Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
PuTTY is a terminal emulator application which can act as a client for the SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw TCP computing protocols. The word "PuTTY" has no meaning, though 'tty' is  sometimes used to refer to the Unix terminals, as an acronym for 'teletype'.

PuTTY was first written for Microsoft Windows, but it has been ported to other operating systems including some Unix-like platforms. Mac OS and Mac OS X are still being ported, while unofficial ports have been ported it to the Symbian and Windows Mobile operating systems.

PuTTY is currently beta software. Licensed under the MIT License, and it is free and open source software.
Features 
Some features of PuTTY are:
 Unicode support.
 Control over the SSH encryption key and protocol version.
 Command-line SCP and SFTP clients, called "pscp" and "psftp" respectively.
 Control over port forwarding with SSH (local, remote or dynamic port forwarding), including built-in handling of X11 forwarding.
 Emulates most xterm, VT102 control sequences, as well as much of ECMA-48 terminal emulator.
 IP Version 6 support.
 Supports 3DES, AES, Arcfour, Blowfish, DES.
 Public-key authentication support.
 Support for local serial port connections.

Main Programs
Main Programs 

The versions available are made up of some or all of the following programs:
 PuTTY - the Telnet and SSH client itself;
 PSCP - an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy;
 PSFTP - an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP;
 PuTTYtel - a Telnet-only client;
 Plink - a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends;
 Pageant - an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP and Plink;
 PuTTYgen - an RSA and DSA key generation utility;
 pterm - a standalone terminal emulator.

Related pages
 W-PuTTY-CD
 FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Project home page
Development libraries related to PuTTY
 W-PuTTY-CD, PuTTY Communications in a Microsoft Windows™ DLL 
Other versions of PuTTY (for Windows):
 KiTTY
 PuTTY Tray 
 QuestPutty 
 ExtraPuTTY (Portable PuTTY for USB sticks,TestStand Step, Win32 API,PuTTY Communications in a Microsoft Windows™ DLL ....)
 PuTTYcyg
 Portable PuTTY for USB sticks
Other programs related to PuTTY
 PuTTY Connection Manager
 PuTTY Session Manager

Free software
Secure Copy or SCP is a method of securely transferring computer files between a local and a remote host or between two remote hosts, using the SSH protocol.

References
How the SCP Protocol Works

Internet security
Computer protocols
Migros is a supermarket chain found in Switzerland and other countries.

History 
It was started in 1925 by Gottfried Duttweiler. He started in Zürich with a wagon and sold products 40% cheaper than others. At first he sold only coffee, rice, sugar, noodles, coconut oil and soap. Later, he started selling more and in 1926, Duttweiler built his first market, also in Zürich.

Other websites 
Migros Switzerland website 

Supermarkets of Switzerland
1925 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Switzerland
Companies based in Zürich
In computing, the SSH File Transfer Protocol (sometimes called Secure File Transfer Protocol or SFTP) is a network protocol that implements file transfer between computers. It is often used as more secure alternative of an FTP protocol, which transmits file contents, folder contents and even passwords without encryption.

SFTP protocol is built on top of SSH protocol which is used as a transport layer over the port 22 and is implemented by an SSH server such as OpenSSH. 
SFTP is different from SCP, which is another protocol relying on an SSH connection. It is also different from FTPS, which used SSL to encrypt the connection itself, rather than sending the data through an SSH tunnel. 

Many popular FTP programs have added support for SFTP. Access to the SFTP server can be granted either through a username, a password or by using a  public key.

Internet
Computer protocols
Computer security  is a branch of information technology known as information security which is intended to protect computers. Computer security has three main goals:

Confidentiality: Making sure people cannot acquire information they should not (keeping secrets) 
Integrity: Making sure people cannot change information they should not (protecting data)
Availability: Making sure people cannot stop the computer from doing its job.

Computer security involves telling computers what they are not to do. This makes computer security unique because most programming makes computers do things. Security takes much of a computer's power.

Basic computer security methods (in approximate order of strength) can be:

 Limit access to computers to "safe" users.
 Peripherals that block any "unsafe" activity.
 Firewall and antivirus software.

An example of complexity and pervasiveness of the issue is vending machines, per Hackers Lurking in Vents and Soda Machines April 7, 2014 New York Times.

Related pages
Related pages

 Cybercrime
 FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
 Internet safety
 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption
Mark Odejobi born 18 January, 1988 in London, England is a rugby union player for London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a winger.

Other websites
Wasps profile 

English rugby union players
Sportspeople from London
1988 births
Living people
Damien Varley (born 29 October 1983 in Limerick) is an Irish rugby union player for Munster in the Pro 12 and Heineken Cup. He plays as a Hooker. Varley plays his club rugby with Garryowen.  Before he played for the London Wasps.

Other websites 
Wasps profile 

1983 births
Living people
Irish rugby union players
Crayon Shin-chan (, Kureyon Shin-chan, also known as Shin-chan in other countries) is a Japanese manga and anime series written by Yoshito Usui. It has 56 (including the New Crayon Shin-chan series) manga volumes. The anime has been broadcast since 1992, and there are twenty-four movies as of 2016. They are popular all over the world. The anime program Shinchan has more than 900 episodes. This show is broadcasteon Tv Asahi in Japan and on Hungama TV in India.

