Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Andres Rodríguez (11 May 1984 – 4 January 2016) was a Venezuelan businessman and an international show jumping competitor. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. 

His achievements included the team silver medal at the 2005 Bolivarian Games, the team bronze medal at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games, an individual silver medal at the 2015 Pan American Games of Toronto, and was qualified to the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, but died before the event.  

Rodríguez was killed in a car crash near Wellington, Florida, aged 31.

References

1984 births
2016 deaths
Road accident deaths in the United States
Venezuelan sportspeople
Business people
People from Caracas
Equestrians
Marvin Lee Minsky (August 9, 1927 – January 24, 2016) was an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). He was the co-founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy. He won the Turing Award in 1969.

Minskey was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Phillips Academy, Harvard University and at Princeton University. Minskey died in Boston, Massachusetts of a cerebral hemorrhage on January 24, 2016 at the age of 88. His body is chronologically frozen in Scottsdale, Arizona.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
 Oral history interview with Terry Winograd at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.  Winograd describes his work in computer science, linguistics, and artificial intelligence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), discussing the work of Marvin Minsky and others.
 Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky 
 Marvin Minsky Playlist  Appearance on WMBR's Dinnertime Sampler  radio show November 26, 2003
 Consciousness Is A Big Suitcase: A talk with Marvin Minsky
 Video of Minsky speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI) 

Turing Award winners
1927 births
2016 deaths
Cryonically preserved people
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
American computer scientists
Scientists from New York City
Charles William "Charlie" Bachman III (December 11, 1924 – July 13, 2017) was an American computer scientist. He spent his entire career as an industrial researcher, developer, and manager rather than in academia. He is particularly known for his work in the early development of database management systems.  The Bachman diagrams are named after him. He won the Turing Award in 1973.

Bachman died on July 13, 2017 at his home in Lexington, Massachusetts of Parkinson's disease at the age of 92.

References

Turing Award winners
1924 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
American computer scientists
Scientists from Kansas
The ACM A.M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community". It is named after Alan Turing and is given each year in New York City. It is the highest award that could be given to a computer scientist. and the "Nobel Prize of computing".

History 
The first Turing Award was given in 1966 to Alan Perlis, a teacher at Carnegie Mellon University. It has been given every year since.

The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis, of Carnegie Mellon University. Frances E. Allen of IBM, in 2006, was the first female recipient in the award's forty-year history.

Recipients

References

Other websites

 ACM List of Turing Laureates 
 Visualizing Turing Award Laureates

Science awards
Niklaus Emil Wirth (born 15 February 1934) is a Swiss computer scientist. He is best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. In 1984 he won the Turing Award, generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science, for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages.

References

Turing Award winners
1934 births
Living people
Swiss scientists
Computer scientists
People from Winterthur
Richard Manning Karp (born January 3, 1935) is an American computer scientist and computational theorist at the University of California, Berkeley. He is known for his research in the theory of algorithms, for which he received a Turing Award in 1985, The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science in 2004,  and the Kyoto Prize in 2008. 

He work includes solving problems of combinatorial optimization (mostly network flow), asking questions about what an efficient algorithm looks like, and works about algorithmic complexity theory,.

References

Other websites

 ACM Crossroads magazine interview/bio of Richard Karp 
 Karp's Home Page at Berkeley

Turing Award winners
1935 births
American computer scientists
Scientists from Boston

Living people
William Morton Kahan (born June 5, 1933) is a Canadian mathematician and computer scientist. He received the Turing Award in 1989 for "his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis." He was named an ACM Fellow in 1994, and added to the National Academy of Engineering in 2005.

Other websites
 William Kahan's home page
 portrait picture of Kahan (on page 5)
 Paranoia for modern graphics processing units (GPUs)
 Paranoia source code in multiple languages
 IEEE 1985. IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic. ACM SIGPLAN Notices 22, 2 (Feb.), 9–25
 An Interview with the Old Man of Floating-Point, 1998-Feb-20 
 A Conversation with William Kahan, Dr. Dobb's Journal November, 1997

Turing Award winners
1933 births
Living people
Canadian computer scientists
Scientists from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Fernando José "Corby" Corbató (July 1, 1926 – July 12, 2019) was an American computer scientist. He was known as a pioneer in the development of time-sharing operating systems and for creating the password system for computers.

Among many awards, Corbató received the Turing Award in 1990, "for his pioneering work in organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems".

In 2012, he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his pioneering work on timesharing and the Multics operating system".

Corbató died on July 12, 2019 in Newburyport, Massachusetts from problems caused by diabetes at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Oral history interview with Fernando J. Corbató at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Corbató discusses computer science research, especially time-sharing, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
 Oral history interview with Fernando J. Corbató at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA.  Fernando Corbató reviews his early educational and naval experiences in the Eddy program during World War II, including the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), Project MAC, and Multics.
 Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing, documentary ca. 1972 about the ARPANET. Includes footage of Fernando Corbató.
 , featuring MIT's CTSS time-sharing system and an interview with MIT Professor Fernando J Corbato.

