Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Phillip Allen Sharp (born June 6, 1944) is an  American geneticist and molecular biologist.

He co-discovered gene splicing, and shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard Roberts for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of pre-messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence".

Sharp was born in Falmouth, Kentucky. He completed his PhD in chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1969. After completing his PhD he worked at the California Institute of Technology until 1971, where he studied plasmids and, later, gene expression in human cells at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory under James Watson.
In 1974 he was offered a position at MIT by biologist Salvador Luria.  He was director of MIT's Center for Cancer Research (now the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research) from 1985 to 1991; head of the Biology department from 1991 to 1999; and director of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research from 2000 to 2004.

Work 
It used to be thought that each gene on DNA coded for a single protein in a continuous strip. In 1997 Sharp and Roberts independently found out that genes were split into segments that were combined later in RNA processing. 

Sharp and Roberts proved that the coding DNA is separated by stretches of DNA which are non-coding. The coding sections are exons, and the non-coding sections are introns. 

Furthermore, it turned out that this structure occurs in all higher organisms. The discovery that a gene in could be present in the genetic material as several distinct and separate segments was revolutionary.
The second part of Sharp's work was in gene-splitting and gene splicing. This means to cut pieces out of, and add pieces to, a coding sequence. This creates a protein which works differently from the original version.

Suggested effect on evolution 
This kind of structure may allow more flexible responses to environmental change, and so speed up evolution. The structure may also be responsible for a number of inherited genetic defects.

Here's a key part of the Nobel presentation speech by Professor Bertil Daneholt of the Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute:
"Earlier it was believed that genes evolve mainly through the accumulation of small discrete changes in the genetic material. But their mosaic gene structure also permits higher organisms to restructure genes in another, more efficient way. This is because during the course of evolution, gene segments – the individual pieces of the mosaic – are regrouped in the genetic material, which creates new mosaic patterns and hence new genes. This reshuffling process presumably explains the rapid evolution of higher organisms".

References 

1944 births
American geneticists
Living people
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Kentucky
The Anti-Comintern Pact was a pact between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, which would later joined by more countries, in Berlin, Germany, on November 25, 1936. It was set up directly against the Comintern, or Communist International, an organization that was led by the Soviet Union. On November 6, 1937, Fascist Italy joined the pact, which was the beginning of the Axis Powers.

References 

1936
1936 in Germany

World War II
1930s in Japan
1930s in Berlin
The Reichstag fire () was an arson (setting fire) on the Reichstag building, the meeting place of the German Parliament, in Berlin on 27 February 1933. It was an important event in the creation of Nazi Germany.

A Berlin fire station was called, and by the time the police and firefighters had arrived, most of the building was covered in flames. Inside the building, Marinus van der Lubbe was found. He was a Dutch communist. The Nazis said it proved that communists were beginning a plot against the German government. Van der Lubbe and four Communist leaders were arrested shortly after that. Adolf Hitler, who had become Chancellor of Germany four weeks before, urged President Paul von Hindenburg to pass an emergency law to fight back "the confrontation of the Communist Party of Germany".
As a result, Enabling Act of 1933 was passed. The Reichstag Fire Decree was issued by German President von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in response to the Reichstag fire. The decree suspended most civil liberties in Germany. Many Communists were arrested, including all the Communist Party members of Parliament. This made the Nazis the majority of the Parliament, and made Hitler's the dictator in effect. The following elections gave Hitler more power.  

More investigation continued. In early March 1933, three men were brought to the court. All of them were senior Bulgarian Comintern agents. One Communist was found guilty and executed; the others were acquitted and went to the Soviet Union. 

Historians still do not know who planned the fire or who did it. It is still an ongoing topic of research.

References 

1933
1930s in Berlin
Arson
Attacks on buildings and structures in Germany

Building and structure fires in Europe
February events
Nazi Germany
Fire
Operation Sea Lion () was the plan to invade the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during World War II. However, Germany first had to control the sky and sea of the English Channel before a land invasion.

With the German Navy weakened during the German invasion of Norway and the Luftwaffe defeated at the Battle of Britain, the operation was put off on 17 September 1940 and so never happened.

Most historians believe that the German plans would have had little chance of success.

References 

World War II
Max Ferdinand Perutz FRS OM CBE (19 May 1914 – 6 February 2002) was an Austrian-born British molecular biologist.

He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of haemoglobin and globular proteins. The method used was mainly X-ray crystallography.

