Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Sadat visited Israel in 1977 and made a speech in front of the Knesset about what he thought was the best way to bring about peace with them. He was the first Arab leader to visit Israel and make peace with them. In 1978, he signed a peace treaty with Israel. This won him the Nobel Peace Prize, but made him very unpopular among other Arabs who did not support peace with Israel. This led to Egypt being suspended from the Arab League at that time.

Death
Death

Many Islamists were very angry about the peace treaty. They made plans to take over the Egyptian government and kill all the main leaders, so that they could bring Egypt back to having an Islamic government instead of a secular one. In February 1981, the Egyptian government heard of this plan. In September that year, Sadat ordered over 1500 people arrested because he thought they might be part of the plot. These people included Islamists, but also the Bishop and other clergy, and many of Egypt's top intellectuals and activists. This arrest was very unpopular. However, Sadat missed a group of Islamists in the military who were led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. This group assassinated Sadat on 6 October during the victory parade celebrating the crossing into the Sinai Peninsula. Eleven other people were killed in the attack, and 28 were wounded. At the same time, Islamists also took control of the city of Asyut for a few days.
Funeral
Sadat's funeral was attended by many important people from around the world, including Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and Richard Nixon, but only three Arab nations sent representatives, and only Sudan's head of state attended. Sadat was succeeded by his vice-president Hosni Mubarak.

References

1918 births
1981 deaths
Assassinated people
Colonels
Egyptian military people
Egyptian Muslims
Murders by firearm
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Presidents of Egypt
Vice-presidents of Egypt
Former dictators
Time People of the Year
The Knesset ( - lit. HaKnesset; meaning the gathering or assembly; ) is the legislative branch of the government of Israel. It makes laws, elects the president and prime minister, supervises the work of the government, and has the power to remove the President and the State Comptroller from office and to call new elections. The Knesset has de jure authority to make and change any laws without being overturned. It can pass any law by a simple majority. There are 120 members in the Knesset.

The Knesset is in Givat Ram, a western central neighbourhood of Jerusalem.

The current Knesset is the 25th Knesset, elected on November 1, 2022 and sworn in on November 15, 2022.

Related pages 
 Knesset elections results
 2021 Israeli legislative election

References 
 Knesset Website

 
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Government buildings in Israel
Israel
Israel
100th Window is the fourth studio album from the Bristol-based trip-hop group Massive Attack. Of the band's original core people, the album only features Robert Del Naja. Andrew Vowles left shortly after the release of Mezzanine, and Grant Marshall did not want to be in the making of the record.

Released in February 2003, 100th Window was written and produced by Del Naja and Neil Davidge, and features vocals from Horace Andy and Sinéad O'Connor, as well as one appearance by Damon Albarn. It is the first album by the band that made no use of samples, and contains none of the jazz or jazz fusion stylings of the Blue Lines or Protection recordings, but is less dark than Mezzanine. The album could have been released earlier, but Del Naja was arrested a few months earlier before it was released under suspicion of child pornography offences. However, he was cleared.

Track listing
Track listing

Notes
 Track 7 has backing vocals by Damon Albarn.
 On track 9, "Antistar" ends at 8:17. At 8:47, an untitled instrumental track, which many people call "LP4", plays.

References 

Massive Attack albums
2003 albums
Trip hop albums
Virgin Records albums
Santiago could mean:

Places
In Argentina:
Santiago del Estero Province
Santiago del Estero, capital of the province

In Brazil:
Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul

In Cape Verde:
Santiago, Cape Verde

In Chile:
Santiago, Chile, the capital
Santiago (commune)
Santiago Province, Chile
Santiago Metropolitan Region

In Colombia:
Santiago, Norte de Santander
Santiago, Putumayo
Santiago de Cali

In Costa Rica:
Santiago de Palmares, Palmares Canton
Santiago de Paraíso, Paraíso Canton
Santiago de Puriscal
Santiago de San Rafael, San Rafael Canton
Santiago de San Ramón, San Ramón Canton

In Cuba:
Santiago de Cuba Province
Santiago de Cuba, capital of the province

In Dominican Republic:
Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)
Santiago de los Caballeros, capital of the province

In Ecuador:
Santiago de Guayaquil
Santiago Island (Galápagos)

In Jamaica:
Santiago, a Spanish possession that later became Jamaica
In Mexico:
Santiago de Querétaro
Santiago, Nuevo León
Santiago, Baja California Sur
Santiago River (Mexico), a river of eastern Mexico

In Panama:
Santiago de Veraguas, Veraguas

In Paraguay:
Santiago, Paraguay, a town and district in Misiones Department

In Peru:
Santiago de Surco, a district of Lima
Santiago de Chuco, Santiago de Chuco District, a province of the La Libertad region
Santiago River (Peru), a tributary of the Marañón River

In the Philippines:
Santiago, Agusan del Norte
Santiago, Ilocos Sur
Santiago City, Isabela province

In Portugal:
Santiago (Lisbon), a parish in the municipality of Lisbon
Santiago (Tavira), a parish in the municipality of Tavira
Santiago do Cacém, a parish and a municipality in the Setúbal
Santiago de Piães, a parish in the municipality of Cinfães
Vale de Santiago, a parish in the municipality of Odemira
In Spain:
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
Santiago (Valdés), a parish in the municipality of Valdés
Santiago (Sariego), a parish in the municipality of Sariego
Santiago (comarca), a comarca in the province of A Coruña
Santiago del Teide, Canary Islands

In the United States:
 Santiago Peak, a mountain in Orange County, California
 Santiago High School, Garden Grove, California
 Santiago Township, Sherburne County, Minnesota
 Santiago, Pennsylvania
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the common set of accounting principles, standards and procedure that company use to make their financial statement. They can also be known simply as Accounting Standards.

