Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Multan District  () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 3.117 million (1.315 million or 42.2% in urban areas). Its capital is the city of Multan.

Tehsils of Multan 
 Mumtazabad Tehsil
 Sher Shah Tehsil
 Sujaabad Tehsil
 Jalapur Pirwala Tehsil
 Bosan Tehsil
 Shah Rukn-e-alam Tehsil

References

Districts of British India
 
Multan Division
Muzaffargarh District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Muzaffargarh is the capital.

Tehsils
The district Muzaffargarh is divided in to five administrative tehsils.
 Alipur Tehsil
 Jatoi Tehsil
 Kot Addu Tehsil
 Muzaffargarh
 Chowk Sarwar Shaheed Tehsil

Districts of British India
 
Dera Ghazi Khan Division
Nankana Sahib District or Khairpur Bhattian () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Nankana Sahib is the capital.

Administration
Nankana Sahib District is administratively subdivided into four tehsils:

 Nankana Sahib Tehsil
 Safdarabad Tehsil
 Sangla Hill Tehsil
 Shahkot Tehsil

Lahore Division
Narowal District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Narowal is the capital. The Darhab dialect of the Punjabi language is spoken in this very district and the surrounding areas.

Administration
 Narowal Tehsil
 Shakargarh Tehsil
 Zafarwal Tehsil

Boundaries
The district is bounded on the northwest by Sialkot District, on the north by Indian Kashmir, on the east by Gurdaspur District (Republic of India) which contains the Pathankot Tehsil contiguous to Pakistan; and internationalised on the south by Amritsar District (Republic of India) and Sheikhupura District to the south-west.

Gujranwala Division
Okara District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Okara is the capital.

Tehsils
 Depalpur Tehsil
 Renala Khurd Tehsil
 Okara Tehsil town

 
Sahiwal Division
The Taito Corporation is an innovator of coin operated video games. Taito was founded in 1953 to import peanuts and vodka to Japan. They also made vending machines for the vodka and peanuts. The next year (1954), Taito began making jukeboxes and other amusement machines. These machines were designed by other companies but in 1956 Taito designed and produced Japans first jukebox. Taito started to buy, sell, and lease pinball machines in 1956. Taito became the manufacturer of Seeburg corporation (USA) jukeboxes in 1962. Taito produced Japans first crane-type coin operated machine in 1965. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry gave Taito a commendation prize for enterprise in 1970. In 1973 Taito made Pro Hockey and Soccer video games as well as Elepong. Elepong was the first Japanese designed coin operated game. Taito are most famous for making Space Invaders in 1978. Taito says "Space Invaders was a worldwide phenomenon"
.  Taito has been one of the leading makers of coin operated video games in the world for more than thirty years.
Famous video games created by the Taito Corporation

Elepong 1973
Davis Cup 1973
Pro Hockey 1973
Soccer 1973
Speed Race 1974
Gun Fight 1975
Space Invaders 1978
Space Invaders part 2 1979
Asteroids 1980
Missile Command 1980
Arkanoid 1986
Bubble Bobble 1986
Rainbow Islands 1987
Operation Wolf 1987
Chase HQ 1988
The New Zealand Story 1988
Puzzle Bobble 1995

Other websites 
The Taito Corporation website

References

Taito Legends, 2005
Taito Legends 2, 2006

Electronics companies of Japan
1953 establishments in Asia
Video game companies of Japan
Pakpattan District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Pakpattan is the capital.

Tehsils
 Arifwala Tehsil
 Pakpattan Tehsil
 Malka Hans Tehsil
Rahimyar Khan District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Rahimyar Khan is the capital.

Tehsils
 Khanpur Tehsil
 Liaquatpur Tehsil
 Rahim Yar Khan Tehsil
 Sadiqabad Tehsil

 
Bahawalpur Division
Space Invaders is a video game made by the Taito Corporation. Space Invaders is one of the most famous early video games. The game is about defending the Earth from Space Invaders (aliens) by shooting them down before they can land. There have been seven versions of Space Invaders made by the Taito Corporation. Space Invaders was designed by the Taito Corporations man in charge of the game making department, Toshihiro Nishikado. Nishikado was inspired to make the game after watching Star Wars and War of the Worlds. At first Space Invaders was a coin-operated machine but has been made available for almost every games console and home computer. Before making Space Invaders, Nishikado worked on games called Soccer and Interceptor. He says the hardest part of making a video game is designing the computer inside it. Taito describes Space Invaders as "an international phenomenon".

Space Invaders versions
Space Invaders, 1978
Space Invaders Part 2, 1979
The Return of the Space Invaders, 1985
Space Invaders '91, 1991
Space Invaders DX, 1995
Space Invaders '95, 1995
Space Invaders 3D

References

Taito Legends, 2005
Taito Legends 2, 2006

Arcade games
Rajanpur District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Rajanpur is the capital.

Tehsils
 Jampur Tehsil
 Rajanpur Tehsil
 Rojhan Tehsil

 
Dera Ghazi Khan Division
Rawalpindi District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Rawalpindi is the capital. The district is divided into seven tehsils, these are:
 Gujar Khan Tehsil
 Kahuta Tehsil
 Kallar Syedan Tehsil
 Kotli Sattian Tehsil
 Murree Tehsil
 Rawalpindi Tehsil
 Taxila Tehsil

In 1901 Punjab Census, the Sikhs numbered 26,363, Hindus 57,325, and the Muslims being 466,918 83%. But between 1901 and 1931, there was a large number of Hindus converting to Sikhism. By 1947, there would have been more than 100,000 Sikhs In this district, and also the population growing.

