Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Zakarpattia Oblast can also be divided into four unofficial geographic-historic regions (counties): Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa, and Northern Maramuresh.

The following data incorporates the number of each type of administrative divisions of Zakarpattia Oblast:

 Administrative Center — 1 (Uzhhorod);
 Raions — 13;
 City raions — 0;
 Settlements — 609, including:
 Villages — 579;
 Cities/Towns — 30, including:
 Urban-type settlements — 19;
 Cities — 11, including:
 Cities of oblast' subordinance — 5;
 Cities of raion subordinance — 6;
 Selsovets — 307.

Raions
There are 13 raions (districts) in the oblast:

 Berehivskyi Raion
 Irshavskyi Raion
 Khustskyi Raion
 Mizhhirskyi Raion
 Mukachivskyi Raion
 Perechynskyi Raion
 Rakhivskyi Raion
 Svaliavskyi Raion
 Tiachivskyi Raion
 Uzhhorodskyi Raion
 Velykobereznianskyi Raion
 Volovetskyi Raion
 Vynohradivskyi Raion

Cities

Largest cities and towns in the province are (with population figures in 2007):
Uzhhorod (118,231)
 Mukachevo (81,344)
 Khust (27,506)
 Berehove (25,288)
 Vynohradiv (24,366)
 Svaliava (16,217)
 Rakhiv (14,416)
 Tiachiv (9,256)
 Mizhhiria (9,133)
 Irshava (9,000)
 Velykyy Bychkiv (8,920)
 Solotvyno (8,774)
 Dubove (8,745)
 Velyki Luchky (8,540)
 Chop (8,436)
 Ilnytsia (8,420)
 Bushtyno (8,091)

Demographics

According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of Zakarpattia Oblast is 1,254,614. The current estimated population is 1.2 million people (as of 2004).

Although ethnic Ukrainians are in majority here (80.5%), other ethnic groups are relatively numerous in Zakarpattia. The largest of these are Hungarians (12.1%), Romanians (2.6%), Russians (2.5%), Roma (1.1%), Slovaks (0.5%) and Germans (0.3%). The Ukrainian government does not recognize the Rusyn people living in that country as a distinct nationality but rather as an ethnic group of Ukrainians. About 10,100 people (0.8%) identify themselves as Rusyns according to the last census.
Their languages and culture are respected by the provision of education, clubs, etc. in their respective languages. Those who recognize Ukrainian as their native language total 81.0% of the population, Hungarian — 12.7%, Russian — 2.9%, Romanian — 2.6%, and Rusyn — 0.5% Residents in seven of Mukachivskyi Raion's villages have the option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment.

Zakarpattia is home to approximately 14,000 ethnic Roma (otherwise known as Gypsies), the largest population of Roma in Ukraine. The first Hungarian College in Ukraine is in Berehovo, the II. Rákoczi Ferenc College.

Economy

Zakarpattia Oblast's economy depends mostly on trans-border trade, vinery and forestry. The oblast is also home to a special economic zone.
The oblast's main industry includes woodworking. Other industries include food, light industry, and mechanical engineering. Segment of foodstuffs in the structure of ware production of national consumption is 45%. The total number of large industrial organisations is 319, compared to 733 small industrial organisations.

The most common crops grown within the region include cereals, potatoes and other vegetables. In 1999, the total amount of grain produced was 175,800 tons, of sunflower seeds — 1,300 tons, and potatoes — 378,200 tons. The region also produced 76,100 tons of meat, 363,400 tons of milk and 241,900,000 eggs. The total amount of registered farms in the region was 1,400 in 1999.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 carpathia.gov.ua  — Official website of Zakarpattia Oblast Administration
 Verkhovna Rada website  — Zakarpattia Oblast data
 Photos and infrastructure objects of Zakarpattia on interactive map (Ukrainian Navigational Portal) 
 Zakarpattia Early & Recent History, and Photos 
 all.zakarpattya.net  — All about Zakarpattia
 mukachevo.net — Zakarpattia Oblast informational portal
 map.meta.ua — Digital map of Zakarpattia Oblast
 Zakarpattia Oblast - photographs
Uzhhorodskyi Raion (, ) is one of the raions (districts) of Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. It's administrative center is the city of Uzhhorod, also the center of the surrounding oblast. Population:

Administrative division
The raion is divided into 14 hromadas.

Cities

Towns

Villages

Related pages
 Administrative divisions of Ukraine
 Zakarpattia Oblast

References 

Zakarpattia Oblast
Raions of Ukraine
Tisaashvan (; ) is a Ukrainian village. It is in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion (district) in the Zakarpattia Oblast (province) in western Ukraine.

It had 852 people according to the 2001 census.

Other websites
 Tisaashvan (Tiszaásvány) – karpataljaturizmus.net 
 Tisaashvan (Тисаашвань) of Ukraine 1:100,000 topographic maps 

Villages in Ukraine
Zakarpattia Oblast
This is a list of the current Total Nonstop Action Wrestling roster.