Turing Award winners
1926 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
American computer scientists
Scientists from Oakland, California
Juris Hartmanis (July 5, 1928 – July 29, 2022) was a Latvian-born American computer scientist and computational theorist. Hartmanis with Richard E. Stearns, received the 1993 ACM Turing Award "in recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory".

Hartmanis died on July 29, 2022 at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
Hartmanis biography at Cornell

1928 births
2022 deaths
Academics from Ohio
American computer scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Riga
Turing Award winners
Latvian scientists
Cornell University faculty
Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr. (April 19, 1931 – November 17, 2022) was an American computer architect,  software engineer, and computer scientist.

He is best known for managing the development of IBM's System/360 family of computers alongside Gerrit Blaauw and Gene Amdahl and the OS/360 software support package, then later writing candidly about the process in his seminal book The Mythical Man-Month.  Brooks has received many awards, including the National Medal of Technology in 1985 and the Turing Award in 1999.

Brooks was born in Durham, North Carolina. He studied Duke University, graduating in 1953 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics, and he received a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics (Computer Science) from Harvard University in 1956, supervised by Howard Aiken.

References

Other websites

Turing Award winners
1931 births
2022 deaths
Scientists from North Carolina
American computer scientists
People from Durham, North Carolina
Frances Elizabeth "Fran" Allen (August 4, 1932 – August 4, 2020) was an American computer scientist and pioneer in the field of optimizing compilers. Her achievements include seminal work in compilers, code optimization, and parallelization. She also had a role in intelligence work on programming languages and security codes for the National Security Agency.

Allen was the first female IBM Fellow and in 2006 became the first woman to win the Turing Award.

Allen died on her 88th birthday on August 4, 2020 in Schenectady, New York from Alzheimer's disease-related problems.

References

Other websites

Frances Allen via IBM Women in WITI Hall of Fame.
Frances Allen: 2000 Fellow Awards Recipient via Computer History Museum
Fran Allen on Compilers and Parallel Computing Systems Notes from her 2008 Organick Memorial Lecture

Turing Award winners
1932 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in New York (state)
American computer scientists
Scientists from New York (state)
Alexandra Anna Daddario (born March 16, 1986) is an American actress and model. 

She was born in New York City. She was born in the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Her brother is actor Matthew Daddario. Her sister is actress Catharine Daddario.  Her paternal grandfather was politician Emilio Q. Daddario. She lives in Los Angeles.

Daddario is perhaps known best for playing the character Annabeth Chase in Percy Jackson & the Olympians , and Blake in the movie San Andreas. She has also played Heather Miller in the 2013 movie Texas Chainsaw 3D and Summer Quinn in Baywatch (2017).

Early Life and Education 
Alexandra Daddario is an American actress born on March 16, 1986, in New York City. Her parents are Christina and Richard Daddario, and she has a younger brother named Matthew Daddario, who is also an actor.
Growing up, Alexandra attended the Brearley School, a prestigious all-girls school located in Manhattan. She then went on to study at the Professional Children's School, which is a school for young performers.

After graduating from high school, Alexandra attended Marymount Manhattan College, where she studied acting. While in college, she appeared in several stage productions, including "The Importance of Being Earnest" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream."

In addition to her studies, Alexandra also started to pursue a career in acting. She made her television debut in 2002 on the daytime soap opera "All My Children." Over the next few years, she appeared in a number of television shows and movies, including "Law & Order," "White Collar," and "The Squid and the Whale."

Despite her busy acting schedule, Alexandra remained dedicated to her education and graduated from Marymount Manhattan College with a degree in acting in 2008.

References

Other websites
1986 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Thomas William  "Tom" Allin (27 November 1987 – 4 January 2016) was an English cricketer. He was a right-arm medium-fast pace bowler who also batted right-handed. He played for Warwickshire. He was born in Bideford, Devon.

Allin died on 4 January 2016 in Bideford, aged 28. He jumped to his death off a bridge.

References

Other websites
 Tom Allin at ESPNcricinfo
 Tom Allin at CricketArchive

1987 births
2016 deaths
English cricketers
Sportspeople from Devon
Suicides by jumping in the United Kingdom
Nivaria Tejera (30 September 1929 – 6 January 2016) was a Cuban poet and novelist. She was awarded the Seix Barral Biblioteca Breve prize in 1971 for her novel Sonámbulo del sol. Her book, The Ravine (2007), is based on her early life.

Tejera was born in Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos Province. Her mother was Cuban and her father was Spanish. She grew up in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. She lived in Paris, France until her death.

