Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Stollberg Rural District was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Chemnitzer Land. It ended in 2008.

History 
It was first created in 1910. In 1950 the district was dissolved. In 1952 it was set up again. In the big reform of 1994 the Stollberg Rural District got bigger, because some smaller towns and villages from the city of Zwönitz and districts of Chemnitz and Aue, were transferred to Stollberg.

Stollberg Rural District is on the northwestern slope of the Erzgebirge Mountains.

Partnerships
Since 1990 the district has a partnership with the district Fürth in Bavaria.

Coat of arms 
The left half of the coat of arms show the symbol of the Counts of Schönberg - the county of Schönberg covered most of the area of the district. To the right is the imperial eagle symbolizing the Pleissenland, an imperial estate. The colours of the right side are also identical with those of Meißen, as another part of the district historically belonged to the County of Meissen.

Towns and municipalities
Other websites 
 Official website (German)

 
2008 disestablishments in Germany
Stollberg is a town in the Free State of Saxony, and was capital of the Stollberg Rural District. It is  east of Zwickau, and  southwest of Chemnitz.

References

Other websites

Erzgebirgskreis Rural District
Towns in Saxony
Mittweida () was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

History 
In 1994 the district was created, when the previous districts Hainichen, Rochlitz and part of the district of Chemnitz were joined.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities

Other websites 
 Official website (German)

 
1994 establishments in Germany
2008 disestablishments in Germany
Mittweida () is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the Landkreis Mittweida.

History 
The town was started in the 13th century, and is now one of the biggest textile producing centres in Saxony.

Mittweida University has about 5000 students. It was started in the late 19th century. Among its students were August Horch, Walter Bruch, Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, and Gerhard Neumann.

During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was located here.

References

Other websites

Mittelsachsen Rural District
Zürich (Swiss German: Züri, French: Zurich, Italian: Zurigo, Romansh: Turitg) is a canton of Switzerland. About 1.2 million people live there. The canton is in the northeast of Switzerland. The city of Zürich is its capital. The official language is German, but people speak the local Swiss German dialect called Züritüütsch. English writers often write the name of the Canton of Zürich as Canton of Zurich.

Districts
The Canton of Zürich is divided into 12 districts:
Zürich contains the city of Zürich
Affoltern with capital Affoltern am Albis
Andelfingen with capital Andelfingen
Bülach with capital Bülach
Dielsdorf with capital Dielsdorf
Dietikon with capital Dietikon
Hinwil with capital Hinwil
Horgen with capital Horgen
Meilen with capital Meilen
Pfäffikon with capital Pfäffikon
Uster with capital Uster
Winterthur with capital Winterthur

Municipalities
The canton of Zürich has 171 municipalities:

References

Other websites
 Official Site 
 Official Statistics
Company Formation Zurich
Affoltern District (also known as Knonaueramt or Säuliamt) is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is Affoltern am Albis.

Municipalities 
Affoltern contains a total of 14 municipalities:

References 

Affoltern District
Andelfingen is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland.

Municipalities 
Andelfingen contains 24 municipalities:

Andelfingen District
Bülach is one of 12 districts of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland. With about 117,000 people living there, it is the third largest in the canton.

Municipalities

Sources

Bülach District
Dielsdorf is a district in the northwestern part of the Swiss canton of Zürich.

Municipalities
The district contains 21 municipalities:

References 

Dielsdorf District
Dietikon is a district of the Swiss canton of Zürich. The capital city is Dietikon.

Dietikon District
Hinwil is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Hinwil.

Municipalities 
The district contains 11 municipalities:
Horgen  is a district of the Swiss canton of Zürich. Its capital is Horgen.

Municipalities 
  Sihlbrugg Dorf and Samstagern are both significant villages that are not independent municipalities.

Sources
Meilen is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland.

Municipalities 
Meilen contains 11 municipalities:

Meilen District
Freiberg (i.e. free mountain) is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, capital of the Freiberg Rural District.

The town was founded in 1186, and has been a centre of the mining industry in the Ore Mountains for centuries.

In 1944 the Flossenburg concentration camp built a subcamp outside the town of Freiberg. It housed over 500 female survivors of other camps, including Auschwitz Birkenau. Altogether 50 or so SS women worked in this camp until its evacuation in April 1945. The female survivors later reached the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Mittelsachsen Rural District
Pfäffikon is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the town of Pfäffikon.

Municipalities 
Pfäffikon contains 12 municipalities:

Pfäffikon District
Uster is one of the twelve districts of the canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Uster.

Municipalities 
Uster contains 10 municipalities:

Uster District
Winterthur is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Winterthur.

Municipalities 
Winterthur contains 19 municipalities:

References 

Winterthur District
Adlikon bei Andelfingen is a municipality of the district Andelfingen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

Other websites
 Official website 

Municipalities in Andelfingen
My Story is a series of books by many different writers.  Each book is a diary of a fictional girl who lived through a famous time in history.

About the books 
Sometimes, the main character from one book is the mother of the main character from another book.  For example, Tilly Middleton from Bloody Tower is the mother of Kitty Lumsden from The Queen's Spies.  

At the end of each book, there is some information about the time in history the book was about.  Sometimes there is a timeline, or a fictional biography of the main character.

