Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Another way, called the set-builder notation, is by a statement of what is true of the members of the set, like this:
 {x | x is a natural number & x < 4}.
In spoken English, this reads: "the set of all x such that x is a natural number and x is less than four". The symbol [ipe "|" means "such that" or "so that".

The empty set is written in a special way: ,  or .

When object a is the member of set  it is written as:
 .
In spoken English, this reads: "a is a member of ".

Venn diagrams 

To illustrate operations on sets mathematicians use Venn diagrams. Venn diagrams use circles to show individual sets. The universe is depicted with a rectangle. Results of operations are shown as colored areas. In the illustration of the intersection operation the left circle shows set  and the right circle shows set .
Special sets 
Some sets are very important to mathematics. They are used very often. One of these is the empty set.
Many of these special sets are written using blackboard bold typeface, and these include:
 , denoting the set of all primes.
 , denoting the set of all natural numbers. That is to say,  = {1, 2, 3, ...}, or sometimes  = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.
 , denoting the set of all integers (whether positive, negative or zero). So  = {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...}.
 , denoting the set of all rational numbers (that is, the set of all proper and improper fractions). So, , meaning all fractions  where a and b are in the set of all integers and b is not equal to 0. For example,  and . All integers are in this set since every integer a can be expressed as the fraction .
 , denoting the set of all real numbers. This set includes all rational numbers, together with all irrational numbers (that is, numbers which cannot be rewritten as fractions, such as   and √2).
 , denoting the set of all complex numbers.
Each of these sets of numbers has an infinite number of elements, and .

Paradoxes about sets 
The mathematician Bertrand Russell found that there are problems with the informal definition of sets. He stated this in a paradox called Russell's paradox. An easier to understand version, closer to real life, is called the Barber paradox.

The barber paradox 
There is a small town somewhere. In that town, there is a barber. All the men in the town do not like beards, so they either shave themselves, or they go to the barber shop to be shaved by the barber.

We can therefore make a statement about the barber himself: The barber shaves all men that do not shave themselves. He only shaves those men (since the others shave themselves and do not need a barber to give them a shave).

This of course raises the question: What does the barber do each morning to look clean-shaven? This is the paradox.
If the barber shaves himself, he cannot be a barber, since a barber does not shave himself.
If he does not shave himself, he falls in the category of those who do not shave themselves, and so, cannot be a barber.

Related pages 

 Cantor set
 Group theory
 Open set
 Relation
 Set theory

References

Further reading 
The following books explore sets in more detail:

 Halmos, Paul R., Naive Set Theory, Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand (1960) 
 Stoll, Robert R., Set Theory and Logic, Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications (1979) 
 Allenby, R.B.J.T, Rings, Fields and Groups, Leeds, England: Butterworth Heinemann (1991)
The Maldives are a group of islands in the Indian Ocean. They are southwest of India. They are made up of the Maldive and Suadive archipelagos, with over 1,200 islands. These islands are a part of 26 atolls. And they are divided to 20 administrative atolls. People live on about 200 of the islands. It has more than 1126 coral reefs. It is the flattest country in the world. The highest point in the Maldives is only  high above the level of the sea.

Malé is the capital, with a population of 150,000 people. Its official religion is Islam.

Climate
Climate

The Maldives has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification, which is affected by the large landmass of South Asia to the north. Because the Maldives has the lowest elevation of any country in the world, the temperature is constantly hot and often humid. The presence of this landmass causes differential heating of land and water. These factors set off a rush of moisture-rich air from the Indian Ocean over South Asia, resulting in the southwest monsoon. Two seasons dominate Maldives' weather: the dry season associated with the winter northeastern monsoon and the rainy season which brings strong winds and storms.
The shift from the dry northeast monsoon to the moist southwest monsoon occurs during April and May. During this period, the southwest winds contribute to the formation of the southwest monsoon, which reaches Maldives in the beginning of June and lasts until the end of August. However, the weather patterns of Maldives do not always conform to the monsoon patterns of South Asia. The annual rainfall averages  in the north and  in the south.

The monsoonal influence is greater in the north of the Maldives than in the south, more influenced by the equatorial currents.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Malé was 39.6 °C (103.3 °F) on 1 January 2000 and the lowest was 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) on 20 March 1989 and 21 January 2017.

References

Other websites 

Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Commonwealth member states
The prime minister of Australia is the head of the executive branch of the government of Australia. The prime minister leads the cabinet of Australia and is the highest ranking minister of the Crown in the federal parliament. The prime minister is appointed by the monarch, who is advised by the governor-general.

The current prime minister of Australia, since May 2022, is Anthony Albanese.

Prime ministerial power and roles
 The prime minister can choose his or her own ministers;
 Can choose election dates;
 Represents the country;
 Spokesperson for the government, both domestically and internationally;
 Advisor to the Governor-General;
 Create bills in parliament

List of prime ministers

Former prime ministers

As of , there are seven living former Australian prime ministers.