Tejera died from pancreatic cancer on 6 January 2016 in Paris, aged 86.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Spanish writers
People from the Canary Islands
Spanish  poets
Ronald Peter "Percy" Freeman (4 July 1945 – 5 January 2016) was an English footballer. He played as a forward. He played for Lincoln City, West Bromwich Albion, Reading, Stourbridge and Boston United. He was born in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire.

Freeman died after an illness on 5 January 2016, aged 70.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
Disease-related deaths in England
English footballers
Sportspeople from Nottinghamshire
The Sonderkommando photographs are four blurry pictures, taken secretly on 4 August 1944 inside the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II.  The photographs were taken by a prisoner in Auschwitz II-Birkenau.  This was Auschwitz's extermination camp - a place where people were sent to be killed in gas chambers.  These are some of the only known photos that show what happened around the gas chambers.

The photographer was a member of the Sonderkommando, a group of inmates forced to work in and around the gas chambers.  He took two photos from inside one of the gas chambers and two from outside.  To keep from being caught, he had to aim the camera from his hip and was not able to focus the camera.  The Polish resistance (a movement of Polish people fighting against the Nazis) snuck the camera film out of the camp in a toothpaste tube.
The photographs were numbered 280–283 by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Numbers 280 and 281 show the cremation of dead bodies in a fire pit.  Number 283 just shows trees (since the photographer could not see where he was aiming the camera, he aimed too high for this photo).  Number 282 shows a group of naked women just before they went into the gas chamber.

Taking the photographs

Nobody knows for sure who took the photographs.  Many records say he was called "Alex," and was a Jewish inmate from Greece.  "Alex" may have been Alberto Errera, an officer from the Greek navy; he was shot and killed after hitting an SS officer.  (The SS - Schutzstaffel - were the Nazi military organization that ran the concentration camps.)

Other members of the Sonderkommando in the camp's crematorium helped get and hide the camera Alex used.  They were also look-outs (they watched the SS to find the safest time for Alex to take the pictures.)
One of these men was Alter Fajnzylberg, who had worked the camp's crematoria since July 1943.  He once described how the photos were taken:

[S]omewhere about midway through 1944, we decided to take pictures secretly to record our work ... In order to do that, [we needed] to get a good camera and film ... From the very beginning, several prisoners from our Sonderkommando were in on my secret: Szlomo Dragon, his brother Josek Dragon, and Alex, a Greek Jew whose surname I do not remember.
On the day on which the pictures were taken ... Some of us were to guard the person taking the pictures. In other words, we were to keep a careful watch for the approach of anyone who did not know the secret, and above all for any SS men moving about in the area.  At last the moment came.  We all gathered at the western entrance leading from the outside to the gas-chamber of Crematorium V: we could not see any SS men in the watchtower overlooking the door from the barbed wire, nor near the place where the pictures were to be taken. Alex, the Greek Jew, quickly took out his camera, pointed it towards a heap of burning bodies, and pressed the shutter. This is why the photograph shows prisoners from the Sonderkommando working at the heap. One of the SS was standing beside them, but his back was turned towards the crematorium building. Another picture was taken from the other side of the building, where women and men were undressing among the trees
. They [were going] to be murdered in the gas-chamber of Crematorium V.
The film was snuck out of the camp by the Polish resistance.  It was hidden inside a tube of toothpaste by Helena Dantón, who worked in the SS canteen (camp store).  Attached to the film was a note dated 4 September 1944, asking that the film be developed right away.

The Sonderkommando photographs were one in many acts of resistance against the Nazis and the war crimes they committed during the Holocaust.

Related pages
 Sonderkommando
 The Holocaust
 Auschwitz concentration camp

References

Other websites

Nathan Cohen, "Diaries of the Sonderkommando," in Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum (eds.), Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press, 1998, p. 522ff.

Photographs

1944 works
Mustafa al-Maraghi was the link between the reforms of his mentor Muhammad Abduh and such subsequent leaders of al-Azhar as Mustafa Abd al-Raziq, Abdel-Halim Mahmoud and Mahmoud Shaltout. As a reformer, al-Maraghi believed in Islam's flexibility and ability to adapt to the needs of modernity. He called for the exercise of ijtihad (independent reasoning/interpretation), reinterpretation, and opposed taqlid (imitation or emulation), the blind following of tradition. And he attributed the religious, moral, intellectual, and political decline of Islamic peoples to the adherence to taqlid and the lack of ijtihad. He said that after the first three centuries, ijma' (consensus of the Muslim community or scholars for resolving legal questions) was impossible, because scholars were so scattered in the East and West that usually it was not possible to collect their opinions.

References 

1881 births
1945 deaths
Egyptian Muslims
Islamic religious leaders
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (12 January 1936 – 7 January 2016) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 2 November 2002 until 2 November 2005 and, again, from 1 March 2015 until his death.

