Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Driver changes
In September 2012, seven-time World Champion Michael Schumacher said that he was retiring from the sport for a second time.  World Champion Lewis Hamilton agreed to take Schumacher's place. The move ended his fourteen-year career with McLaren.

Driver Sergio Pérez left Sauber to join McLaren. Nico Hülkenberg filled the vacant seat at Sauber. Hülkenberg was joined by Esteban Gutiérrez, who was Sauber's testing and reserve driver in  and .

Charles Pic moved from Marussia to Caterham. Max Chilton took his place at Marussia.

Calendar
The following nineteen races appeared on the 2013 race schedule. The number of races on the Formula One calendar is dictated by the Concorde Agreement.

The calendar was originally meant to host twenty races.  This would add the new Grand Prix of Jersey. The race in New Jersey was delayed to 2014.

Calendar changes
 The European Grand Prix was discontinued starting in 2013.
 Nürburgring hosted the German Grand Prix in 2013.

Results and standings

Grands Prix
Grands Prix

Drivers' standings
Points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers using the following structure:

Notes:
† — Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.

Constructors' standings

Notes:
† — Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.

References 

Formula One seasons
2013 in sports
Anonym[o]us Valesianus is the name of a text, published by Henri Valois (1603-1676) in 1636. The text was published together with Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus. The name is misleading: There are two texts, which have nothing in common, except the subject of history. They are labeled Anonymus Valesianus I and II. 

Anonymus Valesianus I, also called Origo Constantini talks about the life of Constantine the Great, roughly the time of 301 to 337 AD. The author is unknown, and was probably pagan. Most likely the text was written shortly after the death of the emperor. The author gives a good review of the life, and offers details which can be found in no other text. The text was written around 390, and is regarded as a reliable source
The second text gives a historic overview beginning with  the reign of Julius Nepos. It ends with the death of Theodoric the Great, roughly 474-526. The author of the second text was probably Roman Catholic, and the text was written in Ravenna, which was very important at the time.The text was written after 526, probably between 550 and 560. It bears the heading item ex libris Chronicorum inter cetera. The text mostly deals with the reign of the Gothic king in Italy, Theodoric the Great."(Even though it is) poorly written (the text) is based on a no longer (existing) chronicle by the bishop of Ravenna, Maximianus, a highly (learned) and knowledgable scholar".

References

Other websites
Latin text with English translation, at the Unversty of Chicago
Manuscripts
4th-century books
6th-century books
Patti Ann LuPone (born in Northport, New York, April 21, 1949) is an American performer. She has several Tony Awards. She won her first playing Eva Perón in the 1979 musical Evita. She also acted in many television programs and movies. These include The 24 Hour Woman and Witness.

References

Other websites
 
 

Actors from New York (state)
American stage actors
1949 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Tony Award winning actors
The Bermuda Triangle, sometimes called the Devil's Triangle, is an area in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean. The weather above the Bermuda triangle always remain misty and cloudy and dull during summer slight changes occur, but only sometimes.

Some people think this is because of paranormal or extraterrestrial beings. Many of the incidents were false. Some people believe that insurance companies charge higher premiums for shipping in this area, but that is not true.

Incidents 
Aircrafts and ships have been missing too. On 5 December 1945 a US Navy flight of five Torpedo Bombers on a navigation exercise became lost; likewise a PBM patrol plane on the search for the missing aircraft was lost due to an explosion of unknown cause. This is because of magnetic force in it.

