Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Karin Gayer (born 1969 in Mödling near Vienna) is an Austrian writer. She published poetry and fiction.

Life
Karin Gayer was born in May 1969 in Mödling and lives today in Vienna. She began to study psychology but ended her studies before the end because she “could not find what she was looking for″. Then she worked in several social professions. Karin Gayer began to write literature at school. In the beginning she only published in Austrian literary magazines, for example in Zenit and Wienzeile. Her first book made was printed in 2002 by the publisher Arovell Verlag.

Books
 Flechtwerk, poetry and small prose, Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2002, 
 Vorgänge im Labyrinth, poetry and prose (anthology, with 3 co-authors), Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2004, 
 Nachtfieber, novel, Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2009,

Notes

Other websites
 
 Arovell Verlag, Gosau (Upper Austria)
 Website of the writer

Austrian writers
1969 births
Living people
Books 
 Der Wimmerldrucker. Ein Lexikaroman. Eigenverlag, 1990.
 Thesaurus. Ein Gleiches. Gedichte. Eigenverlag, 1992.
 Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Prosa. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1993.
 Überin. Die Gosche. Prosa. Ill.: Franzobel. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1993.
 Masche und Scham. Die Germanistenfalle - Eine Durchführung & Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Proklitikon. Klagenfurt: Edition Selene, 1993.
 Die Musenpresse. Aus einem Roman von Margarete Lanner. Mit mehreren Bildnachweisen. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 1994.
 Elle und Speiche. Modelle der Liebe. Gedichte und Prosa. Wien: Das Fröhliche Wohnzimmer, 1994.
 Ranken. Prosa. Ill.: Carla Degenhardt. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1994.
 Hundshirn. Prosa. Ill.: Franzobel. Linz: Blattwerk, 1995.
 Die Krautflut. Erzählung. Nachw.: Thomas Eder. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1995.
 Schinkensünden. Ein Katalog. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 1996.
 Unter Binsen. [Mit Christian Steinbacher] Graz: edition gegensätze, 1996.
 Linz. Eine Obsession. München, Berlin: Janus Press, 1996.
Der Trottelkongreß. Commedia dell'pape. Ein minimalistischer Heimatroman. Klagenfurt, Wien: Ritter, 1998.
 m. T. [mit Klangwerkstatt Berlin]. Siegendorf: NN-Fabrik, 1998.
 Böselkraut und Ferdinand. Ein Bestseller von Karol Alois. Wien: Zsolnay, 1998.
 Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Proklitikon. & Masche und Scham. Die Germanistenfalle - eine Durchführung. Wien: Edition Selene, 1998.
 Met ana oanders schwoarzn Tintn. Dulli-Dialektgedichte. Weitra: Bibliothek der Provinz, 1999. (In Anspielung auf H. C. Artmann)
 Scala Santa oder Josefine Wurznbachers Höhepunkt. Roman. Wien: Zsolnay, 2000.
 Best of. Die Highlights. o. O: Edition Aramo, 2001.
 Shooting Star. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 2001 (aufgrund rechtlicher Auseinandersetzungen vom Markt genommen)
 Mayerling . Die österreichische Tragödie. Stück. Materialien. Collagen. Wien: Passagen, 2002.
 Lusthaus oder Die Schule der Gemeinheit. Roman. Wien: Zsolnay, 2002.
 Mundial. Gebete an den Fußballgott. Graz, Wien: Droschl, 2002.
Austrian Psycho oder Der Rabiat Hödlmoser. Ein Trashroman in memoriam Franz Fuchs. Bibliothek der Provinz, 2002.
 Luna Park. Vergnügungsgedichte. Wien: Zsolnay 2003.
 Das Fest der Steine oder Die Wunderkammer der Extentrik. Wien: Zsolnay 2005.
Plays 
 1996 Das Beuschelgeflecht
 1998 Paradies
 1998 Nathans Dackel oder Die Geradebiegung der Ring-Parabel. Eine Lessingvollstreckung
 1997 Kafka. Eine Komödie
 1998 Bibapoh
 1999 Phettberg. Eine Hermes-Tragödie
 1999 Der Ficus spricht. Minidrama für A, B, einen Volkssänger, ein Blumenmädchen und einen Gummibaum
 1999 Volksoper
 2000 Olympia. Eine Kärntner Zauberposse samt Striptease 2003 Black Jack 2004 Flugangst 2008 Der Impressario von Schmierna''

Other websites 

 Franzobel's homepage
 Franzobel: New German dramatic art. Goethe-Instituts Website

