Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Lawrence Douglas Wilder (born January 17, 1931) is an American politician. He served as the first African American to be elected as Governor of Virginia. He was the first African-American governor of any state in the United States since the 1870s during the Reconstruction of the United States.

Early life
Wilder was born in Richmond, Virginia. He studied at Virginia Union University and at Howard University.

Political career
Wilder served as the 66th Governor of Virginia from 1990 to 1994. When earlier elected as Lieutenant Governor, he was the first African American elected to statewide office in Virginia. His most recent political office was Mayor of Richmond, Virginia, which he held from 2005 to 2009.

L. Douglas Wilder was born in the segregated Church Hill neighborhood of Richmond on January 17, 1931.
Later career
On May 30, 2004, Wilder announced his intention to run for Mayor of Richmond. On November 2, 2004, Wilder received 79% of the vote (55,319 votes) to become the first directly elected Mayor of Richmond in sixty years. On May 16, 2008 Wilder announced that he would not seek reelection to another four-year term as mayor.

Personal life
Wilder was married to Eunice Montgomery. Their marriage ended in divorce. He now lives in Richmond, Virginia.

References

Other websites

L. Douglas Wilder's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project

1931 births
Living people
African American politicians
1992 United States presidential candidates
American mayors
Governors of Virginia
Politicians from Richmond, Virginia
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Virginia
DJ Drama is an American DJ and record producer. He has made albums and mixtapes. He is signed to T.I.'s Grand Hustle Records.

References

Hip hop musicians
Rappers from Pennsylvania
1978 births
Living people
Deerhoof is a noise pop band. It was started in San Francisco in 1994 by Rob Fisk and Greg Saunier. They have released twelve albums. The members of Deerhoof are now Satomi Matsuzaki, John Dieterich, Ed Rodriguez, and Greg Saunier.

Career
Deerhoof was signed to Kill Rock Stars in 1995. The band released its first album on the label, The Man, the King, the Girl in 1997. In 1998, Kelly Goode joined the band to play keyboard. She left in 1999. The band's fourth album was released by 5 Rue Christine and Kill Rock Stars. In 2001, Chris Cohen became a guitarist for the band. On September 4, 2012, Deerhoof released their 11th studio album, Breakup Song, on Polyvinyl Records.

Discography
 The Man, the King, the Girl (1997)
 Holdypaws (1999)
 Halfbird (2001)
 Reveille (2002)
 Apple O' (2003)
 Milk Man (2004)
 Green Cosmos (2005)
 The Runners Four (2005)
 Friend Opportunity (2007)
 Offend Maggie (2008)
 Deerhoof vs. Evil (2011)
 Breakup Song (2012)

Other websites
Official website
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from San Francisco
1990s American music groups
1994 establishments in California
Musical groups established in 1994
Nelson Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at the age of 95, at his home in Houghton, Johannesburg, South Africa surrounded by his family after a prolonged lung infection. His death was announced by President Jacob Zuma. Reactions from governments, international organizations, and notable individuals, have gained worldwide media coverage.a man of honor

Reactions
His death brought many reactions such as from, Barack Obama, David Cameron, Pope Francis, Queen Elizabeth, Joe Biden, Harry Reid, Rihanna, Bashar al-Assad, José Mujica, Raul Castro, Nicolás Maduro, Prince William, and F. W. de Klerk.

Official funeral events

The South African government announced a period of 10 days of national mourning ending with the state funeral on 15 December 2013. All flags on government buildings will be flown at half-mast for the duration of this period.

On 9 December, it was confirmed that at least 80 foreign heads of state and government would travel to South Africa to attend events.
Other notable guests include the President of the United States and three former presidents of the United States; the President of India; the Prime Minister of Italy; the Vice President of China; the President of Brazil; the President of France; the President of Ireland; the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; the President of Germany; the Prime Minister of Australia; two former Governors General of Canada, the Prime Minister of Canada, and three former Prime Ministers of Canada; the Prime Minister of Jordan; and the President of Afghanistan. Royal dignitaries attending include, the King of the Netherlands, the King of Belgium, the Prince of Wales, the Prince of Asturias, the Crown Prince of Denmark, the Crown Princess of Sweden, the Crown Prince of Norway, the Crown Prince of Japan, and the Queen Rania of Jordan.

Queen Elizabeth II will honor Mandela with a thanksgiving service at Westminster Abbey in early 2014.
Day of prayer
The South African government declared Sunday, 8 December 2013 to be observed as a national day of prayer and reflection.

Showing the body at the seat of the Government (or lying in state)

Mandela's body layed in state at the Union Buildings in Pretoria from 11 to 13 December 2013.

State funeral, Qunu
The state funeral was held on 15 December 2013 in Qunu in the Eastern Cape. He was later buried there on the same day.

References

Other websites

2013 in Africa
2010s in South Africa
Mandela
Nelson Mandela
December events
WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ. The game was known as Exciting Pro Wrestling 2 in Japan. The Japanese version was published by Yuke's.

It was released on November 21, 2000 in North America, December 1, 2000 in Europe and on January 25, 2001 in Japan. The game was the second game in the WWF SmackDown! video game series. It was the sequel to WWF SmackDown! and was followed by WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 8.9 out of 10 and said "Smackdown 2, if it's the last wrestling game on the PlayStation (which is likely), is a fine high note to go out on - no WWF fan is liable to be disappointed by what they get when they pick it up, as they undoubtedly will.”