Sayeed was born in Bijbehara, Kashmir and Jammu. He was a Kashmiri Muslim. He was married and had three children.

Sayeed died from multiple organ failure on 7 January 2016 in New Delhi, aged 79.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
Politicians from Jammu and Kashmir
Indian Muslims
Sergey Viktorovich Shustikov (; 30 September 1970 – 7 January 2016) was a Russian football player and manager. He played for Torpedo Moscow, Racing de Santander, CSKA Moscow, Osasuna and Moscow. He managed FC Solyaris Moscow from 2014 until his death.

Shustikov was born in Moscow. He is the son of Viktor Shustikov. His son Sergey (born 1989) is a footballer.

Shustikov died on 7 January 2016 at the age of 45.

References

Other websites
 

1970 births
2016 deaths
Russian football managers
Russian footballers
Sportspeople from Moscow
Michael Peter "Mick" Purcell (6 September 1945 – 5 January 2016) was an Australian rugby union player. He played as a flanker and lock. He played three games for the Wallabies in 1966. He also played for the Queensland Reds.

Purcell was born in Brisbane, Queensland. He was married and had two children.

Purcell died on 5 January 2016 in Brisbane, aged 70.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
Australian rugby union players
Sportspeople from Brisbane
Agathemera (the chinchemolle) is a phasmid insect from  Chile and Argentina. It is famous for its intense odor, which is its main defence.

It is notable for its sexual dimorphism. Females are much bigger than males, at 75mm long and 16mm wide in the thorax.

This phasmid is an evolutionary isolate. It is alone in its suborder, and there are few publications about it.

References 

Phasmids
The Hyundai Veracruz was a mid-size CUV sold by Korean automaker Hyundai. It was introduced in South Korea on October 12, 2006. The Veracruz went on sale in March 2007 and was Hyundai's largest crossover (CUV). It replaced the mid-size SUV, the Hyundai Terracan. The Veracruz was built on a Hyundai Santa Fe platform. The revamped 2011 Veracruz  was based on the same platform as the Kia Sorento.

The Veracruz offered third row seating and came with all-wheel drive. Hyundai discontinued the Veracruz internationally in 2013 and introduced a long wheelbase version of the Santa Fe.

The Veracruz was discontinued in 2015.

References 

Veracruz
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Thameslink and Great Northern is a train company managed by Go-Ahead and Keolis that run the Thameslink line and the Great Northern routes. The routes were previously operated by First Capital Connect.

References

Rail transport in England
British train operating companies
The cubic inch is a unit of measurement for volume in the Imperial units and United States customary units systems. It is the volume of a cube with each of its three dimensions (length, width, and depth) being one inch long.

The cubic inch and the cubic foot are still used as units of volume in the United States. One popular use is for engine capacity, also called cubic inch displacement. The common SI units of volume, the liter, milliliter, and cubic meter, are also used, especially in manufacturing and high technology. One cubic foot is equal to exactly 1,728 cubic inches because 123 = 1,728. One cubic inch equals 16.39 cubic centimeters.

References 

Imperial units
Units of volume
The United States Forest Service (USFS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests. They also manage 20 national grasslands, which encompass . Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, Business Operations, and the Research and Development branch.  Managing approximately 25% of federal lands, it is the only major national land agency that is outside the U.S. Department of Interior.
History 
In 1876, Congress created the office of Special agent in the Department of Agriculture to find out the quality and conditions of forests in the United States. Franklin B. Hough was appointed the head of the office. In 1881, the office was expanded into the newly formed Division of Forestry. The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 authorized withdrawing land from the public domain as "forest reserves," managed by the Department of the Interior. In 1901, the Division of Forestry was renamed the Bureau of Forestry. The Transfer Act of 1905 transferred the management of forest reserves from the General Land Office of the Interior Department to the Bureau of Forestry. It was from that time on known as the United States Forest Service. Gifford Pinchot was the first United States Chief Forester in the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.
Significant federal legislation affecting the Forest Service includes the Weeks Act of 1911, the Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960, P.L. 86-517; the Wilderness Act, P.L. 88-577; the National Forest Management Act, P.L. 94-588; the National Environmental Policy Act, P.L. 91-190; the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act, P.L. 95-313; and the Forest and Rangelands Renewable Resources Planning Act, P.L. 95-307.

In February 2009, the Government Accountability Office decided whether the Forest Service should be moved from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior, which already includes the National Park Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, managing some  of public land.

References 

United States Department of Agriculture
United States government agencies
1905 establishments in the United States
Forestry
The Dodge Power Wagon was a four wheel drive light truck that was produced in various model series from 1945 to 1981 by Dodge. It was also produced as a nameplate for the Dodge Ram from 2005 to 2013, and, most recently, as an individual model marketed by Ram Trucks.

