Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
List of novels and movies 
 Red Dragon (novel, 1981)
Manhunter (movie, 1986) Brian Cox as Lecktor (an unexplained name change), William Petersen as Will Graham and Dennis Farina as Jack Crawford.
Red Dragon (movie, 2002) Anthony Hopkins as Lecter, Ralph Fiennes as the killer, Edward Norton as Will Graham and Harvey Keitel as Jack Crawford.
Silence of the Lambs (novel, 1986)
Silence of the Lambs (movie, 1991) Hopkins as Lecter, Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling, Scott Glen as Jack Crawford and Ted Levine as the killer. Five major Academy Awards.
Hannibal (novel, 1999)
Hannibal (movie, 2001) Hopkins as Lecter, Gary Oldman as the killer, Julianne Moore as Clarice Starling, Ray Liotta as Paul Krendler and Giancarlo Giannini as Chief Inspector Rinaldo Pazzi.
Hannibal Rising (novel, 2006)
Hannibal Rising (movie, 2007) Gaspard Ulliel as young Hannibal and Gong Li as Lady Murasaki. She, his aunt, becomes his companion. Intended as a 'prequel' to the series, it portrays the early life of Hannibal, and how he became a killer.
History of the character

Red Dragon
Thomas Harris first wrote about Lecter in his novel Red Dragon, which shows how Hannibal Lecter was caught by the FBI, and ends up using his intelligence to help the agent who caught him catch another killer named Francis Dolarhyde. Will Graham, the agent who caught Lecter, is at first very offended by Lecter's demeanor, but comes to appreciate his help when Lecter gives him insight into the way Dolarhyde's mind works. Dolarhyde believes that he is a god, and that he is unaffected by laws and rules. 

Two movies were based on this book. Manhunter (1986)  starred Tom Noonan as Dolarhyde and Brian Cox as Hannibal Lecktor. In Red Dragon (2002),  Anthony Hopkins played Hannibal Lecter and Ralph Fiennes played Dolarhyde.
Silence of the Lambs
Lecter returned in The Silence of the Lambs, the sequel to Red Dragon. The movie based on this book became very popular. The book is about an FBI agent named Clarice Starling (played by Jodie Foster in the movie), who, like Will Graham from Red Dragon, is trying to catch a serial killer, who calls himself "Buffalo Bill" because he skins his victims like buffalo. Starling makes a deal with Lecter in which she will try to get him transferred to another prison (Lecter hates his cell) if he will help her understand Buffalo Bill's mind. In the end, Starling catches Bill, but Lecter escapes from prison, fleeing to Africa.
Hannibal
Harris' next novel was Hannibal. It was a sequel to Silence of the Lambs. The book told the story about what happened to Hannibal Lecter after he escaped from prison. Lector was hiding in Italy. He used a false name and driver's license so he would not be caught. The book is about a victim of his, named Mason Verger. Verger survived when Lecter tried to eat his face. He now wants to get revenge on Lecter. Mason Verger captures Lecter. He tries to kill him with attack hogs, but Lecter escapes with the help of Clarice Starling. Lecter was again played by Hopkins in the 2001 movie.
Hannibal Rising
The final book in the series was Hannibal Rising. It shows Lecter as a child. It tries to explain why he is a murderous cannibal by describing the death of his family during World War II. The critics did not like Hannibal Rising as much as they liked the first three books. This was mainly because people thought that the story was unrealistic. They also felt it was not true to the characters. Thomas Harris has said in many interviews that he only wrote the book because he was afraid that someone else would write a book about Lecter as a child. This book was also the basis for a film of the same name, with Gaspard Ulliel as young Hannibal.

Impact on popular culture 
The character of Hannibal Lecter has become very popular in American culture. This is mainly because he is so scary. Lecter is often thought to be one of the best movie villains of all time, next to Freddy Krueger and Norman Bates. AFI listed him at #1 on their list "Top 50 Movie Villains of All Time"

References
References

Characters in written fiction
Fictional characters introduced in 1981
Fictional European people
Fictional murderers
Fictional people with antisocial personality disorder
Movie characters
Asunción (full name: Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción), is the capital city and largest city of Paraguay. The city has more than 1.2 million inhabitants, and the metropolitan area has more than 1.8 million inhabitants. It is on the left bank of the Paraguay River and is the main seaport of Paraguay.

The Spanish word "asunción" means assumption in English. It refers to the Assumption of Mary; the full name means Our Lady, Holy Mary of the Assumption.

References
Predestination is a religious concept, which is about the relationship between God and His creation. The religious character of predestination distinguishes it from other ideas about determinism and free will. Those who believe in predestination, such as John Calvin, believe that before the creation God determined the destiny of the universe throughout all of time and space. They believe that God orders some people to Heaven, and all other people will go to Hell because of their sins. This is determined before they even are born.

Definition: predestination is the divine foreordaining or foreknowledge of all that will happen. It applies to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of John Calvin.