1967 births
Austrian writers
Austrian poets
Living people
The German National Library (German: Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, abbreviated DNB) is the central library and national bibliographic center for the Federal Republic of Germany. Its task is to collect, archive, document and record bibliographically all German and German language publications from 1913 on, foreign publications about Germany, translations of German works, and the works of German-speaking emigrants published abroad between 1933 and 1945, and to make them available to the public. The German National Library maintains co-operative external relations on the national and international level. For example, it is the leading partner in developing and maintaining bibliographic rules and standards in Germany and plays a significant role in the development of international library standards. The cooperation with publishers is regulated by law since 1935 for the Deutsche Bücherei Leipzig, since 1969 for the Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt.
History 
In 1848, there had been plans for a German national library. After the restauration, they were not followed any longer. The stock of books already in existence was stored at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg.
In 1912, the town of Leipzig, seat of the annual Leipzig Book Fair, the kingdom of Saxony and the Börsenverein der Deutschen Buchhändler (Association of German booksellers) agreed to found a German National Library located in Leipzig. Starting January 1, 1913, all publications in German language were systematically collected (including books from Austria and Switzerland). In the same year, Dr. Gustav Wahl was elected as the first director. In 1946 Dr. Georg Kurt Schauer, Heinrich Cobet, Vittorio Klostermann and Professor Hanns Wilhelm Eppelsheimer, director of the Frankfurt University Library, initiated the re-foundation of a German archive library based in Frankfurt am Main. The federal state representatives of the book trade in the American zone agreed to the proposal. The city of Frankfurt agreed to support the planned archive library with personnel and financial resources. The US military government gave its approval
. The Library began its work in the tobacco room of the former Rothschild library, which served the bombed university library as accommodation. As a result there are two libraries in Germany, which assume the duties and function of a national library for the later GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany, respectively. Two national bibliographic catalogues appear, which are almost identical in content.
With the unification of Germany on 3 October 1990, the Deutsche Bücherei Leipzig and the Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main were merged in the new institution Die Deutsche Bibliothek. The "Law regarding the German National Library" came into force on 29 June 2006. The expansion of the collection brief to include online publications set the course for collecting, cataloguing and storing such publications as part of Germany's cultural heritage. The Library's highest management body, the Administrative Council, was expanded to include two MPs from the Bundestag. The law also changed the name of the library and its buildings in Leipzig, Frankfurt am Main and Berlin into "Deutsche Nationalbibliothek".

Deutsches Musikarchiv Berlin 
Coordinates:
The Deutsche Musikarchiv Berlin (DMA, German Music Archive) is the central collection of printed and recorded music and the music-bibliographic information centre for Germany. It is a federal agency founded in 1970 with the task to collect all music published in the country. Its precursor was the Deutsche Musik-Phonothek (1961–1969). InBerlin's Lichterfelde, the DMA constitutes a department of the German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek). The DMA is planned to move to Leipzig, to be in an extension of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek in Leipzig. Construction work began in 2006 and is to be completed in 2009.
Publishers of printed and recorded music in Germany are required by law (since 1973) to deliver two copies of every edition to the archive. One copy is kept at the DMA in Berlin, the second is deposited in the music collection of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek in Leipzig.

Building in Leipzig 
Coordinates:
The main building of the German National Library in Leipzig was built 1914–1916 after plans of the architect Oskar Pusch. The impressive facade is 160 m long and faces the "Deutscher Platz". The building was opened on October 19, 1916, one day after the monument for the Battle of the Nations. Emperor Wilhelm II had already left in a huff, as the Leipzig citizens did not conform to Prussian Imperial ideology. The building lot of the library had been donated by the city of Leipzig, while Friedrich August III, king of Saxony provided the funds for the building.
On the facade, the portraits of Otto von Bismarck, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johannes Gutenberg are displayed. Statues represent Technology, Justice, Philosophy, Medicine etc. The central reading room contains a picture by Ludwig von Hofmann, depicting Arcadia in Art Nouveau-style. The Library includes a museum for books and letters as well.

Inventory
24.1 million items
Leipzig: 14.3 million items
Frankfurt am Main: 8.3 million items
Berlin: 1.5 million items

Related pages
 Bavarian State Library
 Berlin State Library
 Integrated Authority File

Other websites 

d-nb.de – German National Library 
Deutsches Musikarchiv Berlin 
AG Sammlung Deutscher Drucke 
theeuropeanlibrary.org – Combined access to 48 national libraries in Europe
Libraries-Link.net  – German Internet portal for libraries

Buildings and structures in Frankfurt
Buildings and structures in Leipzig
Libraries in Germany
National libraries in Europe
In linguistics, intonation is variation of pitch while speaking which is not used to distinguish words. (Compare tone.) Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody.

All languages use pitch semantically, that is, as intonation, for instance for emphasis, to convey surprise or irony, or to pose a question. Tonal languages such as Chinese and Hausa use pitch to distinguish words in addition to intonation. 

Rising intonation means the pitch of the voice increases over time; falling intonation means that the pitch decreases with time. A dipping intonation falls and then rises, whereas a peaking intonation rises and then falls.
The classic example of intonation is the question-statement distinction.
For example, northeastern American English, like very many languages (Hirst & DiCristo, eds. 1998), has a rising intonation for echo or declarative questions (He found it on the street?), and a falling intonation for wh- questions (Where did he find it?) and statements (He found it on the street.). Yes or no questions (Did he find it on the street?) often have a rising end, but not always. Some languages like Chikasaw and kalaallisut have the opposite pattern: rising for statements and falling with questions.

Dialects of British and Irish English vary substantially, with rises on many statements in urban Belfast, and falls on most questions in urban Leeds.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, "global" rising and falling intonation are marked with a diagonal arrow rising left-to-right  and falling left-to-right , respectively. These may be written as part of a syllable, or separated with a space when they have a broader scope:
He found it on the street?

Here the rising pitch on street indicates that the question hinges on that word, on where he found it, not whether he found it. 

Yes, he found it on the street.

How did you ever escape?

Here, as is common with wh- questions, there is a rising intonation on the question word, and a falling intonation at the end of the question.

