Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
April 28, 2013 – Enrico Letta becomes Prime Minister of Italy, succeeding Mario Monti.
 June 27, 2013 – Kevin Rudd becomes Prime Minister of Australia, succeeding Julia Gillard.
 July 3, 2013 – President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt is thrown by a coup, leaving Adly Mansour, the Egyptian supreme court judge as the Acting President.
 September 18, 2013 – Tony Abbott becomes Prime Minister of Australia, succeeding Kevin Rudd.
 January 27, 2014 – Juan Orlando Hernández becomes President of Honduras, succeeding Porfirio Lobo Sosa.
 March 11, 2014 – Michelle Bachelet becomes President of Chile, succeeding Sebastián Piñera.
 May 8, 2014 – Luis Guillermo Solís becomes President of Costa Rica, succeeding Laura Chinchilla.
 May 31, 2014 – Peter Mutharika becomes President of Malawi, succeeding Joyce Banda. 
 June 1, 2014 – Salvador Sánchez Cerén becomes President of El Salvador, succeeding Mauricio Funes.
 June 7, 2014 – Petro Poroshenko becomes President of Ukraine.
June 8, 2014 – Abdel Fattah el-Sisi becomes President of Egypt.
 July 1, 2014 – Juan Carlos Varela becomes President of Panama, succeeding Ricardo Martinelli.
 July 24, 2014 – Reuven Rivlin becomes President of Israel, succeeding Shimon Peres.
 September 29, 2014 – Ashraf Ghani becomes President of Afghanistan, succeeding Hamid Karzai.
 October 11, 2014 – Charles Michel becomes Prime Minister of Belgium, succeeding Elio Di Rupo.
 October 20, 2014 – Joko Widodo becomes President of Indonesia, succeeding Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
 October 31, 2014 – Blaise Compaoré resigned as President of Burkina Faso. 
 December 21, 2014 – Klaus Iohannis becomes President of Romania, succeeding Traian Băsescu.
 November 4, 2015 – Justin Trudeau becomes Prime Minister of Canada, succeeding Stephen Harper.
 December 10, 2015 – Mauricio Macri becomes President of Argentina, succeeding Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.
 June 30, 2016 – Rodrigo Duterte becomes President of the Philippines, succeeding Benigno Aquino III.
July 13, 2016 – Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, succeeding David Cameron.
 January 20, 2017 – Donald Trump becomes President of the United States, succeeding Barack Obama.
 November 21, 2017 – Robert Mugabe resigned as President of Zimbabwe.
 December 1, 2018 - Andrés Manuel López Obrador becomes President of Mexico, succeeding Enrique Peña Nieto.
Sporting events
 Different Olympic games:
 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia
 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore
 2012 Summer Olympics in London
 2012 Winter Youth Olympics
 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, southern Russia
 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro
 2016 Winter Youth Olympics
 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea
 2018 Summer Youth Olympics
 Different World Cup games:
 2010 FIFA World Cup was held in South Africa, won by the Spain
 2011 Cricket World Cup was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, won by India
 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was held in Germany, won by Japan
 2011 Rugby World Cup was held in New Zealand, won by New Zealand
 2014 FIFA World Cup was held in Brazil, won by the Germany 
 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup to be held in Canada
 2015 Cricket World Cup to be held in Australia and New Zealand
 2015 Rugby World Cup to be held in England
 2018 FIFA World Cup to be held in Russia
 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup
2019 Cricket World Cup to be held in England and Wales
 2019 Rugby World Cup to be held in Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore
A rainforest is a forest that gets heavy rainfall. The most notable rainforests are in the tropics or subtropics. The biggest rainforest is the Amazon rainforest, which is mostly in Brazil. 

Forests like this have extraordinary biodiversity. Over half of all plant and animal species live in the rainforest. Also more than 1/4 of all medicines come from here. They are an important source of oxygen, but not so much as the seas.

The rainforest gets an average of 50 to 250 inches (1.2-6.3m) of rain through the year. It is warm all year round rarely getting above 34°C (94 °F) or getting below 20 °C (68 °F). It has an average humidity of 77 to 88%. Tropical rainforests occur in three major geographical areas around the world.
 Parts of South and Central America  the Amazon River basin, and Costa Rica.
 Africa  Congo River basin, with a small area in West Africa; also eastern Madagascar.
 South Asia and Australasia  west coast of India, Assam, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Queensland, Australia.
A less-used term is temperate rainforest. For temperate rain forests of North America, annual precipitation is over , and the mean annual temperature is between 4 and 12 °C (39 and 54 °F).
However, definitions in other countries differ. For example, Australian definitions are ecological-structural rather than climatic:
 Closed canopy of trees which excludes at least 70% of the sky.
 Tree species which do not require fire for regeneration, but with seedlings able to regenerate under shade and in natural openings.
This definition would not suit the forests of western North America, and so the term "temperate rainforest" is not so widely agreed. The weather in a rainforest would be humid, which is wet but warm like a greenhouse.
The bottom-most layer gets only 2% of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region. The understory layer lies between the canopy and forest floor. It is a home to a number of birds, snakes and lizards as well as predators such as jaguars or leopards on the forest floor. The leaves are much bigger at this level and insect life is abundant.

