Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In a strange quantum effect, this transformation releases a particle called a W boson. This is the gauge boson (force-carrying particle) of weak force. Oddly, the W boson has a mass about 80 times as much as a neutron. This sort of thing actually happens very often in quantum mechanics, but it follows the conservation of energy because it happens so quickly. After 3x10–25 seconds, the W boson breaks into an electron and an electron antineutrino. (The electron antineutrino doesn't really do much). This releases the electron and basically creates a proton from a neutron.

Other websites 
 Weak force -Citizendium

References 

Nuclear physics
Force
Cognition is the scientific word for the mental processes including perception, memory, and thought. Cognition is the gaining of knowledge and understanding. The word comes from the Latin word cognoscere, which means "to know" or "to recognize".

How knowledge is gained is a major part of philosophy called epistemology.

Cognitive psychology studies mental processes to explain human behavior.

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of the mind that combines psychology, brain sciences, and other fields of study.

Cognitive linguistics studies how language influences thought.

The father of cognition is Ulrik Neisser. He is known as the father of cognitive psychology. He worked on an environmental way of doing his cognitive research. Neisser brought together his concerns on thinking, patterned thinking, attention, problem solving, and remembering. Neisser was a clear, smart, convincing writer. He was interested in memory and perception. He died on Feb. 17, 2012 from Parkinson's disease" at age 83.
Jean Piaget

Cognition learning theory is the idea of processing information and memory from your surroundings. This was founded by Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget was a psychologist who focused on child development. Human cognitive development is what he developed. He was interested in biology and species in their environment. Cognitive learning theory focuses on processing information in your mind and is one of the most flexible theories out of the five other theories.

Cognition is psychology that is the process of thinking. It is the mental action of knowledge and understanding through experience, senses, and how we think. Reasoning, problem solving, and decision making is linked with cognitive. Human cognition involves outside of our control and from our own control. It is the process of knowledge and new knowledge.

References
The Medic Droid is an American electronic pop band. They are most notable for their fans making their own comedic music videos and posting them on YouTube as well as their song Fer Sure.

American pop music groups
Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Arizona
Musical groups established in 2007
2007 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Arizona
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Arizona
Wood Street is a railway station in Walthamstow. It is a part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest in north east London. It is in Travelcard Zone 4. It was opened in 1873.

When the Victoria line was being planned, this station was going to be the end of the line instead of Walthamstow Central station. A decision was made in 1961 which meant that this did not happen. If this station had become the end of the Victoria line, the building would have been on the surface next to the British Railways station.

References 

Railway stations in the London Borough of Waltham Forest
London Travelcard zone 4
1873 establishments in England
Railway stations served by National Express East Anglia
Charles Elwood "Chuck" Yeager (February 13, 1923 – December 7, 2020) was a major general of the United States Air Force. He was the first person to break the sound barrier. This was accomplished on 14 October 1947 in a Bell X-1 aircraft. Yeager also served in World War II.

Yeager turned 97 on February 13, 2020. He died on December 7, 2020 at a Los Angeles hospital at the age of 97.

References

American people of World War II
Military people from West Virginia
1923 births
2020 deaths
American aviators
American generals‎
Deep-level tube lines were built by tunnelling shields and are tunnels that are deep underground that allow trains to run through them. They are commonly found on the London Underground. An example is the Victoria line. The depth creates ventilation problems. Powerful fans must push clean air very far underground. In the event of an emergency the people trapped on-board cannot get off due to the insufficient space inside the tunnel compared to the subsurface line.

References 

London Underground
Bolsover is a town near Chesterfield in England. It is 145 miles (233 km) from London, 18 miles (29 km) from Sheffield and 54 miles (87 km) from Manchester.

Its population in 2001 was 11,291.

History
Bolsover is mentioned in Domesday Book, where it is described as the property of William Peverel (or "Peveril"). The description refers to the villans (villains), the ploughs, 8 acres of meadow, and woodland pasture, which is given as two leagues by a league.

The present castle was erected in 1613.

The district of Bolsover is notable for four sites of historical importance: Bolsover Castle, the cave art at Creswell Crags, the houses of Creswell Model Village. The major work of the area used to be coal mining.

References 

Towns in Derbyshire
The Sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system. It becomes more active when you are stressed.  It is a part of the "fight or flight" response.  The sympathetic nervous system can increase heart rate; make bronchial passages wider; decrease motility (movement) of the large intestine; make blood vessels narrower; increase peristalsis in the esophagus; cause pupil dilation, piloerection (goose bumps) and perspiration (sweating); and raise blood pressure.

Related pages
 Parasympathetic nervous system
 Enteric nervous system

Nervous system
Pierre Monteux (born Paris, 4 April 1875; died Hancock, Maine, 14 July 1964) was a French-born conductor who later became an American citizen.  He was one of the great conductors of his time.

Life
Monteux was born in Paris and started to learn the violin when he was six.  When he was nine he learned at the Paris Conservatoire.  When he was twelve he conducted an orchestra in Paris with the pianist Alfred Cortot as soloist.  He played in orchestras, and was the principal of the viola section in the first performance of Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande.  He started to conduct some of the concerts in the series Concerts Colonne.