References

Linguistics
Heinz Gerstinger (born October 13, 1919 in Vienna; died April 28, 2016 in Vienna) is an Austrian writer, playwright and historian.

Life 
Heinz Gerstinger studied history and dramatics at the University of Vienna. He has worked for the universities of Graz and Vienna, as well as for theaters in Graz, Augsburg and Vienna. As he published in literary magazines and newspapers, he worked for the Austrian radio and television. Heinz Gerstinger was a member of the Austrian P.E.N. and the writers' association Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband.

Works

Movie 
 As an actor: Bernhard Wicki (director): Das falsche Gewicht following the book by Joseph Roth
Literature 
 Calderón, Velber Hannover, Friedrich 1967
 Spanische Komödie - Lope de Vega und seine Zeitgenossen, Friedrich Velber Verlag, Hannover 1968
 Theater und Religion heute, 1972
 Der Dramatiker Anton Wildgans, 1981
 Österreich, holdes Märchen und böser Traum - August Strindbergs Ehe mit Frida Uhl, Herold, Vienna 1981
 Der Dramatiker Hans Krendlesberger, Wagner, Innsbruck 1981
 Wien von gestern - ein literarischer Streifzug durch die Kaiserstadt, Edition Wien, Vienna 1991, 
 Frau Venus reitet... - Die phantastische Geschichte des Ulrich von Lichtenstein, 1995
 Ausflugsziel Burgen - 30 Burgen rund um Wien, Pichler, Vienna 1998, 
 Altwiener literarische Salons - Wiener Salonkultur vom Rokoko bis zur Neoromantik (1777-1907), Akademische Verlagsanstalt Salzburg 2002, 
 Der heilige Dämon - Pope Gregory VII,  Faksimile Verlag, Graz/Salzburg,

Notes

Other websites 

Critical review on Ausflugsziel Burgen , in German

1919 births
2016 deaths
Austrian historians
Austrian playwrights
Writers from Vienna
Ingrid Reichel (born 1961 in St. Pölten, Lower Austria) is an Austrian artist, painter, essayist, and a reviewer of arts and literature.

Biography
Ingrid Reichel has grown up in Kabul, Afghanistan and between 1967 and 1981 in Paris, France. Then she moved to St. Pölten, the capital of Lower Austria, where she still lives with her family. She had her first art exhibitions in 1991. Her works address sociopolitical topics. Ingrid Reichel is very active in the cultural life of St. Pölten and introduces children to arts and literature. Since 2005 she writes critical reviews, essays and portraits of artists. She is a directing member of the Literary Society St. Pölten (Literarische Gesellschaft) and writes also for its literary magazine etcetera.
Exhibitions
 1998: Cycle Nackte Gedanken, Prehistoric Museum/Castle of Traismauer and Gallery Kleiner Bischofshof in Vienna
 1999: Reflections, group exhibitions
 2000: Cycle ZOOM, ORF Landesstudio Niederösterreich (TV of Lower Austria), St. Pölten
 2000: IM_PULS, Dentist Congress, Melk
 2001: Cycle TABU, Communal Museum of St. Pölten
 2002: Cycle Geh.ende, Gallery fein.sinn, St. Pölten
 2003: Cycle isen formunge, Haus Kremayr, Museum Ybbsitz
 2005: zart beseitigt, poster series, exposition stock.WERK, St. Pölten, and Library of Lower Austria
 2007: high.matt.ade, Aktionsradius, Vienna
 2008: Zwischen Sein & Schein, 30 Meter Sonnenschein, façade of the Communal Museum of St. Pölten
Other websites
Homepage of the artist, retrieved on 2009-09-14
Literary magazine etcetera, St. Pölten, retrieved on 2009-09-14
Eva Riebler interviews Ingrid Reichel (in German), retrieved on 2009-09-14
Artistic project Zwischen Sein & Schein in the communal museum of St. Pölten, retrieved on 2009-09-14
Critical review on the drama Her mit den Prinzen und weg mit dem Speck, Landestheater of Lower Austria, retrieved on 2009-09-14

1961 births
Living people
Austrian painters
Austrian writers
Essayists
People from Lower Austria
Absurdism is a type of philosophy. People who support and argue for absurdism are known as 'absurdists'. Absurdists think that the human condition is essentially absurd because humans are always looking for meaning, but are completely unable to find meaning because no such meaning exists. In philosophy, this is called ‘the Absurd’. In this case absurd means that it is not possible to be done by humans.
Absurdists, most notably Albert Camus, believe that when human beings realize this fundamental absurdity they have different reactions. One reaction is suicide, but this is not generally considered to be a viable solution by Absurdists; suicide is in and of itself the most absurd action possible. Another reaction is to believe in something higher (Camus gave religion as an example of this, although he went on to criticize its merit as a solution to fundamental absurdity) when they see that there is no meaning they can find in the universe (which is what absurdism says is the basic state of human experience). The final reaction is to accept the absurd, and also to keep trying to overcome it. Camus believed that a human being could become happy by finding meaning in their relationship with the absurdity of their existence.

