Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
There was poor communications, misunderstandings and disagreements between the Dutch and the French. The Dutch considered the Bath and Zanddijk Positions to be defendable because of the flooding.  However, the French commander General Pierre-Servais Durand wanted his troops hidden behind obstacles.

On the evening of 13 May one regiment, the 271e of 68e Division d'Infanterie, occupied the Canal through Zuid-Beveland. The 224e of 60 Division d'Infanterie stayed in the area separating the island of Walcheren from Zuid-Beveland. The Allied forces were not grouped together enough, which enabled the Germans to defeat them even though they had less men.
On 14 May the Germans had occupied almost all of North Brabant. SS-Standarte Deutschland reached the Bath Position. This cut off the retreat of 27e Groupe de Reconnaissance de Division d'Infanterie, which was destroyed defending Bergen-op-Zoom.  The morale of the defenders of the Bath Position weakened by news that Winkelman had surrendered. Many decided that it was useless that Zealand kept fighting as the last remaining province.

An artillery bombing on the position in the evening of 14 May caused the commanding officers to leave. Then the troops left.

In the morning of 15 May SS-Standarte Deutschland approached the Zanddijk Position. A first attack around 08:00 on the northern sector was stopped, as the Germans had to advance over a narrow dike. However, the bombing caused the battalions in the main positions to flee, and the entire line was abandoned around 14:00.
On 16 May SS-Standarte Deutschland approached the Canal through Zuid-Beveland. The French 271e Régiment d’Infanterie was partly dug in and helped by three Dutch battalions. An air bombing was done that morning. The first German crossings around 11:00 led to a complete collapse of the defence. On 16 May the island of Tholen was captured. On 17 May Schouwen-Duiveland was captured.

The commanders of the Dutch troops on South-Beveland refused commands to attack the Germans. On 17 May a night attack at 03:00 failed. The Germans now demanded the surrender of the island. When this was refused they bombed Arnemuiden and Flushing. Middelburg, the province's capital city, was shelled by artillery, its inner city partially burning down.

The heavy bombing made the French defenders lose hope. The Germans managed to capture a bridge around noon. The few Dutch troops on Walcheren, about three companies, stopped fighting.
In the evening the  Germans threatened to attack the French forces in Flushing, but most troops were evacuated over the Western Scheldt.

After North-Beveland had surrendered on 18 May, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen was the last remaining unoccupied Dutch territory. On orders of the French, all Dutch troops were withdrawn on 19 May to Ostend in Belgium. On 27 May all of Zeeuws-Vlaanderen had been occupied.

Aftermath
Following the Dutch defeat, Queen Wilhelmina established a government-in-exile in England. The German occupation began on 17 May 1940. It would be five years before the entire country was liberated. Over 210,000 Dutch people became victims of war, including 104,000 Jews and other minorities, who were killed because of their race (genocide). Another 70,000 more Dutch people died from poor nutrition or limited medical services.

Related pages
Battle of Belgium
Battle of France

Notes

References

C.W. Star Busmann. Partworks and Encyclopedia of World War II
Hooton, E.R. Phoenix Triumphant: The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe. Brockhampton Press, 1994. .

 
 
 Goossens, Allert M.A. (2011) History Site "War Over Holland – the Dutch struggle May 1940"

Other websitess 

The Battle of the Netherlands 1940

Battle
Battle
Battles involving France
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving the Netherlands
Battles involving the United Kingdom
European battles of World War II
Battle
Thebe Neruda Kgositsile (born February 24, 1994), better known by his stage name Earl Sweatshirt, is an  American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Kgositsile was originally known by the stage name Sly Tendencies. He released his first mixtape, Kitchen Cutlery, on MySpace in 2008. He changed his name to Earl Sweatshirt when Tyler, the Creator invited him to join Odd Future in late 2009.

He gained popularity and critical praise for his first mixtape, Earl, which released on March 31st, 2010. Shortly after its release, his mother sent him to a boarding school in Samoa for at-risk teens for a year and a half. He was unable to record music when he was there. He later returned to Los Angeles in February 2012, just before his eighteenth birthday. Kgositsile rejoined Odd Future and started producing new music. He released his first studio album Doris in August 2013.
His second studio album, I Don't Like Sh**, I Don't Go Outside, was released on March 23rd, 2015. His third album, Some Rap Songs, was released on November 30th, 2018. His fourth album, Sick!, was released on January 14th, 2022. His projects have all received widespread critical praise. 

He is currently signed to Columbia Records, as well as his independent label Tan Cressida.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

1994 births
Rappers from Los Angeles
American record producers
Living people
Edward Teller (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was an American theoretical physicist. He was born in Budapest, the capital city of Hungary. At the time Hungary was called Austria-Hungary. He is known as "the father of the hydrogen bomb".

Early life

Teller's family was Jewish. Teller did not speak until he was three years old. He left Hungary in 1926. He moved to Germany. He went to the University of Karlsruhe there. He then went to the University of Leipzig. He got his Ph.D. in physics there. In 1933 Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany. Teller decided to move so the Nazis wouldn't kill him for being a Jew. In 1934 Teller moved to Copenhagen in Denmark. He joined the Institute for Theoretical Physics there. He married Augusta Maria Harkanyi.  Then Teller moved to London in England to teach at University of London.
Career
In 1935 he moved to the United States to become a professor at George Washington University. In 1941 he stopped working at George Washington University. He joined the Manhattan Project in 1942. At the time it was called the Manhattan Engineering District. With Stanislaw Ulam and other immigrant scientists he invented the fusion bomb.

