Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After 1947, India had a socialist planned economy. It is one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. It has fought many wars since independence from Britain, including the wars in 1947-48, 1965, 1971, and 1999 with Pakistan and in 1962 with China. It also fought a war to capture Goa, a Portuguese-built port and a city that was not a part of India until 1961. The Portuguese refused to give it to the country, and so India had to use force and the Portuguese were defeated. India has also done nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998. It is one of the few countries that have nuclear bombs. Since 1991, India has been one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.

Government 

India has the most people of any democracy in the world.

India's government is divided into three parts: the Legislative (the one that makes the laws, the Parliament), the Executive (the government), and the Judiciary (the one that makes sure that the laws are obeyed, the supreme court).
The legislative branch is made up of the Parliament of India, which is in New Delhi, the capital of India. The Parliament of India is divided into two houses: the upper house, Rajya Sabha (Council of States); and the lower house, Lok Sabha (House of People). The Rajya Sabha has 250 members, and the Lok Sabha has 552 members.

The executive branch is made up of the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers. The President of India is elected for a period of five years. The President can choose the Prime Minister, who has most of the power. The Council of Ministers, such as the Minister of Defence, helps the Prime Minister. Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India on 16 May 2014. He is the 19th Prime Minister of India. The president has less power than the prime minister.
The judicial branch is made up of the courts of India, including the Supreme Court. The Chief Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court. Supreme Court members have the power to stop a law being passed by Parliament if they think that the law is illegal and contradicts (opposes) the Constitution of India. In India, there are also 24 High Courts.

Geography and climate 

India is the seventh biggest country in the world. It is the main part of the Indian subcontinent. The countries next to India are Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, and Nepal. It is also near Sri Lanka, an island country. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India, is near Thailand, Indonesia, and Myanmar.
India is a peninsula, which means that it is surrounded on three sides by water. In the west is the Arabian Sea, in the south is the Indian Ocean, and in the east is the Bay of Bengal. The coastline of India is of about  long. The northern part of India has many mountains. The most famous mountain range in India is the Himalayas, which have some of the tallest mountains in the world. There are many rivers in India. The main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari, the Kaveri, the Narmada, and the Krishna.
India has different climates. In the South, the climate is mainly tropical, which means it can get very hot in summer and cool in winter. The northern part, though, has a cooler climate, called sub-tropical, and even alpine in mountainous regions. The Himalayas, in the alpine climate region, can get extremely cold. There is very heavy rainfall along the west coast and in the Eastern Himalayan foothills. The west, though, is drier. Because of some of the deserts of India, all of India gets rain for four months of the year. That time is called the monsoon. That is because the deserts attract water-filled winds from the Indian Ocean, which give rain when they come into India. When the monsoon rains come late or not so heavily, droughts (when the land dries out because there is less rain) are possible. Monsoons normally come around July–August.

Military
Military 

The Indian Armed Forces is the military of India. It is made up of an Army, Navy and Air Force. There are other parts like Paramilitary and Strategic Nuclear Command.

The President of India is the Commander-in-Chief. However, it is managed by the Ministry of Defence. In 2010, the Indian Armed Forces had 1.32 million active personnel. This makes it one of the largest militaries in the world.

The Indian Army is becoming more modern by buying and making new weapons. It is also building defenses against missiles of other countries. In the years 2018-2022, India imported more arms than any other nation in the world.

From its independence in 1947, India fought four wars with Pakistan and a war with China.
Indian states 
For administration purposes, India has been divided into smaller pieces. Most of these pieces are called states, some are called union territories. States and union territories are different in the way they are represented. Most union territories are ruled by administrators (called Lieutenant Governors) sent by the central government. All the states, and the territories of Delhi, and Puducherry elect their local government themselves. In total, there are twenty-eight states and eight union territories.

States:

Union territories:

<li>

Trouble with the borders 
There are disputes about certain parts of the Indian borders. Countries do not agree on where the borders are. Pakistan and China do not recognise the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian government claims it as an Indian state. Similarly, the Republic of India does not recognise the Pakistani and Chinese parts of Kashmir.
In 1914, British India and Tibet agreed on the McMahon Line, as part of the Simla Accord. In July 1914, China withdrew from the agreement. Indians and Tibetans see this line as the official border. China does not agree, and both mainland China and Taiwan do not recognize that Arunachal Pradesh belongs to India. According to them, it is a part of South Tibet, which belongs to China.

Economy 

The economy of the country is among the world's fastest growing. It is the 7th largest in the world with a nominal GDP of $2,250 billion (USD), and in terms of PPP, the economy is 3rd largest (worth US$8.720 trillion). The growth rate is 8.25% for fiscal 2010. However, that is still $3678 (considering PPP) per person per year. India's economy is based mainly on:
 Service sector: 43%
 Industries: 41%
 Information technology: 7%
 Farming: 7%
 Outsourcing: 2%.
India's economy is diverse. Major industries include automobiles, cement, chemicals, consumer electronics, food processing, machinery, mining, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, steel, transportation equipment, and textiles.

