Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Education
He initially studied mathematics but then started attending lectures  on psychology and philosophy. Husserl was so impressed by Brentano that he decided to dedicate his life to philosophy.

Early works
His major written work is Philosophie der Arithmetik (1891). In these first works he tries to combine mathematics, psychology and philosophy with a main goal to provide a sound foundation for mathematics. He analyzes the psychological process needed to obtain the concept of number and then tries to build up a systematical theory on this analysis. To achieve this he uses several methods and concepts taken from his teachers. From Weierstrass he derives the idea that we generate the concept of number by counting a certain collection of objects. From Brentano and Stumpf he takes over the distinction between proper and improper presenting.
In an example Husserl explains this in the following way: if you are standing in front of a house, you have a proper, direct presentation of that house, but if you are looking for it and ask for directions, then these directions (e.g. the house on the corner of this and that street) are an indirect, improper presentation. In other words, you can have a proper presentation of an object if it is actually present, and an improper (or symbolic as he also calls it) if you only can indicate that object through signs, symbols, etc.

Intentionality
Another important element that Husserl took over from Brentano is intentionality. It is the notion that the main characteristic of consciousness is that it is always intentional. While often simplistically summarised as "aboutness" or the relationship between mental acts and the external world, Brentano defined it as the main characteristic of mental phenomena, by which they could be distinguished from physical phenomena.
The elaboration of phenomenology
Some years after the publication of his main work, the Logische Untersuchungen (Logical Investigations; 1900-1901) Husserl made some key conceptual elaborations which led him to assert that in order to study the structure of consciousness, one would have to distinguish between the act of consciousness and the phenomena at which it is directed (the object-in-itself, transcendent to consciousness). 

Knowledge of essences would only be possible by "bracketing" all assumptions about the existence of an external world. He called this procedure epoché.

Husserl then started to concentrate on the ideal, essential structures of consciousness.

The metaphysical problem of establishing what kind of reality we perceive was of little interest to Husserl in spite of his being a transcendental idealist.
Husserl proposed that the world of objects and ways in which we direct ourselves toward and perceive those objects is normally conceived of in what he called the "natural standpoint", which is characterized by a belief that objects materially exist and exhibit properties that we see as emanating from them.

Husserl proposed a radical new phenomenological way of looking at objects by examining how we in our many ways of being intentionally directed toward them, actually  "constitute"  them (to be distinguished from materially  "creating objects or objects" .

In a later period, Husserl began to wrestle with the complicated issues of intersubjectivity, specifically, how communication about an object can be assumed to refer to the same ideal entity (Cartesian Meditations, Meditation V).

Husserl tries new methods of bringing his readers to understand the importance of phenomenology to scientific observation: specifically he refers to psychology) and what he means for "bracketing natural attitude".
The Crisis of the European Sciences is Husserl's unfinished work that deals most directly with these issues. In it, Husserl for the first time attempts a historical overview of the development of Western philosophy and science, emphasizing the challenges presented by their increasingly (one-sidedly) empirical and naturalistic orientation.

Husserl declares that mental and spiritual reality possess their own reality independent of any physical basis.

List of works
In German
1887. Über den Begriff der Zahl. Psychologische Analysen.
1891. Philosophie der Arithmetik. Psychologische und logische Untersuchungen (Philosophy of Arithmetic)
1900. Logische Untersuchungen. Erste Teil: Prolegomena zur reinen Logik (Logical Investigations, Vol 1)
1901. Logische Untersuchungen. Zweite Teil: Untersuchungen zur Phänomenologie und Theorie der Erkenntnis (Logical Investigations, Vol 2)
1911. Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft (included in Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy: Philosophy as Rigorous Science and Philosophy and the Crisis of European Man)
1913. Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie. Erstes Buch: Allgemeine Einführung in die reine Phänomenologie (Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology)
1923-24. Erste Philosophie. Zweiter Teil: Theorie der phänomenologischen Reduktion (First Philosophy, Vol 2: Phenomenological Reductions)
1925. Erste Philosophie. Erste Teil: Kritische Ideengeschichte (First Philosophy Vol 1: Critical History of Ideas)
1928. Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins.
1929. Formale und transzendentale Logik. Versuch einer Kritik der logischen Vernunft (Formal and Transcendental Logic)
1931. Méditations cartésiennes (Cartesian Meditations) 
1936. Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzentale Phänomenologie: Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie (The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy)
1939. Erfahrung und Urteil. Untersuchungen zur Genealogie der Logik. (Experience and Judgment)
1952. Ideen II: Phänomenologische Untersuchungen zur Konstitution.
1952. Ideen III: Die Phänomenologie und die Fundamente der Wissenschaften.
In English
Cartesian Meditations, 1960 [1931]. Cairns, D., trans. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Online.
The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Philosophy, 1970 [1936/54], Carr, D., trans. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Experience and Judgement, 1973 [1939], Churchill, J. S., and Ameriks, K., translators. London: Routledge.
Formal and Transcendental Logic, 1969 [1929], Cairns, D., trans. The Hague: Nijhoff.
Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy -- First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology, 1982 [1913]. Kersten, F., trans. The Hague: Nijhoff.
Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy - Second Book: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution, 1989. R. Rojcewicz and A. Schuwer, translators. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy - Third Book: Phenomenology and the Foundations of the Sciences, 1980, Klein, T. E., and Pohl, W. E., translators. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Logical Investigations, 1973 [1913], Findlay, J. N., trans. London: Routledge.
On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893-1917), 1990 [1928]. Brough, J.B., trans. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
"Philosophy as Rigorous Science", translated in Lauer, Q., ed., 1965 [1910] Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy. New York: Harper.
Philosophy of Arithmetic, Willard, Dallas, trans., 2003 [1891]. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Anthologies:
Willard, Dallas, trans., 1994. Early Writings in the Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Welton, D., ed., 1999. The Essential Husserl. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Other websites

