Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares, GColTE, GCC, GColL, KE (; 7 December 1924 – 7 January 2017) was a Portuguese politician. He served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985. He was President of Portugal from 1986 to 1996.

Other websites

 Fundação Mário Soares
 Soares' official site for the Portuguese elections of 2006 

1924 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Prime Ministers of Portugal
Presidents of Portugal
Portuguese lawyers
Portuguese educators
Historians
Atheists
Politicians from Lisbon
The United States Women's Bureau (WB) is an agency of the United States government. It is a part of the United States Department of Labor.  The Woman's Bureau was established by Congress in 1920. It is the only federal agency mandated to represent the needs of women wage earners in the public policy process. The Director is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. He or she is supported by a staff in the national office as well as ten regional offices.

History
In 1918 President Woodrow Wilson created Woman in Industry Service. It was the predecessor of the more permanent Women's Bureau which was founded in 1920. The agency was founded by an act of Congress. The first director was Mary Anderson. She had been the assistant director of the Woman in Industry Service. She remained the director through World War II. In 1922, the WB investigated and reported on the conditions facing 'negro women in industry.' The WB successfully advocated for the inclusion of women under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. By 1942 shortages of manpower and efforts by woman's advocate groups such as the Women's Bureau saw the female labor force go up from 12 to 18 million. Their wages doubled and even tripled during the war. But after the war the difference between woman's and men's working wages returned. In the 1950s, the Woman's Board focused on 'older women as office workers.' The WB played a large role in the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963
. In 1982, the Woman's Board started a major initiative to encourage employer-sponsored childcare. This was followed by the start of a multimedia Work and Family Clearinghouse in 1989. they also worked for the passage of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. In 1996, the Woman's Board published a fact sheet on the workplace effects of domestic violence.
Related pages 

 United States Department of Labor
 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
 Equal Pay Act of 1963

References

Other websites 

 US Department of Labor; Woman's Bureau

1920 establishments in the United States
United States Department of Labor
The black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) is a species of caiman. It is the largest living member of the Alligatoridae family. It lives along slow-moving rivers, lakes and wetlands in the Amazon Basin of South America. The black caiman has very dark skin. It can grow up to  in length.

Crocodilia
Reptiles of South America
Kenneth Alfred Ham (born 20 October 1951) is an Australian young-Earth creationist. He is the president of Answers in Genesis (AiG). Ham is also the founder of the Creation Museum in Petersburg, Kentucky, United States. He is a former high school science teacher.

Career 
Ham was born on 20 October 1951 in Cairns, Queensland. His father was a Christian educator who settled his family in Brisbane, working as a school principal. Ham earned a Bachelor of Applied Science degree from Queensland Institute of Technology.  He also earned a diploma in Education from the University of Queensland.

Bill Nye debate
On 4 February 2014, at the Creation Museum, Ham debated Bill Nye (also known as "Bill Nye the Science Guy"). The topic was the question "Is Creation A Viable Model of Origins?". The televised event drew over three million viewers. Ham's position was the world was created about 6,000 years ago. He also defended his position that all animals alive today descend from those aboard Noah's Ark. Nye argued that radioisotopic and ice core data shows that Earth has existed for much longer than 6,000 years. He also added that using the Bible's description of the Ark it could not float. A number of experts were critical of the debate saying that it did not discuss important areas. At least one said neither did very well. An informal viewer's poll showed 92% thought Nye won the debate. However, "Debate is a tool for showing who's a better orator, not necessarily who's right
. And Ken Ham is no mean orator, usually," noted the National Center for Science Education, a not-for-profit membership organization that defends the teaching of evolution and climate science."
Quote 
Ham said of his father:

Personal life 
He married Marylin "Mally" on 30 December 1972. They have five children together. The Ham couple live in unincorporated Boone County, Kentucky.

References

Other websites

 

1951 births
Living people
Australian activists
Australian Christians
Australian educators
Baptists
Christian writers
Creationists
People from Cairns, Queensland
Writers from Queensland
Jim Lange (August 15, 1932 – February 25, 2014) was an American game show host and disc jockey. He was best known to radio listeners for his work as an announcer on stations in California. He was best known to television viewers as the host of The Dating Game. He was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

Lange died from a heart attack on February 25, 2014 at his home in Mill Valley, California. He was aged 81. He was survived by his wife of over 35 years, Nancy Fleming, who won the Miss America crown in 1961.

References

Other websites
 

1932 births
2014 deaths
American game show hosts
American radio personalities
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Colin Andrew Mochrie (; born November 30, 1957) is a Scottish-Canadian actor, comedian and writer. He is best known for his work as a regular on both the British and American versions of the improvisational comedy television show Whose Line Is It Anyway?.

Mochrie was born in Kilmarnock, Scotland. In 1964, he moved with his family to Canada. He first moved to Montreal, Quebec and finally Vancouver, British Columbia.