Related pages 
 Predestination (Calvinism)
 Fate
Other websites 
 "Determinism in Theology: Predestination"  by Robert M. Kindon in The Dictionary of the History of Ideas (1973-74)
 Predestination
 Understanding Predestination in Islam 
 Detailed Lecture on Islamic Perspective on Fate 
 Occurrences of "predestination" in the Bible text (ESV)
 The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination (1932) by Loraine Boettner (conservative Calvinist perspective)
 The Biblical Doctrine Of Predestination, Foreordination, and Election  by F. Furman Kearley (Arminian perspective)
 
 Academic articles on predestination and election  (Lutheran perspective)

Theology
Christian theology
Hinduism
A Nightmare on Elm Street is a 1984 American slasher movie. It was directed by Wes Craven and released to movie theaters by Warner Bros. It is about five teenagers who are followed in their dreams by the ghost of serial killer Freddy Krueger, played by Robert Englund. It also stars John Saxon as Lt. Donald Thompson.

Actor Johnny Depp had his first movie role in A Nightmare on Elm Street.

It is the first in the A Nightmare on Elm Street movie series. The next movie in the series is A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge.

References

Other websites 

1984 horror movies
1980s ghost movies
1980s serial killer movies
1980s teen movies
A Nightmare on Elm Street movies
American ghost movies
American serial killer movies
American teen horror movies
English-language movies
Movies about suburbia
Movies about child abuse
Movies about nightmares
Slasher movies
Supernatural horror movies
American independent movies
Movies directed by Wes Craven
Movies set in Ohio
Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword) is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family (Iridaceae). Sometimes called the sword lily, the most widely-used English common name for these plants is simply gladiolus (plural gladioli, gladioluses or sometimes gladiolas).

Description 
The genus Gladiolus contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to sub-Saharan Africa, mostly South Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of Gladiolus endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The species vary from very small to the spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce.

These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate climates. They grow from rounded, symmetrical corms, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.
Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.

The fragrant flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery,  green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.
The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules, containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds. In their center must be noticeable the specific pellet like structure which is the real seed without the fine coat. In some seeds this structure is wrinkled and with black color. These seeds are unable to germinate.

These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.
The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthrophorine bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and sphingid moths, long-tongued flies and several others. In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolas can be pollinated by small well-known wasps. Actually, They are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the wasps. Another insect in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European Hawk-moth Macroglossum stellatarum which usually pollinates many famous garden flowers like Petunia, Zinnia, Dianthus and others.

Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Large Yellow Underwing.

Iridaceae
A flying possum or glider may refer to any of several marsupial species:

 Feathertail glider 

 Greater glider

 wrist-winged glider, or flying phalanger: genus Petaurus, six species:
 Biak glider
 Mahogany glider
 Northern glider
 Squirrel glider
 Sugar glider
 Yellow-bellied glider
The feathertail glider (Acrobates pygmaeus), also known as the pygmy gliding possum, pygmy glider or flying mouse, is the world's smallest gliding mammal. It is named after its long feather-shaped tail. Although only the size of a very small mouse (65 to 80 mm and 10 to 14 g), it can leap and glide long distances from tree to tree, up to 25 metres. Like other gliding mammals, the feathertail glider has a skin membrane between the fore and hind legs; thicker than that of the other marsupials like the sugar glider, but smaller in proportion, extending only between the elbows and knees.

References 

Marsupials of Australia
Diprotodonts
The sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) is a small marsupial originally native to eastern and northern mainland Australia, New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago, and introduced to Tasmania.  It is called a sugar glider because it likes to feed on the sugary sap from certain trees, and can jump from trees and glide through the air to another tree.  They live in trees, and rarely travel on the ground.  They eat many foods, but mostly tree sap and insects. They look and act much like a flying squirrel, but they are not related. Sugar gliders are actually related to possums

As pets 
Around the world, people very cruelly keep the sugar glider as a domestic pet. It is one of the most commonly traded wild animals in the illegal pet trade, where animals are plucked directly from their natural habitats. 

In Australia, sugar gliders can be kept in Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory but not Western Australia, New South Wales, ACT or Tasmania.
Sugar gliders are most popular as pets in the United States, where they are bred in large numbers. Most states and cities allow sugar gliders as pets, with some exceptions. In some places, a license or permit might be needed to own a sugar glider, because they are very dangerous as an exotic pet or wild animal.

References

Other websites 
Basic information  from Australian Fauna
Videos of sugar gliders in the wild  by BBC Natural History Unit.  (Only natural sounds - no talking).
Is it possible to keep a Sugar glider and a Rabbit together?

Marsupials of Australia
Diprotodonts
Mammals of Oceania
The Bismarck Archipelago is a group of islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean and part of Papua New Guinea.

History
The first inhabitants of the archipelago arrived around 33,000 years ago after they sailed from what is now Papua New Guinea. Later arrivals included the Lapita people.

The first European to visit the islands was the Dutch explorer Willem Schouten in 1616.

The islands remained unsettled by Western Europeans until they became part of the German protectorate of German New Guinea in 1884. The area was named after  German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.