Perhaps the most notable absurdist philosopher is Albert Camus. Søren Kierkegaard's ideas contributed to the development of Absurdist philosophy, although he was himself an existentialist.
References

Related pages
Nihilism

Philosophical movements and positions
Elpídio Silva (born 19 July 1975) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for AEK Larnaca.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||||

|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||12||8
|-
|1998||10||2

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Braga||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||32||16
|-
|1999/00||25||5
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Boavista||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||21||10
|-
|2001/02||27||8
|-
|2002/03||30||10
|-
|2003/04||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||27||5
|-
|2004/05||Vitória SC||Portuguese Liga||23||7
|-
|2005/06||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||1||0

|-
|2005/06||Derby County||League Championship||0||0

|-
|2006||Corinthians Alagoano||||||

|-
|2006||Suwon Samsung Bluewings||K-League||11||1
||
22||10
186||61
0||0
11||1
219||72

1975 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Takahiro Shimada (born 9 February 1965) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Gamba Osaka.

Club career statistics

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|Matsushita Electric||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||||||||||||||||
|-
|1990/91||21||0||||||1||0||22||0
|-
|1991/92||19||1||||||3||0||22||1
|-
|1992||rowspan="6"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||12||0||0||0||1||0||13||0
|-
|1994||16||2||0||0||3||1||19||3
|-
|1995||38||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|-
|1996||10||1||4||0||11||0||25||1
|-
|1997||15||0||1||0||6||0||22||0
131||4||8||0||25||1||164||5
131||4||8||0||25||1||164||5
|}

References

1965 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka
Ryuji Ishizue (born 22 July 1964) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|All Nippon Airways||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||||||||||||||||
|-
|1990/91||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1991/92||6||0||||||0||0||6||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||5||0||5||0
|-
|1993||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1994||7||0||0||0||2||0||9||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="4"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|Football League||23||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|-
|1996||30||0||3||0||0||0||33||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||28||0||2||0||5||0||35||0
|-
|1998||13||0||2||0||4||0||19||0
107||0||11||0||16||0||134||0
107||0||11||0||16||0||134||0
|}

References
Vissel Kobe 

1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Hyōgo Prefecture
Shuichi Mase (born 22 October 1973) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for North American, Central American, and Croatian clubs. He is currently a football coach and interpreter.

References
Fagiano Okayama

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Mie Prefecture
Tropical Storm Grace was an unusual tropical cyclone that formed in the Atlantic Ocean. It was the 7th named storm of the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season. Grace began over the Azores on October 4, and had wind speeds of 65 mph (100 km/h). However, the storm did not last very long, and cold water temperatures caused it to weaken. The storm died out on October 6 over England. The storm was farther north and east in the Atlantic than most tropical storms.

Grace had only minor effects on land. While it was passing through the Azores, islands near the storm felt strong winds and some rain. In Portugal, the storm partly caused heavy rain that caused flooding. What was left of Tropical Storm Grace hit parts of Ireland and the United Kingdom. In this area,  of rain fell and winds became strong, although there was no bad damage.

Meteorological history
A large cyclone near Grace caused the storm to weaken. By this time, the storm was over  waters, likely stopping further strengthening. Early on October 6, Grace merged with a weather front over the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Just before this, the lowest air pressure in the storm was recorded at 986 mbar (hPa; 29.12 inHg). What was left of Grace continued for about 18 hours before dissipating in the Celtic Sea early on October 7. Although the NHC officially called Grace a tropical storm, the French meteorological service said it should not have been called a tropical cyclone. They argued that the formation of Grace was more like a non-tropical storm than a tropical one.

Impact and records

When Grace was over the Azores, a few islands had light rain and high winds. Wind gusts reached  on Ponta Delgada. On October 6, the storm's rainbands caused heavy rain and strong winds in parts of Portugal. This flooded some streets. In the mountains, wind gusts may have been stronger than .
Because the storm was moving so fast when it reached the United Kingdom, the rain was not heavy. In Ireland,  of rain fell in the city of Cork. Winds in the city were . Rainfall in the country peaked at  in Wexford. The strongest winds were Force 8 on the Beaufort scale, meaning gale-force. Near the coast of Wales, a buoy recorded winds  of , as strong as a small tropical storm. Late on October 6, Grace moved over Wales, bringing heavy rain and high winds. A ship called the Cap Castillo recorded winds of  on October 5. At that time, the ship was about  south of the storm's center.
In real time, Grace was not named as a tropical storm until it reached the latitude 41.2°N. This would have been the second farthest-north that a tropical storm formed in the Atlantic. Only Tropical Storm Alberto of 1988 had formed farther north. However, at the end of hurricane season, it was found that Grace actually became a tropical storm 12 hours earlier than people first thought. As a result, it formed at 38.5°N, which is further south. However, the storm's location was still unusual.

The NHC said that the formation of Grace was not predicted by meteorologists (weather men). The first mention of the low pressure area that became Grace said it would not become a tropical or subtropical storm. For three days, it was not mentioned in the NHC's tropical weather outlooks until just before it became a tropical cyclone. The lack of forecasts was blamed on the storm's unusual location.

Related pages
2009 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricane Vince (2005)

References

Other websites
Other websites

The National Hurricane Center's Advisory Archive for Tropical Storm Grace
The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Grace

2009 Atlantic hurricane season
Atlantic tropical storms
October 2009 events
Amar Osim (born 18 July 1967) is a Bosnia and Herzegovina former football player. He is one of the most successful Bosnian-Herzegovinian football managers.

