Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Other websites 

 My Micronesia.com’s Palau section 
 Olekoi Palau
 Palauan Embassy to the United States
 WWFM 89.5 Radio Palau
 East Javanese Beads as Palau Heirlooms 
 Palau photographs 
 Travel Notes - Runoko Rashidi in the Republic of Palau
 Encyclopedia of the Nations - Palau

 
1994 establishments in Oceania
An island country (also sometimes called island nation or borderless country) is a country that is made up only of islands. They are not connected by land to any other nation. Each island only belongs to that country, so there are no borders. Examples of borderless countries are Iceland, Japan and Madagascar.

Many island nations get money from fishing.
Monkey Island is a well-known adventure game series made and published by LucasArts.

The games are known for their humor, and often use parody and clichés, both from pirate stories as well as from films.

The story takes place in the Caribbean. In the different games. The first one involves main character Guybrush Threepwood, who wants to become a pirate, has many adventures. Each of the games usually involves the evil undead ghost/zombie pirate LeChuck and the island which gave the series its name.

The Monkey Island series
 The Secret of Monkey Island (1990)
 Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge (1991)
 The Curse of Monkey Island (1997)
 Escape from Monkey Island (2000)
 Tales of Monkey Island (2009)
 The Secret of Monkey Island Special Edition (2009)
 Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge Special Edition (2010)
 Return to Monkey Island (2022)

Video game series
The Port Arthur massacre was a mass killing that took place at Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia. Port Arthur is a café and, hotel and historic site. 

On Saturday 28 and Sunday 29 April 1996 35 people were killed, and 18 people hurt. Martin Bryant used two semi-automatic guns to shoot people who were visiting Port Arthur. Bryant is in jail for the crime.

The massacre was the worst single-day mass murder incident in Australian history. 35 people died on 28 April 1996, the middle day of the massacre. After the massacre, Australia made new laws about gun control. People could not buy guns easily anymore. New laws were adopted. This law also exists in New Zealand and many other countries.
Bryant first killed the owners of a small guesthouse. Then he went to the Port Arthur Historic Site. 20 of the people killed were shot in the Broad Arrow Cafe in two minutes of gunfire. Before Bryant started shooting in the café, he ate lunch. Bryant went into the café and began shooting. There were more than 60 people in the café. He then went into the gift shop and continued shooting. Two minutes later he went back to his car to escape. He continued to shoot and kill people outside in the gardens.

Bryant then took a hostage and went back to the Seascape Guest House. He killed the hostage and then set fire to the house. He finally gave himself up to the police after 18 hours. He was burned in the fire.

Bryant was found guilty of killing 35 people. He was sentenced to a life sentence for each murder. The court said he was never to be released.
The ruins of the café are now a memorial to the people who were killed in the massacre. A square pond has been built as a place for quiet thinking. The Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard spoke at the memorial in 2006. This was to remember 10 years since the massacre.

References

1990s in Australia
April events
Mass murder in 1996
Mass shootings in the 1990s
Massacres
Murder in Australia
Murders by firearm
Tasmania
Between 1990 and 1996, a total of seven people were killed in Australia. Since all of the people were backpackers, the events are known as backpacker murders today. All of their bodies were found in Belangalo State Forest, which is close to Sydney. Ivan Milat killed all of these people.

What happened 
7 people were found in Belangalo State Forest.  Five of these people were visiting Australia - three Germans and two British people. The other two were visiting Sydney from other parts of Australia.  Some of these people were by themselves.  Some of these people were with a friend.  The 7 people were all different from each other.

Television report 
On the TV they said that tourists were killed, but not everyone who died was a tourist.
The crimescene 
The 7 people were found all over Belangalo State Forest, which is a big area.  One of them had their head chopped off.  Someone had sex with some of them.  Some of them had their clothes taken off.  Some of them had bits of their bodies cut off and put somewhere else.  Some of the bodies were by themselves.

Deaths 
Some of the people had been killed with a knife. Some had been killed with a gun.  Some seemed to have been strangled.

The 7 people who died had nothing in common.  People who tried to find out who did it said that there may have been more than one person who killed them.  They said that they may have been a part of a gang.

Catching Ivan Milat 
Ivan Milat (born 1944 died 2019) was an Australian man from New South Wales who lived near Belangalo State Forest.  So police arrested Milat and searched his house. They found out that:
Milat had a gun similar to the weapon used to murder the victims and items that belonged to the victims.
One man in England said that he was nearly killed by Milat.
Police then said that Ivan Milat must have tried to kill that man.  They also said that Ivan Milat may have killed all of the other people.

Milat went to court, and people in court said that he did kill all of these people.

The mystery 

Some people think that other people helped Milat.  Some people said his brothers helped him, or a girl, or lots of other people. Police have said that there are more than 30 people that went missing that might have been killed by Milat. 

1990s in Australia
Murder in Australia
Murder in the 1990s
History of New South Wales
After a long legal battle which involved three inquests, three appeals and a royal commission, she was released. In 2012, a fourth inquest found that Azaria had been taken by a dingo, and the death certificate has now been changed to show this. The inquest noted that there had been other dingo attacks in the region.