On 13 March 1888, a volcano erupted on Ritter Island causing a megatsunami. Almost all of the volcano fell into the ocean, which left a small lake in the volcanic crater.
Afer the outbreak of World War I, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force seized the islands in 1914  and Australia later received a League of Nations mandate for the islands. They remained under Australian control (interrupted only by the Japanese occupation during World War II) until Papua New Guinea became independent in 1975.

Notes
Notes

Bibliography
Firth, Stewart (1983). New Guinea Under the Germans. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press. .
Howe, K. R., Robert C. Kiste, Brij V. Lal, eds. (1994). Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. .
King, David et al. (1982). Papua New Guinea Atlas: A Nation in Transition. Bathurst, Australia: R. Brown and the University of Papua New Guinea. .
Moore, Clive (2003). New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. .
Ryan, Peter, ed. (1972). Encyclopedia of Papua New Guinea. 3 volumes; Vol I: A - K, maps, black and white illustrations, xv + 588pp. Vol II: l - Z, maps, black and white illustrations, 589-1231pp. Vol III: Index, folding colour map in rear pocket, map, colour illustration, v + 83pp. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press. .

Other websites

 about the provinces 

Geography of Papua New Guinea
Archipelagos
In common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a legal case that establishes a principle or rule.  This principle or rule is then used by the court or other judicial bodies use when deciding later cases with similar issues or facts. The use of precedent provides predictability, stability, fairness, and efficiency in the law. The Latin term stare decisis is the doctrine of legal precedent. 

The precedent on an issue is the collective body of judicially announced principles that a court should consider when interpreting the law. When a precedent establishes an important legal principle, or represents new or changed law on a particular issue, that precedent is often known as a landmark decision.

Precedent is central to legal analysis and rulings in countries that follow common law like the United Kingdom and Canada (except Quebec). In some systems precedent is not binding but is taken into account by the courts.

Types of precedent

Binding precedent
Precedent that must be applied or followed is known as binding precedent (alternately mandatory precedent, mandatory or binding authority, etc.). Under the doctrine of stare decisis, a lower court must honor and the findings of law made by a higher court that is within the appeals path of cases the court hears. In the United States state and federal courts, jurisdiction is often divided geographically among local trial courts, several of which fall under the territory of a regional appeals court, and all regional courts fall under a supreme court. By definition decisions of lower courts are not binding on each other or any courts higher in the system, nor are appeals court decisions binding on each other or on local courts that fall under a different appeals court
. Further, courts must follow their own proclamations of law made earlier on other cases, and honor rulings made by other courts in disputes among the parties before them pertaining to the same pattern of facts or events, unless they have a strong reason to change these rulings.
One law professor has described mandatory precedent as follows:

Given a determination as to the governing jurisdiction, a court is "bound" to follow a precedent of that jurisdiction only if it is directly in point. In the strongest sense, "directly in point" means that: (1) the question resolved in the precedent case is the same as the question to be resolved in the pending case, (2) resolution of that question was necessary to disposition of the precedent case; (3) the significant facts of the precedent case are also present in the pending case, and (4) no additional facts appear in the pending case that might be treated as significant.

In extraordinary circumstances a higher court may overturn or overrule mandatory precedent, but will often attempt to distinguish the precedent before overturning it, thereby limiting the scope of the precedent in any event.
Precedent is not "binding" on a judge or “mandatory”
in the same sense that laws are binding on citizens. A judge can't be
jailed or fined for disagreeing with it. His oath is not to
precedent, but at least for federal judges, is to "the
constitution
and the laws of the United States". The Canons  of Judicial
Ethics
do not mention obedience to precedent, but to "the federal
Constitution and that of the state whose laws they administer."
The Code
of Judicial Conduct says nothing about precedent. In most cases,
precedent is the most reasonable interpretation of the Constitution
and our laws, in which cases the oath to the constitution is most
faithfully observed by following precedent. But when a judge finds
the interpretation of the Constitution in a majority opinion
unpersuasive, compared to the interpretation in the dissent, then
following precedent may violate the judge's oath. In a ruling where
Judge Roy Moore saw such a distinction, he acknowledged its authority
as precedent, but said
"[The] interpretation of the Constitution [by the Supreme Court
majority] is their interpretation. But nothing can conflict
with a sworn officer's oath to the Constitution." Of course
chaos is the consequence of careless disregard of precedent. Citizens
trying to obey the law need a sense of what the law is.
Non-binding / Persuasive precedent 

Precedent that is not mandatory but which is useful or relevant is known as persuasive precedent (or persuasive authority or advisory precedent). Persuasive precedent includes cases decided by lower courts, by peer or higher courts from other geographic jurisdictions, cases made in other parallel systems (for example, military courts, administrative courts, indigenous/tribal courts, State courts versus Federal courts in the United States), and in some exceptional circumstances, cases of other nations, treaties, world judicial bodies, etc.

