Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Attila most often refers to Attila the Hun, a leader of the Huns in the 5th century.

Attila or Atila may also refer to:

Music
Atila (band), a Spanish rock band of the 1970s
Attila (partycore band), an American deathcore band
Attila (rock band), an American rock duo

Other meanings
Attila (automobile), a brand of cars
Mount Conner, a mountain in central Australia

Related pages
All pages beginning with "Attila"
All pages beginning with "Atila"
In property law, a freehold (also called frank-tenement) is the ownership of real property. This includes land and everything that naturally comes with it, such as buildings, trees and natural resources. Freehold is different to a leasehold, in which the property is kept by the owner of the land after the lease has expired. Ownership of a freehold estate is indefinite amount of time.

Freehold is used in the laws of many Commonwealth countries. It comes from the United Kingdom.

References 

Real estate
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 8 is the eighth cycle of America's Next Top Model. Thirteen girls participated. The winner was 20-year old Jaslene Gonzalez (who did not make the cut last cycle).

Contestants
 Renee Alway 3rd
 Whitney Cunningham 7th
 Kathleen DuJour 13th
 Samantha Francis 12th
 Natasha Galkina Runner-up
 Jaslene Gonzalez Winner
 Brittany Hatch 5th
 Felicia Provost 10th
 Jael Strauss 6th
 Sarah VonderHaar 8th
 Dionne Walters 4th
 Cassandra Watson 11th
 Diana Zalewski 9th

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Elite Model Managment
 A spread in Seventeen Magazines
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

Episodes
1.
casting episode
2.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
Worst: Kathleen DuJour & Jael Strauss
Eliminated: Kathleen DuJour
3.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez 
Worst: Samantha Francis & Natasha Galkina
Eliminated: Samantha Francis
4.
Best: Brittany Hatch
Worst: Diana Zalewski & Cassandra Watson
Eliminated: Cassandra Watson
5.
Best: Renee Alway
Worst: Dionne Walters & Felicia Provost
Eliminated: Felicia Provost
6.
Best: Natasha Galkina
Worst: Whitney Cunningham & Diana Zalewski
Eliminated: Diana Zalewski
7.
Best: Jael Strauss
Worst: Whitelle Cunningham & Moe VonderHaar
Eliminated: Moe VonderHaar
8.
Best: Dionne Walters
Worst: Jael Strauss & Whitney Cunningham
Eliminated: Whitney Cunningham
9.
Best: Natasha Galkina
Worst: Brittany Hatch & Jael Strauss
Eliminated: Jael Strauss
10.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
Worst: Dionne Walters & Brittany Hatch
Eliminated: Brittany Hatch
11.
Best: Renee Alway
Worst: Natasha Galkina & Dionne Walters
Eliminated: Dionne Walters
12.
Best: Jaslene Gonzalez
Worst: Natasha Galkina & Renee Alway
Eliminated: Renee Alway
Final Two: Natasha Galkina & Jaslene Gonzalez
America's Next Top Model: Jaslene Gonzalez

08
The control unit is a part of a computer's central processing unit (CPU).  It controls the activity of all other units in the computer system, giving them directions.  Its main job is to get the code from the program, decode it and operate the arithmetic logic unit and other units to run the code.  The control unit manages all the computer resources. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices.

Electronic control unit 
A term for any embedded system that controls one or more electrical systems or subsystems in a vehicle.

References

Computer hardware
South China Sea Islands are 250+ small islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs, and sandbars in the South China Sea.  Most of these small islands are uninhabited.

There are minerals, natural gas, and oil deposits on the islands or under the seafloor near the islands.

List
The islands in the South China Sea include
 Spratly Islands -- disputed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of China {ROC(Taiwan)} , Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and the Philippines
 Paracel Islands -- disputed by the PRC, the ROC and Vietnam
 Pratas Islands -- disputed by the PRC and the ROC
 Macclesfield Bank -- disputed by the PRC, the ROC, the Philippines and Vietnam.
 Scarborough Shoal -- disputed by the PRC and the ROC

References

Further reading 
 Li, Jin Ming and Li Dexia. "The Dotted Line on the Chinese Map of the South China Sea: A Note,"  Ocean Development & International Law, 34:287–295.
Islands of Brunei
Islands of China
Islands of Malaysia
Islands of the Philippines
islands of Taiwan
Islands of Vietnam
Ecoregions
An uninhabited region is a place where no people live. By 'uninhabited' is meant "no one lives there permanently". The difficult case is Antarctica, where there are permanent stations, but their staff do not stay permanently. In other places there may be visitors, and sometimes research teams visit for longer periods.

List
List 

 Antarctica
 Antipodes Islands
 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 Bajo Nuevo Bank
 Baker Island
 Balleny Islands
 Much of interior Nunavut
 Big Major Cay
 Bouvet Island
 Caroline Island
 Clipperton Island
 Devon Island
 Elephant Island
 Elobey Chico
 Ernst Thälmann Island
 Much of Inland Greenland
 Gough Island 
 Hans Island
 Harmil
 Hashima
 Hatutu
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 Howland Island
 Highlands of Iceland
 Jaco Island
 Jan Mayen
 Jarvis Island
 Jong Batu
 Kahoolawe Island
 Kerguelen Islands
 Kingman Reef
 Mborokua
 Minquiers and Ecréhous
  Melville Island
 Monomoy Island
 Prince Edward Islands 
 Navassa Island
 Novaya Zemlya
 Nomans Land
 Much of Northern Ontario
 Paracel Islands
 Palmyra Atoll
 Redonda
 Round Island
 South Orkney Islands
 Spratly Islands
 Stirling Island
 Much of Northern Siberia
 St Kilda
 Tetepare Island
 Tinakula

Related pages
 Inhabited

References

regions
James Edward Kelly (born February 14, 1960) is a former American football quarterback in the NFL for the Buffalo Bills and in the USFL for the Houston Gamblers. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes. While Kelly was drafted by the Bills in 1983, he did not want to play for them at first, instead joining the Gamblers in the USFL. He was a star player for Houston until the USFL went out of business in 1986, after which he finally joined the Bills. 

