Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
An ice giant is a huge planet made mostly of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. There are two known ice giants in the Solar System, Uranus and Neptune.

In astrophysics and planetary science the term "ice" refers to volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above about , such as water, ammonia, or methane, with freezing points of , respectively.

In the 1990s, it was realized that Uranus and Neptune are a distinct class of giant planet, different from the other giant planets, Jupiter and Saturn. They have become known as ice giants. They were solids when the planets were stuck together during their formation. Today, little of the water in Uranus and Neptune is in the form of ice. Instead, the water is a supercritical fluid at the temperatures and pressures inside them.
Ice giants consist of only about 20% hydrogen and helium in mass, as opposed to the Solar System's gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, which are both more than 90% hydrogen and helium in mass.

References 

Astronomical objects
Solar System
Types of planet
Yachts were a British new wave band, best remembered for their 1978 single, "Yachting Type", and minor new wave classic, "Matanovi's Hits".

1970s British music groups
Musical groups from Liverpool
English pop music groups
New wave bands
The Chicago "L" (short for "elevated railway") is the Chicago rapid transit system. It serves the city of Chicago and some of its surrounding suburbs in the U.S. state of Illinois. 

The "L" is operated by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA). It is the fourth-largest rapid transit system in the United States. It is  long, and the second-busiest rail mass transit system in the United States, after the New York City Subway.

Chicago's "L" has 24-hour service on some portions of its network. It is one of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to do so. The oldest sections of the Chicago "L" started operations in 1892, making it the second-oldest rapid transit system in the Americas, after New York City's elevated lines.

Related pages 
Chicago Loop

References 

Transport in Chicago
Rapid transit systems in the United States
Charles Jeremy Jankel (born 16 April 1952), better known as Chaz Jankel, is an English musician with a career spanning more than 40 years. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as the guitarist and keyboardist of the rock band Ian Dury and the Blockheads. With Dury, Jankel co-wrote some of the band's best-known songs including "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll", "Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick" and "Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3".

In addition to his work with the Blockheads, Jankel has had a solo career which has resulted in nine studio albums. He has a long list of credits as both a performer and as songwriter.

References

1952 births
English guitarists
English pianists
English songwriters
British keyboardists
British record producers
Living people
Musicians from London
Singers from London
The English Chess Federation (ECF) is the governing chess organisation in England and is affiliated to FIDE. The ECF was formed in 2004, and took charge in 2005. It replaced the British Chess Federation (BCF), the governing body of chess in England from 1904 until 2005. 

It was suggested that the BCF should change its name because only England came under its jurisdiction. It did not administer chess in the other countries of the UK. The BCF did have a British dimension, since it ran the British Chess Championship. This is one of two important tournaments held each year in Britain (the other is the annual international tournament at Hastings).

From the 1990s there was a campaign for the BCF to become a company limited by guarantee, to bid for more sponsorship money.
At the start of the 2005/6 season the English Chess Federation was created, inheriting the BCF's assets and personnel. The former BCF still exists for legacy purposes, but its website was inherited by the ECF. The Scottish and Welsh Federations hold their own championships every year as they did before. Therefore the change does not make much difference to most players.

The situation in Ireland is more complicated. The Irish Chess Union since 1912 was the governing body for both the Republic and Northern Ireland. In 2005 the Ulster Chess Union broke away from the Irish Chess Union. These two groups were part of the original British Chess Federation, but are not in any way connected to the new English Chess Federation. All groups except the Ulster Chess Union are members of the International Chess Federation FIDE, and the European Chess Union.

References 

Chess organizations
Sports organisations of England
The Ancient Beringians are the earliest known population of North America. They migrated from  Beringia into Alaska  sometime before 11,500 years ago. They separated from other Paleo-Indians about 20,000 years ago. The discovery of an "Ancient Beringian" genome from the remains of two infants dated to 11,500 years ago was announced in January 2018.
The Ancient Beringians remained in the Arctic until they either became extinct  or amalgamated with the Dene about five to six thousand years ago.

The Ancient Beringian were hunter-gatherers.  They ate wild plants and wild animals. Some of the animals they ate were salmon, ptarmigan, and ground squirrels.

References 

Pre-Columbian cultures
Windows 3.1 (codenamed Janus) is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers. The series began with Windows 3.1, which was first sold during April 1992 as a successor to Windows 3.0. Subsequent versions were released between 1992 and 1994 until the series was superseded by Windows 95. During its lifespan, Windows 3.1 introduced several enhancements to the still MS-DOS-based platform, including improved system stability, expanded support for multimedia, TrueType fonts, and workgroup networking.

Windows 3.1 was originally released on April 6, 1992; official support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001, and OEM licensing for Windows for Workgroups 3.11 on embedded systems continued to be available until November 1, 2008.

Windows 3.1 is the final version of Windows that supports 16-bit processors. Its successor, Windows 95, requires a 32-bit processor (also known as x86-based processor) in any supported architecture.

Updates
Updates

Windows for Workgroups
In November 1992, Microsoft released two versions of Windows for Workgroups: 3.1 and 3.11.

Windows 3.2
In 1993, Microsoft released Windows 3.2, although only released in China and only fixed issues with the input system for simplified chinese.

