Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
. Shane thought the alliance wanted to vote out Danielle, but Courtney thought that her new alliance with Danielle, Terry and fourth member Cirie was voting against Aras. Cirie, who didn't like her low position in this alliance started a new alliance with Aras and Danielle to vote against Courtney. With the votes split three ways, Courtney was voted off. (3-2-1)
Episode 12: Bamboozled
Reward Challenge: The players will dig in a circle of sand, each looking for a bag. The first four to find their bag move on to the second part of the challenge. In the second part, they will carry their bags with them to untie a wooden snake. The first three to get to the finish with both bag and snake move on to the third part of the challenge. In the third part, they will carry the bag and snake as they race over a sand hill and into a water pit, where they will untie a big fish. The first two to get to the finish with the fish, bag and snake will move on to the last part of the challenge. In the last part, the last two standing will play against each other, carrying all three items that they have gathered through a group of wooden tunnels and towers. The first person to the finish wins Reward.
Reward: A hotel stay with their loved one.
Immunity Challenge: Each tribe member will stand on a very small perch at the top of a 20-foot poll in the water. When the game starts, they will lower a bucket into the water to fill it, then pour from the bucket into a very narrow bamboo shoot. As the bamboo shoot fills up with water, it will raise a flag. Once the flag is high enough to reach, they must carefully grab it and raise it above their head in order to win Immunity.
Episode 13: Call the Whambulence!
Reward Challenge: The players will each be attached to ropes by one of two carabiners. Using the two carabiners, they will clip and move from one rope to another as they move their way around each other along a main path that goes to six stations: poles, hermit crabs, rocks, iguanas, shells and fish. Each time they get to a station they must count the number of items, race back to the start, and find the answer tile with the same number on it. Once they've been to all six stations, they will have six numbers. They will then place those six numbers into an answer grid. Using the combination, the two numbers in each column will open the locks. If the lock doesn't open, it means they've counted wrong and they can go back and fix their mistakes. Once they've opened all three locks, their tribe flag will drop. The first person to lower their tribe flag wins Reward.
Reward: A luxury yacht tour of the Panama Canal.
Immunity Challenge: Each Survivor will work to solve three puzzles. Using a set of coordinates, each player will cross two ropes. Where the ropes cross each other, a bag of puzzle pieces is buried in the sand. They must dig up the pieces, then race back to their answer boards to solve their puzzle. The puzzle will tell them the next set of coordinates. The first person to solve all three puzzles, with the third one reading "Safe From Vote," wins Immunity.
Terry was accidentally tripped by Cirie's torch and yelled at her while she was taking care of the bonfire, but Aras protected her, saying that it was an accident. This left Terry further separated from the rest of the tribe. Aras, having won the Reward Challenge, chose to take Cirie on a luxurious yacht trip through the Panama Canal; but not before leaving with a argument with Terry as he said he was complaining every time he lost challenges and said "disparaging comments about women." Both Terry and Danielle were sent to Exile Island for losing the Challenge. During their trip, Aras and Cirie talked about how they wanted to be in the Final 2 together; while Danielle and Terry also talked about their fate in the game while they were on Exile Island. Soon after returning from their reward, Cirie built her first fire. In the Immunity Challenge, Cirie and Terry were putting up a good fight but Aras ultimately won the challenge, ending Terry's Immunity winning streak
. Before the tribal council, Aras apologized for what he had said after the Reward Challenge, which Terry accepted. Meanwhile, Cirie and Danielle practiced making fire, since they thought this would be the tiebreaker if there was a tie. In the end, the guess proved right as the vote did end up tied between Danielle and Cirie. With Terry not wanting to give Danielle the Hidden Immunity Idol, she and Cirie will have a fire-making challenge. However right before they started, the scene was cut, ending this episode leaving the viewers hanging.
Episode 14: The Final Showdown
Reward Challenge: The Survivors must race to the top of a three-story climbing wall using four individually-shaped pegs. First, they must make their way through a table maze. Once at the end of the maze, each will let loose a bag which has their first two pegs and move to a spinning wheel. Reading the clues, each must spin the wheel clockwise, counter-clockwise, and clockwise again like a combination lock to find the one bag that has their final two pegs. With the help of the pegs, the players must get to the top of the wall and put their pegs in the right holes, which will raise a flag. The first person to raise their flag wins Reward. Terry won the Reward Challenge.
Reward: A protein-enriched meal that would be useful for the final Immunity Challenge.
Immunity Challenge: Starting on the biggest of a group of floating platforms, every fifteen minutes the Final Three will move to the next smaller platform. As the platforms get smaller, it will get hard for the Survivors to stay on the platforms. Only their feet can touch the platform. If their hands or butt touch the platform or they fall off, they are removed from the challenge. The last person standing wins Immunity.
After trying many times to start fires that continue to wear out, Danielle won the fire starting tie-breaker, and Cirie was removed from the game. The next morning, Terry showed the now powerless Immunity Idol back at camp, and in a surprise Reward Challenge, he won a protein-enriched meal that would be useful for the last Immunity Challenge. The final three were taken to Exile Island to take part in a tribute to the players voted off before them. The three placed the old torches of the thirteen players on the big skull-shaped shelter in the center of the island and burned it in the process. Danielle won the last immunity after Terry fell off and Aras jumped off after getting a nod from Danielle. Danielle voted out Terry, thinking that she would have a better chance of winning against Aras, and because Aras was a fellow member of the old Casaya tribe. Aras and Danielle got celebrated with a feast the next day
. While walking along the beach rocks, Aras fell and sliced open his hand and back, needing eight stitches. At the last Tribal Council, Aras and Danielle were asked questions, from who helped them the most in getting to the Final, as to why the other player deserved the million dollar prize more. Shane, who thought neither of the two deserved the million dollars, asked them to pick a number between one and a million. At the live reunion, Aras had won, in a 5-2 vote, and became the twelfth Sole Survivor.
Voting history