Monteux also played his viola in chamber music.  He played a string quartet by Brahms with the composer in the audience.
Monteux soon became famous as a conductor.  He conducted the orchestra for Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes, conducting the first performances of Stravinskys 'Petrouchka, Rite of Spring as well as Ravel’s Daphnis et Chloé and Debussy’s Jeux.  These were some of the greatest ballets of the 20th century.

In 1916 Monteux went to the USA and conducted the French operas at the Metropolitan Opera.  In 1920 he moved to Boston, conducting many new works by Debussy, Chausson, Darius Milhaud and others.  In 1924 he became assistant conductor at the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Amsterdam.  He started the Orchestre Symphonique de Paris in 1929, and also a school for conducting, the École Monteux, in Paris. Later he continued this teaching in his American home in Maine. Neville Marriner and André Previn were two of his pupils.
In 1936 he became conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.  He stayed with this orchestra until 1952.  He made this orchestra internationally famous.  In 1942 he became an American citizen.  In the 1950s he often conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

Monteux continued to conduct until shortly before his death at the age of 89.    In 1961 he was appointed chief conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra for 25 years, although he did not live long enough to fulfil this.   He conducted this orchestra in 1963 in a performance of the Rite of Spring, fifty years after he had conducted the first performance.
Monteux’s conducting
Monteux always prepared his work very carefully.  He was not a conductor who liked to show off.  He rehearsed his orchestras thoroughly, and conducted with small gestures.  Although he made gramophone recordings, he did not like recordings.  He preferred concerts with a live audience.  He received many honours, including the Légion d’honneur and the Knight of the Order of Oranje Nassau.

References

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

1875 births
1964 deaths
French conductors
American conductors
Milhaud is a commune in the Gard department in France.

Communes in Gard
Willem Mengelberg (born Utrecht, 28 March 1871; died Zuort, Switzerland, 22 March 1951) was a Dutch conductor.  He is famous for conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam for fifty years, making them one of the world’s finest orchestras.

Life
Willem Mengelberg studied music in Utrecht, Netherlands and at Cologne Conservatory.  He had four years of experience conducting an orchestra in Lucerne.  Then, in 1895, he was given the job which was to last him the rest of his working life: conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra.  He took over this job from Willem Kes who had started the orchestra five years earlier.  At Kes’s farewell concert on 25 October 1895 Mengelberg performed as solo pianist.
Mengelberg soon made it into a great orchestra.  He was particularly good at conducting the music of Richard Strauss and Mahler.  He took the orchestra on tours to many countries, including Norway, Belgium, France, Germany, England and Switzerland.  He celebrated his 25th year of conductor of the orchestra by performing all the orchestral works of Mahler.

He also conducted other orchestras abroad, including the Royal Philharmonic Society in London and, in the 1920s, the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

Mengelberg also conducted other groups in the Netherlands, including Maatschappij Caecilia and the Amsterdam Toonkunst Choir.

Mengelberg worked hard to get good discipline in his orchestra.  He worked to introduce his audiences to good music and to make them listen quietly to the music.  He did a lot to help the musicians get better working conditions and he conducted a lot of music by Dutch composers, helping them to become better known.
During World War II he accepted invitations by the Nazis to conduct in Germany.  After the war people in Holland were very cross that he had done this, and he was forbidden to conduct in Holland for six years.  He said that he had only conducted in Germany for the sake of the musicians.

Mengelberg was very sad and went to live in Switzerland.  He died just before his six year ban would have come to an end.

References
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 
Encyclopedie van de Muziek; Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957

1871 births
1951 deaths
Dutch conductors
Musicians from Utrecht (province)
People from Utrecht (city)
Willem Kes (16 February 1856 in Dordrecht - 22 February 1934 in Munich) was a Dutch conductor. He was the first conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra (now called the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra). 

Kes learned the violin, studying with the famous Joseph Joachim in Berlin. From 1876 he started his career as a conductor. When the Concertgebouw Orchestra was started in Amsterdam in 1888 Kes was its conductor. He made it into a good orchestra. He had this job until 1895 when Willem Mengelberg took over. Kes went to Glasgow to conduct the Scottish Orchestra. In 1898 he took a conducting job in Moscow. From 1905 to 1926, Kes was director of a music conservatory (college) in Koblenz. He also worked in Dresden.

References 
 Encyclopedie van de Muziek, pub Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957.

1856 births
1943 deaths
Dutch conductors
People from Dordrecht
Cathay Dragon, known as Dragonair before, was an airline based in Hong Kong International Airport. It had a fleet of 46 airplanes, including Airbus A320s, A321s and A330s. It flew to 44 destinations in China and Asia. It was named the "World’s Best Regional Airline" by Skytrax World Airline Awards four times. On 21 October 2020, Cathay Pacific announced to stop the operation of Cathay Dragon due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Gallery

References

Airlines of the People's Republic of China
Companies of Hong Kong‎
The airport has an advanced highway and railway system linking it to the city centre of Hong Kong. The building project was one of the largest in the world, and featured in Discovery Channel's "Ten Greatest Modern Projects of the World". It was designed by the famous architect, Norman Foster. The aim of the airport was to increase traffic and capacity which the old Kai Tak Airport could not handle. It remains one of the best airport in the world, along with Singapore's Changi Airport and Seoul's Incheon International Airport.

