Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The French revolutionary army that was under General Custine got control of Mainz on 21 October 1792. Two days after this, Forster joined in creating a Jacobin Club. It was called "Freunde der Freiheit und Gleichheit" ("Friends of Freedom and Equality"). He helped in organizing the Mainz Republic in 1793. The first one made in Germany was a democracy. Forster became the vice-president the their administration. He was a candidate in the election for the local parliament, the  (Rhenish-German National Convention). He was an editor of  (The new Mainz newspaper or The People's Friend) from January to March 1793. In his first article that he made, he wrote:

This freedom did not last very long. In July 1973, French troops ended the Mainz Republic.
Forster was not in Mainz when France took over. Since he was part of the Mainz National Convention, he and Adam Lux went to Paris to apply for Mainz to become a part of the French Republic. The application was accepted, but didn't have any effect since Mainz was took over by France. Forster lost his library and his things. He decided to stay in Paris.

Death in revolutionary Paris
Emperor Francis II made a decree(or law) that would give punishments on German people who helped the French French Revolutionary government. Forster became an outlaw because of this. He was placed under the Imperial ban. 100 ducats were put on his head. Because of this, he could not go back to Germany. He did not have his wife because she stayed in Mainz with her children and future husband Ludwig Ferdinand Huber. He also did not have any way to make money. He stayed in Paris. Paris had just started the Reign of Terror under the rule of Maximilien Robespierre. Forster was able to see the difference between the promises of the revolution of happiness and its cruel practices. Many German supporters of the revolution like Friedrich Schiller turned back from their opinions from the terror. Forster, however did not turn back from his revolutionary ideals from the Reign of Terror. He saw what happened in France as a force that could not be slowed
. Forster thought that had to become calmer and if they didn't, France could destroy even more.
In January 1794 when he was 39, Forster died from rheumatic illness before the Reign of Terror was its peak. He was planning to go to India at the time.

Views on nations and their culture 
Forster had some Scottish family. He was born in born in Polish Royal Prussia. This made him a Polish subject by birth. He worked in Russia, England, Poland and in German countries of his time. Finally, he died in France. He worked in different places. He travelled a lot from when he was a youth. His thoughts made very big scientific discoveries from the Enlightenment. It also people different views on ethnic and national communities.
In his opinion, all human beings had some feelings and imagination. They are used in different ways, however. These different ways makes different cultures and civilizations. Forster said cultures like Tierra del Fuego is at a lower level of development than European culture. He also said that living on places like that is harder and there is less chance to have higher culture. This opinions were one of the biggest examples of 18th-century German cosmopolitanism.

He used insulting words against Poles with prejudice in his letters when he was in Vilnius and in a diary from when he when through Poland. He, however, but he never showed it in his publications. It was only known after he had died when these conversations and diaries were shown to the public. Forster's writings were seen as scientifically based. Forster's prejudice against Poland usually taken as factual in Imperial Germany and Nazi Germany. The "Polnische Wirtschaft" (Polish economy) stereotype was probably because of his letters.
Forster's thoughts and attitude got him into trouble with other countries. It made not welcome by anyone. He wanted a revolution too much in Germany. He was too proud in England. He didn't like Polish science in Poland. He wasn't popular enough and was ignored in France.

Legacy 
After Forster's died, most of his books were forgotten. The only place they were remembered were in some circles. This was mostly because he was a part of the French Revolution. People like him differently throughout history. Their opinion on usually changed with their political beliefs. After the Napoleonic era, he Germans thought that he was a traitor. People thought this even though people like Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel wrote good things about him.
His life was revived a little bit in the buildup to the 1848 revolution. He was, however, forgotten in Wilhelm II and Nazi Germany. Here, the only interest in Forster was from his thoughts of Poland. In the1960s in East Germany, however, people began to remember him more. This is because people thought that he showed class struggle. The GDR research station in Antarctica that was opened on 25 October 1987 was named after him. The Alexander von Humboldt foundation named a scholarship program after him. The scholarship was for foreign people from developing countries. He was a very good German ethnologist. His works are seen as very helpful in Germany's ethnology.

The ethnographical items collected by Georg and Johann Reinhold Forster are now presented as the Cook-Forster-Sammlung (Cook–Forster Collection) in the Sammlung für Völkerkunde anthropological collection in Göttingen. Another collection of items collected by the Forsters is on display at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford.

