Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Thistle is a group of flowering plants which have sharp prickles on around the flower and are in the Asteraceae family. The prickles often all over the plant – on the stem and flat parts of leaves. This protects the plant against herbivorous animals, stopping them from eating the plant.

The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean exactly those plants in the group Cynareae (synonym: Cardueae), especially the genera Carduus, Cirsium, and Onopordum.  However, plants outside this group are sometimes called thistles, and if this is done thistles would form a polyphyletic group.

Thistle is the floral emblem of Scotland.
Taxonomy
Genera in the Asteraceae with the word thistle often used in their common names include:
Arctium – Burdock
Carduus – Musk Thistle and others
Carlina – Carline Thistle
Centaurea – Star Thistle
Cicerbita – Sow Thistle
Cirsium – Common Thistle, Field Thistle and others
Cnicus – Blessed Thistle
Cynara – Artichokes, Cardoon
Echinops – Globethistle
Notobasis – Syrian thistle
Onopordum – Cotton Thistle, also known as Scots or Scotch Thistle
Scolymus – Golden Thistle or Oyster Thistle
Silybum – Milk Thistle
Sonchus – Sow Thistle

Plants in families other than Asteraceae which are sometimes called thistle include:
Salsola – Saltwort, Tumbleweed, or Russian Thistle (family Chenopodiaceae)

Heraldry
Heraldry

The thistle has been the national emblem of Scotland since the reign of Alexander III (1249–1286) and was used on silver coins issued by James III in 1470. It is the symbol of the Order of the Thistle, a high chivalric order of Scotland. It is found in many Scottish symbols and as the name of several Scottish football clubs. The thistle, crowned with the Scottish crown, is the symbol of seven of the eight Scottish Police Forces (the exception being the Northern Constabulary). The thistle is also the emblem of Encyclopædia Britannica, which originated in Edinburgh, Scotland. Carnegie Mellon University features the thistle in its crest.
According to a legend, an invading Norse army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a Scottish army's encampment. During this operation one barefoot Norseman had the misfortune to step upon a thistle, causing him to cry out in pain, thus alerting Scots to the presence of the Norse invaders. Some sources suggest the specific occasion was the Battle of Largs, which marked the beginning of the departure of King Haakon IV (Haakon the Elder) of Norway who, having control of the Northern Isles and Hebrides, had harried the coast of the Kingdom of Scotland for some years. Which species of thistle is referred to in the original legend is disputed. Popular modern usage favours Cotton Thistle Onopordum acanthium, perhaps because of its more imposing appearance, though it is unlikely to have occurred in Scotland in mediaeval times; the Spear Thistle Cirsium vulgare, an abundant native species in Scotland, is a more likely candidate
. Other species, including Dwarf Thistle Cirsium acaule, Musk Thistle Carduus nutans, and Melancholy Thistle Cirsium heterophyllum have also been suggested.
Medical uses
Maud Grieve recorded that Pliny and medieval writers had thought it could return hair to bald heads and that in the early modern period it had been believed to be a remedy for headaches, plague, canker, sores, vertigo, and jaundice.

Notes and references

Other websites

Asteraceae
National symbols of Scotland
Association football is the most popular sport in Scotland. Scotland has the second oldest national Football Association in the world (behind England's FA), and the trophy for the national cup, the Scottish Cup, is the oldest sporting trophy in the world.

Scottish football club Rangers F.C. have won a world record 54 league titles.

Scotland and Scottish football clubs hold many records for football attendances;

The highest ever attendance for a UEFA competition match was in the 1969-70 European Cup semi-final at Hampden Park, Scotland's national stadium. A record 136,505 people attended that Cup semi-final played between Celtic and Leeds United 
The attendance of 149,415 for the Scotland vs. England match of 1937 at Hampden Park is also a European record. 
The attendance of 146,433 for the 1937 Scottish Cup final between Celtic and Aberdeen at Hampden Park is a European record for a club match. 
Rangers' record attendance of 118,567 is a British record for a league match.
Structure
Professional football in Scotland is split into four leagues. The winners of the league move up into the league above it, and those who finish last in the league move down into the league below it. The leagues are:

Scottish Premier League
Scottish First Division
Scottish Second Division
Scottish Third Division
Micrographs are photographs taken through microscopes to show magnified versions of items. They are used for forensic engineering and forensic science to record trace evidence. Micrographs are also used for scanning electron microscopy so the sample areas selected for analysis are visible.

Photography
Microscopes
Felix Adjei ( born 17 December 1990) is a football player from Ghana. He plays for FC Pinzgau Saalfelden in the Regionalliga Salzburg (3rd level in Austrian football) as midfielder.

Career
He started playing football for Red Bull Ghana where he was at the academy which is run by Red Bull. In 2009 he was invited to Salzburg where Nico Kovac, then coach of the second team, was impressed by his skills. He became the first player who came to F.C. Red Bull Salzburg from the Ghana academy. He became part of the second team, the Red Bull Juniors. On October 15th he played his first match in the first team against Wacker Innsbruck. He was in the starting team and played till minute 62.

Honours
 Champion Regionalliga West (3rd stage of Austrian football):2011
 Salzburg Cup:2011

References

Ghanaian footballers
1990 births
Living people
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Players of FC Liefering
Wolfgang Köhler (21 January 1887 – 11 June 1967) was a German psychologist who, like Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka, helped create Gestalt psychology. He was the first to show that apes could solve problems by thinking.

