Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
There is a difference, however, between pseudoscience and religion. Astrology is a pseudoscience, because it pretends to be based on facts, but is not. Religions make statements which are certainly not scientific, and are not meant to be. Insofar as a religion makes no factual claims, it is not open to refutation. When it does make factual claims it is vulnerable. A good example is the decision of the Catholic Church to defend the ancient ideas of the heavens (Ptolemy) against the (then) new ideas of Galileo and Copernicus.

Types of pseudoscience 

Ideas (more properly "hypotheses") about how nature works may be considered pseudoscientific for many reasons. Sometimes, the hypothesis is just simply wrong, and can be demonstrated to be wrong. An example of this is the belief that the Earth is flat, or the belief that human female skeletons have one more rib than men do. Ideas such as these are considered unscientific because they have been proved wrong.
Sometimes, an idea might be true, but could never be demonstrated to be true, even in principle.  For example, suppose some people believe that the Earth and the universe came into existence last Thursday. They claim that when the universe came into existence last Thursday, it was created with the appearance of being many millions of years old. According to these believers, even our memories of two weeks ago are actually just the false memories that came along with the creation of the universe, which took place last Thursday. Such a belief is considered pseudoscientific because it is not falsifiable—no experiment  could shed light on whether this belief is true or false.
Other types of pseudoscience are considered pseudoscientific because they are based on deception, even though the idea being used is not impossible. Examples are people who claim to have made time travel devices, antigravity devices, or teleporters. Scientists simply do not have the technology to build such things at present, even though they may be able to someday.

Some ideas are arguably pseudoscientific. This means that some mainstream scientists consider the idea pseudoscientific and some do not. Certain ideas about how the stock market behaves fall into this category.
Pseudoscience is not exactly the same thing as biased research, where the scientist has some bad motive (such as personal gain, fame, or financial profit) for promoting their findings. It is also not the same as an untested hypothesis, which is an idea that scientists cannot test yet because they do not have the money or technology to do so. The theories of quantum gravity are untested hypotheses: scientists can easily imagine experiments to test them, but they just do not quite have the technology to do so at this time.

Borderline pseudoscience 
Examples of ideas which are not accepted by scientists, but which still have some credibility today: Dowsing (rhabdomancy, searching for water under the ground by "reading" a wooden stick) ; parapsychology or psychical research (communication in ways which is not accepted by science), psychoanalysis (wholesale acceptance of Freud's ideas).
Other pseudoscholarship 
Pseudoscholarship is anything that pretends to be scholarly and academic but is not. There are many kinds, including pseudoscience:

 Pseudoarcheology is anything that pretends to be proper archeology but is not.
 Pseudohistory is anything that pretends to be proper history but is not.
 Pseudomathematics is anything that pretends to be proper mathematics but is not.
 Pseudophilosophy is anything that pretends to be philosophy but is not.
 Pseudopsychology is anything that pretends to be proper psychology but is not.

References 

General source:  Dijksterhuis E.J. 1961. The mechanization of the world picture. Oxford University Press.

Other websites
 
 Pseudoscience -Citizendium
West Coast could mean several places:
 West Coast of the United States
 West Coast, New Zealand
 West Coast, Tasmania

It can also mean:
The West Coast Eagles, an Australian Rules Football team.
West Coast Conference
West Coast hip hop
West Coast blues
West Coast Main Line
Nuclear missiles are missiles (rockets or cruise missiles that hit something in order to destroy it) with atomic bombs. 

In the time of the Cold War the USA and the Soviet Union were enemies and thought the other side was going to attack them. To dissuade the other side from attacking, both sides built many nuclear missiles to ensure Mutual assured destruction. This meant a country that attacked would be destroyed.  Treaties were made to reduce the numbers of missiles to make everyone safer.

Missiles
Nuclear weapons
The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an important part of the endocrine system.  It is at the base of the brain between the eyes. The pituitary is attached to the hypothalamus, which is also a gland. The pituitary controls a whole range of vital functions by secreting hormones.

The pituitary gland consists of two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. It is functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk (also called the infundibulum).

The hypothalamus releases factors down the pituitary stalk to the pituitary gland where they cause the release of pituitary hormones. Although the pituitary gland is known as the 'master' endocrine gland, both of the lobes are under the control of the hypothalamus.
Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.

Hormones released 
The gland releases several kinds of hormones.
Anterior pituitary 
The endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by neurosecretion from the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary cells synthesizes and secretes these important endocrine hormones:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): released under conditions of stress. Increases corticosteroids.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): regulates thyroid gland.
Growth hormone ('HGH'): stimulates cell division and growth.
Prolactin (PRL): stimulates milk production in breasts.

The two gonadotropins;
Luteinizing hormone (LH): in females, it triggers ovulation. In males it stimulates testosterone (acts with next).
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): regulates development, growth, puberty, reproduction.