Works
A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5 (1777) Internet Archive scans: Vol. I and II; modern publication with commentary: (preview)
 Characteres generum plantarum, quas in Itinere ad Insulas Maris Australis, Collegerunt, Descripserunt, Delinearunt, annis MDCCLXXII-MDCCLXXV Joannes Reinoldus Forster et Georgius Forster (1775/76), archive.org
 De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis Commentatio Botanica (1786) available online at Project Gutenberg
 Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus  (1786) available online at Project Gutenberg and Biodiversity Heritage Library (DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.10725) 
 Essays on moral and natural geography, natural history and philosophy (1789–97)
 Views of the Lower Rhine, Brabant, Flanders (three volumes, 1791–94)
  Georg Forsters Werke, Sämtliche Schriften, Tagebücher, Briefe, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, G. Steiner et al. Berlin: Akademie 1958
Werke in vier Bänden, Gerhard Steiner (editor). Leipzig: Insel 1965. ASIN: B00307GDQ0
 Reise um die Welt, Gerhard Steiner (editor). Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1983. 
 Ansichten vom Niederrhein, Gerhard Steiner (editor). Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1989. 
 Georg Forster, Briefe an Ernst Friedrich Hector Falcke. Neu aufgefundene Forsteriana aus der Gold- und Rosenkreuzerzeit, Michael Ewert, Hermann Schüttler (editors). Georg-Forster-Studien Beiheft 4. Kassel: Kassel University Press 2009.
Notes

References

Sources 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 Jovanović, Lazar, (2020). “The Cosmopolitan Circumnavigator of the South Seas: A Biography of Georg Forster”, in BEROSE – International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology, Paris.

Other websites 

 The Forster Collection at the Pitt Rivers Museum
 Georg Forster society in Kassel 
 Letter recommending Georg Forster to the Royal Society (archived link, 21 October 2006)
 Biography at the Australian Dictionary of Biography
 
 
 
 Resources related to research : BEROSE – International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology. "Forster, Georg (1754–1794)", Paris, 2020. (ISSN 2648-2770)

1754 births
1794 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
People of the French Revolution
German explorers
German botanists
German zoologists
Ethnologists
Martin Pope (born Isidore Poppick); August 22, 1918March 27, 2022) was an American physical chemist. He was a professor at New York University. He was born in New York City. He was known for his discoveries of ohmic contacts and research in the fields of organic insulators and semiconductors. His works helped create organic semiconductors.

In 2006, Pope was honored with the Davy Medal.

Pope died on March 27, 2022 at his home in New York City at the age of 103.

References

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American chemists
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Tetovo (; ) is a city in the northwestern part of North Macedonia. It is on the foothills of Šar Mountains and separated by the Pena River. 52,915 people lived there.

Cities in North Macedonia
Hospitality Club (HC) is a free hospitality exchange service. It provides places for people to stay, usually when traveling. The service is a gift economy. The people who provide a place for people to stay can not ask for payment for the services. Hospitality Club runs off of a reputation system. In HC, members can leave references about how good the service was. People who use it are usually asked to check each other's passports. This usually does not happen. As of March 2022, the site HC had over 325,000 users from 207 countries.

The company was founded in 2000 by Veit Kühne.

Related pages
Couchsurfing

Other websites 
 A podcast about hospitality club on German RTL

References 

Social networking
Norma Judith Torres, (née Barillas ; born April 4, 1965) is a Guatemalan-born American politician. She is a member of the United States House of Representatives for California's 35th congressional district since 2015. She was a member of the California State Senate representing the 35th district. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

Torres was born Norma Judith Barillas in Guatemala. When she was five, she and her uncle came to the United States. She originally arrived on a tourist visa, but became a legal resident in her teens and became a citizen in 1992.

References

1965 births
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Gloria Negrete McLeod (born September 6, 1941) is an American politician. She was the United States representative for  from 2013 to 2015. She was a California state senator, representing the 32nd district, from December 2006 until her election to Congress. She was in the California State Assembly from 2000 to 2006.

In February 2014, she announced her plans not to run for re-election, and instead to run for the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors.  Negrete McLeod lost the November election to Republican state Assemblyman Curt Hagman.

References

1941 births
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United States representatives from California
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Holtville (formerly, Holton) is a city in Imperial County, California. The population was 5,939 at the 2020 census.

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Herblay-sur-Seine is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north-central France. In 2019, 31,314 people lived there.

The commune is in the northwestern suburbs of Paris,  from the center.

Communes in Val-d'Oise
Montigny-lès-Cormeilles is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north-central France. In 2019, 21,528 people lived there.

The commune is in the northwestern suburbs of Paris,  from the center.

Communes in Val-d'Oise
Operation Linda Nchi (; "Protect the Country") was a military operation in Kenya. In it, the Kenya Defence Forces were sent into southern Somalia in 2011-2012.  They were sent to fight Al-Shabaab insurgents .The Kenyan government said that the operation was done in 2012. After this, its forces joined AMISOM in Somalia.

Some people think that the Kenyan government wanted to make a buffer zone between Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia and Kenya. People also think that Kenya also probably wanted to be seen as a partner with the United States.