Gestalt psychology
In 1910–13, he worked with fellow psychologists Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka. He and Koffka were subjects for Wertheimer’s  studies, which led them to conclusions about the nature of vision. They collaborated on the founding of a new holistic attitude toward psychology called Gestalt theory, from the German word for “whole". This was influenced by some earlier work of Carl Stumpf (Köhler’s teacher) and Christian von Ehrenfels. Wertheimer had attended Ehrenfels' lectures at the University of Prague.
Köhler’s famous quote, “the whole is different from the sum of its parts” is usually quoted differently. Though perhaps a simple error made in translation, many lectures in textbooks of modern-day psychology quote Gestalt theory by saying “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”. It is difficult to imagine that a translation error occurred here, especially when considering that ‘greater’ is ‘größer’ and ‘different’ is ‘unterschiedlich’ in German, respectively.

Problem solving
In 1913, Köhler left Frankfurt for the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands, to be the Director of the Prussian Academy of Sciences anthropoid research station. Here, Köhler observed how chimpanzees solved problems, such as that of retrieving bananas when placed out of their reach. They stacked wooden crates to use as makeshift ladders, in order to get the food. If the bananas were placed on the ground outside the cage, they used sticks to lengthen the reach of their arms.
So, he concluded that the animals were capable of problem-solving and that they did not arrive at their methods through trial and error. This is one of the most important findings from the research done on apes. Köhler’s work on the mentality of apes was a turning point in the psychology of thinking. In the book The mentality of apes, Köhler explains that he was inspired to work with the chimpanzees for two main reasons. The first was because the “structure of their brains is more closely related to the chemistry of the human body and brain-structure than to the chemical nature of the lower apes and their brain development” Köhler (1925). The fact that human traits can be observed in the everyday behaviours of this animal was very intriguing for Köhler. Kohler also wanted to gain knowledge of the nature of intelligent acts.
Books by Köhler 
These are the editions in English:
1925. The mentality of apes, transl. from the 2nd German edition by Ella Winter. London: Kegan, Trench and New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. Original was Intelligenzprüfungen an Anthropoiden, Berlin 1917. 2nd German edition was titled Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen, Berlin: Springer 1921. Liveright 1976 reprint: 
1929. Gestalt psychology. New York: Liveright. London: Bell 1930. A heavily revised translation into German, Psychologische Probleme, was published in 1933 by Springer, Berlin.
1938. The place of value in a world of facts. New York: Liveright. Norton reprint 1976: 
1940. Dynamics in psychology. New York: Liveright.
1947. Gestalt psychology: an introduction to new concepts in modern psychology. New York: Liveright. A revised edition of the 1929 book. Norton 1992 reprint: 
1969. The task of gestalt psychology. Princeton University Press. 
1971. Henle, Mary (ed). The selected papers of Wolfgang Köhler. New York: Liveright.

References
References 

German psychologists
1887 births
1967 deaths
A gluten-free diet is a diet that excludes foods that have gluten. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats. Most breads, cakes, pastas/noodles, beers and pizzas are made with gluten. Gluten is used as a food additive in the form of a flavoring, stabilizing or thickening agent. It is often called "dextrin". Some non-foods, such as medications and vitamin supplements, especially those in tablet form, may contain gluten as a binding agent.

A gluten-free diet is the only medically accepted treatment for wheat allergy and coeliac disease (in North America, it is usually spelled "celiac disease").
Some gluten-free diets also exclude oats. Doctors do not agree on whether oats affect coeliac disease sufferers.
Many alcoholic beverages are gluten free, but many types of whiskey and beer contain gluten, because using grains is a necessary part of their production.
Gluten-free diets have become popular worldwide. Some say that such a diet can cause problems with Vitamin B and magnesium intake by the body, because wheat improves the rate in which humans body can use them.
Gluten-containing ingredients sometimes are used as colorants, preservatives and thickeners in products such as ice cream and ketchup.
Even some cosmetics like lip balm and lipsticks can contain gluten, so persons wanting to follow such a diet need to learn about which products contain wheat and its byproducts.

References

Other websites 
  2015. BBC News Magazine. The great gluten-free diet fad - BBC News
Diets
Little Havana () is a section of Miami, Florida, where many Cuban immigrants and refugees have settled. The high number of Cuban refugees Florida receives is due to its proximity to Cuba.  It is called Little Havana because Cuba's capital is Havana.  There is also a smaller Little Havana in Tampa, Florida.

In recent years, increasing numbers of Honduran, Nicaraguan, and Guatemalan immigrants have moved into the neighborhood. At the same time, increasing numbers of Cubans left the area for the suburbs in western Miami.  Part of Little Havana is now called Little Managua named after the Nicaraguan capital.

Calle Ocho Festival 
The Calle Ocho Festival is held in Little Havana.

Miami
Howard Stern (born January 12, 1954) is an American radio and television personality known for his radio show, The Howard Stern Show.

Stern was born in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City.

