Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Deaths 
January 4 – Muzio Sforza, Italian condottiero
May 10 – Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan
June 5 – Braccio da Montone, Italian condottiero
June 10 – Duke Ernest of Austria (born 1377)
June 16 – Johannes Ambundii, Archbishop of Riga
August 12 – Yongle Emperor of China (born 1360)
December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter, English military leader
date unknown
Parameswara, Malay prince (born 1344)
Jan Žižka, Czech general and Hussite leader
probable – Johannes Abezier, provost and bishop of the Teutonic Knights (born 1380)
Events 
 March 6 – Battle of St. James (near Avranches).  An English army under John, Duke of Bedford defeats the French under Arthur de Richemont, forcing the Duke of Brittany to recognize English suzerainty.
 June 16 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Usti nad Labem The Hussites decisively beat the crusading armies in the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
 "Castello Orsini-Odescalchi" built in Bracciano, Italy by the Orsini family.

Births 
February – Christian of Oldenburg, later King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
date unknown
William Brandon, English nobleman (died 1485)
John II, Duke of Bourbon (died 1488)
Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (died 1492)

Deaths 
December – Pipo of Ozora, Hungarian military leader
 December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter (born c. 1377)
date unknown
Elizabeth Plantagenet, daughter of John of Gaunt
Tezozomoc, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco
Events 
August 4 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Tachov The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
August 17 – First band of Gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizen of Paris.
Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded.
Balsics rule of Montenegro comes to an end.
Bhaktapur Royal Palace in Nepal is built by King Yaksa Malla.
Gabriel V elected Patriarch of the Coptic Church for the second time.
Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (ancient Burma).
 Conflict of Druimnacour in Sutherland, Scotland.
 First witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.
 Celestine Order established in France.
 Celebration of Sant Jordi (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he would later become its patron saint).
 Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.
Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.
Births 
September 9 – Thomas de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (died 1464)
October 14 – Alesso Baldovinetti, Italian painter (died 1499)
October 26 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (died 1496)
November 29 – Zhengtong Emperor of China (died 1464)
November 30 – Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland (died 1492)
date unknown
Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (d. 1509)

Deaths 
April 17 – John IV, Duke of Brabant (b. 1403)
May 7 – Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman
August 27 – Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr (born 1395)
date unknown
Chimalpopoca, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (born 1397)
Qu You, Chinese novelist (born 1341)
probable
Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (born 1350)
Gentile da Fabriano, Italian painter
Events 
May 14 – First French attempts to relieve the Siege of Compiègne.
May 23 – Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne.
June 14 – William Waynflete becomes vicar of Skendleby, Lincolnshire.
 The Ottoman Empire captures Thessalonica from the Venetians.
 The Order of the Golden Fleece is founded by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy to celebrate his marriage.
Bratislava Castle is converted to a fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg.
Švitrigaila succeeds his cousin as ruler of Lithuania.
 First use of optical methods in the creation of art.
 Janissaries are created.

Births 
 October 16 – King James II of Scotland (died 1460)
 October 28 – Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr, English politician (died 1475)
date unknown – Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese warlord
probable – Heinrich Kramer, German churchman and inquisitor (died 1505)
Deaths 
January 29? – Andrei Rublev, Russian iconographer (born 1360)
August 14 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (b. 1404)
August 18 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (b. 1406)
October 27 – Vytautas the Great, Grand Prince of Lithuania (born 1352)
date unknown
Thomas FitzAlan, English nobleman
Christine de Pizan, proto-feminist writer

Related pages
 List of state leaders in 1430
Year 1432 was a leap year starting on Tuesday.

Events of 1432 
 April – At the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour; end of Hainaut and Holland as independent counties.
 June 1 – Battle of San Romano – Florence defeats Siena.
 Foundation of Université de Caen.

Births 
 January 15 – King Afonso V of Portugal (died 1481)
 March 30 – Mehmed II, Ottoman Sultan (died 1481)
 August 15 – Luigi Pulci, Italian poet (died 1484)
 date unknown
 Pope Innocent VIII (died 1492)
 Isabel of Coimbra, queen of Portugal (died 1455)
 probable – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (died 1488)
Deaths 
 January 22 – John of Schoonhoven, theologian (born 1356)
 May 5 – Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola, Italian adventurer (executed)
 June 29 – Janus of Cyprus (born 1375)
 October 19 – John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, English politician (born 1392)
 date unknown – Gyaltsab Je, throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (born 1364)
Events 
 April 14, The foundation stone of Cathedral St. Peter and St. Paul in Nantes, France was laid.
 May 30, Battle of Lipany in the Hussite Wars
 Jan van Eyck paints the wedding of Giovanni Arnolfini
 Explorer Gil Eanes reaches Cape Bojador in Western Sahara.  In the same year, Portuguese traders deliver their first cargo of African slaves to Lisbon.
 Zara Yaqob becomes Emperor of Ethiopia

Births 
 March 19 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shogun (died 1443)
 September 23 – Yolande of Valois, Duchess of Savoy (died 1478)
 probable
 Matteo Maria Boiardo, Italian poet (approximate date; died 1494)
 Kano Masanobu, Japanese painter (died 1530)

Deaths 
 30 May
 Prokop the Great, Hussite general (b. 1380)
 Yuri IV, Russian grand prince (b. 1374)
 June 11 – King Wladislaus II of Poland
 June 19 – Alexandra of Lithuania, Duchess of Masovia
 November 12 – King Louis III of Naples (b. 1403)
 date unknown
 John I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1381)
 Amda Iyasus, Emperor of Ethiopia
1437 was a common year.

