Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Provinces and counties
Ireland is traditionally divided into four provinces and thirty-two counties. Twenty-six counties are in the Republic and six in Northern Ireland. Three of the provinces are entirely within the Republic (Connacht, Leicester and Munster), and one province (Ulster) has some counties in both the Republic and in Northern Ireland.
 Connacht - Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon, Sligo
 Leinster - Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Longford, Louth, County Meath, Offaly, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow
 Munster - Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, Waterford
 Ulster - Cavan, Donegal, Monaghan (Republic of Ireland); Antrim, Armagh, Derry, Down, Fermanagh, Tyrone (Northern Ireland)

Main cities
Dublin is the largest city. It is the capital of the Republic of Ireland. Dublin was established as a Viking settlement in the 9th century. The population is 525,383 in Dublin City, and 1,270,603 in Co. Dublin.
Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland. It has 483,000 people in the Greater Belfast urban area there are 267,000 in the city itself. Shipbuilding used to be a major industry here. The Titanic was built in Belfast at the Harland and Wolff shipyard.

Armagh is a city in Northern Ireland. It is often called the 'Ecclesiastic Capital of Ireland' as it is the seat of both the Catholic Church and the (Protestant) Church of Ireland. The population is 14,590.

Cork is the largest city in Munster. Corkonians often refer to it as 'the Real Capital'. The population is 119,230. but following a 2019 Cork boundary change|boundary extension in 2019, the population increased to c. 210,000.
Derry (Or Londonderry) is the second largest city in Northern Ireland. Derry is notable for the Medieval city walls which still stand. Because the walls have never been breached, the city is nicknamed "The Maiden City". In 2013 Derry was the UK Capital of Culture. Many cultural events took place there during the year. The population is 83,652.

History

During the last glacial period (the "ice age"), most of Ireland was covered with ice. After that, Ireland became covered with trees. The first people came to Ireland about 9,000 years ago, in the Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic period). They were nomadic. Once food ran out in the place they lived, they would move to another place. Evidence of these people was found in Mount Sandel, Co. Derry.
About 4000 BC, in the New Stone Age (Neolithic period), the first farmers arrived in Ireland. These people cleared openings in the forest and built permanent settlements with houses and farmland. When people in this age died, they were buried in tombs called megaliths. Many megaliths are left standing today, such as portal dolmens and passage tombs.The most famous megalith is Newgrange passage tomb in co.Meath.

New settlers came around 2000BC, marking the start of the Bronze Age. Copper was mined mainly in Mount Gabriel, Co. Cork and tin was imported from Cornwall. These people used bronze to make weapons, such as swords. They also used it to make early forms of jewellery, such as sun discs and torcs. These settlers buried the dead in court tombs or wedge tombs, and burial places have been found with stone circles.
It is unknown when the Celts came to Ireland, but it is likely they brought the use of iron with them. The use of iron marks the start of the Iron Age. It is known that by about 300BC, the use of iron and Celtic culture was widespread in Ireland. The Celts lived in ring forts, hill forts, promontory forts and crannógs. It is thought that only the richer families and settlements lived in crannógs. These were man-made islands in the middle of lakes with houses on them.

Celtic Ireland was split into around 150 kingdoms called tuath. The king was elected from the royal family. Below the king were the Nobles, and the Aos Dána, who were people with special skills, such as poets, Druids (priests), judges and craftsmen.
By the early 6th century, Ireland was mostly Christian through the work of St. Patrick and other missionaries. Druids were replaced by priests and monks. Monasteries soon were built such as Glendalough in co. Wicklow. Glendalough and other monasteries built round towers for safety when Vikings attacked. Small monasteries were also built in remote places, the most famous being Skellig Michael, off the coast of co. Kerry.

At this time many hand-written manuscripts were created by the monasteries. They include the Cathach, the Book of Durrow, and the Book of Kells. Monks also produced fine silver chalices, croziers and brooches, and carved high crosses.
In 1169, Anglo-Norman lords invaded Ireland. They were led by Strongbow who landed at Passage East, Co. Waterford. The Anglo-Normans conquered many parts of Ireland in the following 60 years. They introduced their way of life to the Irish people. The feudal system was soon introduced in Ireland as a means of organising land. Castles were built to defend the land like Trim Castle, Co. Meath. During the Middle Ages, Ireland's first proper towns were built.

From 1801 until 1921, all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1921 Northern Ireland was created and 'partitioned' from the south. Northern Ireland has stayed within the United Kingdom since then. The full name of the UK is 'The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'.

In 1921 the south became the Irish Free State. In 1937 the Irish Free State adopted a new constitution which named the state 'Ireland', and in 1948 this state passed the Republic of Ireland Act which declared it to be a republic.
Migration
Many Irish people have left Ireland and moved to the United States, Canada, Australia, and South America. The Great Famine (1845 to 1849 inclusive) forced many to leave; it is estimated almost a million people died of starvation, and a million more emigrated. From a maximum of over 8 million in 1841, the total Irish population dropped to just over 4 million in the 1940s. Since then, the population has grown to over 6 million. This has been helped by the economic growth of the "Celtic Tiger" and since 2004 immigration from countries in Eastern Europe such as Poland.

