Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Aaron Hughes (born 8 November 1979) is a Northern Irish football player. He plays for Fulham and Northern Ireland national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="8"|Newcastle United||rowspan="8"|Premier League||4||0||1||0||1||0||2||0||8||0
|-
|1998/99||14||0||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|-
|1999/00||27||2||4||0||0||0||3||0||34||2
|-
|2000/01||35||0||2||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|-
|2001/02||34||0||5||1||3||0||6||2||48||3
|-
|2002/03||35||1||1||0||0||0||12||0||48||1
|-
|2003/04||34||0||2||0||0||0||11||0||47||0
|-
|2004/05||22||1||2||0||2||0||10||0||36||1
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|Premier League||35||0||4||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|-
|2006/07||19||0||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Fulham||rowspan="3"|Premier League||30||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||0
|-
|2008/09||37||0||5||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
326||4||30||1||17||0||44||2||417||7
326||4||30||1||17||0||44||2||417||7
|}
International career statistics

|-
|1998||5||0
|-
|1999||5||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||5||0
|-
|2007||6||0
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||8||0
|-
!Total||70||0
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
Northern Irish footballers
Wilfred Bouma (born 15 June 1978) is a Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||1||0||||||||||||||||
|-
|1995/96||4||0||||||||||||||||
|-
|1996/97||1||0||||||||||||||||
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|MVV Maastricht||Eerste Divisie||18||7||||||||||||||||
|-
|1997/98||Eredivisie||33||6||||||||||||||||
|-
|1998/99||Fortuna Sittard Combinatie||Eredivisie||33||5||||||||||||||||
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="7"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="7"|Eredivisie||27||9||||||||||3||0||30||9
|-
|2000/01||20||0||||||||||7||1||27||1
|-
|2001/02||27||2||||||||||10||0||37||2
|-
|2002/03||27||1||||||||||6||0||33||1
|-
|2003/04||32||5||||||||||12||2||44||7
|-
|2004/05||28||1||||||||||14||0||42||1
|-
|2005/06||3||0||||||||||0||0||3||0
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Aston Villa||rowspan="5"|Premier League||20||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2006/07||25||2||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||28||2
|-
|2007/08||38||1||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||39||1
|-
|2008/09||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
254||36||||||||||52||3||306||39
83||3||3||0||2||0||2||0||90||3
337||39||3||0||2||0||54||3||396||42
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||11||2
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||11||0
|-
|2008||4||0
|-
!Total||35||2
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
People from Helmond
Footballers from North Brabant
Sho Miyasaka (born 6 June 1988) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Tokyo Verdy||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

References

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumamoto Prefecture
Seiji Sonoda (born 30 November 1988) is a Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||V-Varen Nagasaki||Regional Leagues||9||2||colspan="2"|-||9||2
|-
|2009||Tokushima Vortis||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||Zweigen Kanazawa||Regional Leagues||2||0||2||0||4||0
11||2||2||0||13||2
11||2||2||0||13||2
|}

References

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumamoto Prefecture
Thomas Myhre (born 16 October 1973) is a Norwegian football player. He has played for Norway national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="5"|Viking||rowspan="5"|Tippeligaen||22||0
|-
|1994||22||0
|-
|1995||24||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||26||0

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Everton||rowspan="2"|Premier League||22||0
|-
|1998/99||38||0

|-
|1999/00||Rangers||Premier League||3||0

|-
|1999/00||Everton||Premier League||4||0
|-
|1999/00||Birmingham City||First Division||7||0
|-
|2000/01||Tranmere Rovers||First Division||3||0
|-
|2000/01||Everton||Premier League||6||0

|-
|2000/01||Copenhagen||Superliga||14||0

|-
|2001/02||Beşiktaş||Süper Lig||13||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Sunderland||Premier League||2||0
|-
|2003/04||First Division||4||0
|-
|2003/04||Crystal Palace||First Division||15||0
|-
|2004/05||Sunderland||League Championship||31||0

|-
|2005||Fredrikstad||Tippeligaen||3||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Charlton Athletic||rowspan="2"|Premier League||20||0
|-
|2006/07||1||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Viking||rowspan="3"|Tippeligaen||9||0
|-
|2008||9||0
|-
|2009||28||0
|-
|2010||Kongsvinger||Tippeligaen||||
143||0
153||0
3||0
14||0
13||0
326||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||4||0
|-
|2000||7||0
|-
|2001||10||0
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||9||0
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
!Total||56||0
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Norwegian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Tom Finney (5 April 1922 – 14 February 2014) was an English footballer. He played for England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1946/47||rowspan="14"|Preston North End||rowspan="3"|First Division||32||7||3||2||35||9
|-
|1947/48||33||13||4||1||37||14
|-
|1948/49||24||7||2||2||26||9
|-
|1949/50||rowspan="2"|Second Division||37||10||1||1||38||11
|-
|1950/51||34||13||2||0||36||13
|-
|1951/52||rowspan="9"|First Division||33||13||0||0||33||13
|-
|1952/53||34||17||3||2||37||19
|-
|1953/54||23||11||8||3||31||14
|-
|1954/55||30||7||3||2||33||9
|-
|1955/56||32||17||1||1||33||18
|-
|1956/57||34||23||6||5||40||28
|-
|1957/58||34||26||1||0||35||26
|-
|1958/59||16||6||0||0||16||6
|-
|1959/60||37||17||6||4||43||21
433||187||40||23||473||210
433||187||40||23||473||210
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1946||4||3
|-
|1947||6||5
|-
|1948||5||4
|-
|1949||7||2
|-
|1950||7||4
|-
|1951||6||2
|-
|1952||7||1
|-
|1953||6||2
|-
|1954||7||1
|-
|1955||4||2
|-
|1956||4||1
|-
|1957||6||1
|-
|1958||7||2
|-
!Total||76||30
|}