Other websites 
 

Money
Accounting
Larry Wayne Brown (born April 14, 1947 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. His career included playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers, Detroit Red Wings, Philadelphia Flyers and Los Angeles Kings.

Awards
MJHL Second All-Star Team (1967)

Other websites

1947 births
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Brandon, Manitoba
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
New York Rangers players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Aluminium arsenide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AlAs. It has aluminium and arsenide ions in it.

Properties and preparation
Aluminium arsenide is an orange solid. It is toxic because it has arsenic in it. It is a semiconductor. It reacts with acids to make arsine. It is made by reacting aluminium and arsenic.

Related pages
Aluminium antimonide
Zinc arsenide
Arsenite

Sources

Aluminium compounds
Arsenic compounds
Matt Calvert (born December 24, 1989 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Drafted in the 5th Round (127th overall) by the Columbus Blue Jackets during the 2008 NHL Entry Draft he currently plays with the Colorado Avalanche. He also played for the Springfield Falcons of the AHL and the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the only player in WHL history to score three short-handed goals in one period in the playoffs.

Awards and honours
 WHL East Second All-Star Team (2010)
 Memorial Cup All-Star Team (2010)

Career statistics

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1989 births
American Hockey League players
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Colorado Avalanche players
Ice hockey people from Brandon, Manitoba
Springfield Falcons players
Living people
Ludic Check (May 22, 1918 – May 11, 2009) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played for the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League. After several years of hockey in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and New York, Check was signed by the Montreal Canadiens after a season playing with the Quebec Senior Hockey League in 1943. In his first NHL season, he played only one professional game, with the Red Wings in 1944.

Check was then loaned to the Blackhawks, where he played 26 games in his final NHL season. The Canadiens then renewed his contract and sent him to the Ottawa "Senior" Senators of the Quebec Senior Hockey League, where he spent the last six seasons of his career. Check was a part of two Allan Cup-winning teams, in 1944 and 1949, and became a sales representative in later life. He died on May 11, 2009 in Ottawa, Ontario at the age of 91.
Early life
Check was born in Brandon, Manitoba on May 22, 1917. Alongside Frank Stahan, Check played two seasons from 1936 through 1938 with the Brandon Wheat Kings of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League. He played two seasons for the Regina Aces (later renamed the Regina Vic-Aces) of the Saskatchewan Senior Hockey League from 1938 through 1940 before deciding to continue his career at the professional level. At the peak of his career, Check stood five feet, ten inches tall and weighed 165 pounds.

Hockey career
After these teams Check, a left winger, spent a season with the New York Rovers of the Eastern Amateur Hockey League. Although the team finished last, he nevertheless was responsible for 21 goals and 20 assists. This was followed by a year with the Sydney Millionaires of the Cape Breton Senior Hockey League, producing 29 goals and 22 assists.
Check spent the rest of his career with the Ottawa "Senior" Senators of the QSHL, after having his contract re-purchased by the Canadiens and being loaned out. He competed in the Allan Cup twice more. In 1948 his team lost to the Edmonton Eskimos, but captured the championship in 1949 after facing off against the Regina Pats. In six seasons with the Senators, he scored a total of 81 goals and 84 assists, placing him among the top ten league scorers four times. He retired after the 1950–1951 season.

Later life
After his hockey career, Check worked as a sales representative for the Hiram Walker distillery for over 30 years. Check died on May 11, 2009 at the age of 91 in Ottawa, Ontario. At the time of his death, he was one of the last surviving players from Ottawa's last Allan Cup championship team, the Senior Senators of 1949.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1917 births
2009 deaths
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Brandon, Manitoba
Eastern Hockey League players
James Albert "Jimmy" Creighton (November 18, 1905 — May 29, 1990) was a Canadian ice hockey player and politician from Brandon, Manitoba.

Creighton played eleven games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Falcons in 1931, scoring one goal and receiving one minor penalty.  He was traded to the New York Americans in December 1931, but never played for the team.  He later worked in the International Hockey League and the Can-Am Leagues.  Creighton became a professional hockey referee after retiring as a player, and later worked as a general insurance salesman.

He served as an alderman in Brandon in 1946, 1948 and 1949, and was mayor of the city from 1952 to 1955 and from 1958 to 1961.
Creighton won the Liberal-Progressive nomination for Brandon City in the 1953 provincial election, defeating W.A. Wood and J.C. MacDonald at a contested meeting.  He lost to Progressive Conservative candidate Reginald Lissaman in the general election, receiving 3,063 votes (40.13%) on the first count and losing on the second.  Provincial elections in Manitoba were conducted by the single transferable ballot in this period.