In 1952 Teller opened Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of California with Ernest Lawrence. In 1953 Teller became a professor at the University of California. He was on the cover of TIME magazine in 1957. From 1958 to 1960, Teller worked as the director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He was the associate director until 1977. The laboratory is now called Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.

In 1979 Teller had a heart attack. He blamed it on Jane Fonda. In 1982 he became a member of the White House Science Council.

Teller was given one of the first Ig Nobel Prizes for Peace in 1991. In 2000 Teller's wife died.
In 2001 a book Teller wrote about his life, Memoirs: A Twentieth Century Journey In Science And Politics, was published by Basic Books. Teller was 93.

He died from a stroke on September 9, 2003 at Stanford University.

Views
Teller was an agnostic. He also was a Republican.

References

1908 births
2003 deaths
Hungarian Jews
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Budapest
Refugees from Nazism
American theoretical physicists
Hungarian physicists
Sir Galahad is a character from Arthurian legend- a knight of the Round Table and the son of Sir Lancelot. Legend says that Galahad searched for and later found the Holy Grail earning him the name 'The Grail Knight', as he was the only one on earth considered by God worthy of finding the Holy Grail. It is said that when he drank from the grail, he was surrounded by light and ascended to heaven. His uncle was king Pelle and Galahad's father was actually Sir Lancelot. 

Galahad was also very noble and loyal, and was renowned as a talented swordsman. Galahad was known as the perfect knight.
Arthurian legend
Characters in written fiction
Fictional knights
The Chesapeake Bay Bridge (called the Bay Bridge by locals) is a bridge that crosses Chesapeake Bay, on the eastern coast of the United States. The bridge is  long. It serves as a connecting route between the eastern and western shores of Maryland. The bridge was named after William Preston Lane Jr., the governor at the time that the building of the bridge was ordered.

Tolls and fees
A toll of six dollars is charged on the one-way toll side of the bridge (the side opposite of the Eastern Shore). Although for taxi services the fee is anywhere from 25 to 30 dollars.

Construction
The bridge was first proposed for building in 1938. Building did not begin until 1947 because of the United States' involvement in World War II. The bridge was finally opened to traffic on July 30, 1952. Later in 1967, because traffic on the bridge was increasing, another side for the bridge was proposed. The proposal was agreed to, and funded by the state of Maryland. Building began once again in 1969 and was completed in 1973.
Incidents
Today the Bridge is considered one of the most dangerous bridges in the world because of the accidents that have happened on it.
On August 10, 2008 a tractor trailer was involved in a head on collision, which worried people about the structure of the Bridge. Afterwards, the Maryland Transportation Comity ruled out any possibility of the accident being caused by the bridge itself.
 On August 28, 2012 the bridge was seen making unusual vertical movements that were later found to be caused by two construction tarps that had been installed for a construction project, catching wind causing the bridge to slightly move. In result to the incident, traffic that day backed up almost seven miles, a record for traffic on the bridge.
On July 18, 2013 a tractor trailer was hit from behind, forcing it over the edge of the bridge, falling a total of 27 feet into the water, where the driver then was able to open the door and swim to the Eastern Shore and receive help.
References
Roads to the Future Website
Chesapeake Bay Bridge Fundamental
Official PDF for Bridge Finances

Bridges in the United States
1952 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Maryland
Ritwik Kumar Ghatak (4 November 1925 – 6 February 1976) was a Bengali Indian filmmaker, scriptwriter and actor. He was born in Dhaka in East Bengal. He wrote his first play,  Kalo sayar, in 1948. In 1951, Ghatak joined the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA).  Ghatak acted in the 1950 film Chinnamul. In 1952 Ghatak completed his first movie, Nagarik. It was not released until 1977. Ghatak wrote the 1958 Hindi film Madhumati with Rajinder Singh Bedi.

Personal life
Ghatak married Surama Devi. He had a son, Ritaban Ghatak, and two daughters with her.

Ghatak died in 1976 in India from tuberculosis.

References

1925 births
1976 deaths
Indian actors
Indian writers
Personality is a term that describes the traits a person shows consistently, such as how they think, act and respond to emotions as well as their likes and dislikes. 

These traits are shown at different times and in different situations.  Understanding someone’s personality may allow you to predict their behavior in many situations.  Predictability makes it possible to explain and understand behavior.  A person's personality can often suggest their internal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.  Intrapersonal functioning is a term used to describe the stable processes that underlie these thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Gordon Allport defined personality as a "dynamic organization inside a person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings."

References
Ming-Na Wen (born November 20, 1963) is a Chinese actress. She is known for doing the voice of Fa Mulan in the Disney film 1998 Mulan and Mulan II. She played Jing-Mei Chen in ER. Wen plays Agent Melinda May in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

Wen was born in Hong Kong. Her name means "enlightenment". When she was a child she moved to the United States. In 1995 she married Eric Michael Zee. She lives with him in California.

