Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ecological genetics 
E.B. Ford worked for many years on genetic polymorphism.  Polymorphism in natural populations is frequent; the key feature is the occurrence together of two or more discontinuous forms of a species in some kind of balance. So long as the proportions of each form is above mutation rate, then selection must be the cause. As early as 1930 Fisher had discussed a situation where, with alleles at a single locus, the heterozygote is more viable than either homozygote. That is a typical genetic mechanism for causing this type of polymorphism. The work involves a synthesis of field research, taxonomy, and laboratory genetics.

References 

1901 births
1988 deaths
English evolutionary biologists
English geneticists
Ecologists
English science writers
Academics of the University of Oxford
Aster is a genus of flowering plants.  It belongs in the family Asteraceae.  The genus once had nearly 600 species in Eurasia and North America.  After morphologic and molecular research on the genus during the 1990s, it was decided that the North American species are better treated in a series of other related genera.  After this split there are about 180 species within the genus.

Common species 
Here is a list of some common species:
 Aster alpinus - Alpine Aster
 Aster amellus - European Michaelmas Daisy or Italian Aster
 Aster linosyris - Goldilocks Aster
 Aster pringlei
 Aster scaber
 Aster sibiricus
 Aster subulatus - Hairless Fleabane
 Aster tataricus - Tatarian Aster
 Aster tongolensis
 Aster tripolium - Sea Aster
Common North American species 
Here is a list of some common North American species that are no longer in the genus Aster:
 Aster breweri (now Eucephalus breweri) - Brewer's Aster
 Aster cordifolius (now Symphyotrichum cordifolium) - Blue Wood Aster
 Aster divaricatus (now Eurybia divaricata) - White Wood Aster
 Aster ericoides (now Symphyotrichum ericoides) - Heath Aster
 Aster laevis (now Symphyotrichum laeve) - Smooth Aster
 Aster lateriflorus (now Symphyotrichum lateriflorum) - Lady in Black, Calico Aster
 Aster novae-angliae (now Symphyotrichum novae-angliae) - New England Aster
 Aster novi-belgii (now Symphyotrichum novi-belgii) - New York Aster
 Aster peirsonii (now Oreostemma peirsonii) - Peirson's Aster
 Aster pilosus (now Symphyotrichum pilosum) - Frost Aster
 Aster scopulorum (now Ionactis alpina) - Lava Aster

References

Other websites 
 Aster at Ontario Wildflowers

Asteraceae
Akihabara Station(秋葉原駅,あきはばらえき) is a railway station of JR East, Tokyo Metro, and Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.

Neighbor
JR East
Keihin-Tōhoku Line
 Rapid
Tokyo - Akihabara - Ueno
 Local
Kanda - Akihabara - Okachimachi
Yamanote Line
Kanda - Akihabara - Okachimachi
Chūō-Sōbu Line
Asakusabashi - Akihabara - Ochanomizu
Tokyo Metro
Hibiya Line
Kodenmachō (H-14) - Akihabara (H-15) - Naka-Okachimachi (H-16)
Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company
Tsukuba Express
Rapid, Semi Rapid, Local 
Akihabara (01) - Shin-Okachimachi (02)

Related pages

Railway stations in Tokyo
"Borderline" is a popular song by American singer Madonna. It was released in 1984.

Charts

References

1984 songs
Madonna (entertainer) songs
Jody Watley songs
The Flaming Lips songs
Takadanobaba Station (高田馬場駅,たかだのばばえき) is a railway station of JR East, Tokyo Metro, and Seibu Railway in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.

Adjacent stations
JR East
Yamanote Line
Shin-Ōkubo - Takadanobaba - Mejiro
Tokyo Metro
Tōzai Line
Ochiai (T-02) - Takadanobaba (T-03) - Waseda (T-04)
Seibu Railway
Seibu Shinjuku Line
Ltd Express "Koedo"
Seibu Shinjuku - Takadanobaba  - Tokorozawa
Ltd Express "Kawagoe"
Seibu Shinjuku - Takadanobaba  - Tanashi 
Commuter Express, Expless, Semi Expless
Seibu Shinjuku - Takadanobaba  - Saginomiya 
Local
Seibu Shinjuku - Takadanobaba  - Shimo-Ochiai

Other websites

Railway stations in Tokyo
Meet Me Halfway is a very popular song by music group The Black Eyed Peas. It was the third single released off of their album The E.N.D..

References

Black Eyed Peas songs
2009 songs
Electro-R&B songs
Cirsium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.  It is one of many genera with the common name being thistles.  Other genera known as thistles include Carduus, Cynara, Onopordon, and Silybum.

They are mostly native to Eurasia and northern Africa.  There are about 60 species in North America (although many species have been naturalized outside their native ranges).

