Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After Sir Austen Chamberlain became British Foreign Secretary, he wanted a British guarantee to France and Belgium as the Anglo-American guarantee had fallen due to the United States' refusal to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. Stresemann later wrote: "Chamberlain had never been our friend. His first act was to attempt to restore the old Entente through a three-power alliance of England, France and Belgium, directed against Germany. German diplomacy faced a catastrophic situation". Stresemann conceived the idea that Germany would guarantee her western borders and pledged never to invade Belgium and France again, along with a guarantee from Britain that they would come to Germany's aid if attacked by France. Germany was in no position at the time to attack, as Stresemann wrote to the Crown Prince: "The renunciation of a military conflict with France has only a theoretical significance, in so far as there is no possibility of a war with France"
. Stresemann negotiated the Locarno Treaties with Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium. On the third day of negotiations Stresemann explained Germany's demands to the French Foreign Secretary, Aristide Briand. As Stresemann recorded, Briand "almost fell off his sofa, when he heard my explanations". Stresemann said that Germany alone should not make sacrifices for peace; European countries should cede colonies to Germany; the disarmament control commission should leave Germany; the Anglo-French occupation of the Rhineland should be ended; and Britain and France should disarm as Germany had done. The Treaties were signed in October 1925 at Locarno. Germany officially recognized the post-World War I western border for the first time, and was guaranteed peace with France, and promised admission to the League of Nations and evacuation of the last Allied occupation troops from the Rhineland. Germany's eastern borders were guaranteed to Poland only by France, not by a general agreement.
Stresemann was not willing to conclude a similar treaty with Poland: "There will be no Locarno of the east" he said. Moreover, he never excluded the use of force to regain the eastern territories of Germany which had come under Polish control as a consequence of the Treaty of Versailles. The reason were atrocities against the German minority in the former German territories committed by or tolerated by the Polish government, see: and Hermann Rauschning. In the session of the League of Nations on 15 December 1928 in Lugano Stresemann formulated a furious charge against Poland because of these crimes which were well known to the League of Nations. The chairman Aristide Briand, French foreign minister, concluded the session after this speech with the words: "The League of Nations must never break the sacred support of the minority-rights."
After this reconciliation with the Versailles powers, Stresemann moved to allay the growing suspicion of the Soviet Union. He said to Nikolay Krestinsky in June 1925, as recorded in his diary: "I had said I would not come to conclude a treaty with Russia so long as our political situation in the other direction was not cleared up, as I wanted to answer the question whether we had a treaty with Russia in the negative". The Treaty of Berlin signed in April 1926 reaffirmed and strengthened the Rapallo Treaty of 1922. In September 1926, Germany was admitted to the League of Nations as permanent member of the Security Council. This was a sign that Germany was quickly becoming a "normal" state and assured the Soviet Union of Germany's sincerity in the Treaty of Berlin. Stresemann wrote to the Crown Prince: "All the questions which to-day preoccupy the German people can be transformed into as many vexations for the Entente by a skilful orator before the League of Nations"
. As Germany now had a veto on League resolutions, she could gain concessions from other countries on modifications on the Polish border or Anschluss with Austria, as other countries needed her vote. Germany could now act as "the spokesman of the whole German cultural community" and thereby provoke the German minorities in Czechoslovakia and Poland.
Stresemann was co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 for these achievements.

Germany signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact in August 1928. It renounced the use of violence to resolve international conflicts. Although Stresemann did not propose the pact, Germany's adherence convinced many people that Weimar Germany was a Germany that could be reasoned with. This new insight was instrumental in the Young Plan of February 1929 which led to more reductions in German reparations payment.

Gustav Stresemann's success owed much to his friendly personal character and his willingness to change. He was close personal friends with many influential foreigners. The most noted was Briand, with whom he shared the Peace Prize.
During his period in the foreign ministry, Stresemann came more and more to accept the Republic, which he had at first rejected. By the mid-1920s, having contributed much to a (temporary) consolidation of the feeble democratic order, Stresemann was regarded as a Vernunftrepublikaner (republican by reason) - someone who accepted the Republic as the least of all evils, but was in their heart still loyal to the monarchy. The conservative opposition criticized him for his supporting the republic and fulfilling too willingly the demands of the Western powers. Along with Matthias Erzberger and others, he was attacked as an Erfüllungspolitiker ("fulfillment politician").
In 1925, when he first proposed an agreement with France, he made it clear that in doing so he intended to "gain a free hand to secure a peaceful change of the borders in the East and [...] concentrate on a later incorporation of German territories in the East". In the same year, while Poland was in a state of political and economic crisis, Stresemann began a trade war against the country. Stresemann hoped for an escalation of the Polish crisis, which would enable Germany to regain territories ceded to Poland after World War I, and he wanted Germany to gain a larger market for its products there. So Stresemann refused to engage in any international cooperation that would have "prematurely" restabilized the Polish economy. In response to a British proposal, Stresemann wrote to the German ambassador in London: "[A] final and lasting recapitalization of Poland must be delayed until the country is ripe for a settlement of the border according to our wishes and until our own position is sufficiently strong"
. According to Stresemann's letter, there should be no settlement "until [Poland's] economic and financial distress has reached an extreme stage and reduced the entire Polish body politic to a state of powerlessness".
Gustav Stresemann died of a stroke in October 1929 at the age of 51. His massive gravesite is in Berlin's Luisenstadt Cemetery at Südstern in Kreuzberg, and includes work by the German sculptor Hugo Lederer. Stresemann's sudden and premature death, as well as the death of his "pragmatic moderate" French counterpart Aristide Briand in 1932, and the assassination of Briand's successor Louis Barthou in 1934, left a vacuum in European statesmanship that further tilted the slippery slope towards World War II.

