Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Foie gras (play /fwɑːˈɡrɑː/; French: [fwa ɡʁɑ]); French for "fat liver") is a food product made of the liver of a duck or goose that has been specially fattened. Foie gras is defined as the liver of a duck fattened by gavage (force-feeding corn), although outside of France it is occasionally produced using natural feeding.

Foie gras is a popular and well-known delicacy in French cuisine. Its flavor is described as rich, buttery, and delicate, unlike that of an ordinary duck or goose liver. Foie gras is sold whole, or is prepared into mousse, parfait or pâté (the lowest quality), and may also be served as an accompaniment to another food item, such as steak.

There is concern in animal rights circles that the way of making it is cruel.

French food
Spreads
Poultry
Offal
Jasmine van den Bogaerde (born 15 May 1996), also known by her stage name Birdy,  is an English musician. She was born in Lymington, Hampshire. She won the music competition Open Mic UK in 2008, at the age of 12. Her version of Bon Iver's "Skinny Love" was successful, peaking inside the top twenty of the charts in her native United Kingdom and in some other European countries. Her eponymous first album Birdy was released on 7 November 2011. the album peaked at No. 13 in the UK and in the top 5 in France, Belgium and the Netherlands and number 1 in Australia. Her second album Fire Within was released 23 September 2013 in the UK. She is the great-niece of Dirk Bogarde.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

1996 births
Living people
British child singers
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Hampshire
A staphylococcal infection (also called staph infection) is an infection caused by a Staphylococcus bacterium. Staphylococcus can cause many different infections. It can also cause food poisoning.

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a staphylococcus bacterium that can cause dangerous or even fatal diseases. Because Staphylococcus aureus can live on dry surfaces, such as doorknobs or tables, for longer than most bacteria, someone can get sick from Staphylococcus aureus from touching one of those surfaces if someone with a staphylococcal infection has touched it even if there is nobody who has a staphylococcal infection near them. Staphylococcus aureus can also cause toxic shock syndrome by releasing toxins into the bloodstream.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is Staphylococcus aureus that is not cured by the antibiotic Methicillin or any other penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics. This is called antibiotic resistance. Because penicillin and cephalosporin are the most important drugs that doctors use to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections, doctors may not be able to cure people with MRSA.

Types of staph infections

Other Staphylococcus bacteria
Other Staphylococcus bacteria can cause infections, including Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a bacterium that is normally on the skin. If someone has a disease that makes his or her immune system work badly, this bacterium might give him or her an infection. Staphylococcus saprophyticus can cause urinary tract infections in women.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Musa Ibrahim () is a Bangladeshi mountaineer and a journalist. He reached the summit around 5:05am BST on May 23, 2010. He put up the flag of Bangladesh on the summit at around 5:16am BST. From then, Bangladesh became the 67th country to have one of its citizens reach the top of Mount Everest.

Musa Ibrahim is the General Secretary of North Alpine Club Bangladesh, a Bangladeshi mountaineering club. He also serves as Senior Correspondent at Channel 24. He also served as the sub-editor of The Daily Star. 
He founded "Everest Academy" on 2011 to get more young people to participate in mountaineering and adventure activities.

Musa reached the top of Mount Kilimanjaro on 13 September 2011, with his team member Niaz Morshed Patwary.
Education 
Musa Ibrahim attained his Bachelor of Education(B.Ed) degree on Science Education and Master of Education(M.Ed) degree on Educational Evaluation and Research from 'Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of Dhaka. He also attained a degree on Disaster Management from BRAC University. Musa Ibrahim was a student of Thakurgaon Sugar Mills High School during 1983 to 1994.

Family 
Musa Ibrahim is the second child of his parents. His father's name is Ansar Ali and mother's name is Bilkis Begum. His elder sister is Noor Ayesha, UN employee and younger brother is Shoeb Harun, studying in Sydney, Australia. He got married in January 2007 to Ummey Sharaban Tahura, Assistant Judge. Their only son is Wasi Ibrahim Raiid.
Mountaineering timeline
September 13, 2011: Mount Kilimanjaro (5,885 m/19,308 ft) Summit
May 23, 2010: Everest(8848m/29,029 ft) Summit
June 14, 2009: Annapurna IV (7525m/24682 ft) Summit
December 1, 2008: Langsisa Ri (6310m/20700 ft) Summit
May, 2007: Chullu West(6419m/21054 ft)Ascent up to  18500 ft
May, 2006: Frey Peak(5831m/19125 ft) Summit
September, 2005: Advanced Mountaineering Training(5335m/17500 ft) Finished training successfully
May, 2005: Mera Peak(6654m/21825 ft) Ascent up to  18500 ft
May 10–23, 2004: EBC Trail(5335m/17500 ft) Trekked successfully
April, 2004: Basic Mountaineering Training(4878m/16000 ft) Finished training successfully
April 8–16, 2002: Annapurna Trail(3800m/12464 ft) Ascent Muktinath
September 2000: Keocradong Hill(967m/3172 ft) Trekked to the top successfully

References

 thedailystar.net
thedailystar.net

Other websites
Musa's official website
http://jugantor.info/enews/issue/2010/05/25/news0454.php 
http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2010-05-25/news/65859 
http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&id=162247&hb=top 

