Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In the 18th century, stone fortress walls and the so-called Pechersk Gate were built on the territory of the Maidan, which existed until 1833. In the late XVIII — early XIX century was a wasteland — the so-called Goat Swamp. Defensive ramparts approached it, the edge of which was filled with a dam and a water mill.

In the 1730s, the first wooden houses appeared here, and in the 1850s — stone houses. In 1869 the place was named Khreshchatyk Square. Until 1871 there was a market on the square, circus performances and festivities took place.

In 1851, the first large brick building was erected on the square — the building of the Noble Assembly (architect Oleksandr Beretti; now the building of the Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine).

In 1876, after the construction of the City Duma according to the project of the architect Alexander Shile (destroyed in September 1941 by Soviet radio-controlled mines), the square was renamed the Duma.
20th century 
1912 — The Ginzburg Skyscraper, the first skyscraper in Ukraine, is built near the square.

September 1913 — a monument to Peter Stolypin was in front of the City Duma building (destroyed on March 16 (29), 1917).

February 1919 — the Soviet commandant's office of the city, headed by Mykola Shchors, worked in building 2.

March 1919 — the area was named Soviet.

1922 — A monument to Karl Marx is erected on the square (sculptor Joseph Tchaikov; dismantled in the 1930s).

1935 — Soviet Square was renamed Kalinin Square (in honor of the 60th anniversary of Mikhail Kalinin), in 1944 this name was confirmed.

In 1941–1943, during the Nazi occupation, the Maidan was named Duma and Maidan on September 19.

1961 — 16—story hotel "Moscow" was opened (in 2001 it was renamed to hotel "Ukraine").

On December 17, 1976, the Kalinin Square metro station was opened (since October 17, 1977, the October Revolution Square, and since August 26, 1991, the Independence Square).
1977 — a monument to the Great October Socialist Revolution (dismantled in 1991) was erected on the square. After the reconstruction, it was named the October Revolution Square, in honor of the October Revolution of 1917, the name of Kalinin Square was given to the current St. Michael's Square).

In 1989, the columns of the portal of the Kyiv Main Post Office collapsed, killing 11 people.

In 1990, a student hunger strike took place in the square, which later became known as the Granite Revolution.

21st century 
August 1991 — the square received its modern name in honor of the proclamation of Ukraine as state independence. It should be noted that the name Independence Square has been used in everyday life since 1990, this name was recorded during the Granite Revolution in October 1990.

2001 — the square was reconstructed (a number of monuments were erected, in particular, the Independence Monument, the Globus underground store was opened, and a large fountain, the so-called Roulette, was liquidated).
In the winter of 2000—2001, protest actions "Ukraine without Kuchma" took place on the Maidan.

2004 — the square became the center of the Orange Revolution.

2010 — there were protests against the Tax Code.

2013 — November 21, the 9th anniversary of the Orange Revolution, Euromaidan began — a mass protest against the suspension of the state's course of association with the European Union. These events later escalated into the Revolution of Dignity, which sparked a wave of demonstrations and protests against the Yanukovych regime, the largest since Ukraine's independence.

On February 18—20, 2014, a violent confrontation took place on the Maidan, as a result of which there were significant casualties among the protesters, the Maidan was severely damaged; in addition, on the night of February 19, the House of Trade Unions of Ukraine was burned down. The Euromaidan tent camp was dismantled only on August 9.

Other websites 

 Майдан Незалежності  in Wiki—Encyclopedia Kiev

References
References 

Monuments and memorials
Buildings and structures in Kyiv
Solvent extraction, also known as Liquid–liquid extraction or partitioning, is a method to separate a compound based on the solubility of its parts. This is done using two liquids that don't mix, for example water and an organic solvent.

Solvent extraction is used in the processing of perfumes, vegetable oil, or biodiesel. It is also used to recover plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel, a process which is usually called nuclear reprocessing. The recovered plutonium can then be re-used as nuclear fuel.

In this process one of the components of a mixture dissolves in a particular liquid and the other component is separated as a residue by filtration.
Solvent extraction involves crushing of oil seeds and oil seed cakes. From ancient time, vegetable oils were obtained by crushing oil seeds in village ghanis / kolhus / chekkus in India. At the beginning of the 20th century the vegetable oils industry was based on some 500,00 bullock-driven ghanis producing about 800,000 tonnes of oils. Slowly, in addition to these ghanis, power-driven ghanis (rotary ghanis made indigenously) imported expeller and imported hydraulic press plants started crushing oilseeds.

Around this time many European countries and United States of America had established huge solvent extraction plants for recovering directly almost all the available oil in the oilseeds like Cottonseed and Soybean.

References

Chemical processes
College Scholastic Ability Test, known as Su-Neung, is a national standardized university entrance test in South Korea. The test is held on second Thursday of November of every year. The Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE) conducts and supervises the test. A person who wants to go to university must take the test. Its result is accepted by most of universities in Korea. It is a typical criterion to judge whether the person is allowed to go to a university.

