Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Pre-Columbian Era

Before contact with Europeans the natives of North America were divided into many different communities, from small bands of a few families to large empires. They lived in several culture areas, which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones of North America and give a good indication of the main occupation of the people who lived there (e.g. the Bison hunters of the Great Plains, or the farmers of Mesoamerica). Native groups can also be classified by their language family. It is important to note that peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture, nor were they always allies.

Scientists believe that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups, as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record, and their replacement by the Thule people.
During the thousands of years of native inhabitation on the continent, cultures changed and shifted. Archaeologists often name different cultural groups they discover after the site where they are first found. One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico. A more recent example is the group of related cultures called the Mound builders (e.g. the Fort Walton Culture), found in the Mississippi river valley. They flourished from 3000 BC to the 1500s AD.

The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world, such as tomatoes and squash. Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world's major staples, maize (corn).
As a result of the development of agriculture in the south, important cultural development was possible there. For example, the Maya civilization developed a writing system, built huge pyramids, had a complex calendar, and developed the concept of zero 500 years before anyone in the Old World. The Mayan culture was still present when the Spanish arrived in Central America, but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire farther north.

Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the "New World", native peoples found their culture changed drastically. As such, their affiliation with political and cultural groups changed as well, several linguistic groups went extinct, and others changed quite quickly. The name and cultures that Europeans recorded for the natives were not necessarily the same as the ones they had used a few generations before, or the ones in use today.

Arrival of Europeans

Early discoveries
Early discoveries

There was limited contact between North American peoples and the outside world before 1492. Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes to us from the Norse or Vikings. Norse captain Leif Erikson is believed to have reached the Island of Newfoundland circa 1000 AD. They named their new discovery Vinland. The only Norse site yet discovered in North America is at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland and Labrador. The Norse colonies were later abandoned.

The Viking voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World, and Europeans remained ignorant of the existence of the Americas, until 1492. As part of a general age of discovery Italian sailor Christopher Columbus proposed a voyage west from Europe to find a shorter route to Asia. He eventually received the backing of Isabella I and Ferdinand II, Queen and King of newly united Spain. In 1492 Columbus reached land in the Bahamas.
Almost 500 years after the Norse, John Cabot explored the east coast of what would become Canada in 1497. Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524. Jacques Cartier made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and penetrated the St. Lawrence River.

Successful colonization

Initially, European activity consisted mostly of trade and exploration. Eventually Europeans began to establish settlements. The three principal colonial powers were Spain, England, and France, although eventually even small powers like the Netherlands and Sweden received minor holdings on the continent.
Settlement by the Spanish started the European colonization of the Americas, involving genocide of the native Indians. They gained control of most of the largest islands in the Caribbean and conquered the Aztecs, gaining control of present-day Mexico and Central America. This was the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the New World. The first successful Spanish settlement in continental North America was Veracruz in 1519, followed by many other settlements in colonial New Spain and Spanish Florida.

The first successful English settlements were at Jamestown (1607) (along with its satellite, Bermuda in 1609) and Plymouth (1620), in what are today Virginia and Massachusetts respectively. The first French settlements were Port Royal (1604) and Quebec City (1608) in what is now Nova Scotia and Quebec. The Fur Trade soon became the primary business on the continent and as a result transformed the Native Americans lifestyle.
Farther to the south, plantation slavery became the main industry of the West Indies, and this gave rise to the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade.

Colonial Era 

By 1663 the French crown had taken over control of New France from the fur-trading companies, and the English  charter colonies gave way to more metropolitan control.  This ushered in a new era of more formalized colonialism in North America.

Rivalry between the European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass that would have great impact on the development of the colonies.  Territory often changed hands multiple times.  Peace was not achieved until French forces in North America were vanquished at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec City, and France ceded most of her claims outside of the Caribbean.

Viceroyalty of New Spain was the name of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in Asia, North America and its peripheries from 1535 to 1821.

Age of Revolutions
Age of Revolutions

The coming of the American Revolution had a great impact across the continent.  Most importantly it directly led to the creation of the United States of America.  However, the associated American Revolutionary War was an important war that touched all corners of the region.  The flight of the United Empire Loyalists led to the creation of English Canada as a separate community.  Meanwhile, Spain's hold on Mexico was weakening. Independence was declared in 1810 by Miguel Hidalgo, starting the Mexican War of Independence. In 1813, José María Morelos and the Congress of Anáhuac signed the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America, the first legal document where the separation of the New Spain with respect to Spain is proclaimed. Spain finally recognized Mexico's independence in 1821.

Expansion era
Expansion era

From the time of independence of the United States, that country expanded rapidly to the west, acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803.  An attempt at northern expansion was blocked by Britain during the War of 1812.  At the same time, British settlement in Canada increased.  
US expansion was complicated by the division between "free" and "slave" states, which led to the Missouri Compromise 1820.  Likewise, Canada faced a division between French and English communities that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837.  Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives, as well as the rebellion of the English-speaking region of Tejas, which declared itself the Republic of Texas 1836.  In 1845 Texas joined the United States, which would later lead to the Mexican–American War.  As a result of conflict with Mexico, the United States made further territorial gains in California and the Southwest.
In Mexico, the entire era was dominated by the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.