He originally started as a disc jockey for a New York station playing rock music.  He discovered a talent for comedy, and developed a wide-ranging confrontational style that encouraged listeners to call in.  Eventually, in the 1990s, his show was widely distributed. As an example, in one of his most infamous episodes, he persuaded a female caller to have phone sex with him on the air.  He made deep buzzing noises into his microphone, and had her sit on a speaker with the volume turned up.
Stern's crude style of entertainment (which many listeners support) has earned him the title "King Of All Media" -- at least in the eyes of his fans.  His show is frequently the subject of complaints by various listeners (and occasionally ethnic groups) who find his shows offensive.  Radio stations airing his show have occasionally been subjected to fines for violating FCC requirements due to the content of the show, but the parent conglomerate (Infinity Broadcasting) that hosts Stern's show seems to consider these fines a necessary price to pay, in order to support Stern's continuing popularity. In 1994 Stern ran for Governor of the state of New York.
Stern is the most popular and well-known of a variety of offensive radio hosts known generally as "shock jocks."  In spite of the crude content of his show, many radio listeners consider Stern's delivery to be far from the worst quality radio aired today.  His popularity has given rise to a number of imitation "shock jocks" who attempt to outdo Stern in terms of offensiveness and rudeness...but these imitators have found themselves with more troubles to worry about than listener ratings.  In 2002 rival radio hosts Opie and Anthony were fired from their popular radio show after they encouraged a couple to engage in sexual intercourse at Saint Patrick's Cathedral in New York City, then airing a running commentary of the act on their show.  Stern, his supporters note, has not gone out of his way to offend the general public in this manner.

On January 15, 1998 Lance Carvin, who had been stalking Stern, was sentenced to two and a half years in prison for threatening to kill Stern and his family.
Other websites 

The Howard Stern Show on Sirius XM Radio

1954 births
Living people
American autobiographers
American radio personalities
American television producers
American television talk show hosts
American television writers
Comedians from New York City
People from Queens
Television personalities from New York City
Writers from New York City
Myra is an American singer, dancer and choreographer of Mexican descent. She is the first Latina artist to have been signed to Hollywood Records, Walt Disney Records, and Avex Trax. She rose to prominence in 2001 after recording a cover of Martha and the Vandellas' "Dancing in the Street" for the soundtrack to the 2001 film Recess: School's Out (which she would then re-record in 2002 in Spanish for the Disney Channel original movie, Gotta Kick It Up!). However, her first album released before being signed to Disney -released in 1997, was the Mariachi album Mensajera del Amór, released by Briaz Promotions. At the time of its release, Myra was then known as Mayra Caról. During her Disney-era portion of her career, she contributed her vocals to the song "Miracles Happen (When You Believe)" to the film The Princess Diaries, and it received a 2002 ALMA Award nomination for Outstanding Song in a Motion Picture Soundtrack
. Her debut album Myra included these two tracks and were released as singles and both included a music video. The album "Myra" was released in four different formats.
Since then, Myra has worked with other artists, being featured on a single, "Back to You" by Chicano Rapper, Veze Skante which was accompanied by a music video and is a part of the compilation set "La Costa Nuestra." "La Costa Nuestra is available on iTunes. Myra has also independently released songs via-MySpace which can be found on YouTube and her Official Facebook account in video format. After an extended hiatus, Myra is currently working on her latest project(s) to date and is due for a tremendous return to the music world!

Discography
Mensajera del Amór (1997)
Myra (2001)
Milagros (2001)
Myra+more (2002)

Filmography 
Film Roles
 Max Keeble's Big Move (2001) as Chelsea
Television Appearances
 Disney's Hot Summer Jams (2001)
 Regis & Kelly (2001)
 Port Charles (episode: A Reason to Celebrate) (2001)
 Don Francisco Presenta: Sábdo Gigante (2002)
 Univision: Navidad en Walt Disney World (2002)
 La Academia (2012)

Notes
Notes

Other websites 
 Myra at AllMusic
 Myra at the Internet Movie Database
 Myra on Facebook
 Myra on ReverbNation
 Myra on Instagram
 Myra on Tumblr
 Myra on YouTube
 Myra on Twitter
 Myra on MySpace
 Myra on Discogs
 The Myra Movement on Instagram
 The Myra Movement on Tumblr

1986 births
American child singers
American pop singers
American dancers
Living people
Singers from California
3LW (Three Little Women) was an American girl group. The group members were Naturi Cora Maria Naughton, Adrienne Eliza Bailon, and Kiely Alexis Williams. The band was formed in 1999 in Newark, New Jersey.

In August 2002, Naughton announced that she had been forced out of 3LW. Before the year's end, the group held various auditions in Atlanta, Los Angeles and New York in search of a third member. Jessica Benson was chosen. She joined 3LW in December. The group ended in 2006.

Members 
 Adrienne Bailon - born Adrienne Eliza Bailon on October 24, 1983, Manhattan, New York, U.S.
 Kiely Williams - born Kiely Alexis Williams on July 9, 1986, Alexandria, Virginia, United States
 Naturi Naughton - born Naturi Cora Maria Naughton on May 20, 1984, East Orange, New Jersey
 Jessica Benson - born in 1988, Severn, Maryland

Discography

Studio albums
 2000: 3LW
 2002: A Girl Can Mack
 2002: Naughty or Nice
 2022: Point of No Return

Other albums
 2005: Neva Get Enuf

Awards and nominations
Other websites
 Official site 
 Myspace
 Discogs

1999 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2007 disestablishments in the United States
American girl groups
American R&B bands
American hip hop bands
American soul bands
American dance musicians
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
Musical groups from New Jersey
Newark, New Jersey
1990s establishments in New Jersey
Nadia Yvonne López Ayuso (born June 21, 1983 in Oaxaca), is a Mexican singer. She was a finalist of the first season of La Academia. Her passion for music began since she was a little girl, setting her to knock on doors by participating on contests, and festivals.

