Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Northeast Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.

Geography
Northeast Italy borders to the north with Switzerland and Austria; to the east with Slovenia; to the south with Liguria (Northwest Italy), Tuscany (Central Italy), Marche (Central Italy) and San Marino; and to the west with Lombardy (Northwest Italy) and, for a very short distance, with Piedmont (Northwest Italy).

Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto have a coast in the Adriatic Sea

The Alps are in the northern part of the region and the northern Apennines in the south. The highest point, in the region, is Ortles (), in the Alps (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol); it is  high.

Northeast Italy has the most part of the valley of the Po river (). The Po is the longest river of Northeast Italy and of Italy.

Regions
Central Italy encompasses four of the 20 regions of Italy, including 36 provinces and 934  comuniː
The 10 comuni with more people living in them areː

Related pages
 NUTS level 1:
 Northwest Italy
 Northeast Italy
 Central Italy
 South Italy
 Insular Italy
 Northern Italy
 Southern Italy

References

Geography of Italy
Oy-Mittelberg is a municipality in the rural district Oberallgäu in Bavaria/Germany. Oy-Mittelberg is in the foothills of the Allgäu Alps. Since 2005 the mayor has been Theo Haslach.

References 

Oberallgäu
The painted lady is a butterfly in the  Cynthia group of colourful butterflies. It is a relative of the red admiral butterfly. 

The painted lady is a subgenus of the genus Vanessa in the family Nymphalidae. They occur in most of the world.

They are migratory. Starting in early Spring, they journey from Africa to Europe to the United Kingdom and eventually the Arctic Circle. The journey is about 7,500 miles. They travel at up to 30 miles per hour. Their caterpillars feed on many different plants. In the UK their caterpillars may feed on thistles.

The lifespan of a painted lady imago (adult) is only about 2/3 weeks. Its function is dispersal and reproduction. The caterpillar's job is eating and transforming itself into the adult form.

References 

Nymphalidae
Bob Fosse (June 23, 1927 – September 23, 1987) was an American dancer and actor. He won eight Tony Awards.

American dancers
Tony Award winners
1927 births
1987 deaths
Actors from Chicago
American choreographers
Dylan McDermott is an American actor from Connecticut. He is best known for his role on The Practice which won him a Golden Globe award.

Actors from Connecticut
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1961 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
People from Waterbury, Connecticut
A cupbearer is traditionally the person who fills the cups and serves the wine. In a medieval court (royal), the cupbearer brought his lord's ale or wine and tasted it to make sure it was not poisoned. The cupbearer was often a person of high rank. It was a distinct honor to be a cupbearer to a king. In the Bible, Nehemiah was cupbearer to the Artaxerxes I of Persia.

References 

Personal service occupations
The Liao dynasty, also called Khitan empire, was an empire in Asia. It was formed by the Yelü clan of the Khitan people after the fall of the Tang Dynasty. They ruled from 907 AD to about 1125.  The first ruler was Yelü Abaoji, Khan of the Khitan peoples. It was originally called the "Qidan Kingdom" until about 947. Its capital was the present day Bairin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia. Its territory included parts of Northern China, middle Mongolia, and Tianjin and 
Hebei to the south.

Emperors 
 Liao Taizu (907–926)
 Liao Taizong (926–947)
 Liao Shizong (947–951)
 Liao Muzong (951–969)
 Liao Jingzong (969–982)
 Liao Shengzong (983–1031)
 Liao Xingzong (1031–1055)
 Liao Daozong (1055–1101)
 Tianzuo Di (1101–1125)

References

Other websites 
 Mongolian history and culture - Khitan empire

Chinese dynasties
900s establishments
1120s disestablishments
Luciano Ravaglia (Forlimpopoli; 13 December 1923 – Dovadola; 26 January 2017) was an Italian engineer. He was born in Forlimpopoli, Italy.

Career
He was a member of the Rotary Club of Forlì. He was known for his cutting-edge city-planning and building solutions. When Sergio Mulitsch di Palmenberg was appointed as chairman of the national PolioPlus committee of the Italian Rotary Club, Ravaglia became his deputy. Over the next few years, Ravaglia worked with dedication and enthusiasm to gain recognition from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for polio vaccination.

Death
Ravaglia died on 26 January 2017 in Dovadola, Italy, aged 93.
More reading
 Baroukh M. Assael, "Il favoloso innesto. Storia sociale della vaccinazione", Editori Laterza, Bari, 1995.
 Franco Pellaschiar, “Corrispondenza, atti, attestati e stralci di documenti sull’impegno di Sergio Mulitsch per l’Operazione PolioPlus”, In “Realtà Nuova”, anno LXVII, n.3, Milano, 2003.
 Luciano Ravaglia, "L’eredità di Sergio Mulitsh: Nuovi spazi al servire, l’Istituto Ong fra rotariani italiani” In “Realtà Nuova”, anno LXVII, n.3, Milano, 2003.

References

1923 births
2017 deaths
Civil engineers
Italian engineers
Province of Forlì-Cesena
Rayville is the parish seat of Richland Parish, Louisiana, United States.

