Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Chocolate is a food made from cacao beans. It is used in many desserts like pudding, cakes, candy, ice cream, and Easter eggs. It can be in a solid form like a candy bar or it can be in a liquid form like hot chocolate. Commercial chocolate has sugar and sometimes milk added. It has a melting point of about .

Dark chocolate has less sugar, and a more bitter taste.  It was originally used to make drinking chocolate. Chocolate has been around the world since the time of the Olmec, Mayan, and Aztecs.

History
History

Mesoamerica 
The cacao tree was first found to be useful for its seeds about two thousand years ago. Early the Maya people of Central America and Mexico used the seeds from the cacao tree to make a drink that tasted bitter, not sweet.  Only important people could drink it.  The word for "chocolate" in almost every language comes from its name in the Nahuatl language of Mexico, chocolatl.^^
                                   !!
One vessel found at an Olmec archaeological site on the Gulf Coast of Veracruz, Mexico, dates chocolate by pre-Olmec peoples as early as 1750 BC. On the Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico, a Mokaya archaeological site shows evidence of cocoa beverages from 1900 BC. The residues and the kind of vessel in which they were found suggest the initial use of cocoa was not simply as a beverage, but as a source of fermentable sugars for an alcoholic drink.

Modern
Modern 

Later on, this drink was made sweeter and made into what is known today as hot chocolate. It was made popular by Spanish explorers who brought it from North America to Spain. When chocolate was sweetened and made into candy, it became a very popular treat for many Europeans. At first, only the rich could afford chocolate. In France at that time, only nobles could buy it.  Now, many people enjoy it.  Most cocoa today is made in Africa in countries like the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) and Nigeria.

Until the 16th century, the cacao tree was unknown to the Europeans. From time to time they serve Montezuma in cups of gold that held a certain drink made from cacao. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, chocolate was imported to Europe.

Types 

There are three main types of chocolate: white chocolate, milk chocolate, and dark chocolate. White chocolate tastes much sweeter than the other two types, because it has more of the sweeter ingredients in it.
Milk chocolate is sweet, but not as sweet as white chocolate. Milk chocolate has lots of cocoa.

Dark chocolate is the least sweet and has the strongest chocolate flavor.
Ruby chocolate is a type of chocolate created by Barry Callebaut. The variety was in development from 2004, and was released to the public in 2017. The chocolate type is made from the Ruby cocoa bean, resulting in a distinct red colour and a different flavour, described as "sweet yet sour".
 Raw chocolate is chocolate that has not been processed, heated, or mixed with other ingredients. It is sold in chocolate-growing countries, and to a much lesser extent in other countries, often promoted as healthy.
 Compound chocolate is the name for a confection combining cocoa with other vegetable fat, usually tropical fats or hydrogenated fats, as a replacement for cocoa butter. It is often used for candy bar coatings. In many countries it may not legally be called "chocolate".
 Modeling chocolate is a chocolate paste made by melting chocolate and combining it with corn syrup, glucose syrup, or golden syrup. It is primarily used by cakemakers and pâtisseries to add decoration to cakes and pastries.
Cocoa powder is the pulverized cocoa solids left after extracting almost all the cocoa butter. It is used to add chocolate flavour in baking, and for making chocolate drinks. There are two types of unsweetened cocoa powder: natural cocoa produced by the Broma process, with no additives, and Dutch process cocoa, which is additionally processed with alkali to neutralize its natural acidity. Natural cocoa is light in colour and somewhat acidic, and is commonly used in recipes that also use baking soda; as baking soda is an alkali, combining it with natural cocoa creates a leavening action that allows the batter to rise during baking. Dutch cocoa is slightly milder in taste, with a darker colour. It is frequently used for chocolate drinks such as hot chocolate due to its ease in blending with liquids. However, Dutch processing destroys most of the flavonoids present in cocoa.
Safety 
Chocolate is safe to eat unless it is eaten in large amounts. Some animals, like dogs and cats, become sick even if they eat only a little chocolate. People with diabetes can also get sick from eating chocolate. Dark chocolate contains ingredients that lower blood pressure and fight diseases. Small amounts of dark chocolate have been found to lower the risk of heart disease because of polyphenol in chocolate. It is necessary to moderate the amount of chocolate you eat.
Making chocolate is a process that has many steps. First, the cocoa beans are collected and put in piles or containers to make them ferment. Fermentation makes the sugar in the beans turn into alcohol. Then the beans are dried and cleaned. Chocolate makers must cook the beans, and then crush them to make the cocoa butter and the chocolate liquor come out of them. Then the chocolate maker mixes different ingredients together to make the different kinds of chocolate. Dark or bittersweet chocolate is made from sugar, cocoa butter, and chocolate liquor. Milk chocolate uses all of those ingredients plus milk and vanilla. White chocolate does not contain chocolate liquor, but only cocoa butter, along with sugar, milk and vanilla. After these ingredients are put together, the chocolate maker is still not finished. One of the last things to be done is something called conching. Conching means crushing the chocolate very finely and keeping it warm so that it is liquid
. Before chocolate is conched, it feels very rough in the mouth instead of smooth. Conches use heavy rollers that plow back and forth through the chocolate paste under regulated speeds and temperatures. Conching for several hours to several days makes good chocolate. The last step in making chocolate is called tempering. The chocolate is heated, and then shaken, and then cooled a few times.
Ingredients 
There are a number of ingredients in chocolate. The most notable of these are caffeine and theobromine. These two chemicals are closely related and are found in all cocoa beans. In any bean, the amount of each chemical varies depending on the genetics of the tree and the stresses placed on the tree during the growing season. It takes two hours to make chocolate.