Events of 1437 
 Foundation of All Souls College, University of Oxford.
 Ulugh Beg's Zij-i-Sultani star catalogue is published.
 Kazan Khanate is established.
 Edinbourgh is made the capital of Scotland.

Births 
 October 4 – John IV, Duke of Bavaria
 date unknown – Isaac Abrabanel, Jewish statesman (died 1508)
 probable – Elizabeth Woodville, Queen consort of King Edward IV of England (died 1492)

Deaths 
 January 3 – Catherine of Valois, queen of Henry V of England (born 1401)
 February 21 – King James I of Scotland (b. 1394)
 June 10 – Joanna of Navarre, daughter of Charles the Bad, King of Navarre (born 1370)
 November 20 – Thomas Langley, cardinal bishop of Durham and lord chancellor of England (born 1363)
 December 9 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1368)
 date unknown
 Niccolò de' Niccoli, Italian Renaissance humanist (born 1364)
 John II Stanley of the Isle of Man
Events of 1441 
 King's College, University of Cambridge, is founded by King Henry VI.
 Ouagadougou becomes the capital of the Mossi Empire.
 Two Ethiopians attend an ecclesiastical council at Florence, as part of the negotiations concerning a possible union of Coptic and Roman Catholic Christianity. This is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian Church with Europe.
 Revolt in Yucatán capital Mayapan; Maya civilization falls into warring city-states.
 Christopher of Bavaria succeeds Karl Knutsson Borde as king of Sweden.
 Alfonso V of Aragon captures Naples after a five-month siege.
 With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Haci Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.
 The Republic of Venice annexes the  seigniory of Ravenna, ending the Da Polenta dynasty.

Births 
 February 9 – Ali-Shir Nava'i, politician and poet (died 1501)
Deaths 
 January 14 – Corrado IV Trinci, former lord of Foligno
 July 9 – Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter
 July 12 – Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shogun (born 1394)
The United Kingdom's National Air Traffic Services (NATS) is a company set up in 2001 to run air traffic control services.  This means that NATS  makes sure aircraft can fly safely across Britain, and that aircraft can take-off and land safely at British airports.

NATS is a private company, but the government owns 49%, just under half.

Before 2001 the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) handled air traffic control.

Air traffic control
2001 establishments in the United States
British transport companies
Gal can mean the following:

A term for a girl (used mostly in North America)
Abbreviation for gallon, an imperial system measurement.
Fantasy is a genre of art, books, movies, television and music that uses magic and other supernatural things as a main part of either plot, theme, setting or all three. Fantasy may also refer to:
 Fantasy (psychology), a situation imagined by an individual or group, which does not correspond with reality but expresses certain desires or aims of its creator
 Fantasy movie, movies with fantastic themes, usually involving magic, supernatural events, make-believe creatures, or exotic fantasy worlds.
 Fantasy (fragrance), a women's fragrance by Elizabeth Arden, endorsed by Britney Spears
 Fantasy, another name for Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a date-rape drug
 Fantasy sport, a game where fantasy owners build a team that competes against other fantasy owners based on the statistics generated by individual players or teams of a professional sport
 Sexual fantasy
 Fantasy (music), a free-form musical composition
Discographies
 Fantasy (Aldo Nova song), a song by Aldo Nova
 Fantasy (Appleton song), 2003 single by the British-Canadian duo, Appleton
 Fantasy (Aiko Kayo song), a 2004 single by the Japanese singer
 Fantasy (The Blizzards song), a 2007 single by the Irish band
 Fantasy (Carole King album), a 1973 album by Carole King
 Fantasy (Mariah Carey song), 1995 single by Mariah Carey
 Fantasie (album) a 1988 album by Münchener Freiheit
 Fantasy (Münchener Freiheit album), the English version
 Fantasy (R&B group), a vocal group based in New York
 Fantasy Records, a United States-based record label founded in 1949
 Fantasy (Jay Chou album), Jay Chou's 2nd album which was released on 1st September 2001
 Fantasy (Lena Philipsson album), a 1993 album by Lena Philipsson
 Fantasy (Candy Lo album), an album by Candy Lo (盧巧音)
 Fantasy (Earth, Wind & Fire), 1977 song by Earth, Wind & Fire

Transportation

Fantasy a cruise ship built by Carnival Cruises, which currently sails out of New Orleans to the Caribbean.
Sometimes called the CSA; for other uses see CSA.
Czech Airlines was started as Czechoslovak State Airlines on 6 October 1923. This was when the Czech Republic and the Slovakia were one country.  

The company started flying domestically (only inside Czechoslovakia) in 1924. In 1930 they made their first international flight.

CSA stopped flying between 1938 and 1945 when the country was occupied by Germany.

When Czechoslovakia split into two countries, all of the Czechoslovak State Airlines stayed in the Czech Republic and became Czech Airlines. That is why Czech Airline's logo still says CSA : Czech Airlines

Gallery

Airlines of Europe
1923 establishments in Europe
Companies of the Czech Republic
Arika Yumemiya is a fictional protagonist from the anime My-Otome.

Story
Arika lived with just her grandmother, who died when Arika became 15. The grandmother told Arika that her mother was an otome, and gives Arika a necklace from her mother. Wanting to find out more about her mother, and to become an otome like her, Arika walks to Garderobe (a school in Windbloom for training otomes). She meets a girl called Nina Wang, who is from Garderobe.

