Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
History

Main route
The first section of the north south line opened on 7 November 1987 between Toa Payoh and Yio Chu Kang. Afterwards, the section to Outram Park (now on the East West MRT line) opened. Following that, the rest of the line opened stage by stage.

Woodlands Extension
The Woodlands Extension was planned to close the gap between Yishun and Choa Chu Kang. It consists of 6 stations, and opened on 10 February 1996.

Marina South Pier extension (NSLe)
A 1-kilometre extension of the line to Marina South Pier MRT Station was opened in 2014.

Timeline of stations opened
 7 November 1987: Yio Chu Kang – Toa Payoh 
 12 December 1987: Toa Payoh – Raffles Place
 20 December 1988: Yio Chu Kang – Yishun
 4 November 1989: Raffles Place – Marina Bay
 10 March 1990: Jurong East – Choa Chu Kang 
 10 February 1996: Yishun – Choa Chu Kang
 23 November 2014: Marina Bay – Marina South Pier
 2 November 2019: Canberra

Major Incidents

2011

2015
2011

2015

2017
On 7 October, services on the line was stopped between Ang Mo Kio and Marina South Pier around 6pm, after the tunnels between Bishan and Braddell flooded following heavy rain, and a fire was seen near Raffles Place. Services between Newton and Marina South Pier was resumed at around 9.30pm but the section between Newton and Ang Mo Kio remained closed overnight. It opened at 2pm the following day after staff and the SCDF worked overnight to clear the water from the tunnel. SMRT reported that a faulty water pump was the cause of the flooding. This was the worst train incident in SMRT's history.

Stations

References

1987 establishments in Singapore
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
Shrek the Third (also known as Shrek 3) is a 2007  animated movie and is the third movie in the Shrek movie series.

It was directed by Chris Miller and Raman Hui and stars Mike Myers as Shrek, Cameron Diaz as Fiona, Eddie Murphy as the Donkey, Antonio Banderas as Puss in Boots, Julie Andrews as Fiona's mother, John Cleese as Fiona's father, Rupert Everett as Prince Charming, Eric Idle as Merlin and Justin Timberlake as Arthur. It is about Shrek trying to get a new king for far far away because the other King died. Like the first two movies, this movie is parody of fairy tales.

Release Dates

Related pages
Shrek
Shrek 2

References

2007 movies
2007 animated movies
2007 computer-animated movies
Shrek
Movies about animals
Movies set in castles
American comedy movies
Sequel movies
American animated movies
Movies composed by Harry Gregson-Williams
Pregnancy movies
Paramount movies
SMRT Trains Limited () is a rail operator in Singapore and a wholly owned subsidiary of SMRT Corporation. It was first known as Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) when the company was founded in 6 August 1987. It was renamed Singapore MRT Limited before becoming its current name, SMRT Trains in 2004.

Other websites
 Official website

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
Symphony X are an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey.

Founded in 1994 by guitarist Michael Romeo, their albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite have given the band considerable attention within the progressive metal community.

Line-up

Current members 
 Russell Allen − vocals (1995–present)
 Michael Romeo − guitar (1994–present)
 Michael Pinnella − keyboards (1994–present)
 Michael Lepond − bass guitar (2000–present)
 Jason Rullo − drums (1994–1998, 2000–present)

Former members 
 Rod Tyler − vocals (1994)
 Thomas Miller − bass guitar (1994−2000)
 Thomas Walling − drums (1998−2000)

Discography

References

Other websites 

 Symphony X's official website
 Symphony X's official MySpace page
 Official French website 

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Power metal bands
Progressive metal bands
In Major League Baseball, the Rookie of the Year Award is given each year to one player from each league as voted on by the Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA). The award was start in 1940 by the Chicago chapter of the BBWAA.  They selected a winner every year from 1940 through 1946. The award became national in 1947; Jackie Robinson, the Brooklyn Dodgers' first baseman, won the first award. One award was presented for both leagues in 1947 and 1948; since 1949, the honor has been given to one player each in the National and American League. At first, the award was known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award, named after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s. The award was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award in July 1987, 40 years after Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line.
Of the 128 players named Rookie of the Year, 14 have been selected for the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Jackie Robinson, five American League players, and eight others from the National League. The award has been shared twice: once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979. Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any team (with 16).  This is twice the total of the New York Yankees (eight), who have won the most in the American League. Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year. Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year. Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32, 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki (also 32)
. Michael Harris III of the Atlanta Braves and Julio Rodríguez of the Seattle Mariners are the 2022 winners.
Qualifications and voting

