Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ocala began undergoing rapid growth in the 1970s with the development of the Interstate 75 and the founding of Disney World, located some  southeast.

In the last decades of the twentieth century, the greater Ocala area experienced one of the highest growth rates in the country for a city its size. The population of Marion County in 2000 was over 250,000, up from under 100,000 in 1975. Much of the county's growth is attributable to the area's growing popularity as a retirement destination, primarily in two areas southwest and south of the city: the SR 200 corridor and The Villages, respectively.
Many historic homes are preserved in Ocala's large housing Historic District, established in 1984. A focus of this district is East Fort King Street, featuring many excellent examples of Victorian architecture. Ocala structures on the National Register of Historic Places include the Coca Cola Building, the E. C. Smith House, East Hall, the Marion Hotel, Mount Zion A.M.E. Church, the Ritz Historic Inn, and Union Train Station.

The original Fort King site itself was called a National Historic Landmark in 2004.

Government and Politics
Ocala is governed by a five member board of councilors and a mayor, all of which are chosen without caring about their party. Its charter was written in the council-manager form, leaving the mayor with few powers other than refusing legislation passed by the council and tending to some duties involving the police department. The city manager handles most leadership and money issues. Although a small majority of the city's voters are Democrats, Ocala's politics match those of the rest of Marion County in that all of its elected legislators - with one exception - are registered Republicans. In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain carried both the city and the county, the second one by a landslide, even though they lost Florida as a whole to Barack Obama by a narrow margin.

Geography
Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. The surrounding farms are famous for their thoroughbred horses, in terrain similar to Kentucky bluegrass. Ocala is also known for nearby Silver Springs, Florida, site of one of the largest artesian spring formations in the world and Silver Springs Nature Theme Park, one of the earliest tourist attractions in Florida.

The  long Ocklawaha River flows north from Central Florida until it joins the St. Johns River near Palatka, Florida.

Marion County is also home to the Ocala National Forest which was established in 1908 and is now the second largest national forest in the state. The Florida Trail, also known as the Florida National Scenic Trail, cuts through Ocala National Forest.

Silver River State Park was established in the early 1990s to preserve the areas around the Silver River to the east of Ocala near Silver Springs.
Ocala has two main seasons:  the dry season (October–May) and the wet season (June–September). During the dry season, there is almost endless sunshine with very little rain. In January, the morning low temperatures are often in the 30s and 40s, but the cloudless sunny weather typically warms the dry air up to near 70 by the afternoon. During the wet season, afternoon thunderstorms are a daily thing. These storms are often severe (unofficially, Ocala is known to have more cloud-to-ground lightning per square mile than any other city in the world). The typical morning low temperatures during the wet season are in the 70's and typical daytime high temperatures are in the 90s. Due to the city being relatively far away from the moderating influence of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, Ocala's summertime temperatures are often the highest in the state while winter temperatures are often the lowest compared to other cities on the peninsula
. Also, Ocala's distance from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico means the city has more days of sunshine than Florida's coastal cities. This is, in part, why the Ocala/Marion County area is called "the kingdom of the sun." The last snowfall of any significance fell on December 24, 1989, when the city was struck by an ice and snow storm. However, the morning of January 9, 2010, there was a dusting of snow on the ground in city center. A plume of record cold air mixed with moisture caused wintry precipitation to erupt across northern and central Florida.
Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 63,591 people living in the city. There were 28,284 housing units, of which 25,531 were occupied (90.3%). The racial makeup of the city was 60.0% White, 19.3% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.9% Asian, 5.3% from other races, and 11.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.1% of the population.

Economy
In 2022, the median income for a household in the city was about $44,756, and the median income for a family was about $53,917. The per capita income for the city was about $24,066. About 23.1% of people were below the poverty line, including 32.1% of those under age 18 and 19.4% of those age 65 or over.

Ocala is the headquarters of Emergency One, a worldwide designer and manufacturer of fire rescue vehicles.

Education
Ocala is home to the College of Central Florida.  It also has one of 21 campuses of Rasmussen College, an Higher Learning Commission regionally accredited post secondary institution.
Sports
Ocala is home to Trinity Catholic High School, which holds the record for the longest high school football championship game in Florida history, going into triple overtime.
on January 6, 2011, the mayor declared January 6 as Trinity Catholic Celtics Day, in honor of this feat.

Ocala, Florida was home Belleview Bulldogs in the FCSL before it folded in 2008. It is also home to one of the largest youth football leagues in the state in the MCYFL. Ocala is hosting the regional events for the Junior League in the Little League World Series in August 2010.

All America City
In 1995, Ocala was named an All-America City Award winner.