Roster

Male wrestlers

Female wrestlers

Other on-air personnel

Unassigned employees

Broadcast team

Referees

Backstage personnel

Corporate staff

Related pages
 List of professional wrestlers

References

Other websites
 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's roster at TNAWrestling.com 

Impact Wrestling
Lists of professional wrestlers
Judgment Day (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on May 17, 2009 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.

Results

Related pages
List of WWE pay-per-view events

References

Other websites
The official Judgment Day website

WWE Judgment Day
Sports in Chicago
2009 in professional wrestling
2009 in Illinois
May events
Night of Champions (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on July 26, 2009 at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the third annual event under the Night of Champions name and the ninth annual event under the Vengeance/Night of Champions chronology. Similar to the previous two events, the concept of the show was that every championship in the company would be defended. It featured talent from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. Eight matches were contested on the card.

Background 

Night of Champions will have professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers from the Raw, Friday Night SmackDown, and ECW on Sci Fi brands. Wrestlers will play a villain or a hero. All wrestlers will be from WWE's Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands—a storyline division in which WWE employees are assigned to a television program of the same name.
The main rivalry from SmackDown for Night of Champions is between CM Punk and Jeff Hardy in their battle over the World Heavyweight Championship. One month before the show, at Extreme Rules, Punk used his guaranteed title match he earned by winning the Money in the Bank ladder match against Hardy; he beat him, and won the World Heavyweight title. The two had many confrontations about it which lead to The Bash and a match that saw Punk get disqualified for kicking the referee. Then, Hardy attacked Punk because Hardy thought Punk kicked the referee on purpose. On the July 2 episode of Superstars fans were told that Punk had suffered a storyline eye injury. Punk's reasoning to Hardy's accusation was that he kicked the referee on accident due to his inability to clearly see Jeff, who he was really trying to kick. To settle the dispute on to who the rightful champion was, SmackDown general manager, Theodore Long, announced another match between the two at Night of Champions, which was accepted by both competitors
Raw will be represented by Randy Orton defending the WWE Championship. After beating Triple H at The Bash, Orton did not have a contender for the championship, so on the June 29 episode of Raw, special guest host of the week, as well as onscreen matchmaker, Batista, said that the title would be defended at Night of Champions against the winner of a single-elimination tournament. The first two matches of the four-person tournament were that night with Triple H beating Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) and John Cena beating The Miz (Mike Mizanin). Triple H and Cena wrestled each other the next week on Raw, but Orton's allies, Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase, interfered in the match, attacking both Cena and Triple H. Because of that, it was announced Orton would defend the title against both Triple H and Cena in a triple threat match.

Results

Related pages

 WWE Night of Champions
 List of WWE pay-per-view events

References 

WWE Night of Champions
Sports in Philadelphia
2009 in Pennsylvania
2000s in Philadelphia
SummerSlam (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on August 23, 2009 at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the 22nd annual SummerSlam event and featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. Eight matches were contested on the event's card.

Results

Other websites

Sports in Los Angeles
SummerSlam
2009 in professional wrestling
2009 in American television
2000s in Los Angeles, California
2009 in California
August 2009 events
Survivor Series (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), that took place on November 22, 2009 at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C.. It was the twenty-third and last Survivor Series and featured WWE Employees.

Results

Survivor Series Elimination Matches

Related pages
List of WWE pay-per-view events

References

Other websites
Official Survivor Series website
WWE Survivor Series 2009 Matches 

2009 in American television
2009 in professional wrestling
Survivor Series
2009 in Washington, D.C.
November 2009 events
"Let It Rock" is the first single of Kevin Rudolf from his first album In the City. Rapper Lil Wayne is featured in the song. The track was written by Rudolf. It was used as the theme song for WWE's 2009 Royal Rumble.

2008 songs
Lil Wayne songs
Kevin Winston Rudolf (born February 17, 1983) is an American musician, director, actor, and record producer from New York City, New York.

1983 births
American singer-songwriters
American rock guitarists
Singers from New York City
Living people
Legacy is a movie starring Haylie Duff and Madeline Zima, due in theaters in 2008. It was filmed in Los Angeles and concerns a sorority house where one of the rushees is found dead and the primary suspects are three of the most popular girls of the house. The movie was released Straight to DVD on the 12 August 2008 in the United States and has had mixed reviews from critics. In some countries like Australia, the movie is also called Pretty Little Devils and was also released straight to video.

Cast 
Haylie Duff as Lana Stevens
Madeline Zima as Zoey Martin
Jillian Murray as Megen Woods
Tom Green as Detective Strasburg
Margo Harshman as Nina
Monica Lo as Mai
Brett Claywell as Jeff Cook
Kate Albrecht as Katarina "Katie" Whittington
Jane Sibbett as Catherine Whittington
Laura Ashley Innes as Emily Barton
Donnell Rawlings as Det. Sams
Marisa Guterman as Fanny
Taylor Hoover as Taylor
Brian Tarbox as Partier
Rachel Melvin as Julie
Joseph Ferrante as Officer Santocki

Other websites
Other websites

2008 movies
American independent movies
Ezekiel Hart (; May 15, 1770 - September 16, 1843) was a Jewish Canadian businessman and politician, and the first Jew to be elected to public office in the British Empire.

