Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Frugality is a quality of spending money very carefully and in limited amounts. This decision can be made for various reasons. Some are: to save money, make costs smaller and get the most possible value from purchases.

Examples 
Some ways of attempting to be frugal could be to make less waste, stop doing things (such as travel or entertainment) with high costs and having control over spending desires. Also, being careful to get all the use out of an item before replacing it and not agreeing with customs that have high costs. More ways could be using zero cost choices, using barter (trading without money), and having a good knowledge of prices. 

Some people will use a discount store to find low cost things. Some will buy things used by other people in thrift stores, garage sales, flea markets, or from classified advertising in a newspaper or on the internet from a site similar to Craigslist.
Philosophy
Frugality in some philosophies is when a person does not agree with experts who say they know what is good for everybody. This is a special use of the word for philosophers. 

Many religions think frugality is important and good. The Quakers and Puritans are two examples of Christian religions that put high value on frugality. The base of this idea is that people should store money to use when any person (not only friends) needs help. 

Environmentalists think that being frugal is good. They think because ancient humans did not need many things and were able to get happiness from nature it is more natural to be frugal than to agree with the customs of modern living.

Philosophy
Economics
Virtues
Tineidae (or clothes moth) is a family of moths. They are known as fungus moths or tineid moths. There are more than 3,000 species in over 300 genera. Most of the tineid moths are small or medium-sized. They have wings over their bodies. They are common in the Palaearctic. Others found elsewhere were introduced

Tineids will eat living plants, fungi, lichens, and detritus. The most known members of the family are the clothes moths. They eat on stored fabrics. The most widespread species are the Common Clothes Moth (Tineola bisselliella), the Case-bearing Clothes Moth (Tinea pellionella) and the Carpet Moth (Trichophaga tapetzella). The Brown-dotted Clothes Moth (Niditinea fuscella) will feed on feathers in a bird's nest. The genus Ceratophaga, members will eat on dead animals such as mammals and the shells of dead tortoises.
Books 
Dugdale, J.S., 1988. Lepidoptera - annotated catalogue and keys of family-group taxa. Fauna of New Zealand, 14: 1-262.
Gaedike, R. 1983. Zur Kenntnis der paläarktischen Tineiden Die Gattung Infurcitinea Spuler, 1910 (Lepidoptera). Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, 46: 121-150.
Gaedike, R. 1985. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der paläarktischen Tineiden: Gattung Obesoceras Petersen, 1957 (Lepidoptera). Entomologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, 48: 167-181.
Hinton, H.E. 1956. The larvae of the species of Tineidae of economic importance. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 47: 251-346.
Leraut, P., 1985. Mise a jour de la liste des Tineides de la faune de France. Entomologica Gallica, 1(4): 319-325.
Petersen, G. 1957-8. Die Genitalien der paläarktischen Tineiden. Beiträge zur Entomologie, 7: 55-176, 338-380, 557-595; 8: 111-118, 398-430.
Robinson, G.S. 1979. Clothes-moths of the Tinea pellionella complex: a revision of the world's species (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 38: 57-128, figs 1-103.
Zagulajev A K. 1988 English translation (original 1975). Clothes Moths (Tineidae) (English translation of Nastoyaschie Moli (Tineidae)).Akademiya Nauk SSSr, Zoologicheskii Institut, New series No. 108
References

 Global Taxonomic Database of Tineidae
 Common Clothes Moth
 A Caterpillar that Eats Tortoise Shells 
 Tineid of Korea
 Fauna Europaea

Moths
Tanisha Thomas (born on August 28, 1985 in Brooklyn, New York) is an African American reality television participant. She first appeared on the Oxygen show Bad Girls Club in 2008. She was on the second season to become a role model for young women and change her bad behavior. She became a fan favorite for her catchphrase "Pop Off!". After the show was done airing, Thomas was called the "godmother" to all "bad girls". Thomas later hosted the spin-off dating game show Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too starting with its second season in 2011. She also competed on the VH1 show Celebrity Fit Club: Boot Camp 2. Thomas was on the show to loose weight. Her team the "blue team" won and took home $17,500 each.
A year later, Thomas was given her own show on Oxygen. It was called Tanisha Gets Married. The show was about Thomas' and her fiancee
s journey on planning their wedding. It aired in May 2012 and beat all the key demos of Oxygen that were set in April 2012. Thomas along with her ex-husband appeared on first season of the show Marriage Boot Camp, which aired on May 30, 2014.

References 

1985 births
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
American television personalities
Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too is a reality television show. It first premiered on Oxygen on March 16, 2010. Its a spin-off show from the Bad Girls Club. American comedian Bret Ernst was the host of the first season. The show was renewed for its third season Second season of Bad Girls Club Tanisha Thomas began hosting the season starting with the second season. There has been three complete seasons of Love Games: Bad Girls Need Love Too'. The show is about past season "bad girls" looking for love.

References

Other websites 
 
 

Bad Girls Club
American reality television series
English-language television programs
Wide Sargasso Sea is a 1993 erotic drama movie in which Rachel Ward, Karina Lombard and Naomi Watts star. Wide Sargasso Sea is rated NC-17 because of sexual content. It is based on the 1966 Jean Rhys book of the same name.

