Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
. Lilo kisses Stitch’s nose as he jumps off,  When Stitch saves Lilo and they jump back onto Tsunami Air Boeing 747-400 and destroy Gantu's ship. The Tsunami Air Boeing 747-400 then crashes into the ocean near David on his surfboard. Lilo asks if he will give them all rides back to shore. The original sequence was completed before the attacks of September 11, 2001. In the final movie, Stitch finds Jumba's spaceship and follows Gantu to the mountains and volcanoes.
Reception 
The movie opened at #2 with $35,260,212 in its first weekend, less than $500,000 behind the movie Minority Report. In its second week, fell to #3, again behind the Steven Spielberg movie at #2. The movie made $145,794,338 in the United States and Canada, and $127,349,813 internationally, finishing with $273,144,151 in the world.

Lilo & Stitch received very positive reviews from critics and movie-goers alike, and it was the most successful Walt Disney Pictures movie after the Disney Renaissance of 1989 to 1999 until Bolt a few years later. The movie's success at the box office and on DVD led to a franchise, with three direct-to-video and televisions sequels and three television series. The movie has received 139 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, 119 positive and 20 negative, giving it a positive total rating of 86%.

Soundtrack 

The soundtrack of the movie was released by Walt Disney Records on June 21, 2002.
It, along with the movie, has more Elvis Presley songs than any of Elvis' own movies.
Spin-offs 
On August 26, 2003, Disney released a direct-to-video sequel, Stitch! The Movie, which was made as the pilot to a TV series titled Lilo & Stitch: The Series. This series ran for 65 episodes between on September 20, 2003 and July 29, 2006. The series carried on where the movie left off and showed Lilo's efforts to capture and re-home Jumba's remaining experiments. This series ended with TV movie Leroy & Stitch, which was released on June 27, 2006.

In August 2005, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, another direct-to-video sequel to the movie, was released. In this movie, Stitch has a glitch because his molecules were never fully charged (this is different than a deleted opening, "Stitch's trial", which was seen on the DVD release of Lilo & Stitch). Lilo wants to win the May Day hula contest like her mother did in the 1970s, but Stitch continues to have problems. Lilo thinks Stitch is not behaving right, until she finds out that Stitch is dying.
In March 2008, Disney announced that it is to produce a remade version of Lilo & Stitch, called Stitch!, for the Japanese market. The show, which began in October 2008, features a Japanese girl named Yuna (formerly referred to as Hanako) in place of Lilo, and is set on a fictional island in Okinawa prefecture instead of Hawaii. The series is produced by the Japanese animation house Madhouse LTD.

On October 4, 2018, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Disney would be making a live action remake.

Release Dates

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 
 
 
 
 

2002 animated movies
2002 science fiction movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Impact of the September 11 attacks
Lilo & Stitch
American family movies
American musical movies
American science fiction movies
Movies composed by Alan Silvestri
The list 
 Some Like It Hot (1959)
 Tootsie (1982)
 Dr. Strangelove (1964) 
 Annie Hall (1977)
 Duck Soup (1933)
 Blazing Saddles (1974)
 M*A*S*H (1970)
 It Happened One Night (1934)
 The Graduate (1967)
 Airplane! (1980)
 The Producers (1968)
 A Night at the Opera (1935)
 Young Frankenstein (1974)
 Bringing up Baby (1938)
 The Philadelphia Story (1940)
 Singin' in the Rain (1952)
 The Odd Couple (1968)
 The General (1927)
 His Girl Friday (1940)
 The Apartment (1960)
 A Fish Called Wanda (1988)
 Adam's Rib (1949)
 When Harry Met Sally... (1989)
 Born Yesterday (1950)
 The Gold Rush (1925)
 Being There (1979)
 There's Something About Mary (1998)
 Ghostbusters (1984)
 This Is Spinal Tap (1984)
 Arsenic and Old Lace (1944)
 Raising Arizona (1987)
 The Thin Man (1934)
 Modern Times (1936)
 Groundhog Day (1993)
 Harvey (1950)
 National Lampoon's Animal House (1978)
 The Great Dictator (1940)
 City Lights (1931)
 Sullivan's Travels (1941)
 It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963)
 Moonstruck (1987)
 Big (1988)
Big (1988)
 American Graffiti (1973)
 My Man Godfrey (1936)
 Harold and Maude (1972)
 Manhattan (1979)
 Shampoo (1975)
 A Shot in the Dark (1964)
 To Be or Not to Be (1942)
 Cat Ballou (1965)
 The Seven Year Itch (1955)
 Ninotchka (1939)
 Arthur (1981)
 The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1944)
 The Lady Eve (1941)
 Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)
 Diner (1982)
 It's a Gift (1934)
 A Day at the Races (1937)
 Topper (1937)
 What's Up, Doc? (1972)
 Sherlock, Jr. (1924)
 Beverly Hills Cop (1984)
 Broadcast News (1987)
 Horse Feathers (1932)
 Take the Money and Run (1969)
 Mrs. Doubtfire (1993)
 The Awful Truth (1937)
 Bananas (1971)
 Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936)
 Caddyshack (1980)
 Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948)
 Monkey Business (1931)
 Nine to Five (1980)
 She Done Him Wrong (1933)
 Victor/Victoria (1982)
 The Palm Beach Story (1942)
 Road to Morocco (1942)
 The Freshman (1925)
 Sleeper (1973)
 The Navigator (1924)
 Private Benjamin (1980)
 Father of the Bride (1950)
Lost in America (1985)
 Dinner at Eight (1933)
 City Slickers (1991)
 Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982)
 Beetlejuice (1988)
 The Jerk (1979)
 Woman of the Year (1942)
 The Heartbreak Kid (1972)
 Ball of Fire (1941)
 Fargo (1996)
 Auntie Mame (1958)
 Silver Streak (1976)
 Sons of the Desert (1933)
 Bull Durham (1988)
 The Court Jester (1956)
 The Nutty Professor (1963) 
 Good Morning, Vietnam (1987)
Lists of movies
American Film Institute
The Irish Sea (sometimes called the Manx Sea) is a body of water that separates Ireland and Great Britain. It is known to be one of the most polluted seas in the world including the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The sea is important to regional trade, shipping and fishing.  It is a source of power generation in the form of wind power and nuclear plants. Annual traffic between Great Britain and Ireland amounts to over 12 million passengers and  of traded goods.