Sections of the test

The test has five sections - Korean language, Math, English language, Social Studies/Sciences/Vocational Education and Foreign language/Chinese Character. The applicants can choose the number of the domain which they would take, after considering of applicant's ability, aptitude, demand of the university which they apply to.
The Korean and English section are common to all applicants. However, if the applicant decides to take Math, Society/Science/Vocation test and Foreign language/Chinese Character, he or she must choose the subtype of the test. 

For Math section, there are two subtypes to choose - "A" or "B". The type "A" consists of two parts - Math 1, Basic Calculus and Statistics. Type "B" consists of four parts - Math 1, Math 2, Geometry and Vector, Integral calculus and Statistics.
For Social Studies/Sciences/Vocational Education section, applicants have to choose one category from the three and each has several subtypes. 
In Social Studies section, applicants have to choose at most two subjects from ten subjects (Ethics & Thought, Ethics for Daily Life, Korean History, World History, East Asian History, Korean Geography, World Geography, Law and Politics, Economics, Society and Culture). 
In Sciences section, it is necessary to choose at most two subjects from eight subjects (Physics Ⅰ, Chemistry Ⅰ, Biology Ⅰ, Earth Science Ⅰ,  Physics Ⅱ, Chemistry Ⅱ, Biology Ⅱ, Earth Science Ⅱ). 
In Vocational Education section, it is allowed to choose one subject from ten subjects (Understanding of Agriculture, Techniques in Basic Agriculture, Introduction to Industry, Basic Drafting, Commercial Economy, Principles of Accounting, General Oceanography, Fishery and Shipping Information Processing, Human Development, General Computers).
Finally, the applicants who take the Foreign language/Chinese Character test have to decide one subject out of nine (German I, French I, Spanish I, Chinese I, Japanese I, Russian I, Arabic I, Basic Vietnamese, Chinese Characters and Classics).

Timetable

The first test, Korean, starts at 8:40 A.M. The last test, Foreign language/Chinese Character test, ends at 5:00 P.M.. For disabled people, there is some extra time. Blind people are given 1.5 time prolonged time than normal applicants in every section, weak-eyed applicants and applicants who suffer from cerebral palsy are given 20 extra minutes in every sections.

Examinations
Education in South Korea
Juho Kusti Paasikivi (27 November 1870–14 December 1956 Helsinki). He was the seventh president of Finland, from 1946 to 1956. He was first person to have his picture printed on Finnish money. First wife was Anna Matilda Forsman (1897–1931).

Paasikivi studied history and law in  Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki. He was especially interested in history of Russia. He became a doctor in law in 1901, and associate professor in 1902. In 1913 he became director of KOP bank.

Paasikivi was elected in parliament in 1907, and second time 1910. This was time when Finland was still part of Russian empire. At the time when Finland became independent, Paasikivi was among those who supported monarchy.

During the second world war Paasikivi was negotiating with Soviet Union. In 1946, when President Mannerheim resigned, parliament selected Paasikivi as his successor. In 1950 he won an election wand was selected for second term. In 1956 he was not an official candidate, but he got some votes as "Black horse".
The foreign policy doctrine established by Paasikivi and continued by his successor Urho Kekkonen,  The "Paasikivi-Kekkonen line", aimed at Finland's survival as an independent sovereign, democratic, and capitalist country in the immediate proximity of the Soviet Union.

References 

Presidents of Finland
1870 births
1956 deaths
When a state uses taxes and government spending to influence the economy, this is known as fiscal policy in economics and political science. Idea from John Maynard Keynes. The state can influence the following parameters:
Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity
How resources are allocated
How wealth is distributed
There are two basic kinds of taxes: those on revenue, and those on economic activity, usually called excise taxes. Lowering the excise taxation will lead to increased economic activity, for example. Changes in welfare also have an impact on economic activity.

In general, fiscal policy is cyclic: Effects which result from changes in fiscal policy need some time until they can be observed.

Certain schools of thought think that fiscal policy should not be used to influence the economy. This is the case for Monetarism, which demands that keeping money at its value is the most important goal.

Economic policy
Intensity of preference, also known as intensity preference, is a term used to identify and describe what happens in a process which leads to consensus agreement or consensus ranking.  The phrase recognizes that decisions and decision-making involve intensity of feeling about a choice and the choice preference itself.

The concept of preference intensity has been criticized over the past sixty years because of the problems in measuring it. The term is used in economics, politics, marketing and other areas.

History
Ranking and consensus have been the subject of research for 200+ years.
In the 20th century, the term intensity of preference was coined by the work of the economist Kenneth Arrow, who was a recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Economics.

Analysis
Intensity of preference is a factor in an analysis of how individual choices develop into social choices.  Standard election procedures notoriously ignore differences in intensity of preferences.
For example, the intensity of preference is a one of many factors which are important in voting.  The term is a measure of an individual voter's (or group of voters') willingness to do something.  Intensity of preference focuses on the inconveniences involved in the act of officially registering a choice at a specific time and place, not the vote itself.  For example, the lines for voting in South Africa's 1994 election were very long.  The "intensity of preference" and the inconvenience of voting were factors in the election of Nelson Mandela.