Most species are considered weeds.  Cirsium vulgare is listed as a weed in nine US states.  Some species are planted in gardens for their beauty and to attract butterflies.
Species
Cirsium acarna - Soldier Thistle
Cirsium acaule - Stemless Thistle, Dwarf Thistle
Cirsium altissimum - Roadside Thistle, Tall Thistle
Cirsium amblylepis - Mt. Tamalpais Thistle
Cirsium andersonii - Anderson's Thistle, Rose Thistle
Cirsium andrewsii - Franciscan Thistle
Cirsium araneans - Jeweled Thistle
Cirsium arcuum - Powderpuff Thistle
Cirsium aridum - Desert Thistle
Cirsium arizonicum - Arizona Thistle
Cirsium arvense - Creeping Thistle, Field Thistle, Canada Thistle
Cirsium arvense var.argenteum
Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium
Cirsium arvense var. mite
Cirsium arvense var. vestitum
Cirsium barnebyi - Barneby's Thistle
Cirsium brachycephalum
Cirsium brevifolium - Palouse Thistle
Cirsium brevistylum - Clustered Thistle
Cirsium calcareum - Cainville Thistle
Cirsium californicum - California Thistle
Cirsium callilepis - Fringebract Thistle
Cirsium campylon - Mount Hamilton Thistle
Cirsium canescens - Platte Thistle, Prairie Thistle
Cirsium canovirens - Graygreen Thistle
Cirsium canum - Queen Anne's Thistle
Cirsium carolinianum - Carolina Thistle, Soft Thistle
Cirsium caulescens
Cirsium centaureae
Cirsium chellyense - Queen Thistle
Cirsium chuskaense - Monarch Thistle
Cirsium ciliolatum - Ashland Thistle
Cirsium clavatum - Lake Thistle
Cirsium clokeyi - Charleston Mountain Thistle, Whitespine Thistle
Cirsium congdonii - Rosette Thistle
Cirsium costaricense
Cirsium coulteri - Coulter’s Thistle
Cirsium crassicaule - Slough Thistle
Cirsium cymosum - Peregrine Thistle
Cirsium diacanthum
Cirsium discolor - Field Thistle, Pasture Thistle
Cirsium dissectum - Meadow Thistle
Cirsium douglasii 
Cirsium drummondii - Dwarf Thistle
Cirsium durangense
Cirsium eatonii - Eaton's Thistle
Cirsium edule - Edible Thistle
Cirsium engelmannii - Engelmann Thistle, Engelmann's Thistle
Cirsium eriophorum - Woolly Thistle
Cirsium erisithales - Yellow Melancholy Thistle
Cirsium esculentum
Cirsium flodmanii - Flodman Thistle, Flodman's Thistle
Cirsium foliosum - Drummond's Thistle, Elk Thistle, Leafy Thistle, Meadow Thistle
Cirsium fontinale - Fountain Thistle
Cirsium gilense - Gila Thistle
Cirsium grahamii - Graham's Thistle
Cirsium griseum - Gray Thistle
Cirsium hallii - Hall's Thistle
Cirsium helenioides - Melancholy Thistle, Common Melancholy Thistle
Cirsium heterophyllum - Melancholy Thistle
Cirsium hillii - Hill's Thistle
Cirsium hookerianum - White Thistle
Cirsium horridulum - Yellow Thistle
Cirsium humboldtense - Humboldt County Thistle
Cirsium hydrophilum - Suisun Thistle
Cirsium hypoleucum
Cirsium inornatum - Cloudcroft Thistle
Cirsium japonicum - Japanese Thistle
Cirsium kamtschaticum - Kamchatka Thistle
Cirsium lanatum - Hairy Thistle
Cirsium laterifolium - Porcupine Thistle
Cirsium lecontei - Le Conte's Thistle
Cirsium leo
Cirsium libanoticum
Cirsium loncholepis - LaGraciosa Thistle
Cirsium longistylum - Longstyle Thistle
Cirsium maritimum
Cirsium mendocinum - Mendocino Thistle
Cirsium mexicanum - Mexican Thistle
Cirsium modestum - Lacy Thistle
Cirsium mohavense - Mojave Thistle
Cirsium murdockii - Murdock's Thistle
Cirsium muticum - Swamp Thistle
Cirsium navajoense - Navajo Thistle
Cirsium neomexicanum - Lavender Thistle, New Mexico Thistle
Cirsium nipponicum
Cirsium nuttallii - Nuttall's Thistle
Cirsium occidentale -Cobweb Thistle
Cirsium ochrocentrum - Yellowspine Thistle
Cirsium oleraceum - Cabbage thistle
Cirsium olivescens - Summer Thistle
Cirsium oreophilum - Crow Thistle
Cirsium osterhoutii - Osterhout's Thistle
Cirsium ownbeyi - Ownbey's Thistle
Cirsium pallidum - Pale Thistle
Cirsium palustre - Marsh thistle, European Swamp Thistle
Cirsium parryi - Parry's Thistle
Cirsium pastoris - Snowy Thistle
Cirsium peckii - Steen Mountain Thistle
Cirsium pendulum
Cirsium perplexans - Rocky Mountain Thistle
Cirsium pitcheri - Pitcher's Thistle, Sand Dune Thistle
Cirsium praeteriens - Palo Alto Thistle, Lost Thistle
Cirsium proteanum - Red Thistle
Cirsium pulcherrimum - Wyoming Thistle
Cirsium pumilum - Pasture Thistle
Cirsium pyrenaicum
Cirsium quercetorum - Alameda County Thistle
Cirsium remotifolium - Fewleaf Thistle
Cirsium remotifolium var. remotifolium - Fewleaf Thistle
Cirsium repandum - Sandhill Thistle
Cirsium rhaphilepis
Cirsium rhothophilum - Surf Thistle
Cirsium rivulare
Cirsium rothrockii - Rothrock's Thistle
Cirsium rusbyi - Rusby's Thistle
Cirsium rydbergii - Rydberg's Thistle
Cirsium scabrum - Rough Thistle
Cirsium scapanolepis - Mountain Slope Thistle
Cirsium scariosum - Meadow Thistle
Cirsium scopulorum - Mountain Thistle
Cirsium segetum
Cirsium serrulatum
Cirsium spinosissimum
Cirsium subniveum - Gray Thistle, Jackson Hole Thistle
Cirsium tanakae
Cirsium texanum - Texas Thistle
Cirsium tioganum - Stemless Thistle
Cirsium tuberosum - Tuberous Thistle.  Similar to Cirsium dissectum (Meadow Thistle).
Cirsium turneri - Cliff Thistle
Cirsium undulatum - Gray Thistle, Wavy-leaf Thistle, Wavyleaf Thistle
Cirsium undulatum var. tracyi - Tracy's Thistle, Wavyleaf Thistle
Cirsium undulatum var. undulatum - Wavyleaf Thistle
Cirsium validus - Graceful Thistle
Cirsium vernale - Spring Thistle
Cirsium vinaceum - Sacramento Mountain Thistle, Sacramento Mountains Thistle
Cirsium virginense - Virgin Thistle
Cirsium virginianum - Virginia Thistle
Cirsium vulgare - Bull Thistle, Spear Thistle, Common Thistle, Fuller's Thistle (syn. C. lanceolatum)
Cirsium wheeleri - Wheeler's Thistle
Cirsium wrightii - Wright's Thistle
Hybrids
Cirsium × canalense - Canal Thistle
Cirsium × crassum - Thistle
Cirsium × erosum - Glory Thistle
Cirsium × iowense - Iowa Thistle
Cirsium × vancouverense - Vancouver Thistle
References

