Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In America
The Italian-American mafia began at the time when many Italians moved to the United States in the 19th century. The first Italian mafia was in New Orleans in Louisiana but soon was in many cities across the country. The Italian mafia in the United States is actually called La Cosa Nostra, which in Italian means "our thing." The American mafia is divided into different groups, or "families."  Many large cities have only one Italian-American mafia family, but some larger cities like New York City have more.

New York City has five Italian mafia families:
 The Bonanno  crime family
 The Colombo crime family
 The Gambino crime family
 The Genovese crime family
 The Lucchese crime family

Many other American cities have Italian mafia families like in Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Los Angeles
Mafia groups in other countries 
There are many other groups like the Italian mafia all over the world like these:
 The Yakuza - The Yakuza is the name given to organized crime groups in Japan. They make money from prostitution and drugs. Currentl, the Yakusa is not as big as a threat as in its peak around 1980.
 The Triads - The Triads is a name given to all organized crime groups in China. Because there are so many of them, they are called the Triads. They are not just from China but many countries in Southeast Asia. Another name for the groups is the "Tongs."
 Latin American Drug Cartels - In Latin America, the largest crime groups are drug cartels. They compete for control of the drug trade, which makes them huge amounts of money. The drugs produced in South America are marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. The main drug cartels are in Mexico, in North America, and Colombia, in South America. Most of the drugs are produced there and then smuggled north into the United States.
Hierarchy 
Just like in a company, where people have a boss and workers, the Italian-American mafia, which calls itself La Cosa Nostra (LCN, meaning "our thing" in Italian), has a hierarchy. Everyone has a job to do. Some people are bosses and some are workers. However, some members work their way up the ladder of power and get respect. Here is the hierarchy of an American mafia family:
 The boss. He controls everything that goes on in the mafia family. Every worker and lower ranking boss (see below; Caporegimes) works for him. It is the boss who decides if someone should be killed or if someone should be initiated (see below; Becoming a member). The boss gets money from all of his workers and therefore is usually the richest person in the family.
The underboss. The underboss is the person who actually runs the family. He is boss over all the other members except the actual boss. He will often become the boss of the family if something happens to the boss. The boss will choose his underboss. A family will usually have only one underboss.
 The consigliere. The consigliere is an Italian term, meaning someone who gives advice. The consigliere in a mafia family is the "right hand man" to the boss. It is his job to help the boss make important decisions. The consigliere is as important as the underboss but is not the boss of anyone in the family. A family will usually have only one consigliere. Acts as a middle man in personal vendettas. His role is to make impartial decisions for the family's benefit.
caporegimes. The next position of the family is caporegime (or captain), often shortened to "capo." Families will have differing numbers of capos. A caporegime is in charge of a group of workers (see below; Soldiers). The underboss of the family is in charge of the capos. The job of the caporegime is to collect money from the workers to give to the boss, underboss and consigliere as well as keeping money for himself. A family can have anywhere from 2 to 20 capos.
 Soldiers. The workers of a family are called "soldiers" or in Italian soldati. Their job is to earn money to give to their captain (caporegime). They will do any job asked of them by their captain or the boss or underboss. A family can have anywhere from 10 to 1000 soldiers.
Each family will have a number of associates. These are people that work with them or for them but are not official members. (see below; becoming a member)
History of Five Families of New York 
The mafia in New York began when thousands of Italians moved there in the late 19th century and the early 20th century to find a better life. Many Irish and Germans also moved there for the same reasons. Many of those people set up a business or worked for businesses that were already there. Most earned very little money, and some of them, who were tired of being poor, decided to earn money from crime so that they could make more than by working.

There were many Irish and Italian criminal groups in the city who would steal, extort, and murder for money. The groups were known all-together as "Black Hand" but did not actually work as one group. There were many groups, and each worked on its own. The term "Black Hand" actually was the name of what the gangs did (extortion), not theirs.
Prohibition, unification, and Castellammarese War 
In 1920 alcohol (or liquor) was made illegal in the US, and the gangs had a new way to make money. They brought in illegal liquor from Canada and sold it in clubs. They bribed police into letting them illegally sell liquor and made millions of dollars from that because they were the only ones who had liquor and so they could sell it at extremely high prices.

