Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The band was disbanded on July 29, 2010, but was brought back together in November 2013, with Sonny Moore returning

Discography 
 Albums/EPs
 Aesthetic (EP, 2003) - Four Leaf Records
 Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has a Body Count (2004) - Epitaph Records
 Heroine (2006) - Epitaph Records
 From First to Last (2008) - Interscope Records
 Throne to the Wolves (2010) - Rise Records

Videography 
 Such a Tragedy (2003)
 Ride the Wings of Pestilence (2004)
 Note to Self (2005)
 The Latest Plague (2006)
 Shame Shame (2006)
 Worlds Away (2008)

Members 
 Current members
 Matt Good - Lead vocals/screams (since 2007), lead guitar, keyboards (since 1999)
 Blake Steiner - Rhythm guitar, backing vocals (since 2009)
 Matt Manning - Screamed vocals, bass (since 2007)
 Derek Bloom - Drums (since 2002)
Former members
 Sonny Moore - Lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar (2004-2007)
 Phillip Reardon - Lead vocals/screams, keyboards (2002-2003)
 Travis Richter - Screamed vocals, rhythm guitar (since 2002), lead vocals (2002)
 Scott Oord - Bass, backing vocals (1999-2002)
 Joey Antillion - Bass (2002-2003)
 Jon Weisberg - Screamed vocals, bass (2004-2005)
 Parker Nelms - Drums (1999-2000)
 Steve Pullman - Drums, keyboard (2000-2002)
 Greg Taylor - Drums (2002)
 Chris Lent - Synthesizers, percussion (2008)

 Touring members
 Rick Patterson – Rhythm guitar (2003–2004)
 Alicia Simmons - Bass (2005)
 Wes Borland – Bass (2005–2006)
 Matt Fleischman – Bass (2006-2007)

Websites 
  FFTL Official Websites
  MySpace Site
  PureVolume Site
  Facebook Site

American punk bands
Emo bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
Musical groups from Florida
Falling in Reverse is a post-hardcore band formed in 2008 at Las Vegas, Nevada by Ronnie Radke, the former lead singer of Escape the Fate.

History
The band formed in December 2008, by Ronnie Radke with the aid of Nason Schoeffler , under the name From Behind These Walls. This name was changed in August of 2009 due to copyright problems. At the time the band was started, Radke was in prison, and he was the only member. In 2009, Radke released the demos Listen Up, The Worst Time, and The Departure, which in fact were not recorded by the band, but rather Radke himself alone in 2002.

In December 12, 2010, Ronnie Radke was released from prison. Several months after his release, Radke and the rest of the band began to record their album. The album was quickly finished by February of 2011.
Falling In Reverse released two singles to promote their album. The first single, Raised by Wolves, was released July 7, 2011. The Drug in Me Is You was released shortly after on July 27. The full-length album was released July 26, 2011, named The Drug in Me Is You, with Epitaph Records.

The band participated in the 'Warped Tour 2011', from August 10 to August 14.

Discography 
 Albums
 The Drug in Me Is You (2011)
 Fashionably Late (2013)
 Just Like You (2015)
 Coming Home (2017)

 Singles
 Raised by Wolves (June 7, 2011)
 The Drug in Me Is You (July 27, 2011)

Members 
 Current members
 Ronnie Radke - lead/screamed vocals, acoustic guitar (2008-present) 
 Jacky Vincent - lead guitar (2008-present)
 Derek Jones - rhythm guitar, screamed/backing vocals (2010-present) 
 Ryan Seaman - drums, screamed/backing vocals (2011-present) 
 Ron Ficarro - bass, backing vocals (2012-present) (Former I Am Ghost bassist)
Former members
 Mika Horiuchi - bass, backing vocals (2011-2012) 
 Nason Schoeffler - bass, backing vocals (2008-2011) 
 Scott Gee - drums (2010-2011)
 Nick Rich - drums, backing vocals (2008-2009)

Other websites 

  Official Website
   MySpace Site
   Facebook Site

References 

American punk bands
Post-hardcore bands
Musicians from Las Vegas
Musical groups from Nevada
2008 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Nevada
Ronald Joseph Radke (born December 15, 1985) is an American singer. He was the founder and singer in the band Escape the Fate from 2004 to 2008. As of December 2008, he is the founder and singer in the band Falling in Reverse.

History 

Ronald Joseph Radke was born on December 15, 1985 at Saint Rose Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada. He has Native American ancestry. His mother left him at a very young age, but later in life he was able to meet her. She was working as a dog groomer at this point. She ended up leaving him again due to her troubles with addiction. He was raised by his father who also had a drug problem but later became a born again Christian, and sober. Around this time his father also became the president of a motorcycle club. 