Economics 
It covers  and at its deepest point is  deep. In 2008, about  of fish were caught. Shell fish made up three quarters of this amount.

The Irish Sea has 17 active oil and gas drilling platforms. It is estimated there are about 1.6 billion barrels of oil in the Barryroe oil field alone.
Sealife 
At least thirty species of shark can be found in the Irish Sea at different times. These include the basking, thresher, blue, mako and porbeagle sharks. There are about 12 species of Dolphin, porpoise and whales in the Irish Sea. These include the common dolphin, bottlenose dolphin and the harbor porpoise.

References 

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Geography of Ireland
Geography of the United Kingdom
A party is a social gathering primarily for celebration and recreation. 

Party could also mean an individual person, or group of individuals:

Party (pronoun), used to identify a grammatical person:
"First-party" pronoun, such as we
"Second-party" pronoun, such as you
"Third-party" pronoun, such as they

one or more participants in the context of a legal, business, or political relationship:
First party, a principal in the relationship (referring to self) or the obvious dominant principal
Second party, the other principals in the relationship
Third party (disambiguation), some other person or entity with some involvement (many uses across many disciplines)

Party (law), a person or group of persons composing a single entity for the purposes of the law
a party in politics:
Political party, an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government
Third party (politics), any minor party in any two-party system
The Party (politics) can refer to a dominant political party in a country, often the only party (in a single party systems). For example, in reference to the Soviet Union, the Party means the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Wedding party, the bride, groom, bridesmaids, groomsmen and sometimes other participants in a wedding
The members of an expedition, often armed. Sometimes synonymous with squad; e.g.:
Hunting party
Scouting party

Parti (a foreign spelling) may also mean:
Architectural parti, the underlying idea behind a work of architecture.
a foreign political party - possibly also "Partia"
See articles beginning in Parti, usually foreign political parties.

Media
 Party (film), (1984)  by Govind Nihalani.
 "Party", a 2007 episode of The Mighty Boosh
 Party (Nick Swardson album), a comedy album by Nick Swardson

Technology
Technology

A party, in role-playing games, is a group of game characters working together for a common purpose, generally comprised of the participating player characters.
Third-party developer, hardware or software developer not directly tied to the primary product that a consumer is using

in the video game industry:
First-party developer, a division of a console manufacturer, who develops games for the company's video game console
Second-party developer, a company that is tied to, and makes games specifically for, a console manufacturer
Third-party developer, a company licensed by, but not directly tied to, a console manufacturer

Other
The Party (disambiguation)
Surprise party, a celebration that is not made known to one or more of the guests until it occurs
Hatred is an emotion of very strong dislike for someone or something. It is a desire to avoid, restrict, remove, or destroy that person or thing. It is often thought the opposite of love. Hatred can also be a form of projection.

Sigmund Freud said that hatred was a selfish feeling that wishes to get rid of whatever is making that person unhappy. The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology says that hate is a "deep, enduring (long-lasting), intense emotion expressing animosity, anger, and hostility towards a person, group, or object."

Hatred can often cause the hate crime and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights prohibits inciting hatred by the Article 20.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Emotions
Events 
 The Solomonid king Yekuno Amlak kills the last king of the Zagwe dynasty in Ethiopia. The Solomonids begin to rule Ethiopia, which they continue until 1974.
 Louis IX of France starts the Eighth Crusade by attacking Tunis.
 In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins.

Births 
 Jacob ben Asher, Spanish Rabbi (Jewish religious leader)

Deaths 
 King Louis IX of France
Dallas is a large city in the northern part of the U.S. state of Texas. It is a part of a much larger group of cities called the Metroplex, along with important cities like Arlington, Denton, Fort Worth, and Plano. The city is the ninth largest in the United States.