From 1947 through 1956, each BBWAA voter had their own rules for decide who was a rookie. In 1957, the BBWAA first defined the term as someone with fewer than 75 at bats or 45 innings pitched in any Major League season before the current season. This guideline was later changed to 90 at bats, 45 innings pitched, or 45 days on a Major League roster before September 1 of the last year. The current rule is 130 at bats, 50 innings pitched or 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club (except for time in military service or on the disabled list) before September 1 was first used in 1971. Since 1980, each voter names three rookies: a first-place choice is given five points, a second-place choice three points, and a third-place choice one point. The award goes to the player who receives the most total points. Edinson Volquez received three second-place votes in 2008 even though he was not a rookie under the award's definition.
Some baseball writers have criticized the voting in recent years because several players who played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) have won the award.  These winners include Hideo Nomo in 1995, Kazuhiro Sasaki in 2000, and Ichiro Suzuki in 2001. The current definition of rookie for the award is based only on Major League playing. Some writers feel that past NPB players are not true rookies because of their past professional playing. This issue came up in 2003 when Hideki Matsui lost the AL award to Ángel Berroa in a close vote. Jim Souhan of the Minneapolis Star Tribune said he did not think Matsui was a rookie in 2003 because "it would be an insult to the Japanese league to pretend that experience didn't count." The Japan Times had a story in 2007 on calling Daisuke Matsuzaka, Kei Igawa, and Hideki Okajima as rookies, saying "[t]hese guys aren't rookies." Past winners such as Jackie Robinson, Don Newcombe, and Sam Jethroe had professional experience in the Negro Leagues.

Winners

Key
Winners

Key

Major Leagues combined (1947–48)

American League winners (1949–present)

National League winners (1949–present)

Related pages
This Year in Baseball Awards Rookie of the Year
Players Choice Awards Outstanding Rookie
Baseball America Rookie of the Year
The Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award
Rookie of the Month
Topps All-Star Rookie Teams
Baseball awards
Rookie of the Year Award (all sports)
Rookie of the Year (movie)

References
General

Inline citations

Major League Baseball awards
Lists of baseball players
Testament is an American thrash metal band from Berkeley, California, formed in 1983. They are often credited as one of the most popular bands of the 1980s thrash metal scene. In the  years since its inception, Testament has had numerous lineup changes, and guitarist Eric Peterson has been the only constant member, although the band currently features three original members.

Discography

Studio albums

References

Other websites

 

1983 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Atlantic Records artists
Musicians from Berkeley, California
Death metal bands
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups from California
Speed metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Demonic is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Testament. It was released in 1997. The lyrics deal with occult themes more like their 1980s efforts instead of the political topics covered on more recent releases.

Musically, Testament takes a slower, almost death metal oriented approach with grinding guitar riffs and Chuck Billy's vocal work consisting primarily of death growls.

This album also marked the first time, as Testament, that the band used the old Legacy pentagram graphic.

Track listing
 "Demonic Refusal" – 5:21
 "The Burning Times" – 5:15
 "Together as One" – 4:17
 "Jun-Jun" – 3:43
 "John Doe" – 3:11
 "Murky Waters" – 3:00
 "Hatred's Rise" – 3:15
 "Distorted Lives" – 3:36
 "New Eyes of Old" – 3:00
 "Ten Thousand Thrones" – 4:37
 "Nostrovia" – 1:32
 "Rapid Fire" (Judas Priest cover) (2008 reissue bonus track) - 3:42
Credits
 Chuck Billy: Vocals
 Eric Peterson: Guitar
 Derrick Ramirez: Bass
 Gene Hoglan: Drums
 Glen Alvelais: Lead guitar on track 9
 Dave McKean: Album cover artwork

Bonus Track: Rapid Fire
 Greg Christian: Bass
 James Murphy: Lead guitar
 Chris Kontos: Drums

1997 albums
Rainbow (also known as Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow or Blackmore's Rainbow) were an English hard rock band, controlled by guitarist Ritchie Blackmore from 1975 to 1984 and 1994 to 1997. It was originally established with former Elf members, though over the years Rainbow went through many line-up changes with no two studio albums featuring the same line-up. In addition to lead singers Ronnie James Dio, Graham Bonnet, Joe Lynn Turner and Doogie White, the project consisted of numerous backing musicians. The band started out combining mystical lyric themes with neo-classical metal, but went in a more streamlined commercial style following Dio's departure from the group.

Rainbow was ranked #90 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock.
Band members
Core member
Ritchie Blackmore – guitar (1975–1984, 1994–1997)
Other members
Ronnie James Dio – lead vocals (1975–1978)
Craig Gruber – bass (1975)
Micky Lee Soule – keyboards (1975)
Gary Driscoll – drums (1975)
Jimmy Bain – bass (1975–1977)
Tony Carey – keyboards (1975–1977)
Cozy Powell – drums (1975–1980)
Mark Clarke – bass (1977)
Bob Daisley – bass, backing vocals (1977–1978)
David Stone – keyboards (1977–1978)
Jack Green – bass (1978–1979)
Graham Bonnet – lead vocals (1979–1980)

Roger Glover – bass, backing vocals (1979–1984)
Don Airey – keyboards, backing vocals (1979–1981)
Joe Lynn Turner – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1980–1984)
Bobby Rondinelli – drums (1980–1983)
David Rosenthal – keyboards (1981–1984)
Chuck Burgi – drums (1983–1984, 1995–1997)
Doogie White – lead vocals (1994–1997)
Greg Smith – bass, backing vocals (1994–1997)
Paul Morris – keyboards (1994–1997)
John O'Reilly – drums (1994–1995)
John Micelli – drums (1997)

Discography
Discography

Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow (1975)
Rising (1976)
On Stage (1977)
Long Live Rock 'n' Roll (1978)
Down to Earth (1979)
Difficult to Cure (1981)
Straight Between the Eyes (1982)
Bent Out of Shape (1983)
Finyl Vinyl (1986)
Stranger in Us All (1995)

References

Other websites

The Rainbow Fanclan Legacy

1980s music groups
1990s music groups
The New Taiwan dollar () (currency code TWD and common abbreviation NT$), or simply Taiwan dollar, is the official currency of Taiwan. It was used since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar. It was first printed by the Bank of Taiwan, it has been printed by the Central Bank of the Republic of China since 2000.