Kelly continued playing at a high level, helping the Bills become one of the NFL's best teams for some time. From 1990 to 1993, the Bills appeared in four straight Super Bowls with Kelly at quarterback. Though the Bills failed to win every time, they remain the only team in NFL history to make it to four or more Super Bowls as of 2019. Long after retiring in 1997, Kelly is still considered the greatest quarterback in Buffalo Bills team history by many people, as he still holds many passing records for the team.

References

1970 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Buffalo Bills players
William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was a very respected American-Ghanaian sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor. He was the leader of a group of African-American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. Du Bois and his supporters opposed the Atlanta Compromise by Booker T. Washington.

Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868 (approximately) in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He studied at Fisk University, Harvard University, and the University of Berlin.

Du Bois was married to Nina Gomer Du Bois from 1895 until her death in 1950. Then he was married to Shirley Lola Graham from 1951 until his death in 1963. Du Bois had two children with Gomer and one son with Graham.

In early 1963, the United States refused to renew his passport, so he decided to become a citizen of Ghana. Du Bois did not renounce his U.S. citizenship  and moved from his home in New York City to Accra, Ghana.
Du Bois died on August 27, 1963 in his home in Accra from natural causes, aged 95. Du Bois received a state funeral. He was buried near his home in Accra.

References

Other websites

 University Massachusetts Amherst Website 
 University of Massachusetts Amherst Du Bois collection 
 Du Bois Lifetime Chronology 
 W.E.B. Du Bois in Georgia /New Georgia Encyclopedia 
 Poems by W. E. B. Du Bois at PoetryFoundation.org

1868 births
1963 deaths
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
American communists
American historians
American sociologists
Democrats (United States)
Ghanaian people
People who lost citizenship
Writers from Massachusetts
John Jay O'Connor III (January 10, 1930 – November 11, 2009) was an American lawyer and the husband United States Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman to serve the court. He had Alzheimer's disease. Because of the disease, his wife retired from the United States Supreme Court in 2005.

O'Connor was born on January 10, 1930 in San Francisco, California. He studied at Stanford University. He received many college degrees during the 1950s. O'Connor married Sandra Day O'Connor in 1952, after they met in Arizona. They had three sons. O'Connor died on November 11, 2009 in his home in Phoenix, Arizona from Alzheimer's disease, aged 79.

References

Other websites
Los Angeles Times: John J. O'Connor III dies at 79; attorney and husband of former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor

1930 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Lawyers from San Francisco
Businesspeople from San Francisco
The Texas City Disaster of 1947 was a major and very deadly incident. It happened on Wednesday, April 16, 1947, and was one of the largest non-nuclear explosions to hit the United States. The incident began as a late morning fire on the French vessel SS Grandcamp which had been docked next to Texas City and nearby Galveston. But then, its almost twenty three hundred ton cargo of ammonium nitrate detonated,  creating several massive explosions that caused serious damage. The incident killed 581 people.

The Grandcamp, a World War II Liberty ship that had been converted to a French merchant vessel, was taking on a load of ammonium nitrate fertilizer at a quay next to a complex of Monsanto chemical factories, offices and labs. The ship's carpenter smelled smoke in the No. 4 hold around 8 a.m. on April 16 and found that a few bags of fertilizer were on fire. He tried dousing it with a few buckets of water, then a fire extinguisher.
When he called for a hose, the ship's captain forbade it, fearful that water would destroy the $500 worth of cargo that was on fire. The skipper ordered the hold closed and its fire-suppression valves opened to release steam. Ordinarily a good idea, but not in this case.

Ammonium nitrate decomposes at around 350 degrees Fahrenheit. The fire grew. The captain ordered his crew to abandon ship.Firefighters tried spraying the burning ship from the dock. Spectators, including schoolchildren crowded the quayside to watch the action. Bad idea, since the Grandcamp exploded at 9:12 a.m. The captain and 32 of the Grandcamp's crew died; 10 somehow survived. More than 200 people were killed on the quay. The blast was heard 160 miles away. It shattered all the windows in Texas City and half of those in Galveston, 10 miles away.
Some debris reached an altitude of nearly 3 miles before falling back to earth. Two airplanes circling overhead were blown apart by the heavy shrapnel. A one-ton piece of the ship's propeller shaft landed 2½ miles away. Other pieces sailed 5 miles.The blast flattened 20 waterfront blocks and 12 blocks inland. Flaming debris ignited oil, gas and chemical tanks at the sprawling Monsanto complex and three nearby oil companies.

People died everywhere, blown up by the blast, decapitated by flying metal, sliced by falling glass, burned by flaming metal and chemicals, crushed by falling buildings. The litany of death was long and varied. Thousands more suffered injuries.

