Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
"Massa's in de Cold Ground" is a minstrel song composed by Stephen Foster and first published in 1852. It was one of only four songs Foster published that year  and sold hundreds of copies. Foster received a royalty of only 2 cents for each copy sold, but the song earned him US$900 within five years of its publication. 

The song is written in the key of D major in 4/4 time. An initial phrase is repeated five times, beginning every line except one. The phrase ends with a octave leap upwards in the melody. "Massa" is a slow, sad song in dialect written for the minstrel stage. 

The song tells of slaves weeping at the grave of their deceased master. Sometime after the American Civil War, another "cold" was added to title, thus becoming, "Massa's in de Cold, Cold Ground".  

In November of 1852, when the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin was first performed as a dramatic adaptation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Foster's birthplace), "Massa's in de Cold Ground" and two other Foster melodies were added to the production.
Notes

References
 Emerson, Ken. 1997. Doo-dah! Stephen Foster and the rise of American popular culture. Simon & Schuster. 
 Stephen Foster Song Book [Música Impresa]: original sheet music of 40 songs. 1974. Courier Dover Publications.

Other websites

 The Music of Stephen Collins Foster 

19th-century American songs
Compositions by Stephen Foster
Järvenpää is a town in southern Finland. On 31 May 2013, about 39,734 people lived there. It covers an area of .

Population growth

References
http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=060_vaerak_tau_107&ti=V%E4est%F6+kielen+mukaan+sek%E4+ulkomaan+kansalaisten+m%E4%E4r%E4+ja+maa%2Dpinta%2Dala+alueittain+1980+%2D+2012&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=3&multilang=fi

Other websites

Järvenpää pages

Municipalities of Uusimaa
Kokkola (, previously Gamlakarleby) is a town in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of January 2014, over 47,000 people lived there. It covers an area of , not including the sea area. Nearby municipalities are Halsua, Kalajoki, Kannus, Kaustinen, Kruunupyy, Lestijärvi, Luoto and Toholampi.

The former municipalities of Lohtaja, Kälviä and Ullava were merged with Kokkola in 2009.

Kokkola was established in 1620. The people speak two languages: Finnish and Swedish.

Other websites 
 
 Website

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Central Ostrobothnia
1620s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Finland
1620 establishments
Kouvola is a town in Kymenlaakso, Finland. As of 31 May 2013, there were 87,254 people living there. Its current form was established in 2009. Six other municipalities: (Kouvola, Kuusankoski, Elimäki, Anjalankoski, Valkeala and Jaala) closed and joined to form Kouvola.

Sights
Ahvionkoski, rapid
Arboretum Mustila
Kouvolan pienoisrautatiemuseo, miniature railwaymuseum
Repovesi national park

Other websites 
 The official page 

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Kymenlaakso
2009 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Finland
Hamina () is a town in Kymenlaakso, Finland. As of 31 May 2013, 21,252 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Kotka, Kouvola, Luumäki, Miehikkälä and Virolahti.  Writer Laila Hietamies wrote a book about Hamina.

The town plan of Hamina differs from what is usual in Finland. It is rare in other countries too. Another town with a similar plan is Palmanova, in Italy.

A local museum is located on the island of Tammio, near to the town.

History
Hamina was established 1653. In writing, it was mentioned as a trading centre in the 1300s.

References

Other websites 

 The official page 

Municipalities of Kymenlaakso
Takao Yoshida (born October 26, 1973) is a Japanese professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist who is currently working for New Japan Pro Wrestling under the ring name, Taka Michinoku.

Career
Michinoku has competed for many professional wresting companies during his career including Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), CMLL, World Wresting Federation (WWF), Kaientai Dojo and All Japan Pro Wrestling.

During his time in the WWF, Michinoku became the first ever WWF Light Heavyweight Champion when he defeated Brian Christopher at D-Generation X: In Your House.

Michinoku faced Keiichiro Yamamiya at Pancrase: Alive 4 on April 27, 1997 but was defeated 7:36 in the first round from submission by keylock.
Championships
All Japan Pro Wrestling
AJPW World Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
El Dorado Wrestling
UWA World Trios Championship (one time) (with Francis Togo and Antonio Honda)
Frontier Martial Arts Wrestling
FMW Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship (two times)
Independent Wrestling World
IWW Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Kaientai Dojo
FMW/WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship (one time) (with TOMO Michinoku)
Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time, current)
Strongest-K Championship (two times)
Strongest-K Tag Team Championship (three times) (with Handsome Joe (two) and Kengo Mashimo (one))
UWA/UWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ryota Chikuzen)
UWA World Middleweight Championship (one time, current)
Strongest-K Tournament (2007)
Michinoku Pro Wrestling
Tohoku Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
New Japan Pro Wrestling
IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Dick Togo)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #191 of the 500 best singles wrestlers by PWI during the "PWI Years" in 2003.
Tokyo Sports Grand Prix
Best Technical Wrestler (2005)
World Entertainment Wrestling
WEW Six Man Tag Team titles (one time) (with Gosaku Goshogawara and Tetsuhiro Kuroda)
World Wrestling Federation
WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)
References

Other websites
Taka Michinoku on New Japan Pro Wrestling

1973 births
Former WWE wrestlers
Japanese professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture
Repovesi National Park is national park near Kouvola and Mäntyharju in Finland. It was established in January 2003. The area is . There are many paths for visitors.