List of My Story books 

Series of books
English children's books‎
Yair Auron (, Ya'ir Oron; born April 30, 1945) is an Israeli historian, scholar and expert specializing  on Holocaust and Genocide studies, racism and contemporary Jewry. Since 2005 he is the head of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and Communication, The Open University of Israel, Associate Professor.

Biography
From 1974 to 1976 Auron worked as the Director of the Education Department, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, in the 1980s he was a researcher of the Center for Jewish Education, Hebrew University and Academic director of European Section, The Israel Diaspora Institute, Tel-Aviv University. In 1996-1999 he was a Senior Lecturer in College of Yezreel, Head of the Division of Cultural Studies.
Books
 Jewish-Israeli Identity, Sifriat Poalim (with Kibutzim College of Education), Tel-Aviv, 1993, 204 pp. (Hebrew).
 The Banality of Indifference: The Attitude of the Yishuv and the Zionist Movement to the Armenian Genocide, Dvir (with Kibutzim College of Education), Tel-Aviv, 1995, 395 pp. (Hebrew).
 Les Juifs d’Extrême Gauche en Mai 68, Albin Michel, Paris, 1998, 335 pp.
 We are all German Jews: Jewish Radicals in France During the Sixties and Seventies, Am Oved (with Tel-Aviv University and Ben-Gurion University ), Tel-Aviv, 1999, 288 pp. (Hebrew, translation of the French edition, with revisions).
 The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2000, 405 pp. (translation of the Hebrew edition, with revisions and adaptations). Second Edition, Transaction Publishers, 2001; Third Edition, 2003.
 The Banality of Denial, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2003, 338 pp.
Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide, Maba, Tel Aviv, 2005 [Hebrew edition, with revisions and adaptations].
 The Pain of Knowledge - Holocaust and Genocide issues in Education, Transaction, New Brunswick, 2005. A German edition was published by Der Schmerz des Wissens, Verlag Edition AV, Lich/Hessen, 2005.
Other websites
Prof. Yair Auron 
Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel Armenian Studies Program 

1945 births
Living people
Israeli academics
Israeli historians
Jewish academics
Gniezno (pronounced ) is a city in central-western Poland, about 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 70,000 people. It is in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the administrative capital of the Gniezno County (powiat). Gniezno is a cradle of the Polish state and until 1038 was capital of Poland. In the 1000 here took place Gniezno Congress, meeting betwen duke Boleslaus I the Brave and Otto III, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In Gniezno Cathedral until 14th century took place royal coronations. Patron of Gniezno is Saint Adalbert of Prague.

Cities in Greater Poland Voivodeship
Former national capitals
The Birmingham to Peterborough Line is an important cross-country train track in the United Kingdom, making a connection from the Midlands to East Anglia. Passenger services are given by CrossCountry and East Midlands Trains, serving the following places:
Birmingham (New Street)
Water Orton
Coleshill
Nuneaton (The station used to be called Nuneaton Trent Valley)
Hinckley
Narborough
Wigston (South Wigston)
Leicester (The station used to be called Leicester London Road)
Melton Mowbray
Oakham
Stamford
Peterborough (The station used to be called Peterborough North)

On other tracks (Ely to Peterborough, Breckland and West Anglia) the trains keep going after Peterborough, through March and Ely to Thetford and Norwich or Wendens Ambo (Audley End) and Stansted Airport. Many of them run to Stansted. Services for Norwich come back out of Ely.
Other services using part of the Birmingham to Peterborough Line include Birmingham to Leicester local (close by) trains. The tracks also have a lot of cargo on the trains, being one of the big train tracks to Birmingham Freightliner Terminal (on the site of Birmingham Lawley Street railway station).

Stations that are not there anymore 

Stations that are not on these tracks anymore are:
Croft railway station at Croft
Blaby railway station at Blaby
Glen Parva railway station at Glen Parva
Leicester
Syston
Rearsby railway station at Rearsby
Brooksby railway station at Brooksby
Frisby railway station at Frisby
Asfordby railway station at Asfordby
Ketton

Railway lines of England
From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler is a novel by E. L. Konigsburg that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1968.

Story

This book tells the story of Claudia Kincaid, an 11-year-old girl who feels unappreciated by her parents.  She decides to run away from home just long enough to show her family what they would be missing without her.  Unfortunately, she does not enjoy hardship or discomfort, so running away has lots of problems.  To solve this problem, Claudia decides to stay at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. She tells her brother Jamie to accompany her: he's quiet, but most importantly, he has a secret stash of cash he's gotten by cheating at card games with his best friend, Bruce.
Much of the first part of the novel details how Claudia and Jamie settle in at the museum: blending in with school groups on field trips during the day to get a free presentation, hiding in the restroom at closing time to stay there, and emerging at night to bathe in the fountain and sleep on antique beds.  During their stay, they become fascinated with the newest exhibit: a beautiful statue of an angel, thought to have been crafted by Michelangelo.  Their time and money are spent trying to find the secret of the statue, hidden somewhere in the unorganized files of the statue's old owner, Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, who lives in Farmington, Connecticut.
She says,"You can know the secret only if you can find the truth from my mixed up files." They find the truth under the file "Bologna". They go home, and by their choice, Jamie and Claudia turn out to be the grandchildren of Mrs Frankweiler's lawyer, Saxonberg.
In other media
This novel was made into a movie in 1973, starring Ingrid Bergman in the title role. It later became a made-for-TV movie in 1995, starring Lauren Bacall in the title role.