1979 births
Living people
Bangladeshi journalists
Mountain climbers
Activities 
 Choirmaster and director of the Chamber Choir of the Moscow Conservatory
 Deputy Art director and choirmaster of the Russian State Chorus named after Sveshnikov
 Art director and conductor of the Japanese opera «O-Natsu», project of the World Music Studies Center
 Founder and Chief conductor of the Concert Choir of the Moscow Pedagogical State University
 Conductor of the Moscow State Theatre «Lenkom»
 Teacher of the Choir conducting department at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory
 Senior lecturer of the Music Department of MPSU
 Director of the Autumn Choral Festival of the Moscow Conservatory
 In 2004 Laureate «Grand Prix» of Youth choral competition «Moscow is Sounding»
 In 2006 Laureate of I All-Russian Festival-competition of Liturgy Music after Sergey Taneev
 In 2007 Laureate of the Lomonossov Award
 In 2004, 2008 Laureate of Moscow Student Festival «Festos»
 since 2012 A. Solovyev art director of the Chamber Choir of Moscow Conservarory
References
 A. Solovyev on official site of Moscow conservatory  
 Interkultur 
 Educational Bridge Project

1978 births
Living people
Russian conductors
Sidney Altman (May 7, 1939 – April 5, 2022) was a Canadian-American molecular biologist. He was a Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University. In 1989 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas Cech for their work on the catalytic properties of RNA. Altman was of Jewish descent.

Works
Altman's Nobel Prize work came with the analysis of the catalytic properties of the ribozyme RNase P. RNase P is a ribonucleoprotein particle, part RNA and part protein. Originally it was thought that, in the bacterial RNase P complex, the protein subunit was responsible for the catalytic activity of the complex.
During experiments in which the complex was taken apart and put together in test tubes, Altman and his group discovered a remarkable thing.  The RNA component, in isolation, was enough for the observed catalytic activity of the enzyme. This was remarkable because, previously, it was thought that only enzymes could catalyse reactions in living cells. Altman's research showed that RNA itself had catalytic properties. This was the discovery that earned him the Nobel prize.

Although the RNase P complex also exists in eukaryotic organisms, Altman's later work showed that in eukaryotes the protein subunits are essential to the catalytic activity, in contrast to the bacterial RNase P.

Death
Altman died on April 5, 2022 in Rockleigh, New Jersey after a long illness at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
Sidney Altman Nobel Lecture: Enzymatic cleavage of RNA by RNA
Altman S Author Profile Page on Pubget
1939 births
2022 deaths
American molecular biologists
American Nobel Prize winners
Canadian academics
Canadian Jews
Canadian Nobel Prize winners
Canadian biologists
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Montreal
Brian Denis Cox, CBE (born 1 June 1946) is a Scottish actor who is best known for his roles in Manhunter, Rushmore, X2, Troy, and in RED. He has won an Emmy Award and an BAFTA Award. In 2018, he began playing Logan Roy in the television series Succession.

Cox was born on 1 June 1946 in Dundee, Scotland. He studied at the Dundee Repertory Theatre and at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Cox was married to Caroline Burt from 1968 until they divorced in 1986. He married Nicole Ansari in 2002. With Burt, he had four children, two who were stillborn. With Ansari, he has two sons.

References

Other websites

1946 births
Living people
Golden Globe Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
People from Dundee
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
Kathryn Ann Bigelow (born November 27, 1951) is an American movie director, movie producer, screenwriter and television director. Her most critically successful movies are The Hurt Locker and Zero Dark Thirty. She is the first woman to win the Academy Award for Best Director, the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing and the BAFTA Award for Best Direction for The Hurt Locker. She is also known for other movies such as Point Break, Near Dark, Strange Days and most recently Detroit.

Early Life and education 
Bigelow was born on November 27, 1951 in San Carlos, California. She studied at the San Francisco Art Institute and got a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1972. She did a study program at Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City. Bigelow went on to do graduate studies at Columbia University.
Bigelow taught at the California Institute of the Arts. Bigelow wrote her first movie The Set-Up in 1978 at Columbia University. The movie was about two men beating each other up and two professors analyzing the situation. The movie was part of her MFA at Columbia.

Career

Early Career 
Bigelow's first full-length movie was the independent movie The Loveless (1981). She directed it with Monty Montgomery. The story was about a bicycle rider played by Willem Dafoe. Bigelow did not want it to follow a traditional plot-line. The movie was, in some ways, against mainstream Hollywood.
Bigelow went on to direct Near Dark (1987). The movie was Bigelow's first as a single director. Three actors were also in Aliens (1986), which James Cameron directed. The movie did not make that much money but got positive reviews from critics. Like The Loveless, Bigelow also broke tradition and experimented with genre. The movie is a mixture of western and vampire genres. In 1988, The Museum of Modern Art highlighted the new movie in its Cineprobe program. Near Dark is considered the first movie, in which Bigelow showed a unique and notable style as filmmaker. 

The next movie Bigelow directed was Blue Steel (1990). The movie was an action genre but also had elements of a fantasy movie and plays with genre. In the movie, Jamie Lee Curtis stars as a police officer whom a serial killer stalks. Like Near Dark, Eric Red co-wrote the screenplay. Blue Steel is similar to The Silence of the Lambs (1991). In both, women detectives are the main characters. Some critics said the movie was empowering for women.
Point Break (1991) followed Blue Steel. The movie starred Keanu Reeves as an FBI agent. The movie made a lot more money than Bigelow's previous movies. It got about $80 million profit. However, it had somewhat lower ratings. Critics thought the movie was simply an action movie and was just gut emotions. Some have said the movie is not as radical or feminist as Bigelow's other movies. The movie has created a cult following.
Bigelow directed her next movie Strange Days (1995). She worked with her former husband, James Cameron, on the story. Bigelow focused more on the less romantic parts of the story. Bigelow partly wanted to work on Strange Days because of events like the 1992 Los Angeles riots. The movie was a science fiction thriller and used movie noir. It made very little money and was controversial with critics. Bigelow wanted to include controversial themes like racism, abuse of power, and rape. The movie was also controversial, because Bigelow was a female director. Strange Days almost ended Bigelow's career. Bigelow would not direct another movie for five years.