Gustav and Käthe had two sons, Wolfgang and Joachim Stresemann.
First Cabinet, August - October 1923
 Gustav Stresemann (DVP) - Chancellor and Foreign Minister
 Robert Schmidt (SPD) - Vice Chancellor and Reconstruction Minister
 Wilhelm Sollmann (SPD) - Interior Minister
 Rudolf Hilferding (SPD) - Finance Minister
 Hans von Raumer (DVP) - Economics Minister
 Heinrich Brauns (Z) - Labour Minister
 Gustav Radbruch (SPD) - Justice Minister
 Otto Gessler (DDP) - Defence Minister
 Anton Höfle (Z) - Postal Minister
 Rudolf Oeser (DDP) - Transport Minister
 Hans Luther - Food Minister
 Johannes Fuchs (Z) - Occupied Areas Minister
Second Cabinet, October - November 1923
 Gustav Stresemann (DVP) - Chancellor and Foreign Minister
 Wilhelm Sollmann (SPD) - Interior Minister
 Hans Luther - Finance Minister
 Joseph Koeth - Economics Minister
 Heinrich Brauns (Z) - Employment Minister
 Gustav Radbruch (SPD) - Justice Minister
 Otto Gessler (DDP) - Defence Minister
 Anton Höfle (Z) - Postal Minister
 Rudolf Oeser (DDP) - Transport Minister
 Gerhard Graf von Kanitz - Food Minister
 Robert Schmidt (SPD) - Reconstruction Minister
 Johannes Fuchs (Z) - Occupied Areas Minister

Changes
 3 November 1923 - The Social Democratic Ministers Sollmann, Radbruch and Schmidt resigned. Sollmann was succeeded as Interior Minister by Karl Jarres (DVP). The others were not replaced before the ministry fell.

Quotes

Footnotes
Quotes

Footnotes

Books
 Turner, Henry Ashby Stresemann and the politics of the Weimar Republic, Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press, 1963.
 Wright, Jonathan Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman (2002).
 Enssle, Manfred J. Stresemann's Territorial Revisionism (1980).

Other websites

 Hitler, Stresemann and the Discontinuity of German Foreign Policy  by Edgar Feuchtwanger
 Nobel biography 
 STRESEMANN AND LITHUANIA IN THE NINETEEN TWENTIES 

1878 births
1929 deaths
Anti-communists
Chancellors of the Weimar Republic
German Nobel Prize winners
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Members of the Reichstag (German Empire)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Politicians from Berlin
Amon Amarth is a melodic death metal band from Tumba, an outer quarter of Stockholm, Sweden. They signed a recording contract with the US-american label Metal Blade Records. The band was founded in 1996.

Their lyrics are mostly about viking battles and viking gods, but they do not want to be called a "Viking Metal band".

Their most recent album, The Great Heathen Army, was released on August 5, 2022. It was #1 on the music charts in Germany.
History
Amon Amarth band was formed from the previous band, Scum, which was formed in 1988. After a 1991 demo, the band broke up. Johan Hegg convinced the other members to come together again, and they formed Amon Amarth in 1992. They recorded their first demo, Thor Arise (1993), with Johan Hegg on vocals, Anders Hansson on guitar and Ted Lundström on bass. It was never released because it was low quality. However, the band caught the attention of a lot of extreme metal fans. In 1994 another demo, The Arrival of the Fimbul Winter, was recorded and 1,000 copies were released.
They then signed with Metal Blade Records and released their first album, Once Sent from the Golden Hall. The album made Amon Amarth famous internationally. In June of 1998, Amon Amarth was about to go on tour with Deicide, Six Feet Under, Brutal Truth when guitarist Anders Hansson left and was replaced by Johan Soderberg. After the tour Martin Lopez quit to join Opeth and Fredrik Andersson (ex-A Canorous Quintet) came in. With him in Spring 1999 the band recorded and released its second full-length, The Avenger.
They released The Crusher in 2001, and went on tour to support it with Marduk, Vader. It was planned to be held in the United States, but was cancelled because of the September 11 attacks. It was held a year later later instead, but this time without Marduk. In April 2002 the band toured Europe with Vomitory and in August performed at Wacken Open Air in front of 12,000 fans. Versus The World, their 4th studio album, was released on 18 November 2002. The bonus edition of the album included their earlier demos. Touring continued until Spring of 2004 when the band started working on the Fate of Norns album which was released on 6 September 2004. With Oden on Our Side was released two years later, and Allmusic said about the band, "Amon Amarth continue to be champions of the worldwide death metal tournament."

