Was Puerto Rican). Puerto Rican poets who live in New York are called Nuyorican poets.

Art 
José Campeche (1751-1809) is the first known Puerto Rican painter. He painted in the best rococo style. Franciso Oller painted Puerto Rican landscapes and still life paintings the 19th Century. In the 20th century Franciso Rodón who paints portraits of celebrities. In the 21st century, Allora and Calzadilla are conceptual artists in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Music 
Puerto Rico music is often called Latin music. There are many popular styes of Puerto Rican dance music, including Salsa, Bomba, Plena, and Reggaeton. One of the most popular bands today is Calle 13. World famous Puerto Rican singers include Jennifer Lopez, Hector Lavoe, Tito Puentes, and Marc Anthony. Ricky Martin won the 1999 Grammy Award for "Best Latin Pop Performance" for Living La Vida Loca.
Philosophy 
Puerto Rican philosophy deals with Puerto Rican independence, education, racism, and liberty for all. The first major Puerto Rican philosopher was Eugenio María de Hostos. He was born in the 19th Century in Puerto Rico. He believed that Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and Cuba should unite to be free from Colonial powers. Francisco José Ramos was born in the 20th century. His philosophy deals with Ancient Greeks, American imperialism, and Buddhism. Giannina Braschi is a contemporary political philosopher. She writes about freedom, immigration, revolution, and justice. Braschi was inspired by a major Mexican woman philosopher Sor Juana Inez de la Cruz. Puerto Rican philosophers are sometimes called Latinx philosophers or Latin American philosophers.

Notable people from Puerto Rico 
Melissa Cristina Márquez is a marine biologist from Puerto Rico.
Related pages
 List of rivers of Puerto Rico
 Puerto Rico at the Olympics
 Puerto Rico national football team
 Puerto Rican Literature
 https://islandsofpuertorico.com/puerto-rico-flag/

References

 
1898 establishments in the United States
Caribbean Community
A pilgrimage is when people travel to a place of worship that is usually far away. They may have to go to a different city or country. Usually a pilgrimage is done for spiritual or religious reasons. The purpose of Christian pilgrimage was summarized by Pope Benedict XVI this way:

There are also non-religious pilgrimages; they include for example:
 Seeing the Mausoleum of Vladimir Lenin on the Red Square in Moscow, or 
 Visiting the birthplace of Elvis Presley.

Related pages
 Holy Land
 World Youth Day

References

Religious behavior and experience
Religious places
Travel
The year 1703 (MDCCIII) started on a Monday, (or a Thursday by the 11-day slower Julian calendar).

Events 

 St. Petersburg becomes the capital of Russia
February 2 – an earthquake hit the town of L'Aquila, Italy.
 February 4 – in Japan, the 47 samurai (47 Ronin) commit seppuku, a ritual suicide.
 February 14 – an earthquake hits the city of Norcia, Italy.
 February – soldiers at Fort Louis de la Mobile celebrate Mardi Gras in Mobile, starting the tradition for Mobile, Alabama.
 April 21 – the Company of Quenching of Fire (i.e., a fire brigade) was started in Edinburgh, Scotland.
 May 27 – the founding of St Petersburg in Russia. 
 May 26 – Portugal joins the Grand Alliance.
 July 29 to 31 – Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory then imprisoned 4 months for the crime of libel, after publishing a satirical pamphlet (his release is granted mid-November).
 September 12 – the War of the Spanish Succession started in Habsburg, when Archduke Charles was proclaimed King of Spain.
 October – a whirlwind blows down the tower of the Gan Takal in Gondar, the capital of Ethiopia, killing 30 people.
 November 19 – an Unknown masked prisoner dies in Bastille.
November 24 to December 2 – the Great Storm of 1703, an Atlantic hurricane, blowes through southern England and the English Channel, killing nearly 8000, mostly at sea.
 December 27 – Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty which gives preference to Portuguese imported wines into England.
Undated 
 A Tale of a Tub, first major satire by Jonathan Swift, is published.
 George Psalmanazar arrives in London.
 Isaac Newton becomes the chairman of the Royal Society.
 Ahmed III (1703-1730) succeeds Mustafa II (1695-1703) as emperor of the Ottoman Empire.

