Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Robert Lockwood, Jr.
Robert Lowery
Tommy McClennan
Mississippi Fred McDowell
Blind Willie McTell
Charley Patton
Paul Pena
Pinetop Perkins
Snooky Pryor
Jimmie Rodgers
Charles David Sharp
Johnny Shines
Sunnyland Slim
Henry Sloan
Willie "Big Eyes" Smith
Hound Dog Taylor
Chaz Van Gogh
Muddy Waters
Bukka White
Big Joe Williams
Howlin' Wolf

Other websites 
Trail of the Hellhound - Delta Blues in the lower Mississippi Valley 
The Mississippi Delta Blues Society of Indianola 

Blues music
Chuck is the third album by Sum 41.  It was released on October 12, 2004.

Track listing

Charts

Album

Singles

Certifications

Chuck Acoustic EP (Tour Edition Promo)

Chuck Acoustic EP (Tour Edition Promo) is an acoustic EP released by Sum 41 in 2005 in Japan only.

Track listing
 "Pieces" (Acoustic) – 3:16
 "No Brains" (Acoustic) – 3:03
 "Over My Head (Better Off Dead)" (Acoustic) – 2:56
 "Some Say" (Acoustic) – 3:42
 "There's No Solution" (Acoustic) – 3:26

References

Other websites
 

2004 albums
Sum 41 albums
Sexual dimorphism is an idea in biology. It means that the male and the female of a species look different enough to see. The word comes from the Greek: di (two) and morphe (form).

It is the most common type of polymorphism. It may be caused by  sexual selection, that is, competition between members of the same species for partners to reproduce. Sexual dimorphism is inherited, which means the differences between males and females help the animal stay alive in some way.
The things that make the two sexes of a species different are called secondary sex characteristics. They are not directly part of the reproductive system. They are the product of sexual selection for traits which give an animal an advantage. By "advantage" is meant:  more likely to stay alive and reproduce. In humans, beards are a secondary sex characteristic.  Human beings do not use beards to make babies.  A man can even shave off his beard and he will still be able to have children.  But men grow beards and women do not, and they are easy to see.
The difference between sexes can include:
 Size: Males in some species have harems ('ownership' of a group of females). In this case the males are usually larger than the females, e.g. gorillas, lions.  In other species, the female is larger, usually because she makes the eggs.  E.g. some vultures and frogs.
Sexual dimorphism is extreme in rotifers, with the males (if present) always much smaller than the females. Even more extreme are the sea devils, whose tiny males physically fuse with the females to form a chimaera. 
 Sometimes, one sex has additional features (used in courtship): antlers of deer, breasts of women,..
 Hair (males often have more hair, e.g. the Gorilla)
 Teeth: Asian elephants: only the males have tusks. African elephant: both sexes have tusks. pigs and walrusses: the males have very pronounced canines
 Horns or antlers are often carried only by males.
Colouring: sexual dimorphism in butterflies is common. Batesian mimicry is often seen only on females, while the males have the typical colours of their type. This is the usual explanation: females, often carrying the precious eggs, get the most benefit from looking like something that predators do not want to eat or by being hard to see at all. Males, which need to be recognised by females before mating takes place, need to be easy to see and recognise.
The main functions of sexual dimorphism are to improve the individual's chance of mating in various ways:
 Mate selection. In this case, usually the males display, and the females select.
 Territory defence. Males may signal to other males that they 'own' an area.
 Fighting. If males carry weapons, they may use them to fight for mates. Weapons and size are multi-functional: they are used for defence against predators as well as against other males of their species.

Some animals show these differences only during mating season. Deer shed their antlers and peacocks shed their tails out of season. This minimises the key disadvantage of sexual dimorphism, which is, it makes the male much easier to be seen by predators.

References 

Anatomy
Evolutionary biology
Classical genetics
Zoology
Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for Whigs then for the Tories), poet and cleric. He became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. 

He is remembered for books and poems he wrote like: Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, and A Tale of a Tub. Swift is probably the most well known prose satirist in the English language. He is less well known for his poetry.

Swift originally published all of his work under pseudonyms — such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier — or anonymously. He is known for being a master of two styles of satire; the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.

Works
Works

Swift was a good writer, famous for his satires. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965-) comprises fourteen volumes. A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.

Legacy 
John Ruskin named him as one of the three people in history who were the most influential for him.

References

Other websites 
 e-texts of Swift's works
 at The Online Books Page
 
 at Gulliver's Travels

1667 births
1745 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Anglican priests
Christian writers
English Anglicans
Essayists
Irish poets
Writers from Dublin
Marcus Porcius Cato (Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO) (234 BC, Tusculum–149 BC) was a Roman statesman, surnamed the Censor (Censorius), Sapiens, Priscus, or the Elder (Major), to distinguish him from Cato the Younger (his great-grandson).

He came of an ancient Plebeian family who all were noted for some military service but not for the discharge of the higher civil offices. He was bred, after the manner of his Latin forefathers, to agriculture, to which he devoted himself when not engaged in military service. But, having attracted the notice of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, he was brought to Rome, and successively held the offices of Cursus Honorum: Tribune (214 BC), Quaestor (204 BC), Aedile (199 BC), Praetor (198 BC), Consul (195 BC) together with his old patron, and finally Censor (184 BC).

Late in life, he encouraged the Romans to start the Third Punic War to destroy Carthage.

References 

234 BC births
149 BC deaths
Roman people
Kavirondo is the old name of the region around Kavirondo Gulf (now Winam Gulf) as well as of two native peoples living there under the regime of British East Africa (The "Nilotic Kavirondo" and the "Bantu Kavirondo"). Broadly, this was defined as those who dwelt in the valley of the Nzoia River, on the western slopes of Mount Elgon, and along the northeast coast of Victoria Nyanza. 

