Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Battle of Messines was a battle which happened in the Western front of the First World War. It began on 7 June 1917 when the British Second Army, which was commanded by General Herbert Plumer, attacked near the village of Mesen (Messines) in West Flanders, Belgium. The attack was meant to capture a ridge which ran north from Messines village, past Wytschaete village. This ridge was a natural place where  you could keep safe southeast of Ypres. One thing which happened during the battle which was unusual was that 19 mines were set off just before the infantry attack. This was a tactic which made German defences disorganised. This allowed the troops to do what they were supposed to do very quickly. The attack also came before the much larger battle, the Third Battle of Ypres, usually known as Passchendaele, which began on 31 July 1917.

References 

1917 in Belgium
Messines
Messines
Messines
Messines
Messines
Flanders
West Flanders
June events
Döbereiner's lamp is one of the first lighters. It was developed in 1823 by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner. The lighter was produced until around 1880. The Heidelberg Castle and also the Deutsches Museum (German Museum) still have original Döbereiner lamps to show.

The lighter works based on a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. In the glass cylinder (a in the picture on the right) is sulfuric acid. In the open bottle (b) is zinc and at the top is a valve. With the lever (f), the bottle will be opened. Then, the sulfuric acid flows into the bottle. When it reaches the Zinc, a reaction starts. It produces hydrogen.

The hydrogen can go out of the bottle at the top. Next to the valve, there is platinum. The hydrogen gas has to bypass the platinum. The hydrogen and the oxygen from the air react because of the catalytic effect of platinum. The gas mixture (called oxyhydrogen) then burns, because the reaction is exothermic, and produces water.
To stop this reaction, the bottle only needs to be closed, that means the lever needs to be released. The hydrogen can no longer go out of the bottle and pushes the sulfuric acid back into the glass cylinder.

References 

Fire
Light
was a  after Ōchō and before Bunpō.  This period spanned the years from March 1312 through February 1317. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Shōwa era
 1313 (Shōwa 2, 10th month): Former Emperor Fushimi shaved his head and became a Buddhist monk.

 1314 (Shōwa 3, 11th month): Hōjō Sadaaki returned from Kyoto to Kamakura.

 1315 (Shōwa 4, 7th month): Hōjō Hirotoki died in Kamakura; and  Hōjō Sadaaki and Hōjō Mototoki share power.

 1315 (Shōwa 4, 10th month): Hōjō Tokiatsu became Rokuhara Tandai in Kyoto.

 1316 (Shōwa 5, 7th month): Hōjō Tokiatsu, who is the son of Hōjō Sadaaki, became Shikken.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1311 establishments
1310s establishments in Japan
1317 disestablishments
1310s disestablishments in Japan
Taisho may neab
 Taishō period, a Japanese era name (1912-1926)
 Emperor Taishō, the 123rd Emperor of Japan, known posthumously as Emperor Taishō
Shotoku or Shōtoku may mean

 Prince Shōtoku, a Japanese political leader of the 6th-century Asuka period

 Empress Shōtoku, the 48th monarch of Japan, known posthumously as Empress Shōtoku

 Shōtoku (era), a Japanese era name (1711-1716)
A macron ( ¯ ), from the Greek  (makrón), meaning "long", is a diacritic mark commonly placed above a single character or symbol (particularly vowels).

Usage
In the romanization of Japanese, a letter with macron represents a long vowel.
For example, in the Hepburn romanization system
 kōtsū () means "traffic" 
 kotsu () means "bone" or "knack"

In the written Hawaiian language, the kahakō is shown by a macron.

In mathematics, a macron (or overline) is often placed above a symbol to refer to a complex conjugate, a sample mean and a logical negation.

Related pages 
Tilde
Vinculum (symbol)

References 

Alphabetic diacritics
Bulgaria was first at the Olympic Games at the very first Games in 1896.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Bulgaria is BUL.

History
The Bulgarian Olympic Committee was formed in 1923.  They first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1924. The nation has been in every Summer Games since except for 1932 (during the Great Depression), 1948 (after World War II), and 1984. Bulgaria was first in the Winter Olympic Games in 1936, and has been in every Winter Games since then.

Bulgarian athletes have won a total of 218 medals, with wrestling and weightlifting the most.

Medal tables

Medals by Summer Games

Medals by Winter Games

Medals by sport

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 
  Bulgaria profile at London2012.com 
 Bulgaria at Olympics.org

Nations at the Olympics
Sport in Bulgaria
WYSIWYM is an acronym that stands for What you see is what you mean.  This was positioned to not be confused with WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get). The idea behind WYSIWYG is to display text on screen in much the same way as they will appear when printed on paper. WYSIWYM is different from this: The content is structured. When the content is entered, this meaning is added to the text. This will mean that presentation is separated from the content. The content is translated before it is rendered. This also means that it can be translated differently, the same content can lead to different output formats. More importantly though, the person editing the document can focus on the content, and is not easily distracted by what the content looks like. One of the drawbacks of the method is that the user is forced to think ahead. LaTeX is an example of a document processing system that uses WYSIWYM.

Web design
Acronyms
A phantom island is an island that was thought to exist at some point in time. Because of this, the island was shown on a map. Later, the islands were removed from maps. Some islands are described and later on change their name, or with the description given it is possible to associate a real island. Other islands sink below sea level because of natural causes such as erosion. Such islands still exist. Two examples are Earnest Legouve Reef and Maria-Theresa Reef in the South Pacific. Because they are far away from ships' routes, their existence can not be proved so far. In the year 1908, Robert Peary claimed to have found a lost continent, called Crocker Land. 