Today almost 80 million people around the world are descended from Irish immigants.

Climate
 
Ireland has an oceanic climate. 
 
The highest temperature ever recorded in Ireland was , on 16 July 1876 in Dublin.

Top 5 warmest days

Sports

Ireland's main sports are Gaelic Games (Gaelic football, hurling, etc.) and soccer.
The many sports played and followed in Ireland include Gaelic games (mainly Gaelic football, hurling and camogie), horse racing, show jumping, greyhound racing, basketball, fishing, handball, motorsport, MMA, boxing, target shooting and tennis. Hockey, golf, rowing, cricket, rugby union and Olympic target shooting are organised on an all-island basis, with a single team representing the whole of Ireland in international competitions. Other sports, such as soccer and netball, have separate organizing bodies in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

As Northern Ireland is a constituent nation of the United Kingdom it also sends a Northern Ireland Team to the Commonwealth Games. At the Olympic Games, a person from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either Ireland or Great Britain.
Soccer is the most popular team sport in terms of participation. According to the Irish Sports Monitor 2015 annual report, 4.8% of adults over 15 participate in Soccer. Gaelic football 2%, camogie 1.2, rugby 1.1%. Individual exercise pursuits are most popular with 43% of all sport participated by individuals on their own. Personal exercise 13.7%, running 8.2%, swimming 8%, cycling 5.5%, dancing 3%, golf 2.7%, weights 2.3%, yoga 1.5% and pilates 1.4%.

Soccer is by far the most popular team pursuit for males at 8.8% with Gaelic football attracting 3.4%. Personal exercise 13.4% and running 8.9% are the most popular male activities. Team sports do not figure highly amongst females with dancing at 4.6% and yoga 2.4% are two of the highest shared activities.
Given the variety of sports in Ireland, it is of interest to note how the government's Capital Sports programme 2017 allocated it's €56 million funds. €23.5 million went to the GAA which highlights the strength of the GAA lobby. €7.25 million to soccer, Rugby €3.1 million, tennis €2.64 million, golf €1.97 million, sailing €1.21 million, athletics just under €1 million, diving €451,000 while other sports did not fare so well.

Gaelic Football is one of the most popular sports in Ireland in terms of match attendance, and in 2003 had 34% of total sports attendances at events in the Republic of Ireland, followed by hurling at 23%, soccer at 16% and rugby at 8%. Initiative's ViewerTrack study, which measured 2005 sports audiences, showed the sport's highest-profile match, the All-Ireland Football Final, to be the most watched event of the nation's sporting year. Soccer is the most played team sport in Ireland.

References

 
Divided regions
The Internet is the biggest world-wide communication network of computers. The Internet has a lot of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry many different kinds of information. The short form of internet is the 'Net'. The World Wide Web is one of its biggest services. It is used by countless people all over the world.

The Internet was developed in the United States by the Department of Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The Internet was first connected in October 1969 and was called ARPANET. The World Wide Web was created at CERN in Switzerland in 1990 by a British (UK) scientist named Tim Berners-Lee.

Today, people can pay money to access the Internet from internet service providers. Some services on the Internet cost nothing to use. Sometimes people who offer these free services use advertising to make money. Censorship and freedom of speech on the Internet can be controversial.

Services
Services 

The Internet is used for many things, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer and other documents of the World Wide Web.

The most used service on the Internet is the World Wide Web (which is also called the "Web" or “www”). The web contains websites, including social media, blogs, and wikis like Wikipedia. Webpages on the Internet can be seen and read by anyone (unless the page needs a password, or it is blocked).

The second biggest use of the Internet is to send and receive e-mail. E-mail is private and goes from one user to another. Instant messaging is similar to email, but allows two or more people to chat to each other faster.

Some governments think the internet is a bad thing, and block all or part of it.  For example, the Chinese government thinks that Wikipedia is bad, so often no one in China can read it or add to it. Another example of the internet being blocked is in North Korea. Some parents and schools block parts of the Internet they think are bad for children to see.
Dangers 
The Internet makes communication easy, and communication can be dangerous too. People often send secret information, and sometimes other people can steal that information. They can use the Internet to spread lies, steal secrets, or give dangerously bad advice. For example, Facebook has had some problems with privacy settings.

 Some websites may trick people into downloading viruses that can harm a computer, or spyware that spies on its users (looks at what they are doing and tells someone else). 
E-mails can have harmful files with them as "attachments".
 In internet chatrooms, people might be preying on others or trying to stalk or abuse them.
 The Internet contains content that many people find offensive , as well as content intended to be offensive.
 Criminals may steal people's personal information or trick people into sending them money.

Related pages 
Communications satellite
Media studies
World Wide Web
ARPANET
Happy

Further reading

References
Italy ( [iˈtaːlja])  is a country in Southern Europe. It is a member of the European Union. Its official name is the Italian Republic (). The Italian flag is green, white and red. Italy is a democratic republic. 