References

Other websites
 Australia's Prime Ministers  / National Archive of Australia
 Biographies of Australia's Prime Ministers  / National Museum of Australia
 Official website of the Prime Minister of Australia
Australia
Lists of Australian politicians
The 1190s was a decade that began on 1 January 1190 and ended on 31 December 1199.

Events and trends 

 1192 – Minamoto no Yoritomo granted title of shogun, thereby officially establishing Kamakura shogunate, the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
 May 27, 1199 Friday – John Lackland (1167–1216) became King of England upon the death of his older brother Richard the Lion Hearted. His coronation took place in Westminster Abbey. Lackland was so called, because his inheritance of the Angevin Empire did not have land for him; he was the youngest son of Henry II, so this event could not happen..
In science, structure is a fundamental concept. It means the arrangement of parts. Examples are the organs in a body, or  crystals in a substance like granite. 

A structure may refer to buildings, machines and similar things made by people as well as to a rock or a mineral, atoms or sentences. It always reflects the hierarchy of its parts.

Related pages
Structural engineering
For structuralism, see Claude Lévi-Strauss

Notes

Chemistry
Engineering
Geology
Linguistics
Physics
Systems
Hardcore punk (or hardcore) is a style of punk music that usually sounds louder, faster and more angry than earlier punk rock music from the 1970s. Hardcore began in the late 1970s. Some of the important bands of the genre are Bad Brains, Black Flag, D.O.A, Minor Threat and Cro-Mags. Hardcore songs often have more political lyrics (words) than songs from 1970s punk.

No one is quite sure where the term "hardcore punk" came from. The band D.O.A. may have helped to make the term more popular with the title of their album Hardcore '81 in 1981.

The first hardcore punk song was "Out of Vogue" by the Santa Ana band The Middle Class. This band started to play a loud type of punk with shouted words. At the same time, the Stimulators, a NYC thrash band, performed their song M.A.C.H.I.N.E. which contains all the elements of hardcore punk. The Stimulators played shows with the Bad Brains, who soon created the song Pay to  Cum, which was the fastest punk song ever played at the time.
People in hardcore punk bands and people who listened to hardcore punk wore clothes that were of two types. Some people wore clothes and hairstyles that were strange and a bit scary, like Mohawk hairstyles and leather jackets with metal studs. Other people wore regular clothes like black pants and T-shirts.

At hardcore punk concerts, people did a type of dancing called moshing. This type of dance involves people pushing each other and jumping off the stage.

In the early 1980s, hardcore bands from England began to get noticed, such as Discharge, The Exploited, and The Varukers. Discharge played with a sound that included heavy metal guitar styles.

Hardcore led to the creation of the straight edge movement. People who are straight edge do not use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. Straight edge led to two new groups, called hardline and youth crew. Hardcore musicians also created independent record labels in the 1980s.
Many bands had a "Do it Yourself" (DIY) attitude. Bands would record their own albums using simple four-track recorders, and the sell the records themselves at shows or through the mail. Hardcore influenced the creation of new styles of music, including alternative rock, grunge, alternative metal, metalcore, thrash metal and post-hardcore.

Politics

Many early hardcore punk bands had songs about liberal politics such as anarchism and socialism. They spoke against political leaders, such as American president Ronald Reagan and British prime minister Margaret Thatcher. While George W. Bush was President of the United States, a number of hardcore bands criticized him.
A small number of hardcore musicians have expressed right wing views, including the band Antiseen, whose guitarist Joe Young ran for office as a Libertarian in North Carolina. Former Misfits singer Michale Graves supported George W. Bush.
How it sounds 
Hardcore band singers often sing by shouting the words of the song. Hardcore songs often sound like the singer is angry.

Hardcore bands use electric guitars, electric bass guitar, drums, and a singer. The electric guitars in hardcore bands are distorted, noisy, and fuzzy because the guitarists are using electronic boxes called distortion pedals. Some hardcore guitarists have changed the tuning of their guitar strings so they play notes that are lower than those a normal guitar can play.

The drums in hardcore music play loud and fast, often characterized by use of the double-bass pedal, particularly notable in the breakdowns.

References
Limestone is a Sedimentary rock, made up mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, two forms of calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

The calcium carbonate is originally produced by living organisms. Later, some of it goes into solution in sea water. Limestone rocks include mainly organic remains and rock.

Limestone is about 10% of the total volume of all sedimentary rocks.

Formation 
Limestones are mostly made of calcium carbonate. It is originally made by small photosynthetic protists like certain bacteria, coccolithophores, and algae. Then the carbonate gets used by various animals, like bivalves and the polyps which make coral reefs. They build their shells or framework out of CaCO3 crystals. 
"[Coccolithophores] were the first organisms to bring about a steady rain of calcium carbonate from the upper, illuminated zone of the ocean towards the deep sea".p144
Carbonates are rocks formed from these sources, plus any CaCO3 which is precipitated out of solution. Some carbonate dissolves in the water. It gets  precipitated when the physical condition of the water changes. For example, if the concentration of CaCO3 is high, then a temperature drop, or a pH (acidity) change, can cause precipitation.