Windows NT

On September 27, 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT 3.1. It was the first Windows NT version. It has better programming and more features. Windows NT is not a true update to Windows 3.1 as it does not share any kernel code with Windows 3.1. Instead it is based on the new 32-bit Windows NT kernel.

Model

References 

 

Microsoft operating systems
Oleg Andreyevich Anofriyev (sometimes spelled Oleg Anofriev, ; 20 July 1930 – 28 March 2018), People's Artist of Russia (PAR), was a Soviet and Russian actor, singer, songwriter, movie director and poet. He was born in Gelendzhik. He graduated from Moscow Art Theatre in 1954.

He was known for his voice role in the 1969 animated movie The Bremen Town Musicians.

Anofriyev died on 28 March 2018 in Moscow at the age of 87.

References

Other websites 
 

Oleg Anofriyev at animator.ru

1930 births
2018 deaths
Russian movie actors
Russian movie directors
Russian singer-songwriters
Soviet movie actors
Soviet singers
Russian voice actors
Russian stage actors
Tony Cucchiara, stage name of Salvatore Cucchiara (30 October 1937 – 3 May 2018) was an Italian folk singer-songwriter,  playwright and composer. In 1970 Cucchiara debuted as a playwright with a musical titled Cassandra 2000. His first hit was the song " Annalisa", named after Cucchiara's first daughter. This song was used as closing theme of the RAI variety show Alta pressione.

Cucchiara died in Rome on 3 May 2018 at the age of 80.

References

Other websites
 

1937 births
2018 deaths
Italian singer-songwriters
20th-century Italian composers
Italian playwrights
People from Sicily
Khorramshahr () is a port city in the south of Iran. It is on the northern tip of the Persian Gulf, on the Karun river.

References  

Cities in Khuzestan Province
William Arthur Torrey (June 23, 1934 – May 2, 2018) was a Canadian hockey executive. He served as a general manager in the National Hockey League for the Oakland Seals, New York Islanders, and Florida Panthers. He owned the Islands when they won four Stanley Cups.  He was often known as "The Architect," and "Bow-Tie" Bill, after the signature bow tie he always wore.

Torrey was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1995.

Torrey died at his home in West Palm Beach, Florida, on the evening of May 2, 2018, aged 83.

References

1934 births
2018 deaths
Canadian businesspeople
People from Montreal
Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama (1 January 1953 – 3 May 2018) was a Mozambican politician. He was the leader of RENAMO, an anti-communist guerrilla movement from 1979 to 2018. He fought the FRELIMO government in the Mozambican Civil War before signing a peace agreement. Dhlakama became the opposition leader in the early 1990s. Dhlakama was born in Muxúngue, Sofala Province.

Dhlakama died on 3 May 2018 in Muxúngue of a heart attack at the age of 65.

References

Other websites
Special Report on Mozambique Elections by the Carter Center
Final Report of the European Union Election Observation Mission 

1953 births
2018 deaths
Generals
Roman Catholics
Anti-communists
Mozambican politicians
Khuzestan province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southwest of the country and borders on Iraq and the Persian Gulf. The capital city is Ahvaz. It was the location of the ancient city of Susa in the Persian Empire. The province is majority Arab with a significant Persian minority.

References
Transport within Singapore is mainly land-based. Many parts of Singapore, including certain islands such as Sentosa and Jurong Island are accessible by road. The other major form of transportation within Singapore is rail: the Mass Rapid Transit which runs the length and width of Singapore, and the Light Rail Transit which runs within a few neighbourhoods. The main island of Singapore is connected to the other islands by ferryboat services.

Singapore also has a great deal of links to the rest of the world. There are two bridges which link Singapore to Malaysia – the Causeway, and the Second Link. The Singapore Changi Airport is a major aviation hub in Asia, and Singapore is a major transshipment port.

Public transport 

Singapore has one of the best public transport networks in the world, according to a study by London consulting firm Credo. Public transport includes bus, train, and taxi.
Regulations 
The public transport system is regulated by the Land Transport Authority, which oversees the three main modes of public transportation. Fare regulation and bus service standards are under the purview of an independent body, the Public Transport Council, while TransitLink, established by SBS Transit, SMRT Trains and SMRT Buses, helps to create an integrated multi-modal system with a common fare-payment mode, information platform, and a physical network without duplication of services.
Statistics 
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Singapore, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 84 min. 25% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7.3 km, while 16% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.
Public transport for tourists 
Launched in December 2007 by Land Transport Authority, Singapore Tourism Board and EZ-Link, the Singapore Tourist Pass offers unlimited travel for tourists to Singapore on Singapore's public transport system. For S$10 a day (S$20 for 3 days, as of April 2017) and with S$10 deposit, tourists can take any number of rides on buses and trains operated by SBS Transit, SMRT Buses and SMRT Trains. Certain buses like Night Rider, train service like Sentosa Express are not applicable. The Singapore Tourist Pass is available at selected MRT stations.