The movie is about love and lust in 1840s Jamaica, shortly after Britain freed the slaves in its Caribbean colonies.

The movie received mixed reviews from critics. Roger Ebert gave the movie three and a half stars.

References

Other websites
 
 

1990s drama movies
1993 movies
English-language movies
NC-17 rated movies
Alejo Carpentier y Valmont (December 26, 1904 – April 24, 1980) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist.  He greatly influenced Latin American literature during its famous "boom" period. Born in Lausanne, Switzerland, Carpentier grew up in Havana, Cuba and Paris. Carpentier always said he was Cuban. He traveled a lot, mostly in France, and to Mexico. He sided with revolutionary movements, such as Fidel Castro's Communist Revolution in Cuba in the mid-century. Carpentier was jailed and exiled for his leftist political philosophies.

Carpentier studied and understood music. He wrote a book La música en Cuba in the music of Cuba.  He put in musical themes and literary techniques in his writing. Although Carpentier wrote many types of writing, such as journalism, radio drama, playwrighting, academic essays, opera and libretto, he is best known for his novels. He was among the first to use magical realism. He explored the fantastic quality of Latin American history and culture.
Carpentier's writing style used the Baroque style which had become popular again.  It was called New World Baroque.  It was a style that Latin American artists took from the European model. Carpentier also brought the Surrealist theory to Latin American literature. Carpentier had parts of Latin American political history, music, social injustice and art in his writings. His writing influenced younger Latin American and Cuban writers like Lisandro Otero, Leonardo Padura and Fernando Velázquez Medina.

Carpentier died of cancer in Paris in 1980. He was buried in Havana's Colon Cemetery.

Major works
Carpentier's major works include:
Ecue-yamba-o! (1933) 
La música en Cuba (1946) (The Music of Cuba), an ethno-musicological study of Cuba starting from the sixteenth century, the arrival of European explorers, till the present day of publication, the mid twentieth century.
El reino de este mundo (1949) (The Kingdom of this World)
Los pasos perdidos (1953) (The Lost Steps)
El acoso (1956) (Manhunt)
Guerra del tiempo (1958) (War of Time)
El siglo de las luces (1962) (Explosion in a Cathedral)
El Recurso del método (1974) (Reasons of State)
Concierto barroco (1974) (Concierto barroco; English: Baroque Concert), based on the 1709 meeting of Vivaldi, Handel and Domenico Scarlatti, with cameo appearances by Wagner and Stravinsky, and fictional characters from the new world who inspire the Venetian composer's opera, Motezuma.
La consagración de la primavera (1978) (The Rite of Spring; Le Sacre du Printemps, ballet by Igor Stravinsky)
El arpa y la sombra (1978) (The Harp and the Shadow) dealing with Columbus.
1904 births
1980 deaths
Cuban communists
Musicologists
Caribbean novelists
Writers from Havana
Writers from Paris
People from Lausanne
Sean Justin Penn (born August 17, 1960) is an American actor, screenwriter, movie director, producer and activist.

Penn won an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Mystic River and an Academy Award for Milk (movie).

Penn was married to Madonna from 1985 until they divorced in 1989. He and Robin Wright had a daughter in 1991 and a son in 1993. The couple married in 1996 and divorced in 2010.

As of February 24, 2022, Penn was in Ukraine doing (or filming) a documentary movie about the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Penn went to press briefings in Kyiv, met with the president and other officials and spoke to journalists and military personnel about the Russian invasion; By March 2, he had left the country.

Early life
He was born in Los Angeles, California, the middle son of actor Leo Penn (1921-1998) and actress Eileen Ryan (born 1928). His brothers are musician Michael Penn (born 1958) and actor Chris Penn (1965-2006).
Filmography
Penn has starred in many movies, including: Taps, Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Colors, Casualties of War, We're No Angels, Carlito's Way, Dead Man Walking, U Turn, The Game, The Thin Red Line, Being John Malkovich, The Weight of Water, I Am Sam, Mystic River, 21 Grams, The Assassination of Richard Nixon, The Interpreter, All the King's Men, Persepolis, Milk, Fair Game, The Tree of Life and This Must Be the Place.

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American activists
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Madonna (entertainer)
Movie directors from Los Angeles County, California
Movie producers from Los Angeles County, California
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Screenwriters from California
1960 births
Living people
Alice Malsenior Walker (born February 9, 1944) is an American author, poet, and activist. She has written both fiction and essays about race and gender.  She is best known for the novel The Color Purple (1982).  She won the National Book Award  and the Pulitzer Prize for the novel.

Early life

Walker is an African American who was born in Eatonton, Georgia. She is the youngest of eight children. Her parents were Willie Lee Walker and Minnie Lou Tallulah Grant. Her father, who was, in her words, "wonderful at math but a terrible farmer," earned only $300 a year from sharecropping and dairy farming.  Her mother added to the family income by working as a maid.  She worked 11 hours a day for USD $17 per week to help pay for Alice to attend college.
In 1952, Walker was accidentally hit in the right eye by a BB gun fired by one of her brothers. Because the family had no car, the Walkers could not take their daughter to a hospital for immediate help.  By the time they reached a doctor a week later, she had become permanently blind in that eye. When a layer of scar tissue formed over her wounded eye, Alice became self-conscious and painfully shy. She felt like an outcast and turned for comfort to reading and to writing poetry. When she was 14, the scar tissue was removed.  She later became valedictorian and was voted most-popular girl, as well as queen of her senior class.
After high school, Walker went to Spelman College in Atlanta.  She later moved to Sarah Lawrence College near New York City, graduating in 1965. Walker became interested in the U.S. civil rights movement.  This was partly due to the influence of activist Howard Zinn, who was one of her professors at Spelman College. Walker returned to the South where she became involved with voter registration drives, campaigns for welfare rights and children's programs in Mississippi.