Around then, several gangs in New York became one large gang, the Mafia, as their leaders realized that more money could be made if the gangs worked together. Giuseppe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano were two men who wanted to become the boss of the newly made New York mafia. Fighting, known as the "Castellammarese War" broke out between the two men, and many of their soldiers were killed. Masseria's underboss was Lucky Luciano, a man who also wanted to control the New York Mafia. He met with Masseria's enemy Salvatore Maranzano and plotted to kill Masseria, Luuciano's own boss.
Masseria was shot to death in a restaurant in New York by Maranzano's soldiers; one of them was Vito Genovese, a man who would later become boss. That was also the end of the "Castellammarese War." With the death of Masseria, Maranzano appointed himself the boss of the New York Mafia, who was called in Italian the Capo di tutti Capi, meaning "Boss of all Bosses." He called a meeting with the other "mafiosi" (Italian for Mafia members) from all over the US and made the rules that are still used today.
 Maranzano united the Italian gangs of New York into one gang, known as the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra.
 He then divided the gang into five families and appointed bosses of each family: "Lucky" Luciano, Joseph Bonanno, Joseph Profaci, Vincent Mangano and Thomas Gagliano, with himself as the boss of thesose bosses.
 He made it so that no members could kill without reason or talk to anyone outside of the mafia about it.
The bosses of the five families, particularly Luciano, began to grow tired of Maranzano's arrogance and how he ran the mafia. Maranzano realized that and planned to have Luciano and his "consigliere" and "underboss", Vito Genovese and Frank Costello, killed, as well as others,. Maranzano did not act quickly enough and was killed by men dressed as police officers on the orders of Luciano and his friend, a Jewish gangster from Florida named Meyer Lansky. Luciano then became the head of the New York mafia but not how Maranzano had been. He helped the five families run their business but he did not control them or call himself the "boss of bosses". The five families were kept.
The Profaci family (named after the first boss Joseph Profaci) went on to become named the Colombo crime family after a later boss, Joseph Colombo. The Mangano family (named after the first boss Vincent Mangano) went on to become named the Gambino crime family after a later boss, Carlo Gambino. The Gagliano family (named after the first boss Thomas Gagliano) went on to become named the Lucchese crime family after a later boss, Gaetano Lucchese.  Frank Costello became the boss of Luciano's old family, which later went on to become named the Genovese crime family after Vito Genovese became the boss and tried to kill Frank Costello. The Bonanno family (named after the first boss, Joseph Bonanno) kept its name as he was the boss for a very long time.

Five Families over the years 
This chart shows the bosses of the five families of New York since the "Castellammarese War:"
Bonanno crime family
 Joseph Bonanno (was boss from 1931 to 1965)
 Gaspare DiGregorio (was boss from 1965 to 1968)
 Paul Sciacca (was boss from 1968 to 1970)
 Natale Evola (was boss from 1970 to 1973)
 Phillip Rastelli (was boss from 1973 to 1975)
 Carmine Galante (was boss from 1975 to 1979)
 Phillip Rastelli (was boss once again from 1979 to 1991)
 Joseph Massino (was boss from 1991 to 2005)
lucy reed
(Note: in more recent years Vincent Basciano, Salvatore Montagna, Anthony Graziano, Anthony Rabito, Michael Mancuso, Anthony Urso and Alphonse Bonanno have run the family but not necessarily as bosses.)
Colombo crime family
 Joseph Profaci (was boss from 1928 to 1962)
 Joseph Magliocco (was boss from 1962 to 1963)
 Joseph Colombo (was boss from 1964 to 1971)
 Joseph Yacovelli (was boss in 1971)
 Vincent Aloi (was boss from 1971 to 1973)
 Carmine Persico (was boss during 1973)
(Note: in more recent years the leaders of the Colombo crime family have been Carmine Persico, Andrew Russo, Alphonse Persico, Jr., Joel Cacace, Thomas Gioeli, John Franzese, Vincent Aloi and Paul Bevacqua but not necessarily as bosses.)
Gambino crime family
 Vincent Mangano (was boss from 1931 to 1951)
 Albert Anastasia (was boss from 1951 to 1957)
 Carlo Gambino (was boss from 1957 to 1976)
 Paul Castellano (was boss from 1976 to 1985)
 John Gotti (was boss from 1986 to 1992)
 John Gotti, Jr. (was boss from 1992 to 1996)
 Nicholas Corozzo (was boss from 1996 to 1997)
 John Gotti, Jr. (was boss from 1997 to 1999)
 Peter Gotti (was boss from 1999 to 2003)
(Note: in more recent years the leaders of the Gambino crime family have been Peter Gotti, Arnold Squitieri, Anthony Megale, John D'Amico, Domenico Cefalu, Joseph Corozzo and Nicholas Corozzo but not necessarily as bosses.)
Genovese crime family
 Salvatore "Lucky" Luciano (was boss from 1931 to 1946)
 Frank Costello (was boss from 1946 to 1957)
 Vito Genovese (was boss from 1957 to 1969)
 Thomas Eboli (was boss from 1969 to 1972)
 Frank Tieri (was boss from 1972 to 1981)
 Anthony Salerno (was boss from 1981 to 1987)
 Vincent Gigante (was boss from 1981 to 2005)
(Note: in more recent years the leaders of the Genovese crime family have been Liborio Bellomo, Dominick Cirillo, Matthew Ianiello, Frank Serpico, Ernest Muscarella, Mario Gigante and Daniel Leo but not necessarily as bosses.)
Lucchese crime family
 Gaetano Gagliano (was boss from 1931 to 1953)
 Gaetano Lucchese (was boss from 1953 to 1967)
 Carmine Tramunti (was boss from 1967 to 1973)
 Anthony Corallo (was boss from 1973 to 1986)
 Anthony Luongo (during 1986)
 Vittorio Amuso (from 1987 on)
(Note: during the 1990s the leaders of the Lucchese crime family were Vittorio Amuso, Anthony Casso, Alphonse D'Arco, Salvatore Avellino, Anthony Baratta, Domenico Cutaia, Frank Lasterino and Joseph Defede but not necessarily as bosses. More recently the leaders of the family have been Louis Diadone, Aniello Migliore, Nick Beale and Leo Madden, and Leo and Nick were bosses.)