Later in the same year, Creighton ran for the Canadian House of Commons in the 1953 federal election as a Liberal candidate in Brandon—Souris.  He received 8,456 votes, and finished second to Progressive Conservative Walter Dinsdale.  He ran for the Manitoba legislature a second time in the 1962, and lost to Lissaman again.

He suffered from Parkinson's Disease in his later years, and was eventually confined to a nursing home prior to his death in 1990.

Other websites
LostHockey.com obituaries
1905 births
1990 deaths
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Canadian mayors
Politicians from Manitoba
Detroit Falcons players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Brandon, Manitoba
William John "Bulldog" Fairbairn (born January 7, 1947 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired professional hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers, Minnesota North Stars and St. Louis Blues.

Awards and achievements
MJHL Second All-Star Team (1967)
CHL Second All-Star Team (1969)
Inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 2007
"Honoured Member" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

Other websites

1947 births
Brandon Wheat Kings players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from Brandon, Manitoba
Living people
Minnesota North Stars players
New York Rangers players
St. Louis Blues players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Arsenide is an ion. Its chemical formula is As3-. Most arsenides have arsenic in its -3 oxidation state. Ionic arsenides are very basic and are strong reducing agents. Most arsenides are more metallic, like zinc arsenide. Arsenides react with acids to make arsine gas.

Related pages
Nitride
Phosphide
Antimonide

Arsenic compounds
Ions
Arsine, also known as arsenic hydride or hydrogen arsenide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsH3. It has hydrogen and arsenide ions in it. The hydrogen is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsine is a colorless gas. It is a reducing agent. It has a weak garlic odor. It easily burns to make arsenic trioxide in excess air or arsenic in small amounts of air. It breaks down to arsenic and hydrogen when heated. It can dissolve in water. It is heavier than air. Arsine reacts violently with oxidizing agents, such as the halogens.

Preparation
Arsine is made by reacting any arsenic(III) compound with any hydride. It can also be made by reacting any arsenide with an acid. It was first made by reacting zinc, hydrochloric acid, and arsenic trioxide.

Uses
Arsine is used to make semiconductors like gallium arsenide. It was looked at as a chemical weapon. It is almost odorless (it kills before one smells it), heavy (spreads along the ground), and colorless. It was unstable though, easily igniting.
Safety
Arsine is extremely toxic. 0.00005% (0.5 ppm) can poison people; 0.025% (250 ppm) quickly kills people.

Related pages
Stibine
Bismuthine
Phosphine
Zinc arsenide

Arsenic compounds
Gallium arsenide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is GaAs. It has gallium and arsenide ions in it. The gallium is in the +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Gallium arsenide is a gray solid. It makes crystals in a cube shape. It reacts slowly with water and quickly with acids to make arsine. It oxidizes in air.

Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic trichloride or arsenic with gallium.

Uses
Gallium arsenide is mainly used as a semiconductor. It has several things better about it than silicon. The semiconductors made are faster and higher power. LED's using gallium arsenide are efficient. Silicon, though is cheaper. Silicon dioxide is a good insulator; gallium arsenide does not make a good insulator like silicon does. Silicon semiconductors also take less power than gallium arsenide ones.

Related pages
Aluminium arsenide
Gallium(III) oxide

Arsenic compounds
Zinc arsenide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Zn3As2. It has zinc and arsenide ions.

Zinc arsenide is a gray solid. It reacts with acids to make arsine gas. It is toxic like all arsenic compounds. It is made by heating arsenic with zinc.

Related pages
Aluminium arsenide
Antimonide

Zinc compounds
Arsenic compounds
Arsenic tribromide, also known as arsenic(III) bromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsBr3. It has arsenic and bromide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic tribromide is a white or pale yellow solid. It is highly toxic. It reacts with water to make arsenic trioxide and hydrobromic acid. It melts at a low temperature.

Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic and bromine.

Related pages
Arsenic trichloride
Antimony tribromide
Bismuth tribromide

Arsenic compounds
Bromine compounds
Arsenic trichloride, also known as arsenic(III) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsCl3. It has three arsenic-chlorine bonds in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic trichloride is a colorless or yellowish liquid. It melts at -16°C and boils at 130.2°C. It reacts with water, similar to phosphorus trichloride, to make arsenous acid and hydrochloric acid. It makes fumes in moist air. It is highly toxic.

Preparation
Arsenic trichloride is made by reacting arsenic with chlorine or by reacting arsenic trioxide with hydrochloric acid or sulfur monochloride.

Uses
It is used to make other arsenic compounds. It is also used to make organo-arsenic compounds.

