Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Prime Time documentary followed footage published by the Independent Media Centre Ireland showing scuffles between Gardaí and Reclaim the Streets demonstrators. One Garda in this footage was later convicted of common assault, which is a summary matter, while several other Gardaí were acquitted.

Allegations about cross-border policing 
The family of Eddie Fullerton, a Buncrana Sinn Féin councillor killed in his home by members of the Ulster Defence Association in 1991, have criticised the Gardaí's handling of the investigation and in 2005 they started a campaign for an inquiry.

The Smithwick Tribunal is also investigating allegations of collusion following the deaths of two Royal Ulster Constabulary officers killed by the Provisional IRA as they returned from a meeting with the Gardaí in the Republic of Ireland following a recommendation from the Cory Collusion Inquiry.

Operations around the Corrib Gas Project
Protests at the proposed Royal Dutch Shell Corrib gas refinery in Kilcommon parish, Erris, County Mayo have seen a large Garda operation at its construction sites with up to 200 Gardaí involved, making it the single biggest policing operation in the country at times.  By September 2008, the cost of the operation was €10 Million and is estimated to have cost €13.5 Million by the end of January 2009.  This is comparable to the €20 Million budgeted for Operation Anvil, targeting organised crime, criminal gangs and their associates. A section of road used by the protesters has been dubbed the Golden Mile by Gardaí because of the overtime opportunities. Complaints have been made about the Garda handling of the protests and several TDs, including  former Green Party leader Trevor Sargent have criticised the Garda's handling of the situation.
Reform initiatives 
Partly as a result of some of the above incidents, the Garda Síochána has undergone a number of reforms in recent years. The Morris Tribunal in particular recommended major changes to the way the force's management, discipline, promotion and accountability arrangements.  Many of these recommendations were enacted by the Garda Síochána Act 2005.

Mr Justice Morris also said that the code of discipline was extremely complex and, at times, "cynically manipulated" to promote indiscipline across the force. Judicial reviews, for example, were cited as a means for delaying disciplinary action.

The fall-out form the Morris Tribunal was considerable.  While fifteen members of the force were sacked between 2001 and 2006, and a further 42 resigned instead of being dismissed, Commissioner Conroy said that he was limited in what he could do to deal with members whose misbehaviour is cited in public inquiries.
New procedures and code of discipline 
With strong support from opposition parties, and reflecting widespread political consensus, the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform responded to many of these issues by announcing a new draft code of discipline on 17 August 2006. The new streamlined code introduced new procedures to enable the Commissioner to summarily dismiss a Garda alleged to have brought the force into disrepute, abandoned duties, compromised the security of the State or unjustifiably infringed the rights of other persons.
In addition, a four-member "non officer management advisory team" was appointed in August 2006 to advise on implementing change options and addressing management and leadership challenges facing the Gardaí. The advisers were also mandated to promote the ideas of performance management, succession planning, recruitment of non officers with specialist expertise, and improved training. The advisory team included Senator Maurice Hayes, Emer Daly (former director of strategic planning and risk management at Axa Insurance), Maurice Keane (former group chief executive at Bank of Ireland), Michael Flahive (Assistant Secretary at the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform) and Dr Michael Mulreany (assistant director general at the Institute of Public Administration).

Enhanced non officer support
Garda Inspectorate 
In accordance with Section 115 of the Garda Síochána Act, the Garda Síochána Inspectorate consists of three members who are appointed by the Irish Government. The job of the Inspectorate, is to:
 Carry out, at the request or with the consent of the Minister, inspections or inquiries in relation to any particular aspects of the operation and administration of the Garda Síochána,
 Submit to the Minister (1) a report on those inspections or inquiries, and (2) if required by the Minister, a report on the operation and administration of the Garda Síochána during a specified period and on any significant developments in that regard during that period, and any such reports must contain recommendations for any action the Inspectorate considers necessary.
 provide advice to the Minister with regard to best policing practice.
The first Chief Inspector (since July 2006), is former Commissioner of Boston Police, Kathleen O'Toole.  She reports directly to the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform.

From 2006 to 2009, O'Toole was supported by two other inspectors, Robert Olsen and Gwen M. Boniface. Olsen was Chief of Police for 8 years of the Minneapolis Police Department. Boniface is a former Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police, and was one of 3 female police commissioners in Canada when appointed in May 1998. She suggested that rank and file Gardaí were not equipped to perform their duties or protect themselves properly. She also suggested that routine arming may become a reality but dismissed the suggestion that this was currently being considered.

Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission
Over 2000 complaints were made against the organization in 2009. The Garda Commissioner referred over 100 incidents where the conduct of a garda resulted in death or serious injury to the Ombudsman for investigation. Also newly instrumented, the Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission (usually called the Garda Ombudsman or GSOC) replaces the earlier system of complaints (the Garda Síochána Complaints Board).