Lindy Chamberlain was released from jail on February 7 1986, but not cleared until September 15 1988, at which time Lindy and Michael (her husband) were declared innocent of all charges. She and Michael were divorced on June 27 1991. She met Rick Creighton on a speaking tour of the United States in February 1992 and married him on December 20 1992.
Azaria in popular culture
The disappearance of Azaria became one of the most argued about events in Australia. Many people thought that a dingo would be unable to kill a baby. This meant that the mother must have lied. People in Australia say "a dingo stole my baby" as a joke, when they think someone is lying. After a dingo killed a nine-year-old boy on Fraser Island in 2001, people have had to rethink their beliefs about dingos.

Author John Bryson wrote a book about the case, called Evil Angels. This was later made into a movie called Evil Angels and starred Meryl Streep and Sam Neill. The movie was released in other countries as A Cry in the Dark.

In 2005, a woman called Erin Horsburgh said that she was really Azaria Chamberlain and wanted police to do a DNA test to check. But police said that the woman was lying and they did not need to check. This created interest in the media, but there was no truth to the story.

References
References

1980 births
1980 deaths
Australian children
Missing people
People from Queensland
Peter Falconio (20 September 1972 - c. 14 July 2001) was an English tourist who went missing in Northern Territory, Australia in 2001. Falconio was last seen near a place called Barrow Creek. This is one of Australia's greatest murder mysteries. Police say that he is dead. A trial decided that Bradley John Murdoch murdered Falconio.

Story 
Peter Falconio and his girlfriend Joanne Lees had been fighting with each other. Lees was going to leave Falconio because she had a new boyfriend in Australia.  Some people think that Lees wanted to kill Falconio because of this.  Some people think that she might have asked Murdoch to kill Falconio for her.
History 
Bradley John Murdoch sold drugs to people. Falconio and Lees liked to use drugs. It is thought that they knew each other, and that Falconio and Lees bought drugs from Murdoch. Falconio owed a lot of money in taxes, and he was scared.  Falconio had told people that he wanted to fake his own death.  Many people say they saw Falconio over a week after police say that he died. It was known that Murdoch had hurt people before this. He had once shot at some aborigines just for fun.  He had told people that he thought he was being followed and was going to get rid of them.  Some people think that he raped some women too.

Result 
This remains a great mystery and many people have different stories as to what really happened. A movie called Wolf Creek was made that is similar to the story. It was not allowed to be shown until after the trial.

References
References 

2001 crimes
2001 deaths
2000s crimes in Australia
British people murdered abroad
English murder victims
Missing people
Murder in Australia
Murder in the 2000s
Northern Territory
People declared dead in absentia
People from West Yorkshire
John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939) is a former Australian politician  who was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. John Howard is the second longest serving prime minister of Australia after Robert Menzies. John Howard is a member of the Liberal Party.

John Howard was a lawyer before he became a politician. He was in parliament from 1974 until 2007. From 1977 to 1983 he was the Treasurer in Malcolm Fraser's government. Malcolm Fraser lost the 1987 election to Bob Hawke. On 24 November 2007, John Howard lost to Kevin Rudd and his parliamentary seat to Maxine McKew. He became the second prime minister to lose a parliamentary seat after Stanley Bruce in 1929.

Early life
Early life

John Howard is the fourth son of Mona (nee Kell) and Lyall Howard. His parents were married in 1925. His eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926, followed by Walter in 1929, and Robert (Bob) in 1936. Lyall Howard was an admirer of Winston Churchill, and a sympathiser with the New Guard. Howard's ancestors were English, Scottish and Irish.

Howard was born and raised in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood, in a Methodist family. His mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his paternal grandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I. They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations. Howard worked there as a boy.

Howard suffered from a hearing impairment in his youth. It ruled out the chances of him becoming a barrister as a likely career from his mind. To this day, John wears a hearing aid.

Prime Minister (1996-2007)

First term
First term

One of Howard's first initiatives was to unite the state governments of Australia to place a ban on gun ownership in Australia. This move came after the Port Arthur Massacre in Tasmania in 1996, where 35 people were killed and a further 37 injured at the hands of a gunman. In 1998, Howard and his Treasurer, Peter Costello took a big tax reform (the GST) to the election and won.

Second term
In 1999 John Howard's government held a referendum on whether Australia should become a republic and have a President instead of a Queen. However, John Howard did not support the referendum and urged people to vote no. The Australian Labor Party opposition led by Kim Beazley criticised John Howard's handling of the 1998 Australian Waterfront Dispute.

In 1999, Howard led a United Nations force into East Timor (INTERFET), to help them set up an independent democracy.

Third term
Third term

After the September 11 attacks, John Howard was involved in world issues. He was close with George W. Bush who was the leader of the United States. George Bush called John Howard a "key ally". John Howard sent SAS troops to Afghanistan and Iraq to support the United States, and signed a free trade agreement with the United States. Despite this alliance, Australia remained fairly neutral on Israel and Palestine.