Radke grew up very poor. Focusing was a struggle for him during school. He often wore girls' jeans with his friend Mich because his favorite skateboarders wore similar clothes. Ronald has stated that he got them mostly from girls' houses.
He learned to skateboard, and he can still ride to this day.  In high school, he was bullied by the kids for his unique style of wearing tight clothes and very small shirts. Despite this he also  got along with some of his classmates because of his interest in rapping. Radke dropped out of high school twice.
Radke started forming bands during his high school years. His first band was called 3.0. The logo of this band was made in Microsoft Paint and resembled the Ninja Turtles logo. His second band, named Lefty (with Robert Ortiz), competed in the high school talent contest. While on stage, Radke's microphone fell and Max Green (who was in a band called Almost Heroes at the time) picked it up for him and they almost instantly became friends. Together, they formed a band called True Story. Their interest shifted out of the pop punk scene and got into bands like Trice. Radke started playing piano and guitar. He played left-handed guitar, but still played a normal right-handed guitar when he played Blink 182 songs. At age 21, Radke along with Max Green founded the band Escape the Fate. He made two albums with the band and two EPs. The more popular was Dying Is Your Latest Fashion, it was released September 26, 2006. In late 2008 Radke left Escape the Fate
. Radke then founded the band Falling in Reverse and continues to make music. He has several lead singles from the album The Drug In Me is You released.
Discography 
With Escape the Fate
 Escape the Fate (Demo, 2005)
 There's No Sympathy For The Dead (EP, 2006)
 Dying Is Your Latest Fashion (Studio album, 2006)
 Situations (EP, 2007)

With Falling in Reverse
 The Drug In Me Is You (Studio album, 2011)
 Fashionably Late (Studio Album, 2013)
Just Like You (Studio Album, 2015)
Coming Home (Studio Album, 2017)

References

http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2008/01/escape_the_fate_singer_escapes.html
http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2008/08/escape_the_fate_cancel_uk_tour.html
http://www.fallinginreverse.com.br/2012/02/ronnie-radke-fala-sobre-saida-da-prisao.html 
http://www.punknews.org/article/42949/ronnie-radke-returns-with-falling-in-reverse
http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=159159
http://www.spirit-of-metal.com/groupe-groupe-Falling_In_Reverse-l-en.html
http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/exclusive_ronnie_radke_interview_falling_in_reverse_drug_me_you

Singers from Las Vegas
1983 births
Living people
Park City is a city in Utah in the United States.  It was settled by Mormons in the 1840s and 1850s.  There was a lot of mining there in the 1860s.  Today, it is a ski resort.  Park City has 8,396 people, as of 2020. It is at an elevation of 7,000 feet.  It is where the Sundance Film Festival takes place.  Some of the events of the 2002 Winter Olympics were held in or near Park City.

References

 
Ski areas and resorts in the United States
19th-century establishments in Utah
Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau (1 December 1873 – 8 March 1919) was a French painter from Angers. He was born in Angers in 1873, and died there in 1919. He is associated with the Fauvist movement.

1873 births
1919 deaths
French painters
People from Angers
Alesana (pronounced Alice-Anna) is a emo band formed in Raleigh, North Carolina, in the year 2004.

History 
In June 2005, the band released the first EP, Try This with Your Eyes Closed, with Tragic Hero Records. On June 6, 2006, Alesana released the first album, On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax, this album was reissued on Fearless Records in 2008, next to the first EP. In 2007, the band released the video to the song Ambrosia.

On June 3, 2008, with Fearless, the band released the album Where Myth Fades to Legend. The third studio album, The Emptiness, was released January 26, 2010. The fourth album, A Place Where The Sun Is Silent will released October 19, 2011, with Epitaph Records.
Members 
Current members
 Dennis Lee - screamed vocals (since 2004)
 Shawn Milke - lead vocals/screams, rhythm guitar, piano/keyboards (since 2004)
 Patrick Thompson - lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2004)
 Alex Torres - lead guitar (since 2010)
 Shane Crump – bass, screamed vocals (2007–2008; since 2008)
 Jeremy Bryan - drums, backing vocals (since 2005)

Former members
 Adam Ferguson – rhythm guitar, screamed vocals (2005-2008; 2010)
 Jake Campbell – lead guitar (2008–2010), bass (2008)
 Steven Tomany – bass (2004–2007)
 Will Anderson – drums (2005)
 Daniel Magnuson – drums (2004–2005)

Discography 
 Albums/EPs
 Try This with Your Eyes Closed (EP, 2005)
 On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax (2006)
 Where Myth Fades to Legend (2008)
 The Emptiness (2010)
 A Place Where The Sun Is Silent (2011)

Videography 
 Ambrosia (2007) - directed by Jeremy Jackson
 Seduction (2008) - directed by Scott Hansen
 The Thespian (2010) - directed by Stephen Penta

Other websites 
 Official Website
American punk bands
Emo bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from North Carolina
Post-hardcore bands
Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in North Carolina
The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) is a sports organization in the United States.  It was founded in 1888.  It holds meets in many sports for amateur athletes (athletes who do not get paid) of all ages.  These sports include baseball, basketball, football, golf, and track.  A long time ago, when most athletes were amateurs, winning an AAU title meant that you were one of the best in your sport.  In the United States, AAU meets used to also be trials for the Olympic Games.  Since 1978, the AAU has lost most of its power.  This is due to the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 and the fact that many good athletes are no longer amateurs.  It is currently based in Lake Buena Vista, Florida at Disney's Wide World of Sports.

Sports organizations of the United States
1888 establishments in the United States
James Cleveland Owens (September 12, 1913 – March 31, 1980) was an American athlete. He was from Oakville, Alabama and moved to Cleveland, Ohio.  He won four NCAA Championships in 1935 and 1936. At the 1936 Summer Olympics, he won gold medals in the 100 meters, 200 meters, long jump and 4x100 relay. He died of lung cancer in Tucson, Arizona.

