Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On creation, the canton adopted the title Republic and Canton of the Jura. Other cantons in Switzerland using the title "Republic and Canton" are Ticino, Canton Geneva, and Canton Neuchâtel. In each case the title asserts the autonomy of the canton and its nominal sovereignty within the Swiss Confederation.

Economy 
Agriculture is important in Canton Jura. Cattle breeding is significant and there is also horse breeding. The main industries are watches, clothing and tobacco. There are a growing number of small and middle-sized businesses.

People 
The people are almost fully French-speaking. The majority is Roman Catholic.

Districts 
Jura is divided into 3 districts:

 Delémont - capital: Delémont
 Porrentruy  - capital: Porrentruy
 Franches-Montagnes - capital: Saignelégier

Municipalities 
This is a list of the canton's 83 municipalities by district.

Related pages
 French language
Further reading 
 Ganguillet, Gilbert: Le conflit jurassien. Un cas de mobilisation ethno-régionale en Suisse, Zürich 1986.
 Harder, Hans-Joachim: Der Kanton Jura. Ursachen und Schritte zur Lösung eines Schweizer Minderheitenproblems, Frankfurt am Main 1978.
 Hauser, Claude: Aux origines intellectuelles de la Question jurassienne. Culture et politique entre la France et la Suisse romande (1910-1950), Diss. Fribourg 1997.
 Henecka, Hans Peter: Die jurassischen Separatisten. Eine Studie zur Soziologie des ethnischen Konflikts und der sozialen Bewegung, Meisenheim am Glan 1972.
 Jenkins, John R.G.: Jura Separatism in Switzerland, Oxford 1986.
 Ruch, Christian: Struktur und Strukturwandel des jurassischen Separatismus zwischen 1974 und 1994, Bern 2001.
 Schwander, Marcel: Jura. Konfliktstoff für Jahrzehnte, Zürich/Köln 1977.
 Steppacher, Burkard: Die Jurafrage in der Schweiz, München 1985.

References

Other websites 

 Republic and Canton of Jura  official site
 Jura Tourism
 Official Statistics
The French Community () was the body which replaced  the French Union in 1958.   Under the 1958 Constitution, member territories, former French colonies, had a lot of independence, but France controlled the currency, defence, foreign affairs and national security.

When the Community was established, French President de Gaulle said that any country in the French Community could move to complete independence. Apart from Guinea, which chose by referendum in 1958 not to join the Community, all French-ruled territories in sub-Saharan Africa joined the French Community. They obtained independence in 1960.

Related pages
Colonialism
Decolonization

Other websites
 Communauté française 

International organizations
France
Usury is lending money for interest. Nowadays it usually means lending at a high, often extortionate rate of interest on a loan.

Usury is illegal in many parts of the world.  In muslim countries charging any interest at all is strictly illegal.

Some people argue that this is against the Old Testament, especially Exodus and Deuteronomy which states that those who lend to someone in need will be blessed, but the point about usury is the high levels of interest, not the act of lending in itself.

Aristotle also condemned usury as "contrary to nature" in his book on Politics, because it increases by itself and makes money without labour.

Notes 

Financial crimes
John Lewis Bates (September 18, 1859–June 8, 1946) was born in  Massachusetts.

He was a Republican, and was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1894 to 1899; from 1897 to 1899 he was Speaker of the House. From 1900 to 1903 he was Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.

In 1902, Bates was elected Governor, holding office from 1903 to 1905. Bates then retired to his private law practice in Boston. From 1917 to 1919 Bates was a delegate to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention.

Bates was a member of the American Bar Association, the Freemasons, the Odd Fellows, and Beta Theta Pi.

Other websites
Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governor Biography 

Republican Party (United States) politicians
Governors of Massachusetts
1859 births
1946 deaths
Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts
Acoustic music is music which is played by using acoustic musical instruments, i.e. instruments in which the sound is not made louder by electronic amplification.   Before electronic musical instruments were created in the 20th century all instruments were acoustic.

Classical music is usually played using only acoustic musical instruments, although some 20th century composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen used electronic instruments, sometimes together with acoustic instruments.

References 

Music
The mandolin is a musical instrument, which literally means, a small soprano member of the lute family. It is played by hitting its strings and sounds similar in tone of a violin or a hammered dulcimer. The most common type of mandolin, which was first designed in Naples, has eight strings. It has a body made of wood and a fingerboard which has frets.
 

Plucked string instruments
Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music. It has its own roots in Irish, Scottish and English traditional music. It is usually played using acoustic musical instruments, and electronic musical instruments are rarely used in bluegrass music.  Traditional instruments used include the banjo, mandolin, fiddle, guitar and bass.  Other instruments such as the dobro are also used.

There are many accomplished bluegrass artists including Bela Fleck, Tony Rice, Alison Krauss, Laurie Lewis, Sam Bush, Bill Monroe, and Earl Scruggs. There are many organizations devoted to this music such as the International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA).

Many festivals are held around the country where professionals perform, amateurs gather to play, and workshops are given.
Billboard charts are charts published by Billboard magazine. They have information about the popularity of music songs, bands and singers. The Billboard Hot 100 is the most popular chart. It appears every week in the United States. It uses information from radio play and sales to say the most popular song each week.

Songs

All-genre

R&B/Hip-Hop

Adult/Pop

Country

Rock

Dance

Latin

Christian

Jazz

Ringtones

Canadian charts

International charts

Discontinued charts

Albums

References
Leuk (French Loèche) is a municipality of Switzerland and is the capital city of the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Since it controls access to the Gemmipass, it had some importance from the time of Roman Raetia. The Leukerbad hot baths are just North of Leuk, towards the pass.