Intermediate lobe 
Here one hormone is produced:
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): stimulates the production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair. MSH signals to the brain have effects on appetite and sexual arousal.
Posterior pituitary 
The posterior pituitary is actually an extension of the hypothalamus. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus have axons that go right down into the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes the hormones produced by these neurosecretory cells:
Oxytocin, most of which is released from the hypothalamus: has effects on nerve transmission, and on females during and after birth. Has a role in pair-bonding, mating and maternal behaviour. Functions not yet entirely understood.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin): controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys. Increases arterial blood pressure. It plays a key role in homeostasis, and the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood.
Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop. For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which, in turn, increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues throughout birth labour.

References 

Glands
Hormones
Endocrine system
Miskolc is the third largest city of Hungary and the capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county. Its population is 178.950.

Location 
Miskolc is in the north-eastern part of the country, east from the Bükk mountains, in the valley of the river Sajó and the streams Hejő and Szinva. Its area is 236.68 km².

History 

The first known people who lived in this area are the Celts. The Hungarians came here in the end of the 9th century. The area was named after the Miskóc family who were its owners, and it was first mentioned in 1210. The family lost a war against King Charles I and the king took away their properties.

A castle was built in Diósgyőr (a town near Miskolc; it is now a part of the city) in the 13rd century. It was the favourite castle of King Louis I who lived in the 14th century.
When Hungary was in a war with the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans burned down Miskolc in 1544. The Austrians also burned the city down in 1707 because Prince Francis Rákóczi, who started a freedom fight against the Austrians, lived in Miskolc for a while. 

In 1724 Miskolc became the capital of the county. The city developed. In the 18th and 19th centuries the people built many important buildings: schools, churches and a theatre. In the 1786 census (when they count the people) 14.719 people lived in Miskolc and there were 2414 houses.
After the first World War Miskolc became more important, because Hungary had to give Kassa, the other important city of the area, to Slovakia. Miskolc became a centre of iron industry. In 1945 Miskolc and Diósgyőr became one city. In 1949 a university was founded in Miskolc. Lots of people moved to Miskolc because they could find new jobs in the city. In the 1980s more than 200.000 people lived here. It was the second largest city in Hungary (the first was the capital Budapest). Now Miskolc is the third largest, the second is Debrecen.

Since the 1990s the iron industry is less successful and lots of people lost their jobs. 

Miskolc is now an important cultural city and tourists like it too. The theatre holds an opera festival every year. The most beautiful parts of the city are Tapolca (with a famous warm water bath in a cave), Lillafüred (with a hotel which looks like a palace and is called Palace Hotel) and the castle of Diósgyőr.

City parts
City parts

Avas 
The Avas is a hill (234 m / 780 ft high). There is a TV tower, an old church (the oldest building in Miskolc) and a large housing estate (high houses with lots of flats) on Avas.

Downtown 
The Downtown is the centre of Miskolc. The most important street is the Széchenyi street which is often called Main street. There are lots of nice old buildigs and lots of shops here.

Diósgyőr 
Diósgyőr has a castle, some factories and housing estates.

University Town 
The University of Miskolc is a new university because it was founded in 1949. Most universities in Hungary are older and have old buildings in the downtowns. The University of Miskolc has a whole city part for itself, the buildings of the university and the houses in which the students live are in a lare park.

Lillafüred 
Lillafüred is a small village outside Miskolc, but it belongs to the city. The Palace Hotel, some caves and a nice waterfall are here.
Miskolc-Tapolca 
Tourists like Miskolc-Tapolca because of its famous Cave Bath where people can bathe in warm water inside of a large cave. The houses here are expensive.

Cities in Hungary
9th-century establishments in Europe
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County
The Boeing Company ( ) (NYSE: BA ) is an American company which makes aircraft and defense items.  The company was started in 1916 by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington. 

Boeing has grown to become very big. It bought its main rival, McDonnell Douglas, in 1997.  Boeing moved its headquarters from Seattle to Chicago, Illinois in 2001. 

Boeing is made up of many smaller parts. These parts are called divisions. The divisions are Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA); Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS); Engineering, Operations & Technology; Boeing Capital; and Boeing Shared Services Group.

Boeing is one of the biggest aircraft manufacturers in the world. It is the second-biggest defense contractor in the world as of 2011.

References

Other websites
 Boeing

American aircraft companies
Companies based in Chicago
1916 establishments in the United States
The uterus or womb is part of the reproductive system of the female body. The uterus is the place a baby grows for nine months during pregnancy.  It is a pear-shaped organ inside a woman. It is behind the bladder and in front of the rectum. The uterus weighs 70 grams. The endometrium is the tissue that lines the uterus. A hormone called estrogen makes the endometrium thick with blood and fluid. This uterine lining gives the growing baby what it needs to grow. The endometrium leaves the uterus as the monthly flow of blood (menstruation). The endometrium will form again. This happens every 28 days. The number of days can be different for each woman. The fertilized egg will move through the fallopian tube and into the uterus. It will then attach to the endometrium.

Anatomy 
The uterus is part the female reproductive system. Other structures and organs that are part of the reproduction system are the vagina, ovaries and fallopian tubes.
The uterus is supplied by blood vessels. Blood travels to the uterus through arteries. The big arteries are the internal iliac arteries. The big arteries branch off into smaller arteries called the ovarian artery and the uterine artery. The smaller arteries give blood to all the layers of the uterus. The blood returns to the heart and lungs through the veins.