References

Other websites 
 Glossary of Chocolate Terms 

Food ingredients
Year 1828 (MDCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar.

Events

January–March 
 January 22 – UK: The Duke of Wellington takes over as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from Lord Goderich.

April–June 
 April 11 – Bahía Blanca is founded.
 April 26 – Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.

Births

January–June 
 February 8 – Jules Verne, French novelist (d. 1905)
 March 20 – Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright (d. 1906)
 May 12 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (d. 1882)

Deaths 
 April 16 – Francisco Goya, Spanish painter (b. 1746)
 November 19 – Franz Schubert, Austrian composer (b. 1797)

Sources
Northumberland is the most northern county in England. Lindisfarne is an island close offshore. The county town is Morpeth. Its finest church is Hexham Abbey. Historically Northumberland occupies a small part of the former Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria.

History 
Northumberland is where Roman occupiers once guarded a frontier at Hadrian's Wall, Anglian invaders fought with Celtic natives, and Norman lords built castles to suppress rebellion and defend a contested border with Scotland. 

The present-day county is a remnant of an independent Northern English kingdom that once stretched from Edinburgh to the River Humber. Reflecting its tumultuous past, Northumberland has more castles than any other county, and the greatest number of recognized battle sites. Once an economically important region that supplied much of the coal that powered the industrial revolution, Northumberland is now a rural county with a small and gradually shrinking population.
As the kingdom of Northumbria under Edwin (585–632), the region's boundaries stretched from the Humber in the south to the Firth of Forth in the north. The kingdom and county were named for the Humber.

The county is noted for its undeveloped landscape of high moorland, a favourite with landscape painters, and now largely protected as a National park. Northumberland is the most sparsely populated county in England, with only 62 people per square kilometre. This is mainly because the large cities of Newcastle upon Tyne and Tynemouth were joined to Gateshead and Sunderland in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear.

References 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
The violin is a string instrument which has four strings and is played with a bow. The strings are usually tuned to the notes G, D, A, and E.  It is held between the left collar bone (near the shoulder) and the chin. Different notes are made by fingering (pressing on the strings) with the left hand while bowing with the right. Unlike guitar, it has no frets or other markers on the fingerboard.

The violin is the smallest and highest pitched string instrument typically used in western music. A person who plays the violin is called a violinist. A person who makes or repairs violins is called a luthier.
The violin is important in European and Arabian music. No other instrument has played such an important part in Europe. The modern violin is about 400 years old. Similar string instruments have been around for almost 1000 years. By the time the modern orchestras started to form in the 17th century, the violin was nearly fully developed. It became the most important orchestral instrument - in fact, nearly half of the instruments in the orchestra is made up of violins, which are divided into two parts: "first violins" and "second violins". Nearly every composer wrote for the violin, whether as a solo instrument, in chamber music, in orchestral music, folk music, and even in jazz.

The violin is sometimes called a “fiddle”.  Someone who plays it is a “fiddler”. To "fiddle" means "to play the fiddle". This word can be used as a nickname for the violin. It is properly used when talking about folk music, but is used in all kinds of music.

History
History 

The word “violin” and the word “viol” come from the same word. The violin was not made directly from the instruments called viols. The word violin comes from the Middle Latin word vitula. It means stringed instrument. This word is also believed to be the source of the Germanic “fiddle”. The modern European violin changed over time from many different bowed stringed instruments. They were brought from the Middle East and the Byzantine Empire.  Most likely, the first makers of violins took ideas from three kinds of current instruments. They are the rebec, in use since the 10th century, the Renaissance fiddle, and the lira da braccio. These instruments were held under the chin and bowed.
In the 17th century, there were several families of luthiers who were very good at making instruments. The most famous violin makers were Stradivarius, Amati, and Guarneri.  Some of the instruments that these luthiers made are still here today. They are kept in museums all around the world. They are some of the best instruments in existence. They can have prices over one million dollars.