Loèche houses the installations of Onyx, the Swiss interception system for electronic intelligence gathering.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Erschmatt merged into the municipality of Leuk.

References

Other websites 

http://www.leuk.ch 

Municipalities in Leuk
Cities in Switzerland
Raron is the capital city of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Raron
Goms is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It includes the following municipalities:

 Bellwald 
 Binn 
 Blitzingen 
 Ernen 
 Fiesch 
 Fieschertal 
 Grafschaft 
 Lax 
 Münster-Geschinen 
 Niederwald 
 Obergesteln 
 Oberwald 
 Reckingen-Gluringen 
 Ulrichen
Shavo Odadjian () (born April 22 1974, Yerevan, Armenia as Shavarsh Odadjian) is the bassist for the Armenian American-based alternative metal band, System of a Down. He also scored summer blockbuster hit, "Babylon, A.D." alongside with The Rza and Hans Zimmer. He is a multi-instrumentalist, painter, DJ, and director.

Biography 
In his youth, Shavo used to spend his time skateboarding and listening to punk rock and heavy metal music. He started managing the band Soil with Malakian and Tankian in 1993 after meeting them in a recording studio. In 1995, Shavo became the permanent bassist of the band. They then named themselves "System of a Down" after a poem titled "Victims of a Down" authored by bandmate Daron Malakian.

Odadjian is a popular DJ in the LA area met by "Dj Tatic", taking part in such events as the "Rock/DJ Explosion" on March 2 2001 at The Roxy in Hollywood and collaborating with bandmate Tankian on SerArt, the singer's side project with Armenian musician Arto Tunçboyacıyan.

Discography
Discography

System of a Down
 1998: System of a Down
 2001: Toxicity
 2005: Mezmerize
 2005: Hypnotize

Achozen
 2008: Untitled

Awards
 In 2006, System of a Down won their first Grammy for Best hard rock performance for B.Y.O.B.
 In 2006, they won the "MTV Good Woodie Award" for their song "Question!"
 In 2006, they were #14 on the VH1 Top 40 Metal Songs with "Toxicity"
 In 2007, they were nominated for a Grammy Award in Best Hard rock performance for their song Lonely Day

Other websites
 Shavo's MySpace page
 The Official System of a Down Site
 Shavo's page at SOADFans 
 Shavo's page at SOADTalk 
 Achozen's Myspace page

1974 births
Living people
Bassists
Armenian diaspora
DJs
Aspartame (also known as E951 or NutraSweet) is an artificial sweetener. It was discovered in 1965 by James M. Schlatter.  It can be used to replace some kinds of sugar. It is not based on sugars. It is not like saccharin.

Problems
People with Phenylketonuria cannot take Aspartame
Aspartame may cause problems with the skin, such as rashes, or dermatitis
It may cause  headache or migraine.

References

Sweeteners
Saccharin is the oldest artificial sweetener that exists. It can be used to replace certain kinds of sugar. It was discovered in 1878 by Constantin Fahlberg. It is also known as E954.

Saccharin has no calories and no nutritional value.  It is safe to take for people with diabetes.

References 

Sweeteners
Isomalt is a natural substitute for sugar. It is a kind of sugar alcohol. It is used mainly to replace sugar in some products, like bubble gum, candies,chocolate or ice cream. This makes it different from other artificial sweeteners. It is also known as E563.

Sweeteners
Sloths are Xenarthran mammals from Central and South America. They are part of the order Pilosa. There are two families of sloths: two-toed sloth and three-toed sloth. Most scientists call these two families the Folivora, while some call them the Phyllophaga. They live in trees, but in the past there were giant ground sloths.

The biogeographic origins of the Pilosa is still unclear, but they can be traced back in South America as far as the early Tertiary, about 60 million years ago. The presence of these animals in Central America is explained by the Great American Interchange.
Physical description 
Sloths are active at night and sleep curled up with their head placed between the arms and the feet drawn close together, or hanging upside down with the help of their hook- like claws. This disguises them as part of a tree so that its enemies like the jaguar do not see them. Sloths rarely climb down from the trees, and when they are on the ground they can only crawl awkwardly. However, when there is a forest flood, they are very good swimmers. Sloths can live for up to 30 years. They mostly just eat leaves and flowers, which take a very long time to digest. Sloths move slowly; their name comes from the word "slow".

Related pages
 Megatherium
 Ground sloth

References 

Xenarthrans
Places named Jura include:

Jura, Scotland, Scottish island, in the Inner Hebrides
Jura Mountains, on the French-Swiss-German border
Franconian Jura, the part of the Jura mountains in South Eastern Germany
Jura (department), France
Jura (canton), Switzerland
Jura, Afghanistan
Jura, Transnistria, a village in Transnistria, Moldova
Al-Jura, a former village in pre-1948 Palestine near Ashkelon.

Rivers named Jura include:
 Jūra, river in Lithuania
 Jura River (Papua New Guinea), river near Agaun
 Jura River (California), now dry river, formerly contained gold
 Jura River (Paris), mythological river

Other
Jura federation, a late nineteenth century anarchist collective based in the Jura Mountains.
Isle of Jura Single Malt
Oberon is the farthest big moon of the planet Uranus. It is made of about half ice and half rock.
With a mean radius of about 760 km, Oberon is the second biggest moon of Uranus's 27 moons. It orbits Uranus about every 13.4 days.