Asteraceae
Oblast is a type of administrative division in most Slavic countries and some countries of the former Soviet Union. The word "oblast" is used in English as well, but it is often translated as "area", "zone", "province", or "region". The last translation may lead to confusion, because the subdivision of "oblast" is called "raion" which can be translated as "region" or "district" as well.

Oblasts are a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Ukraine, it was also used by the Soviet Union which does not exist anymore. Official terms in successor states of the Soviet Union differ, the majority (except Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and the Baltics) still use a cognate of the Russian term, e.g. voblast (voblasts, voblasts' , ) is used for provinces of Belarus, and oblys (plural: oblystar) for provinces of Kazakhstan.

Oblasts of Bulgaria
Since 1997, Bulgaria has been divided into 28 oblasti, usually translated as provinces. Before, the country was divided into nine bigger units, also called oblast.

Oblasts of Ukraine 
Ukraine is divided into 24 oblasts.

Oblasts of Byelorussia 
Byelorussia is divided into 6 oblasts.

Oblasts of the Russian Empire 
In the Russian Empire, oblasts were considered to be administrative units and were included as parts of Governorates General or krais. The majority of then-existing oblasts were on the periphery of the country or covered the areas where Cossacks lived.

Oblasts of the Soviet Union 
In the former Soviet Union, oblasts were one of the types of administrative divisions of the union republics. As any administrative units of this level, oblasts were composed of districts (raions) and cities/towns directly under oblasts' jurisdiction.
The names of oblasts did not usually correspond to the names of the historical regions, as they were created as purely administrative units. With a few exceptions, Soviet oblasts were named after their administrative centers.

Terms used to describe oblasts in post-Soviet countries 
The oblasts in other post-Soviet countries are officially called:
 Armenia: marz 
 Belarus: voblast (vobłaść) 
 Georgia: mkhare 
 Kazakhstan: oblys 
 Kyrgyzstan: oblast 
 Tajikistan: viloyat 
 Turkmenistan: welayat 
 Uzbekistan: viloyat 
Viloyat and welayat come from the Arabic language term wilāya (ولاية)

Oblasts of Russia 

According to the Constitution of Russia, oblasts are considered to be subjects of the Federation, which is a higher status than that of administrative units they had within the Soviet Union. The federal subject status gives the oblasts some degree of autonomy and gives them representation in the Federation Council.
Oblasts of Yugoslavia 
Oblasts were administrative units of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes between 1922 and 1929. During that period, the country was divided into 33 oblasts. In 1929, oblasts were replaced with larger administrative units known as banovinas.

During the Wars] that split Yugoslavia several Serbian Autonomous Oblasts were formed in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. These oblasts were later merged into the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska.

References 

Federal subjects of Russia
Local government
The Rockford IceHogs are an American professional ice hockey team that was founded in 2007 they play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Chicago Blackhawks. They play in Rockford, Illinois at the Rockford MetroCentre. They were a member of the United Hockey League from 1999 to 2007.

Other websites
Rockford IceHogs Official Site
The Internet Hockey Database - Rockford IceHogs (AHL)
The Internet Hockey Database - Rockford IceHogs (UHL)
Rockford IceHogs Official Twitter

American Hockey League teams
Chicago Blackhawks
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Rockford, Illinois
2007 establishments in Illinois
The Belfast Agreement, also known as the Good Friday Agreement, was a political agreement in the Northern Ireland peace process during The Troubles. It was signed in Belfast on 10 April 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and it was supported by most of the political parties in Northern Ireland. On 23 May 1998 the Agreement got the support of the voters of Northern Ireland in a referendum. Also on the same day, voters in the Republic of Ireland voted separately to change their constitution in line with the Agreement. Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, and would remain so until a majority of the people both of Northern Ireland and of the Republic of Ireland wished otherwise. Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) was the only large party in the whole of Ireland that was against the Agreement.

