Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In both the April 1, 1905 German law, and the 1906 International regulations, the distress signal was specified as a continuous Morse code sequence of three-dits/three-dahs/three-dits, with no mention of any alphabetic equivalents. However, in International Morse three dits make the letter S, and three dahs the letter O, and it soon became common to refer to the distress signal as "SOS." An early report on "The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention" in the January 12, 1907 Electrical World said that "Vessels in distress use the special signal, SOS, repeated at short intervals." (In American Morse code, which was used by many coastal ships in the United States through the first part of the twentieth century, three dahs stood for the numeral "5", so in a few cases the distress signal was informally referred to as "S5S").
In contrast to CQD, which was sent as three separate letters with spaces between each letter, the SOS distress call has always been transmitted as a continuous sequence of dits-and-dahs, and not as individual letters. There was no problem as long as operators were aware that "SOS" was technically just a convenient way for remembering the proper sequence of the distress signal's total of nine dits and dahs. In later years, the number of special Morse symbols increased. In order to designate the proper sequence of dits-and-dahs for a long special symbol, the standard practice is to list alphabetic characters which contain the same dits-and-dahs in the same order, with a bar atop the character sequence to indicate that there should not be any internal spaces in the transmission. Thus, under the modern notation, the distress signal becomes SOS
. (In International Morse, VTB, IJS and SMB, among others, would also correctly translate into the · · · — — — · · ·  distress call sequence, but traditionally only SOS is used).
SOS has also sometimes been used as a visual distress signal, consisting of three-short/three-long/three-short light flashes, or with "SOS" spelled out in individual letters, for example, stamped in a snowbank or formed out of logs on a beach. The fact that SOS can be read right side up as well as upside down became important for visual recognition if viewed from above.

 Famous SOS calls 
 RMS Lusitania
 RMS Titanic
 HMHS Britannic
 SS Andrea Doria
Later developments 
Additional warning and distress signals were introduced after SOS. On January 20, 1914, the London International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea adopted the Morse code signal TTT ( —  —  —), three letter T's (—) spaced correctly as three letters so as not to be confused with the letter O (- - -'''), as the "Safety Signal," used for messages to ships "involving safety of navigation and being of an urgent character." When radio transmitters that could send audio were developed, there was a need for a spoken distress phrase, and "Mayday" was adopted by the 1927 International Radio Convention as the equivalent of SOS. For TTT the equivalent audio signals are "Pan-pan" for urgency and "Securite" for navigational safety.
During the Second World War, additional codes were used to include immediate details about attacks by enemy vessels, especially in the Battle of the Atlantic. The signal SSS signalled attacked by submarines, whilst RRR warned of an attack by a surface raider, QQQ warned of an unknown raider (usually an auxiliary cruiser), and AAA indicated an attack by aircraft. They were usually sent in conjunction with the SOS distress code. All of these codes later switched from three repeats of the letter to four repeats ("RRRR", etc.).

References
"The Wireless Telegraph Conference", The Electrician, November 27, 1903, pages 157–160, 214.
 Final Protocol, First International Radio Telegraphic Conference, Berlin, 1903.
 Regelung der Funkentelegraphie im Deutschen Reich , Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, April 27, 1905, pages 413–414.
 German Regulations for the Control of Spark Telegraphy , The Electrician, May 5, 1905, pages 94–95.
 Robison, S. S., "Manual of Wireless Telegraphy for the Use of Naval Electricians", 1st edition, 1906.
 1906 International Wireless Telegraph Convention , U.S. Government Printing Office.
 "The International Radio-Telegraphic Convention", Electrical World, January 12, 1907, pages 83–84.
 "S 5 S" Rivals "C Q D" for Wireless Honors , Popular Mechanics, February, 1910, page 156.
 Notable Achievements of Wireless , Modern Electrics, September, 1910, page 315.
 Collins, Francis A., Some Stirring Wireless Rescues , from "The Wireless Man", 1912, pages 104–141.
Turnball, G. E., "Distress Signalling" , The Yearbook of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony, 1913, pages 318–322 (includes text of "Circular 57").
 Dilks, John H. III, "Why SOS?" in QST'', June, 2007, pages 88–89.
Signalling
Radio
Encodings
Naturalization is when a person changes their nationality. Most people have the nationality of the country where they are born and grow up. In other cases, one can be a citizen of a country because the individual in question had a parent, grandparent, etc who was/is a citizen of a different country. If they move to another country they will still keep their own nationality at first, but if they stay there for many years and want to stay there for the rest of their lives they may want to change their nationality.  

Different countries have different laws about naturalization. Usually the person must make a promise in a court of law. He will have to promise to be a good citizen and obey the country's laws. Sometimes a country gives citizenship to someone who has not asked for it. Sometimes, someone can keep their first nationality as well as getting a new one. This is "dual nationality". Sometimes children whose parents have different nationalities are allowed to have dual nationality.
Someone who has been naturalized will normally have all the rights that any other person belonging to that country has.