It was found on January 11, 1787 by William Herschel, in the same year he found Titania. It was named after a Oberon, King of the Fairies, a character in William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Oberon has several large impact craters where it has been hit by meteorites. These were photographed by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1986 as it flew passed. Scientists also believe there is a mountain that could be   high on the moon.

Surface features
Craters on Oberon are named after characters in the plays of William Shakespeare.

Other websites
Information and photos of Oberon
 USGS: Oberon nomenclature

References

Uranus' moons
The district of Delémont is one of three districts in Jura, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Delémont. The district is nearly all French-speaking and is home to a population of 35,175 (end of 2005).

Delémont is divided into 28 municipalities:

Delémont District
Xavier Rudd (born 1978) is an Australian musician. He grew up in the small town of Torquay, Victoria, Australia. When Rudd was young, he learned to play the didgeridoo on a vacuum cleaner hose. 

Rudd is known for playing at music festivals and concerts in Australia and in North America. He has many fans in Australia, his home, as well as Canada, where he has recorded a few live albums. 

Some of his songs have political themes that deal with the father of 2 sons environment and the rights of Aboriginal Australians.

Personal life
Rudd also describes himself as a full-time "barefooter", which means that he does not own any shoes or other footwear. Rudd is also a vegetarian.

Discography

Studio albums
 To Let (2002)
 Solace (2004)
 Food in the Belly (2005)
 White Moth (2007)
 Dark Shades of Blue (2008)
 Koonyum Sun *with Izintaba (2010)
 Spirit bird (2012)

Live albums
 Live in Canada (2001)
 Live at the Grid (2003)
 Good Spirit (2005)

References
References

Other websites
 Xavier Rudd web site
 Xavier Rudd Tour Dates and Gossip 
 Live Shows on archive.org
 Live concert from Amsterdam on Fabchannel
 Undercover news story 
 Xavier Rudd Article 
 Xavier Rudd interview at Bonnaroo 2007 

1978 births
Living people
Australian singers
Musicians from Victoria (Australia)
Australian guitarists
Didgeridoo players
Banjo players
Blues guitarists
Australian folk musicians
The banjo is a string instrument, that was first played by African slaves in the United States  a few hundred years ago. The idea came from other African instruments.  
The name banjo may have come from a Kimbundu word: mbanza, but it could have also come from a Senegambian word for the bamboo stick used for the banjo's neck.

The modern banjo comes in a variety of forms, including four- and five-string versions. A six-string version, tuned and played similarly to a guitar, has gained popularity. In almost all of its forms, banjo playing is characterized by a fast arpeggiated plucking, though many different playing styles exist.

Related pages
 Bluegrass music
 Country music

References

Further reading
Banjo history 
 Conway, Cecelia (1995). African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia: A Study of Folk Traditions, University of Tennessee Press. Paper: ; cloth: . A study of the influence of African Americans on banjo playing throughout U.S. history.
 Gura, Philip F. and James F. Bollman (1999). America's Instrument: The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century. The University of North Carolina Press. . The definitive history of the banjo, focusing on the instrument's development in the 1800s.
 Katonah Museum of Art (2003). The Birth of the Banjo. Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, New York. .
 Linn, Karen (1994). That Half-Barbaric Twang: The Banjo in American Popular Culture. University of Illinois Press. . Scholarly cultural history of the banjo, focusing on how its image has evolved over the years.
 Tsumura, Akira (1984). Banjos: The Tsumura Collection. Kodansha International Ltd. . An illustrated history of the banjo featuring the world's premier collection.
Webb, Robert Lloyd (1996). Ring the Banjar!. 2nd edition. Centerstream Publishing. . A short history of the banjo, with pictures from an exhibition at the MIT Museum.
Instructional (5-string Banjo)
Bailey, Jay. "Historical Origin and Stylistic Development of the Five-String Banjo." The Journal of American Folklore 85.335 (1972): 58-65.
Costello, Patrick (2003). The How and the Tao of Old Time Banjo. Pik-Ware Publishing. . Instruction in frailing banjo. Available online under a Creative Commons license on several web sites including ezfolk .
Scruggs, Earl. "Earl Scruggs and the 5-String Banjo". Hal Leonard Corporation. . Instruction in Scruggs or 3 finger style 5 string banjo.
Seeger, Mike (2005). "Old-Time Banjo Styles". Homespun Tapes. Seeger teaches several old-time picking techniques - clawhammer, two-finger, three-finger, up-picking and others.
Seeger, Pete (1969). How to Play the 5-String Banjo. 3rd edition. Music Sales Corporation. . The seminal instruction book, still in print decades later. Seeger has since recorded an instruction video, available on DVD.
Wernick, Pete (1985 DVD). Beginning Bluegrass Banjo. Full course in the basics of Scruggs style.
Wernick, Pete & Trischka, Tony (2000). Masters of the Five-String Banjo. Acutab Publications. .  70 banjo pieces from Scruggs, Reno, Osborne and Crowe to Fleck, Munde, and Cloud. Technique, improvising, set-up, learning, backup, favorite banjos, practice tips, equipment.
Winans, Robert B. "The Folk, the Stage, and the Five-String Banjo in the Nineteenth Century." The Journal of American Folklore 89. 354 (1976): 407-37. 14 Sep. 2006.
Instructional (Tenor Banjo)
 Bay, Mel (1990). Complete Tenor Banjo Method. Porcupine Press. . An instructional guide.
 Bay, Mel (1973). Deluxe Encyclopedia of Tenor Banjo Chords. Porcupine Press. . A comprehensive chord dictionary for CGDA or standard tuning.
 O'Connor, Gerry. 50 solos for Irish tenor banjo: (featuring jigs, reels and hornpipes arranged for E, A, D, G and A, D, G, C tuning). Soodlum, Waltons Mfg. Ltd. .
 Richards, Tobe A. (2006). The Tenor Banjo Chord Bible: CGDA Standard Jazz Tuning 1,728 Chords. Cabot Books. . A comprehensive chord dictionary in standard jazz tuning.
 Richards, Tobe A. (2006). The Irish Tenor Banjo Chord Bible: GDAE Irish Tuning 1,728 Chords. Cabot Books. . A comprehensive chord dictionary in Irish tuning.
 Wachter, Buddy (2005). Learning Tenor Banjo. Homespun. . An instructional guide.
Instructional (Plectrum Banjo)
 Richards, Tobe A. (2007). The Plectrum Banjo Chord Bible: CGBD Standard Tuning 1,728 Chords. Cabot Books. . A comprehensive chord dictionary in standard tuning.