 Husserl-Archives at the University of Cologne.
 Husserl Archives at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh .
 Edmund Husserl (1859-1938).  -- Marianne Sawicki. Accessed 2008-11-18.
 www.husserlpage.com. Includes a number of online texts in German and English.
 Husserl.net, open content project.
"Logic and Formal Ontology in the Work of Edmund Husserl." Resource guide on Husserl's logic and formal ontology, with annotated bibliography.
 The Husserl Circle.
 Spanish website  on Husserl and phenomenology.
 Website  devoted to Husserl's phenomenology and its relation to art and architecture, with specific reference to architectural drawings.

1859 births
1938 deaths
19th-century German philosophers
20th-century German philosophers
Austrian Jews
Austrian scientists
Continental philosophers
German Lutherans
German mathematicians
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
Jews who converted to Christianity
Er (Р, р) is the sixteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [r].

It comes from the Greek letter rho and stands for the Roman letter R.

Related pages
 Ρ, ρ - Rho (Greek)
 R, r (Roman)
 R, p (Roman)
Es (С, с) is the seventeenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [s].

It comes from the Greek letter sigma and stands for the Roman letter S.

Related pages
Σ, σ, ς - Sigma (Greek)
S, s (Roman)
C, c (Roman)
Te (Т, т) is the fifteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [t]. The lowercase's т italic looks like an т.

It comes from the Greek letter tau and stands for the Roman letter T.

Related pages
 Τ, τ - Tau (Greek)
 T, t (Roman)
U (У, у) is the eighteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like
It comes from the Greek letter upsilon and stands for the Roman letter U.

Related pages
 Υ, υ - Upsilon (Greek)
 U, u (Roman)
 Y, y (Roman)
Lucas is a 1986 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Seltzer, It was released on March 28, 1986. The movie was a geared toward a teen audience. This movie ranked number 16 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies .

Plot summary
The main character of the movie, Lucas is a shy and quiet, fourteen-year-old nerd, who is in love with a girl. This leads to heartbreak when his older friend and the girl fall in love.

Other websites 
 

1986 comedy-drama movies
1986 romantic comedy movies
1986 romantic drama movies
1980s sports movies
1980s teen comedy movies
1980s teen drama movies
1980s teen romance movies
20th Century Fox movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
American sports drama movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies set in Illinois
American sports comedy movies
The Orto botanico di Pisa, also known as the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pisa, is a botanical garden, and the University of Pisa takes care of it. The garden is at via Luca Ghini 5, Pisa, Italy. It is open weekday mornings and it does not cost money to see it.

The garden was started in 1544 under Cosimo I de' Medici as the first university botanical garden in Europe, and it was put under the care of the famous botanist Luca Ghini of Imola. In 1563 the garden was moved from its original place near a river (now the Medicean Arsenal) to one near the convent of Santa Marta. In 1591 the garden was again moved to a third place, where it still is. From these early times, the garden has contained a gallery of natural objects (now Pisa's Museo di Storia Naturale), a library (now part of the university library), and portraits of its directors throughout the centuries. It also includes one of the earliest iron-framed hothouses built in Italy.
Today there are different sections in the garden containing the botanical school, gardens, ponds, greenhouses, and various buildings. Major collections include herb gardens and arboreta, as well as the old botany institute, built 1591–1595, with a facade ornamented with sea-shells.

Related pages
 List of botanical gardens in Italy
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites 

 University of Pisa website for the Orto botanico di Pisa 

Buildings and structures in Italy
Botanical gardens in Europe
Pisa
Seismology is the study of what is under the surface of the Earth by measuring vibrations on the Earth's surface. A person who does this is called a seismologist. 

It is part of the science of geophysics, which studies the physics of the processes that formed the Earth and other planets. 

Seismology is done by seismologists and geophysicists using devices to pick up the vibrations called geophones, hydrophones or seismometers.

Seismology can either be passive, just listening to vibrations caused by earthquakes and volcanic activity, or active, using small explosive charges to send vibrations into the ground.

Seismic detectors come in two types, one which measures up and down vibrations, and one which measures side to side vibrations. Both types use and arrangement of a magnet and a coil of wire which will convert the vibrations into an electrical signal which can be stored in a computer for analysis. The earliest seismometer was developed by the Chinese.
Seismologists can find the location of earthquakes by plotting received vibrations on a map. They can also pick up underground nuclear tests, and this is what many of the seismic recording stations were set up for.

They can also examine the crust in a seismic survey to try and find information about layers of rock, locate oil or gas fields and to get information about the internal structure of volcanos.