Characteristics 
The characteristics of present-day tropical rainforests are:
Land is mostly under 700 metres down to below sea level
 Climate:
 High rainfall
 High temperature
 Equable: not much variation
 Vegetation: 90% or more Angiosperms
 Tall canopy trees
 Lianas (climbing plants)
 Epiphytes
 Leaves large, complete margins, with drip tips
 Flowers and fruits large
 Pollination mainly by insects
 Leguminaceae are the most common plant family
 Evergreens: leaves may be shed, but not seasonally
 Animals
 High diversity: many different species
 Many insects which eat plants, and many anti-insect defences by plants
 Many arboreal (tree-living) mammals
The five layers 
Tropical rainforests are typically dominated by different plants and animals at different levels. The top layer is the emergent layer. Then there is the canopy layer. Under the tall canopy is the understory. The understory is made up of smaller trees, vines and shrubs. The next layer is called the shrub layer, and has mainly bushes. The bottom layer is the forest floor. This is made up of the small plants on the ground.

Emergent layer 
The emergent layer is the farthest from the ground. High in the trees eagles perch. Their keen eyes search constantly for small monkeys and other prey. Butterflies, parrots, toucans, and hundreds of other colourful birds constantly fly through the tops of the trees.
The canopy is like a huge green roof over the forest. The trees grow up thin and straight, like pillars seeking the sun. They do not put out branches until they are very tall. Then, they spread out like an umbrella in the sunlight. The trees are so close together that very little light penetrates through to the lower layers. Many kinds of monkeys, birds, and insects live in the layer. Other mammals, like cats, also live there. Many animals that call this layer home often never touch the ground throughout their entire lives. They find everything they need in the canopy. Water can be got from the boles of trees, if not, the leaves and epiphytes which grow in the canopy can supply that need. The animals eat the leaves and fruit of the trees, insects, or other animals. The tall canopy trees must be able to reach the sunlight high in the air and still get nutrients from the thin soil on the forest floor. Their roots do not go deep into the soil because there is nothing there for the plants to reach
. Instead, the roots spread out in all directions along or just under the ground. That way they can quickly make use of the nutrients from the recycled plants and animals that have fallen to the floor.
Understory layer 
The understory is usually a dark, humid place, under the canopy. There is very little light and no breeze because they are blocked out by the canopy. The plants under the canopy must be able to live with very little sunlight. Bushes, large green plants, ferns and small trees make up this layer. Often they will only grow in open patches where a big tree has fallen down. Other plants, like vines, grow on the big trees.
Shrub layer 
The shrub layer is mainly made out of bushes. It contains most of the rainforests orchids, because the orchids use water from the forest floor, vegetation from the understory and sunlight that is reflected from the canopy layer leaves. It is the smallest layer of the rainforest, yet contains over 84% of the rainforest's orchids. It is normally very dark in the shrub layer, apart from little spots of sunlight that comes through empty spaces of the emergent layer. Despite not having very much sunlight, the shrub layer is very humid [wet and warm]. Many invertebrates live in the shrub layer such as scorpions, beetles and tarantulas. Some experts categorize the rainforest into four layers rather than five. They consider the shrub layer to be part of the understory.
Forest floor 
The ground level is called the forest floor. Snakes, tapirs, jaguars, tamanduas, and gorillas are just a few of the species that may live here. It is dark on the rainforest floor. Insects, giant centipedes, spiders, ants, and beetles are very abundant here. The floor of the rainforest is often very open and easy to walk across. That is because so little light reaches the floor that very few plants can grow there.

Plants and animals 

One type of plant in the rainforest does not need soil. These plants are called epiphytes, or air plants. Air plants live on the branches of trees in the canopy or understory, with their roots out in the air. In the humid rainforest, they collect water from the rain that falls on them.
One kind of air plant is a flower called an orchid. There are thousands of different kinds of orchids in the rainforest. Some air plants store water in pools in and around their roots. These pools can become homes for frogs and salamanders. Frogs usually need to lay their eggs in ponds, but some rainforest tree frogs lay their eggs in the pools in air plants. That way, the frogs never have to go down to the ground. Some plants provide medicine for humans.

Many kinds of insects live in the rainforest. It never gets cold enough to kill them. There are bees, butterflies, termites, beetles, and many kinds of flies. There are ants everywhere. One kind of ant is the army ant. Army ants do not have nests. They march out in a line every day to hunt for other insects, which they eat. At night they hook themselves together to form a living nest around their queen and larvae.
Snakes live in the trees and on the forest floor. They eat frogs, eggs, birds, insects, and small animals. Some of the snakes, like the fer-de-lance of Latin America, are poisonous, but others are not. One large non-poisonous snake is the Anaconda of South America. It is one of the largest snakes in the world. It kills its prey by wrapping itself around the animal and squeezing it until it cannot breathe.

Monkeys are common animals in the rainforest. Most live their lives up in the canopy and the understory. They have long arms to swing from branch to branch, and some use their tails to hold onto the trees while they eat. They are fast and agile, jumping easily from tree to tree for food. Different monkeys eat different things. They can eat nuts, flowers, roots, and frogs. Their hoots and howls are heard throughout the rainforest, even when they cannot be seen among the trees.
Many colorful birds also live among the canopy of the rain forest, and there are also animals that live on the forest floor. The tapir is a forest animal that looks like a large pig. It is actually related to the horse and the rhinoceros. They live in South American and Asian rain forests, eating leaves, twigs, and fruit. Tapirs are among the animals hunted by the big cats of the rain forest. Jaguars, leopards, and tigers are the largest predators of rain forests. These cats have beautiful fur coats that have been hunted for the fur trade for years. The spotted coats of the jaguar and leopards were especially popular for fur coats. Today most countries are trying to protect their big cats, but many are still hunted illegally.