World Wars era

The Great War

As part of the British Empire, Canada immediately was at war in 1914.  Canadian troops bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war including the use of poison gas attacks at Ypres.  Newfoundland troops suffered a devastating loss on July 1, 1916, the First day on the Somme.  Losses became grave, and the government eventually brought in conscription, despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of French Canadians.  In the ensuing Conscription Crisis of 1917, riots broke out on the streets of Montreal.

The United States stayed apart from the conflict until 1917, joining the Entente powers.  The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that shaped interwar Europe.

Mexico was not part of the war as the country was embroiled in the Mexican Revolution at the time.

Interwar years
Interwar years

The 1920s brought an age of great prosperity in the United States, and to a lesser degree Canada.  But the Wall Street Crash of 1929 combined with drought ushered in a period of economic hardship in the United States and Canada.

From 1936 to 1949, this was a popular uprising against the anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time, set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917.

The Second World War

Once again Canada found itself at war before its neighbours, however even Canadian contributions were slight before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

The entry of the United States into the war helped to tip the balance in favour of the allies.

Two Mexican tankers, transporting oil to the United States, were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the Gulf of Mexico waters, in 1942. The incident happened in spite of Mexico's neutrality at that time. This led Mexico to declare war to the Axis nations and entered the conflict.
The devastation of Europe in the war led North American countries to more important roles in world affairs. The United States especially emerged as a "superpower".

Post-War
The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part. At home, the United States witnessed convulsive change especially in the area of race relations. In Canada this was mirrored by the Quiet Revolution and the emergence of Quebec nationalism.

Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II, a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class, a period known in Mexican history as the "El Milagro Mexicano" (Mexican miracle).

The Caribbean saw the beginnings of decolonization, while on the largest island the Cuban Revolution introduced Cold War rivalries into Latin America.

Notes
Notes

References
 Bennett, Norma V. (1997), Pioneer Legacy, 
 Kane, Katie Nits Make Lice: Drogheda, Sand Creek, and the Poetics of Colonial Extermination Cultural Critique, No. 42 (Spring, 1999), pp. 81–103 doi:10.2307/1354592
 Churchill, Ward A Little Matter of Genocide 1997 City Lights Books 

History of North America
Brentford F.C. is an English football club.  They are based in Brentford in London and they play their home games at a stadium called Griffin Park. Brentford were formed in 1889 and have the nickname "The Bees".

League position

Former position

Other websites
Brentford F.C. official web site

References 

English football clubs
1889 establishments in England
Harry Redknapp (born 2 March 1947) is an English association football manager. He was born in Poplar, London. He is now retired. he used to play football, mainly for West Ham.

He managed A.F.C. Bournemouth, West Ham, Portsmouth, Southampton, Portsmouth again, Tottenham, Queen's Park Rangers and Birmingham.

Redknapp is related to two Premier League stars. He is the father of Jamie Redknapp who played under him at Bournemouth and Southampton. He is also the uncle by marriage of Frank Lampard who played under him at West Ham United.

References

1947 births
Living people
English football managers
Footballers from London
People with dyslexia
PDF commonly refers to the Portable Document Format in computing.

Other uses could also mean:

In education 
 Postdoctoral fellow

In fiction 
 Planetary Defence Force in the Warhammer 40,000 universe

In the military 
 Panama Defense Forces
 P.D.F. (upper case) is an abbreviation of "Permanent Defence Forces" - the standing branches of the Irish Defence Forces
 People's Defence Force - the army of Grenada before the US led invasion in 1983.

In science 
 Atomic pair distribution function (Physics)
 Parkinson's Disease Foundation (http://www.pdf.org) (Medicine)
 Parton Distribution Functions (Physics)
 Planar deformation features (Geology)
 Polypeptide Deformylase (Chemistry)
 Powder Diffraction File (Physics)
 pdf and p.d.f. (lower case) can refer to "probability density function" (Mathematics, statistics and probability)
 PDF and P.D.F. (upper case) can refer to "probability distribution function" (Mathematics, statistics and probability)
In software 
 Package Definition File (Microsoft Systems Management Server)
 Portable Document Format
 Printer Description File, in earlier editions of Quark Xpress page layout software.

Additional uses 
 KPDF-CA, a television station in Phoenix, Arizona
 PDF417, a 2D barcode - PDF means Portable Data File
 PDF Solutions, a listed company headquartered in San Jose, California
 Peace Development Fund, a non-profit public foundation based in Amherst, Massachusetts
 Peak draw force in a Compound bow in Archery 
 Playa del Fuego, a Delaware art festival inspired by the annual Nevada Burning Man festival
 An abbreviation of Pretty Damned Funny
A cough, also known as tussis, is an action the body takes to get rid of anything that irritates the lungs or throat. To do this, muscles in the thoracic cavity contract to make air leave the lungs with a lot of force. Coughs often happen quickly and more than once, and are usually accompanied by a unique sound, also called a cough.

