Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Prime Minister (1975-1983)
As leader of the Liberal Party, he became Prime Minister in November, 1975 when Governor-General, Sir John Kerr, dismissed Gough Whitlam. At this point he was only temporary Prime Minister. He won the election held in December, 1975. He won two more elections in 1977 and 1980 before losing to Bob Hawke in 1983. Fraser married Tamara (Tamie) Beggs in 1956 and the couple have remained married ever since.

His government stopped some of the changes made by the Whitlam government. They also reduced government spending to stop money becoming less valuable. He also supported efforts to abolish racism in South Africa, the boycott of the Moscow Olympics and more immigration from Asian countries.

He has criticised the prime ministership of John Howard who had been his Treasurer from 1977 to 1983.

Death
On 20 March 2015, his office announced that Fraser had died in the early hours of the morning, noting that he had suffered a brief illness in Melbourne, Victoria, aged 84.
More reading
 Ayres, Philip (1987), Malcolm Fraser, a Biography, Heinemann, Richmond, Victoria. 
 Kelly, Paul (2000), Malcolm Fraser, in Michelle Grattan (ed.), Australian Prime Ministers, New Holland, Sydney, New South Wales. 
 Kerr, John (1978), Matters for Judgment. An Autobiography, Macmillan, South Melbourne, Victoria.  
 Lopez, Mark (2000),The Origins of Multiculturalism in Australian Politics 1945–1975, Melbourne University Press, Carlton South, Victoria.

References

Other websites

Malcolm Fraser – Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
Australian Biography– Malcolm Fraser  An extensive 1994 interview with Fraser

The Malcolm Fraser Collection at the University of Melbourne Archives
  Malcolm Fraser at the National Film and Sound Archive
Calvinists
Companions of Honour
Disease-related deaths in Victoria (Australia)
Government ministers of Australia
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Politicians from Melbourne
Prime Ministers of Australia
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Republicans
1930 births
2015 deaths
Companions of the Order of Australia
The Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts is an opera house in Toronto, Canada.  It was opened on June 14, 2006.  It is home to the Canadian Opera Company and the National Ballet of Canada.  It is one of the world's most important opera houses.  It was designed by Jack Diamond.  Its construction uses a lot of new technological ideas.  It is in the center of Toronto.  People say that the acoustics are excellent (the music can be heard beautifully everywhere in the hall). The subway (underground train) runs just below the building, but inside the trains cannot be heard.

Opera houses
Buildings and structures in Toronto
2006 establishments in Canada
Casino Royale is the twenty first James Bond movie. It is the first to star Daniel Craig as the secret agent James Bond. It was released on November 17, 2006.

Cast 
 Daniel Craig as James Bond
 Eva Green as Vesper Lynd
 Judi Dench as M

Release Dates

Other websites 

2000s American adventure movies
2006 crime thriller movies
2000s spy movies
American crime thriller movies
British crime thriller movies
German crime movies
German thriller movies
Czech movies
Bahamian movies
Columbia Pictures movies
James Bond movies
MGM movies
Movies set in London
Movies set in Venice
Movies set in Miami
Movies set in the Bahamas
Movies set in Pakistan
Movies set in Montenegro
Movies set in Uganda
Movies set in Madagascar
Movies set in the Czech Republic
2000s English-language movies
Movies directed by Martin Campbell
The Australian Labor Party (ALP) is one of the two major political parties in Australia. The party was formed in 1891, and is the oldest political party in Australia. It is a social democratic party with strong links to the Trade Union movement. Since 1944, their main opponents have been the Liberal Party. Since the 2022 federal election, the Labor Party became the majority government of Australia with Anthony Albanese as prime minister.

In the state and territory parliaments, Labor currently governs in every state and territory except Tasmania.
History
In the 1860s the trade unions in Australia began to try to get better wages and working conditions for their members. They were defeated by employers, the legal system, and the governments of the Australian colonies. Workers soon decided that they needed to become active in politics, and make changes through parliament. The first meeting of the ALP is said to have taken place in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. A group of shearers, who were involved in a big strike action, held a meeting in the shade of a large ghost gum (eucalyptus) tree, Corymbia aparrerinja. This tree became known as the "Tree of Knowledge".

ALP Prime Ministers of Australia
Chris Watson, 1904.
 Andrew Fisher, 1908–1909 and 1910–1913 and 1914–1915.
 Billy Hughes, 1915
 James Scullin, 1929–1932.
 John Curtin, 1941–1945.
 Frank Forde, 1945.
 Ben Chifley, 1945–1949
 Gough Whitlam, 1972–1975.
 Bob Hawke, 1983–1991.
 Paul Keating, 1991–1996.
 Kevin Rudd, 2007–2010.
 Julia Gillard, 2010–2013.
 Kevin Rudd, 2013.
 Anthony Albanese, since 2022.