The uterus is held in place by ligaments. These are the anterior, posterior, lateral, uterosacral, and round ligaments. The position of the uterus can vary depending on the contents of the bladder.

The uterus changes during the life of a woman. It is inactive during childhood and old age. During the time that a woman or girl can have a baby it is a very active organ. It does many things. It is where menstruation begins, it is the place where the fertilized ovum attaches, it is the place where the baby grows, it is the strong muscle that pushes the baby out during birth.
Tumors 
Cancer can form in the uterus. But this is not common. There are two types of uterine cancer.  These are endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. Endometrial cancer can grow from cells lining the uterus. Uterine sarcoma is a rare cancer that grows from cells in the smooth muscle of the uterus. Other tumors can grow in the uterus that are not cancer. One of these is a Uterine fibroid.

Abnormal uterus 

A girl can be born with a uterus that is not normal. When a woman has uterus that is not normal she can also have other organs that are not normal. She may not know this until she wants to have babies. Having a baby can be hard. If a woman has a uterus that is not normal, she may not be able to have babies. Many times the uterus can be corrected by surgery.
Pregnancy 
The uterus changes during pregnancy. It grows with the baby. It also has fluid and the placenta inside. It starts small but it becomes very large. It can hold as much as five to twenty liters. The uterus is made of smooth muscle called the myometrium.  The cells of the myometrium grow during pregnancy. Strong fibrous tissue grows on the outside of the uterus. The myometrium grows at first but becomes thinner at the end of the pregnancy. A doctor or nurse can feel the baby through the thinning uterus.

Uterine prolapse 
The uterus can move down and be seen through the vagina. This can happen after a woman has a baby. Older women have this problem more than younger women. Other things that make women have their uterus drop down:

 Getting older
 A lower amount of estrogen after menopause
 Being overweight
 Coughing a lot
 A tumor
 Pushing too hard to have a bowel movement
 Weak pelvic muscles
Surgery 
The uterus is removed by surgery for many reasons. Removing the uterus is called a hysterectomy. Surgery to remove the uterus may need to be done after having a baby. This is because the woman may be bleeding heavily. The uterus may need to removed because there is cancer growing in it.

Other animals 
A uterus is present when an animal gives birth to live offspring. Therefore, all mammals have a uterus except monotremes. However, humans are almost alone in having a single uterus. The other mammal which has a single uterus is the chimpanzee, our nearest living relative. Other mammals have either wholly separated uteri or uteri which are fused along part of their length.

Animals which lay eggs have an oviduct, and there are quite a few reptiles which are viviparous or ovoviviparous.
Cattle have two uteri.
 The uterus of the horse is made of two short uterine horns. The uterus of the horse is affected by hormones. Horses can have an infection of the uterus. The horse can also develop uterine cysts. In an older female horse, there may be scarring in the uterus after they have their baby. Damage to the uterus in the horse may make it unable to have babies.
 The uterus in a female dog has two uterine horns.
 The female cat has two uteri that join one cervix. Marsupials have two uteri that connect to separate vaginas.

References

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Satanism is a word that has several different meanings. It can describe different religions and philosophies. 

 

Sometimes the word Satanism is just used to say that the person using it does not like a group, but the group themselves do not think of themselves as Satanists.  Used like this, it is just used to say the speaker disapproves of a group.  A lot of groups, like Pagans, or even Protestants have in the past been called Satanists by some people.
The word is often used by people who do not know much about Satanists, who think that Satanism means the worship of an evil being called Satan, and that Satanists want him to win in a war against good represented by "God".  This is not true for most Satanists.  For them, Satan is only a symbol for the freedom to be themselves, and the word Satan is used as a symbol for man's inner desires and for knowledge.  These people read the writings of Anton LaVey and are sometimes called LaVeyan Satanists.  There are several modern Satanic groups of different types, with the most well known being the Church of Satan, created in 1966 by Anton LaVey, who also wrote The Satanic Bible. Even though these types of satanists are atheists, meaning they do not believe in a higher being, they do practice magic. They believe that there is no afterlife.
Other types of Satanists do worship Satan.  They are called theistic or traditional Satanists, because they believe their religion is older.  They believe their religion is similar to that of Witches.

Some ethnoreligious groups were (and still are) falsely accused of being Satanists, for example: it was believed that Wiccans were Satanists because the god worshipped by them has horns (a trait commonly associated with Baphomet, a Satanic idol, when in fact it means fertility for Wiccans) and due to the demonization of paganism by Christians as well, the Kurdish Yazidi were also accused by Muslims and Christians alike of being Satanists because Melek Taûs, the central deity in Yazidism is similar to Iblis (the Islamic equivalent of Satan), and the Afro-Brazilian religions Umbanda and Candomblé were thought to be "Satanic" by Portuguese colonizers and Jesuit missionaries in Brazil and its deities (orishas) deemed to be "demons" purely based on prejudice and racism towards the African slaves and their culture.
Other websites

LaVeyan Satanists 
 Church of Satan: The Official Web Site 
 First Satanic Church - Official Website

Theistic Satanists 
 Diane Vera's site about Theistic Satanism
 Satan's Den
Decatur is a city in the American state of Illinois.  In the 2020 census, there were about 70,000 people living in it.  Many people drive in and out of Decatur on Interstate 72.  There is a shopping mall in nearby Forsyth, a suburb of Decatur.

