Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Muchesh (, ) is a city in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Its people speak Kurdish. They are followers of Islam.  At the 2006 census, its population was 2,950, in 769 families.

References 

Cities in Kurdistan Province
Chenareh (, ) is a city in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Its people speak Kurdish. They are followers of Islam.  At the 2006 census, its population was 433, in 101 families.

References 

Cities in Kurdistan Province
Kani Dinar (, ) is a city in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Its people speak Kurdish. They are followers of Islam.  At the 2006 census, its population was 5,127, in 1,232 families.

References 

Cities in Kurdistan Province
Delbaran (, ) is a city in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Its people speak Kurdish. They are followers of Islam.  At the 2006 census, its population was 6,104, in 1,395 families.

References 

Cities in Kurdistan Province
Dezej (, ) is a city in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Its people speak Kurdish. They are followers of Islam. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,292, in 559 families.

References 

Cities in Kurdistan Province
Serishabad (, ) is a city in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Its people speak Kurdish. They are followers of Islam. At the 2006 census, its population was 6,563, in 1,742 families.

References 

Cities in Kurdistan Province
Shuyesheh (, ) is a city in the Kurdistan province of Iran. Its people speak Kurdish. They are followers of Islam. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,136, in 280 families.

References 

Cities in Kurdistan Province
Saheb (, ) is a city in the west side of Iran. They are followers of Islam. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,489, in 344 families.

Cities in Kurdistan Province
The Irtysh River (; ;  / ; , "Twirl"; ) is a river in Siberia and Kazakhstan. It is the main tributary of the Ob River. The main tributary of the Irtysh is the Tobol River. The Ob-Irtysh forms a major drainage basin in Asia, and covers most of Western Siberia and the Altay Mountains.

From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Vast Irtysh, kara means Vast in Turkic languages but also black. But in the context and geographic terms usually refers vast) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China, the Irtysh flows northwest through Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan, meeting the Ishim and Tobol rivers before merging with the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk in western Siberia, Russia after 4,248 kilometres (2,640 mi).
The name Black Irtysh (Kara-Irtysh in Kazakh, or Cherny Irtysh in Russian) is applied by some authors, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan, to the upper course of the river, from its source entering Lake Zaysan. The term White Irtysh, in opposition to the Black Irtysh, was occasionally used in the past to refer to the Irtysh below lake Zaysan; now this usage is largely obsolete.

Main tributaries 
The largest tributaries of the Irtysh are, from source to mouth:

 Kelan (right)
 Burqin (right)
 Kalzhyr (right)
 Kürshim (right)
 Naryn (right)
 Bukhtarma (right)
 Ulba (right)
 Uba (right)
 Chagan (left)
 Om (right)
 Tara (right)
 Uy (right)
 Osha (left)
 Shish (right)
 Ishim (left)
 Tobol (left)
 Noska (left)
 Demyanka (right)
 Konda (left)

Rivers of Russia
Rivers of Kazakhstan
In quantum mechanics, the mathematical formalism is very difficult to interpret physically. However, there are many ideas about the interpretations and meanings of quantum mechanics. There are no facts to prove any interpretation over the others, but there are some that are more accepted than others.

Background material
Main article: Quantum mechanics

The main ideas of quantum mechanics are the postulates of Schrödinger and Heisenberg. The Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that describes the wavefunction of an object.  The equation can be given by
The basic meaning of this equation is that a particle, such as an electron, is not just a point-like particle, but also a type of wave. The philosophical implications will be explored shortly. Another fundamental of quantum mechanics is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. This bizarre theory is the idea that the position and the momentum of an object cannot both be known. The greater the certainty of the position of an object, the less the certainty of the momentum of the object. The mathematical formulation of this is given by

This can further be generalized by stating that

Where  is the operator of  and . This law also gives rise to an uncertainty between energy and time, which can be expressed in the same way as the relation between momentum and position.
Probability waves
Another important fact of quantum mechanics is that the electron behaves in a very weird way. At first, no one really knew what the wavefunction meant physically. Max Born, a theoretical physicist, explained that the wavefunction is a probability wave. In other words, wherever the wave is denser, that is where the particle is most likely found, but it won't necessarily be found there. The way to find the probability 
() of the position of the particle in the region  is given by

For example, if  is equal to .5, then there is a 50% chance of finding the particle within that region. This shows us that the location of a particle is probabilistic; one can never say that the particle will definitely be found at a certain point in space, but rather, one can only give the probability of finding the particle within that region.
Copenhagen interpretation
The most well-accepted interpretation of quantum mechanics and the most boring one is the idea called Copenhagen interpretation. This interpretation builds upon the probability-wave notion, but brings in a radical new idea called the superposition principle. The best way to explain this principle is by showing it mathematically. If the functions  are solutions of the Schrödinger equation, then the superposition of those wavefunctions is also a solution. i.e.,

 

Where  is the superposition of the various wavefunctions. This idea implies that a particle occupies every possible wavefunction it can. This implies that a particle occupies more than one position at the same time. In other words, a particle exists in at least two different positions simultaneously. When an observer comes and actually measures the position of the particle, something called the wavefunction collapse occurs. So when someone observes the particle, the following happens:

→
→

In simple terms: when there is no observation or observer, then a particle occupies many positions simultaneously; when an observation takes place, the wavefunction collapses and the particle exists only in one position.