Births
February 5 – Gilbert Tennent, Irish-born religious leader, was born (he died in 1764)
 March 5 – (N. S.) Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky, a Russian poet, was born (he died in 1768)
 May 14 – David Brearly, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention, was born (he died in 1785)
 June 17 – John Wesley, the English founder of Methodism, was born (he died in 1791)
 June 26 – Thomas Clap, the first president of Yale University was born (he died in 1767)
 August 2 – Lorenzo Ricci, the Italian Jesuit leader was born (he died in 1775)
 September 29 – François Boucher, a French painter was born (he died in 1770)
 October 5 – Jonathan Edwards, an American preacher was born (he died in 1758)
 October 28 – Antoine Deparcieux, a French mathematician was born (he died in 1768)
 November 25 – Jean-François Séguier, a French astronomer and botanist was born (he died in 1784)
 November 26 – Theophilus Cibber, an English actor and writer was born (he died in 1758)
Deaths 
 January 11 – Johann Georg Graevius, German classical scholar and critic died (born 1632)
 March 3 – Robert Hooke, a very important English scientist died (born 1635)
 March 31 – Johann Christoph Bach, German composer died (born 1642)
 April 20 – Lancelot Addison, English royal chaplain died (born 1632)
 May 16 – Charles Perrault, French writer died (born 1628)
 May 26 – Samuel Pepys, English civil servant and diarist died (born 1633)
 June 14 – Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer died(born 1625)
 July 17 – Roemer Vlack, Dutch naval commander died (birthdate unknown)
 September 22 – Vincenzo Viviani, Italian mathematician and scientist died (born 1622)
 September 25 – Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll, Scottish privy councillor died (born 1658)
 September 29 – Charles de Saint-Évremond, French soldier died (born 1610)
 October 28 – John Wallis, English mathematician died (born 1616)
 November 19 – The Man in the Iron Mask died
November 30 – Nicolas de Grigny, French organist and composer died (born 1672)
 December 28 – Mustafa II, Ottoman Sultan (born 1664) died
 date unknown Phetracha, king of Ayutthaya died (born 1632)
A watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a plant which was first domesticated in Africa. It is a cultivated edible fruit. It is grown worldwide, there are more than 1000 varieties. 

About 6% of a watermelon is sugar, which makes it very sweet. There are many different types of watermelon. Some have a green rind on the outside and a red-pink flesh on the inside, with brown seeds. Some can have yellow flesh, and some can be seedless.  The green rind on the outside is not usually eaten, though it can be used as a vegetable. It can also be stewed or pickled. Most watermelons are oblong or spherical. In Japan, watermelons are grown in different shapes, such as hearts and squares.

Health 
Watermelons are a great source of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B1 and vitamin B6.  They also contain potassium, magnesium, carotenoid antioxidant, and lycopene. The watermelon flesh is healthy to eat.

References

Melons
Monrovia (; ) is the capital of Liberia. It is Liberia's most populous city with a population of 1,010,970. The city is named after 5th U.S. President James Monroe.

Monrovia was founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society. They wanted free slaves. Liberia has the word liberty in it and it was meant for slaves for slaves to free from America.

References
Paul Albert Anka  (born July 30, 1941) is a Canadian-American singer and songwriter. He is best known for such songs as Diana (1957) and Lonely Boy (1959).

Anka was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2005.

Personal life 
Anka was born in Ottawa, Ontario to Camelia and Andrew Emile "Andy" Anka, Sr. They owned a restaurant named the Locanda. His parents were both Antiochian Orthodox Christians in Syria. Anka's mother was Canadian-Lebanese "from a small town of, in Syria " and Anka's father was Syrian.

Anka grew up singing in the St. Elias Antiochian Orthodox Church choir.  He went to Fisher Park High School where he was part of a vocal trio called the Bobby Soxers.

He became an American citizen in 1990. He is married to Polish-born Anna Anka.

References

Other websites 
 Official Site
 CBC Archives

1941 births
Living people
American pop singers
Canadian pop singers
Canadian singer-songwriters
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Ottawa
Singers from Ontario
Neil Percival Young (born November 12, 1945) is a Canadian-American musician. He is known for his country and rock songs. 

Many of his songs have a political and/or personal message. He was also a member of the groups Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.

Some of his best-known songs are "Heart of Gold", "Helpless", "After the Gold Rush", "Rockin' in the Free World", "Cinnamon Girl", "Southern Man" and "Like a Hurricane".

Young has explored many different styles of music during his career, and not all his records have been popular. During the 1980s, he was sued by his record company, Geffen Records, who believed he was making records that would not sell very many copies on purpose. Young won out over Geffen in court.

Sometimes, people call him the Godfather of Grunge because the style of some of his songs led to the kind of music called grunge music that started to be popular in the early 1990s.
Personal life
From 1978 until their divorce in 2014, he was married to singer-songwriter Pegi Young. They had two children.

He became a United States citizen, taking dual citizenship on January 22, 2020.