Early years 
Owens was born in Oakville, Alabama and moved to Cleveland, Ohio when he was nine years old as the seventh of the eleven children of Henry and Emma Owens. Owens was the grandson of a slave and the son of a sharecropper. He was often sick with what his mother reportedly called "the devil's cold". He was given the name Jesse by a teacher in Cleveland who did not understand his accent when the young boy said he was called J.C.
Throughout his life Owens attributed the success of his athletic career to the encouragement of Charles Riley, his junior-high track coach at Fairview Junior High, who had picked him off the playground and put him on the track team (see also Harrison Dillard, a Cleveland athlete inspired by Owens). Since Jesse worked in a shoe repair shop after school, Riley allowed Jesse to practice before school instead. 

Owens first came to national attention when, as a student of East Technical High School in Cleveland, Ohio, he tied the world record of 9.4 seconds in the 100-yard dash and long-jumped 24 feet 9 1/2 inches (7.56 m) at the 1933 National High School Championship in Chicago.
NCAA
Owens attended Ohio State University only after employment was found for his father, ensuring the family could be supported.  He was affectionately known as the "Buckeye Bullet" and won a record eight individual NCAA championships, four each in 1935 and 1936. The record of four golds at the NCAA has only been equaled by Xavier Carter, in 2006, although his titles included relay medals too.
Owens's greatest achievement came in a span of 45 minutes on May 25, 1935 at the Big Ten meet in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he set four world records. He tied the world record for the 100 yard (91 m) dash (9.4 seconds) and set world records in the long jump (26 feet 8¼ inches (8.13 m), a world record that would last 25 years), 220 yard (201 m) dash (20.3 seconds), and the 220 yard low hurdles (22.6 seconds to become the first person to break 23 seconds). This incredible feat is widely considered one of the most amazing athletic achievements of all time.  In fact, in 2005 both NBC sports announcer, Bob Costas, and University of Central Florida Professor of Sports History, Richard C. Crepeau chose this as the most impressive athletic achievement since 1850. 

Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium was completed in 2001 on The Ohio State University campus.  It is a multi-sport facility that hosts the university's varsity track and field, lacrosse and soccer teams.

Berlin Olympics
Berlin Olympics

In 1936 Owens arrived in Berlin to compete for the United States in the Summer Olympics. Adolf Hitler was using the games to show the world a resurgent Nazi Germany. He and other government officials had high hopes German athletes would dominate the games with victories. Meanwhile, Nazi propaganda promoted concepts of "Aryan racial superiority" and depicted ethnic Africans as inferior. 

Owens surprised many by winning four gold medals: On August 3 1936 the 100m sprint, defeating Ralph Metcalfe; on August 4, the long jump, after friendly and helpful advice from German competitor Lutz Long; on August 5, the 200m dash; and, after he was added to the 4 x 100m relay team, his fourth on August 9 (his performance wasn't duplicated until Carl Lewis won gold medals in the same events at the 1984 Summer Olympics).
On the first day, Hitler shook hands only with the German victors and then left the stadium (some claim this was to avoid having to shake hands with Cornelius Johnson, who was African-American, but according to a spokesman Hitler's exit had been pre-scheduled). Olympic committee officials then insisted Hitler greet each and every medalist or none at all. Hitler opted for the latter and skipped all further medal presentations.  
On reports that Hitler had deliberately avoided acknowledging his victories, and had refused to shake his hand, Owens recounted:
Owens was cheered enthusiastically by 110,000 people in Berlin's Olympic Stadium and later ordinary Germans sought his autograph when they saw him in the streets. Owens was allowed to travel with and stay in the same hotels as whites, an irony at the time given that Negroes in the United States were denied equal rights. After a New York ticker-tape parade in his honor, Owens had to ride the freight elevator to attend a reception for him at the Waldorf-Astoria. He later recounted:

Post Olympics
Post Olympics

After the games he had difficulty making a living and became a sports promoter, essentially an entertainer. He would give local sprinters a ten or twenty yard start and beat them in the 100 yd (91 m) dash. He also challenged and defeated racehorses although as he revealed later, the trick was to race a high-strung thoroughbred horse that would be frightened by the starter's pistol and give him a good jump. His self-promotion eventually turned into a public relations career in Chicago, including a long stint as a popular jazz disc jockey there.  In 1968, Owens received some criticism for supporting the racially turbulent XIX Olympic Games that year.
Jesse Owens was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1976 by Gerald Ford and (posthumously) the Congressional Gold Medal by George H. W. Bush on March 28, 1990. In 1984, a street in Berlin was renamed for him and the Jesse Owens Realschule/Oberschule (a secondary school) is in Berlin-Lichtenberg.  His birthplace in Oakville dedicated a park in his honor in 1996, at the same time the Olympic Torch came through the community, 60 years after his Olympic triumph.  

A pack-a-day smoker for 35 years, he died of lung cancer at age 66 in Tucson, Arizona. Owens is buried in Oak Woods Cemetery in Chicago.

The dormitory that Owens occupied during the Berlin Olympics has been fully restored into a living museum, with pictures of his accomplishments at the games.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1913 births
1980 deaths
1936 Summer Olympics
African-American track and field athletes
American Olympic gold medalists
Cancer deaths in Arizona
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Deaths from lung cancer
Sportspeople from Alabama
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
Sportspeople from Cleveland
American sprinters
Long jumpers
The 1999 UEFA Cup Final was a football game that took place in Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, on 12 May 1999 between Parma A.C. (Italy) and Olympique de Marseille (France). Parma A.C. won 3-0. So Parma A.C. won their second UEFA Cup title and fourth European trophy, having previously won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup.