In a case of first impression, courts often rely on persuasive precedent from courts in other jurisdictions that have previously dealt with similar issues. Persuasive precedent may become binding through the adoption of the persuasive precedent by a higher court.
Custom
Long-held custom, which has traditionally been recognized by courts and judges, is the first kind of precedent. Custom can be so deeply entrenched in the society at large that it gains the force of law. There need never have been a specific case decided on the same or similar issues in order for a court to take notice of customary or traditional precedent in its deliberations.
Case law
The other type of precedent is case law. In common law systems this type of precedent is granted more or less weight in the deliberations of a court according to a number of factors. Most important is whether the precedent is "on point," that is, does it deal with a circumstance identical or very similar to the circumstance in the instant case? Second, when and where was the precedent decided? A recent decision in the same jurisdiction as the instant case will be given great weight. Next in descending order would be recent precedent in jurisdictions whose law is the same as local law. Least weight would be given to precedent that stems from dissimilar circumstances, older cases that have since been contradicted, or cases in jurisdictions that have dissimilar law.

Critical analysis of precedent

Court formulations

The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has stated:
A judicial precedent attaches a specific legal consequence to a detailed set of facts in an adjudged case decision, which is then considered as furnishing the rule for the determination of a subsequent case involving identical or similar material facts and arising in the same court or a lower court in the judicial hierarchy.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has stated:

Stare decisis is the policy of the court to stand by precedent; the term is but an abbreviation of stare decisis et non quieta movere — "to stand by and adhere to decisions and not disturb what is settled." Consider the word "decisis." The word means, literally and legally, the decision. Under the doctrine of stare decisis a case is important only for what it decides — for the "what," not for the "why," and not for the "how." Insofar as precedent is concerned, stare decisis is important only for the decision, for the detailed legal consequence following a detailed set of facts.
Precedents viewed against passing time can serve to establish trends, thus indicating the next logical step in developing interpretations of the law. For instance, if immigration has become increasingly restricted under the law, then the next legal decision on that subject may serve to restrict it further still.

Scholars have recently attempted to apply network theory to precedents in order to establish which precedents are most important or authoritative, and how the court's interpretations and priorities have changed over time.

Super stare decisis
Super-stare decisis is a term used for important precedent that is resistant or immune from being overturned, without regard to whether correctly decided in the first place. It may be viewed as one extreme in a range of precedential power, or alternately, to express a belief, or a critique of that belief, that some decisions should not be overturned.
In 1976, Richard Posner and William Landes coined the term "super-precedent," in an article they wrote about testing theories of precedent by counting citations. Posner and Landes used this term to describe the influential effect of a cited decision. The term "super-precedent" later became associated with different issue: the difficulty of overturning a decision. In 1992, Rutgers professor Earl Maltz criticized the Supreme Court's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey for endorsing the idea that if one side can take control of the Court on an issue of major national importance (as in Roe v. Wade), that side can protect its position from being reversed "by a kind of super-stare decisis."
The issue arose anew in the questioning of Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Justice Samuel Alito during their confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee. Before the hearings the chair of the committee, Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania, wrote an op/ed in the New York Times referring to Roe as a "super-precedent." He mentioned the concept (and made seemingly humorous references to "super-duper precedent") during the hearings, but neither Roberts nor Alito endorsed the term or the concept.
Criticism of Precedent
In a controversial 1997 book, attorney Michael Trotter blamed over-reliance by American lawyers on binding and persuasive authority, rather than the merits of the case at hand, as a major factor behind the escalation of legal costs during the 20th century. He argued that courts should ban the citation of persuasive precedent from outside their jurisdiction, with two exceptions:
(1) cases where the foreign jurisdiction's law is the subject of the case, or
(2) instances where a litigant intends to ask the highest court of the jurisdiction to overturn binding precedent, and therefore needs to cite persuasive precedent to demonstrate a trend in other jurisdictions.

Related pages 

 Test case (law)

Notes

Legal terms
''For the North American Ford Escort, see Ford Escort (North America). For the 1950s Ford Escort estate car, see Ford Squire.
The European Ford Escort was a car made by the Ford Motor Company from 1968 through 2002. The first generation was produced from 1968 to 1974. The second generation was made from 1974 to 1980. The third generation was made from 1980 to 1986, it was the first Escort to offer hatchback models as well as front-wheel drive, it was mildly updated in 1983 with a 5-door estate and a convertible added and also spawned a saloon version called the Orion. The fourth generation arrived in March 1986 and was made until 1990. From 1982 to 1989, the third and later fourth generation Escorts was the UK’s best-selling car. The fifth generation appeared in September 1990 and was criticised by the motoring press due to its bland styling, dull drive and old engines but it was still a strong seller, it got a facelift in September 1992, the Orion name was dropped in 1993
. The sixth and final generation arrived in early 1995 and was replaced by the Focus in late 1998, although the Escort continued alongside it with a reduced range until 2000 with the vans being discontinued in 2002.
Replacement and discontinuation
Ford launched the Focus in 1998. It was supposed to replace the Escort, which was now 30 years old. However, the Escort wasn't fully discontinued until 2000. The van version continued on until 2002 when it was replaced with the Transit Connect.