Florida Bay 
Florida Bay, the shallow lagoon behind the Florida Keys, is a model for the conditions which produced limestones on the continental shelf. Of course, all the species were somewhat different then but, as an ecosystem, it is similar.
Florida Bay has much of a type of flowering plant called sea grass. White, milky water full of calcium carbonate is also common. This is mainly formed by Melobesia, a small red alga which lives on sea grass.p151 Finally, the organisms produce huge amounts of slime, which is a polysaccharide. There is good reason to think the slime is produced by microorganisms to control the way their carbonate skeletons are formed.p139 As a side-effect the slime limits the amount of carbonate which goes into solution.p155

Florida Bay is a flat platform which has laid down a huge amount of carbonate rock. 
"You have to drill for more than 3000 feet before you reach a different rock type, and that is of Cretaceous age—some 70 million years ago".p158
Fossiliferous limestones 
Many limestones contain fossils, and some are made up almost entirely of skeletal material. Chalk is ~99% coccoliths; Solnhofen limestone is famous for its animal fossils; and there are many shelly limestones from different periods. Limestone is not found much before the Cambrian period, because shelled animals had not yet evolved.

Marble 

When limestone is heated to a high temperature, and squeezed at the base of a mountain, it recrystallizes into the metamorphic rock marble. Marbles are fairly dense, relatively easy to cut, or be shaped into blocks, and some forms are white in colour.

Uses 
Limestone is hard enough to resist weathering but usually soft enough to be worked (cut and carved) by stonemasons. It is used for building material. Limestone, particularly Portland limestone, became popular in the 19th and 20th centuries for building things such as churches, banks and houses. However, acid rain does slowly erode limestone.
Limestone is used to make glass and cement. It is also used to make iron in a blast furnace, to remove impurities from the iron ore.

Related pages 
Portland limestone

References

Carbonate rocks
Sedimentary rocks
The roots of a plant is the part that is usually buried in the soil. Roots are usually always under the soil, though–sometimes roots can be above the ground. This is called an aerial root.

Also, stems can sometimes be under the soil (potatoes, for example). Roots do not have leaves, and are different from stems inside.

Plants need their roots especially for three reasons: The roots take water and nutrients, a sort of food, from the soil. They also often store this food. And they fix the plants to the ground.

However, most plant roots do not work at their best unless they have help from fungi. The symbiosis between roots and fungus is known as mycorrhiza.

There are two sorts of root systems:
 the taproot system: there is one very big root that goes down into the ground, and many smaller roots that come out of it
 the diffuse root system: there are many roots that go in all directions

Some roots go very deep into the ground. One root that was found in Arizona, USA, was 60 m below the surface.
Roots are also very strong. Some tree roots can destroy stones.  Roots are not green because the cells have no chlorophyll.

Root growth 
Roots grow through the whole life of the plant. They grow longer from the tip, adding cells to the end of each root. The root adds cells to their tips, and they grow fatter as they add cells around their tube-like bodies.

At the tip of each root, there is a small group of tough, dead, hard cells called the root cap. The root cap is the strongest part of the root tip, and its job is to push its way through the dirt to look for moisture and nutrients and protect the plant.

Aerial roots
Aerial roots 

Roots are usually found underground, but in some cases this is not so. In the rainforest, the air is warm and humid (it has a lot of water). Some rainforest plants, known as epiphytes, grow right on trees. Their roots hang down in the air or running into the moss growing on the trees. Many aerial roots, are used to receive water and nutrient intake directly from the air, from fog, dew or humid air.

Some trees have roots that are above the ground and underground. Mangrove trees have aerial roots (roots which come up into the air). They exchange gases with the atmosphere, just as leaves do. They are an adaptation to the poor level of oxygen in the waterlogged soil of the mangrove swamp.
The banyan tree has a root system that is underground, but it also has roots that start in its branches and grow down towards the ground. These roots not only take in water and nutrients from the soil, but they also help to support the long branches of the banyan tree. Because of this extra support, banyan tree branches can be really long. A banyantree in Lahaina, Maui, which was planted in 1873 by a man named William Owen Smith, has branches that are so long that this single tree covers a full square block in the city.

Much about aerial roots is still unknown.

Root systems 
There are two main kinds of roots systems: taproot systems and fibrous root systems. A taproot system has one thick main root growing down from the plant's stem, and lots of smaller secondary roots branching off from this. A taproot system is usually deeper than it is wide. Often, we eat taproots, like carrots and turnips.
A fibrous root system has lots of roots growing in many directions. There is not one main root. A fibrous root system is usually wider than deep.

