Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Simon Phillip Cowell (born 7 October 1959) is a British businessman, entrepreneur, record executive and television personality. Cowell is the A&R executive for Syco in the United Kingdom and the son of estate agent and music industry executive Eric Cowell Sr. and socialite Julie Brett. He was born in Lambeth, London and raised in Elstree, Hertfordshire. He is well known as a judge on television programmes Pop Idol, The X Factor, American Idol and Britain's Got Talent. On these shows, Cowell is known for saying that most of the contestants on the shows are not talented. He is known for joining activities in the television and music industries, having made singles and records for many television characters.

Although Cowell says he has not voted in elections, he supported the Conservative Party in 2010. He is of Jewish heritage (his paternal grandmother was Polish-Jewish).

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 
1959 births
Living people
American Idol
Businesspeople from London
Television personalities from Hertfordshire
Television personalities from London

European Jews
Conservative Party (UK) people
Reality television is a genre of television programming which presents unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, document actual events, and have ordinary people instead of professional actors. Although reality television has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the term "reality television" is most commonly used to describe shows since 2000. Documentaries, news and sports shows are not called reality shows.

There are many different kinds of reality television shows, from game or quiz shows to surveillance-type shows, such as Big Brother.

Critics say that the term "reality television" is not accurate. Many shows portray a changed and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes told to act certain ways, and with events on screen sometimes changed by editing.
Types of reality television 
 Documentary-style—watching people do their daily personal and professional activities
 Special living environment—People who did not know each other before the show must live together. They are often given tasks to complete together. Examples: The Real World, Road Rules
 Celebrity reality—A celebrity living his or her normal everyday life. Examples: The Anna Nicole Show, The Osbournes. Sometimes the celebrities are given a task. Examples: The Surreal Life, The Simple Life
 Professional activities—Professionals doing their day-to-day business at their jobs. Examples: COPS, Miami Ink, American Chopper
 Elimination/Game shows—Participants compete to win a prize, sometimes while living together. Example: The Amazing Race
 Dating-based competition—A person chooses one person to date out of a group of suitors. Examples: The Bachelor, Temptation Island
Job search—Contestants compete to see who is the best at a certain skill. Examples: America's Next Top Model (for modeling), The Apprentice (for business skills), Hell's Kitchen"(for cooking)
 Game shows are most numerous, and can be made quickly and cheaply in a television studio.
Self-improvement/make-over—A person or group of people try to improve themselves or their lives. Examples: Extreme Makeover, The Biggest Loser, Supernanny, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy Home renovation—Improving homes. Examples: Changing Rooms, Trading Spaces, Extreme Makeover:Home Edition Dating shows—People go on a date. Unlike dating competition shows which have the same contestants all season, dating shows have new people each episode. Example: Blind Date Talk shows—A host interviews people, often about strange or outrageous topics that will cause conflict on-screen. Examples: The Jerry Springer Show, Maury Hidden cameras—A hidden camera records random people in a staged situation. The situations are often meant to confuse, amuse or scare the person. Examples: Candid Camera, Punk'd, Scare Tactics Hoaxes—The show is a prank or trick on one or more cast members. They know that they are on a TV show, they just do not know the true nature of the show. Examples: The Joe Schmo Show, Invasion Iowa''
References

 
Television genres
Tengwar is a constructed writing system, invented by J. R. R. Tolkien. The tengwar is used in his fictional world Middle-earth, for example the book The Lord of the Rings. 
In the Quenya language, tengwar means "letters", tengwa is the singular and means "letter".

The tengwar are used to write some of Tolkien's constructed languages, like for example the elven languages Quenya and Sindarin. But Tolkien used the tengwar mostly for writing English. Because the tengwar is an alphabet, it can be used to write almost any language.

History 
In the late 1910s, J. R. R. Tolkien developed the script Sarati, which was  already a bit similar to tengwar. The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. The first published sample of tengwar writing was 1937 in The Hobbit, to so-called The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription. The full explanation of the tengwar was published in 1955 in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings.

Modes and sounds
Modes and sounds

The tengwar have a certain order, and are usually shown in a table/chart. They are sorted by how they look, which is also connected to how they sound. Because it is an alphabet, every tengwa means a sound. The main tengwar letters are placed into four vertical series (témar) and six horizontal rows (tyeller).

There are different ways to write with tengwar, which are called "modes". Between these modes there are differences, sometimes only a few and sometimes many differences. In different modes, the tengwar sometimes mean different sounds. In some modes the tengwar are used for vowels and consonants; and in other modes the tengwar are only used for the consonants, and the vowels are marked by signs above or below the tengwa, as in abugida writing. These vowel signs are called tehtar ("signs"; singular: tehta, "sign").
There are different modes to write the different Middle-earth languages. People have also made new modes to write English and other modern languages with the tengwar.
The tengwar is written in a table/chart with the way the letters sound. For example, if the sound comes from the front of the mouth it is in 1 row. Each column is for the sounds that come from the nose, throat, or lips.