References

1967 births
Living people
Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers
People from Sarajevo
"Be Good to Me" is a song on Ashley Tisdale's first album, Headstrong. "Be Good to Me" was the first song released off the album. It was released in the United States on December 25, 2006 and in South America in January 2007. The album version has rap vocals by David Jassy.

2006 songs
(9 July 1249 – 4 October 1305), was the 90th emperor of Japan, in the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 1259 and ended in 1274.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, his personal name (imina) was .  The posthumous name of Kameyama comes from the place name of the emperor's tomb, in a section of Kyoto.

He was the seventh son of Emperor Go-Saga and the younger brother of Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

Kameyama was the father of 36 children, including the son and heir who became Emperor Go-Uda.
Events of Kameyama's life
 1258 (Shōka 2): Kameyama's son, Prince Tsunehito was named Crown Prince and heir at age nine.
 1259 (Shōgen 1, 11th month): In the 14th year of Go-Fukakusa's reign, he abdicated.  Go-Fukakusa's younger brother got the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Kameyama accepted the monarch's role, duties and powers (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 1268 (Bun'ei 5): Kameyama did not answer a letter from Kublai Khan which demanded tribute.  Khan, the leader of China, saw this non-response as rude and not respectful.
 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 1st month): In the 15th year of Kameyama's reign, he abdicated.
19 November 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Yuan China (Kublai Khan) sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan. Some military forces landed near Fukuoka in Kyūshū.   This was the "Battle of Bun'ei" or the 1st Mongol Invasion.  The same day, a storm sank many of the ships with the main part of the invading army. The invaders ran away to Korea.  During the short fight, the Hakozaki Shrine was burned to the ground.
 1281 (Kōan 4): This is called the "Battle of Kōan" or the 2nd Mongol Invasion. A typhoon broke up the invading fleet; and this act of 'divine wind' was called kamekaze.
 1291 (Shōō 4): Kameyama helped to found the Buddhist temple Nanzen-ji in Kyōto.
1305 (Kagen 3): Kameyama died.

After his death
The Imperial Household Agency say the mausoleum (misasagi) of Kameyama is in Kyoto.  The emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine there.

Eras of reign
The years of Kameyama's reign cover more than one era name.
 Bun'ō, 1260-1261
 Kōchō, 1261-1264
 Bun'ei, 1264-1275

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Emperor Go-Kameyama

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
1249 births
1305 deaths
The  is the only national library in Japan. It was established in 1948.

The purpose of the library is to assist members of the . The library is similar in purpose and scope to the U.S. Library of Congress.

The National Diet Library has two main facilities. One is in Tokyo and the other is in Kyoto. There are also several branch libraries in Japan.

Related pages 
 National Archives of Japan

References

Other websites 

 NDL Japanese website
 NDL English website
 NDL Digital Archive Portal (English)
 Kansai-kan of the NDL (English)
 Digital Library from the Meiji Era (English summary only) 
 Digital Library from the Meiji Era (Japanese)
 Rare Books Image Database (Japanese) 
 NDL image viewer .
 NDL-OPAC Japanese Index 
 NDL-OPAC English Index 
 Database of National Diet Minutes (Japanese)
 Database of Imperial Diet Minutes (Japanese)
 NDL Interlibrary Loan Application Procedures 
 NDL Photoreproduction Service 
 NDL Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures
National libraries in Asia
Libraries in Japan
1948 establishments in Asia
1940s establishments in Japan
Weight training is a common type of strength training. It uses the force of gravity in the form of weighted bars, dumbbells or weight stacks to oppose the force generated by muscles. Weight training uses many different special things to help certain areas of muscle and different kinds of body motions.

"Weight training" is not bodybuilding, Olympic weightlifting, or power-lifting; these are sports and not training. Weight training is a part of these sports' training.

Reps, sets, tempo and rest

Weight training has many similarities with other kinds of strength training. Each uses the ideas of "repetitions" (or "reps"), "sets", "tempo", and "rest" in different kinds of body motions to increase strength.

For a certain body motion or exercise, "reps" are doing the motion again and again with no rest between.

A "set" is a number of reps and a time of rest. 3 sets of 10 reps would be doing the motion 10 times, resting, doing it again 10 times, resting, and doing it ten more times, then resting.
The "tempo" of an exercise means the speed one motion is done. A particular exercise may require you to move down then up, but one person may go down and come up in 2 seconds, while someone else may move slower and take 10 seconds. So 10 reps will take 20 seconds for the first person, but 100 seconds for the second. Most times slower motion is more difficult.

Rest has a no different meaning for weight training, but it is very important. During rest no motion is necessary. Different kinds of weight training use different rest times between sets. Some use as little as 30 seconds and others can use as much as 8 minutes.
Weight training and bodybuilding
Weight training has a similarity to bodybuilding, but they have different objectives. Bodybuilding uses weight training to help make muscles larger and good looking, without care for more strength. They train to make their muscles larger and get low levels of body fat. Many weight trainers train differently and for the result of being strong and doing difficult things for a long time while not thinking about dropping body fat far under normal.