However, despite economic growth, India continues to suffer from poverty. 27.5% of the population was living in poverty in 2004–2005. In addition, 80.4% of the population live on less than US$2 a day, which was lowered to 68% by 2009.

People 

There are 1.4 billion people living in India. In 2023, India passed China to become the world's most populous country.
About 65% of Indians live in rural areas, or land set aside for farming. The largest cities in India are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad. India has 23 official languages. Altogether, 1,625 languages are spoken in India.
Languages 
There are many different languages and cultures in India. There are two main language families in India, the Indo-Aryan and the Dravidian languages. About 69% of Indians speak an Indo-Arayan language, and about 26% speak a Dravidian language. Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic group. Around 5% of the people speak a Tibeto-Burman language.

Hindi is the official language in India with the largest number of speakers. It is the official language of the union. Native speakers of Hindi represent about 41% of the Indian population (2001 Indian census). English is also used, mostly for business and in administration. It has the status of a 'subsidiary official language'. The constitution also recognises 21 other languages. Either many people speak those languages, or they have been recognized to be very important for Indian culture. The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652.
In the south of India, many people speak Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam. In the north, many people speak Chhattisgarhi, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujarati, and Marathi, Odia, and Bihari.

India has 27 official languages. Its constitution lists the name of the country in each of the languages. Hindi and English (listed in boldface) are the "official languages of the union" (Union meaning the Federal Government in Delhi); Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Odia are officially the "classical languages of India."

Culture
Culture 

Cave paintings from the Stone Age are found across India. They show dances and rituals and suggest there was a prehistoric religion. During the Epic and Puranic periods, the earliest versions of the epic poems Ramayana and Mahabharata were written from about 500–100 BCE, although these were orally transmitted for centuries before this period. Other South Asian Stone Age sites apart from Pakistan are in modern India, such as the Bhimbetka rock shelters in central Madhya Pradesh and the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, contain rock art showing religious rites and evidence of possible ritualised music.
Several modern religions are linked to India, namely modern Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. All of these religions have different schools (ways of thinking) and traditions that are related. As a group they are called the Eastern religions. The Indian religions are similar to one another in many ways: The basic beliefs, the way worship is done and several religious practices are very similar. These similarities mainly come from the fact that these religions have a common history and common origins. They also influenced each other.

The religion of Hinduism is the main faith followed by 79.80% of people in the Republic of India; Islam – 14.23%; Christianity – 2.30%; Sikhism – 1.72%; Buddhism – 0.70% and Jainism – 0.37%.

Technology 
India sent a spacecraft to Mars for the first time in 2014. That made it the fourth country and first Asian country to do so, successfully. It was called the Mars Orbiter Mission.
ISRO launched 104 satellites in a single mission to create a world record. India became the first nation in the world to have launched over a hundred satellites in one mission. That was more than the 2014 Russian record of 37 satellites in a single launch.

Pop culture 
India has the largest movie industry in the world. It is based in Bombay which is now known as Mumbai, the industry is also known as Bollywood. It makes 1,000 movies a year, about twice as many as Hollywood.

Sports
Sports 

Indians have excelled in hockey. They have also won eight gold, one silver, and two bronze medals at the Olympic games. However, cricket is the most popular sport in India. The Indian cricket team won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. They shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka and won the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. Cricket in India is controlled by the Board of Control for Cricket in India or BCCI. Domestic tournaments are the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy, and the Challenger Series. There is also the Indian cricket league and Indian premier league Twenty20 competitions.
Tennis has become popular due to the victories of the India Davis Cup team. Association football is also a popular sport in northeast India, West Bengal, Goa and Kerala. The Indian national football team has won the South Asian Football Federation Cup many times. Chess, which comes from India, is also becoming popular. This is with the increase in the number of Indian Grandmasters. Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which are played throughout India.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Government
 Official entry portal of the Government of India
 Official directory of Indian Government websites

 
Gondwana
1947 establishments in Asia
Commonwealth member states
An insult is a description of someone that will offend them. It may or may not be true. It is called derogatory language. Terms like foolish, stupid, idiot and moron are insults, because they say that a person's mind is not quick or smart.

Insulting someone's mother directly is a serious insult in many cultures.

Ritual insults are part of many cultures. For example, they can be found in sports and military training. They are also very common in jargons. For example, the word newbie is a part of net jargon. Calling someone a newbie is usually insulting.

One should be very careful when using new words to describe others.

Reason
Usually, someone insults others because they want to feel like they are better or have more power (influence) than the people they insult. They may want this because they are actually afraid that they are worse or less powerful than the people they are insulting.
Effects
When someone is insulted, their pride is hurt. They may want to fight back by insulting the person who insulted them, or by telling someone who is older.

Figures of speech
Immunology is the study of the immune system. The immune system is the parts of the body which work against infection and parasitism by other living things. Immunology deals with the working of the immune system in health and diseases, and with malfunctions of the immune system.