Related pages
 Consensus
 Majority rule
 False consensus
 Plural ignorance

Notes

Other websites
  Intensity Measures of Consumer Preferences

Economics
Community
Bedchamber crisis is the name given to a number of events that happened in 1839, when the Whigs lost the election, and only had a minority rule. As a consequence of the defeat, Lord Melbourne stepped down, and Robert Peel was given the task to form a new government. The Bedchamber crisis relates to the behaviour of Queen Victoria, who was twenty years old, at the time. The queen had a close relationship with the prime minister, and also listened to him, when it came to choosing Ladies-in-waiting. As a result, most ladies in waiting were the wives or relatives of leading Whig politicians. Peel, who was a Tory, asked the queen to re-elect the ladies, so that their allegiance to parties would be more neutral. This would have meant that some of the ladies would have to be replaced. Victoria saw the ladies as friends, and therefore refused. In addition, the queen had little sympathy for Peel. Given the circumstances, Peel refused the task to form a new government
. Lord Ashley, who was to become  Lord Shaftsbury was offered the post of prime minister, but he also refused. As a result, the Whigs and Lord Melbourne stayed in power. The refusal of the queen to replace some of the ladies in waiting was met with criticism.
1830s in the United Kingdom
1839
Politics of the United Kingdom
Lauri Kristian Relander (May 1883 - February 1942) was the second president of Finland, from 1925 to 1931. He travelled to other countries a lot compared to other presidents. Relander's education was Doctor of Philosophy and agronomist.

Relander was born in Kurkijoki. His wife was Signe Östermanin (1886–1962). They had two children. He died in Helsinki.

Other websites

Presidents of Finland
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
1883 births
1942 deaths
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (28 January 1865 – 22 September 1952) was Finland's first president, from 1919 to 1925. He was born in Suomussalmi and was third from five children in the family. His first wife was Hedvig Wåhlberg. In 1920 he married Ester Elfving.

President Juho Kusti Paasikivi gave great value to Ståhlberg. He said: "Ståhlberg was a man who never made mistakes".

Ståhlberg died in Helsinki.

Other websites

Presidents of Finland
1865 births
1952 deaths
Vicki Escarra is an American director of welfare organizations. She was the CEO of Feeding America and is leading Opportunity International since 2012.

Life 
Escarra was born around 1955 in Decatur in Georgia. She obtained a bachelor degree in psychology at Georgia State University. Furthermore, she completed the Executive Management Program at Columbia University and the Executive Leadership Program at Harvard University.

Since 1973 she worked for Delta Air Lines. Here her career rose, and finally she became the director of the customer service. At that moment she directed over 52,000 employees. In 2002 she was honored with the YWCA Women of Achievement Award.

Since 2003 she was a member of the board of the banking firm A. G. Edwards, and also of several other boards like for the Association of Professional Women and the Committee of 200. From 2004 to 2006 she worked as a chairman of the Atlanta Convention & Visitors Bureau.
From 2006 to 2012 she was director of Feeding America, an organization behind two hundred food banks in the United States and Puerto Rico with programs like soup kitchens and shelters. The organization feeds tens of millions of Americans that do not have enough food to buy themselves. For her work for Feeding America she was honored in 2009 with a Four Freedoms Award in the category Freedom from want.

Since 2012 Escarra leads Opportunity International, an international organization that works in the field of micro finance, insurance and training of small companies in twenty countries in the Third World.

References 

Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
1955 births
Living people
People from Decatur, Georgia
American chief executives
Georgia State University alumni
The Wingate Institute () is a sports training academy in Israel. It was established in 1957. The institute is named after Orde Wingate, who was a British general in the Mandate of Palestine. The Wingate Campus includes schools and local organizations of sport. The Wingate Institute is located in Netanya and has a supplementary compound in Tel Aviv, the National Sport Center, that includes many headquarters of Israeli sport organizations.

Other websites 

  Official website

Sports organizations of Israel
1957 establishments
Colleges and universities in Israel
1950s establishments in Israel
The Finnish markka, also known as the Suomen markka, or simply markka, was the currency in Finland before Finland started to use Euro. Markka's abbreviation was mk and internationally FIM. There were 100 pennies,  (penni, p), to each markka. There were also coupons.

History of Finland
Former currencies of Europe
The National Sport Center is a complex of sports venues and sport administration buildings in Tel Aviv, Israel. It includes the Olympic Committee of Israel building. The center is located in the Western edge of the Yarkon Park near to the Ramat Gan Stadium. It is a supplementary compound to the Wingate Institute in Netanya.

The National Sport Center was established in 1978 when a several tennis courts were built close to Yarkon Park. In 1980, the building of the Olympic Committee of Israel and the national athletics stadium were built nearby.

Other websites 

 National Sport Center – Tel Aviv (Hebrew)
  the Olympic Committee of Israel 

Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
Sports buildings
Sport in Israel
1978 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in Israel
Närpes () is a town in western Finland. There were 9,399 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Kaskinen, Korsnäs, Kristinestad, Kurikka, Malax and Teuva. About 85% of the people speak Swedish.

Other websites 

 Homepage

Municipalities of Ostrobothnia
Lappeenranta is a town in eastern Finland. There were 72,289 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Imatra, Lemi, Luumäki, Miehikkälä, Ruokolahti and Taipalsaari.