Many-worlds interpretation
The many-worlds interpretation is by far the most fantastic interpretation of quantum mechanics. This interpretation says that rather than the wavefunction collapsing, each possibility actually occurs, but in separate universes. This means that the universes branch off for each possibility. Also it says that you can live forever according to quantum suicide.

Quantum determinism
The interpretation presented by Albert Einstein himself, states that the outcome of some random event is predetermined. So, rather than a particle existing as a probability wave, this interpretation says that the particle exists only in one position, but we just perceive it to be a probability. This idea is much less popular, but nonetheless mentionable.
Which one is right?
So, of the three main interpretations of quantum mechanics, which one is correct? Physicists seem to think that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most likely, but no one is for sure.

References 

Quantum mechanics
Planck's law describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T. The law is named after Max Planck, who proposed it in 1900. It is a pioneering result of modern physics and quantum theory.

Related pages
 Blackbody radiation 

Electromagnetic radiation
is a Japanese city in Hiroshima Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

History 
In 1894, Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi transfered the Imperial Headquarters (Daihon'ei) to Kure.

The modern city of Kure was founded in 1902.

The natural harbor was a naval base until the end of the Second World War.  The Japanese battleship Yamato was built at Kure.

Timeline
 1889: Kure Army base established
 1894: Imperial Diet met at Kure
 1902: City of Kure created from merger of Washō, Futagawa, Miyahara and Sōyamada
 1903: Kure Naval Arsenal established.

Education
 Goko Academy

References

Other websites

 http://www.city.kure.lg.jp/english/index.html ; 
 Yamato Museum
 

Cities in Hiroshima Prefecture
is a Japanese city in Hiroshima Prefecture on the Etajima Island at the entrance of the bay of  Hiroshima.

History
Etajima was the site of the  from 1888 to 1945.

The present city was created in 2004. It was created by uniting 4 towns: Etajima, Nōmi, Ōgaki, and Okimi.

References

Other websites

 
 Etajima City website 

Cities in Hiroshima Prefecture
is a Japanese city in Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

History
The city was created in 2005 from the merger of the towns of Fukiage, Higashiichiki, Hiyoshi and Ijūin.

Sister cities 
  Subang Jaya

References

Other websites

 Hioki City website 

Cities in Kagoshima Prefecture
Bagh () is a sub-district of Bagh District, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Tehsils of Bagh District
Towns in Azad Kashmir
Jason Rocco Anthony Spezza (born June 13, 1983 in Mississauga, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He played a total of 19 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Ottawa Senators, Dallas Stars and Toronto Maple Leafs.

He began his hockey career with the Brampton Battalion of the Ontario Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Mississauga Ice Dogs for 2 seasons, the Windsor Spitfires for 2 seasons and the Belleville Bulls for 1 season. He entered the draft in 2001 and he was drafted with the 2nd overall by the Ottawa Senators in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft.
He was assigned to the Grand Rapids Griffins, the farm team of the Senators. He was called up to the Senators and made his NHL debut in the 2002-03 NHL season. He played 33 games with the Senators and played most of the season with Ottawa's new affiliate, Binghamton Senators. He was called up and played two seasons with the Senators and was sent down to the Binghamton Senators to play a season. After that he joined the Ottawa's main roster full-time.

Spezza was on the cover of 2007 video game, NHL 2K8. He married his girlfriend Jennifer on July 25, 2009. They have two daughters Sophia Donna Spezza (born June 8, 2010) and Nicola Patricia Spezza (born April 1, 2012).

On July 1, 2014, after Spezza had requested a trade, the Senators traded him along with Ludwig Karlsson to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Alex Chiasson, Alex Guptill, Nicolas Paul and a 2015 second-round pick to Ottawa.
On May 29, 2022, Spezza announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey. After he retired, he became an assistant to Leafs general manager Kyle Dubas. On May 19, 2023, Spezza stepped down when Dubas was fired.

References

Other websites 

1983 births
American Hockey League players
Binghamton Senators players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Dallas Stars players
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Ottawa Senators players
Ontario Hockey League players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Sportspeople from Mississauga
Cave Johnson (January 11, 1793 – November 23, 1866) was a United States Congressman from Tennessee. He was from the Democratic Party.

References

1793 births
1866 deaths
Politicians from Tennessee
United States Postmasters General
Michelle Monaghan (born March 23, 1976) is an American movie and television program actress. She was in the movies Eagle Eye, Made of Honor and Mission: Impossible III. She also acted in the television program Boston Public. Before acting, she appeared on the covers of several magazines. Monaghan was born in Winthrop, Iowa.

References

American movie actors
Actors from Iowa
1976 births
Living people
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
is a Japanese city in Miyazaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.

History
The  preservation district has a 19th century character.

The modern city was established in 1951.

References

Other websites 

 Hyuga City website 

Cities in Miyazaki Prefecture
Qinghai Province is a large province in north-west China on the Tibetan Plateau.

Related pages
Political divisions of China

Other websites
Memorials from Qinghai

Provinces of China
is a city in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.

History
Nichinan grew up around Obi Castle.