People such as João Vaz Corte-Real were rewarded for finding islands that turned out to be phantom islands. In the case given, the phantom island was Bacalao. The island showed up on maps in the early 16th century. Baccalieu Island is probably named after the phantom island.
Some phantom islands were later found. That way Baja California was first thought to be an island. Later, people found it was in fact a peninsula. Thule was discovered in antiquity; in modern times, people who found it may have talked about Norway, the Orkney Islands, Shetland or Scandinavia. Other interpretations include Iceland, Greenland, or the island Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea.

Other phantom islands may exist because of mistakes in navigation, or optical illusions, such as superior mirage. One example of this is New South Greenland, which was observed in the Weddell Sea in 1823, and has not been seen since. 

Some phantom islands may have existed, but they have been destroyed, or are no longer above the water line. These include Thompson Island in the South Atlantic, and Bermeja, off the coast of Yucatán.
was a  after Kanpō and before Kan'en.  This period started in February 1744 and ended in July 1748. During this time the, emperors were   and .

Events of Enkyō era

 1744 (Enkyō 1): Great comet was visible in sky for many months; this comet is now identified as C/1743 X1 (De Cheseaux).

 1745 (Enkyō 2): Tokugawa Ieshige became shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

 1745 (Enkyō 2): First market fair in the capital region.

 1745 (Enkyō 2, 2nd month): A great fire sweeps through Edo.

 9 June 1747 (Enkyō 4, 21st day of the 4th month): Sakuramachi abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (senso).  Soon after, Emperor Momozono's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

Related pages 
 Edo period
 Enkyō (Kamakura period), 1308-1311

Notes

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1744 establishments
1740s establishments in Japan
1748 disestablishments
1740s disestablishments in Japan
Aerogel is a gel in which the liquid part has been replaced with a gas (usually air). It was invented in 1931 by Samuel Stephens Kistler. The most common type of aerogel is silica aerogel, which is made from the same molecule as glass. It is a solid material that is almost as light as air. It is the world's lightest material. Its melting point is 1200 degrees Celsius, which is comparable to crocidolite asbestos. Aerogel is the best thermal insulator available and can be used in construction in place of fiberglass insulation. It allows better insulation with less material, although it is much more expensive than fiberglass. It is also brittle, making it more difficult to install than fiberglass. Most aerogel is not water-resistant, and even small amounts of water can destroy it. It is also safer than fiberglass or asbestos because it is not known to cause cancer if inhaled into the lungs. Some aerogel insulation, however, contains fiberglass to increase its flexibility.

References

Other websites

Insulation
Insulation

Synthetic materials
"Enkyō" may mean
 , a Japanese era name in the Kamakura period (1308-1311) 
 , a Japanese era name in the Edo period (1744-1748)
Red Bull GmbH is an Austrian company that sells the Red Bull energy drink. Billions of cans are sold in over 161 countries. The company has 7,758 employees and earned 3.78 billion euros in 2010. The headquarters of Red Bull GmbH are in Fuschl am See, Austria.

History
Dietrich Mateschitz started the company with Chaleo Yoovidhya. The company brought the energy drink Krating Daeng from Thailand to Europe and around the world. Krating Daeng means "red bull" in Thai.  Mateschitz runs the company and Yoovidhya and his son are silent partners. Red Bull GmbH made a new “Austrian” Red Bull drink in 1987. It is carbonated and not as sweet as the Thai drink. The Austrian version of the drink has almost half of the U.S. market for energy drinks. It has up to 80% of the market in some other countries.

Marketing
The company supports many sports teams. It also puts its logos on many airplanes and sports cars to attract attention.

References

Other websites

 Red Bull official website
Austrian food
Drink companies
Companies of Austria
1984 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Austria
The 2013 Atlantic hurricane season was a well below average season. The season started on June 1 and ended on November 30. The season began when Tropical Storm Andrea formed on June 5, 2013. It became a subtropical storm on June 7 before making a landfall 310 miles (500 km) southwest of Tampa, Florida. Seventeen days later, Tropical Storm Barry developed. It became a post-tropical storm on June 7. On July 8, Tropical Storm Chantal formed. It later became a post-tropical system on July 10. The season finished on November 30, 2013. The season was the first Atlantic Hurricane season since 1994 to end with no known major hurricanes.

Storms 

Tropical storm Andrea developed on the 5th of June within the southern gulf of Mexico. The storm slowly strengthen as it moved northeastward making landfall around 2200z on the 6th in northeastern Florida. The system maximum intensity hit 55 knots.
Tropical storm Barry developed as a depression within the gulf of Honduras from a westward moving tropical wave on the 17th of June. The system later that day made landfall within Belize and moved across the Yucatán the next few days...The system moved into the bay of Campeche and the hurricane hunters found tropical storm force winds on the 19th before landfall.

Storm names
The following names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2013.  The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2019 season. This is the same list used in the 2007 season, except for Dorian, Fernand, and Nestor which replaced Dean, Felix, and Noel.

Retirement 
On April 12, 2014, the name Ingrid was retired and was replaced by Imelda for the 2019 season.