Other websites
Ympäristö.fi website 

National parks in Finland
2003 establishments in Europe
Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh () is a Punjabi feature movie from 1999. It was directed by Manoj Punj. It is also spelled Shaheed-e-Mohabbat for short. The movie is based on the real-life love story of Boota Singh and a Punjabi girl It is set in the Punjab region during the time of the partition of India. The movie stars Gurdas Maan as Boota Singh and Divya Dutta as the Punjabi girl. Arun Bakshi, Gurkirtan and B. N. Sharma played the supporting roles.

The movie was an international success. It was shown at many national and international movie festivals, including the 1999 Vancouver International Film Festival, International Film Festival of India and many more. The movie won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi at the 46th National Film Awards. This movie was produced by Manjeet Maan. It is the first movie by Maan's home production company, Sai Productions.

References 

1990s Indian movies
Movies based on real life events
Boota Singh (Gurmukhi: ਬੂਟਾ ਸਿੰਘ; Shahmukhi: بوٹا سنگھ), sometimes spelled as Buta Singh, was a Sikh soldier in the British Army. He served in Burma during World War II, under the command of Lord Mountbatten. He is very well known in India and Pakistan. He is famous for his tragic love story with a Punjabi girl who he rescued from the riots during the partition of India in 1947.

Love story 
Both fell in love and got married. Later, she was deported (sent back) to Punjab. Boota illegally entered Punjab to find her. She stayed away from him due to pressure from her family. Because of this, he killed himself by jumping in front of a moving train near Shahdara railway station in Punjab. He did this with his daughter, but she survived.
The love story of Singh's life has been adapted to movies and books, from both India and Pakistan. A Punjabi movie Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh (1999) is entirely based on the story. Ishrat Rahmani wrote a book, Muhabbat, based on the story. The story also influenced many other movies including Partition, a Hollywood movie from 2007.

Personal life 
Singh lived in a village of Jalandhar district in British Punjab. When he returned home from fighting in Burma, his youth was over. All his friends were married with their own families, but he was still not married. He found no woman to marry him. Once a trader offered to sell Singh a bride from Uttar Pradesh or Bihar for rupees 2000/-. From this day onward, he started saving all his money for the dowry.

His uncle and cousins were wanting him to die unmarried, so that they could inherit his share of the family's land.
Burial 
In his suicide note, Singh expressed his last wish to be buried in Noorpur village near Barki. This is where her parents had resettled after the Partition. The autopsy of Singh's body was done in a hospital in Lahore. It was taken to the town on 22 February 1957 for burial. However, the townsmen did not allow him to be buried there. Instead, Singh was buried at Miani Sahib Graveyard of Lahore.
In popular culture 
In 1999, Manoj Punj directed a Punjabi feature movie, Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh, entirely based on the life story of Boota Singh. The movie stars Gurdas Maan as Boota Singh and Divya Dutta as the Punjabi girl. The music was composed by Amar Haldipur. It was a success internationally. It won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi at the 46th National Film Awards. It was also shown at many national and international movie festivals, including the 1999 Vancouver International Film Festival and the International Film Festival of India. Ishrat Rahmani wrote a novel on the love story, titled Muhabbat. The story also featured in an English book, Freedom at Midnight, by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre.

References 

1957 deaths
Year of birth missing
Punjabi people
British military people
World War II people
Geometric topology is a discipline of mathematics. It looks at manifolds and embeddings.  Examples are the Knot theory and Braid groups. Since 1945, the field of Topology has developed further:
Algebraic topology
Differential topology

Topology
Lake Gałęziste is a lake in Poland. It is in Wigry National Park. It is  deep.

Lakes of Europe
Geography of Poland
The Parliament of Sweden () is the legislative government of Sweden. The parliament building is on the Stockholm island of Helgeandsholmen. The parliament has 349 seats since 1976 (350 between 1971 and 1976). Between 1867 and 1971, the parliament had two chambers, but has been reduced to one. Elections are held in September every fourth year (third year between 1970-1994).

Other websites

Parliament of Sweden

Sweden
Sweden
Government of Sweden
Organizations based in Stockholm
The Hawker Hunter is a British military jet aircraft. It was designed and built as fighter aircraft for the Royal Air Force. But it was used by many other operators as Fleet Air Arm, or foreign air forces. Belgium, Iraq, Sweden, and Switzerland are among the operators of this aircraft.

Royal Air Force aircraft
British military aircraft
Hunter
Noice is a Swedish rock band, formed in Gustavsberg in 1977. The band gained legendary status in Sweden after their breakthrough on the TV show Måndagsbörsen on March 17, 1980. All members were under the age of 18 at the time of their breakthrough.

In their original formation, Noice released 3 studio albums. The band split up in 1983, but have reorganized many times in different forms for nostalgia tours.

2 of the original members, Hasse Carlsson and Freddie Hansson both died from extensive drug usage less than 1 year apart.

On September 29, 2023, Noice released their first studio album since 2004.