Instructional (Claw-hammer Banjo) 
 Koken, Walt (2016) "Slo-Mo Banjo" DVD. Mudthumper Music.

Instructional (Cello Banjo) 

 The cello banjo was introduced during the banjo orchestra craze of the early 20th century, to play, not surprisingly, the cello parts of the orchestra. Recently it has made a little comeback, thanks mainly to Gold Tone making two low-pitched instruments, a 5-string and the 4-string.

Instructional (Bass Banjo) 

 Gibson produced a separate instrument called a "bass banjo" from 1930 to 1933. This was a 4-string instrument, played as an upright bass, with a stand substituting for a spike. It was tuned EADG, the same as Gibson's mando-bass.

Instructional (Bluegrass Banjo)
Bluegrass music, which uses the five-string resonator banjo almost exclusively, is played in several common styles. These include Scruggs style, named after Earl Scruggs; melodic, or Keith style, named for Bill Keith; and three-finger style with single-string work, also called Reno style after Don Reno.

Other websites 

 The International Bluegrass Music Museum
 Banjo Music & Theory
 Chord finder for 4-string banjos
 Banjo-L
 The Banjo Hangout
 The Banjo Newsletter

Folk instruments
Bluegrass music
Plucked string instruments
Nicolás de Ovando (Brozas, 1460 – Seville, 1511) was a Spanish soldier from a noble family and a knight of the Order of Alcántara. He was governor of Hispaniola from 1502 until 1509.

Early life
Nicolas de Ovando was born in 1460 in the town of Brozas, in Extremadura, Spain. His family was very religious and, when young, he joined the military religious Order of Alcantara where, in 1478, he was named Comendador de Lares (Commander of Lares), a very important position in the Order.

Governor of Hispaniola
As Commander of Lares, he was very appreciated by the Spanish Catholic Kings and, in particular, by Queen Isabella. On 3 September 1501 (Oviedo said in 1502), he was named as Governor of Hispaniola and of all lands discovered in America.
On 13 February, 1502 he went out of the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain to go to the Hispaniola island with a fleet of 32 ships. On the fleet, there were 2,500 people, including priests, soldiers and colonists (some of them with their families), who were going to live in the Hispaniola. Among those colonists was Bartolomé de las Casas, later known as the Protector of the Indians, and also Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Inca Empire.

The plan of Ovando was to develop the West Indies economically and expand the Spanish influence in the region.

Ovando got in Santo Domingo on 15 April 1502.

Administration
The administration of Ovando in Hispaniola was one of great cruelty toward the Taíno Indians. When the Spaniards came to the island in 1492, the native population was 400,000 (estimated) but in 1508 there were only 60,000 Indians.
Because the new colonists needed more workers for the gold mines and farms, they brought, as slaves, Indians from the Lucayas (now, the Bahamas) islands. Then they brought slaves from Spain (Ladinos, that is, of Africa origin but born in Spain); those were the first African slaves brought to America.

Ovando founded several cities (or ordered their foundations) on Hispaniola, among them: Compostela de Azua (or Azua de Compostela), Santa María de la Vera Paz, Bayajá (today, Fort Liberté, in Haiti), Salvatierra de la Sabana (today, Les Cayes, in Haiti), Salvaleón de Higüey, Cotuí, Puerto Plata, Santa Cruz de Hicayagua (today, Santa Cruz del Seibo, Dominican Republic).
Ovando sent Andrés Morales to explore completely the Hispaniola island. Morales made the most complete map of the island. Sebastián de Ocampo was sent to find out if Cuba was an island or part of the continent; after 8 or 10 months, Ocampo came back with the information that Cuba was an island. In 1508, Juan Ponce de León was sent with 50 men to conquer the island of San Juan (now the island of Puerto Rico).

In 1509, Ovando went back to Spain where he was made Comendador Mayor ("Head Commander") of the Order of Alcantara. During a meeting of the Order in Seville, Spain, he died on 29 May 1511 (Oviedo said in 1518). He was buried in the Church of San Benito, in the city of Alcántara, Extremadura, Spain.

References

1460 births
1511 deaths
History of the Dominican Republic
16th century in Spain
People from Extremadura
Spanish military people
History of Haiti
Abelsonite (nickel porphyrin) is a mineral that can be pinkish-brown, purple, or reddish-brown in color and is formed from porphyrin crystals. It is platy (made in plates like mica) and fragile. 

Porphyrins are organic ring compounds like haeme, the pigment in red blood cells.

It is found in the Green River Formation of Utah, in the United States.

References 

Minerals
Abenakiite-(Ce) is a pale brown mineral and made from crystals. It was named for the Abenaki Indian Tribe, the people that lived in the area where this mineral was found. It is somewhat radioactive and it is easily scratched with fluorite. It was found in a quarry in Canada.