Coughs are more likely to happen when a person is sick, because infections often irritate breathing passages. Another cause of coughs is a person breathing air that is not clean, like air with dust or smoke.

Causes
 Lung cancer
 Influenza
 Sarcoidosis
 Pneumonia
 Tuberculosis
 Common cold
 Smoking
 Allergen

Related pages 
 Flu

References

Reflexes
Symptoms
Infectious diseases
Medical signs
Pulmonology
Respiratory system
Creation may refer to:

In religion and philosophy:

Creation myth, or origin belief, stories of how the world or a culture began

Creation (theology), the belief that one or more deities brought the universe into being; also a name for everything that was created
Creatio ex nihilo (English: Creation from nothing), the belief that a deity created the universe from nothing at all, rather than some pre-existing matter or energy
 Creation according to Genesis, the creation account in the book of Genesis for Judaism and Christianity
Creationism, a belief, not just in God creating the universe, but also in certain events afterward, including the creation of animals and mankind
 Creation science
In science:
Matter creation, the appearance of elementary particles, in physical processes such as pair production; the process opposite of annihilation
Creation operator, an operator that increases the number of particles in a given state by one;  an abstract representation of matter creation
Invention, the act of creating a new process or device

In the arts:

The Creation of Adam, a fresco from circa 1511 on the Sistine Chapel ceiling painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti
The Creation (Haydn), a 1798 oratorio by Joseph Haydn
Creation (1931 movie), an unfinished movie by RKO studios that featured stop-motion animation
The Creation (band), a British band known for their one hit "Painter Man" in 1967
Creation a 1981 novel by Gore Vidal
Creation Records, a record label created in 1983 by Alan McGee, also known for their spin-off Rev-ola Records
Creation (band), a teen musical group, first album 2005
Creation (album), a 2005 album from Leslie Satcher

In media:
In media:

Creation magazine, a magazine promoting creation science published by Creation Ministries International–Australia (formerly Answers in Genesis–Australia)
Creation Books, a British publishing company
Creation Entertainment, an American company that runs numerous science fiction and fantasy conventions
 The Creation: An Appeal To Save Life on Earth, a 2006 book in advocacy of conservation, by biologist Edward O. Wilson

Related pages
 Creator
A creation myth or creation story explains how the universe started, how the earth came to be, and why there are humans. Creation myths are usually part of religions and mythologies. Very often, creation myths say that humans were made by a god, spirit or other supreme being.

North America

Cherokee 
In the beginning, there was just water. All the animals lived above it and the sky was overcrowded. They were all curious about what was beneath the water and one day Dayuni'si, the water beetle, volunteered to explore it. He explored the surface but could not find any solid ground. He explored below the surface to the bottom and all he found was mud which he brought back to the surface. After collecting the mud, it began to grow in size and spread outwards until it became the Earth as we know it.
In the beginning nothing existed, darkness was all around. Suddenly from the darkness came a thin disc, one side yellow and the other side white, appearing suspended in midair. Within the disc sat a small bearded man, Creator, the One Who Lives Above. When he looked into the endless darkness, light appeared above. He looked down and it became a sea of light. To the east, he created yellow streaks of dawn. To the west, tints of many colors appeared everywhere. There were also clouds of different colors. He also created three other gods: a little girl, a sun god and a small boy. Then he created celestial phenomena, the winds, the tarantula, and the earth from the sweat of the four gods mixed together in the Creator's palms, from a small round, brown ball, not much larger than a bean. The world was expanded to its current size by the gods kicking the small brown ball. Creator told Wind to go inside the ball and to blow it up
. The tarantula, who knew what to do, spun a black cord and, attaching it to the ball, crawled away fast to the east, pulling on the cord with all his strength. Tarantula repeated with a blue cord to the south, a yellow cord to the west, and a white cord to the north. With mighty pulls in each direction, the brown ball stretched to immeasurable size--it became the earth! No hills, mountains, or rivers were visible; only smooth, treeless, brown plains appeared. Then the Creator created the rest of the beings and features of the Earth.
Middle East

Judeo-Christian-Islamic account 

In the Judeo-Christian-Islamic story, it is believed that an entity referred to as God created the universe in six days.
First day: God creates light ("Let there be light!"). The light is divided from the darkness, and "day" and "night" are named.
 Second day: God makes the sky over the earth (the atmosphere), dividing the waters above from the waters below.
 Third day: God commands the waters on earth to be gathered together in one place (ocean), and dry land to appear. "Earth" and "sea" are named. God commands the earth to bring forth grass, plants, and fruit-bearing trees.
 Fourth day: God creates lights in the sky to separate light from darkness and to mark days, seasons and years. Two great lights are made (the Sun and Moon, though not named), and the stars.
 Fifth day: God commands the sea to be filled with "living creatures", and every kind of bird, and commands them to be fruitful and multiply.
Sixth day: God commands the land produce all kinds of animals. He makes wild beasts, livestock and reptiles. He then creates the first human (Adam). People are told to "be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it." Humans and animals are given plants to eat. Then God calls his creation "very good."
 Seventh day: On the seventh day God rested.
Christians that believe God created the Universe in exactly the way described in the Bible are called creationists. Other Christians think that the biblical creation story has fundamental truths and messages, but should not be taken literally.