Related pages
 List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
 2013 Pacific hurricane season
 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2012–13, 2013–14
 Australian region cyclone seasons: 2012–13, 2013–14
 South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2012–13, 2013–14
References

Other websites
 National Hurricane Center Website
 National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook
 Tropical Cyclone Formation Probability Guidance Product

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
Wakulla County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida.  As of 2020, 33,764 people lived there.  Its county seat is Crawfordville. Wakulla County is part of the Tallahassee, Florida, Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History

Spanish rule
In 1528, Panfilo de Narvaez found what would be Wakulla County. He had left Tampa, Florida and was camping where the Wakulla River and St. Marks River joined together. Narvaez felt this was a good place to build a fort. In 1539, Hernando de Soto followed with his soldiers. They created San Marcos de Apalache.
Early 19th century
The area was an active place in the early 19th century. A former British officer named William Augustus Bowles led 400 Creek Indians in an attack to take control of San Marcos. This angered Spain. A Spanish flotilla got to the area about 5 weeks later. The Spanish took control of San Marcos. In 1818, General Andrew Jackson attacked (Wakulla) and took control of San Marcos. Two British people, Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot, were said to have started Indian raids. They were found guilty of the crime and killed. This caused large diplomatic problems between the United States and England. In 1821, Florida was became a part of the United States. San Marcos controlled by U.S. troops. In 1824, the fort was no longer used. Control of it was given to the Territory of Florida. By 1839, the fort was returned to the U.S. A federal marine hospital was built. The hospital helped people with yellow fever in the area.
Antebellum Wakulla
Wakulla County was created from Leon County in 1843.  It may be named for the Timucuan Indian word for "spring of water" or "mysterious water." This is because of Wakulla County's best natural attraction, Wakulla Springs. Wakulla Springs is one of the world's largest freshwater springs. In 1974, the water flow was measured at  per day. This is the greatest recorded flow ever for a single spring.
 
At one time, the town of Port Leon was a very busy cotton-shipping hub. It had a railroad that carried over 50,000 tons of cotton a year. This cotton was sent to ship which mostly went to Europe. Port Leon was the sixth-largest town in Florida. 1,500 people lived there. A hurricane and its storm surge  destroyed the town. New Port (today known as Newport) was built two miles (3 km) up river. It never did as well as Port Leon.
Civil War 
During the Civil War, Wakulla County was blockaded from 1861-1865. Confederates took control of  San Marcos de Apalache. They changed the name to Fort Ward. The Battle of Natural Bridge stopped the Union force that tried to take Fort Ward and nearby Tallahassee. Tallahassee was the last Confederate state capitol that the Union had not captured. The Union forces were not able use all their soldiers. They still had more soldiers than the Confederates. The Confederates chose to fight at a place where the St Marks River goes underground. This was the  "Natural Bridge' the battle was named for. The Confederates had over a day to get ready for the battle. The Union could not win and left. Most of the people who died in the battle were African-American soldiers fighting for the Union. A celebration was held in Tallahassee. It was stopped when a telegram arrived telling them about General Lee's surrender at Appomattox.
The Twentieth Century
From the early 1900s to 1966, Wakulla was very poor. It had no doctor and no dentist. There were only a small number of stores in the county. The county newspaper was printed just once a month on a mimeograph machine. Today, Wakulla has several doctors and dentists, There are several supermarkets and retailers. The county has a golf resort and a very good seafood business.

Geography
The county has a total area of .  (or 82.46%) of this area is land and  (or 17.54%) is water. Wakulla County is part of the Tallahassee Metropolitan Statistical Area.

National protected areas
 Apalachicola National Forest (part)
 St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge (part)

State and local protected areas
 Ochlockonee River State Park
 San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park
 Wakulla Springs State Park
Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 33,764 people and 11,266 households in the county.  There were 55 people for each square mile (21/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 78.82% White, 12.59% Black, 0.60% Asian, 0.49% Native American, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.61% from other races, and 5.83% from two or more races. 4.67% of the people were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Places

Incorporated
 City of Sopchoppy
 City of St. Marks

Unincorporated
 Aaran
 Buckhorn
 Crawfordville
 Hyde Park
 Medart
 Panacea
 Port Leon
 Newport
 Sanborn
 Smith Creek
 Shell Point
 Spring Creek
 Wakulla
 Wakulla Beach

Wakulla County is unusual in that it has almost no municipal population.  The two very small municipalities have about 3 percent of the people. The county seat, Crawfordville, is the only unincorporated county seat of Florida's 67 counties.

Transportation
Transportation

Roads
There are no Interstate highways in Wakulla County. Several large roads do go through the area. These include U.S. Route 98 and U.S. Route 319. Other important roads in the county include State Road 267, State Road 363 and County Road 375.

Railroads
There are currently no railroads in Wakulla County. In the past, the Georgia, Florida and Alabama Railroad passed through Sopchoppy moving between Tallahassee and Carrabelle. The use of this railroad ended  in 1948, The Tallahassee Railroad, the first railroad in Florida, stopped being used in 1983.

Airports
The Wakulla County Airport (2J0)is south of Panacea. It is a small public-use airport. The airport has with a single , north-south turf runway.

Seaports
St. Marks is a small commercial seaport. In the past, it had some importance in the oil industry. It is currently used mainly by commercial fishermen.

References

Other websites

 Wakulla County Chamber of Commerce
 Wakulla County News and Information 
 Florida forts
Government links/constitutional offices
 Wakulla County Board of County Commissioners
 Wakulla County Health Department
 Wakulla County Supervisor of Elections
 Wakulla County Sheriff's Office
 Wakulla County Schools
 Wakulla County Clerk of Courts

Florida counties
1843 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Florida Territory
was a  after Enkyō and before Hōreki.  This period started in July 1748 and ended in October 1751. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kan'en Era 

 1748 (Kan'en 1): The first performance of the puppet play Kanadehon Chushingura, which presents a classic story of samurai revenge.