Root pumping 
It has been usually assumed that in regular (non-aerial) terrestrial roots, the nutrients are pumped in together with the water, and that water is pumped into the roots by osmosis. Recent studies in large trees such as the Giant Sequoia, showed, that much of the pumping power, after initial growth, is received by hydraulic suction, due to transpiration - water evaporation from the leaves, in addition to the strong capillary action in the plant's branching xylem in the stem and leaves.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Plant anatomy
Demo may mean one of the following:
Demo (software), a demonstration version of a software program
Demo (music), the first version of a song or album in music
Piero Gobetti (; June 19, 1901, Turin – February 15, 1926, Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a young journalist, intellectual, and radical liberal person. He was a very  active critic during the years of crisis in Italy after the First World War and during the early years of Fascist rule. He had to leave Italy and settled down in Paris, where he soon died. He died because his health was bad, after the Fascists had terrorized him.

Italian people
Italian journalists
1901 births
1926 deaths
Manama is the capital city of Bahrain. It is also the largest city in Bahrain, having almost 150.000 residents.

History 
Manama has been a city since at least the 1300s, when it was mentioned in Islamic books. It was owned by Portugal from 1521 to 1602, by Persia from 1602 to 1783, and by the Al-Khalifa family for a long time after that. In 1971, Manama became the capital city of Bahrain.

Areas of Manama 
The city is divided into a few parts: 
 The Diplomatic Area has most of the banks and government offices. This area is very important, because most of Bahrain's economy is connected to banks. 
 Gudabiya is the oldest area of the city, and it has the building where the parliament meets. 
 Hoora is where most visitors go. There are many parties in the clubs here at night.

National capitals in Asia
Settlements in Bahrain
Capital Governorate, Bahrain
The term "protist" includes microorganisms from several distantly related phyla. Some are autotrophic (which means they make their own food by photosynthesis), and others are heterotrophic (which means they eat organic material).
 
Most protists are very small. They are made up of one or a few cells at most – they are microscopic and usually invisible to the naked eye. Some algae are protists, if they are single-celled. Many protists are part of the plankton and are very important for the ecosystem. The cells found in protists may be extremely complex, and are often little understood. It is now possible to do DNA sequencing, and a number of protists have been analysed. The results show that the Protista is not a monophyletic group. It is paraphyletic, and not a single clade. The taxonomy of the Protista is therefore rather confused. 

Some protists cause diseases. Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria; sleeping sickness is also caused by a protist.
An example of a single celled organism in the protist kingdom is the Paramecium or "slipper animalcule." The Paramecium moves using its small, hair-like fibers called cilia, and eats using the cilia to sweep the food into its food vacuole. Other protists can be amoebas, which move by extending pseudopods and flowing into them, or flowing around food particles and engulfing them.

Origin and taxonomy
Protists are not a monophyletic clade. The term is a convenient holdall for about 20 different kinds of single-celled eukaryotes. They differ in their cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. This proves they have made the transition from prokaryotes in different ways. It is fairly clear now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'. Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.

References 

 
Cell biology
The Apple Dumpling Gang is a Disney movie from 1975, in which three orphan children find gold during California's Gold Rush. Tim Conway and Don Knotts also star in it as two gangsters.

The movie is based on the book of the same name by Jack Bickham.

References

Other websites 
 
 

1975 movies
Disney movies
Movies based on books
Significant people 
Those people had significant influence on things in this decade.
 Erato, Artaxiad Dynasty Queen of Armenia, r. 8–5 BC, 2 BC–2 AD, 6–11
 Ariobarzan of Atropatene, Client King of Armenia, r. 1 BC–2 AD
 Artavazd V, Client King of Armenia, r. 2–11
 Tigranes V, Artaxiad Dynasty King of Armenia, r. 2–6
 Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC–5 AD
 Ruzi Ying, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 6–9
 Wang Mang, Usurper Emperor of the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China, r. 9–23
 Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC–17 AD
 Arminius, German war chief
 Crimthann Nia Náir, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 8 BC–9 AD
 Cairbre Cinnchait, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–14
 Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC–10 AD
 Natakamani, King of Kush, r. 1 BC–20 AD
 Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene, r. 4 BC–7 AD, 13–50
 Ma'nu IV, King of Osroene, r. 7–13
 Phraates V, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC–4 AD
Musa of Parthia, mother and co-ruler with Phraates V, r. 2 BC–4 AD
 Orodes III, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 4–6
 Vonones I, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 8–12
 Artabanus of Parthia, pretender to the Parthian throne and future King of Parthia
 Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor, r. 27 BC–14 AD
 Gaius Caesar, Roman general
 Livy, Roman historian
 Ovid, Roman poet
 Quirinius, Roman nobleman and politician
 Hillel the Elder, Jewish scholar and Nasi of the Sanhedrin, in office c. 31 BC–9 AD
 Shammai, Jewish scholar and Av Beit Din of the Sanhedrin, in office 20 BC–20 AD
 Tiberius, Roman general, statesman, and future emperor
 Hyeokgeose, King of Silla, r. 57 BC–4 AD
 Namhae, King of Silla, r. 4–24
1001 (MI) was .

