Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Mahakala  is a dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of  80 million years ago. 

It is based on a partial skeleton found in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. 

Mahakala was a small dromaeosaur, about 70 centimeters long (28 in). Its skeleton shows some features which are also found in early troodontids and avialans. However, its short forearms rule it out of the Alialae.

Despite its late appearance, its structure is that of a basal dromaeosaur. Its small size, and the small size of other basal deinonychosauria, suggests that small size came before flight in birds.

Description

Although this individual was small, comparable in size to Archaeopteryx, Caudipteryx, and Mei, it was close to adulthood.  

This genus can be distinguished from other paravians (dromaeosaurs, troodonts, and birds) by details of the ulna, thighbone, ilium, and tail vertebrae.

It had a typical dromaeosaurid form of the second toe, with an expanded claw. Mahakala also had very short forelimbs compared to other Dromaeosaurs.
Classification
A phylogenetic analysis performed by Turner and colleagues, who described the specimen, found Mahakala to be the most basal known dromaeosaur. Their results, along with the small size of other theropods found at the base of paravian lineages, suggest that small size was not an innovation of early birds, but a common trait of early paravians.

In evolution, small size would have come before flight. Like birds, troodonts and dromaeosaurs did not keep small size throughout their evolutionary history. They had several separate size increases among different lineages. 

Mahakala also shows a combination of characteristics found among basal troodonts and birds, and is missing some that are present in more derived (specialised) dromaeosaurs.

Paleoecology and paleobiology
The paleoenvironment had a semiarid climate, with sand dunes and alluvium (loose stuff). The semiarid steppe landscape was drained by streams after rain, and was affected by dust and sandstorms. Rainfall was low, and seasonal.
Animals present included terrestrial turtles and crocodilians, lizards, mammals, and a variety of dinosaurs; aquatic animals like fish were not present.  The majority of the fauna was small to medium-sized. 

Small coelurosaurians are the most diverse dinosaurs, including fellow dromaeosaurid Velociraptor, troodonts Byronosaurus and Saurornithoides, oviraptors Citipati, Khaan, and Oviraptor, and alvarezsaurs Mononykus and Shuvuuia; other dinosaurs present included the ceratopsian Protoceratops and the ankylosaur Pinacosaurus. Like other dromaeosaurs, Mahakala would have been a small, active, predaceous carnivore.

References

Other websites
HTML version of "A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight"

Dromaeosauridae
Mongolia
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Avialae is a term for birds and their immediate extinct ancestors. It is a clade of dinosaurs containing their only living representatives (birds) and whatever coelurosaurs are regarded as their ancestors. There are two ways it can be defined:

Definition by physical characters 
Avialae is defined as a clade based on physical characteristics. Jacques Gauthier named Avialae in 1986 as all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping flight, and the birds that descended from them.

Branch-based definition 
Several other authors use a similar, but branch-based, definition: all theropods closer to birds than to Deinonychus.

References

Birds
Coelurosaurs
is a Japanese food. It is sometimes sold as a souvenir sweet. It is made from rice, sugar and cinnamon. Two types of Yatsuhashi can be bought, either raw or hard Yatsuhashi.

History

Yatsuhashi comes from Yatsuhashi Kengyo, the pioneer of making Yatsuhashi. In the Edo era, he saved everything so he could make something from leftover rice. Then Yatsuhashi was created. After he died, Yatsuhashi was loved by people in Kyoto, and now it is a very famous food in Kyoto.

Ingredients

Yatsuhashi is made from rice flour, soybean flour, sesame, sugar cane and a lot of cinnamon. A special cinnamon called “Nikkei” is part of its unique taste.

Shop

Izutsu Yatsuhashi Honpo

Izutsu Yatsuhashi was established by Sahei Tsuda in 1805. At one of the Izutsu yatsuhashi shops, Kyogoku Ichibangai, people can make their own yatsuhashi.

Otabe
Otabe

In 1946, a confectionery retail store was started at the Kawaramachirokkaku. In1949, the store started to sell yatsuhashi. In 1969, the name of company has changed to “Otabe”. In 2010, Otabe’s Choco-Yatsuhashi won a special gold prize in Monde Selection.

Honke Nishio Yatsuhashi

The history of Honke Nishino Yatsuhashi began in 1687 in the Edo period, so three hundred years have passed. It has a long story. At the time, “Shiramochi” which is like old raw yatsuhashi was sold there.

Besides these yatsuhashi stores, there are famous shops in Kyoto. They are 'Goden Yatsuhashi, 'Seikodo', 'Hakushindo', and 'HonkeNishio'.

Sorts

Izutsu Yatsuhashi Honnpo

Izutsu Yatsuhashi: This is a confection from a famous shop shaped like a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings. It has been sold for more than 200 years. 

Nama-Yatsuhashi: This is tender taste.
Yuko: This is a lyric confection containing bean jam. This is a Yatsuhashi which is associated with Yuko who is a heroine of “the gobantyo-yugirirou".
Other tastes: strawberry, powdered green tea, chocolate and apple.