References 

Buildings and structures in Hong Kong
Transport in Hong Kong
The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS or PSNS) is part of the autonomic nervous system.  It does the opposite things of the sympathetic nervous system, the other part of the autonomic nervous system.  This way, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems balance each other's effects.  The sympathetic nervous system helps a person "fight or flight" when they are in danger.  When the danger is gone, the parasympathetic nervous system lets the person "rest and digest," "feed and breed."
Effects 
The parasympathetic nervous system has many different effects.  It affects every part of the body, including:
 The heart: The heart relaxes and beats slower.  This makes the heart rate and blood pressure lower.
 The lungs: Breathing slows down.  The bronchi (the tubes that bring air to the lungs) also get narrower.
 The eyes: The pupils get smaller.
 The digestive system: Extra blood is sent to the stomach and intestines.  The stomach and intestines also work faster.  This helps the person digest the food in their stomach.
 The blood vessels: The blood vessels in the parts of the body that are far away from the heart, lungs, and brain get wider.  (This is called vasodilation.)  This helps make the blood pressure lower.  It also makes the skin warmer, and can cause a man to have an erection.
Because of these effects, the parasympathetic nervous system always has to balance with the sympathetic nervous system.  For example, if only the parasympathetic nervous system was working, a person's heart rate and breathing would keep getting lower and lower.  Eventually the person would stop breathing or their heart would stop beating.

However, in a healthy person, the brain realizes when the parasympathetic nervous system's effects are getting too strong.  For example, the brain may realize that the person is breathing too slowly, or that their heart rate is too low.  The brain reacts by making the sympathetic nervous system kick in.  Because the sympathetic nervous system has the opposite effects, it will make the person breathe faster and raise their heart rate.  These two systems have to balance each other constantly for a person to stay healthy.
Control 
The parasympathetic nervous system is controlled mostly by the vagus nerve.  This is an important nerve that comes from the brain and goes all the way down to the bottom of the spinal cord.  The vagus nerve sends out chemical messengers called neurotransmitters - mostly one called acetylcholine.  This chemical causes changes in many different parts of the body.

Related pages 
 Autonomic nervous system
 Sympathetic nervous system
 Enteric nervous system

References

Nervous system
Heart rate (HR) is how many times a heart beats per minute (bpm). The average bpm for a man or women who does not exercise is 70 bpm. Heart rate varies between people because of fitness, age and genetics.

References

Heart
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, also polypeptide) is a kind of hormone that has 28 amino acid residues in it and is made in many areas of the human body including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei (which is a small part of the brain's midline) of the hypothalamus in the brain. In humans, the vasoactive intestinal peptide is encoded, or transforming information from one format into another, by the VIP gene.

VIP has a half-life in the blood of about two minutes.

VIP is made more than it should in a VIPoma.

Related pages
Peptide hormone

Hormones
Peptides
Increase intestinal secretion, relaxes sphincters and smooth muscles. Released from nerve cells in mucosa and smooth muscle.
Pan European Game Information (PEGI) is a European self-regulatory organization that assigns age and content ratings to consumer video games. The PEGI system is used in more than thirty countries. PEGI has rated more than 15,000 video games from 2003 to 2010.

Ratings

History

Sources 

2003 establishments in Europe
Cultural organizations
Video game ratings
European organizations
A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in psychiatry.  They treat people with mental illness. Psychiatrists can prescribe psychiatric medication.

Education
In the United States, psychiatrists train by  going to university first, then medical school for 4 years. After medical school, they must complete a residency. When they graduate, they get to use the initials M.D. or D.O. after their names.  Next, these doctors specialize by training for 3 or 4 years in Psychiatry. In other countries psychiatrists train in similar ways but may not have to go to a separate university and medical school.

Other websites
 American Psychiatric Association
 Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
 Royal College of Psychiatrists
 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists

Psychiatry
Healthcare occupations
Monifieth () is a town and former police burgh in the council area of Angus, Scotland.

Sources

Towns in Scotland
Angus
Eugen Jochum (; 1 November 1902 – 26 March 1987) was a German conductor.

Jochum was born in Babenhausen, near Augsburg, in the south of Germany. He soon showed musical talent and was playing the organ for church services when he was eight. He studied at the Augsburg Conservatory and then the Munich National Theatre and at Mönchen-Gladbach.  He became conductor of the Kiel Opera where, during three years, he conducted more than 50 operas in several German cities.  Then, in 1934, he followed Karl Böhm and Karl Muck as the conductor of the Hamburg Staatsoper.    He stayed there until 1949.  He also was guest conductor in Amsterdam with the Concertgebouw Orchestra and later he became chief conductor.  