For many years, the city was known as the city in which President John F. Kennedy was killed, but that is not associated with the city as much anymore.

Geography 
Dallas has a total area of 385.9 square miles.

Sports 
The city is home to the Dallas Cowboys, a professional American football team.
The city is also home to the Dallas Stars, a hockey team in the NHL, the Texas Rangers, a baseball team in the MLB, and the Dallas Mavericks, a basketball team in the NBA.

History
The city of Dallas was founded in 1841 by John Neely Bryan. Over time, it grew into a large city with many companies. In 1907 Neiman Marcus set up shop , and later in 1915 Southern Methodist University opened.
On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was shot dead. In 2014, ebola virus infected several people in Dallas, killing some. A nurse who got it sued the hospital. On July 7, 2016, five police officers were shot dead.

Climate
Dallas has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

People
Dallas has a large Mexican American and African American population.

References

Other websites 

 Official city website
 The Handbook of Texas Online: Dallas, Texas

1840s establishments in the Republic of Texas
1841 establishments in the United States
 
County seats in Texas
Ilulissat (population 4,000) is the third largest city in Greenland. The town is about halfway up the country's west coast, at 69 degrees north latitude, about 200 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle. Illulisat is also known by its Danish name of Jakobshavn (or Jacob's Harbour). In direct translation, Ilulissat is the Greenlandic word for 'The Icebergs'. Ilulissat is Greenland's most popular tourist place, because it is near to the beautiful Ilulissat Ice Fjord - tourism is now the town's main industry. Ilulissat was the birthplace of the great polar explorer Knud Rasmussen, and his childhood home in the center of the town is now a museum dedicated to him.

History
History

Inuit villages have been in the area of the ice fjord for at least three thousand years. The abandoned settlement of Sermermiut two kilometers south of the modern town of Ilulissat was once amongst the largest settlements in Greenland, with around 250 residents. The modern town was founded in 1741 by a missionary and a trader of fur, who had built a trading lodge in the area.

Ilulissat ice fjord
The Ilulissat fjord goes west 40 kilometers from the Greenland icecap to Disko Bay, close to Ilulissat town. At its eastern end is the Jakobshavn Isbrae Glacier, the most productive glacier in the Northern Hemisphere. The glacier flows at a rate of 20-35 metres per day, resulting in around 20 billion tons of icebergs breaking off and leaving the fjord every year. On breaking up the icebergs come out into the open sea and at first, they travel north with ocean currents.  Soon, they start turning south and they go into the Atlantic Ocean.
The Ilulissat Icefjord was made a United Nations World Heritage Site in 2004.

Transportation
Air Greenland has air services to Ilulissat.

Related pages
List of towns in Greenland

Other websites
Ilulissat tourist information site 

Settlements in Greenland
The genus Pan is made up of two living species: the chimpanzee and the bonobo. Taxonomically, these two ape species are called panins; however, both species are more commonly called chimpanzees or chimps. Together with gorillas, orangutans and humans, they are part of the family Hominidae.

Taxonomy
 Genus Pan: Chimpanzees
 Common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes
 Bonobo or Pygmy chimpanzee, Pan paniscus

Habitat
The common chimpanzee lives in West and Central Africa. The bonobo lives in the rain forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The two species are on opposite sides of the Congo River.

Life and description
Chimpanzees mainly eat fruit, leaves, flowers, seeds, bark, honey, insects, bird eggs, and meat. They spend a lot of time with other chimpanzees from their group, acting up, playing, and chatting. Sometimes they will groom each other; combing and looking through each other's thick fur; picking out the dirt and insects. Grooming helps chimps feel comfortable and friendly.
Jane Goodall has studied chimpanzees since 1960. She observed how chimpanzees use tools in several ways. They will pick up rocks to crack nuts for a meal. They also strip down twigs and stick them into a termite mound to collect a tasty snack. Some have been known to make a sponge from leaves in order to hold more drinking water. The chimp chews leaves to soften them up, dips them in rainwater, and then squeezes the water into its mouth. Chimpanzees are also known to think ahead and solve problems.

Chimpanzee aggression
The behavior described in this section refers to the common chimpanzee. At present there is no evidence that the bonobo has a similar level of aggressive behavior.
Attacking monkeys
Chimpanzees attack Colobus monkeys by working as a team to corner them in the high branches of the trees. Then they tear the monkey apart and eat it. It is thought the main benefit is that meat is a more rich source of nutrition than their usual vegetarian diet.
"Goodall’s Gombe data have also led researchers to take a closer look at the role that hunting plays in chimp feeding habits. One recent Gombe study, for instance, concluded that the 45 members of one troop ate a ton of monkey meat per year. During one hunting binge, chimps killed 71 colobus monkeys in 68 days; one chimp alone killed 42 monkeys over five years. All told, chimps may kill and eat a third of the Gombe’s colobus population each year. Researchers have also found that lower-ranking males often trade the meat for mating privileges; such trades may help prevent inbreeding". Otherwise one or two males might father most of a troop’s children.
Attacking other chimpanzee groups
If they can, male chimpanzees try to kill the male members of neighboring groups. Males work together when they spot a chance to make a lightning raid on an isolated male from the other group. They kill him. In Gombe, Tanzania, a group in the 1970s was seen to kill seven of their neighbors one by one, until all were gone. It can take years for this to happen but, when it does, the remaining females and the neighboring territory are added to the now larger group. Attacks like this are carefully planned, done only when success is likely, and carried out in silence.