 Sally was sent to Exile Island during the episode 6 vote, which is why she did not vote.

 Because Bruce was removed due to a medical emergency, he was not voted out, and there was no tribal council.

 Cirie was eliminated using the fire-making challenge, used before in Palau, but it was not shown until the next episode.

References

Other websites
 Official CBS Survivor Panama Website

12
Germany (, ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a country in the western region of Central Europe. The country's full name is sometimes shortened to the FRG (or the BRD, in German).

To the north of Germany are the North and Baltic Seas, and the kingdom of Denmark. To the east of Germany are the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic. To the south of Germany are the countries of Austria and Switzerland. To the west of Germany are the countries of France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The total area of Germany is 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 square miles). Most of Germany has warm summers and cold winters. In March 2021, Germany had a population of 83.1 million people, the second-largest in Europe after Russia. After the United States, Germany is the second most popular country for migration in the world.
Before it was called Germany, it was called Germania. In the years B.C. 2023, 2024 Germany was part of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1949 to 1990, Germany was made up of two countries called the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). During this time, the capital city of Berlin was divided into a west and an east part. On 13 August 1961, East Germany started building the Berlin Wall between the two parts of Berlin. West Germany was one of the countries that started the European Union.

History 

Germany gained importance as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which was the first Reich (this word means empire). It was started by Charlemagne who became the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 AD, and it lasted until 1806, the time of the Napoleonic Wars.
In 1866 Prussia won the war against Austria and their allies. During this time Prussia founded the North German Confederation. The treaty of unification of Germany was made in Versailles after Germany won the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. This began the Second Reich. The biggest state in the new German Empire was Prussia. The rulers were called Kaisers or "German Emperors", but they did not call themselves "Emperors of Germany". There were many smaller states in the Empire, but not Austria.

Germany stayed an empire for 50 years. It joined the other European empires in the Scramble for Africa and fought wars to make large parts of Africa and Oceania its colonies. It killed many Nama and Herero people who did not want to be ruled by Germany. Today, those colonies have become seven states: Togo, Cameroon, Namibia, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, and Papua New Guinea.
Germany was in World War I with their ally Austria-Hungary, and again declared war on France. The war became slow in the west and became trench warfare. Many men were killed on both sides without winning or losing. In the Eastern Front the soldiers fought with the Russian Empire and won there after the Russians gave up. The war ended in 1918 because the Germans could not win in the west and gave up. Germany's emperor also had to give up his power, and most of Germany's African colonies were taken by other European empires. France took Alsace from Germany and Poland got the Danzig corridor. After a revolution, the Second Reich ended, and the democratic Weimar Republic began.

After the war, there were a lot of problems with money in Germany because of the Peace Treaty of Versailles, which made Germany pay for the costs of World War I and the worldwide Great Depression.
Hitler wanted to unify all Germans in one state and did this by taking over places where Germans lived, such as Austria and Czechoslovakia; Hitler also wanted the land in Poland that Germany had owned before 1918, but Poland refused to give it to him. He then invaded Poland. This started World War II on 1 September 1939. In the beginning of the war, Germany was winning and even successfully invaded France. It managed to take over much of Europe. However, Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941 and after the Battle of Kursk, the German Eastern Front began a slow retreat until war's end. On 8 May 1945, Germany gave up after Berlin was captured, Hitler had killed himself a week earlier. Because of the war, Germany lost a lot of German land east of the Oder-Neiße line, and for 45 years, Germany was split into West Germany and East Germany
. Other events happened during the war in Nazi Germany, including the Holocaust, the mass genocide of Jews and other peoples, for which some Nazis were punished in the Nuremberg Trials.
After World War II Germany was occupied by the allies and in 1949 it was divided into 2 states: West Germany and East Germany, who were stuck in the Cold War. The capital city of Berlin was divided between the two by the Berlin Wall.