Related pages
Earth science
Seismic analysis
A godparent is an adult who sponsors a child during a formal religious ceremony or rite. Many religions have godparents or other adults who do something almost the same. These religions include Christianity & Judaism and Islam. Usually a godparent must be a member of the religion of the child. The role of a god parent is to also give the god child a gift, small or big, money, toys, etc. Mainly on Sundays.

Originally a godparent was someone who agreed to help raise the child and help them to become a good member of the religion. They may also have taken over as parent to the child if both its real parents died. Today, the role of godparent is not often a formal one, and has no real responsibility to the child. A female child of a godparent is a goddaughter. A male child of a godparent is a godson.

References

Christian worship and liturgy
Judaism
Islam
Nystagmus, often called "dancing eyes", is an eye condition which causes uncontrolled, rapid, jerky, movement of the eyes, usually from side to side, but sometimes up and down or in a circular motion. Most people with nystagmus have poor vision. It causes problems in education, employment and many social situations. Nystagmus cannot be fixed by spectacles or contact lenses, although many people with nystagmus wear glasses or contact lenses to correct other eye problems.

Causes of Nystagmus
There are two types of Nystagmus. The first is Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS) which some people have at birth. The second type is known as acquired nystagmus which has a number of causes including:
 Alcohol
 Drugs, especially sedatives
 Head injury
 Inner ear problems like labyrinthitis or Meniere's disease
 Thiamine deficiency
 Vitamin B12 deficiency
 Diseases that can affect the brain's control of the eyes such as a tumor, or multiple sclerosis.
Features of nystagmus 
People with nystagmus do not normally see the world as moving, but they do occasionally. 
They have poor distance vision, but most have good close vision. 
Nystagmus is not painful.
Between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 2000 people have nystagmus.
Nystagmus can be hereditary, but it can also be a result of something else.
Most people with nystagmus can see well enough to drive an automobile
Nystagmus does not get worse with age.

Treatments and research 
There are currently no cures for nystagmus, but UK Nystagmus Network supports and encourages medical and other research into this complex condition. Research is ongoing with a number of universities leading the way.

References

Other websites 
http://www.nystagmus.co.uk nystagms.co.uk
http://www.nystagmusnet.org nystagmusnet.org

Diseases and disorders of the eye
In the story, two bad judges secretly want to have sexual intercourse with Susanna, a beautiful and virtuous wife. One hot day, she takes a bath inside her walled garden but she does not know that the judges are hiding inside the garden. The judges tell her to have sex with them but she doesn't want to. When she refuses, they tell the people of the village that they saw her having sex with a man who was not her husband. This is called adultery, which was against the law at that time. The people of the village believe the judges and want to kill Susanna. A boy named Daniel does not believe the judges, so he asks one of the judges to go away and the other one to say what he saw. Daniel does this again with the other judge. The judges tell different stories, showing that they lied. The people get mad and kill the judges instead.

Old Testament books
2nd-century BC works
El Bierzo is a shire in the province of León, Spain. The capital is the town of Ponferrada. Other major towns are Bembibre and Villafranca del Bierzo.

Related pages
 Province of Llión
 Leonese language

Province of León
A lime kiln is a kiln used to produce quicklime by the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate). The chemical equation for this reaction is:

CaCO3 + heat → CaO + CO2

Limestone is poured into one side of the kiln, it is then heated up with hot air and quicklime [Calcium Oxide] comes out the other end.
Waste Gases come out of the top of the kiln.

Chemistry
Grants are non-repayable money or products given by one party (grant makers) to a recipient, for example a person or group.  Many times, grants go from a government to a nonprofit organization, educational program, a business, or a person. 

People write proposals or fill out applications for grants. Getting a grant involves following rules and reporting back to whoever gave the grant on how the money is being used.

Money
Giving
Say It Again is a single by Natasha Bedingfield originally released in 2007, off the studio album N.B.. The song also appears on the 3rd studio album by Bedingfield called Pocketful of Sunshine.

2007 songs
Pop ballads
Wild Horses is a song by The Rolling Stones from their 1971 album Sticky Fingers. It has been covered by many other artists. Alicia Keys' recording, for her album Alicia Keys: Unplugged, featured the frontman of Maroon 5, Adam Levine.

1971 songs
1970s ballads
Rock ballads
Country ballads
Country rock songs
The Rolling Stones songs
Richard Marx songs
Alicia Keys songs
Maroon 5 songs
Susan Boyle songs
The Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA) is an association. Its purpose is to help and encourage research to keep and develop of light rail and tramway/streetcar systems. The LRTA publishes the monthly magazine Tramways and Urban Transit (formerly Modern Tramway). It is based in the United Kingdom but it has an international membership and remit.

History 
The LRTA was formed in 1937. It was called Light Railway Transport League (LRTL) until 1979. 

The opening of the Tyne and Wear Metro in 1980, followed by the Manchester Metrolink in 1991 and other new tram systems in Sheffield, Birmingham, Croydon and Nottingham, are very much in line with the aims of the Association.