Suggested origins of the name "Kavirondo" include 
 From local young warriors, armed with spears, bows, arrows, & clubs, who were observed to sit on their heels, which in Kiswahili is kaa virondo. Thus the region became Kavirondo, the inhabitants pejoratively called wa-Kavirondo: “people who sit on their heels”
 From kaba-londo: In Buganda two unusual words related to royalty were combined, kabaka, the king & namu-londo, the stool used as throne on which the king is crowned.
Origins and divisions
Kavirondo is the general name of two distinct groups of tribes: The  Bantu immigrated from the south and the other Nilotic, came from the north. The Bantu appear to have been the first. The Nilotic tribes are probably an offshoot of the Acholi. They appear to have crossed the lake to reach their current home, the country around Kavirondo Gulf. Of the two groups the Bantu now occupy a more northerly position than their neighbors, and are practically the most northerly representatives of that race (Hobley). Their further progress north was stopped by the southward movement of the Nilotic tribes, while the Nilotic Kavirondo in their turn had their wanderings arrested by an irruption of Elgumi people (themselves probably of Nilotic origin) from the east.
The Bantu Kavirondo are divided into three principal types: the Awa-Rimi, the Awa-Ware and the Awa-Kisii. Their Bantu neighbors call the Nilotic Kavirondo Ja-Mwa. The generic name for the Nilotic tribes is Ja-Luo, but the Bantu Kavirondo call them Awa-Nyoro. The two groups have many characteristics in common. 

The Kavirondo have many tribes, divided, Sir H. H. Johnston suspects, totemically.

Culture and society
Traditionally, these people seem to be naked. The men of the Nilotic Kavirondo start to wear a small piece of goat-skin on their penis when they become fathers.  This is called Sembe. Even though this covering is practically useless as a covering, etiquette says it must still be worn. Even those men who wear clothes must wear the goat-skin, when they are fathers.
Men of the tribe have traveled more, and have had more contact with white people. Some of the tribesmen now wear European-style clothing. Women traveled less, or were more conservative. They kept the nudity, or the few garments they had before.

Among the Bantu Kavirondo married women wear a short fringe of black string in front and a tassel of banana fiber suspended from a girdle behind. This tassel looks like a tail from a distance. The first travelers to Africa talked about a "tailed race".  The Nilotic Kavirondo women wear the tail, but not the fringe in front. For dandy they wear a goat-skin slung over the shoulders. 

Some of the Bantu tribes practice circumcision, the Nilotic tribes do not. Patterns are tattooed on chest and stomach for ornament. Men, even husbands, are forbidden to touch the women's tails, which must be worn even should any other clothing be wrapped round the body.
Among the Bantu tribes a man has the refusal of all the younger sisters of his wife as they attain puberty. Practically no woman lives unmarried all her life, for if no suitor seeks her, she singles out a man and offers herself to him at a reduced price, an offer usually accepted, as the women are excellent agricultural laborers. The Nilotic Kavirondo incline to exogamy, endeavoring always to marry outside their clan. Girls are betrothed at six or seven, and the husband-elect continually makes small presents to his father-in-law-elect till the bride reaches womanhood. It is regarded as shameful if the girl be not found a virgin on her wedding day. She is sent back to her parents, who have to return the marriage price, and pay a fine. The wife's adultery was formerly punished with death, and the capital penalty was also inflicted on young men and girls guilty of adultery. Among the Bantu Kavirondo the usual minimum price for a wife is forty hoes, twenty goats and one cow, paid in installments
. The Nilotic Kavirondo pay twenty sheep and two to six cows; the husband-elect can claim his bride after half payment; if a woman dies without bearing children, the amount of her purchase is returnable by her father, unless the widower consents to replace her by another sister. The women are prolific and the birth of twins is common and considered a lucky event, which is celebrated by feasting and dances. Among the Bantu Kavirondo the mother of twins must remain in her hut for seven days; among the Nilotic Kavirondo the parents and the infants must stay in the hut for a whole month. If a Bantu mother has lost two children in succession, the next child born is taken out at dawn and placed on the road, where it is left till a neighbor, usually a woman friend who has gone that way on purpose, picks it up and takes it to its mother who gives a goat in return; a somewhat similar custom prevails among the Niotic tribes. Names are not male and female, and a daughter often bears her fathers name.
The Kavirondo bury their dead. Among one of the Bantu tribes, the Awa-Kisesa, a chief is buried in the floor of his own hut in a sitting position, but at such a depth that the head protrudes. Over the head an earthenware pot is placed, and his principal wives have to remain in the hut till the flesh is eaten by ants or decomposes, when the skull is removed and buried close to the hut. Later the skeleton is unearthed, and reburied with much ceremony in the sacred burial place of the tribe. Married women of the Bantu tribes are buried in their hut lying on their right side with legs doubled up, the hut being then deserted. Among the Nilotic tribes the grave is dug beneath the veranda of the hut. Men of the Bantu tribes are buried in an open space in the midst of their huts; in the Nilotic tribes, if the first wife of the deceased be alive he is buried in her hut, if not, beneath the veranda of the hut in which he died. A child is buried near the door of its mothers hut
. A sign of mourning is a cord of banana fiber worn round the neck and waist.
A chief chooses, sometimes years before his death, one of his sons to succeed him, often giving a brass bracelet as insignia. A man's property is divided equally among his children.