In the television series The Simpsons, the plot was mimicked in the episodes "Smart and Smarter," in which Lisa hides in a local science museum in embarrassment at finding her baby sister is smarter than she, and the episode "Last Tap Dance in Springfield" features Bart and Milhouse hiding out in the shopping mall for one week while on a camping trip. The movie The Royal Tenenbaums has a scene in which characters Margot and Richie hide in a museum; in the movie's DVD commentary, Wes Anderson states that this was an homage to the novel, the aquarium.

References

Other websites
 E.L. Konigsburg at Houghton Mifflin Eduplace website 

1967 books
American children's books
Newbery Medal winning books
Citizenship of the European Union was started by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992. It is extra to being a citizen of one of the member countries of the European Union, and gives extra rights to nationals of European Union Member States.

History 

Before the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the European Communities treaties allowed workers, and their families, to travel and live in any member country. This idea started when the European Coal and Steel Community was set up by the Treaty of Paris in 1951. This allowed workers in the coal and steel industries to move to another country for work. In 1957, the European Economic Community was set up by the Treaty of Rome. That treaty allowed all workers to move freely.
The European Court of Justice took a wider idea of freedom of movement.  The Court said people should be allowed to move to another country to get a better life style, not just to earn more money by working. The law made by the European Court, the reason the reason a worker wanted to move abroad does not matter, they could start part-time and full-time work, and get extra help from the new country.

Other decisions of the ECJ allowed any citizen of a member country live anywhere in the EU and be treated the same as a citizen of the new country.

Start of EU Citizenship 

The idea of EU citizenship was started by the Maastricht Treaty, and was extended by the Treaty of Amsterdam. The Treaty of Amsterdam said that union citizenship will not replace national citizenship, but only be extra it.

Who is an EU citizen?
Article 17 (1) of the amended EC Treaty states that Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State  shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.

Rights of EU citizens

Specific rights
The amended EC Treaty provides the following rights to EU citizens:
 The right to be treated the same as citizens of the country where they live. (Article 12);
 The right to move and live anywhere in the EU, and to apply for any job.  EU citizens have the right to work for the government too, but not for some jobs in areas like defence and national security. (Article 18);
 The rights to vote or be a candidate in local and European elections in any Member State under the same conditions as the nationals of that state (Article 19);
 the right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of any EU country when in a non-EU Member Country, if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen's own country (Article 20);
 The right to ask for help from the European Parliament,  or from the European Ombudsman if any EU body has acted badly. (Article 21);
 The right to contact the EU bodies in one of the official languages and to get a reply in that same language (Article 21); and
Citizens of new countries which join the EU can have some of the rights limited for up to seven years after they join.

Brexit 
The United Kingdom  has left the European Union. It is still unclear whether UK citizens will continue to enjoy EU citizenships after Brexit.

Related pages
 Treaty of Lisbon

Further reading

References 

Law in Europe
European Union
International law
Citizenship
Messiah is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel. It is Handel’s most famous work, and in England, the most often performed of any big choral work. The title Messiah means “the anointed one” and is the name given to Jesus Christ in the Christian teaching.

Background to its composition 

Georg Frideric Handel was born in Germany. When he was a young man he came to England and he liked it so much that he soon visited England again and stayed there for the rest of his life, becoming a naturalised Englishman says the legend.  Actually he was composer for the King of Hannover, who then became King of England, and Handel followed his "employer".

The main reason why Handel liked England at that time was because the people liked his music and gave him support. At this time Handel was known as a composer of operas. For about 20 years Handel spent most of his time working on operas: composing them, organising performances and looking for opera singers to sing his works.
By the late 1730s, however, people’s tastes started to change and opera was not so popular. Handel changed to writing oratorios. Although it is thought that Handel invented the oratorio he in fact did not.Oratorio is Italian, after the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri at Rome, where famous musical services were held in the 16th century. Handel is just one composer of many who wrote oratorios. His oratorios are based on the English tradition of the Masque, which was something between a play and an opera. However, oratorios were about stories from the Old Testament. Instead of ancient gods or Roman emperors (which is what operas were about at that time) he used dramatic stories from the Bible. Among many great oratorios that he wrote, Messiah is his most famous one. However, it is different from his other oratorios in some ways.

Handel composes the Messiah
The words of Messiah were written by a librettist Charles Jennens. He chose several passages from the Bible and made a libretto, which he sent to Handel in 1741 (although people today often call the work "The Messiah”, both Handel and Jennens call it Messiah without the word “the”). Handel immediately realized that a great work of music could be made from Jennens’ libretto. He thought that Jennens was a very clever person, and in his letters to him he calls the work “Your Oratorio Messiah”. Handel sat down in the front room of his house in Brook Street, London, and wrote the whole oratorio in twenty four days. It is a long work, lasting over four hours, and when one thinks that Handel had to write out all the parts for the choir and orchestra, he must have worked unbelievably hard. When he had finished the work, he put it in a drawer for seven weeks. Perhaps he thought it would never be played in London, because at that time the London audiences did not seem to like him.

Handel goes to Dublin
Just at that time he got an invitation to go to Dublin. He was asked to give a concert to get money for charity. The main charity for which money was being raised was the debtor’s prison. In those days people who ran into debt (meaning that they owed lots of people money but had no money to pay them) were sent to prison. There they were fed by charity (people who fed them out of kindness). If no one fed them they just starved to death. Handel had nearly been sent to a debtor’s prison himself a few years earlier.