In 1989 there was a process of reforms in East Germany, which lead to the opening of the Berlin Wall and to the end of socialist rule in Germany. These events are known as the Wende or the Friedliche Revolution (Peaceful Revolution) in Germany. After that, East Germany joined West Germany in 1990. The new Germany is a part of the European Union.

Timeline 
1914–1918: World War I
1939–1945: World War II
1949-1990: Cold War

Politics
Politics 

Germany is a constitutional federal democracy. Its political rules come from the 'constitution' called Basic Law (Grundgesetz), written by West Germany in 1949. It has a parliamentary system, and the parliament elects the head of government, the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler). The current Chancellor, Olaf Scholz, is a man who used to live in West Germany.

The people of Germany vote for the parliament, called the Bundestag (Federal Assembly), every four years. Government members of the 16 States of Germany (Bundesländer) work in the Bundesrat (Federal Council). The Bundesrat can help make some laws.

|President
|Frank-Walter Steinmeier
|SPD
|19 March 2017
|-
|Chancellor
|Olaf Scholz
|SPD
|8 December 2021
|-
|Other government parties
|
|Green, FDP
|
|}

The head of state is the Bundespräsident (Federal President). This person has no real powers but can order elections for the Bundestag. The current president is Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD).
The judiciary branch (the part of German politics that deals with courts) has a Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court). It can stop any act by the law-makers or other leaders if they feel they go against Germany's constitution.

The opposition parties are the CDU, CSU, Die Linke and the AfD.

Geography 

Germany is one of the largest countries in Europe. It stretches from the North Sea and Baltic Sea in the north to the high mountains of the Alps in the south. The highest point is the Zugspitze on the Austrian border, at .

Germany's northern part is very low and flat (lowest point: Neuendorf-Sachsenbande at ). In the middle, there are low mountain ranges covered in large forests. Between these and the Alps, there is another plain created by glaciers during the ice ages.

Germany also contains parts of Europe's longest rivers, such as the Rhine (which makes up a part of Germany's western border, while Oder River is on its eastern border), the Danube and the Elbe.

States
States 

In Germany there are sixteen states (Bundesländer):

In these states there are 301 Kreise (districts) and 114 independent cities, which do not belong to any district.

Climate

Germany has a mostly continental climate, but the northern German coast has an oceanic climate. 

The highest temperature ever recorded in Germany was , on 25 July 2019 in Duisburg and Tönisvorst.

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Germany was , on 24 December 2001 in Funtensee.

Economy 

Germany has one of the world's largest technologically powerful economies. Bringing West and East Germany together and making their economy work is still taking a long time and costing a lot of money. Germany is the largest economy in Europe and the fourth-largest in the world by nominal gross domestic product (GDP). In September 2011, the inflation rate in Germany was 2.5%. The unemployment rate of Germany was 5.5% as of October 2011.

Germany is one of the G8 countries. The main industry area is the Ruhr area.
The country has companies like BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Porsche, Siemens, Bosch, SAP, BASF and more.

Nearly all German companies are small- or medium-sized.

People 

Most of the people in Germany are ethnically Germans, but the country also has many ethnic minorities. There are at least seven million people from other countries living in Germany. Some have political asylum, and some are guest workers (Gastarbeiter). Many people from poor or dangerous countries go to Germany for safety. Many others move to Germany without permission.

About 50,000 ethnic Danish people live in Schleswig-Holstein, in the north. About 60,000 Sorbs (a Slavic people) live in Germany too, in Saxony and Brandenburg. About 12,000 people in Germany speak Frisian; this language is the closest language to English that is still spoken today. In northern Germany, people outside towns speak Low Saxon.
Christianity is the biggest religion; Protestants are 38% of the people (mostly in the north) and Catholics are 34% of the people (mostly in the south). There are also many Muslims, while the other people (26.3%) are either not religious, or belong to smaller religious groups. In the eastern regions, the former territory of the GDR (known as the DDR in German), only one fifth of the population is religious.

Germany has one of the world's highest levels of schooling, technology, and businesses. The number of young people who attend universities is now three times more than it was after the end of World War II, and the trade and technical schools of Germany are some of the best in the world. German income is, on average, $25,000 a year, making Germany a highly middle class society. A large social welfare system gives people money when they are ill, unemployed, or similarly disadvantaged. Millions of Germans travel outside of their country each year.
Immigration 
Germany is a very densely populated country, and especially in cities the housing situation is difficult and rents are high. Already in 2014 there were 39,000 homeless people in Germany and 339,000 people without an apartment. Here is a link to a German video report from a German news magazine. The video is about refugees, who have been living in a sports gym in Berlin for over a year with no privacy. In the video people discuss amongst others why there are problems to find living space in containers. The containers are similar to those in Zaatari refugee camp.