After World War II, Jochum became the first chief conductor of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in 1949. He often conducted in London with the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, the LSO gave him the title of conductor laureate.
He appeared regularly at Salzburg and, from 1953, Bayreuth.  The first opera he conducted there was Wagner's Tristan und Isolde.

Jochum is remembered especially for his warm, romantic performances of Anton Bruckner's symphonies.  He often conducted the passions of Bach and music by composers such as Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Haydn, Schumann, Wagner and Carl Orff. 

Jochum died in Munich, Germany at the age of 84.

References
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; ISBN  1-56159-174-2

References

1902 births
1987 deaths
German conductors
In mathematics and computer science, Big O notation is a way of comparing rates of growth of different functions. It is often used to compare the efficiency of different algorithms, which is done by calculating how much memory is needed, and how much time it takes to complete.

The Big O notation is often used in identifying how complex a problem is, also known as the problem's complexity class. The mathematician Paul Bachmann (1837-1920) was the first to use this notation, in the second edition of his book "Analytische Zahlentheorie", in 1896. Edmund Landau (1877-1938) made the notation popular. For this reason, when people talk about a Landau symbols, they refer to this notation.
Big O notation is named after the term "order of the function", which refers to the growth of functions. Big O notation is used to find the upper bound (the highest possible amount) of the function's growth rate, meaning it works out the longest time it will take to turn the input into the output. This means an algorithm can be grouped by how long it can take in a worst-case scenario, where the longest route will be taken every time.

More specifically, given two positive functions  and , we say that  is in the big O of  (written ) if for large enough ,  for some constant .
Big O is an expression that finds worst-case scenario run-time, showing how efficient an algorithm is without having to run the program on a computer. This is also useful due to the fact that different computers may have different hardware, and therefore need different amounts of time to complete it. Since Big O always assumes the worst-case, it can show a consistent measurement of speed: regardless of the hardware,  is always going to complete faster than , because they have different levels of efficiency.

Examples
The following examples all use code written in Python. Note that this is not a complete list of Big O types.

Constant
 always takes the same amount of time regardless of input. For example, take a function that accepts an integer (called x) and returns double its value:

def double(x):
    return x * 2   #Return the value of x times 2
After accepting the input, this function will always take one step to return an output. It is constant because it will always take the same amount of time, so it is .

Linear
 increases according to the size of the input, represented by . For example, for the following function that accepts n and returns every number from 1 to n:

def count(n):
    i = 1           #Create a counter called "i" with a value of 1
    while i <= n:   #While i is less-than or equal to n
        print(i)    #Print the value of i
        i = i + 1   #Redefine i as "the value of i + 1"

If we were to input the value of 5, then this would output , requiring 5 loops to complete. Similarly, if we input 100, then it would output , requiring 100 loops to complete. If the input is , then the algorithm's run time is exactly  loops every time, therefore it is .
Factorial
 increases in factorial amounts, meaning the time taken increases massively with the input. For example, say we wish to visit five cities around the world and want to see every possible ordering (permutation). An algorithm we could write using Python's itertools library is as follows:

import itertools    #Import the itertools library
cities = ['London', 'Paris', 'Berlin', 'Amsterdam', 'Rome'] #An array of our chosen cities

def permutations(cities):                    #Taking an array of cities as input:
    for i in itertools.permutations(cities): #For each permutation of our items (assigned to variable "i")
        print(i)                             #Output i

This algorithm will calculate each unique permutation of our cities and then output it. Examples of output will include:
('London', 'Paris', 'Berlin', 'Amsterdam', 'Rome')
('London', 'Paris', 'Berlin', 'Rome', 'Amsterdam')
('London', 'Paris', 'Amsterdam', 'Berlin', 'Rome')
...
('Rome', 'Amsterdam', 'Paris', 'Berlin', 'London')
('Rome', 'Amsterdam', 'Berlin', 'London', 'Paris')
('Rome', 'Amsterdam', 'Berlin', 'Paris', 'London')

Here, our input list is 5 items long, and for every selection our remaining options decreases by 1. In other words, our 5 inputs choose  items (or ). If our input is  cities long, then the number of outputs is ; in general, assuming that we go through every permutation, then we will require  loops to complete it.
Little-o notation
A related concept to big-O notation is little-o notation. Big-O is used to say that a function does not grow faster than another function, while little-o is used to say that a function grows slower than another function. If two functions grow at the same rate, big-O can be used but little-o cannot. The difference between big-O and little-o is similar to the difference between   and .

 If  grows slower than , then  and . 
 If  grows at the same rate as , then  but .
 If  grows faster than , then  and .

References 

Mathematics
Computer science
Algorithms
QI (Quite Interesting) is a British comedy television quiz show. It is now hosted by Sandi Toksvig who took over from Stephen Fry. There are four contestants in each show, of whom one is always Alan Davies. The shows' series are lettered (not numbered as most television shows are), for example the first series is Series A. To begin with, QI was shown on BBC Two but was moved to BBC One for Series F.