Otabe

Otabe: This Nama-Yatsuhashi uses rice grown in Fukui prefecture which is called "Koshihikari", Hokkaido adzuki bean, and water in Fukui prefecture.
Other taste: chocolate, powdered green tea, salt, and sesami.

Yatsuhashi: This is a confection from Kyoto which has been loved by people since more than 300 years ago.

Choco-Yatsuhashi: This is the original confection of Otabe. Yatsuhashi is baked thin, and then it is coated in chocolate.

Nama-Yatsuhashi: This is tender dough which is baked.

Honke Nishio Yatsuhasi

Yatsuhashi: This is crisp.
Tastes: powdered green tea, sesami, and banana.

Pocket-Yatsuhashi: This is a Yatsuhashi which you can carry in your pocket.
Tastes: cacao, strawberry, and powdered green tea.

References

Japanese food
Lyn Hancock is an award-winning Australian-Canadian photojournalist, wildlife photographer, and book author.

She has raised numerous orphaned wild animals, including bears, cougars, eagles, puffins, raccoons, and seals; her experiences while doing so have formed the basis of her 20 books, including There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag, There's a Raccoon in my Parka, Love Affair with a Cougar, and Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon.

She has also written travel literature describing her experiences in the Canadian North.

The Simon Fraser University has awarded her one of the 2009 Outstanding Alumni Awards for Arts & Culture.
Books written
 There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag (1972)
 Pacific Wilderness/Wild Islands (1974)
 The Mighty Mackenzie (1974)
 There's a Raccoon in my Parka (1977)
 Love Affair with a Cougar (1978)
 An Ape Came out of my Hatbox (1979)
 Vanderhoof the Town that Wouldn't Wait (1979)
 Gypsy in the Classroom (1980)
 Tell Me, Grandmother (1985)
 Northwest Territories: Canada's Last Frontier (1986)
 Alaska Highway: Road to Adventure (1988)
 Nunavut (1995)
 Looking for the Wild (1996)
 Winging It in the North (1996)
 Yukon (1996)
 Northwest Territories (1997)
 Western Canada Travel Smart (1998)
 Destination Vancouver: a Port City (1998)
 Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon (2006)
Awards
For There is a Racoon in my Parka:
 1978: Francis H. Kortright Conservation Award for Excellence in Outdoor Writing
 1977: Authors' Literary Guild choice
 1977: Doubleday Book of the Month Club choice
For There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag:
 1973: Pacific Northwest Booksellers' Award
 1972: Book of the Month Club alternate selection
For Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon
 2007: Nominated for the Diamond Willow Award

References

People from Perth, Western Australia
Living people
Australian writers
People from British Columbia
Australian photographers
1938 births
Satay is a local food of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines. It is usually made of meat on a stick with onion and gravy along with it.

The dish was invented by Javanese street vendors.

References 

Asian foods
Salinibacter ruber is an extreme halophile (salt-loving organism) that lives in concentrations of salt from 20 to 30%.

References

Extremophiles
Gram-negative bacteria
21 Guns is a song by American rock band Green Day. It was released in 2009, from their eight studio album, 21st Century Breakdown.

Music Video 
The music video for this song includes bullets shooting through a house.

References 

Green Day songs
2009 songs
Mezzanine is the third studio album by English trip hop group Massive Attack. It was released on 20 April 1998. It was produced by Massive Attack and Neil Davidge. The album was released by Virgin Records.

The album was provided on their website for legal download many months before the CD release. It was one of the first major uses of the MP3 format by a commercial group. It does not use the jazzy sounds and the rapping of Tricky, similar to what Massive Attack did in Blue Lines and Protection. Mezzanine has a dark sound, heavy bass guitars and distorted guitars. This is similar to industrial music and post-punk.

Mezzanine had the number one spot on many music charts. It did this on music charts in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. It is Massive Attack's best selling album. The album had four singles: "Risingson", "Teardrop", "Angel" and "Inertia Creeps". These singles went on music charts in the United Kingdom.

Track listing

References
References

1998 albums
Massive Attack albums
Trip hop albums
Virgin Records albums
"Telephone" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third EP The Fame Monster, featuring American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. The main inspiration of the song was Gaga's fear of not being able to enjoy herself because of her career, hence the lyrics show the singer as wanting the dance floor, rather than answering her lover's phone calls.

Gaga explained that the telephone addressed in the lyrics of the song, is in reality a person telling her to continue working harder. Musically, the song is made of an expanded bridge, verse-rap and an epilogue, where the voice of an operator says that the phone line is not reachable. Knowles appears in the middle of the song, singing the verses in a rapid-fire way, accompanied by double beats.

