Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition is the arrangement, type, and ratio of atoms in molecules of chemical substances. Chemical composition varies when chemicals are added or subtracted from a substance, when the ratio of substances changes, or when other chemical changes occur in chemicals. Chemical formulas show this information.

The chemical composition of a substance determines the intramolecular forces and properties of the substance.  This means that the way atoms are put together in something determines the color, density, strength, texture and other properties of the thing.  Chemists can use tests to learn the chemical composition of a substance, including a pH test, flammability test, heavy metal test etc. 

A particular chemical has a particular ratio of its atoms, allowed by their valence (chemistry). An example is Hydrogen Fluoride, or HF, which has 1 Hydrogen atom in ratio to every 1 Fluorine atom.  This substance has strong intramolecular forces of attraction because it is a hydrogen bond.
London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific zoo. It was opened in London on 27 April 1828, and was originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study. It was eventually opened to the public in 1847. Today it has a collection of 673 species of animals, with 19,289 individuals, making it one of the largest collections in the United Kingdom.

It is managed by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), established in 1826. It is at the northern edge of Regent's Park, on the boundary line between City of Westminster and Camden (the Regent's Canal runs through it). The Society also has a larger site at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo in Bedfordshire to which the larger animals such as elephants and rhinos have been moved.
As well as being the first scientific zoo, ZSL London Zoo also opened the first Reptile house (1849), first public Aquarium (1853), first insect house (1881) and the first children's zoo (1938).
ZSL receives no state funding and relies on 'Fellows', 'Friends', 'Members', entrance fees and sponsorship to get income.

However, the ZSL's nearby Institute of Zoology may get public grants as a scientific institution. It has an international reputation in bioconservation.

References 

1828 establishments in Europe
1820s establishments in England
Zoos in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden
Ramon Sessions (born April 11, 1986) is a professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball at the University of Nevada for three years before entering the 2007 NBA Draft. The Milwaukee Bucks chose him with the 56the pick of the draft.

On April 14, 2008, Sessions scored 20 points and had 24 assists in a game against the Chicago Bulls. Although the Bucks lost this game to the Bucks, Sessions set a Bucks record for the most assists by one player in a game.

In September 2009, Sessions signed a contract to join the Minnesota Timberwolves. The Timberwolves traded him to the Cleveland Cavaliers in July 2010. Sessions was then traded to the Los Angeles Lakers in March 2012.

References

1986 births
Living people
American basketball players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Sportspeople from South Carolina
The Volkswagen Polo Mk4 is the fourth generation of the small car Volkswagen Polo. It replaced the Mk3 in early 2002 and featured twin round headlights which remained until its facelift in mid-2005 and in late 2009 was replaced by the Mk5. The platform of the Mk4 Polo was also used for the SEAT Ibiza, the SEAT Córdoba and the Škoda Fabia.

Engines 
 1.2 40 kW (54 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.2 12V 47 kW (64 hp) and 51 kW (69 hp)
 1.4 16V 55 kW (75 hp), 59 kW (80 hp) and 74 kW (101 hp)
 1.4 FSI 63 kW (86 hp)
 1.6 16V 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.8T GTI 110 kW (150 hp)
 1.8T GTI Cup Edition 132 kW (180 hp)
 1.4 TDI 51 kW (70 hp), 55 kW (75 hp) and 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.9 SDI 47 kW (64 hp)
 1.9 TDI 74 kW (101 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)

Polo Mk4
2000s automobiles
The 'Volkswagen Polo Mk5 is the fifth generation of the small car Volkswagen Polo. It succeeded the Mk4 in 2009. The platform of the Mk5 Polo was also used for the Audi A1 and the SEAT Ibiza. It was facelifted in 2014.

Engines 
 1.2 12V 44 kW (60 hp) and 51 kW (70 hp)
 1.2 TSI 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.4 16V 63 kW (86 hp)
 1.4 GTI 132 kW (180 hp)
 1.2 TDI 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6 TDI 55 kW (75 hp), 66 kW (90 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)

Polo Mk5
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Len Brown (born ) was the 1st mayor of Auckland in New Zealand and a lawyer. He was elected mayor of Manukau in October 2007, the second time he ran for that office. He won the 2010 Auckland mayoral election on 9 October 2010 and was sworn in as mayor of Auckland on 1 November 2010. His term ended in 2016.

Early years
He was born in Taumarunui, and his family moved to Otara in Auckland when he was seven years old. He attended Mayfield Primary School, Papatoetoe Intermediate School and De La Salle College. He has fond memories of his early life, saying "they were generous, generous days". His life growing up has been described as centred on family, church, school and community, while parents Tom and Ngaire were described as strong believers in social equity and social justice as well as active in the community life. While he did not grow up in Auckland, his family often travelled to see relatives there, because his parents had moved to Taumarunui from South Auckland.
Brown worked as a lawyer. He was a partner at law firm Wynyard Wood, and co-founded the Howick Free Legal Service.

