Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Criticism
Common use of the term has been criticized by scholar Gregory S. Kavka writing in the Journal of Business Ethics. Kavka refers back to philosophical concepts of retribution by Thomas Hobbes. He states that if something supposedly held up as a moral standard or common social rule is violated enough in society, then an individual or group within society can break that standard or rule as well since this keeps them from being unfairly disadvantaged. As well, in specific circumstances violations of social rules can be defensible if done as direct responses to other violations. For example, Kavka states that it is wrong to deprive someone of their property but it is right to take property back from a criminal who takes other's property in the first place. He also states that one should be careful not to use this ambiguity as an excuse to recklessly violate ethical rules.
Conservative journalist Victor Lasky wrote in his book It Didn't Start With Watergate that while "two wrongs don't make a right", if a set of immoral things are done and left un-prosecuted, this creates a legal precedent. Thus, people who do the same wrongs in the future should rationally expect to get away as well. Lasky analogizes the situation between John F. Kennedy's wiretapping of Martin Luther King, Jr. (which lead to nothing) and Richard Nixon's actions in Watergate (which Nixon thought would also lead to nothing).

History
The phrase "two wrongs infer one right" appears in a poem dated to 1734, published in The London Magazine.

Related pages
 Norm (philosophy)
An eye for an eye
Tit for tat
Punishment
Retributive justice

References

Other websites
The Fallacy Files: Two Wrongs Make a Right
Nizkor: two wrongs make a right 

	

Logical fallacies
Idioms
Siegfried Sassoon (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967) was an English poet and novelist, who became widely known as a result of a protest against the First World War that he made in 1917.

Background
Sassoon's father, Alfred, came from a very rich family, but they did not approve of his marriage and as a result he did not inherit any of the family fortune. Sassoon's mother, Theresa, came from a family of artists.  She and Alfred had three sons: Michael, Siegfried and Hamo, but Alfred left her when the children were still very young.  Alfred himself died not long afterwards, leaving Theresa to bring up the three boys. Although they were not as wealthy as Alfred's family, they were able to live comfortably in a large house near the village of Matfield in Kent.
Early life
As a young man, Siegfried could afford to keep a horse and became a very inspiring and a very good professional  rider, but his greatest ambition was to be a millionaire and a poet. He did not succeed in finding a publisher for any of his work until just before the First World War broke out. At that point, he joined the army. He chose the Sussex Yeomanry, in order that his horse could go with him rather than being taken by the authorities for other uses. As a result of a riding accident during training, he was out of action for a while, and he then decided to join an infantry regiment and become an officer. The regiment he joined was the Royal Welch Fusiliers, and he began with the rank of lieutenant.
Eventually Sassoon was sent out to France to fight on the Western Front and was shocked by his experiences there.  He became friends with another poet, Robert Graves, who, although younger than Sassoon, had been at the Front for longer and had grown used to it. He suggested that Sassoon's poetry could be improved if he began to write in a more realistic way about the things he saw and experienced in France, and Sassoon took his advice and changed his style a lot.
By 1917, many of Sassoon's friends, and his brother, had been killed and he had become very angry about the war.  As a result of several acts of bravery, he had been awarded the Military Cross, but he did not see this as a great honour.  When he was sent home to get better from a wound, he met people who were against the war, and, after listening to their ideas, he began to believe that the politicians were making the war last longer than it needed to, instead of using chances to make peace with the Germans.  He decided not to return to his regiment at the end of his time away from the war.  Feeling very depressed and angry, he wrote a letter to his commanding officer, explaining that he was not coming back because he wanted to protest about the war.
When soldiers acted against orders like this, they were normally made to appear at a court-martial.  However, because of Sassoon's good record as a soldier, he was given a chance to change his mind.  His friend Robert Graves told the senior officers how depressed Sassoon was and said that he was too ill to fight. It was decided to send him to a hospital in Edinburgh, which specialised in dealing with officers who were suffering from mental illness. Sassoon did not like being there, because he felt that he was not really ill. He was greatly influenced by his doctor, W. H. R. Rivers, who became a kind of father figure to him. While he was a patient in Edinburgh, he met another young officer, called Wilfred Owen. Owen admired Sassoon's poetry and the two became close friends.  Sassoon helped Owen to write better poetry; this is known because the manuscript of one of Owen's greatest poems, Anthem for Doomed Youth, still exists showing corrections in Sassoon's writing
.  Sassoon and Owen were separated after a few months, when Sassoon came to the end of his time at the hospital and agreed to go back to his regiment.
Sassoon was not sent back to France immediately, but fought for a few months in Palestine, where the troops were in less danger of being killed. After that, he returned to France, but after only a short time he was wounded again, and this time it was serious enough to stop him from being sent back.  He stayed in touch with Wilfred Owen. While Sassoon was away fighting, Owen had also been released from hospital, and was being sent back to his regiment in France. Several days before the end of the war, Owen was killed.
During the war, Sassoon's poetry had become very successful. After the war, however, he went through a period of great unhappiness.  His friend Rivers died suddenly, and he felt he had nothing left to write about. He realised that he was homosexual, but he was unable to find a partner he could rely on. He thought of becoming a politician, but began writing for the newspapers instead.  After a few years, a friend suggested that he should write about his experiences in a novel.  Sassoon did so, writing about his early life and calling the book Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man (1928). He published the book without using his name, because he was well known as a poet and did not know if he could write prose. He called the hero of his book "George Sherston", but the character was based on Sassoon himself. The book turned out to be a huge success, and Sassoon wrote two sequels to it. He later wrote three more prose books about his life. This time he did not disguise any of the characters
. These books were also very successful.
Later life
At the age of 47, after several homosexual love affairs, Sassoon married. His wife, Hester, was much younger than him, but Sassoon wanted to become a father. They moved into Heytesbury House in Wiltshire, a large house that he had bought with money inherited from his aunt, Rachel Beer. Two years after their marriage, Hester became pregnant with their son George (1936-2006). Hester did not want to have any more children. This became the cause of many quarrels between the couple. After the Second World War, they agreed to divorce, and Hester went to live in Scotland, taking George with her. Sassoon continued to see his son, but he was unable have the close relationship with George that he would have liked.