Rail transport

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
Singapore's public transport system has been mostly buses, until the opening of the first section of the Mass Rapid Transit in 1987. Although buses still enjoy an average daily ridership exceeding the number carried on both the MRT and LRT systems (3.9 million on buses, compared to 3.1 million on the MRT and LRT in the year 2016), the Land Transport Authority plans to expand the rail system such that buses will eventually play only a feeder role to an extensive rail network.

The current MRT network consists of five main lines, for a total network length of  and with 119 stations. The North South Line, East West Line and Circle Line are operated by SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation), while the North East Line and Downtown Line since 22 December 2013, are run by SBS Transit. The Circle Line Extension from Promenade to Marina Bay began operation since 14 January 2012.

Light Rail Transit (LRT)
Other Lines 
Singapore has had other various forms of light urban rail systems, such as the monorail system on Sentosa island, which opened in February 1982. This 6.4 km, 6-station system was closed in March 2005 and a new Sentosa Express system was built by December 2006. The Changi Skytrain, a people mover system shuttling passengers between the three terminals at the Singapore Changi Airport, was opened originally in 1990 along with Terminal 2 and upgraded in 2006 with the completion of Terminal 3. The Jurong BirdPark previously featured an air-conditioned panorail which closed in 2012.

Road transport

Buses

Taxis and transportation network companies
Taxicabs are a popular form of public transport in the compact sovereign city-state of Singapore, with fares considered relatively low compared to those in most cities in developed countries. As of December 2014, the total taxi fleet in Singapore was 28,736 taxis, operated by 6 taxi companies and 178 independent drivers. Taxis may be flagged down at any time of the day along any public road outside of the Central Business District (CBD). However, increased usage of Uber and Grab has resulted in a decrease in the usage of taxis.

Air transport 

There are six local scheduled service airlines, all of them operating from Singapore Changi Airport, offering scheduled flights to over 70 cities on six continents. The national flag carrier, Singapore Airlines, operates from Changi Airport Terminal 2 and 3. Its subsidiaries, SilkAir and Scoot, operate from Changi Airport Terminal 2.
Singapore's two budget airlines, Jetstar Asia Airways and Valuair, operate from Changi Airport Terminal 1. Only one budget airline, Tiger Airways, chose to operate at the Budget Terminal; other budget airlines have cited various reasons for not shifting operations to the Budget Terminal, including accessibility and ease of transfers to connecting flights.

There are 6 airlines operate from Singapore. these are 

 Jetstar Asia Airways – founded 2004
 Scoot – founded 2011
 SilkAir – founded 1976
 Singapore Airlines – founded 1937 (as Malayan Airways)
 Tigerair – founded 2003 (merged with Scoot in 2017)
 Valuair – founded 2004 (merged with Jetstar Asia in 2005, brand retained for certain Jetstar Asia's services)

Aerial lift transport

Cable car 
The Singapore Cable Car, plies between Mount Faber on the main island of Singapore and the resort island of Sentosa as an alternative means of accessing that tourist attraction. The cable car system underwent a revamp that was completed in August 2010.
Maritime transport 

Water transport within the main island is limited to the River Taxi along the Singapore River. The service was introduced in January 2013, with low ridership. There are also daily scheduled ferry services from the Marina South Pier to the Southern Islands such as Kusu Island and Saint John's Island.

Singapore Cruise Centre (SCC) runs Tanah Merah and HarbourFront Ferry Terminals which are connected by ferry services to Indonesian Riau Islands of Batam, Bintan and Karimun. Commercial ferry services are available for booking with SCC's subsidiary SCC Travel Services which operates wowgetaways.com portal

Infrastructure

Airports 

Singapore aims to be Asia's aviation hub chiefly via the promotion of liberal aviation policies in a bid to encourage airlines to commence and maintain operations there. The aviation industry is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore, a statutory board of the Singapore government under the Ministry of Transport.
An open skies agreement was concluded with the United Kingdom in October 2007 permitting unrestricted services from Singapore by UK carriers. Singapore carriers were allowed to operate domestic UK services as well as services beyond London Heathrow to a number of destinations, including the United States along with Canada.

Singapore Changi Airport, with its four terminals, is one of the most important air hubs in the region. The international airport is situated at the easternmost tip of the main island, and serves 185 cities in 58 countries. With the recent opening of the third terminal, Changi is now capable of handling 64 million passengers every year.

Seletar Airport is Singapore's first civil aviation airport and is primarily used for private aviation today. The airport also serves limited scheduled commercial flights by Berjaya Air to the Malaysian islands of Tioman Island and Redang Island.

Ports and harbours
There are boats and ferry services to nearby islands of Malaysia and Indonesia. These services can be found at Changi Ferry Terminal, Changi Point Ferry Terminal, Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal, Singapore Cruise Centre and Marina Bay Cruise Centre Singapore.

The Port of Singapore, run by the port operators PSA International (formerly the Port of Singapore Authority) and Jurong Port, is the world's busiest in terms of shipping tonnage handled 1.04 billion gross tons were handled in the year 2004, crossing the one billion mark for the first time in Singapore's maritime history. Singapore also emerged as the top port in terms of cargo tonnage handled with 393 million tonnes of cargo in the same year, beating the Port of Rotterdam for the first time in the process. In 2006, it handled a total of 448 million tonnes of cargo.
Singapore is ranked second globally in terms of containerised traffic, with 21.3 million Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) handled in 2004, and is also the world's busiest hub for transshipment traffic. Additionally, Singapore is the world's largest bunkering hub, with 23.6 million tonnes sold in 2004.