The advantage for the males that triumph is to breed more children. Their tribe also holds a larger territory, and so has access to more food. Several authors have drawn a connection between this behaviour and the origins of human warfare.
One of the scientists, Catherine Crockford, said: "We are now accumulating compelling evidence that cooperation among non-related individuals, and among males and females, has likely been under selection due to the competition between neighboring groups. These findings have therefore strong implications to understand the evolution of cooperation in social species and in humans in particular. Continuous and long-lasting research and conservation efforts are necessary if we want to understand the interplay between competition and cooperation in this emblematic species for human evolution, and how it relates to our own evolution."
Communication
Chimpanzees show their emotions with their faces and sounds. They make hooting sounds to express the discovery of food, and the face of a chimpanzee with a scowling face and lips pressed is to express annoyance. This means the chimpanzee may attack. Or, the chimpanzee may bare its teeth to express that it is afraid or that a more dominant chimp is approaching.p74/5

Relationship with humans
According to a genome study done by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, humans share either 96% or 95% of their DNA with chimpanzees. However, this applies only to single nucleotide polymorphisms, that is, changes in single base pairs only. The full picture is rather different.
24% of the chimpanzee genome does not align with the human genome, and so cannot be directly compared. There are 3% further alignment gaps, 1.23% SNP differences, and 2.7% copy number variations totaling at least 30% differences between chimpanzee and Homo sapiens genomes. On the other hand, 30% of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimpanzee proteins.

Related pages
 Ape

References

Hominins
A meridian is an imaginary line of longitude drawn along the surface of the earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. 

Geographers today measure these lines from what they call the Prime Meridian. It is the line of longitude that goes through the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England. They decided this at the 1884 International Meridian Conference.

Meridians, as lines of longitude, are measured in degrees. The Prime Meridian, as the starting point, is 0 (zero) degrees. Lines west of the Prime Meridian are either called west, as in "the longitude of Los Angeles, California is 118 degrees west", or as a negative number: "the longitude of Los Angeles, California is -118 degrees". Going the other direction, east of the Prime Meridian is always said as a positive number: "The longitude of Mecca is about 40 degrees east," or just "The longitude of Mecca is about 40 degrees."

Related pages
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
International Date Line

Lines of longitude
The 1700s was a decade that began on 1 January 1700 and ended on 31 December 1709.

Events and trends 
 The Bonneville Slide blocks the Columbia River near the site of present-day Cascade Locks, Oregon with a land bridge 200 feet (60 m) high. The river eventually removes the blockage, but this event is remembered in the local legends of the Native Americans as the Bridge of the Gods.
The first newspaper to be published in English.
The War of the Spanish Succession, started in 1701.
The Age of Enlightenment
The Industrial Revolution, a time period starting in the 1700s.
The Scientific Revolution, another important cultural advance.
World leaders 
King Frederick IV of Denmark (1699–1730).
King William III of England and Scotland (1689–1702).
Queen Anne of Great Britain (1702–1714).
King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (1705–1711).
Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725).
King Philip V of Spain (1700–1746).
King Charles XII of Sweden (1697–1718).
A district is an area or locality.  In some places, it is a kind of local government. 

Some of the countries districts are used in are Austria, Belgium, China, England, Germany, Hong Kong, Serbia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Portugal, Switzerland, the United States, and many more.

In the South Asian subcontinent, including India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, the common term for an official or government administration district is Zillah.  In other countries the word Daïra is used.

Lists of districts
 Districts of Albania
 Districts of Austria
 Districts of Bangladesh
 Districts of Belize
 Districts of England
 Districts of Germany
 Districts of Japan
 Districts of Libya
 Districts of Northern Ireland
 Districts of Pakistan
 Districts of Slovakia
 Districts of Switzerland
Literacy means the ability to read and write. Being able to read and write is an important skill in modern societies. Usually, people learn how to read and write at school. People who can read and write are called literate; those who cannot are called illiterate.

According to UNESCO, illiteracy is not being able to write or read a simple sentence in any language. They estimated that, in 1998, about 16% of the world's population were illiterate.
Illiteracy is highest amongst the states of the Arabian Peninsula, and in Africa, around the Sahara. In those countries about 30% of men, and 40-50% of women are illiterate, by the UN definition. One of the causes of illiteracy is that someone who can manage to live without being able to read and write often does not have any reason to want to learn to read and write. Cultural factors also play a part, such as having a culture in which the oral tradition (communicating by speaking) is more important than writing. A tribe that mostly herds livestock, for example, may have no need to read or write. 