 1748 (Kan'en 1): Ambassadors from the Korea and from the Ryukyu Islands were received in Edo.

 7 October 1749 (Kan'en 2, 26th day of the 8th month): Nijō Castle was burnt after it was struck by lightning.

 28 May 1750 (Kan'en 2, 13th day of the 4th month): Former-Emperor Sakuramachi died.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1748 establishments
1740s establishments in Japan
1751 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
, also known as Kampō, was a , also known as Kampō, after Genbun and before Enkyō.  This period started in February 1741 and ended in February 1744.  During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kanpō Era

 1742 (Kanpō 2): A comet was seen in the sky.

 1742 (Kanpō 2, 8th month): Flooding in the provinces of Musashi, Kōzuke, Shimotsuke, and Shinano.  In Heian-kyō, the Sanjo Bridge is washed away.

 1743 (Kanpō 3, 11th month): A comet was sighted in the night sky. This comet is likely to have been what is today identified as C/1743 C1 (De-Cheseaux).

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1741 establishments
1740s establishments in Japan
1744 disestablishments
1740s disestablishments in Japan
Corvette may mean:

 Corvette, a military ship
 Chevrolet Corvette, a sports car
 Aérospatiale Corvette, a business jet
Weston might refer to:

People
 Weston (surname)

Places

Australia
 Weston, Australian Capital Territory
 Weston Creek, Canberra
 Weston Park, Canberra
 Weston, New South Wales, a suburb of the City of Cessnock

Canada
 Weston, Nova Scotia
 Weston, Ontario
 Weston GO Station, a station in the GO Transit network located in the community

Ireland
 Weston Airport, Dublin

Malaysia
 Weston, Sabah

New Zealand
 Weston, New Zealand

United Kingdom

England
England

 Weston, Berkshire
 Weston, Cheshire
 Weston, Cornwall
 Weston-on-Trent, Derbyshire
 Weston, Devon
 Weston, Dorset
 Weston, Halton
 Weston, East Hampshire, Hampshire (near Petersfield)
 Weston, Southampton, Hampshire
 Weston, Herefordshire
 Weston under Penyard, Herefordshire (near Ross-on-Wye) 
 Weston, Hertfordshire
 Weston, Leicestershire
 Weston, Lincolnshire
 Weston Longville, Norfolk
 Weston, Bath, Somerset
 Weston in Gordano, Somerset
 Weston-super-Mare, Somerset
 Weston, North Yorkshire
 Weston, Northamptonshire
 Weston, Nottinghamshire
 Weston, Shropshire
 Weston-under-Redcastle, Shropshire
 Weston, Staffordshire (near Stafford)
 Weston-under-Lizard, Staffordshire
 Weston, Suffolk

Scotland

 Weston, Highland
 Weston, Moray
 Weston, South Lanarkshire

Wales

 Weston, Pembrokeshire, also called Sir Benfro
United States
 Weston, Colorado
 Weston, Connecticut
 Weston, Florida
 Weston, Georgia
 Weston, Idaho
 Weston, Illinois (DuPage County), renamed "Fermilab Village", now the grounds of Fermilab
 Weston, Illinois (McLean County)
 Weston, Iowa
 Weston, Louisiana
 Weston, Maine
 Weston, Maryland
 Weston, Massachusetts
 Weston, Missouri
 Weston, Nebraska
 Weston, New Jersey
 Weston Mills, New York
 New Weston, Ohio
 Weston, Ohio
 Weston, Oregon
 Weston, Texas
 Weston, Vermont
 Weston, Washington
 Weston, West Virginia
 Weston, Wisconsin, a village
 Weston (town), Wisconsin
 Weston, Wyoming
 Weston County, Wyoming

Companies
 George Weston Limited, a Canadian food production and distribution company
 J. M. Weston, a French shoe company
 Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, Newark, N.J., an US American and British manufacturer of various electrical instruments including exposure meters, founded by Edward Weston
Other
 Weston film speed ratings, an old scale for measuring film speed, superseded by the similar American Standards Association (ASA) system, which is now incorporated into the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) system
 Weston (band), a pop-punk/indie band from Pennsylvania
 Weston-super-Mare A.F.C., a semi-professional football club based in Weston-super-Mare in Somerset, England
 Weston Workers Bears FC, a football club based in Weston in New South Wales, Australia
 Weston cell, an electrochemical element