Towns in Louisiana
Parish seats in Louisiana
Settlements in Richland Parish, Louisiana
Iran Standard Time (IRST), also called Iran Time (IRT), is a time zone used in Iran. The standard time is 3.5 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+03:30). During its daylight saving time (DST), it used Iran Daylight Time (IRDT), which was 4.5 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+04:30), but however, from 2006 to 2007, IRDT was not used in Iran, but was re-introduced on March 21, 2008. On September 21, 2022, Iran abolished daylight saving time and now observes standard time the entire year.

Daylight saving dates for Iran 
Before it was ended in 2022, daylight saving time (DST) started on March 21 or 22 (Farvardin) and ended on September 21-22 (Shahrivar).

References 

Iran
Iran
Čelinac () is a town and municipality in Central Bosnia, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The municipality lies  about  to the east of the regional center,  city of Banja Luka.

It is located on Vrbanja river, between municipalities of Laktaši and Prnjavor to the north, Teslić to the east, Kotor Varoš, Skender Vakuf/Kneževo to the south, and Banja Luka to the west.

History
During the Bosnian War (1992–95), Bosnian Serb Police and Army, and Serb's paramilitary forces  destroyed villages upstream along the Vrbanja to Kruševo Brdo, including the villages in Čelinac Municipality.

In addition to those who have experienced this, among other things, bears witness to the indictment against Radovan Karadžić to  tribunal in The Hague. At the hearing, Nikola Poplašen, 2013, one of the questions to the witness the defense, it was:

Population

Related pages
Vrbanja river

References

Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Northwest Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.

Northwest Italy is defined only for statistical and for some elections.

Geography
Northwest Italy borders to the west with France, to the north with Switzerland and to the east with Northeast Italy (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna). To the south is Toscana (Central Italy), a short distance, and the Ligurian Sea.

The Alps are in the northern part of the region and the northern Apennines in the south. The highest point in the region and in Italy is Mont Blanc (), in the Alps (Valle d'Aosta) on the border with France; it is  high.

Northwest Italy has an important part of the valley of the Po river (). The Po is the longest river of Northeast Italy and of Italy.

Regions
Central Italy encompasses four of the 20 regions of Italy, including 24 provinces and 1,789  comuniː
Kevin Scully Geer (November 7, 1952 – January 25, 2017) was an American actor. He appeared on stage and screen. He began his career in 1975. His best known stage performances included A Streetcar Named Desire (1988), The Rose Tattoo (1995), Flyovers, Side Man (both 1998) and Twelve Angry Men (2004). His television appearances included Oz, Law & Order, Homicide, China Beach, M*A*S*H and MacGyver. He also appeared in the movies A Force of One (1979), The Pelican Brief (1993), The Contender (2000), American Gangster (2007), Bunker Hill (2008) and The Men Who Stare at Goats (2009).

Geer was born in Reno, Nevada. He grew up in Los Angeles, California. He died from a heart attack on January 25, 2017 in Manhattan, New York. He was 64.

References

Other websites
 
 Kevin Geer on Broadway at Playbill.com

1952 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Nevada
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Henri "Heng" Freylinger (23 September 1926 – 17 January 2017) was a Luxembourgian wrestler. He competed in the Greco-Roman welterweight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.  In 2008 he was given the Order of Merit of Luxembourg for his service to the state in sports. Freylinger was a 12-time Luxembourgeous champion.

References

1926 births
2017 deaths
Luxembourgian Olympians
Wrestlers
Bob Holiday (November 12, 1932 – January 27, 2017) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Superman in the Broadway musical It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman! (1966). He had the most appearances as Superman than any other actor, making over 140 performances. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Holiday died on January 27, 2017, at his home in Hawley, Pennsylvania, aged 84.

References

Other websites
 

1932 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Brooklyn
American stage actors
Gisella Sofio (19 February 1931 – 27 January 2017) was an Italian actress. She began her career in the 1950s. She had roles in the movies Accidents to the Taxes!! (1951), Rascel-Fifì (1957), La liceale (1975), The Big Heart of Girls and The Worst Week of My Life (both 2011). She was born in Milan.

Sofio died on 27 January 2017 in Rome at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

1931 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Milan
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
William Anton "Bill" Fischer (March 10, 1927 – January 20, 2017), nicknamed "Moose", was an American football player. He played as an offensive lineman. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Cardinals from 1949 to 1953. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

Fischer died on January 20, 2017 in Cape Coral, Florida. He was 89.

References

1927 births
2017 deaths
American football offensive guards
American football offensive tackles
Arizona Cardinals players
Sportspeople from Chicago
Alexander Grigorievich Tikhanovich (; 13 July 1952 – 28 January 2017) was a Belarusian pop singer. He was best known as a member of the band Verasy. He was awarded the Meritorious Artist and People's Artist honours of Belarus. He was born in Minsk, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union.

Tikhanovich died on 28 January 2017 in Minsk at the age of 64.

References 

1952 births
2017 deaths
Musicians from Minsk
Pop singers
Soviet singers
Rettenberg is a municipality  in the district of Oberallgäu in Bavaria in Germany. Rettenberg is twinned with the village La Frénaye in Northern France (close to Le Havre). Rettenberg is the southernmost village with breweries (Engelbräu and Zötlerbrauerei) in Germany.

References 

Oberallgäu
Sonthofen is the most southerly town of Germany. It is in the Oberallgäu region of the Bavarian Alps. Oberstdorf is  farther south but is not a town. In 2005, Sonthofen was awarded "Alpenstadt des Jahres" (Alpine city of the year).