In other cultures/religions
Many cultures have stories describing the origin of the world, which may be roughly grouped into common types. In one type of story, the world is born from a world egg; such stories include the Finnish epic poem Kalevala, the Chinese story of Pangu or the Indian Brahmanda Purana. In related stories, the creation is caused by a single entity emanating or producing something by his or herself, as in the Tibetan Buddhism concept of Adi-Buddha, the ancient Greek story of Gaia (Mother Earth), the Aztec goddess Coatlicue myth, the ancient Egyptian god Atum story, or the Genesis creation myth. In another type of story, the world is created from the union of male and female deities, as in the Maori story of Rangi and Papa. In other stories, the Universe is created by crafting it from pre-existing materials, such as the corpse of a dead god — as from Tiamat in the Babylonian epic Enuma Elish or from the giant Ymir in Norse mythology – or from chaotic materials, as in Izanagi and Izanami in Japanese mythology
. In another type of story, the world is created by the command of a divinity, as in the ancient Egyptian story of Ptah or the Genesis creation myth as a part of Jewish and Christian mythology. In other stories, the universe emanates from fundamental principles, such as Brahman and Prakrti, or the yin and yang of the Tao.
Although Heraclitus argued for eternal change, his quasi-contemporary Parmenides made the radical suggestion that all change is an illusion, that the true underlying reality is eternally unchanging and of a single nature. Parmenides denoted this reality as το εν (The One). Parmenides' theory seemed implausible to many Greeks, but his student Zeno of Elea challenged them with several famous paradoxes. Aristotle resolved these paradoxes by developing the notion of an infinitely divisible continuum, and applying it to space and time.

The Indian philosopher Kanada, founder of the Vaisheshika school, developed a theory of atomism and proposed that light and heat were varieties of the same substance. In the 5th century AD, the Buddhist atomist philosopher Dignāga proposed atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy. They denied the existence of substantial matter and proposed that movement consisted of momentary flashes of a stream of energy.
The theory of temporal finitism was inspired by the doctrine of creation shared by the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Christian philosopher, John Philoponus, presented the philosophical arguments against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite past. Philoponus' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi (Alkindus); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon (Saadia ben Joseph); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali (Algazel). They employed two logical arguments against an infinite past, the first being the "argument from the impossibility of the existence of an actual infinite", which states:

"An actual infinite amount cannot exist."
"An infinite temporal regress of events is an actual infinite."
" An infinite temporal regress of events cannot exist."

The second argument, the "argument from the impossibility of completing an actual infinite by successive addition", states:
"An actual infinite cannot be completed by successive addition."
"The temporal series of past events has been completed by successive addition."
" The temporal series of past events cannot be an actual infinite."

Both arguments were adopted by later Christian philosophers and theologians, and the second argument in particular became more famous after it was adopted by Immanuel Kant in his thesis of the first antinomy concerning time.
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1209) criticized the idea of the Earth's centrality within the universe. In the context of his commentary on the Qur'anic verse, "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds," he raises the question of whether the term "worlds" in this verse refers to "multiple worlds within this single universe or cosmos, or to many other universes or a multiverse beyond this known universe." He rejected the Aristotelian and Avicennian notions of a single universe revolving around a single world, and instead argued that there are more than "a thousand thousand worlds (alfa alfi 'awalim) beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the like of what this world has." He argued that there exists an infinite outer space beyond the known world, and that God has the power to fill the vacuum with an infinite number of universes.

Related pages
Cosmogony
Creator
Other websites
 Japanese Creation Myth
 Mayan Creation Myth
 Norse Creation Myth
 Gerald Schroeder

References
Tarantulas are a group of "hairy" and often very large spiders belonging to the family Theraphosidae. Approximately 900 species have been found.  Some tarantulas hunt prey in trees and some hunt on the ground. All tarantulas can make silk. They use silk to make shelters like tube tents in trees, to line burrows if they live on the ground, and they all use silk to wrap up prey before they eat it. It is easy to see a tarantula turning around and around in one spot with the prey in its mouth, but it is hard to see the silk coming out because it is small in diameter (thickness) and transparent. These spiders are found in warmer regions around the world. 
Tarantulas' predators are normally big snakes or creatures such as the Tarantula Eating Wasp. Defenses are camouflage and fangs.