Currency of Asia
Economy of Taiwan
The crown of thorns (also known as  Christ plant, or Christ thorn, called Corona de Cristo in Latin America) is a woody, succulent species of Euphorbia native to Madagascar. The species name commemorates Baron Milius, once governor of Réunion, who introduced the species to France in 1821. It is suspected that the species was introduced to the Middle East in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by Jesus.

Euphorbiaceae
Joseph J. Romm (born June 27, 1960) is an American physicist, writer and environmentalist. He has an interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. He is also interested in energy security through energy efficiency and green energy technologies.

Romm's 2006 book was Hell and High Water: Global Warming — the Solution and the Politics — and What We Should Do.

In December 2008, Romm was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.  In March 2009, Rolling Stone magazine named Romm as one of "100 People Who Are Changing America".  In September 2009, Time magazine named him one of its "Heroes of the Environment".

Related pages
Amory Lovins
Christopher Flavin
Energy conservation
Peak oil
Renewable energy commercialization

References

Scientists from New York (state)
American physicists
Writers from New York (state)
Green thinkers
1960 births
Living people
American bloggers
A Child of Our Time is an oratorio by Michael Tippett.  It was composed between 1939 and 1941.

Why Tippett wrote this oratorio

Tippett composed this oratorio at the beginning of World War II.  He had already lived through World War I and he was very upset about all the evil in this world.  He wanted to write a musical work about it.  He did it by taking the story of the beginning of World War II as a basis of the oratorio, but he also made the work speak in general about the evil of this world.

In 1938 a 17 year old Jewish boy Hershel Grynspan, who lived in Paris, desperately wanted to attack the Nazis because of the cruel way his parents in Germany had been treated.  He therefore murdered a Nazi diplomat in France.  The Nazi’s in Germany were so furious that they attacked and murdered lots of Jews in Germany.  This terrible attack became known as the Kristallnacht.  This series of events can be found in the words of Tippett’s oratorio.  Tippett wrote the words himself.
The title comes from Ödön von Horváth’s novel, Ein Kind unserer Zeit (A Child of Our Time), written in 1938 and published in English in 1939.  Tippett began composing it on 5 September 1939, two days after Britain declared war against Germany.

In 1958 Tippett arranged the five negro spirituals so that they could be sung by unaccompanied chorus.  They are often performed like that, separately from the oratorio.

Tippett uses a similar structure to the Passions of Bach.  This meant that he used a narrator (like the evangelist in Bach’s Passions) who tells the story.  Instead of Bach’s Lutheran chorales he adds five negro spirituals which add an emotional comment to the events. The music of these spirituals blend very cleverly into the style of Tippett’s music. The whole oratorio, which lasts a little over one hour, has three parts.  This idea is based on the three parts of  Handel's Messiah.  Tippett calls the three parts: 1) Prophecy;  2) Narrative;  3) Meditation.

The story in the oratorio
Part One
Part one opens with a picture of the world in darkness.  The alto solo shows what the person’s soul is feeling.  The bass (narrator) tells of the purges in Russia, the lynching in the USA, the terrible poverty in Britain.  The chorus tell of their despair.

Part Two
The chorus describes an atmosphere of icy stillness.  They talk of “The Scape-Goat, The Child of Our Time” (a “scape-goat” is someone who gets the blame for something they have not done).  There is a chorus of the Persecutors and the Persecuted.  The choir are split into two like the crowd scenes in Bach’s Passions.  In the “Chorus of the Self-Righteous” we hear about the attitude of countries who refuse to accept more than just a few of the persecuted Jews (this includes Britain).  The boy tries to save his mother.  We are told of the murder of the Nazi diplomat.  There is a chorus of terror.  We see the boy in prison and the grieving of the mother.
Part Three
This is about the descent through evil and the discovery of rebirth and liberation.  The bass suggests that, if we have patience, we shall be healed.  The chorus finish by singing of the universal nature of the problem.

References 
“Tippett, the composer and his music”; Ian Kemp;

Other websites 
 Richard Smith, An introduction to Michael Tippett's 'A Child of Our Time', documentary,  Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

Oratorios
Spirituals (or Negro spirituals) are the songs which were sung by the black slaves in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.  The words to many Negro spirituals have Christian themes.  This is because Black slaves in the United States turned to religion, as a way to cope with the pain of slavery. Negro spirituals combine traditional West African musical style with the style of Christian hymns from Europe.