The former municipality of Joutseno was merged with Lappeenranta in 2009. The former municipality of Ylämaa was merged with Lappeenranta in 2010.

Some villages
Hanhijärvi (Lappeenranta), Hiivaniemi, Kansola, Konnunsuo, Kontu (Lappeenranta), Korvenkylä, Louko, Moisio(Lappeenranta), Raippo, Ruokola (Lappeenranta), Simola (Lappeenranta), Sirkjärvi, Vainikkala, Vilkjärvi.

Population growth

References

Other websites 

 Lappeenrannan kaupunki

Municipalities of South Karelia
Shinyei Nakamine (January 21, 1920-June 2, 1944) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life 
Nakamine was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nakamine joined the US Army in November 1941.

Nakamine volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.
For his actions in June 1944, Nakamine  was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Nakamine's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Nakamine's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1944. Without help from others, he destroyed a machine gun nest and led attacks on two other machine gun nests.
Private Shinyei Nakamine distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944, near La Torreto, Italy. During an attack, Private Nakamine’s platoon became pinned down by intense machine gun crossfire from a small knoll 200 yards to the front. On his own initiative, Private Nakamine crawled toward one of the hostile weapons. Reaching a point 25 yards from the enemy, he charged the machine gun nest, firing his submachine gun, and killed three enemy soldiers and captured two. Later that afternoon, Private Nakamine discovered an enemy soldier on the right flank of his platoon’s position. Crawling 25 yards from his position, Private Nakamine opened fire and killed the soldier. Then, seeing a machine gun nest to his front approximately 75 yards away, he returned to his platoon and led an automatic rifle team toward the enemy. Under covering fire from his team, Private Nakamine crawled to a point 25 yards from the nest and threw hand grenades at the enemy soldiers, wounding one and capturing four
. Spotting another machine gun nest 100 yards to his right flank, he led the automatic rifle team toward the hostile position but was killed by a burst of machine gun fire. Private Nakamine’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  
 

1920 births
1944 deaths
Military people from Hawaii
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
The National Building Museum is a museum in Washington D.C. dedicated to architecture, landscaping, urban design, urban planning, industrial design, and the history of buildings in the United States. The museum host exhibitions of architectural styles and organizes tours for visitors and activities for children and families. The museum was established in 1969 by architect Beverly Willis and moved to an old building that was the Interior of the Pension Office in 1980.

Other websites 

Official website
National Park Service - National Historic Landmarks Program - Pension Building listing 
General Services Administration page on the Pension Building (National Building Museum) 

Museums in Washington, D.C.
Architectural organizations
Urban design
Urban planning
1969 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Washington, D.C.
Gonville and Caius College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often called Caius (said keys) by the students. It was created in 1348 by Edmund Gonville who gave money to build it. In 1557 John Caius, a doctor, left some more money after studying at the college. The modern name comes from these two people. It now has about 700 students. 

Being old, the college has kept many traditions. For example, there is a formal dinner every night. Also, when students go home for holiday they need to get an official permission from a Fellow (teacher) to leave.

Famous members
Famous members 

Some very famous people have studied at this College. Twelve of them have won a Nobel Prize:
 1932 Sir Charles Sherrington – neurophysiologist (student and fellow)
 1935 Sir James Chadwick – physicist, discovery of the neutron (student, fellow, and master)
 1945 Sir Howard Florey – co-discovery of penicillin (fellow)
 1954 Max Born – physicist
 1962 Francis Crick – discovery of the structure of DNA (PhD student and honorary fellow)
 1972 Sir John Hicks – economist (fellow)
 1974 Antony Hewish – astronomer (student and fellow)
 1976 Milton Friedman – economist (visiting fellow)
 1977 Sir Nevill Mott – theoretical physicist (fellow and Master)
 1984 Sir Richard Stone – economist
 2001 Joseph Stiglitz – economist (fellow)
 2008 Roger Tsien – chemist (fellow)

Stephen Hawking is also a Fellow at Gonville and Caius.

Other websites 
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
Imatra is a town in southeast Finland. There were 28,363 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Lappeenranta and Ruokolahti.

Other websites 

 Imatra's website

Municipalities of South Karelia
Iisalmi is a town in southeast Finland. There were 22,153 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Kiuruvesi, Lapinlahti, Maaninka, Pielavesi, Sonkajärvi and Vieremä.

Books 
 Tauno Räisänen: Iisalmen kauppalan ja kaupungin historia 1860–1930, Kuopio 1959.
 Anja Tsokkinen: Iisalmen kaupungin historia 1930–1969, 1996, .
 Matti Klinge: Iisalmen ruhtinaskunta, 2006, .

Other websites 

 Homepage

Municipalities of North Savo
Homerton College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. Its name comes from the area of Homerton in London. It was first formed there in 1850 from a group of students who wanted to change the way pedagogy (how people teach) was studied. They moved to Cambridge in 1894, but the college only became part of the University in 1976. Only in 2010 it was given the full status.

Homerton College is the biggest in Cambridge: it has 1200 students. Many of them study Education because the department is there. The college is not in the city centre of Cambridge but on Hills Road.