There are two different kinds of illiteracy:

 People with primary illiteracy have never learned how to read or write.
 People who have learned some reading and writing, but not well enough for their work are called functionally illiterate. Perhaps they cannot write well enough to fill out a form, or to understand instructions in a manual. In most industrial countries, the main problem is functional illiteracy.
In English the word literacy has traditionally meant to be well educated. It also meant to be familiar with literature (to know about books). In the late 19th century the word came to include the ability to read and write. It still kept its larger meaning. In modern usage, literacy also means being able to read print, visual, and sound texts. To continue learning students must be literate in more than just reading and writing text.

Related pages
 Writing
 Reading
 Literacy test
 Aliteracy
 Functional illiteracy
 Right to education

References 

Education
The Isle of Man () is an island in the Irish Sea, off the coast of Great Britain (of which it is a crown dependency). Douglas is the capital city. It also has a flag with a red background and 3 armoured legs joined together - "whichever way you throw us, we always land on our feet".

It has a Parliament called Tynwald.  It is the longest running parliament in the world.

Government
The Isle of Man is a Crown dependency. Foreign affairs, defence, and good government are handled by the British government, but in all other matters the island is independent. The Isle of Man Government is the executive and proposes laws to the legislature, Tynwald. Laws passed by Tynwald are given royal approval by the Lieutenant Governor unless the British Minister of Justice says they do not help the good government of the island.

Geography
Geography

The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, it is northwest of the European continent. It is between the United Kingdom and Ireland. The island is 22 km wide and 52 km long, it has a total area of 572 km². The Isle of Man has a total of 160 km of coastline, it has no important bodies of water. Apart from the island itself, the Isle of Man also includes some nearby islands. The most important of these islands are called Calf of Man, St Patrick's Isle and St Michael's Isle.

The island's terrain is varied, it has mountains in the north and south. A valley is more or less in the center of the island, between the cities of Douglas and Peel. The northern part of the island is very flat. Snaefell is the Isle of Man's highest mountain, it measures 621 meters above sea level. It is said that you can see Scotland, England, Ireland and Wales from the top of mount Snaefell.
Weather
The Isle of Man has a usually mild weather. Summers are cool and winters are mild and rainy. Rainfall is similar to that of the other British Isles. Elevated parts of the Isle of Man get more rainfall, especially mount Snaefell. The northern and southern parts of the island are not as rainy as the rest.

The island's weather is normally cool. The highest temperature ever registered is 28.9 °C, in Ronaldsway. The Isle of Man is not very sunny, but it is less cloudy than other parts of the British Isles; strong winds around the island help keep clouds in constant movement.

Geology 

The geology of Man is notable for the Iapetus Suture, which runs almost unseen right through the rocks of the island. The suture is the remnant of  a once huge ocean, the Iapetus Ocean, which was lost about 420 million years ago as three continents came together.
Environment
The Isle of Man became separated from Ireland and the British Isles about 8500 years ago. The short period of time between the melting of glaciers and the rise of sea level allowed a small number of species to colonize the island by land. The island was heavily deforested in the Middle Ages, which weakened its environment. Some land is now protected by the government to help preserve its wildlife. Curraghs Wildlife Park, in the wetlands, is home to many species of animals and plants. Many bird species live on the island.
Plant life
A lot of the Isle of Man's plant life, or flora, is composed of shrubs (bushes) and other short plants. Several species of grass and moss also live there. Mosses on the island contribute to the formation of peat. There is peat in the island's wet areas. The island has heavily deforested in the Middle Ages. Common trees on the island include ashes, elms, pines, willows, and hawthorns. There are also other trees on the island, as well as many species of flowering plants. Bogs are home to ferns and orchids.
Animal life
The Isle of Man is home to many bird and insect species. Many species live in "curraghs" (wetlands in the northeast of the island). Curraghs are protected by the Government of the Isle of Man. Curraghs Wildlife Park is in these wetlands, it is both a zoo and a protected area. During the winter, curraghs are the second largest nesting ground of the Hen Herrier in Europe. The Peregrine Falcon, Merlin, European Robin, Willow Warbler, Song Thrush, Dunnock, Swan and a subspecies of Winter Wren possibly native to the island also nest in the curraghs. The Chough is also in the Isle of Man, it is more common than in other parts of Europe. Some farming methods have decreased the bird population of the island. The Northern Lapwing is now rarely found, and the Yellowhammer is now extinct on the island.

18 species of butterfly and 250 species of moth also live on the Isle of Man. Most of them live in the wetlands during different seasons.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Manx Government Website A comprehensive site covering many aspects of Manx life from fishing to financial regulation
Google Maps Satellite Photo

Isle of Man Guide Large website about the island
Information on places in the Isle of Man 
Tynwald.org Hansards, Order Papers and Background to the Manx Government.
Manx Radio The Government/commercial funded radio station for the Isle of Man
Birching in the Isle of Man 1945-1976 Article about the use of the birch as a judicial punishment in the Isle of Man.
Manx Notebook Manx History Archive.
The French Revolution was a time when France went through very big political changes. It began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended when the French Consulate was made in November 1799. Many of the ideas made during the French Revolution are considered basic parts of liberal democracy, and today are very important in the French government.