Districts of British India
Rawalpindi District
Rawalpindi Division
Sahiwal District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sahiwal is the capital.

Sahiwal is on GT Road. It is 167 km from Lahore.

Tehsils
 Sahiwal Tehsil
 Chichawatni Tehsil

Districts of British India
Sahiwal Division
Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)
Sargodha District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sargodha is the capital.

Tehsils
 Bhalwal Tehsil
 Sahiwal Tehsil
 Sargodha Tehsil
 Shahpur Tehsil
 Sillanwali Tehsil
 Kot Momin Tehsil

Districts of British India
 
Sargodha Division
Sialkot District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sialkot is the 

It is recorded that Masses of Jatts of Sialkot district, converted to Islam, under Daud Bandagi Kirmani (1513-1575), of Shergarh during the reign of Emperor Akbar between, 1556-1605. The Clans that converted included Sandhu, Ghumman, Bajwa, Virk, Maan, Cheema, Basra, Kahlon, Goraya, Sahi, Hanjra, Dehothar.

Tehsils
 Daska Tehsil
 Pasrur Tehsil
 Sambrial Tehsil
 Sialkot Tehsil

Districts of British India
 
Gujranwala Division
Toba Tek Singh District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Toba Tek Singh is the capital.

Tehsils
 Gojra Tehsil
 Kamalia Tehsil
 Toba Tek Singh Tehsil

Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)
Faisalabad Division
Vehari District () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Vehari is the capital.

Tehsils
 Burewala Tehsil
 Mailsi Tehsil
 Vehari Tehsil

 
Multan Division
Attock is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Attock District. The city was founded during the British period and it was originally named Campbellpur after its British governor Sir Colin Campbell however the name was changed to Attock after the independence of Pakistan from British rule in 1947.

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Attock District
Bahawalnagar is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province. It is the capital of Bahawalnagar District. It is located near the India–Pakistan border.

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Bahawalnagar District
Bahawalpur is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Bahawalpur District.

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Bahawalpur District
Bhakkar (, Seraiki: بھکر) is the capital city of Bhakkar District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 31°37'60N 71°4'0E at an elevation of 159 metres and lies on the left bank of the Indus river. It has a population of almost 300,000 people and was given district status in 1981. It is also the capital of the tehsil of the same name (Bhakkar Tehsil).

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Bhakkar District
Chakwal is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Chakwal District.

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Dera Ghazi Khan is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Dera Ghazi Khan District.

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Dera Ghazi Khan District
Faisalabad, formerly known as Lyallpur, is the third largest metropolis in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Faisalabad District. The city is an important centre of trade and industry.

References

Other websites
 Airport website

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Faisalabad District
A Union Council or Village Council in Pakistan is an elected local government body that has 21 councillors. They are elected by the people. Each Union Council is headed by a Nazim, which is similar to a mayor, and a Naib Nazim (similar to a deputy mayor).

Administration 
Union Councils are the fifth level (the lowest level) of government in Pakistan. Union Councils are often known as Village Councils in rural areas, esp. in KP during the PTI Government provincial reforms.
The area represented by a Village Council usually comprises a large village and surrounding areas, often including nearby smaller villages. The term "Union Council" may be used for areas that are part of cities.

Each Union Council is governed by a Union Nazim (similar to a mayor), each union council has 13 elected members known as councillors. As well as four male and two female members elected directly, there are two male and two female representatives of the labour, a minority member, a Nazim and his deputy known as Naib Nazim.
Also as well as the elected members, there are several government employees and functionaries in every union council, who report to the Secretary of the Union Council. The last one is a civil servant appointed by the state.

The territory of a Union Council or Village Council is usually part of a tehsil, (a tehsil is a district subdivision). Less commonly, a Union Council may be part of a City District.

Structure of local Government  
Shown below is a simplified structure of the political hierarchy.
 the federal government governs the provinces (allocation of resources and policy decisions. 
 the provinces govern the districts etc. 
 the union councils are involved directly in local government administration.

References

Other websites 

 

Local government of Pakistan
Seer Gharbi is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of the country of Pakistan. It is in the southeastern part of the province, bordering the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province.

Meaning
Seer Gharbi means Western Seer. This is because there are two towns called Seer and are very near to each other. The other Seer is known as Seer Sharqi, which means Eastern Seer.

2005 earthquake
On October 8, 2005, Seer Gharbi, like much of Abbottabad District, was affected by an earthquake. However the number of people killed or injured was low, the damage was largely to buildings and damage to water supplies.

Subdivisions
The Union Council of Seer Gharbi is subdivided into three areas: Basbher, Malmola and Seer Gharbi.

References

Union councils of Abbottabad District
Tranmere Rovers Football Club is an English football club, They were a member of The Football League until 2015, when they were relegated to the Football Conference. Their main rivals are Chester, Wrexham, Bolton and Forest Green.

Name 
 1884-1885 Belmont F.C.
 1885-present Tranmere Rovers F.C.

League position

Former position 

1884 establishments in England
Birkenhead
English football clubs
Organisations based in Merseyside
Corumbá is a Brazilian city of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It has about 120,000 inhabitants and an area of 64.960,86 km².