Events 
 Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Silvester II.
 Canonisation of Edward the Martyr, King of England.
 Robert II, King of France marries for the third time to Constance Taillefer d'Arles.
 Khmer king Jayavarman V is succeeded by Udayadityavarman I and/or Suryavarman I.
 Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne's vault opened (see Aachen Cathedral).

Births 
 King Duncan I of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1040)

Other
 The first reference is made to Khotyn, Ukrainian town, and to Nyalka, Hungarian village, as to Chimudi.

References
1009 (MIX) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the ninth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events 
 February 14: First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
 October 18: The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is destroyed by Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
 The Ly dynasty, Vietnam's first independent dynasty, is proclaimed.
 Sergius IV succeeds John XVIII as Pope.
 Suleiman II succeeds Mohammed II as Caliph of Cordoba.
 Provinces of Goryeo (modern-day Korea) are redistributed.

Births 
 Goda of England, Duchess of Brittany, sister of Edward the Confessor (died 1063)
 Saint Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, second Lord Chancellor of England (died 1099)

Deaths 
 Pope John XVIII

References
1024 (MXXIV) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-fourth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events 
 The Salian Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire is founded by Conrad II.
 John XIX succeeds his brother as Pope
 Battle of Lemnos:  Kievan Viking raiders (800 men) sail through the straits at Abydos to the Aegean Sea. From there they made for the island of Lemnos, but are defeated by a Byzantine fleet of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme.

References
Quentin Jerome Tarantino (born March 27, 1963) is an American filmmaker. He was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. Tarantino is an independent movie maker. He wrote, directed, and acted in Pulp Fiction, Reservoir Dogs and Kill Bill among others. His movies have become famous for violence and humor. He won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay in 1994 for Pulp Fiction and 2012 for Django Unchained.

Quentin Tarantino's filmmaking style is characterized by non-linear narratives, sharp dialogue, pop culture homage, strong female characters, graphic violence, eclectic soundtracks, masterful pacing, playful narrative references, lush visuals, and narrative closure. These elements contribute to his unique and influential cinematic signature.

Movies 
 Reservoir Dogs (1992)
 Pulp Fiction (1994)
 Jackie Brown (1997)
 Kill Bill, Vol. 1 & 2 (2003)
 Death Proof (2007)
 Inglourious Basterds (2009)
 Django Unchained (2012)
 The Hateful Eight (2015)
 Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019)

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Actors from Knoxville, Tennessee
American movie actors
American movie directors
1963 births
Living people
The Leander-class frigate or Type 12M is a type of ship that was used by the Royal Navy.

The class became well known through the Warship BBC television drama series.

Other websites 
 Leander (Type 12) class frigate website
 Hazegray.org on the Leander class
 An unofficial Leander Class Frigate Site 

British warships
A spacecraft is a vehicle that can carry people and cargo beyond the Earth's atmosphere, through space to other planetary bodies, space stations, or orbits and back home again. Spacecraft which are launched from the surface of a planet are called launch vehicles and usually take-off from launch pads at spaceports. 

Most spacecraft today are propelled by rocket engines, which shoot hot gases opposite to the direction of travel. Other forms of propulsion are used when appropriate. Spacecraft which do not need to escape from strong gravity may use ion thrusters or other more efficient methods. 

Because of the very large amount of energy needed to leave the Earth's gravity, spacecraft are usually very expensive to build, launch, and operate. Plans for future spacecraft often focus on reducing these costs so more people can participate in space. But today, costs are still very high, and until recently all spacecraft were sponsored by  national governments.

Human spaceflight vehicles
Most expensive of all is to send people in to space, due to their needs for food, water, air, living space, safety, and control. People participating in this way have special names: Americans call themselves astronauts; Russians call themselves cosmonauts; Chinese call themselves taikonauts.

 The American agency NASA used a launch vehicle called the Space Shuttle. Currently, they go on Soyuz with the cosmonauts.
 The Russian agency RFSA uses a launch vehicle called Soyuz.
 The Ukrainian agency UASA uses a launch vehicle called Zenit. 
 The Chinese agency CNSA uses a launch vehicle called Shenzhou.
 A private firm Virgin Galactic is building a launch vehicle called SpaceShipTwo.
A space company SpaceX is building a launch vehicle called Starship.

Satellites
Satellites 

Some of the most important spacecraft today are artificial satellites. Artificial satellites are smaller, unmanned spacecraft. Some go into Low Earth orbit to look at the Earth or for other purposes. Others are sent to geostationary orbit to relay radio signals from one part of Earth to another, or to watch events on Earth from a high point of view. Communications satellites are important for television and other communications, and other satellites help with weather prediction and other jobs.

Related pages 
 Spaceflight
 Space probe
Acoustics is a science. It studies the mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids.  These waves can make echo, vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.