Current leaders of states and territories of Australia

Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales) – Luke Foley, since 2015.
Premier of Victoria – Daniel Andrews, since 2014.
Premier of Queensland – Annastacia Palaszczuk, since 2015.
Premier of South Australia – Peter Malinauskas, since 2022.
Leader of the Opposition (Tasmania) – Rebecca White, since 2021.
Premier of Western Australia – Mark McGowan, since 2012.
Chief Minister of the Northern Territory – Michael Gunner, since 2016.
Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory – Andrew Barr, since 2014.

References
References

1891 establishments
1890s establishments in Australia
Social democratic parties
Robert James Lee Hawke  (December 9, 1929 – May 16, 2019) was an Australian politician. From March 11, 1983 to December 20, 1991, he served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia as leader of the Australian Labor Party. He was the third longest serving Prime Minister of Australia.

Political career
He was a union leader before he entered parliament in 1980. He became leader only a little while before the 1983 election but he defeated Malcolm Fraser. His government made many changes, like the Whitlam government, but did it more slowly and with more planning. His government moved Labor to the right economically. His leadership was challenged twice by Paul Keating. He lost the second time and retired. 

By July 1990, Hawke had overtaken Malcolm Fraser as the second longest-serving Australian Prime Minister but on 21 December 2004 the record was overtaken by John Howard, making Hawke the third longest serving Prime Minister.
Personal life and death
Hawke has been married twice. During office, he was married to Hazel Hawke (née Masterson), a respected "first lady". Just before Hawke became prime minister, author Blanche d'Alpuget wrote a biography about him. Hawke married d'Alpuget in 1995.

In late December 2018, Hawke revealed that he was in "terrible health". He supported Labor in the upcoming 2019 election and said he "may not witness the party's success". He died on 16 May 2019 in Sydney, at the age of 89. His death happened two days before the election.

References

Other websites

Hawke Swoops into Power  – Time 14 March 1983
Robert Hawke  – Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre
 

1929 births
2019 deaths
Agnostics
Australian Labor Party politicians
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Politicians from South Australia
Prime Ministers of Australia
Republicans
Treasurers of Australia
Rhodes scholars
Companions of the Order of Australia
Lake Placid might mean:
 Lake Placid, Florida
 Lake Placid, New York, site of the 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics
 Lake Placid (movie), 1999 American movie set in Lake Placid, New York
1653 was a common year which started on Wednesday.

Events
 February 2 – New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated.
1549 was a common year.

Events
Kett's Rebellion

Births 
 Maria Holl (d. 1634), German woman accused of witchcraft
 30 July – Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 17 February 1609)

Deaths
 10 November – Pope Paul III (b. 29 February 1468), 221st Pope of the Roman Catholic Church
1544 was a leap year.

Births 
 January 19 – King Francis II of France (d. December 5, 1560)
1209 is a common year in the 13th century.

Events 
 Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209-1218)
 the Franciscans are founded
 Cambridge University founded.
 London Bridge completed
 In August, Simon De Monfort, leader of Albigensian Crusade, takes over Carcassonne
 Genghis Khan conquers Turkestan

Births 
 January 5 – Richard, Earl of Cornwall, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1272)
 Hajji Bektash Wali, Turkish mystic (died 1271)

Deaths 
 November 12 – Phillipe de Plessis, Grand Master of the Knights Templar (born 1165)
 Walter Map, Welsh writer (born 1137)
 Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Persian theologian and philosopher (born 1149)
The Tony Award (formally, the Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre) is an annual award celebrating achievements in live American theater, including musical theater, primarily honoring productions on Broadway in New York.  

To get the Tony Award, a show must play in a "Broadway" theater, which is said by its size, not its geographical location. The rules for the Tony Awards are explained in the official document "Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wing's Tony Awards", which applies for each season only.

Related pages
 Tony Award for Best Musical
 Tony Award for Best Play

Other websites  
Official site
The United Nations Secretary-General is one of the most important people in the United Nations. The Secretary-General is important in international talks. The current Secretary-General is António Guterres.

Secretaries-General

References 

 
1945 establishments
Petunia is a genus of 20 species of plants of South American origin. All of them bear flowers. They are in the Nightshade family, and are related to tobacco. Many people grow them in the garden. Petunias are usually used as annual plants, because they die when the weather becomes cold. They grow best when they are planted in the sun.

References

Solanaceae
Flowers
Guantanamo is a city in the southeast of Cuba. It is the capital of the province with the same name. About 208.000 people live in the city. Most of them are employed in the production of sugarcane and coffee. The city is 910 km away from Havana, the capital city of Cuba. About 15 km away is Guantanamo Naval Base, on a territory occupied by the United States since 1902.

Cities in Cuba
Dame Jane Morris Goodall  (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English zoologist, primatologist, ethologist and anthropologist. She is also the UN Messenger of Peace. She is the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees. Goodall is best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues.

Life 
Born in London, she has been interested in animals since childhood. As a child she was given a lifelike chimpanzee toy named Jubilee by her father; her fondness for the toy started her early love of animals. The reason the chimpanzee's name is Jubilee is because in 1935 there had been a chimpanzee named Jubilee also that was born in London and all of the zoo's chimps had been born in Africa.
Leakey's influence 
She went to Kenya and met Dr. Louis Leakey there. 
In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behavior with two experts. 