Related pages
Arsenic tribromide
Arsenic trisulfide
Nitrogen trichloride
Bismuth trichloride

Arsenic compounds
Chlorine compounds
Arsenic trifluoride, also known as arsenic(III) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsF3. It has arsenic and fluoride ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic trifluoride is a colorless liquid. It melts at -8.5°C and boils at 60.4°C. It is highly toxic. It reacts with water to make arsenous acid and hydrofluoric acid, both very dangerous acids.

Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic trioxide with hydrofluoric acid or by reacting excess arsenic with fluorine.

Uses
It is used to change nonmetal chlorides to fluorides.

Related pages
Antimony trifluoride
Bismuth trifluoride
Arsenic trichloride
Arsenide

Arsenic compounds
Fluorine compounds
Arsenic fluoride can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

Arsenic trifluoride, AsF3, colorless liquid
Arsenic pentafluoride, AsF5, colorless gas
Arsenic triiodide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsI3. It has arsenic and iodide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic triiodide is an orange-red solid. It easily sublimes. It dissolves in water and reacts very slowly to make arsenious acid and hydroiodic acid. The solution is very acidic. It breaks down when heated to make arsenic trioxide, arsenic metal, and iodine. It is a weak reducing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium or potassium iodide with arsenic trichloride.

Uses
As "Donovan's solution" it was said to treat many diseases which it did not treat.

Related pages
Arsenic trichloride
Bismuth triiodide
Antimony triiodide

Arsenic compounds
Iodine compounds
Arsenic trioxide, also known as white arsenic, arsenic(III) oxide, or arsenious oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2O3. It has arsenic and oxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic trioxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make an acidic solution of arsenious acid. It dissolves easily in bases to make arsenites. It reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to make arsenic trichloride. It reacts with very strong oxidizing agents to make arsenic pentoxide. It reacts with reducing agents to make arsenic or arsine. It sublimes much easier than metal oxides, making it easy to separate by heating the mixture.
Occurrence and preparation
Arsenic trioxide is rarely found as a mineral. It is normally made from orpiment or realgar, arsenic sulfide minerals. About 50,000 tons of arsenic trioxide are made each year. Arsenic trioxide is made by burning arsenic in air, reacting arsenic with concentrated sulfuric acid, or the roasting of arsenic sulfide ores.

Uses
It is used to make elemental arsenic. It was used as a pigment (in Paris green) and as a wood preservative but was banned in many countries because it is so toxic. Arsenic trioxide is used to fight cancer.

Safety
Arsenic trioxide is highly toxic when eaten. It also can be toxic if on the skin for long amounts of time. It affects the digestive system when eaten. Workers exposed to arsenic trioxide fumes in their job can be poisoned as well.

Related pages
Arsenic tribromide
Arsenic pentafluoride
Bismuth trioxide
Antimony trioxide

Arsenic compounds
Oxides
Arsenic oxide can refer to either of these arsenic oxides:

Arsenic trioxide, As2O3, common, arsenious oxide
Arsenic pentoxide, As2O5, rarer, arsenic oxide
Arsenic trisulfide, also known as orpiment or arsenic(III) sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2S3. It has arsenic and sulfide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic trisulfide is a yellow solid. It is a semiconductor. It has a glass (amorphous) form and a crystalline form. It burns in air to make sulfur dioxide and arsenic trioxide, which makes a highly toxic smoke. Arsenic trisulfide can oxidize on the surface to make a highly toxic layer of arsenic trioxide as well. Arsenic trisulfide is not toxic unless it oxidizes. It does not react with acids.

Occurrence
Arsenic trisulfide is found as the mineral orpiment.

Preparation
Arsenic trisulfide is made when an arsenic compound like arsenic trichloride reacts with hydrogen sulfide. It is also made when arsenic and sulfur are heated together.

Uses
It was looked at for treating cancer. It was used by the Egyptians as a pigment and cosmetic. It is used in glass.

References
References

Related pages
Arsenic tribromide
Antimony sulfide
Bismuth trisulfide

Arsenic compounds
Sulfur compounds
Arsenous acid, also known as arsenious acid, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is As(OH)3. It has arsenic and hydroxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenous acid is a colorless solution. It is a weak acid. It reacts with bases to make arsenite salts. It is highly toxic. It cannot be made in a crystalline form because it turns into arsenic trioxide and water again. It is similar to phosphorous acid, although it is not a strong reducing agent.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving arsenic trioxide or arsenic trichloride in water.

Related pages
Arsenic acid
Arsenic tribromide
Arsenic trisulfide
Nitrous acid

Acids
Arsenic compounds
Arsenite is an ion. Its chemical formula can be either AsO33- or AsO2-. It has arsenic in its +3 oxidation state. All arsenites are highly toxic. Sodium arsenite is an example. Arsenites are salts of arsenous acid.

Sometimes arsenite means arsenic trioxide, especially in groundwater chemistry (chemistry dealing with the properties of water in the ground)

Related pages
Arsenate
Arsenide
Phosphite
Nitrite

Arsenic compounds
Ions
Paris green, which has the chemical name copper(II) acetoarsenite, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu(C2H3O2)2 · 3 Cu(AsO2)2. It has copper, acetate, and arsenite ions in it. The copper is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Paris green is a blue-green solid. It is extremely toxic. It has a very bright blue-green color. It darkens in air.