Italy is a founding member of the European Union. In 2022, Italy's president is Sergio Mattarella. Its prime minister is Giorgia Meloni. Italy is also a member of the G7, as it has the eighth largest gross domestic product in the world.

Italy has become famous for its wine and food. Some foods are different between regions. Famous dishes include various types of pasta, pizza, and grapes. Olives are also often used.

Before 1861, Italy was made up of smaller kingdoms and city-states.

The country's capital, Rome, is one of the most famous cities in the world. It was the capital of the Roman Empire. Other famous cities in Italy include Venice, Naples, Turin, Genoa, Florence, Palermo, and Milan.

Geography
Geography

Italy is a peninsula. It is surrounded by the sea on all of its sides except its north side. Northern Italy is separated from France, Switzerland, and Austria by the Alps, a chain of mountains. Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco in Italian or white mountain in English), the highest mountain in Western Europe, is in this chain. The second important chain of mountains in Italy is the Apennines (), which are in central and southern Italy.

The Po River is the longest river in Italy. It flows through 5 cities: Turin, Piacenza, Cremona, and Ferrara. The Tiber River runs through the city of Rome.

Northern Italy has some of the biggest lakes in the country, such as Lake Garda, Lake Como, Lake Maggiore and Lake Iseo. Because it is surrounded by the sea, Italy has a very long coast, which brings tourists from all over the world. Tourists also come to see Italy's historical places.
The country has a number of islands, the biggest of which are Sicily and Sardinia, which can be reached by ship or aircraft. Italy has a border at sea with Libya to the south.

Political geography

The capital of Italy is Rome. This is where the Roman Empire started. Other large cities in Italy include Milan, Naples, Turin, Florence, Palermo, and Venice.

Two enclaves (separate countries) are located within Italy. They are San Marino, which is surrounded by Northern Italy, and the Vatican City, which is surrounded by the city of Rome. Vatican City is also the only enclave in the world to also be surrounded by a city.

Climate
Italy has both an oceanic climate and continental climate. 

The highest temperature ever recorded in Italy was  on 25 June 2007 in Foggia. 

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Italy was  on 10 February 2013 at Pale di San Martino.

People and culture
People from Italy are called Italians. Even if an Italian were to leave Italy, it is possible that their descendants could also claim Italian citizenship. This is because of Italian nationality law relying mostly on ius sanguinis, or "right of blood" in Latin. Almost all Italians are Christians. Most of these are Roman Catholics. Roman Catholicism 

is based in the Vatican City, which is home to its leader, the Pope.

The population of Italy is about 60 million people. Almost 3 million of them live in Rome, and 1.5 million in Milan. As of December 2015, over 5 million foreigners were living in Italy, which is 8.3% of the total population.

The official language of Italy is Italian. German, Slovenian, French, and a few others are also recognized. People also speak dialects of Italian such as Sicilian and Sardinian. There are many different dialects spoken in Italy. They vary between regions and sometimes between provinces.

The people of Italy are mostly descendant from the ancient Romans.
Italy is home to more World Heritage Sites than any other country in the world. These sites are culturally important and valued according to UNESCO. About 60% of the works of art of the world are in Italy. Italy is also a big wine producer. In 2005, it made over 5 million tonnes of wine.

Food
Famous Italian foods include pasta and pizza.

Art
Many notable artists were from Italy. They include:
 Donatello, sculptor
 Leonardo da Vinci, painter
 Michelangelo, sculptor and painter
 Amedeo Modigliani, painter
 Raphael, painter

Economy 

Italy has a modern social welfare system. The labor market is very strong. Many foreigners, especially from Romania, work in Italy where the wages are much higher.

Italy's modern society has been built up through loans. Now the country has a very high debt of 1.9 trillion euros or 120% of the country's total GDP.

Religion
Religion 

Most people in Italy are Roman Catholics, but the Catholic Church is no longer officially the state religion. 87.8% of the people said they were Roman Catholic.
Only about a third said they were active members (36.8%). There are also other Christian groups in Italy, with more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians. 180,000 of them belong to the Greek Orthodox Church.

550,000 are Pentecostals and Evangelicals (0.8%). 235,685 Jehovah's Witnesses (0.4%), 30,000 Waldensians, 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Mormons, 20,000 Baptists, 7,000 Lutherans, 4,000 Methodists.
The country's oldest religious minority is the Jewish community. It has about 45,000 people. It is no longer the largest non-Christian group.
About 825,000 Muslims live in Italy. Most of them immigrated. (1.41% of the total population) Only 50,000 are Italian citizens. In addition, there are 50,000 Buddhists 70,000 Sikh and 70,000 Hindus in Italy.

Major cities
Major cities 

 Rome
 Venice
 Milan
 Naples
 Turin
 Florence
 Bologna
 Palermo
 Trieste
 Bari

Regions 
Italy has 20 regions (). Every region is divided into provinces.

There are 20 regions. Five of them have a special status, called autonomous. This means that they can make certain local laws more easily. These regions are marked with an asterisk (*) below.

Politics 

The head of state is Sergio Mattarella. He became President of the Italian Republic in February 2015. The first president was Enrico De Nicola.