Plot Summary 
Shinnosuke "Shin-chan" Nohara is a little boy who does everything he can to annoy his parents and teachers (and succeeds), but he only means the best. He just tries to have a good time and sometimes annoys people in the process.shinchan has a sister her name is hemavari and shinchan has friend

Main Characters
Main Characters 

Shinnosuke Nohara: 5 years old boy.  He lives in Kasukabe, Saitama in Japan and goes to Futaba kindergarten. He is also very fat and chubby.
Hiroshi Nohara: Shinnosuke's father. He works for Futaba company.
Misae Nohara: Shinnosuke's mother. She is a housekeeper.
Himawari Nohara: Shinnosuke's sister. 0 years old.

Movies
1. July 24, 1993: 
Theme Song: 
Lyricist: Shizuru Ohtaka / Composer: Osamu Masaki / Arranger: Yuzo Hayashi / Singer: Mew (Miyuki Kajitani)
2. April 23, 1994: 
Theme Song: 
Lyricist: AIKO / Composer: Akira Shirakawa / Arranger: Mari Konishi / Singer: Kyoko Kishi
3. April 15, 1995: 
Theme Song: 
Lyricist: Nozomi Inoue / Composer: Yasuo Kosugi / Arranger: Yuzo Hayashi / Singer: Sachiko Sugimoto
4. April 13, 1996: 
 Special Guest Star: Akiko Hinagata
 Theme Song: "SIX COLORS BOY"
 Lyricist: Makoto Asakura / Composer/Arranger: Daisuke Asakura / Singer: Akiko Hinagata
5. April 19, 1997: 
 Special Guest Star: Tamao Nakamura
 Theme Song: 
 Lyricist/Composer/Arranger/Singer: Kazuo Zaitsu
6. April 18, 1998: 
 Special Guest Star: IZAM
 Theme Song: "PURENESS"
 Lyricists: IZAM, SAKA Chan / Composers: KUZUKI, SHAZNA / Arrangers: Nobuhiko Sato, Kazuhisa Yamaguchi, SHAZNA / Singers: SHAZNA
7. April 17, 1999: 
 Theme Song: 
 Lyricist: Rokusuke Ei / Composer: Taku Izumi / Arranger: Mumon Toyama / Singers: The Nohara Family & Onsen Wakuwaku '99
8. April 22, 2000: 
 Theme Song: 
 Lyricist: Takashi Matsumoto / Composer: Toshiaki Matsumoto / Arranger: Motoyoshi Iwasaki / Singer: Sachiko Kobayashi (Chorus: Otowa Yurikago-kai)
9. April 21, 2001: 
 Theme Song: 
 Lyricist: Mitsuko Shiramine / Composer/Arranger: Motoyoshi Iwasaki / Singer: Sachiko Kobayashi
10. April 20, 2002: 
 Theme Song:
Theme Song: 
 Lyricist/Composer/Singer: Dance☆Man
11. April 19, 2003: 
 Special Guest Star: Tama-chan
 Theme Song: 
 Lyricist: Sayuri / Composer: Takafumi Iwasaki / Arranger: Hideo Saito / Singers: The Nohara Family All Stars (Akiko Yajima, Miki Narahashi, Keiji Fujiwara, Satomi Koorogi, Mari Mashiba)
12. April 17, 2004: 
 Theme Song: 
 Lyricists: Teruyoshi Uchimura with Boon Companions and Emi Makiho / Composer/Arranger: Yasumasa Sato / Singers: NO PLAN
13. April 16, 2005: 
 Special Guest Star: The Guitar Samurai (Yoku Hata)
 Theme Song: "CraYon Beats"
 Lyricist/Singer: AI / Composers: AI, Kenji Hino, DJ YUTAKA (813) / Arrangers: Kenji Hino, DJ YUTAKA (813)
14. April 15, 2006: 
 Special Guest Star: Koriki Choshu
 Theme Song: "GO WAY!!"
 Lyricist/Singer: Kumi Koda / Composer/Arranger: Hiroshi Komatsu
15. April 21, 2007: 
 Theme Song: "Cry Baby"
 Lyricist: Naoki Takada / Composers: Naoki Takada and Shintaro "Growth" Izutsu / Arranger: Shintaro "Growth" Izutsu / Singer: SEAMO
16. April 19, 2008:
Special Guest Star: Yoshio Kojima
 Theme Song: 
 Singer: DJ Ozma
17. April 18, 2009: 
 Special Guest Star: Jero
 Theme Song: 
 Singer: Jero
18. April 17, 2010: 
 Theme Song: 
 Singer: mihimaru GT
19. April 16, 2011: 
 Theme Song: 
 Singer: Kanjani Eight
20. April 14, 2012: 
 Theme Song: 
 Singer: Watarirouka Hashiritai 7
21. April 20, 2013 
 Theme song: RPG
 Singer/Band: SEKAI NO OWARI
22. April 19, 2014 
 Theme Song: Family Party
 Singer: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu
23. April 18, 2015
Theme Song: OLA
 Singer/Band: Yuzu
24. April 16, 2016

 Theme Song: 
 Singer/Band: Ketsumeishi
There have been other specials in which feature-length movies were broadcast on television rather than in theaters.