In World War II Sonthofen was bombed twice. This was because Adolf Hitler had built the Ordensburg Sonthofen in Sonthofen. Young boys were trained there for Nazi Party organisations. Sonthofen was given town rights on 18 August 1963.

References 

Oberallgäu
Lennart Nilsson (24 August 1922 – 28 January 2017) was a Swedish photographer. He was known for his photographs of human embryos and other medical subjects once thought not to be photographable. He was also known for his extreme macro photography. His book, A Child Is Born (1965), featured many of his photographs. He was born in Strängnäs, Södermanland County.

Nilsson died on 28 January 2017 at the age of 94.

References

1922 births
2017 deaths
Swedish photographers
Sulzberg is a municipality in the district of Oberallgäu in Bavaria in Germany. Since 1990, Sulzberg has been twinned with the municipality Chailland (Mayenne) in France.

References 

Oberallgäu
The positions of the left engine thrust reverser actuators along with data from the electronic engine control (EEC) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) indicate that the left engine thrust reverse system deployed while the airplane was at approximately .78 Mach (478 kn, 550 mph, 885 km/h), climbing through 24,700 feet to flight level 310. The preliminary evidence suggests that the reverse event was recognized by the flight crew, but that the airplane departed controlled flight. 

The true cause of the activation of the reverser was never found because all of the wires and the Digital Flight Data Recorder were destroyed in the crash, but it was thought to be caused by a short circuit that opened both valves for a split second, allowing the reverser to activate.

Accident
Accident

Lauda Air Flight 004 took off from Runway 21L in Don Mueang at 23:02 PM ICT (4:02 PM UTC). The aircraft began a normal climb to an initial altitude of 7,000 feet, then was cleared to 11,000 feet by Bangkok Center. The flight followed a departure requiring a left turn upon leaving the airport. Shortly thereafter, Flight 004 was cleared to FL310 (flight level 310, or 31,000 feet).   

5 minutes into the flight, the pilots received a master caution "REV ISLN VAL" advisory on the EICAS display, accompanied with the master caution tone. First Officer Thurner replied with an expletive. Captain Welch replied, "that keeps coming on". The crew discussed the issue as Thurner looked through the quick reference handbook for a solution, but the handbook then quoted "additional system failures may cause in-flight deployment", and to "expect normal reverser operation after landing". There was no further action required.
The loss of the tail provided extreme negative loading of the wings and sheared them clean of the aircraft, and the burning remains of Flight 004 crashed into wooded terrain in the Dan Chang District of Thailand at speeds of over Mach 1 and exploded. All 223 passengers and crew died. Shortly after the accident, local villagers began to loot the crash site.

The available recovery time for the crew to rectify the situation was 4 seconds. The crew never could have reacted fast enough to stop the accident.

Passengers and crew

Josef Thurner, the copilot, once flew as a co-pilot with Niki Lauda on a Lauda Boeing 767 service to Bangkok, a flight that was the subject of a Reader's Digest article in January 1990 that depicted the airline positively. Macarthur Job stated that Thurner was the better known of the crew members. Thomas J. Welch, the captain, lived in Vienna, but originated from Seattle, Washington.
Other websites
 Lauda Air Crash 1991: still too many open questions – Austrian Wings – Austrias Aviation Magazine
 "การสอบสวนอากาศยานประสบอุบัติเหต" Department of Civil Aviation  ( )
 "Lauda Air B767 accident report" Ministry of Transport & Communications Thailand (in English)
 "Computer-Related Incidents with Commercial Aircraft The Lauda Air B767 Accident". ( ) University of Bielefeld. 26 May 1991.
 Lauda Air Flight 004 (Index of articles) – South China Morning Post
 "flugzeugabsturz_20jahre.pdf" ( ) University of Innsbruck. – Includes list of University of Innsbruck professors, assistants, and students who died on Flight 004
 Last flight of the Mozart (Der Todesflug der Mozart, German) – Austrian Wings – Austrias Aviation Magazine
 PlaneCrashInfo.Com – Lauda Air Flight 004
 Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript and accident summary
 Grand Prix History – Biography on Niki Lauda (Contains information about Flight 004)

References
References 

Aviation accidents and incidents in the 1990s
1991 disasters
1991 in Asia
1990s in Thailand
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
Geoffrey James "Geoff" Nicholls (28 February 1948 – 28 January 2017) was a British musician and keyboardist. He was best known as a member of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He did not perform with the band after 2004. He was born in Birmingham.

Nicholls died from lung cancer on 28 January 2017 at the age of 68.

References

1948 births
2017 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from lung cancer
English rock musicians
Heavy metal musicians
British keyboardists
Musicians from Birmingham
Insular Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.

Insular Italy is defined only for statistical and for some elections and includes the two main Italian islands: Sicily and Sardinia, together with other small islands and archipelagos next to them.

Geography
Sicily is the largest Mediterranean island with an area of . To the east, it is separated from the Italian mainland by the Strait of Messina, about  wide in the north, and about  wide in the southern part. Its highest point is Mount Etna (), the largest active volcano in Europe with an altitude of . The longest river of the island is the Salso river,  long.
Sardinia is the second largest Mediterranean island with an area of . To the east is the Tyrrhenian Sea that separates the island from mainland Italy, and to the north is the Strait of Bonifacio that separates Sardinia from the French island of Corsica. Its highest point is Punta La Marmora () with an altitude of . The longest river of the island is the Tirso river,  long.