Fire and rescue workers rushed in from nearby cities, and the Red Cross mobilized a massive national response, but these were the days before jet passenger and cargo planes. Local authorities set up temporary morgues and pressed medical students into duty in overwhelmed emergency rooms.
The cargo ship Highflyer, which had been moored near the Grandcamp, caught fire the morning after the explosion. When the fire seemed to be getting out of control, tugs were called to tow the ship out of the port, lest its own cargo of fertilizer explode, too. Unfortunately, the force of the Grandcamp explosion had locked the Highflyer into a deadly embrace with another ship, the Wilson B. Keene, and the Highflyer wouldn't budge. The tugs gave up. The Highflyer blew up, also demolishing the Keene, and raining death and fire anew on Texas City. The shockwave and new fires killed hundreds more.

The fires were not put out until April 18. Bodies and parts of bodies were strewn all over town. The state government ultimately listed 405 identified and 63 unidentified dead. Another 100 or perhaps 200 were counted as missing. Injuries may have reached 3,500. That's 4,000 casualties in a town of 16,000.
More than 1,500 houses – a third of the town's housing – were destroyed. Two thousand of the survivors were rendered homeless. Property damage reached at least $600 million (almost $6 billion in today's money).

An official report on the disaster recommended improved containers, labeling and special handling of ammonium nitrate fertilizer; prohibiting smoking in all piers and docks at all times; and worst-case-scenario community disaster plans to coordinate relief agencies, police and fire departments, hospitals, doctors and nurses, civil officials and military authorities.

Today, the unknown dead rest in a special cemetery. Monuments in Texas City include the propeller of the Highflyer and an anchor from the Grandcamp.

References

1947 in the United States
Disasters in the 1940s
20th century in Texas
Transport disasters in the United States
April events
Texas City is a city in Chambers and Galveston counties in southeastern Texas. The 2010 Census showed over 45,000 people living there. This city was officially incorporated in 1911.

Cities in Texas
1911 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Texas
Dead Reckoning (or DR) is a method of estimating a position. It is an important part of navigation. It uses the last known point (a fix), and speed and direction the vehicle or person has moved since it was at the fix, to make a good guess where the current position is. 

It is used to track where a ship or airplane or sometimes where a vehicle on land is at.  Now, Global Positioning System (GPS) is used and dead reckoning is not as important.  But it is still used in areas where GPS is not available or for short periods of time if a GPS update is missed.  It is also good to know in case the GPS satellites are damaged by a solar flare, or equipment is lost or broken, so it is still taught to sailors and pilots.
Dead Reckoning is how the sailors mapped the world after Christopher Columbus came to the New World. Using the stars, they could find their latitude (distance between the equator and the poles). But before accurate clocks were created, they could not tell their longitude (how far east or west they were) unless they saw land that they knew.  So to cross the oceans they used dead reckoning.  This is also how Richard Byrd became the first person to fly to the North Pole in 1926. He was able to fly for 16 hours and come back to the place he had left, with only ice fields beneath him.
Method
Dead reckoning starts from a known point (the fix).  Then the speed of the vehicle needs to be known.  In old times, ships would throw a log over the side (tied to a rope) and count how long it took to pass this log (or to pull a rope with knots and count how many knots get pulled out in a certain amount of time).  This would give the speed of the ship.  Knowing the direction from a compass would give the direction.  From these two numbers an estimate (a good guess) could be made about the current location of the vehicle.  However, a wind pushes the vehicle to one side (called drift) so this needs to be measured as well.  Also there are currents in the water, even in the middle of the ocean.  Over time this could make errors as well, so charts were made to correct for currents.
Airplanes can measure their windspeed easily (how fast they are going through the air), but not how fast they are moving over the land (called ground speed).  A head wind, tail wind, or cross wind changes the ground speed.  If the altitude of the plane is known, then the ground speed can be found by timing how fast the plane goes past an object on the ground.  (The higher you are, the slower the ground seems to move).  A window on the floor of the airplane can be used to find the ground speed and the drift of the airplane.  

A vehicle on ground can also use dead reckoning.  Usually they do not need to worry about drift from the wind, and there are no currents on land, so this reckoning is easier.

References

Navigation
Yum! Brands, Inc., or Yum, are an American based corporation which licenses KFC, Pizza Hut and the Taco Bell restaurants. Before 2011, they also owned the Long John Silver's franchise. The company is based in Louisville, Kentucky. It started on October 7, 1997 as the Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc., which in turn was an independent company and spinoff of PepsiCo. Because of its previous relationship with PepsiCo, this company has a lifetime contract to Pepsi.

20th-century establishments in Kentucky
1997 establishments in the United States
American fast food restaurants
Companies based in Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
Iltur is the name of a remote Pitjantjatjara homeland in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. It is also known as Ilturnga or Coffin Hill after the rocky outcrop where it is located. It is located at the southern end of the Birksgate Range, and is one of the most southerly locations on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It was visited by the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition in 1981, led by the explorer David Lindsay.

Many of the families who had lived in this region historically were forced to leave the area due to nuclear weapons tests at Maralinga. They were moved to Fregon in the north and to Yalata, very far to the south. Not all of them left, however, and some still living around Iltur reported that they were affected by the fallout of the tests. In 1976, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs offered AU$10,000 for the establishment of an outstation community at Iltur. An outstation was built, but is not always occupied.

References
References

Indigenous Australian communities
Settlements in South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Honeypot ants, or repletes, are sterile worker ants which are used as food stores. They develop swelled abdomens,  filled with food by other worker ants. They are living storage containers. There are five genera of honepot ants. 