Activism 

Alice Walker met Martin Luther King Jr. when she was a student at Spelman College.  Walker credits King for her decision to return to the American South as an activist for the Civil Rights Movement.  She marched with hundreds of thousands in August in the 1963 March on Washington.  As a young adult, she volunteered to register black voters in Georgia and Mississippi.
On March 8, 2003, International Women's Day, on the eve of the Iraq War, Alice Walker, Maxine Hong Kingston, and Terry Tempest Williams were arrested  with 24 others for crossing a police line.  This was during an anti-war protest rally outside the White House.

In March 2009, Alice Walker traveled to Gaza in response to the Gaza War. She was with a group of 60 other female activists from the anti-war group Code Pink. Their purpose was to deliver aid, to meet with NGOs and residents, and to ask Israel and Egypt to open their borders into Gaza.

Personal life

In 1965, Walker met Melvyn Roseman Leventhal, a Jewish civil rights lawyer. They were married on March 17, 1967 in New York City. Later that year the couple moved to Jackson, Mississippi.  They became "the first legally married inter-racial couple in Mississippi". They were harassed and threatened by whites, including the Ku Klux Klan. The couple had a daughter Rebecca in 1969.  Walker and her husband divorced on friendly terms in 1976.
Walker and her daughter grew apart.  Rebecca felt herself to be more of "a political symbol... than a cherished daughter". She published a memoir called Black White and Jewish, about the complexities of her parents' relationship and her childhood. Rebecca recalls her teenage years when her mother would go to her far-off writing studio while “I was left with money to buy my own meals and lived on a diet of fast food.” Since the birth of Rebecca’s son Tenzin, her mother has not spoken to her. Rebecca has learned that she was cut out of her mother’s will in favor of a distant cousin.

In the mid-1990s, Walker was involved in a romance with singer-songwriter Tracy Chapman.

In 2011 shooting began on Beauty in Truth, a documentary film about Walker's life directed by Pratibha Parmar.

Walker is a feminist. She made the word womanist for African American feminism against female genital mutilation.
Selected awards and honors
 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1983) for The Color Purple
 National Book Award for Fiction (1983) for The Color Purple
 O. Henry Award for "Kindred Spirits" 1985.
 Honorary Degree from the California Institute of the Arts (1995)
 American Humanist Association named her as "Humanist of the Year" (1997)
 The Lillian Smith Award from the National Endowment for the Arts
 The Rosenthal Award from the National Institute of Arts & Letters
 The Radcliffe Institute Fellowship, the Merrill Fellowship, and a Guggenheim Fellowship
 The Front Page Award for Best Magazine Criticism from the Newswoman's Club of New York
 Induction to the California Hall of Fame in The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts  (2006)
 Domestic Human Rights Award from Global Exchange (2007)

Selected works
Selected works

Novels and short story collections
 The Third Life of Grange Copeland (1970)
 In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women (1973)
 Meridian (1976)
 The Color Purple (1982)
 You Can't Keep a Good Woman Down: Stories (1982)
 To Hell With Dying (1988)
 The Temple of My Familiar (1989)
 Finding the Green Stone (1991)
 Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992)
 The Complete Stories (1994)
 By The Light of My Father's Smile (1998)
 The Way Forward Is with a Broken Heart (2000)
 Now Is The Time to Open Your Heart (2005)
 Everyday Use (1973). Short stories, essays, interviews

Poetry collections
 Once (1968)
 Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems (1973)
 Good Night, Willie Lee, I'll See You in the Morning (1979)
 Horses Make a Landscape Look More Beautiful (1985)
 Her Blue Body Everything We Know: Earthling Poems (1991)
 Absolute Trust in the Goodness of the Earth (2003)
 A Poem Traveled Down My Arm: Poems And Drawings (2003)
 Collected Poems (2005)
 Hard Times Require Furious Dancing: New Poems
 "Rage"
Non-fiction books
 In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (1983)
 Living by the Word (1988)
 Warrior Marks (1993)
 The Same River Twice: Honoring the Difficult (1996)
 Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism (1997)
 Go Girl!: The Black Woman's Book of Travel and Adventure (1997)
 Pema Chodron and Alice Walker in Conversation (1999)
 Sent By Earth: A Message from the Grandmother Spirit After the Bombing of the World Trade Center and Pentagon (2001)
 We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For (2006)
 Overcoming Speechlessness (2010)

References 

Citations

 
 

1944 births
Living people
African American writers
American activists
American feminists
American novelists
American poets
Pulitzer Prize winners
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
O. Henry Award winners
Spelman College alumni
Clifford Donald Simak (August 3, 1904 – April 25, 1988) was an American science fiction writer. He received three Hugo Awards and one Nebula Award.  He was named the third Grand Master by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) in 1977.