Like before Howard, Australian trade with Asia got bigger while John Howard was leader. He invited the Chinese leader Hu Jintao to speak to the Australian Parliament for the first time. After the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami, John Howard called the President of Indonesia and offered a billion dollars to help. John Howard increased immigration a lot and people came to Australia from all over the world, but he tried to stop boats of people coming without asking for visas first.

Fourth term
Fourth term

In 2005, he made it easier for bosses to get rid of workers by introducing the controversial WorkChoices industrial legislation introduced by his Workplace Relations Minister Kevin Andrews. This upset people and the Labor Party became more popular. On 24 November 2007, Kevin Rudd won an election and John Howard stopped being Prime Minister. John Howard also lost his seat in the Parliament to the Labor Party candidate Maxine McKew, a former ABC TV journalist.

References

1939 births
Living people
Australian Anglicans
Australian lawyers
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Monarchists
Politicians from Sydney
Prime Ministers of Australia
Treasurers of Australia
University of Sydney alumni
Swedish began as a dialect of Old Norse, which was a language that everyone in Scandinavia understood during the Viking Age. Around the 12th century Swedish began to slowly become different from the other dialects.  These dialects later became what we today call Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese and Danish. Swedish is a Germanic language with some similarities to English because of the Vikings that invaded England in the 10th Century. It is even more similar to German and Dutch, partly because of the Hanseatic League of the Middle Ages, when Sweden traded very openly with Germany.
There are three characters in the Swedish language that are not used in English. These are å, ä and ö.  The letter å is a vowel sound between [a] and [o], similar to the English word awe.  The letter ä is a vowel sound similar to [ɛ], like in the English word bed.  The letter ö is a vowel sound between [o] and [ɛ], pronounced [øː] like the u in the English word burn.  These characters are also used in the Finnish language, while Norwegian and Danish languages replace ä and ö with similar characters æ and ø.   

Swedish also has some important differences in grammar. Definite articles are suffixed onto the end of their nouns, so ett hus (a house) becomes huset (the house). Also unlike English, Swedish uses two grammatical genders called Common and Neuter. Nouns of the Common gender are sometimes called "en words", and many words for living (or once-living) things are "en words". Nouns of the Neuter gender are sometimes called "ett words".

Example of some words in Swedish

Basic Swedish Expressions
References

Other websites 

Swedish Dictionary  from Webster's Dictionary 
An introduction to Swedish 
Lexin Swedish-English dictionary

North Germanic languages
Languages of Europe
Swedish culture
Walter Mikac is an Australian writer and motivational speaker.

Walter Mikac's wife and two small children were killed at the Port Arthur massacre. He has written two books, one called To Have And To Hold and the other is called Circle of Life: Sustenance for the Soul. It is about handling grief and tragedy. He helped create the Alannah and Madeline Foundation to help children who are the victims of violent crime

Other websites 
 The Alannah and Madeline Foundation 
 Walter Mikac - Saxton Speaker Bureau 
 The Port Arthur Massacre - Crime Library 

Living people
Australian writers
1962 births
Martin Bryant (born 7 May 1967) is an Australian criminal who killed 35 people in Tasmania in 1996, in the Port Arthur massacre. He is now in prison for the most murders in Australian recorded history.

Bryant has been given a sentence of life in jail for each of the 35 murders. He is never to be released. He is held in solitary confinement (by himself) in Hobart's Risdon Prison. 

Martin Bryant is believed to have an IQ (thinking level) of an 11-year-old. Guards and doctors report that his only interest seems to be himself. He has tried to kill himself several times in prison.

References

1967 births
Living people
Australian murderers
Australian prisoners
People convicted of murder
People from Tasmania
Rugby league is a ball sport. Two teams of thirteen players play against each other. The ball used is oval in shape. The field is a rectangle shape. It is 100 metres long and 70 metres wide. It is played for 80 minutes (40 minutes each half). 

A try is scored when a player scores or touches the ball down in the in-goal area (the try line included). A try is worth 4 points and if it's converted (the goal kicker kicks the ball in between the goal posts), the team gets an extra 2 points. Another method of scoring points is through drop goals which are worth 1 or 2 points, or penalty goals which are worth 2 points.
Rugby league is played in over 30 countries in the world. The countries that play it the most are Australia, England, Ireland and New Zealand. The Rugby League World Cup has been played by Australia, New Zealand, England, Ireland, France, Wales, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Scotland, United States, Italy, Cook Islands, Lebanon, Russia and South Africa. The current world champions are Australia, who won the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. The 2021 Rugby League World Cup will be held in England.

Other websites

Rugby league
Dustin Lee Hoffman (born August 8, 1937) is an American actor. He has been in many movies.

Early life 
Hoffman was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the younger son of Lillian, a jazz pianist, and Harry Hoffman, who worked as a prop supervisor/set decorator at Columbia Pictures before becoming a furniture salesman. His brother, Ronald, is a lawyer and economist. Hoffman's family was Jewish, although he was not brought up religious. After he married his second wife, he started to observe Judaism more. His family was also from Yviv in what is now Ukraine. He graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1955.