References

1922 births
2014 deaths
English footballers
Sportspeople from Lancashire
Nat Lofthouse (27 August 1925 – 15 January 2011) was an English footballer. He played for the England national team. He was born in Bolton, and died there on 15 January 2011 at 85 years old.

Club career statistics

|-
|1946/47||rowspan="15"|Bolton Wanderers||rowspan="15"|First Division||40||16
|-
|1947/48||34||18
|-
|1948/49||22||7
|-
|1949/50||35||10
|-
|1950/51||38||21
|-
|1951/52||38||18
|-
|1952/53||36||22
|-
|1953/54||32||17
|-
|1954/55||31||15
|-
|1955/56||36||32
|-
|1956/57||36||28
|-
|1957/58||31||17
|-
|1958/59||37||29
|-
|1959/60||0||0
|-
|1960/61||6||3
452||253
452||253
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1950||1||2
|-
|1951||3||3
|-
|1952||7||9
|-
|1953||8||6
|-
|1954||3||3
|-
|1955||7||4
|-
|1956||2||2
|-
|1957||0||0
|-
|1958||2||1
|-
!Total||33||30
|}

References

English footballers
People from Bolton
Sportspeople from Lancashire
1925 births
2011 deaths
Antonio Félix "Tota" Carbajal Rodríguez (; 7 June 1929 – 9 May 2023) is a Mexican retired football player. He has played for Mexico national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1948/49||rowspan="2"|España||rowspan="2"|Primera División||25||0
|-
|1949/50||20||0
|-
|1950/51||rowspan="16"|León||rowspan="16"|Primera División||22||0
|-
|1951/52||22||0
|-
|1952/53||20||0
|-
|1953/54||22||0
|-
|1954/55||22||0
|-
|1955/56||25||0
|-
|1956/57||24||0
|-
|1957/58||24||0
|-
|1958/59||26||0
|-
|1959/60||26||0
|-
|1960/61||25||0
|-
|1961/62||24||0
|-
|1962/63||25||0
|-
|1963/64||25||0
|-
|1964/65||25||0
|-
|1965/66||7||0
409||0
409||0
|}

International career statistics 

|-
!Total||47||0
|}

References 

1929 births
2023 deaths
Mexican association football goalkeepers
Mexican football managers
Sportspeople from Mexico City
1950 FIFA World Cup players
1954 FIFA World Cup players
1958 FIFA World Cup players
1962 FIFA World Cup players
1966 FIFA World Cup players
Daniel Van Buyten (born 7 February 1978) is a Belgian football player. He plays for Bayern Munich and Belgium national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Charleroi||rowspan="2"|First Division||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1998/99||19||1||||||||||19||1
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Standard Liège||rowspan="2"|First Division||26||3||||||||||26||3
|-
|2000/01||29||4||||||||||29||4

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Olympique Marseille||Division 1||23||2||||||||||23||2
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||35||8||||||||||35||2
|-
|2003/04||18||2||||||||||35||8

|-
|2003/04||Manchester City||Premier League||5||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Hamburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||34||5||1||0||4||0||39||5
|-
|2005/06||27||2||3||1||15||2||45||5
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||31||3||3||0||10||2||44||5
|-
|2007/08||19||1||4||1||3||1||26||3
|-
|2008/09||18||3||2||0||5||1||25||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
74||8||||||||||74||8
76||12||||||||||76||12
5||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
129||14||13||2||37||6||179||22
284||34||14||2||37||6||335||42
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||2||1
|-
|2002||11||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||3||0
|-
|2005||7||2
|-
|2006||5||1
|-
|2007||6||0
|-
|2008||5||0
|-
|2009||8||3
|-
!Total||55||7
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
Belgian footballers
Epidemiology is the study of factors that influence the health and illness of populations. The three levels of causation of health problems include individual behavioral level, individual biological level, and political-economic ecological level.