Notes

References

Further reading 

 Williams, Paul, "Fighting for Peace in Somalia: A History and Analysis of the African Union Mission (AMISOM)", 2007–2017. Oxford University Press, 2018.

2010s in Africa
Le Bélieu is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

References 

Communes in Doubs
Le Bizot is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

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Communes in Doubs
La Bosse is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

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Communes in Doubs
The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is a very big herbivorous and freshwater fish species of the family Cyprinidae. It is from east Asia native to eastern Asia. It was originally found from northern Vietnam to the Amur River on the Siberia-China border. This Asian carp is the only species of the genus Ctenopharyngodon.

It is used in China for food. It was introduced in Europe and the United States to help weed control underwater. This species of fish has the biggest production in aquaculture in the world. Over five million tonnes per year are sold.

References

Other websites 

 Species Profile - Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Grass Carp.
 

Cypriniformes
Freshwater fish
La Chenalotte is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

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Communes in Doubs
Les Premiers-Sapins is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2016 and consists of the former communes of Nods (the seat), Athose, Chasnans, Hautepierre-le-Châtelet, Rantechaux and Vanclans.

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2016 establishments in France
Communes in Doubs
Nods is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. It is the seat of the new commune of Les Premiers-Sapins.

On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Premiers-Sapins.

References 

Former communes in Doubs
Athose is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Premiers-Sapins.

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Former communes in Doubs
Chasnans is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Premiers-Sapins.

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Former communes in Doubs
Hautepierre-le-Châtelet is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Premiers-Sapins.

References 

Former communes in Doubs
The khanates of the Caucasus, also known as the Azerbaijani khanates, Persian khanates. or Iranian khanates, were various provinces and principalities established by Persia (Iran) on their territories in the Caucasus (modern-day Azerbaijan Republic, Armenia, Georgia and Dagestan) from the late Safavid to the Qajar dynasty.

The Khanates were mostly ruled by Khans of Turkic (Azerbaijani) origin and were vassals and subjects of the Iranian Shah (English: King). The khans neither had territorial or religious unity, nor an ethnic/national identity. They were mostly interested in preserving their positions and income.

References 

Former countries in Europe
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Rantechaux is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Premiers-Sapins.

References 

Former communes in Doubs
Vanclans is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Premiers-Sapins.

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Former communes in Doubs
Le Gratteris is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

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Mont-de-Laval () is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is  west of Le Russey.

Population

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 Mont-de-Laval on the intercommunal Web site of the department 

Communes in Doubs
Montécheroux is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is  from Saint-Hippolyte.

Population

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 Montécheroux on the intercommunal Web site of the department 

Communes in Doubs
Rancenay is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is  northeast of Boussières. It is split by the river Doubs.

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 Rancenay on the intercommunal Web site of the department  

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Les Plains-et-Grands-Essarts () is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

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Plaimbois-Vennes () is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

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Puessans is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Puessans is  south of Rougemont. It is at the bottom of a hill in the Val-Mont-Martin.

Population

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 Puessans on the intercommunal Web site of the department 

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Roche-lez-Beaupré () is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is  northeast of Besançon. It is on the shore of the Doubs river.

History
The commune was called Roche until 1934.

Population

Transportation
The commune has transportation by railroad, the national highway 83, and the Doubs River.

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 Roche-lez-Beaupré on the regional Web site 

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Ronchaux () is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Ronchaux is  from Quingey. It is on the banks of the Bief de Caille, a stream that comes from the Mittonière cave.

Population

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 Ronchaux on the regional Web site 

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Saint-Hilaire () is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is  north of Roulans.

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 Saint-Hilaire on the regional Web site 

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Marchaux-Chaudefontaine is a commune in the department of Doubs, eastern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2018. It merged the two communes of Marchaux (the seat) and Chaudefontaine.

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2018 establishments in France
Mazerolles-le-Salin () is a commune in the Doubs department. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Mazerolles lies  west of Besançon.

Population

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 Mazerolles-le-Salin on the intercommunal Web site of the department 

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Marchaux is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Marchaux-Chaudefontaine.

References 

Former communes in Doubs
Chaudefontaine is a former commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Marchaux-Chaudefontaine.

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Former communes in Doubs
Abbans-Dessous is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

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Communes in Doubs
Valdahon is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

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Communes in Doubs
Abbans-Dessus is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

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Communes in Doubs
The National Bureau of Statistics (), abbreviated as NBS, is the main agency of the People's Republic of China that works with statistics about the  economy and population of China. Ning Jizhe has been in charge of the bureau since 2016.