The modern city was established in 1950.

References

Other websites

 Nichinan City website 
 Japanese National Tourist Organization  

Cities in Miyazaki Prefecture
Julia Carolyn Child (born Julia Carolyn McWilliams; August 15, 1912 – August 13, 2004) was an American television personality, writer, and chef. She was known for having her own cooking show The French Chef. She won a Peabody Award and an Emmy Award. 

Child was born on August 15, 1912 in Pasadena, California. She studied at Smith College and at Le Cordon Bleu. Child was married to Paul Cushing Child from 1946 until his death in 1994, but they didn't have children. Child died on August 13, 2004 in Montecito, California from kidney failure, two days before her 92nd birthday.

References

Other websites

 
 Julia Child: Lessons with Master Chefs from PBS
 Julia Child's Kitchen at the Smithsonian
 American television interview with Julia Child on June 25, 1999, at Google Video
 Coverage of Julia Child in The New York Times
Julia Child Papers.Schlesinger Library , Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
1912 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Television personalities from California
American chefs
Peabody Award winners
Emmy Award winners
Writers from Pasadena, California
Roy William Hill (December 1, 1899 – February 14, 1986) was an American automobile dealer, philanthropist, and businessman. He helped start the Eisenhower Medical Center.

Hill was born on December 1, 1899 in Los Angeles, California. He was married to Madeleine M. Hill from 1924 until they divorced during the 1930s. Then he was married to Faye D Maxwell from 1942 until they divorced in 1969. Then he was married to Anne T. Hill from 1971 until his death in 1986. Hill died on February 14, 1986 from heart failure in his Rancho Mirage, California, aged 86.

References

1899 births
1986 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American billionaires
Philanthropists from California
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Meg Hillier (born 1969, Hampstead) is the Labour MP for Hackney South and Shoreditch. She was also the Mayor of Islington, where she lives. She read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at St Hilda's College, Oxford. She is currently Chair of the Public Accounts Committee in Parliament after taking over from Margaret Hodge.

References 

1969 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs
St. Hilda's College, Oxford is part of the University of Oxford. It was founded as a women's college in 1893 and remained single sex until 2008.

Other websites
St Hilda's website 

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1893 establishments in England
Saint Hilda (614-690) of Whitby, Yorkshire was an abbess. Bede writes about her in his history of the church.

Other websites
St Hilda at the Catholic Encyclopaedia

Christian saints
614 births
690 deaths
Whitby is a fishing port near Scarborough, North Yorkshire, in northeast England.  13,213 people live there. Its name comes from the Old Norse Witebi, which means the "white settlement".

Whitby is on the edge of the North Yorkshire Moors.  

Its heritage coast is around 35 miles (56 km) long, stretching from Staithes to Flamborough. At Whitby, dinosaur footprints are visible on the beach. The black mineral jet is found in the cliffs and on the moors and has been used since the Bronze Age to make beads.  In Victorian times jet was brought to Whitby by pack pony to be made into decorative items. It was most popular in the mid-19th century when it was chosen for mourning jewellery by Queen Victoria after the death of Prince Albert.

In the Middle Ages, Whitby was home to whaling and herring fishing fleets.  Now, lobsters, brown and velvet crabs are important to the local fishery.  Tourists first began to visit Whitby in the 1800s.  Tourism is now the main source of income for Whitby.
Whitby's East cliff is the home of Whitby Abbey.  On the West Cliff, a whalebone arch commemorates Whitby's fishing heritage.

Captain James Cook, a British explorer who mapped New Zealand, Hawaii and Newfoundland, learnt to sail in Whitby. 

Part of Bram Stoker's story of Dracula is set in Whitby.

Other websites
Whitby website

North Yorkshire
Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close is an American drama movie released at Christmas 2011. It is based on the novel of the same name. It stars Tom Hanks, Sandra Bullock, Viola Davis, John Goodman, Jeffrey Wright and Max von Sydow with Zoe Caldwell. It is an autistic child whose father is killed in the September 11 attacks. The movie's reviews were negative. It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Supporting Actor for von Sydow.

2011 drama movies
American drama movies
Autism in fiction
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 2000s
Movies based on the September 11 attacks
Movies about autism
Eye color is a visible character caused by two factors: the pigmentation of the eye's iris, and way light is scattered as it hits the top layer of the iris.

The human eye is different from its nearest relative, the chimpanzee eye. The eyes of chimps and also gorillas are entirely brown. Humans have the white to their eyes. This difference is thought to be significant. In the apes, individuals do not usually look directly at other members of the family, but all the same they keep a close watch on what is going on with the family group. They tend to look out of the corners of their eyes, as if to keep the glance secret. Perhaps to them a direct look is aggressive. Jane Goodall used to be careful and avoid looking directly at the gorilla families in the bush. She would sit at a distance, appearing to nibble at grass and leaves, while making occasional glances at the gorilla family.
Physical cause 
In humans, the pigment of the iris varies from light brown to black. This depends on the amount of melanin in the iris. The appearance of blue, green and hazel eyes result from the Rayleigh scattering of light in the iris. A similar process accounts for the blueness of the sky. Neither blue nor green pigments are ever present in the human iris or fluid. Eye color is an example of structural color which varies according to the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-colored eyes.