They went on tour in Australia and New Zealand for the first time in January of 2008. They toured with Dimmu Borgir after finishing another tour with Sonic Syndicate and Himsa.
Amon Amarth extended its record deal with Metal Blade Records in 2008 for three more albums. After extending its record deal, the band released Twilight of the Thunder God. The album had many guest appearances, including Lars Göran Petrov, Roope Latvala, and Apocalyptica. The album came with an eight-page comic strip based on Norse mythology which was released by magazines in Europe. Twilight of the Thunder God was very successful and reached number 6 in Germany, number 10 in Finland, number 11 in Sweden, number 14 in Austria, number 21 in Switzerland. It ended up at the number 7 position in Revolver Magazine’s Top 20 Albums that year.

The band went on another North America tour in October 2008 along with Ensiferum, Belphegor and The Absence. Amon Amarth played its first show in India, headlining the Deccan Rock Festival in Bangalore on 5 December 2009 and played with Slayer during their European tour.
They released their 8th album, Surtur Rising, on 29 March 2011. Metal Blade Records released their first single, "War of the Gods," on 27 January 2011 via YouTube. To support the album, the band went on a 4-month world tour with Children Of Bodom and Ensiferum, among others.

Amon Amarth performed at Wacken Open Air in 2012, Hellfest 2013, Download Festival 2013, Sweden Rock Festival and Mayhem Festival 2013.

On 25 June 2013 Amon Amarth released its ninth studio album, Deceiver of the Gods. The album cover showed Ragnarök during the last battle between the Æsir gods and Loki, accompanied by the army of the dead.
On 19 March 2015 Amon Amarth posted on Facebook that their drummer Fredrik Andersson had left the band after 17 years of working together. The band released its 10th album Jomsviking on 25 March 2016. Tobias Gustafsson, was used as a new drummer for this album. From 22 March to 25 March, they played shows in London, Paris, Tilburg and Berlin. They also played with Testament in the UK on a tour from October and November 2016.

Members 

 Johan Hegg - vocals, gutturals
 Ted Lundström - bass
 Johan Söderberg - guitar
 Olavi Mikkonen - guitar
 Jocke Wallgren − drums (live only)

Discography

Albums 
 1998: Once Sent from the Golden Hall
 1999: The Avenger
 2001: The Crusher
 2002: Versus the World
 2004: Fate of Norns
 2006: With Oden on Our Side
 2008: Twilight of the Thunder God
 2011: Surtur Rising
 2013: Deceiver of the Gods
 2016: Jomsviking
 2019: Berserker
 2022: The Great Heathen Army
Demos 
 1992: Thor Arise (Demo)
 1994: The Arrival of the Fimbul Winter (Demo)
 1995: Sorrow Throughout the Nine Worlds (MCD)

Videos 
 2002: Death in Fire - (Versus the World)
 2004: The Pursuit of Vikings - (Fate of Norns)
 2006: Runes to My Memory - (With Oden on Our Side)
 2006: Cry of the Black Birds - (With Oden on Our Side)
 2008: Twilight of the Thunder God - (Twilight of the Thunder God)
 2009: Guardians of Asgaard - (Twilight of the Thunder God)

DVD 
 2006: Wrath of the Norsemen

References

Swedish heavy metal bands
2000s music groups
Musical groups established in 1992
Haley Joel Osment (born April 10, 1988) is an American actor and voice artist. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the brother of Emily Osment. He had many television and movie roles throughout the 1990s. He is best known for starring in movies including Forrest Gump (1994) and The Sixth Sense (1999).

Other websites 

Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
1988 births
Living people
Glasgow International Airport ()  (used to be called Glasgow Abbotsinch Airport) is an international airport in Scotland. It is  west of the Glasgow city centre. The airport is in Paisley and near Renfrew in Renfrewshire. In 2011, almost 6.9 million passengers passed through the airport. This was 5.1% more than 2010. This makes Glasgow the second busiest airport in Scotland (Edinburgh Airport is the busiest). It is also the eighth busiest airport in the United Kingdom. Glasgow Airport is the primary airport of Greater Glasgow.

The airport is owned by Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited. Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited owns four other UK airports. ADI Limited owns Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited. The airlines which use the airport the most are British Airways and Loganair (as Flybe). Loganair uses Glasgow as a hub. Other big airlines using Glasgow as a base include BMI Regional, Flybe,  EasyJet, Jet2, Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways.
Glasgow Airport was first opened in 1966. First, the only flights which took off from there flew to other places in the United Kingdom and Europe. The British Airports Authority (BAA) took control of the airport in 1975. In the 1980s, flights from Glasgow began to go to other places in the world.

On 30 June 2007, Glasgow Airport had a terrorist attack. A Jeep Cherokee filled with propane canisters was driven into the main terminal building. It caused some damage, killed one person (the terrorist) and injured four people.

References

Airports in Scotland
Buildings and structures in Glasgow
1966 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
Paisley, Renfrewshire
Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin  (Gatchina, Russia, 12 November 1850 – Lublin, Poland, 25 January 1908) was a leading Russian chess player.

He was a major source of inspiration for the "Soviet school of chess", which dominated the chess world in the middle and latter parts of the 20th century.

Chigorin was for a while one of the world's top four players. He twice challenged Wilhelm Steinitz for the World Chess Championship. Both matches were held in Havana. In 1889 Steinitz won 10½–6½, and in 1892 by 12½–10½. Chigorin drew an 1893 match with Siegbert Tarrasch in Saint Petersburg (11–11); Tarrasch was probably the world #2 at that time.