Religion 

Germany's constitution says that all people can believe in any religion they want to, and that no one is allowed to discriminate against somebody because of the person's religion.
Before World War II, about one percent of the country's people were German Jews. Today, Germany has the fastest-growing group of Jewish people in the world. Many of them are in Berlin. Ten thousand Jews have moved to Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall; many came from countries that were in the Soviet Union. Schools teaching about the things that happened when the Nazis were in power, as well as teaching against the ideas of the Nazis, has helped to make Germany very tolerant towards other people and cultures, and now many people move there from countries that may not be so tolerant.

About three million Muslims live in Germany, 3.7% of the total population. The country also has a large atheist and agnostic population, and there are also large about O.6 million Hinduism follower and some small group of Jain, Buddhist and Zoroastrian communities. The 20th century has also seen a neopagan revival.

Culture
Culture 

Germany has a long history of poets, thinkers, and artists. There are 240 supported theaters, hundreds of orchestras, thousands of museums and over 25,000 libraries in Germany. Millions of tourists visit these attractions every year. Some of the greatest classical musicians including Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven and possibly Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart were German. Some of the most revered scientists today like Albert Einstein are German.

Germany has created a high level of gender equality, disability rights, and accepts homosexuality. Gay marriage has been legal in Germany since 2017.
Food 
Doner kebab is often considered a popular German-Turkish fast food. But more traditional foods of German cuisine are sausage based such as Bratwurst and Currywurst. German food varies from region to region. For example, in the southern regions, such as Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, they share their type of food with Switzerland and Austria. Everywhere in Germany, meat is eaten as a sausage. Even though wine use is increasing, the national alcoholic drink is beer. The number of Germans who drink beer is one of the highest in the world. German restaurants are also rated the second-best, with France rated first place.

Sports
Sports 

Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Germany. The national team has won the FIFA World Cup 4 times, and appears in the finals a lot. The top football league in Germany is Bundesliga. Also, the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest in the world. A lot of big football teams are from Germany, like FC Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund, RB Leipzig and many others. Some of the world's best footballers come from Germany too. These would include Mesut Özil, Manuel Neuer, Serdar Tasci, Michael Ballack, Bastian Schweinsteiger, Franz Beckenbauer, and so on. Plus, many tournaments have taken place in Germany. The most recent was the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. The Audi Cup takes place in Germany every year in Munich.

Germany is also known for its motor sports. Successful German racing drivers include Michael Schumacher and Sebastian Vettel.
Successful tennis players have also come from Germany, including Steffi Graf and Boris Becker. More recently, Sabine Lisicki reached the Women's Singles final at Wimbledon in 2013.

Lastly, Germany is one of the best countries in the Olympic Games. Germany is the third in the list of the most Olympic Games medals in history (mixed with West and East Germany medals). The country finished first place in the 2006 Winter Olympics, second place in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Germany also got fifth place in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Related pages
 Germany at the Olympics
 Germany national football team
 List of rivers of Germany

Notes

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Deutschland.de – topical multilingual website about Germany
 Germany on Citizendium
 Statistikportal.de – website with statistical data
 Bundesregierung Deutschland – website of the German Federal Government
 Bundespräsident – website of the German President
 Bundeskanzlerin.de. . Official website of the first female Bundeskanzler, Angela Merkel (in English).
 Bundestag – website of the German Parliament
 City Panoramas – panoramic views and virtual tours of German cities and towns
 Axel Boldt at http://math-www.uni-paderborn.de/~axel/ A Subjective Comparison of Germany and the United States
 Allemagne in easy French
 WorldFlicks in Germany: photos and interesting places on Google Maps. .

 
G7 nations
European Union member states
German-speaking countries
G8 nations
Federations
Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy novels and eight movies by J. K. Rowling, a British author. It is named for its protagonist and hero, Harry Potter. Seven books in the series have sold over 500 million copies across the world in over 70 languages including Latin, Welsh and Ancient Greek, and is the best-selling book series of all time. They were adapted into movies by Warner Bros. The first one was released in 2001. The second, third, fourth, and fifth were released respectively in 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2007. The sixth movie, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released in 2009. The final movie was divided into two parts. The first part, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1, was released in 2010. The second part, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, was released in 2011. Several spin-off movies have been released in 2016, 2018, and 2022 respectively, some TV specials in 2022 for the streaming service HBO Max, and a reboot of the franchise is officially in the works.
Harry Potter was born in England, United Kingdom. His parents, Lily and James Potter, were killed by an evil wizard named Lord Voldemort, while Voldemort was trying to kill Harry. Yet Harry escaped with no harm except a scar in the shape of a lightning bolt, and Voldemort ends up mostly dead. Harry is raised by his non-magical Aunt Petunia, Uncle Vernon, and cousin (Dudley), and is mistreated by them. He believes the false words of the Dursleys that Harry's parents were killed in a car crash. As a child, he did not know that he was a wizard. He eventually discovers that there are many magical people, living secretly and hiding from non-wizards (known as "Muggles"). When Harry turned eleven on July 31, he received a letter inviting him to go to a school called Hogwarts for young witches and wizards. Each book tells the story of one year of his life at the school and tells how he struggles
. On Hogwarts Express, the train they use to get to Hogwarts, he meets Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, who become his best friends. Voldemort tries several times to return to life and kill Harry. In the fourth book, Voldemort comes to life with help from his follower, Peter Pettigrew. The series ends with an epic battle between Harry and Lord Voldemort and a final epilogue that shows Harry and his friends safe and happy with their partners and children.
Books 
 1997 - Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the United States)
 1998 - Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 
 1999 - Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
 2000 - Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 
 2003 - Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 
 2005 - Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince 
 2007 - Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