These are only a few of the animals and plants in the rainforest. About half of all of the different species, of plants and animals in the entire world live in rain forests. Many of the insects do not have scientific names, because they have never been classified.
People of the rainforest 
There are many tribes of people who have lived in the rainforests for thousands of years. These forest dwellers usually belong to one of two groups. They are usually hunter/gatherers or slash-and-burn farmers.

Hunter/gatherers 
Hunter/gatherers live as they do in every other region of the world. They kill animals and gather what the forest provides for part of their food. Unlike in the Arctic, tools are always available. Unlike in the desert, water is always available. The people do not need clothes to protect them from the weather. The forest even provides a way to make hunting easier. Many of the people hunt with poisoned arrows. The poisons come from the plants of the forest. That makes the animals easier to kill.
Slash-and-burn farmers 
Most of the forest people are slash-and-burn farmers. They raise crops in small clearings as well as hunting and gathering in the forest. This provides them with food year-round. They start by cutting (slashing) down the trees and the other plants in an area. They let the dead plants dry out, then they burn them. The ash from the burned plants goes into the soil and makes it fertile for a little while. This is called slash-and-burn farming.

The small clearings grow food crops for a few years, then the family or group moves on and clears a new field. The old field is left to be overgrown by the forest. In a few years, it once again looks like the rain forest that surrounds it.
This type of farming does not harm the rain forest when only a few people are doing it. The small clearings become rain forest again without any damage. The land is used and recycled for use again some other time. The rain forest easily regrows to fill in the clearings after the people leave. That is changing today. Today, the rain forests are getting smaller because too many people are burning them.

Rainforests in danger 
There are some serious problems concerning the rainforests that need to be fixed. Rainforests are being cut down too quickly. Every year an area about the size of West Virginia is being destroyed. This is a problem for everyone.

Rainforests are so large and thick that for many years very few people lived or went there. Today, however, that is changing. Millions of poor, often hungry, people live near the rainforests of the world. These people are desperate for a better life, and they think they can find it in the forests.
Settlers can get into the rainforests because modern machines have opened roads deep into the jungle. The roads are usually built by businesses who want to cut down trees or dig up minerals in the forest. Governments build other roads for trade and to allow settlers into the forest. Poor people come into the forest by the thousands on the roads and take land to raise food. They burn off the trees and plants to make a field. Then they plant crops for food and to sell. All around them other farmers do the same, so there is no forest left to grow back.

The new farms can only grow crops for a few years in the poor soil. The farmers then sell the land to a cattle rancher or just leave and clear a new piece of land. The soil is so poor that it will not even grow grass to feed cattle for more than a few more years. By then, the ground is hard packed and grows only a few weeds. The rainforest is destroyed and nothing can be done with the land.
If this continues long enough, the forests will be destroyed and the farmers will have no place to move. Then those people will starve
, because there will be no land left where they can grow food. Forcing them to stop cutting down the forest will not help, because they would just starve now instead of later. New ways need to be found for these people to live on the rainforest land without destroying it.

Also, no one knows how destroying the rainforests will change the earth. We know that less rain will fall once the trees are gone. That may cause some rivers, which supply water to cities around the rainforest, to dry up during part of the year. Also, burning trees puts carbon into the air. Carbon absorbs heat from the sun. Will the burning of so many trees change the air and make the climate on the earth warmer? Experts are arguing about it, but it might be happening.
The rainforests are also the source of many things that are useful to human beings. As many as one out of every four drugs bought at the store were discovered in rainforest. Coffee, chocolate, bananas, corn, tea, sweet potatoes, Brazil nuts, rubber, and tapioca all came from the rainforest. Very valuable wood is taken from the trees of the rainforest. Mahogany, teak, and balsa wood come from there. Those trees can not be grown without the thick, wet, warm rainforests. Thus, the loss of the rainforests would hurt other people besides those that must live there.

Related pages
 Biodiversity
 Peat swamp forest
 Congo rainforest
 Cloud forest
 Temperate rainforest

References
The Welsh language is a Celtic language and the national language of Wales, a country that is part of the United Kingdom. In Welsh, it is known as Cymraeg, or yr iaith Gymraeg, which means "the Welsh language".

Welsh is still spoken throughout the region: about 21% of the people of Wales can speak Welsh. That is about 600,000 people, and some people outside Wales, including those in nearby England. Many people in Wales say they can understand some form of Welsh, such as spoken, written, or can read Welsh, even if they do not speak it all the time.

Even though almost all Welsh people can understand and use the English language, the Welsh language is still an important part of Welsh culture. So children in all schools in Wales have to study it. There are some schools that have almost all of their classes in Welsh, but most schools teach mainly in English. Welsh is taught as a second language in these schools.
Language mutations 
Welsh has mutations, a sound (in speech) or a letter (in writing) changing at the start of a word. Example are the Welsh words "gwneud", which in English means "to do"; and "dod", which means "to come"; and "dewch i mewn", which means "come in". The word sometimes changes from "gwneud" to "wneud" and from "dod" to "ddod". The sounds (in speech) or letters (in writing) changes also occur within and at the end of words, but the simplified classification found in ordinary books does not mention that.