Related pages
Weston family, Canadian and United Kingdom business family:
Alannah Weston, daughter of Galen Weston and creative director of Selfridges 
George Weston, founder of Weston Bakeries
Galen Weston, Canadian businessman, son of W.G. Weston
Galen Weston, Jr., son of Galen Weston and head of Loblaws
Garry Weston, Canadian born British businessman, son of W.G. Weston
Guy Weston, British businessman, son of Garry Weston
George G. Weston, British businessman, son of Garry Weston
W. Garfield Weston, Canadian businessman and former British MP
 Aylmer Hunter-Weston (1864–1940), British general and politician
 Bob Weston, American musician
 Bob Weston (guitarist) (born 1947), English guitarist
 Brett Weston (1911–1993), American photographer
 Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland (c.1639–1665), English nobleman
 Chris Weston, British comics artist
 Curtis Weston (born 1987), English footballer
 Doug Weston (c.1926/27–1999), American nightclub owner
 Edward Henry Weston (1886–1958), American photographer
Dr Edward Weston (chemist) (1850–1936), English chemist, industrialist and founder of the Weston Electric Light Company and Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation
 Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971), son of Edward Weston (chemist) and designer of the Weston exposure meter, which established the Weston film speed ratings
 Edward Payson Weston (1839–1929), American walker
 Sir Francis Weston (1513?–1536), English royal attendant
 Harold Weston (1894–1972), American modernist painter 
 Hilary Weston (born 1942), Irish-born Canadian businesswoman and politician 
 Jack Weston (1924–1996), American actor
 James A. Weston (1827–1895), American politician
 Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland (c.1605–1662), English nobleman
 Jessie Weston (1850–1928), British writer on Arthurian legend
 Joan Weston (1935–1997), American roller derby athlete
 Sir John Weston (born 1938), British diplomat and poet
 Joseph H. Weston (1911–1983), Arkansas newspaper editor and politician
Kathy Weston (born 1958), American middle distance runner
 Kim Weston (born 1939), American soul singer
 Kris Weston (born 1972), British electronic musician
 Dame Margaret Weston (born 1926), British museum director
 Maria Weston Chapman (1806–1885), American abolitionist 
 Michael Weston (born 1973), American actor
 Neville Weston (born 1936), English Australian artist and art historian
 Paul Weston (1912–1996), American music arranger
 Percy Weston, played football for England in 1871 and 1872
 Phil Weston (born 1973), English cricketer
 Professor Weston, fictional C.S. Lewis character 
 Randy Weston (born 1926), American jazz pianist 
 Rhys Weston (born 1980), Welsh footballer
 Richard Weston, several people
 Riley Weston (born 1967), American actress
 Roz Weston, Canadian television personality
 Russell Eugene Weston Jr. (born 1956), American murderer
 Simon Weston (born 1961), Welsh soldier and Falkland Islands veteran
 Sir Weston, the 21st ghost Luigi encounters in Luigi's Mansion
Steve Weston (died 1985), Canadian actor
 Thomas Weston (horticulturalist) (1866–1935), Australian horticulturalist and afforestation pioneer
 Thomas Weston (actor) (1737–1776), English actor
 Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland (c.1609–1688), English nobleman 
 Tim Weston (born 1982), New Zealand cricketer
 Tommy Weston (1895–1952), English footballer who played for Aston Villa and Stoke City
 Walter Weston (1861–1940), English clergyman and mountaineer
 William Weston (Early English Navigator) (15th Century), English Navigator 
 William Weston (1804–1888), Australian politician
 William Basil Weston (c.1924–1945), British Army officer, awarded the Victoria Cross
English-language surnames
James Madison was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Many things were named for him:

People 
 Madison (name), a given name and a surname

Place names 
 Madison, Wisconsin, the largest city with this name and the state capital of Wisconsin
 Madison, Alabama
 Madison, Arkansas
 Madison, California
 Madison, Connecticut
 Madison, Florida
 Madison, Georgia
 Madison, Illinois
 Madison, Indiana
 Madison, Kansas
 Madison, Maine
 Madison (CDP), Maine, census-designated place in the town of Madison
 Madison, Minnesota
 Madison, Mississippi
 Madison, Missouri
 Madison, Nebraska
 Madison, New Hampshire
 Madison, New Jersey
 Madison (town), New York
 Madison (village), New York, in the town of Madison
 Madison, North Carolina
 Madison, Ohio
 Madison, Pennsylvania
 Madison, South Dakota
 Madison, Tennessee
 Madison, Virginia
 Madison, West Virginia
 Madison (town), Wisconsin, adjacent to the city of Madison
 Madison Lake, Minnesota
 Madison Park, Seattle, Washington State
Streets 
 Madison Avenue (Manhattan), a famous avenue in New York City
 Madison Street (Chicago), a major thoroughfare
 Madison Street (Manhattan)

Green places 
 Madison Blue Springs State Park
 Madison River, in Wyoming and Montana
 Madison Square, a public park in New York City
 Mount Madison, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire

Buildings 
 Madison Square Garden
 Madison Carnegie Library
 Milton-Madison Bridge
 Hamilton-Madison House

Education 
 University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
 James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
 James Madison College, Michigan State University
 Madison University, Mississippi
Biography
Born in Oswestry, Shropshire, England, in 1850 to a merchant family, Weston first studied medicine but grew interested in chemistry. He emigrated to the United States after receiving his medical diploma in 1870. He then found a job in the electroplating industry. He saw the need for a constant source of current. He developed an interest in power generation and invented several dynamos and generators. He eventually co-founded the Weston Electric Light Company in Newark, New Jersey and later got the contract to light the Brooklyn Bridge. Weston was a founding member of the board of trustees of what later became the New Jersey Institute of Technology. Some of his inventions, instruments, and writings are maintained at the university's library and at its Weston Museum. Weston was president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers from 1888-89.
Weston invented and patented the saturated cadmium cell in 1893. The cathode in the cell is an amalgam of cadmium with mercury. The anode is of pure mercury, and the electrolyte is a solution of cadmium sulphate. The Weston cell is a wet-chemical cell that produces a highly stable voltage suitable as a laboratory standard for calibration of voltmeters. The temperature coefficient was reduced by shifting to an unsaturated design, the predominant type today. When the Weston cell became the International Standard for EMF in 1911, Weston waived his patent rights.