Secondary books 
 2001 - Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
 2001 - Quidditch Through the Ages
 2007 - The Tales of Beedle the Bard

Adaptations 
The seven books were all adapted into different forms of media, including toys, movies, spin-off movies, TV specials, video games, and a stage play as well.
Movies 
 2001 – Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone 
 2002 – Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 
 2004 – Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
 2005 – Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
 2007 – Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
 2009 – Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
 2010 – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1
 2011 – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Spin-off movies 
 2016 - Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
 2018 - Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald
2022 - Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore

TV specials 

 2022 - Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts
 2022 - Harry Potter: Hogwarts Tournament of Houses
Video games 
 2001 - Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Released for PC, Mac, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance)
 2002 - Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Released for PC, Mac, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance)
 2004 - Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (Released for PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, and Game Boy Advance)
 2005 - Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Released for PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and Game Boy Advance)
 2007 - Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Released for PC, Mac, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and Game Boy Advance)
 2009 - Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Released for PC, Mac, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and Mobile)
2010 - Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (Released for PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo DS, and Mobile)
 2011 - Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (Released for PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Nintendo DS)
2001 - Lego Creator: Harry Potter (Released for Microsoft Windows)
 2002 - Lego Creator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Released for Microsoft Windows)
 2003 - Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup (Released for Game Boy Advance, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube)
 2004 - Harry Potter: Find Scabbers (Released for Mobile)
 2007 - Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix: The Mobile Game (Released for Mobile)
 2008 - Harry Potter: Mastering Magic (Released for Mobile)
 2009 - Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince: The Mobile Game (Released for Mobile)
 2009 - Harry Potter: Spells (Released for iOS)
 2010 - Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Motorbike Escape (Free online game)
 2010 - Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1: The Mobile Game (Released for Mobile)
 2010 - Scene it? Harry Potter HD (Released for iOS)
2010 - Lego Harry Potter: Years 1-4 (Released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Wii, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, iOS, Android, and Nintendo Switch)
 2011 - Lego Harry Potter: Years 5-7 (Released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Wii, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, iOS, Android, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation Vita, and Nintendo Switch)
 2011 - Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2: The Mobile Game (Released for Mobile)
 2011 - Harry Potter for Kinect (Released for Xbox 360)
 2011 - Harry Potter: The Quest (Web browser)
 2011 - Pottermore (Web browser)
 2012 - Book of Spells (Released for PlayStation 3)
 2013 - Book of Potions (Released for PlayStation 3)
 2016 - Fantastic Beasts: Cases from the Wizarding World (Released for iOS, and Android)
 2018 - Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them VR Experience (Released for HTC Vive, Google Daydream, Oculus Rift, and Samsung Gear VR)
 2018 - Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery (Released for iOS, and Android)
2019 - Harry Potter: Wizards Unite (Released for iOS, and Android)
 2020 - Harry Potter: Puzzles & Spells (Released for iOS, Android, Amazon Kindle, and Facebook)
 2021 - Harry Potter: Magic Awakened (Released for iOS, and Android)
 2023 - Hogwarts Legacy (Released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, and Microsoft Windows)
In the video game Lego Dimensions (2016), Harry Potter is one of the Team Pack characters in the game, and he appears in the 71247 Team Pack, alongside Lord Voldemort, for the Harry Potter franchise. It includes the following levels: Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them Story Pack, Harry Potter Team Pack, Tina Fun Pack, and Hermione Granger Fun Pack. The game was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox One, and Xbox 360.
Stage 
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a play based on a new story by J.K Rowling, Jack Thorne, and John Tiffany. It is billed as being the "eighth story, nineteen years later." It stars Jamie Parker as Harry, Noma Dumezweni as Hermione, and Paul Thornley as Ron.

"While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs, his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted. As past and present fuse ominously, both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth: sometimes, darkness comes from unexpected places."

The play officially opened July 30, 2016 at the Palace Theatre in London.