Aircraft
"Star Tiger" missing, 1948
On 30 January 1948 BSAA G-AHNP "Star Tiger" was lost due to unknown causes while flying from Lisbon, Portugal to Bermuda. Among those missing was retired RAF Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham. At 3:17 Star Tiger had requested a new bearing to Bermuda. Despite missing two  route flight checks from "Star Tiger" at 3:45 and 4:15, Bermuda did not issue a missing alert until nearly an hour and a half after the plane last transmission. On 30 January 1948 a press dispatch reported the planes loss at 440 miles northeast of Bermuda. On 1 February 1948 a B-17 search plane reported sighting several boxes and an oil drum 325 miles northwest of Bermuda; it is unknown if this flotsam was connected to the missing plane or not.[Glasgow Herald 2 February 1948] (If this was debris from the missing plane, it was probably an indication that "Star Tiger" had flown on for another 100 miles before being lost at sea; the time is unknown but could have occurred within 30 minutes when the plane was overdue for its last route check
. Although the cause of the loss is unknown the known facts that it was flying into a gale storm with only about an hours worth of fuel could have been a contributing factor).The Fantasy Fiction series The Twilight Zone has a 24 February 1961 episode "The Odyssey of Flight 33" which is a retelling of The Flying Dutchman legend in which this version is of an airliner trapped in a Time Vortex; among one of the passengers is an unnamed RAF general officer presumedly based on Air Marshal Coningham.
DC3 missing, 1948 
On 28 December 1948 a DC-3 was lost on a nighttime flight due to unknown causes between San Juan Puerto Rico to Miami Florida. Although the cause and location of the disappearance is Unknown, there are several other factors:  The report noted that although the carrier, aircraft, and crew were certified, at the time of takeoff, the aircraft did not meet the requirements of the operating certificate.The company's maintenance records were incomplete. In one case, a subcontractor working on an engine in October 1948 completed the task but did not save any records proving it.As far as human error, the report cited several occurrences:
Captain Linquist told San Juan that his landing gear down indicator lamps did not work. This led to the discovery that his batteries were low on water and electrical charge. While he ordered the refilling of the batteries with water, he ordered the reinstallation of the batteries on board the aircraft without recharging them.
The aircraft left with the batteries charged only enough to satisfy two-way radio communication with the tower, with the understanding that an in-flight flight plan would be filed before they left the vicinity of San Juan. This was not done, and the plane continued on a course for Miami. It was noted in the report that the plane's radio transmitter did not function properly due to the low battery charge.
The aircraft left San Juan with a cargo/passenger weight 118 lb (54 kg) over the allowable limit.
A message was sent to the plane concerning a change in wind direction that could have been strong enough to push the plane off course. It was not known if the plane received the message.
The plane's electrical system was not functioning normally prior to departing San Juan.
The aircraft had fuel for 7 1/2 hours of flight; at the time the last transmission was intercepted, the flight had gone on for 6 hours and 10 minutes after takeoff, and thus "an error in location would be critical
the plane last transmission was at 4:13 but was not heard in Miami but in New Orleans. On 4 January 1949, two bodies were found 80–90 kilometres (50–56 mi) south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. (El Tiempo January 5, 1949) It is unknown if this was connected to the missing plane. (IF they did come from the missing plane =plus the fact the last message from the missing DC-3 was heard not in Miami but New Orleans, this could indicate the missing plane actually went down somewhere in the Straits of Florida between Florida and Cuba). Presumedly this accident could have inspired The Fantasy Fiction series The Twilight Zone has a 22 September 1961 episode "The Arrival" which is also a retelling of The Flying Dutchman legend in which a DC-3 plane without crew or passengers lands at an airport; it is ultimately shown to be a hallucination of an insane FAA investigator who is obsessed with trying to solve the mystery of a missing DC-3 which vanished nearly 17 years over the Atlantic Ocean in a flight from Buffalo New York.
Star Ariel lost, 1949
On 17 January 1949 a second BSAA G-AGRE "Star Ariel" was lost due to unknown causes From Bermuda to Kingston Jamaica. An hour into its flight the pilot contacted Bermuda with an estimated time of arrival as 2:10. He also said that he would change Radio frequency from Bermuda to Janaica at 30° N AT 9:37. That was the last message from the plane. Radio communication was very poor the day the plane disappeared
. While the cause and location of the crash are unknown there was a long delay in sending out search planes; Jamaica had not raised an alarm when "Star Ariel" had neither sent in routine radio route checks or failed to arrive as scheduled; Bermuda made no attempt to confirm with Jamaica that Star Ariel had succeded in changing radio frequencies (they may have assumded that because the pilot had said he would change radio frequencies that he had already did so;)and also did not tried to find out whether anything had been heard of the aircraft until 2 hours 28 minutes after its last radio transmission and also did not attempt to establish contact with the aircraft until 17:10 or inquire as to whether it had made contact with Nassau or New York or any other radio station.
Ships

"Ellen Austin" - 1880 or 1881 
According to Legend a sailing ship the "Ellen Austin" found a derelict vessel and placed a crew to sail the vessel to port. Two versions of what happened to the vessel are: the vessel was either lost in a storm or was found again without a crew. Lawrence David Kusche author of "The Bermuda Triangle Mystery-Solved" found no mention in 1880 or 1881 newspapers of this alleged incident-he did trace the legend to a book by Rupert Gould "The Stargazer Talks" published in 1943. The "Ellen Austin" did exist; although one website includes the alleged derelict vessel incident it does find that Rupert Gould talked about the legend on radio in the 1930s; likewise the website traces the derelict story to a June 1906 newspaper story-which claims the derelict ship incident took place in 1891- however the 1906 story does not give a reference of where this story came from!
"USS Cyclops", 1918 
According to Legend a U.S. Navy collier USS Cyclops {AC-4} was lost without trace in March 1918 with about the loss of 306 persons. Circumstantial evidence uncovered by two separate researchers is that the missing ship was lost due to a storm 10 March 1918. The first appeared in "Popular Science" June 1929 article by Alfred P. Reck "Strangest American Sea Mystery is Solved at Last"; nearly 50 years later Lawrence David Kusche author of "The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved" found a report that a navy diver may have accidently found the missing vessel off Cape Charles Virginia in 1968 and also evidence of the storm of 9/10 March 1918.

References

Atlantic Ocean
Fontella Bass (July 3, 1940 – December 26, 2012) was an American singer. She was born in St. Louis. Her song "Rescue Me" hit #1 in the US R&B Singles Chart in 1965. She also had many other successful songs. She died due to complications from a heart attack.

Bass was the daughter of gospel singer Martha Bass.