Regions
Insular Italy has 2 of the 20 regions of Italy, including 24 provinces and 1,789  comuniː

The comuni with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː

Related pages
 NUTS level 1:
 Northwest Italy
 Northeast Italy
 Central Italy
 South Italy
 Insular Italy
 Northern Italy
 Southern Italy

References

Geography of Italy
Lucia Bosè ( Borloni; 28 January 1931 – 23 March 2020) was an Italian actress. She reached peak fame during the time of Italian neorealism in the 1940s and 1950s. She appeared in the movies Under the Olive Tree, Story of a Love Affair (both 1950), The Lady Without Camelias (1953), Death of a Cyclist (1955) and Harem Suare (1999). In 1947, she was Miss Italia.

Bosè was born in Milan. She was married to Spanish bullfighter Luis Dominguín from 1955 to 1967. The couple had three children, including Miguel (b. 1956, Panama City). She was the grandmother of Bimba Bosé (1975–2017).

On 23 March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, Bosè died of pneumonia caused by COVID-19 in Segovia. She was 89.

References

Other websites

 

1931 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Milan
Beauty pageant winners
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Deaths from pneumonia
Italian models
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Many Clouds (21 April 2007 – 28 January 2017) was a Thoroughbred racehorse. He was best known for winning the Hennessy Gold Cup (2014), the Grand National (2015) and the Cotswold Chase (2015, 2017).

Many Clouds was bred in Ireland but was trained in United Kingdom.

Many Clouds died on 28 January 2017 in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. He collapsed after winning his second Cotswold Chase and died from a pulmonary haemorrhage. He was nine.

References

2007 births
2017 deaths
Thoroughbred racehorses
Gerardus Willem "Wim" Anderiesen Jr. (2 September 1931 – 27 January 2017) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a defender at club level from the early-1950s to the mid-1960s. He played for Ajax from 1951 to 1961. He later played for Holland Sport.

Anderiesen was born in Amsterdam, North Holland. He was the son of and named after Wim Anderiesen (1903–1944). He died on 27 January 2017 in Heerhugowaard at the age of 85.

References

1931 births
2017 deaths
Dutch footballers
Footballers from Amsterdam
Smith & Wesson (S&W) is an American firearms manufacturing company. Their headquarters are in Springfield, Massachusetts. The company was founded in 1852. Smith & Wesson's pistols and revolvers have become standard issue to police and military forces. Smith & Wesson firearms are very popular among sport shooters.

Smith & Wesson is also known for the many types of ammunition it has introduced over the years. Many cartridge calibers bear the S&W name. For example, the .500 S&W Magnum.

History

Early history
Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson founded the Smith & Wesson Company in 1852. The purpose was to develop a lever action pistol. But by 1854 the company was failing. They sold the company to a shirt manufacturer named Oliver Winchester. In 1866, Winchester renamed the company Winchester Repeating Arms Company. That same year Smith and Wesson formed the second company called Smith & Wesson. Their timing was right. Not long after they built their new factory in Springfield, the American Civil War started.
The Civil War
One of the most popular pistols during the war was the Smith & Wesson Model 2. Many Civil War soldiers purchased the No 2 revolver privately. Between 1861 and 1874, over 77,000 were produced. Smith & Wesson became so profitable that the two partners were the wealthiest men in Springfield by 1865.

Late 1800s 

One of the most popular calibers during the Civil War was the .44 caliber. The partners realized they needed to produce a pistol in this caliber. By 1870 S&W introduced the .44 metallic cartridge which was a major improvement over the .44 percussion cap models used in the war. To use this new cartridge, the company introduced a larger pistol known as the Smith & Wesson Model 3. It featured rapid loading and reloading. The gun was a personal favorite of Wyatt Earp. In 1875, at age 65, Smith sold his share of the company to Wesson. He still advised his former partner in business matters.
In 1880 S&W introduced the first double-action revolver. It was designed to use the .32 S&W caliber cartridge. By this time Wesson's three sons, Walter H., Frank L., and Joseph H., were active in the company. In 1887, Frank L. Wesson died but his brothers continued as partners in the company. 

In 1887 a new concealed hammer design for police was made. Variations of this design are still being made. In 1899, S&W brought out its most famous design, the Military & Police pistol. It was a double-action which set a standard for modern revolvers. It also introduced what has become a very popular caliber, the .38 S&W Special. It is still one of the most popular revolver cartridges ever produced. Large numbers of S&W .38 special handguns were sold to police and military worldwide. They were used in both World War I and World War II. They remained popular until they were finally replaced by many police and military organizations by Semi-automatic pistols.
Early 20th century 
In 1904, Daniel B. Wesson died. But without his guidance the two sons could not agree on the future direction of the company. This period of weak leadership continued for some time. In 1908 the company introduced a new line of .44 caliber pistols called the .44 New Century, but was soon renamed the Smith & Wesson Triple Lock. It used a new cartridge developed by S&W, the .44 Special.

World wars 

Smith & Wesson received large government contracts for military revolvers from the American government. The company expanded to produce the firearms. But management problems, labor disputes and a new workforce all caused problems for production. As a result, the US government stepped in to manage S&W until the end of the war.
After the war a surplus of military arms and imports of low cost guns caused sales to drop. Under Harold Wesson, the company manufactured other items to try to keep up profits. They made sewing machines, handcuffs, washing machines and toilet parts. But none of these items made the company profitable.