GameSpot gave the game a 8.9 out of 10 and stated "While it isn't that much different from the last SmackDown!, SmackDown! 2 makes enough incremental changes and upgrades to be significant in its own right."

References
References

2000 video games
PlayStation games
SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role
Houghton Estate (often simply called Houghton) is a rich suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located north-east of the city center. Houghton Estate has been informally divided into two areas: Upper Houghton, and Lower Houghton. The most famous resident of Houghton Estate was Nelson Mandela. Mandela died here.

References

Other websites

 C. Chipkin. Johannesburg Style: Architecture & Society 1880s-1960s. David Philip. .
 N. Musiker and R. Musiker. (2000) A Concise Historical Dictionary of Greater Johannesburg. Francolin Reference. .
 Chantelle Benjamin. "Sun sets on areas with low rates." The Weekender, 3–4 November 2007, p3.

Johannesburg
The Sound of Music Live! was a live television production of the musical The Sound of Music. It was telecast on NBC Thursday evening December 5, 2013 between 8 and 11 p.m. ET.

Characters
The production starred Carrie Underwood as Maria von Trapp. Others in the cast included Stephen Moyer as Georg von Trapp, Audra McDonald as Mother Abbess, Laura Benanti as Elsa Schrader, and Christian Borle as Max Detweiler.

Background
The production was based on the original 1959 Broadway musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, rather than the 1965 movie adaptation starring Julie Andrews.
Reviews
Critics said that Underwood sang well, but she received poor reviews for her acting. The New York Times wrote that Underwood's "bloodless performance put a damper on the night" and described her as "sleepwalking". The greatest praise was given to Laura Benanti as Elsa Schrader who was said to have "had all the sparkle and mischief that Ms. Underwood, as Maria, lacked." The Times closed their review with, "It was a live performance of a legendary musical that felt muted and a little sad."

References
 

Musicals
English-language television programs
2013 in the United States
Benjamin Daniel Breedlove (August 8, 1993 – December 25, 2011) was an American Internet personality. He was from Austin, Texas. He was known for his blogs on YouTube. 

At an early age, Breedlove had been diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes thick. Often, only one part of the heart is thicker than the other parts. The thickening can make it harder for blood to leave the heart, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood. It also can make it harder for the heart to relax and fill with blood. 

On the night of December 25, 2011, he died of cardiac arrest at the age of 18.

References

Other websites
 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Association
 Ben Breedlove Memorial Service Video 
 

1993 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from cardiomyopathy
American YouTubers
People from Austin, Texas
Stanley William "Stan" Tracey CBE (30 December 1926 – 6 December 2013) was a British jazz pianist and composer. He was most influenced by Duke Ellington and Thelonious Monk. Tracey's best known recording is a suite (1965) inspired by Dylan Thomas's radio drama Under Milk Wood.

Tracey died from prostate cancer on 6 December 2013, aged 86. He was survived by two children.

References

Other websites

The Guardian, November 13, 2006
"Stan Tracey's web site" 
"Stan Tracey re-releases" 

1926 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
English pianists
British jazz musicians
English composers
Musicians from London
Machete Kills is a 2013 action movie. The movie is the sequel to Machete. It is about a man named Machete who fights for the rights of immigrants. Danny Trejo plays Machete Cortez. Amber Heard plays Blanca Vasquez and Miss San Antonio. Michelle Rodriguez plays Luz/She. The movie received negative reviews. It did not make much money.

2013 action movies
2013 crime movies
American action movies
American crime movies
English-language movies
Movies about drugs
Lionsgate movies
Movies about the illegal drug trade
Jack Westelman or Danny Wells (April 7, 1941 – November 25, 2013) was a Canadian-American actor and composer. He was known for his role as Charlie the bartender on The Jeffersons. He also portrayed Luigi in The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! The last episode Uncle Cereal to voice Uncle Grandpa Episode Escalator in 2013.

Wells died on November 25, 2013 in Toronto, Ontario, aged 72.

References

Other websites

1941 births
2013 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian composers
Actors from Montreal
The Jeffersons is an American sitcom starring Sherman Hemsley and Isabel Sanford. It is about an African-American couple who live in New York City. The series was first broadcast on T.A.T. Communications Company, from January 18, 1975 to July 2, 1985. It is one of the longest-running television series in television history.

1970s American television series
1975 American television series debuts
1985 American television series endings
1980s American black sitcoms
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Television series set in New York City
Christopher Evan Welch (September 28, 1965 – December 2, 2013) was an American actor of Broadway, movie, and television. One of his last movie appearances was in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln (2012).

Welch died of lung cancer  on December 2, 2013, aged 48, at a hospital in Santa Monica, California.

References

Other websites

1965 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Virginia
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from lung cancer
Barry Jackson (29 March 1938 – 5 December 2013) was an English movie and television actor. His movie roles include Ryan's Daughter, Barry Lyndon, Aces High, The Raging Moon, Mr. Love, Toscanini in His Own Words, and Wimbledon.