Sister cities

Ocala has two sister cities:
  Newbridge, County Kildare in Ireland (2008)
  Pisa and San Rossore in Italy  (2004)

Transportation

Major roads

Several major highways pass through Ocala, including Interstate 75, U.S. Highway 27, U.S. Route 301, and U.S. Highway 441. Ocala was on the western leg of the historic Dixie Highway.
Interstate 75 runs north and south across the western edge of the city, with interchanges at Florida SR 200(Exit 350), SR 40 (Exit 352), and US 27(Exit 354).
  U.S. Route 27 runs north and south throughout Ocala. It is multiplexed with US 301 and 441 until it reaches Florida SR 492(Northwest 10th Street), then makes a sharp turn onto NW 10th Street then curves northwest through Williston, Perry, Tallahassee, and beyond.
  U.S. Route 301 is the main local north and south road through Ocala. It is multiplexed with US 27 until it reaches Northwest 10th Street, and with US 441 throughout the city.
  U.S. Route 441 is the main local north and south road through Ocala. It is multiplexed with US 27 until it reaches Northwest 10th Street, and with US 301 throughout the city.
  State Road 492 runs east and west through the northern part of the city from the northern terminus of the US 27 multiplex with US 301-441 to close to the Silver Springs City Line.
State Road 40 runs east and west through Ocala. It spans from Rainbow Lake Estates through Ocala National Forest to Ormond Beach in Volusia County, although a bi-county extension exists, spanning from Yankeetown in Levy County to Dunnellon, south of the western terminus of SR 40.
  State Road 464 runs east and west from FL 200 through the southeastern part of the city. Beyond the city limits, it continues southeast towards Florida State Road 35, and continues as a Marion County Road.
  State Road 200 runs northeast and southwest from Hernando in Citrus County through US 27-301-441 where it becomes a "hidden state road" along US 301 until it reaches Callahan, and is multiplexed with SR A1A into Fernandina Beach.
Other transportation
Ocala International Airport provides general aviation services to the community. Ocala Suntran provides bus service throughout select parts of the city. One of the major hubs for Suntran is the former Ocala Union Station, which served Amtrak trains until November 2004.

Fine arts
Ocala is the home for the Ocala Symphony Orchestra.   The Ocala Symphony Orchestra, Inc., a non-profit organization, began in 1975, when a group of musicians and citizens set out to create a symphonic orchestra for the area. In the fall of 1976 a four-concert subscription season was initiated - a format that continues to this day. The Ocala Symphony Orchestra was later incorporated in the State of Florida and recognized by the IRS as a 501c3 non-profit corporation.
Also, the Ocala Civic Theatre is located in Ocala, and it presents professional-quality, live productions at an affordable price. Ocala Civic Theatre produces more than twelve fully staged productions each season, in addition to hosting touring companies. The Theatre offers a year-round education program that reaches over 1000 students each year. Both skills classes and performance classes are offered to students ages 4–18. This volunteer-based organization is one of the largest community theaters in the state and serves more than 50,000 Marion, Citrus and Lake County residents each season.

References

Other websites

 City of Ocala, Florida
 Historic Ocala Preservation Society
 Marion County Library System 
 Ocala Banner, the East Florida Banner, and the Southern Sun, historical newspapers serving Ocala, Florida, full text and images openly online in the Florida Digital Newspaper Library
 Star-Banner, daily newspaper for Ocala
 Ocala/Marion Chamber of Commerce

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
Islets are small islands. Examples are Ortac in the English Channel and the Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea.

References

Islands
The Grand Ole Opry is a country music organization. It performs a concert every week and gives awards. The legendary Loretta lynn has been performing there for over 50 years. Also the famous Carrie Underwood has been playing there since 2006 and still plays there today. The type of music that they play is country music.

References

Country music
Nashville, Tennessee
Russia has been at the modern Olympic Games many times.  They have been called different nations.  As the Russian Empire, they were first at the 1900 Games.  They returned again in 1908 and 1912.  After the Russian revolution in 1917, and the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922, they were not at the Olympics again until the 1952 Summer Olympics.  After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia competed as part of the Unified Team in 1992.  They returned once again as Russia at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

The Soviet Union hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.  Russia will host the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

Since 2012, Russian athletes have won a total of 404 medals (399 since 1994) at the Summer Olympic Games.  They have another 91 at the Winter Olympic Games.  Over the most recent ten Games (since 1994), Russia's 495 total medals, including 170 gold medals, are second only to the United States (with 631 and 237, respectively).
The Russian Olympic Committee was formed in 1991 and recognized in 1993.

Medal tables 
*Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport 

Notes
 1: partially banned due to the state-sponsored doping program.
 2: banned due to the state-sponsored doping program.

