Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Origin
The chessmen were probably made in Norway, perhaps by craftsmen in Trondheim, in the 12th century, although some scholars have suggested other sources in the Nordic countries.
During that period the Outer Hebrides, and many other Scottish islands, were ruled by Norway.  

There is a broken queen piece in a similar style from an excavation of the archbishop's palace, similar carving in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, the excavation in Trondheim of a kite-shaped shield similar to shields on some of the pieces and a king piece of similar design found on Hitra Island, near the mouth of Trondheim Fjord. Woolf has said that the armour worn by the chess figures includes "perfect" reproductions of armour worn at the time in Norway.

Another suggestion is that the chessmen originated in Iceland. It is not possible to decide between Norway and Iceland on the evidence available, and the date of the set is also somewhat uncertain.
Some historians believe that the Lewis chessmen were hidden (or lost) after some mishap occurred during their carriage from Norway to rich Norse towns on the east coast of Ireland, like Dublin.  The large number of pieces and their lack of wear may suggest they were the stock of a trader or dealer in such pieces. With the chess pieces, there were 14 plain round tablemen for the game of tables and one belt buckle, all made of ivory, making a total of 93 artifacts.

Exhibition and ownership
After their discovery by  Malcolm Macleod in 1831 they were sold on, and shown at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. The chessmen were soon after split up, with 10 being purchased by Kirkpatrick Sharpe and the rest (67 chessmen and 14 tablemen) were purchased on behalf of the British Museum in London.
Kirkpatrick Sharpe later found another bishop to take his collection up to eleven, all of which were later sold. Eventually they were bought by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, who donated them to the Royal Museum in Edinburgh. The eleven are now on display in the National Museum of Scotland.

The pieces given to the British Museum still exist, and most can be found in Room 42 with the registration numbers M&ME 1831, 11–1.78–159.  Some have been lent to Scottish museums and temporary exhibitions. A range of resin replicas are popular items in the Museum shops. 

The chessmen were number 5 in the list of British archaeological finds selected by experts at the British Museum for the 2003 BBC Television documentary Our Top Ten Treasures. They feature in the 2010 BBC Radio 4 series A History of the World in 100 Objects as number 61, in the "Status Symbols" section.
An exhibition entitled "The Lewis Chessmen: Unmasked" that included chesspieces from both the Museum of Scotland and the British Museum collections, along with other relevant objects, toured Scotland in 2010/11.

An exhibition entitled "The Game of Kings: medieval ivory chessmen from the Isle of Lewis" at The Cloisters in New York City included 34 of the chess pieces, all on loan from the British Museum. The exhibit ended April 22, 2012.

Related pages 
History of chess

References 

12th century in Scotland
Chess pieces
Treasure troves
The hypostatic model of personality is a way of viewing the many sides of a person's character. The model says that a person can behave and appear to others in many ways, depending on how that person is, but also on how someone looks at that person. It says that people are not one-sided, but are a little bit of everything. For example, today someone can be mean, and tomorrow he can be good. How someone appears also depends on things and people around him or her. For example, sometimes the most coward person may become the greatest hero, if he is called to save someone's life. All these "sides" of a person have to be known by scientists so they can change them for the better.

References 

Psychology
The Bodos (pronounced bo-ros) are an ethnic and linguistic community, early settlers of Assam in the northeast part of the Republic of India.

Related pages 
 Bodo nationalism

Ethnic groups in India
Assam
Liam James Payne (born 29 August 1993) is an English singer and songwriter. He rose to fame as a member of the band One Direction. & Easy A (2010) In 2016, Payne signed a recording deal with Capitol Records as a solo artist, and with Republic Records in the United States.

References

1933 births
Living people
English singer-songwriters
English rock singers
English pop singers
People from Wolverhampton
One Direction members

English movie actors
English television actors
"Born to Run" is a rock music song by Bruce Springsteen. The song is on Springsteen's 1975 album, Born to Run. The song was recorded on August 1974.  It became one of the biggest hits of his career. Rolling Stone ranked the song 21st on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

Other websites 
 Lyrics 

1975 songs
Rock songs
Bruce Springsteen songs
Hogtie is a way of tying all limbs together, to prevent an animal from escaping. It was originally used with pigs and cattle. In BDSM, hogtie refers to the practice of tying up the submissive, so that they cannot move. This is dangerous, because the tied person or animal will have problem breathing, so precautions need to be taken. 

Animal husbandry
BDSM
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born as Maria Ludwig Michael Mies; March 27, 1886, Aachen – August 19, 1969, Chicago) was a German-American architect. He is commonly referred to, and was addressed, as Mies, his surname. Along with Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is widely regarded as one of the first masters of modern architecture.