Ant species often have polymorphs: different forms of the same type. The soldier ants which defend colonies are genetically the same as the normal workers. The way they develop is different. This is done by changes in food, or by pheromones. 

Young honeypot ants are more or less force-fed until their gasters (=stomachs) are swelled up. Then they act as living food storage vessels. These food storage workers are called repletes. 

These replete workers develop in the North American honeypot ant Myrmecocystus mexicanus. Rissing found that usually the largest workers in the colony develop into repletes; and, if repletes are removed from the colony, other workers become repletes. This shows the flexibility of this polymorphism.
Honey ants use their own bodies as living storage, but they have more function than just storing food. Some store liquids, body fat, and water brought to them by worker ants. They can later serve as a food source for their fellow ants when food is otherwise scarce. When the liquid stored inside a honeypot ant is needed, the worker ants stroke the antennae of the honeypot ant, causing the honeypot ant to regurgitate the stored liquid.

In certain places, such as the Australian outback, honeypot ants are eaten by people as sweets and are considered a delicacy.

References

Ants
Indigenous Australian culture
Makiri is a place in the northwest of South Australia, where a rock hole and an Aboriginal outstation are located. It is in the Great Victoria Desert, between Kaltjiti and Watarru. It is an important sacred site for the  (honey ant) Dreaming, a women's law. Much of the site was desecrated by a surveying team in 1969. It was officially declared a Prohibited Area by the South Australian government in 1973, as an "important Aboriginal mythological and cultural site".

Makiri is located in a region of shrubland and sand dunes. The outstation here was established in the early 1980s. Since 1984, it has been governed and supported by the Irintata Homelands group from Kaltjiti. There is one house with solar power. Water is supplied from a rainwater tank and a bore. It is often used as a research base by scientists, as the area supports several endangered species.

References

Indigenous Australian communities
Settlements in South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Waterholes of Australia
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (known as BINTM) is a reality show in which several women compete as models. It is a spin-off from the series America's Next Top Model. The hosts are/were Lisa Butcher, Lisa Snowdown and recently Elle Macpherson. The show contains 9 seasons. A

Cycles

Note: In Cycle 7, Anastasija and Imogen were both eliminated before the finale, there were no exactly ranks given to each contestant.
Note: In Cycle 9, Emma and Sarah where eliminated both at the same time; no exactly ranks were given. They both remain as Runner-Ups.

British Invasion

Seven contestants from BNTM were competing against seven hopeful American models.

The returning contestants from Britain's Next Top Model and their placements for Cycle 18 are:

References

Top Model television series
Ambrose Rodgers is a Gaelic footballer who plays for Down. He is the current captain and was also the captain of the Down Under-21 team in 2005 when they won the Ulster Under-21 Football Championship.

References

Irish footballers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Britain and Ireland's next Top Model, Cycle 8 is the eighth cycle of Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model. This cycle contains 14 contestants. The host is still Elle MacPherson. The winner was 18-year-old Letitia Herod.

Prizes
A modeling contract with Models 1
A spread in Company magazine 
A contract with Revlon cosmetics 
A trip to Dubai 
An apartment 51 Buckingham Gate
A respected brand as Miss Selfridge

Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
 Kellie Forde
 Tasmin "Tas" Golding
 Emma Grattidge
 Letitia Herod
 Jennifer Joint
 Anita Kaushik
 Lisa Madden
 Roxanne "Roxy" O'Connor
 Risikat "Pussycat" Oyebade
 Amelia Raven
 Emma Sharratt
 Madeleine "Maddy" Taga
 Penelope Williamson
 Anne Winterburn

Episodes
Episode 1 & 2 Casting episodes
Episode 3
Quit: Amelia Raven
Best: Anne Winterburn
Worst: Emma Sharratt & Tasmin Golding
Eliminated: Emma Sharratt
Episode 4
Best: Roxanne O'Connor 
Worst: Tasmin Golding & Penelope Williamson
Eliminated: Penelope Williamson
Episode 5
Best: Roxanne O'Connor & Emma Grattidge
Worst: Tasmin Golding & Anne Winterburn
Eliminated: Tasmin Golding
Episode 6
Best: Anita Kaushik
Worst: Emma Grattidge & Anne Winterburn
Eliminated: Anne Winterburn
Episode 7
Best: Lisa Madden
Worst: Madeleine Taga & Kellie Forde
Eliminated: Kellie Forde
Episode 8
Best: Emma Grattidge
Worst: Jennifer Joint & Madeleine Taga
Eliminated: Jennifer Joint
Episode 9
Best: Risikat Oyebade
Worst: Roxanne O'Connor & Madeleine Taga
Eliminated: Madeleine Taga
Episode 10
Best: Lisa Madden
Worst: Letitia Herod & Roxanne O'Connor
Eliminated: Roxanne O'Connor
Episode 11
Best: Anita Kaushik
Worst: Lisa Madden & Risikat Oyebade
Eliminated: Risikat Oyebade
Episode 12
Best: Anita Kaushik
Worst: Letitia Herod & Lisa Madden
Eliminated: Lisa Madden
Episode 13
Episode 13
Best: Emma Grattidge
Worst: Letitia Herod & Anita Kaushik
Eliminated: Anita Kaushik
Final Two: Emma Grattidge & Letitia Herod
Winner: Letitia Herod

References 

Top Model television series
Britain's Next Top Model
The river mouth is the point where a stream flows into a body of water such as a river or an ocean.