He died in London on 5 December 2013 from a stroke, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 

1938 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from stroke
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors from Birmingham
Fred Bassetti FAIA, (January 31, 1917 – December 5, 2013) was an American architect, teacher, and a prime contributor to the regional approach to Modern architecture during the 1940s-1990’s.  His architectural legacy includes some of the Seattle area's more recognizable buildings and spaces.  The American Institute of Architects (AIA) described his role as a regional architect and activist as having made significant contributions to  “the shape of Seattle and the Northwest, and on the profession of architecture.”

References

Other websites
 AIA Seattle honors awards 1988 
 AIA Seattle honors awards 1950 to present 
 AIA Seattle memories - Bassetti, 10/18/1993 
 Architecture Week 
 Bassetti Architects corporate webpage
 Bizjournals.com 11/01/1999 column

1917 births
2013 deaths
American architects
Businesspeople from Seattle
Colin Henry Wilson (26 June 1931 – 5 December 2013) was an English novelist and writer. Wilson also wrote widely on true crime and criminology, mysticism, the paranormal, and other topics. In all, there are over 120 books, including some fiction. He preferred to call his philosophy new existentialism or phenomenological existentialism.

Wilson was interested in metaphysics and the occult. In 1971, he wrote a nonfiction book named The Occult: A History. In it, he talked about the beliefs of Aleister Crowley, George Gurdieff, Helena Blavatsky, Kabbalah, primitive magic, Franz Mesmer, Grigori Rasputin, and Paracelsus. He also wrote a biography of Crowley, Aleister Crowley: The Nature of the Beast. He also wrote biographies on other visionaries in spirituality and psychology. Some were about George Gurdjieff, Carl Jung, and Wilhelm Reich.

Wilson suffered a stroke in June 2012 and lost his ability to speak. He died in December 2013, aged 82.
The Outsider 
This was the book which made his name. It was really a work of literary criticism, but was also about social philosophy. It was based mainly on the work of Dostoyevsky, Camus and Satre, all of whom featured characters who were lost, outsiders, alienated from society.

Gollancz published the 24-year-old Wilson's The Outsider in 1956. The book became a best-seller and helped popularise existentialism in Britain. It has never been out-of-print since publication day and has been translated into over thirty languages (including Russian and Chinese).

Crime 
Wilson's writing on crime is quite extensive and commercially successful. He wrote several books about serial killers and murderers.
 The mammoth book of true crime. New edition 1988. London: Robinson.
 The serial killers: a study in the psychology of violence. London: W.H. Allen. (with Donald Seaman)
 A plague of murder: the rise and rise of serial killing in the modern age. London: Robinson.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Colin Wilson Papers (2 document boxes) housed at the Eaton Collection of Science Fiction and Fantasy of the University of California, Riverside Libraries.
  The Colin Wilson Collection at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom - This is Wilson's bibliographer Colin Stanley's collection of books, articles, manuscripts, letters, photographs and assorted ephemera now at the University of Nottingham. Regularly updated by Stanley.

1931 births
2013 deaths
British esotericists
English science fiction writers
English philosophers
Mystics
Writers  from Leicester
Literary critics
Robert "Rob" Cohen (born March 12, 1949) is an American movie director and producer. He is known for directing the entire Fast and Furious movie series. He also directed A Small Circle of Friends, Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story, Dragonheart, Daylight, and xXx.

Other websites

 Rare 1989–1990 Footage of Rob Cohen Directing Dick Wolf's "Nasty Boys" 

1949 births
Living people
American screenwriters
Movie directors from New York (state)
Movie producers from New York (state)
Jasper Newton "Jack" Daniel (September 5, 1850 – October 10, 1911) was an American distiller and the founder of Jack Daniel's Tennessee whiskey.

Daniel died from an infectious case of blood poisoning at Lynchburg in 1911. The infection allegedly set up originally in a toe, which Daniel injured in kicking his safe in anger when he could not get it open early one morning at work. He always had trouble remembering the combination.

References

1850 births
1911 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
People from Lynchburg, Tennessee
Businesspeople from Tennessee
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, FRS (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) born in Thiruvanaikoil was an Indian physicist. He studied light scattering. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his work in physics. He discovered that, when light passes through a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes in wavelength. This phenomenon is now called Raman scattering and is the result of the Raman effect. He died of natural causes in his institute garden surrounded by flowers. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954.

References 

1888 births
1970 deaths
Indian physicists
Nobel Prize in Physics winners
Indian Nobel Prize winners
WWF SmackDown! is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ. The game was known as Exciting Pro Wrestling in Japan. The Japanese version was published by Yuke's Future Media Creators.

It was released on March 2, 2000, in North America, April 2000 in Europe and on August 8, 2000, in Japan. The game was the first game in the WWF SmackDown! video game series. It was the first WWF game on the PlayStation to be published by THQ who took over from the previous publisher Acclaim Entertainment. It is was followed by WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 8.8 out of 10 and said "It gives some to the N64 Wrestlemania game's tighter controls and crisper animation, but Smackdown is no slouch in either department, and it even bests Wrestlemania in graphics and features.”
GameSpot gave the game a 8.7 out of 10 and stated "The little things that debut in SmackDown, such as a never-ending season mode and inklings of a plot, really make the game feel fresh and new."

