Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Border Ruffians also engaged in general violence against Free-State settlements. They burned farms and sometimes murdered Free-State men. Ruffians twice attacked Lawrence, Kansas, the Free-State capital. On 1 December 1855, a small army of mainly Border Ruffians laid siege to Lawrence, but were driven off. (This was the nearly bloodless climax to the "Wakarusa War".) On 21 May 1856, an even larger force of Border Ruffians and pro-slavery Kansans captured Lawrence, which they sacked. In retaliation, John Brown and 7 followers committed the Pottawatomie massacre. In this incident, Brown and his followers dragged five unarmed men and boys from their houses and murdered them with swords, guns and knives. This started a rash of violence.

Notes

References 

19th century in the United States
19th century in Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
1850s in the United States
Ernesto Madarang Maceda (March 26, 1935 – June 20, 2016) was a Filipino columnist and a politician. He served as a Senator from 1971 to 1972 and again from 1987 to 1998. He served as Senate President from 1996 to 1998.

Maceda died of multiple organ failure at a hospital in Quezon City, Philippines on the night of June 20, 2016, aged 81.

References

Other websites
Official Website of the Philippine Senate – Sen. Ernesto Maceda, PhD

1935 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines
Presidents pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines
Minority leaders of the Senate of the Philippines
An odometer or odograph is an instrument that shows the distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or automobile. It can be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two. The name comes from the Greek words hodós ("path" or "gateway") and métron ("measure"). It is sometimes called a mileometer or milometer.

References

Measuring tools
Galícia Esporte Clube is a Brazilian football club which plays in Salvador da Bahía, Brazil.

Honors 
Bahia League Championship (Campeonato Baiano)

Champion: 1937, 1941, 1942, 1943 and 1968.

Runner-up: 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1967, 1980, 1982 and 1995.

Bahia League Championship Second Level (Campeonato Baiano Segunda Divisão)

Champion: 1985, 1988 and 2013.

Runner-up: 2007.

Northeast Zone of the North-Northeast Cup (Copa Norte-Nordeste)

Runner-up: 1969.

Other websites 
 Galícia Esporte – Official Site 

Brazilian football clubs
Salvador, Bahia
1933 establishments in South America
1930s establishments in Brazil
Clash of the Titans is a 2010 American-British adventure fantasy movie. A remake of the 1981 film and directed by Louis Leterrier, it stars Sam Worthington, Liam Neeson, Ralph Fiennes, Gemma Arterton, Mads Mikkelsen and Alexa Davalos. It was poorly received by critics, however it was a commercial success, grossing $493 million at the American box office. A sequel, Wrath of the Titans was released in 2012.

Plot
In ancient times, the Titans are defeated by their children, the gods, who subsequently divide the universe among themselves: Zeus (Liam Neeson) rules the sky, Poseidon (Danny Huston) rules the ocean and Hades (Ralph Fiennes), having been tricked by Zeus, rules the Underworld. The gods created humans, and their prayers fueled their immortality. But, as time goes by, mankind eventually questions and begins to resist against their creators, to the ire of the Olympians.
Meanwhile, the fisherman Spyros (Pete Postlethwaite) discovers a coffin adrift in the sea and inside, he discovers a baby, Perseus, and his mother  Danaë. Spyros and his wife Marmara (Elizabeth McGovern) take him in as their own, along with their own daughter Tekla (Sinead Michael).
Before he leaves, Hades reveals that Perseus is a demigod. His origins are compared by Io (Gemma Arterton), a girl cursed with agelessness for spurning a god's romantic advances; he was born after Zeus impregnated Danäe, who was the wife of King Acrisius (Jason Flemyng), in revenge for rebelling against the gods. After he tried to kill his wife and illegitimate son by drowning them in a coffin, Zeus struck him with lightning, deforming him and transforming him into the monster Calibos. Perseus leads the King's Guard to a trio of hags called the Stygian Witches, looking for a way to kill the Kraken. After being betrayed by Hades, Zeus sends Perseus a sword forged on Olympus and the winged horse Pegasus.  Perseus refuses them both, but Draco,  captain of the king's guard, keeps the sword for when Perseus needs it.
The group are attacked by Calibos, but Draco severs his hand and forces him to flee. The band pursue him, but they are later attacked by a group of giant scorpions called Scorpioxs which are created from Calibos' blood.  The monsters are tamed and the group are rescued by the djinn, a race of warrior sorcerers which live in the desert.  They are also wishing for the gods' defeat and aid Perseus and his friends.