Use
Tolkien used the tengwar to write texts for his fictional world Middle-earth and other things. He used it to write in the languages he invented (for example Quenya and Sindarin), but also used the tengwar to write English. 

After Tolkien's Middle-earth books became famous, people also got interest in his languages and writing scripts. The tengwar are used by fans to write new things, or to re-write existing texts with tengwar.

Related pages

J. R. R. Tolkien
Middle-earth

Middle-earth
Petros Duryan (1851-1872) an Armenian poet and actor. His father was an blacksmith in Istanbul. He died of Tuberculosis at the age of 21.

Other websites 
 Petros Duryan at ArmenianHouse.org

1851 births
1872 deaths
Armenian poets
Armenian actors
Adriana Lima (born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian supermodel. She is well known for her work with underwear company Victoria's Secret.

Early life and family 
Adriana Lima was born in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil on June 12, 1981 and is an only child to her parents Nelson Torres and Maria da Graça Lima, a social worker.

When she was 6 months old, her father left her and her mother. She has not talked to him since then. Since 2007 she has been trying to meet with him again.

She is married to Serbian basketball player Marko Jarić, and they have two daughters. In early 2014, the couple announced that they have separated.

References

Other websites 

 
 DNA models
 Adrianazone.com 

1981 births
Living people
Brazilian models
People from Salvador, Bahia
The Cuban Missile Crisis was an event that happened in the 1960s. It was a serious confrontation between the Soviet Union, the United States, and Cuba during the Cold War. In Russia, it is known as the Caribbean Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, Karibskiy krizis). Cuba calls it the October Crisis. The crisis started because the Soviet Union was building sites for ballistic missiles in Cuba, so that they could target the United States. This caused the United States and the Soviet Union to create a proxy conflict directed at Cuba, causing them to indirectly attack each other because of Cuba.

It began when the Soviet Union (USSR) began building missile sites in Cuba in 1962. Together with the earlier Berlin Blockade, this crisis is seen as one of the most important confrontations of the Cold War. It may have been the moment when the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war.
There was a coup in Cuba in 1959. A small group led by Fidel Castro took power in this Cuban Revolution. The new government took over American businesses. The American government refused to import anything from Cuba after that. The U.S. embargo against Cuba began February 7, 1962. In 1962, the American government was worried that the USSR would attack America from Cuba, because Cuba is near enough that the missiles could reach almost any city in America. Cuba was seen by the U.S. as a communist country, similar to the Soviet Union.

In October 1962, American ships did not let Soviet ships carrying missiles go into Cuba. The Soviets and Cubans agreed to take away the missiles if America did not attack Cuba. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States secretly agreed to remove their Jupiter missiles from Turkey if all Russian nuclear weapons were taken out of Cuba.

Background
Background 

Americans feared that the Soviet Union would expand communism or socialism. The US and the USSR were the main parties in the Cold War that began in 1945. The US did not want a country in the Caribbean to be openly allied with the USSR. That would also make the Monroe Doctrine useless, which kept powers in Europe from getting involved in the Americas.

The US had been embarrassed publicly by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961, which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA-trained forces of Cuban exiles. Afterward, former President Dwight D. Eisenhower told Kennedy that "the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do".

The Bay of Pigs invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive. One Soviet adviser wrote that he was "too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations... too intelligent and too weak".
In late 1961, Kennedy launched a number of covert operations against Castro's government. Named Operation Mongoose, they were unsuccessful. In February 1962, the US started an economic embargo against Cuba.

In September 1961, the Cuban government thought the US would invade because of a resolution by the US Congress to allow military force if the interests of the US in Cuba were threatened. The US also announced a military exercise in the Caribbean to be held the following month.

Crisis 
Castro and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to place secret strategic nuclear missiles in Cuba in case the US invaded. Like Castro, Khrushchev thought that the US would invade Cuba soon. If Cuba were to stop being a Communist country it would hurt Khrushchev's reputation around the world, especially in Latin America. He said that he wanted to confront the Americans "with more than words.... the logical answer was missiles".
Tensions were at their highest from October 8, 1962. On October 14, United States reconnaissance saw the missile bases being built in Cuba. The crisis ended two weeks later on October 28, 1962, when the President of the United States John F. Kennedy and the United Nations Secretary-General U Thant reached an agreement with the USSR to destroy the missiles in Cuba if the US agreed to avoid invading Cuba. Khrushchev wanted the Jupiter and Thor missiles in Turkey to be removed. The US removed them but forced Khrushchev to keep that a secret.

Causes

Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro 

In Cuba, Fidel Castro took power from General Batista on January 1, 1959. From 1952 to 1959, Batista was a military dictator in Cuba. He was very right-wing, and had Mafia connections and the support of the Eisenhower administration. The United States was interested in Cuba because of the many businesses that they had there, even though the country was a dictatorship. The countries were also military friends. This was shown by the US base at Guantánamo Bay.
When Castro came to power in Cuba, he nationalized American companies in Cuba, meaning he took the private property from those companies and made it the property of Cuba. The United States decided to break off economic relations with Cuba (which means that they would stop buying things from them).
They stopped American foreign aid going to Cuba, and stopped buying Cuban sugar (which was Cuba's main export). This was a disaster for Castro, because America bought the most Cuban sugar. However, Russia saved the Cuban economy by buying Cuban sugar for high prices.