References

Other websites

 [ Fontella Bass biography at Allmusic]
 Fontella Bass: Coming Full Circle
 Fontella Bass page

African American musicians
American R&B musicians
American pop musicians
American soul musicians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Missouri
Singers from St. Louis, Missouri
1940 births
2012 deaths
American soul singers
Harry G. Carey, Jr. (May 16, 1921 – December 27, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who is known for his Western movies directed by John Ford. He also appeared on Gremlins, Back to the Future Part III, Tombstone, and in The Searchers. His father, Harry Carey, was an actor.

Carey, Jr. was born on May 16, 1921 in Santa Clarita, California. He was married to Marilyn Fix from 1944 until his death in 2012. Carey, Jr. died on December 27, 2012 in his home in Santa Barbara, California from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites
Harry Carey, Jr. official site
Comanche Stallion

1921 births
2012 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
Laurence Holden (May 15, 1961 – February 13, 2011) was a movie, stage, and television actor who is known for his roles as Finch in Batman Begins, as Jimmy in Memento, and as Farrell in Insomnia. He also appeared in The Arc, Cracker, and in Charmed.

Holden was born on May 15, 1961. He was married to Hanne Kristiansen until his death in 2011. They had no children. Holden died on February 13, 2011 from cancer in Orange, Vermont, aged 49.

References

Other websites
2006 Larry Holden interview with Jon Niccum

1961 births
2011 deaths
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
Actors from Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
, also known as Amagaseki and Bakan, is a Japanese city in Yamaguchi Prefecture on the island of Honshu.  The city is in the Chūgoku region.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2005.

History
Shimonoseki was the ancient capital city of the Nagato Province.

Timeline
 25 April 1185 (Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month): the Taira (also known as the Heike) and the Minamoto fought at the Battle of Dan-no-ura; and the Heike were defeated.  Emperor Antoku was drowned in the battle.

 5-6 September 1864 (Genji 1, 5th-6th day of the 8th month): Bombardment of Shimonoseki.
 1895 (Meiji 28): Treaty of Shimonoseki.

Geography
Shimonoseki is a port on the Kamnon Strait (Shimonoseki Strait) at the Western end of Honshu.  The city is near to Kitakyūshū on the island of Kyushu.

Related pages
 Treaty of Shimonoseki

References

Other websites

 Yamaguchi City website 

Cities in Yamaguchi Prefecture
Majoidea is a superfamily of crabs, infraorder Brachyura. Majoidea contains five or six families:
Epialtidae
Hymenosomatidae – but it may not belong in this group 
Inachidae
Inachoididae
Majidae
Oregoniidae

References

Crabs
ValuJet Airlines Flight 592 was a passenger flight which left Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida, scheduled to land in Atlanta, Georgia. The flight crashed in the Florida Everglades with 110 people on board. There were no survivors. The aircraft was a DC-9 previously owned by Delta Air Lines.

A few minutes after departure, N904VJ experienced a significant amount of electrical failures following the sound of a dull boom. The sound was caused by one of the spare nose tires stored in the cargo hold exploding because of the activation of a heated oxygen canister listed as company owned material(COMAT), stored on the plane by SabreTech. The canisters were not checked to see if they were empty or not and were sealed off using tape before being stored in boxes, which were loaded onto the aircraft. The canisters activated on the ground, and gradually became hotter and hotter until the canister housing the flammable air burst into flames.
Now in the air, the pilots continued outbound for several minutes before contacting air traffic control, notifying them of the emergency and their intentions to return to Miami. ATC then radioed the plane about the nature of the problem to which First Officer Hazen replied, "with fire and smoke in the cabin". The north departure controller then notified Miami Center that Flight 592 had an emergency and was returning to Miami.

With the cabin completely in flames, Hazen radioed ATC saying that the airplane needed the closest available airport. The controller tells him that the aircraft is cleared to land on Runway 12 at Miami. The first officer acknowledging this was the last radio contact received by ValuJet Flight 592.
Multiple witnesses testified that they saw the DC-9 in a dive moments before impacting the Everglades. At 14:13:32, ValuJet Flight 592 crashes into the Florida Everglades at high speed in an extreme nose down attitude. The aircraft is completely destroyed and all 110 passengers and crew on board are killed.

1996 in the United States
1990s in Florida
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 1990s
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States
Cliff Osmond (Clifford Osman Ebrahim, February 26, 1937 – December 22, 2012) was an American actor, screenwriter, director, writer, and producer who is known for his roles in Irma la Douce, The Fortune Cookie, and in Kiss Me Stupid.

Early and personal life
Osmond was born on February 26, 1937 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was raised in Union City, New Jersey. Osmond studied at Dartmouth College and at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was married to Gretchen Ebrahim from the 1950s until his death in 2012. They had two children, Margaret and Eric Ebrahim.
Career
Osmond's career would begin in 1961 in the television show The Riffleman. Then he would appear in other movies such as Wild and Wonderful, Three Guns for Texas, Invation of the Bee Girls, The Front Page, The Great Brain, The North Avenue Irregulars, and in his last well-known role in For Which He Stands in 1996. After he stopped acting and later he began to direct and produce shows or television movies. He directed his last movie before his death Bxx: Haunted in 2012.