When it became fully operational on 9 May 2007, the Commission was allowed to:
 Directly and independently investigate complaints against members of the Garda Síochána
 Investigate any matter, even where no complaint has been made, if it appears that a Garda may have committed an offence or behaved in a way that justified disciplinary proceedings
 Investigate any practise, policy or procedure of the Garda Síochána with a view to reducing the incidence of related complaints
The Members of the Garda Ombudsman Commission  are: Dermot Gallagher (Chairman; former Secretary General at the Department of Foreign Affairs), Carmel Foley (former Director of Consumer Affairs), and Conor Brady (former Editor of The Irish Times and author of a book on the history of the Gardaí).  The Commission's first Chairman was Kevin Haugh (a High Court Judge) who died in early 2009, shortly before his term of office was to conclude.

Public Attitudes to An Garda Siochana 

The Garda Public Attitudes Survey 2008 found that 81% of respondents were satisfied with the Gardaí, although 72% believed the service needed improvement. 91% agreed that their local Gardaí were approachable.

The survey also found that 8% of people believed a Garda has acted unacceptably towards them; this rate was highest in Dublin South Central at 14%, lowest in Mayo at 2%. The most common complaint was of Gardaí being disrespectful or impolite.

Garda Band
Garda Band 

The Garda Band is a public relations branch of the Garda Síochána, and was formed shortly after the foundation of the force. It gave its first public performance on Dún Laoghaire Pier on Easter Monday, 1923. The first Bandmaster was Superintendent D.J. Delaney and he formed a céilí and pipe band within the Garda Band. In 1938, the Dublin Metropolitan Garda Band (based at Kevin Street) and the Garda Band joined and were based at the Garda Headquarters in Phoenix Park.

The band was disbanded in 1965. However to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the Garda Síochána it was reformed in 1972.

Besides providing music for official Garda functions (such as Graduation Ceremonies at the Garda College) the band has a community orientated programme each year performing at schools, festivals and sporting events. It has a long association with Lansdowne Road for Rugby union and Soccer Internationals, the St. Patrick's Day Parade in Dublin and the Rose of Tralee Festival.
In 1964 the band toured America and Canada under Superintendent J. Moloney, and has also travelled to international events and represented the country at police festivals and concerts in Switzerland, Germany and Northern Ireland.

References

Other websites

 Official site - 
 Garda Representative Association 
  Ombudsman Commission
 http://ireland.archiseek.com/buildings_ireland/dublin/northcity/phoenix_park/garda.html 
 Association of  Sergeants and Inspectors
 http://www.business2000.ie/cases/cases/case2.htm 
 Morris Tribunal 
  Act 2005
 http://www.esatclear.ie/~garda/honour.html 

Law enforcement agencies
Organizations based in the Republic of Ireland
Châteauroux is a commune in the Indre department in the center of France.

Aérocentre is in Châteauroux.

Sport
 Châteauroux is the end of the 7th stage of the 2011 Tour de France.

Sister cities
Châteauroux is twinned with:
  Gütersloh, Germany since 1977
  Bittou Department, Burkina Faso since November 1985
  Olsztyn, Poland since 23 February 1991
The following is a list of the 343 communes of the Hérault département, in France.

 (CAM) Communauté d'agglomération Montpellier Agglomération, created in 2002.
 (CAB) Communauté d'agglomération Béziers Méditerranée, created in 2002.
 (CAS) Communauté d'agglomération du Bassin de Thau, created in 2003.
 (CAA) Communauté d'agglomération Hérault Méditerranée, created in 2003.

 
Herault
The following is a list of the 247 communes of the Indre département, in France.

 (CAC) Communauté d'agglomération Castelroussine, created in 2000.

Indre
The Compromise of 1877 was an unwritten agreement after the American Civil War between leaders of the Democrats, who mostly ruled the South, and the Republicans, who mostly ruled the North. The Democrats agreed to settle the Presidential election of 1876 by allowing Rutherford B. Hayes to become President and not their own candidate, Samuel J. Tilden. 

The Republicans promised to remove the Army from the occupied territory of the South, thus ending the Reconstruction era. The Democrats promised they would maintain African American rights.

The government stopped trying to fix Southern society and stopped helping the African Americans and Republicans there. Additional details are unclear, because it was an unwritten agreement.

1877
1870s in the United States
American civil rights
"Keys to the City" is a 2007 industrial metal song by the American industrial metal band Ministry & Co Conspirators. The song was made for the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL and the Wirtz family who is the owner of the Blackhawks. The money that was collected from the iTunes downloads was donated to Blackhawks Charities. It was the final song that Ministry did before the band was retired in 2008. The song was featured in the EA Sports video game NHL 10.

References

2008 songs
Chicago Blackhawks
Credo Reference is a company that offers subscription-based online reference content. It provides full-text online versions of more than 700 published reference works from over 70 publishers, including general and subject dictionaries and encyclopedias.

History
The company began in 1999 and has offices in Oxford, England, and Boston, Massachusetts. It changed its name from Xrefer in 2007.

Subscriptions are available to academic, government, public and company libraries. Access to Credo Reference is free to users if their library is a subscriber. Librarians can select which titles they wish to subscribe to within Credo General Reference. They can manage the selection during their subscription period by swapping titles in and out.
Between 2000 and 2003, Xrefer offered a free site supported by advertising, and was one of Wikipedia's main competitors as a free content encyclopedia. When the dot com bust caused Internet advertising revenues to collapse, Xrefer launched a premium subscription variant, called Xreferplus. On 17 June 2003, the free service stopped.