References

Other websites 

International Societies
 American Tarantula Society Headquarters
 The British Tarantula Society
 German Arachnologic Society
 The Australian Tarantula Association
American Societies
 SFBATS - San Francisco Bay Area Tarantula Society  
 N-TEC · Nebraska Tarantula Enthusiasts Club 
 MTTG · Middle Tennessee Tarantula Group

Other sites
 Tarantulas.us - Forums  - Tarantula Discussion Boards and Caresheets.
 Arachnoboards - Arachnid discussion board
 Tarantula care - Gallery of tarantulas and other arachnids.
 Tarantulas.us - Gallery  - Photo gallery of tarantula's species.
 How to Pick a tarantula and Care for a tarantula
 Birdspiders.com - Rick C. West's Site. Includes a gallery of tarantula pictures by species in alphabetical order.
 Caresheets of several tarantula species 
 Information on tarantulas, scorpions, and other invertebrates
 Stanley A. Schultz and Marguerite J. Schultz, "Common and scientific name correlations of the theraphosid tarantulas", University of Calgary 
 Tarantulas Photo Gallery Tarantula photos (Mexican Red Knee, Green Bottle Blue, Salmon Pink etc.)

Spiders
Venomous animals
A hunter-gatherer society is one who lives from edible plants and animals from the wild, by foraging and hunting. 

The line between hunter-gatherers and other people is often not clear-cut. Nomadic people often practice a mix of hunting, gathering and herding, and others spend some of their time in farming.

Related pages 
 Indigenous Australians 
 Pygmy
 Inuit
 Human migration
 Indigenous peoples
 Nomads
 Neolithic revolution
 Farming

Other websites 
 African Pygmies Culture and photos of these African hunter-gatherers.
 Reconstructed bone flutes, sound sample and playing instructions.
 A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths
 How Our “Hunter Gatherer” DNA Is Making Us Fat Now 

Anthropology
Hunting
People by occupation
File formats are also known as file types. A computer stores data in a computer file in the shape of a file format. For example: images are stored in a different shape than music files. 

Also, most types of data (for example text, image or sound) have many varieties of file formats, all with their own special strengths and weaknesses.

There are, for example, more than five ways to store text as a file. Two of the most known ways are: the plain .txt format and the simplest of the HTML formats. The difference is that a .txt file can only store a sequence of characters but an HTML file can also store links to other files and the formatting of the text, for example whether the text is bold, underlined or italic (but usually HTML should say whether the text is very important, a link, or not very important; whether important text should be bold, italic or red is then specified using a file in a special format called CSS).
There is often a choice between saving a file in a simpler versus a more complex file format. The simpler format will make a smaller file, but store less information. The more complex file format will usually be a larger file and more difficult to use, but can store more information; sometimes a faster computer might be needed in order to use a more complex file format.

File formats made for commercial proprietary software are sometimes a secret, so that people who do not work in the company which made the proprietary software cannot use their own and others' files in the format without buying their software. That action is called vendor lock-in, and can be used to make a monopoly. Because of that, it is sometimes a crime.
Lascaux is the name given to a cave in the Vézère Valley of southwestern France. The Lascaux cave is famous for its cave paintings. 

There are a number of caves near the village of Montignac, in the Dordogne département. One of these caves contains some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. Most of the paintings are realistic images of large animals. Many of these animals are known from fossil evidence to have lived in the area at the time. The site of Lascaux was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979, under the name of the Vézère Valley.

Montignac is about  from Périgueux, and about  from Sarlat-la-Canéda

Dating 
Unfortunately, none of the colors used in Lascaux are coal based. Therefore, a direct dating of the paintings is not possible. Despite this, Lascaux was one of the first sites where radiocarbon dating was used. That way, the coal in the fireplaces was dated to about 17,000 years ago. H.Breuil himself thought that the site was older, about 31.000 to 22.000 years old.
Norbert Anjoulat looked at the style and the theme of the paintings, and found these were close to Solutréen, rather than Magdalénien.  

There are some disagreements about dating the site. The paintings seem to date from 17,000 to 15,000 years ago. Artifacts were also found in the cave, which seem to be older.  The original dating was to about 26,000 years ago.  

Most archaeologists believe that the age of about 17,000 years is accurate for the following reasons:  
 All the paintings seem to have approximately the same age  
 No object has been found that would allow to date the paintings to 22,000 years or older  
 The tools that were found in the cave correspond to those used 17,000 to 15,000 years ago  
 All radiocarbon datings show an age of about 17,000 years, which corresponds to the findings above.
Discovery and problems 
The caves were discovered on 12 September 1940. By 1955, about 2000 people visited them every day. In 1968, the original cave was closed to the public, and a system of air conditioning was installed. The cave paintings were restored and  replicas of several paintings were created in other caves nearby, known as Lascaux II and Lascaux III. Today, the original cave is no longer accessible to the public. 