While some tribes live in isolated huts, those in the north have strongly walled villages. The walls are of mud and formerly, among the Nilotic tribes, occasionally of stone. Since colonization by the British the security of the country induced the Kavirondo to let the walls fall into disrepair. Their huts are circular with conical thatched roofs, and fairly broad verandas all round.
Of dances, the Kavirondo have the birth dance, the death dance, that at initiation and one of a propitiatory kind in seasons of drought. Their music is plaintive and sometimes pretty, produced by a large lyre-shaped instrument. They also use various drums.

The Ja-Luo women use small beads attached to pieces of brass for ear ornaments. Like the aggry beads of West Africa these beads are not of local manufacture nor of recent introduction. They are ancient, generally blue in color, occasionally yellow or green, and are picked up in certain districts after heavy rain. The natives believe they come down with the rain. They are identical in shape and color to ancient Egyptian beads and other beads obtained from ancient cities in Baluchistan.

Religion and beliefs 
They appears to practice a vague ancestor worship, but the northern tribes have two gods, Awafwa and Ishishemi, the spirits of good and evil. To the former, cattle and goats are sacrificed.
The Kavirondo have great faith in divination from the entrails of a sheep. Nearly everybody and everything are ominous of good or evil to the Kavirondo. 

They have few myths or traditions; the antbear is the chief figure in their beast-legends. 

They believe in witchcraft and practice trial by ordeal.

Economy
The Kavirondo are essentially an agricultural people: both men and women work in the fields with large iron hoes. In addition to sorghum, Eleusine and maize, tobacco and hemp are both cultivated and smoked. Both sexes smoke, but the use of hemp is restricted to men and unmarried women, as it is thought to injure child-bearing women. Hemp is smoked in a hubble-bubble. The Kavirondo cultivate sesamum and make an oil from its seeds which they burn in little clay lamps of the ancient saucer type, the pattern being, in Hobley's opinion, introduced into the country by the coast people.
The Kavirondo keep cattle, sheep, goats, fowls and a few dogs. Women do not eat sheep, fowls or eggs, and are not allowed to drink milk except when mixed with other things. The flesh of the wild cat and leopard is esteemed by most of the tribes. Among the Bantu Kavirondo goats and sheep are suffocated, the snout being held until the animal dies. From Eleusine a beer is made. 

The Kavirondo are plucky hunters, capturing the hippopotamus with ropes and traps, and attacking with spears the largest elephants. Fish, of which they are very fond, are caught by line and rod or in traps. Bee-keeping is common, and where trees are scarce the hives are placed on the roof of the hut. 

Traditional Kavirondo industries are salt-making, effected by burning reeds and water-plants and passing water through the ashes; the smelting of iron ore (confined to the Bantu tribes); pottery and basket-work.

Sources and references
C. W. Hobley, Eastern Uganda, an Ethnological Survey (Anthrop. Inst., Occasional Papers, No. I, London, 1902)
 Sir H. H. Johnston, Uganda Protectorate (1902)
 J. F. Cunningham, Uganda and its Peoples (1905)
 Paul Kollmann, The Victoria Nyanza (1899).

Geography of Africa
Ethnic groups in Uganda
The Magellan goose (Chloephaga picta picta) or upland goose is a bird of Anatidae family. It is most commonly found in the southern part of South America, Tierra del Fuego. The Upland goose is a subspecies of Chloephaga picta leucoptera. The Upland Goose is one of the most conspicuous birds in the Falklands. The subspecies Chloephaga picta leucoptera is only found in the Falklands. It is slightly larger than the South American subspecies.

References

Other websites 
 Stamp of Falklands
 facts sheet

Geese
Birds of South America
The Rocker is a comedy movie. It was released on August 20, 2008. The movie stars Rainn Wilson, Josh Gad, Christina Applegate, Teddy Geiger, Will Arnett, Emma Stone, and Bradley Cooper.  It was written by Maya Forbes & Wallace Wolodarsky. Wolodarsky is best known for his work on writing for The Simpsons.

Opinions of the movie
Based on 92 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, The Rocker had an overall approval rating of 36 percent, with a weighted average score of 5.1/10.  Entertainment Weekly gave it a C-, saying "the movie ... shamelessly ... rips off School of Rock, recycling its flaky-educator loser-of-the-gods premise, only this time in high school"
Box office
The Rocker was released on August 20, 2008 in the United States. It did not make as much money at the box office as it was expected to make. It opening at #12 with $2.64 million for its first weekend. The movie earned less than $7 million overall during its entire theatrical run. One of the stars of the movie, Emma Stone, had another movie (The House Bunny) open the same weekend. It earned much more than The Rocker, opening at #2.

Cast
 Rainn Wilson as Robert “Fish” Fishman, drummer
 Christina Applegate as Kim
 Josh Gad as Matt Gadman, keyboardist
 Teddy Geiger as Curtis Wood, lead vocalist and guitarist
 Emma Stone as Amelia, bassist
 Will Arnett as Lex

References

Other websites

 

2008 movies
American comedy movies
American musical movies
20th Century Fox movies
Fierce Creatures is a 1997 British comedy movie. The movie was written by John Cleese and directed by Fred Schepisi and Robert Young.

The story is based around a British zoo. It has recently been bought by New Zealand businessman Rod McCain (played by Kevin Kline) and put under the management of Rollo Lee (Cleese). In order to gain more money, Lee decides to use a "fierce creatures" policy. This means that only animals which could kill people would be kept in the zoo.

The movie was a Spiritual sequel to A Fish Called Wanda and used the same main cast.