It was caused by many different things. The Age of Enlightenment happened, and people had new ideas on how the government should work. France was also in debt because they spent money helping the United States of America in the American Revolutionary War. They also spent a lot of money on the Seven Years' War and the War of the Austrian Succession. Many French people at the time did not like the government. The government was a monarchy.

References
Daffy Duck is a cartoon duck from the Warner Bros. cartoons. He stands on two legs, has a black body, a white ring about his neck, and an orange beak. He first appeared in Porky´s Duck Hunt in 1937. In 1946, Daffy had started to change, and Daffy became less looney. Over the years, Daffy Duck had changed from a screwball and heckling character to greedy and a jealous character. He was created by Tex Avery and Bob Clampett. 

Animated characters
Anthromophic characters
Comics characters
Fictional animals
Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Fictional ducks
Looney Tunes characters
Tune Squad players
The 1650s was a decade that began on 1 January 1650 and ended on 31 December 1659.

World leaders 
King Frederick III of Denmark (1648–1670).
Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1658).
Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1658–1659).
King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657).
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
 King John II of Poland (1649–1668).
 King John IV of Portugal (1640–1656).
King Afonso VI of Portugal (1656–1667).
Tsar Aleksey I of Russia (1645–1676).
King Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665).
Queen Christina of Sweden (1632–1654).
King Charles X of Sweden (1654–1660).
The guillotine is a machine used to execute people by decapitation (chopping off their heads). 

A guillotine is made of a heavy blade attached to a rack, which moves up and down on a vertical frame. When the executioner releases the rack, it will fall down and the blade will cut the convict's head off.

History 
Machines like the guillotine were first invented in the Middle Ages, and were used throughout Europe. For example, Scotland used a machine called the "Scottish Maiden".

Such machines were not used in France, until the French Revolution of 1789. Instead, aristocrats were executed by beheading and ordinary criminals by hanging. The guillotine became the only legal way to execute someone in France. The guillotine was used because it caused a quick death.  Everyone, rich or poor, died the same way, no matter what social class.
The guillotine was commonly used in France (including France's colonies), Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Germany, and Austria.  It was also used in Sweden. Today, all of these countries have abolished (legally stopped) the death penalty.  The guillotine is no longer used.

The invention of the guillotine

Joseph Guillotin 

The guillotine is named after a French medical doctor, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin. Guillotin was against the death penalty. Realising he could not stop the death penalty, Guillotin instead tried to think of a quicker, less painful way of executing people. On October 10, 1789, he suggested using a machine to do all the executions. 

The actual guillotine was designed by another doctor, Antoine Louis.  Guillotin did not help much with the design, but his name went down in history.  Against Guillotin's wishes, the new machine quickly became known as the  Guillotine. Guillotin regretted this until death in 1814.
Design 
The design for a quick, painless, decapitation machine was given to Tobias Schmidt, a German engineer.  Schmidt built the first guillotine and tested it, on animals at first, but later on dead humans. It was made of two fourteen-foot uprights joined by a crossbar, whose inside edges were grooved and greased with tallow; the weighted blade was either straight, or curved like an axe. The system was started by a rope and pulley, while the whole construction was set up on a platform. The first execution was in 1792.

Later use 

The guillotine was still the only legal way to execute a person in France until 1979, when France stopped using the death penalty. In Nazi Germany, the guillotine was used to kill prisoners sentenced for serious crimes like murder, treason, or conspiracy against the government. 

A guillotine was last used in West Germany in 1949 and East Germany in 1961.  The last person guillotined was the Tunisian murderer Hamida Djandoubi in 1977.
Capital punishment
A school uniform  is a standard set of clothes that students wear when they go to some schools. It might have a particular color of trousers or skirt,  a matching shirt and sometimes a jacket or necktie, with matching shoes.

In some countries, like Germany, students can wear whatever they want whenever they want. It's common for many students to be naked around each other causing major erections in older classes. In other countries, like England and India there is usually a standard dress code in school, usually a set of dressing for girls and one for boys. Boys and girls need to wear school uniforms when they go to school. In many countries, such as the United States, some schools require wearing a uniform, and some do not.
Originally, school uniforms were introduced to hide the social differences between students, but uniforms can also help with safety. Using standard uniforms can also save the money needed to buy extra clothes as fashion to impress other people at school. Uniforms are also thought to improve discipline and school spirit.

However, school uniforms can also help with health and safety by having clothes which have been tested to be safer when worn. Some fabrics can cause skin rashes in some people, while a uniform can be made of comfortable fabrics. Also, loose-fitting clothes can get caught in machinery or playground equipment, which limits what activities children can do safely.
There are several types of economic bullying which can be lessened by use of school uniforms. When many students are from families with less money, sometimes students with more money have stood out because they wore newer shoes, where neither shoe was in poor shape. In schools where more students are rich, poorer students have been insulted for the old-style or tattered clothes they wore.

Other websites 

Uniforms
Primates are an order of mammals. It includes all lemurs, monkeys and apes, including humans. Most primates (but not humans) are mainly or entirely forest dwellers.