Chigorin made a number of contributions to the theory of chess openings. The most important were the Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.O-O Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 O-O 9.h3 Na5) and the Chigorin Defence to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6).
Chigorin gave many lectures, wrote magazine articles and chess columns. He subsidised or otherwise supported a number of periodicals to keep them afloat despite low readership levels. He also founded a chess club in Saint Petersburg and tried for many years to establish a chess association, an attempt that finally succeeded just a few years after his death.

His early death was caused by diabetes, for which there was no remedy at the time.

References 

1850 births
1908 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Russian chess players
Francine Joy "Fran" Drescher (born September 30, 1957) is an American television, movie, musical theatre and voice actress, television director and producer, comedian, screenwriter, model, health, LGBT rights and political activist. She is of Jewish descent.

Her acting career began around 1977 when she acted in the movie Saturday Night Fever. She is best known for playing Fran Fine from the sitcom The Nanny. Her other notable movie roles include Jack (1996) and Beautician and the Beast (1997).

Drescher wrote her memoirs and is a Universal Life Church minister. She was born in New York City.

She is a uterine cancer survivor. She is a Democrat and a critic of capitalism. In 1985, she was raped by armed robbers.

In September 2021, Drescher was elected President of SAG-AFTRA.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1957 births
Living people
Presidents of SAG-AFTRA
Actors from Queens
American autobiographers
American LGBT rights activists
American movie actors
American musical theatre actors
American political activists
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Jewish activists
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American musicians
Jewish American writers
Jewish models
Models from New York City
Musicians from Queens
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from Queens
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Democrats (United States)
American crime victims
En Vouge are an American female R&B and pop quartet. Four members-Cindy Herron, Terry Ellis, Dawn Robinson and Maxine Jones-make up this female group. En Vogue released their first record Born to Sing during 1990. They won many awards in the 1990s and 2000s, including seven MTV Video Music Awards and four Soul Train Awards.

Discography
Studio albums
 1990: Born to Sing
 1992: Funky Divas
 1997: EV3
 2000: Masterpiece Theatre
 2002: The Gift of Christmas
 2004: Soul Flower

EPs
 1991: Remix to Sing
 1993: Runaway Love

American R&B bands
Musical groups from Oakland, California
Musical groups established in 1989
1989 establishments in the United States
Smart Technologies is a company that was started in Calgary, Alberta, Canada in 1987. It is most famous for its invention of the Smart Board, which is the most popular interactive whiteboard in the world.

Smart Technologies has received over 15 awards, including the 2009 EdNET Pioneer Award. In 2010, the company placed shares on the NASDAQ stock exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange.

In 2016, SMART Technologies Inc. was acquired by Foxconn for $200 million.

References

Technology companies of Canada
Companies based in Alberta
Icing in ice hockey is a rule the happens when a player shoots the puck across at least two red lines, the other team's goal line being the last, and the puck remains untouched but it is not icing if the player shoots the puck from behind the halfway line of the ice into the goal. If the goal went into the net it would be counted as a goal. There is also automatic or no-touch icing which is used mostly in lower-level professional hockey leagues like the ECHL and Central Hockey League, It was enforced in 1990 after Luděk Čajka, a Czech player rushed to get to the puck in an icing situation, he crashed into the boards, suffered severe spinal injuries, and died a few weeks later. Sometimes the goaltender will raise his hand for icing also.

If icing is waved off by a referee it is either because:
The team committing the icing is shorthanded, (penalty killing).
The linesman believes that a player on the other team (other than the goalkeeper) could have played the puck before it crossed the goal line.
In the NHL, the linesman deems the icing is the result of an attempted receivable pass.

Ice hockey words
The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics in physics. It was developed by Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, and Albert Einstein in Copenhagen in 1927. It is based on an idea called Born's law of the wave function by the Nobel Prize laureate Max Born. It is one of the first usable models of quantum mechanics.

Quantum mechanics
Cam Fowler (born December 5, 1991 in Windsor, Ontario) is an American-Canadian NHL ice hockey defenceman for the Anaheim Ducks. He was picked by the Anaheim Ducks with the twelfth overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the OHL with the Windsor Spitfires. He holds dual citizenship because his mother is a native of Michigan and his father is a native to Newfoundland.

Awards 
 He won the gold medal at the 2010 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.
 He was part of the Memorial Cup All-Star Team in 2010.
 He won the gold medal at the 2010 IIHF U18 Championships.
 He was named the IIHF World U18 Championships Best Defenseman in 2009.
 He was part of the IIHF World U18 Championships All-Star Team in 2009
 He won the silver medal at the 2008 World U-17 Hockey Challenge.
 He was part of the World U-17 Hockey Challenge All-Star Team in 2008.

Other websites 
 Cam Fowler's NHL Player Page
1991 births
Ice hockey people from Ontario
American ice hockey defensemen
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Living people
United States Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Memorial Cup winners
Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. The name comes from the  (staphylē) which means "bunch of grapes" and κόκκος (kókkos) which means "granule". Under a microscope they appear round, because they are cocci. They form in grape-like clusters.

The Staphylococcus genus includes at least forty species. Of these, nine have two subspecies and one has three subspecies. Most are harmless and live normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms. Found worldwide, they are a small component of soil microbial flora.

