Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The name "breakbone fever" was first used by Benjamin Rush, a doctor and United States "Founding Father." In 1789, Rush used the name "breakbone fever" in a report about the 1780 dengue outbreak in Philadelphia. In his official report, Rush mostly used the more formal name "bilious remitting fever".

The term "dengue fever" was not commonly used until after 1828. Before that, different people used different names for the disease. For example, dengue was also called "breakheart fever" and "la dengue."  Other names were also used for severe dengue: for example, "infectious thrombocytopenic purpura", "Philippine," "Thai," and "Singapore hemorrhagic fever."

Research
Scientists keep doing research on ways to prevent and treat dengue. People are also working on controlling mosquitoes, creating a vaccine, and creating drugs to fight the virus.
Many simple things have been done to control mosquitoes. Some of these things have worked. For example, guppies (Poecilia reticulata) or copepods can be put in standing water to eat the mosquito larvae (eggs).

Scientists also keep working on creating antiviral drugs to treat attacks of dengue fever and keep people from getting severe complications. They are also working on figuring out how the virus's proteins are structured. This may help them create medications that work well for dengue.

Notes

References

 
 

Diseases spread by insects
Diseases caused by viruses
Shrove Tuesday is a holiday in which Christians have ash put on their heads in the shape of a cross in the United Kingdom, Canada, The United States and Australia for the day before Ash Wednesday. Ash Wednesday is the first day of the Christian season of prayer and fasting called Lent.

On Shrove Tuesday people traditionally cook and eat pancakes in Britain. The reason for this was to use up foods such as fat, eggs and milk before Lent.

It is also called Pancake Tuesday or Pancake Day in Britain. In some other countries, such as the United States, it is called Mardi Gras.

In some cultures it has close ties with Mischief night.

Festivals
Wright County is a county in three different states of the United States:

 Wright County, Iowa
 Wright County, Minnesota
 Wright County, Missouri
The Sicilian language () is a language spoken in Sicily island and central Calabria. It is spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of Sicily and by emigrants.

Speakers
10 million people speak the language. It has three stocks: the Sicilian, the Calabro-Sicilian and Salentinu.

Differences with Italian
Compared to Italian, it is a distinctly separate form of verbal communication patterned by many years of foreign influence. Efforts to force Sicilians to speak conventional Italian include schools, television and radio. Italians maintain that Sicilian is simply a subset dialect of Italian, while Sicilians see their spoken word as a true and separate language. 

Romance languages
Languages of Italy
Sicily
Calabria
A portmanteau word () is made of other words, or parts of words. It comes from putting  two (or more) other words together, like motel, from motor and hotel.

Origin 
Portmanteau originally meant a type of suitcase with two separate parts for storage.
The first use as a word combination appeared in Lewis Carroll's book Through the Looking-Glass. There Humpty Dumpty explains that some of the unusual words in Jabberwocky are other words packed together into one word, as two parts of a portmanteau suitcase are packed together.

Examples 
Portmanteau itself is an example, combining the French words for carry (porter) and coat (manteau) into a coat carrier. Wikipedia is a portmanteau of wiki (Hawaiian for fast) and encyclopedia.

References

Related pages 
Neologism 
Blend word
Words
Installation means to put a program on a computer so that the computer can run it.

Most programs are stored in special ways to make them smaller, or to gather all the different pieces of a program up into one big piece. Before it can be used, though, the program needs to have these changes undone. Some programs also need to know extra information about the computer it is going to run on, so while it is installing, it will figure out what it needs to know and write it down for later.

Software
Cohomology is something in higher math which is sometimes used to solve certain math problems.

Algebraic geometry
Topology

ru:Гомология (топология)#Когомологии
The Laplace transform is a way to turn functions into other functions in order to do certain calculations more easily. This way of turning functions to other functions is very similar to U Substitution. The aim of this change is to be able to turn the hard work of integration into a simple algebraic addition and subtraction, just as logarithms allow one to add and subtract instead of multiplying and dividing. An example of its use is in ruin theory, which is a subject of actuarial science with regards to insurance.

Functions usually take a variable (say t) as an input, and give some output (say f). The Laplace transform converts these functions to take some other input (s) and give some other output (F). Because of certain shared properties of Laplace transforms, this makes it very easy to manipulate the original function into something useful.

The Laplace transform of a function , written as  or , is often formulated as:

where:
f(t) is the input function
 t is the old domain
s is the new domain
Related pages 

 Fourier transform

References 

Calculus
Harmonic analysis
The Lorentz factor is the factor by which time, length, and mass change for an object moving at speeds close to the speed of light (relativistic speeds). It is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz.