In 2007, the Port of Singapore was ranked the world's busiest port, surpassing Hong Kong and Shanghai. The Port of Singapore is also ranked the Best Seaport in Asia.

Railways
Railways

Malaysian Railway 
The international railway line to Malaysia is an extension of the Malaysian rail network operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu (Malayan Railways). Since 1 July 2011, Woodlands Train Checkpoint serves as the southern terminus of the KTM rail network. Previously, KTM trains terminated at Tanjong Pagar railway station in central Singapore. Two more rail links are being planned: the Kuala Lumpur-Singapore High Speed Rail terminating in Jurong East, and the Johor Bahru-Singapore Rapid Transit System between Woodlands North and Bukit Chagar, Johor Bahru.

MRT lines 
MRT trains run through tunnels and viaducts along the following lines:

 North South MRT Line (SMRT) 
 East West MRT Line (SMRT)
 North East MRT Line (SBS Transit)
 Circle MRT Line  (SMRT)
 Downtown MRT Line (SBS Transit)

LRT lines 
LRT trains run on viaducts along the following lines:

 Bukit Panjang LRT Line (SMRT)
 Sengkang LRT Line (SBS Transit)
 Punggol LRT Line  (SBS Transit)

Causeway and link bridge
Singapore has two land links to Malaysia. The Johor-Singapore Causeway, built in the 1920s to connect Johor Bahru in Johor, Malaysia to Woodlands in Singapore, carries a road and a railway line. The Tuas Second Link, a bridge further west, was completed in 1996 and links Tuas in Singapore to Tanjung Kupang in Johor.

Roads and expressways 
Singapore pioneered the modern use of toll roads to enter the most congested city centre area with the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, which has since been replaced with the Electronic Road Pricing, a form of electronic toll collection.

 Total length of expressways: 161 km
 Total length of major arterial roads: 645 km
 Total length of collector roads: 557 km
 Total length of local access roads: 2048 km (as of 2011)

Traffic drives on the left which is typical in Commonwealth countries.
Ayer Rajah Expressway (AYE)
 Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE)
 Central Expressway (CTE)
 East Coast Parkway (ECP)
 Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE)
 Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway (KPE)
 Kranji Expressway (KJE)
 Pan Island Expressway (PIE)
 Seletar Expressway (SLE)
 Tampines Expressway (TPE)
 North-South Expressway (under planning)

The influence of expressways on Singapore's transport policy developed shortly after independence during the history of Singapore because of frequent traffic congestion in the Central district. The aim was to encourage residential development in other parts of the island and give residents in these new "satellite towns" a convenient link between their homes and their workplaces (which were mostly situated around the city centre.)

References

Other websites 
 Ministry of Transport 
 Public Transport Council 
 Land Transport Authority
 TransitLink 
 PublicTransport@SG
 Taxi Singapore and Transport Guide
Maxi Cab Booking Singapore 

Transport in Singapore
Isabela Garcia Costa (born June 11, 1967 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress.

Because of her incredible resemblance to Shirley Temple in her childhood years, Garcia was evidently destined to be an actress. At just four years she made her debut in a telenovela. In 1976 it appeared for the first time on the big screen. 1980 was the year of the debut of Isabela, in the telenovela Água Viva, where she played Maria Helena, the tender orphan girl of a mother who enters the lives of all the characters of the story. Garcia was the daughter of a radio actor.

In 1986 she was in the cast of Anos Dourados and Roda de Fogo. In Bebê a Bordo, Isabela played the lead, Ana. The novel was a great success and the actress was the highlight of the year 1988. In the following novels, O Sexo dos Anjos (1989) and Lua Cheia de Amor (1990), Isabela played leading paerts.
In 1993, she played the villain Lúcia Guerra in Sonho Meu. In the miniseries Labirinto, 1998, her character was the fun Yoyô socialite. In 2003, Isabela returned to be in evidence with the character Eliete, of Celebridade.

In 2007, Isabela won the Friends of Best Supporting Actress Award for her performance in the novel Paraíso Tropical. In 2012 he acted in Lado a Lado. 

Isabela is the daughter of Dirce Prieto and of the radioactor Gilberto Garcia, who died in 1996. She has three brothers Gilberto, Ricardo and Rosana Garcia, actress, performer of the famous Narizinho of Sítio do Picapau Amarelo.

She has four children.

References

Other websites 

1967 births
Living people
Brazilian television actors
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian stage actors
Actors from Rio de Janeiro
Signs of Life () is a 1968 movie. Werner Herzog wrote, directed, and produced it. It was his first feature movie. The story of the movie is based on the short story "Der Tolle Invalide auf dem Fort Ratonneau" by Achim von Arnim. The movie won a German Film Award.