He was born May 15, 1770 at Trois-Rivières, Quebec to Aaron Hart and Dorothea Judah.

Ezekiel Hart created a brewery with his brothers in Trois-Rivières and, on April 11, 1807 was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. Because he was Jewish, he swore his oath on a Hebrew Bible, instead of a Christian Bible, and while wearing a kippah. At the time, British laws did not let Jews have important positions like these, and Hart was expelled from the assembly. He was elected again in 1808 and expelled again.
    
He did not run for public office again. He continued to live in Trois-Rivières where he was a successful businessman and well-respected member of the community. He served in the militia during the War of 1812 and became colonel in 1830.
He came from a very important and rich family. His father, Aaron Hart, was member of the British forces, and a well-known businessman in Canada. His brothers, Moses and Benjamin, were important businessmen at Trois-Rivières and Montreal. His cousin, Henry Judah, later became a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada.

Ezekiel Hart died on September 16, 1843 at Trois-Rivières, at the age of 76.

1770 births
1843 deaths
Canadian Jews
Canadian politicians
People from Quebec
Trois-Rivières, Quebec
Blabbermouth.net is a website that is dedicated to heavy metal and hard rock news, as well as album and music DVD reviews.

Official website
Blabbermouth.net

News websites
Craig '133' Jones also known as 133 (or 133 mHz), The Silent One, or by his number #5, (born on February 11, 1973), is an American musician. He is best known as the sampler and keyboard player of the metal band, Slipknot.

American keyboardists
Heavy metal musicians
Grammy Award winners
1972 births
Living people
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Mickael Gordon Thomson (born November 3, 1973), also known as Mick, is an American musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist for Slipknot, a heavy metal band. He joined the band in 1996. Thomson joined Slipknot after being in a death metal band named Body Pit. He met Donnie Steele, Paul Gray, and Anders Colsefni in Body Pit. All of them were later in Slipknot.

Thomson has worked with many different bands, such as Malevolent Creation, Necrophagia, and Lupara.

References 

1973 births
American guitarists
American heavy metal musicians
Grammy Award winners
Living people
musicians from Iowa
Michael Shawn Crahan (born on September 24, 1969), is an American musician, music producer, and artist. He is better known by his stage name "Clown". He is best known as one of the two custom percussionists of Slipknot. He looks like a clown when he is wearing his mask.

References 

1969 births
American drummers
Grammy Award winners
Heavy metal musicians
Living people
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Roadrunner Records
Colin Richardson (born 31 December 1936 in London) is a British record producer, mixer and recording engineer. He has worked on about 80 different albums, and is most frequently associated with hard rock and heavy metal music.

References

Other websites 
 Colin Richardson myspace page
 Colin Richardson production discography

1936 births
Living people
People from London
British record producers
Dave Fortman (born July 11, 1967) is an American music producer and musician. He used to play rhythm guitar in the California-based rock band Ugly Kid Joe through the 1990s. He also co-owns a recording studio called Balance Productions which is in Louisiana. He recently worked with Slipknot on their fourth studio album called All Hope Is Gone.

Other websites
 Official Ugly Kid Joe MySpace page
 Balance Productions 
 Ugly Kid Joe Fan Site 

American rock guitarists
Living people
1967 births
A sampler is an electronic musical instrument that is similar to the synthesizer. What a sample does is that instead of creating sounds from scratch however, a sampler starts with more than one recording (or "samples") of different sounds added by the user, and then plays each back based on how the instrument is configured.  Because these samples are usually stored in RAM, the information can be quickly accessed.

Electronic musical instruments
Headbangers Ball is a television program about heavy metal and hardcore punk music airing on MTV2, and other channels.

Other websites
 Official show sites
 United States  – Official blog
 UK 
 Denmark 
 Finland 
 Sweden 
 Australia 
 Myspace site
 Official site for albums spawned from Headbangers Ball 
 
 
 Jump The Shark – Headbangers Ball
 Headbangers Ball Tribute Site 

Music television series
English-language television programs
A solar cooker is a device that uses energy from sunlight. They use no fuel and do not cost anything to run. They also help slow deforestation and desertification. Another benefit of solar cooking is that, unlike cooking with fire, Solar cookers do not pollute the air. Solar cookers can be used for cooking outside. This is useful when using fire is risky or there is no fuel for the fire. The solar cooker is very useful. It uses the Sun which is a renewable source of energy.

Solar box cookers can be made of materials or be made in a factory and sold. There are many kinds of solar box cookers. They can be made from small cardboard boxes that can be used to cook a single meal, They can also be made of wood and glass boxes built into the sunny side of a house. 

The solar cooker was invented by Horace de Saussure, a Swiss naturalist, as early as 1767. They did not become popular until the 1970s. They are found in almost every country of the world.

References

Solar energy
Cooking appliances
A house of mirrors or hall of mirrors is a traditional attraction at carnivals and amusement parks.