Bigelow directed the independent movie K-19: The Widowmaker in 2002. The movie stars Harrison Ford and Liam Neeson and is about Soviet soldiers in the first nuclear submarine. The movie was very expensive, did not make a lot of money and got mixed reviews.
2008–present 
Bigelow's next movie was the independent movie The Hurt Locker (2008). The movie is about an explosive disposal team in the Iraq War. The movie stars Jeremy Renner, Brian Geraghty and Anthony Mackie. It was shown at the Venice Film Festival in September 2008. Bigelow wanted the movie to be as real as possible, "raw and immediate". Bigelow was interested in the idea of a man going near bombs. Usually, people would run away from bombs. Mark Boal was the screenwriter. Bigelow wanted cinematographer Barry Ackroyd because she liked how real United 93 was.
The movie was a critical success and got very positive reviews. Critics liked Bigelow as director. The movie got many awards. The movie got nine Academy Award nominations and won six. It also got nine Oscar nominations. The movie also won many awards from critics.  Bigelow won the Academy Award for Best Director, the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing and the BAFTA Award for Best Direction. It is thought to be one of best movies of 2008. BBC also named it one of the best movies of the 21st century.

Bigelow's next movie Zero Dark Thirty (2012) was also a success. It is about the hunt for Osama Bin Laden. Critics praised the movie. They said it was one of the best of year. The movie got five nominations at the Academy Awards and four nominations at the Golden Globe Awards. There was only controversy about the torture scenes.
Bigelow's most recent movie is Detroit (2017). It is about the 1967 Detroit riots. The movie had positive reviews, but made little money. Bigelow worked again with Mark Boal.

In March 2022, it was announced that Bigelow will direct a movie version of David Koepp’s book, Aurora for Netflix.

Personal life
Bigelow was married to director James Cameron from 1989 to 1991.

Movies

References

Other websites

1951 births
Living people
Screenwriters from California
American television directors
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Academy Award winning directors
BAFTA Award winning directors
Saturn Award winners
Educators from California
Mizo National Front (MNF) is a regional political party in Mizoram, India. It held a major uprising in 1966. In 1986, it signed the Mizo Accord with the Government of India, ending the violence.

References 

Political parties in India
1961 establishments in Asia
Mizoram
1960s establishments in India
Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Fürst von Wahlstatt (; December 16, 1742 – September 12, 1819) was a Prussian general who went to war against Napoleon. A bust in the German Walhalla temple near Regensburg was sculpted in his honour.

Other websites 
von Blucher at thefreedictionary.com

1742 births
1819 deaths
German generals
People from Rostock
João Belchior Marques Goulart (March 1, 1918 – December 6, 1976) was the 24th President of Brazil. He was deposed by a coup d'état in April 1, 1964.

Presidents of Brazil
1918 births
1976 deaths
Rio Grande do Sul
Presidents of the Federal Senate
CEU Cardenal Herrera University (in Spanish language Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera) is a prestigious private university in Valencia, Spain. The university gained its current name in 1999. The Foundation inaugurated its work in Valencia in 1971 and in Elche in 1994. Since then, their academic offers have increased.

The university has three schools: Social Sciences, Health and Experimental Sciences, and Technical. It has three campuses in Moncada and Elche (Alicante). UCH-CEU currently has over 10,000 students from all over Spain, especially the regions of Valencia, Murcia, Majorca, Ibiza. Every year, it also welcomes more international students with programs like European Erasmus Programme.

References
References

 Cardenal Herrera-CEU University (Spain)
 http://www.uchceu.es/
 http://www.infinitecourses.com/SADetails.aspx?University=Universidad-CEU-Cardenal-Herrera&UniversityID=11953
 http://www.universidad.es/universities/spains_universities/universidad_cardenal_herrera_ceu_en 
 http://internacional.universia.net/espanya/uch.ceu/inf_general_ing.htm

Other websites
 Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera

1971 establishments in Europe
Colleges and universities in Spain
Buildings and structures in Valencia
1970s establishments in Spain
The Pakistan cricket team (), nicknamed  Green Shirts or Shaheens (Eagles), is the national cricket team of Pakistan. Represented by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB), the team is a full member of the International Cricket Council. It Started with a Test match in 1952. Pakistan has played 889 ODIs, 121 Twenty20s and 412 Tests. Pakistan cricket team won the 1992 World Cup with the captaincy of Imran Khan and were 2nd in the 1999 World Cup.

Squad

Test Cricket

One Day Interationals

Twenty20

References

Cricket
Cricket clubs
1952 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Pakistan
Cricket in Pakistan
Bangladesh has a parliamentary representative democratic republic.  The Prime Minister of Bangladesh is the head of government.

The Constitution of Bangladesh was written in 1972.  There have been fifteen amendments.

All citizens are able to vote after they turn 18.  There are 300 members of the legislature.  They are elected at least every 5 years.

