Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Born here
These people were born in Sedan:
 Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675), Marshal of France
 Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald (1765–1840), Marshal of France
 Charles Baudin (1792-1854), admiral
 René Guyon (1876-1963), jurist
 Yves Marie Joseph Cardinal Congar (1904-1995) was a French Dominican priest and theologian
 Pierre Cartier (born 1932), mathematician
 Yannick Noah (born 1960), was a professional tennis player
 Benjamin Lemaire (born 1985), actor and film director
 Anais Dechamps (born 1988), distance runner

Twin town
 Sedan is twinned with Eisenach, Germany since 1991

Related pages
 CS Sedan Ardennes, football club based in Sedan
 Stade Louis Dugauguez , a multi-use stadium in Sedan

Other websites
 Sedan city council website  (in French)
 The German breakthrough in 1940 
 Webpage about the fortifications of Sedan 
 Article on the Battle of Sedan at 'Battlefields Europe'
Communes in Ardennes
Subprefectures in France
1424 establishments
1420s establishments in Europe
Establishments in France
History
The competition was created during a board meeting of the Dutch National Football Association, in the Hague, on 19 January 1898. The tournament began the following season, 1898–1899. The first final was played on 9 May 1899 between RAP Amsterdam and HVV Den Haag. In 1946, the trophy was changed to one made out of silver, which was very rare in after World War II.

Name changes
Like many national cup competitions, the name of the tournament has changed with sponsorship. From 1995, the competition went from being the KNVB Cup Tournament to being known as the Amstel Cup after the then sponsor Amstel. On 16 August 2005, the name was changed to the Gatorade Cup after the drinks company Gatorade. In 2006, the name returned to being the KNVB Cup Tournament with Gatorade remaining as the principal sponsor.
European competition
Up until 1998, the winner of the cup entered into the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, but with the abandonment of that tournament, the winner now goes into the UEFA Europa League. If the winning team has won the Eredivisie and thus entry into the UEFA Champions League, then the beaten KNVB Cup finalist will take the place in the UEFA Europa League.

In 1998, both teams in the KNVB final, Ajax and PSV, had won places into the Champions League. So a game was played between the beaten semi-finalists, SC Heerenveen and FC Twente, to determine who would take the Cup Winners' Cup place.

Number of titles

Notes

References

Other websites
KNVB.nl - Official website KNVB 
RSSSF History of the Dutch Cup

Netherlands
Tadeusz Reichstein (20 July 1897  1 August 1996) was a Polish-born Swiss  chemist, botanist and Nobel laureate. 

Reichstein was born into a Jewish family at Włocławek, Congress Poland, and spent his early childhood at Kiev, where his father was an engineer. He began his education at boarding-school in Jena, Germany.

In 1933, working in Zürich, Switzerland, Reichstein made vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in what is now called the Reichstein process. 

Reichstein, E.C. Kendall and P.S. Hench were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for their discovery of cortisone.

He died in Basel, Switzerland. The main industrial process for the artificial creation of Vitamin C still bears his name. Reichstein was the longest-lived Nobel laureate at the time of his death, but was beaten in 2008 by Rita Levi-Montalcini.

References

Other websites
Brief bio on the Nobel Website
1897 births
1996 deaths
Swiss botanists
Jewish academics
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Jewish scientists
Polish Jews
Polish Nobel Prize winners
Swiss chemists
Swiss Jews
Everglades National Park  is an American national park that protects the southern twenty percent of the original Everglades in Florida. The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River. An average of one million people visit the park each year. 

Everglades is the third-largest national park in the contiguous United States after Death Valley and Yellowstone. 

UNESCO declared the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979.

References

World Heritage Sites in the United States
Geography of Florida
National parks in the United States
Manú National Park is a biosphere reserve in Peru.

Before becoming an area protected by the Peruvian government, the Manú National Park was conserved because it was inaccessible; that is, people could not get to it. The park is fairly inaccessible by road to this day. In 1977, UNESCO recognised it as a Biosphere Reserve and in 1987, it was named a World Heritage Site.

It is the largest National Park in Peru, covering an area of 15,328 km². The Biosphere Reserve includes an additional 2,570 km², and a further 914 km² are included in a "Cultural Zone" (which also given protection), bringing the total area up to 18,811 km².

The park protects several ecological zones ranging from as low as 150 metres above sea level in parts of the Amazon Basin, to Puna grassland at altitudes of 4200 metres. Because of this topographical range, it has one of highest levels of biodiversity of any park in the world.
Overall, more than 15,000 species of plants are found in Manú, and up to 250 varieties of trees have been found in a single hectare.

The reserve is visited by birdwatchers from all over the world, as it is home to over 1000 species of birds. This is over 10% of all living bird species, and more than the number of bird species found in the entirety of North America.

The Park has one of the most varied collections of land vertebrates ever found in Latin American tropical forests.

References 

Cusco Region
National parks in South America
World Heritage Sites in South America
Biosphere reserves
Plane Stupid is a non-violent environmentalist group in the United Kingdom. It is against making airports bigger.

Plane Stupid was started in 2005 by Joss Garman, Richard George and Graham Thompson.

References

Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom
2005 establishments in the United Kingdom
The Nissan Pathfinder is a midsize crossover SUV made by Nissan Motor Company. Its competitor was originally the Toyota 4Runner. It has been around since 1985 and has had five generations since then. It featured hidden rear door handles, a design feature that was later used by Alfa Romeo. The first generation was made from 1985 to 1995. The second generation was made from 1995 to 2004 and spawned an upscale version with the Infiniti QX4. The third generation was made from 2004 to 2012. The fourth generation is a midsize crossover SUV that allows seating for seven and was made from 2012 to 2020. The fifth generation launched in 2021 for the 2022 Model Year. 