The party arrive at the Stygian Witches' lair, and they reveal that the only way to defeat the Kraken is with the head of the gorgon Medusa, who lives  in the ruins of a temple at the edge of the Underworld and whose deadly gaze can turn onlookers into stone. Perseus, Io, Suleiman, Draco and the surviving members of the group enter the Underworld. The men venture into the temple, while Io, who is a woman and forbidden from entering, waits outside. Medusa kills everyone except Perseus, who, with the use of his reflective shield to look at her with his back turned, decapitates her.
2010 movies
2010 adventure movies
2010 fantasy movies
2010s American adventure movies
2010s American fantasy movies
American movie remakes
British adventure movies
British fantasy movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
Movies about human sacrifice
Movies about cults
Warner Bros. movies
Hagneck is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Seeland
Hasle bei Burgdorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Hasle bei Burgdorf 

Municipalities in Emmental
Summary 
The events that led to the Wakarusa War started on November 21, 1855.  A Free-Stater named Charles Dow was shot and killed by pro-slavery settler Franklin N. Coleman. The two had been involved in a land dispute at a place called Hickory Point, south of Lawrence. Four hours after the shooting the property owner, Jacob Branson, recovered Dow’s body. Abolitionists then set fire to several pro-slavery cabins. When the (pro-slavery) Douglas County Sheriff, Samuel Jones, learned about what happened at Hickory Point, he led a posse to the area to restore order. But Jones did not arrest Coleman. Instead, he arrested the property owner (and abolitionist leader) Jacob Branson. But while taking Branson to jail, an abolitionist party stopped them and freed Branson. The Sheriff then assembled about 1,500 Missouri Border Ruffians to put down what he called an insurrection. The Missourians camped along the Wakarusa River while they made plans to invade Lawrence.
Siege 
Before coming to Lawrence, the bushwhackers had broken into the United States Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, and stolen guns, swords, a cannon and ammunition. In Lawrence, John Brown and James Lane had mustered Free-State settlers into a defending army and erected barricades. No attack on Lawrence was made. It was the first time armies from Missouri and Kansas faced each other. It was demanded free-staters obey the laws and give up their weapons. But they replied they had broken no laws and had the right to bear arms. The only fatal casualty occurring during the siege was of a Free-State man named Thomas Barber. On December 6, 1855 he was shot and killed by George W. Clark, the Indian agent, on a road four miles outside of Lawrence.

References

Other websites 
 History of the State of Kansas by William G. Cutler (1883)
 1912 article on Wakarusa War
 "Burial of Barber" at Bartleby.com

Bleeding Kansas
1850s in Kansas
1855
Lawrence, Kansas
Lecompton (pronounced ) is a city in Douglas County, Kansas, United States.  In 2010, there were 625 people there. Lecompton had a big historical role in pre-Civil War America as the territorial capital of Kansas from 1855 to 1861.  This time period was known as Bleeding Kansas.

History 
Lecompton was founded in 1854 on a bluff on the south side of the Kansas River. At first, the city's name was "Bald Eagle", but the name was changed to Lecompton in honor of Samuel Lecompte, the chief justice of the territorial supreme court. In the spring of 1855, the town became the capital of the Kansas Territory.  President James Buchanan chose a governor and officials to create government offices in Lecompton. The first post office in Lecompton was created in September 1855.
The free-staters shortly tried to move the territorial capital to Minneola, Franklin County, Kansas through a vote, but the resulting bill was later rejected by Kansas territorial governor James W. Denver, and was made void by Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney General of the United States. As such, Lecompton remained the de jure territorial capital. This was until Topeka became the capital when Kansas became a state on January 29, 1861. The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861.

Geography
Lecompton is at  (39.042927, -95.395039).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which,  is land and  is water.

Climate
The climate in this area is has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.  According to the Köppen climate classification system, Lecompton has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics

Lecompton is part of the Lawrence, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area.

References
References 

Cities in Douglas County, Kansas
1854 establishments in Kansas Territory
A skirmisher is a soldier usually sent ahead of a main body of troops to harass the enemy. Groups of skirmishers may also be placed on the flanks to prevent a surprise attack or flanking maneuver. A skirmish is a term that was first used in the 14th century. It meant a small-scale fight between two opposing forces or a preliminary battle involving troops in front of the main force. Skirmishers were those involved in the fight or battle. The word from the Old French eskirmir "to defend". Skirmishers were usually infantry or cavalry soldiers who formed a skirmish line ahead or next to friendly troops.