References

2000 video games
PlayStation games
SmackDown!
Deap Vally is a pair of Americans, Lindsey Troy and Julie Edwards, who make music together. They started their band in Los Angeles in 2011. Lindsey sings and plays the guitar. Julie plays the drums.

Career
They met at a needlework class that Julie Edwards was teaching. Lindsey Troy was performing music on her own at the time. Edwards was playing drums and keyboards and singing in a band called The Pity Party 

In July 2012 they released their first single "Gonna Make My Own Money" on Ark Recordings. The next month the band was signed to Island Records.

Their first album Sistrionix was released in June 2013.

References

2010s American music groups
Musical groups established in 2011
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from California
2011 establishments in California
Nguni may refer to:

Nguni languages
Nguni cattle
Nguni people
The Voortrekker Monument is a monument in Pretoria in South Africa. It is a massive granite structure on a hilltop. It was built to commemorate the Voortrekkers who left the Cape Colony between 1835 and 1854. 

Most of the Voortrekkers were not satisfied with the British government that ruled over them in the Cape in those years, that is why they packed their ox wagons and started to trek to greener valleys to the north of current South Africa.

The Voortrekker Monument is an important structure to the white Afrikaner bloodline (children), because it shows many pictures, reliefs and statutes inside the building of what happened in the history of those years.

Monuments and memorials in South Africa
Pretoria
Nguni people are the group of people who speak Nguni languages. These languages are spoken in South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe.

Ethnic groups in Africa
Nguni is a breed of cattle. It is found in southern Africa. 

It is a mixture of local and Indian cattle, they were introduced by the Bantu tribes of southern Africa from the north. They are medium sized and like eat grass of the Highveld.

Cattle breeds
The University of Pretoria is a large public research university in Pretoria, the capital of South Africa. It opened in 1908.

The University was built on seven suburban campuses (in parts of Pretoria). It is organised into nine faculties and a business school.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1908 establishments
1900s establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in South Africa
Pretoria
Pretoria
Claire Elise Boucher (born March 17, 1988), better known as Grimes, is a Canadian musician and artist. She was born in Vancouver in British Columbia.

Early life
Boucher grew up in Vancouver. When she was 18 she moved to Montreal to study neuroscience and Russian at McGill University.

Career
She wrote on her Tumblr account that she started Grimes in 2009 when she first heard Mariah Carey.

She released her first album, Geidi Primes in 2010 on cassette. In 2011 she released an EP with d'Eon called Darkbloom.

In January 2012 she was signed to the record label 4AD. Pitchfork gave the album of a score of 7.5 out of 10. On January 9, 2012 she released the single "Genesis". Brooke Candy was in the music video.
Grimes released her third album Visions on January 31, 2012 in the United States. It got mostly good reviews from music critics. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8.5 out of 10. Allmusic called it the best album of 2012. NME chose it as the second best album of 2012. In 2013 it was given the Juno Award for Electronic Album of the year.

In December 2013 Grimes signed to Jay-Z's management company Roc Nation.

Personal life
She is a feminist and autistic. In 2018, she became partners with Elon Musk. They have two sons, X Æ A-Xii and Techno Mechanicus "Tau" Musk,  and one daughter, Exa Dark Sideræl. In October 2021, Grimes and Musk separated.

References

Other websites
Official website
Tumblr

1988 births
Canadian musicians
Feminists
Living people
Musicians from British Columbia
Synth-pop singers
Jamelia Niela Davis (born 11 January 1981), best known as Jamelia, is a British singer-songwriter. She has released three albums.

Early life
Jamelia was born to Jamaican parents in Birmingham. She was raised there on a council estate by her single mother.

Career
When she was 15 she signed with Capitol Records. In 1999 she released her first single, "So High". It didn't sell many copies, so Jamelia left Capitol Records and signed to Parlophone. They released her first album Drama in 2000.
She released her second album Thank You on 29 September 2003. Seven singles were released from the album. The second single "Superstar" reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. It reached number one in Australia and the Netherlands. The third single "Thank You" reached number two in the UK. It was nominated for Best British Single at the 2005 BRIT Awards. The fourth single "See It in a Boy's Eyes" was written by Jamelia with Chris Martin. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart. The album is Jamelia's best-selling in the UK.

Jamelia's third album Walk with Me was released in 2006.

In November 2013, she became a presenter on Loose Women.

Discography
 Drama (2000)
 Thank You (2003)
 Walk with Me (2006)

Personal life
Jamelia had her first daughter Teja in 2001. In 2005 she had her second daughter Tiani.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1981 births
Black British musicians
English R&B singers
British rappers
British soul musicians
Living people
Musicians from Birmingham
WWE Survivor Series is a professional wrestling video game developed by Natsume and published by THQ. The game was released for the Game Boy Advance.

It was released on October 12, 2004 in North America and November 19, 2004 in Europe. The game was the sequel to WWE Road to WrestleMania X8 which was released in 2002. It was the last WWE video game to be released on a Nintendo handheld console until 2007 when WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 was released on the Nintendo DS.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 6.0 out of 10 and said "Even with its limitations and gameplay quirks, it's still somewhat satisfying to play, especially in multiplayer link mode, and especially if you haven't experienced the game two years ago.”