Preparation
It is made by reacting copper(II) acetate with arsenic trioxide and water.

Uses
Paris green was first used to kill rats in sewers in Paris. This is where it got its name from. It was used as an insecticide. It was dropped from airplanes to stop malaria in Italy. It was used as a bright green pigment. It was painted on ships to prevent barnacles from growing. In many places, Paris green is banned because it is so toxic. It is only used in a very few places.

Safety
Paris green is extremely toxic. It used to be common and so was a common poison.

Related pages
 Copper sulfate
 Lead arsenate

Copper compounds
Arsenic compounds
Potassium arsenite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KAsO2. It has potassium and arsenite ions in it.

Properties
It is a solid. It is highly toxic.

Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic trioxide with potassium hydroxide.

Uses
It was used as a "medicine", but it is carcinogenic and toxic so it is not used anymore. It is banned for use as a pesticide in the United Kingdom.

Related pages
Sodium arsenite
Lead arsenate
Zinc arsenide

Potassium compounds
Arsenic compounds
Sodium arsenite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaAsO2. It has sodium and arsenite ions in it.

Properties
Sodium arsenite is a colorless solid. It is highly toxic and carcinogenic.

Preparation
Sodium arsenite is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with arsenic trioxide.

Related pages
Lead arsenate
Aluminium arsenide
Sodium phosphite

Sodium compounds
Arsenic compounds
Arsenic pentafluoride, also known as arsenic(V) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsF5. It has five arsenic-fluorine bonds in it. The arsenic is in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Arsenic pentafluoride is a colorless gas. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is highly toxic. It makes an ionic bond with sulfur tetrafluoride. Its melting point is -79.8°C and its boiling point is -52.8°C.

Preparation
Arsenic pentafluoride is made by reacting arsenic trifluoride with fluorine or by reacting arsenic with a large amount of fluorine.

Related pages
Arsenic trichloride
Arsenic pentoxide
Antimony pentafluoride
Bismuth pentafluoride

Arsenic compounds
Fluorine compounds
Arsenic pentoxide, also known as arsenic(V) oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2O5. It has arsenic and oxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +5 oxidation state. More common is arsen in its oxidation state +3 as As2O3 (arsenic trioxide or arsenic(III) oxide). The LD50 for arsenic pentoxide is 8mg/kg for rats. When the substance becomes wet, it turns into arsenic acid, which corrodes metals.

Properties
Arsenic pentoxide is a white, odourless solid. It dissolves easily in water to make arsenic acid. It is highly toxic, as are almost all arsenic compounds. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine. As2O5 breaks down to arsenic trioxide and oxygen when heated to about 300°C. 

It reacts with bases to make arsenates. The energy for the reaction is taken from the heating.
Preparation
Arsenic pentoxide cannot be produced by burning arsen. That only results in As2O3. To produce arsenic pentoxid, arsenic acid will be dehydrated. This is done with phosphorus(V) oxide.

The arsenic pentoxide drops out as white powder.

Uses
Arsenic pentoxide is used to make pesticides and insecticides. It is also used in glass industry.

Related pages
Arsenic pentafluoride
Arsenous acid
Phosphorus pentoxide
Antimony pentoxide

References 

Arsenic compounds
Oxides
Arsenate is an ion. Its chemical formula is AsO43-. It has arsenic in its +5 oxidation state. 

Arsenates are salts of arsenic acid. They are oxidizing agents. Sometimes, not all of the protons are taken away from the arsenic acid and then hydrogen arsenate salts are formed. Their chemical formulas are HAsO42- or H2AsO4-. 

Arsenate can replace phosphate in the cells but it does not work like a phosphate does. The cell dies, and that is why arsenates are toxic. Some bacteria can use arsenate instead of phosphate, though. They are called arsenic bacteria.

Occurrence
Arsenates occur naturally in a variety of minerals. Those minerals may contain hydrated or anhydrous arsenates. Unlike phosphates, arsenates are not lost from a mineral during weathering. Examples of arsenate-containing minerals include adamite, alarsite, annabergite, erythrite and legrandite.

Arsenic compounds
Ions
Arsenic acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H3AsO4. It has hydrogen and arsenate ions in it.

Properties
Arsenic acid is a colorless solid. It absorbs water from the air. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to phosphoric acid. It can be deprotonated three times, making various arsenates. Arsenic acid reacts with iodide to make iodine.

Preparation
It is made by reacting moist arsenic with ozone or by reacting arsenic trioxide with concentrated nitric acid. It can also be made by dissolving arsenic pentoxide in water.

Uses
Arsenic acid is used in the making of some dyes and organic arsenic compounds. It is also used as a preservative for wood and a biocide (something that kills all living things).

Related pages
Arsenous acid
Arsenic trichloride
Arsine

Arsenic compounds
Acids
Breccia is a type of rock formed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. The matrix may be similar to or different from the composition of the fragments. 