He went on to win the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1971 and the Copley Medal in 1979.  At Cambridge he founded and chaired (1962–79) The Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, fourteen of whose scientists have won Nobel Prizes. Perutz's contributions to molecular biology in Cambridge are documented in The History of the University of Cambridge: Volume 4 (1870 to 1990) published by the Cambridge University Press in 1992.
Perutz was born in Vienna, Austria. His family was Jewish. He had worked in Cambridge (Peterhouse College) since 1936, and moved to Britain permanently after the Anschluss, the Nazi takeover of Austria. He did his war work in Canada, and returned to Cambridge after the war. Max did some of his most important work after winning the Nobel award, and is still held in the highest esteem.

Books by Perutz 
1989. Is science necessary? Essays on science and scientists. London. Barrie and Jenkins. 
1997. Science is not a quiet life : unravelling the atomic mechanism of haemoglobin. Singapore. World Scientific. 
2002. I wish I’d made you angry earlier: essays on science, scientists and humanity. Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

References
References 

1914 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from Merkel-cell carcinoma
Austrian Jews
Austrian scientists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
British molecular biologists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Scientists from Vienna
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
The Battle of Moscow (, ) is a name given by Soviet historians to two periods of fighting on a 600 km area of the Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defenses stopped the German attack on Moscow, the Soviet capital, which was one of the Axis's primary military and political objectives in the invasion of the Soviet Union.

The German strategic offensive named Operation Typhoon was planned to attack Moscow from the north and south. The Soviets reacted by sending in more reserve from the Far East. Shortly, German attacks were stopped, and the Soviets began counter-attack and forced to push the Axis back.

References 

1941 in Europe
1942
1940s in the Soviet Union
Moscow
Moscow
Moscow
20th century in Moscow
The Second Battle of El Alamein was a great turning point in the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. The battle lasted from 23 October to 5 November 1942. The First Battle of El Alamein had stopped the Axis from attacking deep into Egypt further. Thereafter, Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery took command of the British Eighth Army in August 1942. In the second battle he took the offensive, with great success.
 
The Allied victory turned the tide in the North African Campaign. It ended Axis's hopes of occupying Egypt, taking control of the Suez Canal, and reaching the Middle Eastern oil fields.

The battle forced Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Corps to retreat back to the former French fortifications in the Mareth Line in the border between Tunisia and Libya.

Notes

Footnote

Citations
Citations 

Battle
Battle
Battles involving Australia
Battles involving France
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving Greece
Battles involving Italy
Battles involving New Zealand
Battles involving South Africa
Battles involving the United Kingdom
North African battles of World War II
Sir John Cowdery Kendrew CBE FRS (24 March 1917– 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist and crystallographer.

He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz. Their group in the Cavendish Laboratory was the first to determine the structure of proteins, using X-ray crystallography. He was also a Fellow (teacher) at Peterhouse College in Cambridge.

In what became the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Kendrew determined the structure of the protein myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle cells.

He spent the early months of World War II doing research on radar. In 1940 he became engaged in operational research at the Royal Air Force headquarters, holding the honorary rank of Wing Commander R.A.F.

John Finch 2008. A Nobel Fellow on every floor. Medical Research Council 2008. ; this book is about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
1917 births
1997 deaths
English biochemists
Royal Air Force
Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
British Nobel Prize winners
English molecular biologists
Chelsea Kane Staub  (born September 15, 1988) is an American actress and singer professionally known as Chelsea Kane since December 2010. She is best known for her role as Stella Malone in the Disney Channel sitcom Jonas L.A.. She also appeared in the Disney Channel Original Movies, Minutemen and Starstruck. She also co-stars in the Disney Channel animated series, Fish Hooks.

Career 
Kane grew up in Phoenix, Arizona, where she attended Mohave Middle School. She is an alumna of Valley Youth Theatre.

In 2007, she played her first starring role as well as her first theatrical role, in the theatrical motion picture Bratz: The Movie, as "Meredith Baxter Dimly", the film's primary antagonist. She performs two of the songs on the film's soundtrack.
In 2008, she acted in one of the Disney Channel Original Movies Minutemen as "Stephanie Jameson", which aired on Disney Channel in January 2008. She will be in the Jonas Brothers' brand new Disney Channel series JONAS as "Stella Malone", the boys' stylist and childhood best friend. She also has a song written about her performed by The Summer Set.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Discography

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

Chelsea Staub Web Site

1988 births
Living people
Actors from Phoenix, Arizona
American movie actors
American television actors
Disney actors
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Singers from Phoenix, Arizona
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a very small New World monkey that lives in Brazil. Marmosets can found in many forest habitats. Common marmosets eat gum, sap, latex, and resin from trees the most out of all the members of the Callithrix family. 