Semi-finals in 1999 UEFA Cup 

Parma A.C. defeated Atlético Madrid in the semi-finals with a 5-2 win. Olympique de Marseille defeated Bologna in the semi-finals with a 1-1 draw, but Marseille won with the penalty shootout.

Finals in 1999 UEFA Cup 

Parma A.C. defeated Olympique de Marseille with a 3-0 win, with goals by Crespo, Vanoli, and Chiesa, most of the goals in the first half.

1999 in association football

20th century in Moscow
Football in Russia
UEFA
1990s in Russia
May 1999 events
This is a list of islands of Germany.

Largest islands

Islands in the Baltic Sea
 Fehmarn
 Poel
 Walfisch island
 Langenwerder
 Hiddensee
 Rügen
 Dänholm
 Vilm
 Greifswalder Oie
 Ruden
 Ummanz
 Usedom

Islands in the North Sea
 Helgoland 
 East Frisian Islands (in the Wadden Sea)
 Borkum
 Buise (former island, disappeared)
 Lütje Hörn
 Kachelotplate
 Memmert
 Juist
 Norderney
 Baltrum
 Langeoog
 Spiekeroog
 Wangerooge
 Mellum
 Neuwerk
 Scharhörn
 North Frisian Islands
 Sylt
 Föhr
 Amrum
 Pellworm
 Nordstrand (former island, now peninsula)
 Halligen (also part of North Frisian Islands)
 Langeneß
 Norderoog
 Süderoog
 Nordstrandischmoor
 Oland (German island)
 Südfall
 Gröde-Appelland
 Hooge
 Hallig Habel
 Hamburger Hallig

Islands in the Elbe River
 Lühesand

Islands in the Weser River
 Harriersand

Islands in the Lake Constance
 Mainau Island
 Reichenau Island
 Lindau

Other websites 

Islands - Germany Tourism (EN)

Germany

Islands
Video High Density (VHD) was a videodisc format which was marketed predominantly in Japan by JVC. There was also an audio-only variant, Audio High Density (AHD).

Technology

VHD discs are 25 cm (9 5/6 inches) in diameter, and store up to 60 minutes of video per side. Each disc is stored in a plastic case, similar to a CED's case, so that the user could not touch the disc itself. The entire case was put into the player, which would take out the disc, and then the now empty case could be taken back out. After one side has finished playing, the disc would have to be taken out, flipped, and put back in to continue playing.
Similar to the RCA's CED, the signal on the VHD is recorded by varying capacitance on the disc. However, unlike the CED, the VHD does not contain any groves and the needle is made of diamond instead of titanium. Instead of having grooves, the needle is kept on track electronically so the needle does not have to actually touch the disc therefore resulting in less wear on the disc and on the needle. In one rotation of the disc, 2 frames of picture and audio were read.

VHD was designed to be very interactive and was used in some video game systems as well as in car engine diagnostic tools.

History
History

The VHD was first demonstrated in 1978, and after many advertisements in National Geographic magazines, It was eventually released in Japan and in the USA in 1983. However, by this time both Laserdisc and CED were already not selling well compared to the VHS and Betamax VCR systems. As a result of this, JVC did not let the VHD be sold in North America, but made it available to the general public in Japan and commercially in the UK and the US.

During the time the VHD was made, it was mostly used for karaoke systems, anime video games, and interactive training systems. In the UK, the VHD was used for training, demonstration, and fault diagnostics.

In Japan, a 3D version of the VHD utilizes double speed discs and special glasses.

VHDs Today
The VHD was not very successful as a consumer product, but it sold well for commercial purposes. In Japan, the CED is still somewhat popular and the discs and players are both still collected.

Other websites
Video of a VHD player with its cover off

Video Discs
Rügen (lat. Rugia) is the biggest island in Germany. There are several cities on the island. These include : Putbus, Garz, Binz, Bergen auf Rügen, Sassnitz, Glowe, Trent, Schaprode and Göhren. The island has a 77,000 population (according to the 2006 census). The island is about 926 square kilometers (or 357 square miles). The island is in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Rügen is also one of the most famous places to go in Germany for vacation.

Geography 
Rügen is in the northeast part of Germany in the Baltic Sea. The main landmass, Muttland, is surrounded my many peninsulas. There are also two national parks located on the island : Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and Jasmund National Park.

Other websites

Biosphere reserves
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Islands of Germany
The McLafferty rearrangement is an organic reaction seen in mass spectrometry. A mass spectrometer breaks apart the molecule being studied.  The molecule breaks apart in consistent ways that chemists can predict. Most of the time, a carbon-carbon bond breaks and the atoms do not jump across the break between the fragments. The McLafferty rearrangement is an example of a hydrogen atom jumping to the other fragment as a part of the process of the bond breaking.  It happens in an organic molecule containing a keto-group.

The reaction 
The American chemist Fred McLafferty was the first to describe the reaction in 1959.

The keto-group undergoes β-cleavage, with the gain of the γ-hydrogen atom. This rearrangement may take place by a radical or ionic mechanism.

Related pages
α-cleavage

References

Further reading

Other websites
 Fred McLafferty Faculty Webpage at Cornell University

Mass spectrometry
Rearrangement reactions
Maska za maskou (The Mask Behind the Mask) is the last studio album by the Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was released in December 2009.