Entertainment
The phonograph is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.  It was the most common device for playing recorded music from the 1870s through the 1980s.  It was invented by Thomas Edison, after other inventors had studied the idea.  Early phonographs both recorded and played sound on cylinders.  In its later forms, it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or, since the 1940s, a record player.

Creation
Thomas Edison made his first phonograph with the mouth piece of the early telephone and some tinfoil. He thought he could talk into the mouth piece to make a disk vibrate, as the disk vibrated a needle would put grooves in the tinfoil. When Edison adjusted the machine to play and cranked the lever, he was surprised to hear his voice play back to him. He said his ideas rarely worked the first time. These cylinders could record sound, but due to their cylindrical shape, they could not be copied cheaply with a mold.
The phonograph was soon replaced by the graphophone by Alexander Graham Bell in his Volta Laboratory.  Later it was replaced with the disc phonograph, cassette tapes, compact discs, audio files and other devices.  These later inventions made stereo sound.

Gramophone
The gramophone, invented by Emile Berliner, plays sounds from a flat disk record. The record is placed onto the turntable. The turntable spins the record while a lever with a small needle on the bottom lies between the little grooves in the disk. When the grooves make the needle vibrate, music is played. These machines do not record, but the disks could be copied quickly onto vinyl disks in a factory with a mold, called a master.
Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) is the third album by Slipknot. Slipknot is an American heavy metal band. Roadrunner Records (a record label) released the album on May 25, 2004. It is the band's only album produced by Rick Rubin. The album had many singles, such as "Before I Forget" and "Duality".

The band released their second album, Iowa, in 2001. After this album, the band did many different things. Members of Slipknot started other bands, such as Stone Sour, Murderdolls, and To My Surprise. They started recording the album in 2003. They recorded the album in The Mansion (a music studio). At first, the band did not make much music. The band's singer, Corey Taylor, was drinking alcohol. Still, the band made enough music for a new album. Vol. 3 is different from Slipknot's first albums. It has different types of music, such as guitar solos and acoustic guitar music.
Many music critics liked the album. The RIAA gave the album a platinum certification. It went onto many national music charts. Vol. 3 was number 2 on the US Billboard 200. It was also number 5 on the UK Albums Chart. The band won a Grammy Award for "Before I Forget".

Track listing
All tracks written by Corey Taylor, Mick Thomson, Shawn Crahan, Craig Jones, Jim Root, Chris Fehn, Paul Gray, Joey Jordison and Sid Wilson.

References 

2004 albums
Slipknot albums
Roadrunner Records albums
The Social Democratic Party is a big political party in Romania.  It started in January of 2001.It has been in a political association called "Uniunea Socială Liberală" along with the National Liberal Party that in 2014 has ended. Now it is in association with PC and UNPR (commonly known as USD).

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Socialist International
Social democratic parties in Europe
Political parties in Romania
2001 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Romania
James Dewees (born March 13, 1976) is an American musician who has been involved in many musical projects including The Get Up Kids, Reggie and the Full Effect, Coalesce, New Found Glory, and My Chemical Romance.

Discography

Reggie and the Full Effect
Studio albums
 Greatest Hits 1984-1987 (April 20, 1999)
 Promotional Copy (April 25, 2000)
 Under the Tray (February 18, 2003)
 Songs Not to Get Married To (March 29, 2005)
 Last Stop: Crappy Town (June 17, 2008)
 No Country for No Musicians (November 19, 2013)
 41 (February 23, 2018)

American drummers
American keyboardists
American rock musicians
Punk musicians
Musicians from Missouri
1976 births
Living people
Resaca Confederate Cemetery in Resaca, Georgia is home to over 400 confederate soldiers who died during the American Civil War, also known as the War Between the States. This particular cemetery is designated for the soldiers that fought in the Battle of Resaca which took place May 14 and 15, 1864. Although the battle lasted two days, there are only three graves where the death date is listed as May 15, 1864. The remaining graves are listed as May 14, 1864. There are 424 graves marked 'unknown'.

History
History 

After the battle, a family known as the Green family returned to their plantation and the sight that met them there was almost more than they could bear. The bodies of confederate soldiers were buried in crude makeshift graves all across the yard. Compelled by a since of respect to those who had fallen in action, Mary J. Green and her sister began collecting the bodies to bury properly. Though poverty was rampant the Green daughters wrote friends asking for any amount money they could give. Col. John Green gave his daughters 2.5 acres of land for use as a cemetery for these soldiers. With the money collected and the land provided, the Green daughters and their mother began work on what we now call the Resaca Confederate Cemetery.

The Resaca Confederate Cemetery was founded on October 25, 1866. This cemetery and one in Winchester, Virginia were both dedicated on the same day. Each group thought they were the first confederate cemetery.