Construction
The biggest part of the violin is the wooden body. This acts as a resonating box. It makes the vibrating strings sound louder. Many of the parts of the violin are named after parts of the body. The front is called the “belly”. The back is called the “back”. The sides are the “ribs”. The strings go from near the top of the “neck” down the “fingerboard” and on to the “tail piece”. The strings go across the bridge halfway between the end of the fingerboard and the tailpiece. The bridge is not fixed onto the violin. It is held in place by the strings. The strings keep it in place because they are so tight. If the strings are completely loosened, the bridge will not stay on. The bridge helps to send the vibrations of the strings down to the body of the instrument. Inside the body there is a “soundpost”. This is a small piece of wood. It looks like a small finger. It goes from the belly to the back. The soundpost is also held in place by the strings. In the middle of the belly there are two long, curved holes
. They are called “f holes”. This is because of their shape. The top of the strings are wound around pegs.  The violin can be tuned by turning the pegs. The very top of the neck is called the scroll. Violins today also have a chinrest. This helps to hold the violin against the player's shoulder. A shoulder rest can also be used. These are now made of foam. They have special legs to hold them on to the violin.  Many beginners prefer to use a sponge and an elastic band instead.
To make it easier to tune the violin, many people find it helpful to have “adjusters” for “fine tuning” when the string is only slightly out of tune.  These adjusters go through holes in the tailpiece.  They stop the strings from slipping when being tuned.

Strings used to be made of gut. They are now mostly made of steel or nylon. Adjusters can only be used with some strings. The front of the violin body is made of spruce. The back and sides of the body are made of maple. The bow can be made of several kinds of wood. An example would be pernambuco. Some players today use bows made of carbon fibre. The bow is strung with horsehair (horsehair is hair that comes from the back of the horse's head also known as the mane or from the horse's tail).

Playing
Playing 

It takes years of practice to become a good violinist.  A beginner will start with pieces and or exercises that do not require precise or complicated technique in right or left hand.  Some examples of pieces that do not require great technique are Twinkle Twinkle Little Star by Mozart, Children's Song (A German folk tune), and Over the Rainbow.  During these "simple" songs, the violinist will develop fundamental skills necessary for all other techniques, such as proper bow and violin holding.  As the musician develops more and more confidence and skill in both left and right hand, pieces and exercises will become progressively more difficult.  When necessary, they will also learn techniques and skills that will enhance their playing.  Vibrato, smooth bow changes in the right hand, and shifting.
The violinist has to learn to put the fingers in exactly the right place so that the music is “in tune”. This is called intonation. The musician will also learn vibrato. This changes the intonation of each note slightly by making it a little bit sharper (higher), then a little bit flatter (lower), producing a kind of wobble. This is important in many styles of music to create mood.

Besides plucking (pizzicato), there are many special effects. Some of them are glissando, portamento, and harmonics. There is also double stopping, chords, and scordatura tuning.

The violin can be played either standing or sitting down. When playing solo music the violinist normally stands. When playing in chamber music or in orchestras the violinist sits, but this was not always the case. When sitting, the violinist may have to turn his or her right leg in so that it does not get in the way of the bow.

Music
Music 

In the 17th and 18th centuries, composers wrote a lot of music for solo violin. Many of these composers were from Italy. They were themselves violinists. Some of these violinists are Corelli, Vitali, Vivaldi, Veracini, Geminiani, Locatelli and Tartini.
In Germany, Schmelzer and Biber wrote some very virtuoso violin music. Later, in the early 18th century, Bach and Handel wrote many masterpieces for the violin.

In the Classical music period, the great composers Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote solo works for the violin. They also wrote a large amount of chamber music, especially string quartets.
In the Romantic period many virtuoso violin works were written. These include concertos by Mendelssohn, Saint-Saëns, Brahms, Bruch, Wieniawski, Tchaikovsky, and Dvořák. In the 20th century, many virtuoso works were written. These include Elgar, Sibelius, Szymanowski, Bartók, Stravinsky, Berg, Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Hindemith, and Penderecki. In the 19th century, Niccolò Paganini was the most famous violinist. He composed and played violin music that was harder than anything that had been written before. People compared him to the devil because he could play so brilliantly and because he looked thin and moved his body about in strange ways.

In recent years the violin has also been used in jazz playing. Stéphane Grappelli was especially famous for this.
Famous violinists 
Some of the most famous violinists of the last century are Fritz Kreisler, Jascha Heifetz, David Oistrakh, Yehudi Menuhin, Ida Haendel, and Isaac Stern. Today some of the greatest players include Itzhak Perlman, Maxim Vengerov, Vadim Repin, Nigel Kennedy, Hilary Hahn, Joshua Bell and fiddler Sara Watkins.

Related pages 
 Period instrument
 String instrument

References

Further reading

Other websites
Other websites 

Best Violin for Beginners 
 The history of the violin - A quick overview about the history of the violin, including answers to questions such as "Why old master instruments sound so good"
 National Music Museum- Violins Pictures of violins by Andrea Amati, Cremona, ca. 1560, and other rare instruments.
 Violin Acoustics - University of New South Wales
 Musical Instrument Samples Looperman Pro Audio Community with Free Sound Loops and Samples
 Videos of famous violinists  Top 5 YouTube Violinist Videos
 Why is the violin so hard to play? - Answers this question, as well as explaining the mechanics of bowed strings. Technical but very accessible.
 Violin Making, step by step 
 Information, Tips, and Guides for Violin Players
 The Different Types of Violin Strings 
 The history of the violin

String instruments
A train station or railway station (also called a railroad station, rail station, or depot) is a place where passengers of rail transport can get on and off trains and/or goods may be loaded or unloaded. 