A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician.  Someone who works with acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer. 

Sound
Public finance is the study of how the government raises funds and spends its money, and their economic effect.

Economics
Budget is the money to be spent on a project, or by a person or organization in a time period. It usually lists the various things that are to be done, and how much to spend on each. For example, a construction budget may list the various kinds of material and labor and the money to spend on each. A budget may also list estimated revenues. When spending is less than revenues, it is a surplus budget. When spending is more than revenues, it is a deficit budget. When they are the same, it's a balanced budget.

An organization's budget is usually for a fiscal year.

The common usage of the word "budget" refers to a financial plan by an individual or an organization based on their projected income and expenses.It also is used in the sense of the amount that individual or organization can spend.

Related pages
 Political economy

References 

Economics
Accounting
An indirect tax is a tax that is paid as part of a product. Many countries tax gasoline or cigarettes, but they do so indirectly. Because of the tax, the product will be more expensive. In turn, the shops will then pay the tax for the number of packets of cigarettes they sold, or for the amount of gasoline. This is opposed to a direct tax, which is directly paid by the consumer.

Related pages 
 Tax
 Direct tax
 Sales tax
 Value Added Tax

Taxation
Erode is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the capital of the Erode district. About 500,000 people live in the city.
Erode District in Tamil Nadu State is very important market centre for Turmeric. Turmeric is received, not only from Erode district, but also from the other parts of Tamil Nadu and adjoining district like Mysore in Karnataka State. 

Erode is well known for marketing of textile products of Handloom, Powerloom and Readymade Garments. The Handloom and Powerloom product such as Cotton Saree,  Bed Spreads, Carpets, Lungies, Printed Fabrics, Towels, Dhotis are marketed here.

Kangeyam is famous for Bulls and Oil Mills. Kangeyam cows are not noted for their yield but their availability was in large numbers has helped the district to make a mark in the field of dairy development

Erode district
Cities in Tamil Nadu
Sky Sports is a group of ten channels. The channels are owned by a major company named British Sky Broadcasting. It is the most powerful sports television company in the United Kingdom.

Sky Sports is known for its major football coverage and helped launch the FA Premier League in 1992.

Sky Sports has a series of well known shows such as Soccer AM, which is a morning chat show with jokes, it is sponsored by Gillette Soccer Saturday.

On 22 August 1999, Sky Sports launched Sky Sports Active. The first game was Arsenal vs Manchester United. It gave the viewer to focus either on one player, or look at different camera angles. It soon proved to be successful, and Sky decided to continue it. It can be accessed by pressing the Red Button on your Sky Digital Remote. On 26 August 2014, Sky Sports Active closed and was replaced by Sky Sports split screen (Only on Sky Q 1TB Box and Sky Q 2TB Box)
On 24 November 2002, Sky Sports won the rights to air the UEFA Champions League, with ITV. They had beaten channels such as the BBC and Channel 4 to win it. Part of the deal had stated that ITV would air two games on a Sunday and Sky Sports would air 2 games on a Monday. Sky soon launched an 8-screen 'Champions League Interactive' channel which showed 8 live games.

In November 2006, Sky Sports launched their News advertisement. This ad, with the text "THE UK's FIRST SPORTS NEWS STATION" ran until January 2007 in the UK and Ireland. Sky Sports News launched on TV at the time.

British television networks
Sport in the United Kingdom
British Sky Broadcasting
Rhetoric is the art of convincing and persuading people by language through public speaking or writing. The root of the word is from Greek ῥητορικὴ [τέχνη] roughly meaning 'the art of speech'.

Webster’s dictionary defines it as “the art or science of using words effectively in speaking or writing, especially the art or science of literary composition.”
The word “effectively” in this definition is a relative matter. What is effective in one context may be entirely different in another cultural setting. Different languages differ in their rhetorical styles – that is, in the way that they use language to accomplish various purposes. People can be trained in this skill. It is the art or the technique of persuasion, used by orators (public speakers), writers and media.
History
Its origin was in Ancient Greece of the 5th century. They made their decisions by speaking for or against proposals in a public place. Also, speeches were made when a person was accused of a serious crime before the magistrates. Because rhetoric was so important to them, the Greeks and Romans wrote about how to be a good rhetorician. This is sometimes called 'secondary rhetoric'. It is a technique which can be taught, and used in writing. An early example is Plato, who wrote his works in the form of dialogues. Each question raised is discussed between two characters. In the ancient world, the Romans, who were much influenced by the ancient Greeks, also used the same methods for decision-making. Cicero was one of their famous orators. In their case, the debates did not involve all citizens, just the Roman Senate or the courts.
In medieval universities rhetoric was taught as part of the curriculum. Rhetoric, dialectic and grammar form the trivium which, with the quadrivium, make up the seven liberal arts of Western culture. During Antiquity and the Middle Ages, rhetoric was used for persuasion in public and political arenas, and also in the courts of justice. The words 'rhetoric' or 'sophism' are often used with a negative meaning, of disinformation or propaganda. As the art of persuasion, the rhetoric continues to be important in present-day public life. They are also used to describe a speech with doubtful or slanted arguments. Several hundred rhetorical figures were recognised by classical rhetoricians. Some of these are still in use, such as metaphor, simile and paradox.
In the modern world, speeches made on television, ideas embedded in advertisements or in front of crowds are all rhetorics. They speak to people directly with the intention of persuading them. Before World War II, radio and print media were powerful tools for rhetoric. The newspapers and books persuade readers towards a particular point of view. Rhetoric does not depend only on a live audience.