Original members
 Hasse Carlsson, vocals and guitar, born 19 February 1965, died 4 September 2002
 Freddie Hansson, keyboard, born 22 December 1963, died 29 December 2001
 Peo Thyrén, bass, born 17 October 1962
 Robert Klasen, drums, born 10 September 1962
 Robert Liman, guitar, born 15 May 1963 (left band in 1979)

Discography
Discography

Studio albums
 Tonårsdrömmar (1979)
 Bedårande barn av sin tid (1980)
 Det ljuva livet (1981)
 Europa (1982)
 Vild, vild värld (1995)
 2004 (2004)

Live albums
 Live på Ritz (1982)
 Officiell Bootleg Live (2005) DVD
 Live 1979 + 1995 (2005)
 Nätter utan slut (2007) (Live Digital EP)

Albums
 H.I.T.S. (1989)
 Flashback 12 (1995)
 Svenska popfavoriter (1998)
 Noice Forever (2003)
 Samlat oljud (2003)
 17 klassiker (2007)
 Noice 4for1 (2012)
Singles
 "Television"/"Du e inte man" (1979)
 "En kväll i tunnelbanan"/"I natt e hela stan vår" (1980)
 "Du lever bara en gång"/"Amerikanska bilar" (1980)
 "Allting okey" (ny version)/"Bedårande barn av sin tid" (1981)
 "Everything's Alright"/"One Night in the Subway" (1981; single released in West Germany, Austria and Switzerland)
 "Vi rymmer bara du och jag"/"1987" (1981)
 "Dolce Vita (Det ljuva livet)"/"Romans för timmen" (1982)
 "Rött ljus, rött ljus"/"Ringer dig" (1982)
 "Du och jag"/"Noice on 45" (1982)
 "Vild, vild värld"/"En kväll i tunnelbanan"/"Vild, vild värld" (aucostic version) (1995)
 "Nätter utan slut" Digital Live EP (2007)

Other websites

1977 establishments in Sweden
Swedish rock music groups
Freestyle was a Swedish pop music group. It was active from 1980 to 1983.

Discography

Albums 
 Fantasi (1981) #1
 Modiga agenter (1982) #13
 10 (1990) #47

Compilations 
 Freestyle's bästa (1986)
 Guldkorn-Den kompletta samlingen (1998) #2
 Golden Hits/2CD (1998)

Singles 
 "Take Me Home" (1980)
 "Running Away" (1980)
 "Vill ha dej/I Want You" (1980) #1
 "Fantasi" (1981) #13
 "Rider omkring" (1981)
 "Nära dej" (1981)
 "Bubblar" (1981)
 "Är det värt..." (1981)
 "One More Ride/Fantasy" (1981)
 "Ögon som glittrar" (1982) #3
 "Att leka med känslor" (1982)
 "Modiga agenter/Vill du ha en del av min sommar" (1982) #13
 "Mission Impossible/Hard To Handle" (1982)
 "Fingers in Motion" (1983)
 "Musiken gör mig vild/Nattens dockor" (1983)
 "Fantasi/10" (1991)
 "C&N Medley '98/DJ Promotion" (1998)
 "Fantasi '98" (1998) #37
 "Ögon som glittrar '98" (1998)

Other websites 
 Freestyle discography in Hitparad
1980s Swedish music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 1983
Musical groups established in 1980
Swedish pop music groups
1980 establishments in Sweden
1983 disestablishments in Europe
1980s disestablishments in Sweden
Style was a Swedish pop music group. They were active from 1983 to 1989. The band was reunited in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2010.

Discography

Singles 
 Love Is Knocking on My Door/Längtar tillbaks till dig (1983)
 Telefon (1984)
 Du och jag (1985)
 Vision av kärlek (1985)
 Telephone (1985) US Dance #16
 Give Me a Night to Remember/På jakt (efter guld som glimmar) (1986)
 Dover-Calais (1986) SWE #1
 Följ mig (1986)
 Heaven No 7 (1986)
 Shine On (1986)
 Hand i hand (1987) SWE #20
 Run for Your Life (1987) SWE #4
 Daylight Robbery (1987)
 New World (1987)
 Empty Bed (1988) SWE #4
 It's a Secret (1988) SWE #3
 Question of Time (1988)
 Sentimental (1988)
 Empty Bed (International release) (1989)
 Stay the Night (2003)
 När jag ser dig (2008)
 Vill ha dej, igen (2009)

Albums 
 So Chic (1983) SWE #32
 Visioner (1985)
 Heaven No 7 (1986) SWE #3
 Daylight Robbery (1987) SWE #7
 12 bästa (1987)
 Question of Time (1988) SWE #4
 Samlade hits (2003) SWE #7
 Best of Style - Det ni vill ha (2008)
 Vill ha dej igen (2009) #9
Other websites
Discogs

Musical groups disestablished in 1989
1980s Swedish music groups
Musical groups established in 1983
Swedish pop music groups
1983 establishments in Sweden
1980s disestablishments in Sweden
Dag Vag is a Swedish pop, reggae, and punk band. It was formed in 1978. The lead singer was Per Odeltorp (1948-2012), popularly known as Stig Vig.

Discography

Studio albums
1979 - Dag Vag
1979 - Scenbuddism (Live)
1980 - Palsternacka
1982 - 7 lyckliga elefanter
1983 - Almanacka
1989 - Helq
1992 - Halleluja!
2006 - Kackerlacka
2007 - Klassiker
2012 - Nattmacka

Singles
1978 - Dimma (under the name Dag Vag & Svagsinta)
1978 - Flyger
1980 - Hellre en raket
1981 - Blöt dröm
1981 - Popitop
1983 - Samma sång
1989 - Du får aldrig nog
1989 - Tiden går
1990 - En gång till!
1991 - Nya skor
1992 - Hämta mej
1992 - Fyrverkeri
2006 - En del av dej

EP
2011 - epette

Other websites
www.dagvag.se - Official web page

1978 establishments in Sweden
Swedish pop music groups
Eldkvarn was a gristmill in central Stockholm in Sweden, that was destroyed by a fire on 31 October 1878. In its place today is the Stockholm City Hall. The mill was built in 1805 for Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz with a steam engine built by Samuel Owen.