Death
Osmond died on December 22, 2012 in his home in Pacific Palisades, California from pancreatic cancer, aged 75.

Some movies
Irma La Douce (1963)
Wild and Wonderful (1964)
Kiss Me, Stupid (1964)
The Fortune Cookie (1966)
Three Guns for Texas (1968)
Invasion of the Bee Girls (1973)
The Front Page (1974)
Sharks' Treasure (1975)
The Great Brain (1978)
The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again (1979)
The North Avenue Irregulars (1979)
For Which He Stands (1996)

References

Other websites
Other websites
 
 

1937 births
2012 deaths
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American screenwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television personalities
American television producers
American voice actors
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Jewish American actors
Writers from New Jersey
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
People from Union City, New Jersey
The Great Dividing Range, or the Eastern Highlands, is Australia's largest mountain range. It is the fifth longest land-based range in the world. The range is  in length and runs along the whole east coast of Australia. In the north it starts from Dauan Island off the northeastern tip of Queensland. In Victoria the range turns west and ends at the Grampians in western Victoria. The width of the range varies from about  to over .

The difference in height between the narrow coastal area and the eastern mountains has affected Australia's climate. This caused by the mountains causing lots of rain as clouds move over them. There are many gorges where the rise is tall.

Description

The Great Dividing Range is not a single mountain range. There is a complex of mountain ranges, plateaus, upland areas and escarpments. In some places the land is nearly flat, with only very low hills.  The highlands range from  to  in height.
The Great Dividing Range is made of limestones, sandstone, quartzite, schists and metamorphic dolomite. Their shapes have been made by faulting and folding processes.

The crest of the range is the boundary between the drainage basins of rivers; those which drain east into the Pacific Ocean, or southward into Bass Strait; and those rivers which drain west and south into the Murray-Darling rivers. In the north, the rivers on the west side of the range drain towards the Gulf of Carpentaria.

The higher and more rugged parts of the "range" are not always part of the crest of the range. The term "Great Dividing Range" is used for both the watershed crest, and all of the hills and mountains between the east coast of Australia and the central plains and lowlands. At some places the Great Dividing Range can be up to  wide. Most of the ranges and other features have their own names.
History 
The Great Dividing Range was formed during the Carboniferous period, some 300 million years ago when the super continent Pangaea was forming. The range has eroded since then, and is now much lower than the more recent ranges such as the Alps and Himalayas. Its highest point is 	Mount Kosciuszko at 2,228 m (7,310 ft).

Parks and protected areas
Much of the range lies in national parks and other protected areas. Most of the national parks are listed below. There are also many more state forests.
Alpine National Park – VIC
Bald Rock National Park – NSW
Barrington Tops National Park – NSW
Baw Baw National Park – VIC
Blue Mountains National Park – NSW
Border Ranges National Park – NSW
Brindabella National Park – NSW
Brisbane Ranges National Park – VIC
Budawang National Park – NSW
Bunya Mountains National Park – QLD
Burrowa-Pine Mountain National Park – VIC
Cathedral Rock National Park – NSW
Conondale National Park – QLD
Cunnawarra National Park – NSW
Dandenong Ranges National Park – VIC
Deua National Park – NSW
Dharug National Park – NSW
Gibraltar Range National Park – NSW
Girraween National Park – QLD/NSW
Grampians National Park – VIC
Guy Fawkes River National Park – NSW
Heathcote-Graytown National Park
Kanangra-Boyd National Park – NSW
Kosciuszko National Park – NSW
Lake Eildon National Park – VIC
Lamington National Park – QLD
Morton National Park – NSW
Mount Buffalo National Park – VIC
Mummel Gulf National Park – NSW
Namadgi National Park – ACT
Nattai National Park – NSW
New England National Park – NSW

Nowendoc National Park – NSW
Oxley Wild Rivers National Park – NSW
Snowy River National Park – VIC
South East Forest National Park – NSW
Springbrook National Park- QLD
Sundown National Park – QLD
Toonumbar National Park – NSW
Wadbilliga National Park – NSW
Washpool National Park – NSW
Werrikimbe National Park – NSW
Wollemi National Park – NSW
Yarra Ranges National Park – VIC
Yengo National Park – NSW

References
References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Geography of New South Wales
Geography of Victoria, Australia
Geography of Queensland
Photochemistry is the study of chemical reactions with light. There are many natural examples. One is photosynthesis, how plants make oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Another is making vitamin D in the body.

Many times reactions go with heat: as you heat molecules, they start to move around and so hit other molecules which can then react. What molecules need is just some activation energy, a little energy to start the reaction. In the case of photochemistry, this energy is given by the light. A molecule or an atom absorbs at a certain wavelength. If light is given at this wavelength then the molecule or atom becomes excited. It is then easier for it to react.

Another way in which light can help reactions go is by changing the symmetry of a molecule. This can be tested with the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. Some pericyclic reactions go with heat, some go only with light.
In atmospheric chemistry, light is very important. This is because there is much more UV light at the top of the atmosphere. This allows reactions that do not happen on the ground. For example, ozone can split in an oxygen molecule and one oxygen atom.