Responsibilities 
The bureau's authority and responsibilities are listed in China's Statistics Law. It is responsible for the research of the nation's overall statistics. It is also in charge of the actions of local agencies that also work with statistics.
Commissioner 
The current commissioner is Ning Jizhe. He became commissioner in February 2016.
Xue Muqiao (August 1952 – November 1958)
Jia Qiyun (November 1958 – June 1961)
Wang Sihua (June 1961 – December 1969)
Chen Xian (September 1974 – October 1981)
Li Chengrui (October 1981 – May 1984)
Zhang Sai (May 1984 – February 1997)
Liu Hong (February 1997 – June 2000)
Zhu Zhixin (June 2000 – March 2003)
Li Deshui (March 2003 – March 2006)
Qiu Xiaohua (March 2006 – October 2006)
Xie Fuzhan (October 2006 – September 2008)
Ma Jiantang (September 2008 – April 2015)
Wang Bao'an (April 2015 – January 2016)
Ning Jizhe (February 2016 – present)

References

Other websites 
 
 
 National Data, open national data repository of China.
THE STATUS QUO AND ISSUES OF R&D STATISTICS IN CHINA

Beijing
Government agencies
1952 establishments in Asia
Organizations based in the People's Republic of China
Heliopolis of Phoenicia was a colony of the Roman Empire. The name was Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana and is now the Baalbeck of modern Lebanon. It is a Unesco world heritage site

History

Ancient Baalbek (under its Hellenic name Heliopolis) formed part of the kingdoms of Egypt & Syria. It was annexed by the Romans during their eastern wars. The Italic settlers of the Roman colony "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" may have arrived as early as the time of Caesar but were more probably the veterans of two Roman Legions under Augustus, during which time it hosted a Roman garrison.
Indeed the veterans of two Roman legions were established in the city (and region) of Berytus (actual Beyrut) by emperor Augustus: the "Legio V Macedonica" and the "Legio III Gallica"., and Heliopolis from 15 BC to 193 AD formed part of the territory of Berytus.  The population was mainly local in the second century under Hadrian with a few descendants of the Roman colonists and likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the Camel caravans to the coast and interior.

The present "Temple of Jupiter" presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation.

The presence of a huge quarry was one of the reasons for the Roman decision to create a huge "Great Court" of a big pagan temple complex in this mountain site, located at nearly 1100 meters of altitude and on the eastern borders of the Roman Empire: it took three centuries to create this colossal Roman paganism's temple complex, called Sanctuary of Heliopolis.
Heliopolis was a noted oracle and pilgrimage site, whence the cult spread far afield, with inscriptions to the Heliopolitan god discovered in Athens, Rome, Pannonia, Venetia, Gaul, and near the Wall in Britain. The Roman 
temple complex grew up from the early part of the reign of Augustus in the late 1st century until the rise of Christianity in the 4th century. The 6th-century chronicles of John Malalas of Antioch, which claimed Baalbek as a "wonder of the world" credited most of the complex to the 2nd-century Antoninus Pius. By that time, the complex housed three temples on Tell Baalbek: one to Jupiter Heliopolitanus (Baʿal), one to Venus Heliopolitana (Ashtart), and a third to Bacchus. On a nearby hill, a fourth temple was dedicated to the third figure of the Heliopolitan Triad, Mercury (Adon). Ultimately, the site vied with Praeneste in Italy as the two largest sanctuaries in the Western world.
The emperor Trajan consulted the site's oracle twice. In 193 AD, Septimius Severus granted the city the famous ius Italicum rights and the city grew in importance in all the Roman Levant.

In the third century Heliopolis had a population of nearly 20000 inhabitants and there was an hippodrome with even a theater, just outside the "Great Court" area of the temples. Additionally a temple of Mercury stood on top of the hill outside the ramparts. A long staircase led up to it from the town, as is shown on coins of Heliopolis struck under emperor Philip the Arab. Remains of the temple, the line of the staircase, and parts of its parapet have been found. Still remain some sections of the Roman walls, with square forts around the old city

The town became a battleground upon the rise of Christianity, because it was an important center of Roman paganism.
The Temple of Jupiter, already greatly damaged by earthquakes, was partially demolished under Theodosius in 379 AD and replaced by another basilica (now lost), using stones scavenged from the pagan complex. The Easter Chronicles states he was also responsible for destroying nearly all the lesser temples and shrines of the city. Around the year 400 AD, Rabbula, the future bishop of the diocese of Edessa, attempted to have himself martyred by disrupting the pagans of Baalbek but was only thrown down the temple stairs along with his companion. It became the seat of its own bishop as well. Under the reign of Justinian, eight of the complex's Corinthian columns were disassembled and shipped to Constantinople for incorporation in the rebuilt Hagia Sophia sometime between 532 and 537 AD.
Michael the Syrian claimed the golden idol of Heliopolitan Jupiter was still to be seen during the reign of Justin II (560s & 570s),and, up to the time of its conquest by the Muslims in 637 AD, it was renowned for its palaces, monuments, and gardens. The Arabs under Abu Ubaidah -who conquered the city after a damaging siege- renamed the city as "Baalbeck" (that in ancient Lebanese Arab language probably meaned "Bacchus ruins"). The Christians left the city, that lost importance in the next centuries (even because of the growth of nearby Damascus, that was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 AD) and in the tenth century was reduced to be just a small village.