Structure
According to Aristotle, a rhetoric has three elements in persuasion:
Ethos: depends on the personal character of the speaker (must appear good, worthy of trust).
Pathos: puts the audience in a fit state of mind (stirs their emotions).
Logos: proof, or apparent proof, provided by the words of the speech (the actual argument).
Contrastive rhetoric
A 1988 study was conducted by Söter in Australia among students who were native speakers of Arabic, Vietnamese and English. The sample, 6th and 11th grade students were asked to write a bedtime story for a young child. Patterns were immediately evident in the different approaches used by the student's in the story writing task.

The Vietnamese stories placed primary focus on characters and the relationships between them (manifested in a great proportion of dialog). English stories placed primary focus on the sequential forward movement of the plot. Arabic stories placed primary focus on descriptive elements of the setting.

Contrastive rhetorics says that people who share a common language might have different rhetoric styles due the influence of culture and exchanges. The discourse goes beyond the target language's native forms of discourse organization or rhetoric.
A paraphrasing task study was done in the USA among Chinese and Russian students. American students were easily able to paraphrase, but Chinese students found it hard, perhaps due to their academic environment influenced by Confucian traditions. Russian students struggled with the paraphrasing because norm in Russian academic environment was that students are only required to read and describe, and was not required to give a personal interpretation or an opinion.

U.S. rhetorical style: ethnocentric sources describe it as typically direct and relatively logical.

Quotes
Some very witty things have been said against orators and their rhetoric:
 Plato: "The orator is one who intends to mislead another, without being misled himself". 
 Kant: "Oratory is the art of playing for one's own purpose upon the weaknesses of men, and merits no respect whatever".

Related pages 
Public speaking

References 

Hayakawa S.I. Language in thought and action. London: Allen & Unwin.
Other websites
 Robert A. Harris. A Handbook of Rhetorical Devices. Virtualsalt, 2013.
  The Forest of Rhetoric -  silva rhetoricae, Brigham Young University.

Literature
Public speaking
Performing arts
A skill or technique is  a learned ability to do something. 
It could be playing a musical instrument or playing a kind of sport or even doing something simple like using a corkscrew.  Someone who is trying to do something but not succeeding may be using the wrong technique.  Skill does not always have to be something physical: it may refer to the way a person approaches a problem.

Examples of skills are:
Being able to handle a bow or a gun
Being able to speak a language
Reading and writing
Knowing how to use a computer program

Relating page 
Education
Human capital

Skills
Hamas (, acronym of Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, , literally "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant group. It was started in 1987 during the First Intifada by Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi as the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood organization in Egypt. In the 2006 Palestinian election, Hamas got 74 of 132 seats in parliament and controls the Gaza Strip. The group wants to build a Palestinian state based on Sharia law in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip. Hamas does not recognize the State of Israel. it has been designated a terrorist organization by many countries due to its attacks, including suicide bombings and rocket attacks.

Name 
Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase , or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement". The Hebrew meaning of the name Hamas (חמס; as used in the Hebrew Bible) is "violence".
Violence 
Hamas is known for its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which plans and carries out attacks on Israel. Because of its policy of suicide bombings and rocket attacks on civilians in Israel, the United States, European Union and other countries call it a terrorist organisation. The country of Jordan has made the group illegal. 

Many non-state groups support the use of “terrorist organization” to describe Hamas; Zionist organizations and other pro-Israel groups in particular support this. These groups also exert pressure on the international press to use this language.However, many of the international press, including the English-language edition of the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz and until 20th October 2023, the BBC, refer to Hamas members by the more neutral term "militants” instead.
Popularity 
In early 2006, Hamas won a clear victory in the vote for the Palestinian parliament. Voters saw Hamas as an alternative to exchange the long-ruling Fatah party, the main part of the PLO. Fatah had not improved the Palestinian people's conditions and reached statehood, and was thought to be corrupt.

Local work 
Hamas has shown its organizational ability by building health, education, and social services to help the population in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where there is much poverty. Such efforts have increased its support. In the first half of 2007, Hamas gained political control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah keeps its headquarters in the West Bank.

Hamas is also associated in some way with Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine headed by Ahmed Jibril.