The head of government is Giorgia Meloni. She became Prime Minister on October 22, 2022, the first woman in that role. She succeeded Mario Draghi. Draghi's cabinet, fell after support for his coalition fell.

Italy was one of the first members of the European Union. In 2002 along with 11 other European countries, it changed to using the euro as its official currency. Before this, the Italian lira had been used since 1861.
Anyone who wants to be President of Italy must have Italian citizenship, be at least 50 years old, and must be able to uphold political and civil rights.

History 

The capital of Italy is Rome. Rome was founded in 753 BC. It was a separate state well known as Roman Kingdom firstly, Roman Republic and Roman Empire later. It conquered various neighbors including the Etruscan civilization in the north and the states in the south known as Magna Graecia.

Before 1861, Italy was not a state. The area included a group of separate states that were ruled by other countries (such as Austria, France, and Spain). In the 1850s, the Earl of Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour was the head of government of the "State of Sardinia". He talked to the Austrians in Lombardy and Veneto and said they should create a Northern Italian state. This happened, but other Central and Southern Italian states also joined Piedmont to create a bigger state.

Kingdom of Italy
Kingdom of Italy 

In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of Sicily, creating the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Victor Emmanuel II was made the king. In 1861, Latium and Veneto were still not part of Italy, because they were ruled by the Pope and Austrian Empire.

Veneto was made part of Italy in 1866 after a war with Austria. Italian soldiers won Latium in 1870. That was when they took away the Pope's power. The Pope, who was angry, said that he was a prisoner to keep Catholic people from being active in politics. That was the year of Italian unification.

Italy participated in World War I. It was an ally of Great Britain, France, and Russia against the Central Powers. Almost all of Italy's fighting was on the Eastern border, near Austria. After the "Caporetto defeat", Italy thought they would lose the war. But, in 1918, the Central Powers surrendered. Italy gained the Trentino-South Tyrol, which once was owned by Austria.
Fascist Italy 
In 1922, a new Italian government started. It was ruled by Benito Mussolini, the leader of Fascism in Italy. He became head of government and dictator, calling himself "Il Duce" (which means "leader" in Italian). He became friends with German dictator Adolf Hitler. Germany, Japan, and Italy became the Axis Powers. In 1940, they entered World War II together against France, Great Britain, and later the Soviet Union. During the war, Italy controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea.
On July 25, 1943, Mussolini was removed by the Great Council of Fascism. On September 8, 1943, Badoglio said that the war as an ally of Germany was ended. Italy started fighting as an ally of France and the UK, but Italian soldiers did not know whom to shoot. In Northern Italy, a movement called Resistenza started to fight against the German invaders. On April 25, 1945, much of Italy became free, while Mussolini tried to make a small Northern Italian fascist state called the Republic of Salò. The fascist state failed and Mussolini tried to flee to Switzerland and escape to Francoist Spain, but he was captured by Italian partisans. On 28 April 1945 Mussolini was executed by a partisan.

After World War Two 

The state became a republic on June 2, 1946. For the first time, women were able to vote. Italian people ended the Savoia dynasty and adopted a republic government.
In February 1947, Italy signed a peace treaty with the Allies. They lost all the colonies and some territorial areas (Istria and parts of Dalmatia).

Since then Italy has joined NATO and the European Community (as a founding member). It is one of the seven biggest industrial economies in the world.

Transportation 

The railway network in Italy totals . It is the 17th longest in the world. High speed trains include ETR-class trains which travel at speeds of up to .

Related pages
 Italy at the Olympics
 Italy national football team
 Italian cuisine
 Italophilia
 Italian Mare Nostrum
 List of rivers of Italy

References

Other websites 

 Official tourism website

 
European Union member states
Italian-speaking countries
G8 nations
G7 nations
If is a word to describe a statement where one thing depends on something else. 

For example:
We can call this true if there is proof.
We will play outside if it does not rain.

If — is a poem written by Rudyard Kipling. It appeared in the Brother Square Toes chapter of Kipling's book Rewards and Fairies. In a 1995 BBC opinion poll, it was voted Britain's favourite poem. It is arguably Kipling's most famous poem.

Basic English 850 words
An island is a piece of land that is surrounded by a body of water such as a lake, river, sea or ocean. Islands are smaller than continents. Although there are many Islands that surround fresh water, the vast majority of them surround oceans.

Greenland and Australia are huge islands, but they are built of continental rock, and the latter is generally considered a continent. The most ancient part of continental rock is far older and chemically more complex than the rock of the sea floor. 

The heart of continents is their cratons, which are the most ancient and stable parts of the Earth's crust. In the cratons are all the rare elements needed for electronic equipment. They were swept up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded. The rare elements we need were all got indirectly from supernovae explosions. The Sun's energy  comes from turning hydrogen into helium.
There are some islands which do have rare elements, and that is a sign that they were once part of a large supercontinent. So Great Britain was once part of a supercontinent. The oldest rocks are 2,700 million years old, and include many rare elements only found in cratons. Britain is a snapped-off piece of the Old Red Sandstone continent, now known as Laurasia.