Buildings and structures in Stockholm
1805 establishments
1800s establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Sweden
1878 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Sweden
1870s disestablishments in Europe
Eldkvarn is rock band from the town of Norrköping in Sweden. The band was founded in 1971.

Band members
 Plura Jonsson - lead vocals, guitar
 Carla Jonsson - lead guitar, vocals
 Tony Thorén - bass guitar, backing vocals
 Werner Modiggård - drums, backing vocals
 Claes von Heijne - keyboard

Former members
 Staffan Odenhall - saxophone (1974)
 Curt-Åke Stefan - guitar and keyboard (1974–79)
 Wenche Arnesen - vocals (1975–79)
 Liten Falkeholm - xylofon, keyboard, vocals (1975–79)
 Lage Bergström - drums (1974–78)
 Claes Carlsson - saxophone, keyboard (1979–84)
 Lennart Helperin - trumpet (1982–84)
 Fredric "Fralle" Holmquist - (1984–86)
 Peter Smoliansky - drums (1985–92)
 Magnus Persson - drums (1993–94)
Discography
 1976: En lång het weekend
 1978: Pantad och såld
 1979: Pojkar, pojkar, pojkar
 1980: Musik för miljonärer
 1981: Genom ljuva livet
 1983: Tuff lust
 1984: Barbariets eleganter
 1984: Ny klubb
 1986: Utanför lagen
 1987: Himmelska dagar
 1988: Kungarna från Broadway
 1989: Karusellkvällar
 1991: Legender ur den Svarta hatten
 1993: Pluralism
 1994: Sånger från Nedergården
 1997: Lyckliga tider
 1999: Limbo
 2001: Död stjärna
 2002: Brott lönar sig alltid
 2005: Atlantis
 2007: Svart blogg
 2008: Hunger hotell
 2011: De berömdas aveny

Compilations
 1988: Vägen från Peking
 1991: Den långa färden 71-91
 1997: Det gamla landet
 2000: Eldkvarns bästa 2000
 2004: Diamanter
 2008: Klassiker
 2011: Stans bästa band: 1971-2011 - De första 40 Åren
 2011: Den goda skörden" Eldkvarn 1971 - 2011 - (10 CD Box)

Live albums
 1994: Tempel av alkohol 1989: Cirkus Broadway 2000: Kärlekens törst 2006: Kärlekens låga 2007: Svart gig 2010: Kärlekens väg''

Other websites
Other websites

Official Website 
Official Fan Club (first in Internet)

1971 establishments in Sweden
Swedish rock music groups
Norrköping
Kikki, Bettan & Lotta was a supertrio from Sweden. They were active from 2001 to 2004. It consisted of Kikki Danielsson, Elisabeth Andreassen and Lotta Engberg.

Discography

Albums
20 år med oss - 2002
Live från Rondo - 2003

Singles
Vem é dé du vill ha - 2002

Svensktoppen songs
Vem é dé du vill ha - 2002

Other websites
 Kikki, Bettan & Lotta (No longer updated) 

2000s Swedish music groups
Musical groups established in 2001
2004 disestablishments in Sweden
2001 establishments in Sweden
Matz Bladhs is a dansband from the town of Falkenberg in Sweden. The band was founded in 1968.

Members
Conductor
Niclas Olén
Vocals
Hans Schmid (1981–1983)	
Göran Lindberg (1983–1991)	
Paul Sahlin (1991–2004)	
Göran Lindberg (2004–2010)	
Conny Nilsson (2010–present) - also guitar
Instruments
Lars Olof Karlsson (1987–present) - guitar, also backing vocals
Niclas Olén (2000–present) - keyboards
Sören Kenstam (2011–present) - drummer	
Håkan Nordling (2011–present) - saxophone, also guitar and flute
Albums
(Peak positions in Sverigetopplistan in brackets, wherever applicable)
1972: Bland blommor och blad
1974: På me' tröja och jeans
1977: Det var så länge se'n
1978: Min högsta önskan
1981: Leende dansmusik 81 
1982: Leende dansmusik 82
1983: Leende dansmusik 83 (SWE #50)
1984: Leende dansmusik 84 (SWE #37)
1985: Leende dansmusik 85 
1986: Leende dansmusik 86
1987: Leende dansmusik 87
1988: Leende dansmusik 88 (SWE #16)
1989: Leende dansmusik 89
1990: Leende dansmusik 90
1991: Leende dansmusik 91
1992: Leende dansmusik 92
1993: Leende dansmusik 93
1994: Leende dansmusik 94
1995: Leende dansmusik 95 (SWE #57)
1997: Leende dansmusik 97 (SWE #55)
1999: Tack för alla åren
2001: Leende dansmusik
2004: 20 gobitar 2005 (SWE #33)
2006: Godbitar 2006 (SWE #30)
2008: Ljus och värme - Matz Bladhs bästa låtar (SWE #60)
2009: Upp till dans
2009: Entré (SWE #44)
2012: Leende dansmusik 2012 (SWE #9)
2013: Leende dansmusik 2013 (SWE #9)
Svensktoppen songs
Aj, aj, aj, jag svävar i det blå - 1987
Senorita - 1987
Lite blyg - 1988
Kärleken ska segra - 1992
I en gul luftballong - 1993
Livets stora gåta - 1993-1994
Klockorna ska ringa - 1994
Jag ska älska dig - 1994-1995
En liten röd bukett - 1995
Vid Silverforsens strand - 1996
Den första dagen - 1997
Som en ros i ett regn - 1997
Varje liten stjärna - 1998-1999
Det faller ett regn - 1999
Över Öresund - 2000
Sommar & sol - 2001

Failed to enter chart
Har inte någon sett min brud - 1969
En dag i sänder - 1990 (27 May)
En kärleksaffär - 1991 (14 April)
Jag vet vad kärlek är - 1999 (25 September, new test 2 October)

References

Dansbands
Swedish musical groups
The Hawker Sea Hawk is a British military jet aircraft. It was designed and built as a fighter aircraft for the Royal Navy. It was designed and built for operations from the British aircraft carriers. Foreign operators were Germany, India, and Netherlands.
Hawker Sea Hawk were used by British in the Suez Canal crisis of 1956, and by Indians in Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.