There are about 400 species of primates. All primates are similar to humans in many ways, but language is an important advantage which only humans have. Other primates have a pattern of calls and gestures, but not language as we know it. 

Primates have hands with five fingers and flat fingernails (most other animals have claws or hooves). All primates are covered with fur (hair), but in humans the body hair is only noticeable in two places: on the head and around the genitals.

Primates are split into two groups: Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini. Haplorrhini includes larger monkeys such as, tarsiers and apes including humans. Strepsirrhini includes smaller monkeys such as lemurs, lorises, galagos (also called bush babies) and the aye-aye.
Primates are one of the few mammal groups which re-evolved full color vision. Even so, color vision in birds is better. Color vision was lost in mammals during the long period when dinosaurs ruled the Earth, and mammals were mainly small nocturnal animals.

Close contact between humans and non-human primates creates opportunities for zoonotic diseases to get to humans.  Virus diseases transmitted to humans include herpes, measles, ebola, rabies, and hepatitis.

Classification
Order Primates
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Lemurs
Lorises
Suborder Haplorhini
Tarsiers
Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
Catarrhini:
 Old World monkeys
 Apes and humans

Clade

References

Related pages
The Tropic of Cancer (cancer (♋) is Latin for crab) is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth. This is the parallel of latitude that is 23° 26' 22" north of the Equator. At every June Solstice the Sun passes straight overhead on the tropic. This never happens anywhere north of the Tropic of Cancer.

Related pages
Northern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropics
Tropic of Capricorn
Southern Hemisphere
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle

Lines of latitude
An equinox is when the sun passes directly over the equator. There are two equinoxes each year.  Equinox can also mean either of the two days when this happens. On these days, the nights are equal in length at latitudes L° North and L° South. The word equinox comes from two Latin words meaning "equal" and "night". 

Around the day of the equinox, the length of the day is a little over twelve hours and the length of the night is a little under twelve hours. They are not exactly equal because the sun is not a point in the sky and because the sunlight bends as it comes to earth. The exact day and time when this happens depend on how far away from the equator it is being measured. They occur on or around March 21 and September 21. Solstices fall around June 21st and December 21st at odd intervals.

The equinoxes are the beginning of spring, and autumn (or fall in the US).

The time of daylight is quite easy to measure. This was done in many cultures where festivals were celebrated at the equinoxes.
Related pages
Solstice

References

Time
Astronomical phenomena
The Teufelsbrücke (bridge of the devil) is a bridge over the river Reuss in the Swiss canton of Uri.

First bridge

The valley called Schöllenenschlucht is an important access route to the St.Gotthard alpine pass. However, the valley is very narrow, featuring a dangerous river Reuss. 

The first bridge across the river was built in 1230. This was a wooden bridge. This meant that due to bad weather it had to be replaced often. 

In the 16th century, it was replaced by a bridge of stone. That stone bridge was heavily damaged in the Napoleonic wars in 1799. Nobody could use the bridge because of the damage. Trade with Italy was done over the alpine pass at Splügen.

The first bridge was completely destroyed in a stormy night in 1888.

Second bridge
Only in 1820 could the order to build a new bridge be given. The construction of the bridge took 10 years.
Third bridge
In the middle of the 20th century, the second bridge was no longer able to handle the traffic. A third bridge, featuring two lanes, one for each direction, was built in 1958.

Myth of the creation of the bridge

Building the first bridge was very hard. According to a local myth, the first bridge was built by the devil himself. The condition attached was that the devil should get the soul of the first to pass over the bridge. So, when the bridge was finished, people chased a goat over the bridge. Of course, the devil was furious, so he went to pick up a large stone (called Teufelsstein, the devil's stone). He wanted to smash the bridge he just built to pieces. On his way to the ridge however, he encountered an old believing woman with a cross. Scared of the cross, he left the stone, and fled.

The devil's stone weighs 2000 tons. 300.000 Swiss Francs were used in 1977 to shift the stone 127 meters to make way for the motorway passing over the St.Gotthard pass.
Popular belief has it that the moving of the stone was the cause of an increased number of accidents on kilometre 16 on the St. Gotthard road tunnel.

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Switzerland
Stone bridges
1230
Canton of Uri‎
The term grandparent means the parents of a person's father or mother. Grandparents have always been important members of a family. The role of a parent is often very different from the role of a grandparent. Parents are the providers and disciplinarians of their children. Grandparents are often much freer to enjoy and have fun with their grandchildren. A grandparent-grandchild relationship is usually much simpler than that of a parent and child.

The term 'grandparent' is used for both male and female genders. The male grandparent is called a grandfather. The female grandparent is a grandmother. When looking at the relationship from the point of view of the grandparent, the term grandchild is used. A grandchild is the child of a person's child. It can also be used based on gender. Grandchild is correct for either gender. Grandson is male. Granddaughter is female.
Definitions
 grandmother: parent's mother.
 maternal grandmother: mother's mother.
 paternal grandmother: father's mother.
 grandfather: parent's father.
 maternal grandfather: mother's father.
 paternal grandfather: father's father.
 grandparent: parent's parent.
 maternal grandparent: mother's parent.
 paternal grandparent: father's parent.
 granddaughter: child's daughter.
 grandson: child's son.
 grandchild: child's child.