Cast
 John Cleese as Rollo Lee
 Jamie Lee Curtis as Willa Weston
 Kevin Kline as Vince McCain/Rod McCain
 Michael Palin as Adrian 'Bugsy' Malone
 Robert Lindsay as Sydney Lotterby
 Ronnie Corbett as Reggie Sea Lions
 Carey Lowell as Cub Felines
 Bille Brown as Neville
 Derek Griffiths as Garry Ungulates
 Cynthia Cleese as Pip Small Mammals
 Richard Ridings as Hugh Primates
 Maria Aitken as Di Harding

Other websites
Other websites
 

1997 comedy movies
British comedy movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Fred Schepisi
Movies directed by Robert Young
The Bucket List is a 2007 American comedy-drama movie. It was written by Justin Zackham and directed by Rob Reiner. The movie stars Jack Nicholson, Morgan Freeman, Sean Hayes, Beverly Todd, and Rob Morrow. The story follows two men who have terminal cancer (Nicholson and Freeman) on a road trip with a wish list of things to do before they "kick the bucket".

The "Bucket List" 
 Witness something truly majestic
 Help a complete stranger for a common good
 Laugh till I cry
 Drive a Shelby Mustang
 Kiss the most beautiful girl in the world
 Get a tattoo
 Skydiving
 Visit Stonehenge
 Spend a week at Louvre
 See Rome
 See the pyramids
 Get back in touch (previously "Hunt the big cat")

Other websites 
 Official site
 
 
 
 
 
 The Bucket List at Yahoo! Movies

2007 comedy-drama movies
2000s buddy movies
2000s road movies
American comedy-drama movies
American road movies
Cancer in movies
English-language movies
Movies about death
Movies directed by Rob Reiner
Warner Bros. movies
Movies set in California
Shōjo (少女) is a Japanese word meaning "girl". The characters, or kanji, mean "little" and "woman". The word is mainly used to describe a demographic for anime and manga- girls 7-19.

Origin 
Like many Japanese words, the characters of the word shōjo come from Chinese. The first known use of the word comes from a Chinese book called The Book of the Later Han. In Chapter 86, young girls are mentioned:盤瓠種，昔帝嚳時患犬戎入寇, 乃訪募天下，有能得犬戎之將吳將軍頭者，購黃金千鎰，邑萬家，又妻以少女

Translation: The myth of Yao: the country is being invaded by barbarians, the king is looking for warriors who are able to take the head of the general of the invading army, and for this the king will award a thousand Yi of gold, many houses, and young girl(s) as their wife/wives.The word was brought to Japan in the 7th century, when they began using a Chinese-style legal system. During this time, shōjo meant girls from 17 to 20.
Modern Use 
Nowadays, the word shōjo is legally used to mean any woman or girl under 20. This is like how shounen is used to mean men or boys under 20.

Outside of legal use, the word shōjo is used to refer to things for girls or about girls, like shōjo manga, shōjo anime, and shōjo fashion.

Related pages
Shounen (media)

Manga
The Five Families are the five major Italian-American Mafia crime families which have controlled organized crime in New York City since the 1930s. The Five Families, under the suggestion of Salvatore Maranzano and Charles "Lucky" Luciano, were responsible for the establishment of The Commission, a council that changed how things worked with Mafia activities in the United States. 
   
The five families and their bosses are (currently):
Bonanno: Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano (Salvatore Montagna is the acting boss)
Gambino: Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo and Jackie "Nose" D'Amico 
Colombo: Carmine "Junior" Persico (Thomas Gioeli is the acting boss)
Genovese: Daniel "Danny the Lion" Leo
Lucchese: Vittorio "Vic" Amuso (Steven "Wonderboy" Crea is the acting boss)
In pop culture 
In The Godfather, five crime families control the Mafia of New York, but the families have different names.  The Corleones, go to war with the other members of the Five Families, the Tattaglias, the Barzinis, the Cuneos, and the Straccis.
In The Sopranos, the DiMeo Crime Family of New Jersey have close business connections with the Lupertazzi Crime Family of Brooklyn, one of the five families in New York. Members of the DeCavalcante family believed themselves to be the ones used for the DiMeo family.