1990s treaties
1998 in the United Kingdom
1990s in Northern Ireland
Politics of Northern Ireland
Politics of Ireland
Belfast
The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is the biggest of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland. It was founded by Ian Paisley and the current leader is Edwin Poots. It is the largest political party in Northern Ireland, with 10 of 18 Northern Irish seats in the UK Parliament as well as 28 of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly. They strongly support Northern Ireland staying in the United Kingdom, and are very conservative.

Democratic Unionist Party
The Tōzai Line (東京メトロ東西線,とうきょうメトロとうざいせん) is a metro line of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.

Stations 
 ▲: Tōyō Rapid, Rapid and Commuter Rapid trains pass
 ■: Tōyō Rapid and Rapid trains pass

Rolling Stock
Tokyo Metro 05 series
Tokyo Metro 07 series
Tokyo Metro 15000 series

Former Trains 
Tokyo Metro 5000 series

Related pages
 Tokyo

Japanese railways
Tokyo
Andrew Ladd (born December 12, 1985) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He played parts of 18 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Carolina Hurricanes, Chicago Blackhawks, Atlanta Thrashers, Winnipeg Jets, New York Islanders and Arizona Coyotes.

He played minor league hockey on the Pacific Vipers with his former teammates Troy Brouwer, Brent Seabrook and Colin Fraser. He won the Stanley Cup in 2006 with the Carolina Hurricanes and again in 2010 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He also played in the NHL for the now defunct Atlanta Thrashers.

On February 25, 2016, the Jets traded Ladd back to the Blackhawks, along with Jay Harrison and Matt Fraser, in exchange for Marko Daňo and a 1st-round draft pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft.

On September 10, 2023, Ladd announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1985 births
Living people
Albany River Rats players
Arizona Coyotes players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Bridgeport Sound Tigers players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Carolina Hurricanes players
Calgary Hitmen players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Lowell Lock Monsters players
New York Islanders players
Stanley Cup champions
Vancouver Giants players
Winnipeg Jets players
American Hockey League players
Fuller's Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) is a species of plant.  It is also known as Wild Teasel.  It belongs in the teasel family (Dipsacaceae).  

It is native to Eurasia and Africa, and has been naturalized in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.  This species grows to a height of 2–10 feet. The flowers are small and lavender-colored. They are arranged in an oval flower-head, which also contains many small leaves. These are hard and have a hooked and pointed tip. 

In ancient times, this plant was grown in gardens because its dry flower-heads were used to prepare wool for spinning. This was done by combing the raw wool with the flower-heads, so that the fibres were arranged neatly. The people who prepared wool were called "fullers", which is the origin of the plant's English and scientific names. Fuller's Teasel was also used in folk medicine, for example against skin infections.

Other websites
Other websites

Dipsacus fullonum at USDA PLANTS Database 
Dipsacus fullonum at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses 

Dipsacales
A medical illustrator or medical artist is an artist that professionally works to use art to help to explain and record knowledge related to biology and medicine.  They don't only make these things, but they can also work as consultants or administrators in the field of biocommunication.  They make medical pictures using original and modern ways of doing things.  These pictures appear in textbooks and advertisements about medicine, as well as professional journals and videos made to help instruct people in various medical procedures.

History
Medical pictures or diagrams have been made for hundreds of years or longer.  Many of these pictures or diagrams look different than the ones that we see today because they were based on the studies of the scholars of that period in time rather than observing the thing that they wanted to draw directly.
As a job, medical illustration has a more recent history. In the late 1890s, Max Brödel, who was an artist from Leizpig, was brought to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to draw pictures for several notable clinicians, including Harvey Cushing, William Halstead, and Howard Kelly.

Max Brödel also made several new techniques for drawing medical pictures, such as carbon dust.  He also looked over the making of first academic department of medical illustration, which is still active today.

Other websites
 Article about Medical Illustrators on mshealthcenteers 

Scientists
The 1916 Stanley Cup Final was played between the National Hockey Association (NHA) winners Montreal Canadiens and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) winners Portland Rosebuds. This was the first time that a best-of-five Cup series had all five games played. The Rosebuds were the first team from the United States to play for the Cup. The Canadiens defeated the Rosebuds three games to two and won the Cup for the first time.

Montreal Canadiens
Stanley Cup Finals
1910s in Canada
1916 in the United States
History of Portland, Oregon
20th century in Oregon
Canadian Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) is species of plant.  It is also known as Canadian Fleabane, Coltstail, and Marestail.  It belongs in the family Asteraceae.  It is native to North America and Central America.  It has been naturalized in Alaska and Hawai'i.  It blooms from June to September.  This species is found in prairies, fields, along roadsides, gardens, and stream edges.  It has a height of 3 inches to 10 feet.

Other websites 

 Conyza canadensis at USDA PLANTS Database
 Conyza canadensis at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses 

Asteraceae
Marestail (also mare's tail) may mean:

Plants
 Conyza canadensis, a plant also known as Canadian Horseweed and Canadian Fleabane
 Equisetum, a genus of plants also known as Horsetail and Pipeweed
 Hippuris, a genus of aquatic flowering plants

Waterfalls
 Grey Mare's Tail, near Moffat in Dumfriesshire, Scotland
 Grey Mare's Tail, Llanrwst in the Conwy valley in north Wales

Other
Mare's tail, a type of cirrus cloud formation.
The Twilight Saga: New Moon is a movie based on the book, New Moon, one of the Twilight saga books by Stephenie Meyer. It is the second movie to be made about the teenage vampires, the first being Twilight. The movie, directed by Chris Weitz, stars Kristen Stewart as Bella, and Robert Pattinson as Edward. Filming for the third movie in the series, Eclipse, started before New Moon was finished.