Filmography

References

Other websites
Official website

1963 births
Chinese movie actors
Chinese television actors
Chinese stage actors
Chinese voice actors
Living people
Bay Bridge may refer to:

 Aomori Bay Bridge, Aomori Prefecture, Japan
 Chesapeake Bay Bridge, Maryland, United States
 Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, Virginia, United States
 Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, Shandong, China
 Newark Bay Bridge, Newark, New Jersey, United States
 San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, California, United States
 Yokohama Bay Bridge, Yokohama, Japan
August Anthony Alsina Jr. (born September 3, 1992) is an American singer. He was born in New Orleans. His mother moved him to Houston after Hurricane Katrina happened. Alsina moved to Atlanta to start his musical career. He released his first mixtape, The Product in 2012. He released two other mixtapes in the same year. In August 2013 he was signed to Def Jam Recordings. His first EP Downtown: Life Under the Gun was released by Def Jam that month. It reached number 68 in the Billboard 200. His first album, Testimony, was released in 2014. The album was a tribute to his friend who died in 2010.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1992 births
African American musicians
Living people
Singers from Louisiana
American contemporary R&B singers
American hip hop musicians
American hip hop singers
American singer-songwriters
American soul singers
Musicians from Louisiana
People from New Orleans
Representational state transfer (REST) is a software architecture that was made to guide the development of the World Wide Web. Systems which implement REST are called 'RESTful' systems. REST documents a way for computer systems to communicate with each other using HTTP requests.

HTTP Verbs 
 GET fetches a resource.
 POST creates a resource.
 PUT updates a resource.
 DELETE deletes a resource.

Other websites 
 Mozilla Developer Network HTTP
 Wikimedia REST API

Internet
Technology
Julie Christmas (born December 25, 1975) is an American musician. She was the lead singer of the rock band Made Out of Babies and the metal band Battle of Mice. Christmas released three albums with Made Out of Babies. They broke up in 2012. Christmas sung on "Generation of Ghosts" on Mouth of the Architect's 2008 album Quietly. In 2010, Christmas released her first solo album The Bad Wife on CD and vinyl.

References

Living people
American rock singers
1975 births
Adobe Premiere was a video editing software. It was replaced by Premiere Pro in 2002.

References 

Adobe software
Bernard Morton "Bernie" Kopell (born June 21, 1933 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Siegfried in Get Smart and as Dr. Adam Bricker ("Doc") in The Love Boat from 1977 to 1986.

References

Other websites

1933 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Margery E. Mason (27 September 1913 – 26 January 2014) was a British actress and director. She is known for her roles in The Princess Bride and in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.

References

Other websites

1913 births
2014 deaths
British movie actors
British television actors
British stage actors
Actors from London
Ahmed Fouad Negm (22 May 1929 – 3 December 2013) was an Egyptian vernacular poet. Negm is well known for his work with Egyptian composer Sheikh Imam, as well as his patriotic and revolutionary Egyptian Arabic poetry. Negm has been called "a bit of a folk hero in Egypt" or "el-Fagommi".

Negm was born in Sharqia, Egypt on 22 May 1929.

In 2007, Negm was chosen by the United Nations Poverty Action as Ambassador of the poor. Negm won the 2013 Prince Claus Award for ‘Unwavering Integrity’.

On 3 December 2013, Negm died at the age of 84 in Cairo, Egypt from a long-illness, aged 84.

References

Other websites
Rawafed: documentary interview Ahmed Fouad Negm "part one" Alarabiya.net 
Rawafed: documentary interview Ahmed Fouad Negm "part two" Alarabiya.net 

1929 births
2013 deaths
Egyptian poets
Egyptian activists
Paul Aussaresses (7 November 1918 – 4 December 2013) was a French Army general. He fought during World War II, the First Indochina War and Algerian War. His actions during the Algerian War, and later defense of those actions, caused considerable controversy. He was perhaps best known for wearing an eye patch. 

Aussaresses was badly criticized in 2000, when in an interview with the French newspaper Le Monde, he defended the use of torture during the Algerian war. He repeated the defense in an interview with CBS's 60 Minutes, further arguing that torture ought to be used in the fight against Al-Qaeda.

Aussaresses died on 4 December 2013 from natural causes in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France, aged 95.

References

Other websites
 Torture to Prevent Terrorism? Interview with a French Master Torturer

1918 births
2013 deaths
French generals

People from Tarn
World War II people
Sir William Ramsay KCB  FRS (William Ramsay, Jr.; 2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist. Ramsay discovered the noble gases. He also helped discover several elements that are on our periodic table today. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" (along with Lord Rayleigh).

Early life

Ramsay was born in Glasgow on 2 October 1852. He was a nephew of the geologist Sir Andrew Ramsay. His father, William, Sr., was a civil engineer. His mother was Catherine Robertson. He studied at Glasgow Academy, at the University of Glasgow and at University of Tübingen in Germany. 