Related pages

 Staphylococcus aureus
 Staphylococcal infection

Gram-positive bacteria
Streptococcus is a genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the lactic acid bacteria group. They are cocci, meaning that they are shaped like spheres or circles. Cellular division occurs along a single axis in these bacteria, and thus they grow in chains or pairs, hence the name from Greek στρεπτος streptos, meaning easily bent or twisted, like a chain (twisted chain). Contrast this with staphylococci, which divide along multiple axes and generate grape-like clusters of cells. Streptococci are oxidase and catalase-negative, and many are facultative anaerobes.

Gram-positive bacteria
Kimberley Dawn Locke (born January 3, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter and model. Locke first came to national attention when she was a contestant on American Idol.

Locke was born in Hartsville, Tennessee.

References

1978 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
Models from Tennessee
American Idol contestants
BlackBerry is a line of mobile phones made by the Canadian company BlackBerry Limited (originally known as Research In Motion, or RIM, NASDAQ:BBRY). It does many different things like a computer but is small enough to fit in someone's hand. It is a mobile phone; it makes calls without wires. It can access the Internet as well. It also has a calendar and camera, and can send text messages. The BlackBerry started out as a pager and later turned into a mobile phone. The BlackBerry has a PIN which is an eight character hexadecimal identification number which is given to every BlackBerry phone. The President of The United States Barack Obama use9 and supported the BlackBerry.

in 2012, when it was most popular, there were 80,000,000 users across the world.

References

Other websites 
BlackBerry - Official website

Mobile phones
Personal digital assistants
Penélope Cruz Sánchez (; ; born 28 April 1974 in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish television and movie actress. She has starred in many movies of many different genres, including Vicky Cristina Barcelona. Cruz got her start when she was picked from 300 other girls in a talent agency audition at age 15. This led to acting jobs in television and in commercials. Her movie debut was in 1992. She has been married to Javier Bardem since 2010. They have two children.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Madrid
Spanish movie actors
Spanish stage actors
Spanish television actors
Spanish voice actors
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Spanish models
Spanish television personalities
Mount Rowan is a small extinct volcano on the edge of the city of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. It was also known as Waldies Hill. It is 518 metres above sea level. The lava flows from the volcano are thought to be from 2.1 million to 2.9 million years ago. It is one of the 123 volcanoes in the Ballarat and Daylesford area. These are part of the Western Victorian Volcanic Plains. In 2009, a geologist, Professor Bernie Joyce warned that the volcanoes around Ballarat could become active again.

References

Volcanoes of Australia
Mountains of Victoria (Australia)
Laura Ann Branigan (July 3, 1952 – August 26, 2004) was an American singer, songwriter and actress. She was best known for her 1982 platinum hit "Gloria". She also starred on several television shows. Branigan's songs were featured in soundtracks for the movies Flashdance and Ghostbusters.

Early life
Branigan was born on July 3, 1952 in Brewster, New York, United States. Her father was an account executive and mutual funds broker. In 1970, she graduated from high school and attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City.
Career 
Branigan toured Europe as a backup singer with Leonard Cohen. She started her solo career in 1982. Her first album, Branigan, was released in 1982. A song "Gloria" from that album stayed on top of the pop charts for 36 weeks. It reached number six on the British pop charts. It was a remake of an Italian song from the 1970s. The song got her a nomination for a Grammy for best female pop singer. She was nominated for three more during her career. She released seven more albums. She co-wrote the song How Am I Supposed To Live Without You? with a then unknown Michael Bolton. In 1981 Branigan appeared on German television in An American Girl in Berlin. She was a guest on the American TV show, CHiPS. She starred in the movie Mugsy's Girls in 1984. She also appeared in the 1988 movie Backstage. In 2002 she starred in the Off-Broadway production of Love, Janis, playing Janis Joplin. She received rave (very good) reviews for her performance.
Personal 
In 1981, Branigan met Larry Kruteck, an attorney, at a party in Manhattan. They married that same year, when she was 24 years old and he was 44. In 1994 her husband was diagnosed with colon cancer. She quit singing to take care of him full time. Kruteck died in 1996. In 2001, as she was just returning to singing again, she fell from a ladder at her home and broke both her legs. Branigan was in physical therapy for six months.

On August 26, 2004, Branigan died of a brain aneurysm. She died in her sleep at her home in East Quogue, New York. She was 52 years old.

References 

1952 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
Singers from New York (state)
Bangladesh–South Korea relations are foreign relations between Bangladesh and South Korea. Bangladesh is the nation which established both relations among two Koreas. North Korea made its official diplomacy with Bangladesh in 1973.

In 1974, South Korea opened its embassy in the capital Dhaka while her counterpart in 1987.

South Korea
Bangladesh
Aalten is a town and municipality in the eastern Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. It lies in the Achterhoek region near the German border.

The former municipality of Bredevoort merged into Aalten in 1818 and that of Dinxperlo in 2005. Aalten village had about 17,400 inhabitants and Aalten municipality about 27,000 inhabitants in 2021.