Generations
This shows how the Ford Escort has changed each generation.

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Escort (Europe)
Ford Fiesta is a subcompact car made by Ford Motor Company from 1976 to 2023. Until 1986, it was the smallest Ford vehicle until the arrival of the Festiva (a car made by Ford in a joint-venture with Mazda and Kia in markets where the Fiesta wasn't sold). The first generation was made from 1976 to 1983 and was sold in the US from 1978 to 1980, the second generation was made from 1983 to 1989 although this version is a heavily updated first generation car, it was unusual in offering 2 different dashboard designs for basic and higher-end models of it. The third generation arrived in early 1989 and was the first Fiesta to be sold with 5-doors alongside 3, it received updates in 1992, 1994 and 1995 when it became the Fiesta Classic, selling with the newer fourth generation car until production ended in early 1997
. The fourth generation arrived in late 1995 and gained a rebadged version called the Mazda 121 in early 1996, although it wasn't as popular as the Fiesta itself, it was facelifted in late 1999 and was made until 2002 when UK production of it ended. The fifth generation arrived in Spring 2002, it was facelifted in late 2005 with new colours and interior and was produced until 2008. The sixth generation Fiesta arrived in late 2008 and is sold more globally than previous generations including the US where it arrived in Spring 2010 as a 2011 model. It was facelifted in early 2013 and as a 2014 model for the US, it was sold there until 2019. The seventh generation Fiesta arrived in July 2017 with a facelift in late 2021 and the 3-door model axed in 2022. Ford ended production of the Fiesta on 7 July 2023 because of their expanding SUV lineup.
Generations
This shows how the Ford Fiesta has changed each generation.

1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Fiesta
2010s automobiles
For the Ford Fusion sold in the Americas, see Ford Fusion (Americas).

The European Ford Fusion was a car made by Ford Motor Company from 2002 to 2012. It is sold in Europe and India. It was replaced with the B-Max in 2012. 

2000s automobiles
Fusion (Europe)
Ford Galaxy is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1995 to the present day. The original model was made by Volkswagen. It was also sold as the Volkwagen Sharan and Seat Alhambra. It got a facelift in 2000. It was redesigned in 2006 made by Ford themselves. 

As of 2014 there have been three generations. It was discontinued with the Ford S-Max in 2023.

The third generation was unveiled in 2014.

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Galaxy
Ford C-Max is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2003 to 2019. It was originally called the Focus C-Max before it had a facelift in 2007. It entered its 2nd generation in 2010 and is available in 5-seat and Grand 7-seat versions. It was facelifted in 2015 and in 2019, Ford ended production of it.

Engines

Petrol 
 1.6 74 kW (100 hp)
 1.8 92 kW (125 hp)
 2.0 107 kW (145 hp)

Diesel 
 1.6 TDCi 66 kW (90 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
 1.8 TDCi 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.0 TDCi 81 kW (110 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
C-Max
Ford S-Max is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2006 to 2023. The first generation was made from 2006 to 2015 with a facelift in 2010. It entered its second generation in 2015. It was discontinued in 2023 with the Ford Galaxy.

2000s automobiles
S-Max
The Ford Puma was a sports car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1997 through 2002. The car received great praise for its fun handling but wasn't replaced when production stopped. In late 2019, Ford reused the Puma name on a new small, sporty crossover model.  

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Puma
Kilkenny () is the county town (seat) of County Kilkenny in Ireland. It is on both banks of the River Nore, at the centre of County Kilkenny in the historic province of Leinster in the south-east of the country. Kilkenny City is administered by a borough council and has a Mayor form of government. The majority of the population of Kilkenny City live outside the borough boundary. It is the smallest city in the country, with only 25,000 people living there.

From being founded by the church, Kilkenny was the ancient capital of the kingdom of Ossory.  The town was established, then a city, in 1609 by royal charter. Kilkenny was the capital of Confederate Ireland between 1642 and 1649. The seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Ossory and the Church of Ireland Bishop of Cashel and Ossory are in Kilkenny.

Kilkenny is famous for its medieval building and castle. The town has been referred to as the "Marble City" for centuries. People from Kilkenny are often referred to as 'Cats'.

Sources
Sources

County towns in Ireland
County Kilkenny
1609 establishments
Establishments in the Republic of Ireland
1600s establishments in Europe
The Ford Cougar was a car produced by Ford Motor Company. It was sold in the European market from 1998 through 2002. The US version was sold as the Mercury Cougar.

Other websites 
V6 Cougar - Ford Cougar Site 

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Cougar
The Ford Kuga is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2008 to the present day. It entered its second generation in early 2013 and is the same as the US market Escape. It is only sold in Europe.

Other websites 
Ford Kuga commercial

2000s automobiles
Kuga
Ford Transit is a van produced by Ford Motor Company from 1965 to the present day. It is currently in its fourth generation.

Ford Transit

Taunus Transit
The first van to wear the Transit badge was the Taunus Transit. It was produced in Germany. It gained this name in 1961, eight years after it was introduced in 1953. It was not sold in the UK. Production of it ceased in 1965.