In 1170 AD the arab city of Baalbeck was hit by a terrible earthquake that fully destroyed the Temple of Jupiter, leaving only a few columns standing, and heavily damaged the "Great Court" of ancient Heliopolis's temple complex.

Related pages
 Lebanon

Notes
Notes

Bibliography
 Idejian, Nina (1975). Baalbek: Heliopolis: "City of the Sun". Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Publishers. ISBN 978-2-7214-5884-1
World Heritage Sites in Asia
Phoenicia
Ammameh Castle () is a historical castle located in Shemiranat County, Tehran Province, Iran. The history of this castle goes back to the times of Ziyarid dynasty.

References 

Buildings and structures in Iran
Castles in Asia
10th-century buildings and structures
Les Fontenelles is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

References 

Communes in Doubs
Saint-Julien-lès-Russey is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

References 

Communes in Doubs
The Qajars, (Self-Designation: Qaçarlar, also spelled Kadjars, Kajars, Kadzhars, Cadzhars, Cadjars, Ghajars, etc.) are an Oghuz Turkic clan of Bayat tribe. who lived variously, with other tribes, in the area that is now Armenia, Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran.

With the end of the Safavid era, they had split into several fractions. These included the Ziyādoghlu (Ziādlu), associated with the area of Ganja and Yerevan, as well as the Qoyunlu (Qāvānlu), and Davālu (Devehlu) the latter two associated with the northern areas of contemporary Iran.
Background 
The Qajars were one of the original Turkoman Qizilbash tribes that emerged and spread in Asia Minor around tenth and eleventh centuries. They later supplied power to the Safavids since this dynasty's earliest days. Numerous members of the Qajar tribe held prominent ranks in the Safavid state. In 1794, a Qajar chieftain, Agha Mohammed, member of the Qoyunlu branch of the Qajars, founded the Qajar dynasty which replaced the Zand dynasty in Iran. He launched his campaign from his power base south of the Caspian Sea, capturing its capital Isfahan in 1785. A year later, Tehran accepted Mohammed's authority.

Sources 

Ethnic groups in Asia
Losheim am See is a municipality in Merzig-Wadern, in Saarland, Germany.

References

Other websites 
 

Merzig-Wadern
Perl is a municipality in Merzig-Wadern, in Saarland, Germany.

References

Other websites 
 
 Perl official website 

Merzig-Wadern
Grand'Combe-Châteleu is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

References 

Communes in Doubs
Les Gras is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

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Communes in Doubs
Laval-le-Prieuré is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

References 

Communes in Doubs
Le Luhier is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

References 

Communes in Doubs
Le Russey is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France.

References 

Communes in Doubs
The Austro-Hungarian Navy, also known as the k.u.k Kriegsmarine (Royal and Imperial Navy) was the navy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1867 until the end of World War I.

After the end of the War, the Austro-Hungarians transferred their ships to the Royal Yugoslav Navy, so that the Allied Nations would not keep these ships.

References

Other websites 

 The Genesis of the Austrian Navy - A Chronology
 Antique Photography & Postcards of Austro-Hungarian army 1866-1918 
Disbanded navies
1867 establishments in Europe
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Navy
The Bohol Sea, also called the Mindanao Sea, is located between the Visayas and Mindanao islands in the Philippines. It lies south of Bohol and Leyte and north of Mindanao. Siquijor and Camiguin are its two major islands.

Geography of the Philippines
Clube de Autores (founded in 2009) is a major self-publishing platform in Latin America, with a main focus on the Brazilian market. It is headquartered in Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Clube de Autores claims to publish about 10% of the books in Brazil.

References

Other websites 

 Official website
2009 establishments in South America
2000s establishments in Brazil
A bench trial is a trial where there is no jury.   A judge decides who wins or loses without a jury.  Some law systems use bench trials for almost all cases (Roman, Islamic).  Others use them for only some cases or only some kinds of cases.  The rules for bench trials may be different in courts that hear accused criminals and courts that hear lawsuits.