Political career
He was first elected to the Manukau City council in 1992, and continued as councillor until 2004 when he did not run for re-election. He  was also the chairperson of the Counties Manukau Health Council from 1998. Brown first ran for mayor of Manukau in 2004, and narrowly lost to long serving mayor Sir Barry Curtis; he lost by fewer than 600 votes. Brown had considered requesting a re-count due to the closeness of the vote, but decided that he had not been close enough to warrant it. Despite his affiliation with the New Zealand Labour Party since age 17, Brown did not run for election in the 2005 General Election, and instead returned to working for Wynyard Wood.
Mayor of Manukau
Brown announced that he was running to be the Mayor of Manukau in 2006. Barry Curtis announced that he would not be running for re-election, and Brown's main opposition were former Olympic runner Dick Quax and radio host Willie Jackson. Brown resigned from Wynard Wood in 2007 to focus on his candidacy full time. In August 2007, both Quax and Brown were polling "neck and neck". Brown's campaign was based on several policies, including; capping rates at the cost of inflation, increasing public transport, and working with youth in the region.

Brown won the election in October 2007 with more than 32,000 votes; his next closest rival Dick Quax had less than 18,000, and the election was jokingly called a 'Lenslide' by some. He was officially sworn in on 26 October 2007 at the Manukau City Council hall.
Mayor of Auckland campaign
In August 2009, Brown stated he would run for the mayoralty of the combined Auckland "super-city" in the Auckland mayoral election, 2010. Brown announced his candidacy in front of more than 300 supporters at Sorrento in the Park, One Tree Hill, Maungakiekie. His campaign speech focused on delivering public transport, public ownership of the region's public assets, environmental protection, economic and social development. He won the position by 60,000 votes over main rival candidate, Auckland City mayor John Banks, on 9 October 2010.
Credit card and expense issues
In June 2010, Brown came under media attention for matters relating to his spending on his council credit card and other council expense claims, which included items of a personal nature like toys, groceries and insect repellent. His later explanations for these purchases were also examined at a council meeting, where Brown repeatedly slapped his face and got emotional. An advisor later explained that Brown's emotional behaviour was caused by his use of a Maori tradition, which Brown said was not true.

Another council expense claim included an $810 dinner at a restaurant, but Brown refused to say who was there. He said that the event was a fundraiser for a local singer for which the Council bought a table, an explanation later supported by the artist.

Private life 
Brown is married to Shirley Anne Inglis, and has three children. They live in the Totara Park suburb of Manukau.

References
References

1956 births
Living people
New Zealand lawyers
New Zealand mayors
Politicians from North Island
The idea of progress is the belief that human society gets better and better over time. Progressivism is a kind of politics based on social progress. It is also a . Progress started being supported by many philosophers in the Age of Enlightenment. They believed that new inventions and scientific discoveries would make people's lives better.

Progressivism often supports reforms and change. It is related to liberalism and egalitarianism.

Politics
Politics 

Progressive politics generally wants to change government in a new way. Unlike conservatism which wants to keep government similar. It most often refers to a political movement in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, called the Progressive Era.  In the United States, these people wanted to change politics, which was at that time run by big business and corrupt political machines. Most of the people who believed in the Progressive Movement were part of the middle class. Some of the leaders of the progressive movement were Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson , William Howard Taft, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Howard Dean.

References

Related pages 
 Liberalism
 Optimism
 Socialism

Philosophical movements and positions
Political movements
Political philosophy
Edgar Louis "Beaver" Laprade (October 10, 1919 – April 28, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played for the New York Rangers in the National Hockey League (NHL). He also spent time with the Port Arthur Bearcats of the Thunder Bay Senior Hockey League.

Born in Mine Centre, Ontario, Edgar was one of Canada's top senior hockey players before joining the NHL.  He helped the Bearcats win the 1940 Allan Cup, before joining the Rangers in 1945. While with the Rangers, he would win the 1946 Calder Memorial Trophy and the 1950 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy.  He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.

Laprade died at the age of 94 in Thunder Bay, Ontario from natural causes.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1919 births
2014 deaths
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
New York Rangers players
The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was an agency in the Federal government of the United States in the 1930s, during the New Deal.  It was formed by the National Recovery Act during the first "Hundred Days" of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.  It regulated the economy.  It was the first agencies that could control minimum wages.  It was headed by Hugh S. Johnson, a former general.  The NRA lasted until 1935, when the United States Supreme Court said it was unconstitutional.

References

1935 disestablishments
1930s disestablishments in the United States
United States government agencies
The Works Progress Administration (or WPA) was an agency in the United States during the New Deal.  It was formed in 1935, during the "Second New Deal".  It employed more workers than any government agency had before.  It built thousands of roads, schools, and government buildings.  Part of it was the Federal Art Project, which created, such as murals by Diego Rivera and the play The Cradle Will Rock.  The agency was led by Harry Hopkins.  It lasted until World War II. This program gave millions of people jobs during the great depression.