Flag Bearers

 1994 Winter Olympics - Sergey Chepikov
 1996 Summer Olympics - Alexander Karelin
 1998 Winter Olympics - Alexey Prokurorov
 2000 Summer Olympics - Andrey Lavrov
 2002 Winter Olympics - Alexey Prokurorov
 2004 Summer Olympics - Alexander Popov
 2006 Winter Olympics - Dmitry Dorofeev
 2008 Summer Olympics - Andrei Kirilenko
 2010 Winter Olympics - Aleksey Morozov
 2012 Summer Olympics - Maria Sharapova

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes
 Soviet Union at the Olympics

References

Other websites

 
 Russian Federation profile at London2012.com 

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
Neil Francis Lennon (born 25 June 1971) is a football manager and former player from Northern Ireland. He is the manager and former captain of Celtic.

During his playing career he represented English clubs Manchester City, Crewe Alexandra and Leicester City before moving to Scottish club Celtic where he made over 200 appearances as a midfielder. Before retiring as a player, he returned to England to represent Nottingham Forest and Wycombe Wanderers.

Lennon made 40 appearances for Northern Ireland in nine years, scoring two goals.

References

1971 births
Living people
Northern Irish footballers
Northern Irish football managers
The Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California is a synchrotron light source. It was built from 1987 to 1993. 210 scientists and staff currently work there.

The ALS is a national user facility. The ALS makes intense light for scientific and technological research. It is one of the world's brightest sources of ultraviolet and soft x-ray beams. Each year over 2000 researchers go to the ALS from universities, industries, and government laboratories around the world. ALS is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences.

The ALS has over forty beamlines. They do a wide range of science at the same time as each other. Any qualified scientist can ask to use the ALS beamlines. Proposals are reviewed by others. The proposals which most people agree on are allowed to use the ALS. The ALS does not charge money to use if the user's research is made public.

The Advanced Light Source's current director is Roger Falcone.
History
Physicists in Berkeley California began working on accelerating subatomic particles in the 1920s. In 1929,  Ernest O. Lawrence built the first cyclotron to accelerate subatomic particles. During World War II, a laboratory there was a part of the Manhattan Project. They were given money from the military. In 1942, Lawrence hired  Arthur Brown, Jr. (designer of the Coit Tower in San Francisco) to design a new round building to hold Lawrence's new 4.67 m (184 in) cyclotron.  That building, with expansions, is the one which the ALS is in today. The laboratory was a part of the United States Atomic Energy Commission until 1977 when it was moved to the U.S. Department of Energy.
Physicists kept on improving particle accelerators by increasing their energy.  The designers wanted higher energy to study smaller building blocks of matter.  From the start, physicists realized that as charged particles spun around, they gave off electromagnetic radiation.  In the early 1950s, other scientists started to use this radiation for experiments unrelated to the "atom smashing" collisions that were the primary goal of the machines.  Particle accelerators shifted from cyclotrons to synchrotrons where the particles traveled in a circle rather than in a spiral path. Construction costs increased as synchrotrons got bigger to the point that many nations joined to build just one very big synchrotron in Europe (CERN) to conduct atom smashing experiments.  Other synchrotron labs, such as the Lawrence Berkeley Lab did not have enough energy to discover new particles. So, they switched to using their machines as a source of electromagnetic radiation
. Instead of tuning the machine to make particles travel faster, they learned how to wiggle the particle beam to give off particular frequencies of light.  In the 1980s and 1990s, scientists wanted to redesign synchrotrons to generate brighter light (more intense electromagnetic radiation) than ever before.  These designs were called "third generation synchrotrons."  The ALS was the first third generation synchrontron put into operation.
When the Advanced Light Source was first proposed in the early 1980s by former Lawrence Berkeley Lab director David Shirley, skeptics dubbed it "Shirley's Temple" and doubted the use of a synchrotron tuned to make soft x-rays and ultraviolet light. According to former ALS director Daniel Chemla, "The scientific case for a third-generation soft x-ray facility such as the ALS had always been fundamentally sound. However, getting the larger scientific community to believe it was an uphill battle"

In the 1987 Reagan administration budget, President Ronald Reagan allocated $1.5 million for the construction of the Advanced Light Source.

References

Other websites
 The ALS website
 Becoming an ALS User
 ALS beamlines
 The ALS Users' Executive Committee
 The American Institute of Physics History Center website on Ernest Lawrence 
 Lightsources.org

Electromagnetic radiation
Berkeley, California
An undulator is an insertion device from high-energy physics and usually part of a larger 
installation, a synchrotron storage ring. It consists of a periodic structure of dipole magnets. A static magnetic field is alternating along the length of the undulator with a wavelength . Electrons traversing the periodic magnet structure are forced to undergo oscillations. So the electrons give off energy as electronmagnetic radiation. The radiation produced in an undulator is very intense and concentrated in narrow energy bands in the spectrum. The light beam is also collimated on the orbit plane of the electrons. This radiation is guided through beamlines for experiments in various scientific areas.