(Note: these dates may not be correct.)
In movies 
Many movies have been made about the mafia, particularly the American Mafia. Here are some of the most popular movies about American gangsters.l:
 Little Caesar (1931) directed by Mervyn LeRoy, starring Edward G. Robinson and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.
 The Public Enemy (1931) directed by William A. Wellman, starring James Cagney
 Scarface (1932) directed by Howard Hawks and Richard Rosson, starring Paul Muni, George Raft and Boris Karloff
 Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) directed by Michael Curtiz, starring James Cagney, Pat O'Brien and Humphrey Bogart
 The Roaring Twenties (1939) directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart
 White Heat (1949) directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Edmund O'Brien
 The Enforcer (1951) directed by Bretaigne Windust, starring Humphrey Bogart
 The Godfather (1972) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Robert Duvall and John Cazale
Mean Streets (1973) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel and David Proval
 The Godfather Part II (1974) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, John Cazale and Lee Strassberg
 Scarface (1983) directed by Brian De Palma, starring Al Pacino, Steven Bauer and Robert Loggia
 Once Upon a Time in America (1984) directed by Sergio Leone, starring Robert De Niro, James Woods, Burt Young and Joe Pesci
 The Godfather Part III (1990) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Andy Garcia and Joe Montegna
 Goodfellas (1990) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Ray Liotta, Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
 Reservoir Dogs (1992) directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, Chris Penn, Steve Buscemi and Lawrence Tierney
 Léon: The Professional (1994) directed by Luc Besson, starring Gary Oldman and Jean Reno
Pulp Fiction (1994) directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Harvey Keitel and Tim Roth
 Casino (1995) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
 Analyze This (1999), a Mafia comedy directed by Harold Ramis, starring Robert De Niro and Billy Crystal
 Analyze That (2002), sequel to Analyze This, also directed by Ramis and starring De Niro and Crystal in the same roles
 Gangs of New York (2002) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day-Lewis
 The Departed (2006) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg, Martin Sheen and Alec Baldwin
The television series The Sopranos is about the mafia in New Jersey and stars James Gandolfini, Steve Van Zandt, Tony Sirico, Michael Imperioli, Vincent Pastore, David Proval and Joe Pantoliano among others.

References

 
History of Italy
History of the United States
People in Dethklok
 Nathan Explosion: The group's singer and leader, he is based on Glenn Danzig from The Misfits and Cannibal Corpse's George Fisher. He has long black hair, and is very large.
 Skwisgaar Skwigelf: Lead guitarist, who is from Sweden. He has long blonde hair, has blue eyes, and is skinny.
 Toki Wartooth: Plays rhythm guitar and is from Norway. He is very gullible and childlike. He has long brown hair and a "fu manchu" moustache.
 William Murderface: The bass guitar player, who is slightly overweight, very angry, and likes gross things including a new found love of "free-balling". He is partly based on Geezer Butler from Black Sabbath. He has triangular brown hair, and a mustache.
 Pickles-plays the drums, used to be leader of a band called "Snakes n' Barrels", a parody of Guns N' Roses. He is originally from Wisconsin. He has red cornrows.
CD & DVD Release
Cartoon Network released a DVD of the first season of Metalocalypse and an album of Dethklok's songs in the summer of 2007. The album has songs that are played during the series.

Comedy television series
Animated television series
2006 television series debuts
Adult Swim
English-language television programs
St. Lucia Day is a holiday that is held on December 13 in several countries in Europe. Those countries include Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland. The holiday is in honor of Saint Lucy. On this day, young girls (mostly the oldest daughter of the house) dress like Saint Lucia in a white robe and a crown of candles. There are parades, pageants, and the girl playing Lucia serves cakes. They also sing special songs. Here is one of the songs:

The night treads heavily
around yards and dwellings
In places unreached by sun,
the shadows brood
Into our dark house, she comes,
bearing lighted candles,
Saint Lucia, Saint Lucia.

The Lucia celebrations also include ginger snaps and sweet, saffron-flavored buns (lussekatter) shaped like curled-up cats and with raisin eyes. People eat them with glögg or coffee.

Holidays
Pride means having a feeling of being good and worthy. The adjective is proud.

The word pride can be used in a good sense as well as in a bad sense.

In a good sense it means having a feeling of self-respect. People can be satisfied with their achievements. They can be proud of something good that they have done. They can be proud of (or take pride in) their work. They might be proud of their son or daughter or husband or wife or anyone else who is close to them and who has done something good. People can be proud of their country (patriotism). The opposite would be to be ashamed of someone or something.
In a bad sense, pride can mean that someone has an exaggerated sense of feeling good. This might mean that someone has no respect for what other people do, only respect for what he or she does. Someone who is described as proud may be arrogant. The word is used in this sense in the saying: “Pride comes before a fall” or “Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall.” Prov.16:18 (meaning that someone is so overconfident that he or she might soon have a disaster).

Emotions
Seven deadly sins
Symmetry is a property of certain geometrical objects that appears the same when reflected along an axis or when rotated around a point. The opposite of symmetry is asymmetry, which refers to the absence of symmetry.

In reflectional symmetry, the axis of symmetry must cross the shape through the middle, dividing it into equal halves. 

In rotational symmetry, the object is identical when it is rotated by a certain amount. 

The precise notions of symmetry have various measures and operational definitions. For example, symmetry may be observed
with respect to the passage of time;
as a spatial relationship;
through transformations such as rotation;
through other kinds of transformations; 
as an aspect of scientific models, language, music and even knowledge itself.

References

Further reading 

Geometry
Mount Ruapehu is an active volcano on North Island, New Zealand. It is the highest mountain in North Island with a height of . It is located in Taupo, New Zealand. It last erupted in September 2007.