He went to Dublin as soon as he could, and he was there by November. On 23 December, he performed his oratorio L’Allegro. Unlike the London audiences, people in Dublin loved it. This was followed by Alexander’s Feast, Imeneo and, in April, Messiah. He was a very great success in Dublin, and he stayed there until August, when he returned to London.

The music
The music 

Messiah tells the story of Christ. It is divided into three parts. Part One tells of the coming and the birth of Christ. Part Two is about his death on the cross, and his Ascension into Heaven, and Part III concentrates on Paul's teaching of the resurrection of the dead and Christ's glorification in heaven. Handel usually performed his oratorios in theatres, not in churches, and his audience went as a change from going to the opera. They did not go for religious worship.
Handel’s oratorios are normally dramatic, with the four solo singers (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) each taking the part of a character from the Bible. Messiah is different. The soloists sing about the story of Christ. The great choruses, where the choir sings, praise the Lord in the wonderful music. Some of the music is homophonic (e.g. the Hallelujah chorus), some of the choruses are dramatic dialogues (e.g. Lift up your heads), or they are a fugue (He trusted in God and Amen), or they describe things dramatically (All we like sheep).

The Hallelujah Chorus 

The most well known of all the movements in Messiah is the one popularly known as the "Hallelujah Chorus," because of the frequently sung exclamation “Hallelujah”. It occurs at the end of the Part Two of the oratorio.'
It has become a tradition for the audience to stand up for the "Hallelujah Chorus," although it is unknown when this practice began.
 
There is a well-known but apocryphal story of King George II attending a royal performance of Messiah and supposedly rising to his feet during the "Hallelujah Chorus." Whenever the king stood up, everyone in his presence had to stand, hence the whole audience rose to their feet as well. However, this story does not appear to be based on any historical source.

Compositions by George Frideric Handel
Oratorios
Major General John Joseph Murray DSO & Bar, MC (born 26 April 1892 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, died 8 September 1951 in Sydney, New South Wales) was an Australian Army Officer and businessman with a special role in both world wars. During World War I, he was mentioned in despatches  and got got medals while fighting on the Western Front in France. In World War II and he was made commander of the 20th Brigade that helped beat Erwin Rommell's Afrika Korps in Libya.

Early Life 
Murray was born on born 26 April 1892 in Sydney, New South Wales. His father was working man from Ireland. His father was also called John Murray and his mother was called Margaret. 

When he left the local Catholic school John Murray started training as a salesman for Sydney firm Anthony Hordern & Sons in 1910. He then joined the Australian Citizens Military Forces where he served two years before joining the 33rd Regiment in 1913.
World War I 
John Murray was already in the Australian Army when World War I started on 28 July 1914. He was quickly (fast) made a Second Lieutenant on 6 March 1915. When he started being Second Lieutenant, Murray was moved to the Australian Imperial Force, and went by ship to Egypt. After being posted to the 1st Battalion at first, in March, 1916 he was moved to the 53rd Battalion, which was part of the 5th Division, when the Australian Imperial Force was helped by new soldiers from Australia. The 5th Division was soon moved from Egypt to France where they were put into the hard fighting of the Western Front.

By 19 July 1916 Murray's 53rd Battalion were in the first fighting by the Australian Imperial Force on the Western Front. It was the Battle of Fromelles. 5,533 Australian soldiers were killed, wounded or taken prisoner, because the fighting plan went wrong. The Australian War Memorial sayss the fighting was "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history"
John Murray became a Major in June 1917 and was soon known for his very good leadership and very brave night raiding (crossing at night into enemy trenches). In September 1918 during the very hard fighting of the Second Battle of the Somme, Murray's good leadership was mentioned again, and after fights near Peronne, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

Murray was still fighting on the Western Front when peace started 11 November 1918. Having been awarded the Military Cross and Distinguished Service Order, and also having twice being told of in dispatches he went back home to Australia in May, 1919.

Between the Wars 
By 25 August 1919 the all of the men in the Australian Imperial Force had been sent home. Murray was happy to go back to his job at Anthony Hordern & Sons in Sydney, but he did not want to stop being a soldier, and he joined the Australian Citizens Military Forces.
On 4 January 1923 John Murray married Mary Madeline Cannon at St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, and soon after became the manager of the delivery department at Anthony Hordern & Sons.

By 1925 Murray became a of Lieutenant-Colonel. From 1934 to 1938 Murray was the Commanding Officer of the Australian Army Service Corps, 1st Division.

World War II 
With war coming again, John Murray was given the command of the 9th Infantry brigade, and they got ready to move for war in February, 1940. He was chosen for the Second Australian Imperial Force in April 1940 and was given command of the 20th Brigade which went by ship to the Middle East in October 1940 to begin training in Palestine.

Tobruk 
Murrays brigade was made a part of the 9th Division. Even though the troops were not ready to fight, the 9th Division was sent to Libya to help the 6th Division win Tobruk.
On 4 April 1941, the Afrika Korps starting fighting Murray's 20th Brigade. The Australians slowed down Rommell's forces, but there were so many Germans they could not be forced back. Murray and his troops moved into Tobruk itself. For his leadership, John Murray was granted a bar to his Distinguished Service Order (the bar is given instead of a second medal).