Safety
Weight training is a safe kind of exercise when the motion is slow, controlled, and careful. In similarity to many things, doing it wrong or without care can result in hurting oneself.
Good Form
Each different weight training exercise is used only for a certain muscle area or group of muscles. This muscle area is the "primary" muscle area for that certain exercise or motion. After several reps in a set, the motion will become difficult. People will then sometimes try to use other muscle areas to help the primary muscle area with the motion by jerking or making a small change in the motion. This is bad form. The reason this may hurt somebody is that these other areas may not be strong enough to move the same weight as the primary area, and they may be strained if used.

An example: in the squat exercise the person may sometimes use the back muscles if they are bent too far forward at the bottom of the motion. The squat exercise will use only the leg muscles if the person carefully keeps his back straight.

Stretching
Stretching

Many people who use weight training spend 5 minutes stretching their muscles using special stretching motions and body positions. There is scientific work that says stretching helps make the chance of hurting oneself smaller.

Warm Up
"Warming up" is also used to make the chance of hurting oneself smaller. A "warm-up" is a few sets of an exercise done before other exercises that are done at the much easier weight. These sets help move blood into the muscles and make lifting higher weight safer.

Breathing
Good use of breath is another thing to think about. There is a very small chance of blackout or stroke if the person exercising is straining too much and they hold their breath while doing the motion of an exercise. This is why many advise breathing out during the difficult part of the motion (for example, when lifting breath out and breath in when coming down for many exercises).
Drinking Water
As with many kinds of exercise, weight training people should drink enough water. Some say a weight training person should drink about 200ml of water every 15 minutes. Drinking a "sports drink" similar to Gatorade does not help more than water for water needs but may help with some kinds of salts that you may need after exercise. If a very large amount of water is used it is possible to drink too much water, so the use of care is important.
"Spotting" or Helpers
Some kinds of weight training exercise need a helper or "spotter" to help make the motion safe. For example the bench press.  Because the weight is directly above the body, a "spotter" or helper is used by many people in this exercise. The helper will stand behind the head of the person doing the exercise. If after doing some of the exercises the person doing the exercise cannot move the weight, the "spotter" will help the person move the weight back up to the starting position by taking hold of the bar and lifting together with the person.

It is safe to do many exercises without a spotter. Many exercise machines are made to be safe for use alone. But it is always safer to do weight training exercise with other people near who can help if you get hurt.
Pain
If an exercise causes sudden very sharp pain, with similarity to being cut with a knife, that is bad pain and you should stop the exercise. But all weight training exercises will slowly cause muscles to be tired and cause small strain in the muscle area they use. When some people say "no pain no gain" they mean the tired feeling and small strain will help make you stronger. But sharp sudden pain is bad and may mean someone was hurt (this will not help you be stronger).

Being hurt this way may mean no "warm-up" was done.

Other
Many people will get medical advice before starting weight training to make certain they are healthy enough to do the exercises. People who are old or who have needed medical help in the past should get medical advice before weight training.

Kinds of Weight Training

Plyometric vs Isotonic
Most people mean isotonic weight training when they talk about weight training. Isotonic lifting is done with a smooth tempo during the reps.
Plyometric weight training uses sudden motions to help people do things like jump higher or strike with more power. These are motions which must be done quickly and with power. Because these types of exercise may use jerking motion, it is more important to do a long warm-up and stretch before attempting these exercises.

Isolation vs. Compound
An "isolation" exercise is made to use only one muscle or a small muscle area. A compound exercise is made to use a larger muscle area that uses more muscles. It is still good form to do a compound exercise that uses more than one muscle area if the exercise is made to use the other areas.

For example, a pull-up uses the muscles on top of the arm to help the back muscles in this exercise. It is a compound. A bicep curl uses only the muscles on the top of the arm. This is an isolation exercise.
Most isolation exercises are very special and need a special apparatus to help them. Compound exercises are more natural. An isolation exercise may be used when one muscle is less strong than others it is used within a compound motion. Also bodybuilders use isolation exercises to make good looking muscles.

Health benefits
Weight training strengthens bones, helping to prevent bone loss and osteoporosis. By increasing muscular strength and improving balance, weight training can reduce falls by elderly persons as well.

Weight training also is important to keep muscle strong when on a diet to drop fat. Without weight training or other strength training a person on a diet may lose muscle with the fat when they go down in weight.

Related pages
Weightlifting

References
References

Sources
 Johnson-Cane, Deidre; Cane, Jonathan; Glickman, Joe (2000). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Weight Training. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. pp. 169. 
 Weerapong, Pornratshanee, Patria A. Hume, and Gregory S. Kolt. "Stretching: Mechanisms and Benefits for Sports Performance and Injury Prevention." Physical Therapy Reviews 9.4(2004): 189-206.

Fitness
A gang is a group of people who do things together. The word "gang" comes from the Old English gan, which means "to go". It is also related to Old Norse gangr "a group of men". In modern times the word gang is often used to refer to a group of people who commit crimes together. Members of criminal gangs may be called gangsters.

There are several reasons why people join gangs. Lots of people who join gangs are young people. One reason that people join gangs is a chance to make money through doing things like selling illegal drugs, stealing and sex trafficking. Another reason, especially for younger people, is a chance to have a place where they belong. A third reason is boredom.
Gang identification 
Gang members often use graffiti to tell other gangs that an area is part of their "territory" and that other gangs should stay away. Marking territory, usually with spray paint, is sometimes called "tagging," however tagging usually means messages by one person, called a tagger. Tagger graffiti promotes the individual and is usually more artistic. As well as being a “no trespassing” sign telling rival crews to stay away, gang graffiti can send other messages. Gang graffiti may be a message about future violence or criminal activity. Members of a gang often dress similarly or have the same tattoos.