References
The Gambino crime family is one of the "Five Families" that controls organized crime activities based in New York City, United States, within the  Mafia (or Cosa Nostra). It was named after Carlo Gambino.
Bosses of the Gambino crime family 
 1907–1917 — Pellegrino Morano (Brooklyn Camorra leader, jailed 1917, then deported)
 1916–1928 — Salvatore "Toto" D'Aquila (what was left of the Brooklyn Camorra aligned with the D'Aquila group, killed by Joe Masseria October 10 or 28, 1928)
 1928–1930 — Alfred "Al Mineo" Manfredi (killed during Castellammarese War November 5, 1930)
 1930–1931 — Francesco "Frank/Don Cheech" Scalise (demoted after Salvatore Maranzano was killed)
 1931–1951 — Vincenzo "Vincent" Mangano (recognized as the first official boss of the family which would be the Gambino Family, disappeared April 15, 1951, allegedly killed by Albert Anastasia)
 1951–1957 — Albert "Mad Hatter" Anastasia (former head of the infamous death-squad Murder Incorporated, stepped up after Mangano disappeared, killed October 25, 1957, on orders of his Underboss Carlo Gambino)
1957–1976 — Carlo Gambino (family godfather, seized also the power of the commission and recognized as the most powerful boss during his entire regime from the late 1950s and all the way up to the mid 1970s, died October 15, 1976, of natural causes)
 1974–1976 — Paul "Big Paul" Castellano (acting boss) (Followed orders from his boss, Carlo Gambino, right upon his death in 1976)
 1976–1985 — Paul Castellano (originally a captain and Gambino's brother-in-law who was promoted by Gambino on his death bed, which triggered a small war between two of the family's factions, killed on the orders of rival John Gotti, December 16, 1985)
 1986–2002 — John Gotti (most infamous boss recognized in the media, stepped up with younger regimes, caused great rivalry between him and two other families, jailed from 1990 to 2002, officially recognized boss, died June 10, 2002, while incarcerated)
1992–1996 — Ruling Committee/Panel (aides to acting boss) Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo 1992-96 (jailed), Leonard "Lenny" DiMaria 1992-96 (jailed), John "Jackie Nose "DAmico 1992-96
 1996–2002 — Ruling Committee/Panel Jackie D'Amico 1996-98 (jailed), Peter "One Eye" Gotti 1996-1999 (promoted), Louis "Big Lou" Vallario 1996-2002, Stephen "Stevie Coogan" Grammauta 1996-2002, Michael "Mikey Scars" DiLeonardo 1996-2002 (jailed 2002, defected November 2002) (Committee/Panel disbanded 2002, with death of longtime Don and Godfather, John Gotti)
 1992–1999 — John A. Gotti Jr. also known as "Junior" Gotti (acting boss) (jailed 1999)
 1999–2002 — Peter "One Eye" Gotti (acting boss)
 2002–2003 — Peter Gotti (recognized as official boss, jailed 2002)
 2002–2005 — Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri (acting boss)
 2005–present — Jackie D'Amico (acting boss),  Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalu (acting underboss), Joseph "Jo Jo" Corozzo (consigliere)
 2005–2006 — Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo (possibly the official sitting boss)
2006–2007 — Nicholas Corozzo (Boss), Jackie D'Amico (street boss/caporegime), Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalu (underboss, arrested on violation of his parole, in custody), Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri (acting underboss), Joseph Corozzo (consigliere)
 2007–2008 — Nicholas Corozzo (Boss), Jackie D'Amico (street boss/caporegime), Leonard "Lenny" DiMaria (street boss/caporegime)On strict supervised release until 2008, Arnold Squitieri (acting underboss), Joseph Corozzo (consigliere)
 2008–present — Derek Gualtieri (Boss), Deion Gualtieri (acting boss), Arnold Squitieri (underboss), Joseph Corozzo (consigliere) (present regime-hierarchy 2008)
Current family leaders 
 Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo - Capo, former rival of John Gotti and Boss of the Gambino crime family. Brother of Consigliere Joseph Corozzo and the current head of the caporegimes. Named as one of the main defendants in the Operation Old Bridge case, but was tipped off in advance and went for almost four months on the run. Pleaded guilty to enterprise corruption, incarcerated at the Metropolitan Correctional Center (MCC) on separate counts of conspiracy to commit murder.
 John "Jackie Nose" D'Amico - Capo, took over the old John Gotti crew in the early 1990s, operated in Queens and Brooklyn with labor racketeering, loansharking, extortion and murder. Currently an alleged Street boss or Acting boss along with the Corozzo brothers. Named as one of the main defendants following the indictments from Operation Old Bridge, he pleaded guilty to an extortion operation at Staten Island and was in August sentenced to 2 years in prison.
Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri - Underboss, longtime caporegime in the Gambino crime family, used to operate in Manhattan, Queens and Brooklyn with drug trafficking during the 1980s. Now he's currently promoted to family Underboss. Squitieri was convicted of drug trafficking, illegal gambling and tax evasion in 2006, and is currently serving just over seven years in prison.
 Joseph "Jo Jo" Corozzo - Current Consigliere and brother of Nicholas Corozzo, with alleged loansharking and illegal gambling operations in Manhattan and Queens. Held his position since 1992 as a former rival of John Gotti. Named in the Operation Old Bridge indictments along with his brother, Corozzo was arrested and put into custody on February 8 and was in August sentenced to 46 months in prison after pleading guilty to a racketeering conspiracy charge.
Current family Capos 
 Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo - Capo and Boss of the Gambino crime family. Brother of Consigliere Joseph Corozzo, uncle of Joseph Jr. and the current head of the caporegimes. Became a fugitive for almost four months, currently incarcerated.
 John "Jackie Nose" D'Amico - Capo, took over the old John Gotti crew in the early 1990s, operated in Queens and Brooklyn with labor racketeering, loansharking, extortion and murder. Currently an alleged street boss or acting boss along with the Corozzo brothers. Took a plead deal after the massive roundup of Gambino Family members and is serving a 2-3 year sentence.
 Thomas "Tommy" Gambino - Capo, son of former family godfather Carlo Gambino and nephew to Paul Castellano. Crew originally based in Brooklyn, Queens and Manhattan, New York. Controls labor racketeering in the Garment District.
Leonard "Lenny" DiMaria - Capo, personal right-hand-man for Nicholas Corozzo since early 1970s. Operates in Brooklyn and Manhattan with racketeering and loansharking. Alleged racketeering operations in Florida.
 Francesco "Frank" Cali - Capo, accordingly the official Gambino "ambassador to the Sicilian Mafia", Cali extorted money with Leonard DiMaria from Joseph Volleros trucking company on Staten Island. A major suspect in the drug trafficking between the Sicilian Mafia and the Gambinos, Cali is currently incarcerated.
 Thomas "Tommy Sneakers" Cacciopoli - Capo in the New Jersey faction of the Gambinos.
 Domenico "Italian Dom" Cefalu - Capo and former Underboss. Born in Italy, Cefalu is the Sicilian faction-leader of the family, along with Anthony Megale. Currently imprisoned on violation of his parole and due to the indictments from Operation Old Bridge.
Daniel "Danny" Marino - Capo of the Gambinos' Queens faction with labor and construction racketeering operations. A longtime rival of John Gotti, Marino was involved in the murder-conspiracy that killed Frank DeCicco instead of Gotti in 1986.
 Anthony "Sonny" Ciccone - Capo. A legend on the Brooklyn waterfront and dock boss, now serving a long prison sentence.
 Salvatore "Vinny Papa" Ricchiettore - Acting Capo and current dock boss on behalf of Anthony Ciccone on the Brooklyn waterfront. Longtime member of the Gambino crime family.
 George "Butters" DeCicco - Capo and brother of former Gambino Underboss, Frank DeCicco. A loyalist to John Gotti, DeCicco has been operating out of the Staten Island and Brooklyn factions of the family with loansharking since the 1980s. Currently on trial.
Anthony "Tony Genius" Megale - Capo and co-leader of the Sicilian faction of the family with Domenico Cefalu, Megale was the former acting underboss of the Gambino family after Peter Gotti was sent to prison in 2002. Currently incarcerated.
 Eugene "Gene" Gotti - Capo, imprisoned for drug-trafficking, loansharking, murder and extortion. Brother of John, Peter, Vincent Gotti and Richard. Gene Gotti is serving 50 years in prison, but is in charge of all Gambino family loansharking business in New York.
 Richard "Richie" Gotti - Capo of the Manhattan side. Brother of John, Peter, Gene and Vincent. Controls loansharking, extortion and garbage routes. Waste management consultant in Manhattan.
 Salvatore "Fat Sally" Scala - Capo with extortion, racketeering and loansharking operations based in the Queens faction. Former heroin-trafficker and recognized by Jerry Capeci as one of the designated shooters in the murders of Paul Castellano and Thomas Bilotti.
Louis "Louie Bracciole" Ricco - Caporegime, controls illegal gambling, loansharking and racketeering in one half of the Bronx, as well as operating out of the New Jersey and Brooklyn factions of the family.
 Salvatore "Tore" LoCascio - Capo - Son of the imprisoned Consigliere, Frank "Frankie Loc" LoCascio. Control of the other half of the Bronx faction. Used to operate within pornography that earned so much as $350 million a year, until he was prosecuted in 2003.
 Ronald "One Armed Ronnie" Trucchio - Capo with control of The Ozone Park Boys, used to operate in Queens with a $30 million-a-year illegal gambling operation. Sentenced to life imprisonment in 2005.
 Stephen "Stevie Coogan" Grammauta - Capo in the Manhattan faction of the Gambino family. Recognized by Jerry Capeci as one of the real shooters in the murder of Albert Anastasia in 1957. Reportedly served as acting boss in the "Ruling Panel" from 1996 to 2002.
Louis "Big Lou" Vallario - Capo, served from 1996 to 2002 as acting boss in the Family's Ruling Committee/Panel. Took over the crew of Sam Gravano in the 1980s. One of the last aides to John Gotti. Controls crew in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn.
 Joseph "Sonny" Juliano - Capo in the Brooklyn faction of the Gambino crime family with illegal gambling, loansharking, fraud and wire fraud activities. Used to manage and operate a multi-million-dollar illegal gambling ring in 30 different locations in New York City.
 Vincent "Vinny the Shrimp" Corrao - Capo with illegal gambling and narcotics operations. Crew originally based in Brooklyn.
 Vincent "Little Vinny" Artuso - Capo with control of the Palm Beach, Florida faction of the Gambino family. Former drug trafficker and recognized by Jerry Capeci as one of the four designated shooters in the murder of Paul Castellano in 1985.
Anthony "Tony Pep" Trentacosta - Caporegime in the South Florida faction of the family. Former friend of John Gotti, used to run a gasoline racket that cost the US government $1 billion in tax dollars during the 1980s.
Carlo Gambino (; August 24, 1902 – October 15, 1976) was a Mafioso who became Boss of the Gambino crime family, that is still takes the name today. No one expected Gambino to seize control over the Commission of La Cosa Nostra in the US, at 1957 Apalachin Convention. Gambino was known for being low-key and secretive and unlike many modern mobsters, Gambino served no time in prison, but lived to the age of 74, when he died of a heart attack in bed.

Notes

People from New York (state)
Gambino crime family
1902 births
1976 deaths
People from Palermo
John Joseph Gotti, Jr. (October 27, 1940 – June 10, 2002), commonly known by the media as "The Dapper Don" and "The Teflon Don" after the murder of his former boss Paul Castellano, was the boss of the well known Gambino crime family.

1940 births
2002 deaths
People from New York City
Gambino crime family
In physics, energy transfer is when energy is moved from one place to another. Energy cannot be made or destroyed. However, it can be transferred and it can change from one form of energy to another form of energy.

Energy
Galagos, also known as bushbabies or  (meaning "little night monkeys" in Afrikaans), are small, nocturnal primates native to continental Africa. There are 21 species, and they form the family Galagidae.

Geography 
Range varies with species but includes most of the forested and bush regions of Africa south of the Sahara including some of the nearby islands such as Zanzibar. Their range does not extend to Madagascar.

There are many kinds of bush babies. Bush babies are the most successful prosimian primates in Africa.

Habitat 
Galagos are all arboreal and are able to jump far between branches.

Diet 
Galagos are omnivorous but mainly eat insects. Their favorite food is grasshoppers, but they also eat small birds, eggs, fruits, seeds and flowers. Euoticus has specialized front teeth for removing tree bark so it can eat tree gum.

References 

Lorisoidea
The Mongolic languages are a group of languages that are spoken in Central Asia. Some linguists propose to put Mongolic languages in the same group as the  Turkic and Tungusic languages. They call this group the Altaic languages, but not all linguists agreed upon this.

The best-known member of this language family is Mongolian. In Cyrillic orthography as it is used in Mongolia it is written Монгол Хэл. In the vertical Uygur-derived script as used in Inner Mongolia in China it is written Mongγol Kele. It is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia, and is spoken by around 5.7 million people in Mongolia, Russia, and China.
References
 Γarudi (2002): Dumdadu üy-e-yin mongγul kelen-ü bütüče-yin kelberi-yin sudulul [The study of grammatical forms in Middle Mongolian]. Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a.
 Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge.
 Janhunen, Juha (2003a): Written Mongol. In: Janhunen 2003: 30-56.
 Janhunen, Juha (2003b): Para-Mongolic. In: Janhunen 2003: 391-402.
 Janhunen, Juha (2003c): Proto-Mongolic. In: Janhunen 2003: 1-29.
 Poppe, Nicholas (1964 [1954]): Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
 Rybatzki, Volker (2003): Middle Mongol. In: Janhunen 2003: 47-82.
 Sechenbaatar, Borjigin (2003): The Chakhar dialect of Mongol - A morphological description. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society.

Other websites
Ethnologue report on Mongolic languages
Ethnic groups of Mongolia
Ethnic map of Mongolia
The Tungusic languages (also known as Manchu-Tungus, Tungus) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Some linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic languages but many others do not think so.

Many Tungusic languages are in danger, and the long-term future of the family is uncertain.

Classification
Linguists working on Tungusic have proposed a number of different classifications based on different criteria, including morphological, lexical, and phonological characteristics. 
 
Northern Tungusic
 Evenki (obsolete: Tungus), spoken by Ewenkis in central Siberia and northeastern China and
 Even (Lamut) of eastern Siberia

These languages can be considered dialects or related languages of Evenki:
 Oroqen
 Negidal
 Solon
 Manegir
Southern Tungusic
Southeast Tungusic
 Nanai (Gold, Goldi, Hezhen)
 Akani
 Birar
 Kile
 Samagir
 Orok
 Ulch
 Oroch
 Udege
Southwest Tungusic (or the Jurchen-Manchu group)
 Manchu of Manchuria, the language of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Dynasty of China.  
 Sibe - spoken in Xinjiang autonomous region by descendants of a Manchurian tribe dispatched by the Qing Dynasty to Xinjiang as a military garrison.
Jurchen - an extinct language of the Jin Dynasty of China. 
Jurchen-Manchu (Jurchen and Manchu are simply different stages of the same language).

References

 Ethnologue entry for Tungus languages
Kane, Daniel. The Sino-Jurchen Vocabulary of the Bureau of Interpreters. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, Volume 153. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1989.

Other websites
Monumenta Altaica - Altaic Linguistics. Grammars, Texts, Dictionaries, Bibliographies of Mongolian and other Altaic languages 
Tungusic Research Group at Dartmouth College
The Pioneer program is the name of a few unmanned space missions done by NASA between 1958 and 1978. The best-known of these probes were Pioneer 10 and 11, launched in 1972 and 1973 respectively.
Both carried a plaque as shown.
The first spacecraft in Pioneer program, Pioneer 0 was launched on August 17, 1958. 77 seconds after launch the Thor engine failed and a spacecraft has failed at launch. The next spacecraft, Pioneer 1, was the first spacecraft in Pioneer Program to be launched successfully, on October 11, 1958. Like its successor, Pioneer 2, which was launched on November 8, 1958, it was launched to the Moon. The most famous spacecraft in Pioneer program, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 were launched on March 2, 1972 and April 5, 1973 respectively. Both reached the Jupiter system on December 4, 1973 and December 2, 1974 respectively. Pioneer 11 became the first spacecraft to approach Saturn, on September 1, 1979. Both spacecraft aren't functional anymore, the last signal from Pioneer 11 was received on Earth on November 24, 1995 at a distance 44 AU (7 Billion km; 3 Billion miles), while the last signal from Pioneer 10 was received on January 23, 2003 at a distance of 82 AU (12 Billion km; 7.6 Billion miles) from Earth
. Pioneer 10 was the most distant spacecraft from Earth until February 17, 1998 when it was passed by Voyager 1 and will be the 3rd farthest spacecraft from Earth once it'll be passed by Voyager 2 around March 2023.
Early Missions 
The earliest missions were attempts to escape the pull of Earth’s gravity and to study the Moon. This included the first launch by NASA which was formed from the old NACA. These missions were carried out by the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, Army, and NASA.

Able space probes (1958–1960) 
Pioneer P-1, P-3, 5, P-30, and P-31 probe

 Most missions here are listed with their most recognised name, and alternate names in italic.

Pioneer 0

 Thor-Able 1, Pioneer

 Lunar orbiter
 Destroyed
 Failure 77 seconds after launch.
 August 17, 1958

Pioneer 1

 Thor-Able 2, Pioneer I
 Lunar orbiter, missed Moon
 Third stage partial failure.
 October 11, 1958

Pioneer 2

 Thor-Able 3, Pioneer II
 Lunar orbiter, reentry
 Third stage failure.
 November 8, 1958

Pioneer P-1

 Atlas-Able 4A, Pioneer W
 Launch vehicle lost.
 September 24, 1959

Pioneer P-3

 Atlas-Able 4, Atlas-Able 4B, Pioneer X
 November 26, 1959

Pioneer 5

 Pioneer P-2, Thor-Able 4, Pioneer V
 March 11, 1960

Pioneer P-30
Pioneer P-30

 Atlas-Able 5A, Pioneer Y
 Lunar probe
 Failed to achieve lunar orbit.
 September 25, 1960

Pioneer P-31

 Atlas-Able 5B, Pioneer Z
 Lunar probe
 Lost in upper stage failure.
 December 15, 1960

Juno II lunar probes (1958–1959) 

 Pioneer 3 – Lunar flyby, missed Moon due to launcher failure December 6, 1958
 Pioneer 4 – Lunar flyby, achieved Earth escape velocity, launched March 3, 1959

Later Missions (1965-1978) 

Five years after the early Able space probe missions ended, NASA Ames Research Center used the Pioneer name for a new series of missions, to gather information at the inner Solar System, before the flyby missions to Jupiter and Saturn. While successful, the missions returned much poorer images than the Voyager program probes would five years later. In 1978, the end of the program saw a return to the inner Solar System, with the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe, this time orbiting instead of flying by planets.
The new missions were numbered beginning with Pioneer 6 (other  names in brackets).