Pathfinder
Sport utility vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
In the United Kingdom, certain drugs are classified as controlled drugs. Controlled drugs are illegal to possess, use, or supply to others without a license. These drugs are governed under the Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971. This act defines three categories of controlled drugs: A, B, and C. The penalties for illegaly possessing, using or supplying a controlled drug are different depending on which category the drug belongs to. Many of these drugs are also governed by other laws, such as the Medicines Act. Also, there are many other drugs that are not controlled by the Misuse of Drugs Act but that are controlled by other laws.

In 2023 the Scottish National Party called for the UK government to decriminalise the possession of all drugs for personal use.
Class A drugs are drugs that are considered the most dangerous. They carry the harshest punishments. Class C drugs are those that are thought to be much less dangerous. They therefore carry much less serious punishments. More serious punishments are dealt if the person is considered to have had the intention to supply the drug to others. Possession with intent to supply carries a maximum penalty of life in prison.

The laws governing the use and supply of drugs for medical purposes are not part of the Misuse of Drugs Act. A different set of categories apply, which are defined in the Misuse of Drugs Regulations. This sets out five schedules, each with their own restrictions. These restrictions say that a person can possess and use certain drugs if they have the proper prescriptions for them. A prescriptions must be given by somebody who is licensed to provide it (e.g., a medical doctor). The drug itself must be supplied by somebody who is licensed to supply it (e.g., a pharmacy).

References
References

United Kingdom law
Drug control law
"Lose Yourself" is a hip hop song by American rapper Eminem. Eminem won an Academy Award in 2003 and a Grammy in 2004 for "Lose Yourself". It was performed live at the 2022 Super Bowl in Los Angeles and has had over 5,000,000 downloads in the United States alone.  It is from and about his movie "8 Mile." It is Eminem's second-biggest hit to date.

References

2002 songs
Eminem songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Geomorphology  is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them.

More broadly, it studies the evolution of the topography of a planet. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics, and to predict future changes. They use a combination of field observation, physical experiment, and numerical modeling. 

Geomorphology is part of geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology and archaeology. This range of interests leads to a wide variety of research styles and interests in the field.

References 

Earth sciences
subfields of geology
Branches of geography
George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader. He was Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during World War II. As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan. For this plan, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.

References

1880 births
1959 deaths
American people of World War II
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Time People of the Year
American Nobel Prize winners
United States Secretaries of State
United States Secretaries of Defense
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
John Robert Isner (born April 26, 1985) is an American professional tennis player from Greensboro, North Carolina. He is best known for his first round marathon match at Wimbledon in 2010 against Nicolas Mahut, where they played the longest ever tennis match, which lasted 11 hours and 5 minutes and was played over three days.

References

Other websites

Isner`s official website

1985 births
Living people
American tennis players
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Stephen Paul Keirn (born September 10, 1951) is an American retired professional wrestler.

Since the late 1980s, Keirn has run a school to train wrestlers. Originally located in Tampa, Florida, Keirn's "Professional Wrestling School of Hard Knocks" is now located in Brandon, Florida.

1951 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
The book of Jubilees is an ancient book written in Hebrew. It is sometimes called the Lesser Genesis. It was known to early Christians and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church believes it to be a book of the Bible . 

Old Testament
is a race track standing in the foothills of Mount Fuji, in Oyama, Suntō District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It was built in the early 1960s and hosted the first Formula One race in Japan in 1976. In the 1980s, Fuji Speedway was used for the FIA World Sportscar Championship and national racing. When it first opened, it was managed by Mitsubishi. Fuji Speedway was purchased by Toyota Motor Corporation in 2000. Fuji Speedway is known for having one of the longest straights in motorsport tracks, at  in length.

History

F1 launches in Japan 

Fuji Speedway Corporation was established in 1963, as Japan NASCAR Corporation. At first, the circuit was planned to hold NASCAR-style races in Japan. The track was designed to be a  high-banked superspeedway. There was not enough money to complete the project and only one of the banked turns was ever designed. Mitsubishi Estate Co. (a part of Mitsubishi) invested in the circuit. They took over the management rights in October 1965.
The track was converted to a road course. Fuji speedway opened in December 1965. The banked turn was somewhat dangerous, and caused several major accidents. According to Vic Elford "The reason that banking was so horrific, was that at the end of the straight we went over a blind crest at around 190/200 mph and dropped into the banking. At other tracks (Daytona, Monthlery, etc.) you climb up the banking."

A new part of track was built to fix the problem. The new  course was more successful. In 1966, the track hosted a USAC Indy Car non-championship race, won by Jackie Stewart. The speedway brought the first Formula One race to Japan at the end of the  season. Mario Andretti won the race, and James Hunt earned enough points to win the world championship title.
In  Gilles Villeneuve was involved in a crash that killed two spectators on the side of the track. Formula One stopped racing at the speedway and Japan. When Japan was added back to the F1 schedule ten years later, it went to Suzuka instead. F1 didn't return to Fuji until .

National racing venue 

Fuji remained a popular sports car racing venue. FIA World Sportscar Championship visited the track between 1982 and 1988. Fuji was often used for national races. Two chicanes were added to the track to slow down the speeds. Even with these changes, the main feature of the track remained its long  straight, one of the longest in all of motorsports.

The long pit straight has also been used for drag racing. NHRA exhibitions were run in 1989. Local drag races are common on the circuit.

The track is still used for Japanese national races. In 2000 the majority of the shares of stock were bought by Toyota. Toyota was making plans for future motor racing.
Renovations 
In 2003 the circuit was closed to for a major reprofiling of the track. A new design from Hermann Tilke was used. The circuit reopened on 10 April 2005. It hosted its first Formula One championship event in 29 years on 30 September 2007. The race won by Lewis Hamilton.

The circuit hosts the NISMO Festival for historic Nissan racers. Toyota also hosts its own historic event a week before the NISMO called Toyota Motorsports Festival. Nearby is a drifting course, which was built as part of the refurbishment.