References

Related pages
 Confluence
 Reservoir
 River delta
 Estuary

Rivers
Storm Elvin Thorgerson (28 February 1944 – 18 April 2013) was an English graphic designer who worked with music bands such as Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd. Thorgerson was born on 28 February 1944 in Potters Bar, Middlesex, England. He died from cancer in England on 18 April 2013 at age 69.

References

Other websites

Radio interview transcript
BBC Feature and audio interview
BBC Article on Thorgerson's work: Audio slideshow: Storm's sleeves
TateShots: Storm Thorgerson on Magritte The artist talks about the influence of Magritte on his work. 21 July 2011

1944 births
2013 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
English artists
People from Middlesex
Spiders of the genus Hogna are large and powerful wolf spiders.<ref>Benjamin Julian Kaston, Spiders of Connecticut under the section on the "Genus Lycosa'''," p. 321ff. The genus Lycosa has since been split into two additional genera, Hogna and Tigrosa. All of the American members of Lycosa have been transferred to Hogna or Tigrosa.</ref> They belong to the Family called Lycosidae. They will readily catch and eat crickets and other large insects. They do not try to hurt humans unless they are getting hurt themselves. Usually their colors are dull, mostly they are brown, dark brown, or black. Hogna carolinensis is the largest spider in the United States and can have a body length (head to tail) of up to almost 1.5 inches or 35mm. They scare people, but it is hard to get them even to try to bite. Instead of showing their fangs, they will run away. They can run very fast. They are about 16 times larger than the smallest species of wolf spiders
. For instance, the smallest of the wolf spiders of the genus Trabeops are only 4 mm. long. Hogna carolinensis often digs burrows to live in.
Other species in this genus include:
H. antelucana
H. baltimoriana
H. coloradensis
H. frondicola
H. lenta

In Europe there is a slightly smaller spider called Lycosa tarantula, a kind of wolf spider that people once believed could kill people. It gets its name from the city of Taranto in Italy. There are other wolf spiders that get a little larger than Hogna carolinensis, one of which is found in the Canary Islands, Allohogna singoriensis,'' which reaches a full 40mm.

References

Lycosidae
Great Expectations is a novel by Charles Dickens. It depicts the growth and personal development of an orphan named Philip Pirrip ("Pip"). The novel was first published in serial form in Dickens' weekly periodical All the Year Round, from 1 December 1860 to August 1861. In October 1861, Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes.

It is set among the marshes of Kent and in London in the early to mid 19th century. From the outset, the reader is "treated" by the terrifying encounter between Pip, the protagonist, and the escaped convict, Abel Magwitch. Great Expectations is a graphic book, full of extreme imagery, poverty, prison ships, "the hulks," barriers and chains, and fights to the death. It therefore combines intrigue and unexpected twists of autobiographical detail in different tones. Regardless of its narrative technique, the novel reflects the events of the time, Dickens' concerns, and the relationship between society and man.
Dickens felt Great Expectations was his best work, calling it "a very fine idea," and was very sensitive to compliments from his friends: "Bulwer, who has been, as I think you know, extraordinarily taken by the book." The cast includes the capricious Miss Havisham, the cold and beautiful Estella, the kind and generous blacksmith Joe, the dry and sycophantic Uncle Pumblechook, and the eloquent and wise  Herbert Pocket. Throughout the narrative, typical Dickensian themes emerge: wealth and poverty, love and rejection, and the eventual triumph of good over evil.

Great Expectations has been translated into many languages and adapted many times to movies and other media.
Plot summary 
Pip is an orphan, about seven years old, who lives with his older sister and her kind blacksmith husband Joe Gargery on the coastal marshes of Kent. On Christmas Eve 1812, Pip is visiting the graves of his parents and siblings. There, he unexpectedly encounters an escaped convict who threatens him with death if he does not bring back food and tools. Terrified, Pip steals a file from among Joe's tools and a pie and brandy that were meant for Christmas dinner, which he delivers to the convict.

That evening, Pip's sister is about to look for the missing pie when soldiers arrive and ask Joe to fix some shackles. Joe and Pip go with them into the marshes to recapture the convict, who is fighting with another escaped convict. The first convict confesses to stealing food, clearing Pip.
Joe accompanies Pip for the last visit to Miss Havisham, at which she gives the money for Pip to be bound as an apprentice blacksmith. Joe's assistant, Dolge Orlick, is envious of Pip and dislikes Mrs Joe. When Pip and Joe are away from the house, Joe's wife is brutally attacked, leaving her unable to speak or do her work. Orlick is suspected of the attack. Mrs Joe changes and becomes kindhearted after the attack. Pip's former schoolmate Biddy joins the household to help with her care.

Four years into Pip's apprenticeship, Mr Jaggers, a lawyer, informs him that he has been provided with money from an anonymous patron, allowing him to become a gentleman. Pip is to leave for London, but presuming that Miss Havisham is his benefactress, he first visits her.
Pip and Herbert build up debts. Mrs Joe dies and Pip returns to his village for the funeral. Pip's income is fixed at £500 per annum when he comes of age at twenty-one. With the help of Jaggers's clerk, Wemmick, Pip plans to help advance Herbert's future prospects by anonymously securing him a position with the shipbroker, Clarriker's. Pip takes Estella to Satis House. She and Miss Havisham quarrel over Estella's coldness. In London, Bentley Drummle outrages Pip, by proposing a toast to Estella. Later, at an Assembly Ball in Richmond, Pip witnesses Estella meeting Bentley Drummle and warns her about him; she replies that she has no problems about courting him.
A week after he turns 23 years old, Pip learns that his benefactor is the convict he encountered in the grave, Abel Magwitch, who had been transported to New South Wales after being captured. He has become wealthy after gaining his freedom there, but cannot return to England on pain of death. However, he returns to see Pip, who was the motivation for all his success.