Branches of chemistry
Hastings-on-Hudson is a village in Westchester County, New York. It is a suburb of New York City.

References

Villages in New York (state)
Gameshow Marathon is an American television program which aired on CBS from May 31, 2006 to June 29, 2006. Six celebrity contestants competed in a tournament with classic game shows. The game shows that were played included The Price is Right, Match Game, and Family Feud. Ricki Lake was the host of the show. Contestants in the show included Kathy Najimy and Leslie Nielsen.

2000s American television series
CBS network shows
Television game shows
English-language television programs
Jose Rene "J. R." Martinez (born June 14, 1983) is an American actor, motivational speaker and former U.S. Army soldier. He participated in Dancing with the Stars and won in Fall 2011. He was the grand marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 2012. In 2008, he played the role of Brot Monroe on the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children.

In 2003, Martinez sustained severe burns over 34 percent of his body while serving as an Army infantryman in Iraq.

Early life
He was born in Shreveport, Louisiana to Maria Zavala. He has two sisters who were raised with his mother's family in El Salvador. His sister Anabel died before Martinez ever had the chance to meet her. Martinez has never met his father. When he was young he moved to Hope, Arkansas with his mother. At 17, Martinez and his mother moved to Dalton, Georgia, before his senior year of high school.

References

Other websites
1983 births
American television actors
Living people
Actors from Louisiana
People from Shreveport, Louisiana
People from Hope, Arkansas
Batman Forever is a 1995 American action-adventure movie directed by Joel Schumacher and based on the DC Comics character Batman. It starres Val Kilmer as Batman. Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey and Nicole Kidman also act. This was released June 16, 1995 across the United States. It grossed over $330 million at the box office.  It got mixed reviews from the critics. Originally intended as a sequel to Batman Returns with Michael Keaton and Michelle Pfeiffer reprising their roles and Tim Burton supposed to come back to direct, the movie was instead turned into a reboot and is the first installment of Joel Schumacher's Batman duology. Despite this Michael Gougg and Chris played Alfred and Commisary Gordon again.

References

Other websites

 

1995 action movies
1995 crime movies
1990s superhero movies
Batman (1989 movie series)
Batman movies
English-language movies
Movies based on comic book characters
Movies directed by Joel Schumacher
Screenplays by Akiva Goldsman
Sequel movies
Warner Bros. movies
Henri Valois was also the name of Henry III of France
Henri Valois, sometimes called Henricus Valesianus, was a medieval scholar. He was born in 1606 and died in 1676. His family belonged to nobility, and was established in Bayeux and Lisieux. He studied with the Jesuits in Verdun, and later in Paris. He also studied law in Bourges. To make his father happy, he lived as a lawyer in Paris for 7 years, even though he preferred to study. Today, he is known for the church history of Eusebius which he translated in 1660, and other translations of classical texts and fragments. Among these are the works of Constantine VII, which he identified and translated, Ammianus Marcellinus, and a history of Pope Constantine. He translated and published histories of Socrates of Constantinople, Sozomen, Athanasius of Alexandria, as well texts of the First Council of Nicaea,Theodoret, Evagrius Scholasticus, Philostorgius, Theodorus Lector. He also published two texts from anonymous authors, known as Anonymus Valesianus today.
His translations were later used for translations of these texts into French.

1606 births
1676 deaths
French scientists
French translators
Verdun is a commune in Lorraine. About 18,000 people live there. It is the sub-prefecture of the Meuse department and lies on the river of the same name. It has a long history. The city is known for its Dragées, a confectionery which contain either almonds or anise seeds. The London Quai (Quai de Londres) is named in honor of the British capital that financed the city's reconstruction after Word War I.

Related pages
 Treaty of Verdun
 Battle of Verdun
Paula Maxine Patton (born December 5, 1975, Los Angeles) is an American movie and television actress. She acted in movies like Idlewild, Precious and Swing Vote. She also did quite a few television shows.

References

Other websites

 

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
1975 births
Living people
American television actors
Carl Stumpf (21 April 1848 – 25 December 1936) was a German philosopher and psychologist. He is known for his impact on phenomenology, one of the most important philosophical trends of the twentieth century. 

He had an important influence on Edmund Husserl, the founder of modern phenomenology, as well as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, co-founders of Gestalt psychology. 

Stumpf was also one of the pioneers of musicology and ethnomusicology. He held positions in the philosophy departments at the Universities of Göttingen, Würzburg, Prague, Munich and Halle, before obtaining a chair (professorship) at the University of Berlin.
Phenomenology
Stumpf began his Tonpsychologie (Tone psychology) in 1875, perhaps his greatest contribution to psychology. He distinguished between phenomena and mental functions, suggesting that phenomena such as tones, colours, and images are either sensory or imaginary. Stumpf termed the study of such phenomena as phenomenology. He did a wide range of studies of the sounds of different instruments, melody, tonal fusion, and the consonance and dissonance of tones.
Sensational phenomena
In 1903 and 1904, Stumpf was involved in two public episodes about sensational phenomena. First, an engineer from Prague claimed to have invented a machine that could change photographs of sound waves into sound. Stumpf, after attending a demonstration, wrote an article challenging it, and it was never heard about again. However, the case of Clever Hans, an apparently brilliant horse owned by Herr von Osten, was even more sensational. The research done under his guidance disproved the idea that the animal understood language. It turned out that the horse was following subtle clues given unconsciously by its owner.