References

More information
 Golderman, Gail; Connolly, Bruce. "eReviews: General Reference Sources and Short Takes", Library Journal.com, Oct 15, 2010.

Other websites
 corp.credoreference.com

Internet
Dictionaries
Encyclopedias
Coober Pedy is a small town in South Australia. It is famous for the opals which have been mined there since 1915. The town was first settled after opals were first discovered. The town is about half way between Adelaide and Alice Springs, on the Stuart Highway. The highway was named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart, who was the first Europen person to see the area in 1858. 

The area around Coober Pedy is very dry, treeless flat desert. It has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification). The town has about 1700 people, many of whom live in underground houses to keep out of the heat. The name comes from two Aboriginal words which mean "white men in holes in the ground."

References

1915 establishments
Towns in South Australia
George Balabushka (December 9, 1912 – December 5, 1975) was a Russian-born  American billiards (pool) cue maker. He may have been the most important cue stick maker. He is sometimes called "the Stradivarius of cuemakers". His full name or last name alone is often used to refer to a cue stick made by him. He arrived in the U.S. in 1942. He worked at different carpentry and toy and furniture making jobs. He loved playing pool and bought a pool room with a business partner in 1959. Then he started making cues as gifts for friends. This soon became a business when others wanted to buy them. 

Balabushka made about 1,200 handcrafted cues during his 16 year career from 1959 to his death in 1975. His cues are highly valued collectors items. They appeared in Martin Scorsese's 1986 film, The Color of Money. Original Balabushka cues may sell for tens of thousands of dollars at auction.

Life and career
Life and career

Early life
George Balabushka was born in Russia on December 9, 1912 and immigrated to the United States in 1924 at 12 years of age. His family, parents Anton and Natalie and younger sister Mary, settled in New York City. Although originally named Gregori, according to Balabushka he was given a new first name, George, by emigration officials when he was processed through Ellis Island.
Employment
Balabushka's first job was as a wooden toy designer and maker at the Educational Equipment Company. in Manhattan, The company made building blocks for nurseries and schools. Later, he built children's furniture for the Playtime Woodworking Company in Greenwich Village. While working, Balabushka lost his middle finger to a band saw. Using a wooden mold, he made himself a replacement plastic finger. It was very realistic so that even his friends did not realize his loss until long after the incident. As Balabushka's carpentry skills improved he began building accordions and other detailed carpentry pieces on his own time.
Balabushka worked hard on playing ability and fine craftsmanship in his cues. He created new methods of cue construction, cue finishes and cue design. Most Balabushka cues look simple. Many of his construction techniques have become standard in the industry.
 	
George Balabushka died in 1975 at the age of 62. He was named the first member the American Cuemakers Association Hall of Fame in February, 1993. In 2004, he entered the Meritorious Service category of the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
George Balabuska's listing in the BCA Hall of Fame
George Balabuska's listing in the ACA Hall of Fame

1912 births
1975 deaths
Carpenters
Cue sports
Russian designers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Soviet people
A ballad is a form of verse. It is often a story set to music. Ballads were popular in British and Irish poetry and music until the 19th century from the late medieval period. It was also used in Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. Poets and composers from the 18th century used this form. In this way, they produced lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, ballads were slow form of popular love song. The term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.

Power ballad

Power ballad is a name given to love songs that were predictably included in heavy metal albums in the 1980s.
The power ballad was usually slower in tempo and much less aggressive in lyrics than the other music on the album.  The songs were often made in a hope of scoring a Top Forty hit, and were particularly associated with bands in the hard metal genre. Examples include Poison's "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" and Bon Jovi's "Wanted Dead Or Alive".

References

Song forms
Folk music
Le Puy-en-Velay is a commune. It is found in the Haute-Loire department in the south of France.

Sister cities
Le-Puy-en-Velay is twinned with:
  Meschede, Germany
  Tonbridge, United Kingdom
  Tortosa, Spain
  Brugherio, Italy
  Mangualde, Portugal

Communes in Haute-Loire
Departmental capitals in France
Lons-le-Saunier is a spa town in France. It is the prefecture of the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

Sister cities
Lons-le-Saunier is twinned with:
  Offenburg, Germany
  Ripley, United Kingdom

Spa towns in France
The following is a list of the 544 communes of the Jura département, in France.

Tancua was included in Morbier on January 1, 2007.

Jura
The following is a list of the 331 communes of the Landes département, in France.

 (CAM) Communauté d'agglomération du Marsan, created in 2002.

Landes
The following is a list of the 291 communes of the Loir-et-Cher département, in France.

 (CAB) Communauté d'agglomération du Blaisois, created in 2003.

Loir-et-Cher
The following is a list of the 260 communes of the Haute-Loire département, in France.

 (CAP) Communauté d'agglomération du Puy-en-Velay, created in 2000.

Haute-Loire
The following is a list of the 221 communes of the Loire-Atlantique department, in France.

 (NM)    Nantes Métropole, Communauté urbaine of Nantes.
 (CAB)   Communauté d'agglomération of Côte du Pays Blanc, created in 2003, part of which is also in the département of Morbihan.
 (CAS)   Communauté d'agglomération Région Nazairienne et de l'Estuaire, created in 2001.
 (LS)    Communauté de communes Loire & Sillon, created in 2002.
 (COMPA) Communauté de communes of Pays d'Ancenis.