The reverse also happens. States sometimes remove citizenship. This denaturalization can leave the former citizen stateless.

References 
Citizenship
A semaphore line is an installation used to send optical signals. It is also known as optical telegraph.  Common system include signal towers with special installations on them or hand-held flags. The meaning of the signal is determined by the position of the elements, for example the flags. The signal can be read when it is in a stable position. In modern usage, it refers to signalling with a set of flags. 

Signal towers came before the electric telegraph. They were faster than sending out post riders with the information.

Characters
The following semaphore characters are presented as one would face the flagman:

Related articles 
 Railway semaphore signal

Signalling
The Ananke group is a group of moons of Jupiter. They are retrograde non-spherical moons that follow similar orbits to Ananke and may have a common origin.

Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, their inclinations between 145.7° and 154.8°, and their orbital eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28.

The core members include (from biggest to smallest):
Ananke
Praxidike
Iocaste
Harpalyke
Thyone
Euanthe
Euporie

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names ending in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.

Origin
The Ananke group is believed to have been formed when an asteroid was captured by Jupiter and broken apart by a collision.

Based on the sizes of the moons, the original asteroid may have been about 28 km in diameter. Since this value is near the approximate diameter of Ananke itself, it is likely the parent body was not heavily disrupted.
Three of the moons of the family (Harpalyke, Praxidike and Iocaste) display similar grey colours while Ananke itself is on the boundary between grey and light red.

References

Jupiter's moons
The Carme group is a group of retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Carme and are thought to have a common origin.

Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 22,900,000 and 24,100,000 km, their inclinations between 164.9° and 165.5°, and their orbital eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27 (with one exception).

The core members include (from biggest to smallest):
 Carme (the biggest, which gives its name to the group)
 Taygete
 Eukelade
 S/2003 J 5
 Chaldene
 Isonoe
 Kalyke (redder than the others)
 Erinome
 Aitne
 Kale
 Pasithee
 S/2003 J 9
 S/2003 J 10

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.

Origin
The Carme group may once have been a single body that was broken apart by an impact. Further support to the single body origin comes from the known colours: all the moons appear light red,
and infrared spectra, similar to D-type asteroids.

References

Jupiter's moons
Alexis Bouvard (June 27, 1767 – June 7, 1843) was a French astronomer. He is particularly noted for his careful observations of the irregulrities in the motion of Uranus and his hypothesis of the existence of an eighth planet in the solar system.

1767 births
1843 deaths
French astronomers
Sir George Biddell Airy (27 July 1801–2 January 1892) was an English mathematician and astronomer, Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881. His many achievements include work on planetary orbits, measuring the mean density of the Earth, a method of solution of two-dimensional problems in solid mechanics and, in his role as Astronomer Royal, establishing Greenwich at the location of the prime meridian. His reputation has been tarnished by allegations that, through his inaction, Britain lost the opportunity of priority in the discovery of Neptune.

Other websites 
 
 
 Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1833: MNRAS 2 (1833) 159
 Awarding of RAS gold medal, 1846: MNRAS 7 (1846) 64
 
 
 Full texts of some of the papers by Airy are available at Gallica: bibliothèque numérique de la Bibliothèque nationale de France
1801 births
1892 deaths
English mathematicians
English astronomers
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Order of the Bath
People from Northumberland
Presidents of the Royal Society
The Pasiphaë group is a group of retrograde non-spherical moons of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Pasiphaë and are thought of have a common origin.

Their semi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km (the same range as the Carme group), their inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and their eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43.

Core members of the group include (from the biggest to the smallest):

 Pasiphae
 Sinope, two-thirds the size of Pasiphaë
 Callirrhoe
 Megaclite
 Autonoe
 Eurydome
 Sponde

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names ending in -e for all retrograde moons, including this group's members.
Origin
The Pasiphaë group is believed to have been formed when Jupiter captured an asteroid which broke up after a collision. The original asteroid was not disturbed heavily: the original body is calculated to have been 60 km in diameter, about the same size as Pasiphaë; Pasiphaë has 99% of the original body's mass. However, if Sinope belongs to the group, the amount is much smaller, 87%.

The differences of colour between the objects (grey for Pasiphaë, light red for Callirrhoe and Megaclite) also suggest that the group could have a more complex origin than a single collision.

References

Jupiter's moons
is a Japanese movie directed by Akira Kurosawa and released in 1950.

The movie is based on two short stories by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa.

Plot
The fictional plot is set in Japan in the Heian period.
 
There is a murder and rape in a forest: these things happen to different characters.
The movie is famous for having an unusual type of story. The same event is described differently by the four different people involved in it. Most movies describe the same things in one way during the entire movie. The four people said different things. The movie does not say which person is right.