Other websites 

2003 British television series debuts
2000s British television series
2010s British television series
British comedy television series
British television game shows
Panel games
21st Century Breakdown is the eighth studio album by the punk rock band Green Day. It is the band's second rock opera, following American Idiot, and its first record to be produced by Butch Vig. The band started work on the record in January 2006. 45 songs were written by vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong by October 2007, but the band members did not start studio work with the producer, Butch Vig until January 2008. The writing and recording process was three years long. The band used four recording studios and was finished in April 2009.

Songs on the album

 "Song of the Century"
 "21st Century Breakdown"
 "Know Your Enemy"
 "Viva la Gloria!"
 "Before The Lobotomy"
 "Christian's Inferno"
 "Last Night on Earth"
 "East Jesus Nowhere"
 "Peacemaker"
 "Last of the American Girls"
 "Murder City"
 "Viva la Gloria? (Little Girl)"
 "Restless Heart Syndrome"
 "Horseshoes and Handgrenades"
 "The Static Age"
 "21 Guns"
 "American Eulogy"
 "See the Light"

Special Edition
 "Hearts Collide"
 "Lights Out"
References

2009 albums
Green Day albums
Reprise Records albums
Punk albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Glossop North End A.F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position

English football clubs
1886 establishments in England
Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position

Former position

Honours

Association Football

Leagues
Football League Second Division/Championship
 Runners-up (1): 1913-14
Football League Third Division/League One
Champions (1): 1927-28
 Runners-up (2): 1922-23, 1925–26
Northern Premier League Premier Division
 Playoff Winner (1): 2012
Northern Premier League First Division
Champions (1): 2000–01
Northern Premier League Division One North
Champions (1): 2007–08
North West Counties League Division One
Champions (1): 1994–95
Bradford Amateur Sunday League Division Four
Champions (2): 1974–75, 1984–85
 Football League Division One (Best)
 9th Place 1914–15

Cups
FA Cup
Quarterfinals (3): 1912–13, 1919–20, 1945–46

Other websites 
Official website

Ground profile
Early history of club 1895–99
Bradford Park Avenue History 

English football clubs
1907 establishments in England
Nelson F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

Former position
1921/22: Third Division - 16th / North
1922/23: Third Division - Champions / North
1923/24: Second Division - 21st
1924/25: Third Division - 2nd / North
1925/26: Third Division - 8th / North
1926/27: Third Division - 5th / North
1927/28: Third Division - 22nd / North
1928/29: Third Division - 15th / North
1929/30: Third Division - 19th / North
1930/31: Third Division - 22nd / North

English football clubs
1881 establishments in England
Darlington F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position

Former position

English football clubs
1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
Newport County A.F.C. is a football club located in Wales that plays in the English league system.

League position

Former position

English football clubs
1912 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Wales
Rotherham United F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

Name 
 1877-1905 Thornhill United F.C.
 1905-1925 Rotherham County F.C.
 1925-present Rotherham United F.C.

English football clubs
1877 establishments in England
Bristol Rovers F.C. is a football club which plays in Bristol, People who live in North Bristol traditionally support Bristol Rovers, however people you live in South Bristol support their fierce rivals Bristol City F.C.

Name
1883-1884 Black Arabs F.C.
1884-1897 Eastville Rovers F.C.
1897-1898 Bristol Eastville Rovers F.C.
1898-present Bristol Rovers

League position

Former position

English football clubs
1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
Scunthorpe United F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

Name 
1899-1958 Scunthorpe & Lindsey United F.C.
1958-present Scunthorpe United F.C.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1899 establishments in England
Oxford United F.C. is a football club in England.

Name 
1893-1960 Headington United F.C.
1960-present Oxford United F.C.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
Oxford
1893 establishments in England
Hereford United F.C. was a football club which plays in England.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
Hereford
1924 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in England
2014 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Mansfield Town F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

Name
 1897-1906 Mansfield Wesleyans F.C.
 1906-1910 Mansfield Wesley F.C.
 1910-present Mansfield Town F.C.

League position

Former position

1897 establishments in the United Kingdom
English football clubs
Mansfield
Wrexham A.F.C. is a football club located in Wrexham, Wales but playing in the English league system. After winning the championship of the fifth-level National League in the 2022–23 season, the club will play in EFL League Two in the 2023–24 season.

The club has received major international publicity since being purchased in November 2020 by American actor Rob McElhenney and Canadian–American actor Ryan Reynolds, with the purchase completed in February 2021. Their ownership of the club has since been the subject of the documentary series Welcome to Wrexham. The series airs on FX and Hulu in the United States and Disney+ in the UK and Ireland.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1864 establishments in the United Kingdom
19th-century establishments in Wales
Shrewsbury Town Football Club is a professionl football club from Shrewsbury, the county town of Shropshire in England. They currently compete in League One, the third level of football in England. They play their home games at New Meadow. The club was founded in 1886. They are nicknamed The Shrews, Salop, The Blues and Town.

League position

|2017/18||League One||3rd
|}

Former position

Current players
Players correct as of 17 March 2021. 

 

English football clubs
1886 establishments in England
Cambridge United F.C. is an English football club based in Cambridge that currently plays in the EFL League One, the third tier of English football.