The important dimensionless parameter
where e is the particle charge, B is the magnetic field, ,  is the electron rest 
mass and c is the speed of light, characterizes the nature of the electron motion. For 
 the oscillation amplitude of the motion is small and the radiation displays interference patterns which lead to narrow energy bands. If  the oscillation amplitude is bigger and the radiation contributions from each field period sum up independently, leading to a broad energy spectrum. When K is much bigger than 1,  the device is no longer called an undulator; it is called a wiggler.

Physicist think about undulators both using classical physics and relativity. This means that though the precision calculation is tedious the undulator can be seen as a black box. An electron enters this box and an electromagnetic pulse exits through a small exit slit. The slit should be small enough so that only the main cone passes, so that  the side lobes may be ignored.
Undulators can provide hundreds of time more magnetic flux than a simple bending magnet and as such are in high demand at synchrotron radiation facilities.  For an undulator that repeat N times (N periods), the brightness can be up to  more than a bending magnet.  The intensity is enhanced up to a factor of N at harmonic wavelengths due to the constructive interference of the fields emitted during the N radiation periods.  The usual pulse is a sine wave with some envelope.  The second factor of N comes from the reduction of the emission angle associated with these harmonics, which is reduced in proportion to 1/N.  When the electrons come with half the period, they interfere destructively. So, the undulator stays dark. The same is true if the electrons come as a bead chain.  Because the bunch of electron spreads out the more times that they travel around the synchrotron, physicists want to design new machines that throw out the electron bunches before they have a chance to spread out
.  This change will produced more useful synchrotron radiation.
The polarization of the emitted radiation can be controlled by using permanent magnets to induce different periodic electron trajectories through the undulator.  If the oscillations are confined to a plane the radiation will be linearly polarized.  If the oscillation trajectory is helical, the radiation will be circularly polarized, with the handedness determined by the helix.

If  the electrons follow the Poisson distribution, a partial interference leads to a linear increase in intensity.
In the free-electron laser the intensity increases exponentially with the number of electrons. 

Physicists measure an undulator's effectiveness in terms of  spectral radiance.

History
The first undulator was built by Hans Motz and his coworkers at Stanford in 1953. One of their undulators produced the first ever coherent  infrared radiation. Their total frequency range was from visible light down to millimeter waves. The Russian physicist V.L. Ginzburg showed that undulators could be made in principle in a 1947 paper.
References

Other websites
D. T. Attwood's page at Berkeley: Soft X-Rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation . His lecture and viewgraphs are available online.

Synchrotron instrumentation
"Storytime" is a song by Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish. The song was written by keyboardist Tuomas Holopainen, who also created the band. It was the lead single from the band's seventh studio album Imaginaerum (2011). "Storytime" has vocals by the vocalist of Nightwish, Anette Olzon. The single was released on November 9, 2011 from Nuclear Blast with mostly positive reviews from music journalists. 

The song is about human expressions through folklore tales such as Peter Pan and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. It also talks about Gaia, a mythical Greek Earth goddess, in the song. A music video was released to promote "Storytime" in November 2011, it features the entire band playing their instruments in a "fantasy" world. After the single's release on radios, it peaked at number-one on the Finnish Singles Chart and peaked within the top 5 in Spain, Hungary, and the United Kingdom.

2011 songs
Imaginaerum is the seventh album by the Finnish symphonic metal group Nightwish. It is their second album with Swedish vocalist Anette Olzon. A movie of the same name was released in 2012. The movie has songs from the album in it. The album was No.1 in Finland.

Track listing

Personnel 
 Anette Olzon – vocals
 Tuomas Holopainen – keyboards, piano
 Emppu Vuorinen – guitars
 Marco Hietala – bass, vocals (on track 1, 3–6, 9-12)
 Jukka Nevalainen – drums, percussion
 Troy Donockley – uilleann pipes (on track 5 and 13), tin whistle (on track 1, 8 and 10), vocals (on track 10 and 12)
 Dermot Crehan – hardanger fiddle
 Dirk Campbell – sorna
 Guy Barker – solo trumpet
 Paul Clarvis and Stephen Henderson – ethnic percussion
 Pekka Kuusisto – violin
 Kai Hahto – percussion

References 

2011 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Anette Ingegerd Olsson (born 21 June 1971) better known as Anette Olzon (married name Blyckert) is a Swedish singer. She is the current lead singer of the Finnish symphonic metal group Nightwish. She used to be the lead singer of Aylson Avenue.

1971 births
Living people
Finnish singers
Romania at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Romania was RUM.  It is now ROU.

History
A team from Romania was first at the Olympic Games in 1900. They had only one participant. The National Olympic Committee for Romania is the Romanian Olympic and Sports Committee. It was formed and recognized in 1914. The nation first sent a team to the Games in 1924. They have been to each of the Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then except for two times. Notably, Romania was the lone Eastern Bloc nation to participate at the 1984 Summer Olympics, which the other nations boycotted. That was also Romania's most successful Olympic Games: they won 20 gold medals and 53 medals total.