The only time the circuit is run on a reverse direction is during the D1 Grand Prix drifting round. The series has hosted its rounds since 2003, with the exception of the 2004 closure. The circuit became the first to take place on an international level racetrack and the first of the three to take place on an F1 circuit.

As part of the 2003 renovations, most of the old banked section of track was removed. Only a small section remains.
Following both poor ticket sales and bad weather it was decided by FOM that the Japanese Grand Prix would be shared between Fuji Speedway and Suzuka on alternate years. Suzuka would hold the next race on 4 October 2009. After the global recession and its own financial problems, Toyota decided to stop hosting of Japanese Grand Prix.

Records

Fuji Speedway in video games 
The Fuji circuit is known to fans of the arcade racing game Pole Position, as cars raced on the circuit.

Fuji is also featured in a number of video games including Top Gear, several Gran Turismo games and TOCA Race Driver.

Fuji Speedway in television 
The Fuji circuit is featured prominently in the Japanese television drama Engine as the main setting for the racing scenes. It is also the home of the (fictional) "Regulus Cup".

References

Other websites 

 Fuji Speedway official website 
 Fuji Speedway info from official F1 website
 Trackpedia's guide to the Fuji Speedway 
 BBC's circuit guide to the Fuji Speedway
 Google Map
The 2010 US Open was a tennis event played on an outdoor hard courts, held between August 30 and September 13, 2010 at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens, New York City, United States.

The men's singles final was initially going to be played on September 12. Rain postponed the final till the following day. In the past two years the final was also pushed forward because of rain.

Seniors finals

Men's Singles

 Rafael Nadal beat  Novak Djokovic, 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2

Women's Singles

 Kim Clijsters beat  Vera Zvonareva, 6–2, 6–1

Men's Doubles

 Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan beat  Rohan Bopanna /  Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, 7–6(5), 7–6(4).

Women's Doubles

 Vania King /  Yaroslava Shvedova beat  Liezel Huber /  Nadia Petrova, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(4)

Mixed Doubles

 Liezel Huber /  Bob Bryan beat  Květa Peschke /  Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi, 6–4, 6–4.

Juniors finals

Boys' Singles

 Jack Sock beat  Denis Kudla, 3–6, 6–2, 6–2

Girls' Singles

 Daria Gavrilova beat  Yulia Putintseva, 6–3, 6–2
Boys' Doubles

 Duilio Beretta /  Roberto Quiroz beat  Oliver Golding /  Jiří Veselý, 6–1, 7–5

Girls' Doubles

 Tímea Babos /  Sloane Stephens beat  An-Sophie Mestach /  Silvia Njirić, walkover

Wheelchair finals

Wheelchair Men's Singles

 Shingo Kunieda beat  Nicolas Peifer, walkover

Wheelchair Women's Singles

 Esther Vergeer beat  Daniela Di Toro, 6–0, 6–0

Wheelchair Men's Doubles

 Maikel Scheffers /  Ronald Vink beat  Nicolas Peifer /  Jon Rydberg, 6–0, 6–0

Wheelchair Women's Doubles

 Esther Vergeer /  Sharon Walraven beat  Daniela Di Toro /  Aniek van Koot, 6–3, 6–3

Wheelchair Quad Singles

 David Wagner beat  Peter Norfolk, 6–0, 2–6, 6–3

Wheelchair Quad Doubles

 Nick Taylor /  David Wagner beat  Johan Andersson /  Peter Norfolk, 7–5, 7–6(4)

Qualifying stages
Before the 2010 US Open began a series of qualifying matches were held for players who were not able to automatically enter the main draws.

Men's Singles
Men's Singles

  Ričardas Berankis
  Rik de Voest
  Ivan Dodig
  Marc Gicquel
  Andreas Haider-Maurer
  Ryan Harrison
  Robert Kendrick
  Martin Kližan
  Dušan Lojda
  Adrian Mannarino
  Kei Nishikori
  Benoît Paire
  Peter Polansky
  Milos Raonic
  Lukáš Rosol
  Júlio Silva

Women's Singles

  Akgul Amanmuradova
  Maria Elena Camerin
  Lourdes Domínguez Lino
  Irina Falconi
  Zuzana Kučová
  Michelle Larcher de Brito
  Nuria Llagostera Vives
  Mirjana Lučić
  Rebecca Marino
  Mandy Minella
  Sania Mirza
  Monica Niculescu
  Zuzana Ondrášková
  Tamira Paszek
  Sally Peers
  Olga Savchuk

Boys' Singles

  Sam Barry
  Julien Cagnina
  Alexios Halebian
  Daiki Kondo
  Mackenzie McDonald
  Karue Sell
  Bruno Semenzato
  Michael Zhu

The following player received the lucky loser spot:
  Giammarco Micolani

Girls' Singles

  Nigina Abduraimova
  Robin Anderson
  Brooke Austin
  Julia Elbaba
  Miyu Kato
  Risa Ozaki
  Sabina Sharipova
  Chanelle Van Nguyen
The following player received the lucky loser spot:
  Gabrielle Desimone

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

2010 US Open (tennis)
2010 in tennis
2010 in New York (state)
The 2010 US Open Men's Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.