Aims
Epidemiologists aim to understand the causes of health problems by looking at the relationship between agents, hosts, and environmental factors that affects health. Using these information, they also design public health interventions to solve various health problems among populations. They regularly evaluate the health of populations, tries to identify which populations have greater risk from specific causes of diseases, and evaluates the effectiveness of the intervention programs or methods that they create. In essence, epidemiology provides the foundation of public health and preventative medicine practices.
Descriptive/analytic epidemiology
There are two types of epidemiology: descriptive and analytic. Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe the distribution of people who gets sick (versus those who don't) with regards to time, place, and person (TPP). TPP can also be thought of as answering the questions of when, who, and what respectively; in other words it investigates when a health issue or disease first emerged in a population, who in the population are getting sick, and where the disease/health condition seems to have first originated and spread from. Analytic epidemiology then uses the data provided by TPP to make and test hypothesis which aim to determine the cause of an outbreak or disease cluster among a population. Epidemiologist evaluate morbidity (people who are sick or injured) and mortality (people who are killed) to understand the burden of disease among populations.
Surveillance studies
A key aspect of epidemiology is surveillance studies, which provides the numerical data and statistics that epidemiologists use. Surveillance studies are done systematically to monitor the health of populations and helps with identifying any new health problems or disease that may develop, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of existing health intervention measures in place. These studies also rely on TPP to collect data and presents it in simple graphs and tables which are easy to summarize and understand. These studies are especially important in helping guide policy making decisions and helping epidemiologists understand which interventions work and which don't. It is also important for donors as they rely on surveillance data to analyze the usefulness of their investments and whether it is being used effectively or not.

Definition and origin of term
Epidemiology means "the study of what is upon the people". The word derived from the Greek terms epi = upon, among; demos = people, district; logos = study, word, discourse. It applies only to human populations. But the term is used in studies of zoological populations 'epizoology', and plant populations.

History 

Hippocrates was the first who has looked at the relationships between disease and environmental influences. He drew the distinction between 'epidemic' and 'endemic': diseases that are 'visited upon' a population (epidemic) as contrasted with those that 'live within' a population (endemic).

11th century
The Persian physician Avicenna in the 1020s, discovered the contagious nature of tuberculosis and sexually transmitted disease. He noted the distribution of disease through water and soil. Avicenna said that bodily secretion is contaminated by foul foreign earthly bodies before being infected. He introduced the method of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious disease.
Black death
The Black Death (bubonic plague) reached Al Andalus in the 14th century. Ibn Khatima thought infectious diseases were caused by "minute bodies" which enter the human body and cause disease. Another Andalusian-Arabian physician, Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374) in his treatise On the Plague stated how infectious disease can be transmitted through bodily contact and "through garments, vessels and earrings". Girolamo Fracastoro from Verona suggested these very small, unseeable, particles that cause disease were alive. They were able to spread by air, and multiply. They could be destroyed by fire. He refuted Galen's miasma theory (poison gas in sick people). In 1543, Fracastoro's book De contagione et contagiosis morbis suggested personal and environmental hygiene to prevent disease. The development of a sufficiently powerful microscope by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1675 provided visual evidence of living particles consistent with a germ theory of disease.
Great Plague
In 1662 John Graunt analysed the mortality rolls in London before the Great Plague. This gave statistical evidence for and against various theories of disease. Dr. John Snow investigated the causes of the 19th Century Cholera epidemics. He noticed the significantly higher death rates in two areas supplied by Southwark Water Company. He showed the Broad Street pump was the origin of the Soho epidemic, a classic example of epidemiology He used chlorine in an attempt to clean the water and had the pump handle removed. This stopped the outbreak. It was a major event in the history of public health, and the founding event of the science of epidemiology.

19th century
The term 'epidemiology' was first used in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba. The term is used now for the description and causation of epidemic diseases, and of disease in general. It can be used for many non-disease health-related conditions, such as high blood pressure and obesity.
Important concepts/terms 
There are several very key terms that epidemiologists use when discussing population health and disease outbreaks. The following, although not a comprehensive list, provides some of the key concepts that are important to understand when discussing epidemiology.
 Cases: refers specifically to those individual who are sick with a disease/health condition or injured
 Epidemic / Outbreak: is the occurrence of a disease among a population that is in excess (higher rate) than what is expected for that given time and place
  Endemic: a disease or health condition that is present in the population at all times during the year
 Pandemic: a disease that spreads across various regions; also refers to global outbreaks that spreads over multiple continents
 Cluster: refers to group of cases in a specific time and place that's more than what's expected
 Population at risk: refers to those within a population who are particularly susceptible to a certain disease or health condition
It is important to note that an endemic disease or cluster can become an epidemic. An example of this would be with malaria; although malaria is endemic to certain regions in South America, Africa, and South Asia, during certain years or times it can become an epidemic with higher number of cases then usual present in the population. In addition, it is also possible for epidemic or outbreak to progress and become a full-fledged pandemic.