Ramsay went back to Glasgow as an assistant at the Anderson College. He found a job as Professor of chemistry at the University College of Bristol in 1879.
Career
On the evening of 19 April 1894 Ramsay was at a lecture given by Lord Rayleigh. Rayleigh had noticed a difference between the density of nitrogen made by chemical synthesis and nitrogen isolated from the air by removal of the other known components. He named the gas responsible for this difference "argon".  

He was working with Morris Travers, when he discovered neon, krypton, and xenon. He also isolated helium. In 1910, he also created and characterized radon.  In 1904, Ramsay received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Ramsay discovered all six elements that are in the noble gas group on the periodic table.

Personal life
Ramsay was married to Margaret Buchanan in 1881. They had one daughter, Catherine, and one son, William George. William George died when he was 40.

Death
Ramsay lived in Hazlemere, Buckinghamshire until his death. He died in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire on 23 July 1916 from nasal cancer (nose cancer). He died at the age of 63. He was buried in Hazlemere Parish church.
Recognition
The Sir William Ramsay School in Hazlemere is named after him.

References

Other websites

Nobel Lecture  The Rare Gases of the Atmosphere from Nobelprize.org website
Biography  Biography from Nobelprize.org website
Sir William Ramsay School 
Ramsay biography
Chemical achievers 
Eponymous school 
NNDB Biography
Web genealogy article on Ramsay 
Chemical genealogy
victorianweb biography 
chemeducator biography 
7/23/1904;This Photograph of Sir William Ramsay Was Taken in His Laboratory Specially for the Scientific American 

1852 births
1916 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Disease-related deaths in Buckinghamshire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Noble gases
Scientists from Glasgow
Scottish chemists
University of Glasgow
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Jr. (30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch chemist. He was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901. van 't Hoff studied the active principles of chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, osmotic pressure, and stereochemistry.

1852 births
1919 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
Dutch academics
Dutch chemists
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
People from Rotterdam
Julius Lothar von Meyer (August 19, 1830 – April 11, 1895) was a German chemist. He worked with Dmitri Mendeleev and helped him draw up the first periodic table of chemical elements. He also worked with Robert Bunsen.

Table of Meyer, 1864

References

Other websites
 Periodic table according to Lothar Meyer (1870)
 Video of a talk by Michael Gordin titled "Periodicity, Priority, Pedagogy: Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer"
 The Internet Database of Periodic Tables. Chemogenesis web book. 

1830 births
1895 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
German chemists
People from Lower Saxony
Periodic table
The Battle of Aachen was a major battle of Second World War. It was fought by American and German forces in and around Aachen, Germany, between 2–21 October 1944. The city was part of the Siegfried Line, the main defence line on Germany's western border. The Allies had hoped to capture it quickly and move into the Ruhr area.

Most of Aachen's civilian population was moved out before the battle began. Much of the city was destroyed and both sides had heavy losses. It was one of the largest urban battles fought by U.S. forces in World War II.

It was the first city in Germany to be captured by the Allies. The battle ended with a German surrender, but their defense slowed down Allied plans to advance into Germany.

Background
By September 1944 the Western Allies had reached Germany's western border. It was protected by the Siegfried Line. On 17 September, British, American, and Polish forces launched Operation Market Garden.
This was an attempt to get around the Siegfried Line by crossing the Lower Rhine River in the Netherlands.  The failure of this plan, and a supply problem caused by the long distances, stopped the Allied movement toward Berlin.

German dead and wounded in France had been high. Field Marshal Walter Model said his 74 divisions had the strength of just 25. The Western Allies' supply problems gave the Germans time to rebuild their strength. In September, new troops were sent to the Siegfried Line. The total was 230,000 soldiers, including 100,000 new soldiers.

At the start of the month the Germans had had about 100 tanks in the West; by the end they had 500. As men and equipment were moved into the Siegfried Line they were able to establish a depth of .

The Allied force, under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, wanted to capture the Ruhr. It was Germany's main industrial area.
General George S. Patton's Third Army was ordered to occupy the French region of Lorraine. General Courtney Hodges's First Army was ordered to attack near Aachen.

Hodges had at first hoped to go around the city. He thought it was only defended by a small group of troops which would surrender once they were cut off.

The beautiful, old city Aachen was not an important military target, as it did not do much war production. Its population of around 165,000 had not been bombed by the Allies.

It was an important symbol to the Nazi regime and the German people. It was the first German city threatened by an enemy during the Second World War. It was also the historic capital of Charlemagne, founder of the "First Reich". The city was very important to the Germans.

The city's defenders fought on home ground for the first time; one German officer said, "Suddenly we were no longer the Nazis, we were German soldiers."
Aachen was protected by the Siegfried Line, a system of pillboxes, forts, and bunkers protected by anti-tank obstacles and barbed wire. In several areas, German defenses were over  deep. It was the strongest defence ever built.

Learning from their experiences on the Eastern Front, the Germans put their defences in the center of towns. They used narrow streets to make it hard for enemy armored vehicles to move around
.

Even though the troops defending Aachen and the Ruhr were of low quality, the fortifications protecting Aachen and the Ruhr were a major problem for the
American forces. Getting through Aachen was seen as important, because the land beyond Aachen was flat, and easy for the motorized Allied armies to travel on.