A common group of marmosets is made up of 15 members, but usually has nine members. Common marmosets have a complex mating system. In a group of marmosets, there will usually be one or two females that will have babies and one male to be the father. The females are usually closely related, while the male is distantly related. If the male dies, the group will break up and form new groups. When marmosets get older, they leave the group they were raised with. It is not known why.

To show fear or submission, marmosets flatten their ear-tufts close to their heads. Marmoset alarm calls tend to be brief and high-pitched. Marmosets monitor and find group members with calls called "trills".

References

Other websites

 

Marmosets
Mammals of South America
An intron is a non-coding sequence in a gene.

It is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing to get the final RNA product of a gene. The term intron refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene, and the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts.  

Sequences of coding DNA which are joined together in the final RNA after RNA splicing are exons. They code for amino acids in the final polypeptide.

Introns are in the genes of most organisms and many viruses. They can be in a wide range of genes, including those that generate proteins, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). RNA splicing takes place after transcription and before translation.

Introns: parts of a gene which are discarded: non-working bits.
Exons: parts of a gene which are expressed: bits of a gene which code for amino-acid sequences in a protein.
The discovery of introns led to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1993 for Phillip Sharp and  Richard Roberts. The term intron was introduced by American biochemist Walter Gilbert.

Biological meaning 
There are many unanswered questions about introns. It is unclear whether introns serve some specific function, or whether they are selfish DNA which reproduces itself as a parasite.

Recent studies of entire eukaryotic genomes have now shown that the lengths and density (introns/gene) of introns varies considerably between related species. There are four or five different kinds of intron. Some introns represent mobile genetic elements (transposons).
Alternative splicing of introns within a gene allows a variety of protein isoforms from a single gene. Thus multiple related proteins can be generated from a single gene and a single precursor mRNA transcript. The control of alternative RNA splicing is performed by complex network of signalling molecules. In humans, ~95% of genes with more than one exon are alternatively spliced.

References 

Genetics
Molecular biology
Cell biology
Lake Clarke Shores is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,564 at the 2020 census.

Land
Lake Clarke Shores is next to the cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth Beach. The Village of Palm Springs is west of the town. The town is roughly bounded by Interstate 95 to the east, Florida Mango Road to the west, Summit Boulevard to the north, except for the Lake Patrick neighborhood, and 10th Avenue North to the south, except for the Waterside neighborhood.  

Lake Clarke Shores is located at  (26.645644, -80.075379). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of .   of it is land and  of it (10.8%) is water.
People
As of the census of 2020, there were 3,564 people living in the town. The people made up 1,414 households.  The population density was 3,860 people per square mile (1,490/km²).  There were 1,478 housing units at an average density of 1,600 per square mile (618/km²).  The racial makeup of the town was 67.1% White (60.0% were Non-Hispanic White), 3.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 6.6% from other races, and 21.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32.7% of the population.

There were 1,414 households out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 7.6% were unmarried couples living together, 24.3% had a female householder with no husband or partner, and 12.4% had a male householder with no wife or partner. 20.4% of all households were made up of people living alone and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
In the town the population was spread out with 19.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 30.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 46.1 years. For every 100 females there were 93.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.

In 2021, the median income for a household in the town was about $133,997, and the median income for a family was about $142,708. The per capita income for the town was $53,160.  About 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 84.76% of all residents, while Spanish was the mother tongue of 15.23% of the population.

As of 2000, Lake Clarke Shores had the forty-first highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, with 10.08% of the town's population.

References

Other websites
Lake Clarke Shores official website
Towns in Florida
Palm Beach County, Florida
This article lists the 25 busiest Amtrak stations in the United States.

References

Rail transport lists
Amtrak
Sacramento may refer to:

Sacramento County, California, a county in California
Sacramento, California, the state capital of California
New Haven may refer to:

New Haven, Connecticut, a city in the state Connecticut
New Haven, Indiana, a city in the state of Indiana
New Haven, Kentucky, a city in the state of Kentucky
New Haven, Missouri, a city in the state of Missouri
New Haven, Vermont, a town in the state of Vermont
Harrisburg may refer to:

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state capital of Pennsylvania
Harrisburg, Illinois, a city in Illinois
Flagler County, in Florida, United States, was created in 1917.  It was named for Henry Morrison Flagler, a famous railroad builder who built the Florida East Coast Railway. At the 2020 census, 115,378 people lived in the county.

In 1998, when two brush fires threatened to become one huge brush fire in Flagler County, a mandatory evacuation was ordered for the entire county.  This was the first and so far the only time a whole county was evacuated in Florida. Flagler is also a sports town. Three Flagler baseball teams have made it to the State Tournament in the last 2 years.

Land
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of , of which  (or 84.97%) is land and  (or 15.03%) is water.