Biography
Simak was born in Millville, Wisconsin to parent's John Lewis and Margaret (Wiseman) Simak. He married Agnes Kuchenberg on April 13, 1929.  They had two children, Scott and Shelley. Simak attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison.  He later worked at various newspapers in the Midwest. He began to work with the Minneapolis Star and Tribune (in Minneapolis, Minnesota).  This went from 1939 to his retirement in 1976.

Writing career
Simak became interested in science fiction after reading the works of H. G. Wells as a child. He started writing for science fiction pulp magazines in 1931. The only science-fiction piece that he published between 1933 and 1937 was The Creator (Marvel Tales #4, March–April 1935).
In late 1937, Simak returned to science fiction.  He was a regular contributor to Astounding Stories during the Golden Age of Science Fiction (1938–1950). His first publications, such as Cosmic Engineers (1939), were in the style of the earlier superscience type. He soon made his own style, which is usually described as gentle and pastoral. During this period, Simak also published a number of war and western stories in pulp magazines. His best known novel may be City, a collection of short stories with a common theme of mankind's eventual leaving from Earth.

Simak continued to write award-nominated novels during the 1950s and 1960s. Helped by a friend, he continued writing and publishing science fiction and, later, fantasy, into his 80s.
Awards
 International Fantasy Award for best fiction book (1953) for City
 Hugo award for best novelette (1959) for The Big Front Yard
 Hugo award for best novel (1964) for Way Station
 Minnesota Academy of Science Award for distinguished service to science 1967
 First Fandom Hall of Fame award 1973
 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award 1976
 Jupiter Award for best novel (1978) for A Heritage of Stars
 Hugo award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Nebula award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Locus Award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Analog Analytical Laboratory award for best short story (1981) for Grotto of the Dancing Deer
 Bram Stoker Lifetime Achievement award 1988

References

1904 births
1988 deaths
Writers from Minnesota
Writers from Wisconsin
American science fiction writers
Hugo Award winning writers
Nebula Award winning writers
Gerald Patrick "Jerry" Mathers (born June 2, 1948) is an American actor and writer. He played Beaver Cleaver in the sitcom television series Leave It to Beaver. In 1998 he wrote a book called  ...And Jerry Mathers as "The Beaver". Mathers was born in Sioux City, Iowa.

In 1973, Mathers went to the University of California, Berkeley, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy. In 1981, he worked as a disc jockey at KEZY radio in Anaheim, California.

Mathers was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in 1996.

References

More readings

Other websites

 
 
 

American television actors
1948 births
Living people
American autobiographers
Actors from Iowa
Writers from Iowa
People from Sioux City, Iowa
American child actors
American movie actors
Actors from California
Writers from California
American DJs
American radio personalities
Musicians from California
Musicians from Iowa
Samuel Dashiell Hammett (May 27, 1894 – January 10, 1961) was an American author of crime fiction, a screenplay writer, and political activist. Some of the characters he created are Sam Spade (The Maltese Falcon), Nick and Nora Charles (The Thin Man), and the Continental Op (Red Harvest and The Dain Curse).

In addition to the large influence his novels and stories had on film, Hammett "is now widely regarded as one of the finest mystery writers of all time".  Time magazine included Hammett's 1929 novel Red Harvest on a list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005.
Early life
Hammett was born on a farm in St. Mary's County, in Maryland. His parents were Richard Thomas Hammett and Anne Bond Dashiell. Hammett was baptized a Catholic. He grew up in Philadelphia and Baltimore. "Sam," as he was known before he began writing, left school when he was 13 years old.  He had several jobs before working for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He served as an operative for the Pinkertons from 1915 to February 1922.  He took time off to serve in World War I. He did not like the agency's role in union strike-breaking.

Hammett enlisted in the United States Army in 1918. He became ill with the Spanish flu and later got tuberculosis. He spent most of his time in the Army as a patient in Cushman Hospital, Tacoma, Washington. While there he met a nurse, Josephine Dolan, whom he later married.
Marriage and family
Hammett and Dolan were married, and they had two daughters, Mary Jane (born 15 October 1921) and Josephine (born in 1926). Because of Hammett's tuberculosis, Josephine and the children could not live with him full time. Josephine rented a home in San Francisco, where Hammett would visit on weekends. The marriage soon ended.  He continued to financially support his wife and daughters with the income he made from his writing.

Career
Hammett used his experiences as a Pinkerton operative.  Hammett said: "All my characters were based on people I've known personally, or known about."

Hammett wrote most of his detective fiction during the time he was living in San Francisco (the 1920s). Specific streets and locations in San Francisco are frequently mentioned in his stories.
Later years
From 1929 to 1930 Dashiell was romantically involved with Nell Martin, an author of short stories and several novels. He dedicated The Glass Key to her, and in turn, she dedicated her novel Lovers Should Marry to Hammett.

In 1931, Hammett started a 30-year affair with playwright Lillian Hellman. This relationship was shown in the film Julia. Hammett was played by Jason Robards and Hellman by Jane Fonda.

He wrote his final novel in 1934.  He spent the rest of his life to left-wing activism. He was a strong anti-fascist through the 1930s.  In 1937 he joined the American Communist Party.