Seeds

  Marsel İlhan (First Round)
  Go Soeda (First Round)
  Karol Beck (First Round)
  Édouard Roger-Vasselin (First Round)
  Simone Bolelli (First Round)
  Grega Žemlja (First Round)
  Adrian Ungur (First Round)
  David Guez (Qualifying Round)
  Ričardas Berankis (Qualifier)
  Rui Machado (Second Round)
  Federico del Bonis (First Round)
  Stéphane Bohli (Second Round)
  Martin Fischer (First Round)
  Ilija Bozoljac (Qualifying Round)
  Ramón Delgado (Second Round)
  João Souza (First Round)
<ol start="17">
 Josselin Ouanna (Second Round)
 Carlos Salamanca (First Round)
 Stefan Koubek (Second Round)
 Thiago Alves (First Round)
 Daniel Muñoz-De La Nava (Qualifying Round)
 'Robert Kendrick (Qualifier)
 'Ivan Dodig (Qualifier)
 Kei Nishikori (Qualifier)<li> Kevin Kim (Qualifying Round)<li> Adrian Mannarino (Qualifier)
<li> Conor Niland (Second Round)<li> Rajeev Ram (First Round)<li> Uladzimir Ignatik (Second Round)<li> Izak van der Merwe (First Round)<li> Mischa Zverev (First Round)''
<li> Benoît Paire (Qualifier)</ol>

Qualifiers

  Ivan Dodig  Lukáš Rosol  Peter Polansky  Dušan Lojda  Andreas Haider-Maurer  Júlio Silva  Martin Kližan  Milos Raonic'''

<li> Ričardas Berankis
<li> Ryan Harrison
<li> Robert Kendrick
<li> Kei Nishikori
<li> Adrian Mannarino
<li> Rik de Voest
<li> Benoît Paire
<li> Marc Gicquel

Qualifying Draw

First Qualifier

Second Qualifier

Third Qualifier

Fourth Qualifier

Fifth Qualifier

Sixth Qualifier

Seventh Qualifier

Eighth Qualifier

Ninth Qualifier

Tenth Qualifier
Tenth Qualifier

Eleventh Qualifier

Twelfth Qualifier

Thirteenth Qualifier

Fourteenth Qualifier

Fifteenth Qualifier

Sixteenth Qualifier

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Men's Singles Qualifying
Christianity and its beliefs about alcohol have changed since Christianity was started about 2,000 years ago.

Wine and Christianity 
Wine has always been important in Christianity.  Christians believe that Jesus turned water into wine at a wedding where there was not enough to drink (see the picture at the right).

The Bible says that wine was also important at the Last Supper - the last time Jesus ate with his disciples before he was arrested.  The Bible's Gospel of Matthew 26:27 says that Jesus held up a cup of wine and told all of his disciples:

"Take this [cup] all of you and drink from it. This is the cup of my blood ... My blood will be shed for you and for all so that sins may be forgiven."
Since that time, Roman Catholic church services have always included something called the Eucharist (also called "Holy Communion").  A priest holds up a cup of wine and says a prayer.  At that point, Catholics believe the wine is turned into Jesus's blood.  They believe drinking the wine is a way of remembering that Jesus was willing to die so their sins would be forgiven.

Early Christian Beliefs 
In the first 1,800 years of church history, Christians often enjoyed alcoholic drinks as a part of their everyday life.  At church, during the Eucharist, they almost always used wine.

Early Christians believed the Bible and Christian tradition both said alcohol is a gift from God.  They taught that this gift made life happier, but that drinking too much alcohol and becoming drunk was a sin.

Protestant Beliefs 
In the early 1500s, the Protestant Church split off from the Roman Catholic Church.  Over time, these two Christian churches started to believe some different things.
By the mid-1800s, some Protestant Christians moved away from the traditional belief that drinking a moderate (small) amount of wine was not bad.  (This belief was sometimes called moderationism).  Some Protestants decided that not drinking wine at all was wisest (this was called abstentionism).  Others decided that drinking any alcohol was sinful (this was called prohibitionism).

Beliefs About Alcohol Today 
Today, there are many different types of Christianity, with many different beliefs.  Most people still believe in the traditional position: that drinking some wine is all right, just not too much.  Most Christians' opinions about alcohol depend on how they understand what the Bible says about it.

Alcohol in the Bible 

The Bible often mentions alcoholic drinks.  Sometimes it talks about real wine.  Other times, it uses the word "wine" to mean something else.

The Bible says that alcohol is a blessing from God that makes people happy, but it can also be dangerously and sinfully used.
The Bible uses a few different words for alcoholic drinks.  Though prohibitionists and some abstentionists disagree, most people agree that the words were usually meant to be about intoxicating drinks (drinks that can make a person drunk).

Wine was an important and common drink in Biblical times.  Because of this, the Bible sometimes uses wine as a symbol to teach about good and bad.  Some parts of the Bible use wine as a symbol for good things, like abundance and health.  However, the Bible also calls wine a mocker and beer a brawler (a person who fights too much).  Other parts of the Bible use drinking a cup of strong wine and getting drunk as a symbol of God's anger.

References 

Alcohol drinking habits
Christian ethics
The City of Dunedin Choir a community choir in a city called Dunedin which is in the South Island of New Zealand. It has people from all age groups: some are old, some are young. They are all from the Dunedin area. The choir sings large classical choral pieces of music. The choir has about 140 members at the moment.

The choir sings many types of music, including music from these periods: Baroque, Classical and Romantic  orchestral works, and also modern New Zealand choral music. The Choir usually sings in about four or five concerts a year, often performing with an orchestra called Southern Sinfonia. Choir practice is held every week  in the Crypt of St Paul's Cathedral on the Octagon in the middle of Dunedin.

Recent Performances

The music in the City of Dunedin Choir's recent concerts include:
Schubert: Mass in A Flat;
Orff: Carmina Burmana;
Elgar: Dream of Gerontius;
Bach: A Christmas Oratorio;
Ralph Vaughan Williams: Serenade to Music;
Handel: The King Shall Rejoice;
Purcell: Come ye Sons of Art;
Mendelssohn: As the Hart Pants;
Handel: My Heart is Inditing;
Haydn: Nelson Mass;
Handel: Messiah;
Bach: St. John Passion;
Faure: Cantique de Jean Racine;
Faure: Requiem and
Alexander Estrange: Zimbe!