The brightly colored eyes of many birds, reptiles and insects is caused by other pigments, such as pteridines, purines, and carotenoids.
Genetics 
The view that blue eye color is a simple recessive trait is incorrect. Two main gene loci code for the eye pigment: OCA2 and HERC2. They sit next to each other on chromosome 15. Mutations (SNPs) to these genes account for much of the variation seen in eye color. OCA2 mutations close to the 5′ regulatory region explain most human eye-color variation. An intron in HERC2 contains the promoter region for OCA2, affecting its expression. 

There are about 15 other genes which have some effect on eye color inheritance. This is an effect called epistasis, and is not unusual.

References 

Eye
Classical genetics
The iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye. It controls the diameter and size of the pupils.

Eye color is the color of the iris. In humans, the iris may look green, blue, brown, hazel (a combination of light brown, green and gold), grey, violet, or even pink. In response to the amount of light exiting the eye, muscles attached to the iris expand or contract the pupil. The larger the pupil, the more light can enter the eye and reach the retina.

Eye anatomy
Iris may refer to:

Iris (plant)
Iris (goddess)
Iris (eye)
Iris (color)
Fleet Street is a road in central London. It used to be where newspapers were made, before they moved east to Wapping.

The street existed in the 14th century. It connected the City of London to Westminster. It takes its name from the River Fleet.

Roads in London
Lisa Blount (July 1, 1957 - October 27, 2010) was an American television series and movie actress and producer who was in notable movies. She starred An Officer and a Gentleman (1982) and in the 2005 movie Chrystal. Blount was born in Fayetteville, Arkansas. She died in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Other websites 

Actors from Arkansas
American movie actors
Disease-related deaths in Arkansas
People from Fayetteville, Arkansas
1957 births
2010 deaths
The Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma is a transport helicopter designed and built in France. The design was first built by Sud Aviation, and later by Aérospatiale. It was also built by Westland Helicopter in the United Kingdom after an agreement between the two countries It first flew in April 1965. It is mainly used by Armée de l'Air, Royal Air Force, and some other air forces. It is also used by civilians.

SA-330 specifications 
The Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma is 59.6½ feet (18.15 meters) long, 49.2½ feet (15.00 meters) diameter, and 16.10½ feet (5.14 meters) tall. A minimum mass that weighs 7,795 pounds (3,536 kg) and at the maximum mass that weighs 15,532 pounds (7,000 kg). It is powered by two Turbomeca Turmo engines driving a helicopter rotor with four blades.
The passenger cabin allows the reception of sixteen to twenty armed soldiers in military version, and fourteen to sixteen passengers in civil version. The two-seater cockpit of the helicopter is type side by side. A mechanic, also serving the mechanical winch, takes place at the rear. He can used the removable machine gun.

SA-330 users 
At the beginning of 2013, these countries were still using or had used the military Puma:

SA-330 variants 
If the majority of Puma was built by Aérospatiale in France and the UK by Westland but. A few others were produced under license in Indonesia, Romania, and South Africa.

French built Puma 
SA-330A, SA-330B, SA-330Ba, SA-330C, SA-330E, SA-330F, SA-330G, SA-330H, SA-330J, SA-330L, SA-330S, SA-330Z.
SA-330A is the prototype and SA-330Z is an experimental version.

British built Puma 
Puma HC Mk-1, Puma HC Mk-2.
British production is only for the military version.
Indonesian built Puma 
NAS-330J. Indonesian Puma are built by IPTN, indigenous aeronautical industry, for civilian and military.

Romanian built Puma 
IAR-330, IAR-330 SOCAT. Romanian Puma are built by IAR, indigenous aeronautical industriy, for civilian and military. IAR-330 SOCAT is an attack and transport helicopter, like soviet helicopter Mi-24 Hind.

South African built Puma 
Oryx. South African Puma are built by Atlas Aircraft Corporation, indigenous aeronautical industriy, for civilian and military.

Notes 
The SA-330 Puma gave birth to a derivative extensively modified, designated AS-332 Super Puma.

References 

Puma
British military aircraft
French military aircraft
Helicopters
is a Japanese village in the Ogasawara Subprefecture of Tokyo.

History
In 1940, municipalities were created for groups and single isolated islands in the Pacific Ocean.  The Tokyo Metropolitan Government was made responsible for local government on the islands, including

 on 
 on Chichijima
 on 
 on Hahajima
 on Iwo Jima, including the 

The local government structure of the post-war occupation of these islands is still used today.

Geography
The islands of the village include:
 73.00 km²
 6.57 km²
Chichijima 38.89 km²
Hahajima 27.54 km²
 0.29 km²
Volcano Islands 29.71 km²
 5.57 km²
Iwo Jima 20.60 km²
 3.54 km²
 0.01 km²
 1.40 km²

The Japanese government identifies Okinotori as Japan's southernmost island.  It is 1,700 kilometres south of central Tokyo.

References

Other websites 

 Ogasawara Village website 

Villages in Japan
Settlements in Tokyo Prefecture
Pope Soter (; d. 174) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church who became the 12th Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome, from 166 until his death in 174.