References

Other websites

 

1957 births
Living people
Actors from Montreal
Actors from British Columbia
Canadian comedians
Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
Writers from British Columbia
Wayne Alphonso Brady (born June 2, 1972) is an American actor, singer, comedian and television personality. He is best known for his work as a regular on the American version of the improvisational comedy television show Whose Line Is It Anyway?. He has a daytime talk show called The Wayne Brady Show, the original host of Fox's Don't Forget the Lyrics!, and the host of Let's Make a Deal on CBS.

Brady is a five-time Emmy Award winner. He was also nominated for a Grammy Award in 2009 for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance, for his cover of the Sam Cooke song "A Change Is Gonna Come".

On August 7, 2023, Brady came out as pansexual in a post on Instagram.

Early life 
Brady was born in Columbus, Georgia. He moved to Orlando, Florida as a young child to live with his grandmother and aunt.  Brady refers to his grandmother, Valerie Petersen, as his "mom", because she raised him.
At 16, Brady started developing his improw skills while performing in community theater and in the Orlando improvisation troupe SAK Comedy Lab. He attended Dr. Phillips High School in Orlando, from which he graduated in 1989. He moved to Los Angeles in 1996 and continued developing his acting skills.

Career 
Brady was one of the improvisational theater performers in the original (British) version of Whose Line Is It Anyway?. He host Clive Anderson in 1998 when the last season was filmed in Hollywood, after which he became a regular on the American version.

In 2004, Brady joined the Broadway revival of Chicago. He played the role of lawyer Billy Flynn. 

In 2006, he became the host of TV Land's That's What I'm Talking About.

Brady appeared on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother. He was playing James Stinson, the gay brother of Neil Patrick Harris's character, Barney Stinson. Wayne has also appeared as a guest star for the MTV show Wild 'N Out and lent his voice to the Adult Swim show Robot Chicken.
He was on two episodes of Kevin Hill. 

Brady's debut album was released on September 16, 2008. 

On the May 3, 2010, Brady was the guest host episode of WWE Raw. He was involved in an in-ring segment with Edge and Randy Orton where he took an RKO. Later that year, in August, Brady played Tom Collins in a staged production of Rent at the Hollywood Bowl.

On March 4, 2011, he co-hosted the 42nd annual NAACP Image Awards with Holly Robinson Peete .

In the summer of 2013 Brady took part in the 2012 ABC improvisational comedy series Trust Us with Your Life and returned for The CW's revival of Whose Line Is It Anyway?.

On June 7, 2013, Brady guest-starred as Don in the Phineas and Ferb episode "Where's Pinky?". 

From February 9 to 13, 2015, he guest-hosted The Late Late Show on CBS.

Brady played the lead role of Aaron Burr in the PrivateBank Theatre production of Hamilton in Chicago from January 17 to April 9, 2017.
On April 29, 2018, Brady won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host for Let's Make A Deal for the first time, after seven previous nominations.

Brady began making appearances as Dr. Reese Buckingham on The Bold and the Beautiful in November 2018.

On October 10, 2019, he was featured in a 30-minute YouTube documentary created by SoulPancake in collaboration with Funny or Die wherein a variety of comedians discuss mental health called Laughing Matters.

He was named the winner of The Masked Singer season two where he was revealed to have portrayed "Fox" on December 18, 2019.

Brady later appeared as a guest panelist in season four of The Masked Singer where he also sang Maroon 5's "Memories" as "Mr. TV" at the start of the sixth episode.
On December 28, 2020, It was announced that Brady would star as Django in a benefit concert presentation of Ratatouille the Musical, an internet meme that originated on TikTok, inspired by the 2007 Disney/Pixar film. The concert streamed exclusively on TodayTix on January 1, 2021, and raised over $1 million for The Actors Fund.

References

Other websites

 

1972 births
Living people
Actors from Orlando, Florida
African American actors
American stand-up comedians
African American comedians
American movie actors
Singers from Florida
American television actors
Television personalities from Georgia (U.S. state)
Comedians from Florida
LGBT African Americans
LGBT comedians
LGBT people from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Columbus, Georgia
Jan Hoet (23 June 1936 – 27 February 2014) was a Belgian art critic and curator. He was the founder of Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (SMAK; ).

He was born in Leuven. On 17 June 2012, he collapsed at the airport in Hamburg, Germany after having a heart attack. On 23 June 2012, Hoet suffered from hypercapnia and he was being held in a coma at the hospital of Soltau, Germany. He soon returned to Ghent.

Hoet suffered a second heart attack in January 2014. He died at a hospital in Ghent on February 27, 2014. He was aged 77.

References

Other websites
 

1936 births
2014 deaths
Art critics
Belgian nobility
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Leuven
Fryazino is a scientific town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is about 25 miles northeast of the city of Moscow. The population is about 55,369. 

Fryazino is an electronics center. Merloni Electrodomestici of Italy has facilities in Fryazino that make electric stoves and washing machines. Currently, however, a large part of the population of Fryazino works in Moscow. 

The first school was opened in Fryazino in 1912. There are seven schools, including five secondary and gymnasiums in the town now. By the end of 1980, 20% of the population of Fryazino had a higher education.