Loire-Atlantique
The Liffey (An Life in Irish) is a river in Ireland. It flows through the centre of Dublin. The river supplies much of Dublin's water. Major rivers that flow into the Liffey are the River Dodder, the River Poddle and the River Camac.

History of the name
The river was called An Ruirthech, meaning "fast (or strong) runner" before it was called Liffey. The word Liphe (or Life) was the name of the plain (flat area of land) through which the river flowed but was later used to name the river itself. It was also known as the Anna Liffey, possibly because of the Irish for "River Liffey" - Abhainn na Life which sounds like "Anna Liffey" in English.

Flow 
The Liffey starts with a lot of small streams in the Liffey Head Bog between Kippure and Tonduff in the Wicklow mountains. It flows for around  through counties Wicklow, Kildare and Dublin. It flows into the Irish Sea at the mid-point of Dublin Bay. Most of its length is in Kildare.
The Liffey has a lot of tributaries (rivers that flow into it). Its major tributaries include the King's River, River Dodder, the River Poddle and the River Camac.

The Liffey does not have any natural lakes, and has only a few islands. There are a few areas with rapids, mostly as the river comes close to Dublin city.

There are dams built for three hydroelectric power stations along the river, at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls and Leixlip. A large reservoir is built at Poulaphouca.

Towns along the river include Ballymore Eustace, Athgarvan, Kilcullen, Newbridge, Caragh, Clane, Celbridge, Leixlip and Lucan before the river reaches the city of Dublin as it approaches its mouth.

Navigation and uses
The River Liffey in Dublin city was used for many centuries for trade. The Vikings already used the river, and it was used until recent times. It is connected to the River Shannon via the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal. This connects Dublin to the west of Ireland by water.
Water supply
Around 60% of the Liffey's flow is used for drinking water, and to supply industry. Much of this makes its way back into the river after it is cleaned in wastewater treatment plants. A popular myth is that Liffey water is used to make Guinness beer, but this is not true. Guinness uses water piped from the Wicklow mountains.

Traffic

The Lady Patricia and Miranda Guinness were cargo ships that were used to export Guinness from the St. James's Gate Brewery. They were well-known sight on the Liffey up to the 1990s.

In recent years, the only regular traffic on the river within the city is a boat which runs guided tours along the River Liffey through Dublin City centre. Downstream of the East-Link bridge, the river is still mainly used for commercial and ferry traffic.

Recreational use in Dublin
The river is used by private, university and Garda rowing clubs in Chapelizod. The Liffey Descent canoeing event covers a  course from Straffan to Islandbridge. That race has been held every year since 1960. The Liffey Swim takes place every year in late August or early September between Watling Bridge and The Custom House.

Bridges

History
The earliest stone bridge over the Liffey was the Bridge of Dublin. It was built by the Dominicans in 1428. It survived well into the 18th century. It replaced an earlier wooden bridge (Dubhghalls Bridge) on the same site. Island Bridge was added in 1577.

When Dublin became important for business in the 17th century, 4 new bridges were added between 1670 and 1684. They were Barrack, or Bloody Bridge, (what is now Rory O'More Bridge), Essex Bridge (Grattan Bridge), Ormond Bridge (O'Donovan Rossa Bridge) and Arran Bridge.
The oldest bridge still standing is the Mellows Bridge. It was built in 1764 after the Arran Bridge (which was there before) was destroyed by floods in 1763.

The first iron bridge was the elegant Ha'penny Bridge built in 1816. The newest bridge is the Samuel Beckett Bridge opened in December 2009. It is a suspension bridge, it can move to allow river traffic to pass.

Present day
The river divides the Northside from the Southside of Dublin. It has a lot of bridges, mostly open for vehicular traffic (cars, trucks, buses etc.).  Large bridges are the West-Link Bridge on the M50 motorway, the Seán Heuston Bridge and O'Connell Bridge.

There are 3 foot bridges in the city: the Millennium Bridge, the Seán O'Casey Bridge and the Ha'penny Bridge.

Bridges outside of Dublin include the Liffey Bridge at Celbridge, "The Bridge at 16" (a 19th century pedestrian suspension bridge), and the Leinster Aqueduct - which takes the Grand Canal over the Liffey at Caragh.
Popular culture references
From Joyce to Radiohead, the Liffey is often mentioned in literature and song:

References

Other websites
Upper Liffey River Guide

Rivers of Ireland
Dublin
The Sin of Madelon Claudet is a 1931 American drama movie. The screenplay was adapted from the play The Lullaby by Edward Knoblock. It tells the story of a woman who was put in jail for the crime she did not commit and later had to turn to theft and prostitution to support her son.

In 1932 Helen Hayes won an Academy Award for her leading role in it and was named a Favorite Actress at the first Venice Film Festival.

English-language movies
American drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
Screenplays by Ben Hecht
Movies based on plays
The fallow deer (Dama dama) is a type of deer from the family Cervidae. The animal originally lived in Eurasia, though it has been brought it to other parts of the world, such as Australia.