Singles 
 Esta Libertad- #52 (MEX)
 Como Hacerte Saber- #82 (MEX)
 Contigo Si w/ Yahir- #1 (1 Week) (MEX)
 Endulzame El Oido- #32 (MEX)
 Heridas- #91 (MEX)
 Abrázame- #98 (MEX)
 Un Poco de tus Besos- #72 (MEX)

1983 births
Living people
Mexican singers
People from Oaxaca
Diana Reyes (born November 18, 1979)  is a Mexican singer. She records duranguense music.  She was born in La Paz, Baja California Sur.  She has released three gold records since 2004: La Reina del Pasito Duranguense, Las No. 1 de la Reina, and Te Voy a Mostrar.

References

Mexican singers
Latin singers
1979 births
Living people
People from Baja California Sur
Ivy Queen (born Martha Ivelisse Pesante on March 4, 1972 in Añasco, Puerto Rico) is a composer and singer known as "The Queen of Reggaeton".

Early Life 
At a young age Ivy's parents moved to New York where she was raised.  When she was in her teens, her parents returned to their hometown, Añasco.  Ivy went to school and graduated from high school.
When Ivy was 18, she moved to San Juan and met rapper and producer, DJ Negro.  DJ Negro helped her and introduced her to a group called "Noise".  With "Noise" she wrote and performed her first song "Somos Rapperos Pero No Delincuentes" (We're Rappers, Not Delincuents).  Soon, DJ Negro convinced Ivy to go "solo" and in 1997, she made her debut with the recording of the album "En Mi Imperio" (In My Empire) for the Sony International Records label which sold over 100,000 copies.  In the same year, Ivy traveled to Panama where she represented Puerto Rico in "The Battle of Rap".  She also did some presentations in the Dominican Republic, which were all "sold out" and later that year, she participated in "The First National Festival of Rap and Reggae".  There, Ivy was proclaimed the "Rap Singer of the Year".  Also, in 1997, Ivy was awarded the "Artista '97" award, naming her "The Peoples Favorite Rap Singer", by Artista magazine.
In 1998, Ivy recorded her second album, for the Sony Label, titled "Original Rude Girl" which carried the following hit songs "Interlude in the Zone", "Sabes Que Tu" (What Do You Know?) and "The King and The Queen".  It sold more than her first album and was highly acclaimed by her growing fan base.

Ivy's third album "Diva", was released in 2003.  The songs were originally written by her and performed with the participation of various artists.

Ivy Queen's style does not include the crude language so common in that genre.  Instead she focuses on her lyrics which contain positive messages for her generation.  Ivy usually speaks in her songs about Puerto Rico and about the abuse that many women suffer.

1972 births
Living people
Puerto Rican singers
Puerto Rican rappers
Puerto Rican composers
Fanny Lucía Martínez de Leeu (born February 8, 1973), more commonly known as Fanny Lú, is a singer from Cali, Colombia. Fanny Lu completed her studies in Colegio Bolivar and then went on later to study at Universidad de los Andes. In 1994, she became a television presenter. Afterward, she went into the music industry.

Fanny's debut album "Lágrimas Cálidas" (Warm Tears) was released in 2006. The album was an instant hit in Latin America. It was very popular in Colombia, where it spent five weeks at #1. The lead single "No Te Pido Flores" (I'm Not Asking for Flowers) also spent 7 weeks at #1 on the Hot 100 Billboard Charts in Latin America, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and Mexico, and has received a numerous amount of airplay in Latin radio in the US. The song has also peaked at #16 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs. The second single from her debut album is the song called "Y Si Te Digo"(And If I Tell You) and it peaked at #1 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs.

Singles
Singles

Filmography
Fanny Lu did the Spanish translated voice for Beth, a character in the Sony Pictures animated film "Open Season" or "Amigos Salvajes", which is the Spanish title.

Other websites
Official Site
Official Myspace

Colombian singer-songwriters
1973 births
Living people
Latin singers
Colombian television actors
People from Cali
Don Omar (born William Omar Landrón Altagracia Riviera; February 10, 1978 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), is a Dembow singer, composer, actor and producer. He is believed to be one of the best dembow artists in Dominican Republic, Venezuela and all of Latin America  and world by many music critics and fans alike. Omar is best known for his songs "Dile" and "Dale Don Dale" from his first album The Last Don and "Reggaeton Latino". His songs are mostly about life and love; some examples of these would be "La Recompenza" (The Reward) and "Aunque te Fuiste" (Even Though You Left Me). The net worth is of $ 22,5 million of dólares. and  sold over 70 million of sales.

Biography 
His musical debut began in the evangelical church Iglesia de la Restauración in Cristo en Bayamón, where he became the pastor for four years but he left because of a sentimental disappointment. At this time he continues to take part in several groups that sing during religious celebrations.
He began singing and composing at age 21, feeling very close to the reggaeton style, which began to develop in Puerto Rico in the early 1990s. He started in reggaeton with Yaga duo Yaga and Mackie Ranks in 1990 with the song Tha Cream in the album of the same name.