Fighting around Aachen began in the second week of September. The city was defended by the 116th Panzer Division, under the command of General Gerhard von Schwerin.
The closeness of Allied forces had caused the majority of the city's government officials to leave before the citizens were moved out. (For this, Hitler had all Nazi officials who had fled sent to the Eastern front as privates.) von Schwerin wanted to surrender the city to Allied forces. However, on 13 September, before he could surrender, he was ordered to launch a counterattack against American forces southwest of Aachen. He attacked with his panzergrenadier forces.

The German general's attempt to surrender the city made Adolf Hitler, ordered the general's arrest. He was replaced by General Gerhard Wilck. The United States' VII Corps continued to try to get past German defenses, despite the fighting on 12–13 September.

Between 14–16 September the US 1st Infantry Division advanced against strong defenses and attacks. Eventually, they had a circle around half the city.
This slow advance stopped in late September, due to the supply problem, and the sending of fuel and ammunition for Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands.

Comparison of forces

German defenders in Aachen

In October, Aachen's defense was assigned to General Friedrich Köchling's LXXXI Corps. These forces, along with the attached 506th Tank Battalion and 108th Tank Brigade, had 20,000 men and 11 tanks.  Köchling was also promised a new 116th Panzer Division and the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division, with 24,000 troops.

The 183rd Volksgrenadier Division and 49th Infantry Division defended the northern approaches. The 12th Infantry Division was positioned to the south.

On 7 October, the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler Panzer Division were sent to defend Aachen.

Although new troops continued to arrive, the 12th Infantry Division had lost half its combat strength between 16–23 September, and the 49th and 275th Infantry Divisions had had to be given time to rest.
While German infantry divisions had a strength of 15,000–17,000 soldiers at the start of World War II, this had been reduced to a size of 12,500. By November 1944, the average strength of a division was 8,761 men.

To cope with the troop shortages, the Volksgrenadier divisions were created in 1944. Their average total strength was just over 10,000 men per division. Although about a quarter of these were experienced veterans, two-quarters were new soldiers and sick people while the rest were from the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine.

These divisions often received the newest small-arms, but they lacked artillery and motorization. The 183rd Volksgrenadier Division had not had time to train as a unit.  The 246th Volksgrenadier Division was in a similar situation. Many of its troops had fewer than ten days of infantry training. All of these weaknesses of the troops were made up for by the strong fortifications surrounding Aachen.
American forces
The task of capturing Aachen was given to General Charles H. Corlett's XIX Corps' 30th Infantry Division and Joseph Collins' VII Corps' 1st Infantry Division.

General Leland Hobbs' 30th Infantry Division would be assisted by the 2nd Armored Division, which would try to go the 30th Division's hole in the Siegfried Line. Their sides were protected by the 29th Infantry Division.

In the south, 1st Infantry Division was supported by the 9th Infantry Division and the 3rd Armored Division.  These divisions took in a large number of new men.

By 1 October over 70% of the men of General Clarence Huebner's 1st Infantry Division were new troops. The last two weeks of September were spent giving these men training in fighting and weapons training.

The plan called for both infantry divisions to avoid street fighting in Aachen. The plan was for the two divisions to encircle the city. Then a small force would capture it while most of the US forces moved east.
Although American units were usually able to get new troops quickly, the replacements rarely had enough training. Many junior officers were lacked tactical and leadership abilities.  Some tank drivers had never even driven a car before. Some tank commanders had to teach their men how to load and fire their tank guns in the field before missions.

The US system meant that new troops reaching the front lines were not properly trained for combat.  Sometimes half of a unit's replacements would become dead or wounded within the first few days of combat.

These losses required more troops to be brought into the fighting. A battalion of the US 28th Infantry Division was sent against Aachen to help the US 1st Infantry Division during 18–21 October.

These forces were supported by the Ninth Air Force, which knew where 75% of the pillboxes were. They planned an opening bombing using 360 bombers and 72 fighters. New aircraft would be used for a second attack, which included napalm.
With the Germans having few anti-aircraft guns and severely limited support from the Luftwaffe, Allied forces controlled the skies over Aachen.

Battle

For six days before the American attack allied artillery bombed German defenses around Aachen.  Although bombing German LXXXI Corps to stop all movements of troops and supplies, it did not harm the pillboxes and strongpoints.

The opening air bombing on 2 October also did little damage to German defences. The 450 aircraft did not hit any German pillbox.  Their targets had been hidden by thick smoke from the Allied artillery.  After the aircraft finished their bombing, the artillery fired 18,696 shells.

Advance from the north: 2–8 October
The 30th Infantry Division moved forward on 2 October. They used artillery to destroy German pillboxes. It took thirty minutes to capture a pillbox. Heavy fighting had not been expected, and one group lost 87 troops in an hour; another lost 93 out of 120 soldiers to a German artillery strike.
The attackers were slowly able to cross the Wurm River. They attacked German pillboxes with flamethrowers and explosives. By the afternoon of 2 October, the 30th Infantry Division had got past German defenses and reached the town of Palenberg.

Here, US soldiers had to fight to get to each house. (Private Harold G. Kiner was awarded the Medal of Honor for throwing himself on a German grenade saving the lives of two soldiers).