References
References 

Cemeteries in the United States
Buildings and structures in Georgia (U.S. state)
1866 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Many Christian churches mark Palm Sunday as the beginning of Holy Week which ends on Easter Sunday. It is an event celebrated by some churches by cutting branches of palm trees and attending mass. Palm Sunday is celebrated by most Christian churches all over the world including Roman Catholics and Protestants. However, Orthodox churches observe Palm Sunday at a later date following the Julian calendar. In some countries, palm leaves that were blessed during mass are displayed on the door of their houses believing that it will also bring blessings to their household. Some churches traditionally gather the palm leaves to be burned and used during the Ash Wednesday services.

References

Related pages
 Roman Catholicism
 Eastern Orthodox

Other websites 
 BBC - Palm Sunday
 Christian calendar for 2009

Christian holidays
In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesn't involve
the use of mechanical and electrical devices.

The key to designing a passive solar home is to best take advantage of the local climate. Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.  Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or "retrofitted".

References

Energy
Ulmaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus Ulmus), and the zelkovas (genus Zelkova). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and have a scattered distribution elsewhere except for Australasia.
Vickie Lynn Guerrero (maiden name Lara)(born March 16, 1968) is an American professional wrestling authority figure. She is best known for her time with the WWE. She is the widow of professional wrestler and WWE Hall of Famer Eddie Guerrero. During her time in the WWE, she was known for yelling the catchphrase "Excuse Me!" which received negative reactions from the fans. She was also an occasional wrestler. she was also a manger for laycool

On June 23, 2014 episode of Raw, Guerrero was fired after she lost a pudding match against Stephanie McMahon with her job on the line. McMahon won with help from Alicia Fox, Layla, and Rosa Mendes. Guerrero would get revenge on McMahon by throwing her into mud pool. She then pointed to the sky, said "this was for you"; as a tribute to her late husband, Eddie, and did Eddie's taunt before leaving.

References

Other websites
Official website 
WWE profile
1968 births
Female professional wrestlers
All Elite Wrestling alumni
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from El Paso, Texas
Most developing countries have good renewable energy resources, including solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, and biomass. These can help developing countries reduce their dependence on oil and natural gas. Investments in renewables can be less expensive than fossil fuel energy systems.

Importance of renewables
Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing countries. In rural and remote areas, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive. Producing renewable energy locally can offer a viable alternative.

Interest in renewable energies has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution, reduced costs of renewable energy technologies, and improved efficiency and reliability.
Poverty reduction
Renewable energy projects in many developing countries contribute to poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating businesses and employment. Renewable energy technologies can also make indirect contributions to alleviating poverty by providing energy for cooking, space heating, and lighting.

Education
Renewable energy can also contribute to education, by providing electricity to schools. Renewable energy for cooking and heating can reduce the time that children, spend out of school collecting fuel. In addition, the displacement of traditional fuels reduces the health problems from indoor air pollution produced by burning those fuels.

Health
Renewable energy can also contribute to better health by providing energy to refrigerate medicine and sterilize medical equipment. It can also provide power for supplying the fresh water and sewerage services needed to reduce infectious disease.
Kenya
Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita. More than 30,000 small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30 watts, are sold in Kenya
annually. For an investment of as little as $100 for the panel and wiring, the PV system can be used to charge a car battery, which can then provide power to run a fluorescent lamp or a small television for a few hours a day. More Kenyans adopt solar power every year than make connections to the country’s electric grid.

Related pages
Indian Solar Loan Programme
Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy
Solar powered refrigerator

References

Other websites
Solar Offers A Future for Kenya’s Youth 
Clean Energy Investment 
The Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) Tackles Energy Poverty 
Milk Cooler Powered by Renewable Energy Could Help Ugandan Dairy Farmers

Renewable energy
Sustainable development
The Yom Kippur War (also known as the Ramadan War and the October War) happened between Israel and a group of Arab countries, led by Egypt and Syria, from October 6 to 24, 1973. The war began on the Jewish day of repentance, Yom Kippur, and happened during the Muslim month of Ramadan, when the army was fasting. The attack by Egypt and Syria was a surprise to Israel, which had conquered the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights from Egypt in 1967. Egypt entered the Sinai Peninsula to retrieve its land from Israel.