The original version was based on Dodge's 3/4 ton WC series of World War II military trucks. The civilian Power Wagon continued the production of four wheel drive trucks from the 1930s. It is a significant predecessor to the many four wheel drive trucks in modern use today.
History (as Dodge Power Wagon) 
As a version of the Dodge 3/4 ton WC series World War II military trucks, the Power Wagon was introduced in 1946 as the first civilian 4×4.  It was meant to compete with military-based Ford/Marmon-Herrington and GMC trucks. The Power Wagon had an enclosed all-weather cab and an 8-foot cargo bed. It had a 126 inch (3,200 mm) up to a 147" wheelbase chassis. The Power Wagon had a 230 cubic inch flathead inline-six engine. It had a two-speed transfer case. It came with a 4-speed manual transmission with a power take off (PTO) which would send power front or rear for operating auxiliary equipment. It had 9.00/16-8 ply tires on 16×6.50 inch 5-bolt wheels. In 1961 the 230 engine was replaced with the 251 cubic-inch flat head six.
The one-ton rated Power Wagon's gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) was 8,700 pounds. Its maximum payload was 3,000 pounds.  It was discontinued in 1968 (against the wishes of the United States Forest Service) due to the expense of new safety and emission requirements. They were, however, exported until 1978.
Second generation 
In 1967, Dodge released a Power Wagon pickup version better suited for the pickup truck market. It was based on Dodge's pickup truck line. A big-block 383 V8 engines became an option starting in 1967. From 1961 to 1971 the body was called the "Sweptline". It then offered a more modern body image from 1972 through 1980 with varied grilles and paint colors.  In 1975, the 4-wheel drive became full-time with a 2-speed transfer case. This was changed back to part-time 4-wheel drive in 1980 due to the energy crisis.  A huge boost in sales followed the 1974 release of the extended "Club Cab," popular with families and camper towing.  The 4-door Crew Cab was far less common and is quite desirable for collectors.  Utility and function was unmatched by few competing models, as the towing, payload, and snow plowing capacity of the Power Wagon equipped with "Dana 60" 8-lug axles was very popular with road maintenance crews.
The Power Wagon was sold through the 1980 model year. A number of engineering and styling improvements were made over the years as the truck grew in size and weight but the basic truck remained generally constant throughout its life and underwent one last major body change in 1972.

RAM 2500 Power Wagons 
For 2005, Dodge brought back the Power Wagon name on a version of the Dodge Ram 2500.  It was a special off-road version of the Ram 2500 with a 5.7L Hemi V8 as the only engine option. The truck interior remain similar to standard production Ram. As of 2010, the Power Wagon was only available as a Crew Cab Short Bed model. As of 2014, the engine was upgraded to a 6.4L Hemi. The 2014 RAM 2500 Power Wagon got coil springs at all four corners. It is available only with the six-speed automatic transmission.

References 

Dodge automobiles
Pickup trucks
The Chrysler Hemi engine, known by the trademark Hemi nickname, is a series of V6 and V8 engines built by Chrysler with a hemispherical combustion chamber. Three different types of Hemi engines have been built by Chrysler for automobiles. The first (known as the Chrysler FirePower engine) from 1951 to 1958. The second type was made from 1964 to 1971. The third beginning in 2003. Although Chrysler is most identified with the use of "Hemi" as marketing term, many other auto and truck manufacturers have used similar designs. In general the Hemi engines are smaller and more powerful than older engine designs.  They are also less expensive to build. They can produce a great amount of torque and horsepower for their size.

Australian Hemis 
During the 1970s and 1980s, Chrysler also used the Hemi name for their Australian-made Hemi-6 Engine and applied it to the 4-cylinder Mitsubishi 2.6L engine. It was installed in various North American market vehicles.

References 

Motors
Severnaya Zemlya is an group of islands of about 30 islands in the Arctic Ocean. The islands were known as Emperor Nicholas II Land. Severnaya Zemlya was first noted in 1913 and first charted in 1930–32, making it the last group of islands on Earth to be discovered. Politically, the islands are part of Russia's Krasnoyarsk Krai region, but are uninhabited by humans except for an Arctic base. There is a meteorological station on Golomjanny island. Scientists live there for some months of the year.

Severnaya Zemlya splits the Arctic sea into an western part, called Laptev Sea, and an eastern part, called Kara Sea.
A phenomenon called Arctic sea ice decline can be shown on the islands: In the 20th century, the islands were a portion of Eurasia which was always covered by ice. Even as the ice melted in summer, some of the ice remained, and blocked what is called the Northeast Passage. If it were ice free the Northeast passage would permit to naviagate from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean easily. By the late summer of 2012, the permanent ice had reached a record low extent and open water appeared to the north of the archipelago.