An immune system is present in all plants and animals. We know this because biologists have found genes coding for toll-like receptors in many different metazoans. These toll-like receptors can recognise bacteria as 'foreign', and are the starting-point for immune reactions. The type of immunity which is triggered by the toll-like receptors is called innate immunity. This is because it is entirely inherited in our genome, and is fully working as soon as our tissues and organs are properly developed.
Vertebrates, and only vertebrates, have a second type of immunity. This is called adaptive immunity, because it 'remembers' previous infections. Then, if the same infection occurs again, the reaction is much stronger and faster. This immunological memory "confers a tremendous survival advantage" and with it vertebrates "can survive over a long lifetime in a pathogen-filled environment".

Types of immunity in vertebrates

Innate immune response 

The innate immune system is usually means all of the cells and systems that does not have to be exposed to a particular pathogen before they can work.

Innate immunity starts with the skin, which is an excellent barrier to infection.

Adaptive immune response
The adaptive immune system includes cells and systems that do require previous exposure to a pathogen. It explains the unique ability of the mammalian immune system to remember previous infections and mount a rapid and robust reaction to secondary infections.  This immunological memory is due to the biology of T-cells and B-cells.

Other aspects of immunity 
Vaccines boost the acquired immune system by offering weak forms of infection that the body can fight off. The system remembers how to do it again when a stronger infection happens. If the vaccine works, the body can then fight off a serious infection.

The distribution of vaccines and other immune system affecting cures can be considered another level of acquired immune system, one governed by access to vaccination and medicine in general.  The intersection of this with the spread of disease (as studied in epidemiology) is part of the field of public health.
Errors and weaknesses 
Errors of the immune system may cause damage. In autoimmune diseases, the body attacks parts of itself because the system mistakes some parts of the body as 'foreign'. Some kinds of arthritis are caused this way.

Sometimes serious pathogens slip in because their surface is disguised as something the host cell walls can accept. That is how viruses work. Once inside a cell, their genetic material controls the cell. Infections like HIV get in this way, and then attack cells which are the basis of the immune system. Artificial means are often used to restore immune system function in an HIV-challenged body, and prevent the onset of AIDS.  This is one of the most complex issues in immunology as it involves every level of that system.  This research during the 1980s and 1990s radically changed the view of the human immune system and its functions and integration in the human body.

History of immunology
Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century, through rapid developments, in the study of humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction. The Nobel Prize for 1908 was jointly awarded to Ehrlich and the founder of cellular immunology, Ilya Mechnikov (1845–1916).

The simplest form of immunity is the DNA restriction system in bacteria that prevents infection by bacteriophages.

References

Related pages 
 Lymphatic system
 White blood cell
Infinity () is a number which is about things that never end. It is written in a single digit. Infinity means many different things, depending on when it is used. The word is from Latin origin, meaning "without end". Infinity goes on forever, so sometimes space, numbers, and other things are said to be 'infinite', because they never come to a stop.

Infinity is usually not an actual number, but it is sometimes used as one. Infinity often says how many there is of something, instead of how big something is. For example, there are infinitely many whole numbers (called integers), but there is no integer which is infinitely big. But different kinds of math have different kinds of infinity. So its meaning often changes.
There are two kinds of infinity: potential infinity and actual infinity. Potential infinity is a process that never stops. For example, adding 10 to a number. No matter how many times 10 is added, 10 more can still be added. Actual infinity, on the other hand, refers to objects that are accepted as infinite entities (such as transfinite numbers).

Infinity in Mathematics 
Mathematicians have different sizes of infinity and three different kinds of infinity.
Counting infinity
The number of things, beginning with 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., to include infinite cardinal numbers. There are many different cardinal numbers. Infinity can be defined in one of two ways: Infinity is a number so big that a part of it can be of the same size; Infinity is larger than all of the natural numbers. There is a smallest infinite number, countable infinity. It is the counting number for all of the whole numbers. It is also the counting number of the rational numbers. The mathematical notation is the Hebrew letter aleph with a subscript zero; . It is spoken "aleph naught".
It was a surprise to learn that there are larger infinite numbers. The number of real numbers, that is, all numbers with decimals, is larger than the number of rational numbers, the number of fractions. This shows that there are real numbers which are not fractions. The smallest infinite number greater than  is  (aleph one). The number of mathematical functions is the next infinite cardinal number, .
And these numbers, called aleph numbers, go on without end.

Ordering infinity
A different type of infinity are the ordinal numbers, beginning "first, second, third, ...". The order "first, second, third, ..." and so on to infinity is different from the order ending "..., third, second, first". The difference is important for mathematical induction. The simple first, second, third, ...  has the mathematical name: the Greek letter omega with subscript zero: . (Or simply omega .) The infinite series ending "... third, second, first" is .
The real line and complex plane
The third type of infinity has the symbol . This is treated as addition to the real numbers or the complex numbers. It is the result of division by zero, or to indicate that a series is increasing (or decreasing) without bound. The series 1, 2, 3, ... increases without upper bound. This is written: the limit is . In calculus, the integral over all real numbers is written:

The arithmetic of infinity
Each kind of infinity has different rules.