Arika is from the countryside, so she does not know much about the city of Windbloom. Nina soon becomes angry with Arika's clumsiness. When Arika tells Nina that she also wants to find Garderobe to become an otome, like Nina, Nina does not agree to tell her where Garderobe is, because she thought that Arika was not good enough to be an otome.
They save a girl who is called Mashiro from some men, and Mashiro leads Nina and Arika to Garderobe in return. But they are attacked by a robot called a Slave monster. Nina then makes a temporary contract with Mashiro to protect her, so that she can prove that she was a good otome. Arika finds this very interesting, when the Slave Monster defeats Nina.

They all run to a plane, and Arika's necklace shines, making the plane fly by itself. Nina sees the necklace and thinks that she might be Rena Searrs's daughter. A Five Pillar called Shizuru and an otome called Akane saves them, and leads them to Garderobe. Arika thinks that the otomes are good, and asks the headmaster of Garderobe, Natsuki, that she wants to become an otome as well. Natsuki agrees.
Personality
Arika is very cheerful, and seems to be a good potential for an otome, because she is strong. For example, when she saves Mashiro with Nina, she attacks the men with skill. When the nanomachine is put to her so that she can fight with Nina later on, she does not get tired easily. Her power might have come from her mother, Rena Searrs, who was a very strong otome.

But when she sometimes does not understand what is happening, she cries easily, but hides it from the others. She always tries to listen to what her grandmother said before she died. For example, the grandmother once said to her "never to give up hope in a dream," so she does not give up her dream to become an otome.

Meaning of name
Arika in Japanese means a place. Yume in her surname, Yumemiya, means dream. Together, it means that Arika's dream is to become an otome, and she tries to find a place (Garderobe) where she can have her dreams come true.

My-Otome
A protagonist is the main character of a story. It can be used for any kind of story: in literature, a movie, a television show or a play. The protagonist is also called the central character or main character and is often the hero of the story. However, the protagonist does not always win and survive in a story.

Protagonists are usually moral and benevolent, helping other characters to change their badness to become good again, or defeating the bad characters. This is not always the case. For example, the protagonists in Psycho and Lolita are (respectively) a serial killer and a pedophile.
The protagonist's name can sometimes be in the title of the fiction he or she is in, for example:
In Harry Potter, Harry Potter is the protagonist.
In the anime Naruto and InuYasha, Naruto and Inuyasha are the protagonists.
In the tragedy Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the prince Hamlet himself is the protagonist of the story. 
In DC Comics, Batman is the protagonist. 
In Marvel Comics, Spider-Man is the protagonist.                                
In the Mario Games, Mario is the protagonist.
In the Sonic Games, Sonic is the protagonist.
In Stranger Things,Eleven is the protagonist 

+
That's So Raven is an original Disney teen television comedy series. The main character is a teenage girl, Raven Baxter, played by actress Raven-Symoné. The original character name was Dawn Baxter. Then it was changed to Mariah Baxter, then to Raven Baxter when Raven Symone won the part.

Summary 
Raven Baxter is a psychic teenager who can see the future. She sees the future in visions. She has to try to understand her visions. Sometimes, she tries to keep them from coming true.

Cast 
 Raven-Symoné as Raven Baxter
 Kyle Massey as Cory Baxter
 Anneliese van der Pol as Chelsea Daniels
 Orlando Brown as Eddie Thomas
 Rondell Sheridan as Victor Baxter
 T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh as Tanya Baxter

Episodes
Episodes

Season 1 
 Test of Friendship
 Mother Dearest
 Party Animal
 Wake Up, Victor
 A Fish Called Raven
 Smell of Victory
 Campaign in the Neck
 Saving Psychic Raven
 The Parties
 Ye Olde Dating Game
 Dissin' Cousins
 Teach Your Children Well
 Driven to Insanity
 A Dog by Any Other Name
 Saturday Afternoon Fever
 A Fight at the Opera
 Psychics Wanted
 If I Only Had a Job
 Escape Claus
 Separation Anxiety
 To See or Not to See

Season 2 
<li> Out of Control
<li> Don't Have a Cow
<li> Run Raven Run
<li> Clothes Minded
<li> Four's a Crowd
<li> Hearts and Minds
<li> Close Encounters of the Nerd Kind
<li> That's So Not Raven
<li> Blue in the Face
<li> Spa Day Afternoon
<li> Leave It to Diva
<li> There Goes the Bride
<li> Radio Heads
<li> A Goat's Tale
<li> He's Got the Power
<li> Skunk'd
<li> The Dating Shame
<li> The Road to Audition
<li> The Lying Game
<li> Numb and Numb-er
<li> My Big Fat Pizza Party
<li> Shake, Rattle and Rae
Season 3 
<li> Psychic Eye for the Sloppy Guy
<li> Stark Raven Mad
<li> Opportunity Shocks
<li> Taken to the Cleaners
<li> Five Finger Discount (Part 1)
<li> Five Finger Discount (Part 2)
<li> Sweeps
<li> Double Vision
<li> Bend It Like Baxter
<li> The Big Buzz
<li> True Colors
<li> Dog Day After-Groom
<li> The Royal Treatment
<li> Art Breaker
<li> Boyz 'N Commotion
<li> Gettin' Outta Dodge
<li> On Top of Old Oaky
<li> They Work Hard for His Honey
<li> Mind Your Own Business
<li> Hizzouse Party
<li> Mismatch Maker
<li> Chef-Man and Raven
<li> When in Dome
<li> Too Much Pressure
<li> Extreme Cory
<li> The Grill Next Door
<li> Point of No Return
<li> Country Cousins (Part 1)
<li> Country Cousins (Part 2)
<li> Food for Thought
<li> Mr. Perfect
<li> Goin' Hollywood
<li> Save the Last Dance
<li> Cake Fear
<li> Vision Impossible
<li> The Four Aces
Season 4 
<li> Raven, Sydney, and the Man
<li> Pin Pals
<li> Dues and Don'ts
<li> Unhappy Medium
<li> Adventures In Boss Sitting
<li> Hook Up My Space
<li> Driving Miss Lazy
<li> Be Prepared
<li> Juicer Consequences
<li> Sister Act
<li> Checkin' Out
<li> Fur Better or Worse
<li> Mad Hot Cotillion
<li> When 6021 Met 4267
<li> Soup to Nuts
<li> Members Only
<li> The Ice Girl Cometh
<li> Rae of Sunshine
<li> The Dress Is Always Greener
<li> Teacher's Pet
<li> The Way We Were
<li> Where There's Smoke - Finale