The male is called a buck, the female is a doe, and the young a fawn. They live for about 12–16 years. All of the fallow deer have white spots on their backs, and black tips at the ends of their tails. Only bucks have antlers, which are wide and shaped like a shovel.

They are grazing animals. They like to live in an area that is mixed woodland and open grassland. They try to stay together in groups of up to 150.

Colours
They have a lot of different coloured coats (hair). There are four main colours: "common", "menil", "melanistic" and "white".
The common coat is a brown coat with white spots that are best seen in the summer. In the winter the coat is much darker. The white coat is lightest colored, almost white. The common and menil coat are darker. The melanistic coat is very dark, sometimes even black.
Historical herds
One noted historical herd of fallow deer is kept in the Ottenby Preserve in Öland, Sweden. Karl X Gustav built a drystone wall of four kilometres long around a royal fallow deer herd in the mid 17th century. The herd still exists as of 2006.
Another herd lives in Phoenix Park in Ireland. 400-450 fallow deer descend from the original herd introduced in the 1660s.

References

Further reading
 FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPER   27. (1982). Deer farming guidelines on practical aspects. . Retrieved on 4 January 2008.
 Clutton-Brock, J. (1978). A Natural History of Domesticated Animals. London, British Museum.
 Lyneborg, L. (1971). Mammals [of Europe]. .

Other websites

 Fallow deer in New Zealand 

Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Deer
National symbols of Antigua and Barbuda
The MacDonnell Ranges are a long narrow range of mountains in the Northern Territory of Australia. They run in an almost straight line from east to west for hundreds of kilometres, on either side of Alice Springs. The Western MacDonnell Ranges have some spectacular gaps right through the range. Some of these such as Simpsons Gap, and Standley Chasm are major tourist attractions. The Heavitree Gap allows road and rail access to Alice Springs right through the mountains. They were named by the explorer John McDouall Stuart after Sir Richard MacDonnell, the Governor of South Australia.

The ranges are protected by the West MacDonnell National Park There is a long walking trail along the ranges called the Larapinta Trail.

The Arrente people, the indigenous Australian people who live in the area, believe the mountains were once giant caterpillars, called Yerrenye.

References

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of the Northern Territory
James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde PC (19 October 1610 – 21 July 1688) was an Anglo-Irish (from English and Irish family) politician and soldier. From 1641 to 1647, he was the leader in the fight against the Irish Catholic Confederation. From 1649 to 1650 he was top commander of the Royalist forces fighting against Oliver Cromwell who wanted to invade Ireland. In the 1650s he lived in exile in Europe with Charles II of England. When Charles II was put back on the British throne during the restoration in 1660, Ormonde became very important in English and Irish politics.

Early life
The Butlers of Ormonde were an Old English dynasty. They had been very important people the southeast of Ireland since the Middle Ages. His father was Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles. Thurles is a place in County Tipperary. James was the oldest son.
His father died in 1619, when he was 9 years old. He became Viscount Thurles. His mother took him to England where his grandfather (Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond) made him go to a Catholic school. James I was King at the time. James I was a Protestant, and wanted to make sure that James would also be a Protestant. This would give him power in Ireland once James Butler went back to Thurles. James I placed James Butler under the care of archbishop George Abbot. When he was fifteen he went to live with his grandfather at Drury-lane." 

It became very important in his life that he was a Protestant. Almost all his relatives were Catholics. This made his family not like him very much. They had land and possessions taken from them, and they were not treated fairly because they were Catholics. This did not happen to James.

In December 1629, he married Lady Elizabeth Preston. In 1634, on the death of his grandfather, he became Earl of Ormonde.
Rebellion and Civil War
In 1633 Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford became head of government in Ireland. He liked Ormonde. He wrote to Charles I saying that Ormonde was "young, but take it from me, a very staid head". Ormonde became Wentworth's friend and supporter. 

Wentworth planned to take land from the Catholics in Ireland. He did this to get money for the British king. He also wanted to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry. Ormonde supported this plan. 

The plans made his relatives very angry, and many of them opposed Wentworth. This led to armed rebellion. The opposition to Wentworth helped an impeachment of the Earl by the English Parliament. He was executed in May, 1641.
When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 started, Ormonde was in command of government troops based in Dublin. Most of the country was taken by the Catholic rebels, who included Ormonde's Butler relatives. Rebel leader Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret, was Ormonde's cousin. In spring 1642 Mountgarret and Ormonde were the commanders of the two sides at the battle of Kilrush, with Ormonde's side winning.

In spring 1642 the Irish Catholics formed their own government, the Catholic Confederation. The capital was Kilkenny. They started to organise their own troops. Also in early 1642 the king sent in troops from England and Scotland to help with the fight. The Irish Confederate War had started. 

Ormonde cleared the area around Dublin of Confederate forces. He got control of the area historically known as the Pale. In March 1643 Ormonde brought his troops to New Ross. This was deep in the territory of the Catholic Confederation. He won a small victory there (Battle of New Ross) before returning to Dublin.
However, Ormonde was in a very difficult situation. The Confederates held two thirds of the island. The English Civil War had started in September 1642. This meant that there were not going to be more troops from England to help him. The King had even asked to send back the troops he had sent before.