Leakey raised funds, and in 1960 Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of "Leakey's Angels". She was accompanied by her mother whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden. He was concerned for their safety; Tanzania was "Tanganyika" at that time and a British protectorate.

Leakey arranged funding and in 1962 sent Goodall, who had no degree, to Cambridge University where she obtained a PhD degree in Ethology. She became only the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD without first obtaining a BA or BSc. Her thesis was completed in 1965, titled Behavior of the free-ranging Chimpanzee. It told of her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.
Marriages 
Goodall has been married twice. On 28 March 1964 she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis, affectionately known as "Grub," who was born in 1967. They divorced in 1974. 

In 1975 she married Derek Bryceson. He was a member of Tanzania's parliament and director of national parks; he died of cancer in October 1980. With his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson was able to protect Goodall's research project. He put an embargo on tourism at Gombe while he was alive.

Honours 
In addition to the DBE, Jane received many honours from other countries:
United Nations Messenger of Peace
Légion d'honneur (France)
Medal of Tanzania
Kyoto Prize (Japan)
Benjamin Franklin Medal
Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence
Prince of Asturias Award (Spain)
Genesis Award
Work 
Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania in 1960.

Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard, and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time. She found that, “It isn’t only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational though emotions like joy and sorrow”. 

She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider 'human' actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of "the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years". These findings suggest similarities between humans and chimpanzees can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.
Goodall’s research at Gombe Stream challenged two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could build and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively “fishing” for termites. The chimps would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification which is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. 

"Man the Toolmaker" is a famous phrase in anthropology. In response to Jane's research, Louis Leakey wrote, "We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!" Over the course of her study, Goodall found evidence of mental traits in chimpanzees such as reasoned thought, abstraction, generalization, symbolic representation, and even the concept of self. All these were thought to be uniquely human abilities.
Chimps eating habits
In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found a mean side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimps will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as Colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus high in a tree, block all possible exits, then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimps at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.
"Goodall’s Gombe data have also led researchers to take a closer look at the role that hunting plays in chimp feeding habits. One recent Gombe study, for instance, concluded that the 45 members of one troop ate a ton of monkey meat per year. During one hunting binge, chimps killed 71 colobus monkeys in 68 days; one chimp alone killed 42 monkeys over five years. All told, chimps may kill and eat a third of the Gombe’s colobus population each year. Researchers have also found that lower-ranking males often trade the meat for mating privileges; such trades may help prevent inbreeding by keeping a single group of males from fathering the majority of a troop’s children".
Aggression within the troop 
Also startling, and disturbing, was the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop in order to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. Goodall saw highly intelligent, emotional creatures living in complex social groups, when other researchers saw non communicating apes.

She says of this revelation, "During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe Stream chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings, then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature". These findings revolutionized our knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour. They were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.

Related pages 
Dian Fossey, a gorilla researcher

References
References 

1934 births
Living people
English biologists
British zoologists
British naturalists
Tanzania
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English science writers
Peter Dennis Blandford "Pete" Townshend (born 19 May 1945) is an English rock musician, songwriter and author best known as the founder of the band The Who.

Beginning in 1961, he studied graphic design at Ealing Art College. At Ealing, Townshend studied with future Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood and future Queen singer Freddie Mercury.

Townshend is the primary songwriter for The Who and has written over one hundred songs for the band's eleven studio albums including the rock operas "Tommy" and "Quadrophenia" and the popular rock radio staple "Who's Next." Although known mainly as a guitarist he is also an accomplished singer and keyboard player and has played many other instruments including: banjo, accordion, bass guitar and drums.
Townshend has also written many newspaper and magazine articles, books, book reviews, essays and scripts. Townshend was ranked #3 in Dave Marsh's list of best guitarists in "The New Book of Rock Lists" and #50 in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time."

References

English rock composers
English rock guitarists
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Middlesex
1945 births
Living people
Warner Bros. Records artists
The  aphelion is the point in the orbit of an object where it is farthest from the Sun. The point in the orbit where an object is nearest to the sun is called the perihelion. The word aphelion derives from the Greek words, apo meaning away, off, apart and Helios. It's an apoapsis of an body in the Solar System.

The Earth's orbit has its aphelion around July the third, at which it is approximately 152.1 million kilometers or 94.5 million miles from the Sun. Due to the workings of the Gregorian calendar, it may be a day or two earlier or later.

Orbits
Sir Anthony Richard Wagner (6 September, 1908–5 May 1995) was an officer of arms from England. Wagner wrote many books about heraldry. He became Portcullis Pursuivant in 1931 and then served in the Army during World War II. He became Garter King of Arms in 1961 and served until 1978. Wagner was made a knight in 1961. Even though he was blind when he was older, he still served at the College of Arms until he died in 1995.