In early 1942, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hammett again enlisted in the United States Army. He was a disabled veteran of World War I, and a victim of tuberculosis, but he was allowed to join. He served in the Aleutian Islands.  He edited an Army newspaper. He also got emphysema. .
After the war, Hammett returned to political activism. He was elected President of the Civil Rights Congress (CRC) on June 5, 1946.

During the 1950s he was investigated by Congress.  This was part of Senator Joseph McCarthy's attempt to identify Communists. He refused to share information and was blacklisted.

Death
 A lifetime's heavy drinking of alcohol and cigarettes made Hammett's tuberculosis worse. As the years of the 1950s went on, Hammett became "a hermit". Hammett no longer could live alone, so the last four years of his life he spent with Hellman. On January 10, 1961, Hammett died in New York City's Lenox Hill Hospital, of lung cancer.  He had been diagnosed just two months before. As a veteran of two World Wars, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Works

Novels
All the novels except The Thin Man were originally in three, four, or five parts in various magazines.
Red Harvest (published on February 1, 1929)
 The Dain Curse (July 19, 1929)
 The Maltese Falcon (February 14, 1930)
 The Glass Key (April 24, 1931)
 The Thin Man (January 8, 1934)

Short fiction
 "The Gatewood Caper", 1923
 "Nightmare Town", 1924
 "The Tenth Clew", 1924
 "The House in Turk Street", 1924
 "The Girl with the Silver Eyes", 1924
 "Dead Yellow Women," 1925
 "The Gutting of Couffignal", 1925
 "The Scorched Face", 1925
 "Corkscrew", 1925
 "The Whosis Kid", 1925
 "The Main Death," 1927
 "The Big Knockover", 1927
 "$106,000 Blood Money", 1927
 "This King Business", 1928
 "Fly Paper", 1929
 "The Farewell Murder", 1930
 "A Man Called Spade", 1932
 "Too Many Have Lived", 1932
 "They Can Only Hang You Once", 1932
Collected short fiction
 $106,000 Blood Money (Bestseller Mystery, 1943) A paperback digest that collects two connected Op stories, The Big Knockover and $106,000 Blood Money.
 Blood Money (Tower, 1943) The hardcover edition of the Bestseller Mystery title.
 The Adventures of Sam Spade (Bestseller Mystery, 1944).  Paperback digest that collects the three Spade stories and four others.  This and the following eight digest collections were compiled and edited by Fred Dannay (one-half of Ellery Queen) with Hammett's permission.  All of these were reprinted as dell map-back paperbacks.
 The Continental Op (Bestseller Mystery, 1945) Paperback digest that collects four Op stories.
 The Adventures of Sam Spade (Tower, 1945).  The hardcover edition of the digest of the same title—this was the last time the digests were reprinted in hardcover.
 The Return of the Continental Op  (The Jonathan Press, 1945;  Paperback digest that collects five further Op stories).
Hammett Homicides (Bestseller Mysteries, 1946).  Paperback digest that collects six stories, including four that feature the Op.
 Dead Yellow Women (The Jonathan Press, 1947).  Paperback digest that collects six stories, including four that feature the Op.
 Nightmare Town (American Mercury, 1948).  Paperback digest that collects four stories, two of which feature the Op.
 The Creeping Siamese (American Mercury, 1950).  Paperback digest that collects six stories, three of which feature the Op.
 Woman in the Dark (The Jonathan Press, 1951).  Paperback digest that collects six stories, including three that feature the Op, and the three-part novelette Woman in the Dark.
 A Man Named Thin (Mercury Mystery, 1962). The last paperback digest, collects eight stories, including one Op story.
 The Big Knockover (Random House, 1966; an important collection, edited by Lillian Hellman, that helped revive Hammett's literary reputation; includes the unfinished novel Tulip).
The Continental Op (Random House, 1974; edited by Steven Marcus).
 Woman in the Dark (Knopf, 1988; hardcover edition that collects the three parts of the title novelette; introduction by Robert B. Parker).
 Nightmare Town (Knopf, 1999; hardcover collection, contents different from the digest title of the same name).
 Lost Stories (Vince Emery Productions, 2005; collects 21 stories that have not been collected previously in hardcover or, in several cases, ever.  Emery provides several long commentaries on Hammett's career that provide context for the stories; introduction by Joe Gores).
Uncollected stories
 The Diamond Wager (Detective Fiction Weekly, October 19, 1929).
 On the Way (Harper's Bazaar, March 1932).

Other publications
 Creeps by Night; Chills and Thrills (John Day, 1931; Anthology edited by Hammett)
 Secret Agent X-9 Book 1 (David McKay, 1934; collection of the comic strip written by Hammett and illustrated by Alex Raymond)
 Secret Agent X-9 Book 2 (David McKay, 1934; a second collection of the comic strip).
 The Battle of the Aleutians  (Field Force Headquarters, Adak, Alaska, 1944; text written by Hammett, with illustrations by Robert Colodny).
 Watch on the Rhine (screenplay of Hellman's play, in Best Film Plays 1943-44, Crown, 1945; also includes the screenplay for Casablanca'').

References

1894 births
1961 deaths
American communists
American novelists
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Maryland
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
The Kasai River (called Cassai in Angola) is a river in central Africa. The river begins in Angola.  It makes a border between Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).  It joins the Congo at Kwamouth. The Kasai's tributaries include the Fimi, Kwango, and Sankuru rivers. 