Calculating Disease Rates  
Rates refers to the number of cases occurring during a specific period of time and depends on the population size at that time. Calculating disease rates helps epidemiologists to compare health issues among different populations. The general calculation for determining disease rate is to divide the number of cases or health condition by the number of population at risk during a specific period of time, and multiplying that by 100. However, disease rates can also be differentiated into two different types: prevalence rate and incidence rate.
Prevalence rate refers to the number of both old and new cases in a population during a specific time period, which is divided by the total number of cases in the population. Prevalence rates are useful when dealing with investigations relating to chronic diseases, which last for more than 3 months. On the other hand, incidence rate refers to the number of new health related conditions or cases which is divided by the population at risk. Incidence rates are important in studies involving acute diseases, where symptoms of a disease peak and subside within days or weeks and generally lasts less than 3 months.

Types of Epidemiological Studies 

Epidemiological studies makes use of both experimental and observational studies.
Experimental studies
Experimental studies are ones where the epidemiologist can control and manipulate different variables throughout the experiment. It usually involves a placebo treatment/group. This type of study is used when epidemiologists are trying to determine the cause of a health issue/disease or evaluating the effectiveness of a cure or interventions.
Observational studies
Observational studies include descriptive and analytical studies; descriptive studies investigates epidemiological cases with regards to TPP while analytical study investigates hypothesis regarding relationships between health issues and risk factors. While descriptive studies (TPP) answers questions of when, who, and where, analytical studies tries to answer the question of how a population is affected by a disease and why they are affected. Overall, observational studies do not manipulate any variables and often uses comparison groups for analysis; this type of study is often done in an attempt to discover the links between exposure to certain risk factors and health outcomes. Some examples of observational studies include cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies.
 Cohort study: participants are categorized based on exposure to disease, risk factor, or presence of a health condition and are observed over time to see if they develop symptoms of the disease
Case-control study: Those individuals who are identified as cases (has the disease or health condition) are compared with those who don't have the disease/health condition
 Cross - sectional study: provides a "one-shot" picture of a group at a certain point in time; participants are selected based on a specific characteristic or because they belong to a certain population/group and are examined to see how the disease/health condition has affected their group.
Process of Epidemiological Investigations 
Investigating an outbreak is a very involved multi-step process which ranges from first establishing the existence of an outbreak to communicating the findings of the investigation with the scientific community as well as the general population. The following is a rough sequence of the process of these investigations.
Establish that there is an outbreak. Epidemiologists look at data (TPP) and surveillance studies to determine if there have been similar cases, like the one being investigated, in the past or if it is a completely new type of disease or health condition.
 Prepare for field work. Once an outbreak has been established, epidemiologists take preparations, arrange materials/equipment for travel to investigate the outbreak at its place of origin and other locations where it may have spread to.
 Verify the diagnosis. Researchers review all laboratory/clinical findings and interview patients to get a better sense of what they are dealing with and to confirm their initial diagnosis of an outbreak.
 Define/identify case. Epidemiologists must come up with a precise and standard definition of what a case is or what a case looks like because that will be used to determine who is a case and who isn't.
 Descriptive epidemiology. Then next step here is to describe the outbreak in terms of time, person, and place (TPP).
Develop a hypothesis. Epidemiologists must formulate a hypothesis about cause/risk factors of the disease, then evaluate the hypothesis and refine it as needed.
 Implement necessary control & preventative measures. This may include things like social distancing, wearing masks, frequently washing hands, as well as isolation and quarantine.
 Communicate research/investigation findings. Epidemiologists must determine which information is important and how findings will be communicated. They must also determine who the audience is that needs to know the information (is it something only health care workers need to be on the lookout for or should the general public also be made aware?)
Professions In Epidemiology 
Epidemiology is a multidisciplinary subject. Members in this field mostly includes public health care workers and scientists from related fields such as chemists, biologists, geneticists, and anthropologists. People in epidemiology may work in hospital and research settings, as well as for federal organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). One particular unit that may be of interest for those pursuing epidemiology is with with Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), a subgroup within the CDC specializing in epidemiology. Epidemic Intelligence Service officers are field workers who investigate outbreaks in the US and other countries. Their work aids in understanding causes of outbreaks and quickly stopping spread of diseases from one place to another; notably, they have contributed to helping during various pandemics in the past, such as with smallpox, polio, and Ebola.
Medical Anthropology & Epidemiology 
One particular field that has had an impact in epidemiology is anthropology. In the past, cultural anthropologists have been a very helpful resource in bridging the gap between different countries/cultures and the epidemiological investigators. They have helped and continues to help with the development and implementation of preventative/control measures in countries in a manner that will not conflict with societal beliefs or values, which may get in the way of treatment or stopping the spread of an outbreak.
In recent years however, medical anthropology in particular has taken on a larger role in the field of epidemiology. Medical anthropology looks at biological, social, cultural, and linguistic anthropology to understand how these factors influence health and well-being, experience and distribution of illness, as well as prevention of treatment. As with cultural anthropologists, medical anthropologists have continued to aid in the development of public health policies. In particular, they have been very helpful in providing a unique perspective on public health discourse. For example, they investigate how culture affects research studies, are able to pick up on seemingly "irrelevant" yet important small details that an epidemiologist might miss, and they are able to provide qualitative data whereas epidemiology only focuses on quantitative data
. One main thing of importance here is that while epidemiologist has largely ignored cultural factors when looking at the causes of diseases/health conditions, medical anthropology has challenged this notion and contributed to the field by showing how culture and social factors play a big role in people's willingness to follow public health guidelines/interventions or even accept treatment for their illnesses.
Whereas the nature of epidemiological investigations may lead to a reductionist or limited point of view, medical anthropology provides a more holistic view of the problem and examines the issue from different angles to best understand and help the populations in need. Another critical contribution of medical anthropology has been with regard to critical qualitative data. While epidemiology is focused mainly on quantitative data and trends in health of the population, medical anthropology provides rich source of information on understanding the population's subjective experiences and providing qualitative data explaining why a particular intervention or treatment may have failed among a particular population. Their main contributions in recent years have come from modifying and helping develop epidemiological surveys by taking into account word choice and the "social suitability" of questions, so that responses would be more accurate and thereby helping to increase the validity of the questionnaires
. It has also been found that medical anthropologists have played a large role in helping locals better understand the objectives of epidemiologists and thereby helped them become more receptive of their investigations. In addition to all these, one of the major contributions of medical anthropology has come from its ability to help explain health phenomenon and create and test hypothesis relating to such explanations, in a way that epidemiologists have been unable to due to their strict focus on quantitative data. In short, while epidemiology is good at understanding numerical patterns and biological causes for disease/health conditions, it is unable to fully explain all the factors that underlie certain diseases/health conditions, and this is a gap that medical anthropology has been able to pick up on and complement by providing rich qualitative data which looks at health and diseases from a holistic perspective.
Notable works
Some notable mentions of medical anthropologists who have worked and contributed to epidemiology and public health in general include Dr. Jim Kim and Paul Farmer. Dr. Jim Kim served as the president of the World Bank while Paul Farmer is a physician and medical anthropologists who focuses on infectious diseases and treatment. Both of these men co-founded the Partners in Health (PIH) program, which provided free health care to the poorest populations in countries like Haiti, Peru, and Rwanda. Other notable mentions are Amber Wutich and Alexandra Brewis, both of whom are professors and researchers at Arizona State University. They focus on health impacts caused by resource scarcity, specifically relating to lack of access to clean water in developing countries. Wutich is a director of the Global Ethnohydrology study which looks at water knowledge and management in ten countries, while Brewis researches the impact of culture on human biology.
Population-based health management 
Epidemiological practice and the results of epidemiological analysis make a significant contribution to health management
 Assess the health states and needs of a target population
 Implement and evaluate interventions
 Provide care for members of that population

