Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Michael Robin Jackson (16 April 1934 – 15 January 2022) was a British-American talk radio host and occasional actor. He was based in the Los Angeles area.  Jackson is best known for his radio show which covered arts, politics, and human interest subjects, particularly in the Los Angeles and greater Southern California area in the era before "shock jocks". His show originally aired on L.A. radio station KABC and aired on KGIL for a short time.

Jackson died of problems caused by Parkinson's disease on 15 January 2022, aged 87.

References

1934 births
2022 deaths
English journalists
English radio personalities
Journalists from London
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Virginia Giuffre v. Prince Andrew is an American lawsuit that started in 2021. Virginia Giuffre is the plaintiff and Prince Andrew, Duke of York is the defendant in a civil lawsuit (see civil law), at the lower courts of the federal court system of the United States.

On February 15, 2022 the lawsuit was settled; The lawsuit will not go to trial.

The lawsuit says that Andrew had sex in 2001 with Giuffre when she was 17 years old; Prince Andrew "has strongly denied any wrongdoing", media said.

Previously, on January 12, 2022 the judge Lewis A. Kaplan gave permission for the lawsuit to go on.

Andrew has asked for a jury trial, media said.

Background
In 2011 Giuffre got "$160,000 from the Daily Mail for an interview in which she described meeting Prince Andrew" when Giuffre and Jeffrey Epstein took a trip to London in 2001.
In 2014, her story about having "sex with Andrew three times", was made public; That story says that she had sex with Andrew in London in 2001, and again in New York, and at age 18 in the Virgin Islands.

Before the lawsuit of 2021, there have been mistakes in what Giuffre has said. Giuffre's testimony was not used in the trial (in 2021) and conviction against Ghislaine Maxwell.

Giuffre worked at Mar-a-Lago during "the summer she turned 17"; there she became an acquaintance of Maxwell; Thru Maxwell, she met Jeffrey Epstein. Giuffre tried to sell a memoir to publishers; In it Giuffre said that she had been on Epstein's estate on her 16th birthday.

Lawsuit

The lawsuit has been received by the District Court for the Southern District of New York.

By 14 July 2022, any depositions – out-of-court testimony – for the case have to be given to the court; Judge Kaplan said that.
Media is claiming that Andrew has made an agreement to answer - under oath - questions during a meeting (in England) with Giuffre's lawyers, sometime in March.

The lawsuit is accusing Andrew of "sexual assault and intentional infliction of emotional distress." Giuffre says that she has experienced sexual abuse from Andrew.

Related information
In courts, David Boies and his firm Boies Schiller Flexner started representing Giuffre pro bono in 2014.

International media have written about the lawsuit.

Sources

2021 in the United States
Graphic violence also known as explicit violence refers to when violence in media is vivid or realistic. Examples of graphic violence include mutilation, bloodshed and removing any animal or human body parts. Others include murder, suicide and assault by weapon.

Media and television
Graphic (or explicit) violence happens in movies, television, video games and on many news media related broadcasts. Examples of movies or television with graphic violence are Intent to Kill, Man Bites Dog, True Lies, Color of Night, Hideaway, Seven, Crash and Starship Troopers.

Video games
Video games that have graphic violence include Mortal Kombat games, Killer Instinct games, Grand Theft Auto games, and The Manhunt games.
Ratings of the media
There are several cases where movies may have been rated NC-17 for explicit violence. Few, however, have really kept the NC-17 rating. Those that have include Intent to Kill (1992), Man Bites Dog (1992) and 100 Tears (2007 horror movie). Other similar movies have gone unrated. These include Hatchet (a 2006 horror movie) and The Antichrist (a controversial 2009 movie).

Some video games were labeled 'AO' (Adults Only) by the Entertainment Software Rating Board because of graphic violence. Several reverted the rating to 'M' (Mature). AO means that nobody age 17 and under can play, buy or rent the games in question. An M means not suitable for under 17 audiences to buy, play or rent.

References

Violence
Mass media
Controversies
The Cerro Mali tree frog (Ecnomiohyla thysanota) is a frog that lives in eastern Panama.

References

Frogs of South America
Roopa Ganguly is an Indian actress, playback singer and politician. She is known for her role of Draupadi in B R Chopra's television series Mahabharat. She is a trained Rabindra Sangeet vocalist and a classical dancer. She has received awards like National Award and BFJA Awards. In October 2016, she was nominated as a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, by the President of India. She served as the President of BJP Mahila Morcha in West Bengal.

References 

1963 births
Indian television actors
Living people
is a city in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

Geography

Surrounding municipalities
 Toyama Prefecture
 Oyabe
 Tonami
 Toyama
 Ishikawa Prefecture
 Hakusan
 Kanazawa
 Gifu Prefecture
 Hida
 Shirakawa

Population
From Japanese census data,

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in Toyama Prefecture
Dominik Szoboszlai (; (born 25 October 2000) is a Hungarian footballer. He plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Liverpool and captains the Hungary national team.

Club career

He played for the youth  youth of Videoton, Főnix-GOLD,  Újpest Dosza and MTK Budapest. 2016 he went to Austria and played for the Red Bull Academy.