In 2000, another problem emerged: Certain kinds of fungi started to grow in the original cave. These are extremely resistant to the usual fungicides used, even to formaldehyde. The fungus lives in symbiosis with a bacterium which is capable of destroying the fungicide. Therefore, the fungicide needs to be combined with an antibiotic to kill the bacterium as well.
As of 2006, the situation is more or less under control. The original caves are now sprayed with the fungicide/antibiotic every fortnight. Special workers need to clear the cave walls by hand, removing the mycelium which grows despite the treatment.

References 

Caves of Europe
Dordogne
World Heritage Sites in France
Archaeological sites in France
Sir Robert Charlton,  (11 October 1937 – 21 October 2023) was an English footballer who played for the England national team. He played over 600 times for Manchester United. He also played for England over 100 times and scored more goals than any other player. He played for England when they beat Germany in the World Cup final in 1966. He is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.

His older brother was Jack Charlton.

He was the last survivor of the Munich air disaster, where his life was saved by fellow teammate Harry Gregg.

Charlton died on 21 October 2023 from problems caused by dementia, aged 86. His death leaves Geoff Hurst as the last surviving English player of the 1966 World Cup final.

Club career statistics
|-
|1956/57||rowspan="17"|Manchester United||rowspan="17"|First Division||14||10||2||1||0||0||1||1||17||12
|-
|1957/58||21||8||7||5||0||0||2||3||34||16
|-
|1958/59||38||29||1||0||0||0||0||0||39||29
|-
|1959/60||37||13||3||3||0||0||0||0||40||16
|-
|1960/61||39||21||3||0||0||0||0||0||42||21
|-
|1961/62||37||8||6||2||0||0||0||0||43||10
|-
|1962/63||28||7||6||2||0||0||0||0||34||9
|-
|1963/64||40||9||7||2||0||0||6||4||53||15
|-
|1964/65||41||10||7||0||0||0||11||8||59||25
|-
|1965/66||38||16||7||0||0||0||8||2||53||18
|-
|1966/67||42||12||2||0||0||0||0||0||44||12
|-
|1967/68||41||15||2||1||0||0||9||2||52||18
|-
|1968/69||32||5||6||0||0||0||8||2||46||7
|-
|1969/70||40||12||9||1||8||1||0||0||57||14
|-
|1970/71||42||5||2||0||6||3||0||0||50||8
|-
|1971/72||40||8||7||2||6||2||0||0||53||12
|-
|1972/73||34||6||1||0||4||1||0||0||39||7
|-
|1973/74||Preston North End||Second Division||38||8||4||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||45||10
|-
|1974/75||Waterford United||Premier Division||31||18||||||||||||||31||18
642||202||82||20||27||8||45||22||796||252
31||18||||||||||||||31||18
673||220||82||20||27||8||45||22||827||270

International career statistics 

|-
|1958||6||6
|-
|1959||8||6
|-
|1960||8||6
|-
|1961||9||6
|-
|1962||8||1
|-
|1963||9||6
|-
|1964||9||2
|-
|1965||5||2
|-
|1966||15||6
|-
|1967||4||2
|-
|1968||8||3
|-
|1969||8||1
|-
|1970||9||2
|-
!Total||106||49
|}

References 

1937 births
2023 deaths
English footballers
English football managers
Manchester United F.C. players
Sportspeople from Northumberland
Ballon d'Or winners
England at the 1958 FIFA World Cup
England at the 1962 FIFA World Cup
England at the 1966 FIFA World Cup
England at UEFA Euro 1968
England at the 1970 FIFA World Cup
Deaths from dementia
Gary Lineker (born 30 November 1960) is an English retired footballer. He has played for the English national team. He scored 48 goals for the English national team. He then went on television on the BBC on Match of the Day.  He was the highest paid presenter at the BBC.  In 2020 he was paid  £1.75 million.

In March 2023 he tweeted about the proposed  Illegal Migration Bill: "This is just an immeasurably cruel policy directed at the most vulnerable people in language that is not dissimilar to that used by Germany in the '30s, and I'm out of order?".   The BBC wanted him to apologise for making a political comment, but he wouldnt. They then took him off Match of the Day.  The other people from the show all supported him.  So did many other sport presenters.

Club career statistics
|-
|1978/79||rowspan="7"|Leicester City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1979/80||19||3||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||3
|-
|1980/81||First Division||9||2||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||3
|-
|1981/82||rowspan="2"|Second Division||39||17||5||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||47||19
|-
|1982/83||40||26||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||26
|-
|1983/84||rowspan="2"|First Division||39||22||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||22
|-
|1984/85||41||24||4||3||3||2||colspan="2"|-||48||29
|-
|1985/86||Everton||First Division||41||30||6||5||5||3||colspan="2"|-||52||38

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||41||21||1||1||colspan="2"|-||8||0||50||22
|-
|1987/88||36||16||5||2||colspan="2"|-||9||2||50||20
|-
|1988/89||26||6||4||1||colspan="2"|-||8||4||38||11