Background
The Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights had belonged to Egypt and Syria but became occupied by Israel since 1967 during the Six Day War. Syria's aim of the war was to liberate all of the Golan Heights.
Battles
During the first few days of the war, both Egypt and Syria scored victories. Israel was shocked by the attack and was about to be defeated. The first Israeli counterattacks failed against both Egypt and Syria. However, Israeli attacks later repelled the Syrian forces and pushed them back. The Iraqi Army joined the war, and the Israeli Army stopped advancing.
On the Egyptian front, Israel's attacks against Syria had served as a 'distraction' against the Egyptian offense. That allowed the Egyptian army to dig around 12 km deeper into Sinai, an extra 2 km to the original plan. Israel feared a massive military defeat and so called on America for aid. Initially, The US refused and so Israel threatened to use its nuclear weapons. That was enough to persuade US President Richard Nixon to send aid to Israel. America conducted Operation Nickel Grass, which gave Israel a resupply of 22,000 tons of military equipment and ammunition, as a response to the parallel Soviet supply operation in which 15,000 tons of equipment were airlifted, and 63,000 tons of equipment were sealifted. That aid was deniend at the time but was vital to Israel and allowed it to continue fighting despite being heavily outnumbered, according to Henry Kissinger.
Egypt crossed the Suez Canal on October 6 and destroyed the Israeli defences and forts on the other side. Israel tried for the next few days to defeat Egypt and push it back behind the canal. However, Israel could not push it back and so lured it deeper into the Sinai in an effort to encircle Egypt. The United States started sending ammunition and weapons to Israel by using airplanes to help it win the war in Operation Nickel Grass. Syria soon pleaded Egypt to attack Israel to lessen the pressure on it. On October 14, Egypt attacked again and tried to advance even more into the Sinai after Syria had reported a false victory against Israel in the northen front. That led to the Egyptians pushing forward into Israeli controlled territory without any air cover and allowed Israel to encircle the entire 20,000-man Egyptian 3rd Army and cut it off of any supplies by the invasion of mainland Egypt by Israeli forces
. Egypt tried stopping the invasion by its elite 25th Armored Brigade with the most advanced tanks of the time, but it fell into an Israeli tank ambush and was completely destroyed.
UN resolution
The United Nations passed a resolution in the UN Security Council that asked all countries to bring a temporary stop to the war (called a 'ceasefire'). Both the Arab countries and Israel agreed, but the ceasefire failed since Israeli army advanced south to reach Suez. Brezhnev said to Nixon that if the US did not send troops, he would send Soviet troops to the area. The US believed that was a threat and so it put its military on full nuclear alert. That was the closest that both superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, had been to nuclear war and World War III since the Cuban Missile Crisis in the 1960s

The tension between the Americans and the Soviets made Israel agree to a ceasefire, which ended the war.

End 
The war ended on October 26, 1973, Egypt and Israel then negotiated and reached an agreement to separate their forces. That agreement led to Israel withdrawing from the Suez Canal only six years after the war had ended,
Israel also held negotiations with Syria and agreed to withdraw from the places that it had captured in Syria except the Golan Heights. Egypt and Israel kept their negotiations and in 1979 signed the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. The treaty, which has held ever since, brought peace between Israel and Egypt, and Israel withdrawing from the whole Sinai and returning it to Egypt.

The Egyptians celebrated victory that day since they successfully attacked at the start of the war. The Syrians, on the other hand, do not like to talk about the war, as much of it was seen as a defeat, rather than a victory or stalemate.

Sources 

1973
1970s in Egypt
Arab–Israeli conflict
Wars involving Egypt
Wars involving Israel
Wars involving Syria
1970s in Israel
1970s conflicts
Papaveraceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, and is also known as the "poppy family". Most are herbaceous plants, but a few are shrubs and small trees.

Ranunculales
Plant families
Myristicaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants, mostly from Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and it is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, the nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). It has about 21 genera and 520 species. They are mostly trees and shrubs.

References 

Magnoliales
Plant families
The Dirac delta function, often written as , is a made-up concept by mathematician Paul Dirac. It is a really pointy and skinny function that pokes out a point along a wave. Loosely speaking, it has the value of zero everywhere except at , in such a way that the area between the function and the x-axis adds up to 1. The delta function is often used in sampling theory, where its pointiness is useful for getting clean samples.

The integral of the Dirac delta function is the Heaviside function. The Dirac delta function can be seen as the derivative of the Heaviside function.

Related pages 

 Special functions

References 

Digital signal processing
Newton's method provides a way for finding the real zeros of a function. This algorithm is sometimes called the Newton–Raphson method, named after Sir Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson.

The method uses the derivative of the function in order to find its roots. An initial "guess value" for the location of the zero must be made. From this value, a new guess is calculated by this formula:

Here xn is the initial guess and xn+1 is the next guess. The function f (whose zero is being solved for) has the derivative f'.

By repeatedly applying this formula to the generated guesses (that is by setting the value of xn to the formula's output and recomputing), the value of the guesses will approach a zero of the function.
Newton's method can be explained graphically by looking at intersections of tangent lines with the x-axis. First, a line tangent to the f at xn is calculated. Next, the intersection between this tangent line and the x-axis is found. Finally, the x-position of this intersection is recorded as the next guess, xn+1.

Problems with Newton's Method 
Newton's method can find a solution quickly if the guess value begins sufficiently near the desired root. However, when the initial guess value is not close, and depending on the function, Newton's method may find the answer slowly or not at all.
Further reading
 Fernández, J. A. E., & Verón, M. Á. H. (2017). Newton’s method: An updated approach of Kantorovich’s theory. Birkhäuser.
 Peter Deuflhard, Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems. Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Second printed edition. Series Computational Mathematics 35, Springer (2006)
 Yamamoto, T. (2001). "Historical Developments in Convergence Analysis for Newton's and Newton-like Methods". In Brezinski, C.; Wuytack, L. (eds.). Numerical Analysis : Historical Developments in the 20th Century. North-Holland. pp. 241–263.