The special crossover episode Kamen Rider Den-O + Shin-O aired in 2007 to promote the Kamen Rider Den-O movie. A second special series was aired in April 2012 featuring Shin-chan and Kamen Rider Fourze to not only promote Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called!: Me and the Space Princess, but also Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Super Hero Taisen.

References 

 Official Futabasha Crayon Shin-chan website  
 Official TV Asahi Crayon Shin-chan website 

Anime
The Adventures of Hamtaro (とっとこハム太郎, Tottoko Hamutarō, literally Trotting Hamtaro) is a Japanese children's anime preschool series created by Ritsuko Kawai. The main character is a hamster named Hamtaro.

Plot Summary 
After moving into a new town, Hamtaro finds that he's in the company of lots of different hamsters, making up a group of hamster friends that go on crazy adventures through the city. Before they save Laura and other humans from nasty predicaments, however, they have to learn how to save themselves.

Manga
Anime
2002 television series debuts
2004 television series endings
Finn Harps are a football team in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. They play in the Eircom Premier Division.

Irish football clubs
Sadomasochism is a word which is mostly used in a social (non-medical) way. It means that people get together to either give or receive pain and humiliation. Usually it's a form of sex play. 

Sadists enjoy inflicting pain on others or humiliating them. Masochists get pleasure from being tortured, hurt, or humiliated.  

Paraphilias
Lanzarote is one of the Canary Islands.

Geography and Climate 
Lanzarote is one of the two islands in the east of the Canary Islands. It is located 100 km west of the Western African coast line and 11 km north of the neighbouring island Fuerteventura. 
Its dimensions are from east to west coast 16.5 km, from north to south 60 km.
The island was created by volcano eruptions.
There is only limited natural vegetation on the island.
About 130,000 people live on Lanzarote. The largest town on the island is Arrecife.

Economy 

Lanzarote has one international airport at Arreceife (airport code ACE). Lanzarote's economy is mainly supported by tourism.
Many tourist come to the island for sunbathing, swimming, windsurfing, walking or snorkeling.

There are a few agricultural producers on the island, and in particular there are some vineyards producing local wines.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Web Centers of Art, Culture and Tourism of Lanzarote
 Official Lanzarote Website
 Pictures of Lanzarote
Biosphere reserves
Islands of the Canary Islands
The McMahon Line is a demarcation line drawn on map referred to in the Simla Convention, a treaty between Britain and Tibet signed in 1914.

Although its legal status is disputed, it is currently the effective boundary between China and India.

This dispute was used a pretext in a war between China and India in 1962.

Related pages 
 Arunachal Pradesh
 Durand Line
 Radcliffe Line

References

Further reading
 GlobalSecurity.org,  India-China Border Dispute
 Kawaguchi, Yuki.  "Arunachal Pradesh Territorial Dispute between India and China,"  ICE Case Studies (US). No. 161, November, 2005.

Territorial disputes of China
1910s treaties
1910s in the United Kingdom
Geography of Tibet
Theodor Heuss (31 January 1884 in Brackenheim - 12 December 1963 in Stuttgart) was a German politician. He was the first person elected to a regular term as President of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Heuss was born in Brackenheim, near Heilbronn. He studied art history and state studies in Munich and Berlin. 
He received his doctorate in 1905 in Munich. In 1908 he married Elly Heuss-Knapp (1881-1952). He worked for a political magazine from 1908 to 1912, and then for a regional newspaper. In 1910 he joined the Progressive People's Party and stayed there until 1918.
Between 1923 and 1926 he published the magazine Die Deutsche Nation ("The German Nation"). Heuss became a member of the German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP) and was a member of parliament for two periods.
In 1933 Heuss voted for the Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz) against his personal beliefs, following his party.
After World War II Heuss was the first Minister of Culture in Baden-Württemberg. He was one of the founders of the Free Democratic Party of Germany after WW II.

In 1949 he was elected as first President of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was reelected once.

1884 births
1963 deaths
Members of the German Bundestag
German academics
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany
India-Pakistan maritime trespassing refers to the frequent trespassing and violation of respective national territorial waters of India and Pakistan in peacetime. Most trespassing is common to Pakistani and Indian fishermen operating along the coastline of the Indian state of Gujarat and the Pakistani province of Sindh within the disputed region of Rann of Kachchh.

Pakistan
The Indo-Bangladeshi barrier is a 4,000-kilometer fence that India is presently constructing to seal off the Indian-Bangladeshi international border from what was formerly East Bengal. East Bengal was a partitioned region of Bengal, called East Pakistan from 1956 to 1971. This obstruction is virtually isolating Bangladesh from the rest of India to a very large extent nowadays, since the Modi Govt. intervention, regarding the disputes along Indo-Bangla Border, along with the records of illegal immigrants of people belonging to both of the nations.