Gang violence 

Gang violence refers to illegal acts of violence performed by gangs. The violence may be against innocent people, property, or other gangs. Gang violence is extremely prevalent across the world in cities like Moscow, Detroit, Chicago and Los Angeles. Nearly every major city has seen gang violence at some point in its history.

Related pages 
Mara Salvatrucha

References
Folk metal is a type of heavy metal music that started in Europe in the 1990s. This music is a mixture of heavy metal and traditional folk music. Many times, folk instruments are used in it. Sometimes traditional singing styles are also used.

The earliest example of folk metal was the English band Skyclad. Their first album, The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth was made in 1990. In 1994 and 1995 more folk metal bands appeared in Europe and Israel. Some of these early bands were the Irish band Cruachan, the Israeli band Orphaned Land, and the German band Subway to Sally. Each band started to develop their own type of folk metal. These styles became Celtic metal, Oriental metal and Medieval metal.

In the 1990s, folk metal was not well known and there were not many folk metal bands. In the early 2000s, folk metal became a lot more popular. It was very popular in Finland. Some folk metal bands in Finland were Ensiferum, Turisas, Korpiklaani, Finntroll and Moonsorrow.
Different bands play folk metal music in different ways. A lot of different instruments are also used. Many bands have six or more members so they can play many different instruments at the same time. A few bands also use keyboards to make the sound of folk instruments. Lyrics in folk metal are normally about nature, fantasy, mythology and history.

Heavy metal subgenres
Ensiferum is a folk metal band from Helsinki, Finland. The name comes from the Latin word ensĭfĕrum which means "sword bearer". (someone who carries a sword) The members of the band call their music "heroic folk metal." Ensiferum has made four albums, one EP, one compilation, three singles, and three demo albums.

Musical style
Ensiferum's music has harsh vocals. They are normally mixed with clean vocals for choruses and bridges. The band often plays Metal and folk tunes on lead guitar or keyboard with heavier traditional heavy metal sounds such as gallop rhythm. It is common for them to use acoustic guitar at the start of songs. Their lyrics often deal with fantastical, or historic stories. These stories usually have heroic themes.

Albums
 Ensiferum  (2001)
 Iron  (2004)
 Victory Songs  (2007)
 From Afar  (2009)
 Unsung Heroes  (2012)
 One Man Army  (2015)
 Two Paths  (2017)
 Thalassic (2020)

References
References

Finnish heavy metal bands
Folk metal bands
Musical groups from Helsinki
Musical groups established in 1995
1995 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Finland
was a  after Shōka and before Bun'ō.  This period started in March 1259 and ended in April 1260.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Shōgen era
 1259 (Shōgen 1, 11th month): In the 14th year of Go-Fukakusa's reign (後深草天皇14年), the emperor resigned; and his younger brother became the emperor
 1260 (Shōgen 2): Nichiren wrote Rissho Ankoku Ron ("On Securing the Peace of the Land through the Propagation of True Buddhism").

Related pages 
 Kamakura period
 Jōgen (Kamakura period), 1207-1211 – Shōgen is an alternative pronunciation

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Shōgen
1259
1260
1250s in Japan
1260s in Japan
Kenichiro Tokura (born 31 May 1971) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="3"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||11||0||0||0||3||0||14||0
|-
|1995||21||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||22||0
|-
|1996||7||0||0||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|1997||Kawasaki Frontale||Football League||20||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|1998||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|1999||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||10||0||0||0||1||0||11||0
|-
|1999||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||2||0||2||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2001||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 1||15||0||0||0||2||0||17||0
91||0||3||0||6||0||80||0
91||0||3||0||6||0||80||0
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Gahkuch is the capital city of the Ghizar District in Pakistan. It is at 36°10′N, 73°45′E.

Cities in Gilgit-Baltistan
The Sicilian defence, usually called just the Sicilian, is a chess opening, which starts with these moves: 
1. e4 c5
In competitive chess, it is by far the most frequently played reply to the King's Pawn opening (1.e4).

Open variations 1e4 c5 2Nf3 followed by 3d4. A typical line is
1.e4 c5
2.Nf3 d6
3.d4 cxd4
4.Nxd4 Nf6
5.Nc3
Now Black decides where to put his KB: on e7 or g7; his QN will probably go to c6.

Closed variations 1e4 c5 2Nc3 not followed by d4. A typical line is
1.e4 c5
2.Nc3 Nc6
3.f4 d6
4.Nf3 g6
5.Bb5 Bg7
6.d3

Instead of 3.f4, a slower game with 3.g3 followed by Bg2 and d3 could be chosen by White.

ECO code B20–B99. ECO is the Encyclopaedia of chess openings.

Chess openings
The King's Gambit is a chess opening which starts with these moves:
1.e4 e5
2.f4 and now
2...exf4 is the King's Gambit accepted, and 3.Nf3 the most common move.
2...any other move by Black is the King's Gambit declined. 2...d5 is most usual.