Decatur is the county seat of Macon County.  Macon County was the home of the young Abraham Lincoln, later U.S. president, for a short time.  The place where the Lincoln family built a log cabin and spent the winter of 1829-1830 is now a state park, the "Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park."

References

Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
Elba () is third largest island of Italy, after Sardinia and Sicily. The land area of the island is about . The coastline is about 147 km. The highest mountain is Monte Capanne at 1018 metres (3340 feet). Elba and the other islands (Gorgona, Capraia, Pianosa, Montecristo, Giglio and Giannutri) of the Tuscan Archipelago are protected in the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago. The French island of Corsica lies about 50 km to the west. Recently, the island has become famous for its wine.

The island is divided into eight communes: Portoferraio, Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, Rio Marina and Rio nell'Elba. The island has a population of about 30 000 people.
History
The island was well known in to the last century for the iron resources. Mines were created by the Etruscans first and (after 480 BC) the Romans. After the end of the Roman Empire, the island knew barbarians and Saracens. In the early 11th century it became a part of the Republic of Pisa. In 1398, was sold to the Visconti family of Milan. After a few years, the island was acquired by the Appiani, Lords of Piombino, who kept it for two centuries. In 1546 part of the island was controlled by Cosimo I de' Medici. He fortified Portoferraio and renamed it "Cosmopoli". In 1577, the rest of the island was returned to the Appiani. In 1603 Philip II of Spain captured Porto Azzurro and built two fortresses there.
In 1802 the island became a part of France. Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814 and arrived at Portoferraio on May 3, 1814 to begin his exile there. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. Napoleon stayed on Elba for 300 days before he escaped and returned to France on February 26 for the Hundred Days. Thanks to Napoleon Elba is well known around the world. In the Congress of Vienna the island was given to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860 it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy.

French troops landed on Elba on June 17 1944, freeing the island from the Germans in World War II.

Airport 
There is an airport on the island, the "Airport Marina di Campo", that can connect the island with the big cities of: Friedrichshafen, Munich and Zürich.

Other websites
 Elba Geology  a site about Elba's Geology.
 War story about the WWII battle
 Elba Island All information for your holiday on Elba Island
Islands of Italy
Wine regions
Province of Livorno
Events 
 March 1 – Federalist James Ross becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate.
 March 7 – Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
 March 29 – New York passes a law aimed at gradually abolishing slavery in the state.
 July 7 – Ranjit Singh's men had taken their positions outside Lahore.
 July 15 – In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta, French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone.
 July 25 – At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.
 November 9 – Napoleon overthrows the French Directory.
 December – Napoleon becomes First Consul.
 The Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
 The Place Royale in Paris is renamed Place des Vosges when the Department of Vosges becomes the first to pay new Revolutionary taxes.
 The American System of manufacturing is invented.

April 17 - Edward Williams Clay, American artist (d. 1857)
August 29 – Pope Pius VI, Roman Catholic pope during the French revolution. (b. 1717)
Saint Helena can mean:
Saint Helena of Constantinople, Roman empress and the mother of Emperor Constantine the Great
Saint Helena of Skövde, Swedish 12th century saint
The remote British-controlled island of Saint Helena
Saint Helena, a barrier island of South Carolina (United States)
villages and a city in the United States
St. Helena, California
St. Helena, Nebraska
St. Helena, North Carolina

See also: St Helens; St. Helena Parish, Louisiana
Events 
 June 3 – Thomas Becket named Archbishop of Canterbury.
 July 15 – Ladislaus II of Hungary declared King of Hungary.
 July 24 – Emperor Gaozong abdicated to Emperor Xiaozong.
 July 25 – Emperor Xiaozong said to restore Yue Fei after his death.

Births 
 October 13 – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (died 1214)
 Abd-el-latif, Baghdad traveller and writer
 Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire (died 1227)
 Muhammad of Ghor, Persian conqueror and sultan (died 1206)
 Renier of Montferrat, Byzantine politician
 Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford (died 1218)

Deaths 
 February 10 – King Baldwin III of Jerusalem (b. 1130)
 June 27 – Eudes II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1118)
 July 7 – Haakon II of Norway
 August 6 – Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
 Heloise, lover of Pierre Abélard (born 1101)
 Iziaslav III of Kiev
 Ibn Zuhr, Arab physician (born 1090)

1162
Events 
 The Dutch and British conquer Gibraltar

Births 
  February 5 - Anne Christine of Sulzbach
  November 10 - Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden

Deaths
  May 3 - Heinrich Biber, Austrian composer
  February 24 - Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer
  October 28 - John Locke, English philosopher
North Africa is the Northern part of Africa. It is usually made up of these countries:
 Algeria
 Egypt
 Libya
 Morocco
 Tunisia
 Western Sahara
Mauritania
Sudan
South Sudan

Most of north Africa is desert, which means it is very dry and does not rain very much. The predominant ethnic groups are Arabs, Berbers and Moors (mixed Africans and Arabs). The biggest religion is Islam, meaning that most of the people are Muslims.