Modern population-based health management is complex. Epidemiological practice and analysis is a core component. This task requires the forward looking ability to guide how a health system responds to current health issues, and how a health system can respond to future potential population health issues.

References

Additional Bibliography
Last JM (2001). "A dictionary of epidemiology", 4th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5th. edn (2008), edited by Miquel Porta  
 Morabia, Alfredo. ed. (2004) A History of Epidemiologic Methods and Concepts. Basel, Birkhauser Verlag. Part I.  
 Rothman, Kenneth, Sander Greenland and Timothy Lash (2008). "Modern Epidemiology", 3rd Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ,

Related pages 
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 World Health Organization

Public health
Masakatsu Sawa (born 12 January 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||Sporting Cristal||Primera División||5||1||||||||||||||5||1
|-
|2006||Coronel Bolognesi||Primera División||40||11||||||||||||||40||11
|-
|2007||Deportivo Municipal||Primera División||38||10||||||||||||||38||10
|-
|2008||Cienciano||Primera División||21||3||||||||||6||0||27||3

|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2009||9||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||||||
104||25||||||||||6||0||110||25
9||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
113||25||0||0||0||0||6||0||119||25
|}

References
Kashiwa Reysol 

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) is a Philippine state broadcaster owned by the Government Communications Group under the Presidential Communications Office (PCO). IBC is also commonly referred to as the "The Kaibigan Network", the Filipino term for "friend", which was introduced in 2019.

IBC, along with government-owned media companies People's Television Network and the Philippine Broadcasting Service-Bureau of Broadcast Services, form the media arm of the PCO and it is assigned as a secondary state broadcaster that primarily broadcasts education, culture, arts and sports programming. Its studios, offices and broadcast facilities are located at the IBC Compound, Lot 3-B, Capitol Hills Drive cor. Zuzuarregui Street, Barangay Matandang Balara, Diliman, Quezon City.

Related pages
 Radio Philippines Network
 People's Television Network
 Philippine Broadcasting Service

References

Television networks in the Philippines
 
Quezon City
Paul-Henri Mathieu (born 12 January 1982 in Strasbourg) is a French tennis player. He made his ATP tour debut in July 2000, in Kitzbühel. He won the ATP Newcomer of the Year award for 2002.