In the USA the movie made $140.7 million on its opening weekend. In Australia, the movie set the record for the most money on an opening weekend with AU$16.01 million, or more than one million tickets.
Twilight is about a girl (Bella) who falls in love with two guys (Edward a vampire & Jake a ware wolf) Bella sacrafises her life when she gets married to Edward.She then gets pregnant with Edwards child which sucks the life of her . As she gives birth to her baby she dies that's when Edward has to bring her back to life by bitting her and adding his venom on her in order for her live

References
References 

2009 movies
Movies based on books
The Treaty of Maastricht was a treaty signed between European countries, in the Dutch city of Maastricht, on 7 February 1992. This treaty made possible further integration between European states, and made possible the existence of the European Union, doing better than previous treaties such as the Treaty of Rome. European integration went even further with the Treaty of Lisbon, which was signed in 2007 and became effective in December 2009.

Maastricht
1992 in Europe
Maastricht
20th century in the Netherlands
1992 works
Treaties of France
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Belgium
a President of the European Council (who is not the President of the European Union – there is no such job).
 a High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, who is a member of the European Commission and who represents the Union around the world.
 stronger role for the European Parliament, which is directly elected by citizens of the EU,
 the ability to make more decisions by "qualified majority". Although some decisions require that all member states agree, there are more that can be decided if there is a large majority. 
 better police and justice across the continent.

Sources 
Booklet by the European Commission available on europa.net

References

European Union
Lisbon
2007 in Europe
Treaties of France
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Belgium
The President of the European Council is a position that was created by the Treaty of Lisbon. The President is the chairman of the European Council, which is the meeting of the leaders of all the member states.

Background
It's a very diplomatic figure, and it's not like a head of state: the President does not have any power to make decisions about the European Union. The Union has several other presidents, such as the president of the European Parliament and the president of the European Commission.
But the President of the European Council, casually but wrongly known as The President of Europe, is the face by which the European Union is known to the rest of the world. The more practical aspects of this task are the responsibility of the High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, the Commissioner responsible for external affairs.
On 2 July 2019, the European Council elected Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel as the successor to Donald Tusk as President of the European Council for the period from 1 December 2019 to 31 May 2022.

List of president

Rotating presidents (1975–2009)

Permanent presidents (since 2009)

References

2009 establishments in Europe
European Union
The High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy is a position created by the Treaty of Lisbon, starting December 1, 2009 (it was actually already created in 1999). The position is part of the European Commission. 

Her duty is to be the face of European Union to the rest of the world, along with the President of Europe

The job is sometimes known casually a "the European Foreign Minister" but this is not correct because she is not a member of any government.

High Representatives:
 Jürgen Trumpf (acting, from Germany): 1999
 Javier Solana (from Spain): 1999-2009
 Catherine Ashton (from the United Kingdom): 2009-2014
 Federica Mogherini (from Italy): 2014-present

European Union
Catherine Margaret Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland,  (born 20 March 1956 at Upholland, Lancashire) is a British Labour politician. She was born in Upholland, Lancashire, England. In November 2009, she was appointed to be the first European Foreign Minister.

References

Other websites 

Ashton's profile on the European Commission web site

1956 births
Living people
European Union politicians
Politicians from Lancashire
Herman Van Rompuy (born 31 October 1947) is a Belgian politician. In November 2009 he was appointed the first permanent President of the European Council, which is the meeting of the heads of government of all of the member states of the European Union.

He was previously Prime Minister of Belgium.

References 

1947 births
Living people
Belgian economists
Belgian academics
Belgian nobility
Belgian Roman Catholics
Christelijke Volkspartij politicians
Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams politicians
Flemish politicians
Government ministers of Belgium
Legislative speakers
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Presidents of the European Council
Prime Ministers of Belgium
The Treaty of Rome was signed on 25 March 1957 between six European coutries (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Germany. After centuries of wars, those countries started to act together for more peace and prosperity. This treaty was the basis of the European Economic Community. It was one of two treaties (the other being Treaty of Maastricht) that created the European Union. It created a common market for goods and people. Other countries later joined it.

References 

Rome
1957 in Europe
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of France
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of the Netherlands
Shinhwa, first started in the year 1998, is a Korean band.  It is made up of six male members. In the earlier years of the band, they were under SM Entertainment, later switching to Good Entertainment.

South Korean boy bands
K-pop music groups
1990s music groups
1998 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in South Korea
David Russell Gordon "Dave" Davies (born 3 February 1947 in Fortis Green, London) is an English rock musician who is best known as the lead guitar player in English rock group The Kinks. His brother Ray Davies was the band's lead singer.

In 1990 Davies, along with the other three original members of The Kinks, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

In 2003, Davies was listed at 88 in Rolling Stone's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time."

Davies is openly bisexual.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1947 births
Living people
Bisexual people
English LGBT people
English rock guitarists
English singer-songwriters
LGBT songwriters
Musicians from London
A coffee cake can be either.
 a cake made with, or flavoured with, coffee;
 a cake intended to be served with coffee or for similar breaks and snacks.  This type of cake may or may not contain coffee.

Coffee cakes are typically single layer cakes that may be square or rectangular like a Stollen. Coffee cakes are typically flavored with cinnamon, nuts, and fruits. These cakes sometimes have a crumbly or crumb topping called Streusel and a light glaze drizzle.  In American, they are frequently eaten at festive breakfasts.