References

Regions of Africa
Sanskrit is an ancient Indo-European language. It is a sacred language of Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism and is the origin of most Indo-Aryan languages. Today, about 14,000 people in India use it as their daily language mostly for religious purposes. It is one of the 22 official languages of India. Most languages in Pakistan, North India, Nepal and Bangladesh are derived from Sanskrit. The Dravidian languages of South India are not derived from Sanskrit but got many loanwords from it. The two primary languages of Pakistan and India, Hindi and Urdu, are derived mainly from Sanskrit.
Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of Old Indo-Aryan and has a linguistic ancestry that can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European. The Indo-European Aryan migration theory proposes that the Indo-Europeans migrated from the Central Asian steppes into South Asia during the early 2nd millennium BC and brought the Indo-European language Sanskrit with them. The main script used to write Sanskrit is Devanāgarī, but it can be written in the scripts of various other Indian languages and is sometimes written in the Latin alphabet. Historically, it was written in the ancient and holy Brāhmī script.

William Jones, working as a judge in India in the 18th century, studied Sanskrit and recognised its similarities to Latin, Greek and other European languages. That led to the Indo-European languages being recognised as a group of related languages stretching from Europe to India.
Literature
Sanskrit literature includes poetry and drama and has also scientific, technical, philosophical and religious texts. Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a ceremonial language in Hindu religious rituals and Buddhist practice in the form of hymns and chants.

Grammar
Sanskrit  has a very complex grammar, with eight grammatical cases, three grammatical genders, and three grammatical numbers. Words are also described based on their qualities. Sanskrit is considered highly scientific, words in a sentence can describe the subect's number, gender and action.

References
Famous people who suffered from dementia include Augusto Pinochet, the Chilean leader, and also Rosa Parks, the civil rights activist.

People who see the following worsen may suffer from dementia:
 Decision-making ability
 Judgment
 Orientation in time and space
 Problem solving
 Verbal communication

Behavioral changes may include: 
 Eating
 Dressing (may need assistance)
 Interests
 Routine activities (may become unable to perform household tasks)
 Personality (inappropriate responses, lack of emotional control)

Some types dementia are reversible. This means the damage can be undone. Other types are irreversible. This means that they cannot be undone. Irreversible dementia is usually caused by an incurable disease, such as Alzheimer's disease.  

Reversible causes of dementia also include diffuse axonal injury after injuries to the head or the brain, known medically as Traumatic brain injury.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease causes a dementia that gets worse quickly, over weeks or months, and is caused by prions. ,other forms like encephalopathy or delirium may develop relatively slowly, over a number of years.

The two leading causes of dementia are Alzheimer's disease and Multi-infarct disease. Glioma related tumors are another kmown cause. Alcohol dementia, is sometimes associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and is caused by long-term or uncontrolled, heavy alcohol abuse.

Possible metabolic causes are such as liver failure or kidney failure; and chronic subdural hematoma. Possible other causes may include brain infection by illnesses like meningitis leading in cases to viral encephalitis drug toxicity (e.g. anticonvulsant drugs). A recent report by Science Daily says that researchers at the University of Bergen, in Norway have discovered a connection between Oral health and Alzheimers disease.
Related pages
Alzheimer's disease
Vascular dementia
Meningitis
Encephalitis 
Primary central nervous system lymphoma

References

Other websites
Economic elasticity is at elasticity (economics)

Something that is elastic can be stretched or deformed (changed) and returned to its original form, like a rubber band. It tries to come back to its first shape. The stress is the force applied; the strain is how much the shape is changed, and the elastic modulus is the ratio between those numbers.

This idea was first suggested by Robert Hooke in 1675.

The simplest model for elasticity is Hooke's law. It says that the force to stretch something (F) is proportional to the distance it is stretched (x). This is usually written as , where  is a constant called the spring constant. If it is easy to stretch a material, that material has a lower k value. 

Elastic materials are different than plastic materials. A plastic material can be stretched or deformed, but it will not return to its original form.

References 

Basic English 850 words
A harmonica is small musical instrument that is played with the mouth by blowing into holes in its side. Harmonicas are cheap and easy to play. Harmonicas produce their musical sounds from the vibrations of reeds in the harmonica's metal case. Harmonicas are used in blues music, folk music, rock and roll music, and pop music. A special type of harmonica, the chromatic harmonica, is used in jazz and classical music. Harmonicas are made in several different keys: G, A♭, A, B♭, B, C, D♭, D, E♭, E, F, and F♯. Each key can play a different range of notes.