Related pages
 Kantorovich theorem (Statement about the convergence of Newton's method, found by Leonid Kantorovich)

Functions and mappings
Numerical analysis
ASIMO is a robot that was built by Honda on 2000. The current models could walk, run, and go up and down stairs. Engineers planned to add laser capabilities. Its height was 130 centimeters (4 feet 3 inches) and weight 54 kilograms (119 pounds). ASIMO was just like an astronaut wearing a backpack and could walk or run on two feet.

Development 
ASIMO was created at Honda's Research & Development Wako Fundamental Technical Research Center in Japan. Honda will not confirm how much it costs.

Name 
ASIMO is an acronym.  ASIMO stands for "Advanced Step in Innovative MObility". It should be pronounced “ah she moh” to match the original Japanese pronunciation.

As of February 2009, there are over 100 ASIMO units in existence.

Public appearances

ASIMO has made lots of public appearances.

Robots
Fahrenheit 451 is an American dystopian fiction novel. It was written by Ray Bradbury and first published in 1953.

The novel is about a future American society in which people are hedonistic (meaning they live only for pleasure), and reading is against the law because it makes them think. The main character, Guy Montag, has a job as a "fireman" (which, in this future, means "book burner"). The number "451" refers to the temperature (in Fahrenheit) at which the books burn when the "firemen" burn them "for the good of humanity". Written in the early years of the Cold War, the novel is a critique of what Bradbury saw as an increasingly dysfunctional American society.
The idea began with Bradbury's short story "Bright Phoenix," written in 1947 but first published in the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction in 1963. The original short story was reworked into the novella, The Fireman, and published in the February 1951 issue of Galaxy Science Fiction. The novel was also serialized in the March, April, and May 1954 issues of Playboy magazine. Bradbury wrote the entire novel on a pay typewriter in the basement of UCLA's Powell library. His original idea in writing Fahrenheit 451 was to show his great love for books and libraries. He has often referred to Montag as an allusion to himself.
Over the years, the novel has been subject to various interpretations, primarily focusing on the historical role of book burning in suppressing dissenting ideas. Bradbury has said that the novel is not about censorship; he says that Fahrenheit 451 is a story about how television destroys interest in reading literature, which leads to people thinking that knowledge is made up of "factoids", partial information without context, such as Napoleon's birth date alone, without an indication of who he was.

A movie version of the novel was released in 1966, and at least two BBC Radio 4 dramatizations have also been aired, both of which follow the book very closely.

References 

1950s books
20th-century American novels
Fiction set in the future
Hugo_Award_winners
American science fiction books
Collingwood School is a private school in West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It teaches from Junior Kindergarten to Grade 12.

History

Collingwood School was opened in 1984 by West Vancouver and North Vancouver parents who wanted a private school nearby. The school was named after a ship called the HMCS Collingwood. The school used the buildings from the old Glenmore Elementary School. Now the school has buildings in two different parts of West Vancouver.

Facilities 

The "Morven" campus is the oldest part of the school. This is where they teach the older children, from Grade 6 to Grade 12. It is in a part of West Vancouver called the British Properties. The address is 70 Morven Drive, West Vancouver. The "Wentworth" campus was built later. This is where they teach the younger children, from Junior Kindergarten to Grade 5. It is right below Cypress Provincial Park in West Vancouver.

References

Other websites
Collingwood School Official Site
Round Square Official Site
Schools in Vancouver
1984 establishments in Canada
The stack is one of the most important data structures in computer science. To understand how a stack works, think of a deck of playing cards that is face down. We can only easily access the card that is on top. When we want to look at the top card, there are two things we can do: we can peek at it, but leave it on the stack, or we can pop it off. When we pop off the top object, we are taking it off the stack. If we want to add another card to the top of the stack, we push. 

A stack is called a last-in-first-out (LIFO) collection. This means that the last thing we added (pushed) is the first thing that gets pulled (popped) off. If the last card we put on our stack of cards was an ace, then the first card we pulled from the top is that same ace.

History 
The stack was first proposed in 1955, and then patented in 1957, by the German Friedrich L. Bauer. The same concept was developed independently, at around the same time, by the Australian Charles Leonard Hamblin.
Other operations 
In modern computer languages, the stack is usually implemented with more operations than just "push" and "pop". Some implementations have a function which returns the current length of the stack. Another typical helper operation is "top" (also known as "peek"), which can return the current top element of the stack without removing it. Another common operation is "dup," which makes a copy of the element at the top of the stack.

Related pages
 Stack machine

Computer science
Data structures
A nocturnal emission or wet dream means a person has a sexual orgasm while sleeping. It often leads to ejaculation. Wet dreams can begin after a person goes through puberty. Some young people have their first orgasm this way. According to one book, about 13% of boys had their first ejaculation through a wet dream. They might not understand what has happened to them, if they have not been taught anything about sex.

Nocturnal emissions are called wet dreams in males because of the dampness caused by ejaculation and because the orgasm and ejaculation often happen during a sexually exciting dream. Scientists are not sure what causes them. Most sexual dreams do not cause orgasms.