Rocks formed by sticking together pieces of previous rocks (clasts) are called clastic rocks. There are two types of clastic rock: conglomerates and breccias. What divides these two categories is the amount of rounding. The particles that make up conglomerates are well rounded, whereas in breccias they are angular.

Origins 
A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including sedimentary breccia, tectonic breccia, igneous breccia, impact breccia and hydrothermal breccia.
The basic sequence is as follows. Sediment is laid down in the sea, and is gradually transformed into sedimentary rock. After a long period of time something violent happens to the rock, breaking it up into many jagged pieces. Later the pieces are cemented together by another deposition, forming a new sedimentary rock. This is a breccia. On examination, the rock is seen to include fragments of the original rock.

Ornament 
Brecciated marble can have a marvellous appearance. The Pantheon in Rome is full of the most wonderful marble, many of which are breccias. It includes two gigantic columns of pavonazzetto, a breccia coming from Phrygia (in modern Turkey). Pavonazzetto obtains its name from its extremely colourful appearance, which is reminiscent of a peacock's feathers (pavone is "peacock" in Italian).

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Lead arsenate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbHAsO4. It has lead, hydrogen, and arsenate (HAsO42-) ions in it. The lead is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Lead arsenate is a white solid. It is highly toxic because of the lead and the arsenic in it. It does not dissolve in water.

Preparation
It was made by reacting lead nitrate with arsenic acid.

Uses
It was the most used insecticide that had arsenic in it. It was used against the potato beetle and the spongy moth. It replaced the even more toxic Paris Green. It was later used to kill certain moths, mosquitoes, and pests of cranberries. It was found that it stayed inside fruits even after washing off, so it was replaced with DDT. It was completely banned in 1988.

Related pages
Lead chloride
Potassium arsenate
Sodium arsenite

Lead compounds
Arsenic compounds
Potassium arsenate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula can be K3AsO4, K2HAsO4, or KH2AsO4. It has potassium and arsenate ions in it.

Properties
Potassium arsenate is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is an oxidizing agent. It is carcinogenic and highly toxic.

Preparation and uses
Potassium arsenate is made by reacting amounts of potassium hydroxide with arsenic acid. The amount of potassium hydroxide can be changed to make the different chemical formulas. Potassium arsenate was once used for medicine but is too toxic to be used now.

Related pages
Potassium arsenite
Lead arsenate
Potassium phosphate

Potassium compounds
Arsenic compounds
Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing rock.

Although, in principle, almost any rock made of eroded former rock is clastic (such as sandstone or mudstone), in practice the term is used for clasts of at least gravel size upwards. That means clasts are at least visible to the naked eye, and may be huge.

There are two types of clastic rock, by shape. conglomerates have rounded clasts, and breccias have jagged clasts.

In a clastic rock, the clasts are often of a different make-up from the ground rock or matrix.

References 

Sedimentary rocks

he:סלע משקע#סלעים קלאסטיים
Spandau Prison was a prison in the borough of Spandau in the British Sector of West Berlin.

The prison was built in 1876 and knocked down in 1987 after the death of its last prisoner, Rudolf Hess.  This was to stop it from becoming a neo-Nazi shrine.

History
The prison was built in 1876. At first it was only used for soldiers but after 1919 it was also used for civilian inmates. It held up to 600 inmates at that time.
In the aftermath of the Reichstag Fire of 1933, opponents of Hitler and journalists such as Egon Kisch and Carl von Ossietzky were held there in so-called protective custody.  Spandau Prison became a sort of predecessor of the Nazi concentration camps. It was supposed to be controlled by the Prussian Ministry of Justice but the Gestapo tortured and abused its inmates, as Egon Erwin Kisch recalls in his memories of Spandau Prison. By the end of 1933 the first Nazi concentration camps had been built (at Dachau, Osthofen, Oranienburg, Sonnenburg, Lichtenburg and the marshland camps around Esterwegen). All remaining prisoners in "protective custody" in state prisons were transferred to these concentration camps.

After World War II it was operated by the Four-Power Authorities to house the Nazi war criminals sentenced to imprisonment at the Nuremberg Trials.
Only seven prisoners were finally imprisoned there.  Arriving from Nuremberg on 18 July 1947, they were: 
Rudolf Hess - serving a life sentence (died 1987)
Walther Funk - serving a life sentence (released 16 May 1957)
Erich Raeder - serving a life sentence (released 1955)
Albert Speer - serving a 20 year term (released 1966)
Baldur von Schirach - serving a 20 year term (released 1966)
Konstantin von Neurath - serving a 15 year term (released 1954)
Karl Dönitz - serving a 10 year term (released 1956)

Of the seven, only four served all of their sentence; the remaining three, Neurath, Raeder, and Funk, were released early due to ill health. Between 1966 and 1987, Rudolf Hess was the only inmate in Spandau Prison. His only companion was the warden, Eugene K. Bird, who became a close friend. Bird wrote a book about Hess's imprisonment entitled The Loneliest Man in the World.
Spandau was one of only two Four-Power organizations to continue to operate after the breakdown of the Allied Control Council; the other being the Berlin Air Safety Center. The four occupying powers of Berlin would alternate control of the prison on a monthly basis, each having the responsibility for a total of three months out of the year.