Murray's knowledge of Trench warfare and night-raiding was very helpful to the defenders during the Siege of Tobruk. In November 1941, Murray was mentioned in dispatches for the third time in his career for his excellent resistance to Rommell.

Battle for Australia 
Murray returned to Australia in January 1942, just as the Japan was fighting south towards New Guinea. Instead of the recruiting job he expected, Murray was put in charge of the Newcastle Covering Force, and immediately promoted him to temporary Major-General.
The Newcastle Covering Force was soon re-named the 10th Division and Murray was sent to Western Australia in August 1942 to lead the 4th Division which was then moved to North Queensland due to fears of Japanese invasion during April and May 1943.In October 1944, he was made General of the Rear Echelon at Mareeba, before commanding the Northern Territory Force from March, 1945 until January, 1946, when he retired.

Post War 
John Murray was made Australian trade commissioner to New Zealand from 1946 until 1949 and then the same role for Ceylon in 1949. 

General John Murray died on 8 September 1951 at the Military Hospital, Concord, Sydney. He received a funeral with full military honours, and was buried in French's Forest Cemetery. His wife, three sons and two daughters survived him.

References 

1892 births
1951 deaths

Australian military people
People from Sydney
Dippoldiswalde is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It was the capital city of the Weißeritzkreis district. Today, Dippoldiswalde is a city in Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Rural District. It is  east of Freiberg, and  south of Dresden.

The town is on the Weisseritz railway, a narrow gauge railway powered by steam locomotives.

References

Other websites

Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Rural District
Großenhain is the capital of the Riesa-Großenhain Rural District, Saxony, Germany.

History
Großenhain was originally a Sorbian settlement. It was first mentioned in 1205.

Geography
Großenhain is on the river Röder,  northwest of Dresden, and  east of Riesa.

It is also on Via Regia from Görlitz to Santiago de Compostela.

Localities

Famous people
 Karl Benjamin Preusker (1786-1871): Founder of the first public library in Germany (1828)
 Manfred von Richthofen (1892-1918): German fighter pilot known as The Red Baron, was trained at the local airport
 Corinna Harfouch (born 1954): German actress, spent her childhood in Großenhain
 Heino (born 1938): German schlager artist, spent his childhood in Großenhain

References

Other websites

Meißen Rural District
Meißen (, ) is a town of about 30,000 near Dresden on both banks of the Elbe in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Meißen is the home of Meißen porcelain. Meißen is the capital city of Meißen Rural District

During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was in Meißen.

Porcelain 

Meißen is famous for the manufacture of porcelain. This is because there are big local deposits of china clay (kaolin) and potter's clay (potter's earth). Meißen porcelain was the first high quality porcelain to be produced outside of China.

The first European porcelain was made in Meißen in 1710, when the Royal Porcelain Factory was opened in the Albrechtsburg. In 1861, it was moved to the Triebisch valley of Meißen, where the Meißen porcelain factory can still be found today.
Notable residents 
 St. Benno (1010-1106), Bishop of Meißen
 Heinrich Frauenlob (died 1318), poet
 Johann Klaj (1616-1656), poet
 Johann Elias Schlegel (1719-1749), critic and poet
 Johann Adolf Schlegel (1721-1793), poet and clergyman
 Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), physician
 Karl G. Maeser (1828-1901), Mormon academic
 Ralf Schumann (born 1962), Olympic shooter

Related pages
 Missingsch
 List of Margraves of Meißen
 Rulers of Saxony
 Saxon Switzerland

References

Other websites 

 Municipal website 
 Giga-Catholic
 Meissen Porcelain 
 History of Meissen Porcelain Works
 Further information on Tourism 
 Webcam Meissen  

Meißen Rural District
The Best Damn Thing is an album and hit song by musical artist Avril Lavigne. It was released April 17, 2007. The lead single off the album, "Girlfriend" was released on February 27, 2007. The song was very successful and peaked in a lot of countries #1. This was Lavigne's first Billboard Hot 100 chart number one. The second single, "When You're Gone" was released on June 19, 2007. The song was quite successful, peaking at #3 on the UK Singles Chart. The third single, "Hot" was released on October 2, 2007. The song was unsuccessful in the U.S, it debuted two months after its release on the Billboard Hot 100 at #95. But the song was successful in Canada, it peaked at #10 on the Canadian Hot 100. The fourth and final single from the album was "The Best Damn Thing". It was released on June 24, 2008. The single was not very successful, it peaked at #76 on the Canadian Hot 100. The Best Damn Thing sold 6 million copies worldwide.

Track listing
Track listing

Original / Deluxe Edition 
CD
 "Girlfriend" (Avril Lavigne, Lukasz Gottwald) 3:37
 "I Can Do Better" (Lavigne, Gottwald) 3:17
 "Runaway" (Lavigne, Gottwald, Kara DioGuardi) 3:48
 "The Best Damn Thing" (Lavigne, Butch Walker) 3:10
 "When You're Gone" (Lavigne, Walker) 4:00
 "Everything Back But You" (Lavigne, Walker) 3:03
 "Hot" (Lavigne, Evan Taubenfeld) 3:23
 "Innocence" (Lavigne, Taubenfeld) 3:53
 "I Don't Have to Try" (Lavigne, Gottwald) 3:17
 "One of Those Girls" (Lavigne, Taubenfeld) 2:56
 "Contagious" (Lavigne, Taubenfeld) 2:10
 "Keep Holding On" (Lavigne, Gottwald) 4:00