First generation (1965–1986) 
The first generation Transit was launched in October 1965.

In 1977, the model was improved. It had new front lights, new grille, new front and rear bumpers and a new new bonnet

Second generation (1986–2000) 
The second generation Transit was launched in January 1986.

In 1994, the model was improved. It had new front and rear lights, new front and rear bumpers and a new new bonnet

Third generation (2000–2014) 
The third generation Transit,  was launched in July 2000.

In August 2006, the model was improved. It had new front and rear lights, new front and rear bumpers and a new new bonnet
Fourth generation (2013–present) 
The fourth-generation Transit was launched in January 2013 at the 2013 North American (Detroit) International Auto Show.

In 2020, the model was improved. It had a new grille and the engine was improved.

Ford Transit Connect

Ford Transit Connect is a compact van produced by Ford Motor Company from 2002 to the present day. It is currently in its second generation.

Ford Transit Custom

Ford Transit Custom is a compact van and leisure van produced by Ford Motor Company from 2013 to the present day. It is currently in its first generation.

Ford Transit Tourneo

Ford Transit Tourneo is a leisure vehicle produced by Ford Motor Company from 1995 to the present day.

A leisure version of the Transit Connect, the Tourneo Connect is made too however the Tourneo Connect is not the same model as the Connect.

References

Other websites 

Buses
Vans
Citroën XM was a car produced by Citroën from 1989 to 2000. It originally launched as a 5-door hatchback in May 1989 and an estate was added in late 1991. It received a facelift in July 1994 but sales were never strong and got worse later in its life and the XM was discontinued in June 2000.

C6

Citroën hoped that the C6 would replace the XM after its discontinuation in 2000. However, the first C6 did not roll off the production line until 2006. 

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
XM
Citroën Xantia was a car produced by Citroën. It replaced the Citroën BX in early 1993, with an estate version added in 1995 and a facelift at the end of 1997 and was replaced by the Citroën C5 in early 2001. It came in hatchback and estate bodystyles and was sold as a budget option towards the end of its run in France until 2002.

Engines 
 1.6i 65 kW (88 hp)
 1.8i 66 kW (90 hp) and 74 kW (101 hp)
 1.8i 16V 81 kW (110 hp)
 2.0i 89 kW (121 hp)
 2.0i 16V 97 kW (132 hp), 110 kW (150 hp) and 112 kW (152 hp)
 2.0i Turbo CT 108 kW (147 hp)
 3.0i V6 140 kW (190 hp)
 1.9 D 50 kW (68 hp) and 51 kW (69 hp)
 1.9 SD 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.9 TD 66 kW (90 hp)
 2.0 HDi 66 kW (90 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.1 Turbo D12 80 kW (109 hp)

References 

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Xantia
The Gaeltacht Quarter in Belfast, Northern Ireland, is an area around the Falls Road in the west of the city. A Gaeltacht is an area where the Irish language is most often spoken. The area aims to bring interest to the Irish language and tourist attractions related to it, as well as Irish culture.

Plans for a gaeltacht quarter in Belfast began in 2002, as a recommendation of the Joint West Belfast/Greater Shankill Task Force. The plan was then adopted by the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure and Belfast City Council.

Important areas and events in the quarter include the An Cúlturlann arts centre, Conway Mill and the Féile an Phobail.

Related pages
Belfast Quarters

References

Other websites 
Visit West Belfast
Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure 

Quarters of Belfast
Gaeltacht
The central area of Belfast has been divided into seven Quarters related to its history:

Cathedral Quarter
Gaeltacht Quarter
Smithfield Market and Library Quarter
Linen Quarter
Market Quarter
Queen's Quarter
Titanic Quarter

The Quarters do not evenly divide the city into four parts, and not all of Belfast's city centre is part of a Quarter. Instead, each Quarter has something important in its history and locale. The "Quarter" names were given in 2001.

Other websites
 Discover the Quarters, Official Belfast Tourism Site
Citroën Xsara was a car produced by Citroën from 1997 through 2005. An MPV version, the Xsara Picasso, was launched in 1999 and was produced until 2010.

Engines 
 1.4i 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.6i 65 kW (88 hp)
 1.6i 16V 80 kW (109 hp)
 1.8i 66 kW (90 hp) and 74 kW (101 hp)
 1.8i 16V 81 kW (110 hp)
 2.0i 16V 97 kW (132 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.0i 16V VTS 120 kW (163 hp)
 1.4 HDi 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.9 D 51 kW (69 hp)
 1.9 SD 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.9 TD 66 kW (90 hp)
 2.0 HDi 66 kW (90 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Xsara
Vietnamese might mean:

 Anything related to Vietnam, a country in Asia
 Vietnamese language
 Vietnamese alphabet
Helsinki Olympic Stadium (or Olympiastadion) is a sports stadium in Helsinki, Finland. The 1952 Summer Olympics took place in the stadium. Finland's national football team plays there.