Rivers of Angola
Rivers  of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Tony Lee Dow (April 13, 1945 – July 27, 2022) was an American actor, director, and movie producer. He played Wally Cleaver in the sitcom television series Leave It to Beaver from 1957 to 1963. He played the same role again in The New Leave It to Beaver from 1983 to 1989. He also directed several episodes of Babylon 5. Dow was born in Hollywood, California.

In May 2022, Dow was diagnosed with liver cancer.  On July 26, 2022, it was reported that Dow was in his "final moments" under hospice care in Topanga, California. He died from the disease on July 27, 2022 at his home in Topanga, California at the age of 77.

References

Other websites

 
 Tony Dow's Sculpture Website

1945 births
2022 deaths
Actors from Hollywood
American sculptors
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television writers
Artists from Los Angeles
Deaths from liver cancer
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
The Ubangi River, also spelled Oubangui, is a river of Central Africa. It is the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo River. It begins where the Mbomou and Uele Rivers come together.  It flows west, then bends to the southwest and passes through Bangui. Then the river flows south to the Congo at Liranga. The Ubangi's length is about . The Ubangi's drainage basin is about .  The basin includes parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, and Republic of Congo. 

Together with the Congo River, it important for transportation for river boats between Bangui and Brazzaville.

Some people want the water from the Ubangi to go to the Chari River.  The Chari River empties into Lake Chad. They say this will help with fishing and make agriculture better.

Rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rivers of the Republic of the Congo
Rivers of Africa
Geography of the Central African Republic
The Benue River is a river in Africa.  It is the major tributary of the Niger River. The river is about 1,400 km long.  People can travel on it for nearly the whole length in the summer months.  It is an important transportation route in the places it flows through.

It starts in the Adamawa Plateau of northern Cameroon. It flows west, and through the town of Garoua and Lagdo Reservoir, into Nigeria south of the Mandara mountains.  Then it goes through Jimeta, Ibi and Makurdi before meeting the Niger at Lokoja.

Large tributaries are the Gongola River and the Mayo Kébbi. Other tributaries are Taraba River and River Katsina Ala.

References

Geography of Cameroon
Rivers of Africa
Rivers of Nigeria
Regina Blois Duarte (born February 5, 1947]) is a Brazilian actress. From March to May 2020, she served as Special Secretary of Culture, a cabinet position in President Jair Bolsonaro's administration.

References

Other websites 

Brazilian actors
Living people
1947 births
Anna Muzychuk (born 28 February 1990) is the third-rated woman chess player in the world. She earned the title of Woman Grandmaster in 2004, and the title of Grandmaster in 2012. In 2004 she became a member of the Slovenian chess federation, where she is the strongest female chess player. Her younger sister Mariya  is an International master.

Muzychuk has played on first board for the Slovenian team since 2004. In 36th Chess Olympiad, she defeated, among others, the former Women's World Chess Champion grandmaster Antoaneta Stefanova. In the 37th Chess Olympiad she helped the Slovenian women's team, seeded 17th, to finished tenth.
In 2017, Muzychuk she refused to go to the World Rapid and Blitz Championships in Saudi Arabia. She said on Facebook:In a few days I am going to lose two World Champion titles – one by one. Just because I decided not to go to Saudi Arabia. Not to play by someone's rules, not to wear abaya, not to be accompanied getting outside, and altogether not to feel myself a secondary creature. Exactly one year ago I won these two titles and was about the happiest person in the chess world but this time I feel really bad. I am ready to stand for my principles and skip the event, where in five days I was expected to earn more than I do in a dozen of events combined. All that is annoying, but the most upsetting thing is that almost nobody really cares. That is a really bitter feeling, still not the one to change my opinion and my principles. The same goes for my sister Mariya – and I am really happy that we share this point of view.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Chessbase.com: An interview with Anna Muzychuk
 Interview with Anna Muzychuk
 Chessgames.com: The chess games of Anna Muzychuk
 World champion in 2005 (girls U16) - photo 

1990 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Slovenian sportspeople
Ukrainian chess players
People from Lviv
Do not confuse with mamba, which is a snake

Mambo is a word with Afro-Latin connections. Most common meanings are:

Mambo (rhythm): a Cuban or AfroCuban musical rhythm and its associated dance. Invented around 1950 in Havana.
Mambo section: a musical bridge or section in some kinds of Cuban (and Caribbean) music.
Mambo (Voodoo): A Haitian word for a Voodoo priestess.

The word also occurs in the title of many pieces of recorded music.
Bionics (also known as biomimetics) is the science about studying nature to create modern technology with biological method.

History 
The name "biomimetics" was coined by Otto Schmitt in the 1950s. The term "bionics" was coined by Jack E. Steele in August 1958. He was then working at the Aeronautics Division House at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. However, terms like biomimicry or biomimetics are more preferred in the technology world in efforts to avoid confusion between the medical term "bionics." Coincidentally, Martin Caidin used the word for his 1972 novel Cyborg, which inspired the series The Six Million Dollar Man. Caidin was a long-time aviation industry writer before turning to fiction full-time.