"Telephone" was appreciated by contemporary critics who many times noted it as a stand-out track from The Fame Monster.  The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2011 for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.
Development
Lady Gaga originally wrote the song "Telephone" for Britney Spears. Spears later recorded a demo version of the song but the demo version later leaked. Lady Gaga later wrote the song as a collaboration with Beyoncé Knowles for The Fame Monster. Gaga said, "I wrote it for her [Spears] a long time ago and she just didn't use it for her album. It's fine because I love the song and I get to perform it now." Additionally, the guest vocalist was originally going to be Spears, but ultimately Gaga made Knowles the featured vocalist instead. The main inspiration behind the song was Gaga's fear of suffocation as she felt that she seldom found time to just let loose and have fun.
Fear of suffocation—something that I have or fear is never being able to enjoy myself, ... 'Cause I love my work so much, I find it really hard to go out and have a good time. ... I don't go to nightclubs, ... You don't see pictures of me falling out of a club drunk. I don't go—and that's because I usually go and then, you know, a whiskey and a half into it, I got to get back to work.
In May 2011, Gaga said her "emotional connection" with the song was very hard. When she was asked if it was because the song was originally written for Britney Spears, she answered: "Well that’s not exactly what happened, but I don’t want to delve into that. I could delve into it if you turn that (motions to recorder) off... But ultimately the mix and the process of getting the production finished was very stressful for me. So when I say it’s my worst song it has nothing to do with the song, just my emotional connection to it."
Music video
The video for the song was uploaded to YouTube on March 15, 2010.  It features Gaga in a women's prison and Beyoncé bailing her out.  In the beginning of the video, Gaga is shown walking around the prison and arrives to the yard, where "Paper Gangsta", a song from her debut album The Fame, is playing, as one of the women exercises.  Gaga's younger sister Natali makes a cameo appearance just before Gaga picks up the phone to talk to Beyoncé.  The two singers are then shown fleeing the prison in the Pussy Wagon and arrive to a restaurant, where they eventually poison all of the customers.  The nine-and-a-half-minute-long video for "Telephone" is meant to be a continuation of that for "Paparazzi", where Gaga was shown being arrested.

Charts

Weekly charts

Monthly charts

Year-end charts

References

2010 songs
Beyoncé songs
Lady Gaga songs
Dance-pop songs
The California State University (CSU) is a public university system established in 1857 in California. It is one of three public higher education systems in the state, the other two being the University of California system and the California Community College system. The California State University system headquarters are in Long Beach, California.

The CSU system is composed of 23 campuses and has over 417,000 students supported by 47,000 faculties and staff.
It is the largest senior system of higher education in the United States.

CSU prepares about 60 percent of the teachers in the state, 40 percent of the engineering graduates, and more graduates in business, agriculture, communication studies, health, education and public administration than all other California universities and colleges combined. Altogether, about half the bachelor's degrees and a third of the master's degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU.
Since 1961, nearly 2.5 million alumni have received a bachelor's, master's or doctoral degree from the CSU system which offers more than 1,800 degree programs in 240 subject areas.

Campuses 
The California State University has 23 colleges. They are listed in order from oldest to newest.

References

 
1857 establishments in California
Chione (or Χιόνη)was the goddess of snow in Greek mythology. Daughter of the river god Nile and the Oceania Callirroi. Snow lived in the fields and was once abused by a farmer. For this reason, Chione was transformed by the god Mercury, at the behest of the god Zeus, into clouds of snow, which fall and destroy the Spartans.Daughter of Boreus and Oreithyia (the daughter of the king of Athens Erechtheos). Siblings of Chioni were Zetis, Calais and Cleopatra. This Snow gave birth to a god child, Eumolpus from the god Poseidon, and to hide him (for fear that her father would not find out), she threw him into the sea. Nevertheless, Poseidon saved the child and raised him.
Daughter of Arcturus who was kidnapped by Boreas, with whom she had three sons, who became priests of the god Apollo in the country of the Hyperboreans.
References

Greek gods and goddesses
Suzy Spafford (born 1945 in Toledo, Ohio) is an American cartoonist. She is best known for drawing animal characters. Her Suzy's Zoo picture book is her most successful work. The book's characters have been made into greeting cards, stickers, stationery and calendars. The products are sold in thousands of stores all over the world.  She has also written several dozen books for children, including the Tales from Duckport series. Her pictures have been attracted by a lot of people in San Diego since 1967. She created her own greeting card company, Suzy's Zoo Studios, in 1968.

Suzy's Zoo
Characters
"Witzy", a baby duck, is the main character of Suzy's Zoo. He was based on Suzy's little brother, Johnny.
"Boof" is Witzy's best friend; a teddy bear. He is an old teddy bear so he is fixed several times by Witzy’s mom.
"Lulla" is a fashionable and tidy stuffed toy rabbit. She has a wind-up key on her back, and when Witzy turns the key, she begins to sing a sleepy song.
"Ellie Funt" is a shy stuffed toy elephant. She is made from the old bathrobe by Witzy’s mom.
"Patches" is a brave stuffed toy giraffe and he follows Witzy at night so Patches is not afraid of the dark. He is always full of energy and impishness.
"Tickle" is a ladybug who lives in the backyard. By the way, Witzy calls all ladybugs in his backyard "Tickle".
"Peek-a-boo" is a small snail live in the backyard. She likes to play hide-and-seek with her friends.
"Zoom-Zoom" is Witzy’s favorite grasshopper. He is always hopping in the backyard.
"Teeter & Totter" are twin turtles but they have a different color shell. Teeter is a girl and Totter is a boy. They are always together when they play in the backyard.
References

1945 births
People from Toledo, Ohio
Living people
American cartoonists
Flaviviruses are named for the yellow fever virus - "flavus" means "yellow" in Latin.  (Yellow fever was named because it often caused yellow-colored skin, called jaundice, in its victims.)
 