Coffee cakes can be similar to teacakes, but teacakes are often smaller individual items served with tea.

Cakes
Mi plan (My Plan) is the fourth studio album by singer Nelly Furtado It is also her first ever all Spanish album. It was released in September, 2009. Seven of the songs were written together by Furtado and Cuban musician, Alex Cuba.

Singles 
 "Manos al Aire" was the first single released from the album. It was on the radio on June 30, 2009, with digital versions on sale the next day.

Track listing

References 

2009 albums
Latin Grammy Award-winning albums
The Swahili are a people and culture found on the East coast of Africa, mainly the coastal regions and the islands of Kenya and Tanzania, and north Mozambique. The Swahili number is at around 1,328,000. The number of Swahili speakers, on the other hand, numbers at around 90 million people.  The name Swahili comes from the Arabic word Sawahil and means "coastal dwellers". Swahili is official language only in Tanzania. Swahili speakers who live elsewhere in East Africa also have to use the official languages of their respective countries: English in Kenya, Portuguese in Mozambique, and French in Comoros. Only a small part of those who use Swahili are first language speakers and even fewer are ethnic Swahilis.  This point is often obscured by the Swahili linguistic tradition in which those who speak the language are often called Swahili (Waswahili) regardless of their actual ethnic origins.  In other words, the term 'Swahili' can mean 'those who speak Swahili' or it can mean 'ethnic Swahili people'.
Definition 
The Swahili are unique Bantu inhabitants of the East African Coast mainly from Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. They are mainly united by culture and under the mother tongue of Kiswahili, a Bantu language.  There are Arab, Persian, and other migrants who reached the coast some believe as early as the 7th-8th c. CE, and mixed with the local people there, that are regarded as Swahili now. Because of this influence the Swahili language contains many loan words from Arabic and Persian.  Archaeologist, Felix Chami thinks that Bantu settlements at the East African coast existed already at the beginning of the 1st millennium. From the 6th century onward they became more important as there was an increase in trade (mainly with Arab merchants), population growth, and further centralized urbanization. So the Swahili City-States developed.
Religion 
Islam came to the East African coast around 1012 AD, when the traders from the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula continued to journey to these parts during monsoon seasons and to have contact with the local people through trade, marriage, and an exchange of ideas. Because of this interaction, most of the Swahili today are Muslim. The Swahili follow a very strict and orthodox form of Islam.
Economy 
For centuries the Swahili depended greatly on trade from the Indian Ocean. The Swahili have played a vital role as middle man between east, central and South Africa, and the outside world. Trade contacts have been noted as early as 100 A.D. by early Roman writers who visited the East African coast in the first century. Trade routes extended across Tanzania into modern day Zaire. Along these goods were brought to the coasts and were sold to Arab, Indian, and Portuguese traders and even reached as far as China and India. Materials of this trade were also found at Great Zimbabwe. During the Middle Ages, ivory and slaves became a substantial source of income. Many slaves who were sold in Zanzibar ended up in Brazil, which was then a Portuguese colony. Swahili fishermen of today still rely on the ocean to supply their primary source of income. Fish is sold to their inland neighbors in exchange for products of the interior.

Related pages
 Swahili language

References
References

Other websites 
 The Story of Africa: The Swahili — BBC World Service
 Swahili Culture

Ethnic groups in Kenya
Ethnic groups in Tanzania
Mozambique
The Tudor period usually refers to the period between 1485 and 1603, specifically in relation to the history of England.  This was the period when the Tudor dynasty ruled in England. Its first monarch was Henry VII (1457– 1509). The term is often used more broadly to include Elizabeth I's reign (1558– 1603), although this is often treated separately as the Elizabethan era.

Following the Black Death and the agricultural depression of the late 14th century, population grew bigger again. The export of woollen products to mainland Europe helped the economy rather much. Henry VII got favourable trading conditions in 1496.
The high wages and abundance of available land seen in the late 14th century and early 15th century were replaced with low wages and a land shortage. Various inflationary pressures, perhaps due to influx of New World gold and rising population, meant that the gap between the rich and poor widened. This was a period of significant change for the majority of the rural population, because enclosure started.

Financial Development of Tudor Government, 1536-53 
Impact of Dissolution
The Tudor Government raised a huge amount of revenue from the dissolution of the monasteries. The clerical income from First Fruits and Tenths, which previously went to the Pope, now went to the King.
Partly because of the new revenue raised from the dissolution of monasteries, Cromwell created revenue courts to allot the royal income properly to various departments. These were the six courts or departments of state, each fully organised with its own specialised officials, with seals and habitat, and responsible for a particular kind of revenue.

The Role of Winchester
The growing number of departments meant that the number of officials involved increased, which made the management of revenue troublesome and expensive. There were further financial and administrative difficulties of the years 1540-58.

Impact of War
Henry’s war with France and Somerset’s war with France and Scotland cost England huge sums of money. The royal Mint was used to generate revenue by producing coins with less quality.

Significant events of the period
Battle of Stoke (1487)
In 1487 Henry VII's enemies from the House of York had crowned a pretender and landed a small army off the coast of Cumbria with the intention of stealing the crown. Henry VII defeated them at East Stoke. This was perhaps the last battle in the Wars of the Roses.

English Reformation

This was perhaps the most significant series of events which took place during the Tudor period. It began as a result of Henry VIII's quarrel with Pope Clement VII regarding his refusal to grant a divorce.