Upcoming Concerts

Upcoming City of Dunedin Choir Concerts include a performance of 'Saint Nicolas' by Benjamin Britten.

History

The City of Dunedin Choir has been making audiences enjoy themselves around the region for nearly 150 years. The  choir used to be two choirs, the Musical Union and the Choral Society, which were both made in 1863 and they joined together the following year with George West as conductor.
The name of the choir became Dunedin Choral Society Incorporated  a few years later. The society stopped existing in 1888 but started existing with the same name as before in 1897 with James Coombs as conductor. It changed its name to Schola Cantorum in 1967, after joining together with the University Union Choir, and then it changed its name to City of Dunedin Choir in 1993, the year it had existed for 130 years. However, through all these "trading name" changes, the official name remains Dunedin Choral Society Incorporated.

Vice-Regal Patronage

The Choir's immediate past Patron was the Hon. Dame Silvia Cartwright. The choir's archives, which are at the Hocken Library, say that, Mr H.S. Chapman, Supreme Court Judge, was Patron in 1878 and Governor, the Earl of Ranfurly, was Patron in 1898. They also say that Sir Hercules Robinson, Governor from 1879 to 1880, attended several concerts during his time as Governor, but he was not a patron.

References
References 

The archives of the City of Dunedin Choir are in the Hocken Library, Anzac Avenue, Dunedin, New Zealand.
 Dunedin Choral Society Incorporated Rules, 1994/96/2001.
 Campbell, Margaret. Music in Dunedin. Dunedin: Charles Begg and Co., 1945.

The Choir has recently been listed on SOUNZ (http://sounz.org.nz), a submission process which includes details of the Choir's performances of works by New Zealand composers. Only 13 other choirs are listed on SOunz

Other websites
Official website 
Performer of New Zealand music, article on SOUNZ 
Southern Sinfonia, performance partner to City of Dunedin Choir 

Vocal music
1863 establishments
1860s establishments in New Zealand
Organizations based in New Zealand
Gisborne is a city on the East Coast of New Zealand's North Island. Gisborne is known as "the first city in the world to see the sun". This is because it is the first major city on the side of the International Date Line that sees the new day first.

Cities in New Zealand
Gisborne District
Changi is a place in the east of Singapore. It has Changi Airport, Singapore Expo, Changi Air Base and Changi Naval Base.

History 

Singapore had its international airport at Kallang and Paya Lebar. But it expanded so rapidly that the Singapore government worried about having not enough space for airport to grow bigger. There were many proposals for a new location and the Singapore government chose Changi in the end.

Other places in Changi 

There are also other places in Changi, for example the Changi Prison, which had the Japanese Prisoner-of-war (POW) camps. These camps had the Allied powers prisoners staying there.

There is also the Changi Air Base, Changi Naval Base, Changi Point Ferry Terminal and Changi Ferry Terminal.
The Southern Islands of Singapore is a group of islands at the south of Singapore. It features famous islands like Sentosa(pictured), the Sisters Islands and Kusu Island.

Development 
The Singapore Tourism Board has spent close to S$300 million and took about 15 years to develop the southern islands of Singapore. This whole project is to bring gas, water, electricity and telecommunication supplies to the southern islands.

Geography of Singapore
The Coupe de la Ligue is a French football competition. It is organized by the Ligue de Football Professionnel. It was established in 1994. Its current champion is Olympique de Marseille.

Football in France
Wrought iron is a type of iron. It has very little carbon in it. Most steels have much more carbon. It also has some slag in it. This gives it a fibrous look similar to how wood looks. It is tough, malleable, ductile, and can be welded easily. It was most common in the old days when cast iron was the only other type of iron. Now mild steel is used instead. If it contains too much sulfur, it becomes very brittle when heated. Wrought iron has a rough surface that can hold paint and zinc for galvanization much more easily.

Wrought iron was one of the most common types of iron in the medieval times. Its popularity has declined. It is needed to make historical items look historical.

Related pages
Mild steel

Iron
Slag is a liquid residue from making iron. It consists of calcium silicate. The silicon dioxide in iron has to be taken away. The calcium oxide reacts with the silicon dioxide solid to make liquid calcium silicate, which is lighter than iron. It is drained out of the blast furnace. Slag can be used to make concrete. Air can be blown through molten slag to make a fluffy insulation made mineral wool.

Concrete made with blast furnace slag is almost pure white compared to ordinary concrete which is greyish.

Related pages
Steel

Chemicals
The 2010 US Open Women's Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.

Seeds

  Akgul Amanmuradova (Qualifier)
  Jelena Dokić (First Round)
  Monica Niculescu (Qualifier)
  Zhang Shuai (Second Round)
  Varvara Lepchenko (Second Round)
  Evgeniya Rodina (Qualifying Competition)
  Shenay Perry (First Round)
  Andrea Hlaváčková (First Round)
  Mariana Duque Marino (First Round)
  Anastasia Pivovarova (Second Round)
  Patricia Mayr (Qualifying Competition)
  Zuzana Kučová (Qualifier)
  Zuzana Ondrášková (Qualifier)
  Rossana de los Ríos (First Round)
  Tatjana Malek (First Round)
  Anastasiya Yakimova (Second Round)
<li> Nuria Llagostera Vives (Qualifier)
<li> Arantxa Rus (Second Round)
<li> Katie O'Brien (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Olivia Sanchez (First Round)
<li> Maria Elena Camerin (Qualifier)
<li> Anna Floris (First Round)
<li> Alexandra Panova (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Michaëlla Krajicek (First Round)
<li> Stéphanie Dubois (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Laura Pous Tió (First Round)
<li> Maša Zec Peškirič (First Round)
<li> Lilia Osterloh (First Round)
<li> Sesil Karatantcheva (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Anna-Lena Grönefeld (Second Round)
<li> Ekaterina Bychkova (First Round)
<li> Nina Bratchikova (First Round)

Qualifiers

  Akgul Amanmuradova
  Nuria Llagostera Vives
  Monica Niculescu
  Mirjana Lučić
  Sally Peers
  Tamira Paszek
  Mandy Minella
  Lourdes Domínguez Lino

<li> Rebecca Marino
<li> Irina Falconi
<li> Maria Elena Camerin
<li> Zuzana Kučová
<li> Zuzana Ondrášková
<li> Olga Savchuk
<li> Sania Mirza
<li> Michelle Larcher de Brito

Qualifying Draw

First Qualifier

Second Qualifier
Second Qualifier

Third Qualifier

Fourth Qualifier

Fifth Qualifier

Sixth Qualifier

Seventh Qualifier

Eighth Qualifier

Ninth Qualifier

Tenth Qualifier

Eleventh Qualifier

Twelfth Qualifier

Thirteenth Qualifier

Fourteenth Qualifier

Fifteenth Qualifier

Sixteenth Qualifier

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Women's Singles Qualifying
The 2010 US Open Boys' Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.

Seeds

  Diego Sebastian Schwartzman (First Round)
  John Morrissey (First Round)
  Sam Barry (Qualifier)
  Diego Galeano (Qualifying Round)
  Giammarco Micolani (Qualifying Round) (Lucky Loser)
  Libor Salaba (First Round)
  Shane Vinsant (Qualifying Round)
  Julien Cagnina (Qualifier)

<li> Vitor Galvao (First Round, retired)
<li> Augusto Laranja (Qualifying Round)
<li> Karim Hossam (First Round)
<li> Gregoire Barrere (First Round)
<li> Karue Sell (Qualifier)
<li> Tomas Hanzlik (First Round)
<li> Gonzales Austin (First Round)
<li> Sai Kartik Nakireddi (First Round)

Qualifiers

  Bruno Semenzato
  Michael Zhu
  Sam Barry
  Daiki Kondo

<li> Alexios Halebian
<li> Mackenzie McDonald
<li> Karue Sell
<li> Julien Cagnina

Qualifying Draw

First Qualifier

Second Qualifier

Third Qualifier

Fourth Qualifier

Fifth Qualifier

Sixth Qualifier

Seventh Qualifier
Seventh Qualifier

Eighth Qualifier

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Boys' Singles Qualifying
The 2010 US Open Girls' Singles Qualifying stage was a pre-tournament, played by competitors who were not automatically qualified for the main draw.

Seeds

  Chanelle Van Nguyen (Qualifier)
  Lin Zhu (First Round)
  Sabina Sharipova (Qualifier)
  Klara Fabikova (First Round)
  Risa Ozaki (Qualifier)
  Miyu Kato (Qualifier)
  So-Ra Lee (Qualifying Competition)
  Katerina Popova (First Round)

<li> Gaia Sanesi (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Nour Abbes (First Round)
<li> Rishika Sunkara (First Round)
<li> Robin Anderson (Qualifier)
<li> Melis Sezer (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Lauren Herring (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Zhaoxuan Yang (Qualifying Competition)
<li> Nigina Abduraimova (Qualifier)

Qualifiers

  Chanelle Van Nguyen
  Julia Elbaba
  Sabina Sharipova
  Brooke Austin

<li> Risa Ozaki
<li> Miyu Kato
<li> Nigina Abduraimova
<li> Robin Anderson

Qualifying Draw

First Qualifier

Second Qualifier

Third Qualifier

Fourth Qualifier

Fifth Qualifier

Sixth Qualifier

Seventh Qualifier

Eighth Qualifier
Eighth Qualifier

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Girls' Singles Qualifying
Juan Martín del Potro was the defending champion, but chose not to compete this year, after a wrist operation in May and only starting to practice again in August.

Rafael Nadal defeated Novak Djokovic 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2 to win his first US Open title. It was his ninth career major and Nadal completed the Career Golden Slam with the win. Nadal became the first player since Rod Laver in 1969 to win the French Open, Wimbledon, and the US Open all in the same calendar year.

Seeds

 Rafael Nadal (Champion)
 Roger Federer (Semifinals)
 Novak Djokovic (Final)
 Andy Murray (Third Round)
 Robin Söderling (Quarterfinals)
 Nikolay Davydenko (Second Round)
 Tomáš Berdych (First Round)
 Fernando Verdasco (Quarterfinals)
 Andy Roddick (Second Round)
 David Ferrer (Fourth Round)
 Marin Čilić (Second Round)
 Mikhail Youzhny (Semifinals)
 Jürgen Melzer (Fourth Round)
 Nicolás Almagro (Third Round)
 Ivan Ljubičić (First Round)
 Marcos Baghdatis (First Round)
<li> Gaël Monfils (Quarterfinals)
<li> John Isner (Third Round)
<li> Mardy Fish (Fourth Round)
<li> Sam Querrey (Fourth Round)
<li> Albert Montañés (Fourth Round)
<li> Juan Carlos Ferrero (Third Round)
<li> Feliciano López (Fourth Round)
<li> Ernests Gulbis (First Round)
<li> Stanislas Wawrinka (Quarterfinals)
<li> Thomaz Bellucci (Second Round)
<li> Fernando González (First Round, retired due to a knee injury)
<li> Radek Štěpánek (First Round)
<li> Philipp Kohlschreiber (Second Round)
<li> Juan Mónaco (First Round)
<li> David Nalbandian (Third Round)
<li> Lleyton Hewitt (First Round)
<li> Michael Llodra (Third Round)

Main draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom Half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Qualifying draw
Qualifying draw

  Ričardas Berankis
  Rik de Voest
  Ivan Dodig
  Marc Gicquel
  Andreas Haider-Maurer
  Ryan Harrison
  Robert Kendrick
  Martin Kližan
  Dušan Lojda
  Adrian Mannarino
  Kei Nishikori
  Benoît Paire
  Peter Polansky
  Milos Raonic
  Lukáš Rosol
  Júlio Silva

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Men's Singles
Kim Clijsters was the defending champion, and successfully defended her 2009 title, after she won 6–2, 6–1, against Vera Zvonareva in the final.

Seeds

 Caroline Wozniacki (Semifinals)
 Kim Clijsters (Champion)
 Venus Williams (Semifinals)
 Jelena Janković (Third Round)
 Samantha Stosur (Quarterfinals)
 Francesca Schiavone (Quarterfinals)
 Vera Zvonareva (Final)
 Li Na (First Round)
 Agnieszka Radwańska (Second Round)
 Victoria Azarenka (Second Round, retired due to concussion)
 Svetlana Kuznetsova (Fourth Round)
 Elena Dementieva (Fourth Round)
 Marion Bartoli (Second Round)
 Maria Sharapova (Fourth Round)
 Yanina Wickmayer (Fourth Round)
 Shahar Pe'er (Fourth Round)
<li> Nadia Petrova (First Round)
<li> Aravane Rezaï (Second Round)
<li> Flavia Pennetta (Third Round)
<li> Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (Fourth Round)
<li> Zheng Jie (Second Round)
<li> María José Martínez Sánchez (Second Round)
<li> Maria Kirilenko (Third Round)
<li> Daniela Hantuchová (Third Round)
<li> Alexandra Dulgheru (Third Round)
<li> Lucie Šafářová (First Round)
<li> Petra Kvitová (Third Round)
<li> Alisa Kleybanova (Second Round)
<li> Alona Bondarenko (Third Round)
<li> Yaroslava Shvedova (First Round)
<li> Kaia Kanepi (Quarterfinals)
<li> Tsvetana Pironkova (Second Round)

Main draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom Half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Qualifying draw
Qualifying draw

  Akgul Amanmuradova
  Maria Elena Camerin
  Lourdes Domínguez Lino
  Irina Falconi
  Zuzana Kučová
  Michelle Larcher de Brito
  Nuria Llagostera Vives
  Mirjana Lučić
  Rebecca Marino
  Mandy Minella
  Sania Mirza
  Monica Niculescu
  Zuzana Ondrášková
  Tamira Paszek
  Sally Peers
  Olga Savchuk

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Women's Singles
Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Martin Damm and Filip Polášek 6–7(7), 6–3, 6–4.

Bob and Mike Bryan won in the final 7–6(5), 7–6(4), against Rohan Bopanna and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi.

Seeds 

  Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan (Champions)
  Daniel Nestor /  Nenad Zimonjić (Third Round)
  Lukáš Dlouhý /  Leander Paes (First Round)
  Mahesh Bhupathi /  Max Mirnyi (Second Round)
  Łukasz Kubot /  Oliver Marach (Quarterfinals)
  František Čermák /  Michal Mertiňák (First Round)
  Jürgen Melzer /  Philipp Petzschner (First Round)
  Julian Knowle /  Andy Ram (First Round)
<li>  Mariusz Fyrstenberg /  Marcin Matkowski (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Wesley Moodie /  Dick Norman (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Julien Benneteau /  Michaël Llodra (Second Round, withdrew due to both players' injuries in their single matches against Tommy Robredo)
<li>  Marcel Granollers /  Tommy Robredo (Semifinals)
<li>  Robert Lindstedt /  Horia Tecău (Third Round)
<li>  Simon Aspelin /  Paul Hanley (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Mardy Fish /  Mark Knowles (Third Round)
<li>  Rohan Bopanna /  Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi (Final)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Men's Doubles
Serena Williams and her sister Venus Williams were the defending champions, but as a result of a foot injury Serena withdrew from the competition.
 
Vania King and Yaroslava Shvedova defeated Liezel Huber and Nadia Petrova, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(4) in the final.

Seeds 

  Gisela Dulko /  Flavia Pennetta (Quarterfinals)
  Liezel Huber /  Nadia Petrova (Final)
  Nuria Llagostera Vives /  María José Martínez Sánchez (First Round)
  Květa Peschke /  Katarina Srebotnik (Third Round)
  Lisa Raymond /  Rennae Stubbs (Quarterfinals)
  Vania King /  Yaroslava Shvedova (Champions)
  Chan Yung-jan /  Zheng Jie (Semifinals)
  Anabel Medina Garrigues /  Yan Zi (Second Round)
<li>  Cara Black /  Anastasia Rodionova (Semifinals)
<li>  Maria Kirilenko /  Agnieszka Radwańska (Third Round)
<li>  Alisa Kleybanova /  Ekaterina Makarova (Second Round)
<li>  Iveta Benešová /  Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová (Third Round)
<li>  Monica Niculescu /  Shahar Pe'er (Third Round)
<li>  Elena Vesnina /  Vera Zvonareva (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Meghann Shaughnessy (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Hsieh Su-wei /  Peng Shuai (Second Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Women's Doubles
Carly Gullickson and Travis Parrott were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Gisela Dulko and Pablo Cuevas 2–6, 4–6.

Liezel Huber and Bob Bryan won in the final 6–4, 6–4, against Květa Peschke and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi.

Seeds 

  Liezel Huber /  Bob Bryan (Champions)
  Cara Black /  Leander Paes (Quarterfinals)
  Katarina Srebotnik /  Nenad Zimonjić (Second Round)
  Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Daniel Nestor (Semifinals)

<li>  Rennae Stubbs /  Dick Norman (First Round)
<li>  Elena Vesnina /  Andy Ram (Second Round)
<li>  Lisa Raymond /  Wesley Moodie (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Vania King /  Horia Tecău (First Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Bottom Half

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Mixed Doubles
Brigadier general is a rank in the army. He is normally in command of a brigade, about 3,000 men. It is between the rank of major general and colonel.  In the United States, brigadier general is also a rank in the Air Force and Marines and is also called O-7. Brigadier in the British Army is OF-6, and also in NATO. The difference is that NATO classes both first and second lieutenants as OF-1.