Foreign relations of Bangladesh
Borders of India
Buildings and structures in India
Buildings and structures in Bangladesh
Frank-Walter Steinmeier (born 5 January 1956) is a German politician. He was Foreign Secretary, Vice Chancellor of Germany and is currently the twelfth President of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Steinmeier was born in Detmold in 1956. After his abitur (secondary school exam) and his military service, he studied law in Gießen. In 1982, he passed his first exam. His second exam was completed and passed in 1986. Between 1986 and 1991, he worked as assistant to the Doctor of Public Law and Political Science at the Gießen University. He obtained his Doctorate of Law in 1991.

After 1991, he worked in the State Chancellory of Lower Saxony for the Minister-President, Gerhard Schröder. From 1998, he was Undersecretary of State in Gerhard Schröder's Chancellor Office after Schröder became Chancellor of Germany. In 1999 he became Secretary of State.
In 2005, he became the new Foreign Minister of Germany in the coalition cabinet of Angela Merkel. He became Vice Chancellor of Germany in 2007. In 2008 he was elected to be the chancellor candidate of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) for the election in 2009. The SPD got their worst result ever in a German federal election (23.0%), and Steinmeier became leader of the SPD parliamentary group in the Bundestag.

From 2013 to 2017 he was again Foreign Minister.

Since 19 March 2017 he has been President of Germany, succeeding Joachim Gauck. He was re-elected in 2022 in a landslide victory.

References 

1956 births
Living people
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Mary Elizabeth Gore (née Aitcheson; born August 19, 1948), known as Tipper Gore, is an author, photographer, writer, and educator who served as the Second Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, as the wife of Vice President Al Gore.

Early life and education 
Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson was born on August 19, 1948 in Washington D.C. to John Aitcheson Jr. and Margaret Carlson Aitcheson. She later grew up in Arlington, Virginia and she was later raised by both her mother and grandmother after her parents divorced.

She attended schools and universities such as, St. Stephens and St. Agnes School, Garland Junior College, Boston University, Vanderbilt University, and George Peabody College. Aitcheson later pursued and graduated with both a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts.
Marriage and family 
Aitcheson met Al Gore at his senior prom in 1965 and they began dating afterwards. On May 19, 1970, they married at the Washington National Cathedral. They have four children named, Karenna, Kristin, Sarah, and Albert Gore lll.

Second Lady of the United States (1993–2001) 
Gore assumed the role and duties as the second lady of the United States on January 20, 1993 succeeding, Marilyn Quayle when her husband inaugurated as the 45th vice president of the United States. As second lady, Tipper served as the mental health policy advisor to the president. Her goals were to destroy the stigma surrounding mental illness and to bring awareness to the need for affordable mental health care. In 1999, she hosted the first White House conference on mental health. That same year, she launched the National Mental Health Awareness Campaign to encourage Americans to seek treatment for mental illness.
Along with her work in mental health, Gore was a part of several other initiatives during her time as second lady. Tipper visited a refugee camp and an orphanage in Zaire on a personal trip to provide aid in the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide. She stayed in a United Nations camp to assist doctors and aid workers and also made an official visit to Honduras in 1998 following Hurricane Mitch to volunteer, bring medical supplies, and to survive the damage.

Gore was actively involved in her presidential campaign in 2000, making her own campaign stops and media appearances. She also acted as an advisor and hired Tony Coelho as chairman in part of her husband's presidential campaign. Her husband lost and was defeated by George W. Bush in a close tie in the race, due to a Florida recount. Gore served as the second lady from 1993 until her husband's term ended in 2001.

References
References

Second Ladies of the United States
American photographers
1948 births
Living people
American LGBT rights activists
American lawyers
American political writers
American politicians
American psychologists
Boston University alumni
Democrats (United States)
Writers from Washington, D.C.
The second lady of the United States or second gentleman of the United States (SLOTUS or SGOTUS), is the informal title held by hostess of the Number One Observatory Circle, usually the wife or husband of the vice president of the United States, during the vice president's term in office. 

Doug Emhoff is the current second gentleman of the United States, in role since January 2021 as the husband of Vice President Kamala Harris.

Twelve women went on and became become first lady of the United States following their husbands becoming the president of the United States, the first woman was Abigail Adams and the most recent woman is Jill Biden.
Origins and Role 
The second lady or gentleman is not elected by the people of the United States. There are no official jobs he or she is officially required to perform and they are not paid for being the second spouse, but they are often involved in political campaigns, managements of the Number One Observatory Circle, participating in social causes and representing the vice president at official and ceremonial occasions and accompanying the vice president on foreign summits and events.
List of second ladies and gentlemen of the United States
Abigail Adams · Ann Gerry · Hannah Minthorne Tompkins · Floride Calhoun · Letitia Christian Tyler · Sophia Dallas · Abigail Fillmore · Mary Cyrene Burch Breckinridge · Ellen Vesta Emery Hamlin · Eliza Johnson · Ellen Maria Colfax · Eliza Hendricks · Anna Morton · Letitia Stevenson · Jennie Tuttle Hobart · Edith Roosevelt · Cornelia Cole Fairbanks · Carrie Babcock Sherman · Lois Irene Marshall · Grace Coolidge · Caro Dawes · Mariette Rheiner Garner · Ilo Wallace · Bess Truman · Jane Hadley Barkley · Pat Nixon · Lady Bird Johnson · Muriel Humphrey Brown · Judy Agnew · Betty Ford · Happy Rockefeller · Joan Mondale · Barbara Bush · Marilyn Quayle · Tipper Gore · Lynne Cheney · Jill Biden · Karen Pence · Doug Emhoff

List of living former second ladies of the United States
As of 2023, there are only five living former second ladies.