Similar movies 
The 1964 movie The Outrage was a remake of Rashomon. Kurosawa was acknowledged for the screenplay.  The movie's concept is also mirrored in many other movies, including Hero, Vantage Point, Courage Under Fire and Basic.

Related pages 
 Rashomon effect
 Unreliable narrator
 Blind men and an elephant

References

Other websites 

 
 Criterion Collection,  Rashomon, essays
1950 movies
Japanese movies
Japanese-language movies
Movies directed by Akira Kurosawa
James Challis (12 December 1803 – 3 December 1882) was an English clergyman, physicist and astronomer. Plumian Professor and director of the Cambridge Observatory, he investigated a wide range of physical phenomena though made few lasting contributions outside astronomy. He is best remembered for his missed opportunity to discover the planet Neptune in 1846.

1803 births
1882 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Church of England clergy
English astronomers
English physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (13 July 1822 – 14 June 1875) was a Prussian astronomer, born in Berlin. His name is sometimes given as Heinrich Ludwig d'Arrest. He died in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Further reading

Other websites
 Awarding of RAS gold medal: MNRAS 35 (1875) 265

Obituaries
 AN 86 (1875) 63/64 (one paragraph, in German)
 MNRAS 36 (1876) 155

1822 births
1875 deaths
German astronomers
Scientists from Berlin
Olin Jeuck Eggen (July 9, 1919 – October 2, 1998) was an American astronomer. Some sources incorrectly give his name as Olin Jenck Eggen.

Other websites 
 "A Remembrance of Olin Eggen — 1919–1998" , by Nicholas Suntzeff, 6 October 1998; NOAO Newsletter, No. 56, December 1998.
 "Eggen Takes the Papers" , by Nick Kollerstrom, Neptune's Discovery: The British Case for Co-Prediction, Science and Technology Studies, University College London.
 "The Case of the Pilfered Planet", by William Sheehan, Nicholas Kollerstrom, and Craig B. Waff, Scientific American.com, December 2004.

Obituaries 
 BAAS 32 (2000), 1661 (obituary)

1919 births
1998 deaths
American astronomers
Scientists from Wisconsin
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871)
was an English mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and experimental photographer/inventor. He was the son of astronomer Sir William Herschel and the father of 12 children.

References

Other websites 
 
 The Herschel Chronicle
 Photographic Process and Early Photograms
 Herschel Museum of Astronomy
 Wikisource copy of a notice from 1823 concerning the star catalogue, published in Astronomische Nachrichten

1792 births
1871 deaths
British astronomers
The Berlin Observatory (Berliner Sternwarte in German) has its origins in 1700 when Gottfried Leibniz initiated the Societät der Wissenschaften (Brandenburgische Science Society) which would later (1744) become the Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian Academy of Sciences). The Society had no observatory, but nevertheless had an astronomer, Gottfried Kirch, who observed from a private observatory in Berlin. A first small observatory was furnished in 1711, financing itself through calendrical computations.

Observatories
Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Household of the  Sovereign of the United Kingdom. There are two officers, the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 22 1675, and the second the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, which dates from 1834. No Catholic or Jew has ever held the position. 

King Charles II, who founded the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in 1675 instructed the first Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed, "to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation".
From that time until 1972 the Astronomer Royal was Director of the Royal Observatory Greenwich. As Astronomer Royal he receives a stipend of £100 a year and is a member of the Royal Household, under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain. After the separation of the two offices the position of Astronomer Royal has been largely honorary, though he remains available to advise the Sovereign on astronomical and related scientific matters, and the office is of great prestige.

List of Astronomers Royal 

British astronomers
British monarchy
The Royal Observatory, Greenwich (Royal Greenwich Observatory or 'RGO') was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II.

At this time the king also created the position of Astronomer Royal, for John Flamsteed, to beas the director of the observatory.

He was to "apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying of the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so much desired longitude of places for the perfecting of the art of navigation". 

The Observatory is on a hill in Greenwich Park in Greenwich, London, overlooking the River Thames.

The Greenwich Meridian runs through the site of the Observatory. It is the line at which the longitude is defined as 0°.

Other websites 
 HM Nautical Almanac Office 
 The Royal Observatory, Greenwich 
 Aerial View of The Royal Observatory, Greenwich at Google Maps
 The National Maritime Museum 
 The RGO at Herstmonceux 
 The Observatory Science Centre
 Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes

References
References 

Observatories
Museums in London
Keira Christina Knightley,  (; born 26 March 1985) is a Golden Globe and Academy Award nominated English actress. She is best known for her first major movie role as Elizabeth Swann in the Pirates of the Caribbean movie trilogy, and as Elizabeth Bennet in Pride & Prejudice.

Early life 
Knightley was born on 26 March 1985 in Teddington, London, England. Her mother, Sharman Macdonald, is Scottish. Her father, Will Knightley, is English. He wanted to name his daughter "Kiera", after the Russian ice skater, Kira Ivanova. When her mother went to register her, she misspelt the name. Knightley has an older brother, Caleb. When Knightley lived in Richmond, she studied at Stanley Junior School, Teddington School and Esher College.