Liefering

Szoboszlai made his professional debut in the 2017–18 season with the Liefering in the second division against Kapfenberg on 21 July 2017. He scored his first professional goal against FC Blau-Weiß Linz on 4 August 2017.

Red Bull Salzburg
He made his debut for FC Red Bull Salzburg against Austria Wien on 27 May 2018. He substituted Enock Mwepu  in the 57th minute. He scored his first goal for the club in 6–0 Austrian Cup win against SC Eglo Schwarz His first league goal he scored against Wacker Innsbruck on 17 March 2019. On 17 September 2019 he made his Champions League debut and scored his first goal in this competition against Genk in a 6–2 victory.
RB Leipzig 
On 17 December 2020 he signed a four-and-a-half-year contract with RB Leipzig. With a price of €20 million, Szoboszlai became the most expensive Hungarian player in history. Due to an injury he could not play in the 2020–21 season.  He debuted on 7 August 2021 in a German Cup game against SV Sandhausen, where he entered the pitch in the 78th minute and scored three minutes later. On 20 August, he scored his first two goals in Bundesliga in a 4–0 win over VfB Stuttgart.

International career
Szoboszlai was the captain of Hungary U17 team during the 2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Croatia. There he scored two goals and his team finished 6th in this tournament. He also was the captain of Hungary U19 team during the 2019 UEFA European Under-19 Championship campaign. He made his debut for U-21 team against Germany U21 on 1 September 2017. He made his debut for the senior squad on 21 March 2019 in a Euro 2020 qualifier against Slovakia as a 54th-minute substitute for László Kleinheisler. He scored his first international goal against the same opponent, Slovakia, in the same UEFA Euro 2020 run in a free kick at home.

He scored in yet another free kick in the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League B against Turkey, where Hungary emerged victoriously 1–0 away against Turkey in Sivas.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours 
Red Bull Salzburg
Austrian Bundesliga: 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21
Austrian Cup: 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21
RB Leipzig
 DFB-Pokal: 2021–22, 2022–23
Individual
Austrian Second League Team of the Season: 2017–18
Austrian Bundesliga Player of the Season: 2019–20
Hungarian Sportsman of The Year: 2020
Bundesliga Rookie of The Month: August 2021, October 2021, April 2022

References

2000 births
Living people
Hungarian footballers
Association football midfielders
Players of FC Liefering
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
RB Leipzig players
Austrian football champions
Liverpool F.C. players
Rejuvenation is the reversal of ageing.

Approach 
Ageing is the accumulation of cellular and molecular damage on the body. If this damage can be repaired, it is rejuvenation.

The SENS Research Foundation founded by Aubrey de Grey classified seven types of damages that lead to ageing. The organization also proposed strategies for repairing these (Strategies for engineered negligible senescence).

References 

Medicine
Caisis is an ope-source patience management application. It was initially released in 2012 under 	GNU General Public License V2 license for Windows platform.

History
The software was started from a project at the Department of Urology in Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center and later developed at BioDigital.

References

Software
is a city in Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

Geography

Surrounding municipalities
 Toyama Prefecture
 Nanto
 Takaoka
 Tonami
 Ishikawa Prefecture
 Kanazawa
 Tsubata

Population
From Japanese census data,

References

Other websites
 Official website

Cities in Toyama Prefecture
Duje Ćaleta-Car ( born 17 September 1996) is a Croatian professional footballer He plays as a centre-back for Ligue 1 club Marseille and the Croatia national team. He was a member of the Croatian squad which ended as runners-up to France in the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Club career
He started with his local club HNK 	Šibenik. Then he went on to FC Pasching in Austria. Ćaleta-Car joined FC Liefering in 2014 on loan from Red Bull Salzburg.. He made his Austrian Football First League debut with FC Liefering on 25 July 2014 against FAC Team für Wien.

Red Bull Salzburg
From 2015 till 2028 he played for FC Red Bull Salzburg 84 matches with four goals in the Austrian Bundesliga. 2017-18 he was part of the team which reached the Europa-League semifinals.
Olympique de Marseille
On 20 July 2018  Ćaleta-Car went to Olympique de Marseille on a five-year deal for a transfer fee of €19 million. Upon his arrival, Ćaleta-Car was given the squad shirt number 15. On 29 September 2019 he scored his first goal for Marseille, the equalizer in a 1–1 draw with Rennes.

Southampton F.C.
A year before the end of his contract he moved to Southampton FC.

International career
He played for Croatia U17, U18, U19 and U21 national football team. In October 2015, Ćaleta-Car received a first call-up for the senior national team for the Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Bulgaria and Malta. He was in the first 27 players team called for the Euro 2016 but was dropped.

In May 2018, he was named in Croatia's preliminary 32-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. On 3 June  he made his international debut in a friendly match against Brazil, coming on as a substitute for Vedran Ćorluka in the 52nd minute.
Ćaleta-Car was selected in the 23-man squad that travelled to the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He made his World Cup debut in Croatia's final group game, a 2–1 win over Iceland. Croatia finish second in the tournament.

Personal life
He is married and father of a son.