References 

Minerals
Abernathyite is a pale, yellow-colored mineral that forms crystals.  It was named for Jess Abernathy, the person who found the first samples of this mineral.  It is found in a mine in Emery County, in the United States.  It is highly radioactive.

References 

Minerals
Abhurite is a colorless crystalline mineral that forms on ship-wrecked tin ingots (nuggets).  It is named for where it is found.  It is found in a cove in the Red Sea.  It is not radioactive.

References 

Minerals
Animal Liberation Orchestra (also known as ALO) is an American rock and jam band from Southern California. They first formed several years ago as a group calling themselves Django. Over the years, they changed their name to Animal Liberation Orchestra and were signed to Jack Johnson's record label Brushfire Records.

Discography

Albums

Other websites
Animal Liberation Orchestra's official website
ALO at YahooGroups - discussion
ALO on archive.org's Live Music Archive
ALO at MySpace
Brushfire Records
ALO at Tribe - discussion 

Musical groups from California
American rock bands
Leftover Salmon is an American Rock and jam band from Boulder, Colorado.

Discography

Albums

Leftover Salmon

Other
O' Cracker Where Art Thou? (Pitch A Tent), 2003 (with Cracker)

Videos
Years In Your Ears ...a Story of Leftover Salmon (2006, DVD)

Musical groups from Colorado
American rock bands
Bluegrass bands
Boulder, Colorado
Musical groups established in 1989
1989 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Colorado
Musical groups disestablished in 2005
2005 disestablishments in the United States
You might be looking for the general usage of Meme.

An internet meme is something famous on the internet such as an image, a video, or even a person. Internet memes are usually created when someone publishes something and that thing is shared widely over the Internet. They sometimes consist of an image with top and bottom text. While spreading over the internet, most internet memes 'evolve' over time, with the original image/video being changed in one way or another by people other than the creator. Every internet meme evolves and has many variants. See: Memes

Two other versions of Internet memes are "dank memes" and "dead memes". Dank memes are thought of as relevant and funny. Dead memes are thought of as old and forgotten, most of which haven't been used in months or years. Dead memes, however, can become dank memes if are posted after a long time and everyone forgot about it.
Some websites where internet memes can be shared include Reddit, 4chan, 9gag, and IFunny. A popular chatting service where internet memes can be shared is Discord, an instant messaging and communication platform. Memes on Discord are shared through images, videos, and GIFs, although these methods aren't only limited to Discord.

Types of memes 
There are many different types of internet memes. They include the following types.

Normi meme 
A normi meme is a meme that uses intentionally bad, unfunny, or low-quality content to joke about said content. Some parodies could also be called normi memes, but those are another thing entirely.

Dank meme 

A dank meme is a meme that makes no sense, similar to a normie meme. Dank memes, however, are usually very strange, involving seemingly random concepts that have been established in internet culture.

Some dank memes can be offensive like the troll meme and forever alone memes while other dank memes are not.
Shock meme 
A shock meme is a meme that is either racist, sexist, or offensive to a race of people. These memes often include societal status, videos where random jump scares and/or loud noises suddenly happen, hobbies, or anything at all.

An example of shock memes are memes involving suicide, or being intended in general, to disgust its viewers. When searching for "suicide memes" on Google, the first results will be suicide hotlines. The search engine is assuming the person searching was contemplating suicide, when in fact they were just searching for memes.

Video meme 
A video meme is a meme spread through video sharing sites such as YouTube, Vimeo, and Twitch. Short videos can also be shared on social media services that support video, such as TikTok, Reddit, and Facebook.

Related pages
 Meme
 Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash
 We Are Number One
 Figure of speech
Lolcats
Morris Gleitzman (born 9 January 1953 in England) is one of Australia's most successful children's writers. Morris Gleitzman began writing as a screenwriter and enjoyed success writing for the Norman Gunston Show on Australian television. He has also written for the Governor-General of Australia and Rolf Harris.

Career 
Morris Gleitzman has had much success with his children's stories. They have been published in 14 countries around the world including the United States, United Kingdom, France and Australia. Some of his most successful books include Misery Guts, Worry Warts, Blabber Mouth, Belly Flop and Puppy Fat. He was born in England, on  9 January 1953. 

He had dropped out of school by the age of 16 to live "the hippie dream" and by the time he had moved to Australia was writing many short stories that would later become a reality and turn his small life into a big meaningful life.

His most successful book is Two Weeks With the Queen.

Bibliography

Books
Books

Awards
1993
BILBY Award (Blabber Mouth)
CROW Award (Blabber Mouth)
1994
CROW Award (Sticky Beak)
1997
COOL Award (Belly Flop)
1998
BILBY Award (Bumface)
COOL Award (Bumface)
KOALA Award (Bumface)
YABBA Award (Bumface)
 2001
YABBA Award: Older Readers (Toad Rage)
2008
ANTO Cole Award (Toad Rage)
2013
COOL Award (Pizza Cake)
2016
Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year: Younger Readers (Soon)

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1953 births
Living people
Australian children's writers
Australian screenwriters
Writers from Lincolnshire
A Coaxial cable is a special electrical cable. It is used to transmit signals. The cable is specially insulated. This makes it quite stiff. Today, coaxial cables are used for things like Cable TV. Coaxial cables can also be used for computer networks, but this became rare in the 21st century, as twisted pair cables can be used more easily. 