Pope
Records from that time mention his letters.  One such letter is an admonishment of the moral laxity in the Church at Corinth.  Another is regarding who can touch the sacred cloths used in the Mass.

The issue of when to celebrate Easter was discussed again and Catholics were instructed to celebrate the day on a Sunday rather than on Passover which some Churches, particularly in Asia Minor, were doing.  He is considered a Saint of the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on April 22.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence

Year of birth missing
Italian popes
174 deaths
Kristen Angela Johnston (born September 20, 1967) is an American movie, stage and television program actress who won two Emmy Awards for acting. She acted as Sally Solomon in the sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun and has been in several movies. She was born in Washington, D.C., though was raised close to Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Actors from Washington, D.C.
Actors from Wisconsin
American autobiographers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
New York University alumni
1967 births
Living people
Ilford is a large town in Greater London, the headquarters of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is also identified as a major area in the London Plan, being located about 9.1 miles east of Charing Cross. 

Ilford was once a small settlement in Essex. It started to develop because of its strategic position near the River Roding and the road from London to Colchester. The arrival of the railway in 1839 also boosted this growth, causing trade and development to foster in the area. Ilford became a municipal borough in 1926 as well as expanding and increasing in population. In 1965, however, the municipal boroughs were scrapped and the area was removed from Essex and dissolved into Greater London. Many people still refer to Ilford and other East London areas as being part of Essex. 

Ilford is part of the IG postcode area although some parts are in the E postcode area instead.
Ricky Tomlinson (born 26 September 1939) is a British actor and political activist. He was born Eric Tomlinson in Bispham, Blackpool, Lancashire. He is best known for his roles as Bobby Grant in Brookside, DCI Charlie Wise in Cracker and Jim Royle in The Royle Family. 

Tomlinson is a close friend of Arthur Scargill and often appears on party political broadcasts for Scargill's Socialist Labour Party, most recently for the 2009 European Parliament elections. He is a long-time member of the Socialist Labour Party,

References

Other websites

1939 births
Living people
English television actors
English movie actors
English activists
Political activists
Actors from Liverpool
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer was one of the first computers. It was designed in 1937. It was not able to be programmed, and it was designed only to solve groups of linear equations. It was successfully tested in 1942. It was very amazing technology for the time. It was the first machine to use many important things used in modern computing.

Historical computers
Ann Sothern (January 22, 1909 - March 15, 2001) was an American movie, stage and television series actress. She starred in a lot of radio and television shows. She began her career in the late 1920s, and it lasted less than sixty years. She acted in the sitcoms Private Secretary (1953-58) and The Ann Sothern Show (1958-61). Sothern was born in North Dakota. She moved to Idaho after she retired from acting. She died in Idaho from heart failure.

Other websites 

Actors from North Dakota
American movie actors
American television actors
Deaths from heart failure
1909 births
2001 deaths
Gustavo Alfredo Santaolalla (born 19 August 1951) is an Argentine musician, composer, and record producer. He is known for composing music for movies with Alejandro González Iñárritu. He composed the music for the first four psychological drama movies Iñárritu directed. He also wrote the music for the video games The Last of Us (2013) and The Last of Us Part II (2020) and the themes for television series such as Jane the Virgin (2014–2019), MBC4 satricial romantic dramedy  series Miss Farah (2019-2022), Arabic adaptation of The CW American satirical romantic dramedy series Jane the Virgin (2014–2019). and Making a Murderer (2015–present)). He won Academy Awards for Best Original Score in two consecutive years. He won for Brokeback Mountain in 2005 and Babel in 2006.  He has also won the BAFTA Award for Babel and The Motorcycle Diaries.
Influences
Santaolalla stated composers like Thelonious Monk, Peter Bernstein, Dizzy Gillespie, Olivier Messiaen, Bernard Herrmann, Alec Wilder, Andrés Segovia, Ástor Piazzolla, Billy May, Bix Beiderbecke, Count Basie, Mercer Ellington, Gil Evans, Joel Goldsmith, Jean-Michel Jarre, Chris Mancini, Miles Davis and Xavier Cugat.

References

1951 births
Argentine musicians
Living people
Academy Award winning composers
BAFTA Award winners
Roberto Fidel Ernesto Sorokin, known by his stage name Coti, is an Argentine musician. He is best known for his work with other Spanish-language artists like Andrés Calamaro, Julieta Venegas, Paulina Rubio and Luis Miguel. His 2005 release, Esta Mañana y Otros Cuentos went gold in both Argentina and Mexico. It went double platinum in Spain.

Discography
 Coti (2002)
 Canciones Para Llevar (2004)
 Esta Mañana y Otros Cuentos (2005)
 Gatos y Palomas (2007)
 Malditas Canciones (2009)

References

Other websites
 Official site 

1973 births
Argentine guitarists
Living people
Argentine singers
Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (1778–1842) was a Chilean independence leader. Along with José de San Martín, he is credited with liberating Chile from Spanish rule. Although he was the second Supreme Director of Chile (1817–1823), he is considered one of Chile's founding fathers. He was also the first leader of a fully independent Chilean state.

1778 births
1842 deaths
Chilean politicians
People from Bío Bío Region
Scott Mills (born 28 March 1974) is a British radio DJ. He has his own daily show on BBC Radio 1. He is also a television presenter and an actor. He was born in Southampton.