Formal and informal Welsh 
In Welsh, there is formal and informal Welsh. Formal Welsh is used for writing in formal documents and tor speaking to a group (because it also includes the plural), to someone older than yourself, to someone you have just met, or someone to whom you would like to show respect. Formal words and phrases use variations of "chi", meaning "you." Sometimes, people will ask you to call them "chi."
Informal Welsh is used in sending e-mails or sending text messages to your friends or family and in talking with people you have known for a long time. Informal words and phrases use variations of "ti", meaning "you." Sometimes, people will ask you to call them "ti."

Sounds
There are some sounds and letters that exist in Welsh but not in English, such as the letters and sounds ch and ll. The first sound is pronounced like the Scottish Loch Ness, and one Welsh word that uses it is "bach", which means "small." Ll is a voiceless 'l' and is made by placing the tongue on the top of the top gum, and blowing. A Welsh word that uses the 'll' is "llan", which means "church" and appears often in place names, including one called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. Both 'ch' and 'll' are single letters in the Welsh alphabet, along with 'dd,' 'ff,' 'ng,' 'ph,' 'rh,' and 'th.'
Here are some things to say in Welsh with the pronunciation in brackets ().
 "Croeso i Gymru" (Kroy-sore ee Gum-ree) - Welcome to Wales 
 "Dewch i mewn" (Dew-ch ee mewn) - Come in (formal Welsh) 
 "Bore da" (Bor-eh dah) - Good morning 
 "Cai ydw i" (Ky uh-doo ee) - I am Cai (i.e.,My name is Cai)
 "Pwy ydych chi?" (Poi Ud-uch ee) - Who are you?, or What is your name? (formal Welsh)
 "Sut ydych chi heddiw?" (Sit uhd-ich ee heth-ew) - How are you today? (formal Welsh)
 "Sut wyt ti heddiw?" (Sit ooee-tea heth-ew) - How are you today? (informal Welsh)
 "Da iawn diolch" (Dah yoww-n dee-olch) - Very well thank you.

Here are a few other words;
"Trwyn" (Troo-in) - Nose
"Hapus" (Hap-is) - Happy
"Trist" (Tree-st) - Sad
"Rwy'n caru ti" (Rooeen carry tea) - I love you (informal Welsh)
"Heulog" (Hey-log) - Sunny
"Eira" (Ey-ra) - Snow
"Ci" (Key) - Dog
Media 
Welsh books and newspapers have been printed for hundreds of years. Some of these books have been translated into English, and some books in other languages have been translated into Welsh. "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" was translated into Welsh, with the translation of "Harri Potter a Maen yr Athronydd," which means the same as the English title.

BBC Radio Cymru is a Welsh-language radio station that is available throughout Wales. Some local radio stations have some Welsh and English programs during the day.

The Welsh television channel, S4C, has been on air since 1982. It broadcasts shows such as the soap opera Pobol y Cwm, and children's programs such as Superted and Sam Tân (known as Fireman Sam in English).

In August 2009, the mobile phone maker Samsung (with the provider Orange) unveiled a new Welsh-language mobile phone that would be available from September 2009. It includes Welsh-language predictive text and menus.
The Welsh alphabet 
The Welsh alphabet has some extra letters that are not used in English, and does not have some others. Although certain letters do not exist in Welsh, they are used sometimes to make sounds that could not possibly be made otherwise. A good example is the word "garej" (meaning garage). The letter "j" does not exist in the Welsh language, and is a lend-word from English. The traditional word for "garage" in Welsh is modurdy, which means, "motor house". Another lend-word is "toiled," which means "toilet" in English. There are now many lend-words in spoken Welsh. Here is the Welsh alphabet;

A1, B, C, CH2, D, DD2, E1, F2, FF2, G, NG2, H, I1,  L, LL2, M, N, O1, P, PH2, R, RH2, S, T, TH2, U1, W1 2, Y1.
1 These letters are vowels. The letter 'W' can be used either as a vowel (when it is said 'oo' like in the Welsh word 'cwm' (coom) meaning 'valley') or as a consonant (when it is said like it is in English, for example in the Welsh word 'gwyn' (gwin) meaning 'white'). This is the same with letter 'I' which can also be used as a consonant (when it is said like an English Y like in 'iogwrt' (yog-oort) meaning yoghurt.
2 Letters that are not in the English alphabet, or have different sounds. CH sounds like the 'KH' in Ayatollah Khoumeini. DD is said like the TH in 'there'. F is said like the English 'V'. FF is said like the English 'F'. NG sounds like it would in English but it is tricky because it comes at the beginnings of words (for example 'fy ngardd' - my garden). One trick is to blend it in with the word before it. LL sounds like a cat hissing. PH sounds like the English 'F' too, but it is only used in mutations. RH sounds like an 'R' said very quickly before a 'H'. TH sounds like the 'TH' in 'THin'. W has been explained in the sentences before about vowels.
Mandarin might mean:

Mandarin language, a language from China
Mandarin orange, a citrus fruit
Mandarin Duck, a breed of duck
Mandarin Airlines, an airline from Taiwan
Hesse () is a state of Germany. It was formed in 1945 as Greater Hesse, and became Hesse in 1946

The capital is Wiesbaden. The main rivers in the northern part of Hesse are Werra, Fulda and Lahn. It is a hilly countryside, the main mountainchains being the Rhön, the Westerwald, the Odenwald, the Taunus and the Spessart. Most inhabitants live in the southernmost part of Hesse between the rivers Main and Rhine.

Hesse is divided into 21 districts. There are also five cities, which belong to no district.