Norfolk Rebellion (1549)
Beginning in 1549, this was to be the largest popular uprising during the Tudor period. It was at first intended as a demonstration against enclosures of common land. The leader, Robert Kett, was hanged for treason.

Life
Life

Poverty
About a third of the population lived in poverty with the wealthy expected to give alms to assist the impotent poor.  Tudor law was harsh on those unable to find work. Those who left their parishes in order to find work were called vagabonds and could be punished by whipping.

The idea of the workhouse was first suggested in 1576.

Health 
Average life span was 35. This was because of the poor amount of medicines and doctors at the time. High rates of childhood mortality saw only 33-50% of the population reaching the age of 16.

Although home to only a small part of the population the Tudor municipalities were overcrowded and unhygenic. Most municipalities were unpaved although this differed in larger towns and cities.
There were no sewers or drains  and rubbish was simply abandoned in the street. Animals such as rats thrived in these conditions. In larger towns and cities, such as London, common diseases arising from lack of sanitation included smallpox, measles, malaria, typhus, diphtheria, Scarlet fever, and chickenpox.

Outbreaks of the Black Death pandemic occurred in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589 and 1603. The reason for the speedy spread of the disease was the increase of rats infected by fleas carrying the disease.

Food and diet
The food consumed by the dinvery rich in this period consisted largely of venison, and often of blackbirds and larks. Fruits and vegetables were only eaten by Tudors when it was in season. However, potatoes had not reached the table to any great extent, because farmers had only just begun growing them, although explorers such as Sir Walter Raleigh had brought them to Britain.
Homes and dwellings
The majority of the population lived in small villages. Their homes comprised, as in earlier centuries, of thatched huts with one or two rooms. Furniture was basic with stools being commonplace rather than chairs.

Mansions had many chimneys for the many fireplaces required to keep the vast rooms warm. These fires were also the only way of cooking food. The very large houses were often, designed in symmetrical shapes such as 'E' and 'H'.

Education 
Poorer children never went to school. Children from better-off families had tutors to teach them reading and French. However, boys were often sent to schools which belonged to the monasteries and there they would learn mainly Latin in classes of up to 60 boys. Schools were harsh and caning was not unheard of.

Pastimes 
The rich used to go hunting to kill deer and wild boar for their feasts. They also enjoyed fencing and jousting contests. Most rich people watched bear fighting.
Fashion 
In the Tudor times fashion was a display of how wealthy you were. Wealthy people — such as royalty — could afford to have clothes made out of fine linen or silk. These outfits cost hundreds and hundreds of pounds. They would also have them embroidered with gold thread and very sparkly and expensive jewels.Ladies had to wear corsets which were made out of bone and they were ever so tight and made your stomach and waist smaller so you looked skinnier. Poorer people would wear simple clothes made from wool, tunic and trousers for men, and a long dress worn with an apron on top for poor women.

Monarchs
The House of Tudor produced five English monarchs who ruled during this period.

Henry VII (1485 to 1509)
Henry VIII (1509 to 1547)
Edward VI (1547 to 1553)
Lady Jane Grey  (1553) - Nominal queen for nine days in failed bid to prevent accession of Mary I. Not a member of the House of Tudor.
Mary I (1553 to 1558)
Elizabeth I (1558 to 1603)

Related pages
English Reformation

References
References

Harrington, Peter. The Castles of Henry VIII. Oxford, Osprey, 2007.

Further reading

Other websites
 Tudor food - learning resources from the British Library
  BBC History - Tudor Period

1480s in England
1490s in England
16th century in England
1600s in England
Andrei Kirilenko (born February 18, 1981 in Izhevsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a Small forward that currently plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA). 

He played in the NBA with the Utah Jazz for 10 seasons and then played in Russia with his original team, CSKA Moscow. After playing a season with them, he returned to the NBA and signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on July 27, 2012.

He is of Russian origin. His jersey number is 47. He is nicknamed AK-47 because of his jersey number and because the AK-47 came from Russia.

Kirilenko was named as Russia's flag bearer for the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics games.

Other websites
Official website 
Andrei Kirilenko at NBA.com

1981 births
Living people
Russian basketball players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Utah Jazz players
Bjarne Stroustrup (born 30th December 1950 in Århus, Denmark) is an American-Danish computer scientist, most famous for creating the C++ programming language.

References

1950 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Danish scientists
People from Aarhus
Dame Vanessa Redgrave  (Blackheath, London, England, 30 January 1937) is an English actress and activist.

Life and career 

Born in a theatrical family, her father was actor Sir Michael Redgrave (1908-1985). Her mother was actress Rachel Kempson (1910-2003). Her brother Corin Redgrave (1939-2010) and sister Lynn Redgrave (1943-2010) were both actors. She began her career in theatre in 1958 with the Royal Shakespeare Company. 

She made her movie debut in 1966 in Morgan, a Suitable Case for Treatment, followed by Blowup. 

In 1967, she appeared in the musical Camelot, opposite Richard Harris. Other notable movies have included; The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968), Isadora (1969), The Devils (1970), The Trojan Women (1971), Mary Queen of Scots (1972), Murder on the Orient-Express (1974), Julia (1977), for which she won an Academy Award for best supporting actress, Agatha (1979), The Bostonians (1984), Wetherby (1985), Howard Ends (1992), Mrs Dalloway (1997), etc.
On television, she appeared in Playing for Time in 1980, which won her an Emmy Award for best actress, as well as in the teleseries Peter The Great (1986) and Young Catherine (1991). 