References
Lynne Ann Vincent Cheney (born August 14, 1941) was the second lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009. She is the wife of former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney. She is a novelist, conservative scholar, and former talk-show host.

Early life
Lynne Ann Vincent was born in Casper, Wyoming. Her mother, Edna Lolita (nee Lybyer), became a deputy sheriff, and her father, Wayne Edwin Vincent, was an engineer. She is a descendant of Mormon pioneers. She has family roots in Denmark, Sweden, England, Ireland, and Wales. She was raised Presbyterian and became Methodist after she married Dick Cheney.

Books

Lynne Cheney is the author or co-author of several books:
Blue Skies, No Fences: A Memoir of Childhood and Family (2007) ()
 Our 50 States: A Family Adventure Across America (2006) ()
 A Time for Freedom: What Happened When in America (2005) ()
 When Washington Crossed the Delaware : A Wintertime Story for Young Patriots (2004) ()
 A is for Abigail : An Almanac of Amazing American Women (2003) ()
 America: A Patriotic Primer (2002) ()
 The Body Politic: A Novel (2000) ()
 Kings of the Hill: How Nine Powerful Men Changed the Course of American History (1996) ()
 Telling the Truth (1995) ()
 Academic Freedom (1992) ()
 American Memory: A Report on the Humanities in the Nations Public Schools (1987) ()
 Sisters (1981; New American Library, Penguin Group) ()
 Executive Privilege (1979) ()

References

Second Ladies of the United States
Writers from Wyoming
1941 births
Living people
People from Casper, Wyoming
Chairpersons of the National Endowment for the Humanities
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
The Common bluebottle (Graphium sarpedon) is a species of swallowtail butterfly. It is found in South and Southeast Asia and in parts of Australia. There are 15 subspecies with different geographical distributions.

s
The Bama Boyz (a.k.a the Bamaz) are a Grammy-nominated, Dove Award winning, American record production, songwriting, and artist trio, with Eddie “E-Trez” Smith III, Jesse J. Rankins, Jonathan D. Wells as members.

Musical groups from Alabama
Hip hop bands
Montgomery, Alabama
Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Alabama
Swallowtail butterflies are large, colorful butterflies which form the family Papilionidae. There are at least 550 species, and though the majority are tropical, members of the family are found on all continents except Antarctica. The family includes the largest butterflies in the world, the birdwing butterflies of Australia (genus  Ornithoptera).

References
Graphium is a genus of swallowtail butterflies. They are commonly known as swordtails. They are native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. The genus has over 100 species. These species are mostly tropical. Their coloration is variable. Their habitat varies from rainforests to savannahs. Some species have tails on their hind wings which may be long and swordlike. Others do not have any tails. Graphium species are often seen at mud puddles.

ja:アオスジアゲハ#アオスジアゲハ属
Sauerbraten (also known as Cube 2 or Sauer, German for “sour roast”) is a cross-platform, Quake-like, first-person shooter computer game that runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Mac OS X using OpenGL and SDL. The game features single-player and multiplayer game play and contains an in-game level editor, its main feature. The game engine is free and open source software, under the Zlib License, with commercial support available from the developer's own business counterpart, Dot3 Labs.

The game started as a redesign to the original Cube Engine, and its first release was made on May 6, 2004. The game gets updated quite regularly.

Technology

Sauerbraten was made out of the game Cube, but is much more advanced and a player can create new levels. Sauerbraten was not made to look very good, but to allow easy map making within the game without making a big download. Sauerbraten CTF Edition is less than 350 megabytes.  The game Crysis is around 3,000 megabytes.

Map editing
Map editing 

Maps are made out of cubes, which can be made longer or shorter and can be reshaped. These cubes can be mapped out easily, using the in-game editor. This means that both map-makers and players can make very big, detailed maps very quickly. This is not like other games such as Quake, where you need a lot of effort and bugfixing work to even get the map to work.

This simplicity in editing has resulted in a lot of maps released by players and developers. They are available on the Quadropolis forums.

Gameplay 

The game has singleplayer and multiplayer modes. Multiplayer can be with LAN and Internet connection. Online game types are deathmatch, last man standing,"Capture" (where teams fight for control of parts on the map), Quake-style Capture the Flag, also instant-shot games (Instagib, Insta-clan-arena, insta-capture) as well as online multiplayer map editing, which is one of Sauerbraten's most interesting and popular features. In single player modes the computer controls monsters against you.
Media 

The game has been shown in a Burger King television commercial, it received four out of five stars in a MacWorld UK review, and the game was mentioned in Issue 3 of Games for Windows: The Official Magazine (as well as their 101 Free Games Article), where it was described as being "perfect for both stingy and creative gamers alike".