References

1982 births
Living people
French tennis players
Male tennis players
Sportspeople from Strasbourg
Kentaro Kawasaki (born 18 December 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kataller Toyama.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Cerezo Osaka||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2002||Sagawa Express Osaka||Football League||6||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||21||1||3||2||colspan="2"|-||24||3
|-
|2004||14||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2005||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||4||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2007||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Kataller Toyama||Football League||13||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||35||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||37||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||
98||2||12||3||0||0||110||5
98||2||12||3||0||0||110||5
|}

References
Kataller Toyama 

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka
A pooper-scooper, or poo scoop, is a device or a ‘poo bag’ used by pet owners to pick up an animal's fecal matter from public places and yards.  Such devices often have a bag or bag attachment.  The ‘poop bag’ is usually turned inside out, to carry the feces to a proper disposal area. The person performing the cleanup might also be called a pooper-scooper.

Legislation
A number of places, including New York City, have laws telling pet owners to clean up after their pets after the pet has pooped on a sidewalk or any public place, on a floor, wall, stairway or roof of any public or private premises used in common by the public, or on a fence, wall or stairway of a building abutting on a public. Authorized employees of New York City Departments of Health (including Animal Care & Control), of Sanitation, or of Parks and Recreation can issue tickets.
Health concerns
Pet droppings contaminate the environment with bacteria, parasites and stench. The droppings are one of the leading sources of E. coli (fecal coliforms) bacterial pollution: one gram of dog feces contains over 20,000,000 E. coli cells. Coliform bacteria and E. coli are commonly-used field indicators of fecal contamination by animals (including human).  Pet droppings contain eggs of Toxocara canis and Neospora caninum parasitic worms. In adult dogs infection with T.canis usually asymptomatic but can be fatal in puppies.T. canis can cause parasitic worm infection and rarely blindness in humans. N.caninum causes severe losses in livestock breeding. While an individual animal's deposit of feces will not measurably affect the environment, the cumulative effect of thousands of dogs and cats in a metropolitan area creates serious problems due to contamination of soil and water supplies. The runoff from neglected pet waste contaminates water, creates health hazards for people, fish, ducks, etc.
The situation is particularly dire in Germany, where an estimated 1400 tonnes of feces are deposited daily on public property. A citizen commission (2005) overwhelmingly recommended a plan.  DNA samples would be required when pet licenses come up for renewal.  Within a year, a database of some 12,500 registration-required canine residents would be available to sanitation workers with sample-test kits.  Evidence would be submitted to a forensics laboratory where technicians could readily match the waste to its dog.  The prospect of a prompt fine equivalent to $600 US (at 2005 exchange rate) would help assure preventive compliance, as well as cover costs.

Pets
is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a Association football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="6"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2006||30||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2007||39||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||39||7
|-
|2008||J. League 1||19||0||0||0||3||0||22||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||46||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||46||3
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
|-
|2011||rowspan="2"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||||||||||||
|-
|2012||||||||||||||||
135||10||4||0||3||0||142||10
135||10||4||0||3||0||142||10
|}

References

Other websites
 Guardian.co.uk, Seiya Fujita 

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Hokkaidō Prefecture
Sportspeople from Sapporo
Nishi was born in Sapporo on August 28, 1987. He joined J2 League club Consadole Sapporo from their youth team in 2006. Although he could hardly play in the match until 2007, Consadole won the champions in 2007 and was promoted to J1 League. In 2008, he became a regular player as right midfielder. However Consadole was finished at the bottom place and was relegated to J2 in a year. In 2009, he was converted to right side back by manager Nobuhiro Ishizaki. In 2010, he moved to J1 club Albirex Niigata and played as side back in 1 season. In 2011, he moved to Kashima Antlers as Atsuto Uchida successor. He played as side back for the club in 8 seasons. In 2016, Antlers won the champions in J1 League and qualified for 2016 Club World Cup as host country champions. At Club World Cup, he played all 4 matches and won the 2nd place. In 2018, Antlers won the champions in the 2018 AFC Champions League. In 2019, he moved to Vissel Kobe
. In 2019, Vissel won the champions in the Emperor's Cup which is first major title in the club history. In 2021, he moved to Urawa Reds.
On June 1, 2011, Nishi debuted for the Japan national team against Peru. On March 23, 2019, he played in the match for the first time in 8 years against Bolivia.