Counties nearby
St. Johns County, Florida - north
Volusia County, Florida - south
Putnam County, Florida - west
Parks and gardens
 Belle Terre Park 
 Betty Steflik Preserve 
 Bings Landing 
 Bird of Paradise Nature Reserve 
 Bull Creek Campground 
 Bulow Creek State Park
 Bulow Plantation Ruins Historic State Park
 Central Park in Town Center 
 Children's Memorial Garden 
 Gamble Rogers Memorial State Recreation Area
 Graham Swamp Preserve 
 Haw Creek Preserve / Russell Landing 
 Heroes Memorial Park 
 Herschel King Park 
 Hidden Trails Park 
 James F. Holland Memorial Park 
 Jungle Hut Park 
 Lehigh Trail 
 Longs Landing Estuary 
 Malacompra Park 
 Moody Homestead Park 
 Old Dixie Park 
 Old Salt Park 
 Palm Coast Community Center & Park 
 Palm Coast Linear Park 
 Princess Place Preserve 
 Ralph Carter Park 
 River to Sea Preserve 
 Seminole Woods Neighborhood Park 
 Shell Bluff Park 
 Silver Lake Park 
 St. Joe Walkway 
 Varn Park 
 Veteran's Park 
 Wadsworth Park 
 Washington Oaks State Gardens
 Waterfront Park 
 Wickline Park
Rivers and waterways
 Atlantic Ocean
 Dead Lake
 Crescent Lake
 Intracoastal Waterway
 Matanzas River
 Pellicer Creek

People

As of the census of 2000, there were 49,832 people, 21,294 households, and 15,672 families living in the county.  The population density was 103 people per square mile (40/km²).  There were 24,452 housing units at an average density of 50 per square mile (19/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 87.27% White, 8.83% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 1.17% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.96% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races.  5.09% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 90.1% spoke English, 5.0% Spanish and 1.2% German as their first language.

1.8% of the population identified themselves as being of non-Hispanic West Indian Ancestry.
In 2000 there were 21,294 households out of which 21.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.80% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.40% were not related. 21.60% of all households were made up of people living alone and 12.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.67.

In the county the population was spread out with 17.90% under the age of 18, 4.80% from 18 to 24, 20.30% from 25 to 44, 28.30% from 45 to 64, and 28.60% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females there were 92.10 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.90 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $40,214, and the median income for a family was $45,625. Males had a median income of $31,184 versus $24,865 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,879.  About 6.70% of families and 8.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.70% of those under age 18 and 4.40% of those age 65 or over.

Flagler county was ranked the fastest-growing county in the nation by the US Census Bureau from 2000 to 2005, with a 53.3% change, with a July 1, 2005 population estimate at 76,410.

Cities and towns

Incorporated 
 City of Bunnell
 City of Flagler Beach
 City of Palm Coast
 Town of Marineland
 Town of Beverly Beach

Unincorporated 
Flagler Estates (also in St. Johns County)
Hammock
Painters Hill
Espanola
Bimini
Dupont
Korona
Codys Corner
Favoretta
St. Johns Park
Daytona North
Relay

Transportation

Major roads
  Interstate 95 
  U.S. 1
  SR A1A
  SR 11
  SR 20
  SR 100
Politics
Because the demographics of the county are changing quickly, Flagler County is often an unpredictable county in presidential and other elections, although the general trend has been towards the Republican party in recent years.

Education
Flagler County Public Schools enroll about 13,000 students. It includes two public high schools: Flagler Palm Coast and Matanzas High School. The county also has 5 elementary schools and 2 middle schools.
Flagler county schools are:
 Belle Terre Elementary K-6th
 Bunnell Elementary K-6th
 Rymfire Elementary K-6th
 Old Kings Elementary K-6th
 Wadsworth Elementary K-6th
 St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Catholic School Pre K-8th
 Buddy Taylor Middle School 7th-8th
 Indian Trails middle School 7th-8th
 Matanzas High School 9th-12th
 Flagler Palm Coast High School 9th-12th
 Pathways Academy (alternative school)
 iFlagler Virtual School 7th-12th
 Imagine School at Town Center (charter)
 Academies of Excellence's Heritage Academy (charter)
 Daytona State College (Daytona Beach, Florida (main campus)/ Palm Coast, Florida)

References

Other websites

Government links/Constitutional offices
 Flagler County Board of County Commissioners official website
 Flagler County Supervisor of Elections
 Flagler County Property Appraiser
 Flagler County Sheriff's Office
 Flagler County Tax Collector

