Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Novels (books of long stories)
 La Guaricha (1934)
 Madrugada (1939)
 Clamor Campesino (1945)
 Primavera Nocturna (1950)
 Este Mundo Desolado (1954)
Short Stories
 Candelas de verano (1937)
Dramatical Comedy
 Fogata (1938)
Short Comic Play
 Parásitas Negras (1939) 

In 1940 Padrón and Arturo Uslar Pietri did Antología del Cuento Moderno Venezolano. It was a book that was an anthology (a group of writings) by people from Venezuela. In 1945 Padrón did other book in the anthology Cuentistas Modernos.

Source 
This book has a short biography (story) about Julián Padrón:
 Padrón, Julián (1984): La Guaricha. Ediciones Amon C.A., Caracas. (Biblioteca de Temas y Autores Monaguenses; Colección Guácharo; Reediciones y Biografías). 

1910 births
1954 deaths
Venezuelan writers
Monagas
Peter William Ham (27 April 1947 – 24 April 1975) was a Welsh singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the prominent songwriter and singer of the 1970s group Badfinger.

Ham was born in Swansea, South Wales. He formed a local rock group called The Panthers in 1961. This group became The Iveys in 1965. The band was relocated to London by The Mojos manager, Bill Collins, in 1966, and they continued to perform for three years throughout the United Kingdom. Ham especially took to songwriting and Ray Davies of The Kinks took initial interest in producing his group. In 1968, The Iveys came to the attention of Mal Evans (The Beatles personal assistant) and were eventually signed to the Beatles' Apple label after approval from all four Beatles, who were most impressed by dozens of demos recorded at home, mostly by Pete.
The Iveys changed their name to Badfinger with the single release of "Come And Get It," a song written by Paul McCartney, which became a worldwide Top Ten hit. Ham's hard work paid off eventually as his song "No Matter What" became another worldwide Top Ten hit record in late 1970 . He followed up writing two more huge hits released in 1972, "Day After Day" and "Baby Blue" But the peak came with his co-written song "Without You" - a worldwide No. 1 hit as covered by Harry Nilsson in 1972. The song has since become one of the all-time ballad standards as covered by hundreds of singers including Mariah Carey and Clay Aiken. Ham was also used as a musician on Beatles solo records such as the "All Things Must Pass" LP by George Harrison and the single "It Don't Come Easy" by Ringo Starr.

References

Other websites
 Pete Ham's Official website
Musicians who committed suicide
People from Swansea
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
The Beatles
Welsh rock musicians
Welsh singer-songwriters
1947 births
1975 deaths
Egalitarianism is the belief that people should be equal to one another. The word is named for the French word égal, meaning equal or level.

There are many possible kinds of egalitarianism. For example, legal egalitarianism is the belief that groups of people should be equal in law even if they are of different race or religion. Gender egalitarianism is the idea that men and women are equally important, even though they are different.

This word may be used when talking about philosophy in many slightly different ways. We can best understand the different kinds of egalitarianism by asking, "Who is equal to whom?" and "How are they equal?"

Related pages
Equality before the law
Primitive communism
Social equality
Social justice

Philosophical movements and positions
The English Wikipedia is the English language edition of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia. English is the first language in which Wikipedia was written. It was started on 15 January 2001. It is the largest encyclopedia in the world, and the largest version of Wikipedia since April 2019. It has  articles as of . In October 2015, the total volume of the compressed texts of the English Wikipedia's articles added up to 23.2 gigabytes.

The Simple English Wikipedia is a variation in which most of the articles use only basic English vocabulary (simplewiki).  There is also the Old English (Ænglisc/Anglo-Saxon) Wikipedia (angwiki). It has a newsletter called The Signpost.

Wikipedias in other languages have imitated some of its technical and organizational features.
As the English Wikipedia is very popular, there can be many people editing the Wiki in one minute.  This made recent changes less effective for understanding changes.  Instead, editors can select and watch for changes in particular articles, using the "watchlist" feature of MediaWiki.  Both watchlist and recent changes can be filtered to show particular kinds of edits, such as edits from IP addresses or edits that may possibly be vandalism.  Some editors use special software to detect and fix vandalism. 

Some people think that the English Language Wikipedia shows bias and unfairness. Editors of reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned Wikipedia's utility and status as an encyclopedia. An example of bias is that around 90% of Wikipedia editors are male. Other people think that Wikipedia is more useful than other encyclopedias because it is large and can be updated quickly.
In 2010, the logo of the English Wikipedia like most Wikipedias was slightly changed. However, some Wikipedias, like the Simple English Wikipedia, still kept the old logo.

Related pages
 Wikipedia administrators
 Simple English Wikipedia

References

Other websites

 The English Wikipedia main page
 English Wikipedia mobile
 English Wikipedia Statistics Page

Wikipedias
Websites established in 2001
In law, jurisdiction is the authority given to a judge to take decisions in matters concerning the law. The word comes from the Latin jus, juris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak": and literally means: telling the law. Jurisdiction may be legally restricted to a certain period of time called a statute of limitations.

It also includes the authority a of formally constituted legal body or a political leader to deal with legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility. Jurisdiction relies on public International Law, conflict of laws, constitutional law and the powers of the executive and legislative branches of government to give resources to best serve the needs of its society.

Other websites 
LII Law about... Jurisdiction
 Supreme Court Decision on Guantánamo Bay jurisdiction
Jurisdiction As Property  on franchise jurisdiction

Legal terms
Vacheron Constantin is a Swiss watch manufacture. It is a part of the Richemont group since 1996. The brand's watch factory is based in Geneva. Vacheron Constantin opened 15 boutiques and 500 shops in 80 countries of the world. Vacheron Constantin is one of the oldest watchmakers.

History

18th century
Jean-Marc Vacheron opened the first workshop in Geneva, Switzerland in 1755. In 1770 the company introduced the first complication (an additional function of a watch besides showing hours and minutes). 

The son of Jean-Marc Vacheron, Abraham, became the head of the family business in 1785.

19th century

In 1810, Jacques-Barthélemy, the grandson of the founder continued the business. He controlled the company's exports of watches to France and Italy.
In 1819 Francois Constantinin became the partner of Vacheron. The name of the company became – "Vacheron & Constantin". Francois Constantin traveled a lot and opened new markets for the company. The main market was North America. Francois wrote the company's motto - Do better if possible and that is always possible. It is kept till the present day.

In 1839 Georges-Auguste Leschot joined "Vacheron & Constantin". He headed the manufacturing process. Leschot's inventions brought great success to the company and watchmaking in general. Leschot invented a device that made possible mechanical production of some watch parts. It helped the company leave behind other watchmakers.

After Francois Constantin and Jacques-Barthélemy Vacheron died, the company was headed by their heirs. Since 1862 Vacheron Constantin explores the field of non-magnetic materials. In 1885, it produced the first anti-magnetic watch. The watch could resist magnetic fields.
In 1877 the company officially changed the name for "Vacheron & Constantin, Fabricants, Geneve". The same year the company chose its symbol - the Maltese cross.In 1887, Vacheron Constantin became a stock company.

20th century
The first Vacheron Constantin boutique was opened in Geneva in 1906. Today the store is situated on Quai de l’Ile. Charles Constantin headed the company in 1936. He led it through the Great Depression period. For the first time since 1850s a Constantin family member became the president of the company. When the World War II was over, the company got back its firm position on the watch market.

The history of Vacheron Constantin saw a lot of innovations. The brand's classic Patrimony line was started with the thinnest watch. Its case was only 5.25mm thick. In 1979 Vacheron Constantin created the most expensive wristwatch with initial price of $5 million. The watch named Kallista had 118 diamonds. Today its price is $11 million.
Recent years
At present day Vacheron Constantin produces about 20,000 watches every year. In 2003 Vacheron Constantin presented a new sports watch line - Overseas. In 2005 the company introduced a new Egérie collection. The collection included women's watches for the first time.

In 2005, Juan Carlos Torres became the Chief of the Vacheron Constantin Company. The same year Vacheron Constantin produced the most complicated wristwatch - Tour de I'lle. The watch consisted of 834 parts and had 16 complications (additional functions). Its price reached over $1 million. In 2006 the company opened a new main office in Genevan Plan-les-Ouates.

Other websites 
 Vacheron Constantin - Facts of Life  - Other facts from the life of the manufactory
 Kallista - The Most Wonderful Legend  - Information about the most expensive watch in the world
 Vacheron Constantin - The Oldest Watchmaking Company?  - Disputing the fact that Vacheron Constantin is the oldest watchmaker
Companies of Switzerland
Organizations based in Geneva
A thermoplastic is a material, usually a plastic polymer, which becomes more soft when heated and hard when cooled. Thermoplastic materials can be cooled and heated several times without any change in their chemical or mechanical properties. When thermoplastics are heated to their melting point, they melt to a liquid. They freeze to a glassy state when cooled below their glass transition temperature. 

Thermoplastic materials have many features. Some products made from thermoplastic materials are used for electronic applications. They protect against electrostatic discharge and radio frequency interference. Thermoplastics are one of the main two types of plastics. 

Thermoplastic can be moulded into any shape. Thermoplastics differ from thermosetting polymers. Thermosets form irreversible chemical bonds during the curing process, and won't melt.
Types of thermoplastics 
PET (polyethylene terephthalate) :- Light, rigid or semi-rigid, naturally transparent or colorless, PET is an excellent moisture and gas barrier and is resistant to impacts. It is one of the most easily recyclable plastics and is used to produce bottles, bags and synthetic fibers for clothing.

HDPE (high-density polyethylene) :- HDPE is translucent, strong and easy to process, resistant to impacts and non-toxic. It is used to make bottles, tanks, bins and containers for transport. 

LDPE (low-density polyethylene) :-  LDPE can be translucent or transparent. Suitable for contact with food, it is the lightest and most heat-sensitive plastic. It is used for packaging, bags, sacks, cable coatings, containers, pipes and toys. 

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) :- PVC is a very versatile plastic, resistant to wear and tear, chemical and atmospheric agents and fire. It is used in the paper industry and for packaging, food containers, credit cards, furnishings, clothing and toys.
PP (polypropylene) :- Transparent, light and strong, this material can be used as both a plastic and a fiber. Easily colored, it does not absorb water. It is used to make textile fibers, couplings, containers for transport, furniture, carpets, ropes and food containers.

PS (polystyrene or styrofoam) :- One of the most important thermoplastic materials, it is transparent, hard and inflammable, very bright and inert against many corrosive agents. It can be given shiny or opaque colors. Polystyrene is commonly used to replace glass, aluminum and wood because it is cheaper. It can also be used in packaging materials (including for foods), containers, boxes, lamps, disposable objects, cups and toys.

References

Related pages 
 Plastic
Peter Doherty (born 12 March 1979) is an English musician. He was born in Hexham, Northumberland. He is in the popular rock band The Libertines. He is also in a band called Babyshambles.

He receives a lot of media coverage for his drug and legal problems and the relationship he had with fashion supermodel Kate Moss. Doherty has been convicted of many crimes.  Some of the crimes are drug offences, car theft, and driving with a suspended licence.  He has served prison sentences for drug possession and burglary.

References 

British burglars
British people convicted of drug offences
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Northumberland
1979 births
Living people
Polycarbonate is a transparent (something which can be seen through) thermoplastic. This material is tough and stable. It can resist a high temperature of 138°C (280°F) and a low temperature of -40°C (-40°F). It is stain resistant and non-toxic. The weight of polycarbonate is one sixth of glass. 

Industries use polycarbonate for making different products, from bulletproof windows to CDs and DVDs. The main advantages of polycarbonate are high strength and light weight.

Industries use clear polycarbonate to make glasses. This is because it has very good transparency and durability. Lenses made from clear polycarbonate can be thinner than lenses made from regular glass.

Companies that make electronic equipment use polycarbonate to make the cover of mobile phones, laptops and other products. Although polycarbonate is not poisonous, the process of making polycarbonate uses toxic chemicals. (See Bisphenol A).

Related pages
 DVD
 Compact disc
 Laptop

thermoplastics
A natural disaster is a major event caused by the natural processes of the Earth. Examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and other geologic processes. A natural disaster causes loss of life or property damage, and leaves some economic damage afterwards costing millions. 

Human activities may be the cause causes of natural disasters, such as climate change and deforestation.

The damage disasters do to humans and their property counts most. One moght say: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". 

If a strong earthquake happens in uninhabited areas, it is usually not seen as a disaster. An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population. In a vulnerable area, such as Nepal during the 2015 earthquake, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, which can take years to repair.
Volcanoes 
A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some and volcanic ash and kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.

References

Other websites 
 http://www.gdacs.org
 http://www.swemorph.com/pdf/multi.pdf
 http://www.undp.org/bcpr/
Ibanez is a company that makes guitars. The company is from Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. The company was started by Hoshino Gakki.  The company is very big and sells many guitars to musicians.

Other websites 
Ibanez guitars and bass museum - Ibanez instruments database, resources, user reviews, pictures
History of Hoshino Gakki Co., Ltd. 
Ibanez Register - Gallery of past and present Ibanez guitars and basses.

Guitars
Manufacturing companies of Japan
Nagoya
A landslide includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows.

The biggest reason for a landslide is that there is a slope and material goes down the slope because of gravity.

But other things also contribute to landslides: 
 erosion by rivers, glaciers, or ocean waves makes slopes too steep
 rock and soil slopes made weak through saturation by snowmelt or heavy rains 
 earthquakes that make weak slopes fail or crack the rocks that will eventually fall down
 volcanic eruptions produce loose ash deposits, heavy rain, and debris flows
 vibrations from machinery, traffic, blasting and even thunder may trigger failure of weak slopes
 weight from much rain or snow, stockpiling of rock or ore, from waste piles, or from buildings may stress weak slopes to failure and other structures 
 groundwater pressure making the slope unstable
 in shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted plants that bind the colluvium to bedrock
An underlying reason is the nature of the material. For example, a thixotropic material such as mud or sand and water, can change from a gel to a sol by adding water or pressure, or shaking. It goes from being stable one minute to fluid the next minute. The greatest disasters, like lahars or mudslides, happen suddenly. It is possible for much of a volcano to just slide down suddenly, as with Toba, Krakatoa and Mount St Helens.

Other websites

 United States Geological Survey site
 British Columbia government landslide information 
 Slide! , a program on B.C.'s Knowledge Network, with video clips
 Geoscience Australia Fact Sheet 

Geology
Landforms
The 2040s decade will begin on January 1, 2040 and will end on December 31, 2049.

The decade as a whole 
This decade will be called "the twenty-forties". The Roman number will be MMXL.

The first baby boomers will be 100 years old in 2046.
Americium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Am and the atomic number 95. In chemistry, it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Americium is a transuranic element (Transuranic means after uranium as all the elements used after uranium are man-made). Americium does not exist in nature and has to be made by people. It has a silver color. Americium is made by bombarding a plutonium target with neutrons.

It was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for America, like Francium was named for France.

The longest half life of any type of americium is 7370 years.

Uses 
Americium is used in most smoke detectors. The level of radioactivity is not enough to cause cancer, so it is safe to live in a place where smoke detectors with americium are used.

References

Actinides
Synthetic elements
Ramón "Raymond" Ayala, known as Daddy Yankee (born February 3, 1977) in San Juan, Puerto Rico is a Puerto Rican reggaeton singer. Ayala is famous for making songs in both English and Spanish, but Spanish is used more than English.

Biography 

During his childhood, Ramón grew up with the influence of his family musician, including those of his father and some members of his mother's family. At twelve, he began singing songs inspired by reggae and hip-hop.

Ramón wanted to become a professional baseball player, he will have to give up this goal after being shot in a neighborhood brawl when he was seventeen. He received two balls of AK-47, one touched his arm and the other touched him on the level of the right thigh, where he was wounded for life. After this incident, he will take a closer look at the underground rap movement, which was nascent at the time.
Career 
He began his career flirting with hip-hop and with Latin rhythms like dancehall, but we can say that his greatest hits will come when he begins to perform and produce his Latin hip-hop songs. He will be one of the first artists to perform internationally in reggaeton music.

Ramón invested in the world of reggaeton for thirteen years before experiencing success. He first recorded with DJ Playero, of which he is the featured artist in a production called Playero 37, which will be released in 1992. He has also partnered with artists such as Laurena Snoop Dogg, Nicky Jam, Pitbull, Mey Vidal , DJ Blass, Eric DJ, Eliel, Nas, Tony Touch or members of the G-Unit, Lloyd Banks and Young Buck.

His album Barrio Fino is an essential music to the style: it comes from the deepest of his roots of his life but also his personal experience, in the neighborhoods or residential areas of Puerto Rico. The first excerpts from this album are titled Gasolina, King Daddy and No me dejes solo featuring Wisin y Yandel.
Songs 
His song, Impacto, released on the album El Cartel: The Big Boss of 2007, appears in the San Juan Sounds radio station's playlist of Rockstar Games' Grand Theft Auto IV and Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned games.

In the Grand Theft Auto IV video game, Daddy Yankee lends his voice to the San Juan Sounds station where he acts as a DJ of the reggaeton radio station; the song "Impacto" also appears. This is an open-world action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North.

Daddy Yankee's latest off-music project was the release of his Trilogy game, a 3D video game based on Tower Defense games. The game was successfully presented at the New York Comic Con and the 3D action video game impressed young and old alike. It was released on November 29, 2013 and also includes Ayala songs such as "Gasolina" and "Limbo".

In 2017, Daddy Yankee forms an amazing duet with Despacito in collaboration with Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi, who is a hit in the world.
As an actor he also plays in American movies and series of commemoration Love, Glory and Beauty.

On April 28, 2016, Daddy Yankee received the Industry Leader Award at the 2016 Latin Billboard Awards.
Despacito 
In 2017, Daddy Yankee, in collaboration with Latin pop singer Luis Fonsi, released the single "Despacito". It became the first Spanish-language song to reach number 1 of the Billboard Hot 100 since the song "Macarena" in 1996. The single has been a worldwide success. The official video of "Despacito" on YouTube was seen the billion times on April 20, 2017 after 97 days, becoming the second fastest video of the site to reach the milestone behind "Hello" Adele. His success led Daddy Yankee to become the most-watched artist in the world on the Spotify streaming service in June 2017, being the first Latin artist to do so.

In 2017, Daddy Yankee donated $100,000 to the Puerto Rico Food Bank following the damage caused by Hurricane Maria. The money provided food for about 9,000 families on the island.
Since October 2017. Barrio Fino and Barrio Fino on Directo have been the seventh and thirteenth best-selling Latin albums in the United States. During his career, 63 songs by Daddy Yankees found themselves in the Hot Latin Songs chart, including 24 in the top 10 and 5 in the first place. Daddy Yankee is the ninth musician with the most singles on Hot Latin Songs. Billboard hot 100 list contains 10 songs of musicians.

In August 2018, Daddy Yankee participates in the Janet Jackson video, Made for Now. That same year, Daddy Yankee received an Icon Award at the Latin American Music Awards, and in October 2018, he received the YouTube Creators' Trophy for having more than ten million subscribers on his YouTube channel.

The song Despacito by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee, has been inducted into the Guinness World Records 2019 edition for achieving seven milestones, while Daddy Yankee has been recognized for three other records.

In February 2021, Daddy Yankee released the single #Problema.
In April 2021, Daddy Yankee released the single El Pony.

In September 2021, Daddy Yankee released the single Métele All Perreo.

Achievements and recognitions 
In February 2019, Daddy Yankee won a Lo Nuestro 2019 award for all of his works (Lifetime Achievement Award).

On April 17, 2019, the singer announces that a remix of his hit Con Calma will be released soon featuring with American singer Katy Perry. It is by posting a video on his account Instagram, listening to the remix, that he confirms the rumors. The two artists then followed each other on the social networks and began to make interactions announcing their collaboration.

On July 8, 2019, Daddy Yankee presents the HR Derby Champ Medallion Presentation to Pete Alonso after the MLB HR Derby victory.

In November 2019, Daddy Yankee inaugurated a reggaeton museum in Puerto Rico, the first of its kind.
Albums and Songs
 No Mercy (1995)
 El Cartel (1998)
 El Cartel II (2001)
 ElCangri.com (2002)
 Los Homerun-Es Vol. 1 (2003)
 Barrio Fino (2004)
 Barrio Fino En Directo (2005)
 Salsaton "Salsa Con Reggaetón" (Salsatón: Salsa con reggaetón) (2006)
 El Cartel: The Big Boss (2007)
 Talento De Barrio (2008)
 Daddy Yankee Mundial (2009)
 Daddy Yankee Prestige (2012)
 King Daddy (2013)
 Con Calma & Mis Grandes Exitos (2019)
 2K20 (2020)
 El Disco Duro (2020)
 Legendaddy (2022)

Songs
1994
So Persígueme (34)
Donde Mi No Vengas (37)
Me Quedo (37)
Yamilette (37)
Están Locos (37)
Sigan Brincando (37)
Ya Va Sonando (37)
No Te Canses (38)
El Funeral (38)
Oh My God
1995
Que Bien Te Vez (39)
Abuso Official (39)
1996
Camouflage (40)
Usa La Uzi (40)
Nunca Lo Olviden (40)
1997
No Me Corre Police
Posición FT. Alberto Stylee
Por Que FT. Eddie Dee
Freestyle Guatauba FT. Rey Pirín
The Prophecy FT. NAS
Peligro/Winchester Yankee
Lirica Real
1998
Llorando Por Tí 
Winchester Y El Bambino FT. Tito El Bambino
Ragga Mania FT. Nicky Jam, Grupo Mania
Las Calles De Mi Isla FT. D’Mingo
1999
Calibre De Más Poder
Knockout
No Hacen Na FT. Nicky Jam
Forma De Baile FT. Bimbo
2000
Donde Están Las Gatas FT. Alex Gárgolas, Nicky Jam
Por La Noche FT. D’Mingo
2001
Tu Cuerpo En La Cama FT. Nicky Jam
Eres Tu FT. Nicky Jam
Vamos A Perrear FT. Nicky Jam
Yo Se Que A Tí Te Gusta 
En La Cama FT. Nicky Jam
Ritmo De Calle FT. Nicky Jam
Sabanas Blancas FT. Nicky Jam
Muévete Y Perrea 
2002
Guayando FT. Nicky Jam
Soltera (OLD) FT. Nicky Jam
Gata Salvaje FT. Hector & Tito, Nicky Jam
El Gran Robo (OLD) FT. Lito & Polaco
Latigazo
Muévete Y Perrea (MIX)
Son Las Doce
El Cangri FT. Lito & Polaco
Le Gusta La Mujer FT. Yaga & Mackie
Maulla FT. Yaga & Mackie
Mi Gatita Y Yo FT. Las Guanábanas
Muévete Y Perrea RMX FT. Nicky Jam
2003
Buscarte FT. Nicky Jam
Musica Killer FT. Nicky Jam
Suena El Bajo FT. Don Omar
Gata Gangstar FT. Don Omar
Segurosqui FT. Don Omar
Donde Mi No Vengas (NEW)
Me Quedo (NEW)
No Te Canses/El Funeral (NEW)
Ya Va Sonando (NEW)
Aquí Esta Tu Caldo
Cojela Que Va Sin Jockey 
2004
Gasolina
No Me Dejes Solo FT. Wisin & Yandel
Saoco FT. Wisin
King Daddy
Like You
Tu Principe FT. Zion & Lennox
Yo Voy FT. Zion & Lennox
Salud Y Vida
Lo Que Paso Paso
Corazones
2005
Rompe
Mírame
Mayor Que Yo FT. Wisin & Yandel, Tony Tun Tun, Hector El Father
Machucando
Gangsta Zone FT. Snoop Dogg
Taladro FT. Eddie Dee
2006
2006
Royal Rumble (Se Van) FT. Wise Da Gangsta, Don Omar, Hector El Father, Yomo, Wisin, Franco El Gorilla, Alexis, Zion, Arcángel 
Noche De Entierro (Nuestro Amor) FT. Wisin & Yandel, Zion, Hector El Father, Tainy, Tony Tun Tun
Impacto
2007
Ella Me Levantó 
Bring It On FT. Akon
Who’s Your Daddy
Tension FT. Hector El Father
2008
Somos De Calle
Pose
Llamado De Emergencia 
Salgo Pa La Calle FT. Randy
Pasión FT. Arcángel 
Pa-Kum-Pa
No Es Culpa Mia
2009
Que Tengo Que Hacer
Si Te Vas FT. Omega
Que Tengo Que Hacer RMX FT. Jowell & Randy
Fiel Amiga
Bailando Fue FT. Jowell & Randy
Grito Mundial
2010
Hasta Abajo RMX FT. Don Omar
Taboo RMX FT. Don Omar
Danza Kuduro FT. Don Omar, Lucenzo, Arcángel 
Descontrol
El Ritmo No Perdona
La Señal
Me Entere FT. Tito El Bambino
La Despedida 
La Despedida RMX FT. Tony Dize
2011
Ven Conmigo FT. Prince Royce
Llegamos A La Disco FT. De La Ghetto, Arcángel, Ñengo Flow, Farruko, Baby Rasta & Gringo, Alex Kyza, Kendo Kaponi
2012
Limbo
Limbo RMX FT. Wisin & Yandel
Lovumba
Lovumba
El Amante FT. J Álvarez 
La Pregunta RMX FT. J Álvarez, Tito El Bambino
After Party FT. De La Ghetto
El Party Me Llama FT. Nicky Jam
2013
La Noche De Los Dos FT. Natalia Jimenez 
La Nueva Y La Ex
La Rompe Carros
2014
Moviendo Caderas FT. Yandel
Ora Por Mi
Palabras Con Sentido 
Sábado Rebelde FT. Plan B
2015
Sígueme Y Te Sigo
Nota De Amor FT. Wisin, Carlos Vives
Vaivén
Ginza RMX FT. J Balvin, Yandel, Arcángel, De La Ghetto, Nicky Jam, Farruko, Zion
2016
Andas En Cabeza FT. Chino & Nacho
No Quiere Enamorarse RMX FT. Ozuna
Sola RMX FT. Anuel AA, Farruko, Wisin, Zion & Lennox
Alerta Roja FT. Nicky Jam, Plan B, Zion, J Balvin, Brytiago, Coscuella, Kafu Banton, Mozart La Para, Gente De Zona, Secreto, Alexio, Arcángel, De La Ghetto, Farruko
La Ocasión RMX FT. Ozuna, Anuel AA, Arcángel, De La Ghetto, Farruko, Zion, Nicky Jam, J Balvin
Hasta El Amanecer RMX FT. Nicky Jam
All The Way Up Spanish RMX FT. Nicky Jam
Shaky Shaky
Shaky Shaky RMX FT. Plan B, Nicky Jam
2017
Vuelve FT. Bad Bunny
Tu Hombre FT. Nicky Jam
Hula Hoop
Tu No Metes Cabra RMX FT. Bad Bunny, Coscuella, Anuel AA
Todo Comienza En La Disco FT. Wisin, Yandel
2018
Dura
Hielo
Azukita FT. Steve Aoki, Elvis Crespo, Play-N-Skillz
Zum Zum FT. RKM & Ken-Y, Arcángel 
Zum Zum RMX FT. RKM & Ken-Y, Arcángel, Plan B, Natti Natasha
Assesina RMX FT. Brytiago, Darell, Ozuna, Anuel AA
Adictiva FT. Anuel AA
2019
Con Calma FT. Snow
Baila Baila Baila RMX FT. Ozuna, J Balvin, Farruko, Anuel AA
No Lo Trates FT. Pitbull, Natti Natasha
Soltera (NEW) FT. Lunay, Bad Bunny
Runaway FT. Sebastian Yatra, Natti Natasha, Jonas Brothers 
Si Supieras FT. Wisin & Yandel
Instragram FT. Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, David Guetta, Natti Natasha, Afro Bros
China FT. Anuel AA, Karol G, Ozuna, J Balvin 
Que Tire Pa Lante
2020
Muévelo FT. Nicky Jam
Definitivamente FT. Sech
La Santa FT. Bad Bunny
PAM FT. Justin Quiles, El Alfa
Confía FT. Sech
Bésame FT. Play-N-Skillz, Zion & Lennox
Relación RMX FT. Sech, J Balvin, Rosalia, Farruko
No Se Da Cuenta FT. Ozuna
Don Don FT. Anuel AA, Kendo Kaponi
120 FT. Musicólogo Y Menes, Bad Bunny
De Vuelta Pa La Vuelta FT. Marc Anthony 
Corona
2021
Problema
El Pony
Súbele El Velumen FT. Jhay Cortez, Myke Towers
Tata RMX FT. Eladio Carrion, J Balvin
Métele Al Perreo
Sal Y Perrea RMX FT. Sech, J Balvin
El Gran Robo (NEW) FT. Lito MC Cassidy
2022
Campeón
REMIX
Pasatiempo FT. Myke Towers
HOT FT. Pitbull
Impares
Bloke
X Ultima Vez FT. Bad Bunny
La Ola
Zona Del Perreo FT. Becky G, Natti Natasha 
Agua FT. Rauw Alejandro, Nile Rodgers
Mayor Que Usted FT. Natti Natasha, Wisin & Yandel
Bailar Contigo FT. Black Eyed Peas
ULALA FT. Myke Towers
2023
Panties Y Brasierias FT. Rauw Alejandro 
La Hora Y El Día FT. Justin Quiles, Dalex
Gasolina Fast And Furious RMX FT. Myke Towers
Beachy FT. Omar Courtz
Yankee 150 FT. Yandel, Feid
La Baby FT. Feid, Tainy, Sech
References

Other websites 
 Official site

Reggaeton
Puerto Rican singer-songwriters
Puerto Rican rappers
Latin singers
Living people
Singers from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Latin Grammy Award winners
1977 births
The Phoenix Suns are an American professional basketball team that plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They play in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference. The Suns play at Footprint Center, originally known as America West Arena and later as US Airways Center, Talking Stick Resort Arena, briefly as PHX Arena, and Phoenix Suns Arena.

References

Other websites
Official Phoenix Suns website
BasketballBoards.net - Phoenix Suns Forum
Phoenix Suns at Yahoo! Sports

Sports in Phoenix, Arizona
National Basketball Association teams
1968 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Arizona
Debris in a general sense means man-made garbage. Debris is the scattered remains of something that is discarded or destroyed. There are many types of debris, depending on the context. When natural disasters happen, debris is the remains of destroyed buildings and land. In the context of geology, debris is the remains of geological activity such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, avalanches, and so on.

The average American produces garbage, also called trash, at the rate of four pounds per day per person, which translates to 600,000 tons per day, or about 220 million tons per year. This is almost twice the rate of trash generation per person as most other major countries. Trash levels can be reduced primarily by recycling, re-use, and reduced consumption.

Other websites 

Miller, 1989, Potential Hazards from Future Volcanic Eruptions in California: USGS Bulletin 1847

Waste
Trash could mean:

 Waste, unwanted or undesired material left over after the completion of a process
 A dustbin where such material is stored
 An offensive word, primarily told to someone when they are not doing a good job
 Bagasse, the leftover waste of sugarcane after extraction of the juice
 A slur describing a negative attitude toward a person or group of people, as in white trash
 Trash (computing), in computing, a user interface metaphor that serves as a holding place for files to be deleted, used in KDE, Mac OS X and others

In entertainment
 Trash (computer game), a computer game developed by Inhuman Games
 Trash (movie) or Andy Warhol's Trash, a 1970 movie by Paul Morrisey
 Trash (poet), a UK poet, famous for cutting-edge performance and comedy poetry, also thought to be the first poet to write techno and orchestral poetry
 Trash (Manga), a comedy/drama manga by Sanami Matoh
 "Trash" (Firefly), the 11th episode of the TV series Firefly
In music
 White Trash (band) or Trash, a music group who recorded on The Beatles' Apple Records label
 Trash (band), a German punk band
 A song from the album Issues, by nu-metal act KoRn
 Trash (The Stalin), a 1981 The Stalin album
 Trash (album), a 1989 Alice Cooper album
 "Trash" (Suede song), a single by Suede from the album Coming Up

TRASH refers to:
 Testing Recall About Strange Happenings, a quizbowl format devoted to pop culture and sports questions
Waste heat is the by-product heat of machines and technical processes for which no useful application is found. 

A fraction of input energy is always converted to heat by friction between machine parts and other processes such as liquid friction (see: viscosity). 

Mechanical drives can be designed to run smoothly, with little loss of energy to heat. Machines for conversion of energy contained in fuels to mechanical work or electric energy produce large amounts of waste heat (see: Second law of thermodynamics). 

This waste heat can be re-used if a cogeneration system is used. It is hard to use waste heat because it is difficult to transport the heat to another place, and it is difficult to store the heat for use at another time.
In electrification of waste heat, organic matter can be used as a working medium to produce electricity on much lower temperatures compared to the water steam cycle. 

Heat
Energy
Waste
Kingda Ka is a steel roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, USA. It was built by Stakotra, a subcontractor to Intamin. Built in 2005 to be the worlds tallest and fastest roller coaster Kingda Ka is one of only two strata coasters in the world. Kingda Ka held the record for the worlds fastest roller coaster until the completion of Formula Rossa at Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Kingda Ka goes up  and can go . It first opened on May 21, 2005. To get up 456 feet, the train is launched by a machine to 128 miles per hour in 3 seconds. The train goes up the tower, and back down. At the bottom the train goes over a hill while it is slowing down. Soon it is going slow enough to be able to arrive safely back where it started. The ride lasts 28 seconds from the time it is launched.
History 
In the past, Kingda Ka has been struck by lightning and shut down for almost a whole year. The launch cable snapped once and the ride was shut down for a while. Something happened to the braking fins so they shut down the ride. It also can get shut down by weather. The train is made so that if it rolls back it gets placed back to be launched. This happens when the hydraulic launch system does not get enough power to get over the hill or the brakes on the top off the hill stop you too much.

Story 
Kingda Ka is named for a 500-pound mythical tiger. A tiger in the safari was named after the roller coaster. It is surrounded by bamboo to make it look more real. It also plays music.

Features
Features 

The ride has 4 trains with 5 cars. They are 9 rows in each car that can hold 18 people and there are 2 people in each row. Each seat has shoulder harnesses and buckles that keep the shoulder harness down to make sure passengers are safe. At the top, passengers are weightless for a second, and after riders enjoy a beautiful view, it is followed by a drop.

Restrictions 
Passengers must be 4´7 to ride Kingda Ka.

Problems

The train may sometimes experience a rollback after it is launched. A rollback happens when the train doesn't make it to the top of the hill and rolls back down the track. The launch track has magnetic brakes so that the train doesn't go back to the station.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 
 Kingda Ka
 

Six Flags Great Adventure
Steel roller coasters
Roller coasters in New Jersey
Roller coasters by name
Launched roller coasters
2005 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in New Jersey
Vulnerability means the extent to which changes can hurt or harm a person or a system.

In context with natural hazards and natural disasters, vulnerability is a concept that looks at the relationship that people have with their environment and at social aspects.

So it links environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. “The concept of vulnerability expresses the multidimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster” (Bankoff et al. 2004: 11).

Complex definition: Vulnerability is the susceptibility to physical or emotional injury or attack. It also means to have one's guard down, open to censure or criticism; assailable. Vulnerability refers to a person's state of being liable to succumb, as to persuasion or temptation (see Thywissen 2006 for a comparison of vulnerability definitions).
Related pages
Vulnerability index

Other websites 
 Modelling Society’s Capacity to Manage Extraordinary Events *From the  Swedish Morphological Society
United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security
MunichRe Foundation

Social sciences
Harm is physical or psychological or emotional damage or injury to a person, animal or other legal entity. 

It is generally believed that humans, in addition to other sentient animal species, possess an aversion to causing harm to others.

Many religions consider any harm to another person a sin.

Psychology
Injuries
A liquid crystal display is a special thin flat panel that can let light go through it, or can block the light. (Unlike an LED it does not produce its own light). The panel is made up of several blocks, and each block can be in any shape.  Each block is filled with liquid crystals that can be made clear or solid, by changing the electric current to that block.  Liquid crystal displays are often abbreviated LCDs. 

Liquid crystal displays are often used in battery-powered devices, such as digital watches, because they use very little electricity.  They are also used for flat screen TV's.  Many LCDs work well by themselves when there is other light around (like in a lit room, or outside in daylight).  For smartphones, computer monitor, TV's and some other purposes, a back-light is built into the product. This is  an LED or Cold Cathode Fluorescent Light (CCFL).

Construction 

The LCD uses technology called electro-optical modulation. This means it uses electricity to change how much light passes through it.
Each pixel (block) of an LCD is made of a thin layer of molecules between two electrodes and two polarizing filters. The electrodes provide electric power to the liquid crystal layer, and don't block the light.  Light travels with 'polarity' or direction, and a polarizing filter only lets light with one kind of polarity to go through it, like trying to slide a ruler through a narrow opening.  Only when the ruler is lined up right, will it fit.  These two filters are perpendicular to one another, so the narrow openings are in different directions. This means that without the liquid crystals between them, they would block all light from passing through – whatever light gets through the first filter will not fit through the second filter.
The layer of liquid crystals between the two filters can 'twist' the light so that the polarity changes.  This means the light can then pass through both filters, and the pixel appears clear.  When giving an electric current to the liquid crystals, the molecules will untwist and will not change the light. The filters then block the light and the pixel appears dark.
The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented. An example is a mixture of 2-(4-alkoxyphenyl)-5-alkylpyrimidine  with cyanobiphenyl, patented by Merck and Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

When a large number of pixels are needed in a display, it becomes difficult to have enough wires and electrodes to control each pixel and still have a clean display. Instead, the display is multiplexed. In a multiplexed display, electrodes on one side of the display are grouped and wired together (usually in columns). On the other side, the electrodes are also grouped (typically in rows), with each group getting a voltage sink. By turning on one row and one column, each pixel can be controlled one at a time.

References
References

Other websites 
 Buying an LCD monitor... Things to know  – Some additional useful tips about LCD monitors
 How do LCDs Work? – Engineers & physics students answer how LCDs work
 Liquid crystals are distributed by Merck Group (DE), and Yangcheng Smiling (CN).

Display technology
Television technology
Body language is a form of non-verbal communication. Body language is about using behaviour to communicate. Both people and animals use this form of communication. Part of this behaviour is done subconsciously. It is therefore different from communicating using sign language, for example. 

The forms of behaviour used in body language include body posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements.

Body language may provide clues as to the attitude or state of mind of a person. For example, it may indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, a relaxed state, pleasure, amusement, and intoxication.
Body language is the science of nonverbal signals such as gestures, facial expressions, and eye gaze that communicate a person’s emotions and intentions. 

See also: Nonverbal communication

Vocabulary of body language
Body language is not spoken, so you have to be careful how you interpret it. A certain movement or facial expression may be quite meaningful, or it may mean nothing at all. As a starting point, the following sections give with some common body language terms and their generally-accepted meanings.

Positive body language 
Positive body language is generally quite reliable as an indicator of a person's feelings. It signals interest in the other person and in the conversation.

Relaxed posture - Comfortably seated, relaxed breathing, no visible stiffness or abrupt movements. These indicate no major barriers to communication.

Arms relaxed - Uncrossed arms and hands open (palms up or otherwise visible to the other person) are signs of openness.
Good eye contact - Looking in the other person's eyes, particularly when they are speaking, indicates interest in that person. Proper eye contact involves looking away occasionally to avoid staring.
 
Nodding agreement - When nods are used to punctuate key things the other person has said, they signal agreement, interest and understanding. However, continual unconscious bobbing of the head usually indicates that the listener is tuning out.
 
Taking notes - Shows interest and involvement, particularly if notes are on what the other person is saying. 
 
Smiling/adding humour - This is a very positive sign. It signals a warm personal relationship. 
 
Leaning closer - Reducing the distance between two people, particularly when the other person is speaking. Indicates interest is up and barriers are down. 
 
Gesturing warmly - Talking with hands, particularly with palms open, indicates involvement in the conversation and openness to the other person.
Negative body language 
Body tense - Stiffness, wrinkled brow, jerky body motion, hands clasped in front or palms down on the table. These can indicate concern with the topic or dealing with the other person. Arms folded in front - Creates a barrier; can express resistance to what is being said. 
 
Hand on face - A hand over one's mouth is a closed gesture. Leaning on one's elbow with the chin in the hand can communicate boredom. 
 
Fidgeting - Moving around a lot, playing with things and drumming fingers are usually a sign of boredom, nervousness or impatience.

Arms behind head, leaning back - In a well-established relationship this can be a relaxed gesture. In a new relationship, it is often used to express a desire for control or power.

Yawning - Boredom, confusion. The other person is talking too much or in too much technical detail.

Impatience - Trying to interrupt what the other person is saying, opening one's mouth frequently as if to speak.
Distraction - Eyes flicking about, blank stares, flipping through literature without really reading it, looking at others in the office, looking at the person's body or clothing.

Leaning away - Avoiding moving closer, even when something is handed to the person, is strongly negative. 
 
Negative facial expressions - These include shaking head, eyes narrowed, scowling, frowning

Personality - It comes under behaviour when a person shows his body language and the person in front gets understood what type of person is 
For example, A bad boys behaviour is bad anyone can catch after seeing his behaviour 

Non-verbal communication
Sociology
Types of plagiarism 
 Direct Plagiarism – copying and pasting someone else's work, or making minor changes to someone else's work to pass it off as their own.
 Self-Plagiarism – Happens when a student submits all or part of their own previous work without getting permission from all involved professors.
 Mosaic Plagiarism – Or "patch writing," is when parts of other works are copied without using quotation marks. It can also be when a student keeps the same structure and meaning of an original passage and only uses synonyms.
 Accidental Plagiarism – This can happen when a student does not cite their sources. It can also happen when a student paraphrases information without giving attribution (credit to the original author or authors).
 Mash-up – Two or more data sources that have been turned into one. They may be graphics, texts, songs, and video from various media.
Legal issues 
Many cases of plagiarism, especially in schools, can lead to internal punishment. Certain people have been punished in a legal court for plagiarism, mostly due to copyright claims. Court cases include:
 Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. (1936)
 Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp. (1930)
 Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures (1987)

Any work created in the US after 1st. Mar 1989 is automatically protected by copyright, even if there is no copyright notice attached to the work. The defendant could sue for any copying of this kind of intellectual property.

Avoiding plagiarism 
It is usually not enough to know what plagiarism is, students must also know how to avoid plagiarism. Writers are as responsible for intentional plagiarism as they are for accidental plagiarism. It is important to cite sources while doing research. Putting this off until later can cause some sources to be forgotten or incorrectly cited.