Cast
 Peter Brogle - Stroszek
 Wolfgang Reichmann - Meinhard
 Athina Zacharopoulou - Nora
 Wolfgang von Ungern-Sternberg - Becker
 Wolfgang Stumpf - Captain
 Henry van Lyck - Lieutenant
 Julio Pinheiro - Gypsy
 Florian Fricke - Pianist
 Heinz Usener - Doctor
 Achmed Hafiz - Greek resident

References

Other websites

1968 drama movies
World War II movies
Movies set in Greece
Mental disorders in fiction
German movies
Movies directed by Werner Herzog
Plastic pollution is when there is a lot of plastic in the environment and it negatively affects animals, animal habitats or people. Many things are made of plastic because it is inexpensive and durable. Most plastics will not biodegrade, so they stay in the environment for a long time. That results in a lot of plastic pollution in the environment. They are the Shanghai Sharks,

References

Pollution
L
Hans Fritz Scholl (22 September  1918 Crailsheim Germany  22 February  1943 Munich) was the leader of the White Rose Resistance group. Along with Alexander Schmorell, Christoph Probst, Willi Graf, Sophie Scholl, and Kurt Huber, Hans wrote and distributed six different leaflets criticizing Hitler and Hitler Germany. On February 18, 1943, Hans was captured by the Gestapo. After four days of interrogation, he was executed by guillotine on February 22, 1943.

Early Life 
Hans Scholl was the son of the mayor Robert Scholl (1891-1973) and his wife Magdalene Scholl (1881-1958). His siblings were Inge Scholl, Elizabeth Scholl, Sophie Scholl, and Werner Scholl. The family moved Forchtenberg in 1929. When Hitler came into power, Hans and his siblings joined the Hitler Youth against the wishes of his parents, who were devout Christians and did not approve of the course Hitler was taking with the formerly illustrious country.
Seeds of Resistance and the 1937-1938 Trial 
the turning point came for Hans when he was the flag bearer for a Hitler youth rally. This was a great honor, but when Hans came back from the rally, instead of being elated and happy, he came home depressed. He later explained that he had seen that freedom of expression wasn’t allowed or accepted in Hitler’s Germany. Instead, public conformity was the law. Whether or not this caused him to begin to innerly revolt against Hitler, he was even more inspired to revolt in 1937 when he was captured for being part of an illicit anti nazi christian group known as d.j.1.11. He was held in prison for six weeks. At his trial, he was accused of being part of the Christian Youth Group and also of having a homosexual relationship. he was set free for both offenses, but this persecution left a lasting impact on him.
After graduation from the high school he did work service in Göppingen. In November he began to  military service in Bad Cannstatt. In 1938 after ending military training Hans began studying medicine placement. In May 1940 he was a paramedic in France.
In 1942, Hans, along with his good friend Alexander Schmorell, started an Anti-Nazi resistance group. Calling themselves The White Rose (and later, The Resistance Movement in Germany), the two young men wrote leaflets denouncing the state of Nazi Germany and calling for passive resistance. They then mailed the leaflets to officials and intellectuals around Munich. The first four leaflets were written from June 1942-July 1942. In July 1942, Hans and Alexander (as well as their good friend Willi Graf) received notice that they were being deployed to Russia for a three month stint as medics. They left Munich on July 23, 1942. During there three months there, the young men saw horrifying things, including the Warsaw Ghetto. What they saw inspired them to step up their leaflet game. When they returned to Munich, Hans and Alexander, as well as Willi Graf, Christoph Probst, and Sophie Scholl, began to step up their efforts. They were soon joined by Sophie’s philosophy teacher Kurt Huber
. Together, these six individuals made up the core of the White Rose Resistance. In January 1943, the fifth leaflet was released. While the other pamphlets had only about a hundred distributed, about 10,000 copies were made of the fifth leaflet, which was distributed all around Germany by the members, who braved trains swarming with Gestapo to post their letters from different places in Germany.
On February 3, inspired by a student protest against Hitler, Hans, Willi and Alexander went out in the middle of the night to graffiti Munich with slogans such as “Down with Hitler,” “Hitler the mass murderer”, and “Freedom!” They repeated these graffiti campaigns on February 8 and February 15. 

On February 9, Kurt Huber gave Hans his draft for the sixth pamphlet. Hans agreed with most of the pamphlet, but decided to remove a section against Huber’s wishes. This infuriated Huber, who left the encounter angry and upset. He never saw Hans again.
On the morning of February 18, Hans and Sophie snuck into the University while classes were going. Spreading leaflets in the halls, they began to leave the university when Sophie realized she still had more leaflets in her briefcase. Hurrying up to the top floor of the University, they began to distribute the remaining leaflets. They were still up there when the bell signaling the end of classes rang. Panicked, Sophie grabbed the last stack of flyers and threw them over the balcony and into the Lichtlof, or indoor atrium. This action was noticed by Jakob Schmid, who was a custodian working in the atrium as the papers fell. Schmid, who was also a Nazi Party Member, locked the exit doors and alerted the Gestapo, who came and arrested Sophie and Hans. For four days Hans was interrogated. At first he denied everything, but when he realized that denying was pointless he changed his story, taking all of the blame in order to protect the other members who hadn’t been captured yet
. Unfortunately, Hans had had a leaflet draft written by Christoph on his person when he was arrested. Christoph, who had bowed off the group due to being married with three children, was captured on February 20. On February 22, Hans, Sophie and Christoph were tried by Roland Freisler, a hard judge known as the “hanging judge” for sentencing up to 90% of the accused to death. The verdict was as expected as it was sad: death by guillotine. Hans and the others were hustled off to prison, where they learned the shocking news that the execution was to take place that same day. Hans and Sophie were able to see their parents before they died.
at around 5 pm, the guards came for Sophie, who was the first to be executed. A few minutes later, the guards came back for Hans. As the ax fell he yelled, “Es leibe die Freiheit!” (Let freedom live!)