In jury trials, it is the judge's job to say what is the law and the jury's job to find the facts.  In a bench trial, the judge does both.  In some bench trials, both sides already agree on what the facts are.  For example, in civil disobedience cases designed to test the law, accused people often agree with the prosecuting lawyers about what happened.  They only want the judge to say whether it really was illegal.
Bench trials are usually faster than jury trials because the court has to do fewer things. For example, there is no jury selection and no need to send the jury to live separately or give them special instructions.  For example, if lawyers in a jury trial disagree about whether one piece of evidence should be shown to the jury, they must call for a sidebar and talk to the judge about it privately.  In a bench trial, they do not have to keep anything secret from a jury.  The judge can also make the trial start and stop when they want.  The judge may decide to let the lawyers skip opening and closing statements.

Sometimes, people ask for a bench trial if the evidence is scientific or hard to understand.
A bench trial is almost the same as a jury trial in other ways.  For example, the rules of evidence and methods of objection are the same in a bench trial as in a jury trial. Bench trials can be more informal than jury trials. It is often less necessary to protect the record with objections, and sometimes evidence is accepted de bene because it can be removed in the future.

When a jury makes a decision at the end of a trial, it is called a verdict.  When a judge in a bench trial makes a decision at the end of a trial, it is called a finding.

United Kingdom

England and Wales

Most civil trials in England and Wales are bench trials.

Summary criminal trials may be heard by a single district judge (Magistrates' Court) or by a group of two or more magistrates, usually three.

Section 47 Criminal Justice Act 2003 does allow a bench trial, but they are rare.  There have been only two bench trials of this kind since 2003.

Scotland
Scotland

Most civil trials in Scotland are conducted in the Sheriff Court by a Sheriff sitting alone.  In the Court of Session, a judge from either the outer or inner house usually sits over the trial alone; but the judge may work with a jury if the trial is for personal injury.  See: Trial by jury in Scotland

Summary criminal trials are conducted by a Sheriff in the Sheriff Court or a Justice of the Peace in the Justice of the Peace Court sitting alone. The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 says this.  Trials requiring juries are called solemn procedure.

Turks and Caicos
The Commission of Inquiry of 2008–2009 in Turks and Caicos said that the law should allow some criminal trials without juries the way England and Wales, the United States, India, Canada, the British overseas territories of the Falkland Islands and St. Helena, and the Netherlands all do.

United States
United States

In United States law, people on trial for crimes have the right to trial by jury, but sometimes they can choose to have a bench trial instead if they want.  The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution says so.

For an accused person to have a bench trial in the federal court system, three things must happen: The accused person must say in writing that they do not want a jury, the government must agree, and the court itself must agree.  The law that says so is rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.

The state court systems have different rules.  For example, Missouri has Missouri Supreme Court Rule 27.01(b), "The defendant may, with the assent of the court, waive a trial by jury and submit the trial of any criminal case to the court..." Missouri does not have a rule saying the government must agree.
Some judicial proceedings, such as probate, family law, crimes and other cases where there is a child and other civil cases do not normally use juries. In such courts, judges say both fact and law.

The Vaccine Courts has bench trials.

Civil law
In most countries with "Roman law," or civil law, there is no "jury" in the English sense, and trials are always bench trials. However, in more complicated cases, lay judges can be called. They are not randomly selected, as juries are. They are volunteers and vote as judges.

Related pages
Bench (law)
Jury trial
Criminal law
Civil law
Diplock courts
Special Criminal Court

References

Trials
The Black Tortoise () is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations. It is usually shown as a tortoise with a snake. The name  that is used in East Asian languages do not actually mention both of the animals. It is also called the "Black Warrior" for a better translation. It is called Xuanwu in Chinese.

Related pages 

 Ao - the great turtle of early Chinese mythology
 Bixi - the son of the Dragon King who supports Chinese stelæ
 Cetus in Chinese astronomy - Cetus and Black Tortoise correspond on astrology, and both creatures possess affinities to waters and travel to underworlds to guide people
 Fushigi Yûgi: Genbu Kaiden

References

Other websites 

 "Star Charts and Moon Stations"
 The Black Tortoise of the North

Chinese culture
Naveen Kumar Gowda, popularly known by his screen name Yash, is one of the highest paid and most soughtest stars of the Kannada film industry.

Career
He started his career by acting in few Television serials like Gokula, Malebillu, and Preeti Illada Mele. In 2007, Yash made his on-screen debut with Jambada Hudugi. He won the Filmfare Award for the Best Supporting Actor for his next outing Moggina Manasu which was well received both by the audience and critics. After that, he appeared in Rocky, his first title role, but the film failed to leave an impact.

Sources 

1986 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Pambai (Tamil: பம்பை) or Pamba (in Telugu) is a local musical instrument of Tamil Nadu, South India. It looks a lot like a drum.