He started his career after many obstacles when Héctor Delgado (from the duo Héctor & Tito) gave him an opportunity to be a backup singer for them. After that, he sang in a live concert with Héctor & Tito in 2003, which was released later as a CD and DVD, which included the songs that became instant hits, Baila Morena and Amor de Colegio (School Love). He is currently signed to VI Music through Universal Music Latino.
In 2003 released The Last Don, his first album, which includes titles that will now be references to reggaeton as the songs Dale Don Dale, Dile and Pobre Diabla. He becomes one of the most emblematic representatives with Daddy Yankee (with whom he will duet) and his albums become true standards of the musical genre and sold over 4.5 million of copies and earnings of $ 4,700,000 million of dólares.

Don Omar then gives many concerts, the number of participants and staging make it a real hit with spectators. Following his tour, released in 2004 The Last Don Live sold over 2,500,000 units all overthe world.

Don Omar has been in trouble with the law for possession of drugs and firearms. He is often the subject of accusations for the content of the lyrics. He is accused of inciting violence and pornography. The strong rhythm, dancing and sensual characterizing also this musical genre, it is no exception, like many other reggaetoneros.
His contribution to the genre by the title Dale Don dale in The Last Don, was named the best Latin / hip-hop rap album of the year 2005 and voted best Latin pop artist by the Billboard.

In 2005, he produced Los Bandoleros. In this album he works with other artists for the title Los Bandoleros with Tego Calderon; for Como olvidar, with David Bisbal, for Ella y yo, with Romeo from Aventura, for My Space and Nadie Como Tú with Wisin y Yandel, for Hold You Down with Jennifer Lopez; and for La Traicionera, with Glory.

His compositions use little repetitive style commonly used in the reggaeton style, to tell stories he imagines.
Don Omar released an album King of King in 2006. He is the first sales of Hispanic language music records in the United States with this album as well as in some Latin American countries. With this album Don Omar is proclaimed "El Rey" ("king" in French) of reggaeton and official promoter of the musical genre. Upon release the album is first sales, and the first single Angelito is in the lead on the day of its release with about 500,000 sales, which is then a record for this style of music.

He composed the song Conteo for the film Fast and Furious: Tokyo Drift.

At the end of 2006, the special edition of the album King of Kings is released: the "Armageddon Edition" in which four additional titles are added.
In 2007 he produced the album El Pentagono, in which participate various artists of the musical genre. One of the songs on this album is Calm My Nerves featuring Don and Reel, a Hip-Hop singer from the United States; also participate in the album Easy con Tego Calderon ', Zion, Voltio, Eddie Dee and Costuleta.

In 2008 he married the weather presenter Jackie Guerrido (he has three children from a past relationship). The same year, Don Omar confronts legal proceedings: Nando Boom accuses him of plagiarism, the theme of My Space being the exact copy of that of Enfermo de amor.

Don Omar plays in Fast and Furious 4 and Fast and Furious 5 with Tego Calderon. The song Danza Kuduro is repeated at the end of the film Fast and Furious 5 and the song Taboo during the scene where Mia is at the market.
Discography
 2003 : The Last Don.
 2004 : The Last Don LIVE.
 2004 : The Last Don LIVE (DVD).
 2005 : Los Bandoleros (A various-artist CD produced by Don Omar and released by his own record label, All-Star Records).
 2005 : Da Hitman Presents Reggaetón Latino.
 2006 : The Last Don: The Gold Series.
 2006 : King of Kings: Armageddon Edition.
 2006 : Los Bandoleros Reloaded.
 2007 : El Pentágono.
 2007 : King of Kings Live.
 2008 : I Don.
 2011 : Meet The Orphans.
 2012 : Meet The Orphans 2: New Generation.
 2015 : The Last Don 2.
 2019 : The Last Album.

Filmography

References

Other websites

Official website 
Don Omar - Dutty Love Mp3 Download
Don Omar - Ella-No-Sigue-Modas mp3 Music
Don Omar - Hasta-Que-Salga-El-Sol Mobile Download
Don Omar - Taboo Mp3 Download
Don Omar - Tus Movimientos Music Download
Don Omar - Zumba Mp3 Music
Don Omar Ft Lucenzo - Danza Kuduro
Official website for iDon album
Official page at MySpace
Official page at Facebook
1972 births
Living people
Dominican singer-songwriters
Latin singers
Reggaeton
Latin Grammy Award winners
Dominican businesspeople
Dominican composers
Life
Kat and her family moved from The Bronx, US to the Dominican Republic early, where she was raised in poverty. Kat spent her time listening to Aretha Franklin and Billie Holiday records. At the age of 14, they moved back to the US, where Kat realized her potential as a singer. With that goal in mind, Kat was accepted to the New Jersey School of the Performing Arts. As a freshman, she scoured the pages of The Village Voice for auditions. After many auditions, DeLuna received a call for an all girl group, which later became the first Latina, Hip Hop/R&B group: Coquette. While being a part of Coquette, Kat continued to search for opportunities to pursue her dream of becoming a solo artist. At age of 15, Kat entered a Coca-Cola sponsored karaoke competition. Her version of "I Will Always Love You" won the competition. The competition also resulted her into meeting the legendary Cuban salsa singer Rey Ruiz. Ruiz gave KAT advice and with it, she started writing her own music and has continued to do so since.
Currently, Epic Records, her label, is in the process of launching a promotional campaign for her worldwide first single "Whine Up". The song features Elephant Man and a music video is in the works. On the official website, a video of DeLuna doing a choreography to the song is shown on the front page. Also Elephant Man is shown in the short rehearsing video.