Related pages
Gospel music

African-American history
Christian music
Folk music
Slavery
Songs by genre
Stamford is a town and civil parish in Southern Lincolnshire, a county in England. It is on the River Welland and is located in the borough of South Kesteven. The town centre is 92 miles (148 km) north of London, the capital city.

The town is located very close to the borders with Cambridgeshire, Rutland and Northamptonshire. The town is in Lincolnshire, but has a Peterborough post code, a city in Cambridgeshire.

It is a very old town. Many 17th and 18th-century buildings and old timber-framed buildings still stand in the town. It also has five medieval churches.

There are over 600 listed buildings in the town and surrounding area.

The Sunday Times rated the town the best place to live in a survey in 2013.

Gallery

Towns in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
The University of Concepción is a university in Concepción, Chile. It is the oldest university in the south of Chile.

History 
This university was founded by Enrique Molina Garmendia in 1919.

Other websites 
 University of Concepción Official website

Colleges and universities in Concepción
1919 establishments
1910s establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Chile
Jotunheimen is a large mountain range in Norway. It is named after Jötunheimr. Its highest peak, Galdhøpiggen (2469 metres) is the highest mountain in Scandinavia.

Weblinks
['great find in Jotunheimen'] https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/jlE7Gb/to-piler-fra-bronsealderen-funnet-i-jotunheimen-ekstremt-godt-bevart. VG.no. 2023-10-02

Mountain ranges of Europe
Mountains of Norway
The Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception is a university located in Concepción, Chile. It is one of the universities in the south of Chile.

History 
This university was created and founded on 1991 by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción.

Other websites 
 Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception official website

Colleges and universities in Concepción
1991 establishments in South America
1990s establishments in Chile
R2-D2 (phonetically spelled Artoo-Detoo, and called "R2" for short), is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe. An astromech droid, R2-D2 is a major character throughout all seven Star Wars films. Along with his droid companion C-3PO, he joins or supports Anakin Skywalker, Luke Skywalker, and Obi-Wan Kenobi in various points in the saga. R2-D2 was played by Kenny Baker.

Fictional characters introduced in 1977
Star Wars characters
Star Wars Anthology characters
Star Wars Skywalker Saga characters
Powers 
The Illinois Senate meets at the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois. It is required to convene on the second January of each year.  Along with the Illinois House of Representatives and The Governor of Illinois, it is vested with the power to make laws, come up with a state budget, act on federal constitutional amendments, and propose constitutional amendments to the state constitution. The Illinois Senate also holds the power to convict impeached executive and judicial officials with a 2/3 majority vote.

By party

References

Senate
State upper houses in the United States
Star anise (Illicium verum) is a spice plant which tastes like anise. The star shaped fruits are harvested before they start ripening.

Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum), a similar tree, is not edible because it is "highly toxic"; instead, it may be burned as incense in Japan.

Use as medicine 
Star anise has been used in a tea, and the seeds are sometimes chewed after meals for digestion.

Star anise is grown in four places in China and harvested between March and May. It is also found in the south of New South Wales.

Flowering plants
Spices
Thubten Zopa Rinpoche (born 1946 – 13 April 2023) was a lama from Nepal. He took his monks vows at Dungkar Monastery in Tibet and has received teachings from many high lamas. Lama Zopa is the co-founder, with Lama Yeshe, of Kopan Monastery and the FPMT. After the 1984 death of Lama Yeshe, Lama Zopa served as the FPMT's spiritual director. Zopa's books are published by Wisdom Publications. Free books and a vast online collection of his teachings are available from the Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. There is an extensive biography of him in the book 'The Lawudo Lama' , by Jamyang Wangmo. He died on 13 April 2023, at the age of 76.

Related pages
Dalai Lama
Tibetan Buddhism

References

Other websites
 Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive
 FPMT

Tibetan Buddhist lamas
Nepalese people
1946 births
2023 deaths
Simon Cziommer (born 6 November 1980 in Nordhorn) is a German footballer. He plays for the Dutch club Vitesse.

Career
He started his career in his local football club FC Schüttdorf 09. Soon he went to the Netherlands   where he played for Twente Enschede, AZ Alkmaar, and FC Utrecht. 2003- 2006 he played for Schalke 04 in the German Bundesliga. Since 2009 he plays for F. C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. He also played for the German U20-team.

Honours
Champions League player with Schalke 04
Austrian Champion with Red Bull Salzburg 2010

Other websites

Players profile Official Homepage FC Red Bull Salzburg(German)
Players profile Austrian Soccer Board(German)

1980 births
Living people
German footballers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Sportspeople from Lower Saxony
Austrian football champions
Kopan Monastery is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery near Boudhanath, on the outskirts of Kathmandu, Nepal. It belongs to the FPMT, an international network of Gelugpa dharma centers, and once served as its headquarters.

The monastery was established by the FPMT founders, Lamas Thubten Yeshe and Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who bought the property from Nepal's royal astrologer in 1969. Its name comes from the name of the hill on which it was built. 

Kopan has become famous for teaching Buddhism to visiting Western foreigners. The first of what would become annual month-long (November-December) meditation courses was held in 1971. These courses generally combine traditional Lam Rim teachings with informal discussion, several periods of guided meditation, and a vegetarian diet.