The equation is:
 
where v is the speed of the object and c is the speed of light. The quantity (v/c) is often labeled  (beta) and so the above equation can be rewritten:

Classical relativity 
Classical or Galilean relativity is the idea that if you throw a ball at 50 mph while running at 5 mph, the ball travels 55 mph. Of course, the ball still moves away from you at 50 mph, so if one were to ask you, you saw the ball traveling 50 mph. Meanwhile, your friend Rory saw that you happened to be running at 5 mph. He would say that the ball was traveling 55 mph. Both of you are right, you just happened to be moving with the ball.
The speed of light, c, is 670,616,629 mph. So if you are in a car traveling half the speed of light (0.5c) and you turn on your headlights, the light moves away from you at 1 c... or is it 1.5 c? It ends up that c is c no matter what. The next section explains why it's not c - 0.5c.

Time dilation 
When a clock is in motion, it ticks slower by a tiny factor of . The famous twin paradox says that if there were two twins and twin A stayed on earth while twin B traveled near c for a few years, when twin B got back to earth, he would be many years younger than twin A (because he experienced less time). For example, if twin B left when he was 20 and traveled at .9c for 10 years, then when he got back to earth, twin B would be 30 (20 years + 10 years) and twin A would be almost 43:
 
Twin B would not notice that time had slowed at all. To him, if he looked out a window, it would seem like the universe was moving past him, and therefore slower (remember, to him, he's at rest). So time is relative.
Length contraction 
Things get shorter in the direction of movement when they travel at "relativistic speeds", which means fast enough that relativity effects can be observed. During twin B's journey, he would notice something strange about the universe. He would notice that it got shorter (contracted in the direction of his motion). And the factor by which things get shorter is .

Relativistic mass 
Relativistic mass also increases. It makes them harder to push. So by the time you reach 0.9999c, you need a very big force to make you go faster. This makes it impossible for anything to reach the speed of light.

Still, if you travel a bit slower, say 90% of the speed of light, your mass only grows by 2.3 times. So, while it may be impossible to reach the speed of light, it may still be possible to get close to it—that is, if you have enough fuel.

Relativity
The family Cyperaceae, or the sedges, is a taxon of flowering plants. They look like grasses or rushes, but are not. They are monocot plants (as are grasses), but belong to a different family. 

The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera. The largest is the Carex genus of "true sedges", with over 2,000 species.

Sedges include many wild marsh and grassland plants, and some cultivated ones such as water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) and papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus). These species are widely distributed, with many in tropical Asia and tropical South America. Sedges may be found growing in almost all environments. Many are wetlands, or have poor soils. Ecological communities dominated by sedges are known as sedgelands.

Members of the sedge family have stems with triangular cross-sections (there are occasional exceptions). Their leaves are spirally arranged in three ranks (grasses have alternate leaves forming two ranks).

References 

Poales
Plant families
Objective-C is an object-oriented programming language used to make computer programs for macOS and iOS devices.

History
Objective-C was created in the early 1980s by two programmers named Brad Cox and Tom Love. However, it didn't become popular until it was bought by NeXT in 1988 for their NeXTSTEP operating system. After NeXT was bought by Apple in 1996, it became the main programming language for Mac OS X and later the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. In recent years, Swift has been more popular than Objective-C.

Basics
Objective-C is a strict superset of C, meaning that any code that can be written in C can be used in Objective-C programs without changing it. However, it adds some features of its own that can't be used in a traditional C program.
Messages
In Objective-C, functions are called using messages, a feature inspired by the SmallTalk programming language. Messages look like "blocks" of code similar to the one shown below:
[object messageToObject];
These blocks can be nested inside of each other as well, for example:
[[object messageToSendToObject] messageToSendToResultOfInnerMessage];

Interfaces and Implementations
Unlike other programming languages such as C and Java, Objective-C classes are divided into two separate parts: 
 Interface, which contains the initial declarations of variables and functions.
 Implementation, which contains the actual code for functions.

Usually, these are put in two different files, with the interface using the ".h" extension and the implementation using the ".m" extension.

Variations
Objective-C has variants that add features to the original Objective C programming language.

Objective-C++
Objective-C++ allows for C++ code to be used in Objective-C applications.
Objective-C 2.0
Objective-C 2.0 is an improved version of Objective-C. It adds many features, such as garbage collection (automatic memory management), fast enumeration and properties (the automatic generation of variable methods).

References

Object-oriented programming languages
Cross-platform software
ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) is the biggest experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

It is one of the seven particle detector experiments (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, TOTEM, LHCb, and LHCf) built at the LHC.  LHC is a new particle accelerator at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland. ATLAS is 46 metres long and 25 metres in diameter, weighing about 7,000 tonnes. The project is led by Fabiola Gianotti. The project has 2,000 scientists and engineers at 165 institutions in 35 countries.  The project began operation on 10 September 2008. ATLAS studies highly massive particles which could not be studied using earlier lower-energy accelerators. ATLAS may start new theories of particle physics beyond the Standard Model.