About this time, bullet-proof vests came into use. Gangsters quickly adopted them so that bullets traveling at under 1,000 fps would not penetrate them. S&W immediately began experimenting with improved bullets. They also used the famous firearms expert Bill Jordan as a consultant to help develop a new much more powerful handgun. What resulted was the first magnum cartridge, the S&W .357 Magnum. In 1935 they released the Smith & Wesson Model 19. Using a 125 grain bullet traveling at 1600 fps, it could easily defeat the body armor of the time.
World War II and after 
By the start of the war S&W was nearly bankrupt. The company was now run by Carl R. Hellstrom. Under his management the company concentrated its efforts on handguns and the company began to expand. In 1965 the Wesson family sold the company to the Bangor Punta corporation. The company began producing firearms accessories as well as firearms. In 1884, S&W was sold to Lear Siegler who, in 1986, was acquired by Forstmann Little & Company. Forstmann & Little was mainly interested in Siegler's aerospace and automotive lines. So they sold Smith & Wesson to Tomkins plc, a British holding company. Under Tomkins, S&W developed a number of semiautomatic pistols. This included several using the new .40 S&W cartridge. During this time handgun sales declined. Because of anti-gun lawsuits, operating costs began to rise.
Clinton agreement
On March 17, 2000, Smith & Wesson made an agreement with US President Bill Clinton. It agreed to make changes in the design and distribution of its firearms. This was in return for "preferred buying program" to offset the loss of revenue as a result of anticipated boycott. All authorized S&W dealers and distributors had to follow a “code of conduct” to eliminate the sale of firearms to prohibited persons. Dealers had to agree to not allow children under 18 access to gun shops or sections of stores that contained firearms.

After an organized campaign by the NRA and NSSF, thousands of retailers and tens of thousands of firearms consumers boycotted Smith & Wesson.
Acquisition by Saf-T-Hammer 
On 11 May 2001, Saf-T-Hammer Corporation acquired Smith & Wesson  from Tomkins plc for $15 million USD. This was a fraction of the $112 million originally paid by Tomkins. The Smith & Wesson purchase was chiefly brokered by Saf-T-Hammer President Bob Scott. He had left Smith & Wesson in 1999 because of a disagreement with Tomkins’ policies. After the purchase, Scott became the president of Smith & Wesson. He guided the 157-year-old company back to its former standing in the market.

On 15 February 2002, the name was changed to Smith & Wesson Holding Corporation.

Recent history

In December 2014, Smith & Wesson Holding announced it was paying $130.5 million for Battenfeld Technologies. This is a Columbia, Missouri-based designer and distributor of hunting and shooting accessories. This was part of a plan to merge all its existing Smith & Wesson, M&P and Thompson Center Arms accessories into a single division.
In August 2016 the company bought Crimson Trace, a laser-sight manufacturer, for $95 million. They bought Taylor Brands, a tool and knife maker, for $85 million. In November 2016 the company bought UST Brands, a survival equipment maker, for $32.3 million. On November 7, 2016, Smith & Wesson announced that it would be changing the name of its holding company to American Outdoor Brands Corporation.

References 

Firearm manufacturers
Springfield, Massachusetts
Companies based in Massachusetts
1852 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Massachusetts
Manufacturing companies of the United States
Ni Yulan is a Chinese business lawyer. In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Activities
Ni fought for property rights for people who lost their homes because of building for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. She went to prison many times. In prison she was beaten and lost the use of her legs. She applied for a passport to travel to the U.S. to receive the award, but the Chinese government refused.

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Living people
Chinese lawyers
1960 births
The Tirso () is the most important river of Sardinia for its length and the size of its drainage basin. It starts on the mountains of the centre of the island and ends in the Mediterranean Sea.

Name 
The river was known in Sardinia as riu de Aristanis ("river of Oristano") or, simply, riu Mannu (the "big river"). The name Tirso began to be used in modern times following Ptolemy that named it in ancient times as "Thyrsos" (, "mouth of the Tirso river").

Geography 

The Tirso river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season; its average discharge is  but is very low during summer.

Course 
The Tirso river starts in the Buddusò plateau, on the slopes of Punta Pianedda, at an elevation of about , to the north of the comune of Bitti. From here, the river flows to the southwest.
Finally, after , it flows into the Gulf of Oristano in the Sea of Sardinia (Mediterranean Sea). The river enters the sea at about  to the north of the city of Oristano.

The river forms the "Omodeo lake", an artificial lake that is  long and  wide; it is one of largest artificial lake in Italy.

It flows through 81 comuni.

Main tributaries 
Most tributaries of the Tirso are small streams; the main tributaries are:
 Taloro, the main tributary,  long and a drainage basin of ; and
 Massari, the second largest tributary,  long and a drainage basin of .

Both rivers are left tributaries of the Tirso.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Italy

References

Other websites
 Zerphaliu: Il fiume Tirso 

Sardinia
Rivers of Italy
Theodorus Johannes Franciscus "Theo" Brokmann Jr. (born 3 July 1922) is a Dutch former footballer. He played as a striker. He played for Ajax from 1939 to 1951.