Spin-offs
Cory in the House
Raven's Home

Indian adaption
In 2015, a Indian adaption of the show was made and it was called Palak Pe Jhalak.

2003 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
American teen comedy television series
Disney Channel television series
Television series set in San Francisco
English-language television programs
Russian Armenia () is the time of Armenia's history under Russian rule from 1829, when Eastern Armenia became part of the Russian Empire to the start of the Democratic Republic of Armenia in 1918.

History of Armenia
19th century in Russia
1829 establishments
1918 disestablishments
20th century in Russia
Ruben Studdard (born September 12, 1978) is an African-American singer. He won season 2 of American Idol. His runner up is Clay Aiken.

Performances and results

 Corey Clark was taken out of the contest so the Top 9 performances became Top 8 when no one was taken out.
 When Ryan Seacrest said the results of this Studdard was at the Bottom 2. He was safe, as Trenyce was taken out of the contest.

Awards and nominations
American Music Awards
2004, Favorite Male R&B Artist: (Nominated)

BET Awards
2004, Best Male R&B Artist: (Nominated)
2004, Best New Artist: (Nominated)

2005, Best Gospel Artist: (Nominated)

Billboard Music Awards
2003, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Sales Single - "Superstar/Flying Without Wings"
2005, Top Gospel Artist
2005, Top Gospel Album  -I Need an Angel

Grammy Awards
2004, Favorite Male R&B Vocal Performance - "Superstar": (Nominated)

Image Awards
2004, Outstanding Male Artist: (Nominated)
2004, Outstanding New Artist: Won
Soul Train Awards
2004, Best New R&B/Soul or Rap New Artist: "Superstar": (Nominated)

Teen Choice Awards
2003, Choice Male Reality/Variety Star for American Idol: Won

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums
Ruben has songs on an album that put together from songs on other albums

Singles

Single certifications
Other albums
 American Idol Season 2: All-Time Classic American Love Songs (2003)
 "What the World Needs Now"  (with Season 2 Finalists)
 "God Bless the U.S.A. (Proud to Be an American)" (with Season 2 Finalists)
 Superstar
 American Idol: The Great Holiday Classics (2003)
 "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
 "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" (American Idol Ensemble)
 "This Christmas"
 Genius & Friends (2005)
"Imagine" with Ray Charles and The Harlem Gospel Singers
 Ain't Misbehavin' (2009 Cast Recording)
"Honeysuckle Rose" duet with Frenchie Davis
"The Jitterbug Waltz" with Patrice Covington & Company
"Lounging At The Waldorf" with Frenchie Davis, Trenyce Cobbins & Patrice Covington
"Your Feet's Too Big"

Movies
Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
Natural Born Komics (2006) (direct-to-DVD)
 Lifted (2011)
 The Perfect Gift (2011)

References

Other websites
Official Foundation site 

1978 births
Living people
American Idol winners
Singers from Alabama
Gospel musicians
Monocotyledons are a class of flowering plants (angiosperms), whose embryo (seed) store only one cotyledon.
The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank. 

You can recognize a monocot by its leaves: they have long parallel veins running down the leaf. In contrast, dicot plant leaves have a complex netted vein pattern on their leaves.

Monocots usually have a fibrous root system.

Clade diagram

Other websites 
 APG II
 Petrosaviales
Hornsby is a suburb and shire in the northern part of Sydney.

History 
The name 'Hornsby' comes from a convict who became a constable. His name was Samuel Henry Horne, and he was given some land for helping catch two bushrangers, whose names were Dalton and MacNamara. He named the land he was given 'Hornsby Place' after himself.

Geography

The Shire 
Hornsby shire is one of the biggest Local Government areas of Sydney, with a population of 155,971. It consists of the following suburbs:
 Arcadia
 Asquith
 Beecroft
 Berowra
 Berowra Heights
 Berowra Waters
 Berrilee
 Brooklyn
 Canoelands
 Carlingford
 Castle Hill
 Cheltenham
 Cherrybrook
 Cowan
 Dural
 Epping
 Fiddletown
 Forest Glen
 Galston
 Glenhaven
 Glenorie
 Hornsby
 Hornsby Heights
 Kangaroo Point

 Laughtondale
 Maroota
 Middle Dural
 Milsons Passage
 Mount Colah
 Mount Ku-ring-gai
 Normanhurst
 North Epping
 Pennant Hills
 Round Corner
 Thornleigh
 Wahroonga
 Waitara
 Westleigh
 West Pennant Hills
 Wisemans Ferry
The suburb 
Hornsby station, Hornsby Westfield, Hornsby Library and many business buildings are in the centre of the suburb. The eastern side of the train line is often called the 'modern part' of Hornsby, and Westfield and the Hornsby Library are here, with many new towering apartment blocks. The western side of the railway line is home to Hornsby's main post office, court house, police station, council office, public swimming pool, TAFE college and many older shops and businesses. There is also an industrial area on the far western part of Hornsby, with many large warehouses and factories.