British military aircraft
Indian military aircraft
Sea Hawk
Family Four was a band from Sweden. They represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 with "Vita vidder" and at Eurovision Song Contest 1972 with "Härliga sommardag".

Discography
1971 (1971)
Family Four's jul (1971)
Picknick (1972)
Family Four på Berns (1973)
Family Four: Guldkorn (2000)

References 

Swedish musical groups
Frequency response is a measure of the range of bass, mid-range, and treble that your speakers can reproduce with clarity. The wider the frequency range, the more dynamic sound you’ll hear.

Systems respond differently to inputs of different frequencies. Some systems may amplify frequencies of certain range and attenuate the other frequencies. The way that the system output is related to the input for different frequencies is called frequency response. Frequency response means a graph where can be seen how something changes in different sound frequency. It is typically used in loudspeakers. Also audio crossovers way to function can be shown with frequency response.

The frequency response will be represented by two numbers and measured in Hertz (Hz) which is the unit of measurement for one frequency cycle. The first number represents the lowest bass frequency while the second number indicates the highest high-frequency an audio product can produce.

Other websites

Sound
The Sukhoi Su-25 is an attack aircraft designed and built in the USSR, and after in Russia. It was used by Soviets militaries during the war in Afghanistan. Foreign operators are mainly former Warsaw Pact countries and states near the communist regimes. NATO called it Frogfoot. First designed by Kenan and Haydn Douglas Griffiths of the soviet Air force research and development. Then The idea was expanded on by Eryk Deryniowski who then Went to transfer the idea on to Sukhoi. 

Soviet military aircraft
Audio crossover is an electric circuit that separates low and high audio frequencies in a signal. It is needed because very small loudspeakers (tweeters) would break if fed by low frequencies. Likewise, bigger speakers (subwoofers) are not able to play higher frequencies purely.

Audio crossovers are divided to passive or active crossovers. Typical components used with passive crossovers are capacitors inductors and resistors.  If passive crossover uses resistors to adjust loudness, those generate heat. Instead, active devices typically use resistors and capacitors with other audioelectronic components and those typically don't consume so much electric power. Also, active crossovers are easily built to be adjustable. Still, that doesn't mean that using passive crossover means low quality.

Other websites

Sound
Electronic circuits
The Hawker Hurricane is a famous British military aircraft of World War II. This was the main fighter used by the RAF during the Battle of Britain. It was later outclassed by the Supermarine Spitfire. Sea Hurricane was a navalized variant, used by Fleet Air Arm.

References

Hurricane
Royal Air Force aircraft
World War II British aircraft
The Hawker Siddeley HS-748 is a British civilian aircraft. Designed and built as an airliner it was also used by militaries as cargo aircraft and for aerial test support.
It can carry between 45 and 50 passengers. Andover is a modified military variant.

748
Civil aircraft
The CASA C-212 Aviocar is a Spanish twin-turboprop aircraft. Designed and built as a cargo aircraft, it is also a light airliner. It is used both by civilians and militaries. US Air Force use some as C-41 to support special forces. Some variants are built for reconnaissance and maritime patrol.

Civil aircraft
Military aircraft
United States Air Force aircraft
Eu is a commune of Seine-Maritime near Le Tréport. By the river Bresles, it marks the border with Picardie. This commune is famous for its castle and for its Collegiate church.

Communes in Seine-Maritime
Akaa is a city in Finland. About 17,000 people live there. Nearby municipalities include Hämeenlinna, Lempäälä, Urjala, Valkeakoski and Vesilahti. In Akaa is the biggest mämmi factory in world. There were mämmi-eating competitions in 2005 and 2007.

Other websites

 Community website

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Pirkanmaa
LOC, L.O.C., Loc, LoC, or locs may refer to:

 Line of Control, a ceasefire line between Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir (1972–present)
 Library of Congress
Mämmi is a traditional Finnish food. It is similar to porridge. Originally, it was eaten only in western Finland. It is served cooled with cream and sugar. Mämmi is usually eaten around Easter. It is a dark-brown porridge-like dish with a thick but smooth consistency, made from a combination of rye flour, rye malt, and sugar, and flavored with orange zest and cardamom. It has a similar consistency to porridge or pudding. Mämmi is thought to be the equivalent of Jewish unleavened bread as festive food. It is centuries old and is served as a dessert during Easter in Finland.

Other websites 
 mammi

Finnish food
Desserts
Hanko () is a city in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, about 9,100 people lived there. More people come to live in Hanko during the summer. Hanko is the most southern municipality in Finland. The municipilaty is surrounded by sea on three sides. Many of the people in Hanko speak Swedish instead of Finnish. Nearby municipalities include Kemiönsaari and Kemiönsaari.

Other websites

 Community website

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Uusimaa
Rosvopaisti is a traditional Finnish food. It is cooked in a 50 cm-deep hole. At the bottom of the hole is put a camp fire. It is cooked there for 3-4 hours. After that, a steak is put in the hole. Cooking takes about 8-12 hours.