Flaviviruses share a common size (40-65 nm) and symmetry (shape), and they look similar under an electron microscope.  They are made of single-stranded RNA.
 
Humans get these viruses after being bitten by an infected mosquito or tick.  Usually, if a human who has a Flavivirus gets bitten by a healthy mosquito or tick, the human will not have enough of the virus in their blood to infect the insect.  This means humans do not help continue the virus's life cycle (by infecting insects who go on to infect other people).  However, this is not true for yellow fever or dengue fever.
 
People can also get Flaviviruses in other ways, like:
 Touching the dead bodies of animals who had a Flavivirus
 Getting a blood transfusion from someone who has a Flavivirus
Having sex with someone who has a Flavivirus: this has been proven true at least for the Zika virus.
 Drinking unpasteurized milk products
 A fetus can get a Flavivirus from its mother during childbirth
It is not likely that animals can spread Flaviviruses directly to humans.  Scientists believe that an mosquito or tick has to bite an infected animal before it can spread the virus to a human by biting that human.  This means that Flaviviruses are probably not contagious diseases.  For example, early tests with yellow fever showed that the disease is not a contagious disease.
References

Viruses
Cytomegalovirus (which means "Large Cell", when translated from Greek cyto-, "cell", and -megalo-, "large") is a Virus which people get. It's a Herpesvirus and is usually called HCMV (Human Cytomegalovirus) or Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5).

As with all herpesviruses, even without symptoms, the virus can still be in a person for long periods of time, even for life.

Two out of five people in the world have HCMV. More people in developed countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, have the condition. In these places, more than half of people have the condition.

There is no treatment or cure, but scientists in the United States are developing vaccines, but none has proven to work fully yet.

Viruses
Fantasy football is a game where people make up "teams" of real American football players and get points for things that these players do in real games. People playing fantasy football can trade players from one team to another. Fantasy football has become very popular as it can be played on the Internet.

References

American football
California State University, Long Beach (also known as Cal State Long Beach, Long Beach State, CSULB, LBSU, or The Beach) is the second largest campus of the California State University (CSU) system and the third largest university in the state of California by enrollment. The University is located at the southeastern coastal tip of Los Angeles County.

CSULB has been recognized repeatedly as one of "America's Best Value Colleges" by the Princeton Review. More than 30 factors are considered to rate the colleges in four categories: academics, tuition GPA (the sticker price minus average amount students receive in gift aid scholarships and grants), financial aid (how well colleges meet students' financial need) and student borrowing.
Long Beach State has also been ranked as one of the top five public master's degree-granting institutions in the West by U.S. News & World Report's "America's Best Colleges Guide". It is also home to the largest publicly funded art school west of the Mississippi. The university currently operates with one of the lowest student fees in the country at US $4,370 per year for full-time students having California residence.

Since the 2020–21 school year, Long Beach State has called its sports teams The Beach; the baseball team is also known as the Dirtbags. Before July 2020, the main nickname had been 49ers. Most Beach teams play in the Big West Conference.

References

Other websites

 Cal State, Long Beach
 Official Beach athletic website 

California State University
Long Beach State
Long Beach, California
1949 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in California
, also called Doll's Day or Girls' Day, is a special day in Japan.  Hinamatsuri is celebrated each year on March 3.  This is a day for thinking about the happiness and health of young girls in Japanese families.

History
Since the 8th century, it was traditional to have special days for children twice a year—March 3 for girls and May 5 for boys.

Display

The focus of attention on Hinamatsuri is a display of dolls which are dressed in the fashion of the Heian period.  The group of dolls represent the Imperial court (hina ningyō).

The Japanese term for the display steps is .  There may be five or seven steps.

The Kantō region and Kansai region have different placement orders of the dolls from left to right, but the order of dolls per level are the same.

First platform, the top
The top tier holds two dolls.  They are .  
  holds a  
  holds a fan

The male doll is traditionally on the right, but sometimes the doll is on the left.
Second platform
The second tier holds three court ladies . Each holds something to do with sake.

Third platform
The third tier holds five male musicians .

Fourth step
Two Imperial ministers (daijin) may be displayed on the fourth tier

Related pages 
 Children's Day (Japan)
 Girls' Day (Germany)

References

Other websites

Festivals in Japan
March events
Shichi-Go-San (seven-five-three in Japan) is one of the most important events for children in Japan. Every year on November 15, parents whose children are three, five, and seven years old celebrate the growth of their child.

History
In the past, death rates of infants were higher than present, so children were treated importantly. People have started to celebrate seven, five and three years old of children since the Edo period. Especially, celebrations of seven year old children are most important.

Custom

On this special day, children wear kimono and they are given chitose-ame. Chitose-ame is a long red and white candy.  This candy means children can grow well. People go to the shrine to play the growth of their children. Also, people sometimes take some pictures to the memory of children.