How they are played
Harmonicas are played by blowing or sucking air into one side. On this side, there are many holes. Each hole has a different note. Different notes are played when you blow or suck air.
Harmonica players
Bob Dylan is a famous harmonica player from the 1960s folk rock scene.
Willi Burger is a famous classical harmonica player.eez
Neil Young is a folk/grunge musician who plays the harmonica.
Steven Tyler, from Aerosmith, plays the harmonica.
Little Walter, one of the most well known blues harmonica players ever.
Yvonnick Prene is a groundbreaking jazz harmonica player.

Other Harmonica players
*Bluesharp players

Jazz
 Larry Adler
 Matthias Broede
 Jens Bunge
 Hermine Deurloo
 Maurício Einhorn
 Adam Glasser
 Howard Levy
 Hendrik Meurkens
 Richard Oesterreicher
 Toots Thielemans

Types of harmonicas
Another type of harmonica is the chromatic harmonica.  More songs can be played on it than a regular harmonica, because chromatic harmonicas can play more different notes. Chromatic harmonicas have a button which moves a sliding bar. By pressing the button, the player can play a larger range of notes.
Different names
The harmonica is called many different names, such as: mouth organ, mouth harp, Hobo Harp, French harp, Reckless Tram, harpoon, tin sandwich, blues harp, Mississippi saxophone, or simply harp.

Other websites
 todoarmonica.org 
 Virtual harmonica lessons HarmoPoint 
 Harmonica's blog 
 Harmonica Riff 

Woodwind instruments
The Straits of Florida (or Florida Straits) is a  strait between the Florida Keys and Cuba.

Geography of Florida
Bodies of water of the United States
An electron microscope is a scientific instrument which uses a beam of electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale. In an optical microscope, the wavelength of light limits the maximum magnification that is possible. As electrons have a smaller wavelength, they can achieve a higher magnification, and can see very small objects - typically around 1,000 times smaller than those seen in an optical microscope. The outline of objects, as revealed by the flow of electrons, is changed into a picture using visible light for people to see. Electron microscopes were invented in Germany in the 1930s.

Types of electron microscope

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 
A beam of electrons is sent towards the specimen - some electrons are reflected, while some pass through. Those that pass through are detected and used to form an image of the specimen at a magnification of about 500,000 times. This microscope is more powerful than a light microscope.
Reflection Electron Microscope (REM) 
Similar to a Transmission Electron Microscope, but the reflected electrons are detected. By measuring the reflected electrons, some information about the surface of the specimen can be gathered.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 

A narrow beam of electrons is moved across the specimen and a picture is built up piece by piece by detecting how the electrons are reflected or absorbed as it moves.

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) 
It combines the high magnification of TEM with the better surface detail of SEM. It can be used to perform complex analysis on the specimen, which cannot be done using TEM alone.

Related pages

 Scanning tunneling microscope

Microscopes
Insomnia is when people cannot sleep for long or short periods. A person with this problem is called an insomniac. Insomnia can mean a problem with getting to sleep or a problem with staying asleep. Insomnia is a symptom and not a disease or illness.

Different kinds of insomnia 
There are at least three different types of insomnia:
 Transient Insomnia: this lasts from one night to a few weeks.
 Acute Insomnia: lasts from a few weeks to about six months.
 Chronic Insomnia: lasts for years at a time.
Causes 
There are many causes of insomnia. Some of them are:
 As people get older, their sleep patterns change. They will sleep shorter periods of time, but more often. Younger people usually sleep longer. This is normal.
 Some insomnia issues are caused by stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine, cocaine and nicotine. Coffee stimulates the body, and people tend to drink quite a lot of it when they are at work. If they drink too much of it, they will have problems falling asleep in the evening. (The same is true for tea, colas, or any other drink with caffeine in it.)
 Some people worry a lot. Their worries during the day will bother them at night. They might have nightmares, or they may wake up sweating.
 Some substances, like alcohol can have a bad effect. It can be very hard to sleep after drinking a lot of alcohol. The world may spin and there can be an urge to vomit as soon the person closes their eyes. Drugs can also have this effect, even some "sleeping" pills.
A very rare disease called fatal familial insomnia prevents some people from falling asleep. In this disease, a person can no longer sleep and after a while will die from being so tired. It is caused by a protein similar to the one that causes mad cow disease which is a very bad disease that comes from eating infected meat.
 People with disorders of their circadian rhythms often have trouble sleeping at normal times.
 Insomnia is a common symptom of some mental disorders: bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dementia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Treatments
There are drugs available that can help treat the different kinds of insomnia. In some cases, there are also certain herbs that can help. A third way that seems to help is a type of therapy that aims at changing the behaviour of those affected.

References 

Sleep disorders
The first plane in the A320 family was the A320, which was launched in February 1981. It first flew on 22 February 1987 and the first A320 was delivered in 1988. The family got bigger over time, and there are now three other aircraft in the family: the A321 (first delivered 1990), the A319 (1996) and the A318 (2003). The A320 was the first airliner to have fly-by-wire flight control systems. It was also the first commercial airliner to have side-stick controls. (A side-stick is a small joystick which is used to fly the plane instead of a yoke.)
On 1 December 2010, Airbus announced a new version of the plane, called the A320neo. With the A320neo, new engines will be used (the CFM International LEAP-X and the Pratt & Whitney PW1900G) and some improvements have been made to the outside of the plane. Winglets have also been added, which Airbus calls Sharklets. The A320neo will use 15% less fuel than the current A320. Virgin America is the A320neo's launch customer. As of 31 December 2011, 1,196 A320neo aircraft have been ordered by 21 airlines, which makes it the fastest-selling commercial aircraft in history.