Significant buildings 
Barcelona Pavilion
Tugendhat House
Crown Hall
Farnsworth House
860–880 Lake Shore Drive
Seagram Building
New National Gallery
Toronto-Dominion Centre
Westmount Square

References

Other websites

 Mies van der Rohe Society
 Mies van der Rohe Foundation 
 
 Mies in Berlin-Mies in America
 Great Buildings Architects
 Elmhurst Art Museum, featuring McCormick House
 Richard King Mellon Hall, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA
 Travel guide to Mies Buildings

1886 births
1969 deaths
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
American architects
German architects
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Aachen
Stickney is the largest crater on Phobos.  Phobos is a satellite of Mars. It is at  and is  in diameter.  It makes a large part of the moon's surface.

It is named after Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall, wife of Phobos's discoverer, Asaph Hall.

References

Other websites

 Flight around Phobos (animated movie)
 Stickney in High Resolution

Impact craters
Moons of Mars
Gao is a Chinese family name that can be literally translated as "high" or "tall". There are about 16 million living people with this surname. Some places, such as Taiwan, usually romanize this family name into Kao. In Hong Kong, it is romanized to Ko. In Macau, it is romanized to Kou.

Romanization and pronunciation

Surnames
A venule is a very small blood vessel.  It lets blood return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins. Venules range from 8 to 100μm in diameter.  They are formed when capillaries come together.

Blood vessels
World IPv6 day was an event on January 12, 2011.  On World IPv6 day, many websites tested IPv6, the new version of the "Internet protocol".  There was another event on June 6, 2012 called "World IPv6 Launch Day".  On World IPv6 Launch Day, the Internet Society hoped that IPv6 would really be enabled and work on many websites.

Internet
was a Japanese businessman and art collector. His collection of French art is the core of Japan's National Museum of Western Art (NMWA) in Ueno, central Tokyo.

Background 
Matsukata was the son of Matsukata Masayoshi who was a Prime Minister of Japan during the Meiji Period.

Career
Matsukata became  president of Kawasaki Shipbuilding Company (Kawasaki Shōzō) in 1896.

Art collecting 

Masukata bought thousands of Western paintings and sculpture including Auguste Rodin's "The Thinker" and "Gates of Hell." The Rodin sculptures in the NMWA entrance plaza were made from the same original casting as at the Rodin Museum in France.  In fact, Matsukata actually paid for the best Rodin castings in France today.

Some works collected by Matsukata are today in the French national collection of art.  

Matsukata's art collection was first seen by the Japanese public in 1959.

References

Other websites

 National Museum of Western Art website
Japanese businesspeople‎
1865 births
1950 deaths
People from Kagoshima Prefecture
Aberdeen is a city in Scotland, United Kingdom.

Aberdeen may also be:

Aberdeen, Scotland 
Aberdeen, Scotland, is home of:

 Aberdeen F.C.
 Aberdeen railway station

North America

United States of America

 Aberdeen, Idaho

 Aberdeen, Ohio

 Aberdeen, Washington
Pyramid is a game show which was shown on television. Many different versions of the show have been made. The current show is on GSN. on 1973 Present Until 1989 on ABC Game Show Network CBS Call NBC on New 2012 or 2016 in Match Game Wheel of Fortune & Jeopardy Game Show Network GSN (1994 Present) in 2001

History

$10,000 Pyramid
The first version of the game was called the $10,000 Pyramid. It was hosted by Dick Clark. The game show offered the largest prize on television at the time.

Other versions
The show ran for other versions. Some versions offered $25,000 as the prize. Others offered $100,000 as the prize.

The Pyramid
In 2012, GSN premiered a new version called The Pyramid. The show is based on the format of the old ones. This version premiered on September 3, 2012. It is hosted by Mike Richards. In this version, getting all 7 words right won the contestant $500, and the amount they would play for in the Winner's Circle went up by $5,000.
Gameplay
There are two halves of the game. The first and second halves are almost equal. In the first half, normal people team with famous people. One of the teams will try to describe a word to the other. There are seven words in each round. There are six total rounds in the first half. At the end of the half the team with the most points moves on. They go to the "Winner's Circle". In the Winner's Circle, one player will use short phrases to tell the other a category. There are six categories for the Winner's Circle. If the team guesses all six correct in one minute they win the prize money. For the second half the players switch famous people. The gameplay is the same in the second half.
Bonus cards
There have been many bonuses offered on the show. Some of the bonus cards are:
7/11: This was hidden under one of the first round subjects. The player would get $1,100 if they answered all 7 right in time.
Mystery 7: The player would get a surprise if they guessed all 7 words right in time. Prizes included trips, computers, and other items.

American television game shows
CBS network shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
GSN (formerly Game Show Network) is an American cable television game network. It shows game show episodes. It airs in the United States. 

The company is jointly owned by DirecTV and Sony Pictures Television.  The channel was launched on December 1, 1994.