Related pages
 Children's Day (Japan)
 Hinamatsuri

References

Bibliography

Chitose-ame/Minatoya 
nihon-bunnka iroha-ziten

Festivals in Japan
November events
Singaporean English or Standard Singaporean English is a dialect of English used in Singapore. It is used as a lingua franca between Chinese Singaporeans, Malay Singaporeans, Indian Singaporeans and White Singaporeans. It (along with Mandarin, Malay and Tamil) is an official language of Singapore. It is the main language of government, business and school in Singapore.

Related pages 
 Languages of Singapore
 Malaysian English
 Manglish
 Singlish

Dialects of English
Damon Albarn (, born 23 March 1968) is an English singer-songwriter and record producer who has been involved in many high-profile projects and groups throughout his career. He is perhaps best known internationally for his current role as the frontman and songwriter of Gorillaz, whose first two studio albums had sold more than 20 million copies together by 2007. Albarn also serves as the frontman and primary songwriter of Britpop band Blur, and has been in the projects The Good, the Bad & the Queen, Monkey: Journey to the West and Mali Music.

Albarn was born in Whitechapel. He grew up in Leytonstone and Aldham, Essex. He was voted the 4th greatest frontman of all time in a national 2010 Q magazine poll.

References

1968 births
Living people
British record producers
English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Essex
Musicians from London

People from Leytonstone

Singers from London
Maxinquaye is the first album of the English actor and musician Tricky, released in 1995. Expanding on the  music template of fellow Bristolians Massive Attack, and featuring then-girlfriend Martina Topley-Bird on vocals, Maxinquaye is a dark, strange album featuring a combination of hip-hop, soul, dub, rock and electronica.

Maxinquaye, named after Tricky's late mother Maxine Quaye, who died when he was four, received great critical attention upon release. The album was re-issued in the UK on 2 November 2009 by Universal Island with a second disc of remixes as a "Deluxe Edition".

References

Debut albums
Trip hop albums
Sir Ernst Boris Chain, FRS (19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979) was a German-born British biochemist. 

He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Alexander Fleming and Howard Florey, for the discovery of penicillin and how it could cure bacterial infections. Later he worked on the chemical structure of penicillin and other natural antibiotics.

Chain was Jewish, and moved to England in 1933. In 1939 he took British citizenship, and was knighted in 1969. 

He won many awards: he was made a Commander of the Légion d'Honneur and awarded the Grande Ufficiale al Merito della Repubblica Italiana.
Life and career
Chain was born in Berlin, the son of Margarete (née Eisner) and Michael Chain, who was a chemist and industrialist dealing in chemical products. His family was Jewish. His father emigrated from Russia to study chemistry abroad and his mother was from Berlin. In 1930, he received his degree in chemistry from Friedrich Wilhelm University. He left Nazi Germany and worked at universities and laboratories in England.

References

Bibliography

Other websites

 
 

1906 births
1979 deaths
British biochemists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
German biochemists
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish German scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Knights Bachelor
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
German Nobel Prize winners
Benoît de Maillet (Saint-Mihiel, 12 April 1656 – Marseille, 30 January 1738) was a well-travelled French diplomat and naturalist. 

He was French consul general at Cairo, and overseer in the Levant. He formulated an evolutionary hypothesis to explain the Earth and its contents. 

Maillet's geological observations convinced him that the Earth could not have been created in an instant because the features of the crust indicate a slow development by natural processes. He also believed that creatures on the land were ultimately derived from creatures living in the seas. He believed in the natural origin of man.

Age of the Earth 
Maillet made the first reasonable estimate of the Earth's age based on evidence. He thought the Earth must have developed by slow, natural forces. He studied geology in the field. He could see signs of erosion on land and sedimentation in the sea.
He hid his ideas under the guise of a talk with an Indian philosopher, to avoid conflict with the Catholic Church. His work stayed in manuscript until after his death, when it was published after its editor had made changes which damaged it. Now there is a better modern edition based on the manuscripts. 

Maillet estimated that the Earth was older than two billion years. He also recognized the true nature of fossils, and had early ideas about evolution.

References 

French geologists
French naturalists
Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber von Bibern (baptised 12 August 1644 – died 3 May 1704) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and violinist.  He was the most famous German violinist of his time.  He is particularly famous for his violin sonatas.

Life
Biber was born in a small Bohemian town near Reichenberg.  Nothing is known about his music education.  We know that in the mid-1660s he went to work for Prince-Bishop Karl, Count Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn of Olomouc.  The prince loved music and kept many musicians at his court.  During the winter of 1670-1671 Biber became a member of the Kapelle at Salzburg court.  He was married there in 1672.  There he played the violin and trained the choirboys and composed a lot of music.  He probably had a lot of contact with other well-known musicians such as Georg Muffat.  Although he was the greatest virtuoso of his time he hardly seems to have travelled about to play.
In 1690 Biber was raised to the nobility.  During his last years he seems to have spent much of his time composing works for the theatre as well as sacred music.

Related pages
 Scordatura

References 
 

1644 births
1704 deaths
Baroque composers
Czech composers
Austrian composers
Austrian musicians
Austrian violinists
The ilium is one of the three bones which make up the pelvis in tetrapods. These include the bones that are usually called "hips", e.g. 'putting your hands on your hips'.