Fighting in the town of Rimburg was terrible. American armour could not cross the Wurm River, and it could not support infantrymen who were attacking the Germans. The 30th Infantry Division destroyed 50 German pillboxes on the first day.

The division's advance was helped by the 29th Infantry Division's attacks. The Germans thought that the 29th Division's attacks were the main attack.

On the night of 2 October, the German 902nd Assault Gun Battalion was ordered to attack the 30th Infantry Division. Allied artillery made the German attack not start on time. The German attack failed.
American armor could help with the advance on 3 October. The US  attacks were stopped by German attacks. Rimburg was captured on the second day. Fighting had also begun in the town of Übach. American tanks tried to attack the town. However, they could not move due to German artillery fire.

American artillery fire stopped the Germans from recapturing it.  By the end of the day the 30th Infantry Division had around 300 dead and wounded.

German forces continued their attacks on Übach. This stopped American troops from advancing.  On 4 October the Allies had only captured Hoverdor and Beggendorf. The Americans lost 1,800 soldiers in the past three days. On 5 October, the 119th Regiment of the 30th Infantry Division captured Merkstein-Herbach.

The next day the Germans attacked Übach, but the attack was not a success.  The American had many more tanks.  The Germans did not have extra troops. General Koechling did get a Tiger tank group to defend Aachen from the north.
The Germans attacked on 8 October with an infantry regiment, the 1st Assault Battalion, the 108th Panzer Brigade, and 40 armored vehicles. The left side of the attack cut off an American platoon. The Germans had many losses and the Americans were getting closer.

Advance from the south: 8–11 October

In the south, the 1st Infantry Division attacked on 8 October. They wanted to capture the town of Verlautenheide.  A big artillery attack helped them to capture the town.

By 10 October, the 1st Infantry Division was in its planned position, where it could join with the 30th Infantry Division. The Germans attacked but they ended up with over 40 dead and 35 prisoners.  Despite repeated German attacks, the 1st Infantry Division was able to capture the high land around the city.

On 10 October, the US threatened to bomb the city if it didn't surrender.  The German commander refused to surrender.  American artillery fired  5,000 shells and the city was bombed American aircraft.
Link up: 11–16 October
American dead and wounded were increasing. This was caused by German attacks and the danger of attacking pillboxes. The   Germans in the town of Bardenberg made pillboxes to defend themselves. American attackers pulled back and shelled the town with artillery.

On 12 October, the Germans attacked the American 30th Infantry Division. The Americans defended themselves with artillery fire and anti-tank defenses.

At the village of Birk, there was a fight between German tanks and a single American Sherman tank. Then the 2nd Armored Division arrived and the Germans were pushed out of the town.

The 30th Infantry Division had to defend itself over all the land they held.  They were ordered to move south to join with the 1st Infantry Division. Two infantry battalions from the 29th were sent to join the 30th.

The same day (12 October), two German infantry regiments attempted to recapture. Both regiments were almost completely destroyed.  Between 11–13 October Allied aircraft bombed Aachen.
On 15 October, the Germans again attacked the 1st Infantry Division. Although a number of heavy tanks managed to break through American lines, most of German forces were destroyed by artillery and airplanes.

On the next day, the Germans attacked with the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division. They had heavy losses and they had to stop the attack.

The 30th Infantry Division and parts of the 29th Infantry and 2nd Armored divisions moved southwards between 13–16 October. They could not get through German defenses and join up with allied forces to the south.

The Germans attacked with artillery. German tanks were hidden in houses.  General Hobbs, commander of the 30th Infantry Division, tried to get around the German defenses. He attacked with two infantry battalions.  The attack was a success. The 30th and 1st Infantry Divisions joined up on 16 October.
The fighting had caused American XIX Corps over 400 dead and 2,000 wounded, with 72% from the 30th Infantry Division.  The Germans had 630 of their soldiers killed and 4,400 wounded; another 600 were killed in the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division's attack on the US 1st Infantry Division on 16 October.

Fight for the city: 13–21 October

The 1st Infantry Division had only a single regiment to capture the city. They attacked with machine guns and flamethrowers. Only by a few tanks and one howitzer were used in the attack.

The city was defended by 5,000 German troops, including navy, air force and city police.  Most of these soldiers lacked experience and training. They were supported by a few tanks and assault guns.  However, Aachen's defenders could use the narrow streets to defend the city.
The 26th Infantry's attack on 13 October was stopped by Germans firing from sewers and cellars. Sherman tanks could not move around in the narrow streets. The 26th Infantry Regiment used howitzers to destroy German fortifications.  Sherman tanks were attacked by German anti-tank guns.

American tanks and other armored vehicles would shoot buildings to kill any defenders hiding inside.  German infantry moved through sewers to attack Americans.

The Germans fought very hard. They attacked the Americans and used armor to stop American movement.

On 18 October, the 3rd Battalion of the 26th Infantry Regiment prepared to attack the Hotel Quellenhof. This was one of the last areas held by the Germans in the city.  American tanks and other guns fired at the hotel.  That night, 300 new soldiers of the 1st SS Battalion moved into the hotel. They stopped several attacks on the building.
A violent German attack managed to get past American infantry companies outside of the hotel. The Germans were then stopped by American mortar fire.