Major works 
1885. Tonpsychologie
1911. Die Anfänge der Musik
1928. Gefühl und Gefühlsempfindung
1939-1940. Erkenntnislehre. 2 volumes, Leipzig: J.A. Barth.
1997. Carl Stumpf – Schriften zur Psychologie. H. & L. Sprung (eds) Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang.
Other sources 
1911. Pfungst O. Clever Hans (the horse of Mr. von Osten): a contribution to experimental, animal, and human psychology. New York: Henry Holt.
1982. Spiegelberg H. The phenomenological movement. 3rd ed, The Hague: Nijhoff.
1995. Ash M.G. 1995, Gestalt psychology in German culture 1890–1967. Cambridge: Camb. U. Press.
2006. Carl Stumpf – Renaissance de la philosophie. D. Fisette (ed), Paris: Vrin.
2009. Carl Stumpf. Gestalt Theory''. vol. 30, #2.

References 

1848 births
1936 deaths
German philosophers
German psychologists
Musicologists
Michael Learned (/my-kel Lern-ed/ born on April 9, 1939, Washington, D.C.) is an American actress. She became well known for playing Olivia Walton for the television series The Waltons in the 1970s. She also starred in other television series and in movies. She was married to actor Peter Donat from 1965 until 1972.

References

American television actors
1939 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
James K. Okubo (May 30, 1920 – January 29, 1967) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life 
Okubo was born in Anacortes, Washington.  His parents were Japanese immigrant parents. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

The Okubo family was interned at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in California; and then they were moved to the camp at Hart Mountain in Wyoming.

Soldier
Okubo joined the US Army in May 1943.

Okubo volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.
For his actions in October 1944, Okubo  was awarded the Army's third-highest decoration, the Silver Star.  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the Silver Star during World War II.  Okubo's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Okubo's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in eastern France in 1944. many times, he exposed himself to intense fire to treat and evacuate wounded men.
Technician Fifth Grade James K. Okubo distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 28 and 29 October and 4 November 1944, in the Foret Domaniale de Champ, near Biffontaine, eastern France. On 28 October, under strong enemy fire coming from behind mine fields and roadblocks, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo, a medic, crawled 150 yards to within 40 yards of the enemy lines. Two grenades were thrown at him while he left his last covered position to carry back wounded comrades. Under constant barrages of enemy small arms and machine gun fire, he treated 17 men on 28 October and 8 more men on 29 October. On 4 November, Technician Fifth Grade Okubo ran 75 yards under grazing machine gun fire and, while exposed to hostile fire directed at him, evacuated and treated a seriously wounded crewman from a burning tank, who otherwise would have died. Technician Fifth Grade James K
. Okubo's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Namesake
Okubo is the namesake of the Okubo Family Health Clinic at Joint Base Lewis-McChord in Washington.

The Okubo Barracks at the Fort Sam Houston in Texas are named after the Nisei soldier.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  

1920 births
1967 deaths
Military people from Washington (state)
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
The automotive industry refers to the design, manufacture, marketing and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's biggest economic sectors in terms of the money it makes. The automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers making the "horseless carriage". The Ford Model T was one of the first cars to be sold for very little money. For a long time, the United States was the biggest producer of automobiles. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use. The U.S. automobile industry had produced over 90% of them. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. From the 1960s, Japan became the second biggest producer of automobiles in the world. China became the world leader in making automobiles in 2009.

References

Other websites
 Top Ranking Car Companies
 Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers 

Automobiles
Industries
The Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor was created immediately after World War I.  The US Navy decided to recognize via the Medal of Honor two  manners of heroism. One in combat and one in the line of a sailor's profession.  The original upside-down star was designated as the non-combat version and a new pattern of the medal pendant, in cross form, was designed by the Tiffany Company in 1919.  It was to be presented to a sailor or Marine who "in action involving actual conflict with the enemy, distinguish[es] himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty" and without detriment to his mission. This pendant became the Tiffany Cross.
Description
The Tiffany Cross is suspended from the classic light blue Medal of Honor ribbon with 13 white stars. At the ribbon top is a bar with the word "VALOUR".  The medal is a gold cross pattée overlaying an oak and laurel wreath on the obverse side, with an antique anchor in each arm of the cross.  The center, overlaying the cross, is an octagon with the phrases "UNITED STATES NAVY" to the top and "1917·1918" to the bottom, on the perimeter separated by two stars.  The center of the octagon is the Great Seal of the United States.  The reverse side is flat, suitable for engraving.  Recipients medals often had intricate inscriptions.