Early stations were usually built to handle passengers and goods. Today, goods are usually only unloaded at big stations. Stations are next to a railway line, or they are the terminus for a route. Usually there are platforms to let passengers get on and off the train easily and safely. Many stations have things such as shelters, ticket sales and benches.

The busiest railway station in the world is Shinjuku Station in Tokyo, Japan. The largest station is Nagoya Station in Nagoya, Japan. The busiest station in Europe is Clapham Junction in south London in the United Kingdom. At peak times, there is one train every 13 seconds there.

Different types of railway stations
Station facilities
Railway stations usually have either ticket booths, or ticket machines. Ticket sales can also be together with an information desk or a shop. Many stations have a shop or a kiosk.

Bigger stations often have fast-food or restaurants. In some countries these stations also have a bar, or a pub. Other station facilities are: toilets, luggage rooms, lost-and-found (lost property office), timetables, trolleys, waiting rooms, taxi ranks and bus stops.

References 

Railway stations
A railway track or railway line is a set of two parallel rows of long pieces of steel. They are used by trains to transport people and things from one place to another. (In America, people say railroad as well as railway). Often, there is more than one set of tracks on the railway line. For example, trains go east on one track and west on the other one.

The rails are supported by cross pieces set at regular intervals (called sleepers or ties), which spread the high pressure load imposed by the train wheels into the ground. They also maintain the rails at a fixed distance apart (called the gauge). Ties are usually made from either wood or concrete. These often rest on ballast, which is a name for very small pieces of broken up rock that are packed together and keep the railway tracks in place. Tracks are often made better by ballast tampers.
The upper surfaces of the rails are inclined slightly towards each other, typically on a slope of 1/20, and the rims of the train wheels are angled in the same way ("coning"). This helps guide the vehicles of the train along the track. Each wheel also has a flange, which sticks out from one edge all the way around. This makes sure the train does not "derail" (come off the track) and helps guide the train on sharp curves.

References
Rail transport is the movement of passengers and goods using wheeled vehicles called trains, made to run on railway tracks. In most countries, this transportation method helps trade and economic growth. Railways (UK) or railroads (North America) provide an energy-efficient  way to transport material over land. The railway tracks are a large part of the system and provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train roll with a little friction. Also, the track spreads the weight of the train which means larger amounts can be carried than with trucks and roads.

Rail transport started to be important in the Industrial Revolution.  The first railroads were built in England.

Related pages
Railway station
Train
Level crossing

References
A waterway is any body of water that can be used for transportation by people in boats. These include rivers, lakes, oceans, and canals.

They must be wide and deep enough for the boats, and either have no waterfalls and rapids, or have ways for boats to get around them, such as locks.
Terminus is a Latin word that literally means "Boundary stone" but can refer to:
Terminal station, a bus station or railway station acting as an end destination
Jupiter (god), also known by this name
Atlanta, Georgia, which was originally called Terminus
A junction is any place where linear things, especially roads and railway tracks, meet. 

A Road junction is a place where roads meet. These are known as 'T' junctions and 'X' junctions.

Railway junction 

A railway junction is a place where two railway tracks join.  The shape of a junction looks like 
 Y
 X
Sometimes the trains just cross and keep going straight ahead to their destination.  Sometimes they turn onto the other track to reach the planned destination.  Moveable portions of track make this possible. 
 
Transport
Station has many meanings, so it is often used with other words to tell people which one is meant:

In transport:
Railway station, a place where trains stop to load or unload passengers or cargo
Bus station, a place where buses stop to load or unload passengers and things
Gas station, a place where gas (petrol) can be bought (also called "filling station" or sometimes "service station")

In communications:
Television station, a business that transmits television signals
Radio station, a business that transmits radio signals