Characters and actors of the movies
Main characters 
 Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe): The hero of the stories. Harry is a special young wizard. Harry's parents, James and Lily Potter, were killed by Lord Voldemort  when he was a baby.  He lives with and is raised by his Aunt Petunia, his mother's sister, and Uncle Vernon, along with their son Dudley for the duration of the series.
 Ron Weasley (Rupert Grint): Harry's best friend. Ron was born to Arthur and Molly Weasley, a large magical family, with five older brothers and one younger sister. He often helps Harry out on his many adventures, including the fight to defeat the evil Lord Voldemort. 
 Hermione Granger (Emma Watson): Harry's other best friend. Hermione's parents are not wizards, but "Muggles" (non-magical people). She is the brightest student in a class. She also faces much prejudice for her muggle family from both students at school and Voldemort's followers, the Death Eaters.
Ginny Weasley (Bonnie Wright): Ron's younger sister and the last of 7 children. She is seen having a crush on Harry as a little girl in the first book, and would eventually go on to date him and marry him.
 Albus Dumbledore: Headmaster at Hogwarts. His full name is "Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore". He is a very powerful wizard. Voldemort fears only him. Dumbledore was played by Richard Harris in the first two movies. After Richard Harris's death, Michael Gambon took over the role, and he has also been played by actor Jude Law. Albus Dumbledore is said to be gay by author J.K Rowling.
 Rubeus Hagrid (Robbie Coltrane): Hagrid is originally just the Groundskeeper at Hogwarts, but in the third book gets the position of teacher. He teaches "Care of Magical Creatures" from the third book until the seventh, when he leaves the school to escape the Death Eaters. He is a friend of Harry, Ron, and Hermione, and a "half-giant."
Lord Voldemort: The main villain of the series and responsible for the death of Harry's parents. He is feared throughout the wizarding world, and is often referred to as "The Dark Lord", "He Who Must Not Be Named", or as "You Know Who", as wizards believe naming him will somehow call him. Prior to his infamy he was known as Tom Marvolo Riddle. The part was played in different movies by actors Richard Bremmer, Christian Coulson, Ralph Fiennes, Hero Fiennes-Tiffin, and Frank Dillane.
 Sirius Black: (Gary Oldman) Sirius Black was James Potter's best friend in school and before James' death. He was charged for the murder of another of James' friends, Peter Pettigrew. Sirius was innocent, but convicted anyway. In the third novel, the Prisoner of Azkaban, Sirius breaks out of prison (the wizarding prison is called Azkaban). He is Harry Potter's godfather. He is a major character in the third, fourth and fifth books, before his death at the end of the fifth book, the Order of the Phoenix.
Severus Snape (Alan Rickman): Severus Snape was the Potions master at Hogwarts for the first five books. In the sixth book, he gets the position of Defence Against the Dark Arts professor. After the death of Dumbledore, Snape becomes headmaster. Throughout the books, Snape shows much bias for his own school house, Slytherin. He treats students from the other houses very badly. 
Draco Malfoy (Tom Felton): Draco Malfoy is a Slytherin student. In the first five books, he exists primarily as a foil (opposite) to Harry. In the sixth book, the Half-Blood Prince, he is ordered to kill Dumbledore but cannot bring himself to do it.
Neville Longbottom (Matthew Lewis): He is a Gryffindor student and he is one of the members of Dumbledore's Army. His parents were tortured into insanity by Bellatrix Lestrange when he was sixteen months old. At the end of the series, during the battle of Hogwarts, he kills Nagini with Godric Gryffindor's sword, making it easy for Harry to defeat Voldemort.
The Weasleys

Teachers at Hogwarts

Other students
Other characters 
 Vernon Dursley (played by Richard Griffiths) is the uncle of Harry Potter. He usually treats Harry badly.
 Petunia Dursley (played by Fiona Shaw) is Vernon's wife and Harry's aunt. Like Vernon, she usually treats Harry badly.
 Dobby (voiced by Toby Jones) is a house-elf who used to belong to the Malfoy family. Unlike other house-elves, Dobby wishes to be free.
 Merope is the descendant of Salazar Slytherin and is also the mother of Lord Voldemort.
 Michael Corner (played by Ryan Nelson) is Ginny's boyfriend who makes Harry jealous in the later books.
 Madame Rosmerta (played by Julie Christie) is the owner of 'The Three Broomsticks', the pub where butterbeer is often served.
 Madame Malkins (played by Paula Arundell) is the owner of the wizard robes shop.
 Mr. Ollivander (played by John Hurt) Wandmaker, owner of Ollivanders, was taken away by the Death Eaters, but is broken out of his cell by Dobby and Harry Potter.
Rita Skeeter (played by Miranda Richardson) Reporter for the Daily Prophet, author of The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore, Animagus.
 Stanley Shunpike (played by Lee Ingleby) is the conductor of the Knight Bus, emergency transport for the stranded witch or wizard.
Magical creatures