Tibetan Buddhism
Buddhist buildings
Las Condes is a commune and city in Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. At the 2002 census, 249,893 people lived there.

References

Other websites 
Municipality of Las Condes 

Cities in Chile
Santiago Metropolitan Region
The Volkswagen Crafter is a series of vans and buses which is a rebadged Mercedes Sprinter. It replaced the Volkswagen LT in 2006. In 2016, a new Crafter was unveiled but now it's Volkswagen's own van and no longer a rebadged Sprinter.

Engines 
 2.5 TDI 65 kW (88 hp)
 2.5 TDI 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.5 TDI 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.5 TDI 120 kW (163 hp)

Vans
Buses
Crafter
Red Bull Brasil, also known as RB Brasil, is a Brazilian association football club from Campinas, São Paulo. The club was founded in 2007 by initiative of energy drink-maker Red Bull GmbH. Red Bull Brasil plays in the top tier of Campeonato Paulista, the São Paulo state league. In 2017, Red Bull Brasil makes their second appearance in the fourth tier of Campeonato Brasileiro (the first was in 2015).

Head coaches
 Paulo Sérgio   (2008)
 Ricardo Pinto   (2008–2009)
 José Luis Fernandes (2009)
 Jair Picerni (2009)
 Márcio Fernandes: (2010–2011)
 Luciano Dias(2011–)

Current team

Season's results
2008: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
2009: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
Champion
2010: Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (III)
Champion
2011: Campeonato Paulista Série A2 (II)

See also
New York Red Bulls
F.C. Red Bull Salzburg
RB Leipzig

References

Other websites
Official Homepage Red Bull Brasil
Football clubs in São Paulo (state)
Football clubs owned by Red Bull
2007 establishments
2000s establishments in Brazil
Reserve football teams
The Great American Interchange was an important zoogeographic event about three million years ago. Land and freshwater fauna migrated between North America and South America.

The migration happened during the Pliocene, 3.6–2.6 million years ago (mya). The volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose from the seafloor and bridged the two continents.

The land bridge in what is now Panama joined the Neotropic (roughly South America) and Nearctic (roughly North America) ecozones to form the Americas.

The interchange is visible from both stratigraphy and nature. Its most dramatic effect is on the distribution of mammals, but weak-flying or flightless birds, reptiles, amphibians, arthropods and even freshwater fish also migrated.
The differences in the fauna of North and South America had been known for some time. Both Humboldt and Darwin discussed it. The interchange as a concept was first fully laid out in 1876 by the "father of biogeography", Alfred Russel Wallace. Wallace had spent 1848–1852 exploring and collecting specimens in the Amazon Basin. Others who made significant contributions to understanding the event in the century that followed include Florentino Ameghino and George Gaylord Simpson.

Similar interchanges occurred earlier in the Cainozoic, when the former Gondwana continents of  India and Africa made contact with Eurasia, about 50 and 30 mya respectively.

Plate tectonics 
When the global continent Pangaea broke up early in the Jurassic period, the great southern supercontinent  Gondwana was formed. It separated from Laurasia 200–180 mya.
In stages, Gondwana also broke up, eventually into half-a-dozen continents we recognise today. They were Australasia, Indian subcontinent, Africa, Madagascar, Antarctica and South America.

South America drifted west from Africa, starting about 130 mya in the Lower Cretaceous. There was open sea between them by 110 mya. The last connection of South America with any part of Gondwana was a link with West Antarctica, which broke in the Oligocene, only 30 mya.

Relevance to biogeography 
When Gondwana was separated from Laurasia, evolution of most animals and plants went on separately in the two great supercontinents. Later, as Gondwana broke up, most of its fauna and flora also evolved separately.

This is not obvious in Africa and India, since they moved north and joined the Eurasian continent long ago. Animals and plants moved north and south there also, but the original pattern is now hard to see. But in Australasia and South America the pattern is clear.
The mammals are a good example. Eutherian mammals evolved in Laurasia but few got to Gondwana before it was separated. Earlier groups of mammals did get to Gondwana. They were the marsupials, the monotremes and other (now extinct) therian mammals.

Thus, when South America was completely separated, it had only the earlier types of mammals, including some early eutherians such as the Xenarthra. The groups which evolved later, and which dominate the northern continents, only got to South America by the Great American Interchange.

South America's endemic fauna 

After the late Mesozoic breakup of Gondwana, South America spent most of the Cainozoic era as an island continent.

Its "splendid isolation" allowed the fauna to evolve into many forms found nowhere else on earth, most of which are now extinct.

Early mammals 
The endemic mammals initially consisted of metatherians (including marsupials, xenarthrans, and a diverse group of South American ungulates.
Marsupials appear to have travelled from South America through Antarctica to Australasia in the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary.

Ratites (relatives of South American tinamous) probably migrated by this route about the same time, in the direction from South America towards Australia/New Zealand.

Other taxa that may have dispersed by the same route (if not by flying or rafting) are parrots, chelid turtles and (extinct) meiolaniid turtles.

