Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Northern bluefin tuna are the largest kind of tuna fish. They live for 11 to 26 years. It is one of the largest, fastest, and most colorful of all the world’s fishes.

Origin 
Their name comes from the Latin: Thunnus Thynnus

Appearance 

The normal size is 6.6 ft (2 m) at about 1,100 lb (500 kg). The I.G.F.A. record for a bluefin caught on rod and reel is 1,496 lb.

Feeding habits 
Bluefins feed on mackerel, herring, mullet, whiting, squid, eels, and crustaceans. They are very powerful and fast and can swim at speeds up to 50 mph.

Catching areas 
The following are percentages of tuna caught in different regions in the world.

 40% North-West Pacific
 19% North-East Atlantic
 6% North-West Atlantic
 35% Mediterranean

References

Scombriformes
An Automaton (one automaton, several automata) is a concept from mathematics. Sometimes the concept is called state machine. It is like an abstract machine. 

Such a machine can be given input, which is either rejected, or accepted. It's like a vending machine. When something is bought, coins (or money) needs to be inserted into the machine. If these are the right coins, they are accepted, and the requested item is dropped so it can be removed. If the coins are wrong, they are rejected.

Internally, the automaton has different states it can be in. Feeding it input may (or may not) change its state. That way, the automaton goes through all the input, consuming one item (which mathematicians call a symbol) at a time. When no symbol is left, the automaton is in a certain state. This may be an final state. In this case the input is accepted. Otherwise, the input is rejected.
If the machine has a countable, finite number of states, it is called finite state machine.  A diagram that shows all the states, and transitions of such a machine is called finite state diagram.

Problems
Like in real life, there are machines that are too complex to understand. The mathematician and computer scientists therefore ask themselves if a certain automaton is minimal. If it is not minimal, there must be another automaton with fewer states that can do the same thing. An example of an automaton is the Turing machine.
Mathematics
Theoretical computer science
A vending machine is an automatic machine that sells food or drink or other items.  

An automated teller machine is a kind of vending machine, as are arcade games and bulk vending machines for toys or prizes, or anything that sells a physical item, service, or fun in exchange for money.  Vending machine foods  include snacks such as potato chips, chocolate bars, and candy.  Hot vending machine drinks include coffee, tea, and hot chocolate. Cold vending machine drinks include juice, bottled water, and soft drinks. Other merchandise includes newspapers or cigarettes. Vending machines in bathrooms sometimes sell condoms, mouthwas h , or toothpaste and toothbrushes.
The machines usually work when some money (usually coins or paper money) is put in a slot. Then, a button needs to be pushed, or a lever pulled.  If there is enough money, the selected item will be dropped to a tray, where it can be taken out by hand.  Ticket vending machines will print the ticket.  Older vending machines were all mechanical, but most newer ones are partly electronic.  Many modern vending machines can accept debit or credit cards in addition to cash.

The first vending machine came about during 1st century AD in Roman Egypt and was invented by the Greek mathematician and engineer, Hero of Alexandria.  It dispensed a certain amount of holy water, so people would not take much of it from the temple.  People dropped tokens to release a certain amount of water.
In 1615, small machines that dispensed tobacco were placed in English taverns.  In 1822, Richard Carlile, an English bookseller and publisher, created a machine that dispensed banned works, so allowing readers to purchase them.  During the 1850s and 60s, the first, fully-automatic vending machine was introduced which sold stamps and writing paper.
Japan has a reputation for having some of the most innovative uses of automated vending, providing machines that offer fresh fruits and vegetables, sake, hot foods, batteries, flowers, clothing and, of course, sushi. Japan has the highest per capita rate of vending machines in the world.

References 

Commerce
A bar is a building or business where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or liquor) are served. Bars are also found in pubs and nightclubs. They may also serve snack food. In most countries, bars are regulated and licenced by the regional or local governments, which establish laws regarding the opening hours and serving policies. In Canada and the United States, a liquor tax is placed on the sales of alcoholic beverages.

Drink coasters are used in bars and restaurants to protect the table surface from alcohol.

Restaurants
Places where alcohol is served
Today, the Panama Canal has greatly reduced the need for cargo ships to travel via the Horn. However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a number of recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route.

Magallanes Region‎
Capes
Peninsulas
An iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in the sea.  They are generally found in cold water near the North or South Pole. Icebergs are especially common during spring, when ice has begun to melt.

About 90% of an iceberg is below the water line and ten percent above. Icebergs break off from larger structures made of ice, like glaciers or ice shelves. These are formed by snowfall in very cold places where it will not melt in the summer. The snow builds up and compacts into ice. This is gradually pulled downhill by gravity and into the sea. The ice then falls off and makes icebergs. The icebergs can drift in the sea for years before they have melted completely.
History 
The first person to give a correct scientific explanation of this phenomenon was Mikhail Lomonosov, around 1750. The density of ice is about 0.92 kg per liter, that of sea water is about 1.025 kg per liter. For this reason, 920 parts of the 1025, or about 90 percent, of the iceberg's volume need to be below the water line. Lomonosov grew up on the shore of the White Sea in the European part of Russia. He studied in Marburg, and is credited with introducing the word iceberg into the Russian language.