The book has many non-human magical characters. Some of them are from mythology and others Rowling wrote herself. Some of these magical creatures have their own culture and some are like animals. According to the real-world book, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, the Ministry of Magic makes three groups of creatures: Being, Beast and Spirit. Beings are creatures like humans and house elves, who are smart enough to manage their own business and Beasts are not.
Centaurs live in the Forbidden Forest near the school. They are smart and study the stars. They are proud and do not like it when humans bother them. Even though centaurs are smart enough to be called "Being" by the Ministry of Magic, they asked to be called "Beast" instead because that meant more humans would leave them alone. There is a Centaur Liaison Office at the Ministry of Magic, but no one ever uses it.
Mermaids live in the lake near the school. They speak a language called Mermish and have scary faces.
House Elves work in the school and for wizarding families. They cook and clean. A house elf can only be freed if its owner gives it clothes. Otherwise, they wear pillowcases, tea towels or other cloth that is not clothing. House Elves have their own kind of magic, which is very strong.
Veela can look like beautiful women or like winged creatures with scary faces. They can throw fireballs and magically appear attractive to human men.
Giants are large and brutal. Human beings hunted them so that now they have to live close together in mountains.  Some giants can have children with humans.
Werewolves are humans who have been bitten by another werewolf. Other humans act as if they have a dangerous disease. There are laws saying they can only work in certain places. Wizards and non-wizards can be werewolves.
Ghosts are dead people who are gray and transparent. There are ghosts at Hogwarts who talk to the students. The history teacher is a ghost.
Phoenixes are fire birds. They catch fire once every five hundred days and come out of the ashes a young baby bird again. Their tears can heal even an almost dead person. In the second book, a phoenix saved harry from the Basilisk, another venomous creature. In the books, Dumbledore has a pet phoenix named Fawkes.
Vampires are magical creatures of the night which appear in the series only sporadically. The only known vampire in the Harry Potter series is Sanguini.
Leprechauns are magical beings; tiny, bearded men, they are the official mascots of the Irish National Quidditch Team.
References

Other websites

Official sites 
 J.K. Rowling's personal website
 All you need to know about Harry Potter
 Official Harry Potter movies website (Warner Bros.)
 Harry Potter on Bloomsbury.com (International publisher) 
 Harry Potter on Scholastic.com (US publisher)
 Amazon.com Official Harry Potter Store 
 Harry Potter on Raincoast.com (Canadian publisher)

Other resources 
 Harry Potter Wikia
 Harry Potter Bibliography
 Hermione Granger's Biography
Spain is a country in Southern Europe. It is in the Iberian Peninsula. Spain has borders with France, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar. Ceuta and Melilla border with Morocco in North Africa. In Spain's northeast side are the Pyrenees mountains.

The people of Spain are called Spaniards. They speak Castilian or Spanish (in Spanish, "Castellano", from Castilla, or "Español").  They speak other languages in some parts of the country.  They are Catalan, Basque, and Asturian, Galician, Leonese, Aragonese, Aranese Occitan  and even Portuguese. The religion of about 56% of the population in Spain is Roman Catholic.
Since 1975, Spain has had a constitutional monarchy. The King of Spain is Felipe VI; he only does what the constitution allows him to.  The parliament is called "Las Cortes Generales," and has two bodies: "El Congreso" (The Congress) and "El Senado" (The Senate) and it is chosen by the Spanish people by voting.  The Prime minister is Pedro Sánchez.  The government and the king's palace are in Madrid, the capital of Spain.

Spain has more than five hundred thousand square kilometres of land.  It is smaller than France, but it is bigger than Germany. Almost fifty million people live in Spain. Spain is divided into 17 autonomous communities (this means that they can decide upon some affairs themselves). Each community has its own government.

Spain is known for flamenco which is usually performed by the Caló.

Spain was a predominant Colonial Empire and had colonies throughout South America, Asia, Oceania and Africa with a large hold of European lands.
Spain was under a dictatorship by 
Francisco Franco from 1939 to 1974.

History of Spain

Early history

People have lived in Spain since the Stone Age.  Later, the Roman Empire controlled Spain for about five hundred years; then as the Roman Empire broke up, groups of Germanic people including Visigoths moved in and took control.

Muslim rule 
In 711, many parts of the Iberian Peninsula became under the control of the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate. They called the land Al-Andalus; it was the farthest western point of Islamic civilization. In 756, the Umayyads were defeated by the Abbasid in the east. The Umayyads ruled the Caliphate of Córdoba, which fell apart in the early 11th century. Muslim rulers sometimes fought each other when they were not fighting the Christians. Muslim Spain was focused on learning. The greatest library system outside Baghdad.

At first the Muslims ruled most of Spain but the reconquista slowly forced them out over seven centuries.
Kingdom of León
The Kingdom of León, the most important in the early Spanish Middle Ages, was started in 910. This Kingdom developed the first democratic parliament (Cortes de Llión) in Europe in 1188. After 1301, León had the same King as the Kingdom of Castile in personal union.  The various kingdoms remained independent territories until 1833, when Spain was divided into regions and provinces.

In 1492, the Christians took the last part of Spain that still belonged to the Moors, Granada.  Boabdil, the last Moorish King of Granada, surrendered to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile on 2 January 1492.  Ferdinand and Isabella then ruled all of Spain.