1908 births
1995 deaths
English writers
Heraldry
John Philip Brooke Brooke-Little (6 April 1927–13 February 2006) was an officer of arms from England.

In 1950 he founded "The Coat of Arms" which is the journal of the Heraldry Society of England.  50 years later, for its Golden Jubilee the society published a collection of essays called Tribute to an Armorist in his honour.

Heraldic Posts

Private
Chairman, Heraldry Society 1947-97,
President 1997-2006

Official
Gold Staff Officer, Coronation 1953
Bluemantle Pursuivant 1956-67,
Richmond Herald, 1967-80,
Norroy and Ulster King of Arms, 1980-95,
Clarenceux King of Arms, 1995-97
Registrar, College of Arms 1974-82
Treasurer, 1978-95

References 

1927 births
2006 deaths

Heraldry
People from London
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Sodium hydroxide is an alkali which is also known as caustic soda. Caustic means "burning" and caustic soda takes its name from the way it can burn the skin.  It has the chemical formula of NaOH.

It is a base, meaning it has a high pH. It is the most common thing used to raise the pH of solutions; for example, to neutralize an acid.

As a solid, the alkali is deliquescent and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It dissolves easily in water, and makes the water warm when this happens. Sodium hydroxide is used as a solution called lye to make soap.  Lye is also used to unclog drains.  Its dissolving properties and its ability to easily break surface tension are fundamental for its uses. It works in two ways. First, it combines with grease to make soap. Second, it dissolves hair (which is soluble in any basic solution).
Making sodium hydroxide 
Sodium hydroxide can be made (with chlorine and hydrogen) using the chloralkali process. A solution of sodium chloride is electrolyzed and sodium hydroxide is made around the cathode, where water is reduced to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ion. The hydrogen is released and the hydroxide bonds with the sodium to make sodium hydroxide. Special care is required to prepare a solution of sodium hydroxide or NaOH in water because considerable heat is liberated by the exothermic reaction. The solution may splatter or boil.

2Na+ (from salt) + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 at cathode
2 Cl- (from salt) → Cl2 at anode

References 

Sodium compounds
Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an American Republican politician, She was the 66th United States Secretary of State. She was the second Secretary of State under former President George W. Bush. She took over from Colin Powell on January 26, 2005, after he stepped down. Rice was the first African American woman, second African American (after Powell), and second woman (after Madeleine Albright) to serve as Secretary of State. Her educator was Josef Korbel, he inspired her.

Condoleeza was born at Holy Family Community Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama, She is only child of John W. Rice. Jr is a High School Guidance Counselor and Angelena Ray is High School Teacher, She has study at St. Mary's Academy,  Bachelor of Arts at University of Denver,  Doctor of Philosophy at University of Denver and Aspen Music Festival and School
Before she became Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice was Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term (2001–2005). Before she did this, she was a Professor of political science at Stanford University from 1993 to 1999, where she also was the Provost.

Rice was in the 2011 documentary Miss Representation.

Rice was a Democrat until 1982. She then changed to Republican because she did not agree with the foreign policy of Democratic President Jimmy Carter and because her father was Republican.

Rice was the United States National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush during the September 11 attacks.

References

Other websites 
 Biography from the U.S. Department of State
 Biography from the White House
 Biography  from the Hoover Institution
 Profile from BBC News
1954 births
Living people
African American politicians
Stanford University faculty
American political scientists
American Presbyterians
Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
United States National Security Advisors
United States Secretaries of State
Educators from Birmingham, Alabama
Paul Williams can be:
 Paul Williams (songwriter) (born 1940), songwriter for the Carpenters and many other groups; also film and television actor
 Paul Williams (saxophonist) (1915–2002), rhythm and blues saxophonist
 Paul Williams (The Temptations) (1939–1973), one of the lead singers of the popular Motown act The Temptations
 Paul Williams (stage name for Paul Humphries), mandolinist and harmony singer for bluegrass legend "Jimmy Martin and the Sunny Mountain Boys"
 Paul Williams, birth name of soul musician Billy Paul
 Paul Williams (British singer), vocalist and keyboardist for 1970s bands Tempest and IOU.
 Paul Williams (Composer / Pianist) (born 1940), a Composer and Pianist in the UK
 Paul Williams (Crawdaddy! creator) (born 1948), American author who created the music magazine Crawdaddy!
 Paul Williams (writer), a British writer associated with Doctor Who
 Paul L. Williams, former FBI consultant, journalist and author
 Paul O. Williams (born 1935), American science-fiction author and poet
Paul Williams (Irish journalist), is an Irish journalist and non-fictioncrime  writer
 Paul Williams (footballer), English association football (soccer) player for Stoke City F.C.
 Paul Williams (Australian rules footballer) (born 1973), Australian rules football player for the Sydney Swans
 Paul Williams (boxer) (born 1981), American welterweight boxer
 Paul Williams (architect) (1894–1980), prominent African American architect in Los Angeles, California
 Paul Williams (director) (born 1943), American film and television director 
 Paul Williams (politician) (born 1922), former British Member of Parliament
 Paul Williams (professor), professor at American University and director of the Public International Law & Policy Group
 Paul Williams (British professor), professor of Indian and Tibetan Philosophy at the University of Bristol, UK.
 Paul Williams (Y&R), a fictional character on The Young and the Restless
Decidability theory is a branch of mathematics. Suppose there is a set, and there is an element. There is also an algorithm. The algorithm will simply check if the element belongs to the set or not. If the algorithm stops (after a limited time) and has reached a decision, if the element is in the set or not, this is called decidable.