History
In 1948, an airplane crashed into the volcano. All the people in the airplane died.

References

Volcanoes of New Zealand
Mountains of New Zealand
Klang (also known as Kelang) is the royal capital of Selangor, Malaysia. A popular harbour called Port Klang is located there. It is one of the busiest ports in the world.

History
 1867 - 1874 Klang War
 1880 - 1889 Klang became the capital of Selangor.
 1945 - Klang Town Authority formed.
 1954 - Klang Town Council formed (27.5 km²)
 1971 - Klang District Council formed, including areas surrounding Kapar and Meru towns.
 1974 - 1977 - Capital of Selangor when Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory and before Shah Alam was made the capital of Selangor.
 1977 - Klang Municipal Council formed (60.9 km²)

Weather
In Klang, it rains all year round. The monthly rainfall is slightly higher here in April and November. It might be because of the monsoon season.

The average temperature in Klang is around 25°C to 36°C (77°F to 96.8°F). There is no distinct seasonal difference in temperature in the town. Klang is hot and humid throughout the year.
Districts
There are two districts in Klang, Klang North and Klang South. Both are divided by a river called the Klang River.

Famous Local Food
Klang is famous for its Bak Kut Teh, a herbal soup which contains pork. Klang is also famous for its Rojak Klang. 

Another popular delicacy here is the "Cendol Klang". The stall was opened in 1972.

Other websites 
 Klang Municipal Council website
 ODP's Klang category 
 Klang travel guide at Wikivoyage
 Klang Community eSpace Forum
   Port Klang Free Trade Zone
  Klang North Port

Cities in Malaysia
Selangor
The Moscow Metro is a metro system which reaches nearly every part of the city of Moscow in Russia. It is one of the most heavily used metro systems in the world. It is also famous for its stations, which are heavily decorated with paintings.

In total the metro is 314 kilometres long and has 214 stations (including 1 temporarily closed).  During the day about 7.2 million passengers use the metro. As in many subway systems every line has its own colour, name and number. In total there are 14 lines. 
The metro runs from 5:30 AM to 1:00 AM. In peak hours trains run every 90 seconds, in the rest of the day every 3–4 minutes and in the evening every 6–10 minutes.  The metro does not publish a timetable, because the trains run at short intervals.  Part of Filevskaya line (4) has a timetable because there are two lines there - new line to Mezhdunarodnaya and old line to Fili.
History 
The first stations were opened 1935, May 15th. There were routes from Sokolniki to Park kultury and to Smolenskaya.
First the Moscow metro had name after Lazar Kaganovich who was the had of Moscow Committee of All-Union communist party. In 1957 he was exiled from the party, and the Moscow metro became be named after V. I. Lenin.
During the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union some stations were used as shelters against bombs.

Lines 
The Moscow Metro has 16 lines, consisting of 14 normal lines and one light line and one U-railway. Here is a short overview of the lines:

Tickets 
There are tickets for a certain number of rides and tickets for a certain time.
The moscow metro uses magnetic cards for tickets with a certain number of rides: 1,2,5,10,20 and 60. These tickets were first sold in 1993 as a test. All other tickets are Transport Cards (Smartcards). There are two kinds of smartcards, 'unlimited' and 'social'. Both kinds of cards can be used for 30, 90 or 1 year. Social cards are free for senior citizens and reduced for students.

Interesting Facts 

The metro has a gauge of 1520 mm, like most Russian railways. It gets the electricity from a third rail. The metro is run on a voltage of 825V AC. The average distance between stations is 1800 m. The shortest is 300m between the stations Alexandrovskiy Sad and Arbatskaya. The longest distance between stations is 6627 m between Krylatskoe and Strogino. The long distance helps trains travelling faster and more efficient.
Most platforms are at least 155 m long. They can take trains which have 8 cars. The only exceptions are some stations on Filyovskaya Line which can only take 6-car trains. These stations are: 
 Delovoy centr
 Studentcheskaya
 Kutuzovskaya
 Fili
 Bagrationovskaya
 Filyovskiy Park and Pionerskaya

Trains on lines 2, 6, 7 and 9 have eight cars, on lines 3, 8, 10 seven cars and on lines 4, 5 and 11 six cars.

Line 12 is different from all other lines. Its platforms are much shorter than the normal platforms. They are only 96 m longs. It has newer trains than the other line.

The metro has 214 stations. 71 of them are deep under the ground, 87 are just under the ground. There are also 10 stations above the ground and 3 on bridges.

On trains to the city there is a male announcer, on trains from the city there is a female announcer. (The boss calls you to work, the wife calls you home).
Metro 2 
Although this has not been officially said, many independent studies say that there is a second, deeper metro system designed for emergency evacuation of important city personnel in case of attack. It is believed that it consists of a single track and connects the Kremlin, chief HQ (Genshtab), Lubyanka (FSB Headquarters) and the Ministry of Defence, as well as numerous other secret installations. There are also entrances to the system from several civilian buildings such as the Russian State Library, Moscow State University (MSU) and at least two stations of the regular metro.[citation needed] It is speculated that these would allow for the evacuation of a small number of randomly chosen civilians, in addition to most of the elite military personnel. The only known junction between the secret system and normal Metro is behind the station Sportivnaya of the Sokolnicheskaya Line.

Statistics 
Latest numbers from official site .

Expansion plans

2014 
 Spartak
 Troparyovo
 Kotelniki

Other websites
Other websites 

 Official Website  
 Metro.ru  — Information, history, maps, art
Anchorage is where a ship lies at anchor.