Authorization
On 4 February 1919 Congress, in the same act that created the Navy Cross and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Congress provided:

Designed by Tiffany Company, this medal became the Tiffany Cross and eligibility was retroactive to 6 April 1917, when the United States entered World War I.
Inconsistent presentations
Despite the "actual conflict" guidelines, the Tiffany Cross was awarded to Floyd Bennett and Richard Byrd for arctic exploration, and to John Siegel for a rescue at sea. In the words of the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, the Tiffany Cross Program was "poorly regulated and documented."

Unpopularity and deauthorization
The Tiffany Cross was unpopular, perhaps because it so closely resembled the German Iron Cross. Recipients, such as Admiral Byrd, requested, received, and wore the classical inverted star design.  Byrd received his Tiffany Cross on 27 February 1927 from President Coolidge.  He received his classical Medal of Honor on 20 June 1930 from President Hoover.  His motives for the change are not remarked upon.  In 1942, the Navy returned to using only the original 1862 inverted 5-point star design, and ceased issuing the award for non-combat action.
Next lower award
During the Tiffany Cross's active status, the next lower naval award was the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, followed by the Navy Cross. By congressional action on 7 August 1942, in the same act that terminated the Tiffany Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal and the Navy Cross swapped places, with the Navy Cross also becoming solely a combat award.
List
The US Naval History & Heritage Command asserts that 28 sailors and Marines received the Tiffany Cross, but does not provide a list. However, a review of:
presentation photographs to Medal of Honor recipients,
photographs or paintings of recipients wearing a Tiffany Cross,
photographs of engravings on the medal's reverse side (many on the Naval History website),
museum displays of recipient medals,
recipient headstone markers,
newspaper accounts of the presentation ceremony and
application of the "actual conflict" criterion
make a nearly complete list.  There are at least three recipients (Byrd, Bennett, Siegal) who have been awarded the Tiffany Cross for non-combat actions. There may be other in-period recipients that have also have received one, but these aren't known, and would require investigation of similar nature for each.

Recipients
Recipients

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I
List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime
List of Medal of Honor recipients during the Occupation of Nicaragua

Notes

References

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United States
1919 establishments in the United States
1942 disestablishments in the United States
The Naval History & Heritage Command (NHHC) is at the historic Washington Navy Yard. It is an Echelon II command responsible for the preservation, analysis, and dissemination of U.S. naval history and heritage.  The NHHC is composed of 42 facilities in 13 geographic locations. This includes the Navy Department Library, ten museums and one heritage center, USS Constitution repair facility and detachment, and Historic ship NAUTILUS.

Mission
 Collect, preserve, protect and make available the artifacts, documents, and art that best embody our naval history and heritage for present and future generations.
 Advance the knowledge of naval history and heritage through professional research, analysis, interpretation, products and services.
 Make naval history and heritage "come alive" for our Sailors and Marines to enhance readiness and esprit de corps.
 Remind America of its need to maintain a strong Navy and Marine Corps to protect its citizens, their freedoms and the nation's maritime commerce.
Vision statement
Be the recognized authority on U.S. naval history and instill pride in America's naval heritage.

Director
The position of Director of Naval History was first established in 1944.
Admiral Edward C. Kalbfus, USN, July 1944 – December 1945
 Vice Admiral Vincent R. Murphy, USN (ret.), December 1945 – June 1946
 Rear Admiral John B. Heffernan, USN (ret.), July 1946 – October 1956
 Rear Admiral Ernest M. Eller, USN (ret.), October 1956 – January 1970
 Rear Admiral F. Kent Loomis, USN (ret.), 24 January 1970 – 31 July 1970
 Vice Admiral Edwin B. Hooper, USN (ret.), August 1970 – July 1976
 Rear Admiral John D. H. Kane, USN (ret.), August 1976 – December 1985
 Dr. Ronald H. Spector, 21 July 1986 – 19 July 1989
 Dr. Dean C. Allard, 29 July 1989 – 31 January 1995
 Dr. William S. Dudley, 23 July 1995 – 30 September 2005
 Rear Admiral Paul E. Tobin, Jr., USN (ret.), 25 July 2005 – January 2008
 Rear Admiral Jay A. DeLoach, USN (ret.), 23 June 2008  – 14 May 2012
 Captain Henry J. Hendrix, USN, 14 May 2012 - present