Notes

References 

Cities and towns in Moscow Oblast
Seth Adam Meyers (born December 28, 1973) is an American actor, voice actor, screenwriter, producer, television host and comedian. He is best known for hosting NBC's Saturday Night Live news parody segment Weekend Update and the NBC talk show Late Night with Seth Meyers. The latter program premiered on February 24, 2014.

Meyers was born in Evanston, Illinois to  Hillary and Lawrence Meyers. in 1996 he graduated from Northwestern University. After college he and his brother Josh moved to Amsterdam. They joined a comedy improv group called Boom Chicago. In 2001 he auditioned for producer Lorne Michaels of Saturday Night Live and joined the cast that same year.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 

1973 births
Living people
Actors from Evanston, Illinois
Comedians from Evanston, Illinois
Writers from Evanston, Illinois
Actors from New Hampshire
Writers from New Hampshire
American stand-up comedians
Jewish American actors
American television actors
American movie actors
American television personalities
Screenwriters from Illinois
American movie producers
American voice actors
Comedians from New Hampshire
Neil deGrasse Tyson ( or ; born October 5, 1958) is an American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator. He is currently the Frederick P. Rose Director of the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Space and a research associate in the department of astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History.

Tyson was born in the borough Manhattan of New York City, New York. He graduated from The Bronx High School of Science. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics from Harvard University. He earned his doctorate degree in Astrophysics from Columbia University. He lives in Lower Manhattan with his wife and two children.

In December 2018, Tyson was accused on sexual misconduct by many female former students. He said that the allegations were not true, but Fox and National Geographic announced that they would launch an investigation into the matter.

Related pages
List of astrophysicists

References

Other websites
Other websites

 

1958 births
Living people
Scientists from New York City
Academics from Maryland
American astrophysicists
Academics from New York City
American agnostics
American activists
People from the Bronx
An intelligence agency is a government agency. Its job is to collect, analyse, and use information to support its government. 

There are two parts to this, and usually they are done by separate agencies. The first part is to collect information (to "spy") on other countries. The other side is to watch people in the home country who might cause problems. A third activity is to defend against foreign intelligence agencies in the home country. This is called counter-intelligence, and is often done by a separate agency.

What the agencies discover is called "intelligence". It may be used to help law enforcement, security, defence and foreign policy.  

The methods of information gathering are sometimes covert (hidden) and sometimes quite open. A covert method might be to steal and copy secret documents. An open method would be to read all published work on some important matter, and analyse it. Much important material is published openly in democratic countries.
To get hold of secret information, these organisations use espionage, intercept signals (tap phones, hack computers), cryptanalysis (break codes), and think about what the information means. Putting together and communicating information is known as intelligence analysis and assessment.

Some agencies have been involved in assassination, arms trafficking, coups d'état, and the placement of misinformation (propaganda) as well as other covert operations, in order to support their own or their governments' interests.

Examples

British 
SIS The Secret Intelligence Service, usually called MI6. Collects intelligence ("spies on") from other countries.
The Security Service, usually called MI5. Does counter-intelligence against foreign threats.
GCHQ Government Communication Headquarters. Intercepts signals, decodes them, passes the information on to other agencies. The home of cryptanalysis, the successor to Bletchley Park. 
Joint Intelligence Committee. Informs government as to what is going on.
Japan 
Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office 
Defense Intelligence Headquarters 
Public Security Intelligence Agency

U.S.A. 
The United States has about 17 major intelligence groups, and many other smaller groups. These are the most important:
CIA: The Central Intelligence Agency. Spies on foreign countries, and takes covert action against enemies of the U.S. abroad.
Defense Intelligence Agency
National Security Agency. Interception and Cryptanalysis of foreign communication, and protecting US communication from same.
United States Intelligence Community is the coordinating group for government intelligence agencies, headed by the Director of National Intelligence.

References
Elias Lönnrot (9 April 1802 – 19 March 1884) was a Finnish philologist. He collected traditional spoken poems and made a book of them. He made Finland's national epic, Kalevala. This is a book of traditional folk stories and poems. He collected these during several journeys across Finland, Karelia, and parts of Russia and the Baltic countries.

Lönnrot, Mikael Agricola and Aleksis Kivi are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.

Lönnrot also the first book about plants in Finland, Flora Fennica () in 1860.

He born and died in Sammatti, an old town in Uusimaa.

References

Other websites

1802 births
1884 deaths
Linguists
Finnish scientists
Botanists
Christian writers
Lutherans
The Tana River ( or ; ; ), is a  river, and it is the border between Norway and Finland for . The river is in Sápmi area of northern Fenno-Scandinavia, sometimes called Scandinavia.  The river flows through Finnmark county, Norway and the Lapland region of Finland. The Sámi name means "Great River". The main tributaries of Tana are Anarjohka and Karasjohka rivers. It is one of the world's most important rivers for Atlantic salmon reproduction.