In simple terms, if there is a shopping bag, decidability is that one is able to check whether or not there is some salad in the bag.

Some logical problems cannot be decided that way (This statement is false). They are called undecidable

There is a weaker property too, called semidecidable. A set is called semidecidable (or recursively enumerable), if there is an algorithm that lists its elements out.

Theoretical computer science
Decision theory
Ground is a common word for the surface of the Earth. It is dirt and rocks that we walk on. Ground in electrical language is the Earth's electrical charge. Compare the voltage to ground to measure the voltage.

Geography
John Ray Grisham Jr. (born February 8, 1955) is an American politician, lawyer, and writer.

Biography and career
He was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas. His father worked as a construction worker and a cotton farmer. After moving often, the family settled in 1967 in the town of Southaven in De Soto County, Mississippi, and he graduated from Southaven High School. Young Grisham loved to read. In 1977, Grisham received a degree from Mississippi State University. He earned his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1981. After leaving law school, he entered a small-town general law practice for nearly 10 years in Southaven, MS where he paid a lot of attention on criminal law and civil law.

In 1983, he was elected as a Democrat to the Mississippi House of Representatives, where he served until 1990.  During this time, he continued his private law practice in Southaven.
In 1984 at the De Soto County courthouse in Hernando, Grisham witnessed the testimony of a 12-year-old girl who was raped. In his spare time, Grisham began work on his first novel, which explored what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her attackers. He spent three years on A Time to Kill and finished it in 1987. The book was bought by Wynwood Press, which published it in June 1988.

The day after Grisham finished A Time to Kill, he began work on another novel, the story of a young attorney lured to what seemed to be a perfect law firm. That second book, The Firm, became the bestselling novel of 1991. Grisham then went on to write at least one work a year, most of them popular bestsellers.
Grisham has been declared  "the bestselling novelist of the 90s," selling a total of 60,742,288 copies. Grisham's 1992 novel The Pelican Brief sold 11,232,480 books in the United States alone, making it the bestselling novel of the decade and the only novel to sell ten million books or more during a period of 10 years.

Books by John Grisham

Fiction
 A Time to Kill (1989)
 The Firm (1991)
 The Pelican Brief (1992)
 The Client (1993)
 The Chamber (1994)
 The Rainmaker (1995)
 The Runaway Jury (1996)
 The Partner (1997)
 The Street Lawyer (1998)
 The Testament (1999)
 The Brethren (2000)
 The Summons (2002)
 The King of Torts (2003)
 The Last Juror (2004)
 The Broker (2005)
 The Appeal (2008)
 The Associate (2009)

Non-fiction
The Innocent Man (2006)

Other websites  	 	 
 Official website
1955 births
Living people
lawyers from Arkansas
lawyers from Mississippi
Politicians from Arkansas
Writers from Arkansas
Politicians from Mississippi
Writers from Mississippi
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
People from Jonesboro, Arkansas
A construction worker is someone whose job is to work on a construction site where structures such as bridges or houses are being built. Construction workers use many types of tools (such as shovels and wrenches) and operate machines and vehicles such as trucks and bulldozers. Working as a construction worker can be dangerous, because a person could fall, or have a heavy object fall on them. Construction workers have to wear safety clothing to protect themselves, such as leather work boots with a metal toe, plastic construction hats or helmets, and goggles to protect their eyes. Many construction workers also wear brightly coloured orange safety vests, so that drivers and other construction workers will be able to see them.

Examples of structures are:
	Bridges
 Buildings
 Dams
 Towers

Also built on construction sites are:
	Airports
	Railway lines
	Roads
	Tunnels

Construction occupations
Never Mind the Buzzcocks is a British television game show on channel BBC Two. It was first presented by Mark Lamarr, then a different person each episode, then Simon Amstell, then different people again and finally Rhod Gilbert. The left team is captained by Phill Jupitus. The right team was captained by Sean Hughes, then Bill Bailey, then different people for each episode and finally by Noel Fielding.

Other websites 

1993 British television series debuts
2000s British comedy television series
2010s British comedy television series
BBC Television programmes
1990s British comedy television series
British television game shows
Panel games
2012 British television series endings
English-language television programs
Bayreuth (German: [ˈbaɪ̯rɔʏ̯t] or [baɪ̯ˈrɔʏ̯t]; Upper Franconian: [ba(ː)ˈɾaɪ̯t]; Bavarian: Bareid; East Franconian: Baraid) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany. It is the capital of Upper Franconia. About 74,000 people live there. Bayreuth is internationally famous for the Bayreuth Festival (), a festival for the music of Richard Wagner. Nearby bigger cities are Coburg, Bamberg, Hof and Nuremberg. Bayreuth has a university, the University of Bayreuth.