Other websites 
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
Hughes Hall is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It only takes students who are more than 21 years old (mature students). They can be undergraduates or postgraduates. It opened in 1885 and was only for women at the start. The first men came in 1973. It takes its name from the first Principal (head of the college), Elizabeth Phillips Hughes. 

Today, Hughes Hall has about 400 students. It has the tradition of trying to mix students and Fellows (teachers) at social events, such as dinners where there is no separate table for Fellows.

Other websites 
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
Charlottetown is the capital and the largest city of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island.

The population of Charlottetown was 34,562 in 2011. The mayor of Charlottetown is Clifford J. Lee.

The French were the first European settlers in the area and they founded a settlement in 1720 named Port La Joye. British forces built Fort Amherst near the site of the abandoned Port La Joye settlement after they took control of the settlement and the rest of the island during the height of the French and Indian War. The town is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen consort of the United Kingdom.

Media 

Charlottetown Stations

CBCT CBC

CKCW CTV Television Network

References

Other websites
Official website 

Cities in Prince Edward Island
Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada
Pepsi Music 2004: Britney Exclusive (also known as: Pepsi Music 2004 or Pepsi: Dare for More Music 2004) is an EP . The CD included a special version of "We Will Rock You", which has been used in Pepsi TV advert. This version was performed by Britney Spears, P!nk and Beyoncé. Enrique Iglesias played a part an evil emperor.

Track listing

Cover 
Front coverBack cover Cd

Beyoncé albums
2004 albums
Summerside is a city in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island.

The population of Summerside was 14,751 in 2011. The mayor of Summerside is Basil Stewart.

Summerside was incorporated as a town on April 1, 1877, and as a city on April 1, 1995. The largest employer in the city is the Canada Revenue Agency. The city was home to CFB Summerside, an air force base located in the city, but that has since closed. The city is the only municipality in North America that owns its own electric utility and provides its residents with 46% of their energy consumption through green wind energy. The city is home to the Summerside Storm which play in the National Basketball League of Canada. The former post office that is located on Summer Street is a National Historic Site of Canada.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in Prince Edward Island
Peter Travers is an American movie critic. He works for Rolling Stone and People. He is known for listing movies or directors in the "Top Ten List" which includes Martin Scorsese, David Lynch, Paul Thomas Anderson, Clint Eastwood, Christopher Nolan, Joel and Ethan Coen, and Ang Lee.

References

Other websites
 
 The Travers Take  at Rolling Stone
 Movie Reviews  at Rolling Stone
 Peter Travers  at Rotten Tomatoes
 Popcorn with Peter Travers on ABC News

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American movie critics
American journalists
Anthony Oliver Scott (born July 10, 1966) is an American journalist and movie critic. He is the manager of all movie critics for The New York Times. His great-uncle is American actor Eli Wallach.

Scott was born on July 10, 1966 in Northampton, Massachusetts. He is Jewish. Scott studied at the Classical High School, at Johns Hopkins University, and at Harvard University. He is married. They have two children. He now lives in Brooklyn, New York.

References

Other websites
 
 A. O. Scott: New York Times articles
 A. O. Scott: New York Times movie reviews

1966 births
Living people
American journalists
American movie critics
Jewish American writers
Writers from Massachusetts
Writers from New York City
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, usually known as P. E. Svinhufvud, (1861 - 1944) was Finland's third president. He married Ellen Timgren and they had six children. His nickname was Ukko-Pekka. That's why name Pekka became more popular.

Presidents of Finland
1861 births
1944 deaths
Karachi South District () is in the Karachi Division of the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Districts of Karachi
The 11th century BC started the first day of 1100 BC and ended the last day of 1001 BC. The events below may have happened in this century.

Events
1089 BC: Melanthus, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 37 years.
 1069 BC: Ramses XI dies, ending the Twentieth Dynasty. 
 1068 BC: Codrus, legendary King of Athens, dies in battle against Dorian invaders.
 1050 BC: Philistines capture the Ark of the Covenant from Israel in battle. (Approximate date)
 1048 BC: Medon, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 20 years.
 1046 BC: King Wu of Zhou becomes first king of the Zhou Dynasty.
 1042 BC: King Cheng of Zhou succeeds King Wu as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China,
 1039 BC: Neferkare Amenemnisu, king of Egypt, dies.
 c. 1020 BC: Destruction of Troy VIIb2.
 1026 BC: Saul becomes the first king of the Israelites.
 1020 BC: King Kang of Zhou succeeds King Cheng as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China.
 1012 BC: Acastus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 36 years.
 1003 BC: David succeeds Saul.
 1000s BC: Earliest evidence of farming in the Kenya highlands.
 c. 1000 BC: Latins come to Italy from the Danube region.
The 2nd millennium BC took place in between the years of 2000 BC and 1001 BC. This is the time between the Middle and the late Bronze Age.  

The first half of the millennium saw a lot of activity by the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Babylonia. The alphabet develops. Indo-Iranian migration onto the Iranian plateau and onto the Indian subcontinent saw the creation and use of the chariot.  Chariot warfare and population movements lead to violent changes at the center of the millennium.  New order emerges with Greek control of the Aegean and the rise of the Hittite Empire. The end of the millennium sees the start of the Iron Age. World population begins to rise steadily. By 1000 BC, the population of the world reached nearly 50 million.
The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age.