Dustin Hoffman's movies 
Hoffman starred in Hook, The Graduate, Midnight Cowboy, Marathon Man, All the President's Men, Kramer vs. Kramer, Tootsie, Stranger than Fiction, Meet the Fockers and Rain Man.

Personal life 
In 2013, Hoffman had successful treatment for cancer.

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Kennedy Center honorees
Movie producers from California
1937 births
Living people
Mark Brandon "Chopper" Read (November 17, 1954 – October 9, 2013) was an Australian mobster who was born in Melbourne, Victoria. During his criminal career in the Melbourne mafia scene, he was convicted of many crimes, including armed robbery, assault, attempted murder, arson, impersonating a police officer and kidnapping. Read retired from a life of crime and wrote a series of fiction books based on his life as a criminal.
  
Read started his criminal career as a child; robbing drug dealers as a teenager. During this time he was the leader of a gang. While in prison as an adult, Read made another prisoner cut off his ears so he could leave prison where a gang wanted to have him killed. Read claims that he killed 19 people during his time as a criminal. His first book was written in 1991 while he was in prison. In 2000, a movie called Chopper was made about Read's life and based on his books, it stars Eric Bana as Read.
Read has stated that he had attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, hepatitis C, cirrhosis and liver cancer. He died of liver cancer in Melbourne.

References 

1954 births
2013 deaths
Arsonists
Australian criminals
Australian autobiographers
Deaths from liver cancer
Kidnappers
People convicted of assault
People convicted of attempted murder

Mobsters
Writers from Melbourne
Elle McFeast was a fictional character played by Australian comedienne Libbi Gorr, who started off on a show with Andrew Denton about sport in Australia called "Live and Sweaty". Gorr made up her character's name to make fun of Australian model Elle Macpherson.  "McFeast" was the name of a hamburger from McDonald's. 

McFeast had her own show for many years in Australia. She talked about many scary things, like jails and criminals, and made fun of them. One day she interviewed Chopper Read on her show. He was so scary that she had to stop her show.

Television characters
Elle Macpherson (Eleanor Nancy Gow on 29 March 1964 – 11 October 2023, in Killara, Australia) was an Australian supermodel and actress.  She first became famous because of her advertisements for Coca-Cola where she wore a string bikini.  She became a supermodel and became very famous.  She is part owner of a cafe in America.  She has been in a movie called Sirens. Macpherson is nicknamed "the body" because some people say she has a perfect body.

In 2010, she became the host and executive producer of Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model. She is currently the host and an executive producer NBC's Fashion Star.

Personal life
Macpherson met Gilles Bensimon in 1984 on a photo-session for Elle magazine. They were married in May 1986, and divorced in 1989.
Macpherson has two sons, Arpad Flynn Alexander Busson (born 14 February 1998), and Aurelius Cy Andrea Busson (born 4 February 2003). The father is her former partner, French financier Arpad Busson.
Macpherson lives most of the time in Britain along with her two sons. She speaks fluent French and conversational Italian and Spanish.

From 2010 to early 2012, Macpherson was in a relationship with property developer Jeff Soffer.

Macpherson died in October 11, 2023 in California, after suffering from cancer.

Filmography

References

1964 births
2023 deaths
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian models
Actors from Sydney
Andrew Christopher Denton is an Australian comedian and television presenter who likes to make fun of politics. He is famous for his comedy and interviewing technique.

Career 
Andrew Denton used to have a television programme about sports in Australia called Live and Sweaty. He now has a programme called Enough Rope where he interviews people about politics.

References

Australian comedians
Australian television presenters
1960 births
Living people
People from Sydney
Rene Rivkin (June 6, 1944 – May 1, 2005) was an Australian man, born in Shanghai, who made much money by buying stocks and shares on the Australian stockmarket. Rivkin had his own television show and magazine to help people to make money. Rivkin had cheated to make money from the stock market. Rivkin became depressed. Rivkin was put in jail. He was released, and killed himself in Sydney. Before killing himself, Rivkin said on a television show called "Enough Rope" with Andrew Denton that if he went to jail he would kill himself. Andrew Denton has said that he is very sad about this.

1944 births
2005 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Australian criminals
People from Shanghai
People from Sydney
Suicides in Australia
Eric Bana AM (born Eric Banadinović  on 9 August 1968) is an Australian actor. He was a comedian for a long time, and he was in a show called The Comedy Company.  He then became a serious actor in the movie Chopper which is a biopic of criminal Chopper Read. His careerstarted with the sketch series Full Frontal. He became known for his role in the comedy drama The Castle (1997). Bana also acted in the movies Troy and Hulk.

References

Other websites 

Australian comedians
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Actors from Melbourne
Stand-up comedians
Television producers
Television writers
1968 births
Living people
African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is a name for the way that some African-American people talk in English. Linguists named it AAVE, which is used by some non-black people. Some of the dialect's pronunciations and grammar are similar to how people talk in West Africa.