Other buildings:
Police station
Fire station
Power station
Space station

Other uses:
Station (agriculture)
Weather station

Basic English 850 words
Events 
Known as the "Year Without A Summer" in the northern hemisphere because of global cooling caused by the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption that happened in 1815.
February 12 – Fire almost destroyed the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.
March 23 – Law frees serfs in Estonia
March 25 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck dies
May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later known as King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, but she dies the next year.
June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks between Hudson Bay and Northwest fur-trading companies, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
July 9 – Argentina becomes free from Spain
July 17 – The French passenger ship Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost.
August 24 – The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri.
December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.
Births 
March 14 – William Marsh Rice, American university founder
April 21 – Charlotte Brontë, British novelist
April 22 – Charles Denis Bourbaki, French general
April 25 – Eliza Daniel Stewart, American temperance movement leader
May 24 – Emanuel Leutze, American painter
June 19 – William Henry Webb, American industrialist and philanthropist
July 4 – Arthur de Gobineau, French diplomat and writer
July 23 – Charlotte Cushman, American stage actress
July 31 – George Henry Thomas, American general
August 4 – William Julian Albert, U.S. Congressman
August 16 – Charles John Vaughan, English scholar
November 17 – August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer
December 13 – Werner von Siemens, German inventor and industrialist
Deaths 
January 27 – Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, British admiral
February 6 – Maria Ludwika Rzewuska, Polish szlachcianka
February 22 – Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher and historian
March 20 – Queen Maria I of Portugal
June 5 – Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer
June 12 – Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France and duc de Castiglione
July 5 – Dorothy Jordan, Irish actress, mistress of King William IV of the United Kingdom
July 7 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright
November 8 – Gouverneur Morris, American statesman
December 15 – Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope, English statesman and scientist
James Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American R&B and funk singer. He was known as the "Godfather of Soul". 

He was born in Barnwell, South Carolina and grew up in Augusta, Georgia. Brown was arrested by police on many occasions. When he was 16, he was convicted of armed robbery, for which he spent three years in a youth detention center. His other convictions include assaults. 

Four of Brown's albums were in Rolling Stone magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Brown's most well known song is "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine".

In 2006, Brown died of pneumonia and heart disease in Atlanta. There was a public memorial service at Apollo Theater. Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and Prince were there. In 1993 Brown was in The Simpsons episode Bart's Inner Child.

References
References

1933 births
2006 deaths
African-American singers
American people convicted of assault
American R&B singers
American robbers
American soul musicians
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Atlanta
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Singers from South Carolina
Musicians from South Carolina
Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894  22 November 1963) was an English writer, and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. 

He wrote a number of novels, on various themes. Most of his books are about modern society, the effects of modern science and, later, on mysticism and psychedelic drugs like LSD. 

Huxley is probably best known for his book Brave New World. In the book, which was written in 1932, he writes about a world in the far future, where the whole social hierarchy is based on genetic traits, and not on the personal effort of individual people to improve themselves.

Selected works

Novels 
 Crome Yellow (1921)
 Antic Hay (1923)
 Those Barren Leaves (1925)
 Point Counter Point (1928)
 Brave New World (1932)
 Eyeless in Gaza (1936)
 After Many a Summer (1939)
 Time Must Have a Stop (1944)
 Ape and Essence (1948)
 The Genius and the Goddess (1955)
 Island (1962)
Essay collections 
 On the Margin (1923)
 Along the Road (1925)
 Essays New and Old (1926)
 Proper Studies (1927)
 Do What You Will (1929)
 Vulgarity in Literature (1930)
 Music at Night (1931)
 Texts and Pretexts (1932)
 The Olive Tree and other essays (1936)
 Ends and Means (1937)
 Words and their Meanings (1940)
 The Art of Seeing (1942)
 The Perennial Philosophy (1945)
 Science, Liberty and Peace (1946)
 Themes and Variations (1950)
 The Doors of Perception (1954)
 Heaven and Hell (1956)
 Adonis and the Alphabet (U.S. title: Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow) (1956)
 Collected Essays (1958)
 Brave New World Revisited (1958)
 Literature and Science (1963)
 Moksha: Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience 1931–63 (1977)
 The Human Situation: Lectures at Santa Barbara, 1959 (1977)
Screenplays
 Brave New World
 Ape and Essence
 Pride and Prejudice (Collaboration. 1940)
 Madame Curie (Collaboration. 1943)
 Jane Eyre (Collaboration with John Houseman. 1944)
 A Woman's Vengeance 1947
 Eyeless in Gaza (BBC Mini-series 1971)

Audio Recordings on CD 
 Knowledge and Understanding (1955) 
 Who Are We? (1955)

Other 
 Pacifism and Philosophy (1936)
 An Encyclopedia of Pacifism (editor, 1937)
 Grey Eminence (1941)
 The Devils of Loudun (1953)
 The Politics of Ecology (1962)
 Selected Letters (2007)

References

Other websites 

 Video interviews of Huxley from the 1950s, exploring Brave New World, Island, and psychedelics
 
 Aldous Huxley on the Internet Movie Database
 LitWeb.net: Aldous Huxley Biography

1894 births
1963 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from laryngeal cancer
English children's writers
English novelists
English playwrights
English poets
English screenwriters
English essayists
Huxley family
Writers from Surrey
Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet. He was born in the town of Swansea. He published his first book of poetry in 1932. In addition to writing poetry, he was an excellent speaker. He toured the United Kingdom and the United States reciting his poems. He wrote works for radio including "A Child's Christmas in Wales" and "Under Milk Wood"
Thomas is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

References 

1914 births
1953 deaths
Welsh poets
People from Swansea
Leo Bernard Gorcey (June 3, 1917 – June 2, 1969) was an American actor. He is most famous for appearing the Dead End Kids series.

Gorcey was one of the famous people who appeared on The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album, but he asked to have his picture removed.