Legacy 
Today, the White Rose group, and particularly the Scholl siblings, are commonly know in Germany. Between them, Sophie and Hans have about 200 schools and public institutions named after them in Germany.

Three movies have been made about the White Rose:

Fünf Letzten Tage (Five Final Days), 1982

Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose), 1982

Sophie Scholl, Die Letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl, the Final Days), 2005

References                                                                                                                                                       

1918 births
1943 deaths
People from Munich
World War II people
Ernst Heinrich Weber (24 June 1795 – 26 January 1878) was a German physician. He was one of the founders of experimental psychology. Weber was an influential and important figure in the areas of physiology and psychology during his lifetime and beyond. His studies on sensation and touch, and his emphasis on good experimental techniques were notable. They gave new direction and areas of study to future psychologists, physiologists, and anatomists.

Weber was born into an academic background, with his father serving as a professor at the University of Wittenberg. Weber became a doctor, specializing in anatomy and physiology. Two of his younger brothers, Wilhelm and Eduard, were also influential in academia, both as scientists. One did physics and the other anatomy. Ernst became a lecturer and a professor at the University of Leipzig and stayed there until his retirement.

1795 births
1878 deaths
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German doctors
German psychologists
The Tarte Tatin is called after the hotel which served it as its signature dish. 

It is an upside-down pastry. The fruit (usually apples) are caramelized in butter and sugar before the tart is baked. 

It originated in France but has spread to other countries over the years.

French food
Apple products
Desserts
Pies
A flatboat is a rectangular flat-bottomed boat with  square ends used to transport freight and passengers on inland waterways. The flatboat could be any size, but essentially it is large, sturdy tub with a hull.

A flatboat is almost always a one-way vessel, and is usually dismantled for lumber when it reaches its downstream destination.

References 

Ship types
Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (; ; 1698 – 27 July 1759) was a French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters. He became the Director of the Académie des Sciences, and the first President of the Prussian Academy of Science, at the invitation of Frederick the Great.

Maupertuis made an expedition to Lapland to determine the shape of the Earth. He is often credited with having invented the principle of least action; a version is known as Maupertuis's principle – an integral equation that determines the path followed by a physical system. His work in natural history is interesting in relation to modern science, since he touched on aspects of heredity and the struggle for life.

References 

1698 births
1759 deaths
French scientists
French physicists
French astronomers
French biologists
French philosophers
Writers from Brittany
Members of the Académie française
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from Ille-et-Vilaine
Captain Matthew Webb (19 January 1848 – 24 July 1883) was the first recorded person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aids for sport purpose. On 25 August 1875, Webb swam from Dover to Calais in less than 22 hours. Webb attempet to swim the Niagra River on August 24, 1883 but died near the entrance to the whirlpool.

References

British swimmers
1848 births
1883 deaths
Magnosaurus (meaning 'large lizard') was a theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of England.  The main species, Magnosaurus nethercombensis has poorly preserved remains. It has often been confused with or included in Megalosaurus.

In 1923, German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene named Megalosaurus nethercombensis from a partial skeleton. It was found in the nineteenth century by W. Parker in Dorset. Fossils came from a possible juvenile individual.  Huene interpreted it as a more primitive species of Megalosaurus.

The remains are just a few fragments. Details of its anatomical features are unknown. It would have been a bipedal carnivore of moderate size for a dinosaur.

References 

Theropods
Dinosaurs
CGP Grey is an American-Irish podcaster and educational YouTuber who created the podcast Hello Internet with fellow educational YouTuber Brady Haran. Since 2015, he also hosts the audio podcast Cortex with Myke Hurley of Relay FM. In addition to podcast production, Grey is known for posting on YouTube under the channel CGP Grey. His YouTube channel mainly features short explanatory videos on varying subjects, including politics, geography, economics, history, culture, and recently death. The channel's most popular video is an explanation of the terminology of the British Isles. Grey's videos have received increasing attention, having been covered by several publications, including Business Insider and The Washington Post.

References

American YouTubers
Living people
Podcasters
2000 births
American editors
Television producers
Chuandongocoelurus is a tetanuran theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of China.

Discovery and naming 

The type species Chuandongocoelurus primitivus was first described and named by Chinese paleontologist He Xinlu in 1984.

Chuandongocoelurus was based on two partial skeletons. The holotype, a thighbone, is part of specimen CCG 20010. Vertebrae, pelvic bones and hindlimb elements, also catalogued under this inventory number, may belong to the same individual. Chaundongocoelurus was a close relative of Elaphrosaurus

The thighbone of C. primitivus has a length of 20.1 cm.