This was a period of time in which the desire to conquer was common. Expansion occurred throughout the Middle East and throughout Eurasia, with Indo-European expansion to Anatolia, Europe and Central Asia. The civilization of Ancient Egypt rose to a peak with the Old Kingdom. World population is estimated to have doubled in the course of the millennium to 30 million people.
Highland dancing is a traditional dance which comes from Scotland. Highland dancers need a lot of stamina and strength as they need a good sense of aesthetics.  They execute the traditional dance in solo to the sound of the great highland bagpipe. The highland dances are very precise and need a lot of coordination. There are many competitions for highland dancing organized around the world, mainly in Scotland, United States, Canada and Australia.

Competition judging
Dancers are judged on three elements:    
 Timing: First, dancers have to follow the rhythm of the music. 
 Technique: Secondly, they have to execute the step correctly; the position of the feet, arms and head have to be done precisely.
 Posture: Finally, they are evaluating on their interpretation of the dance. They have to get a good appearance and have to smile like the dance is very easy and natural.
If a dancer does all these three elements perfectly, they have a great advantage over the others.

Highland dances
Here are the main traditional highland dances:
 The Highland fling is traditionally a four or six steps dance performed after a victory in a battle.
 The sword dance is performed around a crossed sword on the bagpipes song Ghillie Calum. It starts with two or more slow steps and ends with one or two quick steps. The aim of the dance is not to displace the sword.
 The Sean Triubhas is a dance that represents a person who lost his pants. In fact, at one time, Scottish could not wear the kilt and was only allowed to wear pants. In 1747, the British law abolished this old law and gave back to Scottish the right to wear their kilt. So in the first part, the dancers mimic a Scottish trying to put on his pants and in the last part, they mimic one who is getting back his right to wear the kilt and his customs.
 The Irish jig is a parody of Irish dancing and is performed with red, black or green hard shoes. An angry house wife, because her husband has taken some money to go to the pub, is waiting him at the halt.
Costumes 
Women wear a kilt, a kilt jacket (with or without sleeves), a blouse, ghilies and kilt socks. Men wear a kilt with a sporran, a white shirt with a thin tie, a dark jacket, green or black hose and ghilies shoes. These are only for certain dances (fling, sean triubhas, barracks johnnies, tulloch/half tulloch and highland laddie) There is seperate costumes for other dances, for the flora, scotch measure, lilt and a few others the outfit is called and aboyne. The hornpipe and jig have separate outfits too.

References

Dance types
Scottish culture
Paulina Porizkova (born 9 April 1965 in the Czech Republic) is a Czech-American model and actress. At age eighteen, became the first female from Central Europe to be shown on the cover of the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue. She was the second female (following Christie Brinkley) to be shown on the cover of the Sports Illustrated multiple times. She has acted in movies and in television shows, including Desperate Housewives.

Other websites 

1965 births
Living people
American models
American movie actors
American television actors
Czech actors
"Rich Girl" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). Produced by Dr. Dre, the track features American rapper Eve. It is the second time that both Stefani and Eve had done a song together, "Rich Girl" also samples both "Rich Girl" reggae girl group Louchie Lou & Michie One and "If I Were a Rich Man" a song from Fiddler on the Roof.

Track listings

 European CD single
 "Rich Girl" (album version featuring Eve) – 3:56
 "What You Waiting For?" (live) – 3:52
 UK and European CD maxi single
 "Rich Girl" (album version featuring Eve) – 3:56
 "What You Waiting For?" (live) – 3:52
 "Harajuku Girls" (live) – 4:36
 "Rich Girl" (video) – 4:03

 US 12" single
A1. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Mix) – 4:07
A2. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Instrumental) – 4:07
B1. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Quick Mix) – 3:47
B2. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Quick Instrumental) – 4:07
B3. "Rich Girl" (Acappella) – 3:57
The pirate-themed music video for "Rich Girl" was directed by David LaChapelle, filmed in July 2004. and uses the Get Rich mix of the song, which repeats the middle-8 chant section during the intro. The video, inspired by a late-1990s Vivienne Westwood advertising campaign, opens with four Japanese schoolgirls playing with a toy pirate ship and two Bratz dolls of Stefani and Eve, while the girls discuss what they would do if they were a "rich girl". The video features several sequences. Stefani is first shown below the deck of a pirate ship, dancing on a table and singing to the song. She is surrounded by pirates and wenches and is soon joined by Eve, wearing an eyepatch. In the surreal style of LaChapelle, the pirate crew has distorted features, and a leaked casting call commented, "I need the freaks on this one." Above deck Stefani, the Harajuku Girls, Eve, and more pirates dance on the deck and rigging
. Stefani is also seen dancing with the Harajuku Girls in a treasure trove, often carrying a sword, and swinging from an anchor. When the girls dunk the toy ship in a fish tank, the galleon engages in cannon fire, causing Stefani and the pirates to fall all over the ship, and Stefani and the Harajuku Girls are soon shipwrecked.
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Mark Batson – keyboard bass, keyboards, songwriting
 Greg Collins – recording
 Kara DioGuardi – songwriting
 Dr. Dre – mixing, production, songwriting
 Mike Elizondo – guitar, keyboards, songwriting
 Eve – rap, songwriting