Tracklist
 TV idylka
 Marie, vstávej
 Maska
 Cizí vlasy
 Non stop Opera
 Pojď
 Je večer mlha padá
 Smrt
 Pod křížem zůstaly ženy
 Magorův šém
 Jednou nohou/Vůl hvězda ranní
 Přes práh hvězd...
 Tygr v Praze

Musicians
The Plastic People of the Universe
Vratislav Brabenec – saxophones, vocals
Josef Janíček – keyboards, accordion, vocals
Josef Karafiát – guitars, vocals
Jiří Kabeš – viola, vocals
Eva Turnová – bass guitar, vocals
Ludvík Kandl – drums
Jaroslav Kvasnička – drums
Quests
Josef Klíč – cello
Agon Orchestra

References

Other websites
Information

2009 albums
The Plastic People of the Universe
Xiaotingia is an extinct genus of Archaeopteryx-like theropod dinosaur from early Upper Jurassic deposits of western Liaoning, China.

The Chinese team claims the fossils dated to 155 million years ago (mya), whereas the Solnhofen limestone where Archaeopteyx was found is 144 mya in age. The  new fossil Xiaotingia cannot be dated so accurately, as they were originally been purchased from a dealer. Prof Xu first saw the specimen at the Shandong Tianyu Museum. The other question to be asked of all early dinobirds is: could they fly? 

A cladistic analysis by Xu and his team showed that Xiaotingia formed a clade with Archaeopteryx, the Dromaeosauridae and the Troodontidae. This clade excludes other birds. They therefore (re)defined the concepts of Deinonychosauria and Avialae so Archaeopteryx and Xiaotingia belonged to the Deinonychosauria and Archaeopteryx no longer was an avian (bird). This led to popular reports that "Archaeopteryx is no longer a bird".
However, the team explicitly allowed for a traditional Aves with Archaeopteryx as a specifier. Such a clade would in their opinion include the Deinonychosauria.

References 

Jurassic dinosaurs
Coelurosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs
John Zorn (born September 2, 1953 in New York City, New York, United states) is an American avant-garde composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist. He is collaborated with Lou Reed, Weird Little Boy, Laurie Anderson and others.

References

American composers
Musicians from New York City
1953 births
Living people
Collegium Musicum is a Slovak art rock band formed by Marián Varga in Czechoslovakia in late 1969. The band is reformed in 2008 and still plays.

Discography
 1970 Collegium Musicum
 1970 EP Hommage à J.S.Bach/Ulica plná plášťov do dažďa
 1971 Konvergencie
 1973 Live
 1975 Marián Varga & Collegium Musicum
 1977 Continuo
 1979 On a Ona
 1981 Divergencie
 1989 Všetko je inak
 1997 Collegium Musicum '97

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Rock bands
Bratislava
1969 establishments in Europe
A double bond in chemistry is when two chemical elements are joined together in a chemical bond and share four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond is between two carbon atoms, and can be found in alkenes. There are many types of double bonds, such as in a carbonyl group with a carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Other common double bonds are found in azo compounds (N=N), imines (C=N) and sulfoxides (S=O). In skeletal formula the double bond is shown as two parallel lines (=) between the two joined atoms. When this formula is printed, the equals sign is used.

Double bonds are stronger than single bonds and double bonds are also shorter. The bond order is two. Double bonds are also electron-rich, which makes them more reactive.
The two pairs of electrons involved in the bond do not behave in exactly the same way. One pair of electrons forms a stronger sigma bond, noted by σ and drawn as a straight line between the nuclei of the bonding atoms. While the other pair form a pi bond, π, drawn as two cloud-like areas where the electrons exist, as orbitals.

References
Magny-Cours is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.

It is best known as the home of the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours, a famous Auto racing circuit. It formerly hosted the Formula One French Grand Prix. A campus of the Institut supérieur de l'automobile et des transports is also located on the city.

Related pages
Communes of the Nièvre department

References
 INSEE commune file

Other websites
 Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours

Communes in Nièvre
"I Wanna Go" is a 2011 song by Britney Spears. The song is the third single from her seventh studio album, Femme Fatale. The song was released on June 13, 2011. It was an instant success, reaching the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 a day after debuting. This resulted in a flash mob in Times Square. Spears also shut down Times Square for an unexpected performance.

The song has currently been downloaded over 1.8 million times in the US as of 2016.

Music video 
The video premiered on June 22, 2011, and was directed by Chris Marrs Piliero.  Spears is asked questions by paparazzi in a press conference and grows tired of them, eventually saying, "Fuck you" to all but one of them.  She then goes for a joyride with actor Guillermo Diaz, known for his role in the television series Weeds.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2011 songs
Britney Spears songs
The Fiat Ducato is a series of vans and minibuses made by Fiat. There have been three generations since 1981. It is built in cooperation with Citroën and Peugeot.

First generation (1981–1993) 
The first generation Fiat Ducato came out in July 1981.

In 1986, Alfa Romeo, Peugeot, Citroën, Fiat, Talbot and Zastava all made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Alfa Romeo AR6, Peugeot J5, Citroën C25, Fiat Talento, Talbot Express and Zastava Ducato.

Between 1985 and 1990, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille and different headlamps.

Second generation (1993–2006) 
The second generation Fiat Ducato came out in 1993,

In 1993, Citroen and Peugeot made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Citroën Jumper, Citroën Relay and the Peugeot Boxer.