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||24||1||0||6||2||colspan="2"|-||45||26
|-
|1990/91||32||15||6||3||5||1||colspan="2"|-||43||19
|-
|1991/92||35||28||2||0||5||5||8||2||50||35
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1994||11||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||3
340||192||28||14||30||13||8||2||406||221
103||43||10||4||colspan="2"|-||25||6||138||53
18||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||3
461||238||38||18||30||13||33||8||562||277
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1984||1||0
|-
|1985||9||6
|-
|1986||10||8
|-
|1987||7||9
|-
|1988||10||3
|-
|1989||9||3
|-
|1990||15||8
|-
|1991||11||10
|-
|1992||8||1
|-
!Total||80||48
|}

Other websites
 National Football Teams
 RSSSF

1960 births
Living people
1986 FIFA World Cup players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
English footballers
English sports commentators
Sportspeople from Leicester
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
FC Barcelona players

References
Geoff Hurst (born 8 December 1941) is an English retired professional footballer. He was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire and moved to Chelmsford, Essex when he was eight. He played football for West Ham United F.C. over 400 times. He also played for the England national football team and scored a hat trick (three goals) in the 1966 World Cup final which England won 4–2.

Club career statistics

|-
|1959-60||rowspan="13"|West Ham United||rowspan="13"|First Division||3||0
|-
|1960-61||6||0
|-
|1961-62||24||1
|-
|1962-63||27||13
|-
|1963-64||37||14
|-
|1964-65||42||17
|-
|1965-66||39||23
|-
|1966-67||41||29
|-
|1967-68||38||19
|-
|1968-69||42||25
|-
|1969-70||39||16
|-
|1970-71||39||15
|-
|1971-72||34||8
|-
|1972-73||rowspan="3"|Stoke City||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||10
|-
|1973-74||35||12
|-
|1974-75||35||8
|-
|1975-76||West Bromwich Albion||Second Division||10||2

|-
|1976||Seattle Sounders||North American Soccer League||24||9
529||212
24||9
553||221
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1966||11||7
|-
|1967||6||2
|-
|1968||6||2
|-
|1969||8||7
|-
|1970||11||3
|-
|1971||6||3
|-
|1972||1||0
|-
!Total||49||24
|}

References

1941 births
1966 FIFA World Cup players
1970 FIFA World Cup players
English autobiographers
English cricketers
English football managers
English footballers
Knights Bachelor
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from Essex
Sportspeople from Lancashire
West Ham United F.C. players
England at the 1966 FIFA World Cup
England at the 1970 FIFA World Cup
The Parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland.

The parliament of Scotland had only one house (cf. House of Commons, House of Lords) and was mentioned for the first time during the early thirteenth century, and the first meeting one knows of was in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II of Scotland.

The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates  the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (), merged with the Parliament of England in the Acts of Union in 1707. This formed the Kingdom of Great Britain, which later became the United Kingdom.

Related pages
Parliament of England
Parliament of the United Kingdom

Notes

Further reading
K. M. Brown and R. J. Tanner, The History of the Scottish Parliament volume 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235-1560 (Edinburgh, 2004)
Other websites
The Records of the Scottish Parliament, The complete acts and proceedings of the Scottish Parliament, General Council  and much other parliamentary material from 1235 to 1707. The publication arose from the work of The Scottish Parliament Project
The First Scottish Parliament: the Middle Ages – 1707, Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliamentary Tradition, Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliament Project - The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, University of St Andrews
Scottish Parliament records , National Archives of Scotland
Scotland's powerful parliament , abstract of The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, Dr Roland Tanner, Tuckwell Press, 
Original Scottish Parliament, The Scotsman

History of Scotland
Politics of Scotland
1707 disestablishments
Scotland
1700s disestablishments in Europe
Coco Island is a tropical island that is part of Costa Rica. The island covers . It has two bays in the north. It is  southwest of the Costa Rican mainland. It was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997 for its animals and its beauty. 

Today, the only people who live there are four national park guards who patrol the park. Ships leave from Puntarenas, a port in the Pacific Ocean. The island is one of the world's best diving spots. It is famous for its massive schools of different fish, hammerhead sharks, manta rays, and whale sharks. The island is also famous because of the legend about pirates.  It is said that this island was chosen by them to hide their treasures. Many people have gone there to look for this hidden treasures but they didn’t find any.
The island has waterfalls, some of them  high. There are also a few animals which were brought from other places because there are no native mammals.  Also some birds were brought. The island has just one kind of butterfly and two lizard species. The highest point, called Mount Iglesias, is  high.

National parks in Costa Rica
Islands of Central America
Pacific islands
World Heritage Sites in North America
Decoritidae is one of five families of the Gastriocerataceae superfamily. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Ammonites
Gastrioceratoidea is one of 17 superfamilies of the Goniatitina suborder.  They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Ammonites
Goniatitina is one of 2 suborders of the Goniatitida order. They are an extinct group of ammonoid, which are similar to squids and cuttlefish.