Romanian athletes have won a total of 293 medals, with gymnastics as the top medal-producing sport.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
  Romania profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Romania
Serbia was first at the Olympic Games in 1912. After 96 years, Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Summer Olympics. From 1920 to the 1992 Winter Olympics Serbian athletes were part of the Yugoslavian team. At the 1992 Summer Olympics they took part as Independent Olympic Participants. This was because the United Nations was threatening to punish Serbia. Because of this, no Serbians were at the 1994 Winter Olympics. The threats stopped in 1995. From the 1996 Summer Olympics to the 2006 Winter Olympics they were part of the Serbia and Montenegro team.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

List of medalists

Flagbearers
 
Summer Olympics

 
Winter Olympics

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Serbia profile at London2012.com 

Sport in Serbia
Nations at the Olympics
Slovakia was first at the Olympic Games in 1994.  They have been in every Games since then.  Before Czechoslovakia broke up in 1993, Slovak athletes competed for Czechoslovakia at the Olympics.

Slovak athletes have won twenty medals altogether at the Summer Olympic Games. These were mostly for canoeing.  The nation has also won four medals at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Slovakia was made in 1992 and recognized in 1993.

Medalists

Summer Games

Winter Games

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
 Slovak Olympic Committee 
 Slovakia profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Slovakia
Slovenia was first an independent nation at the Olympic Games in 1992.  They have been in every Games since then.  Prior to the breakup of Yugoslavia, Slovenian athletes were part of Yugoslavia at the Olympics.

The National Olympic Committee for Slovenia was formed in 1991 and recognized in 1993.  Slovenian athletes have won a total of fifteen medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another seven at the Winter Olympic Games.

Medalists

Summer Olympics

Winter Olympics

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Slovenia profile at London2012.com 
 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Slovenia
Sweden was first at the Olympic Games at the inaugural 1896 Games.  They have been in every Games since then with one exception for the 1904 Summer Olympics. Sweden has earned medals at all Olympic games except for two, the 1896 Games and the 1904 Games.

Sweden hosted the Games on one occasion, the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. The equestrian events of the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne were held in Stockholm, due to quarantine reasons.

Swedish athletes have a total of 475 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another 118 at the Winter Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee had Swedish officer and sports instructor Viktor Balck as one of its original members. The Swedish Olympic Committee was formed and recognized in 1913.

Sweden's Olympic Games bids

Swedish Summer Olympic Games bids

Swedish Winter Olympic Games bids
2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018 Winter Games bids were declared non-finished applications by the Swedish Olympic Committee, due lack of political support from the Swedish government. The reason has been that the bidding is financially insecure for the Swedish society as a nation. 2018 Winter Olympic Games bids were promised support by the former government, but when the new government was elected, the bid was withdrawn. Östersund and Åre were the only applicant cities.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

*Total medal counts include six medals – three gold, two silver, and one bronze – awarded in the 1908 and 1920 figure skating events.  These medals are included in the summer games medal totals and the winter sport medal totals.  This is why the totals for summer and winter games do not match the totals for summer and winter sports.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 
 Sweden profile at London2012.com
Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Sweden
Scarlet fever is an infectious disease that is caused by bacteria. It is caused by exotoxin released by Streptococcus pyogenes. It was once a major cause of death. It is now treated with antibiotics. The term scarlatina can be used to mean scarlet fever.  Scarlatina is a lesser form of scarlet fever. At the early times, this disease could not be cured and this was a common reason for death in that time which applies to many famous people of the world.

Diseases caused by bacteria
RTI Colombia (Radio Televisión Interamericana - in Spanish; Inter-American Radio and Television) is a Colombian television production company. Many of its series are co-produced with Telemundo, their strategic partner from the United States whose owner is NBC.

Sources 
Official website 

Entertainment companies
Companies of Colombia
Irish House of Lords was the upper chamber of the Irish Parliament from its creation in the thirteenth century to its abolition in 1800-1801. It was made up of the barons and clergy of the island. After the reformation the clergy in the Lords came from the Church of Ireland.

History of Ireland
Parliaments
13th-century establishments in Europe
1800s disestablishments in Europe
Henry Grattan (3 July 1746 – 6 June 1820) was an Irish politician. He was a member of the Irish House of Commons. He wanted changes such as Catholic Emancipation and more self government for the kingdom. He did not believe that Ireland and Great Britain should become a single country. He was one of the people who were most important in creating the constitution of 1782. This gave Ireland self-government. He was also important in ending  Poynings law of 1494 and the Declaratory Act of 1720. 

Irish politicians

1746 births
1820 deaths
Turkey sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1908. It has sent athletes to of the Summer Olympic Games since then.  Turkey has been a part of most Winter Olympic Games since their first in 1936. Turkish athletes have won a total of 82 medals. They have won 37 golds, 23 silvers and 22 bronzes. Turkey won the most medals in wrestling.