 Francis Forde – assistant engineering
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
 Mauricio "Veto" Iragorri – recording
 Rouble Kapoor – assistant engineering
 Chantal Kreviazuk – songwriting
 Jaime Sickora – assistant engineering
 Brad Winslow – assistant engineering

References

2004 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Reggae songs
R&B songs
The Jerry Springer Show was a unscripted American tabloid talk show. It was hosted by Jerry Springer. It is broadcast around the world. It was taped in Stamford, Connecticut. The show focuses on family dysfunction, secrecy and infidelity. It began on September 30, 1991 and ended on July 26, 2018. It has been controversial for certain subjects.

Other websites 

1991 American television series debuts
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American television talk shows
First run syndicated television programs
Stamford, Connecticut
English-language television programs
Merostomata is a name given to the now extinct sea scorpions (Eurypterida) and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). There are four known species of horsehoe crabs still alive. James Dwight Dana introduced the name to refer to the horseshoe crabs only. Henry Woodward later extended it to refer to both taxa.

Chelicerata
A jack is a tool for lifting heavy items. There are many kinds of jacks.

Car jack or automotive jack - For lifting vehicles.
Scissor jack - The lifting mechanism is shaped similar to a pair of scissors.
House jack - A jack which can lift small buildings that are made of wood or similar lightweight material. 
Hydraulic jack - Uses a liquid that is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger. 
Inflatable jack - An airbag-like jack that lifts its load when filled with compressed air.
Bottle jack - A jack with a cylindrical body and a bottle-like neck.

Tools
Pielinen is the fourth biggest lake in Finland.

Islands
Eteissaari, Hattusaari, Honkasaari (Juuka), Honkasaari (Nurmes), Iso Ristisaari, Kaitasaari, Karhusaari, Kaunissaari, Kertonsaari, Kelvänsaari, Kinahmonsaaret, Kolmassaari, Korppisaari, Koveronsaari, Kuivasaari, Kulkulsaari, Kuusisaari, Kynsisaari, Larinsaari, Laukkalansaari, Lehtosaari, Liklamo, Lokkisaari, Lörsänsaari, Läpsy, Mantina, Mustasaari, Palosaari, Paalasmaa, Patvisaaret, Pieni Ristisaari, Porosaari, Pyysaari, Pääsaari, Rekisaari, Retusaari, Romonsaaret, Rääkky, Satjanko, Sipolansaari, Toinensaari, Turakka, Uramonsaari, Varpo.

Pielinen in art
Syysmaisema Pielisjärveltä (1899) is one of Eero Järnefelt's best known paintings, and was also used on a postage stamp.

Lakes of Finland
North Karelia
Karachi East District () is in the Karachi Division of Sindh province of Pakistan.

Districts of Karachi
Lake Inari ( or Inari) is the third largest lake in Finland's Lapland. It covers . The deepest point is . There are over 3,000 islands in the lake. The biggest islands are Kaamassaari, Mahlatti, Viimassaari and Roiro.

Inari's is located to north from Arctic Circle, still, water is not very cold.

References

Other websites 

Lakes of Finland
Lapland (Finland)
Oulujärvi ("Kainuun meri") is the fifth biggest lake in Finland. Its biggest island is Manamansalo. Other islands are Hevossaari, Iso-Kaattari, Honkinen, Kaarresalo, Karhusaari, Koljolansaari, Kuostonsaari, Käkisaari (toiseksi suurin), Manamansalo, Mulkkusaaret, Reimiluoto, Tevä, Toukka, Uupunut, and Ykspisto ja Ärjä.

Lakes of Finland
Kemijoki is the longest river in Finland. It is  long. It flows to the Gulf of Bothnia.

Rivers of Finland
Kymijoki is a river in Finland. It is  long. It flows through the regions Päijänne Tavastia, Kymenlaakso and Uusimaa.

There are many hydroelectric power plants on the river. In the past, the river was an important way to transport wood. 

The river starts from Päijänne and it flows to the Gulf of Finland.

References

Other websites

Rivers of Finland
Siikajoki (river) is a river in Finland. It is  long. It flows to Bothnian Bay. 

Rivers of Finland
Päijänne is the second largest lake in Finland. It is between the regions of Central Finland and Päijänne Tavastia. It covers . Päijänne flows into the Gulf of Finland through the river Kymijoki.

The quality of the water is good. It improves south of Jämsä.

Päijänne is next to the municipalities of Kuhmoinen, Jämsä, Joutsa, Luhanka, Muurame, Toivakka and Jyväskylä in Central Finland, and Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä in Päijänne Tavastia.

Islands
The lake has 1,886 islands.

Some of the largest islands are Virmailansaari, Salonsaari, Judinsalo, Onkisalo, Paatsalo, Muuratsalo, Haukkasalo and Vuoritsalo.