The prison was demolished in 1987, largely to prevent it from becoming a Neo-Nazi shrine, after the death of its final remaining prisoner, Rudolf Hess, who had been the prison's sole occupant after the release of Speer and von Schirach in 1966. The site was made into a car park and a NAAFI shopping centre, named The Britannia Centre Spandau and nicknamed Hessco's after a British supermarket chain called "TESCO". All materials from the demolished prison were ground to powder and dumped in the North Sea or buried at the former RAF Gatow.
In 2006 a Kaiser's Supermarket, ALDI and a Media Markt consumer electronics store occupied the former prison grounds. In late 2008, Media Markt left the main shopping complex.

The prison
The prison, first designed for a population in the hundreds, was an old brick building surrounded by one wall 15 feet high, another of 30 feet, a 10 foot high wall topped with  electrified wire, followed by a wall of barbed wire. In addition, some of the sixty soldiers on guard duty manned nine machine-gun armed guard’s towers twenty-four hours a day. Due to the number of cells available, an empty cell was left between the prisoners' cells, to avoid the possibility of prisoners communicating in Morse Code. Other remaining cells in the wing were designated for other purposes, with one being used for the prison library and another for a chapel. The cells were approximately 3 metres long by 2.7 metres wide and 4 metres high.
The highlight of the prison, from the inmates' point of view, was the garden. The garden space was first divided into small personal plots that were used by each prisoner in many ways, usually for growing vegetables. Dönitz liked growing beans, Funk tomatoes, and Speer flowers, although the Soviet director later banned flowers for a time. By regulation, all of the produce was to be put toward use in the prison kitchen, but prisoners and guards alike often skirted this rule and indulged in the garden's offerings. As prison regulations slackened and as prisoners became either apathetic or too ill to maintain their plots, the garden was consolidated into one large workable area. This suited the former architect Speer, who, being one of the youngest and liveliest of the inmates, later took up the task of refashioning the entire plot of land into a large complex garden, complete with paths, rock gardens, and flower displays
. On days without access to the garden, for instance when it was raining, the prisoners occupied their time making envelopes together in the main corridor.
Controversy
The Allied powers originally took over the prison in November 1946, expecting it to accommodate a hundred or more war criminals. Besides the sixty or so soldiers on duty in or around the prison at any given time, there were teams of professional civilian warders from each of the four countries, four prison directors and their deputies, four army medical officers, cooks, translators, waiters, porters and others. This was thought to be the wrong way to use the money and resources, and became a serious point of contention among the prison directors, politicians from their respective countries. The West Berlin government was especially unhappy at the arrangements because it cost them a lot of money but they still had a lack of space in their own prison system.

Life in the prison

Prison regulations
Prison regulations

Every part of life in the prison was strictly set out by a set of rules designed before the prisoners' arrival by the Four Powers — France, Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Compared with other established prison regulations at the time, Spandau's rules were quite strict.
The prisoners' outgoing letters to families were at first limited to one page every month;
 Talking with fellow prisoners was prohibited;
 Newspapers were banned;
 Diaries and memoirs were forbidden;
 Visits by families were limited to one of fifteen minutes every two months, and
 Lights were flashed into the prisoners' cells every fifteen minutes during the night as a form of suicide watch.
Daily life
Every day, prisoners had to wake up at 06:00 hours, wash, clean their cells and the corridor together, eat breakfast.  They then stayed in the garden until lunch-time at noon (weather permitting), after lunch they rested in their cells, then returned to the garden. Supper followed at 17:00 hours, after which the prisoners were returned to their cells. Lights out was at 22:00 hours. Prisoners were given a shave and a haircut, if necessary, every Monday, Wednesday and Friday; they did their own laundry every Monday. This routine, except the time allowed in the garden, changed very little throughout the years, although each of the controlling nations made their own interpretation of the prison regulations.
All prisoners feared the months when the Soviets were in control; the Russians were much stricter in enforcing prison regulations and offered poorer quality meals. Each nation in charge would bring its own cook and, in the American, French, and British months, feed the prisoners better than regulations allowed. The Soviets would offer an unchanging diet of coffee, bread, soup, and potatoes. This rigidity was primarily due to the much-loathed Soviet director, who perpetually enforced these measures and whom Russian and Western guards alike feared and despised. Until this director's sudden removal in the early 1960s, the 'Soviet month' was dreaded. Afterwards, matters, including diet, were improved.

References 

1876 establishments in Europe
1987 disestablishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Prisons in Germany
A conglomerate is a rock consisting of individual clasts within a finer-grained matrix that have become cemented together.

Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from breccias, which consist of angular clasts. Both conglomerates and breccias have clasts larger than sand (>2 mm).

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. He founded the Parma line of the House of Bourbon. He was a son in law of Louis XV.

Infante of Spain

Born at the Royal Alcazar in Madrid, he was the fourth child and third son of Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese. He was raised in Madrid and as a child showed more interest in art than in politics. He was created Count of Chinchón, which he later ceded to his brother Louis in 1754.