The CTF edition was given a long review by Phoronix, a website focused on Linux and software reviews, as well as Linux.com, a website providing news related to free and open source software.

References

Other websites 

 Official Sauerbraten site
 Sauerbraten project at SourceForge.net
 Community Cube/Sauerbraten mapping and modding site 
 Tool to monitor servers for cube-based games

2004 video games
MacOS games
Windows games
Speaker of the House of Commons can refer to:
Speaker of the House of Commons (UK), which has historically comprised:
Speaker of the House of Commons of England (-1706)
Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain (1707-1800)
Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (1801-)
Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons (1867-)
Speaker of the Northern Ireland House of Commons
A town crier is a person who is employed by a town council to make public announcements in the streets. The crier can also be used in court or official announcements. Criers often dress elaborately, a tradition known from the 18th century, in a red and gold robe, white breeches, black boots and a tricorne hat.

They carry a handbell to make a loud noise and they shout the words "Oyez, Oyez, Oyez!" before making their announcements. The word "Oyez" means "hear ye," which is a call for silence and attention. Oyez is from an Anglo-Norman word for listen. Some town criers announcements are recorded in books called a Proclamation Book The proclamations book in Chester from the early 19th century records the town criers call as "O Yes, O Yes!"

History

England
History

England 

In Medieval England, town criers were the most important way of spreading news with the people of a town. Many could not read newspapers. Royal proclamations, local bylaws, market days, advertisements and even selling loaves of sugar were all proclaimed by a bellman or town crier for centuries. During Christmas 1798, the Chester Canal Company sold some sugar that was damaged in their packet boat and this was advertised by the town crier.
Chester's first 'belman' was in 1540. His was paid one (old) penny for 'going for anything that is lost' and 4 old pennies for leading a funeral procession. In 1681, a fire safety law that all houses should have tiled roofs, not thatched, was to 'be published throughout the city by the day bellman. In 1553, the crier was paid 13 old pennies for 'ridunge the banes' (reading the banns or adverts) for the Chester Mystery Plays. In 1598, bellman Richard Woodcock must have been dressed in a similar way to the London bellman, for he had 'a tymber mast typt at both endes and embellished in the middest with silver' (a wooden stick with silver decorations).

In 1620, there was a fight at the crossroads between the butchers and the bakers where the 'Cryer brake his Mace in peeces Amonge them'(broke his silver stick among them). In 1607, one public notice read by George Tunnall, the bellman, that putting rubbish in the river was illegal.
In 1656 the parish register of St Mary le Crypt in Gloucester records banns of marriage as being "published by the Bellman".

In 1715, a local man recorded that the 'Belman at the Cross ... Reads publicly a proclamation in the Mayor's name, commanding all persons in the City to bee of peaceable and civil behaviour, not to walk around the Streets or Rows at unreasonable hours of night'. In 1743, John Posnitt took over as 'Day and Night Bellman'.

In 1792, Chester had a day-time and night-time bellman, John Yarwood and a crier, William Ratcliffe, but by 1835 there seems to have been only one position. It was not until 1998 that Chester had both a crier and a bellman again.
Town criers were protected by royalty, as they sometimes brought bad news such as tax increases. To this day, any town crier in the British Commonwealth is protected under old English law that they are "not to be hindered or heckled while performing their duties". To injure or harm a town crier was seen as an act of treason against the ruling monarchy. The term "Posting A Notice" comes from the act of the town crier, who having read his message to the townspeople, would attach it to the door post of the local inn.

Europe 
The same as England, town criers were the most important way to deliver news to the people of the town because many people could not read newspapers or write. Proclamations, local bylaws, market days, adverts, were all proclaimed by a bellman or crier.

Criers were not always men, many town criers were women. Bells were not the only way to make noise - in Holland, a gong was often used, and in France a drum was used, or a hunting horn.
Modern town criers 
The best dressed town crier and escort at the last World Championships (date of entry 2008) are Peter and Maureen Taunton  from the county town of Stafford, UK. They also hold the title of the best dressed town crier in Britain 2008 Competition held at Alnwick for the Loyal Company of Town Criers. They are also the Best Dressed Crier at the National Town Crier Competition in Hastings 2007.

Peter Moore has been The London Town Crier   for more than 30 years. He is Town Crier for The Mayor of London, The City of Westminster, and London Boroughs. He is also Freeman and Liveryman of The City of London.

Alan Myatt holds the world record as the loudest town cryer at 112.8 decibels.

The need for town criers has disappeared and they became part of the local folklore. There are European and World Championship competitions for modern town criers.

References

Books 
 Gordon Emery, Curious Chester (1999)

Other websites 
 Town Crier history 
 Town Crier Plymouth 

Occupations
The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic of the bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It happened during the years of 541 to 542 in the Byzantine Empire while under the rule of Justinian I. Historians estimate that this pandemic killed as many as 100 million people across the world, partly because it returned every twelve years until 770, when it stopped for about 500 years.