Related pages 
 Atlantic salmon

References

Other websites 

 The Tana River Delta Website 
 Salmon - king of the major rivers (Teno) 

Rivers of Finland
Rivers of Norway
Alexander Salák (born January 5, 1987) is a Czech ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for SKA Saint Petersburg in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

Career
Salák started his career playing in the SM-liiga with the TPS Turku. He played there for 2 seasons and was signed by the Florida Panthers of the NHL on May 29, 2009. He played two games with the Panthers and was sent down to their AHL affiliate, the Rochester Americans. Salák was loaned to Färjestads BK of the Swedish Elite League (SEL) to play in the 2010-11 season.

On February 9, 2011, the Panthers traded Salák along with Michael Frolík to the Chicago Blackhawks for Jack Skille, Hugh Jessiman, and David Pacan. The Blackhawks signed him to a two-year contract on May 31, 2011. The Blackhawks released him from his contract on June 18, 2012.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1987 births
American Hockey League players
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Rochester Americans players
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
Swedish Hockey League players
The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a fish in the family Salmonidae. Atlantic salmon are found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into the north Atlantic. They have also been successfully transplanted into the north Pacific Ocean. Other names for Atlantic salmon are: bay salmon, black salmon, caplin-scull salmon, Sebago salmon, silver salmon, fiddler, or outside salmon. Atlantic salmon that do not reach the sea are known as landlocked salmon or ouananiche. This can be due to human interference or natural disasters.

Life cycle
Life cycle 

Most Atlantic salmon follow an anadromous life cycle. Once hatched, they are called alevins. They live off the nutrients in their yolk sac they were born with. Once they start feeding they are called fry. They grow into juveniles or parr and remain in fresh water for a number of years while growing. When they leave fresh water they are called smolts. Smolts leave the streams and move into the ocean for feeding and growth. The post-smolts change from territorial behavior to that of open ocean, possibly shoaling, fish. Their mortality rate while in the ocean is very high. The rate is from 90% to as high as 99%. After 1–5 years at sea they return to spawn in the same streams they were born in. Unlike most Pacific salmon species, the Atlantic salmon are iteroparous, meaning they don't automatically die after their first spawning. But the stress of spawning, predators, exhaustion or disease does kill many. The remainder return to sea to spawn again and again.
There is variety in the life cycle of Atlantic salmon. They do not require salt water. Numerous examples of fully fresh water landlocked Atlantic salmon exist throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, the landlocked fish are called ouananiche. Fresh water Atlantic salmon are smaller than the anadromous (ocean-dwelling) Atlantic salmon.

Related pages 
 Salmon
 Tana River (Norway)

Notes

References 

Salmoniformes
Huber Matos Benítez (26 November 1918 – 27 February 2014) was a Cuban dissident activist and writer from Yara, Granma Province.

He was best known as a revolutionary who assisted Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and other members of the 26th of July Movement (M-26-7) in removing the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista as part of the Cuban Revolution. He was against Batista since the general's effective coup in 1952, which he called unconstitutional, but became more critical of the movement's shift towards Marxist principles, and closing ties with leaders of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC). He was convicted of "treason and sedition" by the new Castro regime. He would spend 20 years in prison (1959–1979) before being released in 1979.

After his release, he spent his time between Miami, Florida, United States and Costa Rica. He was politically active in speaking out against the Cuban government.

Matos died from a heart attack on 27 February 2014 in Miami, Florida. He was aged 95.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 

1918 births
2014 deaths
Cuban activists
Anti-communists
Prisoners
Cuban writers
Non-Stop is a 2014 French-American action thriller/mystery movie directed by Jaume Collet-Serra. It was produced by Joel Silver. It stars Liam Neeson and Julianne Moore. It will be released on February 28, 2014.

2014 action movies
2014 thriller movies
2010s action thriller movies
2014 mystery movies
American action thriller movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
French action movies
French thriller movies
Canadian action movies
Canadian mystery movies
Canadian thriller movies
Movies directed by Jaume Collet-Serra
Ghostbusters is an American supernatural comedy movie directed by Ivan Reitman. It is about people fighting ghosts in New York City. It was written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis. It stars Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis, Sigourney Weaver, Annie Potts, William Atherton, Ernie Hudson and Rick Moranis. The music was composed by Elmer Bernstein. It was released on June 8, 1984. The movie earned $229 million at the box office and received mostly positive reviews. It was followed by Ghostbusters II.

Release dates 

1984 comedy movies
1984 fantasy movies
1980s ghost movies
1980s monster movies
American comedy movies
American fantasy movies
American ghost movies
American monster movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies directed by Ivan Reitman
Movies set in New York City
Ghostbusters movies
Frederick Allan "Rick" Moranis (born April 18, 1953) is a Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter and songwriter. He was nominated for a Grammy Award twice. He was known for his role in the movie, Honey, I Shrunk the Kids and in the Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show. He is also known for appearing in Ghostbusters, The Flintstones, Spaceballs, and in Little Shop of Horrors.

Filmography

Other websites

 rickmoranis.com 
 
 Rick Moranis, Singing 'Cowboy', a December 2005 story from Weekend Edition
 OpEd Piece by Moranis from the NY Times website
 Rick Moranis Interview  Proton Charging May 27, 2006
 Radio Interview Rick Moranis 2006

1953 births
Living people
Actors from Toronto
Canadian movie actors
Canadian musicians
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Comedians from Toronto
Emmy Award winners
Musicians from Ontario
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Toronto
Elmer Bernstein (April 4, 1922 – August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor. He is best known for his many movie soundtracks.