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Croatia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ćaleta-Car goal

Scores and results list Croatia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ćaleta-Car goal.

Honours
Red Bull Salzburg
 Austrian Bundesliga: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
 Austrian Cup: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17

Croatia
 FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2018
Individual
Austrian  Bundesliga Team of the Year:  2017–18
Orders
 Order of Duke Branimir: 2018

References

1996 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Association football defenders
Players of FC Liefering
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Austrian football champions
District Health Information Software (DHIS) is an open-source software to compile reports and do analysis of health related data.

History
It was developed by Health Information Systems Programme with the coordination of the Department of Informatics at the University of Oslo. It is globally supported by a number of organizations including NORAD, PEPFAR, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, UNICEF and the University of Oslo.

Software
Gapo is a social networking platform which is headquerted at Hanoi, Vietnam. It also offers its user to pay online and access various public services.

History
It was established in 2019 by Hà Trung Kiên and Duong Vi Khoa.

References

Software
Bolt was a mobile web browser for smartphones and feature phones that runs on Java ME. It was developed by Bitstream Inc. and released in 2009. However, it was discontinued at the end of 2011.

Web browsers
UC Browser is a mobile web browser. It was banned in India in 2020 for privacy issues and also banned in China in 2021 due to complaints of showing deceptive medical advertisements.

History
UC Browser was originally developed for Java ME smartphones in 2004 by UCWeb which is a subsidiary of the Alibaba Group. It is now available for Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS, Java ME, Symbian, Windows Phone, and Microsoft Windows platform.

References

Web browsers
Microsoft Windows software
Hoarding vs. collections
Hoarding isn't the same as collecting. The difference between the two is collectors are more likely to get possessions and valuable material in a targeted, organized and intentional way. Those who hoard often have an obsession and hardly any active planning. The mere sight of the objects may cause this. The objects do not really have any consistent theme. Collectors of objects have narrow focus on particular (or same/similar) topics. One of the signs of hoarding problems is heavy, disorganized clutter.

Related psychiatric health and finance problems
Hoarding is usually, though not always, connected to depression, intellectual disability (having IQ levels 70 and below), borderline intelligence (IQ levels from 71 to 85), anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and obsessive compulsive disorder.

Other reasons for which someone may hoard include:
Not deciding on where (or how) to throw away materials
 Social isolation from other people
 Not wanting others to touch their things

Hoarding dangers
Hoarding can sometimes lead to places being condemned. Property tenants are then removed when health department officials, building inspectors or the fire marshals become involved. Hoarding may also increase fire risk and attract insects (including cockroaches, ants, centipedes, maggots and spiders).

References

Anxiety disorders
Jackson Hole Aerial Tram  (also known as Jackson Hole Musical Tram) is an aerial tramway located at Jackson Hole Mountain Resort in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The tram takes people to the top of the Rendezvous Mountain at the resort, located just north of downtown Jackson, Wyoming.

Wyoming
Avtandil Jorbenadze (born 23 February 1951) is a Georgian doctor, politician, and former State Minister of Georgia. He was minister before the Rose Revolution in Georgia. He also held the position of health minister.

References
East, R. and Thomas, R. (2003). Profiles of People in Power:The World's Government Leaders, page 190.  Routledge. , 9781857431261.

Government ministers of Georgia (country)
1951 births
Living people
21st-century politicians from Georgia (country)
Nazi concentration camp badges were colored pieces of fabric used by the Nazis to identify concentration camp prisoners during World War II.

Prisoners had to sew these badges onto their uniform jackets and pants. The badges used a color coding system to show why each prisoner had been sent to the camp. Different colors and shapes had different meanings. The prisoners were required to wear these badges of shame.
The badges helped guards assign tasks to the prisoners. If a prisoner's badge marked them as an escape suspect, the SS would not allow them to work outside the camp fence. If a prisoner had an F on their badge (meaning they were French), guards could force them to help translate instructions to new prisoners from France. If a guard looked at a prisoner and saw a green badge, the guard knew right away that the person was a convicted criminal. Guards often assigned these "green triangles" to be kapos. These were prisoners who were assigned to help the SS run the camps. Many kapos used abuse and violence to control other prisoners. 

Some historical monuments use images of these identification badges to symbolize the victims of the concentration camps.

Today, some people use a pink triangle emblem to symbolize gay rights.

Badge coding system
Different camps used different systems of badges. In the later stages of World War II, the use of badges became less common in some camps. The following description is based on the badge coding system used in the Dachau concentration camp. This camp had one of the more detailed coding systems.

Most badges were inverted triangles. (This meant the widest part of the triangle was at the top of the shape, not the bottom.) The Nazis chose this shape because it looked like triangular road hazard signs that are common in Germany.

Single triangles 
Single triangles of different colors identified different types of prisoners.

Black triangles 
The Nazis made many different types of prisoners wear black triangles. The black triangle identified people who the Nazis called 'asocial' () or 'work-shy' (). These included alcoholics, drug addicts, homeless people, beggars, people with disabilities, prostitutes, lesbians, pacifists, and people who refused to be conscripted into the German armed forces.
The Nazis also used the black triangle to identify people with mental illnesses and "mentally disabled" people. Written on their badges was the word , which means "stupid." This category included people with autism. (At that time, autism was called Asperger's Syndrome, named after Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger, who was involved with the Nazis).  People with schizophrenia and epilepsy also wore black triangles. Instead of being sent to concentration camps, many people in this group were forcibly sterilized, shot, or gassed in psychiatric institutions as part of the T4 Euthanasia Program.