Cities in Mato Grosso do Sul
Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee CBE, CStJ (27 May 1922  7 June 2015) was an English actor. He was a direct descendent of the Italian aristocrat Marie Carandini and Robert E. Lee.

Lee was best known for his many movie characters. For example, Dracula and Fu Manchu in many movies during the 1950s through the 1970s. He became even better known as Scaramanga in the Bond movie The Man with the Golden Gun, Saruman the White in  The Lord of the Rings trilogy and Count Dooku in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones.

He performed roles in 275 movies since 1948. He appeared in over 75 television programs. Lee was also a voice actor, providing his voice in over 50 movies. This made him the Guinness World Record holder for most movie acting roles ever. Lee was also a singer and his latest album was released in 2013.

Lee lived in London. He was married to Danish model Birgit Kroencke.
Early years 
Lee was born in Belgravia, London, England, on 27 May 1922. He and his older sister Xandra were raised by Estelle Marie and Geoffrey Trollope until their divorce in 1926. Trollope was a professional soldier. Later, while Lee was still a child, his mother married (and later divorced) Harcourt George "Ingle" St. Croix, a banker. Lee studied at Wellington College from age 14 to 17. After this, he worked as an office clerk in a couple of London shipping companies. In 1941, he enlisted in the RAF during World War II.

Early career 
After military service, Lee joined the Rank Organisation in 1947. He trained as an actor in their "Charm School". He played many small parts in movies, for example, Corridor of Mirrors (1948). He had a small part in Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948). Peter Cushing was also in this movie. Lee and Cushing also both acted in Moulin Rouge (1952) but did not meet until later when they did horror movies together. They are well known for working together in horror movies.
Hammer Films 
Lee had many parts in movies and television during the 1950s. He did not become famous until he started working with Hammer Film Productions. With Hammer Films, he acted in The Curse of Frankenstein (1957), Dracula (1958), The Mummy (1959), and The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959). All of these movies also starred Cushing. Lee continued his role as "Dracula" in many Hammer sequels during the 1960s and early 1970s. During this time, he acted many times as Fu Manchu. The most notable was in the first of the series The Face of Fu Manchu (1965). He also acted in many movies in Europe. With his own production company, Charlemagne Productions, Ltd., Lee made Nothing But the Night (1972) and To the Devil a Daughter (1976). By the mid-1970s, Lee wanted to stop making horror movies. He acted in several mainstream movies, for example The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970), The Three Musketeers (1973), The Four Musketeers (1974), and the James Bond movie The Man with the Golden Gun (1974).
Later career 
Because these movies were very well liked, he chose to move to Hollywood in the mid-1970s. He was a busy actor but most of the work he did for movies and television was not very notable. Because of this, he decided moved back to England. Lee's career became very notable again in the early 2000s. His acting in The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy (2001–2003) (as Saruman the White) and Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) (as Count Dooku) caused this. Lee is the only member of the cast of The Lord of the Rings trilogy who met author J.R.R. Tolkien.

Death 
Lee died at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital on 7 June 2015 at 8:30 am after being admitted for respiratory problems and heart failure, shortly after celebrating his 93rd birthday there. His wife delayed the public announcement until 11 June, in order to break the news to their family.
Awards and honors
In 2001, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his contributions to the movie and television industries.  He was knighted for services to drama and charity in 2009.  He received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2011.

References

Other websites 

Official Christopher Lee web site
Concerning his role in The Lord of the Rings movies
Guardian Unlimited Profile
Interview in starwars.com
Obituary: Sir Christopher Lee by BBC News

1922 births
2015 deaths
Actors from London
Actors who played Bond villains
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from respiratory failure
English movie actors
English radio actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Singers from London
Writers from London
British nobility
Liv Tyler (born July 1, 1977) is an American actress and former model. She is best known for her roles of Grace Stamper in Armageddon and Arwen in The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy. She is the daughter of Aerosmith's singer, Steven Tyler.
Tyler was born Liv Rundgren at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, New York. She is the first born daughter of Bebe Buell, a model, singer, and was the Playboy Playmate of the month Miss November 1974, and Steven Tyler, the lead singer of Aerosmith. Her maternal grandmother, Dorothea Johnson, founded the Protocol School of Washington. Her mother named her after Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann. At birth, Bebe Buell claimed that rock star Todd Rundgren was Tyler's biological father. Tyler spent most of her childhood living with that understanding, only finding her true parentage at age nine, after meeting Steven Tyler at a Rundgren concert in Boston. Also, when Tyler was growing up, Steven Tyler started coming to visit. Then at another meeting in 1988, seeing that Steven Tyler's other daughter, Mia, looked very similar to herself, she asked her mother
. The truth about Tyler's paternity did not become public until 1991, when she changed her name from Rundgren to Tyler, but kept the old one as a middle name. Buell's reason for the decision was that Steven Tyler was too heavily addicted to drugs at that time. Since knowing the truth about her paternity, Liv and Steven Tyler have had a close relationship. They have even made their careers intertwine when Liv performed in Aerosmith's video "Crazy" and when Aerosmith wrote and performed many of the songs in Liv's movie Armageddon.
Tyler went to the Congressional School of Virginia, Breakwater Elementary and Wayneflete schools (in Portland, Maine) before returning to New York City with her mother at the age of twelve. She went to York Prep in NYC for Junior High and High School, graduating in 1995. One month later Tyler set off for Italy, to star in Stealing Beauty.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 
 Lovely Liv Tyler , a website endorsed by Liv Tyler

1977 births
Living people
Actors from Maine
Actors from Manhattan
American movie actors
Models from Manhattan
Dourados is a Brazilian city of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It has about 200,000 inhabitants and an area of .

Cities in Mato Grosso do Sul
This article is about the composer; for the Italian town see Gesualdo.

Carlo Gesualdo, known as Gesualdo da Venosa (born probably 8 March  1566; died  8 September 1613), Prince of Venosa and Count of Conza, was an Italian music composer, lutenist and murderer.  He lived in the late part of the Renaissance period.   He is famous for his beautifully expressive madrigals which are written in a very chromatic style (using lots of sharps and flats).  He is also remembered for committing a horrible murder.

Life 
Gesualdo came from an aristocratic family.  He was probably born at Venosa, but we know hardly anything about his early life.  We know that he was extremely interested in music when he was small and showed very little interest in anything else.  He played the lute, harpsichord and guitar.
The murders 
In 1586 Gesualdo married his first cousin, Donna Maria d'Avalos, the daughter of the Marquis of Pescara.  Two years later she began to have a love affair with Fabrizio Carafa, the Duke of Andria.  For two years her husband knew nothing about her love affair.  Then one day he returned unexpectedly to his palace (he may have suspected that something was happening) and found them making love.  He murdered them both in their bed.  He then left their bodies in front of the palace for everyone to see.  In those days in Italy a nobleman  could not be arrested and punished.  However, someone might have wanted to kill him in revenge, so he ran away to the town of Gesualdo where he had a castle.
A lot of people heard about the murders.  Famous poets such as Tasso wrote poems about it.  Nothing was done to arrest Gesualdo, however.  Some people at the time said that he also murdered one of Maria’s babies because he thought he might not have been the father.  Other people even said that he murdered his father-in-law when he came wanting to kill him in revenge, but we do not know whether this was true.

Ferrara years 
In 1594 Gesualdo went to the town of  Ferrara which was famous for music which was being composed by modern composers experimenting with new ideas.  He spent two years there and composed his first book of madrigals.  There he married another woman who was a niece of Duke Alfonso II d’Este.  The couple moved back to Gesualdo in 1597.
Return to Gesualdo, and final years 
After returning to his castle at Gesualdo from Ferrara in 1597, he tried to make the town famous for music.  He invited some of Italy’s most famous musicians to come and work for him.  Since he was very rich he could afford to do this.  However, the music making only took place in his castle (printing with Giovanni Giacomo Carlino).  Gesualdo spent the last years of his life doing nothing except music.  He hardly ever left his castle. 

Gesualdo’s new marriage was not a happy one.  His wife said he was cruel and she tried to divorce him.  She spent a lot of time away from the castle and wrote him angry letters.

Late in life he suffered from depression and madness.  We do not know whether this was because he felt bad about being a murderer, but he probably did feel guilty. He often made his servants hit him. He also wrote very strange letters to a cardinal asking him to send him some of his dead uncle’s skeleton because he thought these remains would make him better.
Gesualdo died alone at his castle.  The chapel where he was buried was destroyed by an earthquake in 1688.  There is still a burial plaque in the rebuilt church.

His music
We think it is likely that Gesualdo felt terribly guilt all his life about the murders he had committed, and these guilty feelings can be heard in his music.  The words of his madrigals are often very emotional: they are about "love", "pain", "death", "ecstasy", "agony".  Of course, other madrigal composers used such words, but Gesualdo’s music is really extreme.  It is often wildly chromatic.  Other composers did not copy his style.

He wrote both sacred (religious) and secular (non-religious) songs, and some music for instruments.  His most famous compositions are his six published books of madrigals (between 1594 and 1611), as well as his Tenebrae Responsories, which are very much like madrigals, except that they use texts from the Passion story about Christ’s death on the cross.
1566 births
1613 deaths
17th-century Italian composers
16th-century Italian composers
Murderers
Lutenists
Italian criminals
Nanny - a person that is hired to take care of children.
The Nanny - a 1993 television comedy.
A grandmother (see grandmother, grandparent)
A female goat

The Nanny may mean:
The Nanny, a 1993–99 American television program starring Fran Drescher
The Nanny, a 1964 novel by Merriam Modell
The Nanny, a 1965 British movie starring Bette Davis
The Nanny, a 1999 Italian movie
Nanny (comics), a Marvel Comics super villain
AdventureQuest is an RPG (role-playing game) made by Artix Entertainment.

Related pages
 DragonFable
 MechQuest
 AdventureQuest Worlds
 ArchKnight
 ZardWars

Other websites
 AdventureQuest

Online games
Role-playing video games
A conflict is a struggle between people which  may be physical, or between conflicting ideas. The word comes from Latin conflingere Conflingere means to come together for a battle. Conflicts can either be within one person, or they can involve several people or groups. Conflicts arise because there are needs, values or ideas that are seen to be different, and there is no means to reconcile the dispute. 

Very often, conflicts lead to fights, or even wars (in the case where conflicts are solved with weapons). Conflict between ideas is usually  fought with propaganda.

Related pages
Conflict resolution
Dispute

War
A constructed script (also artificial script, neography, and conscript for short) is a kind of writing system. It is a writing system that is specifically created by an individual or group, and is not like an evolved natural script. In contrast, natural scripts evolve and grow as part of a natural language or culture.

Some constructed scripts are made to be used for constructed languages. Other constructed scripts are used in linguistic experimentation or for other more practical uses in existing languages.

Writing systems
An Inspector Calls is a play written in 1945 by the British playwright J. B. Priestley, but set in 1912. Its socialist views ran against the capitalist views of many theatres visitors. It was first performed in 1946 in two Moscow theatres.  It was then first produced in London at the New Theatre on 1 October 1946. 

The play shows the way in which people are all connected, and reflects Priestley's socialist views while outlining the problems he saw with capitalism. The main themes in the play are an equitable (fair) society, responsibility and love.
Dramatic presentation 
 The play is set in the town of Brumley. It is about a police inspector, Inspector Goole, who questions a family about the suicide of a young woman whom the family knew. Many events which happen after the play are contradicted by Arthur Birling, such as the Titanic being unsinkable and that war with Germany would never happen. These are examples of dramatic irony.
 The play takes place in one set (the dining room of the Birlings' house), in real time. This is a dramatic device which keeps the audience's attention on the dialogue as well as the timing of the entrances and exits. Foreshadowing is used throughout the play. 
 Another dramatic technique or device used is how Priestley ends his acts. Each time, near the end of the act, the inspector drops a bombshell of information that we are  to think about. He makes us ponder over all that happened in that act.
Dramatic devices 
J. B. Priestley uses dramatic devices and dramatic irony to signal characters and introduce the inspector. For example, the house is pink and intimate while they are celebrating the engagement, but when the sharp ring of a door bell is heard, the lighting changes to a brighter and harder colour. Some believe that it represents an interrogation room due to the bright lights that are shining on the Birlings as the inspector comes in and picks the story out of them bit by bit. Dramatic irony is used throughout the play to create prejudice between Mr. Birling and the audience.

Awards 
Olivier Award PlayRevival 1991–2000
Tony Award PlayRevival 1994–2000

English plays
1940s plays
1945 works
The Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict of Sudan.  It is led by Khalil Ibrahim.  Together with other rebel groups such as the Sudan Liberation Army, they are fighting against the government-supported Janjaweed militia.  The JEM is also a member of the Eastern Front, a rebel coalition.  After the Eastern Front signed a peace deal with the central government, the JEM lost access to its funding from Eritrea.

The JEM traces its foundation to the writers of the Black Book, a manuscript published in 2000 that shows some problems.  JEM has an Islamist ideology, and the government links the group to Hassan al-Turabi, although leaders of the group and Turabi himself deny the claim. However, al-Turabi blames the government for making the situation worse".
On January 20, 2006, the group merged with the Sudan Liberation Movement, along with other rebel groups, to form the Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan.  However, the JEM and SLM negotiated as separate groups with peace talks with the government in May 2006.

In October of 2007, the JEM attacked an oilfield in the Kordofan region of Sudan. This olified is controlled by a Chinese consortium.  The next month, a group of 135 Chinese engineers arrived in Darfur to work on this field. Ibrahim told reporters, "We oppose them coming because the Chinese are not interested in human rights. It is just interested in Sudan's resources." The JEM claims that the revenue from oil sold to China funds the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed militia.
On the morning of December 11th, 2007, Khalil Ibrahim claimed that JEM forces fought and defeated Sudanese government troops guarding a Chinese-run oilfield in the Kordofan region.  Khartoum officials, however, denied that any oil fields had come under attack.  Ibrahim said that the attack was part of a JEM campaign to rid Sudan of Chinese-run oilfields and stated that "[The JEM] want all Chinese companies to leave. They have been warned many times. They should not be there."

Notes and references

Other websites 
Justice and Equality Movement
 Upcoming Peace Talks Will Not Solve the Complex Darfur Problem , The Power and Interest News Report
 Darfur conflict
 BBC background on the SLA and JEM: 
 BBC Darfur on the brink of new conflict as the SLA now joins the government fighting against rebel groups including the JEM: 
 Justice and Equality Movement The JEM's homepage
 Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company's website 

Darfur conflict
Rebel militia groups in Africa
Holden is the name of an Australian brand of automobile. Holden can also mean:

Places

In Canada 
 Holden, Alberta

In Norway 
 Holden, Lierne, a lake in Nord-Trøndelag
 Holden, Verran, a lake in Nord-Trøndelag

In the United States 
 Holden, Louisiana
 Holden, Maine
 Holden, Massachusetts
 Holden, Missouri
 Holden, Utah
 Holden, West Virginia
 Holden Township, Minnesota
 Holden, Vermont

There are also:
 Holden Beach, North Carolina
 Holden Heights, Florida
 Holden Village, Washington

People and fictional characters
 Holden (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters
 Holden (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
 Holden Scott, a pen name of American author Ben Mezrich (born 1969)

Other 
 Holden (lunar crater), a lunar crater attached to the much larger Vendelinus crater
 Holden (Martian crater), a wide crater on Mars.
 Holden (band), a French pop-rock band

Related pages
 Holder
 Holding

Surnames
This article is about the constructed languages of J. R. R. Tolkien, used in his Middle-earth universe.

External history 
J. R. R. Tolkien was a philologist, and he was interested in language since he was a child. He invented several languages, which he then used in his Middle-earth writings. Aside from the external history, most of his languages have also an invented "internal history". The internal history means how the languages evolved and were used inside the fictional story by the fictional people who spoke them. 
Some of Tolkien's languages have a detailed grammar and vocabulary. Other languages are not very detailed, and some languages have only a few words and names. Quenya and Sindarin are the best and most developed languages, while others like Rohirric, Khuzdûl, or Black Speech, are not so developed.

Tolkien also created the Tengwar, Sarati, and Cirth scripts for his languages.

Languages of Middle-earth
Elvish languages 
The Elvish languages or Eldarin languages are the languages of the Elves. At other times, Elvish languages were the common speech. Later the Elvish languages were also used by humans, especially by scientists and the nobility. The Eldarin languages can be divided into two groups: Quenya language and Telerin languages (which includes Telerin, Nandorin, and Sindarin).

Quenya 
Quenya is an Elvish language. It was spoken by the Vanyar and Noldor elves in Valinor. When the Noldor returned to Middle-earth in the First Age, they brought Quenya with them. But the native Sindarin became far more common in everyday speech. In the Second Age and especially in the Third Age, Quenya in Middle-earth was used more as a scientific and ritual language. Because of this Tolkien sometimes called Quenya the "Elf-Latin".

Telerin 
Telerin is an Elvish language. It was spoken by the Teleri elves. From Telerin developed several new languages and dialects, for example Sindarin.
Sindarin 
Sindarin is an Elvish language. It came from the Telerin language. It was spoken by the Sindar (or Grey Elves) in Middle-earth. It later became the most common elvish language spoken in Middle-earth.

Mannish (Human) languages

Adûnaic 
Adûnaic is the language of the people of Númenor. After the Fall of Númenor, Adûnaic was not often used anymore. From Adûnaic and the native languages of the western coastlands of Middle-earth developed Westron.

Westron 
Westron (Westron: Adûni, Sindarin: Annúnaid), or the Common Speech (Westron: Sôval Phârë), is a language of Middle-earth. It comes from Adûnaic and the natives languages of Middle-earth. In the Third Age, Westron is used as the common language, spoken by most peoples.
In the books, the text written in English is meant to be Westron most of the time.
Rohirric 
Rohirric (also Rohirian or Rohanese) is the language of the Rohirrim of Rohan. In the books, Rohirric text and names are always represented by Old English. This is made because Rohirric should feel older but similar to the hobbit's Westron, and they are in the books represented by Old English and Modern English.

Khuzdûl 
Khuzdûl is the language of the Dwarves. The dwarves keep much of what they do a secret, and they also do this with their language. Because of this, only a few place-names and phrases are known from Khuzdûl. Dwarves have never told other (non-dwarven) people their Khuzdûl names. Instead, they use other names when talking to the other peoples of Middle-earth. The dwarven "nicknames" that appear in the books are  all taken from Norse mythology. 
Besides the spoken language, called aglab, Khuzdûl had the iglishmek, which was a sign language.
Entish 
Entish is the language of the Ents. The language is, like the Ents themselves, very "unhasty": it takes a lot of time to say something. The language uses very long descriptions and many repetitions. Because it is so complicated and takes so much time, nobody but the Ents use or understand this language.

Valarin 
Valarin was the language spoken by the Ainur.

Black Speech 
Black Speech is the language of Sauron. The language was created by him and used by his followers. The inscription on the One Ring was Black Speech, written in Tengwar. Aside from the Ring-inscription, there are several names and words of Black Speech known.

Related pages

Middle-earth
Tengwar

Languages
Fictional languages
Lope de Vega (also Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio or Lope Félix de Vega Carpio) (25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish Baroque playwright and poet. His reputation in the world of Spanish letters is second only to that of Cervantes, while the sheer volume of his literary output is unequalled: 
he is estimated to have written between 1,500 and 2,500 fully-fledged plays – of which some 425 have survived until the modern day – together with a plethora of shorter dramatic and poetic works.

He was "The Phoenix of Wits" and "Monster of Nature" by Miguel de Cervantes because he did so much work. Lope de Vega renewed the Spanish theatre when people were becoming interested in it. Along with Calderón de la Barca and Tirso de Molina, he improved Spanish theater. He is considered a great dramatist and his plays are often performed. He is also one of the famous Spanish poets and authors.
Life
Lope de Vega was born in Madrid to a non-notable family, who came to the capital from Valle de Carriedo in Cantabria recently. Félix de Vega, the bread winner of the family, was an embroiderer.

1562 births
1635 deaths
Spanish poets
Spanish playwrights
Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Henao (January 17, 1600 – May 25, 1681), was a dramatist of the Spanish Golden Age.

Calderón was born in Madrid. His mother, who was of Flemish descent, died in 1610; his father, who was secretary to the treasury, died in 1615. Calderón was educated at the Jesuit College in Madrid, the Colegio Imperial, with a view to taking orders; but instead, he studied law at Salamanca.

Selected Works 

 El médico de su honra (The Surgeon of his Honour)
 La vida es sueño (Life is a Dream)
 El Alcalde de Zalamea (The Mayor of Zalamea)
 La Dama duende (The Phantom Lady)
 Casa con dos puertas (The House with Two Doors)
 El Mágico prodigioso (The Mighty Magician)
 La Devoción de la Cruz (Devotion to the Cross)
 El Gran Teatro del mundo (The Great Theatre of the World)
 El Gran Mercado del mundo (The World is a Fair)
 El Pintor de su deshonra (The Painter of His Dishonour)
 El Prodigio de Alemania (The Prodigy of Germany) (in collaboration with Antonio Coello)
1600 births
1681 deaths
Spanish writers
Chemical vapor deposition is a method of putting a thin layer of materials on to a surface using very low heat. It is specially useful for coating thin glass with metal without damaging the glass, using such a thin layer of metal that the glass can be seen through. This technology was invented by the Head of the Chemistry Department of Harvard University, Professor Roy Gordon, in the 1970s and perfected by his team during the 1980s. Chemical vapor deposition has a vast range of uses. Hip replacement joints are coated using chemical vapor deposition to make them lighter, stronger, and longer lasting. TFT displays (flat screen televisions and computer monitors) are made using chemical vapor deposition. This technology is also used to prevent double glazing windows and supermarket freezers from steaming up. Chemical vapor deposition can be used to create synthetic diamonds.

Other websites 

 Roy Gordons Glass  in the Harvard Gazette

Technology
Chemical processes
Below is a list of the 18 states of Sudan (Arabic names are in parentheses). Before 9 July 2011, Sudan had 25 states. The ten southern states now form the independent country of South Sudan. Two more states were created in 2012 within the Darfur region, and one in 2013 in Kordofan, bringing the total to 18. Transliterations from Arabic to English may vary; in particular, the article "al" is sometimes transliterated as "el".  Numbers correspond to those of the map at right.
Khartoum (ولاية خرطوم Wilāyat Kharṭūm)
 North Kordofan (ولاية شمال كردفان Wilāyat Shamāl Kurdufān)
 Northern (ولاية الشمالية Wilāyat ash-Shamāliyyah)
 Kassala (ولاية كسّلا Wilāyat Kassalā)
 Blue Nile (ولاية النيل الأزرق Wilāyat an-Nīl al-Azraq)
 North Darfur (ولاية شمال دارفور Wilāyat Shamāl Dārfūr)
 South Darfur (ولاية جنوب دارفور Wilāyat Janūb Dārfūr)
 South Kordofan (ولاية جنوب كردفان Wilāyat Janūb Kurdufān)
 Gezira (ولاية الجزيرة Wilāyat al-Jazīrah)
 White Nile (ولاية النيل الأبيض Wilāyat an-Nīl al-Abyaḍ)
 River Nile (ولاية نهر النيل Wilāyat Nahr an-Nīl)
 Red Sea (ولاية البحر الأحمر Wilāyat al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar)
 Al Qadarif (ولاية القضارف Wilāyat al-Qaḍārif)
 Sennar (ولاية سنّار Wilāyat Sinnār)
 West Darfur (ولاية غرب دارفور Wilāyat Gharb Dārfūr)
 Central Darfur (ولاية وسط دارفور Wilāyat Wasṭ Dārfūr)
 East Darfur (ولاية شرق دارفور Wilāyat Sharq Dārfūr)
 West Kordofan (ولاية غرب كردفان Wilāyat Gharb Kurdufān)
Special administrative areas
 The Abyei Area, located on the border between South Sudan and the Republic of the Sudan, currently has a special administrative status and is governed by an Abyei Area Administration. It was due to hold a referendum in 2011 on whether to be part of South Sudan or part of the Republic of Sudan.

Regional bodies
In addition to the states, there are also regional administrative bodies established by peace agreements between the central government and rebel groups:
 The three Darfur states are coordinated by the Darfur Regional Government.
 The three eastern states are coordinated by the Eastern Sudan States Coordinating Council. This council was established during the peace agreement between the Sudanese Government and the rebel Eastern Front.
History 
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan had eight mudiriyat, or provinces, which were ambiguous when created but became well defined by the beginning of the Second World War.  The eight provinces were: Blue Nile, Darfur, Equatoria, Kassala, Khartoum, Kurdufan, Northern, and Upper Nile.  In 1948 Bahr al Ghazal split from Equatoria. 

There were numerous new provinces created on 1 July 1973.  North and South Darfur were created from Darfur, while Kurdufan divided into North and South Kurdufan.  Al Jazirah and White Nile were split off from Blue Nile.  River Nile split off from Northern.  Red Sea was split off from Kassala.
A further fracturing of provinces occurred in 1976.  Lakes split from Bahr al Ghazal, and Jonglei split off from Upper Nile.  Equatoria divided into East and West Equatoria.  There were thus eighteen provinces.  In 1991, the government reorganized the administrative regions into nine federal states, matching the nine provinces that had existed from 1948 to 1973.  On 14 February 1994, the government reorganized yet again, creating twenty-six wilayat (states).  The majority of the wilayat were either the old provinces or administrative subregions of a province.  As part of the new government structure in South Sudan in 2005, Bahr al Jabal was renamed Central Equatoria. In 2006, West Kurdufan was split and merged with North Kurdufan and South Kurdufan.

In 2011, the ten southern states became the independent Republic of South Sudan.
WrestleMania XXIV was the twenty-fourth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on March 30, 2008 at the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Florida. It was the first WrestleMania to be held in the state of Florida, and the second WrestleMania to be held outdoors the whole time, the other being WrestleMania IX. The official theme songs were "Light It Up" by Rev Theory and "Snow ((Hey Oh))" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The tagline was "The Biggest WrestleMania Under the Sun."
The event was a joint-promotion pay-per-view, having performers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. The main match on the Raw brand was a Triple Threat match for the WWE Championship between Randy Orton, Triple H, and John Cena, which Orton won by pinning Cena. The main event and featured match on the SmackDown brand was Edge versus The Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship, which Undertaker won by forcing Edge to submit with the Gogoplata. The main match on the ECW brand was Chavo Guerrero against Kane for the ECW Championship, which Kane won by pinfall after performing a chokeslam. Main matches on the undercard included Floyd Mayweather, Jr. versus The Big Show in a No Disqualification match, an interpromotional Money in the Bank ladder match, and Ric Flair versus Shawn Michaels.

Report

Background
The main feud heading into WrestleMania on the Raw brand was between Randy Orton, John Cena, and Triple H, with the three feuding over the WWE Championship. At the Royal Rumble in January, John Cena won the Royal Rumble match by last eliminating Triple H to become the number one contender to the WWE Championship at WrestleMania XXIV. Instead of challenging Randy Orton for the title at WrestleMania, he wanted to challenge him at No Way Out, the next pay-per-view. At No Way Out, Orton got himself intentionally disqualified by slapping the referee, thus keeping the WWE Championship. Also at No Way Out, Triple H became the new number one contender to the WWE Championship at WrestleMania by winning against five other men in an Elimination Chamber match
. The night after on Raw, after Cena argued that he should have another WWE Championship match, Raw General Manager William Regal said that Cena would face Orton later in the night with the stipulation being if Cena won, he would be added to the WrestleMania match between Triple H and Orton, making it a Triple Threat match. If Orton won, however, the main event would stay as Orton versus Triple H. Cena won the match, pinning Orton after executing an FU. After the match, Triple H, who was the Special Guest referee, executed a Pedigree to both Cena and Orton.
The common feud on the SmackDown brand was between Edge and The Undertaker, with the two battling over the World Heavyweight Championship. On the February 29 version of SmackDown, Assistant General Manager Theodore Long said that at No Way Out, an Elimination Chamber match would be held to find out who was the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania. Undertaker won the match, last eliminating Batista after executing a Tombstone piledriver.
At No Way Out, The Big Show made a surprise return to the company. In his return promo, Big Show threatened to give Rey Mysterio a Chokeslam. Professional boxer Floyd Mayweather, Jr., who was in attendance and a close friend of Mysterio's, came to his aid and confronted Big Show. Big Show then got on his knees to allow Mayweather to punch him, which Mayweather did, by hitting him with many different punches, which caused Big Show to bleed from the nose and mouth. The next night on Raw, the Big Show challenged Mayweather to a match, which Mayweather accepted.

On the February 25, 2008 edition of Raw, 2008 WWE Hall of Fame Inductee Ric Flair challenged Shawn Michaels to a match at WrestleMania, which the latter accepted after some reluctance, knowing that Flair's career will be on the line. Flair also said that "it would be an honor for him to retire at the hands of Shawn Michaels."
Also, on the February 25, 2008 edition of Raw, the General Manager William Regal was "sent a letter" by the SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero, issuing a challenge to him for an interpromotional "Raw vs. SmackDown" match at WrestleMania XXIV, with each brand choosing one superstar to represent it. Regal accepted and chose Umaga to represent Raw at WrestleMania XXIV. On the February 29 version of SmackDown, Batista was chosen as the SmackDown representative by Vickie Guerrero against Umaga at WrestleMania XXIV.
On the March 11, 2008 version of ECW, ECW General Manager Armando Estrada announced a twenty-four-man battle royal at WrestleMania XXIV with the winner going on to face ECW Champion Chavo Guerrero for the ECW Championship following the battle royal. The first announced participant was The Great Khali. WrestleMania XXIV marks the first WrestleMania in which the ECW Championship will be defended. Big Daddy V was at first scheduled to take part in this match, but was removed for unknown reasons. Stevie Richards would also replace Matt Striker, for unknown reasons as well.

Money in the Bank qualifying matches
Jeff Hardy won against Snitsky on the February 18 version of Raw.
 Hardy was later removed from the match after being legitimately suspended by WWE for violation of the company's wellness policy.
 Mr. Kennedy won against Val Venis on the February 18 version of Raw.
 Shelton Benjamin won against Jimmy Wang Yang on the February 22 version of SmackDown.
 Chris Jericho won against Jeff Hardy on the February 25 version of Raw.
 Carlito won against Cody Rhodes on the March 3 version of Raw.
 Montel Vontavious Porter won against Jamie Noble at the March 8 SmackDown/ECW house show.
 CM Punk won against Big Daddy V on the March 11 version of ECW.
 John Morrison won against The Miz on the March 14 version of SmackDown.
Event
Before the show was first shown live on pay-per-view, Kane won a 24-man Interpromotional Battle Royal to win an ECW Championship match against Chavo Guerrero later that night. The event officially began with John Legend singing a rendition of "America the Beautiful." The first match that was shown live on pay-per-view was a Belfast Brawl between Finlay and John "Bradshaw" Layfield. Finlay was accompanied to the ring by his returning "son" Hornswoggle, who was injured at the hands of JBL a few weeks ago on Raw.