Nikita Khrushchev 
Castro turned to the USSR, a great power. He signed a contract with Nikita Khrushchev, the Russian chairman at the time. The contract said that the USSR would buy 1 million tons of Cuban sugar per year, in exchange for Castro's communist support. He declared himself a Marxist-Leninist on December 2, 1961.
The reasons that Khrushchev wanted to help Cuba were:
 He wanted a Communist state close to United States;
 He wanted to test the new US president, John F. Kennedy;
 He wanted a chance to get the American missile sites out of Turkey, which was close to Russia.

The Bay of Pigs 

 
Castro wanted to feel safe from the United States. He knew that if a second attack was made from the United States, Cuba might lose and he would be removed from power. Castro asked Khrushchev for the missile sites to be built on Cuba so that he could defend himself against any American threat. The USSR agreed to this and started building missile sites on Cuba. These missiles could hit any major city in the United States

When Kennedy found out about the missile sites on October 16, by sending a United States Navy U-2 Spy Plane to take pictures of Cuba, he saw the missile sites and thought the worst: that Cuba was preparing to attack the United States.
Kennedy's options  
The US was angry when they found out about the missile sites. Kennedy's advisers did not think that the missiles were ready when they first saw the pictures but thought that they would be ready in less than two weeks (that gave the name of the movie and the book, called 13 Days).

Kennedy had to act fast. At first, he did not know what he could do. Options were not clear so he started EXCOMM (Executive Committee of the National Security Council) to give him some options:

On October 20, Kennedy chose to blockade Cuba to stop all ships going there, rather than listen to his advisers, who wanted to attack.

Khrushchev's options 
The USSR's first ships arrived at the blockade on October 25 and were prevented by the US Navy from reaching Cuba.
Nikita Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy on October 26. Kennedy's advisers said that the letter looked like it had been written by Khrushchev himself and not his official writers, who would normally write it. They also said that it seemed to be written by a man who was under stress. In a paper called "Forty Years After 13 Days," Robert McNamara quoted part of the letter from Khrushchev:

Khrushchev was saying that he would remove the missile sites if President Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba. An invasion of Cuba would make Khrushchev look bad and could also lead to a nuclear war. This was the reaction that Kennedy wanted.
Another problem was that Kennedy and his advisers did not know if Khrushchev was still in power. They thought that someone in the Russian government might have overthrown Khrushchev. They thought this because the second letter was so much different than the first. Kennedy decided to send a secret message to Khrushchev saying that they would remove the missiles from Turkey in a few months as long as they did not tell the public about it. Kennedy then sent an official letter to Khrushchev agreeing to the conditions of the first letter and not mentioning the second.

Khrushchev agreed to the secret message.

On November 1, the missile sites were removed, and the problems were over.
Khrushchev's goals in the crisis had various results:
 A communist country was closer to the United States. Cuba came out of the crisis still a communist country.
 Kennedy was pushed in the crisis. In the end, his desire for peace was important to ending the crisis.
 The missile sites in Turkey were removed, but not in the way that Khrushchev had wanted.

The United States saw Kennedy as the hero who had fought Communism and won.

References

Other websites 

For students' use
 14 Days in October: The Cuban Missile Crisis  - a site geared toward high-school students
 Cuban Missile Crisis on BBC 
 Cuban Missile Crisis at Spartacus schoolnet
Complex
 IV. Chronology of Submarine. Contact During the Cuban Missile Crisis. October 1, 1962 - November 14, 1962. Prepared by Jeremy Robinson-Leon and William Burr.
 CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962  (.pdf, 354 pgs.) U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, McAuliffe, M. ed., CIA History Staff, 1992.
 Declassified Documents, etc. - Provided by the National Security Archive at The George Washington University.
 Tapes of debates between JFK and his advisors during the crisis
 President Kennedy's Address to the Nation on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba 
 Nuclear Files.org  Introduction, timeline and articles regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis
 Cuba Havana Documentary  Bye Bye Havana is a documentary revealing what Cubans are thinking about today
 October, 1962: DEFCON 4, DEFCON 3, DEFCON 2
 Cuban Missile Crises -Citizendium

1962 in the United States
Cold War
Fidel Castro
History of the Soviet Union
John F. Kennedy
Nuclear weapons
Berbers or Imazighen (singular Amazigh, plural Imazighen) are an ethnic group. They were the first people to live in the countries of Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia in North Africa. There are more than 100 different tribes/groups of the Amazigh people that live in different parts of North Africa. Imazighen live in two different ways. They always move around to live in different places or they have land and stay in one place. The way they live is different in different parts of North Africa. The Amazigh people speak Tamazight and this language has many different dialects. The dialects use the Tifinagh script.  