Between 541 and 700, the Plague of Justinian killed about half of the people in Europe. It also may have contributed to the success of the Muslim conquests. Its social and cultural impact is comparable to that of the Black Death.
Origin and impact 
Through trade, the plague came from India to Ethiopia or Egypt. Eventually, trade ships brought the plague north to the large city of Constantinople. Ships bringing grain, which Constantinople imported, carried rats along with them. These rats carried the plague. By the end of the pandemic, the plague had killed 40% of Constantinople's population. At its worst, it killed 10,000 people in Constantinople every day.
Doctors at the time relied on religious and folk remedies which were not effective in treating the plague. This caused the plague to spread rapidly throughout Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In total, about 25 million people died because of the Plague of Justinian. It is said to have contributed to the fall of the Byzantine Empire, because it killed farmers and caused famine. Also, the empire relied on tax money, and the plague killed many taxpayers.Overall, the Plague of Justinian was a sickness that happened around 1,500 years ago. It started in the city of Constantinople and spread to other parts of the world. Many people got sick and some even died. The disease was caused by bacteria and was spread by fleas on rats. It lasted for several years and caused a lot of damage to the Byzantine Empire by weakening its defenses, harming its economy, and killing large amounts of its population
. Even though it was a long time ago, we can still learn from this event and take precautions to prevent the spread of diseases today.
References

Sources 
 Edward Walford, translator, The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, .  —The author, Evagrius, was himself stricken by the plague as a child and lost several family members to it.
Procopius. History of the Wars, Books I and II (The Persian War). Trans. H. B. Dewing. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1954.—Chapters XXII and XXIII of Book II (pages 451–473) are Procopius's famous description of the Plague of Justinian. This includes the famous 10,000 people dead a day in Constantinople statistic (page 465).
Little, Lester K., ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge, 2006. .
Rosen, William. Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe, Viking Adult, 2007. .

Byzantine Empire
Ancient Rome
Plague pandemics
541
542
History of Europe
The zlib License is an open source software license.

The license
The words of the zlib License are:

This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
arising from the use of this software.

Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
freely, subject to the following restrictions:

1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
   claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
   in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
   appreciated but is not required.
2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
   misrepresented as being the original software.
3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.

Related pages
 List of software licenses

References
http://www.zlib.net/zlib_license.html
Plant cutting, also known as striking/cloning, is a technique for vegetatively (asexually) propagating plants. With this method,  a piece of the source plant containing at least one stem cell is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool. The cutting then grows new roots, stems, or both, and becomes a new plant independent of the parent.

References

Agriculture
Ferdinand Lassalle (11 April 1825 — 31 August 1864) was a German jurist and socialist politician.

Lassalle was born in Breslau. His father sent him to a business school in Leipzig. Lassalle changed to the University of Breslau. He later studied in Berlin.
He studied Philosophy, Philology (Latin and Ancient Greek) and Law.

Lassalle took part in the revolutions of 1848-49. He was put into prison and later banned from Berlin. He lived in Düsseldorf that time. In 1859, Lassalle returned to Berlin.

Lassalle was a liberal politician in the early 1860s. The liberals had some struggles with Otto von Bismarck. Lassalle thought about the living conditions of the working class. He found that the idea of self-help would not help the working class people. This led him to become a member of the Communist league. There he was in opposition to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Lassalle founded the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (General German Workers' Association, ADAV) in 1863. This party later became the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Lassalle was killed in a duel.

1825 births
1864 deaths
German politicians
German prisoners
People from former German territories
People from Wrocław
Hans-Dietrich Genscher (21 March 1927 – 31 March 2016) was a German politician.

Early life
Genscher was born at Reideburg, near Halle. Genscher served in World War II from 1943 to 1945. He joined the Nazi Party at the age of 18. After the war, he studied economics and law in Halle and Leipzig. He joined the East German Liberal Democratic Party (LDPD) in 1946.

In 1952, Genscher fled to West Germany. There he joined the Free Democratic Party (FDP). He passed his second state examination in law in Hamburg in 1954. After that, he became a solicitor in Bremen.
Career 
In 1965, Genscher was elected to the Bundestag, the West German parliament for the first time. From 1969 to 1974, he was Federal Minister of the Interior under Chancellor Willy Brandt.
 
Genscher was Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1982 under Helmut Schmidt.  Two weeks later, he began to serve in the same positions under Helmut Kohl. He served the second time from 1982 to 1992.  He was Germany's longest serving Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor.

Death
Genscher died at his home in Wachtberg, Germany from heart failure on 31 March 2016, aged 89.

Related pages 

 Politics of Germany

References
References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in North Rhine-Westphalia
Members of the German Bundestag
German lawyers
German military personnel of World War II
Government ministers of Germany
Nazis
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians of the Free Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Jonny Kennedy (born 16 February 1990) is an English rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He was born in Leighton, Cheshire. He plays as a centre or on the wing.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1990 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Sportspeople from Cheshire
Franz Müntefering (born January 16, 1940) is a German politician. He used to be Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

Müntefering was born in Neheim-Hüsten near Arnsberg.
After his school time he was taught to became an industrial salesman.
He joined the Social Democratic Party in 1966.
He was member of the Bundestag (Federal Parliament) from 1975 to 1992 and again from 1998 to 2013.