Deluxe Edition Bonus DVD
 "The Making of The Best Damn Thing"
 "Photo Gallery"
Limited Edition 
CD
 "Girlfriend" (explicit) 3:37
 "I Can Do Better" (explicit) 3:17
 "Runaway" 3:48
 "The Best Damn Thing" 3:10
 "When You're Gone" 4:00
 "Everything Back But You" (explicit) 3:03
 "Hot" 3:23
 "Innocence" 3:53
 "I Don't Have to Try" (explicit) 3:17
 "One of Those Girls" 2:56
 "Contagious" 2:10
 "Keep Holding On" 4:00
 "Alone"1 (Avril Lavigne, Lukasz Gottwald, Max Martin) 3:14
 "I Will Be" (Avril Lavigne, Lukasz Gottwald, Max Martin) 4:00
 "I Can Do Better" (acoustic version) (explicit) 3:40
 "Girlfriend" (The Submarines' Time Warp '66 mix) (explicit) 3:11
 "Girlfriend (Dr. Luke Remix)" (featuring Lil Mama) (A. Lavigne, L. Gottwald, Niatia Kirkland) 3:25

DVD
Live at Orange Lounge
 "Everything Back But You" 3:02
 "Girlfriend" 3:39
 "Hot" 3:22
 "When You're Gone" 3:57

Music Videos
 "Girlfriend" 3:48
 "When You're Gone" 4:01
 "Hot" 3:23
 "Girlfriend (Dr. Luke Remix feat. Lil Mama)" 3:25

1 Also available on Girlfriend single.

References
References

Avril Lavigne albums
2007 albums
Pop rock albums
Punk albums
RCA Records albums
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants is a series of books by Ann Brashares. It is about a group of girls named Bridget (the leader), Lena Kigales (the shy and beautiful), Carmen (the dramatic one), and Tibby (the rebellious girl). These girls find a pair of pants that fit all four of them, though one girl is fat, one girl is short and one girl is super thin. There are 4 books in the series. It was made into a film in 2005.

American young adult novels
Series of books
2000s books
21st-century American novels‎
"Complicated" was the first and perhaps the most popular song sung by Avril Lavigne. It was released in 2002. It was on her album Let Go. Other songs on the same CD single are "I Don't Give" and additional "Why"  on maxi-cds.   
It was at one point #1 in the charts in Canada, UK, Australia and the US. She was 17 when she sang it and she and her band wrote it together.

2002 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
A navel piercing is type of piercing to the bellybutton. It is the second most popular piercing, next to ear piercing. It is considered a form of body art. There can be multiple piercings and it is possible to change rings, depending on how you pierce it. 
This piercing can be done at any angle where there is a clear flap of skin, but the most common navel piercing is through the upper rim of the navel.

Healing usually takes around 6–12 months, but is different for each person due to differences in their body.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Nipple piercing
 Genital piercing
 Jewellery

References

Jewelry
The Brazilian Flag is the flag of Brazil. It is the flag that has gone through the most changes and the current flag was made and used in May of 1992, and still use it today.

Flag 
It has gone through changes many times, changes including stars, colour and other things.

A list of constellations and stars on the map:
 Procyon (α Canis Minoris),
 Canis Major, with the largest star depicting Sirius,
 Canopus (α Carinae),
 Spica (α Virginis)
 Hydra
 Crux
 Sigma Octantis (σ Octantis; south pole star)
 Triangulum Australe
 Scorpius, with the largest star depicting Antares

Brazil
National symbols of Brazil
From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler is a 1995 television movie based on E.L. Konigsburg's novel From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler. The story is about a girl and her brother who run away from home to live in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art and find what they think is a lost treasure. The children, Claudia and Jamie, are amazed with the treasure and would not leave without knowing what its secret is. Lauren Bacall stars in the title role.

Before this movie, the book was made into a 1973 feature movie starring Ingrid Bergman, later released on home video as The Hideaways.

Cast
 Lauren Bacall as Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler
 Jean Marie Barnwell as Claudia Eleanor Kincaid
 Jesse Lee Soffer as James Lincoln "Jamie" Kincaid
 Miriam Flynn as Evelyn Kincaid
 Mark L. Taylor as Ralph Kincaid
 M. Emmet Walsh as Morris
 Devon Gummersall as Steve Kincaid
 Del Hunter-White as Cora
 Warren Munson as Mr. Jordan
 Everett Wong as Bruce
 Tim Haldeman as Herbert
 El Konigsburg as Sarah
Other websites
 

1995 movies
Television movies
Movies based on books
624 Hektor is the biggest of the Jovian Trojan asteroids. It was found in 1907 by August Kopff.

Hektor is a D-type asteroid, dark and reddish in colour. It lies in Jupiter's leading Lagrangian point, L4, called the 'Greek' node after one of the two sides in the legendary Trojan War. Ironically, Hektor is named after the Trojan hero Hektor, and is thus one of two Trojan asteroids that is "misplaced" in the wrong camp (the other being 617 Patroclus in the Trojan node).
Hektor is one of the most stretched bodies of its size in the solar system, being 370 × 200 km. It is thought that Hektor might be a contact binary (two asteroids joined by gravitational attraction) like 216 Kleopatra. Hubble Space Telescope sightings of Hektor in 1993 did not show an obvious stretched shape because of a limited angular resolution.  On July 17, 2006, the Keck-10m II telescope and its Laser guide star Adaptive Optics (AO) system indicated a stretched shape for Hektor. Additionally, since this AO system provides an excellent and stable correction (angular resolution of 0.060 arcsec in K band), a 15-km moon at 1000 km from Hektor was found. The moon's provisional designation is S/2006 (624) 1.  Hektor is, so far, the only known binary Trojan asteroid in the L4 point and the first Trojan with a moon. 617 Patroclus, another big Trojan asteroid in the L5, is made of two same-sized asteroids.