Sights
Bayreuth has a lot of sights and historical buildings which are usually visited by many tourists, especially at the time of the Bayreuth Festival. You can find sights such as the New Palace (Neues Schloss), Bayreuth Festspielhaus, Eremitage, Spitalkirche, The Old Castle, Margravial Opera House, and Wahnfried. Most of the sights have been built in the 18th century and the 19th century. The most popular sight in Bayreuth is the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, which is a major opera building located north of Bayreuth.

References
The following battles will be fought:
 Odin vs Fenrir,or Fenris: Odin will be swallowed by Fenrir.
 Vidar vs Fenrir,or Fenris: Vidar will kill Fenrir by stepping on the jaw of Fenrir (also known as Fenris) and split it all the way down through his tail. That's when Ragnarok ends. 
 Thor vs Jormungandr: Thor kills Jormungandr, but then dies from his wounds and the poison after taking nine steps.
 Tyr vs Garm: Garm bites off Tyr's other hand and he bleeds out, but not before he gives Garm a mortal wound, which does kill him.
 Heimdall vs Loki: Both will inflict fatal wounds on each other, but Loki shall refuse to die until he sees the destruction of the worlds which will happen soon after. They'll both die next to each other.

After these gods die, Surtr will alight the world in flames, until a flood finally covers the world.
Surviving gods 
Hoenir, Magni, Modi, Njord, Vidar, Vali, and the daughter of Sol are all stated to survive Ragnarok. All of the remaining Æsir then reunite at Ithavllir. Baldr and Hod return from the underworld - Baldr having been killed by Hod, and Hod by Vali, before Ragnarok. Hoenir either makes slots for divination or receives a wand for divination, depending on the translation. Vidar - who avenges Odin - and Vali are unharmed by Surtr's fire or the flood. Magni and Modi who will wield their father's (Thor) hammer, Mjolnir, will also live. Njord is stated to return to Vanaheim at "the doom of man", which has been interpreted as Ragnarok. Sol (who dies) gives birth to a daughter who will follow her path in the new world.
Theories 
There are some beings whose fate after Ragnarok is uncertain. Nidhhoggr is stated to fly with darkness under him and corpses on his back at the end of the Voluspa. This has been noted to not fit well with the theme of the last stanza, in which all of the old and bad has been burnt, and a new world with only good will rise of the waters. The last stanza has seen this interpreted differently, with some having Nidhoggr as the last remaining evil in the new world, and others stating that Nidhhoggr will rise one more time but then fall back to the ground, meaning evil has been defeated and all is good in the new world.

Additionally, the dwarfs are stated to be in their "stone doors". This has been interpreted as meaning that the dwarfs are stuck in their mountain homes or structures, which are going to fall - but that they are unable to leave, as they will turn to stone if they do.

References 
 2. The Voluspa in the Poetic Edda

Norse mythology
Jörmungandr (Old Norse: Jǫrmungandr - "huge monster"), also known as the Midgard Serpent (Old Norse: Miðgarðsormr), is a sea serpent, the middle child of Loki and the giantess Angrboða. According to the Prose Edda, Odin took Loki's three children by Angrboða (the wolf Fenrir, Hel, and Jörmungandr) and tossed Jörmungandr into the great ocean that encircles Midgard. The serpent grew so large that it was able to surround the Earth and grasp its own tail, receiving the name of the Midgard Serpent as a result. Upon the onset of Ragnarök, Jörmungandr will release its tail, as he is met in battle by his arch-enemy, Thor, god of thunder.

References

Norse mythology
Hof is a German city in the north of Franconia. The next bigger cities are Coburg, Bayreuth and Chemnitz. The population of Hof is 44,000.

It is surrounded by, but not part of, the district of Hof, so it  has its own local council.

References

Other websites

 

Cities in Bavaria
Upper Franconia
Pancakes (also called "griddlecakes", "hotcakes" or  "flapjacks") are a kind of bread made on a frying pan. They are baked in different ways, such as thin French crêpes or Vermont-style multigrain pancakes. Although it is mainly called "pancake" in the English speaking countries and it is thin dough, in Mexico, it is called "hotcake" and it is often thick dough. Most pancakes are quick breads that use baking powder, although some are also made using a yeast-raised or fermented batter.

In many different places, pancakes are served as breakfast or dessert, and they are served with sweet sauces or toppings such as maple syrup, jam, or sugar. Pancakes are also served with savory (non-sweet) fillings and toppings such as meat pie.
How pancakes are made 
Some  pancakes have a leavening agent (something that makes the pancake rise while cooking), usually baking powder, eggs, flour, and milk, which makes a thick batter. This batter is either spooned or poured onto a hot surface which is coated in cooking oil or melted butter. The batter spreads to make a cake about 1/4 or 1/3 inch (1 cm) thick. The raising agent makes bubbles rise to the uncooked side of the pancake, where now the pancake is ready to be flipped (turned over).