Special districts 
 Flagler County Public Schools 
 St. Johns River Water Management District
Judicial branch
 Flagler County Clerk of Courts 
  Public Defender, 7th Judicial Circuit of Florida  serving Flagler, Putnam, St. Johns, and Volusia counties
  Office of the State Attorney, 7th Judicial Circuit of Florida
  Circuit and County Court for the 7th Judicial Circuit of Florida

Tourism links 
 Flagler County Tourist Development Council

 
1917 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Florida
Davis may refer to:

Davis, Oklahoma, a city in Oklahoma
Davis City, Iowa, a city in Iowa
David James "Mac" McAllister (born 12 January 1971) is a German politician of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (CDU). On 1 July 2010 he was elected Minister-President of the state of Lower Saxony, succeeding Christian Wulff, who resigned following his election as President of Germany. Until 2013, McAllister headed a coalition government with the liberal FDP, the Cabinet McAllister. In 2013, he was succeeded by Social Democrat Stephan Weil. Since 2014 he has been a Member of the European Parliament.

A lawyer by profession, he has been the chairman of the CDU parliamentary group in the Landtag of Lower Saxony from 2003 to 2010 and was elected chairman of the state party from 2008 until 2016. From 2010 until 2013, he was also a member of the supervisory board of Volkswagen.

McAllister is of German and Scottish descent, and he leads a state that has historic ties to Britain, as the old Kingdom of Hanover makes up parts of the state and the state capital is Hanover City.

Biography
Biography

McAllister was born in West Berlin on 12 January 1971 to a Scottish father and a German mother. His father, James Buchanan McAllister, was a British civil servant, originally from Glasgow (where the family still has relatives). He had been stationed in West Berlin since 1969, attached to the Royal Corps of Signals. His mother, Mechthild McAllister, is a music teacher. David McAllister was raised bilingual (speaking English and German) and attended a British primary school in Berlin.
After his parents moved to the small town of Bad Bederkesa in Lower Saxony in 1982, he went to the Lower Saxon Internatsgymnasium (boarding school) in Bederkesa, where he took his Abitur in 1989. From 1989 till 1991, McAllister served as a soldier in the Bundeswehr, in Panzerbataillon 74 in Cuxhaven. From 1991–96 he studied law with a scholarship of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation at the University of Hanover. In 1994, McAllister became local chairman of the Junge Union, the CDU youth organisation, in the Cuxhaven district.
David McAllister is both a German and a British citizen, but says that he is "more or less completely German. I've lived in Germany all my life. I did all my school in Germany and my military service in Germany." His upbringing in West Berlin, however, he describes as "very British" with "British network, British schools". Holding dual citizenship, he could have relinquished his German citizenship to avoid compulsory military service in Germany (the UK does not have compulsory military service), but opted to serve instead.

McAllister has said that "my upbringing in West Berlin may have had an impact on my resentment towards communists. I became a member of the CDU when I was 17 – it was a birthday present. My parents said, 'What do you want for your birthday?’ I said I wanted to become a member of the CDU", explaining that his father was a Conservative, although none of his parents were involved in party politics.

Political career
Political career

From 1996 till 2010, McAllister was a member of the Cuxhaven district council (Kreistag). He served as mayor of his hometown of Bad Bederkesa from 2001 to 2002. From 2002 to 2003, he also was secretary general of the CDU in Lower Saxony. Since 2003, McAllister has been the leader of the CDU parliamentary party group in the Parliament of Lower Saxony, of which he has been a member since 1998. McAllister succeeded Christian Wulff as party chairman of the CDU in Lower Saxony in June 2008, winning the election by a record margin. In 2016, he was succeeded by Bernd Althusmann. In the United Kingdom, McAllister is a supporter of the Conservative Party.

In 2005, Chancellor Angela Merkel offered him the position of Secretary General of the CDU, but McAllister declined, arguing he did not want to rise too far too fast.
Minister-President of Lower Saxony
On 4 June 2010, he was chosen by his party to follow Christian Wulff as Minister-President of Lower Saxony, if the latter was to be elected President of Germany on 30 June. After the election of Wulff as President, David McAllister was elected the new Minister-President of Lower Saxony the following day. In 2013, he lost the re-election to Stephan Weil, of the Social Democrats. He was subsequently also appointed to the supervisory board of Volkswagen, the largest company of Lower Saxony and of which the state of Lower Saxony is a major stockholder.

Personal life
He is married to Dunja McAllister, who is also a lawyer. They have two daughters, Jamie Elizabeth and Mia Louise. He lives in Bad Bederkesa in the district of Cuxhaven.

Proud of his Scottish heritage, McAllister proposed to his wife at Loch Ness, and married in August 2003, wearing a kilt. He later explained it was a family tradition.