Bones

he:אגן#כסל
The ulna is one of the two bones which make up the lower forearm in tetrapods. The other one is the radius. Above them is the elbow and humerus; below are the hands or front feet.

Bones
The radius is one of the two bones which make up the lower forearm in tetrapods. The other one is the ulna. Above them is the elbow and humerus; below are the hands or front feet.

Bones
The humerus is the upper forearm bone in tetrapods. It connects to the shoulder blade (scapula) at the upper end, and the elbow below.

Images

Bones
The scapula is the shoulder blade or pectoral girdle bone in tetrapods. It connects to the humerus and the clavicle.

Bones
The femur is the thighbone in tetrapods. It connects to the pelvis (hip) at the upper end and to the knee at the lower end. It connects with the hip by a ball-and-socket joint which allows freedom of movement. 

The lower end of the femur forms a hinge with the lower leg known as the knee. This has two 'articulations': with the patella (knee-cap), and with the tibia (the main lower leg bone).The femur is also the longest and strongest bone in your body.

Bones
Rites of Spring was an American post-hardcore band from Washington, D.C. in the mid-1980s, known for their fact, jumpy live performances. A part of the D.C. hardcore punk scene, Rites of Spring increased the violence and passion of hardcore while at the same time experimenting with its rules. Lyrically, they also moved hardcore into very personal realms and, in doing so, are usually considered the first emo band.

The band only performed 15 concerts. Vocalist/guitarist Guy Picciotto and drummer Brendan Canty went on to play in the influential post-hardcore band Fugazi in the late 1980s.

References

Emo bands
Post-hardcore bands
The fibula is one of the two bones which make up the lower leg (humans), or back leg in tetrapods. The other one is the tibia. Above them is the knee and femur; below are the feet. Muscles are attached to the top of the fibula which help move the knee. It is also used to support the knee and the tibia.

Bones
Category theory is a type of mathematics.  Category theorists show how different ideas in mathematics are alike. For example, some ideas from topology and abstract algebra are similar. Ideas in category theory are written down in formulas or diagrams. Category theory can be used to make computer programs more secure or easy to write.

A category is a mathematical object. It can be drawn with dots and arrows. Each arrow goes from one dot to one other dot. There can be many dots, sometimes so many that you cannot count them. An arrow is the abstract idea of a function and the dots are the domain and codomain of the function.

Composition is a way to make a new arrow out of two arrows.  If two arrows form an elbow shape, then they have a composition arrow from the start of the first to the end of the second. Composition obeys some axioms, or equations.

Many ideas in abstract algebra are examples of categories or can be used to make categories.  Often, this makes the ideas seem more similar.
Radio drama (or audio drama, audio play, radio play, radio theatre, or audio theatre) is a dramatized, purely acoustic performance without visual elements. It is usually heard on radio or published as audiobook. Radio drama is often described as "cinema for the ears". It had its greatest popularity in the Golden Age of Radio, before television was introduced.

Drama
Radio
Quango is an acronym used especially in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Quangos are arms-length bodies funded by government departments but not run by them. They are given power and paid for by government departments. 

They were invented because most government departments do two rather different jobs. One is to make policy about how the country should be run, as indicated by laws passed in Parliament. This is called administration. Their other task is to run or operate the policies in action. Examples would be: to run the prison system, to collect taxes, to guard the country's borders, and so on. Quangos were invented to do the second type of task. They are supposed to do some practical job better than a government department could. Of course, if they fail, the fault is theirs, rather than the government department's.
The acronym QUANGO is spelt out in various ways:
• quasi non-governmental organisation,
• quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation, 
• quasi-autonomous national government organisation 
• In the United Kingdom the official term is non-departmental public body or NDPB.

History
The term 'quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization' was created in 1967 by the Carnegie Foundation's Alan Pifer. He wrote an essay on independence and accountability in public-funded bodies. This term was shortened to 'quango' by Anthony Barker, a Briton, during a follow-up conference. 

Many quangos were created from the 1980s onwards. The UK government's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was:
"A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from government Ministers".
UK 
According to the Tax Payers Alliance, in the year 2006-07, tax payers funded 1,162 Quangos at a cost of nearly £64bn; equivalent to £2,550 per household.  About a thousand still remain.

In 2010 the British Government said it had earmarked (chosen) nearly 200 quangos for closure, and 120 more for merging. This was part of its Whitehall efficiency programme. In August 2012, the government said that 106 quangos had lost their public status since then. Some were axed, some were sold off, and some had their work done elsewhere.

Scotland 
Since Scotland was given devolved self-government in 1999, their government has also set up a number of quangos.

Republic of Ireland 
The Republic of Ireland in 2006 had more than 800 quangos, 482 at national and 350 at local level, with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of €13 billion.
Issues 
Depending upon one's point of view, the separation of a quango from government might allow its functions to be more commercially exercised. Or else it might allow an elected minister to evade responsibility for spending public money. Quangos have been criticised as undemocratic, expensive and letting government grow too big.