Other islands that were formed from the ocean floor, as Japan, and Hawaii were, lack most of the rare elements. Japan has for many years since WWII imported iron ore from Australia. Its seizing of Manchukuo (~Manchuria) and the infamous attack on Pearl Harbour no doubt had many reasons. Lack of raw materials was one of these  Now it looks  for potential in its nearby deep-sea muds.

Big islands
Big islands

In Europe 
 Great Britain 218,995 km²
 Iceland 101,826 km²
 Ireland 81,638 km²
 The island in the north of Novaja Zemlja 47,079 km²
 Spitsbergen 38,981 km²
 The island in the south of Novaja Zemlja 33,246 km²
 Sicily 25,662 km²
 Sardinia 23,812 km²
 Nordaustlandet (archipelago of Svalbard, Norway) 14,247 km²
 Cyprus 9,234 
 Corsica 8,741 km²

Other places 
 Greenland 2,130,800 km²
 New Guinea 785,753 km²
 Borneo 748,138 km²
 Madagascar 587,041 km²
 Baffin 507,451 km²
 Sumatra 677,658 km²

References

Basic English 850 words
An interim is a period of temporary pause or change in a sequence of events, or a temporary state, and is often applied to transitional political entities.

Interim may also refer to:

Temporary organizational arrangements (general concept)
Provisional government, emergency government during the creation, collapse, or crisis of a state; also called interim government
Caretaker government, temporary rule between governments in a parliamentary democracy; also called interim government
Acting president, interim head of a state
Acting (law), designation of a person temporarily exercising the authority of any position
Interim management, in business

Specific temporary political arrangements
Provisional and interim governments and constitutions
Articles of Confederation, United States 1781–1788
Interim government of California, 1846–1850
Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States, 1861–1862
Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, 1912–1931
Dáil Constitution, Ireland 1918–1921
Interim National Assembly (Czechoslovakia), 1945–1946
Interim Government of India, 1946–1947
Provisional Constitution of 1950, Indonesia 1950–1959
Interim Constitution of Tanzania, 1964–1977
Interim presidency of Suharto, Indonesia 1967–1968
Interim Constitution of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1974), from 1974
Interim Batasang Pambansa, government of the Philippines 1978–1984
Interim Government of Iran 1979–80, also covered by Interim Government of Iran (1979–80), 
Interim Government of Iran (1981)
Interim Parliament of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, 1983
Transitional Government of Ethiopia, 1991–1995
Interim Government of Somalia, 1991–1996
Interim National Government, Nigeria 1993
Interim Constitution (South Africa), 1994–1997
National Transitional Council (Congo), 1997–2001
Joint Interim Administrative Structure, Kosovo 2000–2001
Afghan Interim Administration, 2001–2002
Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period, 2004–2005
Iraqi Interim Government, 2005
Iraqi Transitional Government, 2005–2006
Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan, 2005
2006 interim constitution of Thailand and 2006 Thai interim civilian government
Interim Cabinet of Fiji, 2007
2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt, 2011–2012
National Transitional Council, Libya 2011–2012
Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration, from 2011
Regmi interim cabinet, Nepal 2013–2014
Interim Government of Ambazonia, from 2017
2020 interim government of Kyrgyzstan
Caretaker interim governments

Specific states generally
Interrex (English: "between kings"), office in the Roman Kingdom and Republic, a type of regent
Caretaker government of Australia, laws and history pertaining to interim governments in that country
Caretaker government of Bangladesh, laws and history pertaining to interim governments in that country
Caretaker government of Malaysia, laws and history pertaining to interim governments in that country
Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan, laws and history pertaining to interim governments in that country
Interim and Acting President of Israel
Interim leader (Canada), a temporary party leader appointed upon the resignation or death of a party leader
Specific caretaker interim governments
Churchill caretaker ministry, United Kingdom 1945
Iraqi Governing Council, government under the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period, 2004–2005 (see above)
Interim legislature of Nepal, from 2009
Interim Cabinet of Panagiotis Pikrammenos in Greece, 2012
2015 interim election government of Turkey
Caretaker Government of Myanmar (2021), from 2021
Sub-state entities
Interim East Punjab Assembly, 1947–1951
Interim Morgan Government, Wales 2000
Interim Uttarakhand Assembly, Indian state of Uttarakhand 2000–2002
Ituri Interim Administration, government of the Ituri region of the Congo, from 2003
Syrian Interim Government, government of some parts of Syria from 2013
Bangsamoro Interim Cabinet, government of Bangsamoro in the Philippines from 2018
Temporary peaces
Regensburg Interim, 1542 decree relating to religious disputes in Germany
Augsburg Interim, 1548 decree relating to religious disputes in Germany
Leipzig Interim, another 1548 decree relating to religious disputes in Germany
Interim Peace between Finland and the USSR 1940–1941