Before this, there were a number of Christian countries in what is now called Spain. Two of these countries, Castile and Aragon, came together when Ferdinand II of Aragon married the queen Isabella of Castile.  The King ruled as much as the Queen.
In the same year, 1492, they sent Christopher Columbus to sail across the Atlantic Ocean.  Columbus found the islands of the Caribbean Sea.

When other Europeans explored, like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, they found out that there were two continents there - North America and South America.  Spanish conquistadores took over very large parts of those two continents. This empire did not make Spain a rich country, for most of the money had to be spent in wars in Italy and elsewhere.  Some of these wars were fought against other European countries who were trying to take over parts of the Americas.
Meanwhile, at home, the Muslim manuscripts had been either burnt or taken to other countries.  Jews had also been expelled from Spain.  Some Jews remained but they had to become Christians.  Among the few old things kept and respected in Spain were in music:  harmony and stringed instruments. The buildings that had been built by the Moors were kept, and many Muslim religious buildings (mosques) were turned into churches. Some Jewish religious buildings were also turned into churches. Many Arab words became part of the Spanish Language
16th and 17th century 
The grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella was Charles.  When his grandfather died he inherited Castille and Aragon.  He also inherited many territories at the death of his other grandfather, Maximilian I of Austria.  Charles received from Maximilian the Austria state and the territories of Burgundy.  He was named Charles I in Spain, but he was elected as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and was called Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.  This made the empire bigger than ever.  However, it was not a single country, but a personal union of  many independent countries with a single King.  At first many Spaniards did not want Charles as their king, so they fought against him. However, he won.

Charles did not like the Protestant Reformation, and fought against it.

18th century
In the 18th century some of the parts of that large empire became their own countries, or were taken over by new countries, such as the United States of America.
19th century
Spain (and other European countries) was invaded by Napoleon of France. Britain sent troops to defend the peninsula, since it was so weak. Most of the Spanish Empire became independent in the following decades.

20th century
There was not much peace in Spain during the first part of the 20th century. Some Spaniards tried to set up a government chosen by the people (a democracy), and they made Alfonso XIII leave the country. However, in 1936, two different groups of Spaniards went to war over whether the government should be a democracy, in the Spanish Civil War (although those on the side of the Republic were largely socialist or anarchist), or take orders from one person. In 1939, those who wanted democracy were defeated, and a nationalist dictator named Francisco Franco took over the government.
Francisco Franco died on 20 November 1975. He had decided that Spain should have a monarchy again, and he chose Juan Carlos, the grandson of Juan of Bourbon who had been forced to leave the country, to be king and Adolfo Suárez to become its first Prime Minister. But the king and Suárez did not rule as a dictator; instead, they chose to set up a democracy.

On 23 February 1981 a group of people who had supported the now dead General Franco tried to take control of the democratic Spanish Parliament by force, they entered the building and fired guns in the air. It was seen live on Spanish television and there was widespread fear that this might be the start of another civil war. However, Juan Carlos I, quickly appeared on television and broadcast to the nation that they should remain calm. The persons responsible for the attempt to take over the country were arrested.
Now Spain is a modern democratic country, and does business with many countries around the world. It is the eighth largest economy in the world and is an important part of the European Union.

21st century
On 2 June 2014, Juan Carlos I announced that he would abdicate in favour of his son, Felipe VI. The date of abdication and handover to Felipe occurred on 19 June 2014. He and his wife kept their titles.

Religion
Ancient religions in Spain were mostly pagan. Today, however, at least 55 percent of Spain is Roman Catholic. Spanish mystic Teresa of Ávila is an important figure within Catholicism. 27 percent of Spaniards are irreligious. 2 percent are from other religions, this include Baha'i Buddhists, Jain, Muslim,Unitarian Universalism and Zoroastrianism.

Geography of Spain
Geography of Spain

The middle of Spain is a high, dry, flat land called La Meseta. In La Meseta it can be very hot in the summer and cold or very cold in the winter. Spain also has many mountain ranges. The Mount Teide (Tenerife, Canary Islands), the highest mountain of Spain and the islands of the Atlantic (it is the third largest volcano in the world from its base). In the north there is a range of mountains called Los Picos de Europa (The European Peaks). Here it is very cold in winter with a lot of snow but with gentle warm summers.
In the south-east of the country is a range of mountains called La Sierra Nevada (The Snowy Mountains). This range of mountains contains the highest mountain in mainland Spain, Mulacen, at 2952 metres. La Sierra Nevada is very popular in winter for winter sports, especially skiing. Snow remains on its peaks throughout the year.  The south coast, has a warm and temperate climate, not very hot or very cold.  Since Spain is in the south of Europe, it is very sunny.  Many people from Northern Europe take their vacations in Spain, enjoying its beaches and cities.

Spain has a border with Portugal in the west and borders with France and Andorra in the North. In the south, it borders Gibraltar, a British territory. The Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla are in North Africa and border onto Morocco.