References

Other websites 
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Trojan asteroids
The Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards or simply Golden Horse is a movie festival and awards ceremony held annually in Taiwan. The ceremony usually takes place in November or December in Taipei.

The awards, contested by movies submitted from Taiwan, Hong Kong, China and elsewhere, are generally held to be the most prestigious for Chinese language movies outside the People's Republic of China. The awards ceremony is held after the month-long movie festival, which showcases some of the nominated movies for the awards. 

Winners are selected by a jury of judges during the week before the ceremony is held. Winners are awarded with a golden horse statuette.

Under current rules and regulations, every movie made primarily in any dialect of Chinese language is eligible for competition. Since 1996, almost any artist or movie from mainland China was allowed to enter the movie  festival.
Other websites 
 金馬獎官方網站 Golden Horse Official Website
 The 42nd Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards 
 Cri.CN 
 Golden Horse 2005 
 Golden Horse 2004

Movie awards
Movie festivals
Taipei
Festivals in Asia
The Golden Melody Awards () or sometimes shortened to just Golden Melody are music awards annually presented in Taiwan. The Awards began in 1990.

Categories for Awards 
The following awards are currently presented yearly since the 2017 (28th Edition) revision.
Vocal category (record label)
 Album Of The Year*
 Song Of The Year
 Best Mandarin Album
 Best Taiwanese Album
 Best Hakka Album
 Best Indigenous Language Album
 Best Music Video

Vocal category (individual accolade)
 Best Composition
 Best Lyrics
 Best Music Arrangement
 Best Album Producer
 Best Song Producer
 Best Male Mandarin Singer
 Best Female Mandarin Singer
 Best Male Taiwanese Singer
 Best Female Taiwanese Singer
 Best Hakka Singer
 Best Indigenous Language Singer
 Best Band
 Best Vocal Group
 Best New Talent

Instrumental
 Best Instrumental Album
 Best Instrumental Album Producer
 Best Instrumental Composer

Technical
 Best Instrumental Album Recording
 Best Vocal Album Recording
Special
 Special Contribution Award (1 or 2)
 Jury Award (presented when at least 2/3 of the jurors cast their vote for an album)

* All the Best Album (Mandarin, Taiwanese, Hakka and Indigenous Language) in the Vocal Category (record label) are nominated for Album of the Year. 

* Only Abao (Aljenljien Tjaluvie) and Tanya Chua won Best Album and Album of the Year on the year they were nominated (2020 and 2022 respectively)

Other websites 

 Official website at the Government Information Office

References 

Music awards
C-pop
Ella Koon, real name Ianna Koon, is a Chinese singer, actress and model.  She was born in Tahiti, French Polynesia, and was raised in Hong Kong, where she is currently based.

She speaks Cantonese, English, French and Mandarin languages.

Life

Early career 
After finishing high school in Birmingham, England, she began her career as a model in 2000. She debuted into the film industry in the romance movie I Do.

Later career 
In 2004, she started her singing career and released her debut Original (album). In early 2005, She participated in the TVB show Hotel Situation. Her second album Ellacadabra was released in late 2005. In mid-2005, Koon starred in the TVB's series Revolving Doors of Vengeance (酒店風雲), making her a well-known actress as well. She also starred in Survivor's Law II in 2007.

Discography
Original (2004)
Ellacadabra (2005)
Lose Sanity: 失常 (2006)
Stages (2008)
Being (2010)
Take a Shine To... (2011)

References and other websites
Ella's Official Blog 
Takungpao.com 
Ella in Pinkwork City (when she was a newcomer)
Ella Interview with Sound & Video

1979 births
Living people
People from French Polynesia
Chinese singers
Chinese movie actors
Survivor's Law II is a Chinese TV drama series. It aired in Hong Kong starting 24 December 2007 and ending 18 January 2008. It is the sequel to the 2003 series Survivor's Law. However, three members of the original cast did not appear in this sequel due.

Plot synopsis
MK Sun (real name Sun Man Kwan) was a teenager who once stopped a drug smuggler, but then was wrongly accused of being the one taking drugs. Despite his background, he hired a famous lawyer to help him and not surprisingly, he won. The lawyer, named Brandon, became his idol, and MK Sun grew up to be a lawyer.

Years later, MK was trying to get a job in his idol's company, T&B. He beats Brandon's wife, Brenda in a case, and started working there. There he meets a stubborn, rich, and spoiled girl named Lily, who only cares about her self and appearnace. They became enemies because of each other's backgrounds and attitudes.
MK then meets Vincent. Vincent thought of MK as ghetto, but soon realizes he was wrong. After having a fight with him in soccer, Vincent punched the umpire but MK Sun took the blame. Soon, they become friends.