Diplomacy
Chargé d'affaires ad interim, temporary head of a diplomatic mission
Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers, 1945, also called the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers
Interim Agreement, commonly known as the Oslo Accords, relating to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, commonly known as the Oslo II Accord
Sinai Interim Agreement, also known as the Sinai II Agreement, between Egypt and Israel 1975 
Interim Self Governing Authority, 2003 Tamil proposal
Geneva interim agreement on Iranian nuclear program, 2013, commonly known as the Joint Plan of Action
Other
Interim Committee, precursor to the American Atomic Energy Commission 1945–1946
Interim Independent Electoral Commission (Kenya), 2009–2011
Interim Committee on Un-American Activities, commonly known as the Canwell Committee, legislative committee of Washington State in the United States, 1947–1949
Nassau Interim Finance Authority, from 2000, New York State commission
Interim Climate Change Committee, New Zealand 2018–2019

Legal concepts and procedures
Interim order, court order in effect pending outcome of a case
Interim trustee, concept in United States bankruptcy law
Interim appeal, a partial appeal in United States law
Interim interdict in Scots law, a temporary injunction 
Judicial interim release, part of Canadian bail law

Peacekeeping forces
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, from 1978
United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei in Sudan, from 2011
Sports
Caretaker manager, temporary manager of a soccer team; also called interim manager
Interim championship, temporary world championship in boxing and other contact sports
IFA Interim Intermediate League, Ireland 2008–2009

The arts
Interim (film), 1953 short film by Stan Brakhage
Interim (album), 2004 album by British rock band The Fall
Interim Resurgence, 1985 album by Zoogz Rift
INTERIM-Theater in Munich
Other
Interim analysis, in science, analysis of incomplete data
Interim state, in some religious thought, an intermediate state between one's death and the End Times
Interim alternative educational setting, in American education, temporary placement for a special-needs student
Interim Housing, in China, provision for temporarily displaced persons
MCC Interim Linux, provisional software release 1992
Institute of Interim Management, United Kingdom
Interim Fast Attack Vehicle, American scout vehicle
Interim Control Module, NASA machine 
Interim Capability for Airborne Networking, United States Air Force process
Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera, taxonomic database
Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia
Related pages
Ad interim, Latin phrase for "in the meantime"
Interim velim a sole mihi non obstes ("In the meantime, don't block my sun")
Regent, temporary ruler standing in for monarch currently unable to exercise rule
Locum tenens, a person who temporarily fulfills the duties of another
An idiom is a common phrase which means something different from its literal meaning but can be understood because of their popular use.

Idioms are difficult for someone not good at speaking the language. Some idioms are only used by some groups of people or at certain times. The idiom shape up or ship out, which is like saying improve your behavior or leave if you don't, might be said by an employer or supervisor to an employee, but not to other people.

Idioms are not the same thing as slang. Idioms are made of normal words that have a special meaning known to almost everyone. Slang is usually special words, or special meanings of normal words that are known only to a particular group of people.
To learn a language a person needs to learn the words in that language, and how and when to use them. But people also need to learn idioms separately because certain words together or at certain times can have different meanings. In order to understand an idiom, one sometimes needs to know the culture from which the idiom comes.

To know the history of an idiom can be useful and interesting. For example, most native British English speakers know that "No room to swing a cat" means "there was not much space" and can use the idiom properly. However, few know this is because 200 years ago sailors were punished by being whipped with a "cat o' nine tails". A big space was cleared on the ship so that the person doing the whipping had room to swing the cat.

An idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be understood from the dictionary definitions of each word taken separately. The linguist's term for the real meaning of an idiom is the subtext.
Simple Definition 
Idioms are phrases or expressions that have a figurative meaning different from their literal interpretation. They are commonly used in everyday language to convey a specific idea, often with cultural or historical significance. Idioms are not meant to be taken literally, and their meaning can be understood only by familiarizing oneself with their usage and context.
Some common idioms
 Break a leg
 A way to wish someone good luck.
 To live it up
 To enjoy life, to live widely
 To kick the bucket
 To die.
 Shape up or ship out
 Used to tell someone that they should leave if they don't improve their behavior or performance
 Learn the ropes
Learn and often perfect the skills of a craft, job, etc.
 Mad as a hatter 
Mentally unstable, especially as the result of poisoning.
 To shed crocodile tears To cry about something but without actually caring.
 Wild goose chase A useless journey or pursuit.
 Nothing burger An idea or promise without substance
 There's no room to swing a cat
 There is not a lot of space.
 To pay through the nose
 To pay a lot of money, more than is normal.
 Cost an arm and a leg
Be extremely expensive.
 To bark up the wrong tree
 To choose the wrong course of action.
 To spill the beans
 To tell a secret.
 It's raining cats and dogs
 It's raining heavily.
 To get into hot water
 To get into trouble.
 Skate on thin ice
To disregard caution.
Chicken-hearted
 Frightened or cowardly
 To chicken out
 Not doing a thing, because of fear.
 Top dog
 Leader.
 To smell a rat
 To think that something is wrong.
 To give up
 To quit.
 To give up on
 To stop believing in something or someone.
 I could eat a horse
 I am very hungry.
 To be on top of the world
To be really happy.
 Once in a blue moon
Rarely
 Wouldn't touch with a ten-foot pole! (Or barge pole in British English)
Not wanting anything to do with something or someone.
 Avoid like the plague
Avoid at any cost.
 Miss the boat
Be too late for a chance or opportunity.
 Child's play
Easy to do.
 Cakewalk
Something easy to accomplish.
 Chinese puzzle
Extremely difficult task.
 Castle in the clouds or pie in the sky 
An impossible or improbable dream, project, etc.
 Hit the sack
To go to bed
 Get\give the sack
Dismiss or be dismissed from one's employment.
 The whole nine yards
Everything
 Bells and whistles
All the unnecessary luxuries, features, etc
 Mad as a hater
Insane, as from poisoning.
Turn a blind eye \ deaf ear
To ignore.
 Cry wolf
Report a false emergency.
 One's cup of tea
What someone prefers.
 Not for all the tea in China
Less common idioms include
 Safe as houses
Very safe and secure.