Other people with disabilities, like diabetes, also had to wear the black triangle. (The Nazis thought that diabetes was a 'Jewish disease.' There was no evidence for this claim. Instead, it was a result of antisemitism in medicine, science, and culture.)

Red triangles 
Red triangles identified political prisoners. These included:
Social democrats
 Liberals
 Socialists
 Communists
 Anarchists
 Trade unionists
 Freemasons
 Non-Jews who helped Jewish people

Green triangles 
Green triangles identified convicts and criminals (who often worked as kapos).

Blue triangles 
Blue triangles identified foreign forced laborers and emigrants from Nazi-controlled countries. This category included apatrides (stateless people, who were not citizens of any country). Spanish refugees from Francoist Spain belonged to this category. Because these people did not support the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, the Spanish government cancelled their citizenship.

Purple triangles 
Purple triangles identified the Nazis' religious enemies. Over 99% of these people were Jehovah's Witnesses. Members of other small pacifist religious groups also wore purple triangles.
Pink triangles 
Pink triangles usually identified homosexual men and others who the Nazis called homosexual (like bisexual men and transgender women). The Nazis also used pink triangles to identify sexual offenders, paedophiles, and zoophiles. The Nazis forcibly sterilized many people in this group.

Uninverted red triangles 
Uninverted red triangles identified several groups of people:

 Enemy prisoners of war (called , meaning 'special detainee')
 Spies and traitors (called , meaning 'activities detainee')
 Military deserters or criminals (, meaning 'service member')

Double triangles 

The Nazis used double-triangle badges to identify Jewish prisoners. These badges were made of two overlapping triangles. These two triangles formed a Star of David, a Jewish symbol.
A red inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one represented a Jewish political prisoner.
 A green inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one represented a Jewish habitual criminal.
 A purple inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one represented a Jehovah's Witness of Jewish descent.
 A pink inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one represented a Jewish "sexual offender", usually a gay or bisexual man.
 A black inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one represented 'asocial' and 'work-shy' Jews.
 A voided black inverted triangle superimposed over a yellow triangle represented a Jew convicted of miscegenation and labelled as a  (race defiler).
 A yellow inverted triangle superimposed over a black triangle represented an Aryan woman convicted of miscegenation and labelled as a  (race defiler).

People who wore inverted pink, green, voided black, and yellow double badges were usually convicted by criminal courts before they were sent to concentration camps.
Some double-triangle badges identified non-Jews. For example, at Mauthausen, Spanish Republicans had to wear a blue inverted triangle superimposed upon a red one.

Distinguishing marks 
In addition to color-coding, non-German prisoners were marked by the first letter of the German name for their home country or ethnic group. Red triangle with a letter, for example: 

 B identified Belgians ()
 E stood for English ()
 F identified French people ()
 H stood for people from Holland ()
 I identified Italians ()
 J  marked Yugoslavs ()
 N identified Norwegians ()
 P identified Poles ()
 S marked Spanish Republicans ()
 T identified Czechs ()
 U marked Hungarians ()
 Z (next to a black triangle) marked Roma people ()

Polish emigrant laborers originally wore a purple diamond with a yellow backing. A letter P (for Polen) was cut out of the purple cloth to show the yellow backing beneath.
Furthermore, repeat offenders (, meaning recidivists) had to wear bars over their stars or triangles. Different colors represented different crimes: 

 A political prisoner would have a red bar over their star or triangle.
 A professional criminal would have a green bar.
 A foreign forced laborer would not have a blue bar (because they would be imprisoned until the end of the war. However, these people might have a different coloured bar if they belonged to another category of prisoners.
 A Jehovah's Witness would have a purple bar.
 A homosexual or sex offender would have a pink bar.
 An asocial would have a black bar.
 Roma and Sinti would usually be incarcerated in special sub-camps until they died, so they usually did not receive a repeat stripe.
Later in the war (late 1944), to save cloth, Jewish prisoners wore a yellow bar over a regular point-down triangle to indicate their status. For instance, regular Jews would wear a yellow bar over a red triangle, while Jewish criminals would wear a yellow bar over a green triangle.

Table of camp inmate markings

Postwar use 
Triangles appear on many postwar memorials to the Nazis' victims. These shapes represent the identification patches used in the camps. Sometimes, plain or colored triangles represent all categories of inmates. Often, inverted red triangles represent all victims of the concentration camps, including also the non-Jewish victims like Slavs, Poles, communists, homosexuals, Roma and Sinti, people with disabilities, Soviet POWs, and Jehovah's Witnesses. 