Political views
Young is known as an environmental and political activist and his views can sometimes be found in the lyrics of his songs. He is a long-time supporter of the family farmer. In 1985 Young, along with Willie Nelson and John Mellencamp, co-founded the benefit concert called Farm Aid which has continued every year to help raise money to keep farmers in business. He also did not support George W. Bush when he was the president of the United States, and even wrote a song called "Let's Impeach the President" about how he thought Bush should lose his powers.
In the 1970s, Young released two songs (on his After The Gold Rush and Harvest albums) critical of racism in the Southern United States. These songs were called "Southern Man" and "Alabama". Lynyrd Skynyrd, a band from the Southern United States, made a song in response called "Sweet Home Alabama" that has become a very popular rock classic. Young's name is said in the lyrics of "Sweet Home Alabama".

In 2016 and in 2020, Young supported Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.

Albums
Albums

Neil Young (1969)
Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere  (1969)
After the Gold Rush (1970)
Harvest (1972)
Time Fades Away (1973)
On the Beach (1974)
Tonight's the Night (1975)
Zuma  (1975)
Long May You Run  (1976)
American Stars 'n Bars (1977)
Comes a Time (1978)
Rust Never Sleeps  (1979)
Hawks & Doves (1980)
Re·ac·tor  (1981)
Trans (1982)
Everybody's Rockin' (1983)
Old Ways (1985)
Landing on Water (1986)
Life  (1987)
This Note's for You (1988)
Eldorado  (1989)
Freedom (1989)
Ragged Glory  (1990)
Harvest Moon (1992)
Sleeps with Angels  (1994)
Mirror Ball  (1995)
Broken Arrow  (1996)
Silver & Gold (2000)
Are You Passionate?  (2002)
Greendale  (2003)
Prairie Wind (2005)
Living with War (2006)
Living with War: "In the Beginning" (2006)
Chrome Dreams II (2007)
Fork in the Road (2009)
Le Noise (2010)
Americana  (2012)
Psychedelic Pill  (2012)
A Letter Home (2014)
Storytone (2014)
The Monsanto Years  (2015)
Peace Trail (2016)
Hitchhiker (2017)
The Visitor  (2017)
Colorado (album)  (2019)
Barn (album)  (2021)
Awards
Neil Young has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, first as a solo artist in 1995 and again as a member of Buffalo Springfield in 1997.

References

1945 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian rock singers
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American country singers
American country musicians
Singers from Toronto
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy series by Douglas Adams. It started out as a radio show series for the BBC Radio 4 in 1978. 

Between 1979 - 1992, Adams wrote a series of five books.

In 1980, a second radio series was broadcast.

In 1981, it was made into a television series. 

In 2004, the third radio series was broadcast.

In 2005, it was made into a movie, and the fourth and fifth radio series were broadcast. A CD was released following the final episode transmission of each radio series.

It has also been a computer game, and several stage plays and comic books. Douglas Adams also suggested he would write a sixth book but he died before he could complete it, so Eoin Colfer wrote the sixth book in the series.
In 2018, the sixth radio series, the Hexagonal Phase, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4. 
It featured Professor Stephen Hawking introducing himself as the voice of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy Mk II by saying: "I have been quite popular in my time. Some even read my books".

Books 
The six books in the Hitchhiker's Guide series are:
 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 The Restaurant at the End of the Universe
 Life, the Universe and Everything
 So Long, and Thanks for all the Fish
 Mostly Harmless
 And Another Thing
Synopsis 
The radio, book, TV and movie versions differ from each other. The same basic plot is used but they sometimes contradict each other.  This is due to Adams rewriting the story for each new medium. 
In all versions, the story follows the adventures of Arthur Dent. He is an Englishman. His house is being bulldozed to make way for a bypass. At the same time the Earth is being demolished by the Vogons to make way for an intergalactic bypass. The vogons are a race of unpleasant and bureaucratic aliens. 

Dent's friend, Ford Prefect, is an alien. He is a researcher for the eponymous guidebook. He rescues Dent from Earth's destruction.
Zaphod Beeblebrox is Ford's eccentric semi-cousin. Beeblebrox is the Galactic President. He has stolen the Heart of Gold, a spacecraft equipped with the Infinite Improbability Drive. The depressed robot Marvin the Paranoid Android and Trillian are crew members.
Trillian was known as Tricia McMillan, a woman Arthur once met at a party in Islington. Beeblebrox saved her from Earth's destruction. She is the only other human survivor.

Arthur learns that the Earth was actually a giant supercomputer. It was created by another supercomputer, Deep Thought. Deep Thought had been built to give the answer to the "Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything".  It gave the answer as "42". The creators of Deep Thought were disappointed and Deep Thought was then instructed to design the Earth supercomputer to determine what the question actually is.
The Earth was destroyed by the Vogons just before its calculations were due to complete. Arthur becomes the target of the descendants of the Deep Thought creators, believing his mind must hold the Question. With his friends' help, Arthur escapes and they decide to have lunch at The Restaurant at the End of the Universe. They have more adventures.