Military ranks
 4
Harold George "Harry" Belafonte Jr. (originally Belafonete or Bellanfanti; March 1, 1927 – April 25, 2023) was an American singer, actor, and activist. His father was from Martinique; his mother was of Jamaican descent. He was a very successful pop singer. Some call him the "King of Calypso," because he popularized this Caribbean musical style in the 1950s. Belafonte is well known for singing the "Banana Boat Song", with the words "Day-O."  

He worked for civil rights and humanitarian causes. He criticized the policies of George W. Bush. He endorsed Barack Obama for President of the United States in 2008 and Bernie Sanders for president in 2016.

Belafonte died from congestive heart failure on April 25, 2023 at his home on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, at the age of 96.
Filmography
Bright Road (1953)
Carmen Jones (1954)
Island in the Sun (1957)
The Heart of Show Business (1957) (short subject)
The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1959)
Odds Against Tomorrow (1959)
King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (1970) (documentary) (narrator)
The Angel Levine (1970)
Buck and the Preacher (1972)
Uptown Saturday Night (1974)
A veces miro mi vida (1982)
Drei Lieder (1983) (short subject)
Sag nein (1983) (documentary)
Der Schönste Traum (1984) (documentary)
We Shall Overcome (1989) (documentary) (narrator)
The Player (1992) (Cameo)
Ready to Wear (1994) (Cameo)
Hank Aaron: Chasing the Dream (1995)
White Man's Burden (1995)
Jazz '34 (1996)
Kansas City (1996)
Scandalize My Name: Stories from the Blacklist (1998) (documentary)
Fidel (2001) (documentary)
XXI Century (2003) (documentary)
Conakry Kas (2003) (documentary)
Ladders (2004) (documentary) (narrator)
Mo & Me (2006) (documentary)
Bobby (2006)
Motherland(2009) (documentary)
Television work
Sugar Hill Times (1949-1950)
Tonight With Belafonte (1959)
Petula (1968)
A World in Music (1969)
Harry & Lena, For The Love Of Life (1969)
A World in Love (1970)
Free to Be… You and Me (1974)
The Muppet Show (1978)
Grambling's White Tiger (1981)
Don't Stop The Carnival (1985)
An Evening With Harry Belafonte And Friends (1997)
Swing Vote (1999)
Tanner on Tanner (2004)
That's What I'm Talking About (2006) (miniseries)
When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts (2006) (miniseries)

Stage work
John Murray Anderson's Almanac (December 10, 1953 - June 26, 1954)
3 for Tonight (April 6 - June 18, 1955)
Moonbirds (October 9 - October 10, 1959) (producer)
Belafonte at the Palace (December 15, 1959 - closing date unknown)
Asinamali! (April 23 - May 17, 1987) (producer)

Quotation

References

Other websites
Other websites

Harry Belafonte - a site of sites 
Harry Belafonte discography
2004 Global Exchange Human Rights Award  - Belafonte's acceptance speech in San Francisco
Ubben Lecture at DePauw University
Democracy Now!  transcript/MP3/video of interview by Amy Goodman, January 30, 2006
The Bigotry of Belafonte  - by Andrew Sullivan, Salon.com, Oct. 25, 2002
"The Man Behind Belafonte's Music - Irving Burgie" - by Ronald David Jackson, with video
Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks 
The HistoryMakers  Biography and video clips
Harry Belafonte Appreciation Group on Imeem
Harry Belafonte: Belafonte At Carnegie Hall
Belafonte and Nat King Cole sing "Mama Look at Bubu"
Belafonte: "Iraq & Afghanistan Wars Are Immoral" - video report by Democracy Now!
Hear Harry Belafonte on the Pop Chronicles
1927 births
2023 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Actors from New York City
African American actors
African American musicians
American activists
American folk musicians
American movie actors
American movie producers
American stage actors
American television actors
American television producers
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
Singers from New York City
Socialists
Tony Award winners
Hamilton Othanel Smith (born August 23, 1931) is an American microbiologist and a Nobel prize winner. He was jointly awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is a leader in the field of genomics.

Hamilton Smith was, with Craig Venter, a leader in the Celera corporation's bid to analyse and sell information about the human genome. The basic idea was to find ways to make DNA sequencing cheaper so that everyone could have their DNA analysed. Then the information could be used for medical purposes.
Smith's award was for the discovery of restriction enzymes. These are enzymes that cut DNA at specific places. Such enzymes, found in bacteria and archaea, probably evolved to provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a bacterial host, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA. Host DNA is modified so it does not get cut up. Together, these two processes are called the restriction modification system. To cut the DNA, a restriction enzyme makes two cuts, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix.

References 

1931 births
Living people
American Nobel Prize winners
American microbiologists
Macaroni and cheese, also known as mac and cheese, macaroni cheese, or macaroni pie, is a dish of macaroni that is covered in a cheese sauce. It can be bought packaged. It is a common food for children in the U.S. It was introduced in America by Thomas Jefferson in 1803. It originated in Italy and originally was a high-class food.

Ingredients 

 Pasta (Usually elbow macaroni)
Milk
Cheese (Usually American cheese)

References

Cheese dishes
Pasta
Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871 – July 23, 1955) was an American politician from Tennessee. He was the Secretary of State for 11 years. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for helping make the United Nations.

He was a lawyer in his younger years, and an Army officer in the Spanish–American War. He was a US Representative for over 20 years. He later was appointed to the Democratic National Committee. He then became a US Senator, but resigned because he was appointed Secretary of State. As Secretary he promoted a "good neighbor" policy towards Latin America and help for China in its war against Japan. He resigned from the secretary position when his health failed. He died in 1955 from heart attacks and strokes.