Album discography 
 9 Lives (2007)
 Inside Out (2010)
 Loading (2016)
 Kat Attack (2023)

Other websites
Official website

1987 births
Living people
singers from New York City
Aventura is a Bachata-R&B music group from New York City. They became popular worldwide with their hit single Obsesión in 2003/2004.

Members
 Anthony "Romeo" Santos, lead singer and featured composer
 Leny Santos, guitarist, producer/arranger
 Max Santos, bass guitar
 Henry Santos Jeter, singer and composer

Discography
 Generation Next, 1997, Label:	Premium Latin / Mach 1
 We Broke the Rules, 2002, Label : KTE
 Love & Hate (Amor Y Odio), 2003, Label : KTE	  
 Unplugged, 2004
God's Project, 2005, Label: Mach 1

References

Other websites
Official site

1994 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
1990s establishments in New York (state)
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2011 disestablishments in the United States
American boy bands
American R&B bands
Latin music
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from New York City
Jennifer Marcella Peña (born September 17, 1983 in San Antonio, Texas) is a Tejano/Latin pop singer. At age 12, she sang at the Houston Astrodome as a tribute to Selena. Signed by EMI, Peña's first album was nominated for a Tejano Music Award, and after her second album, she appeared on the soundtrack of Selena and was nominated for a Grammy Award. She has since released two more albums, most recently Seducción, both of which have been successful.

Pena's former boyfriend, also a singer, was involved in an argument with singer Obie Bermudez after a multiple artist concert in Texas during the summer of 2004; the argument was apparently started by jealousy from her ex-boyfriend towards Bermudez.

During September of that year, Pena openly admitted to a magazine that she and the famous Puerto Rican rapper Bermudez have been having a serious relationship.

References

singers from Texas
1983 births
Living people
Latin singers
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
Tejano musicians
The Cheetah Girls started out as a 2003 Summer Line-Up movie for Disney Channel. Within the two years of release, it gained one of the biggest fan franchises in Disney history as well as on the soundtrack charts having a Double Platinum soundtrack and high-rated DVD release. After all of this success three of the original members Adrienne Bailon, Kiely Williams and Sabrina Bryan decided to reunite and record and a song for the Disneymania 3 CD. Raven-Symoné however declined saying that "I want to work on my solo career right now. I loved being a Cheetah Girl but I don't want to be known as 'Galleria from The Cheetah Girls’, and as 'Raven Baxter' forever. Right now I just want to be Raven-Symoné."
Adrienne Bailon (who at the time had a reoccurring role on That's So Raven) claimed to "understand" but still said she was "disappointed" in Raven for not continuing what she started. However, the 3 remaining Cheetahs recorded I Won't Say (I'm In Love) for Disneymania 3. They also kept their names from The Cheetah Girls movie. Kiely was known as "Aqua", Adrienne was known as "Chanel" and Sabrina was known as "Dorinda". After seeing how much of a response I Won't Say (I'm In Love) received, Disney quickly approached the Cheetahs for a recording contract. Raven was again offered her spot back in the group and again declined. This upset Adrienne so much that she quit as her role of Alana on That's So Raven. The newly reformed Cheetah Girls signed the contract for one album with Walt Disney Records. The stage names Dorinda, Chanel and Aqua were also dropped at this time
. Right before the release of their debut album they released a single for the Chicken Little soundtrack called Shake a Tail Feather, a re-make of an old Ray Charles song. Their debut album was a Christmas album titled Cheetah-licious Christmas. They also made a music video for their debut single also titled Cheetah-Licious Christmas. They performed this single at the Walt-Disney Christmas Day Parade and were featured in The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. After the success of their Christmas album they were reported as signing to Hollywood Records (Owned by Disney but for more successful artists such as Aly & AJ and former Cheetah Raven-Symoné).
At this time a Cheetah Girls television series was in the works as well. It did however convince former cheetah Raven-Symoné to return for television and film purposes only. The show filmed a total of 4 episodes when it was put on hiatus reason being That's So Raven being renewed for its fourth and final season. The Cheetahs (Including Raven) did however quickly meet up again for a sequel called The Cheetah Girls 2 and recorded a soundtrack for the movie also. It is set to debut on the Disney Channel on August 25, 2006. Raven however left the Cheetah Girls after filming wrapped claiming "Lots of work" that had to be completed. The Cheetah Girls are set to go on a two month tour (it is unknown if Raven will join them) in mid-September of 2006 to promote The Cheetah Girls 2: When in Spain album. After that the Cheetahs are headed back to the recording studio to record their sophomore album
. It is still not known if The Cheetah Girls television series will ever be picked up because of the falling out between Raven and Adrienne and Raven's separation from the group. If it is picked up, producers have stated that they will be writing in a major role for the newest 3LW member Jessica Benson.
The sequel The Cheetah Girls 3 is currently under script development and has been rumored to be a theatrical release. If production continues on The Cheetah Girls 3 then all of the original cheetahs are under contract to return. It has also been rumored that if The Cheetah Girls 3 does well then production will continue on The Cheetah Girls television Series and that Jessica Benson may have a role written into this movie as well as the TV series. they officially disbanded in 2008.