Brokmann was born in Amsterdam, North Holland. He was the son of and named after Theo Brokmann (1893–1956).

References

1922 births
Living people
Footballers from Amsterdam
Michael Tönnies (19 December 1959 – 26 January 2017) was a German footballer. He was born in Essen. He played as a striker. He played from 1978 to 1994.

Tönnies was best known for playing for MSV Duisburg, playing in 179 league games and scoring over a hundred goals. He also played for Schalke 04, SpVgg Bayreuth, 1. FC Bocholt, Rot-Weiss Essen and Wuppertaler SV. He held a Bundesliga record, scoring the fastest hat-trick (three goals). He held the record from 1991 until 2015, when Robert Lewandowski beat the record.

Tönnies died on 26 January 2017 at the age of 57.

References

1959 births
2017 deaths
German footballers
Sportspeople from Essen
Piet Ouderland (17 March 1933 – 3 September 2017) was a Dutch footballer and basketball player. He was born in Amsterdam, North Holland.

As a footballer, Ouderland played as a striker. He played Ajax, AZ Alkmaar and the Netherlands national team. For Ajax, he made 261 total appearances with the club between 1955 and 1964. This made him a member of Club van 100. He also made seven appearances with the national team in 1962 and 1963. As a basketball player, he also played for the national team. He was the first Dutchman to play for the national sides of football and basketball.

References

1933 births
2017 deaths
Dutch basketball players
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
Henry-Louis de La Grange (26 May 1924 – 27 January 2017) was a French musicologist. He was known for being known as a biographer of Gustav Mahler. He was born in Paris. La Grange began working as a music critic in 1952, writing articles for the New York Herald Tribune and The New York Times, and the magazines Opera News, Saturday Review, Musical America, and Opus.

La Grange died in Paris on 27 January 2017 from complications of pneumonia, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 Mediathèque Musicale Mahler website 
 "Downloadable Interview with Henry-Luis de La Grange – Mahler Revealed" (8 May 2008)  at ClassicalSource.com.
 Introduction to Mahler Symphonies Notes (Henry-Louis de La Grange) at Scribd.com .This is no longer available!
 The Lebrecht Report: A new view of Mahler (5 March 2008), a review of Gustav Mahler, vol. 4, by Norman Lebrecht at La Scena Musicale website.

1924 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Musicologists
French music critics
Writers from Paris
Sir Francis Christopher Buchan Bland (29 May 1938 – 28 January 2017) was a British businessman and politician. He was born in Yokohama, Japan.

He was deputy chairman of the Independent Television Authority (1972), which was renamed the Independent Broadcasting Authority in the same year, and chairman of London Weekend Television (1984) and of the Board of Governors of the BBC (1996 to 2001), when he took up a position as chairman of British Telecommunications plc.  He left his position with BT in September 2007.

Before leaving BT, he became chairman of the Royal Shakespeare Company, in 2004.

Bland died on 28 January 2017 in Clanville, Hampshire from complications of prostate cancer, aged 78.

References

1938 births
2017 deaths
BBC people
British businesspeople
Conservative Party (UK) people
People from Yokohama
The Number One Observatory Circle is the official residence of the vice president of the United States and the second family. It is located on the northeast grounds of the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. and it has been the residence of every U.S. vice president since Nelson Rockefeller in 1974.

Layout and amenities 
The house is 9,000 square feet, The first floor has a dining room, garden room, living room, lounges, pantry kitchen, reception hall, sitting room, and veranda. The second floor contains the main bedroom suite, an additional bedroom, a den, and a study. The attic has four bedrooms. The main kitchen is located in the basement.

References

Other websites 
 Number One Observatory Circle; YouTube

Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Waltenhofen is a municipality  in the district of Oberallgäu in Bavaria in Germany. On 1 January 1972, the  previously independent municipality of Memhölz was incorporated into Waltenhofen. On January 1 1976, Niedersonthofen was added, and on April 1, 1976 Martin im Allgäu was also added. The mayor has been Eckhard Harscher since 2006.

References 

Oberallgäu
Weitnau is a municipality in the rural district Oberallgäu in Bavaria/Germany. Weitnau is in the foothills of the Allgäu Alps.

Alexander Streicher became the mayor in 2008.

Weitnau became twinned with Magné in France in 1986.

References 

Oberallgäu
Kaniyan Pungundranar is an influential Tamil poet and philosopher who lived during the Sangam Age. He was said to be born in the village of Mahibalanpatti in Tirupattur taluk of Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu.

Kaniyan Pungundranar composed two poems in Tamil in Purananuru and Natrinai. His poem in Purananuru is a famous poem, it starts with the lines of Yaadhum Oore Yavarum Kelir speaks about unity. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the former president of India spoke about these lines in the United Nations Organisation. At present, these lines are depicted in the UNO.

Reference

Tamil people
Andreas Sparman or  Andreas Palmcron (1609 – November 30, 1658) was a Swedish doctor. He was the personal physician to Queen Christina and King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. He is most known for his book, Sundhetzens Speghel, which is considered to be the best medical book of the century, and is sometimes considered to be the first Swedish cookbook.

Life 

Andreas Sparman was born Andreas Schomerus in Sparrsätra parish, Uppsala County, Sweden.  He died in 
Stockholm.  When he wrote his dissertation in 1629, he used the name "Schomerus", but later changed his name to Sparrman, for his birthplace. He was knighted in 1647 with the name Palmcron.