Some Holocaust memorials use more specific triangles. An inverted pink triangle symbolizes gay victims. A yellow and/or non-inverted triangle generally stands for Jewish victims. Some monuments also include badges with nationality letters.
2020 Trump campaign 

In June 2020, Donald Trump was running for re-election. His campaign posted an advertisement on Facebook which said that "Dangerous MOBS of far-left groups are running through our streets and causing absolute mayhem." The ads identified these groups as "ANTIFA" and used an image of a downward-pointing red triangle. These ads appeared on the Facebook pages of Donald Trump, the Trump campaign, and Vice President Mike Pence. Many observers compared the graphic to the symbol used by the Nazis for identifying political prisoners such as communists, social democrats and socialists.  Many noted that there were 88 ads. Neo-Nazis use the number 88 as an abbreviation for the Nazi salute Heil Hitler. (The letter H is the eighth in the alphabet, so 88 stands for "HH.")
Facebook removed the campaign ads that used the red triangle symbol, saying that its use in this context violated their policy against "organized hate". The Trump campaign's communications director wrote that "The red triangle is a common Antifa symbol used in an ad about Antifa." However, the historian Mark Bray, who wrote Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, disagreed. He said that the symbol Antifa in the United States does not use this symbol.

References 
Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Richard Plant (1988). The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals. Owl Books. .
 Camp badge chart at historyplace.com.
 Additional camp badge chart .

Other websites 

 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Classification system in Nazi concentration camps.
 Stars, triangles and markings. Jewish Virtual Library.
 Gay Prisoners in Concentration Camps as Compared with Jehovah's Witnesses and Political Prisoners. Ruediger Lautmann.

The Holocaust
Nazi concentration camps
Holocaust victims
Birth weight is the weight of a baby at birth. The average birth weight in babies of Europeans is ; the range of normal weights is from   . On average, babies of south Asian and Chinese people weigh about . The birth weight of a baby is important.  Babies with a low birth weight are 100 times more likely to die compared to babies with a normal one. The rates of babies with low birth weight have changed: In 1970, 7.9% had a low birth weight, in 1980, this dropped to 6.8%, in 2006, it slightly increased to 8.3% in 2006; and the current level is at 8.2%, for the year 2016. The prevalence of low birth weight has trended slightly upward from 2012 to present day.

Studies have tried to link birth weight with other conditions that occur in later life, such as diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking, and intelligence. Low birth weight is associated neonatal infection and infant mortality.

Causes
Causes 

 Babies born early usually have a low bith weight. This is also the case, for babies who are small; very often, both of these factors can be found together. 
 Other causes of a low bith weight are that the mother  had health problems,  there were some genetic factors, or problems in the placenta.
 Babies who are large usually have a high birth weight. Babies who are large for their age also have a higher risk of dying as infants.

Things that influence birth weight

Genetics 
To some extent, birth weight is heritable: If their parents had a low birth weight the babies may also have one. (This is the same for a high birth weight).  The heritability of birth weight ranges from 25-40 %. There is a complex relationship between a baby's genes and the maternal environment that the child is developing in. Foetal genes influence how the fetus grows in the womb, and the genes of the mother influence how the environment affects the growing fetus.
Health of the mother 
The health of the mother during pregnancy can affect birth weight. The fact that the mother is sick during the pregnancy, or that she has a chronic condition can affect birth weight. Usually, this will lead to a lower bith weight. For example, celiac disease confers an odds ratio of low birth weight of approximately 1.8. Certain drugs, such as those used to treat high blood pressure or epilepsy can also have this effect.  Other factors that affect birth weight are that if the mother is going to give birth to twins, which is called multiple births in English. Another factor that affects birth weight is the age of the mother: Girls 15 or younger, or women over 35 have a higher risk of having a child with a low birth weight.
Stress 
Stressful events have significant effects on birth weight. Mothers who are exposed to stressful events during their pregnancy have a higher risk to give birth to babies with a low birth weight. This is especially true if the events happen during the first or the second trimester. Reserchers also found that stressful events that happen before conception can also have a negative effect. The same is true for women who were exposed to situations of abuse.

Environment 
The environment the woman lives in can also determine the weight of the baby. One of these factors is  secondhand smoke
Environmental factors, including exposure of the mother to secondhand smoke can be a factor in determining the birth weight of child. In 2014, 13% of children exposed to smoke were born with low birth weight compared with 7.5% of those children born to nonsmokers.  Children born to mothers who smoked or were exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to develop health problems earlier in life such as neurodevelopmental delays. When mothers actively smoke during pregnancy, their child is at a higher risk of being born with a low birth weight. Smoking can also be a stress management tool used by expecting mothers. There is some support for lower socioeconomic status of the parents being a determinant of low birth weight, but there is conflicting evidence, as socioeconomic status is tied to many other factors.
Neonatal care 
Most babies admitted to the intensive care unit are born before 37 weeks of pregnancy or have low birth weight which is less than 5.5 pounds. They could also have a medical condition that requires special care. In the United States nearly half a million babies are born preterm. Because of this, many of these babies also have low birth weights. There are four levels of care in the neonatal care units. Intensive Care, High Dependency Care, Low Dependency, and Transitional Care are the four levels:

 Intensive Care: For babies with serious problems. This includes babies born three months early and have extremely low birth weight.
 High Dependency Care: For babies with less serious problems, but who still may not to be looked after or babies that are recovering from a critical illness.
 Low Dependency Care: For babies that do not need a continuous supervision.
 Transitional Care: For babies that still need medical treatment, but are well enough to be called for at their mother’s bedside.
Influence on the first few years of life 

Children born with an very low birth weight can have significant problems during the first few years of life. They may have trouble gaining weight, obtaining adequate nutrition, and supporting a strong immune system. They also have higher risks of dying, behavior problems, and mental deficiencies. Low birth weight babies are more likely to develop the following conditions after birth compared to normal birth weight babies:

 Breathing problems (infant respiratory distress syndrome)
 Bleeding in the brain (intraventricular hemorrhage)
 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
 Necrotizing enterocolitis
 Retinopathy of prematurity
 Jaundice
 Infections

Related pages 
 Infant mortality

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 

Pregnancy and childbirth
Pages with unreviewed translations
A fifth is a unit of volume which was used for beverages, in the United States. It was called fifth, because it was the fifth part of a  US liquid gallon. This means, that it held . In Europe, it was soon replaced by a bottle size of 750ml, which is one of the common sizes for bottles of wine, sparkling wines, but also of many liquors. The size of 750ml is sometimes called metric fifth, because it uses the metric system.

Units of volume
A very large eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai, a volcanic island of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. It began on 14 January 2022. Hunga Tonga is  north of Tongatapu, the country's main island. 

The eruption caused tsunamis in Tonga, Fiji, American Samoa and parts of the Pacific Ocean. Warnings were issued in Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Russia, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Chile and Ecuador. 

Damaging tsunami waves were reported in New Zealand, the United States, Chile and Peru. It is the largest volcanic eruption of the 21st century and the largest since the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.

References 

2022 disasters in Oceania
January 2022 events
21st-century tsunamis
Tonga
Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai is a volcanic island in Tonga. It is about  south of the submarine volcano of Fonuafoou and  north of Tongatapu, the country's main island

The volcano is part of the highly active Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc.

On 14 January 2022, it erupted violently.

References

Islands of Tonga
Volcanoes of Oceania
VEI-6 volcanoes
Anwar Raslan () (born 3 February 1963) is a former Syrian colonel. He led a unit of Syria's General Intelligence Directorate. 

In January 2022, he was convicted of crimes against humanity in a German court with. The specific charges against him were 4,000 counts of torture, 58 counts of murder, and rape and sexual coercion. His case was the first international war crimes case against a member of the Syrian government during the presidency of Bashar al-Assad.

References

Living people
1963 births
Syrian military people
People convicted of murder
War criminals
Norman Podhoretz (; born January 16, 1930) is an American magazine editor, writer, and conservative political commentator. He was born in New York City. His views are seen as "paleo-neoconservative". He is a writer for Commentary magazine. He was the publication's editor-in-chief from 1960 to 1995.

Podhoretz studied at Columbia University and Clare College, Cambridge. He married Midge Decter in 1956. They have two childen. Decter died in 2022.

References

1930 births
Living people
American editors
American political writers
American political commentators
Journalists from New York City
Midge Rosenthal Decter (July 25, 1927 – May 9, 2022) was an American journalist and author. She was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. She wrote for Commentary magazine. She also wrote articles for First Things, The Atlantic, National Review, The New Republic, The Weekly Standard, and the American Spectator.

Decter studied at the University of Minnesota and New York University. She married Norman Podhoretz in 1956. They had two children. She died on May 9, 2022 in New York City, aged 94.

References

1927 births
2022 deaths
American political writers
Journalists from Minnesota
Writers from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Françoise Forton (8 July 1957 – 16 January 2022) was a Brazilian actress. She was born in Rio de Janeiro. Her career began in 1969. She was known for her telenovela roles. She appeared in Estúpido Cupido and Tieta.

Forton died on 16 January 2022 at a hospital in Rio de Janeiro from cancer, aged 64.

References

1957 births
2022 deaths
Cancer deaths in Brazil
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Brazilian stage actors
Actors from Rio de Janeiro
Nino Cerruti (25 September 1930 – 15 January 2022) was an Italian fashion designer. He also started the brand Cerruti. Soon after his father's death he ran a textile mill. He showed his first fashion collection in 1957. He was born in Biella, Italy.

Cerruti died from problems caused by hip surgery on 15 January 2022 in Vercelli, Italy at the age of 91.

References

1930 births
2022 deaths
Italian fashion designers
Deaths from surgical complications
María Cristina Sangri Aguilar (1 January 1941 – 15 January 2022) was a Mexican politician. She was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. She was on the Chamber of Deputies from 1985 to 1991. She was born in Chetumal, Mexico.

Sangri Aguilar died in Chetumal on 15 January 2022, at the age of 81.

References

1941 births
2022 deaths
Mexican politicians
Ramazan Rragami (3 April 1944 – 15 January 2022) was an Albanian football player and coach. He played for the Albania national team between 1965 until 1973, making twenty appearances. He also played for KF Vllaznia Shkodër, FK Partizani Tirana and KF Skënderbeu Korçë. His career began in 1960 and he retired in 2000. He was born in Shkodër, Austria.