The Amazigh people have a different culture from the Arab Moroccans. The art Imazighen create is unique to them. This can be pottery, carpet making, blanket making or tattooing. The colours and designs they use are different in each group. Groups are known by these colours and designs. This is how groups show their differences.
The Terms "Berber" and "Amazigh" 
After the start of the Arab conquest, the native people started being called Berbers. The term Berbers means barbarians. Barbarians are people who live and behave like animals. This term is not used by the Amazigh people. This is because the term reminds them of when France was in control of Morocco. During this time, Berbers were not treated well.   

The term "Amazigh" is what Imazighen liked to be called instead. Amazigh is the singular, Tamazight is the word for females and Imazighen is the plural. The translation of the word means "free people."

History

Origin 
Amazigh people were the first people to live in the Maghrebi region. There were a lot of different tribes that lived in different regions. They lived next to Roman provinces.
Middle Ages 
The Arab conquests which started in the 7th century, brought the Umayyads to the region. They took some of the land and made people become Muslim. The people in control were from the Abbasid dynasty. In 711, Imazighen took part in taking over al-Andalus. This was part of Spain During the time between 1040-1147, the Almoravid dynasty created an important empire. People were selling their things to other continents. Amazigh kingdoms were replaced with Arab ones and Arabic was spoken in lots of places.

Colonial times
Colonial times 

In the 19th and 20th century, the French took control of Algeria and Morocco and made a difference between Arabs and Amazigh people. They continued to call Amazigh people Berbers. The French thought that Amazigh people's way of life was not modern. Berbers moved areas outisde cities and close to the Atlas mountains. People were farming, working with leather, making pottery and selling things. Some Amazigh people had houses, while others were nomads and moved or lived in caves. Most of the time, Amazigh groups had their own rules and rituals. Many Berbers moved to bigger cities or Europe to look for better jobs. After Morocco and Algeria became free countries, Tamazight languages were not studied at schools and people were not treated in a good way.

Current times
Current times 

Amazigh people still live in North African countries and they are a big part of the population in countries like Morocco and Algeria. In 2005, the PDAM (Democratic Amazigh Moroccan Party) was created. It wanted to show the Moroccan state that the regions where Amazigh people lived were different. IRCAM (Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture) was another project which helped with teaching the Tamazight language and keeping the Amazigh identity. In 2011, Tamazight got the status of a national language in Morocco. An Amazigh festival has been created and it happens every year.
Groups and Languages 
Tamazight is the general term for the different Berber dialects. People in North Africa speak Tamazight in different ways in each country and region. Amazigh languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic family and they use the Tifinagh script. When the Arabs arrived to North Africa, Arabic was introduced and Amazigh languages were not written anymore. Because of this, less Amazigh people spoke Amazigh dialects and switched to speaking Arabic. At the end of the 19th century, Tamazight languages started to be used again. They use the Latin and Tifinagh scripts. Today, Tamazight is taught in schools in Morocco and Algeria and the language has become an official language in Morocco.
Diversity in Morocco 
In Morocco, the 3 most widely spoken Amazigh languages are Shilha (Tashelhit), Tazayit (Atlasic) and Riffian (Tarifit). Tashelhit or Shilha is an Amazigh language, spoken largely in the Atlas mountains region in Morocco. It is the most spoken Amazigh language in the country. Because the region has not many cities, the language is shared outside cities by women. This is done through rituals, songs, telling stories to children and everyday-life tasks. Women in this area who did not go to school use Tashelhit. Men are around Arabic more because they teach in schools, watch televison and work in cities. Mothers teach their children the language and this way they keep the identity of the community. Even if Arabic is being spoken by local people, they do not want to forget their Amazigh identity.

Amazigh Arts and Culture 
Morocco has the biggest amount of Amazigh people in North Africa.
Amazigh Arts in Colonial Morocco 
From 1926 to 1956, the French people in control of the Moroccan population chose what art and design Amazigh artists had to create. Areas where Amazigh people live had a design and colour given to the area and the artists in this area had to follow these rules when making art. Still today, carpets and blankets, for example, show where Amazigh artists are from because of the colour and design they have used in their art. The French controlled Amazigh arts to help the Moroccan economy. This would make sure that after Morocco is a free country, the country will have enough money to be a successful country.
Amazigh Arts in Independent Morocco 
After Morocco became an independent country, the Moroccan government made sure not to talk about the Amazigh people. If they were seen as a different ethnicity, the government was afraid the country's Arab identity would not exist. The Amazigh population, however, did not want to be forgotten by the government. Indigenous Amazigh art designs were therefore continued by Amazigh women and their daughters. This is why Amazigh art is strongly connected with women's identity. Most Amazigh people live outside of the cities and this is where all their art is created.

Amazigh Weaving 
Weaving is only done in places where sheep can survive and eat. Amazigh groups in the desert make other art like pottery.