One living South American marsupial, the tiny Monito del Monte, is more closely related to Australian marsupials than to other South American marsupials. Since it is the most 'basal' (= primitive) australidelphian we know, its group probably evolved in South America and then colonized Australia.

A 61 mya old platypus-like monotreme fossil from Patagonia may be an Australian immigrant.

Marsupials in South America included didelphimorphs (opossums), shrew opossums and several other small groups.

Predators
Predators 

The borhyaenids and the sabertooth Thylacosmilus were once considered to be marsupials.  They are sparassodont metatherians, the sister group of the marsupials.  Sparassodonts were the only South American mammals to specialize as carnivores.  Their relative inefficiency left opportunites for nonmammalian predators to be more prominent than usual (similar to the situation in Australia). 

Sparassodonts shared the ecological niches for large predators with fearsome flightless "terror birds" (phorusrhacids), whose closest extant (living) relatives are the seriemas.  Terrestrial ziphodont crocodilians were also present at least through the middle Miocene.  Some of South America's aquatic crocodilians reached monstrous sizes, with lengths up to 12 m.

Through the skies over late Miocene South America (6 Ma ago) soared the largest flying bird known, the teratorn Argentavis, with a wingspan of 6 m or more, which may have lived in part on the leftovers of Thylacosmilus kills.
Later herbivores 
Xenarthrans are a curious group of mammals that developed morphological adaptations for specialized diets very early in their history.

In addition to those extant today (armadillos, anteaters and tree sloths), a great diversity of larger types were present, including pampatheres, the ankylosaur-like glyptodonts, various ground sloths, some of which reached the size of elephants (e.g. Megatherium), and even semiaquatic sloths.

The notoungulates and litopterns had many strange forms, some examples of convergent evolution.

Both groups started evolving in the Lower Paleocene, possibly from condylarth stock, diversified, dwindled before the great interchange, and went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene. The pyrotheres and astrapotheres were also strange but were less diverse and disappeared earlier, well before the interchange.

The North American fauna was typical northern eutheria (supplemented with Afrotherian  proboscids).
Invasions 
Once the continents were joined, invasions from the north to the south were numerous and significant in their effect. Invasions from south to north were much less significant. This is most clearly seen in the mammals.

Reasons 
Reasons for this have been suggested. Wetland tropical species going north encountered desert or, at any rate, dry conditions in Mexico, where the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, also known as the Sierra Nevada (Mexico) or the Snowy Mountain Range, extends 900  km from west to east across central-southern Mexico.

However, by far the most common theory is that North American fauna were 'topped up' from time to time whenever Eurasian species could get over the Bering Strait.
Mammals a special case 
This applies with force to mammals, because the eutherian mammals originated in Asia and had undergone a great deal of evolution before they got to South America. Marsupials originally in Eurasia had long before been out-competed and gone extinct. It is not surprising the eutherians did well in South America.

Marsupials in both South America and Australasia were weak in predators. The borhyaenids and Thylacosmilus (the 'marsupial' sabretooth) were not marsupials; they were the related group, the sparassodonts. Instead, in South America, the terror birds (Phorusrhacos were for a long time the top predators.

All these native forms were wiped out as short-faced bears, wolves, nine species of small cats, cougars, jaguars, lions, sabretooths (Smilodon and Homotherium) established themselves.
The successes in the opposite direction are interesting. Opossums, as the Virginia Opossum, are well established over a wide range. They are the only surviving marsupial in North America, though there were others before mankind arrived in the Americas.

The top native South American mammal success for a long time was the superorder Xenarthra, which had two different groups with large representatives in North America. One group was the giant ground sloths, such as the megalonychid Megalonyx. This group lived in North America for over 10 million years, well before the Great Interchange. How they got there is not known. They got as far north as Alaska and the Yukon.

The other group was the glyptodonts, such such as Glyptotherium texanum. They were large, heavily armoured relatives of the armadillo.
The ability of South America's xenarthrans to compete effectively against the northerners represents a special case. The explanation for their success lies in part in their defence against predation. This was based on body armour and/or formidable claws. The xenarthrans did not need to be fleet-footed or quick-witted to survive. Such a strategy may have been forced on them by their low metabolic rate (the lowest among the therians). Their low metabolic rate in turn allowed them to subsist on less abundant and/or less nutritious food sources. Unfortunately, the defensive adaptations of the large xenarthrans would have been useless against humans armed with spears and other projectiles.

References 

Zoology
History of Panama
Gondwana
Laurasia
Pliocene
History of South America
History of North America
Eomaia ('dawn mother') is an early fossil eutherian mammal. It is exceptionally well-preserved for a 125 million-year-old specimen.

It was discovered in rocks of the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China. These strata date to the Lower Cretaceous about 125 million years ago (mya).

The fossil is  in length and virtually complete. It weighed between . Although the fossil's skull is squashed flat, its teeth, tiny foot bones, cartilages and even its fur are visible.

Eomaia is a eutherian. The eutherians are the placental mammals plus some extinct mammals which had not developed a placenta.