Rragami died on 15 January 2022, at the age of 77.

References

1944 births
2022 deaths
Albanian footballers
Football managers
Alexa Ann McDonough  ( Shaw; August 11, 1944 – January 15, 2022) was a Canadian politician. She was born in Ottawa, Ontario. She was a member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly between 1981 until 1995. She was a member of the Parliament of Canada between 1997 until 2007. McDonough was the Leader of the New Democratic Party between 1995 until 2003.

McDonough died on January 15, 2022 in Halifax, Nova Scotia from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease at the age of 77.

References

1944 births
2022 deaths
People from Ottawa
Politicians from Nova Scotia
Yuri Ivanovich Zhuravlyov (; 14 January 1935 – 14 January 2022) was a Russian mathematician. Zhuravlev was a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1992. He was also the Editor-in-Chief of the international journal Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis.

Zhuravlyov died in Moscow, Russia on 14 January 2022, on his 87th birthday.

References

1935 births
2022 deaths
Russian mathematicians
Russian educators
Russian editors
John David Wolverton (May 15, 1957 – January 14, 2022), better known by his pen names Dave Wolverton and David Farland, was an American author, editor, and educator. He wrote many genres but was known best for his science fiction and fantasy works. He was known for his Runelords series. 

In 1987, he won the Writers of the Future contest, and has been nominated for a Nebula Award and a Hugo Award.

Wolverton died on January 14, 2022 after falling at his home in St. George, Utah at the age of 64.

References

1957 births
2022 deaths
American novelists
Educators from Oregon
Writers from Oregon
Writers from Utah
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Monroe is a city in Benton County, Oregon, United States. The population was 651 at the 2018 census.

References

Cities in Oregon
Anastasia Valentinovna Voznesenskaya (; 27 July 1943 – 14 January 2022) was a Russian actress. She was awarded People's Artist of the Russian Federation in 1997. Her career began in 1965. Her best known role was in Major Whirlwind.

In late December 2021, Voznesenskaya tested positive for COVID-19. She died from the virus in Moscow on 14 January 2022, at the age of 78.

References

1943 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia
Russian movie actors
Russian television actors
Russian stage actors
Actors from Moscow
Peter John Seabrook MBE (2 November 1935 – 14 January 2022) was a British gardening writer and television broadcaster. He presented the show Gardeners' World. He wrote a gardening column in The Sun newspaper for over 40 years.

Seabrook died of a heart attack at his home in Chelmsford, Essex on 14 January 2022, at the age of 86.

References

1935 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
British television presenters
Writers from Essex
John Davan Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover,  (2 November 1927 – 14 January 2022) was a British businessman and politician. He was the President of Sainsbury's. He was a member of the House of Lords as a life peer and member of the Conservative Party.

He became a Knight of the Garter in 1992.

Sainsbury died on 14 January 2022, at the age of 94.

References

1927 births
2022 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) people
British businesspeople
Sobibor (, Polish: ) was a German extermination camp during World War II. It opened in May 1942 and closed on 14 October 1943. The camp was part of Operation Reinhard, Adolf Hitler's secret plan to kill all of the Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. Sobibor was located in the forest near the village of Sobibór, in the General Government region of central Poland.

Sobibor was an extermination camp, not a concentration camp. This meant the camp's only purpose was to murder Jews. The vast majority of prisoners were gassed within hours of arrival. People who were not killed immediately were forced to work in the camp. Few survived more than a few months. In total, some 170,000 to 250,000 people were murdered at Sobibor. Only three other camps (Belzec, Treblinka, and Auschwitz) killed more people than Sobibor.
After the revolt, the Nazis demolished the camp and planted it over with pine trees. Sobibor got little attention in the first decades after World War II. It was rarely mentioned in popular or scholarly accounts of the Holocaust. It became better known after it was portrayed in the TV miniseries Holocaust (1978) and the film Escape from Sobibor (1987). 

The Sobibor Museum now stands at the site of the camp. Archaeologists continue to investigate the site.

Background

Operation Reinhard 

Sobibor was one of four extermination camps established as part of Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the Holocaust. In September of 1939, the Nazis invaded and occupied Poland. After that, all across Europe, the Nazis began deporting Jews from ghettos and sending them to forced labour camps.
Building Sobibor 
The first group of workers who built Sobibor were mostly local people from neighbouring villages and towns. The Nazis had ordered the Jewish council in nearby Włodawa to send 150 Jews to help build the camp. Historians do not know if these were forced labourers.  Building Sobibor was a very difficult job. Workers were constantly harassed as they worked, and were shot if they showed signs of exhaustion. Most were murdered once construction was completed. However, two escaped back to Włodawa, where they tried to warn the Jewish council about the camp and its purpose. The council did not believe these warnings.

By summer of 1942, Sobibor had been completely built and was ready to open. After the camp opened, a steady stream of prisoners began to arrive.
Experiments with poison gas 
In December 1941, SS officials at Chełmno did the first experiments to find ways of killing Jews using poison gases. At first, the Nazis used carbon monoxide gas to kill prisoners in vans. To get the carbon monoxide gas, they used a gasoline engine. They would connect the engine's exhaust pipe to pipes that led to the van's gas chamber. Carbon monoxide poisoning would kill all of the prisoners in the van. 