20th century in the United States
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1935 establishments in the United States
New Deal
Great Depression
William Hickling Prescott (May 4, 1796 – January 29, 1859) was an American historian who was interested in Spain and the Spanish Empire. He is known as one of the first great American historians. Prescott was made almost blind after a boy threw a piece of bread at his eye when he was sixteen. This meant that he could not work in a normal job.

Prescott's grandfather was William Prescott, a soldier who fought for the United States in the American Revolutionary War. Prescott grew up in Boston, Massachusetts, which is a city on the east coast of the United States. When Prescott was 15, he went to Harvard University. After he got his degree, he studied many different topics, before deciding that he was interested in the history of Spain.  He wrote many books about Spanish history, which were very popular. His work had a significant impact on the study of the history of Spain.
Early life 
William H. Prescott was born in Salem, Massachusetts, on May 4, 1796. He was the oldest of seven children, but four of his brothers and sisters died at a young age. His parents were William Prescott, Jr., a lawyer, and his wife, Catherine Greene Hickling. His grandfather William Prescott served as a colonel during the American Revolutionary War.

Prescott first went to school when he was seven. The family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1808. Prescott went to Harvard University in 1811, at the age of 15. He was good at Latin and Greek, but found mathematics difficult. He graduated from Harvard in 1814.
After he had graduated, Prescott traveled to the island of São Miguel in the Azores, where his grandfather and Portuguese grandmother lived.  After staying there two weeks, he went to London, where he stayed with the famous surgeon Astley Cooper and the eye-expert William Adams.  Prescott found it difficult to write because his eyesight was so poor, so Adams gave him a device called a noctograph to help him. 

He visited Hampton Court Palace with John Quincy Adams, who was a diplomat in London.  Adams later became President of the United States. In 1816, Prescott travelled in France and Italy. He met an American academic, George Ticknor in Paris. Ticknor became a very good friend of Prescott. Prescott returned to America in December 1816. He spent the next four years studying Italian and Spanish literature. He also married Susan Amory, the daughter of Thomas Coffin Amory and Hannah Rowe Linzee, on May 4, 1820.
In the 1820s, Prescott wrote two essays for the North American Review, an American academic journal. Both were about Italian poetry. However, Prescott became interested in the history of Spain due to his friend George Ticknor, who had become professor of Spanish studies at Harvard University. Prescott decided that he wanted to write a book about Ferdinand and Isabella, who were King and Queen of Spain in the early 1500s, in January 1826.  After gathering source material, Prescott started writing  the History of Ferdinand and Isabella in October 1829. He had finished it by July 1836. It was published on Christmas Day, 1837 by the American Stationary Company, which was based in Boston, with a print run of 500 copies. Prescott dedicated the book to his father. The book sold very well, and was published in London in 1838. Prescott later made a shortened version of the work
. In recognition of this work, he was awarded three honorary doctorates, by Columbia University, College of William and Mary and South Carolina College.
Prescott wrote three other books on the Spanish Empire. The first, The History of the Conquest of Mexico, was written between 1838 and 1842 and published in 1843. It is thought to be one of the most important books written on ancient Mesoamerica. It was so popular at the time that John Y. Mason, the United States Secretary of the Navy had a copy placed in the library of every fighting ship. Today, it is still the best known and most popular work by Prescott. The Conquest of Mexico was followed by the Conquest of Peru, which was written between 1843 and 1847, and published in March 1847. It was similarly successful. Prescott's last book, the History of the Reign of Phillip II was never finished and is not thought to be of the same quality as his other works. Prescott started work on it in 1842, but stopped in 1858 after suffering a stroke.

References 

Bibliography
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 

Further reading

 
 
 
 
 

1796 births
1859 deaths
American historians
People from Salem, Massachusetts
Gloria Marie Steinem (born March 25, 1934) is an American radical feminist and writer. She founded Ms. magazine, and also wrote for several other magazines. Steinem is Jewish and is from Toledo, Ohio.

Steinem started the Women's Media Centre with Jane Fonda and Robin Morgan in 2005. 

In 2013 she was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama for her support of abortion rights.

Personal life
Steinem was married to David Bale (1941-2003) from September 3, 2000 until his death.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1934 births
Living people
Abortion-rights activists
American activists
American LGBT rights activists
American political activists
American political writers
American radical feminists
Anti-pornography activists
Humanists
Jewish activists
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
Journalists from Ohio
Writers from Toledo, Ohio
Socialists
Betty Friedan ( February 4, 1921 – February 4, 2006) was an American writer, activist and feminist.  She wrote the book The Feminine Mystique in 1963. She argued in the book that there was more to life for women than the achievements of their husbands and children. In an interview for Life magazine in 1963 she said "Women of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your vacuum cleaner!"  She helped set up the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966 and was its first president. In 1981 The Second Stage was published. In the book Friedan said that the women's movement had reached its second stage.

Personal life
Friedan married Carl Friedan in 1947. Friedan died on her 85th birthday.