It is harder for women to tell, because vaginal lubrication is not always associated with orgasm.
Wet dreams are natural and harmless. They do not mean that anything is wrong with you. While it can feel almost magical to ejaculate during a dream, most boys don't like the mess it creates. Boys usually don't have wet dreams if they masturbate before sleeping every night. Many people stop having wet dreams if they masturbate often, or once they begin having sexual intercourse on a regular basis. 

Dreams can be strange and confusing. Often it is best not to think too much about what they might mean. A dream about having sex with another boy or man does not necessary mean you are gay. A sexual dream involving a relative or teacher does not mean you really want to have sex with that person. A dream about sex with an animal does not mean you really want to have sex with an animal.

If you urinate while asleep, this is called wetting the bed, not a wet dream.
Nocturnal emissions are mentioned in the bible in Deuteronomy 23:10 and Leviticus 15:16. Deuteronomy 23:10 says, "If any man among you becomes unclean because of a nocturnal emission, he must leave the camp and stay outside. 11When evening approaches, he must wash with water, and when the sun sets he may return to the camp." (Berean Standard Bible)

References

Sleep
The Tevatron was a circular particle accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (also known as Fermilab), just east of Batavia, Illinois. It was the second highest energy particle collider in the world after the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Tevatron is a synchrotron that accelerates protons and antiprotons in a 6.28 km (3.90 miles) ring to energies of up to 1 TeV, hence its name. The Tevatron was completed in 1983 at a cost of $120 million ($ today) and has been regularly upgraded since then. (The 'Energy Doubler', as it was known then, produced its first accelerated beam — 512 GeV —  on July 3, 1983.)  The Main Injector was the most substantial addition, built over five years from 1994 at a cost of $290 million.  The Tevatron was shut down on September 30, 2011.
The Large Hadron Collider was later built in Switzerland to look for one of those pieces, called the Higgs Boson. The LHC broke and is now being fixed. The Tevatron scientists also tried to find the Higgs Boson. They need to do this before the LHC is fixed, because the LHC is much better at finding things.

The scientists at the Tevatron had a year's headstart on the scientists at the LHC. Whoever finds the Higgs will be honored by other scientists. That is why the scientists at the Tevatron wanted to find it before the scientists at the LHC.

The Tevatron discovered three of the 17 fundamental particles including the top quark.  The main ring of the Tevatron will probably be reused in future experiments, and its components may be transferred to other particle accelerators.

References

Nuclear physics
Fermilab
MOSFET stands for metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor.  It is an electronic component that acts as an electrically controlled switch. 

Transistors are small electrical devices that are used in radios, calculators, and, perhaps most famously, computers; they are some of the most basic building blocks of modern electronic systems.  A few MOSFETs amplify or process analog signals but most are used in digital electronics.

MOSFETs act like valves for electricity. They have one input connection (the "gate") which is used to control the flow of electricity between two other connections (the "source" and "drain"). Said another way, the gate acts as a switch that controls the two outputs. Think of a dimmable light switch: the knob itself selects 'ON', 'OFF', or somewhere in between, controlling the brightness of the light. Think of a MOSFET in place of the light switch: the switch itself is the "gate", the "source" is the power coming into the house, and the "drain" is the light bulb.
The name MOSFET describes the structure and the function of the transistor. MOS refers to the fact that a MOSFET is built by layering metal (the "gate") on oxide (an insulator which prevents the flow of electricity) on semiconductor (the "source" and "drain"). FET describes the action of the gate on the semiconductor. An electric signal is sent to the gate, which creates an electric field that alters the connection between the "source" and "drain".

Almost all MOSFETs are used in integrated circuits. As of 2008, it is possible to fit 2,000,000,000 transistors on a single integrated circuit. In 1970, that number was around 2,000.

Operation 
There are four common types of MOSFET:
The enhancement mode N-Channel MOSFET, where the switch between the "source" and "drain" is usually off. You can turn the switch on by applying a positive voltage to the "gate", so it is at a higher voltage than the "source". The P-Channel MOSFET is also usually off, but you use a negative voltage to turn it on. The Depletion mode N and P-Channel MOSFET transistors are very similar to their enhancement mode counterparts, but they are normally on, and you use a negative or positive voltage to turn it off. The Depletion mode P-Channel MOSFET isn't normally available for use.

Summary

Differences between MOSFETs

Integrated circuits 
A small piece of silicon can have millions of MOSFETs created on it. This makes an integrated circuit. 

This section is about single MOSFETs with three connections.
Heat 
If the MOSFET is partly on, it will reduce the power going through it. It does that by converting some power into heat. Even if it is on, it will still convert some power to heat. The MOSFET also has a resistance. When current flows from the MOSFET's drain to its source, there will be a voltage drop. Multiply that current, and the voltage, to get the power loss. That lost power becomes heat. The MOSFET must get rid of that heat, usually by passing it into the air. Smaller MOSFETs warm up and heat the nearby air, while some other MOSFETs must be on a circuit board, which has a larger area to heat more air. The highest-power MOSFETs must be under a heatsink.