References

Nuclear physics
A Taser is a weapon that is not meant to kill.  Tasers use electricity to shock people so they fall on the ground. If a person is shot by a Taser, they feel like they are hurt and cannot move their arms and legs. Tasers are used by police officers to stop people who want to hurt them, and to stop people who are running away.

How Tasers work 

Tasers shoot two small pieces of metal called prongs.  These prongs are connected to long pieces of metal string.  When the Taser is shot, the prongs hit the person and electricity moves along the metal string to shock the person.

If a person is very close, the prongs do not have to shoot but they will still shock.

Safety 
Even though a Taser is a weapon that is not meant to kill, the prongs can still hurt people.  There are some times when people die after they are shot with a Taser.  This is because some people get hurt differently by electricity.

Owning Tasers
Owning Tasers 

In many places, people cannot own a Taser. There are special rules to follow to own a Taser.  This is because it is considered a weapon.  

In Canada, France, Israel and the United Kingdom only police officers can have a Taser, but in the United States of America and Poland, most people can own a Taser.
Wallpaper is a kind of paper used to cover walls inside of houses and buildings.  Wallpaper is used to decorate the inside of buildings instead of paint.  It is sold in rolls and are put onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come either plain (so that it can be painted), or with pictures or patterns.

"Wallpaper" is also a word for a picture on a computer monitor.

Photo wallpapers are wallpapers with an image applied to them. Consist of parts (the number of parts depends on the size). The image is applied using large-format printers (plotter) or offset printing.

History 
Wallpaper was first used in Europe around the year 1500.  In the time of Henry VIII the English aristocrats couldn't get as many tapestries from France, so they used more English wallpaper instead.  During The Protectorate, the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell banned wallpaper.  However, by 1750 people made great use of wallpaper and made better wallpaper.

How to get rid of wallpaper
Water
Water is the easiest way to get rid of wallpaper.  Water makes the wallpaper paste become not sticky, then the wallpaper falls off.

Chemicals
Sometimes the wallpaper paste is too strong for water, then special chemicals need to be used to make the paste not sticky.  Most of the time only new wallpaper has to be taken off with chemicals.

Steam
Hot water makes it easier to remove wallpaper.  There are special machines that people can use to make water into steam and use it to remove wallpaper.

References 

Paper
Construction
Walls
Printmaking
Many animals die trying to free themselves, next to dehydration, blood loss and hypothermia. Often animals become so desperate, they resort to chewing or wringing off their own trapped limb in order to escape, breaking teeth and bones in the process. Some may die from blood loss or shock but most animals will be trapped for days before the trapper returns to kill them. 

There are many kinds. For a deadfall trap, a trapper digs a deep hole in the ground and hides it so the animal falls in the hole and can not get out. A snare is a noose that tightens around the neck or other part of the animal.

Over 100 countries, including the EU and China, have prohibited the use of the steel-jaw leghold trap. But in the United States, steel-jaw traps are not only legal, they are the go-to tool for trappers who capture and kill millions of wild animals a year for the global fur market. In September 2019, California became the first state in the US to ban trapping for commercial and recreational purpose.

References
References

Animals and humans
Traps
Minnetonka is a suburb in Hennepin County, Minnesota. It is 9 miles to the west of Minneapolis. It is the fourteenth largest city in Minnesota. The name Minnetonka comes from the Dakota Sioux mni tanka, and it means "great water". It has a population of 53,781 as of the 2020 census.

References 

Cities in Minnesota
Ecclesiastical polity is the operational and governance structure of a church or Christian denomination. It also denotes the ministerial structure of the church and the authority relationships between churches. Polity is closely related to Ecclesiology, the study of doctrine and theology relating to church organization.

Christian theology
Church organization
Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. 

Bricks are man-made, and so is plaster, concrete, stucco and many other materials. However, they are usually still made out of natural materials, bricks being a good example. They are based on clay. Steel is based on natural types of iron.

One example of a man-made imitation is scagliola, which can imitate more expensive natural materials such as marble.

Building materials
Leon Battista Alberti (February 18, 1404 – April 25, 1472) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer, and general Renaissance humanist polymath.  In Italy, this first name is usually spelled "Leone", but Alberti is known as Leon.  Alberti's life was described in Giorgio Vasari's Vite. 
Alberti is often seen as a model of the Renaissance "universal man“.-
He was born in Genoa, because the Albertis had been expelled from their native city, Florence.  When he was a child the family moved to Venice. In 1428 Leon visited Florence at first time.

1404 births
1472 deaths
Italian architects
Artists from Genoa
Bernardo di Matteo Gamberelli (1409–1464), better known as Bernardo Rossellino, was an Italian Florentine sculptor and architect, the elder brother of the sculptor Antonio Rossellino. He was part of the second generation of Renaissance artists and had helped further define the new change in art style.

He had worked to rebuild Pienza from a village called Corsignano.

1409 births
1464 deaths
Italian architects
Italian sculptors
The Greek cross is a type of Christian cross that is used especially by Eastern Orthodoxy and Early Christianity. It is also known as the crux immissa quadrata. It has all arms of equal length. Often the arms curve wider as they go out.