Other websites 
 Rosvopaisti receipt with advices for making rosvopaistiowen

Finnish food
Gunnora (or Gunnor) (–), "Duchess" of Normandy, was the wife of Richard I, Duke of Normandy. She was an important figure in his reign and those of her sons.

Career 

Gunnora belonged to a family from the Pays de Caux area in Normandy. Gunnora was probably born . Her family was very influential in western Normandy and Gunnora was said to be very wealthy. Her marriage to Richard I was of great political importance. It allied him with a powerful rival family in the Cotentin. Her brother, Herfast de Crepon, was the progenitor of a great Norman family. Her sisters and nieces married some of the most important nobles in Normandy. 	

At the time the Normans were used to more than one kind of marriage. Richard I wanted his son Robert to become the Archbishop of Rouen. He was told the church would not allow it because he and Gunnora were not married in a Christian ceremony. So he married Gunnora "according to the Christian custom", making their children legitimate in the eyes of the church.
Gunnora signed many ducal charters up into the 1020s. She was skilled in languages and had an excellent memory. She was a source of information on Norman history for Dudo of St. Quentin. Her husband depended on her as is shown in the couple's charters where she held several important positions. She was at times regent of Normandy, a mediator and a judge. In a typical roll for a medieval aristocratic mother, she was an arbitrator between her husband and their oldest son Richard II. As Richard I's widow she is mentioned as being active in her sons' careers.
Gunnora was a founder and supporter of Coutances Cathedral and laid its first stone. In one of her own charters after Richard's death she gave two pieces of land (called allods) to the abbey of Mont Saint-Michel. These were Britavilla and Domjean which were part of her dowry. She gave them for the soul of her husband,  for her own soul and that of her sons "count Richard, archbishop Robert, and others..." She also signed a charter, , to that same abbey as Gonnor matris comitis (Gunnor, mother of the count). Gunnora, as wife and countess, was able to use her influence to see her kin favored, and several of the most prominent Anglo-Norman families on both sides of the English Channel are descended from her, her sisters and her nieces. Gunnora died .

Family

Richard and Gunnora were parents to several children:
Richard II "the Good", Duke of Normandy 
 Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen, Count of Évreux
 Mauger, Earl of Corbeil
 Emma of Normandy, wife of two kings of England
 Maud of Normandy, wife of Odo II, Count of Blois, Champagne and Chartres
 Hawise of Normandy married Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany
 Papia of Normandy
 William, Count of Eu

Notes

References

950s births
1030s deaths
House of Normandy
Dukes and duchesses
People from Normandy
The Stockholm City Hall () is the municipal building in Stockholm in Sweden. It is on the island of Kungsholmen. It was built between 1911 and 1923, with Ragnar Östberg being the architect. The Stockholm Municipality council meetings are held here.  Each year on 10 December, the Nobel Prize party is held here.

References

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Stockholm
Government buildings
The Stockholm Palace () is the royal castle in Stockholm in Sweden. It was built in the 18th century, after a fire in 1697 destroyed the old castle Tre Kronor.

Other websites
Official website 

Buildings and structures in Stockholm
Castles in Europe
18th-century buildings and structures
The Riddarholmen Church () is a church building in Stockholm, Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It is on the island of Riddarholmen. Several Swedish monarchs are buried here.

It is one of the oldest building in Stockholm, and dates back to the Middle Ages.

Other websites

 The Riddarholmen Church at the Royal Court's website 

Church of Sweden churches
Churches in Stockholm
13th-century buildings and structures‎
The Royal Chapel () is a church inside the Stockholm Palace. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened in 1754.

References

Other websites

Church of Sweden churches
Churches in Stockholm
18th-century buildings and structures‎
Adolf Fredrik Church () is a church building in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened on 27 November 1774. In its graveyard, former Swedish prime ministers Hjalmar Branting and Olof Palme have been buried.

References

Other websites

Church of Sweden churches
Churches in Stockholm
18th-century buildings and structures‎
Hedvig Eleonora Church () is a church in Stockholm, Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened on 21 August 1737.

References

Other websites

Church of Sweden churches
Churches in Stockholm
18th-century buildings and structures‎
The Sweden women's national ice hockey team () represents the country of Sweden in women's ice hockey. The team started in 1987. It won bronze medals at the world championships in the years 2005 and 2007, Olympic bronze medal in 2002, and an Olympic silver medal in 2006.

Other websites

1987 establishments in Sweden
Ice hockey teams in Sweden
National ice hockey teams
Svenska Dagbladet is a newspaper in Sweden. It is based in Stockholm. It was started on 18 December 1884.

References

Other websites

Official website

1884 establishments in Europe
Newspapers published in Stockholm
Kitee is a city in North Karelia, Finland. As of January 2014 over 11,200 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Parikkala, Rääkkylä, Savonlinna and Tohmajärvi.

History
Kitee was established 1631 and it came to be a city in 1992.

Since 2013, Kesälahti merged with Kitee.

Sights
Aquapark, water park
Model railway, over 250 metres long.

Lakes
Orivesi, Karjalan Pyhäjärvi, Kiteenjärvi, Ätäskö, Heinäjärvi, Pieniheinäjärvi, Särkijärvi, Hyypii, Pitkäjärvi, Säynejärvi, Lautakko, Paasselkä (Paasivesi) and Piimäjärvi.