References

Bangladesh
The Ricki Lake Show was an American talk show which had Ricki Lake as the host. It began on September 11, 1993 and ended on May 25, 2004. The show was similar to The Oprah Winfrey Show.

References

Other websites

1993 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
American television talk shows
English-language television programs
Valentinian III (; 2 July 419 – 16 March 455), was Roman emperor in the western Roman Empire from 425 to 455. After Attila the Hun was defeated, Valentinian feared that his general Aetius would overthrow him. So, Valentinian killed Aetius, whose guards then killed Valentinian.

References

5th-century‎ Roman emperors
419 births
455 deaths
Alibori is the largest and northernmost département of Benin.  It has an area of 25,683 km².  In 2003 the population was 355,950.

The department is divided into 6 communes.  Each commune is centered at one of the main towns: Banikoara, Gogounou, Kandi, Karimama, Malanville, and Ségbana. The department borders the countries of Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria.

The département was made in 1999 when it was split off from Borgou. Since 2008, the capital has been Kandi.

References  

Departments of Benin
Ridlington is a village in Rutland in the East Midlands of England.

References

Settlements in Rutland
Villages in England
Atakora is the northwestern department of Benin. It borders Togo to the west and Burkina Faso to the north. It is the most mountainous area of Benin.  It is where the president, Mathieu Kérékou, was born.

It is a much drier area of the country than the south.  There are 3 major seasons, a rainy season that runs from May or June to September or October, a Harmattan season of cool, dry winds that runs from October or November to February, and a hot, Famine season that runs from February to April.

Atakora is divided into the communes of Boukoumbé, Cobly, Kérou, Kouandé, Matéri, Natitingou, Pehonko, Tanguiéta, and Toucountouna.

In 1999 the southern part of Atakora was split off to form the new Donga Department.

References  

Departments of Benin
Atlantique is one of the twelve departments of Benin.

Atlantique is divided into the communes of Abomey-Calavi, Allada, Kpomassè, Ouidah, Sô-Ava, Toffo, Tori-Bossito, and Zè.

In 1999 the Littoral Department was split off from Atlantique.

References  

Departments of Benin
Borgou is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Borgou borders the country of Nigeria. The capital of Borgou is Parakou. The total area is 25,310 km.².

Communities
Borgou is divided into the communes of Bembèrèkè, Kalalé, N’Dali, Nikki, Parakou, Pèrèrè, Sinendé, and Tchaourou.

Departments of Benin
Collines is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Collines was formed in 1999. Since 2008, the capital is Savalou.

Communities
Collines is divided into the communes of Bantè, Dassa-Zoumè, Glazoué, Ouèssè, Savalou, and Savé.

Departments of Benin
Donga is one of the twelve departments of Benin.

History
Donga was formed in 1999 when Donga was split from Atakora. The capital of Donga is Djougou.  

Departments of Benin
Desmond Wilkinson Llewelyn (12 September 1914 – 19 December 1999) was a Welsh movie, television, stage, radio and voice actor. He was best known for his role as Q in 17 of the James Bond movies from 1963 through 1999.

Llewelyn was born on 12 September 1914 in Newport, Monmouthshire. He studied at Radley College. Llewelyn was married to Pamela Mary Pantlin from 1938 until his death in 1999. He died on 19 December 1999 in Firle, East Sussex, England due to being injured in a road accident. He was 85.

References

Other websites

1914 births
1999 deaths
Actors who played Q
British radio actors
People from Newport
Road accident deaths in the United Kingdom
Welsh movie actors
Welsh stage actors
Welsh television actors
Welsh voice actors
Kouffo is one of the twelve departments of Benin. Kouffo borders the country of Togo. Since 2008, the capital is Aplahoué. This department was formed in 1999 when it split from the department of Mono.

Kouffo is divided into the communes of Aplahoué, Djakotomey, Klouékanmè, Lalo, Toviklin and Dogbo.

Departments of Benin
Littoral is one of the twelve departments of Benin. It has just one commune/city, Cotonou.  It is the largest city in the country and the economic capital. Littoral is the smallest department of the twelve. Littoral was split from the Atlantique Department in 1999.

Departments of Benin
Mono is one of the twelve departments of Benin. The capital of this department is Lokossa. Kouffo Department was part of Mono until 1999.  

The Gen language is only spoken in this department in Benin. Other languages spoken in this area are Ewe and some of the Phla–Pherá languages

Mono is divided into the communes of Bopa, Comé, Grand-Popo, and Houéyogbé.

Departments of Benin
Ouémé is one of the twelve departments of Benin.

In 1999 the northern part of the department was split off to form the new Plateau Department.

The department is divided into 9 communes: Adjarra, Adjohoun, Aguégués, Akpro-Missérété, Avrankou, Bonou, Dangbo, Porto Novo, and Sèmè-Kpodji.

Departments of Benin
Plateau is one of the twelve departments of Benin.

Plateau is divided into the communes of Ifangni, Adja-Ouèrè, Kétou, Pobè and Sakété.

Departments of Benin
Zou is one of the twelve departments of Benin.

Zou is divided into the communes of Abomey, Agbangnizoun, Bohicon, Cové, Djidja, Ouinhi, Za-Kpota, Zangnanado, and Zogbodomey.