Scott Mills began working at 16 in a local radio in Hampshire. He joined BBC Radio 1 in 1998. In May 2004 was given a slot on weekday early-evenings to cover for Sara Cox who was about to have a baby. He now has a slot everyday in the afternoon.

Mills is openly gay.

References 

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Hampshire
BBC radio presenters
English LGBT people
English radio personalities
English television actors
English television presenters
Gay men
LGBT broadcasters
People from Southampton
Television personalities from Hampshire
Mitochondrial Eve is a term from genetics and human evolution. It refers to a woman, whose mitochondrial DNA is a parent of all living humans. To put this more exactly, she is the female most recent common ancestor of all humans alive at present.

How this is decided 
Rather than use full DNA comparisons, two simpler methods are used:
Y-chromosome DNA
Mitochondrial DNA
This gives haplogroups (a haplogroup is a combination of genes on different chromosomal regions that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together).

The results 
According to current research, Mitochondrial Eve lived about 200.000 years ago. Most likely she lived in East Africa, when Homo sapiens sapiens (anatomically modern humans) were developing as a population distinct from other human sub-species.
Mitochondrial Eve lived later than Homo heidelbergensis and the emergence of Homo neanderthalensis, but earlier than the out of Africa migration.
The dating for 'Eve' was a blow to the multiregional hypothesis, and a boost to the hypothesis that modern humans originated relatively recently in Africa and spread from there, replacing more "archaic" human populations such as Neanderthals. As a result, the latter hypothesis became dominant.

References

Genetics
Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups
Humans
King Ghidorah is a fictional monster who appears in movies from Japan. He first appeared in Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster. Since then, he has appeared in several Godzilla movies. He is a golden three-headed dragon with no arms, large wings, and two tails. He is the strongest monster in the Godzilla movies.

Appearances
Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964)
Invasion of the Astro-Monster (1965)
Destroy All Monsters (1968)
Godzilla vs. Gigan (1972)
Zone Fighter (1973)
Terror of Mechagodzilla (1975) (stock footage)
Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991)
Rebirth of Mothra (1996; also as "Death Ghidorah")
Godzilla Island (1997)
Rebirth of Mothra III (1998)
Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack (2001)
Godzilla: Final Wars (2004; also as "Monster X", and "Keizer Ghidorah")
Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019)

Other websites
 Toho Kingdom description

Monsters
Godzilla
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Fictional dragons
Fictional mass murderers
Supervillains
The A major sonata is unique among Mozart's piano sonatas. It does not include a movement in sonata form. The first movement is a lilting theme in 6/8 followed by six variations in A major and A minor. The last variation is in 4/4 time.  The second movement is a Menuetto in A major with a contrasting section (called a Trio) in D major. It is written in 3/4 time. The third and final movement is the famous "Alla Turca" (Turkish March or Turkish Rondo) in 2/4 time. It is considered one of the finest examples of Viennese Turkish music that was produced in the late 18th century. The rondo's rolled block bass chords suggest the drum rolls of a Turkish Janissary band. In true classical style, the rondo alternates between major and minor keys, and loud and soft dynamics. The piece is a favorite for amateur recitals.

Notes

References
 

Piano Sonata 11
Sandra Dale "Sandy" Dennis (April 27, 1937-March 2, 1992) was an American actress. She received two Tony Awards for acting. She performed mostly in theater and movies. Her most notable movies included Sweet November (1968), The Out-of-Towners (1970) and The Indian Runner. Dennis was born in Nebraska. She died of ovarian cancer in Westport, Connecticut.

American movie actors
Actors from Nebraska
1937 births
1992 deaths
Tony Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in Connecticut
Deaths from ovarian cancer
is a city in Osaka Prefecture. It has over 800,000 people. It is known for its ancient burial mounds and its cutlery industry. 

And the largest kofun, Daisen-kofun, the imperial tomb of Emperor Nintoku is located.

Cities in Osaka Prefecture
Nebraska City is a city in eastern Nebraska. It is southeast of Omaha. The city is near the border of southwestern Iowa and northwestern Missouri. It was incorporated in late 1855.

Cities in Nebraska
1855 establishments in Nebraska Territory
County seats in Nebraska
A necropolis (meaning “city of the dead”) is a large cemetery complex. One of the most famous necropolises is Giza Necropolis and that in Thebes, Egypt. Ancient Egypt is noted for multiple necropolises.

Necropolises are still there today. The Giza pyramid complex is still in this world. You can go to this necropolis by flying from any country via an airplane. It is located in the desert, which is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs. This complex is one of the wonders of the ancient world.

Burial monuments and structures
Air is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Key released on September 8, 2000 playable on Windows PCs. Key later released versions of Air without the erotic content, and the game was ported to the Dreamcast, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. Comic anthologies and art books were also published, as were audio dramas and several albums of music. Kyoto Animation produced a 13-episode anime television series and a two-episode anime mini-series in 2005, and Toei Animation produced an anime film in 2005.

The story follows the life of Yukito Kunisaki, a traveling showman searching for the "girl in the sky". He arrives in a quiet, seaside town where he meets three girls, one of whom is the key to the end of his journey.