Pip is shocked, and stops taking Magwitch's money. He and Herbert Pocket devise a plan for Magwitch to escape from England.

Magwitch shares his past history with Pip, and reveals that the escaped convict whom he fought in the churchyard was Compeyson, the fraudster who had deserted Miss Havisham.
Pip returns to Satis Hall to visit Estella and meets Bentley Drummle, who has also come to see her and now has Orlick as his servant. Pip accuses Miss Havisham of misleading him about his benefactor. She admits to doing so, but says that her plan was to annoy her relatives. Pip declares his love to Estella, who coldly tells him that she plans on marrying Drummle. Heartbroken, Pip walks back to London, where Wemmick warns him that Compeyson is seeking him. Pip and Herbert continue preparations for Magwitch's escape.

At Jaggers's house for dinner, Wemmick tells Pip how Jaggers acquired his maidservant, Molly, rescuing her from the gallows when she was accused of murder.
After working eleven years in Egypt, Pip returns to England and visits Joe, Biddy, and their son, Pip Jr. Then, in the ruins of Satis House, he meets the widowed Estella, who asks Pip to forgive her, assuring him that her misfortune, and her abusive marriage to Drummle until his death, has opened her heart. As Pip takes Estella's hand, and they leave the moonlit ruins, he sees "no shadow of another parting from her."

References

1861 books
Books by Charles Dickens
English novels
London in fiction
A&W Restaurants is a chain of fast food restaurants known for its draft root beer and root beer floats. 

A&W was the first successful franchise company: the franchises began in the 1920s in California. The company's name was taken from the surnames of partners Roy W. Allen and Frank Wright. Yum! Brands purchased the company in 2002. In 2011 the company was sold back to a group of franchise owners. Kevin Bazner returned as the CEO.

The menu of A&W includes hamburgers, french fries, hot dogs and other fast food style meals. A&W has restaurants across the United States. A&W exists in Canada, but it has been owned by a different company since 1972. As of 2017 there were 634 restaurants in the United States and 328 international restaurants.

A&W is known for "frosty mugs". This is when the mug is kept in the freezer. It is removed, filled with A&W Root Beer, and then served to the customer. A number of A&W's are drive-in restaurants with carhops.

References
References

American food companies
1919 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in California
Companies based in Kentucky
Spiders in the genus Tigrosa were formerly included in the genus Hogna, and before that to the genus Lycosa. As people who study spiders make more progress they divide things in new ways.

Among the species included in this genus are:
T. annexa
T. aspersa
T. grandis
T. helluo
T. georgicola

References

 Brady, A.R. 2012: Nearctic species of the new genus Tigrosa (Araneae: Lycosidae). Journal of arachnology, 40(2): 182-208.  ISSN 0161-8202

Lycosidae
Tigrosa helluo is a large species of American wolf spider. It used to be classified as a member of the genus Hogna, and was called Hogna helluo. Before that it was classified as Lycosa helluo. Female Tigrosa helluo spiders can have body lengths as great as 21 mm, and males can get up to 12 mm. Sometimes the females are found in holes under rocks. They dig a shallow hole and line it with silk. When they lay eggs they put them in silk sacs that they make.  Then they carry them along with them by attaching the egg sac to their spinnerets. They may lay from 150 to 500 eggs at a time. All mother wolf spiders let their babies ride on top of their abdomens for several days after they hatch.

References

Lycosidae
Leandra Rodrigues Leal Braz e Silva (born 8 September 1982 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress.

Biography 
Leal is the granddaughter of the cultural producer Américo Leal and daughter of actress Ângela Leal. She started acting at the age of seven. When she was eight years old, she started on television, in the last episode of the soap opera Pantanal, in which her mother also worked. Leal is an only child. She seems to have been influenced by her mother in her career choice, because since she was a little girl she has been living among the artistic and was fascinated by the art of interpretation.

In 2000, she co-starred in the miniseries A Muralha and then the sopa opera O Cravo e a Rosa. Both of these contributed to her fame. In 2002 she participated in the Pastores da Noite miniseries, and in 2003, she was present in a season of children's series Sítio do Picapau Amarelo. She also came to participate in some episodes of A Grande Família, as Viviane, one of Tuco's girlfriends.
In 2004 she acted in the soap opera Senhora do Destino, getting the sympathy of the audience by clashing with the villain Nazaré, played by Renata Sorrah. Later that year, she also served in the movie Cazuza - O Tempo Não Pára, as Bebel Gilberto, singer's best friend.

In 2008 she co-starred in the remake of Ciranda de Pedra as Elzinha. At the end of the year, she debuted as a director in the Mercadorias e Futuro goods and theatrical spectacle, with José Paes de Lira.

In 2011, she was part of the cast of the movie Estamos Juntos, and participated in the last episode of the soap opera Insensato Coração. She also participated in a framework called the Fantástico, A História do Amor, in which she played 64 different characters next to the actor Daniel de Oliveira.