Shows that air on GSN
Wheel of Fortune
Jeopardy!
Match Game
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire
Whammy
Card Sharks
Press Your Luck
Lingo 
Family Feud 
Minute To Win It 
Friend or Foe 
Deal or No Deal 
The Pyramid

Originals 
America Says
The Chase
Get a Clue
Catch 21
Master Minds
Cash Cab
People Puzzler
Chain Reaction(2005/2016/2021)
Emogenius
Common Knowledge
Winsanity
Caroline & Friends
Idiotest

& More

Other websites
 

American  television  networks
Cable  television
Aleph one, written as , is an infinite cardinal number following aleph null (). It is the cardinality (size) of the set of numbers of possible arrangements for all countably infinite sets. Under the continuum hypothesis, it is also the cardinality of the real numbers. Aleph one is followed by aleph two, .

Related pages 

 Infinity

References 

Mathematics
Cardinal numbers
Zain Javadd "Zayn" Malik ( (born 12 January 1993), who records as Zayn, is a British singer and songwriter. He was born and raised in Bradford.

Malik wanted to pursue a career in music from a young age leading him to audition as a solo artist for the British reality television music competition The X Factor in 2010. After being eliminated as a solo performer, Malik was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form the boy band that would become known as  One Direction.

During his time in the group, they released the albums Up All Night (2011), Take Me Home (2012), Midnight Memories (2013), and Four (2014).

Malik split from the boy band in March 2015 and signed a solo recording contract with RCA Records.

He has been in a relationship with American model Gigi Hadid since late 2015. In September 2020, Hadid gave birth to their daughter in New Hope, Pennsylvania.They broke up in 2021

References

Other websites
1993 births
Living people
British singer-songwriters
British R&B musicians
British pop musicians
British pop singers
People from Bradford
One Direction members
Harry Edward Styles (born 1 February 1994) is an English singer, songwriter, guitarist, actor and model. He is known as a member of the boy band One Direction, with Louis Tomlinson, Liam Payne,  Niall Horan and Zayn Malik (2011-present).

Styles made his debut as a singer with his band White Eskimo, who performed locally in Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. In 2010, Styles auditioned as a solo artist for the British television series The X Factor. After being eliminated as a solo performer, Styles was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form One Direction. The group landed the title of being 3rd place through the season.
Styles and his One Direction colleagues have released the albums Up All Night (2011), Take Me Home (2012), Midnight Memories (2013), Four (2014), and Made in the A.M. (2015). They have also performed on two worldwide tours, one featured on concert film One Direction: This Is Us, and won several awards, including five Brit Awards and four MTV Video Music Awards. Second album, Fine Line, (2019) was listed among Rolling Stone's 500 Greats Albums of All Time in 2020. The most popular songs of this album were Watermelon Sugar and Adore You

In 2017, Styles had a movie role as a British soldier named "Alex" in Christopher Nolan's war movie Dunkirk.

In 2018, Styles and his fellow executive producer, Ben Winston, will be creating a new television series called "Happy Together.

He has now collaborated with artist Mick Fleetwood.
Harry also created a brand called Pleasing, in which he promotes sustainability and products such as skincare, nail polishes and lounge wear.  He created this brand in 2021 and initially only sold nail polishes.

References
Louis William Tomlinson (born Louis Troy Austin; 24 December 1991) is an English singer and songwriter. He is known as a member of the boy band One Direction, with Liam Payne, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik and Harry Styles.

Tomlinson began his career as an actor appearing in his high school's drama Grease as Danny Zuko, then in an ITV drama Fat Friends as an extra. He also went on to appear in another ITV drama movie If I Had You and the BBC drama Waterloo Road. In 2010, he auditioned in the tv series The X Factor, he met his bandmates. His band One Direction released their first album on November 18, 2011. They release 4 more albums, one of which became the most sold album of 2013. They went on a supposed "18 month hiatus", which has turned into 7 years. He was one of the main songwriters of the group.
Following the band's hiatus , Tomlinson released the singles "Just Hold On", "Back to You", "Miss You", and "Just Like You". In 2020 Louis released his debut album walls with 12 new tracks. In his album he has 3 singles, Kill my Mind, Two Of Us, and Walls. His first single kill my mind, was played at Wembley stadium for the 2020 euro after his fans voted him in. His second single Two Of Us was writen from Louis to his mother after her death in 2016.

In 2013, he was signed as a footballer by Doncaster Rovers of the Football League Championship on a non-contract basis. The same year he also formed his own record label, Triple Strings Ltd. He appeared on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK.

References

1991 births
Living people
English singer-songwriters
English pop singers
English rock singers
English footballers
Actors from Yorkshire
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
One Direction members
John Burgoyne (24 February 1722 – 4 August 1792) was a general in the British Army. In 1777, he led the British troops in the Battle Of Saratoga where he surrendered to American general Horatio Gates. This success led to France and Spain recognizing the United States and offering aid to the continental army. Historians consider this to be the turning point for the American Revolutionary War.