Related pages 
 Christian cross
 Latin cross
 Celtic cross

Christian symbols
Eastern Orthodox Church
Pumice is a term for a lightweight volcanic rock. 

It is a solidified frothy lava, created when highly-heated, pressured molten rock is shot out from a volcano. Its light weight is due to air spaces, which are caused by fast cooling and loss of pressure. The loss of pressure makes bubbles by lowering the boiling point of the lava (like the bubble-creation when a carbonated drink is opened). The  cooling then freezes the bubbles in the matrix.

Uses 
Most famously, pumice stone has been used as a skin-scraper. It is used in  pedicure to remove excess skin from the bottom of the foot, and on calluses (tough areas of skin). 

It has also been used to make lightweight blocks for building, and as a powdered ingredient in polishing.

Igneous rocks
Giuliano da Sangallo (c. 1443 – 1516) was an Italian sculptor, architect and military engineer active during the Italian Renaissance. 

Italian sculptors
Italian architects
1443 births
1516 deaths
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, born Antonio Cordiani (April 12, 1484 - August 3, 1546) was an Italian architect active during the Italian Renaissance.

1484 births
1546 deaths
Italian architects
Giulio Romano (c. 1499 – November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter and architect. He was a pupil of Raphael. His differences from high Renaissance classicism help define the 16th century style known as Mannerism.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

1499 births
1546 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Italian architects
Carlo Maderno (1556 - January 30, 1629) was an Italian-Swiss architect, born in Ticino. He is remembered as one of the fathers of Baroque architecture. His façades of Santa Susanna, St. Peter's Basilica and Sant'Andrea della Valle were important in the evolution of the Italian Baroque. He is often referred to as the brother of sculptor Stefano Maderno, but this is not universally agreed upon.

1556 births
1629 deaths
Italian architects
Giacomo della Porta (1532 – 1602) was an Italian architect and sculptor, who worked for many important buildings in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica.

Other websites
Catholic Encyclopedia

1533 births
1602 deaths
Italian architects
Italian sculptors
Domenico Fontana (1543 – June 28 1607) was a Swiss-born Italian architect of the late Renaissance.

1543 births
1607 deaths
Travertine is a terrestrial sedimentary rock. It is a natural chemical precipitate of carbonate minerals; aragonite or calcite. This happens from solution in ground and surface waters, and/or  geothermally heated hot-springs. Similar (but extremely porous) deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa. 

The Colosseum built by the Romans, was made of travertine.

References 

Carbonate rocks
Agostino Cornacchini (August 27, 1686 – 1754) was an Italian sculptor and painter of the Rococo period, active mainly in Rome.

Other websites

1686 births
1754 deaths
Italian sculptors
Alabaster is a name applied to varieties of two distinct minerals. Gypsum is a hydrous sulfate of calcium, and calcite is a carbonate of calcium. Gypsum is the alabaster of the present day; calcite is generally the alabaster of the ancients. Both are easy to work. They are attractive to look at. Both have been used for making a variety of artworks and objects, especially small carvings.

The two kinds are easy to tell apart. One is harder than the other. Calcite is hard (Mohs hardness 3). Gypsum is soft (Mohs hardness 1.5 to 2). It can be easily scratched by a fingernail. Also, calcite effervesces when it is treated with hydrochloric acid. Gypsum does not.

Minerals
Building materials
Sedimentary rocks
Information security is about protecting information so that people who should not have access to it cannot distribute, see, change, or delete it. Although this has a lot in common with computer security, information risk management and information assurance, it is different from them. For example, computer security can focus on making sure that the computer is available when it is needed and that it works correctly but may not have anything to do with the data that it stores.

Information security has to do with the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data in any form e.g. electronic, print, or other forms. Organizations, including governments, private businesses and others have much information stored and processed on computers. Data that is lost or released to the wrong people or that is not properly secured could lead to legal and ethical problems for the organization.
For an individual person, information security has a big effect on privacy, which is viewed very differently by people in different cultures.

References

Other websites 
 Information security -Citizendium

Security
San Pietro in Montorio is a church in Rome, which includes in its courtyard The Tempietto (a small commemorative martyrium) built by Donato Bramante.

The Tempietto 
The Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio is a small commemorative martyrium built by Donato Bramante, possibly as early as 1502, in the courtyard of San Pietro in Montorio. It is considered a masterpiece of High Renaissance architecture.

Churches in Rome
15th-century buildings and structures
Flavia Julia Helena (; AD c. ), or Saint Helena was Constantine the Great's mother and a Roman empress (). Helena was a wife or concubine of Constantius I before he became a Roman emperor. In Christianity, Helena is a saint because Christian historians during Late Antiquity wrote that she found the relics of the True Cross in Jerusalem. Helena's tomb was the Mausoleum of Helena outside Rome.