Addition, multiplication, exponentiation

 Addition with "alephs" is commutative.

 Multiplication with "alephs" is commutative.

.

. Addition with "omegas" is not commutative.

. Multiplication with "omegas" is not commutative.

Subtraction, division

 when X is a real number. Otherwise, division by infinity (for example, with omegas or alephs) is not meaningful. Subtraction with infinity is not meaningful.
Related pages
Countable set
Eternity
Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel
Riemann sphere, complex plane with a point at infinity
Uncountable set

References

Other websites 
 A Crash Course in the Mathematics of Infinite Sets , by Peter Suber. From the St. John's Review, XLIV, 2 (1998) 1-59. The stand-alone appendix to Infinite Reflections, below. A concise introduction to Cantor's mathematics of infinite sets.
 Infinite Reflections , by Peter Suber. How Cantor's mathematics of the infinite solves a handful of ancient philosophical problems of the infinite. From the St. John's Review, XLIV, 2 (1998) 1-59.
 Infinity, Principia Cybernetica
 Hotel Infinity 
 The concepts of finiteness and infinity in philosophy

Numbers
Mathematics
January (Jan.) is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, coming between December (of the previous year) and February (of the current year). It has 31 days.

January begins on the same day of the week as October in common years, and April and July in leap years. January ends on the same day of the week as February and October in common years, and July in leap years.

The Month 

January is named for Janus, the Roman god of doors and gates.

January and February were put on the calendar after all the other months. This is because in the original Roman calendar, winter did not have months. Although March was originally the first month, January became the new first month because that was when people chose the new consuls (Roman leaders). The month has 31 days.
January is a winter month in the Northern Hemisphere and a summer month in the Southern Hemisphere. In each hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of July in the other. Perihelion, the point in its orbit where the Earth is closest to the Sun, also occurs in this month, between January 2 and January 5. January is the only month of the year that always has a "twin" - a month that both begins and ends on the same day of the week as it does. In a common year, this is October, and in a leap year, July.

January begins on the same day of the week as October in common years and on the same day of the week as April and July in leap years. January ends on the same day of the week as February and October in common years and on the same day of the week as July in leap years.

Every year, January both starts and finishes on the same day of the week as May of the previous year, as each other's first and last days are exactly 35 weeks (245 days) apart.
In common years immediately before other common years, January starts on the same day of the week as April and July of the following year, and in leap years and years immediately before that, September and December of the following year. In common years immediately before other common years, January finishes on the same day of the week as July of the following year, and in leap years and years immediately before that, April and December of the following year.

January's flower is the carnation with its birthstone being the garnet. 

The first day of January is called New Year's Day. It is said that it became this date when Roman consuls took office on this day in 153 BC. Different calendars across Europe made this the start of the New Year at different times, as some observed it on March 25.
Reaching over from December, the Christmas season in Christianity also extends into this month. Eastern churches celebrate Christmas on January 6 or January 7, and Epiphany on January 18 or January 19 - In Western Christianity this occurs on January 6, with Christmas occurring on December 25.

January 1 is celebrated the Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God, that is a feast day of precept of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Events