References

1921 births
2006 deaths
Abortion-rights activists
American activists
American feminist writers
Jewish activists
Jewish American writers
Jewish feminists
Writers from Illinois
Icelandic names are different from most other naming systems used in the West, in that the names follow a patronymic (sometimes matronymic) surname pattern.

This means that when a person is named, their last name is the name of their father, plus -son. So if a man called Eric had a son called Leif, Leif's name would be Leif Ericsson.

The same is true for females, although sometimes women take the name of their father for their last name, or the name of their mother. Also, the suffix -sdottír is added to the end of the parent's name. So, if a girl called Astrid's parents were Leif and Inga, then their daughter could be called either Astrid Leifsdóttir, or Astrid Ingasdóttir.

Changes were announced to the laws about names in 2019. Given names are not limited by gender anymore. People that are registered officially with a non-binary gender will be able to use the suffix -bur ("child of") instead of -son or -dóttir.
This naming system is the same naming system that was used by the Vikings. Iceland has kept this naming system because Iceland is an island, and had little contact with the outside world for quite some time, so there was not much change in things like customs, language and naming systems.

Iceland
Crystal Castles was an experimental electronic music duo from Toronto, Canada. It was made up of producer Ethan Kath and vocalist Alice Glass. The band has released three albums, all named Crystal Castles, in 2008, 2010, and 2012. Their first album made the NME list of the 50 greatest albums of the decade, placing at #39.

Break up and allegations
On October 24, 2017, Glass said that when she was in the band, Kath had abused her. Kath has denied this. On December 21, 2017, Toronto Police Service said there was an open Sex Crimes unit investigation on Kath. Glass and four other women would later say that Kath had sexually abused them when they were teenagers and he was in his twenties.

Glass said that she hated her time in the band and asked fans to not continue supporting it.

Members
Ethan Kath – instruments, production (2003–2017)
Alice Glass – vocals (2004–2014)

Additional live members:
Christopher Chartrand – drums (2008–2017)
Former live members
Past spare live members:
Cameron Findlay – drums (2007–2008, currently playing in Parallels)
Mike Bell – drums (2008–2009, currently playing in Lymbyc Systym)
"Yes" Tom Cullen – drums (February 2008, currently dj-ing as Yes!Tom)

Discography
Crystal Castles (2008)
Crystal Castles II (2010)
 Crystal Castles III (2012)
Amnesty (I) (2016)

Videography
"Magic Spells" (2008) (directed by Video Marsh)
"Courtship Dating" (2008) (directed by Marc Pannozzo)
"Celestica" (2010) (directed by Rob Hawkins)
"Baptism" (2010) link (directed by Rob Hawkins)

References

Canadian rock bands
2004 establishments in Canada
2010s disestablishments in Canada
Musical groups established in 2004
Musical groups disestablished in the 2010s
Crystal Castles is the first studio album by Toronto-based duo Crystal Castles. The album was selected for the NME magazine's list of the 50 greatest albums of the decade, and gained #39.

Track listing

Personnel
 Alice Glass (Vocals/Lyrics)
 Ethan Kath (Music/Samples/Production)
 Matthew von Wagner (Vocal Production for 3 tracks: "Alice Practice", "Love and Caring", "Xxzxcuzx Me")

2008 albums
Reactivity has several meanings:
 Reactivity (chemistry), how quickly a chemical reaction happens in a given substance
 Reactive programming, a property of an execution model
 Reactivity (psychology), when a person changes their behaviour after becoming aware that they are being observed
 Nuclear chain reaction, a process in nuclear physics
A chalcophile is a chemical substance that would rather react with sulfur instead of oxygen. Some things like to react with oxygen to make oxides. Other things react with sulfur to make sulfides. Chalcophiles are normally found as sulfides. Zinc is a chalcophile. Zinc sulfide is a common ore, while zinc oxide is rare. Chalcophiles are ore loving and combine readily with sulfur.

Chemicals
Dethklok is a band created by Brendon Small and Tommy Blacha. There are two bands called Dethklok: a fictional one in the television series Metalocalypse, and one formed to play the fictional one's songs.

To date, the real band has released three albums, The Dethalbum, The Dethalbum II, and Dethalbum III.

Actual band members

Studio members
 Brendon Small – vocals, guitar, electric bass, keyboards
 Gene Hoglan – drums (2007–present)
Live members
 Brendon Small – vocals, guitar
 Gene Hoglan – drums (2007–present)
 Mike Keneally – guitar, backing vocals (2007–present)
 Bryan Beller – bass, backing vocals (2007–present)

Discography

Studio albums
 The Dethalbum (2007)
 Dethalbum II (2009)
 Dethalbum III (2012)

Music videos

References

Other websites

 

Death metal bands
Musical groups established in 2006
Brendon Small (born February 15, 1975 in Springfield, Illinois) is an American actor, voice actor, stand-up comedian, director, writer, producer, composer, and musician. He is known as the creator of the cartoon sitcom Home Movies and the musical comedy Metalocalypse.