References 
250 births
330 deaths

Christian saints
Longinus is the name given in medieval and modern Christian traditions to the Roman soldier who pierced Jesus in his side with a lance while he was on the Cross. The Longinus legend further identifies this soldier as the centurion present at the Crucifixion, who testified, "In truth this man was son of God." Longinus' legend grew over the years to the point that he was said to have converted to Christianity after the Crucifixion, and he is traditionally venerated as a saint in various Christian denominations.

New Testament people
Saint Veronica or Berenice, according to the "Acta Sanctorum" published by the Bollandists (under February 4), was a pious woman of Jerusalem. She moved with pity as Jesus carried his cross to Golgotha, gave him her veil that he might wipe his forehead. Jesus accepted the offering and after using it handed it back to her, the image of his face miraculously impressed upon it.

Early Christian saints
1st-century births
1st-century deaths
A cheesesteak is a sandwich made in Philadelphia.  It is made of a long hoagie roll, cut in half and filled with thin slices of steak and covered with melted cheese. The cheese is either provolone or cheddar in the form of whiz. Some cheesesteaks also have onions or green peppers.  Pat's King of Steaks and Geno's are two famous places in Philadelphia that make cheesesteaks. Pat's is thought to be the place that popularized the cheesesteak.

Sandwiches
American food
Laminar flow is characterized by the smooth flow of a liquid. This tends to happen at low velocities when there are few disturbances, such as in a straight, smooth pipe. In laminar flow through a pipe, it is assumed that the velocity of the fluid is zero at the boundaries of the pipe and is at a maximum in the center; mathematically, the velocity profile is parabolic. Microscopically, the particles or pieces of the liquid flow in a straight line along the direction of the pipe and do not mix with other layers of fluid. The layers slide past one another like playing cards. This is in contrast to turbulent flow, when a fluid swirls around.

Even though there is no mixing, there is still some friction in the flow. This friction will cause a pressure drop and its numerical value is given by the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.

Fluid mechanics
The Juglandaceae, also known as the Walnut Family, is a family of trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. The leaves are pinnately compound, or ternate, and usually 20-100 cm long.

There are eight genera in the family, including the commercially important nut-producing trees walnut (Juglans), pecan (Carya illinoinensis), and hickory (Carya).

Fagales
Plant families
Farid Suleman has been the chairman (the person who leads the group of people that controls the company) and CEO of Citadel Broadcasting since 2002.  Before working at Citadel, he spent 16 years as CEO of Infinity Radio, owned by Viacom.

In late 2004, Suleman was in the news for cutting Howard Stern's radio show from four Citadel stations because of Stern's frequent discussions about Stern's move to Sirius Satellite Radio.

In 2007, he was put forward to get the Group Executive of the Year award by Radio & Records magazine. Other people who were close to getting the award included John Hogan of Clear Channel, Peter Smyth of Greater Media, David Field of Entercom, Lew Dickey of Cumulus, and Don Benson of Lincoln Financial.

References

Living people
1950s births
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) was a NASA satellite mission that was supposed to provide world-wide observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide from space. (CO2). It was lost in a launch failure on February 24, 2009, when the box of the Taurus rocket which was carrying it failed to come off during launch. The added weight of the box it was in prevented the satellite from reaching its intended speed and height. After that it fell back into the atmosphere and crashed into the Indian Ocean near Antarctica.

References 

Satellites
Climate change
Spacecrafts launched in 2000s
The Bulgarian  Wikipedia () is the Bulgarian language edition of Wikipedia. It was founded on 6 December 2003. On 24 May 2010, it became the 32nd largest Wikipedia by size and it passed the "100,000" articles threshold.  As of October 2015, it is the 36th largest edition.

Policies
Rules in Bulgarian Wikipedia are not regarded as flexible in disputes as they are on the English project. Difficult issues are resolved through the Arbitration Committee, which handles content disputes, blocks users or prohibit certain users from editing articles on certain topics. Misuse of administrator privileges is typically appealed through the Arbitration Committee; only this authority and Wikimedia stewards have the power to remove administrator flags.

History
History

The Bulgarian Wikipedia was created on 6 December 2003. On November 24, 2005, the Bulgarian language Wikipedia added its 20,000th article, and was the 21st largest Wikipedia at the time. As of December 26, 2007 it is the 30th largest Wikipedia by article count, with over 50,000 articles.
In 24 May 2010, the distinctive Wikipedia globe logo for the Bulgarian Wikipedia was temporarily altered to include the number 100,000 to commemorate the 100,000 article milestone.

Timeline
 On 03 October 2004,  the 10,000th article was created.
 On 26 December 2007, the 50,000th article was created.
 On 24 May 2010, the 100,000th article was created.

References

Wikipedias
Websites established in 2003
Similarity in the area of cognitive psychology refers to things or ideas that people put together in the same groups, or categories, in their minds.   Many psychologists try to find out what rules people use when they decide that two things are similar.