He continued to be a respected writer until his death, and had many friends in the world of literature, including another poet, Edmund Blunden, whom he had met during the 1920s. In 1951, he was awarded the CBE and in 1957 the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry.
Sassoon had been brought up by his mother in the Church of England, although his father was Jewish. His war experiences made him doubt the existence of God, and he was not interested in religion until towards the end of his life. In 1957, after much heart-searching, he became a Roman Catholic, and remained so until his death at the age of eighty. He was buried in the churchyard at Mells in Somerset.

References

1886 births
1967 deaths
Bisexual Christians
English LGBT writers
English novelists
English poets
English Roman Catholics
Writers from Kent
Evelyn Underhill (married name Evelyn Moore) (1875–1941) was an English mystical poet and writer, who is best known for her several mystical theological works. 

1875 births
1941 deaths
English Anglicans
English poets
English writers
G. K. Chesterton (in full Gilbert Keith Chesterton; 1874–1936) was an English author and critic who wrote a large and varied number of works, including essays, poems, novels, short stories and more. He is perhaps best remembered today for his delightfully mysterious yet humorous Father Brown stories, based on his very popular, imaginary priest-detective.

1874 births
1936 deaths
English writers
Anti-communists
Maki Kureishi (1927–1995) was a Pakistani poet writing in English, known for her delicate and highly sensitive poetry. She taught for many years at the University of Karachi in Karachi, Pakistan. She was the aunt of English writer Hanif Kureishi.

References

1927 births
1995 deaths
Pakistani poets
Anna Molka Ahmed (13 August 1917 – 20 April 1994) was a Pakistani artist, art writer and poet who played a major role in starting the Department of Fine Arts at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

References 

1917 births
1994 deaths
Writers from Lahore
Artists
Pakistani poets
Kaleem Omar (1937–2009) was a Pakistani poet and journalist.

References

1937 births
2009 deaths
Pakistani poets
Pakistani journalists
Dr Tariq Rahman (born 4 February 1949), is a Pakistani linguist, academic, writer and journalist. He taught for many years at the Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

References

1949 births
Pakistani journalists
Living people
Linguists
Pakistani academics
Bart Willoughby (born on 12 September 1960) is an Aboriginal Australian musician. He became notable during the 1980s for introducing a unique style of music, mixing aboriginal music with reggae and rock music. Willoughby is often seen as a pioneer for modern indigenous musicians in Australia. He was the first Aborigine to sign a record contract and the first to compose the music for a movie. His band No Fixed Address was the first indigenous band to tour overseas.

Since then, Willoughby has performed with many famous musicians and bands, including Midnight Oil, Cold Chisel, Peter Tosh, Shane Howard and Yothu Yindi. Willoughby is now known as one of Australia's leading Aboriginal rock composers and performers. His song "We Have Survived", composed when he was 18, is often seen as a kind of anthem by indigenous Australians. Others of his more well known songs include "Black Man's Rights", "Aboriginal Woman" and "My Father is an Aboriginal Man".
Childhood
Willoughby was born in 1960 in South Australia. His father was Kokatha, with relations to the Pitjantjatjara and Warlpiri nations; and his mother was a member of the Mirning people, from the Nullabor Plain. Willoughby grew up at Koonibba, which was a Lutheran mission at the time. When he was 15 years old, he began learning at the Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music at the University of Adelaide. Here he was introduced to drumming, guitars and Western music. Over the next few years there, he developed an unusual style of music by mixing traditional indigenous music with modern Western music styles, particularly reggae.

Career
Career

No Fixed Address
In 1978, Willoughby formed his first band, No Fixed Address. This was Australia's first indigenous rock band. The band played its first big concert in 1979, and held several gigs over the next few years. They mostly played at concerts that promoted political and social causes. The band signed a recording contract in 1982, with Rough Diamond Records. It was the first record deal with an Aboriginal musical act in Australia. The deal produced the band's first extended play, From My Eyes, which began with the song "We Have Survived". Its sale was launched in Sydney by the Prime Minister Bob Hawke.
Later in the year, Willoughby and his band toured Australia as the opening act for Peter Tosh. Willoughby also played drums with Shane Howard and Goanna during their own tours of the country. The success from Tosh's tour led the Aboriginal Arts Board to give No Fixed Address a grant, to be used for a tour of their own overseas. The band toured England, in 1984. It was the first Aboriginal band to travel and play overseas. They played in nine cities, including London, Bristol, Leeds, Plymouth and Manchester. They also played at the Elephant Fayre festival in Saint Germans, Cornwall, and at a benefit concert for the miners' strikes.

After coming back to Australia, Willoughby joined his cousin's new band Coloured Stone. He played with this group from 1984, including during its tour of Scotland in 1986. They played at that year's Edinburgh Festival. They returned to Australia for the Australian Music Awards at the end of the year, and won the Best Indigenous Album award for Human Love.
Willoughby reformed No Fixed Address in 1987, and the band toured Europe during 1987–1988.

Mixed Relations
Late in 1988, Willoughby was asked to join the newly formed Yothu Yindi as drummer on their tour for the album Diesel & Dust. The tour visited 73 cities in the United States. Willoughby left Yothu Yindi in 1989 after the tour, and formed a new band Mixed Relations. This is the band he currently plays with. They have toured many Aboriginal communities and Australian cities, as well as several countries in the Pacific Islands.