Weston died in Montclair, New Jersey in 1936. He got 309 United States patents during his life.

Patents

  ()
  ()
 
 
 
 , "Voltaic cell"

Weston's son Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) received several patents regarding exposure meters, also manufactured by the Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation and widely distributed since the 1930s, and established the system of the Weston film speed ratings for the measurement of film speeds.
Related pages
 Timeline of solar cells

References

Further reading
 Hospitalier, Édouard, et al., "Principales applications de l'électricité" (Tr. Principal applications of electricity; Modern applications of electricity). London : Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1882.
 Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, "Measuring invisibles; the fifty-year record of the world's largest manufacturer of electrical measuring instruments". Newark, N.J., Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, c1938. LCCN 40002525 (ed. Planned and written by F. Lawrence Babcock Associates, New York)
 Woodbury, David Oakes, "A measure for greatness; a short biography of Edward Weston". New York, McGraw-Hill, 1949. LCCN 49049451

Other websites

 Katz, Eugenii, Edward Weston . Biosensors & Bioelectronics
 Edward Weston, Weston Instruments, Newark 
 Martin Tipper, - The Company and The Man
 John D. de Vries, BIO: Edward Weston , 2000
 Edward Weston (chemist) at Encyclopædia Britannica
1850 births
1936 deaths
Scientists from New Jersey
People from Oswestry
British chemical engineers
American chemical engineers
Springfield is the third largest city in the state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County. According to the 2010 census data, the population was 159,498, an increase of 5.2% since the 2000 census.  The Springfield Metropolitan Area has a population of 436,712 and includes the counties of Christian, Dallas, Greene, Polk and Webster. Springfield's nickname is the Queen City of the Ozarks and is known as the Birthplace of Route 66 as well as the home of several universities including Missouri State University.

Economy 
Springfield’s economy is based on health care, manufacturing, retail, education and tourism. With a Gross Metropolitan Product of $13.66 billion in 2004, Springfield's economy makes up 6.7% of the Gross State Product of Missouri.
Total retail sales exceed $4.1 billion a year in Springfield and $5.8 billion in the Springfield MSA. Its largest shopping mall is Battlefield Mall. According to the Springfield Convention & Visitors Bureau, an estimated three million overnight visitors and millions of day-trippers visit the city annually. The city has more than 60 lodging facilities and 6,000 hotel rooms. The Convention & Visitors Bureau spends more than $1 million annually marketing the city as a travel destination.

Positronic, Bass Pro Shops, John Q. Hammons Hotels & Resorts, BKD, Noble & Associates, Prime, Inc., and O'Reilly Auto Parts have their national headquarters in Springfield.

Religious organizations 
Two major American Christian denominations are based in Springfield: General Council of the Assemblies of God in the United States of America (one of the largest of the Pentecostal denominations) and Baptist Bible Fellowship International (a fundamentalist Baptist denomination with roots to J. Frank Norris).
Birthplace of Route 66
Springfield is called the "Birthplace of U.S. Route 66". It was in Springfield on April 30, 1926 that officials first proposed the name of the new Chicago-to-Los Angeles highway.

John T. Woodruff of Springfield was elected as the first president of the U.S. Highway 66 Association. It was organized in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1927. Its purpose was to get U.S. 66 paved from end to end and to promote tourism on the highway. In 1938, Route 66 became the first completely paved United States Numbered Highways in America. Called the “Mother Road”, it stretched from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Coast.
A placard in Park Central Square was dedicated to the city by the Route 66 Association of Missouri. Traces of the Mother Road are still visible in Downtown Springfield along Kearney Street, Glenstone Avenue, College and St. Louis streets and on Missouri 266 to Halltown. The red booths and gleaming chrome in mom and pop diners, the stone cottages of tourist courts and the many service stations along this route saw America fall in love with the automobile. Red's Giant Hamburg, said to be the birthplace of the drive-up order window, was located on the route.

References

Other websites 
City of Springfield 
Springfield Convention & Visitors Bureau 
Springfield Area Chamber of Commerce
Live in Springfield, MO
 Historic maps of Springfield in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection  at the University of Missouri

 
Christian County, Missouri
County seats in Missouri
Ozarks
Crocker Land is the name for a supposed eighth continent in the Arctic Ocean. In the year 1906, Robert Peary thought he had seen a landmass, which he named after George Crocker, a member of Peary Arctic Club. He thought that the land was about 130 miles (210 km) north of Ellesmere Island, at 83 degrees north and 100 degrees west. 

In 1913, the Crocker Land expedition started, to find Crocker Land. This expedition turned out to be a failure. The captain of the first ship became drunk and ran aground on the rocks. Later an Inuit guide was deliberately shot and killed by one of the expedition members under suspicious circumstances. The expedition eventually became stranded and was not rescued until four years later.

The MacGregor Arctic Expedition in 1937–1938 also took aerial photographs. These show that there is no land at that location. Despite this, some pseudo-scientific organizations still try to present a case for its possible existence.
The expedition did not find Crocker Land. Later, satellite images showed that the continent did not exist, and could not be found. Today, it is believed that what Peary saw, was a fata morgana mirage.

References

Phantom islands

en:Crocker Land
Bradley Land is the name of a landmass Frederick Cook claimed to have seen during a expedition in 1909. He said, the land between positions  () and (). He described it as two masses of land with a break, a strait, or an indentation between. The land was named for John R. Bradley, who had sponsored Cook's expedition.