Isolated in Dublin, Ormonde agreed to a ceasefire (to stop fighting) with the Catholics, which began in September 1643. The greater part of Ireland was given up into the hands of the Catholic Confederation. This left only districts in the north, the Dublin Pale, round Cork City, and certain smallish garrisons in the possession of Protestant commanders. This truce was strongly opposed by the Lords Justices and the Protestant community in general in Ireland.
In November 1643 the king appointed Ormonde as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. This was the highest post in the Irish government. Ormonde was told to stop the king's Parliamentarian enemies being helped from Ireland. He also had to deliver more troops to fight for the Royalist side in England. He was also given the king's authority to make peace with the Catholic Confederation. They could then allow their troops to fight against the Parliamentarians.

Negotiations with the Irish Confederates

Ormonde had a difficult job to do. 

The Old native Irish and Catholic Irish of English descent ("the Old English") had their own government in Confederate Ireland. They would support King Charles I of England if he would allow them freedom to be Catholics, and give them self-government. On the other side, any deals he made with Catholic Confederates meant that his support among English and Scottish Protestants in Ireland would become less.
On August 25, 1645, Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester, acting on behalf of King Charles, signed a treaty (peace agreement) in Kilkenny with the Irish Catholic Confederates. He did not talk about this with the Irish Protestant community. Irish Protestants were strongly against this, and Charles was forced to undo the treaty almost immediately. He was afraid that almost all Irish Protestant would give support to the other side in the English Civil War. 

On March 28, 1646, Ormonde, on behalf of the king, signed another treaty with the Confederates. This one gave them religious and other rights. However, the Confederates' General Assembly (their government) in Kilkenny did not like the deal. This was in part because of what the pope's ambassador (nuncio) Giovanni Battista Rinuccini said. He did not want the Catholics to compromise. The Confederates arrested those among them who had signed the treaty with Ormonde.
Ormonde then judged that he could not keep the Confederates out of Dublin. He asked for help from English Long Parliament and signed an agreement with them on June 19, 1647. At the beginning of August Ormonde handed over Dublin, together with 3000 royalist troops under his command, to the Parliamentarian commander Michael Jones. He had arrived from England with 5000 Parliamentarian troops. Ormonde in turn sailed to England. He said about his surrender that he "preferred English rebels to Irish ones." 

The royalist and parliamentarian troops were fighting on different sides in the English Civil War. But in Ireland, they fought together against the Catholic Confederates. The combined troops won a major battle against the Confederates soon afterward near Dublin (Battle of Dungan's Hill).
Commander of Royalist Alliance
In March 1648 he joined the queen and the Prince of Wales in Paris. In September he went back to Ireland. He was going to try to get the Irish Confederates and the Irish Protestants to support the king now that the pope's nuncio was gone. 

The Irish Confederates wanted to make a compromise now. Their battle against the English Parliamentarian forces was not going well. On 17 January 1649 Ormonde signed a peace with the rebels which said that they could practice their religion freely.

After Charles I was executed in 1649, he stated Ireland's support for Charles II. Ormonde was put in command of the Irish Confederates' armies and also the English Royalist troops who had come to Ireland. Almost all of Ireland was under his control before August 1649. Yet Ormonde was not able to stop the conquest of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell in 1649-50.
Most of the English and Protestant Royalist troops left Ormonde's side and went to fight for Cromwell in May 1650. The Irish Catholic troops were the only ones left under his command. They did not trust him. Ormonde was made to leave his command in late 1650. He returned to France later that year. In Cromwell's Act of Settlement 1652, all of Ormonde's lands in Ireland were taken from him.

Ormonde was great friends with Charles II and the queen mother in Paris. He went to Aix and Cologne with Charles when he had to leave France. He played an active part in the secret planning of the Restoration (the plan to put Charles II back on the throne of England.).

Ormonde's career after Charles II became King
After Charles II became king, Ormonde got a lot of different responsibilities and titles from the king. He was made
 commissioner for the treasury and the navy,
 Lord Steward of the Household,
 a Privy Councillor,
 Lord Lieutenant of Somerset,
 High Steward of Westminster, Kingston and Bristol,
 chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin,
 Baron Butler of Llanthony and Earl of Brecknock in the peerage of England,
 Duke of Ormonde in the Irish peerage
 Lord High Steward of England for Charles's coronation that year.

He also got back his lands in Ireland.  On 4 November 1661 he became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland again. He did not like it when Charles II stopped importing cattle from Ireland. In return, he stopped importing cattle from Scotland.

In March 1669, Ormonde was removed from the government of Ireland. He did not mind. He made sure that his sons and others that listened to him stayed in their posts. He was chosen as Chancellor of the University of Oxford on 4 August 1669.
In 1670 an attempt was made to kill the duke by an adventurer named Thomas Blood. Ormonde was attacked by Blood and his helpers while driving up St James's Street on the night of 6 December 1670. He was pulled out of his carriage, and taken on horseback along Piccadilly. They wanted to hang him at Tyburn. Ormonde managed to escape.

In 1677 the king decided that he would become the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland once again. 