Collections
The Command starts and maintains records, manuscripts, books, photographs, artifacts, and artwork that document the Navy’s history. Extensive collections at the Command’s headquarters on the Washington Navy Yard include:
Archives—Millions of official operational records, historical documents, personal papers, officer biographies, oral histories, and manuscripts related to naval operations, policy, and strategy, including ships’ deck logs dating back thirty years and annual command operations reports of active U.S. Navy ships, aviation units, and shore commands
Historical Artifacts—More than 200,000 artifacts, such as shipboard equipment, anchors, bells, uniforms, flags, and weapons from some of the Navy’s most famous fighting ships and personnel
Archaeological Artifacts-Over 9,000 artifacts recovered and documented from sunken military craft such as personal affects, ordnance, ship's rigging and hull elements, and ceramic vessels
Photos—More than 500,000 historic still photos in a dedicated photo collection, with thousands more in the records collections housed in the Command’s archives
Art—More than 18,000 paintings, prints, drawings, and sculptures
Library—More than 150,000 books and 80,000 manuscripts related to naval, maritime, and military history in the official Navy Department Library
Navy museums
There are fifteen official Navy museums. They are designed to educate a national audience about the history, customs, and traditions of the U.S. Navy. These museums are dedicated to community outreach and offer curriculum-based education programs, docent-led tours, special evening programs, summer activities, lectures, and musical performances that are open to the public and free of charge. For more information on the following Navy museums, visit the NHHC website:
U.S. Navy Museum – Washington, DC
U.S. Navy Submarine Force Library and Museum – Groton, CT
Naval War College Museum – Newport, RI
Hampton Roads Naval Museum – Norfolk, VA
U.S. Naval Academy Museum – Annapolis, MD
Patuxent River Naval Air Museum – Lexington Park, MD
National Museum of Naval Aviation – Pensacola, FL
Great Lakes Naval Museum – Great Lakes, IL
Naval Museum of Armament & Technology – Ridgecrest, CA
U.S. Navy Seabee Museum – Port Hueneme, CA
Navy Museum Northwest – Keyport, WA / Bremerton, WA
Related pages
United States Army Center of Military History

References

Other websites

 
 Naval Historical Foundation
 National Museum of the U.S. Navy 
 Hampton Roads Naval Museum 
 Great Lakes Naval Museum 
 National Naval Aviation Museum
 Naval Museum of Armament and Technology 
 Naval Undersea Museum
 Naval War College Museum 
 Puget Sound Navy Museum
 Patuxent River Naval Air Museum 
 U.S. Navy Seabee Museum 
 Submarine Force Library & Museum
 U.S. Naval Academy Museum 
 U.S. Navy Supply Corps Museum
 Navy Art Collection 
 USS Constitution "Old Ironsides"
 Underwater Archaeology Branch 

History of the United States
Organizations in Washington, D.C.
The Opel Signum is a car produced by Opel. It was a more upmarket version of the Vectra that it was based on and it arrived in 2003 with a facelift in 2005 and was discontinued in 2008 with no replacement. It was sold in the UK as the Vauxhall Signum. 

It is a hatchback version of the Opel Vectra.

Engines 
 1.8 90 kW (122 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 Turbo 129 kW (175 hp)
 2.2 Direct 114 kW (155 hp)
 2.8 Turbo 169 kW (230 hp) and 184 kW (250 hp)
 3.2 155 kW (211 hp)
 1.9 CDTI 74 kW (100 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 DTI 74 kW (100 hp)
 2.2 DTI 92 kW (125 hp)
 3.0 CDTI 130 kW (177 hp) and 135 kW (184 hp)

Signum
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
The Opel Omega is a car produced by Opel. It replaced the Opel Rekord in late 1986. The first generation was sold as the Vauxhall Carlton in the UK and was facelifted in 1990. It was sold as the Vauxhall Omega in the UK with the second generation which arrived in Spring 1994 with a facelift in late 1999. It was discontinued in June 2003 with no direct replacement. It was also sold as the Cadillac Catera in the US from 1997 to 2001 with a facelift for the 2000 model year. 

Omega
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Robert Elmer "Bob" Balaban (born August 16, 1945) is an American actor, author, producer, and director who is known for his roles in Moonrise Kingdom, Gosford Park, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Best in Show, Lady in the Water, and as his guest-staring roles as Russell Dalrymple in Seinfeld and Frank Buffay, Sr. in Friends.

Balaban was born on August 16, 1945 in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family. His grandparents were Russian immagrants who came to Chicago. Balaban studied at Colgate University and at New York University. He has been married to Lynn Grossman since 1977. They had two children, Hazel and Mariah. He is Jewish. Balaban now lives in Manhattan, New York.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1945 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
Jewish American actors
Actors from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
"Sofi Needs a Ladder" is a song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and features vocals from Sofia Toufa (SOFI). The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album 4×4=12. 

The song was first played on BBC Radio 1 on 22 October 2010.

It was originally an instrumental song and was called "You Need a Ladder" but the song was changed to "Sofi Needs a Ladder" when Sofia Toufa performed the vocals for it.

Deadmau5 create a contest for the best remix of "Sofi Needs A Ladder". The winner's name is MosDam, that had remixed a lot of Deadmau5 tracks.

The song is featured during a house party in a season 8 episode of Entourage, The finals of The X Factor where the first verse was mashed with "What a Feeling" and was performed by Cher Lloyd, the club scene during The Hangover Part II and on the soundtrack of Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit.

Sofi Needs a Ladder won a Juno Award for "Best Dance Recording" in 2011.

References

2010 songs
deadmau5 songs
"Animal Rights" is a collaboration song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5 and American house music producer, Wolfgang Gartner. The song is featured on deadmau5's fifth studio album 4×4=12. 

The song was first played on BBC Radio 1 on 28 August 2010. Animal Rights was added to the BBC Radio 1's playlist on 1 December 2010.

The song reached #72 on the UK Singles Chart and reached #15 on the UK Dance Chart.

References

2010 songs
deadmau5 songs