Name 
 1912-1951 Abbey United F.C.
 1951-present Cambridge United F.C.

League position

Former position 

Organisations based in Cambridge
English football clubs
1912 establishments in the United Kingdom
1910s establishments in England
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position 

English football clubs
1992 establishments in England
Yeovil Town F.C. is a football club that plays in England.

Name
1895-1907 Yeovil Casuals F.C.
1907-1908 Yeovil Town F.C.
1908-1914 Petters United F.C.
1914-1946 Yeovil & Petters United F.C.
1946-present Yeovil Town F.C.

League position

English football clubs
1895 establishments in England
Peterborough United F.C. is a football club which plays in England.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1930s establishments in England
1934 establishments in Europe
Robinson Sucroe, is a French animated series created by Claude Robinson.

Characters
Robinson Sucroë
Mercredi
Uglyston
Capitaine Courtecuisse
Capitaine Brisk
Dimanche Midi
M. Floyd

Épisodes
 L'Île du tourteau
 L'Île flottante
 Courtecuisse 1er
 Mission impossible
 Le Concours de sieste
 La Belle Captive
 Diva des îles
 Le Manuscrit volé
 Embrouille et ratatouille
 Coup de foudre
 Le Perroquet de Uglyston
 Bienvenue M. Floydd
 L'Épave du Toulesjours
 Robinson beach
 Adieu Robinson
 La Guerre des Robinson
 Un monstre dans l'île
 L'Île en folie
 L'Apprenti journaliste
 La Vie de pirate
 Drôles de bêtes
 L'Élixir d'amour
 Maman a raison
 Toute la vérité
 Voyage organisé
 Coup double

Animated television series
The National Health Service is a government run health care organisation that provides health and medical services to citizens and residents of the United Kingdom. It was started in 1948 and intended by its creators to be "free at the point of service". This meant that people who use the NHS would not be required to pay for services each time they used them.

History 
National Insurance started in 1912, and the workers who paid their National Insurance could visit a General practitioner and get medicine they were prescribed without paying. But this did not include their families.  There was free healthcare for schoolchildren from  local government and for the poor through the Poor Law.  People could join a Friendly Society, which gave them a sort of health insurance which often paid for spectacles and dentistry.

Costs 

The NHS is paid for out of employee contributions - National Insurance - from their wages and also from general government money raised in the form of taxes.
The promise of a health service that would be free at the point of service was broken in 1952 with the start of prescription charges.

When the NHS started it turned out to be a lot more expensive (about £179 million in 1947) than expected.  In 1948 it had gone up to £305 million a year.  In 1956 the Guillebaud Report - Enquiry into the Cost of the National Health Service - reported that the costs as a % of GDP had actually gone down. Since 1947 there have been a lot of new valuable but expensive drugs invented.

The cost for a year rose from £35 billion in 1980 to  £164 billion (in 2021-22 prices).  There is widespread agreement that the budget needs to increase about 4% a year to keep up with the cost of new treatment, longer lives and larger population.
Systems
The NHS is made up of four systems: NHS England, Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland), NHS Scotland and NHS Wales. Each system is run by its government.  NHS England is run by the Department of Health and Social Care. The systems are run in different ways in each country within the United Kingdom. For instance, there are no charges for prescriptions in Scotland or Wales, but there are in England.  It is said to be "the most reorganised health system in western Europe".

Services
The service provides dental services and prescription eyeglasses, hearing aids, prosthetic limbs and other services. There are charges at the point of service for these services unless one lives in a no-charge country. Children (aged up to 18, or up to 21 if you are a student), pregnant women or the elderly do not pay for most of these.  The NHS Low Income Scheme is to help poor people.
Staffing 
There were 1,376,190 people working in the NHS in England in  May 2022.  From April to June 2022 almost 35,000 left their jobs.  It was short of about 133,400  full-time workers  in September 2022. In  2021-22 more than £2.5 billion was spent on temporary workers.  In 2023 it was the 8th biggest employer in the world.

Problems
Since 2010 the money the Conservative government has put into the NHS has not been enough to keep up with demand. On 29 September 2013 around 50,000 people protested in Manchester. They set up a stage with banners saying things like 'Save Our NHS' around it. NHS hospitals can now earn up to 50% of their income from private work.  The number of people waiting a long time for tests or operations has gone up, so more people are paying for them to be done privately.
The 2019 Conservative  election campaign included the New Hospitals Programme, a pledge to build 48 new hospitals. By 2023 only 2 had been finished. It wasnt clear exactly they meant by new hospitals. Some were repairs or extra bits on old hospitals.  Many hospitals need repair or rebuilding.  some have had ceilings collapse and no work could be done while they were repaired.