On his arrival in Ireland he set up a tax system, and reorganised the army. After the Popish Plot (1678) in England, Ormonde at once took action that would make Roman Catholics powerless. There were far more Catholics than Protestants in the country (15 Catholics for every 1 Protestant). In 1682 he went back to London at the request of the King, who he supported. The last thing he did as lord lieutenant was to declare Irish support for James II of England after the death of Charles II.
Ormonde lived in retirement at Cornbury in Oxfordshire. Ormonde died on 21 July 1688 at Kingston Lacy, Dorset. Ormonde was buried in Westminster Abbey on 1 August 1688.

References
Further reading
Thomas Carte, Life of the Duke of Ormonde (3 vols., 1735–1736; new ed., in 6 vols., Oxford, 1851)
Thomas Carte, Collection of Original Letters, found among the Duke of Ormonde's Papers (1739)
Carte Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford
Sir Robert Southwell, "Life of Ormonde",  printed in the History of the Irish Parliament, by Lord Mountmorres (i 792), vol. 1.
Correspondence between Archbishop Williams and the Marquess of Ormonde, edited by B. H. Beckham (reprinted from Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1869)
John Milton, Observations on the Articles of Peace between James, Earl of Ormonde, and the Irish-Rebels
Hist. MSS. Comm. Reps. ii.-iv. and vi.-x., esp. Rep. viii., appendix, p. 499, and Rep. xiv. App.: pt. vii.
Manuscripts of the Marquis of Ormonde, together with new series; Notes and Queries, vi. ser. v., Pp. 343~ ~al1
Gardiner's History of the Civil War
Calendar of Slate Papers (Domestic) and Irish,1633 – 1662, with introductions
Biographia Britannica (Kippis)
Scottish Hist. Soc. Publications: Letters and Papers of 1650, edited by S. R. Gardiner, vol. xvii. (1894)
Other websites

http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/ormond.htm 

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1610 births
1688 deaths
People buried in Westminster Abbey
British Dukes and Duchesses
British generals
Knights of the Garter
Lord-lieutenants
Macbeth is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi.  It is based on Shakespeare’s play with the same name.  The opera is normally in Italian, though there is also a French version that's almost never used anymore.  The  libretto (the words) was written by Francesco Maria Piave with some extra additions by Andrea Maffei.

Verdi wrote several works based on Shakespeare plays.  Macbeth was the first of these.  It was composed in 1847, at a time when he was composing a lot of operas.  In those days Italian operas were always about a love story, but Macbeth was unusual because there was no love story.  Instead, it is a story about wanting power, even if means murder.  The opera helped to make him very famous, and it has remained one of his most popular operas.
Composition history
Andrea Maffei, a poet and friend of Verdi, suggested to him that Macbeth would be a good story to make into an opera.  Verdi did not read Shakespeare’s original work until after he had composed the opera.  The words were written for him by Piave who based the libretto on an Italian translation.  Verdi loved the story, he thought it was “one of the greatest creations of man”.  The opera is very similar to the story told by Shakespeare, but Verdi uses a large chorus of witches instead of just three.  The last act ends with the refugees coming together on the English border, and, in the revised version, ends with a chorus of bards celebrating their victory over the cruel tyrant.
The 1847 version was performed a great deal all over Italy.  Then, in 1865, Verdi made several changes to the opera in a revised version.  It was to be performed in Paris, and in France people expected to have ballet music in operas.  Verdi wrote some music for the dancers, and took the opportunity to make other changes as well. Verdi worked in Italian, and had it translated into French for the performance there, but people don't use the French translation. They instead use all his changes for the French version, but keep the Italian text.

After 1865 it was not performed very often.  Verdi was very disappointed about this because he was particularly proud of this opera.  He had worked closely with Piave.  It was Verdi who gave Piave the outline of the story he wanted him to write.  Verdi concentrated on three main characters: Lady Macbeth, Macbeth and the Witches.  It was not until around the time of World War II that it became very popular again.

Roles

The story of the opera
Place: Scotland
Time: 11th century

Act 1
Scene 1: A heath

In the prelude (the music of the opening) we hear music that comes later in the sleep-walking scene.  The chorus of Witches prophesy the future.  A messenger arrives to say that Macbeth has been given the title and estates of Cawdor.  Macbeth and Banquo, his general, think about the witches’ prophecy.  Half of the prophecy has just come true (the other half being that Macbeth will become king, and that the kings that come after him will be Banquo’s heirs).  The witches dance and sing at the end of this scene.

Scene 2: Macbeth's castle
Lady Macbeth reads a letter from her husband in which he tells her about the prophecy the witches had made.  She decides to make sure that Macbeth really does become king.  She decides that she must persuade her husband to murder Duncano (Duncan, King of Scotland).  Macbeth sees a dagger in front of him.  He takes it and murders Duncano (who never sings in the opera).  Then he is horrified at what he has done.  His wife is disgusted that her husband feels terrible about the murder.  She takes the dagger and completes the crime, then smears Duncano’s blood on the guards who are asleep.  Banquo and Macduff, a Scottish nobleman, arrive, Macduff discovers the crime, and all the characters sing a chorus asking God to punish the murderer(s).

Act 2
Scene 1: A room in the castle

Macbeth is now king.  He is worried about the prophecy that Banco’s heirs will become king.  He and his wife decide that Banco and his son must be murdered.
 