British in the American Revolutionary War
British Army generals
1792 deaths
1722 births
For the 2020 model year, a nine-speed transmission replaced the outgoing six-speed. Also, thanks to independent rear suspension, it provides superior ride quality and handling. The spacious crew cab is comfortable and handsomely finished. Besides, it has a unique two-way tailgate and a large lockable in-bed trunk. For now, Apple CarPlay, Android Auto, and Honda Sensing safety features are packed as standard. The manufacturer suggested price for the new 2020 Honda Ridgeline varies from $33,900 to $43,520 depending on the trim.

Sources 

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Honda automobiles
Gervase Duan "G.D." Spradlin (August 31, 1920 – July 24, 2011) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor. He was known for his roles as Senator Pat Geary in The Godfather II and as the General in Apocalypse Now.

Spradlin was born on August 31, 1920 in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma. He studied at the University of Oklahoma. Spradlin was married to Nell Spradlin from 1944 until her death in 2000. Then he was married to Frances Hendrickson from 2002 until his death in 2011. He had two children with Nell. Spradlin died on July 24, 2011 from natural causes in San Luis Obispo, California, aged 90.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2011 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Oklahoma
Anna Kay Faris (born November 29, 1976) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress, comedian and singer who is known for her roles in all four Scary Movies, Lost in Translation, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, The House Bunny and Overboard.

Faris was born on November 29, 1976 in Baltimore, Maryland. She was raised in Edmonds, Washington. She studied at Edmonds-Woodway High School and at the University of Washington. 

She was married to Ben Indra from 2004 until they divorced in 2008. She was married to Chris Pratt from 2009 to 2018. She has a son, Jack Pratt by her second husband Chris Pratt. In 2017, Faris and Pratt legally separated and divorced the following year. In 2021, she married Michael Barrett.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1976 births
Living people
Actors from Baltimore
Actors from Washington (state)
American movie actors
Singers from Baltimore
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Baltimore
Comedians from Washington (state)
Singers from Maryland
Singers from Washington (state)
Hollywood Records is an American record label.  They focus on pop, rock, alternative and teen pop genres. It was founded in 1989.  It is one of the major DMG labels. 

Its current roster includes artists such as: Demi Lovato, Queen, Plain White T's, Jesse McCartney, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Breaking Benjamin, Jessica Sutta, Lucy Hale, Miley Cyrus, Selena Gomez & the Scene, Valora, Cherri Bomb, Stefano Langone, Bridgit Mendler, and Zendaya Coleman.

Other websites
 

Disney companies
American record labels
Companies based in Burbank, California
1989 establishments in California
A hoplite was a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek city-states. A hoplite's main weapon was his spear. They fought close together in what was called a phalanx formation. In a phalanx, each man's shield protected himself and also gave some protection to the right arm of the man on his left. 

The word "hoplite" comes from  the type of the shield used by the soldiers. In later texts, the term hoplite is used to denote any armoured infantry, regardless of armament or ethnicity.

The armour of a hoplite included:
helmet with face covered
shield
body armour
greaves (leg armour)
sword
spear
A hoplite was usually a free citizen who supplied his own armour and weapons. In most Greek city-states citizens received basic military training and served in the standing army for a specified time, participating in any military campaign undertaken during that period. The citizens of Sparta were renowned for their lifelong combat training and military prowess. Their great adversaries, the Athenians, were exempted from service after the 60th year of life.

The phalanx trained to work as a team eight rows or more deep. The first row would stab at their opponents while trying to maintain close formation. The ranks behind would support them with their spears and gently push them with their shields, not to force them into the enemy but to keep them steady and in position. Upon command of an officer, the phalanx  would take a certain number of steps forward.
Phalanxes tended to drift right in battle as each hoplite sought to keep his right arm behind the shield of his neighbour. Also, the right side of the phalanx, where right arms were unprotected by neighboring shields, was more vulnerable than the left. Thus the most experienced hoplites were often placed on the right side of the phalanx to counteract these problems.

Notes 

Cat:Ancient Greece
Armour
The phalanx formation  is an Ancient Greek term for a block-like infantry formation. The Greek hoplites (heavy infantry) were armed with spears, swords, or similar weapons. The mass of infantry marched forward as one entity against opponents. The system was used by city states, who often fought each other. Cavalry were rare, partly because horses were a scarce resource, and partly because the lack of space on valley floors in the Peloponnese left little room for cavalry manoeuvres. Later, the Macedonian phalanx was always supported by cavalry in the conquests of Alexander the Great.

Tactics
Tactics

Early battles with the phalanx usually resulted in similar formations pushing against each other until one broke. The potential of the phalanx to do more was shown at the Battle of Marathon (490 BC). Facing the huge army of Darius I, the Athenians thinned out their phalanx and lengthened their front to avoid being outflanked. However, even a reduced-depth phalanx proved unstoppable to the lightly armed Persian infantry. After routing the Persian wings, the hoplites on the Athenian wings wheeled inwards, destroying the elite troop at the Persian centre. This was a crushing victory for Athens. Throughout the Greco-Persian Wars the hoplite phalanx continued to defeat the Persian infantry (e.g. the battles of Thermopylae and Plataea).
Philip II of Macedon spent several years in Thebes as a hostage, and paid attention to Epaminondas' innovations. When he got home he raised a revolutionary new infantry force, which was to change the face of the Greek world. Phillip's phalangites were the first force of professional soldiers in Ancient Greece (apart from Sparta). They were armed with much longer spears and were drilled more thoroughly in more complex tactics and manoeuvres. More importantly, though, Phillip's phalanx was part of a multi-faceted, combined force that included a variety of skirmishers and cavalry, most notably his famous Companion cavalry. 