Football stadiums in Europe
Football in Finland
Sport in Helsinki
1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic venues
Buildings and structures in Finland
The Citroën Berlingo is a series of almost identical vans and leisure activity vehicles produced by Citroën in three generations since 1996. It is builded in cooperation with Peugeot.

Peugeot make the same vehicle but with a different name, The name is: Peugeot Partner.

First generation (1996–2012) 
Citroën created the first generation Berlingo I in July 1996 and Peugeot created Peugeot Partner I in 1996.

In 2004, the model was improved at the front, It had a new bumper, bonnet, and headlamps.

Second generation (2008–2018) 
The second generation Citroën Berlingo II was created in April 2008, The Peugeot Partner II was created in May 2008.

The second generation leisure activity vehicles have different names, They are: Citroën Berlingo Multispace and Peugeot Partner Tepee.

Third generation (2018–present) 
The third generation Citroën Berlingo III and Peugeot Rifter were unveiled in March 2018. It was rebadged as the Opel Combo.

Other websites

Front wheel drive vehicles
Vans
The DAX is a stock exchange in Frankfurt, Germany. In German DAX stands for Deutscher Aktien Index (in English: German stock index). It is very much like the Dow Jones Industrial Average in the US, in that 30 companies are in this exchange. They are:

 Adidas
 Allianz
 BASF
 Bayer
 Beiersdorf
 BMW
 Commerzbank
 Daimler
 Deutsche Bank
 Deutsche Börse
 Deutsche Lufthansa
 Deutsche Post
 Deutsche Postbank
 Deutsche Telekom
 E.ON
 Fresenius
 Fresenius Medical Care
 Hannover Re
 Henkel
 Infineon Technologies
 K+S
 Linde
 MAN
 Merck
 Metro
 Munich Re (Münchener Rück)
 RWE
 Salzgitter
 SAP AG
 Siemens
 ThyssenKrupp
 Volkswagen AG (Volkswagen Group)

References

Other websites 
 DAX homepage 
 Bloomberg page for DAX:IND
 DAX Fourier Components
 DAX 30 Profle at Wikinvest

Stock exchanges in Europe
Economy of Germany
Frankfurt
Westminster Under School is a private preparatory school for boys aged 7 to 13 and is part of Westminster School in London.

The school was founded in 1943 in the buildings of Westminster School in Little Dean’s Yard, just behind Westminster Abbey. In 1951 the Under School relocated to its own site in Eccleston Square. Due to rising numbers of students in the 1960s and 1970s, the school moved again in 1981 to its present site (which was a former hospital) next the Westminster School playing fields in Vincent Square. There are 267 pupils attending the school. The school has a strong musical tradition and provides choristers for St Margaret's Church, London. 
Most boys attending the school move on to Westminster School after the completion of either Common Entrance or Scholarship examinations (The Challenge), although a number of boys each year go onto other schools, most often either Eton or Harrow.

The Master is Mrs Elizabeth Hill ; the Deputy Master is Mr D. Bratt. There are currently 39 members of staff.
The school fees for 2008-9 are £4412 pre term.

References

Other websites
Ofiicial website

Schools in London
1943 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in England
A Furby (plural Furbys or Furbies, according to Tiger Electronics.) is a popular electronic toy or robot, more specifically, a hamster/owl-like creature made by Tiger Electronics, which went through a time of being the "must-have" toy following its launch in the winter holiday season of 1998, with continuing sales until 2000. Furbies sold 1.8 million units in 1998, 14 million units in 1999, and altogether in its three best years of original production, Furby sold over 40 million units, and its speaking capabilities were translated into 24 languages. A video game of the Furbies was released in 1998 by Hasbro Interactive with many activities. Furbies were the first successful attempt to produce and sell a programmed robot. In 2005, new Furbies were released, with voice-recognition and more complex facial movements, among many other changes and improvements. There was a common mistake best that they repeated words that were said around them
. This belief most likely came from the fact that it is possible to have the Furby say certain pre-programmed words or phrases more often by petting it whenever it said these words. As a result of this myth, several intelligence agencies banned them from their offices.
David Hampton and Caleb Chung created the Furby in about nine months (in addition to an additional nine months spent designing the toy). That was the amount of time between Tiger Electronics showing an interest in his interactive creatures, during which Roger Schiffman bought the rights to it, and the time they hit store shelves. Furby's first public appearance was at the International Toy Fair in 1998. Furbys originally retailed for about US$35, and upon release Furbys flew off the shelves in toyshops. The demand for these toys during the 1998 holiday season drove the resale price over US$100 and sometimes as high as several hundred dollars. Furbies sold for over US$300 in newspapers and in auctions. Nicknames were given to them, and sellers gave values to them. Some people continue to call their Furbies by the terms 'wedding Furby', 'tuxedo Furby', 'snowball Furby', 'biker Furby', and others. All, of course, were named rare by sellers, because they were so hard to find at the time
. In a sure display of the demand for even one Furby, some sellers at the time scammed people out of a lot of money, without even having first given them a Furby. Parent battles, arguments, and fights grew higher at the popularity of them, and when retail supplies ran out, parents turned to the Internet, where Furbies could be purchased for two, three, or more multiples of their retail price. This action led to many parents ending up on eBay.
2005 revival 
In 2005 Furbies were re-introduced with the release of the new Emoto-Tronic Furby. The highly growing emotional realism of the Emoto-Tronic Furby has given birth to a number of Furby-like special interest groups. These communities want to bring features of the Furby experience into human society. The most visible of these groups include Furbish-to-English translators and Furby adoption agencies.