The opening is called a gambit because White sacrifices a pawn. In exchange for the pawn, White gets better development and opens up lines that can be used to attack/checkmate the black king. It was more popular in the 1800s, when many Black players did not know good ways to play against it.

ECO code C30–C39. ECO is the Encyclopaedia of chess openings.

Chess openings
The Celtic Sea (; ; ; ) is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Ireland. To the east of it are the Saint George's Channel, the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, as well as adjacent portions of Wales, Cornwall, Devon, and Brittany. The southern and western boundaries are based on the continental shelf.

Other websites 
 Coccoliths in the Celtic Sea : a bloom of phytoplankton in the Celtic Sea, visible from outer space in an MISR image, 4 June 2001

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Bodies of water of Europe
The Réti opening (or just "the Réti") is a hypermodern chess opening. It starts with 1.Nf3. It was originally devised for sequences like
1.Nf3 d5
2.c4 d4
3.b5

Now 2.g3 is as usual as 2.c4 in this opening. The opening can change into many others as pieces develop. This is called transposition.

ECO code is A04–A08. ECO is the Encyclopaedia of chess openings.

Chess openings
Barbed wire (also called barb wire) is a kind of wire that is used to make cheap fences. It has sharp metal points (barbs),  which make climbing over it painful.

The first patent in the United States for barbed wire was issued in 1867 to Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio, who is regarded as the inventor. Joseph Glidden of DeKalb, Illinois, received a patent for the modern invention in 1874 after he made his own modifications to previous versions. 

It was first used for controlling cattle and later in trench warfare, and in other places to stop people. Improvements led to the creation of Razor wire, in the 1960's.

References

Security
War
A balanced budget amendment is a rule in the United States Constitution that requires the government's yearly budget to spend no more than it earns, so the government does not have to borrow money.

Some proposals of the balanced budget amendment allow the government to borrow money (spending more than it earns) during a time of emergency such as war, or if most people in Congress agree it is necessary.

United States Constitution
Faggot might mean:

Faggot (food), a type of food, a meatball from the UK
Faggot (slang) (or "fag"), a derogatory term for a homosexual in the United States
 MiG-15 Fagot, a fighter aircraft
 In music, a "faggotti" is a musical instrument called a bassoon
Howard Staunton (1810 – 22 June 1874) was an English chess master. He was the world's strongest player from 1843 to 1851.p391 This is based on his 1843 match victory over the strongest French player, Saint-Amant. Staunton was the main organizer of the first international chess tournament in London 1851. It was organised to help celebrate the 1851 Exhibition at Hyde Park. These events helped to make London the world's leading chess centre. The winner of the tournament, Anderssen, then became recognised as the world's strongest player.

Staunton ran a chess column in the Illustrated London News from 1845 to his death in 1874. He edited the Chess Player's Chronicle, the first important chess magazine in English,p297 from 1841 to 1854. He won matches against all the top players of the 1840s. 
"He wrote valuable books, particularly the Chess-player's handbook of 1847 which... became the standard reference book for English club players down to the end of the century".
In 1847 he entered a parallel career as a Shakespearean scholar. Ill health and his two writing careers led him to give up competitive chess after 1851. In 1858 attempts were made to organise a match between Staunton and Morphy, but they failed. Morphy's biographer alleged that Staunton misled Morphy to avoid the match, but Staunton said he had retired from serious play.

Staunton's understanding of positional (strategic) play was far ahead of his rivals. His chess articles and books were widely read, and encouraged the development of chess. His Chess-Player's Handbook (1847) was a standard text-book for decades. He played and popularised two of the most important modern openings, the Sicilian Defence, and the English Opening. Staunton was a controversial figure in his time, and his chess writings could be spiteful. There is no doubt that he was the supreme figure in the chess world of the mid-19th century. His books, and his writing for newspapers and magazines, had world-wide influence.

Life
Life

Nothing is known about his early life. It is not even known whether 'Howard Staunton' was his name at birth. Staunton's birth certificate has never been found; he claimed 1810 as his year of birth. His parents and his place of birth are unknown.

On 23 July 1849 Staunton married Frances Carpenter Nethersole, who had eight children by a previous marriage.

In 1849 Nathaniel Cook registered a chess set design, and Jaques of London got the manufacturing rights. Staunton advertised the new set in his Illustrated London News chess column, pointing out that the pieces were easily identifiable, very stable, and good-looking. At the start, the label for each box was signed by Staunton in ink; later, his signature was printed on the Jacques label. He was paid by Jaques not just for his signature, but also for the plugs he put in the Illustrated London News. Each set sold brought him a fee. The design became popular, and 'Staunton pattern' sets been the standard for competitive events ever since.
First steps in chess 

Staunton was twenty-six when he took a serious interest in chess. In 1838 he played many games with Captain Evans, the inventor of the Evans Gambit, and also lost a match against the German chess writer Aaron Alexandre. He had improved sufficiently by 1840 to win a match against the German master H.W. Popert. From May to December 1840 Staunton edited a chess column for the New Court Gazette. He then became chess editor of the magazine British Miscellany, and his chess column developed into a separate magazine, the Chess Player's Chronicle, which Staunton owned and edited until the early 1850s.

Early in 1843 Staunton prevailed in a long series of games against John Cochrane, a strong player. A little later that year he lost a short match (2½-3½) in London against the visiting French player Saint-Amant, who was the best French player at that time.