In 1989, the band performed as the closing act for the very first Invasion Day (an alternative to Australia Day) concert at La Perouse in Sydney. They returned every year after that until the concerts stopped in 1994. They also represented Australia at the South Pacific Music Festival in 1990 and 1992, and at the Asian Music Festival in 1990 and 1992.
Film and television
In 1980, Willoughby starred with another indigenous band (Us Mob) in a movie called Wrong Side of the Road. It was a biographical drama movie about racism against Aboriginal musicians in rural towns. The movie won an award from the Australian Film Institute (AFI) in 1981. In 1990, Willoughby was cast in a small role in Until the End of the World. The movie starred William Hurt and Sam Neill, as well as indigenous actors Ernie Dingo, David Gulpilil and Jimmy Little.
Willoughby also composed and recorded the soundtracks for several movies (mostly documentaries). These were done with No Fixed Address, and included Always Was, Always Will Be in 1988 and Special Treatment: Locking up Aboriginal Children in 1991. In 1992, he became the first Aboriginal to compose, play and direct the music track of a feature film. The movie was Jindalee Lady, directed by Brian Syron. The movie was shown as part of the International First Nations Art and Film Festival in Edmonton, Canada, and the Hawaii International Film Festival.

Later years
Willoughby was given the very first Indigenous Australian Music Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993 for his contribution to the growth of indigenous music in Australia. Sol Bellear, Commissioner of the Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) said that Willoughby had been an "innovator" for indigenous musicians in Australia:

In the same year, Willoughby began teaching music to children at a Pitjantjatjara school in Yalata.
In 1997, Willoughby signed a contract as a solo artist with CAAMA Music. His first album was Pathways. It was nominated for an award by the Australian Performing Rights Association (APRA). In 2011, both No Fixed Address and Coloured Stone were put in the National Indigenous Music Awards Hall of Fame.

Discography

Soundtracks
Always Was, Always Will Be (1989; documentary)
Special Treatment: Locking up Aboriginal Children (1991; documentary)
Jindalee Lady (1992)
Wrong Side of the Road (1980)

Records
With No Fixed Address
Rock Against Racism, Vol. 1 (1979; live recording from concert)
National Aboriginal Music Festival (1980; live recording from concert)
From My Eyes (1982)
Take It or Leave It
Aboriginal Woman
Love

With the Big Heart Band
Stompem' Ground (1991)

Solo work
Pathways (1997)
Frequencies (2000)

References

Other websites

Bart Willoughby  at The Black Arm Band
Bart Willoughby at NITV
1960 births
Living people
Indigenous Australian musicians
Australian guitarists
Australian movie actors
Musicians from South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian drummers
Australian rock musicians
Reggae musicians
Actors from South Australia
"We Have Survived" is a song by the Australian band No Fixed Address. It was written by Bart Willoughby when he was 18. It first appeared in the movie Wrong Side of the Road, and was released on its soundtrack in 1980. It was later included on the band's first album From My Eyes from 1982.

"We Have Survived" is often sung as a kind of anthem by Indigenous Australians. It is often performed by cover bands in pubs and festivals. In 2008, it was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry.

References

Other websites
 Listen to "We Have Survived"

1980 songs
Indigenous Australian music
Rock songs
Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians are a club of LGBT persons who go against abortion while at the same time representing the LGBT community. The group were established around 1990 in Minneapolis and Washington, D.C. The group advocates for alternatives to abortion.

Political organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Social movements related to abortion
1990 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Minnesota
1990s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Zulfikar Ghose (born March 1935) is a writer and novelist of Pakistani origin, settled and teaching in Texas, USA. Among his better known works are The Murder of Aziz Khan (1967), The Incredible Brazilian (trilogy, 1972-78), Don Bueno (1983) and The Triple Mirror of the Self (1992). 

1935 births
Living people
Pakistani writers
The National Liberation Front of Tripura (or NLFT) is an Tripuri nationalist militant organization based in Tripura, in North-east India.  The NLFT seeks to separate from the Republic of India and set up an independent Tripuri state, and has actively participated in the Tripura Rebellion.

References 

Tripura
Separatist movements of India
Nationalist organizations in India
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Kokernag () is a town in the Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
The Taklamakan Desert, also known as Taklimakan and Teklimakan, is a desert in Northwest China, in the southwest part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is bounded by the Kunlun Mountains to the south and the desert Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan to the west and north. The Taklamakan Desert Ecoregion is a Chinese ecoregion of the Deserts and xeric shrublands Biome. 

There is very little water in the desert and it is dangerous to cross. Merchant caravans on the Silk Road stopped for relief at the thriving oasis towns. The key oasis towns, watered by rainfall from the mountains, were Kashgar, Marin, Niya, Yarkand and Khotan to the south, Kuqa and Turpan in the north and Loulan and Dunhuang in the east. Some of these are now ruined cities in sparsely inhabited areas in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The present population consists largely of Turkic Uyghur people.

References

Deserts of Asia

Geography of Xinjiang
Rapid plant movement means quick movement of plant structures, usually under a second. 

For example, the Venus Flytrap closes its trap in about 100 milliseconds. Some other carnivorous plants, such as the bladderworts, also have a rapid response to insects.

The Dogwood Bunchberry, Cornus canadensis, has a flower which opens its petals and fires pollen in less than 0.5 milliseconds. The record is currently held by the White Mulberry tree, Morus alba, whose leaves are used to cultivate silkworms. It is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at over half the speed of sound. The stamens act as catapults, releasing stored elastic energy in just 25 µs. "This is the fastest motion yet observed in biology, and approaches the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants".
The very widespread genus Impatiens gets its common name, "touch-me-not", from its seed capsules. When the capsules mature, they "explode" when touched, shooting seeds several metres away.
A comparatively slow-moving  plant is Mimosa pudica, which closes its leaflets in a graceful sequence.