It can also mean:
 Anchorage, Alaska
 Anchorage, Kentucky
 Anchorage, a source of emotional support
Jessica Simpson (born July 10, 1980) is an American singer and actress. She is known for her reality television show, Nick and Jessica: Newlyweds. In the late 2000s, she was married to Nick Lachey. In 2008, she filed for divorce and she married Eric Johnson. She is the daughter of Tina and Joe Simpson and older sister of singer and actress Ashlee Simpson.

She has starred in the movies The Dukes of Hazzard (2005) and Employee of the Month (2006)

Early life
Jessica Simpson was born in Abilene, Texas. She is the daughter of Tina Ann and Joseph Truett. She has a sister whose name is Ashlee Simpson who is also a singer.
At first, Simpson sang at a local church. At age twelve, she auditioned for The Mickey Mouse Club, but was not selected.

Personal life 
Simpson was married to musician Nick Lachey from 2002 until they divorced in 2006.
Simpson began dating NFL tight end Eric Johnson in 2010. The couple has 2 children together—daughter Maxwell Drew Johnson (born May 1, 2012) and son Ace Simpson Johnson (born February 22, 2013).

Albums
 Sweet Kisses - November 9, 1999
 Irresistible - May 29, 2001
 This Is the Remix - July 2, 2002
 In This Skin - August 19, 2003
 Rejoyce: The Christmas Album - November 23, 2004
 A Public Affair - August 29, 2006
 Do You Know - 2008
 Happy Christmas - 2010

References

Other websites
 Jessica Simpson—official website
 

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Texas
American Baptists
American movie actors
American pop musicians
American television actors
Singers from Texas
People from Abilene, Texas
Monty Python and the Holy Grail is the second movie made by Monty Python. It was made in 1974 and was very successful. It is still very popular, and considered one of the best comedy films ever made. It was also made into a musical called Spamalot.

Story
This is a comedy about King Arthur's search for the Holy Grail. He gathers a group of knights around him. They do not ride horses - instead, they clap coconut halves together, to make the sound of a horse galloping. They search for the grail, but keep on getting distracted by peasants (poor farmers) who want to talk about politics, or French knights insulting them.

The movie was made in Scotland.

1974 adventure movies
1974 comedy movies
Arthurian movies
British adventure movies
British comedy movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Monty Python
Fantasy comedy movies
The Japanese yen or en is the currency used in Japan. It is usually written with the romanised symbol ¥, but in Japanese it is written with the kanji 円. The coins are very light and range from ¥1 up to ¥500. The highest paper note value is ¥10000. The Japanese currency is the third most traded currency in the world.

Related pages

 Japan

Currency of Asia
Japan
In logic and mathematics, if and only if (sometimes abbreviated as iff) is a logical operator denoting a logical biconditional (often symbolized by  or). It is often used to conjoin two statements which are logically equivalent. 

In general, given two statement A and B, the statement "A if and only if B" is true precisely when both A and B are true or both A and B are false. In which case, A can be thought of as the logical substitute of B (and vice versa).

An "if and only if" statement is also called a necessary and sufficient condition. For example:

"Madison will eat the fruit if and only if it is an apple" is equivalent to saying that "Madison will eat the fruit if the fruit is an apple, and will eat no other fruit".

This makes it clear that Madison will eat all and only those fruits that are apples. She will not leave any apple uneaten, and she will not eat any other type of fruit. That a given fruit is an apple is both a necessary and a sufficient condition for Madison to eat the fruit.
Note that the truth table shown is also equivalent to the XNOR gate.

Related pages 

 Equality (mathematics)
 Implication (logic)
 Propositional logic

References 

Logic
Logical connectives
Appletalk is a suite of protocols for computer networking. It allowed Apple Macintosh computers to connect one another. It also allowed a computer to use a printer connected to the network. Apple has switched from Appletalk to TCP/IP.

Computer protocols
Computer networking
Apple Inc.
Miramax Films is an American motion picture distribution and production company. It was headquartered in Los Angeles, California before being bought out by The Walt Disney Company.

It was created by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York in 1979. The name comes from combining the first names of their parents Max and Miriam. The company was created to distribute independent films which the major movie studio did not think were worth distributing.

The company's first success came when the Weinsteins teamed up with British producer Martin Lewis. They got the US rights to two concert movies of benefit shows for human rights organization Amnesty International. The Weinsteins worked with Lewis to combine the two movies into one movie. The movie The Secret Policeman's Other Ball was a successful release for Miramax in the summer of 1982.
Among the company's most well known movies as distributors were The Crying Game, sex, lies, and videotape, Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down! and Scandal. The company also made movies such as Pulp Fiction and Shakespeare In Love
 
Miramax also produced many movies which made a lot of money. The company became one of the leaders of the independent film revolution of the 1990s. It produced or distributed seven movies that made more than $100 million at the box office. Its most successful movie, Chicago, earned more than $300 million.
 
In 1993, The Walt Disney Company bought Miramax for $80 million. Harvey and Bob Weinstein ran Miramax until they left the company on September 30, 2005. The Weinstein brothers ran Miramax separately of other Disney companies. However, Disney had the final say on what Miramax could release.

Miramax also has a family films division, Miramax Family Films.

Miramax is one of the Big Ten movie studios.
In 2011, Disney sold the Miramax library of movies to Filmyard Holdings for $663 million. After the sale, Miramax signed home video distribution deals with Lionsgate, Echo Bridge and .StudioCanal.