References

Other websites
 Details on Chuandongocoelurus, from the Dinosaur Mailing List (includes full redescription) 

Tetanurans
Wolfgang Otto Völz (16 August 1930 – 2 May 2018) was a German actor. He was born in Free City of Danzig.

He was known for his roles in theatre plays, television shows, feature movies (especially German movies based on Edgar Wallace works) and taped radio shows. He was also a very prolific voice actor.

He dubbed American stars such as Walter Matthau, Peter Falk and Mel Brooks and people or animals in animated movies like Impy's Island.

Völz died at his home in Berlin at the age of 87.

References

Other websites 
 

1930 births
2018 deaths
German stage actors
German movie actors
German television actors
German voice actors
People from Gdańsk
Poekilopleuron (meaning "varied ribs") is a megalosauroid  dinosaur. The genus has been used under many different spelling variants, although only one, Poekilopleuron, is valid. The type species is P. bucklandii (see also Megalosaurus), named after William Buckland, and many junior synonyms of it have also been erected. Few material is currently known, as the holotype was destroyed in World War II, although many casts of the material still exist.

Discovery and naming 
Poekilopleuron is a genus of theropod with a long and complex history. The genus was first named and described by Jacques-Amand Eudes-Deslongchamps in a report published in 1836, based on holotype material that is now destroyed. In 1837, Eudes-Deslongchamps published a more detailed account of this discovery in a monograph which was also inserted next year in volume 6 of the "Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne Normandie".
The holotype, which was housed in Musée de la Faculté des Sciences de Caen and destroyed during World War II, included gastralia, phalanges, a left forelimb, caudal vertebrae, chevrons, ribs and a hindlimb. Of all the material, few is still preserved, although the gastralia, phalanges and forelimb were casted.

In the same 1836 publication, Eudes-Deslongchamps also named the type species of Poekilopleuron, P. bucklandii. Eudes-Deslongchapms noted similarities with some material of Megalosaurus bucklandii and Poekilopleuron, and chose the species name bucklandii for Poekilopleuron, so that it the two genera were synonymized, only the genus name would be suppressed. The generic name is derived from Greek ποίκιλος, poikilos, "varied", and πλευρών, pleuron, "rib", a reference to the three types of rib present. The specific name, honouring William Buckland, was deliberately identical to that of Megalosaurus bucklandii.

References 

Tetanurans
Theropods
Donald Franchot McHenry (born October 13, 1936) is a former American diplomat. He was the United States Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the United Nations from September 1979 until January 20, 1981.

McHenry was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and grew up across the river in East St. Louis, Illinois.

In September 1979, McHenry was appointed Ambassador and U.S. Permanent Representative to the U.N. by President Jimmy Carter.

He has been a director of The Coca-Cola Company since 1981, as well as a former director of AT&T Corporation and International Paper.

1936 births
African-American people
American diplomats
People from East St. Louis, Illinois
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
Living people
Herman Krebbers (18 June 1923 – 2 May 2018) was a Dutch violinist. He was born in Hengelo, Overijssel. In 1943 the 19-year-old violinist debuted with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and eventually became the Orchestra's Concertmaster in 1962. In parallel he led a career as a soloist and a chamber musician.

References

1923 births
2018 deaths
Musicians from Overijssel
People from Hengelo
Violinists
Reece Daniel Thompson (born November 22, 1988) is a Canadian actor and voice actor. Thompson started his acting career as a child actor by voice acting in several animated television series and minor roles on television shows before transitioning to movies. In 1997 he had the minor role of Irish Little Boy playing opposite Jenette Goldstein in the academy award-winning movie Titanic. His first major role came in the 2007 movie Rocket Science. Thompson appeared in 2009's Assassination of a High School President with Mischa Barton and Bruce Willis, and in Afterwards. Also in 2012, he appeared as Craig in The Perks of Being a Wallflower.

Early life 
Thompson grew up in White Rock, British Columbia, Canada, a small town near Vancouver. His mother ran a film society that brought independent movies to town. Thompson had always expressed an interest in becoming an actor to his parents; and at a young age, Thompson, along with the rest of his family, began taking background roles in productions in Vancouver.
After the sixth grade, Thompson decided that he didn't want to continue going to school and convinced his mother to homeschool him. Soon after Thompson began attending an acting school. Thompson signed with an agent he was introduced to through the school and began attending auditions.

Personal life 
Thompson currently lives part-time in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The other half of his time is spent living in Los Angeles, California in the United States. He is a co-founder of the online comedy group "Jitterbug Productions".

References

Other websites 
 

1988 births
Canadian child actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Actors from British Columbia
Living people
Abi Ofarim, born Avraham Reichstadt (5 October 1937 – 4 May 2018) was an Israeli singer, musician and dancer. He was born in Safed, Mandatory Palestine. In 1961, he married Esther Ofarim, his musical duo. Their greatest success in Germany came the next year with "Morning of my Life", written by the Bee Gees. In 1968 "Cinderella Rockefella" hit the top of the charts in a number of countries including the UK.

Ofarim died on 4 May 2018 at the age of 80.