His musical career last for fifty years, he composed music for over one hundred movies and television shows. His most popular works include the scores to The Magnificent Seven, The Ten Commandments, The Great Escape, To Kill a Mockingbird, Ghostbusters, The Black Cauldron and The Rookies.

Bernstein died of cancer on August 18, 2004.

References

Other websites

Fan website
BernsteinWest.com
Meatballs Movie Website 

Academy Award winning composers
American movie score composers
Golden Globe Award winning composers
1922 births
2004 deaths
Cancer deaths in California
American composers
People from New York City
Sorel Etrog, CM (August 29, 1933 – February 26, 2014) was a Romanian-born Canadian artist, writer and philosopher. He is best known for his work as a sculptor. In 1966, works by Etrog, Alex Colville and Yves Gaucher represented Canada at the Venice Biennale.

He died from prostate cancer in Toronto. He was aged 80.

References

Other websites

 Sorel Etrog  at Gallery Moos Toronto
 "Etrog", Artnet
 Sorel Etrog at the Tate Gallery

1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in Ontario
Romanian philosophers
Canadian painters
Canadian sculptors
Canadian philosophers
Earnest Lee "Ernie" Hudson (born December 17, 1945) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Winston Zeddemore in the Ghostbusters movie series, Sergeant Albrecht in The Crow, and Warden Leo Glynn on HBO's Oz.

Filmography

References

Other websites

Interview (March 2008) with Ernie Hudson, by Matthew Waldram 

1945 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Michigan
Shehu Usman Aliyu Shagari, Turakin Sakkwato (25 February 1925 – 28 December 2018) was a Nigerian politician. He served as the President of Nigeria's Second Republic from 1979 to 1983. His government was given power by General Olusegun Obasanjo's military government.

Shagari died on 28 December 2018 at a hospital in Abuja, Nigeria from a short-illness at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2018 deaths
Presidents of Nigeria
Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born May 8, 1925) is a Tanzanian politician. He was the second President of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. Before that he had been Interior Minister and Vice President. He also was chairman of the ruling party, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) from 1990 to 1996.

Mwinyi was born in Kivure, in the Pwani Region.

References

Other websites

1925 births
Presidents of Tanzania
1999 deaths
Lawyers
Teachers
Sir Nicholas Alexander Brathwaite PC (8 July 1925 – 28 October 2016) was a Grenadian politician. He was the acting Prime Minister of Grenada from 1983 to 1984. He then served as the 5th Prime Minister of Grenada from 1990 to 1995. He resigned from his duties as prime minister in 1995. He was knighted the same year.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
Prime Ministers of Grenada
Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (Jawi: ; born 10 July 1925) is a Malaysian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Malaysia from May 2018 to March 2020. He was also the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. He held the job for 22 years from 1981 to 2003. This made him Malaysia's longest-serving Prime Minister. His political career lasted for almost 40 years until briefly retiring.

During his job, he made many laws that helped Malaysia become richer. He was a kind person.

At 94, he is the oldest living Prime Minister of Malaysia and was the world's oldest head of state or government still in office until he resigned in February 2020.

In 2018, Mahathir announced his bid for another term as Malaysian Prime Minister for the 2018 general election. He won the election in May 2018.

On 24 February 2020, Mahathir announced his resignation as Prime Minister.

References

More reading

Other websites
Other websites

1925 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Malaysia
Deputy Prime Ministers of Malaysia
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Current national leaders
Dictators
Malayali people
Malaysian writers
Muslims
Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan
Quett Ketumile Joni Masire, GCMG (23 July 1925 – 22 June 2017) was a Botswana politician. He was the second President of Botswana for the Botswana Democratic Party from 1980 to 1998 serving for 17 years. He was born in Kanye.

Masire died in Gaborone, Botswana on 22 June 2017 from surgical complications at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Presidents of Botswana
Vice Presidents of Botswana
Ali Husrev Bozer (28 July 1925 – 30 September 2020) was a Turkish politician and professor of commercial law.

He was originally a member of the Nationalist Democracy Party (MDP). He then joined the Motherland Party (ANAP). He served as Deputy Prime Minister under Turgut Özal and Yıldırım Akbulut. He was also Minister of Foreign Affairs.

He was born in Ankara. Bozer died on 30 September 2020 in Ankara from COVID-19, aged 95.

References

Other websites
Prime Ministry website  

1925 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey
Turkish academics
Politicians from Ankara
Turkish lawyers
Gérard Kango Ouédraogo (19 September 1925 – 1 July 2014) was Prime Minister of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) from 13 February 1971 to 8 February 1974. He was President of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso from 1978 to November 25, 1980. 

He was born in Ouahigouya.  

He served in the French National Assembly from 1956-1959.