Icebergs are very dangerous to ships, and many ships have sunk after crashing into icebergs. The most famous one was RMS Titanic in 1912.

The largest iceberg people know about was called B-15. It broke off from the Antarctic ice shelf in the year 2000, and was as large as the island of Jamaica (over 10,000 km2). It soon started to break up into smaller pieces, some of which still remain in 2008. Icebergs are affected by global warming.

Colors 
There is a color called iceberg.

References 

Water
Other Famous circumnavigations
 1577-1580 led by the Englishman Francis Drake
 1586-1588 by Thomas Cavendish
 1598-1601 by the Dutchman Olivier van Noort
 1614-1617 by Georg Spielberg, a German who sailed for the Dutch
 1766-1769 by Louis Antoine de Bougainville (The first French circumnavigation)
 1803-1806 by Adam Johann von Krusenstern, first Russian circumnavigation

Sailing‎
A thought experiment is an experiment that takes place in people's minds instead of in a laboratory or in the real world. In a real-life experiment, people can see and measure changes, but thought experiments only show special ways of thinking.  Anyone can do a thought experiment.

The usual goal of a thought experiment is to show what might happen: if this were true, what would follow from it?

The history of science has many thought experiments in it. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to use the German term  (means 'thought experiment') in about 1812. 

Posing hypothetical questions had been done for long time (by scientists and philosophers). However, people had no way of talking about it.

Famous thought experiments
Trolley problem
Schrödinger's cat

References

Related pages 
Paradox
Zeno's paradoxes

Science
Philosophy of science
Thought
Breaking Benjamin is a hard rock band from Pennsylvania.  The band is best known for their songs "Polyamorous", "So Cold", "Sooner or Later," "The Diary of Jane," and "Breath."  The band was formed in 1998 by lead vocalist Benjamin Burnley and drummer Jeremy Hummel. The band has released five albums: "Saturate"(2002), "We Are Not Alone"(2004), "Phobia"(2006), "Dear Agony"(2009), "Dark Before Dawn"(2015) and Ember (2018)

The band's album "Dark Before Dawn" was released on June 23rd, 2015.
This album has made 5 singles which are "Failure", "Angels Fall", "Ashes of Eden" "Defeated" and "Never Again"

American rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Post-grunge bands
Musical groups from Pennsylvania
A headland is an area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.  Very often, the land areas are called capes. A bay is an area of water. It is surrounded by land on three sides. The water areas are also called gulfs.  

A bay is a large body of water in the land next to a sea or lake between two headlands. The waves coming to the shore in a bay are usually constructive waves, and because of this, many of them have a beach. A bay may be metres across, or it could be hundreds of kilometres across.  A bay often contains beaches.

Bays form where weak rocks, such as sands and clays, are eroded, leaving bands of stronger rocks, such as chalk, limestone, or granite, forming a headland, or peninsula.  Headlands and bays are formed when there are parallel sections of softer and harder rock perpendicular to the coast. The sea erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock, forming a bay. The harder rock that is left protruding into the sea is the headland.
They also can be made by people mining off the coast. 

Landforms
The Drake passage is a body of water. It lies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To the north is Cape Horn and the South American continent, to the south are the South Shetland Islands, now part of the British Antarctic Territory. It is part of the Southern Ocean.  It is named after the English privateer Sir Francis Drake, who accidentally discovered it.  He never sailed the passage, because sailing the Strait of Magellan was less dangerous. 

The Drake passage is also the shortest route from Antarctica to the rest of the world. The only islands in the passage are the Diego Ramirez Islands, about 60 km south of Cape Horn. 

The passage is also known for very rough seas. Waves of 10 m are not uncommon here. 

The passage is also good for seeing Whales, Dolphins, seabirds, and penguins. 

In old books, the passage is called Drake Strait.
Other websites 
 National Oceanography Centre, Southampton page of the important and complex bathymetry of the Passage 
 A personal story describing crossing the Passage 
 A NASA image of an eddy in the Passage 
 Larger-scale images of the passage from the US Navy (Rain, ice edge and wind images) 
 BBC News story on a scientific study dating the age of the Drake Passage

Waterways
Antarctic region
A glacier is a large body of ice and snow. It forms because the snow in an area does not all melt in summer. Each winter, more snow is added. The weight of all the snow creates pressure. This pressure turns the lower parts of the snow into ice. After this happens for many years, the glacier will start growing large. It becomes so heavy that gravity causes the ice to move. It flows downwards like water but very slowly. A glacier only moves about  per year. New snowfalls replace the parts that flow away.

Glaciers are the largest sources of fresh water on Earth. The largest bodies of salt water are the oceans.