References

 

 

Science fiction
Media franchises
A cookbook, or cookery book, is kind of book that tells people how to prepare food for eating using specific instructions called a recipe. Most cookbooks also have tips on how to eat and present the food as well. They usually list the ingredients needed, time needed to cook, and the instructions. They may give other tips too. 

Books
Cooking
Somalia (; ), officially called the Federal Republic of Somalia (; ), is a country located on the Horn of Africa. It used to be known as the Somali Republic. 

It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya with Yemen to the north, the Guardafui Channel and Somali Sea to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. It has a hot, dry climate. A person from Somalia is called a Somali.

Government 
Somalia is a republic governed by a federal administration with various regional administrations governing on a micro level.

Somalia is an independent country. Since the Somali Civil War in the early 1990s, there has been no working government that covers all of Somalia; instead, different pirates have been destabilizing the region to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden. Somalia is now trying to gain control of their people and get back up on its feet with very little resources.

Somalia is one of the poorest and least developed countries. It has the world's second-highest fertility rate.
Clan wars 
There are four big tribes in Somalia, the Hawiye, the Dirweyn, the Koofur Orsi inhabitants and the Darood. Somalis are a nation of related families, which are called clans. Groups of clans sometimes band together based on a common ancestor or other blood relationship. Sometimes these family relationships date back hundreds or even thousands of years in the past. Somalis are mostly camel or goat herders, and depend on their livestock to live. In Somalia there are limited sources of drinking water and grazing land, and disputes over grazing rights, water rights, or land in general can lead to fighting between families. Because of the clan system, the families involved will call on their clan for help, leading to a clan war. The discovery of oil and minerals in Somalia, as well as the power and money associated with politics and business, has created more opportunities for families to get ahead, and has also created more reasons for families to have disputes.
Because Somalia does not have a working legal system, the only help a family in Somalia has to solve a dispute with another family is to get their clan involved. The only solution to the clan wars in Somalia is a working legal system, but the only group who has succeeded in creating one is the Islamic Courts Union. Unfortunately the Islamic Courts Union was accused of being terrorists and Ethiopia invaded Somalia to topple their government and put the government they created in power instead.

History 
In ancient times, Somalia was a place where people from Egypt and Arabia went to buy gum arabic, myrrh and ebony wood. The Ancient Egyptians used to call it Punt, which meant "God's Land". Somalis started herding camel and goats about 4,000 years ago, and they remain mostly herders today.

Visitors from as far away as China visited Somalia, including Zheng He.
Medieval history 
400 more years later, the king of Ethiopia told his subjects that God hated Ifat, and he invaded Ifat with his army, destroying everything he came across and driving the king of Ifat to an island off the coast of Zeila, where he died. The king of Ethiopia then took part of Ifat and added it to his kingdom, and made Ifat pay him lots of money once a year. The remains of Ifat put their kingdom back together again and renamed it Adal.

About a hundred years later, the King of Adal was deposed by an influential warlord by the name of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, who had lots of influence with Somali clans across the north. He declared a jihad against Ethiopia, brought together a huge army that included Turkish musketeers and Somali cavalry. The Somali cavalry were especially deadly because they could shoot arrows while riding their horses, something that the Mongol hordes and Japanese Samurai are also famous for.
A lot of the Somali cavalry was only there because of Ahmad, so the Jihad ended and Ethiopia wound up invading Adal. The Turks had to send an army to stop them from taking over Zeila, and Adal ended up becoming part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. On those days we do not find the exact people dwell in Zeila, but the history ascribed the black people, without tracing their origin and their tribes. However, some historians attributed Zeila inhabitant were called semaale without farther lucid explanation.

Daraawiish State
Daraawiish State 

The Turks and Portuguese fought over East Africa for the next 200 years, but the Turks eventually won about 270 years ago. Northern Somalia stayed under Turkish protection after Ahmad died, and the east coast including Mogadishu ended up under the protection of the King of Oman. When Egypt declared independence from the Turks a hundred years later, Northern Somalia became part of Egypt. Egypt came under British protection shortly after that, and northern Somalia basically became a British protectorate as well. This became official about 130 years ago, and northern Somalia officially became British Somaliland.
The Kingdom of Italy had just come together as one country around this time, and wanted the same things that the other big countries had, like colonies. Italy offered to buy the rights to the east Africa coast from Oman, who was in charge of protecting the cities and small kingdoms there, and Oman agreed. Italy made deals with some of the larger kingdoms/sultanates (like the Sultanate of Nugaal) for them to be under Italian protection, but the smaller ones Italy just invaded. This became Italian Somalia in 1905, with capital Mogadishu.

Ethiopia, which had fallen apart again after Ahmad's Jihad, had recently put itself back together again as well, and started invading small Somali kingdoms as well, and by 1890 there were not many left. The French got in on this too, but they just took over a small area which today is Djibouti.