These rapid plant movements contrast with the more common, and much slower "growth-movements" of plants. They are called tropisms. 

Charles Darwin in 1880 published his last work before his death, The Power of Movement in Plants.

Related pages 
Charles Darwin's books

References 

 
Flowering plants
Morus alba (the white mulberry, common mulberry, or the silkworm mulberry), is a genus of 10–16 species of trees. They are native to warm regions of Central Asia, and South-central Asia, with most of the species native to Asia. 

Mulberry leaves, particularly those of the white mulberry, Morus alba, are important as the food of the silkworm, the cocoon of which is used to make silk. Morus alba is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at over half the speed of sound. "This is the fastest motion yet observed in biology, and approaches the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants".

References 

Trees
Berries
Moraceae
Rapid plant movement
Aleksandr Stepanovich Viktorenko (born March 29, 1947) is a former Soviet cosmonaut. He was born in Olginka, North-Kazakhstan Oblast, Kazakh SSR on March 29, 1947. He is married with two children.

He was selected as an cosmonaut on March 23, 1978, and retired on May 30, 1997. During his career he was Commander of Soyuz TM-3, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-14. He spent a total of 489 days in space, including 19 hours and 33 minutes working outside the spacecraft./

Honours and awards
 Hero of the Soviet Union
 Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class {10 April 1995} - for courage and heroism during the long space flight on the orbital scientific research spacecraft Mir 
 Order of Friendship of Peoples {11 August 1992} - for  the spaceflight on the orbital scientific research spacecraft Mir and showing courage and heroism.
 Order of Lenin
 Commander of the Legion of Honour {March 1999}, previously an officer
 Pilot-cosmonaut of the Soviet Union

References
References

1947 births
Living people
Soviet colonels
Cosmonauts
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Avery Kidd Waddell is an African-American actor. He has acted in many movies and been a guest star on programs including Law & Order, Angel and Weeds. He has also been a voice actor in several video games. He has been in the movies Road Trip and The New Guy

References

Other websites

actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
Living people
1962 births
Addison's disease is a rare and chronic endocrine disorder discovered by Thomas Addison. U.S. President John F. Kennedy is probably one of the most famous sufferers though his condition was kept secret during his presidency. Addision's disease is when the body does not produce enough of the hormone called cortisol. This hormone helps the body deal with stress. It helps with maintaining blood pressure and controlling the heart's functions. It slows the rate of inflammation caused by the body's immune system. It helps with controlling the way insulin is used, and the chemical reactions of proteins, carbohydrates and fats in the body. People with the disease suffer from weight loss, fatigue, weakness and low blood pressure. Some people also get darkened patches of skin. Addison's disease is treated by taking an artificial cortisol tablet.

References

Diseases
The Jim Henson Company is an American entertainment company.  It started with Muppets, LLC. in 1958 by puppeteer Jim Henson.  Henson is the creator of The Muppets. The Muppets helped the company become popular worldwide.  They were well known in family entertainment for more than forty years.

In 1969, the company started making characters and more than 20 short movies for the popular children's show Sesame Street.

One of the company's first characters regularly on national television was Rowlf the Dog.  He was first made for Purina Dog Chow commercials.  He became famous when he became a regular character on The Jimmy Dean Show from 1963–66.

In 1976, British media mogul Lew Grade asked Jim Henson to make a weekly show based in England, which became The Muppet Show. The success of The Muppet Show led to many movies, specials, videos, and more.
In the early 1980s, Jim Henson also formed Jim Henson's Creature Shop.  It made characters for shows such as The Storyteller, Farscape, and Dinosaurs; and movies such as The Dark Crystal and Labyrinth.  It was also in the 1980s that Jim Henson produced new television series such as Fraggle Rock and The Jim Henson Hour.
 
In 1990, Jim Henson was talking to The Walt Disney Company about selling his company. Henson died during the week that he was going to sign the contract.  His family decided to have the company keep the rights to the characters. However, on December 18, 1991, The Walt Disney Company bought the distribution rights to the entire Jim Henson Company library up to that time.
In 2000, Jim Henson’s children sold the company to the German media company, EM.TV. In January 1, 2001 they sold the Sesame Street Muppets to Sesame Workshop.  In 2003 Henson's children bought back the company. In 2004, they sold the rights to The Muppets and Bear in the Big Blue House characters to The Walt Disney Company. The Walt Disney Company now owns all Muppet-related trademarks, including the word “Muppet”.

Filmography

Feature Films

References

1958 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Los Angeles
American entertainment companies
Yalata is an Aboriginal community on the coast of South Australia. It is about  west of Ceduna. The reserve, Yalata Aboriginal Land, covers  and spans about  of the Eyre Highway. It is one of 74 local government areas in South Australia.

The people who originally live in this region are Wirangu and Mirning. However, most of the people who live at Yalata are Pitjantjatjara, who originally come from the north (Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara). They speak a southern dialect of the Pitjantjatjara language. This is spoken as a first language in most homes (58% in 2006). The other groups making up the land's traditional owners are the Kokatha, Yankunytjatjara, Antakirinja, Pindiini and Ngalea, which are all nations of the Western Desert.
Pitjantjatjara were forced to move here by the Australian government in the 1950s. Large parts of their land in the north were made into the Woomera Test Range, a weapons testing area. The families were first moved south, to a Christian mission at Ooldea. They were moved to Yalata, even further south, in 1952. This second move was done because of nuclear-weapon tests being done at Maralinga and Emu Field. The title to the lands around Maralinga (Maralinga Tjarutja) was given back to the Aboriginal people by the South Australian Parliament in December 1984. People from Yalata and further inland resettled on the land in 1995.

A total of 82% of residents identify their main religion as Lutheran.