Related pages
National Tramway Museum
Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
Transport 2000

Other websites
LRTA official website
The official publication of the LRTA 

Light rail in the United Kingdom
Lucifugum is a popular black metal band from Ukraine. They and Nokturnal Mortum are two of the best-known exponents of the East European black metal scene. Lucifugum was formed in 1995 by poet/composer Khlyst and musicians Bal-a-Myth (guitar, bass) and Faunus (vocals). The band continues to perform, despite Faunus having left the band in 2001, and Bal-a-Myth having died in his sleep on October 5, 2002; the albums Back to Chopped Down Roots and Sociopath: Philosophy Cynicism were recorded in 2003 by numerous session musicians which, however, did not join the band. In 2004 Khlyst moved to the Ukrainian town Mykolayiv (Nikolaev) to continue the activity of Lucifugum and Propaganda together with local black metal musician Elena (aka Stabaath) (ex-Namtar, ex-Hesperus). Vector33 is the first album with Stabaath (she recorded vocals, guitar, bass, and keyboards). All lyrics are written by Khlyst, and music is composed by Stabaath and Khlyst. Khlyst and Stabaath (real names Igor and Elena Naumchuk) are married
. They are the owners of black metal label Propaganda.
The music of Lucifugum was different and changed during the years. The early period can be described as symphonic black metal (1996-2000), later it was black/thrash metal, sometimes with death metal touches (2001-2003), and after 2004 the music of the band has transformed into pure black metal style.

According to Propaganda web site (details to album “Sublimessiah”) Khlyst performs vocals since 2014. The critical problems with Stabaath’s throat have stopped her during the record of the vocal. So, there are just 3 tracks (1,3,5) with Stabaath’s vocals on “Sublimessiah”.

Band members 
 Khlyst (Igor Naumchuk) – vocals (2014-), lyrics (1995-), drum programming (2008-)
 Stabaath (Elena Naumchuk) – guitars, bass (2004-), vocals (2004-2014), keyboards (2005)

Former members 
 Bal-a-Myth (deceased) – guitars, bass (1995-2002)
 Faunus – vocals (1995-2001)
Discography 
 Gates of Nocticula - 1996
 Path of Wolf - 1996
 Through the Indifferent Sky - 1997
 on the sortilage of Christianity - 1999 
 On hooks to pieces! - 2000
 …and the Wheel keeps crunching… - 2001
 Stigma Egoism - 2002
 …back to chopped down roots - 2003
 Sociopath: philosophy cynicism - 2003
 Vector33 - 2005
 The Supreme Art of Genocide - 2005
 Involtation - 2006
 Sectane Satani - 2007
 Acme Adeptum – 2008
 Xa Heresy – 2010
 Od Omut Serpenti – 2012
 Sublimessiah – 2014
 Agonia Agnosti – 2016
 Infernalistica – 2018
 Tri nity limb ritual – 2020

Music videos 
2000 - "Vse Materi Umirayut"
2003 - "Sociopath: Philosophy Cynicism"
2005 - "Na Smertj"

Other websites 
 Lucifugum interview for Ophiolatry Zine (Russia) 
 Lucifugum at Metal Archives
 Lucifugum at Discogs
 Black metal label Propaganda (owned by Khlyst and Stabaath)
 Lucifugum biography @ Rockdetector
 Adipocere records
 BlackMetal.Com
 Drakkar productions

Black metal bands
St. Catharines is the biggest city in the Niagara Region of Canada.  Nearly 132,000 people live in St. Catharines as of 2006.

Sister cities 

  Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago

Other websites 
 City of St. Catharines' Official Website

Cities in Ontario
A grassland is a biome, an area of land that mostly has grasses. There are wild grasses, and there may be some trees. 

Several parts of the world have grasslands. Grasslands are found in Africa, North America, Central Asia, South America, and near the coasts of Australia. The largest grasslands are in East Africa. Grasslands with a few scattered trees are called savannas. Others are called prairies or steppes.

Evolutionary history  
The graminoids became widespread toward the end of the Cretaceous period. The appearance of mountains in the western United States during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs created a continental climate which was favourable to the evolution of grasslands.

About five million years ago, in the Miocene in the New World and the Pliocene in the Old World, the first true grasslands grew. Existing forest biomes declined, and grasslands became much more widespread.

Vegetation
Vegetation 

Grassland vegetation can vary greatly in height. The chalk grassland of southern England is quite short, often with small, delicate flowers. 

Grass is quite tall in the Mississippi "tallgrass prairie", the South American grasslands and the African savannas. This provides a degree of cover for the smaller animals, and so increases the number of species which can live there.

Woody plants, shrubs or trees, may occur on some grasslands. The root systems of perennial grasses and forbs (herbaceous flowering plants) form complex mats that hold the soil in place.

Degradation 
When shrubs and bushes can grow more and replace grass, this is called woody plant encroachment.  This change may be harmful.  It can make the number of plant species fewer. It allows less water to go into the ground and animals have less to eat.  For that reason woody encroachment is often called a form of land degradation. 

But this is not always the case. Encroachment can lead to good changes in nature.
North America 
The tallgrass prairie is a native ecosystem of the drainage basin of the Mississippi. Retreating glaciers dropped moraine material about 10,000 years ago. Wind-dropped loess and organic matter accumulated. This made the soil. The prairie had the deepest level of topsoil recorded anywhere.  For 5,000 to 8,000 years, more than  of prairie grasslands were a major feature of the landscape. 