As of June 2013, 5,635 Airbus A320 family aircraft have been delivered, and 5,443 of these are still being used. As well as this, 4,014 planes are on order. The A320 family's main rivals are the Boeing 737, 717, 757 and the McDonnell Douglas MD-80. Although the 717 is not used on most airlines, only Delta and Hawaiian Airlines still use it. See Boeing 717 for more information.
Development
The A320 was the world's first commercial jet to use a small joystick, also called a sidestick, to fly it instead of a normal yoke (a steering-wheel like device). This matched the new digital 'fly-by-wire' system, the first use of this in a civilian aircraft, which makes the A320 much easier and safer to fly.

The A320 also has a full "glass-cockpit", where most instruments in the cockpit (the front part of the plane where the pilot is) have been replaced by television screens. Most of the technology first used on the A320 has been used in other Airbus aircraft made afterwards. Other manufacturers, like Boeing, have also used much of the technology like a glass-cockpit and fly-by-wire in the Boeing 777.

Design

Engines
The A319, A320 and A321 have engines made by two different companies; International Aero Engines (IAE) supply the V2500 and CFM International provide the CFM56. Over 54% of A320s in the air today have CFM engines.
The significantly smaller A318 has either Pratt and Whitney PW6000 engines or CFM56-5. The PW6000 was not as good as expected and this may have reduced the number of sales; several airlines cancelled their orders before the more efficient CFM engine arrived.

Types

The A320 has been shortened to produce the A319 and stretched to produce the A321. Recently it was shortened even more to make the A318. However this version has not sold as well and the only large operator is Frontier Airlines.

These different versions are known as "A320 derivatives". When talking about all of them, they are known as the "A320 family" or "A32x".

Changes in size are done by removing or adding sections of fuselage (the part of the aircraft passengers sit in) and adjusting the power of the engines. Airbus try to keep the airplanes the same where possible, to reduce operating costs.

Pilots only need one licence (called a type rating) to fly all A320 derivatives.

Accidents and problems
The A320 has been very reliable in service. Many early problems were caused by pilots not being use to the new "glass cockpit" and "fly-by-wire", but these no longer happen. In recent years, the A320 has had a number of problems involving its front undercarriage. The following accidents are some of those which have occurred since 1988:
 June 26, 1988 - Air France Flight 296 crashed into the tops of trees beyond the runway on a demonstration flight at Habsheim, France. Three passengers were killed.
 February 14, 1990 - Indian Airlines Flight 605, an A320-231 carrying 146 people crashed on its final approach to Bangalore Airport, killing 88 passengers and four crew members.
 January 20, 1992 - Air Inter Flight 148, an A320-111 crashed into a high ridge near Mount Sainte-Odile in the Vosges mountains while on final approach to Strasbourg at the end of a scheduled flight from Lyon. This accident resulted in the deaths of 87 of the aircraft's occupants (five crew members, 82 passengers).
September 14, 1993 - Lufthansa Flight 2904, in Warsaw an A320-211 coming from Frankfurt am Main with 70 people crashed into an earth wall at the end of the runway. A fire started in the left wing area and penetrated into the passenger cabin. The copilot and a passenger died.
 March 22, 1998, Philippine Airlines Flight 137, an A320-214 crashed and overran the runway of Bacolod City Domestic Airport, RPVB, in Bacolod, plowing through homes near it. None of the passengers or crew died, but many were injured and three on the ground were killed.
 August 23, 2000 - Gulf Air Flight 072, an A320-212 crashed into the Persian Gulf on approach to Bahrain Airport. All 143 passengers and crew on board died.
 May 3, 2006 - Armavia Flight 967, an A320-211 crashed into the Black Sea while attempting to conduct a go-around following its first approach to Sochi Airport, Russia. All 113 passengers and crew on board died. The accident was a Pilot error / Controlled flight into terrain accident.
July 17, 2007 - TAM Airlines Flight 3054, the A320-233 on the route, was not able to stop while landing at Congonhas International Airport in São Paulo, Brazil. It then crashed into a warehouse and a fuel station near the airport. The cause of the accident was the captain turning off the left engine and turning on the right engine to full, causing the plane to turn left and crash. All 187 passengers and crew died with 12 fatalities on the ground.
 May 30, 2008 - TACA Airlines Flight 390, the A320-233 from San Salvador overran the runway on its final approach to Toncontín International Airport in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, with bad weather conditions. There were five fatalities, including two people on the ground.
January 15, 2009 - US Airways Flight 1549, also known as "The Miracle on the Hudson", was a flight from New York (LaGuardia Airport) to Charlotte, North Carolina. Shortly after take-off, the Airbus A320 struck a flock of birds, losing all engine power. The aircraft then glided and ditched in the Hudson River, miraculously not breaking up on landing and floating. All 155 people on board were rescued by boats with minor injuries. The aircraft was recovered and is now displayed in Charlotte Aviation Museum.
 On 28 July 2010 Airblue Flight 202, an Airbus A321 flying from Karachi to Islamabad, crashed in Margalla Hills in Islamabad, Pakistan. The weather was poor with low visibility. The aircraft collided with terrain after the crew ignored cockpit warnings to pull-up. 146 passengers and six crew were on board the aircraft. There were no survivors. The commander, Pervez Iqbal Chaudry, was one of Airblue's most senior pilots with more than 35 years' experience.
On 22 May 2020 Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303 an, Airbus A320-200 flying from Allama Iqbal International Airport stalled while on a second approach after a failed landing to Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, Pakistan. Of the 91 passengers and 8 crew on board the aircraft, 97 were killed, and two passengers survived with injuries. Eight people on the ground were also injured in the accident, and one of them later died from her injuries.
Seven incidents of nose gear malfunction, including JetBlue Airways Flight 292.