Municipalities

Independent cities 
 Darmstadt
 Frankfurt (Main)
 Kassel
 Offenbach
 Wiesbaden

Cities 
 Hanau
 Marburg
 Fulda
 Giessen
 Wetzlar
 Bad Homburg
 Rodgau

Districts 
The cities and counties of Hesse are grouped into three Regierungsbezirk. automobile registration is handled by the districts.  The two or three letters of the automobile registration plate are in italics

Other websites
Other websites 

 Official government portal
 Portal about east part of Hesse 
 360 Degree virtual trip through the Rhön - part of eastern Hesse
Schleswig-Holstein (Danish: Slesvig-Holsten, Low Saxon: Sleeswiek-Holstain, Frisian: Sleeswyk-Holstein, North Frisian: Schleswig-Holstian) is the northernmost of the 16 states (German: Bundesländer) in Germany.

Schleswig-Holstein borders on Denmark in the North, the North Sea in the West, the Baltic Sea and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the East, and Lower Saxony and Hamburg in the South. Kiel is the capital of this state.

There are 4 independent towns:
 Kiel
 Lübeck
 Neumünster
 Flensburg

Countryside

The countryside is lowlands and hills with no mountains. The highest elevation in the state is the Bungsberg at only . There are many lakes, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holsteinische Schweiz ("Holstein Switzerland") or Schweiziann-Schwezalia. It has this name because there are many small hills which came to existence in the last ice age.

Other websites 
 Official governmental portal in German

References
Lower Saxony ( ; ; Saterland Frisian: Läichsaksen) is a German Bundesland (state).

Places 
The capital is Hannover (Hanover).

There are 38 districts:

There are 8 urban districts
 Braunschweig (Brunswick)
 Delmenhorst
 Emden
 Oldenburg
 Osnabrück
 Salzgitter
 Wilhelmshaven
 Wolfsburg

Other important towns are Göttingen, Hildesheim and Goslar.

Other websites 
 Official governmental portal (German) 
 Official governmental portal (English)
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern or known by its anglicized name: Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Low German: Mäkelborg-Vörpommern) is one of the 16 States of Germany. The capital is Schwerin.

As of 2016, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania had about 1,612,000 people.

It made part of former East Germany.

It is the most northeastern state of Germany. It borders the Baltic Sea in the north, Poland in the east, Brandenburg in the south, Lower Saxony in the southwest and Schleswig-Holstein in the west.

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania is low-lying and has many rivers, canals and lakes. The Stettin Lagoon lies partly in this state and partly in Poland.

The state hosts the biggest German island called Rügen, and the second biggest German lake called Müritz.

Politics 
Seats in the state parliament (Landtag) since 2016:
 SPD: 26
 AfD: 18
 CDU: 16
 Linke: 11

Total: 71 seats

Cities 
The largest cities/towns in the state are:
 Rostock
 Greifswald
 Stralsund
 Schwerin
 Neubrandenburg
 Güstrow
Besides Rostock all have a population of less than 200,000. Schwerin, the state capital, is the smallest state capital in Germany. Usually Schwerin would not be called a city. In Germany a city has over 100,000 people.

Districts

Former districts 
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was going to change the borders of all of its urban districts (towns) and rural districts (kreise or "counties").  The state supreme court stopped the changes.

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was divided into twelve rural districts (Landkreise):

Also there were six independent urban districts:

 Greifswald (HGW)
 Neubrandenburg (NB)
 Rostock (HRO)
 Schwerin (SN)
 Stralsund (HST)
 Wismar (HWI)

Current districts 

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has been divided into six rural districts (Landkreise) and two independent urban districts (kreisfreie Städte) since 4 September 2011:

Rural districts:
 Ludwigslust-Parchim
 Mecklenburgische Seenplatte
 Nordwestmecklenburg
 Rostock
 Vorpommern-Greifswald
 Vorpommern-Rügen
Urban districts:
 Rostock 
 Schwerin

References
Events 
February 2 – Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 February 25 – Jacob Hutter burned in a stake for heresy
 May 19 – Execution of Anne Boleyn
 May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour
 October 13 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in York, is "resolved" by Robert Aske
 October 29 – Coronation of Jane Seymour as the Queen of England
 Various religious buildings are closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries, including
Basingwerk Abbey
Bourne Abbey
Brinkburn Priory
Cartmel Priory
Dore Abbey and
The Cistercian Abbey of St Mary and St Chad
 Wales is united with England by an Act of Union
 Manco Capac II revolts from Spanish rule in Peru
 Resumption of war between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. Francis ceases control of Savoy and captures Turin.
 Protestantism introduced in Denmark
 Portuguese Crown divides Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies.
Deaths 
 January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII of England.
 May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII of England.
 Pargalı İbrahim Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
Thailand (  or  ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (, ; ), is a country in Southeast Asia.  Its neighbours are Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar. Its name was Siam until June 1939 and between 1945 and May 11 1949. The word Thai (ไทย) comes from the ethnic group in the center of Thailand. 

Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. It has a King as a head of state, who is Vajiralongkorn at the moment.

Most people here (95%) follow the philosophy called Buddhism. Smaller number of people (4.4%), mostly to the south, follow Islam. Other religions in Thailand are Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. Some Muslims in the south have begun fighting the government because they want to be more independent.

Population: the total fertility rate was 1.3 (in 2019).

History
A Buddhist kingdom named Sukhothai was founded here in 1238.
A century later, a bigger kingdom named Ayuthaya appeared south of Sukhothai. Later Sukhothai became a part of Ayuthaya. Ayuthaya existed for more than 400 years before its fall by the attack of a Burmese kingdom.