History
History

Colonial America 
Two conflicts that involved the American colonies and the development of skirmishers were the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War in the American colonies) and the American Revolutionary War. The main development of skirmisher tactics came from the Native American allied primarily to the English and French. Indian warriors did not usually fight in the European style of closely-packed formations of soldiers but more often fought as individuals. They used cover, ambush and lines of fighters, which would later come to be called skirmishing.
Napoleonic Wars 
The tactics of the Napoleonic Wars called for heavy cavalry to be kept in reserve. Light cavalry were often used as skirmishers  and were usually positioned on the sides of an army and served two purposes. In "skirmish order", they could be placed some distance from the main force. That way, they could warn the commander if any enemy approached from that way. The other purpose was to use their quick speed to engage the enemy and to hold them until more forces arrived. By their very presence, they discouraged the enemy from mounting a flanking attack.
American Civil War 
During the American Civil War, infantry manuals paid a good deal of attention to skirmishing. The tactics were based on Napoleon's heavy dependence on skirmishing during the Napoleonic Wars. Paintings and images of Civil War battles show two lines of soldiers, standing shoulder to shoulder and firing at the enemy lines at short distances. However, massed formations were not frequently used during the Civil War. Skirmishes and skirmish lines were a more common tactic.
The terrain in many cases did not allow mass formations of armies but allowed skirmishers to fight in open order. The increased accuracy of rifles and rifled muskets at longer ranges made battles fought at close range unnecessary. Battles fought before at  could now be fought at . Pre-war training had also changed skirmisher tactics. Instead of one company out of ten, entire regiments were now taught how to fight as skirmishers. They fought in small formations, called “comrades in battle”. That called for four men to move and fight supporting one another.

The Confederate Army actually made more effective use of skirmishers. In each brigade there was an elite battalion of sharpshooters, who were used as skirmishers.
Plains Indian Wars 
During the Plains Indian Wars, especially after the Civil War, the US Army used companies of skirmishers ahead of the main force. The recommended distance between them was , but most commanders simply kept skirmishers within sight of one another. The skirmishers were used mainly ahead of the main force but could be used to defend the flanks or as a rearguard.

If the Indians attacked, the skirmisher company formed a defensive circle. Once the danger had passed, they returned to their original positions. Often, the entire company was not deployed as skirmishers. Some were kept in reserve to fill gaps, to get ammunition or to carry messages.

References

Other websites 
 Civil War Reenactment 2011: Skirmish Of Gamble's Hotel March 5, 1865; YouTube
 Diablo 4 Man Room Clearing at Military Base Skirmish; YouTube

Military terminology
George Howard Brett (born May 15, 1953 in Glen Dale, West Virginia) is a retired American baseball player. He played 21 years in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals. He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and was inducted in 1999 with a fourth-highest voting percentage in baseball history (98.2%). Brett was a third baseman and designated hitter.

Brett won the World Series with the Kansas City Royals in 1985.

In 1994, his number (#5) was retired  by the Royals. He is one of only two Royals players to have his number retired by the team (the other is Frank White).

Brett was also notorious for putting excessive amounts of pine tar on his bats, which sometimes led to confrontations and interventions with the umpires, as there is a league rule governing the use of pine tar on the bat.

He raises money for the disease ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) or better known as Lou Gehrig's Disease.

References
References

1953 births
Living people
Kansas City Royals players
American baseball players
Sportspeople from West Virginia
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Avers () is a municipality of the Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Hinterrhein
Bergün/Bravuogn (, , , in the local Romansh dialect Brauégn) is a former municipality in the district Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Bergün/Bravuogn and Filisur merged into the new municipality of Bergün Filisur.

Villages
Bergün, Latsch, Preda and Stuls.

References

Other websites

 Official website  

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Villa Epecuén was a tourist village in Adolfo Alsina, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It was flooded in 1985, and was abandoned. Its ruins are on the eastern shore of the Laguna Epecuén, about  north of Carhué.

Images

References

Other websites

Villages
Settlements in Argentina
1985 disestablishments
Disestablishments in South America
Hasliberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website of Hasliberg 

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Mountain biking is the sport of riding bicycles off-road. Often this is done over rough terrain. Mountain biking uses specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes are similar to other bikes, but have features designed to make them stronger and hold up in rough terrain.

Mountain biking can generally be broken down into multiple categories. These include cross country, trail riding, all mountain (also referred to as "Enduro"), downhill, freeride and dirt jumping.  However, the majority of mountain biking falls into the categories of trail and cross country riding styles.
This individual sport requires the rider to have endurance, core strength and balance. The rider also needs bike handling skills, and self-reliance.  Advanced riders take on steep technical descents and high incline climbs. Mountain biking can be performed almost anywhere from a back yard to a gravel road, but the majority of mountain bikers ride off-road trails. Using the bike's brakes must be done carefully on a mountain bike, especially when going downhill. In order to work on rough terrain, mountain bikes have several gears from which to choose. It is recommended to use safety gear such as helmet, gloves, elbow and knee pads to avoid injuries in rough terrain. Mountain biking should be done so as to enjoy the ride but not damage the environment.

References

Other websites 
 https://www.tresna.co.uk/blog/mountain-biking-etiquette.htm
 International Mountain Biking - Groups by State 
 Off Road Use of Bicycles, Sierra Club 

Cycling
Häutligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Background 
In 1854, the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act began a policy known as popular sovereignty in the United States. It allowed settlers in the Kansas Territory to decide by popular vote whether Kansas would be admitted to the United States as a slave or free state. This led activists from both sides of the issue to flood into Kansas trying to influence the outcome. It led to a period of violence that continued into the Amer Civil War.
In mid-august Missouri Border Ruffians had been looting and killing in the area near Osawatomie. On August 25, about 150 Missourians were camped nearby planning to take the town by surprise. They were discovered and driven away in disorder. On the night of August 29, a band of about 400 ruffians led by John William Reid approached Osawatomie. Their plan was to attack at sunrise. At about the time the attack was supposed to start, the Missourians, guided by a minister named Martin White came across two men leaving town. White recognized one as Frederick Brown, son of John Brown. White immediately shot and killed Brown. Settlers hearing the shot alerted John Brown and the people of the town. The men were gathered together to form a hasty defense of the town. At first they were going to use the blockhouse. But on learning the ruffians had cannon it was decided to position themselves in the woods across the Marais des Cygnes River. The abolitionists defended the town for a time but were eventually overpowered
. They retreated and left the town for the Missourians to rob and burn. Only four buildings remained among the ruins of what had been the village of Osawatomie.
Accounts 
The following is an account of the battle written by John W. Reid (leading the Border Ruffians):

John Brown, about a week later, in a letter to his wife wrote:

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Diary of Spencer Kellogg Brown (account of the battle), Kansas Memory
 Theodore Roosevelt's Osawatomie Speech; Kansas Historical Society

1850s in Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
1856
August events
Neot Kedumim - the Biblical Landscape Reserve in Israel ( is a Biblical garden dedicated to the Nature of the Jewish Bible and also a nature preserve located in Ben Shemen  Forest and near of the city "Modi'in" on Route 443 (Israel), between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Israel.

Other websites 

  Neot Kedumim

Parks in Israel
Israeli culture
Central District (Israel)‎
Pitch, yaw and roll are the three dimensions of movement when an object moves through a medium. 

The terms may be used to describe an aeroplane's movements through the air. They are also applied to watercraft moving through water, and spacecraft moving through space.

There are in fact six degrees of freedom of a rigid body moving in three-dimensional space. 

As the movement along each of the three axes is independent of each other and independent of the rotation about any of these axes, the motion has six degrees of freedom (see diagram).

pitch nose up or tail up.

yaw nose moves from side to side

roll a circular (clockwise or anticlockwise) movement of the body as it moves forward

The surfaces of a plane and the fins of a fish have a similar function. They serve to adjust the object's attitude as it moves through the fluid. Submarines face the same dynamic control problems as fish do.
The subject is often taught under degrees of freedom (mechanics). This is the number of independent motions that are allowed to the body.

References 

Mechanics
Heatwave is an international disco and funk band. The group was formed around 1975. Its most popular lineup was Americans Johnnie Wilder, Jr and Keith Wilder for vocals, Englishman Rod Temperton for the keyboards, Jamaican Eric Johns and Briton Roy Carter for guitar.

The group had hit singles, like "Boogie Nights" and "Always and Forever".

The group broke up in 1984. However, Heatwave got back together around 1988 and resumed releasing R&B music.

In 2002 the group released an extended remix of "Boogie Nights".

References

American R&B bands
1975 establishments in the United States
Someo is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo to form a new and larger municipality of Maggia.

The municipality has 258 people in 2003. It has an area of 32.73 km².

2004 disestablishments in Switzerland
Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Heiligenschwendi is a municipality in the administrative district of canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Thun
Background 
In 1854, the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act began a policy known as popular sovereignty in the United States. It allowed settlers in the Kansas Territory to decide by popular vote whether Kansas would be admitted to the United States as a slave or free state. This led activists from both sides of the issue to flood into Kansas trying to influence the outcome. It led to a period of violence that continued into the American Civil War.
Hamilton's group of exiles plus about 17 Missourians rode back into Kansas. They stopped at the village store and with guns drawn they disarmed the customers and tied their hands. Hamilton took a list from his pocket and read out the names. One by one the men on the list were taken from their cabins or fields. The village blacksmith had resisted the ruffians with a shotgun and was not taken. The eleven they did capture were led to a gulch that drained into the Marais des Cygnes River. They were lined up in the gulch as if before a firing squad. One Missourian lowered his gun saying he would "have nothing to do with such a piece of business as this". Hamilton then gave the order to fire. The eleven men fell to the ground. Then Hamilton dismounted and turned the bodies over with his boot. Any he found alive he shot in the head with his pistol.  Five of the men were killed and five were seriously wounded. One escaped unharmed by pretending to be dead
. Other Missourians went through the pockets of the men presumed to all be dead. Finally, they all rode out in different directions so as to make it harder to trail them.
Sarah Read, the wife of Reverend Samuel Read, one of those captured, quickly followed Hamilton's men on foot. She found the victims and gave aid to those who were still alive. Word of the massacre spread quickly and free-staters rushed to the village to help the wounded and bury the dead. Quickly Montgomery's Jayhawkers began trailing the gang but could not find them. Meanwhile Sarah Read searched all night for her husband. He had crawled off after being shot. She discovered him the next morning, still alive. Called "Preacher Read" he survived the massacre.

Aftermath 
The atrocity got widespread attention in the North. The murders were shown as an example of organized extermination by Missourians and Southerners. The details of the murders were in every newspaper and were read in nearly every home.
John Brown came to the village near the end of June. In 1856, Brown had led a massacre of his own, the Pottawatomie massacre, against five pro-slavery men and boys. He built a log blockhouse two stories high with a spring inside for water. The blacksmith, Eli Snider, owned the land. He later sold it to Charles C. Hadsall, a friend of Brown's. Brown and his men stayed in the fort until the end of summer. Then they left it to Hadsall to keep manned.

Hamilton was never captured. During the Civil war he served as a Colonel in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. One, a Charles Matlock, was arrested for the crime but he later escaped. Only one was brought to justice. William Griffith was arrested in 1863, tried for murder and on October 30, 1863 was hung.

Whittier poem 
The poet and abolitionist, John Greenleaf Whittier, wrote a  poem about the massacre several months later and published it in the Atlantic Monthly:

References
References

Other websites 
 The Marais Des Cygne Massacre (movie trailer)
 Trading Post Museum

1850s in Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
The 2003 European heat wave was a natural disaster in Europe in July and August 2003. The heat led to the hottest summer on record since at least 1540. France was especially hard hit. The heat led to health crises in several countries. It combined with droughts to reduce crops in Southern Europe.

More than 70,000 people died in Europe. According to an Inserm study, nearly 19,000 people died in France. People also died in the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.

Highest temperatures measured per country

References

Heat wave
2003 in weather
2003 heat wave
2000s in France
August events
Disasters in France
Droughts
July 2003 events
2003 disasters
Heimberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Thun
Heimenhausen is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee and Wanzwil merged into the municipality of Heimenhausen.

References

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Heimiswil is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland

References

Municipalities in Emmental
Moghegno is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo to form a new and larger municipality of Maggia.

2004 disestablishments in Switzerland
Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Aurigeno is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Moghegno and Someo to form a new and larger municipality of Maggia.

2004 disestablishments in Switzerland
Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Alberswil is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Willisau
Terre di Pedemonte is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged to form the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2013 establishments in Switzerland
In military science, a blockhouse is a small fortification. It usually has one or more rooms with loopholes, allowing its defenders to fire rifles or handguns in various directions. It usually refers to an isolated fort in the form of a single building. It serves as a defensive strong point against any enemy that does not possess siege equipment or, in modern times, artillery. A fortification intended to resist these weapons is more likely to qualify as a fortress or a redoubt. 

In modern times, it may be a pillbox, a small underground bunker. However, a blockhouse may also refer to a room within a larger fortification, usually a battery or redoubt. The term "blockhouse" is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Middle Dutch blokhus and 18th-century French blocus (blockade).

References 

Fortification
Electoral fraud, or vote rigging, is any alteration or change of the vote count in an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result. That can be by increasing the vote share of one candidate or by lowering the vote count of another. It can also be a person casting more than one vote if only one vote is permitted, which is called ballot-box stuffing. What defines electoral fraud under law varies from country to country.

Many kinds of election fraud are outlawed in specific electoral laws. Other kinds violate general laws, such as those banning assault, harassment or libel. Technically, the term "electoral fraud" covers only acts that are illegal. Generally, the term is sometimes used to describe acts that are legal but are considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of electoral laws, or in violation of the principles of democracy.
In national elections, successful electoral fraud can have the effect of a coup d'état or corruption of democracy. In a narrow election, a small amount of fraud may be enough to change the result. Even if the outcome is not affected, fraud can still have a damaging effect if not punished. For example, it can reduce voters' confidence in democracy.

Even the perception of fraud can be damaging. Fraudulent elections can lead to the breakdown of democracy and to the establishment or ratification of a dictatorship.

Fraud in elections is not limited to those for public office. Elections, such as for a corporation's directors, labor union officials, or student council members are subject to similar fraud, as are sports judging, and the awarding of merit to works of art and literature.

Related pages
 Corruption

References 

Elections
Types of crime
Muhammad Azam Shah is the successor of the last Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after his death in 1707. He is also the elder son of Aurangzeb. He was at throne from 14 March 1707 to 8 June 1707.

He was born on 28 June 1653 to Aurangzeb and his first wife and chief consort Dilras Banu Begum. He was also a timurid from father's blood and a Persian Safavid by mother's blood. He was the grandson of Shah Nawaz Khan Safavi, the Safavid Emperor of Persia and father of Azam Shah's mother.

After his father Emperor Aurangzeb's death, he ruled the empire. Then a succession war took place between the three sons of Aurangzeb. Azam Shah and his son were killed in the Battle of Jajau on 8 June 1707 by his step brother Bahadur Shah I, who ruled the empire by killing his both brothers in war.

Reference

Mughal emperors
18th century in India
Douglas County is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020 census, there were 118,785 people living in the county. That made it the fifth-most populous county in Kansas. The city with the most people is Lawrence.

History

Early history 
For many centuries, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Plains Indians. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly gave all the territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century 
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France. But it kept about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land including the modern-day state of Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of Louisiana Purchase.
In 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act created the territory of Kansas. In 1855, Douglas County was established. Douglas County was opened for settlement on May 15, 1854. It was named for Stephen A. Douglas. The county was practically at the center of the Bleeding Kansas years as leaders in Lecompton, the territorial capital, wanted Kansas to be a slave state. Leaders in Lawrence wanted Kansas to be a free state. A number of events took place in Douglas County. These including the drafting of the controversial Lecompton Constitution (attempting to admit Kansas as a slave state), the sacking of Lawrence, and the Battle of Black Jack.

The first railroad in Douglas County, the Union Pacific, was built through that territory in 1864.

Geography
Geography 

The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of this,  is land and  (4.0%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Kansas by land area. Much of its northern border is defined by the Kansas River, which goes through Lawrence. The Bowersock Dam is one of the county's producers of hydropower.

Lakes 
 Clinton Lake
 Lone Star Lake

People 

Douglas County includes the Lawrence, Kansas United States metropolitan area.

In 2020, there were 118,785 people living in Douglas County. The people were 78.0% White, 4.5% Black or African American, 2.5% Native American, 3.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.2% from other races, and 8.8% from two or more races. 7.0% of the people were Hispanic or Latino.

There were 48,553 households. 25.2% of them had children under 18 years old; 39.8% of them had married people; 28.7% had only a woman as the main person (with no man); 33.1% were people living alone; and 9.6% were people over 65 years old living alone.
18.9% of the people were under 18 years old; 20.3% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old; 26.8% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old; 20.2% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old; 13.8% were 65 years old or older.

Government

County 
The Democratic Party has been dominant in Douglas County. Democrats control all County-wide offices in the county, except for the Sheriff. Douglas County is currently served by county commissioners Mike Gaughan, Nancy Thellman, and Michelle Derusseau. Gaughan and Thellman are Democrats, while Derusseau is the lone Republican on the commission.
State 
Democratic state representatives representing portions of the county include John Wilson (10th District), Barbara Ballard (44th District), and Dennis Highberger (46th District), Mike Amyx (45th District); Republican state representatives include Jim Karleskint (42nd District) and Ken Corbet (54th District). The three state senators representing the county, Marci Francisco (2nd District), Tom Holland (3rd District), and Anthony Hensley (19th District), are all Democrats.

Presidential elections
This changed in 1964, with the anti-Yankee feeling and Southern leanings of Barry Goldwater. This led to Douglas County voting for Lyndon B. Johnson, making Johnson the first Democrat ever to win the county. With more moderate GOP candidates, the GOP carried the county in every election between 1968 and 1988. However, the growing transformation of Lawrence into a liberal academic town pulled the county into the Democratic column from 1992 onwards. This was similar to many counties around the United States with college towns. Since the 2004 election, Douglas County has been one of the strongest Democratic places in Kansas, second only to Wyandotte County. Often, Douglas and Wyandotte are the only two counties in the state to vote for Democratic presidential candidates.

Education
Education

Unified school districts 
Douglas County is served by seven school districts.
 Lawrence USD 497 serves Lawrence and the Clinton Lake area.
 Baldwin City USD 348 serves Baldwin City and most of southern Douglas County.
 Perry-Lecompton USD 343 serves Lecompton and most of northwest Douglas County.
 Eudora USD 491 serves Eudora and the northeast part of the county.
 Santa Fe Trail USD 434 covers the southwest part of the county.
 Wellsville USD 289 covers extreme southeast Douglas County.
  services the far western part of the county including Big Springs.

Universities and colleges 
The University of Kansas's main campus is in Lawrence. Haskell Indian Nations University is also in Lawrence. Baker University, the state's oldest university, is in Baldwin City, Kansas.

Parks 
Clinton Lake, completed in 1980, offers boating, fishing and other water sports. Various parks around the lake have camping and trails for mountain biking, hiking and horseback riding.
Lone Star Lake is a small lake to the southwest of Lawrence. It offers fishing, boating and camping. Just northwest of Baldwin City is Douglas State Fishing Lake which provides hunting, fishing and limited camping. Other parks around the county include Black Jack Park, which includes the Ivan Boyd Prairie Preserve and Robert Hall Pearson Memorial Park, Broken Arrow Park in Lawrence, and Wells Overlook Park just south of Lawrence.

Events 
Big events in the county include the Maple Leaf Festival in Baldwin City every third full weekend in October. Lecompton's Territorial Days take place every year in June. Lawrence has many parades throughout the year including Christmas and St. Patrick's Day.

Transportation
Transportation

Major highways 
 , runs east to west just north of Lawrence.
  runs north to south through the middle of the county and the middle of Lawrence.
  virtually follows the Oregon Trail heading west out of Lawrence.
  runs east to west in the southern half of the county, going through Baldwin City and skirts the Santa Fe Trail.
  runs from the I-70 Lecompton Exchange along the south and west border of Lawrence to US-59 then north until 23rd Street where it heads east out of town into Johnson County.

Other major highways include:
  which is in Grant township leading from Leavenworth to Jefferson County.
  starts just outside Lawrence and leads into Leavenworth County.
  is in extreme southeast Douglas County and leads into Franklin County.

County Highways 

Douglas County also maintains an extensive network of county highways to serve the rural areas of the county. None of these county highways go into Lawrence.

Communities

Incorporated cities 
 Baldwin City
 Eudora
 Lawrence
 Lecompton
Unincorporated communities 

 Big Springs
 Clearfield
 Clinton
 Globe
 Grover
 Hesper
 Kanwaka
 Lake View
 Lone Star
 Midland
 Pleasant Grove
 Sibleyville
 Stull
 Vinland
 Worden

Related pages 
 Kansas River – Natural crossing point for westward wagon trains on the Oregon Trail
 California Road – Cutoff on the Oregon Trail to Lawrence, Kansas from Westport
 Santa Fe Trail Swales – Visible near

References
References

More reading 
 Nowak, David. J. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values, Douglas County, Kansas. Newtown Square, PA: United States Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2014.
 Armitage, Katie H., “‘Seeking a Home Where He Himself Is Free’: African Americans Build a Community in Douglas County, Kansas,” Kansas History, 31 (Autumn 2008), 154–75
 Standard Atlas of Douglas County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 53 pages; 1921.
 Plat Book and Complete Survey of Douglas County, Kansas; Kenyon Co; 44 pages; 1909.
 Standard Atlas of Douglas County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 43 pages; 1902.
 Standard Atlas of Marion County, Kansas; F.W. Beers & Co; 25 pages; 1873.

Other websites 

County
 
 
 Douglas County – Law Library

Other
 
 Daily World, Google news archive. —PDFs for 1,062 issues, dating from 1892 through 1895.
 Daily Record, Google news archive. —PDFs for 998 issues, dating from 1889 through 1893.
Maps
 Douglas County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
The Marais des Cygnes River  is a principal tributary of the Osage River. It is about  long, and runs through eastern Kansas and western Missouri in the United States. Via the Osage and Missouri rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. The name Marais des Cygnes means "Marsh of the Swans" in French. But the name actually comes from an Osage name “Mixa-ckau-tse” (where white swans are plentiful). It was probably so named because of the trumpeter and tundra swans that were plentiful here before the late 1800s. The river is notorious for flash flooding.  The river is referenced in the song "The River" by Chely Wright.

References

Other websites 
 Marais des Cygnes Wildlife Area & National Wildlife Refuge 
 Trails Along the Marais des Cygnes River

Rivers of Kansas
The following is a list of the 59 comuni of the Province of Pesaro and Urbino, Marche, in Italy.

References

Pesaro and Urbino
Bever is a municipality of the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Bever 

Municipalities in Maloja
Bivio was a municipality in the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Bivio, Cunter, Marmorera, Mulegns, Riom-Parsonz, Salouf, Savognin, Sur and Tinizong-Rona merged into the new municipality of Surses.

Other websites

 Official website of Bivio  

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Brexit () was a movement that promoted that the United Kingdom (UK) leave the European Union (EU). The name "Brexit" is a portmanteau (merging two words together) of "British" and "exit".

On 23 June 2016, the UK made a referendum that asked whether the UK should leave the EU. The result was that 51.9% of the UK electorate (the main region of the UK) voted that the UK should leave the EU. The rest wanted the UK to stay in the EU. On 29 March 2017, the UK government said that they will definitely be leaving the EU.  This started the procedure of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, a law that deals with countries that leave the EU.  The UK was expected to fully leave the EU on 29 March 2019 at 11p.m. UTC. The deadline to leave was later changed to 31 October 2019.

On 15 January 2019, Theresa May's government was defeated in the House of Commons by 230 votes in a vote on her deal to leave the European Union.

On 24 December 2020, a post-Brexit trade deal was made.
Timeline
Below is a timeline of major events relating to Brexit.

2014 

 22 May: 2014 European election: Anti-EU party UKIP led by Nigel Farage comes first, while pro-EU parties suffer.

2016
2017
 24 January: The Parliament must pass legislation (approve of this rule) before Article 50 can be accepted as a law. The UK Supreme Court says that the Parliament must follow this new rule, as explained by the Miller case.
 26 January: The UK Government introduces a 137-word bill in Parliament. This ensures that Theresa May can enforce Article 50. Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn instructs his MPs to support it.
 16 March: The bill receives Royal Assent (royal approval).
 29 March: A letter from Theresa May is handed to President of the European Council Donald Tusk to convince him to approve Article 50. Starting from 29 March 2017, the UK will begin to leave the EU by 29 March 2019, a two-year process.
 8 April: Theresa May announces that a general election will take place on 8 June.
8 June: A general election is held in the UK. The Conservative Party remains the largest single party but loses its majority. They form a minority government with a confidence-and-supply arrangement with the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) of Northern Ireland.
 19 June: Brexit negotiations begin.
2018 
 25 November: All EU members accept a withdrawal agreement.
2019 
 15 January: The UK House of Commons reject the agreement.
 21 March: The UK House of Commons reject it again. Instead, they decided to extend the due date to 31 October instead of 29 March.
23 May: Brexit Party comes first in the European Election while pro-EU Lib Dems comes second. After the conservative party slips to 5th place, Theresa May announces her resignation and that a new party leader will be found. 
24 July: Boris Johnson becomes the prime minister of the United Kingdom.
19 October: The UK House of commons rejects Boris' deal and force the prime minister to write to the EU asking to extend the due date to 31 January 2020 instead of 31 October 2019.
28 October: The European Council agrees to extend the Brexit deadline until 31 January 2020.
6 November: Parliament is dissolved as a general election is announced to take place on 12 December.
12 December: A general election is held in the UK. The pro-Brexit Conservative party remains the largest party and gains a majority of 80 seats. Labour suffers their worst election since 1935.
20 December: The withdrawal agreement is passed meaning the UK will leave the EU on 31 January.
2020 

 31 January: The UK membership with the EU comes to an end. The UK will now enter the transition period for 11 months. This means that the UK will still be guaranteed customs union and single market (free trade) until 31 December.
 1 July: The deadline for the UK to extend the transition period, which did not get extended. 
24 December: A deal is made between the UK and the EU, post-Brexit. 
 31 December: The date the UK is set to leave the EU. The transition period was not extended.

References

 
2016 in the United Kingdom
2017 in the United Kingdom
2018 in the United Kingdom
2019 in the United Kingdom
2020 in the United Kingdom
She had spent several years in fashonable Parisians salons. There she was quickly seen as an intelligent, witty and very attractive woman. She eventually gave herself the nickname Athénaïs in honour of the ancient Greek goddess Athena. As a result of this, she is also referred to as "Athénaïs de Montespan". She lived at the same time as Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, the mistress of Charles II of England. Several of her decendants married, which makes her an ancestress of several royal houses in Europe, including those of Spain, Italy, Bulgaria and Portugal. She was also responsible for the creation of the now destroyed "Trianon de Porcelaine" as well as the larger and grander Château de Clagny. The latter building has often been likened to the Palace of Versailles, just on a smaller scale. She was also called "the real queen of France" in her lifetime due to her strong influence over the king and royal court.

Early life
Early life

The second daughter of Gabriel de Rochechouart, Duke of Mortemart and Diane de Grandseigne, she was a member of the House of Rochechouart, itself one of the most well regarded noble families in France. Her mother was a lady-in-waiting to Anne of Austria and as a young girl, she often travelled with her mother between the family estates and the court at the Louvre in Paris. At the age of twelve, she began her formal education at the Convent of St Mary at Saintes, From a young age she was styled as Mademoiselle de Tonnay-Charente or Mademoiselle de Mortemart.

Marriage

Despite being in love with Louis de La Trémoille, on 28 January 1663, Françoise married Louis Henri de Pardaillan, Marquis of Montespan, who was one year younger than her. Also, from a prominent noble family, the marriage was considered a good social match.  The couple had two children.
Marie Christine de Pardaillan (17 November 1663 - 1675)  died unmarried and childless. 
 Louis Antoine de Pardaillan, Marquis of Antin (5 September 1664 – 2 November 1736); later Duke of Antin, married Julie Françoise de Crussol and had children.

Relationship with Louis XIV

At the age of twenty, Athénaïs became a maid-of-honour to the king's sister-in-law, Princess Henrietta of England, who was known at court by the traditional honorific of Madame. Later, because of the relationship between her mother and the queen dowager, Anne of Austria, Athénaïs was appointed to be a lady-in-waiting to the king's wife, Queen Marie Thérèse. By 1666 Athénaïs  was trying to gain the favour of Louise de La Vallière, the mistress of king Louis.