At the Wansee Conference on 20 January 1942, Reinhard Heydrich announced a plan for systematically murdering the Jews through a network of extermination camps. Operation Reinhard was based on this plan. In the same month, the Nazis did the first mass gassings at Auschwitz concentration camp.

In mid-April 1942, shortly before the camp opened, the Nazis did more experiments with poison gas. In one experiment, the SS murdered thirty to forty Jewish women brought from the labour camp at Krychów.
Eventually, permanent gas chambers were built at Sobibor. These were similar to the ones at Belzec, but without any furnaces.

Layout

Sobibor was surrounded by double barbed wire fences which were thatched with pine branches in order to block the view inside. At its southeast corner, it had two side-by-side gates. One was for trains; the other was for foot traffic and vehicles. The site was divided into five compounds: the Vorlager and four Lagers numbered I-IV.

The Vorlager
The Vorlager 

The Vorlager (front compound) contained living quarters and recreational buildings for the camp personnel. The SS officers lived in cottages with colorful names such as Lustiger Floh (the Merry Flea), Schwalbennest (the Swallow's Nest), and Gottes Heimat (God's Own Home). They also had a canteen, a bowling alley, a hair salon, and a dentist's office, all staffed by Jewish prisoners. Trawniki men (Soviet prisoners of war who agreed to help the Nazis) had their own separate barracks and recreational buildings, including a hair salon and a canteen.
The Nazis paid great attention to the appearance of the Vorlager. It was neatly landscaped, with lawns and gardens, outdoor terraces, gravel-lined paths, and professionally painted signs. Its beautiful appearance helped hide the camp's purpose from new prisoners, who arrived on the ramp next to the Vorlager. Survivor Jules Schelvis recalled that when he arrived at Sobibor, he felt reassured by the Vorlager's "Tyrolean cottage-like barracks with their bright little curtains and geraniums on the windowsills".

Lager I 
Lager I contained barracks and workshops for the prisoners. There were workshops for sign-painting and carpentry; a tailor's workshop; a bakery; and a mechanics shop.  A person could only reach Lager I by passing through the Vorlager. The Nazis built a water-filled trench on Lager I's western boundary to make it impossible for prisoners to escape there.
Lager II 
Lager II was a larger compound with several purposes. The camp's administration building was in a subsection called the "Erbhof". This building was constructed before World War II; before the Nazi occupation, the local Polish forestry service had used it. The Nazis adapted this building to include living space for some SS officers; storage for things stolen from victims' luggage; and a pharmacy. The medications in the pharmacy were also taken from victims' luggage. A small farm was also located in the Erbhof. There, Jewish prisoners raised chickens, pigs, geese, fruits and vegetables for the SS officers to eat.
When prisoners first arrived at Sobibor, the SS prepared them for murder in Lager II, outside the Erbhof. This part of Lager II included the sorting barracks and other buildings used for storing items taken from the victims, including clothes, food, hair, gold, and other valuables. At the east end was a yard where guards took luggage from new arrivals and forced them to undress. This area was beautified with flower beds to hide the camp's purpose from newcomers. The yard led into a narrow path called the Himmelstrasse (road to heaven) or the Schlauch (tube), which led straight to the gas chambers in Lager III. The Himmelstrasse was covered on both sides by fences woven with pine branches.
Lager III 
Lager III was the extermination area. It was kept separate from the rest of the camp, set back in a clearing in the forest and surrounded by its own thatched fence. Prisoners from Lager I were not allowed near Lager III, and were killed if the Nazis suspected that they had seen inside. Because few people who saw Lager III survived, there is little eyewitness testimony about this part of the camp. Historians know little about Lager III, except that it contained gas chambers, mass graves, and special separate housing for the Sonderkommando prisoners who worked there.

Lager IV was added in July 1943. Because it was north of the other camps, Lager IV was also called the Nordlager ('north camp'). It was located in a heavily wooded area. The Nazis wanted to develop the area as a munitions depot for processing weapons taken from captured Red Army soldiers. However, it was still being built when Sobibor closed after the prisoners' revolt.
Prisoner life in the camp 
Because Sobibor was an extermination camp, very few prisoners actually lived there. While survivors of Auschwitz use the term "selected" to mean being selected for murder, at Sobibor being "selected" meant being selected to live, at least temporarily. Around 600 slave labourers were 'selected' to live and were forced to help the Nazis run the camp. Most of these slave labourers died within a few months because of the terrible conditions in the camp.

Work 
Prisoners worked from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm, with a short lunch break in the middle. Sundays were supposed to be half days, but sometimes prisoners had to work all day.
Prisoners without specialized skills did a variety of other jobs. Many worked in the Lager II sorting barracks, where they were forced to sort through luggage left behind by victims of the gas chamber. They put aside valuable items for the SS to take, and also repackaged some of these items as "charity gifts" for German civilians. The SS would also make these workers serve in the railway brigade which greeted new prisoners. This considered a relatively good job, because famished workers could often find food in the victims' luggage.