References

Other websites

 Homepage of David McAllister
 State Chancellery
1971 births
Living people
MEPs for Germany
Ministers-President of Lower Saxony
Politicians from Berlin
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Dixie County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida.  As of 2020, 16,759 people lived there. Its county seat is Cross City, Florida.

History 
Dixie County was created in 1921 from the southern portion of Lafayette County.  "Dixie" is a common nickname for the Southern United States.

Land
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of , of which  (or 81.51%) is land and  (or 18.49%) is water.

Counties nearby
 Taylor County, Florida - northwest
 Lafayette County, Florida - north
 Gilchrist County, Florida - east
 Levy County, Florida - southeast

National protected area
 Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge (part)

People
People

As of the census of 2008, there were 14,957 people living in Dixie County. In 2000 there were an estimated 5,205 households, and 3,659 families living in the county. The population density was 20 people per square mile (8/km²).  There were 7,362 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (4/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 88.80% White, 8.98% Black or African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.45% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. 1.80% of the people were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 5,205 households out of which 27.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.90% were married couples living together, 10.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.70% were non-families. 23.90% of all households were made up of people living alone and 11.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.87.
In the county the people were spread out with 22.10% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 26.60% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 17.10% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 113.90 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $26,082, and the median income for a family was $31,157. Males had a median income of $26,694 versus $17,863 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,559.  About 14.50% of families and 19.10% of the people were below the poverty line, including 23.90% of those under age 18 and 16.10% of those age 65 or over.

Cities and towns 
 Cross City
 Horseshoe Beach

Unincorporated 
 Clara (shared with Taylor County)
 Eugene
 Hines
 Jonesboro
 Old Town
 Shamrock  Noted for its turpentine industry in the 1930s and 40s.
 Shired Island  Noted for topping the list of America's most polluted beaches in 2008.
 Suwannee
 Yellow Jacket
Politics
In Presidential elections, Dixie County tends to vote Republican, although both Democrat Bill Clinton and Reform Party candidate Ross Perot did very well in 1992 and 1996. During the 21st century, the county has become increasingly Republican.

Points of interest
 City Of Hawkinsville - sunken steamboat in the Suwannee River near Old Town, one of the Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves
 Old Town Elementary School, now the Dixie County Cultural Center
 Old Town Methodist Church built in 1890 behind the 1983 church building.

References

Other websites

 Dixie County Advocate, local newspaper available in full-text for free from the Florida Digital Newspaper Library
 Dixie County Times, A recently started local newspaper managed by the former editor of the Dixie County Advocate.
 WZCC-AM 1240, Cross City's Community Radio Station.
Government links/Constitutional offices
 Dixie County Board of County Commissioners
 Dixie County Supervisor of Elections 
 Dixie County Property Appraiser 
 Dixie County Sheriff's Office
 Dixie County Tax Collector

Special districts 
 Dixie County Schools 
 Suwannee River Water Management District

Judicial branch
 Dixie County Clerk of Courts 
  Public Defender, 3rd Judicial Circuit of Florida serving Columbia, Dixie, Hamilton, Lafayette, Madison, Suwannee, and Taylor Counties
  Office of the State Attorney, 3rd Judicial Circuit of Florida
  Circuit and County Court for the 3rd Judicial Circuit of Florida

Tourism links 
 Dixie County Chamber of Commerce

Florida counties
1921 establishments in Florida
North Las Vegas is a suburban city in Clark County, Nevada, United States, in the Las Vegas Valley. As of the 2020 census, 262,527 people lived here. The city was founded on May 1, 1946. It is the fourth-largest city by population in the state.

References 

20th-century establishments in Nevada
1946 establishments in the United States
Cities in Nevada
Gadsden County is a county in the panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida.  As of the 2020 census, 43,826 people lived there. Its county seat is Quincy, Florida. Gadsden County is the only majority African American county in Florida. Gadsden county is home to two high schools - West Gadsden High School (a combination of former Chattahoochee High and Greensboro High) on the western edge of Quincy near Greensboro, and East Gadsden High School (a combination of former James A. Shanks High and Havana Northside High) located on Highway 90 East of Quincy.

The county is part of the Tallahassee, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History 
Gadsden County was created in 1823. It was named for James Gadsden of South Carolina. He was Andrew Jackson's aide-de-camp in Florida in 1818.

There were once only two high schools that blacks in Gadsden County could attend: Carter-Parramore (which is now a middle school) and Stevens High Schools.
Land
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of , of which  (or 97.66%) is land and  (or 2.34%) is water.

Gadsden County is part of the Tallahassee Metropolitan Statistical Area.  Gadsden County is in the Eastern Time Zone.  Its western border with Jackson County forms the boundary in this area between the Eastern and Central Time Zones.