The Times has accused quangos of bureaucratic waste and excess. In 2005 Dan Lewis, author of The Essential Guide to Quangos, claimed that many quangos were useless and duplicated the work of others. In August 2008 a report by the right-leaning pressure group the Taxpayers' Alliance, claimed that £15 billion was being wasted by the regional development agencies, quangos set up to encourage economic development in their regions.

Other websites 
 
 Defining 'Quango': article from political site Governing Dynamo 
 Economic Research Council - online database of all UK quangos 1998-2006 
 Cabinet Office - Agencies and Public Bodies 
 The Sunday Times Article on Quangos - Sept 2006
References 

Acronyms
Government-related organizations
Casimir I the Restorer (; b. Kraków, 25 July 1016 - d. Poznań, 28 November 1058), was a Duke of Poland. He was a part of the Piast dynasty and father of Boleslaw II. He is known as "the Restorer" because he reunited the Polish Kingdom.

1016 births
1058 deaths
People from Kraków
Piast dynasty
Polish dukes
Early life
Lewicki was one of eight children in the family of Michael and Anastasia Lewicki. Both Michael and Anastasia were born in Ukraine and emigrated to Canada where they met in Fort William, Ontario. The family lived in the area known as the "Coal Docks", an immigrant enclave near the docks in Fort William. The family shared a home with six boarders. In an abusive marriage, Anastasia left Michael when Daniel was two years of age. Two of the children were sent to Geraldton, Ontario where the eldest sister lived with her husband. Daniel, his mother, a sister and brother and a boarder lived in a two-room shack  by .
Lewicki started skating at age five, first with bob skates, then a used pair three sizes too large. Until age twelve, Lewicki learned to play hockey by playing shinny on outdoor rinks. Organized hockey started at age twelve and Lewicki joined the Bantam Elks. This he did in secret, as his mother was strongly opposed to his playing hockey. Lewicki would hide his hockey equipment outside under the backyard stairs. The next season, Lewicki played for the North Star Bantams, moving up to the Midgets at age fourteen a year early, to play against boys sixteen and older.

Hockey career
Hockey career

Junior hockey
At age fifteen, Lewicki got his first taste of junior hockey with the Columbus Juniors in their playoffs against the Winnipeg Monarchs. Lewicki would return to the Columbus Juniors the following season. That season, Lewicki would lead the Fort William league in scoring, and started attracting the attention of pro scouts from Toronto, New York and Detroit. Lewicki did not sign with any team, but was placed on the negotiating list of the Providence Reds by his coach, Leo Barbini, who did some scouting for the Reds. Barbini somehow managed to put Lewicki on the Providence list before Toronto and New York, who had filed at 12:01 am on Lewicki's sixteenth birthday.
After the Cup, the Toronto Maple Leafs bought the rights to Lewicki for a record price of $35,000 and a player. In the fall, Lewicki left Port Arthur to join the Stratford Kroehlers, coached by Barbini, his old coach. Before the regular season started, Lewicki was ordered to join the Toronto Marlboros by  the Maple Leafs. Unbeknownst to Lewicki, Barbini had signed Lewicki to a "C" Form, which bound Lewicki at age eighteen, and not simply signed Lewicki to a negotiating list.
In 1950, Lewicki began his National Hockey League career with the Maple Leafs. As a nineteen-year-old, he made the team straight out of training camp. Lewicki was able to get a one-way contract at $10,000 for three years and a signing bonus of $3,000. Lewicki made his NHL debut on October 14, 1950 against the Chicago Black Hawks. In his seventh game, Lewicki scored his first NHL goal on a bounce off the glass that bounced off the back of the Boston Bruins Jack Gelineau. Lewicki became a contender for the Calder Trophy, although he had strong competition from future Hall of Famer Terry Sawchuk. Lewicki had 16 goals and 31 assists before a groin injury ended his season early. Lewicki would end up third in voting for the Calder. The team finished second to qualify for the playoffs. Lewicki was pressed into service on the orders of Conn Smythe, although he was not healed. To play he had to have his groin muscle frozen and taped before each game
. Instead of being able to contribute as a scorer, Lewicki would play a checking role in the playoffs. The Leafs would defeat the Montreal Canadiens in the final 4–1 to win the 1951 Stanley Cup Final. Lewicki was an Allan Cup, Memorial Cup and Stanley Cup winner at the age of 20.
Death
Lewicki died on September 25, 2018 in the Toronto city area at the age of 87.

Awards and records
 1955 - NHL Second All-Star Team

Career statistics

References

Bibliography

Other websites

1931 births
2018 deaths
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Quebec Aces players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Jundallah (or Jondallah, translates to Soldiers of God), or People's resistance movement of Iran (PRMI) is a militant organisation based in Balochistan. The organisation claims to be fighting for the rights of Sunni muslims in Iran. Most muslims in Iran are Shi'a, Sunni make up the largest minority group that is not Shi'a. Iran says the group is a terrorist organisation. Iran has blamed the organisation for many acts of smuggling illegal drugs, and of kidnapping. The organisation is believed to have 1.000 fighting soldiers.