AAVE first came about in the 16th and the 17th centuries. It became famous in 1996, when some educators in Oakland, California, said they wanted to use AAVE to help teach black kids. They called it Ebonics, but the term often has a negative connotation.

There are many rules that govern how the sounds of AAVE are different from Standard English. Some have to do with pronunciation and vocabulary (or lexicon), but most have to do with grammar, including verb tenses and sentence structure.

Hip hop music has made AAVE more famous since the 1980s. Some people think it is cool and try to speak or learn it even if they are not really familiar with it. Some non-black people speak it well.
AAVE is influenced by Southern American English spoken by their white slave masters.

Phonology 

Many features set AAVE apart from other forms of American English (particularly, General American). McWhorter argues that what truly unites all AAVE accents is a uniquely wide-ranging intonation pattern or "melody", which characterizes even the most "neutral" or light African-American accent. Many versions of African American Vernacular English are non-rhotic (engaging in r-dropping), turn the i diphthong into a monothong, etc.

Many multisyllabic words in AAVE differ from General American in their stress placement. For example, police, guitar, and Detroit are pronounced with initial stress instead of stress on the last syllable or neutral stress.

Related pages 
 Southern American English

References 

African-American history
American English
The events that happened between 60 BC and 51 BC.

Things that happened 
 Philip II Philoromaeus ruled parts of Syris for a short time.

Important people 
 Pompey, Roman general, lived 106–48 BC
 Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, lived 132–62 BC
 Philip II Philoromaeus
 Gaius Antonius Hybrida, became praetor in 66 BC
Joe Vialls (  1944 – 17 July 2005) was an Australian Internet journalist and conspiracy theorist. He was once a policeman and detective, but became a private investigator. He is most famous for writing many stories on the Internet about famous things that have happened around the world.

On April 17, 1984, a police woman called Yvonne Fletcher was killed while she was in London. Joe Vialls told people that he knew why she was really killed. Because of Joe Vialls, police in London spent a long time trying to find out what really happened. In the end, police agreed with Joe Vialls, and they said that they had found out what really happened because of Joe Vialls.
In April 1996, Joe Vialls said that he knew who had really killed people in the Port Arthur massacre, and that it was not Martin Bryant, who police said had killed people. Joe Vialls talked to Wendy Scurr who was there, and Stewart Beattie who was a gun expert, and he also talked to Martin Bryant's mother, to find out what really happened. Joe Vialls wrote a book and had many articles talking about what he thinks really happened. You can see 9 articles that Joe Vialls wrote here . Joe Vialls says that the Australian government killed people so that they could take guns away from people. This is the same story that the Australian National Rifle Association says.

References

Other websites 
JoeVialls.net 

Vialls, Joe
Australian journalists
1944 births
2005 deaths
People from Perth, Western Australia
Tatts Group Limited, formerly known as Tattersalls, is the name of a company in Australia that helps people to bet money. Tattersalls has made lots of money. A woman named Helen Harvey owned Tattersalls and had lots of money. When she died, she gave the money to her friend Martin Bryant. When Bryant went to jail after he killed people in the Port Arthur massacre, he had to give all of the money to people who were killed or injured there.

Other websites 
 Tattersalls website

2006 establishments in Australia
Companies of Australia
Tsukuba is a new city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It is 50 km northeast of Tokyo and 40 km from Narita International Airport.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2007.

References

Other websites 
 The Tsukuba Wiki for foreign people

Cities in Ibaraki Prefecture
is a Japanese airport that is in Chiba, near Tokyo.  It is one of the two primary airports in the Tokyo region.

The airport is  east of Tokyo Station and  east-southeast of Narita Station in the city of Narita in Chiba Prefecture.

Related pages 
 List of airports in Japan

References

Other websites 

 Narita International Airport ; 

Airports in Japan
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Chiba Prefecture
Pup means the babies of several species of animals, such as:
Bat
Dog
Other members of the canine family (a group of animals)
Fox
Mouse
Pig
Rat
Ring-tailed lemur
Seal
Shark
Stingray
🦭Seals🦭

Pup could also mean:

Sopwith Pup, a biplane fighter aircraft with only one seat. It was used by the British in World War I
The word monitor is a Latin word for warner or suggester. The many uses of the word are listed below.

Display technology 
A computer monitor (display screen)
A medical monitor, or any other hardware device that measures electrical events, such as a heart rate monitor
A speaker used on stage (facing the musicians) or in a studio to enable musicians to hear what is being performed
A video monitor, a television-like device used in studio, lab or test environments
A baby monitor, which lets parents hear what happens in their babies room from other parts of the house

Roles or positions 
A hall monitor, one who patrols the hall of a school

Warships 
USS Monitor, the ironclad warship of the American Civil War
A monitor (warship), a type of ship based on the USS Monitor and built by several navies for coastal defense in the 1860s and 1870s. It reappeared in a different form during the World War I and lasted until the end of World War II
A river monitor, the strongest type of river warships
Other meanings 
Monitor lizards, a family of large tropical lizards (Varanidae)

Related pages 
 Monitoring

fi:Näyttö
The chest is the front part of the torso. It is between the neck and abdomen.