Idioms which have unclear meaning 
Articles by Oxfam and the BBC have said that many idioms in English are unclear, or ambiguous. Many are understood differently in different countries. Many of the examples are taken from face-to-face talk, but may also apply in written reports.

Examples 
Satisfactory (in a report, or in an assessment) might mean not satisfactory.
I hear what you say. Might mean I'm listening, but more likely I totally disagree.
With the greatest respect. May mean You are quite wrong. 68% of British thought it meant "I think you are an idiot", whereas 49% of Americans thought it meant "I am listening to you".
I'll bear it in mind. In a survey 55% of British thought it meant I've forgotten it already. 43% of Americans thought it meant I will probably do it.

Vocables are sounds that are not proper words, but mean something, and are often ambiguous. One is a long drawn-out sound hmmmmmm.
One suggestion is that these idioms are used to smooth over difficult areas in social interaction. They cover passive-aggressive statements which might cause more conflict if openly expressed.

Related pages 
Proverb

References 

Figures of speech
The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) tests how fluent you are in the English language. People who take the test take the Academic Module or the General Training Module. The academic one is for people who want to go to university. The general one is for people who want to do other training or want to get work experience. People who want to emigrate to a country that uses English also take the general one.

Most universities in Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the United States accept the IELTS. Many professional companies do as well.

Other websites 
 IELTS Web Site
 IELTS Exams

English language
Tests
Ink is a liquid that is used to write, draw, print, or make marks. The word ink is from Latin and means "colored water". Ink is used in pens, in some computer printers, and in printing presses. In some countries, people write by using ink and brushes. People usually write or print using black ink, but ink can be any color. The first ink was used in Egypt about 2600 BC.

The first inks were carbon inks, made from soot, which is 80% carbon, water and gum arabic. Red ink would need iron oxide (such as haematite) from ground rocks instead of soot. Later, in Europe, people used iron gall ink. This is the kind of ink Johann Sebastian Bach and Leonardo da Vinci used. Now ink colours are produced by man-made dyes.
A disadvantage of many kinds of ink is that they may smudge when wet, spoiling the picture or writing. If water-based ink is used, the writing situation needs to be stable, with the writer seated at a table. Ink in a ballpoint pen (biro) is a kind of gel. It is held in a thin long cylinder (tube) inside the pen. The ink does not fall out of the cylinder as it sticks to the sides of the tube. Therefore, ballpoint pens can be used in a wider range of circumstances compared to water-based inks.

== References == 
 .

Basic English 850 words
Writing tools
Art materials
The inch is a unit of length in the Imperial system and the United States customary system. The abbreviation for inches is in or ". There are 12 inches in a foot. One inch is equal to 2.54 centimetres.

The word "inch" came from Middle English unche, which came from Old English ynce, from Latin uncia meaning "a twelfth part".

History 

The inch was originally defined as 3 barleycorns. The inch was finally standardised in the International Yard and Pound Treaty in 1959 between the United States, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. The international yard was made equal to 0.9144 metres. From this, subdivisions and multiples of the yard were specifically defined.

Usage 

In Britain and the United States, people use inches more than they use millimetres or centimetres. In the rest of the world, international units are almost always used. The inch is not used by scientists.
In the United Kingdom, road signs that show how high a vehicle can be in order to pass through a tunnel are required to be in feet and inches. Theme parks and drive thru signs usually show it in metres. People regularly measure their height in feet and inches. Official medical records, however, are required to record people's height in metric measurements only.

In Canada, a mix of centimetres and inches are used in height. Older generations, especially, use Imperial units. A lot of exposure to Americanized phrases leads to younger generations often having a good understanding of both the Imperial and metric systems.

In the United States, height is always in feet and inches. Science is the only field to use metric measurements.

Other Commonwealth countries, including Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Jamaica use inches to varying degrees. From every day use to exclusively the older community.

Length 

Units of length
Imperial units
The pint (abbreviated pt) is a unit of volume in imperial units and United States customary units. There are three types of pints used in different countries. An imperial pint and US pint both equal  of a quart and  of a gallon.

An imperial fluid ounce is approximately 4% smaller than a US fluid ounce although an imperial pint has 4 more fluid ounces than a US pint, making an imperial pint approximately 20% larger than a US pint.