A soldier of Chinese origin then founded a new capital city at Thonburi, and became King Tāksin. 

The current era, Rattanakosin, started on founding Bangkok as the capital city by King Rama I of Chakri Dynasty.

Before 1932, Thailand was an absolute monarchy. On June 24, 1932, a group of people did a coup and changed Thailand to a constitutional monarchy. It was not until 1973 that Thai people voted for a Prime Minister in an election. There were coups both before and after this year.

In 1951, there was a failed coup - the Manhattan Rebellion. On September 19, 2006, the army did a coup d'état and took control from Thaksin Shinawatra's government.

In May 2014, a new military coup d'état removed another government.

In October 2016,  Rama X become the new king.
Between 1932 and 2014, Thailand had 12 coup d'etats.

Provinces
Thailand is made up of 76 provinces (จังหวัด, changwat), put into 5 groups. There are 2 specially governed districts: the capital Bangkok and Pattaya. The 76 provinces including Bangkok are as follows:

Central 
 Ang Thong
 Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon), Special Governed District of
 Chai Nat
 Kanchanaburi
 Lopburi
 Nakhon Nayok
 Nakhon Pathom
 Nonthaburi
 Pathum Thani
 Phetchaburi
 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
 Prachuap Khiri Khan
 Ratchaburi
 Samut Prakan
 Samut Sakhon
 Samut Songkhram
 Saraburi
 Sing Buri
 Suphan Buri

East 
 Chachoengsao
 Chanthaburi
 Chonburi
 Prachinburi
 Rayong
 Sa Kaeo
 Trat

North 
 Chiang Mai
 Chiang Rai
 Kamphaeng Phet
 Lampang
 Lamphun
 Mae Hong Son
 Nakhon Sawan
 Nan
 Phayao
 Phetchabun
 Phichit
 Phitsanulok
 Phrae
 Sukhothai
 Tak
 Uthai Thani
 Uttaradit
Northeast (Isan) 
 Amnat Charoen
 Bueng Kan
 Buri Ram
 Chaiyaphum
 Kalasin
 Khon Kaen
 Loei
 Maha Sarakham
 Mukdahan
 Nakhon Phanom
 Nakhon Ratchasima
 Nong Bua Lamphu
 Nong Khai
 Roi Et
 Sakon Nakhon
 Si Sa Ket
 Surin
 Ubon Ratchathani
 Udon Thani
 Yasothon

South 
 Chumphon
 Krabi
 Nakhon Si Thammarat
 Narathiwat
 Pattani
 Phang Nga
 Phatthalung
 Phuket
 Ranong
 Satun
 Songkhla
 Surat Thani
 Trang
 Yala

NOTE: In italics [1], that province is about the Greater Bangkok sub-region; in italics [2], that province is about the West sub-region.

Economy
The economy of Thailand "is based on trade and investment in the agricultural and tourism sectors, according to media. In 2022, the country with investors that invested the most in Thailand, was Japan; Chinese investors had the second place.
Industry had a contribution to the GDP, of 43.9 percent (in 2007), and 14 percent of the workforce are in that sector (of the economy). Within that sector, manufacturing was the biggest part, and it had a contribution (to the GDP), with 34.5 (in 2004).

References

Footnotes

Further reading 
 The United States CIA website

Other websites 

 Thaigov.go.th Royal Government of Thailand
 Tourism Authority of Thailand Official tourism website
 Thai National Assembly  Official Thai Parliament website
 Mfa.go.th Thailand Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 Birdwatching in Thailand
 Learn Thai Culture.com
 CIA - The World Factbook - Thailand 
 Thailand Country Fact Sheet from the Common Language Project
 Longdo Map Thailand On-line Thailand map
 Holidays Thailand  Holidays In Thailand
 

 
Current monarchies
Monarchies of Asia
1932 establishments in Asia
The Hoboken election of 2005 was an election when people living in Hoboken, New Jersey voted for a mayor. They also voted for a person for council of the city. The main people hoping to be mayor were:
David Roberts (won)
Carol Marsh (lost)
Frank Raia (lost)
Michael Russo (lost)
Evelyn Smith (lost)

The people hoping to join the council were:
Ruben Ramos Jr. (with Roberts, won)
Theresa LaBruno (with Roberts, won)
Peter Cammarano (with Roberts, won)
Inés García-Keim (with Marsh)
Anthony Soares (with Marsh)
Brian Urbano (with Marsh)
Theresa Burns (with Raia)
Anthony Mussara (with Raia)
Ron Rosenburg (with Raia)
Genevy Dimitrion (with Russo)
Manny Ortega (with Russo)
Brian Keller (with Russo)
Carrie Gilliard (with Smith)
Diane Nieves (with Smith)
Elizabeth Falco (with Smith)
Andrew Amato (by himself)
Scott Delea (by himself)

The election was on May 10, 2005. Roberts and Marsh got the most votes. Neither of them got 50% of the vote. Because this happened, a second election will happen (June 14, 2005).
2005 in the United States
2005 elections
2000s in New Jersey
2000s elections in the United States
May 2005 events
1519 was a common year.

Births 
 Lady Eleanor Brandon (d. 1547)
 March 31 – Henry II of France (d. 1559)
 April 13 – Catherine of Medici (d. 1589)

Deaths 
 May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci (b. 1452)
1475 was a common year.

