Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Before and after Piesley’s hanging, John Gilbert teamed up with Ben Hall.  Bushranging robberies by the end of 1864 were so troublesome that the Parliament of New South Wales rushed through a Bill, An Act to facilitate the taking or apprehending of persons charged with certain felonies and the punishment of those by whom they are harboured.  Within one month of the Act’s passing on 8 April 1865, Police shot them dead, Hall near Forbes on 6 May and Gilbert at Binalong one week later.  Mourners gave them hero status.
References
 Boxall, George History of the Australian Bushrangers, 1935, Halstead Printing Co
 White, Charles History of Australian Bushranging Vol. 1, 1981 
 Clune, Frank Wild Colonial Boys, 1948, reprint 1984 
 Nunn, Harry Bushrangers A Pictorial History, 1979, reprint 1991 
 Coupe, Robert Australian Bushrangers, 1998, 

1835 births
1862 deaths
Australian criminals
Bushrangers
People from New South Wales
La Chapelle-Craonnaise is a commune of 266 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
La Chapelle-Rainsouin is a commune of 234 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Charchigné is a commune of 396 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Karl Lagerfeld (born Karl Otto Lagerfeldt; 10 September 1933 – 19 February 2019) was a German fashion designer. 

Lagerfeld was born in Hamburg, Germany. Many people saw him as one of the most influential persons of the late 20th century. He made fashion for many different labels, for example Chanel, Chloé and Fendi. He also owned several labels, which he started in the early 1980s. He also owned labels making perfumes. He designed clothes for many leading artists. 

He had a Birman cat called Choupette. The cat has its own social media accounts. 

Lagerfeld died on 19 February 2019 from pancreatic cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine at the age of 85. Lagerfeld wrote Choupette into his will.

References

Other websites 

 Karl Lagerfeld Official Website
 Miami Beach USA Article with photos on Karl Lagerfeld and his designs.
 Sundance Channel's Signé Chanel site 
 New Yorker: John Colapinto: In The Now. Where Karl Lagerfeld Lives Extensive profile (ca. 10 000 words)
1933 births
2019 deaths
Gay men
German LGBT people
LGBT fashion designers
People from Hamburg
German fashion designers
Chanel
Château-Gontier is a former commune of 11,131 people (as of 1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne.

References 

Former communes in Mayenne
Subprefectures in France
Châtelain is a commune of 404 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Forbes is a town in the Central West of New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Newell Highway between Parkes and West Wyalong.  There were about 7,000 living in the town in 2001.

Forbes is on the banks of the Lachlan River. It is 245m above sea-level. It is about 380km west of Sydney. The farms in the area mainly grow wheat. Nearby towns and villages include: Parkes, Bedgerebong, Bundbarrah, Corradgery, Daroobalgie, Eugowra, Ooma North and Paytens Bridge. It is home to the Ben Hall a notorius Australian bushranger.

History
The first people to live in the Forbes area were the Australian aborigines, the Wiradjuri people.  The first European was the explorer John Oxley in 1817. He called the area "Camp Hill". He did not think very much of the clay soil, poor timber and swamps. He wrote: "...it is impossible to imagine a worse country". The first settlers moved into the district in 1834 and started a station (farm) called Bogabigal. Forbes is built on what was Arthur Rankin's farm called Cunumbla Station.
Gold was found at Forbes by Harry Stephens, also known as "German Harry", in June 1861. About 30,000 people moved to the goldfields, but by 1863 this had dropped to about 3,500 because mining the gold was too hard. The diggings were wet with water coming from the Lachlan River. About two thirds of the buildings were empty.

The goldfields were first called "Black Ridge". The town was named "Forbes" after Sir Francis Forbes. It is possible that the name was a mistake. The name Forbes should have been given to Hill End, New South Wales near Mudgee. Gold was found there at the same time. Gold at Forbes was first found in the area known as Halpin's Flat. The Albion Hotel, once a Cobb and Co. stage coach rest stop, has tunnels underneath it. These were used to take gold and money to and from the banks and stop it from being stolen. Farming became important after the gold mining ended. Forbes became an important stopping place on the main track for moving cattle from Queensland to Victoria.
One of Australia's most famous bushrangers, Ben Hall, was shot dead by police about 20km northwest of town on May 5, 1865. Hall and his gang were famous for stealing 77kg of gold and £3,700 from a stage coach near the town of Eugowra in 1862. He is buried in the Forbes Cemetery.

Kate Kelly, the sister of bushranger Ned Kelly, lived in Forbes. She was drowned in the Lachlan River in 1898. She is buried in Forbes Cemetery.