Settlements 

 Aalten (town)
 Barlo
 Bredevoort
 Dale
 Dinxperlo

 Haart
 Heurne
 IJzerlo
 't Klooster
 Lintelo

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

 
Settlements in Gelderland
Calico sheep is a kind of sheep with more than one color in its coat.<ref>"A Piebald Mutation in Sheep: And a Suggested Interpretation," Journal of Heredity (1950), Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 39-40; retrieved 2012-8-19.</ref>  It is a mutation, but not a recognized breed.

History
Calico sheep are not related to the black and white sheep that are native to ancient Sudan and to South Africa.  

The modern mutation was developed by breeding the Shetland sheep with Barbadian Black Belly Sheep.    
 The rams have a curled horn similar to Rocky Mountain Sheep. 

 The rams generally weigh up to about .  

The ewes will range in about the  range.

Related pages
 Calico cat
 Piebald sheep

References

 Further reading
 Richardson, Tracey. "Sheep earn their keep at winery,"  Owen Sound Sun Times (Canada). July 17, 2012; retrieved 2012-8-19. 
 "Moose on the loose in Northwest Alberta," Global News'' (Canada). March 11, 2012; retrieved 2012-8-19.

Caprids
Peat, or turf, is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, mires, and swamps.

Formation
Peat forms when plant material, usually in marshy areas, is inhibited from decaying fully by acidic and anaerobic conditions. It is composed mainly of marshland vegetation: trees, grasses, fungi, as well as other types of organic remains, such as insects, and animal remains. Under certain conditions, the decomposition of the latter (in the absence of oxygen) is inhibited.

Peat formed in very wet conditions accumulates faster, and is less decomposed, than that in drier places. This allows climatologists to use peat as an indicator of climatic change. The composition of peat can also be used to reconstruct ancient ecologies by examining the types and quantities of its organic constituents.
Under the proper conditions, peat is the earliest stage in the formation of coal. The coal measures of the Pennsylvanian period were laid down in a gigantic tropical river basin, and later squeezed and heated to form the metamorphic rock we call 'coal'.

Most modern peat bogs formed in high latitudes after the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last ice age some 9,000 years ago. They usually grow slowly, at the rate of about a millimetre per year.

The peat in the world's peatlands has been forming for 360 million years and contains 550 Gigatonnes of carbon.

Uses 
Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world. By volume, there are about 4 trillion m³ of peat in the world covering a total of around 2% of global land area (about 3 million km²), containing about 8 billion terajoules of energy.
Peat is soft and easily compressed. Under pressure, water in the peat is forced out. Upon drying, peat can be used as a fuel. It has industrial importance as a fuel in some countries, such as Ireland and Finland, where it is harvested on an industrial scale. In many countries, including Ireland and Scotland, where trees are often scarce, peat is traditionally used for cooking and domestic heating. Stacks of drying peat dug from the bogs can still be seen in some rural areas.

Peat's insulating properties make it of use to industry.

Peat fires are used to dry malted barley for use in Scotch whisky distillation. This gives Scotch whisky its distinctive smoky flavour, often called "peatiness".
Although peat has many uses for humans, it also presents problems. When dry, it can be a major fire hazard, as peat fires can burn almost indefinitely (or at least until the fuel is exhausted). Peat fires can even burn underground, reigniting after the winter, provided there is a source of oxygen. Peat deposits also pose major difficulties to builders of structures, roads, and railways, as they are highly compressible under even small loads. When the West Highland Line was built across Rannoch Moor in western Scotland, its builders had to float the tracks on a mattress of tree roots, brushwood and thousands of tons of earth and ashes.

References 

Fuel
Sedimentary rocks
Civilization is a series of computer games made by Sid Meier. In it, you make a virtual civilization going from thousands of years ago to the near future. The game is played by doing certain things each turn. You can move units or make them do stuff, build or change cities, and negotiate with other civilizations. These civilizations are controlled by a computer. You win by taking over other civilizations, building a spaceship, or getting the highest score.

At the beginning, you chose which civilization to play. Each one has its own characteristics (something that makes it different from the others). Cities are very important. You need them to build buildings that improve the city, and units. The units can attack other units, build more cities, and improve the land. You can also research technologies. Technologies allow you to do more things.
There are five main games in the series, called Civilization I-VI (1-6). Some of them have expansion packs. There is also Civilization Revolution, which is like Civilization 1-6, but it works on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, and iPhone. The first version, Civilization, was released in 1991, and games have been released ever since. Civilization has existed since 1989

Related pages
These are the versions of the game. They are in order from oldest to newest.

 Civilization III
 Civilization IV
An unreliable narrator in literature, movie, or theatre,  is a narrator (storyteller) who cannot tell a story with a neutral point of view. The term was made in 1961 by Wayne C. Booth in The Rhetoric of Fiction.

Literary terms
A narrator is a person who tells a story to an audience. Narrators occur in face-to-face story-telling, and in literary works, movies, and plays. They can be fictional, or they can be real people. When the narrator is also a character within the story, he or she is sometimes known as the viewpoint character. The narrator is one of three parts in any story-telling. The others are the author and the audience; in literature, the latter is the reader. 

The author and the audience both live in the real world. It is the author's function to create the universe, people, and events within the story. It is the audience's function to understand and interpret the story. The narrator only exists within the world of the story and presents it in a way the audience can grasp. In non-fiction the narrator and the author may be the same person, since the real world and the world of the story may be the same.