Births 
 March 6 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)
Events 
 March 8 –  Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death
 June 22 – Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World
 September 10 – The Battle of Kawanakajima
 Ottoman Turks invade Malta
 Modern pencil becomes common in England
 Conquistadors crossed the Pacific
 Spanish found a colony in the Philippines

Births 
 February 15 – Galileo Galilei
 April 23 – William Shakespeare

Deaths 
 March 18 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)
1483 was a common year.

Births 
 April 6 – Raphael (d. 1520)
 November 10 – Martin Luther (d. 1546)
Hoboken is an American city in the state of New Jersey. It is by the Hudson River in Hudson County, across from Manhattan. In 2010, 50,005 people lived there.

Geography 
Hoboken is at 40°44'41" North, 74°1'59" West (40.744851, -74.032941).

The United States Census Bureau said the city has a total area of 5.1 km² (2.0 mi²). 3.3 km² (1.3 mi²) of it is land and 1.8 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 35.35% water.

History

Early history 
Hoboken was originally an island.  The Hudson River was to the east.  To the west was a swamp near the Palisades Sill. The island was a campsite used by the Lenni Lenape.   The name Hoboken comes from the original Lenape name for "Hobocan Hackingh" or "land of the tobacco pipe."  Europeans came in the 17th century.
The first European to find Hoboken was Henry Hudson. He stopped his ship near Weehawken Cove on October 2, 1609. Three Native Americans sold Hoboken to Michael Paauw, Director of the Dutch West India Company on July 12, 1630. The first European settlers of Hoboken were Dutch farmers. Hendrick Van Vorst of Jersey City leased the land to Aert Van Putten, who was Hoboken's first person. In 1643 Van Putten built a farm house and brew house north of Castle Point. The brew house was America's first.

The land was taken by William Bayard. Bayard liked the revolutionary cause but changed to a Loyalist Tory in 1776 when the Rebels lost the New York and New Jersey Campaign. At the end of the Revolutionary War, Bayard's land was taken by the Revolutionary Government of New Jersey.
The nineteenth century 
After the American war for independence, Hoboken was bought by Colonel John Stevens in 1784 for about $90,000. In the early 19th century, Stevens made the waterfront better for Manhattan people. He tested his inventions. Later in the century, Hoboken became better by being a shipping port and industrial center. Hoboken became a city in 1855, and Cornelius V. Clickener became the first Mayor. By the 19th century, shipping lines were using Hoboken as a port, and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (later the Erie Lackawanna Railroad) had became a railroad center at the waterfront. 

In 1832, a cave called Sybil's Cave opened and was popular. At that time, Hoboken was not yet an industrial city, and Hoboken was a country spot. Sybil's Cave was used in one of Edgar Allan Poe's stories in 1841. The water in the cave was bad, so the cave closed in the 1880s. In the 1930s it was filled with stone but in 2005 it was reopened.
"Heaven, Hell or Hoboken." 
World War I changed Hoboken. People against Germans started the city being placed under law, and many Germans had to move to Ellis Island in nearby New York Harbor. Or they left the city. During the war Hoboken became famous. In Hoboken terminal, American troops got onto ships that went to Europe. More than three million soldiers went through the terminal, and their word phrase was "Heaven, Hell or Hoboken... by Christmas."

Interwar years 
After the war, Italians were the city's major group, with the Irish having been a big group.
Post World War II 
In the 1960s, other people followed, including Puerto Ricans. High crime rates shortly followed, and many of Hoboken's original residents slowly moved out, including Irish and Italians. In the middle of the 20th century, industries looked for greener areas, port jobs went to larger places in Newark Bay, and the car, truck and airplane relpaced the railroad and ship as the way of moving in the United States. Most of the ports closed around 1975.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Hoboken attracted artists, musicians, and commuters who were going into Manhattan for work. Making Hoboken better was done in the same way as in the Manhattan. Making Hoboken better has continued, with many new places to live now being built on what used to be industrial sites on the waterfront and even more so in the western parts of Hoboken that were wost for the longest time. Although political control of the city is largely influenced by the city's long-term residents, the "yuppies" who have settled in Hoboken are now showing extensive interest. The City of Hoboken is controlled by the Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council).

Demographics 
Notice: This section of reading material may be too difficult to read.
As of the census of 2000, there are 38,577 people, 19,418 households, and 6,835 families residing in the city. The population density is 11,636.5/km² (30,239.2/mi²). There are 19,915 housing units at an average density of 6,007.2/km² (15,610.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 80.82% White, 4.26% African American, 0.16% Native American, 4.31% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 7.63% from other races, and 2.78% from two or more races. 20.18% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There are 19,418 households out of which 11.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.8% are married couples living together, 9.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 64.8% are non-families. 41.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.92 and the average family size is 2.73.
In the city the population is spread out with 10.5% under the age of 18, 15.3% from 18 to 24, 51.7% from 25 to 44, 13.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city is $62,550, and the median income for a family is $67,500. Males have a median income of $54,870 versus $46,826 for females. The per capita income for the city is $43,195. 11.0% of the population and 10.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 23.6% of those under the age of 18 and 20.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Character 
With containerization in the 20th century Hoboken lost business as a port town and became rundown.  Paterson, Elizabeth, and Camden were other places in New Jersey with similar problems.  In the late 1970s, it began to prosper again and many people wanted to live there.   