References

Departments of Benin
Matthew Lyn Lillard (born January 24, 1970) is an American actor, director and producer. He is known for portraying the roles of Chip Sutphin in Serial Mom (1994), Emmanuel "Cereal Killer" Goldstein in Hackers (1995), Stevo in SLC Punk! (1998), Stu Macher in Scream (1996),Tim LaFlour in Senseless (1998), Billy Brubaker in Summer Catch (2001), Jerry Conlaine in Without a Paddle (2004), Dez Howard in The Groomsmen (2006), Joey in Home Run Showdown (2012), Jack Rusoe in Return to Nim's Island (2013) and Shaggy Rogers in both Scooby-Doo (2002) and Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004). In animation, he has been the current voice of Shaggy since Casey Kasem retired from the role in 2009.
Lillard was born January 24, 1970 in Lansing, Michigan. His father is of English, French-Canadian, German, Irish, Native American and Welsh descent and his mother is of Danish, English and Portuguese descent. He was raised Christian. He studied at Foothill High School and at American Academy of Dramatic Arts with fellow actor Paul Rudd. He dated Neve Campbell from 1996 to 1998, the two remained friends. And he married Heather Helm since 2000. They have three children.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

Other websites
 

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Michigan
American Christians
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American stage actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
People from Lansing, Michigan
Dr. Thomas Boni Yayi (born 1 July 1951) is a Beninese politician and banker. He served as the President of Benin from 6 April 2006 to 6 April 2016. He was re-elected to a second term in March 2011. From 29 January 2012 to 27 January 2013, he was the Chairperson of the African Union.

On 15 March 2007, Boni Yayi survived an assassination attempt.  Several of the people travelling with the president were wounded in gunfire between the presidential guard and the would-be assassins.

On 23 October 2012, the BBC said that his doctor, niece, and former commerce minister had been arrested in a plot to poison the president. The niece changed his medicine to a "toxic substance" while he was on a state visit to Brussels.
In September 2021, Patrice Talon and Thomas Boni Yayi, political allies who have become intimate enemies, met at the Marina Palace in Cotonou. During this tête-à-tête, Thomas Boni Yayi presented Patrice Talon with a series of proposals and requests, relating in particular to the release of “political detainees”.'

References

Other websites

1952 births
Living people
Presidents of Benin
African Union chairpersons
Pascal Irénée Koupaki (born 18 May 1951) is a Beninese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Benin from May 2011 to August 2013. He was Director of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister from 1996 to 1998. 

He was a member of the Board of Directors for African Development Bank.

References

1951 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Benin
The silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) is a species of bat.  It is the only member of the genus Lasionycteris.

The bat is found in Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. They are the most common bat in forested areas in the United States. Silver-haired bats are also called Silverwings.

Description 
Silver-haired bats are nearly black.  They have silvery-tipped hairs on their back. It's a medium-sized, heavily furred bat. It weighs around 8-12 grams.  Its total length is around 100 mm on average, its tail being 40 mm.

Distribution and Habitat 
Silver-haired bat is found in Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It is found from southeastern Alaska in summer to northeastern Mexico in winter. It lives in dry habitats at low elevations during seasonal migrations. They often roost in tree cavities or in bark crevices on tree trunks, especially during migration.
Feeding 
Silver-haired bats mainly eat insects with soft bodies, such as moths, but will also eat spiders and harvestmen. It will forage low, over both still and running water, and also in forest openings. Silver-haired bats are slow but can turn quickly. They can use echolocation to find prey that is a short distance away.

In Fiction
Shade is the name of the main character in the novel Silverwing by Kenneth Oppel.  He is a young silver-haired bat runt.

References

Bats
Mammals of North America
The bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) is a small Australian nocturnal animal.  It is an omnivore. It is one of the most common species of rats.

The bush rat is found most in the coastal regions of southwestern Australia.  It is mostly in the lowlands, but the bush rat can also be found in parts of the Australian Alps and on some offshore islands.

It is a pest species because it can destroy cane fields.  It is also host to more parasites than any other Australian rodent.

References

Old World rats and mice
Mammals of Australia
The Old Christian Cemetery, Abbottabad (also known as the OCC, or the Gora Qabristan, White-people's cemetery), is a cemetery in Abbottabad, Pakistan. It dates from British Indian colonial times. 

The cemetery was established in 1853 when James Abbott founded Abbottabad. It was later attached to St Luke's Church, Abbottabad when it was completed in 1864.

Buildings and structures in Abbottabad
Religious buildings and structures in Pakistan
1853 establishments
19th-century establishments in Pakistan
1850s establishments in Asia
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft. It was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War, gaining its respect when defending the English Channel from the Luftwaffe in Operation Sea Lion and the Battle of Britain. The Spitfire was designed by R. J. Mitchell as a short-range, high-performance interceptor aircraft. There were more Spitfires made than any other British aircraft and it was the only British fighter that was being made throughout the war.

The Supermarine Spitfire was no doubt one of the very best British warplanes, and a large roleplayer of WWII. It had great speed, agility and weaponry. Over time, the Spitfire evolved into an even better aircraft. This is all a pilot could ask for. It had very few flaws, the main being that the engine would usually stall when entering a dive or when experiencing negative pressure/G-Forces due to its float carburetor engine.
The Spitfire's elliptical wing had a thin cross-section. This allowed a higher top speed than other fighters of the time, including the Hawker Hurricane. The elliptic shaped wing gives the aircraft a very low amount of induced drag. Speed was seen as essential to carry out the mission of home defence against enemy bombers. The original airframe was designed to be powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine producing 1,030 hp (768 kW).