In February 2002, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and different headlamps and breaklights.
Third generation (2006–present) 
The third generation Fiat Ducato came out in 2006.

In 2006, Citroën and Peugeot made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: Citroën Jumper, Citroën Relay, Peugeot Boxer and Ram ProMaster.

In 2014, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and different headlamps and breaklights. The facelift did not apply to the Ram ProMaster until 2020.

In 2020, the interior was facelifted. It was rebadged as a Opel Movano.

Other websites

Front wheel drive vehicles
Vans
Buses
Muppet Babies is an American children's animated series produced by The Jim Henson Company and Nick Jr. Productions, Kermit The Frog Productions and Marvel Productions which ran on Nickelodeon from 1984-1991, winning the Outstanding Animated Series Emmy for four consecutive years. The concept of presenting familiar Muppet characters as babies was introduced in a sequence of The Muppets Take Manhattan. The movie featured puppet versions of Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Gonzo, Fozzie Bear, Scooter, and Rowlf as babies (the puppet versions later returned one more time, for a home movie sequence in A Muppet Family Christmas).
Voice cast
 Greg Berg: Baby Fozzie, Baby Scooter
 Dave Coulier (1986–1991): Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen, Baby Bean Bunny, Baby Janice, Uncle Statler and Waldorf, and Camilla (occasionally)
 Katie Leigh: Baby Rowlf, Mrs. Mitchell
 Howie Mandel (1984–1985): Baby Skeeter, Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen
 Laurie O'Brien: Baby Piggy
 Russi Taylor: Gonzo the Great, Robin and Camilla (occasionally) and Aunt Fanny
 Frank Welker: Baby Kermit, Baby Skeeter (1986–1990), Baby Beaker, Camilla and The Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard
 Barbara Billingsley: Nanny

1984 American television series debuts
1991 television series endings
1980s American children's television series
1990s American children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
Emmy Award winning programs
Television spin-offs
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
A cyclohexene is a six-sided (hexagonal) shaped hydrocarbon ring made when carbon atoms join with hydrogen atoms. It is flammable, toxic, and colourless liquid which does not dissolve in water. It will, however, dissolve in alcohol.

References

Hydrocarbons
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a process that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. 
You can use it to find out the mass of particles, and to find the basic chemicals in a sample or molecule. It can also tell you the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds.
There are 5 main steps a mass spectrometer takes:
 Vaporization: The substance has to be injected into the ionizing tube, where it is turned into a gas if it is not already one. This is done by heating up the substance so much that it vaporizes, which allows the substance to move along the mass spectrometer.
 Ionization: The sample is then hit with electrons by an electron-gun, changing the sample so it only has positively-charged ions. This is so the samples are attracted to the magnetic fields, allowing the mass spectrometer to work.
 Acceleration: The positively-charged ions are then accelerated through an electric field of negatively charged plates which the ions are attracted to, to allow them to be tested in the next stages.
Separation: As the ions are moved along a magnetic field, the atoms with a higher mass-to-charge ratio will not be affected as much by the magnetic field, while those with a lower mass-to-charge ratio will be affected more. Most atoms only have a single charge, so with those, the angle of the heavier atoms won't change much, while the angle of the lighter atoms will change a lot. This is because they have more mass compared to their single charge.
 Detection: There is a detector at the end of the mass spectrometer. When an ion hits the detector, a single electric current is produced at that location, which is then multiplied many times so a computer can notice it. The current produced is always proportional to the amount of ions of that specific type hitting the location. Molecules and atoms of the same type will always hit a specific location of their own.
The first mass spectroscope was invented by the British physicist J. J. Thomson in 1912. His student Francis Aston developed the mass spectroscope for practical use. They are now widely used for agriculture, brewing, food processing, geology, petroleum exploration, medical drugs measurements and space exploration. They are often used with a chromatography system which helps prepare the sample for mass spectrometry.

References

Other websites 
 Mass Spectrometry by Paul Andersen on Youtube
 Mass Spectrometry MS by the Royal Society of Chemistry on Youtube
Ashleigh Ball (born March 31, 1983 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) is a Canadian voice actress and singer who is best known for voicing "Applejack" and "Rainbow Dash" in the television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic and the character "Allura" in the television show Voltron Force. Ball is also the lead singer of the Vancouver-based indie pop/acoustic band Hey Ocean!.

She was the subject in the documentary Brony: the Movie, which followed her through her first interactions with the Brony community at BronyCon 2012.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Ashleigh Ball at Behind The Voice Actors

1983 births
Living people
Actors from Vancouver
Canadian singers
Canadian voice actors
Musicians from Vancouver
Ivan Kral (born Ivan Král; May 12, 1948 in Prague, Czechoslovakia – February 2, 2020) was a Czech-American guitarist, bass guitarist and songwriter. He has worked with Patti Smith and Iggy Pop. His songs were recorded by lots of bands and singers, including U2 and David Bowie.

References

Other websites
 official website 

1948 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in Michigan
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Prague
American singer-songwriters
American jazz musicians
American pop musicians
American punk musicians
American rock guitarists
American jazz singers
American pop singers
American rock singers
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Prague
A tornado warning is an alert that means that a tornado or funnel cloud has been spotted around the area, and that people should take cover. When tornadoes have been spotted, the tornado sirens make sound in that place, letting people know that they have been seen.

Tornado warnings are higher than the warning of a Tornado watch, but there is an even higher level, which is a tornado emergency.