There are also many schools, including:
Hornsby Girls High School
Barker College
Hornsby South Public School
Hornsby North Public School

Hornsby Hospital and Mt Wilga Rehabilitation Hospital are two hospitals in Hornsby.

Population 
Hornsby is a place of many cultures, and many people from around the world live there.

The current population of Hornsby is 18,702.

Sydney
Glen Travis Campbell (April 22, 1936 – August 8, 2017) was an American musician, singer and actor. He was born in Billstown, Arkansas. Almost all of his solo works have been in the country music genre. Before his solo career, he played guitar on rock and pop music records, including "Mary, Mary" by The Monkees. Campbell joined The Beach Boys for a short time, when Brian Wilson became ill.

Campbell guest-starred on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. Later he hosted a series of his own, The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour.

Campbell's hits include "Galveston", "By The Time I Get to Phoenix", "Wichita Lineman", "Try a Little Kindness", "Gentle On My Mind", "Sunflower", and "Hey Little One". Many of his hits were written by Jimmy Webb. In 1975, Campbell had his biggest hit, "Rhinestone Cowboy". The song became a phenomenon, and rhinestone-covered clothing became a fad.
Campbell had more hits, including "Country Boy (You Got Your Feet in L. A.)" and "Can You Fool?". His career slowed down in the late 1970s. He seemed to suffer from public overexposure. His romance with Tanya Tucker, a much younger country singer, did not help the way many people saw Campbell. He stopped recording, and cut back on his public appearances.

Years later, Campbell returned to recording and appearing on television. In the 1990s, people were again interested in his music and career. Personal problems, though, seemed to get as much attention as his career, for example, when Campbell was arrested for drunk driving. His music is still popular with fans, and is part of popular culture.

Campbell discovered in late 2010 that he had Alzheimer's disease. He announced the diagnosis in June 2011. He released his final album that year. He completed his last concert tour in November 2012. He died of the disease on August 8, 2017 in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 81.
Discography
Singles
"Gentle on My Mind" (1967)
"Rhinestone Cowboy" (1975)	

Studio albums
Big Bluegrass Special (1962)
Too Late To Worry Too Blue To Cry (1963)
Burning Bridges (1967)
Gentle On My Mind (album) (1967)
Related pages 
List of country musicians from Arkansas

References

Other websites 

1936 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Arkansas
Country musicians from Arkansas
American guitarists
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Tennessee
Musicians from Arkansas
Singers from Arkansas
Symphony No. 7 in C major, Op. 60 is a symphony by Dmitri Shostakovich. It is also called the Leningrad symphony. It was composed in 1941. It is a very long work, lasting about 75 minutes. The symphony was first performed by the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra on 5 March 1942. Shostakovich was awarded a Stalin Prize by the Soviet government for the symphony.

History of its composition 

Shostakovich gave the symphony its title because it is about what was happening in Leningrad in 1941. It was during the World War II and the German army had invaded the Soviet Union and blocked communication between the city of Leningrad (now called St Petersburg) and the rest of the world. Conditions were terrible: the people hardly had any food to eat and they were very cold in the winter. About a million people died during the siege.
Shostakovich lived in fear most of his life because if Josef Stalin, the Soviet dictator, did not like his music he could have been sent to prison or put to death. Sometimes Shostakovich was made a hero by the government and sometimes he was told that his music was not good because it was not in the style that the government thought he should write it in. The symphony was very popular at first in countries that fought on the same side as Russia in World War II, as well as in Russia. It was performed many times in the United States and the United Kingdom. Many people in these countries liked the symphony because it seemed to show the Russians as heroes fighting to save their city from the Germans. Later, during the Cold War, many people in these same countries did not like the work very much, because the Russians were now their enemies and they thought that music written there was propaganda meant to show Russia and its leaders as better than other countries and their leaders
. In more recent years, people have once more changed their minds about the meaning of the music. The music is now thought by some people who study music to show how cruel Stalin was as well as the terror of the Nazi invasion. Other people still think it was meant to support the Russian government and army as they fought the Germans, and to remember the people who died fighting.
One of the reasons it is so hard to know what the symphony means is that people disagree about when Shostakovich started writing it. If he started it before the war began, it is probably at least partly about the Soviet government, but if he started it during the war, it might be only about the war.

After the first performance on 5 March 1942 in Kuybïshev (now called Samara), it was soon performed in Moscow, and then in Leningrad, which was still surrounded by the German army at the time. A copy of the music was smuggled out to the West on microfilm. It was performed by Sir Henry Wood in London at the BBC studios on 22 June and the next week at a Promenade Concert. On 19 July it was played in New York by the NBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Arturo Toscanini in a studio concert played on the radio throughout the United States.

The Music 
The work has four movements:
1 Allegretto
2 Moderato (poco allegretto)
3 Adagio
4 Allegro non troppo
The orchestra is very large and has parts for the flute, piccolo, oboe, cor anglais, clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon, contrabassoon, French horn, trumpet, trombone, tuba, piano, harp, violin, viola, cello, and double bass, as well as many percussion instruments.

Symphony No. 7 (Shostakovich)
Shostakovich: Symphony No. 7 "Leningrad"
Persian Armenia means the Armenian land ruled by Persia in some time. The size of Persian Armenia changed over time.

History of Iran
History of Armenia
Iuridictum is an encyclopedia about law in Czech language made with a wiki, which means that anyone can change the encyclopedia or create new articles.  The project was started in 2005 by Tomáš Pecina, former administrator of Czech Wikipedia.