GameSpot gave the game a 5.6 out of 10 and stated "This is almost an exact duplicate of WWE Road to Wrestlemania X8 from two years ago, warts and all."

References

2004 video games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Survivor Series
WWE Raw 2 is a professional wrestling video game developed by Anchor Inc. and published by THQ. The game was released on the Xbox.

It was released on September 15, 2003 in North America and on October 10, 2003 in the PAL region. The game was the sequel to WWE Raw which was released in 2002.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 9.1 out of 10 and said "The new moves you get with the cage, cell, tables, ladders and chairs does take things a step beyond what the all-powerful No Mercy showed us. The gameplay and create-a-wrestler elements of the game are outstanding and make Raw 2 worth the price of admission for wrestling fans.”

GameSpot gave the game a 6.9 out of 10 and stated "WWE Raw 2 just doesn't feel like much of a step forward in the series. Instead it feels more like a big step sideways."

References

2003 video games
Raw 2
Xbox games
Édouard Molinaro (13 May 1928 – 7 December 2013) was a French movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Bordeaux, Gironde. He was nominated for an Academy Award. Molinaro was known for his movie La Cage aux Folles.

Molinaro died on 7 December 2013 in Paris. His cause of death was of a long-illness. He was 85 years old.

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2013 deaths
French movie directors
French screenwriters
French movie actors
Writers from Bordeaux
Menahem Golan (May 31, 1929 – August 8, 2014) () or Joseph Goldman was an Israeli movie director and movie producer. He was known for his movies such as Masters of the Universe, Superman IV: The Quest for Peace, Captain America, and for trying to make many Spider-Man movies.

He was co-owner of Golan-Globus with his cousin Yoram Globus. Golan produced about 200 movies, directed 44, and won the Kinor David awards eight times.

Golan died in Jaffa, Tel Aviv, Israel on August 8, 2014, aged 85.

References

Other websites

1929 births
2014 deaths
Israeli movie actors
Israeli businesspeople
Israeli Jews
Jewish actors
Jewish businesspeople
Israeli movie directors
Israeli movie producers
People from Tiberias
Yoram Globus (born 21 October 1943), is an Israeli movie producer. He is most famous for his association with Cannon Films Inc., a company he ran with his cousin Menahem Golan.

References

Other websites

1943 births
Living people
Israeli businesspeople
Israeli Jews
Israeli movie producers
Jewish businesspeople
People from Tiberias
Elmer James Lach (January 22, 1918 – April 4, 2015) was a Canadian professional ice hockey center. He played 14 seasons for the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League. 

Lach retired in 1954 as the league's all-time leading scorer, having played 664 regular season games, scoring 215 goals and 408 assists for 623 points, as well as 76 postseason games, where he scored 19 goals and 45 assists for 64 points. He was soon elected in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1966.

Lach was born on January 22, 1918 in Nokomis, Saskatchewan. He was raised in Regina, Saskatchewan. Lach died of a stroke in Pointe-Claire, Quebec, aged 97.

References

Other websites

 
 

1918 births
2015 deaths
Art Ross Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Deaths from stroke
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Regina, Saskatchewan
Seán Dermot Fintan O'Leary, Jr. known as Dermot O'Leary (born 24 May 1973) is an English television and radio presenter.

Early life
O'Leary was born in Colchester, Essex to Irish parents. He has dual citizenship British and Irish.

Career
He started presenting Big Brother's Little Brother in 2001. He presented the show until 2008 when Big Brother ended. He has presented The X Factor since 2007 to 2018.

He currently presents This Morning on Fridays alongside Alison Hammond when Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby are absent from the show.

Personal life
O'Leary married Dee Koppang on 14 September 2012.

References

1973 births
Living people
BBC radio presenters
Channel 4 presenters
English television presenters
Irish television personalities
ITV presenters
Television personalities from Essex
Emily Jane White is a singer and songwriter from California.

Career
She released her first album, Dark Undercoat, in 2007. In 2009 she released her second album, Victorian America. White's third album Ode to Sentience was released in France in 2010. It was not released in the United States until 2012. In December 2013 White released her fourth album, Blood/Lines.

References

Singer-songwriters from California
Living people
1982 births
21st-century American singers
American folk singers
Stage names
The Ordinary Boys are an English indie rock band. Their name is from the Morrissey song "The Ordinary Boys". At first they were called Next in Line.

Career

2002–2004
They started in 2002. The members were Samuel Preston, William Brown, James Gregory, and Simon Goldring. They released their first album Over the Counter Culture in 2004. The third single from the album. "Talk, Talk, Talk", reached number seventeen in the UK Singles Chart.

2005–2006
In 2005 they released their second album Brassbound. "Boys Will Be Boys" was the first single from the album. It reached number sixteen in the UK Singles Chart.

In January 2006 the band's singer Samuel Preston was on the British reality TV show Celebrity Big Brother. This made the band more popular. Their single "Boys Will Be Boys" was released again. It reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. Goldfrapp did a cover version of the song for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.
They released their third album How to Get Everything You Ever Wanted in Ten Easy Steps in October 2006. It had a more pop sound than the band's first two albums. The first single from the album "Lonely at the Top" reached number ten in the UK Singles Chart.