The railway reached Forbes in 1893. Passenger trains stopped going to Forbes in 1983.
Education
Forbes Shire has 4 government primary schools: Forbes Primary School, Forbes North Primary School, Corinella Public School and Bedgerebong Public School.  There is one private primary school, St Laurences Primary School. Forbes High School, north of Forbes, is a government school and in 2005 had about 550 students. Red Bend Catholic College at Forbes is a high school for boys and girls. It is on the site of the old Marist Brothers' College, on the banks of the Lachlan River. Red Bend has around 550 students attending in 2008.

There is also the Forbes College of Technical and Further Education (TAFE) and the Forbes Conservatorium (music).

Famous residents
 Hon. Justice Carolyn Simpson - a Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales; Member of the first all-female bench to sit in an Australian court

References

Other websites
 Description of town and its buildings 

Towns in New South Wales
1861 establishments in Australia
Châtillon-sur-Colmont is a French commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.

Communes in Mayenne
Châtres-la-Forêt is a former French commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Évron.

References 

Former communes in Mayenne
Chemazé is a commune of 1019 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Chémeré-le-Roi is a commune of 383 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Chérancé is a commune of 166 people (1999). It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.

Communes in Mayenne
Chevaigné-du-Maine is a commune of 206 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Colombiers-du-Plessis is a commune of 514 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Commer is a commune of 1091 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Congrier is a commune of 1036 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Contest is a commune of 765 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Cosmes is a commune of 273 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Cossé-en-Champagne is a commune. It is in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. About 300 people live there (as of 1999). This town has had a church since the 11th century. It is known for its frescoes.

Communes in Mayenne
Cossé-le-Vivien is a commune of 2706 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Coudray is a commune of 839 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Couesmes-Vaucé is a commune of 383 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Related pages
 Communes of the Mayenne department

Other websites

Communes in Mayenne
Couptrain is a commune of 160 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Courbeveille is a commune of 488 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Courcité is a commune of 992 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Craon is a commune of 4,659 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Crennes-sur-Fraubée is a commune. It is in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in northwest France. 178 people lived there in 1999.

Communes in Mayenne
La Croixille is a commune of 547 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Mayenne department

Communes in Mayenne
La Cropte is a commune of 239 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Cuillé is a commune of 849 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Daon is a commune of 440 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Denazé is a commune of 148 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Désertines is a commune of 539 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Deux-Évailles is a former commune of 152 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, the commune was unified with Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré, Montourtier and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.

References 

Former communes in Mayenne
La Dorée is a commune of 396 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Entrammes is a commune of 2 108 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The people that live there are called Entrammais.

History

Its name comes from the Gallo-Roman Inter Amnes, that means "between the waters": in fact three rivers flow into its territory: the Mayenne, which gives its name to the department, the Jouanne, at the entrance of the village and the Ouette.

On its territory, in 1793, happened the battle of Entrammes.

Buildings

̆* Port-du-Salut Abbey
 Roman-Gaul Baths

Sister cities
Entrammes is twinned with:

  Rosendahl, Germany, since 1970

Communes in Mayenne
Épineux-le-Seguin is a former commune of 172 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Val-du-Maine.

References 

Former communes in Mayenne
Ernée is a commune of 5,793 people (2006). It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.

Communes in Mayenne
Évron is a commune of 7 575 people (2006). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, the former communes of Châtres-la-Forêt and Saint-Christophe-du-Luat were merged into Évron.

In its territory flows the Jouanne river.

References 

Communes in Mayenne
Fontaine-Couverte is a commune of 388 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Forcé is a commune of 1017 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

In its territory flows the Jouanne river.

Communes in Mayenne
Fougerolles-du-Plessis is a commune of 1566 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Fromentières is a commune of 674 peoples (1999). It is in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department. This is in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Mayenne
Gastines is a French commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.

Communes in Mayenne
Le Genest-Saint-Isle is a commune of 2075 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

References

Communes in Mayenne
Gennes-sur-Glaize is a former commune of 790 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Gennes-Longuefuye.

References 

Former communes in Mayenne
Gesnes is a commune of 174 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Gesvres is a commune of 543 people (1999). It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.

Communes in Mayenne
Gorron is a commune of 2894 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation: altuˡseʁ) (October 16, 1918 – October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria. He studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He became Professor of Philosophy there. He taught Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida.

Althusser was a member of the French Communist Party. Sometimes he had bad opinions about the party. He argued against things he thought attacked the basic ideas of Marxism. Some examples are the influence of empiricism on Marxist theory, humanist and reformist socialist orientations in European communist parties, the problem of the 'cult of personality' and ideology. 

Many people say that Althusser is a Structural Marxist. This is a type of Marxism based on structuralism. However, he had many different opinions about structuralism. In 1980, Althusser killed his wife. He went to a psychiatric hospital for three years. He died in 1990.

References 

1918 births
1990 deaths
French philosophers
Marxists
French communists
Gareth Owen is a footballer for Stockport County.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001-02||rowspan="3"|Stoke City||Second Division||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002-03||rowspan="2"|First Division||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003-04||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2003-04||Oldham Athletic||Second Division||15||1||0||0||0||0||15||1
|-
|2004-05||Torquay United||League One||5||0||0||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|2004-05||Stoke City||League Championship||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2004-05||rowspan="2"|Oldham Athletic||rowspan="2"|League One||9||0||0||0||0||0||9||0
|-
|2005-06||17||0||3||0||1||0||21||0
|-
|2006-07||rowspan="3"|Stockport County||rowspan="2"|League Two||39||0||1||0||1||0||41||0
|-
|2007-08||38||0||2||0||2||0||41||0
|-
|2008-09||League One||||||||||||||||
127||1||6||0||5||0||140||1
127||1||6||0||5||0||140||1
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
English footballers
Sportspeople from Staffordshire
Gheorghe Hagi (born 5 February 1965) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for the Romanian national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1982/83||Constanţa||Divizia A||18||7
|-
|1983/84||rowspan="4"|Sportul Studenţesc Bucureşti||rowspan="4"|Divizia A||31||2
|-
|1984/85||30||20
|-
|1985/86||31||31
|-
|1986/87||16||5
|-
|1986/87||rowspan="4"|Steaua Bucureşti||rowspan="4"|Divizia A||14||10
|-
|1987/88||31||25
|-
|1988/89||30||31
|-
|1989/90||22||10

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Real Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||29||3
|-
|1991/92||35||12

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="2"|Brescia||Serie A||31||5
|-
|1993/94||Serie B||30||9

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||16||4
|-
|1995/96||19||3

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="5"|Galatasaray||rowspan="5"|First League||30||10
|-
|1997/98||30||8
|-
|1998/99||28||14
|-
|1999/00||19||12
|-
|2000/01||25||11
223||141
99||22
61||14
132||55
515||232
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1983||5||0
|-
|1984||10||1
|-
|1985||10||4
|-
|1986||8||3
|-
|1987||8||2
|-
|1988||4||2
|-
|1989||8||0
|-
|1990||11||2
|-
|1991||6||2
|-
|1992||5||4
|-
|1993||5||1
|-
|1994||11||5
|-
|1995||3||1
|-
|1996||8||1
|-
|1997||6||4
|-
|1998||7||1
|-
|1999||4||2
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
!Total||125||35
|}

References 

1965 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Romanian football managers
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
Bursaspor managers
FC Barcelona players
Romania at UEFA Euro 1984
Romania at the 1990 FIFA World Cup
Romania at the 1994 FIFA World Cup
Romania at UEFA Euro 1996
Romania at the 1998 FIFA World Cup
Romania at UEFA Euro 2000
Gordon Banks (30 December 1937 – 12 February 2019) was an English footballer. He has played for England national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time.

Banks played in every game of England's 1966 FIFA World Cup victory.

Injury 
In October 1972 Banks was involved in a car crash in his car near his home in Madeley Heath.  Fragments of glass perforated his right eye and damaged the retina. Surgeons put 100 micro stitches to the eye and a further 200 to his face. This effectively ended his career, though he played on for a while.

Death
In December 2015, it was announced he was receiving treatment for kidney cancer. Banks died overnight on 12 February 2019 in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, aged 81.

Club career statistics
|-
|1957/58||rowspan="2"|Chesterfield||rowspan="2"|Third Division||0||0
|-
|1958/59||23||0
|-
|1959/60||rowspan="8"|Leicester City||rowspan="8"|First Division||32||0
|-
|1960/61||40||0
|-
|1961/62||41||0
|-
|1962/63||38||0
|-
|1963/64||36||0
|-
|1964/65||38||0
|-
|1965/66||32||0
|-
|1966/67||36||0
|-
|1966/67||rowspan="7"|Stoke City||rowspan="7"|First Division||4||0
|-
|1967/68||39||0
|-
|1968/69||30||0
|-
|1969/70||38||0
|-
|1970/71||39||0
|-
|1971/72||36||0
|-
|1972/73||8||0

|-
|1977||Fort Lauderdale Strikers||NASL||26||0

|-
|1977/78||St Patrick's Athletic||Premier Division||1||0

|-
|1978||Fort Lauderdale Strikers||NASL||11||0
510||0
37||0
1||0
548||0

International career statistics 

|-
|1963||7||0
|-
|1964||7||0
|-
|1965||7||0
|-
|1966||15||0
|-
|1967||4||0
|-
|1968||6||0
|-
|1969||6||0
|-
|1970||10||0
|-
|1971||7||0
|-
|1972||4||0
|-
!Total||73||0
|}

References
References 

1937 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from kidney cancer
English association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Sheffield
Carlos Sastre Candil (born 22 April 1975 in Leganés, Madrid) is a Spanish cyclist. He is retired and he won the Tour de France in 2008. He is a climbing specialist and has been very consistent, finishing consistently in the top 10 of the Vuelta and the Tour de France. A film made about his team showed that he is a man who loves his family. The title of the film is 'Overcoming'.

In 2009, his contract expired with CSC. He found work in two other teams before retiring at the end of 2011. Sastre is the only winner of the Tour de France from 2000 to 2010 who has not been involved in doping cases.

Spanish cyclists
1975 births
Living people
Ally McBeal is an American TV show that was on air from September 8, 1997, to May 20, 2002, by the Fox Channel. It is set in a law firm in Boston, Massachusetts. Ally McBeal is also the name of the main character played by Calista Flockhart.

Other websites
Other websites 
 

1997 American television series debuts
2002 American television series endings
1990s American comedy television series
1990s American drama television series
1990s American workplace television series
1990s comedy-drama television series
1990s romance television series
1990s workplace drama television series
2000s American comedy television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s American workplace television series
2000s comedy-drama television series
2000s romance television series
2000s workplace comedy television series
2000s workplace drama television series
American comedy-drama television series
American workplace comedy television series
American workplace drama television series
Boston in fiction
Emmy Award winning programs
Fox television series
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Legal television series
Office comedy television series
Romantic comedy television series
Television series set in Massachusetts
English-language television programs
1990s workplace comedy television series
Last of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom. It ran longer than any other comedy show in the UK and longer than any other sitcom in the world. It airs on the television channel BBC One. Roy Clarke writes the show and Alan J. W. Bell produces and directs it. It started as an episode of the television show Comedy Playhouse and originally aired on 4 January 1973. The first series of episodes started airing on 12 November 1973. The show had broadcast its 30th series in 2009  and the 31st and final series was shown in 2010.

Last of the Summer Wine was filmed in and around Holmfirth, West Yorkshire, England. It features three older men who never get old and act like they are children. The three originally were Norman Clegg (Peter Sallis), Cyril Blamire (Michael Bates), and Compo Simmonite (Bill Owen). After two years, Blamire left the show. In his place, Brian Wilde joined as Foggy Dewhurst. The current cast is Russ Abbot as Hobbo Hobdyke, Burt Kwouk as Entwistle, and Brian Murphy as Alvin Smedley.
Some think the show is not as good as it used to be. Many people continue watching it, though, and praise it for portraying older people well and for its family-friendly humour. Members of the British Royal Family enjoy the show. The show has been nominated for some awards and won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme in 1999. There have been many holiday specials, two television movies, and a documentary movie about the series. Last of the Summer Wine has inspired other adaptations, including a television prequel, several novelisations, and a stage adaptation.

Notes

Reference

Other websites

Last of the Summer Wine at BBC Comedy
Last of the Summer Wine  at UKTV Drama.
Last of the Summer Wine at phill.co.uk
Last of the Summer Wine at Nostalgia Central.
Last of the Summer Wine tourism
1973 television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
1970s British sitcoms
1980s British sitcoms
1990s British sitcoms
2000s British sitcoms
2010s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
Television series about friendship
Television shows set in Yorkshire
West Yorkshire
Works about old age
English-language television programs
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement, a movement which tries to promote the universal freedom to distribute and modify computer software without restriction. The FSF was started in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States of America.

From its founding (when it started) until the 1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project. Since the mid-1990s, the FSF's employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community.
GPL enforcement 
The FSF holds the copyrights on many important pieces of the GNU system, such as the GCC. As a copyright holder, it has the power to enforce the GNU General Public License (GPL) when copyright infringement occurs on that software. While other copyright holders of other software systems used the GPL as their license, FSF was the only organization to regularly assert its copyright interests on software licensed under the GPL until Harald Welte created gpl-violations.org in 2004.

In late 2001, Bradley M. Kuhn (then Executive Director), with the help of Moglen, David Turner, and Peter T. Brown, turned these efforts into FSF's GPL Compliance Labs. From 2002-2004, high profile GPL enforcement cases, such as those against Linksys and OpenTV, became frequent. GPL enforcement and educational campaigns on GPL compliance was a major focus of the FSF's efforts during this period.
SCO lawsuit 
In March 2003, SCO filed suit against IBM alleging(saying) that IBM's contributions to some free software, including FSF's GNU, violated SCO's rights. While FSF was never a party to the lawsuit, FSF was subpoenaed on November 5, 2003. During 2003 and 2004, FSF put a lot of advocacy effort into responding to the lawsuit and removing its negative impact on the adoption and promotion of free software.

Current and ongoing activities
The GNU project The original purpose of the FSF was to promote the ideals of free software. The organization created the GNU operating system as an example of this.
	
 GNU licenses The GNU General Public License (GPL) is a popular license for free software projects. The current version (version 3) was released in June 2007. The FSF has also published the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), and the GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL).
	
 GNU Press The FSF's publishing department, responsible for "publishing affordable books on computer science using freely distributable licenses."
	
 The Free Software Directory  This is a listing of software packages which are free software. Each package entry contains 47 pieces of information such as the project's homepage, developers and programming language. 
	
 Maintaining the Free Software Definition  FSF maintains many of the documents that define the free software movement.
Project Hosting FSF hosts software development projects on their Savannah website.
	
 Campaigns  FSF sponsors a number of campaigns against what it thinks as dangers to software freedom, including software patents, digital rights management (which the FSF has called "digital restrictions management", as part of their effort to highlight their view that such technologies are "designed to take away and limit your rights,") and user interface copyright. Defective by Design is an FSF campaign against DRM. They also have a campaign to promote Ogg+Vorbis, a free alternative to proprietary formats like MP3 and AAC. They sponsor also some free software projects that are deemed to be "high-priority".
	
 Annual awards "Award for the Advancement of Free Software" and "Free Software Award for Projects of Social Benefit".
High priority projects 
The FSF maintains a list of "high priority projects" where the Foundation says that "there is a vital need to draw the free software community's attention". The FSF says these projects are"important because computer users are continually being seduced into using non-free software, because there is no adequate free replacement."

Recognition 
 1999: Linus Torvalds Award for Open Source Computing
 2005: Prix Ars Electronica Award of Distinction in the category of "Digital Communities"

Sister organizations 
 Free Software Foundation Europe, founded in 2001
 Free Software Foundation India, founded in 2003
 Free Software Foundation Latin America, founded in 2005

References

Other websites 
 Free Software Foundation

1985 establishments in the United States
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Intellectual property law
Boston
Free and open-source software organizations
1980s establishments in Massachusetts
The ITS 90 is the international temperature scale, published in the year 1990. It mainly is a set of fixed temperatures and instructions how to realise a practical temperature scale, being as close to the thermodynamical temperature scale as current knowledge allows.

History 
The first international temperature scale was established in 1927. An improved version came in 1948. In 1968 the IPTS 68 was issued. Note the letter P, which stands for practical. In 1975 the very low side of the scale (below 1 Kelvin) was added. Since 1990 the ITS 90 is in use.
How it works 
A list of fixed temperatures is given. This list has been produced by national laboratories from all over the world. It has been approved by the B.I.P.M. (Bureau Internationale des Poids et Mesure) in Paris. Temperatures between the fixed points can be measured, using a platinum resistance thermometer (up to 660 °C). This thermometer, however, has to be calibrated first. This is being done at a number of fixed temperatures, covering the desired range. Procedures and formulae for defining an interpolating thermometer are given as well.

An example 
Say we need a calibrated thermometer in the range from room temperature to 400 °C. A triple point of water is to be realised for 0.01 °C. For 231.928 °C there is the freezing point of tin. At 419.527 °C it is the freezing point of zinc, which serves the goal.
After having measured the electrical resistance of this thermometer at the given temperatures, the data is being fed into a prescribed formula, giving the deviation coefficients for the range from 0 to 420 °C. So, from now on we have a thermometer with which we can perform accurate measurements according to the ITS 90.

This type of calibration is called primary calibration. With the thermometer we just calibrated we can perform a secondary calibration. Then another thermometer is to be calibrated against ours. This derived calibration, of course, is a little less accurate, but can take place at any suitable temperature within the range, since our thermometer interpolates between the fixed temperatures.

For more information see the official site of BIPM

Temperature
Nude photography is a style of photography which shows the nude human body as a form of art. This is different from erotic photography, and pornography which focus on sexual arousal. 

For many photographers, nude photography is a study of the human body, much like some paintings did.
Photographing a named person is called portraiture. Nude photography focuses on showing the human body, and often the face is not visible.

In general, nude photography is a planned image, not a snapshot. Nude photography wants to show a stylised depiction of the human body. Photographers sometimes use extremes of light and shadow, oiled skin, and shadows falling across the body to show the texture and structure of the body.

Nude Men are also used in photography, they are just less common.
Early photographers often showed the nudity of women like the one we see here by Félix-Jacques Moulin. Many, like Edward Weston, Jean-Christophe Destailleur,  Augustao de Luca, Ruth Bernhard and Jerry Avenaim, preferred to show the lines of a body as a piece of art. They used the terms art nude and figurenude from painting  to avoid suggestions that their works were meant to be erotica or pornography.

Notes

Examples 

Photography
Photography
Laval is a commune and the prefecture of the French department of Mayenne. The people that live there are called Lavallois.

History
Laval is a medieval city and was first mentioned during the 11th century.

Education 
 École supérieure d'informatique, électronique, automatique

Sister cities
Laval is twinned with:
  Boston, United Kingdom, since 1958
  Modesto, USA
  Chalkidiki, Greece.
  Gandia, Spain, since 1978
  Garango, Burkina Faso
  Laval, Canada
  Mettmann, Germany, since 1974
  Vătava, Romania, since 1990

Communes in Mayenne
Departmental capitals in France
Erotic photography is a style of photography, between nude photography and pornography.  Erotic photography  wants to show the more or less naked human body in a sexual context.  It can be difficult to make a difference between erotic photography and pornography - in general erotic photography wants to arouse or stimulate the viewer.

This stimulation is generally not done by explicitly showing people having sex.  Instead, the models in the photographs will try to create a sexual impression. For example, female models may try to appear alluring.  Male models will try to convey sexual arousal, though not through a full erection.  In general, erotic photography only suggests, and has a higher artistic value than pornography.

Photography
Cotton County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2000, 6,614 people lived there.  Its county seat is Walters.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 642 square miles.

Oklahoma counties
1912 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Oklahoma
Craig County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2000, 14,950 people lived there.  Its county seat is Vinita.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 763 square miles. 

Oklahoma counties
1907 establishments in Oklahoma
Creek County is a county that can be found in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2000, about 67,367 people lived in Creek County. The county seat of Creek County is Sapulpa.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 970 square miles.

References

Oklahoma counties
1907 establishments in Oklahoma
EasyBCD is a free program developed by the non-profit NeoSmart Technologies used to configure and tweak the new Windows Vista Bootloader. EasyBCD can be used to set up dual-boots between Windows Vista and previous versions of Windows, along with Linux, BSD, and Mac OS X.

Other websites 

Software
Custer County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  It was named in honor of General George Armstrong Custer.  As of 2000, 26,142 people lived there.  Its county seat is Arapaho.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 1,002 square miles.

Oklahoma counties
1891 establishments in Oklahoma Territory
Delaware County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2010, 41,487 people lived there.  Its county seat is Jay.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 792 square miles.

Oklahoma counties
1907 establishments in Oklahoma
Loire-Atlantique is a department in France. It is in the Pays de la Loire region. Its capital is Nantes, which is also the region's capital. The department gets its name from the river which goes through it (la Loire), and because it is next to the Atlantic Ocean.

History 
Loire Atlantique is one of the first 83 departments of France created in 1790. It used to be called Loire-Inférieure. It got its new name in 1957.

The department was part of Brittany until 1941 when the Vichy Governement separated it. Many people still think it is Brittany's capital. Some want it to be part of Brittany again.

Geography 
Loire-Atlantique is next to 4 departements:
 Vendée
 Maine-et-Loire
 Ille-et-Vilaine
 Morbihan

West of it is the Atlantic Ocean.

References

Other websites 

 Loire-Atlantique essential information in English from FrenchEntrée
 Prefecture website 
 General council website  

Loire-Atlantique
In physics, interference is the effect of wave functions. A single wave can interfere with itself, but this is still an addition of two waves (see Young's slits experiment). Two waves always interfere, even if the result of the addition is complicated or not remarkable.

Something that happens when two or more waves are in the same space. Sometimes the peak of one wave joins with the peak of another wave, so the resulting peak is twice as high. Sometimes the peak of one wave falls into the trough of another wave, and the surface is then flat. When waves add their effects, it is called positive interference, or constructive interference. When one wave subtracts from the effects of the other, it is called negative interference, or destructive interference.
If two people pushed on a car in the same direction, they would move the car better than either one alone. That would be positive interference.  If two people of equal strength pushed the car from opposite directions, then it would not be moved by either of them. That would be negative interference.

Constructive interference

Constructive interference happens when two or more waves are in the same space and in phase. When this happens, the waves' amplitudes add together and the total is greater than the amplitude of any of the waves by themselves. This causes the waves to appear more intense.