Because of its higher performance, Spitfire units had a higher victory-to-loss ratio than units flying Hurricanes.

The Spitfires were originally built at the Supermarine factory in Southampton, to be closer to the fighting front. Later, heavy bombing struck Southampton and the production moved to the Castle Bromwich
factory in Birmingham where Spitfires would be produced for the Britain for the rest of the war. A memorial has been built in honour of the workers by Tim Tolkien. It is called Sentinel.
Specifications (Spitfire MK VB)
Data from Spitfire: The History[184] and Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II[185]

General characteristics

Crew: One pilot
Length: 29 ft 11 in (8.87 m)
Wingspan: 36 ft 10 in (11.23 m)
Height: 11 ft 5 in (3.86 m)
Wing area: 242.1 ft2 (22.48 m2)
Airfoil: NACA 2213 (root)
NACA 2209.4 (tip)
Empty weight: 5,065 lb (2,297 kg)
Loaded weight: 6,622 lb (3,000 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 6,700 lb (3,039 kg)
powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Merlin 45[nb 16] supercharged V12 engine, 1,470 hp (1,096 kW) at 9,250 ft (2,819 m)

Performance

Maximum speed: 370 mph (322 kn, 595 km/h)
Combat radius: 410 nmi (470 mi (756 km))
Ferry range: 991 nmi (1,135 mi (1,827 km))
Service ceiling: 36,500 ft (11,125 m)
Rate of climb: 2,600 ft/min (13.2 m/s)
Wing loading: 27.35 lb/ft2 (133.5 kg/m2)
Power/mass: 0.22 hp/lb (0.36 kW/kg)

Armament
Armament

Guns:
A wing
 8 × .303 in Browning Mk II* machine guns (350 rounds per gun)
 B wing
 2 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II (60 rounds per gun)
 4 × .303 in Browning Mk II* machine guns (350 rounds per gun)
 C wing
 4 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannon (120 rounds per gun)
 C wing (Alt.)
 2 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II (120 rounds per gun)
 4 × .303 in Browning Mk II* machine guns (350 rounds per gun)
 E wing
 2 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannon (120 rounds per gun)
 2 × .50 in M2 Browning machine guns (250 rounds per gun)

References 

World War II British aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft
The Khokhar are an indigenous tribal community from Punjab region of Pakistan who are classified as Jats with a high social status. It is certain that Khokhars follow Islam and are predominantly Muslims.

According to the medieval history, the Khokhars mostly lived in the Salt Range in the Northern Punjab and they have been a very dominant landowning tribe.

Khokhars are one of the "Blood proud" tribes as they hold a high social status and are classified as a higher or upper caste.

Khokhars were the most powerful and influential tribe of Punjab from 13th to 15th century.

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Pakistani tribes
Bahá-ud-dín Shah an-Naqshband Muhammad al-Uwaysi al-Bukhárí () (1318–1389) was the founder of what would become one of the largest Sufi Sunni orders, the Naqshbandi.

Biography 
Bahá-ud-dín was born on 18 March 1318 CE (14 Muharram, 718 AH) in the village of Qasr-i-Hinduvan (later renamed Qasr-i Arifan) near Bukhara, in what is now Uzbekistan and it was there that he died in 1389.

Lineage 
Bahá-ud-dín was a Sayyid, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Imam Hasan al-Askari.

Harvard professor Annemarie Schimmel held the opinion of Bahauddin Naqshband being a descendant of Imam Hasan al Askari.

One registered lineage of him is the following:
Muhammad
 Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima Al Zahra
 Imam Hussain
 Imam Ali Zayn al-Abidin
 Imam Muhammad al Baqir
 Imam Ja'far al-Sâdiq
 Imam Musa al-Kazim
 Imam Ali al Reza
 Imam Muhammad al Taqi
 Imam Ali al Hadi
 Imam Hasan al-Askari
 Mir Sayyid Ali Akbar
 Sayyid Mir Muhammad Mahmud Fakhriddin
 Amir Sayyid Mir Muhyuddin
 Amir Sayyid Mir Khalwati
 Amir Sayyid Mir Naqi Naqib
 Sayyid Mir Ilaq
 Sayyid Mir Mahmud
 Sayyid Burhan Qilich
 Sayyid Mir Shaaban
 Sayyid Mir Qasim
 Sayyid Mir Zayn ul Abedin
 Sayyid Mir Abdullah
 Sayyid Mir Burhanuddin Qilich
 Amir Sayyid Mir Jalalludin Muhammad Bukhari
 Amir Sayyid Mir Muhammad Bukhari
 Bahauddin Naqshband
Naqshbandi Golden Chain 
He came into early contact with the Khwajagan (lit: the Masters), and was adopted as spiritual progeny by one of them, Baba Muhammad Sammasi, while still an infant. Sammasi was his first guide on the path, and more important was his relationship with Sammasi's principal khalifa (successor), Amir Kulal, the last link in the silsila, or chain of teachers, before Baha-ud-Din:

 Muhammad
 Sayyidna Abu Bakkar Siddique
 Salman the Persian
 Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakkar
 Ja'far al-Sadiq
 Bayazid Bistami
 Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani
 Abu Ali Farmadi
 Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Hamadani
 Abdul Khaliq al-Gajadwani
 Arif ar-Riwagri
 Mahmood Anjir-Faghnawi
 Azizan Ali Ramitani
 Sayyid Amir Kulal
 Mohammad Baba As-Samasi
 Imam at-Tariqah Muhammad Baha'uddin Shah Naqshband
As a youth, Naqshbandi was recognized as an exceptional Islamic scholar before he turned 20. He traveled to Mecca for the Islamic pilgrimage Hajj at least three times. He became a respected scholar in Central Asia and received many guests and pupils to Bukhara from other parts of Central Asia.