Many observers believe the group is linked to al-Qaeda.  For a long time, Iran has believed that the U.S. government supported Jundallah. Several other sources such as the ABC News, Daily Telegraph, and journalist Seymour Hersh have also reported that Jundullah has received support from the United States against the government of Iran, although the US denies any involvement.
In August 2007, the Israeli Mossad chief, Meir Dagan, pushed for using ethnic groups (among others, people from Balochistan) in Iran to make the Iranian government weaker and try to change the people in charge of the government.

References

Islamic terrorism
Islamic organizations
Nationalist organizations in Asia
National liberation movements
Shiaphobia
Rebel militia groups in Asia

Organisations based in Iran
ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company, which is owned by The Walt Disney Company.

Their shows they have include Good Morning America, World News Now, 20/20, and ABC World News Tonight.

American Broadcasting Company
The Walt Disney Company
The X Factor is a studio album by Iron Maiden.  It is their tenth studio album, and went on sale on 2 October 1995.

The album was not liked much by people who reviewed it; one person said that it had "[a] lack of energy" and that it was "merely adequate."

Musicians
 Blaze Bayley - vocals
 Dave Murray – guitar
 Janick Gers – guitar
 Steve Harris – bass guitar
 Nicko McBrain – drums

Track listing

References

1995 albums
Iron Maiden albums
A flame retardant is a chemical substance that makes things harder to burn. Some flame retardants are minerals or inorganic compounds like antimony trioxide or asbestos. Other flame retardants are special types of plastics and polymers. There are several ways flame retardants work. Some absorb heat when they are heated, stopping the thing from igniting. Others stop the heat from the fire from going into the thing. Flame retardants are used in textiles and bedding to prevent them from burning easily.

Firefighting
The Solingen arson attack of 1993 happened on the night of 29 May 1993 when five Turkish people were killed in Solingen, Germany. They died when four young German men, belonging to the political far right, firebombed a house. The dead were women and children, aged four, nine, 12, 18 and 27, all of whom who were related.

The attack caused many protests in Germany, and many German government officials were at a memorial service for the dead.  Some of the protests were violent, but others were peaceful.

Because of the attack, Germany decided to make sure fewer people from other countries came into Germany for political asylum. It also banned some right-wing political groups.
On 14 October 1995, a German court sentenced the four people who did the attack. Three men, aged 18, 19 and 22, were given prison terms of ten years. The fourth man, 25, was given a term of 15 years. The sentences were opposed by the men and their families, though most of the Turkish people in Germany approved of them. Some Turkish people wanted the men to get life terms in jail.

References

1990s in Germany
1990s murders in Europe
Anti-Turkism
Arson
Attacks on buildings and structures in Germany
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1990s
History of North Rhine-Westphalia
Mass murder in 1993
Mass murder in Germany
May events
Arson attack
Hyperthermophiles are extremophile organisms that live best in very hot environments– from 60°C (140°F) up to 100°C (212°F). The best temperature for hyperthermophiles to grow at is around 80°C (176°F). Hyperthermophiles are mostly in the Archaea domain, but some bacteria are able to tolerate temperatures of around 100°C (212°F) as well. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to tolerate other environmental extremes, like high acidity or radiation levels.

References

Extremophiles
Solder is a metal or alloy that melts at a low temperature. There are two types of solder; soft solder and hard solder. Soft solder melts easily with soldering irons and is used for electronics and electrical work. Hard solder melts at a higher temperature with a torch. Using solder is called soldering. 

There are two main types of soft solder; lead solder and lead-free solder. Lead solders have about 60% (or 63%) tin and 40% (or 37%) lead in them. They are toxic because they have lead in them. They melt at around 185°C. Lead solder is cheap, so it used to be popular. In plumbing, a 50% tin and 50% lead mixture was used. People thought this was safe, but then they saw that the lead was coming into the water. Now lead solder is illegal for use on pipes that carry water. Lead solder was once used for food cans. After many years, the lead could come into the food. The cans poisoned people who ate the food. Lead solder is still used in electronics.
In 2006 the European Union, China, and California banned lead in consumer products. Lead solder became illegal in electronic devices in some places. Lead-free solder was needed. Many lead-free solders have tin, silver, and copper in them. They melt around 217°C. Sometimes indium is added to the solder to make it better, but indium is very expensive.

Many times when a metal is being soldered, it oxidizes, making a layer of metal oxide that does not hold solder. Flux is added to react with the metal oxide and turn it back into the metal again. That helps the solder connect to the metal. Rosin is a common flux. Some electronics makers use fluxes that can be washed away with water. Some solders have a flux core, where the flux is inside the solder.

Another type of solder is used to connect glass to other things. They melt around 450-550°C.

Gallery 

Electronics
Alloys
Frame dragging is a theory which says that space is elastic, and particles in it will exchange energy with it. In the scientific world, "elastic" means that when you apply a certain amount of force to an object (which will cause it to bend) and then remove the force, the object will return to its original shape and energy state. Also, space is referred to as spacetime, which is simply a way to bring together the concepts of space and time. This basically means that whenever space is affected, time is affected. Frame dragging would provide answers for very old questions about gravity, strong force,  and wave-particle duality (how things like electrons can act like waves and particles at the same time).