Creation
Creation 

Glaciers will only form in places that are cold enough and get enough snow over time. This can take a long time. It often takes tens or hundreds of years for a glacier to form. There are two kinds of glaciers: continental glaciers and alpine glaciers. Alpine glaciers are also called mountain glaciers.
 Continental glaciers are glaciers that spread out over a large area of land.  They were created mostly during the Ice Ages a long time ago. There are still some continental glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica. They often flow downwards into the sea and break up. The broken parts that float in the sea are called icebergs.
 Alpine glaciers form in mountain areas. They are smaller than continental glaciers. Alpine glaciers usually flow until they reach a point where the temperature is warm enough that the ice melts completely during the summer.
Effects
Glaciers are very important. They have a large effect on the environment. They do this because they are very large and heavy. When they move, they erode mountains and land. Also, since they froze long ago, snow crystals and air bubbles inside are kept in good condition. These can provide a large amount of information for scientists. Recently glaciers have been melting more than they did in the past. Many scientists think this is happening because global warming is changing the climate.

Appearance 
Glaciers are blue in color. This is because water is very good at absorbing light. Only the strongest light, with the most energy, is able to escape. Blue is the color of light that has the most energy. Because of this, blue is the only color of light that can escape without being absorbed. The thicker the glacier is, the more blue it appears.

References

Uncited references

Other websites
Other websites 

 Swisseduc - Glaciers online Website on Glaciers in English and German
 Time lapse movies of Grosser Aletschgletscher
 Illustrated glossary on Glaciers online, in English and German
 Glacier information for schools
 National Snow and Ice Data Center - Glaciers 
 USGS Glacier Studies Project 
 Glaciers and Glacial Hazards - USGS
 2003-08-15 Scientists Rewrite Laws Of Glacial Erosion
 Fjords National Park, Alaska
 NOVA scienceNOW - A 7-minute video of the NOVA broadcast of July 26, 2005. Hosted by Robert Krulwich, the video is about the world's fastest glacier and why it is moving too fast.
Sight-reading (or sight-singing for singers) is the ability to play music that one has never seen before.  It is important to be able to read music well in order to sight-read.

Many people who learn to play an instrument will take examinations from time to time.  One of the tests that is usually required for an examination is some sight-reading.  

People who find it hard to read music will find it hard to sight-read.  The best way to improve is by regular practice. People who play in orchestras will need to be good sight-readers because they often have to play music that they have never seen or heard before.  

People who learn the piano often find sight-reading hard because they have to read two staves at once (one for each hand).  Playing through lots of easy music is a good way to improve.  Playing piano duets with a friend is also great fun.
When someone is reading aloud their eyes are looking several words ahead of the word they are speaking.  In the same way a good sight-reader will try to look ahead of the notes he is playing.  The player is "anticipating" (thinking about what is going to happen next).  In this way he can try to make the music expressive, even if it means leaving out some of the notes.

A good sight-reader will be able to see the printed music and imagine what the notes should sound like.  In this way he will not need to keep looking at his fingers to check whether he is playing the correct notes.

Some pianists are very good at sight-reading.  The pianist John Ogdon was able to read extremely difficult modern music at first sight.

Related resources
SightReadingMastery
Fast Keys

Musical performance techniques
A child prodigy is a child who is very smart at an early age. They can do things that average people can only do when they are adults. Child prodigies are often musicians or mathematicians. A child prodigy does not always grow up to be a world-famous genius. Some of them lose their exceptional gifts in adulthood.

Prodigies
 The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a child prodigy. He could play the harpsichord when he was three, and by the time he was six his father was taking him on concert tours to show off his son's talent. Fortunately Mozart did grow up to be a world-famous composer.

 The composer William Crotch was also a child prodigy. He could play God Save the King with both hands on the piano when he was two. But Crotch did not become famous like Mozart. He just grew up to be a good musician.
There may have been many other child prodigies who never became clever adults at all, or who died before they could become famous. Sometimes their childhoods are very difficult because people expect so much of them.

 The great German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss was an exceptional child prodigy. It is said that when he was three he saw a mistake his father had made when adding up the wage bills. Another famous child prodigy was the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton. At the age of 13, Hamilton was not only a brilliant at math but also spoke 13 languages.

 In 2002 a 12-year-old Ukrainian boy called Sergey Karjakin became the youngest ever Grandmaster at chess.
Zerah Colburn was the first of several children known as "mental calculators." Zerah was born in 1804 in Vermont. At age six, before he could read or write numbers, he could multiply a two-digit number by a two-digit number in his head. At age eight, he could compute 8 to the sixteenth power. His answer was 281,474,976,710,656. By the time he was 10 years old, Zerah's father took him to cities all over the United States to display his amazing abilities. He was also already well known in Europe. His abilities declined as he got older. Later he wrote an autobiography about his life and his unusual skills.

 
Intelligence
A Puerto Rican is a person from Puerto Rico or anyone who is descended from some one who was originally from Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans are American citizens, even though Puerto Rico is only a territory of the United States and not an official state. People from Puerto Rico can also be known as a "Boricua," "Borinquen," "Puertoriqueño," or the most known slang of "Boricua."

The name of "Boricua," and "Borinqueños" came from the island's original name of Boriken, meaning Land of the Brave People. This name was created by the Taino-Arawak people, who were highly advanced. Taino-Arawak ancestors date back to 4,000 B.C.