1917 births
1969 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
Births 
 May 31 – Karl August of Hardenberg, statesman and reformer (d. 1822)
 September 5 – Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (d. 1774)
 December 23 – King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony

Deaths 
 July 28 – Johann Sebastian Bach (b. 1685)
 September 15 – Charles Theodore Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1690)
Indiana is a U.S. state in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Other cities and towns include Bloomington, Gary, Fort Wayne, South Bend, Evansville, Muncie, Lafayette, and Marion. People who live in Indiana are sometimes called Hoosiers.

Indiana's state bird is the cardinal. Indiana's state flower is the peony. Indiana's state tree is a tulip tree.

Indiana has borders with four other states: Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio. It also touches Lake Michigan, which is the only one of the Great Lakes that is completely inside the United States.
History
Before it was called Indiana, most people who lived there were indigenous. France colonized the area, renaming it New France. They enslaved the indigenous peoples, and introduced black slaves. In the 18th century, the United States took the area from France. Many slave owners from Kentucky and Virginia moved into the area. By 1820, it had become a state called Indiana. The government ordered all slaves to be freed, but black people were still enslaved there into at least the 1830s.

Attractions
One attraction of Indiana is the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, where the Indianapolis 500 is held every year. The Indianapolis 500 is one of the biggest car races in the United States. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is not actually in Indianapolis. It is in a town called Speedway, which is completely surrounded by Indianapolis.
Sports
The Indianapolis 500 car race is based in Indianapolis. Professional sports teams include the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL) and the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Colleges and universities in Indiana with well-known sports teams include Purdue University, the University of Notre Dame, and Indiana University.

State Capitol

The Indiana Statehouse is the official State Capitol Complex of the State of Indiana

Related pages 
 List of law enforcement agencies in Indiana
 List of counties in Indiana
 List of rivers of Indiana

References

Other websites 

 The Official website of the State of Indiana
 Official Indianapolis city government website 

 
1816 establishments in the United States
The Marun field is a large oil field in Iran. It is 67 kilometers long and usually 7 kilometers wide. It is west of Dezful. It was discovered in 1964 and was drilled in 1966 for the first time.

Khuzestan Province‎
Petroleum
The wolf (Canis lupus) is a mammal of the order Carnivora. It is sometimes called timber wolf or grey wolf.

It is the ancestor of the domestic dog. A recent study found that the domestic dog is descended from wolves tamed less than 16,300 years ago south of the Yangtze River in China.

There are many different wolf subspecies, such as the Arctic wolf. Some subspecies are listed on the endangered species list, but overall, Canis lupus is IUCN graded as 'least concern'.

Appearance 
Adult wolves are usually  in length from nose to tail depending on the subspecies. Wolves living in the far north tend to be larger than those living further south. As adults they may weigh typically between . The heaviest wolf recorded weighed .

The wolf has a long muzzle, short ears, long legs, and a long bushy tail.
Wolves usually measure  at the shoulder. Wolves have fur made up of two layers. The top layer is resistant to dirt, and the under-layer is water resistant. The color of their fur can be any combination of grey, white, taupe, brown, and black. The underparts and legs are usually creamy-gray. They are also very smart.

Life 
Wolves live in groups called "packs". They are pack hunters. The members of the pack are usually family members, often just the parents and offspring. Wolves that are not family may join if they do not have a pack of their own. Packs are usually up to 12 wolves, but they can be as small as two or as large as 25. The leaders are called the parent (breeding) male and the parent (breeding) female. Their territory is marked by scent and howling; they will fight any intruders. Young wolves are called 'pups' or 'cubs'. Adult females usually give birth to five or six pups in a litter.
Wolves make a noise called a howl. They howl to communicate with each other from long distances and to mark the edges of their territory. Wolves have a complicated body language.

Wolves can run very fast and far. A wolf can run  in a day.

Grey wolves can live 10-12 years in the wild. They can live in captivity for up to 18 years.
Diet 
Wolves are carnivores and eat mostly medium to large size hoofed animals (unguligrades), but they will also eat rodents, insectivores and foxes. Some wolves have been seen eating salmon, seals, beached whales, lizards, snakes and birds. They also eat moose, bison, deer and other large animals.
Wolves usually stalk old or sick animals, but they do not always catch what they stalk. They may go days without food. Sometimes only one out of twelve hunts are successful. But the way they eat stays the same. The alpha male and female feed first. Then the other members feed. Sometimes (especially if the prey they have killed is large) wolves may store food and come back that day to feed on it. Wolves have very sharp teeth which helps them tear large chunks of meat from a dead animal. They will eat up to 2/7 their body weight. Wolves will also swallow food and then bring it back up for pups to eat.

Habitat
Habitat 

Wolves are found in Europe, Asia and North America. They can live in forests, deserts, mountains, tundra, grasslands and sometimes around towns and cities.

Arctic wolf
The Arctic wolf may be a subspecies of the grey wolf. They live in the Canadian part of the Arctic Circle, as well as Greenland and Iceland.