In 2016, Miramax was sold to beIN Media Group. In 2019, beIN sold 49 percent of Miramax to Paramount Pictures, which will distribute all of Miramax's movies.

1980s
The Secret Policeman's Other Ball (1982)
Playing for Keeps (1986) (produced by Miramax but distributed by Universal Pictures)
Yellow Pages (1988)
1990s
Mr. and Mrs. Bridge (1990)
The Lemon Sisters (1990)
A Rage in Harlem (1991)
Madonna: Truth or Dare (1991)
Bob Roberts (1992, with Paramount Pictures) 
Into the West (1992)
Love Crimes (1992) 
Sarafina (1992)
Reservoir Dogs (1992) (distributor)
Just Another Girl on the I.R.T. (1993)
The Innocent (1993)
The Night We Never Met (1993)
Tom and Jerry: The Movie (1993) (distributor)
Bullets Over Broadway (1994)
Clerks (1994)
Country Life (1994)
Exotica (1994)
Fresh (1994)
Loaded (1994)
Mother's Boys (1994)
The Crow (1994)
Prêt-à-Porter (1994)
Pulp Fiction (1994)
A Month by the Lake (1995)
A Personal Journey with Martin Scorsese Through American Movies (1995)
Blue in the Face (1995)
Cry, The Beloved Country (1995)
Four Rooms (1995)
Fresa y Chocolate (1995)
Georgia (1995)
Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers (1995)
Kids (1995)
Lie Down with Dogs (1995)
Mighty Aphrodite (1995)
Muriel's Wedding (1995)
Priest (1995)
Restoration (1995)
The Crossing Guard (1995)
The Crude Oasis (1995)
The Glass Shield (1995)
The Road Killers (1995)
Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead (1995)
Two Bits (1995)
Unzipped (1995)
Zire Darakhatan Zeyton (1995)
Beautiful Girls (1996)
Basquiat (1996)
Brassed Off (1996)
Captives (1996)
Citizen Ruth (1996)
Cosi (1996)
Emma (1996)
Everyone Says I Love You (1996)
Trainspotting (1996)
Flirting with Disaster (1996)
From Dusk Till Dawn (1996)
Hellraiser: Bloodline (1996)
Jane Eyre (1996)
Of Love and Shadows (1996)
The Crow: City of Angels (1996)
The English Patient (1996)
The Journey of August King (1996)
The Pallbearer (1996)
Unhook the Stars (1996)
Albino Alligator (1997)
Cop Land (1997)
Good Will Hunting (1997)
Jackie Brown (1997)
Mimic (1997)
The Substance of Fire (1997)
The Wings of the Dove (1997)
Welcome to Sarajevo (1997)
54 (1998)
The Big One (1998) directed by Michael Moore
A Price Above Rubies (1998)
Air Bud: Golden Receiver (1998) (distributor, theatrical version, released on home video by Disney)
Phantoms (1998)
Playing by Heart (1998)
Ride (1998)
Rounders (1998)
Senseless (1998)
Senseless (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998, with Universal Pictures)
Since You've Been Gone (1998)
Sliding Doors (1998, with Paramount Pictures)
The Mighty (1998)
Velvet Goldmine (1998)
Wide Awake (1998)
An Ideal Husband (1999)
B. Monkey (1999)
Happy Texas (1999)
Holy Smoke! (1999)
Mansfield Park (1999)
Music of the Heart (1999)
My Life So Far (1999)
Princess Mononoke (1999) (English dub, distributor)
She's All That (1999)
The Cider House Rules (1999)
The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999, with Paramount Pictures)
2000s 
A Hard Day's Night (2000 theatrical reissue of 1964 movie)
Bounce (2000)
Committed (2000)
Hellraiser: Inferno (2000)
Love's Labour's Lost (2000)
Malèna (2000)
Ordinary Decent Criminal (2000)
The Yards (2000)
Bridget Jones's Diary (2001, with Universal Pictures)
Chocolat (2001)
Daddy and Them (2001)
Get Over It (2001)
Iris (2001)
Kate & Leopold (2001)
On the Line (2001)
The Shipping News (2001)
Tears of the Black Tiger (2001, never released, rights sold in 2006 to Magnolia Pictures)
40 Days and 40 Nights (2002, with Universal Pictures)
Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002)
Cypher (2002)
Frida (2002)
Full Frontal (2002)
Gangs of New York (2002)
Naqoyqatsi (2002)
Pinocchio (2002) (English dub, distributor)
Pokémon 4Ever (2002) (English dub, distributor)
Rabbit-Proof Fence (2002) (U.S. distributor)
Stolen Summer (2002)
Tadpole (2002)
The Hours (2002, with Paramount Pictures)
The Importance of Being Earnest (2002)
The Adventures of Tom Thumb and Thumbelina (2002) (distributor, direct-to-video)
Undisputed (2002)
Valentín (2002)
Waking Up in Reno (2002)
Bionicle: Mask of Light (2003)
Chicago (2003)
Cold Mountain (2003)
Duplex (2003)
Kill Bill Volume 1 (2003)
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003, with 20th Century Fox and Universal Pictures)
Pokémon Heroes (2003) (English dub, distributor)
The Battle of Shaker Heights (2003)
The Human Stain (2003)
View from the Top (2003)
Deep Blue (2003, With BBC worldwide)
The Aviator (2004, co-production with Warner Bros.)
Kill Bill Volume 2 (2004)
Bionicle 2: Legends of Metru Nui (2004)
Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004, with Universal Pictures)
Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights (2004)
Garden State (2004, with Fox Searchlight Pictures)
Hero (2002, released by Miramax in 2004)
Jersey Girl (2004)
My Baby's Daddy (2004)
Finding Neverland  (2004)
Paper Clips (2004) (distributor)
Pokémon: Jirachi Wishmaker (2004) (English dub, US distributor, direct-to-video)
Shall We Dance? (2004)
Roll Bounce (2005)
Bionicle 3: Web of Shadows (2005)
Cinderella Man (2005, with Universal Pictures)
Deep Blue (2005) (distributor)
Derailed (2005, with The Weinstein Company)
Dracula III: Legacy (2005)
Hellraiser: Deader (2005)
Hostage (2005)
Kinky Boots (2005)
Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys (2005) (English dub, distributor, direct-to-video)
Proof (2005)
The Great Raid (2005)
Tsotsi (2005)
Underclassman (2005)
Hollywoodland (2006, with Focus Features)
Scary Movie 4 (2006, with Dimension Films)
The Queen (2006)
The Hoax (2006)
Breaking and Entering (2006, co-production with The Weinstein Company, distributed in US theaters by TWC and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)
The Lookout (2007) (co-production with Spyglass Entertainment)
Wacky Movie
Further reading
 Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film by Peter Biskind (Simon & Schuster, 2004)