Ammonites
(Sir) Alf Ramsey (22 January 1920 - 28 April 1999) was an English footballer and football manager.  He was born in 1920 and played for Southampton F.C. and Tottenham Hotspur F.C.  He also played for the England national football team 32 times and scored three goals.  Alf Ramsey was in charge of Ipswich Town F.C. for nearly ten years, Ipswich are the only team to win the First Division title in their first season in the top flight the season after winning the second division. Ramsey then became manager of the England team.  He was manager when England beat Germany 4–2 in the World Cup final at Wembley Stadium. He is the only England manager to win a World Cup.

In recognition of his achievement in leading England to victory in the World Cup Alf Ramsey was knighted in 1967.

He died of a heart attack.

In tribute to Ramsey, Ipswich Town F.C. commissioned a life-size statue of him which is positioned directly in front of Portman Road (home ground of Ipswich Town F.C.).

Club career statistics
|-
|1946-47||rowspan="3"|Southampton||rowspan="3"|Second Division||23||1
|-
|1947-48||42||5
|-
|1948-49||25||2
|-
|1949-50||rowspan="6"|Tottenham Hotspur||Second Division||41||4
|-
|1950-51||rowspan="5"|First Division||40||4
|-
|1951-52||38||5
|-
|1952-53||37||6
|-
|1953-54||37||2
|-
|1954-55||33||3
316||32
316||32
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1948||1||0
|-
|1949||1||0
|-
|1950||9||0
|-
|1951||7||1
|-
|1952||7||0
|-
|1953||7||2
|-
!Total||32||3
|}

References 

1920 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English football managers
English footballers
England national football team managers
Sportspeople from Essex
England at the 1950 FIFA World Cup
England at the 1966 FIFA World Cup
England at the 1970 FIFA World Cup
Qom province is one of the 30 provinces of Iran with an area of .  About 2 million people live in the Qom province. The capital of the province is Qom.

Sights 
The following lists some of the sights of the Qom Province of Iran that are the most visited:
 Kahak Cave
 Vashnuh Cave
 Howz e Soltan Salt Lake
 Namak Great Salt Lake
 Mar'ashi Najafi Library, with over 500,000 handwritten texts and copies.
 Astaneh Moqaddaseh Museum
 Qom Bazaar
 Feyzieh Seminary
 Jamkaran Mosque
 Qom Jame' Mosque
 Qom Atiq Mosque
 A'zam Mosque
 Shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh
Qom County (Persian: قم) is a county of the Qom Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Qom.

Counties of Iran
Qom Province
Markazi () is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The word markazi means central in Persian.  There are about 1,350,000 people living in the Markazi Province currently.

Some of the biggest cities of the province are: Saveh, Arak, Mahallat, Khomein, Delijan, Tafresh, Ashtian, and Shazand.

Counties
The Markazi Province is split into 10 different counties:
Ashtian County  
Arak County   
Delijan County
Khomein County   
Komeijan County   
Mahallat County   
Saveh County   
Shazand County  
Tafresh County 
Zarandieh County

References

Other websites

Official website of Markazi Governorship
Ashtian County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Ashtian.

Counties of Markazi Province
Arak County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Arak.

Counties of Markazi Province
Delijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Delijan.

Counties of Markazi Province
Khomein County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Khomein.

Counties of Markazi Province
Komeijan County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Komeijan.

Counties of Markazi Province
Mahallat County (Persian: شهرستان محلات) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Mahallat.

Counties of Markazi Province
Saveh County (Persian: شهرستان ساوه) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Saveh.

Counties of Markazi Province
Shazand (Persian: شهرستان شازند) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Shazand.

Counties of Markazi Province
Tafresh County (Persian: شهرستان تفرش) is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Tafresh.

Counties of Markazi Province
Zarandieh County () is a county of the Markazi Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Zarandieh.

Counties of Markazi Province
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction movie produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, and written by Melissa Mathison. It follows an alien, who is stranded on Earth. A boy and his family keep it hidden from the group of government agents, while bringing it home.

Filming took place from September to December 1981 on a budget of $10.5 million (equivalent to $25 million in 2019 dollars).

Released on June 11, 1982, by Universal Pictures, E.T. was an immediate blockbuster, surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing movie of all time—a record it held for 11 years until Jurassic Park, another Spielberg movie, surpassed it. E.T. was widely acclaimed by critics and is considered to be one of the greatest movies of all time. It was re-released in 1985, and again in 2002, to celebrate its 20th anniversary, with altered shots and additional scenes.
Cast
 Henry Thomas as Elliott, a ten-year-old boy who forms a bond with E.T..
 Robert MacNaughton as Michael, Elliott's brother.
 Drew Barrymore as Gertie, Elliott's sister.
 Dee Wallace as Mary, Elliott's mother. She does not notice the alien's presence in her household.
 Peter Coyote as "Keys", one of the government agents.
 K. C. Martel, Sean Frye and C. Thomas Howell as Greg, Steve and Tyler, Michael's friends.
 Erika Eleniak as the girl whom Elliott kisses.

Having worked with Cary Guffey on Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Spielberg felt confident in working with a cast of mostly child actors.