Grandparents and grandchildren 
For example: Bob has a son named Rick. Rick, in turn, has 2 children; a boy (Bill) and a girl (Mary). Bob is the grandfather (male grandparent) of both Bill and Mary. Bill is the grandson (male grandchild) of Bob, and Mary is the granddaughter (female grandchild) of Bob. Rick's mother would be the grandmother (female grandparent) of both Mary and Bill.
There are a number of nicknames for a person's grandparents. These include 'grandpa', 'grandpapa', 'papa' and 'pawpa' for a grandfather. Nicknames for grandmothers include 'grandma', 'grammy', 'granny', and 'nanna'. There are also many unique nicknames. An example is American actress Goldie Hawn who did not want to be called 'grandma', instead came up with the nickname 'Glamma.'

Traditionally, grandparents were highly respected in most cultures. Today many grandparent-grandchild relationships are declining. Much of the modern world does not value older people the way societies did in the past. Also, popular entertainment, especially programs and movies aimed at 'tweens' (children 10 to 12 years old) portray adults as being foolish. This makes the involvement of grandparents more important than ever.

Great-grandparents
A person's great-grandparent's parents would be that person's "great-great-grandparents". Commonly the prefix great- is added, one for each additional generation. To avoid having to add several "greats" when discussing a direct ancestors, ordinals are commonly used instead. For example, a "great-great-grandfather" would be a "second great-grandfather". A "great-great-great-grandfather" would be a third great-grandfather, and so on. Some sources also use cardinal numbers for numbering greats. For example, a great-great-great-great-great-great-grandmother becomes "six times great grandmother". However, sixth great-grandmother would be most commonly used.
Not counting the individual person in the relationship, a parent is the first generation of the person's ancestors. A grandparent is the second generation (from the individual). A great-grandparent would be the third generation and so a great-great-grandparent would be in the fourth generation of ancestors, and so on. Another way of putting it is a person's second great-grandparent is a grandparent's grandparent.

In the past, many great-grandparents died long before their great-grandchildren were born. Today, people in many societies are living longer. This means many children get to know at least one of their great-grandparents.
Nuclear family vs close kin 
The word 'family' is often used to mean the same as the term Nuclear family. Strictly speaking, a nuclear family is made up of a husband, a wife, and their children. It may also be used to include a stepparent, stepchildren or adopted children. However, the latter family unit is more commonly called a blended family. Close kin however extends the family unit. For example, second cousins are all descendants of one or both great-grandparents. Family units extending to second cousins are considered close kin. So the term includes great-grandparents as well. Third cousins (all those descended from second great-grandparents) are not considered close kin, but just family.
Distant grandparents and pedigree collapse 
A person's ancestor tree is a binary tree. It is formed by the person, the parents (2), the grandparents (4), great-grandparents (8), and so on. With each increasing generation of great-grandparents the number doubles. In other words, a person's sixth great-grandparents (great-great-great-great-great-great-grandparents) would number 256 or  (2 to the 8th power). However, the number of individuals in such a tree grows exponentially and will eventually become impossibly high. For example, a single individual alive today would, over 30 generations going back to the High Middle Ages, have about  generations or just over a billion ancestors. That would be far more than the total world population at the time.
Related pages
 Parent
 Father
 Mother
 Child
 Family tree

Notes

References 

Family
The 1630s was a decade that began on 1 January 1630 and ended on 31 December 1639.

Events and trends 
 Thirty Years' War goes on in Europe.
 September 8, 1636 – Thanks to a vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Harvard College is the first college in the Americas.

World leaders 
King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway (1588–1648).
King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (1625–1649).
Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing.
King Louis XIII of France (1610–1643).
Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of France (1624–1642).
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1620–1637).
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657).
Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelderland (1625–1647).
Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644).
King Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665).
King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1611–1632)
Queen Christina of Sweden (1632–1654).
Leptons are elementary particles with spin 1/2 (a fermion) that are not affected by strong nuclear force.  They are a family of particles that are different from the other known family of fermions, the quarks.

Electrons are a well-known example that are found in ordinary matter. There are six leptons: the electron, muon, and tau particles and their associated neutrinos. The different varieties of the elementary particles are commonly called "flavors", and the neutrinos here are considered to have distinctly different flavor. Of the six leptons, three have electric charge and three do not. The best known charged lepton is the electron (e). The other two charged leptons are the muon (µ) and the tau (τ), which are like electrons but much bigger. The charged leptons are all negative particles, their antiparticles are positively charged (for example, the antiparticle of the electron, e-, is a positron, e+). 

The superparticle of a lepton is called a "slepton."

Elementary particles
The 1620s was a decade that began on 1 January 1620 and ended on 31 December 1629.

Events and trends 
 Permanent Dutch settlement of New York Bay and the Hudson River.
 Permanent English settlements in Massachusetts and Virginia.