References

Other websites 
 
 "When Harvey met Mickey"  - Ian G Mason, New Statesman, 11 October 2004
 
 Miramax From Box Office Mojo 
American movie studios
The Western States 100 is a 100 mile race that is held each July in California's Sierra Nevada Mountains.  It is the oldest regularly run ultramarathons. It is considered by some to be the most difficult.  Some of the best runners ever to compete in the Western States 100 race are Scott Jurek and Tim Twietmeyer.

Ultramarathons
Sports in California
July events
Scott Jurek (b. October 26, 1973) is an famous runner who lives in Seattle, California.  He is perhaps best known for running the difficult Western States 100 Mile Race seven years in a row.  He has also won the Badwater Ultramarathon the past two years.

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Minnesota
American long-distance runners
The Badwater Ultramarathon is a race run from the lowest point in North America to the trail head of Mt. Whitney.  It is 135 miles in very high heat.

Ultramarathons
Austria-Hungary or the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a state in Central Europe from 1867 to 1918. It was the countries of Austria and Hungary ruled by a single monarch. This also included the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia as a constituent kingdom. The full name of the empire was "The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen".

The dual monarchy replaced the Austrian Empire (1804–1867). It started with the compromise between the ruling Habsburg dynasty and the Hungarians. It was an empire made up of many different ethnic groups and was a great power. It found its political life full of arguments between the eleven main national groups. It had great economic growth through the age of industrialization. It also saw social changes with many liberal and democratic reforms.
The Habsburg dynasty ruled as emperors of Austria over the western and northern half of the country and as kings of Hungary over the Kingdom of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had some ability to govern itself. It also had a say in things that affected both it and the rest of the empire. This was mainly foreign relations and defense.

The empire had two capital cities: Vienna in Austria and Budapest in Hungary. Austria-Hungary was the second largest country in Europe (after the Russian Empire). It had the third most people (after Russia and the German Empire).

Creation of Austria–Hungary
The Ausgleich or compromise of February 1867 created the Empire's dualist structure. The Austrian Empire (1804–67) had lessened in strength and in power. This was because of the Austro–Sardinian War of 1859 and the Austro–Prussian War of 1866. Also, the Hungarian people were not happy with how Vienna treated them. This had been going on for many years and it led to Hungarian separation. This included the Hungarian liberal revolution of 1848–49.

Emperor Franz Joseph tried to reach an agreement with the Hungarian nobility. He needed their support to keep the empire together. The Hungarian nobility would not accept anything less than equality between themselves and the Austrian elites.
Governmental structure 
Hungary and Austria had different parliaments. Each had its own prime minister. The monarch kept the two working together. He had absolute power in theory but very little in reality. The monarch’s central government had charge of foreign policy, the customs union and the armed forces. The empire had a navy and three armies: an Austrian army, a Hungarian army, and the larger "common" army.

World War I 

The deaths of Franz Joseph's brother, Maximilian I of Mexico (1867), and his only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, made the Emperor's nephew, Franz Ferdinand, next in line to the crown. On 28 June, 1914, the heir visited the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. Bosnian Serb militants of the group Mlada Bosna attacked Franz Ferdinand's motorcade and assassinated him.
Some members of the government, such as Conrad von Hötzendorf had wanted to fight the Serbian nation for many years. The leaders of Austria-Hungary decided to attack Serbia before it could start a revolt. They used the assassination as an excuse. They gave Serbia a list of ten demands called the July Ultimatum. They expected Serbia would not accept. Serbia accepted nine of the ten demands but only partially accepted the other one. Austria-Hungary declared war.

These events brought the Empire into conflict with Serbia. Russia moved its army to help Serbia. This set off troop movements on both sides and started World War I.