Statistics
|-
|2006||rowspan="4"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J2 League||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2007||5||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||1
|-
|2008||J1 League||27||3||1||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||34||3
|-
|2009||J2 League||41||7||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||42||7
|-
|2010||Albirex Niigata||J1 League||29||1||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|-
|2011||rowspan="8"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="8"|J1 League||30||1||1||0||0||0||3||0||34||1
|-
|2012||30||1||5||0||10||0||colspan="2"|-||45||1
|-
|2013||29||0||1||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|-
|2014||23||3||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||3
|-
|2015||30||0||1||0||5||0||6||0||42||0
|-
|2016||26||1||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||35||1
|-
|2017||30||1||2||1||1||0||6||0||39||2
|-
|2018||23||3||4||1||3||1||6||2||36||7
|-
|2019||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J1 League||29||0||3||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||36||0
|-
|2020||26||1||colspan="2"|-||1||0||6||1||33||2
|-
|2021||Urawa Reds||J1 League||||||||||||||||||||
378||23||26||2||52||1||27||3||483||29
378||23||26||2||52||1||27||3||483||29
|}
|-
|2011||1||0
|-
|2012||0||0
|-
|2013||0||0
|-
|2014||0||0
|-
|2015||0||0
|-
|2016||0||0
|-
|2017||0||0
|-
|2018||0||0
|-
|2019||1||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

References

Other websites

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Hokkaidō Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
Albirex Niigata players
Kashima Antlers players
Vissel Kobe players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
The heterokonts or stramenopiles are a major line of eukaryotes with more than 100,000 known species, most of them diatoms.

Heterokonts are mostly algae. In one stage of their life cycle they have two unequal flagella. They include both single-celled types and brown algae (seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum). They are members of the Kingdom Chromalveolata.

Phylogeny

References 

Algae
Protista
Metastability has slightly different meanings in different fields of knowledge. The general idea, however, is that something is metastable if it is not changing, yet given a small force ("nudge") it will transition to another, more stable state. 

For example, a block is sitting on a slope (an "inclined plane"). It keeps sitting there until it is nudged, or the slope is gently struck, setting up vibrations. Then the block starts to slide. At that point it keeps sliding until it reaches the bottom. The block sitting at the bottom is stable. The block sitting on the slope but not moving is metastable. And the block as it is moving is unstable. 

A real life example of this is an avalanche of snow. The avalanche is unstable (the snow is sliding down the mountainside). When the avalanche is over the snow is stable. Before the avalanche starts, the snow is metastable, since some small perturbation is enough to cause it to lose what might have seemed to be stability, but in fact was only metastability.
Chemistry
Physics
The Cryptomonads (or Cryptophyta) are a phylum of algae, most of which have chloroplasts. 
 
They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats.  Each cell is around 10-50 μm in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket.  At the edge of the pocket there are typically two slightly unequal flagella.

Some may exhibit mixotrophy, using mixed sources of energy.

References 

Algae
Protista
The England women's national football team, nicknamed The Lionesses are the national senior team for the England set up in international football. They are the current Europen Champions and the winners of the UEFA - CONMEBOL 2023 Finalissima. The team has qualified for six World Cups: 1995, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019 and 2023.

The team has done well. In the 32 games played so far, they've won 26, drawn 5 and lost 1. The team has scored 138 goals and give up only 12. England are currently ranked Number 4 in the world.

Honours

Major
 FIFA World Cup 
  Third place: 2015

 UEFA Women's European Championship
  Champions: 2022
  Runners-up: 1984, 2009

 CONMEBOL-UEFA Cup of Champions
  Champions: 2023

Minor
 Pony Home Championship
  Champions: 1976
 Mundialito
  Champions: 1985, 1988
 Cyprus Cup
  Champions: 2009, 2013, 2015
 SheBelieves Cup
  Champions: 2019
 Arnold Clark Cup
  Champions: 2022, 2023

Current squad
The following 23 players were named to the squad for the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup in July 2023.
Caps and goals are correct as of match played 1 July 2023 against .

Related pages
 England men's national football team

References

Other websites
 Official site
 Euro2005.net's look on the team 
 femaleSOCCER.net's England Women page 
 Umbro England Women's Kit Manufacturer
 'Three Lions on her Shirt' - new book on the England women's team
 englandfc.com - past results 
 England's 2023 World Cup Squad. BBC Sport.

European women's national association football teams
Football in England
1970s establishments in England
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
The Planck constant (Planck's constant) says how much the energy of a photon increases, when the frequency of its electromagnetic wave increases by 1 (In SI Units). It is named after the physicist Max Planck.  The Planck constant is a fundamental physical constant. It is written as h.

The Planck constant has dimensions of physical action: energy multiplied by time, or momentum multiplied by distance. In SI units, the Planck constant is expressed in joule seconds (J⋅s) or (N⋅m⋅s) or (kg⋅m2⋅s−1).
The symbols are defined here.

In SI Units the Planck constant is exactly  J·s (by definition). Scientists have used this quantity to calculate measurements like the Planck length and the Planck time.

Planck h=WL= Wb/2P 4C/3X=2WbC/3XP.
Magnetron W=Wb/2P
Electron L=4C/3X = 25e/3 =(13U1d)

Background

Between 1670 and 1900 scientists discussed the nature of light. Some scientists believed that light consisted of many millions of tiny particles. Other scientists believed that light was a wave.
Light: waves or particles? 
In 1678, Christiaan Huygens wrote the book Traité de la lumiere ("Treatise on light"). He believed that light was made up of waves. He said that light could not be made up of particles because light from two beams do not bounce off each other.
In 1672, Isaac Newton wrote the book Opticks. He believed that light was made up of red, yellow and blue particles which he called corpusles. Newton explained this by his "two prism experiment". The first prism broke light up into different colours. The second prism merged these colours back into white light.
During the 18th century, Newton's theory was given the most attention. In 1803, Thomas Young described the "double-slit experiment". In this experiment, light going through two narrow slits interferes with itself. This causes a pattern which shows that light is made up of waves. For the rest of the nineteenth century, the wave theory of light was given the most attention. In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell developed equations that described electromagnetic radiation as waves.