Animals such as buffalo, elk, deer, and rabbits lived there.  The animals added nitrogen to the soil with their urine and faeces. Prairie dogs dug tunnels that "aerated the soil and channeled water several feet below the surface".
Between 1800 and 1930, most of this natural environment was destroyed.  Settlers transformed what they called "the Great American Desert" or "The Inland Sea" into farmland.  They replaced the old grasses with new ones, mostly wheat and maize, grasses that are ecologically different from the original cereals.  They replaced the bison with cattle, another kind of bovine. About 40% of the world's maize grows in the United States, mostly on land that formerly grew grass.  The grazing pattern of European cattle, the near-extermination of prairie dogs, and the plowing and cultivation of the land did the damage.  Plowing cut tallgrass root systems and interrupted reproduction.  Drainage changed the soil's water content, and soil erosion lost soil. 

Estimates differ of how much original tallgrass prairie survives. Perhaps less than 1% to 4%, mostly in "scattered remnants found in pioneer cemeteries, restoration projects, along highways and railroad rights-of-way, and on steep bluffs high above rivers".
Plants and animals 
In many other parts of the world, the grasslands have little rain or long dry periods. There are few trees because of the low rainfall. Thorny trees called acacias are one of a handful of trees that are able to grow in some African savannas. Wildfires are common and destroy trees. The animals also prevent trees from growing as they eat the tender sprouts before they can develop into grown trees. Elephants are known to tear down grown-up trees and feed on their leaves, making trees even more scarce.

Grass can still grow because it survives the aridity and the trampling of the animals. This is why grasslands can feed vast numbers of animals.  Animals include mice, rats that eat mostly seeds.  Snakes, hawks and eagles eat mostly small animals.  Big animals, mostly grazers, include zebras, ostriches, giraffes, rhinos, elephants, horses, and antelopes.

References

Related pages 
 Grass
 Cereals

Biomes
Oshawa is a city of Ontario in Canada.  It can be found on the shores of Lake Ontario. Around 141,600 people were living in Oshawa as of 2006.

Media
CKDO 1580

CKGE 94.9

References

Other websites 
 City of Oshawa website

Cities in Ontario
Worcester is a city of Worcester County in the state of Massachusetts in the United States.  It is the county seat of Worcester County.  About 175,900 people were living in Worcester as of 2006.

Worcester is 40 miles from Boston, Massachusetts and 40 miles from Springfield, Massachusetts—right in the middle.

In 1774, the first public reading of the United States Declaration of Independence in New England took place in Worcester.

Sister cities 
 Worcester, England (1998)
 Piraeus, Greece (2005)
 Pushkin, Russia
 Afula, Israel

Other websites 
Worcester official website

County seats in Massachusetts
 
1673 establishments
17th-century establishments in Massachusetts
1670s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Grimsby (population 26 000) is a town on Lake Ontario in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. Grimsby is a part of the Hamilton Census Metropolitan Area.  Most of its population lives in the area surrounded Lake Ontario and the Niagara escarpment.  The escarpment is home to a section of the Bruce Trail. There are many famous people from Grimsby, including NHL player Kevin Bieksa, and The Three Stooges director Del Lord. Grimsby is known as "the gateway between Hamilton and Niagara". In the early 1900's, Grimsby was known as an amusement park, with a roller coaster, a movie theater, and cabins on the lake. One of Grimsby's elementary schools, Grand Avenue Public School, used to be the fairgrounds for the amusement park.

References

Towns in Ontario
Camellia sinensis, the tea plant, is the species of plant whose leaves and leaf buds are used to make tea. It is in the genus Camellia. 

White tea, green tea, oolong, pu-erh tea and black tea all come from this species. They are processed differently, so they have different levels of oxidation. Kukicha (twig tea) is also harvested from Camellia sinensis, but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves.

Tea
Camellia
Proposition 8 is an initiative passed in California on November 4, 2008 that banned same-sex marriage.  The measure passed by 52% to 48%. It changed California's Constitution by adding a section that says, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."  The law was in response to a judge's ruling that gay marriage was legal under the California state Constitution.  The campaign to pass Proposition 8 was mostly paid for by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

Proposition 8 is controversial and is being debated in court. On August 4, 2010, Judge Vaughn Walker in the United States District Court made a ruling that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional and should be overturned. This would make same-sex marriage legal again in California, however, Judge Walker issued a stay of execution, so that those in favor of Proposition 8 could legal appeal.
The appeal of the case went to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On February 7, 2012, the judges in this court agreed with Judge Walker that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional. However they also issued a stay of execution, so that their ruling could be appealed to the United States Supreme Court.

Those in favor of Proposition 8 appealed to the Supreme Court on July 30, 2012. On December 7, 2012, the Supreme Court agreed to judge the case. The Supreme Court will issue a final ruling on the case in 2013.
There are several possible outcomes:
 The Supreme Court could agree with the lower courts, which would force Proposition 8 to be cancelled and would allow same-sex marriage to resume in California. 
 The Court could also disagree with the lower courts, in which case Proposition 8 would remain law. 
 The Court could rule that the supporters of Proposition 8 didn't have the right to bring the case to the Supreme Court, in which case the lower court ruling would stand, and Proposition 8 would also be overturned.