Access
The NHS has been criticized for working through a 'postcode lottery', meaning that access to quality treatment depends on where you live. The percentage of diabetics getting the recommended levels of care ranged from 6% to 69% depending on where they lived in 2012.  The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence was set up to make judgements about which treatments should be paid for.
There have been particular difficulties in mental health services for many years.  Under the Equality Act 2010  health services should make reasonable adjustments to ensure that people with severe mental illness are not disadvantaged compared with the general population.  In reality money for mental health services has never been enough to provide services at the same level.  There is supposed to be parity of esteem - that is equality, between mental and physical services.  In 2023 there were still large numbers of out of area placements - that is people sent to mental hospitals a very long way from home, often for months at a time, something that very rarely happens with other services.

References
Christiaan Eijkman (August 11, 1858 - November 5, 1930) was a Dutch doctor. He won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Sir Frederick Hopkins, for the discovery of vitamins

References 

1858 births
1930 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
Dutch physicians
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins OM FRS (20 June 1861 – 16 May 1947) was an English chemist. He won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Christiaan Eijkman, for the discovery of vitamins.

References 

1861 births
1947 deaths
English chemists
Order of Merit
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
Alumni of University College London
British Nobel Prize winners
Windows CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded Compact post version 6.0, and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is Microsoft's operating system for embedded devices and minimal computers. Windows CE is a different operating system and kernel. It is not a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based.

The Zune portable media player, as well as the Windows Mobile and Windows Phone 7 smartphone platforms are based on Windows CE.

Windows Embedded Compact 2013 (version 8) is the final version of Windows CE. It had mainstream support until October 9, 2018, and extended support ended on October 10, 2023.

Versions

References 

Microsoft operating systems
Simon Maxwell Cowell  (born 19 April 1952) is a British conservationist, television presenter, and author who hosts the Animal Planet documentary series Wildlife SOS. He is the co-founder of a Leatherhead, Surrey, based charity called Wildlife Aid.

In June 2005, Simon was given an MBE for his services to wildlife.

Simon lives in Leatherhead, Surrey. He received a PhD for Biological sciences at Jesus College, Cambridge.

In late June 2022, Simon Cowell was diagnosed with a bad form of terminal lung cancer during a routine doctor's appointment. His charity, Wildlife Aid, is run out of his home. Once Simon dies, the charity will no longer be able to operate there.

References

Living people
1952 births
British television personalities
People from Essex
2015 (twenty fifteen) (MMXV) was .

Events

January
The Eurasian Economic Union comes into effect, creating a political and economic union between Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
Lithuania officially adopts the euro as its currency, replacing the litas, and becomes the nineteenth Eurozone country.
January 7:
A terror attack by Islamic extremists in Paris, France results in the deaths of 12 people at a French newspaper (Charlie Hebdo) building.
A car bomb explodes in Yemen, killing at least 38 people, standing near the entrance of a police officers' academy in central Sana'a.
 January 14:
 11th President of Italy, Giorgio Napolitano, resigns from his office due to old age. Italian senate president, Pietro Grasso, succeeds him as president.
 Two climbers, Kevin Jorgesen and Tommy Caldwell, become the first people to successfully climb El Capitan in Yosemite National Park, California.
 January 23:
January 23:
 Houthi rebels attack and occupy Yemen's presidential palace. President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi and his cabinet along with Prime minister Khaled Bahah resign. 
 Saudi Arabian king Abdullah of Saudi Arabia dies from complications of pneumonia at the age of 90. His half-brother Salman of Saudi Arabia succeeds him as king.
 January 30 - Bulgaria's first freely democratically elected president Zhelyu Zhelev dies at 79.
February

 February 12 - Leaders from Russia, Ukraine, Germany and France reach an agreement on the conflict in eastern Ukraine that includes a ceasefire and withdrawal of heavy weapons.
 February 14 - A spree-shooting occurs in Copenhagen, Denmark at a local cultural center and synagogue. 3 people are killed including the suspected shooter.
 February 16 - The Egyptian military begins conducting airstrikes against a branch of the Islamic militant group ISIL in Libya in retaliation for the group's beheading of over a dozen Egyptian Christians.

March
March

 March 5-8 - The ancient city sites of Nimrud, Hatra and Dur-Sharrukin in Iraq are demolished by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
 March 6 - NASA's Dawn probe enters orbit around Ceres, becoming the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet.
 March 12 – The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant becomes allies with fellow jihadist group Boko Haram, effectively annexing the group.
 March 24 - An Airbus A320-211 operated by Germanwings crashes in the French Alps, killing all 150 on board.
 March 25 - A Saudi Arabia-led coalition of Arab countries starts a military intervention in Yemen in order to uphold the Yemeni government in its fight against the Houthis' southern offensive.
April 
 April 2 &ndash 148 people are killed, the majority students, in a mass shooting at the Garissa University College in Kenya, perpetrated by the militant terrorist organization Al-Shabaab.
 April 25 - A major earthquake in Nepal, measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale, results in more than 6,000 deaths in Nepal, India, China and Bangladesh.
 April 29 - The World Health Organization (WHO) declares that rubella has been eradicated from the Americas.