2007–now
"Boys Will Be Boys" was on the soundtrack of the 2007 movie Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. In 2007 it was also played in Smoke and Mirrors, the fifth episode of season two of The IT Crowd.

In 2008 they broke up. In 2011 they started again.

References

Indie rock bands
English rock bands
2000s British music groups

Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
Alice Ann Munro (born 10 July 1931) is a Canadian writer of short stories. Munro received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. In her stories Munro has changed the way people write short stories. Her stories usually start in a place where people do not expect. After that, the stories go back and forward in time.

Her first collection of short stories, Dance of the Happy Shades, was published by Ryerson Press in 1968. It won the 1968 Governor General's Award for Fiction.

Munro's most recent collection of short stories, Dear Life, was published in 2012 by McClelland and Stewart.

References

1931 births
Living people
Writers from Ontario
O. Henry Award winners
Raphael is one of the four Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. He is the brawn of the group of brothers and uses sais. He is also known as the Nightwatcher.

Portrayals
Raphael has been played by Nolan North in movies based on TMNT.

Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Fictional turtles
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
Injustice (franchise) guest characters
Tony Hawk's (series) guest characters
Tahliah Debrett Barnett (born 17 January 1988), known as FKA twigs, is an English R&B singer. She used to be called twigs. Her music has been called post-dubstep and trip-hop.

She was on the cover of i-D magazine in August 2012.

twigs released her first EP EP on 4 December 2012.

On 1 August 2013, Twigs posted the video for her single "Water Me" on YouTube. It now has over one million views.

twigs released her second extended play EP2 on 17 September 2013. It was her first release on the record label The Young Turks. Pitchfork gave it a score of 8 out of 10.

In 2013 BBC put her on their Sound of 2014 list of nominees. In January 2014 BBC chose the winner.

twigs' first album LP1 was released in August 2014.

References

Other websites
Twitter
YouTube

Living people
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Of Thee I Sing: A Letter to My Daughters is a children's book by United States President Barack Obama. It came out on November 16, 2010. It is about the lives of thirteen Americans: George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King, Neil Armstrong, Sitting Bull, Cesar Chavez, Billie Holiday, Maya Lin, Albert Einstein (who was born in Germany), Georgia O'Keeffe, Jackie Robinson, Helen Keller, and Jane Addams. Obama finished writing the book in 2008, after he was elected but before he took office.

References

2010 books
American children's books
Barack Obama
WWE Raw is a professional wrestling video game developed by Anchor Inc. and published by THQ. The game was titled WWF Raw on the Xbox. The game was released on the Xbox and Microsoft Windows.

It was released on February 11, 2002 in North America, September 27, 2002 in the United Kingdom and October 3, 2002 in Japan on the Xbox. The game was released on October 14, 2002 in North America and on November 1, 2002 in the United Kingdom. A sequel was released in 2002 called WWE Raw 2.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 9.1 out of 10 and said "The hardcore fans will get plenty of enjoyment out of the difficult AI, the awesome multiplayer modes and the super deep Create-A-Wrestler mode.”

GameSpot gave the game a 6.5 out of 10 and stated "While the game does some things very well, it generally falls short of expectations."

References

2002 video games
Raw
Windows games
Xbox games
Absurd can refer to several different things:
 Absurdity, very poor reasoning; ridiculous, or nonsense
 Absurdism, a philosophy about how the human search some meaning in the universe and the impossibility of finding that meaning
 Absurd or surreal humour
 Absurd (band), a German heavy-metal band
 Absurd, a term used in logic to describe a contradiction
 Reductio ad absurdum, a type of logical argument
Matthew Chandler Fox (born July 14, 1966) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Charlie Salinger on Party of Five and Jack Shephard on the supernatural drama television series Lost.

References

Other websites

1966 births
Living people
American movie actors
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Saturn Award winners
John Christopher McGinley (born August 3, 1959) is an American actor, comedian, spokesperson, and writer. He is known for his roles as Perry Cox in Scrubs, Bob Slydell in Office Space, Sergeant Red O'Neill in Oliver Stone's Platoon and Marv in Stone's Wall Street. He has also written and produced for television and movies. McGinley is also an author and a spokesperson for the National Down Syndrome Society.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 

1959 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Writers from New York City
Evolution is a professional wrestling stable that competes in the WWE. The stable was created on January 20, 2003 and broke up on October 3, 2005.

The members of the stable were Triple H, Randy Orton, Batista and Ric Flair. Triple H acted as the leader and Flair acted as a mentor. The members of the stable each portrayed evolutions of professional wrestling with Ric Flair being "the past", Triple H being "the present"  and Randy Orton and Batista being "the future". They all portrayed heels.

On April 14, 2014, Evolution, not including Ric Flair, reunited. They came down to the ring to their theme "Line in the Sand" by Motörhead and attacked The Shield.