References

Archipelagos
Arctic islands
Islands of Russia
Hyundai Elantra is a compact car sold by Korean automaker Hyundai. It has been sold since 1990. The Elantra is also sold as the Avante in other parts of the world. The car is now in its sixth generation. Beginning in 2012 it was also offered as a coupé model.

Overview 
The Hyundai Elantra sedan (Lantra in some markets), created as an alternative to available Japanese cars, was launched in 1990. Then Elantra had three restyling. The biggest one was held in 1993, the front and rear bumpers, front and rear lighting have been changed and the cabin was upgraded.

The second Lantra appeared in 1995. The body was now with a smooth design and had a two-side zincing.

In 1998, during the modernization, form of optics, bumpers and hood were changed.

In 2000, the production of the Lantra model was closed, and the Elantra model appeared. It was made at factories in Ulsan and Beijing until 2006.
Hyundai offers Hyundai i30 called Elantra Touring Universal in the United States and Canada. In other countries, the car is sold as Hyundai i30 CW.

In 2012, a sedan base coupe called Hyundai Elantra Coupe, which is sold exclusively in the United States, was introduced.

In September 2015, the sixth generation of Hyundai Elantra called Avante appeared in South Korea.

Sedan Hyundai Elantra (Avante in South Korea) debuted in Hollywood on March 18, 2020.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Elantra
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros (4 April 1928 – 6 January 2016) was a Cuban trumpeter. He has played with artists such as Arsenio Rodríguez, Generoso Jiménez, Chico O'Farrill, Orchestra Harlow, Eddie Palmieri and Cachao. He was known for making Afro-Cuban jazz, Latin jazz and salsa more popular in the United States where he lived. He was sometimes called "Cuban Louis Armstrong".

Armenteros was born in Santa Clara, Las Villas. He was married eight times, and had nine children, one son and eight daughters.

Armenteros died from prostate cancer on 6 January 2016 in New York City. He was 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York City
Cuban musicians
Deaths from prostate cancer
Jazz musicians
Trumpeters
Kitty Kallen (born Katherine Kalinsky; May 25, 1921 – January 7, 2016) was an American popular singer whose career spanned from the 1930s to the 1960s—to include the Swing era of the Big Band years. She was best known for her 1954 solo recording '"Little Things Mean a Lot". 

Kallen died on January 7, 2016 at her home in Cuernavaca, Mexico at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 Profile, discogs.com
 Profile , artistdirect.com 

1921 births
2016 deaths
American movie actors
Singers from Pennsylvania
Actors from Philadelphia
Florence Virginia King (January 5, 1936 – January 6, 2016) was an American novelist, essayist and columnist. She was born in Washington, D.C.. She was known for writing about the American South and worked for the National Review. She was a conservative columnist.

King died one day after her birthday on January 6, 2016 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 80.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
American journalists
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Daniel Patrick "Pat" Harrington, Jr. (August 13, 1929 – January 6, 2016) was an American voice, stage, and television actor. He was best known for his role as building Superintendent Schneider on the CBS sitcom One Day at a Time. He won an Emmy Award for the role.

Harrington was born in New York City. His father, Pat Harrington, Sr., was also an actor. He was married twice. He had Alzheimer's disease.

Harrington fell in early November 2015. He had a small brain hemorrhage. He died on January 6, 2016 in Los Angeles, California, aged 86.

References

Other websites

 

1929 births
2016 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Emmy Award winning actors
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov (also Korolev, ; September 6, 1926 – January 5, 2016) was a Soviet-born Russian computer scientist. He was a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was involved in the development of the first Soviet computers.

Korolyov was born in Podolsk, Russia. He studied at Moscow State University. Korolyov died at his home in Moscow, Russia at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
Biography of L. N. Korolev  at Virtual Museum Computer.

1926 births
2016 deaths
Russian computer scientists
Moscow State University alumni
Marc Alaimo (born Michael Anthony Alaimo; May 5, 1942) is an American actor. He is known for his villainous roles. He is best known for his role as recurring villain Gul Dukat in the TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. He guest-starred in a Family Guy episode in which he played "The Dean". 

Alaimo was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Other websites

1942 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Milwaukee
Henry Stewart or Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567), styled Lord Darnley before 1565, was king consort of Scotland from 1565 until his murder at Kirk o' Field in 1567.  He is usually called Lord Darnley.  He was the father of James VI and I. 

Darnley was the second son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas. He was their oldest surviving son. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV of Scotland. It is the common belief that Henry Stewart was born on 7 December, but this is disputed. He was a first cousin and the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of her son James VI of Scotland, who succeeded Elizabeth I of England as James I.

Darnley was found dead outdoors, dressed for bed, after an explosion near his bedroom. Many people thought the Queen had arranged his murder.