At the end, the pancakes are very light in texture and are often served at breakfast topped with maple syrup, butter, or fruit. Vermont pancakes usually have a secondary grain added to the wheat flour, either oatmeal or buckwheat flour. Both of these recipes need more baking powder to leaven. In these pancakes, the texture is coarser, and the flavor is deeper, rather like toasted nuts.

Variety of pancakes
North American (Canada and the United States) style pancakes 
Some pancakes served in restaurants are 3 to 4 pancakes of more or less 14 cm (5 inch) diameter. A smaller number may be ordered by asking for a "silver dollar" pancake is the same as a pancake about 7 cm (3 inches) in diameter - these pancakes are usually served in groups of five or ten.

British pancakes
British pancakes have three main ingredients: white flour, eggs, and milk. Some people also add melted butter to the batter. The batter is quite runny and makes a thin layer on the bottom of the frying pan when the pan is tipped to one side. It may form some colours during cooking, which result in a dark pancake with pale spots where the mix was, but the pancake does not rise. British pancakes don't rise as much as other pancakes because they have a different recipe.
These pancakes may be eaten with the traditional topping of lemon juice and sugar, or wrapped around savory stuffing and eaten as a main course. When baked instead of fried, this batter rises (even though it has no raising agents such as baking powder, it rises because the air beaten into the batter expands) and is known as Yorkshire pudding. British pancakes are similar to French crêpes, and Italian crespelle, but do not look "lacy".

However, in Scotland pancakes, known as Scotch pancakes or drop scones in the rest of Britain, are more like the American variation and are served as such (see below). Scotch pancakes often have sugar in the batter.
Scottish pancakes
Scottish pancake and fruit crumpet. Pancakes similar to the North American pancake but smaller (usually about 3.5 in / 9 cm across) are known in the British Isles as Scotch pancakes or (after the traditional method of dropping batter onto a griddle) drop-scones, and in Australia and New Zealand as pikelets. They can be served with jam and cream or just with butter. In the U.S. these are known as "silver dollar pancakes" because each pancake is about the size of an old-style U.S. silver dollar (with Eisenhower on the face, no longer minted).

In Scotland, they are rarely served for breakfast, but are usually served for dessert. They are available plain, or as a fruit pancake with raisins baked in, and larger thinner crumpets are made from the same recipe by watering down the mix. The griddle is generally called a girdle in Scotland.

French crêpes
French crêpes

French crêpes, popular in France, the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, and Brazil (where they are usually called pancake, or only crêpe) are made from flour, milk, and a relatively large proportion of eggs (compared with other types of pancakes). Due to their thinness, they are usually served with a filling such as fruit or ice cream. Maple syrup or other sweetened sauces are sometimes served with crêpes. Crêpes are also served as a dinner meal, by filling them with seafood or other meats.

Crêpes made out of buckwheat flour are known as galettes.
German pancakes
German pancakes often served in American pancake houses, are shaped like a bowl. They come in a variety of sizes, some quite large and nearly impossible for one person to finish. They are commonly eaten with lemons and powdered sugar, although jam is sometimes used as well. The pancakes eaten in Germany, however, are of the British variety. They are called Pfannkuchen, although in some areas (Berlin, Brandenburg, Saxonia) that is instead the local name for Berliner, a type of doughnut. Pancakes are called Eierkuchen (meaning "egg cake") there. In Swabia, cut pancakes (Flädle) are a traditional soup ingredient.

Austrian pancakes
Austrian pancakes

In Austria, pancakes are called Palatschinken, a word which comes from Latin "placenta" by way of Romanian, and are usually filled with apricot jam but are also known to have a pleasing taste filled with a chocolate sauce or hazel nut spread. Similar pancakes with similar names can be found throughout the former Austria-Hungary (today Austria, Bosnia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia), (see Palatschinken). In Central Europe, there are also very popular pancakes called 321, which are prepared very quickly and easily. The recipe consists of three ingredients: 3 eggs, 2 cups of milk, and 1 cup of plain flour.
Scandinavian pancakes
Scandinavian pancakes are similar to British pancakes. They are traditionally served with jam and/or ice cream or whipped cream, although they may also be served as a main dish with a variety of savoury fillings. Traditional Swedish variations can be somewhat exotic. Some resemble British pancakes with a tiny diameter; these are called plättar, and they are fried several at a time in a special pan.

Others are like German pancakes but include fried pork in the batter; these are cooked in an oven. There are also potato pancakes, called raggmunk. These contain shredded raw potato and, sometimes, other vegetables. If the actual pancake batter is left out, the fried cakes of grated potatoes are called rårakor. Both the last two kinds are eaten traditionally with pork rinds and/or lingonberry jam.
Vegan pancakes
Vegan pancakes are not associated with any nationality, however they are a different and popular type of pancake. Vegan pancakes try to be like the American pancake by using direct substitutes such as egg substitute and soy milk. However, some kinds use baking soda and occasionally a small amount of vinegar as raising agents.