Fixed Events
January 1 - New Year's Day
 January 1 - Solemnity of Mary, the Mother of God
 January 1 - World Day of Peace
 January 1 - Founding Day (Republic of China)
 January 1 - Independence Day in Brunei, Haiti and Sudan
 January 1 - Triumph of the Revolution (Cuba)
 January 1 - Constitution Day (Italy)
 January 2 - New Year's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland)
 January 2 - Ancestry Day (Haiti)
 January 2 - Berchtold's Day (Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Alsace
 January 3 - Statehood Day (Alaska)
 January 4 - Independence Day (Burma)
 January 4 - Day of the Fallen Against Colonial Repression (Angola)
 January 4 - Day of the Martyrs (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 January 5 - Twelfth Night in Western Christianity - night to January 6
 January 6 - Epiphany in Western Christianity.
 January 6 - Christmas in the Armenian Apostolic Church
 January 7 - Christmas in Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
 January 7 - Tricolour Day (Italy)
 January 7 - Victory from Genocide Day (Cambodia)
January 8 - Commonwealth Day (Northern Mariana Islands)
 January 8 - Celebration of Elvis Presley's birthday at Graceland
 January 8 - Kim Jong-un's birthday (North Korea)
 January 9 - Martyrs' Day (Panama)
 January 11 - Kagami Biraki (Japan)
 January 11 - Republic Day (Albania)
 January 11 - Day of National Unity (Nepal)
 January 12 - Memorial Day (Turkmenistan)
 January 12 - National Youth Day (India)
 January 12 - Zanzibar Revolution Day (Tanzania)
 January 13 - Korean American Day
 January 13 - Old New Year (parts of Eastern Europe)
 January 13 - St. Knut's Day (Norway, Finland, Sweden)
 January 14 - New Year's Day (Eastern Orothodox Church)
 January 14 - National Flag Day in Georgia
 January 14 - National Forest Conservation Day (Thailand)
 January 15 - Armed Forces Day (Nigeria)
 January 15 - Army Day (India)
 January 15 - Tree Planting Day (Egypt)
 January 16 - Teacher's Day (Thailand)
 January 16 - Flag Day (Israel)
 January 17 - Roman Catholic feast day of St. Anthony
January 18 - Royal Thai Armed Forces Day
 January 18 - Revolution Day (Tunisia)
 January 18 - World Religion Day
 January 19 - Epiphany in Eastern Orthodox Christianity
 January 20 - Armed Forces Day (Mali)
 January 20 - Martyrs' Day (Azerbaijan)
 January 20 - Inauguration Day (United States) - newly elected US president takes office in a year after a leap year (last in 2021, next in 2025)
 January 21 - Flag Day (Quebec)
 January 21 - Christian feast day of St. Agnes.
 January 22 - Wellington Anniversary (New Zealand)
 January 22 - Reunion Day (Ukraine)
 January 23 - National Pie Day (United States)
 January 23 - Bounty Day (Pitcairn Island)
 January 24 - Feast Day of Our Lady of Peace (Roman Catholicism)
 January 24 - Unification Day (Romania)
 January 25 - Burns Night (Scotland and Scottish communities), celebrating the birthday of Scottish poet Robert Burns
 January 25 - Dydd Santes Dwynwen (Welsh equivalent of Valentine's Day)
 January 25 - National Voters Day (India)
 January 25 - Tatiana Day (Russia)
January 26 - Australia Day
 January 26 - Republic Day (India)
 January 26 - Duarte Day (Dominican Republic)
 January 26 - Liberation Day (Uganda)
 January 27 - Holocaust Memorial Day
 January 28 - Army Day (Armenia)
 January 28 - EU Data Privacy Day
 January 28 - Unofficial day commemorating Charlemagne by some Christians
 January 30 - Martyrs' Day (India)
 January 30 - School Day of Non-Violence and Peace (Spain)
 January 31 - Independence Day (Nauru)
Month-long or Moveable Events 

 Coming of Age Day (Japan), second Monday in January
 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day (United States), third Monday in January, commemorating civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., who was born on January 15.
 Chinese New Year (between January 21 and February 21)
 Australian Open - One of the major Grand Slam tennis tournaments. Starts between January 13 and January 19, ends between January 26 and February 1.
 Auckland Anniversary (New Zealand) on a Monday between January 26 and February 1.
 Weight Loss Awareness Month (United States)
 National Mentoring Month (United States)