Sparman's father was Nikolaus Olai.  His mother was Susanna Andersdotter.  His first wife was Helena Isaksdotter.  His second wife was Susanna Lilliecrona.  He had a daughter, Brita Susanna Palmkron, with his second wife.
Sparman studied medicine in the city of Leiden, in the Netherlands.  After he returned to Sweden he became the city doctor for Stockholm.  Later, he was the personal doctor to Queen Christina and Charles X Gustav of Sweden.

Books 

In connection with the plague epidemic in 1638, Sparman wrote an educational book about the plague. It was a summary of how to prevent and treat the disease. It was published again during plague epidemics in 1652 and 1710.
In 1642, Sparman wrote the most complete book ever published about preventive health care, Sundhetzen's Speghel, uthi hwilken man beskodhar Sundhetzens Natur,... or "Mirror of Health, from which one may learn the nature of health, the principle causes of all diseases which chiefly undermine health, together with the remedies which deliver us from them". 
  It is considered the best läkebok or medical book of the century.  Part of the book is written in the form of the alexandrine French poetry meter. It was probably based on some foreign works.  Sparman's book warned about the medical dangers of alcohol.

Because of the severe rödsots or dysentery epidemics, in 1652 Sparman wrote about how to prevent dysentery.

Sparman also translated the hymns of the Psalms.  He got permission to publish them, but they were never published.

Other websites 

 Sundhetzens Speghel Digital scan of 1686 edition.
 Sundhetzens Speghel on WorldCat
 Other works on WorldCat.

References
References  

Swedish writers
Swedish physicians
1609 births
1658 deaths
Elkin Fernando Ramírez Zapata (26 October 1962 – 29 January 2017) was a Colombian singer-songwriter. He was best known as the lead singer of the rock band Kraken. He was also a member to bands such as Kripzy (1981–1982) and Ferrotrack (1983–1984). He joined Kraken in 1985. He was born in Medellín, Antioquia.

Ramírez died from brain cancer on 29 January 2017 in Medellín. He was 54.

References

1962 births
2017 deaths
Colombian singer-songwriters
Cancer deaths in Colombia
Deaths from brain cancer
Rock singers
Singers from Medellín
Writers from Medellín
Walter Herbert "Walt" Streuli (September 26, 1935 – January 19, 2017) was an American professional baseball player. He played as a catcher. He appeared in six Major League Baseball games over parts of three seasons with the 1954–1956 Detroit Tigers. 

Streuli was born in Memphis, Tennessee. He studied at Rhodes College. Streuli died in Greensboro, North Carolina on January 19, 2017, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 Box score from Retrosheet

1935 births
2017 deaths
Detroit Tigers players
Sportspeople from Memphis, Tennessee
R-dropping also called non-rhoticity or post vocalic r-lessness happens to English-speakers when the "r" sound is not pronounced after a vowel. Then the words "car" and "card"  both sound like "cah" and "cahd". That happens for most speakers in England and some speakers in the United States, especially in the Boston and New York City areas and pockets of the American South especially the Greater New Orleans area, Virginia's Tidewater region and among speakers of ethnolects such as African American Vernacular English and Cajun English. British and Northeastern r-droppers usually pronounce "r" when the next word begins with a vowel as in "car is". For them, "spa" and "spar" sound alike, Southern, African American and South African r-droppers don't add additional Rs.

The pronunciation of the R is kept in the Scottish, Irish and most of the U.S. and Canada versions of spoken English. The R-droppers include most of England, Wales, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
The issue of how the R is used is called rhoticity by linguists.

Other websites 
wiktionary for rhotic
wiktionary for non-rhotic

Pronunciation
Jamshid Giunashvili (; 1 May 1931 – 21 January 2017). He was a Georgian linguist, Iranologist, researcher, author, and diplomat. He having served as the first ambassador of Georgia to Iran for a period of ten years from 1994 through 2004.

Biography 
Giunashvili was born in Tehran, Iran. He graduated from Tbilisi State University with a doctors degree in Iranian studies. Giunashvili died on 21 January 2017 in Tbilisi, Georgia, aged 86.

Related pages
List of Asian scientists by country

References

1931 births
2017 deaths
Scientists from Georgia (country)
Linguists
Ambassadors
People from Tehran
Brunhilde Pomsel (11 January 1911 – 27 January 2017) was a German broadcaster and secretary. She was born in Berlin. She was known as a personal secretary to politician Joseph Goebbels. She began work in the news department of the Third Reich's radio station in 1933. After World War II ended, she was not released from jail until 1950. She retired in 1971 at the age of 60.

Pomsel turned 100 in 2011. She died on 27 January 2017 in Munich at the age of 106.

References

1911 births
2017 deaths
German centenarians
People from Berlin
Anne-Marie Colchen-Maillet (8 December 1925 – 26 January 2017) was a French former track and field athlete and women's basketball player. She was born in Le Havre, France.

Career
She became France's first high jump champion at the 1946 European Athletics Championships and held the French record for the event for ten years. She represented France in high jump at the 1948 Summer Olympics. 

In basketball she was the highest scorer at the 1953 FIBA World Championship for Women, helping France to third place. She was a member of the French national team for the European Women's Basketball Championship in 1950, 1952, 1954 and 1956.