In 2012, Leal was in the episode "A Sexóloga de Floripa" in series As Brasileiras. And the soap opera is Cheias de Charme, playing Maria do Rosário.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1982 births
Living people
Brazilian television actors
Brazilian movie actors
Stoker is a 2013 British-American drama thriller movie. It was directed by Park Chan-wook. The movie stars Mia Wasikowska, Nicole Kidman and Matthew Goode.

Plot 
After India's father dies in an auto accident, her Uncle Charlie, who she never knew existed, comes to live with her and her emotionally unstable mother. Soon after his arrival, she comes to suspect this mysterious, charming man has ulterior motives, but instead of feeling outrage or horror, this friendless girl becomes increasingly infatuated with him.

Cast 
Mia Wasikowska as India Stoker
Matthew Goode as Charlie Stoker
Nicole Kidman as Evelyn Stoker
Dermot Mulroney as Richard Stoker
Jacki Weaver as Aunt Gwendolyn "Gin" Stoker
Lucas Till as Chris Pitts
Alden Ehrenreich as Whip Taylor
Phyllis Somerville as Mrs. McGarrick
Ralph Brown as Sheriff Howard
Judith Godrèche as Doctor Jacquin

References

Other websites 
 http://www.foxsearchlight.com/stoker/
2013 drama thriller movies
2010s psychological movies
2010s serial killer movies
American drama thriller movies
American psychological movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
2010s British drama movies
British drama thriller movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies about death
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about siblings
American independent movies
Kaḻayapiṯi (also written Kaḻaya Piṯi and Kaḻaiapiṯi) is a rock hole in the Birksgate Range in northwestern South Australia. It is an important location in the early history of the Pitjantjatjara people. The name comes from the words  (emu) and  (referring to a place from which the ancestral being is believed to originate;  is a waterhole). It is a major sacred site for the  (Emu Dreaming), and has been used for ceremonies by the Pitjantjatjara since long before colonisation of Australia.
Kaḻayapiṯi forms the southern heartland of the traditional Pitjantjatjara territory. According to the anthropologist Norman Tindale, the Pitjantjatjara people originally migrated from the southern coast. Kaḻayapiṯi served as their main home as they moved further north and northeast into the Tomkinson, Mann and Petermann Ranges. The rock hole here was very important during droughts, as there were few sources of water so reliable and permanent in the Great Victoria Desert to the south. However, during a long and severe drought between 1914 and 1916, the Pitjantjatjara were forced to move further east into the Musgrave Ranges, traditionally Yankunytjatjara territory.

References

More reading

Geography of South Australia
Waterholes of Australia
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5 was the fifth season of America's Next Top Model. There were 13 contestants. The winner was 18-year-old Nicole Linkletter.

Prizes
 A modeling contract with Ford Models
 A spread in Elle
 A $100,000 contract with CoverGirl

Contestants
(In alphabetical order)
 Ashley Black 
 Lisa D'Amato
 Diane Hernández
 Cassandra Jean
 Kyle Kavanagh
 Nicole Linkletter
 Erika "Nik" Pace
 Sarah Rhoades
 Jayla Rubinelli
 Brittany "Bre" Scullark
 Kimberly "Kim" Stolz
 Ebony Taylor
 Coryn Woitel

Episodes
1.
casting episode

2.
Best: Nik Pace
Worst: Sarah Rhoades & Ashley Black
Eliminated: Ashley Black

3.
Best: Cassandra Jean
Worst: Diane Hernández & Ebony Taylor
Eliminated: Ebony Taylor

4.
Quit: Cassandra Jean
Best: Jayla Rubinelli
Worst: Sarah Rhoades & Kim Stolz
Eliminated: Sarah Rhoades

5.
Best: Kyle Kavanagh
Worst: Bre Scullark & Diane Hernández
Eliminated: Diane Hernández

6.
Best: Lisa D'Amato
Worst: Nik Pace & Coryn Woitel
Eliminated: Coryn Woitel
7.
Best: Kim Stolz
Worst: Kyle Kavanagh & Bre Scullark
Eliminated: Kyle Kavanagh

8.
Best: Bre Scullark
Worst: Jayla Rubinelli & Nicole Linkletter
Eliminated: None

9.
Best: Kim Stolz
Worst: Lisa D'Amato & Jayla Rubinelli 
Eliminated: Lisa D'Amato

10.
Best: Nik Pace
Worst: Bre Scullark & Kim Stolz
Eliminated: Kim Stolz

11.
Best: Nicole Linkletter
Worst: Bre Scullark & Jayla Rubinelli
Eliminated: Jayla Rubinelli

12.
Best: Nik Pace
Worst: Nicole Linkletter & Bre Scullark
Eliminated: Bre Scullark

Final Two: Nik Pace & Nicole Linkletter
Winner: Nicole Linkletter

05
Petra Maria Mede (born 7 March 1970, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish comedian, dancer and television host. She grew up in Gothenburg. 

She is known worldwide for presenting the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 and the Eurovision Song Contest in 2016, this time along with Måns Zelmerlöw. She also hosted Melodifestivalen in 2009 and 2016.

References

1970 births
Swedish entertainers
Living people
Swedish comedians
Swedish dancers
Swedish television presenters
Eurovision Song Contest presenters
People from Stockholm
People from Gothenburg
Political geography is the study of the spaces of politics and the politics of space.  It is the field of geography which is concerned with the relationships between people, the state, and territory.

Political geography is organized or studied in three scaled groups.
 international
 national
 within nations

History
The British academic Halford Mackinder created the study of "political geography".