2012 revival
On April 12, 2012, it was announced that Hasbro would be making a new line of Furbies. The new line was released in September 2012. As of December 2012 there were sixteen colors: Teal, white, black, purple, tangerine-tango, yellow, aqua, navy blue, plum, pink, pink/teal, orange/blue, black/pink, blue/yellow, teal/purple, and gray/teal.
Furbies were one of the eleven toys named the top toys for Christmas 2013 by the Toy Retailers Association at the DreamToys Convention where they unveil their predictions for the most popular holiday toys annually.

Furby types
Furby types

Classic Furbies 
The original Furbies were 6 inches (15 cm) tall. The main reason for their popularity was because of their apparent "intelligence", reflected in their ability to develop language skills. Furbies can communicate with one another via an infrared port located between their eyes.  
A simple electric motor and a system of cameras and gears close the Furby's eyes and mouth, raise its ears, and lift it off the ground in a faux display of mobility. The originals are still popular with many hackers as they can be dissected and made or changed to do other interesting things, including being able to say something insulting or humorous, like Shut up. In particular, they can made be to do things with their advanced audio capabilities and various sensory interfaces.

Other Furbies
Other Furbies

Furby Babies 
In 1999, the Furby Babies line was introduced. Furby Babies are smaller than the original, have higher voices, and cannot dance, but switch to speaking English more quickly. They also have bigger vocabulary, and different "Easter Eggs" and "games" built into them. Baby furbies come in 24 different colors. All with white eye lashes, six different eyecolors.
Book Furbies were also released, including an interactive Furby-like Gizmo, from the movie Gremlins, a Furby-like  Interactive Yoda based on the Star Wars character, and a Furby-like Interactive E.T. from the movie of the same name. Another 'friend of furby', called Shelby, is similar to Furby, but looks like a clam, has lots of improvement in memory, and has a different personality; it was released in 2001 and can communicate with the original Furbies and Furby Babies. They also have sensors that can sense loud sounds, they can sense being upside down (they say things like "Shiver me timbers" and "Walk the plank", in the style of a pirate ship captain, when you leave them upside-down for a long period of time), and they laugh when you "tickle" them (their antennae - or "tennies", as they like to call them). They also purr when you "pet" them. You can feed them by sticking your finger in their mouth. Similarly, Shelbys do not have their own names, unlike the classic Furbies
. Shelbys are also capable of knowing if it is talking to a Furby or another Shelby, saying phrases such as "Where's Furby?" - though they cannot tell the difference between a Furby and a Furby Baby - they just think it's a Furby. In addition to English, Shelbys also know some Furbish words and also have their own language called "Shelbish."
Emoto-Tronic Furby 
The latest kinds of Furby were released in August 2005. Larger than the other ones, the new Furbies have been upgraded with a more emotional face and a voice recognition system, letting them communicate with humans. Unlike the Furbies originally released, just one order is necessary to make them 'sleep', and they have an off switch. They can communicate with other types of Emoto-tronic Furbies, though to a smaller amont than the communication between original Furbies, and they cannot themselves communicate with the original Furbies. They also do not have light sensors and basic motion sensors. These Furbies, according to the story they come packed with, are from Furby Island.
Emoto-Tronic Furby Babies 
In 2006, a new version of Furby baby was released, with most notable features being the new look and a more "Baby-ish" appearance in contrast to the Emoto-Tronic Furby adult. They also have considerably less features than the "adult" Furby, with a very limited vocabulary and a lower level of interactivity. Another notable feature of the 2006 Emoto-Tronic Baby Furby is the movable "legs", which unfurl when Furby baby is awakened.

Emoto-Tronic Funky Furbies
The Funky Furbies were released in August 2006 outside the United States. They are limited to three color combinations (pink and yellow; purple and green; blue and purple), they can sing three new songs and dance. They can be taught dance routines and remember them.
2012 Furbies
A new Furby was released in the fall of 2012. It has more expressive LCD eyes, a wider range of motions, its own iOS and Android app, and the ability to adapt its personality in reaction to user behavior. The on-off switch is replaced with a reset button; the Furby turns itself off after one minute of inactivity.

Furby Party Rockers
A series of toys called Furby Party Rockers was released in addition to the 2012 Furbies.

Those feature pre-programmed personalities that differ between the various models.

Instead of the screens that the full-size Furbies feature, their eyes are made out of transparent plastic with a backing that has a static pattern printed.

The eyes have an LED backlight and the printed image is stereoscopic so that it changes depending on the viewing angle. The Party Rockers don't have any moving parts.