Selection of Historical Events
January 1, 153 BC - Roman consuls are said to have taken office on this day for the first time.
 January 1, 1801 - The United Kingdom is created, with the inclusion of Ireland.
 January 1, 1804 - Haiti becomes the second independent country in the Americas, after the US.
 January 1, 1901 - Australia is given self-government.
 January 1, 1956 - Sudan becomes independent.
 January 1, 1959 - Fidel Castro takes over in Cuba.
 January 1, 1962 - Samoa becomes independent.
 January 1, 1984 - Brunei becomes independent.
 January 1, 2002 - The Euro currency comes into use in 12 EU countries.
 January 2, 1492 - Spanish Reconquista: Granada, the last Moorish stronghold, surrenders.
 January 3, 1868 - Meiji Restoration in Japan.
 January 3, 1959 - Alaska becomes the 49th US State.
 January 4, 1948 - Burma becomes independent.
 January 4, 2010 - The world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, opens.
 January 5, 1066 - Edward the Confessor, King of England, dies.
January 6, 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England.
 January 7, 1610 - Galileo Galilei discovers Jupiter's four Galilean moons - Io, Callisto, Ganymede and Europa.
 January 7, 1979 - The Khmer Rouge in Cambodia is overthrown by Vietnamese troops.
 January 7, 1989 - Japanese Emperor Hirohito dies, aged 87.
 January 7, 2015 - Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris.
 January 8, 1642 - Galileo Galilei dies.
 January 8, 1912 - The African National Congress is founded.
 January 8, 1935 - Elvis Presley is born.
 January 10, 1863 - The first section of the London Underground opens.
 January 12, 2010 - The 2010 Haiti earthquake causes many deaths and destruction across Haiti.
 January 13, 1915 - The Avezzano earthquake in Italy kills 29,800 people.
 January 13, 1935 - Most voters in Saarland choose to be part of Germany.
 January 14, 1954 - Marilyn Monroe marries Joe DiMaggio.
 January 14, 1972 - Margrethe II of Denmark becomes the first Danish Queen since 1412.
January 15, 1929 - Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. is born in Atlanta, Georgia, US.
 January 15, 2001 - Wikipedia goes online.
 January 15, 2009 - US Airways Flight 1549 is safely landed on the Hudson River in New York City by Chesley Sullenberger, after experiencing difficulties shortly after take-off.
 January 16, 2006 - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf of Liberia becomes the first female President in Africa.
 January 17, 1893 - American and European sugar planters overthrow the government of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii.
 January 17, 1912 - Robert Falcon Scott's expedition reaches the South Pole over a month after that of Roald Amundsen.
 January 17, 1991 - Operation Desert Storm in the Gulf War.
 January 17, 1995 - The Great Hanshin earthquake strikes Japan, mainly the city of Kobe, killing over 6,000 people.
 January 18, 1778 - James Cook reaches the Hawaiian Islands.
January 20, 1936 - King George V of the United Kingdom dies, leaving the throne to Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, who lasts less than 11 months in the post.
 January 20, 2009 - Barack Obama becomes the first African American President of the United States.
 January 21, 1793 - King Louis XVI of France is executed by guillotine.
 January 22, 1901 - Queen Victoria dies aged 81, ending Britain's Victorian Era.
 January 22, 1968 - Apollo 5 lifts off, carrying the first lunar module.
 January 23, 1960 - In the Bathyscaphe Trieste, Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh, dive to the deepest point of the Pacific Ocean, the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench.
 January 24, 41 - Roman Emperor Caligula is assassinated by the Praetorian Guard.
 January 24, 1965 - British statesman Winston Churchill dies.
 January 24, 1986 - Voyager 2 flies by the planet Uranus.
 January 25, 1919 - The League of Nations is founded.
 January 25, 2011 - The 2011 Egyptian protests begin.
January 26, 1788 - The first British fleet arrives in what is now Sydney Harbour, Australia.
 January 26, 1950 - India becomes a Republic.
 January 26, 2020 - NBA legend Kobe Bryant, his 13-year-old daughter Gianna and seven others are killed in a helicopter crash in Calabasas, California.
 January 27, 1945 - The Red Army liberates Auschwitz.
 January 27, 1967 - US astronauts Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee are killed in a fire while testing the Apollo 1 spacecraft.
 January 28, 1935 - Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion.
 January 28, 1986 - The Space Shuttle Challenger explodes shortly after take-off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, killing all seven astronauts on board.
 January 29, 1996 - Venice's La Fenice opera house is destroyed by fire.
 January 30, 1649 - King Charles I of England is executed.
 January 30, 1933 - Adolf Hitler comes to power in Germany.
January 30, 1948 - Indian independence and non-violence campaigner Mahatma Gandhi is shot dead by a Hindu extremist in Delhi.
 January 31, 1968 - Nauru becomes independent from Australia.
 January 31, 1990 - Moscow's first McDonald's restaurant opens.
Trivia 

 January is named after the Roman God Janus, who was the Roman God of doors and gates.
 January and July are the only pair of 31-day month's that are exactly six months apart. In the English language, they are also the only pair of months to both begin and end with the same letters (J and Y respectively).
 The star signs for January are Capricorn (December 22 to January 20) and Aquarius (January 21 to February 19).
 It is the coldest month in the Northern Hemisphere, and the warmest in the Southern Hemisphere.
 It is one of three months in the English language to begin with "J", along with June and July, but unlike the latter two, does not have a "U" as a second letter.

References

01
June (Jun.) is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, coming between May and July. It has 30 days. In Sweden in 1732 the month had 31 days. June is named for the Roman goddess Juno, the wife of Jupiter. She is goddess of marriage. Because of this, getting married in June was thought to be lucky.

June never begins on the same day of the week as any other month, but always ends on the same day of the week as March.

The Month 
June comes between May and July and is the sixth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar. It is one of the four months to have 30 days.
Events in June
 The solstice occurs around June 21, but it may occur on either the 20th or the 22nd. It is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere and the winter solstice in the southern hemisphere.
 Midsummer is celebrated in Sweden on the third Friday in June.
 Father's Day is celebrated in the United States on the third Sunday in June.
 Gay pride celebrations happen in many countries, in honour of the Stonewall riots.
 World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5.
 World Ocean Day is celebrated on June 8.
 June Holiday (Lá Saoire i mí Mheitheamh) in the Republic of Ireland is celebrated on June 1
 Queen's Official Birthday in New Zealand, Cook Islands and Western Australia is celebrated on June 1
 Western Australia Day is celebrated on June 1
 Global Running Day is celebrated on June 3
 World bicycle day is celebrated on June 3
 Labour Day in the Bahamas is celebrated on June 5
 National Doughnut Day is celebrated on June 5
 National Trails Day in the United States is celebrated on June 5
Armed Forces Day in Canada is celebrated on June 7
 Children's Day in the United States is celebrated on June 7
 Father's Day in Lithuania and Switzerland is celebrated on June 7
 National Cancer Survivors Day in the United States is celebrated on June 7
 Teacher's Day in Hungary is celebrated on June 7
 The Seamen's Day in Iceland is celebrated on June 7
 Queen's Official Birthday in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Australia, except Western Australia is celebrated on June 8
 Seersucker Thursday in the United States is celebrated on June 11
 China's Cultural Heritage Day in China is celebrated on June 13
 National Day in Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, Tristan da Cunha in the United Kingdom is celebrated on June 13
 Queen's Official Birthday in the United Kingdom and Tuvalu is celebrated on June 13
 Canadian Rivers Day is celebrated on June 14
 Father's Day in Austria and Belgium is celebrated on June 14
Mother's Day in Luxembourg is celebrated on June 14
 Queen's Official Birthday in the Norfolk Island is celebrated on June 15
 World Bisexuality Awareness Day in the United States is celebrated on June 15
 National Flip Flop Day in the United States is celebrated on June 19
 International Surfing Day is celebrated on June 20
 International Yoga Day is celebrated on June 20
 World Music Day is celebrated on June 20
Father's Day in Afghanistan, Albania, Antigua, Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominica, Ecuador, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Ireland, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Laos, Macau, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, People's Republic of China, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia and Zimbabwe is celebrated on June 21
 National Bomb Pop Day in the United States is celebrated on June 25
 Take Your Dog to Work Day in the United Kingdom and United States is celebrated on June 26
Armed Forces Day in the United Kingdom is celebrated on June 27
 Inventors' and Rationalizers' Day in Russia is celebrated on June 27
 Veterans Day in the Netherlands is celebrated on June 27
 Father's Day in Haiti is celebrated on June 28
 Log Cabin Day in Michigan, United States is celebrated on June 28
 Mother's Day in Kenya is celebrated on June 28
Selection of Historical Events 
June 1, 1794:  French Revolutionary Wars: The battle of the Glorious First of June is fought, the first naval engagement between Britain and France.