Death 
Bahá-ud-dín was buried in his native village, Qasr-i Arifan, in 1389. In 1544, Khan Abd al-Aziz built over his grave a tomb and surrounding buildings. The Memorial complex is located 16 kilometers from Bukhara and is today a place of pilgrimage.

References

Further reading 

 The Rules or Secrets of the Naqshbandi Order by Omar Ali-Shah (1992) 
 The Masters of Wisdom by John G. Bennett (1995) 
 The Naqshbandi Sufi Way, (History and Guidebook of the Saints of the Golden Chain). by Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani. Kazi Publications, USA (1995) 
 Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, Islamic Supreme Council of America (June 2004), .

Other websites
Other websites 

 The official website of Shaykh Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi the patron of Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi Order in East and West.
 The official website of the Naqshbandi-Haqqani Sufi Order of America
 Naqshbandia Owaisiah
 Ghazwat ul-Hind
 The official website of the Naqshbandiyya-Mujaddidiyya Order of the USA and Europe

1318 births
1389 deaths
Asian Sufis
Meshech is a person mentioned in the Bible, described in Genesis 10 as the son of Japheth, son of Noah. 

Meshech in the Bible can also mean the tribe that came from his children, or the country where they lived, for example in Psalm 120:5. Many Bible Atlases such as IVP and Zondervan  state it was in Asia Minor, while others say the Caucasus.

Related pages
For Gog, 'the chief ruler of the nations of Meshech and Tubal' (Book of Ezekiel 39:1) see Armageddon

References
Prophezine.com
Topical Bible.org

Old Testament people
Of Monsters and Men is an indie pop-rock group from Iceland. They have had many hit songs, including their 2011 single "Little Talks".

Pop music groups
Icelandic musicians
Mukti Bahini () was a Bengali military force in East Pakistan. It fought against the Pakistan Army in the Bangladesh Liberation War. The war was fought in 1971, and the group was formed during the war. This organisation was also known as the Liberation Army of Bengal. Together with India it fought against the forces of West Pakistan. After the war, East Pakistan became independent from West Pakistan, and is known as Bangladesh today.

References

1971 in Bangladesh
Nationalist organizations in Bangladesh
Armies
1971 in Pakistan
Bangladesh Liberation War
Linear A is an ancient script used on Crete. No one has been able to translate this script yet.  It was one of the writing systems used in Minoan Crete. Another script, about a century older, is called Cretan hieroglyphs. For some time, both methods of writing were used. Probably, each system was used for a special purpose.

Linear A was used from about the 17th century BC until the 15th century BC. Linear B is a script based on Linear A. It has been translated. Archaeologist Arthur Evans found both Linear A and B.
Linear A has about fifty signs that are similar to those in Linear B. About 80% of the signs in Linear A are unique. Using the knowledge from Linear B to read Linear A produces text which cannot be read. The language used has been called Eteocretan. It does not seem to be related to any known language. Today, about 70 characters (probably representing syllables) are known. The meaning of about 100 ideographic characters is known. These are combined with the syllables. Also, there are a few numerals whose value is known.

Most texts seem to be lists. A few are probably short dedications, as they are found on libations. So far, no long texts have been found. Straight lines, such as those used for Linear A, are not very practical to use on clay tables. For this reasons, most writing was probably done on other things, such as papyrus or parchment. The problem with these materials is that they do not last as long as clay does. For this reason, most writing on papyrus and parchment has probably been lost.
References

Unreadable writing systems
Minoan culture
17th century BC
The Thetford Hoard, or Thetford Treasure, is a hoard of Romano-British metalwork found at Gallows Hill, near Thetford in Norfolk, in November 1979. It is now in the British Museum.

Dating from the mid- to late-4th century AD, this hoard is a collection of thirty-three silver spoons and three silver strainers, twenty-two gold finger rings, four gold bracelets, four necklace pendants, five gold chain necklaces and two pairs of necklace-clasps, a gold amulet designed as a pendant, an unmounted engraved gem, four beads (one emerald and three of glass), and a gold belt-buckle decorated with a dancing satyr. A small cylindrical lidded box made from shale also belonged to the hoard.
Discovery 
The find was made under unfortunate circumstances. The site had been recently cleared for building work, and the finder was using a metal-detector without the knowledge and permission of the owners of the site. The discovery was made late on a November day, in failing light. The finder recovered the material in great haste, probably overlooking some small items, because he knew he had no legal right to search in that area. He did not, as the law requires, report his discovery to the authorities.  Instead, he unwisely attempted to sell the objects he had found to private buyers.

By the time archaeologists learned of the find several months later, the place had been built over, which made proper archaeological investigation impossible. It was not even possible to question the finder about the circumstances: by the time the material arrived at the British Museum for study, he was terminally ill, and he died about a month later, in July 1980.
There were persistent rumours that the treasure originally included coins, and probably the group as we see it now is incomplete. The full account of the circumstances of the discovery is told in the standard catalogue.