Cook published two photographs of the land and described it as follows: "The lower coast resembled Heiberg Island, with mountains and high valleys. The upper coast I estimated as being about one thousand feet high, flat, and covered with a thin sheet ice." 

It is now known there is no land at that location. Cook's observations were based on either a misidentification of sea ice or an outright fabrication.  Cook's Inuit companions reported that the photographs were actually taken near the coast of Axel Heiberg Island.

References

Phantom islands
was a , also Gembun,  after Kyōhō and before Kanpō.  This period started in April 1736 and ended in February 1741. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Genbun era

 1736 (Genbun 1): The shogunate published an edict declaring that henceforth, the sole, authorized coinage in the empire would be those copper coins which were marked on the obverse with the character 文 (pronounced bun in Japanese or pronounced wen in Chinese.  This is to say, the same character which is found in this era name of Genbun).

 1737 (Genbun 2, 11th month): A comet was seen in the western part of the sky.

 10 May 1737 (Genbun 2, 11th day of the 4th month): Former-Emperor Nakamikado died.

 1739 (Genbun 4):  Iron coins were minted.

 1739 (Genbun 4): Hosokawa Etchū-no-kami of Higo was killed in Edo castle by Itakura Katsukane. The murderer was ordered to kill himself.

 8 August 1740 (Genbun 5, 16th day of the 7th month): Floodings in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).  Sanjo Bridge (Sanjo-bashi) is washed away.
Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1736 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1741 disestablishments
1740s disestablishments in Japan
1730s establishments in Asia
The 2015 Atlantic hurricane season had a little less storms than usual, 11 storms, and four of them reached hurricane status. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30. This is when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic. However the first named storm, Ana, developed nearly a month before the official start of the season, the first time this has happened since 2012’s Beryl and the earliest a hurricane has happened since 2003’s Ana. The season ended with the diminish of Kate 18 days before the official end.

Due to a strong El Niño, most agencies predicted that only 6–10 tropical cyclones would form; however, the number of tropical cyclones that formed this season was higher than what the agencies predicted.
Retirement 
In the spring of 2016, the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) had retired the names Erika and Joaquin. Those names will not be used again in the Atlantic. Elsa and Julian were chosen to replace those names for the 2021 season.   
Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
was a  after Jōkyō and before Hōei. This period started in September 1688 and ended in March 1704. During this time, the emperor was .

The years of Genroku are generally considered to be the Golden Age of the Edo period. A century of peace and seclusion created good economic conditions and cultural growth.

The nengō Genroku means "Origin of Good Fortune"

Events of the Genroku era
1688 (Genroku 1):  Tokugawa shogunate published a code of conduct for funerals (Fuku-kiju-ryō) and for mourning.
 16 September 1689 (Genroku 2, 3rd day of the 7th month): Engelbert Kaempfer arrived at Dejima.
 1693 (Genroku 6, 12th month):  Arai Hakuseki became the tutor of Tokugawa Ienobu.
 1693 (Genroku 6): The code of conduct for funerals and mourning was changed.
 1695 (Genroku 8, 8th month): The shogunate placed the Japanese character gen (元) on copper coins.
 4 December 1696: Former-Empress Meishō died at age 74.
 1697 (Genroku 10): The 4th official map of Japan was made.
 1697 (Genroku 10): Great fire in Edo.
 1698 (Genroku 11): Another great fire in Edo.
 1703 (Genroku 16, 3rd month): Ōishi Yoshio commits seppuku.
 1703 (Genroku 16, 5th month): First performance of Chikamatsu Monzaemon's play The Love Suicides at Sonezaki (Sonezaki shinjū).
31 December 1703 (Genroku 16, 23rd day of the 11th month): The Great Genroku Earthquake shook Edo.  Fire spread in the city.  The coast of Honshū was hit by tsunami.
Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 New York Public Library Digital Gallery, Engelbert Kaempfer's 1691 impression of Hōkō-ji compound (published 1727)

Japanese eras
1688 establishments
1680s establishments in Japan
1704 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
Anthony Craig Horowitz (born 5 April 1956) is an English novel writer and screenwriter. He has written many children's novels, including The Power of Five, Alex Rider and The Diamond Brothers series. He has written over fifty books. He has also written many things for television. He has adapted many of Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot novels for the ITV series. He is the creator and writer of the ITV series Foyle's War, Midsomer Murders and Collision.
Background and personal life 
Anthony Horowitz was born in 1956 in Middlesex. His family were Jewish. When he was young, he lived an upper-class lifestyle. Horowitz was overweight and unhappy. He enjoyed reading books from his father's library. At the age of eight, Horowitz was sent to a boarding school. The school was called Orley Farm. It was in Harrow, Middlesex. There, he entertained others by telling them the stories he had read. Horowitz said that his time in the school was "a brutal experience". He said that he was often beaten by the headmaster John Ellis.
Horowitz's father was a "fixer" for prime minister Harold Wilson. Because he was nearly bankrupt, he moved his money into Swiss bank accounts.  He died from cancer when his son, Anthony, was 22. The family was never able to find the missing money, even though they had tried for years.  Horowitz loved his mother. She showed him Frankenstein and Dracula. She also gave him a human skull for his 13th birthday. Horowitz said in an interview once that it reminds him to get to the end of each story because he will soon look like the skull. From the age of eight, Horowitz knew he wanted to be a writer, realising "the only time when I'm totally happy is when I'm writing". He graduated from the University of York with a BA in English literature in 1977.