Methods
Methods 

The study of bionics often emphasizes implementing a function found in nature rather than imitating biological structures. For example, in computer science, cybernetics tries to model the feedback and control mechanisms that are inherent in intelligent behavior, while artificial intelligence tries to model the intelligent function.

Related pages 
Biophysics

References

Other websites
The Herschel Space Observatory was a space observatory built by the European Space Agency (ESA). It was the largest infrared telescope ever put into orbit until the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope. Herschel was named after Sir William Herschel, the discoverer of the infrared spectrum, double stars, and planet Uranus.

The device was sensitive to the far infrared and sub-millimetre short wavebands. It had a single mirror of  in diameter.

The observatory was carried into orbit in May 2009. It was at the second Lagrangian point (L2) of the Earth-Sun system. At these points, 1,500,000 kilometres (930,000 miles) from the Earth, gravity balances, so the object stays in place.
The Herschel Observatory could record ('see') the coldest and dustiest objects in space. For example, dusty galaxies just starting to form new stars. The United States, through NASA, worked with the ESA to build and operate the observatory. It was the fourth 'cornerstone' mission in the ESA science program, along with Rosetta, Planck, and Gaia.

The observatory was designed to investigate four main topics: 
 Galaxy formation in the early universe and the evolution of galaxies;
 Star formation and its interaction with the interstellar medium;
 Chemical composition of atmospheres and surfaces of Solar System bodies, including planets, comets and moons;
 Molecular chemistry across the universe.

References

Other websites 

ESA Herschel Science Centre
ESA Information on Herschel
NASA Herschel website 
ESA Herschel operations page
ESA video on YouTube
Cardiff School of Physics and Astronomy: Herschel/SPIRE team 

European Space Agency spacecraft
Telescopes
Spacecrafts launched in 2000s
Frances Elizabeth Bavier (December 14, 1902 – December 6, 1989) was an American actress. She played Aunt Bee in the sitcom television series The Andy Griffith Show. She played the same character in the sequel series Mayberry, R. F. D.. Bavier won two Emmy Awards. She retired from acting and moved to Siler City, North Carolina. She is buried there.

Early life and career
Born in New York City, Bavier originally planned to become a teacher after attending Columbia University. She first appeared in vaudeville, later moving to the Broadway stage.She also appeared in an episode of the Alfred Hitchcock TV show entitled “Revenge”

Sources

American television actors
1902 births
1989 deaths
Emmy Award winners
Leptodactylidae is a family of frogs. They are believed to have been on Earth since the Cenozoic era or at the end of the Mesozoic. There are 1,100 species in 50 genera. The Eleutherodactylus is the largest genus with over 700 different species. Leptodactylidae frogs lives in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. The family includes terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, and arboreal frogs.

Some of the frogs lay their eggs in foam nests. They will lay their eggs in crevices, on the surface of water, or on the forest floors. For tadpoles that are laid on the forest floors will remain there until they become frogs. They will not eat anything. In the genus Elutherodactylus, the eggs will automatically become small frogs. They will not go through the tadpole stage. Leptodactylids can be found in fossil records. One specimen, was found preserved and is thought to be 37 million years old.

References
References

Other websites 
 Leptodactylidae, from the Tree of Life Web Project 
 Leptodactylidae taxonomy, from the NCBI taxonomy browser
 Leptodacylidae classification, from Animal Diversity Web
 Leptodactylid description, from AmphibiaWeb 

Frogs
Eleutherodactylus is a genus of frogs in the Eleutherodactylidae family. There are 185 species of Eleutherodactylus. Many of them are commonly called "rain frogs" or "robber frogs". This is because of their sharp, high-pitched, and insect-like calls.

The common coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is the best known species. They are a national symbol of Puerto Rico. They are also an invasive species in the US state of Hawaii. Two Eleutherodactylus species, E. limbatus and E. iberia, belong to the smallest known frogs. They measure only 8½ mm in length.

References 

Frogs
The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is a semi-aquatic turtle. It belongs to the family Emydidae. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States. It lives in Southern United States. It is also found in many other places as an invasive species. They can be found in the US state of California where it was introduced. Rhubarb leaves are poisonous for them. Overfeeding may cause diseases for the turtles.

Other websites 

 Red-ear slider
 Discovery Channel's Animal Planet: Red-eared slider
 Information on aquatic turtles & tortoises including a few articles specific to Red-eared Terrapin 
 Gulf Coast Turtle & Tortoise Society: Natural History: Red-eared slider

References 

Turtles
Turtles of North America
Americanisation means that a culture (often a country) is heavily influenced by so-called anglicisms. These anglicisms are American-based. Anglicisms can be institution, values, ways and behaviours, but can also be symbols and pictures.

In Americanisation, the transferring of American culture is only one-way. A culture is being Americanised, but the United States aren't affected by the other culture in return.

Other websites 

United States
Culture
Cultural assimilation
Bletchley Park is an estate in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It was the site of the United Kingdom's main codebreaking team during World War II. Now, Bletchley Park is home to the National Codes Centre and The National Museum of Computing.

The Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) and Station X, a secret radio interception station, was also at Bletchley Park. The information gained by workers at Bletchley Park was very important for the Allied war effort.