The Macedonian phalanx now was used to pin the centre of the enemy line, while cavalry and more mobile infantry struck at the foe's flanks. Its supremacy over the more static armies fielded by the Greek city-states was shown at the Battle of Chaeronea, where Philip II's army crushed the allied Theban and Athenian phalanxes.

References 

Army
Military of ancient Greece
Harold "Mush" March (18 October 1908 – 9 January 2002) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 17 seasons in the NHL for the Chicago Black Hawks.

March was best known for scoring the game-winning second overtime goal in Game 4 of the 1934 Stanley Cup Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the Chicago Black Hawks. He was also the first recorded player to win the Stanley Cup on an overtime goal. March won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Black Hawks again in 1938. He scored the very first goal in Maple Leaf Gardens on November 12, 1931 and also dropped the very same puck that he used to score the first goal during the ceremonial opening faceoff as part of the final game played at the Gardens. March was the last surviving member of Black Hawks 1934 Stanley Cup team.

References

Other websites

1908 births
2002 deaths
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Chicago Blackhawks players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Stanley Cup champions
Memorial Cup winners
A semantic resolution tree is a tree used for the definition of the semantics of a programming language.

Data structures
Computer programming
The Oh-My-God particle was a really tiny portion of matter or energy (undefined) moving incredibly fast. It was first spotted on the evening of 15 October 1991 over Dugway Proving Ground in Utah and shocked many astrophysicists. It has an estimated energy of  (50 J)—in other words, a subatomic particle with kinetic energy equal to that of a baseball () traveling at about . That amount of energy is also 50 times the energy that a collision in the Large Hadron Collider would have.

The speed of the particle was almost the speed of light. If a year were to pass in a race between a ray of light and the particle the distance will be 0.00000046 millimetre or be behind 0.00000000000000015 seconds.

There have been at least 15 similar events recorded.

References 

Subatomic particles
Doru () is a town of Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
Theosophy 
Krishnamurti was born into a Brahmin family in what was then British India. In early adolescence, he had a chance encounter with prominent occultist and high-ranking theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater in the grounds of the Theosophical Society headquarters at Adyar in Madras (now Chennai). He was subsequently raised by Annie Besant and Leadbeater, leaders of the Society at the time. They believed him to be a "vehicle" for an expected World Teacher. While he was young, Besant had control over his life, and won a court case for custody of Krishnamurti and his brother.

Freedom 
As a young man, Krishnamurti disavowed Theosophy and dissolved the worldwide organization (the Order of the Star in the East) established to support it. He resigned from the various trusts and other organizations which were affiliated with Order of the Star, and the Theosophical Society. He returned the monies and properties donated to the Order, among them a castle in the Netherlands and  of land, to their donors.
From then on he claimed allegiance to no nationality, caste, religion, or philosophy. He spent the rest of his life travelling the world, speaking to large and small groups and individuals. He authored many books, among them The First and Last Freedom,  The Only Revolution, and Krishnamurti's Notebook. Many of his talks and discussions have been published.

Krishnamurti did not accept followers nor worshippers. He thought the relationship between disciple and guru encouraged dependency and exploitation. He accepted gifts and financial support freely offered to him by people inspired by his work, and continued with lecture tours and the publication of books and talk transcripts for more than half a century.
He constantly urged people to think independently, and he invited them to explore and discuss specific topics together with him. His subject matter included: psychological revolution, the nature of mind, meditation, inquiry, human relationships, and bringing about change in society. He stressed the need for a revolution in the psyche of every human being and emphasized that such revolution cannot be brought about by any external entity, be it religious, political, or social.

His supporters, working through non-profit foundations in India, Great Britain and the United States, oversee several independent schools based on his views on education. They continue to transcribe and distribute his thousands of talks, group and individual discussions, and writings by use of a variety of media formats and languages.

References 

1895 births
1986 deaths
Indian religious leaders
Indian philosophers
Spiritual teachers
France was taking American ships in 1797. President John Adams wanted to avoid a war with France, so he sent officials to France to discuss the rights of neutral nations. However, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, sent three secret agents who insisted that America give a loan to France and pay a bribe. President Adams refused the offer that France gave. When he told the public in 1798, he addressed the Frenchmen as X, Y, and Z, hence the name of this affair. People hated the XYZ Affair, saying, “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” America soon quickly declined France’s offer. John Adams decided to start preparing for unofficial war, but not declaring war so as to keep peace.