The Americans shelled German positions with  guns. As well, a battalion of the 110th Infantry Regiment was used to fill gaps in the city. The new battalion was told on 19–20 October to attack the city.

On 21 October, soldiers of the 26th Infantry Regiment captured central Aachen. The Germans in the Hotel Quellenhof surrendered, ending the battle for the city.

References

Bibliography

1944 in Germany
Aachen
Aachen
Aachen
Aachen
October 1944 events
Danilo Medina Sánchez (born November 10, 1951) is a Dominican politician. He was the President of the Dominican Republic from 2012 to 2020.

References

Other websites

Biography by CIDOB  (in Spanish)

1951 births
Living people
Presidents of the Dominican Republic
Current national leaders
Sophia Bush (born July 8, 1982) is an American television and movie actress. She has also directed. She appeared in movies that include John Tucker Must Die. Television programs in which she appeared include Chicago Hope, Chicago PD and "One Tree Hill". Bush was born in Pasadena, California.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Pasadena, California
1982 births
Living people
Hongkong Electric Company (HKC; ) is an electricity generation company in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.

History
The company was established on 1 December 1890 in British Hong Kong.

Other websites
 HK Electric 

Electric power companies
Companies of Hong Kong
Joaquín Antonio Balaguer Ricardo (September 1, 1906 – July 14, 2002) was the President of the Dominican Republic. He served three non-consecutive terms in that office. His first term was from 1960 to 1962, for his second term from 1966 to 1978, and again for his third and final term from 1986 to 1996. In 2000, Balaguer decided to seek an eighth term as president he lost the election.

On July 14, 2002, Balaguer died of heart failure at Santo Domingo's Abreu Clinic at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
 
 Diariolibre.com 
 UCSB.edu
 UCSB.edu

1906 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Presidents of the Dominican Republic
Lawyers
CLP Group (CLP; ) is an electricity company in Hong Kong. Their business are power generation, power transmission and electricity selling.

History
CLP Group was established in British Hong Kong in 1901 as China Light and Power Company Syndicate.

Other websites
 CLP 

Electric power companies
Companies of Hong Kong
Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño (30 June 1909 – 1 November 2001) was a politician, historian, short story writer, essayist, and educator. He was the first democratically elected President of the Dominican Republic in 38 years. He served as president from February through September of 1963. Before this, he had been the leader of the Dominican opposition in exile to the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo for over 25 years. 

In 1934, he married Isabel García and had two children with her: Leon and Carolina. During Trujillo's dictatorship, Bosch was jailed for his political ideas, being released after several months. In 1938, Bosch managed to leave the country, settling in Puerto Rico.

Juan Bosch died on November 1, 2001 after a long hospitalization period in Santo Domingo. He was suffering from Alzheimer's disease and was hospitalized for respiratory failure. As a former President, he received the corresponding honors at the National Palace, and was buried in his hometown of La Vega.
Related pages
List of historians by continent

References

Other websites
International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation
Overview of modern Dominican history
Juan Bosch Foundation (in Spanish)
Dominican Homeland History (in Spanish) 
Juan Bosch: Una vida por la democracia, by Jesús Adolfo Becerril Valencia
 Los Bosch Gaviño: apuntes y gráficas sobre su historia familiar

1909 births
2001 deaths
Presidents of the Dominican Republic
Historians
Dominican Republic academics
Dominican Republic writers
Companhia de Electricidade de Macau (CEM; ; English: Macau Electricity Company) is an electricity company in Macau, China. Its main business is power generation, power transmission, power distribution and electricity selling in Macau.

History
CEM was established in 1972 in Portuguese Macau.

Other websites
Website
Facebook

Electric power companies
Macau
Electricity
Felicity Rose Hadley Jones (born 16 October 1988) is a British television, stage and movie actress. She starred in movies including Brideshead Revisited (2008), Cemetery Junction (2009) and Rogue One (2016). Jones was born in Birmingham. Sources differ on her year of birth, with some saying 1983 and others saying 1984.

Filmography

Film

References 

English television actors
English movie actors
1983 births
Living people
A blindfold is a piece of cloth tied over a person's eyes. Sometimes a blindfold is made of material other than cloth. Blindfolds make it impossible to see. They are used for many different reasons: 
To cover the eyes of a person who is blind. 
They are used in some games played by children on a playground. 
As sleep masks to help a person sleep when there is too much light. 
In a ransom so that a person cannot see the kidnappers. 
In magic tricks. 
For erotic play.

In art, Justice is sometimes made to look like a woman wearing a blindfold.

Related pages
Eyeglasses
Mask

References

Clothing
Everland is a theme park in Yongin, South Korea. It is about one hour's drive away from Seoul.

Everland is the largest theme park in South Korea. In 2012, it ranked 12th in the world by number of visitors. It had 6.6 million visitors according to Travel + Leisure magazine.

The park is 36 years old. It has many kinds of attractions, as well as a zoo called Safari World, and a water park named Caribbean Bay. Everland also has seasonal festivals throughout the year. Samsung Everland, a part of company of Samsung operates and manages the park and the surrounding area.