Depending on exactly how the Supreme Court rules, Proposition 8 could be overturned in California only, or all other laws against same-sex marriage in the United States could be overturned as well.

References 

United States law
Proposition 8
Same-sex marriage
Digsby was an instant messaging piece of software. It was for Microsoft Windows, with plans to support Mac and Linux. It supported Google Mail, Yahoo messenger, MSN Messenger, Facebook chat and others. Currently no longer operational.

Instant messaging software
Palacios del Sil is a municipality in the province of León, Spain.

Several Leonese language writers were born there.

Related pages
 Cuentos del Sil
 Leonese language

Municipalities in the Kingdom of León
Municipalities in Castile and León
Settlements in León
David James Archuleta (born December 28, 1990) is an American pop vocal artist. He was the runner-up of season 7 of American Idol. He had the singles "Crush", "A Little Too Not Over You", "Angels", and "Touch My Hand". He released the album David Archuleta in November 2008.

Discography

Albums
 2008 - David Archuleta
 2009 - Christmas from the Heart
 2010 - 'The Other Side of Down 2012 - Forevermore 2012 - Begin 2017 - Postcards in the Sky 2018 - Winter in the Air 2020 - Therapy Sessions''
Singles
 2008 - "Crush"
 2008 - "Angels" (Robbie Williams)
 2009 - "A Little Too Not Over You"
 2009 - "Touch My Hand"
 2009 - "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
 2010 - "Something 'Bout Love"
 2010 - "Elevator"
 2010 - "Falling Stars"
 2011 - "Wait"
 2012 - "Forevermore"
 2012 - "I'll Never Go"
 2012 - "Broken"
 2012 - "Everybody Hurts"
 2013 - "Rainbow (Remix)"
 2013 - "Don't Run Away"
 2014 - "Glorious"
 2015 - "The Prayer" (with Nathan Pacheco)
 2016 - "Numb"
 2016 - "My Little Prayer"
 2016 - "Mi Pequeña Oración (My Little Prayer)"
 2017 - "Up All Night"
 2017 - "Invincible"
 2018 - "Seasons" (featuring Madilyn Paige)
 2018 - "Christmas Every Day"
 2018 - "Winter in the Air"
 2019 - "Postcards in the Sky"
 2019 - "Paralyzed"
 2019 - "Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays"
 2020 - "OK, All Right"

Other Songs
 2008 - "Imagine" (John Lennon)
 2008 - "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (Elton John)
1990 births
Living people
Singers from Utah
Singers from Florida
American Idol contestants
American Latter Day Saints
American R&B singers
American child singers
American composers
American musicians
American pop singers
American singer-songwriters
Scott Raynor (May 23, 1978) is an American drummer. He was Blink-182's drummer from 1992 to 1998, when he was told to leave the band. Now Raynor is a drummer for the bands Isinglass and One Track Mind.

When asked about being removed from Blink-182 in an interview, this is what Raynor said:

Discography

Blink-182 
 Flyswatter (1993)
 Demo #2 (1993)
 Short Bus (1994)
 Cheshire Cat (1994)
 Buddha Promo (1994)
 They Came to Conquer... Uranus (1995)
 Dude Ranch (1997)
Buddha (1998)

ISINGLASS 
 ISINGLASS(1999)
 New Millennium (2000)

One Track Mind 
 Music for Dummies (2003)

References 

1978 births
Living people
American drummers
American guitarists
American punk musicians
Musicians from California
Blink-182 members
David Archuleta is the first album released by runner-up of Season 8 of American Idol, David Archuleta. The studio album includes the songs "Crush", and "A Little Too Not Over You".

Original Track Listing 
 "Crush"
 "Touch My Hand"
 "Barriers"
 "My Hands"
 "A Little Too Not Over You"
 "You Can"
 "Running"
 "Desperate"
 "To Be With You"
 "Don't Let Go"
 "Your Eyes Don't Lie"
 "Angels"

iTunes Deluxe Edition Tracks 
 "Waiting for Yesterday"
 "Falling"
 "Let Me Go"
 "Somebody Out There"

Wal-Mart Bonus Tracks 
 "Works For Me!"

2008 albums
Debut albums
pop albums
R&B albums
"Crush" is a #1 hit single by David Archuleta. The single came off the album David Archuleta. "Crush" was released on August 2, 2008. The single was recorded during the final episodes of Season 8 of American Idol.

Pop songs
2008 songs
A Little Too Not Over You is a 2009 song. It was released in early January 2009 by David Archuleta. The hit single came off the album David Archuleta. The song was on airplay since late-December. A LIttle Too Not Over You is the 4th track off the album by Archuleta.

2009 songs
It was the true government for Czechoslovakia throughout the Second World War. A specifically anti-Fascist government, it sought to reverse the Munich Agreement and the following German occupation of Czechoslovakia, and to return the Republic to its 1937 boundaries. Due to this it was considered, by those countries that recognized it, the legal continuation of the First Republic of Czechoslovakia.

References

Czechoslovakia
The Nellis Solar Power Plant was the largest solar power plant in North America when it was built in 2007. It is in Nellis Air Force Base in Clark County, Nevada.