1790s in the United States
1790s in France
1798
Craig Defoy (born 27 March 1947) is a Welsh professional golfer. Defoy played on the European Tour. He did not win but had three second-place finishes.

British golfers
Welsh sportspeople
1947 births
Living people
The Deep Space Network (or DSN) is NASA's group of large antennae at three stations around world. They are at Madrid, California, and Canberra, about 120 degrees apart around the Earth. They communicate with satellites and probes in space. The antennas are also used as radio telescopes to learn about stars and other natural things in space.

The DSN is NASA’s international array of giant radio antennas. It supports interplanetary spacecraft missions, plus a few that orbit Earth. It also provides radar and radio astronomy observations that improve the understanding of the solar system and the larger universe.

According to NASA, "The antennas of the Deep Space Network are the indispensable link to explorers venturing beyond Earth. They provide the crucial connection for commanding our spacecraft and receiving their never-before-seen images and scientific information on Earth, propelling our understanding of the universe, our solar system and ultimately, our place within it."
The placement of these sites allow communication with spacecraft as our planet rotates. Before a distant spacecraft sinks below the horizon at one DSN site, another site can pick up the signal and carry on communicating. All three sites have at least four antennae stations. Each are equipped with large parabolic dish antennas and ultra-sensitive receiving systems. They can detect incredibly faint radio signals from distant spacecraft.

References

NASA
Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the United States Secretary of War under Abraham Lincoln administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory under the command by Ulysses S. Grant.

Early life
Stanton was born in Steubenville, Ohio, the eldest of four children to David and Lucy Norman Stanton. Throughout his childhood and adult life Stanton suffered from asthma. Stanton studied at Kenyon College. He was also from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Personal life
He was married to Mary Lamson from 1836 until her death in 1844. They had two children; Lucy Lamson and Edwin Lamson. Then he was married to Ellen Hutchinson. His brother David committed suicide in 1846. Stanton died on December 24, 1869 in Washington, D.C. from respiratory failure, aged 55.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Biography from "Impeach Andrew Johnson".
Mr. Lincoln and Friends: Edwin M. Stanton Biography. 
Mr. Lincoln's White House: Edwin M. Stanton Biography.

1814 births
1869 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Lawyers from Pittsburgh
American abolitionists
People from Steubenville, Ohio
United States Attorneys General
United States Secretaries of War
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Ohio
Politicians from Pittsburgh
Lawyers from Ohio
Samuel Jones Tilden (February 19, 1814 – August 14, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the United States from which he lost to Rutherford B. Hayes in one of the most contentious and violent American elections in the 18th century. Tilden was also Governor of New York from January 1, 1875 through December 32, 1845. 

Tilden was born on February 19, 1814 in New Lebanon, New York. He studied at Yale University and at the University of New York. Tilden was never married and had no children. Tilden died on August 4, 1886 in Yonkers, New York from natural causes, aged 72. Tilden's gravestone has the phrase "I still trust the people" on it.

References

Other websites
Samuel Tilden.com
Hayes-Tilden election described in detail, compared to Bush-Gore election

1814 births
1886 deaths
Lawyers from New York (state)
Governors of New York (state)
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Horatio Seymour (May 31, 1810 – February 12, 1886) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the 18th Governor of New York from 1853 to 1854 and from 1863 to 1864. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in the presidential election of 1868, but lost the election to Republican and former Union General of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant.

Seymour was born in Pompey Hill, New York on May 31, 1810. He studied at Geneva College. He was married to Mary Bleecker. They had no children. Seymour died on February 12, 1886 from an illness, aged 75. His wife, Mary Bleecker died a month later also from an illness.

References

Other websites

Mr. Lincoln and New York: Horatio Seymour 
First Edition 1862 Report on Horatio Seymour Winning New York Governor's Race.

1810 births
1886 deaths
Lawyers from New York (state)
Governors of New York (state)
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician from Illinois. He was a U.S. Representative, a U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln.

Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in a Senate contest, noted for the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because though short in physical stature, he was a forceful and even dominant figure in politics.

Douglas was born on April 23, 1813 in Brandon, Vermont. He was raised in Jacksonville, Illinois. He was married to Martha Martin from 1847 until her death in 1853. They had three children. Then he was married to Adele Cutts from 1856 until his death in 1861. They had one child. Douglas died from pneumonia caused by Typhoid fever in Chicago, Illinois on June 3, 1861, aged 48.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Project Gutenberg text of Life of Stephen A. Douglas by William Gardner
Page images of two Speeches made by Douglas, one on the Compromise of 1850

1813 births
1861 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from typhoid fever
United States senators from Illinois
Lawyers from Vermont
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Vermont
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Chicago
Politicians from Chicago
Surtur is a fictional character that appears in comic books by Marvel Comics. The character is based on the giant Surtr from Norse mythology.

Marvel Comics superheroes
The Phaistos disc is a bronze age artifact. The disc  is about  in diameter and is made of clay. It is covered with many symbols. It is from the civilization of Minoa on the Greek island of Crete, possibly from the 2nd millennium BC. 