References 

Arab–Israeli conflict
Gaza Strip
National liberation movements
Nationalist organizations in Palestine
Political parties in Asia
Politics of Palestine
Sunni organizations
1987 establishments in Asia
Islamic terrorism
A suicide attack is an attack where the attacker (either one person or a group of people) plans on killing people and/or destroying property while also dying in the process. In a suicide attack, the attacker dies as a result of the attack, for example in an explosion or a crash.

Nowadays, suicide attacks are often done with a vehicle or an explosive material such as a bomb (a suicide bombing), or sometimes both (i.e. a car filled with explosives). If everything goes according to plan, the attacker is killed as soon as their attack is complete (when their vehicle crashes or their bomb detonates).

Suicide attacks are often done in a crowded place so that as many people as possible are killed. They are common in the Middle East and South Asia. Most attacks on Israel, carried out by Hamas or other Palestinian terrorist groups are suicide bombings. The kamikaze were suicide attacks by Japanese pilots during World War II.

Suicide attacks
A laser is a machine that makes an amplified, single-color source of light.  It uses special gases or crystals to make the light with only a single color.  The gases are energized to make them emit light.  Then mirrors are used to amplify (make stronger) the light.  In many lasers all the light travels in one direction, so it stays as a narrow beam of Collimated light that does not get wider or weaker as most sources of light do.

When pointed, this narrow beam makes a single point of light. The energy of the light stays in that one narrow beam instead of spreading out like a flashlight (electric torch).

The word "laser" is an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". Both the device and its name were developed from the earlier Maser.
Mechanism 
A laser creates light by special actions involving a material called an "optical gain medium". Energy is put into this material using an 'energy pump'.  This can be electricity, another light source, or some other source of energy.  The energy makes the material go into what is called an excited state.  This means the electrons in the material have extra energy, and after a bit of time they will lose that energy.  When they lose the energy they will release a photon (a particle of light).  The type of optical gain medium used will change what color (wavelength) will be produced.  Releasing photons is the "stimulated emission of radiation" part of laser.

Many things can radiate light, like a light bulb, but the light will not be organized in one direction and phase.  By using an electric field to control how the light is created, this light will now be one kind, going in one direction.  This is "coherent radiation".
At this point, the light is still weak.  The mirrors on either side bounce the light back and forth, and this hits other parts of the optical gain medium, causing those parts to also release photons, generating more light ("light amplification").  When all of the optical gain medium is producing light, this is called saturation and creates a very strong beam of light at a very narrow wavelength, which we would call a laser beam.

Design 
The light moves through the medium between the two mirrors that reflect the light back and forth between them. One of the mirrors, however, only partially reflects the light, allowing some to escape. The escaping light makes up the laser beam.
This is a simple design; the type of optical gain medium used usually defines the type of laser.  It can be a crystal, examples are ruby and a garnet crystal made of yttrium and aluminum with the rare earth metal mixed in.  Gases can be used for laser by using helium, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, neon or others.  Large, powerful lasers are usually gas lasers.  A free-electron laser uses a beam of electrons and can be tuned to emit different colors.  Finally, the smallest lasers use semiconductor diodes to produce the light.  These are the most numerous kind, used in electronics.
History 
Albert Einstein was the first to have the idea of stimulated emission that could produce a laser. From that point many years were spent to see if the idea worked. At first, people succeeded in making masers and later figured how to make shorter visible wavelengths. It was not until 1959 that the name laser was coined by Gordon Gould in a research paper. The first working laser was put together and operated by Theodore Maiman at the Hughes Research Laboratories in 1960.  Many people started working on lasers at this time, and the question of who would get the patent for the laser wasn't decided until 1987 (Gould won the rights).
Applications 
Lasers have found many uses in everyday life as well as in industry. Lasers are found in CD and DVD players, where they read the code from the disk that stores a song or movie. A laser is often used to read the bar codes or SQR codes on things sold in a store, to identify a product and give its price. Lasers are used in medicine, particularly in LASIK eye surgery, where the laser is used to repair the shape of the cornea. It is used in chemistry with spectroscopy to identify materials, to find out what kind of gases, solids or liquids something is made of. Stronger lasers can be used to cut metal.

Lasers are used to measure the distance of the Moon from Earth by reflecting off reflectors left by the Apollo missions. By measuring the time it takes for the light to travel to the Moon and back again we can find out exactly how far away the moon is.
Laser pointers are used by people to point at a place on a map or diagram.  For example, lecturers use them.  Also, many people like to play with laser pointers.  Some people have pointed them at aircraft.  This is dangerous, and it is also illegal in many countries.  People have been arrested and prosecuted for this crime.

Computers commonly use an optical computer mouse as an input device.  Modern laser pointers are too big and powerful for this use, so most mice use small VCSEL's, or "Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers" for this purpose.  These lasers are also used in DVD, CD-ROM drives, laser printer and holography.

References 

Light
Machines
Acronyms