Indonesian pancakes
In Malaysia and Singapore a pancake-like snack is made with a filling, usually cheese or kaya but occasionally bean paste, ground peanut, blueberry or custard. There are other interesting variations, such as those made with soya bean replacing some of the flour. More commonly seen are serabis, pancakes made with rice flour and coconut milk and smothered with a sauce made from coconut milk and palm sugar (or brown sugar).
Eastern European blintz and blini
In Russia, Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine, blintz and blini are made from wheat or buckwheat flour, yeast, butter, eggs and milk. Blini come from the French crêpes which were introduced during before the time of the Soviet Union.

Mexican hot cakes
In Mexico they are generally called "hot cakes" rather than "pancakes". They are similar in style to pancakes served in the U.S. but are perhaps more likely to mix or replace wheat flour with corn. As well as being a popular breakfast at restaurants in all parts of the country, "hotcakes" are often sold on the streets of Mexico City and other cities and during the local celebrations of small towns at all hours of the day and night.  These vendors sell a single cake topped with some kind of sweet sauce.
Other kinds
In Ethiopia, injera is made from a fermented sourdough batter of buckwheat or the more traditional teff. Unlike North American and European pancakes, the injera is not served with sweet sauces or sugar. Instead, it is served with meat sauce, vegetables, and cooked eggs.

In Hungary, palacsinta are made from flour, milk and soda water, sugar, and eggs. They are served as a main dish. They are also served as a dessert. However, this depends on the filling. Sweet wine can also be added to the batter.
In Italy, cannelloni are made from pancake batter or noodle dough. They are then filled, covered with cheese, and baked.

In the Middle East, pita is made from flour and yeast.In India, dosa are made from rice flour and fried in a skillet. In Chinese cooking, green onion pancakes are the thin pancakes made with buckwheat flour and green onions, served with moo shu dishes. In Egypt, katief is made.  In Venezuela, pancakes are topped with butter and white cheese.
In Japan, Dorayaki is popular and it's like a sweet sandwich with bean paste and two pancake-like patties of castella.

Serving

Most types of pancake, (but not the Breton galette), are cooked one side at a time and flipped (turned over) by the cook halfway through. Tossing a pancake well can be quite difficult, but good cooks become very good at it, tossing them high in the air.

North American pancakes can be made sweet or savoury by adding foods like blueberries, strawberries, cheese or bacon to the batter; bananas or chocolate chips are sometimes dipped in the batter too. British pancakes can be stuffed (put things in the middle) after cooking with a wide variety of sweet or savoury fillings. Both are often sweetened after cooking by pouring on syrup or sprinkling with powdered sugar.

In Canada and the United States, the pancake is usually a breakfast food made in a person's home. Pancakes are also served at restaurants and diners.
In Britain, pancakes are eaten as a dessert, or served savoury with a main meal. They are also traditionally eaten on Shrove Tuesday which is also known as "Pancake Day". (Shrove Tuesday is better known in the United States, France and other countries as Mardi Gras or Fat Tuesday.) According to tradition, this used to be done in order to use up the last of the fat and rich foods before Lent which was a time when people did not eat rich foods.  Charity or school events are often organised on Pancake Day.
In the Netherlands pancakes are called pannekoeken and eaten at dinner. Pancake restaurants are popular family restaurants and serve many varieties of sweet, savoury, and stuffed pancakes.  The Netherlands also has another kind of pancake called "poffertjes".  Each poffertje is quite small.  They are cooked on a large griddle with lots of holes for each poffertje.  The cook pours the batter quickly into all the holes by pouring up and down the rows.  When they are cooked,several poffertjes are put on a plate and sprinkled with icing sugar and melted butter.  There is often a poffertje stall at Dutch markets.

In Sweden and in Finland it is traditional to eat yellow pea soup followed by pancakes on Thursdays. A smaller pancake, often called a "silver dollar" pancake, is sometimes used to make hors d'oeuvres in place of crackers or other bread-like items.

Banana pancakes are a popular item in Western-oriented backpackers' cafes in many Asian countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, India, and China.

References
References 

Breakfast foods
Cakes
1657 was a common year which started on Monday.

Events
 September 24 – The first autopsy and coroner's jury verdict are recorded in the Colony of Maryland.

Date unknown
 Christiaan Huygens writes the first book to be published on probability theory, De ratiociniis in ludo aleae ("On Reasoning in Games of Chance").
1587 was a common year which started on Thursday.

Events
 February 8 – Mary, Queen of Scots is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle.

Births
 August 18 – Virginia Dare, Virginia colony settler, the first person of English parentage born in America (date of death unknown)
1538 was a common year which started on Tuesday.

Events
 October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded.