Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Freud originally thought child sexual abuse was a general explanation for the origin of neuroses, but he abandoned this so-called "seduction theory". He noted finding many cases in which apparent memories of childhood sexual abuse were based more on imagination than on real events.

During the late 1890s Freud, who never abandoned his belief in the sexual cause of neuroses, began to emphasize fantasies built around the Oedipus complex as the primary cause of hysteria and other neurotic symptoms. Despite this change in his explanatory model, Freud always recognized that some neurotics had in fact been sexually abused by their fathers. He explicitly discussed several patients whom he knew to have been abused.
Freud also believed that the libido developed in individuals by changing its object, a process called sublimation. He argued that humans are born "polymorphously perverse", meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. He further argued that, as humans develop, they become fixated on different and specific objects through their stages of development – first in the oral stage (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the anal stage (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in evacuating his or her bowels), then in the phallic stage.

Freud argued that children then passed through a stage in which they fixated on the mother as a sexual object (known as the Oedipus Complex) but that the child eventually overcame and repressed this desire because of its taboo nature. The repressive or dormant latency stage of psychosexual development comes before the sexually mature genital stage of psychosexual development.

Id, ego, and super-ego
In his later work, Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego, and super-ego. Freud discussed this model in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and fully elaborated upon it in The Ego and the Id (1923). The Id is the impulsive, childlike portion of the psyche that operates on the "pleasure principle" and only takes into account what it wants and disregards all consequences.

The term Ego entered the English language in the late 18th century. Ego is Latin for 'I'. It attempts to balance the desires of the Id with reality. It tries to act ways that will bring benefit in the long term, rather than bring grief.

The term Id ('the It' or 'the Thing') represents the primitive urges to possess, conquer, dominate and achieve pleasure. It can be seen very clearly in young children, who have not yet learnt to mask their feelings.
The Super-ego is the moral component of the psyche, which makes a clear distinction between right and wrong, and makes no allowance for special circumstances.

The rational Ego attempts to get a balance between the impractical hedonism of the Id and the equally impractical moralism of the Super-ego; it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions.

When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, the Ego may employ defense mechanisms including denial, repression, and displacement. The theory of ego defense mechanisms has received empirical validation, and the nature of repression, in particular, became one of the more fiercely debated areas of psychology in the 1990s.

Life and death drives 
Freud believed that humans were driven by two conflicting central desires: the life drive which is called "Eros" (survival, propagation, hunger, thirst, and sex) and the death drive (Thanatos).
Freud recognized the death drive only in his later years and developed his theory of it in Beyond the Pleasure Principle.

Freud acknowledged the tendency for the unconscious to repeat unpleasurable experiences in order to desensitize, or deaden, the body. This compulsion to repeat unpleasurable experiences explains why traumatic nightmares occur in dreams, as nightmares seem to contradict Freud's earlier conception of dreams purely as a site of pleasure, fantasy, and desire.

On the one hand, the life drives promote survival by avoiding extreme unpleasure and any threat to life. On the other hand, the death drive functions simultaneously toward extreme pleasure, which leads to death. Freud addressed the conceptual dualities of pleasure and unpleasure, as well as sex/life and death, in his discussions on masochism and sadomasochism. The tension between life drive and death drive represented a revolution in his manner of thinking.
Later criticisms of Freud 
There are four main charges against the orthodox view of Freud. They are:
 Freud did not invent the 'free association' technique. It was invented by Francis Galton in 1879/80, and published in the journal Brain.
 Freud's books and ideas did not get a hostile reception. Most reviews were  favourable.
 Freud wrote an account of 'Anna O' (Bertha Pappenheim) which was false and "quite possibly based on deliberate deceit". In the few years after Breuer's treatment of her, she was back in hospital four times and diagnosed with hysteria. Therefore, she was definitely not cured, as Breuer and Freud had claimed. Freud must have known this because there is a letter of his (Freud) "which makes it clear that Breuer knew Anna O was still ill in 1883".
Arising from this, the whole of psychoanalysis is "based on clinical evidence and observations that are at best dubious or flawed, and at worst fraudulent". An example is Freud's claim that many patients' neurotic symptoms were caused by their being seduced or sexually abused in infancy. This was not an observation, nor a finding, but an explanation of Freud's own making, and one which he himself soon doubted. "A close reading of Freud's various reports shows that patients never actually volunteered these stories of sexual abuse".
Anthony Clare, psychiatrist and broadcaster, described Freud as a "ruthless and devious charlatan", and that "many of the foundations stones of psychoanalysis are phoney".

Related pages
 Anal retentive
List of scientists from Europe

References

Other websites 

 Freud Museum in London
 Freud's Life and Work

1856 births
1939 deaths
 
Austrian Jewish scientists
Drug-related suicides
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Jewish academics
Jewish atheists
Neurologists
Psychoanalysts from Europe
Refugees from Nazism
Science writers
Suicides in the United Kingdom
Freud family
Austrian psychiatrists
Austrian neuroscientists
A snack is a small amount of food eaten between meals. It can be any kind of food that you do not eat in large amount. People eat snacks if they are hungry between meals. For example, eating potato chips after lunch but before dinner is eating a snack. Other foods that can be eaten as snacks are fruit, candy, muffins, ice cream, and popcorn.

Snacking has surged during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Now only few people do not snack. Most snacks bought are processed foods.

References

Snack foods
Providence is the capital and the most populous city of Rhode Island. It was one of the first cities established in the United States. It is located in Providence County.  It is the third largest city in the New England region. In the 2020 census, the city proper population was 190,934. Providence has the the 38th largest metropolitan population in the country, with an estimated metropolitan population of 1,676,579. This metropolitan area includes almost all of Rhode Island and part of Massachusetts.  Providence is at the mouth of the Providence River, at the head of Narragansett Bay. The city's small footprint is crisscrossed by  streets at odd angles and has a rapidly changing distribution of residents.
Providence was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of "God's merciful Providence" which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers to settle. The official name of the state includes the name of the city, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. After being one of the first cities in the country to industrialize, Providence became noted for its jewelry and silverware industry.  Today, the City of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning, which has shifted the city's economy into service industries, although it still retains significant manufacturing activity.
From colonial times to the mid-19th century, the Rhode Island General Assembly rotated meetings between the state's five county court houses. After 1853 the state legislature stopped meeting at the Kent, Washington and Bristol county courthouses, but continued to alternate its sessions between Providence State House and the Newport State House in Newport. Early in the 20th century, Providence became the only capital of the state.

Hurricanes
On September 21, 1938, a severe Category 3 hurricane struck Providence and nearby areas. Providence was flooded with storm surge. Another hurricane hit the region in September 1944 near the Connecticut-Rhode Island border. Ten years later, Hurricane Carol struck the area as a Category 2 hurricane, bringing severe storm surge and wind to the Providence area. The storm killed 17 in Rhode Island.
Highways and Interstates
I-95 runs from north to south through Providence. I-195 connects the city to eastern Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts, including New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Cape Cod. I-295 encircles Providence while RI 146 provides a direct connection with Worcester, Massachusetts. The city's Iway project is moving I-195 to free up land and to reunify the Jewelry District with Downcity Providence. I-195 currently separates these two neighborhoods.  The project is estimated to cost $446 million and be completed in 2012.

Colleges and Universities
 The flagship campuses of five of Rhode Island's colleges and universities are in Providence (city proper):
 Brown University, an Ivy League university and one of nine colonial colleges in the nation.
 Johnson & Wales University
 Providence College
 Rhode Island College, the state's oldest public college.
 Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)

References

Other websites 

 City of Providence official website
County seats in Rhode Island
State capitals in the United States
Columbia is the state capital and the 2nd most populous city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 Census, it has a population of 137,300.

It is the county seat of Richland County, but a small portion of the city is in Lexington County. It is home to the University of South Carolina.

Just east of the city is Fort Jackson, the U.S. Army's largest and most active initial entry training installation,

History
Columbia is on the fall line from the Appalachian Mountains. The fall line is the spot where boats cannot travel any farther upstream and is also the spot farthest downstream where falling water can usefully power a mill.
The state capital before 1790 was Charleston on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1786, the legislature decided to move the money to the state's center. The site of Columbia was chosen for its location on the river just 13 miles (21  km)  northwest of South Carolina's geographic center. The State Legislature first met there in 1790. After remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a significant stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper Rivers in a 22-mile (35  km) section. It was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850.

Columbia was one of the first planned cities in the United States.  It is known for its wide streets.
After Sherman's March to the Sea the Union Army attacked and occupied Columbia, an important military center. On February 17, 1865, a fire destroyed much of the city and killed many people.

The 20th century saw Columbia emerge as a regional textile manufacturing center. In the 1920s, Columbia business people constructed a large dam on the Saluda River to make hydroelectric power. The dam, using the native red clay soil and bedrock, was the largest earthen dam in the world when it was completed in 1930. Lake Murray, formed by the dam, is 41 mil, es (66  km) long and 14 miles (23  km) wide at its widest point. When the lake was finished, it was the world's largest artificial reservoir. The company built the dam grew to become SCANA Corporation, one of Columbia's largest employers.
The city of Columbia has recently accomplished several redevelopment projects and has several more planned. The historic Congaree Vista, a  district running from the central business district toward the Congaree river, features several historic buildings that have been rehabilitated.

Transportation
The Central Midlands Regional Transit Authority (CMRTA), operates mass transit in the greater Columbia area including Cayce, West Columbia, Forest Acres, Arcadia Lakes, Springdale, and the St. Andrews area. CMRTA operates express shuttles and bus services serving Columbia and its immediate suburbs. The authority was established in October 2002 after SCANA released ownership of public transportation back to the City of Columbia. Since 2003, CMRTA has provided transportation for more than 2 million passengers, expanded route services, and introduced 43 new ADA-accessible buses offering safer, more comfortable transportation. CMRTA has also added ten natural gas-powered buses to the fleet.
The Central Midlands Council of Governments is investigating the potential for rail transit in the region. Routes into downtown Columbia originating from Camden, Newberry, and Batesburg-Leesville are in consideration, as is a potential line between Columbia and Charlotte connecting the two main lines of the future Southeastern High-Speed Rail Corridor.

Columbia's central location between the population centers of South Carolina has made it a transportation focal point with three interstate highways and one interstate spur.

The city and its surroundings are served by Columbia Metropolitan Airport (IATA:CAE; ICAO:KCAE). The city is served daily by Amtrak and Greyhound Lines buses.
Education
Columbia has the main campus of the University of South Carolina, chartered in 1801 as South Carolina College and in 1906 as the University of South Carolina. The university has 350-degree programs and enrolls more than 27,500 students throughout 15 degree-granting colleges and schools. It is an urban university in downtown Columbia, just south of the Capitol.

Other colleges are Allen University, Benedict College, Columbia College, Columbia International University, Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary, and Midlands Technical College.

Counties

Metropolitan 
 Calhoun County, Fairfield County, Kershaw County, Lexington County, Richland County, Saluda County

Micropolitan 
 Newberry County, Orangeburg County

References

Other websites 
 City of Columbia official website

County seats in South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina
State capitals in the United States
1805 establishments in the United States
1800s establishments in South Carolina
Cities in South Carolina
Pierre (pronounced "peer") is the capital city of South Dakota, a state of the United States of America.  As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 13,646.  Pierre is the county seat of Hughes County. Started in 1880 on the Missouri River across from Fort Pierre, Pierre has been the state capital since 1889.

Pierre lies on rough river bluffs overlooking the Missouri River. It is a few miles away from Lake Oahe, one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and a very popular fishing destination.

Transportation 

Two airlines serving Pierre Regional Airport provide non-stop flights to Denver and Minneapolis-St. Paul.

The nearest interstate highway is Interstate 90, about 34 miles south of Pierre via U.S. Highway 83. Pierre is one of only four state capitals not served by an interstate highway.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 City of Pierre official website

State capitals in the United States
County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1880 establishments in Dakota Territory
Charleston is the capital city of West Virginia, a state of the United States of America.  It is where the Elk and Kanawha Rivers join in Kanawha County. As of the 2020 census, Charleston has 48,864 people living in it, which makes it the largest city in the state. It is the county seat of Kanawha County.

References

Other websites 

 City of Charleston official website  Chat:

State capitals in the United States
County seats in West Virginia
Cities in West Virginia
1788 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Madison is the capital city of Wisconsin, a state in the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, it had 221,735 people living in it, making it the second largest city in Wisconsin. It is the county seat of Dane County. Madison is also home to the University of Wisconsin.

References

Other websites 

 Official city website

 
County seats in Wisconsin
State capitals in the United States
1836 establishments in Michigan Territory
Cheyenne is the capital and largest city of Wyoming, a state of the United States of America.  As of September 2005, it had an estimated population (number of people living in it) of 55,362.  It is the county seat of Laramie County. Cheyenne was founded in 1867 and the current mayor of Cheyenne is Marian Orr.

References

Other websites 
 City of Cheyenne official 

 
Wyoming
State capitals in the United States
1867 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Wyoming Territory
Cheyenne might mean:

Cheyenne people, a Native American tribe
Cheyenne, Wyoming, a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming
Cheyenne (TV series), a television series starring Clint Walker
Jeannie Longo (born October 31, 1958 at St. Gervais-les-Bains in Haute-Savoie, France) is a female French cyclist.

One of the greats of cycling, Jeannie's list of achievements follows:

Olympic Road Race Gold Medal 1996

Olympic Silver Medal 1992

Olympic Bronze Medal 2000

World Champion, Road Race 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1995

World Time Trial Champion 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001

Tour de France Feminin 1987, 1988, 1989.

World Hour Record 2000 (45.094)

56 French National Titles

Other websites 
Official site

Longo, Jeannie

1958 births
Living people
People from Haute-Savoie
Sportspeople from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, engineer, author, designer, inventor and futurist.

Fuller published more than 30 books, inventing and popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth",  and "Synergetics".

He also used inventions, mainly architectural designs. The best known of which is the geodesic dome, the pinnacle of which would be a 5 kilometer diameter dome over Manhattan, as well as cloud nine. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their resemblance to geodesic spheres.
Some of his books 
 Nine chains to the Moon (1938)
 Untitled epic poem on the history of industrialization (1962)
 Ideas and integrities, a spontaneous autobiographical disclosure (1963) 
 No more secondhand god and other writings (1963)
 What I have learned: a collection of 20 autobiographical essays, Chapter "How little I know", (1968)
 Operating manual for Spaceship Earth (1969) 
 Utopia or oblivion (1969) 
 Approaching the benign environment (1970)  (with Eric A. Walker and James R. Killian, Jr.)
 Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, 
 The Dymaxion world of Buckminster Fuller (1960, 1973), coauthor Robert Marks, 
 Earth, Inc (1973) 
 Synergetics: explorations in the geometry of thinking (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb, 
 Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the three bears,: a cosmic fairy tale (1975)
 And it came to pass — not to stay (1976) 
 R. Buckminster Fuller on education (1979)
Synergetics 2: Further explorations in the geometry of thinking (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
 Critical path (1981) 
 Inventions: the patented works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) 
 Humans in Universe (1983), coauthor Anwar Dil, 
 Cosmography: a posthumous scenario for the future of humanity (1992), coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya,
Please check UNITED STATES NAVAL HISTORY for Bucky Buckminster Fuller's service to the United States of America Navy.

References

Other websites

Buckminster Fuller Institute

1895 births
1983 deaths
American architects
Engineers from Massachusetts
American inventors
Futurists
Writers from Massachusetts
Bill Harry is an English author, from Liverpool. He went to college with John Lennon and Stuart Sutcliffe, who were members of The Beatles. They promised to make Liverpool famous with Lennon's music, Sutcliffe's paintings and Harry's writing. They did not get far together, but each member later became well-known.

Harry founded Mersey Beat, a newspaper about the local music scene in Liverpool, in 1961. He was the first person to write news articles about the Beatles.

Over the years, Harry has been on over four hundred television and radio shows in Britain, America, Europe and Asia. Shows he has been on include Good Morning, Good Morning America, BBC News, Sky News, CNN, ITV and many television documentaries and movies about the Beatles. The British Council had him represent them for their Beatles exhibitions in Hong Kong. Harry has also been a guest at Beatles conventions in Britain, Europe and America.
Harry moved to London in 1966, when he was a music journalist for Weekend Magazine, and columnist for the Fleetway magazines Marilyn and Valentine.

He was given an award by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors for everything he has done for the music business in his lifetime.

Artists worked with
In London, Harry worked with many entertainers. His job as their publicist was to deal with the media.
The Kinks
The Hollies
Pink Floyd
Ten Years After
Jethro Tull
David Bowie
Led Zeppelin
The Beach Boys
Procol Harum
Blodwyn Pig
Chicken Shack
Free
Mott the Hoople
Stone the Crows
The Pretty Things
Suzi Quatro
Hot Chocolate
Cockney Rebel
Bill Kenwright
Alexis Korner
Nazareth
Supertramp
The Electric Prunes
Kim Wilde
David Prowse (Darth Vader in Star Wars).
Books by Bill Harry
 Arrows : The Official Story Everest Books (1976) 
 Mersey Beat: The Beginnings of The Beatles Omnibus Press (1977) 
 The Beatles Who's Who	Aurum Press (1982) 
 Beatlemania	Virgin Books (1984) 
 Paperback Writers	Virgin Books (1984) 
 The Book of Lennon	Aurum Press (1984) 
 Ask Me Why	Javelin Books (1985) 
 Beatles For Sale	Virgin Books (1985) 
 The Book of Beatle Lists	Javelin Books (1985) 
 The McCartney File	Virgin Books (1986) 
 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band	Atalanta Press (1987) 
 The Ultimate Beatles Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (1992) 
 Jan Olofsson: My 60s     Taschen (1994) 
 The Encyclopedia of Beatles People Blandford Press (1997) 
 The Best Years of The Beatles     Headline (1997) 
 Whatever Happened to ...     Cassell     (1999) 
 The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated Virgin Books (2000 
 The John Lennon Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2000) 
 The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2002) 
 The George Harrison Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2003)
The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia     Virgin Books (2004) 
 The British Invasion	Chrome Dreams	(2004) 
 Bigger Than The Beatles, Trinity Mirror (2009) 
 Lennon's Liverpool, Trinity Mirror (2010) 
 The Sixties (Harry & Robert Orbach) Endeavour London Ltd. (2011)
References

Other websites 
Bill Harry's story  on Mersey-beat.com
The Beatles and Mersey Beat by Bill Harry

English journalists
The Beatles
Writers from Liverpool
Living people
1938 births
Lewis Paul Bremer III is an American writer and politician.  He was born on September 30, 1941.  He was named "Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance" on May 6 for Iraq in 2003, after the war..

Biography
Bremer was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut.  He went to school at Phillips Academy and graduated in 1959.  Then he went to Yale University.  He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963.  In 1996, he received a master's degree from Harvard University.  His degree was in business. He also received a degree in Paris.
In 1967, he joined the United States foreign service.  At first he worked in Kabul, Afghanistan.  He also worked in Blantyre, Malawi from 1968 to 1971.  He worked for the United States State Department for 23 years. During that time, he worked for six different Secretaries of State, including Alexander Haig.  A Secretary of State is the top government official in the U.S. State Department.  A secretary of state is appointed by the United States President.  He also worked as a deputy chief at an American embassy in the country of Norway.  A deputy chief is a person in charge at the embassy.

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Bremer to the position of Ambassador to the Netherlands.  He also became "Ambassador at Large for Counter Terrorism."
Bremer retired in 1989.  Then he spent the next 15 years working in private (non-government) companies. One of the companies he worked for was Kissinger Associates (a company that was run by someone who used to be a Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger).  He also served as a board member for several corporations.  A board member is someone who makes big or strategic decisions on how a company should operate.  Mr. Bremer has served on the board for corporations such as Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated, Akzo Nobel NV (a Dutch company), and Marsh Crisis Consulting Company.

Bremer speaks many languages besides English.  He speaks Arabic, French, Dutch, Norwegian, Persian, German, and Spanish.

Bremer is married to named Frances Winfield. They were married in 1966. They have two adult children and two grandchildren.

After he worked in Iraq, Bremer wrote a book.  The title of the book is My Year in Iraq:  The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope.  The book was published in January 2006.
1941 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands
American Roman Catholics
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Politicians from Hartford, Connecticut
Writers from Connecticut
Yale University alumni
People from New Canaan, Connecticut
Events 
 United States Declaration of Independence ratified by the Continental Congress (July 4, 1776). The document was drafted by a committee consisting of representatives John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York and Roger Sherman of Connecticut.
 Abol Fath Khan ascends to the throne of Persia as the second Shah of the Zand dynasty in 1779.

World leaders 
 Emperor Ch'ien Lung (China)
 King Christian VII (Denmark and Norway)
 King George III of Great Britain and the Prince-elector of Hanover
 Maria Theresa of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary
 Frederick II of Prussia, King of Prussia
 Empress Catherine II (Russia)
 King Charles III (Spain)
 King Louis XV (France)
 King Louis XVI (France)
 Emperor Go-Momozono (Japan)
The 1530s was a decade that began on 1 January 1530 and ended on 31 December 1539.

Events and trends 
 Spanish conquest of Peru
 Beginning of colonization of Brazil
 Henry VIII and his control over the English church.
 Reformation in Denmark and Norway.
William Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830–August 8, 1911) was a United States politician from Maine. He served in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives.

United States senators from Maine
United States representatives from Maine
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Deans of the United States Senate
1830 births
1911 deaths
A headache is when your head hurts. It is not when you hit your head with something and made it hurt that way, but when your head hurts from inside. Headache is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck.

A headache can be caused by one of several things, which are listed here:

 Fever
 Watching television or looking at a computer screen for a long time.
 Being tired or sleepy.
 As an effect of stress.
 By other neurological conditions ('neurological' means touching the nerves and the brain), like with epilepsy

The second edition of the International Headache Classification (ICHD-2) defines more than 220 different types of headaches in three categories:

 Primary headaches, for example migraine, tension headache and cluster headache.
 Secondary headaches
 Cranial neuralgias, central and primary facial pain and other headaches

Many headaches can be relieved with analgesics like aspirin.

Other names 
Cephalalgia
Causes 
 Brain tumor
 Lyme disease
 Influenza
 Brain metastasis
 Foodborne Intoxication
 Sinusitis
 Meningitis
 Encephalitis

Treatments 

In many cases headaches can be relieved naturally. Many methods such as massaging the temples near the eye, exercising your eyes (blinking, palming) and walking can all help relieve the tension of headaches. Maintaining a healthy diet, with rich proteins and iron, can keep your brain awake and healthy. One of the main factors is drinking plenty of water. These natural techniques tend to give you long-term relief whilst medication can often give you short term relief.

There are many medicines which can treat mild headaches, such as Paracetamol, Co-codamol, and Ibuprofen; but you should always consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking any.

References 

Head (body part)
Pain
A fever is when a person's body temperature is hotter than 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 Fahrenheit). Normal body temperature for humans varies based on a variety of factors, including age and level of physical activity.  It is typically cited as 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 F), but naturally varies from person to person by at least .5 degrees Celsius. The actual measurement of body temperature will vary based on the location of the measurement.  For a temperature taken from under the tongue, the measurement may be lower. Rectal temperatures will read about 0.3 C (0.55 F) higher, and armpit temperatures will read about the same amount lower.

When people are ill, their body's immune system fights the disease, and so the body temperature rises. Fever is a defensive measure of the body against the germs: the life cycles of the germs are disrupted when the body temperature rises.

About 38 °C (100.4 F) degrees is called a low-grade fever, and above 39.5 °C (103 F) degrees is a high-grade fever.
Children usually have a higher fever than adults; their immune system is less mature. Infants have the highest normal temperature, which decreases as people age. Some animals, especially small ones like rabbits and cats, also have a higher normal temperature than humans.

Sometimes, high-grade fever can be a medical emergency. At or above 42 °C (107.6 F) organs start taking damage that may not be repairable. While most fevers are caused by Infection, whether bacterial or viral, some fevers can be caused by cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma.

References

Other websites 
 Shands HealthCare article on fever 
 American Academy of Pediatrics article on home treatment of fevers 

Symptoms
Medical signs
Peoria is a city on the Illinois River in the U.S. state of Illinois.  In the 2020 census, Peoria had more than 110,000 people living in it. It is the home of the Peoria Rivermen ice hockey team. One of Peoria's largest businesses is Caterpillar, a company that makes bulldozers, mining trucks, and other kinds of machinery.

Roads
Many people drive in and out of Peoria on Interstate 74.  People also drive around Peoria on Interstate 474.  Peoria is 157 miles (257 kilometers) southwest of Chicago, Illinois.

Culture
Peoria has become famous as a representation of the average American city because of its demographics and its perceived mainstream Midwestern culture. On the Vaudeville circuit, it was said that if an act would succeed in Peoria, it would work anywhere. The question "Will it play in Peoria?" has now become a metaphor for whether something appeals to the American mainstream public.

References

Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
A sedative is a depressant that lowers excitement and irritability. Doctors use sedatives to prevent nervous patients from accidentally hurting themselves or the doctor. They are also used in tranquilizer guns.

There are different kinds of sedatives:
Drugs that make people fall asleep.
Drugs that help people keep sleeping (not to wake up during the night).
Drugs that calm people down, without making them sleep.

Most sedatives act very slowly, usually in 10-15 minutes.  Doctors must know a patient's weight and medical history in order give them the sedatives which are best for them.
People who have been given sedatives may seem dull, and sleepy. Since sedatives act on their ability to react, those who have been given such drugs should not do the following:
Operate any machines
Drive a car
Take other drugs (including alcohol; these may make the effect of the pill bigger and can lead to overdose)
Problems 
Sedatives usually should not be taken for a longer period of time, as there are problems:
 Many sedatives cause addiction. Trying to stop taking the drug may cause withdrawal symptoms
 If they are taken together with other drugs, this may change their effect.

Psychoactive drugs
Epilepsy is a chronic condition of the brain. It is characterized by seizures that do not seem to have an obvious cause. To the outside viewer, these seizures show as  episodes of heavy shaking. Depending on the seizure, the shaking may be short and difficult to detect or it may be longer.

People with epilepsy are sometimes called epileptic, but it is the fit or seizure that is "epileptic".

Many people have died from seizures.
Different forms 
There are many different forms of seizures, and there are also many different forms of epilepsy. Most forms of epilepsy cannot be cured. In most cases, drugs can make life easier for those suffering from it. In very few  cases, (which are difficult to treat), surgery may help. In some cases, only eating special things (called a diet) may help. A special diet has been developed; it is called Ketogenic diet. When it was developed, it was mainly used to treat certain children with epilepsy, before good drugs became available. Today, it is used to treat certain cases where drugs do not seem to help.

Certain forms of the disease disappear after a time, they do for example only occur in childhood. Epilepsy is not one condition. Rather, it  stands for a number of health problems that all show in the same ways.
Occurrence 
The condition is very common; about one percent of people worldwide (65 million) have epilepsy. Nearly eighty percent of all cases occur in developing countries. Epilepsy becomes more common as people age. In the developed world, onset of new cases occurs most frequently in infants and the elderly. In the developing world this is in older children and young adults. Between five and ten percent of all people will have an unprovoked seizure by the age of eighty. The chance of having a second seizure is between forty and fifty percent.
Common things 
The condition has many forms, but generally the following is true:
 People get muscular seizures or convulsions.
 People lose control over their body. Feces may be released in the process. They may fall to the floor and hurt themselves when they are standing or walking.
 People may become unconscious.
 Those affected are not aware of the seizure going on. People do not remember or know what happened to them.
 In some cases, people may sense that a seizure is about to occur. This special feeling is called aura. Afterwards, people may remember the aura, but not the seizure itself.
 Most seizures only last a short time, the exception to this is called status epilepticus. Such a status epilepticus can last over five minutes.
 Reflexes do not work while people are having a seizure; they may also stop breathing.
 People are tired after a seizure. They may be confused.
 Epilepsy is not a mental illness.
Treatment 
The condition is very common, and has been studied a lot.  Doctors only say someone has epilepsy, if that person has had at least two seizures, for which the immediate cause cannot be seen. There are also seizures which are not caused by epilepsy. There are drugs for many forms of epilepsy that make life better for those affected. In about two thirds of the cases, taking one drug alone can make the seizures go away. The remaining third is more difficult to treat, but in many cases, a combination of drugs can at least reduce the number of seizures.

In most cases, epilepsy is caused by scars in the brain. Some forms of the condition are caused by genetic disorders, which may be passed on from the parents to the children. Very often, the actual cause for an epileptic seizure is lack of sleep, too much alcohol, or other things that cause stress.
Many countries in the world say there are special rules for people who have epilepsy. They need to be without a seizure for some time before they may drive a car. They also need to take drugs to treat their illness. In many countries, such people may not drive buses, taxis or trucks.

Problems 
People having an epileptic seizure face a number of problems. The most common ones are:
 They hurt themselves during the seizure. This includes broken bones, and wounds resulting from biting or hitting an object.
 They produce an accident during the seizure. This includes falling off a ladder, car accidents, and drowning while swimming.
 In some cases, people stop breathing. In such cases, the brain will be damaged, if the seizure lasts for a longer time, or there are multiple such seizures in a row.
 During the seizure, neurotransmitters are released in the brain. If their concentration is too high, the brain will take damage.
Risk factors 
In many cases, risky behaviour can provoke seizures. Such risk factors include
 Stress
 Lack of sleep
 Alcohol, and other drugs
In many cases,a person who is able to cope with stress, who sleeps enough, and who does not drink too much can reduce the risk of having a seizure.

Famous people with epilepsy

Notes 

Diseases and disorders of the nervous system
A trout is a kind of teleost fish that belongs to the Salmoninae subfamily of the Salmonidae family. There are many different kinds of trout. They belong to the same family as the salmon. 

Most trout are freshwater fish. They live in clear streams, rivers and lakes in America, Europe, and Asia. 

It is possible to work out the difference between a trout and any other fish, by looking for a second dorsal fin (or adipose fin). Also, you can find for spots in mature trout and parr marks in the young.

Salmoniformes
Edible fish
Tijuana (  or ; ) is a city in Mexico. It is in the north of the country and across the border from California in the United States. It is the largest city in Baja California. Tijuana is well known destination for US Tourists.

Sources

Cities in Mexico
Baja California (state)
1889 establishments
19th-century establishments in Mexico
Tampa is a city in Florida, a state of the United States. It has a population of about 384,959 people as of 2020. Tampa is 3rd largest city in Florida, and the 52nd largest city in the USA.

Sports 

Tampa is the home of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Tampa Bay Lightning and Tampa Bay Storm.

People from Tampa 
 Brittany Snow (born 1986), actress
 Derek Bell (born 1968), professional baseball player
 Salha "Mama" Bobo (c. 1900 – 2001), Ybor business pioneer
 Ray Charles (1930–2004), blind blues singer, pianist
 Aaron Carter (born 1987), actor/singer
 Oba Chandler (born 1946) murderer (lived there since early 80s)
 Hulk Hogan (born 1953), actor/wrestler

References 

County seats in Florida
Diana Jean Krall (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz singer and pianist from Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Krall began to play the piano when she was four years old.  She began to play in restaurants when she was 15. When she was 17, she won a Vancouver Jazz Festival scholarship (student money award) to study music at the Berklee College of Music in Boston.  She later moved to Los Angeles to study with Jimmy Rowles.  In 1990, she moved to New York City.
Krall's 1996 album All For You, was a tribute (way to honour someone) to the Nat King Cole trio. It was on the Billboard jazz charts for 70 weeks. The album was considered for a Grammy Award.  She won a Grammy in 1999 for "Best Jazz Musician of the Year".  Her 2001 album The Look of Love was #1 in Canada.  It also won the Juno Award as Canadian album of the year.  Her 2002 album Live in Paris won the Grammy for Best Vocal Jazz Record.  Also in 2002, Krall won the Juno for Canadian artist of the year.  Her version of the Tom Waits song "Temptation" made #1 on the World Jazz Charts in 2004.

Krall married British musician Elvis Costello in December 2003.
Albums
Heartdrops (1989)
Stepping Out (1993)
Only Trust Your Heart (1994)
All For You (1996)
Love Scenes (1997)
When I Look in Your Eyes (1999)
The Look of Love (2001)
Live in Paris (2002)
The Girl in the Other Room (2004)
Christmas Songs (2005)
 From This Moment On (2006)
 Quiet Nights (2009)
 Glad Rag Doll (2012)
 Wallflower (2015)
 Turn Up the Quiet (2017)
 Love Is Here to Stay with Tony Bennett (2018)
 This Dream of You (2020)

DVDs
Live in Paris (2002)
Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival (2004)

Other websites 

Diana Krall's website
DianaKrallfans.com fan website
Diana Krall Lyrics
Diana Krall MusicBrainz

Canadian singers
Grammy Award winners
Canadian jazz musicians
Musicians from British Columbia
Canadian pianists
1964 births
Living people
The Juno Awards are awards given to Canadian musical artists and bands, similar to the United States' Grammy Awards. The Juno awards were first presented in 1970.

Categories
The categories for the Juno Awards are:

Album of the Year 
International Album of the Year 
New Artist of the Year 
New Group of the Year 
Rock Album of the Year 
Pop Album of the Year 
Artist of the Year 
Group of the Year

Other websites
Official website

Music awards
Half-Life 2 is a first person shooter video game created by the company Valve Corporation and released in 2004. This game is the sequel to the original Half-Life video game which came out in 1998. It is sold through the Steam platform also developed by Valve. It is also available in The Orange Box, along with Half-Life 2: Episode One and Half-Life 2: Episode Two (sequels to Half-Life 2), Portal, and Team Fortress 2. Half-Life 3 is currently in development. Half-Life 2 is based on a game engine called Source. There have been many other Source-based games, such as Portal, Team Fortress 2, Counter-Strike: Source, and Garry's Mod.
Plot and characters 
In Half-Life 2, the player is Gordon Freeman (the same character as in Half-Life). It begins about 20 years after the first Half-Life. The Combine, a group of evil aliens, took over Earth and made humans their slaves. Gordon Freeman wakes up on a train in a place named City 17. He finds the resistance, some humans who fight the Combine. In the game, he must help them and fight with them. The game ends with Gordon Freeman stopping Doctor Breen, the evil human who is helping the Combine.

There are many important characters in this game other than Gordon Freeman. Some are Eli Vance, who worked at Black Mesa with Gordon Freeman before the Combine came. He is part of the resistance. Alyx Vance is Eli's daughter. She travels with Gordon in part of the game. Doctor Mossman also worked at Black Mesa. She works with the resistance, but is also a traitor who helps Doctor Breen. Barney Calhoun was a guard at Black Mesa. Now he leads the resistance.

Other websites 
Official website
Steam website
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is a 1974 American horror movie. It was based loosely on real events, the crimes of Ed Gein, although much of its plot is fictional. It was directed by Tobe Hooper and stars Marilyn Burns. It is the first movie of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise.

It was followed by several sequels and a 2003 remake from New Line Cinema.

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 
 
 Snopes.com page talking about the movie's true-life basis
 A tour of the shooting locations

The Texas Chainsaw Massacre movies
1974 crime movies
1974 horror movies
American horror movies
American serial killer movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Movie remakes
Movies set in Texas
American independent movies
Encryption allows information to be hidden so that it cannot be read without special knowledge (such as a password). This is done with a secret code or cypher. The hidden information is said to be encrypted.

Decryption is a way to change encrypted information back into plaintext. This is the decrypted form. The study of encryption is called cryptography. Cryptanalysis can be done by hand if the cypher is simple. Complex cyphers need a computer to search for possible keys. Decryption is a field of computer science and mathematics that looks at how difficult it is to break a cypher.
Examples 
A simple kind of encryption for words is ROT13.  In ROT13, letters of the alphabet are changed with each other using a simple pattern. For example, A changes to N, B changes to O, C changes to P, and so on. Each letter is "rotated" by 13 spaces.  Using the ROT13 cipher, the words Simple English Wikipedia becomes Fvzcyr Ratyvfu Jvxvcrqvn.  The ROT13 cipher is very easy to decrypt.  Because there are 26 letters in the English alphabet, if a letter is rotated two times by 13 letters each time, the original letter will be obtained.  So applying the ROT13 cipher a second time brings back the original text. When he communicated with his army, Julius Caesar sometimes used what is known as Caesar cipher today.  This cipher works by shifting the position of letters: each letter is rotated by 3 positions.
One-time pad 
Most types of encryption can theoretically be cracked: an enemy might be able to decrypt a message without knowing the password, if he has clever mathematicians, powerful computers and lots of time. The one-time pad is special because, if it is used correctly, it is impossible to crack. There are three rules that must be followed:
 The secret key (password) must be as long as the secret message: if the message has 20 letters then the key must also have at least 20 letters.
 The secret key must be random (e.g. KQBWLDA...)
 The secret key must only be used once. To send more than one message, a different key must be used for each one.
Encryption on the Internet 
Encryption is often used on the Internet, as many web sites use it to protect private information. On the Internet, several encryption protocols are used, such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), IPsec, and SSH. They use the RSA encryption system and others. The protocol for protected web browsing is called HTTPS.
URL encryption mostly uses the MD5 Algorithm. Various algorithms are used in the internet market depending upon the need.

Related pages 
 FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption
 PuTTY - SSH encryption

Cryptography
Gelsenkirchen (UK: /ˈɡɛlzənkɪərxən/, US: /ˌɡɛlzənˈkɪərxən/, German: [ˌɡɛlzn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩]; ) is a city in Germany in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is about  north of Cologne in the so-called Ruhr Area.

About 269,000 people live there. In the past it was dominated by coal mining and steel industry. The city is famous for its football (soccer) club FC Schalke 04.

References

Other websites 

 Official City Website 
 Official Schalke 04 Website
 Gelsenkirchen Blog
 Official MiR Website
Pseudoscience is anything that pretends to be science but is not. Together, "pseudo-" and "science" mean "fake science". Pseudoscience may fail one or more parts of being scientific. 

Pseudoscience is not just an idea that is not accepted by the mainstream scientific community. It is an idea not open to testing, no matter what evidence against it is available. Despite the fact that the word pseudoscience means "false science", it is the openness to testing which is fundamental to science. This is more fundamental than whether a theory is accepted. After all, ideas have been proved wrong, though once they were believed to be true. Obviously, science is not always right but always open to correction, which makes a clear difference between science and pseudoscience.