References

1937 births
2018 deaths
Israeli singers
Israeli musicians
Dancers
Henryk Skolimowski (4 May 1930 – 6 April 2018) is a Polish philosopher. He completed technical studies, musicology and philosophy in Warsaw. He received his Ph.D. in philosophy from Oxford University. He was born in Warsaw. uring decades of travel and involvement with leading thinkers across the globe, Skolimowski has become familiar a great variety of cultures, and has included winning precepts from them into his works.

In the years 1992-1997 Skolimowski held the position of Chair of Eco-Philosophy at Technical University of Lodz, the first such position of its kind in the world.

Skolimowski died on 6 April 2018 in Warsaw at the age of 87.

References

Other websites
   The Eco-philosophy Centre website
 Google Books
 Google Scholar

1930 births
2018 deaths
Polish academics
20th-century Polish philosophers
People from Warsaw
21st-century Polish philosophers
Eric Otto Koch (31 August 1919 – 28 April 2018) was a German-born Canadian author, broadcaster and academic.

He retired from the broadcaster in 1979 in order to focus on writing books and teaching at York University where he was a course director in the Social Science Division and taught a course on The Politics of Canadian Broadcasting for 18 years.

He published his first novel at the age of 60, Koch is the author of 13 books of fiction.

References

Other websites
 His archival records are preserved at York University Libraries (F472)
 Eric Koch's blog
 Eric Koch Biography - (born 1919), The French kiss, tour de force, Leisure riots

1919 births
2018 deaths
German Jews
Academics of York University
Canadian novelists
Writers from Frankfurt
Geneviève Claisse (17 July 1935, in Quiévy – 30 April 2018, in Dreux) was a French geometrical abstract painter. Her first personal exhibits in the Galerie Caille in Cambrai and Galerie Hybler in Paris in 1958. Her arts were displayed at museums in Oslo and Paris.

References

Other websites
Geneviève Claisse personal testimony 

1935 births
2018 deaths
French painters
Anatole Borisovich Katok (; August 9, 1944 – April 30, 2018) was an Russian-American mathematician. Katok was the Director of the Center for Dynamics and Geometry at the Pennsylvania State University.
His field of research was the theory of dynamical systems.

References

Other websites
 Anatole Katok – Google Scholar Citations
 List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society

1944 births
2018 deaths
American mathematicians
Educators from Washington, D.C.
Russian mathematicians
Russian academics
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Admiral Sir John Devereux Treacher  (23 September 1924 – 30 April 2018) was a British naval officer. He served as Commander-in-Chief Fleet from 1975 to 1977.

In retirement he became Chief Executive of National Car Parks. He was also Deputy Chairman of Westland Group and a Director of Meggitt. He was named chairman of London's Playboy Club in an attempt to secure a gambling license that had been denied over concerns regarding his predecessor.

Treacher died on 30 April 2018 at the age of 93.

References 

1924 births
2018 deaths
British businesspeople
British military personnel of World War II
William de Clerq Reynolds (December 9, 1931 – August 24, 2022) was an American  actor. He was best known for his movie roles in the 1950s and his television roles in the 1960s and 1970s. He was known for his the title role in Pete Kelly's Blues.

Reynolds caught his big break co-starring with Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., in another ABC series, the long-running The F.B.I.. Reynolds first made guest appearances in seasons one and two in 1966, before he appeared as series regular Special Agent Tom Colby from 1967 to 1973.

Reynolds died on August 24, 2022 from pneumonia in Wildomar, California at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
 
 TV.com page for William Reynolds 
 The 1965 FBI Show Tribute Site

1931 births
2022 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Deaths from pneumonia
Danville is a borough in and the county seat of Montour County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is along the North Branch of the Susquehanna River. Danville was home to 8,042 people in 1900, 7,517 people in 1910, and 7,122 people in 1940. The population was 4,699 at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
 DanvillePA.com, sponsored by the Press-Enterprise
 Danvilleboro.org
 Iron Heritage Festival

Boroughs in Pennsylvania
County seats in Pennsylvania
Ignacio Zaragoza Seguín (; March 24, 1829 – September 8, 1862) was a Mexican general and politician. He led the Mexican army that defeated invading French forces at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862 (mostly celebrated in the United States as Cinco de Mayo).

Shortly after his famous victory, Zaragoza was struck with typhoid fever, of which he died at the age of 33. He was buried in San Fernando Cemetery in Mexico City.

Other websites
"Zaragoza Seguín, Ignacio ". The Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved July 1, 2005.

1829 births
1862 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in Mexico
Deaths from typhoid fever
Mexican generals
Mexican politicians
Shazam! is an American superhero movie that was released in 2019. It is based on the DC Comics character of the same name and is the seventh movie in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). The movie was directed by David F. Sandberg.

It stars Asher Angel as Billy Batson, a teenage boy who can transform via the magic word "Shazam" into an adult superhero, played by Zachary Levi. Mark Strong, Grace Fulton, Jack Dylan Grazer and his fianceè Harmony Dylan Grazer, Ian Chen, Jovan Armand, Faithe Herman, and Djimon Hounsou also appear in the movie as supporting characters.

The movie was released by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. Pictures in RealD 3D and IMAX 3D on April 5, 2019.

Plot