When Knightley was three years old, she asked to her parents to hire an agent for her. They promised to do this, if she studied very well. That's why Keira was a good and diligent pupil.
Movies 
 Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)
 Princess of Thieves (2001)
 The Hole (2001)
 Bend It Like Beckham (2002)
 Pure (2002)
 New Year's Eve (2002)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)
 Love Actually (2003)
 King Arthur (2004)
 The Jacket (2005)
 Pride & Prejudice (2005)
 Domino (2005)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007)
 Silk (2007)
 Atonement (2007)
 The Edge of Love (2008)
 The Duchess (2008)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2017)
 The Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018)

Other websites

References 

1985 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English television actors
People with dyslexia
Carnosaurs are a subgroup of the theropod dinosaurs. They are the clade Carnosauria. The term was once used very widely, but is now defined more narrowly. It is called by some authorities the Allosauroidea.

The group includes some of the main carnivores of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, such as Allosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus and Neovenator. Modern cladistic analysis defines Carnosauria (or Allosauroidea) as those tetanurans which share a more recent common ancestor with Allosaurus than with modern birds.

Carnosaurs are characterized by several features. Some features must have been adaptations to their large size, such as their open skull, made of struts rather than solid bone. They had 
large eyes and a long, narrow skull. The femur ("thigh bone") is usually larger than the tibia ("shin bone"). This suggests close-to action was controlled by sight.
The legs are adapted for running, but not extremely so. They had strong arms, probably used to wrestle prey as the teeth bit in. The structure of an Allosaurus suggests a strongly-built general all-round predator. This is a different from a tyrannosaur like Albertosaurus, which was better adapted for running on open ground. Tyrannosaurs, with their small two-fingered hands, would use their heads for killing prey, and for head-butting rivals.

The idea that the group became extinct at the end of the Jurassic is refuted. It is now known that the Neovenatorid clade survived until the end of the Mesozoic. This group (see cladogram below) included  Aerosteon, Australovenator, Fukuiraptor and Neovenator.
Classification 
Infraorder Carnosauria
Erectopus
Fukuiraptor
Gasosaurus?
Monolophosaurus
Siamotyrannus
Superfamily Allosauroidea
Becklespinax?
Megaraptor?
Family Allosauridae
Allosaurus
Antrodemus
Epanterias
Saurophaganax
Family Carcharodontosauridae
Acrocanthosaurus?
Carcharodontosaurus
Neovenator
Subfamily Giganotosaurinae
Giganotosaurus
Mapusaurus
Tyrannotitan
Family Sinraptoridae
Metriacanthosaurus
Sinraptor
Yangchuanosaurus

Cladogram 
The cladogram presented here follows the 2010 analysis by Benson, Carrano and Brusatte.

References
Lake Pontchartrain ( in English; Lac Pontchartrain, IPA [lak pɔ̃ʃaʀtʀɛ̃] in French) is a brackish lake in southeastern Louisiana. It is the second largest salt-water lake in the United States, after the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the largest lake in Louisiana. 

It has an area of 630 square miles (1630 square km) with an average depth of 12 to 14 feet (about 4 meters). Some shipping channels are kept deeper through dredging. It is roughly oval in shape, about 40 miles (64 km) wide and 24 miles (39 km) from south to north.

Other websites
Other websites

 Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
 United States Geological Survey Lake Pontchartrain Fact Sheet
 Real-time water data for Lake Pontchartrain
 The Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
 New Orleans history of the lake
 Lake Pontchartrain Basin Maritime Museum
 USGS Environmental Atlas of Lake Pontchartrain
 New Orleans District Water Management  
 Washington Post article alleging levee faults, 21 Sept 2005
 National Geographic article about the levees, 2 Sept. 2005
 Salon article about disaster predictions, 31 Aug 2005
 U.S. Geological Survey article about the Lake Pontchartrain Basin, 3 Nov 1995
 BBC article about environmental effects on the lake after the flooding of New Orleans, 8 Sept. 2005

Geography of Louisiana
Lakes of the United States
Bianca is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-23, and was given the designation S/1986 U 9. It was named after the sister of Katherine in Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew. It is also designated Uranus VIII.

Bianca belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Other than its orbit, radius of 27 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Bianca appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Bianca's prolate spheroid is 0.7 ± 0.2. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites 
 Bianca Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Cressida is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-09, and was given the designation S/1986 U 3. It was named after the Trojan daughter of Calchas, a tragic heroine who appears in William Shakespeare's play Troilus and Cressida (as well as in tales by Geoffrey Chaucer and others). It is also designated Uranus IX.

Cressida belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Other than its orbit, radius of 41 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Cressida appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axes of Cressida's prolate spheroid is 0.8 ± 0.3. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites 
 Cressida Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Desdemona is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-13, and was given the designation S/1986 U 6. Desdemona is named after the wife of Othello in William Shakespeare's play Othello. It is also designated Uranus X.

Desdemona belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  34 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Desdemona appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Desdemona's prolate spheroid is 0.6 ± 0.3. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites 
 Desdemona Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Honeydew could mean:

Honeydew - The sugary liquid created by some insects
Honeydew (melon) - A type of melon
Honeydew, California - An American town
Arthur Edward "Art" Pepper, Jr. (September 1, 1925–June 15, 1982)  was an American jazz alto saxophonist. He was born in Gardena, California United States. Pepper began his musical career in the 1940s playing with Benny Carter. Along with Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan, Shelly Manne and others, he performed and recorded a lot of very good music.
 
Some of his most famous albums are Art Pepper Meets the Rhythm Section, The Aladdin Recordings (three volumes), Art Pepper + Eleven - Modern Jazz Classics, Gettin' Together, and Smack Up. 

He wrote a book in 1980 called Straight Life. The book is about his life and his music. It was very popular because it was honest, and very good. There was also a movie made called Art Pepper: Notes from a Jazz Survivor, which is available on DVD.

Other websites 
 The Art Pepper Discography Project
 NPR Interview With Laurie Pepper
 The Art Of Pepper 
 Art Pepper on YouTube
 MikeL's Unofficial Art Pepper website
 Art Pepper MySpace Tribute Site
1925 births
1982 deaths
American jazz musicians
American saxophonists
Musicians from Los Angeles
Squash is a sport in which two players hit a ball with a racket (or Racquet). The aim of the game is to beat the other player by hitting the front wall and making the ball bounce twice on the floor before they can hit their turn, or for them to hit the ball out of play.

Playing equipment

The ball
The ball is made of rubber. It is hollow. When it is warm (due to being hit many times) it bounces more. Balls are marked with different coloured dots. They are made to bounce at different speeds depending on the colour of the dots. Balls with two yellow dots are slow, while balls with one yellow dot are a little bit faster. Balls with green or white dots are average. Balls with red or blue dots are fast.

The racket
The racket (or Racquet) is similar to a tennis racket, but it's lighter and smaller.The specifications have changed over the years and now the rackets are becoming larger.  The limit for racquet head size is 500 square centimeters.
The Rules 
Squash games are played to at least 11 points, and the winning player must win by two points.  Games can go on indefinitely until one player gains a two-point lead.  Matches are won by the first player to win three games (best of five games).  A point is scored when a player hits a shot which strikes the front wall of the court and then bounces twice before that player's opponent hits it to the front wall.  A point is also scored when a player hits the ball too high (called "out") or too low on the front wall (when it will hit the tin, which rises 18 inches off the floor on the front wall).  Every point is started with a serve, which must be hit from one of the small service boxes on either side of the court, must hit the front wall above the service line across the middle of the front wall, and must land in the back quarter of the court on the opposite side from where the serve was hit.
If one player gets in the way of the other who is trying to get to the ball, that player can ask the referee for a "let," which results in the point being replayed.  If a player prevents the other player from swinging at the ball, creating a dangerous situation, that player can appeal for a "stroke," which results in the player who could not safely hit the ball winning the point.  If the referee feels that the swinging player could not have reached the ball, or did not make every effort to get to it, then the referee can award "no let," which means that the point ends as it would have had no one asked for a let or stroke.

Famous players
Squash was played by Jahangir Khan who had dominated it for 25 years. He had beat Rodney Martin from Australia 15-5, 15-8, and 15-10 in the final round. He can be considered the #1 squash player.  Currently, the most top players come from either Egypt (Ramy Ashour, Mohammed El Shorbagy, Amr Shabana) or England (Nick Matthew, James Willstrop, Deryl Selby, Peter Barker).
References

Other websites

 World Squash Federation
Juliet is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-03, and was given the designation S/1986 U 2. It is named after the heroine of William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is also designated Uranus XI.

Juliet belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  53 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Juliet appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Juliet's prolate spheroid is 0.5 ± 0.3, which is rather an extreme value. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites 
 Juliet Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Low Saxon or Lower Saxon may refer to:

Geography
Lower Saxony, a State in the Federal Republic of Germany
Lower Saxony, the name for the duchy Saxe-Lauenburg between the 14th and 17th centuries
Lower Saxon Circle, a territory of the Holy Roman Empire, which existed from 1500 to 1806

Linguistics

 Low German, an Ingvaeonic West Germanic language
West Low German, a group of Low German dialects spoken in the Netherlands, Lower Saxony and most of Schleswig-Holstein
Northern Low Saxon, the dialect spoken in the Northern parts of the Low Saxon language area
Dutch Low Saxon, a group of West Low German dialects recognized as a minority language by the European Union

Other uses 
 Lower Saxon cuisine, a range of regional North German culinary traditions
 Lower Saxon house, a type of German timber-framed house
 Lower Saxon Landtag, the Parliament of Lower Saxony
 Lower Saxon Mill Road, a holiday route that guides visitors to windmills and watermills in Lower Saxony
Related pages
 Old Saxony, the larger region of which Lower Saxony is a part
 Upper Saxon, a Central German dialect
 Upper Saxony, historic lands in Central Germany
Project Runway is a reality television series where clothing designers compete. It is shown on the Bravo network. The winner of the first season was Jay McCarroll. The winner of the second season was Chloe Dao. The winner of the third season was Jeffrey Sebelia.

Season 11
Contestants
 Emily Pollard
 James Martinez
 Cindy Marlatt
 Joseph Aaron Segal
 Matthew Arthur
 Benjamin Mach
 Tu Suitwat Nakchat
 Kate Pankoke
 Amanda Valentine
 Samantha Black
 Richard Hallmarq
 Layana Aguliar
 Daniel Esquivel
 Stanley Hudson
 Patricia Michaels
 Michelle Lesniak Franklin

Episodes
1.
Best: Daniel Esquivel
Worst: Cindy Marlatt & Emily Pollard
Eliminated: Emily Pollard

2.
Best: Layana Aguliar
Worst: Cindy Marlatt & James Martinez
Eliminated: James Martinez

3.
Best: Daniel Esquivel 
Worst: Cindy Marlatt & Benjamin Mach
Eliminated: Cindy Marlatt

4.
Best: Samantha Black
Worst: Joseph Aaron Segal & Amanda Valentine
Eliminated: Joseph Aaron Segal
5.
Best: Richard Hallmarq
Worst: Michelle Lesniak Franklin, Daniel Esquivel & Matthew Arthur
Eliminated: Matthew Arthur

6.
Best: Stanley Hudson
Worst: Benjamin Mach & Amanda Valentine
Eliminated: Benjamin Mach

7.
Best: Michelle Lesniak Franklin
Eliminated: Kate Pankoke & Tu Suithwat Nakchat

8.
Best: None
Worst: Richard Hallmarq & Amanda Valentine
Eliminated: Amanda Valentine

9.
Best: Michelle Lesniak Franklin 
Worst: Samantha Black & Richard Hallmarq
Eliminated: Samantha Black

10.
Best: Stanley Hudson
Worst: Patricia Michaels & Richard Hallmarq
Eliminated: Richard Hallmarq

11.
Best: Stanley Hudson
Worst: Patricia Michaels & Michelle Lesniak Franklin
Eliminated: None

12.
Best: None
Worst: Patricia Michaels & Layana Aguliar
Eliminated: Layana Aguliar

13.
Best: None
Worst: Daniel Esquivel & Stanley Hudson
Eliminated: Daniel Esquivel

14.
Winner: Michelle Lesniak Franklin
Runners-up: Patricia Michaels & Stanley Hudson
American reality television series
2004 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
Lommis is a municipality in Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Münchwilen
Mammern is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

It is by the Lake Constance. It has a population of 560 people.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Märstetten is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Weinfelden
Matzingen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

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Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Müllheim is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

References

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Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Münsterlingen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Kreuzlingen
Neunforn is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Pfyn is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

Related pages
 Nature parks in Switzerland

References

Other websites

 

Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Raperswilen is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

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Municipalities in Kreuzlingen
Rickenbach is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

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Municipalities in Münchwilen
Roggwil is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Arbon
Romanshorn is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Arbon
Cities in Switzerland
The Franconian Dialect () is a dialect, which is spoken in Flanders and French Flanders, the Netherlands (except the northeast), Luxembourg, the western central part of Germany and bordering France.

West Germanic languages
Tübingen is a city in the German state Baden-Württemberg. It has about 83,000 people (2007). Tübingen is a traditional university town. About one in ten people living in Tübingen is a student.

History 
Between 1470 and 1483, St. George's Collegiate Church was built. The collegiate church offices provided the opportunity for what soon afterwards became the most significant event in Tübingen's history: the founding of the Eberhard Karls University by Duke Eberhard im Bart of Württemberg in 1477, thus making it one of the oldest universities in Central Europe. The University of Tübingen became soon renowned as one of the most influential places of learning in the Holy Roman Empire, especially for theology. A Protestant faculty, Tübinger Stift, was established in 1535 in the former Augustinian monastery.

References
Salenstein is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

Salenstein was the home village of Napoleon III who passed there his youth at Castle Arenenberg.

References

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Municipalities in Kreuzlingen
Salmsach is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Arbon
Schlatt bei Diessenhofen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Schönholzerswilen is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official homepage 

Municipalities in Weinfelden
A bong or a water pipe is a special pipe. When a person smokes with a bong, they pull the smoke through the water in it. This makes the smoke not as hot. Most often, either tobacco or cannabis are smoked with it.

Related pages 
 Hukah

References 

Drug paraphernalia
Smoking
Sirnach is a municipality in Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

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 Official website 

Municipalities in Münchwilen
Sommeri is a municipality in Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Arbon
Stettfurt is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

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Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Sulgen is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

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Alban Berg's Violin Concerto was written in 1935.  It is one of the most famous concertos for the violin written in the 20th century.  It is also probably Berg's best known and most often performed piece.

Composition of the work

Berg was asked to write a violin concerto for the violinist Louis Krasner.  At the time he was working hard on his opera Lulu, which took him several years to write.  He stopped working on the opera for four months in the summer of 1935 so that he could write the violin concerto.  He had probably already started the concerto when he heard the sad news of the death of a girl called Manon Gropius, the daughter of Alma Mahler (who had once been Gustav Mahler's wife) and Walter Gropius. Berg decided to dedicate the concerto to Manon.  He wrote at the top of the work: "To the memory of an angel."
When Berg died on 24 December 1935 he had not finished Lulu.  It is possible he might have finished it if he had not spent time writing the violin concerto. The work was first performed after the composer's death, with Krasner playing the solo part, on 19 April 1936  in Barcelona.

The orchestra 
The instruments in the orchestra for the Violin Concerto are: 2 flutes (both doubling as piccolo), 2 oboes, (one doubling as a cor anglais), alto saxophone (doubling as a clarinet), 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 2 trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion, harp piano and strings.

The music
The music

The concerto has two movements.  Each movement is also divided into two sections. The first movement begins with an Andante in classical sonata form, followed by the Allegretto, a dance-like section. The second movement starts with an Allegro which uses a small rhythmic idea.  The solo part is very difficult to play here.  The orchestra plays very loudly and comes to a big climax.  The work ends quietly.  The first two sections are meant to be about life, the last two sections are about death.

Berg composed music using the twelve tone technique that he had learned from his teacher Arnold Schoenberg, but his music also sounds at times as if it is an ordinary major or minor key.  A piece of music using twelve tone technique starts with twelve notes in which each of the 12 pitches (C, C sharp, D etc.) is used before it can be repeated.

Here is Berg's tone row in the Violin Concerto:
This tone row does not sound as random as many tone rows are because parts of it sound quite tonal.  This is because the first three notes are a G minor triad; notes three to five are a D major triad; notes five to seven are an A minor triad; notes seven to nine are an E major triad; and the last four notes together make up part of a whole tone scale.  The first notes of each group of triads together form G, D, A and E, which are the open strings of the violin.  The opening of the concerto makes this very obvious.

The last four notes of the row, rising whole tones, are also the first four notes of the chorale melody, Es ist genug (It Is Enough). Berg quotes this chorale in the last movement of the piece, using the harmony composed by Johann Sebastian Bach.

There is also another quotation in the piece: a Carinthian folk song.  It is unusual to have a simple folk song in the middle of a concerto.  Berg wanted it to describe Manon Gropius, a simple young girl.
Many people find twelve tone music hard to listen to, but this concerto is easier than most serial works to understand.  This is partly because some of the music is tonal, but also because of the programme: the idea behind the music (Manon, life and death).

Compositions by Alban Berg
Berg
Portia is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-03, and was given the designation S/1986 U 1. The moon is named after Portia, the heroine of William Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice. It is also designated Uranus XII.

Portia is the second biggest closer moon of Uranus after Puck. The Portian orbit, which lies inside Uranus' synchronous orbital radius, is slowly shrinking due to tidal deceleration. The moon will one day either break up into a planetary ring or hit Uranus.

It heads a group of moons called Portia Group, which includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties.

Little is known about Portia beyond its size of about 140 km, orbit, and geometric albedo of about 0.08.
In the Voyager 2 images, Portia appears as a stretched object whose major axis points towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Portia's prolate spheroid is 0.8 ± 0.1. Its surface is grey in color. Observations with Hubble Space Telescope and large terrestrial telescopes found water ice absorption features in the spectrum of Portia.

References

Other websites 
 Portia Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Uranus' moons
Tom and Jerry Tales is an animated television series which began production in 2006. It was on The CW's Kids WB block. The series stars the well-known title characters from the Tom and Jerry shorts, and is the first made for TV cartoon to emulate the theatrical shorts. It grew from direct-to-video movies The Magic Ring (2001), Blast Off to Mars, The Fast and the Furry (2005), Shiver Me Whiskers (2006), and A Nutcracker Tale (2007).

Episodes
Episodes

Season 1 
 Ho, Ho Horrors
 Doggone Hill Hog
 Northern Light Fish Fight
 Bats What I Like About the South
 Fraidy Cat Scat
 Tomb It May Concern
 Fire Breathing Tom Cat
 Medieval Menace
 The Itch
 Digital Dilemma
 Hi, Robot
 Tomcat Jetpack
 Piranha Be Loved by You
 Spook House Mouse
 Abracadumb
 Cat Nebula
 Martian Mice
 Spaced Out Cat
 Octo Suave
 Beach Bully Bingo
 Treasure Map Scrap
 Way-Off Broadway
 Egg Beats
 Cry Uncle
 Joy Riding Jokers
 Cat Got Your Luggage?
 City Dump Chumps
 Tiger Cat
 Feeding Time
 Polar Peril
 Din-O-Sores
 Freaky Tiki
 Prehisterics
 Destruction Junction
 Battle of the Power Tools
 Jackhammered Cat
 Tin Cat of Tomorrow
 Beefcake Tom
 Tomcat Superstar
Season 2 
 Zent Out of Shape
 I Dream of Meanie
 Which Witch
 More Powers to You
 Catch Me Though You Can't
 Power Tom
 Don't Bring Your Pet to School Day
 Cat Show Catastrophe
 The Cat Whisperer with Casper Lombardo
 Adventures in Penguin Sitting
 Cat of Prey
 Jungle Love
 Over the River and Boo the Woods
 Monster Con
 Invasion of the Body Slammers
 Xtreme Trouble
 A Life Less Guarded
 Sasquashed
 Summer Squashing
 League of Cats
 Little Big Mouse
 Bend It Like Thomas
 Endless Bummer
 Game Set Match
 The Declaration of Independunce
 Kitty Hawked
 24 Karat Kat
 Hockey Schtick
 Snow Brawl
 Snow Mouse
 DJ Jerry
 Kitty Cat Blues
 Flamenco Fiasco
 You're Lion
 Kangadoofus
 Monkey Chow
 Game of Mouse & Cat
 Babysitting Blues
 Catfish Follies

2006 television series debuts
Animated television series
English-language television programs
Tom and Jerry
Ragıp Zarakolu (born 1948) is a Turkish publisher who has long faced legal problems for publishing books on controversial things in Turkey, especially on minority and human rights in Turkey.

Biography 
Ragıp Zarakolu was born in 1948 on the island of Büyükada close to Istanbul. His father, Remzi Zarakolu, was the district governor on that island. Ragıp Zarakolu grew up with members of the Greek and Armenian minority in Turkey and began writing for "Ant" and "Yeni Ufuklar" magazines in 1968.
In 1971, the Turkish government was overthrown. Ragıp Zarakolu was tried on charges of secret relations to Amnesty International. He spent five months in prison before being declared innocent. In 1972 Ragıp Zarakolu was sentenced to 2 years in prison for his paragraph in the journal Ant (Oath) on Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnam War. He stayed in Selimiye Prison (in Istanbul) and was set free in 1974 after a general amnesty. On his release Zarakolu refused to abandon his work for freedom of thought, because he wanted different thoughts and cultures to be available in Turkey.

The Belge Publishing House, established in Istanbul in 1977 by Zarakolu and his wife Ayşenur, has been a focus for Turkish censorship laws ever since. The couple was imprisoned and the books confiscated and destroyed.
In 1979 Ragıp Zarakolu was one of the founders of the daily newspaper Demokrat and took responsibility for the news desk on foreign affairs. The paper was banned and Ragıp Zarakolu was shortly imprisoned in 1982 because of his link to Demokrat. He was banned from leaving the country between 1971 and 1991. In 1986 he became one of 98 starters of the Human Rights Association in Turkey (HRA or in Turkish IHD).  For some time Ragıp Zarakolu chaired the Writers in Prison Committee of International PEN in Turkey. Currently (beginning of 2007) he chairs the Committee for Freedom of Publication in the Union of Publishers.
Until the military coup of 12 September 1980, Belge Publishing House mostly published academic and theoretical books. Afterwords Belge started to publish books written by political prisoners. The series of 35 books consisted of poems, shorts stories, novels. The list of publications (see a list of selected publications below) include more than 10 books (translations) of Greek literature, 10 books on the Armenian Question and five books related to the Jews in Turkey. There are also a number of books dealing with the Kurds in Turkey.

He also published several books on the Armenian Genocide – such as George Jerjian's book History Will Free All of Us/Turkish-Armenian Conciliation and Professor Dora Sakayan's An Armenian Doctor in Turkey: Garabed Hatcherian: My Smyrna Ordeal of 1922 – which brought new criminal charges in 2005.

In 1995 the Belge Publishing House offices were firebombed, forcing it to be housed in a cellar. Since his wife's death in 2002, Zarakolu continues to face further prosecutions.

Notes
Notes

References
International PEN calls for an end to publisher Ragip Zarakolu's trials  - IFEX
 Page of PEN American Center about honorary member Ragip Zarakolu 
 similar page of the English Centre of PEN 

Press release / OSCE
 OSCE media freedom representative concerned over legal grounds for trials of publisher and writer in Turkey

1948 births
Living people
Turkish businesspeople
Turkish journalists