References

Other websites
  Political Geography at Elsevier.com
  Royal Society of Geographers (RGS) 
  Political Geography Research Group (PolGRG)
 

 
Branches of geography
Conflation is what happens when two or more individuals, concepts, or places seem to be a single identity.  Although they may share one or more characteristics, the differences somehow seem to be lost. 

In logic, conflation is the practice of treating two distinct concepts as if they were one.  This produces errors or misunderstandings.  The fusion or merge of distinct subjects tends to obscure analysis of relationships which are emphasized by contrasts.

Notes

Other websites

 Conflations

Logical fallacies
Woods was born about 1935. She was born close to Kaḻayapiṯi, a rock hole in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the bush with her family, before any contact with Euro-Australian society. They often camped at Kaḻayapiṯi, where Woods and the other girls would gather bushfood together. She learned to carve basic tools and decorative objects, and to burn traditional patterns into the wood (this is called ). She also learned to spin hair string on a hand-spun spindle and weave head rings and ceremonial belts from hair and feathers.
Woods began painting in 2000, after moving to Irrunytju. The women there opened an art centre as an community-owned economic project, called Irrunytju Arts. From the beginning of her career, Brown often painted with her friend Anmanari Brown. When Brown's husband died in 2007, the two women left Irrunytju and went to live at Papulankutja, on Ngaanyatjarra lands. Here, they paint for Papulankutja Artists. In April 2010, the two women held their first solo exhibition together at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne. Woods has had two of her paintings chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award, in 2006 and 2008.

Woods' paintings are mostly about the  (Two Sisters Dreaming), which is her personal Dreaming. They are structured like maps drawn in the sand, tracing the journey of the two sisters around the edge of the canvas. She paints in earthy colours, and uses solid and dotted lines in concentric circles to depict the journeys and activities of figures in the story.
References

Other websites
Tjayanka Woods at Prints and Printmaking
Resources at the National Library of Australia
News items at the Aboriginal Art Directory

1935 births
Living people
Australian painters
Weavers
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from Western Australia
Artists from South Australia
Benin City is one of the large cities in Nigeria. It is the capital of Edo State in southern Nigeria. It is a located about  north of the Benin River, and  by road east of Lagos. Benin is the centre of Nigeria's rubber industry, but processing palm nuts for oil is also an important traditional industry.

References

Cities in Nigeria
Edo State
Karl Friedrich Benz (November 25, 1844 – April 4, 1929) was a German engine designer and car engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the internal combustion engine and petrol-powered automobile, and together with his wife Bertha Benz pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.

1844 births
1929 deaths
German mechanical engineers
German inventors
People from Karlsruhe
Kunytjanu (commonly written Kuntjanu) is an Aboriginal outstation and waterhole in northwestern South Australia. It is serviced from the community of Pipalyatjara to the north. It is located on the road between Pipalyatjara and Watarru. The outstation was established in 1975, along with Iltur, Walytjatjata, Kunamata and several others that used Pipalyatjara as a base. It received a grant for development from the government in 1978.

The area around Kunytjanu is connected with several Dreamings. The waterhole itself is associated with the , the Dreaming of the water-snake or Rainbow Serpent.

References

Settlements in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
Waterholes of Australia
AirTran was a low-cost American airline formerly known as ValuJet. It's hub was in Atlanta, Georgia and it operated routes throughout the Americas.

History

ValuJet's first flight was in 1993. In 1996, ValuJet Flight 592, a DC-9 aircraft, crashed into the Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport, after a fire on board. 110 people died in the crash. The NTSB blamed Valujet's maintenance contractor, SabreTech for improper maintenance.

After the large amount of negative publicity surrounding this tragedy, ValuJet suffered serious financial problems and nearly went bankrupt. It merged with a smaller airline called AirTran and assumed its name in 1997.

After management turnover and some replacement of older airplanes, AirTran appears to have turned around financially and has become profitable, even in the very difficult business environment encountered by all U.S. airlines since the September 11 Attacks.
In 2011, AirTran merged with Southwest Airlines. The merger was completed in 2014 and the AirTran name was no longer used.

Gallery

References

Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Dallas
1993 establishments in the United States
2014 disestablishments in the United States
The DualShock is a video game controller made by Sony for the PlayStation line of game consoles. It was first released in Japan in 1997, and was later released in North America in 1998. It is a vibration-feedback controller, meaning that it shakes in appropriate situations during a game. The name comes from the fact that it has two vibration motors. The motors are in the handles of the controller.

References

PlayStation
Video game controllers
Emmelie Charlotte-Victoria de Forest (born 28 February 1993; née Emmelie Engström), better known as "Emmelie de Forest", is a Danish singer. 

She was chosen to represent Denmark with the song "Only Teardrops" in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden. She won the contest.

Emmelie de Forest said she is the great granddaughter of King Edward VII.

References 

1993 births
Danish singers
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Save Rock and Roll is a studio album released by Chicago punk rock group Fall Out Boy on April 12, 2013 under Island Records in the United States. The album was produced by American singer and songwriter Butch Walker. It is the band's fifth album and first album since the release of Folie à Deux in December 2008. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in late 2009, parting ways to endure in solo projects and super groups. In 2013, the band returned with the first single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)", released on February 4, 2013, accompanied with a music video, peaking at number-twenty six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The video featured rapper 2 Chainz. The band announced the Save Rock and Roll tour in May through June in support of the album. This fall, the band is set to go on their comeback Save Rock and Roll Fall Arena Tour in September with pop punk band Panic! at the Disco and rapper Big Sean.