After splitting with his former girlfriend Jessica, Vincent falls in love with a coffee shop girl called Choi Yuk. Vincent had his license for being a lawyer taken away for three years and could not get his license back yet. After getting a chance to work again and start a new refreshing career, he started only caring for himself. He was so determined that he went against Choi Yuk and her family, and even MK. Choi Yuk thought he betrayed them and only cared about himself so she ended the relationship.

After a while, Lily and MK start to have feelings for each other and eventually get married in court.
Soon, Choi Yuk gets into hospital after taking a beating in the head by someone and falling into a coma, and gives birth to a baby boy Jophy. Vincent then gets hit in the head when Choi Yuk wakes up and loses his memory. However, to prevent Choi Yuk from despairing too much from not remembering her and Jophy, he proposes and they get married.

Vincent never regains his memory and ends up working in the shop with Choi Yuk. MK and Lily share a happy and playful relationship.

Cast
 Kenneth Ma as MK Sun (Sun Man Kwan)
 Sammul Chan as Vincent Cheuk (Cheuk Wai Ming)
 Ella Koon as Lily Suen (Suen Lei Lei)
 Selena Li as Chang Choi Yuk
 Waise Lee as Brandon
 Rebecca Chan as Brenda
 Kwok Fung as Suen Bak To
 Queenie Chu as Noel Kan Ming Wei
 June Chan as Lai Na
 Power Chan as Sun Man Kam
 Yoyo Chen as Stephy
 Sharon Luk as Vice Principal
 Bernice Liu as Jessica
Ratings 
 Week 1 (Episodes 1-5): 26 points
 Week 2 (Episodes 6-9): 29 points, peaking at 31 points
 Week 3 (Episodes 10-15): 31 points
 Week 4 (Episodes 16-20): 31 points, peaking at 37 points

References
 Official Web Site 
 K for TVB Synopsis and Screenpcaptures

Drama television series
Younha (Korean: 고윤하; Hanja: 高允河 Go Yoon Ha Japanese: ユンナ Yunna), born 29 April 1988 in Seoul, Korea, is a Korean pop singer.

Younha made her debut at the age of sixteen. Nicknamed the "Oricon comet" for her success in Japan, she has currently released eight singles and one album in that country with varying degrees of success. Also, many of her songs have been featured in TV shows.

Younha was signed to Epic Records, a branch of Sony Music Entertainment Japan, from 2004 to 2008.  She then moved to Sistus Records, a Geneon Entertainment label. In South Korea, she is signed to Lion Media and Stam Entertainment.

Biography

Early life
Early life 

Born in South Korea to musical parents, Younha began to play the piano at the age of 4. She developed an interest in Japanese drama shows and began to teach herself Japanese. Before long, she was skilled enough to translate to her school friends what happened on recent Japanese TV episodes. What began as an interest in Japanese dramas developed into an interest in Japanese music. At the recommendation of an older student in her school's broadcasting club, she listened to such artists such as Utada Hikaru and Misia. Younha began to dream about debuting as a singer alongside her favorite artists.

2004 - 2005: Early Career & Moderate Success

ゆびきり(Yubikiri) Era
In order to seek her dreams, she began to try out in auditions within Korea. She claimed that she went through as many as 20 auditions. She also commented in her interview that certain companies refused to sign her to their labels because they believed she was not "pretty" enough, although she sang very well. Her mother also discouraged her dream and even locked her bedroom door to prevent Younha from leaving the house. Younha, however, climbed out the window and made it to the audition.  At one audition, she made an overwhelming impression and signed a contract with a Korean company. Soon after, Younha's voice was heard by a company in Japan. In order to make her childhood dream of debuting in Japan come true, Younha underwent recording while going back and forth between Korea and Japan. Quickly, Younha's Japanese skills advanced so much that she surprised even the staff around her.
After a TV drama producer heard her demo tape, her song Yubikiri was chosen as the insert song for the Fuji TV Monday drama show Tokyo Wankei ~Destiny of Love~. In October of that same year, she debuted with her official first single Yubikiri.

Houkiboshi to Go! Younha Era 

Younha's second single Houkiboshi was used as an ending song for the popular anime show BLEACH. It became a hit - debuting on the Oricon chart at #18, it peaked at #12 and propelled Younha into the limelight. With this single, she became only the second Korean, after BoA, to have broken the Oricon chart's top 20. Between "Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki" and "Houki Boshi", she released "Motto Futari de". It flopped massively, only reaching #117 on the Oricon Charts possibly due to a lack of promotion. Her later single, Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki, first charted at the #15, with the tie-in and went as high as #11. After releasing five singles, Younha released her first album entitled Go! Younha.  It reached the #10 spot on the Oricon weekly charts.
2006: Later Struggles and Korean Debut

Tewo Tsunaide to Hakanaku Tsuyoku Era 

My Lover was a re-cut single from Go! Younha, her debut album, and was re-cut because it was the theme to the Bleach GC: Tasogare Ni Mamieru Shini Kami. It was limited to 70,000 copies and flopped, selling only about 2,000 copies, ranking at #58. Because of the limited print, however, it has become extremely valuable and rare to the fans. Younha was also chosen to sing the ending theme to the anime Jyu Oh Sei. Tewo Tsunaide only did slightly better than My Lover, peaking at #50.

Younha began to compose her own music.  The song Kaerimichi released on My Lover is the first song released for which she wrote the lyrics and composed the music for.  In addition, she composed the music for the song homegirl, the B-side released on Te wo Tsunaide.