Festivals 
 Snow Festival: Jan - Feb
 Tulip Festival: Mar - Apr
 Rose Festival: May - Jun
 Summer Splash: Jun - Sep
 Halloween & Horror Night: Sep.6 - Oct.31
 Christmas Fantasy: Nov.8 - Dec.31
 Romantic Illumination: Nov.22 - Dec.31
Attractions 
 T EXPRESS: South Korea's first and world's the steepest wooden roller coaster (77 degrees) with 3 minutes of running time. It is the longest wooden roller coaster in Asia, and the 7th largest in the world.
 Rolling X-Train: Rolling X-Train have 2 loops and 2 corkscrew. It's only roller coaster that have loops in Everland Resorts.
 K-POP Hologram: World's first holographic concert hall featuring YG stars.
 Safari World: Bus ride through the zoo where various animals wandering around freely. In the caged bus, the visitors will see the roaming lions, tigers, bears, and sometimes some animals come up to the bus to catch the feed thrown by the driver.
 Pororo's 3D Adventure: 3D virtual reality theater featuring Pororo and his friends.
Caribbean Bay 
Caribbean Bay is South Korea's largest water park. It has outdoor and indoor parts, and only indoor parts, named 'Aquatic Center' opens throughout the year.
 Running Water Pool (Indoor/Outdoor)
 Wave Pool (Indoor/Outdoor): Artificially generated waves featuring Caribbean beach
 Diving Pool (Indoor): 5.0 m in depth

Home Bridge 
Home Bridge is a resort and cabin site near  Everland. The wooden lodges are located 2,000 meters above sea level.

Everland Speedway 
Everland Speedway is South Korea's first racing track. It holds many racing events or competitions as well as provides guests to drive racing car.

References 

Theme parks in Asia
South Korea
Tourism
Samsung
Chalet Girl is a 2011 British-German-Austrian romance-comedy movie. It is about introducing people, romance and various family matters. Felicity Jones plays Kim Matthews. Brooke Shields plays Caroline. Sophia Bush plays Chloe.

This movie got mixed reviews from the critics. It was released in the United States in October 2011.

2011 romantic comedy movies
Austrian romance movies
Austrian comedy movies
British romantic comedy movies
2010s English-language movies
German romance movies
German comedy movies
Christian Rogelio Benítez Betancourt (May 1, 1986 – July 29, 2013), also known as Chucho, was an  Ecuadorian footballer who played as a forward for El Jaish of the Qatar Stars League at the time of his death.

On July 29, 2013, Benítez entered a hospital in Doha, Qatar because of a "strong pain" in his abdomen. He later went into respiratory failure. He died from complications leading to cardiac arrest at the age of 27.

References

Other websites

Transfermarkt profile
Player details  at Ecuadorian Football Federation 

ESPN Profile 
Profile at Birmingham City F.C. website

1986 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from respiratory failure
Ecuadorian footballers
Sportspeople from Quito
A feature movie or feature film is a movie (also called a film or motion picture) with a run time long enough to be the main or only movie to fill a program at a movie theatre. A program is the set of shows that people are given for one admission ticket. A feature movie is therefore a movie that runs for long enough to be the main or only show in a program. According to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, American Film Institute, and British Film Institute, a feature movie runs for at least 40 minutes. The Screen Actors Guild states that it is 80 minutes or longer.

The majority of feature movies are between 70 and 210 minutes long. The Story of the Kelly Gang was the first feature movie based on length, and was released in Australia in 1906. The first feature-length movie based on a book was Les Misérables which was released in 1909.
Feature movie for children are usually between 70 and 105 minutes. Other early feature movies include a version of Oliver Twist (1912), Richard III (1912) and From the Manger to the Cross (1912).
The Invisible Woman is a 2013 romance-drama movie. The movie is about a secret mistress of Charles Dickens. Ralph Fiennes plays Dickens. Kristin Scott Thomas plays Catherine Ternan and Felicity Jones plays Nelly Ternan. This movie will be released beginning in early 2014 in the United Kingdom and United States.

2013 romantic drama movies
British romantic drama movies
Joana Raspall i Juanola (1 July 1913 – 4 December 2013) was a Spanish writer and librarian. She was born in Barcelona on 1 July 1913. Juanola died on 4 December 2013 from natural causes, aged 100.

References

Other websites
Joana Raspall at escriptors.cat

1913 births
2013 deaths
Librarians
Spanish centenarians
Writers from Barcelona
A high-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes the frequency component of a signal above a certain value (cutoff frequency). The frequency component below that certain value will be suppressed to almost zero.

Related pages 
 Low-pass filter
 Band-pass filter
 Band-stop filter

Electronic components
A low-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes the frequency component of a signal below a certain value (cutoff frequency). The frequency component above that certain value will be suppressed to almost zero.

Related pages 
 High-pass filter
 Band-pass filter
 Band-stop filter

Electronic components
A band-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes the frequency component of a signal within a certain range value, where it has its lower cutoff frequency and upper cutoff frequency. The frequency component outside that range of value will be suppressed to almost zero. In low frequency applications (up to 100 KHz), passive filters are generally constructed using simple R.C. networks while higher frequency filters (above 100 KHz) are usually made from R.L,C components.

Electronic components