1975 births
Living people
American animators
American heavy metal musicians
American voice actors
American composers
Writers from Springfield, Illinois
Musicians from Springfield, Illinois
Actors from Illinois
Tianyuraptor is a genus of short-armed dromaeosaurid dinosaur ('running lizard'; a type of small dinosaur considered to be closely related to birds) that lived during the Early Cretaceous, about 122 million years ago. Its remains have been found in western Liaoning, China. It was similar to other dromaeosaurids found in Liaoning, with the exception of being somewhat more primitive. The type specimen, formally described in 2009, shows features not seen in previously known Northern Hemisphere (Laurasian) dromaeosaurids, but present in Southern Hemisphere (Gondwanan) species and early birds. 

The generic name of Tianyuraptor combines Tianyu, referring to the Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature where the holotype specimen is stored, with raptor, the Latin word for 'robber'.

Dromaeosauridae
Fruitadens is a genus of heterodontosaur dinosaur. 

The name means "Fruita tooth", in reference to Fruita, Colorado, where its fossils were first found. It is known from partial skulls and skeletons from at least four individuals from rocks of the Morrison Formation in Colorado. Fruitadens is a small ornithischian dinosaur, with young adults estimated at 65 to 75 cm (26 to 30 in) in length and 0.5 to 0.75 kg (1.1 to 1.7 lb) in weight. 

The lower jaws had an enlarged canine-like tooth, opposite a gap in the upper jaw (a 'diastema'). Unlike Echinodon, there wasn't an enlarged tooth in the upper jaw. A small peg-like tooth was present in front of the canine-like tooth. Replacement teeth were present in the jaws, unlike most other heterodontosaurids. Fruitadens was an omnivore. 

Heterodontosaurs
Club song
We are Geelong, the greatest team of all
We are Geelong, we're always on the ball
We play the game as it should be played
At home or far away
Our banners fly high, from dawn to dark
Down at Kardinia Park
So! Stand up and fight, remember our tradition
Stand up and fight, it's always our ambition
Throughout the game to fight with all our might
Because we're the mighty blue and whiteAnd when the ball is bounced, to the final bellStand up and fight like hell.''

References

Other websites
 The Geelong Football Club website

Australian Football League
Geelong
Volvo B10BLE is a bus produced by Volvo from 1992 until 2002.

Buses
The Diary of a Young Girl is a  diary written in Dutch by Anne Frank. She began it in 1942, confiding to Kitty. She wrote it while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The family was caught in 1944 and Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.  After the war, the diary was found by Anne's father, Otto Frank. He was the only known survivor of the family. The diary has now been published in more than 60 different languages. It is now considered a classic of war literature. The diary was rescued from a reject pile by cookbook publisher Judith Jones.
It was first published as Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven 12 juni 1942 – 1 augustus 1944 (The Annex: Diary Notes from 12 June 1942 – 1 August 1944) by Contact Publishing in Amsterdam in 1947. After it was translated into English as Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl by Doubleday & Company (United States) and Valentine Mitchell (United Kingdom) in 1952, it became very famous critically. It became very popular, and the 1955 play The Diary of Anne Frank and movie version were both based on the diary. The play was first acted in New York City. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1956. The book is in several lists of the top books of the twentieth century. It discusses the themes of sharing and selfishness in the war, about how someone can be different on the inside and the outside, and about the loneliness of growing up.

Related pages

Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Memory of the World Programme

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Anne Frank House website
 Anne Frank Trust UK website
 , Jon Blair, 1995. (DVD)
 Quicktime video. Miep Gies describes giving Anne Frank's papers to Otto Frank
 Quicktime interview with Otto Frank's second wife, about the publication of Anne Frank's diary
 Anne's manuscripts
 Article about the publication of Het Achterhius, by The Anne Frank House
 Online exhibition of Anne Frank's manuscripts 
 Article on Anne Frank the writer
 Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Sayana Ser  from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

1947 books
Anne Frank
Pulitzer Prize winners
Diaries
Dutch literature
Crystal Castles, also known as Crystal Castles II, is the second album by electronic music group Crystal Castles. The album was released by Fiction Records on 24 May 2010.

Critical reception
Crystal Castles has had mostly good reviews from people.

Track listing

Notes
 Ethan Kath sings "Not in Love", which is a cover of a song by 1980s new wave band Platinum Blonde.
 "Year of Silence" samples the vocal track from the Sigur Ros song called "Inní mér syngur vitleysingur".
 Both "Violent Dreams" and "Vietnam" contain parts of the song "A Walk In The Park" by Stina Nordenstam.
 The CD sleeve notes state that the album cover is a photo of X Tecumseh Clark taken by his father, avant-garde composer and poet Todd Tamanend Clark.

Charts

Album charts

References

2010 albums
In mathematics, odds are the chance that an event will happen compared to the chance that it will not happen. For example, if there is an equal chance that it will rain or that it will not rain, the odds of it raining are 1:1 (which is read as "1 to 1"). If it is twice as likely that it will not rain, then the odds of it raining are 1:2 (read as "1 to 2").