References

Buildings and structures in Nevada
Solar power plants
Las Vegas
2007 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Nevada
Richard Keys, (born 23 April 1957, Coventry, England) is an English broadcaster who is famous for presenting live football matches on Sky Sports since the early 1990s. He was a presenter on TV-am before joining Sky.

References

1957 births
Living people
English television presenters
Energetics is the scientific study of energy movement and storages under change. Energetics is a wide field of study. This study includes topics such as thermodynamics, chemistry and biochemistry. Scientists often debate where each topic begins and ends.

Thermodynamics
A train is a set of railway cars (also called vehicles) that are tied together with or without a locomotive. Trains are used to carry people, and also things like raw material, finished goods, cargo, and waste. The vehicles that carry freight are called cars (in the United States) or wagons (in the United Kingdom). The ones that carry passengers are often called coaches or carriages. A place where a train stops to let people get on and off is called a train station or railway station.
Trains have their roots in wagonways, which used railway tracks and were powered by horses or pulled by cables. Following the invention of the steam locomotive in the United Kingdom in 1804, trains rapidly spread around the world, allowing freight and passengers to move over land faster and cheaper than ever possible before. Rapid transit and trams were first built in the late 19th century to transport large numbers of people in and around cities. Beginning in the 1920s, and accelerating following World War II, diesel and electric locomotives replaced steam as the means of motive power. Following the development of cars, trucks, and extensive networks of highways which offered greater mobility, as well as faster airplanes, trains declined in importance and market share, and many rail lines were abandoned. The spread of buses led to the closure of many rapid transit and tram systems during this time as well.

History
History

Before steam trains there were wagonways where horses and people pulled cars over tracks made of stone and wood.

A steam train made its first journey on 21 February 1804 at the Penydarren Iron Works in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, UK.  The  locomotive Coalbrookdale was built by Richard Trevithick helped by the owner of the ironworks Samual Homfray.

The Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 showed how a train could be run. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830 was the first to run passenger trains and freight trains in the way that trains run on most railways today. The use of trains were then to go from country to country over the world, and it was more easy for people and things to get from one place to another place.
Soon after 1830 nearly all trains were pulled by steam locomotives. The steam engine was be the main way to run trains until the 1960s when many countries stopped using them, for example the United States of America had 38,853 steam engines in 1945 but by 1961 that was only 110.

As the internal combustion engine that used petroleum oil and diesel oil got better people tried to use those those, but they were not very successful at first. The year 1913 in Sweden was when the first successful in the world ran, and it was able to keep going until 1939.  The 1920s saw diesel trains get better and by the 1930s diesel trains were going very fast, including the a German train going from Berlin to Hamburg at over  and a train going from Denver to Chicago,  without stopping at an end-to-end speed of .

While the first small railway run by electricity was in 1835 it was about after the 1890s when more electric railways and trains started across the world.
After World War 1 there improvements in road cars and buses and people began to use them more than trains.  The same was true for how things were moved.  From the 1950s the aeroplane became a better way for people to go to some places that were further away.  Trains and railways had to get better to stop losing people and things to cars and aeroplanes but many have had to close.

Types of train

Freight 

Freight trains have freight cars (US) or goods' wagons (UK) to carry goods from one place to another. Some are boxcars (closed and roofed cars for cargo); others are special so they can carry special cargo. There are hopper cars for sand, coal, ore and other granulous (sand-like) materials, flatbed cars for vehicles and machinery, tank cars for liquids, container cars for containers and even bottle cars for molten iron. Almost anything which is not too large to fit under tunnels and bridges can be transported on special freight cars.
Passenger 
Passenger trains have passenger cars (US) or coaches (UK) made so people can ride them from one train station to another due to competition from cars and airplanes. Passenger trains are usually a very comfortable way of traveling. Many trains have electrical outlets and Wi-Fi hotspots for computers and mobile devices.

Most passenger cars are single-deckers: there are also double-decker passenger cars, such as the Finnish Inter-City cars.

Some trains look like a special bus that can only drive on rails.

The world's longest passenger train was  long and had 100 cars.  It was a special train that ran in October 2022 in Switzerland.

Trains in the city
Trains in the city

To get to a city and to move around it trains may need to carry many people and they can get very busy. There are many names for this type of train including rapid transit.  The railway for these trains may go underground or be above the road.  Trains which go along city roads are called Trams. A new word for trams that also use tracks used by other trains outside the city is '''tram-trains'''.

Trains that go far
There are few long-distance passenger trains in the United States, but more in Europe and Asia.

They may have a special car where you can eat. Sometimes there are also sleeping cars (passenger cars with beds) for long overnight voyages.

Very fast trains
High-speed rail uses special, fast passenger trains on special tracks. A few of the fast ones are maglev trains, using magnets to hover slightly off the tracks to have less friction.
Crew 
 The driver or engineer makes sure the train works right, and speeds it up or slows it down. Usually a train needs a driver to make it run well, but a few are run by computer.
 The guard or conductor makes sure the train goes the right way and tells the driver if he makes a mistake.
 Only steam trains have a fireman. He makes sure the fire that powers the steam locomotive is burning properly by putting coal into the fire.