Interplanetary weather 
The spacecraft in Pioneer missions 6, 7, 8, and 9 that research interplanetary space weather:

 Pioneer 6 (Pioneer A) – launched December 1965
 Pioneer 7 (Pioneer B) – launched August 1966
 Pioneer 8 (Pioneer C) – launched December 1967
 Pioneer 9 (Pioneer D) – launched November 1968 (not working since 1983)
 Pioneer E – lost in launcher failure August 1969

Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 9 are orbiting the Sun at 0.8 AU, with orbits slightly shorter than Earth. Pioneer 7 and Pioneer 8 are in solar orbits with 1.1 AU distance to the Sun. Their orbits are slightly longer than Earth's. Since the probes' orbital periods are different from that of the Earth, from time to time, they face a side of the Sun that cannot be seen from Earth.

Outer Solar System missions 

 Pioneer 10 (Pioneer F) –  Jupiter, interstellar space, launched March 1972
Pioneer 11 (Pioneer G) –  Jupiter, Saturn, interstellar space, launched April 1973
 Pioneer H –  Jupiter mission for 1974, never launched. It is identical to Pioneers 10 and 11.

Venus project 

 Pioneer Venus Orbiter (Pioneer Venus 1, Pioneer 12) – launched May 1978
 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe (Pioneer Venus 2, Pioneer 13) – launched August 1978
 Pioneer Venus Probe Bus – transport vehicle and upper atmosphere probe
 Pioneer Venus Large Probe – 300 kg parachuted probe
 Pioneer Venus North Probe – 75 kg impactor probe
 Pioneer Venus Night Probe – 75 kg impactor probe
 Pioneer Venus Day Probe – 75 kg impactor probe

Related Articles 

 NASA
 Voyager program
 Mariner program
The Musée d'Orsay is an art museum in Paris. The building was built in 1900 and was first used as a railway station. In 1986, it became a museum, and it is still very famous today. 

The museum exhibits artworks of the 19th century including Impressionist paintings. The Impressionist paintings include works by Monet, Degas, Renoir, Cézanne, Manet, and Van Gogh. That's why the Orsay is called the 'Impressionism museum'. 

The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848 to 1915, including paintings, sculptures, furniture, and photography. Its extensive collection of impressionist and post-impressionist masterpieces is the largest in the world. It features work by such painters such as Monet, Manet, Degas, Renoir, Cézanne, Seurat, Sisley, Gauguin, Van Gogh and many others.

Collection
Paintings: major painters and works represented
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres  — 4 paintings (the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre)
Eugène Delacroix  — 5 paintings (the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre)
Théodore Chassériau  — 5 paintings (the main collection of his paintings is in the Louvre)
Gustave Courbet — 48 paintings including The Artist's Studio, A Burial at Ornans, Young Man Sitting, L'Origine du monde
Jean-François Millet — 27 paintings including Spring, The Gleaners
Honoré Daumier — 8 paintings
Eugène Boudin — 33 paintings including Trouville Beach
Camille Pissarro — 46 paintings including White Frost
Édouard Manet — 34 paintings including Olympia, The Balcony, Berthe Morisot With a Bouquet of Violets, The Luncheon on the Grass
Berthe Morisot  — 9 paintings
Edgar Degas — 43 paintings including The Parade, also known as Race Horses in front of the Tribunes, The Bellelli Family, The Tub, Portrait of Edouard Manet, Portraits, At the Stock Exchange, L’Absinthe
Paul Cézanne — 56  paintings including Apples and Oranges
Claude Monet — 86 paintings (the main collection of his paintings is in the Musée Marmottan Monet) including The Saint-Lazare Station, The Rue Montorgueil in Paris. Celebration of June 30, 1878, Wind Effect, Series of The Poplars, Rouen Cathedral. Harmony in Blue, Blue Water Lilies
Alfred Sisley — 46  paintings including Inondation at Port-Marly
Pierre-Auguste Renoir — 81 paintings including Bal au moulin de la Galette, Montmartre
Ferdinand Hodler — Der Holzfäller (The Woodcutter)
Gustave Caillebotte — 7 paintings including The Floor Planers
Édouard Detaille — The Dream
Vincent van Gogh — 24 paintings including Self Portrait, portrait of his friend Eugene Boch, The Siesta, The Church at Auvers, View from the Chevet, The Italian Woman, Starry Night Over the Rhone, Portrait of Dr. Gachet, Bedroom in Arles
Paul Gauguin — 24 paintings including Tahitian Women on the Beach
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec — 18 paintings
Paul Signac — 16 paintings including Women at the Well
Georges-Pierre Seurat — 19 paintings including The Circus
Edouard Vuillard — 70 paintings
Henri Rousseau — 3 paintings
Pierre Bonnard — 60 paintings including The Chequered Blouse
André Derain — Charing Cross Bridge, also known as Westminster Bridge
Edvard Munch — 1 painting
Gustav Klimt — 1 painting
Piet Mondrian — 2 paintings
James McNeill Whistler — 3 paintings including Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist's Mother, also known as Whistler's Mother
Museums in Paris
Art museums in France
Cystitis is the infection of the urinary bladder. Women get this more often than men, but men can get it also. It also affects all age groups.

Infectious diseases
Urinary problems