References

Other websites
Yalata Community 
Yalata Indigenous Protected Area 
Atlas of South Australia 

Towns in South Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
Local government areas of Australia
Pitjantjatjara
1994 establishments in Oceania
1990s establishments in Australia
Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) is a large area of Aboriginal land in the north west corner of South Australia. It belongs to the Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra peoples (or Aṉangu). Native title was granted by the government of David Tonkin on 30 October 1981. The land covers about , about 10.4% of the state. It is one of the 74 local government areas of South Australia.

The APY lands are arid and very remote. It is mostly flat, except for the Everard Ranges in the east and Musgrave Ranges along the border with the Northern Territory. There are about 2500 people living on the lands.
History
The area covered by APY represents the southern portion of the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara homelands; the northern portion is in the Northern Territory, surrounding Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. In 1921, the western half of what is now the APY lands was made into the North-West Aboriginal Reserve. This was alongside another reserve across the border in the Northern Territory, called the Petermann Reserve. Both reserves were intended to form a temporary refuge (safe place) for Aboriginal people. The government said they could continue their nomadic lifestyle there until they could be assimilated into modern society. The eastern half of what is now the APY lands was part of the Woomera Test Range during the 1950s and 1960s. The boundary of the range was later moved further south, and the land was then leased to cattle farmers.
In 1966, South Australia passed the Aboriginal Lands Trust Act. It was the first piece of legislation (law) in Australia to recognise Aboriginal land rights and allow for Aboriginal groups to be given land based on how they had lived there. No other state or territory would enact anything like it until 10 years later. In 1976, the Pitjantjatjara Council made an formal claim to the lands around the Musgrave Ranges. It was done on behalf of all Aṉangu with historical connections to the area. Premier Don Dunstan and his government proposed a bill to parliament in 1978, intending to grant the Pitjantjatjara rights to their land. However, opal miners strongly objected to the proposal. They had set up mining camps at Mintabie, within the area that would be given to the Aṉangu. The government changed after state elections in 1979. The new government of David Tonkin had years of negotiations with the Pitjantjatjara Council and the miners at Mintabie
. A parliamentary committee produced a final decision on 2 March 1981. It said that the Mintabie area should be included in the grant of land, but be leased back to the government so that mining can continue there. The bill was approved by parliament on the same day.
Tonkin signed the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act on 2 October 1981, putting the bill into effect. The freehold title to the land was given to the Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra peoples, who formed a council as the local government. The grant included the former leasehold areas in the eastern portion: Everard Park, Kenmore Park and Granite Downs. A portion of the southeast of the APY lands (about ) still overlaps with the Woomera Test Range.

The lease for Mintabie lasted for 21 years, expiring in 2002. New legislation in 2009 allowed for another lease, which was signed in April 2012.
Population
The APY is one of 74 local government areas of South Australia. It includes a number of settlement communities, as well as over 50 family outstations (referred to as "homelands"). Most of the settlements are located in the far north. The administrative centre for the APY is Umuwa. The four largest towns, as recorded in the 2006 census are Iwantja (339 people), Pukatja (332), Amata (319) and Mimili (303). The only non-indigenous community is the opal-mining town of Mintabie (250 people). The other settlement communities are: Kaltjiti, Watarru, Kanpi, Nyapari, Kalka, Pipalyatjara, Yunyarinyi and Watinuma.

In the 2006 census, there were 2,230 people living on the APY Lands. About 84.5% of them were Indigenous Australians. Over half (58.6%) of residents listed Pitjantjatjara as the language spoken at home; 14.3% listed Yankunytjatjara; and 18.7% gave English as their spoken language.
Development
There has not been much economic development, except for tourism. There have been proposals to mine in the area. The Musgrave Ranges is estimated to contain rich mineral and petroleum deposits. The APY government has not allowed mining so far, because it is concerned about the social impacts it may have, and the possible impacts on sacred sites and the environment.

Social issues
Two major issues throughout the APY Lands are the low standard of health care (compared to the rest of Australia) and drug abuse (usually alcohol, petrol sniffing, cannabis and, more recently, other illegal drugs). The fact that the indigenous area crosses over three jurisdictions (South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory) has made enforcing drug-trafficking laws difficult. An inquiry into child sexual abuse on the APY Lands was done by a retired Supreme Court judge. It was completed in 2008, and found that this had been a widespread problem in several of the APY communities for many years.
In early August 2007, the South Australian government announced a A$34 million plan to "improve well-being of Aboriginal people" in the APY Lands. $25m will be spent on improving housing and most of the remaining $8m on law enforcement in Amata and Pukatja.

References

Other websites
Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Council website
Local Government Area profile 
Interactive map of APY communities 
Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981

Local government areas of Australia
Indigenous Australian communities
South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
The Academy Award for Film Editing is one of the yearly awards of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.  

Since 1981, every movie selected as Best Picture has also been nominated for the Film Editing Oscar.  About two thirds of the Best Picture winners have also won for Film Editing. 

This award was first given for movies released in 1934. The name of this award is sometimes changed. In 2008, it was listed as the Academy Award for Achievement in Film Editing.

Nominations and awards
These listings are based on the Awards Database maintained by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences.
1930s 
 1934 Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent (see Ray Mala)—Conrad A. Nervig
 Cleopatra—Anne Bauchens
 One Night of Love—Gene Milford
 1935 A Midsummer Night's Dream—Ralph Dawson
 David Copperfield—Robert J. Kern
 The Informer—George Hively
 Les Misérables—Barbara McLean
 Lives of a Bengal Lancer—Ellsworth Hoagland
 Mutiny on the Bounty—Margaret Booth
 1936 Anthony Adverse—Ralph Dawson
 Come and Get It—Edward Curtiss
 The Great Ziegfeld—William S. Gray
 Lloyd's of London—Barbara McLean
 A Tale of Two Cities—Conrad A. Nervig
 Theodora Goes Wild—Otto Meyer
 1937 Lost Horizon—Gene Havlick, Gene Milford
 The Awful Truth—Al Clark
 Captains Courageous—Elmo Vernon
 The Good Earth—Basil Wrangell
 One Hundred Men and a Girl—Bernard W. Burton
 1938 The Adventures of Robin Hood—Ralph Dawson
 Alexander's Ragtime Band—Barbara McLean
 The Great Waltz—Tom Held
 Test Pilot—Tom Held
 You Can't Take It with You—Gene Havlick
 1939 Gone with the Wind—Hal C. Kern, James E. Mewcom
 Goodbye, Mr. Chips—Charles Frend
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington—Gene Havlick, Al Clark
 The Rains Came—Barbara McLean
 Stagecoach—Otho Lovering, Dorothy Spencer
1940s
 1940 North West Mounted Police—Anne Bauchens
 The Grapes of Wrath—Robert L. Simpson
 The Letter—Warren Low
 The Long Voyage Home—Sherman Todd
 Rebecca—Hal C. Kern
 1941 Sergeant York—William Holmes
 Citizen Kane—Robert Wise
 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde—Harold F. Kress
 How Green Was My Valley—James B. Clark
 The Little Foxes—Daniel Mandell
 1942 The Pride of the Yankees—Daniel Mandell
 Mrs. Miniver—Harold F. Kress
 The Talk of the Town—Otto Meyer
 This Above All—Walter Thompson
 Yankee Doodle Dandy—George Amy
 1943 Air Force—George Amy
 Casablanca—Owen Marks
 Five Graves to Cairo—Doane Harrison
 For Whom the Bell Tolls—Sherman Todd and John Link
 The Song of Bernadette—Barbara McLean
 1944 Wilson—Barbara McLean
 Going My Way—Leroy Stone
 Janie—Owen Marks
 None but the Lonely Heart—Roland Gross
 Since You Went Away—Hal C. Kern and James E. Newcom
 1945 National Velvet—Robert J. Kern
 The Bells of St. Mary's—Harry Marker
 The Lost Weekend—Doane Harrison
 Objective, Burma!—George Amy
A Song to Remember—Charles Nelson
 1946 The Best Years of Our Lives—Daniel Mandell
 It's a Wonderful Life—William Hornbeck
 The Jolson Story—William A. Lyon
 The Killers—Arthur Hilton
 The Yearling—Harold Kress
 1947 Body and Soul—Francis Lyon and Robert Parrish
 The Bishop's Wife—Monica Collingwood
 Gentleman's Agreement—Harmon Jones
 Green Dolphin Street—George White
 Odd Man Out—Fergus McDonnell
 1948 The Naked City—Paul Weatherwax
 Joan of Arc—Frank Sullivan
 Johnny Belinda—David Weisbart
 Red River—Christian Nyby
 The Red Shoes—Reginald Mills
 1949 Champion—Harry Gerstad
 All the King's Men—Robert Parrish, Al Clark
 Battleground—John Dunning
 Sands of Iwo Jima—Richard L. Van Enger
 The Window—Frederic Knudtson
1950s
 1950 King Solomon's Mines—Ralph E. Winters, Conrad A. Nervig
 All About Eve—Barbara McLean
 Annie Get Your Gun—James E. Newcom
 Sunset Boulevard—Arthur P. Schmidt, Doane Harrison
 The Third Man—Oswald Hafenrichter
 1951 A Place in the Sun—William Hornbeck
 An American in Paris—Adrienne Fazan
 Decision Before Dawn—Dorothy Spencer
 Quo Vadis—Ralph E. Winters
 The Well—Chester Schaeffer
 1952 High Noon—Elmo Williams, Harry Gerstad
 Come Back, Little Sheba—Warren Low
 Flat Top—William Austin
 The Greatest Show on Earth—Anne Bauchens
 Moulin Rouge—Ralph Kemplen
 1953 From Here to Eternity—William A. Lyon
 Crazylegs—Irvine (Cotton) Warburton
 The Moon Is Blue—Otto Ludwig
 Roman Holiday—Robert Swink
 The War of the Worlds—Everett Douglas
 1954 On the Waterfront—Gene Milford
 The Caine Mutiny—William A. Lyon
 The High and the Mighty—Ralph Dawson
 Seven Brides for Seven Brothers—Ralph E. Winters
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea—Elmo Williams
 1955 Picnic—Charles Nelson, William A. Lyon
Blackboard Jungle—Ferris Webster
 The Bridges at Toko-Ri—Alma Macrorie
 Oklahoma!—Gene Ruggiero, George Boemler
 The Rose Tattoo—Warren Low
 1956 Around the World in Eighty Days—Gene Ruggiero, Paul Weatherwax
 The Brave One—Merrill G. White
 Giant—William Hornbeck, Philip W. Anderson, Fred Bohanan
 Somebody Up There Likes Me—Albert Akst
 The Ten Commandments—Anne Bauchens
 1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai—Peter Taylor
 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral—Warren Low
 Pal Joey—Viola Lawrence, Jerome Thoms
 Sayonara—Arthur P. Schmidt, Philip W. Anderson
 Witness for the Prosecution—Daniel Mandell
 1958 Gigi—Adrienne Fazan
 Auntie Mame—William Ziegler
 Cowboy—William A. Lyon, Al Clark
 The Defiant Ones—Frederic Knudtson
 I Want to Live!—William Hornbeck
 1959 Ben-Hur—Ralph E. Winters, John D. Dunning
 Anatomy of a Murder—Louis R. Loeffler
 North by Northwest—George Tomasini
 The Nun's Story—Walter Thompson
 On the Beach—Frederic Knudtson
1960s
 1960 The Apartment—Daniel Mandell
 The Alamo—Stuart Gilmore
 Inherit the Wind—Frederic Knudtson
 Pepe—Viola Lawrence, Al Clark
 Spartacus—Robert Lawrence
 1961 West Side Story—Thomas Stanford
 Fanny—William H. Reynolds
 The Guns of Navarone—Alan Osbiston
 Judgment at Nuremberg—Frederic Knudtson
 The Parent Trap—Philip W. Anderson
 1962 Lawrence of Arabia—Anne V. Coates
 The Longest Day—Samuel E. Beetley
 The Manchurian Candidate—Ferris Webster
 The Music Man—William Ziegler
 Mutiny on the Bounty—John McSweeney, Jr.
 1963 How the West Was Won—Harold F. Kress
 The Cardinal—Louis R. Loeffler
 Cleopatra—Dorothy Spencer
 The Great Escape—Ferris Webster
 It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World—Frederic Knudtson (posthumous nomination), Robert C. Jones, Gene Fowler Jr.
 1964 Mary Poppins—Cotton Warburton
 Becket—Anne V. Coates
 Father Goose—Ted J. Kent
 Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte—Michael Luciano
 My Fair Lady—William Ziegler
 1965 The Sound of Music—William H. Reynolds
 Cat Ballou—Charles Nelson
Doctor Zhivago—Norman Savage
 The Flight of the Phoenix—Michael Luciano
 The Great Race—Ralph E. Winters
 1966 Grand Prix—Fredric Steinkamp, Henry Berman, Stewart Linder, Frank Santillo
 Fantastic Voyage—William B. Murphy
 The Russians Are Coming, The Russians Are Coming—Hal Ashby, J. Terry Williams
 The Sand Pebbles—William H. Reynolds
 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?—Sam O'Steen
 1967 In the Heat of the Night—Hal Ashby
 Beach Red—Frank P. Keller
 The Dirty Dozen—Michael Luciano
 Doctor Dolittle—Samuel E. Beetly, Marjorie Fowler
 Guess Who's Coming to Dinner—Robert C. Jones
 1968 Bullitt—Frank P. Keller
 Funny Girl—Robert Swink, Maury Winetrobe, William Sands
 The Odd Couple—Frank Bracht
 Oliver!—Ralph Kemplen
 Wild in the Streets—Fred Feitshans, Eve Newman
 1969 Z—Françoise Bonnot
 Hello, Dolly!—William H. Reynolds
 Midnight Cowboy—Hugh A. Robertson
 The Secret of Santa Vittoria—William A. Lyon, Earle Herdan
 They Shoot Horses, Don't They?—Fredric Steinkamp
1970s
 1970 Patton—Hugh S. Fowler
 Airport—Stuart Gilmore
 MASH—Danford B. Greene
 Tora! Tora! Tora!—James E. Newcom, Pembroke J. Herring, Inoue Chikaya
 Woodstock—Thelma Schoonmaker
 1971 The French Connection—Gerald B. Greenberg
 The Andromeda Strain—Stuart Gilmore (posthumous nomination), John W. Holmes
 A Clockwork Orange—Bill Butler
 Kotch—Ralph E. Winters
 Summer of '42—Folmar Blangsted
 1972 Cabaret—David Bretherton
 Deliverance—Tom Priestly
 The Godfather—William H. Reynolds, Peter Zinner
 The Hot Rock—Frank P. Keller, Fred W. Berger
 The Poseidon Adventure—Harold F. Kress
 1973 The Sting—William H. Reynolds
 American Graffiti—Verna Fields, Marcia Lucas
 The Day of the Jackal—Ralph Kemplen
 The Exorcist—Jordan Leondopoulos, Bud Smith, Evan Lottman, Norman Gay
 Jonathan Livingston Seagull—Frank P. Keller, James Galloway
 1974 The Towering Inferno—Harold F. Kress, Carl Kress
 Blazing Saddles—John C. Howard, Danford Greene
 Chinatown—Sam O'Steen
 Earthquake—Dorothy Spencer
The Longest Yard—Michael Luciano
 1975 Jaws—Verna Fields
 Dog Day Afternoon—Dede Allen
 The Man Who Would Be King—Russell Lloyd
 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest—Richard Chew, Lynzee Klingman, Sheldon Kahn
 Three Days of the Condor—Fredric Steinkamp, Don Guidice
 1976 Rocky—Richard Halsey, Scott Conrad
 All the President's Men—Robert L. Wolfe
 Bound for Glory—Robert C. Jones, Pembroke J. Herring
 Network—Alan Heim
 Two-Minute Warning—Eve Newman, Walter Hannemann
 1977 Star Wars—Paul Hirsch, Marcia Lucas, Richard Chew
 Close Encounters of the Third Kind—Michael Kahn
 Julia—Walter Murch, Marcel Durham
 Smokey and the Bandit—Walter Hannemann, Angelo Ross
 The Turning Point—William H. Reynolds
 1978 The Deer Hunter—Peter Zinner
 The Boys from Brazil—Robert E. Swink
 Coming Home—Don Zimmerman
 Midnight Express—Gerry Hambling
 Superman—Stuart Baird
 1979 All That Jazz—Alan Heim
 Apocalypse Now—Richard Marks, Walter Murch, Gerald B. Greenberg, Lisa Fruchtman
 The Black Stallion—Robert Dalva
Kramer vs. Kramer—Gerald B. Greenberg
 The Rose—Robert L. Wolfe, C. Timothy O'Meara
1980s
 1980 Raging Bull—Thelma Schoonmaker
 Coal Miner's Daughter—Arthur Schmidt