References

Other websites

 Community website

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of North Karelia
1631 establishments
17th-century establishments in Finland
1630s establishments in Europe
FC Groningen is a football club from Groningen, Netherlands. It was founded in 1971. It plays in the highest division of the Netherlands, the Eredivisie. Their home kit is green and white.

1971 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in the Netherlands
Dutch football clubs
Groningen (city)
Jönköpings-Posten (JP) is a newspaper in Sweden. It is based in the town of Jönköping. It was started on 17 January 1865.

References

Other websites
Official website

1865 establishments in Europe
Newspapers published in Sweden
Jönköping
19th-century establishments in Sweden
Stadsparksvallen is a sports ground in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. Opened in 1902, it is the home ground for the Jönköpings Södra IF soccer club.

References

Other websites

Official website

1902 establishments in Europe
Stadiums in Sweden
Sport in Jönköping
Buildings and structures in Jönköping
1900s establishments in Sweden
Joutseno is a former town and municipality of Finland. It is now part of Lappeenranta. Joutseno had a population of 10,821 in 2004. It covers an area of , of which about  is water.

Other websites

South Karelia
Former municipalities of Finland
Norrahammar is a part of the Jönköping locality ("town"). It has been part of the town since the 1970s. It is located within the Jönköping Municipality in the county of Jönköping in Sweden.

Other websites

Settlements in Jonkoping County
Tenhult is an urban area in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is in the Jönköping Municipality.

References 

Settlements in Jonkoping County
Smålandsstenar is an urban area in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is in the Gislaved Municipality.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Kalmar County
Gislaved Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Gislaved.

References

Other websites
 Gislaved Municipality

Municipalities of Jönköping County
Vaggeryd Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is both in Skillingaryd and Vaggeryd.

References

Other websites
 Vaggeryd Municipality

Municipalities of Jönköping County
Värnamo Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Värnamo.

References

Other websites
 Värnamo Municipality

Municipalities of Jönköping County
The Rogue Crew is a children's fantasy book, written by Brian Jacques in 2011. It is the 22nd book in the Redwall series. It is the last book in the series too, because Jacques died in 2011.

Plot
An evil animal called a Wearat is coming to take over Redwall Abbey. The hares of the Long Patrol army and the sea otters called the Rogue Crew have to fight this horrible creature and save the land of Mossflower.

Redwall
2011 books
Skillingaryd is a settlement in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is in the Vaggeryd Municipality. Together with Vaggeryd, it consists of the municipal seat.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Jonkoping County
Gnosjö Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Gnosjö.

References

Other websites
 Gnosjö Municipality 

Municipalities of Jönköping County
Eksjö Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Eksjö.

References

Other websites

 Eksjö Municipality

Municipalities of Jönköping County
Aneby Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Aneby.

References

Other websites

 Aneby Municipality

Municipalities of Jönköping County
Tranås Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Tranås.

References

Other websites
 Tranås Municipality

Municipalities of Jönköping County
Karlsborg Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Karlsborg.

Other websites

 Karlsborg Municipality

Municipalities of Västra Götaland County
Håbo Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Bålsta.

References

Other websites
 Håbo Municipality

Municipalities of Uppsala County
Bålsta is a locality, and the seat of Håbo Municipality, in the county of Uppsala in central Sweden.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Uppsala County
Kalix Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Kalix.

References

Other websites

 Kalix Municipality

Municipalities of Norrbotten County
Ånge Municipality () is a municipality in Västernorrland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Ånge.

References

Other websites

 Ånge Municipality

Municipalities of Västernorrland County
The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk is a US military jet aircraft. It was the first stealth aircraft to be declared operational. It was only used by US Air Force until 2003. It was used in the Gulf War. It was also used by NATO air attacks in Kosovo in 1999.

The Lockheed F-117 is a single-seat, twin-engine stealth ground-attack aircraft that is operated by the United States Air Force.  The F-117 was the first flyable aircraft to be designed around stealth technology. It retired in 2008 because of the F-22 Raptor. It is shaped to deflect radar signals. It is limited to subsonic speed. It’s weird 2d shape was from the 1970’s era computer technology.

United States Air Force aircraft
F-117
Vindeln Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Vindeln.

References

Other websites
 Vindeln Municipality

Municipalities of Västerbotten County
Degerfors Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Degerfors.

References

Other websites

 Degerfors Municipality

Municipalities of Örebro County
Söderköping Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Söderköping.

References

Other websites
 Söderköping Municipality 

Municipalities of Östergötland County
Oxelösund Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Oxelösund.

References

Other websites
 Oxelösund Municipality

Municipalities of Södermanland County
Kristinehamn Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Kristinehamn.

References

Other websites

 Kristinehamn Municipality

Municipalities of Värmland County
Katrineholm Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Katrineholm.

References

Other websites

 Katrineholm Municipality

Municipalities of Södermanland County
Knivsta Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Knivsta.

The municipality was established on 1 January 2003. It was broken out of Uppsala Municipality.

References

Other websites

 Knivsta Municipality

Municipalities of Uppsala County
2003 establishments in Europe
The Percival Pembroke is a British military light transport aircraft. It is a twin-engine aircraft. It was used by the RAF and many other militaries operators. Its first flight was in November 1952.

Royal Air Force aircraft
Lotta på Liseberg is a sing-along event at Liseberg in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It has been around since 21 June 2004. Broadcastings over TV 4 began on 22 June 2009. Since the beginning, Lotta Engberg has been the host.

Other websites
 Official website 

2004 establishments in Sweden
Music events
Television programs
Lohja () is a city in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014 almost 48,000 people live there. Nearby municipalities are Inkoo, Karkkila, Raasepori, Siuntio, Vihti, Salo, Somero and Tammela.