National Park
In the southern part of Päijänne is Päijänne National Park. This was established in 1993. The park covers about 50 islands. The park is next to the municipalities of Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä. It covers Kelvenne island, which is 8 km long and 50-800 meters wide. The bays in the national park are popular places for boating.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Päijänne National Park page, Finnish 

Lakes of Finland
Näsijärvi is a lake in Finland. It covers . The deepest point is . Near Näsijärvi are Tampere, Ylöjärvi and Kuru.

Lakes of Finland
Höytiäinen is a lake in Finland. It covers an area of . Its deepest point is . The biggest island is Teerisaari. In 1950, there were 118 people living at the lake. Near Näsijärvi are Juuka, Kontiolahti and Polvijärvi.

References

Lakes of Finland
Kallavesi is a lake in Finland. It covers . The average depth is . The deepest point is . Kallavesi is close to the city of Kuopio.

References

Other websites

Lakes of Finland
Lake Keitele is a lake in Finland. It covers almost . The average depth is . The deepest point is . The quality of the water is very good. Lake Keitele is close to Äänekoski, Viitasaari and municipalities Konnevesi and Vesanto.

Lakes of Finland
Jääsjärvi is a large lake in Finland. It covers . It has many islands. The largest ones are Vehkasalo, Hirtesalo, Kotisalo, Ohrasaari, Urrionsaari and Nautsalo.
 
Municipalities near Jääsjärvi are Joutsa and Hartola. Jääsjärvi flows from the southwestern part via Tainionvirta and into several smaller lakes to Päijänne.

References

Lakes of Finland
Keiko (c. 1976 – December 12, 2003) was a killer whale who played "Willy" in the movie Free Willy in 1993. He was a world-famous whale. He died of pneumonia in 2003.

1976 births
2003 deaths
Whales
Individual animals
A Karelian pasty, also called a Karelian pie or Karelian pirog, known in Finnish as karjalanpiirakka, is a traditional Finnish cookie, where inside a thin rye layer is rice pudding, pearl barley pudding, or mashed potatoes. It is often served with a spread made of butter and hard boiled eggs. There are annual baking competitions such as the one at Rääkkylä's Kihaus.

Other websites 
 Juttuverkko-lehti: Karjalanpiirakka - suomalainen herkku (mm. historiaa ja resepti)  (history and receipe Finnish)

Finnish food
Pasquale J. "Pat" D'Amuro is an American television analyst  and former intelligence agent. He is an expert on terrorism. D'Amuro is a former Director of FBI in New York. He worked for the FBI for 26 years. After the FBI, he went to work for Giuliani Security & Safety, a New York security consulting company.

Life 
D'Amuro grew up in upstate New York. He earned his Bachelor's degree in Business at the Niagara University.

He bagan working for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in May 1979. While working for the FBI, D'Amuro learn much about bank robberies, fraud, organized crime, drug trafficing and similar crimes.

After the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, he focused his research on terrorist attacks. After this,  he was involved with the research of the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya, the 2000 USS Cole bombing in Aden, Yemen, and the attacks on September 11, 2001, on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. Over time, he became a leading expert on al-Qaeda.
After the attacks of September 11, D'Amuro became the assistant director of the counterterrorism division of the FBI. He made changes  that led to better exchange of information between the FBI, CIA, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense. He is also responsible for the creation of the Terrorism Watch List. It is a combination of the information of many different agencies.

In August 2003, he became director of the FBI office in New York. It is the largest FBI office. At this time, he held the third highest position in the FBI. At this time, he began giving public lectures often on the changes that had been made at the FBI since September 11. In March 2005, he left the FBI after a service of 26 years.

After leaving the FBI, he became director of Nine Thirty Capital Management and chairman of the board of Giuliani Security & Safety. In March 2006 he became a commissary of Mercy College. In April 2008, he became the director of American Defense Systems.
D'Amuro is often on the television network CNN as a senior analyst.

Honors 
D'Amuro has been given several awards. These include the Presidential Rank Award of the FBI. In 2004, he was given an honorary doctorate in law from Mercy College in Dobbs Ferry, New York. In 2009, D'Amuro got a Four Freedoms Award in the category Freedom from fear.

References 
Bloomberg Businessweek (November 17, 2012) biography
Government Executive (April 15, 2003) biography

Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century births
Living people
American television personalities
Businesspeople from New York (state)
FBI people
Terrorism
Karachi Central District () is in the Karachi Division of the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Districts of Karachi
Karachi West District () is in the Karachi Division of the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Districts of Karachi
The Goa liberation movement was a political struggle for the independence of Goa during the 20th century. The city had been under the colonial rule of the Portuguese for over 450 years. In 1960, India invaded and annexed the territory.

Separatist movements of India
Nationalism
Colonialism
Goa
Sunamganj (, ) is a district in north-eastern Bangladesh. It is part of the Sylhet Division.

Districts in Sylhet Division
Moulvibazar (, Moulvibazar Zila) is a district of the Sylhet Division in Bangladesh.

Districts in Sylhet Division
Habiganj ( ) is a district in northeastern Bangladesh. It is part of the Sylhet Division.

Districts in Sylhet Division