The Importance of Weaving:
The Process of Weaving: 
Before the women start colouring the wool, they must clean it. They do this by washing it and brushing it through like hair. Then the wool is made into thread which is thinner. The Amazigh women make wool a different colour. Only in the South of Tunisia and the West of Libya do they do it the other way round. The carpet for example is created then the wool is made colourful. To create the colours that will dye the wool, women will use insects or plants. The colour purple for example can be made by using plants that grow in North Africa.

Another thing that is used to make colour is henna. This type of plant is not only used to make colour on wool but also to create patterns on the body. The patterns made on the body are painted at different times of a woman's life.

Motifs on the Materials: 
The designs on Amazigh textiles are said to protect the weavers.
Semi-circle with five lines coming out of it: fertility
 Hands: keep people safe from evil
 Plantlike shapes: fertility—when girls are old enough to marry.
 Hexagon
 Arrows

 Zigzags/triangles/diamonds: power of women

 Triple line
 Checkers
 Circle

Amazigh Dyes

The Colours: 
 Red: blood, life, fertility

 Blue and Indigo: these colours are good for the skin

The Process of Dyeing: 
Getting colours from plants or local materials is not easy. Overall, not much is known about the process because Amazigh women do not want to share what they do.

The fabric that women want to make colourful is dipped into different bowls. Each bowl has a different colour in it. Sometimes just a bit of the fabric is put in the bowl to make a small part of it colourful. Sometimes all the fabric is put in if the design they want is just one colour. After, all textiles created by Amazigh women never look the same because colours spread through the wool in different ways.
Weddings 
Weddings for all Amazigh groups are important markers of their identity. Different groups of Amazigh people celebrate weddings differently. In the South of Morocco, the Ait Khabbash are the biggest group of Amazigh people. The way women celebrate their weddings always lasts three days and the celebration has not changed a lot over the years.

Before the wedding 
Women plan the weddings. A meeting between the groom and bride is organised. If they agree on marrying each other, the groom's mother meets the bride's family and brings them gifts.The gifts are henna, meat and tea.

Before the wedding starts, a tent is put up. The groom chooses three men (isnain) to build this tent. They build the tent close to the grooms. All of the wedding happens in and around this tent. It is very important because it reminds the Aamzigh people of their nomadic life.
During the wedding 
On the first day, the bride arrives at her wedding tent. She arrives on a horse or camel. A red carpet from the woman's home is put on the back of the animal. A little boy called Muhammad sits on the horse with the woman. The woman is sung to while she goes to the tent. When she gets to the tent, she goes around it three times counterclockwise. She is given milk to drink and then puts a bit of it on the other people at the wedding. The woman's face is covered by a white cloth. This day is the first day that the bride and groom will sleep together.
On the third day, lots of orange and black paint is put onto the woman's face. The cloth that has been on her face all wedding is still not taken off. While women are painting the bride's face, they sing to her. The wedding ends when a big dance is performed. This is done after the white cloth is finally taken off of the bride's face.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 The New Mass Media and the Shaping of Amazigh Identity
 Encyclopedia of the Orient -- Berbers
The prosencephalon (or forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) are the three primary portions of the brain of vertebrates. They develop very early during development of the central nervous system.

When the embryonic prosencephalon fails to divide the brain into two lobes, it results in a condition known as holoprosencephaly.

Other websites

 Sylvius: 400+ structure neuroanatomical visual glossary; used by over half of U.S. medical schools
 High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases

Anatomy of the brain
A gag is any thing used to stop a person from speaking. This is done by blocking or muffling the person's mouth and making it difficult for them to move their jaw and tongue in a normal way.

Gags are very commonly seen in BDSM and bondage fantasy. Many different items can be used, ranging from a hand simply clamped over the victim's mouth, to a scarf tied between the jaws, to adhesive tape placed over the mouth and face to seal the lips. There are also many kinds of specially-made gags, which usually strap around or behind the head. Special gags of that kind are usually made from leather or rubber.

In real life it is quite difficult to gag a person in such a way that their speech cannot be understood at all, and it is almost impossible to prevent a gagged person from making some kind of sound. It is also a risk to the person's safety, as the more tightly and securely someone is gagged, the greater the risk that they will choke or suffocate.

BDSM
Stepchild could mean:
The daughter or son in a stepfamily
"Stepchild", a song by Solomon Burke from his 2002 album Don't Give Up on Me
"Stepchild", a song by Billie Jo Spears from her 1969 album Miss Sincerity
Meänkieli (also known as Tornedalian Finnish, meaning "our language") is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in the River Torne valley in the north of Sweden, above the Arctic Circle. It is an official minority language of Sweden. The language could be seen as a mix between Finnish and Swedish, since it has been changed a lot by Swedish.

For many years, Swedish was the only language to be taught in the schools of the Torne valley. The population became bilingual. They spoke both Finnish and Swedish, but they were mostly only able to write in Swedish. Today many people in the younger generations only speak Swedish. Since 1999, Meänkieli is an official minority language of Sweden.