Uses for odds
Odds are often used in gambling, especially in horse racing. 

In statistics, when the odds are written as fractions, the ratio of the odds of two related experimental events is called the odds ratio. This is often written as  for short.

Related pages 

 Probability

References

Other websites

 Ask Dr. Math: Odds Slang for Probability?

Probability theory
Statistics
Gambling
The Battle of Sunomatagawa was a Japanese battle. It took place in Nanaimo, a place in Japan, in 1181 AD. Minamoto no Yukiie and his army found Taira no Tomomori's army across the river. They swam the river and attacked them. But Tomomori's people could tell the difference between the wet enemies and their dry people and forced them back across the river.

1181
Battles
12th century in Japan
Alton is a market town in the English county of Hampshire, England. The town is famous for the home of Jane Austin, a famous English poet. It is the highest town in Hampshire.

Towns in Hampshire
New Alresford is a market town in the county of Hampshire, England. The town is notable for growing much watercress.

Towns in Hampshire
Farnham is a large market town in the county of Surrey, England. There are 37,000 people living in the town. It is famous for its castle and its historic buildings. The town is south of the River Wey.

References

Towns in Surrey
River Wey is a long river which runs through the counties of Hampshire, Surrey and West Sussex in England. The source is in the town of Alton, Hampshire.

Rivers of England
Hampshire
Surrey
West Sussex
The Battle of Leipzig, or Battle of the Nations, was a battle of Napoleon I and his army against an allied force of several nations on October 16 to 19, 1813. Napoleon’s army had been defeated and depleted in the French invasion of Russia. The French were also losing the Peninsular War and retreating everywhere.

Being outnumbered, he attacked. His allies in the Confederation of the Rhine changed sides, and Napoleon was defeated. The batle was the one of the largest battles before World War I and involved about 600,000 soldiers and the largest cavalry charge ever. It was part of the War of the Sixth Coalition.

After the battle and the later defence of Paris (1814), Napoleon was taken to the Mediterranean island of Elba.

References
References

Other websites
  “Easily ranking as one of the largest battles in History”
 Allied Order-of-Battle at Leipzig: 16-18 October 1813
 French order of battle: II–XI Army Corps
 French order of battle: Cavalry Reserve and the Imperial Guard
  http://www.voelkerschlacht1813.de/
  http://www.voelkerschlacht-bei-leipzig.de/ 
  http://www.leipzig1813.com

1813
19th century in Germany
Leipzig
Leipzig
Leipzig
Invisible Children is an organization that aims to help child soldiers in Africa. It was founded in 2004. It specifically focuses on the activities of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and its leader, Joseph Kony. It wants to stop the LRA from kidnapping children and forcing them to serve as soldiers.

It was established after a movie was made about forcing children to fight in wars.

Human rights organizations
2004 establishments
Non-profit organizations of California
MU* refers to a family of text-based online game servers:

 TinyMUD
 MUSH
 MOO
 TinyMUCK
 and other related types

These are also called the Tiny family.  These are kinds of MUD.

Computing
Internet
Terracotta, sometimes spelled terra cortta, is a red clay-based baked ceramic, usually unglazed.  

Its uses include vessels, water and waste water pipes and surface embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines. The term is also used to refer to items made out of this material and to its natural, brownish orange color, which varies considerably.

Production and properties
Clay is partially dried and cast, molded, or hand worked into the desired shape. After thorough drying, it is placed in a kiln, or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired.
After pit firing the hot ware is covered with sand to cool, and after kiln firing the kiln is slowly cooled. When unglazed, the material will not be waterproof, but it is suitable for in-ground use to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden ware, and sculpture or building decoration in tropical environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses such as for table ware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments require that the material be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, but not as brightly as will ware fired at higher temperature, which is called stoneware. The fired material is weak compared to stoneware.

Some types of terracotta are created from clay that includes recycled terracotta ("grog").
The unglazed color after firing can vary widely, but most common clays contain enough iron to cause an orange, orangish red, or brownish orange color, with this range including various colors described as "terracotta". Other colors include yellow, gray, and pink.

References 

Ceramics
The Yo-yo effect means people quickly gaining weight after a diet. Other words for this activity are yo-yo dieting or weight cycling. People's weight can move down and back up like a yo-yo when they follow several diets one after another. A person's weight after the diet is often higher than it was before dieting.