Famous Puerto Ricans 
•Marc Anthony, singer
•Giannina Braschi, poet, novelist 
•Neil deGrasse Tyson, scientist 
•Jennifer Lopez, singer, actress
•Ricky Martin, singer, activist
•Renee Marques, playwright 
•Lin-Manuel Miranda, creator of Broadway musicals 
•Sonia Sotomayor, Supreme Court judge

Puerto Rico
The toothbrush is a tool to clean teeth. The toothbrush has a small brush at the end of a handle. Toothpaste, which often contains fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to help clean the teeth. Both toothpaste and toothbrushes come in many different colours. Toothpastes can also come in many different flavours. Nice toothbrushes (especially electrical) can make toothbrushing fun and help your child on the way to perfect oral health.

Invention 
Toothbrushes were first invented by a prisoner. Before anyone had thought of a toothbrush, people kept their teeth clean by chewing on a stick until one end got soft and frayed like a brush. Sometimes they dipped a finger in chalk or salt and then rubbed their teeth. Toothpicks were another way to take care of teeth, and toothpicks were very fancy then. They were made of gold or jewels, and people would stick them in their hats or hang them on necklaces when they were not using them.
The first brushes came from China, where the Chinese made them out of hairs pulled from the back of wild hogs. The kind of toothbrush we know came from William Addis. He worked on the toothbrush while he was in jail. First, he saved a bone from one of his meals and poked some holes in it. The prison guard gave him some bristles. Joseph tied the bristles into little bundles, cut them to make them even, put glue on the ends, and stuffed them into the holes. The company he started still make millions of toothbrushes every year.

Etymology
The word toothbrush came from the two parts of the word, first a noun and then a verb or noun. The action of brushing teeth with a toothbrush is basically the use of the invention of Joseph Addis.

References

Tools
Dentistry
Hygiene
Events 
 Spartacus leads the slaves against Rome. His army was eventually defeated, and Spartacus is killed in battle, by Roman legionaries under Marcus Licinius Crassus.
 In Rome, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus becomes the third member of the Second Triumvirate, with Mark Antony and Octavian.
 The city of Tigranakert of Artsakh is built in Armenia.
 Salome Alexandria becomes queen of Judea after her husband dies.
 Hycarnus II becomes the high priest of Jerusalem until 66 BC.
 Pamplona is built in Spain
Events

Important people 

 Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC – 14).
Homeostasis is self-regulation, a basic property of all self-organising systems. In biology, it is the keeping of a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis is life's ability to stay balanced, when the environment changes. Animals keep their body in a stable condition. They do so by regulating their inner equilibrium. For example, they adjust their pH, temperature, amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood and so on. In living things, the study of how they keep in a stable condition is called physiology. Mostly, our physiology works unconsciously throughout life. We have many negative feedback systems which adjust our physiology so that we stay alive. These systems are self-organising and do not need to be learnt. They are inherited.
The concept was described by Claude Bernard, and the term was later coined by Walter Cannon in 1926, 1929, and 1932. Walter Cannon thought these were the features of homeostasis:
Constancy in an open system, such as our bodies, is done by mechanisms which maintain this constancy. Cannon based this on insights into the ways by which steady states such as glucose concentrations, body temperature and acid-base balance were regulated.
To keep a steady-state condition, any change automatically meets with factors that resist change. An increase in blood salt results in thirst as the body attempts to dilute the concentration of salt in the extracellular fluid.
The regulating system doing homeostasis has a number of cooperating mechanisms which act simultaneously or successively. Blood sugar is regulated by insulin, glucagons, and other hormones that control its release from the liver or its uptake by the tissues.
Examples of homeostasis:
 The operation of a thermostat
 The regulation of water and minerals in the body 
 The regulation of body temperature: mammals and birds have complicated systems which keep their body temperature within close limits.

In mammals, the main organs involved with homeostasis are:
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
the lungs
the skin
the muscles
the kidneys
the liver and pancreas
The brain is also central to homeostasis. It controls behaviour, and the basic function of behaviour is to support life by taking action.

References

Related pages
Biology
Biochemistry
Physiology
Cybernetics

Physiology
Systems theory
A pulmonary embolism is a clot of material (an embolus) that blocks blood from getting to the lungs.  It is usually caused by a blood clot that starts somewhere else in the body and travels to the lungs.  However, it can also be caused by clumped cancer cells, fat, or bone.  Rarely, while giving birth, a woman can get a clot of amniotic fluid.

Symptoms 
Symptoms of a pulmonary embolism start suddenly, as soon as the clot starts blocking blood flow to the lungs.  Blood is supposed to pick up oxygen in the lungs and then carry that oxygen to the rest of the body.  If blood cannot get through to the lungs, it cannot pick up oxygen or deliver it to the body.  Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive.
Often, the first sign of a pulmonary embolism is syncope (fainting), because the brain is not getting enough blood and oxygen.  Other symptoms include:
 Chest pain that feels like a knife sticking into the chest.  The pain is often worse when the person breathes in.
 Trouble breathing
 Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
 Low oxygen saturation (because the body is not getting enough oxygen)

Saddle embolus 
The worst kind of pulmonary embolism is caused by a saddle embolus.  This kind of embolus blocks the pulmonary artery, which carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.  This makes it impossible for any blood to get through to the lungs.  Since no blood can get out to the rest of the body, the person's blood pressure drops and they can go into shock.  A saddle embolus is a very serious medical emergency.  Many people with this type of embolus die.