What distinguishes the Eutheria from metatherians, a group that includes modern marsupials, are various features of the feet, jaws and teeth.
However Eomaia is not a true placental mammal as it lacks some features that are specific to placentals.
Eomaia has:
variations in the shin and ankles.
an ancestral eutherian dental formula.
a wide opening at the bottom of the pelvis, which allows the birth of large, well-developed offspring. Marsupials have and non-placental eutherians had a narrower opening that allows only small, immature offspring to pass through.
Eomaia has epipubic bones extending forwards from the pelvis. These are not found in any placental mammal, but are found in all other mammals, even in the cynodont therapsids that are closest to mammals. Their function is to stiffen the body during locomotion. This stiffening would be harmful in pregnant placentals, whose abdomens need to expand.

Its discoverers sampled 268 characters from all major Mesozoic mammal clades and principal eutherian families of the Cretaceous period. As a result, they claimed Eomaia is at the root of the eutherian "family tree" with a few other fossils.
The Eomaia fossil shows clear traces of hair. However this is not the earliest clear evidence of hair in the mammalian lineage, as fossils of the docodont Castorocauda, discovered in rocks dated to about 164 mya, also have traces of fur.

Related pages 
 Juramaia
 Sinodelphys

References

Other websites 
 New Scientist article on original find.
 Nat. Geo. article

Mammals
Fossils
Cretaceous
China
The East West MRT line was the 2nd Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore. The line is currently 49.2 km long with 35 stations. It is the longest MRT line in Singapore and it is operated by SMRT Corporation. It takes about 1 hour to travel from end to end and this line is coloured green on MRT system maps.

The MRT line joins central Singapore to the western and eastern parts of the island, with another branch to Changi Airport from Tanah Merah. Transferring to the North South line is done at Jurong East, City Hall and Raffles Place stations while transfer to the North East Line at Outram Park station is possible using a linkway. For Circle Line at Paya Lebar station and Buona Vista using an underpass and linkway. The Downtown Line will interchange with the East West Line at the Bugis, Tampines and Expo MRT stations.

Stations

Changi Airport Extension

Other websites 
 LTA - Expanding The Rail Network: LTA To Build Boon Lay MRT Extension 
 Urbanrail.net - Singapore
1987 establishments in Singapore
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
The Red Bull Arena is a football stadium in Leipzig, Germany. It is the homeground of RB Leipzig.

History
The Zentralstadion was built between 1954 and 1956. 100,000 visitors could enter the stadium. It was used for the sport festivals of the GDR, GDR football team matches, and other sports. The largest number of visitors was during a football match between SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt and FC Kaiserslautern when 110,000 people entered.

It was renovated between 2000 and 2004. The renovation reduced the number of visitors that can enter the stadium. The first match in the new stadium was FC Sachsen Leipzig – Borussia Dortmund (Amateure) in front of 28,000 visitors. Now it is only used for football matches and concerts.

In 2010, Red Bull bought the right to name the stadium for 30 years. It is now called "Red Bull Arena" and became the homeground of RB Leipzig, which is owned by Red Bull.
2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006
The stadium was venue for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006.

Confederation Cup 2005
Australia-Tunesia 44,337 visitors
Brazil - Greece 42,507 visitors

World Cup 2006

Other websites

 erlebnis-stadion.de: History and renovation (German)
 wm-2006-leipzig.de: Pictures
 zentralstadion-le.de: Pictures

Football stadiums in Germany
Buildings and structures in Leipzig
Sport in Saxony
1956 establishments
In baseball, a stolen base is when a baserunner advances to the next base while the pitcher is throwing the ball to home plate.  In baseball statistics, stolen bases are displayed as SB. It is possible to steal second base, third base, or home plate, but not to steal first base.

If the defense does not try to put the baserunner out (for example, if the catcher does not even look his way), the play is called defensive indifference (also called fielder's indifference).  No stolen base is credited to the runner in this case.  Defensive indifference is usually only scored instead of a stolen base when the game is in a late inning and the team with the stealing baserunner is down by more than one run.  MLB Rule 10.07(g) defines defensive indifference.

Strategy
Strategy

A player who is good at stealing bases needs not just running speed, but also good base-running instincts, quickness, and split-second timing. The scoring and guidelines for awarding a stolen base to a runner are covered by rule 10.07 of the Major League Baseball rule book.

If a player is good at stealing bases, his manager may let him try to steal a base whenever he thinks he can. A player who is allowed to try to steal whenever he wants is said to have the "green light". Players who do not have the green light may only be allowed to steal when a coach or manager tells him to.

References

Other websites
Baseball-Almanac.com list of All-Time Career stolen bases leaders

Baseball statistics
Baseball rules
The Pasadena Star-News is the local daily newspaper for Pasadena, California. The Star-News is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, since 1996. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the San Gabriel Valley Tribune and the Whittier Daily News. 

Ridder Newspapers bought the Star-News in 1956; Bernard J. Ridder took over as Publisher. Ridder merged with Knight to form Knight Ridder in 1974. The paper was sold in 1989 to a company owned by William Dean Singleton; the Thomson Corporation bought majority control of the paper a year later. Thomson sold the Star-News to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

The Pasadena Star-News was first published in 1884. The paper was in a building at the corner of Colorado Blvd. and Oakland Avenue for years.  This building is now being used by Technique at Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts and 24 Hour Fitness.