June 2, 1953: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

June 3, 1965: The launch of Gemini 4, the first multi-day space mission by a NASA crew. June 4, 1783: The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière (hot air balloon).

June 5, 1837: Houston is incorporated by the Republic of Texas.

June 6, 1844: The Young Men's Christian Association  is founded in London.

June 7, 1942: World War II: The Battle of Midway ends in American victory.

June 8, 1949: George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four is published.

June 9, 1944: World War II: Tulle massacre

June 10, 2003:  The Spirit rover is launched for NASA's Mars Exploration mission

June 11, 2010: 2010 FIFA World Cup (first African FIFA)

June 12, 2018: 2018 North Korea-United States Summit
June 13, 1983: Pioneer 10 becomes the first man-made object to leave the central Solar System

June 25, 1950: Korean War starts.

June 30, 1908: Tunguska event.

Trivia 
 June is one of the two months that never begins on the same day of the week as any other months within any calendar year. (May is the other)
 The months of June and July both start with the "Ju" letter combination in the English language, and in some languages have only one letter's difference between their names.
 June's flower is the Rose.
 Its birthstone is the pearl.
 The Zodiac signs for June are Gemini (May 21 – June 20) and Cancer (June 21 – July 21).
 At the North Pole, the Sun does not set in June; at the South Pole, it does not rise.

06
July (Jul.) is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, coming between June and August. It has 31 days. July was named after Julius Caesar. The halfway point of the year is either on July 2 or in the night of July 1-2.

July always begins on the same day of the week as April, and additionally, January in leap years. July does not end on the same day of the week as any other month in common years, but ends on the same day of the week as January in leap years.

The Month 

In each hemisphere, it is the seasonal equivalent of January in the other hemisphere. In the North, it is summer and in the South it is winter.

In the Northern Hemisphere, July is often the warmest month of the year, and major sporting events and music festivals are held around this time. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is a winter month, with the coldest-recorded temperature having been measured in Antarctica in this month.
July begins on the same day of the week as April every year and on the same day of the week as January in leap years. No other month in common years ends on the same day of the week as July, but July ends on the same day of the week as January in leap years.

In common years, July starts on the same day of the week as October of the previous year, and in leap years, May of the previous year. In common years, July finishes on the same day of the week as February and October of the previous year, and in leap years, May of the previous year. In common years immediately after other common years, July both starts and finishes on the same day of the week as January of the previous year.
In years immediately before common years, July starts on the same day of the week as September and December of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, June of the following year. In years immediately before common years, July finishes on the same day of the week as April and December of the following year, and in years immediately before leap years, September of the following year.

July's flower is a variety of the water lily. Its birthstone is the ruby. The meaning for the birthstone ruby is contented mind. Astrological signs for July are Cancer (June 21 - July 21) and Leo (July 22 - August 21).

In the old Roman calendar, July was called Quintilis, meaning Fifth Month, because, in the old calendar, the year began in March. Augustus later renamed it July in honor of Julius Caesar, whose birthday was in this month. Augustus later also named the following month, August, after himself.