At time = 0, one wave top is moving from the left and another wave is moving from the right. 
At time = 1, the two wave tops meet in the middle.
At time = 2, the two waves have each continued moving forward and reappear again at their original heights.
Destructive interference 
Destructive interference happens when two or more waves are in the same place and out of phase. When this happens, the waves' amplitudes add together and the total is less than the amplitude of any of the waves by themselves. This causes the waves to appear less intense.

At time = 0, a wave top is moving in from the left and a wave trough is moving in from the right.
At time = 1, the two waves have met in the middle. The crest (top) fills in the trough.
At time = 2, the two waves have moved along in their original direct and each reappears.
Examples of interference
After a rain, one can often see patterns when a little oil floats on top of puddles. The colors will be in the order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Each of these colors of light has its own wavelength, and different parts of the oil have different thicknesses. Part of the light from the sun bounces off the top surface,  in other words it bounces off the oil. Part of the sunlight bounces off the top of the water. The light waves from the oil surface and the light from the water surface meet back in the air, and they interfere. For any thickness of the oil layer, some of the light waves will add and some will subtract, so the result is that one color of light will be strongest there.
When two highly polished sheets of glass are pressed together, sometimes the distance between the two pieces will change from place to place. When that happens, the pattern that shows up is called "Newton's rings." When slide photographs are put between two thin sheets of glass for showing in a slide projector, this kind of pattern is a big problem. The same problem can show up when two microscope slides are put together.

Noise-canceling headphones use destructive interference to cut out noise from the outside.

Physics questions

Here is a diagram of the kind of thing that produces some kinds of light interference. The distance between the top piece of glass and the bottom piece gets larger near the outside edges.
A simpler setup would be to have two flat pieces of glass in contact along one edge and a narrow angle between their two faces. If the separation between the top surface of the first piece of glass and the top surface of the second piece of glass is, at some point, such that light beams reflected from each are synchronized or in phase, then the reflected light will be bright, but if the two beams are half a cycle out of phase, then at that point the two beams will cancel each other and what reflected light there is will not be bright.

Wave physics
A meadow is a field vegetated primarily by grass and other non-woody plants. It may be cut for hay or grazed by livestock such as cattle, sheep or goats.

Related pages
 Pasture
 Plain
 Plateau
 Prairie
 Savanna
 Steppe
 Tundra
 Field

References 
 Cornell University
 The Washington Post, "Today, 32,000 seedlings; tomorrow, a meadow"

Other websites 

 UK Wild Meadows Website 
 Irish Wild Meadows Website
 Flora locale - information on creating wildflower meadows 
 Meadow Planting 
 A Year in a Meadow (Ottawa Canada)
 Grow a Back Yard Meadow (Ottawa Canada)

Grasslands
Dewey County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2000, 4,743 people lived there.  Its county seat is Taloga.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 1,008 square miles.

Oklahoma counties
1891 establishments in Oklahoma Territory
Ellis County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2000, 4,075 people lived there.  Its county seat is Arnett.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 1,232 square miles.

Oklahoma counties
1907 establishments in Oklahoma
Garfield County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2000, 57,813 people lived there.  Its county seat is Enid.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 1,060 square miles.

Oklahoma counties
1893 establishments in Oklahoma Territory
Garvin County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2000, 27,210 people lived there.  Its county seat is Pauls Valley.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 814 square miles.

References 

Oklahoma counties
1906 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Indian Territory
Grady County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2006, 50,490 people lived there.  Its county seat is Chickasha.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 1,105 square miles.

References

Oklahoma counties
1907 establishments in Oklahoma
The Battle of Honey Springs was an American Civil War battle and fought on July 17, 1863. It was an important victory for Union forces in their efforts to gain control of the Indian Territory. The battle was also unique in the fact that white soldiers were the minority in both forces.

Background
The Confederate commander in the Indian Territory at this time was Douglas H. Cooper. He wanted to capture Fort Gibson, the main Union fort in the territory. If the Confederates captured the fort, they could control the territory. Cooper had to wait along the Elk Creek, near Honey Springs. Cooper had several regiments from Texas in his army. There were several Indian regiments with the Confederates. Cooper needed reinforcements from Arkansas before he attacked the fort.

The Union commander in the terriroty was James G. Blunt. He found out about the Confederates's plans. He decided to attack first. His army had regiments from Kansas, Wisconsin, and Colorado. There were also regiments of Indians in the Union army.
The battle
The battle started near dawn on July 17. The two armies started fighting north of Elk Creek. The Confederates slowly retreated back to the creek. The Union and Confederate soldiers fought along the creek for several hours. The Confederates started retreating when the center of their line was attacked by the 1st Kansas Colored Infantry.

Aftermath
Cooper had to burn many of his supplies at Honey Springs to prevent Blunt from capturing them. The Confederates lost 627 casualties. The Union army lost 75 casualties.