The newspaper also published the Rose Magazine.

References

Other websites
Pasadena Star-News website
Newspapers in California
Pasadena, California
1884 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in California
4319 Jackierobinson (1981 ER14) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on March 1, 1981 by Schelte J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory. It was found during the U.K. Schmidt-Caltech Asteroid Survey. It was named after Jackie Robinson, the first African-American major league baseball player of the modern era.

Other websites 
 JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 4319 Jackierobinson

Asteroids
Baseball-Reference.com is a website that lists statistics for every player in Major League Baseball history. The site is often used by large media companies and baseball broadcasters as a source of information.

History
The website came online in April 2000.  It had originally been published in February 2000 as part of the website for the Big Bad Baseball Annual. It was first built as a web version of the Lahman Baseball Database. Now it uses a variety of data sources. It has year-by-year team pages, a baseball encyclopedia (the Bullpen, powered by MediaWiki software, using the GFDL), box scores and game logs from every MLB game back to 1954 and minor league player stats back to 1900. The Oracle of Baseball can link any two players by common teammates. The Oracle of Baseball is based on the Oracle of Bacon website.

Its developer Sean Forman was a math professor at Saint Joseph's University before working for this project full-time.
In February 2009, Fantasy Sports Ventures bought part of Sports Reference, the parent company of Baseball-Reference, for a "low seven-figure sum". In reporting this purchase, journalist Eric Fisher wrote:The Sports Reference sites combine to generate more than 1 million unique users per month, according to internal analytics. Company president and former college math professor Sean Forman has become something of a folk hero to baseball fans for the massive depth of data stretching to the 19th century and for the ease of navigation within Baseball-Reference.com.

References

Other websites
Baseball-Reference.com
"The man behind the numbers: Former math professor creates statistics uber-site,"  Sports Illustrated (February 6, 2007)

Major League Baseball
Baseball statistics
Websites established in the 2000s
Ryan Miller (born July 17, 1980) is an American former ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres, Vancouver Canucks, and St. Louis Blues.

On July 1, 2014, Miller signed a three-year, $18 million contract with the Vancouver Canucks.

On April 5, 2022, Miller announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey at the end of the season. On May 8, 2021, Miller played his final game in the NHL in a 4-3 loss to the Minnesota Wild. On January 19, 2023, the Buffalo Sabres retired Miller's jersey number #30.

Career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

International

Awards and achievements

College
CCHA First All-Star Team (2001, 2002)
NCAA West First All-American Team (2001, 2002)
CCHA Player of the Year (2001, 2002)
Hobey Baker Memorial Award (Top U.S. Collegiate Player) (2001)
C-Bone Classic Champion (2001)
CCHA Second All-Star Team (2000)
AHL
AHL First All-Star Team (2005)
Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award (Outstanding Goaltender – AHL) (2005)

NHL
Starter for the Eastern Conference in NHL All-Star Game (2007)
NHL Foundation Player Award (2010)
Vezina Trophy for top goaltender (2010)
NHL First All-Star Team (2010)

International
MVP of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
Best Goaltender of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
All-star selection of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 Ryan Miller – Sabres.com 
 

1980 births
American Hockey League players
Anaheim Ducks players
Buffalo Sabres players
Living people
Rochester Americans players
Sportspeople from Michigan
St. Louis Blues players
Vancouver Canucks players
Vezina Trophy winners
American ice hockey goaltenders
American Olympic silver medalists
The Oreo is a cookie sandwich or cream biscuit. It is made by the Nabisco division of Mondelēz International. The cookie has a sweet, white filling of "creme" or "cream". The creme is in between two circle-shaped chocolate or golden cookie pieces.

Oreos come in many different flavours like chocolate, vanilla, red velvet, caramel coconut, chocolate marshmallow and many more.

The origin of the name "Oreo" is not known, but there are many ideas for why they are called that. It may have been named after a plant genus called Oreodaphne, but it could be named after the French word or (which means gold in English) and it could be named after the Greek word  (), which means 'nice' or 'attractive'.

References

Cookies
The 1939–40 NHL season was the 23rd season for the National Hockey League.

Regular season

Final standings

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Leading goaltenders

Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Playoffs
Note: All dates in 1940

Playoff bracket

Quarter-finals and Semi-finals
Series A: Boston Bruins vs. New York Rangers

Rangers win best of seven series 4 games to 2

Series B: Chicago Black Hawks vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0

Series C: New York Americans vs. Detroit Red Wings

Detroit wins best of three series 2 games to 1

Series D: Detroit Red Wings vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0

Stanley Cup Final

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. New York Rangers

New York wins best of seven series 4 games to 2
Playoff scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes

Playoff leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References

Hockey Database
1939-40 NHL Playoff Season Stats - quanthockey.com
1939-40 NHL Playoff Season Goaltender Stats
NHL.com

1939
1940
1930s in North America
1940s in North America