References

Other websites
 Iuridictum

Wikis
Encyclopedia websites
Law
Potential might refer to:

Scalar potential
Vector potential
Potential difference, the amount of energy to be able to pass from one energy to another
Potential energy, an energy which stores to release in a different energy
Rena Searrs, in the fictional anime My-Otome, was a powerful otome of the king of Windbloom, but she died from a war 14 years ago. She is later revealed to be the mother of Arika Yumemiya.

Her Gem (jewel) is the Blue Sky Sapphire.

My-Otome
Nina Wang is a fictional character from the anime My-Otome.

Background
Nobody knows of Nina's past, just that she was kidnapped by assassins when she was young. She trained to become an assassin with other young children, until a man called Sergay Wang came to kill the assassins. Sergay sees Nina, and decides to adopt her. Nina trains in Garderobe from then on, to become Nagi's (Sergay's master) otome. She grows to love her stepfather more than loving a father, and is jealous when she finds that Sergay loved a woman called Rena Searrs from a photo album.

When she first meets Arika, she is angry at Arika for embarrassing her. This is because Arika tried to catch a drink from falling and landed on Nina instead. Nina fell down, showing the inside of her skirt, and she felt embarrassed in front of other people who were there, for example, Sergay. It is her dream to please Sergay and so she pretends that her dream is to become an otome, because Sergay would be proud.

Fictional Japanese people
My-Otome
Kidnapping is an illegal act of stealing people. It has been around for a long time. For example, there were slave traders in Ancient Rome who kidnapped people and sold them as slaves. If a parent steals a child without the other parent's consent it is known as parental abduction. Sometimes, kidnapping is done for ransom. Many times, people kidnap children, an example is Amber Hagerman.

References

Related pages
 Abduction
 Hostage
 Stockholm syndrome
Gurkhas (Gorkhas) are North  Indian or Nepali citizens of Khas origin recruited into the British Army, and now also recruited into the modern Nepali and Indian Armies. They come from the mountains of India and are best known for their courage, honesty, and loyalty. 

The Brigade of Gurkhas are a part of the British Army. They have fought with the British for the past 200 years. The Gurkha unit in the British army has won 26 Victoria Cross medals and many other medals. The Gurkhas also work in the security forces of Brunei, Singapore, India and other countries.

Their symbol is the kukri or khukuri, the curved knife which they use as a weapon and a tool.

Nepalese military people
Moses of Chorene () is known as the author of the most important mediaeval Armenian history. He is known as the first Armenian historian.

Armenian historians
490s deaths
5th-century births
The decimal numeral system is the most usual way of writing numbers. It has ten as a starting point, or base. It is sometimes called the base ten or denary numeral system. The word "decimal" is also used to mean the dot (".") that is sometimes used to separate the positions of the numbers in this system. Indeed, the dot is the default decimal separator in English-speaking countries.

Decimal notation 
Decimal notation is the writing of numbers in the base-ten numeral system, which uses various symbols (called digits) for no more than ten distinct values (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) to represent any numbers, no matter how large. These digits are often used with a decimal separator(such as "." or ","), which indicates the start of a fractional part, and with one of the sign symbols + (positive) or − (negative) in front of the numerals to indicate sign.
There are only two truly positional decimal systems in ancient civilization: the Chinese counting rods system and Hindu-Arabic numeral system. Both required no more than ten symbols, while other numeral systems, such as Babylonian base-60 system, require more symbols.

Other rational numbers 
Any rational number can be expressed as a unique decimal expansion. It may have to end with recurring decimals.

Ten is the product of the first and third prime numbers, is one greater than the square of the second prime number, and is one less than the fifth prime number. This leads to plenty of simple decimal fractions:
1/2 = 0.5
1/3 = 0.333333 ... (with 3 repeating forever, also called recurring)
1/4 = 0.25
1/5 = 0.2
1/6 = 0.166666 ... (with 6 recurring)
1/7 = 0.142857 ... (with 142857 recurring)
1/8 = 0.125
1/9 = 0.111111 ... (with 1 recurring)
1/10 = 0.1
1/11 = 0.090909 ... (with 09 recurring)
1.5/5.5 = 0.2727272722 ... (with 27 recurring)
1/12 = 0.083333 ... (with 3 recurring)
5.5/11 = 0.5
1/81 = 0.012345679012 ... (with 1234567890 recurring)
1/82 = 0.12195121951220 ... (with 12195 recurring)

History
Timeline of decimal usage 
  BC Elamites of Iran possibly used early forms of decimal system.  
  BC Egyptian hieroglyphs show counting in powers of 10 (1 million + 400,000 goats, etc.) – see Ifrah, below
  BC Indus Valley Civilization, earliest known physical use of decimal fractions in ancient weight system: 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2. See Ancient Indus Valley weights and measures
  BC Chinese writers show familiarity with the concept: for example, 547 is written 'Five hundred plus four decades plus seven of days' in some manuscripts
  BC In ancient India, the Vedic text Yajur-Veda states the powers of 10, up to 1055
  BC Pingala – develops the binary number system for Sanskrit prosody, with a clear mapping to the base-10 decimal system
  BC Archimedes writes the Sand Reckoner, which takes decimal calculation up to 108 × 1016
 –200 The Satkhandagama written in India – earliest use of decimal logarithms
 –550 Aryabhata – uses an alphabetic cipher system for numbers that used zero ()
–670 Brahmagupta – explains the Hindu-Arabic numeral system (modern number system) which uses decimal integers, negative integers, and zero
 –850 Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī – first to expound on algorism outside India
 –980 Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi – earliest known direct mathematical treatment of decimal fractions.
 –1500 The Kerala School in South India – decimal floating point numbers
 1548/49–1620 Simon Stevin – author of De Thiende ('the tenth')
1561–1613 Bartholemaeus Pitiscus – (possibly) decimal point notation
 1550–1617 John Napier – use of decimal logarithms as a computational tool
1925 Louis Charles Karpinski – classic book The History of Arithmetic (Rand McNally & Company)
1959 Werner Buchholz – Fingers or Fists? (The Choice of Decimal or Binary representation) (Communications of the ACM, Vol. 2 #12, pp3–11)
 1966 Isaac Asimov – Asimov on Numbers ()
1974 Hermann Schmid – Decimal Computation ()
Natural languages 
A straightforward decimal system, in which 11 is expressed as ten-one and 23 as two-ten-three, is found in Chinese languages except Wu, and in Vietnamese with a few irregularities. Japanese, Korean, and Thai have imported the Chinese decimal system. Many other languages with a decimal system have special words for teens and decades.