Sources
 Comtois, Pierre. "Frontier Battle of Honey Springs", in America's Civil War, November 1997.
 Manning, Michael J. "They Fought Like Veterans: The Civil War in Indian Territory April 1861 – September 1, 1863", in Blue & Gray Magazine, Vol. XXVIII, issue 3.
 Ryan, David M. "The All–American Battle", in Civil War Times, February 2004.

Honey Springs
19th century in Oklahoma
1863 in the United States
July 1863 events
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was formed in 1824 to deal with Native Americans inside the United States. The BIA manages land and natural resources for Native Americans. It is responsible for the U.S. government's relationship with Native American tribes. Sometimes, it helps with infrastructure and law enforcement.

In the past, the BIA operated schools on Indian reservations. Now, the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) provides money for schools. Some of the schools are operated by the BIE and others are operated by the tribes themselves.

References

United States government agencies
1824 establishments in the United States
As Cruel as School Children is the 3rd studio album by rap group Gym Class Heroes. It was released in July of 2006. The album contains some songs from their previous album The Papercut Chronicles.

Singles 
Clothes Off!! (featuring Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy)
Cupid's Chokehold / Breakfast in America (featring Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy)
New Friends Request
The Queen and I
Shoot Down the Stars
Boys in Bands: Interlude

Track listing
All songs written by Gym Class Heroes
1st Period: "The Queen and I" – 3:15
2nd Period: "Shoot Down the Stars" – 3:38
3rd Period: "New Friend Request" – 4:14
4th Period: "Clothes Off!!" (featuring Patrick Stump from Fall Out Boy) – 3:55
Lunch: "Sloppy Love Jingle, Pt. 1" – 1:52
6th Period: "Viva la White Girl" – 3:53
7th Period: "7 Weeks" (featuring William Beckett) – 3:51
8th Period: "It's OK, but Just This Once!" – 3:10
Study Hall: "Sloppy Love Jingle, Pt. 2" – 1:01
10th Period: "Biters Block" – 3:48
Yearbook Club: "Boys In Bands Interlude" – 0:59
12th Period: "Scandalous Scholastics" – 4:17
13th Period: "On My Own Time (Write On!)" – 4:42
Intramurals: "Cupid's Chokehold" (featuring Patrick Stump from Fall Out Boy) – 3:58
Detention: "Sloppy Love Jingle Part 3" – 2:15
Limited Edition Bonus Disc
Clothes Off!! (Stress Remix)" (featuring Ghostface Killah & Tyga) – 4:32
"Viva La White Girl (Remix)" (featuring Lil Wayne) – 4:46
"Machine and I (The Queen and I Remix)" (featuring Keith Buckley of Every Time I Die) – 4:22
"New Friend Request (Papoose Remix)" (featuring Papoose) – 4:15

2006 albums
A cattle drive is the process of moving a herd of cattle from one place to another, usually moved and herded by cowboys on horses. The drives usually took a long time, perhaps six months or more. The drives went up from Texas to Kansas.

Bovines
History of the United States
The Oklahoma Senate is the upper house of the two houses of the Legislature of Oklahoma, the lower house being the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The total number of Senators is set at 48 by the Oklahoma Constitution.

Government of Oklahoma
State upper houses in the United States
The Oklahoma House of Representatives is the lower house and larger body of the two houses of the Oklahoma Legislature, the other being the Oklahoma Senate.

Other websites 
 Official website

Government of Oklahoma
State lower houses in the United States
Grant County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2000, 5,144 people lived there.  Its county seat is Medford.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 1,004 square miles.

Oklahoma counties
1893 establishments in Oklahoma Territory
Greer County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2020, 5,491 people lived there.  Its county seat is Mangum. The county is named after John A. Greer, a former governor of Texas.

History
The county was founded in 1896, when Oklahoma was still the Indian Territory. From 1896 to 1903, the county prohibited African Americans from living in it. In 1907, land was take away from the county to form the counties of Jackson County and Beckham County. In 1909, land was once again taken away to from Harmon County. The population peak was in 1930.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 644 square miles. It has 1 city, 2 towns, and 2 unincorporated communities.

Places

City 
Mangum (county seat)

Towns 
Granite

Willow

Unincorporated communities
Brinkman

Reed

Oklahoma counties
1896 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Oklahoma Territory
Harmon County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2010, 2,060 people lived there. The county seat is Hollis. It was named after Judson Harmon, the governor of of Ohio at the time.

History
It was created on June 2, 1909, from land that was previously owned by Greer County. After an election on September 1, the county seat became Hollis.

Geography 
The county has a total area of 539 square miles.

Oklahoma counties
1900s establishments in Oklahoma
1909 establishments in the United States