Features

This information comes from: Airbus.

Similar aircraft
 Boeing 727
 Boeing 737
 Boeing 757
 Douglas DC-9
 McDonnell-Douglas MD-80
 Hawker-Siddley HS-121 Trident
 Tupolev Tu-154
 Tupolev Tu-204

References

Other websites 

 Images of A320s

Airbus aircraft
A priest or priestess is a person who  is allowed to do religious rites. Their office or position is the priesthood, a word which can also be used for such persons collectively. In most religions and cultures in history there have been priests, although they have a lot of different names, and follow different rules.

In Christianity 

A priest is a member of a church that has been told to look after his (spiritual) community. He is the head of a parish.

Catholic priests are ordained (put in place) by the Pope (or in his absence: a bishop).
Orthodox priests are ordained by the Patriarch
Anglican priests are ordained by their bishop.
Most Protestant groups do not ordain priests.

To become a Catholic priest, you are required to study Theology. The Orthodox and Protestant Churches also have laymen as clergy.
Catholic priests are not allowed to marry meaning that they have to be celibate. Orthodox priests can be married, but they must not marry after they become a priest. Anglican priests can get married before or during the time they are a priest.

The Catholic Church does not allow women to become priests. However, some Anglican Churches allow women to be priests.

Higher priests are called Bishops and Archbishops in the Anglican Church. John Sentamua and Rowan Williams are the archbishops of York and Canterbury. In some denominations only men can become priests.

The Orthodox Church has a higher priest called a Patriarch. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, like the Roman Catholic Church has a Pope, Pope Tawadras.

Protestantism
Many Protestant churches have ministers or pastors instead of priests.

Japan
In Japan there are Buddhist priests and nuns, Shinto priests and priestesses (kannushi) as well as clergy in the Christian traditions.

Other websites
Other websites

 
Religious occupations
Christian religious occupations
The Red Sea is a sea between the Arabian Peninsula of Asia in the northeast and Africa in the southwest. It is a part of the Indian Ocean. The Red Sea is about 2200 km long and  less than 330 km wide.

Many ships go through the Red Sea because the Suez Channel at the north end connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Bab-el-Mandeb in the south is a gate to the Indian Ocean. Ports include Suez, Port Sudan, Massawa, Yanbu al-Bahr, Jeddah, Aqaba and Eilat. 

The Red Sea has that name because it sometimes looks red from the red algae. The water has more salt and is clearer than water of most other seas because almost no rivers run into it.

The climate is dry and warm. Many people, including those from Europe, like to vacation there. Some of them are divers and want to see the beautiful coral reefs and fish. Seaside resorts include Sharm el-Sheikh, Eilat or Hurghada.

Geography 
The countries next to the Red Sea are Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Israel.
In the Bible 
According to the book of Exodus, God parted it for Moses and the Israelites so they could escape from the Egyptian Army.

References 

Seas of the Indian Ocean
The page is a list of country calling codes. These are area codes for telephone numbers.

Zone 1 - North American Numbering Plan Area 
Places in the NANPA (North American Numbering Plan Area) have been given area codes as if they were all areas inside one country.

For more information please see nanpa.com

Zone 2 - Mostly Africa

Zone 3 - Europe

Zone 4 - Europe

Zone 5 - Mexico, Central and South America, West Indies

Zone 6 - South Pacific and Oceania

Zone 7 - Russia and its vicinity (former Soviet Union) 
 7 - Russia; Kazakhstan; Abkhazia (disputed with Georgia)

Zone 8 - East Asia and Special Services

Zone 9 - West, South and Central Asia, Middle East

Zone 0 
 0 - unused

Other websites 
 http://www.lincmad.com/world.html
 http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-LT.1-2015-PDF-E.pdf
 http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164D-2016-PDF-E.pdf
 http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164C-2011-PDF-E.pdf
 http://www.wtng.info/

Lists of countries
Telephone numbers
Country codes