May
May 

 May 1–October 31 – Expo 2015 is held in Milan, Italy.
 May 2 – Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge gives birth to Princess Charlotte of Cambridge in London, England. This is Catherine's and Prince William, Duke of Cambridge second child.
 May 11–12 – Version O of Les Femmes d'Alger by Pablo Picasso sells for US$179.3 million at Christie's auction in New York, while the sculpture L'Homme au doigt by Alberto Giacometti sells for US$141.3 million, setting a new world record for a painting and for a sculpture, respectively.
 May 12 – A second major earthquake in Nepal, measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale, results in 153 deaths in Nepal, 62 in India, 1 in China and 2 in Bangladesh with a total of 218 deaths.
 May 23 – Ireland votes to legalize same-sex marriage, becoming the first country to legalize same-sex marriage by popular vote.

June
June 2 – FIFA President Sepp Blatter announces his intention to resign amidst an FBI-led corruption investigation, and calls for an extraordinary congress to elect a new president as soon as possible.
 June 7–8 – The 41st G7 summit is held in Schloss Elmau, Bavaria.
 June 25–26 – ISIL claim responsibility for four attacks around the world during the Ramadan:
Kobanî massacre: ISIL fighters detonate three car bombs, enter Kobanî, Syria, and open fire at civilians, killing more than 220.
 Sousse attacks: 22-year-old Seifeddine Rezgui opens fire at a tourist resort at Port El Kantaoui, Tunisia, killing 40 people.
 Kuwait mosque bombing: A suicide bomber attacks the Shia Mosque Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq at Kuwait City, Kuwait, killing 27 people and injuring 227 others. 
 June 26 – After the Supreme Court ruling, the United States legalizes gay marriage across the nation.
 June 30 
 Cuba becomes the first country in the world to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis.
July

July 1 – Greek government-debt crisis: Greece becomes the first advanced economy to miss a payment to the International Monetary Fund in the 71-year history of the IMF.
July 14 
 NASA's New Horizons spacecraft performs a close flyby of Pluto, becoming the first spacecraft in history to visit the distant world. 
 Iran agrees to long-term limits of its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief.
July 20 – Cuba and the United States reestablish full diplomatic relations, ending a 54-year stretch of hostility between the nations.
July 24 – Turkey begins a series of airstrikes against PKK and ISIL targets after the 2015 Suruç bombing.
August
August 5 – Debris found on Réunion Island is confirmed to be that of Malaysian Airlines Flight 370, missing since March 2014.
August 12 – Former President of the United States Jimmy Carter is diagnosed with melanoma in his brain at the age of 90.
August 17 – A bombing takes place inside the Erawan Shrine at the Ratchaprasong intersection in Pathum Wan District, Bangkok, Thailand, killing 20 people and injuring 125.

September
September

 September 9 – Queen Elizabeth II became the longest reigning monarch in the history of the United Kingdom.
 September 10 – Scientists announce the discovery of Homo naledi, a previously unknown species of early human in South Africa.
 September 18 – Automaker Volkswagen is alleged to have been involved in worldwide rigging of diesel emissions tests, affecting an estimated 11 million vehicles globally.
 September 24 – A stampede during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, kills at least 2,200 people and injures more than 900 others, with more than 650 missing.
 September 28 – NASA announces that liquid water has been found on Mars.
 September 30 – Russia begins air strikes against ISIL and anti-government forces in Syria in support of the Syrian government.

October
October

 October 10 – A suicide bomb kills at least 100 people at a peace rally in Ankara, Turkey, and injures more than 400 others.
 October 19 - Liberals win Canadian federal elections and Justin Trudeau becomes new Prime Minister.
 October 23 – Hurricane Patricia becomes the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere, with winds of 200 mph and a pressure of 879 mbar.
 October 26 – A magnitude 7.5 earthquake strikes the Hindu Kush region and causes 398 deaths, with 279 in Pakistan, 115 in Afghanistan and 4 in India.
 October 29 – United States representative Paul Ryan becomes the new Republican Speaker of the United States House of Representatives after John Boehner resigned.
 October 31 – Flight KGL9268, an Airbus A321 airliner en route to Saint Petersburg from Sharm el-Sheikh, crashes near Al-Hasana in Sinai, killing all 217 passengers and 7 crew members on board.

November
November 

 November 7 – Chinese and Taiwanese leaders, Xi Jinping and Ma Ying-jeou, formally meet for the first time.
 November 13 – Multiple terrorist attacks claimed by the terrorist group ISIS (ISIL) in Paris, France, result in 139 deaths.
 November 24 – Syrian Civil War: Turkey shoots down a Russian fighter jet in the first case of a NATO member destroying a Russian aircraft since the 1950s.
 November 30 – The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) is held in Paris, attended by leaders from 147 nations.

December
 December 12 – A global climate change pact is agreed at the COP 21 summit, committing all countries to reduce carbon emissions for the first time.
 December 21 – After a mass corruption scandal, the FIFA committee suspended its president Sepp Blatter for 7 years thus forcing him to resign.
 December 22 – SpaceX lands a Falcon 9 rocket, the first reusable rocket to successfully enter orbital space and return.
Predicted events 
 December 31 – Millennium Development Goals are targeted for achievement.
 December 31 – Microcredit Summit Campaign goals are targeted for achievement.