Risk factors
There are many risk factors that make it more likely for a person to get a pulmonary embolism.  For example:
 Smoking
 A type of abnormal heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation ("A-fib")
 Recent surgery (after surgery, the body's blood clotting system works harder than usual, to help heal the body.  If clots travel to the lungs, they can cause a pulmonary embolism)
 Being paralyzed, bedridden, or not able to move around very much
 Sitting in one place for a long time, like on a long airplane flight (this makes the blood pool in the legs; if a blood clot forms in the leg, it can travel through the blood vessels to the lungs)
 Recent fracture of one of the long bones in the leg (because having a broken leg makes it harder to move around; also, clots of fat from the bone marrow can escape from the broken bone and travel to the lungs)
 High levels of estrogen because of pregnancy or some birth control pills
 Having had a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) - a blood clot in a large vein - before
Certain kinds of cancer (some kinds can cause extra blood clotting)
 Being overweight or obese
Treatment 
There are a few treatments for pulmonary embolism.  The choice of which treatments to use depends on how serious the pulmonary embolism is.  Treatments include:
 Oxygen.  Oxygen can be given through a special mask to make it easier for the person's body to get the oxygen it needs.
 Anticoagulants.  These are medicines commonly called "blood thinners."  Doctors may give a few blood thinners together.  For example, they may give heparin because it works right away.  They may also give warfarin (Coumadin), which takes a few days to start working, but which the patient can keep taking at home.
 Thrombolytics.  These are medicines often called "clot busters" or "clot dissolvers."  They can quickly dissolve (break up) a clot.  However, they are usually given only if a pulmonary embolism is life-threatening, because they can cause bleeding.
Removing the clot.  Sometimes a doctor will thread a catheter (a flexible tube) up through a vein and into the lung.  Once the doctor finds the clot, the catheter can be used to pull the clot out, or to give medicine to dissolve the clot.  In very bad cases, surgery may be needed to remove a clot.
References

Pulmonology
A toilet is a place where humans get rid of waste that comes from their bodies (urine and feces). Most toilets use water to flush the waste through plumbing into a sewage system. However, some modern toilets do not use water, and are called dry toilets.

A room that has a toilet can be called a "restroom" or "bathroom" in the United States. In other places it may be called the toilet or the water closet (WC).

Toilets in homes 

Almost all modern buildings have at least one toilet. In the home, a toilet may or may not be in the same room as a shower or a bathtub. Some toilets are outside, in an "outhouse".

In developing countries, many people do not have a toilet in their home. More than 4.5 billion people do not have access to toilets.

Public toilets 

A public toilet may or may not cost money to use. Toilets that cost money are called "pay toilets".
Public bathrooms often have many toilets with walls between them. This makes areas called stalls (US) or cubicles (UK). Bathrooms for men often also have separate urinals. Urinals can either be on the wall for a single user, or a basin or trough for many men to use at the same time. Urinals on walls sometimes have small walls or dividers for privacy reasons.

Outdoor public toilets (in the street, around parks, etc.) are a form of street furniture. These toilets are in individual cubicles. Some are simple and have little or no plumbing. Others are less simple, and some toilets even clean themselves after every use.

Some toilet-cubicles are mobile and can be put in place where and when they are needed. These toilets are called "portable toilets". Portable toilets are commonly used at large outdoor events like concerts, festivals or carnivals.
Inventions 
In 1775, Alexander Cumming patented the S-bend. This was crucial in the development of the flushing toilet. It was a simple length of pipe with a curve in it.

 
Every day, toilets use 141 billion liters of water to flush waste. Engineers try to make toilets that do not need so much water. In 2019, one group made a chemical to put in  toilets to make them more slippery so that the waste flushes away with only a little water.

References

Other websites 

Toilet guide for travelers
Public Toilet Near Me
World Toilet Day celebrated on November 19
World Toilet Organization
Stegosaurus (meaning "roof-lizard") was a type of plant-eating dinosaur which lived in what is now western North America.

Stegosaurus lived in the Upper Jurassic period around 155 to 145 million years ago. It is one of the most easily recognized dinosaurs, with its distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates on its back, and the long spikes on its tail. The armor was necessary as it lived with such meat-eaters as Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus.

Discovery and species
Stegosaurus was originally named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877, from fossils found near Morrison, Colorado. These first bones became the first species of Stegosaur named: Stegosaurus armatus.
Several different Stegosaurus species have been found.
 Stegosaurus armatus: This was the first type of Stegosaurus to be found. Over thirty different skeletons have been discovered by scientists. This type had four tail spikes and small plates. At 9 meters (30 ft), it was the longest species of Stegosaurus.
 Stegosaurus stenops: Named by Marsh in 1887, it was discovered near Cañon City, Colorado, in 1886. This is the best known species of Stegosaurus, mainly because its fossils make at least one complete skeleton. It had large, broad plates and four tail spikes. S. stenops is known from at least 50 partial skeletons of both adults and juveniles, one complete skull and four partial skulls. It was shorter than S. armatus, at 7 m (23 ft).
 Stegosaurus longispinus: This type of Stegosaur is known from one incomplete skeleton. S. longispinus had a set of very long tail spines. Like S. stenops, it grew to 7 m (23 ft) in length.
S. ungulatus: Named by Marsh in 1879 from remains recovered at Como Bluff, Wyoming, it is only known from a few backbones and armor plates. It is probably the same as S. armatus.
 S. sulcatus: This is another partial skeleton. It is probably the same as S. armatus.
 S. duplex: This animal is probably the same as S. armatus. It was also named by Marsh in 1887,. Its fossils were found in 1879 by Edward Ashley at Como Bluff, Wyoming.
 ?S. seeleyanus: Probably the same as S. armatus.
 ?S. (Diracodon) laticeps: Named by Marsh in 1881 from some jawbone fragments.
Paleobiology
Stegosaurus was the largest stegosaur, reaching up to 12 m (39.4 ft) in length and weighing up to 5,000 kg (5.5 short tons). However, 7 to 9 m was a more usual length.

Skull
The skull of Stegosaurus was long and narrow. Because of its short front legs, its head was close to the ground, probably no higher than 1 m (3.3 ft). It ate low-growing plants because of this. It had no front teeth, but it did have a horn-covered beak. Stegosaurian chewing teeth were small and triangular and did little grinding as they lacked wear surfaces.

Unlike most dinosaurs, it did not have a lacuna (hole) in its skull between the nose and eye.
Nervous system
It has often been said that the Stegosaurus brain was the size of a walnut. Actually, it had a brain several times the size of a walnut. The bundle of nerves near the base of the tail that controlled reflexes in the back of the body was larger than the brain and is sometimes said to be a "second brain". These issues are discussed in Dinosaur brains and intelligence.

Posture
Stegosaurus had very short forelimbs in relation to its hind legs. The back legs each had three short toes, while the front legs had five toes. All four limbs were supported by pads behind the toes.

Classification
Stegosaurus was a member of the Thyreophora, or armored dinosaurs, a family of dinosaurs which includes the ankylosaurs.

Popular culture
Stegosaurus has been declared the State Dinosaur of Colorado. It has also appeared in many movies and TV shows.

Footnotes

Other websites 

 Dinopedia  
 Stegosaurus "roofed lizard" , by T. Mike Keesey at The Dinosauricon.

Stegosaurs
Jurassic dinosaurs
Psittacosis is a bacterial disease that can be caught from birds such as parrots, pigeons, and parakeets. The disease is not common, with only 50 reported cases in the United States each year.

Psittacosis usually gives flu-like symptoms, such as fevers, chills, headaches, muscle aches, and a dry cough. The disease can also look like pneumonia on an x-ray. In rare cases, Psittacosis can cause endocarditis - swelling of joints, and swelling of the cornea. 

Psittacosis can be easily treated with antibiotics, especially with Tetracycline. The disease rarely kills people, with only 1% of those who get the disease dying.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Zoonoses
Gregorian chant is an important form of plainchant, used mainly in the  Roman Catholic Church. With plainchant, all people sing the same music in unison, most of the time. Sometimes, there is a second part, called "organum", which often uses the same melody, but at an interval. This interval is often a fourth or a fifth.

How it developed 
Gregorian chant developed mainly in western and central Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries, but people wrote new songs and changed the old ones later. Many people believe an old story, which says that Pope Gregory the Great wrote the songs.  Most people who study the history of music believe that kings such as Charlemagne brought music from Rome to their kingdoms in France and Germany. When Charlemagne's people sang these songs, they changed the songs. This new music became Gregorian chant.
Usually men and boys sang Gregorian chant in churches, and holy women and men sang Gregorian chants in their daily prayers. In Roman Catholic churches, prayers and songs follow an order called the "Roman Rite."  Gregorian chant is the music used in the Mass and the Office of the Roman Rite. The "Mass" is the part of the Roman Rite where Catholics receive what they believe to be the body and blood of Christ. The "Office" is the part of the Roman Rite where holy men and women pray at special times every day.  In the past, people sang different songs in parts of Europe, but Gregorian chant replaced almost all of them.  Although the Roman Catholic Church no longer requires people to sing Gregorian chants, it still says that Gregorian chant is the best music for prayer.
Christians have sung songs without music since the earliest days of the Church. Before the mid-1990s, many people believed that the Jewish songs called the "Psalms," which are in both the Jewish and Christian Bible, were an important part of early Christian music and prayer. People who study the history of music and religion no longer believe this, because most early Christian songs were not from the Psalms, and Jews did not sing Psalms for many centuries after their most important holy place, the Second Temple, was destroyed in the year 70. However, some parts of Jewish music and prayer ended up later in Gregorian chant. The organized order of prayers called "canonical hours" come from Jewish tradition. The words "amen" and "alleluia" come from the Hebrew language.  The prayer "sanctus, sanctus, sanctus," which means "holy, holy, holy," comes from the Jewish prayer "kadosh, kadosh, kadosh."
The sorts of songs, which Catholics later sang in the Roman Rite, started to appear in the 3rd century. The Apostolic Tradition, a book about Christian traditions in early Rome, says that Christians sang "Alleluia" in early holy meals called "agape feasts." Chants of the Office started in the early 4th century, when holy men in the deserts started the tradition of singing all 150 psalms every week. Sometime around 375, Christians in Eastern Europe started singing religious songs back and forth between two groups; in 386, St. Ambrose brought this tradition to Western Europe. Singing back and forth is called "antiphonal" singing.
Most people think that the liturgy of the Roman Mass was put together during the 7th century. In 785-786, Pope Hadrian I sent some Roman chants to the court of Charlemagne. Later this music developed into the system of eight modes. This music, together with some new chants to complete the liturgical year, became known as "Gregorian." This chant was probably named after Pope Gregory the Great.

When Charlemagne had become Holy Roman Emperor he made everyone in Europe use this Gregorian chant. By the 12th and 13th centuries, all other kinds of chant disappeared, even the Roman form (now known as Old Roman chant).
Types 
Gregorian chants are divided into three types based on the number of notes sung to each syllable. Syllabic chants mostly have one note per syllable. In neumatic chants there are mostly two or three notes per syllable, while melismatic chants have lots of notes for one syllable. Some of the chants are recitative and some are free melody. When two choirs stand in different parts of the church and sing alternately these are called Antiphonal chants. Responsorial chants are ones with a refrain sung by the choir, which alternate with a psalm verse sung by a soloist.
Gregorian chant used the eight modes which came from the Byzantine chants.  They were written down in a special musical notation called neumes. These neumes do not show the exact rhythms, so that we cannot always be sure of the way they were sung.  The rhythm was probably quite free and flexible. There were certainly no bar lines and regular beat. The chant was normally sung by men.  Women only sang in convents, and even then they could not sing in all the services.
Gregorian chant was a big influence on polyphonic music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. When the original plainsong melody was made to be the bottom part it became known as "cantus firmus" (i.e., the "given melody"). Cantus firmus became a very important part of musical composition in the Renaissance.

References 

Music genres
Barneveld () is a municipality in the middle of the Netherlands, in the province Gelderland. The main centre is the village of Barneveld. 

The municipality has an area of 176.74 km².

Towns and villages of the municipality

Other centres are: Essen, Esveld, Garderbroek, Harselaar, Kallenbroek, Moorst (partly), Wessel and Recreatiegebied Zeumeren.

Geography 
The municipality neighbours Nijkerk, Putten and Ermelo to the north. Apeldoorn lies to the east. Municipalities Ede, Renswoude, Scherpenzeel and Woudenberg are to the south. Municipalities Leusden and Amersfoort neighbour Barneveld to the west.

Notable people born in Barneveld
 Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn (1851–1922), astronomer
 Eduard Daniel van Oort (1876–1933), ornithologist
 Egbert Adriaan Kreiken (1896–1964), teacher and astronomer
 Conny van Bentum (born 1965), freestyle swimmer
 Alfred Schreuder (born 1972), footballer

References

Settlements in Gelderland
Municipalities of Gelderland
An executable is a computer program written by a programmer and compiled by a compiler (See programming). When it is run, it 'executes' (or does) the actions it was programmed to.  

An example of a compiler is the GNU C Compiler, or GCC for short.  It reads in program code written in the C programming language, and converts it into binary machine code called an executable, so computers can understand it. On Microsoft Windows, these files end with '.exe.' To humans, these files are hard to read. Macs use other file extensions.

Other websites 
 GNU C Compiler website

Computer file formats
Windows NT is a series of Microsoft's Windows operating systems written in the C and C++ programming languages. They were the first to use their new 'NT' (New Technology) core. That means it had a brand new core to do more things than the MS-DOS-based one that they used in older versions of Windows. Also, it was more secure and crashed less. Windows NT 3.1 was released as alpha versions in 1991-1992 and beta versions in 1993.

History
Microsoft decided to create a portable operating system, compatible with OS/2 and POSIX and supporting multiprocessing, in October 1988. When development started in November 1989, Windows NT was to be known as OS/2 3.0, the third version of the operating system developed jointly by Microsoft and IBM. To ensure portability, initial development was targeted at the Intel i860XR RISC processor, switching to the MIPS R3000 in late 1989, and then the Intel i386 in 1990.
It is well believed that Dave Cutler intended the initialism 'WNT' as a pun on VMS, incrementing each letter by one.  However, the project was named NT OS/2 before receiving the Windows brand. One of the original OS/2 3.0 creators, Mark Lucovsky, claims that the name was taken from the original target processor—the Intel i860, code-named N10 ('N-Ten'). Various Microsoft publications, including a 1998 question-and-answer session with Bill Gates, reveal that the letters were expanded to 'New Technology' for marketing purposes but no longer carry any specific meaning.  The letters were dropped from the name of Windows 2000, though Microsoft described the product as 'Built on NT technology.'
The NT version number was not used for marketing purposes after Windows NT 4.0 but is still used internally and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system. Windows 10 changes the internal version number to 10.0, which is the first time since 1996 that the internal version number has matched the marketing number.

Windows NT can refer either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:
Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
Windows NT 3.51 (1995)
Windows NT 4.0 (1996)
Windows NT 5.0 (Windows 2000) (1997-1999)
Windows NT 5.1 (Windows XP) (2001)
Windows NT 5.2 (Windows Server 2003, Windows XP x64) (2003)
Windows NT 6.0 (Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008) (2006)
Windows NT 6.1 (Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2) (2009)
Windows NT 6.2 (Windows 8, Windows Server 2012) (2012)
Windows NT 6.3 (Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2) (2013)
Windows NT 10.0 (Windows 10, Windows Server 2016, Windows 11) (2021)

References

Notes

Microsoft operating systems
Some examples of common file extensions are:
 HASH are hash program files
 TXT files are plain text files
 BMP are bitmap picture files
 JPG are picture files in the JPEG format
 MP3 are music files in the MP3 format
 AAC are Advanced Audio Coding music files
 FLAC are Free Lossless Audio Codec
 ALAC are Apple Lossess Audio Codec
 WMA are Windows Media Audio sound files
 MPEG are motion picture encoded video files
 MKV are Mastroska Video Codec
 WMV are Windows Media Video files
 HTM or *HTML are Hyper Text Markup Language files such as web pages
 PHP are web server scripts which create web pages
 ODT are Open Document text files
 DOC are text documents in Microsoft Word format
 XLS are Microsoft Excel spreadsheet documents
 PPT are Microsoft Power Point presentation files
 EXE are Microsoft Windows executable program files
 DLL are Dynamic Link Libraries, a type of executable file, in MS Windows
 ZIP are Compressed files (Lempel Ziff algorithm in an archive)
 Z are Unix / Linux compressed files
bz2 are bzip2 block compressed files (very good compression)
 jar are Java archive files
 JSP are Java server pages files
 java are Java source code files
 class are Java compiled source code files
 oc are Java run-time library files
 tar are Unix / Linux tape archive files
 sh are Unix / Linux shell script files
 awk are Unix C like pattern processing language source code files
 sed are Unix stream editor command files
 lex are Unix / Linux lexical analyzer C code generator specification files
 c are C programming language source files
 o are C programming language compiled (object) files
 cs are C# programming language files
 rb are Ruby programming language files
 pl are Perl or Prolog programming language files
There are many other commonly used file extensions.

You can change the program defaults so that the computer knows which program to open each type of file extension with.

Software
Computer file formats
Lagomorpha is a mammal order. It includes pikas, rabbits and hares. Although lagomorphs look like rodents, they are not rodents, but are closely related to them. They have four incisors on the upper jaw, not two as with rodents. Also, they only eat plant material, not meat as rodents do to some extent.

Rabbits were classified under rodents until the 20th century.  They are divided into two families: Leporidae, which are hares and rabbits, and Ochotonidae, the pikas.

It has been known for some time that Lagomorpha is an unusual group, and there have been many guesses about its evolution. Darren Naish explains this.

Taxonomy 
 Order Lagomorpha
 Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)
 Genus Ochotona
 Family Leporidae (rabbits and hares)
 Genus Brachylagus
 Genus Bunolagus
 Genus Caprolagus
 Genus Lepus
 Genus Nesolagus
 Genus Oryctolagus (includes the domestic rabbit)
 Genus Pentalagus
 Genus Poelagus
 Genus Pronolagus
 Genus Romerolagus
 Genus Sylvilagus

References
The immune system is partly made up of white blood cells in your body that fight off disease. In lupus, these white blood cells think that the healthy cells of the body around them are diseased, so they end up attacking healthy parts of the body. Lupus can be deadly. It causes swelling and tissue damage, and can attack any part of the body. It most commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys and the brain/nervous system. Some symptoms include: fatigue, fever with no cause, hair loss, mouth sores, sensitivity to sunlight, a skin disease, and Raynaud's syndrome. There is treatment for lupus, called immunosuppression, which is medicine that stops the white blood cells from damaging healthy cells for a while. After a while, this medicine wears off, and then the white blood cells go back to hurting healthy parts of the body again
. For the disease of lupus, there is no cure that stops the white blood cells from attacking healthy parts of the body forever, but doctors are not giving up on finding a cure.
Lupus takes its name from the Latin word "lupus", meaning wolf. This is because a lupus-caused rash on a person's face makes the person's face look like the face of a wolf. In the United States alone, there may be 270,000 to 1.5 million (1,500,000) people with lupus. Worldwide, it is estimated (not known for sure, but a good guess) that over 5 million (5,000,000) people living with lupus. The disease mainly affects young women, but men can be affected as well.

Famous people with lupus
Disney Star Selena Gomez was diagnosed with lupus in 2013.
The pop singer Michael Jackson was diagnosed with systemic lupus in 1986.
Toni Braxton has systemic lupus.
British singer-songwriter Seal has had scarring on his face due to lupus since the age of 23.

References

Autoimmune diseases