Such cables are usually made of a conducting wire. Then there is some insulation, then there is another layer of conducting material. Finally there is the (insulating) mantle. Such cables are used as a high-frequency transmission line to carry a high-frequency or broadband signal. Because the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists (ideally) only in the space between the inner and outer conductors, it cannot interfere with or suffer interference from external electromagnetic fields.

There are different types of coaxial cables, which satisfy different standards.
Timeline 
1880 — Coaxial cable patented in England by Oliver Heaviside, patent no. 1,407.
1884 — Siemens & Halske patent coaxial cable in Germany (Patent No. 28,978, 27 March 1884).
1894 — Oliver Lodge demonstrates waveguide transmission at the Royal Institution.
1929 — First modern coaxial cable patented by Lloyd Espenschied and Herman Affel of AT&T's Bell Telephone Laboratories.
1936 — First closed circuit transmission of TV pictures on coaxial cable, from the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin to Leipzig.
1936 — World's first underwater coaxial cable installed between Apollo Bay, near Melbourne, Australia, and Stanley, Tasmania. The 300 km cable can carry one 8.5-kHz broadcast channel and seven telephone channels.
1936 — AT&T installs experimental coaxial telephone and television cable between New York and Philadelphia, with automatic booster stations every ten miles. Completed in December, it can transmit 240 telephone calls simultaneously.
1936 — Coaxial cable laid by the General Post Office (now BT) between London and Birmingham, providing 40 telephone channels.
1941 — First commercial use in USA by AT&T, between Minneapolis, Minnesota and Stevens Point, Wisconsin. L1 system with capacity of one TV channel or 480 telephone circuits.
1956 — First transatlantic coaxial cable laid, TAT-1.
References

Other websites 
 Coaxial Cable Specifications 
 What does "RG-6" mean?
 Coaxial Cable FAQ Wire Guide 
 Coaxial Cable Selection Guide 
 Is There an Ideal Impedance? — Wired for Sound: Steve Lampen 

Signalling
Abswurmbachite is a black or dark brown metallic mineral. It is named after Irmgard Abs-Wurmbach, who is a German mineralogist.  It is found in Mili, Avia or Andros Island, Greece.  It is not radioactive.

References

Other websites 
Mindat.org
Webmineral.org

Minerals
Acanthite is a mineral that can be lead gray, gray, or coal in color and is made from crystals. Its name comes from the Greek word, akanta, meaning "arrow", or the Latin word argentum, meaning "silver". It is made of silver(I) sulfide.

It is found in Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Annaberg, Germany. Acanthite is not radioactive.

References

Minerals
The , commonly called the Seven Lucky Gods in English, refer to the seven gods of good fortune in Japanese mythology and folklore. They are often the subject of netsuke carvings.

Each has a traditional characteristic:

Ebisu, god of fishers or merchants, often shown carrying a cod or sea bass.
Daikokuten (Daikoku), god of wealth, commerce and trade. Ebisu and Daikokuten are often paired and represented as carvings or masks on the walls of small retail shops.
Bishamonten, god of warriors.
Benzaiten (Benten-sama), goddess of knowledge, art and beauty, especially music.
Fukurokuju, god of happiness, wealth and long life.
Hotei, the fat and happy god of abundance and good health.
Jurōjin (Gama), god of long life.

Many figures in Japanese myth were transmitted from China (some having entered China from India), including all of the Seven Lucky Gods except Ebisu. Another god, Kichijōten, goddess of happiness, is sometimes found depicted along with the seven traditional gods, replacing Jurōjin.
The seven gods are often pictured on their ship, the Takarabune (宝船), or "Treasure Ship."  The tradition says that the seven gods will arrive in town on the New Year and distribute fantastic gifts to worthy people.  Children often receive red envelopes bearing the Takarabune which contain gifts of money around the New Year.  The Takarabune and its passengers are often shown in art in different locations, from the walls of museums to cuddly caricatures.

References in popular culture
Happy Seven is an anime about a school club made up of seven girls, having each one a different power of the Seven Gods of Fortune.
 The Seven Gods of Fortune appear in the video game Pocky & Rocky 2 for the Super Nintendo.
 The main group of villains in the Ranma 1/2 movie Big Trouble in Nekonron, China call themselves the Seven Lucky Gods Martial Artists and are based on them, but with different names.
 A song with the name 七福神 with a background movie parodying the Seven Gods of Fortune is available in Drummania V3 
 A character in Dan Brown's Deception Point prays to the "seven deities of good luck" at one point, but uses the term shichigosan, which refers to the festivals for children of the ages of seven, five, and three.
 Pink film directors Toshiya Ueno, Shinji Imaoka, Yoshitaka Kamata, Toshiro Enomoto, Yuji Tajiri, Mitsuru Meike and Rei Sakamoto are known collectively as the .

Notes

Other websites 

Information on Japanese deities

Japanese folklore
Gods and goddesses of Japan
Acetamide is a mineral that is either colorless or gray in color, and is made of a crystalline crust on black shale.  It is named for acetic acid and ammonia.  It can be found in Russia and is not radioactive.

References

Minerals
17 (also written as seventeen or ten-seven) is a number. It comes between sixteen and eighteen, and is an odd number.  It is also the 7th prime number, after 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13. In Italy, 17 is considered an unlucky number.

In Roman numerals, 17 is written as XVII.

Integers
Prime numbers
Pectin is a food supplement. It is a source of dietary fiber. It is used to make jellies and jams. Usually it comes in the form of a white powder. It is made from parts of fruit, like oranges. People use pectin to thicken things, like jelly and jam. 
 