Biography 
Gérard Ouédraogo was born on September 19, 1925, in Ouahigouya, at the entrance of an ancestral site, Naaba Kango Cave. His name Kango was originally Kaongo, that is to say the field that surrounds a palace or a concession.
Founder of the MRV (Voltaic regroupment movement), he was deputy of Upper Volta under the Fourth Republic,  in the first National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. He was ambassador of the new independent state of Upper Volta in Great Britain from 1960 to 1966. Subsequently, he continued to play an important role in the political life of the country, notably by sitting in the National Assembly for the constituency of Ouahigouya and being one of the leaders of the UDV / RDA (Democratic Union Voltaic, member of the African Democratic Rally). He was Prime Minister of Upper Volta from 1971 to 1974, under the presidency of Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana.
President of the National Assembly during the coup d'état of Saye Zerbo on November 25, 1980, he was imprisoned several times under the dictatorships of Saye Zerbo, Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaore. Since the easing of the regime presided over by the latter head of state in the early 1990s, he was elected twice as MP under the Fourth Republic, before resigning on May 27, 1998. Shortly thereafter, the African Democratic Rally appointed honorary president for life.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
Prime Ministers of Burkina Faso
Yang Hyong-sop (1 October 1925 – 13 May 2022) was a North Korean politician.  He was elected chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly in 1983, and served until 1998. He was vice president of the Presidium of the Spa (1998–2019).

Yang was born in Hamhung. He attended Moscow State University and Kim Il-sung University. He was married to Kim Shin-sook, a cousin of Kim Il-Sung.

Yang Hyong-sop died of a stroke on 13 May 2022, at the age of 96.

References

1925 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from stroke
North Korean politicians
Antoine Gizenga (5 October 1925 – 24 February 2019) was a Congolese politician. He was the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 30 December 2006 to 10 October 2008. He is the Secretary-General of the Unified Lumumbist Party (Parti Lumumbiste Unifié, PALU).

Gizenga was born in Mushiko, Bandundu. He died on 24 February 2019 in Kinshasa, aged 93.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2019 deaths
Prime Ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Czesław Jan Kiszczak (; 19 October 1925 – 5 November 2015) was a Polish politician. He was active during the Polish People's Republic, the Communist period in Poland.

Kiszczak was a member of the Polish Workers' Party and later the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). He served as a high-ranking officer of the Polish Army, a chief of secret services and Minister of Internal Affairs (MSW) between 1981 and 1990.

He served during the years of Martial Law in Poland. He was an assistant of Wojciech Jaruzelski. He was also the last Communist Prime Minister of Poland, serving briefly in 1989.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2015 deaths
Polish communist politicians
Polish generals
Prime Ministers of Poland
Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Armelino (November 26, 1925 – December 28, 2016) was a Uruguayan general and former dictator. He served as the de facto president of Uruguay from 1981 until 1985.

On October 22, 2009, he was convicted for 37 counts of murder and human rights violations. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison. However, he was not in court to hear the verdict as he was ill.

He was born in Montevideo.

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2016 deaths
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Politicians from Montevideo
Julio María Sanguinetti Coirolo (born 6 January 1936) is a Uruguayan politician, lawyer and journalist. He served as President of Uruguay twice: from March 1985 until March 1990, and from March 1995 until March 2000. He was from the Colorado Party.

He supports same-sex marriage and a bill that recently approved same-sex marriages by the Uruguayan legislature.

Sanguinetti was born in Montevideo.

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1936 births
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Politicians from Montevideo
Arnaldo Forlani (; 8 December 1925 – 6 July 2023) was an Italian politician. He served as the 44th Prime Minister of Italy from 18 October 1980 to 28 June 1981. He was previously a member of the right-wing of the Italian Christian Democratic Party.

Forlani died on 6 July 2023 in Rome, Italy at the age of 97.

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1925 births
2023 deaths
Prime Ministers of Italy
General Trần Thiện Khiêm (15 December 1925 – 24 June 2021) was a Vietnamese military officer. He was an officer in the army of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. 

During the 1960s he was involved in several coups d'état. He helped President Ngô Đình Diệm put down a coup attempt in November 1960. He was rewarded with promotion. In 1963 he was involved in the coup that deposed and assassinated Ngo Dinh Diem. From 1969 until 1975, he was the Prime Minister of South Vietnam.

Khiêm died on 24 June 2021 in San Jose, California at the age of 95.

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Vietnamese generals
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Luis Alberto Monge Álvarez (29 December 1925 – 29 November 2016) was a Costa Rican politician, diplomat and lawyer. He was the President of Costa Rica from 8 May 1982 to 8 May 1986. Before being President, he was the country's ambassador to Israel.

He was born in Palmares, Alajuela Province. Monge died of cardiac arrest on 29 November 2016 in San José, aged 90.

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  Biography by CIDOB Foundation 

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Rachid Solh (1 January 1926 – 27 June 2014) was a Lebanese politician. He served as the Prime Minister. He was part of one of the most powerful Sunni Muslim families in the country.

Solh was elected as a member of the Lebanese Parliament for the first time in 1960. He was appointed prime minister by president Suleiman Franjieh in 1974.

Solh resigned from office on 15 May 1975, a few weeks after the start of the Lebanese Civil War.