Since there are no Swedish statistics of the population's native languages, it is not known how many Meänkieli speakers there are. Taking statistics is also a bit controversial, as many people consider the language to be a dialect of Finnish.

References

Finnic languages
Languages of Europe
Toni Michelle Braxton (born October 7, 1967 in Severn, Maryland) is an American singer and actress . She has won seven Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, and five Billboard Music Awards. She is known as famous with her husky contralto vocal range. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) named Braxton as one of the top selling artists of all time. She has sold over 70 million records worldwide.

Braxton's first album Toni Braxton (1993) reached number one on the US Billboard 200 albums chart. Toni Braxton was certified 8x platinum by the RIAA. The album sold over 10 million worldwide. Her second album Secrets (1996) also reached number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart. Her two singles "You're Makin' Me High" and "Un-Break My Heart" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 songs chart. After this, Braxton filed for bankruptcy.
Her third album The Heat was released in 2000. The album did not reach number one unlike her previous albums. Her next album More Than a Woman (2002) reached the top ten on the Billboard 200 chart. Braxton named her album More Than a Woman in respect for American singer Aaliyah, who died in a plane crash the year before. Aaliyah's family had released a single with the same name after her death. Braxton released her fifth album Libra in 2005. The album's cover was listed as one of the "Sexiest Album Covers" by Maxim magazine. The album did better than her last album. Libra reached number four on the Billboard 200 albums chart. The song "Stupid", from Libra was one of the songs used by Tyler Perry for his movie Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005).
Braxton left the music industry but returned in 2009. She released her sixth album Pulse. It reached number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, but it was a top ten hit on the Billboard 200. Braxton was a contestant on the seventh season of the reality television show Dancing with the Stars. She was voted off in the fifth week. On October 6, 2010, Braxton filed for bankruptcy again. A reality television series called Braxton Family Values aired on WE TV in 2011. The show is about the personal life of the Braxton family. There has been two complete seasons of the show. On September 18, 2011, Braxton was included in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.

Discography 
 1993: Toni Braxton
 1996: Secrets
 2000: The Heat
 2001: Snowflakes
 2002: More Than a Woman
 2003: Ultimate Toni Braxton
 2004: Platinum & Gold
 2005: Libra
 2007: The Essential Toni Braxton
 2010: Pulse
 2014: Love, Marriage & Divorce (with Babyface)
Movie career 
 2001: Kingdom Come - Juanita Slocumb
 2002: Play'd: A Hip Hop Story (TV) - Shonda
 2005: Kevin Hill (3 Episodes, TV Series) - Terry Knox
 2012: The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure - Rosalie Rosebud

References

Other websites 

 
 Facebook
 
 
 

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Maryland
African-American singers
Grammy Award winners
Actors from Atlanta
 
Singers from Atlanta
Singers from Maryland
Atlantic Records artists
American contemporary R&B singers
Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), known professionally as Joan Rivers, was a comedian, talk show host, businesswoman, and celebrity. She was known for her tough manner and loud voice with a heavy New York accent. She was the National Chairwoman of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and was a board member of God's Love We Deliver. She won an Emmy Award in 1990.

Personal life 
Rivers was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She was raised in Larchmore, New York. Rivers studied at Connecticut College and at Barnard College. Similar to how Phyllis Diller career began, Rivers' comedy act was mainly about bad things about herself.

A friend of Nancy and President Ronald Reagan, Rivers attended a state dinner in 1983, and later, at the invitation of Nancy, spoke at luncheon at the 1984 Republican National Convention.
She was married to James Sanger for a few months in 1955 before their marriage was annulled. She was married to Edgar Rosenberg from 1965 until his suicide in 1987. Rivers and Rosenberg had a daughter, Melissa Rivers.

On the morning of August 28, 2014, Rivers was rushed to the hospital after suffering from cardiac arrest during surgery on her throat in New York City. She was put on life support and was in a medically induced coma.

On September 4, 2014, Melissa announced that Rivers had died at the age of 81 from heart failure caused by respiratory and cardiac arrest. Her burial is at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

References

Other websites

 Official website
Emmy Award winners
1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from respiratory arrest
Deaths from surgical complications
Actors from New York City
American Jews
Stage names
American movie actors
American stand-up comedians
American television actors
American television talk show hosts
American voice actors
Businesspeople from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Writers from New York City
Melissa Rivers (born Melissa Warburg Rosenberg; January 20, 1968) is an American television co-host for fashion and red carpet interviews on cable and satellite television. She is a former host of the E! cable network. She also worked for a TV Guide channel with her mother, comedian Joan Rivers.

References

1968 births
Living people
American television presenters
Television personalities from New York City
Teri Lynn Hatcher (born December 8, 1964) is an Emmy-nominated and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress and author. She gained attention for her role as Lois Lane in the television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman co-starring with Dean Cain. Hatcher is also well known for portraying Susan Mayer, in Desperate Housewives, an accident-prone divorcee. She is also a "Bond Girl", having played Paris Carver in Tomorrow Never Dies in 1997.