On the June 2 episode of Raw, Batista quit the WWE after he had his title match request denied by Triple H. Later in the night, Triple H said that he had a "Plan B" in his quest to destroy the Shield, which prompted Rollins to turn on and attack his group members Reigns and Ambrose.
On October 16, 2018, during the 1000th episode of WWE SmackDown, Evolution reunited for one night. During the reunion, Batista was praising Triple H and saying that he has beaten everybody in the company before revealing that he hasn't beaten him. Batista would return on the February 25, 2019 episode of Raw and beat up Ric Flair backstage to try and get a match against Triple H. Triple H defeated Batista at WrestleMania 35 and Batista retired afterwards.

In wrestling 
 Entrance themes
"Evolve" by Jim Johnston (February 10, 2003–June 16, 2003)
"Line in the Sand" by Motörhead (July 14, 2003–November 14, 2004; April 14, 2014–2018)
 Championships
World Heavyweight Championship (five times) (Triple H (four) and Orton (one))
World Tag Team Championship (two times) (Flair and Batista (two))
WWE Intercontinental Championship (2 times) (Orton (one) and Flair (one))
Royal Rumble (2005) (Batista)

References
References

Other websites 
Triple H's WWE profile
Ric Flair's WWE profile
Randy Orton's WWE profile
Batista's WWE profile

WWE teams and stables
Nôm is a script formerly used in Vietnam. It involved the use of Chinese characters to write Vietnamese. The Van Ban bell, engraved in 1076, has the earliest known example of a Nôm inscription. The earliest surviving Nôm literature dates from the 13th century. The script was in common use until the 1920s. It was replaced by the Vietnamese alphabet. The Vietnamese alphabet is a form of the Latin alphabet.

Classical Chinese was used by the royal court and for other official purposes. The Temple of Literature in Hanoi was the best-known school for the study of Chinese. Students who passed the civil service examinations could go on to become magistrates. Confucian scholars saw Chinese as the language of education and looked down on Nôm, while popular opinion favored Nôm. Only a small percentage of the population was literate in any language, but nearly every village had at least one person who could read Nôm.
Sino-Vietnamese characters were eventually displaced by an alphabetic script. Unlike alphabets used elsewhere, the Vietnamese alphabet has marks to indicate tone. In contrast to South Korea and Japan, modern Vietnam does not require students to study the traditional characters. Fewer than 100 scholars worldwide can read Nôm. Vietnamese literature written in Nôm, including classics like Tale of Kieu and the poetry of Ho Xuan Huong, can now be read only in translation. However, character calligraphy remains popular as a home decoration and as a symbol of good luck. The Han-Nom Institute, founded in 1970, collects and studies relevant manuscripts. The Nôm Ideographs were added to Unicode in 2001. Unicode is an international electronic encoding standard.
Language issues 
Chinese characters are used to write various languages in China and elsewhere, including Mandarin, the most widely spoken language in China, Cantonese, spoken in Hong Kong and southern China, and Classical Chinese, traditionally used for formal writing. The characters were formerly used in Korea and in Vietnam. Japan uses a mix of Chinese characters and native phonetic script. Even characters that retain their original meaning in all languages may be read in various ways. The character 十 is given as shí in Chinese romanization (pinyin), jū in Japanese romanization (Hepburn), sip in Korean romanization (Revised Romanization), and thập in the Han-Viet system used in Vietnam. In all these languages, the meaning of the character is “ten.”
Syntax
Modifiers normally come before the noun in Chinese, but follow the noun in vernacular Vietnamese. Chinese texts published in Vietnam often included a line-by-line translation into Nôm. Even when the same characters appear in both languages, the order is different. Many Chinese phrases gained currency as loan words. Later, the word order could be reversed to correspond to normal Vietnamese syntax. The word "Vietnam" is from Chinese Nányuè (南越), meaning “Southern Yue”. In Han-Viet, the same characters are read as . The word order was reversed in modern times. In Chinese, the phrase “Chinese characters” is written 漢字. This is romanized as hànzì in pinyin, kanji in Japanese, hanja in Korean, and  in Han-Viet. In modern Vietnamese, they are .

Character construction
The majority of the characters used in Nôm are of Chinese origin and are composed phonosemantically. For example, the character "喃" is read as "Nôm", whose phonetic component "南" similar to the Cantonese pronunciation Naam4 and means “chattering.” This rule is consistent in all Chu Nôm characters as all Vietnamese made characters are composed using this method. The word "Nôm" does not have any negative connotation in Vietnamese, but rather suggests plain talk, something easy to understand.
Nôm includes thousands of characters not found in Chinese. In contrast, Japan developed only a few hundred kokuji, Korea just a handful of rarely used gukja. These characters were created by authors who combined pre-existing elements. One element, called the semantic component, indicates the character's meaning, either pictographically or ideographically. The other element, called the phonetic component, gives pronunciation. For example, the reading ba is indicated by the character . In Mandarin, this character has the same pronunciation as in Vietnamese, but it's meaning is unrelated: "to long for." For the character  (⿺巴三), the character 三 which means "three" is added as the semanic component. "Father" is also ba, but written as  (⿱父巴). "Turtle" is con ba ba (; ⿰虫巴). Most Chinese characters were created by the same method
. As the correspondence between sound and meaning is compounded in Vietnamese created characters than it is in Chinese characters, the same approach resulted in two distinctions between Nôm characters; chữ Nôm (字喃; native characters) and Hán Nôm (漢喃; Han characters).
Of the 9,299 Nôm Ideographs, nearly half are specific to Vietnam. Each character has a codepoint assigned by Unicode. The characters for the V0, V1, and V2 sets were extracted from two Nôm dictionaries published in the 1970s. The V3 characters were extracted from manuscripts.