The National Olympic Committee for Turkey was created in 1908. It was accepted by the IOC in 1911. Istanbul wants to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
  Turkey profile at London2012.com 
 
 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Turkey
Ukraine sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 1994. It  has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.

Before 1994, Ukrainian athletes were a part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. After the Soviet Union ended, Ukraine was part of the Unified Team in 1992.

Ukraine has won a total of 116 medals at the Summer Games and five at the Winter Games. Gymnastics has been the nation's best sport.

The National Olympic Committee of Ukraine was created in 1990. It was accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

Flag Bearers
Flag Bearers

| width="40%" align="left" valign="top" |
 1994 Winter Olympics - Viktor Petrenko
 1996 Summer Olympics - Serhiy Bubka
 1998 Winter Olympics - Andriy Deryzemlya
 2000 Summer Olympics - Yevhen Braslavets
 2002 Winter Olympics - Olena Petrova
 2004 Summer Olympics - Denys Silantiev
 2006 Winter Olympics - Natalia Yakushenko
 2008 Summer Olympics - Yana Klochkova
 2010 Winter Olympics - Liliya Ludan
 2012 Summer Olympics - Roman Hontyuk

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 
 
  Ukraine profile at London2012.com 

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Ukraine
The former state union of Serbia and Montenegro sent athletes to the Olympic Games seven times between 1992 and 2006. After that,  Montenegro and Serbia became separate countries.

History
Yugoslavia had sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games from 1920–1988. They sent athletes to all but two Winter Olympic Games between 1924–1988.  Because of the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992, their part in the Olympics changed.  Croatia and Slovenia sent their own athletes to the 1992 Winter Olympics. The team from Yugoslavia was made up of athletes from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. This was the last Games for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was created in April 1992. It included the Republic of Montenegro and the Republic of Serbia. In May of 1992, the United Nations Security Council said that all nations should not let the FR of Yugoslavia take part in any international sports. The International Olympic Committee said that athletes from Serbia and Montenegro (and also Macedonia) could still take part in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.  The athletes had to be Independent Olympic Participants (IOP), wear plan white clothing and use the Olympic Anthem and Olympic flag during the events. They could not be a part of the opening and closing ceremonies of the games.
A team of 52 athletes took part in events. They won three medals in shooting. The athletes could only take part in the game as individuals. No teams were allowed. This meant that the men's water polo team, the women's basketball team, and the men's and women's handball teams could not compete.
No athletes were allowed to take part in any way in the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer.  The country was allowed to send athletes to the next Olympiad.

At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, the team of 68 athletes took part in 13 sports and won four medals.  In Sydney for the 2000 Summer Olympics, the Yugoslavia team had 111 athletes in 14 sports and won three medals.

In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. The nation was named Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) for the first time at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.  The team of 87 athletes competed in 14 sports and won two silver medals.

In 2006, the state union ended. Each nation became independent.   The NOC for Serbia and Montenegro became the Olympic Committee of Serbia in June 2006. The Montenegrin Olympic Committee was accepted by the IOC in July 2007.
Montenegro and Serbia participated independently for the first time at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 Serbia profile at London2012.com 
 Montenegro profile at London2012.com 

Former nations at the Olympics
Sport in Montenegro
Sport in Serbia

he:יוגוסלביה במשחקים האולימפיים#סרביה ומונטנגרו: 2004
Magnetic flux is what generates the field around a magnetic material. It consists of photons, however, unlike the light we receive from the Sun, it is at a much lower frequency. (1) This is why magnetic field lines are not visible to the naked eye.

It is the alignment of electrons in the atomic shells of Ferromagnets and, separately, the “spinning” electrons in Electromagnets, that provides a material with it’s Magnetism. (2)

The number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface (such as a loop of wire). The magnetic flux through a closed surface (such as a ball) is always zero.

The SI unit of magnetic flux is the Weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds). 

The CGS unit is the Maxwell. 

Magnetic flux is sometimes used by electrical engineers designing systems with electromagnets or designing dynamos.  Physicists designing particle accelerators also calculate magnetic flux.
Related pages
Magnetic field
James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces are two complementary aspects of electromagnetism.
Maxwell's equations describe the behavior of both the electric and magnetic fields, as well as their interactions with matter.
Gauss's law gives the relation between the electric flux flowing out a closed surface and the electric charge enclosed in the surface.
Magnetic circuit is a method using an analogy with electric circuits to calculate the flux of complex systems of magnetic components.
Magnetic mono pole is a hypothetical particle that may be loosely described as "a magnet with only one pole".
Magnetic flux quantum is the quantum of magnetic flux passing through a superconductor.
Carl Friedrich Gauss developed a collaboration with  Wilhelm Weber which led to new knowledge in the field of magnetism.