It is commonly used in festivals and folk music of various temples in the state. Traditionally, it is used in rural rituals to worship local gods at their shrines. It is also prevalent in a small community in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh outside Tamil Nadu. Pambai is also played at the traditional fair Nayandi Mela.
Types and uses 
Pambai is played by tying two Damru-shaped drums together. The instrument of two drums is placed near the player's waist or on the floor. They are beaten with sticks or with hands and sticks. Pambai players are called 'Pambaikaran' in Tamil Nadu and 'Pambala' in Andhra Pradesh. There are two types of drums based on the material used to make them. Among the simplest varieties, the pambai of both wooden drums is known as 'Bhiru Vanam'. One is made of wood and the other is made of brass or metal. In the early days, it was made of metal such as bronze and brass, but now it is also used in metal such as iron (galvanized) plate.

It is commonly used in wedding, festivals, religious ceremony and folk music of various temples in Tamil Nadu. The instrument is also used as a background instrument for folk games such as satire, karagam, kavadi, poikkal kudirai etc. Angalaparameswari sings folk songs to the tune of pamaba at folk temple festivals such as Shakti Karagam Invitation.
A tamil pambai consists of two percussion instruments, two tambourines, two pumps, an urn, a snare drum, and a hammer.

References

 South Asia : The Indian Subcontinent. (Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 5). Routledge; Har/Com edition (November 1999). 
 Bigamudre Chaitanya Deva: Musical Instruments. National Book Trust, Neu-Delhi 1977, S. 35
 Stichwort: Pambai. In: Late Pandit Nikhil Ghosh (Hrsg.): The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Saṅgīt Mahābhāratī. Vol. 3 (P–Z) Oxford University Press, Neu-Delhi 2011, S. 788

Other websites

Tamil Nadu
Drums
Radhika Pandit is an Indian former actress who established her career in Kannada films industry. Brought up in Bengaluru, Radhika began her career by appearing in television soaps such as Nandagokula, Kaadambari, and Sumangali. Radhika made her film debut with the film Moggina Manasu (2008), for which she won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress and the Karnataka State Film Awards. She then went on to star in films like Olave Jeevana Lekkachaara (2009), Krishnan Love Story (2010), Hudugaru (2011), Addhuri (2012) and Mr. And Mrs. Ramachari (2014).

Sources 

Living people
Indian movie actors
Uppalapati Venkata Suryanarayana Prabhas Raju, popularly known as Prabhas, is an Indian actor who works mainly in Telugu cinema industry. He is one of the highest-paid actors in Indian cinema. In the year 2015, Prabhas starred in the movie, Baahubali, which is one of the highest grossing movies of Indian cinema and later reprised his titular role in Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017), which became the first Indian film in the history of Indian cinema to gross ₹1000 crores at the box office.

Sources 

1979 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Pragathi Guruprasad is a Singaporean-born American singer who has worked in Tamil language movies. She was born in Fremont, California. She finished as a runner-up in the third season of the reality-based singing competition Airtel Super Singer Junior in 2012.

Discography

Other websites

References

1997 births
Living people
Indian singers
Kriti Kharbanda is an Indian actress and model known for her role in Kannada, Hindi and Telugu movie industries. Kharbanda made her acting debut with the telegu action movie called Boni in 2009. She is better known for her performances in successful movies including Googly (2013), Raaz: Reboot (2016) and Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana (2017).

Sources 

1990 births
Living people
Indian models
Indian movie actors
Actors from New Delhi
Raashi Khanna is an on-screen Indian actress and model who mainly works in Bollywood and the Telugu film industry. Raashi began her vocation with the Hindi movie Madras Cafe (2013) and subsequently made her debut as a female lead in Telugu with Oohalu Gusagusalade (2014). Later, She was seen in the many commercially successful movies such as Bengal Tiger (2015), Supreme (2016), Hyper (2016), Jai Lava Kusa (2017), Villain (2017), Oxygen (2017), Tholi Prema (2018) and Adanga Maru (2018).

Sources 

1990 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Actors from Delhi
The south fork tree frog (Isthmohyla xanthosticta) is a frog that lives in Costa Rica. Scientists have seen it 2100 meters above sea level.  They have seen it in only one place: Volcan Barba in Heredia Province.

References

Frogs of North America
Dilip Joshi, popularly known for his role of Jethalal Gada in the Indian sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah, is an Indian television and film actor. He has appeared in many serials as well as movies. He started his career by playing a supporting roles in Bollywood movies, but still he is widely known for his comic performances. Joshi has featured in films such as Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994), Khiladi 420 (2000), and One 2 ka 4 (2001).

Sources 

1968 births
Living people
Indian comedians
The 2003 Casablanca bombings were multiple suicide bombings on May 16, 2003, in Casablanca, Morocco. The attacks were the deadliest terrorist attacks in Morocco. Forty-five people were killed in the attacks (33 victims and 12 suicide bombers). The suicide bombers came from the shanty towns in the poor suburb of Casablanca.