Modeling 
One important tool used by psychologists to look into similarity is computer modeling.  Scientists will, for example, ask people to rate a number of objects as more or less similar to each other.  Then they will write a computer program that tries to simulate the same answers that the humans gave.  For instance, a person might say that "cat" and "dog" are similar words, so a good computer model should be able to take the word "dog" and respond with the word "cat" in a list of similar words.  Computer models do this by applying some set of rules to a large collection of real world text (called a corpus).
Once a model can respond with the correct (similar) words, then it is likely that the rules the computer program uses are the same rules that people use to decide whether words are similar.

Behavioral research 
Another way that psychologists look into similarity is by putting people in special situations and watching what they do.  In other words, by using an experiment.  When it comes to similarity, this might include listing words, using categories as clues for learning new words, sorting objects into groups, or other tasks that have to do with comparing things to one another.

Depending on how quickly people do these tasks, or how many mistakes they make, psychologists can find out what rules they are using to decide if things are similar.
How do people decide that two things are similar? 
Features - If something about two things are the same, people might say the things are similar. (coins and wheels are similar, because they are both round.)  Similar features could include: shape, texture (what the surface looks like), material (what something is made out of), color, weight, size, temperature, and other features.
Functions - If two things are used for the same reasons, people might say the things are similar. (cars and airplanes are similar.)
Hierarchy - If one thing is a small part of a larger thing, people might say the things are similar. (A foot and a leg are similar)
Phonetics - If the words for two things sound the same, people might say the things are similar.  Also, if the first parts of the words for two things are the same, people might say the things are similar.
Transformation - If one thing can be changed into another thing easily, either in the real world or in a person's mind, people might say the things are similar (a seed is similar to a plant.  A toy car is similar to a real car.)
BIX is a rock group from Lithuania. It was founded in 1987. They are one of the most experienced Baltic bands and traveled on tours to United States.

1987 establishments in Europe
Rock bands
Organizations based in Lithuania
Musical groups established in 1987
A cabinet is a type of furniture with enclosed shelves and sometimes a door in front. It is usually made of wood. Metal may be used in industrial or public areas. Some cabinets stand alone; others are attached to a wall. Most kitchens have cabinets for storage of cooking materials and utensils.

Furniture
Capillary action means either of two things:

 When liquid moves through thin tubes.
 When liquid moves through something that is full of little holes (like a sponge).

Capillary action is a result of the surface tension of liquids. 

An example of capillary action is what happens inside a drinking straw left in a cup of water. The force of adhesion which holds the water together and to the straw is a little stronger than gravity, so the water will rise inside the straw a little higher than the rest of the water.

Another example is what happens when putting a sponge in a puddle of water. The little bubbles in the sponge work like many straws gathered together. When the sponge is dipped in water, the water starts to go into the holes, and the bubbles that are inside the sponge pull on the water that they touch.

Capillary action also takes place inside the human body. For example, it removes tears from the eyes.

Related pages
 Capillaries

Fluid mechanics
A drill is a type of electrical tool that has a spinning tip. It can be used for many different jobs depending on the attachment. If a drill bit is attached, the drill can be used to make holes in material. A driver bit can also be attached, allowing the drill to put screws into the desired material. A drill can run on a battery or be plugged into the wall, depending on the drill.

Cutting tools
Woodworking tools
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) uses three-letter abbreviation country codes to call each group of athletes that participate in the Olympic Games.

Since 1952, the list of IOC country codes has changed as new countries were added.  Sometimes the names of countries were changed.  Some countries have had as many as four different codes.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

Y

Z

Historic NOCs and teams
Some of the National Olympic Committees no longer exist, such as Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, the USSR, the United Arab Republic, and the West Indies Federation.

Codes still in use
Twelve historical NOCs or teams have codes that are still used in the IOC results database to refer to past medal winners from these teams.

Obsolete codes

Related pages
 Comparison of IOC, FIFA, and ISO 3166 country codes

References

Other websites
  "Official abbreviations" at The Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo, 1964, [p. 9 of 409 PDF]
Olympic Games
Olympics-related lists
Country codes
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (September 21, 1866 - February 28, 1936) was a French doctor and microbiologist. He won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the disease typhus.

References 

1866 births
1936 deaths
French Nobel Prize winners
French physicians
French microbiologists
People from Rouen
Uma Karuna Thurman (born April 29, 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American movie actress.  She is famous for her role in many movies. These include Quentin Tarantino's "Pulp Fiction" and "Kill Bill" Volume 1 and 2.

Family
Thurman's mother, Nena von Schlebrügge, is a psychiatrist and former model. Her father, Robert Thurman, was a Professor of Buddhism.

Her father is of German, English, Irish and Scottish descent. Her mother is of Swedish, Danish and German descent. Before her parents' marriage, her mother was married to Timothy Leary. One of her three brothers is Ganden Thurman, a Hollywood yoga guide. 