Counties nearby
Decatur County, Georgia - north
Seminole County, Georgia - north
Grady County, Georgia - northeast
Leon County, Florida - east
Liberty County, Florida - southwest
Calhoun County, Florida - southwest
Jackson County, Florida - northwest

Education

Politics
Gadsden County is known for being a stronghold of the Democratic Party in north Florida, along with Leon County and Jefferson County to its east, and Alachua County to its southeast.

People
People

Gadsden County is the state's only county with an African American majority population. As of the census of 2000, there were 45,087 people, 15,867 households, and 11,424 families living in the county.  The population density was 87 people per square mile (34/km²).  There were 17,703 housing units at an average density of 34 per square mile (13/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 57.14% Black or African American, 38.70% White, 0.23% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.76% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races.  6.17% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 15,867 households out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.50% were married couples living together, 22.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.00% were non-families. 23.90% of all households were made up of people living alone and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.18.

In the county the population was spread out with 26.40% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 28.90% from 25 to 44, 23.00% from 45 to 64, and 12.20% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 90.70 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $31,248, and the median income for a family was $36,238. Males had a median income of $27,159 versus $21,721 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,499.  About 16.40% of families and 19.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.50% of those under age 18 and 16.90% of those age 65 or over.

Cities and towns 
 City of Chattahoochee
 Town of Greensboro
 City of Gretna
 Town of Havana
 City of Midway
 City of Quincy

References

  Gadsden: a Florida County in Word and Picture, by Miles Kenan Womack, Jr.

Other websites

Government links/Constitutional offices
 Gadsden County Board of County Commissioners
 Gadsden County Supervisor of Elections 
 Gadsden County Property Appraiser
 Gadsden County Sheriff's Office
 Gadsden County Tax Collector

Special districts 
 Gadsden County Schools 
 Northwest Florida Water Management District
Judicial branch
 Gadsden County Clerk of Courts 
  Public Defender, 2nd Judicial Circuit of Florida serving  Franklin, Gadsden, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, and Wakulla counties
  Office of the State Attorney, 2nd Judicial Circuit of Florida
  Circuit and County Court for the 2nd Judicial Circuit of Florida

Tourism links 
 Apalachicola Bay Chamber of Commerce
 The Original Florida Tourism Task Force
 Official Gadsden County Tourism website

 
1832 establishments in Florida Territory
Gulf County is a county in the panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida.  As of 2020, 14,192 people lived there. Its county seat is Port St. Joe, Florida.

History 
Gulf County, created in 1925, was named for the Gulf of Mexico. Wewahitchka was its first county seat and the 1927 Gulf County Courthouse is still there. In 1965, the county seat was moved to Port Saint Joe, which under its original name Saint Joseph, had been the site of Florida's first Constitutional Convention in 1838.

Land
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of , of which  (or 74.48%) is land and  (or 25.52%) is water.

Gulf County is one of a few counties in the United States to be in two time zones, Eastern and Central in this case.  Other examples include Idaho County, Idaho, and Malheur County, Oregon, having parts in both Mountain and Pacific Time Zones as well as Cherry County, Nebraska which is in both the Mountain and Central Time Zones.
Counties nearby
Calhoun County, Florida - north
Liberty County, Florida - northeast
Franklin County, Florida - east
Bay County, Florida - west

National protected area
 St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge (part)

People

As of the census of 2000, there were 13,332 people, 4,931 households, and 3,535 families living in the county.  The population density was 24 people per square mile (9/km²).  There were 7,587 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile (5/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 79.89% White, 16.94% Black or African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races.  2.03% of the people were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 4,931 households out of which 28.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.50% were married couples living together, 11.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.30% were not related. 25.50% of all households were made up of people living alone and 11.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the county the people was spread out with 21.70% under the age of 18, 6.80% from 18 to 24, 29.40% from 25 to 44, 26.00% from 45 to 64, and 16.20% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 114.60 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $30,276, and the median income for a family was $36,289. Males had a median income of $27,539 versus $20,780 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,449.  About 13.70% of families and 16.70% of the people were below the poverty line, including 20.80% of those under age 18 and 14.10% of those age 65 or over.

Cities and towns
Port St. Joe
Wewahitchka
Dalkeith
Highland View
Honeyville
Overstreet
White City

Politics 
Gulf County is heavily Republican. As of 2023, the county is represented by Republican Neal Dunn in the US House of Representatives.