References

Casablanca
2003 crimes
Suicide bombings in Africa
Mass murder in Africa
Islamic terrorist incidents in Africa
Mass murder in the 2000s
2000s in Africa
The Marinid Sultanate was a Berber empire from the mid-13th to the 15th century in modern Morocco and other parts of North Africa. It was named after the Banu Marin (, Berber: Ayt Mrin), a Zenata Berber tribe. The sultanate was ruled by the Marinid dynasty ( ), founded by Abd al-Haqq I.

References

Former countries in Africa
History of Morocco
The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that made the Spanish-influenced part in Morocco into a formal protectorate.

References 

1912 establishments in Africa
20th century in Morocco
Spanish Empire
Former colonies in Africa
The Tangier International Zone ( Minṭaqat Ṭanja ad-Dawliyya, , ) was an international zone in the city of Tangier, Morocco, which existed from 1924 until 1956. It is surrounded by the Spanish protectorate in Morocco.

1924 establishments
1956 disestablishments
20th century in Morocco
Adobe Premiere Pro CC (CC stands for Creative Cloud) is a video editing software. It was created by Adobe Inc. The software was first released in 2003. Premiere Pro lets users edit videos. For example, words can be added to the video or the speed of the video can be changed. The software is based on Adobe Premiere. 

The original Adobe Premiere was released in 1991. It was replaced by Premiere Pro in 2002 as part of Adobe's change to Creative Cloud.

Adobe Premiere Elements was released in 2013 as a simpler version of Premiere Pro. It is easier to learn and good for beginner editors.

Features 
Premiere Pro lets users add effects to videos and images. Users can remove certain colors from the video. This is called chroma keying. Premiere Pro can edit videos at up to 32,768 x 32,768 pixels. Keyframing is a feature that makes effects change over time. For example, making a video move to a different place or make the video smaller over time.
Editing 
When editing in Premiere Pro, the user can import video, audio and images, and use the software to create new, edited versions of videos which can be exported to the users files directly using Adobe Media Encoder. When creating videos in Premiere Pro, different videos, images and sounds can be edited together. Text can be added, and the user can change the font, size, and color of the text. Filters can be added to videos, images, and audio.

Keyframing 
Keyframing is making a starting and ending point in an animation. Premiere Pro uses Keyframe interpolation to fill in the points in between the two keyframes.

Reception 
Upon release, Premiere Pro was used to make many movies. Premiere Pro is very liked and is considered by some to be the best editing software of all time, rated 4.5/5 by PCMag. Some people think it is too complex, and because it costs  a month.
Popular uses 
Premiere Pro was been used to make well known movies, including Deadpool and Avatar. Premiere Pro was also used to edit Act of Valor, A Liar's Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python's Graham Chapman, Superman Returns, Terminator: Dark Fate, Dust to Glory and Sharknado 2.

References

Other websites 

Adobe software
Arshad Warsi is an Indian actor, who appears mainly in Hindi films. His Bollywood debut came with the romantic drama Tere Mere Sapne (1996), which movie he got his first offer to act in Amitabh Bachchan's first production. Over the next six years Arshad starred in several more films, but most of them failed to do well at the box office until 2003 when he starred in the comedy film Munna Bhai M.B.B.S., which was a huge success at the box office and garnered him critical acclaim and nominated for a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. He has since appeared in several successful films like Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya? (2005), Salaam Namaste (2005), Golmaal: Fun Unlimited (2006), Kabul Express (2006), Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006), Dhamaal (2007), Golmaal Returns (2008) etc.

Sources 

1968 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Ptolemy of Mauretania (, Ptolemaîos; ) was the last Roman ruler of Mauretania for Rome. He was a member of the Berber Massyles tribe of Numidia, he was also a member of Egypt's Ptolemaic dynasty.

References
Gudivada is a city in Andhra Pradesh, India.

Cities in Andhra Pradesh
Amaravati is the capital of Andhra Pradesh.

Capital cities in India
Cities in Andhra Pradesh
A video editing software, also called a video editor, is software (a program) that allows users to edit videos and images. Popular video editing softwares include Sony Vegas, Adobe Premiere Pro, and DaVinci Resolve.

Video editing software can be used to change the time when a video is played or to cut videos into many parts. It can also be used to put music and sounds at the same time as the video.

When the person editing the video is done, the software can export the file— to change it into a video file.

Parts of a video editing software

Timeline 

A video editor has many parts. There is a part which is called the timeline. This part is used to move the videos, sounds, and pictures into different parts.

Other than videos, sounds, and pictures, a person can add writing on the video, using a text clip. This writing can be used as the title of the video, or as the credits at the end of the video.