Uma Thurman has three children. She has a daughter, actress Maya, and son from her second husband, Ethan Hawke and a daughter from her partner, Swiss businessperson Arpad Busson.

References

Other websites

Actors from Boston
American movie actors
American television actors
1970 births
Living people
Jürgen Habermas (born June 18, 1929) is a German philosopher and sociologist, or someone who studies different societies.  He uses a type of theory called critical theory, where he studies how people use power.  He also uses the theory of American pragmatism, which studies if something is true or not by the effects of actions. He is known for his work on the theory of the public sphere. He studies power in democracy, and politics.  He also studies how people develop a society through language and communication, and tries to understand how that society and the government work together.

Biography 
Habermas was born in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Education
Habermas lived in Gummersbach, near the city of Cologne until his graduation from gymnasium. Jürgen was raised in a Protestant religious family because his grandfather was in charge of the seminary, or religious school, in Gummersbach, Germany.  Jürgen Habermas went to the universities of Göttingen (1949/50), Zürich (1950/51), and Bonn (1951/54). He earned a doctorate (PhD) from Bonn in 1954 with his work  (The absolute and history: on the contradiction in Schelling's thought). 

From 1956 on, he studied philosophy and sociology under the critical theorists Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. Because Horkheimer had asked Habermas to make some changes to his dissertation. Habermas did not want to do this, and thought that the Frankfurt School was not correct in its views of modern culture. Habermas left the Frankfurt School (a school of thought rather than one made of bricks and mortar).
Works
He finished his habilitation, or highest academic degree, in political science at the University of Marburg under the Marxist Wolfgang Abendroth. His habilitation work was entitled,  (published in English in 1989 titled The structural transformation of the public sphere: an inquiry into a category of bourgeois society). In 1961, he became a privatdozent in Marburg. He began working as a "extraordinary professor" (professor without a chair) of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. Hans-Georg Gadamer and Karl Löwith got him this job. In 1964 Habermas returned to Frankfurt to take over Horkheimer's job in philosophy and sociology.
He was in charge of the Max Planck Institute in Starnberg (near Munich) in 1971, and worked there until 1983, two years after the publication of his main work, The Theory of Communicative Action. Habermas then returned to his chair at Frankfurt as head of the Institute for Social Research. After retiring from Frankfurt in 1993, Habermas wrote many books and articles. In 1986, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the , which is the highest honour awarded in German research. He is a "Permanent Visiting" Professor at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and "Theodor Heuss Professor" at The New School, New York.
Awards
Habermas was awarded The Prince of Asturias Award in Social Sciences for 2003. Habermas was also the 2004 Kyoto Laureate in the Arts and Philosophy section. He traveled to San Diego and on March 5, 2005, as part of the University of San Diego's Kyoto Symposium, gave a speech entitled The Public Role of Religion in Secular Context, about the separation of Church and State. He received the 2005 Holberg International Memorial Prize (about € 520,000).

Related pages
List of sociologists from Europe

References 

1929 births
Living people
20th-century German philosophers
21st-century German philosophers
Continental philosophers
German academics
German atheists
German sociologists
People from Düsseldorf
Keyhole Markup Language is a file format for displaying data on maps.

In the same way that a Web browser displays web pages written with HTML, KML draws data on maps like Google Maps and virtual globes like Google Earth.

It is an international standard , maintained by the Open Geospatial Consortium .

Google, the previous maintainers of the specification, have information on writing KML on their website.

Markup languages
Martinsburg is a city in West Virginia. It is the county seat of Berkeley County and with a 2000 population of 14,972, it is the ninth largest city in West Virginia as ranked by population.

History

Martinsburg was founded in 1778 by General Adam Stephen and named in honor of Colonel Thomas Bryan Martin. It was incorporated by the West Virginia legislature on March 30, 1868.

Commerce

Major employers in Martinsburg include Quad/Graphics, Ecolab, Orgill, Sino-Swearingin, FedEx, and Quebecor World. Government employers include the Internal Revenue Service, the 167th Airlift Wing of the Air National Guard, and the BATF. The now defunct Norwalk car company was located in Martinsburg.

Notable Natives and Residents
Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War
Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy
Vicky Bullett, Olympic gold medalist in women's basketball
Harry F. Byrd, United States Senator and Governor of Virginia
Robert Lee Castleman,Grammy-winning singer/songwriter
Charles James Faulkner, United States Representative from Virginia
Shannon Larkin, drummer for Godsmack
Walter Dean Myers, author
John Quincy Adams Nadenbousch, colonel in the Confederate States Army
Cecil B. Perkins, former pitcher for the New York Yankees
Absalom Willis Robertson, United States Senator from Virginia
David Hunter Strother aka Porte Crayon, artist
Hack Wilson, Hall of Fame baseball player
Fulton Walker, former football player for the Miami Dolphins

References

Cities in West Virginia
County seats in West Virginia
1778 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Monflanquin is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwestern France. It used to be a bastide.