1998 he was a member of the Landtag (state parliament) of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1992 to 1995 he was Secretary of Social affairs in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia.
From 1995 to 2001 he was Party Chairman in that state.

From 1995 to 1998 he was Bundesgeschäftsführer (federal executive director) of the SPD.
In 1998 he became Secretary for Transport and Infrastructure of Germany under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder.
From 1999 to 2002 he was Secretary General of the Social Democratic Party.
From 2002 to 2005 he was fraction leader in the Bundestag.
He was Party Chairman of the SPD from 2004 to 2005. 
From 2005 to 2007 he was Secretary for Working and Social Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany under Angela Merkel in her Grand Coaltion.
In 2007 he gave up all his jobs - excepted the mandate in Federal Parliament - to care for his ill wife.
After the death of his wife he returned.

From 2008 to 2009 he was Party Chairman of the SPD again.

Other websites
 Biography by German Bundestag 

1940 births
Living people
Members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany
Nick Royle  (born 1983)  is a current England Rugby Sevens International rugby union player. He plays as a winger.

He has played for Warrington, Widnes Vikings, Sale Sharks and Fylde.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1983 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Carl Fearns (born 28 May 1989 in Liverpool) is an English rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1989 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Sportspeople from Liverpool
James Gaskell (born 20 May 1990) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He was born in Crewe, Cheshire. He plays as a lock.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1990 births
Living people
English rugby union players
People from Crewe
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Sportspeople from Cheshire
Martin Halsall (born 25 December 1984 in Blackpool, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1984 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
People from Blackpool
Alex Shaw (born 31 March 1987 in Maidstone, Kent, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1987 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Sportspeople from Kent
Chris Leck (born 21 May 1986 in Manchester, England) is a rugby union player for Sale Sharks in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a scrum-half.

Other websites
Sale Sharks profile

1986 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Sale Sharks rugby union players
Sportspeople from Manchester
Secret Water is the eighth book in Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books. It was published in 1939.

This book is set in and around Hamford Water in Essex, close to the resort town of Walton-on-the-Naze. It brings the Swallows and the Amazons together and introduces a new group of characters, the Eels and the Mastodon. Ransome sailed to Hamford Water, an area of salt marshes and low lying islands in his boat Nancy Blackett. He set the book in this tidal place which offered a new setting for his characters and chances to explore and map the area.

Plot summary
Plot summary

The Swallows mean to sail in the Goblin to Hamford Water and camp with their father, but he is called away on naval business. Instead he maroons them with a small boat (dinghy) on an island. Before he leaves, Father gives them a basic map of the area they call Secret Water and suggests they map the area before he returns to pick them up.
For a surprise, he has arranged for the Amazons to come down from the Lake District and join them with another dinghy.

They see some mysterious footprints which turn out to belong to the Mastodon, a local boy. He mistakes them for the Eels, another family who camp in the area regularly. Later the Eels arrive and are initially hostile before they settle down for a friendly war.

It seems that due to the distractions of war and being cut off by the tides, the chart will not be completed. However early in the last morning two separate groups of children complete it.

Related pages
 Beaumont Cut

1939 books
English children's books
Gran Turismo is a driving simulation video game created by Polyphony Digital for Sony PlayStation console. The game was first sold in 1997. There are seven main games of Gran Turismo series and by late 2008 over 50 million Gran Turismo games have been sold by Sony. Each of the games simulate many different types of car including small, big, racing, old, new, Formula one and concept cars such as the Nike 2022. The cars look very realistic. Gran Turismo games were one of the first video games to include music from famous artists. Sony also released three Gran Turismo Concept versions. The game play is races similar to all real-life car racing including racing driver tests and everything from one short lap races in slow cars to 24 hour Le Mans racing challenges in prototype cars.

PlayStation games
1997 video games
Gran Turismo series
Aramids are polymers. The name stands for aromatic polyamide. Structurally aramids are similar to proteins.

Overview 
Stephanie Kwolek developed aramids at DuPont in 1965. DuPont uses the trade name Kevlar for them.. 

Aramids are very present in security helmets, in splinter-resistant glass, in Ballistic vests, but also in other domains. They are used as a replacement for asbestos as a building material, for gaskets and other sealings, but also as helpers to make sails, parachutes and similar tools.

Armour
Polymers
A brute force attack is a term in cryptanalysis. It means trying to break a coded cyphertext by trying a lot of possibilities with fast computers. For example, a large number of the possible keys are tried in the key space. If successful , this decrypts the encrypted message.

Overview 
The theoretical possibility of a brute force attack is recognized by the cryptographic system designers. They work to make the cryptographic system very difficult for computers to break using brute force attack. For that reason, one of the definitions of "breaking" a cryptographic scheme is to find a method faster than a brute force attack.

The selection of an appropriate key length depends on how difficult it will be to break it using a brute force attack. By obfuscating the data before encryption, brute force attacks are less effective and more difficult to determine.

The brute force attack can be used together with a dictionary attack.
For symmetric encryption, a key size of 128 bits is considered secure against brute force by traditional computers. 192 or 256 bits is considered secure against quantum computers. Many old ciphers, such as DES, used short keys which made them breakable by brute force.

Cryptography