The city today is known for its excellent views of Manhattan, its fine-grained street grid, its historic architecture, and its restaurants and bars.   A car is more of a hindrance than a help in getting around, and people do a great amount of walking.  On weekend nights the town swells with young partygoers from nearby New Jersey towns who practice a rowdier style of barhopping than is fashionable across the river in Manhattan.  Sundays are quieter.
Hoboken's gentrification has become relatively advanced, though many native residents remain in the city and hold political power.  The population of "newcomers" or "yuppies", as they are typically called in the local press, consists of college and post-graduate students, bi-nationals, older artists and, increasingly, well-to-do commuters to Manhattan.  However, rising rents and other costs of living, particularly in rental units, has resulted in some of the "bohemian" population moving away.

Waterfront
Waterfront 

The Hoboken waterfront is the western shore of the Hudson from Newark Street and the Holland Tunnel to the south, and the Stevens Institute of Technology and Lincoln Tunnel to the north.  The waterfront defined Hoboken as a port town and powered its economy from the mid-19th century to the outbreak of World War I when the federal government took control for war purposes.  Control of the waterfront was returned to the city in the early 1950s.  On the Waterfront, often listed among the five or ten best American films ever, was filmed here.  It dramatized the lives of dockworkers, and the infiltration of unions by organized crime. Today the waterfront is a place to look at the Hudson River and Manhattan, with landscaped parks built on the foundations of former piers (Pier A, Pier C, Sinatra Park and Pier 14).

Local attractions 
 Stevens Institute of Technology
 Hoboken Terminal Waiting Room
 Marineview Plaza Complex
 North Hoboken Harbor
 Castle Point
 Sybil's Cave
Parks 
 Castle Point Park
 Church Square Park
 Columbus Park
 Elysian Park
 Frank Sinatra Park
 Gateway Park
 Jackson Street Park
 Leigon Park
 Madison Park
 Pier 14 (14th street pier)
 Pier A
 Stevens Park
 Hoboken Tea Building Walkway
 Hoboken Island (to be built)
 Hoboken Parks Initiative

Born in Hoboken 
 Frank Sinatra
 G. Gordon Liddy, Watergate conspirator and rightist radio talkshow host.
 Michael Chang, pro tennis player.
 Dorothea Lange, outstanding portrait photographer.
 Alfred Stieglitz  , leading figure of 19th and early 20th Century American photography.
 Alfred Kroeber, prominent 20th century anthropologist.
 Joe Pantoliano, actor.
 Pia Zadora, actress.
 Maria Pepe, first girl to play Little League baseball.
 Alfred Kinsey, famous psychologist who studied sex
 Ryan Songalia, boxing writer
 Tyshawn Taylor, professional basketball player
Active in Hoboken 
 Stephen Foster, master 19th century songwriter.
 Alexander Calder, leading 20th century sculptor and artist.
 Hetty Green, (in)famous business woman
 Daniel Pinkwater, National Public Radio commentator and author.
 Mark Leyner, "postmodern" author.
 Yo La Tengo, art-rock band.

References

Other websites 

 City of Hoboken
 Kannekt  - an unofficial guide to Hoboken

Cities in New Jersey
1849 establishments in the United States
1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 15 – Great Molasses Flood in Boston kills 21 people.
 January 16 – Prohibition begins in the United States.
 June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I.
 Charles Strite invents the toaster.
 Jules Bordet, Belgian doctor, won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Births

January 

 January 1 – Carole Landis, American actress and singer (d. 1948)
 January 13 – Robert Stack, American actor (d. 2003)
 January 14 – Giulio Andreotti, 41st Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2013)
 January 27 - Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks (d. 1972)
 January 31 – Jackie Robinson, American baseball player (d. 1972)

February 

 February 5 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1996)
 February 18 – Jack Palance, American actor and singer (d. 2006)

March
March 

 March 2 – Jennifer Jones, American actress (d. 2009)
 March 17 – Nat King Cole, American singer and jazz pianist (d. 1965)
 March 25 – Jeanne Cagney, American actress (d. 1984)

April 

 April 8 – Ian Smith, 8th Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 2007)
 April 13 – Madalyn Murray O'Hair, American atheist activist (d. 1995)

May 

 May 3 - Pete Seeger, American folk musician (d. 2014)
 May 7 – Eva Perón, former First Lady of Argentina (d. 1952)
 May 16 – Liberace, American pianist (d. 1987)
 May 17 – Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer, actor, equestrian, film producer, and screenwriter (d. 2007)

June 

 June 6 – Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, 6th Secretary General of NATO (d. 2018)
 June 14 – June Spencer, English actress

July 

 July 8 – Walter Scheel, 4th President of Germany (d. 2016)
 July 20 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (d. 2008)
 July 26 – James Lovelock, English environmentalist (d. 2022)

August
August 

 August 9 – Joop den Uyl, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1987)

September 
 September 26 - Matilde Camus, Spanish poet (d. 2012)

October 

 October 3 - James M. Buchanan, American Nobel Prize winning Economist (d. 2013)
 October 6 – Siad Barre, 3rd President of Somalia (d. 1995)
 October 8 – Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2007)
 October 18 – Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000) 
 October 26 - Edward Brooke, American politician (d. 2015)

November 

 November 4 – Martin Balsam, American actor (d. 1996)

December

Deaths 
 Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter
 January 6 – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States 
 April 10 – Emiliano Zapata
 May 6 – L. Frank Baum, American writer 
 August 11 – Andrew Carnegie, Scottish businessman
 October 7 – Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia
 October 13 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize winner