Related pages 
 Unreliable narrator
 Narrative

Literary terms
Ace of Base are a Swedish pop-rock group. The beginning of this group was in 1990. There have been changes in the members of Ace of Base many times. They had four studio albums between 1993 and 2002.

Discography

Studio albums
 Happy Nation / The Sign (1993)
 The Bridge (1995)
 Flowers / Cruel Summer (1998)
 Da Capo (2002)
 The Golden Ratio (2010)

1980s Swedish music groups
1990s Swedish music groups
2000s Swedish music groups
2010s Swedish music groups
Musical groups from Gothenburg
Musical groups established in 1987
Swedish pop music groups
Amelia Fiona J. Driver, aka Minnie Driver (born 31 January 1970), is an English movie and television actress and singer. She was born in Finsbury Park, London. Her notable motion pictures include Good Will Hunting.

Other websites 

Actors from London
English movie actors
English singers
English television actors
1970 births
Living people
Language
Moussa belonged to a group of intellectuals who wanted to simplify Arabic and its grammar. They wanted Egyptian Arabic to officially become the Modern Egyptian language. His conservative opponents became angry with him. Standard Arabic had not changed for generations. Most Egyptian people could not read or write that Standard Arabic. Therefore, Moussa and other thinkers said people should write in the common, local Arabic. People still discuss making language simpler and more modern in Egypt. Salama Moussa's writings continue to be popular.

Influence on other writers
Salama Moussa was a mentor of Naguib Mahfouz. Mahfouz was an Egyptian Nobel prize-winner in literature. Moussa told Mahfouz: "You have much talent, but your essays are no good." After that, Mahfouz chose his topics more carefully.

Salama Moussa became seriously ill and died on 4 August 1958.

Writing
Divine Thoughts and Their Origin (1912)
 Treatise about Socialism (1913)
 The Most Well-known Love Affairs in History (1925, revised and renamed "Love in History" around 1949)
 Reading Matters on Elections (1926)
 Dreams of a Philosopher (1926)
 Freedom of Thought and Its Representatives (1927)
 Secrets of the Inner Life (1927, revised in 1948)
 History of Art and the Most Well-known Pieces of Work (1927)
 Today and Tomorrow (1928)
 Descent and Development of Mankind (1928)
 Stories (1939)
 About Life and Culture (1930, revised and renamed in 1956: Culture and Life)
 Our Duties and the Tasks of Foreign Countries (1931)
 Gandhi and the Indian Revolution (1934)
 Renaissance in Europe (1935, in 1962 published after his death  revised and renamed "What Is Renaissance")
 Egypt, a Place Where Civilization Began (1935, expanded edition in 1948)
 The World in 30 Years (1936)
 Modern English Culture (1936, expanded ed. in 1956)
 Our Life as from 50 (1944, expanded ed. in 1956)
Freedom of Thought in Egypt (1945, this piece of work clearly shows, how much Salama Moussa was influenced by the European culture, in particular by Voltaire.)
 Eloquence and the Arabic Language (1945, expanded edition in 1953, also 1964)
 My and Your Intellect (1947, expanded edition 1953)
 The Years of Salama Moussa’s Apprenticeship (1947, expanded 3rd edition published after his death)
 The True Path of the Young People (1949)
 Psychological Attempts (1953, changed to Attempts in1963)
 These are My Mentors (1953, among them a very obstinate discussion on Goethe’s works, published after his death  expanded ed. in 1965)
 The Book of Revolutions (1955)
 Psychological Studies (1956)
 The Woman Is not the Plaything of the Man (1956)
 George Bernhard Shaw (1957, expanded edition in 1977)
 Attempts of the Young People (published after his death, 1959)
 Forbidden writings (published after his death, 1959)
 Mankind is the Pride of Creation (published after his death,1961)
Other websites
Al-Ahram Weekly On-line 
The Status of Culture in Egypt 
 Overview of the Relationship between Naguib Mahfouz and Salama Moussa
 Profiles in Courage

1887 births
1958 deaths
Copts
Egyptian writers
Disease-related deaths in Egypt
Warcraft II: Beyond the Dark Portal is an expansion pack developed by Cyberlore Studios, released in 1996 by Blizzard Entertainment for their award winning real-time strategy computer game Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness. As with most computer game expansion packs, Beyond the Dark Portal requires a full version of the original game to run.

Blizzard video games
Burkholderia gladioli is a species of bacteria that needs oxygen (aerobic) and is shaped like a rod. It causes disease in humans and plants and can live in symbiosis with plants and fungi. It is found in soil, water, the rhizosphere, and in many animals.

Gram-negative bacteria
The United Football League is an American Football league that was founded (created) in 2007. The first season was played in 2009. The Las Vegas Locomotives have won both seasons so far.

American football
2007 establishments in the United States
Classics or classical studies is a branch of the humanities which studies classical antiquity. It includes many fields of study such as history, philology, philosophy, history, art, languages, literature, and archaeology. In the Western world, it focuses on Mediterranean cultures such as ancient Greece and ancient Rome. A person who works in classical studies is called a classicist. The study of classical literature was traditionally the main focus of the humanities.

Humanities
Chase & Status are an electronic production duo from London consisting of Saul "Chase" Milton and Will "Status" Kennard.