Other websites
Key's official Air website 
Air anime official website 
Air anime at Funimation Entertainment

Anime
2000 video games
Hebrew names are names that have come from the Hebrew language. Traditionally they come from the Hebrew Bible.

They are mostly used by people living in Jewish or Christian parts of the world, but some are also adapted to the Islamic world, particularly if a Hebrew name is mentioned in the Qur'an.

When Hebrew-speaking Muslims give names, they do not necessarily use Jewish or Christian names. A typical Hebrew name can have many different forms – an important principle of the Jewish religion worldwide is to give a Hebrew name to a child that is used throughout his or her lifetime.

Not all Hebrew names are strictly Hebrew in origin: some may have been "taken" from other languages since ancient times. These include Egyptian, Aramaic, Phoenician, Greek, Latin, Arabic, Spanish, German, and English.

Related pages
Given name

Other websites
Rabbi Shraga Simmonsprint article, 163 Hebrew & Jewish Names for Boys (And Meanings), aish.com

Judaism
Names
Hebrew language
John Gavin (Juan Vincent Apablasa; April 8, 1931 – February 9, 2018) was an American actor. He was the Ambassador to Mexico from 1981 through 1986 under President Ronald Reagan. Gavin was in many movies. He was president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1971 through 1973. He was originally to play James Bond in two movies, but was rejected because he was not British.

Gavin was born on April 8, 1931 in Los Angeles, California to an Irish and Mexican family. He studied at St. John's Military Academy and at Stanford University. Gavin was married to Cecily Evans from 1957 until they divorced in the same year. They had seven children together. He married Constance Towers in 1974. He had two step-children.

Gavin died of pneumonia at his home in Los Angeles on February 9, 2018 at the age of 86.

References

Other websites

 
 John Gavin - So Suave
1931 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico
American military personnel of the Korean War
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Military people from California
Politicians from Los Angeles County, California
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Stanford University alumni
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Dayle Lymoine "Dale" Robertson (July 14, 1923 – February 27, 2013) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Jim Hardie in Tales of Wells Fargo. He won the Golden Boot Award in 1985.

Robertson was born on July 24, 1923 in Hurrah, Oklahoma. He was raised in Claremore, Oklahoma. Robertson studied at Oklahoma Military Academy. He was married to Susan Robertson until his death in 2013. Robertson died on February 27, 2013 from pneumonia caused by lung cancer in his home in San Diego, California, aged 89.

References

Other websites

 
Dale Robertson biographical sketch 
 

1923 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Oklahoma
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in San Diego County
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in California
Who is a Jew? () is the basic question about the identity of Jews, or in other words: which people are considered to be Jewish.

Question of race? 
The definition of who is a Jew may depend on a few things. Because Judaism has no specific race, it can include characteristics of an ethnicity, religion, and citizenship, and so the definition of who is a Jew is not specific.

This question has been a subject to legal arguments, especially in Israel but also outside of it. There have been court cases in Israel since 1962 which had to address the question. In addition, the United Kingdom and other countries has had to consider whether the question was a racial issue or not.

In Nazi Germany 
It was an important question to the Nazi party in Germany. The Nazis decided who a Jew was with the Nuremberg Laws.

My mom is Jewish or I converted 
The question is based on the person's genealogy. Simple definition: a person is a Jew either by birth (in any case if one's mother is Jewish) or by religious conversion.
Other ideas 
However, some disagree. Therefore, the following need to be taken into account:

 Are the parents mixed (Jew and Gentile)?
 What is the conversion process?
 Has there been a loss of Jewish identity?
 What is the person's diaspora identity?
 Do they have an Israeli citizenship?

Related pages
 Israelite

References

Other websites
Humanistic Judaism view on Who is a Jew 
 Reform view of who is a Jew  by the Union for Reform Judaism
 Who is a Jew by Jewish Virtual Library
 Orthodox and Non-Orthodox Judaism: How to Square the Circle by JCPA
 Rabbi Dr. Donniel Hartman: Israel cannot be arbiter of conversions to Judaism  by Shalom Hartman Institute
 Matrilineal descent  Conservative view
 The "Who Is a Jew?" Controversy by the U.S. Library of Congress
 Rabbi Dr. Donniel Hartman: The challenge and crisis of conversion in Israel  by Shalom Hartman Institute
 Who is a Jew? from www.beingjewish.com
 "How Do You Prove You’re a Jew?" Gershom Gorenberg, New York Times, March 2, 2008
 "Rabbinical Court Puts Thousands Of Converts in Legal Limbo" Ruling Reopens Fractious Debate Over ‘Who is a Jew?’", Nathan Jeffay, The Forward, May 8, 2008
 "Israel considers question: ‘Who is a Jew?’ – Issue heads to higher court after rabbis annul some 40,000 conversions"  (November 2008)
Who is born a Jew? Rabbinical and Karaite interpretations side by side  from half-Jewish.org
 Times Online, The law of the land collides with the Law of Moses
 Israel risks alienating Jewish diaspora over definition of a Jew
The logo of Wikipedia, which is a free, open-source online encyclopedia, that's accessible in many languages, is a picture that shows the following description:

A cut globe made from Jigsaw puzzle pieces with some missing at the top, and has glyphs from many different writing systems. The reason for missing pieces is because there is a never ending amount of information, making Wikipedia never done.