In at least one interview, Horowitz said that believes H. P. Lovecraft based his fictional Necronomicon on real writing, and to have read some of that writing.
Horowitz lives in North London with his wife Jill Green. He married her in Hong Kong on 15 April 1988. Green produces Foyle's War. Horowitz writes this series for ITV. They have two sons. They are Nicholas Mark Horowitz (born 1989) and Cassian James Horowitz (born 1991). The family have a dog named Lucky, that has been run over 3 times. Horowitz says that his family has a lot to do with his success in writing. This is because he says they help him with ideas and research. Horowitz is a patron of child protection charity Kidscape.

Books and movies

Groosham Grange
 Groosham Grange (1988)
 The Unholy Grail (retitled to Return To Groosham Grange) (1990)

Alex Rider
 Stormbreaker (2000)
 Point Blanc (U.S. title: Point Blank) (2001)
 Skeleton Key (2002)
 Eagle Strike (2003)
 
 Scorpia (2004)
 Ark Angel (2005)
 Snakehead (2007)
 Crocodile Tears (2009)
 Scorpia Rising (2011)
Russian Roulette (2013)
Never Say Die (2017)
Alex Rider: Secret Weapon (2019)
Nightshade (2020)
The Diamond Brothers
 The Falcon's Malteser (1986/96)
 Public Enemy Number Two (1987)
 South By South East (1991/2002)
 The Blurred Man (2003)
 The French Confection (2003)
 I Know What You Did Last Wednesday (2003)
 The Greek Who Stole Christmas (2008)
 Where Seagulls Dare (2021)

Pentagram
 The Devil's Door-Bell (1983)
 The Night of the Scorpion (1983)
 The Silver Citadel (1986)
 Day of the Dragon (1989)

The Power of Five (The Gatekeepers)
 Raven's Gate (1 August 2005)
 Evil Star (2 April 2006)
 Nightrise (3 April 2007)
 Necropolis (30 October 2008)
 Oblivion (November 2012)

Other novels
 Enter Frederick K Bower (1978)
 The Sinister Secret of Frederick K Bower (1979)
 Misha, the Magician and the Mysterious Amulet (1981)
 Robin of Sherwood: The Hooded Man (1986) (with Richard Carpenter)
 Adventurer (1987)
 New Adventures of William Tell (1987)
 Starting Out (1990)
 Granny (1994)
 The Switch (1996)
 The Devil And His Boy (1998)
 Half-Life (2001)
Adult novels
 William S. (1999)
 Mindgame (2001) (made into a play later)
 The Killing Joke (2004)
 The Magpie Murders (2006)
 The House of Silk (Nov, 2011)

Collections
 Myths and Legends (1991)
 Horowitz Horror (1999)
 More Horowitz Horror (2001)
 The Kingfisher Book of Myths and Legends (2003)
 Three of Diamonds (2004)
 More Bloody Horowitz (2009)

Edge: Horowitz Graphic Horror
 The Phone Goes Dead (2010)
 Scared (2010)
 Killer Camera (2010)
 The Hitchhiker (2010)

Graphic novels
 The Power Of Five 1: Raven's Gate (2010)
 Alex Rider : Stormbreaker
 Alex Rider : Point Blanc
 Alex Rider : Skeleton Key

Movies
 Tintin 2 (TBA)

References

Other websites
 Official website
 
 Author profile
 Audio interview regarding Snakehead novel

1956 births
Living people
English children's writers
English novelists
English screenwriters
English television producers
English television writers
Writers from London
Writers from Middlesex
British Jews
was a  after Genji and before Meiji.  The period started in April 1865 and ended in September 1868. During this time, the emperors were   and . 

The nengō Keiō means "Joyous Concord"

Events of the Keiō era

 1866 (Keiō 2): Construction of Goryōkaku star fort at Hakodate.

 28 September 1866 (Keiō 2, 20th day of the 8th month): Tokugawa Iemochi died at Osaka; and Tokugawa Yoshinobu was named shogun.

 10 January 1867 (Keiō 2, 5th day of the 12th month): Yoshinobu was formally established as shogun.

 30 January 1867 (Keiō 2, 25th day of  the 12th month): Kōmei died; and the succession passed to his son (senso).

 10 November 1867 (Keiō 3, 15th day of the 10th month): An Imperial edict defines a restoration of Imperial government.
 
 1868 (Keiō 4,  3rd of the 1st month): The Boshin War began with the Battle of Toba-Fushimi.

 3 September 1868 (Keiō 4, 17th day of the 7th month): Edo was renamed "Tokyo", which means "Eastern Capital".

 8 October 1868 (Keiō 4, 23rd of the 8th month): Battle of Aizu began.
12 October 1868 (Keiō 4, 27th day of the 8th month): Emperor Meiji's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 23 October 1868 (Keiō 4, 8th day of the 9th month): The nengō was formally changed from Keiō to Meiji; and a general amnesty was granted.

In 1868, the emperor moved his Imperial court to Tokyo; and Edo castle became an Imperial palace.  In this way, the capital of Japan moved from Kyoto to Tokyo.

Keio University was named after this era.  It is the oldest existing institution of higher learning in Japan.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" ...historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 National Archives of Japan Imperial standard and colors, Boshin War (1868) 

Japanese eras
1865 establishments
1860s establishments in Japan
1868 disestablishments in Japan