Incan languages such as Quechua and Aymara have an almost straightforward decimal system, in which 11 is expressed as ten with one and 23 as two-ten with three.

Some psychologists suggest irregularities of numerals in a language may hinder children's counting ability .

Related pages
 Arithmetic precision
 Decimal degrees
 Dewey Decimal System
 Hindu-Arabic numeral system
 Numeral system
 Scientific notation
 10 (number)

References

Bibliography 
 .

Other websites 
 Practice Decimal Arithmetic with Printable Worksheets
 Converting Decimals to Fractions
 Decimal to Fraction Converter 

Numbering systems
A numeral system (also called a number system or system of numeration) is a way to write numbers. Roman numerals and tally marks are examples. "11" usually means eleven, but if the numeral system is binary, then "11" means three.

A numeral is a way to represent a number. It may be a symbol or a word in a natural language, or a group of them. Numerals differ from numbers just as the word "rock" differs from a real rock. The symbols "11", "eleven" and "XI" are all numerals that represent the same number. Babylonian numerals, Greek numerals and Roman numerals are among the systems that were long used, before the Hindu–Arabic numeral system largely replaced them.
Bases
Various symbols are used as numerals to make numbers. A system with base 10 (the common decimal system), normally uses the symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Each of the numbers 0 to 9 can be written as one symbol, 0 ... 9. To count past 9, symbols have to be put together. 10 can be seen as 1 in the tens' place and 0 in the ones' place, or as 1 times 101 plus 0 times 100. With a base of 2, only the symbols 0 and 1 are used. 10base 2  is therefore 1 times 21 plus 0 times 20. This is the same as 2, in the base 10 notation.

For bases bigger than 10, capital letters are used as symbols. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system (base 16) uses the numerical digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

Today,  base 10 is the most commonly used system. Computers use binary and people who study computers often use octal and hexadecimal numeral systems. Ancient Sumer used sexagesimal (base 60). New world used base 20.
Most electronic calculations are done in binary (base 2), but most people do calculations in decimal (base ten) or duodecimal.

Other websites

History of Counting and Numeral Systems-PlainMath.Net 
 Online Numeral Base Converter for Different Numeral Systems (Base 2-36)
 Online Converter  for Decimal/Roman Numerals (JavaScript, GPL)
 Number Sense & Numeration Lessons
 Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea

 
Number theory
Numbering systems
Mashiro Kazahana is a main character in the anime My-HiME. Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom is her name in My-Otome.

Mashiro first meets Mai Tokiha when Mai is trying to find Mikoto Minagi, and Mashiro is seen in a rose garden with a maid. When she later meets Mai, Mai finds out that Mashiro is the chairwoman of the Fuuka Academy. She is calm and seems to know more than the people of her age, even though she is just 14. She knows about the Himes, feeling sorry for them as if it was her own fault that the Himes were created.

Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom

Mashiro Blanc de Winbloom is the queen of Windbloom, who is only 15. She is bossy and loud, parallel to Mashiro Kazahana. She gets angry easily, and when people say that she is a fake princess, she is surprized because she wants to be a queen so much. But a rumour says that the real princess was floated away in a casket, and that Mashiro was just a replacement for not finding the real princess. Mashiro does not look like the last rulers of Winbloom as well.
A chairperson is a person who presides over meetings, such as a board of directors for a corporation, or any other meeting.  The chairman of a corporation is not the chief executive officer, and only conducts the meetings in most companies.  

Although "chairman" has been used for both men and women, some prefer to use the terms "chairperson", "madame chairman" or "chairwoman." The conduct of meetings is governed by the organization's by-laws or charter, or, more formally, Parliamentary procedure for government organizations or large meetings generally.  Rarely the chairperson is called the "chair," though in educational institutions a "chair" indicates a specific endowed position on a faculty.

References 

Business occupations
NeXTSTEP was a computer operating system made by a company called NeXT. NeXT was run by Steve Jobs, who was the CEO of Apple until his death in 2011. NEXTSTEP was based on UNIX and used source code from BSD. It had a graphical user interface and it let people write computer programs using object-oriented programming. NeXTSTEP ran only on computers made by NeXT. Later on, NeXTSTEP was changed so that it could run on other computers. This new operating system was called OPENSTEP. In 1997, Apple bought the NeXT company and used NeXTSTEP to make Mac OS X.

Operating systems
Darwin is a free, open source, Unix operating system made by Apple Inc. It is named after Charles Darwin. Darwin is used as the base of macOS, but it cannot run macOS programs by itself.