History

2006–2009: Debut album
Chase & Status have had three number one tracks on the UK Dance Chart in 2007 with the double A-side "Hurt You"/"Sell Me Your Soul", and in 2008 with "Take Me Away"/"Judgement (Informer)". On 5 October 2008, they reached number 70 on the national singles chart and number one on the UK Dance Chart again with their single "Pieces" with vocals by Plan B. In 2009, they made number 45 with "Against All Odds" which had UK rapper Kano on vocals.

Chase & Status' first album, More Than Alot, debuted in the UK album charts at number 49 on 19 October 2008 and entered the UK dance album chart at number 2.

Their album More Than Alot received the Best Album Award at the 2009 Drum and Bass awards, Birmingham, UK.
2009–present: No More Idols
Following the success of their last album the band wanted to gain a more global success. After meeting with a long time favourite of theirs, Cloud9, they decided to move in a different direction. Together they agreed that the band should do more pop collaborations in order to achieve a more better fanbase. Soon afterwards they quickly began working on the album. On 8 November 2009, the duo entered the UK Top 40 for the first time with the track "End Credits". The track was released on 2 November 2009 and featuring British musician Plan B managed to reach a peak of number 9 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was written for the movie Harry Brown, which also starred Ben Drew, aka. Plan B.
The duo then released "Let You Go" on 15 August 2010, revealing it to be the second official single to be released from their second studio album, named No More Idols according to posters outside their album launch show at the HMV Forum in Kentish Town on October 21. The single had vocals from Mali and debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 11; marking the duo's second Top 40 hit in a row. "Hypest Hype" featuring Tempa T was confirmed in October 2010 to be the third single from the album and was released as a free download from their website on 8 November 2010; meaning it did not qualify to chart. The fourth single from the album is the dubstep-flavoured Blind Faith, which features Nottingham-born soul singer/songwriter Liam Bailey was released on January 24, 2011. The new album also contains a new single 'Heavy' with Dizzee Rascal.

References

2010s music groups
British DJs
British record producers
Grime music artists
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups from London
ESC/P is a printer control language developed by Epson. The language was popular with dot-matrix printers. It uses escape codes, a command starts with the escape character. As an example, ESC E will switch on bold, and ESC F will switch it off. There are different versions of the protocol, which was also used by other printer manufacturers. Today, ESC/P is rarely used any more; modern printers use page description languages like Postscript, PCL or PDF.

Computing
Shirred eggs (also known as baked eggs, or in ) are eggs cooked in a manner which results in a firm white but soft or runny yolk. The name comes from the dish in which the eggs are cooked.

Process 
The eggs are placed in small dishes called ramekins with a knob of butter on top and baked at 180°C (350°F) until the white is set, but the yolk remains soft, which takes around 15 minutes.

Variations 
Variations involve replacing the butter with various types of cream. Provence and Normandy have their own versions.

Related pages 
 Boiled egg#Soft-boiled eggs

More reading 
 

Egg dishes
The Printer Command Language (often shortened to PCL) is a page description language, developed by Hewlett-Packard. As of 2011, most modern printers understand PCL. Its complexity is between pure ASCII text, such as in ESC-P, and for example Postscript. There are different versions of the language. Common versions:
PCL3, PCL3+: Can use raster description of fonts, grayscale, 300 dpi output maximum
PCL3c,PCL3c+: Supports color, in addition to PCL3/PCL3+
PCL3GUI: Allows compression of raster images, is not compatible with other PCL standards
PCL4: Macros, bigger bitmaps, introduction of graphics
PCL5: Supports graphics in HPGL/2, fonts can be resized
PCL5e: Supports bidirectional communication with the printer, supports the windows fonts
PCL5c: Color version of PCL5e, supports different color palettes, and the option to select different colors
PCL XL later renamed to PCL6 enhanced: Allows compression to increase throughput. This is a stack-based object oriented programming language similar to Postscript
PCL 6 standard: Either PCL5e or PCL5c, for backwards compatibility
Jet Ready: Lowcost version of PCL XL. Only supports JFIF images. Allows to build printers without raster image processor, and without a lot of memory. The Rasterization is done in the computer, the printer only "prints images".
Except where stated, PCL versions are downwards compatible. A printer that supports PCL6 can also be programmed using PCL3, for example. 

PCL is a very efficient way of coding. For this reason, certain manufacturers build high-volume printers that support different versions of PCL. Such printers can do more than 1000 pages per minute. 

Computing
The Graphics Device Interface is an API of Microsoft Windows used for representing graphical objects and transmitting them to output devices, such as printers and monitors.

GDI is responsible for tasks such as drawing lines and curves, rendering fonts and handling palettes. It is not directly responsible for drawing windows, menus, etc.; that task is reserved for another subsystem built on top of GDI. Other systems have components that are similar to GDI, for example Macintosh's QuickDraw and GNOME/GTK's GDK/Xlib.

Perhaps the most significant capability of GDI over more direct methods of accessing the hardware is its scaling capabilities, and abstraction of target devices. Using GDI, it is very easy to draw on multiple devices, such as a screen and a printer, and expect proper reproduction in each case. This capability is at the center of all What You See Is What You Get applications for Microsoft Windows.