Imperial Pint
The imperial pint is the pint used in England, Canada, Ireland, and Burma. The unit may appear in other Commonwealth. Confusion in Canada often arises as liquids are occasionally sold in U.S. pints, near the border, although the official and only pint that is legal in Canada is the imperial pint. The imperial system has no dry pint and volume in dry units, since solid objects are measured by mass. 1 imperial pint equals 568,261.25 mm3.
An imperial fluid ounce is approximately 4% smaller than a US fluid ounce although an imperial pint has 4 more fluid ounces than a US pint, making an imperial pint approximately 20% larger than a US pint.

US Wet Pint
The US wet pint, or more commonly 'pint', is the unit used to measure volume in the United States. It is more common than the dry pint which is used for non-liquid volume measurements. 1 US pint is exactly equal to 473,176.473 mm3, defined by the international yard and pound agreement.

US Dry Pint
The US dry pint was a unit used for measuring the volume of solid objects instead of mass or quantity.
Usage
 The wet U.S. pint is still commonly used in the United States.
 In Canada, it is commonly used for alcohol although a pint can vary from 12 fl oz to 20 fl oz and is sometimes incorrectly given in US fl oz.
 In England and Ireland, only milk and pure ethanol are sold in pints; however, milk must have litres next to pints.
 In England, milk is often sold in metric quantities near to imperial pints.

Imperial units
Units of volume
The word Italian may mean:
Anything related to the country of Italy
Italians, people of Italy
Italian cuisine, food of Italy
Italian language
Italians ( ) are a Romance ethnic group native to the Italian peninsula. Italians have a common culture, history, ancestry and language.

References 

Italy
Ethnic groups in Europe
ISO 19011 is the new global accounting standard, replacing accounting standards that were part of ISO 14001 and ISO 9001.  It is the most likely basis for accounting reform which could put an end to accounting scandals.

The standard offers four resources to organizations to "save time, effort and money":

 A clear explanation of the principles of management systems auditing.
 Guidance on the management of audit programs.
 Guidance on the conduct of internal or external audits.
 Advice on the competence and evaluation of auditors.

Accounting
19011
India (Hindi: ), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ) and also known as Hindustān or Bhārat within the country, is a country in South Asia. It is the largest country by number of people and seventh largest country by land area. India is a peninsula, bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It has six neighbors: Pakistan in the north-west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan in the north, and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east. Sri Lanka is nearby to the south.
The capital city of India is New Delhi.  India has the second largest military force in the world and is also a nuclear weapon state. India's economy became the world's fastest growing in the G20 developing nations during 2014, replacing the People's Republic of China. India's literacy and wealth are also rising. According to New World Wealth, India is the fifth richest country in the world with a total individual wealth of $12.6 trillion. However, it still has many social and economic issues like poverty and corruption. India is a founding member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and has signed the Kyoto Protocol.
India has the fifth largest economy by nominal GDP, the third largest by GDP (PPP) and is the fastest growing major economy. India is a nuclear power and has the second largest standing military in the world. India has its own space agency (ISRO) and has done various research throughout the solar system, including sending spacecraft to the Moon, Mars, and Venus. India is also a member of the G20 developing nations, and has been described as a potential superpower due to its rising economy and increase in global influence.

India has the fourth largest number of spoken languages per country in the world, only behind Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and Nigeria. People of many different religions live there, including the five most popular world religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam, and Christianity. The first three religions originated from the Indian subcontinent along with Jainism.

National symbols
National symbols 

The national emblem of India shows four lions standing back-to-back. The lions symbolize power, pride, confidence, and courage. Only the government can use this emblem, according to the State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005.

The name India comes from the Greek word, Indus. This came from the word sindhu, which, over time, turned into Hind, Hindi, or Hindu. The preferred endonym (the name given to the country by its own people) is "Bhārat" in Hindi and other Indian languages as contrasted with names from outsiders. Some of the national symbols are:
 National anthem: Jana Gana Mana
 National song: Vande Mataram
 National animal: Tiger
 National bird: Peacock
 National flower: Lotus
 National tree: Banyan
 National river: Ganges (Ganga)
 National Aquatic Animal: Ganges River Dolphin
 National fruit: Mango
 National heritage animal: Elephant
 National heritage bird: Indian eagle

History
History 

Some of the main classical languages of the world, Tamil and Sanskrit, were born in today's India. Both of these languages are more than 3000 years old. The country founded a religion called Hinduism, which most Indians still follow. Later, a king named Chandragupt Maurya built an empire called the Maurya Empire in 300 BC. It made most of South Asia into one whole country. From 180 BC, many other countries invaded India. Even later (100 BC  AD 1100), other Indian dynasties (empires) came, including the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas. Southern India at that time was famous for its science, art, and writing. The Cholas of Thanjavur were pioneers at war in the seas and invaded Malaya, Borneo, Cambodia. The influence of Cholas are still noticeable in Southeast Asia.

Many dynasties ruled India around the year 1000. Some of these were the Mughal, Vijayanagara, and the Maratha empires. In the 1600s, European countries invaded India, and the British controlled most of India by 1856.