Derived projects

Other derived projects 

 XQuartz is the X Window System of macOS (Darwin). XDarwin, before the introduction of Apple's X11.app.

Operating systems
Apple software
Mashiro is a Japanese name meaning white. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

People 
Mashiro Matsumura 
Mashiro Kazahana or Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom, fictional characters in My-HiME and My-Otome 
Mashiro, a fictional character in Bleach (manga)
Sakamato Mashiro
Masahiro Fukuda, Japanese association football player
Masahiro Endo, Japanese association football player
Masahiro Ando, Japanese association football player

References

Given names
Graduation is the confirmation of the finishing of an university, military academy, academy or high school. Graduation is celebrated in a ceremony done at the day of that confirmation; the name of that ceremony is usually the degree day, commencement, invocation, or convocation. Graduation also means the moving of a student from one grade to another higher grade.

Education
Ceremonies
Loyalty is a devotion for someone or something. Someone who is loyal can be trusted, because they never betray the people they are loyal to.

Loyalty in business 
Being loyal can also bring good to business because the boss, or person in control, may let the person do something difficult but greatly paid. This is because loyal people are expected and trusted to behave responsibly.

Some firms (e.g. insurance brokers) may give "loyalty discounts" to customers who stay with them for a long time (who are loyal to the firm).  Some stores may offer their customers "loyalty cards" to get some money off their purchases.

Emotions
Virtues
Loyal may be meaning:
The concept of loyalty.
Ben Loyal, a mountain in Sutherland
Some places are named Loyal in the United States:
Loyal, Oklahoma
Loyal, Wisconsin
Loyal (town), Wisconsin
iTunes is a media player made by Apple. It came out on January 10, 2001, at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco. iTunes is used for playing and sorting music and video files. It also lets users see and change what is on their iPod or iPhone. 
iTunes is a free download for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows from Apple's website. The download is also included with QuickTime, a program used to play videos. It also comes with all Apple Macintosh computers, and some HP and Dell computers. However, on 3 Jun 2019, Apple announced that iTunes would not be available on macOS Catalina.

iTunes Store
iTunes Store 

The iTunes Store is an online store built into iTunes. iTunes can connect to the iTunes Store if there is an internet connection to buy and download music, music videos, television shows, iPod games, audiobooks, podcasts, and movies. The files from the iTunes Store used to use Digital Rights Management (DRM) to prevent piracy. However, iTunes now sells music and videos called iTunes Plus, which are higher quality and have no DRM.

Some singers and bands do not have most of their music on iTunes yet: The KLF, Garth Brooks, Bob Seger, Def Leppard, King Crimson and Tool.

For a long time, you could not get music by The Beatles on iTunes due to a legal conflict between Apple Inc. and Apple Records. Starting in November 2010, you can now get music by the Beatles. It is very popular nowadays. There is a lot of advertisement by Apple for Beatles music.
Beginning 
Bill Kincaid had developed SoundJamMP which was released later in the year of 1999. It was later renamed iTunes which was then purchased by Apple in 2000.

As SoundJam was being worked on throughout the years, the interface of the site was changed to make it easier for people to understand how to use it.  And added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support.

On January 9, 2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco. Macintosh users immediately began to dig through iTunes’s resource fork where they discovered that there were so many other strings and other resources that indicated iTunes was a re-engineered SoundJam MP. Casady & Greene ceased distribution of SoundJam MP on June 1, 2001 at the request of the developers.

References 

 

IPod
Apple software
is a Japanese word. In English, it means few years. It can have any of the these meanings:
Shōnen, a normal boy. A student in primary school up to Middle School
Shōnen (magazine), a manga magazine published by Koubunsha
Weekly Shōnen Magazine, a manga magazine published by Kodansha 
Shounen (media), media whose audience is boys under 18-years-old
Profiles 
There are several profiles (variants) of AAC. These are the most popular:
 AAC LC – Standard AAC profile with no extensions. All AAC players support this profile. This is the format used by Apple (iPod / iPhone), Sony (Walkman), and many others; it takes up more space, has high audio quality, and is used for music stored on an iPod, CD-ROM, or disk drive.
 HE-AAC v1 – AAC with Spectral Band Replication - a more efficient format; it saves space for music sent over a network, like over the Internet or to a cell phone, although at the cost of sound quality. Brand names for this format include aacPlus™, Nero Digital™, and AAC+. A variant of this format is used for HD Radio.
 HE-AAC v2 – AAC with Spectral Band Replication and Parametric Stereo - an even more efficient format for music sent over a network, although at the cost of reduced stereo separation. Brand names for this format include aacPlus™ v2, eAAC+™, and AAC+ Enhanced™.
 AAC-LD - Low delay profile used for VOIP applications.
Various other profiles exist, but are not commonly used.

File names 
Here are some common AAC file name endings:
 .aac–music only (raw file without mp4 container, uncommon)
 .m4a–music and information
 .m4p–music and information, with DRM
 .m4b-speech and information, "Audiobook" recognized by Apple that keeps the listener's position
 .m4r-music and information used by Apple as a ringtone
 .mp4–music, video, or both, plus information

An AAC file that has only music and information could have a name that ends with either .m4a or .mp4.

Encoders 
A number of encoders exist for AAC. These are some of the most popular:
 Fraunhofer FDK AAC
 Fraunhofer FhG AAC
 Nero AAC
 Apple AAC
 Microsoft AAC
 FAAC
 FFmpeg AAC
 Coding Technologies HE-AAC
 VisualOn AAC (obsolete)
 PsyTel AAC (obsolete)
 Compaact (obsolete)