He died on 27 June 2014, aged 88.

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1926 births
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Lebanese Muslims
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Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili (; January 28, 1926 - November 23, 2016) was an Iranian politician and Muslim leader. He served as the head of legal system of Iran for about 8 years after terror of Dr. Beheshti until death of Khomeini. He was a marja of the Twelver branch of Shia Islam.

He was born in Ardabil. He died in Tehran on 23 November 2016.

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Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (, , ; 2 February 19262 December 2020), also known as Giscard or VGE, was a French politician and writer. He was the 20th President of France from 1974 to 1981 during the Fifth Republic.

Born in Koblenz, Germany, Giscard d'Estaing began his political career as a Gaullist and slowly began to change his political thinking around the time he was the Minister of Finance when Jacques Chaban-Delmas and Pierre Messmer were prime ministers.
He won the presidential election of 1974 with 50.8% of the vote against François Mitterrand of the Socialist Party. His presidency was seen as liberal for his focus on  divorce, contraception and abortion. His presidency helped modernise the country through his creation and growth of TGV and support of nuclear power as France's main energy source. However, he became unpopular because of a bad economy and the 1973 energy crisis, which many felt that it was the end of the "Trente Glorieuses". In 1981, he lost his re-election campaign to Mitterrand, with 48.2% of the vote.

After his presidency, he was a member of the Constitutional Council. He also was President of the Regional Council of Auvergne from 1986 to 2004. Giscard d'Estaing focused on the European Union after his presidency. He was in charge of the Convention on the Future of Europe that created the unsuccessful treaty that would have created a constitution for Europe. In 2003, he was elected to the Académie française.
At the time of his death at age 94 years and 304 days, Giscard d'Estaing was the longest-lived French president in history. He died in December 2020 from COVID-19.

Early life
Giscard d'Estaing was born on 2 February 1926 in Koblenz, Germany, during the French occupation of the Rhineland. He was the oldest son of Jean Edmond Lucien Giscard d'Estaing and his wife Marthe Clémence Jacqueline Marie (May) Bardoux.

Giscard d'Estaing had an older sister, Sylvie and younger siblings Olivier, Isabelle, and Marie-Laure. 

He joined the French Resistance and was part of the Liberation of Paris where he protected Alexandre Parodi. He then joined the French First Army. He was later awarded the Croix de guerre for his military service.
He studied at Lycée Blaise-Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, École Gerson and Lycées Janson-de-Sailly and Louis-le-Grand in Paris. He graduated from the École polytechnique and the École nationale d'administration. He later joined the Inspection des finances. He worked in the Tax and Revenue Service, then joined the staff of Prime Minister Edgar Faure from 1955 to 1956.

Early political career
In 1956, Giscard d'Estaing was elected to the National Assembly as a deputy for the Puy-de-Dôme département. He joined the National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP), a conservative group. After the creation of the Fifth Republic, the CNIP leader Antoine Pinay became Minister of Economy and Finance and chose him as Secretary of State for Finances from 1959 to 1962.

Member of the Gaullist majority
In 1962, when Giscard d'Estaing was nominated as Minister of Economy and Finance, his party split up with the Gaullists and left the majority coalition. At first, Giscard d'Estaing was a supporter of French president Charles de Gaulle. He did not support this and founded the Independent Republicans (RI). During this time, he supported the United States dollar as a form of international payments.

In 1966, Giscard d'Estaing was removed from the cabinet. He made the RI into a political party, the National Federation of the Independent Republicans (FNRI), and founded the Perspectives and Realities Clubs. In 1969, Giscard d'Estaing supported a "no" vote in the constitutional referendum which focused on the regions and the Senate. De Gaulle had said that he would resign if the "no" won. After De Gaulle resigned, many of his supporters blamed Giscard d'Estaing for being responsible for De Gaulle's resignation. From 1967 to 1974, he was Mayor of Chamalières.
During the 1969 presidential campaign, he supported the winning candidate Georges Pompidou, after which he became the Minister of Economy and Finance again.

President of France

Presidential election victory 

In 1974, after the death of President Georges Pompidou, Giscard d'Estaing announced his candidacy for the presidency. His two main challengers were François Mitterrand for the left and Jacques Chaban-Delmas, a former Gaullist Prime Minister. Jacques Chirac explained that Giscard d'Estaing was the best candidate to stop Mitterrand from being elected. In the election, Giscard d'Estaing beat Mitterrand by a small number of votes, winning 50.7% of the vote which was 425,000 votes. At 48, he was the third youngest president in French history at the time, after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte and Jean Casimir-Perier.
Domestic activities
When Giscard d'Estaing made it easier for people to get political asylum, he expanded health insurance, lowered the voting age to 18, and modernised the divorce law. He supported the creation of the TGV high speed train network and the Minitel telephone upgrade. He supported nuclear power. 

Economically, Giscard d'Estaing's presidency increased personal incomes, as employment went up 29% and pensions by 65%.

