Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Transport
As the only cars used on the island are by residents, the network of more than 40 km of gravel roads and tracks are quiet and ideal for cycling. The island is generally flat or mildly undulating with the highest point being Mt Wellington (96 m). Bicycles can be hired from the General Store, Macleod Eco Farm and Bayview. There are many walking tracks. Other activities include bushwalking, bird watching, horse riding, cycling, and as a base for deep sea fishing. 

Two local tour companies, French Island Tours and French Island Eco Tours, can provide bus tours of the island.

Camping
There is one free camping site in the National Park at Fairhaven, 4 km up the coast road from Tankerton Jetty, where the ferry arrives from Stony Point. The camp site is set among trees near the beach, with one public toilet and a water tank. Other camping is available at "private sites" at Bayview and McLeod Eco Farm by arrangement.

References
References

Other websites
 French Island Community Association
 French Island Ferry Service
 National Park page at Parks Victoria 
 French Island Eco Tours 

Islands of Australia
Geography of Victoria, Australia
Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl (22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German movie director who made propaganda for the Nazis. Her most famous movies are  Triumph of the Will and Olympia. She was a interpretive dancer but after a knee injury she stopped.

Other websites

Leni Riefenstahl - The Independent Obituary 

1902 births
2003 deaths
Actors from Berlin
German movie actors
German movie directors
German movie producers
German screenwriters
Olympia is a 1938 movie by Leni Riefenstahl documenting the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany.

Other websites
 
 
 

Sports movies
1938 movies
German movies
Movies about the Olympics‏‎
Carbon paper is a special kind of paper that can be used for copying. On one side, the paper is coated with dry ink, which is usually bound with a kind of wax. It is usually put between two sheets of paper. When pressure is applied from the first sheet, some ink is transferred to the second one.The copy that is produced that way is called carbon copy. Because it relies on pressure, the technique is limited to only four or five copies.

Paper
Billy Butler (born April 18, 1986) is an American baseball player. He plays first base for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB).

The Royals chose Butler in the 2004 First-Year Player Draft. Butler had played baseball in high school in Jacksonville, Florida, and entered the draft instead of playing in college. He played his first MLB game on May 1, 2007.

 

Kansas City Royals players
1986 births
Living people
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Florida
Karen Horney (16 September 1885 in Blankenese, Germany – 4 December 1952 in New York)  was a German psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views.

Works by Karen Horney
The following are all still in print:
 Neurosis and Human Growth, Norton, New York, 1950. 
 Are You Considering Psychoanalysis? Norton, 1946. 
 Our Inner Conflicts, Norton, 1945. 
 Self-analysis , Norton, 1942. 
 New Ways in Psychoanalysis, Norton, 1939.  (alternate link)
 The Neurotic Personality of our Time, Norton, 1937. 
 Feminine Psychology (reprints), Norton, 1922-37 1967. 
 The Collected Works of Karen Horney (2 vols.), Norton, 1950. 
 The Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney, Basic Books, New York, 1980. 
 The Therapeutic Process: Essays and Lectures, ed. Bernard J. Paris, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1999. 
 The Unknown Karen Horney: Essays on Gender, Culture, and Psychoanalysis, ed. Bernard J. Paris, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000.

Other websites
Other websites

The American Institute for Psychoanalysis
International Karen Horney Society
Biography at Webster.edu. 
Lecture notes alongside psychological opinions at Sonoma.edu 
Our Inner Conflicts: excerpts 
Books by Karen Horney at the Internet Archive

1885 births
1952 deaths
German psychiatrists
Hildesheim is a district (Landkreis)  in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is surrounded by the districts of Hanover, Peine, Wolfenbüttel, Goslar, Northeim, Holzminden and Hamelin-Pyrmont.

References

Other websites

Official website
360° Panoramas Hildesheim
Article about Hildesheim
Pictures
The Aryan race is an idea that was formed in the 19th and 20th centuries.  The term "Aryan" comes from the Rig Veda and is the name of an ancient group of people in ancient Persia and India, who spoke an Indo-European language. It has been used to describe people of Iranian and Indian descent, but there was no record of Aryans in European history. Later it was used for Germanic peoples because of new ideas about the Aryans.

The term Aryan comes from the ancient Sanskrit word ārya, which was a term used by Sanskrit speaking people to distinguish themselves from other races. The Iranians also used the terms, and the name Iran means "land of the Aryans". The idea of an Aryan race was first used as a category of people but was later used by occult movements such as Theosophy. It was also later used by Nazis and white supremacists in racist ways.
Nazism 
The ideology of Nazism was based upon the idea of the Aryan race or Germanic peoples being a master race. The Nazi view of the Aryan race came from earlier racial theorists such as Arthur de Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain.

As the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler, became set in his ways, he decided with proclamations that some other groups of people were also Aryans along with Germanic peoples. He declared Hungarians to be "Aryan" in 1934, the Japanese were made officially "Aryans" in 1936, and the Finns were officially added in as "Aryans" by his proclamation in 1942. However, Nazi Germany did not regard Slavs as "Aryans", but as inferiors and non-Aryan. They were usually vague as to whether Italians were "Aryan", although Italy under Mussolini had a "Manifesto of Race" in 1938 that said they were.
Occult belief 
Theosophy, a mystical occult society founded in 1875 by Helena Blavatsky believes that the Arabian people and the Jews are a part of the Aryan race. It is believed by Theosophists that the Arabians used the Semitic languages of the people around them. These people had moved to the area from Atlantis. Theosophists claim that the Jews began as a part of the Arabian subrace in what is now Yemen around 30,000 BC. They moved first to Somalia and then to Egypt where they lived until the time of Moses.

References

Other websites 
 Who Were the Aryans? The Aryan Invasion Myth 

Race
Nazism
Indo-European
The  Annual Eurovision Song Contest was held in Düsseldorf (Germany), due to Germany's first place with their singer Lena Meyer-Landrut with her song "Satellite" in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo (Norway). Like previous years, a system of two semi-finals was used: the first on 10 May and the second on 13 May 2011. The final was on the evening of 14 May 2011. The winners were Ell & Nikki with their song Running scared, they represented Azerbaijan.

Venue 

On 12 October 2010, the German broadcaster, Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) announced that the Esprit Arena of Düsseldorf as the venue of the Eurovision Song Contest 2011. Germany has already held the Eurovision Song Contest. The first in 1957 in Frankfurt am Main and the second in 1983 in Munich. Since 1998 and the victory of the United Kingdom the year before, it is the first time that a country of the "Big Five" (Germany, France, Spain, United Kingdom & Italy (since 2011)) will held the Eurovision Song Contest.

Bidding Phase
Bidding Phase 

23 cities of Germany participated to the bidding phase of the venue for the  Annual Eurovision Song Contest. Eight cities showed interest of hosting the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 : Berlin, Hamburg, Hanover, Gelsenkirchen, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich. On 21 August 2010, NDR announced that four of those cities had officially applied to host the 2011 Contest :  
 Berlin : In a hangar near the former Tempelhof Airport
 Düsseldorf: Esprit Arena
 Hamburg: Hamburg Exhibition Centre
 Hanover: Hanover Exhibition Centre

Format
Format 

The five countries that are part of the "Big Five", along with the host of the contest, automatically qualify for a place in the final. But Germany is both the host of the 2011 edition and a member from the "Big Five". To answer this question of if a country will qualify directly for the final (maybe the second of the 2010 Contest), the EBU held a meeting in Belgrade (Serbia). And it was decided that the existing rules will remain in place, and that the number of participants in the final will simply decreased from twenty-five to twenty-four. On 31 December 2010, the EBU published the official list of the participants for the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest and which stated the return of Italy, Austria, San Marino and Hungary. And thanks to the return of Italy twenty-fiv countries will participate for the final of the 2011 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest.

Hosts
Hosts 

On 16 December 2010, NDR revealed the presenters of the 2011 edition : Anke Engelke, Judith Rakers, and Stefan Raab. It will be the third time that three people have hosted the contest after 1999 and 2010. And the second time in a row.

Pot allocations 

To determine the semi-final running orders for the Eurovision Song Contest, participating nations were split into six pots on 17 January 2011. Countries has been drawn from each pot to determine if they will compete in either the first or second semi-final and like in 2010, it will determine in which half of the semi-final they will perform, in order for delegations to know when rehearsals will begin for their respective countries. The draw also determine in which semi-finals the members of the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom and Italy) will be able to vote.
Israeli broadcaster IBA requested to take part in the second semi-final due to the Israeli Memorial Day, which will be held during the first semi-final. German broadcaster NDR also requested that they be allowed to vote in the second semi-final for scheduling reasons.

Participating Countries 

On 31 December 2010, the EBU confirmed the forty-three countries which will be competing fir the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest. The 2011 edition which will mark the returns of Austria, which last participated in 2007, Italy, which last participated in 1997, San Marino, which only took part in 2008, and Hungary, which last participated in 2009.

At a meeting in Belgrade, the EBU decided that the countries has to choose their artists and their songs before 14 March because the running draw for the Eurovision Song Contest will be held on March 15.

Semi-finals

Semi-final 1
Semi-final 1

 The first semi-final of the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest will take place on 10 May 2011.
 The ten countries which has received the most points, will participate for the final of the contest
 Two members of the "Big Five", Spain and the United Kingdom will vote in this semi-final

Semi-final 2

 The first semi-final of the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest will take place on 12 May 2011.
 The ten countries which has received the most points, will participate for the final of the contest
 Three members of the "Big Five", France, Germany and the Italy will vote in this semi-final

Final
Final

 The final of the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest will took place on 14 May 2011.
 Only the countries of the "Big Five" automatically qualify for the final.
 From the two semi-finals on 10 and 12 May 2011, twenty countries qualified for the final, and a total of twenty-five countries will competed in the final.
 The voting system used will be the same as used in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest, a 50/50 system, with a combination of televotes and jury votes who will select the winner. Viewers were able to vote during the performances.

References 

2011 in music
2011 in Germany
Düsseldorf
2011
May 2011 events
Keynesian economics (also called Keynesianism) describes the economics theories of John Maynard Keynes. Keynes wrote about his theories in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. The book was published in 1936.

Keynes said capitalism is a good economic system. In a capitalist system, people earn money from their work. Businesses employ and pay people to work. Then people can spend their money on things they want. Other people work and make things to buy. Sometimes the capitalist system has problems. People lose their work. Businesses close. People cannot work and cannot spend money. Keynes said the government should step in and help people who do not have work.

This idea is called "demand-side policy". If people are working, the economy is good. If people are not working, the economy is bad.

Keynes said when the economy is bad, people want to save their money. That is, they do not spend their money on, or invest in, things they want. As a result, there is less economic activity.
Keynes said the government should spend more money when people do not have work. The government can borrow money and give people jobs (work). Then people can spend money again and buy things. This helps other people find work.

Some people, such as conservatives, libertarians, and people who believe in Austrian economics, do not agree with Keynes' ideas. They say government work does not help capitalism. They say when the government borrows money, it takes money away from businesses. They do not like Keynesian economics because they say the economy can get better without government help.

During the late 1970s, Keynesian economics became less popular because inflation was high at the same time that unemployment was high. This is because many people interpreted Keynesian theory to say that it was impossible for there to be both high inflation and high unemployment.
Basic ideas 
Keynes had the following ideas:
 The market for goods controls employment and production. The market for work does not.
 It is possible that people become unemployed even if they want to work.
 An increase in savings will not lead to an increase in investment of the same amount. People have the choice between investing their money or saving it.
 An economic system based on money is different from one that is based on the exchange of goods.
 The quantity theory of money is only valid if there is no unemployment.
 In a market economy, investor behavior is governed by what Keynes called the animal spirits of investors.
Economic theories
Kaiser Chiefs is an alternative rock band from Leeds, England. They were active as Parva from 2000 to 2003, then changed their name to Kaiser Chiefs in 2003.

Their name come from the name of the Kaizer Chiefs association football club in South Africa.

Kaiser Chiefs 2016 album stay together was very successfull.

Discography

References

Other websites
 Kaiser Chiefs official website

2000 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Alternative rock bands
English rock bands
Organisations based in Leeds
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups from Yorkshire
Rob Zombie (born Robert Bartleh Cummings on July 10, 1965 in Haverhill, Massachusetts) is an American heavy metal singer, director, producer and screenwriter. He formed the band White Zombie.

He has also directed the films House of 1000 Corpses, The Devil's Rejects, the 2007 remake of Halloween and the sequel to that Halloween II.

Albums

Solo

References

Other websites 
 Official site of Rob Zombie

1965 births
American rock singers
Heavy metal musicians
Living people
Movie directors from Massachusetts
Movie producers from Massachusetts
Singers from Massachusetts
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
People from Haverhill, Massachusetts
Elam was an long-lasting ancient civilization just to the east of Mesopotamia, in what is now southwest Iran. Elam was centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq..

History 
Knowledge of Elamite history is not complete. It is mainly known from Mesopotamian sources. The history of Elam is divided into three periods, over more than two millennia. The three periods come after the proto-Elamite period:
Proto-Elamite: c. 3200 BC – 2700 BC (Proto-Elamite script in Susa)
Old Elamite period: c. 2700 BC – 1600 BC  (earliest documents until the Eparti dynasty)
Middle Elamite period: c. 1500 BC – 1100 BC (Anzanite dynasty until the Babylonian invasion of Susa)
Neo-Elamite period: c. 1100 BC – 539 BC (characterized by Iranian and Syrian influence. 539 BC marks the beginning of the Achaemenid period)
The Proto-Elamite city of Susa was founded around 5000 BC in the watershed of the river Karun. It is considered to be the site of Proto-Elamite cultural formation.  

Written records start from around 3000 BC in the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age). In the Achaemenid Empire the Elamite language was among those in official use. The Elamite language has no obvious connections with any other, and seems to be a language isolate like Sumerian. Some researchers have suggested the existence of a larger group known as Elamo-Dravidian. This theory is not established.
The Elamites called their country Haltamti, but the Sumerians and Akkadians called it Elam, and so it was also in the Hebrew Bible. The civilisation started around 2700 BC, and they were finally conquered by the Achmaenids in 640 BC. A tablet found in 1848 has the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal boasting of his conquest:
"Susa, the great holy city, abode of their Gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed...I destroyed the ziggurat of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and on their lands I sowed salt.
As it happens, the Elamites managed to stay independent for some time after this disaster. The devastation was less complete than Assurbanipal boasted, and Elamite rule, though rather broken up, continued until 540 BC, when Achaemenid rule begins in Susa. Under the Parthian period, a kingdom of Elymais existed which survived until its extinction by Sassanid invasion in the early third century AD. It was in the heartland of ancient Elam.

References 

Mesopotamia
History of Iran
Dental braces are wires that are held together by brackets glued to the permanent teeth. The wires and brackets may be made of metal or other materials. Each week or month (or other time the orthodontist decides) the braces may be checked, cleaned, or changed into a tighter wire. 

Braces are an orthodontic device. They are to make the teeth straight, and to correct problems in a person's bite. There are many natural problems which occur to the way teeth fit together, but not everyone needs or will need braces. 

However, the use of braces is quite common, even when they are not medically necessary. Their cosmetic use for young females is more common in countries with first world economies. To overcome the visibility of traditional metal braces, there are now nearly transparent braces. Sometimes braces are possible behind the teeth, and so are not in view.

Notes 

Orthodontics
Braces (suspenders in the U.S.) are a standard item of male clothing. Their function is to keep trousers at a set height on the body. They are standard wear for formal styles of dress such as the lounge suit.

There is also a fashion use among some young males, and a use by some workmen, most often with newspaper. Braces can be worn entirely out of sight, hidden by a waistcoat, or in sight as a display. A critical factor in formal dress is the "drop" of the trousers as they meet the shoes. Here braces avoid the need to hitch trousers up, always a problem with belts.

In many countries braces were worn by all classes of men for well over a hundred years until about the 1960s, except in the armed forces. Then fashion changed and men's clothes became informal, with lower waistlines and belts. Now they are a minority item.

References 

Accessories
Doves is an English alternative rock band. They formed in 1998 when the two Williams brothers (Jez and Andy) met Jimi Goodwin in high school.

Doves newest album is The Places Between: The Best of Doves and was released on April 5, 2010.

Discography 
Doves have released 5 studio albums:

References

Websites
Doves' Official website 

1998 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Cheshire
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1998
Shin-Soo Choo (born July 13, 1982 in Busan, South Korea) is a South Korean baseball player. He is a center fielder for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Choo also played for the Seattle Mariners from 2005-2006 and the Cleveland Indians from 2006–2012.

Choo was required to serve 2 years in the South Korea military service before he turns 30 in 2012. However, he was exempted from military service due to his contribution to the Korean National Baseball team winning the Gold Medal in the 2010 Asian Games 

He is married and lives near Phoenix, Arizona.

Other websites
Shin-Soo Choo's MLB player profile

1982 births
Living people
South Korean baseball players
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Indians players
Seattle Mariners players
Sportspeople from Busan
Texas Rangers players
Bryan Bickell (born March 9, 1986 in Orono, Ontario) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played for the Chicago Blackhawks amd Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career
He was chosen 41st overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He earned a Stanley Cup ring from the team but his name was not engraved on the cup. On June 24, 2013, Bickell won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.
Bickell began experiencing symptoms of vertigo that forced him to miss two games during the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals. He initially believed the ailment was caused by an infected tooth. Bickell's agent later commented that Bickell was suffering from vestibular issues, which hindered his performance during the 2015–16 Chicago Blackhawks season. In November 2016, Bickell began experiencing an unexplained pain in his shoulder and leg that caused him to miss multiple games. Doctors later diagnosed Bickell with multiple sclerosis. Bickell commented on his health by stating, "Since the 2015 playoffs, I've been struggling to understand what was going on with my body. Again during the past few weeks, it felt like something wasn't right." Ron Francis, the Hurricanes' general manager, stated that Bickell would take an indefinite amount of time off from hockey to receive treatment for his condition
. While Bickell ultimately returned to Hurricanes towards the end of the 2016–17 season, he announced he would retire from playing hockey to focus on his MS treatment.
References

Other websites 

1986 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Carolina Hurricanes players
Charlotte Checkers (2010–) players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Norfolk Admirals players
People with multiple sclerosis
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Khloé Alexandra Kardashian (born June 27, 1984) is an American socialite, reality television celebrity and TV presenter. She became famous after appearing on her family's TV show Keeping Up with the Kardashians.

Early life 
Khloé Alexandra Kardashian was born on June 27, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. She is the sister of Kim, Kourtney and Rob Kardashian.  Kardashian is the daughter of Kris and Robert Kardashian Sr.

Career
In 2007, the Kardashians started their reality show, giving them a lot of fame and publicity. She has also starred in several of its spin-offs as well as its sequel, The Kardashians.

As a TV presenter, Kardashian has presented her own shows: Kocktails with Khloé and Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian. She was also the co-host of The X Factor USA.

Kardashian also owns a clothing business named Good American.
Personal life 
Kardashian married Los Angeles Lakers basketball player Lamar Odom in 2009.  The two had their own TV show named Khloé and Lamar. She filed for divorce in December 2013, and it was finalized in 2016.  

She previously dated NBA player James Harden and music producer French Montana. Kardashian was in an on-off relationship with Canadian basketball player Tristan Thompson.  On September 26, 2017, it was revealed that they are expecting a child together. This announcement came after Kardashian's half-sister Kylie Jenner announced her own pregnancy with rapper Travis Scott.

On April 12, 2018, Kardashian gave birth to her first child (and Thompson's second), a daughter named True Thompson. In 2022, Kardashian and Thompson welcomed a son via surrogacy.

Filmography

Television

References 

1984 births
Living people

American television personalities
Television personalities from Los Angeles
Participants in American reality television series
American company founders
Kardashian family
Amar Ramasar (born c. 1981, The Bronx) is a principal dancer of the New York City Ballet.  In 2010, Dance Magazine reported that Ramasar was one of the few Asian American professional ballet dancers.  He took his first dance lessons at the Henry Street Settlement House on the Lower East Side. He went there every day by subway, from his home in the South Bronx.

References

1981 births
Living people
Ballet dancers
The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence was an act of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government Assembly of Kosovo. It was adopted on 17 February 2008 by all of the 109 members that were present, which was the minimum number needed for it to pass. It declared Kosovo to be independent from Serbia.

It was the second declaration of independence by Kosovo's Albanian-majority political institutions. The first was proclaimed on 7 September 1990.

The government of Serbia said that the declaration was illegal. It took the case to the International Court of Justice. The ICJ said that the declaration did not violate international law.
United Nations
Following a request from Russia, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency session in the afternoon of 17 February. The United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, issued a statement that avoided taking sides and urged all parties "to refrain from any actions of statements that could endanger peace, incite violence or jeopardize security in Kosovo or the region." Speaking on behalf of six western countries—Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy and the United States—the Belgian ambassador expressed regret "that the Security Council cannot agree on the way forward, but this impasse has been clear for many months. Today's events... represent the conclusion of a status process that has exhausted all avenues in pursuit of a negotiated outcome."
ICJ ruling
On July 22, 2010 the International Court of Justice ruled that the declaration did not violate international law. Prior to the announcement Hashim Thaçi said there would be no "winners or losers" and that "I expect this to be a correct decision, according to the will of Kosovo's citizens. Kosovo will respect the advisory opinion." For his part, Boris Tadić, the Serbian president, warned that "If the International Court of Justice sets a new principle, it would trigger a process that would create several new countries and destabilise numerous regions in the world."

References

Declarations of independence
Equal justice under law is a sentence on the front of the United States Supreme Court building in Washington D.C..

Law
The Thai six-hour clock is a traditional time system used in Thailand and Laos. It splits the day into 4 parts.

Clocks
Grupo Santander is a banking group centered on Banco Santander, the largest bank in the Eurozone. Grupo Santander is one of the largest banks in the world (in terms of market capitalisation). It originated in Santander, Cantabria, Spain.

History
Banco Hispanoamericano was created in 1900. Banco Central was created in 1919. Banco Central and Banco Hispanoamericano merged.
Banco Santander was founded in 1857. Banco Central Hispano was founded in 1991. In 1999, Banco Santander and Banco Central Hispano merged, creating Banco Santander Central Hispano, or BSCH.
The 1999 merger between Santander and Central Hispano was designed to be a "merger of equals". The top executives of the two firms would share control of the new firm. Soon after the merger, former Central Hispano executives thought chairman Botin of trying to control the firm. They threatened to take legal action against him. The issue was resolved when Central Hispano the executives agreed to severance payments (money given when leaving a company), retirement. They also turned control of the firm over to Mr. Botin. This action cost the shareholders of the firm  €164M.

Because of the large payouts, Mr. Botin was brought to trial on criminal charges of "misappropriation of funds" (using company money the wrong way) and "irresponsible management." In April 2005 he was cleared of all charges. The decision said the retirement payments made were legal, "made as compensation for the services provided to the bank."
In 2005, Mr. Botin was accused of insider trading (trading stock based on knowledge the public did not have). The anti-corruption division of the Spanish public prosecutor's office cleared Mr. Botin of all charges.

On 26 July 2004 Banco Santander Central Hispano announced the purchase of Abbey National plc. The shareholders' approved of the purchase, and it was formally approved by the courts. Abbey became part of Grupo Santander on 12 November 2004.

In June 2006, Banco Santander Central Hispano purchased almost 20% of Sovereign Bank. They also acquired the option to buy Sovereign Bank for $40 per share in the middle of 2008.
In May 2007 Banco Santander Central Hispano announced that it would make an offer to purchase ABN AMRO. This offer was in conjunction with Royal Bank of Scotland and Fortis. BSCH's offered to purchase 28% of ABN AMRO. The offer would be made by a capital increase through a new stock share issue. In October 2007,  the group outbid Barclays and purchased  ABN AMRO. As part of the deal, Grupo Santander acquired ABN AMRO's subsidiary in Brazil, Banco Real, and its subsidiary in Italy, Banca Antonveneta.

On 13 August 2007, Banco Santander Central Hispano changed its legal name to Banco Santander.

In November 2007, it sold Banca Antonveneta to Monte dei Paschi di Siena. In March 2008,  Banco Santander sold Interbanca, a subsidiary of Banca Antonveneta, to GE Commercial Finance In return, it received GE Money businesses in Germany, Finland and Austria, and GE's Card and Auto Financing Businesses in the UK. These will be integrated into Santander Consumer Finance.
The group announced in July 2008 that it intended to take over the UK bank Alliance & Leicester. Alliance & Leicester had £24bn in deposits and 254 branches. The purchase was completed in October 2008 when the group removed the company's shares from the London Stock Exchange. This was followed by the purchase of the savings business of UK bank Bradford & Bingley (B&B) in September 2008 B&B had deposits of £22bn, 2.6 m customers, 197 branches and 140 agencies. The banks, along with Abbey, are to be merged under the Santander name in the UK by the end of 2010.

In October 2008, Grupo Santander announced that it would purchase the 75.65% of Sovereign Bancorp it does not currently own. This would cost approximately US$1.9 billion (€1.4 billion). The purchase of Sovereign has given Santander its first retail bank in the mainland United States.

Fundación Banco Santander

The Foundation has the objective of Financing Master and Doctorate Scholarships.
Operations
Grupo Santander has numerous operations in Latin America. It has renamed most of the subsidiaries it has acquired to Santander.

Grupo Santander has 131,819 employees, 90.1 million customers, 11,178 branches and 2.27 million shareholders. Retail banking - the main part of Santander's operations - generates 82% of the group's profit.

Currently, Santander is a corporate sponsor of the Ferrari Formula One team and the Copa Libertadores de America.

On December 1, 2008, Santander announced that their Formula One sponsorship deal with McLaren will end in 2010, when Santander will become Ferrari's main sponsor. However, in September 2009, Santander announced that it will continue its sponsorship with Vodafone McLaren-Mercedes due to its brand awareness in the UK rising from 20 to 82 percent.

On December 14, 2008, it was revealed that the collapse of Bernard Madoff's Ponzi scheme might mean the loss of 2.33 billion euros at Banco Santander.
On November 10, 2009, HSBC Finance Corporation announced an agreement with Santander Consumer USA Inc. (SC USA). SC USA would sell HSBC US auto loan processing operations, and US $1 billion in auto loan receivables (money due to be received) for US $904 million in cash. SC USA would also enter into a loan processing agreement for the remainder of its US auto loan portfolio. This portfolio is in liquidation (being sold to pay off a debt). The transaction is expected to close in the first quarter of 2010.

Global operations
 Santander Private Banking - pb.santander.com 
 Santander Consumer Finance - www.santanderconsumer.com

European operations
Austria
 Santander Consumer Bank Austria AG  - www.santanderconsumer.at

Belgium
 Santander Consumer Finance Benelux B.V. - www.santander.be

Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Nova Santander Banka d.o.o. Trebinje

Czech Republic
 Santander Consumer Finance a.s. - www.santander.cz 

Denmark
 Santander Consumer Bank AS

Finland
 Santander Consumer Finance Oy - www.santander.fi
France
 Santander Consumer France - www.santanderfinancements.fr 

Germany
 Santander Consumer Bank AG - www.santander.de
 Santander Consumer Debit GmbH
 Santander Consumer Leasing GmbH

Hungary
 Santander Consumer Finance Cltd - www.santander.hu 

Italy
 Santander Consumer Bank S.p.a - www.santanderconsumer.it
 Santander Private Banking

Jersey (UK)
 Abbey International

Luxembourg
 Banco Santander Totta S.A

Netherlands
 Santander Consumer Finance Benelux B.V. - www.santander.nl

Norway
 Santander Consumer Bank AS  - www.elcon.no

Poland
 Santander Consumer Bank S.A. - www.santanderconsumer.pl

Portugal
 Banco Santander Consumer Portugal, SA - www.santanderconsumer.pt
 Crédito Predial Português
 Hispamer
 Banco Santander Totta S.A

Russia
 Santander Consumer Finance - www.santanderconsumer.ru 

Slovak Republic
 Santander Consumer Finance a.s. - www.santander.sk 

Spain
 Banco Santander
 Banesto
 Santander Consumer Finance
 Openbank
 Banco BANIF

Sweden
 Santander Consumer Bank - www.santander.se
Switzerland
 Santander Private Banking

United Kingdom
 Santander UK
 Alliance & Leicester
 Cahoot
 Cater Allen Private Bank
 Santander Cards UK
 Santander Consumer (UK) plc
 Santander Totta

Latin American operations
Argentina
 Banco Santander Río (after acquisition of the local Banco Río by Santander) - www.santanderrio.com.ar

Brazil
 Banco Santander Brasil

Chile
 Banco Santander-Chile (exBanco Santander Santiago)
 Banco Santander Banefe

Colombia
 Banco Santander Colombia

Mexico
 Banco Santander (from merger of Banco Mexicano, Banco Serfín and Santander)

Peru
 Banco Santander Perú S.A. - www.santander.com.pe

Puerto Rico
 Banco Santander Puerto Rico - www.santandernet.com 
 Santander Overseas Bank - www. www.santanderoverseas.com 

Uruguay
 Banco Santander Uruguay www.santander.com.uy

Asian operations
China
 Banco Santander, S.A. - Hong Kong Branch
 Banco Santander, S.A. - Shanghai Branch

African operations
 Attijariwafa Bank (4,55% share)
North American operations
USA
 Santander Private Banking
 Sovereign Bank
 Santander Consumer USA Inc.
 Santander Global Banking & Markets
 Roadloans -- www.roadloans.com

Related pages
 Inter-Alpha Group of Banks

References

Notes

Sources
Guillén, Mauro and Adrian Tschoegl (2008) Building a Global Bank: The Transformation of Banco Santander. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

Other websites
 

Banks of Europe
1857 establishments in Europe
Cantabria
Companies of Spain
A canteen is a bottle which can be re-used.  Canteens are most used for carrying water to places where water is hard to find. Many canteens can be worn on a belt, or held with a strap, like a purse.  They are carried often by soldiers, hikers, and campers.  Old canteens were mostly made of metal but newer ones can be made of plastic. The idea of a canteen comes from ancient times when water and wine were carried in bags made from animal skins. 

Containers
A canteen is a small restaurant.  A restaurant found on an Army base or inside an office or factory is often called the canteen. The food in a canteen is usually cheaper than in a restaurant, because the price is subsidized.

Restaurants
A surfboard is a long platform used in the sport of surfing.

Other websites

Sports equipment
Surfing
The Škoda Yeti is an SUV car produced by Škoda Auto since 2009. It was facelifted in 2013 and its boxy styling received mixed reviews. It has been replaced in late 2017 by a new, normal looking model called the Karoq.

Engines 
 1.2 TSI 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.8 TSI 118 kW (160 hp)
 2.0 TDI 81 kW (110 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)

Yeti
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
The Hungarian Grand Prix () is a Grand Prix where Formula One races take place.

Winners of the Hungarian Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

* Between 1999 and 2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

Year by year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Formula One Grands Prix
The Volkswagen Golf Mk6 is the sixth generation of the compact car Volkswagen Golf. It successed the Mk5 in 2008.

Versions

Engines

Petrol 
 1.2 TSI 63 kW (86 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.4 16V 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.4 TSI 90 kW (122 hp) and 118 kW (160 hp)
 1.6 75 kW (102 hp)
 2.0 GTI 154 kW (210 hp)
 2.0 R 199 kW (270 hp)

Diesel 
 1.6 TDI 77 kW (105 hp)
 2.0 TDI 81 kW (110 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 GTD 125 kW (170 hp)

Golf Mk6
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The NBC Symphony Orchestra was a radio orchestra. It was made by David Sarnoff of the National Broadcasting Company mostly for conductor Arturo Toscanini. The NBC Symphony performed weekly radio concert broadcasts with Toscanini and other conductors. It was the house orchestra for the network. It began November 13, 1937. It ended in 1954.

American orchestras
NBC
1937 establishments
1954 disestablishments
Henri Constant Gabriel Pierné (16 August 1863–17 July 1937) was a French composer, conductor, and organist.

Personal Life
Gabriel Pierné was born in Metz in 1863. His family moved to Paris to get away from the Franco-Prussian War. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire. Pierné got first prizes for solfège, piano, organ, counterpoint, and fugue. He won the French Prix de Rome in 1882, with his work Edith. His teachers were Antoine François Marmontel, Albert Lavignac, Émile Durand, César Franck (for the organ) and Jules Massenet (for composition). 

He succeeded Franck as organist at Saint Clotilde Basilica in Paris from 1890 to 1898. Pierné himself was succeeded by another Franck student. His name was Charles Tournemire. Associated for many years with Édouard Colonne's concert series, the Concerts Colonne, from 1903, Pierné became head conductor of this series in 1910.
His most famous early performance was the world start of Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird, at the Ballets Russes, Paris, on 25 June 1910. He remained in the post until 1933. 

He died in Ploujean, Finistère, in 1937.

1863 births
1937 deaths

20th-century French composers
The Flash (or simply Flash) is the name of several popular comic book characters from the DC Comics universe. Nicknamed the "Scarlet Speedster", all versions of the Flash have the ability to travel at a very high speed, use superhuman reflexes and defy the laws of physics. The original Flash first appeared in Flash Comics #1 (cover date January 1940 / release month November 1939). This fictional character was created by writer Gardner Fox and Harry Lampert
.Thus far, at least four different characters—each of whom somehow gained the power of the "Speed Force"—have assumed the role of the Flash in DC's history: College athlete Jay Garrick (1940–1951, 1961–2011, 2017–present) was the first character to take on the alter-ego "The Flash", other characters who have been the  Flash are forensic scientist Barry Allen (1956–1985, 2008–present), Barry's brother-in-law Wally West (1986–2011, 2016–present) who is currently the youngest Flash, he calls himself "Kid Flash"; and Barry's grandson Bart Allen (2006–2007) who becomes "Impulse", the second hero known as Kid Flash. Each version of the Flash has been a key member of at least one of DC's premier teams: the Justice Society of America, the Justice League, and the Teen Titans. Most of the Flash stories take place in the fictional city of Central City.
The Flash is one of DC Comics' most popular characters and has been integral to the publisher's many reality-changing "crisis" storylines over the years. The original meeting of the Golden Age Flash Jay Garrick and Silver Age Flash Barry Allen in "Flash of Two Worlds" (1961) introduced the Multiverse storytelling concept to DC readers, which would become the basis for many DC stories in the years to come.

Fictional characters biographies

Jay Garrick

The original Flash Jay Garrick from the Golden Age got his powers by inhaling heavy water vapors after falling asleep in his science lab. He first used his powers to become a star football player. Then later he began to use his powers to fight crime. The character was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert, and he first appeared in Flash Comics #1 (1940)

Barry Allen
Barry Allen

Barry Allen is a police scientist. He got his powers when a lightning bolt hit his lab and splashed a number of chemicals on him. Becoming Flash was ironic as Barry was slow, methodical, and often late prior to gaining his powers. He is the Flash from the Silver Age, he was created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino and he first appeared in Showcase #4 (October 1956).

Wally West

Wally West got his powers at the young age of ten when he visited his uncle's laboratory (Uncle Barry Allen who was already Flash). He got some chemicals on him and gained the power of super-speed. Since he was so young he became "Kid Flash". Later on he would take over the role of his uncle as Flash. He is somehow the Flash from the Modern Age. He made his first appearance as the Kid Flash in the Flash#110 in 1959 and he was created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino.

Bart Allen
Bart Allen

Bart Allen is Barry Allen's grandson. He was born with Super-speed, but also fast aging causing him to appear twelve when he was only two years old. Once he got his aging under control he became "Impulse". He would later become Kid Flash and finally Flash once he had grown up. The character was created by Mark Waid and Mike Wieringo and he first made a cameo appearance in The Flash #91 in 1994, while his first full appearance in issue #92, and appeared as the lead character in Impulse (1995–2002) and The Flash: The Fastest Man Alive (2006–2007).

Jesse Chambers 
Daughter of the speedster Johnny Quick, Jesse Chambers becomes a speeding superhero like her father. She later meets Wally West, the Flash, who asks her to be his replacement if something were to happen to him (as part of an elaborate plan on his part, trying to force Bart Allen to take his role in the legacy of the Flash more seriously). She briefly assumes the mantle of the Flash, after Wally enters the Speed Force.
John Fox 
John Fox was a historian for the National Academy of Science in Central City in the 27th Century. He was sent back in time to get the help of one or more of the three Flashes (Garrick, Allen, West), in order to defeat the radioactive villain Mota back in Fox's own time period. (Each Flash had individually fought Mota over the course of several years in the 20th century.) Fox's mission was a failure, but during his return trip, the tachyon radiation that sent him through the time stream gave him superspeed. He defeated Mota as a new iteration of the Flash and operated as his century's Flash for a time. Shortly after, he moved to the 853rd century and joined "Justice Legion A" (also known as Justice Legion Alpha) as seen in the DC One Million series of books. The name "John Fox" is combined from the names of seminal comic book writers John Broome, who co-created the Barry Allen and Wally West Flashes, and Gardner Fox, who co-created the Jay Garrick Flash.
Unnamed Allen of the 23rd century 
The father of Sela Allen, his wife and daughter were captured by Cobalt Blue. He is forced to watch his wife die and his daughter become crippled. As he and Max Mercury kill Cobalt Blue, a child takes Cobalt Blue's power gem and kills Allen. This Flash is one of the two destined Flashes to be killed by Cobalt Blue.

Sela Allen 
Sela Allen is an ordinary human in the 23rd century until Cobalt Blue steals electrical impulses away from her, causing her to become as slow to the world as the world is to the Flash. Hoping to restore her, her father takes her into the Speed Force. When her father is killed, she appears as a living manifestation of the Speed Force, able to lend speed to various people and objects, but unable to physically interact with the world.
Blaine Allen 
Blaine Allen and his son live on the colony world of Petrus in the 28th century. In an attempt to end the Allen blood line, Cobalt Blue injects Allen's son Jace with a virus. Lacking super speed, Jace was unable to shake off the virus. In despair, Blaine takes his son to the Speed Force in the hopes that it would accept him. It takes Blaine instead and grants super speed to Jace so that he can shake off the sickness.

Jace Allen 
Jace Allen gains super speed when his father brings him into the Speed Force to attempt to cure him of a virus injected into his body by Cobalt Blue in an attempt to end the Allen bloodline. In memory of his father, Jace assumes the mantle of the Flash and continues the feud against Cobalt Blue.
Kryiad 
After an alien creature invades Earth, a history buff named Kriyad travels back in time from the 98th century to acquire a Green Lantern power ring. He fails, so he tries to capture the Flash's speed instead. After being beaten by Barry Allen (The Flash (vol. 1) #309, May 1982), he travels back further in time and uses the chemicals from the clothes Barry Allen was wearing when he gained his powers to give himself super speed. Kryiad later sacrifices his life to defeat the alien creature.

Bizarro Flash 
Bizarro-Flash was created when Bizarro cloned Flash. He had a costume the reverse colors of Flash's, however he had a mallet symbol because Flash was holding one when he was cloned. The modern version of Bizarro Flash has the symbol of a thunderbolt-shaped mustard stain. He has the powers of the Flash but he is completely intangible.

Supporting characters
Like his Justice League colleagues Wonder Woman, Superman and Batman, the Flash has a distinctive cast of adversaries, including the various Rogues (unique among DC supervillains for their code of honor) and the various psychopathic "speedsters" who go by the names Reverse-Flash or Zoom. Other supporting characters in Flash stories include Barry's wife Iris West, Wally's wife Linda Park, Bart's girlfriend Valerie Perez, friendly fellow speedster Max Mercury, and Central City police department members David Singh and Patty Spivot.

Adaptations