Scene 2: Outside the castle
A gang of murderers are waiting for Banco.  He is caught, but his son Fleanzio manages to escape. 

Scene 3: A dining hall in the castle

Macbeth receives the guests and Lady Macbeth sings a brindisi (drinking song) which is quite similar to the famous one in La Traviata.  Macbeth is told that Banco has been murdered, but when he goes back to the table he finds Banco’s ghost sitting in his place.  He shouts and raves at the ghost.  The other people cannot see the ghost and think that Macbeth has gone mad.  The feast ends quickly.

Act 3
The witches' cave
The witches are sitting round a cauldron in a dark cave. They sing, and then dance a ballet which was written for the 1865 version.  The music sounds like magic.  Macbeth enters and wants the witches to tell him his future.  They conjure up three apparitions for him. The first one tells him to beware of Macduff. The second tells him that he cannot be harmed by a man 'born of woman'. The third one says that he cannot be conquered till Birnam Wood marches against him. 

Macbeth is then shown the ghost of Banco and his descendants, eight future Kings of Scotland.  This shows that the witches prophecy from the beginning of the opera must indeed come true.  Macbeth collapses.  When he recovers and tells his wife what he saw, she is even more determined to kill Banco’s son and all his family.

Act 4

Scene 1: Near the border between England and Scotland
Scottish refugees stand near the English border and sing a song about how Macbeth, the tyrant, is oppressing his people.
 
Malcolm, Banco’s son, tells his soldiers to cut  branches from  trees in Birnam Wood and carry them as they attack Macbeth's army. They want to free Scotland from tyranny.

 Scene 2: Macbeth's castle 

A doctor and a servant watch the Queen as she walks in her sleep, wringing her hands trying to clean them of blood. 

Scene 3: The battlefield
Macbeth has heard that an army is coming towards him.  He is told that the Queen is dead, but he does not seem to mind.  He gets his army together.  Banco’s army march against him with their tree branches.  The prophecy has come true: Birnam Wood has marched up against him.  Macduff fights Macbeth and kills him.  He tells Macbeth that he was not "born of woman" but "ripped" from his mother's womb.  The fight continues.  Macduff kills Macbeth.  Macduff's men call out that Macduff is the new King.  All the soldiers and the women sing a hymn to victory.

References

The New Kobbe’s Opera Book ed. The Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie

Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
1840s operas
Consumption may refer to:

Tuberculosis, an infectious disease
 Consumption (ecology), when a living thing eats another living thing to get energy
 Consumption (economics), the purchase of goods
 Consumption function, an economic formula

Related pages
 
 Consumerism
The G20 (Group of 20, also variously G21, G22 and G20+) is a bloc of developing nations established on 20 August 2003. Distinct and separate from the G-20 major economies, the group emerged at the 5th Ministerial WTO conference, held in  Cancún, Mexico, from 10 September to 14 September 2003.  The G-20 accounts for 60% of the world's population, 70% of its farmers and 26% of world’s agricultural exports. In 2008 the group had 23 members.

References

International organizations
Cahors () is a commune in southwestern France. It is in Occitanie. Cahors is the prefecture (capital) of the Lot department. It is also the capital of 3 cantons: Cahors-1, Cahors-2 and Cahors-3.

Cahors was the capital of the old province of Quercy and the people of this city are known, in French, as cadurciens (women: cadurciennes). This name comes from the old name of the city, Carduca.

History
Cahors is an ancient town. The people that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest were called Carduci and so the Romans named the town as Divona or Divona Cadurcorum, "Divona of the Cadurci"; Divona was a source of water, now called "fontaine des Chartreux". The word Cahors comes from Cadurcorum.

Geography
Cahors is located in the southwest of France, in the old province of Quercy, in the valley of the Lot river, and is found in a peninsula () formed by an U-shaped meander of that river which gives its name to the department.
It has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune is at  north of Toulouse and is surrounded by the communes Mercuès, Calamane, Pradines, Arcambal, Lamagdelaine, Laroque-des-Arcs, Trespoux-Rassiels, Labastide-Marnhac, Le Montat and Flaujac-Poujols.

Climate 
The climate of Cahors, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
With a population of 19,630, Cahors has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Cahors

Cahors forms, together with the commune Pradines, the urban area of Cahors, with a population of 23,090 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Cahors, formed by 44 communes with a population of 44,255 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Administration 
Cahors is the prefecture of the Lot department, the capital of the arrondissement of Cahors and the administrative centre () of the Cahors-1, Cahors-2 and Cahors-3 cantons.

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Cahors ().

Places of interest

Some places of interest are:
 Pont Valentré (Valentré Bridge, ), a symbol of the town across the Lot river. It was built between 1308 and 1378.
 Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Cahors (Cahors Cathedral), a national monument in France.
 Arc de Diane (Diane's Arch), remains of Roman baths. 
 Saint-Barthélémy Church (14th century).
 Maison Henri IV or Hôtel de Roaldès (15th century).

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Cahors
 Communes of the Lot department

Other websites

 Ville de Cahors - Official website 
 Office de Tourisme de Grand Cahors  (in English: Grand Cahors Tourist Office ) 

Communes in Lot
Departmental capitals in France