Giscard d'Estaing tried to make the presidency look less like a monarchy. He rode the Métro, ate monthly dinners with citizens, and even invited garbage men from Paris to have breakfast with him in the Élysée Palace. Many of his critics believed that Giscard was not formal enough to be president.
Many conservatives that supported him slowly began to criticise him because he helped legalise abortion. Even though he was against the death penalty, Giscard d'Estaing said in his 1974 campaign that he would support the death penalty for some criminals. He did not remove three death sentences that happened during his presidency, making France the last country in Europe to take part of death penalty. 

Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, who resigned in 1976, began to criticise Giscard d'Estaing's leadership and later became political enemies with him.

Foreign activities
Giscard d'Estaing was a close friend of West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt and together they helped create the European Monetary System. They also helped make the Soviet Union support the Helsinki Accords. 

He supported creation of the European Council at the Paris Summit in December 1974.
In 1975, Giscard d'Estaing made the King of Spain Juan Carlos I to ban Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet from his coronation by saying that if Pinochet went, he would not. Although France accepted many Chilean political refugees, Giscard d'Estaing's government secretly worked with Pinochet's and Argentina's Jorge Rafael Videla's dictatorship governments.

Giscard d'Estaing supported de Gaulle's African policy where supported delivering oil supplies to and from Africa. In 1977, in the Opération Lamantin, he ordered the French military to go to Mauritania and stop the Polisario guerrillas fighting against Mauritania.

Giscard d'Estaing became controversial for his support of Jean-Bédel Bokassa in the Central African Republic. Due to the growing unpopularity of that government, he began to slowly criticise Bokassa. In 1979's Operation Caban, French troops helped remove Bokassa from power and made former president David Dacko the new leader.
The Diamonds Affair, known in France as l'affaire des diamants, was a major political scandal in the Fifth Republic. In 1973, while Minister of Finance, Giscard d'Estaing was given diamonds by Bokassa. Many believe this is what made him lose his re-election.

Re-election loss

In the 1981 presidential election, Giscard d'Estaing's re-election was in trouble because former Prime Minister Chirac ran against him. Chirac finished third and did not tell his supporters to vote for Giscard in the second round of the election. Giscard d'Estaing lost to Mitterrand by 3 points in the runoff, ending a 23-year conservative presidential span. He blamed Chirac for his defeat.

Giscard d’Estaing was seen as an important person in modernising France and making the European Union strong. He was popular because his presidency passed many small social reforms, such as lowering the voting age by three years, allowing divorce by common consent, and legalising abortion.
However, he was unable to fix the great economic crisis of his term, a worldwide economic recession caused by a massive increase in oil prices. His foreign policy was remembered for his close relationship with West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt. Together they helped expand and made Europe's economic power stronger as they pushed for the European Monetary System and helped create the G-7 system.

Post-presidency
After he lost in 1981, Giscard d'Estaing retired for a short time from politics. In 1984, he was re-elected to his seat in the National Assembly and won the presidency of Auvergne. He was President of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions from 1997 to 2004.

In 1982, along with former U.S. President Gerald Ford, Giscard d'Estaing co-founded the annual AEI World Forum. He has also was a member of the Trilateral Commission after being president.
Giscard d'Estaing hoped to become prime minister after the re-election of Mitterrand, but he was not chosen for this job. During the 1988 presidential campaign, he did not support two of his two former Prime Ministers Jacques Chirac and Raymond Barre.

Giscard d'Estaing was President of the UDF from 1988 to 1996. Most of the UDF politicians supported the candidacy of the RPR Prime Minister Édouard Balladur at the 1995 presidential election, but Giscard d'Estaing supported Chirac, who won the election. 

In 2000, he created a proposal to limit the length of a presidential term from seven to five years, a proposal that eventually won its referendum proposal by President Chirac. Following his retirement from the National Assembly his son Louis Giscard d'Estaing was elected.
In 2003, Giscard d'Estaing became a member of the Académie française. In 2004, he became a member of the Constitutional Council. His support for creating a European Constitution, were criticised. Many believed Giscard should have been removed from the council and be given a life membership in the Senate.

He supported the presidential campaigns of Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 and François Fillon in 2017. In 2013, Giscard d'Estaing supported same-sex marriage in France.

On 21 January 2017, he became the oldest former president in French history.

European activities

Giscard d'Estaing was a supporter of a stronger European Union. From 1989 to 1993, Giscard d'Estaing was a member of the European Parliament. From 1989 to 1991, he was also chairman of the Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group.
From 2001 to 2004, he was President of the Convention on the Future of Europe. On 29 October 2004, the European heads of state approved and signed the European Constitution based on a draft supported by Giscard d'Estaing's work at the Convention. Although the constitution was not approved by French voters in May 2005, Giscard d'Estaing continued to support for its passage in other European Union states. 

Giscard d'Estaing was a supporter of the Lisbon Treaty. 

In 2008 he became the Honorary President of the Permanent Platform of Atomium Culture. On 27 November 2009, Giscard d'Estaing started the Permanent Platform of Atomium Culture during its first meeting, held at the European Parliament.

Personal life
Giscard d'Estaing's name was often shortened to "VGE". He was also known as l'Ex, especially during the time he was the only living former president.