1964 births
Living people
American movie actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
American television actors
Actors from Santa Clara County, California
Actresses who played Bond girls
Felicity Huffman (born December 9, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American movie and television actress and convicted felon. She is well known for her role as Lynette Scavo, a busy mother on the ABC television show Desperate Housewives. A year later, her role as a transwoman in the independent film Transamerica was praised by many critics and earned her a Golden Globe Award.

Personal life
Huffman dated actor William H. Macy on and off for 15 years before they married on September 6, 1997. They have three children, Sophia, Georgia and James. She has appeared on television, in movies, and on stage many times with her husband; the couple each received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 7, 2012.
On March 12, 2019, Huffman was arrested in connection with an alleged nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal, charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud, and released on $250,000 bail. She reported to prison and began her sentence on October 15, 2019. She was released from prison on October 25, 2019.

References

1962 births
Living people
American movie actors
Criminals from New York (state)
Golden Globe Award winning actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Actors from New York (state)
Marcia Anne Cross (born March 25, 1962 in Marlborough, Massachusetts) is an Emmy and Golden Globe Award-nominated American actress. She graduated from Juilliard and earned a master's degree in psychology at Antioch University in Los Angeles. In 2005, she was nominated for her first Emmy for her work as Bree Hodge, the "perfect" Housewife on Desperate Housewives. In December 2006, Cross earned her third consecutive nomination for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy Series with the series.

In June 2019, Cross revealed that she suffered from anal cancer, and was now in remission.

References

American movie actors
Actors from Massachusetts
American television actors
1962 births
Living people
Eva Jacqueline Longoria (born March 15, 1975) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated American movie and television actress. She is best known for her role as Gabrielle Solis in the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. She has also become an internationally recognized model after appearing in several high-profile advertising campaigns and numerous men's magazines.

Personal life
Longoria announced her engagement to French NBA guard Tony Parker on November 30, 2006. Following French law, the couple married first in a civil ceremony on July 6, 2007 before they could exchange vows in a religious ceremony on July 7, 2007 at the Église Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois in Paris. A reception was then held in Maincy, France at the Vaux-le-Vicomte castle. She got divorced in 2011. Longoria is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

Filmography

References

Other websites
1975 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Democrats (United States)
Actors from Corpus Christi, Texas
Restaurateurs
Nicollette Sheridan (born Colette Sheridan on 21 November 1963) is a Golden Globe nominated British actress. She was born in Worthing, Sussex. In 1973, when Nicollette Sheridan was 10 years of age, she moved from England to the United States.

She acts primarily on soap operas, movies and television. She is best known for her roles as Paige Matheson on Knots Landing and as the promiscuous Edie Britt on Desperate Housewives.

Sheridan has also worked as a voice actor in the animated series ‘The Legend of Tarzan’ (2001), ‘Fly Me to the Moon’ (2008), and ‘Noah’s Ark: The New Beginning’ (as ‘Zenna,’ 2012). After appearing in ‘Hallmark Channel’s 2011 movie ‘Honeymoon for One,’ she co-produced and starred in their next film, ‘The Christmas Spirit’ (2013).

Other websites

References 

1963 births
Living people
Actors from Sussex
English movie actors
English television actors
People from West Sussex
Contiki is a small, open source free operating system.  It was developed to be used in 8-bit computers and embedded systems.  It has a Graphical User Interface and the full installation needs about 30 kilobytes of RAM.

The name Contiki comes from Thor Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki raft.

The basic kernel and most of the core functions were developed by Adam Dunkels at the Networked Embedded Systems group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science.

Features 

A full installation of Contiki includes the following features:
 Multitasking kernel
 Optional per-application pre-emptive multithreading
 Protothreads
 TCP/IP networking
 Windowing system and GUI
 Networked remote display using Virtual Network Computing
 A web browser (claimed to be the world's smallest)
 Personal web server
 Simple telnet client
 Screensaver

More applications planned include:
 an email program
 an Internet Relay Chat client

Ports
Ports 

The Contiki operating system has been or is being ported to the following systems:
 Computers:
 Apple II family*
 Atari 8-bit*
 Atari ST
 Atari Portfolio
 Casio Pocketview
 Commodore PET*
 Commodore VIC 20*
 Commodore 64*
 Commodore 128*
 GP32
 PC-6001
 Sharp Wizard
 x86-based Unix-like systems, on top of GTK+ as well as directly using the X Window System
* cc65 based development
 Video game consoles:
 PC Engine
 Sega Dreamcast
 Sony PlayStation
 Handheld game consoles:
 Nintendo Game Boy
 Nintendo Game Boy Advance
 Microcontrollers:
 Atmel AVR
 TI MSP430

Related pages

References 

BSD
Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, (Madeleine Thérèse Amélie Joséphine; born on 10 June 1982 in Drottningholm, Sweden), is a Swedish princess. She is the youngest child and second daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Madeleine is seventh in line to the Swedish throne.