The habitat of Arctic wolves is very hostile. Not much is known about their lifestyle. They are more friendly than other wolves, but they can still be very aggressive.
Their winter fur is highly resistant to the cold. Wolves in northern climates can rest comfortably in open areas at  by placing their muzzles between the rear legs and covering their faces with their tail. Wolf fur provides better insulation than dog fur, and does not collect ice when warm breath is condensed against it. Since about 1930, the skull of many Arctic wolves has become smaller. This might be because of hybridization between wolves and dogs. They are  tall when they're adults. Adult arctic wolves weigh about . Arctic wolves live in a group of 7-20 wolves. They may live up to 5–10 years in the wild. They can live for 14 years if they are well cared for in a zoo.
Wolves and humans 
Even though many people think that wolves are terrible, mean creatures, they are actually much gentler than many people imagine. The main reason wolves become violent is because they may be sick or to protect other wolves in the pack. Many people around the world, especially in Canada and Alaska, have huskies for pets: they are a close relative of the wolf.

A few years ago wolves were put back into Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming to breed, because they were becoming endangered. The wolves have been very successful in the park. There had been no wolves there for a long time, because of hunting and poisoned water. Many people were not happy about this because they were afraid that the wolves would eat the sheep and cows near the park. However, wolves only eat livestock when they can not find wild prey.
Extinction in Britain 
Wolves in Britain were all killed after centuries of hunting. The last wolves survived in the Scottish Highlands. There is a legend that the last one was killed there in 1743 by a character called MacQueen.

Within the past ten years, there have been studies that are in favour of allowing new wolves to come and live in the English countryside and Scottish Highlands again. One study was in 2007. Researchers from Norway, Britain, and Imperial College London decided that wolves would help add back plants and birds that now are eaten by deer. The wolves would keep the deer population lower. People were generally positive, but farmers living in rural areas wanted to be paid for livestock that were killed by the wolves.

In popular culture
Many fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood and Three Little Pigs have wolves in them as the main villain.
Minecraft has wolves which can be tamed.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Wolves
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of North America
National symbols of Estonia
National symbols of Serbia
Frank James Lampard (born 20 June 1978 in Romford, London, England) is an English former footballer and manager who was formerly the manager of Premier League club Everton. He was known at his playing time at Chelsea. He is the son of Frank Lampard Senior, a former West Ham and England player. Lampard went to Brentwood School in Essex, where amongst other subjects, he studied Latin and gained an A* grade.

He played for England national team and Chelsea. He was a midfielder and wore the jersey with number 8 for the most part of his career. Lampard is Chelsea's all-time highest goalscorer with more than 200 goals, is also the all-time leading goalscoring midfielder in premier league with 177 goals. He has now retired as a player. He is the current manager of Chelsea.
Career 
Frank Lampard started his footballing career at West Ham United. Lampard joined West Ham, where his father was the assistant coach, as an apprentice in July 1994 as part of their youth system, and signed his professional forms a year later. He was loaned to Division Two team Swansea City in October 1995, and debuted in a 2-0 win over Bradford City. Lampard made nine league appearances for Swansea before returning to West Ham in January 1996, with whom he played his first match at the end of the month against Coventry City F.C., and spent the remainder of the season as a reserve.

The next year, a broken leg suffered in a March game against Aston Villa prematurely put an end to Lampard's 1996-97 season after thirteen appearances. He had to wait until the '97-98 campaign to score his first goal for West Ham, which came in a road victory over Barnsley F.C. He became a regular starter in 1998-99 season and appeared in every match as West Ham finished fifth in the Premiership standings.
Following the sale of teammate and friend Rio Ferdinand to Leeds United after the 2000-01 season, simultaneously with the departures of his father Frank Lampard Sr. and  uncle Redknapp, Lampard followed suit and left West Ham, but chose to stay in London by joining Chelsea for a £11 million fee.

On 24th July, a deal was agreed with New York City FC which would transfer Frank to the team on 1st July.

Chelsea 
Lampard made his debut for Chelsea on August 19 2001. He was a crucial first team player at Chelsea till the time he played there.

Personal life 
Lampard lived in Surrey with his Spanish fiancé Elen Rives and their two daughters Luna and Isla until they separated. Lampard is married to The One Show host Christine Bleakley. Lampard still sees his 2 daughters regularly.

Club career statistics

International career statistics
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||9||1
|-
|2004||13||6
|-
|2005||9||3
|-
|2006||13||2
|-
|2007||9||2
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||10||6
|-
|2010||7||0
|-
|2011||7||3
|-
|2012||3||3
|-
|2013||10||3
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
!Total||106||29
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
Chelsea F.C. players
Footballers from London
English football managers
Manchester City F.C. players
Premier League players
Eswatini (or Swaziland) is a country in Africa. It is officially the Kingdom of Eswatini (Umbuso weSwatini). It was called Swaziland until April 2018.