In mammals, the parts that make up the thorax are the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs. It starts from the neck and stops at the diaphragm. 

In insects and crustaceans, it is the middle of the three main body sections. The walking legs are usually on the thorax.

Torso
Blackburn  is a town in Lancashire, England. The town has a population of about 105,000 people.
Blackburn is mentioned in one of the Beatles' songs.  The town's football team is Blackburn Rovers F.C.

References

Towns in Lancashire
Springfield can be:
Springfield, Illinois, U.S. city
Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S. city
Rick Springfield, musician and actor
Dusty Springfield, singer
The National Security Agency (NSA) is part of the US government. The agency was started in 1952, and its main office is in Maryland.

Its stated goal is to protect the US people by
Worldwide "earsdropping," secretly listening to what people are saying in other countries. It monitors, collects, decodes, translates and analyses information and data. That is known as signals intelligence (SIGINT).
 Protecting the US from eavesdropping and SIGINT spying by foreign governments and agencies, called "penetration and network warfare." The agency does so by clandestine (secret) means, such as bugging electronic systems, and sabotaging their computer networks with viral software.

Related pages
 Central Intelligence Agency
 Federal Bureau of Investigation
 Venona project

References 

 Official NSA website
 NSA for kids
Further reading 
 Bamford, James, The Puzzle Palace, Penguin Books, .
 Bamford, James, The Shadow Factory, Anchor Books, 2009, .
 Church Committee, Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: 1976 US Senate Report on Illegal Wiretaps and Domestic Spying by the FBI, CIA and NSA, Red and Black Publishers (May 1, 2008).
 
 Aid, Matthew, The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency, 432 pages, , Bloomsbury Press (June 9, 2009).
 Shaker, Richard J. "The Agency That Came in from the Cold." (Archive, Archive #2) Notices. American Mathematical Society. May/June 1992 pp. 408–411.
 
 "National Security Agency Releases History of Cold War Intelligence Activities." George Washington University. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 260. Posted November 14, 2008.
 

1952 establishments in the United States
Robert Pershing Wadlow (February 22, 1918 – July 15, 1940) was the tallest person who ever lived.

Early life
Robert Pershing Wadlow was born to Addie Johnson and Harold Wadlow in Alton, Illinois on February 22, 1918, and was the oldest of five children. During elementary school, they had to make a special desk for him because of his size. In 1936, after graduating from Alton High School, he enrolled in Shurtleff College with the intention of studying law.

Height
Robert Wadlow was normal at birth but started growing abnormally when he was two, after a double hernia operation. He was six feet tall at age six. By the time he was 17, he was eight feet tall. Because he was so tall, he got lots of attention and became very famous, but his bones were very weak and he had to wear leg braces. In 1940, he was walking in a Fourth of July parade, when one of his braces made his ankle get infected; he died on the 15th of that month. When he died he was 8' 11.1".
Death
Wadlow died at the age of 22 in Michigan from a septic shock . Four days later, at his funeral, 40,000 people attended and it took 12 people to carry his coffin. People remember him as the "Gentle Giant" and there is a statue of him at the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Dental Medicine. People now say Wadlow had something called gigantism, which made him so tall.

References 

1918 births
1940 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in Michigan
People from Alton, Illinois
World record holders
Deaths from hernia
A code is a way of changing information into something else.  Sometimes this is done as a way of keeping a message secret. This is called encryption or cryptography. 
One source gives this explanation: a code is "a word, number or some other symbol used to represent a word, phrase or syllable in plaintext". It is one of the earliest forms of cryptography. Contrast code with cypher, in which the individual letters are encrypted (changed).

Sometimes it is done as an easier way of sending a message.  For example, when people on two different boats want to send a message, they may be too far away to shout, but they can send messages with a flag code.  Another code that people use is called Morse code, which changes letters to dots and dashes, like this:

  SOS:   ···−−−···

Computers use codes, by changing letters into 1's and 0's. This method was invented for punched tape. Now the usual alphanumeric code is ASCII.
Some people write codes as a kind of game.  They think it is fun to make ciphers, and fun to break them.  Breaking a code means taking it apart to understand how it works, and then you can understand messages that are written in that code. Cryptanalysis is also serious business. Nations and other organizations have been breaking each other's ciphers for many centuries.

The algorithm (code) for making a message secret is called the encryption algorithm.  To change a secret message back a decryption algorithm is needed.

References

Related pages 
Character encoding

Cryptography
Human communication
For the similar jobs in other sports, see Goalkeeper.

The goaltender (also known colloquially as goalie or netminder) in ice hockey is the player who defends his team's goal net by stopping shots of the puck from entering his team's net, thus stopping the other team from scoring. They usually stay close to the net.