Related pages
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

References

Other websites

Communes in Lot-et-Garonne
Hannah (meaning grace of God) is a woman in the Bible, in the book of 1 Samuel chapters 1 and 2. She was the wife of Elkanah and the Mother of Samuel. After she begged God for a child, she gave birth to Samuel. Samuel became a prophet of God (a voice for God in Israel). When Samuel was a young child, she took him to live in the temple (as she had promised God), to be an apprentice of Eli the priest.

References 

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
11th-century BC people
Jacob is a figure in the Abrahamic religions. He was a patriarch of the Hebrew people, as told in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the New Testament and the Qur'an. He was the ancestor of the tribes of Israel, which were named after his male children. He had 13 children, 12 sons and a daughter. 

Jacob had an older brother, Esau. His mother was named Rebecca and his father named Isaac. According to the Talmud, immediately after Abraham died, Jacob prepared a lentil stew as a traditional mourner's meal for his father. The Hebrew Bible says that Esau, who was very hungry, begged Jacob to give him some of the stew. (Esau called the dish, "that red, red stuff", which is why he is called Edom,  (`Edom, meaning "Red").) Jacob said, "If you give me your birthright I will give you some stew." Esau agreed. Soon, Issac became almost blind. Rebecca tricked Issac into giving Jacob the blessing. Jacob's brother got angry, so Rebecca sent Jacob away.
Jacob works for his uncle Laban so he can marry his daughter Rachel. But he is tricked into marrying Leah, her older sister as well. He has children with both women, and with their concubines.

He is very upset when his son Joseph is sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers. Jacob moves to Egypt when there is a famine. He dies and is buried in Canaan.

References 

Old Testament people
EFE is a Spanish news agency. It was created in 1939 by Ramón Serrano Súñer and Manuel Aznar Zubigaray.

Agencia EFE is a news agency that covers all areas of information in the news media of the press, radio, television and Internet. It distributes around three million news per year, thanks to its 3,000 journalists from 60 nationalities, operating 24/7 from more than 180 cities in 120 countries and with four editing tables in three continents: Madrid, Bogotá, Cairo (Arabic), and Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese).

References

Companies of Spain
Media in Europe
1939 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Spain
The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was an industrial accident. It happened at a Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. On the night of 2-3 December 1984, the plant released approximately 40 tons of toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, exposing more than 500,000 people to toxic gases.

The mixture of poisonous gases flooded the city, causing great panic as people woke up with a burning sensation in their lungs. Thousands died immediately from the effects of the gas. Many were trampled in the panic that followed. The first official immediate death toll was 3,598 in 1989. Another estimate is that 8,000 died within two weeks, that an additional 8,000 have since died from gas-related diseases.
In the 1970s, the Indian government initiated policies to encourage foreign companies to invest in the local industry. Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) was asked to build a plant for the manufacture of Sevin, a pesticide commonly used throughout Asia. As part of the deal, India's government insisted that a significant percentage of the investment come from local shareholders. The government itself had a 22% stake in the company's subsidiary, Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) [1]. The company built the plant in Bhopal because of its central location and access to transport infrastructure. The specific site within the city was zoned for light industrial and commercial use, not for hazardous industry. The plant was initially approved only for formulation of pesticides from component chemicals, such as MIC imported from the parent company, in relatively small quantities
. However, pressure from competition in the chemical industry led UCIL to implement "backward integration" – the manufacture of raw materials and intermediate products for formulation of the final product within one facility. This was inherently a more sophisticated and hazardous process [2].
At 11.00 PM on December 2 1984, while most of the one million residents of Bhopal slept, an operator at the plant noticed a small leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and increasing pressure inside a storage tank. The vent-gas scrubber, a safety device designer to neutralize toxic discharge from the MIC system, had been turned off three weeks prior [3]. Apparently a faulty valve had allowed one ton of water for cleaning internal pipes to mix with forty tons of MIC [1]. A 30-ton refrigeration unit that normally served as a safety component to cool the MIC storage tank had been drained of its coolant for use in another part of the plant [3]. Pressure and heat from the vigorous exothermic reaction in the tank continued to build. The gas flare safety system was out of action and had been for three months. At around 1.00 AM, December 3, loud rumbling reverberated around the plant as a safety valve gave way sending a plume of MIC gas into the early morning air [4]
. Within hours, the streets of Bhopal were littered with human corpses and the carcasses of buffaloes, cows, dogs and birds. An estimated 3,800 people died immediately, mostly in the poor slum colony adjacent to the UCC plant [1,5]. Local hospitals were soon overwhelmed with the injured, a crisis further compounded by a lack of knowledge of exactly what gas was involved and what its effects were [1]. It became one of the worst chemical disasters in history and the name Bhopal became synonymous with industrial catastrophe [5].