End of the Empire
End of the Empire 

By 1919, it was obvious that the Allied powers would win. Nations began declaring their independence from Austria-Hungary as the government of the empire began to collapse. The following nations were created from the territories of Austria-Hungary:
 Austria
 Hungary
 Czechoslovakia
Some nations only got partial lands from the Empire. These include:
 The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (gained most of their territory from Austria-Hungary but also had Serbia and Montenegro)
 Poland (minor territories near modern day Slovakia and the Czech Republic)

Some Austro-Hungarian lands were also given to Romania and Italy.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 "Distribution of Races in Austria–Hungary" from the Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1911
 The Austro-Hungarian Military
 Austria–Hungary - extensive list of heads of state, ministers, and ambassadors
 Austria-Hungary, Dual Monarchy
 History of Austro-Hungarian currency
 Ausgleich -Citizendium
1867 establishments in Europe
1918 disestablishments in Europe
Wisdom is knowing things that help a person to live sensibly and make good decisions. Wisdom is defined differently by many cultures. Some say that wisdom is something a person learns as they grow older. Other cultures expect people to complete certain rituals in order to get wisdom.

If someone has wisdom, they are called wise. Most cultures from the past have had special people who were supposed to be wise. People asked them for advice when they had problems because they knew things that ordinary people did not know or could not know. They were often called "sages".

There are many stories in Western culture in which the owl of Athena or Minerva is supposed to be a wise bird.

Knowledge
Virtues
For the act of skating, see skating.

Skates are cartilaginous fish. They are the family Rajidae  in the order Rajiformes. They are chondrichthyes, and closely related to the rays. There are more than 200 species in 27 genera.

There are two subfamilies, the hardnose skates and the softnose skates.

Skates and stingrays 
Skates are a bit like stingrays (they are in the same group), but they are usually smaller with shorter, thicker tails. There is also a difference: skates do not have stings. Instead, their tails are thicker, with small "thorns" along the edges. At the base of the tail is a set of extra fins.

Skates and rays are also different in the way the give birth. Most rays are ovoviviparous (the eggs develop inside a mother's body), but skates lay their eggs. This means they are oviparous.

References 

Cartilaginous fish
Sir Roger George Moore  (14 October 1927 – 23 May 2017) was an English actor and a UNICEF ambassador. He is probably the most well known for playing fictional spy James Bond in seven movies from 1973 to 1985. He played James Bond more times than any other actor. He was also well known for playing Simon Templar in the television show The Saint. He began his career by becoming a male model.

Early life
Moore was the only child of policeman, George Moore, and housewife, Lilian "Lily".  He attended Battersea Grammar School, but was evacuated to Holsworthy, Devon, during the Second World War. He was then educated at Dr Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. He then attended the College of the Venerable Bede at the University of Durham, but never graduated.  Moore served in the Royal Army Service Corps, commanding a small depot in West Germany.
Personal life
Moore left his first wife, skater Doorn Van Steyn, for singer Dorothy Squires.  Squires was 12 years older than him.  She was also, at that time, much more famous than he was. They lived together for a short time in Dafen, Llanelli, South Wales. While making a movie in Italy in 1961, Moore left Squires for Italian actress Luisa Mattioli. Moore has a daughter and two sons with Mattioli. Moore ended this marriage in 1993. His current marriage is to the Danish-Swedish multi-millionaire Kristina 'Kiki' Tholstrup.

When Moore married Kiki Tholstrup, he began spending winters in Crans-Montana, Valais (Switzerland) and summers at his apartment in Monaco.

In 1999, Moore was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 14 June 2003.  He was proud the honor was for his charity work rather than his acting.
On 11 October 2007, three days before he turned 80, Moore was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.  Moore's Star was the 2,350th star.  It is appropriately located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard.

In 2008, the French Government appointed Moore a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

His autobiography My Word is My Bond was published the same year.

Filmography

References

1927 births
2017 deaths
Actors from London
Actors who played James Bond
Cancer deaths in Switzerland
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from prostate cancer
English autobiographers
English movie actors
English movie producers
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Extras
Humanitarians
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
United Nations officials
The Melbourne Cup is Australia's major horse race. It happens once a year.  People say it is The race that stops a nation, it is for horses three-years-old and over, and it is 3200 metres long. The event has been held on the first Tuesday in November since 1861 (except on one year during the Second World War) by the Victoria Racing Club, on the Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne. Many people say it is the most important "two-mile" horse race in the world.

The race was first held over two miles, about 3,218 metres, but after Australia changed to the metric system in 1972 it was changed to 3,200 metres. This made it 61 ft 6in shorter, and Rain Lover's 1968 race record of 3min.19.1sec was changed to 3min.17.9sec. Now, the record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3min 16.3sec.

The race starts at 3.00pm Melbourne (AEST) time.
Attendance
The event is one of the most popular events to watch in Australia. Over 110,000 people attend the race. Some people dress in traditional formal raceday clothing. Other people dress in different kinds of strange and amusing costumes,
In 2005 a total of 383,784 race fans went to the Melbourne Cup Carnival annual event

History 

Seventeen horses raced in the first Melbourne Cup in 1861. The prize was a gold watch and 170 pounds cash. Some people say Archer (the winner) walked 800 km to the course from Nowra, New South Wales.  However, it is possible he travelled by ship. Four thousand people watched the race.

Archer won again the next year.  However, because the owner's application form arrived late the next year, Archer was unable to try for a third cup. Many owners boycotted (did not race in protest) the race, so it started with only seven horses.  That is the smallest number in the history of the cup.

The winner of the Melbourne Cup last year was Rekindling, from Great Britain.