At the very end of a game, if a team is losing by one goal, teams may take their goaltender out of the game and replace him with another player. This makes it more likely that they will score a goal, however, it is also much easier for the other team to score without anybody defending the goal.

Ice hockey positions
Wikispecies is a sister project of Wikipedia, and so it is a wiki supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a free directory of species that wants to make a full catalog of all living things. It tells of how species are classified into groups (taxonomy), and how those groups are similar to one another. It calls itself the "directory of life". 

It is designed to be written and used by scientists. The people who write Wikispecies do not need to show their education but need to show their general understanding of the area. 

It was started in August 2004, with biologists around the world invited to help. Now, the project has become a good directory listing the Linnaean taxonomy with links to Wikipedia articles on individual species since April 2005. The links are provided in different languages.
The articles in Wikispecies are all written in the Latin names, so that scientists around the world, no matter what language that use, can use the website. There is information in the article telling people what the article's living thing is called in every other language that has a common name for it. Still, Wikispecies is mostly in English; its main page is in English, and it is run in English. 

The taxoboxes in Wikipedia come from Wikispecies, where people in Wikipedia can go to refer.

As of July 1, 2014, Wikispecies has over 400,000 articles.

References

Other websites 
Official Site
Simple English version
WikiSpecies Community Portal

Wikimedia
Science websites
Websites established in 2004
Lopp Lagoon is a tidal lake on Cape Prince of Wales (the westernmost tip of the Seward Peninsula) in the U.S. state of Alaska. Many creeks empty into it, but the most water comes from the Mint River. Some salt water from the Pacific Ocean also enters the lagoon through several channels between it and the Bering Strait.

It was named in 1900 for William Thomas "W.T." Lopp, the civilian leader of the 1897–8 Overland Expedition.

Historically, Lopp Lagoon has been an important source of food (salmon and waterfowl) for people living in the Wales, Alaska area.

References
 USGS (no permanent link available)
 Smith, Kathleen Lopp, Ed. Ice Window: Letters from a Bering Strait Village, 1892-1902. Juneau, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 2002. 
 Northwest Arctic Subarea Contingency Plan from the Alaska Regional Response Team  (PDF file)

Lakes of the United States
Geography of Alaska
Lagoons
The Welsh are people from Wales, a country in the United Kingdom. Welsh people speak two languages, Welsh and English. They can also speak other languages occasionally. 

Celtic peoples
Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
The League of Nations (French: Société des Nations) was the predecessor to the United Nations.  The League was founded in 1920, after World War I, but failed to maintain peace and prevent World War II.  The League had a Council of the great powers and an Assembly of all of its member countries. 

The League of Nations was thought up by US President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. It was to be a group of nations that worked together to keep peace. One of the reasons for its downfall was that, after a vote, the US Senate refused to join.  

The League did not have the power to enforce any of its rules. That later proved to be a fatal flaw in the League's structure. 

Another flaw in the League was that it was not representative enough. It never had more than 65 members, and the interests of the great powers often outweighed those of weaker members.
The League also had no troops of its own, and the decisions that it made were often slow. For example, when the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria (North-eastern China) in 1931, the League took a whole year to decide to tell Japan to leave.  Instead, Japan left the League.  When Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935, the League condemned it more quickly.  Italy simply left the League and finished its conquest.  After these disasters, the League was thought to be weak and powerless and stopped operations in 1939.  

The League did not fail completely since it had prevented a few conflicts in Europe in the 1920s and worked hard to relieve various public health and social problems around the world.

In 1946, the inactive League of Nations formally ended and was replaced by the United Nations, which still does many of the same things that the League of Nations did.
United States 
US President Woodrow Wilson arranged a plan for a "government of governments", or an international peacekeeping force.  The idea was to settle problems between nations peacefully.  Wilson tried to persuade the international community that the League would discourage aggression and tackle the underlying problems that often lead to war such as poverty.  Wilson was, however, unable to convince the American public to support the League.  The United States did not want to be part of Wilson’s approach for three reasons:

First, the United States had many German Americans who hated the Treaty of Versailles for blaming Germany for the war and making it pay heavy war reparations.  To join the League of Nations, a country had to agree and accept the Treaty of Versailles.  The German American people did not accept the treaty.
Second, Americans did not want to risk more Americans dying in another European war, like in World War I. They felt that it would result in pointless actions such as sending soldiers all around the globe to sort out small disputes. That attitude was called isolationism. Most Americans felt it would be best to avoid British and other European affairs completely.

Third, the granting of women's voting rights in the United States brought a huge new voting block, which overwhelmingly desired to turn inward. Women were even more likely than men to oppose war and to be isolationist. 

However, the United States joined most of the specialized agencies of the League, such as the International Postal Union.