The symbols cover both sides of the disc. They show everyday things. They were stamped onto the disc, pressed into the clay when it was still soft. They run in a spiral. This disc is the first known "printed" work in history; in the sense that there was a re-usable set of characters and drawings. It is the only artefact of its kind. Many questions have been asked about the disc, about its purpose, and if the signs shown actually represent writing.

In total, there are 242 tokens on the disc, taken from a set of  45 unique signs. There are arranged in 61 groups, separated by lines. Groups are between two and seven stamps long. Because the "text" is very short, and the disc is unique, it is likely that it will not be deciphered.

References 

Minoan culture
Christopher Michael  Pratt (born June 21, 1979) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as Harold Brighton "Bright" Abbott in the series Everwood, Ché in The O.C. (2003), and Andy Dwyer and Parks and Recreation (2009), a role which garnered him a Critics' Choice nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2013.  He also was the voice of Emmet in the 2014 animated film The Lego Movie and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019).

In recent years, Pratt is known for his role as Owen in the Jurassic Park movie series beginning in the 2015 movie Jurassic World, in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), and in Jurassic World Dominion (2022).

Personal life
Pratt was born in Virginia, Minnesota on June 21, 1979. He was raised in Lake Stevens, Washington. He married Anna Faris in 2009. Their son, Jack Pratt, was born August 25, 2012. In 2017, Pratt and Faris legally separated and divorced in 2018. He later married author Katherine Schwarzenegger in 2019. They have two daughters.
Filmography

References

Other websites
 

1979 births
Living people
Actors from Minnesota
Actors from Washington (state)
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Kennedy family
Joseph Albert Rosario "Rosie, Lolo" Couture (July 24, 1905 – March 1, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 8 seasons in the NHL; 7 seasons for the Chicago Black Hawks and 1 season for the Montreal Canadiens.

Couture won the Stanley Cup with the Black Hawks in 1934. Couture along with Leroy Goldsworthy were given the task of helping identify the body of their Black Hawks teammate Jack Leswick when Leswicks body was pulled out of the Assiniboine River in August of 1934.

Other websites

1905 births
1986 deaths
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Chicago Blackhawks players
Montreal Canadiens players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Stanley Cup champions
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was a bill in the United States. It was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. It is also known as Obamacare. The law addresses health insurance coverage, health care costs, and preventive care. The law was enacted in two parts: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was signed into law on March 23, 2010 and was amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act on March 30, 2010.

Individuals who have low or no income, or their household meets a certain income threshold, they may qualify for a government subsidy to help them afford the insurance needed to cover rehab. Subsidies offered through the ACA include the premium tax credit and the cost-sharing subsidy.

Parts of the act 

There are many parts to the health care law.
General
There is now no limit on how long a person can get health care from a company. If an insurance company wants to make people pay more for their coverage, they have to give an explanation of their decision to the public. The amount that a person pays for health care, called an insurance premium, must now be used by the insurance companies only for health care. This money cannot be used for other things, like paying workers.

Health care that goes to preventing sickness is now free for many people. This is called preventive care. Health care plans now give people more choices for doctors. People can also get emergency health care at hospitals that are not covered by their health insurance.
Children 
Because of this law, children can use the health insurance of their parents until they are 26 years old. Children under 19 years old have to be given good health insurance by insurance companies, even if they are very sick before they purchase health insurance. This means that health insurance companies cannot limit coverage to only healthy children.

Individual mandate 
People who do not have health insurance will have to pay a tax until they get health insurance. This part of the act is called the individual mandate. The Supreme Court of the United States decided that the government has a right to give this tax under the United States Constitution. The amount that people will have to pay if they do not have health insurance will increase every year until 2016. Some people without health insurance will not have to pay this tax, such as poor people who cannot get insurance for free.

Companies and workers
Health insurance marketplace 
If you do not have health insurance, then you can purchase insurance on the Health Insurance Marketplace. You can also purchase insurance on the marketplace if the company that you work for gives you insurance and you are not happy with it. People can use the Health Insurance Marketplace to buy insurance on the website Healthcare.gov. If people want health insurance by January 1st, 2014, they have to register for the insurance on this market by December 15th, 2013. If they register after December 15th and they do not get health insurance by January 1st, then they will probably have to pay the tax from the individual mandate. There are ways to contact someone who works for the government if you have problems registering for health insurance on this market.
Each health insurance on this market has to pay for a person’s prescription medicine, emergency health care, maternity care, mental health care, rehabilitation, and many other things. Maternity care is given to pregnant women to take care of their children.

Medicaid expansion 
Medicaid is health insurance given to people with low income that is paid by the states and the federal government. Medicaid will be expanded so that more people can use it. States can choose if they want to expand Medicaid. If they choose to do this, then the federal government will pay for the majority of the cost of Medicaid.