The theory of electromagnetic radiation treats light, radio waves, microwaves and many other types of wave as the same thing except that they have different wavelengths. The wavelength of the light we can see with our eyes is roughly between 400 and 600 nm. The wavelength of radio waves varies from 10 m to 1500 m and the wavelength of microwaves is about 2 cm. In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. The frequency of the electromagnetic wave is given by:

.

The symbols are defined here.
Black body radiators 
All warm things give off thermal radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation.  For most things on Earth this radiation is in the infra-red range, but something very hot (1000 °C or more), gives off visible radiation, that is, light.  In the late 1800's many scientists studied the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from black-body radiators at different temperatures.

Rayleigh-Jeans Law 

Lord Rayleigh first published the basics of the Rayleigh-Jeans law in 1900. The theory was based on the Kinetic theory of gasses. Sir James Jeans published a more complete theory in 1905. The law relates the quantity and wavelength of electromagnetic energy given off by a black body radiator at different temperatures. The equation describing this is:  
.
For long-wavelength radiation, the results predicted by this equation corresponded well with practical results obtained in a laboratory. However, for short wavelengths (ultraviolet light) the difference between theory and practice were so large that it earned the nickname "the ultra-violet catastrophe".

Planck's Law 
in 1895 Wien published the results of his studies into the radiation from a black body. His formula was:
 
.

This formula worked well for short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, but did not work well with long wavelengths.

In 1900 Max Planck published the results of his studies. He tried to develop an expression for black-body radiation expressed in terms of wavelength by assuming that radiation consisted of small quanta and then to see what happened if the quanta were made infinitely small. (This is a standard mathematical approach). The expression was:
 
.
If the wavelength of light is allowed to become very large, then it can be shown that the Raleigh-Jeans and the Planck relationships are almost identical.

He calculated h and k and found that
h =  erg·sec.
k =  erg·deg-1.

The values are close to the modern day accepted values of  and  respectively. The Planck law agrees well with the experimental data, but its full significance was only appreciated several years later.

Quantum theory of light 

It turns out that electrons are dislodged by the photoelectric effect if light reaches  a threshold frequency. Below this no electrons can be emitted from the metal. In 1905 Albert Einstein published a paper explaining the effect. Einstein proposed that a beam of light is not a wave propagating through space, but rather a collection of discrete wave packets (photons), each with energy. Einstein said that the effect was due to a photon striking an electron. This demonstrated the particle nature of light.
Einstein also found that electromagnetic radiation with a long wavelength had no effect. Einstein said that this was because the "particles" did not have enough energy to disturb the electrons.

Planck suggested that the energy of each photon was related to the photon frequency by the Planck constant. This could be written mathematically as:

.

Planck received the Nobel Prize in 1918 in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta. In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for linking the Planck constant to the photoelectric effect.

Application
The Planck constant is of importance in many applications. A few are listed below.

Bohr model of the atom

In 1913 Niels Bohr published the Bohr model of the structure of an atom. Bohr said that the angular momentum of the electrons going around the nucleus can only have certain values. These values are given by the equation
where
L = angular momentum associated with a level.
n = positive integer.
h = Planck constant.

The Bohr model of the atom can be used to calculate the energy of electrons at each level. Electrons will normally fill up the lowest numbered states of an atom. If the atom receives energy from, for example, an electric current, electrons will be excited into a higher state. The electrons will then drop back to a lower state and will lose their extra energy by giving off a photon. Because the energy levels have specific values, the photons will have specific energy levels. Light emitted in this way can be split into different colours using a prism. Each element has its own pattern. The pattern for neon is shown alongside.

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle 
In 1927 Werner Heisenberg published the uncertainty principle. The principle states that it is not possible to make a measurement without disturbing the thing being measured. It also puts a limit on the minimum disturbance caused by making a measurement.
In the macroscopic world these disturbances make very little difference. For example, if the temperature of a flask of liquid is measured, the thermometer will absorb a small amount of energy as it heats up. This will cause a small error in the final reading, but this error is small and not important.

In quantum mechanics things are different. Some measurements are made by looking at the pattern of scattered photons.  One such example is Compton scattering. If both the position and momentum of a particle is being measured, the uncertainty principle states that there is a trade-off between the accuracy with which the momentum is measured and the accuracy with which the position is measured. The equation that describes this trade-off is:  
 

where
Δp = uncertainty in momentum.
Δx = uncertainty in position.
h = Planck constant.