 The Competition—David Blewitt
 The Elephant Man—Anne V. Coates
 Fame—Gerry Hambling
 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark—Michael Kahn
 Chariots of Fire—Terry Rawlings
 The French Lieutenant's Woman—John Bloom
 On Golden Pond—Robert L. Wolfe (posthumous nomination)
 Reds—Dede Allen, Craig McKay
 1982 Gandhi—John Bloom
 Das Boot—Hannes Nikel
 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial—Carol Littleton
 An Officer and a Gentleman—Peter Zinner
 Tootsie—Fredric Steinkamp, William Steinkamp
 1983 The Right Stuff—Glenn Farr, Lisa Fruchtman, Stephen A. Rotter, Douglas Stewart, Tom Rolf
 Blue Thunder—Frank Morriss, Edward Abroms
 Flashdance—Bud Smith, Walt Mulconery
 Silkwood—Sam O'Steen
 Terms of Endearment—Richard Marks
 1984 The Killing Fields—Jim Clark
 Amadeus—Nena Danevic, Michael Chandler
 The Cotton Club—Barry Malkin, Robert O. Lovett
 A Passage to India—David Lean
 Romancing the Stone—Donn Cambern, Frank Morriss
 1985 Witness—Thom Noble
A Chorus Line—John Bloom
 Out of Africa—Fredric Steinkamp, William Steinkamp, Pembroke Herring, Sheldon Kahn
 Prizzi's Honor—Rudi Fehr, Kaja Fehr
 Runaway Train—Henry Richardson
 1986 Platoon—Claire Simpson
 Aliens—Ray Lovejoy
 Hannah and Her Sisters—Susan E. Morse
 The Mission—Jim Clark
 Top Gun—Billy Weber, Chris Lebenzon
 1987 The Last Emperor—Gabriella Cristiani
 Broadcast News—Richard Marks
 Empire of the Sun—Michael Kahn
 Fatal Attraction—Michael Kahn, Peter E. Berger
 RoboCop—Frank J. Urioste
 1988 Who Framed Roger Rabbit—Arthur Schmidt
 Die Hard—Frank J. Urioste, John F. Link
 Gorillas in the Mist: The Story of Dian Fossey—Stuart Baird
 Mississippi Burning—Gerry Hambling
 Rain Man—Stu Linder
 1989 Born on the Fourth of July—David Brenner, Joe Hutshing
 Driving Miss Daisy—Mark Warner
 The Fabulous Baker Boys—William Steinkamp
 Glory—Steven Rosenblum
 The Bear—Noëlle Boisson
1990s
 1990 Dances with Wolves—Neil Travis
 Ghost—Walter Murch
 The Godfather Part III—Barry Malkin, Lisa Fruchtman, Walter Murch
 Goodfellas—Thelma Schoonmaker
 The Hunt for Red October—Dennis Virkler, John Wright
 1991 JFK—Joe Hutshing, Pietro Scalia
 The Commitments—Gerry Hambling
 The Silence of the Lambs—Craig McKay
 Terminator 2: Judgment Day—Conrad Buff, Mark Goldblatt, Richard A. Harris
 Thelma & Louise—Thom Noble
 1992 Unforgiven—Joel Cox
 Basic Instinct—Frank J. Urioste
 The Crying Game—Kant Pan
 A Few Good Men—Robert Leighton
 The Player—Geraldine Peroni
 1993 Schindler's List—Michael Kahn
 The Fugitive—Dennis Virkler, David Finfer, Dean Goodhill, Don Brochu, Richard Nord, Dov Hoenig
 In the Line of Fire—Anne V. Coates
 In the Name of the Father—Gerry Hambling
 The Piano—Veronika Jenet
 1994 Forrest Gump—Arthur Schmidt
 Hoop Dreams—Frederick Marx, Steve James, William Haugse
 Pulp Fiction—Sally Menke
 The Shawshank Redemption—Richard Francis-Bruce
 Speed—John Wright
Speed—John Wright
 1995 Apollo 13—Mike Hill, Daniel P. Hanley
 Babe—Marcus D'Arcy, Jay Friedkin
 Braveheart—Steven Rosenblum
 Crimson Tide—Chris Lebenzon
 Seven—Richard Francis-Bruce
 1996 The English Patient—Walter Murch
 Evita—Gerry Hambling
 Fargo—Ethan Coen, Joel Coen (as Roderick Jaynes)
 Jerry Maguire—Joe Hutshing
 Shine—Pip Karmel
 1997 Titanic—Conrad Buff, James Cameron, Richard A. Harris
 Air Force One—Richard Francis-Bruce
 As Good as It Gets—Richard Marks
 Good Will Hunting—Pietro Scalia
 L.A. Confidential—Peter Honess
 1998 Saving Private Ryan—Michael Kahn
 Out of Sight—Anne V. Coates
 Shakespeare in Love—David Gamble
 The Thin Red Line—Billy Weber, Leslie Jones, Saar Klein
 Life Is Beautiful—Simona Paggi
The award name was changed to Best Editing in 1999.
 1999 The Matrix—Zach Staenberg
 American Beauty—Tariq Anwar
 The Cider House Rules—Lisa Zeno Churgin
 The Insider—William Goldenberg, Paul Rubell, David Rosenbloom
 The Sixth Sense—Andrew Mondshein

2000s
  2000  Traffic—Stephen Mirrione
 Almost Famous—Joe Hutshing, Saar Klein
 Gladiator—Pietro Scalia
 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon—Tim Squyres
 Wonder Boys—Dede Allen

  2001  Black Hawk Down—Pietro Scalia
 The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring—John Gilbert
 A Beautiful Mind—Mike Hill, Daniel P. Hanley
 Memento—Dody Dorn
 Moulin Rouge!—Jill Bilcock

 2002 Chicago—Martin Walsh
 Gangs of New York—Thelma Schoonmaker
 The Hours—Peter Boyle
 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers—Michael Horton
 The Pianist—Hervé de Luze

 2003 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King—Jamie Selkirk
 City of God—Daniel Rezende
 Cold Mountain—Walter Murch
 Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World—Lee Smith
 Seabiscuit—William Goldenberg