The Steps 
The steps to the weight cycle are normal eating, weight gain, diet, metabolism slow-down, and end of the diet. But they repeat again and that’s the Yo-Yo effect. For example, Sherman Morrison talks about someone on the website healevate.com, saying, “In the 1990’s she got up to 237 pounds, dropped it back down to 160 in the early 2000’s, but then crept back up over 200. Recently, however, she shed 30 pounds using Weight Watchers.” Which means she first gained weight, then she lost weight, and finally she gained it back. Basically, Morrison is describing that the Yo-Yo effect is gaining and losing weight over and over again.
Causes
The body needs less energy after losing weight on a diet. People have less fatty tissue and often less muscle after the diet. Muscle tissue needs more energy than fatty tissue. Reducing the amount of muscle tissue therefore reduces the need for energy. Also, limit the number of calories people take in. At some point, a dieter's body will change the way it uses energy if there are less calories to burn. The body does this to make sure it survives when less food is available. These changes in the body cause people to gain weight rapidly when they stop dieting and return to their old eating habits.
Avoiding It
People can avoid the yo-yo effect by changing their diet. If a diet works without the body switching to a more efficient way of using calories, there will be no yo-yo effect. A diet should change the dieter's eating habits for a long time. New eating habits should not give the body more energy than it needs. At the end of the diet, it also makes sense to raise the number of calories someone eats slowly. Exercise and sports can increase the amount of calories burned by the body rather than turned into fat.

References

Diets
David Latta (born January 3, 1967, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger.  He was drafted in the first round, 15th overall, by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft and went on to play thirty-six games in the National Hockey League, all of them with the Nordiques.

Other websites

1967 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Quebec Nordiques players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Pentti Alexander Lund (born December 6, 1925 – April 16, 2013) was a Finnish-Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played for the Boston Bruins and New York Rangers  in the National Hockey League.  During his first year he was the recipient of the Calder Trophy.  Lund is often said to have been the first Finnish player in the National Hockey League. (Albert Pudas, however, played 4 games with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1926-1927). Lund moved to Canada from Finland at the age of six.

References

1925 births
2013 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Calder Trophy winners
Finnish ice hockey players
New York Rangers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Eastern Hockey League players
A mechanical wave requires a medium. Sound waves, waves in a Slinky, and pressure waves are all examples of this phenomenon. Sound waves need a physical medium in order to exist; the Slinky waves need the Slinky, and the waves in the ocean need the water. Like all waves, they have a frequency, period, wavelength and amplitude.

Mechanical waves are a local oscillation of material. Only the energy propagates; the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position; the wave travels by jumping from one particle of the transmission medium to another. Therefore, mechanical waves transport energy and not material.

Physics
Mother Mary Angelica of the Annunciation  (Rita Antoinette Rizzo; April 20, 1923 – March 27, 2016) was an American Catholic nun. She created the Eternal Word Television Network (ETWN). It is a very popular television channel for Catholics.

Mother Angelica died on March 27, 2016, Easter Sunday, from complications of a stroke at her home in Hanceville, Alabama, aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
American television personalities
American Roman Catholic nuns
A flame test is a test for chemicals. Normally it is used to see whether there are certain metals in a chemical compound. The chemical compound is heated in a flame and a colored flame is made. The colored flame can be turned into its spectrum to analyze it. Many metals produce flame colors. The colors are made by electrons jumping up to higher orbits in the atom when it is heated. They fall down soon, putting out light as energy.

Related pages
Chemical reaction
Ion

Chemistry
Futurism was a modern art and social movement which originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It was largely an Italian phenomenon, though there were parallel movements in Russia, England and elsewhere.  The Futurists practiced in every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, theatre, movies, fashion, textiles, literature, music, architecture and even gastronomy.

Futurism in Italy 1909–1916
The founder of Futurism and its most influential personality was the Italian writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Marinetti launched the movement in his Futurist Manifesto, which he published for the first time on 5 February 1909 in La gazzetta dell'Emilia. This article was reprinted in the French daily newspaper Le Figaro on 20 February 1909. Marinetti was soon joined by the painters Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini and the composer Luigi Russolo.
Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. "We want no part of it, the past", he wrote, "we the young and strong Futurists!" The Futurists admired speed, technology, youth and violence, the car, the airplane and the industrial city, all that represented the technological triumph of humanity over nature, and they were passionate nationalists. They repudiated the cult of the past and all imitation, praised originality, "however daring, however violent", bore proudly "the smear of madness", dismissed art critics as useless, rebelled against harmony and good taste, swept away all the themes and subjects of all previous art, and gloried in science.

Publishing manifestos was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists (usually led or prompted by Marinetti) wrote them on many topics, including painting, architecture, religion, clothing and cooking.
The founding manifesto did not contain a positive artistic programme. The Futurists attempted to create it in their subsequent Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting.  This committed them to a "universal dynamism", which was to be directly represented in painting.

In practice, much of their work was influenced by Cubism, and indeed their images were more dynamic than those of Picasso and Braque. The phrase 'plastic dynamism' has been used to describe their early work.

One of the greatest patrons and financier of Futurism in Milan was the  business magnante Antonio Bernocchi, he was also the creator and producer of the first example of Italian industrial design, inspired by futurism, that became known as "Luminator Bernocchi".
Later 
Many Italian Futurists supported Fascism in the hope of modernizing the country. Italy was divided between the industrial north and the rural, archaic South. Like the Fascists, the Futurists were Italian nationalists, radicals, admirers of violence, and were opposed to parliamentary democracy. Marinetti was one of the first members of the National Fascist Party. He soon found the Fascists were not radical enough for him, but he supported Italian Fascism until his death in 1944.