Duke of Parma

His mother was the last of the Farnese, rulers the Duchy of Parma. The Duchy had been ruled between 1731 and 1736 by his elder brother Charles I, but exchanged with Austria for The Two Sicilies after the War of Polish Succession. Twelve years later, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Austria lost Parma, and Philip became the new Duke, founding the Bourbons of Parma.
As part of the Treaty of Versailles (1757) between Austria and France it was intended that Philip would become King of the Southern Netherlands, in a deal that would see French troops occupy key positions in the country – however this arrangement was repudiated by the subsequent Third Treaty of Versailles and Philip continued in Parma.

Parma was ruined by many years of warfare, and in 1759 Philip named the abled Frenchmen Guillaume du Tillot as his minister to restore the economy. He stimulated education and philosophy, attracting personalities like Étienne Bonnot de Condillac.

Philip died unexpectedly on 18 July 1765 in Alessandria, Italy, after having accompanied his daughter Maria Luisa on her way to Genoa, where she sailed for Spain to marry Infante Charles. Through Philip's daughter Maria Luisa, he is an ancestor of the Bourbons of Spain, the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, and the House of Orléans.

Marriage
Marriage

Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France in Alcalá de Henares, Spain on 25 October 1739. She was the eldest daughter of Louis XV. They had three children. The marriage was the first between the French and Spanish Bourbons, the other taking place in 1745 between Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain.

Issue

Isabella of Parma (31 December 1741 – 27 November 1763) married Archduke Joseph of Austria and had issue.
Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) married Maria Amalia of Austria and had issue.
Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) married her cousin, the Charles IV of Spain and had issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

15 March 1720  18 October 1748 His Royal Highness The Infante Don Felipe of Spain.
18 October 1748  18 July 1765 His Royal Highness The Duke of Parma, Infante of Spain.

Other websites
Other websites

Bourbons of Parma
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
Spanish infantes and infantas
1720 births
1765 deaths
Spanish House of Bourbon
Heligoland is the fifth normal studio album from the collaborative British music production threesome Massive Attack, named after a German archipelago of the same name. It had been officially released everywhere except North America by 8 February 2010  (US and Canada on 9 February 2010) – seven years after the release of their last non-soundtrack, standalone studio album, 100th Window. It has been certified Gold in the United Kingdom.
Personnel
The record has the singing of Horace Andy plus invited vocalists: Tunde Adebimpe of TV On The Radio, Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, Hope Sandoval of Hope Sandoval And The Warm Inventions and Mazzy Star, Guy Garvey of Elbow and Martina Topley-Bird, as well as guitar playing by Adrian Utley of Portishead (on "Saturday Come Slow"), keys from Portishead collaborator John Baggott (most notably on "Atlas Air"), keys and synth bass from Damon Albarn ("Splitting the Atom" and "Flat of the Blade" respectively), guitar (various tracks) and bass ("Girl I Love You") by Neil Davidge and bass by Billy Fuller of Beak on various tracks.
The record features drumming from the late Jerry Fuchs and regular session and touring drummer Damon Reece. Dan Brown and Stew Jackson (Robot Club) co-wrote "Paradise Circus", played guitar on and co-wrote "Saturday Come Slow", and part-programmed and engineered those tracks. Tim Goldsworthy added an additional production (specific tracks unstated). Most tracks were mixed with Mark "Spike" Stent and then all were mastered with Tim Young at Metropolis Studios, as with previous records. Unlike previous records, there are no personal acknowledgements on the inlay. Neil Davidge co-produced all tracks with Robert Del Naja only (except tracks 3, 7 and 9 where Grant Marshall was also involved), though Marshall has a co-write credit on every track. The album is dedicated to the Blue Lines co-producer, Jonny Dollar.

References

Massive Attack albums
2010 albums
Trip hop albums
Virgin Records albums
Arsenic sulfide can refer to either of these chemical substances:

Arsenic trisulfide, As2S3, orpiment
Tetraarsenic tetrasulfide, As4S4, realgar
Jacques-Yves Cousteau known as Jacques Cousteau (11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He helped create the aqua-lung, helped marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was also known as "le Commandant Cousteau" or "Captain Cousteau".

Life

Early life 
Cousteau was born on June 11,1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau attended Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. After an automobile accident cut short his career in naval aviation, Cousteau changed to studying the sea.
In Toulon, where he was serving on the Condorcet, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).

On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior (1919-1990), with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the Calypso. In 1991, after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.
Death
On the morning of 25 June 1997, Jacques-Yves Cousteau died at his home in Paris, aged 87 from a heart attack. Despite rumors, encouraged by some Islamic publications and websites, Cousteau did not convert to Islam, and when he died he was buried in a Roman Catholic Christian funeral. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac in France. A street was named "rue du Commandant Cousteau" in a street which runs near his native house, where a commemorative plaque was affixed.

Honors
During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these awards:
 Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur
 Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite
 Croix de guerre 1939–1945
 Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Maritime
 Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia.
 National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961
 BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award - a lifetime achievement award for his movies

Related pages
List of ecologists

References

Other websites