Filmography

Discography

Studio albums

Soundtracks albums

Other Albums

EPs

Other websites 

Official site on Hollywood Records
Official site on Walt Disney Records 

American girl groups
Humberto "Tito" Nieves (June 4, 1958, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico)' became one of the leading Salsa singers of the 1980's and the early 90s. Raised in the U.S., Nieves began his career while participating in Cimarron, a New York-based orchestra. In 1977, he teamed up with the legendary singer Hector Lavoe and his Orchestra and joined Conjunto Clasico later. Nieves decided to start his solo career in 1986, setting himself apart by singing Salsa in English.

Albums
 "The Classic" (1988)
 "Yo Quiero Cantar" (1989)
 "Dejame Vivir" (1991)
 "Rompecabeza: The Puzzle" (1993)
 "Un Tipo Comun" (1995)
 "I Like It Like That" (1997)
 "Dale Cara A La Vida" (1998)
 "Clase Aparte" (1999)
 "Asi Mismo Fue" (2000)
 "En Otra Onda" (2001)
 "Muy Agradecido" (2002)
 "Fabricando Fantasias" (2004)
 "Hoy, Manana, Y Siempre" (2005)
 "Canciones Clasicas De Marco Antonio Solís" (2007)
 "En Vivo" (2007)
 "Dos Canciones Clasicas De Marco Antonio Solís" (2008)
 "Entre Familia" (2010)

References
References

Other websites
 Booking Agent for Tito Nieves profile 
 Tito's website

1958 births
Living people
Puerto Rican singers
After several years, Manuel joined the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He joined them at the same time they had their hit song "Fiera Callada". After the success of the song, the group released their first album, Sin Fronteras. Manuel samg a large part of the lyrics on this album. The album included a cover version of Rocío Durcal's song "Te Amo". The group made a second album titled Haciendo Historia. It had hits like "Colegiala" and "Frente a Frente".

After making these two albums with Los Sabrosos, Manuel chose to have a solo career. In June of 1994, Manuel left the group. In October 1 of the same year, he started as a solo performer. Several months later, he released his first solo album. It was titled Rey de Corazones. The album was certified platinum after a few weeks. With the success of the album, on November, 1995, Manuel performed at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center. He sold out six shows.
In 1996, he followed with his second album titled Auténtico. On May of the same year, he performed at the Guaynabo Performing Arts Center in a special Mother's Day concert. Later, in November, he had a very large concert at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum.

Other websites
Biography at Fundación para la Cultura Popular 
Biography by Patricia Maldonado 
Biography at E-mail Urbano
Biography at LaHiguera.net

1972 births
Living people
Puerto Rican singers
American choreographers
Girl In a Coma is a rock band from San Antonio, Texas on Joan Jett's Blackheart Record's label.  The band is made up of sisters Nina(vocals/guitar) and Phanie Diaz (drums) and Jenn Alva (bass). The group recorded a rock version of the song "Si Una Vez" by Selena.

Discography
 2007 "Both Before I'm Gone"

Other websites
Official site

American rock bands
American punk bands
Musicians from San Antonio, Texas
Musical groups from Texas
Khriz y Angel is a Puerto Rican reggaeton group. The band members are Ángel Rivera Guzmán and Chrístian Colón. They work a lot with Luny Tunes another Puerto Rican reggaeton group. They were introduced in 2002 in the CD MVP, by Hector 'El Bambino' with the song "Casando Voy".

Los MVP’s is Khriz Y Angel’s own CD where they present the listener to soulful hits like "Ven Bailalo" and "Te Quiero Ver Hoy", as well as "De Caseria" featuring Divino and the up beat "Ram Pa Pan Pan".   

In the year 2005, they have come up with the songs "Fua", "De Lao A Lao" (bachata and merengue reggaeton versions), and "Mazacotte". They have been compared to artists like Daddy Yankee, Don Omar, and Wisin y Yandel in terms of fame.

References 

Reggaeton
American musical groups
Puerto Rican musicians
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in the United States
Establishments in Puerto Rico
Karen Rodriguez (born 1989) is an American singer from New York City, New York.  Her father is Dominican and her mother, Elvira Rodriguez, is Peruvian. She went to LaGuardia Arts School in New York   She played the starring role as Maria in "West Side Story" as a freshman. In 2008, she appeared in the fifth season of a Puerto Rican talent show Objetivo Fama and finished in seventh place.

She considers Selena to be her biggest idol, and is a fan of Juan Gabriel and Juan Luis Guerra.

American Idol

Performances/Results

 Rodriguez was saved first from elimination.

References 

singers from New York City
1989 births
Living people
Geoffrey Royce Rojas (born May 11, 1989 on the Bronx) known by his stage name Prince Royce is a Dominican-American bachata singer.  He started his career when he signed on with Top Stop Music label. His debut album, Prince Royce, was recorded in 2009 and released in 2010. The album was produced by Sergio George the manager of Top Stop Music.  The album became a success peaking at #1 on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart.  The lead single from the album, "Stand by Me" is a cover of a song which was originally composed and performed by Ben E. King. The single reached #1 on the Latin Tropical Airplay chart and #8 on the Top Latin Songs chart.  It was announced on September 8, 2010, that his album would become a nominee for a Latin Grammy Award for "Best Contemporary Tropical Album".