The Futurists' association with Fascism after its triumph in 1922 brought them official acceptance in Italy and the ability to carry out important work, especially in architecture. After the Second World War, many Futurist artists had difficulty in their careers because of their association with a defeated and discredited regime.

The Futurists renewed themselves again and again until Marinetti's death.

The legacy of Futurism
Futurism influenced many other twentieth century art movements, including Art Deco, Vorticism, Constructivism, Surrealism and Dadaism. Futurism was, like science fiction, in part overtaken by 'the future'.

Nonetheless, the ideals of futurism remain as part of modern Western culture: the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology is expressed in much of modern cinema and culture. Ridley Scott used design ideas of Sant'Elia in Blade Runner.

Echoes of Marinetti's thought, especially his "dreamt-of metallization of the human body", are still strongly prevalent in Japanese culture, and surface in manga/anime and the works of artists such as Shinya Tsukamoto, director of the "Tetsuo" (lit. "Ironman") films.
Futurism influenced the literary genre of cyberpunk. Artists who came to prominence in the first flush of the internet, such as Stelarc and Mariko Mori, produced work influenced by Futurist ideas. A revival of sorts of the Futurist movement began in 1988 with the creation of the Neo-Futurist style of theatre in Chicago, which uses Futurism's focus on speed and brevity to create a new form of immediate theatre. There are active Neo-Futurist troupes in Chicago, New York, and Montreal.

References 

Art movements
The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols is a form of church service used at Christmas in the Anglican Church.  There are nine lessons (readings) and between each reading there is a carol sung, either by the choir on its own or by the whole congregation.  The story is told from the beginning of the Bible in which Adam disobeys God, to the coming of the baby Jesus.

The form of the service was started by Edward White Benson who was Bishop of Truro in Cornwall, for use on  Christmas Eve (24 December) 1880.  The service is now used by other churches all over the world, not just in  Anglican churches, but also in some Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. In the UK, the service has become the standard form for schools' Christmas carol services.

The best-known Nine Lessons and Carols service is the one held in King's College, Cambridge every Christmas.  The choir carols are sung by the famous Choir. This service has been broadcast by the BBC for more than half a century.

Service at King's College, Cambridge
The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, was held on Christmas Eve in 1918.  The music at the first service was directed by Arthur Henry Mann, who was the organist from 1876 to 1929. The choir had 16 trebles which was the number that Henry VI said there must be when he founded the college.  Until 1927 the men in the choir were choral scholars and lay clerks. Today, 14 undergraduates from the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, sing the men's parts.
The service was first broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1928 and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since, even throughout World War II in spite of the stained glass having been removed from the Chapel and the lack of heating. The service is slightly different today: not all the readings are from the Bible.   Most of the carols are sung by the choir. There are generally more than nine carols.   The service starts with the famous carol "Once in Royal David's City".  Verse one is always sung as an unaccompanied solo by one of the boys in the choir.  The boy is not told that he is the one who has been chosen to sing the solo until just before the service begins.
Since 1982 the  Director of Music has been Stephen Cleobury.  Each year he commissions a composer to write a new carol for the Choir.  The service ends with the carol "O Come all ye faithful".  This is followed by the Organ Voluntary: "In Dulci Jubilo" (BWV 729) by Johann Sebastian Bach and then another Organ Piece (which is heard on the radio but not on television).

References

Other websites
King's College Chapel's webpage about the service 

Liturgical calendar
Christmas
The word bearing can mean:

Bearing (navigation), A word used for different methods that try to find out the angle between an object used for this purpose, and a reference direction
Bearing (mechanical), A device to permit fixed direction motion between two parts
Bearing (posture or carriage): as in She walks with self-assured bearing
Bearing (relevance): as in That has no bearing on the issue.

The word may be used in less frequent contexts than these examples. If in doubt, check in a good dictionary.
Babbitt metal is a metal that has very little friction. It is used for bearings. It can be made from tin, copper, antimony, or lead. Normally it is a certain mixture of these metals. It is very soft. There are harder and softer parts in it, though. This creates small holes where grease can go in when the soft parts rub away. An item with bearings could be a fidget spinner or a bicycle wheel.

Alloys
Zinc aluminium, also called ZA, are alloys of zinc and aluminium. They make good bearings. They work similar to Babbitt metal. Different amounts of aluminium can be added to make different properties. The percentage of aluminium can be known by a number. ZA8 means there is 8% aluminium.

Alloys
Nickel silver, sometimes called German silver, is an alloy. It normally has copper, nickel, and zinc in it. Despite the name, it does not contain any real silver. It is common in utensils. It is also used in cymbals, keys, zippers, and musical instruments. Some coins use nickel silver. It is sometimes used to trick people into thinking it is silver. A German industrial chemist named E.A. Geitner discovered nickel silver in the early 19th century.

Alloys