References 

Norfolk
Archaeological sites in England
Treasure troves
Linear B is an ancient script, used to write Mycenaean Greek, as the oldest known form of Ancient Greek. This was proved by Michael Ventris in the early 1950s. Linear B came before the Greek alphabet by several centuries.

The script is based on Linear A, a script which cannot be read today. The oldest texts written in Linear B date from about 1450 BC. Linear B was found mainly in the palace archives at Knossos, Cydonia, Pylos, Thebes and Mycenae. The writing of Linear B language disappeared with the fall of the Mycenaean civilization.

There are about 87 signs in Linear B that represent syllables. In addition, there are many ideographic signs: These represent objects or commodities. They do not represent sounds, and are never used as word signs in writing a sentence.
Linear B seems to have only been used for administration. In all the thousands of clay tablets, a relatively small number of different "hands" (or writers) have been detected: 45 in Pylos (west coast of the Peloponnese, in southern Greece) and 66 in Knossos (Crete). The script may have only been used by a guild of professional scribes. These scribes worked at the different palaces: when the palaces were destroyed, the script disappeared.

References

Writing systems
Ancient Greece
Bijbehara () is a town in Anantnag District, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
The Khalistan Movement is a Sikh secessionist movement for the creation of an independent ethno-religious Sikh state, Khālistān ("Land of the Pure") by seceding India's Punjab region from India.. The geographical area of Khalistan has not been well defined, with several proposed maps from different groups that mainly include Punjab, Chandigarh, and parts of the neighboring states of India.

The Khalistan movement reached its peak in India in the 1980s and 1990s. After 1990s, the Khalistan insurgency petered out, and the movement failed to reach its objectives due to multiple reasons including a heavy police crackdown on separatists, factional infighting, and disillusionment from the Sikh population.
The 1980s and 1990s' are often called dark days in  Punjab due to widespread violence from both the Punjab Police and the pro-Khalistan militants, as the Police took a heavy-handed approach in dealing with the armed insurgency, while the militants were also involved in large-scale murders. In October 1983, following the murder of several Hindu bus passengers by the militants, an "Emergency rule" was imposed in Punjab, which continued for a decade.
In June 1984, Operation Blue Star, an Indian military operation was ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, to remove pro-Khalistan militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab.. On 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi by her two Sikh security guards in retaliation for Operation Blue Star. The assassination triggered the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in New Delhi, in which large number of Sikhs were killed. In June 1985, Air India Flight 182, which was operating from Montréal, Canada was bombed in route to London over the Atlantic Ocean, as a result of explosives planted by pro-Khalistan Sikh militants; and all on-board passengers were killed.
Further, in August 1995, Chief Minister of Punjab, Beant Singh was killed in a suicide bombing, for which the pro-Khalistan group Babbar Khalsa claimed responsibility. While the pro-Khalistan militants enjoyed some support among Punjab's Sikh community in the earlier period, this support gradually disappeared. With a weakening economy, dwindling support, and increasing operations from the Indian security forces, the militancy in  Punjab effectively ended by the mid 1990s.

References

Sikhism
Cretan hieroglyphs is a writing system, used in Crete from about the 20th to the 15th century BC. It is undeciphered, so it cannot be read today. For most of its history, it was used together with Linear A. Most symbols are pictograms, for some symbols, experts do not agree on what they represent. Most of the corpus consists of short inscriptions on seal stones, and clay tablets.  The texts are usually very short, they are inscriptions on seals, and markers on clay tablets. There are three items that are noticeably different: A stone called Malia altar stone, the Phaistos Disc and the Arkalochori Axe. The exact relation of these items to the rest of the corpus is unknown.
In total, there are 137 symbols. 96 seem to be words, or part of words. 32 are probably Logograms. 9 seem to represent fractions. There are four numerals, standing for 1, 10, 100 and 1000. One symbol is  used to separate words, like a hyphen, another looks like a  cross, and probably stands for the beginning of the text. The writing is probably syllabic.

References
J. G. Younger: The Cretan Hieroglyphic Script: A Review Article; Minos 31–32 (1996–1997), pp 379–400.

Unreadable writing systems
Minoan culture
Clay tablets were a medium used for writing. They were common in the Fertile Crescent, from about the 5th millennium BC. 

A clay tablet is a more or less flat surface made of clay. Using a stylus, symbols were pressed into the soft clay. It is possible to correct errors on the tablet. The tablet was then baked until dry and hard, either by leaving it out in the sun, or in a fire. Sun-baked tablets could be moistened and recycled. The ones that survived thousands of years were baked in fire.
They were used by the Sumerian civilisation in Mesopotamia.

Cuneiform was the first writing used on clay tablets. The system was used by several civilizations who spoke several different languages.

Writing media
The Lewis Chessmen, or Uig Chessmen, are 78 12th-century chess pieces, most of which are carved in walrus ivory. The hoard was discovered in 1831 on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. 

They may be some of the few complete, surviving medieval chess sets. They are owned and exhibited by the British Museum in London, which has 67 of the original pieces, and the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, which has the other 11 pieces.

A newly identified piece, a "warder", the equivalent of a castle or rook, was sold at auction for £735,000 in July 2019. It was also bought by the British Museum. Four other major pieces, and many pawns, are still missing from the chess sets.

The pieces are figurative, like modern sets, and unlike the abstract Arabic pieces. The set has made the transition to European figures, which lasts to the present day. In particular, the arrival of a female figure is a departure from the Indo-Arabic game, and the figure of a bishop is also significant.