In 2010 she received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

Redgrave was married to movie director Tony Richardson from 1962 until 1967, with whom she had two daughters: actresses Natasha Richardson (1963-2009) and Joely Richardson (b. 1965). She has a son, Carlo Gabriel Nero (b. 1969) with Italian actor Franco Nero, whom she married in 2006.

Filmography

Reference 

 The Illustrated Who's Who of the Cinema, Lloyd, Fuller & Desser, Portland House, New York, 1987.
1937 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
English activists
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
People from Greenwich
WarioWare D.I.Y., known in Japan as , is a minigame video game released for the Nintendo DS in 2009. It is the seventh title in the WarioWare series. It was first revealed on October 2, 2008 and it was released in  Japan on April 29, 2009. In North America, it was announced at E3 2009 on June 2nd, 2009.

Gameplay 
WarioWare D.I.Y. allows players to design their own minigames, creating their own graphics, music and designing a 'cassette' for them. The game features three sections in its main menu: My House, where the player designs minigames, WarioWare, the tutorial, and My Shop, where the player makes microgame cassettes. When creating the music, the player can sing through the DS's microphone, which the DS then turns them into notes. These notes can then be performed by various instruments such as pig noises.
Players can send their creations to other D.I.Y. owners or receive other people's works. They can also be uploaded to Nintendo Wi-Fi connection for contest purposes. Microgames made available by Nintendo can be downloaded, too. Additionally, the WiiWare game Asobu Made in Ore allows users to play the microgames on the Wii with the Wii remote's pointer.

Story

Diamond Software
 Mona
 Jimmy T.
 Ashley & Red
 Orbulon
 9-Volt

Wario-Man Software
 Wario-Man
 Dribble & Spitz
 Kat & Ana
 18-Volt

References 

Wario
2009 video games
Nintendo DS games
Philip Tyler Keaggy (born March 23, 1951 in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American musician. He is most famous for playing Contemporary Christian music. He has won seven Dove Awards for his instrumental albums and he has been nominated twice for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album. The style of guitar playing he is most famous for is his "fingerpicking" style which means he usually plucks the strings with his fingers rather than use a plastic guitar pick. Many guitar magazines have voted him as one of the best in the world at the fingerpicking style.

Notes

Other websites
 PhilKeaggy.com

American guitarists
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Ohio
Christian music singers
1951 births
Living people
Musicians from Youngstown, Ohio
The Apocynaceae or dogbane family is a family of flowering plants in the order Gentianales. It includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas. They usually have a milky sap. There are about 200 genera and 2,000 species.

Apocynaceae
A reaction inhibitor is a substance that slows down chemical reactions without being involved in the actual reaction. It does the opposite of a catalyst, which speeds up reactions without undergoing a permanent change in itself. An example is snake venom, which is deadly for humans because it can slow down their internal chemical reactions.

Biochemistry
Catalysts
The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regiment is one of the six infantry regiments of Pakistan Army. Its Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regimental Centre is located at Mansar (Pakistan), Attock District, The Pak-Punjab.

Military of Pakistan
Pakistani military organizations
The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) around Karachi was the original Capital territory of Pakistan. The FCT was created in 1948 from the city of Karachi and surrounding areas as the location for Pakistan's capital following independence. The FCT was bordered by the province of Sind Province (1936–1955) to the northeast and the princely state of State of Las Bela to the northwest with the Arabian Sea to the south.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Merlot is a type of red wine and it is the main agricultural production of the Swiss canton called ticino.

Wine
Iconostasis is the name given to a "wall" of icons in Eastern Orthodox Churches. These icons or religious paintings divide the church into a part for the public, and one which is reserved to priests, called the sanctuary. 

Eastern Orthodox Church
Charles Bronson (November 3, 1921 – August 30, 2003) was an American actor. He was a Purple Heart recipient.

Background
He was born in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania. Bronson was married to Jill Ireland (his second marriage, 1968–1990) until her death from breast cancer. He died of pneumonia and Alzheimer's disease. He is of Tatar origin. He died in Los Angeles. 

He played Paul Kersey in the Death Wish movie series. He was 5'9". He was 81 years old when he died. His real full name was Charles Dennis Buchinsky 
Rectified - Karolis was the 1st name, his parents being from Litva, a Balto-Slavic nation, not Tartar. 

Born Charles Buchinsky, Bronson changed his last name during his early career in the 1950s during the rise of McCarthyism. This was suggested by his agent in order to save his career from potentially being blacklisted as a communist.

Movies

Television

References

Other websites

 
 
 Japanese fansite
1921 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from COPD
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from congestive heart failure
People with Alzheimer's disease
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
Military people from Pennsylvania‎
Purple Heart recipients
The Sundance Film Festival is an American movie festival that takes place every year in Utah. It is one of the largest independent movie festivals in the United States. 

The festival is held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, Ogden, and at the Sundance Resort. It is an event for new work from American and international independent movie makers. The festival has competition for American and international drama and documentary movies, feature films and short films.

2015 
The 2015 Sundance Film Festival took place January 22 to February 1, 2015. What Happened, Miss Simone?, a documentary about American singer Nina Simone, opened the festival. A comedy-drama movie, Grandma, was the closing night movie. It  stars Lily Tomlin.

Success of festival 
Many notable independent movie makers first got noticed at Sundance, including Kevin Smith, Robert Rodriguez, Quentin Tarantino, Todd Field, David O. Russell, Steve James, Steven Soderbergh, Darren Aronofsky, James Wan, Edward Burns, and Jim Jarmusch.