References
1 - https://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/ScIT/InformationStorage/faraday/magnetism_a.html

2 -https://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=414
Other websites
Vicci, , Magnetic-flux conduits
Magnetic Flux through a Loop of Wire by Ernest Lee, Wolfram Demonstrations Project by Wolfram Research.
Conversion Magnetic flux Φ in nWb per meter track width to flux level in dB - Tape Operating Levels and Tape Alignment Levels

Magnetism
, also known as Emperor Tenchi, was the 38th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.   His reign started in 661 and ended in 671.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (imina) was  .

He was the son of Emperor Jomei.

Events of Tenji's life
Prince Naka no Ōe was made heir apparent and Crown Prince in 661.

 661: In the third year of Empress Saimei's reign, she died. Her son received the succession (senso), but he governed as Crown Prince for the next six years.  He did not formally accept the monarch's role and duties and powers.
 668: Emperor Tenji became the monarch (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 668: In the seventh year of Tenji's reign, flammable water (petroleum) from Echigo Province was presented to Emperor Tenji.
 672: Tenji is said to have compiled the first Japanese legal code. This was the Ōmi Code, consisting of 22 volumes.  These  law became effective in the last year of Tenji's reign.
Prince Ōtomo (Ōtomo-shinnō) was the favorite son of Emperor Tenji; and he was also the first to be accorded the title of Daijō-daijin.

Tenji improved the military forces which had been established during the Taika reforms.

After his death
The actual site of Tenji's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Yamashina-ku, Kyoto.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Tenji's mausoleum.  It is formally named Yamashina no misasagi.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites

626 births
671 deaths
Emperors of Japan
Fess Elisha Parker, Jr. (August 16, 1924 - March 18, 2010), was an American actor.

Career 
His first movie was Harvey (1950) with James Stewart. Over the years, he worked on movies with many well known actors. These include Gary Cooper, Bob Hope, Jeff Chandler and Steve McQueen.

Fess Parker work for Disney on two movies about Davy Crockett In 1964, NBC hired him to do a television series about Daniel Boone.  The series was about the Boone and his fights against the Indians and the redcoats in the American Revolution. The cast of the series included of Patricia Blair as Rebecca Boone, Albert Salmi as Yadkin, Ed Ames as Mingo, Roosevelt Grier as Gabe Cooper and Darby Hinton is Israel Boone. 159 episodes were made between 1964-1970.

Movies

References 
A sci-fi swarm and horror horde: interviews with 62 filmmakers by Tom Weaver
 Magazine Texas Monthly Nov 1986

Other websites 

1924 births
2010 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Fort Worth, Texas
The Soviet Union sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1952. They sent teams to the Games 18 simes since then. At seven of its nine times at the Summer Olympic Games, the team ranked first in the total number of medals won. It was ranked second at the other two Games. The team was ranked first in the medal count seven times and second twice in nine times they sent teams to the Winter Olympic Games.

The Olympic Committee of the USSR was created on April 21, 1951. It was accepted by the IOC on May 7, 1951. 

The 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki was first Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. On July 20, 1952, the first Olympic gold medal for the country was won by Nina Romashkova in the women's discus throw. Romashkova set the new Olympic record in the event. The 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo were the first Winter Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. The first Winter Olympic gold medal for the Soviet Union was won by Lyubov Kozyreva in women's cross-country skiing 10 km event.
The USSR was the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. These Games were boycotted by the United States and many other countries. After this, the USSR led a boycott of the 1984 Games in Los Angeles.

The USSR ended on December 26, 1991. The Olympic Committee of the USSR did not end until March 12, 1992.

In 1992, 12 of the 15 countries that had been part of the Soviet Union took part in the Games as the Unified Team. They used the Olympic Flag in the Barcelona Games. The Unified Team finished first in the medal rankings.  The Unified Team also competed at the Albertville Winter Games earlier in the year. Only seven of the twelve countries took part. They finished second in the medal ranking at those Games.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by summer sport

Medals by winter sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

Unified Team at the Olympics
Russia at the Olympics

References

Other websites 

 
 
 Russian Federation profile at London2012.com
Former nations at the Olympics
Olympics
To Catch a Predator is a television program designed to catch adults trying to have sex with children below the age of 16.  People were lured to meet with a decoy under the pretense of sexual contact and then confronted. Show host Chris Hansen clarified in an interview with NPR News that these subjects should be labeled as potential sexual predators, and not pedophiles. "Pedophiles have a very specific definition, people who are interested in prepubescent sex," he stated. 