Food supplements
It is also seen as a large polysaccharide molecule found in the cell wall of many cells.
Pectobacterium carotovorum (syn Erwinia carotovora) is a rod-shaped bacterium originally isolated from carrots. It is a plant pathogen and opportunistic human pathogen, causative agent of soft rot and blackleg potato (P. atrosepticum) diseases.

PectobacteriaHauben, L., E. R. B. Moore, L. Vauterin, M. Steenackers, J. Mergaert, L. Verdonck, and J. Swings. 1998. Phylogenetic position of phytopathogens within the Enterobacteriaceae. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 21:384-397

P. carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum, blackleg agent
P. carotovorum subsp. betavasculorum,
P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, soft rot
P. carotovorum subsp. odoriferum,
P. carotovorum subsp. wasabiae,
P. cacticidum,
P. chrysanthemi, (new classification as Dyckeya chrysanthemi)
P. cypripedii.

Sources

Waldee E.L. 1945 Comparative studies of some peritrichous phytopathogenic bacteria. Iowa State Journal of Science,  19, 435-484.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Young, J. M., Saddler, G. S., Takikawa, Y., De Boer, S. H., Vauterin, L., Gardan, L., Gvozdyak, R. I. & Stead, D. 1996. Names of plant pathogenic bacteria 1864–1995. Rev. Plant Pathol. 75, 721–863
Mee-Ngan Yap, Jeri D. Barak, and Amy O. Charkowski 2004 Genomic Diversity of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Its Correlation with Virulence Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 3013-3023 
 List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature 

Gram-negative bacteria
Burger may refer to the following:
 Hamburger
 Ground beef
 Burger diagram
 Fish burger
Salmon burger
Jesus with erection is a picture that was made by students at the University of Oregon and published in the March 2006 edition of the Student Insurgent. It caused debates in the United States in 2006. The picture shows a naked Jesus Christ on the Cross with an erection.

Context
In 2005 the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12 cartoons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The paper said that this was to add to the debate about criticism of Islam and self-censorship. Danish-Muslims said that they did not like them because Islam teaches that it is wrong for people to make any picture of Muhammad and also because they felt that the pictures showed disrespect to Muhammad. This led to protests in many Islamic countries, some of which became violent  and led to more than 100 deaths.
Reactions 
Some people disliked the picture of Jesus with erection. The president of the Catholic League, William Donohue, said that the president of the Oregon University, Dave Frohnmayer, is partially responsible for the pictures. William Donohue said that the picture was one of the worst attacks on Christianity he had ever seen. Other people who disliked the picture said that the University's President David B. Frohnmayer should not work for the University any more. However, the Oregon Daily Emerald and the Oregon Commentator, said that the students' right to free speech and the University's decision to defend the student newspaper, citing the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States like the Southworth case. This case said that universities could support student groups (such as newspapers) that other students did not agree with without hurting the rights of the students who do not like the groups.

Related pages
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy

References
References

Other websites
The Student Insurgent Online

Controversies
2006 in the United States
21st century in Oregon
Giovanni Guaita (born November 26, 1962 in Sardinia) is an Italian historian, researcher of Eastern Christianity and writer. He is an assistant Professor of the Moscow Linguistic University. He studied in different Western European and Russian (Moscow and St Petersburg) universities.

He is the author of several books. Three of these books are on the Armenian theme. Guaita also known as the compilator of "The vocabulary of Orthodox agiology".

Books
 "1700 Years of Faithfulness: History of Armenia and its Churches" (Moscow, 2001, re-published in 2005)
 "Cry from Ararat: Armin Wegner and Armenians' Genocide" (Moscow, 2005).

Other websites 
 Biography 

Italian writers
Italian historians
1962 births
Living people
A cockatoo is any of the 21 species belonging to the bird family Cacatuidae, the only family in the superfamily Cacatuoidea. Along with the Psittacoidea (true parrots) and the Strigopoidea (New Zealand parrots), they make up the order Psittaciformes (parrots).

The name cockatoo comes from the Malay name for these birds, kaka(k)tua, via the Dutch kaketoe.

Cockatoos are recognisable by the showy crests and curved and strong bills. Their plumage is generally less colourful than that of other parrots, being mainly white, grey or black and often with coloured features in the crest, cheeks or tail. On average they are larger than other parrots; however, the Cockatiel, the smallest cockatoo species, is a small bird.
Distribution and habitat
Cockatoos have a much more restricted range than the true parrots, occurring naturally only in Australasia. Eleven of the 21 species exist in the wild only in Australia, while seven species occur only in the islands of the Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Interestingly, no cockatoo species are found in Borneo (despite their presence on nearby Palawan and Sulawesi) or many Pacific islands, although fossil remains have been recorded from New Caledonia.

Three species occur in both New Guinea and Australia. Some species have widespread distributions, with the Galah, for example, occurring over most of Australia, whereas other species have tiny distributions, confined to a small part of the continent, such as the Long-billed Black Cockatoo of Western Australia or to a small island group, such as the Tanimbar Corella, which is restricted to the Tanimbar Islands of Indonesia.
Taxonomy
The cockatoos were first defined as a subfamily Cacatuinae within the parrot family Psittacidae by the English naturalist George Robert Gray in 1840, with Cacatua the first listed and type genus. This group has alternately been considered as either a full family or a subfamily by different authorities. The American ornithologist James Lee Peters in his 1937 Check-list of Birds of the World, Sibley and Monroe in 1990 maintained it as a subfamily, while parrot expert Joseph Forshaw classified it as a family in 1973. Subsequent molecular studies indicate that the earliest offshoot from the original parrot ancestors were the New Zealand parrots of the family Strigopidae, and following this the cockatoos, now a well-defined group or clade, split off from the remaining parrots, which then radiated across the southern hemisphere and diversified into the many species of parrots, parakeets, macaws, lories, lorikeets, lovebirds and other true parrots of the family Psittacidae.
The fossil record of cockatoos is even more limited than that of parrots in general, with only one truly ancient cockatoo fossil known: a species of Cacatua, most probably subgenus Licmetis, found in Early Miocene (16–23 million years ago) deposits of Riversleigh, Australia. Although fragmentary, the remains are similar to the Western Corella and the Galah.