History
History 

Chinese characters were introduced to Vietnam after the Han Empire conquered the country in 111 BC. Independence was achieved in 939, but the Chinese writing system was adopted for official purposes in 1010. Vietnamese began to use Chinese characters to write in their own language at about this time. The Van Ban bell, engraved in 1076, is the earliest known example of a Nôm inscription. Nguyen Thuyen composed Nôm poetry in the 13th century. However, none of his work has survived. The oldest surviving Nôm text is the collected poetry of King Tran Nhan Tong, written in the 13th century. Many Nôm documents were destroyed by the Chinese during the Ming occupation of 1407-1428. Nguyen Trai (1380–1442) wrote both Chinese and Nôm literature in the 15th century. Trinh Thi Ngoc Truc, consort of King Le Than Tong, is credited with a 24,000-character bilingual Chinese-to-Vietnamese dictionary written in the 17th century.
Unlike Chinese, Nôm was not studied or classified systematically for most of its history. Vietnamese authors who had studied Chinese applied the principles of Chinese writing to their native language. Although official records were generally kept in Chinese, Nôm was used under two short-lived dynasties, the Ho dynasty (1400-1407) and the Tay Son (1778–1802). King Minh Mang (1820-1841) opposed literacy and the use of Nôm. In 1838, Jean-Louis Taberd wrote a Nôm dictionary that eventually gained general acceptance and wide circulation. In 1867, Catholic scholar Nguyen Truong To petitioned King Tu Duc to replace Classical Chinese with Nôm in official usage. The king did not consent to this, but he did respond with various efforts to promote Nôm. A decree was issued entitled "Please respect quốc âm [the national voice]."
In the 19th century, there was a flowering of popular literature written in Nôm, including such classics as Nguyen Du's The Tale of Kieu and the poetry of Ho Xuan Huong. Although only 3 to 5 percent of the population was literate, nearly every village had someone who could read Nôm aloud for the benefit of other villagers.

In Korea and Japan, the traditional writing system was simplified so it could be taught to the general public. Vietnam's educated class looked down on Nôm as inferior to Chinese, so it was not interested in doing the work required to simplify and standardize the system so that it could be used for mass communication.
Beginning in the late 19th century, the French colonial authorities promoted the use of the Vietnamese alphabet, which they viewed as a stepping stone toward learning French. Language reform in other Asian nations stimulated Vietnamese interest in the subject. Following the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Japan was often cited as a model for Asian modernization. Nationalists embraced the alphabet as quốc ngữ (the national language), and as a tool for promoting literacy. The Confucian education system was compared unfavorably to the Japanese system of public education. Nationalist writer Phan Boi Chau encouraged the young to "study in the East," meaning Japan.
In the 1920s, the Vietnamese alphabet became the country’s dominant writing system. By the 1930s, the use of Sino-Vietnamese characters was largely restricted to books with limited woodbock printings intended for the Buddhist clergy. In more recent times, the traditional characters have been used mainly in calligraphy, such as wedding decorations. In 2012, manuscripts in Classical Chinese were translated to support Vietnam's claim to the Paracel Islands.

Most common characters
The following are the twenty five most common characters in Nôm literature. The modern spelling is given in italics.

  là to be
  và and
  các each; every
  một one
  có there is
  của of
  được to get
  trong in
  trong clear
  người people
  những (plural marker)
  học to learn
  như as
  từ word
  hội to meet
  hay or; good
  không not
  thể body
  tư four
  cũng also
  với with
  cho to give
  xã society, company
  này, nơi place
  để to place

Notes

Citations

Bibliography
Bibliography

 
 . This book lists 8,187 Nôm characters.
 
 
 
 
 . This is the most comprehensive Nôm dictionary with over 19,000 characters.
  This includes the character list for V0, the original 1993 Nôm standard.
 
 . Hồng was the leader of the Nôm encoding project. This dictionary contains 12,000 entries.
 
 . This article tells how the Nom Na Tong font was created.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Ngô's group was sponsored by the Nôm Foundation. This work was later integrated into the Hán Nôm Coded Character Repertoire (2008).
  This is a comprehensive bibliography.
 . This book contains 17,761 Sino-Vietnamese characters. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  This is the most widely available Nôm reference. It is an updated version of Vũ Văn Kính’s 1971 work.
Fonts
Some characters in this article may require the installation of an additional font to display properly:
 Hanamin B  – This Japanese font supports nearly 90,000 characters, including those in Unicode CJK Extension C.
 Nom Na Tong “Nôm Na Tống Light” – created by the Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation. It is based on characters found in Thiền Tông Bản Hạnh (The Origin of Buddhist Meditation, 1933) by Thanh Tu Thich. .
 NomNaTongLight – This font, created by the Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation, is based on characters found in traditional Vietnamese woodblock prints.
 Han Nom Font Set  – This open source font supports over 70,000 Unicode CJK codepoints.
 Fonts for Chu Nom. How to display and use Han-Nom characters.