References
References 

Kings and Queens consort of Scotland
1545 births
1567 deaths
Assassinated people
Klaas Bakker (22 April 1926 – 7 January 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a midfielder and striker. He played for De Volewijckers between 1943 and 1951. He later played for Ajax until 1957. He was born in Amsterdam, North Holland.

Bakker died on 7 January 2016 in Amstelveen, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Footballers from Amsterdam
Sol Polansky (November 7, 1926 – January 6, 2016) was an American diplomat. He served as the Ambassador to Bulgaria from 1987 until 1990. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1957. While in the Foreign Service, he was stationed in the Soviet Union, Poland, West Germany, East Germany and Austria.

Polansky was born Newark, New Jersey. He studied at the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University.

Polansky died after a long illness on January 6, 2016, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States to East Germany
American diplomats
Columbia University alumni
Politicians from Newark, New Jersey
Valerio Zanone (22 January 1936 – 7 January 2016) was an Italian politician. He was secretary and president of the Italian Liberal Party. He was also a senator of the Democratic Party. He was mayor of Turin from 30 July 1990 until 31 December 1991. He was born in Turin, Piedmont.

Zanone died on 7 January 2016 in Rome, aged 79.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Rome
Italian politicians
People from Turin
Yves Fred Vincent (5 August 1921 – 6 January 2016) was a French movie and television actor. He appeared in Sins of Rome (1953), Babette Goes to War (1959), Muriel (1963), Le gendarme se marie (1968) and Hibernatus (1969). 

Vincent was born in Thônes, Haute-Savoie. He spent much time growing up in Algiers, Algeria. He was married twice and had three children.

Vincent died on 6 January 2016 at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 

1921 births
2016 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
Sian Samantha Blake (13 September 1972 – 14 or 15 December 2015), also known as Syan Blake, was a British actress. She was best known for playing Frankie Pierre on the television show EastEnders, appearing in 56 episodes between 1996 and 1997. She also appeared Casualty, The Bill and Skins. She voiced Yugiri in the 2015 video game Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn.

Blake was born in Walthamstow, London. She had two sons with her partner Arthur Simpson-Kent. She had motor neurone disease.

Blake, aged 43, went missing in December 2015 with her sons. Their dead bodies were found on 5 January 2016 in Erith, London. They all died from head and neck injuries. In February 2016, Simpson-Kent was charged with three counts of murder and was remanded in custody.

References

Other websites
 

1972 births
2015 deaths
Actors from London
Black British actors
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Walthamstow
The white-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), is also known as the white-breasted sea eagle. It is a large daytime bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is closely related to Sanford's sea eagle of the Solomon Islands. 

It is a distinctive bird, with a white belly, white head, breast, under-wing coverts and tail. The upper parts are grey. The black under-wing flight feathers contrast with the white coverts. The tail is short and wedge-shaped as in all Haliaeetus species. Like many raptors, the female is slightly larger than the male, and can be  long with a wingspan of up to , and weigh . Immature birds have brown plumage, which is gradually replaced with white by the age of five or six years. Its call is a loud goose-like honking.

The bird lives in India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia to Australia on coasts and major waterways. It breeds and hunts near water, and fish form around half of its diet.
Opportunistic, it eats carrion and a wide variety of animals. Although rated of Least Concern globally, it has declined in parts of southeast Asia. It is ranked as Threatened in Victoria and Vulnerable in South Australia and Tasmania. Human disturbance to its habitat is the main threat. The white-bellied sea eagle is revered by indigenous people in many parts of Australia, and is the subject of various folk tales throughout its range.

References 

Accipitriformes
Seabirds
Birds of Asia
Birds of Oceania
An off-road vehicle is generally any type of vehicle which can be used for driving on and off paved or gravel surface. Off-road vehicles generally have large tires with deep, open treads and a flexible suspension. Off-road vehicles should not be confused with  off-highway vehicles. These are not designed to be used on highways and are capable of traveling cross-country over rough land, marsh, swamps, ice or snow.

Many uses 
Off-road vehicles have a large following because of their many uses and versatility. Several types of motorsports involve racing off-road vehicles. The three largest "4-wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are mud racing, desert racing, and rockcrawling. The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from paved roads. The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles allows access on trails and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.

Rockcrawling
Rockcrawling 

Rockcrawling is an extreme form of off road driving. Drivers use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks).  In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain.  Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc. Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful driving. Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Such vehicles to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.

Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series.  A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about 100-200 yards long.  Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course.
Tread Lightly! 
In the United States and elsewhere off-road vehicles should be ridden only on roads, trails and areas open to off-road travel. At the request of the United States Forest Service, Tread Lightly! created the "RIDE ON" program reminding off-roaders to “RIDE ON Designated Routes”. This was to prevent unregulated motor vehicle travel on public lands. Most US states and other Federal government agencies have similar laws and regulations to safeguard the environment. Tread Lightly!s message of traveling only on existing roads or trails is also designed to prevent social conflicts such as having entire areas closed to off-road travel.