In 2009, Sammatti became a part of Lohja. In 2013, the former municipalities of Karjalohja and Nummi-Pusula were merged with Lohja.

A large cave is located in Lohja.

The people in Lohja speak two languages: Finnish and Swedish.

Other websites

 Community website

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Uusimaa
The Royal Aircraft Factory SE-5 is a British single-engine fighter aircraft. It is a biplane, that was used for World War I. It was used by the Royal Flying Corps from March 1917.

British military aircraft 
World War I aircraft
Calculating Infinity is the first album by The Dillinger Escape Plan. The Dillinger Escape Plan was an American mathcore band. Relapse Records released it on September 28, 1999. Steve Evetts produced the album with Ben Weinman and Chris Pennie. Many music critics think it is an important work of avant-garde metal. Calculating Infinity is the band's only album to have Dimitri Minakakis as the lead singer. Minakakis left the band in 2001.

Many music critics liked the album. Some liked that the music on the album was complex. Many critics think that it is one of the best albums made by The Dillinger Escape Plan. Calculating Infinity is one of the first mathcore albums. It inspired other people to make mathcore music.

Track listing
Track listing

Personnel
The Dillinger Escape Plan
 Dimitri Minakakis – singing
 Ben Weinman – guitar, bass, synthesizer
 Brian Benoit – guitar
 Chris Pennie – drums
Production
 Ben Weinman – producer
 Chris Pennie – producer
 Adam Doll – liner notes
 Alan Douches – mastering
 Steve Evetts – producer, engineer
 Aaron Harris – assistant
 Jason Hellmann – assistant
 Matthew F. Jacobson – executive producer
 Adam Peterson – graphic design

References

1999 albums
Heavy metal albums
Sävsjö Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Sävsjö.

References

Other websites
 Sävsjö Municipality

Municipalities of Jönköping County
Västervik Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Västervik.

References

Other websites
 Västervik Municipality

Municipalities of Kalmar County
Vetlanda Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Vetlanda.

References

Other websites
 Vetlanda Municipality

Municipalities of Jönköping County
Oskarshamn Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Oskarshamn.

References

Other websites
 Oskarshamn Municipality 

Municipalities of Kalmar County
Vimmerby Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Vimmerby.

References

Other websites
 Vimmerby Municipality

Municipalities of Kalmar County
Olofström Municipality () is a municipality in Blekinge County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Olofström.

References

Other websites
 Olofström Municipality

Municipalities of Blekinge County
Karlshamn Municipality () is a municipality in Blekinge County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Karlshamn.

References

Other websites

 Karlshamn Municipality

Municipalities of Blekinge County
Ronneby Municipality () is a municipality in Blekinge County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Ronneby.

References

Other websites
 Ronneby Municipality

Municipalities of Blekinge County
Arvika Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Arvika.

References

Other websites

 Arvika Municipality

Municipalities of Värmland County
Arboga Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Arboga.

References

Other websites

 Arboga Municipality

Municipalities of Västmanland County
The Boulton Paul Defiant was a British fighter aircraft. This single-engine,  aircraft first in August 1937 and was used by the British Royal Air Force in World War II. 

Defiants were different to other fighter planes because their guns (four Machine guns) were in a rotating turret and could fire in any direction. They had two crew: one man was the pilot and the other aimed the guns.

Defiants were made to shoot down enemy bomber aircraft. When they were used during the Battle of Britain, they were good at this. But they were slower and could not turn as well as German fighter planes, like the Messerschmitt Bf 109. A lot of Defiants were shot down by German fighters.

After the Battle of Britain, the British only flew Defiants at night. In this way they could attack the German bombers that also flew at night, and avoid the German fighters because they only flew during the day. 

Today, only one Defiant is left in the world; it is in a museum in London.

World War II British aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft
Emmaboda Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Emmaboda.

References

Other websites

 Emmaboda Municipality

Municipalities of Kalmar County
Sunne Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Sunne.

History 
People have been living in this area for 5000 years. Old graves from the Iron Age can be found at Kolsnäsudden

References

Other websites
 Sunne Municipality

Municipalities of Värmland County
Surahammar Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Surahammar.

References

Other websites

 Surahammar Municipality

Municipalities of Västmanland County
Hallstahammar Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Hallstahammar.

References

Other websites
 Hallstahammar Municipality

Municipalities of Västmanland County
Lindesberg Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Lindesberg.

References

Other websites

 Lindesberg Municipality

Municipalities of Örebro County
Nora Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Nora.

References

Other websites
 Nora Municipality

Municipalities of Örebro County
Stenungsund Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Stenungsund.

References

Other websites

 Stenungsund Municipality

Municipalities of Västra Götaland County
The English Electric Lightning is a British fighter jet. It is a twin-turbojet. It was used by the Royal Air Force for the Cold War and by air forces of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

Royal Air Force aircraft
British military aircraft
Military of Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Enköping Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Enköping.

References

Other websites

 Enköping Municipality

Municipalities of Uppsala County
Sigtuna Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Märsta.

References

Other websites
 Sigtuna Municipality

Municipalities of Stockholm County
Ockelbo Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Ockelbo.

References

Other websites
 Ockelbo Municipality

Municipalities of Gävleborg County
Hudiksvall Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Hudiksvall.

References

Other websites
 Hudiksvall Municipality

Municipalities of Gävleborg County
Ljusdal Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Ljusdal.

References

Other websites
 Ljusdal Municipality 

Municipalities of Gävleborg County
Hofors Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Hofors.

References

Other websites
 Hofors Municipality

Municipalities of Gävleborg County