Tornadoes
A tornado watch is a warning that means that weather conditions are right for tornadoes to form. So people should be careful.

A tornado watch must not be confused with a tornado warning. It does not mean that a tornado has been seen; it just means that you should be careful because the weather is perfect for a tornado.

Tornadoes
Dust devils are twirling masses of air that form in the desert and send sand spinning. The height of a dust devil can range from a few meters tall to more than  tall. They are usually harmless, but occasionally they can cause some damage to both people and property.

Formation 
A dust devil forms when hot air near the ground rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler, low-pressure air above it. If conditions are just right, then the air may begin to rotate. As the air rapidly rises, the hot air is stretched vertically and because of angular momentum, the spinning gets much more intense. Because the hot air cools when it rises, it eventually goes down to the base and expands horizontally, while more hot air shoots up the column to replace the lost air. The air that is displaced falls to the ground around the dust devil, creating a balancing force. Thus, a dust devil is formed.

Certain conditions help the formation of dust devils:
1. Flat barren, desert terrain: Flat terrain and hot conditions help the hot air "fuel" being always available. The dust and sand helps the dust devil be seen.

2. Clear skies or lightly cloudy conditions: The surface needs a lot of solar energy to heat the air.

3. Light or no wind, and cool temperature in the atmosphere: Without a cool atmosphere and hot surface, the dust devil with never form. Wind will not keep the dust devil stable.

A dust devil "dies" when it eventually sucks in cool air from the surface. Cool air destroys the dust devil because it quickly discourages the rising of air through the column. This usually happens when the dust devil becomes weak, or moves across a new terrain were the surface temperatures are cooler.

Similarly, when hot air rises rapidly in water bodies and if conditions are just right they are known as water sprout.

Martian dust devils
Dust devils occur on the planet of Mars as well. They can be ten times higher than ones on Earth, and fifty times as wide. They can pose a threat to technology placed on Mars.

However, not all dust devils are damaging. Mission members keeping an eye on the Mars Spirit rover reported that on March 12, 2005, a lucky encounter with a dust devil had cleaned the solar panels of that robot. Power levels dramatically increased, and much more scientific work was able to be done.

Related pages
 Steam Devil
 Storm
 Tornado
 Waterspout

References 

Weather
Tornadoes
The Samaritan Pentateuch or Samaritan Torah is a special version of the Torah used by the Samaritans. This version was created at the latest 127 BC, when the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the Samaritans split from the other group in the Temple. As the name says, this version contains the first five books of Moses, or the Torah.

Scholars use the Samaritan Pentateuch when they want to find the meaning of words in the original Pentateuch or if they want to learn about the history of the different versions of the Bible. Some scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls look like Samaritan Pentateuch.

Samaritan practices are based on their version of the Five Books of Moses, which is slightly different from the Masoretic text or the Greek Septuagint texts. Some differences are small, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as the commandment to only have one wife which appears in the Samaritan text but not in the other versions. (See .)
Special importance is attached to the Abisha Scroll, which is used in the Samaritan synagogue of Nablus. The Samaritans claim it was penned by Abishua, great-grandson of Aaron (), thirteen years after the entry into the land of Israel under the leadership of Joshua, son of Nun. But modern scholars have observed that the scroll appears to include work by different scribes from different centuries, with the oldest texts dating to the 12th century A.D.

References

Theology
Jewish literature
John Jacob Astor (July 17, 1763 – March 29, 1848), born Johann Jakob Astor, was a German-American businessman.  He was born in Germany and moved to London and then to New York City in 1784.  He started a business trading furs.  By 1800, he had made half a million dollars trading furs.  His company was called The Pacific Fur Trading Company. In the early 1800s, his company was trading furs in Oregon.  His fur traders found the pass through which the Oregon Trail passes.  He made even more money in New York real estate.  When he died in 1848, he was worth over $50 million.  Today, his fortune would be over $150 billion.  The city of Astoria, Oregon was named for him.  So was the neighborhood Astoria, Queens and Astor Place in Manhattan.

References

Businesspeople from New York (state)
People from New York City
1763 births
1848 deaths
In chemistry, a pi bond (π bond) is a covalent chemical bond where the orbital path of one electron crosses (overlaps) with the path of another. The electrons have a lobe shaped figure of eight path (see picture). There are two areas of overlap as the paths overlap on both lobes. Only one of the orbital's nodal planes passes through both of the involved nuclei. 

The Greek letter π in their name refers to p orbitals. The orbital symmetry of the pi bond looks the same as the p orbital when seen down the bond axis. P orbitals usually have this sort of bonding. D orbitals are also assumed to use pi bonding but this is not necessarily what happens in reality. The idea of bonding d orbitals fits in with the theory of hypervalence.

Pi bonds are usually weaker than sigma bonds. Quantum mechanics says this is because the orbital paths are parallel so there is much less overlap between the p-orbitals.
Pi bonds happen when two atomic orbitals are in contact through two areas of overlap.  Pi-bonds are more spread out bonds than the sigma bonds. Electrons in pi bonds are sometimes called pi electrons. Molecular fragments joined by a pi bond cannot rotate about that bond without breaking the pi bond. The rotation destroys the parallel paths of the two p orbitals.