References 

Land vehicles
The Ram Rebel is a full-size pickup truck made by FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group LLC). The Rebel is a new model for 2015. It has a new grille and tailgate which are different than the regular Ram Trucks. The Ram 1500 Rebel is not just a decal package. It is designed for use both on-road and off-road. The Rebel has features that are standard that would otherwise have to be added by the owner for off-road performance.

Features 
The Rebel is available only in the 1500 (half-ton) truck series. It features a blacked-out grille with a large "RAM" letter badge. It stands out as being very different from the RAM truck's iconic "cross-hair" design grilles. Standard equipment includes an off-road powder coated front bumper, skid plates, tow hooks and fog lights. It has projector headlamps with LED marker lights. The aluminum sports hood is distinct to the Rebel.
The Rebel is standard with an air suspension that rides higher than other RAM 1500s. It has new 17-inch aluminum wheels with black accents. It comes with 33-inch (LT285/70R17E) Toyo Open Country A/T all-terrain tires, Bilstein shock absorbers, and has a different steering and stability-control system than a stock RAM.

Powertrains 
The standard engine in the Rebel is a 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6 engine that makes 310 horsepower, 269 pound-feet of torque. It is capable of getting 25 mpg on the highway. The optional V-8 engine is a 5.7-liter HEMI that produces 395 horsepower and 410 pound-feet of torque. It is rated at 15 mpg in the city, 21 mpg on the highway.

References 

Pickup trucks
Oswald Theodore Avery Jr. FRS (October 21, 1877 – February 20, 1955) was a Canadian-born American physician and medical researcher.  Most of his career was spent at the Rockefeller University Hospital in New York City.

Avery was one of the first molecular biologists and one of the first people to study immunochemistry.

He is best known for the experiment (published in 1944 with his co-workers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty) which proved that DNA is the material from which genes are made.

The Nobel laureate Arne Tiselius said that Avery was the most deserving scientist to not receive the Nobel Prize for his work, even though he was nominated for the award several times during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s.
Biography
Oswald  Avery was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. His father was a Baptist minister. In 1887, his father was asked to move to New York City to lead a church.  Avery received his A.B. degree in 1900 from Colgate University. He earned an M.D. degree from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1904. He practiced medicine in New York City until 1907 when he became a researcher at Hoagland Laboratory in Brooklyn, New York. As an adult, Avery had hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and he had thyroid surgery in 1934. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1936.

Breakthrough discovery

For many years, genetic information was thought to be in cell protein. Continuing the research done by Frederick Griffith in 1927, Avery worked with MacLeod and McCarty on the mystery of inheritance. He got emeritus status from the Rockefeller Institute in 1943, but continued working for five years, though by that time he was in his late sixties.
In this early experiment dead Streptococcus pneumoniae of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected together with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase took Avery's research further in 1952 with the Hershey–Chase experiment. These experiments paved the way for Watson and Crick's discovery of the helical structure of DNA, and thus the birth of modern genetics and molecular biology. Of this event, Avery wrote in a letter to his youngest brother Roy, a bacteriologist at the Vanderbilt School of Medicine: "It's lots of fun to blow bubbles but it's wiser to prick them yourself before someone else tries to".

Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his laboratory provided "the historical platform of modern DNA research" and "betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally".
Bibliography
The collected papers of Avery are stored in two locations: the Tennessee State Library and Archives, and the Rockefeller Archive. Many of his papers, poems, and hand written lab-notes are available at the National Library of Medicine in the Oswald T. Avery Collection, the first of their Profiles in Science series.

References

More reading
 René Dubos, The Professor, the Institute, and DNA: Oswald T. Avery, his life and scientific achievements, 1976, Paul & Company, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

 
 

1877 births
1955 deaths
American geneticists
Medical researchers
American microbiologists
Rockefeller University faculty
People from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Ashraf Pahlavi (Persian: اشرف پهلوی / Aŝraf Pahlawi, 26 October 1919 – 7 January 2016), was the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran (Persia) and a member of the Pahlavi dynasty. She was born in Tehran. She was thought to be the "power behind her brother" and was instrumental in the 1953 coup which led to him taking the throne. She served her brother as a palace adviser and was a strong advocate for women's rights. 

Her brother was Gholamreza Pahlavi, who also lived in exile in Paris until his death in 2017. Her half-brother was Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran.

Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, she lived in exile in New York City, Paris and Monte Carlo and remained outspoken on her country's politics.

Pahlavi died in Monte Carlo, Monaco at the age of 96.

References

1919 births
2016 deaths
People from Tehran
Twin people
Iranian princes and princesses