References

Other websites

Government links/Constitutional offices
 Gulf County Board of County Commissioners
 Gulf County Supervisor of Elections
 Gulf County Property Appraiser
 Gulf County Sheriff's Office
 Gulf County Tax Collector

Special districts 
 Gulf County School District
 Northwest Florida Water Management District
Judicial branch
 Gulf County Clerk of Courts
  Circuit and County Court for the 14th Judicial Circuit of Florida serving Bay, Calhoun, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson and Washington counties

Tourism links 
 Gulf County Tourism Development Council

Business links 
 Gulf County Chamber of Commerce

 
1925 establishments in Florida
A spliceosome is a complex of special RNA and protein subunits. Spliceosomes are amazingly complex molecular machines. They remove introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA segment. This process is generally referred to as splicing.

Each spliceosome is composed of five small nuclear RNAs, (snRNA)s, and more than 50 proteins.

References 

Molecular biology
Organelles
Hamilton County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida.  As of 2020, 14,004 people lived there. Its county seat is Jasper, Florida.

History 
Hamilton County was created in 1827 from portions of Jefferson County.  It was named for Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secretary of the Treasury.

Land
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of , of which  (or 99.14%) is land and  (or 0.86%) is water.

The Suwannee River forms the borders it shares with all of the neighboring Florida counties - Suwannee County, Columbia County, and Madison County.

Counties nearby
Echols County, Georgia - north
Columbia County, Florida - east
Suwannee County, Florida - south
Madison County, Florida - west
Lowndes County, Georgia - northwest

People
People

As of the census of 2000, there were 13,327 people, 4,161 households, and 2,995 families living in the county.  The population density was 26 people per square mile (10/km²).  There were 4,966 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (4/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 58.79% White, 37.72% Black or African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.69% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races.  6.36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 4,161 households out of which 32.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.30% were married couples living together, 16.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.00% were not related. 24.10% of all households were made up of people living alone and 9.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.07.
In the county the population was spread out with 23.50% under the age of 18, 10.80% from 18 to 24, 31.80% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.20% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 135.00 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 145.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $25,638, and the median income for a family was $30,677. Males had a median income of $26,999 versus $20,552 for females. The per capita income for the county was $10,562.  About 21.70% of families and 26.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.70% of those under age 18 and 16.10% of those age 65 or over.

Cities and towns 
Jasper
Jennings
White Springs

Politics 
Hamilton County has become increasingly Republican in the 21st century.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Government links/Constitutional offices
 Hamilton County Board of County Commissioners 
 Hamilton County Supervisor of Elections
 Hamilton County Property Appraiser
 Hamilton County Sheriff's Office 
 Hamilton County Tax Collector

Special districts 
 Hamilton County Schools 
 Suwannee River Water Management District

Judicial branch
 Hamilton County Clerk of Courts 
  Public Defender, 3rd Judicial Circuit of Florida serving Columbia, Dixie, Hamilton, Lafayette, Madison, Suwannee, and Taylor Counties
  Office of the State Attorney, 3rd Judicial Circuit of Florida
  Circuit and County Court for the 3rd Judicial Circuit of Florida

Tourism links 
 Hamilton County Tourism Development Council
 Suwannee Online 

 
1827 establishments in Florida Territory
RNA splicing is a stage in gene transcription. Messenger RNA (mRNA), which transfers the code from DNA to proteins, is built in two stages. 

In the first stage, each gene is translated into a pre-mRNA. Then the exons in pre-mRNAs are joined by splicing, which is done in the spliceosomes. 

This is needed because the gene is split into code sections called exons and non-coding sections called introns. The exons are brought together by splicing.

So, in molecular biology, splicing is a process where introns are removed and exons are joined. This makes the final mRNA. This messenger RNA is then used to produce a correct protein by translation.

Alternative splicing 

In many cases, the splicing process creates a range of unique proteins by varying the exon composition of the same messenger RNA. This phenomenon is called alternative splicing. Alternative splicing can occur in many ways. Exons can be extended or skipped, or introns can be retained.
Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes 
Splicing occurs in all the kingdoms or domains of life, however, the extent and types of splicing can be very different between the major divisions.  Eukaryotes splice many protein-coding messenger RNAs and some non-coding RNAs. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, splice rarely. Another important difference is that prokaryotes completely lack spliceosomes.

Discovery 
Phillip Sharp and Richard Roberts were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of introns and the splicing process.

In 1977, work by the Sharp and Roberts labs showed that genes of higher organisms are "split" or present in several distinct segments along the DNA molecule.  

The coding regions of the gene are separated by non-coding DNA which is not involved in protein expression.  The non-coding regions, the introns, are cut from the precursor mRNAs in a process Sharp called "splicing".  The split gene structure was found to be common to most eukaryotic genes.

References
References 

RNA
Genetics