Princess Madeleine is married to British financier Christopher O'Neill. The couple has three children, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas, and Princess Adrienne.

Early life 
Princess Madeleine was born on 10 June 1982 at 19.05 Central European Time in the Drottningholm Palace in Drottningholm, Sweden. Her fourth name, Josephine, honours her ancestor Josephine of Leuchtenberg.

Forbes Magazine ranked Madeleine at 12th place on its "20 Hottest Young Royals" list in 2008.

References

Other websites

The Royal Court of Sweden: Princess Madeleine

1982 births
Living people
Swedish princesses
House of Bernadotte
Queen Silvia (born Silvia Renate Sommerlath; 3 December 1943) is the Queen of Sweden through her marriage to King Carl XVI Gustaf, and the mother of Princess Victoria. Her father was German and her mother was Brazilian. Silvia was born in Heidelberg.

She also make efforts for charitable organizations, human rights, and sign language, and opposes child sexual abuse and child pornography.

Children 
Queen Silvia has three children.
 Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
 Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland
 Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland

Titles 

She is styled Her Majesty The Queen and in Sweden is most often referred to as Queen Silvia. 

1943 births
Living people
Kings and Queens of Sweden
People from Munich
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Kings and Queens consort
House of Bernadotte
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland (full name in Swedish: Victoria Ingrid Alice Désirée, born 14 July 1977) is the heiress apparent to the throne of Sweden. She is the daughter and oldest child of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia.

Early life 
Victoria was born on 14 July 1977 at Karolinska University Hospital in Solna. She is eldest child and elder daughter of Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Victoria has two younger siblings, Prince Carl Philip and Princess Madeleine.

Marriage and children 
Victoria married her former personal trainer, Daniel Westling, on 19 June 2010. They have two children, They were born at Karolinska University Hospital in Solna:

 Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland (born 23 February 2012)
 Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne (born 2 March 2016)
Titles and styles
14 July 1977 – 31 December 1979: Her Royal Highness Princess Victoria of Sweden
1 January 1980 – 9 January 1980: Her Royal Highness The Crown Princess of Sweden
9 January 1980 – present : Her Royal Highness The Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland

Other websites

 The Royal Court's official biography in Swedish and English
 The Royal Court's press release about the Diplomat Program 
 Radiohjälpen's official website for Victoria Fund
 , Announcement of Victoria and Daniel Westling's engagement, 2009-02-24.

1977 births
Living people
Swedish princesses
People with dyslexia
House of Bernadotte
Prince Carl Philip of Sweden, Duke of Värmland (Carl Philip Edmund Bertil, born 13 May 1979), is a Swedish prince. He is the second child of three children and only son of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.

He was born in Stockholm Palace at Stockholm County, He held the title of Crown Prince of Sweden for seven months, because Sweden had male-preference primogeniture (brothers inherit before sisters). On 1 January 1980 the Act of Succession was changed to introduce absolute succession. Since then, Carl Philip has been second in the line of succession after his elder sister, Crown Princess Victoria. 

However, because the United Kingdom still has male-preference primogeniture for people born before , Carl Philip is ahead of his elder sister in the line of succession to the British throne.
Carl Philip was christened at The Royal Palace Church on 31 August 1979. His godparents are Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland, Prince Leopold of Bavaria, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and Princess Birgitta of Sweden.

He married Sofia Hellqvist on 13 June 2015. They have three sons:
 Prince Alexander Erik Hubertus Bertil, Duke of Södermanland (born on 19 April 2016, Danderyd Hospital)
 Prince Gabriel Carl Walter, Duke of Dalarna (born on 31 August 2017, Danderyd Hospital)
 Prince Julian Herbert Folke, Duke of Halland (born on 26 March 2021, Danderyd Hospital)

Other websites

The Royal Court of Sweden: Prince Carl Philip
Bernadotte and Galliera princely inheritance (in Swedish)

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1979 births
Living people
Swedish princes
People with dyslexia
House of Bernadotte
Hermeskeil is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
About 5,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

Trier-Saarburg
Reinsfeld is a village in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. 
About 2,000 people live there.

Villages in Rhineland-Palatinate
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Trier-Saarburg
The Hunsrück is a low mountain range in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

It is bounded by the river valleys of the Moselle (north), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). The Hunsrück is continued by the Taunus mountains on the eastern side of the Rhine. In the north behind the Moselle it is continued by the Eifel. To the south of the Nahe, there is the Palatinate.

Many of the hills are not higher than 400 m. But there are several chains of higher peaks within the Hunsrück, all bearing names on their own: the (Schwarzwälder) Hochwald, the Idarwald, the Soonwald, and the Binger Wald. The highest peak is the Erbeskopf (816 m).

Towns in the Hunsrück include Simmern, Kirchberg, and Idar-Oberstein, Kastellaun, and Morbach.  Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a growing low-fare carrier and cargo airport is there as well.

The climate in the Hunsrück is characterised by rainy weather. Slate is mined in the mountains.