Members

1920 
These countries joined League of Nations in 1920:
Argentina (left in 1921 and joined again in 1933)
 Australia
 Belgium
 Bolivia
 Brazil (left the organization in 1926)
 British Empire
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
Dominion of Canada,
Commonwealth of Australia,
Federation of New Zealand,
Union of South Africa
 Canada
 Chile (left in 1938)
 China
 Colombia
 Cuba
 Czechoslovakia (left in 1939)
 Denmark (left in 1940)
 El Salvador (left in 1937)
 France
 Greece
 (left in 1936)
 (left in 1942)
 (left in 1936)
 India
 Italy
 Japan

 (left in 1936)

 (left in 1935)

  (left in 1939)

 (left in 1940)

 (left in 1939)

Other websites

1919 establishments
1946 disestablishments
Organizations based in Geneva
The Audiolingual Method is a method for teaching foreign languages.  Linguists at the University of Michigan invented this method in the late 1950s. In the Audiolingual method, students first hear a language. Later, they speak the language, and after that, they read and write in it.  This way of language teaching is similar to the Direct Method.  Like the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not use the students’ native language. For example, if you are in an English class in Turkey, the teacher only speaks English, and no Turkish.  However, unlike the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not teach vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drills grammar.  In the Audiolingual method, grammar is most important for the student.  In other words, the student must repeat grammar patterns after the teacher. The students do not learn lots of vocabulary. This method also uses psychology.  The students get a reward for speaking correctly
. They get punishment if they speak incorrectly; because it is based on habit formation, which is establishesd by stimulus, response and reinforcement. It gives priority to speaking the target language, and using the native language is not allowed.
Montenegro (meaning Black Mountain) is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is on the Adriatic Sea, between Albania (to the South) and Croatia to the North. Inland (to the East and South-East) it also has a common border with Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. For most of the 20th century it was part of Yugoslavia. It had also been independent before World War I and existed as a kingdom. Its leader is Jakov Milatović.

History 

Montenegro was an independent country during the 20th century, but after WW1 was united to the newly created Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Montenegro was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1918 until 1941 when Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy invaded it in 1941.  

In 1945 the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes became SFR Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the time Montenegro became the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, a federated state in Yugoslavia along with Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Macedonia.
In 1948, Josip Broz Tito ended his friendship with Stalin.  Yugoslavia became neutral and founded the Non-Aligned Movement.  

In 1991, Yugoslavia started to breakup. A country named Serbia and Montenegro was formed in 1992. Montenegro came to exist when its people decided to split from the country Serbia and Montenegro on May 21, 2006.  

Montenegro became a independent country after the Yugoslav Wars during the 1990s. 

The national song is called "Oj, svijetla majska zoro."Montenegrin Cyrillic: "Ој, свијетла мајска зоро."English: "Oh, Bright Dawn of May."

Notes
Notes

Economy and demographics 
The size of the economy's GDP is $4.114 billion and it has 621,873 people in Montenegro in 2020. The traditional old capital of Montenegro is Cetinje, but Podgorica is the new capital. The country adopted the Euro unilaterally as Montenegro does not have its own currency, but the adoption has raised the national debt to 57 percent of GDP in 2011. The most professed religion is Eastern Orthodoxy at 72.1% and the second most is Islam at 19.2%.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Montenegro
 Montenegro at the Olympics
 Montenegro national football team

References

 
European Union candidate states
As seen from Earth, a solar eclipse /ee-klips/ happens when the Moon is directly between the Earth and the Sun. This makes the Moon fully or partially (partly) cover the sun. Solar eclipses can only happen during a new moon. Every year there are about two solar eclipses. Sometimes there are even five solar eclipses in a year. However, only two of these can be total solar eclipses, and often a year will pass without a total eclipse.

The area in which an eclipse is total is only a narrow track along the Earth. Totality lasts only a few minutes. Outside this path, all eclipses are partial, and places far from the track get no eclipse at all.  The track can be predicted many years before it happens.
A total solar eclipse is a natural phenomenon (event). Long ago, solar eclipses were thought to happen because of something supernatural or as a sign that something bad was going to happen. This is still believed in some cultures today. A total solar eclipse can frighten people who do not know what it means, because the Sun seems to disappear during the day and the sky turns dark in just a few minutes. Other people like to go to the eclipse path for a good view.

Solar eclipses happen somewhere on Earth almost every year, and very similar solar eclipses happen every 18 years, 11.3 days. This period is called the Saros cycle.

Types 

There are four different types of solar eclipses:
A total eclipse is when the Sun is completely hidden behind the Moon. The dark shadow of the Moon covers the very bright surface of the Sun. This makes the corona easier to see. 
 An annular eclipse is when the Sun is directly behind the moon, but it looks like the Moon is smaller. This makes the Sun appear as a very bright ring or annulus around the shape of the Moon.
 A hybrid eclipse (also called annular/total eclipse) is when it looks like a total eclipse in some parts of the Earth, and an annular eclipse in other parts. Hybrid eclipses do not happen as often as other eclipses.
 A partial eclipse is when the moon is not exactly between the Sun and Earth, so it does not hide the Sun completely. This can usually be seen from a large part of the Earth.

The Sun's distance from the Earth is about 400 times the Moon's distance, and the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as big as the Moon's. This is why the Sun and Moon seem to be about the same size from Earth.

Looking at a solar eclipse