As shown on the top and left corner web pages of the English-language version of Wikipedia, it says "Wikipedia" under it, and there's a text that says "The Free Encyclopedia", in a serif and free open-source font.

Wikipedia
Symbols
A registered user is a person who uses a program or a website and signs up to them by providing his or her identity information.

Registered users may be different depending on the platform they are using, and could have some advantage over guest users in many aspects - however, criticism on the matter has been a big deal. 

Internet security
Proteome is a word made from the words protein and genome. It means all the proteins produced by an organism. It was suggested in 1994 by Marc Wilkins, Professor of Biotechnology at the University of New South Wales. 

Molecular biology
The University of New South Wales (UNSW) is a university in Sydney, New South Wales. It is one of the most highly regarded schools in Australia. It was founded in 1949.

Other websites
UNSW

1949 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Colleges and universities in Australia
The Alphabet Killer is a 2008 American mystery crime thriller movie. It was given limited release on November 7, 2008. The movie is about the murders of three girls in Rochester, New York between 1971 and 1973. Eliza Dushku plays Megan Paige, an investigator for Rochester Police Department who is investigating the murders. Timothy Hutton plays killer Richard Ledge. This thriller got negative reviews from the critics.

2008 crime movies
2000s mystery movies
2008 thriller movies
American serial killer movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York (state)
Movies set in the 1970s
Rochester, New York
American independent movies
A crop (sometimes called a croup or craw) is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary canal used for storing food before digestion. It is found in many animals. It occurs in birds, some dinosaurs, and invertebrate animals such as gastropods (snails and slugs), earthworms, leeches, and insects.

Birds 
In a bird's digestive system, the crop is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat.  It is a part of the digestive tract, essentially an enlarged part of the oesophagus.  As with most other organisms that have a crop, the crop is used to temporarily store food.  Not all birds have a crop.  In adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.

Scavenging birds, such as vultures, will gorge themselves when prey is abundant, causing their crop to bulge. They subsequently sit, sleepy or half torpid, to digest their food.

Most raptors, including hawks, eagles and vultures (as stated above), have a crop; however, owls do not.
Bees 
Cropping is used by bees to temporarily store nectar of flowers. When bees "suck" nectar, it is stored in their crops.

Difference to gizzard 
In a gizzard, the food is ground down before digestion, usually by stones. Gizzards have a tougher lining, and muscles. The gizzard is lower down the digestive tract, and more like a part of the stomach.

The crop is just a storage device. Often, it pays a bird to feed while the going is good, and do the digestion later. In many birds and in bees, the food is eventually brought back to the nest and given to family members. 

In other species, food brought back to the nest is pre-digested. That would mean it is regurgitated (brought up) from the stomach.

Related pages
 Oesophagus
 Gizzard
 Gular pouch, in bird anatomy, a flap generally used to store fish and other prey while hunting

References 

Animal anatomy
The Dassault Rafale is a fighter aircraft made by French airplane company Dassault Aviation. The prototype first flew in 1986 but was introduced in 2001 by the Marine Nationale. Rafale was introduced in Armée de l'Air in 2006.

Specifications 
Using the traditional delta wing of Dassault aircraft, the Rafale is a twin-engine fighter built in composite material and metal.  Near the nose it has small "canard" wings used to stabilize the aircraft during certain phases of flight, especially at low altitude.  The cockpit can be single or tandem seat, depending on aircraft type.  It has an internal 30 mm calibre autocannon.  Rafale has 13 or 14 hardpoints for external weapons : 

 Magic, Meteor, and Mica air-to-air missiles.
 AS-30L, Apache, and Storm Shadow surface-to-air missiles.
 ASMP nuclear missile.
 Exocet anti-ship missile.
 A2SM and Paveway guided bombs.
Maximum offensive load of the Rafale is 21 000 pounds (9 500 kg).
The Rafale avionics consists of an RBE2 electronic scanning radar, the OSF passive visual system and SPECTRA electronic warfare. Under wings Rafale may take one or two pods of aerial reconnaissance. It uses the communication Link 16 like as the majority of NATO combat aircraft.

Variants 
 Rafale A : Designation assigned to the first prototype, that flown in 1986.
 Rafale B : Designation assigned to the tandem seat version.
 Rafale C : Designation assigned to the single seat version.
 Rafale M : designation assigned to the navalized single seat version.

Users
Users 

In 2013 operational users of Rafale were: 
 
 Armée de l'Air.
 Escadron de Bombardement 1/91 Gascogne, also known like EB-1/91.
 Escadron de Chasse et d’expérimentation 5/330 Côte d’Argent, also known like EC-5/330.
 Escadron de Chasse 1/7 Provence, also known like EC-1/7.
 Escadron de Chasse 2/30 Normandie-Niemen, also known like EC-2/30.
 Escadron de Chasse 3/30 Lorraine, also known  like EC-3/30.
 Escadron de Transformation Rafale 2/92 Aquitaine, also know like ETR-2/92.
 Marine Nationale.
 Flottille 11F.
 Flottille 12F.

Early 2013 in France negotiating the sale of aircraft with Brazil, India, and UAE.

International military commitments