After retiring from active competition she went into coaching. Colchen was inducted into the Gloire du sport (the French national sports hall of fame) in 2002.

Death
Colchen died on 26 January 2017 in Paris, France, aged 91.

References

1925 births
2017 deaths
French athletes
French basketball players
High jumpers
Sportspeople from Normandy
People from Le Havre
A sachet d'épices is a small cheesecloth sack containing herbs and spices. It is used to add flavor to stocks, soups and sauces. It means "small bag of spices" in French.

It is often simply called a sachet. It is used like a bouquet garni, but a sachet's ingredients are inside a cheesecloth while a bouquet garni is not. This means that spices such as whole peppercorns and dried herbs, which cannot be used in a bouquet garni, can go in a sachet.

Cooking methods
Dame Margaret Laurence "Laurie" Salas (née Hay, 8 February 1922 – 26 January 2017) was a New Zealand women's rights and peace activist. She was born in Wellington, New Zealand.

Salas was involved with the Playcentre movement, and became that organisation's first representative on the National Council of Women. Salas was a New Zealand committee member for the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, and she was also an honorary vice president of the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs. In the 1982 Queen's Birthday Honours Salas was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for community service.

Salas died on 26 January 2017 in Kaori, New Zealand, aged 94.

References

1922 births
2017 deaths
Human rights activists
People from Wellington
New Zealand activists
Atanas Kirov (, 24 September 1946 – 27 January 2017) was a Bulgarian bantamweight weightlifter. He was born in Burgas, Bulgaria.

Career
From 1973 and 1975, he won the world titles and three European titles and set two world records in the total. He competed in the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics and placed seventh and fifth, respectively.

Death
Kirov died on 27 January 2017 in Sofia from a heart attack, aged 70.

References

1946 births
2017 deaths
Weightlifters
Bulgarian sportspeople
Fine Air Flight 101 was a scheduled cargo flight from Miami International Airport, in Miami, Florida, to Las Américas International Airport in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. On August 7, 1997 the Douglas DC-8 crashed into a road (72nd Avenue) at 28th Street, in Miami near the airport. There were four people on the plane but only three bodies were found hours after the crash. Two people on the ground were reported to be injured. One person was killed while driving a vehicle.

The probable cause was the airplane was the cargo being loaded too far to the back of the plane. Combined with an incorrect stabilizer trim setting, the aircraft pitched up too far at takeoff. Witnesses said the plane looked like it was going to flip backwards as it took off. The plane, weighing , struggle to an altitude of . Then it fell back to the ground, tail first. When the plane hit the ground it broke apart and caught fire.

References
References

Other websites 
 Fine Air Flight 101; YouTube
 NTSB Aircraft Accident Report, Fine Air Flight 101, August 7, 1997

1997 in the United States
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 1990s
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States
August events
1990s in Florida
History of Miami
Zakia Soman (Arabic: زكية سومان ) is an activist from India. She is the head of the human rights group Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan (BMMA).  In 2014, she received the Outstanding Women Achievers award from the National Commission for Women.

Life 

Soman is from Ahmedabad, Gujarat in India.  She worked as a university professor.

Work 

Soman fights for women to be able to enter religious shrines.  She works to reform Islamic divorce customs in India, and to stop the triple talaq practice of divorce in Islam for the 90 million Muslim women in India. The BMMA works for women's rights in Islam and recommended changes in India's family law.
In 2013, the BMMA did a survey of 5000 women about women's rights in Islamic families.  After that, they trained 30 women as judges to help solve family problems. In the survey, 92 percent of women had agreed to ban the one-sided triple divorce.  The Shariah court for women was started because they thought that women were not being heard in the male Shariah court. In the survey, 92 percent of the women were also opposed to multiple wives.

References  

Living people
Indian activists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Howard Frank Mosher (June 16, 1942 – January 29, 2017) was an American author and retired high school teacher. He was known for his novels Where the Rivers Flow North (1978) and A Stranger In the Kingdom (1991). He was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1979, and is the 1981 recipient of the Literature Award bestowed by the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. 

Mosher was born in Cato, New York. He studied at Syracuse University in 1964. He taught English in Vermont at Orleans High and Lake Region Union High School during his early years. Mosher died of prostate cancer under hospice care in Irasburg, Vermont, aged 74.

References

Other websites
 Howard Frank Mosher Official Website
 2007 interview with The Optimistic Curmudgeon

1942 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Educators from Vermont
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from Vermont
Educators from New York (state)
Stuart Timmons (January 14, 1957 – January 28, 2017) was an American journalist, activist, and historian. He was an award-winning author specializing in LGBT history. He was the author of The Trouble With Harry Hay: Founder of the Modern Gay Movement and the co-author of Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians with Lillian Faderman. In 2007, Stuart began developing walking tours of LGBTQ historic sites in Los Angeles.

Timmons was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. In 2008, he suffered a massive stroke that left him paralyzed from the waist down. 

Timmons died on January 28, 2017 at a hospital in Hollywood, California from cardiac arrest, at the age of 60.

References

Other websites
 Official Site of Stuart Timmons
1957 births
2017 deaths
American historians
American journalists
American LGBT rights activists
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Gay men
LGBT journalists
LGBT people from Los Angeles
Writers from Minneapolis
Writers from Los Angeles
American LGBT writers