Species and subspecies

Names in parentheses after generic names indicate subgenera.
The current subdivision of this family is as follows:
Subfamily Nymphicinae
 Genus Nymphicus
Cockatiel, Nymphicus hollandicus (Kerr, 1792)
Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae: The black cockatoos
 Genus Calyptorhynchus
 Subgenus Calyptorhynchus – black-and-red cockatoos
Red-tailed Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus (Calyptorhynchus) banksii (Latham, 1790)
Glossy Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus (Calyptorhynchus) lathami (Temminck, 1807)
 Subgenus Zanda – black-and-yellow/white cockatoos
Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) funereus (Shaw, 1794)
Short-billed Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) latirostris Carnaby, 1948
Long-billed Black Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus (Zanda) baudinii Lear, 1832
Subfamily Cacatuinae
Tribe Microglossini: One genus with one species, the black Palm Cockatoo.
 Genus Probosciger
Palm Cockatoo, Probosciger aterrimus (Gmelin, 1788)
Tribe Cacatuini: Four genera of white, pink and grey species.
 Genus Callocephalon
Gang-gang Cockatoo, Callocephalon fimbriatum (Grant, 1803)
 Genus Eolophus
Galah, Eolophus roseicapilla (Vieillot, 1817)
Genus Lophochroa
Major Mitchell's Cockatoo (also Leadbeater's Cockatoo), Lophochroa leadbeateri (Vigors, 1831)
Major Mitchell's Cockatoo, Lophochroa leadbeateri leadbeateri (Vigors, 1831)
Western Major Mitchell's Cockatoo, Lophochroa leadbeateri mollis (Mathews, 1912)
 Genus Cacatua
 Subgenus Cacatua – true white cockatoos
Yellow-crested Cockatoo (also Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo), Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea (Gmelin, 1788)
Abbott's Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea abbotti (Oberholser, 1917)
Timor Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea parvula (Bonaparte, 1850)
Citron-crested Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) sulphurea citrinocristata (Fraser, 1844)
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita (Latham, 1790)
Triton Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita triton Temminck, 1849
Eleonora Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita eleonora (Finsch, 1863)
Fitzroy Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita fitzroyi (Mathews, 1912)
Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) galerita galerita (Latham, 1790)
Blue-eyed Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) ophthalmica Sclater, 1864
White Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) alba (Müller, 1776)
Salmon-crested Cockatoo, Cacatua (Cacatua) moluccensis (Gmelin, 1788)
 Subgenus Licmetis – corellas
Long-billed Corella, Cacatua (Licmetis) tenuirostris (Kuhl, 1820)
Western Corella, Cacatua (Licmetis) pastinator (Gould, 1841)
Muir's Corella, Cacatua (Licmetis) pastinator pastinator (Gould, 1841)
Butler's Corella, Cacatua (Licmetis) pastinator butleri Ford, J., 1987
Little Corella, Cacatua (Licmetis) sanguinea Gould, 1843
Tanimbar Corella (also Goffin's Cockatoo), Cacatua (Licmetis) goffiniana Roselaar and Michels, 2004
Solomons Cockatoo, Cacatua (Licmetis) ducorpsii Pucheran, 1853
Philippine Cockatoo, Cacatua (Licmetis) haematuropygia (Müller, 1776)
Morphology

The cockatoos are mostly medium to large parrots with a heavy, compact body. They range from  in length and  in weight. However, one species, the Cockatiel, is considerably smaller and slimmer than the other species, being  long (including its long pointed tail feathers) and  in weight.

The movable headcrest, which is present in all cockatoos, is spectacular in many species; it is raised when the bird lands from flying or when it is aroused.

Cockatoos share many features with other parrots, including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with the two middle toes forward and the two outer toes backward. They differ however in a number of characteristics, including the presence of a gallbladder, some other anatomical details and their lack of the structures in the feathers which cause the bright blues and greens seen in true parrots.
Like other parrots, cockatoos have short legs and strong claws, and often use their strong bill as a third limb when climbing through branches. They generally have long broad wings used in rapid flight, with speeds up to  being recorded for galahs. The members of the genus Calyptorhynchus and larger white cockatoos, such as the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo and Major Mitchell's Cockatoo, have shorter, rounder wings and a more leisurely flight.

Behaviour

Cockatoos are active mainly during the day and require daylight to find their food. They eat a range of mainly vegetable food items. Seeds form a large part of the diet of all species; these are opened with their large and powerful bills. The Galahs, corellas and some of the black cockatoos feed primarily on the ground; others feed mostly in trees.
Like most parrots, the cockatoos are made their nests in holes in trees, which they are unable to excavate themselves. These hollows are formed from decay or destruction of wood by branches breaking off, fungi or insects such as termites or even woodpeckers where their ranges overlap. In many places these holes are scarce and the source of competition, both with other members of the same species and with other species and types of animal. In general, cockatoos choose hollows only a little larger than themselves, hence different-sized species nest in holes of corresponding (and different) sizes.

The female lays two white eggs on small pieces of wood. The young, which is born naked and blind, is fed by the adults with partially digested food for about three months.

Status and conservation