Propulsion 

Most trains are pulled by locomotives. Before 1900, almost all were steam locomotives. As this kind of steam engine uses very much fuel for the work it does, steam began to give way to diesel locomotives and electric locomotives during the 1930s. Today, most locomotives are diesel-electric locomotives.
Sometimes a train has no separate locomotive, but the prime mover (diesel engine or electric motor) is located on the first car of the train itself, and the car has engineer's cabin. The car is called a "motor unit".   Some trains have motors in many or all of the cars. This is called a diesel multiple unit or electric multiple unit.  Usually, both ends of the train have engineer's cabins. These trains are especially popular in commuter traffic in large towns and cities. Electric trains get their power from a third rail or from overhead wires.

The fastest train in the world is a special type of train using maglev propulsion, and it can reach .

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Train (transport) - Citizendium

Basic English 850 words
Trains
Wally Gator is a cartoon made by Hanna-Barbera.  It was first shown on television on September 3, 1962. The main character is an alligator named Wally. Wally lives in a zoo. He tends to run away from the zoo because he misses the swamp. However, Mr. Twiddle (the zookeeper) often captures Wally and brings him back to the zoo.

References

Hanna-Barbera characters
Anthromophic characters
Animated television series
English-language television programs
1962 television series debuts
1963 television series endings
Elie Wiesel (; born Eliezer Wiesel on September 30, 1928 – July 2, 2016) was a Romanian-American Jewish writer, teacher, political activist, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and Holocaust survivor.  His most well-known book is Night which is about his life in several concentration camps during the Holocaust. He was a humanitarian.  

Wiesel won the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize.  The Norwegian Nobel Committee praised his message "of peace, atonement and human dignity".

Wiesel died on July 2, 2016 at his home in Manhattan, aged 87.

Works
The Gates of the Forest 
Night

References 

1928 births
2016 deaths
American journalists
American Nobel Prize winners
American novelists
American political activists
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Holocaust survivors
Jewish activists
Jewish American academics
Jewish American writers
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Romanian Jews
Educators from New York City
Leaked in London is a live EP that was recorded by Fall Out Boy in 2007. The EP was made in response to their fourth album, Infinity on High, being leaked onto the internet three weeks before its actual release date. Those who bought Infinity On High could download Leaked In London from Fall Out Boy's website by using the CDPass software and inserting the Infinity On High CD into their computer.
Track listing 
All songs written by Fall Out Boy, except when noted.
 "Thriller" – 3:29
 ""The Take Over, the Breaks Over"" – 3:33
 "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" – 3:32
 "I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You off (Me & You)" – 3:31
 "Hum Hallelujah" – 3:50 (Fall Out Boy, Cohen)
 "Golden" – 2:32
 "Thnks fr th Mmrs" – 3:23
 "Don't You Know Who I Think I Am?" – 2:51
 "The (After) Life of the Party" – 3:21
 "The Carpal Tunnel of Love" – 3:23 (Fall Out Boy, Eisold)
 "Bang the Doldrums" – 3:31
 "Fame < Infamy" – 3:06
 "You're Crashing, But You're No Wave" – 3:42
 "I've Got All This Ringing in My Ears and None on My Fingers" – 4:06

References 

Fall Out Boy albums
Sullivan Bay is the site of the first official European settlement in Victoria, Australia. It is a very small bay near Sorrento, Victoria. It is close to the entrance of Port Phillip Bay,  south of the city of Melbourne.
In 1802, Governor Philip Gidley King in Sydney had written to Lord Hobart, Minister in charge of the colonies, in London, saying that Britain should start a settlement at Port Phillip Bay. King thought it would be good area for fishing and sealing. He was also worried that the French might settle in the area and then would control Bass Strait. Lieutenant John Murray had explored Port Phillip Bay in 1802 and thought that the Sorrento area would be a good spot to start a settlement.
Leaving England
Lieutenant Governor David Collins was put in charge of starting the new settlement. He took 307 convicts, some with wives and children, 51 soldiers, 17 free settlers, some with wives and children, and a government staff of 12, and a clergyman, the Reverend Knopwood. The group of more than 400 people left England in April 1803, in the store ship “Ocean” and the convict ship “Calcutta.”

The two ships sailed to Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, Capetown in South Africa, and arrived at Port Phillip Bay on 6 October and 8 October 1803. Only 14 people died on the trip. Collins was unable to find a good place to land that had drinking water and good soil. On 13 October 1803, he landed at Sullivan’s Bay, which he named after the Under Secretary of the Colonial War Department.
Settlement
The new settlers were able to get water by putting wooden barrels into the sand, and letting the water in the ground soak into them. It was salty and not nice to drink. The soil was very sandy and not suitable for farming. There were very few trees suitable for cutting up into building timber. The sandy ground meant that heavy items could not be carried in a wagon, which would be stuck in the sand, but had to be dragged instead. The small entrance to the bay made it difficult for sailing ships to get in or out safely. The tools brought from England, such a spades, hoes and axes, were very badly made and broke easily. Coscape. He had hoped to increase the food supply with fresh fish and kangaroos, but they were not able to catch any.

Life at Sullivan’s Bay
Male convicts were given a set of clothes in October 1803 which included:
 1 Jacket
 1 pair of trousers
 2 shirts
 1 waist coat
 12 breeches (socks)
 1 pair of shoes
 1 hat