Its capital is Mbabane. The country is named after the 19th-century king Mswati II. Eswatini was colonized by the British and the Boers at the end of the 19th century. 

Eswatini is a small country. It is no more than  north to south and  east to west. It is completely surrounded by land. Eswatini does not touch the sea. The two countries that touch it are Mozambique and South Africa. The country's two largest cities are the administrative capital Mbabane and the economic center Manzini. The seat of government is Lobamba. 

On 19 April 2018, the King of Eswatini Mswati III announced that the Kingdom of Swaziland had renamed itself the Kingdom of Eswatini.

Health 
Eswatini is strongly affected by HIV and AIDS. The 2012 CIA World Factbook showed Swaziland with the highest HIV infection rate in the world. Life expectancy is 50 years.
Education 
Education in Eswatini is free at primary level, mainly 1st and 2nd grades.  It is also free for orphaned and vulnerable children.  Children are not required to attend. In 1996, the primary school enrollment rate was 90.8%. Girls and boys both attended at the primary level. In 1998, 80.5% of children reached grade five. 

The University of Eswatini provides higher education.

Demographics 

Most of Eswatini’s people are ethnically Swazi.  There is also a small number of Zulu and white Africans, mostly people of British and Afrikaner descent.  Eswatini also has some Portuguese settlers and African refugees from Mozambique. 

82.70% of the people are Christian. Christianity in Eswatini is sometimes mixed with traditional beliefs and practices.  Some people think of the king as having a spiritual role. Eswatini also has a small Muslim minority.
Swazi have been subsistence farmers and herders.  They now mix such activities with work in the growing urban economy and in government. Some Swazi work in the mines in South Africa.

SiSwati and English are the official languages.  SiSwati has 2.5 million speakers and is taught in schools.  It is also one of the official languages of South Africa.

About 76,000 people in the country speak Zulu. Tsonga is spoken by about 19,000 people in Swaziland. Afrikaans is also spoken by some residents of Afrikaner descent.

Districts 
Eswatini is divided into four districts:
 Hhohho
 Lubombo
 Manzini
 Shiselweni

Cities
The cities in Eswatini are:

References

Other websites 

 Online Information about Swaziland

1968 establishments in Africa
Current monarchies
English-speaking countries
 
 
Commonwealth member states
The Republic of Liberia is a small country on the coast of West Africa. It has common borders with Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Ivory Coast. The country has a size of about  by . As of 2021,  there are about 5,000,000 people in Liberia. The capital city of Liberia is Monrovia. For ships, Liberia is a flag of convenience.
Liberia is a country in Southwest Africa, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Except for the coast, most of Liberia is low mountains, with an altitude of  to  above sea level. The coastal region is full of swamps, and reaches  to  inland. After that, there's a plateau at an altitude of about . About 60% of the country is covered with rainforest. To the north, there are higher mountains. There are nine big plantations of rubber trees, which are important for the economy. There are mangrove swamps near the coast. In 2019, estimates are that close to 5 million people live in Liberia. About half of them live in the capital, Monrovia. There are 15 administrative divisions, called counties. The main environmental issues in Liberia are that endangered species are hunted and eaten. This kind of meat is called bushmeat. Some of the poached animals are also sold to neighbouring countries. A big part of Liberia is rainforest. Like in other rainforest countries, Slash-and-burn agriculture is a problem
. Illegal logging also is. In Monrovia, there is a lot of pollution.
History 
In 1822, White Americans created the American Colonization Society and bought the land in Africa that would become Liberia. They did not want black people who were not slaves to be in the United States. Because of this, they took some of them to Liberia. At the start of the American Civil War (in the 1860s) about 12,000 freed slaves lived in Liberia. 

The name of the country means "Land of the Free" in Latin. Liberia gained its independence on July 26, 1847. Joseph Jenkins Roberts was the first president of Liberia. European countries were quick to recognize Liberia as a country. The United States did not recognize it as a countr until 1862. Many of the black people who were sent to Liberia were missionaries. Its official language today is English .

In the 1990s and in the early 2000s, two civil wars badly affected the country.
The country's constitution is similar to that of the United States. In the 2017 elections, George Weah became the twenty-fifth President of Liberia. The President before Weah was Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first African female president.

References

 
Least developed countries
The Central African Republic (CAR) (, , or Centrafrique ; Sango Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka),  is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is mostly a plateau or high, flat piece of land about 941 metres above the sea. The CAR covers a land area of about , and has an estimated population of about 4.4 million as of 2008. Bangui is the capital city.

Background
There are thick forests in the south, and these are home to rare gorillas. This part of Africa also has Pygmies.

Other important towns are Bouar, Zinga, and Ouadda. Its southern border is the Ubangi River. There are 3.8 million people in the C.A.R. Most of them belong to the Banda and Baya tribes. The main language is French but some people speak the national language of Sango.

The people mostly grow their own food, but sometimes droughts (long spells without any rain) make this difficult. The C.A.R. also has diamond and uranium mines. It sells these, as well as cotton, coffee, and timber to other countries to make money.