Disapproval

Effect on companies 

People were worried that companies would not hire new workers or would make people work for less than 30 hours in one week so that they would not have to pay for health insurance. There have been some stories of companies doing this, but there are no statistics to support it.

Medicaid expansion
There are 27 states that are not happy with the Medicaid expansion. The Supreme Court of the United States decided that these states do not have to expand Medicaid, even if the federal government wants them to.

Government shutdown 

In October 2013, the government stopped working for 16 days because Republicans refused to raise the debt ceiling unless President Obama agreed to repeal the Affordable Care Act. They led to the shutdown of the government. Over 800,000 people who work for the government were not paid during this time and the government had to pay them back after the shutdown ended.

Death panels
Death panels 

In August 2009, Sarah Palin, a person who used to be a candidate for vice president, said to the news that the Affordable Care Act would create death panels. She said that these death panels would be a group of people who would decide whether or not an older person was to receive health care or whether they should die. Many news companies and people who do research have shown that what she said is not true.

2017 repeal effort 
On May 4, 2017, the American Health Care Act of 2017 (AHCA) was passed narrowly by the United States House of Representatives with a vote of 217 to 213, sending the bill to the Senate for voting This is the second time the AHCA was voted in the House as the first version was not approved by the House in March 2017. President Donald Trump supported the passage of the AHCA and supports the idea of replacing and removing Obamacare.
Related pages 
 Health care
 Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
 Contraceptive mandate
 David Zubik
 Legal challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

References

Other websites
 HealthCare.Gov

United States federal legislation
Barack Obama
Healthcare in the United States
The National Assembly is Benin's legislative body.  It is unicameral, meaning there is only one legislative body.

In 2012 the National Assembly has 83 members.  Members are directly elected through a system of party-list proportional representation.  They serve five-year terms. 

Benin
Benin
Unicameral legislatures
Robert Jolin Osborne Jr. (May 3, 1932 – March 6, 2017) was an American movie, stage, voice, television actor and movie historian who was known for hosting the Turner Classic Movies channel from the 1990s until his retirement in early 2016.

Osborne was born on May 3, 1932 in Colfax, Washington. He was raised in Whitman County, Washington. He studied at the University of Washington. Osborne was gay. His life partner was David Staller from 1996 until his death in 2017.

Osborne died in New York City, New York on March 6, 2017 from complications of kidney failure, aged 84.

References

Other websites

Official website
Robert Osborne's column  in The Hollywood Reporter

1932 births
2017 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American historians
LGBT actors
American LGBT writers
Gay men
American LGBT people
Actors from Washington (state)
Writers from Washington (state)
Angélique Kpasseloko Hinto Hounsinou Kandjo Manta Zogbin Kidjo, commonly known as Angélique Kidjo, is a Beninoise singer-songwriter and activist.  She is noted for her diverse musical influences and creative music videos. 

Time Magazine called her "Africa's premier diva". The Guardian listed her as one of their Top 100 Most Inspiring Women in the World. She was the first woman to be listed on "The 40 Most Powerful Celebrities In Africa" by Forbes Magazine.

Discography

Pretty (1988) (African release only)
Parakou (1990)
Logozo (1991)
Ayé (1994)
Fifa (1996)
Oremi (1998)
Keep On Moving: The Best Of Angelique Kidjo (2001)
Black Ivory Soul (2002)
Oyaya! (2004)
Djin Djin (2007)
Õÿö (2010)
Spirit Rising (Live) (2012)
Awards
 Danish Music Awards: Best Female Singer (Denmark, 1995)
 Kora Music Awards: Best African Female artist (Africa, 1997)
 Mobo Awards for Best World Music Act (UK, 2002)
 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album (USA, 2008)
 Commander of the National Order of Benin (Benin, 2008)
 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary World Music Album (USA, 2011)

References

1960 births
Beninese musicians
Gospel musicians
Jazz singers
Living people
Reggae musicians
Grammy Award winners
Dhobi Ghat or Dhoby Ghaut is a word used in various parts of South Asia. It means a place where the traditional dhobi caste of washermen and women go to wash clothes. The word usually means a place near a river or stream, in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, but a Dhobi Ghat  doesn't necessarily have to be near a source of natural water. 

The world's largest Dhobi Ghat is said to be in Mumbai, India. It figured in the famous  Dhobi Ghat (2010).
Pakistani culture
Indian culture
Djimon Gaston Hounsou (born April 24, 1964) is a Beninese-American actor and model. As an actor, Hounsou has been nominated for two Academy Awards.

In 1987, he became a model and started a career in Paris. He moved to the United States in 1990.

In the Marvel Cinematic Universe he plays the role of Korath the Pursuer in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and in Captain Marvel (2019). Also, in the DC Extended Universe, he played the role of the Fisherman King in Aquaman (2018), and the wizard Shazam in Shazam! (2019).

Filmography

References

Other websites

 

1964 births
Living people
African American actors
Beninese people
American movie actors
American television actors
French television actors
French movie actors