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

Spanish and Portuguese-language

English-language

As featured artist

Guest appearances

Music videos

Notes

References
Notes

References

Discography
Tropical music discographies
Discographies of American artists
Frankie J (born on February 16 1980 in Baja, California, USA) is an American singer. He first appeared on A.B. Quintanilla III's band "Kumbia Kings". He later left the band to become a solo artist. His debut album What's a Man to Do was released on May 27, 2003. In 2005, Frankie J released his third studio album The One and debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 chart. It had sold 130,000 copies in one week. It was then certified platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 1 million copies.

Discography

Albums

 Performed in Spanish

Singles

Guest appearances

References 

1980 births
American singer-songwriters
Latin singers
Living people
Q'Orianka Kilcher (born February 11, 1990 in Schweigmait, Germany) German-born American actress. She was raised in Hawaii. Q'Orianka's father is from Peru and he belongs to the Quechua/Huachipaeri, while her mother is of Swiss descent by way of Alaska. Her movie credits include the live action version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas, and the starring role of Pocahontas in The New World.

She is a cousin of pop singer Jewel.     

On June 1, 2010, Kilcher and her mother were arrested. Kilcher chained herself to the gates in front of the White House in Washington, D.C. Her mother poured black paint on her to signify oil. Kilcher was against President Barack Obama's meeting with Peruvian President Alan García. She said Garcia sold land in the Amazon rainforest to corporations while suppressing indigenous protests. She and her mother were charged with disorderly conduct. The charges were dropped on June 6, 2011 after they completed community service.

Filmography
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Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

 The Q'Orianka Kilcher Fan Photo Gallery

1990 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Hawaii
Sara Tavares (born 1978) is a Portuguese-Cape Verdian singer. After winning the two music festivals in Portugal, in 1994, Sara Tavares recorded her first album Sara Tavares & Shout. It was released in 1996. This album has gospel, soul, funk and pop influences. After the album was released, Sara performed all over the Portugal, Cape Verde and Paris. She also performed on television programs and at social events. By the end of 1998, Sara Tavares started working on her new album. She stopped performing and went through a long period of introspection trying to find her real influences.
Mi Ma Bo was  Sara Tavares' second album. The name translated from the Criolo (language from Cape Verde) means "Me and You".  Mi Ma Bo was produced by Lokua Kanza, a musician from Kongo.  The album is sung in three different languages (Portuguese, Criolo and English).  In Portugal, Mi Ma Bo is a gold record. In France, Monaco and Andorra, "Querer Sonhar" - one of Sara Tavares' compositions from Mi Ma Bo, is included in an African music compilation, together with artists like Miriam Makeba, Lokua Kanza, Césaria Evora, Youssou N'Dour, Mory Kante. It was released by BMG France.

Her new album Balancé was due in February 2006. In this record produced by Sara herself, she wrote and composed all the songs and played many of the instruments.

1978 births
Living people
Portuguese singers
Cape Verdean people
In Conservative Judaism, Jewish values can be divided into ethical and ritual laws - the ethical laws do not change, while the ritual laws are used in different customs. Because oftentimes Jews have to be a part of the society they live in, some of the ritual laws must be adapted to it. Such adaptations also allow modern lifestyles.

Another belief in conservative Judaism is that the texts that are the basis of Judaism should not be read literally, and that they can be analyzed and criticized like any other text. In Conservative Judaism, women are seen as equal to men and are allowed to sit with the men when attending synagogue, whereas in Orthodox Judaism for example, women are expected to sit in a different area. Women are also allowed to not wear head coverings when attending synagogue.
Other websites 
 The Core Principles of Conservative Judaism , by Ismar Schorsch on behalf of the Jewish Theological Seminary
 Conservative Jews in Israel : Official Masorti Movement website
 Standards for Congregational Practice  by the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
 Formulating Jewish Law For Our Time , by Dr. Rabbi Elliot N. Dorff, for the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
 A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice:Official work on Jewish law, by Isaac Klein, 1992
 Emet Ve'emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism 
 Research and articles on Conservative Judaism on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner
 Conservative Judaism on My Jewish Learning
 An intro to Conservative Judaism  on Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups

Jewish denominations
The creek is in the Toombullup State Forest, 50km from Benalla and 36km from Mansfield. The area has been developed for visitors and includes picnic area, camping, toilets and walking tracks. A memorial stone was put in place in 2001. It is near the remains of the hut. A tree near the site of two of the murders (Lonigan and Scanlan), the Police/ Kelly Tree, was scarped by a farmer in the 1930s. He carved the names of the three murdered police into it as a memorial. It has had a small copy of Ned Kelly's helmet attached to it.  This caused great upset to the families of the murdered policemen. The other murder site (Kennedy's) is approximately 400 - 500 metres North West. It is across the Stringybark Creek Road.

The murders
The murders

A group of three policemen from Mansfield set out to search for the Kelly brothers who they thought were hiding in the bush near Mansfield. They set up camp at Stringbark Creek on 25 October 1878, not knowing that the Kellys were living in a small hut on Bullock Creek, less than 1km away. The next day Kennedy and Scanlan went to search the nearby forest, while Lonigan and Constable Thomas McIntyre stayed at the campsite. The Kellys heard noises from the police camp and went to investigate. Ned Kelly decided to try and capture the policemen and take their guns, horses and food. He called on the two policemen to give themselves up. McIntyre raised his hands, but Lonigan attempted to run and reached for his gun. Ned Kelly shot him in the eye.