In 1939, in Warsaw, the Polish military showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma. They promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. Having an actual Enigma machine, and knowing how to use it, was a much-needed start for the British work at Bletchley Park. Dilly Knox and Alan Turing were later joined by many other codebreakers and engineering staff.
The high-level intelligence produced at Bletchley Park codenamed Ultra, gave crucial help to the Allied war effort. It was vital during the Battle of the Atlantic, when the German U-boat submarine fleet sank merchant shipping in an attempt to starve Britain of supplies. Winston Churchill was later to say:

The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea, or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome.

Sir Harry Hinsley (a Bletchley veteran and the official historian of British Intelligence during the Second World War) said that Ultra shortened the war by two to four years. The outcome of the war would have been uncertain without it.
Location
One of the reasons for choosing Bletchley Park for this task was its location. By train, it is about  north-west of London,  from Oxford and about  from Cambridge all-important university cities. Bletchley railway station is close-by, on the junction of the West Coast Main Line and the Oxford–Cambridge Varsity Line. Apart from the railway lines, Bletchley Park was not near any other likely bombing target.

References 

Cryptography
World War II
Museums in England
1938 establishments in the United Kingdom
1930s establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Buckinghamshire
A guyot is an underwater mountain  or seamount with a flat top. This geologic feature is also called a tablemount.  In general, the guyot or tablemount is over 200 meters (660 feet) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat underwater summits may be more than .

History
The existence of flat-topped mountains below the surface of the ocean was established in 1965. Harry Hammond Hess used echo-sounding equipment to map the floor of the ocean.  The research revealed that some undersea mountains had flat tops.

Hess called these undersea mountains "guyots" because they reminded him of Guyot Hall at Princeton University. The flat roof was a special feature of this building.  Guyot Hall was  named after the 18th century geographer Arnold Henry Guyot.  In other words, the geology term "guyot" comes from his name.

Description 
Guyots show evidence of having been above the surface at one time. The exposed area was shaped by erosion caused by rain, wind and waves.
The Hawaiian islands plus former islands which are now beneath the sea make up the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, and five of the peaks in the chain are guyots.

Related pages 
Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain
Hotspot (geology)
Atoll
Seamount

References

Other websites
 Texas A&M University, Figure 3.8: Wilde guyot map 

Plate tectonics
Seamounts
Hazel is a sitcom television series. It was on television from September 28, 1961 to September 5, 1966. It was shown on NBC. It moved to CBS for its last year. The series' first year was made in black and white.  The next four years were in color. The show's first season was fourth in the 1961-1962 Nielsen's ratings.

The series is based on a single-panel comic strip by Ted Key. This comic that ran for many years in The Saturday Evening Post. It was usually on one of the last pages.

The series stars Shirley Booth as Hazel Burke. Hazel is a live-in maid for the Baxter family. Don Defore plays her boss George "Mr. B" Baxter (a lawyer). Whitney Blake plays his wife Dorothy "Missy" Baxter (an interior decorator). Bobby Buntrock plays their young son Harold "Sport" Baxter. The Baxter's have a big, shaggy dog named Smiley.
Other characters were in the series. These characters include George Baxter's client Harvey Griffin (Howard Smith), Rosie, another live-in maid in the neighborhood (Maud Prickett), and postman Barney Hatfield (Robert Williams). Other characters include Hazel's taxi-driving boyfriend Mitch (Dub Taylor), George Baxter's snobby sister Deirdre Thompson (Cathy Lewis), and the Baxter's mixed-up neighbors Herbert and Harriet Johnson (Donald Foster and Norma Varden).

The series is set in a white, upper middle class household. Typical episodes are about Hazel's day-to-day life and work. She might put together a special dinner, or make a home for a stray dog. In one episode, she gets her boss to buy a color television set for her bedroom. Sometimes she comes into conflict with "Mr. B". She gets her way by giving him tiny portions of her delicious desserts.
In the last year, "Mr. B" is sent to the Middle East on a job assignment. Hazel and Harold move in with his brother Steve (played by Ray Fulmer) and his wife Barbara (Lynn Borden) and their daughter Susie (Julia Benjamin). This arrangement lasted for only a year before the series was cancelled. Booth was ill. She did not want to continue to work. Booth won two Emmy Awards for her performance as Hazel (1962 and 1963). She was nominated for a third in 1964.

American sitcoms
1960s television series
1961 television series debuts
1966 television series endings
English-language television programs
2 Broke Girls is an American television sitcom on CBS. It began on September 19, 2011 and ended on April 17, 2017. It is set in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City. It is about two waitresses in their twenties who work together at a diner. Kat Dennings plays Max Black, who is from a poor, underclass background. Beth Behrs plays Caroline Wesbox Channing, who until recently was rich.

Garrett Morris plays Earl, the cashier at the diner. He is an elderly African-American former jazz musician. Jonathan Kite plays Oleg, the diner's cook, a hypersexual Ukrainian who lacks social skills. Matthew Moy plays Han Lee, the diner's owner, a very short Korean. Jennifer Coolidge plays Sophie, Max and Caroline's histrionic Polish neighbor. The show was created by comedian Whitney Cummings.

Other websites 
Official website
2011 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
2010s American sitcoms
2010s American workplace television series
2010s workplace comedy television series
American workplace comedy television series
Brooklyn in fiction
CBS network shows
Television series about friendship
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs