Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In Amritsar, over 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh.  Michael O'Dwyer is said to have believed that this was part of an attempt to rebel against the British. James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tensed situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the massacre.
For the next two days, the city of Amritsar was quiet, but violence continued in other parts of the Punjab. Railway lines were cut, telegraph posts destroyed, government buildings burnt, and three Europeans were killed. By April 13, the British government had decided to place most of the Punjab under martial law. The legislation placed restrictions on a number of civil liberties,  including freedom of assembly, banning gatherings of more than four people.

The massacre
On April 13, 1919, thousands of people gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh (garden) near the Golden Temple in Amritsar. The date was for the Baisakhi festival which was also the Sikh new year. For more than two hundred years, this festival had drawn thousands from all over India. People had travelled for days to get to Amritsar.
The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had few narrow entrances, most of which were kept locked. Unable to escape people tried to climb the walls of the park. Many jumped into a well inside the compound to escape from the bullets. A plaque in the monument says that 120 bodies were plucked out of the well.

As a result of the shooting, hundreds of people were killed and thousands were injured. The shooting lasted for ten minutes.  In a telegram sent to Dyer, British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael O'Dwyer wrote: "Your action is correct. Lieutenant Governor approves."

O'Dwyer asked for martial law to be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas; this was allowed by the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, after the massacre.

Dyer dismissed 
Dyer was initially applauded by some, but in July 1920 he was censured and forced to retire by the House of Commons.

References

1910s in India
Massacres in Asia
1919 in Asia
The British Indian Army, officially called simply the Indian Army (IA), was the army in British India during British rule (1858–1947). The Indian Army served as a security force in India itself and fought in battles overseas, particularly during the two World Wars.

The term "Indian Army" was used to describe the presidency armies, especially after the Indian Mutiny. However, the first army officially called the "Indian Army" was raised by the government of India in 1895. In 1903 the Indian Army absorbed the three presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army).

Between 1903 and 1947  the Army of India consisted of two separate parts: the Indian Army and the British Army in India. The first consisted of Indian Army regiments from India, while the second were British Army regiments from the United Kingdom which were sent to India.

The Army of India defeated the Ottoman Empire and conquered Iraq in the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I.

Organization
Organization

The Indian Army was formed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when the government of Britain took over rule from the British East India Company. Before that the company had their own army units, paid for by their profits and these joined with British Army units.

The army of the British East India Company recruited mostly Muslims in the Bengal Presidency (which consisted of Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), and high caste Hindus mainly from the rural plains of Oudh. These troops rebelled against the British in 1857.

After the rebellion, the British started recruiting what the British called the "martial races," particularly Punjabi Muslims, Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Pashtuns, Garhwalis, Mohyals, and Dogras.

After World War II
After World War II, the British formations and units that had been part of the British Army of India were divided between India and Pakistan.
Soon after the Partition of India, both the newly formed armies fought each other in the First Kashmir War from 1947 - '48 which begun the bitter rivalry that has continued into the 21st century.

References

Military of British India
The presidency armies were the armies of the three presidencies of British India. The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the East India Company until the Indian Mutiny, when the British government took over all three presidencies. Eventually all three presidency armies were merged into the Indian Army.

The presidency armies were named after the presidencies, these were:

 The Bengal Army
 The Madras Army
 The Bombay Army

Before the rebellion
From the mid-eighteenth century, the East India Company began to keep armies at each of its three main stations, or ‘Presidencies’, in India at Calcutta (Bengal), Madras and Bombay. The Bengal Army, Madras Army, and Bombay Army were quite different, each with its own list of Regiments and European officers. All three armies had both European regiments in which both the officers and men were Europeans, and a larger number of ‘Native’ regiments in which the officers were Europeans and the ordinary soldiers were Indians.
Also from the mid-eighteenth century the British government began to send regiments of the regular British Army to India to reinforce the Company’s armies. These troops are often referred to as ‘H.M.’s Regiments’ or ‘Royal regiments’.

After the rebellion
Following the Indian rebellion of 1857-58 and the end of the East India Company, its European regiments were joined in 1860 with the British Army, but its ‘Native’ regiments were not. The three separate Presidency Armies  continued to exist, and their European officers continued to be listed as members of the Bengal, Madras or Bombay Army rather than the British Army. However, the Presidency Armies began to be described as the Indian Army. Also after the rebellion artillery was only to be used by the British Army and not by Indian troops.

In the 1890s, the separate Presidency Armies were joined together to form the Indian Army.

Related pages
Bengal Presidency
Bombay Presidency
Madras Presidency

Military of British India
The Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India. It began in the 17th century as trading posts of the British East India Company, but later grew to include much of western and central India, as well as parts of Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula.

At its greatest extent, the Bombay Presidency was made up of the present-day state of Gujarat, the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state, including the regions of Konkan, Desh, and Kandesh, and northwestern Karnataka state of India; It also included Pakistan's Sindh province and the British territory of Aden in Yemen. It consisted partly of districts, which were directly under British rule, and partly of native or princely states, which were ruled by local rulers under the administration of a governor.
Early history
The first British settlement in the Bombay Presidency was in 1618, when the East India Company established a factory at Surat. The British were protected by a charter from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. Bombay at the time was under the control of Portugal. In 1661 Bombay was given to the British government, as part of the dowry of  Catherine of Braganza when she  married Charles II of England. In 1668 Bombay was given to the East India Company for a yearly payment of £10. In 1687 Bombay became the capital of the Company's territories in India. However, in 1753 Calcutta was in charge of the Government of Bombay.
Expansion
During the 18th century, the Maratha Empire grew quickly, conquering Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the Mughal Empire. In western Gujarat, including Kathiawar and Kutch, the weakening Mughal control allowed lots of local rulers to become independent. The first battle between the British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 treaty of Salbai. The treaty meant that the island of Salsette, next to Bombay island, was given to the British. The British took over Surat in 1800. British territory became bigger in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803.
In 1803 the Bombay Presidency included only Salsette, the islands of the harbour (since 1774), Surat and Bankot (since 1756); but 1803 and 1827 the presidency grew even more. The Gujarat districts were taken over by the Bombay government in 1805 and made larger in 1818. The small states of Kathiawar and Mahikantha were organised into princely states under British control between 1807 and 1820.

After the Revolt of 1857, the British East India Company rule ceased, and India came under the direct control of the British government. In 1932, Aden was separated from Bombay and made a separate province, and Sind became a separate province on April 1, 1936.

People
The Bombay Presidency had a large and diverse population. The census of 1901 gave a total of 25,468,209 people. By religion the population was 19,916,438 Hindu, 4,567,295 Muslim, 535,950 Jain, 78,552 Zoroastrian, and about 200,000 Christian.
In Sindh Islam had been the main religion since the Arab conquest in the 8th century. In Gujarat the main religion is Hinduism, although Muslim kingdoms have left their influence in many parts of the province. The Deccan is the home of the Marathi, who were 30% of the population. The Konkan had various Christian castes, because of the rule of the Portuguese.

The main languages of the Presidency were Sindhi in Sindh, Kutchi in Kutch, Gujarati and Hindustani in Gujarat, Marathi in Thana and the central division, Gujarati and Marathi in Khandesh, and Marathi and Kannada in the southern division. There were also Bhil (120,000) and Gipsy (30,000) dialects.

After independence
In 1947 Bombay Province became part of newly-independent India, and Sindh Province became part of Pakistan. In 1950 Bombay Province was reorganised into Bombay State, which included the princely states.

References

Provinces of British India
The word Mahārāja is Sanskrit for "great king" or "high king". Many languages have borrowed the word 'Maharaja', these languages include Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and Gujarati. Its use is mainly for important rulers. A female ruler is known as Maharani (or Mahārāni) which means great queen. She can be the wife of a Maharaja or a ruler herself.

British India contained more than 600 princely states each with its own ruler. Some states called the ruler Thakur (if the ruler were Hindu) or Nawab (if he was Muslim); there were many other titles as well. Many Muslim rulers also had the title of Raja, one of the most famous being the Raja of Rajouri who was a Muslim raja. Originally only rulers of large empires such as the ancient Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire were Maharajas but in later centuries even rulers of small kingdoms used the title. In 1971, the government of Indira Gandhi abolished the titles and money for all Indian rulers. However some people still claim such titles.

Monarchy
Titles
British India
Jallianwala Bagh is a public garden in Amritsar city in Punjab province of India. It has a memorial to remember those people who were killed  in the Massacre of 13 April, 1919. This date was also the Punjabi New Year 2,000 peaceful demonstrators had gathered in the garden.

The memorial is managed by Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust, which was established as per Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act passed by Government of India in year 1951.

Related pages
Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Other websites 
 Text of Jalliamwala Bagh National Memorial Act, 1951 

Punjab, India
Almaty (; formerly known as Alma-Ata (Алма-Ата), also Verniy, (Верный)) is the largest city in Kazakhstan. It has a population of over 1,700,000 people (as of 2015). Eight percent of the population of the country live in Almaty. It was the capital of Kazakhstan from 1927 to 1998. Almaty is the major commercial center of Kazakhstan.

The city is close to China, and was once on the northern silk route between China and the Middle East. Its name derives from the Turkic languages.

The city is in an earthquake zone. There have been three quite serious earthquakes in the last 150 years.

History 
On 4 February 1854 the Russian Empire decided to build a fort Verniy on the west bank of the Malaya Almatinka river. Later Russian settlers arrived. In 1922 the Soviet Union renamed the city to Alma-Ata. In 1927 Alma-Ata became the capital of the Kazakh SSR.

Climate 
Almaty has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Architecture
Architecture

TV tower 
Almaty TV tower is the highest TV tower above sea level (1130 m.). The tower is the highest building in the city (372 m.). This building able to withstand 10.0 magnitude.

Name 
The name "Almaty" comes from the Kazakh word for "apple" (алма). The name is often translated as a city "rich with apples".  The older Soviet-era Russian name for the city, Alma-Ata, comes from a mistake (the name literally means "Grandfather of apples"). In the area around Almaty, there are many different species of the wild apples. The region is thought to be the ancestral home of the apple. A local species of apple, the wild Malus sieversii, may be the ancestor of the modern domestic apple.

Notable people
Zhansaya Abdumalik (born 2000), chess Grandmaster and prodigy
 Altynai Asylmuratova (born 1961), prima ballerina with the Mariinsky Ballet
 Eugen Bauder (born 1986), model in Germany
 Anatoly Bose (born 1988), Australian basketball player
 Alexander Brener (born 1957), movie star in Russia
 Sergei Chekmezov (born 1964), professional football coach and former player
 Zarina Diyas (born 1993), tennis player
 Alexandra Elbakyan (born 1988), intellectual property activist, maker of Sci-Hub
 Nagima Eskalieva (born 1954), singer and entertainer
 Dmitri Fofonov (born 1976), racing cyclist
 Alexey Korolev (born 1987), ski jumper
 Nikolay Karpenko (born 1981), ski jumper
 Ruslana Korshunova (1987–2008), model in Russia
 Olessya Kulakova (born 1977), volleyball player for Germany
 Regina Kulikova (born 1989), tennis player
 Dinmukhamed Konayev (1912–1993), politician
 Fuat Mansurov (1928–2008), Soviet and Russian conductor
 Dmitriy Ogai (born 1960), football trainer and Soviet football player
Sergei Ostapenko (born 1986), football player
 Alexander Parygin (born 1973), Olympic athlete
 Alexander Petrenko (1976–2006), basketball player for Russia
 Boris Polak (born 1954), Israeli world champion and Olympic sport shooter
 Vadim Sayutin (born 1970), ice skater in Russia
 Thomas Schertwitis (born 1972), water polo
 Zhanar Sekerbayeva (born 1983), LGBT activist
 Olga Shishigina (born 1968), Olympic Champion in hurdling
 Konstantin Sokolenko (born 1987), Nordic combined skier/ski jumper
 Igor Sysoev (born 1970) open-source software engineer, founder of nginx, Inc.
 Elena Likhovtseva (born 1975), tennis player
 Denis Ten (1993-2018), figure skater
 Yernar Yerimbetov (1980), gymnast
 Anatoly Vaisser (born 1949), French chess grandmaster
 Radik Zhaparov (born 1984), ski jumper
 Vladimir Zhirinovsky (1946–2022), politician
 Elena Zoubareva (born 1972), opera singer
 Kinbōzan Haruki (born 1997), sumo wrestler and first Kazakhstani to reach the makuuchi division
References 

Cities and towns in Kazakhstan
Almaty Region
Banjo-Kazooie is a video game made by Rare for the Nintendo 64 in 1998. The name of the game comes from the names of the two main characters, a bear called Banjo and an orange bird called Kazooie, who lives in Banjo's backpack. The story follows Banjo and Kazooie as they set out on a quest to rescue Banjo's sister, who has been kidnapped by an evil witch named Gruntilda Winkybunion. It was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service in December 2008.

1998 video games
3D platform games
Nintendo 64 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Halo Wars is a real-time strategy video game for the Xbox 360. It was developed by Ensemble Studios. The game was released by Microsoft. It was released in Japan and Australia on February 26, 2009, in Europe on February 27, and in North America on March 3. It is based on the popular, award winning Halo series of video games, and is set in the year 2531, 21 years before the events of Halo: Combat Evolved. It's the first Halo game that is not a first person shooter.

Real-time strategy video games
2009 video games
Video game prequels
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Halo video games
Project Gotham Racing often known as PGR is a series of driving video games published by Microsoft for the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles. 

There are four games in the series 

 Project Gotham Racing
 Project Gotham Racing 2
 Project Gotham Racing 3
 Project Gotham Racing 4

Microsoft video games
Video game series
Bydales School is a secondary school in Marske-by-the-Sea, England which has about 750 students. A new school building was opened on 2 November 2006. It is rated as 'outstanding' by Ofsted. It is a technology college. The school has a small wind turbine, solar panels and a hydrogen fuel cell.

References

Other websites 

The school's website 

Schools in England
"In Love with a Girl" is the #1 single by Gavin DeGraw on the album Gavin DeGraw. In Love with a Girl was released February 2008.

Charts

References

2008 songs
Vinje is a municipality in Norway. It is in the county of Telemark. The administration of this place is done from Åmot.

Notable people from Vinje
Terje Håkonsen, snowboarder
Aslak Brekke, kveder (a type of folk musician)
Myllarguten, or Targjei Augundsson (1801-1872), Master fiddler / artist 
Odd Nordstoga, popular musician
Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, author 
Tarjei Vesaas, author 
Dyre Vaa, sculptor. Sculptures by him are found in Oslo and Vinje.
Aslaug Vaa, author

Places of interest   
Vinje is the home of folk musician Myllarguten. His home there is now a small museum. A  monument of Myllarguten is located near Kosi. Myllarguten was a 19th-century musician. He who played for kings and inspired Edvard Grieg.

History
Vinje was established in 1838 as a municipality. It is on the Hardangervidda and on the Setesdalsheiane Mountains plateaus.
Arabygdi lies in the western part of Rauland. It is on Lake Totak. The largest stone scree in Northern Europe, is Urdbøuri. The scree has huge boulders lying on the floor of the valley.

The name
The municipality Vinje (originally the parish) is named after the old farm Vinje (Norse Vinjar), since the first church was built here. The name is the plural form of vin f 'meadow, pasture'.

Related pages
Vest-Telemark
Setesdal
List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

Municipalities of Norway
The 1979–80 NHL season was the 63rd season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. This season saw the addition of four teams from the collapse of the World Hockey Association (WHA) the previous season as expansion teams. The Edmonton Oilers, Winnipeg Jets, New England Whalers (later renamed "Hartford Whalers" at the insistence of the Boston Bruins), and Quebec Nordiques joined the NHL bringing a new total of 21 teams. The other two WHA teams (Birmingham Bulls and Cincinnati Stingers) were paid to disband.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References

Hockey Database
NHL.com
1979 in North America
1980s in North America
The viola d'amore is a string instrument which was popular in the 17th and 18th century. It is a kind of viola. The name is Italian and means “viola of love”. It can have 6 or 7 strings. It is held under the chin and bowed like a violin. Sometimes it is used today to play music from the 17th and 18th centuries. Occasionally some modern composers have also written music for it.

Structure and sound 
The viola d'amore is about the same size as a modern viola. However, the shape is more like the shape of a viol. Like viols, it has a flat back, a wide rib (the sides), sloping shoulders and a carved head at the top of the peg box. It does not have any frets (markings on the fingerboard) like a viol or a guitar. The sound-holes are often in the shape of a flaming sword.
The viola d'amore usually has six or seven playing strings which are played with the bow, just as with a violin. In addition, it has the same number of sympathetic strings. These are strings which vibrate when the other strings are played, making the sound richer and sweeter.

The notes it can play 

The viola d'amore was often tuned to whatever notes were best for the piece it was to going to play. This is a kind of scordatura (changing the way the strings are tuned). Towards the end of the 18th century the usual tuning became: A, d, a, d', f#', a', d'' (see music example. Notice the example uses the "viola clef")

Use
Use 

The viola d’amore became very popular during the 17th century. However, after a time it became less popular because the instruments of the viol family were not used much while the instruments of the violin family took over. The viola d’amore was too quiet and sweet to play with the modern violin family. However, in the 20th century some composers have written for the instrument again, e.g. Paul Hindemith.

The viola d'amore can regularly be heard today in groups who play Baroque music on period instruments. It can be heard, for example in Bach’s St John Passion.

References 
 Grove Music Online (subscription)

String instruments
Early musical instruments
Sœur Emmanuelle (born Madeleine Cinquin, November 16, 1908 – October 20, 2008) was a Belgian-born French nun.

She was born in Brussels, Belgium, the daughter of a family that made lingerie. At the age of six she saw her father drown. She learned at the Sorbonne, earning a degree in philosophy. In 1929 she made a religious promise and became a nun.

She worked in Notre-Dame de Sion high school in İstanbul in 1930s.

In 1971 she saw how poorly trash collectors in Cairo, Egypt were doing, and decided to live with them. She stayed until 1993, when she went back to France. After she went back, she became very famous in France and was liked by audiences and talk-show hosts.
Besides her work with the poor, she is also known for having had views that are not like how religion normally is, such as being for the use of birth control and being for the idea of priests to marry. She has been voted one of the most popular people in France, and has been compared to Mother Teresa. (Although she does not agree with this comparison). In 2003, French television broadcast Soeur Emmanuelle: An exceptional woman.

She died on 20 October 2008.

Les Amis de Soeur Emmanuelle (The Friends of Sister Emmanuelle) is a charitable organization based in Brussels.

Other websites 
 95-year-old nun is France's favourite woman
  De Madeleine Cinquin à Sœur Emmanuelle 

1908 births
2008 deaths
Belgian Roman Catholics
Nuns
People from Brussels
The 1978–79 NHL season was the 62nd season of the National Hockey League. The 17 teams of the league played an 80-game season.

The Montreal Canadiens beat the New York Rangers in the Stanley Cup finals four games to one for their fourth Cup in a row.

Regular season

Final standings
GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs
All dates in 1979

Playoff bracket

Preliminary round
Vancouver Canucks vs. Philadelphia Flyers

Philadelphia wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1

Los Angeles Kings vs. New York Rangers

NY Rangers win best-of-three series 2 games to 0

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Atlanta Flames

Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0

Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Buffalo Sabres
Pittsburgh wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1

Quarterfinals
Chicago Black Hawks vs. New York Islanders

NY Islanders win best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Boston Bruins

Boston wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers

NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 1

Semi-finals
New York Rangers vs. New York Islanders

NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 2

Boston Bruins vs. Montreal Canadiens

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 3

Finals
New York Rangers vs. Montreal Canadiens

As of 2008, it is the last time two Pre-war clubs met in the Finals.

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1979 in North America
The 1934–35 NHL season was the 18th season of the National Hockey League. Nine teams each played 48 games. The Montreal Maroons were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Toronto Maple Leafs in three games in the final series.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1934
1935 in North America
David Alexander Paterson (born May 20, 1954) is an American politician and the 56th Governor of New York. He is the first black governor of New York and the first legally blind governor of any state. He became governor when Eliot Spitzer resigned. Due to Paterson becoming governor, two black governors are serving at the same time for the first time in more than 100 years; as Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts is also African American. He chose not to run for governor in February 26, 2010.

Other websites 
 Governor of New York  - Official Website of the Governor of New York
 Paterson for Governor - Official Website of Paterson For Governor
 Project VoteSmart - Senator Paterson Biography
  Accolades posted to Spitzer's 2006 gubernatorial campaign website.
 2008 Moment of Thanks video of Governor David Paterson thanking the troops

References 

1954 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
Governors of New York (state)
Columbia University alumni
African American politicians
The 1972–73 NHL season was the 56th season of the National Hockey League. Sixteen teams each played 78 games. For the first time since the collapse of the Western Hockey League in 1926, the National Hockey League had serious competition. A new professional hockey league, the World Hockey Association, made its season debut with 12 new teams, many of which were based in the same cities as NHL teams. Unlike the Western Hockey League, though, the new World Hockey Association would not challenge for the Stanley Cup. In response to the new league, the NHL hastily added two new teams in an unplanned expansion, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames, in an attempt to exclude the WHA from newly constructed arenas in those markets.
The first thing the WHA did was sign Bobby Hull, and the Chicago Black Hawks sued, claiming
a violation of the reserve clause in NHL contracts. Others soon followed Hull to the
WHA, including Bernie Parent, J.C. Tremblay, Ted Green, Gerry Cheevers and
Johnny McKenzie. In the expansion draft, the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames made their picks and eleven Islander players skipped off to the WHA. The California Golden Seals, chafing under the unorthodox ownership of the unpopular Charlie Finley, were
also a victim of the WHA, losing eight key players.
Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1972 in North America
1973 in North America
Justified is the debut album by pop entertainer Justin Timberlake. The album has famous singles like "Rock Your Body", "Cry Me A River", and "Like I Love You". The album was released in November of 2002. The album also has various guest appearances featuring in Timberlake's songs.

Guest Artists 
"Like I Love You" - Timberlake featuring Clipse
"(And She Said) Take Me Now" - Timberlake featuring Janet Jackson
"Right For Me" featuring Bubba Sprarxxx

Track list 
 "Senorita" - 4:54
 "Like I Love You (feat. Clipse)" - 4:43
 "Oh No, What You Got" - 4:31
 "Take it from Here" - 6:14
 "Cry Me a River" - 4:48
 "Rock Your Body" - 4:27
 "Nothin' Else" - 4:58
 "Last Night" - 4:47
 "Still on my Brain" - 4:35
 "(And She Said) Take Me Now (feat. Janet Jackson)" - 5:31
 "Right for Me (feat. Bubba Sparxxx)" - 4:29
 "Let's Take a Ride" - 4:44
 "Never Again" - 4:34

2002 albums
Debut albums
Justin Timberlake albums
Pop albums
R&B albums
Rock Your Body is the 3rd single off the debut album by pop singer Justin Timberlake called Justified. It was written by Timberlake and The Neptunes. He performed the single at the Super Bowl XXXVIII with Janet Jackson.

2002 songs
Justin Timberlake
R&B songs
Songs about sexuality
Disco songs
The 1947–48 NHL season was the 31st season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 60 games. The Toronto Maple Leafs were the Stanley Cup winners. They defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to none. This season saw the introduction of a new trophy – Art Ross Trophy – that would be handed out to the player who scored the most points during the regular season.

Regular season

Final standings
GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Leading goaltenders
GP = Games Played, TOI = Time On Ice (minutes), GA = Goals Against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals Against Average

Stanley Cup playoffs
All dates in 1948

Playoff bracket

Semifinals

Toronto vs. Boston

Boston Bruins vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1
NY Rangers vs. Detroit

New York Rangers vs. Detroit Red Wings

Detroit wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2

Finals

Detroit Red Wings vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0

Playoff scoring leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1947
1948 in North America
1940s in North America
Amiee Ann Duffy (born 23 June 1984), usually known as just Duffy,  is a Welsh singer, songwriter and actress from Bangor, Gwynedd. Her first album, Rockferry, sold more than 6.5 million copies. Rockferry, and a song from the album, "Mercy", both reached number one on the UK music charts. Her second album did not sell very well, with only 200,000 sold in the UK. In 2009 she made an advertisement for Diet Coke. The ad caused problems because she is shown riding a bicycle at night without a helmet or lights. Journalist Luke Lewis described the ad as "...blank, sterile and mildly unsettling."

Albums
 Rockferry (2008)
 Endlessly (2010)

References

Other websites

British soul musicians
Grammy Award winners
Welsh pop singers
Welsh singer-songwriters
1984 births
Living people
Welsh musicians
Funeral for a Friend (often known as FFAF) is a Welsh post-hardcore band. They have released five studio albums. The band was formed in 2001.

Other websites 
Official wesite. Retrieved 2011-08-29.

2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
British punk bands
Emo bands
Musical groups established in 2001
Post-hardcore bands
Welsh rock bands
2000s establishments in Wales
The Chicago Spire was a skyscraper project that was being built in Chicago, Illinois, however, because of financial problems, the project was never finished. 

It would have stood  high with 150 floors and been the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. When originally proposed as the Fordham Spire in July 2005, the design had 116 stories, included a hotel and condominiums, and was topped with a broadcast antenna mast.

However, interest in the Chicago Spire site has risen, drawing in at least a half-dozen offers for the property. The developer was considering a bid to take back control of the property, reigniting hope that the 2,000 ft. skyscraper may actually be built. In 2014, a Chicago court ruled in favor of not building the skyscraper thus abandoning plans of it being constructed.
On 4 November 2016, ownership of the property the tower was being built on was given to Related Midwest. In 2018, it was revealed that Related Midwest will build two skyscrapers at the site of the Spire. The Gateway Tower, a proposed  tall condo, is proposed to be built on the site of where the Spire would have been built.

References

Skyscrapers in Chicago
Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
Rickrolling is an internet meme that involves playing a trick on someone by tricking them into listening to Rick Astley singing his 1987 song, "Never Gonna Give You Up". It was first seen on 4chan and is called a "bait and switch". A "bait and switch" happens when the prankster gives a website to someone saying that the website address (which is somehow hidden) is about something else. When the victim clicks the link, they see the music video and have been "rickrolled" or "rickroll'd".

As rickrolling has grown in popularity, two of the many videos online have been watched over 13 million times each.

On October 27, 2008, at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Astley himself performed a live rickroll. He came out during the singing of "Best Friends" by the cast of Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends and sang "Never Gonna Give You Up". At the end of the song, one of the characters said "I love rickrolling!"

On February 23, 2010, the most viewed Rickroll video was deleted.
On July 29, 2021, the "Never Gonna Give You Up" YouTube video reached a billion views.

History

Song

Astley recorded "Never Gonna Give You Up" in 1987 on his album Whenever You Need Somebody. This song was his debut single and was a Number One hit for him on many international charts like the Billboard Hot 100, Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and UK Top 40 charts. It was also Astley's first music video which features him performing the song while dancing.

Origin of the term
Rickrolling is said to have begun as a spin-off of an earlier prank called duckrolling, which was when a link was supposed to lead to a picture or news story but would really link to an edited picture of a duck on wheels. The victim was then said to have been duckrolled. The first instance of rickrolling happened in May 2007 on the 4chan video game board, where a link to the video was said to be a copy of the first trailer for Grand Theft Auto IV. The joke was confined to 4chan for a short time.
By May 2008, Rickrolling had become an internet hit or phenomenon and very soon rickrolling was being covered on mainstream media. A poll in April 2008 by SurveyUSA guessed or estimated that at least 18 million American adults had been rickrolled.

April Fools' Day, 2008
On April Fools' Day 2008 and the weeks after, many instances of Rickrolling showed up on the internet, and news media. All of the featured videos on Youtube's main page hyperlinked to the Rickroll. The prank showed up on international YouTube portals before showing up on the main page.

References

Other websites 
Video on YouTube

Pranks
Internet memes
Rick Astley
sv:Rick Astley#Rickrolling
A stable is a building for livestock animals such as horses or cows to live in.

A stable often has a loft where food such as hay can be kept to feed the animals in the winter.  The stable may be divided into enclosures or stalls to keep the animals separate.

A stable is most likely to be built near a farmhouse.

According to the Christian Bible, the baby Jesus was born in a stable.  He was wrapped up and put to sleep on the straw in the feed bin (the manger).

Agriculture
Animal enclosures
Dagne Groven Myhren (born 19 September 1940) is a Norwegian writer, folk musician and a professor of Scandinavian studies at the University of Oslo. She has written about Norwegian literature, science and folk music. She is outspoken in protecting Norwegian culture, places and music.

She has helped J.P.Ekgren with writing a book in English about the poetry style called Stev. The book is Aslak Brekke og visune hans.

References

Norwegian writers
1940 births
Living people
Aslak Brekke (October 6, 1901 – February 13, 1978) was a Norwegian vocalist of stev (a type of Scandinavian poetry which is sung). He was also a singer of folksongs. Brekke was born in Vinje, Telemark. He was the first folksinger to sing on a radio broadcast to all of Norway. 

In 1945, Brekke sang at an important concert in the ceremonial hall (the "Aula" ) at the University of Oslo. He also made a recording of the song "Ståle Storli", together with Eivind Groven ( harmonium ).

Related pages
Aslak Brekke og visune hans

Sources

Norwegian singers
1901 births
1978 deaths
Mutiny is a when a group of people get together to openly oppose, change, or remove the people or person in authority. It usually means a group of soldiers trying to remove their officers, or a group of sailors on a ship trying to remove the captain. The group of people that mutiny are called mutineers.

During the Age of Discovery, mutiny meant open rebellion against a ship’s captain. This happened during Magellan’s journey and one mutineer was killed. Another mutineer was executed and 2 others were put on land and left there. After a mutiny on Henry Hudson’s Discovery, Hudson and several others were left in the ocean in a small boat.

Penalty
Mutiny is still treated as a very bad crime. Mutineers are punished and may even get the death penalty.

Famous Mutinies
Famous Mutinies

17th century
 Batavia was a ship of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), built in 1628 in Amsterdam, which was wrecked on its first trip. The sailors led a mutiny and killed many of the passengers.
 Corkbush Field mutiny occurred on 1647, the Bishopsgate mutiny and Banbury mutiny of 1649 happened during the early part of the Second English Civil War.

18th century
 HMS Hermione was a 32-gun frigate (type of ship) of the British Royal Navy, built in 1782. It is famous for the mutiny which took place on the ship. The captain and 8 officers were killed by the crew.
 The Mutiny on the Bounty,  a British Royal Navy ship in 1789 has been made famous by several books and films.
 Spithead and Nore mutinies were two big mutinies by sailors of the British Royal Navy in 1797. They wanted more pay and better living conditions.
19th century
 The Indian rebellion of 1857 was an armed uprising in India against British colonial power, and known in Britain as the Indian Mutiny.
 The ship Sharon, a New England whaler, had many sailors leave the ship. There were many mutinies. The captain was finally killed and cut up into small pieces by 4 members of the crew.
 The ship Somers built in 1842, had a mutiny on her first voyage. The 3 mutineers were executed.
20th century
 On the Russian battleship Potemkin, there was a rebellion by the crew against their  officers in June 1905. This was part of the Russian Revolution of 1905.  It was made famous by the film The Battleship Potemkin. 
 Curragh Incident of July 20, 1914 happened in the Curragh, Ireland, where British soldiers protested against the Home Rule Act 1914. 
 French Army mutinies in 1917.  The failure of the Nivelle Offensive in April and May 1917 resulted in a big mutiny by many parts of the French Army. About 50 soldiers were executed and more than 500 were sent to prison. 
 Wilhelmshaven mutiny started in the German High Seas Fleet on 29 October 1918. The mutiny was one of the things that led to the end of the First World War, to the end of the Monarchy and to the start of the Weimar Republic.
Black Sea mutiny (1919) by sailors on the French dreadnoughts (big battleships) - Jean Bart and France. The ships had been sent to help the White Russians in the Russian Civil War. The leaders of the mutiny (including André Marty and Charles Tillon) were given long prison sentences. 
 Kronstadt rebellion  was an unsuccessful rebellion by Soviet sailors. It was led by Stepan Petrichenko, against the government of the early Russian SFSR in the first weeks of March, 1921. It proved to be the last big rebellion against Bolshevik rule.
 Invergordon Mutiny was a Strike action (stop work) by around 1000 sailors in the British Atlantic Fleet. It took  place on 15-16 September 1931. For 2 days, the sailors at Invergordon were in mutiny. This was one of the few military strikes in British history. 
 Cocos Islands Mutiny was a failed mutiny by Sri Lankan soldiers on the then-British Cocos (Keeling) Islands during the Second World War.
Port Chicago mutiny  happened on August 9 1944, 3 weeks after the Port Chicago disaster when 320 sailors were killed and 390 injured in an explosion. 258 out of the 320 African-American sailors in the supply part of the Navy would not load any ammunition because they thought it was not safe. 
Sonderborg Denmark mutiny on May 4, 1945 German sailors took over German minesweeper M612. The next day they were arrested and 11 executed. Their bodies were thrown into the sea. .
After World War II
 Post-World War II demobilization strikes happened in the Allied military forces stationed across the Middle East, India and Southeast Asia in the months and years following World War II.
 The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny  was a total strike and mutiny by the Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ships and on shore at Bombay (Mumbai) harbour on 18 February 1946.
 SS Columbia Eagle incident happened on 14 March, 1970 during the Vietnam War. Sailors on an American merchant ship mutinied and took the ship to Cambodia.
 The Storozhevoy Mutiny happened on 9 November, 1975 in Riga, Latvia. The political officer locked up the Soviet Navy captain and sailed the ship toward Leningrad.
 The Velos mutiny  happened on 23 May, 1973 when the captain of HNS Velos, refused to go back to Greece after a NATO exercise.

References
Printmaking is making art by printing pictures, normally on paper. The advantage of printmaking is that lots of the same picture can be printed. This is called a print. Each print is not a copy, but an original, since it came from the same source (not like painting or drawing).You can also use different types of techniques to start the print.

Materials 
Pictures for prints can be cut into plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric plates for screen-printing. Prints may also be published in books by the artist.

Other websites 
 A glossary for modern prints 
 Large list of links to museum etc. online images of prints 
 UnitTwentyFive London Based Print Studio
An old master print is a work of art made by a printing process. Most of the old master prints were made by 1830 and no new ones came after. The main techniques used to make an old master print are woodcut, engraving and etching. Sometimes, old master prints are printed on paper, but rarely.

Many great European artists, such as Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, and Francisco Goya, were printmakers.

Other websites 
The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques
Large list of links to museum etc. online images of old master prints 
Old master prints blog

Printmaking
Web colors are colors used in designing webpages, and the ways for describing and listing those colors.

There are several ways to choose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an RGB triplet (a set of three numbers, red, green, and blue) in hexadecimal format (a hex triplet, rr, gg, bb). An RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Standard colors can also be chosen by their common English names. Often a color tool or other graphics software is used to create color values.

The first versions of Mosaic and Netscape Navigator used the X11 color names as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as X Window System applications.
Hex triplet
A hex triplet is a six-digit, three-byte number used in HTML, CSS, PHP, JS, SVG, and other computer programs, to represent colors. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number from 00 to FF or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each color component. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: 
Byte 1: red value (color type red)
Byte 2: green value (color type green)
Byte 3: blue value (color type blue)
For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example.
HTML web colors
Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.

List of HTML Color Names 
The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them.

X11 colors (formulated in 1987)
These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991.

Chart of selected web colors
This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002.  When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color.

References

Color
Web design
Warner Music Group is a record label from New York City. It is one of the "big three" record labels; the others are Sony and Universal. It started as Warner Music Group in 2003, but several Time Warner companies had existed before then.

Warner Music owns a few record labels, including Atlantic Records, Elektra Records, Parlophone, Roadrunner Records, Warner Bros. Records, and Reprise Records.

Legal troubles with Youtube 
In late 2008, Warner Music group had big legal troubles with video site YouTube. They had wanted more money for the music videos they had on the site, but YouTube said no, and Warner Music Group took off all their music videos. In September 2009, both Warner Music Group and YouTube decided on a new amount of money.

American record labels
Companies based in New York City
is a Norwegian / English book that has in it a collection of stev and Norwegian folk songs.

They were performed (or sung / recited) by Aslak Brekke, a master of the artists of "kveding" (the art of performing stev)

Other information
The book was published in 1983, as a part of a series called Norsk Folkeminnelags skrifter.
The author of the book is J.P. Ekgren, in collaboration with Dagne Groven Myhren (a professor in Norway).
The book was printed by Aschehoug

Notes

Norwegian literature
20th-century books
Folk songs