The series premiered in November 2004, and featured 12 investigations in total held across the United States. The investigations were conducted as undercover sting operations with the help of on-line watchdog group Perverted-Justice. Since the third installment, law enforcement and other officials were also involved, leading to the arrests of most individuals caught. No new episodes have aired since December 2007.
NBC affiliates WTMJ in Milwaukee, KSHB in Kansas City and WBRE have also done local versions of To Catch a Predator. Various spin-offs have aired in the same format, including To Catch a Con Man, To Catch an ID Thief, To Catch a Car Thief and To Catch an i-Jacker, which featured iPod thieves. To Catch a Predator is also aired on FX and Crime & Investigation Network in the United Kingdom, the Crime & Investigation Network in Australia and New Zealand and FOX Crime in Portugal.
Notable people
David Kaye is a former rabbi who tried to have sex with someone he thought was a 13-year-old boy. Kaye was sentenced to six and a half years in prison after pleading guilty to two federal charges.
Maurice Wolin was a married former oncologist who tried to have sex with someone he thought was a 13-year-old girl. Wolin is known for hiring lawyer Blaire Berk, who worked for Mel Gibson and Lindsay Lohan. After three years of trying to throw out his case, Wolin pleaded no contest to one felony charge and was sentenced to two-months of home confinement and was required to register as a sex offender for life.
Joseph Roisman is a former sailor for the Navy who tried to have sex with someone he thought was a 13-year-old girl. He was acquitted of all charges after the judge ruled that the prosecution failed to show that he intended to have sex with the decoy and accused NBC and Perverted Justice of entrapment.
Todd Spikes is a former Alabama police officer who thought he was going to have sex with a 13-year-old girl. When police searched his car, they found an array of weapons, including a military assault rifle and 12 gauge shotgun, over 800 rounds of ammunition (including hollow point bullets), duct tape, tarps, a boat anchor, magazines with over thirty bullets on each, three cell phones, two bullet-proof vests, video and digital cameras, and pornographic DVDs. In April 2010, Spikes was sentenced to ten years of sex offender probation and was required to register as a sex offender for the rest of his life.
References

2004 television series debuts
Jahbulon (or Jabulon) is a word, or a confection of three syllables, that was used in the past in some rituals of certain parts of Masonry.  It is also said to be used in Ordo Templi Orientis rituals.

The origin and meaning of this word are not completely known. Different groups think the word means different things. Even Masonic researchers do not all agree to what the word means or where it came from. One Masonic scholar says that the word was first used in an early 18th century Royal Arch ritual. He said it was the name of an explorer looking for King Solomon's Temple. Another Masonic scholar thinks it is a name for God in Hebrew. The most used Masonic explanation is that it is a word that comes from putting together parts of the name of God in different historic languages.
Writers who are not Masons, especially those against Masonry, have said that it is a Masonic name for God. Some say it is the name of a unique "Masonic God". Freemasonry's officials have said many times that "There is no separate Masonic God". They have also said that there is no separate proper name for a deity in any branch of Freemasonry.  This meaning of the word has caused many religious groups to argue about and condemn Freemasonry.  In England, no ritual with the name has been in official Masonic use since February 1989. Stephen Knights, author of The Brotherhood:The Secret World of the Freemasons, says it is a trinity composed of three ancient Middle Eastern Gods, Jah, God of the Jews, Baal, God of the Phoenicians, and On, an Egyptian God.

After persistent strong criticism in the popular press, the Supreme Grand Chapter of England excised the word from its Royal Arch ritual in 1989, and replaced it with a choice between two forms of the tetragrammaton.

References

Freemasonry
Yugoslavia sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1920. Before this, several athletes from Croatia, Slovenia and Vojvodina were on the Olympic teams of Austria or Hungary when those countries were part of the Empire of Austria-Hungary. A small team of two athletes been sent from the Serbia to the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Yugoslavia has been the name for Olympic teams from three distinct nations:
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) from 1920–1936
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1948 to the 1992 Winter Olympics
 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, made up of only Montenegro and Serbia, from 1996–2002

Two of the nations that were at one time part of Yugoslavia, (Croatia and Slovenia), started sending their own teams to the Olympics at the 1992 Winter Olympics. As of the 2008 Summer Olympics, all six former parts of Yugoslavia were sending their own teams to the Games.

Timeline of participation at the Olympic Games
Medal tables

These tables do not include Yugoslavia teams representing the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro).

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 
 Sportnet  Bernard Jurišić: Tuđe nećemo - svoje ne damo (medals of Yugoslavia  won by Croatian sportsmen), April 1, 2008, accessed September 30, 2010

Former nations at the Olympics
Olympics
Sex linkage is a term in genetics. It applies to alleles (forms of a gene) on the X chromosome.

In mammals, which have an XX/XY system of sex determination, the X chromosome has many more genes than the Y chromosome. This explains the inheritance of such conditions as colour blindness and haemophilia. They are caused by recessive alleles, and usually do not show the condition in females. This is because those females carrying the mutant are most likely to be heterozygous for the allele. However, if the mutant allele is carried by a male, the condition will develop, because his X chromosome has the mutant allele, but his Y chromosome has no allele at that locus.

Related terms 
Sex-linked characters controlled by genes on sex chromosomes are not the only kind of sex-related characters.