Holidays

Fixed Events
July 1  Canada Day, National Day of Canada
 July 1  Independence Day in Somalia
 July 1  Independence Day in Burundi
 July 1  Independence Day in Rwanda
 July 1  Keti Koti (Suriname)
 July 1  Republic Day (Ghana)
 July 1  Doctor's Day (India)
 July 2  Canada Day, observed on this date if July 1 is a Sunday
 July 2  Bahia Independence Day (Brazil)
 July 3  Independence Day in Belarus
 July 3  Emancipation Day (US Virgin Islands)
 July 4  Independence Day in the United States, commemorating the Declaration of Independence.
 July 4  Filipino-American Friendship Day
 July 4  Liberation Day (Rwanda)
 July 5  Independence Day in Venezuela
 July 5  Independence Day in Algeria
 July 5  Independence Day in Cape Verde
 July 6  Independence Day in Malawi
 July 6  Independence Day in the Comoros
 July 6-14  San Fermin festival and bull run in Pamplona, Spain.
 July 7  Independence Day in the Solomon Islands
 July 7  Tanabata in Japan, traditional 'Make a Wish' celebration
 July 9  Independence Day (Argentina)
July 9  Independence Day (South Sudan)
 July 10  Independence Day in the Bahamas
 July 10  Silence Day
 July 10  Statehood Day (Wyoming)
 July 11  Day of the Flemish Community (Belgium)
 July 11  World Population Day
 July 11  National Day of Commemoration (Ireland)
 July 11 to 13  Naadam (Mongolia)
 July 12  Battle of the Boyne/Orangeman's Day (Northern Ireland)
 July 12  Independence Day (São Tomé and Príncipe)
 July 12  Independence Day in Kiribati
 July 13  Statehood Day (Montenegro)
 July 14  Bastille Day, national holiday of France
 July 14  Republic Day (Iraq)
 July 15  St. Swithun's Day in UK weather lore
 July 18  Mandela Day
 July 18  Constitution Day (Uruguay)
 July 19  Sandinista Day (Nicaragua)
 July 20  Independence Day (Colombia)
 July 21  National Day of Belgium
 July 21  Liberation Day (Guam)
 July 22  Saint Mary Magdalene Day (Roman Catholicism)
 July 23  Birthday of Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia
 July 23  Revolution Day in Egypt
 July 24  Pioneer Day (Utah)
July 24  Simon Bolivar Day (Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela)
 July 25  Constitution Day (Occupation Day) in Puerto Rico
 July 25  Christian feast day of Saint James, includes regional holiday in Galicia
 July 26  Independence Day in Liberia
 July 26  Independence Day in the Maldives
 July 27  Victory Day (North Korea)
 July 28  Independence Day in Peru
 July 28  Liberation Day (San Marino)
 July 29  Feast Day of St. Olav, celebrated in the Faroe Islands
 July 29  International Tiger Day
 July 29  World Hepatitis Day
 July 30  Independence Day (Vanuatu)
 July 30  Throne Day (Morocco)
 July 31  Ka Hae Hawaii Day
Moveable events 
 Wimbledon tennis tournament, held in late June and early July
 FIFA World Cup, often held in June and/or July
 Summer Olympics, often held in July and/or August
 Tour de France cycling race
 In Northern Hemisphere countries, many Sports events and Music Festivals take place in July
 National Ice Cream month in the United States
 Presidents' Day (Botswana) on the 3rd Monday or Tuesday
 So-called "Dog Days" in some Northern Hemisphere countries, referring to the hot summer weather
 Marathon Races:
Gold Coast, Australia
Recife, Brazil
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
San Francisco, California, United States

Selection of Historical Events
July 1  1863: American Civil War: The Battle of Gettysburg is fought until July 3.
 July 1  1867: The Canadian Confederation is founded.
 July 1  1937: The 999 emergency dialing service begins in the UK.
 July 1  1997: The United Kingdom hands control of Hong Kong back to China.
 July 1  1999: The new Scottish Parliament is opened in Edinburgh.
 July 1  2013: Croatia joins the European Union.
 July 2  1937: Amelia Earhart goes missing.
 July 3  1844: The Great Auk becomes extinct, after the last group were killed in Iceland.
 July 4  1776: 13 colonies on the East coast of North America issue the Declaration of Independence, now celebrated on this date in the United States.
 July 4  1826: US Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson die on the same day as each other.
 July 4  2012: Scientists at CERN announce the discovery of a particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson, after experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.
 July 5  1811: Venezuela declares independence.
July 5  1962: Algeria becomes independent.
 July 5  1975: Cape Verde becomes independent.
 July 6  1964: Malawi becomes independent.
 July 6  1975: The Comoros become independent.
 July 7  1937: The Second Sino-Japanese War begins.
 July 7  1978: The Solomon Islands become independent.
 July 7  2005: Islamic extremists detonate explosives at tube stations around London and on a bus, killing 52 people.
 July 9  1816: The United Provinces of Rio de la Plata declare independence, as the predecessor state of present-day Argentina.
 July 9  2011: South Sudan becomes independent from Sudan, after a referendum six months earlier.
 July 10  1913: At nearly 57 degrees Celsius, the hottest-recorded temperature on Earth, is measured in Death Valley, California.
 July 10  1973: The Bahamas become independent from the UK.
 July 10  1985: French agents torpedo the Rainbow Warrior vessel docked in Auckland harbour, New Zealand, where activists on board were protesting against French nuclear tests.