Multiple bonds 
Atoms that are joined by a double bond have one sigma bond and one pi bond. If they are joined by a triple bond they have  one sigma bond and two pi bonds.
A pi bond is weaker than a sigma bond, but the combination of pi and sigma bond is stronger than either bond by itself. The extra strength of a multiple bond versus a single (sigma bond) is shown in many ways. The most obvious is a contraction in bond lengths. For example in organic chemistry, carbon-carbon bond lengths are in ethane (154 pm), in ethylene (134 pm) and in acetylene (120 pm). More bonds make the total bond shorter and stronger.
Electronic configuration is based on S,P,D,and f -Block.
S has 2 electrons
P has 6 electrons
D has 10 electrons
F has 14 electrons

Special cases
Pi bonds do not necessarily join a pair of atoms that are also sigma-bonded.

In certain metal complexes, pi interactions between a metal atom and alkyne and alkene pi antibonding orbitals form pi-bonds.
In some cases of multiple bonds between two atoms, there is no sigma bond at all, only pi bonds. Examples include diiron hexacarbonyl (Fe2(CO)6), dicarbon (C2) and the borane B2H2. In these compounds the central bond has only pi bonding. In order to get the most orbital overlap the bond distances are much shorter than expected.

References 

Chemical bonding
Being and Time (, 1927) is a book that was written by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. It is his best known book and is said to be one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. It has greatly influenced 20th-century philosophy, particularly existentialism, hermeneutics and deconstruction.

References

1927 works
1920s books
Supertec was a Formula One engine supplier in 1999 and 2000. Supertec supplied engines that were designed by Renault F1. They took engines built by Mecachrome from the 1998 season, and updated them for 1999 and 2000. Supertec then put their name on the engines.

Complete Formula One World Championship results 
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References 

Formula One engine manufacturers
Chesil Beach, sometimes called Chesil Bank, in Dorset, southern England is one of three major shingle structures in Britain. Its name is derived from the Old English ceosel or cisel, meaning "gravel" or "shingle".

It is a kind of offshore barrier which has joined the mainland with Portland Bill. The lagoon between the chesil and the mainland is called The Fleet or The Fleet Lagoon.

The shingle beach is 18 miles long (29km), 220 yards wide  (200m) and 50 feet high (15m). The beach and the Fleet are part of the Jurassic Coast, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the location for a book, On Chesil Beach by Ian McEwan.

At the eastern end of the beach at the village of Chiswell, against the cliffs of the Isle of Portland, the beach curves round sharply to form Chesil Cove. This part of the beach protects the low-lying village from flooding. Westwards the shingle forms a straight line along the coast, enclosing the Fleet, a shallow tidal lagoon. The lagoon is 9½ feet (3m) at its deepest.p99
The beach provides shelter from the prevailing winds (from the west) and waves for the town of Weymouth and the village of Chiswell, which would otherwise probably not exist

Varying with the Bank's unbroken increase in height, to , above mean high water, the size of the flint and chert shingle varies from pea-sized at the north-west end (by West Bay) to orange-sized at the south-east end (by Portland). It is said that smugglers who landed on the beach in the middle of the night could judge "exactly where they were" by the size of the shingle.

References 

Beaches of Europe
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Dorset
Polina Eugenyevna Sidikhina (; born on October 26, 1988) is a Russian stage and movie actress.

Biography 
Polina Eugenyevna Sidikhina was born on October 26, 1988 in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, USSR (now Moscow, Russia) to actors Eugeny Sidikhin (b.1964) and Tatyana Borkovskaya (b.1965). She has two younger sisters, Aglaya Sidikhina (b.1998) and Anfisa Sidikhina (b.2007).

Graduated from Saint Petersburg State Theatre Arts Academy in 2010.

Play in theatres and movies since 2001.

References

Other websites 
 
 Полина Сидихина на сайте КиноПоиск 
 Полина Сидихина на сайте КиноТеатр 

1988 births
Russian movie actors
Russian television actors
Russian actors
Living people
Happy Valley Shanghai () is an amusement park in Songjiang, Shanghai,  People's Republic of China. The park is about 40 kilometers (25 miles) from downtown Shanghai. It covers an area of 863,500 square meters (213 acres). Happy Valley contains seven big areas, each with different themed zones, including Sunshine Beach, Happy Times, Typhoon Bay, Gold Mine Town, Ant Kingdom, Shanghai Beach and Shangri-la Woods. There are more than 100 rides in the park.

The park was opened on August 16, 2009. In the beginning of the park's operation, many people didn't like it because of long waiting times and being dangerous. Most of the rides were broken, the lines were too long, and many people were hurt not only from riding the rides, but from walking around the park. Three people were hurt when a big sign board fell on top of them.

The park currently has six roller coasters. Five of them were opened when the park began its operation while the mine train coaster opened in October 2009.

Rides
Rides

Roller coasters
Diving Coaster (绝顶雄风)
LeLe'e Chariot (蚁兵战车)
Mega-Lite (蓝月飞车)
Mine Train Coaster (矿山历险)
Spinning Coaster (疯狂精灵)	
Wooden Coaster - Fireball (谷木游龙)

References 

Theme parks in Asia
Shanghai
2009 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in China
Luís Carlos Almeida da Cunha "Nani" (born 17 November 1986) is a Portuguese footballer currently playing for Manchester United and the Portugal national team.

1986 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Portugal at UEFA Euro 2008
Portugal at UEFA Euro 2012
Portugal at the 2014 FIFA World Cup
Portugal at UEFA Euro 2016